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GEOGRAPHY
north of the present city of Benares. The old Deer Park still exists about five miles from Sarnath. The ancient city of Benares was a great centre of trade and industry and trade relations existed between it on one side and Sāvatthi and Takkasilä on the other.1
Kosala: A distinction is to be made between Kosala as a janapada and Kosala as an empire. The former was the Kosala proper. The latter comprised five territories including Kosala proper, the remaining four being Käsī with Benarcs as its capital, Alabhi (Pali Aļavi) with its capital at Alabhī, Uttarapañcāla having Kampillapura (better, Ahicchatra) for its capital, and another with Polāsapura as its capital. Here we are concerned with the country of Kosala proper which was divided into Uttara and Dakkhiņa, evidently by the Sarabhū (Sarayū) serving as a wedge between them. The Rāmāyaṇa and the Vāyu Purāņa speak of two Kosalas, Northern and Southern, the former with Śrāvastī as its capital and the latter having Kušāvatī for its capital, Ayodhyā (Pali Ayojjhā) being the earlier capital of the undivided king. dom. The Rāmāyana locates Kugāvatī, the
1 Dhammapada-atthakatha, i, p. 123; ii, p. 429.
% Samyutta, i, p. 80, speaks of pañoarājāno Paseiadi-pamuknd Of. Journal Asiatique, Juillet-Sopt., 1929,--Levi, S.Pre-Aryan et Pre-Dravidian dans l'Inde.
8 See Uvdsaga-dasão discussed in Law's Srdvasti, p.-12. * Rāmāyana, vii, 120.7; 121.4-6; Väyu Purana, 88, 209.
