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Saṁmūrcchima birds such as parrots are produced from the dead bodies of their species. Garbhaja birds are born out of eggs. They are said to be Aņdaja Carbhaja. Human beings, cows, buffaloes etc. are born, covered with a membrane. They are called Jarāyuja Darbhaja. There are some quadrupeds such as cubs of an elephant which are not born from an egg or with a covering membrane, but are born without a covering membrane; such are called Potaja (arbhaja.
vajkālka (The art of making and selling threads) (5) Bhāņdavaikälika (a grocer) (6) Kolāliya (potters), and (7) Naraváha nika. These are Ārya trades. Silpāryas are (1) Tunnāko (A tailor mender of rent cloth (2) Tantuvāya (a weaver) (3) Patsakāra (a weaver of clothgarments) (4) Déyaļā maker of bellows). 5 Varuţtā (brushmakers (6) Charirika ( mat-makers ) 17 Kastapādukākāra makers of wood-sandals) 8) Munja-pādukā kāra (makers of grass-sandals) (9) Chatrakāra (umbrella-makers) (10) Vajjhāra (11) Potthakāra ( An artison of books, books-maker ) (12) Lépyakāra (one who smears (13) Citrakāra (a painter) (14) Šankha kāra (a worker in concha) (15) Danta-bara (a woker in wory) (16) Bhāņợa-kāra (a maker of brass-vessels ) (17; Jijhagāra (18) Séllagāra (a mason) (19; Kotikāra ( one who sharpens or grinds the edges of a weapon.) Bhāṣā Āryas-Population speaking the Ardhr-Māgadhi language are spoken of as Bhāsā Ārya. Brāhmî Lipi is used for writting. There are eighteen methods of writing Brāhmî Lipî (1) Brahmi (2) Yavanānî (3) Dosāpuriyā (4) Kharauştri (5) Pukkhara säriyā (6) Bhogavatî (7) Paharäiyā (8) Antakkhariyā (9) Akkhara-putthiyā (10) Vainayiki (11) Ninhaviki (12) Anka
lipi (13) Ganita-lipi (14) Gāndharva-lipi (15) Ādarśa lipî (16) · Mahesvarî (17) Domilipi and (18) Paulindi. VII Jnānāryas are of five kinds. They are (1) Abhinibodhika
Jnānārya (2) Śruta Jnānārya (3) Avadhi Jnānārya (4) Manaḥ paryava Jifānārya and (5) Kévala Jnānāryas.
