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134 INDIA. AS DESCRIBED IN DARLY TEXTS
betwoen the two legends lies in the fact that in both the five sons of Uparicara are said to have been founders of the five different lines of kings. Even in historical times, as already pointed out, the third dynasty of the kings of Kalinga including Khåravela is expressly mentioned to have originated from the Cedis..
The early texts of Jainism and Buddhism present, on the whole, a picture, envisaged by Rhys Davids 1 for the first time, of the political history of India in which the four great monarchies of Magadha, Kosala, Vamsa and Avanti, appeared as powerful competitors, for overlordship. The remaining powers were of minor importance. They only remained as passive spectators or subordinate allies. The two of the most important oligarchical powers were tho confederacies of the Vajjis or Licchavis of Vesālī and of the Mallas of Kusīnārā, and Pāvā. The Sākyas and Koliyas were only vassals under the monarch of Kosala. The Bulis of Allakappa, the Moriyas of Pipphalivana, the Kālāmas of Kesaputta and the Bhaggas of Sumsumāragira remained as vassals under Ko. sala and Vamsa respectively. The four king
1 Buddhist India, Ohaps, 1 and 2: This subject has boen further discussed and elaborated by D. R. Bhandarkar in his Carmichael Lectures, 1018, by Raychaudhuri in his Political History of Ancient India, by Vincent A. Smith in his Early History of India, and by various writers in the Cambridge History, Vol. I.
