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INTRODUCTION
such expression as “I am the Truth" (“Anal Haq”). “There is none under my cloak except God" (Laysafi jubbati siwallah). Others-and they are the vast majority-gave preference to Huzur over Ghāib, like Muhasibi, Junaid, Suhail and Mohamed bin Khalif. These latter are those who take care for this world as well as of the next.
"Ahmad ibn-e-Sabit and his disciples Ahmad ibn-e-Yabūs, Abu Muslim of Khorassan, Shaikh-ul-Ishraq and Omar Khayyam were the exponents of the doctrine of reincarnation basing their arguments on Suratul-Baqara 61-92, Suratul Maidah 55, etc. Druses, who were the followers of Darazi were also believers in it".
The Baqtashis, says Brown, believe in the tanasukh, a system of metempsychosis.
Although originating in Arabia the various tenets or principles of the tarīgs or orders of the Darvishes gained prominence in Persia and Bukhārā. From thence they travelled into Turkey, Syria and Egypt and even along the shores of the Mediterranean, as far as Morocco, and in the East to India. Brown says:"There are many Darvish Orders in Bukhäră, nearly all of the Sunni, or orthodox kind, more closely attached to the dogmas of the Quran and its Prophet than those of Persia, which are almost all Shi'a, and advocates of the Caliph 'Ali." The people of Bukhārā have a strong sympathy with 'Othman, but they are, says Brown, particularly fanatic and hostile to all non-Mussulmans. Brown further says:"The Eastern idea that the spirit or soul returns to this world and lives again in a new body, long after the decease and decay of its primitive corporeal form, is held as true by many of the modern Shaikhs of Persia. With them the belief in the re-existence of the Imam Mahdi is stronger than among any other Muhammadans."
Amongst the Persian Darvishes there are two sects viz. 'Ali Illāhis and Ahl-e-haqq. The former (known as Sabā'iyas) believe in the divinity of 'Ali, while the latter consider that every one may, by superior piety and love of God, become joined to Him or even become God. The readers will be able to identify these respectively with the 'Incarnationists and the followers of Mansur mentioned above.
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