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NYĀYA AND JAINA EPISTEMOLOGY
error as partial truth while according to critical realism error is ascription of a wrong character to reality.
Different Theories of Error 1. Buddhist Idealism : It puts forward the theory of selfapprehension according to which error consists in projecting subjective ideas as objective facts. This school of Buddhism believes that error is a concept which exists only in the mind and in error what is internal appears as external. The object of illusion is though real, is not external as realists hold. Ultimately, this view can be included under the view that error is presentation of a given something as something that it is not. 2. Buddhist Nihilism : It advocates the view that error consists in manifestation of non-existent as existent. The object of erroneous cognition is non-existent. It is clear that this view is based on Buddhist theory of reality which cannot be accepted. 3. Advaita Vedānta : The advaitic view is known as Anirvacaniyakhyāti, i. e. theory of indefinable's apprehension according to which error is experience of a relatively real object which is neither absolutely existent nor absolutely non-existent nor both. Erroneous experience is indescribable and undefinable. 4. Prabhākara Mīmāṁsā : It puts forward the theory of akhyāti-the theory of non-apprehension according to which an error is the result of lack of discrimination between two different cognitions, e. g. In the illusory perception of shell as silver; two cognitions are there, in fact. There is first perception of shell which takes the form 'this' and the
