Vishva Itihasni Ruprekha

Author(s): Chandrabhai Bhatt
Publisher: Chandrabhai Bhatt
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/032698/1

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vizva ItihALa pA caMdabhAI bhaTTa nare.

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vizva itihAsanI ZUZVU caMdabhAI bhaTTa - kare. risIjhana

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1lI jUna-1957 kiMmata paMdara rUpIyA mudraka :amRtalAla naMdalAla bhaTTa mayura prinTarI, rAyapura, amadAvAda, prakAzaka:caMdrabhAi kAlIdAsa bhaTTa javAharanagara-sarakheja roDa, amadAvAda,

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vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA [ ra7 nazAe ane 190 citro sahita ] (RBS Without liman i [ sarvahaka lekhakane svAdhIna ]

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wenig NOWN "Our western knowhow has unified the whole world in the literal sense of the whole habitable and traversable surface of the globe; and it has inflamed the institutions of war and class, which are the two congenital diseases of civilisation into utterly fatal maladies... ... ... We have to abolish war and class and abolish them now under pain, if we flinch or fail, of seeing them win a victory over man, which, this time, would be conclusive and definitive. A. J. Toynbee "I recognise no God except the God that is to be found in the hearts of the dumb millions... ... And I worship the God that is Truth...... through the service of these millions." Gandhiji "As I look Around I see the crumbling ruins of a proud civilisatlon strewn like a vast heap of futility. And yet I shall not commit the grievous sin of losing faith in man. I would rather look forward to the opening of a new chapter in history, Perhapes the dawn will come from this horizon, from the East where the sum rises." Tagore.

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' anukrama paTa 173 111 125 130 prakaraNa 1. ItihAsanuM vizvarUpa 2. itihAsa pahelAMne ItihAsa 3. ItihAsa eTale saMskRtinI jIvanakathA 4. vizva itihAsane pitAmaha, IjIpta 5. IjIpanI samakAlIna saMskRtio, bebIlenIyA, esiriyA 6. vizva ItihAsanAM khavAI gayelAM be prakaraNo ... 7. vizvaItihAsano ciraMtanadeza, cIna 8. saMskRtino sImAstaMbha, bhAratavarSa 9. prAcIna bhAratIya saMskRtinuM rekhAcitra 10. AryonI irAnI zahenazAhata 11. pelesTAIna vizva ItihAsamAM praveze che. 12. prAcIna ItihAsane tirdhara, grIsa 13. saMskRtine sImAstaMbha, grIsa 14. vizvaItihAsanI dipAvalI *** *** 15. prAcIna yugane madhyayugI aMkoDo, roma 16. prAcIna saMskRtinuM mUlyAMkana 17. prAcIna itihAsane sAgarasamrATa ane zikSaka, phinizIyA 18. yuropIya utthAnane janaka, IslAma 19. remana jagatane upasaMhAra ane yuropane janma 20. madhyayuganI jIvanaghaTanA 21. madhyayugane aMta ane utthAnane AraMbha ... 22. vizvaItihAsane utthAnayuga 23. utthAnayuganuM pAtrAlekhana * ... 24. IgleMDanI rAjyakrAnti ane amerikAne janma ... 25. raziyA ane praziyA 26. yurepanA rAjakIya utthAnanI phreMca krAnti ... 27. yurepanA Atma nirNayavALo 19 me seMke .. 28. 19 mA saikAnuM jIvanarUpa 140 169 199 214 245 258 267 294 303 318 3 35 351 371 399 407 421 435

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29. yurApanI audyogika krAnti ane sAmrAjyavAda sAmrAjyavAda eTale yuddha 31. vizvayuddha paheluM 30. 32. pahelA vizvayuddha pachInuM vizvarUpa 33. pahelA vizvayuddha pachI yurApanuM rAjakAraNa khIjA vizvayuddhanuM vihaMgAvale kana 34. 1 35. saMyukta rASTrasaMdha ane vizvazAMtine savAla 36. aNuyuganuM uddaghATana 37. hiMdImahAsAgaranuM rASTramaDaLa ane AphrikAnuM utthAna 38. madhyapUrvamAM DokIyuM 39, vizvaitihAsanuM saravaiyu, vizvazAMti ke vizva saMhAra 40. visamA saikAnI saMskRtinI jIMdagI 41. zAMtimaya sahaastitvanI vizva-bhUmikA nakazA 1. AkAzama'DaLanA nakazA 12 2. IjIpta 31 3. IjIptanuM sAmrAjya 44 4. esIrIyA-ekhIlenIyA 49 5. ebileAnanuM sAmrAjya 54 6. esIrIyAnuM sAmrAjya pa 7. prAcIna bhArata 97 8. parziyAnuM sAmrAjya 124 9. pelesTAIna 131 141 215 294 381 400 497 503 10. grIsa 11. ITAlI 12. yuApanA janma 13. amerikA 14. nUtana yure|pa 15. AphrikA 16. saLagatI duniyA anukrama ... ... 900 osTrelIyA 20. raziyA-amerikA AphrikA 406 503 515 519 549 579 :;L 634 46 670 21. phAsIvAdI yupa 22. raziyA, yu. esa. esa. Ara 696 735 079 para0 17. duniyA. isa. 141 I. sa. 1921 18. yuropa AphrikA-aziyA para 3 19. hiMdImahAsAgara-AphrikA pAna para9 538 549 51 592 23. eziyA paranuM yuddha 24. jApAnanu pesIkiparanuM AkramaNa 25. hiMdImahAsAgaranu rASTrama DaLa 26. madhyapUrva 27 nUtana vimukata pradeza 64 6 47 671 ...

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AinasTAina 785 thI 788 108-109-111 azoka AlphreDa nAkhela 699 emAsa-IsAyA ilIjhA 136-138 elisa ogasTasa 189 225 omara khayAsa 291 thI 293 699 431-432 421-433-434 kharathA; hemnara Ayarana bismA elIvara kanaphyuzIyasa kamAlapAzA kAmenIyasa kruSNamenana kAI-cI kA-mArkasa krAisTa kAla khasa kAparinikasa DAlTana DAnse pAtra paricaya DAravIna kliAkroya DAlasa ISmanAtuMna ibnasInA iresamasa gAMvIjI 429 78 thI 81 553 748-749 88 473-474 210 thI 213 343-344 364-365 635 352 thI 354 446 thI 449 442 thI 444 para 45 229290 345 532 thI 536 789 thI 79 3 gArakI gAyA 765 thI 767 441 gautamabuddha cu-teha caMdragupta cAu-analI cArIsa thusIDAiDIsa jAnamAla jerenI menthAma je-je thomasana 635 jomA kenyATA huM60-661-} phara javAharalAla neharU 033-734 TizIyana 360 thI 364 tUsAM 428 Tamasa peina 389 thI 394 TAlasTAya 758 thI 761 TaTa TAgAra dvideza nepAlIana perikalIsa 98 thI 105 116 thI 118 106 thI 108 733=034 177 194-195 333-334 462 461 781 thI 787 453-458 418 thI 458 152-153 pleTA-erisToTala 162 thI 166 pesTaleAjhI 475 pesacara brekasITelisa pramukha-rUjhavelTa 544 thI 548 449 thI 451 184 pAlIkalIsa 184-185-18} piTara-vArTjhA 354-355

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eraTa musAdIka pIlasudaskI papa3 pikA 741 thI 745 mahammada payaMgabara 27ra thI 274 bhAo-se-tuMga 800-808 mahAna pITara 403 bhATana lyuthara 345-346 mosesa 138-109 mekiAvelI 350 414 thI 417 merIkyurI 638-639 mekArIo 685 musalInI 554-555 682 nAsera 811-12 rasakIna 750 rebranTa 439-440 rUA . 452 merelAM 636-637 rUdharaphoDa 637-6 38 rogara bekana 311 thI 313 ane 358 thI 36 0 lIonArdedA-vinsI 36 5 thI 370 lenIna 767 thI 770 liMkana 465 varaDI 444 thI 446 vilIyama jemsa 491 thI 92 vikaTara yuga tera 4pa3 thI 457 vozIMgTana 387-388 zakI-ala-kuvAtalI 693-694 sunayAta-sena 228-530 sAko 187-188 sikaMdara 105 sTAlIna 771 thI 776 sijhara 221-222 selena salemana 136-137 sokreTIsa 145-155 thI 161 pATe kasa 235 thI 237 saMta pAla-saMta piTara 226-229 saMta-semyuala 135 saMta-phrAnsisa 3 papa-356-3pa7 hAna 91-92-93 hu-AMga-TI 82-83-84-85 hiDATasa 193-194 papa7 thI 560 homara 186 herathI 552 henIbAla 265-266 hegala 470-271 he cI-mItva 731-732 harbarTa, spesara 738 hiTalara : - : T:

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'! ! ! Erich ItihAsanuM prasthAna

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!!/ilk 1 itihAsanI pagadaMDI

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vizva itihAsanuM vyaktitva; mAnavamALa

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vizvaitihvAsanI - myujha ' (grIka-devI)

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prAcIna ItihAsanA grIka pitAe hIraDoTasa - ghusIDAIDisa

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itihAsanI nUtanadraSTi vAlatera

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vizva ItihAsanI vijJAnadraSTi-mArkasa

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vizvaitihAsanuM, vizvarUpa

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vizva ItihAsane sImAstaMbha, azoka staMbha

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NVIR ailbo. J Ti' R vizva ItihAsanuM utthAna; eziyA-AphrikA

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vizva itihAsanuM, paMcazilama ,

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ci. mAyA ane hasamukhane

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ItihAsanuM vizvarUpa (ItihAsane artha-ItihAsanI kriyAnuM vikAsarUpa-saMskRtine sauthI moTo savAla-vizvanuM ekavizvarUpa-eka vizvanI saMyukta mAnavatAnuM saha-astitva-ItihAsa eTale vizva-ItihAsa-vizva-saMskRtinI aitihAsika bhUmikA. itihAsane artha Iti-ha-Asa eTale ItihAsa. ItihAsa eTale "A pramANe hatuM." paNa A pramANe zuM hatuM ? kyAre hatuM ?kevA saMjogomAM hatuM ? ane kevuM hatuM? AvA aneka savAlanA javAba ItihAsamAMthI jaDavA joIe. A badhA javAbamAM itihAsanA kathanane ati agatyane savAla te e che ke, je hatuM te kevI rIte thatuM hatuM ? itihAsanI samajaNa mATe mAtra "hatu" eTaluM ja kahevuM e basa nathI. kAraNa ke je kaMI hoya che te hamezAM kriyA rUpamAM hoya che athavA thatuM hoya che. thavAnI A prakriyAne vItI gayelA jamAnAnA jIvanano abhyAsa eTale ja ItihAsane abhyAsa. e abhyAsa karanAranI sAme vitI gayelA samayano jIvanasaMga ane e jIvanasaMjoganI bhUmikAmAM vikAsa pAmatA manuSya athavA mAnava samudAyanI gati ane pragatinuM svarUpa spaSTa thavuM joIe. A gati ane pragatinAM svarUpamAM manuSya athavA mAnavasamudAya potapotAnA pradeza para ane potapotAnA samayamAM te te pradezanA, ane te te samayanA vanasaMganI bhUmikA para Iti

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ra vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA hAsanA koIpaNa tabakkAmAM ubhele mAlUma paDe che. jIvanane saMjoga banelI jIvana paristhiti jevI A bhUmikA jaDa athavA niSkriya nathI hotI paNa kriyAzIla hoya che. e ja rIte e paristhiti athavA saMjoganI bhUmikA para ubho rahele mAnava samudAya paNa kriyAzIla hoya che. A baMne jaNa kriyAzIla hoya che te uparAMta ekabIjA sAthe eTale paraspara kriyA karatAM hoya che. ene artha e che ke manuSya ane jIvanasaMga ekabIjA sAthe kriyA kare che tathA A paraspara kripAnI aMtargatatAmAMthI jIvanasaMjoganI bhUmikA ane mAnavasamudAya bane badalAyA karatAM hoya che. A parivartananuM rUpa bannenuM nUtana banatuM evuM vikAsarUpa hoya che. AvuM nUtanarUpa dhAraNa karavAnI kriyA mAnavasamudAyanI ane tenA jIvanasaMjoganI itihAsanI prakriyA che. ItihAsane abhyAsa ItihAsane abhyAsa eTale mAnavasamudAyanI ane tene jIvanasaMjoga banelI bhUmikAnI parasparanI kriyA bhArata nityanUtanarUpa dhAraNa karavAnI prakiyAne abhyAsa. A prakriyAnAM rUpanuM mukhya sutradhAra kaI eka manuSya nathI, paNa saMdhamAnava che. A saMdhamAnava athavA mAnavasamudAya jIvananI paristhitinI sAthe kriyA kare che. jIvananI paristhitinI sAthenI A kriyA hamezAM khUba jahematavALI hoya che, ane aneka gaDamathalothI bharelI hoya che. A pari. sthiti mAnavasamudAya sAme keyaDArUpe paNa ubhI rahetI hoya che. paristhatinAM AvAM aneka svarUpa sAme saMdhamAnava, jIvananuM ghamasANa zarU kare che. jIvananA A ghamasANanI prakriyAnA aneka rUpane kartA manuSya che. satata ghamasANa e A prakriyAnuM rUpa che. jemAM saMdhamAnavanI A prakriyA cAle che te jIvanasaMjoganI bhUmikAo pite paNa kriyAzIla hoya che te bAbata ApaNe jyAre bhUlI jaIe tyAre tarata ja ItihAsanI samajaNa ane ItihAsane abhyAsa aTakI paDe che. itihAsanI kriyAnuM vikAsarUpa, saMskRti AvI itihAsanI kriyAnuM vikAsarUpa kevuM sarjAtuM hoya che te samajavA ApaNe itihAsanA eka pachI bIjA yugamAM ane ItihAsanA eka pachI bIjA tabakkAmAM manuSya athavA mAnavasamudAye ane jIvanasaMgee te te yugamAM athavA tabakkAmAM kevAM rUpa dhAraNa karyA che te jovuM joie. manuSyanI athavA mAnavasamudAyanI bAbatamAM joIe te ItihAsanA eka pachI bIjA samayamAM

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ItihAsanuM vizva-25 ApaNe evA jIvanasaMga athavA jIvanaparisthiti para meLavela adhika ane adhika kAbU dekhI zakIe chIe. dareka yugamAM mAnavasamudAyanuM A rUpa eka pachI bIjuM vadhAre ne vadhAre caDhiyAtA kAbUvALuM mAluma paDyuM che. mAnava samudAyanAM A caDhiyAtAM rUpa sAthe jIvanasaMganuM paNa vadhAre caDhiyAtuM rUpa dareka yuga ane tabakkAmAM puravAra thayuM che. A samajavA mATe eka nAno sarakho dAkhalo laIe. dhAro ke ItihAsanA zarUAtanA yugamAM manuSya athavA saMdha. mAnava bhekhaDa khodIne banAvelA guphAgharamAM raheto hate. pachI ItihAsanA navA yugamAM manuSya athavA saMdhamAnava suMdara majhAnuM ghara bAMdhIne rahevA lAge tyAre navA yugamAM pitAnA jIvanasaMjoga sAthe paraspara kriyA karate manuSya paNa A badalAI gayeluM hoya che eTaluM ja nahi paNa jIvanasaMga para ene vadhAre ne vadhAre kAbU AvatAM pahelAMne guphAdhara nAmane tene saMjoga paNa badalAI gayuM hoya che. jema manuSya tema jIvanasaMge paNa suMdara caNelA gharanuM svarUpa dhAraNa kareluM hoya che. ItihAsamAM saMdhamAnava ane tenA jIvanasaMganAM rUpe A rIte saMskRta athavA nUtana banelAM mAluma paDe che. eTale itihAsanI bhASAmAM ItihAsanA yuge ane tabakkAmAM palaTAyA karatAM A baMnene eTale manuSyanAM ane tenA jIvanasaMganAM svarUpanI vikAsa pAmatI ghaTanAne saMskRti kahevAmAM Ave che. itihAsamAM AvI aneka saMskRtionI kathA hoya che. saMskRtine sauthI moTo savAla, manuSyanuM vartana-svarUpa che. visamAM satakanA AraMbhamAM vizvanI saMskRtine Thekara mAranAruM paheluM vizvayuddha AkhA jagata para motane paDachAyo banIne cAra varSa sudhI patharAyA karyuM. I. sa. 191mAM AraMbhAyelA A vizvayudhdha cAra varSamAM AkhA jagatanA dharmone, nIti niyamane ane tamAma saMskAradhAmane, dhULa dhUmADA ane rUdhiramAM taraboLa karI nAkhIne IsunI 1918 mI saMvatsarIne zokamAM DUbADI dIdhI. zokamAM DUbeluM jagata, Arthika smRdhio bhUkhamarA ane rogacALAethI hacamacI UThayuM. hacamacI uThelA jagatanI AMkha ughaDI gaI. pitApitAnA rASTranAM kamADa zikSaNa mATe vAsI daIne itihAsa bhaNavA beThelI saMkucitatA nizALamAM, vizvayuddha nAmano vizva-ItihAsa kamakamATI upajAve tevA padArthapAThanuM rUpa dharIne AbehUba beThe. jagatane vyavahAra jANe kaTokTI para * caDhIne bhekhaDa parathI UMDI gartAmAM paDatuM nAkhato dekhAyo. jagatanA vahIvaTanA je AgevAne hatA temaNe saMskRtie devALuM phUkeluM jAhera karyuM. saunA lehInuM dabANa yuddhanA pazu Avezane dhAraNa karIne vadhI gayuM ane mAnavasamAjanI dherInasa have tUTavAnI che e bhaya pedA thaye.

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vizva ItihAsa rUparekhA saMskRtinuM kalevara pRthvInA geLA para natamastake eka jIvAdorI para TiMgAI raheluM viSAda jevuM citarAyuM. * jagatanA sAmAjIka, Arthika, rAjakIya ane zaikSaNika vyavahAranI kAyA palaTa have te dharamULathI ja badalavI paDaze evA AvegavALI carcAo paNa zara thaI gaI. mAnavajAtanI aparAdhI evI zAhIvAdI sarakAre e paNa jANe pite koI ja aparAdha karyo nathI tevA gamagIne caherA dhAraNa karIne, AkhA vizvanA rAjakAraNane navo jhoka ApavA mATe ane jagatamAMthI yuddhanI kAryavAhIne nAbUda karI nAMkhavA mATe hoya tema "lIga opha nezansa" racIne jagatanI zAnita mATe karA karavA mAMDyA. TUMkamAM jeNe ane teNe AMtararASTriya rUpe vicAravAnuM zarU karI dIdhuM. vizva have eka banI gayuM che tenI AzaMkA koIne rahI nahIM. jagatanI nizALAe paNa vizva-ItihAsane abhyAsakramanA kAgaLIyA para samAveza karyo. vizva-ItihAsano sauthI agatyane banAva zALAnA vargamAM AvIne savAla je AlekhAye. A savAla saMskRtine athavA manuSyanA manuSya taraphanA vartanavyavahArane savAla hato. sArA nAmanA sarabIyAnA nagaramAM banelA taNakhalA jevA banAvamAMthI ja AkhA jagatanuM yuddha saLagI UThe te vAta zakya ja hatI nahIM. te pachI ItihAsanAM kevAM kAraNo A jaMgI evI aitihAsika ghaTanAnI pAchaLa paDayAM hatAM? rAhaIna nadIne pele pAra saLagelA kajIyAnuM vizvarUpa kevuM hatuM ? jApAna nAmane je deza gaI kAle cakalIonAM citro citare, rAjAnI AsapAsa garabA gAte hato, te ekAeka bhUmadhyamAM jaIne yuddha jahAjonI kavAyata kema karavA mAMDyo hato ? TarakI nAmanA dezanuM kharekharuM rU5 zastrasAjanA DhagalAnI nIce kevuM hatuM ? zAhIvAda zuM hatuM ? sAmrAjya eTale zuM ? ane sAmrAjyavAda vatI, hiMda deze jarmanI sAme laDAInI jAherAta karI dIdhI eTale zuM ? zahenazAha zarU kevI rIte thai hatI ane maraNa kevI rIte pAmatI hatI ? jhArazAhI eka ja rAtamAM svapnamAM heya tema laya kema pAmI gaI hatI ane jagata para nUtana evA jIvana vahIvaTanI sAmAjIka krAMti AkAra dharatI hatI eTale zuM ? A badhA ItihAsanA savAla manuSyanA sAmAjIka vartananA savAla hatA te bAbate vadhAre spaSTa banI. * - evA evA te aneka atihAsika savAla jagatanI javAbadArI pAse javAba mAgatA khaDA thaI gayA. A savAla jUnI zALAe zikhavyA nahatA.

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ItihAsanuM' vizva-rUpa jagatanI nizALAmAM AjasudhI saMkucita evA rAjArANInA ane rASTravAdanA kheATA ItihAsA ja zikhavAyA hatA ! eTale vizvanA sAmAnya nAgarikAe mAthAM khajavALavA mAMDeyAM, ane itihAsanI samajaNu mATe khAtheADiyAM bharavA mAMDayAM. grUpamaMDuka jevI nizALAe emane vizva itihAsa zIkhavyeA nahAtA ane saMskRtinA mahAmeATA savAla je manuSya manuSyanA parasparanA ane jIvanasaMjoge sAthenA vartanane athavA vartana vyavahAraneA sAmudAyika savAla hatA, te savAlane paNa abhyAsakramamAMthI rada rAkhavAmAM ja AbyA hatA. paNa vizva, eka vizva banI cUkayuM hatu. pahelA vizvayuddhe pUravAra karyuM ke, vizva, eka vizva banI gayuM che. yuddha ane zAMtinA mAnavajAtanA tamAma savAlA eka vizvanA saunA sarakhA savAle banyA che. pahelA vizvayuddha pahelAM ja zramamAnavenI AMtararASTriya saMsthA astitvamAM AvI cUkI hatI. kSamamAnavAnA samudAye, eka vizvanI vAstavikatAne pUkArI hatI. paNu jagatanI sarakAreA je, hajI rASTriya dhAraNe paNa mAnava samudAyanI pratinidhi banI zakI naheAtI tathA khAsa karIne yuropanI sarakArAnAM zAhIvAdI svarUpA je haju eziyana-Aphrikana prajAne potAnI gulAma tarIke jakaDI rahyAM hatAM, temane paNa pahelA vizvayuddha pachI vizvazAMti sAcavavAnI pharajane kAgaLa para svIkAravAnI krUja paDI ane lIga opha nezansa " nI temaNe racanA karI, ane te racanAne teADI paNa nAkhI, ane eka vizvanA eka savAlanA sahakArI vartananA savAlanA TukaDA karI nAkhyA. {i eTale khIjuM vizvayuddha AvyuM. paNu khIjA vizvayuddhanA pachInAM pariNAmAe eka vizva banI cUkyuM che te vAtanI sAbitI pharIvAra vadhAre sAmudAyika rIte ApavA mAMDI. gulAmadezAmAM rASTriya muktija MgA bhabhUkI UThayA. cIna bhArata jevA mahAnadezeAnI virATa mAnava jAte, deza deza sAthe tathA tamAma nUtana muktarASTro sAthe " 5zilama nI nUtana AMtara rASTriya nItinI dheANA karIne vizvanI ekatAnI sAbitI ApI. AMtararASTriya zAMti bhAgatI jagatajanatAenI saMsthAe jagatabharanI dharatI parathI janmIne AMtararASTriya svarUpa kayAranI ya dhAraNa karI cUkI hatI. jagatanI sarakArAe paNa bIjA vizvayuddhane aMte, jemAM sau rASTro samAna sabhyapada pAmI zake tevI rASTrasaMdhanI ghaTanAne astitvamAM ANI. AvI vizvasasthAoe, jagata, eka jagata athavA vizva, ekavizva banI cUkayu cheH te hakIkatane satya tarIke pUravAra karI dIdhI. ""

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vizva itihAsanI rUparekhA tyArathI vizvabharanI zALAo ane vidyApIThe mATe nUtana abhyAsakrama jIvaMta banavA mAMDayo. A abhyAsakramamAM, itihAsane, jagata itihAsane viSaya, krUrajIAta lekhAyA. rASTranA saMkucita itihAseA nahIM paNa eka mAnavajAtanA, eka vizvanA itihAsanA pATha sau itihAsanA pAyA banyA. saunA rASTriya ItihAsanA pAye vizvaitihAsa banI cUkayA. aneka TukaDAomAM vibhAjIta baneluM, jagata eka vizva banatAM, vizvatihAsa mAnavajAtanI saMskRtinA vaijJAnika ane saMskArika viSayanA zikSaNane pAyA Aje banI cUkayA che. eka vizvanI eka mAnavatAnA sahaastitvanA vaijJAnika pAyA. nUtanazikSaNanA A pAyA, mAnavajAtanI jiMdagInA atyArasudhI nahI thayelA evA nUtana dana par jagatabharamAM, ekeeka rASTramAM racAvA mAMDyo che. mAnavajAtanI jiMdagInAM hArA vanA chatahAsanuM nUtanadana e che ke, mAnavama smRti, vizvasaskRti che, tathA, pUrvanI ke pazcimanI, bhAratanI ke cInanI, ane aMgrejI ke jarmanI, evI saMskRtinI alaga vADAbaMdhIe jUTha para ane mithyA jJAna tathA bhedanA avahAra para ja racAyelI che. Aje AkhA jagatanI saMskRtie eka banI gaI hAya te jagata ekatAnA vizvayuga cAle che. itihAsanAM lAkhkho varSa pachI AjanA ItihAsayuga saMskRtinI jagata ekatAnA vizvayuga che. AjanuM jagata eka banI cUkayuM che. AjanI mAnavatAnA athavA mAnavasamudAyA nA sa Mjogo eka mAnavajAta banIne vizvabaMdhu bhAvavALuM vana anubhavI zake tevA AjanA jIvanasajogoe navAMrUpa dhAraNa karavA mAMDyAM che. A jIvanasa Mjoga eTale AjanA rastAe, AjanA vAhanavyavahAra, AjanA TeligrApha ane Teliphona, reDiyA ane TelIvijhana, AjanA AMtararASTriya vepAra udyoga, enkA, citrapaTA, vagere aneka vastu che. A badhA sa Mjoga AkhA jagatanA tamAma rASTrAmAM mAnava samudAyAne jIvanasaMjoga banavA mAMDayA che. A sa'joge manuSya manuSya vaccenA bhaugolika sAmAjIka, ane Arthika aMtarAye bhUMsI nAMkhavA mAMDayAM che. dezakALanA, raMgabhedanA ane nAtajAtanA tamAma aitarAyAne bhUMsI nAkhIne pa tA, nadIo, ane mahAsAgarAne TapI jaIne, tathA anaMta AkAzane paNa mApI nAkhIte, ane manuSyAnA sa MhAra karanAra yunAmanA' gAMDapaNane miTAvI daI zakAya tevI paristhiti sarjIne Aje jagatanA jIvana saMjoga eka saMyukta jagatane vanasaMjoga banavA mAMDayo che. eTale ja AjanA itihAsayuga vizvavijJAnane, vizvazAMtinA ane vizvasa MskRtine vizvayuga banI zake tevA che. O

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ItihAsanuM vizva-25 A vizvayuganuM mAnavarUpa kevuM che? eka zabdamAM kahIe te A mAnava rUpa athavA mAnavajAtanuM svarUpa vaijJAnika rIte saMskAramaya banavA mAMDayu che. jaMgalamAM hatuM tevuM jaMgalI ane kevaLa jIva bacAvavAnA ane jIvatAM rahevAnA citkAra karatuM, kAcuM mAMsa khAtuM ane cAmaDAM paheratuM evuM lAkho varSo para zarU thayeluM manuSyanuM svarUpa Aje aneka gaDamathala, dhamasANe ane yAtanAo para thaIne himAlayanI Toca para ArahaNa karIne pokAra kare che ke, pRthvInI meTAmAM moTI A uMcAI karatAM paNa mArI uMcAI vadhAre moTI che. AjanuM A mAnavarUpa vizvamAnavInuM saMyukta rUpa che. vijJAnamaya ane saMskAramaya evuM A virATanuM svarUpa eka ja kaLa dabAvIne moTA TabaMdhI vajanavALAM ejInanA polAdI zarIrane addhara UMcuM karI nAkhe che. saMjoga paranA kAbUvALA A saMdhamAnavanA paga jamIna para ane pANI para tathA vAdaLethI paNa uMce AkAzamAM paNa thoDAka kalAkamAM hajAro mAIlanI saphara karI zake che saMdha mAnavanuM A vaijJAnika kAbUvALuM svarUpa mahAsAgaranI jaladivAlane viMdhI nAkhIne, parvatanI killebaMdhIone teDI nAkhIne AgaLa dhapI zake che. A svarUpe raNomAM lIlotarI sarjI dIdhI che, vanaspationI seMkaDe navI jAto pedA karI che. marakI ane motane pAchAM haTAvyAM che, parvatane uDAvI dIdhA che, samudro eka karI dIdhA che. mAnavajAtanuM AjanA tabakkAnuM svarUpa rASTra rASTra vaccenI sImAone bhUMsI nAMkhIne Aje mAnava mAnava vacce aneka bhASAonA eka athavA baMdhubhAvane "paMcazilamane AMtara rASTriya vyavahAra sarjAvAnI zarUAta kare che. Ajane ItihAsa eTale vizvane ItihAsa eTale ja Ajano itihAsa vizva ItihAsa banI cUkyo che. jIvananI badhI pravRttio mATe eTale ja vizvaitihAsane samajavAnI jarUra ubhI thaI che. sudharelA dezanI tamAma zALAo mATe eTalA ja mATe vizva ItihAsanA abhyAsane apanAvavAnI jarUra pedA thaI che. kAraNa ke vizva ItihAse pitAnI vizvaekatA Aje aneka yuge pachI pUravAra karI che. AjasudhI ApaNuM jagataparanA jIvanasaMge aneka bhedabhAvALA, aneka nAkAbaMdhIovALA ane aneka saMkucita vaMDIovALA hatA. A badhI ADakhIlIo, aMtarA, saMkucitatAo ane manAI hukama manuSya manuSya vaccenI ekatAne rekI rAkhatI dIvAle hatAM. A dIvAle eka rASTrane paNa eka banavA detI na hatI. A bhedabhAve eka ja rASTramAM aneka TukaDAo

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vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA pADI daIne athavA eka mAnavasamudAyamAM aneka nAtajAta saI daIne tathA vADAo racI daIne eka ja rASTramAM paNa mANasone eka baMdhubhAva sarjavA detA nahatA. paNa vijJAnayuganA AraMbhe sAthe ja phAnsa dezanA pATanagaramAMthI AkhI mAnavajAtane pikAra karIne saMbhaLAvate hoya te eka bulaMda avAja bele. A avAje vijJAnayuganA badalAtA jatA jIvanasaMjoganI zarUAtamAM ja manuSyanI AjhAdInI hAkala karIne kahyuM ke "mAnavamAtra samAna che palaTAyelA jIvana saMjogomAM ane palaTAelA mAnava samudAyamAM aMtarA ane vADAbaMdhIo pAchA haTavA mAMDyAM. zarU thayelA nUtanayugamAM jIvavAnI rItabhAtanuM punarUtthAna AraMbhAyuM. punarUtthAnanA A svarUpe eka pachI bIjA rASTranI aMdaranA bhedabhAva ane vyavahArane chedI nAMkhIne rASTriya ekatA sarajavA mAMDI. AgaLa vadhatA A utthAnayuge rASTra rASTra vaccenA aMtarAne paNa rada karI nAkhavA mAMDayA che ane AMtararASTraya ekatA sarajavA mAMDI che. A nUtanayugane pIchAnanArA sudharelA dezoe eTalA ja mATe have potAnI nizALamAM ane vidyApIThamAM vizvaItihAsa zIkhavavA mAMDyo che. ' vizvasaMskRtinI aitihAsika bhUmikA A bhUmikA Aja sudhImAM vijJAna yuge saMpAdana karelAM, tamAma sAmAchaka mUlyanI vyApakatAne amalI banAve che. samAjanA vyavahAranI ATalI ochAmAM ochI jIvanasaMgenI bhUmikAnuM bhAna, punardhaTanAnA patha para caDelA ekeeka rASTra pAse mAMgI le che. vijJAnayuganI zikSaNa pAmavAnI A bhUmikAnuM bhAna nikhAlasa ekarAra kare che ke, jyAM hoya tyAM AjanI saMskRtinuM rUpa athavA saMskAranuM vartana koI eka ja prajAnI nahIM paNa, AkhI mAnavatAnI pUMcha che. enuM kAraNa e che ke, mAnava saMskRtine ghaDanAra koI paNa eka ja rASTra nathI paNa AkhI mAnavajAta che. eTaluM ja nahIM paNa saMskRtine vyavahAra koI vyakti ke vyaktigata rASTranA jIvanamAM ja nahIM paNa tamAma rASTronA mAnava samudAyamAM Aje vyApaka banavA mAge che. mAnava saMskRti e ja rIte jIvI zake ane jIvatI rahI zake. kAraNa ke saMskRtinuM svarUpa kaI eka varga ke rASTramAM jIvIne jIvatuM rahI zake nahI. mAnava jAtanA ItihAsamAM saMskRtinuM svarUpa keIpaNa dezamAM dekhAyA pachI kadI nAza pAmyuM ja nathI. A svarUpa Aja sudhI sarvadezIya banavA mATe talasatuM, ApabhegenA avadhI vahAvatuM navAM vikA

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ItihAsanuM vizva-rUpa sarUpA sarjIne AkhA vizvaItihAsanuM paribaLa banIne bhedabhAvanI sImAone bhUMsI nAkhatuM jIvatuM rahyuM che. vizvaItihAsanuM A svarUpa Aje saskRtinuM AkhI mAnavajAtanA saMskAranuM jhaMDAdhArI banavA mAMDayuM che. * ItihAsanI TUMkI dRSTivALAoe Aja sudhI sa MskRtinuM nAma grIka saMskRti ke bhAratIya saMskRti ane pUrvanI saMskRti ke pazcimanI saMskRti evuM pADayu hatuM. paNa vizvaItihAsanI AgekUce AvA saMkucita pralApeAne Aje juThThA sAbita karyA che, tathA jIvanamAM pUravAra karavA mAMDyuM che ke sa MskRti ane saMskAranA vyavahAra AkhA jagata mATe eka che, ane AMtararASTrIya che. jUnA samayamAM paNa saMskRtinuM je svarUpa eka rASTramAM rASTriya dekhAtuM hatuM te svarUpa te samayamAM kevaLa rASTrIya naheAtuM, paNa jUnuM svarUpa palaTAIne jyAM zakaya hAya tyAM navuM rUpa dhAraNa karatuM hatuM ane aneka rASTromAM pharatuM hatuM tevI ItihAsanI samajaNu have AvavA mAMDI che. saMskRtinuM A rUpa mAnavajAtane prANavAyu khanIne jIvananI pragatine vAvaTA pharakAvatuM jIvatuM rahyuM che. eTale ja Aje jyAre vizvanA vAtAvaraNamAM kSudra leAbhamAMthI janmelA ane saMhAranI racanA karatA zAhIvAdI pAzavatA jevA saMskRti vire|dhI vartAva nAgAsAkI jevAM nagarAnuM khUna kare che tyAre, ane aNumebanA dhaDAkAe karane meAtanI cIcIArI kare che tyAre paNa vizvaItihAsanI viNA para sAlena, ane sekreTIsanA, gautama ane isunA, gelelie ane AkImiDIsanA, ekana ane lIenArDInA; tathA lenina ane liMkananA ane TAgAra tathA gAMdhInA, saMskRtinA zabdo vizva ItihAsanA U Mbara pradeza para prakAzamaya banIne umelA dekhAya che. A anAhata nAda rASTra rASTra vaccenA saMskAra vyavahAraneA payagAma banIne nUtana AMtararASTriya saMskRtinA virATa jhaMDAdhArI jevuM pazilamanuM svarUpa dhAraNa kare che. tyAre AjanA nUtana utthAnanA yuganA AraMbha, Aje vidhaitihAsanI samajaNane ane vizvadhRtvanA sahakArI jIvana vyavahArane AMnavA banAvI de che. eTale ja Aje jyAre vizvaItihAsanI samajaNu anivAya ane che tyAre ApaNA dezamAM ke kaiAI paNa dezamAM je je binAe bane che te te binAone mApavAnuM ke samajavAnuM kAraNarUpa kAi lazkarI saMsthAo, rAjakiya kAvatrAMo, ke saMkucita banAvAmAM ja ApaNe nahIM zodhI zakIe. tenAM kAraNeA ApaNe have vizvaItihAsanI samajaNu vinA zodhI zakIe, tema nathI, AjanA

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vizva-ItihAsanI rUparekhA jagatanA havAmAnamAM palaTAtI paristhitione mApavAnuM beromITara vimAkaMpanIo, zerabajAre ke sarakArI dhArAsabhAo, ke beMkamAM goThavAyuM nathI paraMtu A beromITara, jIvataranI AMtararASTriya banelI kaLAo ane vijJAnamAM tathA jyAM mAnavajAtanI jiMdagIne rojabarojanA dhabakatA zramavyavahAra cAle che tyAM, zALAomAM khANamAM, khetaromAM, ane kArakhAnAomAM zramayajJa mAraphata saMskRtinI ghaTanA jyAM ghaDAya che, tyAM ja dekhavA maLe che. jIvananuM ane jagatanuM rUpa kevuM che? pitAnA jIvananuM eTale pitAnA mAnavasvarUpanuM ane pote jemAM athavA jenI sAthe kriyA karIne jIve che te jagatanuM zuM svarUpa che? evo savAla athavA evI jIjJAsA manuSyanI prAthamika dazAthI mAMDIne te Aja sudhI cAlu rahI che. AvI jIjJAsA athavA Avo savAla manuSya sivAya bIjA koI prANune heta nathI. ekalA manuSya A savAlano javAba zodhavA mAnavasamudAyanA athavA mAnavasamAjanA samudAya-svarUpamAM Aja sudhImAM bhagIratha prayatna karyA che. A prayatnoe pUravAra karyuM che ke manuSya ekaluM roTalA khAIne ja jIvananI parisImAM mAnanAra prANuM nathI, paraMtu bhagIratha prayatna karIne eNe sAmAjIkarIte saMskRtinuM sarjana karyuM che. manuSyane AraMbhathI ja zarU thayele jagatanA svarUpa viSene pele jAne savAla Aja sudhI zame nathI, paraMtu jIvananA dareka jamAnAmAM A savAlanA javAbarUpe e savAle jagatanI pitAnI zodhane AgaLa ne AgaLa calAvI che. vizvane itihAsa A savAlano javAba che. jagata ane mAnavajIvanane A abhyAsa zeDAM hajAra varSonI aMdara ja DhagalAbaMdha thaI cUkyo che. e abhyAsane pAyo banAvIne jagata tathA mAnavajIvananA rUpanuM Alekhana javAbarUpe seMdhAvA mAMDyuM che. A seMdhanuM nAma ItihAsa che. ItihAsanI noMdhanuM AvuM svarUpa hovA chatAM paNa A noMdhanA moDhA para sIla mArI daIne ItihAsanI dhamAM rAjArANIo ane samAjanA jIvanane gulAma banAvanArAoe ItihAsanA pAnA para pitAnA jIvananI ja na lakhAvyA karI che. paraMtu AkhA ya jagata para ane mAnavajIvananA tamAma vibhAga para Aje mukta banavA maDilI mAnavajAtanI lokazAhI svarupavALI jIMdagIe Avo beTI naMdhone ItihAsamAMthI rada karIne ItihAsa lekhananA sAcA svarUpane vikasAvavA mAMDyuM che. jagatarUpanAM AraMbhanAM Alekhane manuSya potAnI prAthamika dazAmAMthI ja pitAnuM jagata karyuM che te savAlane javAba devAnI zarUAta karI che. Aje evA javAbo hasI kADhavA jevA

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ItihAsanuM vizva-25 bhale lAge paraMtu prAthamika dazAnA mAnavajIvananA saMjogomAMthI evA ja javAbo daI zakAya tevI jIvana dazA hatI. grIsamAM homara nAmanA Adya kavie tyAre kahyuM hatuM ke zarUAtamAM jagatanA AraMbhasvarUpamAM pRthvInI AsapAsa zeSanAga jevI eka moTI sAgarasaritA pharatI hatI. bhAratavarSamAM paNa jagatanA rUpane evo ja javAba saMbhaLAte hato ke pRthvInI nIce eka moTo sApa tene pitAnI phaNA para dhAraNa karIne beTho che. A savAlane ja pArasIonA dharmastotromAM raju karavAmAM Avyo hate. tathA A jIjJAsAnA svarUpanuM stotra banAvavAmAM AvyuM. AryAvartamAM AvelA Aryoe paNa rUkvedamAM AvI jIjJAsAnAM suMdara stotro lakhyAM che. jagatanA janma viSenI bAIbalamAM lakhAyelI vAta jANItI che. "Adau Apa, eva Asita"evI jAtanA Arya jamAnAnuM ciMtana paNa bAIbalanA evA thana sAthe maLatuM Ave che. jagatanA svarUpane khyAla kharI rIte te vaijJAnika hovo joIe. mAnavajIvananA vyavahArano khyAla paNa vaijJAnika hovo joIe, evI jAherAta grIsamAM erisToTale ane bhAratamAM gautamabudhe pahelIvAra karI. tyAra pachI TelemIe jagatanA svarUpane athavA pRthvIne madhyabiMdumAM rAkhIne grahanakSatranI bhASAmAM vicAravAno prayatna karyo. koparanikase, kepalare ane gelilIoe pRthvInA svarUpanI zodhane vijJAnanA pAyA para mUkI dIdhI. jagata ane mAnavajIvananI hakikato A rIte yugayuganAM DahApaNa ane vaijJAnika prakAzane dhAraNa karIne AgaLa ane AgaLa vadhavA mAMDI. pRthvInA svarUpanI vaijJAnika pArakha pRthvInA sAcA svarUpanI vaijJAnika pArakha 19mA saikAmAM thaI. A samayamAM bhUstarazAstrano AraMbha thayo. A navA vijJAne pRthvI paranI TekarIonI AjubAjuomAM khaDakanAM bhUstaremAMthI eka pachI bIjA nIce DhaMkAyelI pRthvInI kathAne vAMcavA mATe pRthvInA paDane khotaravA mAMDyAM. A bhUstaramAM jaLavAI rahelA vanaspatio ane prANIonA avazeSe, temane hAtha lAgyA. A avazeSonAM eka samayanAM jIvanasvarUpe sAthe A bhUstara vaijJAnike e zodhakabuddhi kAme lagADI, ane jIvananAM bhaMDArAI gaelAM rahasyo temaNe ukelavA mAMDavyAM. A ukela sAthe samayanI vItI gaelI anaMta sImAonAM temane darzana thayAM. A samayanAM darzanamAM temane vyApaka banelAM eka samayanAM jIvatAM ane pachI avazeSa banI gayelAM vanaspati ane prANIonAM svarUpa dekhAyAM. samayanI vizALa tavArI, A virATa dekhAvane dhAraNa karIne eka vAra,

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ra vizva itihAsanI rUparekhA jIvatI hatI te bAbata pUravAra thaI. pRthvInI jIMdagI para atihAsika jJAnanA prakAza phlAyA. khA prakAza nIce pahelI ja vAra TekarIonA mAthA para vhela vi nAmanI mAmblInAM hADapiMjarA kevI rIte AvyAM haze, te ane tevI ajaba jevI aneka bAbatAnI samajutI A nUtana vijJAne ApI. A samajutInuM

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ItihAsanuM vizva-25 saMpUrNa vaijJAnika svarUpa, I. sa. 1858 mAM DAravIne pitAnuM yugavata pustaka lakhIne pragaTa karyuM. vikAsakramanI bAbatoe jagatane pahelIvAra lAkha varasa para patharAyela jIvana vikAsane ItihAsa samajAvyo ane jAhera karyuM ke A itihAsamAM manuSya nAmanuM prANa pRthvI para sauthI moTuM eTale thoDAMka lAkha varaso para ja avatAra pAmyuM che. ApaNI pRthvInuM zarIra jenA upara jIvananI AvI addabhUta ane anaMta lIlA cAle che te ApaNI pRthvInuM zarIra kevuM che tene javAba paNa ApaNI pRthvInAM vaijJAnike e (jI. e. phIsIsTa) dIdho che. A javAba pramANe pRthvInuM zarIra, mUkhya traNa evAM "konasenTrIka sTIara" nuM baMdhAyeluM che. A pRthvImAtAnI kAyAnuM vajana, 6600 mIlIyana, mIlIyana, mIlIyana, Tana che. A kalevarane madhyakendrI vibhAga, pravAhI lehano eka moTo daDe che, tathA tene vyAsa cAra hajAra mAIlana che. A madhya kendranI AsapAsa baMdhAyeluM pRthvImAtAnA dehanuM kocaluM be hajAra mAIla jADuM che. A kecalA para pRthvImAtAnI pAtaLI evI cAmaDI che. A cAmaDI dazathI vIsa mAIla jeTalI jADI che. A cAmaDI para, jenI aMdara mAnavajAtanA, mAnava samudAyonI saMskRtinA ItihAsa AlekhAyA che, tevA khaMDe ane mahAsAgare tathA parvata ane raNe patharAyAM che. athavA vizva ItihAsa jyAM bhajavAya che tenI raMgabhUmi AvI che. raMgabhUminAM nIce utaratAM bhitara vadhAre ne vadhAre vajanadAra bhUstarenAM banelAM che, tathA atiuSNa che. AvI pRthvI ApaNuM ghara che. AkAzanI kalpanA mahAsAgara jevI kare te e AkAzarUpI mahAsAgaramAM, AvAM pRthvI jevAM ghare ane saLagatA suraje pharatAM phare che. evA lAkha kareDe gaLAmAnA be geLA, eka pRthvI che ane bIjo sUraja che. pRthvI saLagIne holavAI gaI che ane suraja te hajuya saLage che. e pRthvI AkAzamAM enA jevAM agaNitanA sAthamAM eka nAnakaDA rajakaNa jevaDI ja che. enI sAthe sUrajanI AsapAsa AMTA mAratAM enAM sAthIdAre paNa enAM jevAM rajakaNe jevaDAM ja lAge che ane bhaDake baLate sUraja paNa jarAka moTuM rajakaNu kahevAya. evo e sUraja ApaNI pRthvIne ajavALuM Ape che, ane ApaNane TharI jatAM aTakAvI rAkhIne jIvADe che. pRthvInA paNa bhAga para pANI phelAvatA mahAsAgaranAM nAma pAThavavAmAM AvyAM che. eka pAsIphika mahAsAgara che ane te pRthvInA 6,40,00,000 cerasa mAila para patharAya che. bIjo eTalAMTika mahAsAgara che je 31500,000

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. che 2 pI da vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA corasa mAila para laMbAya che. trIje eka hiMdI mahAsAgara che ane te 29,000,000 mAIla para sUto che. e uparAMta nadIo ane sarovaramAM pANI ( 1,00,000 cerasa mAIla para patharAtAM paDyAM che. ApaNAM khetara ne khANa ane ghare ne mahAlaye ke bAgabagIcAo mATe jeTalI jamIna pANI vinAnI che temAM 5,000,000 corasa mAIla para moTAM meTAM saLagatAM raNe che. 19,000,000 corasa mAIla para verAna pradeza ne medAne che, ane bIjA keTalAka mAIle para jaMgale ne parvata che. - pRthvI paranA copaDAmAM paDelAM ItihAsanAM prakaraNe. ApaNI pRthvInA paTa pradeza para sArI rIte sacavAIne paDelAM lAkho varasanA jIvananA ItiA hAsanAM prakaraNo jaDI AvyAM che. A prakaraNamAM chelluM prakaraNa manuSyanA pRthvI paranA AgamananuM --- ===== prakaraNa che, je DAMka lAkha varaso para ja AlekhAvA mAMDyuM hatuM. A prakaraNomAM A navA prANIne Agamane ItihAsa nAmanuM potAnuM jIvana kArya AraMbhya tathA A kArya teNe zrama-sAdhana banAvIne zarU karyuM. pachI te teNe upajAvelAM zrama sAdhanae, manuSyanAM ane jIvana saMjogonAM svarUpane palaTAvI nAkhavA mAMDayAM. yuge yuge palaTAtAM A saMskAranAM svarUpanuM nAma saMskRti paDayuM. I\pw>> kara | jha | KE

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itihAsa pahelAMno ItihAsa [ ItihAsanI zodha-itihAsane AdikALa-manuSyanuM AgamanasaMskAranuM AraMbharUpa, svasaMrakSaNa-AdimAnavanI nAmAvaliItihAsa eTale virATanI AtmakathA-e AtmakathAnuM paheluM prakaraNa -agninI zodhavALe patthara yuga-dhAtuonAM nAmavALA ItihAsanA yugo-vikAsakramanuM aitihAsika vijJAna ] ItihAsanI zodha mANase karelI aneka zodhamAM vijJAnanI madadathI teNe Aje ItihAsanI paNa zodha karI che. ItihAsanI zodha pachI manuSya meLavelI ItihAsanI dRSTie Aje sAbita karyuM che ke saMskRtimAM bilakuba ochAM mUlyavALAM evAM rAjarANIonAM caritranA banAve ane temanI vaMzAvalIono ja itihAsa Aja sudhI zikhavAyo che. ItihAsanI AjanI navI najarane haju hamaNAM ja sudharelA dezee svIkAravA mAMDI che. saMskRtinAM vijJAnayuge mAnava jAtanA ItihAsane . jamInamAM daTAyeluM hatuM tyAMthI zodhI kADhyo che. ItihAsanI AvI zedha vijJAnayuge AraMbhI dIdhI ane AkhI pRthvI para ItihAsanuM saMzodhana kArya zarU thayuM. A zodhanakArya mATe khodakAma AraMbhAyuM. zodhako AjasudhI koI kolase te kaI sonuM ane kaI leTuM zodhatA hatA. have keTalAka zeAdhakoe jamIna khodIne aMdarathI jJAnane zodhavA mAMDyuM. A jJAna itihAsanuM jJAna hatuM. A jJAnanAM aneka prakaraNe dharatInI. nIce daphanAI gayAM hatAM. A prakaraNamAM koI prakaraNa palaMga mAnavanI khoparI banIne paDyuM hatuM. keI prakaraNa AdI mAnanAM hathiyAre ane sAdhananuM rUpa dharIne daphanAI gayuM hatuM. kaI prakaraNa jaMgalanA jamAnAmAM pRthvInA peTALamAM saMgharAyelAM citronuM banyuM hatuM. prAcIna bhAratanI dharatI parathI te vizva

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vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA ItihAsanuM vAI gayeluM eka mahAprakaraNa daTAI gayeluM vizvanagaranuM svarUpa dhAraNa karIne nIkaLI AvyuM. ItihAsanAM AvAMja prakaraNe pirAmIDa jevA mRtyu gharamAM paNa paDyAM hatAM te bahAra AvyAM. vizvaItihAsanI kalAnuM ajantA nAmanuM prakaraNa jaMgalanI kabaramAM daphanAI gayuM hatuM te bahAra AvyuM. AvAM prakaraNo parasIpolisa ane bebilena tathA kArbejanAM daTAI gayelAM khaMDiyera paNa hatAM. te badhAM vijJAnanI najara nIce nUtanarUpa dharIne beThAM thayAM. I. sa. 187ramAM skIlamAna nAmanA eka mahAna zodhake pitAnA ja paisA vaDe ane pitAnA hAthanI majurI vaDe,ItihAsanA anurAgathI prerAIne preyanAM nagarane khodI kADhyAM. IchatamAM gayela nepoliyana te khAlI hAthe pAcho pharyo hato paNa tenI sAthe gayele pele juvAna caeNpilio potAnA hAthamAM AkhAya IjIptanI saMskRtine laIne pAchA AvyuM hatuM. AvI AvI aneka zodha pachI ja Aje ApaNe lekabhAratI jene bhaNAvavAnI che, te adyatana itihAsa have taiyAra thavA mAMDe che. lAkha varSa para samaya ItihAsano AdikALa kahevAya. e Adi samayamAM meTAM parivartane pRthvInI kAyAne palaTatAM hatAM. eka saikAne eka miniTamAM samAvI zakAya tevI AMkha dhAraNa karIne dekhI zakIye to pRthvInI kAyApalaTa nAmanuM calacitra ApaNI najara sAme taravarI UThe. e citrapaTa para khaMDo ane upakhaMDe, samudro ane raNe, upara taLe banatAM ane pitAnI jagAe pAmatAM AbehUba joI zakAya. dharatInA paTa para parvate UgI nIkaLatA ane laya pAmatA sa, mAluma paDe. pRthvI upara deDatI baraphanI nadIo, doDadhAma karatAM prANIo ane nibiDa banatAM jaMgala, janma pAmatAM dekhI zakAya. TUMkamAM ApaNI dharatI paranuM dhabakatuM dIla, Tekari ane DuMgaromAM spanadanarUpa dhAraNa kareluM mAluma paDe. ApaNI dharatI "TropIkala" araNyanI HD mPi!

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17 itihAsa pahelAne ItihAsa lIlI cAdara oDhIne uttara tarapha patharAtI ane pachIthI "IveTaranA paheLA paTTA AgaLa dakSiNamAM jhAMkhI paDI jatI dekhAya. tathA ApaNI pRthvI para jAgI UThelA jIvananI pAMkhonA phaphaDATamAM, phADI khAdhelAM pazuonI citkAra karatI bUmarANamAM, mahAsAgaranA ghUghavATamAM ane raNa sAgara para uDatA vaLiAnI veNumAM, ApaNI pRthvInuM vatuM saMgIta sAMbhaLavAnuM maLe. pRthvIpaTa para manuSyanuM Agamana. ApaNI pRthvI paranI lAkho varSanI A hIlacAla dhAre ke ApaNI najara sAme dekhIe chIe. to ApaNe dekhI zakIe ke vanapazuonA araNya jagatamAM jIvanarUpano jaMga khelAvA mAMDyo che. eka jaMgalanI Toca uparathI, aTArIo parathI, ane jarUkhAo uparathI, bIjA araNya para cAre page laMge detAM prANIo jIvananI jhapAjhapI kare che. A cAra pagavALAM jaMgalamAM hupAhupa karatAM keTalAMka prANuo have, AgalA be paga para ubhAM thaI jaIne jhADanI DALIne pakaDI laIne phaLane teDIne hAthavaDe khAvAnI kriyA karatAM zIkhI gayAM che. jaMgalanA jIvataramAM A prANInuM AvuM pagaluM krAMtikArI kahevAya che. A pagaluM have be paga para cAlatuM paNa banI gayuM che. A krAMtikArI pagaluM bharanAra prANInuM nAma gorilA, cImpAjhI ane urAMga che. saikAo pachI saikAo vahI gayA pachI A prANIo have jaMgala parathI dharatI para utarIne cAlavA mAMDyAM che. nAnAM baccAMnI jema hAthamAM AvatI vastune e khAvA mAMDatAM hatAM paNa have to temaNe vastuone jhaDapI laIne dAMta ane nakhavaDe tene phADIne aMdarathI dekhavA paNa mAMDI che. ghasaDAtI cAle cAlatAM vALathI DhaMkAyelA zarIravALAM beDoLa caherAvALAM, mAthAparathI DhaLI paDatAM kapALavALAM cIbAM nAkavALAM, AMkhanA khADA para namatA hADakAnA gokhavALAM, AgaLa AvatA jaDabAM ane pAchI paDatI haDapacIvALA, jADI garadana para TekavAyelAM mAthAMvALA A prANIo koNa che ? e ApaNuM vaDavAo che.

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viAva ItihAsanI rUparekhA Adi mAnavInuM saMskArarUpa svarakSaNanAM sAdhanevALuM hatuM, A Adi mAnavInuM saMskArarUpa zikArInuM hatuM. zikAranI kriyA enA jIvanane hayAta rAkhavAnI jarUrI kriyA hatI. A kriyA karatAM marelA prANuMenA ziMgaDA lAvIne temAMthI pitAnA bhAlAnI aNu banAvIne e svarakSaNa mATenI saMskAranI kriyAnuM sAdhana banAvavAnuM zarU karatuM hatuM. A marelA prANI onA cAmaDAM paherIne TADhathI bacavAne vAste evI ja bIjI kriyA e karatuM hatuM. aNudAra hADakAMnI eNe saMya paNa banAvavA mAMDI hatI. prANIone temanI guphAomAMthI bhagADI mUkIne temAM eNe potAnuM ghara banAvavA mAMDayuM hatuM. tathA e gharanA daravAjA para paththara goThavIne eNe bAraNuM banAvavA mAMDayuM. lAkho varSathI koipaNa prANue je karyuM na hatuM te eNe karavA mAMDayuM. eNe karavA mAMDeluM A kArya hAthapaga calAvavA sAthe ja mAthAne paNa calAvavAnuM nUtana kArya tathA jene kArya kahI zakAya tevI nUtana kriyA hatI. Adi mAnavInA AraMbhanI nAmAvali. A navA prANInuM janetAe janmathI pADeluM nAma te jana hatuM. mAnavIe janarUpa dhAraNa karyuM, te pahelAMnA enA urAMgauTAMgarUpane oLakhavA mATe ItihAsakAroe tenuM nAma "pIvekenthopasa" ane "sInelthopasa pADyuM hatuM. pachI, A mAnavInuM rUpa guphA gharamAM rahevAnI tAkAtavALuM banyuM tyAre ItihAsakAroe tenuM pADeluM nAma ApaNA rASTrabAMdhave cIna dezanA pATanagaranA nAma uparathI "paikIMga mAnava" evuM pADayuM hatuM. I. sa. 1921 mAM cInanA pATanagara pekIMgathI 35 mAIla para cUnAnA paththaranI eka TekarInI eka moTI karADamAMthI prAcIna samayanA prANIonAM keTalAMka hADakAM maLI AvyAM hatAM. tyAre svIDananA eka "enDarasana ' nAmanA bhUstarazAstrIe A hADakAMnA avazeSa tapAsavAnuM khodakAma tyAM zarU karyuM. A khedakAma jema AgaLa cAlyuM tema tene jamIna nIcethI patharAnAM ojAra jaDavA mAMDyAM. enI sAthenA DaoN. DaoNskA nAmanA vaijJAnike tyAre AnaMdathI kahyuM ke A bhUmimAMthI ApaNane mAnava jAtanA ati purANuM pUrvajanAM hADakAM jarura hAtha Avaze. A bhUstarazAstrIone je jaDavuM tenA abhyAsa parathI temaNe nakkI karyuM ke ApaNuM khedakAma jyAM sudhI pahoMcyuM che tyAM sudhImAM ApaNane pRthvI paranA pAMca lAkha varSa pahelAMne samaya hAtha lAge che. A samayamAM pRthvInA bIjA bhAga para jyAre himayuga zarU thayo hato te samayamAM cIna para mUke samaya hate.

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ItihAsa pahelAMne ItihAsa I. sa. 1923 pachI A khedakAma cAlu ja hatuM. DaoN. DIskAe svIDana jaIne jaDelA avazeSo tapAsavA mAMDyA hatA ane Do. enDarsane peluM khodakAma cAluM rAkhyuM hatuM. pachIthI jaDelA avazeSomAM AdI mAnavanA avazeSo paNa hatA. DaoN. enDarasana A mahAna zodha karIne De. grAbo sAthe pekIMga nagaranI eka hoTelamAM cAha pate ekavAra beThe hatuM tyAre De. grAbo . enDarsanane gammatamAM pUchatuM hatuM ke "have pelA pekIMganara viSe AgaLa zI zodha karavI che?" Do. enDarsane ene AnaMdathI kahyuM "e nara na hato paNa Adi mAnavane janmAvanAra pekIMga nArI hatI. pachI 1927nA eprilamAM zodhakheLanuM kAma AgaLa calAvavA svIDanathI . behalIna paNa AvI pahoMcyo. barAbara e ja samaye cInanI dharatI para, cInanA vigrahara ane lekanetAo vacce AMtaravigraha zarU thayo hato. A AMtaravigrahamAM phUTatI tenA geLA khullI banelI pelI ItihAsanI guphAo para thaIne gaDagaDATa karatA uDatA jatA hatA. paNa aMdara utarelA pelA vaijJAnike te, pitAnuM khedakAma AgaLa dhapAve rAkhatA hatA, ane AdimAnavanI AkhI khoparI zodhI kADhatA hatA. i. sa. 1928 mAM "jIolojikala sarve opha cAyane" e pekIMganagaramAM jIvatAM banI gayelAM pAMca lAkha varSa paranA AdimAnane nAmakaraNa vidhi karyo. A mAnava pIzekenjhopasa kahevAyAM. samayanA aMdhakArathI zarU thatI virATanI AtmakathA. lagabhaga pAMca lAkha varSa para tyAranA mANase eTale "pAIthakethomasa IrekaTarsa, be paga para ubhA thaI gaelA ane AgalA be pagane hAtha tarIke vAparanArA "memala" prANIe mANasanI chaTA dhAraNa karIne herAnanI keDIo para chaMdagIne AraMbha karyo. tyAre samayanuM rUpa samayanI sImAo pAchaLanuM aMdhakAramaya hatuM. paraMtu Aje mANasanAM vijJAnae e aMdhakAra para prakAza pheMkIne ItihAsanAM AdikamADa kholI nAMkhIne mAnavInI kathA kahevI zarU karI che. A kathAnuM paheluM prakaraNa AdikALa che. A kathAne samayane pradeza te te samayanuM AkhuM jagata che. A kathAnI hilacAla mAnava virATanI, te te dezakALanI jIvana ghaTanAnI hilacAla che. A hilacalamAM kudarata sAthe eTale dezakALanA jIvananA saMjogonI sAthe paraspara kriyA karIne mAnavavirATa vijetA banyA che. ene A vijaya kudarata sAthe kRti ryA pachI tene nAza karavAne vijya nathI. paNa kudaratane dhyAna daIne sAMbhaLyA pachI ane jhINI najarathI tene avaleDyA pachI tathA tenI kriyAnA kAnUnane samajIne potAnI kriyAne tenI sAthe aMtargata karyA pachI

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vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA mAnavIe kudarata para pitAne saMskArI ane vaijJAnika kAbU sAbita karyA karyo che te che. A sAbitI yugeyuge palaTAtA, kudarata ane manuSyanA uttarottara caDhiyAtA rUpamAM ApaNe pAmI cUkyAM chIe. virATamAne kaI rIte enA nagna hAthane sAdhanathI zaNagAryA, enA nagna pagane, adbhUta evI tAkAtathI maDhI lIdhA, enI nagna cAmaDIne suramya evAM vastrothI vibhUSita banAvI tathA, enI nagna AMkha ane nagna kAnane, seMkaDo ane hajAra ejananA aMtarAyone rada karIne dekhatAM ane sAMbhaLatAM banAvyAM tathA, kevI rIte eNe pitAnA AkhA jagatane yuge yuge sthapAtA, vizvasaMskRtinA sImA sthaMbho vaDe maDhI dIdhuM ? A savAlano eka ja javAba vizvaItihAsanI kathA athavA mAnavavirATanI AtmakathA che. e AtmakathAnuM paheluM prakaraNa dhAre ke virATamAnave pitAnI AtmakathI zarU karI. A virATamAnava asaMkhya varSo upara je jagata rUpamAM ume che tenuM svarUpa jaMgale, samudro, ane verAnanuM vikrALa rUpa che. A jagatanAM jaMgalagharamAM A mAnava virATane ubhele de. A jaMgala gharane bAraNe bAraNe aMdara AvavAnI manAI karato hoya e jANe citkAra UThe che. A jaMgalagharanA seMkaDo mAIla para aneka pazuo ane prANuo vase che. A jaMgala gharane amerikAnuM kAyakrepara kahIe te paNa cAle. A jaMgala gharane ghaNA badhA mALa paNa che. A jaMgala gharamAMthI aneka prANIonI cicaArI jevo avAja AvyA ja kare che. emAM upalA mALamAM urAMgauTAMga nAmanAM prANIo vase che ane teo DALIonA kUle para thaIne doDadhAma kare che. A prANIomAM cIpanjhI ane gerIlAone vasavATa paNa che. A prANIo mArI ane tamArI ja jAtanAM prANIo che. jaMgala A prANIone kille che ane A killAnA koThAremAM phaLaphUlenA DhagalA kudarata sAcavI rAkhatI hoya che. A jaMgala jagate mAnavIne pagane potAnI jAta sAthe sAMkaLathI bAMdhI rAkhe che. paNa juo, aneka yuganI gaDamathala pachI te sAMkaLa eNe teDI nAMkhI che. ane mAnavInI adAthI teNe jhADa parathI jamIna para utaravA mAMDayuM che. ane rAtavAsa karavA mATe ja jhADa para javA mAMDyuM che. pachI dhIme dhIme eNe ToLAbaMdha banIne bhekhaDonI guphAgharamAM rahevA mAMDayuM che. A samaya I. sa. pUrve dasa lAkha varSa para kahI zakAya. pAchA yuge vahI jAya che ane A mAnavavirATanA hAthamAM sAMga jevI moTI lAkaDI mAlama paDe che. have eNe paththara sAthe sakriya banIne tene paNa

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itihAsa pahelAMne ItihAsa upADavA mAMDyA che. ane pheMkavA mAMDyA che. eNe aNIdAra paththara vaDe jamInamAMthI kaMdamULa khedI kADhavA mAMDyAM che. lAkaDIo, paththarAo ane zikAra karelAM, prANuonAM hADakAMonAM sAdhavALo mANasa have aMdara aMdaranA vyavahAramAM IzArAo ane bUmarANa karIne pitapatAnI bUmomAMthI theDAka zabdo paNa pAmI cUkyo che. pAMca pacIsa jeTalA zabdo enI sAdhana sAmagrImAM sauthI kiMmatI delata banI gayA che. zabdathI, potAne zuM thAya che te uparAMta, pite ane bIjAe zuM karavuM te eNe bolavA mAMDyuM che. yugapalaTe lAvanArI agninI zedhavALe pattharayuga prAthamika mAnave jaMgalanA jIvanamAM dUrathI agnine dekhyo hato. ane mAnyuM hatuM ke A agni nAmanuM prANu bIjA prANIonI jema tenI sAthe yuddha karavA potAnI tarapha dhasI nahotuM AvatuM. eTale Aste Aste bIka choDIne saMghamAnave, enI pAse pahoMcavA mAMDyuM. koI bahAdure eka cheDA para saLagatI eka DALane paNa upADI lIdhI ane Amatema pheravavA mAMDI ane A agnine zI Teva hoya che - te teNe Aste Aste samajavA paNa mAMDyuM. thoDuMka dAjhayA pachI agninI amuka rItabhAtane samajI cUkele A mAnavavirATa pachI te enA guphAgharamAM aMdhakAranI nirAzAne ane ThaMDInI yAtanAne dUra karato agninI AsapAsa ToLe vaLIne beThA ane agnine eNe potAnA gharabAramAM akhaMDa jIte rAkhavA mAMDayo che. dhAtuonAM nAmavALA itihAsanA yu. guphAgharamAM rahetA mAnavInI e ati prAcIna samayanI ajaba jevI zodha thaI cUkI. ghasArAmAMthI agnine upajAvavAnI rIta paNa ene AvaDI gaI hatI. agninI sAkSImAM paththaranAM rUpa eNe pArakhavA mAMDyAM hatAM. keTalAka paththarane agnimAM nAMkhavAthI tenA uparathI kaMI pIgaLI jatuM teNe dekhyuM, ane paththara parathI pIgaLatAM, saLagatAM, TIpAMne dekhavA mATe, deDatAM AvI pahoMcatA eNe sahodarekane cIsa pADI. A TIpAMomAMthI eNe trAMbu banAvyuM.

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rara. vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA vivaItihAsamAM mAnavI dhanya banyuM. eNe jagata para tAmrayuga zarU karyo. eNe paththaranAM hathiyAre ane sAdhanone badale trAMbAnAM hathiyAro ane sAdhana banAvavA mAMDyAM. pachI eNe eja rIte kalAInI zedha karI. mAnavaItihAsamAM dhAtuyuga zarU thaI gayo. pachI ene khabara paDI ke tAMbA sAthe kalAI bheLavatAM eka navI ja jAtanI ane baMne dhAtu karatAM vadhAre sArI dhAtu pedA thAya che. A dhAtunuM nAma bronjha" hatuM. tAmrayuga sAthenA dhAtuyuge bronjhayuganuM rUpa ubhuM karyuM. traNa hajAra varSa sudhI mANase A dhAtunAM hathiyAra ane sAdhana vAparyA karyA ane tyAM te lehayuga AvI pahoMce. lokhaMDanI zodhavaDe mAnavInAM sAdhano ane hathiyAroe adabhUta tAkAta dhAraNa karI. A tAkAte manuSyane saMskArI banAvavA mAMDyA. ApaNI dharatI para kadI nahi dekhAyelo e banAva ane dekhAva pahelI vAra dekhA. A banAva jagatanA janma pachI saMskRtinA janmane hate. lehayugane virATamAnava saMskRtinA UMbara pradeza para ubhe. Aje ApaNe paNa e lehayugamAM jIvIe chIe. saMskRtinAM sAta hajAra varSanI bAlyAvasthAmAM ja mAnavajAta Aje saMskRtinI Toca para jANe caDhI cUkI che. saMskRtine zikhara parathI mAnavavirATanI pagadaMDI, ItihAsanA sIttera saikAo upara patharAIgaI che. vikAsakramanA vijJAna ane jIvana vijJAnanI nUtana najare A rekhAo upara caDhI gayelI dhULane uDADI nAMkhIne, manuSya vAMcI zake tevA spaSTa zabdomAM lAkho varSano vizvaI tihAsa mAnavInAM bALake mATe bhaNuM zakAya tevI rIte raju karI dIdhuM che ! vikAsakramanuM aitihAsika vijJAna mAnavajAtanI AtmakathAnuM khavAI gayeluM "prIhIsTArIka' nAmanuM prakaraNa paNa have vAMcI zakAya che. mAnavInI jIMdagInI khovAI gayelI A kathA Aje hAtha lAgyA pachI IhitAsanuM ajJAna dharAvanAre IsAI dharmane ahaMbhAva jenesIsa nAmanA potAnA dharmagraMthanA pahelA prakaraNamAM A dharatI para, I. sa. pU. cAra hajAra ne cAra varSa para manuSya pahela vaheluM avataryuM evI meTI gayuM bhArate have te vAta paNa have khullI paDI gaI. ItihAsanuM A satya jIvanavikAsakramanuM vijJAna che. I. sa. 183 mAM "bigala' nAmanA jahAjamAM cArlsa DArvina' nAmane eka jIvana vaijJAnika jIvanavijJAnane abhyAsa jIvanamAMthI ja karavA mATe nyUjhileMDa tarapha haMkArI gayo. ane dakSiNa amerikAthI seMkaDo mAIla dUranA "gAlApAgosa TApu' e para AvI pahoMcyA.

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ItihAsa pahelAne ItihAsa 23 A TApuo upara jagatanA janma pachI ekeya manuSya haju sudhI vasyuM na hatuM. A TApuo A dharatI paranI jIvanakathAnAM prIhIsTArika samayanA jIvanarUpone paNa jIvatAM dhAraNa karI rahelAM saMgrahasthAne jevA hatAM. DArvina nAmanA jIvana vaijJAnike jIvana vartananI A prIhIsTorika prayoga zALAmAM DoravIne bhaNavAnuM zarU karyuM. jIvanamAMthI 20 varSa sudhI bhaNyA karelA A vaijJAnika jIvananI kriyAonI noMdhanA DhagalA taiyAra karyA ane temAMthI eNe jIvanavijJAnanuM satya tAravI kADhayuM. manuSyanA avataraNanuM mAnavaItihAsanuM prIhIsTorika nAmanuM guma thaI gayeluM prakaraNa enA hAthamAM AvyuM. ItihAsa navo lakhAvA mAMDyo. kayA varSanI kaI tArIkhe, keTalA vAge A pRthvI para pahelA manuSyanuM avataraNa thayuM te noMdhavAne badale nUtana ItihAsa manuSyanA avataraNanI jIvanavaijJAnika prakriyAnI noMdha karI. pachI te, A vizvanA bhaMDAriyAmAMthI prAcIna ItihAsanI kitAba jevA pIrAmiDe, ane hADapA jevAM nagare jAgI UThayAM.

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3. ItihAsa eTale saMskRtinI jIvanakathA [ ItihAsakathA eTale saMskRtinI jIvanakathA-saMskRtinI kathAne nAyaka vizvano mAnavasamudAya-saMskRtinI keDI-saMskRtinI racanAkiyAnAM mukhya aMge-saMskRtinI pUrva ghaTanAnAM svarUpasaMskRtinuM vasiyatanAmuM-pUrva ane pazcimI saMskRtine pitA putra saMbaMdha ] :::::: da: Isa :::::: karavI, kaIka itihAsanI kathA eTale saMskRtinA jIvananI kathA I tihAsanuM Alekhana mAnava saMskRtinuM Alekhana hoya che. mAnavajAtanI jaMdagInuM svarUpa AdithI mAMDIne te Aja paryata, saMskRtinAM kevAM rUpane dhAraNa karI zakayuM che tenI kathA eTale ItihAsanI kathA athavA vArtA che. jaMgalaghara ane guphAdharamAM rahetuM manuSya sinAM nagare jevAM nagaranuM nAgarika kevI rIte banyuM, ImanA pirAmIDo bAMdhanAra zilpI ane hADappAnAM nagaramAM jamIna nIcenI gaTara bAMdhanAra tathA ItanI dharatI para naheranI racanA karanAra Ijanera kevI rIte banyuM, athavA kevI pagathI para paga goThavatuM e AgaLa vadhyuM tenI hakIkatanI kathA eTale ItihAsanI kathA che. verAnamAM bhaTakatuM ane patharAnI sAMga dhAraNa karIne zikArano ja vyavasAya dhAraNa karatuM manuSya bebIlenamAM khagoLazAstrI kevI rIte banyuM,hiMdamAM gaNita zAstrI kevI rIte banyuM, IjharAIlamAM dharma dhUraMdhara zI rIte banyuM, IrAnamAM gavarnara kevI rIte tathA grIka dharatI paranuM kalAkAra ane romana dharatI paranAM sIneTara tathA cInI dharatI paranAM saMta ane arabI dharatI parano eka Izvarane rAjaduta kevI rIte banI gayuM te rItanI tathA tenA parivartananA paMthanI kathA eTale ItihAsanA kathA che.

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rapa ItihAsa eTale saMskRtinI jIvanakathA saMskRtinI A kathAnuM nAyaka-mAnavasamudAya saMskRtinI ghaTanAnuM nAyaka ekaluM aTuluM manuSya nathI paNa mAnavasamAja athavA samudAya che. ItihAsanA AraMbhathI ja e potAnI kathAne saMskRtimaya AraMbha zarU karI dete mAnavasamAja mAlama paDyo che. A AraMbhamAM saMskRtinI ghaTanAnAM badhAM rUpe ekabIjAmAM otapreta thaI gaelAM zarUmAM dekhAya che. A svarUpamAM kaI svarUpa vadhAre spaSTa dekhAya che te kaI jhAMkhuM hoya che. A saMskRtinI ghaTanAne ghaDavaiye mAnavasamudAya, khodate, kaTakA karate, Thekata, tAra kADho, sUkavate, sAcavI rAkhate, cIsa pADate, zarIra DhAMkate, jAdu karate, zikAra karate, pAlana karate vigere aneka kriyAo karate dekhAya che. A badhI kriyAone kartA mAnavasaMdha che. A badhI kriyAo koI Arthika te keAI sAmAjIka, koI eka to koI bIjA rUpamAM oLakhI zakAya tevI kriyAo che. A badhI kriyAo mAnavaprANunI saMskRti ghaDataranI kriyAo che. A kriyAone pagale pagale saMskRtinI keDInI racanA thAya che. saMskRtinI keDI A keDI para manuSya ubho che. enA hAthamAM hathiyAra che, sAdhana che. saMskRtinA ghaDataranI e nizAnI che, svarUpa che. parvatanI Toca parathI te, samadranA kinArA sudhInI rAna tathA verAna ane jaMgala jevI pRthvInI kAyAne, hathiyAra athavA sAdhana dhAraNa karIne eNe sudhAravA mAMDI che. A sudhAraNuM athavA saMskRtinI kriyA karanAranA enA hAthamAM sAdhana athavA hathiyAra che. saMskRtinI keDI para eNe paga gaThavIne cAlavA mAMDayuM che. saMskRtinI A sAdhanAmAM jaMgalanI kinArI jhAMkhI paDe che ane jaMgala pAchuM haTe che. kaI nadI ke samudranA kinArA para saMskRtine vasavATa A rIte e zarU kare che. enuM mAnavarUpa paNa saMskArIrUpa banI gayuM hoya che. A saMskArI svarUpa gopanuM, bharavADanuM, kheDUtanuM vaNakaranuM, dhAtumAMthI ghATa ghaDanAra kArIgaranuM, banI gayuM hoya che. A badhI saMskRtinA ghaTanA ApameLe banI jatI nathI paNa manuSyanA kArya vaDe thAya che. A badhAM kAryonI ghaTanA cUpacApa ke zAMtimaya rIte cAlatI nathI paNa eka meTI kheMcatANa athavA dhamasANanI gati dhAraNa karatI hoya che.

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16 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA saMskRtinI kerI para ItihAsanA koI paNa tabakkA athavA samaya para najara nAkhe. saMskRtinI kevI dhamasANa macelI dekhAya che! IjIpaziyano mesemiyano, esIriyana, sIriyana, grIke, ane mane, Aryo ane anAryo, IrAnI ane, IjharAIle A badhA saMskRtinI keDI paranA mAnava samudAyo, aMdara aMdara athaDAya che, kUTAya che, paDe che, ubhA thAya che, AgaLa vadhe che, keI nAza paNa pAmI jAya che, paNa saMskRtinI keDI para mAnavavirATa AgaLane AgaLa vadhyo jAya che, saMskRti vikasatI ja jAya che. saMskRtinI racanAnAM mukhya aMge jenA para saMskRti nabhe che, tathA jene dhAraNa karIne tathA jenA pAyA upara saMskRtinI ghaTanA vikAsanAM vividha svarUpa dhAraNa kare che, tevAM saMskRtinAM pAyAnAM aMge nIce pramANe che. eka bIjAne samajAvatI ane samajAvavAnI bhASA nAmanI AvaData athavA kriyA vinA saMskRti sarajAI zakI naheAta. mAnava samAjanI ghaTanAne e ja pAya che. manuSyanI sAmAjIkatAnI e ja saMskAra kriyA che. bhASA ane bhASAmAM bharelA anubhava kriyAonI ApalenA zabdonuM sAdhana je hoya nahIM te, vINuonAM vAdanathI ja saMskRti baMdhAI zakI nahata. A uparAMta saMskRtinA pAyA jevI zedha agninA upayoganI zodha che. A zodha vaDe ja manuSya potAnAM sAdhano ane hathiyAre, athavA sAdhanasaMpannatA keLavyA karI che. A sAdhana vaDe ja, TI, raheThANa, ane pizAka nAmanI saMskRtinI pathama kakSAnI jarUriyAta, e pAmI zakyo che. saMskRtinI sAdhanAnuM evuM ja mUkhya aMga manuSyanI pAlana pravRtti athavA vAtsalya pravRtti che. A pravRttinuM rakSaNa enI jAtanuM ane enI jAtinuM rakSaNa banyuM che. A rakSaNa mATe eNe aneka ramakhANe paNa karyA che, ane svasaMrakSaNa tathA jAta saMrakSaNanAM saMskRtinAM svarUpe ghaDyAM che. A ghaDataranA ekaDA jevI enI samAja saMsthA che, ane pazupAlana nAmanI saMskRtinI AraMbhanI saMsthA che. A pravRttinA pAyA para eNe saMskRtinI vasavATa rUpavALI khetI jIvananI saMsthA ghaDI. saMskAra jIvanane ekaDo khetI saMskArathI zarU thaye. A ekaDA, pachI kalA, kArIgarI, nagara racanA, vyApAra, vagere sajAvaTavALI saMskRtinI dhaTanA zarU thaI zakI.

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ItihAsa eTale saMskRtinI jIvana kathA saMskRtinI ghaTanAnAM rUpane AraMbha saMskRtinI ghaTanAnAM rUpane bhavya evo AraMbha ApaNe ItihAsanA AraMbha sAthe ja eziyAnA dezomAM dekhI zakIe chIe. saMskRtinI A badhI bhavya ghaTanAne vAraso, jagatabharanI mAnavajAtane denAra eziyAnI mAnavatA che. A badhI saMskRtinI ghaTanAnA ati mahatvanA ekama je pAye, manuSyanI kriyA athavA zramakArya nAmane che. saMskRtinI racanA sAthe saMkaLAIne ja mAnava prANInI kriyA, zramakArya nAmanA zabdasaMskArane dhAraNa karI zake che. saMskRtinI A sAdhanAnA ekama sAthe ja; siMdhu nagaramAM saMskRtinA rUpa jevuM gADAnuM paiDuM zarU thaIne sumeriyAmAM, IjharAIlamAM, IjIptamAM vagere pradezo para pharavA mAMDe che. rezama ane ganapAvaDara cInamAM maLavA mAMDe che. pahele ghoDesvAra madhya eziyAmAMthI ghoDesvArI karIne mesemiyA ane IjIptamAM jAya che. phInIsiyAnAM jahAje AphrikAnI pradakSiNA kare che. vahANavaTAne kaMpAsa cIna banAve che. sumeriyAnA vepArIo jagatane senA ane cAMdInAM mUlya vAparatAM, vepArI karAre lakhatAM tathA nAmu lakhatAM ane huMDIo lakhatAM zIkhave che.. saMskRtinuM bIjuM rUpa je sarakAranuM rUpa hoya che te paNa, kuTuMbadhaTanA ane samAjaghaTanAnA vikAsamAMthI, kAyado ane kAnUna banIne AryonA AvatA pahelAMnI draviDiyana saMskRtimAMthI nipajI cUkayuM che. A rUpa bhAratanA janapada upara grAmapaMcanI ghaTanA banIne AryonA Agamana pahelAM ja vikAsa pAmI cUkyuM che. vizvasaMskRtinuM A kAyadAnuM svarUpa che. A svarUpamAM rAjA vinAnA vairAnI ghaTanA paNa baMdhAvA mAMDI che tathA dUrgonI racanA thavA mAMDI che. sarakAranI A saMskAra ghaTanAmAM ichate jagatane vasatIgaNatrI karatAM, vere nAMkhatAM ane Avakavere nAMkhatAM zIkhavavA mAMDyuM che. vizvasaMskRtinuM trIjuM rUpa mAnava vyavahAranuM vinayarUpa che. A vinayarUpamAM saMskArane sImA staMbha banelA tamAma prAcIna deza pAchA paDe tema nathI. vinayarUpanAM aneka vartane pUrva Aje paNa pazcimane zIkhavI zake tema che. A prAcIna saMskRtinA sImA staMbha parathI ja jagata ItihAsanI sAmAjika insAphanI pahelI bUma IjIptamAM paDI che. vizva ItihAsanI sAmAjika InsAphanI pahelI. hijarata IjIptanI dharatI para noMdhAya che. ane vizva bAMdhavatAnI AjhAdInI pahelI jehAda juDiyAnAM grAmapaMce IjharAIlanI mAnavatAmAMthI pelesTAInanA mAnava samudAyane AgevAna sAyamana pUkAre che. .

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viAva ItihAsanI rUparekhA vizvasaMskRtinuM cothuM rUpa vijJAnanuM che. saMskRtinA pAyA jevuM A jIvanavananuM svarUpa sauthI adhika che. A svarUpe mAnavInuM spaSTa rIte avalokana karatAM, avelekananI noMdha karatAM ane tenI niSpakSa cakAsaNI karatAM zIkhavyuM che. jJAnanuM A sAcuM svarUpa athavA vijJAnarUpa jItanuM gaNitazAstra ane bhUmitI hatAM. A vijJAne jagatane paheluM kelenDara ApyuM. vizvaItihAsamAM sauthI pahelIvAra IjIptanA veda davAo ApatA ane oparezana karatA dekhAya che. bebilenIyAmAM sauthI paheluM grahanakSatrone abhyAsa zarU thAya che ane samayanI zodhamAM eka mahinAnA cAra aThavADiyAM nakkI thAya che tathA, bAra kalAkavALuM ghaDiyALa, kalAkanI 60 miniTa ane eka miniTanI 60 paLa racAya che. bhAratanI bhUmi para gaNita ATale meM vikAsa pAme che ane mane vijJAnanuM maMthana zarU thaI jAya che. yuropanAM jaMgalamAM mAnavanuM rUpa haju urAMgauTAMga jevuM che tyAre Ijhaziyana, bebIleniyane, yahUdIo, ane bhAratavAsIo, vizvanuM satya zuM che tenI carcAo kare che ane tarkazAstronI ramate race che. bhAratabhUminuM dharmarUpa ciMtanane gaLI jAya che ane cInI bhUmi paranuM ciMtanarUpa dharma para kAbU meLave che. saMskRti jenA vinA zakaya ja nathI evI mAnavabhASAnuM lekhanavAcana ane paThana pAThana vizvasaMskRtinA sImA staMbha banelA A pradeza para kavitAo lalakAre che, ane raMgabhUmie nATaka bhajave che. A pravRttinA pAyAmAM jIte bArAkhaDI dIdhI che tathA kAgaLa ane zAhI zodhI kADhyAM che tathA cIne jagatanuM paheluM chApakhAnuM banAvyuM che. bebIleniyA vyAkaraNa lakhavA, zabdakeza banAvavA tathA pustakAlayo racavA kAme lAgI gayuM che. "sA vidyA yA vimukataye ne mudrAlekha ghaDIne AryonA AvatAM pahelAM ja vizvasiMdhunA kinArA para vizva vidyApITha racAI jAya che. esiriyanee ItihAsa lakhavA mAMDyo che ane bhAratamAM paheluM "epika' racAvA mAMDyuM che. saMskRtinA A sata ane citanAM A svarUpamAM saundaryanuM rUpa pAchaLa rahI gayuM nathI. suMdara vastro nakasadAra jhaverAta ane komeTIka IchAnA, sumeriyAnA ane hADapAnAM; vizvanAgarikonA kalevarane zaNagAre che. A nAgarikanA gharamAM suMdara "phanIcara " ane citrAvALAM mATInAM vAsaNa gRha zaNagAra banI cUkayAM che. IjIptanA mRtyugharamAM lAkaDAM ane hAthIdAMta paranuM kAtarakAma dIpI UThayuM che. vizvakalAnAM saundaryanA upAsaka tarIke mazahUra banelA grIka zIpIo ane cInI citrakAra, chimanI citrazALAmAM beThelA

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ItihAsa eTale saskRtinI jIvana kathA 29 vidyArthI e jevA dekhAya che. yuropanI citrazALAnI sau racanAnA kalAguru grIsa ane cInane citrakAra banavAne che. saMskRtinA A yugamAM atiprAcIna evA yahUdI eka bhagavAnanI nirAkAra ArAdhanA karatA, vizvasaMgItanuM pahelu strotra lalakAratA, zabdanI suMdaratAnI jamAvaTa kare che. vizvasaskRtinuM vasiyatanAmu` saMskRtinA A atiprAcIna sImAsta Mbha vizvasaMskRtine sa MskRtinA pUrvanA vArasA sAMpe che. vizvamAnavatA A vArasA upara peAtAnI vikAsakriyA nipajAve che. A saMskAravArasAnA bALakAmAM grIka bALaka, kalAnA jaMgI mALakhAmAMthI saundaryAMnI saMpUNutA sarjavA macI paDayuM che tathA kalAnA itihAsane nUtana dIzA dAkhavavA mAMDyu che. sa'skAranA eka bhAratIya svarUpe vizvamitranAM ciMtana rUpamAM buddhinI zuddhine gAyatrImaMtra racavA mAMDayo che tathA A maMtranA grIka rUpe ' sakAraNa ' e ja satya che tevA zikSaNanA vijJAnA pAyA nAkhavA mAMDayo che. bhAratanA zikSaNurUpane gaLI jatI dharmanI ghelachA grIka dharatI para parAbhava pAmI cUkI che tathA gaNita ane khagALa zAstranA pAyA para bhautika vijJAna vikasavA mAMDyuM che. grIsanA bherUbaMdha bhArata pAchA paDe che tyAre grIsanI vidyApI vanavijJAnanA vaijJAnika daSTikANanA pAyA nAMkhe che. bhAratIyavana vahema ane jAduenI pakaDamAM sapaDAya che tyAre saMskAratA grIka vArasadAra vaijJAnika vicArasaraNInA jha MDA uMcA rAkhe che ane manuSyanI vyAkhyA prajAjana tarIkenI nahI paNa AjhAda nAgarika tarIkenI dhaDe che, tathA rAjakIya AjhAdInuM prathama rUpa sarje che. grIkamAnava vizvasa'skRtine rAkhaNahAra banIne leAkazAhIne ane mAnavavyakitatvanA svataMtratAnA janaka ane che. bhUmadhya para patharAyelA vizvasaMskAramAM DUbaka I te saMskRtinA rAmana zaizavakALa yuMrApanA uttara pradeza sudhI paheAMcI jAya che. yurApanI jaMgaliyata rAmana saMskAranI saurabhamAM snAna karavA mAMDe che, tathA kelenDara pAme che, ane sAmAjika salAmatInI rAjakIya ghaTanA tathA rAjakIya kAnUnane pahelAvAra bhaNavA mAMDe che. vizvaitihAsanI vizvasa MskRtinuM paheluM prakaraNa ahiM pUruM thAya che. pU ane pazcimI saMskRtinA pitA-putra sabaMdha pUrvanA mahAna dezAe, IsunA janma pahelAM, ane yarApanA paNa janma pahelAM, jagatanI mAnavajAta mATe saMskRtinI sarvAMgI dhaTanA dhaDI dIdhI. A ghaTanAe jIvatAM karelAM saMskRtinAM svarUpAne pachI dhIme dhIme eTale IsunA

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30 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA janma pachI eka hajAra varSa pachI yarepanI mAnavajAte saMskRtinI bArAkhaDI ghUMTI ghUMTIne pUrvamAM vikAsa pAmelI saMskRtinAM jIvanarUpane pitAnA jIvataramAM zikhavA mAMDyAM. pazcimanI saMskRtine deha A rIte pUrvanI janetAnA udaramAM ghaDAye. pazcimanI saMskRtine pUrvanI saMskAra ghaTanAoe saMskRtine vArase dIdhe. A vAraso pAmIne pUrvanA pitRrUpathI paNa adhika banavAne eka kadama AgaLa, pazcimanI saMskRtie UThAvya. A AgaLanuM saMskRtinuM svarUpa muDIvAdI ghaTanAvALuM ughogarUpa hatuM. A nUtanarUpane dhAraNa karIne, AgekUcane nazo karIne A saMskRti jyAre pUrvanA dezone gulAma saMsthAne banAvavA AvI pahoMcI tyAre pitAnA bhUtakALanA vArasAne bhUlI jaIne eNe yatheccha vihAranI abhAnadazAnAM gIte gAvA mAMDyA ke, pUrva, pUrva che ane pazcima pazcima che, tathA baMnenuM joDANa kadi thaze nahIM." pUrvanI saMskRtine hajAro varSanI sAdhanAne vArase pAmyA pachI pitAnA pitRrUpane pichAnavAno InkAra karatI pazcimanI jabAnane pralApa mithyA hatA. A unmatta dazA pAchaLa vijetAne unmAda hato. pUrva ane pazcima vacce aMtarAya bananArI A ghelachA Aje ochI thavA mAMDI che tathA, saMskRtinuM svarUpa, pUrva ke pazcimanA bhedavALuM nathI paNa eka ane ananya che te hakIkata vizva ItihAsanuM nUtana vAcana, saMskRtinA zANapaNAmAMthI pUravAra mAMDayuM che.

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4. vizvaItihAsanA pitAmaha, IjIpta [ adhArA kha'DaparathI pahelA arUNAdaya--IjIptanA itihAsanI AraMbhanI rekhAe - saMskRtinI zahenazAhatA--ekatrIsa rAva zAnA traNa zAsana tamakA--traNa zAsanayuganAM rUpa rUpAntaro --pirADAnA yuga--ijIptanA mRtyudha - ijIptanAM mRtyudgharo-IsanuM' leAkajIvatara--udyogarUpa--jIsanI saMskRtinu dha rUpa-azAka sameAvaDA mahAna samrATa--nRsiMhanI najara--saMskRtinu mUlyAMkana ] bhUmadhya sa ane jhArIyA porTasaiyada IjIpta lIlIyana 2Na .......... sAna bubIyana' 29 sIyana Na lA naeNphaMDa 2 arabastAna maMdInA samuda H. UCL ebIsInIyA Izano khakhAta raNa khaMDana no na * akhAta adhArA khaMDamAMthI pahelA arUNAya jene yuropanA sAhisakAe adhAre khaMDa kahyA hatA te AphrikAno dhanya

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22 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA dharatI para vizva ItihAsane ati prAcIna pitAmaha ubho che. A pitAmahanuM saMghamAnavarUpa pitAne ja jagata mAnatuM ane pitAne ja jagatane mAnava samudAya mAnatuM cAre bAju najara nAMkhatuM ubhuM che. e jyAM jue che tyAM bhaugelika kArAgAra jevI abheda dIvAlo mAlama paDe che. eka dIvAla arabI raNane saLagatA vistAra che. enI sAme kArAgAranI bIjI dIvAla mahAsAgaranA aMdhArA UMDANa jevI dekhAya che. enI pAchaLa bhayAnaka evI nAila nadInI ghUmarIo jyAMthI janme che tyAMthI ajJAta pradeza paDyo che. enA mAthA upara paNa bhUrA AsmAnanI chata parvatanI dIvAla para jaDAI gaI che. A DhaMkAyelo paDele pradeza parvate, raNa, samudro ane ajJAtanI vacce pitAnI jAtane AkhuM jagata samaje ane pitAnA mAnava samudAyane jagatanA eka ja mAnava tarIke tyAre pIchANe te svAbhAvika che. A mahAna pradezanI pazcima sImAe raNa patharAyeluM che tathA pUrva sImA paranA raNane pele pAra lAla samudra paDe che. e lAla samudrane pele pAra pAchuM eka raNa paDeluM che. A pradezanI dakSiNa sImA para biA nAmanA pradezanAM verAna patharAyAM che. enA paDozI pradeza paNa che, ane tenA upara paNa manuSyo vase che paNa haju IjIptane tenI jANa thaI nathI. ijIptanA ItihAsanA AraMbhanI rekhAo tyAra I. sa. pUrve cAlIsa hajAra varSa para samaya ahiM aMkAya che. tyArapachI aneka varase A pradeza mRtyughanA pradeza tarIke oLakhAya che. A mRtyugharamAM bharelAMonA mamIo pitAnI jIvanaghaTanA viSe bUmarANa karatAM haju paNa tyAM hayAta che. A pradeza para vizvasaMskRtinI pahelI rekhAo zarU thaI. A pradeza paranAM paththaramAne ItihAsanA krama pramANe tAmrayugamAM peThAM ane pachI bronjhayugamAM AvI pahoMcyAM. pachI hajAro varSa vahI gayAM che. A ati prAcIna pradezamAM Aje mekATama garAo taraphathI nAIlanadInI pazcime pahoMcI zakAya che. A TekarAo parathI ja pattharayuganAM mAnave nAIlanI lIlI khiNa tarapha dekhatAM hatAM ane pachI jIvatarane nabhAvI rAkhavAne dhakko pAmatAM saritApradeza para utarI AvatAM hatAM. A paththara yuganAM mAna jyAre mekATAma DuMgaramAMrahetAM hatAM tyAre, TekarIomAM temanAM guphA ghare hatAM. tathA temanA jIvanane vyavasAya zikAra karavAno hato. ati prAcIna IbanA A sau vaDavAo hatAM.

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vizvaItihAsanA pitAmaha Isa A leAkeAnAM ToLAM pachI eka ke e saikAo pasAra thAya che tyAre meAkATAmanAM zikharo parathI nAIlanA nicANapara utarI AvatAM dekhAya che. itihAsanA samaya temane pagale pagale AgekUca kare che. A AgekUcanA rUpamAM paththarayuga tAmrayugamAM palaTAI jAya che. A AgekUcanA rUpamAM paththarayuganAM A mAnavA tAmrayuganAM mAnavA banIne tAMbAnAM sAdhanAthI ane zastrothI sajja bane che. 33 jIvananI A navI sajAvaTamAM nAilamaiyAnA kinArA upara ubhelAM mAnave A mahAnadInA mijAjanA ane tenA halanacalanane ane tenI bharatI ane eTanA abhyAsa kare che. A mAnavAmAM AnukhIsa nAmanA AgevAna tArAone abhyAsa karatAM zIkhave che ane hArasa nAmane ciMtaka suraja, ane caMdranuM avalAkana kare che. A, bane citakAe pRthvI ane AkAzanA abhyAsamAMthI kelenDara racavA mAMDyuM che. A kelenDaramAM samaya, pahelIvAra tavArIkhanuM rUpa dhAraNa kare che. paNa itihAsanI sImAnI tavArIkha te ahiM kathAranI ya zarU thaI gaI che. hajAro varSa pahelAM mInIsa nAmanA rAjavaMzanI daMtakathA A pradezapara vaNAI gaI che. jImanA be bhAga paDI gayA che. eka upalANa ijIpta ane khIjuM nicANu icchasa. A baMne sinA pahelA rAjavaMza mInIsanuM nAma dhAraNa kare che. ijIptanI saMskRtinI pahelI zahenazAhatanuM nAma mInIsa che. ebikAsanA ullekha pramANe pahelA zahenazAhathI ja rAjAne bhagavAna banI javAnA roga ahIM cAlu thaI gayA che. bhAratanA kRSNa ane rAma jevA bhagavAna banI gayelA A zahenazAha minA nAmane dhAraNa kare che. A zahenazAhatanuM pATanagara membrIsamAM che. A pATanagara vizvaItihAsanuM paheluM pATanagara bane che, ane samAM zahenazAhanA vazavelA zarU thaI jAya che. ekavIza rAjavazAnA traNa zAsanatamA cchita dezapara rAjya karanAra zAsananuM svarUpa mInIsanI hakumatavALuM rajavADI rUpa hatuM. IsanA pahelA bAdazAha mInIsa thayA. phArAha nAmanI zahenazAhatanA A pahelA zahenazAha pahelA rAjavaMza banyA. pachI ekatrIsa rAjavaMzAe ijIpta para rAjya calAvyuM. ekatrIsa rAjava MzeAnA zAsana samaya traNa tabakkAmAM vaheMcAyA, IjIpta para zAsananAM A traNa svarUpo junuM zAsana, madhyazAsana ane nUtanazAsana tarIke 5

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vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA eLakhAyAM. pahele samaya dazamA rAjava'za sudhI (i. sa. pUrve 2160 ) pahoMcyA. khIjo samaya sAtamA rAjavaMza sudhI ( I. sa. pUrve 1580) paheAMcyA ane trIjo samaya pacIsamA rAjavaMza ( i. sa. pUrve 650) AgaLa caMbhI gayA ane pachI asta zarU thayeA. ijIptanA tihAsanA A traNa tabakkAne rajavADI yuga tathA sAmrAjyayuga tarIke paNu pichANI zakAya. A traNa tabakkAone, mephIsa, thImsa ane AmAau nAmanAM traNa pATanagarAe dhAraNa karyAM. A traNa tabakkA par ekatrIsa rAjavaMzA, traNa vibhAgamAM vaheMcAyA. A traNa jamAnAe e IjIptanI saMskRtinA kalevara para nUtana mUlyeA maDhaLyA karyo. A traNa samaya vibhAgamAM, IjIptanA mAnava vyavahAramAM khyAla, vyavahAro ane Adarzo paNa palaTAyA karyAM. traNa zAsanayuganAM rUpA ane rUpAntare 34 ArbhamAM, IjIptanuM zAsana IsanAM e rAjyAmAM vaheMcAyaluM hatuM. A e vibhAge mInIsanA zAsana samaye i sa. pUrve 3400mAM eka thayA. A ekatAmAM IcchAnu rAjya eka rAjya banyuM, A ekatAnuM eka pATanagara mexIsa banyuM. A eka mahArAjya, ceAthA rAjavaMzamAM zAsanakriyAnA vikAsathI ane jIvana vahIvaTanI vyavasthAvALA jIvenataMtra vaDe prakAzI UThayuM. kArAha nAmanA zahenazAheAnI zahenazAhata have zAhIvanA vistAra vaDe vikasI cUkI hatI. rAjAnA purohitA ane sagAsabaMdhIeAneA rAjanyAne vaga banI cUkayA hatA. A zAhIva` athavA rAjanyAnA va ijIptanI bhUmiparanA nAnAmeATA TukaDAo athavA jAgIrAnA mAlika banI cUkayA hatA. ijIptanA rajavADA have jAgIrazAhI anyA hatA, A InAmadArA, ane jAgIradArAnI ghaTanAe IjIptanA jIvataramAM dolatamadanA jamIna sAthe joDAyalA va janmAvI dIdhA hatA. A jAgIrazAhIe have peAtAnI hakumatanAM svarUpe leAka samudAyA para dhAraNa karavA mAMDayAM hatAM. zahenazAhatanuM zAsana have jAgIrazAhInA svarUpamAM aneka rAjadA dhAraNa karanAruM banI cUkayuM hatuM. A nUtanasvarUpa IjIptanA madhyayuganuM hatuM. A madhyayuganA vizALa svarUpe meDDIsane badale thIbsane pATanagara banAvyuM. A madhyayugamAM zahenazAha ane lAkasamudAyanI vacce, madhyanA athavA vaceTIyA gIradArAnI ghaTanA dhaDAi gaI. A vacalA zAsakAnA vana vyavahAramAM saMskRtinuM lekhanavAcana vadhavA mAMDayuM. jJAnanI kriyA vikasavA mAMDI. A samaye mAnavanyAya ane nItimattAnAM AraMbhanAM vicAra rUpA badhAvA mAMDayAM. Aja samayamAM hIkaseAsa nAmanA leAkeAe IjIpta para AkramaNa karyuM" ane pAMca saikA sudhI Isa para potAnuM zAsana

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vizva ItihAsano pitAmaha Izva 35 jamAvyuM. A navA zAsane IjIptanA jIvana vyavahAramAM pahelIvAra ghaDAne dAkhala karyo. pachI aDhAramA rAjavaMze A zAsane parAjaya karyo ane e zAsananA AraMbhathI jItapara zAsanasvarUpa triIjA tabakakAmAM dAkhala thayuM. A trIje zAsana yuga IjIptano sAmrAjyayuga bane. A samayathI ( I.sa. pUrve 1580) ijIptanuM zAsanarUpa rAjya ane mahArAjya banyA pachI have sAmrAjaya banavA mAMDayuM. sAmrAjyanuM svarUpa 18mA, 19mA ane 20mAM rAjavaMzonA samayamAM ane I. sa. pUrvenA vIsamA zatakanA aMta sudhI vikAsa pAmyA ryuM. A samayamAM hATazepasuta nAmanI mahArANI ane IjIptanI mahAnanArInuM nAma mazahura banyuM. A samayamAM ja yuthamAsa trIje IjIptanA pirAliyana kahevAya ane AmenahaTepa trIje IjiptanA "silvarakAMga" tarIke paMkAyo, ane akhanAhane nAmane phAha IjIptane yazasvI AdarzavAdI sudhAraka zahenazAha tarIke ciraMjIva banyo. pirAmIDane yuga cothA zahIvaMzamAM bharatI jagatamAM bAhara nA pirAmIDa banyA. A pirAmIDAmAM zahenazAhanAM mamIe pitAnA sAlAo ane sAdhanasAmagrIo sAthe daphanAvA mAMDyAM. A pirAmIDoe ja ii AkhA ItihAsane sAcavI rAkhyo che. vizvatihAsanA sImAstaMbha jevA . virAmaDi IchatanA jIvanavahIvaTane acUka sAkSI banyA. AjasudhI AkhuM jagata A pirAmiDane dUrathI dekhIne pirAmIDo bAMdhanArA lokonA deza tarIke ijIptane oLakhatuM. A pirAmIDanI racanA ja evI rIte ge havA ApI hatI ane pira moDanuM dvAra evI rIte caNI levAmAM AvyuM hatuM je" karIne pirAmIDamAM dvAra kaar RE, , , - RE ', ' para Eve, Et, SE, '.

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vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA kayAM che te khabara nahotI paDatI. A kAranI IjanerI karAmata evI hatI ke pharI zake evA pattharanA "paTa" para A kamADa goThavAtuM, tathA e paththarane bIjA paththarothI judo na dekhAya tevI rIte caNI levAmAM AvatuM. AvA eka mahAna pirAmIDanuM nAma "kSitija' evuM hatuM. kSitija nAmanA pirAmIDamAM mamI banIne sUtela zahenazAha "pha" nAmane hate. A zahenazAha sUryavaMzI hovAthI ene pirAmIDa pazcimanI kSitija nAmano hate. AvAM te aneka mRtyugharo athavA pirAmIDa IjIptanA pradeza para ItihAsanI bInAo jevA maMDAI gayAM. IchAnI dharatI para sattAvIza rAjavaMzoe ekamekathI caDhiyAtA evA smArako vaDe IjIptanI saMskRtine mahatyA karI. A zahenazAhanuM nAma "phAha" paDyuM. IjIptanA ItihAsamAM mazahura e rAmerIsa bIje nAmano phAha vizvavikhyAta banyuM tyAre I. sa. pU. nI 1288nI sAla cAlatI hatI. eNe eziyA, AphrikAnA pradeza para pitAnI ANa vartAvI. eNe deza dezamAMthI lokone yuddhakedIo tarIke IjIptamAM ANIne gulAma banAvyA. eNe dIvAla para pitAnA digvijayanI kavitAo ketarAvI. eNe pitAnI yazagAthAnuM mahAbhArata racAvyuM. e maraNa pAme tyAre seMkaDe rANIonA aMta:puramAM pitAnA se dIkarAo ane pacAsa dIkarIone kAyadesara bALake tarIke mUkato gayo. enAM pharajaMda te eTalAM badhAM hatAM ke IjIptanI aMdara temAMthI dharmaguruo ane rAjAone varga paNa meTa banI gayA. eNe ghaNuM bAMdhakAma karyA hatAM. kanakano vizALa khaMDa eNe baMdhAvyo hato, rUkasaranuM jagavikhyAta devAlaya eNe jaNAvyuM hatuM. pitAnI virATa kadanI aneka pratimAone ketarAvIne eNe IchanI dharatI para pAtharI dIdhI. enA rAjakArabhAramAM IjIpta bhUmadhyanAM vANijyanuM AgevAna banyuM. nAIla nadIthI lAla samudra sudhI eNe nahera baMdhAvI. pirAmIDamAM zayana karavA nevuM varSanI uMmare tenuM mamI sIdhAvyuM tyAre, enA jIvanavahIvaTamAM IjIptane A phoha aneka pAdarIo ane rAjAne varga yathecchA vihArI varga banI gayuM. tyAre AkhA IjIptanA mAlika banI cUkelA rAjonA A varga pAse deDhalAkha jeTalA gulAma hatA. A varga IjIptanI sarvottama evI sADAsAta lAkha ekara jamIna mAlika hatuM. A varga pAse pAMca lAkha Dhera hatAM. A varga Ijha ane siriyAmAM thaIne ekaso sittera kaAone girAsadAra hatuM. ane A varganI tamAma milakata koI paNa jAtanA karaverAmAMthI mukta hatI. IjIptane matyughaMTa ijIna jIvanavahIvaTa para sarva sattAdhikAranI hakUmata banelI zahena- zAhatamAMthI tyAranA AkhA jagata para ANa vartatI hatI. A ANanAM

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ke : ::: , . . karI rahI vizva ItihAsane pitAmaha IjIpta pharamAne bhege, ijIptanI A zahenazAhatane mRtyughaMTa paNa have vAgavA mAMDyo hato. tyAranA lokasamudAyanA jIvanakArabhAra para A zahenazAhatane bhAre jIvaleNa banI cUkI che. lekasamudAyanA jIvataramAMthI badhAM mamI zahenazAhatane cUsI javA mAMDyAM hatAM. bhagavAna banele zahenazAha ane deva banele rAjana varga na chipI zake tevI tarasathI dharatIne cUsI cUsIne sukavI nAMkhatA hatA. A ja arasAmAM jemanI sarahadanA kamADa para bhUmadhyanAM vepArI mathakemAMthI harIpha banelA pradezanI padAdhAta vAgavA mAMDyA hatA. IjIptano adhikAra pazcima tarapha lIbiA para hato. ane uttara ane pUrva tarapha phinasIyA sIriyA ane pilAIna para hatA paNa have jItanA A vepArI mayaMkAnI cheDA para IjIpane mukAbale karavA mATe esiriyA bebilena ane irAnanI hakumata mukAbalA mATe AgaLa AvatI hatI. I. sa. pU 9pa8mAM libIyana loko pUNyake pathI saLagatA pazcamanI TekarIomAdhI ijIpta para utarI paDyA I. sa. pU 72mAM yupIyane pitAne gulAma banAvavAnuM vera vALavI dakSiNane daravAjethI dAkhala thayA. I. sa. pU. 6 74 mAM uttaramAMthI esiriyAe ghasAre kaye. I. sa. pU. para 5 mAM irAne guMja pathI chalaMga ane ImAnI AjhAdIno nAza karI nAMkhe. I. sa. pU. 32 mAM IjIptane potAno prAMtabanAvI devA eziyAne chatIne sikaMdara AvI paDe e. I. sa. pU. 48mAM sijhare AvIne IjIptanuM baMdaragAha A jaga jItI lIdhuM ane potAnI kalIpeTA nAmanI rakhAtanA dIkarAne bheTa tarIke ApI daIne tenuM nAma elekajhAnDrIyA pAyuM. IjIptanI badhI ya sarahada upara A vizALa saMskRtinA virATa evA khaMDiyere, smArakA ane pirAmIDa nAmanAM mRtyugharo patharAI gayAM hatAM. A korIkaka paddha che ke

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vizva itihAsanI rUparekhA virATa saMskRtinAM pirAmIDA nAmanAM jaMgI smArakAnI vacce prAcIna jagatanuM kalevara athavA prAcIna itihAsanA A pitAmaha garIba ane hatAza banelA thAkayo pAkatho UbhA hatA. minI vizvasa'skRtinA A pitAmaha, ijIptanA lAkasamudAya zramamAnavAne janavirATa hatA. IjIptanAM mRtyugha ha lorDa kArnAravAna IjIptanA pirAmIDane zeAdhatA pAMcapAMca varSathI peAtAnI putrI sAthe retInA DhagalA dura karatA I. sa. 1922 mAM jyAre nirAza banIne pAchA pharavAnA vicAra karatA hatA tyAre acAnaka eka pravezadvAra ene hAtha lAgI gayuM. prAcIna ItihAsanI pagadaDI para yuropanA A zodhakeA zvAsatha bhAvIne dharatI nIce utaravA mAMDyA. utaryo pachI bhoMyataLIe eka baMdha kamADa emane dekhAyuM. kAre dhrUjatA hAthe emAM eka kANuM pADavuM ane vIjaLIka battI mAraphata eNe aMdara joyuM. vijaLInAM kiraNathI eka moTA vizALa kha'DamAM prANIe ane pratimA dekhAi. pratimAonA AkArathI dareka khUNA ubharAI jatA hatA. saue eka pachI eke jovA mAMDyuM. ardvAcIna AMkhA sAme adbhuta evA prAcIna dekhAva dekhAyA. traNa hajAra varSanA itihAsane bhaMDAra tAjagI, ane sauthI ubharAtA dekhAyA. A mRtyudhara jevI imAratamAM eka moTA devAlayanA khaMDa hatA. tyAra pachI khIjuM devaLa AvatuM hatuM. tyArapachI sekrAphegasa athavA kabarakhaMDa hatA. A sekrophegasamAM traNa moTI maDApeTIo hatI. chellI maDApeTI je bilakula sAnAnI hatI. temAM zahenazAhanuM mamI zayana karatuM hatuM. A zahenazAhanI hAjarImAM pelA zAdhakA trIsa saikAo vaTAvIne zvAsa thaMbhAvatA UbhA. A mRtyudharatuM varNana karatAM ane sinA prAcIna vaibhavanA sAkSIrUpa banIne aneka padArthonI gaNanA karatA tathA A kabaragharamAM prAcIna bhavanA prakAza pADatA saunuM mUlya AMkatAM eka AkhuM pustaka lakhavuM paDe. A zeAdhakAe prAcIna ijIptanA jIvana para zodhakhoLa zarU karI. A mRtyudharamAM sutelA ane I. sa. pU. 1350mAM maraNa pAmelA AkheTIna nAmane A eka juvAna phArAha hatA. A ane AvI bIjI zAdheAe ijIptanI saMskRtinA itihAsane jagata sAme khulle karI dIdhe. ijIptanuM lAkajIvatara IjIptanI saMskRtine aheAbhAvapUrvaka avalokavA pachI, temanA mahAlayA devAlayeA ane pirAmIDeAne zvAsa thaMbhAvIne joyA pachI e saune nipajAvatA

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vizva ItihAsane pitAmaha IjIpta IjIptane zramamAnava A badhAnA paDachAyAmAM saLavaLate ApaNe dekhI zakIe chIe. sAcA IjIptanuM e leka kalevara bane che. enuM sauthI AgaLa AvatuM rUpa kheDUtanuM ane khetIvADInuM che. IjIptanI nAIla nadI A lekajIvananI nAIlamAtA che. IjIptanI badhI jamInanA mAlika phAroha che. ane ene kheDanAro mAnavasamudAya pedAzane dasame bhAga phArohane kara tarIke Ape che. A uparAMta rAne moTo samUha jamInadAre che A badhAne paNa kheDUtoe pitAnI peidAzamAMthI bhAga ApavA paDe che. AkhA IjIptane dhanadhAnyathI tRpta rAkhanAra kheDUtanA jIvana viSeno ullekha IjIptanA eka lehiyAe nIce pramANe karI Apyo che te Aje paNa mejUda che. "kheDUtano dazamo bhAga ja rahyA pachI ane bIjA kara bharAI gayA pachI tenA jIvataranA citranI tame kalpanA te kare ! khetaramAM UMdaroe ghaUM khAdhA pachI pakSIoe pitAne bhAga lIdhA pachI ane lUMTArAoe potAnA bhAga paDAvI lIdhA pachI jamIna para paDelA pitAnA bhAgamAM AvelA ghauMnA dANA ekaThA karI kheDUta pitAnA haLa pAse TaLavaLe che. haju paNa rAjAnA cekiyAtane bhAga ApavAnuM bAkI che. pitAne bhAga mAgatA e khaDA che. have enI pAse ApavAnuM kaMI bAkI nathI. eTale pelA cekIdAre ene kheDutane jamIna para pachADe che. enI strI tathA bALakene paNa tenI sAthe bAMdhIne nahera para laI jAya che. pachI e leke ene uMdhe mAthe laTakAvIne pANImAM DUbADI de che. AkhI dharatI para keIene bacAvI zakatuM nathI." IjIptanI dharatI para A zramamAnava che. eNe pharajIAta veTha karavAnI heya che. ijIptanI dharatIne kheDanAre A zramamAnava nahere khedo have, rastA bAMdhate hate, pirAmIDe, devAlayo ane mahAla mATe patharAo kheMcI lAvate hate. ijIptanI saMskRtine bAMdhanAra A mAnavasamUdAyane mATe bhAga devuM nahi bharI zakavAne lIdhe gulAma banelAM gulAmane hate. A gulAmothI saMkhyAmAM haMmeza umere karavA mATe sAthenA pradezamAMthI strI bALake ane juvAnene pakaDI lAvavA mATe lazkarI TukaDIe upaDatI ane pakaDAI AvelAM mAnanI harAjI thatI. IjIptanuM eka purANuM citra liDana saMgrahasthAnamAM A kathA kahetuM ubhuM che. A citramAM aneka kedIo gulAmInA athavA IjIptanA deza tarapha jAya che. paththara para kotarAyeluM purANuM jIvananuM jaDeluM A citra pITha pAchaLa baMdhAyelA hAthavALI tathA lAkaDAnI beDIomAM jakaDAyelI hatAza caherAvALI manuSyatvanI vizada mUrti Aje paNa dekhADe che.

