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NIRJARĀ
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Tapa is of two kinds, bāhya, and antaranga, the one signifying the controlling of body, and the other of mind. The former of these consists in the process of self-restraint, and is of the following six kinds :(i) Anasana, or fasting, the frequent observance of which is well
calculated to purify the sense-organs, on the one hand, and to lessen the sense of attachment to the objects of bodily
enjoyment on the other. (ii) Avamodarya, or the avoidance of full meals. The habitual prac
tising of this form of self-restraint would go a long way towards eradicating laziness from the system and would
impart fresh energy to the mind. (iii) Vrita parisankhyāna, or putting restrictions in regard to food,
for instance, taking the vow that nothing would be eaten on a certain day unless it be given by a king or in golden
vessels, and so forth. (iv) Rasa parityāga, or abstaining from one or more of the six
classes of eatables, namely, clarified butter, milk, dahi (a kind of sour milk), sugar, salt and oil, that are termed rasas
(that which impart relish to food). (v) Bibikta sayyāsana, or living in unfrequented places, away
from the haunts of men; staying in unoccupied houses, and
the like. (vi) Kāyakleša, or the practising of bodily austerities such as re
maining in the sun in summer, standing under a tree in rain, or on the bank of a river in winter. The object of kāyakleša is to get over the longing for bodily comfort, and to prepare the system to bear the inclemencies of seasons
without disquietude of mind. The practising of these six forms of physical austerities is necessary for perfection in the antaranga tapa, which is also of six kinds, viz.,
(1) Prāyaschitta, the doing of penance for faults committed through pramāda (laziness).
