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NYĀYA AND JAINA EPISTEMOLOGY....
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v. tongue-sensation
Epirical perception can again be mental when it is related to mind.
All these forms of knowledge can come under Matijñāna.
Transcendental perception can be divided into three kinds :
i. Clairvoyance – Avadhi jñāna ii. Telepathy - Manaḥparyāya iii. Omniscience – Kevalajñana.
These can be regarded as the forms of extrasensory perception.
Secondly, indirect knowledge is non-perceptual cognition of which the different varieties are :i. Recollection
- smrti ii. Recognition or conception – pratyabhijñā iii. Inductive reasoning - tarka iv. Inference—deduction
anumāna v. Authority
- verbal testimony All these kinds of knowledge in Jainism cover instruments as well as categories of knowledge which include canonical as well as logical concept of knowledge. Jainism discusses means of valid knowledge like other systems of Indian philosophy. In some of the sūtras, Lord Mahāvīr says, “There are four means of valid knowledge, viz. perception, inference, analogy and authority.”
It is the Jaina view that knowledge is essential quality