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vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA ijIptanuM Udyoga rUpa jamIna paranA A mAnavasamUdAyanA zramamAMthI nipajelI delatanA vadhArAmAMthI nipajatA atirika mUlyamAM, IjIptane udyoga ane vyApAra visavA mAMDyo hate. IjIpta pAse khanija padArtho hatA nahi eTale teNe tenI zodha arebIyA tathA nubiyAmAM zarU karI hatI tathA tyAMnI tAMbAnI khANane IjAre potAne hastaka dhAraNa karyo hate. nubiyAnA pUrva kinAre jaDelI senAnI khANo para paNa ijIptane adhikAra hatA. A khANamAM IjIzIyana khANuAo vaDe khedAtI senAnI mATI temanA bALake bahAra bharI lAvatAM hatAM gharaDAM strI pune mATe A mATIne dhoyA karavAne zrama karavAnuM pharajIAta hatuM. A sonAnI khANamAM kAma karavA AkhAM kuTuMbane mokalavAmAM AvatAM. A duHkhI mAne vastrahIna hatAM tathA khodavAnuM kAma karye jatAM hatAM. A jIvaleNa majUrImAM apaMga banatAM ane mAMdA paDatAM ane gharaDAM banatAM manuSya para paNa phaTakAo varasyA karatA hatA ane A kALI majUrImAMthI meta ja temane mukti apAvatuM. AvA udyoganuM rU5 IjIptamAM AraMbhanI zahenazAhatanA samayamAM bronjha dhAtunAM aneka hathiyAro ane sAdhano banAvavAnuM hatuM. A sAdhanAmAM moTAM paDAo, relave, pulIo, legsa, , ane karavatIo vagere hatAM. IjIptanAM kAmadAre camakatI ITo ane sImenTa paNa banAvatAM, mATInA vAsaNone pelIza karatAM hatAM tathA kAca ane raMge banAvatAM hatAM. lAkaDAnA kotarakAmamAM temanI kArIgarI ajoDa hatI. hoDIo, khurazIo palaMge, rathanA DabbAo ane mANasane bharI javAnuM mana thAya tevI dedIpyamAna maDApeTIo teo banAvatAM hatAM. prANionA cAmaDAmAMthI teo pAtharaNuM, kapaDAM ane DhAla banAvatAM hatAM. A kArIgaranA hAthamAM vAMkA vaLelAM caMpu haMmezA mAlama paDatA hatA. A kArigare doraDAMo ane sAdaDIo vaNatAM hatAM, tathA kAgaLa banAvatAM. temane rasAyaNa udyoganuM paNa jJAna hatuM, A kArIgaree vaNeluM cArahajAra vaSo para lInana nAmanuM kApaDa evuM te bArIka hatuM ke tenA tANAvANAne jevA sUkSmadarzakamAMthI jevuM paDe. hajAro varSa pahelAMnI IjIptanI zALAmAMthI nipajatuM kApaDa AjanI yaMtrazALA karatAM vadhAre caDhiyAtuM mAluma paDyuM che. A kArIgaronA samudAyanA be vibhAga hatA. eka AjhAda kArIgare ane bIjA gulAma kArIgare-AjhAda kArIgaranA dIkarAo bApadAdAne dhaMdhe cAlu rAkhatA. pachI zahenazAhatanuM IjIptanuM sAmrAjya jema jema vikAsa pAmatuM gayuM tema tema yuddhamAM pakaDAyelA kedIonA moTA samudAye gulAma banIne ijIptamAM

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vizvaItihAsane pitAmaha IjIpta AvavA lAgyA. gulAmenI vadhatI jatI saMkhyAne lIdhe zahenazAha rAme sIsa trIjAe devaLonA dharmagurune eka lAkha ane terahajAra gulAme bheTa tarIke ApI dIdhAM. ijIptanI dharatI para ubharAI jatA gulAma mAnanA samudAyamAMthI asaMteSane avAje kyAranA ya zarU thaI gayA hatA. gulAmonI aMdara haDatAla paDavAnA banAva cAlu thayA hatA. tathA eka grIka ItihAsakAranA lakhavA pramANe IjIptanI aMdara gulAmoe eka me baLave karIne AkhA eka prAMtano kabajo laI lIdhe hato. IjIptanA jIvananI hilacAlanuM svarUpa eka pachI bIjA rAjavaMzamAM rAbetA mujaba cAlyA ja karatuM. nAila nadInA paTathI te samudra sudhInI eka moTI nahera 18 mI zahenazAhatanA samayamAM khodAI gaI hatI. meTI ImArato bAMdhavA mATe moTI zIlAo carabIthI cITakAI gayelI sapATI para ghasaDAyA karatI hatI. A badhI hIlacAla karatuM zramanuM zarIra, yaMtranuM nahi paNa manuSyanA hAtha ane paganuM hatuM. snAyuo sAMdhA hatA eTale yaMtre ochAM hatAM. eka phUTa lAMbAM ane pacAsa phuTa pahoLAM evAM jahAje nAIla nadIthI lAla samudramAM ane bhUmadhya sudhI haMkArAtAM hatAM. jIvananI evI ja hIlacAla IjIptanI dharatI para gheDA ane gadheDAo para ladAyelI vahyA karatI hatI. A hIlacAlamAM UMTa hajI AvI pahoMcyuM na hatuM. A hIlacAla sAthe joDAelA dedIpyamAna rastAo upara caMdananI pAlakhIomAM besIne gulAmenI garadana para sukhIo khUlatAM hatAM. jIvananI A hIlacAlamAM TapAlakhAtuM paNa kAma karatuM hatuM. gAjhAthI yukreTIsa sudhI eka meTa gherI rasto hato. A uparAMta jItane poSaNa pAtI nAIlamaiyA eka moTo dhorI mArga banI hatI. IjIptanI saMskRtinuM dharmarUpa IjIptanA jIvataramAM uparathI nIce sudhI dharmanuM rUpa vaNAI cUkyuM hatuM. IjIptanAM devadevIone jyAM sudhI ApaNe samajIe nahI tyAM sudhI tenI jIvanadhaTanAne pAye paNa samajI na zakAya. je te devadevIonI vastI gaNatrI karavAmAM Ave te tenI saMkhyA bhArata dezanAM AjanI tArIkhe jIvatAM rahelAM devadevIothI ochI nahIM evI hajArenI thAya. e dharmarUpa kahe che ke AraMbhamAM AkAza hatuM ane AkAzathI nIce IjIptanI dharatI para nAIla mAtA rahetI hatI. A AkAza bhagavAnanuM nAma

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vivaItihAsanI rUparekhA nAsIdhuM hatuM. caMdra paNa bhagavAna hatA ane suraja paNa bhagavAna hate. sUraja bhagavAnanuM nAma "ra" athavA "rI" hatuM. pachI e bhagavAnanuM nAma herasa paDayuM. harasa bhagavAna bAja pakSInuM rUpa dhAraNa karIne AkhA AkAzamAM uDate hato. pachI A bhagavAne dharatI para jIvananAM aneka rUpe sarjAvyAM. IjIptanI dharatI para pachI vanaspatinI paNa pUjA thavA lAgI. IjIptanI dharatI paranuM pavitra jhADa raNanI aMdaranuM khajuranuM athavA tADanuM jhADa hatuM. A pavitra vanaspatine IjIptanA lekee drAkSa ane aMjIranI bheTa dharAvavA mAMDI. chevaTe DuMgaLInuM nAma paNa pUjavA lAyaka thayuM. tyArapachI pazu bhagavAnane IjIptamAM AvI pahoMcyA. A bhagavAnanI vastI ghaNuM vadhI paDI. A saune AgevAna bhagavAna Akhalo hato. pachInA darajjAmAM magara, bAja, kAgaDe, bakare, bilADI, haMsa ane sApa vagere AvI pahocyAM. pachI A pabhagavAnee dhImedhIme mANasanuM rUpa dhAraNa karavA mAMDyuM. aDadhe mANasa ane aDadhuM pazu evA bhagavAnanI pUjA IjIe zarU karI. sUraja bhagavAna "rA" aDadhA AkhalAnuM rUpa dhAraNa karIne besI gayA. osirIsa bhagavAne gheTAnuM rUpa dhAraNa karyuM. sebaka bhagavAnanuM zarIrarUpa magaranuM banyuM. harasa bhagavAne bAjarUpa dhAraNa karyuM ane hera gAya banI gaI. jene "TeTemijhama" athavA pazupUjA kahevAya che tenuM svarUpa IjIptanA dharmamAM vikAsa pAmyuM. A pazupUjAnI sAthe sAthe ja IjIptamAM lIMgapUjA zarU thaI tathA strI ane puruSanI jananendriyane rathamAM mUkIne tenI rathayAtrAe ApaNuM bhArata dezamAM Aje paNa nIkaLe che tema kADhavAmAM AvI. pachI mANasa pote bhagavAne banavA lAgyA. A mANasa bhagavAnamAM strI ane puruSa baMne AvyA. nara ane nArInA rUpa dharatAM A devadevIo strIpuruSonI jemaja dhikkAra ane premathI vartavA lAgyAM, khAvApIvA lAgyA, ane vikAsa karavA lAgyAM, laDavA lAgyAM ane saMhAra karavA lAgyAM. nAila nadIe eka strInuM zarIra dhAraNa karI lIdhuM. A mAtAnuM nAma sirIsa hatuM. nAIlanI bharatI ane oTa sAthe aisirIsanA utsavo zarU thayA. pachI esirIsa IsIsa ane herasa nAmanA devatAoe mANasane Akho AkAra dhAraNa karI lIdho. A devatAonuM rU5 trImUrti jevuM sayuM. jenA de bharavA lAgyA ane navA janmavA lAgyA. have zahenazAha bhagavAna banavA AgaLa Ave. zahenazAhanA pUre hiteo lekha lakhyA ke zahenazAha pote sUrya bhagavAnathI janma pAmyA che. janmathI ja teo devatAI che, ane sUryavaMzI zahenazAhane adhikAra paNa devI che.

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43 vitihAsane pitAmaha Isa zahenazAhe bhagavAna banIne horasa bhagavAnavALA bAja pakSIne tAja dhAraNa karyo. purohiteAe A zahenazAha bhagavAnanA kapALamAMthI nAgadevatAne janma pAmatAM dekhADo. IjIptanI dharatI para devatAIpaNanA be pratinidhio AkhI mAnava jAtathI Ucca AlekhAyA. A bemAMne eka bhagavAna banela zahenazAha hato ane bIjo bhagavAnane kathAkAra banele purahita hato. IjIptanA jIvanavahIvaTanA A jamAnAmAM purohItane varga rAjanyo ane zahenazAhano TekedAra banI cUkyo hato. zahenazAha banavAne adhikAra je vArasAgata banyA hatA tevo ja vArasAgata adhikAra pure hiteo prApta karyo hato. A purohitae bhagavAna banelI zahenazAhatanI AsapAsa jAduonuM, maMtronuM ane yajJayAganuM eka moTuM bhAgavata lakhI nAkhyuM. A purohitenI jamAta tamAma karaverAo ane kAmakAjamAMthI mukta banI gaI. purohItanA A vargo jAduovALI juThANanI ghaTamALa ramyA karI. A dharmanuM sauthI moTuM siddhAMtarUpa amarapaNAnuM goThavAyuM. amarapaNuM pAmavAnA khyAlane vadhAre nakkara svarUpa ApavA mATe purehiteo evo siddhAMta raju karyo ke maraNa pAmelA zabamAMthI "ka" nAmano AtmA UDI jato hoya che. pachI pakSInI jema svargamAM e AtmA uDyA karate aneka varSo pachI pAcho Avato hoya che. tyAre zaba jIvatuM banI jatuM hoya che. eTale manuSyanA maDAne sAcavI rAkhavuM joIe. IjIpanI aMdara maDAMone sAcavI rAkhavAnI tathA tenuM mamI banAvavAnI kriyA e rIte vikAsa pAmI. eTale IjIptanI aMdara maDAone daphanAvavAno rivAja zarU thayo. zrImatie rAjAo ane purohiteo potAnI kabarone meTI banAvavA mAMDI. zahenazAhanI kabara paththaranA meTA mahAlaye jevI pirAmIDe banI. zahenazAhanI A kabaranA aneka khaMDamAM zahenazAhanuM bhamI jIvatuM banI jAya tyAre tenI sevAmAM tarata ja kAma Ave te mATe aneka bhegavilAsanAM sAdhane, siMhAsana, palaMge, rasoIyAo ane gulAma banelAM yuvAna yuvatione jIvatAM jakaDI levAmAM, AvyAM. purohiteo jaldI jIvatAM banavA mATe ane svargamAM pharatA zarIra vinAnA "ka" mATe athavA jIva mATe, sukha ane AnaMdanAM sAdhane tyAM pAmavA mATe aneka dharmanI kriyAovALA lAgAonI ghaTamALa racI dIdhI. IjIptanA dharmanI A moTI ghaTanAmAM vilAsI banelA purohitenI jamAtane badhuM khavaDAvavAnuM ne dAna devAnuM hatuM. mAnavasamudAyamAM A vargane mATe pavitra hevAne badhe IjAro vArasAgata nakkI thaI gayeluM hatuM. devadevatAo A puhitenA varganI mAraphata ja dhUNuM dhUNIne ane dhUyA sivAya

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viItihAsanI rUparekhA badhI vAtacIta karatAM ane jAdu karatA hatA. A dharma ghaTanAnuM sAhitya jAduonA camatkArothI bhareluM che. A camatkAranI kriyAo ane yajJayAga, bALakone janmAvI zake che, ane varasAdane varasAvI zake che ane rogane nivArI zake che evuM cokkasa rIte manAtuM. IjIpta azaka je eka mahAna samrATa IjIptanI gejhArI evI A dharmanI ghaTanAmAM mAnavasamudAya mATe vikAsa pAmavAnI ke AgaLa vadha vAnI eke ya jogavAI che che ke hatI nahi. dhamanI mA jUsa nArI ka - ghaTamALamAM nItinuM sAmAjIka mUlya maraNa pAmI cUkyuM hatuM. tyAre sAmAjIka vikAsane a2bI sama ghAta karanArI A jIvana praNAlInA dharmarUpa sAme IjIptanuM sAmAyaNa eka navajuvAne baLa upADyo. A juvAnanuM nAma IkhanAtuM hatuM. A juvAna IjIptane tAje gAdI para Avele zahenazAha hatuM. A zahenazAha kavi paNa hatA ane ciMtaka paNa hatuM. gAdIpara AvatAnI sAthe ja eNe IjIptanI ghAtakI dharmaghaTanAnI sAme baLavo upADyo, ane jAhera karyuM ke " ijIptanA badhA devadevIo khoTAM che." IchanA kriyAkAMDa ane yajJayAge jUThAM che. zahenazAha pite bhagavAna nathI. AkhA ya jagatane eka bhagavAna AkAra vinAne eka Izvara che." A baLavAkhora zahenazAhane A avAja sAMbhaLate IjIptanA rAjAone ane purehitene samAja khaLabhaLI uThaze. bhAratane azoka jevo A mahAna samrATa pUrvanA jagatamAM jhabakatI jyota jevo itihAsanA UMbara parathI kadI na bUjhAya te prakAzane jhabakAro banIne laya pAmI gaye. IjIptanA purohita ane rAjAe A zahenazAhane vAta karI nAkhe. paraMtu AtmaghAtaka nivaDelI IjIptanI zahenazAhane paNa A mahAna zahenazAhanI sAthe maraNa pAmI. vizva ItihAsamAMthI IjIptanuM paribaLa ItihAsanA astAcaLanI pAchaLa hUbI gayuM. IjIptanA nRsiMhanI najare pachI jyAM pelI IjIptanI saMskRti vizvaItihAsane sImA staMbha banIne. jIvana ghaTanAnA savAMga rUpamAM mAnavasamudAyanA rojabarojanA jIvananI hIla

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vizvaitihAsanA (patAmaha Ima 45 cAlathI dhabakatI hatI tyAM Aje poLo ane bhUrI retInA mahAsAgara patharAyelA paDayA che. A mahAsAgaranI vacce kayAMka kayAMka bhUrA AkAzanI kinArImAMthI nIkaLatA hoya tevA pirAmiDanA trIkoNa AkAra dekhAya che. khephrena nAmanA zahenazAhanA pIrAmiDanA pAyAmAM AjanA keza nagarathI gIjhe taraphanA Ucca pradeza para narisaMhanA AkAravALI paththaranI eka virATa pratimA ekI che. A pratimAnu nAma " sprIMkasa " che. enA paDakhAMmAM ane godamAM jANe moTA ""

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vizva ItihAsanI rakhA pirAmIDe paDyA che ane bena"nI pIrAmIDanI godamAM beThele A "rphikasa" unnata Deka paranI addabhUta najara vaDe kSitIjanI pelI pAra dekhavA mathe che. jyAre buddha ane Isu janmavAne hajAra varSanI vAra hatI tyAre ItihAsanI samayazIzI heya tevI A najara dUra dUranA avakAzamAM ane samayanA aMtarikSamAM garakAva thaI jaIne kaMIka vAMce che. aMtarikSanA UMDANamAM akSara ukelatI animIza najara IjIptanA kALabhagavAnanI A gahana najara che. virATa jevI pratimAnI A AMkhe palakAro mAryA vinA tamane jotI chatAM dekhyA vinA dUra dUra kaMIka zodhI rahI che. samayane pravAha jevI enI najaranA gheDApUramAM pANInA asaMkhya baMdone banele pele ghUghavAte sAgara dekhAya che. retIne asaMkhya kaNenuM jenuM kalevara che e IjIptane raNa mahAsAgara paNa A najaramAM vaMToLiyA jevo dekhAya che. virATanI A najara IjIptanA mAnavasamudAyanA saMdhamAnavanA dhabakArA vaDe jANe ekadhArI banIne dhabakI uThI che. enI najaramAM eka ghaDImAM janmatuM ane ItihAsanI bIjI paLe maraNa pAmatuM ekAdu mAnavI nathI dekhAtuM. paNa A najaramAM akhaMDa janmate ane aTakyA vinA vikAsanA kadama bharate mAnavasamudAya lakavaNajhAra je AgaLa vadhate dekhAya che. A leka vaNajhAra yugayuganA DagalAM bharatI ItihAsanI ane saMskRtinI ati prAcInatAne sikko paherIne AgaLa vadhe che. saMskRtinA sikkAnuM mUlyAMkana saMskRtinuM mUlyAMkana IjIptanA ItihAsanA anusaMdhAna sAthe krITa, mesopoTemiyA, esiriyA bebilenIyA cIna ane bhAratamAM jyAM jamA thayuM tyAM samakAlIna rUpanI eka sarakhI chApavALuM mAluma paDyuM che. saMskRtinA A sikkA paranI chApamAM mAnavasamudAya gulAma banele prAcIna zramamAnava che tathA A zramanI jaMgI AkAravALI ghaTamALa racate IjIptane jAlIma zahenazAha mAnavasamudAyanI khAMdha para beThA che. A zahenazAhatanI pAMkho banelI pure hite ane rAjAnI eka moTI jamAta che. A jamAtanA hAthamAM zahenazAhatanA rAjadaMDanI badhI hIlacAla AvI gaI hoya che. A rAjadaMDanuM zAsanarUpa eka dhArI ane aMdha evI AjJAdhArakatAnA kAnUnavALuM che. ' jIvananI AvI ghaTamALa jevA sAmrAjyanAM badhAM sAdhane jANe matanI ArAdhanA mATe kAme lAgI gayAM che. asaMkhya yuga sudhI mAnava samudAyo metanA paDakhAmAM ane paDachAyAmAM rahIne jIve che. A saMskRtinI ImArate ane kalAkRtio paNa matanI ja ArAdhanA mATe nirmAya che. IjInanA A

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vizva ItihAsane pitAmaha IjIsa 47 A jIvana ghaTamALa mATe jIvananI vAstavatA jIvataranI AzAo ane Umedo nathI, paNa meta pachInAM svane che. saMskRtinA mUlyanA A sikkAnI be bAjuo para be chApa dekhAya che. eka chApamAM prAcIna jagatane zramabhArathI thAkI gayela du:khI gulAma mAnava ubhe che. A mAnavanuM rUpa virATa ImAratamAM hajAra varSa sudhI Aje paNa jIvatuM UbhuM che. enA zramanI yAtanAoe je badhuM banAvyuM che te tamAma rAcaracIlAnI kiMmata karatAM enA vyaktitvanI kismata khUba ochI ane nIcI aMkAI che. enA caherA paranI chAyAmAM asalAmatInI ciMtAne bhAra asahya che, chatAM e saMskRtine beja vahyo jAya che. saMskRtinA A sikkAnI bIjI bAju paranI chApa meta pachInI duniyAnI che. duHkhI mAnavasamudAya mATe vAstava jIvananI jIMdagImAM duHkha rdada ane bhUkhamarA sivAya bIjuM kazuM nathI. yAtanA jevuM A jIvana, maraNa pachInuM svarga jhaMkhe che. athavA maraNanI duniyAmAM ja salAmatI zAMti ane AnaMda pAmavAnI IcchA rAkhe che. ene cittanI kriyA karavAnI ke jJAna pAmavAnI manA karavAmAM AvI che. vAstava jagata viSe jJAna pAmavAnuM koI paNa sAdhana ene mATe kAyadesara gaNAtuM nathI. je jIvanavAstavatA athavA satyanI ArAdhanA karavA e satyane ane cittane ArAdhe te bhAratavarSanA zaMbukanI jema ene ziraccheda thaI jAya che. jJAnane ziraccheda karanAruM A paribaLa rAjya ane purehitenI jAlIma ghaTamALavALuM che. ijIptanI jIvana ghaTanAmAM purohitenA vage jJAnano pravAha pitAnA vargamAMthI bahAra koIpaNa ThekANe na jAya ane ajJAnanA IjArAne sarva adhikAra pitAnI pAse ja rahe tenI badhI jogavAI ekkasa rIte karI nAMkhI - che. che. jema bhAratamAM tema IjIptanA paNa mAnavasamudAyanA ajJAna vaDe aMdha rakhAyelA jIvanavyavahAranI sAme jyAM ne tyAM ajJAtanI dIvAla ubhI karavAmAM che. A ajJAtane artha apavAno IjAre purohita athavA brAhmaNa vargane ja che. eTale Akho mAnavasamUdAya gharanI bahAra nIkaLatAM zukana athavA apazukanathI mAMDIne te jIvataranI bahAra dhakelAI jatAM mRtyu gharamAM jatAM sudhI purohitenA jAo ane jUThANuo nIce rahesAyA karato hoya che. AvI ghaTamALa nIce vizvaItihAsamAMthI IjIpatanA sAmrAjyane nAza thayA pachI prAcIna saMskRtinA mUlyAMkanane A sikko IjIptamAMthI bhAratanI jIvana ghaTamALa sudhI athavA cIna bhAratanI jUnI saMskRtionA AvA vyavahAranI ghaTamALamAM calaNI nANuM banIne vaTavAyA karyo.

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pa-IjIptanI samakAlIna saMskRtIo : bebIlonIyA ane esirIyA [ pirAmIDanI Toca parathI uDatI najara--be nadIonI saMskRti-A Ave sumeriyane-sumeriyAnI bebInIana zahenazAhata-sumerianenI saMskRtinuM svarUpa-vepArI saMskRtine zAhI kAnUna-prAcIna saMskRtinuM rAjya baMdhAraNa-bebilonane asta ane esiriyAne udaya--esirIyAnuM lazkarI sAmrAjya -esirIyAno aMtakALa] pirAmIDanI Toca parathI dekhIe te dhAre ke ApaNe pirAmIDanI Toca upara caDhI gayA. IjIptanI saMskRtinA e chAparA uparathI dhArake ApaNuM AMkha dUbina jevI dUra dekhanArI banI gaI. dhAreke dUradUra raMgaberaMgI retIne pele pAra kSitijane paNa pele pAra uttarapUrva tarapha ApaNane kaMI lIlerI jevuM dekhAvA mAMDayuM. A lIlerI prAcIna samayanI be vizvasaritAne khINa pradeza che. bAIbalanA "olDa TesTamenTamAM" lakhele e svarga pradeza che. tyAranA samayanA e adbhuta pradezanuM nAma grIka lekee mesopoTemiyA athavA be nadI vacce deza evuM nAma pADayuM hatuM. A pradeza Ajano IrAka deza - hatuM, ane be nadIo te grIsa ane mupheTIsa hatI. A mesopoTemiyAnI AsapAsanI be nadIonAM nAma taigrIsa ane yukreTisa che. A nadIonuM janmasthAna ArmeniyAnA baraphathI DhaMkAyelA parvate che. A nadIoe pazcima eziyAnA A ujajaDa pradezane lIluMchama banAvI dIdhuM che. - IjIptanI prAcIna saMskRtine udabhava nAIla nAmathI vizvasaritAnA pradezamAM eTalA mATe thayo hato ke e saritAe saMskRtinA e mAnavasamudAyone dhanadhAnya ane phaLaphUla pUrAM pADyAM hatAM. A be nadIo vacce pradeza paNa eTalA ja kAraNathI Ichata jevI prAcIna saMskRti potAne tyAM janmAvata hatuM. A saMskRtine ghaDanArA mAnava samudAye dakSiNa taraphanA raNapradezamAMthI A pradezamAM parvata para AvI pahoMcatA hatA. mAnavonI A ToLIo aMdara aMdara khUba laDatI jhaghaDatI hatI. temanA prAthamika dazAnA A jIvanakalahamAMthI lokasamudAye mesopeTemiyAmAM AvI pahoMcyA. ane ahIM I. sa.

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e sarIyA ane mekhI na inTsanI samakAlIna bIjI saskRti samud yuTIsa DeDa-sI TAyara jerUsalema q'ne' 00 bebIlona esIrIyA ane bebIlona nInaeNveha teNasa nadI ura cAlaDIyA 49 '', '', IrAnI akhAta

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vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA pU. aneka varSa para saMskRtine AraMbha zarU thaze. bebIleniyA ane esiriyA ArmeniyAnA ucca pradeza parathI patharAyelI be saritAo vaccene A mesopoTemiyAnA prAcIna nAmavALe ane irAkanA AjanA nAmavALe A pradeza IrAnanA akhAta sudhI pahoMce che. e ucca pradezanI banne bAjue judI paDatI pelI bane nadIo IrAnI akhAta AgaLa pAchI bhegI thaI jaIne akhAtane maLe che. A pradeza eTale mesemiyAne uttara bhAga prAcIna samayamAM esirIyA kahevAtuM hatuM ane dakSiNa bhAga bebiloniyA kahevAte hatA. A baMne vibhAgo vaccenI hada 34 mI perelalanI hatI. bebileniyAne uttara vibhAga akaDa pradeza paNa kahevAto hato. A bebiloniyAnA nAmane pradeza bagadAda ane IrAnI akhAta vacceno pradeza hate. ImanI saMskRti nAIla nadInI saMskRti hatI. mesopoTemiyAnI saMskRti eTale esiriyA ane bebiloniyAnI saMskRti be nadIonI saMskRti hatI. nadIo jyAM akhAtamAM ThalavAI jatI hatI te pradezanuM prAcIna nAma "cAlDIyA" hatuM. saMskRtine AraMbha ahIM be nadIo vaccenI phaLadrupa dharatI para thayo. A dharatI para saMskRtinA pahelA pAyA je rakhaDatA mAnane vasavATa sthapAze. A vasavATane saMskRtine jIvana vahivaTa khetInA UdyogavALo ane dhAtunA sAdhanevALa banyuM. dharatInI mATImAMthI banatI ITo ahIM sUrajanA tApamAM ja pAkI javA lAgI. dharatImAMthI nipajatA dhanadhAnya ane phaLaphUlanA DhagalA, mATInI phaLadrupatAmAMthI ubharAyA. saMskRtinI AgekUcamAM verAna parAjaya pAmIne pAchuM haTavA mAMDyuM, tathA hiMsaka pazuo nAbUda thavA mAMDyA. saMskRtine mATe jarUrI evI zAMti A bhUmi para zarU thaI. A Ave sumeriyane have mesopoTemiyAmAM I. sapUrve 3500 no samaya cAle che, tyAre ItihAsane paDado khUle che ane raMgabhUmi para sumeriyana mAnava samudAyane saMcArava saMbhaLAya che. e mAnavasamudAya madhya eziyAmAMthI AvI pahoMce haze, athavA te, bhArata parathI IrAnI akhAtane TapI jaIne Aryo ane drAvIDIyane paNa ahIM utarI AvyA hoya! paNa e ka AvI pahoMcyA ane paradezIonI Akramaka adAthI emaNe A navA pradezane kabaje lIdhe. A navo pradeza IrAnI akhAta parane jamIna pradeza che. ane te Aje che tenA karatAM tyAre vadhAre uMcANavALA hatA, tathA kudaratanI lIlerIthI ramya baneluM hatuM. jIvananI jarUriyAtane udAra banIne detI. A ramyabhUmine

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51 esirIyA ane bebIlena ravarga kahetA sumeriyane ahIM vasyA ane jIvananI mamatAvaDe A nisarga suMdara dharatI para TakI rahevA mATe nagara-rAjyanI saMskRtine jamAvavA mAMDyAM. ahIM dareka nagararAjyane kArabhAra dharmagurU calAvato. A bhUmi paranA jIvanakalahane e ja AgevAna banyo hato. A zAsanavyavasthAe ahIM saMskRtinAM zikhare jevA bhagavAnanA minArAo bAMdhyA. A saMskRtie pitAnAM kArakhAnAM bAMdhyAM ane kAMtaNa tathA vaNATanA dhaMdhAne visAvyA. A saMskRtie potAnA jIvanavyavahAranI tAlIma detI nizALe zarU karI. A badhI saMskRti, sumara pradezanA sumeriyanoe pitAnI dharmasaMsthAonI AsapAsa vikasAvI. sumeriyAnI bebilonIana zahenazAhata akaDa pradeza parathI paNa pAsenA sumara khAnanI A svarga jevI bhUmi para AkramaNa AvI pahoMcyuM tyAre i. sa. pUrve 28me sake zarU thaI gayo hate. tyAre akaDano sAragena nAmane rAjA pazcima eziyAnI bhUmi para sAmrAjya bAMdhavA bIjA dezane jItavA nIkaLI cUkyo hato. eNe pUrvamAM ilAmathI mAMDIne te pazcimamAM sIriyA sudhInA pradeza para pitAnuM sAmrAjya kotarI kADhIne jAhera karyuM ke, pote udayAcala ane astAcala vaccenA pradezane svAmI banI cUkI che. sumara pradeza paranAM badhAM nagare paNa eNe jItI lIdhAM. A zahenazAhathI zarU karIne mesopomIyAnA mahArAjAoe sumara ane akaDanA zahenazAha tarIke pitAnI jAtanI jAhera karI. sAregananI, A zahenazAhata, bebilena nagaranI racanA karI ane A nagaranA nAma parathI yukreTIsa ane taigrIsanI be saritAbhagInIono dakSiNa pradeza, bebilenIyA kahevAya. nagaramAM bebIlena jevuM mahAnagara banyuM te ja zahenazAhamAM mahAna e bebIlonane zahenazAha sArAgonanI zahenazAhata tathA vaMzavelAmAM, hemurAbI kahevAya. A zahenazAhe I. sa. pUrve 2123 thI 2080 sudhI rAjya karyuM. zahenazAha hemurAbI cAra hajAra varasa pachI A zahenazAha dIdhelA zAsananA vahIvaTanA kAnanI zodha thaI ane A zahenazAhe saMskRtine kAnuna dIdhA hovAthI vizva ItihAse enuM nAma pitAnI noMdhamAM ujaLA akSare lakhyuM.

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sara 2.11.07. vizva itihAsanI rUparekhA olle ////////// saMskRtinA A zahenazAhanA kAnunalekha ItihAsanA sImAstaMbha banyA. A sImAstaMbhe ja meAsesanA kAnUnane abhyAsapATha dIdheA, A kApadApeAthIe itihAsanA kAyadAzAstrIone prAcIna samayanA sa MskAranA AraMbha karIne rAjyavahIvaTanuM kAnunazAstra dIdhuM. A padArthapAThane dhAraNa karIne A zahenazAhe potAnA sAmrAjyane sumara ane akaDa pradeza parathI AgaLa ilAma ane esIrIyA para vadhArI dIdhuM ane potAnA kAnunI zAsananA itihAsanA nUtana prayAga cAlu karyAM. sumeriyanAnI saMskRtinuM svarUpa A pradezamAM sauthI pahelAM nagara-saMskRti dhaDanAra leAkeAnuM nAma sumeyitA hatuM. A sumeriyA iberiyana ane drAviDiyana jAtanA hatA. A

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esirIyA ane bekhIlena 53 lokeA mATI para kaiAsika jAtanI bhASA lakhatA hatA. A bhASAnuM rUpa pU bhAratamAM Ayna! AvyAM pahelAM jevuM hatuM tevuM hovAnuM sAbita thayuM che. A sumeriyA mAthuM muMDAvI nAkhatA hatA ane UnanA kapaDAM paheratAM hatAM. A lAkAe pahelA vasavATa IrAnI akhAtanI pAse ja karyAM hatA. A sumeriyAe nahera khAdIne peAtAnA khetarane pANI pAvA mAMDayuM tathA dhIme dhIme e lAkA hAIDrolika Ijanere banavA mAMDayA. emanI pAse gadheDAM ane dheTAM bakarAM hatAM 5 yu, gheADA naheAtA. zarUAtamAM emanAM dhar mATInA jhuMpaDAM jevAM hatAM paNa dhIme dhIme nagarasaMskRti dhaDatAM A lokeAe UMcA minArA jevAM madA ane mahAlayA bAMdhavA mAMDayA. A nIpUra nAmanuM temanuM nagara eka khUba uMcA minArA jevA devane lIdhe prakhyAta mRtyuM hatuM. bAIbalamAM jeno ullekha thayA che te ha TAvara opha eeNla" ebIlAnanA bhagavAnanuM khUba UMcuM evuM minArA jevuM devAlaya hatuM. A devAlaya DUMgara jevuM UMcuM hatuM. evAM tA aneka devAlayA ane minArA emaNe peAtAnI dharatI para nadInA pUramAMthI bacavA mATe caNI dIdhAM hatAM. AvA uMcAM devaLe mAMdhavA pAchaLa temane khyAla peAtAnA bhagavAnanA gharane AkAzamAMnA svarganI najadIkamAM najadIka laI javAnA paNa haro. sumerianeAnI A badhI ImArato paththarano nahI paNa IMTAnI banelI hatI. Aje saMskRtinA A badhAM bhavanA sinA pirAmIDenI jema ciraMtana banI zakayAM nathI kAraNake temanAM kalevara paththara nahi paNa InAM banelAM hatAM. IMTAnI banelI A saMskRtinuM pustaka paNa IMTanuM khaneluM hatuM. IMTa sukAi jatAM pahelAM e lAkA aNIvALI lAkaDI vaDe tenA para lakhatAM. A lAkaDI athavA (yuniphorma) kalamanuM nAma kuniphaoNrmAM " hatu. ' A sumeriyane athavA khekhileAniyanA grahanakSatrAne paNa abhyAsa karatA hatA. IsunA janma pahelA kharAkhara tevIse varSoM para sUryagrahaNa kayAre thaze te bAbata A emileniyanAnA khagoLa zAstrIe agAuthI nakkI karI zakayA hatA. temaNe ebileAniyAnA nAgarikA mATe jAhera karyuM. hatuM ke eka divase savAranA dasa vAge AkAzamAM caMdra dekhAze. e divase caMdra kevI rIte dekhAze te temane khabara hatI. temaNe kahyuM hatuM ke te divase teTalA vAge sUrya caMdra vaDe DhaMkAI jaze. e rIte aMdhAre caMdra dekhAze, ane divase tArAo paNa dekhAze. A samajavA mATe temaNe caMdranI gatine AkAzamAM abhyAsa karyAM hatA, tathA caMdra ane sUrya kayAre ekabIjA para paDachAyArUpamAM AvI jaze te nakki karyuM hatuM.

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vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA I. sa. pU. 2100 mAM tyAranA AkhA jagatamAM mazahUra banelA evA hemurAkhI nAmane A mahAna zahenazAha khekhileniyAnI dharatI para paMkAyA. vepArI sAMskRtinA zahenazAhI kAnUna sa A saMskRtinuM mukhya rUpa vyApArI mAnavanuM hatuM. ekhilAna enA vANijyanA killA hatA. khagALa ane vaidAnA eNe abhyAsa zarU karyAM hatA. {smi vinaya sAi < I. sa. pU. 2100 va para grIsa deza enI pAse gaNita zikhatA hatA. yahUdIe ahIM dha zAstra ARA zIkhatA hatA. rAvI ane cinAba paranA arabI sa bhArata bhUmi paranA paMjAbanAM joDIyAM navuM bebIloItuM sAmrAjya nagarAmAMthI sudharelA vyApArIonI vaNajhArA ahiM vepAra kheDavA AvatI hatI. taigrIsa ane yukreTisanA vizva saritAe ekhilenanI vANijya zahenazAhatanA gicAone lIlA rAkhatI hatI. evI ja saMskRtinI lalita dhaTanAomAMthI bhAratIya vyApArI saMskRtinA mesopoTemiyAnA vizva nagara sAthenA saMgama sadhAtA hatA. A vyApArI vahIvaTa para hemurAkhI nAmanA zAheAlamanA kAnUnI adhikAra hateA. hemurAkhIne kAnUnanI A dikSA emileniyAnA sUrya bhagavAna * zAmaze ' dIdhI hatI. sUrya bhagavAnanA nAmamAM zahenazAha hemurAkhI jagatanA rAjya baMdhAraNa mATe nAgarika zAstranuM pahelu` pAThapustaka lakhatA hatA, t huM hemurAkhI sumara ane akaDanAM mAnavAnA eTale meseApoTemiyAnA rakSaka ane vAlI chuM. mArA DahApaNa vaDe huM emanA par zAsana karUM chuM. mArA zAsananA hetu e che ke zaktimAna nakhaLA para julama gujAre nahi tathA anAthe ane vidhavAone nyAya maLe. " prAcIna saMskRtinuM rAjya baMdhAraNa A rAjya baMdhAraNanA pAyAmAM ekhileAniyAnI vepArI saMskRti hatI. A saMskRti vepAranI ApalemAM nANA tarIke seAnA ane cAMdInI dhAtune upayeAga karatI. hajI eNe sikkAe banAvyA nahAtA. sikkAne badale A

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esirIyA bhane bebIlona 55 dhAtuonA ochAmAM ochA vajananA kaTakAthI AraMbha karavAmAM AvatuM. A saMskRtine Arthika vyavahAra dhAtuonAM vajanavALAM nANAnI dhIradhAra karatA ane vyAja paNa lete. A saMskRtinA vepArIonI peDhIo moTI benka jevI hatI. hemurAbIne Athika kAnUna devAdAra kheDUtane traNa rAhata ApavAne tathA duSkALa samaye devuM nAbUda karI nAkhavAne ghaDAyuM hatuM. paraMtu sAmAnya vyavahAramAM je devAdAra pitAnuM devuM cUkave nahi to zAhukAra tenA gulAmane ke tenA dIkarAne gulAma tarIke amuka varSa sudhI laI jaI zakatA. A vepArI saMskRtie hemurAbInA samaya sudhImAM vecANa karavAnA, dhIradhAra karavAnA, karAre karavAnA, bhAgIdArI karavAnA tathA huMDIo lakhavAnA kAnUna ghaDI dIdhA hatA. A vepArI saMskRtino pAye, gulAma mAnava samudAyanI pITha para racAya hato. A vepArI zahenazAhanA badhA kAna e jIvanavyavahAranI nIce jIvana ghaTanAnuM zrama paribaLa bananArA mAnavasamudAyo mATe gulAmI dazA ja rAkhI hatI. tyAranI saMskRtiomAM hatuM tevuM gulAmInuM sAmAnya lakSaNa ahiM paNa hatuM. A gulAmonI kharIdI ane vecANa aMdara aMdara cAlyA karatAM hatAM, tathA tenA bhAvatAla nakkI thayA karatA hatA. bebIlenane asta ane esiriyAno udaya A samaye pUrva sarahada parathI parvata pradezamAM rahetA ke sAITIsa nAmanA lokonA samudAye bebilonanA A paibhava tarapha bhUkhI najare dekhatAM hatAM. parvatamAM vasatAM A ToLAMo hemurAbInA maraNa pachI dasa ja varSamAM parvatanA pitAnA jhapI dhasArA sAthe A bebIlenanA vaibhava upara tUTI paDyAM. bebilenanI avadazA zarU thaI gaI. bebilene IjIpta pAse madada mAMgI paNa kesAITIsa lekonA dhasArA pAchA haTayA nahi. bebilenanuM jIvana eka hajAra varSa sudhI aMdhAdhuMdhImAM sapaDAI gayuM, ane bebilenanI uttare traNaso bhAIla para Avela esiriyAne pradeza pitAnA pagabhara ubho thaI gayo. A pradeza bebIlena para pitAnI vijayakUca AraMbhI dIdhI. eNe IlAma, sumoriyA, akaDa ane bebIna nagare tI lIdhAM. phinizayA ane Ichata para eNe kAbu meLavyuM. jotajotAmAM A pradezanA zahenazAha "AsurabAnIpAla" ne badhA pradeza khaMDaNI bharavA AvavA lAgyA. A pradeza esiriyA hate. A pradeza Aja sudhI bebileniyAnI hakUmata nIce AvI jaIne bhUlAI gaye hate. paNa have esiriyana sAmrAjya mesarpoTemiyAnI AkhI bhUmi para potAnuM varcasva dhAraNa karate pagabhara the.

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vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA esiriyAne dekhavA pharIvAra mesopoTemiyA tarapha najara nAMkho. A esiriyA te taigrIsa nadInI uparano pradeza che. A pradeza Aja sudhI bebileniyAne eka parAdhIna saMsthAna banI gayuM hatuM. bebilenanI zahenazAhate esiriyAnuM zAsana saMbhALyuM hatuM. esiriyAnuM jUnuM pATanagara Azura nAmanuM hatuM. A eseriyana pradeza para nIneha nAmanA eka bIjA pATanagarano janma kyAranoye thaI cUka hatuM. paNa mesemiyA eka deza hato ja nahi te hamaNAM mAlama paDyuM. eseriyA ane bebilenIyA nAmanA be dezane e eka pradeza hato. tathA A be pradezanuM eka nAma grIkAe mesopoTemiyA pADyuM hatuM. paNa have A pradeze eka esiriyA ane bIjo bebiloniyA, be deza dekhAI gayA. bebileniyAnuM pATanagara bebilena yukrenisanA pazcima kinArA tarapha have patana pAmatuM hatuM tyAre esiriyAnuM pATanagara nineha taigrIsana pUrva kinArA tarapha udaya pAmatuM hatuM. esIriyAnuM lazkarI sAmrAjya esiriyAnA A sAmrAjyano pAyo bebileniyAnA vepArI manuSya jevo vANijyano nahato paNa AraMbhathI aMta sudhI esiriyAnuM sAmrAjya snAyunI tAkAta ane pazu jevI hiMmatathI, unnata Deka para magarUra mAthuM dhAraNa karIne, sakhtAInA namUnA jevuM ddhAnI adAthI ubhuM thaI gayuM. e esiriyAne ItihAsa rAjAono ane gulAme paranA julmone, yuddhone ane vine tathA saMhAranI hArajItane racAvA meM. A racanAnA AraMbhamAM esiriyA, bebilenanI hakUmata nIcethI nIkaLI gayuM. ane esiriyana ItihAsanA pahelA zahenazAha TIgalAtha-pIlesare pitAnA nAma sAthe zAhaAlamane IlkAba dhAraNa karyo. A zahenazAhe bhayAnaka zikArI tarIkenI pitAnI kAra kIrdi zarU karI dIdhI, ane eka pachI eka bIjA pradezane lUTa ane saMhAra karIne esIri1 : * TyAmAM delatanA DhagalA ArasIrIyANuM sAmAnya lAvI lAvIne esiriyAnA deva devIonAM devAlaya baMdhAvyAM A zahenazAhanA vijyathI AnaMdaghelAM rAjayana che, sa sana Araba 2nI

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esiriyA ane bebIlena pa7 banelAM A devatAoe paNa jANe A dolatanA DhagalA kevI rIte AvyA che te pUchayuM paNa nahIM. esiriyAno Akho itihAsa AvA zahenazAhanI vijyayAtrAthI ubharAvA lAge. legalAthapITIsara trIjAe paNa navAM lazkare jamAvyAM. ArmenivAnuM patana karyuM. siriyA ane bebileniyAne ujajaDa banAvI devAyAM. dAmasakasa ane sumAriyAne nAza thayo tathA kokesasa parvatamALAthI IchA sudhI esiriyAnI ANa vartAvA mAMDI. pachI A zahenazAhe devAlaya ane rAjamahAlaye baMdhAvyA. A zahenazAha maraNa pAme tyAra pachI enA dIkarAoe saMhAranuM kAmakAja AgaLa calAvyuM. eNe pelesTAInanA jerUsalema nagara para halle karyo ane pachI judA judA pradezanAM nevuM nagarane tArAja kayAM, tathA be lAkha yuddha kedIone gulAma banAvavA esiriyAmAM-ninehamAM ekalI AyA. pachI e bebilena para caDyo ane patana pAmelA e nagarane AkhuM saLagAvI dIdhuM. pachI nagaranAM tamAma strI bALakone eNe kApI nAMkhyAM. bebilenanA rastA upara ImAratonAM khaMDiyAnA bhaMgAranA DhagalAmAM maDadAMonA DhagalA khaDakAyA karyA. eka samayanA sarva zaktimAna lekhAtAM bebilenanAM tamAma devo ane devIonI mUtionA TukaDe TukaDA karI nAkhavAmAM AvyA. , AI, kAma , : - - - - - vika che esiriyAne aMta:kALa eseriyAnI zahenazAhatanuM jIvana have sarvanAza tarapha dhasavA mAMDayuM hatuM. eriyAnI zahenazAhane AzurabAnIpAle pitAnA mahAlayane Aga mUkIne

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18 vizvaItihAsanI rUparekhA maravA mAMDyuM hatuM evI esiriyAnA itihAsanI daMtakathA che. itihAsamAMthI ekhileAnanA nAza karIne esiriyana zahenazAhatanI badhI jAheAjalAlI je bahAranI lUMTa ane vepAra para baMdhAi hatI te bahAranA ja pradezAne ujjaDa banAvIne zamI jatI hatI. esiriyAnAM lazkA eka pachI khIjA vijayA meLavIne A vijayAmAM maraNa pAmI cUkyAM hatAM. A esiriyAe lAkhAnA mAnavasamudAyAne nirAdhAra ane gulAma banAvIne e saune esiriyAmAM lAvIne jakaDI dIdhAM hatAM. judA judA pradezAmAMthI jakaDI lavAyelAM A nirAdhArAnu esiriyAnuM sAmrAjya banyuM hatuM. A sAmrAjya upara have esiriyAnI saraho uparathI hallAe AvavA zarU thaI gayA hatA. esiriyA have vizvaitihAsamAMthI laya pAmI jaIne vidAya letuM hatuM. nIteneha nAmanuM pATanagara khUnI nagara kahevAtuM hatuM ane itihAsanI yAdavAsthaLI jevA A nagaranI aMdara eka samayanA mahAna zahenazAhA ane khaMDiyeranA dehamAM zamI gayA hatA. khasA varSa sudhI nInevehanA rAjyamAM cAmAMciDIyA UDavA karyAM. khase ja varSanI aMdara nInevehanagara para retInuM phrakana patharAI javA mAMDyuM. khaseA ja varSa mAM zamI gayelI ItihAsanI A samarabhUmine aMtaHkALa have AvI cUkayA hatA. O

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6-vizvaitihAsanAM khAvAI gaelAM be prakaraNA [ i. sa. pUrvenI atiprAcIna pagadaMDI- i. sa. pUrvenA sittera saikAo--bhAratIya itihAsanI nUtana najara--samayanI vidha-saritA, sindhu-sindhune Are sa tinA vasavATa - ati prAcIna saMskRtinI smRti Ave che. teA bhale Ave--e saMskRtiee zu ApyuM ? --e saMskRti zamI kema gai !--sattara nagarA vALI kriTanI saMskRti-kriTanI saMskRtinu jIvana svarUpa-- saMskRtinA aMtaHkALa-saMskR tinuM maraNa nathI. ] // thaine siMdhu nadI paranI saMskRtine hatI. uparanA nAmavALI saMskRtinI i. sa. pUrve nI ati prAcIna pagadaMDI ati prAcIna evA tihAsanA samaya nAila, yukretisa, ane teMtrIsa nAmanI saMskRtinI vizvasaritAe para zarU thayA. jagatanA itihAse paNa vizvasaritAe 5ra paDelA dhRtihAsanI rekhAnuM avalAkana karIne lakhAvA mAMDayA hatA. tihAsanA AraMbhanAM A saMskRti mAM pagalAMe A saritAethI zarU sAMkaLI letAM hatAM te vAta bhUlAi gai saritAe bhegI si Mdhu, cinAba ane rAvI

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vizva ItihAsanI 15rakhA paranA itihAsanI ati prAcIna pagadaMDI para samayanA aneka vaMTo vAI cUkyA hatA. A ati prAcIna evA ItihAsanI jIvanarekhAo para mATInAM aneka paDa caDI gayAM hatAM. A stara nIce vizva ItihAsanuM khovAI gayeluM prakaraNa daphanAI gayuM hatuM. pachI A AcchAdananI nIcethI peluM vizvaItihAsanuM khovAI gaeluM prakaraNa jaDyuM ane mAlama paDyuM ke mAnavajAtanA atiprAcIna ItihAse ijIpta ane bebilenanI saMskRtine AraMbha karyo tyAre ja siMdhunA kinArAo para paNa saMskRtinI zarUAtane ati prAcIna AraMbha thaI cUkyo hato. A ati prAcInatA sAthe sarakhAvatAM prAcIna saMskRtine janmavAne haju pAMcahajAra varSanI vAra hatI. phiniziyAne vizva vikhyAta bananAro vyApArI samAja haju uttara AphrikAnA kinArA para pitAnA nagaranA pAyA paNa khedavA mAMDavyo na hato. prAcIna evI grIka saMskRtinA ethensa nagaramAM tyAre ekapilisa bAMdhavAnI AvaData haju AvI na hatI. paNa tyAreja ijIptanA samakAlina samayamAM cinAba ane rAvinA kinArA para vANijya saMskRtinuM nagararupa racAI gayuM hatuM, ane A nagararupa para saMhAranA AkramaNa je Aryone dhasAre AvavAne paNa haju pAMca hajAra varSonI vAra hatI. vizva ItahAsanI zodha haju hamaNAM ja vizvavaitihAsanI zodhakhoLa karanAra vaijJAnikane A ati prAcIna nagaro hAtha lAgI gayAM. I. sa. 1860mAM lAhera ane karAMcI vacce relave raste baMdhAtuM hatuM. A rasto bAMdhavAne ijAre branTana aTakavALA be aMgreja bhAIone ApavAmAM Avyo. A rasto bAMdhavAmAM jarUrI evI kapacI vagere sakhata vastuo meLavavA mATenI zodhamAM eka bhAInI najara najadIkamAM AvelA hADappA nAmanA gAma para paDI. A gAmanI pAse ITa ane raDAM Thera Thera rajhaLatAM jovAmAM AvatAM hatAM. AkhuM ya hADapA gAma A rajhaLatI ITamAMthI baMdhAyeluM hatuM. pelA branTana bhAIoe paNa rasto bAMdhavA mATe hajAra Tana iMTe AsapAsathI khodI kADhI. A khodakAma nIce hajAra varasa para chavI gaelAM nagara svarUpo daphanAyAM hatAM. temane khabara nahotI ke vizvaItihAsanA ati prAcIna evA eka nagaranA zaba para teo bhAMgaphoDa karatA hatA. A atyAcAramAM aMgrejI IjArAvALAone rasto baMdhAI gayo paNa sAta hajAra varSa para jIvatA evA nagaranA kalevaranA avazeSe nAza pAmI gayA. pachI i. sa. 1921 nI sAla AvI pahoMcI. rAkhAladAsa benarajI nAmAne pUrAtatvanA eka zodhake hADapAthI dura 350 mAila para siMdhunA taTapara

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vizvaItihAsanAM evAI gaelAM be prakaraNe mahejo daDonI zedha karI. A mahejo daDone artha motane TIMbo athavA Tekare thatuM hatuM. IjIptamAM hatA tevA pirAmIDa jevo A eka motane Tekare hate. metane A Tekare koI Ijaneree gulAmenA zrama vaDe bAMye nahe. ane temAM koI zahenazAhanAM maDAMone padharAvyAM hatAM. motane A Tekare samayanI saritA jevI siMdhu nadInI karAmata karyo hate. hajAre varSa pachI benarajI nAmane A bhUmine ja eka dIkaro matane TIba kahevAtA ItihAsanA kabrastAnane khulluM mUkavA TIMbA paranI jamInane khetara vizvaItihAsanI kitAbanuM khavAI gayeluM pakaraNa vAMcavA mAMDato hate. I. sa. pUrvenA sIttera saikAo A zodhakhoLa nIcethI I. sa. pUrvenA sIttera sikAo beThA thaI gayA. tyAre IsvIsana pachI sattara saikAo bAda A bhUmi para AvelA aMgreja zAhIvAdanA mejara sleTarane mukAma paNa ahiM siMdhu bhUmimAMja paDyo hate. paMjAbanI pAMca nadIonA pradeza paranI eka ghoDesavAra TukaDIne e karnala hato. A karnalane bhUminAM paDa nIcethI beThA thaI gaelA itihAsanA eka anAmI nagarane dekhAvamAM evo te rasa paDayo hato ke teNe hAthI para besIne vAghane zikAra karavAne kAryakrama rada karI nAMkhyuM hatuM. have A karnala siMdhunA nicANa pradeza parathI jaDI AvelA pelA anAmI nagaranI vAte saune rasapUrvaka saMbhabAvate kahete hato ke meM mesopoTemiyA dekhe che, meM akaDa ane sumaranA nagare dekhyAM che. e sau nagarothI ati mahAna evuM A nagara, narI pAkI ITanuM caNAyeluM, sIdhIdara zerIonI racanAvALuM ane bajAranI racanAvALuM, ghara ghara sAthe gaTaranAM joDANavALuM, lekasaMgrahasthAne ane jAhera snAnAgAravALuM, ghara AMgaNamAM garanALAvALA kUvAvALuM, bhUmimAtA ane pazupatitI pratibhAvALuM, paiDAonA vAhanavALu, bALakonA ramakaDAMvALuM, bhAtabhAtanA alaMkAre paheratuM, vyApArI rAjasabhAmAM vahIvaTa karatuM, vANijyanI huMDIo vaTAvatuM..." bolate karnala pUrNavirAma pAmyA vinA hAMphI jato, ane raNabhUmi para lagAma vinAnA ghoDA para dhUmate heya tema roSa karate kahete hate "Aje briTanamAM paNa AvuM eke ya nagara nathI, ke jene A siMdhunagara jevuM jAhera snAnAgAra hoya ane ghara gharane AMgaNe kUvo hoya, ke gaTara sAthe joDAyelI nahAvAnI oraDI hoya ! pAMca pAMca hajAra varSa para je bhUmipara mAnava saMsAranI AvI vibhAvanA hatI te ja bhUmine gulAma banAvavA Aje ame AvI pahoMcyA chIye." belate karnala A bhUminA itihAsanI ArasImAM potAnuM mukha dekhate zaramiMda banI jatuM hatuM. e pitAnI jAtane jANe pUchate

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vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA hate. mAnavInA je saMsAre pitAnA bALakone ramavA mATe aneka ramakaDAM banAvyAM che te anurAgI bhAna ahiM ekavAra kevAM killelatAM haze ! e mAnanAM beTA beTIonI nizALanA padArthapATha ahiM ekavAra kevA gUMjI uThavyA haze! A nagaranuM rUpa ghaDanArA zilpIo, citrakAre ane kArIgare ahiMnA saMsArane maDhavAnA kevA zramamAM macI paDyAM haze!" A karnalanI vicAramALA pAchI gamagIna banIne babaDatI hatI. "paNa temanAM hathiyAromAM talavAro paNa nathI. ekalA tAMbAnA bhAlA che, te zI dhADa pAchI vALe vAruM.! paNa vizvaItihAsanA caraMtana kalevara para AvI pahoMceluM amAruM aMgrejI AkramaNa ane e AkramaNane pele UThAvagIra chokare. barTa kalAIva te kahe che ke hiMdustAna eTale mAtra eka pUnA ane bIjuM sImalA ja che! pRthvI paranI A atI prAcIna evI saMskRtine bhaMDArIne A dhanya dharatI arUNodayanA jApa japatI dhIravaNu dharI rahI che, tenI ene vaheMtiyAne gatAgama paNa zI paDe!" bhAratIya ItihAsanI navI najara paNa je dezane pitAnA ItihAsanA atiprAcIna evA AraMbhanI gatAgama nahotI te dezanI AMkha paNa A navI zodhathI ughaDI gaI. A atiprAcIna saMskRti sAthe sarakhAvatAM jemane jaMgalIo kahI zakAya tevAM AryothI ja pitAnA ItihAsane veda lakhanArA dezane pahelIvAra pitAnA ItihAsanI vaijJAnika draSTi sAMpaDI. bhAratanI ItihAsa draSTine samajAyuM ke bhAratanA ItihAsanI samayanI mAtA ane saMskRtinI janetA pelA matanA TIMbA nIcenA nagaranI... nagaranI saMskRti para AkramaNa karyA pachI e ja saMskRtinA khaMDiyerane kheLe khuMdI khudIne ja, Aryoe saMskRtinuM paheluM payapAna karyuM hatuM. vizva ItihAsanA eka samayanA khevAI gayelA prakaraNanI zodha pachI siMdhuno A saMskAra mAnava Aje hajAra varSa pachI siMdhu nagaranA avazeSomAMthI ALasa maraDIne vizva ItihAsanA uMbarA para ubhe thaI gaye hatA, ane ItihAsanA Ale khanane zaMkhanAda karIne kahetA hatA ke "atiprAcIna e huM saMskRtinA AraMbhamAM paNa hato?" samayanI vizvasaritA-sidhu AjanA pelA IrAnI akhAtane dekhe. Ajano IrAnI akhAta tyArane pArasika samudra che. A pArasika samudramAM heDI haMkAratA je ApaNe pUrva

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vithaItihAsanAM evAI gaelAM be prakaraNe dakSiNe pahoMcI jaIe te hiMdImahAsAgaramAM dAkhala thavAya che ane pUrva dizAmAM utarI paDIe te IrAnanA ucca pradeza para AvI pahoMcAya che. IrAnanA A ucca pradeza para ItihAsane AvavAne haju thoDIka hajAra varasanI vAra che. eTale A pradeza para IrAnI zahenazAhata nAmanuM vizvaItihAsanuM prakaraNa AlekhAya tyAM sudhImAM ApaNe A IrAnI athavA pArasika samudramAM thaIne hiMdImahAsAgara para utarI paDIne sidhunA mukha para pahoMcI javuM joIe. A pArasika samudranI pazcimamAM te arabIraNa patharAyeluM paDayuM che. eTale hiMdImahAsAgarane A vibhAga arabI samudra kahevAya che. arabIsamudranI hiMdImahAsAgaranI IrAnanI ucca bhUmine aDatI kinArIe kinArIe AgaLa haMkArI java te pUrva dizAmAM eka bIjI mahAsaritA hiMdImahAsAgaramAM pitAnuM pANI ThAlavatI mAlama paDe che. A mahAsaritA pelI yuTIsa ane tigrIsa jevI ja vizva saritA che. pArasika samudranI pUrva dakSiNe DhaLatI kinArIe kinArIe pUrvamAM A mahAsaritA, sidhunuM mukha che. A sibdha nadI athavA A sidhu maiyA, samayanI vizvasaritA che. ItihAsano AraMbha enA pravAha parathI zarU thaye che ! kALanI mAtA jevI A vizvasaritA yupheTIsa ane taigrIsanI samavaDI che. duniyAnAM AraMbhanAM nAgarike, jevAM bebIlena ane nIneha nagaranAM nAgarika hatAM tevAM ja jagatanAM e Adi nAgarikanAM samakAlIna A sidhumaiyA paranAM nagarajano hatAM, ane saMsArane jIvana vyavahAra calAvatI vANijya saMskRtivALAM hatAM. tyAre IsavIsana pUrvenAM traNa hajAra varasano samaya hate. e samaya paranI jIvanakathA dekhavA sidhunA mukha AgaLathI ApaNe samayanI saphara karIe sidhune Are Are saMskRtine vasavATa sindhanA mukha AgaLathI ApaNI heDI samajo ke upaDe che ane upalANa kinAre AgaLa ne AgaLa vadhe che. kevI suramya evI saMskRtinI saphara pAMca hajAra varasane samayamAM ApaNane laI jAya che! tyAranA jagatanI nAgarikonI uSA ahIM ugI cUkI che. sidhumaiyAne Are Are ApaNe pAMca hajAra varasa paranI ati prAcIna duniyAmAM viharIe chIe. ApaNe jaLamArga uttara tarapha ane uttara AgaLa caDhate jAya che. ApaNe naukA AgaLa ne AgaLa vadhatI jAya che, tyAM nadI kinArAnI najadIkamAM vaselAM aneka gAmo AvyA ja kare che. A gAmanAM ghara pakavelI ITanAM bAMdhelAM che. A gAmane saMsAra khetIvADIvALe vyavasAya kare che.

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vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA ahIMnAM kuMbhArA vAsaNA dhaDe che. ahIM vajana karavAnAM sAdhanA che, lakhavAnAM sAdhano che, bALakone ramavAnAM ramakaDAM che. ahIM kArIgaro nAnImeTI vastue paNa banAve che. A gAmaDAMo nagarane vaLagIne ahIM vasyAM che. jugajugathI jIvatI AvatI A ApaNA jaMgatanI sAthI pahelI evI saMskRtinI vasAhata che. jevA saMskAra nAilamaiyAnA kinArA para vasyA che, jevA saMskAra yu}TIsa ane tetrIsamAM vikasyA che tevA ja A mAnava vasavATano saMsAra ahIM jIve che. ApaNI hADI upara ne upara caDhatI jAya che. kinArA paranAM gAmA ane kasyAoe edhANu ApyuM che ke e mahAna sindhu nagaro paNa have AvI paheAMcavAnAM. A banne nagarA vacce traNaseAte pacAsa mAIlanuM aMtara che. sindhunA sAmrAjyanAM A ane pATanagaro che. pazcima eziyAnAM A pArTanagarA che. saMskArI jagatanAM A mahAnagareA che. hajArA varasa sudhI A nagare imanA samAvaDAM che. e nagarA jovAne Atura ApaNI naukA dhasI jAya che. AMkha mIMcAyane udhaDe tyAM te AvI pahoMcaze e nagare ! kevAM haze e nagarA ! uparane upara AgaLa vadhatI ApaNI samaya naukA sindhumaiyAnA kevA adbhuta nagararUpa AgaLa lAMgaraze? 14 dhArA ke, pazcima eziyAnI saMskRtinAM pelAM pATanagara AvI pahoMcyAM. sindhu sAmrAjyanAM pelAM e jIvanavahIvaTanI rAjadhAnIo AvI paheAMcI. have kalpanA karA ke sAta hajAra varasa para vatAM jAgatAM, kaleAlatAM, viharatAM karatAM saMskAra mAnavA ApaNane kevAM dekhAta ! A kalpanA pelI zAdhakhALane AbhArI che. A kalpanA pelA khAdakAma nIce junI yAdanI aitihAsika smRti banIne ubhI che. atiprAcIna sa'skRtinI smRti e saunI mIThI madhurI yAda ApaNI dharatIe sa MdharI rAkhI hatI te AjanA vijJAne ane zeAdhakhALe ApaNI sAme dharI dIdhI che. eka vAra jIvatA jIvananI e nAnI moTI kkhIe ApaNA jIvataranA vArase banelI muDI che. A rahyu, mehe jo-daDA ! hajAra) varasa pahelAM, Aje khaMDiyero che, te badhAM makAneAmAM

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vizva ItihAsanAM bevAI gayelAM be prakaraNe 65 mANase jIvatAM hatAM. vacamAM dekhAya che te meTA rastA para mehe jo-daDenA e ajJAta nagaranAM nAgarike mATe uttaranA rastA parathI UTenI vaNajhAra mAla sAmAna bharIne cAlI AvatI hatI. e rastA parathI vahetI vaNajhAra UMcI nIcI jhUlatI cAlI AvatI dekhAtI hatI tyAre tyAranAM nAgarike AnaMdathI smita karatAM kahetAM hatAM, "e Ave pelI UMTa saritA, UMcI nIcI UchaLatI." ane dakSiNanA mahAna ghATa parathI koTamAM baMdhAyelI ghaMTaDIonuM madhura gIta gAtI hAthIonI laMgAra paNa A tarapha vahetI hatI. garama ane bhInAzavALA pradeza mAMthI maheMjo daDonAM e nAgarike mATe e bhAtabhAtanA mAla sAmAna laIne AvatI hatI. hajAre varasaparanuM ApaNuM dharatIparanuM nAgarikonuM nagara Aje jIvatuM thaI gayuM che ema dhArIne jarAka juo te nagaranI aMdaranI halacala kevI macI che! strIo ane puruSoe kApaDanAM kapaDAM vIMTaLyAM che. emanAM zarIra para sonA, cAMdI ane hAthI dAMtanAM ghareNAM zobhe che. pelA sainike kUca karatA cAlyA jAya che. emanA khabhA para pharazIo che. emanA hAthamAM gadA che ane bhAlA che. keTalAka pAse te tIra kAmaThAM paNa che. haju emanI pAse leDhAnI talavAra nathI AvI. haju emanA kArIgarone lekhaMDa ghaDatAM nathI AvaDatuMe badhA saMsthAgAra tarapha jAya che. tyAM saMsthAgaramAM emanuM vairAjya sabhA bhare che. ahIne vepArI samAja, rAjA vinA pitAnI saMsthA athavA saMsada mAraphata rAjya calAve che. sainike paNa sabhAmAM hAjara rahe che. * mesopoTemiyA ane bebileniyAthI AvelA vepArIo sAthe kaMI carcA karavAnI haze. carcA pachI mudAo tarIke nakkI thayelI vAta karAra banIne lakhAze. emane te lakhatAM ya AvaDe che. karAra para lagAvavAnA sikkA paNa emaNe taiyAra karyA che. pelAM te juo! moheMjo daDenA ajJAta nagaranAM e dIkarA dIkarIo che. Aje vepArI samAjamAM e beTA beTIone nizALe javAnI rajA haze eTale e badhAM saMdha snAnAgAramAM jala vihAra gayAM hatAM. ke bhavya A snAnAgAra che ! nAhyA pachInA pANIne bahAra kADhavAnI gaTaro paNa ahIM baMdhAyelI che. navuM pANI lAvavAnI paNa ahIM karAmata thaI che." have A badhAM ghera jAya che. saMsthAgAranuM kAmakAja patAvIne emanA bApAo paNa AvI pahoMcavAnA. emanA gharanI aMdara pakAvelI rasoInI vAnagIo, mATInAM svaccha suMdara pakavelAM vAsaNamAM pIrasAvavAnI che. khAIpIne aMdaranA oraDAomAM e badhAM ArAma karavAnAM che.

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vizva itihAsanI rUparekhA tyAre khare khAre paNa mAheMjo daDAnA e ajJAta nagaranA kheDUta nagaranI bahAra jamIna kheDe che. bharavADeAnAM bALakA DhAra carAvatAM gAya che. e badhAM majUrI karanArAM mAnave che. emane saMsthAemAM besavAnuM nathI hatu, nizALamAM bhaNavAnuM nathI hotuM, `pelAM sadha-snAnAgAramAM e nAhI paNa nathI zakatAM. emane te majurI karavAnI hAya che. nagara bahAranAM e zrama-mAnavAnA samAja, nagara bahAranAM mATInAM koTaDAMmAM rahe che ane vepArI samAjanI sevA cAkarI kare che. evA jIvanarUpa vALuM sindhu nAgarikAnuM nagara.samayamAMthI have alepa thavA mAMDe che ! have enA para kALanAM tophAna pharI vaLe che ane e dharatImAM DhaMkAI jAya che! ItihAsaneA kaiA bajyeA. varase vItI gayA pachI AryonA dhasArAnA A nagara para avAja saMbhaLAya che ! 16 Aje jANe saMsthAgAramAM ekaThAM thayelAM simAnavAnA saunA caherA para ciMtA chavAI che. emanA nagara para Aje I. sa. pUrve pAMca hajAra varasa para uttaranA pradezo taraphathI AvI pahoMcavAnI kALanI AMdhInAM eMdhANa saMbhaLAvA lAgyAM che. ethI te saMsthAgAramAM Aje eTale AjathI pAMca hajAra varasa paranA ApaNI dharatI paranA nAgarika samAja meseApeTemiyA tarapha peAtAnA kaMI saMdezA mokale che. patra lakhIne peAtAnA nagara rAjyane suMdara sikko e para lagAve che. meseApoTemiyA, sIriyA, ebileniyA, vagere dezA sAthe emane vepAra cAle che. potAnA vepArI mitrasamAjone A nagara-samAja lakhatA hoya ke.... samaya kaparo banatA hoya tema amane khAtarI thai cUkI che. amArA para kAI mahAna Aphata UtarI Ave tema amane lAge che. kadAca ame na paNa hAie...! uttara taraphathI AryAnAM dhADAM amArA sindhunagara para tUTI paDavAnI kALanI teAkhatA amArA kAnamAM vAgavA mAMDI che. ' AveA che. teA bhale Ave "" kayAM vAgI uThI che A kALanI nAkhata ? sindhunAM mahAna nagarAnI uttaramAMthI, uttarapUrvamAMthI kALanI kevI AMdhI AvI paheAMce che! saikAothI vahetI Ave che, hajAro mAIla parathI uchaLatI Ave che, kALanI A AMdhI mAnava samudAyAnI che. jhaMjhAvAta jevA A mAnavamahAnada kacAraneAya, kAspIana samudranI pAsenAM pUrvanAM medAneA parathI parvatamALAne TapI jatA nadIene eLagI jatA, jvanane vasavATa zodhatA vaDuco Ave che. Aryo Ave che madhya eziyAmAM, kAspIana samudranA pUrva vibhAganAM tyAM anaMta jevAM mayadAnA che. A mayadAnA madhya eziyAnI vizALa bhUmi che. medAnAmAM, A madhya

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vizvaItihAsanAM evAI gayelAM be prakaraNe 67 eziyAnI duniyAmAM mAnava kuTuMbe vase che. A kuTuMba eka moTo mAnava samudAya che. A samudAya aneka ToLAMomAM phare che. A ToLAMone dhaMdhe 2 gepavRtti che. pazupAlanane jIvana vyavasAya dhAraNa karIne pharanArA A mAnava samudAye A mayadAnI vizALa duniyAmAM rakhaDe che. A leke pitAne Aryo kahe che. A mAnava kuTuMba athavA AryamAnavanA samudAye pUrvamAM varjI nadIne kinAre pahoMcI gayAM che A saritAne pakaDIne temaNe tenA mULa tarapha utaravA mAMDyuM che ane mayadAne parathI parvata tarapha AgaLa vadhavA mAMDyuM che. A samudAye ja IrAnanA ucca pradeza tarapha AgaLa vadhavA mAMDyA che. A samu. dAe, sidhu tarapha paNa AgaLa vadhavA mAMDayuM che, tyAre I. sa. pUrvene sabhya traNa hajAra varasano che. tyAre pelI vizva saritAo paranAM nagara ane nAgarike, AkhA jagatamAM ekalAM ja sudharelAM che. A saMskRtio para pelA samudAya doDatA Ave che, AvI pahoMce che. A samudAya eka hajAra varasathI AgaLane AgaLa vadhyA karyA che. have te sidhumaiyAnA kinArAne aDavA vacce temane ceDAMja varasanAM aMtara ADAM ubhAM che. IrAnanI ucca bhUmipara paNa A samudAyonI najara karI cUkI che. dUradUra vakSu nadIne Are Are A samudAnI keTalIka ToLIo cheka uttarakurUne aDI cUkI che ane himAlayanI duniyAmAM vasavA mAMDI che. eTaleja ItihAsano saMtrI pelAM sindhayA paranAM nagarajanone jAgatAM rahevAnI Takora kare che. atyAre I. sa. pUrvenA traNa hajAra varasa paranA samayamAM

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vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA eMdhANa gamagIna banIne pelAM dhasyA AvatA mAnavasamudAyanAM ghoDApUranI AgAhI Ape che. zuM laIne, ane saMskRtine ke sAja dhAraNa karIne A mAnanAM ghoDApUra dhasyAM Ave che? emanI pAse saMskRtine navAjavAne kaze sAja nathI madhya eziyAnuM A mAnavakuTuMba saikAothI rakhaDatuM rajhaLatuM, TharIne vasavAnuM ThAma zodhatuM ahIM dharyuM Ava che. A AryamAnava samudAye Aja sudhI ghaDAo para gharavakharI dhAraNa karI che. Arya mAnoe have ratha paNa banAvavA mAMDyA che. A mAnavatAe cAmaDAM ane jhADanI chAlanAM vastro paridhAna karyA che. emanAM Ayudhe tikSya che ane emanI najara vedhaka che. uchaLatAM Ayudha jevA azvo emanI jhaDapa che. e Arya gharasaMsAra dharyo Ave che. A Arya kaTuMbane haju lakhavAnI lipi paNa nathI AvaDatI. A mAnava samudAyanAM joDApUrano vyavasAya, vahyA karavAnuM ja rahyo hovAthI emaNe koI imArate ke smArake paNa nathI caNyAM. agni emane deva che. prakAza emane maMtra che. vaDavAonA Adeza emanAM sUtro che. parvata para pachaDATa khAtI vijaLI ane megha emanA bhagavAnanI garjanAo ane jhabakAra che. mukhapATha, emanI aheniza vahetI jIvanaghaTanAnI vidyApIThane abhyAsakrama che. kAspIana samudranA pUrva pradezamAMthI emanuM AvAgamana thAya che. uSA ane nizAnAM gIta lalakAratAM, have e AvI pahoMcyAM samaje. emanAM ghaDApUra pArasika samudranA pUrva pradeza para vakSa nadInAM mULa banelI parvata bhUmipara, sidhumaiyAne jyAM, rAvI, ane cinAba maLe che ane jyAM, jagatanI pahelI nAgarika saMskRtinAM nagare vihare che tyAM emane dhasAre AvI pahoMce che. uchaLatAM ghoDApUra ekavAra upaDyAM pachI dezakALanA game tevA aMtarAya temane zI rIte rekI zake? samIpa pUrva ane siMdhunI saMskRtioe zuM ApyuM? A badhI saMskRtioe vizvaItihAsanA saMskAranI racanAmAM ApelA phALAne eka sAthe laI zakAya tema che tathA ema kahI zakAya tema che ke, jagata ItihAsanA saMskArane udabhava A saMskRtioe dIdhuM che. vizvanI saMskRtine samagra pAye A saMskRtioe nAkhe che.

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vizva ItihAsanAM khAvAI gayelAM be prakaraNA 69 A saMskRtiee dhAtu, kAgaLa, kAca, mATI udyoga, kApaDa, jahAjonI bheTa, vizva ItihAsane dIdhI. A saMskRtie nahera kAmanI yeAjanA zIkhavI. sarakArI taMtronI ghaTanAne ghaDIne tenA vyavahAranA padArthapATha eNe ApyA A saMskRtie, mAnavavyavahAranA niyamana athavA saMyamana nAmanA svarUpane saMskAra ghaDanArUM, kAnuna nAmanuM svarUpa, jIvanavyavahAramAM dAkhala karyuM, ane lekhita kAyadA racyA.eNe vANijya ane vyApAranA vyavahAra, vizva ItihAsane zikhavyA. eNe minArAovALAM, kamAneAvALAM, IMTa cUnAnAM ane paththaranI karAmatavALAM makAnA ane imAratA ApyAM. A saMskRtioe saMskAranI ghaTanAnuM nagara nAmanuM ekama racyuM. eNe lekhanakalA, citrakalA, sAhityakalA, tathA vAdyakalA ane gItakalA jagatanI mAnava jAtanA vyavahArane ne tenuM suramyarUpa maLyuM. A saMskRtie AkAzane abhyAsa dIdhe ane kelenDaranI samayane mApavAnI bheTa mAnavajAtanI AgekUcane enAyata karI. TukamAM je je, vyavahAra ghaTanAnAM vyApaka ane vikasIta svarUpe para jagatanI AjasudhInI saMskRti, marAmata ane nUtana racanA karyAM kare che te adhI saMskAra vigatAnA eNe pAyA nAkhyA. eNe vizva itihAsa nAmanI mAnavAtanI hIlacAlanA AraMbha karyAM, ane e saMskRti zamI gaI. zamI prema gaI ! A sAMskRti kAraNake saMskRti eTale mAnavajIvana vyavahAranuM e rUpa javanane dhAssu karI rAkhanArAM vyavahArU tAne jALavI zakayuM nahIM. saMskRtine TakAvanArU mAnavajAtanA jIvataranuM avala kakSAnuM e tattva vyakti svAtaMtrya nAmanuM che. vyakti svAtaMtrya nAmanA A tattvarUpane artha, vyaktine pragatirUpa vanavikAsamAM AgaLane AgaLa vadhavAnuM svAtaMtrya che. A svAtaMtryane jema jema lApa thatA gayA tema tema saMskRtinI e ati prAcIna janetAenI TanAe zamI javA mAMDI. pachIthI temanI aMdarathI ja nUtana rUpa dharatI, vadhAre pragatizila evI sa MskRtinI kAyAe racAvA mAMDavAnI hatI. sIttera nagarAnI krITanI saskRti sindhunI ane nAila nAmanI vizva saritAonI sameAvaDI ane samakAlIna saMskRtinA jIvatArUpane jovA i. sa. pUrvenAM traNa hajAra varasa paranI samaya saphara karavI joI e. samayane A bhUtakALa vizva itihAsanI pagadaMDI

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u0 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA ne jIvananA dhabakArAnA taMtuo sAthe nAIla nadInI uttara dizAmAM pUrva bhUmadhyanI aMdaranI dvIpamALanA bhUrA ane bhUkharA kinArAo para laI jAya che. A kinAro krITa nAmanA dvIpane che. A dvIpanA nAmavALI, ejIyana samudranA nAmavALI A dvIpamALamAM krITa-krosesa, Tiyarnasa, misenAI ane Troya nAmane dIpa samuha che. A dvIpa samuhamAM krITa mUkhya che. kITanuM pATanagara nosesa baMdara che. paththarayugathI mAMDIne, mAnava ItihAsanAM pagalAM A dvIpa para paDelAM che. ItihAsanI akhaMDa evI keDIe vikAsanA tabakkAo ahIM pasAra karyA che. Aje I. sa. pUrvene 2150 no samaya ahIM cAle che tyAre krITanuM A baMdaragAha jahAjothI ubharAya che. tyAranA jagatanA badhA pradeza para A jahAje saphara kare che. TroyathI sirIyAthI, pelesTAInathI, IjabanAM baMdaramAMthI ane sindhanAM nagare parathI ahIM pharI jahAje Ave che ane jAya che. IjIptanI bhUmie, baMdaramAM maDhAyelA A nagarasvarUpanI racanA karavAmAM, saikAenA avarajavara mAraphata, IjaneravidyA, zilpazAstra, vagere aneka pAThe A jIvanakalAne dIdhA che. kriITanI saMskRtinuM jIvana svarUpa AjathI traNa hajAra varasa paranI A saMskRtinA jIvanarUpane sAbIta karanArA, kITanI AsapAsanA dvIpasamUha parathI nIkaLelA avazeSoe jema sidhu nagarenI tema kITanAM sittera nagaranI sAbItI ApI che. TuMkA ane madhyama bAMdhAne A lekasamudAya A dvIpa para vasate hato. samavAya taMtra jevI

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vizva itihAsanAM khAvAI gayelAM e prakaraNA temanI dvIparAjyanI vahIvaTI ghaTanAnA vaDA, krITanA baMdara nagara athavA nesesa pATanagaramAM vasatA rAjA hatA. vyApArI jIvana vahIvaTanuM taMtra calAvanAra rAjAne rAjamahAlaya Aje avazeSa rUpe jaDI AvyA che. A khaMDiyara mahAlaya cha ekara para patharAyA che. aneka vizALa khaDAmAM vaheMcAyale A mahAlaya, snAnAgAra, ArAmakhaDA, divAnakhaMDA ane kAhArA vALA che. A mahAlayanA madhyakhaMDa rAjasabhAgRha tarIke vaparAtA hoya tevA vizALa che, ane tyAM ja siMhAsana paNa maLI AvyuM che. paththaranI sIDIe parathI A mahAlayanA uparanA mALa para jai zakAtuM haze. A mahAlayanI divAleA paranAM strIpurUSonAM citrA kalAmaya che. A rAjamahAlaya uparAMta avazeSoe pUravAra kareluM lAkajIvana sAdAM vastro paheranArUM, alakArA dhAraNa karanArU, lakhI vAMcI zakavAnI lIpIvALuM, TuMkI talavAra ane bhAlAkha jara dhAraNa karanArUM, ane tAMbA tathA kAMsAnA jIvana vyavahAranAM sAdhana banAvanArUM mAlama paDayuM che. A saMskRti vepAra pradhAna hatI tathA seAnA cAMdI ane hIrAnA alakArA manAvatI. vepAranA mukhya udyogavALI A prajA dUra dUra vepAra kheDatI tathA tyAranA jagatanA saMskAro ane AvatAne zikhI lAvIne potAnA dvIpa jIvanane saMskAra khUba caDhiyAto maDhI zakI hatI. sa'skRtinA ataHkALa paNa chevaTe A saMskRtinA aMtaHkALa AvI paheAMcyA. A ataHkALane samaya I. sa. pUrve be hajAra varasa para zarU thayeA. uttara taraphanI dizAmAMthI A saMskRti para AkramaNu karanArA kAle A samayamAM dekhAyA. saMskRtine vinAza karanArA, A bhUkhyAM mAnavAne jhanUnI dhasArA saMskRtinI dvIpamALa tarapha AvyA karyAM. saMskRtinAM sittera nagarA A dhasArA sAme jhajhUmyAM paNa dareka dhasArAe A dvIpamALa paranA prakAza bUjhAvyA karyo ane saMskRtinI tArAjI karyAM karI. saMskRti asahAya banI. A dvIpA paranuM jIvana ekaluM aTuluM dekhAyuM. nAsasa baMdaragAha ane nAgarikAnAM bhavanA saLagavA lAgyAM ane krITa paranuM zAsana paNa patana pAmyuM. rAjamahelane Aga lAgI. saLagatAM nagareza saLagatAM saLagatAM meAta sAme jhajhUmavA lAgyAM. sAkse! varasa sudhI saskRtinuM zarIra meAta pAmavAnA InkAra karatuM saLagyA karyuM. chevaTe I. sa. pUrve 1400 mAM A TApuo para vidhAtaka dhasArA AvyA ane sa MskRti zamI gai. krITa dvIpA para saMskRtinA bhaMgAra verAyalA paDayA. krITa paranI saMskRtinI ekavAra jIvanathI dhabakatI saMskAra kAyA. potAnA avazeSo jALavI rAkhIne dharatInuM bhAraNu khanI, 1

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72 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA saMskRtinuM kadi maraNa hotuM nathI saMskRtinuM astitva ja nathI hotuM paNa cetanamaya hoya che. eTale kITanI dvIpamALa para kAyA dhAraNa kareluM A zarIra repanI bhUmi para patharAyA karyuM hatuM. ijIpta ane bIjA dezanI saMskRti jevI rIte A dvIpamALa para pitAnI cetanAnAM rUpe sarajatI hatI te ja rIte saMskRtinI A sajAvaTa pUrva pazcimano setu banIne, vyApaka banyA karI hatI. zrI. pitAnA vyApaka rUpane AragosanA medAna para dekhatA eka paththaranA killA parathI paNa pharakAvyuM hatuM A saMskAra mathakanuM nAma mIsIna hatuM. kITanI saMskRtimAMthI sarajAyelAM evAM ja svarUpo, lArIsA ane TIrInsamAM paNa haju jaLahaLatAM hatAM. jyAre krITa paranA nesasa baMdaragAha parathI saMskAranA badhA dIvA bujhAI gayA tyAre paNa A dIvAomAMthI pragaTelI saMskR tinI ta, mIsIna saMskRtinuM kITana saMskRtinuM klArUpa nAma dhAraNa karIne tephAnano sAmane karatI hatI. saMskRtinuM mota hatuM ja nahIM. grIka bhUmi para A saMskRtinI agni rAkhanA taNakhAo paDatA hatA ane grIsanI phaLadrupatAmAMthI navI didhatI pragaTavAnAM nizAna dekhAtAM hatAM. maka ane

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vizva ItihAsane ciraMtana deza-cIna * [ virATa rASTra bAMdhe-hiMda ane cIna-acalAyatana je jagata rASTra, cIna, vizva ItihAsane amara sAkSI cIna-cIne pitAne ItihAsa ghaDayo-zahenazAhatanuM rajavADI rU5-i. sa. pUrvene sAtamo zaike--tathAgatanuM svAgata karanArI cInanI bhUmikAkanaphayuzIyasanI vAstavadazI jIvana dRSTi--cInI rASTrane prathama cakravati-virATa darzananuM zramarUpa, cInI divAla-cInI saMskRtinAM yazasvI zAsana svarUpa-saMskRtinuM sauMdaryarUpa-tArtAra AkramaNane gaLI janAre cInane hAna-cIna bhAratane saMskAra saMparkasAtamA sikAnA saMskAra atithie--cInanI saMskRtinI svasaMtuSTatA ] virATa rASTrabaMdha hiMda ane cIna sidhu nadI parathI nAma pAmela hinda deza enA ciraMtana sAthIdAra cInane samavaDe hato te hakIkta sibdha nagaree sAbIta karI. sibdha nagaranI A saMskRti ekalI ekatamAM svasaMkucita rIte nahatI vikAsa pAmI paNa tyAranA jagatanA sAthamAM vikasI hatI. Akhare dakSiNa-pUrva eziyAkhaMDa, hiMda ane cInane sathavAre pAmIne vikasate hate. A pradeza hiMdI-cInanA, malAyAnA ane hiMdeziyAnA tathA brahmadezanA pradezo hatA. A uparAMta sibdha nagarenI samakAlIna saMskRtio Ima ane mesopaTemayAnI hatI tathA sidhunagara sAthe jIvanavahIvaTanA saMbaMdhathI saMkaLAyelI hatI. hiMda-cIna ane mesopoTemiyAnI vaccenA ucca pradeza jevI jagatanuM chAparuM banelI pAmIra parvatamALanI nIce, mahena-jo-Derone vinAza karanArA 1 kalAka == 10

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4 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA ane e saMskRtine kheLa khUdIne Arya jIvataranI rekhAo vaDe vizva-ItihAsamAM pitAnAM prakaraNo lakhavA mAMDanArA Arya lekenA samudA, vasavA mAMDyA hatA. pAmIra parvatamALanI nIcenA A pradezo aphagAnistAna ane paraziyAne hatA. jagatanuM chAparuM banelI A pAmIra parvatamALanI nIce ja arabI samudranuM mAthuM aDatuM hatuM. A badhAne pelepAra pazcima tarapha mesopeTemiyA, arabastAna ane eziyAmAIneranA pradeze AvelA hatA tathA eziyA khaMDanI dakSiNa-pazcimanI haroLa, e pradeze banatA hatA. A pradeza para semITIka nAme jANItA banelA mAnavasamudAyo vasatA hatA. A semITIka leke, yahudIo, phInIzIyana ane Araba hatA. evo ardhacaMdrAkAra yukreTIsa taigrIsane hatuM. tyAM traNa mAnavasamudAya saMparka pAmatA hatA. A traNa samudAya, meMgolIyana, Aryana ane semITIka hatA. A traNa mAnavasamudAye traNa mAnava kuTuMbe hatAM. A traNa mAnava mahAkuTuMbenA pitAmaha jevA mahAna bAMdhava rASTro hiMda-ane cIna hatA. acalAyatana jevuM jagata-rASTra-cIna A jagata je vizALa ane nahIM mApI zakAya te vyApaka ane dekhI na zakAya tevI sImAonI anaMtatA vALo rASTra eziyAnA ucca pradezanA pUrvIya vibhAgathI pitAnI pavitra parvatamALa (TIna-zAna) deha dhAraNa kare che ane prazAMta mahAsAgaranA sarahadI samudro sudhI pahoMce che. ene Akho rASTra vistAra yApakhaMDa karatAM maTe che. UMcI parvatamALanI tathA utpAdananA DhagalA nipajAvatI medAna jevI pATInI enI kAyAparathI vAMga-ho ane vAMga sIkacAMga jevI mahAnadIo aneka naherene AkAra ApatI vahI jAya che. cInanI pazcima tarapha parvatamALane unnata deha uttara-pUrva ane dakSiNapUrva tarapha be meTA hAtha laMbAve che. enI rASTra bhUgoLa aDhAra prAMtamAM ane te uparAMta maMcurIyA, meMgeliyA cInIturkastAna ane tibeTanA pradezanI banelI che. enuM madhyanuM medAna samudra tarapha aMta pAme che ane traNa bAjue parvatamALathI DhaMkAI jAya che, tathA bahAranA jagatane eka taraphathI manA pharamAvatI jagatabharamAM ajoDa evI cInI divAla kahe che, " aMdara AvavAnI manA che." bahAranA jagatane aMdara AvavAnI manA pharamAvatuM A atiprAcIna rASTrajagata, potAnI dharatInI pedAzanAM, phaLaphUla, dhanadhAnya, dhAtuo ane rezama, ane jIvana sukhAkArInAM sAdhano tathA kalA ane saMgItatI suramyatAnI vipu

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vizva ItihAsane ciraMtana deza-cIna latA sarajIne ItihAsanA AraMbha pahelAMthI, samayanI anaMtatAnuM akya banIne beThuM hatuM. jagata jeTalA vizALa evA A rASTranuM kavara, deza ane kALamAM acAlayatana hoya tema saikAone pitAnI aMdara samAvI letuM hatuM ane jANe kazuM ja calita nathI ke badalAtuM nathI evo AbhAsa upajAvatuM hatuM. A rASTra paranI megela nAmanI mahAprajA evA alAyatana rUpane dhAraNa karIne jANe saikAo sudhI badalAtI ja nahatI. bahAranA gata sAthenAM mAnava zarIra ane mana sAthenA saMparka vinAnI A prajA evuM ne evuM eka dhArUM mAnavarUpa dhAraNa karI rAkhatI hatI. jevuM khagoLanuM rUpa parivartana pAmatuM na hoya tevuM dekhAtuM hatuM, jevuM dharatInuM rUpa badalAtuM na hoya tevuM rUtuonA cAkaDA para pharyA karatuM hatuM, tevuMja A mAnavarUpa samAjanA sthApita niyamonI cUsta rUDhio para .. ceTI jaIne, e rUDhione kudaratanA kAnuna jevI aphara mAnIne, rezama oDhIne, pUrvajone pAlava jhAlIne, gatAnu gatika banIne vahyA karatuM hatuM. A svarUpane dharma ahIM acalAyatana nAmano hato ane saMcalananuM parivartana pApa manAtuM hatuM. A svarUpane rAja vahIvaTa paNa parivartananI manA karate hate. evI khagoLa jevI ane kudarata jevI virATa gativALo A jagata-je jaMgI rASTra, na dekhAtI chatAM gati karato hato eTale gatimAMthI pragatine janamyA vinA chUTakeja hato nahIM. vizva ItihAsane amara sAkSI-cIna ItihAsathI ya prAcIna evA cIne ItihAsanA takhtA para grIsane janma tathA tenI caDhatI ane paDatIne dekhI che. eNe bebileniyA ane esiriyAnA sAmrAjyane udaya ane asta dekhyAM che. parsIyAnuM pasapelisa tathA ethensa, rema ane venisa jevAM mahAnagarenA janma ane vikAsa eNe sikAo sudhI avalakyAM che. yurepanAmanA AkhA khaMDa para jaMgalanA aMdhakAra pachI Aste Aste Avate prakAzane pagarava tathA e AkhAya khaMDanI jIvana hIlacAla eNe nihALI che. pRthvI paranA mAnavajAtanA itihAsamAM lAkha varSa paranA AdimAnavane pikIMga mAnava tarIke janmAvIne mAnava jAtanI jiMdagIne ItihAsa je A ciraMtana deza Aje paNa utthAnanI phALa bharavA mAMDayo che. eziyA khaMDamAM je ApaNe raziyAne samAveza karI daIe te (jeno samAveza mahAna pITaranA sAmrAjya sudhI eziyAmAM ja hatuM ane Aje paNa jIvanavyavahAranI dRSTie thaI javAne saMbhava che.) Akho yurepakhaMDa eziyAnI kinArI upara judI ubhelI nAnI sarakhI bhekhaDa jevo dekhAya ane eziyAkhaMDa meTuM

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76, vizva-ItihAsanI rUparekhA virATarUpa dhAraNa kare. A virATa khaMDamAM virATa je cIna deza AkhA yuropa khaMDa jeTalI vastIvALA ane yuropa jeTaluM vizALa hovAthI sauthI maTe deza dekhAya che. A dezanI AsapAsa vizALa evA samudro che ane jagatanA sauthI moTA parvata che ane sauthI moTAM raNa che. eTale bahAranA jagatanI paravA vinA ane saMparka vinA eNe saikAo sudhI potAnI saMskRti vikasAvyA karI. eNe saikAo sudhI e saMskRtinuM alAyatana rUpa dhAraNa karIne jIvananuM cInI jagata banAvavA mAMDayuM. A jagatane eNe cIna saMskRtinA AraMbha mATe ati prAcina samayamAM pazuo ane jaMgalene pitAnI dharatI parathI pAchAM haTAvyAM. hajAro mAIla para saMskRtinA vasavATa mATe eNe sApha suphI karyA karI. pachI saMskRtinA vikAsa mATe. tenA virATa mAnavasamudAye bhayAnaka evAM nadIonA pUra sAme, dukALa sAme ane regacALAo sAme jIvana maraNanAM, satata yuddha karyA karyA che. eNe potAnI dharatI para lA jhuMpaDAo ane gharabAra, lAkho zALAo ane devaLe tathA gAmaDAo ane nagare bAMdhyAM karyo che. sakAone ciraMtana mAnava e cInI mAnava saikAo sudhInA zrama vaDe bAMdhelI saMskRtinI virATa racanAne Aje paNa amara sAkSI banIne ubhele che, tathA AvI virATa racanAno nAza thavo asaMbhava che, evA vizvAsanI nItimattAne e Aje vAhaka banyo che. cIne pitAne ItihAsa ghaDa - ItihAsamAM koIne khabara nathI ke cInAo kayAMthI AvyA. ItihAsanI zodhakhoLe cIna mATe evo abhiprAya Ape che ke I. sa. pU. 20000 varSa para meMgoliyA para manuSyonA meTI vastI hatI. A vastI, pachI dhIme dhIme cInamAM ane sAIberiyAmAM patharAvA mAMDI tathA megeliyAne pradeza sukAI ga ane gebInuM raNa banyuM. pachI te saMskRtinA aneka saikAo vahI gayA. A saikAone ItihAsa I. sa. pU. 3000 varSathI lakhAvA mAMDyo. e ItihAsamAM AdikALa mATe ema lakhAyuM ke cInanI dharatIne AkAra I. sa. pU. 2229000 varSa upara zarU thayuM. cIna rASTrane itihAsane A lekha lakhatAM pahelAM ja, e itihAsanuM leka paribaLa cInI saritAo para vasavATa karavA mAMDyuM hatuM. pANInA pravAhanA Are Are eNe traNa hajAra varasathI ItihAsa AlekhavA mAMDyo hato. e ItihAsane AraMbha kahe che ke cinAI manu pAnaku, cInane pahelo puruSa hatuM. ke me e puruSa haze ? cInI najaramAM e pracaMDa dekhAya ne cInI jabAne e puruSane taraMgamAM gAye ke enA

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vizva ItihAsane ciraMtana deza-cIna 77, zvAsanA pavana phUMkAyA, avAjamAM megha garajyA, nADIomAM nadIe relAIne enA vALa jevI vanaspatio laherAI .............. evA puruSa ane evI strIne cinAI janatA sAMpaDI. cIna para cinAI naranArInA vasavATa jAmyA. cIna para daivI lekhAyelI zahenazAhate zAsana samAlyuM. I. sa. pUrve 285ra mAM rAjA kuM-sInuM zAsana, cInI lekane lagna karatAM, gAtAM, lakhatAM ne citaratAM zIkhavatuM hatuM. e arasAmAM cIna rezama vaNatuM hatuM. e ja tabakkAmAM cIna haLa kheDanuM hatuM ne vaiduM ghUTatuM hatuM. pachI lehacuMbaka, pachI paiDAM cIna para pharatAM thayAM ane mATImAMthI ITa ne cUnAvALAM mATImAMthI UgI nIkaLyAM hoya tevAM gharabAra cinI janatA caNI rahI. gharamAMthI minArA UgyA, ne minArA para AkAzI padArthonI gati para tAka mAMDatA ne gaNita gaNatA cinAI catura beThA hatA. gati mapAvA mAMDI, jamInanI mApaNI thai, vastuonAM vajana zedhAyAM. cekhAmAMthI dArU zodhAyo ane Ijanera yue parvatanI ArapAra nIkaLe e sAra mUkyo. purANI zahenazAhatanuM rajavADI rUpa te samaye te cinAI mATIne cUMthatI paDelI sattara ThakarAtI hatI. dareka ThAkaranI hakUmata nIce cInI janatA khetIno zrama karatI gulAma hatI. dareka ThakarAte pitapatAnI hakUmata AMtarI hatI, ne killebaMdhI bAMdhI hatI. paNa pachIthI e sattarasamAMthI paMcAvana jIvatI rahI. paMcAvanamAM pAvaradhI sauthI moTI evI zInI sarakAra hatI. eNe ja sauthI pahelAM potAnI jAtane sIna ke cIna kahevaDAvI ane zahenazAhata sthApelI. e sarakAre adAlate nImI, kAyadAo ghaDyA, dalita vadhArIne saMpatti jamAvI. e sattAe saMgItakAra, vezyAo,vidvAna, vakIle, amaladAra, amIre, umarAvo ane lazkarane pitAnI AsapAsa jamAvyAM. e jamAvaTanA jora nIce gulAma kheDUto nahere khodatAM hatAM, nagara bAMdhatAM hatAM, jamIna kheDatAM hatAM, rezama vaNatAM hatAM, dhAtuo khodatAM hatAM tathA mIThuM khodatAM hatAM. I. sa. pUrvene sAtame seke sAta sikAo sudhI AkhI duniyAmAM mahAna meTA pheraphAra thayA tyAre, cInanA ItihAsamAM paNa pheraphAra zarU thavA mAMDyA. A sAta saikAomAM hAna rAjavaMzanuM patana thavA mAMDyuM hatuM. tathA A samayamAM cIna para traNa meTAM rAje cAlatAM hatAM. I. sa. nA cothA saikAmAM uttara cIna paranI praNa

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vizva ItihAsanI parakhA rAjyA~eAnI hakUmata sAIberiyA sudhI patharAtI hatI tathA A sakAo daramiyAna hUNa leke cInAo banI jatA hatA. dUNunA A cInIkaraNamAMthI sUI rAjavaMza sthapAte hatuM ane tenI hakUmata nIce dakSiNa cInane praderA AvI jatuM hatuM. A samaye cIna para zikSaNane pracAra vizALa banate hatA tathA zahenazAhatanA pustakAlayamAM 54000 pustI jamA thatAM hatAM. tyAra pachI sAtamA saikAnA udayamAM mahAna gaNuyele TAMga rAjyavaMza zarU thayuM. A rAjavaMzanI traNa saikAnI jiMdagI daramiyAna cInI saMskRtimAM udAra matavAda umerA tathA vidyAne vyAsaMga vikAsa pAme. A daramyAna ja hiMdamAMthI buddhane prakAza cina para patharAye. A samayane ati prAcIna samaya sAthe sarakhAvatAM A samaya nUtana cInane samaya kahevAya che. A samayamAM rAjavahIvaTa vadhAre vyavasthita evuM nUtana svarUpa dhAraNa karyuM. A samayamAM jUnA sAhityanA punarAvartanane badale bilakula navuM sAhitya lakhAyuM. A samayamAM citrakaLAe navuM rUpa dhAraNa karIne navAM citronA DhagalA citaravA mAMDyA. A samayamAM ciMtananI zALAomAM buddhanuM nUtana ciMtanazAstra prakAzI uThayuM. tathAgatanuM svAgata karanArI cInanI bhUmikA cIna ane hiMdanA vizALa evA jIvananA vahIvaTamAM baMne dezonAM ciMtanarUpa athavA siddhatinA svarUpamAM eka meTe taphAvata rahele mAlama paDe che. e taphAvata e che ke, bhAratIya ciMtananuM rUpa prAcIna samayathI, padArthathI para athavA apakSa rUpavALuM "meTAphIjhIkala' svarUpanuM ane svamekSavALuM dhArmika rahyA karyuM. cInanuM ciMtanarUpa dharmathI alagarUpavALuM tathA mAnava vyavahAranI nItimattAnA ciMtanarUpavALuM banyA karyuM. hiMda, IrAna, IjharAIla, ane grIsanI jema cInI itihAsanA I.pUrvenA sAtamA saikAthI samajaNanuM sakAraNarUpa vikasavA mAMDayuM hatuM. ciMtake ane zikSaka dharmanA svarUpanI bhedavALI AvI aMdhadazAne pichANavA mAMDayA hatA. temAM nItiniyamanA sakAraNarUpa jevA vahIvaTa nIce samAjamAM saMbhavI zake tevA samAjanAM dIvAsvane AlekhAvA mAMDyAM hatAM. AvA zikSake lekane pitA tarapha kheMcatA hatA ane temane jIvana vyavahAramAM palaTe lAvavAnI jarUriyAta samajAvatA hatA. AvA baLavAra zikSakemAM jAte banele, eka TekazI hatA, ane tene, ceMganA adhikArIe ziraccheda karI nAkhyA hatA. paNa lAo-jhI nAmane ciMtaka-zikSaka, TaeNga-zInA dAkhalA parathI zAMta rahevAnuM zANapaNa zikhyuM hatuM. cAu zahenazAhatanA vizALa pustakA

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vizva ItihAsane ciraMtana deza-cIna layane e niyAmaka hatuM. paraMtu ene zahenazAhane darabAra jyAre saMdharI zake tema nahotuM tyAre eNe niSkramaNa karyuM, ane vidAya letA pahelAM eNe TAo ane TI" nAmano eka maTe graMtha lakhI nAkhe. A graMthanuM nAma pachI "TA - TIcIMga" athavA "jIvana vartananuM guNarUpa' evuM paDyuM. cInane A mahAna graMtha gaNu tathA jIvana vyavahAranA, A graMthamAM kudarata ane saMskRtinA jIvataranuM nirUpaNa karavAmAM AvyuM. tyAra pachI gautamabuddhanA samayamAM ja kuMga-- sI, athavA kanaphyuziyasano janma lu, rAjyamAM; zATuMga IlAkAmAM, I. sa. pUrve 551 mAM thayo. A kuMga athavA kanaphayuziyase lAone je hato. eNe conI prajAne kahyuM ke, "pakSIo kevI rIte uDe che, mAchalIo kema tare che ane prANIo kevI rIte doDe che te huM jANuM chuM. ane huM jANuM chuM ke deDanArAo mATe jALa bichAvI rAkhelI hoya che tathA UDanArAM mATe bANa tAkI rahelAM hoya che.' pachI kanaphyuziyasa gharabAra vinA tera varasa bhaTakyo ane bhaTakI rahyA pachI eNe kahyuM ke, "sadgaNa ane sauMdaryane cAhanAra eka paNa AdamI mArA dekhavAmAM AvyuM nathI." e kaheto hato ke, "moTA parvate kSINa thaI jAya che, moTI ImAratA nAza pAme che, ane meTA DAhyA mANase karamAI jAya che. AvA parivartananA khyAla vacce ubhela, kAMga-ku-sI karamAI na jAya tevA saguNanI kalpanA bhaviSyamAM karavAne badale bhUtakALamAM Aropa hata ane cInI prajAne zikha dete kahete hatuM ke, "prAcIna kALamAM badhuM sAruM hatuM kAraNake saskArI taMtra dvArA saguNa AcAramAM taratA hatA. sarakArI taMtra sadgaNa hatuM kAraNake kuTuMbajIvana niyamita hatAM. kuTuMbajIvane niyamita hatAM, kAraNake lokajIvana kahyAgarAM hatAM. leka-AcAra zuddha hatuM kAraNa ke te kadayanI zuddhi karate hatA. temanAM hRdaya zuddha thatAM hatAM kAraNake temanA vicAre sahadaya hatA. sAnuM kAraNa e hatuM ke emanuM jJAna vizALa hatuM, ane temanA jJAnanI vizALatA vastuonI samajaNa ane zodha para hatI." . kanaphaphyuziyasanI vAstavadazI jIvana draSTi I. sa. pUrve pAMcaso varasa para kAMga-kusI (kanakayuziyasa, A cInI rASTrane jIvana vahIvaTI kAnuna ghaDatA hatA. A mahAnubhAvanI sthiti cUsta

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vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA tAmAM, jIvanavyavahAranuM eka mahAmUlya hatuM. enI vicAraNA A mahAmUlyanA vicArapAyA para baMdhAI hatI. jIvanavyavahAranA A ciMtaka, pAtAnA ciMtananA pAyAne je mUlyapara racatA hatA te mUlya e hatuM ke, mAnavamAtra vabhAvagata rIte ja sadaguNI athavA sadAcArI che, manuSyanA A svabhAvanA lakSaNane vyavahArU banAvavA mATe tene zubhazikSaNa ane zubha saMjoga ApavA joie. A ciMtana mUlyA zubha vyavahAra dhaDavA mATe eNe bhUtakALa tarapha ane te samayanI samAja ghaTanAnA zAsaka Age vAnA, ane rAjAnA stutya evA dAkhalA tarapha moDhu pheravyuM ane vartamAnane parivartana para geAThavavAne badale tene bhUtakALamAM gAMdhI rAkhIne, bhAvi taraphanI manuSyanI pragatizi rUpAMtaratAne eNe rUdhI rAkhI. 90 kr AvA kanaphyuziyasanuM jIvatara cInIprajAmAM Atapreta banI gayuM tathA jIvananI vAstavatAvALuM maLyuM. janmaveLAe enA bApanI uMmara sittera varasanI hatI. bALapaNamAM ja Apa vinAnA banIne eNe enI vRddha mAtAnuM poSaNa karavA zikSakanI nokarI lIdhI. e egaNIsa varasanI uMmare paraNyA pazu tevIsa varasanI vace chuTAcheDA laI ne jIvanabhara lAka-zikSaNanA vyavahAramAM macI paDayo. potAnA gharane eNe AkhA samayanI zALA banAvI dIdhuM. grIsanA sekreTIsa jevA, A mahAnazikSaka cInane raste raste, ane cauTe cakale leAkeAne itihAsa, kavitA, saMgIta ane jIvanavyavahAranA saMskAra zikhavavA mAMDyo, tathA jIvanarUpanI vAstavatA dhaDavA lAgyA. cInI citArAoe pAchalI uMmaramAM dorelI enI kkhImAM cInanA A mahAna zikSakane, tAla paDI gayelA mAthAvALA, sakAenA bhArathI namI gaelI

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vizva ItihAsane ciraMtana deza-cIna kaDavA, atigaMbhIra evI mukhamudrAvALe tathA buddhinI tivratAbharI najaravALA, lAMbA hAthavALa, tathA nava phITa ane cha IcanI uMcAIvALo ane namanatAIne vinayarUpanI pratibhAvALo citaryo che. jIvana vahIvaTane sudhAravA mATe kaI ciMtaka zAsaka maLI jAya che, jemAM zAsaka ciMtaka hoya, ane ciMtaka zAsaka heya tevuM saMskRtinuM zAsana A pRthvI para utAravAnI grIsanA ciMtaka hetenI jema ene paNa IcchA hatI. cuMga-Tunagarane ene nagara nyAyAdhIkSa banAvavAmAM Avyo tyAre eNe pelI IcchAne alpa prayoga karavAno AraMbha karyo. paNa tyAM te, jhI-luM taraphathI ene kaheNa AvyuM ke "Apa rAjInAmuM daIne cAlatA thaI jAva." pachI kanaphyuziyasa tera varasa sudhI jIvanavyavahAramAM sadaguNane draDhate cInI dharatIne suMghate zramaNa jevo pharyA karyo. A rajhaLapATamAM aneka yAtanAo, bhaya ane bhUkhamarAnA anubhava sevata A mahAnubhAva jIvanavyavahAranA anubhavanA mUlyanI noMdha karate hato ke, "jyAM sauMdarya athavA ekatAnatA athavA sahacAraaikya che tyAMja sadaguNa saMbhavI zake che. e cInI dharatI para nipajelo A zikSaka, prabudha banIne potAnA sAthIonA saMdha sAthe beteira varasanI vaya sudhI jIvyA, ane maratAM maratAM eNe mI-kaMga nAmanA pitAnA eka vidyAthIne kahyuM, "ApaNuM AkhA cIna dezanAM rAjyamAM keI eka paNa e zAsaka athavA rAjA saMbhavI zakayo ja nathI je, mArA jevAne zAsanano zikSaka banAve, ane mAre aMtakALa te have AvI pahoMce che." cInane A mahAna zikSaka ayavAdI tarIke cInamAM paMkAye. eNe dharmanI mAnyatAonA badhA savAlanA javAba nakAramAM dIdhA karyA. jyAre ka-jhIe ene pUchayuM ke ApaNe pitRonI sevA zI rIte karI zakIe tyAre eNe kahyuM ke, "jeo potAnA manuSyabaMdhuonI sevA karI zakatAM nathI te pitRonI zuM sevA karI zake?" pAchuM ene pUchavAmAM AvyuM ke maraNa viSe tamAre ze khyAla che tyAre eNe kahyuM, "tame ke je jiMdagI viSe samajatAM nathI, te maraNa viSe zuM samajI zakavAnAM hatAM!' jIvanavyavahAranuM satya zodha A mahAna zikSaka jIvana sahacAranI ekatAnatA ane ekatAnA mUlyane sarvopari gaNuvate zamI ja hate. paNa jIvanavyavahAramAM nItinuM niyamana ghaDIne, cInI lekajIvanamAM dharmanI aMdha mAnyatAone badale vyavahAranI zuddhinuM havAmAna racIne jatA rahelA kanaziyasanA cIna dezamAM hiMdamAMthI tathAgatanI asara AvI pahoMcI ane vadhAre sAre AvakAra pAmI. 11

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vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA * pachI saikAo vItatA gayA tema jIvananI zistanA A nIti niyamo rUDha banIne jAmI javA lAgyA. sthiticusta banatI A jamAvaTa Aste Aste cInI virATane acalAyatana AkAra dhAraNa karavA mAMDIne pragatizilatAne rokavA mAMDI. : ekatAnatAnA athavA sahacAranA ekyanA kAnunane rojanA jIvananA zista tarIke daI janAra kanaphyuziyasanA gayA pachI, cInI rASTranI ekatA ghaDanAranuM nAma zI huAMga-dI hatuM. cInI rASTrane prathama cakravati cInI rASTra para pahelIvAranI zAsenaekatA janAra zI-huAMga-TI, sIna, nAmanA eka pazcimanA rAjyanI rANIne gerakAyadesara bALaka hate. zI-huAMga-TIe pitAnA bApAne ApaghAta karavAnI pharaja pADIne, tathA mAtAne keda karIne zAsana dhAraNa karyuM ane pacIsa varasanI uMmare AkhA cInane jItIne tene eka banAvavAnI kAryavAhI zarU karI. eNe I. sa. pUrve 230 mAM hAna para kabajo karyo, 228 mAM cAo, jItI lIdhuM, 223 mAM vI, para vijaya karyo, 222 mAM cu, enI hakumata nIce AvI gayo ane eNe 221mAM yena para kabaje karyo. ItihAsamAM pahelIvAra cInadeza ekazAsana nIce AvyuM. A vijetAe zaha-huaga-dInuM nAma dhAraNa karIne nUtana rAjyabaMdhAraNa ghaDyuM. eNe cIna para eka zAsananuM navuM rAjasiMhAsana ghaDavuM. virATa darzananuM zramarUpa-cInI dIvAla have kanaphyuziyasa maraNa pAmI cUkyo hate paNa AkhA cIna mATe meTerAMo tathA mAlike taraphanI AjJAdhArakatAne pATha ghera ghera vaMcAtuM hatuM. Ulllllllll IIIIIIM, sa':/fit T.IT/Indillmaull

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vizva ItihAsane ciraMtana deza-cIna eNe rAjAo ane mAlikane paNa kahyuM hatuM ke tamAre prajAnA vAlIo banavuM, nahi te jema mahAna parvate paNa ghasAI jAya che tema ' .. paNa e chelluM vAkya sAMbhaLavAne, tephAnane ghaDyo hoya evo sInano juvAna rAjA zI huAMga-TI inkAra karatA hatA. enI te eka ja nema hatI. e nema AkhAya cInanA cakravatI banavAnI, ane kadi na bhUsAI jAya tevuM cIna deza para pitAnuM eka cakrI zAsana karavAnI hatI. A ke zI-huAMga-TI pitAnuM AkhuM mAthuM e eka ja khyAlathI UbharAtuM rAkhIne darabhAra bharIne beTho hate. enA goThaNa para lAMbI ne paheLI taravAra nAgI paDI hatI. enI sAme eka paNa avAja uThAvanAra dehAMta pAmatuM hatuM. enuM nAma te hatuM zRMga, paNa eNe have pitAne zI-huAMga--rI kahevaDAvavA mAMDyuM hatuM. enA darabAranA eka khaMDamAM eNe telanI UkaLatI kaDhA hamezA taiyAra rAkhI hatI. enI sAme keIpaNa aparAdha, keIne paNa emAM taLI nAkhavA pUrata gaNute. enA bharyA darabAramAM eka vRddha kheDUta enI sAme ekavAra Ubho thayo ane adabathI beH "mAre Apa nAmadArane kaMI kahevuM che." bhale belo." Akho darabAra zvAsa thaMbhAvIne sAMbhaLI rahyo. e namana karIne belyo : "Apa nAmadArano svabhAva ra che. Apa nAmadAranuM vartana tephAnI ane svacchaMdI che. Apa nAmadAre ApanI mAtAne paNa dezavaTe kADhI che ane DAhyAonI zikhAmaNane Thekare dIdhI che. mane bIka che ke tamAre ane tamArA vaMzane nAza thaze." pachI e vRddha pilA UkaLatA caruvALA khaMDa tarapha cAlyo ane bolyA "ApanA gulAmee mane caramAM nAkhI devAnI jarUra nathI. huM Apa meLe temAM paDavA jAuM chuM. mArA aparAdhanI zikSAnI mane khabara che.' eka bhayAnaka zAMti eka paLavAra patharAI gaI. e zAMtine teDa zI-huAMga-TI chalaMga daIne pelA vRddha pAse pahoMcyA ane baMne hAthe e. vRddhane pitAne tAja pAse derI lAvate jAherAta karI rahyo : "AjathI A vRddha bhAre vaDe pradhAna che. mane sAcI vAta karanAra eka paNa pradhAna na hoya. te Akhe cIna eka zAsana nIce Ave kevI rIte?"

