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fully similar to both the proven and the mark (7) unconnected with the matter to be proved (8) not expressly connected with the matter to be proved (9) stated in the opposite way. VaidharmyaDristantabhasa also is of nine kinds. A fallacious heterogeneous example may be (1) to some extent similar to the proven (2) similar to the mark (3) similar to both the proven and the mark (4) doubtfully dissimilar to the proven (5) doubtfully dissimilar to the mark (6) doubtfully dissimilar to both the proven and the mark (7) completely irrelevant and erroneous (8) not expressly dissimilar (9) stated in the opposite way. (d) The fourth mode of Anumanabhasa is Upanayabhasa which consists in substituting for Upanaya a proposition which is a different limb of the syllogism altogether. (e) Nigamanabhasa is drawing improper conclusion from the premises of a syllogism (5) Agamabhasa consists in irresponsible, false and frivolous utterances. These are the various kinds of the Svarupabhasa according to the Jaina logician. Of these, the Pakshabhasa, the Hetvabhasa and the Dristantabhasa are the most important and are treated at some length by the logicans of the Buddhist and the Orthodox Naiyayika schools also. The Buddhist account of Pakshabhasa is not opposed to the Jaina account given above. As regards the Dristantabhasa Dignaga 10
