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right knowledge) because he is not found to liave right faith
4. The Viruddha-anupalabdhi Hetu is a BidhiSadhaka one and may be of five modes. (a) The V-akarya e.g., (This animal has some disease) because he is not found to have the marks of health. (6) The V-a-karana e.g. (This animal has difficulties) because he is not joined to the objects of his desire. (c) The V-a-Svabhava e.g. (Things have many aspects) because the nature of. having one aspect only is not seen (el) The V-a-Vyapya, e.g. (Here there is shade) because heat is not perceived. (e). The V-a-Sahachara, c.g. (This man has false knowledge) because he is not found to have right faith.
According to the author of the Pramana-naya-tattvalokalamkara, Hetus can be of the above 25 modes. It may be said also that an Inductive gencralisation, worked out by Tarka can be conceived and expressed in any of the 25 ways.
A few words in conclusion about the nature or characteristic of the Mark seem to be necessary. According to the Jainas, " The only characteristic of the Mark is that it is never known to exist unless it be in connection with the Proven. (Vadi-deva)." The Buddhist logicians however, refer to three characteristics of a valid Mark. These are:- la Paksha