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vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA pachI huAga-TInAM lazkare cIna para tamAma rajavADane namAvatAM ane saMhAratAM pharI vaLyAM. zI-huAMga pachI ekavAra cInane cakravatI banIne pittAnA saradArane kahete hato: AkhA cInane eka zAsana nIce lAvavAnI laDAIomAM badhA maLIne kevaLa paMdara lAkhane ja meM saMhAra karyo che, paNa "dekho mArI zahenazAhata... mAruM huAMga-TI (mahAna zahenazAha) nAma Aje sAcuM banyuM." pachI enI kalpane laMbAI. e bolI rahyo: "AkhA cInane pahelo mahAna zahenazAha huM pita, pachI mAre dIkare bIje mahAna zahenazAha, ane tene dIkare trIjo mahAna zahenazAha, ema gaNitanA aMta sudhI mAro vaMzavela .... "nA, nAmadAra,' pAcho pele vRddha Ume thayo, "cIna para je jabare jAlima nIvaDaze te AkhA cInane ApanI jema...' paNa A veLA e vRddha pitAnI vAta pUrI kare te pahelAM enA para dehAMtadaMDane amala thaye. tyAre e pahelA mahAna zahezAhanA kAna para khabara pahoMcavA mAMDyA hatA ke uttaranI dizAmAMthI bhayAnaka tAtaMra ghoDesavAra ApaNu cIna para utarI paDIne lUMTa ane saMhAra macAve che. tArone hAMkI kADhIne pAcho Avele saradAra pachI zahezAhane kahe hatiH "e tAralakanA ghaDAone thaMbhAvI rAkhavA agharA che." "kema!' kAraNake te, jevI pavananI lahera ane pANInI halaka Ave, tevA AvI caDhe che ane ApaNe temane saMhAra karIe te pahelAM pAchA bhAgI jAya che paNa pAchA pavananI lahera jevA ane pANInI halaka jevA A samudAya AvI caDhe che, e AvyA ja karavAnA!' to eka evI pahelI dIvAla............eka evI zilAonI ghaDelI pahoLI divAla racavI joIe ke jenA para ekI sAthe ekavIsa ghoDesavAra dehI zake ane je jagatabharamAM bhayAnaka rIte ajoDa banIne cInanI uttaramAM paDelA ajagara jevI...aneka peja para laMbAyelI...." paNa nAmadAra!" zahenazAhanI AgaLa deDatI kalpanAnI vacamAM pele saradhara belI UDyo, "ApaNI uttaranI sarahada te ghaNI lAMbI che." keTalIka ?"

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vizva ItihAsane ciraMtana deza-cIna paMdaraso mAIla jeTalI." vikarALa hasate zI ghUrakI UThayoH "e te ghaNI lAMbI kahevAya?' paNa e sarahadanA paMdaraso mAIla para DuMgarA ne parvata, nadIo ne khINe......." te te Aja ne' zahenazAha bele, "paMdaraso mAIla para bhayAnaka ajagara jevI e UMcI ane vizALa dIvAla para aneka killAo ane bUraje ane minArAo......te te e uttara taraphathI dhasatA, pavana ane pANInA hoya tevA dhasArA thaMbhI jAya ne?" "jI" InkAra karavAnI eNe hiMmata karI nahIM te ApaNA Ijanerone hAjara kare.AkhA cIna parathI IjanerI AvaDatane uttara para ekaThI kare. ApaNuM lazkaramAMthI traNa lAkha jeTalA sainikane uttara para majUrI karavA mokalI Ape ane tamAma kedIone AkhA cIna parathI chUTA karIne tyAM ravAnA kare, AkhA cIna parathI lAkhe gulAmene uttaranA paMdaraso mAIla para ravAnA kare ane uttaranI sarahada para e lAkhone dANo pANI devA ane temanI avarajavara calAvavA navAM nagare UbhAM karo ane............. paNa e badhuM azakya........." bela zahenazAhane vaDe dIkare Ubhe thaI gayo. tuM paNa e mahAna divAlanA patharA ghaDanAra majUra banIne tyAM paheca......" bhayAnaka zahenazAha vikarALa AMkho UMcakatA amalane avAja belyo, "mAruM e pharamAna che." zahezAhanane dikare paNa "azakaya balavAnA aparAdha badala divAla bAMdhanAre majabUra banyuM ane divAla bAMdhanArI virATa zramazakita ane sAdhanAmAM sAmela thaI gayo. varasa vItyAM ane adabhUta evI divAla baMdhAI ane e divAlane bAMdhanArI zrama mAnavatAnAM lAkha beTAbeTIonAM zaba veThanI yAtanAo nIce e divAlanA pAyAmAM ja dharabAI gayAM. tyAra pachI cInane A mahAna zahenazAha mahAna divAlanI racanA jete darabAra bharIne kaheto hato : " ApaNuM cIna paranA badhA mahAna DAhyAo evuM lakhI gayA che ke prAcIna samayamAM badhuM sAruM hatuM.'

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vizva-ItihAsanI rUparekhA paNa e jUTha che. prAcInamAM...jajUnA kALamAM kaMI ja sAruM rahetuM. ... ApaNe cIna arvAcIna bAMdhyo che. moTAM moTAM mahAlaya, nagare, ane A mahAna divAla." enI AMkha AgaLa eka zAsana nIce cIna dekhAye, e belyoH "ApaNe prAcInatAnAM vakhANa karatAM badhAM pustake saLagAvI mUkavA paDaze ane navesarathI lakhavuM paDaze ke vartamAna sAre che, prAcIna nahi.' - pachI AkhA cIna parathI tamAma prAcIna pustake saLagAvI nAkhavAnuM zAhI pharamAna nIkaLyuM. AkhA cIna para prAcInatAnI heLIo saLagI. e AgamAMthI prAcIna pustake bacAvI rAkhanAra paMDitanAM mAthAM utArI levAyAM. pachI A zahenazAha zI gharaDo thayo ane eka divasa e musApharImAM bharaNa pAme. eNe maraNa pAmatAM pahelAM ja eka moTA DuMgarane A kocI nAkhIne kabare baMdhAvI rAkhI hatI. tyAM seMkaDe suMdara gulAma chokarIone, tathA zahenazAhane zobhe tevA sAmAnanA DhagalAone e mahAna zahenazAhanA zaba sAthe daphanAvI devAmAM AvyAM. pachI A saramukhatyAra zahenazAhanA aMta sAthe ja avyavasthA vyApI gaI. A aMdheramAM kAsue cInanuM zAsana paDAvI lIdhuM ane hAna vaMzanI zarUAta karI dIdhI. saMskRtinAM yazasvI zAsana svarUpa. cInanA A hAna vaMzane sauthI moTo zahenazAha I. sa. pUrve 147 pachI yu-TI nAmane thayuM. eNe bahAranAM AkramaNone pAchAM haTAvyAM ane keriyA, maMcuriyA, AnAma, hiMdIcIna ane turkastAna sudhI cInI zAsanane adhikAra lAvya. paNa eNe A zAsananA adhikAranA svarUpamAM jamIna paranAM utpAdananI tamAma mAlIkI rASTriya banAvI dIdhI tathA janasamudAyanuM jIvanadhoraNa UMcuM karI devAne prayoga Adaryo. eNe tamAma vAhana vyavahAra tathA vANijya vyavahArane rASTrIya banAvyo tathA e rIte vastuonI kiMmata para kAbu rAkhI zakavAnuM arthakAraNa AraMbhya. A mATe Thera Thera sarakArI koThAre zarU karI devAmAM AvyA. eNe tamAma Avaka para karaverA nAkhyA ane dalita para khAsa aMkuze vadhAryA. sarakArI vahIvaTe ja badhAM bAMdhakAmamAM IjArA dhAraNa karIne mAnavasamudAyane rojI ane roTI devAne nyAyI prabaMdha karyo. A zAsana nIce aneka nahere, kuvAo. pula tathA rastAo baMdhAvA mAMDayA. A zahenazAhatanuM, le, yAMga, nAmanuM pATanagara saMskRtinA vaibhavathI jhaLahaLI UThayuM. enI

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vizva ItihAsane ciraMtana deza-cIna vastI khUba vadhI gaI, rAjyanA bhaMDAre ubharAyA. vidyAne vyasaMga vikAsa pAme. kavio, citrakAra ane ciMtake cInI dharatI para khIlI UThyAM. tyAranA cInI pATanagaranA pustakAlayamAM, aneka prAcIna graMtha ciMtana para hatA, kavitAnAM 1318 pustaka hatAM, gaNitazAstra paranAM 2568 pustake hatAM, vaidaka zAstra para 868 grantha hatA, ane yuddha zAstrapara 790 pustake hatAM. yu-TInA maraNa pachI eMzI varasa pachI pAcho cInI lekamAM sarvottama nAgarika havAnuM pramANa pAmele, cAMga-vAMga, nAmane sudhAraka zahenazAha AvI pahoMce. A zahenazAha sAdhAraNa mAnavI jevuM sAduM jIvana jIvato hato tathA pitAnA rASTranI vahIvaTI jiMdagIne vikAsa karatA badhe samaya abhyAsamAM vitAvate hate. A mahAnubhAva zahenazAha cInanA vahIvaTamAM cAlatI gulAmInI prathAthI kaMpI UThyo. eNe pitAnA zAsananA AraMbhamAM ja gulAmInI prathAne nAbuda karate kAnUna gha. gulAmInI prathAne nAbuda karavAnA kAnUna sAthe ja gulAmIne janmAvatI, khAnagI jamInadArInI prathAne eNe nAza karyo tathA garIba kheDUto ane kheta-majurane jamIne vaheMcI ApI. eNe jamInanA vecANa para pratibaMdha mUkyo. eNe mIThA para, lekhaMDa para aMkuza mUkIne tenA paranI naphAkhorIne nAbuda karI. eNe vyAjavaTAnA dhaMdhA mATe lAyasensa levAnI prathA cAlu karI, ane khetInI tamAma pedAzanA bhAvane kheDUtonA hita mATe nakkI karyA. A pedAzane sarakAre kharIda karIne muzkelInA samaya mATe kheDUtone maphata vaheMcavA khAsa bhaMDAra cAlu karyA. A vahIvaTataMtramAM kheDUtone vagara vyAje nANAM dhIranArI sarakArI beMke zaru karavAmAM AvI. A zAsanamAM prajAe cInanA vahIvaTane sahakArI tathA sahacAra ekatAne zAhI kAnuna ghaDyo. A rAjavahIvaTanuM saMskarI arthakAraNanuM rUpa yejanA baddha artha vyavasthAnuM banAvAyuM. tyAre janAne ane nyAya samatAnA jIvana vahIvaTano jene khapa nahoto, tevAM tattvoe mAthuM uMcayuM. baLavAo zaru thayA. uttara taraphathI paNa AkramaNa AvI pahoMcyAM. aMdara ane bahAranA AkramaNa nIce bharAI paDIne A saMskRtinI pahelI zAsanavyavasthA hacamacI UDI. jIvanasaMskAranI Uma je, cAMga-vAMga, keda pakaDAyo ane ziraccheda pAmyo. pAcho hato te aMdhakAra cInI dharatI para pharI vaLavA lAgyo. saMskRtinuM sauMdarya rUpa tyAra pachI tathAgatanA nAmane saMbhAratI cIna dezanI pahelI citralekhA, zahenazAha zunanI bena, lI hatI. lInI citrazALAe rezamanA paDadAo para, aneka citra AlekhI nAkhyAM. cInanI citralekhA dIkarIe cInanuM rUpa cita

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vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA ravAnI prayogazALA bAMdhI ane be traNa saikAomAM citrAnA DhagalA le-vAMga nagaranA eka virATa devaLamAM khaDakAyA karyo. paraMtu cAMgavAMganI zahenazAhatanA patana sAthe AvelA AkramaNa baLane suMdaratAne saMhArI nAkhanAra yuddhakhorane paMjhe le-cAMga para utaraDA. marakaTanI adAthI yuddhanI mahAmArIe sauMdaryanuM khUna karyuM. rUpathI maDhAyelAM citrapaTamAM yuddhakharee, luMTanA sAmAna bAMdhyA. chatAM saMskRtinI sauMdarya hIlacAla maraNa pAmI nahI. jotajotAmAM kalAkAra kAIcI nuM nAma cInapara gAjI UThayuM. juvAna kAI-zIe paDozInI eka garIba dIkarI para prema karyo. banne garIba kalAkAro ekavAra nAnakIMga nagara nI eka janasabhAmAM beThAM hatAM. sabhAmAM bhagavAna tathAgatanuM eka bhavya devaLa nAnakIMgamAM bAMdhavAne phALo ugharAvavAnI Tahela nAkhate, eka bhAratIya bhikakhu ughaDatI IsvIsananI uSAmAM kahetuM hatuM, "nAnakIMga eTale cIna! huMcInanI mAnavatAne bhagavAna tathAgatane stupa bAMdhavAnI araja karuM chuM." ApaNA dazalAkha suvarNa sikkAo neMdhI lo!" juvAna ane garIba kalAkAra kAI-cI ubho thaI gayo. kaNa tuM!" pitAne ja Akho cIna kahevaDAvatAM nAnakIMga nagaranAM zrImatie aTTahAsya karyuM. pachI tathAgatanA premamAM paDele kAucI, tathAgatane phALa bharavA mATe citaravA macI paDyo. eNe divAle citarI nAkhI. eNe divAnakhAnAmAM mAnavadehe maDhI dIdhA. eNe phalaka phala5ra saMdhamAnavanAM jIvatarane kathAnaka AlekhI nAkhe. eNe kalAgurunI adAthI, cIna rASTranAM citrakArane payagAma Apo. "sauthI prathama tathAgatane priya evAM adanAM mAnavene citare. pachI je pachItapara athavA bhUmipara janakanuM jIvatara ghaDAya che te dharatInuM sauMdarya citare ane sauthI chellA, zAsako ane devatAo, ane ghoDAonAM citra kare." cInanA A mahAna citrakAre, kalAnA pitAnuM nAma pAmIne, cInI jabAnamAM, citrakalA para traNa pustake lakhyAM. tyAra pachI A mahAna rASTranA jIvataramAM TAMga, zahenazAhatanA samayamAM citrakAranI saMkhyA ghaNuM vadhI gaI. klAkAra Tu-phue tyAre prakAra karI ke, catrakAra ubharAI gayAM che paNa A dharatInuM dhAraNa karanArI jIvana kalAnuM rUpa maDhanArA klAkAronI achata thaI gaI che, ApaNe tyAM !" tyAre TAMgAzAhInA samayamAM ja cInI AsamAnamAM eka Abha jeTale UMce lAkAra camakI UThayo. tathAgatane priya e kalAkAra, vujhI, eka anAyA

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vizva ItihAsane ciraMtana dezacIna bALaka hate.A anAtha bALake juvAna thatAM sudhImAM te, cInI dharatI para citrapaTa AlekhI nAkhyAM. eNe paMkhIo, pazuo, buddho, bhikakhuo, mAna ane dharatInAM aneka rUpe maDhavA mAMDyAM. buddhanAM devaLepara eNe traNa "pha" mAM eka hajAra citro maDhI dIdhAM. zahenazAha , e ene ezaA prAMtamAMnI zIAlIMga, nadIne dekhAve citaravA mokalyA. vu, nadIpara pharIne ekapaNa rekhA doryA vinA pAcho pharyo. "mArA dila para zIAlIMganAM badhAM rUpanI rekhAo ketarAI gaI che." ema kahIne eNe citrazALAmAM cItaravA mAMDayuM ane zIAlIMganA, eka mAIlanA kudaratI dekhAve A mahAcitrakAranA phalaka para Abehuba banyA. pachI cInI dharatI para AThase citrakAronAM nAma paMkAyAM temAM saMgavaMzane zahenazAha huI paNa hatuM. paNa kalAkAra cInapara mata jevuM tAratanuM AkramaNa AvI pahoMcyuM. pele citrakAra zahenazAha kalAnA bhaMgAramAM zaba banIne paDo. kalAnA saMgrahasthAnonAM khaMDiyeromAM vijetAoe pitAnA gheDAo bAMdhavAnA tabelA banAvyA. yuropanA, rAphele, bhAI keleMge, ane lIAnardo, jemAMthI vizva-kalAne vAra pAmavAnA hatA, te kalAnA bhaMgAra cInanI dharatI para chavAI gayA. cInI citrakalA ane jIvanakalAno samazere parAjaya karyo. kalAkAra zahenazAha AghAta pAmIne, jIvana khaMDiyeranA bhaMgAra bhege parAsta thaelo paDyo. cInanI divAlane TapI janArAM AkramaNa gebInA pradezamAMthI AvyA ja karyA. tAtaranA AkramaNane gaLI janAre cInane hAna jAva tame chUTA che. tame AjathI AjhAda che." eka UMce seTa jevo suMdara javAna pitAnA gAma pAsenA killAnA daravAjA kholI nAkhate meTe avAje belata hatuM, "badhAM gulAmane badhA kedIo ! Aja tame DyA che. 'cInanA pATanagaramAM baLa phATI nIkaLyo hato ane e baLavAne AgevAna hato. bahAra nIkaLIne ubhelA kArAgAranA badhA kedIo A juvAna tarapha joI rahetA UbhA hatA. e juvAna eka grAma ghaTakane AgevAna mukhI hato. enA vizALa caherA para Aje tophAna taravaratuM hatuM. na kahyuM ke tame sau AjhAda che !' e pAcho be, "zI-huAMga thI marI gayA che ne daphanAI gayo che. ApaNuM dezane ekeeka khUNo baLavo kare che. tamArA tamAma gunA mApha che ane tame sau..." 12

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- vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA ! "paNa ame jaIe kathA... jyAM tame tyAM ame." ane juvAna liyupeganI saradArI nIce baLavAnI katAra jAmI gaI. cIna para baLavAnAM DaMkAnizAna gAjI rahyAM. liyanI saradArI nIce taphAne caDhayAM. cInI kisAna janatA lithunI saradArI nIce pATanagara para caDhI. pATanagaranI divAla hacamacI UThI. pATanagaranA kArAgAranAM kamADa kholIne liyu-paMga pAche garajato hatoH tame sau chUTA che." pATanagara pAyAmAMthI hacamacI UThayuM. pATanagaramani rAjamahAla kaMpI UDyo. tyAre zahenazAha keda pakaDAya ane zahenazAhanuM mAthuM chedAI gayuM. A UMce ne sIdhe juvAna AkhA cIna para caDAyelI mAnavatAne chuTakAre gaje te jAlimane saMhAra karate pharI vaLyo. enI AsapAsa saue ene muja karIne kahyuM: "Apa hAna jevA mahAna cho. Apa amArA para rAja kare ane AkhA cInane ugAre."lI-yu-paMga, cInane mahAna hAna kahevAya. A hAna zahenazAhanI jUnI gAdI para daMDa dharIne beTho. eNe cInanI janatA mATe zAsana zarU karyuM. cInane e lekazahenazAha, hAna kahevAya. hAnanA darabAramAM paMDita pAchA AvyA. eNe saune kahyuMH "havethI pustakane saLagAvI mUkavAmAM nahi Ave, kAraNake zamazerathI sattA hAtha karAya che paNa pustaka vinA te TakI zakavAnI nathI." pAchuM AkhA cIna para sukhacenanuM zAsana patharAI gayuM. cInanAM khetara kheDavA sainike pitAne ghera pAchA ravAnA thayA. cInanA Ijanere cIna AkhA para nahera, pule ane rastAo tathA pAThazALAo bAMdhI rahyA. cInI mAtAo AnaMdamAM bALakene ucheratI, rezamanA kezeTAmAMthI rezamanA vadhAre bArIka ane suMvALA tAra kheMcI rahI. cInanI zilpakaLA ane hunnara AgaLa vadhI gayAM. cInanAM dIkarA-dIkarIo hAnanAM dIkarAM kahevAyAM. hAnanAM dIkarAMoe cInanI lata vadhArI mUkI. paNa tyati uttaranI sarahada paranI mahAna dIvAla parathI pelA tArtAranAM AkramaNo pAchAM zarU thaI gayAM. cInanI mahAna divAla A dhasArAne khALI zakI nahIM. hAne e dhasArAnuM rUpa samajavA jAsUsa ravAnA karyA. jAsUsee AvIne khabara ApyA : "jevI pavananI lahera vAya che... je pANIne rele dhase che tevA e loke......"

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vizva ItihAsane ciraMtana deza-cIna e jaMgalIo che, e leka TADha ane tApathI bacavA zarIre tela ghaseluM rAkhe che. e badhA ToLAbaMdha verAna medAna para taMbUo ThokIne rahe che. lAkho ghaDAo para emane Akho ya saMsAra UData rahe che. emanAM kalevare kaThaNa ne kaparAM che; emane meda oche che, cAmaDI sakhata che ane jaDabAM UMcAM che tathA emanI AMkho pavananA susavATa jhIlI jhIlIne aNIdAra thaI gaI che. tAkAtavALI khAMdha TekavatA emanA paga jhaDapI ane TUMkA che. emanAM Ayudho halakAM ane jhaDapI che. e leka deDate ghaDe kAmaThAM tANe che ane nizAna tAke che. emanAM gharabAra paNa jANe doDatAM rahe che. emanAM rAcaracIlAM khUba halakAM ane ochAM che.' ane ApaNuM pATanagara leyAMgamAM ?' hAnanA mAthAmAM vicAra jhabakyo, "ApaNAM mahAla ane jamIna-jAgIre, ApaNA vilAsa ane mojamajhAo apaNI vATikAo ane khetare..ApaNuM uttara cInanuM mahAna divAla nIce pATanagara yena-kIMga (pIpIMga athavA pikIMga) paNa evuM ja laherAya che. enI AsapAsa AbAdInA bhAra che. e bhAra mAlikenA ane jamInadAronA che. e bhAravALA saMsAre saDe che ane e beje vahenAra kheDUta ane kArIgara gulAma che.' hAna gamagIna banIne nisAso nAkhate bolyo : "e jaMgalIo bhale che paNa emane sUsavate Akho saMsAra AjhAda che. emanI jhaDapa eTale ja bhayAnaka che. ghoDA para besIne UDatA AvatA e jhaMjhAvAta ApaNane mahAta karaze ja. emanI pAse jhaDapa sAthe guNAkAra letI mAnavasaMkhyA che. eTale ApaNe emane khALI zakazuM nahi, kAraNake ApaNuM leka gulAma che...enA paga jhaDapI nathI, kAraNake chUTa nathI. enI najara vegIlI nathI kAraNa ke enI AMkhanAM paDaLa para pATA baMdhAyA che. ApaNuM saMsAranA bhAra laIne ApaNe e vIjaLIvegane aTakAvI zakazuM nahi. e leka jIvananI jhaDapavALA ane AjhAda che. ApaNe emane chevaTa sudhI khALI zakIzuM nahi.' ane pachI hAna pite e jhaMjhAvAtane rokavA lazkare laIne caDyo. e kALanAM nizAnone eNe pIMga-sIMga (zAMsI) nagarathI dUra dhakelI dIdhAM paNa pAchAM pIMga-cIMgane pharatAM tAtaMra dhADAMo dhasI AvyAM. pIMga-cIMga nagaramAM hAna pitAnA lazkara sAthe gherAI gayo. eNe pitAnA DAhyAone ekaThA karyA. emAM enI dIkarI paNa hatI. eNe saune kahyuM: ApaNI cArekera gheDAonI divAla khaDakAI che te dIThI ? ApaNuM mahAna divAle karatAM e mahAna che kAraNa ke te jIvatI divAle che. emanAM

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# vizrva itihAsanI rUparekhA saMcalana paNa UDatAM ane ajaba che. e jaMgalIe bhale rahyA paNa emanI pAse AjhAda ane jhaDapavALuM jIvana che. e lAkhA che, ApaNe karADI chIe. ApaNe emane eka ja rIte jItI zakIe. * te rIta? ' saue Atura mITa mAMDI. ' emane gaLI jaI te...ApaNe emane ApaNI aMdara zamAvI lae ane A sahAra aTakAvI daIe. ApaNe aneka yugamAM DelA sudhArA emane eka dhaDImAM daI daI e. ' sau samajyA vinA joI rahyAM. ane e meTyA : A lAkanA vaDA saradArane huM mArI dIkarI paraNAvuM. ApaNe lAhInA saMbaMdha bAMdhIne eka banIe.' pachI hAnanAM dIkarAM tAtA sAthe lAhInA saMbaMdhe joDAyAM. tAta rAnA jhaMjhAvAta pahelI vAra baMdhAyA ane hAnanI uttara sarahadeA vadhAratA vasavA mAMDyA. hAnanI dIkarI tAra lAkanI rAjarANI khatI. pachI hAna maraNa pAmyA. cInanuM saMskAra milana pachI kezumAna prAMtamAM thaine hAnanAM dIkarAM hiMda deza pahAMcyAM. pachI rAmanA rastAo cIna deza sAthe sadhAyA. hAnanA vaMzavALA mIga-TI cIna para rAja karatA kheThA hatA tyAre IsunA 67mA varasamAM UMTa para besIne vasujhArAnI sAthe hiMdamAMthI muddA dharma cIna paheAMcyA. pachI cIna-hiMdanI dhavatA tathAgatanA saMdhazaraNa para anurAgathI badhAi. tyAre kanaphyuziyasa ane lAene rajavADIdhama cIna para cAlatA hatA. e dhanAM aneka devatAmAM AjJAdhArakatAnA vikarALa AkAra jevAM aneka devadevIo cIna para goThavAI gayAM hatAM; tyAre hAnanA vaMzavALA vu-TI nAmaneA zahenazAha navA AvelA bauddha sAdhuone pUchyA hatA : 'je pIvAthI amara banI javAya tevuM kAi amRta banAvatAM AvaDe che?' . bauddha bhikhkhu khelatA hatA; 'saMdhane zaraNe jAva ane tathAgatanI je..... zahenazAha mAthuM dhuNAvatA peAtAnA zarIrane amara banAvavA peAtAnA jUnA dharmovALA bharavAne ekaThA karatA hatA. e badhA TAe pAdarIe zahenazAhanA tAja pAse geAThaNabhara namatA zahenazAhane amara banAvavAnA jAdui rasa, amRta taiyAra karatA hatA. pachI zahenazAha mATe evA rasa taiyAra thaI gayA. jAdui kriyAe pachI dabadabAvALA darabAra bharAyeA. amRtanI pyAlI pIvA zahenazAha darakhAramAM

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vizva ItihAsane ciraMtana deza-cIva Avyo. zahenazAhanI sAme rAjaDita bAjaTha para cAlImAM pravAhI camakAvatA bhera UbhA thayA. tyAM ekAeka eka bhikhu darabAramAMthI utAvaLe AgaLa Avyo. bhairavane haDaselato e pyAlI pAse pahoMcI gayuM ane khAlInA pravAhIne eka ja ghUMTaDe pI gayA. A darabAra avAcaka ane animIza bane. bIjI ja paLe ene mArI nAkhavAno kolAhala ma. zahenazAhanA sainike e ene bAMdhIne zahenazAha sAme hAjara ka. teM A sAhasa kema karyuM ?" zahenazAha barADyo. "jAdune pI gaye. tathAgate camatkAra ane jAdune virodha karavAnuM paNa ema karavAthI tane dehAMtadaMDa thaze tenI tane khabara che?' ane khaDakhaDATa hasate bhikhu bolI UThyo : "je A rasa amRta haze te Apa mane mArI nAkhI zakaze nahi.. paNa mane khAtarI che ke ApanA bhairae Apane chetayA che. tene purA joI te heya te juve Apa mane mArI zakaze ja.' sAtamAM saikAnA saMskAra atithio - I. sa. sAtamA sakAmAM TAI suMganA darabAramAM remana sAmrAjyanI bAyajenTIyama bAdazAhane eka pratinidhimaMDaLa mokalyuM. ane IrAnamAMthI besTariyana pratinidhimaMDaLa TAI-saMgane darabAramAM AvI pahoMcyuM. A baMne maMDaLane satkAra thaye tathA IsAI dharmapustakanuM cInI bhASAMtara karAvavAnuM zarU thayuM. TAIsuMge A bhASAMtara vAMcyA pachI traNa ja varSamAM pitAne abhiprAya Apo. ke IsAI dharmane siddhAMta bilakula saMteSakAraka che tathA teno pracAra pote cInamAM thavA deze. A bAdazAhe sayAMgaphu nagaramAM I. sa. 78 1mAM eka isAI devaLa tathA IsAI dharmamaTha bAMdhavAnI paravAnagI ApI. A ja samayamAM IslAmana udayano saMdezo laIne ArabanuM eka pratinidhimaMDaLa dariyAI raste kenTana nagaramAM AvI pahoMcyuM, A pratinidhImaMDaLane mahaMmada payaMgabare kahyuM hatuM, tathA eka allAhavALA pitAnA nUtana mAnava dharmanA siddhAMtane saMdeza mokalyo. cInI bAdazAhe A pratinidhimaMDaLanuM paNa bahumAna karyuM tathA islAmanA siddhAMtemAM khUba rasa lIdhe. kenTana nagaramAM A cInI zahenazAhe pate eka masajida baMdhAvI dIdhI. A zahenazAhe baMdhAvelI kenTananagaranI masjida duniyAnI tamAma masjidamAM sauthI jUnI ane sauthI pahelI che, tathA Aje mojUda che.

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vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA cInI saMskRtinI svasaMtuSTatA bIjI saMskRtionI jema cInI rASTrane jIvanavyavahAra hakumatanuM rUpa dhAraNa karIne ane AkramaNanuM svarUpa banIne pitAnuM sAmrAjya jamAvavA mATe bIjA deze para caDhAI laI gaye nathI. AnuM mukhya kAraNa A rASTranuM kada virATa che. AkhA yurepa khaMDa jeTaluM vizALa A rASTra aneka sakAo sudhI pitAnI ja bhUmi para vikAsa pAmyA karyo. bIjI prajAone lAgyo te bahAra nIkaLavAne dhakko cInI rASTranA jIvanamAM lAgelo jaNAtuM nathI. pitAnI jabarajanI jarUriAta pUrI pADatI dharatIe A rASTranA jIvanamAM tenI rojanI hAjate saMtoSyA karI eTaluM ja nahi paNa saMskRtinA vikAsamAM cIna deze kalA, sAhitya, ciMtana, dharma tathA rojanA jIvananAM sAdhane utpanna karIne jamAnAo sudhI AkhAya jagatamAM pitAnuM prathama paMkitanuM sthAna sAcavI rAkhyuM. chatAM A vizALa dharatI uparanA vipUla evAM utpAdana ane sAdhana hovA chatAM cInanA rASTrajIvanane mATe AgaLane AgaLa vikAsa pAmavAnI eka hada AvI gaI. pUrvanA A mahAna rASTramAM bhAratamAM thayuM tema beThAkhAu jIvanavyavahAranI pakaDa nIce AvatA jatA mAnava samudAya upara, nirakSaratA, bhUkhamare, tathA rogacALA AvyA karyA. beThAkhAu jIvananI rajavADI hakUmata nIce bhAratadezamAM thayuM tema jIvananA upalA tharamAM niSkriyatA, pramAda, vilAsItA ane kruratA vadhavA mAMDI. jIvananI AvI ghaTanAe bhAratamAM thayuM te ja pramANe mAnavasamudAye para temanA vikAsane aTakAvI nAMkhe tevA aneka aMtarAye nAkhyA. pachI Aste Aste bhUtakALanI bhavyatA nIce mAnavasamudAyanA jIvatara para julma kArabhAranI hakUmata tathA ajJAna ane aMdhakAra patharAyAM. I. sa. nA AThamAM saikA pachI yurepanA utthAnayuganA AraMbha sudhI AkhA jagatanI sAthe ja pUrvane A mahAna rASTra paNa nibiDa evA aMdhakAramAM DUbI gaye, tathA tyArapachI yuropa para udaya pAmanArI audyogika zAhIvAhI hakumata nIce gulAma banavAnI lAyakAta pAmavA lAge. acalAyatana banele A virATa deza pitAnA rASTrabAMdhava bhAratanI jema saukAo sudhI ajJAna ane aMdhakAra nIce paDyo rahe.

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8. saMskRtine sImAstaMbha, bhArata varSa [ siMdhunI saMskRtino khoLo khUMdatI Arya saMskRti-vairA ane rAjAonAM rAjyo-mahAbhiniSkramaNane banAva-AryAvata paranI saMskArI hIlacAla-vizva ItihAsanuM nUtana prasthAna -I tihAsano phaMTAtA rastA-sikaMdara ane cANakya- azoka ane azokacaka-amara azoka caka] siMdhunI saMskRtine kheLe khUdatI Arya saMskRti dhIme dhIme siMdhunagara AryonA dhasArA nIce laya pAmI gayAM hatAM. e atiprAcIna saMskRtinAM bIjAM nagara AryonA AkramaNa nIce tArAja banatAM hatAM. e saMskRtie bAMdhelA durgo AryonA AdhAta nIce tUTatA jatA hatA. ati prAcIna jIvana ghaTanAnA saMskRtinA jIvana vyavahAranI sAdhana sAmagrIonA bhaMgAramAMthI Arya mAna, potAnA vasavATa mATe mUlyone vINatAM hatAM ane pitAnA saMsArane - maDhatAM hatAM. AryonI jiMdagInuM bALapaNa sidhunI saMskRtine vAraso pAmIne. hiMdabhUmi para vasavA mAMDyuM hatuM. A vasavATane pradeza AryAvartanuM nAma dhAraNa karato hate. AryonuM Avarta athavA raheThANa vedanA jamAnAmAM, AjanA kAbulathI te gaMgAnA upalANa kinArA sudhI AraMbhamAM patharAyuM ane A vasavATe tyAM nAnAM nAnAM rAjyo bAMdhavA mAMDyAM hatAM. A rAjyo, anAryonA vasavATathI viMTaLAyelAM hatAM tathA Arya-anAryonI laDAIonI vAta A jamAnAmAM dhAtI hatI. have AryonuM AkramaNa AgaLane AgaLa vadhatuM hatuM. sarahade pAchI haDatI hatI. AryonAM rAjyanA simADA moTA banatA jatA hatA. anAryo dasyao banIne AryAvartanI pUrva ane dakSiNamAM vadhatI jatI nAkAbaMdhIomAM umerAtAM jatAM hatAM. have AryonAM rAjya jamanA, gaMgA ane gaMDakIne Are sthapAI cUkyAM hatAM. viMdhyanI parvatamALa oLaMgIne godAvarIne uttara, dakSiNapatha para paNa Aryone dhasArA AvI pahoMcyA hatA.

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viAva ItihAsanI rUparekhA A Arya jagatane madhyapradeza sarasvatIthI gaMgA sudhIne hate. uttaramAM sarasvatIthI gaMgA sudhIne pradezane vistAra madhyapradeza gaNAtuM hatuM. kurUo ane pAMcAloe kurukSetra para brAhmaNa hakumatavALuM rAjya jamAvyuM hatuM. gaMDakane pUrva pradeza videhoe sara karyo hate. atharva vedamAM gavAyelI eka prazasti parikSIta rAjAne mATe lakhAI hatI. parikSitanA dikarA janme je paNa ghaNA vijyo karyA hatA. paNa yuddho nIce khUvAra thatI kurUkSetranI dharatI para hastinApuranI jAhojalAlI mahAbhAratanA samaya pachI paravArI javA mAMDI hatI. pAMcAlanA rAjAoe paNa yuddha karyA hatAM. vije temane paNa varyA hatA, paraMtu emanI prazasti yuddhanI yazagAthAne badale pravAhaNa, ArUNI ane vetaketu jevAM ciMtaka ane purohitenAM nAmathI thaI hatI. pachI brAhmaNanI vidyAnuM dhAma pAMcAla pradezane badale videha banate hatuM ane tyAM janakanA darabAramAM yAjJavalayanI ANa gAjI UThI hatI, paNa himAlayanI taLeTImAMthI zAnA janapadamAMthI AvI pahoMcanAra eka siddhArtha athavA gautamanA janma pahelAM ja vidahanuM nAma asta pAmatuM hatuM, tathA vajacha lokenuM nAma mekhare AvatuM hatuM. vajanuM rAjya A vajajI lekanuM yazasvI rAjya licchavIo ane jJAtrinuM hatuM. A bane nAmavALA leke vajaIo ja hatA. emanuM pATanagara, AjanA mujapharapura jIllAmAM vaizAlI nAmanuM hatuM. A lekene saMbaMdha TheTha tibeTa sudhI eTale tyAranA zAkaya lAke sudhI hato. tyAranA brAhmaNe A licchavIone nIcI jAtanA kSatriya kahetA. A vo athavA nIcI jAtanA kSatriyo Aryo hevAne pUrA vedamAMthI maLI rahe che. A AryonA jIvanavahIvaTamAM hajI rAjAnI saMsthAne AvavA devAmAM nahatI AvI. A vajaonuM vairAjya, pitAnI aMdarathI leka saMsada cUMTIne vahIvaTa calAvatuM. AvAM nAnAM moTAM vairA tyAre AryonI dharatI para hatAM. maenuM, zAtuM, bharatenuM, tathA maunuM ane yaudheonuM paNa vairAjya hatuM. vairAnA TApuonI AsapAsa rAjAonAM rAjya paNa A vairAnA TApuonI AsapAsa have rAjAonAM siMhAsane ghUdhavavA mAMDayAM hatAM. AvAM rAjAonAM rAjyamAM cAra rAjya vadhAre tAkAtavALAM banI cUkyAM hatAM tathA game tyAre, A vairAjyone gaLI javA mATe A rajavADAo saMpI rahyAM hatAM. A cAra rajavADI pradeze, avantI, vatsa,

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saskRtinA sImAstaMbha, bhArata varSa para mudra 13 uttara vAtanA kAzmirA hApAparUo dhArAvatI kure sammy setI !! yamunA nadI n sAMdhra kyupIlavastu ar kauzala 11 // dezobIkArata gayA phAvIpaTTana '''' kalAMga uttara puru tove jalatumA pUrvasamudra 10 -- kAmarUpa bhAratavarSa kAsakhI ane magadhanAM nAmavALAM hatAM. A cAre rAjyA, "hitI paztI para sAthI meATuM rAjya paDAvI laIne cakravati banavA mAgatAM hatAM. > A cAremAM, vedanA samayathI ja magadhanuM rAjya jANItuM banyuM hatuM. muddanA janma pahelAM A rAjyapara zizunAga nAmanA rAjavaMza jANItA banI cUkayA hato. A rAjavaMzamAM, buddhanA janma samaye zreNika athavA bhikhIsAra nAmanA rAjakumArane tenI paMdara varasanI ja vayamAM, nikhIsAranA khApa potAnI gAdI

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vikava ItihAsanI rUparekhA para svahaste besADatA hatA. nadIo ane parvatothI rakSAyelA A rAjyanI sImAone sAcavate biMbasAra pAMca TekarIovALA giridhvaja nAmanA pATanagaranI AsapAsa paththaranI pharatI divAla caNavato hate. enA rAjyamAM vahetI saNa nadI hiraNyavAhA kahevAtI hatI, ane e nadI paTaNA pAse gaMgAne maLatI. A rAjA pAse moTI vANijya saMskRti hatI ane yuddha yaMtro jevA hAthIonI senA hatI. eTale eNe aMgenA (pUrva bihAra) rAjyane khAlasA karIne tene pitAne prAMta banAvI dIdhuM. eNe kezala ane vaizAlI sAthe saMbaMdha zarU karI dIdho ane uttara tarapha nepALanI hada sudhI enI lAgavaga aDI cUkI. eNe giridhvajathI nIce uttara tarapha rAjagRha nAmanuM eka navuM pATanagara baMdhAvavA mAMDyuM. mahAbhiniSkramaNane banAva tyAre zAkyanA pATanagara kapilavastumAMthI eka navajuvAna mahAbhiniSkabhaNuM karato hato. A juvAna tyAMne gaNarAjyanA gaNapati zuddhodanane dikare hatuM ane garIba tathA gulAma banelA du:khI mAnanI yAtanAo para racAyelA, dhanadolatathI ane vaibhava vilAsathI khadabadatA jIvana vahIvaTamAM kaMIka gaMbhIra evuM asatya athavA kSati che ema nakkI karate, satyanI zodha mATe kapilavastune tyajIne nIkaLI jato hato. AryAvarta paranI saMskAra hilacAla tyAre atiprAcIna ItihAsanI tavArIkhe saikAomAM gaNAI gaI hatI. Isu pahelAMnA ekavIsa sikAo para krITa TApuparanAM badhAM nagare saLagI gayA pachI grIsadezapara nUtana itihAsanA navA simADA para pAyathAgorasa AMkaDA gaNato beThe hatA. bhArata paNa e ja atiprAcIna deza hato. jemAM grIka duniyAnA TApuo para banyuM hatuM tema bhArata para paNa hajAro varasa para jIvatAM nagara rAvI ane cinAbanA kinArA para daTAI gayAM hatAM, ane tyAM mota pAmelAM nagarane TIMbe bAjhI gayo hato. IjIptanA pirAmIDa nAmanAM mRtyu gharanI chAyAmAMthI mesesane hijarata karI gayAne paNa have paMdara varasa vItI gayAM hatAM. ane paMdara saiikAo pachI jhAMkhI banI gaelI ane verAI gaelI itihAsanI yAdanuM ja jANe pAyathAgorasa gaNita gaNato hato. tyAre saMskRtinI sImA para ubhe rahIne hIrekalITasa, eziyAmAIneramAM meTo avAja karIne kaMI kahete hate. IrAnamAM jarathusTa dhImI paDI jatI agnipUjAne DhaMDhoLavA navuM idhana umeratuM hatuM, tyAre ItihAsanI, vizvaItihAsanI sImA parathI

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saskRtinA sImAstaMbha, bhArata va ciraMtana jevA cIna deza para lI-e-jhI ane kanaphayuziyasa zista zikhavAne padArthapATha ApatA hatA ane e mahAnadezanI divAla banelA himavAnane aDhelIne ubhelAMte cAkhAnAM khetaromAM vasatA zAkaya mAnavAnA varAjyane zuddoghna nAmanA gaNapati, himAvAnanI aTArIomAM vasatI devajAtimAM jaIne pAchA pharelA juvAna dikarA sidhAnI sAthe kAI gAMbhIra matabhedanI vAta karatA sabhaLAtA hatA. t tyAre mahAbhArata nAmanA AMtaravigrahane laDAi gaye pAMca saikAo vahI gayA hatA. A AMtaravigrahanI kALarAtrimAM ja yAdavAsthaLI paNa thai gaI hatI. A AMtaravigraha pachI vijetA badhuM ja hArI jaI te himAcaLamAM cAyA gayA hatA. paNa tenuM atyAre zuM hatuM? atyAre tenA para pAMca saikAo vahI gayA pachI hastinApuramAM mahAbhArata khelyA pachI, bhAratanI dharatI parathI ItihAsa, pATaliputra tarapha AvI paheAMcyA. purAhitAe pAchA azvamedha zarU thaze ema dhArIne medha karavAnA maMtrA gokhIne taiyAra karavA mAMDyA hatA. devadevIonI mUrtione sAsupha karIne athavA navI banAvIne brAhmaNa hakumata jAdunI ghaTanAnA maMtro japavA mAMDI cUkI hatI. tyAre AryAvartI para evA samaya zarU thaI cUkayo hatA. A samayamAM ja jANe vizva--tihAsanI sImApara ubhA rahIne pAte kheDelI sapharAne yAda karatA bhAratanI dharatI para phelAyalI yAtanA ane brAhmaNa . hakumatanA aMdhArAthI ubharAtA kArabhArane dekhI rahetA siddhArtha peAtAnI sAthe ja rathamAM kheDelA zAkacagaNunA pramukha athavA gaNapati zuddhodana uparathI najara nAkhatA kahetA hatA. tr bheda kapilavastumAM je du:kha che, darada che, tenA vaTamAM ja je moTA bheda che te saunuM kAraNa che. A yajJA ane maMtra banIne, duHkhI mAnavA para yAtanAe bheda pAte ja bhekbhAva banIne ApaNI saMsthAgAramAM brAhmaNeAna / jAdue jevA mA ane yajJA bane che. dharatIpara hakumata karatI bheda nItivaDe yAtanAmaya banI gayA che, pitA ! " tuM kanA kAyadAne ja mAnatA nathI. maMtranI zaktine mAnatA nathI, yajJAthI rIjhatAM devadevIonI ArAdhanAne tuM... " kaMpI uThatAM zuddonee ma pADI, tArI pAse bIjo zo upAya che ? " " pAyAmAM jIvananA vahIajJAtanuM rUpa dharIne, gAThavatA jAya che. A kAnUna dhaDe che ane AkhA saMsAra A

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vimAM itihAsanI parakhAM * jyAM zAkya azakayanA, bheda na haiAya tevA samAna mAnavAno sadAcArI sadhI- siddhArtha babaDyo. r " karyAM che te " zuddhone pUchyuM. kAI kai khAlyuM nahIM. parasparanAM maunathI kacaDAtA pitAputrane laIne, jUnI ane navI duniyAne eka rathamAM jakaDI lAne gheADAo saMsthAgAra tarapha doDatA cAlavA mAMDyA. zAkayAnA rAja vahIvaTa calAvatI saMsthAgAramAMthI pAchA AvyA pachI siddhArthe zuddonane kahyuM, " manama mArkaro, jo huM ahIM rahI na zakuM to ?" " karyAM?" zuddhona nAmanAM zAkayAnA gaNapati kaMpI UThayo. " kapilAmAM, huM zAkaya paNa nathI ane azAkaya paNu nathI. jyAM bheda che tyAM huM nahI hAuM. je dhara julama ane ajJAnamAM saLage che tyAM huM sukhathI rahI ja nahI zakuM!" " na vizva ItihAsanuM nUtana prasthAna kapilA nagarImAM eka madharAte eka mahAprayANanA anAva banyA. vizvanA N ItihAse tenuM nAma mahAbhiniSkramaNa pADyuM. ArasanA 1 palaMgamAM paDelA siddhArthe nirNaya karI nAkhyA hatA. e nirdhAranA akSare enA aMtaramAM tejanAM kuMDALAM banIne cakkaragoLa pharatA hatA. e 'akSasa ane uktA hatA, kahetA hatAH "ahIMnI A tArI chellI rAta che. " "" - sihAya .siddI! " 'madharAta thavAne e TikA hajI to bAkI hatI yAM enI akSaranA avAja bUma pADatA heAya tema eNe bUma sAMbhaLI. e tA jAgatA ja paDayo hatA. eNe yazodharAnA palaMga para najara nAkhI. khAdhelI pApA pathArImAM beThI thai gai hatI. 3 ')) " AvuM svama me krAIvAra dIThuM' nahAtu " e siddhArthane Ubho thaelA dekhata khAlI, 4 me tamane UThAyA ? " ... ane eNe svamanI vAta kahevA mAMDI. himavataparathI jhaMjhAvAta OM kAyA, ApaNA bhAganAM jhADa U~khaDI paDIne UDaMDyAM. ApaNA sainikA lAkaDAnA banI gayA te UDavA lAgyA. ApaNI dAsIonAM ageaMga chedAI chedAIne UDavA mAMDayAM. ApaNA zayanakhaMDa hAlI UI.' rAhulane meM chAtIsarasA' cAMpI rAkhyA hatA. ApaNA caMdananeA palaMga sAthe lAkaDAMnA TukaDA jevAM dekhAyA ane tame kayAMya hatA nahI...me khIdhelIe ama pADI. " ""

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saskRtinA sImAstaMbha, bhArata va 101 " AthAra...! vastuonA parivAranAM mAlikAne te khovAI javAnI ciMtA othAra banIne DarAve che. amastI khIdhI, UMghI jA yazodharA ! " yazodharA thADIvAramAM ja pAchI UdhavA mAMDI. siddhArtha pAchA UDyo. sAthenA khaMDamAM UdhatI nRtya-dAsIone paNa chellIvAra dekhI levAnuM ene mana thayuM. e saune e cAhatA hatA. e saue AjasudhI ene Anada ApyA hatA. e badhAnAM gIta ane nRtya AkAra dharIne jANe enA aMtaramAMH nAcI UThavyAM. : yazodharA pAse e pA AvyA. rAhula yazodharAnI chAtImAM lapAine UMdhatA hatA. rAhulane addhara UMcA karIne dekhavAnuM ane yazodharAne ekavAra chellIvAra, AliMgavAnuM ene mana thayuM. paNa pelA niradhAre ene pAchA kheMcyA. eNe A mannene manamAM ja namana karyuM. dAsIonA khaMDamAMthI eNe bahAra nIkaLavAnuM hatuM. rAtanA AvaraNuM nIce paDelAM peAtAnA bhAgavilAsanAM bhega banelAM yuvAna chekarIonAM zarI| para eNe najara nAkhI kAInA hoTha khUlA hatA, kAInI AMkhA aradhI khUlelI hatI, kAInA caherA para vedanAnA bhAva hatA, kAI svamA dekhatAM hatAM. << ,, zAkaya ane azAkayAnA bhedavALI duniyAe jagatamAM mAnavatAnAM khIja...mAnava kurAne ucheravAnI tAkAtavALI AvI lAkhA yuvatione kArAgAramAM jakaDI dIdhI che. " e babaDyo. badhA jakaDAyelAMne cheADAvavA jatA hAya tema e utAvaLA bahAra nIkaLI gayA ane chantanA khaMDa AgaLa aTakayo " jInna ! UThe. ...... samaya thaI gayA che. " " atyAre Apa ?...madharAte ! " uMbarAmAMthI channa joI rahyo. << mArA kaTakane taiyAra kara ane tArA azvane paNa...ApaNe bannee prayANa karavAnuM che. " " atyAre madharAte! kayAM?" "< mArI AjJAnA anAdara na kara. " kAivAra nahIM. sabhaLAyelA tevA avAja sAMbhaLIne chanta cUpapApa cAlyeA gayA ane banne gheADAe laI hAjara thayA. sapheda kaTakane siddhArtha pAse dorI jaIne kaMI avanavuM thavAnI khIkavALA phikkA caherAthI channa tAkI rahyA. siddhArthe laiMga dIdhI; " tArA azva para savAra thaIne mArI pAchaLa caDhyA * Ava. " pAchA pelA niSThura avAja saMbhaLAyA.

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102 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA banne ghoDesavAra cUpacApa cAlyA. enI najara taLethI rAjamahAlayanI dharatI pasAra thavA lAgI. jyAM e ramyo hato, jyAM eNe bhoga bhagavyA hatA, jyAM enI AsapAsa AnaMdanA aneka AkAroe sevA bajAvI hatI, te badhI jagAonI yAda ene jate rekI rAkhatI, ADA hAtha dharatI hatI. kapilAnagarInA rastAo enA sapheda azvanA paga taLethI jhaDapathI sarI jatA hatA. himavata parathI kuMkAtA pavananI lahere kapilAnA jIvanamAM thaIne jema pasAra thaI jatI, tema e paNa prANanI phUka je pasAra thaI gayo. kapilA nagaranI bahAra dakSiNane daravAjo vaTAvIne eNe kaMTakane rokyo. channa paNa lagAma kheMcIne zvAsa thaMbhAvIne kAna mAMDIne Ubho rahyo. "channa ! mArA gharane tyAga karI jAuM chuM." siddhArthe kahyuM. aMdhArI rAte !" channa camakI UThaDyo. "ajavALAnI zodha mATe." siddhArthe smita karyuM. eka moTA kaDAkA sAthe vIjaLInA jhabakArAe A banne jaNanI najara eka karI dIdhI. ApaNe utAvaLA jaIe chIe." bolatAM siddhArthe kaMTakane kudAvya. pavana, vIjaLI ane varasAdanA tophAnamAM, bhayAnaka aMdhakAramAM DUbI jatA ane vIjaLInA jhabakArAmAM jhagI UThatA bane azvo UDatA hoya tema doDyA. ghaNA samaya pachI pAcho siddhArthane ghoDo thAkI gayo ane aTakyo. duHkhathI avAka banI gayela channa ghoDA parathI UtarIne siddhArthanI sAme jaIne Ubhe. mane zI AjJA che?" channa raDI paDyo. huM satyanI zodha karanAre, rastA para rakhaData eka adane mAnava chuM have, channa.. mitra channa, jaIne pitAjIne, mAtAjIne ane yazodharAne kaheje ke siddhArtha sAdhu thaI gayo che." channa paththara je Ubhe. kaMTakane ane A mArA zaNagArone tArI sAthe pAchAM laI jA." "tamArI pAchaLa. zAkyonI AkhI nagarI rudana karatI haze, siddhArtha" chane heTha dabAvIne buma pADI. "kSudra lebhathI talavAra calAvIne lAkhe mAnanAM jIvanane bhega letI brAhmaNa ghaTanAe ghaDelA jIvananI ghaTamALamAM UThatA adanA mAnA rudananA citkAra cAlu che. kapilAnagarImAM pAchA AvavAthI te baMdha thaze nahIM.te

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saMskRtinA sImAstaMba, bhArata varSa adha karavAnI IcchAthI huM jUnA jagata sAthenuM baMdhana toDI nAkhIne jAuM hyu. eTalA pUratA huM badhI jUnI vastu karatAM vadhAre moTA kharA. e badhAnA chedanathI meM jUnA jagatanA para dhavana karatAM mArA jIvanane eka kadama AgaLa lIdhuM che. huM nAno rAkhe. saMghane zaraNe jAu chuM. channa ! kahejo ke mAre mATe kAi rudana kare nahI ' t kathAM jaze! tame ?" 103 jagalAmAM bhaTakIza...satyano vicAra karIza. mane je satya dekhAze tekahevA vastImAM pharIza. prema eka dardI mAnava chAtIne sa MghanuM zaraNa svIkArIza." sAtha ila para chellI najara nAkhAH AgaLa vadhyeA. siddhArtha pADyuM joyA vinA AgaLa ne AgaLa vadhyuM. bhayAnaka aMdhakAre, varasAde, vIjaLInA jhamakArAe ane dhArA ghera adhye baMne kheDUtanI aMdara lameTI lIdhe, nUtana sthA; kayAM mAga thAtuM hatu sahA jyAM mAnavatAne eka haTa rAvalano vyavahAra he AvIne ubhuM hatuM yAMthI a gAtanamud nUtana prathA bhAgyuM. A vikaTa sApha roja vyavahAra, mAjA! vyavahAra !! savAla Do. savAla jema tyAranA . para tema bhAratadeza jUnI AvartamAM paNa 35 AmAM karyo hato. me. madha nate nanuM svarUpa hatuM ! mUta pUjA devadevIone

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.104 vizva itihAsanI rUparekhA rijhavavA mATenI hatI ane te mATenA kriyAkAMDAnI khanI hatI, tathA u McanIcanI ghaTanAne TakAvanArI, karmanA kAyadAnA kalevara vALI hatI. bhayAnaka evA dharmarUpa sAthe, manuSya manuSya vaccenA vananI pramANikatAnA, saccAIne, khabhAvanA eka khInna taraphanA sahacAra ke sahacAranI nItimattAnA kAI, paNa savAlanA sIdheA ke ADakataro kazA ja sakhdha hatA nahIM. eNe nakkI kareluM A samayanI duniyAnuM kavya dekhAI cUkayuM hatuM. e katavya devatAone prasanna karavA athavA satASavA ane pachI game tevuM vartana mAnava samudAya sAthe rAkhavuM. devatAonAM mUrtirUpAnI peAtAnA sva-saMkucita satASa sivAya khIjI kAI IcchA hatI ja nahIM. AvA devatAonI ArAdhanAnA aneka nirdaya kriyAkAMDA banatA hatA. manuSya A kriyAkAMDA karIne devatAone prasanna rAkhavAnA hatA ate pachI svacchaMda ane yathAzakti "mAre tenI talavAratA vyavahAra calAvye rAkhavAnA hatA. devatAonI mUrtie enI pAse khIjI kAI javAbadArI mAgatI nahotI. devatAe pAtAnAM bhakto pAse kAI sAmAjIka pharajonuM kazuM pAlana mAgatAM nahotAM. .. jo manuSya A mUrtione pUje nahI, tenI ArAdhanA karavAnA bhega dharAve nahIM, tene sa MtASavA apavAsa ke tapa kare nahI ! gusse thatAM devatAo tene game tevI zikSAe! karatA hatA, ane tenI pAse vadhArene vadhAre yAtrA, yajJa yAgA, bhAge prArthanAo vigere mAgyA karatAM hatAM. A devatAonI badhI cAvI brAhmaNa dharma pAse hatI. AvuM bhayAnaka dharmarUpa gautame potAnI dharatIpara vikAsa pAmatuM dekhyuM hatuM. A dharmAMrUpanI divAlA caNanArI purAhitA athavA brAhmaNeAnI hakumata veda samayanI nisarga su MdaratAmAMthI nIkaLIne cUkelI hatI. jAdu, yajJA, tapanI yAtanAo, krimAkAMDa, bhAga vagere aneka rUpAne dhamanI ghaTamALamAM maDhIte, A ghaTamALa tene mAnava mAnava vaccenI nItimattAthI badhI rIte virakta ane aLagI banAvI detI hatI. ajJAna, aMdhakAra ane avidyAnI AvI vikarALa divAla AgaLathI eNe mAnava vyavahArane nUtana prasthAna mATe hAkala karI. tyAre isune janmavAne cArasA varasanI vAra hatI. bhAratanI dharatI parathI jANe samayanA simADA para ubhA rahIne, mUrti pUjaka dharmarUpanI adhAra dhAtakatAne dekhatA, zAkacamuni athavA gomama UMDA vicAramAM garakAva thaI jatA hatA. sAmAjIka nitimattA vinAnuM biThThAmaNu dhama rUpa AgaLane AgaLa vadhyA ja karetA......!'' e kalpanAja kevI mAnavInA saMskArabhAvane kapAvI mUke tevI hatI ! purUSa ane strInAM lIMgathI mAMDIne te tamAma jAtanI bhUtAvaLA ane ajJAna

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saMskRtine sImAstaMbha bhArata varSa 105 rUpinI mUtio ghaDI ghaDIne, A mUrti one ja je mAnavasamAja, yAtrAo vaDe, pazuo ane manuSyonA bhoga vaDe, prArtha nAo ane dehadamana vaDe, ArAdhyA kare ane pachI mAnavasamudAya sAthe game te apramANika, ane asAmAjika AMtara kalahane vyavahAra karyA kare che, mAnavInA ItihAsanI gati kevA bhayAnaka gartAmAM gabaDI paDIne saMhAramAM DUbI jaI zake tenI kalpanA karato siddhArtha zAkanA samuhamAMthI niSkramaNa karI gayo. mUrtipUjAonA, jAduonA ane yajJa vAgonI melI upAsanAnA saMskRtine ghAta karanArA bhaMDAriyAmAMthI A mahA bhiniSkramaNa sAthe ja jANe mAnavajAtanA gautama buddha atihAsika kadame paNa buddha thavAnuM athavA mAnavIne zobhe tevuM bhAna pAmavAnuM krAMtikArI pagaluM bharyuM. pote kayAM ja hato !" evA tyAranI duniyAnA badhA savAlane eNe eka javAba dIdhe, "huM saMdhane zaraNa jAuM chuM. huM dharma athavA mAnava dharmana, ane manuSyanA manuSya sAthenA vartanadharmane zaraNe jAuM chuM." evo gautama, nUtana prasthAna vaDe nUtanabhAna athavA buddhane zaraNe gayo. sikaMdara ane caMdragupta I. sa. pUrve 327 mAM jagatane jItavA nIkaLelo, grIsane cakravati sikaMdara IrAnane jItI laIne hiMdukuzane oLaMgIne hiMdI bhUmi para utarI paDyo. eka varasa sudhI uttara pazcimanA sarahadI pradezane sara karIne sikaMdare siMdhune oLaMgI. sikaMdaranA dhasArA nIce takSillAnuM vidyAnagara sauthI paheluM patana pAmyuM. A vidyAnagara eziyAnuM sauthI vaDuM vidyAdhAma hatuM. A nagaranI vizvavidyAlakSyamAM ja bhaNIne magadhamAM pAcho gaele caMdragupta magadhanA siMhAsana para beTho hato tathA tene takSillAne sAthIdAra viSNugupta cANakyanAma dhAraNa karIne amAtya pade ArUDha hatA. hiMda para A mahAnaevuM

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106 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA zudra cakravartinuM zAsana zarU thai gayuM hatuM. A zAsananuM pATanagara pATalIputra hatuM. mahAbhAratanA yuddha pachInuM A bhAratanuM IMdraprastha banyuM hatuM tathA cakravatinuM zAsana pATalIputramAMthI AkhA deza para pahelIvAranI sarvo'gI zAsana ekatA racatuM hatu. nava mAIla lAMbA ane e mAila paheALA evA A mahAna pATanagarane ane tenA cakravartine dUrathI ja praNAma karIte jagata jItavA nIkaLelA sikaMdara A jagata jevA vizALa dezane jItavAnI hiMmata hArIne pAchA vaLavAnI taiyArI karatA hatA. caMdragupta ane cANayanuM zAsanacakra caMdragupta cakravati hatA parantu zAsanacakranuM sarvAMgI zista cAlukaya athavA kauTilye racI dIdhuM hatuM. itihAsanA rAjapura dharAmAM agraNI evA A amAtye, cakravartinA zAsana mATe akAraNa ane rAjakAraNa lakhI nAkhyuM hatuM. A niya Mtrita zAsananuM zAstra eNe cakravartinA rAjabarojanA jIvana sAthe paNa joDI dIdhuM hatuM. caMdraguptanA badhA divase tevu miniTanA eka evA sALa samayamAM eNe vaheMcI dIdhA hatA. dareka samayamAM carti nemi para pharatA cakranI jema kriyAzika rahetA hatA. zAsananA sadhaLA vyavahAra cANakayanA hAthamAM hatA. A cANakaya pAte brAhmaNa hatA paNa mahAna sudhAraka banIne brAhmaNanI hakumatanI saMkucitatAnA pratikAra karatA caMdraguptanA zudra zAsananA saMskAra racatA hatA. A mahAna zAsaka pAse zAsananuM arthazAstra hatuM. A zAsana zAstraneA vikAsa, enA adhikAra nIce saMpUrNa vikAsane pAmI cUkayA. A zAsanataMtranuM niya MtraNa lazkarI khAtAmAM, mahesulI khAtAmAM, AbakArI khAtAmAM, sarahadI khAtAmAM vAhanavyavahAra ane khetIvADI tathA nahera ane khANakhAtAM calAvatuM hatuM. A mahArAjyanu zAsanacakra vANijyakhAtAnI, naukAkhAtAnI, jaMgalakhAtAnI, jAhera kalyANakhAtAnI, tathA nANAMkhAtAnI, aneka kriyAnA saMcAlananuM svarUpa dhAraNa karatuM hatuM. A badhA zAsanacakra nIce dharatI para paga gAThavIne bahujana zAsananAM laTakAmAM rApAyalu paMcAyatazAsana cAlatuM hatuM. 5McAyatanAM A grAma TakA gAmegAmanI nyAya samatAne kauTilye lakhyA pramANe sAcavanArAM nyAyakhAtAM hatAM. A nyAyAdhIzI, kasbA ane nagarAmAM tathA jIllAomAM peAtAnI vaDavAio jevI adAlateAnAM rUpa dhAraNa karatI hatI, ane sarvocca evI adAlato rAjyaniyukata adAlatA hatI tathA chevaTanu nyAyAsana, cakravartinA siMhAsananI AsapAsa goThavAyalI rAjyasamitinuM hatuM.

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saskRtine sImAstaMbha, bhArata va A rAjazAsanamAM nyAyanuM rUpa kaMDAra hatuM. paNa A kaThoratAne dhAraNa karanArUM taMtra damananuM nahotuM. zALAo, davAkhAnAM, Aregyahe, jana kalyANa kendro, garIba rAhatakhAtAM, tathA ekAra rahitakhAtAMo, nyAyasamatAnuM rUpa racIne adala insAphane dhAraNa karatAM hatAM. 105 cakravartInuM A zAsanarUpa, sarvAMgI saMpUNa jevuM dekhAtuM hatuM. pachInA cakravartIee A zAsana vyavasthAnA taMtramAM nagakarAM ja umeravApaNuM na hAya teTalo te sapUN nI cUtuM hatuM. rAmane zahenazAnuM ati hajI ne pAmyuM nahatuM. paraMtu tenI duniyAnAM caLuM zAka khelA pUrA pADavA sAsa nanuM cakravarti svarUpa hatuM. A zacakranI eka ja ane sauthI moTI khAmoza hatI - te cakravarta] kahaththu zAsana hatuM. rAsana game teTaluM zakita AvuM sapanna yaMtra ane tenAM tenuM pracaMDa kalevara yaMtra jevI tAkAta yaMtra!! taMtra para bhAI tathA + Entry tIr kAra zAsanadhu vahete gupta cAvIsa

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108 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA varasanA zAsana pachI kaMTALI gaye. A samayamAM enuM zAsana sarvazaktimAna dekhAtuM chatAM, anAvRSTinA duSkALa nIce AvI paDayuM. dhAnanA badhA bhaMDAra eNe khullA mUkI dIdhA pachI paNa bhUkhyAonI hAjarInI Aga holavAI nahIM. cakravati jevo cakravarti mAnava samudAyane sukAI sukAIne marato dekhate, virAgI bane. eNe lekasamudAyanA jIvananuM dhAraNa nahIM karI zakanAra siMhAsanane tyAga karI dIdhe tathA AmaraNAMta upavAsa AdarIne, saMskAranI lAgaNInI parAkASTA anubhavI. lehInA TIpeTIpAne sUkvI nAkhIne bhUkhanI piDAne jAtaanubhava karIne duSkALa piDIta mAnavane eNe svecchAthI sAtha svIkArIne Atma samarpaNa karyuM. caMdraguptanI gAdI para biMdusAra Avyo. ane biMdusAra pachI pelA mahAna cakravatine saMskAravArasa hoya te azoka bhAratanI bhUmi parathI vizvaItihAsane eka ane ananya e saMskAra samrATa bane. Aja sudhI koInuM hatuM nahIM evA vizALa rAjyanuM zAsanacakra I. sa. pUrve 273mAM azake dhAraNa karyuM. A zAsana nIce aphagAnistAna, balucistAna tathA samasta hiMda pradeza ha. chatAM azokanI hakumata nIce dakSiNane ekale tAmIla pradeza hata nahIM. caMdraguptanA pautra azake, pitAnA cakravarti pitAmahanI samazera dhAraNa karIne, cANakya jevA brAhmaNa amAtyanA arthazAstrane dhAraNa karIne sarvAgI zista para racAyelA rAjataMtranI, nyAya samatAnI dhurA dhAraNa karI. tyAre A bhAratanI dharatI para pahelIvAra sthapAyelI rASTraekatAnA vahIvaTa sAme brAhmaNa hakumatane chupe baLa cAlu hate. brAhmaNa hakumatanuM pratyA ghAtI rUpa A pragatizilatAnuM duzmana hatuM. brAhmaNanI saMkucita vicArasaraNIe A mahAna samrATanA mahAna vahIvaTa sAme pracAra zarU karI dIdho. A pracAre ja pATalIputranI uttaramAM AvelA kedakhAnAnuM nAma "azakanuM narakAgAra" evuM pADyuM hatuM tathA e hakumate lakhelA pachInA ItihAsamAM tenAM kapalakalpita citra citaravAmAM AvyAM hatAM. caMdraguptanA samayathI ja gaLathuthImAM, jainadharmanA ahiMsA saMdhane saMskArane vArase A samrATe meLavyo hate. A vArasAmAM vaNAyelI enI saMskAra buddhinI kasoTI kaliMganA yuddhamAM thaI. A yuddhane saMhAra dekhatAM A samrATe kaliMganI janatA paranA AkramaNa mATe, itihAsamAM jene je nathI evI mAphI mAgI ane prAyazcita zarU karyA. eNe sahana karanArAM sau janone zakya eTalI badhI rIte saMtoSavAne, prayatna karyo. eNe pitAnA rAjyabharamAMthI kArAgAre nAbUda karAvyAM. eNe gautamabuddhanA saMghamAM sabhya banIne praveza karyo tathA zikArakhAtAne pitAnA

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saMskRtine sImAstaMbha, bhArata varSa 109 rAjyamAMthI baMdha karyuM, tathA aSTazilama svIkArIne, dharmarAjya zarU karyuM. A nUtana dharmarAjya koI dharmanA kriyAkAMDanuM nahi paraMtu nItimaya jIvananA ATha sihatinuM zAsana vahIvaTI dharmarAjya banyuM. pitAnA zAsananA agIAramA varase aze ke, pitAnA zAsanacakra nIcenA pradeza para nItinA vyavahAranA lekho kotarAvIne sthaLe sthaLe sAmAjika saMskAranAM svarUpa chAI dIdhAM. Isune janmavAne haju jyAre baso varasanI vAra hatI tyAre, manuSya manuSya vaccenA baMdhubhAvane nityakrama enI A zAsana cakanI dhurA para vyApaka banIne pharavA mAMDe. A zAsanapradeza A zAsanacakra nIce, athavA azokacakra nIce, eka mahAna ane dezavyApI vidyApITha tathA janakalyANanuM keMdra banI gaye. ekeeka khAtAnA amaladAranuM rUpa lekazikSaNane anurUpa bane tevuM saumya ane lokaanurAga ghaDavAnA zirastAvALuM zarU thayuM. jANe vyApaka, vizALa, ane sarvocca evI vizvavidyApITha bhAratanI dharatI para caNavA mAMDI. A caNataranA pAyAmAM lekavirATa hato. A vizvasaMskAranI anupama ghaTanAnA zikhara para eka saMskAragurU azokacakrane dhAraNa karIne, A cakrane pitAnA vahIvaTItaMtranI dharI para parevIne, saMcAlana karate beThe hate. jagatabharamAM ajoDa ane itihAsamAM ananya evo A prayogane saMcAlaka ane saMvAhaka azoka nAmanA samrATanuM eka vyaktirUpa hatuM. paNa e ja enI khAmI hatI, athavA ItihAsanA aNavikasIta leka paribaLanI e khAmI hatI. jyAMsudhI rASTra athavA prajAnA jIvana vahIvaTanuM taMtra lokazAhI ane leAka saMcAlita tathA, lekabhAnavALuM hoya nahIM tyAM sudhI uparathI navAjavAmAM AveluM saMskArarUpa samrATanA ekahaththu niyaMtraNa vaDe yaMtravata calyA pachI yaMtravata baMdha paDI jatuM hoya che. A zAsana cakranuM paNa emaja banyuM. saMskAranA mAnavabaMdhutAvALA svarUpanuM A vahIvaTI Alekhana A dhanya dharatIpara, cerAsIhajAra jeTalI buddha saMdhonI, sevA samitionI chAvaNIo bAMdhI zakyuM. Thera Thera saMskAra lekhe kotarAvI zakyuM. tathA silena, sIriyA, ijIpta, grIsa, hiMdeziyA tathA madhyapUrvanA raNa pradeza para A saMskAra vistAranA pracArake mokalI zakyuM tathA eziyAbharanA pradeza para nyAya samatA ane mAnava baMdhutAnI havA phelAvI zakyuM ane Isune janma pAmavAnA tathA remana jAlImazAhI sAme gulAmonA baLavAonA puNya prakopanAM vijhaNa viMjhI zakyuM. paraMtu azokanA maraNa pachI tarata ja, saMskAra vahIvaTanI A vizva vibhAvanA, pragatividhI evI brAhmaNa ghaTanAnA baLavA

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vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA nIce tUTI paDI. surASTranA brAhmaNa subA puSyamitre enA maraNa samaye baLa pUkAryo tathA galIca e azvamedha zarU karIne, hiMsAnuM zAsana zarU karyuM. bhAratanI dharatI para gupta vaMzanuM zAsana zarU thayuM. cha sakAo sudhI A zAsane caMdragupta ane azoke ghaDelI zAsanataMtranI vyavasthAnA vArasApara saMskArane badale brAhmaNa hakUmate suvarNayuganI racanA karI. amara azokacakra saMskAra yuga pachI guptavaMzane vikramAdityanA zAsanane suvarNayuga A dharatIpara avyio ane suvarNanA jhabakArA je zamI gayo. A suvarNayuganuM suvarNa ane jajalAlIe A bhUmiparanAM dolatakhAnAMne dIpAvyAM tathA brAhmaNoe A yuganI sAlagirAha ujavavA divALInI racanA karI. paraMtu A bhUmipara ekalA ane saMskArayuga ja amara banI zakyo. aMdhArA saikAo pasAra thayA pachI, vimukta banelA A mahAna rASTra pitAnI vimukti pachInI lekazAhInI sarakArI kAryavAhI tathA lesabhAnA zAsana para, azakacakrane ja apanAvyuM.

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9 prAcIna bhAratIya saMskRtinuM rekhAcitra [ AryonA AraMbha samayanuM saMgaThana rUpa-rAjAzAhImAM zreNinAM ghaTake-prAcIna hiMdane vaidika jamAne-upaniSadune saMskAra yuga-brAhmaNa hakumatane AraMbha ane sAMkhyadarzana-karmone kAyade ane nyAya samatA-bahujanahitavALo vicAra pravAha -mAnavabaMdhu tAne pahelo saMgha-vidhaitihAsanuM saMskAra smita-vidhaItihAsanA udayAcalanuM buddharUpa-sAmAjika utthAnanuM mAnavadharma rUpa-dharma. nItinirapekSa evI buddhanI hIlacAlanuM saMgaThana-azoka ane guptazAsana vaccene saMdhi samaya-bhAratIya vidyAkalA, gaNita ane khagoLa, ane vaidakIya vijJAna-bhAratIya saMskRtinuM mUlyAMka ] AryonA AraMbha samayanuM saMgaThanarUpa Aryone AvatA pahelAM A bhUmi para siMdhu ane samudranA kinArAo para vANijya saMskRtine vAsa hato. A saMskRtinuM svarUpa ApaNe pAchalA prakaraNamAM dekhyuM che. A saMskRti para AkramaNakArI rUpane dhAraNa karIne Arya ghaTake hiMdamAM AvyAM tyAre hiMdanAM mULa vatanIomAM nAnAMmoTAM rAjyo dekhAtAM hatAM. vahANavaTu vikaseluM hatuM. vyApArI samAjanA e ghaTakanuM vANijayarUpa AgevAna hatuM. e rUpa nagara saMskRtinuM vANijyarUpa hatuM. pachI jIvananI sAmAjika ghaTanA temAM seLabheLa thaI. Aryoe potAnA aMdaraaMdaranA vyavahAra jALavavA janasamitinI zAsana prathA jALavI rAkhI. AryonA jIvananI ghaTanA jema sthira thatI gaI tema Apakhuda rAjAo athavA janasamitiomAM saMkaLAtI gaI. e mATe AryonA aMdaraaMdaranA ane vatanIo sAthenA khUnakhAra evA keTalAya kalahe saLagI uThyA. AryAvarta para zAsakenI janasamiti mAraphata zAsana karanArAM ghaTakonI saMkhyA dhIme dhIme ochI thatI gaI. A zAsanamaMDaLo eka jAtinAM athavA gaNanAM hatAM. evAM zAsaka ghaTako athavA gaNanAM ghaTako grIsa ane emanI tathA bIjI jUnI saMskRtiomAM paNa hatAM. e ghaTake zAsaka vargamAMthI

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112 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA cuMTAyalI ke kuLo mAraphata nimAyalI janasamitinAM banatAM tathA e janasamitinuM zAsana bIjA nIcalA vargo para cAlatuM. rAjAzAhImAM zreNInAM ghaTake pachI rajavADAzAhInA AraMbhathI samAja dhaTanAmAM zreNI nAmanAM saMgaThana, paisA dhIradhAranAM, vepAra karanAranAM, dharmaguruonAM, kArIgaranAM ke naTonAM hatAM. kheDUtane gulAma athavA ardhagulAma hato. bIjI mahenata majurI karanArane pitAnuM saMgaThana bAMdhavAne koIpaNa hakaka hatuM nahiM. A varga, dAsa athavA gulAma hato, tathA saMgaThana vinAne hate. ekalA vacalA vargonI AvI zreNIo A samAja ghaTanAnI aMdaranAM mahAjano ke saMgaThana hatAM. evAM saMgaThano pitAnI aMdaranA savAle ukelatAM, aMdaranA vyavahAra mATe dhArAdhoraNo ghaDatAM ane aMdara aMdara ukela azakaya bane tyAre rAjA ke zAsana vyavasthA vacamAM paDatI.e saMgaThana para eka sarapaMca ke pramukha nimAta ke cuMTAte. evAM mahAjane khyAla rAkhatuM ane vyavasthA rAkhatuM tyAranA zAsanataMtramAM eka khAsa khAtuM rAkhavAmAM AvatuM evo ullekha kauTilyanA arthazAstramAM karavAmAM Avyo che. rajapUtayuganA AraMbhamAM uttaramAM thayelA harSavardhananA vaizya zAsanamAM AvAM mahAjanene sArI uttejanA maLI hatI. tathA rajapUta zAsana kALamAM paNa A mahAjano cAlu rahyAM hatAM. ( purANanA brahmakhaMDanA 1bhA adhyAyamAM kArIgare ke jemanI pAse potAnAM mahAjano ke zreNIo hatAM tevA vizvakamaoNe athavA kArIgaromAM mALAkAra (mALI) karmAkAra luhAra) kasAkAra (kaMsAre) saMkhyAkAra (chIpa) tAMtubI (vaNakara) kuMbhakAra (kuMbhAra) satrakAra (suthAra) svarNakAra (sonI) tathA citrakAranI gaNanA karavAmAM Ave che. e ja rIte gAmamAM jamInadAre athavA zAhukArenI zreNIo paNa hatI tathA hAlI athavA gulAma kisAnanI mahenata para jIvato e varga pitAnI zreNI mAraphata gAmane vyavahAra calAvate. prAcIna hiMdane vaidika jamAne A hiMdI samAja ghaTanAne AdikALa cAra vedamAM guMthAIne aneka zlekamAM moDhe belAtA vArasAmAM devAtA hatA. moDhe karAIne smRtimAM ja kotarAI rakhAtI vedanI rUcAo ke leke AgaLa vadhatA jIvanamAM pheraphAra sAthe vaNatAM jatAM hatAM ane badalAyA karatAM hatAM. vaidika jamAnAnA A vedasAhityamAM AgaLa vahetA jamAnAnA jIvana saMjogomAMthI brAhmaNa nAmanA pATha umerAyA. vedanI rUcAo deva devIonI kudaratanI stuti gAtI hatI. navA

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prAcIna bhAratIya saskRtinu` rekhAcitra 113 umerAyelA pADAe yajJa-yAga ane vidhi vidhAnanA kriyAkAMDAnA niyamo, sucanA ane arthA ApyAM. tyAM sudhImAM A jIvana kAsala ane videha sudhI pahoMcyuM hatuM. tyAra pachI dhaNA samaya bAda AraNyaka ane upaniSada lakhAyAM ane sutrA lakhAyAM. sutrAe yajJa-yAgA karavAnA niyamA ane vidhi ApyA, e sAhitya strota sutrA hatuM. pachI dharmasutrA thayAM. dha sutroe brAhmaNa hakumatanA hiMdu kAyadA dhaDavAne AraMbha karyo ane gRhya sutrAe janma, lagna, upanayana maraNa vagere jIvana prasa MgAnA kriyA-kAMDAnA vidhie ApyA. upaniSadanA sa'skArayuga I. sa. pUrve eka hajAra varasathI Ara MbhAtA upaniSadanA kALa, dhanA judA judA vahemA taraphanA asa MtoSanA yuga khanyA ane jIvananA AkharI satyanuM ciMtana zarU thayuM. kavitAmaya ane jAdu jevA karmakAMDA pachI ciMtana zarU thayuM. jIvana chevaTe zuM che, zuM hAvuM joI e ane zA mATe che ! vagere savAlA zarU thayA. eka avAja evA hatA ke jIvana eka baMdhana che tathA temAMthI mukti ke mekSa e dharmanA hetu hovA joie. khIjo vicAra pravAha ema kahetA hatA ke eka vizvavyApI Atmatattva che tathA mAnavamAtraneA AtmA e tattvatA aMza che, tathA A tattvanA saMskAranA AviSkAra jIvanamAMja thavA joie. chAMdogya upaniSadamAM udAlika enA dikarAne pANImAM mIThAnA TukaDA nAkhavA kahe che ane pachI khIje divase savAramAM pANInA vAsaNamAMthI e TukaDA pAche| kADhI levA kramAve che. chekarA tema karI zakatA nathI ane pachI udAlika tene pANI cAkhavAnuM kahe che. udAlika samajAve che ke nahi dekhAtuM ane nahI aDakAtu chatAM mIThuM pANImaya thai gayuM che tevI rIte satya athavA vAstavatA dareka zarIramAM vyApelI che. aNu A sRSTinuM AkharI tattva che te satya che, te AtmA che. te tuM che. parantu e ja chAMdogya upaniSadamAM pachI eka navI Ata umerAI, ke AtmA harIpharIne zarIrAmAM punarjanma pAmyA kare che. jenuM jIvana AgalA janmamAM puNyazALI hAya che tene ja uMcA janma eTale brAhmaNu, kSatriya ke vaizyane deDa maLe che ane pAblA janmamAM pApa karanAra kUtaro, Dukkara ke caMDALanA ziraramAM janme che; ane brAhmaNa puruSa tathA zudrIthI janmanAra caMDALa kahevAya che. brAhmaNa hakumatanA AraMbha A sAthe AgaLa vadhatA jamAnA brAhmaNuhukumatanI ghaTanAmAMthI brAhmaNanA hitanI rItamAM, brAhmaNanA ane brAhmaNe gAThavelI vyavasthAnI racanAmAM ciMtana 15

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vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA karavA mAMDyA hatA. te samayanA dezakALa e hakumatanI AsapAsa pharatA hatA. te samayane zAsaka, brAhmaNu samAja samayanA pravAhane pArtAnI AsapAsa sthira karavA mAgatA hatA. brAhmaNa hakumatane khIjo kAyadA ci Mtana banIne sphuraNa pAmatA hatA ke A cAlu jiMdagInuM nirmANu pAchalA janmanA sArAM narasAM karmo pramANe thAya che. pAzvlA janmanAM kharAba karmone nAza karavA mATe judIjudI yAtanAmevALAM tapa karavAnAM vidhAna A jamAnAe raju karyAM. A rIte A jamAnAe keTalAMka upaniSadanAM ciMtanene pakSamAM levA mAMDatyAM, te sAme upaniSadanAM, ciMtAmAMthI ja navA pravAha paNa nIkaLyA. pilane vicAra pravAha upaniSadonA brAhmaNa hakumatanA ci'tana sAme avAja uThAvatA, upaniSadamAM raju thaine deha dharatA AtmAne nakAratA hatA tathA jAhera karatA hatA, ke padArtha ane citta baMnne anaMta che tathA vAstava che. e enA sayeAgamAMthI jagata janme che. navAjunA janmono khyAla ke punarjanmaneA khyAla ajJAna che. jJAnanA uddaya sAthe tamAma kamAM kharI paDe che. laya pAme che. 114 A sAMkhyadarzana hatuM. eNe te samayanI duniyAmAM grIsanA ane khIjA citakAne paNa preraNA Ape tevA vicAra raju karyuM. paNa brAhmaNa hakumate punarjanmanA svarUpamAM kanA kAyadAnA gabaDAvelA gALA tethI nAza pAmyA nahiM ane sAMkhyane paNa A kriyAkAMDee pAchuM pADI dIdhuM, karmAnA kAyadA ane nyAyasamatA .. buddha ane mahAvIra nAmanA ane vicArakA kSatriya vanA hatA. ane brAhmaNa hakumatanI ghaTanA tarapha khaLavA karatA hatA. tenA rASa brAhmaNanI ghaTanA tarapha hatA. e ghaTanAe mAnavamAtrane meAkSa peAtAnA hAthamAM lIdhe| hatA ane pote karamAvelAM vidhAna karavAthI mukita thai zakaze tema e hukumatanI jAlIma nItinuM kahevuM hatuM. e ghaTanAe kacaDAyelI ane garIba janatAnI duHkhI dazA brAhmaNa hakumatanA jIlmAne athavA zoSaNane lIdhe nahiM paNa garImAe pAchyAM janmamAM karelAM pApAne lIdhe che tema ThokI besADavA mAMDyuM hatu. baMnee e sAme baLavA jagAvyA. baMnee brAhmaNa zAsakAnI saMskRta bhASAne badale sAmAnya janatAnI prAkRta bhASAmAM peAtAnA vicArA raju karyAM. aMtee vedyanA ane varNAzramanA sAmAjika agachenA anAdara karyo. baMnee udAratA, dhyA, prema ane sAnnaine mAnavadharmAM gaNAvyA. khate dharmoe brAhmaNa hakumatanA rASa nIcethI pasAra thavuM paDayuM. mahAvIre mAnaJa AcAramAM damanane mukhya pAyeA khanAvyA ane anazana mAraphatanA

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prAcIna bhAratIya saMskRtinuM rekhAcitra 115 ApadhAtane dharma manA. jAlIma banelI jIvana ghaTanA taraphanI duHkhI mAnavatAnI e aMdha pratikriyAnuM svarUpa hatuM. buddha aniSTane zAMta pratikAra zikhavyo. jaina dharma hiMdanA ja cheDA bhAgamAM patharAIne zamI gayo. buddha dharma hiMdamAMthI enA janma sthAnamAMthI jato rahyo chatAM duniyAnA bIjA dezamAM jAmI zakyA. I. sa. pUrve para7mAM jena vicAraka vardhamAna licchavI gaNanA vaizAlI nagaranA vairAjyamAM janame. vardhamAna e gaNataMtrane AgevAna hatuM. paNa eNe trIsa varasanI uMmare pitAne kArabhAra choDIne satyanI zodhamAM ghara choDayuM. bAra varasa sudhI baMgALanI sarahadanI jaMgalanI vastImAM rakhaDyA pachI ene satya dekhAyuM ane e satyane pracAra karatAM karatAM magadhanA rAjagRha pAse pAvA nAmanA gAmamAM botera varasanI uMmare eNe deha choDyo. bahujana hitavALA vicAra pravAha I. sa. pUrve 563mAM nepAlanI hada para zAya gaNenA gherAjyamAM, zuddhodana nAmanA zAkya gaNapatine ghera gautamane janma kapilavastu nAmanA nagaramAM thayo. pachI gautama yuvAna thayo, tyAre pitAnA kAkAnI dIkarI yazodharAne paraNyo ane eka madharAte pitAnI yuvAna patnI tathA putra rAhulane UMdhatAM mUkI 29 varasanI uMmare satyanI zodhamAM eNe ghara choDyuM ane e rastA parane bhikSuka banyuM. varaso pachInA rajhaLapATane aMte ene satya dekhAyuM.. eNe AtmA nAmanA tatvane guNadharmanuM cala-saMgaThana kahyuM. eNe IzvaranI vAtanA javAbamAM mauna sevyuM. eNe karmane AgaLa vadhatA vega sAthe sarakhAvyuM. eNe yajJa-yAga ane prArthanAone nakArI kADhyAM eNe jAlIma johukamIvALI brAhmaNa hakumatanI sAme dayA ane prema dharmane pUkAryo. eNe nyAya samatA ane mAnavamAtrAnI samAnatAnI ghoSaNuM karI. eNe samAjanA tarachoDAyelA ane ribAyelA nIcalA tharene samAnabhAve Adara karyo, ane eNe brAhmaNonA varNAzrama dharmane dhikkArI kADhaye. eNe mAnavajAtamAM jIvanane jUvALa caDhAvyuM. eNe pitAnI vAta laIne gAmegAma pharavA mAMDyuM. ene sAthIdAra AnaMda enA vArtAlApanuM mukhya pAtra banI rahyo. e pitAne rAmajAtI vAta kahevA sauthI pahele kapila vastu pahoMce. tyAM enI strI yazodharA tathA rAhula ene pahelAM anuyAyI banyAM. pachI 46 varasa sudhI ekathI bIje ThekANe rakhaData e tathAgata vaizAlI pahoMcyo. vaizAlInA zAsaka gaNoe ene mATe meLAvaDo che. vaizAlInA rAjoe enA manamAM meTI mijabAnI goThavI. paNa eNe emanAM mAna

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vizva itihAsanI rUparekhA svIkAravAnA ke milkhAnI mANavAnA inkAra karyo. eNe tyAMnI nRtyadAsI AmrapAlInuM AmaMtraNa svIkAryuM ane junI ghaTanAe kacaDelI mAnavatA paranA pApanA Aropa nakAryAM. are pachI gArakhapuranA jIllAmAM kusInagara pAsethI e thAkayApAkayA eMzI varasane tathAgata pravAsamAM AgaLa vadhatA hatA. tyAM eka jhADanI ghaTAmAM e ArAma karavA beThA. e ArAma eneA huMmezanA virAma banaze ema ene lAgyuM. eNe AnaMdane khelAvyA. Anada lakAtI AMkhe avAka banelA joI rahyo. eNe pUchyuM, * AnaMda meM tane anekavAra nathI kahyuM ke vArevAre janmamAM sayeAjAtA padArtho vikharAtA ja hoya che! ' ane pachI eneA vanadIpa hAlavAi gayA. ' A rIte aSTaka, vAmaka, vAmadeva, yamadagni, bhRgu, vaziSTa, aMgIrA bharadvAja vagere brAhmaNa zAsakAe hiMdanI prAcIna janatA para nAkhelI prapaMcALa para pahelIvAra hallA thayA. brAhmaNa kSatriyanA bheda pADIne zudro ane dasyune kacaDavAnI zarUAta karI vairAjyAne sahAra karAvI hiMdI bhAmapara cakravati rajavADAnA azvameaA karAvavAnA AraMbha brAhmaNAe zarU karI dIdhA hatA. emAM judI judI jAtionAM AjhAda prajA rAjyo saMhArAi javAnAM hatAM. emAM lithvI ane zAkatra nAmanAM be gaNu rAjyAmAMthI samAjanI gatirodhaka brAhmaNahakumata para haleA AvyA. gautamanA navA vicArane zAkaya, kAsala malla ane lijhnI gaNAe sauthI prathama AvakAryAM. bibIsAra ane mAlavAe gautamanA avAjanuM mAna karyuM. khIkhIsAre gautamane potAnA udyAne bheTa karyA, ane peAte sadhamAM praveza karyo. paNa buddhanI najaranI tema udyAnA para naheAtI. e pravAhanI jema vahetA hatA ane pravAhanI vAta karatA hatA. brAhmaNane sanAtanavAda enA sIdhA sAdA avAja sAme naSTa thatA hatA. enI amI jharatI najare sAme kacaDAtI mAnavatA jAgI uThatI hatI ane peAtAne mATe Aja jIvanamAM AvatI kAla dekhADatA tathAgatane bahu mAnatI hatI. A nUtana vAta e hatI ke "Aja jIvanamAM ane Aja zarIramAM punarjanma thayAja karatA hAya che. vana pravAha kSaNe kSaNe marIne navA banatA jAya che. paralAkavAde A jIvanane narka banAvyuM che. huM paralAkanI vAta jANatA nathI, Aja jIvanamAM Aja lAkamAM mAnavasamAja navInatA pAmI zake che, tamAma pApone nAza karI zake che jo vyavahAranuM rUpa mAnavasamAjanA bahujana hitAya thAya tAja.''

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prAcIna bhAratIya saskRtinuM rekhAcitra mAnavamatAnA pahelA sagha. A saMdhanA sabhyapada mATe sa na gulAma, devAdArA, mAlikA, majurA, zudro, brAhmaNA, vezyAe sau kAI manuSya manuSya vaccenA dharma athavA savAdhanI IcchAvALAM pravezI zakatAM. ATha varasanI vayavALAM mATe vaDIlanI paravAnagI saMdhamAM praveza mATe jarUrI hatI tathA temane mATe vIza varasanI vaya sudhI abhyAsa karavAnu ja pharajIyAta hatuM. A saMdhamAM pravezanAre pILAMvastra paridhAna karavA sivAya bIjo kAi vidhi karavAnA nahAtA. A saMjIvanamAM praveza karanAra game teTalA samaya saMdhamAM rahI zake ane IcchA thAya tyAre saMdhane cheDI zake, parantu saMdhamAM rahe tyAM sudhI teNe saMdhanA mAnavasamudAyanA sevAdhama pALavA paDatA. mAnavadharmanA pahelA sAmAjika saMdha pavitratA ane garIbAInI pratijJA letA hatA. paNa AjJAdhAratA nAmanuM gulAmavrata, A saMdhe naitika namunA batAvIne potAnA jIvana vyavahAramAMthI rada karI nAkhyuM hatuM. samAna mAnavAne A saMdha hatA. A samAna mAnavA eka bIjA tarapha mAnabhAvathI ja vaMtAM hatAM paNa aMdha AjJAdhArakatAne ahIM sadaguNa lekhavAmAM naheAtA AvyA. eTale ja A sadhanI ghaTanAmAM kAI nu : sauthI uMcu adhikArapada hatuM ja nahIM. sauthI mukhya adhikArI mAnavadharmanA vyavahAranA sidhdhAMtane hatA. sadhanI AvI dhaTanA sarvAMgI leAkazAhI dhaTanA hatI. tethI A ghaTanAnI kAryavAhI paranA adhyakSapada para kAI nI nimaNuka thatI nahIM paNa mAtA sadha peAtAnA matavaDe cUMTaNI karIne potAnA adhyakSanI nimaNuka karato. sadhanuM dareka ekama rAjanA vyavahAranI dAravaNI mATe paNa samitine cUMTavuM, samitie ane adhyakSo samaye samaye badalAtAM ane mUkhya kAryanI yeAjanA sAmAnyasabhA nakkI karatI. 117 vizvA dhrutvanA AvA vyavahArarUpane nUtanadharma bhAratanI dharatI para eka nAnakaDA prayAga banIne dIpI UThyA. A diptinuM prakAzanarUpa bhAratIya samAja ghaTanA jIravI zakI nahIM ane brAhmaNa hakumatanA bhayaMkara adhakAra A dIvA pAchaLa gherAvA mAMDayA. paraMtu mAnavajIvananA vyavahAramAM pragaTele A dIvaDA, khUjhAyA vinA, AkhA eziyAbharamAM ujAsa karavA mAMDayA tathA ijharAilanI nItimattAmAM, grIsanI nyAya samatAmAM, ane rAmanAM gulAmeAmAM AvatIjatI nUtana bhAna dazAmAM AMtararASTriyarUpa dharIne prakAzavA mAMDayo. vidhaitihAsanuM' saMskAra smita gautamanI A yuga pravataka vicAraNA bhAratanI bhUmi para janma pAmIne, eziyAbharamAM phelAi gaI. A vicAraNAne jamIna sAthe jaDI rAkhavA azAke

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118 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA tenA nagare para stupa caNavyA ane staMbha chetaravyA. A vicAraNAne pakaDI rAkhavA gautamanA aSTazistane sAcavI rAkhanArA saMghe banyA, paraMtu nityanUtana banI nemavALe vizvasaMskArane A etihAsika guMjArava eziyAnA havAmAnamAM phelAI gaye tathA jeNe jeNe ene potapotAnA ekaThAmAM jakaDI rAkhavAno prayatna karyo tyAM kevaLa kriyAkAMDenA jaDatAbharyA abhinayo sivAya kazuM ja rahyuM nahIM. aMdaranA uddagavinAnI prasannatAnuM karUNa smita gautamanA buddha banelA athavA prabuddha banelA caherApara, anaMta evI anurAgI sadabhAvI najara para patharAtuM tyAre jevuM dekhAyuM haze tevuM eka smitaja gautamane dIdhele vizva vAraso banyuM, ane nUtana utthAnanuM vArasArUpa banyuM. A vAraso keNe dhAraNa karI rAkhyuM hatuM ? A vArasAne dhAraNahAra azoka staMbha nahatuM ke DuMgarAo jevA unnata stupa ke jaDasu evA kriyAkAMDanI cetanA vinAnI racanA nahatI. A saMskAra mUlyane dhAraNa karanAra eziyAne saMdha mAnava hate. A saMdhane ja zaraNe javAne maMtra gautame uccAryo hate. A saMghamAM sau samAna hatuM. A saMdhamAM praveza karatAMnI sAthe dAsa adAsa banatuM hatuM, ane uMcanIcanA bhedabhAva vilAI jatA hatA. A saMdhanI vizvavyApI racanAnI hAkala karIne gautame A hAlanA vyavahAra mATe mAnava baMdhubhAvanA samAja vyavahAranI upAsanAne, savinayabhaMga ane satyAgraha hIlacAla zarU karyo. pachI saMdha vadhato cAlyo. saMghane samudAya, ekamAMthI anekadezI banyo. saMdha jema vizALa banate game tema tema Akho jana samudAya temAM bhaLatA gaye. A saMdha ItihAsane vimukita mAgate mAnava saMdha bane. A saMghanA virATa rUpavALA gautamane saMdha vizvaItihAsanuM atihAsikarUpa dhAraNa karavA lAge, ane vizva ItihAsanuM vimukitanuM prakaraNa lakhavA beThe. vizva ItihAsanA udayAcalanuM buddharUpa I. sa. pU. ne bhArata dezane A cha sake che. A samayamAM ja duniyAnA bIjA dezo sAthe samAMtara rIte vizvasaMskRtinA nUtana vaLAMkanI dizA dAkhavI zake te eziyAnI sAmAjika krAMtine AgevAna gautamabuddha hate. A samaye bhArata deza para brAhmaNa hakUmatavALuM kurUonuM saMsthAna laya pAmI gayuM hatuM. tathA Arthika ane sAmAjIka kendro jevA kesala, magadha, vatsa ane avaMtinA pradeza vikasyA hatA. A badhAmAM magadha ane kosalanI AsapAsa buddhanI hIlacAla zarU thaI gaI. himAlayanI taLeTImAM nepAlanI

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prAcIna bhAratIya saMskRtinuM rekhAcitra 119 paDazana zAya lekenuM nAma gautama mAraphata jANItuM banyuM. A gautame have pitAne dekhAyuM tevuM satya samajAvavA mAMDyuM. eTaluM ja nahi paNa A satyane vyavahAra karanAre ane tene sakriya padArthapATha ApanAre saMgha paNa samAjamAMthI ghaDavA mAMDyo. I. sa. pU. nA chaThThA saikAno A banAva vizvaItihAsane nUtana vaLAMka ApanAre saMskRtine padArthapATha raju karate hate. vizvaItihAsane sAmAjika vartana vyavahArane A eka nUtana prayoga hatuM. A prayogane koI dharma racavAnI eke ya IrachA ke IrAde gautamabuddhane haTe nahi. jenI e racanA karavA mAMgato hato te sAmAjika vartananA vyavahAranuM ja eka svarUpa hatuM. eNe eTalA mATe ja potAne je bhAna thayuM hatuM te bhAnapurvaka rojanA vartanamAM je leke amala karavAne taiyAra hoya tevAM lekene pILAM vastro paherelAM naranArIone samAna mAnane eNe saMdha ro tathA saMdhanAM sabhyo mATe lokasevAnuM aSTazila racyuM. A saMdhanA jIvana vyavahAranuM rUpa tyAre cAlu hatA tevA dharmarUpane nakAra karatuM hatuM. A nakAra saMdhanA vartana vyavahAramAM ja vaNAI gayA hatA. buddhanA saMghanA rojanA vyavahAramAM brAhmaNa hakUmate upajAvI hatI tevI devatAonI ekeya mUrti ke pratimAnuM pUjana karavAnuM ahIM nahatuM. koIe paNa evI mUrtionI ArAdhanA mATe ekeya kriyAkAMDa karavAnuM na hatuM. A saMghanA rojanA jIvana vyavahAramAM brAhmaNa hakUmate ghaDyA hatA tevA koI maMtra belavAnA hatA nahIM. ahIM keI paNa maMtrano jApa japavAno nahote. brAhmaNa hakUmatanuM AkhuM maMtrazAstra nUtana bhAna pAmelA buddhavane rada karI nAMkhyuM. A uparAMta buddhanA saMdhanA rojabarojanA jIvanamAM koI paNa devatAnI hastIne svIkAravAmAM AvI nahotI. eTale koI paNa devatAne prasanna karavAmAM athavA devatAo pAse potAnI IcchAonI saphaLatA meLavavA koI paNa jAdu ke maMtra ke yajJa ke tyAga karavAnuM na hatuM. bhAratanI dharatI para pahelI vAra opI uThelA buddha jIvataranA saMskArano vyavahAra, pazuo ane mANasenA bhogathI bhayAnaka banelI, mUrtipUjAvALI yajJa pUjAne nAbUda karI nAMkhate hatuM. A uparAMta A nUtana saMgha mAraphata buddha jIvana para Apane sAmAjika prayoga pitAnA rojabarojanA vyavahAramAM, dehadamananI tamAma aMdhArI prathAone nAbUda karI nAkhatA hatA ane kevaLa cAritrya zuddhi para ja bhAra mUkate hato. cAritryanuM A nUtana svarUpa lekasevAnuM hatuM. sAmAjika utthAnanuM mAnava dharmarUpa jagatanA ItihAsamAM dharma zabdano upayoga mAnava mAnava vaccenA sahakAra, sahacAra ane sadAcAranA vartanavyavahAra mATe ja karavAne vizvasaMskRtine

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120 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA pahele prayoga A rIte bhArata bhUmi para zarU thayo. A prayogamAM jagatabharanI mAnavajAtane namUnArUpa e, saMdha nAmane nUtana mAnavasamAja ghaDAye. A saMdhamAM nAta, jAta, ke deza paradezanA tamAma bhedabhAva vinAnA Aryo ke anAryo, brAhmaNe ke zo, gulAmo ke vezyAo, pRthvI paranA keIpaNa mAna, mAnava mAnava vaccenA baMdhubhAvane sadAcAra svIkArI zakayAM. emAM sau koI samAnabhAve praveza pAmI zakyAM. A saMdhanuM svarUpa vizvabaMdhubhAvanuM svarUpa hatuM. A svarUpane pitAnuM ja ane bIjA koInuM nahi evo dA karavAne koI hiMdudharmane ke AryonI jAtine kaze paNa adhikAra nahe. dharma jAti nirapekSa evI buddha hIlacAlanuM saMgaThana A hIlacAlanA vicAra rUpe athavA siddhAMtarUpe punarjanmanA khyAlane sadaMtara cheDI dIdhuM. gaunamabuddhanI vicAraNA pramANe eka yuga, eka jamAne ke eka samAja pitAnI pAchaLa AvatA, yuga, jemAnA ke samAja vyavahArane ghaDe che athavA tene bhUtakALano vArasa bane che ane e rIte bhUtakALa vartamAnamAM punarjIvana pAme che eTale ja khyAla hate. paraMtu kacaDAyelA ane ribAyelA, te samayanA madhya pUrvanA badhA dezamAM, eka evI leka utkaMThA hatI ke kaI tAraNahAra avataraze ane loka jIvanane ugAraze. A khyAla pachI dhIme dhIme buddhanI kathA sAthe paNa joDI devAmAM Avyo tathA, A mahAna sAmAjika sudhArakane avatAra sAthe joDI daIne tene jIvana upara dharmanI ImArata caNavAmAM AvI. gautame dIdhelA sIdhAsAdA mAnavInA AcAranA dharmane khyAla tyAranA svIta khyAla para racA nahe. A badhA khyAlone dUra mUkI daIne ja eNe pitAnA khyAlanI vAta buddhimAM utare te ja svIkAravAnuM ke grahaNa karavAnuM, bhAra daIne kahyA karyuM hatuM. gautame dIdhele A siddhAMta samyaka AcArane hate. A AcAra athavA sAmAjika vyavahAra mAnava bAMdhavatAne ja hate. ethI ochuM ke vizeSa temAM kazuM hatuM nahIM. A nUtana vyavahAra mATe eNe jIvananA vyavahArane rojabarojane amala che . A amala mATe ene badhA yajJo, devatAo, jaduo, maMtro, mUrtipUjAo, ane kriyAkAMDa nirarthaka ane niSphaLa lAgyAM. AvA mAnava vyavahAranA dharmane zaraNe gaelA gautamanuM ciMtanarUpa paNa sIdhuMsAduM hatuM. enA khyAla pramANe brahmAMDanuM rUpa athavA sRSTinuM svarUpa niraMtara parivartanazila hatuM. eTale vastuo ke padArtha mAyA ke mithyA nahetAM paNa

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prAcIna %AratIya saMskRtinuM rekhAcitra 121 padArtha mAtra pratikSaNe parivartana pAmavAnA kriyA dharmavALo hato. A badhA saMsAranuM svarUpa e rIte joIe te, "hatuM-na hatuM' svarUpamAM kahevAya. A "hatuM, na hatuM ' padArtharUpa pratyeka paLe ane koI paNa paLe palaTAyA karanAruM athavA nirvANarUpa kahI zakAya. A nirvANarUpa athavA padArthaparivartana AkhA brahmAMDanuM athavA astitvanuM nirmANa pAmyA karatuM athavA palaTAyA karatuM svarUpa, zUnya nahatuM paNa padArtha vAstavatAthI sabhararUpa hatuM. A vAstavatA kriyAtmaka athavA parivartanAmaka hovAthI ene bIjuM koI kriyApada ApIne vadhAre spaSTa karavAnI jarUra hatI. A vAstavatAnuM bhAnarUpa athavA vAstavabhAnarUpa buddharUpa hatuM. A buddharUpa pite AnaMdarUpa hatuM. A AnaMdarUpanI prApti mATe buddha banavuM eTaluM ja jarUrI hatuM. A buddhadazA A pRthvI para ane A mAnava vyavahAramAM ja pAmI zakAtI hatI. kevuM sIdhuMsAduM, ane pracalita dharmonA kriyAkAMDe ane jAduenA miyA AcAra vinAnuM gautame nUtana jagatanI vaijJAnika ghaTanA mATe raju kareluM A ciMtanarUpa ane vicAranuM svarUpa hatuM ! A vicAra svarUpane mukhya hetu sadAcAra athavA sAmAjika bAMdhava vyavahAra hate. e AcAra dharmane prayoga gautame pite, saMdha sthApIne zarU karyo. azokanuM maraNa ane gumarAhe zAhata vacceno samaya azokanA maraNa pachI ane puSyamitranA vijaya pachI, A bhUmi para pahelo azvamedha thayo. tyAra pachIne cha saikAone itihAsa aMdhAre nahIM hoya chatAM ajJAta je rahyo. A samayamAM caMdragupta ane azoke AraMbhelAM saMgaThananAM jIvanavyavahAranAM ane vahIvaTI taMtranAM svarUpa cAlu rahyAM. takSillAnI vidyApIThanI mulAkAta laIne ahIM IrAnI bAMdhakAma ane grIka zilpanI asara paNa AvyA karI. A bhUmi para siriyana, grIke, ane irAnI ane AvyA karyA, tathA paMjAba para avAranavAra hakUmata sthApavA lAgyA. kuzANa nAmanA madhya eziyAnA lekee kAbula para kabajo meLavyuM ane temanA kaniSka rAjAnI hakUmata paNa ahIM yazasvI banIne prakAzI UThI. A saMdhisamayamAM, caMdraguptanuM guptazAsana magadhamAM zarU thayuM. caMdragupta pachI samudragupta ane tyAra pachI caMdragupta bIjAe athavA vikramAditye jevuM caMdragupta maurya ane azokanuM cakravarti zAsana hatuM tevuM zAsana AkhA bhAratavarSa para zarU karyuM. ujajana nAmanA enA pATanagaramAM, cakravartionuM badhuM ezvarya eka thayuM. samAja vahIvaTa ane zAsana vahIvaTane A samaya suvarNayuga tarIke AlekhAye. A suvarNayuga dhanadolatanI AbAdInI Toca para caDhIne 16

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ra vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA kheDA. A yuganu na phA-hI-yAna, nAmanA eka cInI saMskAra yAtrIe karyuM. A suvarNayuganI AbAdI ane azvanI yazagAthA te samayanI saMskRtinI eka itihAsapeAthI banI che. gaNita ane khagALa : bhAratIya vidyAlA badhI prAcIna saMskRtimAM gaNitazAstramAM bhAratIya saMskRti sarvopari hatI. grIkasa smRtine vaijJAnika bhautikavAdanA pAyeA zIkhavanAra paramANunA sidhdhAMtane pratipAdana karanAra kaNUka athavA kaNAda bhAratavaSa~mAM janmyA hatA, ane pAI thAgeArAsanI bhUmitinA aneka padArthapA| ahIM sAkhIta thayA hatA. gaNitanA ghaNA prakAro A bhUmi upara zodhI kaDhAyA hatA. uparAMta gaNitanI saMkhyAnA AraMbha zUnyathI karavAnI zodha tathA "DaisImala" padhdhatinI zodha prAcIna bhArate karI hatI. pazcima yuropane madhyayugamAM gaNitane ekaDA ghuMTavanAra tathA akSaragaNita zikhavanAra islAmI vidyAklAnuM bhaNatara ArakhA bhAratavarSamAMthI pAmyA hatA. pachIthI zamazerane dhAraNa karIne ArA pazcimanA jagatane te bhaNAvavA mATe nikaLI paDayA hatA. jene Aje pazcimanuM jagata arekhIka saMkhyAka " tarIke oLakhe che tenA AMka Araene saikAo pahelAM bhAratavarSe TAvyA hatA. ijIptanI samakAlina evI A ati prAcIna saMskRti pAse gaNita vaDe gaNI zakAya tevuM khagoLazAstranuM jJAna adabhUta hatuM. candranAM aThThAvIsa svarUpAnuM jJAna eNe meLavyuM hatu. yuropanA jagatamAM jyAre prAthamika dazA hatI ane saMskRtinuM eka cakra pharatuM na hatuM tyAre bhAratavanA khagALazAstrI jagatane jAhera karatA hatA ke pRthvI enI potAnI dharI para kare che. A khagALazAstrIoe grahaNAnI tamAma mAhItI prApta karI hatI eTale eka rIte joie to vizva saMskRtinuM ati suramya evuM grIka dhAma paNa potAnA ciMtana, gaNita te khagALazAstranA abhyAsa mATe bhAratavanuM RNI hatuM. vaikIya vijJAna cr vaiSTIya vijJAnanI aMdara paNa zarIrazAstra ane vaidakazAstranAM vidhividhAna ane cikitsA vagerene mATe prAcInabhAratavarSa ajoDa hatuM. rAgonAM nidAna tathA rAganA nivAraNa mATe AonI vyavasthA tathA vanaspatine eTalA pUrA vaijJAnika abhyAsa jeTalo saMpUrNa rIte ahIMnA vaijkIya vaijJAnikAe karyo hatA tevA ane teTalA tyAranA jagatamAM kAI sthaLe mAluma paDyo nathI. vaiyazAstramAM jete nisargopacAra kahevAya tevA upacAranuM saMpUrNa zAstra bhAratIya saMskRtinA vizvasaMskRtine maLelA vArasa che. I. sa.-pU. 500 varSI pahelAM janmelA suzruta A vaidakIya vijJAnanA jagamazaThUra AgevAna hatA

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prAcIna bhAratIya saskRtinuM rekhAcitra 17 zrUte lakhelA A vijJAna paranA graMthamAM teNe zastrakriyA karavAnA sAdhatAne paNa ullekha karyo che. eNe hastagata karelA saphaLa upacAramAM mAtiyA, (lItheATAmI ) patharInA rAga, ane sAraNagAMThane paNa ullekha karyo che. dardImAM zastrakriyA karavA mATenAM 121 sAdhatAnAM eNe nAma ApyAM che. e pote vaidakIya jJAna mATe manuSyanAM zabane viccheda karatA hatA, evA ullekha SaSNu che. tyArapachI I. sa. khIjA saikAmAM caraka nAmaneA evA ja mahAna vaiSTIya vaijJAnika bhAratavamAM janmyA hatA. A carake vaichIya dhaMdhAne vadhAre vaijJAnika banAvyA ane e dhaMdhAnA yaza naitika draSTie vadhArI mUkayo. carake lakhelI carakasa MhitA AjanA jamAnAmAM paNa adyatana gaNAya evA vakIya vijJAnanA te mahAgraMtha che. A mahAvada zastrakriyA karatI veLAe samAhana auSadhI paNa ApatA hatA tevA ullekha paNa jaDe che, bhAratIya saMskRtinuM mUlyAMka bhAratIya saMskRtinuM mukhya svarUpa vaijJAnika ciMtananuM nahi paNa Adhi bhautika ciMtananu ane paralAka mATenI nItinuM A mukhya lakSaNa hiMdu saMskRtinuM hAI banyuM. hiMdu jiMdagInA rAjabarojanA vyavahAranA svarUpamAM ciMtananuM ane nItizAstranuM AvuM gUDharUpavALu svarUpa mUkhya banyuM. e kAraNane lIdhe sadAcAra nAmanA sAmAjika nitimattAnA pAyA sAmAjika mUlya vinAnA banyA, tathA vyaktigata mekSa nAmanA niraMkuza vyaktivAdanA hetue hiMdu sa MskRti para peAtAnA kAbU jamAvyo. A rIte jagatanI aMdaranA rAja-marAjanA vamAna jIvanamAM AvI vicAraNAe je sadAcArane pharajIyAta banAvyeA te sadAcAranuM svarUpa dharmAMnA kriyAkAMDa karavAnuM ja banyuM. apavAsa karavAnA dhArmika vahemA pramANe marajAdI TevA rAkhavAnA, dADhI coTalI vadhAravAnA tathA nAhavA AvAnA evA aneka upacArA ane AjanI vaijJAnika dRSTithI kaDhaMgA ane bhramita lAge tevA khIjA upacArAne ja sadAcAra mAnavAmAM AvyA. manuSya taraphathI sAmAjika rIte kalyANakArI pravRttivALu, manuSya manuSyane samAna gaNanArU ane manuSya manuSya vaccenA InsAphI vahevArane sadAcAra gaNunArU jIvananI kriyAnu mULabhuta evuM sadAcAranuM rUpa A vicAraNA apanAvI zakI nahi. pariNAme sAmAjika sadbhAva ane sahacAra AvI niSThura jIvana-prathAmAMthI uDI javA mAMDyA. sAmAjika anyAya! ane julmI vyavahArane miTAvI zake tevA krAI paNa dharma vyavahAra hiMdudhama pAse rahI zakavo nahi. A rIte dharmanA vyaktivAda kriyAkAMDAmAM ja DUbavA mAMDyo ane sAmAjika jIvanavyavahAranI nyAya dRSTithI vadhArene vadhAre vimUkha banatA gayA. samAja-virodhI svarUpamAM DUbI

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vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA jaIne jaDa kriyAkAMDA vaDe dhArmika athavA pavitra hAvAneA mithyA acaLA A AcAra dhAraNa karI zakayo. AvI vicArasaraNIe vaijJAnika vicAra svarUpane ahIMthI nAza karavA mAMDyo, eTaluM ja nahI paNa vaijJAnika jIvana vyavahAranA virAdha karavA mAMDajo. jIvananA AvA svarUpe bhAratavarSanA khagALazAstranA vijJAna rUpemAM AkAzI padArthone paNa adha rIte devadevIo mAnIne temanI pUjA karavA jevuM dharmAMdha rUpa dhAraNu karI lIdhuM. A vicArasvarUpe bhAratavarSanI bhASAmAM sAhityanA svarUpane vyAkaraNathI suramya banAvyuM. paraMtu bhASAnA padArthAMmAM prAthaeNnA tathA yajJAmAM jAduI maMtrAnA zabdoccAra uparAMta vijJAnane uccAra saMbhaLAyA nahi. vyaktigata meAkSanA kSudra ane saMkUcita svAthI evA svarUpane varelI samAja virAdhI evI vicAraNAe mAnavasamudAya athavA samAjanI mUktine vicAra karyA nahi. nira'kuzatA ane svachaMdatAnI hada vaTAvI daI ne zivazaktinI melI ArAdhanAmAM khUMpI jaIne, teNe dhanA rUpane jAdunI aMdhakAramaya ane ajJAnamaya galIcatA sAthe seLabheLa karI nAkhyuM. rAjAe ane zahenazAhA bhagavAneA tarIke pUjAvA mAMDavyA. grIsamAM sikare ane pUrvanA pradezAnA khIjA zahenazAheAe peAtAnI AvI ja ArAdhanA zarU karAvI hatI parantu bhAratamAM otaprAta banelI hiMdu dharmanI samAja virAdhI ane kSudra svarUpavALI vyakti gatameAkSanI vicArasaraNIe bhAratanA zahenazAheAnI bhagavAna tarIkenI pujAAna leAka jIvanamAM eka zaramajanaka vyavahAra tarIke parAvI dIdhI. A vicArasaraNIne lIdhe bhAratavarSAmAM zahenazAhatanA jamAnA saikA sudhI cAlyA karyAM ane peAtAnuM zAsana pote karavAnI rAjkIya asmitA athavA rAjakIya bhAna vepArI vargomAM ane zrImaMta vargomAM paNa utarI zakayAM nahI. A vargAe paNa zahenazAhAnI khuzI khuzAmata ja karyo karI. A rIte leAka samudAyamAM rAjakIya asmitA athavA rAjakAraNanuM bhAna saikA sudhI lAkazAhInI kAI paNa pravRtti karI zakayu' nahi. AvI pragati-vidhI vicAraNAe A mahAna dezane kUpamaMDuka banAvIne itihAsanA * rephrIjareTara' mAM jakaDI lIdhA. chevaTe jyAre vartamAnayugamAM vaijJAnika svarUpa dhAraNa karIne pazcimane vepArI ahIM AvI paheoMcyA tyAre paNa A mahAna deza nAtajAtanA bhedamAM a Mge aMgamAM chedAyelA ane bhaugolika rIte aneka rajavADAMonA hakUmata pradezanA vicchedavALA rUpamAM jakaDAI gayA hatA. tethI hajI gaI kAle ja janmelI paNa pragatine paMthe paDelI pazcimanI hakUmatanA A mahAna deza gulAma banI gayA. TRY

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10 AryonI IrAnI zahenazAhata barelI. * samayanI adhavacamAM dekhAto mAnavasamudAya-pUrvanI zahenazAhatanuM irAnIsvarUpa-pUrvamAM IrAna ane pazcimane eka mahAsaMgrAma] esIriyana zahenazAhatanA anta pachI A lekanuM nAma miDIsa hatuM. esiriyAnI zahenazAhatanA vinAzamAM emaNe meTe bhAga bhajavyo hato. uttarabhAratamAM AvI pahoMcelA AryonAM dhAo sAthe A Aryo paNa ItihAsamAM utarI AvyA hatA. A lokone Adi svarUpano Adi samaya ItihAsanI kSitijamAM Aje paNa DhaMkAyele paDavyo che. emanA 5 paziyAnDa sAmrAjaya ItihAsanuM prakaraNa jANe adhavacamAM ja zarU karavuM paDe che. A lekonAM dhADAMo I. sa. pUrve hajAra ke paMdaraso varSa para kAspiyana samudra paranA kinArAo uparathI pazcima eziyAmAM AvI paDatAM paNa mAlama paDatAM hatAM. miDIsa nAmanA A leke bukhArA ane samarakaMdanI bhUmi para rakhaDatAM dUradUra dakSiNa tarapha AgaLa vadhatAM dekhAtAM hatAM. dhIme dhIme A dhADAM irAnanI bhUmi para pahoMcyAM ane AraMbhamAM parvata AsapAsa vasavA lAgyAM. A parvatemAM gharabAra bAMdhIne pahelA A lekene A bhUmimAMthI trAMbu, leTuM, sIsuM, sonuM, rUpuM tathA Arasa ane hirA paNa jaDyAM. A lakoe pitAnI TekarIo para sArI evI khetI khIlavavA mAMDI hatI. emanI A phaLadra 5 bhUmine parvata parathI ogaLatA barapha pANI pAtA hatA. emanA itihAsamAM dIvasIsa' nAmanA pahelA rAjAnuM nAma saMbhaLAya che. eNe pitAnuM paheluM pATanagara bAMdhyuM, tathA temAM eka meTe rAjamahela ca. A rAjanI AgevAnI nIce miDIsa lakee pitAnI jIvana ghaTanAne vadhAre vyavasthita banAvI ane esiriyAnI zahenazAhatane dhAka lAge tevI zahenazAhatane ghaDavA mAMDI. A miDIsa lokenA pradeza miDIyA para esiriyana

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vitha ItihAsanI parakhA zahenazAhate AkramaNa karavA mAMDyAM, ane esiriyA sAthe laDatAM laDatAM A parziyana pradeza paranA miDIsa leke e yuddhanA anubhavamAMthI saMhAra karavAnI tAkAtane sarjavA mAMDI. miDIyana rAjAomAM sIekajhArIse nIvehane nAza karyo. esirIyAnA pATanagaranA patanathI uzkerAyelAM enAM lazkare pazcima eziyAnA pradeza para thaIne sAraDIsa nagaranA daravAjA para AvI pahoMcyAM. paNa e ja samaye sUryagrahaNa dekhIne gabharAI gayelAM A lazkare sADisa sAthe salAha karIne pAchA vaLyAM. sIekajhArIse pitAnuM zAsana parziyA, miDIyA ane esiriyA para sthApI dIdhuM. navA sthapAyelA A sAmrAjya para ane khAsa karIne IrAna para miDIsa lekee pitAnI AryabhASAnA chatrIsa akSarane phelAve karyo. A lekAe Adaramajhada nAmanA pitAnA prakAzanA Izvarane ane jarathusta ane jeSTriyana dharmane paNa paricaya karAvyo. IrAna nAme oLakhAtA A pradezane paricaya vizva ItihAsamAM zarU thaI gaye. IrAnanA AkhAtanI pUrva bAjuno A pradeza junA samayathI pArsa athavA pAzistAnanA nAmathI jANItuM hatuM. parvate, pANu vinAnI nadIo tathA sakhata TADha ane tApathI ubharAte A pradeza miDIsa nAmanA mAnavonA vasavATa vALo hate. A lake aphaghAnistAna ane uttara hiMda tarapha gayelA AryonI jAtanA hatA. A le ke pitAnI jeSTriyana bhASAmAM A pradezane "AryonAvije' kahetA hatA. "AryAna-vIje " nAmanA zabdone artha AryonuM ghara e thatuM hatuM. AryAvarta athavA "AryonA-vIja' nAmanA zabda pachI te AryAnA" athavA "IrAna" kahevAya. A Aryone bhagavAna agninA rUpavALo athavA prakAza jevo hatuM tenuM nAma Ahuramajhade hatuM. pUrvanI zahenazAhatanuM irAnI svarUpa AdaramajhadanI A bhUmi para have sIekajhArIsa nAmanA rAjAe i. sa. pUrve 600 nA samayamAM parziyAnI hakUmata esiriyA para sthApI dIdhI hatI. A hakumata nIce vaibhavamAM jIvanAra rAjAne varga zarU thaI cUkayo hate. zahenazAha pachIne A zAsakone varga alaMkAre paherata, moTAM makAnamAM gulAme pAse mahenata karAvata, vilAsanuM jIvana jIvavA mAMDe hate. miDIsa nAmanAM A Arya mAnavo have rathomAM pharatAM hatAM, ane gulAmenI khAMdha para jhulatI pAlakhIomAM viharatAM hatAM. zahenazAhatanI chAyA nIce A bhUmi para upalA vargoe moTI ezaArAma zarU karI hatI.

