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72 INDIA AS DESCRIBED IN DARLY TEXTS
207.43) with Yauna, Kamboja, Gandhāra and Kirăta and placed in Uttarapatha. Babbara or Barbaricum is described in the Periplus as a market-town of Minnagara on the Erythræan sca, Pallava may be identified with Pahlava (Parthia) in the Mahābhārata 2 and Bahika with Vähika. The Divyāvadāna mentions a city by the name of Utpalavati in Uttaräpatha, which may be easily identified with Puşkarāvati or Puşkalāvati. Puşkalăvati (modern Parang and Chārsada, 17 milos north-east of Peshawar on the Swat river) was one of the two most important cities in Gandhāra.5 Kekaka or Kekaya is another country with its capital of the same name which finds mêntion in the early Buddhist and Jaina texts. According to the Rāmāyana (ü, 68,1922; vii, 113.14), the Kekaya territory lay beyond the Vipāśā and abutted on the Gandharva or Gandhāra-vigaya', and its'metropolis was Rājagpha'. In the Jaina Rāyapaseni, Seyaviyā (Pali Setavyā) is described as a city in the kingdom of Kekaya,? while in the Pali canonical texts it is located in Kpsala and on
1 Rayohaudhuri, op. cit., 4th ed., p. 86% » Hopkins, Great Epic of India, p. 393f. & Panini, -, 2.117: Vähika-grāmebhyas oa. * Divyāvadāna, p. 470. 6 Ramayana, vii, 114.11; Päyu Purana, 88.189-90. $ Rayobaudhuri, op. cit., pp. 62-63. 7 Indian Antiquary, 1891, p. 376; Raychaudhuri, op. cit., p. 54.
