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The Doctrine of Nayas: Infinite Modes and Infinite Approaches
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Naya and Niksepa (Viewpoints and the Classification of Imports) A viewpoint has a reference to the object, the knowledge or the verbal symbol, the niksepa has also a similar reference. The naya is knowledge whereas the niksepa is the practical application or usage. The naya and niksepa are mutually related as theory and its practical application. Theory
Practical Application Verbal viewpoint
Nāma-niksepa-verbal
usage. Pantoscopic viewpoint
Sthāpanā-niksepa - Concerned with the will or the intention of the speaker
cognitional usage Pantoscopic synthetic analytic Dravya-niksepaand momentary viewpoint objective usage Verbal viewpoint
Bhāva-niksepa -
objective usage. When a single word denotes the name, form and the different modes of an object, the question of the intended and unintended denotatum comes up. The word 'lion' may mean the picture of a lion or the lion as a living animal. The dead body of a lion is also denoted by the word 'lion'. The lion qua meaning presents itself as soon as one hears the expression 'lion'. In this way the different modes of the meaning as classes of imports arisé. Such classifications as determined by
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