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127 AryonI IzanI zahenazAhata A arasAmAM parziyA para sAyarasa nAmane zahenazAha AvI pahoMce. A zahenazAhanI AgevAnI nIce IrAne jagata jItavA mATenI kamara kasavA mAMDI. "sAyarase sArDisa ane bebilenanuM saMpUrNa patana karyuM ane eka hajAra varSathI jIvatI pazcima eziyAnI e zahenazAhatane aMta ANe. IrAnanI zahenazAhate AvuM vizALa svarUpa dhAraNa karyuM. A zahenazAhatamAM have esiriyA, bebilenayiA, sirIyA ane eziyA mAInaranA pradeza AvI pahoMcyA. vizvavijetAnI jema sAyarasa samIpapUrvanA pradezane eka pachI eka jItavA mAMDyo. pUrva bhArata sudhI enA vijayo AgaLa vadhyA. A vijayayAtrAmAM kAspiyana samudranA dakSiNa kinArA paranI eka laDAImAM e kapAI gaye. pachI sAyarasanI zahenazAhatane vArasadAra kembisisa banyo. sAyarase zarU karelI vijayayAtrAnuM AkramaNa kembisisa IjIptamAM laI gaye. nAIla nadI para IrAnanAM lazkaro pharavA mAMDyAM. IjIptanuM pATanagara memaphisanuM patana thayuM. A zahenazAhe aneka mUrtionI pUjA karatA IjIptanA dharmanuM apamAna karyuM. eNe IjIptanA devaLomAM jAte jaIne mUrtionAM khaMDana karyA ane devaLane saLagAvyAM. IjIptanA deva devIonI mUrtione nAza karIne A vijetA paziyA tarapha pAchA vaLe tyAre ene khabara maLyA ke parziyAmAM baLa thayo che. ene IrAnamAM pahoMcatAM pahelAM ApaghAta karavAnI pharaja paDI ane pachI Deriyasa nAmane zahenazAha IrAnanI zahenazAhIne mAlika bane. pAchI A zahenazAhanI vijayayAtrA jagata jItavA nikaLI paDI. irAnanuM sAmrAjya enA samayamAM vIsa jeTalA kSatrapa athavA parAdhIna banelA dezonuM banyuM. A sAmrAjyanI hakUmata nIce IjIpta, pelesTAIna, sirIyA, phinIzIyA, libIyA, TikA, AyoniyA, kepeDesIyA, silIzIyA, ArmeniyA esiriyA, koDesara, bebileniyA, aphaghAnistAna, balucistAna,gaDiyAnA, bekaTrIyA tathA siMdhu nadIne pazcima bhAratane pradeza" AvI pahoMce. Deriyasa zAhaAlama banI cuke. pUrvanuM IrAna, pazcimamAM grIsane bheTe kare che I. sa. pUrve 512mAM IrAnanA zahenazAha DerIyasa pahelAe, aphaghAnistAna, uttarahiMda, turkastAna, mesopoTemiyA athavA IrAka, uttara arabastAna, IjIpta, sIprasa, pelesTAIna, sIrIyA, ezIyAmAyara, ane pUrva IjIana pradeza jItI laIne, grIsadezanA presa ane mekeDeniyAnA grIka prAMte para kabajo karyo.

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18 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA gatanA ItihAsamAM kadI nahIM dekhAyeluM evuM vizALa A paziyana sAmrAjya hatuM. A sAmrAjyamAM haju eka deza Akhe AvI cUka nahote. e deza grIsa deza hate. pUrvanI prAcIna saMskRtionI zALAmAM eNe saMskRtinA sAja pitAne tyAM sajavA mAMDyA hatA. prAcIna saMskRtionAM jIvananAM mUlyamAMthI pitAne AMgaNe jIvana vahIvaTanI sajAvaTa karato A e yopIya rASTra jIvananAM pUrvIya mUlyonI tAravaNI karI karIne, e rASTra pUrvanA zANapaNane ja apanAvI ne jyAM saMskRtine- AraMbha karate hatuM tyAM ja pUrvanI IrAnI zahenazAhate A bhUmipara AkramaNa karyuM. AkramaNane badhe bhAra ekalA grIsanA AyanIyana pradeza para ane e grIkapradezanA saMskAranagara ethensa para AvI paheo. DerIyasa, A Ayoniyane athavA etheniyane viSe pitAnA mAhiti khAtAne pUchatuM hatuM, "che, A etheniyane!" ane mAhitikhAtuM zahenazAha Alamane samajAvatuM hatuM ke, etheniyane, vairAjyane rAjavahIvaTa kare che. A lokone tyAM koI rAjA nathI paNa tyAM lokazAsana cAle che. A etheniyane e ja pAMca varasa pahelAM ja potAnA pradeza para krAntinI hIlacAla karIne, hIpIAsa nAmanA jAlIma rAjAne hAMkI kADho hato ane e rAjA pachIthI sAraDIsanA IrAnI kSatrapane tyAM jIva bacAvavA bhAgI chUTa hatuM, tenI yAda Deriyasane ApavAmAM AvI. A nAnA sarakhA ethensanA vairAjya sAme jagatane jItanArI IrAnI zahenazAhate caDhAI karI. I. sa. pUrve 491 mAM A zahenazAhatane naukAkAphale, jo jahAjo sAthe semasathI ijIana samudramAM peThe. rastAmAM A kAphalAe sIkaleDIsanuM patana karyuM ane pachI be lAkha sanakene zastrasAja eTikAnA kinArA para utaryo. paraziyAnI tAkAta AjasudhI parAjayane pichANatI ja nahotI. A tAkAtanI chAvaNIe merethonanA raNamedAna parathI grIka vairAjyane paDakAra karyo. merethonanA yuddhamAM grIkavairAjya vijaya pAmyuM. IrAnI zahenazAhata parAjaya pAmIne pAchI haTI. pachI Deriyasa maraNa pAme, ane kSarakasIsa gAdI para Avyo. IrAnI zahenazAhInA A navA saranazIne grIka-IrAna vigrahane vArasAmAM svIkArI lIdhe. pUrva ane pazcimane, zahenazAhata ane lokazAhI vacceno saMgrAma . sa. pUrve 481mAM A mahAsaMgrAma cAlu thayo. kSarajJIse cAra varasa sudhI A mahA AkramaNa karavAnI badhI taiyArIo karI. cAra varasane aMte, grIka

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AryAnI IzanI zahenazAhata itihAsakAra hIrADeATasanA ullekha pramANe, grIsadeza para pUrvAMnI AkhI duniyAe irAnI zahenazAhatanAM lazkarA banIne caDhAI karI. A lazkarAnI sainika saMkhyA 26,41,000nI banI. A vizALa lazkara vizva-itihAsamAM pahelIvAra sa anyuM. ijanerI, gulAmA, vahepArIo, vArAMganAe, vagere mahAmeLA A AkramaNanI sajAvaTamAM sAthe levAyA. 129 A lazkaromAM pUrvanI badhI parAdhIna mAnavatA irAnanI hakumata nIce hAjara thaI hatI emAM, irAnIaneA, miDIsA, bebilonIaneA, ajJAnA, hiMdIe, ekaTrIaneA, segaDIaneA, sAkA, esIrIyanA, AramenIane, kAlacIaneA, skAthIaneA, phInIane, mIsIane, pephalegAnIane, phiniyanA, thresIyA, thresAliyA, lAkrIaneA, kheezIaneA, lIDIaneA, phInIzIyane, sIrIyanA, Arakhe, pazIaneA, ekhIsIniyane, tathA lIkhIaneA hatA. A lazkara pAyadaLa hayadaLa, rathadaLa ane hastiLanuM banelu hatuM tathA A badhA lazkaranA sasrasAja lAvanArAM jahAjonI saMkhyA eka hajAra uparanI hatI. A mahAsaMgrAma AMtararASTrIya athava prAcIna jagatanA vizvasaMgrAmanuM rUpa dhAraNa karIne grIka dharatI paranA, AyeAniyana pradeza paranA eka ethenIana vairAyanI hastIne paDakAravA zarU thaye.A mahAsaMgrAmanA rUpamAM, zahenazAhatenI atiprAcIna saMskRtinI ane nUtanaprAcIna leAka saMskAranA vairAjyanA nUtana jIvanavahIvaTanI rUparekhAe sAmasAmI AvI gai. A mahAsagrAmane pUrva ane pazcima vaccenA pahelA saMgrAma tarIke paNa eLakhavAmAM Avyo. A saMgrAmanA samaye vizvatihAsamAM, pUrvanuM rUpa sAmrAjyavAdI saMhAraka svarUpa banI cUkayuM hatuM, ane yApane jyAre hajI janma paNa thayA nahotA, tyAre yarApanA vijJAnasaMskAranI bArAkhaDI chUTavA mAMDelA yApanA A eka throka deza athavA eka vairAjya, potAnA nUtana saMskArane dhAraNa karIne sAmrAjyavAdI saMhAraka jagatanA paDakAra banIne, atiprAcIna jIvanavahIvaTanAM ja saMskAra mUlyAne sAcavI rAkhavA rASTraAjhAdInuM paheluM yuddha laDatA hatA. IrAna ane grIsa vaccene mahAvigraha I. sa. pUrve 512mAM zarU thaine 4. sa, pUrve 479nA egasTa mahinAmAM pUrA thayA tyAre irAnI zahenazAhata parAjya pAmI cUkI hatI ane grIsadeza vijayI banI cUkayA hatA.

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11 paeNlesTAina vizva ItihAsamAM praveze che. [ itihAsanuM sthAna saMskRti-itihAsanI AgekUca ijIptathI ijharAila tarapha-ijharAila paNa vizva itihAsamAM Ave che-A rahyA paeNlesTAIna pradeza- jIvana itihAsanA AraMbha-jIvana vahIvaTanAM svarUpAtuM saMgaThana-paeNlesTAinanA satA-mesesanuM kAyadAzAstra ] itihAsanuM sthAna-saMskRti : ijIpta ane mebilAniyAnI prajAeAe i tihAsanI raMgabhUmi para AvIne pRthvI paranA peAtAnA vasavATa daramiyAna je maLyuM ane je meLavyu` tene potAnA jIvanamAM upabhAga karIne vizvaItihAsamAMthI have vidAya levA mAMDI hatI. ma vidAya lenArUM mAnavasamUdAyanA rASTrajIvananuM svarUpa jagatanA ItihAsamAM potAnI pAchaLa jene mUkI jatuM hatuM tenu nAma saMskRti hatuM. peAtAnI pAchaLa saMskRtine AkhI mAnavajAta mATe mUkI janAra rASTra athavA mAnavasamudAya vizvaItihAsamAM potAnuM sthAna prApta kare che. vizvanA I tihAsamAMnuM kAIpaNa prajA ane rASTranuM sthAna te prajAnA ekalA itihAsamAMthI ja nakkI thatuM nathI hatuM. A sthAnaneA adhikAra je rASTra ke prajA potAnA ItihAsamAM mAnavajAtanA jIvana mATe kAI cokkasa evuM saMskRtinu rUpa jo peAtAnI pAchaLa mUkIne jAya che to ja tenuM sthAna vizva itihAsamAM kAyama bane che. ItihAsanA takhtA para yuphratisa ane paigrIsanA kinAre A be mahA nadI vaccenA pradeza para, pahelAM ebilenanA ane pachI esiriyAne Uya thayA te ApaNe joyuM. ebilAniyAe eziyAnI bhUmipara IjIptamAMthI racAvA mAMDelI bALasaMskRtinA mAnavarUpane akAraNanA ane vahIvaTI kAnUnanA rUpane sArI rIte vikasAvyuM. e rIte eNe ijIptanI saMskRtinA kalevara para eka thara vadhAre caNyA. eNe itihAsanI gatinu eka DagaluM AgaLa bharyuM. A pragatinA DagalAMe khebilAniyAnu sthAna vizvatihAsamAM nakkI karyuM. paNa esiriyAe patA paranI UMcAI uparathI, jaMgalanI jhaDapa jevI lazkarI tAkAta sajbe, ane sahAranI Dhaba dhAraNa karIne ebilAnanI saMskRti upara AkramaNa karyuM. A ekhilAne je ekaThA karyAM hatA te badhA dhanavebhava eNe makaTanI rIte utaraDI kADhatho. ekhileoniyAe saMskRtinAM je nagA bAMdhyAM hatAM ane devAlayeA caNyAM hatAM; te badhAM AMdhakAmane bhAMgI nAkhIne

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12 ||3|| HD jIDI m IDumI na gelIlI samArI 9597919nA varlDa negIsa pAthara 'parvata' tet nichilaa DAmAsA mo

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12 vizva ItihAsanI parakhA eNe pitAnAM nagara bAMdhyAM ane devAlayo ApyAM. bebilonanI vANijya saMskRtie arthakAraNane je sudhAre ane sarakArI vahIvaTanA je nUtana kAnUna ghaDyA hatA tene eNe navuM kazuM banAvyA vinA saMhAra karyo. pachI esiriyAne ItihAsa saMhAra karIne thAkIne lotha thayelA hiMsaka pazunI jema saMhAranA ja bhAra nIce asta pAmavA mATe suI gayo. esiriyAne itihAsa vizvaItihAsamAM jIvI zake tevuM saMskRtinuM kaI navuM rUpa pote ApI zakyo nahIM. itihAsanI AgekUca, ijIptathI IjharAIla tarapha have dakSiNa pazcima eziyAnA pAMca samonI rekhAo vaDe sImAo pAmatA saMskRtine prAcIna udayanA pradezane pharIvAra najara sAme juo. DAbA hAtha tarapha dUra pazcimathI pRthvInI vacce hovAthI tyAM bhUmadhya kahevAtA samudra dekhAya che. bhUmadhya pachI jamaNI bAjue kALo samudra dekhAya che, ane kALA pachI kespIana samudra dekhAya che, ane lAla samudra dekhAya che. A samudro vacce vizALa jamInanI sarahadamAM moTAM raNe che. A raNabhUmio para kyAMka kayAMka lIletarInI lIlAo sarjAtI prAcIna jagatanI vizvasaritAo banelI traNa nadIo dekhAya che. emAMnI saMskRtinI sauthI pahelI gaNAtI nAIla nadI ane pachInI taigrIsa ane yukreTIsa nAmanI saritAonA pANInA pravAhane uddabhava ebisiniyA ane ArmeniyAnA parvata paranA varasAda ane baraphamAMthI thAya che. yuti ane taigrIsa mULamAMthI judI paDI jaIne pitAnI vaccenA pradeza para, mesopoTemiyAnuM rUpa maTe che. pachI A baMne nadIe pitAnA mukha AgaLa IrAnanA akhAtamAM paDavAnA pradeza pAse bhegI thAya che, ane tyAM A baMne saritAo ura athavA cAlaDIA nAmanI bhUminuM sarjana kare che. saMskRtinuM evuM svarUpa have eziyAnI dharatI para nakkara banyuM che. IjIpta bebiloniyA, cAlaDIA cIna ane bhArata evAM enAM nAma paDyAM che. meMphIsa, bebilena, ane hADaapa nAmanAM A vizvasaMskRtinAM vizva-nagare saMskRtinI hIlacAlathI dhabakI UDyAM che. IjharAIla paNa vidhaItihAsamAM Ave che tyAre yuphreTIsa ane nAIla nadI vaccene arabastAnanAM raNane uttara cheDo jyAM AgaLathI pasAra thAya che tyAM dADamera ane DAmasakasa Ave che. ahiM AgaLathI siriyA nAmanA raNa pradeza parathI raste AgaLa vadhe che ane UMcA

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133 pelesTAIna vizva ItihAsamAM praveze che uMcA DuMgarAo dekhAvA mAMDe che. A DuMgarAomAM prAcIna samayathI vasatAM bhAna lAMbAM ane aNudAra nAkavALAM che, dhAradhAra najaranI tAkavALAM che, tathA lAMbI pharakatI dADhIvALAM uMcA, akkaDa ane magarUra dekhAvavALAM che. A TeLIo junA samayathI IjIpta ane mesopoTemiyAnI saMskRtionI sevA karavA hAjara thaI gaI che. A leke e DuMgarAomAM zobhe tevI saMskRti paNa ghaDavA mAMDI che. A leke hibru athavA yahUdIo kahevAya che emanI najadIkamAM ja phInIzIyana vase che. phinIzIyanoe paNa saMskRtinI hIlacAla sAthe kyAreya pitAne samAgama sAdhI dIdho che. A yahudIo ane IjharAIla mATe tathA phinaziyana, ane phiniziyA mATe vizvasaMskRtimAM praveza karavA mATe aitihAsika samaya have pAkI cUkayo che. A rahyo pelesTAIna deza bebIloniyA ane esIriyA karatAM vadhAre moTI ane ijIta jeTalIja saMskRtinA mUlyanI asara mUkI janAre, pelesTAInane pradeza nAIla, taigrIsa ane yukreTIsanAM pATanagaranA rastAonI vacce lAMbI. paTI jevo patharAyelo paDyo hate. enI pazcime bhUmadhya samudra aLyo hato ane pUrvane simADe vahetI jeraDana nadInI pele pAra raNa patharAyeluM paDayuM hatuM. enI uttara dizAmAM AvelA esIriyA ane bebIleniyAnA pradezamAM javAne rAjamArga pelesTAInanI aMdara thaIne pasAra thato hato. enI dakSiNe IjIptano pradeza AvatuM hatuM. IjIpta ane bebIleniyA ane esirIyAnAM sAmrAjyanA vepAranA mArge, yuddhanA mArgo ane rAjavahIvaTanAM rojabarojanA kArabhAravALAM badhAM cakro A paTTI jevA pradeza para thaIne pharatAM hatAM. prAcIna sAmrAjyanI hIlacAla nIce palaTAtI ane kacaDAtI A dharatI koIvAra nasIbavALI lAgatI te kaIvAra kamanasIba dekhAtI. sAmrAjyanI A hIlacAlanAM rUpa A dharatI para vepAranI vaNajhAre jevAM, te koIvAra yuddhonAM tAMDava jevAM enA parathI pasAra thatAM. A hIlacAle nIce, dudha ane madhathI vahete A yahudIjana pradeza, hacamacI uThate. ene koIvAra eka te koIvAra bIjA sAmrAjyane pakSa levAnI pharaja paDatI. ene sAmrAjyanA vepArI karaverA IcchA anicchAe bharavA paDatA, ane lazkarI bharaNuM ane bhaththAM cUkavavAM paDatAM. vizvaItihAsanI prAcIna saMskRtinA AraMbhathI mesopoTemiyA ane IjIptanA sAmrAjyanAM pharatAM relavene dekhatA pelesTAInanA jIvanane e ItihAsa AraMbhAte hate.

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134 vizva ItihAsanI parakhA jIvana ItihAsane AraMbha ApaNA AjanA saikAthI bAvIsa sakAo para kaIka samaye yukreTIsanA mUkhapradeza paranA uranAmanA pradezamAMthI semITIka jAtanAM rakhaDatAMLAo athavA gopAlaka, bebIleniyAnA pradezamAM pitAnAM gheTAMbakarAM laIne peThAM paNa temane "bebIleniyAnA rAjasainikoe pazcima tarapha pAcho hAMkI kADhyAM. pitAnA taMbuo ThokI zakAya tevI ane pazuone cAre Ape tevI jamIna zodhatAM A hIbuleke rakhaDavA mAMDyA. chevaTe temaNe ijiptanI bhUmi para vasavATa mAMDyo, jyAM cAra saikAo sudhI teo vasyAM. paNa have ijIptanI zahenazAhatano saMparka temana thaI . IjIptanA zahenazAhae racavA mAMDelA rAjamahAla, devAlayo ane pIrAmIDone bAMdhavAnAM majure banavAnI eTale ke gulAma thavAnI temane pharaja paDI. A leke bhAgI jAya te mATe, IjIptanI sarakAre sarahado para sainike goThavyA hatA. paNa mesesa nAmanA temanA eka AgevAne, yahudIgulAmenA chUTakArAnI janA racI. vizva ItihAsamAM leka hijaratane pahelo banAva banyo. mesebasanI AgevAnI nIce A mAnavasamudAya, kArAgAra jevA IjIptamAMthI bhAgI - chayA, ane sinAIparvata AgaLa pahoMcyA. tyAM thoDo samaya visAme laIne gulAmImAMthI chUTelA. ane AjhAdInI jhaMkhanA karatA, sesanI AgevAnIvALA - A gopAlakee pIbIDu athavA phIlIsTInIsa nAmanA leke, jeo kinArA para rahetA hatA ane potAnA pradezane pelesTAIne kahetAM hatAM tyAM thaIne ane tyAM AgaLanA kenAna nAmanA bIjA pradeza para thaIne AgaLa dhapavAnuM cAlu rAkhyuM. * pachI Aje jyAM jerUsalema che tyAM temaNe potAno paDAva nAkhyo ane sthAyI vasavATa bAMdhavA mAMDayo. phIlIsTInIsa ane kenAnanA pelesTAInanA nAnakaDA pradeza parathI AjhAdI jhaMkhatI jerUsalemanI AsapAsa vasavA mAMDelI A yahudI nAmanA hIjaratI 'gepamAnone jIvana kalahanI A jehAdamAMthI pasAra thavuM paDyuM. A ghamasANa cAlIsa varasa cAlI. A jIvanasaMgrAmamAM laDAIo ane tale thaI. A saMhAramAM phIlITInIsa ane kenenAITa mAnanAM lehI pahelAM kalahamAM ane - pachI pharajIyAta banelA jIvana saMbaMdhamAM eka thayAM. jIvana vahIvaTanAM palaTAtAM svarUpanuM saMgaThana hibulekenI athavA yahUdI lekanI pelesTAIna upara AvI pahoMcelI, A ToLIo judA judA kuTuMbanA kulapati jevA AgevAne nIce pitAne jIvana vyavahAra calAvatI hatI. A kulapationAM grAmya paMce banatAM

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pelesTAIna vizva itihAsamAM praveze che hatAM ane A kulapationI banelI samitie kAnuna paDatI ane insApha ApatI. AvI jIvana prathAnuM Arthika ekama kuTuMba saMsthAnuM hatuM. A kuTue bhegAM maLIne pAtAnAM khetarA kheDatAM ane pazuonuM pAlana karatAM. AvAM a'kAraNanA svarUpavALI A jIvana vyavasthAnI, rAjakiya sa MsthAnA adhikAra kulapationI samitineA banelA hatA. 135 dhIme dhIme jIvana vyavahAranA A svarUpamAMthI rAjAne nImavAmAM AvyA. rAjAnI zarU thatI saMsthA sAme te samayanA semyuala nAmanA eka saMte sAvacetInA zabdo uccAryA ke, " have rAjAe tamArA dIkarAone peAtAne vahIvaTa calAvavA nAkarIe rAkhaze tathA temane peAtAnA ratha hAMkanArA banAvaze ane pAtAnA gheADesavArA banAvaze. rAjAnI saMsthA tamArI tamAma jmInanI mAlika banaze ane tame badhA veDhiyA kheDUtA banI jazo. rAjAnI A saMsthA tamArUM badhuM ja paDAvI leze. tamArI dIkarIe ane tamArA dIkarAe rAjAnAM gulAma banI jaze. tamArA dIkarAe rAjAnI laDAi laDanAra sainikA banaze. pachI tame tamArAM duHkha ane daradanI khumA pADIne bhagavAna yAdbehanuM smaraNa karA te te paNa tamane sAMbhaLaze nahi.' "" paeNlesTAina paranA pahele zahenazAha zAla nAmanA thayA ane khIje zahenazAha DevIDa nAmanA thayA. ' DevIDa 'gAliyAthanI katla karavA mATe prakhyAta thayA tathA baMsarI bajAvIne aneka yuvatIgmA sAthe nAca nAcavA mATe eNe nAmanA meLavI. zahenazAha tarIke tenI dhAtakI bhayAnakatA jANItI banI. enA pachI * seAleAmana" nAmanA enA dIkarA gAdIe AvyA. eNe gAdI para AvatAM ja potAnA tamAma riphInI katla karI nAkhI. pelA mahAna mesese dAkhavelA AsamAnamAM rahetA bhagavAna yAhavehane gusso paNa sAlemana sAme utaryAM nahi, paeNlesTAinanI dharatI para seleAmananI zahenazAhatanA kAyadA ane vyavasthA jagatamAM jANItAM banyAM. eNe AsapAsanA pradezA sAthe vepArane dhIkatA banAvyA. jesAlema nAmanA pATanagaramAM DevIDe eka mATA killA ane eka mATuM devAlaya baMdhAvyuM. enA rAjakArabhAramAM jephsAlemanAM bajAro vepAranAM mathakA banyAM. TAyaranA zahenazAhane eNe potAnA bhAIbaMdha banAvyA. phInIziyana vaNajhArA paeNlesTAInamAM thaine vahevA lAgI. eNe lAla samudra upara moTA naukA kAphalA bAMdhyA tathA esiriyA ane phinIzIAnA vepAMrIone arabastAna ane AphrikA vepAra karavA mATe potAnA kAphalAneA upayoga karavA mATe lalacAvyA. eNe sonAnI khANA khodAvI ane jerUsAlemamAM sAnAnA DhagalA lAvavA mAMDayA.

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136 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA A zahenazAhanA samayamAM prAcIna jamAnAnA prathama patinA lekhAtAM mebi leAna, nInevaMtu ane TAyara jevA mathakeAmAM jesAlenanuM nAma umerAyuM. jevA enA vebhava vadhyA tevu rajavADAnI saMsthAne zobhAve tevuM 700 rANIo ane 900 rakhAtAvALuM enu pATanagaramAMnuM aMtaHpura vizALa banyuM. eNe jerUsAlemanI AsapAsa keAkillA caNAvyA. eNe potAnA rAjyanA vahIvaTa mATe tene 12 jIllAemAM vaheMcI nAkhyuM. A rAjyavahivaTane teNe kiMmatI khANonI pedAza vaDe maDhayA. eNe pelesTAina parathI pasAra thatI vaNujhArA para jakAta nAkhI. jesAlema cAMdInuM mathaka banyuM. eNe peAtAne mATe ane paeNle sTAinanA bhagavAna mATe devAlayeA caNAvyAM. A devAlayeA para phinIzIA ane IjIptanA, esiriyA ane bebIlonanA kArIgaronI kArIgIrI jhaLakI UThI. AvA mahAna zahenazAhanA rAjakArabhAra nIce paeNlesTAinane vaibhava vadhI gayA. paNa vaibhavanA bhAra nIce kacaDAtA mAnava samudAyanI vedanA paNa vadhI gai. pelesTAinanA A vaibhave ja mAnavasamudAyanA nIcalA tharamAM garIbAinuM

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pelesTAIne vizva ItihAsamAM praveze che 137 sarjana karyuM hatuM. ahIM garIbAI ane vaibhava ekabIjAnI sAma sAme ekabIjAnA vyAghAta jevA dekhAtA hatA. vaibhavanA A thAka nIce solemonAkhelA karabhAra nIce solemananI maraNa sAthe ja te samayanA saMtoe dIdhelA zApa pramANe jANe pelesTAInanI jIvana ghaTanA hacamacI UThI. A jamAnAne mosa nAmane eka saMta jerUsalemane koTanI bahAra vizALa cokamAM ubho rahIne belata hoya e nIce avAja itihAsa sAcavI rAkhyo che. rAjA ane rAjavIone atihAsika zabdomAM saMbodhate hoya tevo. emesa kahete hato. "jerUsalemamAM ja onanI kallebaMdImAM mahAla caNIne ane tenI AsapAsa drAkSanA bagIcAo racIne beThelAM tame have e ImAtemAM lAMbo samaya vasI zakaze nahi. hAthI dAMtanA palaMgamAM ALoTanArAo tathA pelesTAInanI dharatInAM gheTA bakarAnI ujANI karanAra tame leke saMgItanA zabda sAMbhaLatAM je svamomAM rAce che te svamo have lAMbe vakhata Takaze nahi. bhagavAna yAhane avAja tamane je saMbhaLAtuM hoya te te kahe che ke tame Ape che te bhAga ane balidAna mane khapatAM nathI. huM te badhAne asvIkAra karuM chuM. tamArA para parvata parathI uchaLatA AvatA jaLadhodha je InsAphane cukAdo have utarI paDaze." pelesTAinanA saMto somananA gayA pachI pelesTAIna para bhUkhamare sarajAya. sele mananI samRddhi ane vaibhavanA bhapakAo pAchaLa saMtAI rahelAM zeSaNe sarajelI garIbAI ane zrImaMtAI vacce na pUrAya tevuM aMtara dekhAyuM. Akho deza AvI bheda ghaTanA nIce aneka kalahathI khadabadI UDyo. rajavADI zAsana paNa AMtara vigraha karIne dezanA be TukaDA pADIne be rAjyomAM vaheMcAyuM. IbrAhIma nAmanA rAjyanA eka TukaDAe samArIyAmAM rAjagAdI goThavI ane juDIAnA bIjA TukaDAnuM pATanagara jerUsalema banyuM. jessAlema para IjIpane zeoNka caDhI Avyo ane selemane saMpAdana kareluM badhuM suvarNa lUMTIne pAcho pharyo. AvA havAmAnamAM IjharAIlanI dharatImAMthI saMte jAgI UThayA. ItihAsanA rAjakAraNamAM uddAmavAdanI uSmA A dharatI para nipajelA saMtoe bharI dIdhI. A saMtenA udagAra vizvaItihAsanI neMdhapothInI ciraMtana preraNAo banI gayA. emasa ane IsAyA ane alIjhA jevA uddAmavAdIo IjharAIlanI dharatI para mAnavasamudAyanAM saraghaso banIne, sabhAo bharIne, janahIlacAlanI raNahAka jevA dekhAyA. I. sa. pUrvane A samaya 733 ne hate. A sama 18

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138 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA yamAM pelesTAina para esIriyAnuM AkramaNa AvI paheAMcyuM. esIriyAnA AkramaNa nIce sIriyAne, ane iphrAimane pradeza paDyo. jerUsAlemane esIriyAe gherA dhANyeA. jesAlema para satAnI saLagatI vANInA aMgAra jhIlatAM jIDiyAnAM mAnavAe metasAthe mUkAbale karyAM. jesAlema paDyuM nahI. paNa jIDiyA para jIvataranAM khaMDiyere| sarajAI gayAM hatAM. temAMthI be lAkha jeTalAM naranArIone gulAmA tarIke jakaDI laine temane esIriyA lai javAmAM AvyAM. have jesAle mamAM saMta ekalAnI aMgArajevI vANI jerUsAlemanAM aNanama khaDiyarAne DhaDhA LatI kahetI hatI, paNa jerUsAlema patana pAmyuM nathI, jesAlema punaH vana pAmaze. paeNlesTAInane A samaya itihAsanI ra MgabhUmi paranA eka nUtana praveza jevA samaya hatA. A nUtana pravezamAM itihAsanA takhatA para parziyana zahenazAhata pravezI cUkI hatI. IrAnanI A zahenazAhate vizvavijetA tarIke ekhileAnanI dharatI para potAnA padAdhAta zarU karI dIdhA hatA. IrAnanI zahenazAhatanA AkramaNa nIce ekhilAna paDatu' hatu ane tyAM gulAma banelA yahUdI mAnavAnA mATA samudAyA peAtAnA vatana jerUsalema tarapha bhAgI zTatA hatA. peAtAnA bApadAdAoe aDadhA saikA pahelAM jesAlema nAmanA potAnA je pavitra pATanagarane tyajI dIdhu hatu temAM paheAMcavA mATe traNa mahinAnI saphara kheDavA yadI mAnavA ekhIleAnathI nIkaLatA hatA. te rIte dhImedhIme jesAlema pharIvAra yahUdIonuM nagara khanatuM hatuM, tathA A purANA pATanagaramAM pharIvAra mAsese pukArelA bhagavAna yAhavehanAM statrAnA lalakAra saMbhaLAtA hatA. mAsesanu kAyadAzAstra meAsesanAM htAtrA yahUdIone pALavAnA dRza kAnUnanAM banelAM hatAM. devaLamAM A kAyadAnuM vacana thatuM hatuM. A ja kAyadA upara yahUdIo peAtAne jIvana vahivaTa ghaDavA mAMgatA hatA. A kAnUna sauthI prathama kahetA hatA ke mAnava samAjanI racanA eka izvara je jagatanA zAsaka che ane jenA vinA khIjA kAI rAjAnuM zAsana yahUdIoe svIkAravu na joi e tevA eka izvaranA khyAla para aMdhAvI joie. A bhagavAna nAmanA zAsaka azya evA izvara che. A izvaranuM zAsana mAnanArA lAkA yI eTale ke ijarAila kahevAyA. meAsesanA kAnUnagraMthanA khIjo kAyado izvaranI kAIpaNa mUrti ke pratimA ghaDavAnI nA kahetA hatA. A kAnUna Izvara sabaMdhI tamAma vahemenA nAza karavAnuM kahetA hatA, tathA A kAnUna pramANe izvaranuM svarUpa nirAkAra hatuM. zahenazAha sAlemananA samayamAM e samayanI duniyAmAM hatI tevI aneka pratimAe

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pelesTAIna vizva ItihAsamAM praveze che 139 jerUsalemanA devaLamAM mUkavAmAM AvI hatI. pachI sonAcAMdInA zarIravALI A pratimAone bebilenanI sarakAra upADI gaI hatI. have jerUsalemanA devaLamAM kaI pratibhA rahI na hatI. A devaLamAM eDenAI kahevAtA Izvarane zabda ane mesesanA kAnanA uccAra thayA karatA hatA. ahiM IjharAIlanI dharatImAM eka ane nirAkAra evA eDenAI athavA IzvaranA nAmanA mesesanA kAnUnano jApa japatA yadImAnava saMskRtinuM mUlya sAcavavAnuM svama sevatA hatA. A adanA mAnavanuM badhuM jema IjharAIlanI AsapAsanA pradezo para saMhAra khelatI zahenazAha jANe cUsI jatI hatI. zosAI gayela ane thAkyo pAka yahUdI mAnava AkAza sAme uDI jatAM svamonA AkArane ekaThA karI rAkhavAnI ghelachAvALI cIso pADato hoya tema nirAkAra evA eka Izvarane dekhavA mathatuM hatuM. jerUsalema para vizAdanI chAyA jevuM AkAra vinAnA eka IzvaranuM devaLa e bAMdhI zakyo hato. paraMtu jerUsalema nagara ane jaDiyAne pradeza para pratihAsanI bhayAnaka rAtrimAM eka vakhata IrAnanI zahenazAhatanuM rUpa dhAraNa karIne jerUsalemane pitAnuM khaMDiyuM banAvanAra AkramaNa AvatuM hatuM. A irAnI zahenazAhane ItihAsanI raMgabhUmi para vizvavijetA tarIke praveza karyo hato. AkhA jagata para AkramaNanuM yaMtra banelI potAnA vizALa lazkaravALI IrAnI zahenazAhatanI ANa te samayanA AkhA jagata para phelAI gaI hatI. parantu tarata ja ItihAsanA takhatA para grIsanI dharatI para pahoMcelI pelI vizvavijetA zahenazAhata ThAkara khAIne paTakAI paDatI dekhAtI hatI. be saikAonI kALarAtrI jeTalA TUMkA samayamAM ja A IrAnIana zahenazAhatane aMtakALa zarU thaI gayo hate. tyAre grIsanI dharatI parathI ja lokazAhIne kacaDI nAkhIne prAcIna jagatane cAvata sikaMdaranuM nAma dhAraNa karIne jagata jItavA nIkaLatA vizva vijayanA rastA vacce eka uMbarA jevA patharAyelA pelesTAInanA pradeza para caDhI Avyo hato. pATanagara jerUsalemanA kamADa sikaMdaranA sainike khakhaDAvatA hatA. pelesTAInanA A pATanagaramAM mesesanA kAnUnanA nAmamAM dharmazAsana calAvanAra purahita jerUsalemanA kamADone bolavAnI AnAkAnI karatA hatA. paNa pachIthI jerUsalemanA badhA sAdhuoe dhoLAM vastro paherI lIdhAM ane zAMtipUrvaka salAha karavA mATe kamADa khelIne bahAra AvyA. pelA vizvavije. tAe jerUsalemane svIkAra karyo. AkhuM DyiA jANe mota pAmI gayuM. 40 saikAone pelesTAInane ItihAsa seDa tANIne suI gaye.

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1ra prAcIna ItihAsane jyotirdhara [samIpa-pUrva ane yuropa-Aryo ahI paNa AvyA-Arya mAnanAM aneka nAmo-grIka saMskRtinuM AraMbhanuM rUpa-IsanA itihAsane AraMbha-mahAkA -i. sa. pUrvene cha sake -lokazAhIne janma ane selana--aneka rAjyane eka deza-saMskRti ane sekaTisa-lokazAhInuM tyAranuM svarUpa-lokazAhInuM Akramaka 35. zrIpa irAnanuM AkeaNa-kalisano suvarNayuga -esanI saMskRtinuM nagaraghara - ethenI zALA-e" nuM vahIvaTI taMtra-suvarNa yugane akiMcana ciMtana - leTenu divAravagnierisTalanuM ciMtana-mesiDeniyA, vidhaitihAsanuM prakaraNa ] samIpa pUrvanI bhUgoLa yuropane aDe che. A pradezanuM nAma zrI bhUmi che. bAhakana parvatamALanA e dakSiNa pradeza che. A bhUmi be samudronI vacce che. pUrva tarapha ayana samudra ene oziyAmAinorathI judI pADe che, ane eDI ATika samudra ane pazcima tarapha iTAlIthI ane sIsIlIthI judI pADe che. A pradeza pote paNa ghaNA TukaDAo vALe che. A bhUminA TukaDAo nAnA nAnA dvIpa che. jIana samudramAM A TukaDAo jevA pi paDelA che. A dvIpa jANe yuropa haja karI do che

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prAcIna ItihAsane tidhara 141 khakane samIpapUrva sAthe joDate bhAMgI gaelA kAI setunA TukaDAo hAya te dekhAya che. A kapuo para cAkIyAta jahAja banIne najara nAkhato heya tevA eka TApu kITa nAma che. pUrvanI mahAna prAcIna saMskRti ijIptamAMthI A uMbarAjevA TApu para laMga daIne AvI pahoMcI hatI. je tene aneka saikAo vahI gayA che. saMskRtinA dhAma jevo A krITa aneka saikAothI bebIleniyA ane ijItanI saMskRtino bherubaMdha banI cUkyo hato. A !! - ----- -- - I kALa riolIpasa pUvaeNnDokata - : karAvI eDrIeTIka zIya jUnu anuka

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141 vizva itihAsanI rUparekhA saMskRtinA dvIpa sAthe atiprAcIna evI si MdhunagarAnI saMskRtie paNa saMbadha bAMdhyA hatA. i. sa pUrve be hajAra varasapara A saMskRti dhAmaparanA devene daiva iMdra janma pAmyA ane ahIMnA paththara yuge saMskAranA ucca samaya para paheAMcI javAnI phALa bharI. evuM tyAMnI daMtakathAnuM kahevuM che. krITanu baMdaragAha nAsasa tyAra pachI pAMca sakA sudhI vANijyanA saMskAranI hIlacAlathI saMskRtinI rekhAone potAnA dvIpa para maDhatu N dekhAyuM. najadIkanA bIjA TApuepara paNa A saMskRtinI pagadaMDI dIpI UThI hatI. eziyA mAyaneAranA pUrva kinArAnATrAya pradeza paNu ItihAsamAM AvI cUkayo hatA.. AryAnAM dhADAM ahIM Ave che tyAre bAlakana pata mALanA uttara pazcima khuNAmAMthI dakSiNa tarapha dhasI AvatAM A mAnava samudAyAnA pagarava saikAothI ahI sabhaLAyA karatA hatA. samayanAM vaheNa jevA A samudAyAnI bAlkana parvatamALathI dakSiNa taraphanI AgaLa vadhatI A grIka jIvana dhaTanA hatI. jIvananI A AgaLa vadhatI ghaTanA, uttarataraphathI A jIana pradezamAM AvI paheAMcI. A mAnava samudAyAnuM i. sa. pUrve e hajAra varasa paranuM mAnavarUpa jaMgalI hatuM. A jaMgalIonu nAma zrIkalAka. jevA A samudAyA si MdhunagarA para AvI paheAMcyA tevAja A samudAyA ijIana jagatamAM AvI paheAMcyA. A paNa A mAnavA hatAM. kALA samudranA pazcima pradeza parayI A samudAyAnAM TALAM peAtAnAM pazuo sAthe dakSiNa dizAmAM AgaLa vadhatAM hatAM. I. sa. pUrve ehajAra varasapara gADAMomAM ane pazuonI pIThapara ladAyalA, A AyyA dhara saMsAra uttara grIsane aDI cUkayo hato. A mAnavAnAM aneka nAmA. jema si' nagarAnI saMskRtipara AryAMnAM AkramaNa AvI pahoMcyAM hatAM tema krITana saMskRtipara paNa A mAnavasamudAyAnAM uttara taraphathI, AkramaNu AvI paheoMcyAM. A AkramaNa nIce nagare saLagI gayAM. killAe tArAja thayA. krITasaMskRtine khALeA khUMdatI AkramaNanI ghaTanA nUtana saMskRtinI navesarathI racanA karavA besI gaI. A dhaTanAne mAnavasamudAya A samudAyAnA pazcimI vibhAgamAM khelAtI bhASA kheAlatA hatA. A samudAya aneka TALIomAM vaheMcAyalA grIsa para patharAtA hatA. ArakeDIyaneA pIlApAnIsa pradezanA madhyamAM vasI cUkayA hatA. ekIane pUrva bhUmadhyanA kinArAe kabaje karatA hatA, tathA ekIlIsA sAthe tee TrAyane tArAja karatA hatA. AyAnIanee eTIkA

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prAcIna itihAsane tira 143 para kabajo meLavyo hate. epIrasamAM DerIana AvI pahoMcyA hatA ane IlIrIane e ATIkanA kinArA para jamA thatA hatA tathA gresI ane IjIana samudranA uttara kinAre utaratA hatA. grIka nAme jANItI banatI A bhUmi krITana saMskRtinI ati prAcIna vasAhata hatI. A saMskRtinAM svarUpa AryonAM A AkramaNo nIce bhAMgI paDyAM ane raukAo sudhI AryonI jaMgalI dazAnI pakaDa nIce AvI paDyAM. A pakaDamAM jakaDAI gaelI krITana saMskRti sAthe pelI pachAta dazAne saMbaMdha thayo. A saMbaMdhamAMthI kITana saMskRtinAM verAyelAM paDelAM bIja Aste Aste aMkure dhAraNa karIne ugavA lAgyAM. ghaNuM saikAo sudhI pelA jaMgalI Arya mAnava samudAyoe pazu pAlananI saMskRtine cuMTI rahevAne rAha lIdhe, paraMtu mahAna evI krITana saMskRtinI bhUmimAMthI temaNe khetIvADI ane vANIjyanAM saMskAra rUpane paNa aMgIkAra karavA mAMDayAM. jema AryAvarta para siMdhu nagaronI saMskRtimAMthI nUtana Arya saMskRti udabhavI tema A bhUmipara paNa rAjAonAM nagararAjya ugavA mAMDyAM. grIsa saMskRtinuM AraMbhanuM rUpa A bhUmiparanI bhaugolika racanAmAM grIka nagara rAje ekabIjAthI alipta rahIne ugyAM. A nagararAne judAM athavA vikhUTAM rAkhatI parvatamALAo hatI tathA akhAtenI racanA hatI. A nagararAjya eTalA mATe dIpe ane parvatanI AsapAsa baMdhAyAM hatAM. A nagararAjya parvata ane akhAtenA aMtarA vacce pitApitAnI sarakAre racatAM hatAM ane kAnane ghaDatAM hatAM. A jIvanaghaTanAnI mUkhya bhUminA cAra evA moTA vibhAga hatA. dakSiNa taraphane eka vibhAga pazcima sudhI pitAnI ANa vartAvate spArTInA nAmathI jANute banyo hate. uttara taraphana vibhAga thI bIsanI hakumata nIce hate. eTIkA penInayulA para ethensanI hakumata hatI. A badhAmAM ethensa ane spArTI AkhA grIsa dezamAM prakhyAta pradeza hatA. A be pradezanAM be pATanagara, eka sparza ane bIjuM ethensa, grIsanA ItihAsanA pATanagara banyAM. pelepanIjha pradezanuM pATanagara spArTI, spArTana jIvanano namUno dhAraNa karatuM hatuM tathA uttara pradezanuM pATanagara ethensa, pitAnA jIvana vyavahAranuM nUtanarUpa racatuM hatuM. parvatethI gherAyeluM spArTIne jIvananuM svarUpa sthiti cUsta rahyuM tathA dariyA paranuM ethensanuM jIvanarUpa udAra ane udAtta banavA mAMDyuM. A samaye pAchaLathI ItihAsamAM AvanAre mesiDoniyAnI DuMgaramALa pradeza haju bilakula pachAta hatA.

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vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA irr grIsanA ItihAsanI ArbhanI rekhA evA grIsanA ItihAsanI ArbhanI rekhAe ApaNane atiprAcIna . evI krITana saMskRtinAM anekavAra saLagI jatAM nagarAnI uDatI jvAlAomAM dekhavA maLe che. A samaya i. sa. pUrvenA khArasA varasa pahelAMnA che. tyAra pachI saMskRtie peAtAnA paga grIsanI bhUmi paranA, mIsIna nAmanA pradeza para TaeNkanyA haze ema mAlama paDe che. A mIsInanI saMskRti paNa tyAra pachI AkramaNA nIce AvI paDI ane krITanA nAsasa daragAhanI jema saLagyA karI. A agnidAha nIce grIsanA ItihAsanI khaDiyara banatI rekhAovALA grIsanA ItihAsanA AraMbha che. A AraMbha grIka ItihAsanA I. sa. pUrvenA 1050nI kahevAya. A samaya lAhayugane samaya paNa kahevAya. A leAhayuganA AraMbhamAM ja Troyane paNa nAza thai gayA. lAhayuga laI te vinAzanI rekhAe vaDe grIka dharatI aMkita banI. krITa, mIsIna, ane TroyanA A lAhayuganAM thiAre lai te AvanArAM AkramaNeAe nAza karyo. ItihAsanAM pahelAM mahAkaLayA. A samayamAM hemara nAmanA eka grIka aMdha kavie, itihAsanI daMtakathA jevAM mahAkAvyA racyAM. I. sa. pUrve 900 varasa para, rAmAyaNa ane mahAbhArata jevAM A mahAkAvyA IlIyaDa ane eDesI nAmanAM racAyAM. A mahAkAvyAnAM pAtro grIka vIrapurUSA ane grIka devadevIe banyAM. rAmAyaNa ane mahAbhArate jema prAcIna AryAvartanI vananI racanAnAM rAjakharAjanAM vyavahAranAM svarUpAnuM dRna karAvyuM che tema A be mahAkAvyAe paNa tyAranA grIka jIvananI atihAsika chaSmIne jagata samakSa raju karI che. i. sa. purvenA chaThThA saikAnA nUtana samaya tyAra pachInA grIsanA ItihAsa eTIkA pradezanA pATanagara ethensane kendramAM rAkhIne ja samajI zakAya. A nagaranI AsapAsanuM grIkazAsana i. sa. pUrve 60 thI 600 sudhI umarAva zAsana tarIke jANItuM banyuM. tyAranA samAja jIvana para A umarAvayuganu ekahaththu zAsana cAlatu hatu. jamInanA svAmI anelA A umarAvA grIsanI badhI sa Mpatti tathA jAnamAlanA mAlika khanI cUkayA hatA. umasavAnI dhanadolatanA khIjA cheDA para trIsanAM mAnava samudAyA kaMgAla sthitimAM saDatAM hatAM. nAnA nAnA TukaDAe para khetI karatA A samudAyAnI dazA gulAmA jevI hatI. AvI jIvana dhaTanA umarAvazAhInI hatI tathA tenI Toca para rAjAzAhInI hakumata hatI.

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prAcIna ItihAsane tirdhara 145 paraMtu ethensanagaranA arthajIvanamAMthI A umarAvazAhI tUTavA mAMDI. umarA pitAnI dolata vANijyamAM rekavA lAgyA. ethensanuM baMdaragAha vANijyathI dhIkhI UThayuM. umarAnAM vyApArI jahAje IjIpta, sisalI mArselsa, sAyaprasa vagere mathake sAthe vepAra kheDavA lAgyAM tathA ethensanuM vahANavaTuM vikasavA mAMDyuM. A badhI ghaTanAmAM rajavADAzAhone aMta AvavAnI Arthika racanA racAI gaI. lokazAhIne janma ane solana badalAtI jatI jIvana ghaTanAmAM ethensanA pATanagaramAM kavioe, bhATa cAranAM yazogAna choDI daIne zramamAnavanAM, ane naitika sadaguNonA nUtana gIta racavA mAMDyAM. A mahAkavioe piDIta mAnanI ththA ane insAphanI temanI mAgaNIne kavitAomAM racI dIdhI. have ethensanA jIvanamAMthI rAjAzAhInuM zAsana alepa thaI gayuM paNa DrAkAnuM jAlIma saramukhatyArIvALuM zAsana zaru thayuM hatuM. DrAke nAmanA jAlImanA zAsana nIce eTikAnI dharatI ukaLI uThI ane ke nAmane zabda jAlIma athavA ghAtakI evA arthavALo banI gaye. AvI saramukhatyArazAhInA jamAnAmAM solena nAmane eka mahAna grIka, ethensa nagarane nyAyAdhIza nimAye. zAsanathI svataMtra evA nyAyanA zAsananA A sarvopari nagara adhikArIe, nyAyasamatAne dhAraNa karIne cUkAdA devA mAMDayA. garIba ane tavaMgara mATenA jUdA kAnUto eNe rada karyA ane jamInanA dhArAdharaNane sAmAjika InsAphanI nyAyasamatA para mUkI dIdhAM. eNe garIba ane tavaMgara saune samAna dhoraNa para nagaranI rAjyasabhAmAM besavAne adhikAra che, evI jAherAta karI. A rIte eTikAnI dharatI para lekazAhIne AraMbha thaye ane jAlIma saramukhatyArInuM patana thayuM. A nUtana lekazAhInuM rUpa upalA ane madhyama varga sudhI ja pahoMcI zakyuM. rAjya saMsthAmAM cUMTAvAno ane cUMTavAno adhikAra, gulAme ane akiMcanone maLyo nahIM. A lekazAhInA pAyAmAM koIpaNa rAjakIya ke sAmAjika adhikAra vinAnA A gulAma nAmanA mAnavasamudAye grIsanI sAmAjika jIvana racanAmAM jIvananA pAyA tarIke svIkArAI gayA tathA bhAratanI bhUmiparanAM vairA jevuM ethensanuM grIka vairAjya grosa bhUmi para jIvananA nUtana rUpa jevuM zarU thaI gayuM. aneka rAjyane eka deza grIsa deza nAnAM nAnAM nagara rAjyo ane TApuonAM rAjyanA banela eka deza bane. AvA evA TUkaDAo para vaheMcAyele A pradeza eka dezanI 19

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14 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA ekatA vinAne dekhAtuM hatuM. A eka dezanA judA judA pradeza para vasatAM mANase potapotAne prAdezika nAmothI oLakhatAM hatAM. smArTa ane etheniyane, thIbane ane karinathIene, meseDonIyane ane meliya, evAM e lokonAM nAma hatAM. chatAM A saumAM eka bhASAne laIne homaranA eka jAtanA gItanA lalakArane lIdhe deva devIone pUjanArA eka jAtanA dharmane lIdhe ane olempIka ramatanI ekatAne laIne grIsa deza eka deza je lAgatuM hatuM. A eka dezanI ekatAnuM bIjuM rUpa grIka dharatI para janma pAmatA jJAna ane vijJAna taraphanA premanuM rUpa hatuM. A deza AjasudhI atiprAcIna evA deza pAsethI ghaNuM ghaNuM zIkhyo hate. phinIziyanoe A dezane jahAje bAMdhatAM ane calAvatAM zIkhavyuM hatuM. IjIpta pAsethI grIsa deza gaNita ane khagoLa zIkhyo hato tathA zilpazAstra paNa zIkhyo hate. have eNe vijJAna zIkhavA mAMDayuM hatuM. bhArata deza sAthe tene saMtasamAgama zarU thaI gayo hato. bhArata para thatI hatI tevI carcAo ane vitaMDAvAde eNe paNa zarU karI dIdhA hatA. grIsa deza para jJAnanuM jANe eka moTuM valeNuM cAlavA mADayuM hatuM. saMskRtinI zedhanuM nAma ahiM sekeTisa hatuM--ApaNe grIsa dezanA nakazAnI sAme joIe te te samayanAM nagare athavA nagara rAjya dekhavAmAM Ave che. A samaya i. sa. pUrvenA chaThThA saikAnI zarUAtane hate. i. sa. pUrvenA chaThThA saikAnA AraMbhamAM grIsamAM meleTasanI pAsenA eka TApu para hireDeTasane janma thayo hate. enA jamaNe paDakhe semasa nAmane TApu hatuM A TApu para "pAyathAgerAsa" ja hate. enAthI thoDe dUra Iphesasane TApu hatuM. tyAM hirekalITasa" nAmane vaijJAnika jamyo hate. tyAMthI traNa kalAkane raste AvelA kelephona para "jhIne phenisa" ne janma thayo hate. ane tenI pAse AvelA "kalemina'nagaramAM "enekajhArAsa" janmI cUke hatA. A badhA I. sa. pUrvenA chaThThA saikAnA samakAlino hatA. thelsa ane enekajhimenDara paNa vaijJAnika hatA. enekajhimInIsa, enekajhimenDarane vidyArthI hatuM. A samaye hIrekalIsa haju bALaka hatuM, ane pAyathAgorasa vRddha thavA Avyo hato. A samaye enekajhegorAsa ane hIreDeTasa juvAna chokarAo hatA. A baMne mahAna juvAne I. sa. pUrve pAMcamA saikAmAM jIvatA hatA. A samayamAM ja eka mahAmAnava grIsanI dharatI paranA ethensa nagaramAM kAMIka zodha karate pharate hate. A mANasanuM nAma "sokreTisa" hatuM. eno cahero vizALa hato. ane meTuM nAka hatuM. beDoLa kahevAya te A mANasa smita karate tyAre

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mAthIna ItihAsane tira 147 ati suMdara lAgate ane ekabIjAthI jarA vadhAre dUra goThavAyelI enI AMkhanI dhAradAra najara nAkhate A ciMtaka zedhakanI chaTAthI jyAre vAta karatA tyAre te mahAbuddhimAna dekhAte. grIka dharatI para e saMskRtinI zodha karatuM hatuM, ane kahete hatuM ke saMskRtinI zodha karatAM karatAM jyAM pahoMcAya tyAM huM pahoMcavA mAgu chuM. saMskRtinI zodha e grIsanA jIvananA ItihAsamAMthI karatuM hatuM ane kahetA hatA ke eka vakhata A dharatI paranA grIka leke bharavADe hatA, zikArIo hatA ane laDavaiyAo hatA. zikArane ane aMdara aMdara laDavAne e lekonA jIvanane rejIde vahivaTa hatuM, tyAre e leke saMskArI hatA, ema na kahI zakAya. ema kahete sekeTisa e saMskAranI vyAkhyAne zodhI kADhavA mathatuM hatuM. ane grIka jIvanamAMthI e vyAkhyAne padArtha pAmate heya tema pAcho kahete hato "paNa pachI jyAre grIka leke kheDUta banyA ane pitAnA jIvananA vahIvaTamAM temaNe ekabIjA sAthenA zAMtimaya saMbaMdhane svIkAra karyo tyAre ja teo pahelIvAra saMskArI banyA ema kahI zakAya, kAraNa ke yuddhanA saMbaMdhavALA samAja karatAM zAntimaya saMbaMdhavALo samAja vadhAre saMskArI che. paNa sekreTisa je jamAnAmAM pharatuM hatuM te jamAnAnI grIka dharatI para ethensa nAmanuM mahAnagara vikAsa pAmI cUkayuM hatuM. A nagaramAM aneka dhaMdhA rojagAra zarU thaI gayA hatA ane judA judA kArIgare aneka vastuo banAvatA hatA. e kArIgarone bIjA aneka vyavasAye hatA. ethensanAM nAgarikone cauTe cauTe sokreTisano avAja saMbhaLAte ke ethensanAM nAgarike je pitAne saMskArI mAne che te sau jIvananA judA judA vyavasAya karanArA pitAnA paDozIo sAthe ane pitAnA paDozI paradezI mAna sAthe ane bIjA dezonA nAgarika sAthe je teo zAMtimaya vyahavAra nahi kare paNa eka bIjAne lUMTavAne vyavahAra karaze te A ethensa nagara rAkhanA DhagalAmAM samAI jaze. evo A sokreTisa paNa te samayanA prAcIna grIka dezanA ethensa nagarane jIvananA vaijJAnika je nAgarika hate. jIvanavyavahAranA vijJAnanuM rUpa zodha ethensanA rastAo para e rakhaDate hato tathA grIsanA itihAsamAMthI saMskRtinI jIvatI vyAkhyAnI zodha karyA karatuM hatuM. tyAre lokazAhInuM rUpa kevuM hatuM ? tyAre grIsa deza para lekazAhI hatI. jethI ethensa nagaranI lokazAhI hatI tevI ja lekazAhI bhArata dezanA vizALa paTa para zahenazAhanA pradezonI vaccevacce zahenazAhatanA samudramAM TApUo hoya tevI astitva dharAvatI hatI. ethensanI

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148 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA lekazAhI jevI A lekazAhInAM nAma lIvIonI lekazAhI, yaudheyenI lekazAhI, vi. nAma vALI lekazAhIo hatI. A badhI lekazAhIo pAse pitAnAM pATanagara hatAM ane A nagara sAthe saMkaLAyelA pradeza hatA. A lekazAhIo mAlika lekenI ja lekazAhIo hatI, tathA A lekazAhIne badhe zrama karanAra zrama mAnA gulAma hatAM. jevuM bhAratamAM hatuM tevuM ethensamAM paNuM hatuM. A lekazAhInAM siMhAsane gulAme para racAyelAM hatAM. A gulAmonI gaNanA lekazAhIo rAjyavahivaTamAM leka athavA manuSya tarIke karatI na hatI tathA temane koI adhikAra ApatI nahatI. gulAma taraphanI AvI daSTi te samayanA AkhA jagatamAM hatI. e jagatane ema lAgatuM hatuM ke gulAmane gulAmImAM rAkhyA vinA jagatane vyavahAra cAlI zake nahi. gulAmInI prathAne rada karavAne khyAla e prAcIna jagatanAM dimAkamAM jIvI zake tevuM e dimAka hatuM nahi. te jagatamAM ciMtako ane nItimAne paNa gulAmInI prathAne svIkAra karI letA. IjIe ane mesopoTemiyA tathA cIna ane bhArata ane pelesTAIna ke phInIziyA sai dezonI saMskRti A gulAma banelA mAnava samUdAyoe potAnA zramathI bAMdhI hatI. A saMskRtinI havAmAM na janmele grIka saMskArane AkAra paNa pitAnI lekazAhInI ghaTanAne gulAma mAnanA zramanI yAtanAo para bAMdhate hate. badhuM ciMtana gulAmInI prathAne svIkArI letuM hatuM. A grIka dharatI parano pleTa nAmano mahAna ciMtaka gulAmanI vyAkhyA karatAM kahetuM hatuM ke "gulAma manuSya, e zvAsa letuM yaMtra che ane jIvatI milkata che." lokazAhInuM AkramaNa rUpa . . AvI AjhAdInI reta nIce gulAmInA pAyAvALuM aMdhArUM kArabhAruM jIvana vahivaTanA kalevarane katarIkhAtA eka kIDA jevuM hatuM. lokazAhIne AvA kalevare pitAnI ja dharatI para pitAnI hakUmata nIce na Ave tevA pradeza para AkramaNa karavA mAMDayuM hatuM. A rIte gulAmInI prathA vadhAre vyApaka banatI hatI. A rIte A mahAna lekazAhInA zarIramAM prapAta zarU thayuM. ethensanI hakumatane grIka dharatI paranA ja eka nAnakaDA pradeze svIkAra karavAnI nA pADI ane IrAnanI zahenazAhata pitAnA jagatanA bIjA deza para je karavA nIkaLI hatI te vijayI ethensanI lekazAhIe potAnI ja dharatI para zarU karyuM. ethense A nAnakaDA pradezanA lokone saMhAra karI nAkhyo tathA strIo ane bALakone gulAma banAvavA mAMDyA pachI sAta varSe melesa nAmanA eka nAnakaDA grIka TApue ethensanI hakUmatane svIkAra karavAnI nA pADI. grIka

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prAcIna itihAsanA jvAti ra dharatI paranA ja A TApu para ethensanI leAkazAhInAM lazkarA AvI pahecyAM. meleAsa dvipa paranA mAnavAe ethensanA rAjadUto sAthe vATAdhATa zarU karatAM kahyuM ke " ethensanI leAkazAhI je insAphanI vAta kare che tevA insAphanA amala mAge che ke amane paNa amArUM zAsana svataMtra rIte calAvavA de." ethensanA rAjadUte javAba dIdhA " InsAnA vyavahAra e samAnapakSA vacce ja thaI zake che. jyAre banne pakSA samAna na hoya tyAre nabaLA pakSe baLavAna pakSanI tAbedArI svIkArI levI. ' pharIthI meriyA eTale ke melesanA lekA khelyA tame InsAphane anAdara kare che. eTaluM ja nahi paNa ethensanI leAkazAhI peAtAnA svA paNa InkAra kare che, kAraNa ke ethensa karatAM baLavAna koI pakSa jo tene parAdhIna banAvaze te| tyAre ethensa InsAphanI kaI dalIla karI zakaze ? ' amArA hitane vicAra amane ja karavA de. ethensa tamArA para adhikAra dhAraNa karavA mAge che ja ane te bAbata tamArA hitamAM paNa che?' ethensanA rAjadUte kahyuM. 6 149 ' ame gulAma banIe te amArA hitamAM ?' meriyaneA AdhAta pAmIne melI UThayAM. ' tame amane mitra tarIke zAMtimAM jIvavA devA nathI mAgatA paNa gulAmA tarIke ja jIvavA devA mAge che ! evA ene artha thayA.' ane adhikAranA unmAdathI aTTahAsya karatA ethensanI leAkazADIne rAjadUta meklyA * ame khaLavAna chIe, tame amArA mitrA tarIke kevI rIte zebhA ? tamArI pharaja ane amArUM hita tamArI yAtine TakAvI rAkhavAmAM ja che, ane tamArI hayAti amAre zaraNe AvavAthI ja TakI zake tema che.' amane AzA che ke baLavAnanI sAme paNa ame amArI hayAtinu AjhAda rUpa TakAvI rAkhavA amArA paga para ubhA rahI zakIzuM' meriyanee chevaTe kahyuM ane ethensanI leAkazAhIe temane yuddhanuM AvAhana ApyuM, tathA AkharI javAba mAkalI dIdhe ke, * avyavahArU banavA mATe tame tamArA nAza mAgI le che, teA bhale tema thAe " ethensanI leAkazAhI sAthenI vATAdhATe A rIte pUrI thaI ane tyAra pachI melesane nAza thaI gayA. meleAsanI strIo ane bALake ethensanagaramAM gulAme tarIke vecAyAM. A rIte ethensanI lokazAhIe leAkazAhI paranuM AkramaNa zarU karyu`. A samayane itihAsa lakhatAM thusiDAI Disa nAmaneA itihAsakAra lakhe che ke " grIka dharatI paranI leAkazAhInI saMskAra jgyAta A rIte dUrguNA ane sadguNA tarIke Aca.

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150 vizva ItihAsanI rUparakhA rAvA mAMDI. grIka dharatI para eka zabdanA aneka artho thavA lAgyA. vATAghATa vitaMDAvAda bane. chaLakapaTa hoziyArI tarIke dekhAyAM, tathA sArAsAra viveka durbaLatA dekhAya. dareka mANase eka bIjA para zaMkA dharIne parasparanA vyavahAra zarU karavA mAMDayo. grIka dharatI para adhikAra mATenI jIvaleNa sarasAI zarU thaI gaI." tyAranA prIsa deza para irAnanuM AkesaNuM barAbara A samaye potAnA nAnA sarakhA deza para nagara rAjyanuM rUpa dhAraNa karIne sau nagaramAM sarvottama evuM ethensa nagara grIka dharatI para jIvatuM hatuM tyAre be saikAonA sImA pradeza parathI ethensa para IrAnanuM AkramaNa AvI pahoMcyuM. I. sa. pUrvene chaThTho ane pAMcamo saikA saMgama pAmatA hatA tyAM AgaLa pitAne rAjAonA rAjA kahevaDAvate IrAnane zAha Alama parisa AkhA eziyAmAInora para saMhAranA pUra je caDI AvatuM hatuM. grIka dharatI paranA eka pachI bIjA nagara A AkramaNa nIce paDavA lAgyAM. grIka dharatI paranAM Aveniyana nagaranAM kArakhAnAo tUTI paDavA lAgyAM. "polITisanAmane mahAna grIka, IrAnI ane hAthe vadha pAmavA krosa para ThokAI gaye. AkramaNanA A purane ghaDIbhara thaMbhAvavA mileTase dehanI divAla racI dIdhI. paNa te AkhuM nagara patana pAmIne rAkhanA DhagalAmAM suI gayuM. grIka dharatI paranAM nirAdhAra mAnave saMhAranI AphatamAMthI bacavA pazcima tarapha nAsavA mAMDayAM. nAsatAM jatAM A mAnavasamudAyamAM grIka dharatI paranA vaijJAnike ane ciMtake paNa hatA. A leke saMhAramAMthI bacAvavA mATe pitAnA nakazAo, lakhANo vagere laIne bhAgatA hatA. eziyAmAInerathI upaDelAM saMhAranAM ghoDApura pitAnA mArgamAM jIvataranI badhI rekhAo bhUsI nAkhatAM AgaLa vadhatAM hatAM. saMhAranAM A joDApUrane have rekI na zakAya te saikAonI saMskRtiono nAza thaI javAne bhaya ubho thayo hato. tyAre IrAnanI zahenazAhate ghaDelA saMhAranAM yaMtra ane saMhAranAM lazkarane thaMbhI javAne paDakAra ethensa nagare karyo. ethensanI A jIvanamaraNanI laDAI hatI. grIka dharatI paranI A etihAsika AjhAdInI jehAdamAM sAtha ApavA grIka dharatI paranA spArTI nAmanA nagare paNa umedavArI nedhAvI. ethensa ane spArTIe AjhAdInA rakSaNanA nAmamAM saMhAranA ghoDApUrane thaMbhI javAne paDakAra karyo. jANe be jagata ekamekanI sAme grIka dharatI para AvI gayAM. gulAmenI prathA para zahenazAha baneluM jagatarUpa IrAnanuM hatuM ane gulAmanA ja amapara saMskAranI ghaTanA ghaDatuM prAcIna jagatamAMthI ugeluM ItihAsanuM bIjuM rUpa grIka

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prANIne ItihAsane jyotirdhara vairAjyanuM hatuM. A banne duniyAo vizvaItihAsanA grIsa dharatI nAmanA prAMgaNa para parasparanI jhapAjhapImAM AvI gaI i. sa. pUrvenA pAMcamA saikAnA AraMbhamAM grIka lokazAhIne paDakAra karatI pUrvanI pracaMDa evI irAnI zahenazAhatanI tAkAta grIsa para AkramaNa karavA AvI pahoMcI. IrAnI zahenazAhatanI A tAkAta pUrvanA tamAma pradezo upara kabajo meLavIne ane eziyAmAyaneranAM grIka nagarane tArAja banAvIne grIsane potAnuM gulAma saMsthAna banAvavA ethensa para AvI pahoMcI hatI. A zahenazAhata ane lekazAhInA pAyA para ubhelI grIka jIvanadhaTanAe mukAbale karyo. IrAnI zahenazAhatanA jUnA jagata sAme grIka AjhAdInI navI duniyAnuM yuddha maMDAyuM. mUThIbhara evAM AjhAdagrIka bhAnoe irAnI zahenazAhatanAM pracaMDa lazkarI dhADAMone pAchAM haTAvyAM. A banAvamAM ItihAsamAM grIka bhUmi para mArAthana ane thampIlI nAmanAM be samrAMgaNe jagatanA ItihAsamAM jANItAM banyAM. A be yuddhamAM parAjaya pAmIne IrAnI zahenazAhata I. sa. pUrve 480 mAM AkharI parAjya pAmI. pachI IrAnI naukA kAle paNa nAza pAmyo. tyAra pachI A zahenazAhatanA keI paNa lazkare grIsanI dharatI para paga mUke nahIM. paNa vijayI ethensa sAmrAjyavAdI banavA mAMDayuM. traNa traNa vakhata IrAnI zahenazAhatane parAjaya ApyA pachI grIka dharatI para mahAna banelA ethensanA pATanagaranI ANu badhAM grIka nagara upara tathA Iyana samudranA badhA grIka TApuo upara sthapAI cUkI. saMyukta bacAva karavAmAMthI janmI cUkelI A ekatAe ethensanI AgevAnI nIce prosanA haMmezanA saMrakSaNa mATe grIka nagara ane TApuonI eka saMrakSaNa saMsthA ubhI karI. A saMsthAnI AgevAnI ethensanAM nagara rAjya dhAraNa karI tathA grIsanA bacAva mATenAM lazkare tathA naukA kAphalAnI hakUmata paNa ethensanA hAthamAM AvI. saMrakSaNanI A lazkarI saMsthAnA kharca mATe moTuM bhaMDoLa bheguM karavAmAM AvyuM, tathA A bhaMDoLane Delosa nAmanA TApumAM epalanA maMdiramAM mUkavAmAM AvyuM. A saMrakSaNanI saMsthAnuM nAma pelesa uparathI "Deliyana lIga' paDayuM. Deliyana lIga'nI tamAma saradArI ethensa dhAraNa karyA pachIthI ethense saMrakSaNa mATenA naukA kAphalA mATe upayoga Ichayana samudramAM tathA bhUmadhya samudramAM pitAnI lAgavagane sthApavA mATe zarU karyo. A baMne samudromAM grIsano vepAra sarvopari bane. A vANijya hakUmatanI AgevAnInuM mathaka

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15ra vizva ItihAsanI parakhA ethensa banyuM. A vANijya hakUmata nIce dhIme dhIme grIsanAM bIjA nagare ane Ichayana TApuo AvavA mAMDayA. A nagaramAM beThelI Deliyana lIga nAmanI saMsthA vANijya adhikAravALI ane ethensanI lekazAhInA svarUpavALI sarakArI saMsthA banI. A sarakArI saMsthAe ethensanA sAmrAjyanuM svarUpa dhAraNa karyuM. ethensanA sAmrAjyavAde tamAma grIka nagare para pitAnI ANa vartAvavA mAMDI tathA nagaro ane TApuonI prajAone pitAne Adhina evI prajA gaNavA mAMDI. eka samayanA svAdhina ane lekazAhIvALAM evAM A nagara ane TApuo para ethense pitAnI rAjakiya daramyAnagIrI zarU karI. ethensanAM nAgarikoe A nagara ane TApuonAM nAgarikane samAna nAgarika gaNavAnI nA pADI. A rIte ethensane rAjakArabhAra calAvatI ane Deliyana lIga nAme oLakhAtI ethensanI sarakAra saMsthAe sAmrAjyavAdI saMsthA je dekhAva ane vyavahAra dhAraNa karyo. parikalIsane A suvarNayuga hato. - I. sa. pUrvenA 460 nA samayane A suvarNayuga hatuM. suvarNayuganuM A svarU5 pAyAmAM lekazAhInuM hatuM. A lekazAhI ethensa nagaranA nAgarikenI banelI hatI. A nAgarikAmAM Toca para beThele varga meTA vepArIo ane jamInadArane hatA, tathA dhanadelatathI ubharAte hate. ethensanAM buddhijIvIo tathA madhyamavargIone samAveza paNa AjhAda nAgarikamAM thatA hatA ane A nAgarikanI lekazAhI parikalIsanA jamAnAmAM suvarNayuganA zikhara para caDelI dekhAtI hatI. A lekazAhInA pAyAmAMnAM akiMcane ane gulAma nAgarika gaNAtAM na hatAM, tathA keI paNa jAtane sAmAjika ke rAjakiya adhikAra dharAvatAM na hatAM. A lekazAhIe have te grIsanI dharatI paranAM tamAma nagararAjya ane diparA para potAnI sAmrAjyavAdI hakUmata sthApI dIdhI hatI. A lekazAhInI AvI AraMbhanI sAmrAjyavAdI ghaTanA suvarNayugamAM pravezatI hatI tathA A yugano mahAna AgevAna parikalIsa hate. sattA tathA adhikAra sAcavanArAM lazkaro ane naukA kAphalAnI tAkAta para parikalIsane A suvarNayuga I. sa. pUrve 46 0 thI zarU thaIne 429 sudhI prakAzI UThaze. A suvarNayugamAM grIka dharatI para patharAyelA ethensanA sAmrAjya grIka jagata para pitAnA ANa pAtharI dIdhI, tathA hakUmatane jora para grIsanAM nagaramAM vyApArI sudhArAonuM sAmrAjya zarU karyuM. . perikalIsanA suvarNayugane trIsa varasane samaya khUba yazasvI dekhAya. eNe rAjavahivaTa calAvavA dara varase daza niyAmake athavA senAnAyakonI

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prAcIna ItihAsane tirdhara 15 varaNI karavAnI prathA dAkhala karI. A mahAna enidhyeyane trIsa varasanI pitAnI kArakIrdInA samayamAM, kavio, lekhake, vaijJAnika ane ciMtakenA sahavAsamAM rahIne, vepAra vANijyane sarvopari vikAsa karIne vANijyanI sAmrAjyavAdI ghaTanAe zarU karelI yAdavAsthaLIne TALI rAkhavAno prayatna karyo. ethensanI saMskRtinuM nagara-ghara vidyA, kalA, saMgIta ane vijJAnanA sauMdaryathI maDhAyeluM grIka jIvana IrAnI zahenazAha sAthenAM yuddhanA samaya sudhI AjhAdI ane lokazAhInAM jIvataranAM mUlyothI paNa zebhatuM hatuM. grIsanuM sAhitya A badhAM mUlyone dhAraNa karIne pI UThayuM hatuM. A badhAM mUlyane dhAraNa karIne grIka AjhAdIne jIvana vahivaTa vepAra ane udyogamAM sarvopari banyuM hatuM. A mUlyonI badhI AgevAnI have AkhA grIsanuM pATanagara banI cUkelA ethensa nagare dhAraNa karI hatI. parikalIsanA suvarNayugamAM A mahAnagara vidyA, kalA ane saMskAranuM mahAdhAma banI cUkyuM hatuM. A nagaramAM sAmAnya gharabAramAM tenAM AjhAda nAgarike jIvatAM hatAM. te samayanAM nAgarikanuM ghara ITa vaDe caNAyeluM hatuM ane sAmAnya rIte bArIo vinAnuM hatuM. dareka gharanI AgaLa eka divAnakhAnuM hatuM tathA thAMbhalAo upara tene TekavavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. A divAnakhAnAnI sAthe joDAyelI divAlamAM gharamAM pravezavAnAM judA jUdA oraDAonAM bAraNuM ughaDatAM hatAM. ethensa nagaramAM nAgari. kenAM AvA gharamAM sUvA, jamavAno ane abhyAsa karavAnA vigere oraDAo hatA. AjhAda nAgarikanAM AvA gharamAM sagavaDe ghaNuM ochI hatI. A AjhAda nAgarikonuM badhuM kAmakAja gulAma karatAM hatAM. teo pAsenA jharAmAMthI ke kuvAmAMthI pANI bharI lAvatAM hatAM. A moTuM nagara eka mAIla paheluM tathA ekathI vadhAre mAIla lAMbu hatuM. zerIo vAMkIcUMkI hatI tathA dhULa ane kAdava vALI hatI. A nagaranuM mukhyadhAma ekropolisa nAmanuM hatuM. A ekropolisa eka moTI TekarI hatI tathA IrAnI zahenazAhata paranA vijya pachI pirikalIse pAthena nAmanuM eka jagavikhyAta devaLa ekropesila para baMdhAvyuM hatuM, ane AkhA nagarane zaNagAryuM hatuM. 20

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vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA ethensanI zALA ethensa nagaranAM gulAma nAgarikanAM bALakenAM chokarAMone bhaNAvavavAmAM AvatAM na hatAM.bhaNatara meLavavAno adhikAra athavA sagavaDa zrImatinAM upalA varga pAseja hatI. upalA varganAM AvA nAgarike pitAnAM dIkarAone gulAmanI dekharekha nIce khAnagI zikSakane ghera zarUAtanuM zikSaNa levA mATe mokalatA hatA. je gulAmanI dekharekha nIce A nAgarikonA saMtAna sacavAtAM te gulAma, pIDAge gesanAM nAmathI oLakhAtA. A gulAma, nAgarikonAM dIkarAone pelIsTrA athavA krIDAMgaNamAM tAlIma levA laI jato. ethensanA zikSaNanA A be mUkhya aMge hatAM. pachI AgaLanA bhaNatara mATe nAgarikonAM dIkarAo rAjakAraNa bhaNavA mATe sephisTa pAse jatA, tathA vijJAna vaidu, ane gaNita zIkhavA mATe ciMtakenI ekeDemImAM jatAM. ethensanuM vahivaTItaMtra parikalIsanA suvarNayuganI Toca para pahoMceluM ethensanagaranuM vahivaTIrUpa have ethensanA nagara gharanuM nAgarikonI lokazAhInuM rUpasIdhIsAdI leka AjhAdInI ghaTanAnuM rUpa rahyuM nahotuM paraMtu ethensanI samrAjavAdI ghaTanAne hakumatI AkAra dhAraNa karIne grIka nagaro ane dIpa para rAjya karatuM hatuM. vahIvaTanAM A svarUpe Aja sudhInAM nagara rAjyanI lokazAhI ane AjhAdIne nAza mAgatAM ethensanI hakumata sAme grIsa bhUmipara ekarASTra gharanI aMdara vibhAjIta paribaLe ubhAM karatAM hatAM. A rIte lekazAhInI ekatAne badale grIka rASTra para vibhAjIta evAM yAdavAsthaLI karanArAM ekama racAtAM hatAM. ethensanI hakamatane paDakAra karIne spArTI pitAnuM harIpha jutha jamAvatuM hatuM. ethensane suvarNayuga, eka ja rAtamAM suvarNana jhabakArA nIce AMtara kalahanI yAdavAsthaLImAM utarI paDatuM hatuM. suvarNa yugamAM ja grIka dharatIpara yAdavAsthaLI saLagI UThI. spArTI ane ethensa be virodhI jUtha banIne samarAMgaNa para AvI gayAM. pIleponeziyana yuddho tarIke jANItI banelI A yAdavAsthaLIne pahelo tabakko. I. sa. pUrve 459 thI 446 mAM pUro thayo. A AMtarakalahamAM tArAja thatI grIka dharatI para suvarNayuganI yAdavAsthalI I. sa. pUrve 431 thI 421 sudhInA bIjA tabakakAmAM peThI. saMhAramAM pravezelI grIka dharatI para regacALe paNa phATI nIkaLe. chevaTe, ethensane parAjya thayo. spArTIno vijya thaye. ethensanA vepArIo, beMkare ane mahAzrImatie, spArTInA lazkaravAdanI hakumata svIkArI.

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prAcIna itihAsanA jAti ra 15ma ethensanI ekalesiyAmAMthI-dhArAsabhAmAMthI leAka samudAyane hAMkI kADhAyo. jAlImA nAme paMkAyelA trIsa jaNanI kamiTI trIsanI spArTana sarakAra banI. suvarNa yuganA akiMcana ciMtaka, sAkreTisa tyAre A yAAsthalInI mATIne sudhA sokreTisa ciMtAtura banIne kahetA hatA. k 21 A vizva-nagaranA bajAramAM lAdelI kiMmatI vastuonA DhagalA huM dekhuM chuM tyAre mane lAge che ke emAMnI eka vastunI mane jarUra nathI hAtI ane akicana evA huM, mArI paNa e dolatamIne jarUra nathI rahI. chatAM ethensane mArI jarUra che. enA A samaye, huM ene cheADI jAuM ? A ja dharatI para dhaNAM varaso para jheneA AvyA hatA. eNe mane, " DAyelekaTrika '' zikhavyuM, "DAyelekaTika banIne Aje mArA aMtaramAM e kheDA che. enekajhAgArAsa, peAtAnuM mAthuM bacAvavA A nagaramAMthI nAThe tyAre teNe peAtAnA vidyAthIne, mIleTasane mArI pAse eka thApaNu laI te meAkalyA hatA, ane kahAvyuM ke sAkreTisane kaheje ke,A mahAnagaranI medhAnI sAcavaNI kare. huM e soMpaNane kAne sAMpIne jAuM ? mane proTAgeArAsa paNa yAda Ave che, ebaDerAnA e mahAmAnava, ethensathI nAThA hatA. paNa sisIthI jatAM rastAmAM ja DUbI maryAM. sauthI moTA, DemokriTasa ! jevA bhAratanA kaNabhuka tevA grIsanA e vijJAnapitA ! enAM pagalAM je dharatI para paDyAM che. tene huM A ataveLAe tyajI jaI zakuM ja nahIM." vItI gayelI yAdanu smaraNa karatA saMskRtinA vizAdanI chAyA jevA A ciMtaka pAse pachI, spArTAnI jAlImazAhInI hakumata nIce AvelI ethensanI lokazAhIe rAjaduto mokalyA. sAkreTIsa gIraphatAra thayA. pachI itihAsanI adAlata, grIsa dharatI paranA vizvanagara ethensanI saMsthAgAramAM eDI. A saMsthAgAra para, spArTAnA lazkaravAda ethensanA mahA zrImatAnA sAthamAM nyAyAdhIza banIne beThe, A saMsthAgAramAM grIka nAgarikA, hajArAnI saMkhyAmAM A karUNa tamAzA jovA ekaThAM thayAM. tyAre itihAsapitA, hIrADATasa, sekreTisa karatAM paMdara varasathI vadhAre vayavALA hatA. A itihAsakAra karUMpI UThatA dilathI itihAsanuM Alekhana grIsanI dharatI para bhajavAtu' dekhatA hatA. adAlatanuM kAmakAja zarU thayuM. sokreTisa para e AreApo raju thayA; eka AreApa, ethensanI sarakAranA devatAone anAdara karavAnA, ane bIjo ArApa ethensanA jIvAnAne bagADI mUkavAnA.

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vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA pachI sokreTisa nAmane ItihAsamAnava, A baMne Aropa sAme pitAnuM bacAvanAmuM raju karavA ubhe thaye tyAre, vizva ItihAsanI rekhAo A saMskAra jevA jyotirmaya jananA astitvathI smita karI UThI. - tarata ja, sekreTisane avAja saMsthAgAranA zvAsa thaMbhAvatA, patharAye. "ethensanA nAgarike! mArA para tahemata mUkanArAone tame sAMbhaLyA che. temaNe satyane eka zabda paNa kahyo nathI paNa je juThANAM temaNe kahyAM, tenI sAthe temaNe ema paNakahyuM che ke, huM eka mahAna vaktA chuM tathA tame mArA kathanathI avaLA deravAI na jAya tenI tamAre takedArI rAkhavI. tame sau e kedArI rAkhe tevuM huM paNa IcchuM chuM." Aje sittera varasanI uMmare mArI jiMdagImAM pahelI vAra huM mukadaMbe mATe ubhe chuM. ane tethI mane kAyadAnI bhASA barAbara belatAM na AvaDe te tame sau mane nibhAvI leze, tathA je savAla ubho thayo che, tenI saccAIne pArakhavA tarapha ja tamAruM dhyAna Apaze, tevI huM AzA rAkhuM chuM." "tamArAmAMthI koIne mAro dhaMdhe jANavAnI IcchA thAya te huM kahevA mAguM chuM ke mAruM nAma A nagaramAM DahApaNane mATe jANItuM banyuM che. je DahApaNu mATe mAruM nAma jANInuM banyuM che, te DahApaNa mArI pAse hovAnI sAbIti, DelphInA ApaNuM nagara devatAoe ApI che. A devatAonA bhuvAo athavA "orekala' pAse, ApaNuM nagarane mazahUra AgevAna nAgarika cIrena pite gayo hato ane teNe temane hiMmatabhera pUchyuM hatuM ke sekreTisa karatAM, grIsamAM koI paNa mANasa vadhAre DAhyuM che ? tyAre devatAoe javAba dIdhuM hatuM ke, keI nathI. A bAbata niHzaMka rIte tame sau jANe che eTale teTalA pUratA tame sau paNa mArA sAkSIo che. paNa tyArathI devatAonA A kathanane artha huM zedha hato. huM je kazuM ja jANatuM nathI, te sauthI vadhAre DahApaNavALo chuM, evA kathanane zo artha thatuM haze, te jANavAnI ciMtA mane hatI. eTale, A devatAI kathane artha samajavA mATe, meM DahApaNa mATe jANItI vyaktionI mulAkAta levA mAMDI. A mulAkAta levA pAchaLano bhAre IrAde, e hato, ke mArA karatAM vadhAre DAhI vyaktine zodhI kADhIne, huM sAbItI ApI zakuM ke, DelIe kahelI devatAonI vAta kheTI che." paNa pachI meM mulAkAte zarU karI temAM Aja sudhInI dareka mulAkAtemAM mane mAlama paDyuM ke, leke jene DahApaNavALA mAnatA hatA tayA,

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prAcIna ItihAsane jAtidhara pote paNa potAne amuka amuka bAbatamAM DahApaNavALA mAnatA hatA, te badhI vyaktio, vAtacIta pachI DahApaNa vinAnI mAlama paDatI hatI." AvuM bane tyAre, pitAne DAhyAM mAnanArAMo badhA lekenI vacce khullAM paDI jatAM, ane mArA para gusse paNa karatAM. paNa huM te, DahApaNanI zodha mATe navI navI vyaktionI mulAkAta letA. temane gusse thAya te, dilajI dAkhavate, huM AgaLa vadhatuM hatuM. Aja sudhI A kAmakAja meM aTakyA vinA cAlu rAkhyuM che. "tathA mane lAgyuM che ke, nyAya, saMskAra, satya, sauMdarya, vagere ApaNA vyavahAranAM aneka mUlyo pitAnI pAse che, ema jemaNe mAnyuM hatuM, temanI pAse te mUlyanuM jJAna ke DahApaNa bemAMthI kazuM ja hatuM nahIM. chatAM teo ema bhAnatA ke tevuM jJAna ane DahApaNa temanI pAse che. mArI pAse paNa, A mUlyonuM jJAna ke DahApaNuM nahotuM, paraMtuM, je mArI pAse nahatuM te mArI pAse che, evuM mAnavAnI bhUla meM kadi karI nathI. eTalA purato huM tevI bhUla karanArAo karatAM vadhAre DAhyo gaNAuM. ATaluM sAbIta karavA mATe harakayulIsanI jema meM paNa athAga jahemata uThAvI che, tathA ghaNuone roSa mArA para vaherI lIdhe che. chatAM, huM sAbIta karI zakyo chuM ke eTalA pUratuM peluM DelaphInA devatAonuM kathana sAcuM che." "ethensanAM nAgarike ! A tapAsane lIdhe A nagare mane sokreTisa, dhI, vAijha" nuM upanAma ApyuM che. A DahApaNa vaDe huM ethensanAM mAne kahevA mAguM chuM ke, mArI jema, te ja kahyuM, athavA sujJa che, je mArI mAphaka mAne che ke, pita, kazuM samajatuM nathI." "AvI, jJAna ane prajJAnI tapAsa karate huM rakhaDate heuM chuM tyAre, jemane ghaNo navarAzane samaya hoya che, tevA zrImaMtenA zrImaMta dikarA mArI sebatamara sapUrvaka sAthe rahyA che tathA temaNe paNa mArI sAthe AvA mAnava jAtanI tapAsanA aneka saMvAda karyA che. A rIte, tapAsanI eka hIlacAla je ApaNI dharatI para pharavA mAMDI che. tene lIdhe, jemane koIne apamAna ke mAThuM lAgyuM che, temaNe saue eklA sokreTisane duzmana mAne che, tathA te sau taraphathI enITase, ane mIleTase mArA para mukadama mAMDyo che" " have, A mukademAmAM, mArA para mUkAyelA, juvAnane bagADI mUkavAnA Aropa viSe huM vAta karuM. huM mIleTasane ja puchuM ke ApaNuM juvAnene ApaNe bane teTalA sArA banAvavAno prayatna karavo joIe ke nahIM ? te e hA pADaze ane kaheze ke jarUra karavuM joIe. te mArA para juvAnane bagA

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158 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA DavAne Aropa mUkanAra mIleTasa, A adAlatane kaheze ke temane sArA banAvavA mATe zuM karavuM joIe ? athavA temane sArA kaNa banAvI zakaze ? A adAlatanA ATalA badhA nyAyAdhIze ApaNA juvAnane sArA banavAnI tAlIma ApI zakaze ? mIleTasanA taraphathI A savAlano javAba huM dauM chuM ke A badhA nyAyAdhIze temane sArA banavAnI tAlIma ApI zakaze ja. ane ahIM ekaThA thaelA hajAre nAgarike paNa te sau paNa juvAnane sArA banAvavA jarUra pitAthI banatuM badhuM karI zake ja." te pachI ene artha e thayo ke A nyAyAdhIze, A dhArAsabhAnA sabhyo, ane A nAgarike koipaNa ApaNuM juvAnane bagADatuM te nathI ja. e sau te temane sArA banAve che. eTale A badhAne pAcho chelle artha e che ke mArA sivAyanA sau ethensavAsIo juvAnane sArA banAve che, ane eTale huM temane bagADuM chuM. bela, mIleTasa, teM mUkele Arepa huM kahuM chuM, te ja che? mIleTasa hA pADe che. " ethensanAM nagarajana! have huM juvAnene kevI rIte bagADI mUkuM chuM, te bAbata viSe mIleTasanuM kahevuM ema che ke, devatAomAM ethensanagara mAne che temAM nahi mAnavAnuM kahIne tathA navAM deva devIomAM mAnyatA rAkhavAnuM kahIne huM temane bagADuM chuM. mIleTasa kahe che ke huM suraja ane caMdrane deva nathI mAnate paNa ekane saLagate pathare ane bIjAne saLagI rahelI pRthvI mAnuM chuM." ethensavAsIo! mIleTasa bhUlI jAya che, ke A mAnyatA che ethensanA mahAciMtaka enekajhegorAse ethensane ApI che. kalejhomInInA e mahAna ciMtakanI copaDIo, adAlatanA badhA nyAyAdhIzoe vAMcI haze ja. A mAnyatAne samajavA ApaNuM juvAnone sekreTisanuM zikSaNa levAnI jarUra nathI paDatI, kAraNa ke e cepaDIo te Aje paNa ethensanA cauTAmAM jUja kiMmate maLe che. A uparAMta koInavA devatAonI pUjAnI ke mAnyatAnI vAta mIleTasa paNa raju karI zakyo nathI. puravAsIo ! jyAM bacAva karavA jevuM ja nathI tevA Arepa mATe AthI vadhAre bacAva raju karavAnuM mane mana nathI. chatAM, mane bhAna che ke, mArI sAme eka moTI duzmanAvaTa UbhI thaI che. mIleTasa, ke enITasane te mATe huM mArA duzmane nathI lekha. je aniSToe ApaNI hakumatane aMdha banAvI che, te aMdhApe ApaNe duzmana che. e duzmane saMskArane pAcho pADI dIdhuM che. e ja duzmanAvaTa sAme Aje huM parAjya pAmuM chuM tathA mArA pachI bIjA ghaNA enI sAme parAjya pAmaze.

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prAcIna ItihAsane jAtidhara 159 paNa nAgarika parAjya pAmavAthI ke nAza pAmavAthI huM zaramAte nathI. devanA je dikarAo TroyamAM nAza pAmyA temaNe zaramAvA jevuM zuM karyuM hatuM? ane theTIsanA dikarAe, enI mAtAne nahotuM kahyuM ke, "bhale, Ave mota"? A jIvanavyavahAramAM je sthAnanI soMpaNuM mane thaI che, te sthAna para rahIne aMtarAtmAnA Adeza pramANe mArI pharajanI bajavaNI karatAM karatAM, huM je kahyuM ke, "bhale Ave meta !" te, tame mArI sAthe asaMmata thaze nahiM. pIDAI, eNphIlIsa ane DeliyamanAM bhayaMkara yuddhomAM A sokreTisane deha juvAna hato tyAre te saunI mekhare hatuM ane tyAM, mArA nAyake, je sthAnanuM rakSaNa ane saMpyuM hatuM tyAM ja A mahAna vizvanagara ethensanI AjhAdI khAtara dharatImAM paga repIne meM paDakAra karyo hato, "bhale Ave mota !" paNa tyAre, bhagavAnanI IcchA pramANe mota AvyuM nahIM. bhagavAnanI IcchA evI che ke mAre ethensanI dharatI para citaMkanI jiMdagI jIvavI, tathA te rIte, mArI ane ethensanI jiMdagInA vyavahAranI mAnava jAtanI tapAsa karavI. e tapAsanI pharaja bajAvatAM, huM kahyuM ke, "bhale Ave meta !" te, tame, je koI mArI sAthe asaMmata che, te leke mane mApha karaje. metathI bhAgI javAmAM ke tamAruM zaraNa svIkAravAmAM vadhAre DahApaNa che, ema huM mAnato nathI, kAraNa ke, mota viSe mane kazuM ja jJAna nathI. e game tyAre Ave te paNa mAre mArI pharaja bajAvya javI joIe." kAraNa ke, je juvAnone bagADavAne mArA para Aropa che, temane meM kahyA ja karyuM che ke, tame sau koI etheniyana cho. A jagatanA sauthI mahAna nagaranA nAgaraka thaIne tame, satya ane nyAya khAtara pharajanI bajavaNa para ArUDha thavAne badale dhanadelatane, ane suvarNa meLavavA pAchaLa aMdha banIne deDatAM zaramAtA kema nathI ? mArA aMtarAtmAne, athavA bhagavAnane eja avAja, AbAlavRddha, nara ane nArI, ethensanAM dezI ke paradezI sau mAnavabaMdhuo mATe tathA mArA mATe sarakho che, paraMtu ethensanAM mAnavo, AjanI A adAlata mane nirdoSa choDI mUke ke na choDI mUke, paraMtu yAda rAkhajo ke, mAre eka so vAra motane bheTavuM paDe ke maraNa pAmavuM paDe to paNa A ja avAja huM tamane yugayuga sudhI saMbhaLAvyA karIza." bolatA sokreTise Asana letAM kahyuM, "have mArA nyAyAdhIze emane pheMsale bhale saMbhaLAve !" eka dila kaMpAvanAre AMcake ethensanI mAnavatAe anubhavyo. eka karapINa mauna nIce kacaDAtI medanI zvAsa aTakAvIne sAMbhaLatI beThI. pachI,

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160 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA sokreTisane dehAMta daMDanI zikSAnA pheMsalA saMbhaLAvatI adAlate, mAnava saMskRti para kalaMkita mekha mArI. ane pelA, mahAmAnava peAtAnI dhIragaMbhIra kAyAne smitabhara uMcakatA, saMskAranA staMbha jevA grIsanI dharatI parathI AkharI javAkha eADhyA : ethensanI adAlatanA hArkamA ! bhagavAnanA AdezathI A mahAna nagarane mamatAthI vaLagI rahelA mArA jevA eka adanA mAnavanA vadha karavAne salA ApIne ethensanA nagarajanAne jAgatAM rahevAnA akhaMDa paDA ajavanArane tame A nagaranA jIvanavyavahAramAMthI bahAra haDaselI mUkeA cheA. paNa atyAranI ghaDI sudhI meM mArI rajanI avetana bajavaNI karI che tathA tenI sAkSI mArI garIbAI che. ' 6 ethensanAM nagarajatA ! jIvAneAne bagADI mUkavAnA mArA para thayelA AkSepane pratikAra karatA tamArA jIvAna dikarAnA pratinidhie jevA mArA vidyArthI enA pitAne dekhIne huM AnaMda pAmuM chuM. krITAnA khapa kriTADyulasa, ecInIsanA khApa lusAnIasa, epIchanIsanA khApa enTIphAna, tathA nIkesTreTasa ane DImADAkasa tathA pleTAnA bApa eAina ane bhAI eDImenTasa, tathA bIjA aneke je ahIM hAjara che, temane sAkSI mATe, ahIM ubhA thavA devAmAM AvyA hAta teA te kaheta ke temanAM juvAna kruja che te meM bagADayAM nathI. * ethensanA purajanA ! hAbhare gAelI kavitAmAM kahyA pramANe huM kAI pattharamAMthI kAtarAyalI pratimA nathI. A nagaranuM rUpa maDhatA eka zilpI zramamAnavanA garIba dharamAM mArA janma thayA che, ane mAre ethenIyana strI ane traNa dikarAo che. meM temane ahIM AvavAnI manA karI che kAraNa ke, teo tamArA pheMsalA sAMbhaLIne, tamArI yA mAgatAM, raDArADa na karI pADe tethI ema karavAmAM mAro irAdo, tamAruM apamAna karavAneA nathI, paraMtu A vizvanagaranuM mAna karavAnA che. ethensanuM mAna, mAge che ke tenuM kApaNu nAgarika, mota pAse yAcanA kadi na kare! " jemaNe A pheMsalA ApyA che, temane huM kahevA mAguM chuM ke, mane sittera varasa thai gayAM che eTale huM kudaratI rIte thADAM ja varaseAmAM maraNa pAmyA hota, paraMtu teTalI dhiraja dAkhavavAnI naitika tAkAta gumAvelA, hakUmatanA AjanA hAkemAne, ItihAsa, suna sekreTisanA khUnI tarIke oLakhaze.' C tathA maraNanI kinArI para ubhelA, mAnavIne kAI vAra dekhAya che te pramANe, AvatI kAlamAM najara nAkhatAM, mane dekhAya che ke, jIvananA je

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prAcIna ItihAsane jyotidhara 111 vyavahAra sokreTisane khUnI che, te vyavahAra para asahya evI zikSA AvatI kAle utarI paDaze. tamArAM je karatukenAM pariNAmomAMthI bhAgI javAnI ghelachAthI tame ugarI javA mATe satya kathanane anAdara kare che, te zikSAnA rUpavALA karALa kALano adala InsApha ApanAre, virATa mAnava, tamane chaTakI javAdeze nahI. dara : rAjaka "ethensane nagara bAMdhava! huM tamArI vidAya mAguM chuM. huM meta tarapha jAuM chuM, tame sau jIvana tarapha jAva!" sekreTisano vadha thaI gayo. sekreTisane mota tarapha vidAya karyA pachI ethensa ane spArTInI yAdavAsthalI cAlyA karI. pArTI ane ethensa bemAMthI keIne vijaya thaze nahIM. grIsa deza para nagara rAjyo patana pAmavA mAMDyAM. I. sa. pUrvenA cAra saikAo sudhI saMskRtinI Toca para caDIne saMskArane jhaMDo pharakAvate grIsa deza, ethensa nAmane mahAnagaramAMthI prAcIna jagatane nAgarikatAnA pATha zikhavato hato. A pATha zikhatA ethensa nagara para "pAlAsa ethenI" athavA ethensanA saMskAranI devI pramukhapade hatI, ethensa nagarane saMskAra, vaijJAnika ane ciMtakoe lakhyo hate. ethensa nagaranuM saMskArarUpa, zrama-mAna ane nAgarikoe bharyuM hatuM. IjIyana sAgara paranA kinArAo parathI A nagarazALA jagatabharane kahetI hatI ke jIvananuM avalokana kare, jIvanane niyama zodhI kADhe ane pachI te niyamo pramANe saMskAranA vyavahAranuM ghaDatara kare. paNa ethensa sokreTisanuM nyAyanA nAmamAM khUna karyuM te I. sa. pUrvenA 39mA varasamAM sokreTisanA eka vidyAthI leTone jANe ItihAsano AMcaka

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' , ' . Re : vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA vAge. e pagathI mAthA sudhI hacamacI U. eNe jhabakI UThIne ethensapara rUdana karatI najara nAkhI. jANe, pArTInA ane ethensanA vijayI mAlikonI hakumata ciMtakanA A araNyarUdana para hasatI hatI. spArTInA lazkaravALe, jene vijJAna ke saMskAranI eka lITI paNa lakhatAM nahatI AvaDatI, teNe ja, Aje kavio, nATayakAro vaijJAnika ane ciMtakanI A bhUmine kabaje lIdhe hato. chatAM A prakhara vAstavikatA sAme AMkha mIcIne samAdhi caDhAvIne. jANe oNTe nUtana saMskAra rAjyanI kalpanA karate ethensamAM ekaDamI sthApIne beThe hate. smArTa ane ethensamAMthI vicAranAM mUlya vANu vINune eNe nyAyanA ciMtanathI ja zarUAta karI. eNe nyAyavALI duniyAnuM mane bhaya divAsvapna lakhI nAkhyuM, ane grIkabhUmipara tene utAravAnI kalpanA karI. navI duniyAne banAvavA ethe. nsane mahAna umarAva ciMtaka, pleTa pitAnI ekeDemImAM beTho. eNe bhAratamAM dekhIhatI tevI varNAzramavALI duniyAnuM divAsvapna racyuM. eNe A varNAzramamAM pitapatAnI pharaja bajAvavAne zrama dareka vargane soMpI dIdhI. A pharajamAMthI ke, te bajAvavAne InkAra kare tene, zikSA karavA eNe rAjAonI eka ApameLe nimAyelI samitine goThavI dIdhI. e samitinuM nAma eNe ciMtaka rAja, athavA brahmakSatriye pAyuM. A divAsvapnane rAjakArabhAra calAvavAnA niyamonuM pAlana eTale ja zubha athavA "guDa" ema eNe nakkI karyuM. eNe kahevA mAMDyuM ke, sokreTisa mArI sAme jIvate jAgate che eNe pitAnA divAsvapnamAM ja jIvavA mAMDayuM. pitAnA divAsvapnamAMthI bahAra nIkaLIne e pitAnI "ekeDemI" nA vidyArthIone pATha ApavA bahAra nIkaLate, ane pachI deza ane kALanI jene AMca AvI na zake tevA, divAsvapnamAM sarakI jatA, ane kinArAnI bhekhaDa para ugelA koI eka jhADanA thaDiyAne aDhelIne, sephIsasanAM pANImAM paDatA, ekanA paDachAyAne dekhate kahete hato,

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63 prAcIna ItihAsane tidhara pANInI aMdara dekhAtuM, tuM ja, sAcuM eka taru che, ane jene aDhelIne huM beTho chuM te te tAre paDachAye che, mithyA che." kANa hase che e !" eNe hasavAno AbhAsa sAMbhaLyo. ene cizAMti ja pasaMda hatI. jarA paNa ghaMghATathI dUra, eTale te eNe mahAna ekeDemasanI pratimAnI paDozamAM, e vIranaranA, nAmamAM ja pitAnI "ekeDemI nAmanI nizALa bAMdhI hatI. sokreTisanI jema lokonAM ToLAo vacce besIne vAta karavAnI rIta have ene pasaMda nahatI. jene vAta karavAne khapa heya te ahIM AvatuM, ane zAMtithI zikSaNa pAmatuM. pita, svargamAM kapyuM hatuM te divAsvapnane paDachAyo, A dharatI para ja lAvavA ane duniyAne te AkAra ghaDavA, ciMtakarAjAo joIe. pitAnA mana sAthe samAdhAna karato hoya tema e belyo, "vadhAre ciMtaka rAjAo na hoya te, eka ciMtaka rAjA paNa cAle." enI najara sAme grIsa dharatI para zAsana karatA, sAyarekayusane saramukhatyAra banI beThele ane jAlIma tarIke paMkAI cUkela, DIenIziyasa dekhAya. To divAsvapnane dharatI para utAravA be "tuM je ciMtaka rAjA banI jAya che, tuM je ciMtaka rAjA banI jAya te!" bolate pleTa pelA jAlImanI chabI tarapha dekhate babaDa, je tuM, ciMtaka banI jAya che. rAjA banyo hoya teya bhale, bhale...ciMtaka je rAjA hoya ane rAjA je ciMtaka hoya te..." bolatA pleTonI najara grIsanI dharatI parathI svargane vicAra karavA lAgI gaI. enI najara sAme, peluM divA svapna dekhAyuM. e svapnamAM jANe e dekhato hate, "rAjA ciMtaka banI jAya te..eNe svapnamAM ne svapnamAM grIsane tArAja karIne saramukhatyAra banelA jAlImane kAgaLa pitAnA para AvyA hoya tevI IcchA karI, ane svapnamAM DiIonIziyasane Avyo hoya tevo kAgaLa vAMcavA mAMDyo. mArA vahAlA ciMtaka! Apa amastA ciMtAtUra che. have koI paNa zrImaMta, dhArAsabhyane lAMca ApIne, kAyadAne kaI kharIdI zakaze nahIM kAraNa ke badhA kAyadAo meM rada karyA che. have kaI vaktA pitAnI belavAnI cAtarIthI lene khoTe raste dorI jaI zakaze nahIM kAraNa ke, saunAM moDhAM para meM sIla mArI dIdhI che. tamArA divAsvapnamAM dekhAya che tevuM rAjya have racI zakAze kAraNa ke, mArI pAse majabuta lazkara ane naukAdaLa che tathA ApanI pAse, ciMtana che, svapna che. eTale A5, je, A dezaparanI nizALo hAthamAM laI le, ane darekane tenI kakSA pramANe, jAti pramANe ane darajajA pramANe A rAjyanA ja vikAsa mATe, tAlIma maLe te abhyAsakrama goThavI dete,

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the vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA pachI zI maNA rahe, A dharatI para! mAre nAne moDhe moTI vAta nathI karavI. Apa pote sAyarekayusamAM padhArIne khAtarI karo." pleTA, pAtAnA divAsvapnamAM ja, pelA grIsane tArAja karanAra, ethensanA saMskAranA badhA divA mujhAvI nAkhanAra ane ethensa nagarInAM badhAM saMskAra dhAtmAnAM khaMDiyera karI nAkhanAra DIenIziyasane patra vAMcatA hatA. tyAre, ethensamAM A mahAna ciMtaka ane enI zALA grIsabharamAM paMkAI cUkavyAM hatAM. tyAre grIsanI lAkazAhIne saMskArapitA perikalisa maraNa pAmI cUkayo hatA. tyAre pacIsa varasa para jhIneophAne lakhelI copaDInA pAThamAM kAine rasa rahyo nahAtA. tyAre trIsavarasathI grIsamAM cAlatAM yuddo ane yuddo pachInI marImAM, tAreja banelI bhUmipara pAMtrIsavarasane navajuvAna TraeNTA divAsvapna dekhatA hatA, ane jAlIma DAyAnIziyasane kahevaDAvatA hatA, " huM Avu chuM. huM AvI pahoMcuM ." pachI traNa traNavAra sAyarekayusa jaine eNe DAyAnIziyasanI mulAkAta lIdhI, tathA raTaNa karyA ka" ke, " rAjA jo, ciMtaka banI jAya, ane ciMtaka jo rAjA hAya tA...... DAyAnIzIyasa, jo ciMtaka khanI jAya ane ciMtaka, maiM DAyAnIziyasa hoya teA !" pleTA sAyarekayusa paheAMcI gayA. eNe tyAMnA vahIvaTamAM pAtAnuM divAsvapna gAvavAnI vAta karI. paNa juvAna jAlIma, juvAna ciMtakapara khaDakhaDADa hasI paDyo ane eNe pluTone kArAgAramAM pUrAvI dIdhA. zrImaMta mitroe potAnA ciMtakane cheADAvavA doDAdoDa karI mUkI. mATe kharca karIne jAlImanA kArAgAramAMthI, plAne, paiAtAnI ekeDemImAM pAchA ANavAmAM AvyA. have plaeNTAe, jemAM gulAmeA gulAmA hoya, zudro zrama ane sevA karatAM hAya, kArIgarI vastuo ghaDatAM hAya ane vepArIo vepAra kheDatA haiAya tevA, ane A badhA varNI upara AyudhadhAraNa karelA, ciMtaka rAjAnA samuha, ekaja kuTuMba ane sahIyArI milkatavALA khatIne, kAyadA dhaDatA hoya tathA amala karatA hoya, tevI rAjadhaTanAnuM nUtana divAsvapna A dharatI para dAkhavavAnA vicAra mAMDI vALye, ane nagaranI dhamAlathI dUra pAtAnI ekeDemInu kAma AgaLa dhapAvavA mAMDyu. pleTAnA ziSya erisToTala jevA plaeNTA mahAna hatA tevA athavA tethI paNa adhika mahAna arisToTala hatA kAraNa ke eNe kahyu, " plaeNTA mahAna paNa satya sauthI mahAna che." ""

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prAcIna ItihAsanA jayAti ra " meM nizcaya karI nAkhyA che. " eNe plaeNTAne kahI dIdhuM, ke hu mAre ghera jAuM chuM." << * ekAeka ! " pleTA hacamacI UThatA kheDayA. 39 " ekAeka ka Mi thatuM nathI. A pRthvI para che te badhAM padA rUpA, Aste Aste vicArarUpa athavA bhAvarUpa bane che ne! padArthanuM miththArUpa, satyarUpa athavA vicArarUpa bane che te paNa ekAeka kayAM bane che ! huM evuM mAnI zakatA ja nathI." erisToTala cAlI nIkaLavA taiyAra thayA. "tuM haju emAM mAnate ja nathI. huM nahIM hAuM tyAre..." vRddha plaeNTAe ariToTala para bhamatA bharI najara nAkhI, "tyAre A ekreDemI, tu zuM zIkhavIne saMbhALI rAkhIza?" .. ekeDemI mAre ja saMbhALavAnI haze te, ApaNA daravAjA para mAreluM pATiyuM, huM kADhI nAkhIza. bhUmitinA jJAna vinAnA kAie, ahIM praveza zA mATe na karavA ? bhUmiti, dharatInuM mApa zIkhave che, khasa, ethI vadhAre daivata emAM kazuM ja nathI, bhUmitine, tattvajJAna sAthe karaze! sabaMdha nathI." << chuM! vRddhe rASa karyAM. 11 r ,, te tuM, ahI nahI' rahI zake !" 'huM ja, te te, kahevA AvyuM| vRddhe ciMtaka A baLavAkhAra tarapha kayAM sudhI dekhI rahyo. vRddha mahAbhAvanI, sapheda dADhI pavanamAM kuMpI UThI. chevaTe arisToTale kahyu. " tarago, samajaNamAM kAvAra madada karI zake, paNa taraMgAnuM raceluM divAsvapna, A nakkara jagatanI, padArthInI duniyAnI hastIne nakArI na ja zake. padArtho pAte, padArtho rahIne ja vikAsanAM rUpo dhAraNa kare che, vicArA khanI jaI te nahI." ,, " tuM kAne zIkhave che ? " plaeNTA 'pI UThyo.

