________________
Society, Epistemology and Logic in Indian Tradition
150
understanding of things is coloured by the linguistic categories imposed on them.
Vyākhyāprajñaptisūtra introduces another classification namely niścaya-naya (true view-point) and vyavahāra-naya (conventional view-point)." Kundakunda used this classification in his theorisation of spiritual view point as niścaya naya and empirical view point as vyavahāra naya. This classification is comparable to the Buddhist classification of truths between paramārthasat and lokasamvști-sat and the Vedānta classification between pāramārthika-sattā and vyāvahārika-sattā. Sevenfold Classification:
Sevenfold classification is quite old in Jaina literature, as it is found in the Anuyogadvāra sūtra. Among these seven nayas naigama, sangraha and vyavahāra nayas are the expansion of dravyārthika naya and the rest four nayas - rjusūtra, śabda, sambhirādha and evambhuta nayas are the part of paryāyārthikanaya. Here a brief introduction to the seven nayas is presented:i)Naigamanaya (Goal-oriented viewpoint or pluralistic
view-point): The term naigama is derived in two ways and accordingly naigama-naya is interpreted in two ways.(1) naigama is derived from nigama which means intention (sankalpa) for achieving an aim or goal. When someone is performing an action with some aim or goal, the action can be described as actualisation of that goal. For example a person is going to jungle with an axe in hand in order to cut wood and
"See, Vyākhyāprajñaptisūtra, śataka 18, uddeśaka 6
