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guru, study the scriptures, control the senses, perform austerites and give almis." He may also rise further up and may attain to the state of Utkristo dešavirati by taking up vows of eating once a day, maintaing absolute chastity, renouncing the company of the most beloved, and finally of becoming a sâdhu. At this stage too, moderate anger, deceit, pride and greed are not only subdued but sometimes entirely destroyed.
The next stage is known as Pramatta Gunasthånaka which can be reached by the ascetics only. Here slight passions are either controlled or destroyed and only a few Pramádus (negligences) yet linger. These Pramâdıs are five in number, namely Pride, Enjoyment of Senses, Kashayas (anger, conceit, intrigue and greed) and Sleep. According to the Jaina Scriptures, a man to rise higher than these stages must not indulge in any of these, for he may otherwise be levelled down to the mithyåtva stage. As to why the Jain philosophers condemn anger so vehemently we may say, that because anger appears so evidently and displays itself with so little discrimina.
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