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vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA "huM saune evuM ja zIkhavIza huM zIkhavIza ke navAM padArtharUpanuM sarjana, taraMgI bhAvarUpamAMthI nathI thatuM. navA padArthonAM navAM rUpa, padArthamAMthI ja vikAsa pAme che." te tuM bhale jAya!" vahe mamatA choDIne kahyuM. . "huM paNa e ja kahevA Avyo chuM ke, huM have bhale jAuM, huM jaIza temAM ja mAre ApanA taraphanAM mAna ane premabhAva sacavAI raheze." tAre mArA tarapha premabhAva che ja." vRddha pAchI mamatAbharI najara nAkhI. "paNa satyane huM sauthI vadhAre cAhuM chuM." paNa tuM sudharyo nahIM, mesiDeniyAne gAma i " mAre sudharavuM nathI. svarganA divAsvapnanuM eka bhAvarUpa banI javA karatAM, A dharatI paranA jIvataranuM dhIMguM gAmaDiyuM jIvana, mane vadhu pasaMda che." tArA jevI, medhAvALe paNa je nA pADe che, te pachI mAruM satya samajAze kene !" mArA jevAM nahIM hoya temane. huM rAjavaidyane dikare chuM. huM svIkArI zakuM ja nahIM ke, AtmA zarIra vinA saMbhavI zake. ane koI divAsvapnamAM elA AtmAo rahetA hoya tyAM bhAre derAIne nathI AvavuM, ApanI pAchaLa pAchaLa." kAraNa ke tane mArA mATe khUba bhAva che!" "kAraNa ke, satya mATe mane sauthI vadhAre prema che." "tArA satyanuM kaMI svarUpa haze ne!" anubhava! padArtha ane tene AtmAno anubhava." "te tuM, bhale jAya " pleToe pAchuM saMbhaLAvI dIdhuM. eNrisToTale aneka varasa sudhI ethensanI ekeDemImAM rahIne abhyAsa karyo hato, Aje e A saMskAranagarane choDI jato hato. mesiDeniyA, vizva ItihAsanuM eka prakaraNa ethensanagaranI ekeDemIne mahAna ciMtaka erisToTala mesiDenIyA nAmanA grIsanA prAMta tarapha cAle gaye. A prAMtano DuMgarALa deha have beThe

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prAcIna ItihAsane jAtidhara thayuM hatuM. tyAM rAjA philIpanuM rAjya cAlatuM hatuM. grIsane ja A sarahadI pradeza hato. erisTaMTala A mesiDenI yAnA rAjavaidane dikaro hato. I. sa. pUrvenA 404mA varasane A samaya hate. etheniyana sAmrAjya A varasamAM AthamI gayuM hatuM. thImsa nagara paNa ni:sahAya paDyuM hatuM. tyAre grIsanA uttara pradeza mesiDeniyAmAMthI rAjA philIpa bIjo thImsa para AvI pahoMcyo ane thImsano eNe kabaje laI lIdhe. AjhAdInI reta have grIka dharatI parathI sikaMdara hacamacI UThI. A kaMpI UThelI jyotane dhAraNa karI rAkhatA Dethinise, grIsane gulAma banAvavA nIkaLatA philIpa sAme eka thaIne laDavAnI hAkala karI. irAnanI zahenaza hata parAjya pamADanAra grIka ekatAne eNe grIsanI bhUmi parathI ja AvatA rajavADI AkramaNane mArI haTAvavAnI darda bharI araja karI. DemorithanisanuM araNya rUdana grIka dharatI para lekaekatAne DhaDhaLatuM hatuM. paNa ekatA maraNa pAmI cUkI hatI. yAdavAsthalIe A AjhAda ekatAnI sahedaratAne grIka nagaronI zerIomAM ragadoLI nAkhI hatI. ekatA ane AjhAdI nAmane zabda uccAranAra Demesthinisa aparAdhI lekhAya. eNe jIva bacAvavA karatAM AjhAdI ane ekatAnuM ja raTaNa karatAM ApaghAta karIne maraNa pAmI javAnuM pasaMda karyuM. rAja philIpe mesiDeniyAnA lekene lazkarI kavAyata ane lazkarI saMgaThana nIce eka karyA. eNe pheleMkasa nAmanI lazkarI racanA ghaDI. eNe grIsanAM eka pachI eka nagarane tArAja karIne jItavA mAMDyAM. jagata jItavAne ane vizvavijetA banavAne pitAne zAhI niradhAra eNe jAhera karyo, paNa koIe enuM khUna karI nAkhyuM eTale eNe AraMbhelI vijya yAtrA sikaMdare zarU karI. philIpa pachI sikaMdara gAdI para Avyo ke tarata ja e vivaviye karavA nIkaLyo. eNe pazcimanA AkramaNa vaDe pUrvanI sImAo bhedI nAkhI. pUrvanA simADAo pazcimanI duniyA sAthenA badhA saMsarga ane saMparka mATe

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vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA taravAranI dhAra vaDe khullA mUkAyA. sikadare eziyAmAiAArathI zarU karIne siprasa par tathA phrinIzIyA para vijaya karyAM. pUnA simADA para paDelI IrAnI zahenazAhatanI killebadhI eNe cetIkasa nadI AgaLa toDI nAkhI ane Isasa AgaLa IrAnanI zahenazAhata parAjaya pAmI gaI. pUrvanAM mahAna nagarA UdhatAM hatAM tyAM patana pAmI gayAM. A nagarAnAM nAgarikAnA lAkhAnI sakhyAmAM sahAra thaI gayA. pUrvanAM nagaranA simADA saMhAra nIce saLagyA karyAM. jIjImanAM nagarAM paNa patana pAmyAM. sIDeAna. TAyara, mempIsa, susA, parasI peAlIsa vagere aneka nagarezane tArAja karIne A vizvavijetA pArathIyAmAM peThe tathA mukhArAmAM ane baluciratAna para utarI paDayA. pachI jotajotAmAM uttara hiMdanI divAla zakatA e Amu dariyA para utarI paDayA, ane i. sa. pUrva` 326mAM eNe siMdhu nadIne eALagI. 168 mesiDeAniyAnA grIka prAMta AvA AkramaNanI jhaDapa dhAraNa karIne, zrIkAnA pazcima jagatanAM mUlyAnA vepAra pUrvanI dolatanA ubharAtA bhaMDAro sAthe karavAnI atihAsika kAya vAhIvALA dekhAyA. grIsane A paryaMta pradeza itihAsanA jhaMjhAvAta para caDhIne pUrvanI duniyAnAM kamADA khAlI nAkhIne, pUrvI ane pazcimanI jIvana ghaTanAone seLabheLa karI nAkhatA vizrva itihrAsamAM peThe. aitihAsika banI cUkelI A sika MdarI pagadaMDI ATha varasamAM agira hajAra mAIla para utarI paDI.

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1 *** 13 saMskRtine sImAstaMbha, grIsa [ saMskRtino deza, dilAsa-saMskRtinAM mUlyanI cUkavaNI - saMsakRtine vAhaka-sikaMdara samayanI saMskRti-grIka saMskRtinuM rAja kAraNa-helenisTika saMskRti-elekajhenDaranuM nagara elekajhAhiyA-- vinDasano cArIsa - saMghakalAno sUryamAnava itihAsanuM paheluM kriDAMgaNa-saMskRtine prANa, AjhAdI-sAMskRtinuM prIka saundarya-kalA saMgIta ane zilpa-prekasiTelisa-grIka sAhityanuM epikarUpa, hemara -kathAkA, hisIyaDa-saMgItanI mAtA, sAhitya svAmI, piMDAra-pramIthIyasanuM darzana-vidhaItihAsanA prIka pitAo, hire- che DATasa ane kRsiDAiDisa-grIkasaMskRtinuM vijJAna-zrIsaMskAranuM dharmarUpa-dharma vyavahAranuM helinisTika svarUpa-ciMtananuM rUpa-] saMskRtino deza, hilAsa eTaleTika ane jIbrA(Tara cheDIne ijIana samudranA nirmaLa jaLanA kinArAo para deDakAM beDAM hoya tevA TApuo para, maMdire cappI hoya tevA khaDakee mAnavene ahIM vasavA mATe bolAvyAM haze. eTale ja, A kema bhUmi para huM tane meTavAnuM pasaMda karuM paNa dezanikAla thavAnuM pasaMda na ja karuM" ema sAkaTise kahyuM hatuM. ahIM krara nAmano eka A TApu che. grIsanA prathama kavie che. enAM bevu nagaranI kavitA gAI hatI. TrAyana dvIpa paNa A - kriTana saMskAranI ditI je ubho hato tyAM I. sa. pUrve eka hajArane samaya ke bajAvIne, pArTInI helana nAmanI nArIne AvakAra karato saMbhaLAya. A nArInI AsapAsa mahAkAvya banIne TrAyane ghere ItihAsanAM pAna para aMkAyo. 22

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vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA I. sa. pUrve` paMdarasA varasa para AkhAya grIsa dezapara nagaro baMdhAtAM hatAM, ane mAnavAnA samudAyA grIsa para krUratAM hatAM tathA grosa athavA hilAsa dezanA AkAra ghaDatAM hatAM. 170 A AkAramAM grIka dharatI paranA eTIkAnA pradezapara ethensa nagara maDhAyuM. eTIkAnAM nagarAmAM A nagara AgevAna banyuM. ethensanA nagaranA rAjyanuM ekrepeAlIsa nAmanuM saMskAra-bhavana AlekhAyu. A nagara para, elImasanA zikhara para beThelA jhoasa devatA potAnI ANu varatAvatA hatA, ane bhUvAo mAraphata eTIkAnAM nAgarikAne salAha sUcana ApatA hatA. ethensanA kinArA para teA aneka dezonI avarajavara guMjatI hatI. satanA gurUone gUDhavAda, hiMdu avadhUtAne paDakAra karatA gautamanA sadhavAda tathA khArIIyana ane prInIziyana jIvananA vyApAravAda, badhuM ja ahI bhegu maLatu hatuM. bhAratanA vAdavAne maLIne AvelA keTalAe vita'DIe paNa A nagaramAM pharatA hatA, ane vAcaturAinI kustI khelatA game te sAbIta karI zakatA hatA. grIsanA e ciMtakA sIsTA nAme ALakhAtA hatA. ee kahetA hatA ke, samajaNu pAmavAnI rIta svIkArIne ja ApaNe AjhAda rahI zakIzuM. AjhAdI AvI paheAMcI hatI. bhAratamAM yaudheyA ane lijhnIonuM hatuM tevuM nagara-rAjya ethensanuM paNa hatuM. DemekreTIsa nAmanA ciMtakatA jAte jaIne bhAratanA pelA mahAna vaijJAnika kaNajIkane, kAhne maLI AvyA hatA. eNe tyAM dIThI hatI tevI nagara-saMsada ekalesIyA, athavA dhArAsabhA ethensa nagaranA saMsthAgAramAM maLatI hatI. traNa lAkha nAgarikA athavA AjhAda grIka nAgarikAmAM gulAmo bAda jatAM hatAM ane grIka kArIgarA tathA majurA ane strIone tathA aThAvIsa hajAra paradezI vasAhatIone ekalesIyAmA cUMTAvAne ke mata devAnA adhikAra nahAtA. eTale aDadhA lAkha jeTalA AjhAda nAgarikA, umarAvA athavA zrImatAnA ane khIjA sAmAnyeAnA athavA * DaeNmeAsa " nA pakSA pAtAnA pratinidhie cUMTatA hatA. evI ekalesIyA ethensanI rAjasabhA *" hatI. "" dekhA, A saMsthAgAranI beThaka maLe che! chAparA vinAnI saMsthAgAramAM pATalI para besIne bethI traNa hajAranI " ekalesIyA ' vahIvaTa calAve che. jhIasa devatAne Dukkarano bhAga apAya che ke, tarata ja ekalesIyA pAtAnuM kAmakAja zarU kare che. ahIM kheAlavA ubhuM thavuM e jevA tevAnuM kAma nathI.

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sarakRtine sImAstaMbha grIsa 101 A dhArAsabhAnA sabhyo, belanAranI bhUla thAya te kikIyArI kare che, sITI vagADe che, hasAhasa karI mUke che, tALIo pADIne darI bolAve che. vaktA je joradAra na hoya te vyAsapITha para pagaja TheravI nathI zakate. vaktAne sAMbhaLyA pachI potAnA matAdhikAra vaDe, ekalesIyA ghaDe te kAnuna chevaTane gaNAya che. ekalesIyA, ethensanI rAjasabhA che. Demosa athavA lekonI lekazAhIe athavA DemokrasIe ahIM rAja vahIvaTa maLyo che. kriTana saMskRtimAM janmele jhIasa athavA Idra A jivana vahIvaTano adhi devatA banIne ahIM AvI pahoMcyo che. kriTana saMskRtine badhA dvIpa para saLagAvI saLagAvIne, grIsa dharatI para AvI pahoMcelA mAnavasamudAyoe pitAnI nUtana saMskRti temAMthI ja racavA mAMDI che. emanI A rAjasabhAnI racanA lokazAhInI che. lekenA upalA varganI, banelI, lekenA hita mATe cAlatI, lekenA ja niyaMtraNa vaDe cAlatI A sabhA, "Demesa' athavA lekanI rAjasabhA che. grIkee A rAjasabhAnuM rUpa racIne saMskRtinI ghaTanAnA lekazAhI vahIvaTane pAyo nAkhyo che. A pAyA para ubhelI saMskRtine temaNe helenika saMskRti kahI, kAraNa ke grIsanuM Adya nAma temaNe hilAsa pADayuM che. vilAsa deza ane helenika nagara ahIM saMskRtinAM mUlya jevAM goThavAvA mAMDyAM che. samudra kinArA paranI jIvana vahIvaTanA vANijyanI hIlacAlanuM sukAna saMbhALIne ubhuM hoya tevuM ethensanagara grIsanuM AgevAna banavAnI badhI kuneha dAkhavavA mAMDyuM che. saMskRtinAM mUlyanI cUkavaNuM I. sa. pUrve pAMcama ane chaThTho saMke vizva ItihAsamAM kadI nahiM dekhAyele evo vaLAMka lete hate. hajAre varSa pahelAMnA ati prAcIna evA ItihAsanI saMskRti A samaya AgaLa pitAnA mUlyanI cukavaNuM karavA kasoTI para caDatI hatI. saMskAra mUlyanI kasoTIne avAja cIna dezamAM kanaphyusIsanA zabdomAM tathA bhArata dezamAM gautamabuddhanA zabdomAM saMbhaLAte hate. mAnava jAtanA jIvanamAM A banne avAje jIvataranA vahivaTamAM dharamULathI pheraphAra karavAne pukAra karatA hatA. pUrvenA e banne mahAna deza para jyAre A pikAra zarU thaI gayo hato te arasAmAM grIka deza para nUtana jIvatarane na vahivaTa janma pAmavAnI vedanAne anubhava karate hate. saMskRtinuM mUlya jyAre vizvaItihAsanI eraNa para cukavAtuM hatuM tyAre mAnava jAtane jIvanavahivaTa Aja sudhI guMgaLAI rahelI manuSyanI zodhaka buddhine AjhAda thavA devAnI mAMga uThAvate hato. A mAgaNuM sAthe jIvana vyahavAra

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172 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA vadhAre sakAraNu banavA mAgatA hatA ane AvatI kAlane vadhAre UjaLI banAvavA mATe jIvataranI AjhAdI mAMgatA hatA. A mAgaNI sau dezAnI hatI, grIsanI paNa hatI. saMskRtinI vItI gayelI ati prAcIna evI gai kAla! rAjAe, rAjanyA ane purAhitAe mAnava samUdAyAne rAjkIya rIte Apakhuda banIne jakaDI lIdhA hatA. Arthika rIte AkhA jagatanA mAnava samUdAya gulAma banI gayA hatA. A mAnava samudAyAnu sthAna tamAma nUtanA zikSaNathI alaga rAkhavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. saMskAranA, zikSaNanA tathA jJAnanA ane vijJAnanA badhA svarUpane pUrAhitAe kArAgAra jevA devAlayAmAM jakaDI laIne tenA para peAtAnA cAkI paherA besADI dIdhA hatA. sAmAnya mAnavIne mATe zikSaNa pAmavAnI pravRtti aparAdha lekhAi hatI tathA sAmAnya mANasa zikSita banavAnA aparAdha kare to tene meAtanI kSikSA thatI hatI. jakaDAi gayelA jIvana para maMtrA ane tatrAnI bhUlabhUmAlaNI lai ne purAhitA esI gayA hatA. mAnava jAtanI mudghi para jAdunI hi MsAnAM svarUpa dhAraNa karelA A purohitAnA adhikAra jIvaleNa banI cUkayA hato. AvI jAtanA aMdhakAranA adhikAra nIce tathA sahAranAM bhayAnaka yaMtrA khamelI zahenazAhatAnA dhasArA nIce AkhI mAnavajAta raheMsAvA mAMDI hatI. sanyApI sahAranuM A svarUpa AkhA eziyA para patharAi cUkayuM hatuM. jIvana ghaTanAnI vAstavatAmAM A dharatI para mAnavasamUdAyA mATe jIvananuM satya svarUpa, kalyANakArI svarUpa ke saunuM svarUpa satya hatuM ja nahi. mAnava samUdAyA mATe satya rUpa, kalyANarUpa ane sau rUpanAM svapnA mAtra bharaNu pAmyA pachInA svarganA taraMgAmAM ja samAI gayAM hatAM. prAcIna samayanA AvA jIvataramAM vijJAnanuM rUpa jIvananA rAjanA vyahavArathI alaga batI jaine nirapekSa evA gaNitazAstramAM samAI gayuM hatuM. tyAre jIvana vyahavAramAM vijJAnane prakAza lAvavAnI pahelI hAkala bhArata bhUmi para gotamamulye karI tathA saMskRtinI A raNa hAkanA paDadhA grIka dharatI paranA vana vyahavArane jIvananA AnaMdathI, sauthI ane vaijJAnika tanamanATathI umarAvI detA epI UThayo. te samayanA vaLAMka letA vizva itihAsanA kharA para tyAre gatabharamAM jyAtira jevA deza grIsa deza puravAra thayA. grIsanI, A kAI nUtana saMskRti nahAtI paNa prAcIna saMskRtiee nipajAveluM saMskAra dhana isunA janma pahelAM pAMcasA varasa para peAtAnuM rakSaNa ane vikAsa mAgatuM grIsanI nAnakaDI dharatI paranA nAgarikAnA jIvanavyavahuramAM peAtAnuM rakhApu zAtuM, e mAnavAnA vyavahArarUpamAM peAtAnI kAyApalaTa

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saMskRtine sImAstaMbha grIsa 173 karatI chabIne ekaThI karIne ane evA prakAzarUpathI opI UThatuM hatuM. saMskRtinuM je mUlya seMkaDo varasanI jIvananI aneka gaDamathale ane kalahamaya kAryavAhI pachI ichatane, bhAratane cInane, ane sumarane AMgaNe nipajyuM hatuM te ja mUlya grIsanI bhUmi para nUtana AkAra zodhatuM hatuM. saMskRtine vAhaka pradeza - IjIpta ane bebilenIyA, phInIzIyA ane esIrIyA, IrAna ane bhArata ane cIna jevI vizvasaMskRtio, bhavya AkAra, hajAre varasapara dhAraNa karIne, have thAkI gaI hatI. A saMskRtione pirAmiDee A tamAma deza para metanA jaMgI dekhAvo racI dIdhA hatA. A mahAna saMskRtione ghaTATopa zahenazAha ane rAjya banyuM hatuM. A ghaTATope jAdunI, ajJAnanI, ane aMdhakAranI ArAdhanA nIce mAnavasamudAya mATe meta sarajI dIdhuM hatuM. A jaMgI saMskRtio jyAre maraNonmukha banIne mAnavajAtanI pragatine rUMdhI rahI hatI tyAre, mata para aTTahAsya karatuM, saMskRtinAM mUlyanuM rUpa grIka dharatI para ekaThuM thaIne jIvananI uSmAtarapha abhimukha banatuM hatuM. saMskRtine prANa A nAnakaDI bhUmi para be saikAone prANa cUsate, TakI rahevA ane AgaLa vadhavA pagabhara banIne, jiMdagInI tAjhagIthI ubharAte ramavA nIkaLatA hatA. vizvasaMskRtinuM eNe AvAhana karyuM hatuM. saMskAra mUlya, grIkanAgarika vAhaka banate hate. grIka saMskRtinuM vahIvaTI zarIra grIkamAnanAM kriDAMgaNa ane kalAniketanamAM racAtA, grIka zarIranuM vahIvaTI rU5 grIka nagaranA zAsanakArI kAryavAhImAM hatuM. jagatanI saMskRtinI zarUAta ItihAsa pahelAMnA ItihAsathI thaI hatI ema kahI zakAya. ItihAsa pahelA A ItihAsa madhya pUrvanA nagaromAM ane IjIptamAM zarU thaI cUkyo hato. jyAre bhAratamAM Aryo AvyA paNa na hatA tyAre siMdhunagaranI saMskRti madhya pUrvanI nagarasaMskRti sAthe jIvananA saMskArI vyavahAra calAvatI hatI. siMdhunagaranI saMskRti pachI hajAra varSe grIkanagararAjyanI saMskRti grIsamAM zarU thaI. siMdhu nagaranA jevuM nagara rAjyanuM rU5 divAlavALuM ane killAvALuM banIne A dharatI para rAjAonI hastIne miTAvI daIne vairAjyanI hakumatI ghaTanAvALuM banIne AsapAsanA jalapradeza para rAjakiya hakUmata calAvatuM hatuM. AvuM dareka nagara ekaeka nagara rAjya hatuM. A nagararAjya pAse pita pitAnAM deva devIo hatAM, ane pita pitAnA dhArmika kriyAkAMDa hatA. A nagararAjya pAse pitAnuM viziSTa vyaktitvavALuM nAgarika svarUpa paNa hatuM. A nagararAjyanI

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174 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA sarakAra khAsa nAgarikAnuM pratinidhitva dharAvatI hatI. A sarakAranuM svarUpa nAgarikAnI banelI kArAbArI samitinuM hatuM. AvI samitine cUMTanAra nAgarikAnA khAsa adhikAra dhAraNa karanAra upalA vargo hatA, ane jIvananA tamAma zrama karanAra mAnavasamudAya gulAma hatA. i. sa. nA AraMbha pachI ApaNA dezamAM paNa lIjhnIonA, yaudheyAnAM, matlAnAM, videhInAM, nAgalAnAM, aneka nagara rAjyA hatAM. A jamAnAmAMja thrIsanAM nagararAjyAmAM e mukhya nagara rAjyA ethensa ane spArTI nAmanAM hatAM. nagararAjyonI saMskRtimAMthI sikaMdara pachInI saMskRti I. sa. pU. 500 varSa para A nagararAjyA para irAnanI zahenazAhate caDhAi karI. peAtAnI saMskRtinA nAza karI nAkhe tevI irAnI zahenazAhata sAme ethensa ane spArTInAM nagararAjye eka banIne laDayAM. i. sa. pU: 490 nI sAlamAM zrIkadeze jagata jItavA nIkaLelI pUrvenI IrAnI zahenazAhatane parAjaya ApyA. I. sa. pU. 480mAM irAnI zahenazAhat khIjI vAra parAjya pAmIne itihAsamAMthI patana pAmI javAne raste paDI. vizvanI A bAdazAhatane parAjya ApIne ethensa ane spArTAnA nagara rAjyAnA laDAyaka huMkAra vadhI paDyo. baMnee eka khIjAne gulAma banAvavA mATe yAdavAsthaLI zarU karI. varSo sudhI AMtarakalahanI Aga saLagAvyA karIne i. sa. pU. 460mAM perikalIsanA bhavya jamAnAmAM ja A bane nagara rAjye patana pAmyAM. ethensa nagararAjyamAM cAlatu vairAjya paNa have nAza pAmalA mAMDyuM. pAsenA ja mAsaDAnIyA prAMtamAMthI philipa nAmanA zahenazAha grIka dharatI paranAM tamAma nagararAjgyAne miTAvI devA mATe nIkaLI paDayo. grIsanAM tamAma nagararAjye philIpane zaraNe AvyAM athavA nAza pAmI gayAM. chevaTamAM ethensa paNa paDyuM. AkhA grIsanA philIpa mAlika banyA. grIka dharatI para khAdazAhata zarU thaI ane AkhA jagatane jItIne tene peAtAnuM saMsthAna banAvavAnI nIti eNe jAhera karI. grIkanA netA sikaMdare A jAherAtanA amala karyo. jyAre sikadara maraNa pAmyA tyAre gresa, khekhileoniyA, IjIpta, pelesTAIna, eziyA mAI teAra, IrAna, adhAtistAna ane paMjAba sudhInA pradezA A vizvavijetAe jItI lIdhA hatA. A rIte grIka saskRti lazkarI rIte vizvavijetA khanI ane teNe peAtAnA jItAyelAM saMsthAnA para haeNlenIsTIka athavA nutana grIkasaMskRtino hakUmata ThokI besADavAnA rAjakArabhAra zarU karyo. grIka saMskRtinuM rAjakAraNa "" ,, grIka saMskRtinA rAjakIya sidhdhAMta plaeNTAe zarU karyAM hatA ema kahI zakAya. rAjakIya asmitA, ane vyavasthAne paoNliza athavA poliTIkasa nAmane zabda

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saMskRtine sImAstaMbha thIsa grIka bhASAmAM ghaDAya. pleTa ane erisToTale poliTIkasa athavA rAjakAraNanA sidhdhAMtane, nagara rAjyane potAnI najara samakSa rAkhIne ghaDavA mAMDe. rAjakAraNanA A siddhAMtanuM svarUpa temaNe samAjanA jIvanavyavahArane khyAla rAkhIne racavA mAMDyuM. rAjyanuM jIvana e rAjyamAM rahetA tamAma mAnavasamudAyamAM rahetA vargonuM jIvana che evA siddhAMtane pleTa ane erisToTale pitAnA rAjakAraNane pAye banAvyuM. e pitAnA rAjakAraNane citAra ApavA "ripablika" nAmanuM pustaka lakhyuM. A baMne ciMtakoe lekazAhIne virodha karyo tathA bAdazAhatane Teke Ape. banne jaNe nAgarikatvane adhikAra rAja ne athavA rAjyA~ vargone ja Apo. zrama karanArA zonA mAnava samudAyane temaNe gulAmImAM rahevAnI ja lAyakAtavALA gaNAvyA. helinisTIka athavA miza grIka saMskRti pachI sikaMdare tyAranA vizva para vijaya meLavyo hate. A vijaya lazkarI vijya karatAM vadhAre moTo vijaya hate. A AkramaNe nIce tyAranA pUrvanI duniyAnA badhA deze ekacakra nIce AvI gayA. A ekacakra koI eka deza paranuM ekacakrI zAsanarUpa na hatuM paraMtu zAsananA vahIvaTa mAraphata, A taMtra jIvanavahIvaTamAM paNa eka cakrI banatuM hatuM. vyApAra ane vANijyano vyavahAra pahelA karatAM vadhAre vyApaka banavA mAMDyo hato tathA pazcimanI grIka duniyA, tathA romana duniyA pUrvanA dezo sAthenA jIvananA saMparkamAM aDoaDa AvI gaI hatI. sikaMdaranA A vijoe, pUrvanA pradeza para vANijyanAM ane jIvana saMparkanAM navAM nagarane janamAvyAM hatAM. elekajhAMDaranA nagaranuM nAma elekajheMDriyA DimekreTasa ane sasTeTase prAcIna jagatanA A IjIpanA nagarane nUtana janma ghaDyo hato. sikaMdare A mahAnagarano pAyo nAkhyo hate. Ijipta ane grIsanI dolata badhI A nagaramAM ThalavAtI hatI. divasa Akhe A nagaramAM latamadenI hilacAla UbharAtI hatI. AkhI rAtabhara emAM rezanI jaLahaLatI hatI. ene uttara pUrva vibhAga yahUdI mAlikanI mahelAvALo hato ane dakSiNapUrvamAM rAjamahAlaya, pustakAlaya, saMgrahasthAne tathA TelemInIkabare, dArUgaLAnA bhaMDAre, grIka devAlaye, tathA vizALa udyAne vagere hatAM. A nagarane madha bhAga vahIvaTItaMtranI kacerIo, khAnAo, tAlIma kendro tathA bajArovALo hate.

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vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA daravAjAtI bahAra eka mATu kriDAMgaNa tathA zaratanuM medAna hatuM. kinArA AkhA, snAnAgAra ane ArAmagAheAthI jaDAi gayA hatA tathA tyAMthI hipaTesaTeDiyamanI dariyAI khADI pherAsa TApu sAthe joDAine tyAM AgaLa paNa khIjuM aMdara banAvatI hatI. nagaranI bahAra, pAchaLanA bhAgamAM merATisa sarAvara para nAIla nadI sudhI Anada naukAe virahatI hatI. 196 elekajhAMDare jagata jItyA pachI, sauthI vadhAre kiMmatI vArasA peAtAnA senAnI legusanA dIkarA TAlemIne dIdhA hatA. vizvavijetAnA maDAne TAlemIe maiIsamAM ANIne tene suvarNanI vizALa maDApeTImAM suvADIne, potAnA havAlAmAM rAkhyuM hatuM. elekajhAMDaranI aneka AnaMda yuvatiomAM eka bAI te paNa eNe peAtAnA havAlAmAM rAkhI hatI ane tenI sAthe lagna karyu hatuM. sikaMdaranA meAta pachI aDhAra varasa sudhI IjiptamAM rahIne, ijiptavAsI banI jaI te TAlemIe jAhera karyuM ke pAte IjiptanA zahenazAha hatA. TolemInA grIka i jipta, AkhI duniyA para amala AraMbhyA.e duniyAnuM, mAlika duniyAnuM mahAnagara, elekajhAnDriyAnuM saMskAra saMsthAna banyuM. tyAranI duniyAmAM anupama ane ajoDa evuM, pustakAlaya, saMgrahasthAna ane vijJAna saMsthA, A nagaramAM ja hatAM. zahenazAha TAlemIe peAtAnI khAsI varasanI uMmare, potAnA dikarA lADelphasane, A vizvanagaranI gAdI para besADIne pote e nagaranA nAgarika khUnIne e varasa pachI maraNa pAmI gayA. jevuM dolatamaMdu mahAna A vizvanagara jagatabharanI dolatathI dIpatuM hatuM tevA temAM navA TAlemI dIpI UThayA. jevA dolatamaMdonA sAdhanasAja AnaMda upabhAgathI khadabadatA hatA tevAja emanI zahenazAhatane saranazIna peAtAnI eka rANIne rajA ApIne, aneka premadAethI aMta:pura UbharAvIne tathA chevaTe peAtAnI sagI bahenane paTarANI banAvIne khadabadatA hatA. mahA paDatA, vizArado, kalAkArA, zilpIo, ane senAnIe tathA vijJAnikA ane ciMtAnA darabAramAM, AkhA bhUmadhya mahAsAgara para yazanI cheLA uchaLatA AnaMda-upabhAgamAM ahAmAnava banI rahyo hato. paNa ene acAnaka dhaDapaNa AvI pahoMcyuM. eNe AnaMdanA atirekamAM UgI nIkaLatA vyAdhithI khinna atIte, potAnA rAjamahAlayanI bArI khAlIne kinArAnI retImAM, UgatA surajanAM kiraNeAmAM ALATatA, eka nAgA bhUkhya bhikhArI dI. mAtathI kaMpI UThatA e babaDayA; " uSA Uge che, ane...huM jo enA jevA banI zakuM te...!" paNa eNe eka nizvAsa nAkhIne bUma pADI;

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saskRtinA sImAstaMbha thrIsa 177 ' " harAmakhorA, IjiptanA badhA pAdarIe, hajI paNa zeAdhI nahi zakayA, amara jIvananuM', amRta...! ' Ijipta-grIsanI, eka helenisTika duniyAne saMskArathI navAjI nAkha TAlemI pAse badhuM ja hatuM. meATA mahAlayA, vizALa devaLA, adbhuta evI nagara racanA, jagata bharanI dolatathI UbharAtA bhaMDArA, saMgrahAlayA, vidyApIThe vidvAnA, ane mAnava chyananA Anada upabhoge hAvA chatAM zilpakaLA ane citra kaLAnA A khetamUna mahAnagaramAM, Aje ene kaI Da MkhatuM hatuM. enI najara sAme naikropeAlisa taravarI UThayuM. zAhI kamareAnA banelA A nagaranu, nAma sAMbhaLatAM e kapI UThayA. e nagara ene peAtAnI aMdara AvavA kheMcatuM hatuM. linDasanA cArIsa, A TAlemIeja kArAsa TApu para bAMdhavA mAMDelI divAdAMDI ene yAda AvI. e divAdAMDInA ArasanA vizALa cAka baMdhAtA hatA tyAre cArIsa ApadhAta karIne mUe hatA. e kalAkAra kahetA hatA ke, ApaNAM jahAjone hAMkanAra sAMkaLAthI baMdhAyelA gulAmAnI yAtanAnA citkAra ane divAdAMDInA pAyAmAMthI saMbhaLAyA karyAM hatA ane pachI chevaTe eNe......!" nIDasanA sAsTreTase jenI rUparekhA dorI hatI tevI tyAranA jagatamAM ajoDa kalAkRtinA adbhUta namUnA jevI A divAdAMDI kAreAsanA TApu para, elekajhAMDriyAnA vizvanagaranI nUtana AMkha jevI nirdevA mAMDI, ane pAMcase pITanI UMcAI para zveta ArasanI vizALa pITha para aneka zilpa kaLAnA namUnA jesI pratimAothI aMkti banIne peAtAnA pAMcaseA phITa UMcA kalevara para, akhaMDa saLagatI agni jvALAone jhIlanAra ArIsAnI vaijJAnika gAThavaNI vaDe ADatrIsa mAIla sudhI tejanA aMbAra jevI najara vaDe jANe e pukAratI hatI; dekhatAM rahejo ! A divAdAMDInI AMkha nIce, saMskAranA rAzana nIcenI zramamAnavanI yAtanA tr ,, sagha klAnA su mAnava jagata jItavA nIkaLelA, sikadara ane enA ghoDA baMne zramamruddhanI jIvanakalAnI kRtine dhAraNa karatI dharatI para pachaDAine pAchA haTayA, ane maraNa pAmyA hatA tyAre i. sa. pUrvenI traNaso ekanI sAlagarADamAM itihAsanA pAchA pharelA pAdAdhAtanA bhAra nIce, grIsanI dharatI, DemeTriyasa, poliyokriTasanA dAruNa nAma (nagara bhaMjaka) vALA sikaMdaranA vArasadAranA nAmavI kuMpI UThI hatI. A bhUmi para rAhaDajha TApu paranI proTenisa ane epilisanA bhUmine ragadoLI nAkhavA, poliyeTisanAM kaTaka caDyAM hatAM. 23

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178 viva ItihAsanI rUparekhA A roDajha TApu para cha varasa sudhI polikriTasanAM lazkare ghere nAkhIne paDyAM ane rahaDajhanAM bhAvoe temane sAmane kaye. chevaTe rahejhane saMdhamAnavA paDe nahi. nagaranA bhaMjakanuM nAma pAmele jAlIma, badhe zasAja ahIM ja paDato mUkIne pAcho bhAgI chUTa hatA ane vizvavijetAnA e vArasadArane parAjya karavAnA smAraka tarIke tyAre I. sa. pUrve traNa varasa para, raheDajha TApu para, tyAMnAM nAgarikoe, saMgha kalAkAranuM adbhuta Alekhana, pelA saMhAraka sAjamAMthI nirmAvyuM. saMhArane badhe sAja temaNe prakAzanI pratimAo ghaDavAmAM vAparI nAkhyo. sUryanI ekase jeTalI mAnavI pratimAo rahaDajha TApune zaNagAra banI. A pratimAomAM sauthI moTI pratimAnI AMgaLInuM ja kada bIjI AkhI pratimA jeTaluM jaMgI ghaDavAmAM AvyuM. UgatA sUrajanI ArAdhanA karate, mahA vizALa evo prakAzamAna virATanuM kada dharIne suryamAnava: ahIM Ubho. vizva ItihAsanI tyAranA prAcIna jagatanI A ajAyabI jevI kalAkRti Aje nAza pAmI gaI che. itihAsanuM pahelu kriDAMgaNa je ati prAcIna saMskRtionA jIvanamAM jeTaluM AbehUba nahotuM dekhAtuM teTaluM jIvananuM jIvatuM svarUpa grIka dharatI para aneka ramata ramatuM dekhAyuM. jevuM kaMI dezamAM hatuM nahiM tevuM tAjagIthI bhareluM kriDAMgaNa grIka dharatI para ramavA mAMDayuM. kustIo, gheDAnI ane naukAnI zarate, mazAlanI ramata, saMgItanI hariphAio, nAcanI hariphAIo, rathanI harIphAIo, evI evI aneka ramatanI harIphAIothI grIsanAM kriDAMgaNe thanaganI UThayAM. A kriDAonAM citro grIka dharatI para kuratInAM, cAlatA rathamAMthI kudI paDavAnAM, baMsarI bajAvatAM, nRtya karavAnAM vigere jIvatAM rUpe banIne kotarAyAM. ethensanuM mahAna kriDAMgaNa olimpiyA" kahevAyuM. grIsanA vijya senApatie jeTaluM ja mAna elimpIkamAM jItanArAone maLavA mAMDyuM. mahAna vijetAone maLatuM hatuM evuM mAna eTale olivane tAja A vijetAne paherAvavAmAM Avato. grIka mAnavA AvI ramata sAthe premamAM paDyA hatA ane bhavya rIte ramatiALa banyAM hatAM, te banAva temanA jIvataramAMthI ubharAtI tAjagI ane AnaMdanI sAkSI rUpa hato. - grIsa nAmanA kriDAMgaNa jevA dezamAM rahetI A mAnavatA jIdagI taraphanA jIvavAnA prema ane tAjagI sAthe dekhatI hatI. jIvatarano AnaMda enI rageragamAM uchaLa hato ane A AkhI prajAne bALaka jevI nirdoSa banAvI de hate. IjIptanA leke grIka lekane rAjya karanArAM bALake tarIke oLakhatAM

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saMskRtinA sImAstaMbha thrIsa we hatAM. ramatamAM dekhAtA grIka jivatarane AnaMda prAcIna jivataramAM navI ja jAtanI bhAta pADatA hatA. A jivataramAM lakhAyelI ' sophekilisa 'nI karUNa kathAomAM paNa acAnaka rIte akhaMDa ramatA jIvataranA AnaMda uchaLI AvatA hatA tathA jivananI pAMkhA phaphaDAvatA jANe e paNa eTalI uThatA ke " dariyA para rakhaDanArA ane kharathI DhaMkAyalA paMta para rakhaDanArA nRtyanA deva pAna, are pAna, tuM AvI paheAMca ane mArI sAthe nAcavA mAMDa. '" karUNa kathA paNa jivananuM nRtya karatI AnaMdamAM paTakAi paDatI hatI, jagatanuM kriDAMgaNa banelI A grIka bhUmi para ramatanAM kriDAMgaNA patharAi gayAM hatAM. jo grIka dezanI saMskRti dharatI nIce TAi jAya te jyAre paNa ene khAvAmAM Ave tyAre A dhanya dharatI nIcethI pirAmIDe nahi. paNa kriDAMgaNA nIkaLI Ave ane ramavA mAMDe tethI jIvananI veTanA ahI jAmatI hatI. saMskRtino prANa AjhAdI dariyA kinArA para patharAyelA tathA khaDakA ane pavAthI DhaMkAyelA A deza ja evA hatA ke jenA para jAlimA vadhAre samaya jIvI zakayA nahi. khIjI dharatI upara jevI zahenazAhatA jIvanane jhaTa gulAmImAM jotarI detI hatI tevI zahenazAhuta haju ahiM ugI na hatI. jyAre ahiM itihAsanA ughna thayA tyAre kAi paNu prAcIna rAjyanI hakUmata na hatI. ahiM thoDA samaya jAlimAnuM rAjya AvI gayuM paNa te eka ja rAtamAM laya pAmI gayuM. pachI A bhUmi para AjhAdInA svarUpanA pAyA satyanI zAdha athavA padArthanI tapAsamAMthI ugavA mAMDayA. jAduenI saMsthA jevI ' DelaphInI orekala 'nI divAla para paNu " tamArI jAtanI tapAsa kareA ane atizayatAthI dUra raheA '" evI zikhAmaNu lakhavAmAM AvI hatI. A dharatI para I. sa. pUrve ThThA ane pAMcamA saikAmAM padArthanI zodha karanArA ane manuSyanA vyavahAranI tapAsa karanArA jAdugarA ke purAhitA nahiM paNa ciMtA ubharAvA mAMDayA. * enekajhAgeArAse ' kahyuM, " A jagata para jyAre pahelIvAra citta athavA vicArane udaya thayA tyAre aMdhakArane laya thavA mAMDayA ane AjhAdI zarU thavA mAMDI.'' niyama nAmanA zabdanA artha ahiM padArtha ane manuSyanA vyavahAramAM avalokanamAMthI jatuM satya evA thayA. zarUAtathI ja puresahitA athavA bhUvAe " A dharatI paranA jIvana vyavahAramAM adhikAranA sthAna para AvI zakayA nahi', temanuM sthAna devaLa pUratuM ja ane devaLanA kriyAkAMDA pUratuM maryAdita rahyuM. evA grIka dharatI paranA AjhAda nAgarika zaMkA thAya te pUchyA mATe sophri pAse javA lAgyA. jIvana vyavahAramAM bhUvAenI salAha levAnA

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viva ItihAsanI rUparekhA rivAja tyAM zarU thaye nahiM. vaeNTee kAyadAo nAmanuM pustaka lakhyuM temAM dharmanI sArI peThe chaNAvaTa karI paNa AkhAe pustakamAM purohitano ullekha sarakho paNa karyo nahiM. dharmanA gunAo mATe leke para kAma calAvavAmAM AvatuM hatuM paraMtu insApha karanAra tarIke purohitanI hAjarI kadI paNa lAyaka ke jarUrI lekhAtI nahiM. vicArasvAtaMtrya ane vANI svAtaMtryatA jIvatA jAgatA namunA jevo sekreTisa yugayuga sudhI cauTe cauTe pharate rahyo. vicAra karavAnuM ane carcA karavAnuM mahAna sAhasa grIka dharatI para rejIda banAva banI gayuM. sarakAranuM ane dharmanuM svarUpa ethensa nagaramAM ethensanAM nAgarikone kadi paNa rekI zakatuM nahiM. jyAre ethensanagara jIvana maraNa vacce jholAM khAtuM hatuM tyAre paNa sokreTisane bAraNAM ThokIne madharAte UThADate eka chokare bUmAbUma karate grIka sAhityamAM AlekhAyo che. jhabakIne jAgI UThato sekreTisa AMkho coLate pelA juvAnane pUche che ane sokreTisanA savAlanA javAbamAM pele juvAna bumo pADate bele che "samAcAra-samAcAra !" "zA samAcAra che?sokreTisa buma pADe che, "jyAre aMtakALanA oLAo doDe che tyAre zA samAcAra che!" ane juvAna kahe che..." are sekreTisa, praTAgorAsa AvI pahoMcyo che." paNa tenuM zuM? praTAgorAsa tArA gharamAMthI corI karIne jANe bhAgI gaye heya ane pachI te ene pakaDI pADyo heya ema bumo zene pADe che?" AstethI pele juvAna kahe che "are sokreTisa, proTAgerAsa tamArI sAthe carcA karavA mAge che." jIvana maraNanA jhaMjhAvAtamAM jakaDAI gayelA ane AMtara yuddhamAM sapaDAyelA ethensanagaranI A tasvIra che. ati prAcIna saMskRtine jIta deza suvarNanA premathI paMkAI cukyo hato. kinIzIyA ane bebIlena dhanadolata mATe AMdhaLiyAM karatAM hatAM. esIrIyA pazu jevI tAkAta sajI sajIne pazunI jema mota pAmI cukyuM hatuM. jagatanI zahenazAhatanAM nizAna irAnamAM ArUDha karavA mATe zAhe Alame saMhAranAM lazkare sajatAM hatAM. tyAre mahAna evA saMkaTathI sapaDAyelI dazAmAM paNa A ethensanagaranAM nAgarika satyanI zodha taraphane prema jato karavAne taiyAra hatAM nahiM. "enekajhAgorAsa', "praTAgerAsa', "mekiTasa' tathA sokreTisa jevA nAgarike tyAre manuSyanI sAcI AjhAdInA jhaMDAdhArIo banI gayA hatA ane AjhAdInI A hilacAla avalokana ane

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saMskRtinA sImAstaMbha thrIsa pratitI pachI satyanA svIkAravALI vaijJAnika hilacAla banI cukI hatI. sokreTisa pahelAMthI ja jagatanA saMskArane ane saMskRtine maDhavA mATenI A hilacAlanA udbhava grIka dharatI para dekhAi cukayA hatA. DemokriTasa ane erisToTala A hilacAlanA vaijJAnikA hatA. vaijJAnikane zAle tevuM avalAkana mATenuM virakata vasva temaNe saMpAdana karyu hatuM. A varcasva grIka saMskRtine yugavega khano gayuM hatuM. A yugavega viSe erisTATala kahetA hatA ke manuSyamAM sakAraNa buddhinI kriyA ja daivI kriyA che ane manuSyanuM je jIvana vyavahAramAM sakAraNatA ane vaijJAnikatA saMpAdana karI zake che te ja vanadevI che. ' AvA daivI jIvananeA kAlAhala sekreTise ethensa nagarane DhaDhALIne kathAranA ya zarU karI dIdhA hatA. tyAre vijJAnanI tapAsanA A avAjane dehAMtadaMDa tyAranA zAsakAe potAnA para AvelA vikaTa samayanI asahiSNutA batAvI hatI parantu tethI sAkreTisanA peAtAnA jIvananA aMta sudhI grIka dharatI paranA jivataranI vicAra, vANI ane vananA svAtaMtryanI sAbiti ja vananI A AjhAda dhaTanAe i dIdhI che. ne 11 saMskRtinuM zrIka saunda vizva itihAsanA jyotira jevA A deza para saskRtinuM je nUtanarUpa racAyuM hatuM temAM grIka dharatI paranAM kaLA ane zilpa paNa sau nuM navuM rUpa sajjatAM hatAM. saunA svarUpanuM mUlya jIvananA vyavahAra para ane e vyava hAranI nakkara hakikatA para sauMdaryane maDhavAnuM DhAya che. ijIptanA jivataramAM ijIptanI dharatImAMthI ja ugyA hoya tevA ane IjIptanI TekarIo jevAM ja klevara dhAraNa karelA pirAmIDA tyAMnI kalAnA namunA hatA. A namunAomAM eka jaMgI evuM gaNitazAstra trikANA banIne dhaDAyuM hatuM, tathA parivartana pAmatuM ja naheAya tevA raNapradeza para acalAyatana jevuM paDyuM hatuM. A acalAyatanarUpeA, tyAMnA pattharanA rUpamAM maDhAyelI mATI jaMgI pratimA banIne tyAMnI TekarIonI jaDatA jevAM jaDa thaI gayAM hatAM. tyAMnA jIvatare jIvataranI jaDatA para kalAkAranI vaijJAnika najara vaDe kAbU meLavyA nahatA. paraMtu grIsanI kalAmAM kudaratI jaDatA para kalAkAranA kAbU nUtana sauMdaya dhAraNa karIne rUpa maDhatA hatA. enekajhegeArAsa, DImAnkrITasa, ane sokreTisa jevA ciMtakAnI ane vaijJAnikAnI vaNajhAramAM grIsanA kalAkAra paNa TAMkaNuM ane pIMchI dhAraNa karIne cAlavA mAMDyo hatA. eTale eNe je sauMdaya dhaDavA mAMDayu hatu te pahelAM cittanI sakAraNatAnuM nUtana rUpa paNa dhAraNa karyuM hatuM. A kalAkAra IjIptanA mRtyudhAne mATe pratimAe dhatA nahatA paNa jIvananI vaNajhAra mATe mAnavarUpane nirmANa karatA hatA. ..

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vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA :: tyAre paNa sokreTisanA avAja enA kAnamAM guMjatA hatA. " ApaNe ethensanAM nAgarikA mAnIe chIe ke kAi sa MskRtinI Toca para caDhI jaIne jagata AkhAne vicAra zIkhavanAra mazAlane ApaNe dhAraNa karI lIdhI che. pazu nA utarI gayA pachI ethensane mAlama paDaze ke zilAomAMthI mAnava rUpanI kaNikAo maDhavAthI ja saMskAranI pratimAe nathI sarjAtI paNa mAnavInA rAjanA vyavahAramAM mAnava mAnava vaccenA zAMtimaya saba MdhanuM anurAganuM mUlya jyAre mAnava kalAkArA dhaDavA mAMDe che tyAre na heAlavAya tevI sAcA saMskAranI jyeAta sAMpaDatI hAya che." 11 grIsanA A mahAnubhAva itihAsanA klAkArane kalAnuM mUlya samajAvatA hatA. grIka dharatI para kalAkAranA nUtana jagatane sTUDiyA athavA citrazALA racAtAM hatAM. A citrazALAmAM acalAyatana jevI samAdhivALA jaDa manuSyanuM rUpa citarAtuM na hatuM paNa hAlatuM cAlatuM jIvatara manuSyanuM adanuM rUpa dhAraNa karIne ahi jyotirdhara banatuM hatuM. A svarUpa dharavAmAM itihAsanI ane saMgItanI devIo athavA 'myujha' bilkula manuSyanu rUpa dhAraNa karatI hatI. elimpIka ' para racAyelI misanI prAMtamA manuSya pAmI zake teTaluM ane tevuM saudaryAM dhAraNa karatI hatI. enAM aMge aMga manuSyanI zarIra racanAnuM vijJAna dhAraNa karatAM hatAM. saMskRtinI A natana saunI ghaTanAmAM manuSyane daivI banAvavA mATe ke mAnavatAne bhayabhIta banAvavA mATe tenA cAra hAtha citaravAmAM AvatA na hatA. kAraNa A dharatI paranA zikSakAe nAgarika vyahavArA saMskAra dhaDavA mATe zIkhavyuM hatuM ke sAcu sau'' manuSyanA rAja khareAjanA vAstavika evA jivana vyahavAramAMthI ja ghaDI zakAya che. zrIka saMskRtinAM klA, saMgIta ane zilpa grIka kalAnA pAyA ijIptanI kalAsaMskRtine vArasA pAmIne zarU thayA. A vArasA para grIse saunI racanA mATe peAtAnA hAtha ajamAvyeA. jagata bharamAM ajoDa evI saunI sRSTi grIka samAje racavA mAMDI. grIka kalAkRtinA jamAnA jagatabharamAM mazahura banyA. pahelA jamAnA grIka kalAnA AraMbhanA jamAtA hatA. khIjA jamAnAe grIka kalAkRtinA vikAsane sarvAMga suMdara banAvI dIdhuM. tathA trIjA haeNlenisTIka jamAnAe sikaMdaranI vijayayAtrAmAM jaIne peAtAnI klAkRtine pUrvanA pradezanA saMsaga vaDe samAravA mAMDI. zarUAtanI grIka citrakalA vAsaNA paranI citrakalA hatI. A AraMbhanI citrakalAmAM paNa raMga ane rekhAenI viziSTa racanA dekhAi AvatI hatI. A jamAnAnA citrakAra durisa, oDIsIsa, vagerenAM nAmeA jANItA che. pachI I. sa. pU. nA

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saMsakRtine sImAstaMbha grIsa 183 pAMcamA saikAmAM te grIka kalAkRti sauMdaryanI Toca para pahoMcavA mAMDI. barAbara A jamAnAnI aMdara ja mAnavajivana para ApadhAta sudhInuM damana upadezanArA jaina dharmo ane saundaryanuM zamana upadezanAra buddha dharme bhAratIya citrakSAne pAchI pADI dIdhI. A samayamAM ja grIka kalAkRtione jamAne Toca para pahecate hato. A jamAnAmAM presa polikriTasa pitAnI citrajyAmAM manuSyanA zarIranI citraklAne saundaryathI maDhavA mAMDyo hate. epeleDorase divAle ane vAsaNo para thatAM citrakAmane lAkaDAnA pATiyA para utAryuM hatuM, tathA chAyAcitrone zarU karyA hatAM. pachInA heleniTIka jamAnAmAM citrAe mAnavajivananA te samayanA vyavahArane citromAM utAravA mAMDyAM. A jamAnAmAM jagatabharamAM mazahura evA citrakAromAM kelaphenane epilisa, sikaMdarano darabArI citrakAra hato. A citrakAre manuSyanA caherA paranA bhAvadarzanane AbehUba banAvyuM. citrakalAnI sAthe sAthe ja grIkajivanamAM zilpakalA paNa suramya svarUpamAM vikasatI gaI athavA citrakalAthI paNa vadhAre vikAsavALI banI gaI. grIka kalAkAranI AvaData zilpakalAmAM saMpUrNa banIne prakAzI uThI. grIsanAM nagara rAe citrakAra ane kalAkAranuM bahumAna karyuM. grIka sarakAranI rAjakIya hakU matamAM kalAkArane dhaMdhe, sarvopari lekhAya. A dhaMdhAnA kArigaroe eTale kalAkAroe grIka jivananI tamAma ImArate devaLe ane makAne para, saundaryane chAI devA mAMDayuM. grIka zarIra A saundaryanI navAjeza nIce AvI gayuM. grIka deha pApI nahi paNa saundaryanuM sthAna bane. grIkalekenAM devadevIoe ane manoe sAMe kalAkAranA hAtha nIce zarIranI suMdaratA dhAraNa karavA mAMDI. suMdaratAnI A ghaTanAmAM grIka zarIranAM aMgeaMgamAMthI svAratha ane tAkAta nitaratAM dekhAyAM. zarUAtanuM grIkazilpa sAmAnya hatuM. zilpanA A "AraeIka" jamAnAmAM zarIranuM zilparUpa sAmAnya hatuM. pachI bIjA jamAnAe ArapAra dekhI zakAya tevA ArasamAM saundanI lIlA vistAravA mAMDI. tyAra pachI kAMsA ane dhAtuo para paNa grIka zi9pakalA prakAzI uThI. sauryanA A jamAnAe grIka jIvananA vyavahAramAM buddhinI tAkAtane paNa saukeTisanA jevI sAdAIthI zaNagArI. sophilisa, ane proTagarAse, tathA ethensanA kiDiyAse mahAna parikalIsanA mahAna jamAnAne saundaryathI maDhI lIdhe. I. sa. pU. nA cothA saikAmAM pilIkalITasanuM nAma grIsamAM mazahUra banyuM. ane tyAra pachI ske pAse mAnavInI hIlacAlane jIvataranI gatinArUpamAM maDhavA mAMDI.

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ture 184 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA grIsanA AtmAne zilAmAM utArate, prekasiTelisa. e eka siphiDeTsa nAmanA zipIne dIkare hatuM, ane grIsanA AtmabhAnane ghaDAye hoya te, patharA ghaDI ghaDIne enI aMdara grIsanuM AtmabhAna jovA maLatuM hatuM. e AtmabhAnane ghaDavAnuM TAMkaNuM laIne beThele A zilpI, jANe zilpane pAyathAgorasa hoya te dekhAtuM hatuM ane rUpanI ekatAna tAnuM gaNita navuM cete e kaheto hato ke, tAkAtanuM rUpa nipajAvatuM grIsanuM AtmAbhAna have je jivataranA saMskAranuM zilpa nahi race te A dharatI jIvanane dhAraNa karaze kayA mUlya para?" AvaDA moTA savAlano javAba devA ja jANe hoya tema eNe pAlikalisanuM zilpazAstra pheMkI dIdhuM ane zilpane na kAnUna eNe nutanarUpanuM ghaDatara karIne dAkhavavA mAMDe. grIka saMskRtinI hatI tevI hiMmata eNe rU5 ghaDavAmAM dhAraNa karI. kudarata pAse ane devadevIo pAse, hiMmata bharelI rIte enA rahasyane kAnana jANavA pahoMcI jatI grIsanI mAnava mahAnubhAvatA je A zilpI paNa bhUtakALanA zilpane kAnUna rada karato hato ane e kAnUna pramANe ghaDAyelAM game tevAM mahAna devatAone pUtaLAMone praNAma karavAne badale je rUpamAM saMskAra hoya tevuM rUpa ghaDato hatA, ane pukAra karatA hatA ke, "mAnava-vikAsathI keI kAnUna vadhAre moTo nathI." e nUtana grIsane nUtana zilpI, grIsanI dharatI para paMkAyo. kesamAM eNe ghaDelI, ekreDAITanI pratimAne jovA, bhUmadhya samudranA kinArA parathI zilpIo ane kalAkAra AvyA kya

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saMskRtine sImAstaMbha, cIsa 585 have e be eziyAmAM, AvelA thepasI nAmanA nAnakaDA nagaramAM rahevA Avyo hato, kAraNa ke ahIM kinI nAmanI jIvatI suMdaratA rahetI hatI. phInI sAthe ghara mAMDIne rahetA A kalAkAre ahIM aneka rUpa ghaDyAM hatAM. temAMthI ekavAra eNe phrinIne manapasaMda pratimA, pitAnA nagarane bheTa ApavAnuM kahyuM ane tenI pasaMdagI karavAnuM kAma krinIne sepyuM. pratimAomAMthI ekane, sarvottamane zodhI kADhavA jatI phinAnA aMtaramAM badhAM rUpa, sarakhAM suMdara dekhAyA karatAM hatAM. zinI temAMnA ekane sarvottama tarIke nakkI karI zakatI nahotI ane prekasiTelisa ene A bAbatamAM kazuM kahete na hato. eTale mUMjhAyelI krinIe ekavAra nagara bahAra gayelA, kalAkAra pAse, mANase deDAvyAM. emaNe AvIne kalAkAra pAse bUma pADI. "tamArUM kalAbhavana AkhuM saLagI UThayuM che." ane kalAkAre ciMtAthI pUchyuM, "paNa, mArI vinasanI pratimA !" basa niIne javAba jaDI gayuM. eNe vinasane sarvottama tarIke svIkArIne nagarane e bheTa dharI. vinasanI A pratimA AtmAnA ojasane ubharAvatI mAnavInA prazyanI saMskAra chabI ja hatI. haju enuM nAma kayupiDa (kAmadeva) pADanAra romana samAjano adhikAra jano nahote. e grIsano kalAkAra mAnavInA aMtaranuM rUpa ghaDate, kinI sAthe saMsAra mAMDIne, kalAkAra dikarAone pAchaLa mUkIne, eka divasa maraNa pAmI gaye. tyAra pachI grIsamAM olimpiyAnA saMgrahasthAnamAMthI, eNe ghaDelI eka pratimA, paththaranA rUpamAMthI mAnavasaMskAranA ojasa jevI harakisanuM nAma dhAraNa karIne UbhelI jaDI AvI. Dionisasa nAmanA devatAI bALakane bacAvavA nIkaLI jate devadUta haramisa, A bALa pharajaMdane drAkSa khavaDAvate temAM Ubho hato. AvuM sauMdarya ghaDataranuM DhAMkaNuM grIka dharatIpara aTakyA vinA cAlyA ja karyuM. kesa TApuparanA zilpI ane citrakAra epilasanuM nAma tyAra pachI AkhI grIka dharatI para gAjI UThayuM. evuM saMskRtinuM saundarya ghaDanAra A avAja grIsa deza para aTakyA vinA ekadhAre vahyA ja karatA hatA ane grIka jIvanamAM ajoDa evI kalAne yaza, jIvananI saurabha banate hate. rehaDajhamAM preTejinisanI kalA jIvananI evI ja suvAsane AlekhatI hatI. helenisTika jamAnAmAM zilpakalA jIvanavyavahAranAM jIvatAM citromAM etaprata banI gaI. zilpanI aMdara Umi ane lAgaNIonA, gaDyA, bALakanA jIvananI nAjuka rekhAo, dArUDiyAonI duHkhI yAtanAo, ane sainanI 24

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vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA vyathA, zilpakalAmAM Akhema banI. mAikala egelAe jene zrIkazilpakalAnA sarvottama namUnA kahyo hato, te namUnAnuM eka citra epAlAnA eka pAdarInuM hatuM. zilpakalAnA A citramAM pAdarI ane tenA be dikarAo para sarpI maDAgAMTha bAMdhIne viMTaLAI vaLyA hatA. mAta pahelAMnI A yAtanAmAM traNa mAnava kalevarA je jaMgI tAkAtathI jIvanakalaha dekhADatA hatA te kalahanuM A kalArUpa hatuM. 186 grIka sAhityanu' epikarUpa-hAmara phInIzIyana saMskRti pAsethI zrIse peAtAnI bhASAnA akSaro meLavyA ane A lIpI para thoDAka sudhArA karyAM. A rIte grIka leAkAnI helenIka bhASAnA AkAra badhAyA ane A bhASA temanA va sva nIcenI duniyAmAM patharAvA mAMDI. sAMnuM je rUpa temanI kalAmAM hatuM tathA pArzvAna jevA tenA zilpAnI kalAkRtiomAM jevI suramyatA tathA sughaTatA hatI tevI grIka bhASAmAM paNa utarI. A grIka jaJAnanuM rUpa ati prAcIna evI kriTana saMskRti sAthenA jIvana saMgrAmeAnI gAthAone racanAranuM, grIka sAhityanI zarUAtamAM hemaranu nAma iliyaDa ane eDIsI nAmanAM mahAkAvyeA sAthe joDAyuM. A adhakavi hAmaranI kavitAo grIka vanamAM gavAvA mAMDI. IliyaDa nAmanA kathAkAvyamAM TroyanA gherAneA prasaMga vaNavAmAM AvyA. IliyaDanI sAthe ja maLatuM Ave evuM kathAkAvya ADIsI nAmanuM che. TrAyanA gherA pachI yulisIsanA rajhaLapATanA prasaMgo emAM varNavavAmAM AvyA che. krITana saMskRti para AkramaNa karatA grIkamAnavAne vana kalaha emAM tadAkAra bane che. kathA kAvyA--ddhisiyaDa hAmara pachInA hisiyaDa nAme mahAkavie peAtAnAM kathA kAvyA lakhavA mAMDayA hatAM. A mahAkavinI kavitAnI viziSTatA sAmAnya mANasAnA jIvanavyavahAranI

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to saMskRtine sImAstaMbha, cIsa 187 kavitAo lakhavAnuM hatuM. kheDUtonI jIMdagI viSe ne khetIvADI viSe vyavahArU AvaData dharAvanAra A kavie khetInI jIMdagInI kavitAo lakhI che ane temanI sAthe zAsakonI jIMdagI para TIkA karI che. A kavinI kavitAo hemaranI kavitAo karatAM atihAsika rIte vadhAre mahattvanI hatI kAraNa ke eNe daMtakathAomAMthI nIce utarIne lekajIvananI rojabarojanI sAmAjika ane Athika dazAne mAnavapremathI chaNI che. tyAra pachI sApha nAmanI kaviyatrI I. sa. pU. 6 ThThA saikAmAM tyAranA jagatamAM jANItI banI. aMdha kavi hemaranA jeTalA ja mAnane mATe sApha adhikAriNI gaNAya che, tathA grIsanI nava devIomAM athavA "myujho mAM A grIka yuvatinI gaNanA karavAmAM AvI che. "mAruM nAma to sAphA che ? belatI A saMgItanI dikarI, pitAnI jamAnanI madhuratA varasAvatI saMgIta je zabda uccAratI. sAphA, I. sa. pU. 612 mAM janmI hatI. I. sa. pU. 593mAM A bALakIne laine garIba mA, bApa, gulAmImAM vecAI javAmAMthI bacI javA mATe mITIlasa nagarImAM bhAgI AvatAM hatAM. A nagarImAM baLavAkhora banelI A dharatInI adanI dikarI deza nikAla thaIne pIrA nagaramAM pahoMcatA hatI ane oga. Nasaja varasanI A sAphA tyAM jaIne baLavAkhora rAjakAraNane saMgIta banAvIne lalakAratI hatI. adanI mAnavatAe jaNelI A garIbanI dikarInuM kalevara gaura nahotuM paNu ghATIluM hatuM. A ghATa para grIka guMjana ghere ghora camakato dIpo hatuM ane kaheto hato, "jevI mRdu ApaNuM A dharatI che tevuM, mulAyama mAruM dila che." "A mulAyamatAmAMthI jIvatarane kaThora bhAvAveza agni zikhAo jevo uDatA hata" ema luTArka nAmane itihAsakAra lakhate hate. ethensa nagaranA AtmAnI tapAsa mAgata, sekreTisa nAmano khaDatala zilpI ene "sAphA, suMdarI, ; kahetA hatA ane AkhA jagatanAM prANIo ane padArthonAM svatva rUpa svargamAM ja hoI zake tevA ciMtanano pAyo nAkhatA, sAphAnA svatvane, che . '

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188 viAva ItihAsanI rUparekhA bhUlathI A dharatI para hevAno ekarAra karI paDate pleTa nAmane ciMtaka kahe hatuM, "grIka dharatI para nava yujha athavA devIonI kalpanAnI pratimAo AlekhavAmAM AvI che, temAM dharatI para jivI gaelI lesabosanI sAphA dazamI myujha che." evI saMgItanI A myujha saMgItanI mAtA banI. A yuvati jyAre ogaNIsa varSanI vaye, hadapAra thaIne pIrahAmAM bhAgI AvI tyAre tyAM ja hadapAra thaele juvAna kavi elakiasa paNa Avyo hatA. pitAnA caherA paNa zaramanA zeraDA lAvIne A kavie sAphane ciThThI lakhI, "smitabhara caherAvALI sApha, mAruM dila tArI sAthe evI vAta karavA mAge che, je uccAratAM, jIbha zaramAI jAya che" ene sAphae kahAvyuM, "je tArI IcchAnuM rUpa saMskAra jevuM udAtta ja hoya te pachI zarama cheDIne tene lalakAryo kara, kavi ! pachI pelA kavie, A saMgItanI dikarIne pitAnI banAvavAnI mamatA mAMDI vALIne, tenA vakhANanAM gIta gAyA karyA. AvI sAphane pIrahA, paNa jIravI zakyuM nahIM eTale ene sIsIlImAM hadapAra karavAmAM AvI. tyAre I. sa. pUrvenI 591 nI sAlamAM, sIsIlInI aMtara yAtanA banelI gulAma mAnavatA, A baLavAkhora yuvatine AvakAratI hatI. paNa A yuvati sIsIlImAM AvIne, kaThoratAnA bhAvAvezane mulAyama dilamAM bhArI daIne eka zrImaMta mAlikane paraNuM. zrImaMta mAlika, sAphAne paraNyA pachI tarata ja maraNa pAmyo. mAlikanA pharajaMdane potAnA udaramAM dhAraNa karIne sAphA AnaMda pAmI ane pote have saMskAra pravRtti ja calAvavA mAge che ema kahIne, dhana delata laIne lesabasemA pAchI AvI pahoMcI. saMskAranA vizva ItihAsamAM yAdagAra evI, lalita kalAonI pahelI vidyApIThanI, sAphA, adhiSThAtrI banI. eNe lesabasamAM, nRtya gIta ane vAdhanI zAstrIya tAlIla ApavAnI vidyApITha zarU karI. sAphoe upajAvelA sephIka rAga grIka dharatI para guMjI UDyA. lesabasanI dikarIonA haTha para sAphika vidyApIThanA lalita saMskAranI saurabha viharavA mAMDI. sAphIkasaMgItanA lalakAre grIka dharatIne prathama guMjana dIdhuM. A lalakAranAM mejAMo para viharatI hoya tevI lalita kalAnI vidyA pIThanI adhiSThAtrI eka uMcA khaDaka para ubhIne, Tagara Tagara zuM dekhatI hatI! eka pAchaLa bIjI pachaDATa khAtA, sAgaranuM kevuM saMgIta e sAMbhaLI rahI hatI ! pitAnI najarane aMtarikSamAM parovI daIne, praNayanA vyAmohamAM, zuM zodhavA mATe gabaDI paDatI A sApha laya pAmI jatI hatI! leka vAyakAnI daMtakathA kahetI hatI ke, dUra dUranA dariyA kheDavA gayelA eka khalAsInA premamAM paDelI A zabdacitranI citralekhA mahAsAgaranA arisAmAM

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saMskRtine sImAstaMbha, cIsa 189 premanuM rUpa dekhavA, sAgaranA uramAM zamI gaI hatI, ane pachI e jyAM paDI tyAMthI, sAgaranAM mojAM para besIne, AsamAnamAMthI phUMkAtA pavanane mijAja dharIne, gAyA karatI hatI. sAhityasvAmI piMDAra, ane pachI sApho pachI eka saMke piMDAra ane ekIlasa nAmanA mahAkavio thayA. piMDAranI khyAti eTalI badhI vadhI gaI hatI ke AkhA grIsa para te gItakAvyone devatA ja manAtuM hatuM. A samayamAM ja sAhityanuM nATaka nAmanuM svarUpa vikAsa pAmavA mAMDyuM. jUnA samayanA eka pAtravALAM nATakane badale be pAtravALAM nATako lakhavAnI zarUAta thaI ane traNa pAtronAM nATake paNa lakhAvA mAMDyA. e vakhate i. sa. pU. no para5 ne samaya cAlato hato. A badhAM nATakomAM ghaNuM prakhyAta evAM nATake ethensanI raMgabhUmi para bhajavAyA karatAM hatAM te AjanA jamAnA sudhI paMkAyA karyA che. ekilase karAveluM primithiyasanuM darzana grIsanI jiMdagInI sonerI bhavyatAne e yuga hato. I. sa. pU. 499 nI sAlamAM grIsanI dharatInuM gaurava suMdhate pharato hoya tevo chabIsa varasane navajavAna ekilasa, ethensamAM jANItA hatA, kAraNa ke eNe eTalI ja uMmaramAM eka suMdara nATaka lakhyuM hatuM jetajetAmAM,ethenkA para AkramaNa AvI pahoMcyuM. grIsa deza gulAma banI jAya to gulAma banelo e, nATaka ane kavitAnI preraNA kayAMthI pAmI zake ? badho saMskAra AjhAdImAM ja UgI zake che. evA khyAla sAthe ekilasanI janetAnA traNe dIkarA, IrAnanA Akra thI = = . = ==17 '*' ki .mIlAla ra. TENT '' - it , TEAsa A de che ke,

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190 vizvaItihAsanI rUparekhA maNa sAme merethenanI raNabhUmi para grIsanI AjhAdInA bacAva mATe laDavaiyAe banIne prathama darajajAnA dezabhakato tarIke paMkAI cUkayA ane ekilasanuM smAraka ethensa khulluM mUkayuM. eNe enI premazauryaMnI jhaLakatI dezabhaktinuM sAhitya grIsane ApyuM. grIse enuM bahumAna karyAM karyuM. thesapIse, eka pAtravALAM nATako lakhyAM hatAM. eNe emAM vadhAre pAtro umerIne grIsane sittera nATakA ApyAM. A sau nATakAmAM sarvottama evuM nATaka, premithiyasanuM hatuM. preAmiziyasa ekilasane hAthe jIvatA banI jaI ne grIsa dezanA dharedharamAM, nUtana bhAna ane nUtana saMskAranA maMtra gujatA hatA. nATaka zarU thavAneA DekA saMbhaLAya che. paDado khUlavA para grIka samudAyatI animiSa najara adhIrI bane che. UdhaDatA praveze raMgabhUmipara, kAkezasanI sauthI UMcI TAMcanA vikarALa khaDaka para premithiyasa sAMkaLAthI jakaDI levAtA dekhAya che. esI zakAya nahi, suI zakAya nahi evI aMgeaMgane jakaDI nAkhanArI rIte ene khaDaka sAthe jaDI devAmAM Ave che. jyAM mAnavI caDhI zake nahi tevI UMcAi para, jyAM phUMkAtA vaTALa vinA khIjo kAI avAja AvI zake nahi tyAM, saLagatA tApamAM ane ThArI nAkhe tevI ThaMDImAM, lohInA eke eka khudane sUkavI nAkhIne maraNa pAmavAnI ene zikSA thai che. elimapasanI u McApara vilAsanA vihAra karatA devatAee ene evI zikSA karI che, kAraNa ke eNe mAnavane jJAnanuM phaLa cakhADavAnA ane agninI zodha karIte, mAnavAtane, sAdhatA banAvatAM zIkhavavAnA tathA, parasparanA sahayAga sAdhIne premanA saMskArathI jIvana vikAsa sAdhavAnuM ane vijJAnanI ArAdhanA karavAnuM zikSaNa ApavAnA aparAdha karyo che. eTale e ekalA ne aTUlA kALamIMDha khaDakapara jakaDAyelA dharatIparathI mAnavIne prema sudhI sudhIne, AkAzamAM TagamagatA tAraka vRMdAnuM teja pI pIne

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saMskRtine sImAstaMbha, cIsa 191 svargamAM amanacamana karatA abudha devatAone paDakAre che ke, "eka jamAnAmAM, mAna aMdha jIvana jIvatAM hatAM, temane meM, zikSaNa ApyuM tethI huM magarUra chuM." x mithiyasanuM bhavya darzana raMgabhUmipara pAmatI jANe AkhI grIka dharatI DUsakAM bhare che. grIsane sAgara kinAre vihavaLa banIne AThaMda karatAM mojAMo mAraphata jagatanA tamAma dezanI prajAne jANa kare che. vizva ItihAsanA A pahelA rAjakIya kedI tarapha dezadezathI leka samudAyanAM aMtara khamA khama pukAre che. dharatIparanA mahAsAgaranI dikarIo, A saMskArI svapnazIlanAM darzane Ave che ane sAMkaLethI jakaDAyelA A virATa mAnavane kahe che ke dharatIpara mAnavajAtanA pharajaMdanI AgekUca mATe sahana karavA jevuM bIjuM kAI vadhAre mahAna bhAgya nathI. pachI elimapasanA svarganA devatAo A aparAdhI mAnavIne parAjya karavA, pitAnA vAhana banelA gIdhane AjJA kare che. jakaDAyelA virATa pAse gIdha Ave che ane Akho divasa enA hRdayane khAdhA kare che. paNa divasabhara khavAyeluM hRdaya rAtamAM navuM UgI jAya che. ema tera yuge vahI jAya che, pachI hIrekalisa A gIdhane mArI nAkhe che. hIrekalisa rAkSasa kahevAya che, kAraNa ke mAnavIne e mukta kare che. ekilase lakhelA AvA nATakane, promithiyasa nAyaka che. gauravavaMtA grIse vizvasAhityane A nATaka dIdhA pachI gaLee ene vadhAvI lIdhuM. bAyarane pitAnI kitAbamAM ene prathama paMkitamAM paheluM gaNAvyuM. zelie A prAcIna kathAne navajIvana dIdhuM. prAcIna grIka jIvanamAM, sAhityanA saMskAranA mUlya jevI mAnava gauravanI evI karUNathA AlekhAI. pachI ekilasa pitAnA virATa mAnavInI yAtanAnuM gaurava jote sisilInA jIvananI, gulAma mAnavInI aMtaravedanAne tyAM jaIne vAcA Apate, I. sa. pUrve 456 mAM maraNa pAmyo. x"Men lived like silly ants beneath the ground, Blindly and lawlessly they did all things, Until 1 taught them how the stars do rise And set in mystery, and devised for them Number, the inducer of philosophies, The synthesis of letters, and besides, The artificer of all things, memory That sweat muse-mother."

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192 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA A nATyakAroe seMkaDa nATaka lakhyAM ane grIsanI raMgabhUmie te bhajavyAM. tyAra pachI tarata ja I. sa. pU. 480 mAM yuripAIDIsa nAmane kavi ane nATayakAra ekilasa ane sephekalsa karatAM paNa vadhAre mazahUra banyo. yuripAIDisanI kavitAo ane nATakamAM pAtra banIne grIka mAnava samudAyanuM jabarajanuM jIvana Abehuba banyuM. yuripAIDIse jAhera karyuM ke devadevIo karatAM grIka jIvana vyavahAranA jIvatA jAgatAM manuSya vadhAre agatyanAM ane mUlyavALAM che. A mahAkavie duHkhI ane garIba mAnavone pakSa laIne kavitAnAM ane nATakonAM sarvottama svarUpe racyAM "janavumana" nAmanuM eNe lakheluM eka nATaka yuddhanI yAtanA citaratuM Aje paNa yuddha virodhI nATaka tarIke prazaMsApAtra banyuM che. yuripAIDasa pachI tarata ja erisaTenisa nAmano kaTAkSakAvyo lakhanAro mahAkavi I. sa. pU 488 mAM janame. eNe te samayanA grIkajIvana para kaTAkSamaya kavitAo ane nATake ubharAvI dIdhAM. A kavi pachI minenDara nAmane eka mazahUra lekhaka grIkajIvanane sAhityamAM utAravA mAMDyo. AvuM grIka saMskRtinuM sAhityarUpa tyAranA jagatamAM ane tyAranA samayamAM sarvopari pUravAra thayuM. grIka itihAsa grIka saMskRtinuM vicAra preraka rUpa mAnava ItihAsanA lekhanamAM paNa pachAta rahyuM nahi. I. sa. pU. 484 mAM hireDeTasa nAme ItihAsakAra janamyo. hireDiTisa Aje paNa vizvaItihAsanA pitA tarIke paMkAya che. jagatane itihAsa lakhavA mATe hireDeTasa tyAranA jagatamAM musApharIe nIkaLyo hato tathA pitAnA paryaTananI teNe atihAsika noMdha karI. hireDeTase pahelIvAra grIsane ItihAsa Alekhyo. hireDeTasane sAthIdAra hoya te yusIDAIDisa nAmane grIka itihAsakAra I. sa. pU. 460 mAM ja . eNe paNa pitAnA samathanA grIsana tathA pitAnI musApharIne ItihAsa lakhyo. A be ItihAsakAronuM-ItihAsalekhananuM kAma jhene phona nAmanA ItihAsakAre AgaLa calAvyuM. A ItihAsakAra I. sa. pU. 434 mAM janme. tyAra pachI pilIbIesa nAmanA itihAsakAre ItihAsa lekhananuM kAma AgaLa calAvyuM. vizva ItihAsanA grIka pitAe hiraDoTasa hireDITasa e grIka dezanI parziyA athavA IrAna sAmenI pitAnI AjhAdI mATenI laDatane itihAsakAra che. hireDITase A laDatane dekhI hatI

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saMskRtine sImAstaMbha, cIsa 193 ane tene abhyAsa karyo hato. A laDatane ItihAsa lakhatAM teNe tene AjhAdInI laData evuM nAma ApyuM. A laDatamAM e parziyAnI virUddha ane ethensanA pakSamAM hatuM, chatAM eka ItihAsakAranI DhabathI teNe jyAM vakhANa dhaTe tyAM paziyananAM paNa vakhANa karyA. eNe temane saccAIvALA zarA ane bahAdura kahyA che. A ItihAsakAre te samayano ItihAsa lakhavA vizvane itihAsa banelA judA judA dezonI mulAkAta lIdhI. teNe kinIzIyA ane ijIptamAM vakhANavA jevuM ghaNuM dIThuM. te dezaparadeza pharyo ane pitAnA paryaTana pachI teNe pitAnA deza sAthe bIjA dezonI tulanA karI joI. chevaTa sudhI e zodhaka rahyo. itihAsa zabdano artha eNe mAnavajIvananA vyavahAranAM svarUpanI zodha evo karyo hato. eNe ItihAsanuM pustaka lakhatAM zarUAta karI ke "A, meM eTale helIkArazasanA vatanI hireDeTase karelI zodhano ahevAla che. A ahevAla eTale ItihAsa." jIvanane A ahevAla lakhatAM lakhatAM e, je hakikata pitAne samajAtI te viSe pitAne te bAbata samajAya che ema lakhatA tathA je bAbata enI mAnyatAmAM utaratI nahi, te viSe e lakhate ke huM A bAbata mAnI zakate nahato. eNe lakhyuM ke bebilenanuM sauthI UMcuM devAlaya meM dIThuM tyAre mane tyAMnA purohite kahyuM hatuM ke devAlayanA chelA mALa paranA palaMgamAM bhagavAna pite zayana kare che. paNa eNe te vAta mAnavAnI nA pADI hatI. itihAsa lekhake je bAbata ghaNIvAra bhUlI jAya che te bAbata te kadI bhUlyA nahiM ItihAsanI A bAbata mAnava samUdAyanA jIvana vyavahAranA abhyAsanI che. hireDeTasanA ItihAsa lekhanamAM mAnavasamudAya sauthI AgaLa rahyo che. eNe lakhelA ItihAsano sauthI moTe bhAge enI musApharInuM varNana che. A varNanamAM e prAcIna samayanuM jagata ApaNuM sAme khulluM thAya che. A jagatanA varNanamAM te mAnavasamudAyanA vartananA, dezadezanI raMgabhUmi para dekhAtAM rekhAcitro dere che. IlIrIyAnI dikarIo kevI rIte paraNatI, sarovaranAM vasanArAM pitAnAM bALakane kevIrIte ucheratAM, IjIptanI maccharadAnI kevI suMdara dekhAya che tathA parziyAnA rAjA musApharImAM ukALeluM pANI ja zA mATe pIe che, arabaratAnanA leke hajAmata kevI rIte karAve che, skithIAnA lake pazupAlana kevI rIte kare che, bebIlenanAM bajAro kevo dIse che tathA IjIptanA vaide sAravAra kevI kare che, tathA siMdhu paranAM nagaranI saMsthAgAramAM vepArI 25

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194 vikava ItihAsanI rUparekhA daMDIo kevI rIte lakhAya che, evI evI aneka bAbatanuM khyAna eNe ItihAsamAM karyuM che. enA ItihAsane A parI bhAga paziyA ane grIsa vaccenI laDAInuM mulyAMkana karato zarU thAya che. e kahe che ke "A yuddha pUrva ane pazcima vaccenuM yuddha che. A yuddhamAM vizva ItihAsano savAla rASTranI AjhAdInA svarUpamAM rajU thayela che. A raNabhUmi para IrAnane zahenazAha DerIyasa jagatanA zahenazAha tarIke AkhI duniyAne gulAma banAvavA hAjara thayA che tyAre A duniyAno grIsa nAmane ApaNe eka deza AjhAdInA mUlyanuM rakSaNa karavA mATenuM A yudha dhAraNa kare che. e e grIsa deza khaDaka para vasele garIba deza che. ApaNuM leke sAMdaryane ane arthakAraNane cAhe che. jAlIma zahenazAhata saMhAra ane vilAsane pakSa laIne rajU thaI che. ApaNe leke eTale ke grIke ApaNI AjhAdInI laDAInA vijetA ddhAone mAtra olivanAM pAna bheTa tarIke ApIe chIe." e lakhe che ke je deza AjhAdIne cAhato nathI temAM nAgarikonuM nahiM paNu jAlIma zahenazAhanuM rAja hoya che. jAlImanuM zAsana strIo para atyAcAra kare che tathA purUSa ane bALakone saMhAra kare che tathA nagarane tArAja kare che. jyAM nAgarikonuM rAja heya che tyAM evuM thatuM nathI hotuM. A yuddhanuM varNana karyA pachI e lakhe che ke "grIkA karatAM aneka ghaNI tAkAta tathA AyudhevALA tathA vizALa ane zistabaddha lazkaravALA IrAnane parAjaya thayo che tathA ethensa nagarIno vijaya thayo che. AvA apUrva vijyanA kAraNamAM jAlimanI ghaTanA sAme AjhAdInI ghaTanAne vijya thayo che. AjhAdIe pitAnI tAkAtane paraco dekhADyo che." thasIDAIDisa grIka dharatI para janmele ane itihAsane pitA gaNAyela bIjo ItihAsakAra ghusIDAIDisa che. A ItihAsakArane samaya hIreDeTasa pachI tarata ja grIka ItihAsano samaya che. A samayamAM vizva ItihAsane savAla grIka dharatI para dariyAI sattA ane jamIna paranI sattAmAM sarvopari adhikAra kone te nakkI karavA ItihAsanI raMgabhUmi para raju thayo che. jamIna paranI sattAnuM svarUpa grIka dezanuM spArTI nAmanuM nagara ane teno rAjyavahivaTa che. dariyAI adhikAranuM grIka deza paranuM dhAma athavA mathaka ethensa nAmanuM nagara ane tene rAjyavahivaTa che. A savAlanA nikAla mATe smArTa ane ethensa eka

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saMskRtine sImAstaMbha, cIsa 15 bIjA vacce yuddha khelavAnuM nakkI kare che. ItihAsanuM A varSa I. sa. pUrve 431 nI sAlanuM che. tyAre ethensa sAgaranuM sauthI moTuM mathaka hatuM ane smArTa pAse sauthI moTuM jamIna lazkara hatuM. A banne vaccenA AMtaravigrahanuM varNana karatAM ghusIDAIDisa kahete hato ke ItihAsanuM e jJAna mAnavasamudAyanA jIvana vyahavAronuM jJAna che. jIvana vyavahAra banatA ItihAsanA vizALa anubhava athavA hakIkatamAMthI mAnavajAta dhAre to ghaNuM zIkhI zake tema che. huM ItihAsa eTalA mATe lakhuM chuM, ke jethI amAre AMtaravigrahane rASTriya anubhava jagatanA mAnavasamudAyane kAma Ave. yusIDAIDisa A AMtaravigrahane najara sAme dekhate hate. e pite A vigrahanI zarUAtanAM thoDAM varSa sudhI ethensanA lazkarI saradAromAMne eka hate. pachI elaraza nAmanA grIka nAgarikano dIkaro yusIDAIDisa pitAnI lazkarI pharaja upara emphIlisa pahoMcatAM moDo paDe ane lazkarI adAlate ene dezanikAla karyo. eTale grAsanA AMtaravigrahanA dazamA varSe yusIDAIDisa A vigrahane banAvane dekhate ItihAsa lakhavA beTho. A lekhanamAM enA ItihAsanA AraMbhathI te aMta sudhI ene Akhe ItihAsa yuddhanuM varNana banyo. eNe itihAsa lakhatAM yuddha nAmanI saMsthA para jANe eka meTe nibaMdha lakhI nAkhe. eNe yuddhanAM kAraNo ane pariNAmonI chaNAvaTa karI. yuddhanAM kAraNonI chaNAvaTa karatAM eNe sAbita karyuM ke "sattA athavA adhikAranA mAlikanuM je kaI taMtra hoya che te taMtra potAnA kSuka lebhane ja haMmezAM yuddhanuM kAraNa banAvatuM hoya che. zuddha lebhanuM A svarUpa vadhAre ane vadhAre adhikAra mAgIne mAnavajAtane kacaDavA mAgatuM hoya che. grIka dharatI para sarvasaMhAra karatA A AMtaravigrahanA kAraNamAM. ethensa lekazAhI sattAvALuM che tathA pArTInA rAjyavahivaTanuM svarUpa tenA karatAM judu che, te nathI paraMtu e bannenA vahivaTa zukalebhanI rIte samAna che te che." yusIDAIDise ItihAsanA aMtamAM jaNAvyuM ke grIsa dharatI para mAnavajAtanI jIvanaghaTanA parAjaya pAmI. A AMtaravigrahathI grIsa, jagatanI AgekUcane madada karI zakayuM nathI. yAdavAsthaLI karIne grIsa deza pote parAjya pAmIne jyAM zamI jAya che tyAMthI AgaLa Daga bharatAM have ene aneka saikAo vahI jaze. A rIte grIsanA prAcIna jamAnAe janmAvelAM saMskRtinAM svarUpamAM ItihAsakAre paNa pAchaLa rahyA nathI tathA grIka jIvananA be mukhya tabakkAnA A be mUkhya ItihAsakAroe vizva ItihAsanA eka saLaMga prakaraNa tarIke pitAnA ItihAsanI niSpakSa rajuAta karI che.

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196 vizva itihAsanI rUparekhA zrIkasa'skRtinuM vijJAna grIka sa skRtinA erisToTala pahelAMnA ciMtake eTale thelsa ane enekajhAminDare tathA DaeNmeAkriTasa vageree vaijJAnika vicAraNAnA pAyA nAkhyA. tyArapachI erisToTale kudaratanA abhyAsa karavAnA vaijJAnika abhyAsa zarU karyAM. phIphesTasa nAmanA erisToTalanA vidyArthIe tyAranA jamAnAmAM vanaspati vijJAnanA AraMbha karyAM. tathA zoSakhALa zarU karI. erisTAsa nAmanA khagALazAstrIe kaeNpakisa pahelAM saikAo para eTale I. sa. pU. 310 mAM khagoLazAstranI zarUAta karI. tyArapachI I. sa. pU. 276 mAM janma pAmelA I raeNTAthinise duniyAmAM pahelI vAra bhUMgALa lakhIne jagatanA nakazA dhairyAM, ane temAM * leTITayuDa ' ane lenjITayuDa 'nI rekhAe nakkI karI tathA jAhera karyuM. ke jamInamA` uparAMta dariyAi mArge paNa bhAratamAM paheAMcI zakAya. " I. sa. pU. 570 mAM pAyathAgeArAsanA janma thayo. eNe gaNitanI sakhyAene potAnA ciMtana zAstranA pAyAmAM mUkI. eNe saMgItanA rAgamAM gaNitane vaparAtuM batAvyuM, ane gaNitanA AMkaDA vaDe sAbIta karyuM ke pRthvI goLa che. pAyathAgeArAsa pachI I. sa. pU. 300 mAM yukaliDanA janma thayA. A yukaliDe bhUmitizAstrane pAyA nAkhyA, je Aje paNa pramANabhUta manAya che. tyArapachI I. sa. pU. 287 mAM ArkimiDIsane janma thayo. eNe taratA padArthonA niyama zodhI kADhayo tathA te uparAMta vijJAnAnI bIjI aneka taraphI karI. A ArkimiDIsa pachI I. sa. pU. 160 hiyAsa janamyA, ane teNe trIgAneAmeTrInA siddhAMtAnA pAyA nAMkhyA tathA nakazA banAvavAmAM leTITayuDa ane leyuDanAM pramANAne vikasAvyAM. I. sa. pU. 460 mAM hipeAkreTise vaidakiya vijJAnanA pAye nAMkhyA, tathA zarIra vijJAnanA niyamone vaidakiya dhaMdhA karanArAo mATe krUrajIAta banAvyA. eNe zarIrane, uMTavaidAM karanAra pAdarIonI pakaDamAMthI cheDAvyuM, ane vaikIya vijJAnane pracAra karyAM. tyAra pachI irAphilasa nAmanA vaijJAnika I, sa. pU 300 vaSaeN para jJAnataMtuonI kriyAone zodhI kADhI tathA jAhera karyuM ke jJAnataMtuAnuM mathaka hRdaya nathI paraMtu magaja che. potAnA prayAgeA AgaLa vadhAravA eNe dehAMtadaMDa pAmelAM zarIAnAM maDAMone cIryAM tathA zarIravijJAnanI zeAdhane AgaLa vadhArI. grIka saMskRtinuM dharUpa grIka jIvananA dharmavyavahAranuM svarUpa te samayanA khIjA dharmasvarUpAthI bilakula nirALuM hatuM. grIka leAkeAne mana devadezI grIka jIvananAM vadhAre bhalAM

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saskRtinA sImAstaMbha, grIsa ane tAkAtavALAM manuSyo jevAM hatAM. grIka jIvanamAM je duniyAdArIpaNuM hatuM, ane je kayA hatA tevuM badhuja A devadevIenA jIvanamAM temaNe racyuM hatuM. je nItiniyamAnA bhaMga grIka leAkeA karatAM hatAM te badhu ja A deva lokA karatAM hatAM. manuSyA ane devAmAM mAtra ka eTalA hatA ke devadevIe amara gaNAtAM ane manuSyA maratAM hatAM. paraMtu manuSyAne devadevIe sAthe bAMdhI rAkhe tevuM kAI baMdhana grIkajIvanamAM hatuM nahIM. grIka jIvanane vyavahAra samAja saMsthAe sAthe saMkaLAyelA hatA. A vyavahAranI ghaNI kharI khAnAomAM grIka leAkeA pAtAnAM devadevIone daramyAnagIrI karavAnI takalIpha ApatA na hatA. devadevIo taraphanA temanA bhAva aheAbhAvatA hatA. paraMtu A bhAvanuM rUpa bhayaMkara na hatuM. AvAM devadevIenI sa MkhyA grIka jIvanamAM ghaNI moTI hatI. 197 jhIasa athavA indra sau devAnA uparI hatA ane vajrane dhAraNa karatA hatA. DImITara pRthvInA deva hatA. heDane adhikAra pAtALamAM cAlatA hatA ane esiDaeNAna varUNa deva hatA. grIsanA mahAnagaramAM ethensanI devI ethInA hatI. zrIkAnA A saMskAra nagaramAM ciMtana ane DahApaNa upara tathA kalA ane sau para A devI dekharekha rAkhatI hatI. AvAM aneka devadevIe grIka jIvanamAM daMtakathA banIne haratAM pharatAM hatAM. grIka lokA paNa devAnAja dikarA dikarIe hatAM ane ema mAnatAM hatAM ke maraNa pachI deva banavAne temane paNa vArA AvatA hatA. kayAreka kayAreka manuSyA dezanI hariphAI paNa karatA. premithasa nAmanA eka mANase mATImAMthI grIka manuSyAte sarjyo hatA, te devakathA grIka jIvanane manuSyamAMthI udabhava thaeluM che ema zIkhavatI hatI tathA pAyAmAM manuSyaneja svIkAratI hatI. zrIkAnA A mahAmAnava devA pAsethI agni corI lAvyo hatA ane Ar bhanA mAnava samAjane agninI bheTa daIne kriyA mAraphata jJAna pAmavA rastA eNe batAvyA hatA. manuSyA jJAna pAme te sAme elimapasanI TekarI para rahetA Indra bhagavAna jhIasanA khUba virodha hatA. A bhagavAne ciMtAo ane rogacALA bharelA dhaDA mAnavAnA samAja para phekayA. paraMtu praumithasa ane tenI strI jvI gayAM, ane temaNe grIka lokAne janma ApyA. paNa mAnava samAjane jJAna ApanAra promithasa sAme jhIasanI duzmanAvaTa cAluja rahI ane e mahAmAnavane grIka saskRtinA ekilasa nAmanA eka mahAna kavie nATakamAM AlekhIne amara banAvI dIdhA.

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vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA 198 grIka dha vyavahAranuM helenisTIka svarUpa sikaMdaranA samayathI grIka saMskRtine jIvana vyavahAra khIjA dezamAM saMsthAne jamAvavA ane jagata jItavA nIkaLI paDayo hatA. A vijyayAtrAmAM sAmela thaine bahAranA jagatane paricaya pAmavA nIkaLelu' dharma svarUpa ane tene samaya helenisTika tarIke ALakhAya che. A samayamAM grIsanA dharmasvarUpamAM pUrvanI duniyAnA khIjA pradezeAnAM dharma svarUpe.nI asara bhegI gai. A uparAMta nagarA sAthe joDAyeluM dharmasvarUpa sika MdaranA saMsthAnika rAja-kAraNanI asara nIce paNa AvI gayu, sika Mdare jagata jItavA nikaLatAM pahelAM grIsa dharatI paranAM tamAma nagararAjyeyane jItI lIdhAM hatAM. sikaMdare A parAdhina nagara rAjyone hukama karyAM hatA ke nagarAnAM devadevIomAM eka devane uparI tarIke umeza karavA ane tenuM potAnu deva tarIke pUjana karavuM. A jIvatA deve peAtAnI hAjarImAM praveza karatAM pahelAM praveza karanArane mATe sASTAMga paDavAnuM pharamAna kADhyuM. ciMtananuM rUpa AvA dharmAMsvarUpanI sAthe sAtheja grIka citakAe ciMtananI zAkhA zarU karI. yathArthavAda athavA " * rezanAlIjhama " bhautikavAda athavA maTIrIAlIjhama, ajJeyavAda athavA " egnAsTIsIjhama '' ane nAstikavAda athavA etheijhama " sika MdaranA samayanA ciMtananI mukhya zAkhAe hatI. "" ciMtananI A badhI zAkhAo dhArmika jIvanavyavahAra tarapha sudhAraka ane krAMtikAra pratikriyA tarIke janmI hatI. sekreTisanuM ciMtana paNa dharmavyavahAra sAmenA eka prakhara evA sAmAjika sudhArakanuM ciMtana hatuM. sekreTisa, dharmAMnA kriyAkAMDAnA niSedha vana vyavahAramAM karavAnA saMvAdo calAvatA hatA ane mANasane tenI peAtAnI jAta jIvanavyavahAranA satyamAM tapAsI jovAnI hAkala karatA hatA. heAmara ane hisiyaDa nAmanA grIsanA Adya kaviee paNa vizvaracanA upara kavitAo karI hatI. ciMtananI A zAkhAee padArtha jagatanI pele pAranA ane daMtakathAnA badhA taraMgI khyAlAnA sAmanA karyo tathA potAnA ciMtananA pAyA bhautika jagata upara ane yathAvAda para samedhavA mAMDatho. ciMtananI A zAkhAee A rItevaijJAnika vicAraNAnA pAyA nAkhyA tathA saMskRti ane samAjanA jIvana vyavahAranI pragatizIla sevA bajAvI.

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Eni-SE 14. vizvaItihAsanI dipAvalI grIne vizva vijya-vizvavijetA sikaMdara vizvavijyanA uMbarApara ubheluM jUDiyA-IjharAIlanI etihAsika dipAvalI- jerUsalema arema-rema ane jerUsalemanI mulAkAta-rAmana zAhIno eja rasto-izu saMvatanA AraMbha pahelAM-juDiyAnA tAraNahAra- jagatanAM devadevIone zaMbhumeLa-zuA athavA jisasa--itihAsa no samayastaMbha.] grIsane vizva vijya grIsa dhI para, pArTI ane ethensa vacce phelAyelA AMtaravigraha pachI aMdhakAra gherAvA mAMDayo. ethensanI raMgabhUmi para bhajavavAnA eka nATakamAM nATayakAra yuripAIDIsa saMhAranA zirastA sAme zAMtinuM AvAhana kare kahete hato, "o za ti, amArA vizvagara ethensane che DIne kyAM bhAgI gaI che tuM! e ethinA, ethensanI devI, zAMtine myujhane" tArI sahacarI banAva kAraNa ke yuddhanA kajIyAne ane kaDavAzane tathA saMhArane gAMDapaNane zamAvI deze tathA para sparanI katala karanArI sattAnI zamazeranI dhArane te buTTI karI nAkhaze. " evA purI pAse zrInA tahAsadarzanamAM graMzanI dharatI paranI raMga" ga za kanuM rUpa " 1 . main 1 2 . kakSA kA da:

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ra00 . vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA dhAraNa kare che. yuripAIDIsanI kalama kaMpI UThe che. smArTa ane ethensane ekabIjAno saMhAra karIne thAkI gayelAM dekhAte grIsanI dharatI para mesiDe niyA nAmane prAMta potAnI dharatI para thatI lazkaronI kUcakadamathI sajaja banavA mAMDyo che. grIsapara adhikAra meLavIne mesiDoniyA jagata jItavA nIkaLe che. mesiDeniyAmAM philIpa nAmanA rAjAe potAnA lazkaranI navI racanA kyAranAye karavA mAMDI hatI. A lazkaranI racanA "lenkasa" nA nAmathI jANItI banI cUkI. A "phelenkasa" ne laIne philIpa AkhI duniyAne jItavA nIkaLavAnI taiyArI karatA hatA. sauthI najadIkanI tenI duniyA aneka TApuo ane nagara rAjeno banela grIsa deza hatuM. A badhA TApuo ane nagara rAjyane pitAnI hakUmata nIce lAvI devAnAM yuddho teNe zarU karI dIdhAM hatAM. grIsanI dharatI para patharAyelAM deva devIo sAthe philIpa pote paNa deva banIne kriDA karavA mAMDyo hato. grIsanAja mesiDeniyA nAmanA prAMtane A rajavADe have ethensa ane spArTIne pitAnI eDI nIce dabAvIne jagata jItavA nIkaLavAnI taiyArI karato hato. philIpa nAmanA A rajavADAnA rAjamahAlayamAM eka madharAte eNe enI mahArANInA palaMgamAM, devAMganA banelI mahArANIe eka sApane chupAvI rAkhele dIThe. philIpe seDamAM saMtADelA sApane dekhIne bUma pADI. eTale mahArANIe kahyuM ke A ApaNA devatA Indra phekeluM ja che. e vajI vaDeja mane sikaMdara sAMpaDyo hato. sikaMdara tAre dikare nathI, te indrane dIdhela che. tyAre madirAnA pAnamAM magarUra Dolate mahArAjA philIpa uDyo ane pAsenA khaMDamAM sutelA sikaMdara nAmanA eka chokarAno ziraccheda karavA dha. sikaMdara e samaye eka sonerI pyAlImathI madirApAna karato hato. A juvAne pilA philIpa nAmanA cakacUra mAnavinA kapALamAM madirAthI bharelI pyAlI pachADI, ane devatAI philIpa DhaLI paDyo. pachI aTTahAsya karate sikaMdara bolyo. "de A mANasa thoDA ja mahinA para diggavijya karavA grIsanI dharatI parathI eziyA para chalaMga mAravA taiyAra thaI gayo che !' vizva vijetA sikaMdara ItihAsanA paheregIre I. sa. 334 Dako bajAvyo, tyAre have philIpa maraNa pAmI cUkyo hato. paNa AkhA grIsa deza para pitAnI lazkarI hakumata eNe sAbita karI dIdhI hatI. jagata jItavA nIkaLavAne ene gRha eNe sikaMdarane suprata karyo hato ane eziyA khaMDanA e samayanA jagatane

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viva ItihAsanI dipAvalI * ra01 jItavA mATe sikaMdara nIkaLI paDyo hate. jagatanA ItihAsamAM A pahele vizvavijetA hatA. A vizvavijetA mATe philIse taiyAra karelI "lenkasa" nAmanI lazkarIracanA navIja jAtanI hatI. A phelenkasanAM AkramaNa sAme te samayanA eziyAI jagatano koI deza TakI zake nahi. ane A vizvavijetAnI pagadaMDI mAnavasumudAyanI katala karatI AgaLa vadhI. sikaMdarano pahele pagadaMDa grenikasa nadI para paDavo, ane irAna parAjya pAmyuM. eno bIjo kadama DAmAsakasa ane sIDona para goThavAya. trIjA pagale eNe TAyaranagarane dAbI dIdhuM, ane ATha hajAra nAgarikonI katala karavAnI UjANuM UjavIne TAyaranagaranAM sATha hajAra naranArIone gulAmo tarIke vecAvavA mATe grIsamAM mokalI ApyAM. pachI pelesTAInanuM pATanagara jerUsalema paDayuM. A nagare sikadarano sAmano karyo ane pelesTAInanuM gAjhA nagara AkhuM maraNa pAmyuM tyAMsudhI sika, dara sAme kesariyAM karIne paDyuM. pachI siMkadara sinAI raNamAMthI IjIptamAM peThe, ane tyAMnI vizva saritA nAIla para, elekajhAnDrIyA nAmanuM pATanagara baMdhAvIne IrAna dezane pharIvAra ujaDa banAvavA eNe AkramaNa karyuM. parziyAnA athavA IrAnanA A pATanagara pasI polIsamAM katala, lUMTa ane atyAcAra karavA eNe pitAnA badhA sainikone chUTA mUkI dIdhA. tyAra pachI saMhArane pitAne rasAle laIne sikaMdare sogaDIyAnA, erIAnA, bekiTraAnA nagarane ujALI nAkhIne bukhArA nagara para potAne raNastaMbha rope. bukhArAne saMhAra karatAM pahelAM eNe bIsasanA eke eka aMga kApI nAMkhyAM. have ekaja ThekaDe daIne bhArata para pahoMcI zakAya tevI ene khabara hatI. bhAratanA cakravartIe potAnA dezamAM aMdara aMdarano saMhAra karyA pachI cakravartI bananAra mahArAjA, gheDAnA aMge aMga kApIne potAnA pUhite pAse ava. medha yajJa karAvatA hatA te ene khabara hatI. ene ema paNa khabara hatI ke bhAratadeza para pAkelA gautama nAmanA eka saMta baLavAkhore azvamedhe baMdha karAvI dIdhA hatA, ane AvA gautamanI ANu mAnanAre eka maurya cakravartI bhAratane zahenazAha hato. eNe pilA caMdra cakravartine parAjaya karavA mATe phALa bharI. A sikaMdara nAmanA grIka cakravatInI bhArata para jaIne mauryane harAvIne bhAratanA brAhmaNo pAse potAnA digavijyanA mAnamAM azvamedha nAmano yajJa pharI cAlu karAvavAnI utkaMThA vadhI gaI. eNe pitAnAM lazkarane bhArata para caDhavA parvatanA ghATamAM AgaLa dhakelyAM. sikaMdare sidhune kinAre oLaMge ane pirasane parAjya karIne gaMgAnA pavitra kinArA para azvamedha karavA mATe brAhmaNone taiyAra rahevAnuM pharamAna mokalyuM.

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vizva itihAsanI rUparekhA paNa bhAratanI dhanya dharatIpara pazuonA medha karanAra purohitAnA krAI cakravatI A samaye na hatA. A samayamAM teA eziyAI jagatanA mahAna saMta, gautama budhdhe nipajAvelA sAmAjika palaTAmAM brAhmaNAe zudra kahelA candragupta nAmanA mauyanuM zAsana cAlatuM hatuM. A mauya nA purohita banelA prakhara sudhAraka azrvamedhanA badhA bhuvAenA parAjya karIne cANakaya nAma dhAraNa karIne caMdraguptanuM zAsanacakra calAvatA hatA. jagata jItavA nIkaLelA sika MdaranI sAme eka navI ja jAtane cakravatI dekhAyo. A vizva vijetAnI sAme nyAya samatAvALuM navuM azAstra ane nUtana rAjavahivaTa dekhAyAM. eTale bhAratanA uMbarAmAMja pArase jenA dAMta khATA karI nAkhyA hatA tevA A vizva vijetAe bhAratane dUrathI ja namana karIne potAnI vizva vijayanI AMTane pAchI vALI. zahenazAhatAnA rastAo vacce ubhelu nAnuM sarakhuM jIDiyA A rIte te samayanuM jagata vizvavijetA kahevAyelA sikaMdare jItI lIdhuM. sikaMdaranA vijayAe krUra banIne dezadezane dUra rAkhanArI sImAne toDI nAkhI. dezadezanA sImADAe tUTI jatAM grIsanI pazcimanI duniyAnA dezo eziAnA dezAnA paricayamAM AvI gayA. pUrva pazcima eka duniyA banI. A duniyA para I. sa. pU. 334 thI sikaMdaranI zahenazAhatanuM zAsana maDAyuM. " hilAsa athavA grosa dezanA adhikAra nIcenI duniyA para " helinisTIka athavA grIka saMskRtinA adhikAra zarU thayA. haeNlinisTIka zahenazAhatanA A adhikAravALI jIvana ghaTanAnA rAjane vyavahAra parasparane dhasAI ne cAlavA mAMDayeA ane sika dara maraNa pAmyA. "" 201 kr A vizvavijetAe, sika Mdare, vArasAmAM dIdhelI zahenazAhatanu nAma selyusIla zahenazAhata '" paDayuM. dhIme dhIme selyusIla zahenazAhatanA jamAnAmAM navA navA zahenazAhe itihAsa para AvavA lAgyA. jagatabharanA mAnava samudAyAnA jIvatarapara zahenazAheAnAM, vizvamAM kAnizAna sabhaLAvA mAMDayAM. A zahenazAhe| athavA cakravartiomAM kArtheja hemilakAra, sAyarekayusanA hIrAla, rAmanA, skIpIe, ijIptanA TAlemI, cInanA hAna, ane bhAratanA mauya, tathA helenisTIka tathA zaeNlyusIlanI sikaMdarI zahenazAhanA anTIAkasa nAmaneA zahenazAha hatA. A badhI zahenazAhatA potapotAnI pAsenA tamAma pradezAne gaLI jatI hatI, athavA gulAma banAvatI hatI. sikaMdare ja vArasadAra banAvelI ane sIrIyAnA pradezamAM beThelI grIka athavA helinisTIka zahenazAhata peAtAnA paDeAzanA pelesTAIna nAmanA dezane have pharI vAra gaLI javA mAMgatI hatI. siriyAnI A grIka zahenazAhatane cakravatI eNnTIAkasa hatA. sainTIekasanuM AkramaNa pelesTAinanI

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vima tihAsanI dizAvalI kharabacaDI dharatI para tenA jesAlema nAmanA pATanagara pAse ane jaDyiA nAmanA prAMta pAse thaMbhI jaIne ubhuM hatuM. pelesTAIna dezane jADiyA nAmane A prAMta pelesTAInanA prANa jevo hato. pelesTAInanA prANarUpa juDiyA prAMtanI TekarIonI agAzIo UparathI ane tenI kaMdarAonA aMtaramAMthI eka Izvarane ane eka IzvaranI ArAdhanA mATe AjhAda rahIne koI paNa zahenazAhatane nahI namavAne nAda hate. juDiyAnA mAna heliniTIka zahenazAhatanI mUrtipUjAne dhikkAratA hatA ane tenA zahenazAha enTIokasanI pratimA pAse mAthuM namAvavAnI nA pADatAM hatAM tathA jAhera karatAM hatAM ke IjharAIla athavA juDithA ekaja bhagavAnamAM mAne che. e eka bhagavAna yAhavehane sauthI moTo kAnUna e have ke IzvaranI baMdagI jAlIma vyavahArane pratikAra karavAmAM ane mAnava mAnava vacce AjhAdInI samAnatAmAM zAMtimaya jIvana saMbaMdhanI jALavaNI karavAmAM ja che. hibrIka jIvataranA A kAnUna para aTTahAsya karato helenika zahenazAhatane adhikAra pelesTAIna para AkramaNa karavAnI taiyArI karatA hatA, tathA eka izvaranI baMdagI karanAra prajAnA pAyAnI AjhAdIne kacaDI nAkhavA mAgata hate. ke vicitra A nAne sarakhe juDiyAne pradeza ha ! jyAre AkhA mte eka ke bIjI zahenazAhata nIce mAthuM jhukAvyuM hatuM tyAre I. sa. pU. 178 mAM A nAnakaDo deza pelesTAIna, pitAnA pATanagara jerUsalemamAM mesesanA kAnana pramANe AkhAya deza parathI cUMTAIne AvatA sittera mahApaMDitanI pArlAmenTa mAraphata pitAnI bhUmi para pitAnuM svarAjya calAvatA hatA. pelesTAInanI mahA nadI jorDananA kinArA para vasatA juDiyAnAM sidhAM sAdAM mUThIbhara mAne mUrtionI melI pUjA karanAra helinisTIka jagata para hAsya karatAM hatAM ane nirAkAra evA eka IzvaranI baMdagI juDiyA para saMbhaLAtI hatI ke, "sAMbhaLo o IjharAIlanI bhUmi! ApaNe bhagavAna eka ja khUdA che." (zAbhAI IjharAIla, eDenAI lIma, eDanAIla IkaDa) IjharAilanI aitihAsika dipAvalI I. sa. pUrve 178nA A samayamAM zahenazAha enTIokasanI phelenkasa kahevAtI lazkaranI haLa pelesTAIna para tUTI paDI. A bhUmiparanA juDiyA nAmanA prAMte ekalAye pitAnI jIMdagIne sarvAgI rIte raNasaMgrAma para dharI dIdhI. eka varSa sudhI jUDiyAnAM mAna jagatane jItanArI A zahenazAhata sAme pitAnA AgevAna athavA "mekAbI'' ne cUMTIne tenI rAhabarI nIce laDavAM. vizva ItihAsamAM ajoDa evo rASTra-AjhAdInA saMgrAma pahelI vAra laDA. jagatane jItanArI phelenkasa nAmanI senAo pAchI paDI. A yahUdI

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24 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA mAnene sarvasaMhAra karI nAkhanArA zahenazAhatanA badhA dhasArAo pAchA haThaDyA. A mahAsaMgrAma laDIne adbhuta evI agni parIkSAmAMthI pasAra thaIne juDiyA ane Akhe pelesTAIna deza nutana kalevara dhAraNa karIne vizva ItihAsanA uMbarA para ubhe. pelesTAInane A vijaya pelesTAinanA gAme gAma upara "canaka" nAmanI, AjhAdInA vijyanI dipAvalI ujavatA hatA. dipAvalIne A utsava vizva ItihAsanI pahelI dipAvalI banate hate. pelesTAInanAM AjhAda mAne pitAnuM dharma-svarAjya zaru karatAM hatAM. jerUsalemamAM beThelI pArlAmenTa athavA dharmasabhA pitAnI rAjasabhAnA vaDA athavA ekAbIne athavA leka AgevAnane cUMTI kADhatI hatI. AjhAdInI laData laDIne juDiyAnA sarapaMca meTAthiyAsanA pAMca putromAMthI jIvate rahele sAyamana nAmane putra mekAbI tarIke cUMTAtA hatA. have Isune janmavAne paNa baso varSanI vAra hatI. jerUsalema ane roma tyAreja AjhAda bhUmi pelesTAInanuM rAjanagara jerUsAlema vizva ItihAsanI dipAvalI tarIke jANItuM banI cUkyuM hatuM. A pATanagaramAM "esembalI opha elDarsa'nA nAmavALI grAmapaMcee cUMTelI lokasabhA ane e lekasabhAne AgevAna athavA mekAbI paNa jagatabharamAM jANItAM banI cUkyAM hatAM. tyAreja romana mAlikInI roma nagarImAM zrImaMtonI seneTanuM rAja cAlatuM hatuM. paNa remana zahenazAhatane rAjavahivaTa jerUsAlemathI judI jAtane hate. jerUsalemanA rAjavahivaTane mesesano mukhya kAnUna koI paNa dezane jItavAnI ke tene gulAma banAvavAnI manA karatA hatA, jyAre remanA rAjavahivaTano mUkhya kAnUna bIjA dezone jItIne temane gulAma banAvavAnA vyavahAravALe hate. rAma jerUsalemanI mulAkAte Ave che. romana zahenazAhatanA kAsado athavA rAjadUte je lIgeTa kahevAtA hatA, teo keIpaNa dezane chatatAM pahelAM tenA ahevAla laI AvatA hatA. have sIlenasa nAmane eka remana lIgeTa jerUsalemamAM mekAbIne raheThANa pAse ume hato ane mekAbInI mulAkAta mAgatuM hatuM. mekAbI sAyamane sIlenasane rAma nagaranA vistAra viSe, romana lazkaranI jamAvaTa viSe, remana naukAonI temanI saphare viSe tathA romana lekasamudAyanI dazA viSe, aneka savAla pULyA. romana lIgeTe tenA aneka javAba dIdhA. vAta karatAM karatAM mana lIgeTe smita karIne kahyuM "paNa mekAbI, helenisTIka zahenazAha enTIokasanI lenkasanI lazkarI racanA ane romana zahenazAhatanI lIjIananI lazkarI

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vizva ItihAsanI dipAvalI 205 racanA vacce dhaNA pharaka che. Aje tame grIka zahenazAhatane pAchI pADI che paNa rezamana zahenazAhatane kAi rokI zakayuM' nathI. '' IjharAilanA mekAkhI A vAta sAMbhaLatA uMDA vicAramAM garakAva thai gayA ane rAmana lIgeTa para tAkI rahetA smita karatA khelyo " te to amArI sAthe tamArA bheTA thaze emane!" rAmanazAhatanA rastA vaccenA zAMti staMbha, juDiyA. rAmana zahenazAhatanAM lazkarA nIce dezadezanI dharatI have dhrujavA mAMDI hatI. kAI killAo ke zastro temanI AgekUcane rAkI zakatA nahAtA. dezadezanA nagarAte tArAja karatI rezamana lIjIyaneAne samudranI sImA sudhI AgaLane AgaLa vadhavAnA TUMkama jUliyasa sIjhare ApI dIdhA hatA. paNa pAche pelesTAina deza ane ene nAne sarakhA jIDiyA nAmanA pradeza sIjharanI senAonA rastAnI vacce ubhA hatA. A juDiyA pAse rAmanA jevI lIjIaneA hatI nahi ke tevA zastrasAja paNa hateA nahI paNa je khIjA dezoe gumAvI dIdhuM hatuM tevuM saMskRtinuM mUlya athavA itihAsanA AtmA eNe potAnA lukhkhAM ane sUkAM zarIrAmAM saMdharI rAkhyA hatA. potAnI A pUMcha mATe magarUra banatA juDiyAnA A yahUdI mAnavA rAmaneAnI mUrti pUjA upara hasatA hatA ane kahetA hatA ke " jevuM satyanuM rUpa narI AMkhe dekhAtuM nathI tevA ja ijharAilanA eka Izvara na dekhAya tevA che. '' na dekhAya tevA eka ja izvarane bhajanArAM jIDiyAnAM mAnavAnI hAMsI karatA rAmanAe juliyasa sIjhara pachI zahenazAha banelA ogasTasanuM pharamAna

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vikava ItihAsanI rUparekhA juDiyA para mokalI ApyuM. zahenazAha ogasTasanI pratimA romana sAmrAjyanA tamAma gulAma dezanAM devaLomAM bhagavAnanI pratimA sAthe goThavAI gaI hatI. ogasTasanuM pharamAna jerUsalemamAM paNa pahoMcI cUkyuM. A pharamAnane anAdara karatAM juDiyAe romana sAmrAjyanI zahenazAhata sAme baLavo pukAravAnI sAhasa jevI hiMmata jAhera karI ane saMskAradipaka jevuM juDiyA taphAna sAme ekaluM ubhuM. romananI lIjIane jerUsalema para AvI pahoMcI. juDiyAne mAnava samudAya eka Izvarane yAda karatA ane AjhAdInI bAMga pUkArate remana zahenazAhata sAme athaDAyo. remana sAmrAjyane sonAnA garUDavALo rAjadaMDa jerUsalemanI dhULamAM tUTI gayele paDyo. kadi parAjaya nahIM pAmatI lIchaane ahIM parAjaya pAmI. pachI vadhArAnAM mana lazkare AvI pahoMcyAM ane jerUsalemane ghere nAkhIne paDyAM. zahenazAhane dikara pite senApati banIne AvyuM. jerUsalemanI AsapAsanI dharatI remana lIjIaonA hallAothI hacamacI UThI. jerUsalemanAM pAdaramAM khAIo khAdIne yahUdI dikarAo laDavA mAMDyA. romana sAmrAjyane zastrasAja jerUsalemanI AsapAsa DhagalA banIne tUTavA mAMDayo. jerUsalemamAM AvatAM tamAma dANopANuM baMdha thaI gayAM. jerUsalemamAM bhUkhe marate juDiyAne jana samudAya eka varSa sudhI laDayA karyo. jerUsalemamAM bhUkhe maratAM ane laDAImAM maratAM yahUdIonA zabanA Dhaga khaDakAyA karyA, paNa jerUsaleme zaraNa svIkAravAnI nA pADI, ane saMskAra mUlyanA A svarUpe "sAlAma"ne zAMtimaMtra uccAratAM kesarIyAM karyA. chevaTe vizva AjhAdInuM A pATanagara ane vizva saMskRtinuM A saMskAra nagara patana pAmyuM tyAre AkhA nagaramAM mana vijetAonA hAthamAM eka paNa vatuM prANuM AvyuM nahi. : pachI remana vijetAo jerUsalemanA eka IzvaranA vizvavikhyAta devaLamAM piThA. A devaLanI vizALa vyAsapITha uparathI romana sainike upara bANone varSAda vaLe. nirAkAra evA eka IzvaranI chellI ArAdhanA karanAra juDiyAnA cUMTAyelA A dikarAo hatA. temaNe pitAnA rUdhiranA chellA buMda vaDe eDanAI"nI ArAdhanA karI, ane maratAM maratAM dharmastotranA lalakAra karyo, tathA galIca evI mUrtipUjAne paDakArI. romana zahenazAhatanA vijaya dhvaja jevI jerUsalemanA sauthI UMcA devaLanI AganA bhaDakA saLagyA karyA. saLagI rahelA devaLamAM pachI mane e zahenazAha ogasTasanI ane sonerI garUDanI sthApanA karI, tathA bhagavAna banelA zahenazAhanI AgevAnI nIce devadevIonA darajajA goThavyA.

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10. vijhava ItihAsanI dipAvalI IsavIsananA AraMbha pahelAM pachI romana zahenazAhe pelesTAIna para rAja karavA hIreDanI nimaNuka karI. hireDe remana sAmrAjyavatI zAsana zarU karyuM ane pelesTAInanA pATanagara jerUsAlemane navA rUpamAM maDhavA mAMDyuM. je ogasTasa sIjhara romano zahenazAha hatA teja, enTipeTarane dikare hIreDarezamanA zahenazAhane nimele, pelesTAInane zahenazAha hato. mana zahenazAhatathIya vadhAre vikarALa banIne pelesTAIna para, juDiyA para, remanA kAnUna pramANe e vahivaTa karate hato. eNe juDiyAnA pATanagara jerUsalemamAMthI baLavArenI katala thaI gayA pachI, dharmaguruonI navI nimaNuka karI hatI. damAsakasathI eNe nikolasane pitAne ItihAsa lakhavA belAvyo hato. jerUsalemanA vizvavikhyAta devaLa para eNe sIjharanI pratimAo UbhI karI hatI ane romamAM thatI hatI evI sAThamArIo mATe moTAM kriDAMgaNe baMdhAvyAM hatAM. navA banatA jerUsalemanI chabIne eNe remana rUpamAM maDhI hatI. sAThamArIomAM, gulAme nagna deha, ekamekane kApI nAkhavAnI kustIo khelatA hatA. remana navInatA ahIM badhI lAja zarama choDIne have viharavA nIkaLatI hatI. nagna pUtaLAMo, nUtana jerUsalemanA navIna rUpano zaNagAra sajatAM hatAM. remana zahenazAhatanA maMDapa jevI A jyuDiyAnI nagarI jANe Akhare namra banIne, sIjharanI pratimAne, pitAnA devAlayamAM besavA detI hatI. A badhA navA sAjane sajanAre, zahenazAha hireDa; have remanI AjJAthI, grIsa ane siriyApara hakumata vartAvata, remanarUpavALe, ne mahAlaya baMdhAvata hatA, ane navI vATikAo vavaDAvate ho, tathA navA raMgarAga sajAvatA hatA. meriyAtanI TekarI para, remana staMbha para caNAI cUkeluM jyuDiyAnuM saikAo jUnuM devAlaya navuM rUpa dharatuM hatuM. remana zista sajIne jyuDiyAne jUne deva yAhaha paNa aneka pazuonA bheganA AsvAda leta, akhaMDa saLagatI vedi sAme Ubho hato. je hireDa mahAna hatA te yAhaha remana zahenazAhatanI pA vaDe mahAna banyo hato. A bhagavAnane nirakhavA ane ArAdhavA juDiyAnAM leke paNa varasamAM ekavAra ujavAtA mahAna utsavamAM have AvavA mAMDyAM hatAM ane pitAnA pATanagaranA devAlayonI navI bhavyatA dekhatAM, juDiyAne saMhAra karanAra, mana zahenazAhata ane tene hAkema hIrADa na sAMbhaLe tema, zarIra vinAnA, bhagavAna yAhane temanI lekavANI karagaratI kahetI hatI, "tuM AvI pahoMcIza ekavAra, A bhUmipara, bhAra utAravA, bhagavAna !"

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108 vizva itihAsanI rUparekhAM DiAnA tAraNahArA rAmana hakumatamAMthI jyuDiyAnI dharatIne ugaravAnA Aveza dharIne tAraguhArA jIDiyAnA mAnavasamudAyamAMthI baLavAkhAra banIne dekhAvA lAgyA. gheADAM ja varasAmAM bArakeAkhA, athavA tAraka putranuM nAma jIDiyAmAM jANItuM banyuM. kAkhAe zamana zahenazAhatatA mukAbale zarU karyo. rAmanAne briTanamAMthI paNu lIjIane khelAvavI paDI. A sIdhAM sAdAM mAnavAe pAchA ApabhAganI avadha karI. kAbAnI AgevAnI nIce temaNe zaraNa svIkAravA karatAM peAtAnI mA-bhAmamAM danAi javAnuM vadhAre pasaMda karyuM. pAchuM juDiyAnI dharatIpara tAraNahAra jona dhI mepaTisTanuM nAma saMbhaLAyuM. jesAlemanA rAmana zahenazAhatanA pratinidhi hIrAnI cAkI nIcenA dhama maDhamAMthI bhAgI chUTelA e eka yahudI sAdhu hatA. eNe gelIlInI DuMgaramALAmAM vAsa karyo ane jAhera karyu" ke " yahudIonA premALa pitA bhagavAna yAhaveha have jerUsAlemanA devaLamAM nathI. ' pachI gelIlinI DUMgaramALa khUMtA ane jona dhI meTisTanI pagalI sUMdhatA hIrADanA sainikA AvI paheAMcyA. jona dhI epaTisTa hirADanA killA sAmenA bhayAnaka kArAgAramAM pUrAi gayA ane pachI eka madharAte enA ziraccheda karavAmAM AvyA. "" tyAre pAchA jona dhI eTisTanA anuyAyIomAMthI jisasa athavA jozuA nAmanA eka jUvAnane aMtaranAda DiAnI dharatIpara gAjI UThayA ke " lAka samudAyAnAM tUTI gaelAM svapnA pAchAM saMdhAze, gulAmeAnI jaMjIrA tUTI jaze ane mAnava samudAyAnuM samAna rAja jevuM svaga mAM che tevuM pRthvIpara utaraze." ogasTasa ane jagatabharanAM devadevIonA meLA "" tyAre romana sAmrAjyanA mahAna kahevAyelA, zahenazAha egasTasa maraNa pAmatA hatA ane maraNa pathArI para paDelA zahenazAhanI kAyA AkharI zabdo khAlIne vidAya mAgatI hatI ke " me mArA bhAva bhajavI batAvyeA che. have khela khalAsa thAya che eTale mane itihAsanI A raMgabhUmi parathI tame sau vidAya Ape. pachI eNe peAtAnI strI lIviyAne kahyu, " chellI salAma lIviyA ! " ane sIjharAmAM sauthI mahAna maraNa pAmyA tathA A zahenazAhatuM mahu, rAmana seneTarA rAmanagaramAM smazAna yAtrA kADhIne yuddhanA adhidevatA, mAnA ceAgAnamAM laI gayA. pachI bharelI rAmana zahenazAhatanI rAjagAdI para Timeriyasa eThA ane vizvabharanI leAka bharatIone khALI rAkhatA Tipreriyasa mAlyA, "zahenazAha maraNa nathI pAmyA, zahenazAhatA bhagavAna banI gayA che."

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viAva ItihAsanI dipAvalI ema kahIne Tiberiyase ogasTasane, AkhI duniyAnAM devaLamAM bhagavAna banAvIne besADavAnAM pharamAne kADhayAM. dezadezanA bhagavAna, sAthe chello sIjhara harIphAI karavA lAge. paNa dezadezanA badhA bhagavAnanI badhI pratimAo te kayAranIye maraNa pAmIne pUtaLAMo banIne ahIM romanagaranA, egripAe caNAvelA panthIona nAmanA, mahA vizALa devAlayamAM AvIne besI gaI hatI. jagatanA badhA dharmoe pitAnAM parAjita devalAMone, romana zahenazAhatane zaraNe mokalI ApyAM hatAM. ogasTasanA jamAIe, eziyAe, pizvinanAM devaLanI vizvadevaLa tarIke racanA karAvI hatI. kevuM bhavya hatuM, A pisthiona! ahIM aneka staMbho pAchaLathI rAmana kumArikAnA mAthA parathI sApanA bhArA jevI, suMdara zikhAnA vALa UDe che. moTA minArA jevA soLa rataMbhana lAla ane lIlA raMga para romana sIjharonI hatyArI senAonA paDachaMda bole che. A saune sathavArAmAM jagatanA haiyApara dhabakato beThA hoya tevo goLAkAra deha, mahA vizALa zikharane DAma paherIne beThA che. A mahAkAya zahenazAhatanI daivI tasavIra jANe bhayAnaka AMkha kholIne devaLanA aMtaramAM, sUrajano prakAza jhIle che. A prakAzanI sAkSImAM, dezadezanI dharatI parathI vizvaka samudAyoe sevelI devatAI pratimAo, tyAranI mAnavatAnA saLagatA niHzvAsamAM AjaMda karatAM svapnanI huMphane sAcavI rAkhIne ahIM beThI che. vizva-ItihAsanA cepaDA jevI, A vizva-dharmanA saMgrahasthAna jevI pratimAomAM siriyAne bhagavAna tAkrujha ane grIsane DionIzIyaza ahIM beThA che, ane e baMne "eDonisa uTha ane upara caDa!" evI lokadharmanI bUmarANa sAMbhaLavA jANe kAna mAMDe che. kepeDeziyAmAMthI, mA nAmanI devInI pratimA, AyoniyA, phIjiyAnI mAtA, eTisa, vasaMtanI rAha jotI pitAnA lekIne avAja sAMbhaLavA utsuka che. bhAratanA gautamanI prajJAnuM pAna karatI hoya ane prajJAne pAra pAmavA, prazAMta banI heAya tevI ane prajJApAramitAnI sahedarA banI hoya tevI pitAnA pharajaMdonI ciMtAmAM udAsa banelI, anaMta jIvananI AkAMkSA dhAraNa karI rahelI, praNayanI najara ThekavatI, kALanI sImAne vinavatI IjIptanI IsIsa, kahe che, "have te UghADe, uSAnAM dvAra!" ane jANe javAba detI hoya tevI bhUmadhya sAgaramAMthI prasava pAmelI, esirIsa pitAnA arUNa jevA jana pharajaMda herasane pitAnA hAthamA UMce karIne batAve che 27 ,

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210 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA - ahIM nara jAtinA devatAone paNa saMdharavAmAM AvyA che. A saumAM mATe devatA IrAnathI ahIM jitAIne AvI pahoMcele migrAsa che. prakAzanA bhagavAna ahuramajhadane A sUrya samevaDa prakAzaputra aMdhakArane pAchA pADavA, jANe ATale dUra romamAM paNa AvI pahoMcyo che, ane bhUmadhyanA kinArAo paranA pradeza para jANe e kahevA mAMDe che. "tamaso mA - rtigamaya!" remana vizvanagaranI gulAmanI kaMDhemAM paNa have enA nAmanI jANa thaI gaI che. jozuA athavA jisasa enuM nAma jozuA athavA jisasa hatuM. jerUsalemanA pAsavaranA utsavamAM ja pelA mahAna devaLapara e mAnava samudAyanI kUca laIne caDhyo hate ane hiroDanA sainikoe ene pakaDI lIdho hato. eNe gelIlinA kinArA para ane juAinI DuMgaramALanI aTArIe para mAnava samudAyane kahyuM hatuM ke, "je sIjharanuM che te ene pAchuM soMpI do." paNa sIjharanuM zuM hatuM? remana zahenazAhatanA sikkA para sIjharanI chabI ja mAtra hatI ne? Akhare jisasa paNa pakaDAI gayo hate. hireDanI adAlata romana gavanara pAyaleTasanA pramukhapade jozuAne vadha karavAne insApha teLavA besI gaI hatI. jisasane dharmanI adAlatanA pAMjarAmAM UbhuM karavAmAM Avyo ane InsApha tenArAoe ene TIkITIkIne joyA karyo. saiAne khAtarI thaI gaI ke enA caherAnI chAyA tathA aMgeaMgane mareDa agAu AvI gayelA tamAma baLavAkhorene maLatAM che. A adAlatane AgevAna ane dharmane vRddha vaDe AnAsa enA para tahemata mUkanAra ane ene insApha ApanAra adAlatanA paMcane vaDo bane ane beH "tArA zA mata che ?..tuM zAmAM mAne che?" "e huM jIvanabhara belyo chuM. jemaNe mane sAMbhaLyA che temane pUchI jeje" aphara maraNa para bedarakAra banate hoya te e jAjaramAna joI rahyo. tAre javAba ja nathI Apa?" makhamalanA gAlIcAomAMthI mahAmahenate UMce te AnAsa utAvaLo thayo. ane siophise kahyuM, "te ema kaheluM ke, A jerUsalemanA devaLano nAza karavA mAguM chuM ane traNa ja divasamAM bIju navuM devaLa UbhuM karavA mAguM chuM!" jisase koI javAba dIpe nahIM. eTale Isu sAthe AvelA erimAthiyAnA josephe kahyuM: "siAsi! A jerUsalemanA devaLane bAMdhanAra solemane paNa kahyuM hatuM ke anaMta

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viva ItihAsanI dipAvalI 211 evA bhagavAnane pitAnI aMdara A devaLa kevI rIte zamAvI zakaze ! Isue paNa eja kahyuM che ke, bhagavAnane premarUpamAM zamAvanAra devaLa mAnavInuM dila che, eka mAtra." paNa huM isune pUchuM chuM." belate siAphisa barA. "bela jisasa, tuM bhagavAnane dikare che?" tuM paNa bhagavAnane dikare che, ema huM kahIza te tuM mAnaze nahi, siAsi!" Isue smita karyuM. dharmaniMdaka, yahUdIono tuM rAjA che, krAIsTa che, ema teM nathI upaderyuM?" AnAe bUma pADI. "hA, tame sau kahe che ke huM cUdIono rAjA chuM. huM rAjA chuM ja, paNa Aje duniyAmAM rAjAne je artha thAya che te arthamAM nahi. jene jene A dharatI paranI mAnavatA mATe prema che te mAruM rAjya che, athavA te bhAre vyavahAra che, vahivaTano pradeza che. A vahivaTanI sAbitI huM ApI zakuM te satya sAbita thayuM kahevAya." Isune karuNuM bharele avAja kALanA InsApha je sApha saMbhaLA. remana zahenazAhane pratinidhi pAyaleTa A adAlata para pramukha banIne beThe hatuM te, enA siMhAsanamAM saLavaLavA lAgyo. remana zahenazAhatane hacamacAvI nAkhanArA bIjA baLavAkhora karatAM A baLavAkhora ene jarAka judA dekhAya. ( pAyaleTa chevaTano cukAda daI detAM, adAlatanI maMjUrI mAgIH "tame sau juo cho ke, jerUsalemane devAlaya sAme ane remana zahenazAhatanA kAnUna sAme baLa pukAranAra A Isu dehAMtadaMDane pAtra che." dehAMtadaMDane amala karavA mATe, pachI Isune, remana sainikanA paherA vacce, eniyAnA killAnA cagAna tarapha vAMkavAmAM AvyA, tathA je vadhastaMbha para ene jaDI devAno hato, te UMcakI levA mATe vadhastaMbhane enI khAMdha para caDAvavAmAM Avyo. itihAsane samaya staMbha. AkhI duniyAnA dezone jItIne, AkhI duniyAnAM bhagavAnanAM putaLAMone pitAnA vizvanagara remanA penthinamAM goThavIne, AkhI duniyAnA dharmonA pAdarIone pitAnI zahenazAhatanA hAthA banAvIne, romana zahenazAhanI ane jerusalemanA dharmAcAryonI hakUmate, pelesTAInanI dharatI para InsAphanA

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212 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA - - - :: .. ..... tane vadhastaMbha para ThokI devAnuM saraghasa kADhayuM. modInA nAnubhA di' . Isu, pitAnI khAMpara potAne vadhastaMbha upADIne killAne cagAna taraha cAlo. vizva ItihAsa para na bhUMsAya tevI pagadaMDI paDI. e pagada DIne cUmavA mATe hoya tevI, eka gulAma janetA. bhAna bhUlIne deDI. eNe pala mahAnubhAvanA moTA parane parasevo lUchI nAkhyo. isu palA, maDI hAthamAM taLI po. pelI, leka janetAe, vadhastaMbhane upADI lIdhe, che. utAvaLI Tekaro para caDhI javA deDI. avAka bole leAka samudAya, 'tihAsanAM kAlagirAta

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viAva ItihAsanI dipAvalI 213 bane tevI ghaTikAne joI rahyo. e baba, "koI garIba..garIbanA gharamAM janamyAM haze....garIbanI janetAe ucheryo haze...jIvaleNa jIvana jIravI cUkyAM haze, te leka janatAonAM aneka pharajaMda... ahIM AvA mAcaDAo para asaMkhya banIne pahoMcI gayAM haze." eNe enA jallAda aphasara para najara nAkhIne kahyuM: "utAvaLa kare eNe eka naphaphaTa hAsyane khakhaDATa sAMbhaLe. bIjI paLe eNe pitAnA hAthapaganI hatheLImAM ThekAtA jatA khIlA joyA. ene aMdhArAM AvyAM. aMdhArAmAM e khIlA ene meTA thatA dekhAyA. enA mAthAmAM yAtanAnA avAja jerathI khakhaDI UThayA. dareka avAje pelA khIlA moTA thatA hoya ema ene lAgyuM. jisasane dehAMta denAra rasAle killAnA cagAnamAM ubho hate. bhAnamAM Avele jisasa pitAnI sAmenA vizALa killA tarapha jaI rahyo. remanazAhInuM e hakumatakhAnuM hatuM. eno aparAdha vAMcI saMbhaLAvanAra aphasara AgaLa AvyA ane belyo, "A mANase, Isue sIjharanI sarakArane karaverA nahi bharavAne pracAra karyo che tathA e pitAnI jAtane yahUdIone krAIsTa (rAjA) kahe che." e avAja tarapha bhayaMkara rIte jisase yAtanAnI cIsa pADI. pAyaleTathI mAMDIne pele Akhe romana gaDha jANe eka paLavAra hacamacI UThaze. pachI IsunI AsapAsa romana saMgIne saLavaLI UThI. romana hakUmatanA zilAvAsanA jharUkhAmAM umala pAyaleTa, kAMTALo tAja paherIne vadhastaMbha para caDhI gaelA isu AgaLa vaMtiya dekhAya. pachI yahUdI dharatI para ropAyelA, romana zahenazAhatanA romana kAnUnanA vadhastaMbhane hacamacAvI nAkhe te eka citkAra dUrathI saMbhaLA. lekenAM gamagIna ToLAMo vaccethI deDatI AvatI merI vadhastaMbhane dUrathI jotI paTakAI paDI. mAtA meriyAne bebhAna paDelI cheDIne be yuvatio, vadhastaMbha para caDhI javA jANe deDI, paNa romana saMgIne pAse thaMbhI gaI. A bemAM eka, jisasanI merI nAmanI bahena hatI ane bIjI merI megaDelena hatI. e vizva ItihAsane, sImAstaMbha pelesTAInanI dharatI para ropAya tyAre vizvaItihAsa para IsAI saMskAranI pahelI sAla mubAraka lakhAtI hatI.

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15. prAcIna yugane madhyayugI aMkeDa-roma [ pUrva bhUmadhyane grIsa ane pazcima bhUmadhya para iTAlIremana lokazAhIne AraMbha-bhUmadhyane pelepAra, uttara AphrikA -grIsa remana banyo ane rema cIkana banyuM yuddhano eka ja vyavasAyamana lokazAhI saramukhatyArazAhI bane che-saramukhatyArazAhIne AMtaravigraha-saramukhatyArazAhI pachI zahenazAhata -ogasaTasanI kArakIrdine suvarNayuga-suvarNayugamAM IsavIsana yuga-ogasTasa pachIne lazkaravAda-vizvaItihAsanuM pATanagara, rema-badalAmAM zahenazAha zuM ApatI hatI?-badalAtuM jagata -sudhArAnI hilacAla-sauthI moTuM sAmAjika paribaLa-ramana AnaMdanuM empIthieTara-patananAM Arthika kAraNo-bahAranAM AkramaNe-Ara saikAo pachI-vyavasthA ane kAyada-saMskRtienuM saMgrahasthAna-remana kAnUna ] pUrva bhUmadhya para grIsa ane pazcima bhUmadhya para ITAlI AjasudhI itihAsanI mUkhya raMgabhUmi bhUmadhyanA pUrva cheDA para hatI, paraMtu ITAlInA itihAsano AraMbha ApaNane pazcima jagatamAM laI jAya che. ahIM ItihAsanAM AryamAna yApIyane kahevAya che. A yuropIya-AryonAM ToLAM jyAre ane samudranA grIka pradezamAM petAM hatAM tyAre ja bIjI ToLIo teja samaye pazcima-bhUmadhyanA pradezamAM pesatI hatI tathA ITAlItA dakSiNa ane madhyapradeza para vasavATa zarU karatI hatI. A ToLIonuM nAma ITAlIka ToLIo hatuM ane temaNe A pradezanuM nAma ITAlI pADyuM. grIsa dezamAM pahelI ToLIone IjIana dvIponI saMskRtinAM bharyAbhAryA nagare lUMTamAM maLI gayAM hatAM. tevAM taiyAra nagarone taiyAra evo jIvanavahivaTa ane tenAM rAcaracIlAM A bhUmi para iTAlIka TeLIo mATe hatAM nahIM. A ToLIo mATe taiyAra evI phaLadrupabhUmi khUzanumA havAmAna, ane dhanadhAnyane anukuLa jamIna vigere hatuM. A bhUmiparanI ATalI sAmagrI sAthe temaNe potAno saMsAra zarU karavAno hate. ITAlIkAe A bhUmiparane potAne saMsAra grIka TeLIonA samayathI ja zarU karyo paraMtu bhUmadhyanA pUrva cheDA para taiyAra saMskRti paDI hatI eTale grIke, I. sa. pUrve 46 0mAM te saMskAranI jIvanaghaTanA vaDe zobhI UThayAM, jyAre ekaDeekathI jIvanavahivaTa ghuMTatAM A ITAlIka mAnavone potAnuM TAIbara nadI paranuM nagara bAMdhatAM, pAca varasa vadhAre vahI gayAM.

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prAcIna yugane madhyayugI aMDe-rama sAlemsa 15 ( meDonIyA - O : bill ''11111 11 iliaLIIIIIIIllllllll TAinara na TeInara nahI A kamoDA 095 DonI I / / bhUmadhya samudra WMir/ " - ""'". i. sa. pUrve 1000 varasa para A ITAlIke athavA leTIna leke TAIbara nadInI dakSiNe rahevA mAMDyAM hatAM. A vasavATa eka medAna hatuM tathA abhaNa ane nirakSara tathA jaMgalI jevAM pilAM AryamAnava athavA iTAlI ke ane leTIe A pradezanuM nAma "leTIyama pADyuM hatuM. A lenA paDozIonuM nAma Iskana hatuM. A lokoe potapotAnI pedAzonA badalA karavA mATe TAIbaranA eka sAMkaDA mathake maLavAnuM nakakI karyuM hatuM. A meLAnI jagA

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216 vikava ItihAsanI rUparekhA para dhImethI gAma vasyuM ane peleTAIna nAmanI TekarIonI AsapAsa kasaba bane ane pachI kasabAe nagaranuM rUpa dhAraNa karavA mAMDyuM tyAre I. sa. pUrve pAMcame saMke cAlatuM hatuM tathA TAIbaranA kinArA paranA pelA nAnakaDA nagaranuM nAma rema paDyuM hatuM ane tenA para ITraskana rAjA rAjya karo hato. kare che T- HT. rAmanagaranI tavArIkha AvI sAmAnya hatI. TAIbara nadInA dakSiNa kinArA para remanagaranI AsapAsa ITAlIke ane leTInI grAmavasAhatamAMthI A nagaranuM rUpa kasabA jevuM ja haju jAmyuM hatuM. A nagarapara rAja karate rAjA TAIbaranI dakSiNe vasatA isakana lekamAMthI thayo hato. jenA para rema nagara baMdhAyuM hatuM te, TAIbaranA uttara ane dakSiNa kinArAne sAMkaLatI peleTAina nAmanI sAta TekarIo mathaka jevI hatI, ane ITAlIne madhyapradezamAM hatI. A sthaLethI TAIbarane Are Are dariyA para nIkaLI javAnuM paNa bahu dUra nahetuM. A badhAM kAraNone lIdhe rAma nAmanuM nAnakaDuM nagara A TekarI para deha dhAraNa karavA lAgI gayuM hatuM. mana leAhI, I. sa. purve 50 remana lekazAhI zAsanane AraMbha I. sa. pUrve pAMcasonI AsapAsa thayo. tArakavIna nAmanA rAjAnA julmI samayamAM remanA lokoe mAthuM ucakyuM, baLa karyo tathA romanonI eka sIneTa nAmanI kamiTi tathA be kenalenI cuMTaNI karI ane lokazAhI rIte pitAnuM zAsana karavAnI jAherAta karI ane rAjAne parAjaya karyo.

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prAcIna yugane madhyayugI aMDe, rAma A samaye Trakana rAjAe remapara karelI caDhAInI vAta ItihAsanI kavitAomAM jANItI che. remoe tene kevI rIte sAmano karyo te bAbatanI yazagAthA, he reziyasa nAmanA eka vIra remananI smRti Aje paNa tAjI kare che A vijya pachI lekazAhInuM mana vairAjya majabuta banIne geThavAyuM. A vairAjyanI rAja sabhA romanonI banI hatI. A remanomAM uccakuLanA ane zrImaMta ane peTrIziyane kahevAtA tathA garIba mane lebiane kahevAtA. romana vairAjyanI rAjasabhAnI sITamAM athavA rAja kArobArImAM lebIaomAMthI be jaNane ja cUMTavAmAM AvatA tathA bAkInA badhA peTrIziyana hatA. A sIneTanI rAjakArobArI paranA hakumatI AgevAno athavA rAjapramukha be hatA ane te kanasala kahevAtA. A vairAjyanA AraMbhanA zAsanamAM rAjya taraphannI bhaktibhAvanA ane temAMthI ubhI thatI tyAga bhAvanAnAM daSTAMtomAM sInasIneTasa nAmanA kenisalanuM viracIta nAma tyAranA AraMbhanA samayamAM sauthI AgaLa Ave che. A lekazAhInuM milana thAna "rama" nAmanuM hatuM. A pherama te samayamAM rAjakIya sabhAo mATenI tathA jAhera kAmakAjo mATenI mazahUra jagA hatI. A pherama nAmanA gAnanI AsapAsa remana vahivaTanAM jAhera makAne baMdhAyAM hatAM, tathA vyApArIo ane huMDIo lakhanArAonI peDhIo paNa ahIM ja baMdhAI hatI. remana rAjyanA romana pATanagaranuM A hRdaya, mana vahivaTI hilacAlathI dhabakatuM rahetuM hatuM. A lekazAhIne dhvaja uDavA mAMDe tyArathI te garUDanI tAkAtavALe hate. A dhvajane dhAraNa karanAra verA janma sAthe ja uDavA mAMDyuM hatuM tathA romane madhyabindu gaNIne pitAnA ITAlIyana pradeza para pitAnI ANa cArekora pAtharavA mAMDI hatI. ema be saikAo pasAra thaI gayA. bhUmadhyane pele pAra uttara AphrikA tyAre I. sa. pU. 260 nA samayamAM prAcIna jagatanA phInIziyana nAmanA pradezanuM uttara AphrikAmAM AveluM kAraja nAmanuM saMsthAna bhUmadhyane pelepAra beThuM hatuM. tyAranA vizvamAM vikhyAta banelAM TAyara ane saDana nAmanA vANijyanagaranuM kAratheja nAmanuM nagara eka saMtAna jevuM hatuM. A nagara para vANijyanA: AgevAnonuM rAja hatuM. "elIgArakI" kahI zakAya tevuM zAsakonuM maMDaLa ahIM pitAnuM zAsana karatuM hatuM tathA vepArI duniyAnuM paNa ' ' 28

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' vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA zAsana karatuM dekhAtuM hatuM. bhUmadhyanA sAmA kinAre TAImbaranA mukha AgaLa janmI cUkelA rAmanagara para te dhyAna rAkhatuM hatuM. bhUmadhya par A banne nagarA harIphA jevAM jamA thatAM hatAM. rAja rAmanA A kArathejanA sasthAnane prInIziyana saMsthAna nagara tarIke ane potAnA varvANajyanA harIfa tarIke pichANI cUkayA hatA. phrInIziyana zabdane uccAra rAmane pyunIkasa evA karatA tathA kArathejane paNa teo yunIkasa athavA yunIkanA nAmathI oLakhatA. A yunIkasa athavA kArathejanI sAme rAma nagaranI vANijya harIphAInI hilacAlanAM pagalAM zarU thaI gayAM. zarUAtamAM, peAtAnA vepArI mathaka tarIke, sisIlI nAmanA TApu rAmaneAe krAratheja pAsethI paDAvI lIdheA tathA kArasikA ane sAraDIniyA para paNa ko meLavyA. kAratheje vaLatAM pagalAM tarIke speInane peAtAnuM saMsthAna banAvyuM tathA AjanA kAraTejInI nAmanA nagaranI AsapAsa cAMdInI khANA para potAnI mAlikI sthApI. AjanA A kAraTejInAnuM nAma te samayanA kArathejanI hakumatanI yAda Ape che. kAratheje ene nAvA, kArathegA athavA nUtana kAratheja kahyuM hatuM. speinanI bhUmi para tyAre A nagara kArthejanI hakumata nIce baMdhAyuM hatuM. have rAma ane kAratheja vacce vANijyanI harIphAie zastra dhAraNa karI lIdhAM. A harIphAInuM rUpa have vepArI kadamapAzIthI eka DagaluM AgaLa vadhIne saMgrAma sudhI paheAMcyuM. je I tihAsamAM pyunIka yuddo tarIke oLakhAyAM che tevAM rAma ane kArathejanI vacce yunIka yuddha zaru thayAM. pahelu myunika yuddha i. sa. pUrve 241 mAM thayuM ane khIjuM 219 mAM thayuM. pyUnIka athavA kAtheja ane rAmana vacce aDadhA saikA sudhI cAlelAM A pyunIka yuddo nAmanA saMgrAmeAmAM kArathejane parAjaya thayA, rAmaneA vijaya thayA. bhUmadhyanI duniyA para rAmana dhvaja garUDanI uDatI khI banIne pharakI UThayA. sisIlI, kaiArasIkA, sAraDIniyA, kAratheja, kAraTejInA vagere para rAmana leAkazAhInuM sAmrAjya zarU thayuM. grIsa gamana anyu ane rAma grIkana mancu have rAmanAnAM vANijya jahAjonuM rUpa naukAkAphalAnuM lazkarI rUpa banI gayuM hatuM. rAmana lokazAhI para have dhananaMdAnuM saMpUrNa varcasva jAmI gayuM hatuM. zamana kAnUne have bhUmadhyane potAnA kAnUnI vihavaTanuM taLAvaDuM banAvI dIdhuM hatu. kArathejane rAma sAme mada karanAra mesiDeAniyAnA rAjavahivaTane

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mocIna yuganA madhyayugI akADA, rAma 219 zikSA karavA mATe rAme grIsanA vizva vijaya karI cUkelA mesiDeniyA nAmanA prAMta para AkramaNa karyuM ane tene khAlasA karIne rAmana prAMta banAvI dIdhA. AkhA grIsa deza have rAmanI gulAmI nIce AvavA lAgyA. kArIntha nagara Akhu saLagI gayu' ane dharAzAyI banyuM. grIsanu mitra siriyA paNa rAmana AkramaNa nIce AvI gayuM. A rIte, grIsa para kadama gADhavIne rezamana lekazAhIe A dharatI para goThavAyelI saMskRtinAM svarUpAte, mAlikanI Dhaba dhAraNa karIne aMgIkAra karavA mAMDayAM. saMskRtinA A prAcIna dhAmanAM badhAM sauni gulAma banAvIne, rAmana jIvataranAM rUpa maDhavA mATe cAkarIe jotarI devAmAM AvyAM. yuddhanA eka ja vyavasAyavALu jIvana kalevara zAMtinI kAI pravRtti karavAnI nahIM, jIvana paricaryAnuM kAI ana karavAnuM nahIM, sahakAranI rItane kaI anurAga dhAraNa karavAneA nahIM ane ekalu ja AkramaNu karyA karavAnuM tathA AkramaNamAM vijaya prApta karyo karavAnA tathA patana pAmelA pradeza parathI dhanadolatane, ane khANAMpINAMne lUTayA karavAnAM tathA peAtAnAM badhAM vAsIdAM vALanArAM lAkhA gulAmAne pakaDayA karavAnAM evuM zamana saltananA jIvananuM vahivaTI svarUpa banavA mAMDayuM. A svarUpanA AraMbha kArarthejanA patana sAthe thaye| tathA A samayanAM AkramaNAnA saradAra skIpIe Aphrikanasa, rAmana rAjavahivaTanA vijayI saradAra tarIke pa`kAyA. AvA jIvana kalevaranAM empI thieTareAmAM sAThamArInA jalasAmAM prANIo ane gulAmAneA saMhAra eka dhAre banyA. AvI jIvana ghaTanAmAM kisAneAnA badhA samudAyeA sainikA banIne saMgrAmanAM khetarAmAM jotarAI gayA. AvA vana kalevarezanAM khANuAMpINAMnA sAmAna bharI bharIne, IjIptathI, sisIlIthI, nImIDIyAthI sAraDInIyAthI ane sIrenIkAthI dANApANIthI bharelAM jahAjo rAkhamAM ThalavAyA karyAM. A jIvana vahivaTano bhAra dhAraNa karanAra gulAmeAnA samudAye jarUrI hovAthI A samudAyAne sAMkaLeAthI bAMdhIne reAmanAM vAsIdAM vALavA, rAmanI AnaMda vATikAe vikasAvavA rAmanAM empIthieTarAnI sAThamArIeAmAM maravA, rAmanAM hAtha udyoganAM kArakhAnAMe calAvavA ane rAmana jagata paranA tamAma rastA khAMdhavA ane imAratone caNavA jagatabharamAMthI jakaDI laI ne yuvAna yuvatine ahIM lAkhAnI saMkhyAmAM lAvavAmAM AvatAM hatAM. rezamana sAmrAjyamAM grIsa paNa haju eziyana prAMta gaNAtA hatA tathA A prAMtanA DelAsa nAmanA ekaja baMdaragAhamAM dararoja dazahajAra gulAmeAnI levaDa devaDa thatI hatI. A ijIana aMdaragADha rAmana sAdAgarAnuM mukhya mathaka banI gayuM hatuM. jIvana ghaTanAnuM A akarAMtIyuM rUpa cAritrya zUnyatA para paheAMcavA mAMDyuM hatuM tathA mAnava mUlyeAnI gaNutarImAM

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vizva itihAsanI rUparekhA sadAcAranuM kAi rUpa temAM AvatuM nahAtuM. rAmana saMskRtinAM ghara saMsAranAM mAnava mUlyAnI gaNatarI karatA savAlA remana nAgarikanI mAlikI keTalA gulAmeAnI, keTalA ekara jamInanI, keTalI AnaMda vATikAonI ane imAratAnu dhaNipaNuM dharAve che teTalA ja rahyA hatA. 220 AvA jIvana kamaThANunAM pAMcase varasAe navA navA setue, rastAe ImAratA, nagarA, ane aMdaragAhe mAMdhyAM hatAM. Anada vATikA ane madirA

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1. 226 prAcIna yugane madhyayugI ekeDe, rAma bAMdhyAM hatAM. jagatabhara para remana bAMdhakAmanI ImArata chavAI gaI hatI. A badhAM bAMdhakAmamAM ekaluM romana zarIra pilAdI snAyuone dhAraNa karyA karatuM, AtmAne gumAvI detuM hatuM. remane lokazAhIne pahelo saramukhatyAra tyAre I. sa. pUrvene aradho saMke khatama thaI gayo hato. tyAre julIyasa sIjharanuM nAma romanagaramAM gAjI UThayuM hatuM. A vijayI saradAranI vijayakUca sAthe mane guDadhvaja rAIna nadI sudhI pahoMcI gayA hatA, ane eNe rUbIkena nadIne paNa pAra karI hatI. aneka vija karIne ane luTonA DhagalAne laIne sijhara lekhaMDI pagano badhe bhAra goThavate dharatIne dhrujAvato rAmanagaramAM pAcho AvI pahoMcato hato. ene rAmalekazAhI vALI sITanI rAjyaghaTanA have junI ane nakAmI banI gaelI dekhAtI hatI tathA lekazAhIne badale lazkarI saramukhatyArazAhInI sthApanA karI nAkhavAno nirNaya eNe ghaDI kADhaye hate. e Avyo tyAre romana sAmrAjyanuM je svarUpa ITAlInI dharatI para rAjaya karatuM hatuM te svarUpanA romana zahenazAhatanA AgevAne meriyasa, sulA, pimpI, kesasa, nAmanA senA nAyaka hatA. te samAM A vijayI senA nAyaka sIjhara paNa AvI paheo sulA jamInadArane AgevAna hatA. meriyasa iTAlInAM nagaromAM rakhaDatA nAmacIna Thagane AgevAna hatA. pimpI, mesiDoniyAmAM jAgelA baLavAne saMhArI nAkhavA gayele vijayI senA nAyaka hato. kesasa A baMne senA nAyakonA hAtha nIce navI tAlIma pAmate hate. ane sijhara zuM hatuM ekavAra rAmanagaramAM tophAna karatAM pakaDAyelA eka juvAnane keTalAka nike phAMsIe laTakAvI detA hatA tyAre meriyasa nAmane juvAna senAnAyaka AvI pahoMcatuM hatuM ane kahete hatuM ke "ene choDI mUke kAraNa ke haju e sAva kare ja che." tyAranA A chokarAnuM nAma juliyasa sIjhara hatuM. Aje e mahAna ane vijyI senA nAyaka banI cUkyo hato. I. sa. pUrvene Athamato samaya mana ItihAsamAM I. sapUrvene Athamato samaya I. sa. pUrve 146 mI sAlathI yAdagAra banI cUke. e sAlamAM kIpIoe kArathejane saMhAra karI nAkhyA hatA. e varasamAM julIasa grIsanA kerI nagarane saMhArI nAkhyuM hatuM. e ja varasamAM mITelase mesiDenIyAne tArAja karI nAkhyuM hatuM. e varasathI romana sAmrAjya sAthe samAna bhAve vartana mAganAra kaI paNa pradeza bhUmadhyanA jagatamAM jIvate nahote.

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rarara . vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA romana sAmrAje A sAlamAM jagata jItIne cakravatipada itihAsamAM dhAvyuM. e ja samaye A navA pheraphAra sAthe, sAmrAjyane vahivaTa karatI romanagaramAM beThelI, romana svarAjamAMthI cUMTAtI sIneTanA nAmavALI sarakAra pitAnI kAyA palaTavA mAgatI hatI. sarakAranuM svarUpa have lokazAhInuM athavA zrImaMtazAhInuM rahevA nahatuM bhAgatuM. A svarUpa have zrImatazAhImAMthI, zrImaMta saramukhatyArazAhInuM banavA mAgatuM hatuM. A sarakAranA vyavahAramAM ja Aste Aste, lekazAhIne vyavahAra te maraNa pAmI cUkele hatA, ane sIneTa pote zrImaMtazAhIvatI cAlatI saramukhatyAra kArebArI banI cUkI hatI. A kArebArInuM svarUpa remanA beMkare nANunI relamachela karIne mata kharIdIne nakkI karatA hatA. A zrImaMtazAhe je sIneTane kharIdatA hatA, tenuM svarUpa kevaLa lazkarI ja hatuM. sIneTanuM svarUpa lazkarI senApationuM banI cUkyuM hatuM ane have A senApatio sau koI potAnI saMvAranI tAkAtanI hariphAInA paracA batAvIne sAmrAjyanA ekahaththu saramukhatyAra ba vA mAgatA hatA. have I. sa. pUrvenA samayane AthamI javAne 45 varasa ja bAkI hatAM tyAre A savAlane sIjhara pitAnA hAthamAM dhAraNa karato hate. A juliyasa sIjhara sauthI vadhAre hoziyAra hatuM. eNe pitAnI tAkAtane para batAvavA romana lazkare laIne A5sa parvata oLaMgIne Aje jene ApaNe phrAnsa kahIe chIe tene jItI lIdhuM hatuM. pachI eNe rAhaIna nadI upara lAkaDAno pula bAMdhIne tene pAra karIne kinArAnA pradeza upara AkramaNa karyuM hatuM. tyAMthI eNe jahAjemAM lazkara bharIne IgleMDa para caDhAI karI. tyAM to ene samAcAra maLyA ke sIneTe pimpInI nimaNUMka jIvanabharanA saramukhatyAra tarIke karI dIdhI hatI. eTale eNe IgleMDa paranI caDhAIne ATopI laIne rUbIna nadIne pAra karIne ITAlImAM praveza karyo. pampInI saramukhatyArI sAme sIjhare pitAnI saramukhatyArI sthApana karavA mATe ITAlI para AkramaNa karyuM. pimpI IjIpta tarapha bhAgyA. paNa sIjhara enI pAchaLa paDe. sIjhare IjIptanA naukA kAphalAne saLagAvI mUkyo, ane elekjhAnDrIyAnuM jagamazahUra pustakAlaya AgamAM saLagI gayuM. IjIptanA lazkara para sIjhare halle karyo. IjIptanA aneka sainike nAIla nadImAM DUbI muA ane temanI sAthe IjIptane zahezaha TolemI paNa DUbI ga. pimpI paNa maraNa pAme ane sIjhare leminI bahena kalIopeTrAnA hAtha nIce navI sarakAranI nimaNuMka karI. sIjhara kalIopeTrAnA premamAM paDyA ane kliopeTrA sAthe romana sarakArane saramukhatyAra banavA . sa. pUrve 46nI sAlamAM AvI pahoMce.

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prAcIna yuganA madhyayugI akADA, rAma 223 rAmanagaramAM kadI nahi nIkaLelI evI bhavya vijayakUca sIjharanI nIkaLI. sIjhare sineTanI pAse potAnA vijyAnA ahevAla rajU karyo. ane sIneTe ene saramukhatyAra nimyA. saramukhatyArazAhInA AMtaravigraha A samaye sIjharanA sAthamAM eka enTanI nAmanA tene pahelAMne maMtrI ane mitra hatA tathA bIjo meTeviyana nAmaneA tene bhatrIjo hatA. A baMne jaNa sAthe saramukhatyAra banele juliyasa sIjhara mArcanI 15 mI tArIkhe sIneTamAM praveza karatA hatA tyAre pacAsa jeTalA juvAna umarAveAe tenuM khUna karI nAkhyu. rAmanagara ekAeka anAtha banI gayuM. rAmana sAmrAjyamAM Aja sudhI chUpI rIte cAlatA saramukhatyAra banavAtA kalaha AMtaravigrahanA svarUpamAM saLagI UThayA. sIjharanA pakSa taraphathI jhenTanI ane AkaTeviyane AMtaravigrahanI doravaNI karavA mAMDI. sIjharanI jagA para jAte nimAyelA ekaTeviyana rAmanagaraneA kabajo karIne beTho. enTanIe ijIpta jaI ne kalIepeTrA sAthe prema karavA mAMDayA ane ekaTeviyanane khale rAmana sAmrAjyanA saradAra pote bane te mATe IjIptamAM rahIne ekaTeviyana sAme eNe laDAI jAhera karI. ekaTeviyana ijIpta para caDhayA. baMne vacce khUnakhAra yuddha laDAyAM. enTanI ApadhAta karIte maryo ane kalIpedrAe kaTeviyana para potAnI bhUrakI nAkhavA mAMDI. ekaTeviyane kalIpeTAnA inkAra karyo. kalIpeTrAe ApadhAta karyo. saramukhatyArI pachI zahenazAhata ,, jema sIjhara aneka vijayA karIne rAmangaramAM vijayakRca lAnyA hatA tevI rIte ekaTeviyana vijayI banIne rAmanagaramAM peThe. sIneTe enuM bahumAna karyuM" ane rAmana lazkaronA A mahAna senApati zamana sAmrAjyanA ' impareTara" athavA zahenazAha banyA. rAmana svarAjya have zahenazAhata banI gayuM. A pahelA zahenazAnu ekaTevIyasa sIjharanA nAmathI eLakhAyA. rAmana sAmrAjyanA AkaTeviyana zahenazAha " AgasTasa " eTale yazasvI kahevAyA, rAmana zahenazAhatanA pahelA saranasina zahenazAha oNgasTasa banyA. sau rAmana zahenazAhomAM e mahAna hatA. A zahenazAhe ramana sAmrAjyanA prapAta aTakAvavA mATe potAnI yazasvI kArakirdI zarU karI. AgasTasa bhagavAna banyA. iTAlInA dareka devaLAmAM AgasTasanI paththaranI pratimA bhagavAna sameAvaDI banIne kheDI. paNa augasTasa meDA Avye paNa egasTasa khUba moDA janmyA. have rAmana sAmrAjyanA prapAta zarU thai gayA hatA, sika Mdare jItelI duniyA jenI sAthe sarakhAvatAM eka prAMta jeTalI

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24 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA gaNAya eTalA moTA sAmrAjyanA rAjabareAjanA vahivaTa nIce ane sAmrAjyanA badhA bhapakAe nIce, yAtanAethI kaMTALI gayelAM ane jivaleNa ve karIne thAkI gayelAM kareADA du:khI mAnavA ahIM saLavaLatAM hatAM ane AzA ke umeda vinAnI jIda e pasAra karatAM hatAM. A badhI mAnavatAne krUra upahAsa karatI sAmrAjyanI ghaTanA rAmanagaramAM hatAM tevAM empIthiyeTara jevI atI gai hatI. eTale game tevA meATA zahenazAha A empIthiyeTara jevA sAmrAjyanI nIce ribAtI karADAnI mAnavatAne karaze dilAsA daI zake tema na hatuM. A mahAna zahenazAha paNa gIyasa buliyasa sIjhara AkaTeviyAMnasa egasTasanuM bhavya nAma dhAraNa karIne rAmana nagaramAMnI peleTAIna nAmanI TekarI paranA mahAlayamAM rahetA hatA. zamana zahenazAhatanA suvarNa yuga juliyasa sIjharanA vArasadAra egasTasa sIjhare TrImIvIreTamAMnA chellA enTanIne parAjaya jIptamAM karyA pachI cAlIsa varasa sudhI sudhArAonuM ghaDatara karavAnA rAjavahivaTa calAvyA. eNe vidyAnI athavA jJAnanI pravRttine pahelIvAra prAtsAhana ApyuM. zahenazAhatanA pAyAmAM grIka saMskArane yAjavAnI vAta eNe pahelIvAra vicArI. vachala, hAresa, lIvI ane evIDa nAmanA kavie ane lekhakAe AgasTamanA vahivaTane leTIna sAhityanA vikAsavALA vahivaTa banAvye. varaRRnAM lakhANAmAM zahenazAhatane TakAvI rAkhavAnuM rAjakAraNa lakhAyuM tathA jagatanA uddhAra mATe e rAmanazAhInI eka haththu hakumatane AvakArIne, leAkasamudAyane gulAmI karavAnI ane khetI karavAnI pharajo eNe suparata karI.

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prAcIna yugane madhyayugI ekeDe, kema rara5 ogasTasane yuga suvarNayuga kahevAyo. A suvarNayuganuM mathaka roma, ArasanI ImAratathI suzobhita banyuM tathA iTAlInA prAMtenuM sAzana vadhAre vyavasthita banAvavAnI pravRtti zarU thaI. grIsa saMskRtinuM zilpa remanagara para maDhavAmAM AvyuM. grIka pratibhAone AkhI upADI lAvIne roma para goThavavAmAM AvI. jagatabharanI khANa ane khetaro tathA, zramanI AvaDatane romana zahenazAhatane zaNagAra banAvAmAM rokavAmAM AvI. A suvarNa samayamAM remanagaranI hakumata nIce, 1,875,000 cerasamAIla jeTaluM sAmrAjyane vistAra AvI cUke hato. bhUmadhyanA badhA kinArAnA pradeza ane TApuo romana adhikAra nIcenA saMsthAna prAMta banI cUkyA. bhUmadhya romana sarovara banyo. pUrvamAM pelesTAIna mesopoTemIyA, sIrIyA ane AramenIvALuM, pazcimamAM peIna gela ane briTananA pradezavALuM, uttaramAM rUmAnIyA, haMgerI ane jaramanIvALuM, dakSiNamAM AphrikAnA uttara kinArAvALuM, chatavALuM tathA arabastAnanI paTTIvALuM A vizvasAmrAjya banyuM. zahenazAhatanI lIjIananI, hAka ane dhAka, kApIana samudrathI AyarIza samudra sudhI ane tyAMthI eTalAMTikanA kinArA sudhI vyApI gaI. suvarNayugamAM IsvIsana yuga A suvarNayuganuM ogasTasanA aMtakALanuM samayarUpa isavIsananA udayakALanuM AlekhAyuM. jagatanA saMskAranA itihAsamAM mUrti pUjAne badale, mAnava anurAga sAthe saMkaLAyelA, mAnava saMskRtine anurUpa evA IzvaranI dharmabhAvanAne AraMbha ogasTasanA jamAnAmAM thayo. A suvarNayugamAMja A zahenazAhatanA mUrtipUjAnA pAyA teNe hacamacAvI nAkhyA. lazkaranI hiMsaka ghaTanA para caNAyelI A zahenazAhatanA svarUpanA niSedha jevuM IsAIonuM satyAgrahanuM savinayarUpa romana zahenazAhatamAMja ubhuM thayuM. A suvarNayugamAM ja A zahenazAhatanA mAlikInA "kAnUna svarUpane pagathI mAthA sudhI hacamacAvI nAkhanAra pelesTAInane jisasanAmano eka luhArane dikara remanasaltanata sAme eka IzvaranA zAsananI vAta pUkArIne, savinaya kAnUnabhaMga karIne jerUsalemamAM mana kAnUna pramANe vadha pAmI gayA hatA. A vadhastaMbha vizva ItihAsane jANe sImAstaMbha banyuM hatuM. A vadhastaMbha parathI, remana bAdazAhata nIce kacaDAtI mAnavatAnI jhaMkhanA, mAnava mAnava vaccenA premasaMbaMdhanuM AvAhana karatI jerUsalemathI nIkaLIne ogasTasanA saLavaLatA rAmanagara sudhI pahoMcatI dekhAtI hatI. A jhaMkhanAnuM vAhana, mAnava samudAya banatA hatA, tathA sauthI pahero bAra jaNane IsAIsaMdha nerenisa nAmane dhAraNa karIne jerUsalemanI dharatIpara sthapAte hate. A isAio athavA "narenaso" e, IsanA 29

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226 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA vadhastaMbhane pitAnuM pratIka banAvyo. A krusa athavA vadhastaMbhane kaMThamAM laTakAvIne nereninA saMdhamAM, piTara ane pilanAM, tathA sTiphananAM nAma jANatAM banyAM. jotajotAmAM bAra jaNuthI zarU thaele A saMdha pelesTAInamAM ATha hajAranI saMkhyAvALa banyuM tathA, romana kAnUna pramANe vadha pAmavAne lAyaka manAyA pachI bhamabhitara banI jaIne vadhArene vadhAre vizALa banavA mAMDyo. saMtapela ane saMta piTara vadhate ja isune saMdha have remanagaramAM pahoMcIne, premanA kAnUnane dhAraNa karIne remana zahenazAhatane mUkAbale karate ho tyAre mazahUra banatuM nAma saMtapelanuM hatuM. pela, tArasasamAM, sibasiyAmAM janame hate. enuM nAma te sela hatuM, paNa grIka uccAra ane pola kahetA hatA. IsunA vadha pachI dasamA varase janamIne e grIsamAMthI jerusalemamAM AvIne rahyA hatA ane juvAnImAM taMbu banAvavAno dhaMdho karate hate. jerUsalemamAM mUrtipUjaka dharmanA vaDAo pAse e bhaNata hatuM, ane IsAIone pakaDI lAvanArI TukaDIone pila mana AgevAna hato. sTiphanane pakaDIne dharmanI adAlata pAse ane remana kAnUna pAse, eNeja UbhuM karI dIdhuM hatuM ane pachI ene aradhe dATIne patharAo mArIne mArI nAkhavAnI zikSAne amala karanAra paNa e ja amaladAra hate. I. sa. 31 nI sAlamAM A navajuvAna damAsa jato hato. damAsakasamAM isAI saMghane avAja UThayo hato. A avAjane zAMta karI devA mATe tyAMnA IsAI AgevAnene pakaDI lAvavA e eka TukaDI laIne jerusalebhathI nIkaLI cUkyo. paNa pilane have UMdha AvI zakatI nahotI. madha rAtamAM e jhabakIne jAgI UThate hato. patharA khAIne marI gayele sTiphana enI uMdha bagADI mUkate hate. teya e makkama banIne, krara banIne hoTha bIDIne AgaLa vadhato hato. damAsakasa have bahu dUra nahotuM. enI TukaDI sAthe e ArAma karavA paDyo hato tyAre, madharAtanI enI pathArImAMthI eNe bUma pADI: "keNuM che tuM? tuM mane choDatuM ja nathI" rojanI A bAbata che, ema samajIne enA sAthIdAre sUI rahyA hatA tyAre e UThe. enI bahAvarI, phATelI AMkha vaDe, UMghamAja jAgI gayela ene pazcAtApane vega vipharyo hato. enI najara e vega dekhADe teja dekhAvane dekhI zakatI hatI. enuM AkhuM cittato haju UMghamAMja hatuM. AkhA cittamAMthI ekale pele pazcAtApa, kakaLATa karate ene Ubho karI dete hato ane e

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prAcIna yugane cagI ka 227 sAMbhaLI rahetA hatA, huM ja riTarksa, te te patharA * ke....ane huM ja isu, gAlage thApara...... << tame kASTa maraNa pAmyA nathI ke ' eNe ga MdhamAMge kAmAM cIsa pADI ane enA manamAM citkAra saMbhaLAyA: t; sela sela...pola, pola, patra, AMkhA peAlIne tuM, dekhI le ......' pachI ene kai sUjhatuM ja hatuM. aMdha banI gayelA pola, khullI AMkhe kazuM ja dekhI zakatA nahAtA ane kahetA hatA, " IsunA, sTikanano vadha karanAra huM......" khAsakarAmAM traNa divasa pachI UMghamAMthI jAgI gayA ane ene dekhAvA lAgyuM. khUNe ekarAra karyA ke huM IsAI aa pAlane isAi nI gayelA sTinane khu, have ene isu ane " ve che. huM eTale sAmAna pakaDI sAMbhaLatAMja 6 kasama kADhavu, polane khobA laine, damAsakasanI davAto paNa tha ane ! navA isAine temaNe TopalImAM besADIne, deraDAmora, vAra nArI dIdho. arabaratAnanAM gAmaDAMemAM rakhaDatA Avo, pakaDamAM nUtana saMskAranI, pADArI para prema vyavahAranI ane samAna nlArjamAM cetanA karavA AvanAra IsunI vAte karato rakhaDato rakhaDate sAthe dharma AvI pahoMcyA ane jerusAlemanA AgevAna IsAi pare, ane saMta ko. pachI sata piTa, vorA melyA. grIsanI garIba mAnava tAmAM isunA saMskAra zAbda zuM che Ugyo. mATe ATha varasa sudhI jerusAlemanA pola! giraphatAra karavAnuM kramAna sAcAdara, eka meTI TApalI

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ra8 vizva itihAsanI rUparekhA bhuvAo ane rAmana zahenazAhatanA kAsadone piTara ane pAlane patto lAgyA nahiM. paNa lipI AgaLa jyAM enTanIe bruTasanA parAjya karyAM hatA tyAM, e IsAIe giraphatAra thayA. silAsa ane peAlane pakaDIne, zahenazAhatanI adAlata sAme, zAMtinA bhaMga karanArA tarIke temane khaDA karI devAmAM AvyA. bannene kArAgAramAM jakaDI levAmAM AvyA, paNa banne bhAgI chUTayA. thADA mahInA pachI pAla, grIsanA vepArInagara, kArinthamAM AvI paheAMcyA ane tyAM tabu manAvanArA tarIke aDhAra mahinA rahyo. pachI kArinthaneA rAmana gavar gelIlA ene giraphtAra kare te pahelAM, A tabu banAvanArA saMta pola jerusAlema tarapha bhAgI gayA ane jerUsAlemamAM pakaDAi gayA. jerusAlemanA A kedIne sIjhiriyA meAkalI devAmAM AvyA. sIjhiriyAmAM adAlata sAme eNe kahyuM; "huM rAmana nAgarika chuM. mane rAmana zahenazAhanI, egripAnI adAlatamAM meAkalI Apo." pAlane eka vepArI jahAjamAM kedI tarIke ravAnA karavAmAM AvyA. mahAsAgaramAM cauda divasanA taphAnamAM sapaDAyeluM jahAja mAlTAnA khaDakApara tUTI gayu ane jahAjanAM theDAka jIvatAM utArUomAM rAmana zahenazAhatanA * A kedI traNa mahInA pachI rAmanagaramAM peThA. have rAmanagaramAM enA isAI avAja namra banI jaIne klyA: " ApaNA jAlimA para paNa prema karo. eNe zahenazAhatanA A vikarALa nagaramAM adhikAra banelA meAtanA paDachAyA jotAM DhimeAthIne patra lakhyA; " mArI jiMdagInI zIzImAMthI badhI retI have gaLI javA AvI che. mAre vidAya levAne samaya have thaI gayA che ema mane lAgyA kare che. jIvataranA mahAna kalahamAM, meM mArA bhAga bhajavI batAvyA che. meM jIvanakalahamAM paNa mArI zraddhA sAcavI rAkhI che. " zamanagaramAM paoNla pAche giraphatAra thaI gayA ane kArAgAramAM purAyeA. zamanagara para I. sa. 64 nI sAlamAM nirAe isAionI katala karI nAkhIne AkhA rAmanagarane saLagAvyuM. kArAgAramAMthI pAle A hatyAkAMDa ane rezamane bharakhI jatI Agane nihALI. piTara paNa have rAmamAM AvI paheAMcyA hatA. rAmana zahenazAhate mAMDelI katala ane AganA bhaDakAo nIce piTaranA paDachAyA rAmanagaramAM bhaTakatA hato. ane paula kArAgAramAM jIvataranI chellI ghaDIe gaNatA, mAtanI rAha joi rahyo hatA. chevaTe kAsado AvI pahoMcyA. " vAyA eziyA " nAmanI jagyA pura, vizvanI zAtimAM bhaMga karanArA A aparAdhIne romana kAnUnanI sama

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prAcIna yuganA madhyayugI akADA, rAma 19 ". zeranA eka ja jhaTakAthI ziraccheda karI nAkhavAmAM AvyA. tyAre ja sata piTara paNa potAnI strI sAthe pakaDAi gayA hatA. vizvanI zAMtimAM bhaMga karanArA A khIjA aparAdhInI strIne ziraccheda * veTikana phIlDa " para enA dekhatAM ja karavAmAM Avyo. mAta jevI hakUmatane jotA piTara beltheA, "huM mAthu nIcuM namAvI dauM chuM..." vidhaitihAsanu rAmanagara eka divasamAM nahetu adhAyu "6 kahevata evI che ke rAmanagara eka ja divasamAM nahAtu baMdhAyuM. romana sAmrAjya viSe paNa emaja kahI zakAya. tenI zarUAta paNa Aste Aste thaI, ane jotajotAmAM rAmana sAmrAjyanA deha baMdhAvA mAMDayo. A sAmrAjye meATA senApatio, rAjapUra dharA ane khUnIone pedA karyo. rAmana lazkarI AkhI duniyAmAM laDyAM. bIjA dezo paranAM peAtAnAM thANAMonu rakSaNa karavA mATe rAmana saradAro ane rezamana lazkagane sarakAre ravAnA karavA mAMDayAM. e rIte bIjA dezone jItIne romana sAmrAjye peAtAnA sAmrAjyane vikAsa dhAraNa karavA mAMDyo. AraMbhanI hakumate, I. sa. pU. 203mAM sisIlInA mAlika banavA mATe skIpIe nAmanA saradArane AphrikAnA uttara kinArA upara meAkalyA hatA. e kinArA paranuM kAtheja nAmanuM nagara rAmanee saLagAvyuM, ane sisIlIne peAtAnuM saMsthAna banAvyuM. tyAra pachI grIka nagara rAjyeA je sikaMdaranI zaDuMnazAhatanA patana pachI aMdara aMdara kajI karavA mAMDyAM hatAM temane kajIyeA patAvavA rAmana lazkarI grIsa deza para paheAMcI gayAM. grIsanu kaurIntha nAmanuM nagara temaNe saragAvI dIdhuM, ane ethensa nagaramAM rAmana gavara rAja karavA eThe. mesiDeAniyA ane grIsanA badhA prAMte rAmana saMsthAne banyAM tathA A saMsthAnA rAmana sAmrAjyanI pUrva sarahada banI. tyAre siriyAnA pradeza gheADeja dUra paDayA hatA. tyAM enTiekasa trIjo rAjya karatA hatA. A enTiekasa kAthejanA mahAna senAnI haeNnIkhAlane eka samayanA mitra hatA tevuM bahAnuM kADhIne rAmana zahenazAhate lusIasa nAmanA senApatine siriyA upara caDhAi karavA mAkalyA. enTiekasanAM lazkA I. sa. pU. 190 mAM megnesIyA pAse nAza pAmyAM, tathA eziyAmAneArA AkhA pradeza rezamana zahenazAhatane gulAma banyA. AvI rIte rezamana zahenazAhate prAcIna samayanA sAmrAjyanuM svarUpa dhAraNa karyuM. A sAmrAjye bhUmadhya samudra paranA pradezanuM mAlika banyuM.

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vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA 230 rAmana leAkazAhInuM jIvana-rUpAMtara nagararAjya tarIke zarU thayeluM rAma-nagara have iTAlInA pradezathI dUradUranA pradezAne tIne eka mATuM sAmrAjya banI gayuM, hatu. eTale e jyAre nagara rAjya hatu. tyAre svadezamAM jevuM enu svarUpa hatu. tevuM enuM svarUpa Aje rahyuM naheAtu. sAmrAjyanuM mAlika baneluM rAmanagara pete paNa rupAMtara pAmI cUkayuM hatuM, tathA vizvanuM sAmrAjyavAdI pATanagara banyuM hatuM. sAmrAjyane jItIne A rezamanagaramAM pAchA AvatA saradArA ane zAsaka banelA zrImatA lUMTanA DhagalAe meLavIne AnaMdanI ujANI karatA hatA, tathA potAne mATe ane peAtAnAM devadevIo mATe ImArata caNAvatA hatAM. jUnu rAmanagara peAtAnI sAdAne mATe magarUra hatuM. A navuM rezamanagara have magarUra azvanI sAmrAjya zAyI magarUrI dhAraNa karatuM hatuM tathA sAdAthI zaramAtuM hatuM. A nUtana rezamanagara bhramaSyanA jagatanu mAlika hatuM. sAmrAjya banelI nUtana rezamanagaranI sarakAranuM rUpa zrImaMtonI sarakAranuM, zrImate vaDe cAlatI sarakAranu ane zrImaMtAnA ja hita mATe cAlatI sarakAranuM banyuM. A sarakAranAM svarUpamAM ane rezamanagaranA rAjanA vanavahivaTamAM jamIne ane kArakhAnAonI mAlikI uparAMta eka navI milkata zarU thaI gaI, A navI milkatanuM rUpa lAkhA gulAmA hatAM. A gulAmeAmAM nUtana rezamanagaranuM akAraNa potAnI mUDI rokatuM hatuM ane temanI pAse yAtanAothI ubharAtI gulAmI karAvatuM naphA nipajAvatuM hatuM. jUnA rAmanagaramAM hatAM tevAM kheDUto paNa have ITAlInI dharatI para dekhAtAM na hatAM. A jUvAna kheDUtAnAM rAmana lazkaro banyAM hatA. A lazkarI eka pachI khIjA dezA jItIne jyAre pAchAM iTAlInI dharatI para AvatAM hatAM tyAre temanI jamInA paDatara paDelI dekhatAM hatAM, tathA kharIdAI gayelI temanI jamIne para zrImaMteAnI vaMDIovALA navA bAgabagIcAne paNa dekhatAM hatAM. anAjanA DhagalA paNu A sAmrAjya mATe bahAranA dezamAMthI AvatA hatA. lazkarI sevA mATe ummaralAyaka nahi gaNAtA kheDUto iTAlInA nagarApara bhIkha mAgatA pharatA hatA. sAmrAjyanA nagaranuM AvuM nUtanarUpa vikasatuM hatuM. sAmrAjyazAhInuM navuM nagara rAma kahevata pramANe AkhI duniyAnA badhA rastAe rAma sudhI paheAMcatA hatA ane rAmamAMthI pasAra thatA hatA. vizvanA itihAse paNa rAma nagarane peAtAnuM mathaka banAvavA mAMDayuM hatuM. jagatanA mAnava samudAyAnI pagadaMDInI

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prAcIna yugano madhyayugI aMkoDa, rAma 231 rekhAo rema nagaramAM dekhAtI hatI. khINo, parvata, nadIo ke raNonI sarahado bhUMsAI jatI hatI. rema nagaramAMthI dUra dUranA rastAo remanagaramAM jamA thaelI mAnavasamudAyanI pagadaMDIomAM dekhAtA hatA. ITAlI dezanuM pATanagara enI sarahade paDelA Alpasa parvatane TapI jaIne jANe dUra dUra pahoMcI gayuM hatuM. A badhA rastAonuM vahivaTI mathaka remanagara pherama nAmane nagaraceka hatuM. A nagaracokamAM romana sAmrAjyanI sIneTa nAmanI sarakArI kArobArI vahivaTa calAvatI. A vahivaTa dakSiNamAM sisalI sudhI, uttaramAM rAIna sudhI, ane pUrvamAM besapharasanA bejhanTIyama sudhI pahoMcyo hate. managarathI nIkaLatA romana zahenazAhatanA adhikAra nadIo para pUla nAkhIne ane samudra para jahAje calAvIne dUra dUra ethensa sudhI ane AphrikA sudhI tathA TheTha briTana sudhI pahoMcI gayA hatA. A badhA pradeza para remanI zahenazAhane pitAnAM saMsthAne sthApyAM hatAM. A saMsthAmAMthI dariyA raste jahAjomAM bharAine tathA jamIna raste vaNajhAra para ladAIne mAlanA DhagalA rAmanagaramAM pahoMcatA hatA. lAla samudrane nAIla nadI sAthe eka nahera mAraphata joDI daIne vahANo elekajhAnDriyA nagaramAMthI nAIla nadIne raste lAla samudramAM pahoMcatAM hatAM. A jahAjamAM dUradUranA cIna dezamAMthI rezamanA DhagalA AvatA hatA A badhuM remana zahenazAhatanuM svarUpa hatuM. ogasTasa nAmanA romana zahenazAhe eka moTI vizALa ImArata caNAvIne temAM romana sAmrAjyane mATe nakazo taiyAra karAvyuM hatuM. A nakazA para tyAranI duniyAnA badhA deze citarAyA hatA. A sAmrAjyamAM IjIpta deza, remana zahenazAhatane anAjane koThAra hatA, tathA tyAMthI caLakatA paththara, tADapatro, tathA suzobhita kAcanAM vAsaNo AvatAM. A nakazAmAM citarAyele grIsa deza romana sAmrAjyane ArasapahANa Apate hate. romana sAmrAjyanI sarakArane pIvAne dAru cIesamAMthI AvatA hatA. hImeTasamAMthI madha AvatuM hatuM. semesamAMthI merapaMkhIo AvatAM hatAM ane menesamAMthI haMsa AvatA hatA. sAmrAjyanuM saMsthAna banele spena deza anAja, dArU, mINa, DAmara, rUpuM tathA senuM mekalate hate. gela pradezamAMthI dArU ane gulAmo mATenuM lAla kApaDa AvatuM hatuM. dUranuM laMDana nagara paNa A sAmrAjyanuM saMsthAna hatuM ane tyAMnA briTana dezamAMthI loDhuM AvatuM hatuM. yurala parvatamALa nIcenI lgA nadInA kinArA uparathI varUonAM cAmaDAM tathA sonerI retI sAmrAjyanA rAmanagaramAM AvatI hatI. ojhonanA dariyA parathI grIka khalAsIo sAmrAjya mATe tenuM ane Una lAvatA hatA. bhArata

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232 vizva itihAsanI rUparekhA ane arabastAnamAMthI yA madhya eziyAnA pradezamAMthI raNA ane pA upara thaIne zamana sAmrAjya mATe mAlanA DhagalAonI vaNajhArA vahyA karatI hatI. bhAratanA pazcima kinArA paranA malabArathI mAla lAvanArAM ijIptanAM jahAjo A sAmrAjya mATe lAMkhI lAMkhI saphA kheDatAM hatAM. jagata AkhuM jANe A rezamana pATanagaranI sevA cAkarI karavA lAgI gayuM hatuM. vizvanuM mathaka baneluM A sAmrAjya jagatanAM badhA rastAone peAtAnA tarapha kheMcatuM hatuM. uttaranI DeAna nadI ane pUrvanI ekasasa athavA AmudarIyA ane dakSiNanI nAila nadI, tathA pazcima dizAmAMnI themsa nadI nAmanI, A badhI nadIo rAmana zahenazAhatanA rastA banI hatI ane nadIe ane samudro paranAM badhAMya baMdaro rAmanagaramAM jagatabharanI dhanadolata ThAlavavAnAM mathakA khanI gayAM hatAM. ane badalAmAM romana zahenazAhata zu' ApatI hatI? jagatanI A badhI dhanadolata ane sAdhana sAmagrIonA DhagalAonA badalAmAM zamana zahenazAhata tene zuM ApatI hatI ? A badhA mAlasAmAnane meATA bhAga zamanazahenazAhate nAkhelA karaverA ane lAgAonA rUpamAM AvatA hatA. A uparAMta zamana zahenazAhata mAlanA badalAmAM potAnA seAnArUpAnA sikkAnuM nANuM paNa ApatI hatI. A sikkA eTalA ja mATe AmudarIyA, siMdhu ane gaMgAnA kinArA upara TAyelA maLI AvyA hatA. paNa rAmane sAnA rUpAnA A badhA sikkA kayAMthI lAvatA hatA ? eTalA mATe te temaNe babbe saikA sudhI jagatanA judAjudA pradezA jItyA ja karyAM hatA ane tyAMnA mAnavasamudAyAnI katala karatAM karatAM lUMTaphATa calAvyA karI hatI. tyArapachI jItAyelA pradezane peAtAnAM saMsthAnA banAvIne temanI pAsethI zamana rAjyanA zAsakeA peAtAnA zAsananI jakAta tarIke seAnuM rUpuM udharAvyA karatA hatA. parAdhIna banelA A pradeza peAtAne tyAM AvelA A zAsakeAnA zAsananeA badhA kharca ApatA hatA, uparAMta temaNe kara ane verAonA DhagalA paNa ApavA paDatA hatA. A rIte seAnA rUpA ane gulAmeAthI bharelAM jahAjo rezamamAM lavAyA karatAM hatAM. jagatanAM saMsthAnemAM zAsakeA banelA rAmana lazkarI amaladAra ane rezamana sainikA jyAre rezama pAchA pharatA tyAre mahAzrImaMtA banI jaI ne AvatA hatA. A badhA zAsanacakranI ghaTamALa calAvanAra rAmanayatra athavA samana zahenazAhatanuM rAjakIya enjIna rAmana lazkarAnuM baneluM hatuM. A zamana lazkaronI

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- 233 prAcIna yugane madhyayugI aMkoDa, rema TukaDIo lIjIane kahevAtI hatI. A lIjIanee badhI ja laDAIo chatI hatI. A lIjIananI kUcakadama aTakI na jAya te mATe remano pAse nadIo para pUla nAkhanArA Ijanere paNa hatA. A lazkarane divasa-rAtane vyavasAya saMhAra karavAno hato. saMhAranA yaMtra para beThelI remana zahenazAhatanuM pitAnA pradezanI aMdaranuM ane rAma nagaranI aMdaranuM svarUpa jagata para zAsana karatI sonerI TeLI jevuM lAgatuM hatuM. tenAthI ladAyelA romana mAlike ITAlI dezanA prAMtamAM jamInadAre ane zAhukAra banIne besI gayA hatA. A remana zrImaMta pAse dhanavaibhavanA badhA vilAsa goThavAI gayA hatA A gaThavaNI nIce remana zahenazAhatanI tamAma sevAo karanAra ane zrama karanAra lAkhe gulAmane mAnavasamudAya hate. A gulAme jagatanA tamAma dezomAMthI ahiMyA AvyA hatA. A gulAmenA zarIra para pADelAM cihno pramANe temanA pradezonuM pichAna thatuM hatuM. tamAma pradezo paranI A piDIta mAnavatAno vizvameLo jANe remanagaramAM jAmatA hatA. suvarNanA DhagalAo uparAMta rAmanagaramAM zrImaMta zAsakenI badhI kriDAo ane AnaMda tathA badhAM sukha sagavaDe gulAma banelA jagatanI zramatAkAtamAMthI sAMpaDatAM hatAM. paNa jagata badalAtuM hatuM romanagaranI A zahenazAhatane AvaDe moTo ThaThAre jANe jagatane svAbhAvika krama heya e pramANe cAlyA karatuM hatuM. A ThAThamATha para savAra thayelI romana zAsakonI jiMdagI have koI paNa jAtane zrama karatI nahotI. emanAM jIvananI ghaTamALa kevaLa AnaMda ane bhogavilAsanA atireka para beThI hatI ane koIpaNa jAtane zrama karavAmAM hiNapata mAnatI hatI. zrama karavAne vyavasAya have gulAmene ja mATe egya manAI cUkyo hato. A gulAma bhayAnaka bajArUpa banelI zAsakenI ghaTamALane AbhUSaNa ane alaMkAranA rUpamAM maDhAyelAM zrImaMtamAnane sanArUpAnI pAlakhImAM besADIne remanagaramAM pheravatAM hatAM. ekake eka zrImaMta, gulAmonA ToLAMthI gherAyeluM rahetuM. jyAre koI zrImaMta mAlikanA ghara AgaLa koI mahemAnanI pAlakhI aTakatI ke tarata ja badhAM bAraNAo AgaLa gulAme sevA mATe deDadeDa karatAM, kAraNa ke mAlika kayA bAraNumAMthI pasaze tenI temane khabara nahotI. ' rAmanagaranA bhapakAdAra bhavanamAM rahete mAlika sapheda Tega pahera hato. kAca jevA caLakatA A TagA nIcenI lAlakinArI camakatI hatI. pAlakhImAMthI utaratAMnI sAthe hAthIdAMtanA bakalavALA buTa athavA caMpala e 30

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vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA 234 AgaLa dharatA hatA tathA bAraNAmAM pravezatA pahelAM ja rAmana zahezAhatanuM A zAhI svarUpa gulAmeAnI sevA para sitama jevuM zarU thatuM hatuM. A sitama khanelI yAtanAothI ubharAtI gulAmAnI jIMdagI para Akhu rAmana sAmrAjya rezama jevI TAlInI nagarIomAMthI upabhoga karavA ane kevaLa AnaMdamAM ALATavA macI paDayuM hatu. A upabhAgamAM pariNIta jIvana ane kuTuMbajIvananI ekatAnAM baMdhane paNa tUTI paDatAM hatAM. jIvanane dhAraNa karanAra mAnavanItimattAnu` kA` sAmrAjyanA vatare pheMkI devA mAMDayuM hatu. krUratA, dhikkAra, vhema, zaMkA ane vyagratAnA manebhAve, nIce khudakhadatu rAmana jIvatara, bhUvA, joSIe, jAdugarA ane dezadezamAMthI jItAine AvI paheAMcelAM devadevIothI viMTaLAyeluM, nira'kuza AnaMdanA atireka tarapha dhasavA mAMDayuM hatuM. mAnavajAta sAthenI jIvataranI ekatAnA enA badhA taMtue tUTavA mAMDayA hatA. pote ekaluM ja aneAkhu jagata che ema sAmrAjyanuM zAsaka jagata mAnavA mAMDayuM hatuM. A jagatamAM peAtAne ja sava adhikAranA sarva hakka svAdhina che ema mAnatA A zAsakavaga svacchaMdatAnA badhA svairavihArAmAM vidhAtakarUpa dhAraNa karIte, peAtAnA svasakucita kAkaDAmAM bharAyA hatA. sAmrAjyanA zAsakA banelA A zrImaMtA peAtAnA mahAlayAmAM, udyAnAmAM ane Ana vATikAmAM pItAM hatAM, jugAra khelatA hatA ane haoNmaranI kavitAnAM lalakAra sAMbhaLatA hatAM. sudhArAnI hilacAla sAmrAjyanA AvA svarUpane sudhAravA rAmanagarano zahenazAhata banelI sIneTa nAmanI sarakArI kArobArI pAse grekasa nAmanA eka mahAna rAmananA TIkheriyasa ane gIyasa nAmanA be dikarAe rAjakAraNamAM praveza karatA hatA. A baMne jaNa iTAlInA pradeza para sudhArAnu rAjakaraNa zarU karavAnI kArAkhArImAM zarU karavAnI darakhAsta rajU karatA hatA. TIeriyasa sarakArI kAre. kharImAM cUMTAyA ane teNe kAI paNa jamInadArA e amuka ekarathI vadhAre jamIna na rAkhavI tevA sudhArA rajU karyAM. A rIte vadhArAnI jamIna, eNe jamIna vinAnA kheDUtane vaheMcI ApavAnI darakhAsta karI. sAmrAjyanA jamInadArAe ene rAjasabhAmAM cAra ane lUMTArA kahyo. temaNe TIkheriyasanuM khUna karavA mATe rAmanagaramAM dhIMgANAM karAvyAM ane rAjasabhAmAM TIberiyasane mArI nAMkhavAmAM AvyA. paNa TIkheriyasanA bhAi gIyase, TIeriyase zarU karelI sudhArAnI hilacAla cAlu rAkhI tathA garImAne madada karavAnA kAyado sIneTa pAse pasAra

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235 prAthIna yugane madhyayugI aMDe, roma karAvyo. sAmrAjyanA vaDapamAM vadhI cUkelI garIbAI ethI ochI thaI nahi ane sAmrAjavAdIonI sarakAre gIyasanuM paNa khUna karAvyuM ane ITAlInAM nagaromAMthI tamAma sudhArAne pakaDI pakaDIne temaNe mArI nAkhyA athavA dezanikAla karyA. sauthI moTuM sAmAjika paribaLa rAmana zahenazAhanuM saramukhatyArazAhInuM banI cUkeluM baMdhAraNIya rUpa tenI nIce sauthI vadhAre kacaDAtA lekasamudAyanA gulAma nAmanI paribaLe hacamacAvI mUkyuM.' sAmAjika paribaLanA baLavAnAM judAM judAM svarUpa AkhA romana sAmrAjyamAM dekhAyA karatAM hatAM. paraMtu sAmAjika baLavAnuM AvuM virATa svarUpa koI ThekANe dekhAyuM nathI. romana emphIthiyeTaromAM cAlatI sAThamArIomAM romana zAsakAne manoraMjana mATe aMdara aMdara laDIne pharajIAta rIte jemane marI javuM paDatuM hatuM tevA gleDieTaranA nAmathI jagatamAM jANItA banelA gulAmone khAsa varga tene mATenA khAsa akhADAomAM taiyAra thata hatA. AvA akhADAomAM lephulasabeTIATIsano kepuAmAM Avela akhADe jANato hato. enA akhADAmAM eka hajAra jeTalA gulAmone gleDieTara banavAnI tAlIma ApavAmAM AvatI hatI. jemane jIvataranI paLepaLa para cekIpaherA goThavAI gayA hatA tevA A akhADAnAM gulAmImAMthI strIpuruSA maLIne basa jeTalAoe " deze ane bhAgI chUTyAM. A gulAmane AgevAna presa pradezane sapATa kasa nAmanA eka juvAna dikaro hate. ItihAsakAra luTAke eno AvaDatuM na ke nanAM eka vakhANa karyAM che. kapura 25 gulAma. paTe kasanI AgevAnI nIce jagata jItanArI romana zahenazAha sAme ke kAranArI basa mAnavAnI pahelI TukaDI vasu viyasanI taLeTImAM racI. A TukaDAnuM nAma pATekase "lIo lIberA

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236 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA athavA AjhAdInI TukaDI" evuM pADayuM. spArTe kasanI AgevAnI nIce AjhAdInI TukaDIe peAtAnI sagrAma samitinI nimaNUMka karIne zahenazAhata sAme laDavAnI yeAjanA zarU karI. spArTekase AjhAdInA nAmamAM AkhA iTAlInAM gulAmAne nAsI chUTIne vIsuviyasanI taLeTImAM AvavAnI hAkala karI. zarUAtamAM rezamana sIneTe visuviyasane dherA dhAlIne potAnI lIjIane ne A maLavAnA nAza karavA mATe ravAnA karavA mAMDI. paNa AjhAdInI lIjIana sAme jagatane jItanArI rAmana zahenazAhatanI lIjIaneA pAchI paDavA mAMDI ane potAnAM zastro tathA maDAMne cheDIne bhAgI javA mAMDI. viSuviyasa AjhAdInI rahAka banyA. dakSiNu ITAlInA pradezeA AjhAdInI A lIjIaneAe jItavA mAMDayA. AjhAda naranArIo ane bALakAnuM je navuM nagara spArTe kase iTAlInI ja dharatI para maraNIyA mAnavAnI tAkAtathI kotarI kADhyuM temAMsI-tera hajAranI saMkhyA jamA thaI. rAmanagaramAM beThelI rAmana zahenazAhata have ciMtAtura banI gai. spArTe kasanA gulAma laDavaiyAnI saMkhyA savAlAkha sudhI paheAMcI. rAmana zahenazAhatanA janma pachI kadI nahIM dekhAyelA evA mAnava samudAyane pratApI dekhAva iTAlInI dharatI para dekhAyA. rAmana zahenazAhatanI jIMdagImAM saikA sudhI nahI nipajelI evI saMgrAmanI karAmata AjhAda mAnavAnA mahAsenAnI spArTekase dAkhavI dIdhI. viSuviyasanu` mathaka peAtAnAM sihAsanAmAM hacamacI uThelI sIneTe spArTekasanI hilacAlanA saMhAra karavA AkhA sAmrAjyamAMthI cunaMdA laDavaiyAe khelAvyA. sIneTanA khate kAnsaleAe lAkhAnA lazkarAnI saradArI lIdhI. e vanA samaya para vistAra pAmelA saMgrAme rezamanagaranA pAyA halAvI nAkhyA. eka pachI bIjo vijaya meLavatA spArTekasa have rAmanagara para caDhatA hatA. zahenazAhatanA mahAsenAnI kresiyasa aneka parAjyeA pAmIne rAmamAM bhAgI AvyA hatA. AjhAdInuM virATa kalevara dhAraNa karIne gulAma mAnavAne samudAya i. sa. pU. nA 71 mAM varSoMmAM rezamanagara pAse AkharI jaganI gAThavaNI karatA hatA. rAmana zahenazAhate sa tAkAta ekaThI karIne AkharI jaMganI saradArI kresasa ane peImpIne soMpI. A saMgrAma zarU thatAM pahelA spArTekase pAtAnI saMgrAma samitInI beThakamAM eka kedI banelA rezamana saradArane kheAlAvyA ane tene chUTA karatAM tenA hAthamAM " rekasa saurama " nAmanuM eka aitihAsika khata ApyuM. spArTekase A khata uparAMta hAthIdAMtaneA rAmanazAhInA adhikAranA rAjadaMDa e saradArane pAche sAMpyA ane kahyuM ke " rAmana ! A rAjadaMDa lai ne "" :

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prAthIna yugano madhyayugI akeDe, rAma Aje tuM mAre rAjaduta bane ane rAmanagaramAM beThelI tArI sIneTane mAre A saMdeze suprata kara." spArTakase mokalele "resa sarama" nAmane A saMdeze mAnavajAtanI AjhAdInuM paheluM aitihAsika khata hatuM. mAlike jemane "InsTamenTa kela" kahetA hatA, te gulAma nAmanA belatA yaMtrane athavA gulAma mAnavasamudAyane A zabda hatuM. A lekhamAM virATa mAnavavatI smArTekase ekaja mAgaNuM raju karI hatI. A mAgaNI e hatI ke remana sIneTe AkhA ITAlI para gulAma mAnane chUTA karIne temane pitApitAne vatana javAnI chUTa ApavI tathA je ITAlImAMja rahevA mAgatA hoya temane samAna mAna tarIke rahevA devA. pelA remana saradArane pitAnA saMdezAnuM khatapatra ApatAM smArTa kare saMgrAma saMmiti vattI kahyuM ke mana, Aje amAre saMdeza laI janAra tuM amAre lIgeTa banavAne taiyAra thayuM che te rAmanagaramAM beThelI sIneTane amArA vatI saMbhaLAvaje ke; "jagata, tame romanoe luMTI ANelI delatanA bhapakAthI have trAsI uThayuM che. AkhA remana sAmrAjya upara gulAma banelA mAnava samudAya para phaTakArAtI cAbUkenA citkAranuM gIta have jagata sAMbhaLavA nathI mAgatuM. tame rAmana zAsakee mAnavasamudAyanI yAtanAonuM saMgIta sAMbhaLavAmAM ja Aja sudhI AnaMda mANyo che, ane tame tathA tamArI strIoe nazo karIne tamArA khoLAmAM pALelA kutarAone paMpALatAM tamArA empIthiyeTaromAM amArAM rUdhiranI vahetI nikane dekhavAmAM moja mANI che. A rIte mAnavajAtanAM svapnonI krara hAMsI karatAM karatAM tame badhAM kevAM galIca banyA cho te dekhavAnuM bhAna paNa tame gumAvI dIdhuM che. AyAya jagatamAM cera ane DAkuo banIne tame tamArI managarIne bhapake saryo che. ane mana, ATaluM kahIne tArI sIneTane A patra Apaje ane kaheje ke jene tame leke belatuM yaMtra kahe che tevA koI ekaja gulAmane A AvAja nathI. paNa jagatabharamAM gulAma banelA virATa mAnavanA samudAyanA rUpavALA bolatA yaMtrano A avAja che. tamArAM game tevAM lazkare A avAjane kadI baMdha karI zakaze nahiM. A avAja anaMtakALa sudhI bolyA karaze ane tamArI badhI killebaMdhInI divAlane cIrI nAMkhaze." pachI AkharI saMgrAma laDAye. hajAro gulAmenAM zaba remanagara ane kepUvAnagara vacce chavAI gayAM. saMgrAmanA ItihAsamAM ati vikrALa evo A saMgrAma jagatabharanAM gulAma banelAM mAnanA mRtadehe vaDe ubharAya. mana

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238 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA sIneTane vijaya thayo. remana sAmrAjyanA pimpI ane kresasa nAmanA mahAsenAnIo cha hajAra gulAmone kedI tarIke laIne remanagaramAM peThA tyAra pachI kepuA nagarathI rAmanagara sudhInA ati suMdara evA epiana rastA upara chahajAra mAMcaDA ThekavAmAM AvyA ane tenA para pelA cha hajAra gulAmamAnavanAM zarIrane khIlAothI ThekI devAmAM AvyAM. tyAra pachI pAchAM mana sAmrAjyanA rAjavahivaTanI pAlakhIo ane rathe A suMdara rastA para vahevA mAMDyA. remana AnaMdanuM ampIthieTara emphIthieTaranuM jaMgI kalevara eka sAthe hajAre prekSakonI sagavaDavALuM bhaya upajAve tevuM bhavya ane bhapakAdAra nimAyuM hatuM. A empIthieTaromAM romana zAsake ane zrImaMtanA AnaMda mATe ekalI sAThamArIonA dara dekhAva ubharAvA mAMDyA hatA ane romana samazeranAM aneka rUpa ahIM ghAtakatAnA atireka jevAM AbehUba banyAM hatAM. patita banelo zAsaka samAja ahIM metanA dekhAva mATe nazAkhera Avega dharIne ekaTho thatuM hatuM. jIvananI chellI paLa para raheMsAI jatI pazuo ane mAnanI aMdagInI sAThamArImAM motanAM lehIALa svarUpe dekhate ane rAte A zAsaka samAja bhaviSyane bhUlatuM hatuM, tane upAsate hatuM ane ghAtakatAnuM mUlya sajate hate. A empIthieTare have pazuonI maraNayAtanAothI ubharAtI lohInI choLo vaDe zAsakenA Avegane pUrate AnaMda ApI zakatAM nahotAM. eTale have emphIthieTaramAM pazuo sAthe gulAmonI sAThamArI zarU karavAmAM AvI hatI. parAjya pAmelA dezomAMthI gulAma banIne AvI pahoMcelA dikarAo mana zAsananI lehInI tarasa saMtoSavA mATe remana mAlikenI kemAMthI gleDieTaranuM nAma dhAraNa karIne sAThamArI mATe hAjara thatA ane aMdara aMdara kapAI maravAnI sAThamArInI ujavaNI karatA khapI jatA. manazAhInI jIMdagInI nAgariktAnuM AnaMda upabhagenuM, empIthieTaranuM vizALa cagAna vizva- mAnavatAnuM lehI cUsyA karatuM. emphIthieTara para paDatAM zaba sAMkaLothI taNuIne metanA khADAomAM alepa thaI jatAM. zAsakenA samAjane AnaMda utsava mAnavInA astitva ujADI mUkate, malina AnaMdanI cicIyArI karatA hatA. tyAre mana helIDe" nuM AvuM senerI TegAovALuM rUpa surajanA prakAzamAM jaLahaLatuM hatuM, ane havAmAM saMgItanA sura uDatA hatA. siriyAthI AvelAM attaranI gaMdha A baLe bhegI viharatI hatI. evI vizva ItihAsanI

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kiDanI karI . jo tAra rikavarI koma prAcIna yugane madhyayugI ekeDe, rAma A prakharatA ahIM karapINa banIne ubhI hatI. romana zahenazAhatanI nAgacUDamAM sapaDAyela ane gleDieTara banele gulAma avIjha mAnavajAtanA dezadeza para verAyalA bhaMgAramAMthI zahenazAhatanA A pATanagara para zApa varasAva sAThamArInA matamAM khapI te Do. zahenazAhatanuM patana 2. dhI romana aMdagImAM yupITara nAmane yuddhanA devatA AvA rUpane ke A saMDAnuM rUpa banAvIne besI gayo hato. remana zahenazAhatano udaya eka nahIM paNa aneka kAraNomAMthI thaye hato tema tane aMta paNa aneka kAraNavALo hatA. A vizALa zahenazAhatanA rAkSasI kalevarane nAza pAmatAM paNa keTalI moTI samaya lAge hato ! traNa traNa saikAo sudhI e nAza pAmyA karyuM. eka ja rAtamAM nahIM baMdhAyeluM evuM roma eka ja divasamAM paDyuM nahI. traNa varasa sudhI e patana pAmyA karyuM. A badhAM varasanI enI jIMdagI para yuddhanI yAtanAoja varasyA karI. AkramaNanI badhIja vizALa ane jaMgI ghaTanAonuM evuM ja thatuM hoya che. e vizALa ane jaMgI kalevara ekaluM bahAranAM kAraNathI ja nahIM paNa jyAre enI potAnI aMdaranAM kAraNe enAM hADanA kamaThANane kerI nAkhe che tyAre aMdara bahAranAM ekaThAM kAraNa ene aMta bane che. A zahenazAhatanA patananAM kAraNo tarIke romana zAsakalekanuM atyAcArI jIvana, ka Eaa mA nI + **

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240 vizva ItihAsanI upara sAmAjika nItimattAne saMpUrNa nAza, enI aMdara cAlate varga vigraha ane AMtaravigraha, enuM patana pAmatuM vyApAri paribaLa, ene durAcAranA ja rUpavALe jAlIma kArabhAra, mAnava samudAya para goThavAI gaelI ane phasAdera jevo karabhAra ane veThonI sitama cakkI, tathA sarva saMhAraka evA ene saMgrAme vigere kahI zakAya. Arthika kAraNe zahenazAhatanAM patananAM Arthika kAraNe enA jIvana vyavahAramAMthI janmatAM gayAM. A kAraNomAM paheluM kAraNuM iTAlInA kheDUtane vAlIo athavA ardhagulAma banavAnI sthiti hatI. dhIme dhIme beThAkhAu jamInadArI nIce romana kheDUte pAyamAla thaI jatA hatA ane khetI choDI detA hatA ane saMsthAnamAMthI dANe Avato hato. saMsthAnemAMthI AvatI lUMTa pachI kamI thatI jatI hatI. vyApAra paranAM jokhame vadhI gayAM hatAM. iTAlImAM AvatA kAcA mAlanA DhagalAmAMthI pAkI pedAza nipajAvanAra kArIgare khatama thatA jatA hatA. bIjA pradeze potAne tyAM pAka mAla nipajAvatA harIpha utpAdako paNa banavA mAMDyA hatA. lazkarane kharca vadhe ja jatuM hatuM. ne karazAhInuM rUpa ati vizALa banI cUkyuM hatuM. sarakArI taMtra bilakula svabhakSaka banavA mAMDyuM hatuM. calaNI nANuM paDavA mAMDyuM hatuM. ekatA ane samAnatAnuM rU5 romana samAjanA, Arthika vyavahAramAM khatama thaI gayuM hatuM ane paraspara hakUmatavALI bhedaracanA zarU thaI gaI hatI. aMdaraaMdaranA Arthika kalahe ugra banI cUkyA hatA. romana sAmrAjyamAM gulAmenA baLavA zarU thaI gayA hatA. patita arthakAraNa para jIvatI rAjakIya bhUtAvaLa arthakAraNanA zaba para jANe saikA junI rAjakIya bhutAvaLa haju hacamasyA karatI hatI, ane meta pAmavA pahelAne sannipAta jamAvatI hatI. A rAjakIya svarUpane udaya te samAna rAmana adhikAramAMthI zarU thayuM hatuM paNa Aje sarvabhakSaka banelA jAlIma kArabhAre temAMthI badhI samAnatAne zoSI lIdhI hatI. romana nAgarikanuM AraMbhamAM hatuM tevuM nAgarikarUpa have rahyuM nahotuM. have te e rUpamAMthI badhI nAgarikatAne saMskAra evAI gayo hato ane eklAM zastro ja rahyAM hatAM. zastra ekaluM ja jene zaNagAra hatA, tevuM remana rAjakAraNa ekalA yuddhanuM ja rAjakAraNa banI cUkayuM hatuM. A rAjakAraNe have aMdaraaMdaranA yuddhane kAranuM ya AraMbhI dIdhuM hatuM. sIneTa nAmanI sarvocca rAjakIya saMsthA have phoramanI vyAsapITha para zaba banIne vaLa ceSTAo ja

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prAcIna yuganA madhyayugI akADA, rAma 241 karI zakatI hatI. ITAlIne aMdaranA rAjakArabhAra kAgaLa para ja cAlu rahyo hatA. lazkarI saradAreA jyAM saradAro hatA tyAMnA pradeza paranA svacchaMda zAsakA tee banavA mAMDayA hatA. aMdaranA AvA aMdheramAM zahenazAhatanA badhA rakSaNa juhu khullA thaI gayA hatA. ane badhI divAleA, bahAranA kAipaNa dhakkA nIce patana pAmavAne taiyAra ubhI hatI. mahAranAM AkramaNA tyAre bahAranAM AkramaNa paN AvA paheAMcyAM. rAmana sarahado para gotha lekAnuM dabANa AvI paheAMcyuM ane I. sa, 376 mAM temane meAeziyAnA pradeza para vasavA devAmAM AvyA. paNa tyAM romana zahenazAhatanA jAlIma kArabhAra sAme temaNe baLavA karyo ane rAmana laskara eDrIAnepala AgaLa parAjaya pAmyuM. i. sa. 400 mAM elerIke Alpasa pavamALa oLaMgIne iTAlI para AkramaNa karyuM" ane I. sa. 410 mAM rAma nagarane tArAja karyuM. i. sa. 455 mAM rAma nagara para vAnDAla AkramaNa AvI paheAMcyuM. pAchuM rAma patana pAmyuM. i. sa. 451 mAM huNanuM AkramaNa eTIlAnI AgevAnI nIce romana zahezAhatanA iTAlI dezanI tArAjI karatuM AvI pahoMcyuM. tyAre rAmana zahenazAhata pAte rAmamAM te hatI ja nahIM. maraNa pAmI cUkelI A zahenazAhatanuM maDu konasTenaTAina nAmanA zahenazAhe pAtAnA nAmavALA pUrvamAM"navA vasAvelA kenasTenTInepalamAM besADayuM hatuM. paNa pazcima pradezamAMthI te rezamana zahenazAhata sapUrNa aMta pAmI cUkI hatI. 31

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ra vizva itihAsanI rUparekhA gira sekA pachI zamana zahenazAhatanI jIMdagInA agIAra saikAo vahI gayA pachI eka rAtanA rAmanagara saLagatu hatu, ane ThaMDu paDatuM hatuM. paNa geAtha AkramaNa thayA pachI rAmanazAhInI jIMdagInA khArasAne sAtamA varase pAchuM rAma saLagatuM hatuM. rezamana zahenazAhatanA itihAsanA saikAmAMthI sIjhAnA aneka AkAro ubhA thaI jatA saLagatA rAmane jANe dekhatA hatA. itihAsanuM A prAcIna kakSastAna zahenazAhatanA AkharI samaye udhaDI jaI ne jANe daMtakathA para caDhelI rAmanagaranA udayanI vAta dekhatuM hatuM. rAnyulase ene janamAvyuM hatuM ane enA janmadAtAnI sAme peleTAinanI TekarIo para tyAre bAra gIdha dekhAyA hatA. rAmana zahenazAhatanA pATanagaranA aMtanA A samaya, viSAdanuM mauna dhAraNa karatA hatA. itihAsanI kalama zAka ke AnaMdanI chAyA vinA tavArIkheA noMdhatI hatI ke, * sAmrAjyAnAM patanamAM ghaNAM kAraNe! hAya che, athavA te A badhAM kArA, zahenazAhata nAmanA eka mahA kAraNanAM ja pariNAmeA heAya che.' rAmana zahenazAhatanI prApti-vyavasthA ane kAyA rAmana zahenazAhatanI sauthI moTI prApti AkhA gatane athavA bhUmadhyanA jagatane yuddo vaDe jitavAnI hatI. bhUmadhya jagatane eNe peAtAnA zAsana cakra nIce jakaDI laI ne A jagatamAM je kAI saMskAravatana ke saMskRtinAM vyavahAra svarUpA hatAM te svarUpomAMthI A vijayI zahenazAhate potAne mATe badhAM yuddha sAdhanA ja dhAraNa karI lIdhAM ane eNe A bhUmadhyajagatane taravAranI aNI nIcenI ekacakrI damananI vyavasthAmAM parAvI dIdhuM. A vyavasthA sAmrAjyavAdI vyavasthA hatI. A vyavasthAe bhUmadhyajagatane peAtAnuM saMsthAna banAvI dIdhu. zahenazAhatanI vyavasthAnI tAkAtane vArasA eNe pazcimanA jagatane dIdhA. A vyavasthAnA graMthe bhaNIbhaNIne, yarApanA dezA have zAhIvAdI rUpanI vyavasthA racavAmAM pAvaradhA banavAnA hatA. pazcimanA jagatane A rAmana zahenazAhatane vyavasthA zaktinA athavA vyavahAranA padArtha pAne sAmrAjyavAdI vAraso maLyo A vyavasthAnuM ja svarUpa rezamana kAnUna hatA. sarakAra calAvavAnI kaLA athavA vyavahAranuM zAstra rAmana kAyadAzAstra banyuM. A kAyadAzAstrane urdubhava ekaja rAtamAM kAI e paMDitAi vaDe lakhI nAkhIne nahAto karyAM, kAnunanu rAmanarUpa, rAmana zahenazAhate karelA mAnavajAta sAmenA aneka aparAdhe atyAcAro ane kataleAmAMthI nirmAyuM hatuM. rezamana kAnunanuM A ArbhanuM svarUpa samAna rAmanAnI lAkazAhInuM hatuM. pachI eka pachI khIjAM rUpAMtarA karatA

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prAcIna yuganA ma yayugI akADA, rAma 3 rAmana zahenazAhataneA vyavahAra sarakArI vyavahAramAMthI rAmana kAnunane sajA hatA. A vyavahAre pUrva ane pazcimamAM sahArA macAvyA ane tene saMskRti kahI. eNe nagarAmAM raNaverAna sarajyAM ane tenuM nAma zAMti pADayuM. eNe mAnava samudAyAne zRMkhalAemAM jakaDI laine bhayAnaka evAM kriDAMgaNAnAM temane mATe deza paradezamAM nagarakAgAra racyAM ane tene AnaMdamaMgaLanA utsavA kahyA. paNa eNe A saumAMthI jaMgalI dazAmAM jIvatA AkhA yuropakhapara pAza vatAnuM rUpa dharIne, yarApa nAmanA jaMgalamAM vyavasthAne kAtarI kADhI ane bhUmadhya jagatane e vyavasthAnu kAyadAzAstra enAyata karyu. A kAyadA ane vyavasthAmAMthI dhImedhIme yarApe milkatanI sAcavaNInuM, aMdaranI salAmatinuM tathA vyavasthita jIvananuM sAmAjika taMtra dhaDavA mAMDyuM. A taMtranA badhA tANAvANA rAmana zahenazAhate didhelA vananA vyavahAsnA padArtha pAThamAMthI dhaDAvA mAMDayA. ati prAcIna sa'skRtinuM sagrahasthAna rAmana zahenazAhatanI prAptimAM bIjI eka mUkhya bAbata e banI ke eNe cIna, bhArata, IjIpta, grIsa ane ekhIlAna tathA kArathejanI sa MskRtinAM badhAM sAdhatA, kaLAo, ane AvaDatA tathA jJAna-vijJAnAne ekaThAM karIne zonA khaLa vaDe peAtAnI pAse jakaDI rAkhIne pachI e badhuM eNe yuropane i dIdhuM. A zahenazAhatanA pAzavI svarUpane lIdhe, kaLA ke kArIgirI, jJAna ke vijJAna, tathA udyoga ke yaMtra AvaDatamAM kazA sudhArA thaI zakayA nahI . e badhu jevuM hatuM tevuM eNe yarApanI ugatI prajAeAne, pUrvanA mahAna dezanA pote jItI lIdhelA varasAnA rUpamAM khUba vyApaka ane vizALa banAvIne ekaThA karelA saMgrahasthAnanA rUpamAM dIdhu. rAmana jIvanavyavahAra zikSaNamAM paNa kazI navI zodha karI nahIM, paNa eNe je hatuM te zikSaNurUpa vyApaka banAvyuM. eNe adhikArI mijAgathI abhyA sakramA banAvyA ane vidyAthI jagatamAM sATIne camakAro sajAvI dIdhA. eNe kalA zilpakalAmAM kazuM navuM umeyu nahI. eNe kamAtA ke ghUmmaTa paNa navA dhAyA nahIM parantu je hatuM tene peAtAnI tAkAtanA pA Ine jaMgI ane jAjaramAna rUpamAM jamAvI dIdhuM. eNe ciMtananI kAI navI zAkhA zodhI nahIM ke sAhityanI kAI navI kavi tAnuM pada racyuM nahIM ane vakatRtva kaLAmAM navInatA umerI nahI. eNe A badhAmAM je kaMi hatuM tenA rUpamAM, avAjanA raNakAra ane chaTAnA adhikAra dAkhala karyAM.

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vikava ItihAsanI rUparekhA saMskRtine ItihAse bheTa didhelo remana kAnUna remana saMskRtinuM rUpa mukhyatve vahivaTI taMtranuM sAmrAjya svarUpa hatuM. A sAmrAjyanA svarUpe sAmAjika jIvana vyavahAranA baMdhubhAvamAM kaI mUlya didhuM nahIM ane A svarUpa jIvana vyavahArane pAyA jevA vaijJAnika vyavahAra rUpanA vikAsamAM paNa keI navI zepa ApI zakyuM nahIM. chatAM eNe sAmAjika zAstramAM eka ne ja vyavahArapATha ItihAsanI prayogazALAmAM ghaDIne ane pitAnA jIvananA vahivaTamAM dhAraNa karIne jagatane enAyata karyo. A pAThane AraMbha eNe romana jIvanamAM peTrIziyana ane plebiyana nAmanA be vargo vacce cAlatA kalahamAM ane e kalahane pahelAM baLa vaDe dAbI devAnI ane pachI samAdhAna vaDe samajI levAnI ane dabAvIne pitAnA jIvana vahivaTamAM goThavI levAnI kaLAnA vahivaTI jJAnathI zarU karyo. tyArapachI A padArtha pAThane eNe pArakA dezane chatIne temane parAdhIna banAvIne temanuM zoSaNa kArya karavAnA sAmrAjyanA vahivaTI vyavahAramAM cha dIdhe. A padArtha pAThanuM satva banAvIne romana saMskRtie bhaviSyanAM sAmrAne kAma Ave te romana kAnUna gha. Arthika milkatane dhAraNa karanArAo tathA rAjakIya hakumatanuM zAsana calAvanArAoe samAja para potAno adhikAra cAlu rAkhavAnI kaLA A kAnUnane kAyadAmAM bharIne AlekhI. - romana kAnUna pramANe milkatanA hakko ane zAsananA adhikAre sau adhikAromAM ucca ane sanAtana lekhAyA. A adhikAranA remana svarUpanI tyAranI sauthI moTI milkata gulAma nAmane mAnava samudAya hate. A samudAyane pitAnA jIvana vahivaTanI sarvAgI pakaDa nIce rAkhavAnI tamAma tarakIbene A kAnane kAyadA ane vyavasthAnI sAcavaNI karanArA eka mAtra InsApha tarIke sthApita karI. paraMtu remana kAnUnanuM A InsAphI svarUpa ItihAsane mAnava jIvanavyavahAra pheMkI devAnuM hatuM. A InsAphane kAnUna ane vyavasthA ghaDanArUM romana sAmrAjya have jagata parathI nAza pAmI gayuM hatuM chatAM vIsamA saikA sudhI ItihAsamAM AvanArA navAM sAmrAje ane temanAM vahivaTI taMtro mATe remana kAnana, nizALonA abhyAsakramo mATe nakkI thaI gayo. romana kAnUnanI abhyAsa pothIonI aneka nakale chapAI ane navAM sAmrAjyanI vidyApIThoe A kAnUnanI AvaDatapara vakIlAtanI vidyApravRttine saMskRtinA vidyAbhyAsamAM dAkhala karI dIdhI. regana zahenazAhatanA aMta pachI pesa, rekhAnA ne badale pekasa briTAnikAnuM nUtana nAma dhAraNa karanArI ItihAsanI odyogika sAmrAjyavAdI ghaTanAne mana kAnana vArasa banyA.

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prAcIna saMskRtinuM mulyAMkana [[ prAcIna samayanuM dharmarUpa-prAcIna itihAsanuM vijJAnarUpa -saMskRtinuM prAcIna ghara-vijJAnarUpane nUtana janma-vijJAnarUpanI nirapekSatA-vijJAna hilacAlane grIka jhaMDAdhArI-isAI saMghanI agniparIkSA-remanagara have vizvanagara nahetuM-mana sAmrAjyanA bhaMgAramAMthI janmeluM jagata-madhyayugI aMdhakAranAM paDaLaaMdhakAra sAmenA paDakAra samo IslAmane udaya-islAmanuM utthAna baMne paththarayuga jevA AraMbhakALamAM mAnavasamudAe, vijJAnaghaTanAnA pAyArUpa evuM prAthamika Tekanika athavA kriyAvidhAna zarU karyuM hatuM. A svarUpa padArthamAMthI zarUAtanAM sAdhanonA AkAra ghaDavAnuM hatuM, ane agninA upayoganuM hatuM. A svarUpa jaMgalamAM ane verAmAM prANIonA svabhAva ane TenuM tathA vanaspationI kriyAonuM avalokana karavAnuM paNa hatuM. A jamAnAmAM ja I'lllli - 'lllllllllllll, WillWlD[ '///

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246 liva ItihAsanI rUparekhA mArUM mAnava vaccene sahakAra saMbaMdha, bhASAnA prAraMbhanA paricayamAM ane zarUAtanA citrakAmamAM zarU thaI cUkyo hato. pachI grAmaghaTake paNa bIjA tabakkAmAM zarU thayAM. A grAmajIvanA jIvanavyavahArane pAye zarUAtanuM khetInuM svarUpa banyA. A khetInA jIvanavyavahAranI AsapAsa khetInA kriyAvidhAnanI sAthe vaNATakAma, mATIkAma, citrakAma tathA dharmanA prAthamika rUmavALA kriyAkAMDa zarU thayA. A kriyAkAMDanI deravaNuM karanArA bhuvAo tyAranA samAjanA AgevAne jevA hatA. bhANasanA zarIranI kriyAo ane bahAranA jagatamAM thatI kriyAo para asara karI zakavAne prAthamika jIvanane jAdunA repavALo A namra AraMbha hato. A AraMbhanI kriyAo Ape Apa ane ajJAtarIte zarU thaI paraMtu Aste Aste padArthavAstavatAnAM avelekanA ApoApa zIkhAtA padArthapATha temAM umerAtA gayA. A rIte mAnavasamAjanI prAthamika jIvanadazA, jagatanI vAstava kriyAo sAthe sahaanubhUtinuM rUpa dhAraNa karavA mAMDI, jAdu, bhUvAe ane devadevIo mAnavIne prAthamika jIvataramAM zarU thaI cUkeluM A vicArarUpa kahevAya. A vicAre athavA vyAkhyA haju siddhAMta nahetA banyA paNa matAgrahanuM rUpa dhAraNa karatA hatA. A mAnyatAnuM rUpa e hatuM ke bahAranA padArtha jagata para "pIrITasa" athavA sa asara karI zake che. A sarvenI athavA spIrITa"nI kalpanAne AraMbha svanA dekhAvamAMthI ane mota pAmavAnI hakIktane nahIM svIkArI levAnI sahaja evI IcchAmAMthI thaye ho joIe. ToLAMonA maraNa pAmelA AgevAno ane vaDavAo maraNa pachI paNa "spIrITa" athavA "satvarUpa" dhAraNa karIne jIvatAM rahetAM hoya che tevA prAthamika dazAnA khyAla baMdhAvA mAMDyA. A sonuM rUpa zarIrane choDI gayA pachI paNa jIvatuM rahetuM chavarUpa che evuM manAvA mAMDyuM. A varUpe adazya rahIne jagata para kriyAo karI zakatAM hovAno khyAla prAthamika dazAnuM dhama. svarUpa banavA mAMDe. A sa, jIvarUpa, Aste Aste devadevIo paNa thavA mAMDyAM tathA temanI aMdara jAdu karI zakavAnI zaktinAM AropaNa thavA mAMDyAM. AvA dharmadhaTanAnA AraMbharUpe manuSya ane spIrITa, ke sonI vacce ane pachIthI devadevIonI vaccenAM anusaMdhAne ane saMparka sAdhanAra tathA devadevIovatI vAta karI zakanAra e eka bhuvAone varga ubhe karyo.

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prAcIna saMskRtinuM mulyAMkana ra47 dharmarUpane AraMbhano A dekhAva, "satya" athavA "spIrITa'thI zarU thayo. A spIrITa athavA "jIva' nI kalpanA sAthe pachI kudaratI kriyAomAMthI paNa ane zarIranA rogamAMthI paNa spIrITa ane sonA taraMge AkAra dharavA lAgyA ane dharmanA kriyAkAMDe tenI pAchaLa vaNAvA lAgyA. A badhAM taraMgarUponI murtio paNa ghaDAvA lAgI. A mUrtionA aneka AkAra banyA ane saunI ArAdhanA athavA pujAonI kriyAo paNa nakkI thavA lAgI. A badhAM devadevIo athavA devatAomAM paNa pachI ochI ane vadhAre tAkAtavALAM devatAonA vargo thayA. A saunI manuSyo paranI ane aMdara aMdaranI kriyAonI kathAo paNa bhuvAo mAraphata mAnava samAjanI mAnyatAonuM taraMgIrUpa dhAraNa karavA lAgI. A rIte tyAranA jagatamAM thatI padArthakriyAo kudaratanI kriyAo ane manuSyanA zarIranI kriyAo sAthe paNa sonA taraMgavALuM zarU thaeluM dharmarUpa vaNAI javA mAMDayuM. vikAsa pAmatA prAthamika jIvananI kriyAo A rIte vAstavika samajaNa athavA vaijJAnika samajaNa tarapha gati karavAnI gaDamathala karatI AvuM taraMgarUpa dhAraNa karavA mAMDI hatI. A taraMgarUpa satya athavA devatAo banIne manuSyanA prAthamika jIvanavyavahAramAM otapreta banavA mAMDayAM hatAM. khUba dhImedhIme, A sa ane devatAo, sAcI vAstavikatAnI samajaNa athavA vijJAnanA udhya sAthe, padArtha kriyAo banI jaIne zamI javAnA hatA. vijJAnane vikAsa Aje vananA vyavahAre ja eka samayanA agnidevane padArthanI kriyA tarIke, raju karI dIdhuM che. baLIyA athavA zitaLA nAmanA eka samayanA devatAne, roganuM jaMtu banAvIne vijJAne tene Aje prayogazALAnI TesTaTayubamAM dAkhala karI dIdho che. paraMtu vijJAnane Aje che te vikAsa pitAnuM khUba jhAMkhu evuM rUpa te prAcIna samayathI dhAraNa karatA hatA, paraMtu te khUba dhIme hate. vijJAnanI AvI ghaTanAne vikAsa eka divasamAM nathI thayo. Ajane hajAra varasane vizva-ItihAsa eka rIte kahIe te vijJAnane ja ItihAsa che. mAnava samAjanA vAstavajagata sAthenA jIvananA vyavahAranuM vijJAnarUpa hajAre varasanI jIvana vikAsanI ane saMskRtine pAyo banelI, vijJAna nAmanI ghaTanA che A vijJAnaghaTanAnuM AraMbhanuM rUpa ati prAcIna samayamAM zarU thayuM tyAre dharmarUpamAM seLabheLa thaI gaeluM hatuM. tenuM tyAranuM svarUpa jAdunuM rUpa hatuM, ane kudaratanAM rahasyanuM bItuM bIDuM avalokana karatuM hatuM eTale kudaratane aMdha rIte AdhIna hatuM, ane vyavahAramAM kevaLa kudarata sAthe ja baMdhAyeluM hatuM.

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248 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA prAcIna itihAsanuM vijJAnarUpa padArtha mAMthI kudaratapara kAbu meLavavAnAM prAthamika sAdhanA banAvIne mAnavasamudAye jIvananI peAtAnI prAthamika dazA zarU karI. AkhA pattharayuga A sAdhanAnI sAkSI pUre che. A sAkSI jevAM A yugajIvananAM sAdhanA ane hathiAre che. A sAdhanA ane thiAre pAte manuSyanA vijJAnane AraMbha che. yaMtrazAstra ane padArtha vijJAnanA AmAM namra AraMbha dekhI zakAya che. agninI zodhamA athavA upayAgamAM rasAyaNa vijJAnanA atinamra evA prAraMbha pArakhI zakAya che. A prAthamika jIvataramAM ja prANIo ane vanaspatinAM zarIrAnA avalAkanamAMthI ane temanI kriyAonA sahajabhAnamAMthI prANIjIvana vijJAna, janma pAmatuM ApaNe kalpI zakIe chIe, TALAbaMdha jIvatA A prAthamika samAja parasparanA saMparkamAM sAmAjika sahakAra ane sahacAranA sAdhana jevI khArAkhaDI ane zabdo khelavA mAMDayA che, ane zikSaNa kriyAnA prAraMbha samAM citrA deravA mAMDayA che tathA kriyAkAMDA karavA mAMDelA ApaNe prAthamika dazAmAM ja dekhI zakIe chIe. O A prAthamika dazAne Arabha zikArI samAjanA svarUpavALA che. A zikArI samAjanA jIvanavyavahAranA kANu zikAra banatAM prANIo uparane che. A kAjInuM svarUpa zikAra karavAnu che. prANIone nipajAvatuM ke temanuM pAlana karavAnuM A svarUpa nathI, paNa pachI mAnava itihAsamAM eTale mAnava jIvanavyavahAramAM krAnti AvI pahocI A krAntinA svarUpe mAnava vyavahAranA sAmAjika rUpamAM krAntikArI palaTA ANI dIdhe. zikArajIvananA arthaMkaraNamAM taMgI AvatAnI sAthe e kaTokaTIne TAMgavA mAnavasamAje khetIvADIvALuM jIvana zarU karyuM . A nUtana jIvanavyavahAranuM pAyAnuM rUpa, zikArapara ja AdhAra rAkhavAne badale pazupAlananuM ane pazunipajanu` banyuM. A krAntikArI pheraphAre kudaratamAMthI ugI nIkaLe te ja bhAjIpAle khAIne jIvavAne badale, dhAnyane nipajAvavAne athavA khetI karavAne vyavasAya Ara MbhyA. A vyavasAye mAnavajIvanane vasava Ta karavAnuM sthAyIrUpa dIdhuM A krAMtie manuSya ane kudaratane saMbadha navA pAyA para mUkI dIdheA. A jIvana vyavahArathI manuSyane kudarata ane prANIonI utpAdana kriyAnuM vaijJAnika bhAna thavA mAMDayuM. A uparAMta khetInA navA vyavasAyamAMthI khIjA` kriyAvidhAna athavA * TekanIka 'tuM manuSyane jJAna thavA mAMDyuM. vAvetarathI mAMDIne te ugavAnI kriyA

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prAcIna saMskRtinuM mulyAMkana 249 uparAMta bhaNavAnI ane daLavAnI tathA pakavavAnI kriyAo uparAMta vaNavAnI ane mATInAM vAsaNa banAvavAnI ane jhUpaDAM bAMdhavAnI kriyAo eNe jIvana vyavahAramAMthI saMpAdana karavA mAMDI. saMskAra ane saMskRtinI AvI namra zarUAta pAlaka ane utpAdaka jIvanamAM zarU thaI. A nUtana jIvana vyavahAranA pAyAmAMja, manuSyanI kriyAnuM navuM vaijJAnikarUpa kevaLa kArya athavA zrakriyAne badale zramakArya nAmanuM banyuM. zramakAryanuM svarUpa taratajanAM pariNAme sAthe joDAvAne badale dUranAM pariNAmo sAthe joDAyuM. dAkhalA tarIke zikArI jIvananI zramakriyA tarata ja khAI javAnI kriyA athavA taratajanI pariNAma kriyA sAthe joDAyelI hatI. paraMtu have vAvetarathI mAMDIne te khAvAnuM pakavavA sudhInI kriyAo ane pariNAme dUranA samayamAM AvavAnAM pariNAmo athavA bhaviSyanA samaya sAthe joDAya che. A pariNAmonI kriyAoe manuSyanI kriyAne janAvALI banAvI tathA zramane zramakAryanuM svarUpa enAyata karyuM. jIvanavyavahAranA jJAnarUpa ane vijJAnarUpa tarapha AgaLa vadhavAne A AraMbha samaya hate. paraMtu A nUtanarUpamAM zikArI samAjamAM hatI tevI jaMgalanI dazAnA zikAranA romAMcaka anubhavo ane mijabAnIonA sAhasika jalasAo ochA thaI jatA hatA. A dazAmAM ja mAnavasamAja jJAnanuM phaLa cAkhatA hatA. bAIbalanI aMdarano prAthamika samAja A jJAnanuM phaLa cAkhatAM, jaMgalanA zikArI svargamAMthI patana pAmate hate. paNa A patana nahotuM. grIka sAhityamAM varNavAyeluM A svarUpa jJAnanA nUtanajJAnanA udayavALuM promIthIyasanI kathAmAM AlekhAyuM. manuSya, prANIjagata ane vanaspatijagatane pitAnA vyavahAranI kriyAnI prayogazALAmAM lAvI daIne, jJAna ane vijJAnanI ArAdhanA zarU karI. vizvasaMskRtinI yojanA jIvanavyavahAranI AvI vaijJAnika ghaTanAnA khetIrUpane pAya banAvIne saritAonI saMskRtio ApaNuM pRthvI para vikasavA mAMDI. A saritAnAM mathake para nagararUpa racAvA mAMDayAM. A nagara saMskRtiomAM, khetIvADInA ja vikAsa mATe kUvAo khodavAnuM, rastAo bAMdhavAnuM ane nahera bAMdhavAnuM jIvanavijJAna AraMbha pAmyuM. vijJAna ane saMskRtinAM A saMskAradhAma, ijIpamAM nAIla nadI para, bhAratamAM siMdhu nadI para, TAIgrIsa ane yukreTIsa para ekasasa ane pILI nadI para tathA yAMgajhI ane velyA nadI para sauthI pahelAM zarU thayAM. 32

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250 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA A nagare, saMskRtinAM kAraNe nahetAM paNa pariNAme hatAM. khetInA jIvanavyavahAra aneka vyavasAyane janamAvyA hatA. A vyavasAye A nagara svarUpomAM yojanApUrvaka ekaThA maLatA hatA. A nagara rUpanI sAthe AsapAsanAM grAmaghaTake jIvana vyavahAranI ektAnAM ekama banIne joDAtAM hatAM. A badhAM ekamamAM zarU thayelAM devatAo A nagara rUpamAM racAvA mAMDelA sauthI moTA devatAnA sauthI moTA bhagavAnanI pratimAnI hakumata nIce AvatAM hatAM. AjasudhInA badhA bhuvAe paNa have nagaramAM hakumata dharAvatA, purahitenI hakumata nIce AvatA hatA, tathA jAduo jevuM dharmanuM rUpa dharma saMsthAne AkAra dhAraNa karatuM hatuM. vasavATa ane vyavahAranI kriyAo paNa have mAnavasamudAyamAM nagara racanAnA jIvanavyavahAramAM vargo janmAvatI hatI. kArIgare ane veThIyAo tathA gulAmonA vargo uparAMta vepArIone varga paNa vikAsa pAmavA mAMDyo hate. saritA saMskRtinuM saMskArarUpa evuM prAcIna saMskRtinuM A svarUpa jIvanavyavahAranAM sAdhavALuM tyAranA jJAna ane vijJAnanA pAyA para ubhuM. I. sa. pUrve pAMca hajAra varasa para IjIpta ane siMdhunAM nagaromAM nipajelAM khurazI Tebale, ramakaDAMo, vAsaNa, ITe, nahera, ghare, divAle, plAsTa, kapaDAMo vagere jIvanaghaTanAnA sAdhanasAja AjanI jIvanaghaTanAne paNa sAdhanasAja che. A badhAM sAdhanone pAyA tarIke rAkhIne ja ApaNe temAM sudhArA karyA che. A uparAMta tyAranI jIvanadhaTanAe AraMbhelAM jIvana vahivaTanAM tamAma sAmAjika svarUpa, ane saMsthAone pAyA tarIke rAkhIne ja AjasudhInA badhA vahivaToe sudhArA karyA che. A pAyAo jevAM saMskAraghare, prAcIna jagatanA pUrvanA rASTromAM zarU thayAM. bhArata, IjIpta, bebIlenIyA vagere saMskRtinAM mUlyanI pArakha karanAra ane A mUlyone sAcavanAra, saMdharanAra ane tenA para marAmata karanAra grIka deze paNa prAcIna samayanA, I. sa. pUrvenA bAramA zatakathI sAtamA zataka sudhImAM pitAnI ghaTanAmAM saMskAra vyavahAranA pAyArUpa vaijJAnika vicAraNAne AraMbhI dIdhI hatI. grIka saMskRtinI viziSTatA ati prAcIna saMskRtionI sthiti cUstatA A nUtana uthAna pAmatA grIsa deza para AvI zakI nahIM kAraNa ke te IjIpta bebIlena ane siMdhunAM nagarethI alaga banIne, ati prAcInatAnI saMskRtinI tAravaNuM karI zake teTale dUra ubho hate. AvI tAravaNI karatA ane ati prAcIna saMskAranA vyavahAramAM

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prAcIna saMskRtinuM mulyAMkana 251 je mAnavajIvana mATe mUlyavAnuM mAluma paDe tene svIkAra karate ane tenuM samAra kAma karate, A rASTra dariyAI tAkAtane dhAraNa karIne ubho hate. eTale ja esIrIyAnA lazkaravAda jevo IrAnane AryalazkaravAda, jagata jItavA nIkaLatI zahenazAhata banIne grIka dharatI paranA saMskAra sAme saMhArane dhasAre banIne Avyo tyAre paNa grIsanA uptAdanarUpa sAme athaDAIne pAche paDyo, tathA grIka lokazAhImAM saMskAranI ghaTanAmAM AjhAdInuM rUpa umeryuM. grIka saMskRtie, ati prAcIna saMskRtionAM mUlya laIne ja mAnava vyavahAranuM saMskArarUpa pitAne tyAM ghaDavA mAMDyuM hatuM paraMtu teNe A ghaDataramAM pitAnI navInatAne paNa dAkhala karI. A navInatAnuM rUpa vijJAna rUpa hatuM. eNe vijJAna rU5nI vicAraNanA pATha hiMda bhUmi para jaine zIkhavA mAMDyA hatA. bhAratanI bhUmi para gautamabuddha Adarele vaijJAnika vicAraNAne pAye ane tene saMdha vyavahAra eNe najaronajara dITho hato. grIsanI dharatI para ciMtananA rUpane vaijJAnika pAyApara mUke tevA grIka mahAnubhAvo bhAratanA kaNabhUkone ane khagoLa tathA gaNitazAstrIone saMparka sAdhIne pAchA grIsamAM AvI pahoMcyA ane bhAratanI bhUmi paranI brAhmaNa hakumata jevuM ati prAcInatAnuM sthiticUstarUpa, grIka dharatIpara na hovAthI A nUtana tAjagIvALI kerI pattharapATI para saMskAranA mULAkSara ghUMTavA mAMDelI grIka mAnavatAe vijJAna rUpane eka AgaLane padArthapATha bhaNavA mAMDaze. vijJAna rUpane nUtana janma A padArtha pATha maMtrone mukhapATha karavAne nAte paNa buddhinI zuddhinA vyavahArane ja jIvana vyavahAra banAvavAno vaijJAnika vyavahArane padArthapATha rojabarojanA jIvanakAryamAM ghaDavAne hatA. A padArthapATha manuSyane taraMmAMthI vijJAnamAM laI janAra padArthapATha hate. A padArthapAThane vijJAna rUpavALe vyavahAra grIka saMskRti ghaDI zakI kAraNa ke grIka ItihAsanA jIvane, je saMskRtine pitAne tyAM janmAvI hatI te teNe pitAne mATe zodhI kADhI hatI. A zodha sAthe eTale ja enuM sthiticusta mamatva baMdhAyuM nahatuM ke maDAgAMTha bAjhI zakI nahotI paNa pitAne prAcIna jagatamAMthI je jagyuM hatuM temAMthI mUlyanI pArakha karIne eNe mUlyane ja pitAnA jIvana vyavahAramAM maDhavA mAMDyuM hatuM. A mathAmaNa ane maDhAmaNa sAthe eTale ja eNe zodhakanI rIta pramANe pRthakkaraNa karyuM. A pRthakkaraNa karatAM karatAM, savAla javAbe karatAM karatAM, sArAsAranI viveka kriyA karatAM karatAM je jarUrI, upayogI ane mUlyavAna mAlama paDyuM teja grIka saMskRtie dhAraNa karyuM.

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vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA A dhAraNa kriyAmAM eNe jagatanI kriyAe samajavA mATe mUkAyelAM jAdui jamAnAnI avaijJAnika daMtakathAo ane parI kathA tathA vhema ane aMdhamAnyatAonA inkAra karyAM. A dhAraNa kriyAe ArabhathI ja sIdhuM - sAduM jIvana aMgIkAra karIne samajaNane peAtAnA bhAmIyA banAvIne AgaLa vadhavA mAMDayuM. samajadAra vyaktinuM vyaktitva A mAnava samudAyanI saradArI levA mAMDayuM ane devadevIo tathA temanI saMsthAo, mAnavavyaktitvanA bhAnarUpanI sakAraNutAnA svarUpane guMgaLAvI zakayAM nahIM. bhAnarUpanI A sakAraNatA vAstavavAdI ane vijJAnavAdI banI. spara chatAM vijJAnanuM rUpa nirapekSa rahyuM : chatAM grIka dharatI para vikasavA mAMDelI vaijJAnika vicAraNA jIvanavyavahAramAM vaijJAnika kriyAvidhAnA mATenuM " TekanIka " dhAraNa karI zakI nahIM. A vaijJAnika vicAraNA vicAranAM svarUpAteja dhAraNa karIne gaNitazAstra, bhUmiti, ane khagALamAM ja aTavAyA karI. vicAraNA tarkazAstra ane pramANuzAstranI ghaTanAne ja bhAratIya nyAyazAstra ane gaNitazAstranI jema e ghaDI zakI. A vicAraNAe mAnava vyavahAranA rAjabarAjanA sAmAjika saMbaMdha rUpAne pramANa zAstranI pakaDathI ja sakAraNa banAvavAnA prayatna kayA. A vicAraNA padArthanI athavA kudaratanI kriyAnA vaijJAnika prayogo karI zakI nahIM paNa Akhu jagata athavA astitva sakAraNa che evuM pramANuzAstra dhaDI zakI, ane vijJAnanA rUpate jALavI rAkhI zakI. bhAratIya jIvanadhaTanA AvA vaijJAnika vicAra rUpa sudhI te paheAMcI ja zakI hatI parantu hiMdu jIvanadhaTanAnA hADamAM brAhmaNa hakumatane aMdha ane sAmAjika agacheda karanArA bhedarUpavALA, kIDA, dAkhala thaI gayA hatA tathA tene kArI khAtA hatA. eTale vijJAnarUpanI mAvajata karavAnI tAkAta teNe gumAvI hatI. parantu nirapekSa evA vijJAnarUpa para grIka jIvanavyavahAra paNa peAtAnA kArabhAranuM majabUta ane TakI zake tevuM kalevara dhaDI zakayA nahI. sakAraNatA te, vicAra rUpamAM ja saMdharI rAkhIne, strI ane gulAmeAnI yAtanAo para saMskRtinI imArata dhaDIne trAka jIvanavyavahAra paNa mahAna perIkalisanA samayanI bhavyatA para eka ja divasa caDhI jaine, itihAsanI eka paLa sudhI jyeAtiya banIne parasparanA saMhAranI yAdavAsthalImAM utarI paDayA. tyArapachI yuropIya vijJAnane pAyA banavA A nyeAtira deza zamI gayA. AjanA vijJAnanA grIka jhaMDAdhArI grIka saMskRtinuM AvuM nirapekSa chatAM vaijJAnika vicArarUpa, vijJAnanA vikAsa mATenI AraMbhanI rekhA, vijJAnanA prayAgamATenuM kriyAvidhAna tathA vaijJAnika

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prAcIna saMskRtinuM mulyAMkana 253 paribhASA peAtAnI pAchaLa mUkatuM gayuM. dezakALa padArthAnuM zarIrarUpa, manuSyanuM zarIrarUpa ane jagatanuM ghaTanArUpa A grIka vicAraNAe vaijJAnika chatAM nirapekSa evI Dhabe hAtha dharyuM. A rIte potAnI zodhakhALane aMte ene je pariNAmeA athavA ukelA hAtha lAgyA temAM taka zAstranI nirapekSa pramANasaratA, ane bhUmitizAstranI rekhAonI suMdaratA uparAMta vijJAnanAM khIjA mUlyeA utarI zakayAM nahI. chatAM prAcIna jagatanI vijJAnanI teja dhArAte A grIka jIvana jALavI rAkhI zakyuM. pachI grIka jagata para rAmana AkramaNa AvI paheAMcyuM. jIvana vyavahAranI adhI suMdaratA A AkramaNe pazunI DhakhathI chedI nAkhI. A AkramaNe grIka bhaNutaranAM badhAM mUlyAmAMthI AkhA jagata para dhasArA laI javAnI bhUmitine ja Adara karyo ane jagatane vadhAre vizALa banAvavAnA rastAo kAtarI nAkhyA. rAmana AkramaNe sakAraNatAne sahArI nAkhIne jyAMne tyAM, jIvanavyavahArane potAnA gulAma banAvavA, romana pramANa zAstraneA kAnUna dhaDI nAkhyo. ane kAyadAnI pramANasaratAnuM rUpa peAtAnA zAsananA adhikAra mATe dhaDyuM. rAmana AkramaNanAM aneka svarUpe nIce jagatabharanA mAnava samudAyA, ane sakAraNa jIvananI badhI vicAraNAonAM vijJAnarUpo kacaDAyA karyAM. mAnavajIvana vyavahAramAM vaijJAnika mUlyanuM jIvanarUpa che hajAra varasa jeTaluM pADyuM haTI gayuM. iTAlImAM, isAi saghanI agniparikSA IsAIdharma, haju hamaNAM ja dhama banavA mAMDayA hatA. A dharmAMnA siddhAMtA sIdhAsAdA nUtana vanane rAjagarAjanA vyavahAramAM dhAraNa karIne rAmanagaramAM dAkhala thai thayA hatA ane nUtana jIvanane AvAhaka avAja banatA hatA. peAtAnA pradeza para rAmana kAnUna pramANe rAmana sAmrAjye A avAjane krUra banIne dehAMta daDI devA mAMDayA hatA. A samayamAM ja rAmana sAmrAjyanA AgasTasa nAmanA mahAna zahenazAhanA maraNa pachIneA AgasTAliyA nAmane, mahA utsava iTAlInA ' gAla ' nAmanA pradezamAM lIensa nAmanA pATanagaramAM ujavAtA ho. A mahA utsavanA raMgarAgamAM aneka pazue ane gulAmAnA vadha thaI gayA pachI peAtAne isAI kahevaDAvanAra ane zAMtithI mAtane bheTanAra thoDAMka navIja jAtanAM baLavAkhArAne utsavamAM hAjara karavAmAM AvyAM. vizva itihAsanI uSmA jevA pacAsa satyAgrAhIone atyaMta ghAtakI rIte mArI nAkhavAmAM AvyAM. eTAlasa nAmanA eka rAmana A IsAI ene AgevAna hatA. A eTAlasane agArA upara besADIne jIvatA zekI nAMkhavAmAM AvyA. A satyAgrahIomAM blAnDInA nAmanI eka gulAma chekarI hatI. A cheAkarIne empIthiyeTaramAM AkhA divasa ragaDIne tene mAMsanA eka lecA banAvI devAmAM

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254 viAva ItihAsanI rUparekhA AvI. A navI jAtanAM mAna maratAM maratAM bhArAone AziSa detAM jatAM hatAM. . sa.nanI enI tyAranI nAtAla AvI ane pasAra thaI gaI. A nAtAla paNa aneka nAtAla nI jema ApabhoganA aneka avadhiomAMthI pasAra thaI. have seMkaDo ane hajAronI saMkhyAmAM gulAmanA raheThANa karatAM badatara evI kADhamAM IsAIone pUravAmAM AvatAM hatAM tathA temanAM mAthAM kApI nAMkhavAmAM AvatAM hatAM. mekasImiyana zahenazAhe sAmrAjyanA ekeeka bhAga para isAione saMhAra karavAnI jhaDapa vadhArI dIdhI hatI. A IsAIone mAMsa laTakI paDe tyAMsudhI phaTakA mAravAmAM AvatA hatA. tyArapachI temanA ghA para mIThAnuM pANI reDI mAMsanA TukaDA kApavAmAM AvatA hatA. pachI temAMthI pazuone mijabAnI ApavAmAM AvatI hatI. zahenazAhatanA nAma para mAnava jAtanA aneka zApa varSAvatI dIla kaMpAvanArI A ghAtakatA paNa Akhare thAkI jatI hatI ane parAjya anubhavatI hatI. A saMhAra chatAM IsAIone vadhatAM hatAM ane mUrti pUjAvALuM galIca jagata aMta pAmatuM hatuM. eka IzvaranI ArAdhanAvALI nUtana saMskRti juDiyAmAM prathamavAra janmIne pUrvanA mahAna dezomAMja nahI paraMtu jaMgalI gaNatI yurepanI dharatI para paNa pitAne vikasavAnI jamIna suMdhavA mAMDI hatI. vizva ItihAsanI A navI rozanIe IsAI AvAjamAM jAhera karyuM ke satyAgrahIonA rUdhIranA buMda je je dharatI para paDyA che tyAM tyAM mAnavabaMdhutAnI natama saMskRtinA e buMda, bijake banI gayA che. zahidoe saMhAra pAmI pAmIne mUrtipUjAthI galIca banelI A dharatI para saMskAranA bIjanuM vAvetara karyuM che. A vAvetara karanArAM sau IsAI mAnavIo para cAra cAra saikAo sudhI sIjhare e samazere calAvyA karI paNa Akhare IsAIo sAmenA sIjharanA saMgrAmamAM samazere pAchI paDI ane sIjha parAjya pAmyA. isvIsanane AraMbha karIne jisasa nAmanA eka akiMcana ane adanA mAnavIe sIjhara nAmanA zahenazAha sAthe zarU karele satane saMgrAma cAra saikAo pachI vijyavaMta banele pUravAra thaI cUkyo. A saMgrAmamAM sIjharanuM patana thayuM ane Isune vijaya thaye. ITAlInuM remanagara have vizvanagara nahetuM romana sAmrAjyanA patananA samayamAM ane IsAI saMskAranA UdayanA samayamAM tyAranA jagatamAM IsAI nAmanA mahAmAne remanagaramAM AvI pahoMcyA hatA. temaNe mAna mAna vaccenA baMdhubhAvane tathA eka IzvaranI ArAdhanAne na siddhAMta saMbodhavA mAMDyo hato. haju paNa pitAnA nagarane

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prAcIna saMskRtinuM mulyAMkana 255 vizvanuM pATanagara mAnatA rAmane A vicitra jevAM mAnavone dekhavA ToLe vaLatAM hatAM. kevAM vicitra A mAna hatAM ? e sau jANuM joIne garIba banyAM hatAM, tathA namanatAthI bolatAM hatAM. garIbAI, sAdAI, namanatA ane baMdhutA dhAraNa karIne remanagara vizvanI mahArANI nahetuM banyuM te vAtanI mane khabara hatI. je vartana dhANu karIne remana jIvana, jagatanuM mAlika banyuM hatuM te vartanane ja A IsAI mAno InkAra karatAM hatAM ane mUtionAM nAmamAM nahi paNa eka IzvaranA nAmanAM vAta kahetAM hatAM ke jisasa bhagavAnano dikaro hato ane sau mAne bhagavAnanAM ja saMtAno che. pachI romanagaranI hakamate A vicitra mAnavone vadha kayA karyo. paNa dareka navI navI nAtAle temanI gerakAyadesara vastI gaNatarI vadhyA ja karI. pachI te remanagaramAM temanuM bhamabhitara baneluM jIvana jAmI gayuM hatuM. e sau pitAnA AgevAnane bApA athavA pappA kahetAM hatAM. A pappAe pachI popanuM nAma dhAraNa karyuM. dhIme dhIme pipa IsAIonA AcAryo athavA pAdarIo banyA ane sauthI vaDe pAdarI athavA pipa romanagaranI IsAI saMsthAne pipa kahevAya. jisasanI mAnava dharmanI vicAraNAne pAye pAmelA A dharmo dharmavaDAne pitA kahyo. rimana sAmrAjyanA bhaMgAramAMthI janmeluM jagata jyAre vizva ItihAsamAM sauthI moTuM evuM romana sAmrAjya patana pAmavA mAMDyuM tyAre tenA bhaMgAramAMthI jagata para sAmaMtazAhInuM aneka rajavADAonA aneka rAjyovALuM ane aneka jamInadAronI sAmaMtazAhIvALu jagatanuM svarUpa nipajavA mAMDyuM hatuM. A sAmaMtazAhIne jamAne aneka :TukaDAomAM ane aneka vaMDIomAM vaheMcAI gaelA jagata para jene ItihAsakAroe eja opha pheItha" tarIke oLakhyo che te aMdhazraddhAnA sAmaMtazAhI yuga tarIke zarU thaze. sAmaMtazAhIne A yuga aMdhakAra yuga tarIke oLakhAyo. A jamAnAmAM sAta varasa para janmele IsAI dharma ane kSA

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256 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA gautamamruddhanI vicAraNAmAMthI banelA budha tathA tAjo AvelA IslAma dharma paNa aMdhazraddhAnA A sAmaMtazAhI yuganA aMdhakAramaya akhADAo khanIne jagata para patharAI gayA. A aMdhArAyugamAM bhAratanI dharatI para muddanI vicAraNAnA laya thaI gayA ane hiMdamAM hiMdudharmanA aMdhakAra nibIDa banI gayA. adhakAranAM madhyayugI paDaLa nIce bhAratadeza AkhA jagatane potAnA kaphana nIce lapeTI letAM aMdhakAranAM paDaLane pAchAM ThelavA bhAratanI mahAna dharatIpara mau cakravruti caMdragupta ane brAhmaNu amAtya cANakaye bhagIratha prayatno karyA. A caMdraguptanAja pautra azAke zahenazAhatAnA itihAsamAM pahelIvAra mAnavadharmInA zAsana vyavahArane vizvatihAsanA gaurava jevA ujavaLa banAvyA. chatAM A ujavaLatA lAMkhA samaya TakI zakI nahI. Aja arasAmAM hiMdudharmanI brAhmaNa dhaTanAe AkramaNa karyuM. A AkramaNanA svarUpe muddatanI vicAraNAmAMthI ane sadhanA mAnavadharma vyavahAramAMthI sudharavAnA prayatna paNa zarU karyo. A sudhAraNAmAM pAchuM gaNita zAstra ane khageALa zAstra vijJAnanA prakAza dhAraNa karIne ApI uThayAM. A`bhaTTa ane varAhimahIranI zAstrIya sAdhanA phrI pAchI abhyAsa krama banIne abhyAsanI zAstrIyatAnuM rUpa dhAraNa karavA mAMDI ane elIphanTA ane leArAnAM sauMdarya svarUpe, saMskAranAM sAthI jevAM ghaDAyAM. adhakAranA paDakAra sameA islAmanA uddaya eja arasAmAM rAmana sAmrAjya pachI jagata para utaratA aMdhakAranA paDakAra sameA IslAmaneA uya, i, sa. 632 nA samayamAM ugatA sUrajanuM teja dharIne prakAzI uThyA. A prakAzanA gheADApUre jUnA jagatanAM badhAM devadevIone potAnA dhasArA jevA sAvaraNA vaDe vALI nAkhIne eka allAhanI khAMga pUkArI. samazera dhAraNa karelI A saMskAra hilacAle mAnava mAnava vacce badhubhAvanI muniyAtanI jAherAta karIne A pRthvI paraja svarga utAravAnI AgAhI ApI. AvI sIdhI sAdI jAherAtane eNe kurAna nAmanI ceApaDImAM kavitA jevI jabAnamAM lakhI nAkhI.

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prAcIna saskRtinuM mulyAMkana A mahAna jAherAtavALI saMskArI dhaghaTanAmAM devaLA ke pAdarIonI jarUra nahatI. A nUtana dharmadhaTanAe eka dharma adAlatanI ja sthApanA karI, masada nAmanI A adAlatamAM mAnavamAtrane samAnabhAve, eka allAhanI yAda nIce nyAsamatAnA udaghoSa karavA AvAhana apAyuM. A udyASa karanAra prAcIna jagata pachInA madhyayugI jagatanA saMskAranA sama AgevAna mahaMmada payagaMbare zilpakalAnI manA karI hovAnu manAya che. A manA pAchaLa, rakhe murtipujAnA milana sa Mga thaI jAya tevI khIka paNa haze, ane arabastAnanAM raNa verAnamAM zilpa kalAnuM sthAnapaNa nahI jevuM ja hatuM. parantu mahamadanI AgevA pAmIne allAhanI yAda jyAM bhAMga pUkAratI hatI tevI masaLo zilpakalAnA saudarya thI maDhAvA mAMDI. kalAnu rUpa maDhavAmAM IrAna sauthI mekhare rahyuM. sonerI chAparAvALA, divAlonA suMdara kaiAtarakAma vALI, ArasanA aneka sta MbhovALI nizApuranI masada bhavya hatI ane hIrATanI masajIdanI suMdaratA adbhuta manAtI hatI. murti emAMthI murti pUjA taraphanI khIkane lIdhe IslAmanA kalAkAroe kalAnuM rUpa ekalA zaNagAranA svarUpamAM vikasAvyA karyuM, ane aneka jAtanI nakazIe kaiAta karI. 257 evA IslAmane saMskAra, pUrva pradezanuM badhA saMskAra dhananuM najarANuM dharIne pazcima yureApanA utthAnane ArAdhatA kAnanA uMbarA parathI nutana saMskRtinI jIvanasaMdhyA banato hato. pirAmIDe paranAM pAMca hajAra varasa karatAM irAnI uMbarA paranA pAMca saikAnA samaya pazcimanA utthAna, sauthI moTA kalAgurU banIne, umara khyAmanA kavanamAM kahetA hatA, ke, dilane dilAvara banAvIne, A pAsika khaMDamAM jIvana vasaMtane ame ujavIne, ujavaNIe, ujavaNIe ame dharatInA aMtaramAM utaratAM jaie chIe, ane kAne mATe, tamAre ja mATe amArAM jIvanavAhana mUkatAM jaIe chIe.' islAmanuM vijJAna----utthAna IslAmanA udaye rAmana sAmrAjyanAM bhaMgAramAM jagata para verAyalAM paDelAM saMskAra mUlyAne, bhAratamAMthI, irAnamAMthI, grIsamAMthI, vINI vINIne ane A mUlyeAmAMthI mAnavadharmanI nyAya samatAne dhAraNa karIne junA jagatanI badhI vaijJAnika vicAraNAne ekaThI karIne tenI aMdara ghUsI gaelAM avaijJAnika tattvAne dUra karavA mAMDayA hatAM tathA te mATe samorane vAparavA mAMDI hatI. jete peAtAnuM nAma lakhatAM paNa nahetuM AvaDatuM evA eka vakhatane nirakSara evA Araba mAnavasamudAya saMskRtinI zALA banAvIne bhaNavA esI gayA. islAmanI saMskAra preraNA pAmelA ibnasInA, alIndI, rajhIjha, jevA vaijJAnikAnAM nAma prakAza pAmyAM. yuropa para patharAyelAM isAi devaLA ane pAdarIonA dhArA paDachAyAene islAme vijJAnanA nAmamAM paDakAra ko. islAmanA jhaMDA nIce navA vikaselA vepArI samAje ane khaliphAoe vidyAnA vyAsaMgane potAnA vahivaTanuM mUkhya aMga banAvyA. 33

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17 prAcIna ItihAsane sAgara-samrATa ane zikSaka, phinIzIyA. jaganene juno sAgara-samrATa-phinIzIyA IjIpta ane bebIlenIA pachIthI saMskRtine dekhAva bhUmadhyanA kinArAnI dese mAIla lAMbI ane daza DagalAthI mAMDIne vadhAremAM vadhAre 35 mAIla pahoLI evI paTTI para tyAre kyAranee dekhAvA mAMDa hato. bhUmadhyanA kinArAne A jamInanI paTTI je pradeza vANijya saMskAranuM zikhara banIne pitAnAM jahAjonI zaDhanI pAMkho phaphaDAvatuM tyAranA jagatanI badhI dizAonA pradezonAM kamADo Thekta prAcIna jagatanuM vepArI sAmrAjya banavA mAMDayuM hatuM. paTTI jevA kinArAne A pradeza AphrikAnA pazcima kinArethI dUra dUra eka cheDe eTalAM Tikana TApu para ane bIje cheDe bhAratanA cinAba ane rAvInAM nagaro sudhI vANijya rUpavALAM pitAnAM kinIzIana jahAjone laIne prAcIna jagatamAM pitAnA vepArI sAmrAjyane vAvaTo pharakAvatuM hatuM. vANijya saMskRtinuM A rUpa vijetAnI jema dIpI uThayuM, ane vyApAranI jhaDapa dhAraNa karIne eNe AkhA jagatane jANe jItavA mAMDyuM. vANijya saMskAranA A vijaye tyAranA jagatane eka jagata banAvyuM tathA judA judA pradezanI rIta bhAte ane vartananA vyavahArane teNe ekabIjAnA saMsargamAM ANI dIdhA. phInIzIyAe e rIte ItihAsamAM pahelIvAra pRthvInI zedha karavAnuM sAhasa rUpa dhAraNa karyuM. eNe AphrikAnI pradakSiNuM karI. phinIzI AnI dharatI para sAgara kheDavAnI jANe pahelI nizALa zarU thaI have ItihAsa sAthe prAcIna jagatanI bhUgoLa paNa navI banavA mAMDI hatI. navA navA TApuo parva ane pradezanAM navAM navAM nAma paDavA mAMDyAM hatAM. mANasonA samudAye AjasudhI bahu ja moTI saMkhyAmAM dharatInA paTa para pharatAM hatAM. have AgaLa vadhatA ItihAsamAM sAhasikee khalAsIonuM

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prAcIna ItihAsane sAgara-samrATa ane zikSaka, phinIzIyA 20 rUpa dhAraNa karyuM hatuM. A khalAsIo khullA samudromAM jhaMpalAvatA hatA. A leAkAnI sAhasa kathA ApaNA ItihAse sadharI nathI paNa tyAranA aNukheDela pradezA para A sAhasikA pharavA mAMDayA hatA. A sAhahisAnAM DUbI jatAM jahAjo athavA temanAM zamI jatAM zakhAnI kAipaNa nizAnI samudra pAtAnI sapATI para rahevA detA na hatA. A sAhasikA potAnI sapharane aTakAvyA vinA AkAzanI aMdara sImA cihno zodhatA hatA tathA tArAonA abhyAsa karIne samudranI sapATIne samajatA hatA. AvI saphrA kheDanArA vizvatihAsanA rAjadUta jevAM phinIzIana jahAjo hatAM. A phanIzIana jahAje I. sa. pUrve 2000 varSa par melakAnA sthA AgaLa aTakavAnI nA pADatAM hatAM. melakA phinIzIyAnA TAyara nAmanI nagarInI dIvAle bAMdhanAra eka meTA phrinIzIana ijanera hatA. " have kAi AgaLa vadhazeA nahi... " evuM bhacihana batAvavA eNe eka samudranA eka khaDaka para mATA sthaMbhA ubhA karyAM hatA. eNe A sthaMbho para moTA akSare lakhyuM hatu ke " ahithI tr ,, aTakI jAo.' phinIzIyana jahAjo tyAM AgaLa paNa aTakayAM nahIM ane temaNe ajJAta jagatane zodhI kADhavA anata evA mahAsAgaramAM prayANa karyuM". A lAkA semITIka jAtanA yadI jevA lokeA hatA. A phinIzIyanonA pradeza bhUmadhyanA kinArAnA pradeza hatA. peAtAnA A kinArAnA pradeza para temaNe vahepAranA killA jevAM e meTAM nagara khAMdhyAM hatAM. eka nagaranuM nAma TAyara hatuM ane khIjAnuM nAma siDAna hatuM. A banne nagare moTAM vepAranAM mathakA hatAM. vANijyanA A moTAM mathAmAMthI lAlasamudramAM ane ke bhAratanI sidhu nadI sudhI temanAM jahAjo jatAM hatAM. brAlTarane pele pAra temaNe sisIlI sAthe vepAra kheDavA mAMDayA. pazcimanA samudromAM grIsa, iTAlI ane spenanI dharatI para temaNe praveza karyA hatA. prAcIna itihAsanA A rAjadUta jevAM A vepArI jahAjo jagatane mADhuM banAvatAM hatAM, tenA navA nakazAe dAratAM hatAM tathA navA navA pradeza para pAtAnA vepAranAM mathakeA ubhAM karatAM hatAM. A mathakAne te saMsthAnA kahetAM hatAM. sAdAgarA hatA. vizvaSTa A rAjadUto e emanI vizva tihAsanI vANijyanI saMskRtinA A tihAsanA jIvanavyavahAranA svarUponI Apale karanArA jIvana dhaTanAmAM emaNe svIkAreluM mUlya suvarNanuM ane naphAnuM hatuM. yuropane AlphAbeTa dIdhI A sAdAgarAe jagatanA itihAsamAM ItihAsanA rAjadUtA tarIkenuM sauthI moTuM kAma rASTra rASTra vaccenI samajaNa mATenu, bhASAnI ApalenuM

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vikava ItihAsanI rUparekhA karyuM. jyAM jyAM bhASA hatI, zabda hatA, lipI hatI tyAM tyAMthI temaNe te upADyuM ane temaNe yuropa mATe mULAkSaronI pahelI vAra racanA karI. A phInIzIyanoe siMdhu paranAM nagara parathI, sumerIyane pAsethI, IjIpamAMthI bhASAnA akSare ane zabdone laI jaIne tenI Apale te samayanA AkhA jagata para karavA mAMDI. A akSaranA svarUpanA akSaromAM paNa temaNe ghaNA pheraphAra karI nAkhyA. "AlphA ane biTA' nAmanA e ane bI akSara parathI temaNe AlphAbeTa' nAma dIdhuM. IjIyana samudramAM ane grIsamAM A leke AlphAbeTane laI gayA. grIkAe temAM thoDA akSare umeryA pachI A mULAkSare ITAlImAM pahoMcyA. romana lokoe A bArakhaDIne pazcima yuropamAM dhuMTAvavA mAMDI. evA A vizvaItihAsanA kinIzIyana nAmanA rAjadUtee mATInAM vAsaNe banAvavAnI ane kapaDAo banAvavAnI kalA, dharmanI mAnyatAo dezaparadezanI rItabhAte lakhavAnI kalA ane gulAmo A badhuM eka dezathI bIje deza pahoMcADyuM. A phinIzIyana jahAja para sAhasiko bhego lahIye athavA noMdhaNI kAmadAra paNa rahe. A lahIyAnuM kAma deza paradeza viSenI tamAma ne karavAnuM hatuM. no che , - --- - - --- Sphae * * - - - a - - , - ati prAcIna saMskRtinA ardhacaMdrakane vepArI gaDhaphinIzIyA pharIvAra, nakazA tarapha dekhe. chatamAM AraMbha pAmIne saMskRtine caMdraka aradhuM kuMDALuM pharI vaLyuM che. IjIptamAM AraMbha pAmIne, mesemIyA ane IjIana TApuo para pharI vaLIne, grIsa para be saikAone jhagamagAvIne, A ardhacaMdrAkAramAM IjIpazIyana bebIlenIyano, phInIzIyane ane yahudIo tathA IrAnIyane ane siMdhu mAnanI saMkAra kathAo AlekhAI che. AphrikAnA uttara kinArA parathI have bhUmadhya samudranA pazcima vibhAga para saMskRtinI vizvaitihAsanI ta jale che. bhUmadhyanA A kinArA para ati prAcIna samayathI eka moTuM vepArI mathaka ekadhAro vikAsa pAmyA karyuM che. kinIzIyAnuM uttara AphrikAnA kinArA paranuM, vizvanuM A vANijya mathaka haju laya nathI pAmI gayuM. kinIzIyananI kArTa--hAzAra nAmanI e

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prAcIna ItihAsane sAgara-samrATa ane zikSaka, kinIzIyA 26 vANijya killebaMdhI A vANijya saMskRtinuM nagara che. ati prAcIna evI vANijya saMskRtine A kArTa-hAzATa nAmane gaDha nevuM mAIla paranA Aphrikana samudranAM pANu para ItihAsanAM vitakane A pANInI paTImAM dekhate ubhe che. A navu mAilanI samudra paTI AphrikAne repa khaMDathI judA pADe che. A paTI paranI kinIzIyAnI vepArI saMskRtinuM chelluM mathaka kArTa-hAzATa athavA kAretheja che. bebIlene Tayara nagarano saMhAra karyo tyAranuM pitAnI kinIzIyana mAtRbhUmi para Aphrikana dharatInI bhekhaDa parathI nevu bhAIlanI sAgara paTa para yarapa tarapha tAkI rahetuM e aNanama ubhuM che. enA sAmA kinAre yuropa nAmano khaMDa che ane tyAM iTAlI nAmane deza haju hamaNuM ja janma pAmavA mAMDe che. A kAratheja eka killebaMdhI jevuM kinIzIyana itihAsanuM AkharI nagara che. Aje I. sa. pUrve se varasa para paNa e mathaka vANijyanI hilacAlathI ubharAya che. phinAzIyAnA jIvataranI jhabaka ta jevuM e prAcIna jagatanA vepAranI peDhI. che. A peDhIne vahivaTa karanAra kArathejanA nagaranI vepArI sarakAra che. A sarakAra pAse pitAne tAkAtavALo naukA kAle che. grIkanagare A mahAnagarane oLakhe che. A mahAnagaranI vahivaTI sarakAranuM nAma grIka bhASAmAM luTokrasI ' eTale zrImaMtazAhI kahevAya che. kinArAparanI khANenA, ane dariyAparanAM jahAjonA mAlIka kArathejanA mAlIka che ane kArathejanI sarakAra A mAlIka mahAjanonI banelI che. samudranI nevu mAilanI pATI parathI uDIne emanAM jahAjoe vepAranI karAmata vaDe, thApanA kinArA para pitAnI hakumatavALAM saMsthAnI sthApI dIdhAM che. peIna ane phrAnsanA amuka pradeza kArathejanI zrImaMtazAhInAM saMsthAno che. A saMsthAno AphrikAnA uttara kinArA para sthapAelA vizva saMskAranA vANijya mathakanI hakUmata nIce che tathA A saMsthAne, A kArathejanI sarakArane, kara, verA, vyAja, najarANAM vigere bhare che. zrImaMtazAhInuM kArathe ja, zAhI pATanagara che. zrImaMtazAhInI sarakAranI hakumata, yuropanA speIna ane phAMsa deza para zarU thaI gaI che. A hakumatane pAMca saikAo thai gayA che. A zrImaMtazAhIe pAMcaso varasathI itihAsanuM paribaLa banIne vANijayane vahivaTa karyo che. Aje I. sa. pUrvene chaThTho saMke cAle che. tyAre atiprAcIna evI ApaNI pRthvI para saMskRtinA ardhacaMdrAkArane AkAra dhAraNa karI rahelI ItihAsanI yAdI kArathe ja AgaLathI yo552

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ra6ra viva ItihAsanA rUparekhA adhikAravALI najara nAkhe che ane tyAMnI duniyAmAMthI navA AvatA samAcAra ciMtAthI sAMbhaLe che. yapakhaMDane ITAlIdeza vizva-ItihAsamAM praveze che. A samAcAra pakhaMDanA iTAlI nAmanA eka pradeza viSenA hatA. A ITAlI dezanA pazcima kinArApara, rAIbara nAmanI eka nadIpara rema nAmanuM eka gAmaDuM jotajotAmAM nagara banavA mAMDayuM hatuM. A nagaranuM nAma rema hatuM. A remanagara madhya ITAlI paranAM mAnavAnuM nagara gaNAtuM hatuM, ane e nagare pitAnAM jahAjo bAMdhavA mAMDayAM hatAM tathA e jahAjo have kArathejanI sAme AvelA sisilI nAmanA TApupara vahepAra karavA AvavA lAgyAM hatAM, ane phrAnsanA dakSiNa kinArApara paNa pharavA lAgyAM hatAM. paNa pazcima bhUmadhyapara Aja sudhI kArathejane ja adhikAra hatA. A adhikAranI hakumatanuM zaraNa svIkAryA vinA, pelAM navAM jahAje have pazcima bhUmadhyapara pharavA maDei te calAvI laI zakAya tema nahotuM. kArathejanI hakumate AjasudhI ITAlI kahevAtI e bhUminA dariyA kinArAnI TekarIomAM rahetAM garIba mAna sAthe vepAra karavAnI paravA karI nahotI. temane eNe potAnI hakumata nIcenuM saMsthAna banAvIne pitAnI saMskRtine lAbha dIdhuM hatuM. A kinArAparanAM e DuMgaravAsIone temanA DuMgarAomAM ane bhejavALAM medAnamAM ekalAM ja rahevA dIdhAM hatAM. paNa Aste Aste Aje e DuMgaramAM uttara taraphathI Alpasa parvatamALanA rastAomAM thaIne dakSiNa tarapha mAnava samudAye pitAnAM gheTAMbakarAM laIne AvyA ja karyA hatAM. have te temanAM gAmaDAomAM vasI gayAM hatAM. ane A lekenuM rema nAmanuM nagara, Arthika vahivaTane meLo banIne thoDAka saikAomAM nagara banavA mAMDyuM hatuM. A nagarane ethI vadhAre maTe itihAsa sacavAyo nahoto. A bhUmine vizvasaMskRtinA caMdrAkAre haju potAnI aMdara parovI nahotI eTale ekalI ne alI A mAnavatA Aste Aste AraMbhanA jIvananAM DagabharatI Aje sisIlI sudhI AvI pahoMcI hatI ane pitAnAM jahAjo paNa banAvI lAvI

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prAthIva ItihAsane sAgara-samrATa ane zikSaka, kinIzIyA 263 hatI. pitAnA managarane TAIbaranadIne mUkha AgaLa bAMdhIne, TAIbarane uttarathI dakSiNane Are eNe dariyAmAM pahoMcI jaIne have te dariye kheDavA mAMDyo hate. ahIM grIka gurUo AvyA hatA ghaNuM varasothI A rAmanagara sAthe vepAra karavA grIka vyApArIo AvyA karatA hatA. A prakAe A rAmanagarane saMskRti ApavA mAMDI hatI. saMskRtinI ethensa nagarIe A roma nAmanA gAmaDAmAM vasatA ramanAne bhaNavavA mAMDayAM hatAM. A DuMgarIyAo bhaNavA mATe Atura hatAM. kerIsleTa jevAM A mAnavone grIke majAkamAM leTIna kahetA hatA. A leTIne jhaDapathI zikhavA mAMDyAM hatAM. emaNe grIka pAsethI kinIzIyA mAraphata pahoMcelI bArAkhaDI paNa ghUMTavA mAMDI ane heDakAM bAMdhavAnuM zarU karI daIne vyApAranA padArthapATha zikhavA mAMDayA, ane jotajotAmAM te temaNe dariye paNa kheDavA mAMDyo. grIkanA bhagavAne paNa temaNe grIka pAsethI bheTa tarIke lIdhA. grIkamAM jhIasa nAmavALo iMdrabhagavAna romamAM yupITara nAma dhAraNa karIne beThe. pachI te bIjAM aneka devadevIo grIsamAMthI romamAM AvI pahoMcyAM. grInI jema ja temanA pitAnA rAjavahivaTanuM rUpa ghaDavA mAMDayuM. temaNe pitAne tyAMnA vigrahakhora jevA rAjAne remanagaramAMthI haDaselI kADhaye ane pachI pitAnA nagarane vahivaTa, zrImatie ane sAmAe cUMTelI sIneTa nAmanI samitine suparata karyo. A samiti para eka pramukhane badale be pramukhe athavA kanasala rAkhavAmAM AvyA. A uparAMta temaNe TrIbyuna nAmanI eka nyAyAdhIzIne nImI. paNa sauthI vaDe nyAyAdhIza kenala hate. remana rAjakAraNanuM navuM rUpa A romanagara cUpacApa vizva-itihAsamAM praveza karatuM hatuM. atiprAcIna evA vizva-ItihAsamAM nahotuM tevuM navuM rAjakAraNa ramanagarane pAyo racatuM hatuM. A navuM rAjakAraNa remanagara ane AsapAsanA pradezane nUtana vahivaTa ghaDatuM hoya tema, jagatanAM pATanagaree nahotuM dhAraNa karyuM tevuM nUtana rAjakAraNa remanI ghaTanA ghaDavAmAM dhAraNa karAyuM. eNe je kaI nAgarika, mana nAgarika banavA, game tyAMthI AvIne vasavA mAgatuM hoya tene, sarvarIte samAna , hakka ane adhikAra ApIne kahyuM, "A, ane samAna banIne rahe. rAmanagara "resa-pablIkA" athavA saunI svarAjabhUmi che" AvI lekazAhI rIta vaDe remanagara saunI samAna mAtRbhama banIne, tyAM vasanAra sau koine samAna nAgarika gaNIne, itihAsanuM pracaMDa pATanagara banavA mAMDayuM.

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264 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA IjIpta ke bebIlene, sIrIyAe, ane grIsanA ethensa nagare paNa pitAnA pATanagaramAM vasanArane saune samAna baMdhu bhAvathI pitAnI nagarakAyAmAM vaNI lIdhAM nahotAM. A nUtana nagare pitAnI racanAmAMja navI bhAta pADI. pavitra gaNavA mAMDelI TekarIo para vikasavA mAMDelA, romanagarane mAtRbhama kahenArA lAkhe nAgarike romanA rakSaNa mATe maraNIyAM banavAne manobhAva keLavavA mAMDyAM. AvuM remanagara vizva ItihAsanuM navuM nagara banyuM. kAratheja nagaramAM te jagatanI zrImaMta zAhInuM adhikAravALuM rUpa hatuM. AkhuM nagara samAna nAgarikAnuM nahotuM paNa bhADutI lazkarothI rakSAyeluM nagara hatuM. A bane nagare have i. sa. pUrvenA pAMcamA saikAmAM sAmasAme AvI gayAM. AphrikAnA uttara kinArA parathI itihAsanI keDI, yuropakhaMDane aDI cUkI. jyAM A aitihAsika saMparka thaye tyAM sisalInA TApupara baMne mahAnagaranA vahivaTI ustAda AvI pahoMcyA ane sisalI paranA vahIvaTamAM potapotAnI hakumata ThekI besADavA, dareke rAjakAraNa khelavA mAMDyuM. rAjakAraNanuM rUpa pachI Aste Aste vigrahanuM banavA mAMDyuM ane rema tathA kAratheja vacce saMgrAma zarU thayo. cunIka saMgrAmo athayA roma kArathejano gajagrAha IsunA janma pahelAM pAMcaso varasa para janmI cUkelI romanazAhI have kArathejanI zahenazAhata sAme saMgrAma khelavA mAMDI. tyAre Isune janmavAne haju aDhIsa varasanI vAra hatI. A mahAbhArata saMgrAmane pahele hise sisalI TApune paDAvI levA mATe banne pakSe zarU thayo. A saMgrAmano e hisso vIsavarasa sudhI cAlyo. navuM janmeluM romana dariyAI lazkara kArathejanA naukAkAphalA sAme A covIsa varasa sudhI laDayuM. vIsa varasa sudhI kAratheja sAthenA naukAyuddhamAMthI rAmana kAphalAne janma thayo. saMgrAmane sakriya padArtha pAThamAMthI remana zahenazAhatanuM nUtana naukAdaLa baMdhAyuM ane kArajanAM laDAyaka sAdhano karatAM caDyAtAM sAdhane e kAphalAe sajavA mAMDyAM. chevaTe mIlInA yuddhamAM kArathejano kAphale parAjya pAmyo ane kAraNe je salAhanI mAgaNI karI. sisIlIne dvIpa romana kAbu heThaLa AvI gayo ane kArethejanI najIka AvelA A dvIpa para remanA thANuM nAkhIne romanazAhI kAthejanI zahenazAhatanI paDozaNa banI. eka bIjAno vinAza mAgatI banne zahenazAhI vacce tevIsa varase sudhI zAMtinA athavA ThaMDA yuddhanA dAva khelAyA karyA. tevIsa varasanI zAMti pachI eka navo banAva banya. trAMbu zodhatI renana zahenazAhane sariDInIyAno kabajo

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prAcIna ItihAsane sAgara-samrATa ane zikSaka, phinAzIyA rapa laI lIdhe ane kArageje vaLatAM pagalAM tarIke AkhA dakSiNa peInane kabaje laI lIdhuM. A rIte pAchuM kAratheja romana hakumatanuM aDoaDa paDezI banI gayuM. kArathejanI zahenAhata jANe remana zahenazAhatane aDhelIne ubhI. vAta vaMThI paDI. romana zahenazAhatanI saranazIna sIneTe yuddhano nirNaya lIdhe. remanagarathI eka kAle, Aphrikana samudrane oLaMgIne kArathejanI dharatI para utarANa karavAnuM nizAna tAkIne upaDavo. bIjA lazkare kArajane spaInanI bhUmi para rekI rAkhavA speInaparanAM kArathejanAM saMsthAne para cahyAM. tyAre Isune janma thavAne 218 varasanI vAra hatI. romana zahenazAhatanA saMgrAmane bRha yojanA pramANe AgaLa vadhatA hate. ITAlImAM kArathejanA vinAzana ane romana vijayanA samAcAra sAMbhaLavI leke adhIrAIthI rAha dekhatA hatA. tyAre Alpasa parvatamALanAM himaAcchAdita zikhara para uDatAM dhUmmasane bhedIne abhedha gaNAtI parvata divAlane TapI jaIne lAkho sainike, gheDAo ane ghara jevaDAM moTAM bIjA pazuo sAthe mo' nA medAna pradeza para yuddha utarI AvavAnI aphavAo uDatI AvI. A aphavAonI pAchaLa nirAzritenA pravAha aTakyA vinA managara tarapha vahevA lAgyA. bIdhelI najara nAkhatAM ane dhrujI uThelA heTha phaphaDAvatAM A nirAzrita kahetAM hatAM, ke kArathejanA mahAsenAnI hemIlakArane dikare tenIbAla senApati banIne ITAlInI dharatI para pIranIjha parvatamALane TapI javAnuM asaMbhava kArya karIne utarI AvyA che. pacAsa hajAra sainike, nava hajAra azvArohIo ane sADatrIsa laDAyaka hAthIonI senA laIne, henIbAle, saMgrAmanA ItihAsamAM ajoDa evuM AkramaNa AvyuM hatuM ane ITalInI dharatI sara karavA mAMDI hatI. rena nadI para ITAlInI ja dharatI para remana lazkare bhArakhAIne pAchAM paDyAM. hanIbAle rimana lazkaranI bIjI haroLane TrIbIyA oLaMgatAM pahelAM mArI haTAvI pachI tenIbele palesenIyAne ghero ghAlyo. AlpAIna challAone remanagara sAthe sAMkaLate, uttara cheDAne ghATa gherAI gayA. - romanagaranI UMdha uDI gaI romanasIneTe bIjAM be lazkaro svAnA karyA. TresImIna sarovaranA sAMkaDA ghATamAM A lazkarane bhiDAvIne tenIbAle temanI katala karI nAkhI. pAchuM remanagara pAyAmAMthI hacamacI uThayuM. ane sIneTe trIjuM vizALa lazkara ravAnA karyuM. A trIjA lazkaranA senAnI tarIke, "vAre" ravAnA thayuM. I. sa. pUrve 216 mAM kenInuM bhayAnaka yuddha laDAyuM. sitera hajAra romana zaba parathI tenIbAla AgaLa vadhyo. AkhA ITAlI para hAhAkAra vyApI gayo. remapara caDhatA pahelAM hanIbAle ITAlInAM bIjAM nagarane 34

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16 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA potAnI hakumata nIce levAnA prayatna karyo paNa ITAlInAM nagarAe rAmanamA-bhAma sAme caDhIne paradezI zahenazAhatane sAtha ApyA nahI. kArathejanI zahenazAhatanA saMgrAmanA khelADI atiprAcIna itihAsanA mahA senAnI iTAlI nAmanA pradezapara nUtana nagareAnI ekatA dekhIne mUMjhAyA. peAtAnA vatanathI dUra dUra uDI AvelA A mahAna laDavaiyA iTAlInI paradezI bhUmimAM parAjya pAmelAM mAnavAnI vacce dherAvA mAMDyo. A gherAmAMthI henIbAlane cheDAvavA ane rAmanagara para AkharI yuddha laDavA speInane rastethI haeNnIkhAle kAtarelI azayajevI kaMDIpara thaI ne henIbhAlanA bhAI eka navA lazkaranI saradArI laine Azpasa eLagIne iTAlInI dharatI para utaravA mAMDayo. varasA sudhI parAyA dezane parAsta karIkarIne aneka yuddho laDIne, aneka vijayA meLavIne, paradezI bhUmipeAteja jenA dherA banI hatI tevA gherAyalA henIbAla potAnA bhAI hesaTyUbalanA AvI paheAMcavAnI rAha dekhatA hatA. tyAre rezamana lazkaranA senAnI, kavInaTasa pheIasa, mekasImasa hatA. A senAnIe henIkhAlane sIdhI laDAi ApavAne badale gerIlA gRha zarU karyo hatA. DenIkhAlapara chApA mArIne bhAgI jatI enI TukaDIo, henIkhAlanI hiMmatanI kasATI karatI hatI. A mahAsaMgrAmanuM caudamuM varasa TAlInI dharatI para aMta pAmatuM hatuM. hesaTyUbalanA samAcAra sAMbhaLavA adhIrA henIbAla apAra hiMmata dAkhavato, TakI rahayA hatA. tyAre eka TApalImAM lapeTAyeluM potAnA bhAI hesaTyUbalanu mAthuM henIkhAlanI chAvaNImAM eka divasa pahAMcADavAmAM AvyuM. rAma paheAMcavAnA manasubAne sameTI laine DenIkhAle pAchA kAratheja paheAMcI javA have raste baDhyA. vizva-itihAsanA A mahAna senApatie AphrikAnA samudra eLaMgIne pAnAnA kAratheja nagaranI vhAra karavAnA rastA lIdhA. kAraNake tyAre rAmanAnA hallA kAratheja para caDhavA cAlI nIkaLyeA hateA paNa henIkhA paheAMce te pahelAM kAratheja paDyu. haeNnIkhAle TAyara nagaramAM visAmA lIdhA, ane tyAMthI eziyA mAIAranA pradezane potAnA sAthamAM laIne rAmana zahenazAhata sAmenA saMgrAma cAlu rAkhyA. haeNnIkhAla eka nagarathI khIje bhaTakayA, haeNnIkhAle eka pachI khIjA yuddhamAM zamanazAhIne jer karavA mAMDI. chevaTe hatAza thaelA hainIkhAle I. sa. pUrve 190 mAM parAjya pAmatA kArathejane dekhavA karatAM ApadhAta karIne jIvananA aMta ANyo.

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18 yaropIya utthAnanA janaka, islAma [ amastAnanAM mAnava vasavATa--zahenazAhutAnI mUrti AnA bhagAra dekhatA madhyapurva--eka allAhanI yAda amastAna vizva itihAsamAM praveze che--zA hatA A nUtana dhama--islAmanI saskAra vAMchanA--punI saMskRtinA vAraso pazcimane denArI hilacAla--nyAya samatAnuM payagaMbarI zAsana-islAma ane yuropaislAmanI saMskRtinu arthakAraNa-dha rUpanA samabhAva-islAmika saMskRtinuM siddhAMta rUpa-islAmanuM sarakAra tatra--saMskRtinu nagara dAmAsakasa--vidhyAnA vyAsaMgano vyApakatA--tihAsakAro--yugapravata ka vidyAvyavasAya-vaidyakIya vijJAnanA pitA, ibnasInA-islAmI prakAza para curopIya AkramaNa-saMskAra yuganuM vana, umara khayAma] aastAnanA jana vasavATa :::::17 bhaugolika dvipaka- peAmAM sauthI mATA evA eka dvipakalpa, IrAnathI geAbInA raNasAgaranI vaccethI, Araba mAnaveAnA astitvavALA che. arabastAnanA nAma vALI A pachI arI raNa pradezanI che, tathA te 1400 mAila lAMbI, ane 1250 mAIla pahoLI che, lAla samudrathI thoDAka ja mAIla sudhImAM te A pradeza khAra hajAra phITanI uMcAi para pahoMcI jate pachI ujjaDa parvatamALanI verAnatAnA rUpane dhAraNa karIne pU tarapha IrAnI akhAtane aDavA nIce utare che.

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298 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA A pradeza para vacamAM vacamAM parvatamALAnI ujjaDatAmAM ghAsanAM medAne che ane khajuranAM vRkSanI ghaTAo vacce gAmaDAMo vasyAM che. A gAmamAM Araba mAnavane vasavATa guMje che tathA kuvAmAMthI pANuM pAmatI A jIvana ghaTanAnI cArekera seMkaDo mAIla sudhI retInA anaMtakaNo uDayA karatA hoya che. ahIM surajanAM kiraNo saLagatAM varase che. ahIMnA pavanamAM retInA kaNu uDayA kare che. ahIMnA AsamAnamAM badhI rUtuo pAradarzaka caLakATa dhAraNa kare che. e A raNa pradeza Araba mAnane janapradeza che. A janapradezanI moTI vastI, dakSiNa pazcimanA yemena jIllAmAM che. arabastAnanA rAsIna rAjyanuM mukhya dhAma A yemena che. arabI raNapradezamAM yemenanI dakSiNa taraphanI jamInapaTTI phaLadrupa hatI. A yemenanI jamInapaTTI para semITIka jAtanAM mAna vasatAM hatAM, ane temanI TALIo rakhaDatI rahetI hatI. A ToLIe prAcIna samayamAM uttara tarapha AgaLa vadhIne IjIptanI saMskRtimAM pesI cUkI hatI. A pradezaparanAM mAne pUrva tarapha AgaLa vadhIne bhUmadhyanA kinArAnI saMskRtine saMparka pAmI cUkayAM hatAM ane pazcima tarapha mesopoTemIyAne aDI cUkyAM hatAM. emenapara, arabastAnane A janavasavATa evo rakhaDatA rahyA karatuM hatuM. A rajhaLapATamAMthI arabastAnanA mAnavasamudAya bebIleniyAmAM, esIrIyAmAM ane sirIyAmAM jaIne paNa vasyA hatA. sirIyAmAM A mAnavasamudAyae potAnuM pATanagara dAmAskasa nAmanuM bAMdhyuM hatuM. zahenazAhatanI mUrtionA bhaMgAra dekhate madhyapUrva prAcIna jagatanI, madhyapUrvanA A raNapradezane aDIne UbhI thaelI zahenazAhanI sAThamArIo A Araba mAnoe saukAo sudhI sAMbhaLyA karI hatI. A raNapradezanI mAnavatA para A zahenazAhanI sarahada parathI aneka mUrtionA meTA paDachAyAnI bhega mAgyA karatI mUrtionI arcanA utaryA karI hatI. A raNapradezanI raNamaryAdAo vaTAvyA karIne, saMskRtionI zahenazAhatone janmatI vikasatI ane pachI meta pAmI jatI eNe saikAo sudhI dekhI hatI. Aje enA simADAo ane bhUmadhyanA sAgara simADAo para A zahenazAhanI mUrtionA bhayAnaka evA bhaMgAra verAyelA paDayA hatA. A bhaMgAranA jaMgI svarUpamAM, zahenazAha ane devadevIo aMgacheda pAmI jaIne sutAM hatAM. A zahenazAhato ane devadevIonA vasavATa banelI jAjaramAna imAratanA tUTyA kudyA dehanI karace bhegI retInI ghUmarIo ahIM kAyA karatI hatI. tyAranI zAhI ImAratamAM rahenArAM ane amara manAyelAM zAhI kalevara ne sarvAdhikAra ane

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carApIya utthAnanA janaka, islAma 29 sakhasalAmati suparata karanAra devadevIonI pracaMDa mUrti enAM bhAgyAMtUTyAM aMga paNa retImAM seLabheLa thaI gayAM hatAM. prAcIna bhaMgAra khatIne adhikAranAM A svarUpe A raNapradezanI sImA para zamI gayAM hatAM. mUtionuM AvuM khaMDana dekhatA AroAnA raNapradeza para kaThora evI kudaratanA gajabanAka evA AkAzI ghUmmaTanI ana MtatA jANe gUMjyA karatI hatI ke zahenazAhatonI badhI mUrtio janme che ane maraNu paNa pAmI jAya che. paNa je kaMi ajara ane amara che te te A anata AkAzanI anaMtatAne dhAraNa karanArA ghUmmaTa che. A AsamAnanA ghUmmaTa nIcenI pRthvI para mUrtipUjAnAM ajJAna ane avidhyA jevAM khaMDana verAyA karatAM hAya che. A khaMDiyarAmAMthI sughIsudhIte, bhagAranA DhagalAmAMthI, akSara evI saMskRtinI jIvanamUlyanI kaNikAone dhAraNa karatA hoya tevA A verAnapradeza allAhatA udaya dekhatA hatA. mUrti pUjaka jagata have cIna, bhArata ane grIsa jeTaluM I. sa. pUrvenAM hajArA varasa jeTaluM junu banI gayuM hatuM. A purANA jagate sAcavI rAkhelI mUrti pujAnI adhatA sAme sauthI prathama hiMdabhUmiparathI eka gautamabuddhe eziyAbharane nUtana najara dAkhavanArA paDakAra dIdhA hatA. tyAra pachI A mUrtipUjAnA aMdhakAra sAme lAkhA yahUdI mAnavAe potAnAM balidAna daI ine eka izvaranI yAda pUkArI hatI. tyArapachI paDeAzIpara prema karavAnI mAnavatAbharI yAda ApIne jisasa mUrtipujAnA vadha staMbhapara caDhI gayA hatA. mUrti pujAnI pachAta dazAmAMthI mAnavajAtane ugAravA ATaluM thayuM chatAM mUrti pUjAnI aMdhiyArI vaDIemAMja haju jagata guMgaLAtuM hatuM. ahIM paNa arabastAnanI dharatI para tyAre makkA, mUrtipujAnI bamAthI kaMpI uyuM hatuM. mUrtiono niSadha karanArA ane paDeAzI para prema karavAnI anurAganI ArAdhanA karanArA IsAI dharmAMte dhAraNa karIne rAmana zahenazAhata, prejhanTIyamanagaranuM nAma kAnasTenTInepala pADIne esapharasaparanA pUnA A nagaramAM peAtAnuM siMhAsana sAcavIne beThI hatI ane zahenazAhatanI badhI mUrtine saMbhALatA ane isunA kriyAkAMDAnI aneka mUrti pUjAonu paNa dhyAna dharatA IsAI zahenezAha tyAre pUrvanI duniyAmAMnA raNa verAnamAM rahetI, Araba bharavADAnI vaNujhAramAMthI eka nUtana saMskRtine avAja eka izvaranA nAmane utA allAhunI yAda sAMbhaLI rahetA hatA. A avAja Araba dharatI parathI uteA hatA. A avAjane dhAraNa karanAra Araba mAnavAnuM jIvanadhAraNa hatuM. jagatane sameAdhana karatA hoya tevA

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vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA A avAja AMtararASTriya banIne kahete hate, "samasta pRthvI para eka allAha che ane bIjuM koI adhikArI nathI!" | madhyapUrvanI ane bhUmadhyanI duniyAne badhe adhikAra jyAre bhaMgAra banIne verAyala pakSe hatuM tyAre kevI jAtanA A nUtana adhikAranuM mUlya guMjArava karatuM hatuM ! A avAja karanAra eka mahamada hatuM. Arabone A mahAnubhAva Abene kahetuM hatuM, "allAhane saMdezavAhaka chuM, ane jagata bhara para eka allAhane ja adhikAra che allAhane saMdeza che, "sAlAma' athavA "zAMti !" jyuDiAnI bhUmi para eja saMdeza saMbhaLAyuM hatuM. A bhUmipara A saMdezAne sAMbhaLIne, IjIptanI bhUmi parathI vizvaItihAsanI pahelI hijarata noMdhAvate mosesa gulAmamAnava samudAya sAthe "mukitanI bhUmi' ne zodhate pelesTAIna para pahoMcyo hato. pachI tyAM eka IzvaranI ArAdhanAne avAja yugeyuge saMbhaLAya karyo hato. pachI tyAMthI ja haju sAtasaikApara jeguAna, jisasane avAja A ja AlhAdaka saMbhaLAya hate. paNa tene jamAnAo vahI gayA pachI te avAja pAchaLane mAnava prema ane vyavahAranI nyAya samatA samAjanA jIvataramAM sthApI zakAI nahatI ane devaLamAM kedI banI gaI hatI. have A navo avAja A dharatI paranA ja allAhanA rAjyanI vAta karate hate. emAM allAhane saMdeze A pRthvInAM mAnavone ja ApavAnuM mahammadane pharamAna thayuM hatuM, sIdhe ane sAde A saMdeza mAnava mAnava vacce "sAlAma" ane "Alekuma sAlAma" eTale zAMtinA sahedarI vyavahAranI Apale karavAne hate. A sIdhe sAde saMdeza janasamudAyane gamI gayo eTale ja payagaMbarane I. sa. 622 mAM jIva bacAvavA madInA nAsI javAnI pharaja paDI. A nAsI javAne banAva hajIrAnA nAmathI jAte thaye, ane IsalAmanA samayanI gaNatarIne A divasa, AraMbhane nakkI thayuM. makkA ane madInA vacce, jUnA jagata ane navA vacce yuddha jAmyuM. A AMtarakalaha pachI mahammadane vijaya thaye ane ene saMdeza, mAnavajAtane saMbaMdho hoya tema be, "mUrtio ke devadevIonI nahIM paNa eka nirAkAra IzvaranI allAhanI prArthanA kare. pavitratA, tyAga ane mAnava mAnava vaccenI nyAyanI samatAne agIkAra kare tathA kepha kare nahIM ane zuddhajIvananI upAsanA kara !" alAhane Avo saMdezo hate. payagaMbare te sadezAnAM pravacana banAvIne Araba mAnavone te dIdhA karyo. I. sa. 630mAM mahammade makkAmAM vijaya

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carApIya utthAnaneA janaka, IslAma praveza karyo tathA badhI mUrtionuM khaMDana karIne pelA saMdezAnA arthavALA allAhanI ArAdhanAnA Adeza dIdhe. 201 amastAna vidha-itihAsamAM praveze che. vizva-itihAsamAM AjasudhI arabastAnane pradeza peDhA nahAtA jagatanA itihAsanA nAMdhavA jevA kAI banAva A pradezanA jIvatare hajIsudhI dIdhA nahAtA. isune janma pAmyAne have sAtamA saukA besI cUkayA hatA. sAta saikAmAM isAi vicAranI mAnava nItimattAmAM saDeA lAgI cUkayA hatA ane rAjA mahArAjAe tathA zrIma MtAnA kANu nIce isAdhanuM kamaThANapaNa saDavA mAMDayu hatuM. tyAre jisasanI dharatInA paDeAzamAMthI yugayugeAthI ekadhArI rIte vahyA karatAM mAnavAvALI arabastAnanI jamInapaTTI parathI AvatA avAja saMbhaLAyA. A pradeza para gheADAka kuvAo hAya ke ekAdo jharA hoya tyAM gAmaDAMo vasyAM hatAM ane A AkhA pradezapara divAlAvALAM eja zahera purANA samayathI jIvatAM rahyAM hatAM. A e nagarAmAM paMdara hajAranI vastIvALuM eka zahera makkA nAmanuM hatuM ane pacIsa hajAranI vastIvALu bIjI zahera madInA nAmanuM hatuM. makkAmAM amastAnanI dharmayAtrA bharAtI hatI ane kAkhAnA devaLamAM gAThavAyalI traNasA jeTalI mutienI melI pujA aneka yugethI cAlyA karatI hatI. mUrtipujAnA AvA mathaka jevA A makkAmAM ja I. sa. 628 mAM mahamadanA janma eka garIba gharamAM thayA ane pacIsa varasanI vaye eNe cAlIsa varasanI vayavALI eka zrImaMta vidhavA sAthe lagna karyuM. pachI pacAsa varasanI uMmare,

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ra7ra viAva ItihAsanI rUparekhA kAbAnA prAcIna devaLamAM mUrtipujAnA paDachAyA dekhate, uMDA vicAramAM utarI jate ane pachI mAnavadharmanA nAmamAM mUrtimAtrane khaMDana karavA yogya ane eka nirAkAra Izvarane baMdagI karavA yogya mAnatA mahamade makkAnI mAnavatAne pitAnI nUtana mAnyatAnI jAherAta karavA mAMDI. eTale te mahamade maravuM ja joIe" eve, makkAnA mUrtipUjake e pheMsale Aye. makkAnI aMdaranuM mahamadanuM ghara mUrtipUjAnA mArAoe gherI lIdhuM. paNa makkAthI madInA sudhI mahamadane laIne mitro bhAgatA hatA. mahamadanI pAchaLa mota daDatuM hatuM. chevaTe matanI pakaDamAM mAMDamAMDa bacI jate mahamada I. sa. 622 nA saTeMbaranI 20 mIe madInA pahoMcyo. madInAe A mahAnubhAvane AvakAryo. makkA ane madInA vacce dharma yuddha thayuM. makkAnA mUrtipUjako parAjya pAmyA. makkA ane madInApara mahamadanA nutana mAnavadharmanI vijaya patAkA pharapharI uThI. A nUtana jhaMDAne mudrAlekha "esalAma" nAmanA zabdane hate. saikAo pahelAM IjharAIle 'zAlema' nAmane eja zabda pUkAryo hate. ze hato A nutana dharma ? A nUtana dharmane saMdeza vAhaka huM pote IzvarI saMketathI AvI pahoMce chuM ema mahamade kahyuM hatuM. Izvarane saMdeza jagatane saMbhaLAvanAra A dUta athavA payagaMbara pitAnA bharaNuM pahelAM madInAthI pAcho makkA AvyuM ane khaMDana pAmelI mUrtionAM khaMDiyare vacce, makkAnI mAnavajAtane nUtana saMskArane saMdeza saMbhaLAvate bolyo ke, "are leke, mAre saMdeza sAMbhaLe kAraNake have pharIvAra huM kadAca tamArI vacce AvavA mATe jIvate na paNa heuM. mAre saMdeza e che ke, tamArI jIMdagI ane tamArI milkate, pavitra che. tame koI ekabIjAnI jIMdagI para ke mita para AkramaNa karazo te te bhayaMkara gune che."mitanA adhikArane jALavavAnI vAta karatAM eNe A adhikAra para aMkuza mUkyo ane kahyuM, "are leke, tamArA para tamArI patnIone ane tamArI patnIo para tamAre sarakhe adhikAra che. tamArA gulAmonI tame saMbhALa rAkhaje. je khorAka tame khAva teja kherAka temane khAvA Apaje tathA je kapaDAM tame pahere, teja kapaDAM temane paheravA Apaje. je koI gulAma tame mApha na karI zake te gune kare te tene vecI deje paNa tene kadipaNa piDA Apaze nahIM kAraNa ke tamArI jema ekaja, khudAnA teo paNa baMda che, te kadi bhUlajo nahIM, "ane kadi bhUlazo nahIM ke ekeeka IslAmI, gulAma ke mAlika parasparanA badhI rIte samAna evA bhAI che."

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yarApIya utthAnanA janaka, islAma islAmanI sa`skAra vAMchanA A hatA islAmanA mAnavadharma, A dharmamAM, mUrtie nahAtI paNa nirAkAra evA eka khudA hatA. A dha'mAM devatAe banelI mUrtione bhAga dharAvavAnA hatA nahIM. A dharmAMmAM mUrtie naheAtI, bhega nahAtA, bhUvAo nahAtA, maMtro nahAtA ke yajJa yAganA namedha ke azvamedha nahotA. A dharmane mUkhya taMtu rAja khareAjanA jIvana vyavahAranI zuddhinA hatA. sIdhAsAde ane saraLa evA eka ane samAna abhAva nUtanajIvana vyavahAramAM A dharmamAraphata vahevA mAgatA hatA. jevA jisasanA jIvana samayamAM IsAI abhAva hatA, jevA gautamanA jIvana samayamAM samAna saMdhatA ujvaLa bhAva hatA, tevAja ujjvaLa A badhubhAva mAnava saMskRtinA abhyudaya same dIpI uThayo. atyAra sudhInA, A samaye, jyAre gautama ane jisasanA khabhAvane ajJAna ane aMdhakAranAM upAsakeAe saDAvI nAkhyA hatA tyAre IslAmanA udayanI A saMskAra jgyAta kevaLa ananyarUpe epI uThI. 203 pUrvanI saMskRtinA pazcimane vArasA denAra islAma yurApane jANe utthAnayuganI saMskRtinuM DahApaNa devA, pUnA mahAnadezonAM badhAM saMskAra mUlyAne tAravI tAravIne ekaThAM karIte, ane temAM vanavahivaTanAM jJAna-vijJAna ane sAhitya kalAne maDhIne ane pacAvIne temAMthI prANanI samazera ghaDIne, eka izvaranI bAMga pUkAratA ane bhAga mAgatI, tathA jAdu jevA maMtrAnA citkAra karatI mUrti pujAnI duniyAne pAchI haTAvatA tathA paDakAratA ardha caMdrakanI rAzanathI jhaLahaLatA islAmanA udaya AranI dharatI para thayA. anI mAnavatAnA vasavATavALI ane pazu pAlananA dhaMdhAvALI bhara vADAnI, geApa geApIenI A bhUmie, eka IzvaranI rahAka gajAvIne, azvamedha ane naramedha tathA strI ane bALakeAne jIvatAM jalAvI devA sudhI paheAMcI cUkelI mUrti pUjaka duniyAne paDakArI, nyAyasamatAnuM payagaMbarI zAsana i. sa. 630 thI 632 sudhI mahamada madInAmAM rahyo. madInA A samayanuM Araba rAjya banyuM. AkhuM arabastAna, madInAmAM zAsananI saMskRtinA yAtrAdhAmamAM ekaThuM thayuM. arabastAnanA tyAranA mahAkavi, kAba-inaahIra, mahamadanA virodha karyo pachI islAmanI saMskRtinA pelA saMdezAne pacAvIne tenuM anupama kAvya racIne mahamada pAse pote pAchA AvyA. mahamade enuM bahumAna karyuM". arabastAnanA te samayanA khristIone ke kAIpaNa dharmontarane 35

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vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA badhI ja jAtanuM rakSaNa ApavAnI nIti mahamade jAhera karI ane vyAja levAnI manA kramAvI. 24 e varasanA A zAsana samayamAM ja mahamade grIsa ane IrAnanA zahenazAhA para peAtAne samajAyelA jIvanavyavahAranA satyane saMdezA meAkayeA. eNe A saMdezAnuM rUpAMtara nAnIsarakhI Araba bhUmi paranA mAnavasamAjane zIkhavavAnuM rAjataMtra ArjyuM paNa e varasamAM ja mahamanuM maraNu thayuM. mahaMmadanA maraNa pachI arabastAnanA zAsanane islAmanA nAmamAM saMbhALavAnI javAbadArI amu, bakrane suparata thai. sIrIyAnA Arakhee khristI dharmane khale islAmanI nyAyasamatAne aMgIkAra karavAnI hilacAla upADI. prejhanTIyamanuM rAmanazAhInuM pATanagara paNa A islAmanI hilacAla tarapha kheMcAyuM, IsAI zahenazAhatanAM lazkarA joDe leAkeAnI jhapAjhapI cAlu thaI. allAhanI yAdana saMbhALatA anubha*nA zAsana cakramAM navI garamI AvI gai. Aba mAnavAnA samudAyAe, allAhanAM paDAzI mAnavAnI vhAra karavA javAnI paDApaDI karI. IslAme taravAra dhAraNa karI. arabastAnanAM bharavADAe navI jAtanI vaNujhAra para ArAhaNa karyuM. arabastAnanI cArepAsa sUsavatA retInA jhaMjhAvAtAnI pelI pAranI duniyA dekhavAnI tamannAe taravAra dhAraNa karIne akre peAtAnI islAmI TukaDIo mATe, lazkarI pharamAna jevI jAherAta karI. A rIte islAmanI hilacAla dhADA para svAra thaIne, samazerane dhAraNa karIne pote jene mUrtipUjaka ane pachAta evuM jagata gaNatI hatI tenA para AmaNu karavA nIkaLI paDI. AkramaNanuM rUpa dhAraNa karelI A saMskAra hilacAla kyAre ane kyAM aTakaze tathA kevI kevI jIvanavyavahAranI tasvIramAM rUpAMtara pAmaze tenA vicAra tyAre hatA nahIM. jJAna ane vijJAnanA vyavahArane eka ja divasamAM bhaNI letA, ane tarataja adhArI evI mUrtipUjaka duniyAmAM islAmanA jhaMDAnI jhamaka jyAta banatA saMskRtine paDakAra potAnI najadIkanA pArasika pradezamAM sauthI pahelA peDhA. A pradeza para prAcIna AmAnavAe A bhUminuM nAma AryAvarta jevuM ja IrAna pADayuM hatuM tathA tyAM peAtAnI zahenazAhata sthApI hatI. ArcInI A agnipUjaka evI pUrvanI zahenazAhatanA pATanagara jInDIsapuramAM eka allAhanI yAda pUkAro, islAmanA saMskAra dUta irAnanI jarita zahenazAhatanA siMhAsanane hacamacAvI nAkhatA hAjara thai gayA hatA. tyAre khuzarUe mahAna banAvelA A sAmrAjya para irAnanA zAha beTho hatA. IrAnanA siMhAsanane acaLa mAnIne e khuza hatA. paNa eNe Ara

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rApIya utthAnanA janaka, IslAma 201 menA IrAna paranA hallAnA samAcAra, sAMbhaLyA. arakhI raNanA Araba bharavADa pAghaDI paherIne uMTa para caDhIne taravAra bAMdhIte vizvaitihAsanA barApara caDhatA hatA tevA khyAla enA mAthAmAM AvI zake tema hatuM nahI. eNe islAmanA e Arazna AkramaNanA eka saMdeza vAhakane darabAramAM AvavA dIdhuM. zuM saMdezA lAvyA che ?' eNe majAkamAM pUchyuM. ke allAha eka izvara che. devadevI khATAM che. mUrtio khATI che. gulAmAne chUTA karo. strInA paDadA haTAvI deA. rAjAnI cUMTaNI karavAne adhikAra leAkAne Ape.' : tame jaMgalIe, raNavagaDAnA Araba bharavADe !' peAtAnI sa MskRti para mustAka evA; zAha A tanA doDhaDahApaNa para hasatA hatA. ' paNu dUta zAMtithI khelyeA, * Apa nAmadAra kahe che. te badhuM gaI kAle amAre mATe sAcuM hatuM. ame dheTAMbakarAMnAM cAmaDAM paheratAM hatAM, amArI dikarIone jIvatI dATatAM hatAM, aMdaraaMdaranA jhadhaDAomAM yAdavAsthaLI karatAM ane gulAmAne kharIdatAM ne vecatAM hatAM......paNa nAmadAra, allAhe amArA raNa pradezane pasa Mda karIne A jagata para amAre tyAM tene payagaMbara mAkalyA che. eNe amAruM utthAna AraMbhI dIdhu che..' utthAnanA A saMdeza vAhaka Araba hatA, e utthAnayuga, arabastAnamAM taravAra dhAraNa karIne UbhA thayA hatA. eziyA, AphrikA ane yurepamAM manuSyane saMskArI thavAnI pharaja zIkhavavAnI taravAra A utthAne dhAraNa karI hatI. khuzarUnAM siMhAsana A dhasArA nIce gabaDayAM. spena ane phrAnsa para pAghaDIvALA bharavADe| saMskAranI hAkala karIne uDayA. eTalenTIka samudra para te pahoMcI gayA. mephIsa ane kAratheja para IslAmanA jhaMDA uDayeA. kAraDAvAnI zerIo para ane tyAMthI siMdhunA kinArA para islAmane udaya allAhanA AbhAra mAnatA bAMga pUkAratA hatA. paDeAzI para prema karavAnA avAja bhUlIne zamana bAdazAhatane kurniza bajAvatA khristI dharma paNa jesAlemamAM AvatA allAhane rokI zakayA nahIM. taigarIsaparanA bagadAdamAM ane spenanA kAraDAvAmAM A bharavADe! jemane pArasIka pradezanA saMskAranagara jInDIsapura jaMgalIe kahyA hatA te, have jInDIsapuramAM AvIne tyAMnA saDavA mAMDatA saMskArane navA pATha bhaNavAnI pharaja pADatAM hatAM. e jamAnAnI jIvanantyAtanA jhaMDA islAme pakaDayeA. siMdhunA kinArA para paNa e pharakayA. tyAre bhAratanA magadhanA siMhAsana para beThelA cakravatI saMskAra bhUlatA hatA ane azeAkanI yAda para dhULa pheravatI brAhmaNa matanI

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vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA dhAtakI ghaTanA svIkAratuM hatuM. tyAre zivazakitanI melI ArAdhanA mAjhA mUktI hatI. paNa tyAre ja jagatane nUtana saMskAra denAra arabastAnanA bharavADe, pleTa ane erisToTalanA graMthanAM bhASAMtara karatA hatA. caraka ane suzratanA Jthe arabI bhASAmAM utAratA hatA ane jagate kadi na dekhelI evI saMskAra pipAsAne dhAraNa karatA hatA. islAmanI amarate yurepane prakAza dIdho. IslAme isAI yuropane kharAka, pINAM, davAo, sAdhane. batare dIdhAM. eNe udyoganA padArthapATha ane yukiprayuktio yuropane dIdhAM. cInathI bhAtathI, IzanamAMthI thaIne ane IslAmarUpa dharIne, saMskRtinAM, svarUpa, isAI yuropamAM AvI pahoMcyAM, ane jANe tene bhaNavavA beThAM. etihAsika bhaNataranI AvI saMskRtine ciraMtana e saMskAra jhare, vyApAra ane vANijya mAraphata, phajheDae kotarelA rastAo para thaIne pUrvamAMthI erebika jabAna dhAraNa karIne laTInamAM bhASAMtara pAmIne vahyA karavA mAMDaze. " grIka hakUmata nIcethI Tele ane sIjharanI pakaDamAMthI mukta banele, prANa, grIsanuM DahApaNa ane remane kAnUna zIkhIne sele mananA juDIyAmAM AzurabAnIpAlanA esIrIyAmAM, hemurAbInA bebIlenIyAmAM ane sArAgonanA akaDamAM tathA sumerIyA ane siMdhunAM saMskRtinAM khaMDiyeramAM saMskAranuM payapAna karI karIne islAmanuM nAma dhAraNa karIne yuropanuM AvAhana karate AvI pahoMcyo. IslAma sAme yuropa, samarAMgaNa para parAjya thayo paNa jIvanakalahamAM vijya thaye. parAjIta thaeluM yuropa aMdhakAra yugamAM paNa vArasAmAM maLelI saMskRtine zIkhatuM, aNanama ubhuM. aMdhArA yugonA bAra bAra saikAo sudhI eNe garIbAInI paravA karyA vinA saMkaTa ane yAtanAonI uparavaTa thaIne pitAnA kalevara para paDatA ghAne cUmatAM cUmatAM, jene pitAne duzmana mAnyuM hatuM tevA pUrve pAsethI IslAma mAraphata yurepe zikhyA karyuM. eTale yurepanuM ketheDrala AkAza jeTaluM uMcuM caNavA mAMDayuM. yuropanA rASTra, rASTra ekatA pAmavA mAMDI. yuropanI dharatI para mAnavasamudAyane vaijJAnika ghaDanArI saMskRtinI utyAna yAtrAvALe madhyayuga janamyo. IslAmI saMskRtinuM arthakAraNa saMskRtinAM koIpaNa rUpamAM tenuM Arthika rUpa sauthI mukhya hoya che. A Arthika svarUpane pAyo jamIna para jIvatAM mAnavasamAjanI IcchAo ane mane laIne A pAyA para pitAnI adAlate, mahAla, devaLe, zALAo ane davAkhAnAMo tathA pitAnI kalA vigerenAM tamAma svarUpanI racanA karate

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ra77 tharapIya utthAnane janaka, IslAma hoya che. IslAmanA udaya sAthe mAnava mAnava vaccenI zAMtinA dharmajIvanane dhAraNa karIne arbastAtananI dharatIne jIvanane kAnUna vizvaItihAsamAM pahelI vAra praveza karIne jene vizva saMskRti kahI zakAya evI bhavya racanAne potAnI bharavADonI dharatI para AraMbha karate hato, ane A racanAne te samayanA sarva dezomAM saMskAranAM A ' sudhInAM mUlyomAMthI ghaDato hato, ane IslAmIka saMskRti nAmanI te samayanI vizvasaMskRtine janma Apate hato, enA arthakAraNanuM namra svarUpa Dhora ucheranuM madhanA udyoganuM tathA nAnI sarakhI khetIvADInuM hatuM. have eNe eka jAtanAM anAja, bhAjI pAlava, phaLa tathA phale upajAvavA mAMDyAM. A saMskRtie nAraMgInuM jhADa hiMdamAMthI ApyuM tathA arbastAnanI bhUmi para repyA pachI sIrIyAmAM, eziyA mAyanoramAM pelesTAInamAM, spenamAM tene ugADyuM, ane nAraMgInuM jhADa dakSiNa yo5 sudhI pahoMcyuM. eja rIte eNe bhAratamAMthI zeraDI paNa ApyuM ane pitAne tyAM tenuM vAvetara karyuM. A nutana saMskRtie pitAnI verAna evI marUbhUmi para lIlerInuM sarjana karavA mAMDayuM tathA saMskRtinA A lalita svarUpe bIjA dezamAM phelAvA mAMDyuM. khetIvADInA vikAsanI A yojanA pAchaLa eNe zarU karelI naherane udyoga hate. abastAnamAM zarU thayelA IslAmanA khilAphatanA rAjakArabhAre A udyogane vikasAvya. yukreTIsa nadIne teNe mesopoTemIyAmAM vALI tyA taigrIsanAM pANIne IrAnamAM lIdhAM ane eka moTI nahera mAraphata A baMne nadIone eNe bagadAdamAM utArI. verAnamAM khetaro sarjAyAM. ujjaDa jamIna para lIlerI ugI ane nAza pAmelAM gAmamAM navI vasAhata guMjI uDI. bukhArA ane samarakaMdanI vacceno pradeza svarga jevo suramya kahevAyo. IrAna ane IrAkane dakSiNa pradeza paNa IslAme evo ramya banAvyo ane dAmA sakasanI AsapAsa lIlAM khetaro ane udyAnonI racanA karavAmAM AvI. udyoganI AvI racanAmAM sonuM rUpuM, lekhaMDa, sIsuM, pAra, enTImanI," "eesa, gaMdhaka, Arasa, tathA hIrA mANekanI navI khANa dAvA mAMDI. IrAnI akhAtamAMthI motI zodhavA mATe islAmI "DAivare" e DUbakI devA mAMDI. udyoganuM A svarUpa hasta udyoganuM hatuM tathA gharamAM ane kArIgaronI dukAnomAM vyavasthita banatuM hatuM. A vyavasthAmAM kArIgaronAM maMDaLo paNa zarU thayAM ane pavanacakkIo paNa cAlavA mAMDI. arbastAne pANIthI cAlatAM ghaDIALanI zodha karI. IrAna, sirIyA ane ijIptanAM IslAmI zAsana nIce cAlatA kApaDa udyoga vizvamAM vikhyAta banyo. mesula nagaramAM thatAM kApaDanI bhaslIne jAta, dAmAskasamAM thatuM dAmAskalInena, ane eDananuM garama kApaDa

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ra78 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA mazahUra banyAM. dAmAsakasanI taravAranI dhAra jagatamAM ajoDa evI mAlama paDI. islAmI zAsananA A udyoge sIDona ane TAyara nagarene kAcanAM udhoga mATe jANItAM banAvyAM. rAkkA nagaramAM tela ane sAbune udyoga, kAMsakAne udyoga ane phArsa nagaramAM attare ane raMgane udyoga vakhaNAyo. yarapanA 16 mA sakAmAM udyoganI jevI ghaTanA hatI tenA karatAM sarva prakAre ati ucca evI udyoga ghaTanA islAmanI saMskRtie I. sa. 1000 mA saikA pahelAM racI batAvI. A udyoganI sAthe sAthe ja raNanAM jahAja tarIke oLakhAtI uMTanI vaNujharane vAhana vyavahAra paNa sauthI vadhAre vikasya. IslAmanI madhyapUrvanI duniyAmAM bagadAda, rAvI, nIzApura, jha, bukhArA samarakaMda dAmAsaksa tathA basarA, zIrajha, kuphA, madInA, makkA, ane eDana nAmanA nagaramAM A vaNajhAronI vyApArI hilacAla aTakyA vinA vahevA mAMDI. A vepAranI sAthe sAthe pazuo ane musApharo mATenI tamAma sagavaDa vALI pAndhazALAothI rastAo chavAI gayA. arbastAnanA khalIphA alarazIde sujha naheranI paNa yojanA ghaDI paraMtu A yojanA amalamAM AvI zakI nahI. A khalIphAe taigrIsa nadI para 75 phITa pahoLo pUla bAMdhyuM. nadIo para ane jamIna para vAhana vyavahAranI A dhArI nasa upara jIvananI ekatA apUrva banI. A ekatAmAM khrIstI, yadI ane islAmI vepArIonAM saMgaThanoe IslAmanI navI duniyAmAM potAnI peDhIo nAkhI. kanTenTanopala, ane elekajhAnDrIyAnAM nagare A navI hilacAlamAMthI jIvana dhAraNa karIne dhamadhamI uThayAM. IslAmanA vANijyanuM A hilacAlanA svarUpe Tayunisa, sisIlI. mekako, spena, grIsa, ITAlI, ane gola pradezane navuM jIvana ApavA mAMDayuM. bhUmadhyanI vepArI AgevAnI IslAma dhAraNa karI. IslAmI vepArIoe ebIsInIyA para pitAnuM bajAra zarU karyuM ane lAla samudra para pitAne kAbU sthA. kAspIyana samudramAM pesIne IslAmanAM jahAjo moMgolIyAmAM thaIne raziyAnI vegA nadImAM AvI pahoMcyAM. IslAmanI vANijya saMskRtie AsTAkhAnane pitAnuM vepArI mathaka banAvyuM tathA nagoDamAM, phInaleMDamAM skenDavaAmAM ane jarmanImAM pitAnI vepArI kAThIo nAkhI. IrAnI akhAtamAM thaIne temaNe hiMda ane silona sAthe vepAra zarU karyo ane cInanA kenTana baMdara para IslAmI vANijya saMskRtie vizvavijaya karyo tathA jagatanI vANijya paribhASAne Teripha, TrAphika, megejhIna, kerevAna, ane bajAra nAmanA zabdonI AMtara rASTriya zabdo tarIke bheTa dIdhI. artha ghaTanA nIcene mAnavasamudAya A artha ghaTanA e pitAnI vANijyanI ghaTanAnuM rUpa te samayamAM sarvottama banAvyuM hatuM. "dInAra' nAmanA suvarNa sikkAnuM varcasva islAmIka

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caropIya utthAnane janaka, IslAma 17 vANijyanI hakUmata pAse hatuM. dInAranI sauthI moTI mAlika A saMskRti hatI. I. sa. nA 9 mA saikAmAM A saMskRtinI peDhIomAM hajAro suvarNa sikkAonI hUMDIo lakhAtI hatI. A hUMDIne arabI zabda "sAka" nAmane hate jenuM yarapanuM apabhraMza "ceka' banyuM. suvarNanI mAlika evI A saMskRtimAM suvarNapationI saMkhyA I. sa. nA 9 mAM saikA sudhImAM khUba vadhI gaI. A saMskRtinI Toca para beThelI suvarNanI dhaTanAne pitAnI sevA mATe lAkho galAmenI jarUra paDI, ane pachI suvarNanI mAlikIvALI A satanate dolatanAM vilAsanAM aneka svarUpe sarjavA mAMDyAM. IslAmIka saMskRtinA suvarNa yuganI samAja racanAnA zikhara para zrImaM. tene A varga beThA hatA tathA A saMskRtinA upabheganA badhA bejAone upADanAra zrama mAnane varga gulAmone hate. khalIpha muktadIranI sevAmAM 1000 gulAmo kAma karatAM hatAM. musAe AphrikAmAMthI ANelA gulAmAM aneka kumArIkAo hatI. gulAmenAM samudAyanI AvI bharatI pAchaLa muslIma na heya tene gulAma banAvI zakavAnI IslAmanI paravAnagI kAraNarUpa hatI, paraMtu IslAmanA dharmane aMgIkAra karanArane gulAma banAvI zakAtuM na hatuM. islAme tenI manA pharamAvI hatI. A uparAMta muslIma vaDe janmatA gulAma strInAM bALake AjhAda gaNAtAM hatAM. rezamana ane grIka saMskRti karatAM gulAma taraphanA mAnavadharmamAM vadhAre udAra evI A saMskRti gulAmene bhaNAvatI hatI tathA temAM je vadhAre buddhimAna mAlama paDe temane ucca padavIo ApatI. A padavIomAM meTA amaladAra banavAnI, pradhAna banavAnI tyA sultAna banavAnI padavI sudhI gulAme pahoMcI zakatA hatA. sAmAnya rIte te gulAmenA samudAya mATe khANemAM khetaramAM, kArakhAnAomAM, tathA laDAIomAM tamAma majUrI karavAnI hatI. A uparAMta gulAma chokarIomAM je suMdara heya temane mukhya vyavasAya zrImati ane sulatAnanI sevA karavAnuM hatuM tyAM temanA manoraMjana mATe nataMkIo ane gAyikAo banavAne hatA. grIka ane romana zahenazAhatanA samayamAM thayA hatA tevA sAmAjika nyAya mATenA baLavA A zAsana ghaTanAmAM noMdhAyA. A baLavAo I. sa. 778, 786, 808, tathA 838 mA thayA. A baLavAo pAchaLa lokasamudAyane InsApha mATe avAja zAsaka ane dharma ghaTanA bhegI hovAthI vadhAre prajavaLI uThe, tathA baLavAonuM rUpa paNa dhArmika rUpa banyuM tathA sAmAjika nyAya mATenI laData paNa jhehAdanuM nAma pAmI. A baLavAomAM IralAmika jhaMDA nIceja, IslAmanA nyAyanA pAyA para khurAmIyA ane mahAmIda nAmanA islAmanA dharmapaMthe

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280 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA sAmAjika InsAphanAM sUtro dhAraNa karIne, majhadakanI AgevAnI nIce, "sukha Alama athavA lAlajhaMDAnuM nAma dhAraNa karIne itihAsamAM mazahUra banyA. tyAranI prAcIna jIvanadhaTanAe maMjura kareluM, mAnavasamudAyanuM zepaNa, IslAmanA eka allAhanA mAnava mAnava vaccenA zAMtimaya vyavahAranI jIvana ghaTanAmAM ghaNuM echuiM thaI gayuM. A jIvana vyavahAranI majIde ane pAnthazALAo, mAnavasamudAyanAM Azraya sthAna banyAM. dInadayAne mAnavabhAva A jIvana dhaTanAe zrImatanA vargamAM sauthI vadhAre vikasAvyA. sauthI vadhAre evI mAnavabhAvanA A dharmaghaTanAe IslAmika mAnamAM samAna baMdhubhAvanI nyAyanI lAgaNuM dharmanA pAyAmAM mUkIne mAnavasamudAyamAM eka navI jAgratinAM bIja ropyAM. mAnavasamudAya paranI zoSaka yAtanAo ane IslAmika mAnava bhAvanAnA mizraNamAMthI dInadayAnI karUNAne udabhava thaye. A karUNAnI nUtana lAgaNIne saMskRtinA kaLaza para AbharaNanI jema dhAraNa karIne islAmanI saMskRti pUrva pradezanA samIpa vibhAganA eziyAI jagata para ane AphrikAnA, IjIpta mekake ane TayunIziyA jevA pradeza para prakAzI uThI. AphrikAnI A kinArI nUtana saMskAra rUpamAM madhyapUrva ane samIpa pUrvanI duniyAmAM bhegI bhaLI gaI. dharma samabhAva mUrtipUjAno inkAra karIne baMdhAyelI IsAI dharmanI bhAvanA tarapha A nutana saMskRtie sahedarabhAva dhAraNa karyo. ala, hakIma nAmanA eka gAMDA khalIphAe gAMDapaNamAM jyAre I sa. 1010mAM pelesTAInamAnA isAI devaLane nAza karyo tyAre tarata ja eka amUrta IzvaranA IsAI devAlayane bAMdhavA madhyapUrvanA musalamAnoe ja eka moTuM phaMDa bheguM karIne I. sa. 1947mAM suramya evuM khristI devAlaya caNAvyuM tathA te sAlamAM nasIra-khuzarU nAmanA mazahUra musAphare tenuM varNana karyuM ke A vizALa devAlayanA vizALa saMmelana khaMDamAM ATha hajAra mANasa ekI sAthe besI zake teTale te maTe che. nakazI ane kalAnAM suzobhanothI maDhelA A devAlayamAM muslIma kalAkAroe ja jisasanAM citro deryA. jeralAlemamAM A mahAna devaLa sarvottama lekhAyuM. islAmika saMskRtinuM siddhAMtarUpa mUrtipUjaka athavA pagana jagatane athavA pagana jIvana vyavahArano aMta mAgatI ane eka allAhanA nAmamAM mAnava mAnava vaccenA zAMtimaya vyavahAranuM nirmANa mAgatI, samazerane dhAraNa karIne nIkaLI paDelI A saMskRtinuM siddhAMtarUpa bilakula sIdhuMsAdu hatuM. A svarUpamAM AstA rAkhavAnuM kAma mAnavA

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yupIya utthAnane janaka, IslAma 281 samudAya mATe bIlakula saraLa ane sarvaja hatuM kAraNa ke, A saMskRtine siddhAMta kahete hatuM ke "allAha eka che, ane teno payagaMbara mahammada che." A kathanamAM koI Akramaka ahaMbhAva nahote. kurAnanA dharmapustakamAM bilakula saraLabhAve kahevAmAM AvyuM ke dareka dezamAM AvA pitApitAnA pAyagaMbara athavA sate hoya che. AvA aneka payagaMbaramAM kurAne, abrAhama, mesesa, tathA jisasane mahAna payagaMbara tarIke svIkAra karyo. arabastAnanI bhUmipara Ave athavA sauthI maTe payagaMbara mahamada thaye. AvA sIdhA sAdA mAnava dharmo, jIvana vyavahAranI cAra dharmapharajo ApI,eka prArthanA bIja pharaja dAna, trIjI apavAsa, ane cothI yAtrAne gaNAvI. A pharajomAM pahelI pharaja mATe arabastAnanI dharatI para divasamAM pAMcavAra, svaccha banIne namAja paDhavAnI, bAMga pUkArAvA mAMDI. A verAna dharatIne DhaMDhoLIne, majIdanA minArAnI Toca parathI allAhanI yAda mATe prazAnta rAtrine zatakAra bhedIne, mAnava saMskRtine sAda pAMca pAMcavAra bAMga pUkAravA lAgyo. makkAnI dizA tarapha mukha pheravIne mAnavasamAjanA, uparathI mAMDIne te badhA nIcalA tharamAM ekameka sAthe khabhekhabhe aDADIne eka allAhanI yAdamAM mAnava baMdhutAnI nyAyasamatAne AraMbha prArthanAthI zarU thavA lAge. mAnavInA rUpane, prArthanA karatuM, virATa mAnavanuM ekarUpa banAvavAmAM AvyuM. A prArthanAnA jevA sIdhA sAdA dharma kriyAnA rUpane kriyAkAMDa banAvI denAra pAdarInI kaI saMsthA A saMskRtie banavA dIdhI nahI. A prArthanAnI doravaNI denAra ImAma, pAdarI nahIM paNa adane mAnavI ja rahyo tathA teNe paNa pitAne nirvAha dhaMdhArojagArathI karavAnuM nakkI thayuM, eTale ja mAnavabhAva para racAyelA A dharmavyavahAranuM Ara bhanuM svarUpa bilakula sahIMgaNu rahI zakyuM. khristIo, jherasTrIyana, sebIyana ane yahudIo mATe A zAsanamAM samabhAva keLavAya. vidhamAoe mAtra vidhamI tarIke pala Tesa" nAmano kara Apa paData. paraMtu A karamAMthI sAdhuo, strIo, bALake, gulA, vRddho apaMga, tathA garIba bAkAta hatAM. A kAraNathI ja jerUsalemanA cahadIoe, khristI julmomAMthI pitAne chUTake karanAra tAraNahAra tarIke IslAmane AvakAra Apyo. A saMskRtine lIdhe ja yahudIo eziyAnA tyAranA dezamAM AbAda thayA tathA tethI ja A zAsana nIce AvelA peInamAM paNa vadhAre chUTathI rahI zakyA. khristI dharma tarapha paNa A dharmazAsana taraphathI koIpaNa jAtane aNagame batAvavAmAM AvyuM nahIM.

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8ra vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA tyAranA IslAmika zAsananA adhikAra nIce khristI devaLanI kula saMkhyA agIAra hajAranI banI, tathA khristI dharmanA badhA utsavo ane yAtrAo A zAsana nIce mukta banI gayAM. konasTenTinopalamAMthI zarU thatI khristI dharmanI khristIo paranI johukamImAMthI bacavA aneka khristIo A mAnava saMskRtine Azare zodhavA lAgyAM. mAnavasamudAyanA jIvanavyavahAramAM mAnavadharmanAM nyAyanAM svarUpane umeravA A saMskRtinA saraLa ane sIdhAsAdA siddhAMtane lIdhe ja, cIna, InDoneziyA, hiMda. ijIpta, IrAna, sirIyA, TayunIziyA, morakko ane speIna vigere dezonA mAnava samudAyoe tene apanAvyo tathA, 350,000,000thI vadhAre jana saMkhyAvALe A vyApaka dharma jagatanA mahAna mAnavadharmomAne eka sAbIta thaye. IslAmanuM sarakAra-taMtra siddhAMtika rIte IslAmanuM zAsanataMtra athavA sarakAra taMtra, dharma lekazAhInA vairAjya tarIke zarU thayuM. zAsanakartAnI tathA zAsakasamitinI cuMTaNI badhAM AjhAda muslImo karatAM hatAM tathA, jenAM mAM ane bApa banne gulAma na hoya te AjhAda nAgarike hatAM. AvI zAsana ghaTanAnuM dhAma madInA hatuM. A zAsanadhaTanAe azoka pachI ane buddha pachI pharIvAra gulAmonI mukti AraMbhI. pachI yuddho ane lokazAhI vaccenA jIvanavyavahAramAMthI janma virodha ahIM paNa dekhAya. vairAjyanuM patana thoDAka saikAo pachI thayuM. tyAM sudhI A IslAmika rAjya dharmataMtra tarIke cAlu rahyuM. A dharmavairAjyane vaDe khalIpha cUMTAIne Avata. A khalIpha koI pAdarI nahato ane pipa paNa nahote. cuMTAyA pachI enI sattA ekahaththu hatI paNa vArasAgata nahatI. AvA sarakArI taMtranI vyavasthA karanAra kAryavAhI aneka khAtAMomAM vahe. cAyelI hatI. A sarakArI taMtrane kAnUna kurAnane hate. kAnUnazAstra ane dharmazAstra ahIM eka banyAM hatAM. ekeeka kAnunano bhaMga pApa paNa hatuM ane gune paNa hate. paNa sarakArI vyavahArane pradeza jema jhaDapathI vistAra pAmate gaye tema navA samudAyanA jIvananA vizALa savAla ubhA thatA gayA ane peluM dharmanuM kAyadAzAstra TuMkuM paDayuM ane kAyadAzAstraparanI prakhara carcAo zarU thaI abu hanIpha Ibna thAbIte, I.sa 76 7mAM Araba raNa pradezanA samAjavahiveTa parathI racAyelA kurAnI kAnUnane palaTI nAkhavAnI himAyata karate "enelejIkala InTaraprITezana opha le" nAmano navo siddhAMta zarU karyo. pachI kAyadAzAstra para cAra mukhya zAkhAo vikasI ane temaNe potapotAnI mimAMsAo raju karI.

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surApIya utthAnanA janaka, islAma . eka saikA sudhI A navA savAlanuM valoNuM cAlyA karyuM ane kAnUnavyavahAra palaTAyA karyAM, tathA vANijyarUpanI hakumatane yAgya banavA mAMDayA. khalIphAnI sarakAra| sudhI nyAyanA vyavahAra udArarIte cAlyA karyAM ane pAMca saikA sudhI pazcima eziyAnA pradeze A sarakArI taMtravaDe dIpI uThyA. 283 dAmAsakasa, saMskRtinuM pATanagara r madInA pachI tarataja vistAra pAmatI A zahenazAhatanA pATanagara tarIke dAmAsakasanI pasaMdagI karavAmAM AvI. pANInA pAMca pravAhAe A nagarane " allAhanA udyAna " nuM upanAma ApyuM. jAhera udyAnemAM eka hajAra phUvArA A nagaramAM uDatA hatA. A nagaranAM nAgarikAne mATe ekaso jeTalAM jAhera snAnAgArA bAMdhavAmAM AvyAM. A nagaramAM badhA maLIne, 120,000 bagIcAo baMdhAyA tathA khAra mAila lAMbI ane traNa mAila paheALI evI " velI epha vAyoleTasa '" nAmanI vATikAnI racanA karavAmAM AvI. dADha lAkhanI vastIALA A pATanagaranA madhya bhAgamAM khalIphA mahAlaya hatA, tathA tene Arasa ane suvarNa varDa maDhavAmAM AvyA hatA. eka vAra rAmana samayamAM jyAM jyupITaranuM vizALa devaLa ubhuM hatuM tyAMja mUrtipujAtA, bhAga letA malina vyavahAra zamI jaine, eka mATI masjIdanA minArAparathI mAnava zAMtinA vyavahArasUtra vALA eka nirAkAra allAhanI bAMga pUkArAyA karatI hatI. A vizALa evI masjIdanI racanA karatA pahelAM tene pAyeA kheAdavAnA AraMbha valIde pote karyA hatA ane pachI, hiMda. irAna, kAsTenTane pala, isa, lIbIyA, TayunIsa, ane alajIrIyAthI AvelA zilpIe ane kalAkArAe tene deDa maDhayA hatA tathA ATha varasa sudhI bAra hajAra majuroe enuM AMdhakAma karyuM hatuM. dAmAsakasanA pATanagara vaccenuM A saMskAra smAraka raMgabheraMgI kAcanA bAra hajAra dIvAo vaDe rAja prakAzita banatuM hatuM. islAmanI saMskRtie vikasAvelI vidyAkalAemAMnI A eka IjanerI kalAnA namunA anekAmAMnA mAtra eka hatA. saMskRtinA vyApaka vidhdhAbhyAsaga je mahamade islAmanA pAyAmAMja saMskAranuM svarUpa raju karyuM. hatuM ke, " kAI jJAna ane vijJAnanI zeAdha karavAnA rastA dhAraNa karIne potAnA gharakhArA paNa tyAga karaze teNe allAhanA rastA dhAraNa karyo kahevAze tathA dharmanA zahIdanA lAhI karatAM, vaijJAnikanA khaDIyAnI aMdaranI zAhI vadhAre pavitra pUravAra thaze. " islAmanI sthApanAmAMja AvA udagArAe islAmanA udayamAMnI vidyAnA

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vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA 24 vyAsaMganI sthApanA karI. saMskRtinI A ghaTanAnA AraMbhanA vyavahAreja, bhAratIya, cInI, ane grIka saMskRtinAM vidyAkalAnAM svarUponI zodha zarU karI dIdhI. A saMskRtinuM vidyArUpa, ArabhathIja ekeeka masjIdanI sAthe zALAnA anivArya prabaMdha karavA lAgyuM. udyAna ane uDatA phUvArAvALI masjIdanA cogAnamAM baMdhAyelI, zALAmAM, islAmanAM bALakAnI, cha varasanI umaravALAM sau bALakaiA mATe zikSaNu pAmavAnI pharaja pharajIyAta banI tathA gulAmeAnAM bALakane paNa AjhAda nAgarikAnAM khALakA sAthe bhaNavA besavAnI chUTa maLI. dharmezAstra, nItizAstra, ItihAsa, kAyadAzAstra ane lekhana zAstra tathA gaNitazAstra AgaLanA abhyAsanA mUkhya viSaye banyA. pAchaLathI vyAkaraNa, ciMtana zAstra, bhASA zAstra, sAhitya zAstra, pramANu zAstra, ane khageALa zAstranI sAthe, IjanerI rasAyaNI ane, vaijkIya vijJAnA abhyAsa kramamAM AvI paheAMcyAM. makkA, bagadAda ane dAmasakasatI masjI de| vidyApIThe khanI tathA tyAM AMtararASTriya vidvAnAnI carcAonA guMjArava avirata banyA. divasanA kAi paNa kalAke dAmAsakasanI mahAna masomAM kAi te kAi viSayapara kAI ne kAI vaktAnuM bhASaNa cAlatuM ja hoya evuM banyuM. "" I. sa. 712 mAM samarakanda jItyApachI islAmanI vidyApIThAmAM udyoganA zikSaNane vega maLyA tathA lekhana zAstranA lahiyAonu eka mATuM lazkara jANe pustakA lakhavA besI gayuM. je patrApara A lakhANA lakhAvA mAMDayAM te, * peSirAsa " nAmanA erebIka zabdamAMthI * pepara ' nAmanA zabdatA janma thayA. kAgaLa banAvanArU kArakhAnuM I. sa. 794 mAM bagadAdamAM zarU thayuM. i. sa. 105 mAM cIne zeAdhelA kAgaLa banAvavAne udyoga, islAme vidmAkalAnI vyApaka jarUriyAtamAM sauthI pahelAM, makkAmAM zarU karyAM ane I. sa. 800 mAM ijIptamAM ane I. sa. 850 mAM speInamAM zarU thayA, tathA kaiAnasTenTitApalanI IsAi zahezAhatane enI jarUra i. sa. 1100 mAM paDI. madhyayuganA utthAna nagara iTAlIe ene i. sa. 1154 mAM apanAvyeA. jaramatImAM kAgaLapara lakhavAnI jarUra i. sa. 1228 mAM zarU thai tathA udyogayuganA IMgleMDa nagarane tyAM kAgaLanI khanAvaTa I. sa. 1308 mAM zarU thaI. yarApanAM A rASTromAM ekalA spenamAM A udyoga sauthI pahelAM zarU thayA kAraNake islAmanI saMskRtinA amala nIce e deza hato. yarApane saMskRtinA vArasA tene pUrvanA mahAna dezeAmAMthI ekaThA karIne tenA mUlyanuM uccatara rUpAMtara karIne, cApanA madhyayugane devA mATe vidyAkalAnA mULAkSara ghUMTAvatI IslAmanI

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yuropIya utthAnane janaka, IslAma 285 saMskRtie badhAM nagaromAM hastalikhita pustakonA DhagalA sarajAvyA. ekalA bagadAdamAMja buka selanI ekaso dukAna khUlI. A dukAno pustaka vecavA uparAMta lekhanane vyavasAya paNa karAvatI hatI tathA pitAne tyAM, lahiyAone pagArathI kAme retI hatI. A rIte A nUtana saMskRtie vidyAnI hilacAlane bukaselaranI dukAnomAM paNa utArI dIdhI hatI tathA dareka dukAna A vidyApravRttinA udyoga jevI banI hatI. IslAmanAM dareka nagara tyAranI duniyAmAM, prAcIna cakravatienAM pATanagarathI mULabhUta rIte A vidhyAnA vyAsaMgavaDe judAM paDatAM hatAM. A mahAna nagare para jugArakhAnAM kAyadesara nahotI ane pustakonI dukAna tathA jAhera pustakAlaya mAnavasaMskAranAM nUtana kendra banyAM hatAM. A saMskAranA jamAnAnA vidvAnonI saMkhyA ghaNuM hajAronI hatI tathA mazahura evA A mahAnubhAvonI milkata granthanA DhagalAomAM aMkAtI hatI. AkhA yurepabharamAM jeTalAM pustako hoya tethI ghaNuM vadhAre saMkhyAvALAM pustakane mAlika, I.sa. nI, eka hajAranI sAlamAM IslAmI saMskRtine dareka vidvAna kahevAto hato. eTaleja bagadAdane eka vaidakIya vaijJAnika bukhArA rahevA jaI zakyo nahote kAraNake enAM pustakone khaseDavA cAraso uMTanI jarUra paDe tema hatuM. ala-vakIdI jyAre maraNa pAmyo tyAre eNe peTIo bharIne pustakonI milkata enA dikarAone dIdhI hatI. vidyAne A vyAsaMga tyAranI duniyAmAM, ekalA cIna deza zivAya dharatI para koI prajAne hatA nahIM. keraDavAthI samarakanDa sudhI thAMbhalAo royA hoya teTalI meTI saMkhyAnA saMskAra staMbha jevA mahAvidvAne A saMskRtie saMskRtinI ghaTanAnI nIce chAI dIdhA hatA. eTale ja erebika bhASA pramANuzAstra vaDe vibhUSita banI. erebika vidyAo, para vibhAgavAra zabda keze teyAra thayA ane enasAIkapiDiyA lakhAyA. A badhI vyApakatAnAM saMskAra svarUpanA nirmANamAM aneka anAmI vidvAnoe jIvanabharanA zramayajJa karyA tathA jagatanI saMskRtinI sevAnA avadhi vahAvyA. IslAmanI saMskRtinAM badhAM nagaronI badhI madonI divAle, bhUgoLa zAstrIo, itihAsakAre, dharma zAstrIo, nyAzAstrIo, tathA vaijJAnike, kavio ane tattvonI carcAo vaDe hacamacI uThI. IslAmanA jamAnAnA itihAsakAre A mahAna saMskRtinA vidyA kakSAnA mahAvidvAnonAM aneka nAmo Aje khavAI gayAM che. khavAI gaelAM nAmone aMjali ApanAre vidyAno phAla ekale khovAI gayA vinA saMskRtinA svarUpamAM na oLakhAya te maDhAI gaela ciraMjIva bane che. vidyAne athAgazrama uThAvanAra A mahAnubhAvomAM Iti

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ra86 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA hAsakAro sauthI AgaLa che. A ItihAsakAroe saMtanA, ciMtakenA, vedanA ItihAsa lakhyA che. caritrAlekhananA DhagalA uparAMta, I. sa. 828mAM janmelA Indube pahele ItihAsa lakhe tathA temAM IslAmanA udayanuM ane kArakirdInuM khyAna atinamrapaNe raju karyuM. mahamada-ala-nadIbe te samayamAM vijJAne uparanAM je koI pustake hatAM te sau pustaka mimAMsArUpe itihAsa lakhyo tathA te pustakonA lekhakanAM jIvananuM avalokana karyuM. A avelekanamAM AvelAM eka hajAra jeTalAM pustakane temAM ullekha che. abujAphara-mahamadaala-tabArI, tabArIstAnamAM janmele eka mahAna lekhaka (838-923) hato. arabastAna sirIyA ane jItamAM jJAnanI zodha mATe rakhaDyA pachI e bagadAdamAM nyAyAdhiza thayo. eNe cAlIsa varasane satata zrama karIne te samayamAM vizvaitihAsa AlekhavA pRthvInI zarUAtathI te I. sa. 913 sudhI ItihAsa lakhe. A lakhANanA moTA paMdara grantha Aje paNa mejuda che. tabArI pachI tarata ja, alamasudI nAmanA ItihAsakAranuM nAma mazahUra banyuM. itihAsanuM Alekhana karavA eNe sirIyA, pelesTAIna, arebIyA, jhAMjhIbAra, IrAna madhyaeziyA, hiMda, sIlana ane cInanI musApharI karI. ItihAsanA AlekhananI noMdha karavA eNe varasa sudhI paryaTana karyuM ane pachI varaso sudhI lakhyA karyuM. trIsa moTA granthomAM itihAsane "enasAIkalopiDiyA" eNe I 947mAM pragaTa karyo. A AlekhanamAM eNe bhUgoLa uparAMta jIvana vijJAna paNa AlekhyuM ane dareka bhUmiparanA sAmAjika vyavahAra uparAMta tyAMnA dharmo, vidyA kalAo, ane ciMtananuM paNa khyAna karyuM. cInathI phrAnsa sudhInI duniyAno jIvana vyavahAra AlekhanAra A ItihAsakAra, prAcIna jagatanA hIraDoTasa je, vizva ItihAsano pitA kahevAya. A itihAsakAre jIvananA avalokananI tAravaNI karatAM karatAM vikAsakramanI bhALa paNa meLavI tathA, khanIjamAMthI ane pANImAMthI vikasatA vanaspati jIvanane, prANajIvana sAthe atUTa rIte joDAyeluM batAvyuM tathA prANImAMthI manuSyanA udabhavano vikAsakrama samajAvyo. A mahAna ItihAsakAranI jIvana taraphanI vaijJAnika draSTine tyArano samAja jIravI zako nahIM. ene bagadAdamAMthI nAsI javAnI pharaja paDI. keranagaramAM e, I. sa. 56mAM maraNa pAme. eNe vizvanuM darzana pahelIvAra vizvanA eka ItihAsa mAraphata karAvyuM ane vizvaekatAnI AgAhI ApI. yugapravartaka vidyA-vyavasAya arabastAnanI verAna dharatI paranI utthAna pAmelI mAnavajAta AkhA pazcima eziyApara prakAzI uThI. cIna bhArata ane grIsanI purAtana saMskRtio

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surApIya utthAnanA janaka, islAma 187 islAme ArabhelA vidyAnA bhagIratha vyavasAyamAM nUtana vana pAmIne jagatanAM ajoDa evAM, elekajhAMDrIyA, bIrUta, enTIka, hArAna, nIsIbIsa, ane jInDIsapura jevAM mathakeAnI vidyApIThonAM vidyAdhAmeAmAM prakAzI uThI. grIsamAMthI ane bhAratamAMthI vidyAnA prAcIna bhaMDArAne pacavavA ane phelAvavA IslAmanA yugatarasyo satkAra kaMTha AtUra banyA. be lAkha suvaNu sikkAo kharacIne bagadAde potAnI pahelI vizva-vidyAlaya bAMdhI tathA tenuM nAma bAyataala--hikama " athavA prajJAmaMdira pADayuM. A vidyAdhAmanI zAkhArUpe eka meTuM granthAlaya baMdhAyuM tathA avalAkana minArA cAyA. A vidyAdhAmamAM hAre| anuvAdakA ane lahIyAeAnI kAmagIrI zarU thaI. AvA vidyA vyavasAya, I. sa. 750 thI 900 sudhImAM AkhA islAma jagata para vyApI gayA. grIka, sIrIka, pahalavI,ane saMskRta bhASAnAM DahApaNA vidyAe ane kalA, erebika jabAnamAM bhASAMtara pAmyAM. A bhASAMtarakAronAM lazkarae jANe avidyA sAmenuM yuddha AraMbhyuM. A bhASAMtarakArAmAM sarvazreSTha evA humAyuna-Ibna, IsAkanuM nAma vidyAnA vyavasAyanA AgevAna tarIke aMkAyuM. eNe gelananA granthane, erisToTalanA, pramANu zAstrane, pleTAnA ripablIkane yukalIDanI bhUmitine, DimegneTasanA vijJAnane, tathA TAlemInA granthAne arabImAM utArI dIdhA. i. sa. 873 mAM enA maraNa pachI enA dikarAe A zramakAryane AgaLa dhapAvyuM. pachIthI A vidyAnA vyavasAyanA vega dhaNA vadhI paDayo. grIka vidyAkalAnA kAi paNa grantha erebika jabAnamAM rUpAMtara pAmyA vinAnA rahyo nahI. ala-manasure hiMdanA khagoLa zAstrane arabImAM kayAranuMya utArI dIdhuM hatuM. hiMdamAMthI zUnyathI zarU thata! gaNitazAstranA abhyAsa ahIM AvI paheAMcyA hatA. i. sa. 813 mAM ala khvArIjhamIe hiMdI khageALazAstrane pharIphAra AlekhavA mAMDayuM hatuM. I. sa 96 mAM mahamamda ibna ahamade vijJAAnI cAvI nAmanA graMthamAM gaNatarIne AMka nAnA vartuLathI AraMbhyA ane tene ' sI* ' kahyo. A sIkranuM nAma pachIthI leTInamAM sAiphara paDayuM ane iTAlIyanAe sAiranA udagAra epIrama athavA * zrIrA ' karyAM. * elajIbrA ' nAmanA zabdane janaka mahamada ibana musA (780-850) hatA. A mahAvidvAne, khagoLa, gaNita ane TrIgAmenTrInA vikAsa karyo. eNe kalanagaNita tathA akSaragatino vikAsa karyo. eNe sALa saikAo sudhI yarApatI nizALane bhaNavAnuM bhAthuM ApyuM, tathA khagALazAstrane pAyA nAkhyuM. khagoLazAstra zarU karelA AkAzanA nakazAnI sAthe pRthvInA nakazAne mATuM mahattva apAyuM. sulemAna-ala-tA re, tyAranA jagatanI bhUMgALa paTana " 2

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189 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA " karIne racI. A bhUMgALamAM, sIlAna, hiMda, cIna ane IsTainDIjhanuM AbehUba varNana karAyuM. ahamada ala yAkube ' rASTragraMtha ' lakhyo. ahamada ala, khIrUnI ( 973-1048 ) nAmanA mahAnubhAvanuM nAma, itihAsakAra, ciMtaka zodhaka musAphara, bhASAzAstrI, gaNitazAstrI, khageALazAstrI, kavi tathA vaidya tarIke mazahura banyuM. IslAmaneA A lIenArdo madhyayuganI sImA para, jagatanI vidhyA kalAonI aMjali bharatA, vizvaitihAsanA UMbarA para ubhA. mahamadagIjhanInA jhaMjhAvAtamAM bhaLI jaIne A binI bhAratamAM AvI paheAMcyuM. tyAM AvIne eNe pelA zikArI banelA sulatAnaneA sAtha cheDIne dhULamAM ragadoLAyelAM, vidyAnAM mUlyAne viNavA mAMDayAM. hiMdamAM varaso sudhI rahIne eNe sa MskRta abhyAsa karyo tathA bhASAMtara karyAM. eNe aneka graMthA lakhyA tathA dine vAstavika itihAsa AlekhyA. A itihAsa i. sa. 1030mAM tarIkha-ala-Iida tarIke pragaTa thayA. A itihAsamAM eNe kheMtAlIsa prakaraNA hiMdanA khagoLazAstra para ane agIAra prakaraNA hiMdanA dharma vyavahAra para avalokanarUpe lakhyAM. bhagavadgIttA nAmanA graMtha 52 e mugdha thayA tathA gItAnAM kavanamAM AnaMda pAmyA. eNe hiMdI ci'tana zAstra tathA grIka cita nanI tulanA karI tathA grIka ciMtananA vaijJAnikarUpa tarapha peAtAnI prIti khatAvI. eNe grIka yulIDatuM bhASAMtara saMskRtamAM karyuM tathA TAlemInA graMthane saMskRtamAM utArIne hiMdane e navA graMthAnI bheTa dharI. eNe rasAyaNazAstranA vikAsa karavAnI vAta uccArI. vaidyakIya vijJAnAnA pitA arabastAnanI islAmika hilacAla sirIyAmAM peDhI tyAre vaikIya vijJAnanA tene pahelA sparza thayA. irAnamAM vyApaka banelA IslAme pachIthI bhAratIya, vidhyAkalAnA vaikIya vArasA irAna mAraphata meLavavA mAMDayeA. hIpeAkrITasa ane gelana nAmanA vaidakIya vaijJAnikAne islAme a MgIkAra karyo ane pachI bagadAda, zAhapura, jInDIsapura, vigere nagarAmAM tyAranA jagatamAM ajoDa evAM davAkhAnAMo baMdhAyAM. i. sa. 706mAM dAmAsakasanI ispAtAla sauthI moTI khatI. vaikIya vijJAnaneA vyavahAra kAyadesara banyA, tathA vaikIya vidyApIThonAM pramANapatrA pAmelA voja vaidaka vyavahAra karI zake tevuM hyu. alI-ibna IsAe, eka jagAthI bIje janArI pharatI ispAtAleAnI yeAjanA zarU karI. i.sa. 931mAM ekalA bagadAda nagaramAM pramANapatra pAmelA 860 vaido prekaTIsa karavA lAgyA. meAta sAme maDAyelA saskRtinA A sagrAmaneA AgevAna aNu-akramahamada-alI-rajhavI, (844-926) nAmanA thayA. bagadAdanI vaidakIya vidyApIThane

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: para! ka kAna ja eka ka . Eaa yurepIya utthAnane janaka, IslAma 289 A snAtaka vaidakIya vijJAna para 131 pustaka lakhate gaye. A mahAvaidyanAM pustakamAMthI yuropanI nizALo saikAo sudhI vaiduM bhaNavA beThI. pachI AjanA vaidakIya vijJAnano pitA gaNAyele, evIsenA I.sa. 980 mAM janame, Aje paNa repanI vaidakIya vidyApITha A vijJAna pitAnI chabI pitAnI divAla para laTakAvIne mAna pAme che. bukhArAmAM janmelA A vijJAna-pitAnuM AkhuM nAma abu-alI-ala, husena ---sInA hatuM te ropIya jabAna para evisenA kahevAyuM. abu-alI ala- husena-Ibda abadullAImna-sInA nAmanA bukhArAmAM janma pAmelA A evIsenAe agiyAra varSanI uMmare AkhuM kurAna * moDhe karyuM. eNe arabI kavitAone abhyAsa karyo. eNe bhAratanuM gaNitazAstra ane erisToTalanuM ciMtanazAstra vAMcI nAkhyuM. enuM dila vaidaka para haiM. mAnavajAta taraphanA anurAgane varele juvAna channa-sInA, nahIM samajAya tevAM daradano upAya zodhI kADhavA drAkSAsavano nazo karIne AkhI rAta ujAgara karato hato. eNe vijJAnane mAnavasaMskArathI bharelA dilathI dIpAvyuM. A mahAna de vijJAnanA pAyAmAM jAhera karyuM ke, "daradIonI sAravAra mATe kazuM vetana svIkArI zakAya ja nahIM." mAnava zarIranI sAravAra, vinA kiMmate karavAne nUtana vyavahAra eNe vaidAmAM dAkhala karyo. Ibna-sInA vaidakanA ItihAsamAM evI nA tarIke oLakhAyA. eNe lakhelA pratye Aje paNa mojuda che. ho - 5 pa " = i :: L R., ka sa : G dara che. vika sArA rI flu,EN, ! nA * nikA * ja kAkA kema * * - Ara. 37

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vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA eNe paryaTana zarU karyuM. ene pakaDavA ane ganImAM ja rAkhavA sulatAne mANaso mekalyAM. e nAsIne khIla Avyo, pachI nizApura, marva ane jArachana AvIne eNe rajhIjhanI janmabhUmi rAimAM Azraya lIdhe. tyAM eNe pustake lakhyAM paNa pachI ene kajhavIna tarapha bhAgI javuM paDyuM. eNe jIvanabhara vaidAnA vikAsamAM zrama karyo. eNe vaidA para moTA vIsa grantha taiyAra karyA. eNe gaNita, khageLa, bhautikavijJAna, rasAyaNa, bhUstarazAstra, ciMtana, dharmazAstra, kavitA, tathA saMgItazAstramAM maulika phALe Ape. jyAre bIjAo UMdhatA hatA tyAre imna-sInA rAtabhara jAgate. eno javAba mAgavAmAM Avyo ke tamane sauthI vadhAre zAne mATe yAra che, vicAra mATe ke madirA ane chokarIo mATe ? tyAre eNe javAba dIdhe "mAnavazarIra mATe, tenI mAvajata mATe, ane tethI vaidakIya vijJAna mATe." pachI IslAmanI pavitra pakaDamAMthI TavA e nIkaLI nAThe. e eka nAyikAnA gharamAM saMtAI rahyo. eka killAmAM kedI banIne eNe thoDo samaya gALe ane pachI tyAMthI phakIranA vezamAM bhAge. IslAmane A mahAnubhAva japa vinA, ArAma vinA zrama karate, pIte, lakhate, khaDakhaDATa hasate, jJAnanI zodhamAM ane strIo sAthenA premamAM akhaMDa doDyA karate, aThThAvana varSanI vaye thAkIne letha thayele paDyo ane ghaDapaNa enI ThekaDI kare te pahelAM virAma pAmI gaye. I. sa. 1000 pachI yuropa para aMdhakAra phelAvA lAgyo. eziyA upara paNa e ja aMdhakAra phelAI cUkyuM hatuM. jagata AkhuM eka aMdhArA kuvAmAM DUbakI detuM dekhAyuM. IralAmI, sulatAnI banI gaI. khristI dharma prakAza sAme AMkha mIcI daIne kajheDa nAmanAM yuddhonI nobata vagADI. yuropamAM sAdhu pITare, pitAnA khaccaranI kharInAM pagalAmAM mAnavasamudAyane hAM. pipa arabane IsunI kabarane IslAma pAsethI choDAvavA saMhAranI nobata vagADI. kaleranA banaDe musalamAnanuM khUna karanArane svarga ane dUrIothI khadabadatA AnaMdanAM vacana ApyAM. sAmatanI "zivalarI " katala karavAnI tAkAtanAja guNavALI gaNavAmAM AvI. dharatInA dhaNIoe jamInanA TukaDAo paDAvavA mANasanAM mAthAM utArI levA mAMDyAM. navA UgatA yuropIyana vepArIe eziyAnuM bajAra hAtha karavA kajheDanAM dharma yuddhonAM pANuM caDhAvyAM. pazcima ane pUrva, mAnavasaMhAranI bAthamAM AvyAM. kuMDenA rastAo dharatI para zrama karatI mAnavajAtanAM lehIthI raMgAI gayA. jJAna vijJAnanI ghara

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yurIpAya utthAnanA janaka, IslAma da kheAdAi gai, saMskAra zamI gayA ane mAnavasaMhAranA hevAnA smazAna bhUmi para dAMDayA karyAM. khulAnanA gADaphre jyAre jerUsAlemanI dIvAla para nAgI taravAre Ubhe tyAre mAnavavikAsanA itihAsa AdhAta pAmI gayA. isue eka lAkha naranArIonI meAtanI ekasAmaTI vedanA isAI kahevAtA hevAnAne hAthe anubhavI. jesAlemanA IsAI yAtrAdhAma para khristi sainikAne hAthe ArakhAnAM lohInI nIkA vahyA karI. Araba nArIonA DhagalA atyAcAra nIce cUMthAI gayA. Araba bALAnA mAthAM patharA para pachADI nAkhavAmAM AvyAM. adha kAranA khristi dharmanA yudghanA vijetAee dUdha pItAM bALakAnA daDA banAvIne temane havAmAM uchALyA ane ramatamAM mAtAnAM peTa cIryAM. Araba muslime ane yAhudIo para isAi AtaMka, saMhAra banIne dhAtakatAnI hada vaTAvI gayA. lAkhA zakha, jerUsAlemanI dharatI para saLagyAM karyo. .. "" paNa aMdhakAramAM dhAra verAnamAM araNyarUdana jevA eka avAja evIsenA tarIke yuropamAM eLakhAtA, ibna-sInAnA vaijkIya grantha, kenana ek meDIsIna " mAMthI uThatA saMbhaLAtA hatA. tyAre paMdaramA saikAnA yuropamAM je paheluM chApakhAnuM zarU thayuM temAM evIsenAnAM pustakAmAMthI paheluM pustaka "krenana epha meDIsIna" nAmanuM chapAtuM hatuM. AmarakhayAma, saskArayuganuM kavana prAcIna pUrve dezanA DahApaNanA niceADa jyAM ekaThA thavA mAMDayA hatA tyAMnA, keza, eNlekajhAMDriyA, Trusa, nizApura sAlema, bAlaeka, elepe, DAmAsakasa, meAsula, emesIyA, ane bagadAda nAmanAM nagarA i. sa. 1000 nI IsAI sAla mubArakamAM pota potAnA vidyAdhAmAthI epI uThayAM hatAM. A vidyAdhAmeAmAM se'kaDA vidyAthIe mATe uttama khArAka, pustakAlayA tathA snAnAgArA, davAkhAnAM vigerenI sagavaDA maphata hatI. A vidyAdhAmAnA adhyApakAmAM zekhA nAmanI eka viduSI adhyApikA paNa purUSa sameAvaDA jJAnanI dhAraNa karavAvALI hatI. A badhA para islAmanA saMskAra jhaMDA uSAkALanuM edhANu Apato hato. A saMskAra kALanA IslAmI speinanA nAnakaDA pradeza para ja sittera moTAM granthAlayeA hatAM. A samayanI jIvanakathAmAM, ibna-alakIphatIe cArasA cauda citakA ane vaijJAnikAnI jIvanakathAne grantha lakhyA hatA, bni AkhI-usakhIAe, cAraso vaidyanI jIvanakathAo lakhI hatI ane mahemada AvakIe traNase| parazIyana kavienA eka * enasAikalApIDIyA ' lakhyA hatA.

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292 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA yurepane jeNe, yuropIya utthAnane vArase dIdhe hato tevo A vizvanA uSAkALanI vana saMdhyA jeTaluM velo, IslAmanA pArasika uMbara pradezane 7:21 emara-khayAma eka meTo khagoLa zAstrI ane mahAna gaNita zAstrI hato. I. sa. 1038 mAM nizApuramAM e janamyo hate. phreMca bhASAmAM, enuM ela. jIbrA I. sa. 1857 mAM bhASAMtara pAmyuM ane yurepa khuza thaIne elajIbrAnAM Ikavezane bhaNavA beThuM. lIDana granthAlayamAM Aje paNa ene lakhele, yukalI. Dane grantha majuda che. malIkazAhe ene kelenDara sudhAravAnuM kAma soMpyuM hatuM ane eNe pAra sIka kelenDarane adyatana banAvatAM zodha karI ke dara, 3770 varasamAM eka divasane cudhAre karavA jarUrI che. A zodhe, yazapamAM svIkArAyalI, 3335 varase eka divasanA sudhArAnI hakIktane eNe khoTI puravAra karI dIdhI.

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yupIya utthAnane janaka, IslAma : 293 uSa:kALa je IslAmanA jIvanane samaya uSaHkALanI saMdhyA eTale ja TuMke hate. gheDAka saikAo sudhI ja arUNodaya pahelAMnI lAla uSmA ahIM prakAzI uThI, ane pachI jema jIvatara caMcaLa banIne cAlyuM jatuM hoya che tema, saMskAra vArasAne vizva bhaMDoLa vadhAre prakAzavA, pazcima tarapha cAlate dekhAye. Araba bharavADane, IslAma A uSa:kALanA vAhaka arUNa je, saMskatinA dhAma banelA pArasika pradezaparathI upaDavA adhIre ubhe. kevo raye A pArasika pradeza hata! jIvatarano niSedha karanArI badhI aTakAyatene niSedha karate, viharatAM mAnane, kalelatAM paMkhIone, khuzanumA havAmAnane, kalakalatAM jharaNAMone, manaraMjana vanarAjIone ane, jJAna-vijJAnanI prajJAnI pITha banelAM aneka vidyAdhAmane ahIM eka ane avicchinna e guMjArava mahekI uThayo hate. A guMjAravanI badhI saurabhane ghaDe hoya e, mukta jIvatarane kalAkAra omara, athavA emare bena,IbrAhIma-khayAmI,nA lAMbA nAmavALo, taMbu banAva nArA eka IrAnIne, pArasIka dika, omara khayAma, uSa:kALanA ja uMbara para, aMdhakArane urADI nAkhe te praNava maMtra athavA prayaNamaMtra lalakArate hate. * ane kaheto hato ke, "ughADe, ughaDI jAva, o uSAnAM dvAra, kukaDe. kamADa para pUkAra kare che...ane tamane khabara che ke amAre mukAma bahu TuMke che, ane vidAya pachI, pAchA AvavApaNuM, na paNa heya."* * "Awake! o morning, the Bowl of night Has flung the Stone that puts the ars to Flight." * And, as the cock crew, those who stood efore, The Tavern, shouted "Open the door You know how little we have to stay And once departed may return Nomore."

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romana jagatanA upasa'hAra ane yuropanA janma [ yuropanA janma samayanA prAcIna deza, iTAlI-pazcima pUrvanA keDA, kanasTenTinopala-rAjanItinA isAI dha--prAcIna yuga have madhya yuga anyA-briTana, iMgleMDa, manyu che--AyalenDanA ullekha--phrakA athavA AjhAda mAnavIo--yuropa khaDa para madhya yuganA Ara'bha--romana sAmrAjyanA pazcimI vibhAga, yuropa ] 19 porTugala) spena jIbrAlTara DenmArka hole jIyana) phrAMsa jarmanI lIthovImA mAlA poleM gerA ja-skevIyA grIsa Ina leDa an sthAnanA levIyA remAniyA balgerIyA b turDA sAIprasa zi pelesTAina thA IjIpta yuropanA janma samayanA prAcIna deza, iTAlInuM svarUpa have ITAlI paranA rAmanagaramAM yuropa khaMDanuM IsAIonuM paheluM dhAma aMdhAyuM hatuM. yurApa khaMDa para pahelIvAra isunA janma pachI cArasA varSe eka izvaranA svIkAra thayA hatA. pUrvanI duniyAmAMthI ane grIka duniyAmAMthI AvIne jagata para dhAtakI adhikAra bhogavatAM devadevIe Ama aitihAsika

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zamana jagatanA upasa'hAra ane yurApanA janma pa rIte ahIM mota pAmyAM hatAM. yuropanI dharatI saMskAranA A prathama divA peTAvIne vizvatihAsamAM dhanya banI hatI. have i. satA cothA sAkA purA thayA tyAre rAmana sAmrAjyanuM rUpa IsunA pahelA cAra saikAmAM ITAlI parathI lagabhaga laya pAmI jatuM hatuM. ITAlInuM evuM rASTrarUpa paNa sAmrAjya bheguM veravikhera thai jatuM hatuM. atyAre udaya pAmatA yuropa khaMDa para iTAlI eTale thoDAMka nagaronAja pradeza banI gayelA dekhAtA hatA. eka vakhate grIsa dezanuM svarUpa jevuM chUTA jvAyelAM ane patana pAmelAM nagarAnuM banI gayuM hatuM tevuM svarUpa Aje milAna, venisa, phalorensa ane zamanagarAvALA ITAlInA pradezanuM dekhAtuM hatuM. rAmana sAmrAjyanA bhaMgAra jevAM A nagarA paraspara sAthe paNa ekatA anubhavatAM nahetAM. A samayanAM A nagarAnAM nAgarikAnAM jIvana jUnI pUrANI jAgIrA para baMdhAyelI vaDIAmAM geAMdhAi gayAM hatAM, ane A jIvatarane vyavasAya gulAma jevA kheDUtAnA zramanI pedAzane pacAvyA karavAnA hatA. A nAgarikAnI aMdaraaMdara yuddha karavAnI tAkAta paNa have khatama thai gai hatI. tyAre ITAlInI rAmana zahenazAhata para lazkaravAde kAthu jamAgyeA hatA tathA A lazkaravAdanA cAra vibhAga cAra AgevAneAvALA hatA. lazkaravAdanA cAre vibhAgAe cAra judA judA zahenazAhane gAdInazana karavAnI yeAjanA rajI karI. leAkazAhInAM nAmanizAna jIvananI badhI saMsthAemAMthI zamI javA lAgyAM. ati vizALa evI sAmrAjyanI sarahadonAM tUTI paDatAM kATaDAMnI marAmata karavAnI tAkAta paNa rAmana zahenazAhate gumAvavA mAMDI. DAnyuba ane rAhaIna vaccenI killebaMdhI tUTavA mAMDI, rAmanagaranuM rAjakIya mahattva kAipaNa prAMtIya nagara jevuM banyuM. A mahAnagaramAM gAvAyelI zahenazAhatanA, potAnI hastInA ekeeka AvirbhAva mAraphata niSedha karatA, ane kAIpaNa zahenazAhanI gAdI AgaLa dhUpa dharavAno InkAra karatA mAnavadharma, isAI dharmanuM nAma dhAraNa karIne rAmana jIvanamA utaravA mAMDayeA. AvI rAmana zahenazAhatA A pazcimI vibhAga aMdara aMdara laDatA lazkaravAdanA pAdAdhAta nIcethI pUrvamAM jaIne pagabhara banavAne ane jIvatA rahevAnA prayatna karavA lAgyA. madhyayuga para pahoMcanArA aMkoDA konasTenTinopala pazcimamAM maraNa pAmatI rAmanazAhI pUrvamAM keAnasTenTinepalamAM paga gAThavavA mAMDI. pUnA A pradezanI kheAsarpharasanI sAmudradhuni yurApa ane eziyATika turkastAnane judA pADe che. turkastAnanuM eka istaMbula nagara prAcIna jamAnAnuM

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26 vizva itihAsanI rUparekhA grIka saMsthAna hatuM tyAranuM pUrva pradezA para najara rAkhatuM A mathaka ejhanTI yamanA nAmathI oLakhAtuM hatuM. konasTenaTAine patana pAmavA mAMDelA rAma nagaramAMthI khasI jaI te rAmana zahenazAhatanI rAjadhAnI I. sa. 324 nI sAlathI A prejhanToyamanA mathakamAM banAvI. rAmana pATanagara jevuM iTAlImAM hatuM tevuM ja A navuM pATanagara pUrvanA pradezamAM agatyanA ane pUrva pazcimanI duniyAne sAMkaLatA A mesaksanA pradeza para baMdhAyuM. kAnasTenaTAine A nagaranuM nAma potAnA nAma sAthe joDIne kAkasTenTinepala pADyuM. e ja sAlamAM eNe rAmana zahenazAhataneA tAja dhAraNa karyo. jUnA samayanuM A grIka hakumata nIcenuM prejhanTIyama nagara yuropa ane eziyA nacce ubhu hatuM tathA enA navA rUpanA dhaDataramAM, kAnasTenaTAIne aneka jInAM nagarAnAM zilpane tathA pratimAone ahIM ekaThAM karIne A nagarane zaNagAryuM. rAmana zahenazAhata A rIte e TukaDAmAM vaheMcAI gaI tathA pUnA TukaDA kAnasTenaTAInanI sudhArAnI hilacAla nIce pagabhara banIne, pUnA pradezanI saMskRtinAM mUlyAne ekaThAM karavA mAMDayA. navI rAjanItInA naveA isAI dharma kAnasTenTinopalamAMthI kAnasTAI ne navI rAjanIti zarU karI. A navI rAjanItinuM rUpa pUnA simADAnA pradezaranA navA mathakamAMthI pUnI hatI tevI zahenazAhatAnI rAjakIya Dhaba dhAraNa karavAnI hatI. pUrvanI zahenazAhatAnA jevA ja dRkhakhA pUrvaka rAjadaMDa dhAraNa karIne, zahenazAhanI mUrtinuM rUpa dhAraNa karIne eNe navuM eTale pUrvanA jevuM zahenazAhatanuM ja sarvAdhikArI zAsana zarU karyuM. parantu A rAjanItinuM pUrvanuM dharmarUpatA mUrtipUjaka hatuM ! eNe A bAbatamAM thADAka pheraphAra karyo. eNe traNaseA varasanA AjanA vinamra ane sthitisthApaka banavA mAMDelA isAi dharmane dhAraNa karavAnuM nakkI karyuM tathA pUrvanA mUrtipUjaka dhamane dUrathI salAma bharavAnuM paNu cAlu rAkhyuM. isAIdharmane aMgIkAra karavAnA enA nirNaya bilakula rAjakIya hatA. AjasudhI IsAI dharmagurUonA eNe kasa kADhI joyA hatA. A badhA dharmogurUe ene rAjakIya rIte madada karavA taiyAra hatA. have eNe vadhAre vyavasthita rIte A dharUpane aMgIkAra karIne pote dhArmika banI javAne badale dhamate rAjakIya pUrA vahana karanArUM sAdhana banAvavAnA kAryakrama zarU karyAM. eNe IsAI dharmanA aMgIkAra karIne sattA mATe aMdara aMdara TakarAtI dharmagurUonI jamAtanAM samelana bharavA mAMDayAM. temanI kAunasIlAnI kheDakA eNe

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ra90 mana jagatane upasaMhAra ane yurepane janma pitAnA pramukhapada nIce zobhAvavA mAMDI. kAunasIlemAM enA pramukhapade je TharAva thAya tene amala karAvavAnuM kAma pote pitAnA rAjadaMDanA adhikAra mAraphata mAthe lIdhuM. - nUtana janmelA IsAI dharmane zista ane vyavasthAthI e paNa khuza thayo. eNe vinamra banelA khristI cAritryane pitAnI zAsana vyavasthAmAM kAma AvI jAya tevuM dIThuM. ATaATalA julmane sahana karyA pachI paNa temane sarakAra sAme kadi paNa baLa nahIM karavAnI IsAI nItimAM eNe bhagavAnanA rAjyane bIlakula svargamAM mokalI devAyeluM dekhIne e nItine eNe apanAvI. paDozIpara prema karavAnA anurAga sAme romana jIvataramAM otaprota bane atyAcAra paNa potAnA hakumatI yaMtra mAraphata kADhI zakAze ema ene lAgyuM. Aja sudhI mana zahenazAha pAse je nahotuM ane pUrvanA dezanA zahenazAha pAse je hatuM te dharmanuM kamaThANa ene maLyuM. pUrvanA zahenazAhe karatAM adhika uccatara evuM A dharmanuM kamaThANa nUtanazistavALA pAdarIovALuM tathA uccatara evA sahakArI ane mAnava dharmavALuM hatuM. barAbara A samayathI prAcInayuge rUpAMtara lIdhuM. prAcIna yuga have madhyayuga banyo pUrvanA zahenazAhanI sAthenI eka haroLamAM pazcimanI zahenazAhatanuM rAmanarUpa besapharasanA navA mathaka5ra rAjadaMDa goThavIne AvI gayuM. prAcIna mUpuijAonuM khaMDana karate heya te badhI mUrtione A eka mUrtimAna zahenazAha mUrtipujaka ane IsAI dharmanA kriyAkAMDane AgevAna banIne beTho. AkhA jagatapara pUrva ane pazcimapara have eka yuga besI gaye. A yuganuM nAma madhyayuga. A yugane yuropakhaMDajyAre remana sAmrAjyane pazcima vibhAga hato tyArathI ja teNe dhAraNa karavA mAMDayA hatA, tathA korI sleTa jevA pitAnA kalevara para I. sa. nA pAMcamA saikAnA aMta samayathI ja pitAnA janmanI sAtheja tene dhAraNa karavA mAMDe hatuM. tyAranA janma pAmatA yuropane eka deza prAcIna ITAlI hatI. romana sAmrAjyamAM, ITAlIyane, grIke, gelsa, IberIyane (spe. nIADe) briTane ane jaramane vigere jAte vasatI hatI. I. sa. 2012mAM A badhI prajAone nAgarika tarIkenA hakka ApavAmAM AvyA hatA, tathA temanA para remana zahenazAhatanI hakumata hatI. paNa have remana zahenazAhatanuM A vibhAganuM patana zarU thaI gayuM hatuM. remamAMnI sIneTa nAmanI rAjasabhA vikherAI gaI hatI. romana zahenazAhatane sarva sattAvALo bAdazAha pUrvamAM cAlya 38

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298 vikava ItihAsanI rUparekhA gaye ha. I. sa. 324mAM konasTenaTAIna nAmanA A bAdazAhe, bAlkana pradeza paranI pUrva sarahadapara eka navuM pATanagara baMdhAvyuM hatuM. A pATanagaranuM nAma konasTenTinopala hatuM. A nagara yuropa ane eziyAnI vacce romana sAmrAjyanuM pUrve vibhAga taraphanuM pATanapara banyuM. A rIte romana sAmrAjyanA pUrvevibhAga pazcima vibhAgathI jUdo paDyo tathA konasTenTinopala A remana sAmrAjyanA pUrva vibhAganuM ane madhyayuganuM pATanagara banyuM. briTana IglenDa banyuM I. sa. nA trIjA saikAmAM remana hakumata nIce briTanane sAre e vikAsa thayo hato. briTana para zahera zarU thavA mAMDyAM hatAM ane delata vadhavA mAMDI hatI. vaNakarene udyoga vadhe ane vakhaNAya hate. briTananI aMdara bahAranI salAmatI sAcavavA Aja sudhI romanonI DIka lijIanAja ahIM basa banI hatI. IN karI lagana gIta ha nI s rs s = : jI '38 * che ke, - ? : - I ) : - - - - - - - - - - . . . :: : 5 : ::: . paraMtu cothA ane pAMcamA saikAmAM briTananI salAmatI bhayamAM mUkAI gaI. enI uttara sarahada para keleDonIyAnA pakoe, pUrva ane dakSiNa para na ane sekasanoe tathA pazcima sarahada para velsanA selTIe ane AyaralenDanA &AToe AkramaNa hilacAla zarU karI ane aMdhera zarU thaI gayuM.

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rAmana jagatanA upasahAra ane yuropanA janma 199 ane A adhere tathA jamanAnI mUtipujAe iMglenDa AvI cUkelA isAI dharmane gUMgaLAvI nAkhyo. briTanane have jaramanA, engala-lenDa athavA IMglenDa kahetA hatA. IMgleMDanI bhASA TayuTAnIka khatI. rAmana kAnuna laya pAmyA. rAmanee sthApelI myunIsIpala samitine bale grAma-paMcAyatA zarU karavAmAM AvI. aMgrejI lAhImAM selTIka leAhI ekaThu thayuM. AyarlenDanA ullekha AyalenDanA itihAsa paNa have ArabhAi cUkayA hatA. I. sa. 432 mAM peTrIka nAmanA isAI, dharma pracAra mATe tyAM AvI paheAMcyA tyAre TArAnA rAjavaMzanA eka mUrtipUjaka rAjAnuM tyAM rAja cAlatuM hatuM. peTrIka A mUrtipUjakanA palaTA karI zakayA paNa pracAranI badhI chUTa meLavI zakayA nahI. phuIDe| enA virAdhI banyA. bAra vakhata peTrIkanuM jIvana bhayamAM AvI paDayuM. peTrIkanA camatkAro lokAnI jIbha para caDhayA. peTrIkanI nItimattAe lAkAnA palaTA karyAM. peTrIke AyarlenDa para IsAI devaLA ane maTha bAMdhyAM. isAi sAdhu sAdhvIonA saMdha AyarlenDamAM zarU thayA. peTrIka i. sa, 461 mAM maraNu pAmyA tyAre AyarIza prajAnuM dharmAM rUpAMtara thai cUkayu' hatuM, ane jIvananI pachAta dazAmAM AvelI mUtipuMjA parAjaya pAmI cUkI hatI. AyalenDa, peAtAnI pachAta dazAmAM aMdhakAramaya jIvataranAM AgevAna banI gaelAM devadevIone pheMkI daI te, jIvana vartananA mUlyanI isAi ArAdhanAnA aMgIkAra karyAM. phrenkI athavA AjhAda mAnavI rezamana sAmrAjyanA samayamAM ja rAIna nadInA pazcima kinArA para A leAkAne itihAse eLakhI lIdhAM hatAM. A lokeAte meinjha najIka erelIane harAvyAM hatAM, paNa emaNe pAMcamA saikAmAM kAleAna jItI lIdhuM ana tyAM potAnuM mathaka banAvIne pachI potAnI hakumatane AzInathI mIjha sudhI sthApI dIdhI. pachI emanAM keTalAMka ToLAMe rAinanI pUrva bAjue rahyAM ane tyAM temaNe phrekeAnIyAnu potAnu nAma pADayuM. A leAkeA dakSiNa ane pazcima tarapha paNa vadhyAM ane i. sa. 356 mAM myujhanAmanA, samudra ane sAma vaccenA pradezapara temaNe vasavATa karyAM. A lokAne rAmanAe paNa ujjaDa pradezApara vasavA kheAlAvyA hatA ane uttara gAlanA pradeza tethI aradhA ke pradeza banyA. A lAkA potAnI sAthe jaramenIka bhASA ane mUtipUjA lAvyAM hatAM. pachI A lAkAe rAmAnI hakUmata pheMkI dIdhI ane potAnI jAtane jaMgalI nahI paN AjhAda mAnavA tarIke athavA phreMka tarIke pUravAra karI. A leAkeAmAM pahelA phreka rAjA kaleADIo nAmane hatA. eNe gAla pradezanA sAma nadI sudhI kabajo meLavyA ane TuranAInane potAnI rAjadhAnI banAvI,

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300 vikava ItihAsanI rUparekhA pachI kavIse phrAnsanI sthApanA karI ane aDhAra rAjAone pitAnuM nAma dIdhuM. A kavIse ja kedIo, gulAma, lUMTanA DhagalA ane IsAI tenA AzIrvAda sAthe perIsanagaramAM pitAnI rAjagAdI sthApI. gela pradezanI rANI paNa have kAnsa dezanA perIsa gAmanA senTa mAraTIna devaLamAM sAdhvI banIne AvI gaI. kalevIsanA maraNa samaye tenA ghaNA dikarAo hatA. eNe aMdara aMdaranAM yuddho aTakAvavA phrAnsanA TukaDA karIne pitAnI hayAtImAM ja dareka dIkarAne eka eka TukaDe vaheMcI Ape. eka hajAra varasa sudhI phrAnsanI dharatI para rajavADAzAhInA vikAsanAM badhAM to khIlyAM karyA. sAmaMtazAhInA A svarUpamAM hAlI banelAM ardha gulAma kisAnonuM svarUpa paNa rajavADI gulAma dazAne zobhe tevuM jAmyA karyuM. zahere udyoga vinAnAM ane nAnAM banatAM gayAM. rajavADAzAhInI saMkucita vaMDIevALI A duniyA para rAga, bhUkhamaro, ane dukALa dekhAyA karyA. yurepakhaMDa para madhyayuga AraMbhAye tyArathI eTale I. sa. 500 thI 1500 sudhInA yuropIya samayane ItihAsamAM madhyayuga tarIke oLakhAya che. A madhyayuga, prAcIna ane arvAcIna samayanI vacceno samaya che. prAcIna samayamana zahenazAhatanA pazcima sAmrAjyanA aMtane tathA repanA utthAna yugathI athavA prAyogika vijJAnavALA udyogayugathI AraMbha pAme che. A be samayanI vacce, madhyayugI jamAne prAcIna ane arvAcIna samayane sAMdhanArI madhyayuganI samaya saMkalana banyo che. A madhyayuga ItihAsamAM aMdhArayuga tarIke paNa oLakhAya che. paraMtu A madhyayugamAM ja yopakhaMDane saMskAranuM prAcIna samayane prakAza, ekaThA karIne, ane tene vadhAre ujavaLa banAvIne, ApanAra IslAmanI hilacAla udaya pAmI tathA jagatane eka meTa dharma banI. A madhyayugamAM ja pazcimanA jagatane eTale yuropIya jagatane dharma IslAmadharma banyuM. A samayamAM arvAcIna samayanA eka rASTrI sarakAranA pAyA yurepamAM naMkhAyA. A madhyayugamAM yuropamAM yunIvarasITIone AraMbha paNa thayuM. aMdhArayugamAM paNa mAnava jata AgekUca karyA ja kare che te sAbIta thayuM. rimana sAmrAjyane pazcimI vibhAga (yurepa) potAnuM rAjya zarU remana sAmrAjyanA patananA eka kAraNa jevI hilacAla pazcimavibhAgamAM eTale yuropamAM zarU thaI. aneka kAraNothI nabaLuM paDI gaeluM romana sAmrAjya

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ramata jagatane upasaMhAra ane yuropane janma 301 uttara dizAmAMthI jaramana jUthanA AkramaNa nIce pazcima vibhAgamAM AvI paDayuM. pazcimI sAmrAjyapara AkramaNe barbararUpa dhAraNa karIne gAmo ane kallAo tArAja karavA mAMDyA. A samaye jyAre mana zahenazAhI aMdaranA saDAone lIdhe hacamacI uThI hatI tyAre bahAranAM A AkramaNoe enA pazcima vibhAgane pakaDI lIdhe. pazcimanA sAmrAjyanI A hAlatamAM have zahenazAhatanuM khokhuM paNa tyAM TakI rahI zake tema hatuM nahi. eTale e zahenazAhate rAkhavA mAMDelAM bhADUtI lazkaramAM eka hiralI nAmanA saradAre ja ITAlImAM beThelI pazcima vibhAganI mana sAmrAjyanI zahenazAhatane gAdI parathI hAMkI kADhI. ItihAse I. sa. 476 nI sAlamAM romana zahenazAhatanA kAyadesaranA nAza tarIkenA A banAvanI noMdha karI. - zahenazAhatanA vinAzanAM paribaLo tarIke zahenazAhatane pitAne jIvana vahivaTa ja hatuM. A vahivaTanAM kAraNe ane pariNAme banelAM kAraNe e zahenazAhatane nAza karyo. AvAM kAraNonA eka kAraNa tarIke jaMgalIo athavA "bArgeriane"nA ITAlI para AvelAM AkramaNane paNa gaNavAmAM Ave che. viculA, DAnyuba ane rAhaIne nadIthI viMTaLAyelA yuropanA hRdaya parathI jIvananAM ajaMpAnuM rUpa dharyuM hoya tevI bhAnanI ToLIo vega dharIne ITAlInI bhUmi para dhasI AvI. A TeLIomAMthI ja AjanA yurepanA mAnavarUpe banyAM che. A ToLIonAM nAma IsvIsananA trIjA saikAmAM thurIjIane, barganaDIane, eMgale, sekasane, krIstaane, vAnDAle, lekhADe, ane phreka vagere hatAM. bhUkhyA ane kudaratane khoLe viharatA A garIba mAnava samudAyamAM janmapramANa vadhatuM ja jatuM hatuM ane ITAlIana pradeza para jIvananA sAja ane sAdhanasAmagrIo vipUla banyA karatAM hatAM. A vipUlatA ane vaibhavathI thoDe dUra bhaTakatI madhya yurepanI bhUkhI ane sukI mAnavatA, ITAlI para doDadhAma karatI AvI pahoMcI. enuM kAraNa e paNa hatuM ke remana zahenazAhatanI bhUmi para pahoMcatAM have temane reke tevI badhI majabUta cekIo tUTI gaI hatI. A mAnava samudAya, ne grIkoe ane remane "bAberiane " kahyAM che. eka samaye cinAba ane rAvanI saMskRtie paNa bhUkhyA mAnanA kara dhasArAne jaMgalI AryonA dhasArA kahyA hatA. AkramaNanA rUpamAM dhasI AvatA AvA mAnava samudAyanA dhasArAnA vega bhUkhano Avega ane AvezanI gati pramANe nakkI thatA hoya che. A mAnane ItihAse jema aMgrejImAM "bArberiyana" kahyuM tema saMskRtamAM AvA dhasArAo ne prAcIna samayamAM barbarenA dhasArA kahyA hatA.

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3ra. vikava ItihAsanI rUparekhA chatAM ITAlI para AvI pahoMcelA TayUTana ane jarmanAM A AkramaNarUpa, dhasI AvatAM pahelAM IsvIsananA AraMbhathI ja pAMca varSa sudhI garIbane chAje tevI rIte A dhasAro karanArAM mAno vepAra paNa karatAM hatAM. ITAlI sAthe vepAra karanArAM A garIba ane akiMcane aMgata nItimAM grIka ane remanothI paNa caDhiyAtAM hatAM. chatAM teone kura banAvI denAra ane Akramaka banAvanAra te lukho ane bhUkhe temane jIvanasaMga hatuM. teo kara banatAM hatA paraMtu AkhA jagatanA mAnava samudAyo para jevI ane jeTalI krUratA romanee temanA para rAjya karatAM batAvI hatI tenA karatAM A jaMgalIonI kruratA lAkhamAM bhAga karatAM paNa ochI hatI. prAcIna jagatanA pUrva pradezamAM paNa eka samaye Avo ja itihAsa khelAvA mAMDyo hato. sumerIane para akaDIaonuM, akaDanAM rAjyapara bebilenIyanenuM, ane bebIlenapara esIrIyanenuM tathA te pahelAM, siMdhunAM nagaro para tathA IrAnapara AryajAtionuM, ane pachIthI esIrIyane para cAlaDI ananuM ane chevaTe cAlaDIana para IrAnInuM, AkramaNa ItihAsane krUratAbharele krama banyo hato. ItihAsanA ja kramamAM have romana sAmrAjyane vAre paNa AvI pahoMcyo. enA pazcimavibhAgapara jaramana jAtioe madhyayarepa ane pUrva yuropamAMthI AkramaNa AraMbhyAM ane jIvanavahivaTano svataMtra vasavATa zarU karyo. I. sa. 476mAM eDAAsara nAmanA jarmana senApatie pazcimarAmana sAmrAjyamAMthI ramana zahenazAhatane ukheDI nAkhI ane pite "peTrIzIana"ne ilkAba dhAraNa karIne ITAlInuM juduM rAjya sthApIne zAsaka banyA. rAmana pazcima sAmrAjya A rIte aMta pAmyuM paNa pUrva sAmrAjyamAM konasTenTinepalanI manazahenazAhata jIvatI rahI. remana zahenazAhatanuM pUrva sAmrAjya paranuM A jIvatara baLI gaelA tela pachI saLagyA karatI, vATa jevuM eka hajAra varasa sudhI cAlyA karyuM. konasTenTinopala, pUrva ane pazcima vaccenuM vepArI mathaka banyuM. kanasTenTinepalamAM grIka saMskRtine sAcavI rAkhavAmAM AvI. pachI I. sa. 1453 mAM IslAmanA vijya jhaMDA nIce tuke leke e, A remana zahenazAhatanA, pUrvasAmrAjyanA pATanagarane jItI lIdhuM, ane maravAnA ALasathI jIvatuM raheluM romana sAmrAjya saMpUrNa aMta pAmI gayuM. koNa hatA A turkI ? A turke IslAmane nUtana saMskAra aMgIkAra karIne, IslAmane saMskAradhvaja, pharakAvatA, yuropane jItavA nIkaLelI islAmI saMskRtinA svarUpavALA hatA.

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itihAsanA madhyayugamAMnI jIvanaghaTanA [ madhyayugI jIvananuM lakSaNa--sAmaMtazAhInu rajavADAzAhI svarUpa--jJAnanI abudhadazA--madhyayuganI mAnavatA nizALe beThI --saMskAracuganA prakAzanA pitA--madhyayuganA jIvananI ughaDatI bArIo--yuropakhaDanA IsAIdhama--isAidharmonu vepArI mathaka ---jheDAnI raNahAkala kuMjheDA nAmanI saMgrAmazALAo--yuropanA vyApArI nAgarikatvanA udaya--nUtana vepArIvaga --vepArI nagarAnuM zAsana svarUpa--vepArI samAjanu javAmadAra rAjataMtra-pUrvanA khAdhIcA vepArI ane yuropanA AjhAda vepArI. ] 20 madhyayugI jIvananuM lakSaNa-sAmatazAhI sa>>dha ( cuDAlIjhama ) .. samAjanA vikAsa mATe, ane jIvananI prAthamika evI salAmati mATe, jagatanA tihAsamAM yuDala athavA sAmatazAhI sabadhA ArbhamAM jIvananI jarUriyAtamAMthI janmelA mAlama paDayA che. samAjanI je ghaTanAmAM vAhanavyavahAra khUba dhImA ane vikAsa pAmelA nathI hAtA, tevA rAjavahivaTanuM rUpa AraMbhadazAnuM ja hoya che. tyAM potAnA prAMtA athavA pradezeAparanuM sarakArI madhyastharUpa, judAjudA pradezAnuM jarUrI ane tAbaDatoba rakSaNa nathI karI zakatuM hetuM tathA aMdaranI vyavasthA sAcavI zakatu nathI heAtuM. sAmAjika zarIranA halanacalana athavA avarajavaranI, evI paristhitimAM, AvA prAMtA athavA pradezAnI aMdaranI rAjanI vyavasthA ane rAjanuM sa'rakSaNa zakaya manAvavA pradezanI aMdaranA sthAnika, sAmaMtA, athavA saradArAnA hAthamAM sattA ane mahattAnu vitaraNa thatu hAya che. AvAM sattAnAM ane sAmAjika pratiSThAnAM sthAna, prAdezika athavA sthAnika sAmatA ane saradArA, je jamInadArA paNa hAya che temanAM hAya che. A sAmA madhyasarakArane athavA rAjAne vaphAdAra hAya che ane rAjAnA nAmamAM sthAnika zAsananAM jamInadArI kendro bane che. A jamInadArI sattAsthAnonuM sthAna jamInanI mAlIkInA svarUpavALu hAya che tathA sAmAnya loko A mAlIkInI sIdhI prajA banIne salAmati bhAgave che, ane veThaneA zrama karanArI agulAmImAM jIve che. AvI jAtanA vanavahivaTa jyAre kAi nAnAM nAnAM rajavADAM ekaThAM thaIne madhyastha sarakAra bane che tyAre thAya athavA kAI uparathI ArUDha thaelI rAjasattA tUTI jAya che tyAre paNa te sAmatazAhInA aneka TukaDAomAM vaheMcAI jAya che.

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304 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA yurepa para A sAmaMtazAhI jamAne rAmanasAmrAjyanA patanasamaye zarU tha. bahAranAM AkramaNa nIce tUTI paDatI A vizALa sarakArI saMsthAnuM vahivaTItaMtra eTaleMTikathI yuphreTIsa sudhI patharAyuM hatuM. A taMtranI ImArata amaladArazAhI athavA karazAhInA TekAo para ubhI hatI. A taMtranuM patana AraMbhAyuM tyAre tenA pazcimI vibhAgane vahivaTa calAvavAnuM kAma zAlemane dhAraNa karyuM. eNe tUTavA mAMDatI sAmrAjyanI pazcimI zahenazAhata para palANavA mAMDayuM. paNa zArla mananA maraNa pachI tarata ja A sAmrAjyanA chUTAchavAyA TukaDAo para sAmaMtazAhI ja zarU thaI A sAmaMtazAhInuM svarUpa eTale prAdezika eka TukaDA para bAMdhele kilo athavA vaMDInuM hatuM. A kille, te samayanI sthAnika sarakAranuM ekama banyuM. A kille je sAmaMtane hoya te sAmaMta A sthAna para jamInadArI vahivaTa calAvatA. AvA jamInadArI vahivaTamAM je prajA vasatI hatI te jamIna sAthe ceTI rahIne ja jIvI zake tevI vanaspatinA phalajevI hatI. A prajA athavA samAjanuM ekama jamIna paranA ardhagulAme hatAM tathA sAmaMtane vaphAdAra hatAM. badhI jamIna, sAmaMtanI mAlIkInI hatI. A badhI jamIna para khetI karanAra zrama mAnava, phIpha athavA sarpha kahevAta. A sarpha athavA hAlI kisAna, sAmaMtazAhIne hAlI hatuM, ane sAmaMtanI badhI jamIna badhAM kisAne kheDI ApatAM tathA badalAmAM, temane, pitAnAM jhuMpaDAM bAMdhIne jivavAno hato tathA pitAnA nirvAha mATe khetI karavA jeTale jamInane eka alAyado TukaDe temane maLate. A phyuDala jIvanavahivaTa parasparanI javAbadArI para AraMbhAte. sAmaMtanI javAbadArI pitAnA vasavAyAM athavA "vAsala"nuM rakSaNa karavAnI gaNAtI tathA jamIna paranAM A hAlI kisAnonI javAbadArI, sAmaMta mATe lazkarI pharaja bajAvavAnI majurI karavAnI, sevA karavAnI, ane sAmaMtanI jamIna kheDI ApavAnI tathA saMpUrNa vaphAdArI dAkhavavAnI gaNAtI. A AkhA jIvana para sAmaMtazAhIne adhikAra saMpUrNa hate. AvI sAmaMtazAhInI sAravAra ane tahenAtamAM A hAlI kisAnone A gharasaMsAra veThIyAo banIne rahete tathA laDAIne samayamAM sAmaMtane paDakhe rahIne jAta kurabAna karate. AvA sAmaMta pitAnI jamInadArInA mathakane "mera" nA nAmathI oLakhatA. eka sAmaMta pAse eka ke vadhAre "mera" hoI zakatAM. sAmata zAMtinA samayamAM, ekathI bIjA "mera" para dekharekha rAkhatA hatA, rasAlAo sAthe viharatA hatA, tathA pitAnI jAgIra pAse lAgAo ugharAvatA hatA.

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itihAsanA madhyayugamAMnI jIvanaghaTanA sAmatazAhI eTale cuddhakhArIvALI rajavADAzAhI AvA sAmA athavA tAkArA eka ke bIjA prAdezika rAjAnI athavA madhyastha mahAsAmaMtanI hakumata nIce lekhAtA. pote jenI hakumata nIce hAya te madhyastha rAjA taraphanI vaphAdArI temanI mukhya ja manAtI tathA jarUra paDe tyAre, rAjA sAmAne, temanA veThIyAsainikA sAthe hAjara thavA kramAvatA. A rIte madhyastha rAjA, peAtAnI prajApara sIdhIrIte nahIM paNu sAmatA mAraphata ADakatarI rIte rAja karatA. i. sa. nA 10mAthI 13mA sakA sudhIne jaramanI ane phrAnsane rAjavahivaTa bilakula sAmatazAhI svarUpane rahyo tathA, rAjAnI hakumata nIcenA sAmA rAjA taraphanI vaphAdArI bajAvavAnI pharajane vAraMvAra inkAra karavA lAgyA. sAmaMtazAhI svarUpanA rAjyavahivaTanuM ja A svAbhAvika lakSaNa hatuM, kAraNa ke AvI jIvana ghaTanAnA mUkhya vahivaTa adha AjJAdhArakatA, ane aMdha vaphAdArInI sAmAjika nItipara badhAyalA hatA. ajJAna ane abudha evA mAnavasamudAyane doranArA, pALanArA ane rakSanA sAmatasamudAya pazu jevI kSudra kSudhAnA lAbhane ja jIvanatA Avega banAvIne taravAranA jora para samAjane AgevAna banyA hatA eTale yudda ane aMdara aMdaranAM dhIMgANAM enA rAja barAjatA vyavahAra banatAM hatAM. A dhIMgANAM dhAraNa karIne marI TivAnA badhA kheAja, adhagulAma banelA kisAneAmAMthI jamAvelA rasAlApara gAvAyA hatA. 305 AvA jIvana vihavaTamAM AvelI jamIna para jeTalAM jamInadArI mathakeA athavA mera '' athavA jAgI hatI te badhA deza hatA. AvA aMdhakAramAM eka dezanI athavA svadezAMbhimAnanI athavA rASTriyatAnI asmitA AvavI zakaya naheAtI. AvA jIvana vahivaTamAM, a`kAraNa aMdara aMdaranI jarUriyAta jeTaluM utpAdana ane vastuonI Apale, jeTalI vaheMcaNIvALuM saMkucita hatu. AvA jIvana vyavahAranuM rAjakAraNa khUba saMkucita ane kSudra hatu. AvI jIvanaTanAnA nItiniyama dhaNa taraphanI vaphAdArInA taddana Arthika rUpavALA hatA. AvA jIvataranI najaramAM vizva vizALa nahAtu' paNa kAI mahAsAmatanI gadA ke tIrakAmaThAnI hakumata nIce rahI zake teTaluM saMkucita hatuM. AvA saMkucita jagatanI DhAMkaNImAM pANI nAkhIne, mAnavatAnuM vizALa pratibiMba dekhavA mathatA manuSyane AtmA, bhagavAnanI kSmInI kalpanA karatA paraMtu e bhagavAna paNa kAI raNachoDajI ke DArkAjIthI vadhAre mATe banI zakatA nahI. curopI madhyayuganI jJAnanI dazA abudha hatI. tyAre yuropanA madhyayuganA jagatamAM leTina bhASAmAM lakheluM bAibala nAmanuM ekaja pustaka yureApanI duniyAmAM hatuM. A pustaka je kAi kazuMja vAMcI zakatAM na 39

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301 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA hatAM, te sau lekenuM jIvana zAstra hatuM. e zAstramAM badhAM zAstro lakhAyAM che tema teo mAnatAM ane khagoLazAstra, vanaspati zAstra, prANazAstra ke gaNitazAstra badhuM ja A kviAbamAM kahyA pramANe hatuM, e temane khyAla hate. pachI I. sa. 12 mA saikAmAM madhyayuganA jJAna saMskAramAM eka bIjuM pustaka umerAyuM. A pustakamAM erisToTala nAmanA eka grIka ciMtakanA vicAre hatA. bAIbala pachInuM A bIjuM pustaka sIkaMdaranA elekajhAnDrIyA nAmanA nagara mAraphata arabI bhASAmAM bhASAMtara pAmIne sAtamAM saikAmAM IslAmanA vijya sAthe ijIptamAM pahoMcyuM hatuM ane tyAra pachI ker3avAnI vidyApIThamAM A bhaNatarane musalamAna peInamAM laI AvyA hatA. tyAM IsAI vidyAthIoe enuM bhASAMtara leTinamAM karyuM hatuM ane tyAMthI pinIjhanI parvatamALane oLaMgI jaIne A pustaka uttara pazcima yuropamAM AvI pahoMcyuM. hatuM. hakumatanuM aMdhakAramaya svarUpa yurepanI dharatI para A aMdhakAra yuga jevA madhyayuganA rAjArajavADAonI hakUmata jIvana para goThavAI javA mAMDI hatI. A hakUmatanuM rUpa bhayarUpa hatuM. A bhayarUpane dhAraNa karanAre rajavADI samAja madhyayuganA jIvanavyahahAramAM khetaramAM, rastAo upara gharabAramAM jyAM ane tyAM trAsa nIce jIvana gujArate dekhAte hatuM. A bhaya svarUpa bhayAnaka evA bhukhamarAmAM rogacALAmAM ane parionI daMtakathAomAM paNa mAlama paDatuM hatuM tathA bAIbalamAM lakhyA pramANenA jajamenTa" divasanI ArAdhanA karatuM kabrastAnanI daMtakathAomAM AvelAM devadUta sAthe have DAkaNo ane zayatAnanA paDachAmAM paNa ubharAvA mADayuM hatuM paNa AvA bhayAnaka jagatathI bhaya pAmIne dharmabhIratA ane karmabhIrU tAnA nirmAlya svarUpa dhAraNa karavAne badale madhyayuganAM bhAna kaThoratA ane karatA dhAraNa karatA hatAM. A kara mAnAnA moTA samudAye pitAnI dharatI paranI mamatA choDIne IslAma sAthe krijheDa athavA dharma yuddha khelavA nIkaLatAM hatAM kAraNa ke emanI potAnI gharatI para mamatvane dhAraNa kare tevuM koI premasvarUpa hatuM ja nahI. eTale sAhasika sAmaMta ane rAjAonA saMgamAM Arabo joDe laDavA javA madhyayugI yurepanAM krara mAnava samudAya, nIkaLyA ja karatA hatA. ArabenI dharatI para krajheDanAM A lazkare vijyI banIne jyAM jyAM AgekUca karatAM hatAM tyAM tyAM ghAtakI evuM kara svarUpa dhAraNa karIne bilakula svAbhAvika rIte sauthI pahelAM tamAma strIo ane bALakone saMhArI nAkhatAM hatAM. yuropanAM A IsAI mAnavane dIlamAM bilakula svAbhAvika rIte dayAne eka paNa chAMTe saMbhavI zake tema nahetuM.

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ItihAsanA madhyayugamAMnA jIvanaghaTanA 307 romana saMskRtinA khaMDiyere upara haju gaI kAleja ubhI thaI gayelI yurepanI dharatI paranI A jIvananI ghaTamALa bahu ja thoDA saikAomAM saMskAranuM koI paNa svarUpa kevI rIte zIkhI zake? A ghaTamALa para romana zahenazAhane mekalele IsAI dharma zahenazAhatanI parIkSAmAMthI ahiM pasAra thaIne A hatA. jIvanavahivaTa baMdhubhAva ahiM AvatAM rastAmAM ja khavAI gayuM hatuM. jIvananI A paristhitimAM zrIka ke remana nArnArakanI jema pote janmathI ja AjhAdanAgarike cheja evI zikha vArasAmAM maLI zakI nahotI.madhyayuganA nibIDa aMdhakAramAM sAmanta ane rajavADAonA tathA dharma guruonA adhikAra nIce A mAne AmathI tema pheMkAtAM hatAM. A mAnamAM jamIna kheDanArA ardhA gulAma jevA zramamAna hatA, tathA pAdarIo ane nAstika paNa hatA ane zrImaMta jamInadAre ane garIba hatA, tathA bhIkhArIo ane cere hatA. A badhA mAnee jIvananI A ghaTamALamAM aMdhArAmAM athaDAtAM kUTAtAM AgaLa vadhavAnuM cAlu rAkhyuM hatuM. yurepakhaMDanA IsAIdharmanI kethalikatA athavA ekatA romana sAmrAjyanA pazcima vibhAgane aMta thaze tyAre A aMtamAMthI ugarI gayelI jIvananI eka prathA IsAI dharma nAmanI saMsthA hatI. yurepa para e prathA Aste Aste vikAsa pAmI ane yuropanA dezoe IsAI dharmane aMgIkAra karyo. yuropakhaMDa Akhe IsAIdharmanI ekatAne zabda eTale kethelIka nAmano zabda pAmyo hato. A ekatA athavA IsAI dharmanI thelItAnuM mUkhya mathaka ITAlInuM romanagara hatuM. isAI dharmanA AcAryonI, A nagaramAM gAdIo hatI. piTara remanagaranAM sauthI pahelo vaDo bIzapa hate. remanuM IsAI devaLa tyAranAM sau isAI devaLenI janetA tarIke jANItuM banyuM. piTara ane pole, IsAI dharmanI smRti lakhI hovAnuM manAya che. pilane artha pitA evuM thatuM hatuM. piTara ane pela pachIthI, IsAI dharmane remana gAdIne vaDA pipa athavA pitA kahevAya. pi5 IsAI dharmane vaDa sAcavanArI tyAranI jIvana ekatAne pitA banyo. pachI I. sa. 590 thI 604 mAM mahAna gregarI tarIke oLakhAyale papa IsAI dharmanI rezamana gAdI para AvyuM. yuropa para madhyayuga AraMbha pAmate hatuM tyAre A IsAI gAdI para beThele gregarI, dharmane zahenazAha banyo. eNe rAma para rAjya paNa karavA mAMDyuM. eNe A dharmagAdI parathI phrAnsa ane ane baragenDImAM dharmaduta mokalavA mAMDyA. A dharmadutoe iMglaeNmAM, phrAnsamAM

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308 viAva ItihAsanI rUparekhA ane jaramanImAM jaIne IsAI dharmanI sthApanA karIne yurepanI dharmaektAno. AraMbha karyo hato. IsAI dharmanuM vepArI mathaka kenasTenTinepala yuropa para madhyayuga vikasavA mAMDyo hato. yuropanA dezo para sAmate ane rAjAonAM rAja zarU thaI cUkyAM hatA. tyAre badhAM yuropIya rajavADAne dharma IsAI dharma hato.A siAI dharmanI gAdI ITAlInA remanagaramAM hatI. yuro5para have romana sAmrAjya nAza pAmyuM hatuM paraMtu dharmanI zahenazAhatanuM sAmrAjya remanagaramAMthI AkhA yurepapara dharma adhikAra calAvatuM hatuM. have remana sAmrAjya A pazcima vibhAga para nahatuM ane romana zahenazAhata have ekalA pUrva vibhAgaparaja zAsana calAvatI hatI. A vibhAganuM remanasaltanatanuM pATanagara konasTeTine pala hatuM. A nagara madhyayuganA vepAranuM baMdarI mathaka hatuM. A pATanagaranA zAsana pradeza para have, barabaranA, raziyanonA megIarsanA tathA haMgerIaonA hallA zarU thavA mAMDayA hatA. A sAmrAjya para have navA udaya pAmelA islAmika dezonuM AkramaNa paNa AraMbhAI cUkyuM hatuM. IrAna, sirIyA, pelesTAIna IchA, uttara AphrikA tathA peina para IslAmane vijaya vAvaTe, pharakavA mAMDyuM hatuM, ane tyAra pachI A IsalAmika jIvana ghaTanA sAthe yurepe krujheDa mAraphata saMparka sAdhe hate. kenasTenTinepala te pUrva ane pazcimanI vaccenuM vepArI mathaka ja hatuM. A mathaka sudhI IslAmanuM AkramaNa AvI pahoMcyuM eTale, konasTenTinopalanI zahenazAhata AkhA yuropa para varcasva dharAvatI ane rAmanagaramAM beThelI pApanI zahenazAha pAse dharmanA nAmamAM madada mAgI. pipe, AkhA yurepanAM IsAI rajavADAMone ekaThAM karavA IslAma sAme dharmayuddho khelavA paDa bajAvyo. DenI raNahAkala-cale jerUsalema ! yuropabharamAM pipanuM AvAhana dharmarUpane dhAraNa karIne yuddhanuM vAhaka banyuM. krasanA dharma cihana parathI A yuddhonuM nAma kukeDo paDayuM. A yuddhamAM joDAnArAoe chAtI para Isu nAmanA zAMtinA dutanuM vadhastaMbhanuM, cihna dhAraNa karyuM, ane jerUsalemapara caDhavAnI yuddhayAtrAno AraMbha karyo. A yuddhanI De athavA jehAdanuM nAma dhAraNa karanArI, phAnsa ane dakSiNa ITAlImAMthI jheDa laDanArI senAnI, pahelI TukaDIonI racanA thaI. A racanAe dharmanI ghelachAvALI yuddhanI saMhAraka nIti dhAraNa karIne pUrvanI duniyAnI saphara zarU karI dIdhI. A rIte madhyayugI yuropa pUrvanA dezo sAthe paricayamAM AvyuM. DenuM rUpa

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309 ItihAsanA madhyayugamAMnI jIvanaghaTanA dhAraNa karIne pUrvanA dezo para luMTa, tArAjI ane katala karavA nIkaLelA yurepanA IsAI dharmavALA mAnava samudAyoe pahelIvAra IslAmanA saMskArarUpa vALI jIvatasnI rItabhAta dIThI, tathA jagatamAM saMskAranAM AvAM suramya svarUpe hAI zake che tevI khAtrI meLavI. suDe nAmanI saMgrAmazALAo A saMgrAmanuM kAraNa e hatuM ke have, IslAme vizva-ItihAsamAM sthAna laI lIdhuM hatuM. yuropakhaMDamAM pisavAne tyAre eka daravAjo peIna nAmane hato ane tenA para IslAmano jhaMDo pharaka hate. yuropakhaMDamAM javAnA bIjA daravAjA para pUrva remana zahenazAhatano vAvaTo uDato hato. tyAM sirIyAnA paDozamAM pelesTAInane pradeza hato ane pelesTAinamAM jisasane janma thayo hate. paNa yuropakhaMDane mATe pavitra banI gayelI jerUsalemanI bhUmi para paNa islAmane adhikAra hatA. Akho eziyA mAInarane pradeza IslAmanI hakUmata nIce AvI pahoMcatuM hatuM ane pUrvanI remana zahenazAhata patana pAmatI hatI tyAre e zahenazAhatanA oThA je beThele, elekasI zahenazAha yurepane dharmayuddha laDavA AvavA mATe AvAhana karato hate. iTAlI yuropakhaMDane ja eka deza hato. ITAlI, romana zahenazAhatanuM purANuM mathaka hate. ITAlImAM romanagaramAMthI IsAI dharma yure5para patharAye hate. ITAlInAM ja venIsa jevAM nagaroe pitAnAM vyApArI nagararAjya sthApI dIdhAM hatAM. A nagararAjyanAM vANijyanAM thANa eziyA mAInara ane pelesTAIna para sthapAI cUkayAM hatAM. tyAM pUrva pradeza para te IslAmane jIvana vyavahAra vyApAra calAvato hato. pUrva sAthenI avara javaranAM vyApArI thANuMonAM saMsthAne ane vepAra vANijyanA dherI rastAo para islAmanI ANa varatI cUkI hatI. ITAlIne ke yuropakhaMDanA ugatA jIvananA vahivaTane te pozAya tema hatuM ja nahIM. A kAraNathI e pUrvanA yupIya mathaka para beThele, rAmana zahenazAha elekasInuM AvAhana yuropakhaMDanAM sAmaMtoe, rAjAoe, madhyamavarga ane sAe svIkArI lIdhuM. sane IslAmapara caDhAI karavAnuM zara caDhayuM. yurepabharamAMthI lazkare sarjAyAM. jerUsalemanI pavitrabhUmine IslAmanI pakaDamAMthI mukta karavAnI raNahAka bajI uThI. jheDa athavA dharmayuddha khelavA repanA sAmaMtazAhanI saradArI nIce, lAkha, juvAne yuddha caDhyA. kenesTeTinepalamAM beThelA, purANI manazAhIne pratIka jevA zahenazAhane aMjali daIne, yurepanAM krajheDanAM kaTake, eziyA

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kA vikava ItihAsanI rUparekhA para caDhayAM. parasparanA saMhAra khelAyA. be saikAo sudhI kujheDa cAlI. be sikAomAM sAta jheDanA saMgrAma racAyA. eziyA para caDhavAno raste pAchaLathI Alpasa oLaMgIne jInoA ane venIsanAM baMdaramAM ArAma karIne dariyA mAraphata eziyAnI bhUmipara utaravAnuM nakkI thayuM. Ama kaMDenA dharmayuddhone lIdhe ITalI paranAM, venIsa ane cha AnAM vyApArI nagaranA vepAra khilI uThyA. A banne nagarae "TrAnsa-meDITarenIyana pesenjara saravIsa" dharmanA nAmamAM, dhIkhatA bhAva laIne zarU karI dIdhI. jIA ane venIsanI vepArI peDhIoe dharmayuddhone nAmamAM dhananA DhagalAnI kamANuo karavA mAMDI. ITalInAM A vepArI nagaranI ANa dharmayuddhonA nAmamAM eDrIATikanA kinArAo para sthapAI gaI. A uparAMta yuropanA laDavaiyAo mATe A krUjheDa nizALe jevI banI. dharmayuddha laDavA nIkaLelA yuropanA dIkarAo je jIvatA rahIne pAchA vatana pahoMcatA te badhA, Araba duzmananA, saMskAranI, zistanI sudharelA pizAkanI, ane baMdhubhAvanI vAta karatA. pUrvanI bhUmi parathI ghaNuM ghaNuM zIkhIne AvelAoe potAnI rItabhAte badalavA mAMDI. piozAkanI khANApINAnI ane levaDadevaDanI navIna paddhatio, jevI ArabanI hatI tevI, temaNe yuropanA vatanamAM ajamAvavA mAMDI. lAkho yuropavAsIo mATe kuMDamAM maLelA pATha, saMskRtinA padArthapATha banI gayA. paNa pelI pavitra bhUminuM zuM thayuM ? jenA para kabaje karavA yuropabharamAMthI bharatIo caDhI hatI te bhUmipara parasparanA vijaya ane parAjaya noMdhAyA pachI be saikAone mAnava saMhAra pachI, jerUsalemapara te islAmI ja hakumata kAyama rahI hatI. paNa yuropanI jhuMjheDAne je joItuM hatuM te parivartana yuropakhaMDapara AraMbhAyuM hatuM. kaeNjheDanI hilacAla mAraphata yurepakhaMDanA mAnavasamudAyane pUrvane prakAza jAte dekhavA maLyA hatA. yurepa paranI kamamaMDuka jevA killAo ane kasuMbA ghoLatI aMdhArI vaMDIonI hakumatavALuM pachAta jIvatara yurepanA samAjamAM aLakhAmaNuM banatuM hatuM. yuropanI jIvanaghaTanA vadhAre vizALa saMcAlana mAgatI hatI. A vizALatA ane vyApakatA temaNe pitAnI ja bhUmi paranAM, venIsa ane inovA nAmanAM vepArI nagararAmAM dekhI hatI, ane e nagararAjyanAM vyApArI thANuonAM kamADamAMthI bahAra AvIne pazcimane, "jevuM pUrvamAM che tevuM." dharatI para utAravAnuM yuropanA madhyayugane svapna AvatuM hatuM. jevuM svargamAM hatuM tevuM surAjya pRthvI para utAravAnI jisase karelI vAta, yurepanI dharatInAM kacaDAyelAM bhAnamAM utsAha preratI hatI, tathA svarganI pitAne Ave tevI kalpanAo janmAvatI hatI.

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ItihAsanA dhyayugamAMnI jIvanaghaTanA 311 IsavIsananA bAra bAra saikAo khatama thavA AvyA hatA tyAre yuropa paranA aMdhakAramAMthI uSA ugavAnAM svane yuropane AvavA mAMDyAM hatAM. have madhyayuganI mAnavatA nizALe besatI hatI krajheDe pachI, madhyayuganI jIvanaghaTanAmAM bhaNatara athavA nizALano AraMbha zarU thavA mAMDe. bhaNataranA AraMbhanI nizALanuM svarUpa pAdarIonA AzirvAda nIce ane kaI kaI devaLanA paDachAyA nIce zarU thavA mAMDyuM. A nizALanA adhyApako AraMbhamAM te ekalA pAdarIo ja hatA. A pAdarIone be pustaka vAMcatAM AvaDI gayAM hatAM. eka pustakanuM nAma bAIbala hatuM ane bIjuM pustaka erisToTalano "enasAIklopIDyiA" nAmano grantha hato. ATalA jJAnanA AdhAra para madhyayuganA A zikSake AkAza ane pRthvI vaccenA badhA banAvone ukelI zakatA. pRthvI para je je kaMI banatuM te badhuM ya IzvaranI IcchAthI baLe jAya che tema teo kahetA. A pAdarIo uparAMta have paMDitene eka varga paNa zarU thavA mAMDyo hato. A paMDitamAM keTalAka te ghaNuM buddhimAna hatA. chatAM temanA jJAnano AdhAra pelAM be pustaka ja hatAM. A baMne pustakamAM vastu ane manuSyanI hilacAlanAM avalekano prayogamAMthI AvatA jJAnavaDe lakhAyAM nahotAM. erisToTalanuM jJAna paNa gaNitazAstranA pAyA parathI racAyeluM hovAthI amuka siddhAMtanA aMdha svIkAra pUrvaka utarI AvyuM hatuM. eTale jJAnanuM te svarUpa vaijJAnika na hatuM. yuropiya saMskArayugane prakAzano pitA aMdhakAramaya madhyayugane ja sAMpaDelA prakAza jevA A dikarAnuM nAma re garabekana hatuM. eNe pAdarIo ane paMDitoe zIkhavelI bAbatamAM zaMkA uThAvI, ane pote pote prANIo ane vastuo para prayoga karavA mAMDyA. eNe jAhera karyuM ke dasa varSa sudhI erisToTalane bhaNyA karavA karatAM dasaja kalAka sudhI avalokana ane prayoga karavAthI vadhAre sAcuM ane moTuM jJAna prApta karI zakAya. eNe jyAre AvuM kahyuM tyAre mAnavaMtA paMDitae bhayathI mAthAM halAvyAM, ane madhyayuganI hakumata paNa uzkerAI gaI. e badhAne ema lAgyuM ke madhyayuganA jIvananI salAmatIne kAyadAne ane vyavasthAne A mANasa AvI vAte vaDe jokhamamAM mUkI deze. dhame paNa ene nAstika tarIke jAhera karyo kAraNake jIvaDAMo ane mAchalAMonuM zarIra aMdarathI kevuM dekhAtuM hoya che tenuM paNa avalokana karavAnI apavitra Teva eNe keLavI hatI. A bekana jAdugarAnI jema kadAca zayatAnanI ArAdhanA paNa karate heya ema temane

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312 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA lAgyuM. bekanane sauthI prathama te lakho ane belato baMdha karI devA mATe kArAgAramAM pUrI devAmAM AvyuM. kArAgAranI bahAra eNe je avalekana karyA hatAM te badhAnA pariNAmone eNe kArAgAranI aMdara jaIne nirAMte lakhavA mAMDyAM. kArAgAranI divAle pAchaLathI paNa jJAna ane saMskAranA A praNetAe madhyayuganA bAIbala ane erisToTala sAme baLave karyo. madhyayuganA jIvananI aMdhakAramaya imAratanI ughaDatI bArIo 1 madhyayuganA aMdhArAmAM aMdaranI jIvananI hilacAle baMdhabAraNAne ughADavAnI kriyA AraMbhI dIdhI hatI. "je che te che" ane "hagA so hega" evo jIvananI pragatine aTakAvI nAkhanAre pUrvanI prAcIna saMskRtine hatuM te siddhAMta yuropanI bhUmi para AvyuM . kerIsleTa jevI yuropanI jIvananI ghaTanA para AvI pahoMcelA pipanI saMsthAvALI IsAI dharmanuM svarUpa te kahetuM hatuM ke A dharatI para mANasa saphara karanArA AMgatuko jevAM ja che, ane e saphara pUrI karIne temaNe svarga ke narkamAM javAnuM hoya che, ane sAcuM jIvatara te paralekamAMja zarU thatuM hoya che. ema kahIne dharmanA A svarUpe yurepanA mAnava samudAyanI AMkho para pATA bAMdhIne temane adhikAranI hakUmata nIce hAMkavAne prayatna zarU karyo hate. paNa AvA prayatnanI pakaDa A mAna para ceTI zake te pahelAM devaLanA garIba pAdarIomAMthIja isunAM vacano baLavAkherarUpa dhAraNa karIne jAgI uThatAM hatAM. isunAM A vacane svargane athavA svarganI duniyAne pRthvI para utAravA mATenAM hatAM. madhyayuganI ardhagulAma ane garIba mAnavatAnI AMkha kholanAra dharmanAM AvAM vacana paNa hatAM. A duniyAparaja bhegavavA mATe svargamAM jevo jIvanavyavahAra hato te jIvanavyavahAra A dharatI para utAravAnI dhama vAMchanA garIba pAdarIomAM navA UgatA madhyama vargamAM tathA buddhimAnAmAM ane sauthI vadhAre ugra rIte ardhagulAma evA kheDUtomAM jAgI uThavA mAMDI hatI. yuropanA rajavADAnI AgevAnI nIce yuropanA dareka dezanA mAnavasamudAyo pUrvanI bhUmi para laDavA mATe gayA hatA. A laDAIomAMthI je leke pAchI AvyA teo potAnI sAthe IjIpta, bebileniyA vigere pradezanI nagara saMskatinI vAte laI AvyA hatA. A badhI saMskRtimAM svarga jevuM hatuM ema temane lagatuM hatuM. bAIbalamAM paNa kahyuM hatuM ke Isu svargane pRthvI para utAravA mAgatuM hatuM. AvA khyAle kacaDAyelI mAnavatAmAM ane navA UgatA madhyama vargamAM bija rUpe verAtA hatA. jheDanAM yuddhoe paNa A paDatara jamIna paranA navA phAla mATe pitAne phALo Apyo hato.

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itihAsanA madhyayugamAMnI jIvanaghaTanA A badhAyanI sAme samayanI AgekUcane zakI rAkhanArA aMdhakAranA AvAsa jevA rajavADI killAo ane dhanA mA hatA. A badhAyanAM kamADa meTA patharAethI vAsI devAmAM AvyAM hatAM. sAmantA ane vaDA pAdarIe adhakAranA cokIdAra banIne mANasAnAM zarIrA ane AtmAo para paherA bharatA hatA. A badhAnI cAkIenI divAlAnI aMdara rakSAyelA agulAma mAnava samudAya yAtanA jevu jIvana jIvatA hatA. yAtanAnAM A jhuMpaDAMomAM jenI AsapAsa divAlA naheAya tevA svaganAM temane svapnA AvatAM hatAM ane gUDha evI pUrvanI bhUmi parathI alaMkAre, suMdara majhAnAM dhArA, sukhanAM sAdhanA ane haravA pharavAnI sagavaDAnI bhUkhI icchAe temane UMdhamAMthI uThADatI hatI. aMdhakAramaya madhyayugamAM vyApArI nArikatvanA uddaya 313 }, sAmatAnI killebadhIomAM jakaDAyelA yuropanI dharatIparanA mAnavasamudAya kevaLa aMdhakAramaya jagatamAM jIvatA hatA. A mAnavasamudAyanuM sadhanAma 'sa' hatu. A sa zabdanuM leTIna mULa " sarvasa " athavA dAsa hatu. jamInaparanAM A dAsA athavA adhagulAmA, jamInapara jakADaI gayelAM hatAM. eka sAmatanI jamInaparathI bIjA sAmatanI jamInapara temane vecavAnA ke temanA badalA karavAnA adhikAra sAmatAne ja hatA. sAmata A agulAma mAnava samudAyanA mAlIka hato. A sAmata sAme phariyAda karavAnI kAIpaNa adAlata madhyayuganI dharatIpara hajI janmI nahAtI. A sAmatanI paravAnagI pramANe ja sa athavA hALI kisAneA harI phrI zakatAM ke musApharI karI zakatAM. A samudAyanuM jIvatara janmatAMnI sAthe ja sAmatanI cchiA pramANe nakkI thatu. A mAnavAnAM lagna paNa sAmaMtanI icchA pramANe thatAM ane pachIne temane AkhA saMsAra sAmatanI sevA mATe ja jIvavA lAyaka gaNAtA. evuM aMdhakAramaya madhyayuganuM jIvatara hatuM. O paNa nibiDa evA aMdhakAramAM paNa thADA ja sAkAomAM prakAzanA saMcArava dekhAyA. A prakAzanu rUpa jIvananI hilacAlanI garamImAMthIja pedA thatuM. 12 mA ane 13 mA saukAmAM jIvananA saMcAramAMthIja meLAo bharAvA mAMDayA hatA. meLAomAM vastuonI Apale karanArAM bajAra jAmatAM hatAM. A khajAza ghaNIvAra sthAyI banI jatAM hatAM tathA yureApanI dharatI. para kasbAe, eTale, " TAuna "nAM svarUpa dharIne nagara tarIke janmavA mAMDayAM hatAM. A kasbAomAM hAlI kisAne paNa have potAnI majurInI pedAza vecavA jaI zakatAM hatAM. have sikkAo calaNA nANA tarIke cAlatA hatA, tathA kar 40

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314 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA ane lAgAo paTe, hAlI kisAne, pitAnA sAmaMta mAlIkane nANuM paNa tAM hatAM. A nANuM eka adabhUta cIja mAlama paDI hatI. sAmaMtane paNa tene khUba khapa hatuM, kAraNa ke A nANu vaDe je joIe te kharIdI zakAtuM hatuM. ' sAmatie have potAnAM kAmakAja karavA mATe nANuM athavA rejI ApIne, majurane paNa kharIdavA mAMDyAM hatAM, ane A nANu vaDe teo meLAmAMthI bIjA vibhAgamAMthI AvatI vastuo kharIdavA jatA hatA. kaI kaI vAra, A nANAnI rakama nakkI karIne, sAmaMta pitAnA ardha gulAma sane, AjhAda banAvI dete. Avo chuTTo thaele saphe pachIthI game tyAM roja laIne zrama karI zakato. A rIte kao ane nANuM prakAzanAM pahelAM kiraNo banatAM hatAM. madhyayuganA jIvanamAM na Ugate vepArI varga yuropanA madhyayuganA jIvanamAMthI nAnA vepArIo banIne yuropanA sAmAnya mANasenA dikarAo jheDa nAmanI laDAIomAMthI have pAchA AvyA hatA. A jIvanamAM nAnA moTA kArIgaree paNa vepAra karavA mAMDyo hato. bahArathI AvatI ghaNuM vastuo have yuropanA gharanA khuNAomAM taiyAra thavA mAMDI hatI. khetIvADInuM jUnuM jIvana have badalAvA mAMDyuM hatuM, nANuM zarU thavA mAMDyuM hatuM. nANAMne upayoga have sAmaMto ane rajavADAo mATe paNa jarUrI banI cUkyo hate. krajheDa nI laDAI laDavA gayelA sAmaMta, ITAlInAM vepArInagaramAM aneka huMDIo lakhIne pAchA AvyA hatA. have te vaTAvavAne mATe temane nANAMnA sikkAonI jarUra paDatI hatI. dhIme dhIme AgaLa vadhatI A Arthika hilacAla have AgaLa ja vadhavAnI che ema kajheDa pAchIne jamAnAne lAgatuM. yurepanI dharatI para A AkhI hilacAlane dhAraNa karanArAM nAnAM nAnAM zahero zarU thayAM hatAM, ane bajAra bharAvA zarU thavA mAMDyAM hatAM. A svarUpomAMthI hamezanAM bajAre banavA mAMDyAM hatAM. madhyayuganA yurepanAM A navAM nagara hatAM. A navAM nagarane AgevAna no vepArI hatuM. Aja sudhI rAjAe ane sAmateo potAnA umarA ane dharmagurunI IcchAone ja dhyAnamAM lIdhI hatI, paraMtu have navA UgI nIkaLelA A vepArI varganI IcchAne paNa teNe sAMbhaLavI paDatI. yuropa para zarU thayelA madhyayugamAM madhyamavarga banele A vyApArIone samAja hate. vepArI samAjanuM AgevAna svarUpa sauthI pahelAM ITAlInA nagaremAM Abeba dekhAyuM. romana zahenazAhatanA patana samaye bahAranAM jaMgalI AkramaNae ITAlInA prAcIna nagarano nAza karI nAkhyA hatA. Ama chatAM paNa managaramAM dharmanI popa zahenazAhatane mukAma cAlu hatA. A

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ItihAsanA madhyayugamAMnI jIvanadhaTanA 315 sAmenI jheDa nAmanI laDAIo laDavA mATe jyAre yuropanA dareka dezamAMthI sAmate ane senikanI bharatI AvavAnI zarUAta thaI tyAre A lazkarane dANuM pANI daI zake tevAM nagare haju paNa ekalA ITAlI dezamAM ja hatAM. jheDanI laDAI pUrI thayA pachI dhIkate vepAra karIne ITAlInAM A nagara AbAda banI gayAM hatAM. sAgaranA kinArA para baMdhAyeluM venisanagara mIThAnA DhagalA pakavatuM thaI gayuM hatuM tathA mIThAnA vepAranuM moTuM IjAradAra banyuM. A nagare jahAje bAMdhavAnuM zarU karI dIdhuM hatuM. A jahAjoe jheDanA sainikone pavitra bhUmimAM yuddha karavA mATe utAravAnAM bhADAM tarIke nANAMnA DhagalA meLavI lIdhA pachI venisanagaranI vastI be lAkha jeTalI thaI gaI hatI. lenuM nagara gaNAtuM pharensa nagara paNa uttara yuropathI romanagaranA rastA paranuM ITAlInuM moTuM vepArI mathaka banI gayuM. venisanagaranA jevuM ja mahAnagara jInevAnuM nagara paNa banyuM tathA kALA samudra para anAjanA vepAranuM e nara, meTuM ijAradAra banyuM. A badhAM nagare AkhA yuropanAM vepArI mathako ane vepArI AgevAno banI cUkyAM. vepArInagaranuM nUtanazAsana svarUpa yuropanA ITAlI nAmanA dezamAM ja A nagaramAM vepArI samAjanuM nUtanazAsana svarUpa dekhAyuM. pharlorensa ane venisamAM popanI zahenazAhatane paDakAra devA. A nagaranA vepArI mahAjanoe nagaranuM zAsana pitAnA hAthamAM laI lIdhuM. A nagaranuM nagarazAsana vepArIoe kArIgaree pitAnAM maMDaLe bAMdhIne calAvavA mAMDayuM. A nagaramAM A maMDaLonA rAjakIya pakSo pahelIvAra astitvamAM AvyA. A rAjakIya pakSanI cUMTAyelI kamITIonI cUMTaNInAM dhIMgANA karI karIne zAsana karatI samitio banI. venise pitAnuM natananagaranuM vepArI svarAjya banAvIne pUrvanI duniyA sAthe ane yuropanA bIjA deza sAthe vepAra zarU karyo. venisamAMthI benaraghATa para thaIne madhyamayugane vepAra vahevA mAMDyo. yurepanA khUNekhUNuM para vepArI samAjanI AgevAnI nIce nUtana hilacAlamAMthI vahetAM prakAzanAM kiraNe aMdhakAramaya yuropanA jUnA pUrANu gharamAMthI cAmAcIDiyAM ane koLIyAnAM jALAMone dUra thaI javAnI AgAhI ApavA lAgyAM. vepArIsamAjanI AgevAnI nIce AraMbhAtuM javAbadAra rAjataMtra. yuropanI je bhUmipara pUrvanA dezo jevI keIpaNa prAcIna saMskRti ugI ja nahatI tevI saMskRtinI A paDatara bhUmi para saMskAranI navI duniyA racanAra

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kA viva ItihAsanI rUparekhA sAmudAyika lekazAhInA rAjyataMtranuM paheluM svarUpa dekhAvA mAMDyuM. A svarUpane AgevAna yuropane na madhyamavarga athavA vepArI samAja pUrvanA vepArIonI jema rAjAone khAMdhiye nahe. A vepArI samAje pitAnA janma sAthe ja rAjAnI saMsthA pAse potAnA zAsana hakka mAgavA mAMDayA hatA. A vepArI samAje pitAnI pahelI mAgaNuM zAsana calAvavAmAM bhAgIdAra banavAnI mUkI. yuropanA vepArI samAjanA A lakSaNane mATe vizva ItihAsamAM pahelIvAra sAmA jika krAMtinA rAjakIya AgevAna banavAnuM tene mahAbhAgya sAMpaDyuM. IleMDane siMha jevo gaNate rAjA rIcarDa krajheDanI laDAIo jItavA mATe gayA hatA tyAre jahona nAmane tene bhAI iMgleMDanuM rAja calAvate hatA. A rAjAe rIcarDanI gerahAjarI daramiyAna aMdhera rAja zarU karyuM. tyAre I. sa. 121pamAM junanI 15 mI tArIkhe theImsa nadI paranA laMDana nAmanA nAnA sarakhA zaheramAM vepArI samAjanI AgevAnI nIce lekanI hilacAle rAjAne javAba mAgyo. theImsa nadI paranA rUnImIDa nAmanA gAmamAM rAjAne keda pakaDIne pUravAmAM AvyuM, tathA tenI pAse rAjyakArabhAramAM lekene adhikAra ApavAnuM eka moTuM khatapatra mUkavAmAM AvyuM. A khatapatra para sahI karavAnI jahonane pharaja paDI. A khatapatranuM nAma "megnAcArTI' hatuM. A megnAcArTImAM lekazAhane pahele aMkura hatA. A hakIkata parathI Aje paNa aMgrejo ema kahe che ke amArI pArlAmenTa duniyAnI tamAma pArlAmenTanI mAtA che. paNa A hakIkata sAcI nathI. briTIza TApuo upara ja pArlAmenTanI pahelI mAtA janmI nahatI paraMtu yuropanI dharatI paranA ekaeka dezamAM navA UgatA vepArI samAjanI AgevAnI nIce lokazAhInA pahelA aMkura jevuM javAbadAra rAjyataMtranuM A svarUpa AraMbha pAmavA mAMDyuM hatuM. phrAnsamAM, svIDanamAM DenamArkamAM, skenDInevIyana pradezamAM, svIjharaleMDamAM ane heleMDamAM lekazAhI zAsananA javAbadAra rAjyataMtravALAM svarUpane AraMbha thaI cUkI hate. A rIte yuropanI dharatI para madhyayugamAM vepArI AgevAnIvALo madhyamavarga, tathA ardhagulAma banele kisAna kheDUtavarga utthAna yuganA agragAmI jevA vepArI varganI AgevAnI nIce taiyAra thaI cUkyo hate. pUrvane khAMdhIya vepArI ane yurepane AjhAda vepArI have nUtana yuropane AgevAna, vepArI, pUravAra thaI cUkyo. madhyamavarganA A AgevAna sAmAjika baLe vANijyanuM sukAna hAthamAM laIne pitAne rAjyazAsanane adhikAra paNa pratipAdana karavA mAMDyuM. A AjhAda evA yuropanA

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317 ItihAsanA madhyayugamAMnI jIvanadhaTanA vepArI samAje sAmaMtazAhI athavA rajavADAzAhInuM kacaluM teDI nAkhIne, vyApArI zAsananuM javAbadAra rAjataMtravALuM nUtanazAsananuM svarUpa saMpAdana karavA mAMDayuM. A javAbadAra rAjataMtrane pAye, lekazAsanane naMkhAye. pUrvanA mahAna evA cIna-bhArata jevA prAcIna dezo para barAbara A samayamAM ja sAmaMtazAhI ane rajavADAzAhIne aMdhakAra cAlatuM hatuM. A pUrvanI rajavADAzAhInA sarvasattAdhikAra nIce pUrvane ati dhanADhaya ane dalitavALe e vepArI samAja pitAnuM vANijya mAtra calAvatA hatA. A vepArI samAja rajavADAzAhIne khAMdhI e vepArI samAja hatA. rajavADAzAhInuM aMdhArUM kocaluM teDI nAkhIne vyApArI lekazAhI zAsanavALuM javAbadAra rAjataMtra meLavavAnI enI nema hatI nahIM. pariNAme A khAMdhiyA evA vepArI samAje lekazAsananI AgevAnI ane AjhAdInI hilacAlanI AgevAnI kadi karI ja nahIM ane yuropanuM jagata tenA AjhAda evA vepArI samAjanI netAgIrI nIce, jagate kadI nahIM dIThelI evI vaijJAnika ghaTanAvALI udyogaracanA tarapha AgaLa vadhatuM hatuM tyAre pUrvanuM jagata suvarNanA DhagalAo saMpAdana karI karIne A dolatanA DhagalAone bhArI rAkhIne, kaMjusanI adAne dhAraNa karIne jIvanaAgekUcanI kRpaNutA dAkhavatuM hatuM tathA kUpamaMDUka banatuM hatuM. pazcimane vepArI samAja jyAre rajavADAzAhInA ekahaththu rAjakArabhAra sAme potAnA rAjaadhikAra mATe caLavaLa calAvavA mAMDate hatuM tyAre pUrvane khAMdhIye vepArI rAjAne bhagavAna banAvIne tenA caraNakamaLamAM sASTAMga karyA karate hate.

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madhyayuganA aMta ane utthAnanA AraMbha [rAmana zahenazAhata patana pAmatI hatI tyAre-rAmanazAhInA pUrva vibhAganI khristI zahenazAhata-krujheDA nAmanAM dharmayuddhonuM zAsana svarUpa--eka zahenazAhata ane be zahenazAhA--isAi dharma ghaTanAnI samAlAcanA--adhArI isAI hukumata sAme saMskAra jyAta--iMgleMDanu divA svapna, thAmasamAra--henarI AThamA ane pApa-dhama zahenazAhata ane navI jAgRti-utthAnanA AraMbha ane dharma zahenazAhatanA aMta-utthAnayuganAM yuropanAM rAekamA yuropanA anaMta nagara, zemanA ata-vijJAnanI ArAdhanA karaze nahIM teA laya pAme--ajJAnane utthAna yuganA paDakAra-- iMgleDanI kisAna hilacAla-madhyayuganA sAmAjika savAla ane vizva itihAsa ] jyAre romana sAmrAjya patana pAmatu hatu tyAre 21 jyAre zamana zahenazAhata patana, pAmatI hatI tyAre ane jyAre rezamana sAmrAjyanA pazcimI vibhAga eTale yare pakhaMDamAMthI, bahAranAM jaMgalI AkramaNA nIce, rAmana hakumata nAza pAmI cUkIhatI tyAre isunI eka saMsthA jIvatI rahI zakI ane vikAsa pAmavA lAgI. leAkajIvana sAthe joDAyalI A saMsthA IsAI devaLanI saMsthA hatI. A devaLa IsAI dharma'nI saMsthA banyuM hatuM, ane leAka jIvananuM devaLa banyuM hatuM. A dharmasaMsthAnA vAhakA isAI sAdhuo ane sAdhvI hatAM tathA temanA sadha aneka ApabhAgA cUkavatA vizALa ane vizALa banye jatA hatA. ema Ara MbhamAM vikasatI, A dharmAMsaMsthAnuM mukhya dhAma rezama athavA rezamanuM devaLa hatu ane tene vaDe AcAya opa hatA. jema rAmana sAmrAjyanuM patana thatuM gayuM tema tema A IsAI dharmasaMsthAe te samayanA sarvAMgI adheramAM vyavasthA rAkhavAnuM kAma AraMbhyuM. A samayamAM isAIcarce, jIvanavyavahAranI badhI vigatomAM, leAkeAne sAtha, sahacAra ane doravaNI

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madhyayuganA aMta ane utthAnanA AraMbha devA mAMDayAM. eNe sAmAjika sevAnAM aneka kAmeA upADayAM tathA canI chAyAmAM nizALA paNa zarU karI. AraMbhamAM lokapragatine varelI mAnava dharmAMnI A saMsthA yureApamAM ane khAsa karIne TAlImAM moTI jamInAnI ane milkatanI mAlIka paNa banI. eNe have samAjapara hakumata calAvavAnuM svarUpa paNa dhAraNa karyuM. sarakArI vahivaTe karavAnAM kAmeA paNa eNe karavA mAMDyAM. dhImedhIme isAi devaLa yuropanI bhUmiparanuM eka nAnuM sarakhuM zAsanaTaka banyuM athavA isAI rAjya anyuM ane rAma nagara AkhA isAI rAjyanuM pATanagara banyuM. 319 AraMbhanA pApa zAsaneAmAM, gregarI i. sa. 590-604 ) chaThThA saikAnA aMtamAM rAjakAraNI purUSa tarIke vadhAre jANItA banyA. eNe madhya iTAlInuM rakSaNa lAMbArDInA AkramaNa sAme karyuM. eNe rAmanA pATanagaramAMthI rAja karavA mAMDayuM. A adhikAranA pada parathI eNe khIzAne dharmadutA tarIke nAmIne iMgleDa, phrAnsa ane jaramanIne isAI banAvavA ravAnA karyo. romana sAmrAjyanA pUrva vibhAgamAMnI isAi zahenazAhata A pahelAM kayAranI, romana sAmrAjyanA pUrva pradezapara pATanagara jamAvIne rAmana hakumata besI cUkI hatI tathA teNe isAI dharmAMte aMgIkAra karyA hatA. tyAre i. sa. 300 no samaya hato. rAmana sAmrAjyanA zahenazAha tyAre kAnasTenaTAIna hato. kAsTenaTAIna laDAI jItavA nIkaLatA hatA tyAre eNe eka svama dIThuM. svamamAM sagate, vadhastabha athavA kresa ene dekhAyA. A vadharatabha para sAnerI akSarA lakhelA dekhAyA, " A nizAnI tane vijaya apAvaze ! '' kaI nizAnI kAne vijaya apAvaze tevA savAla vinA krusanI nizAnI, zAMtinA su nAmanA adanA mAnavInA vadhanI nizAnI, kAnasTenaTAinane yuddha jItavAmAM, eTale mAnava samudAyaneA sahAra karavAmAM phatteha apAvavA rajU thai. konasTenaTAinanA yuddhakhArA, A nizAnIte zastro sAthe laI jate yuddha laDyA ane yuddhamAM vijayI thaelA rAmana zahenazAhe IsAI dharma svIkAryAM. isAI dharmanA pApa nAmanA vaDAe ajamAvelI A yukti phaLI. rAhenazAha isAI thayA, ane zahenazAhe kahyuM ke romana sAmrAjya isAI sAmrAjya che. A banAvathI kANa zuM banyuM te saune samajAi gayuM. A banAve batAvyuM ke, isAdhanA pAdarIe ane pApe, isunA jIvanahetune ane isunA Apa bhAgane vecI daine, rAmana zahenazAhatanuM have zaraNa svIkArI lIdhuM che. A banAve sAkhItI ApI ke zahenazAhate isAI dharmane kharIdI lIdhA che tathA have zahenazAheA potAnAM yuddo jItavA mATe A dharmanI DhAla banAvIne nIkaLavAnA che,

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320 viAva ItihAsanI rUparekhA pachI pitAnA pahelAMnI zahenazAhate jyAM sAdhupiTarane vadhastaMbha para ThekI dIdhuM hatuM tyAM konasTenaTAIne eka IsAI devaLa . remamAM A devaLa caNAvIne konasTenaTAIne romana sAmrAjyanA pUrva vibhAgamAMnA eka bAyajhenaTIthama nAmanA nagaramAM remana zahenazAhatanI rAjadhAnI jamAvI. A nagara kenasTenaTAInanuM nagara kahevAyuM tathA enuM navuM nAma konasTenTInopolIsa paDayuM. konasTenaTAIne zahenazAhatane IsAI banAvyA pachI, pUrvanA zahenazAhonI jema dharmAcarcAone paNa hakumata nIce levA mAMDI hatI. A carcAonuM rUpa dharmanI aMdaranI mAnyatAnuM rUpa hatuM chatAM ene pAye te, dharmanA zAsananI sattA mATenI laDAIne ja hatA. A laDAInuM rU5 haju samazera dhAraNa karIne medAna para nahetuM nIkaLyuM paNa carcAo ja karatuM hatuM. dharmAcAryo vaccenI pahelI laDAInI carcAne savAla e hatuM ke, jisasa, jene premALapitA kahete hatA tevA bhagavAna samovaDe pitaja hato ke bhagavAnathI utarate tenA dikarA je ho ! zahenazAha konasTenaTAIne baMne pakSene nIzIyA nAmanA sthaLe ekaThA karyA ane zahenazAhanA adhyakSapade savAla carcA ane nIzIna mAnyatA athavA dharma siddhAMta tarIke svIkArAyuM ke jisasa pite bhagavAna samovaDe hate. kuMDe nAmanAM dharmayuddhonuM zAsana svarUpa YEAR : tyAra pachI pUrva ane pazcimanA IsAI vibhAgo matabhedone lIdhe judA paDatA gayA ane pUrva vibhAgamAM, i. sa. 1000 sudhImAM to IslAmane vijaya patharAI cUke. A IslAmane khALavA mATe ane tenA para vijaya karavA mATe, pUrvanI IsAI zahenazAhate pazcimanA IsAI pATanagaramAM beThelI pipanI

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madhyayuganA aMta ane utthAnanA Ara'bha 321 zahenazAhata pAse madada mAgI rAjakIya ane ArthikarUpa dharelA A navA savAlamAM pe AkhA yureApanA isAI deze ane prajAone dharmanuM jhanuna caDhAvIne eka karavAnI ane dharmanA AvezanI hilacAlane janmAvavAnI taka dIThI. pepa arabana khIjAe dharmayuddha athavA jehAdanA nAmaneA paDeA bajAvyA. eNe je krAI isAI hoya teno sarvasAmAnya duzmana islAma che evA pracAra zarU karyo. tyAre phrAnsane rAjA cArlsa nAmano hatA. Tu AgaLa eNe islAmanA AkramaNane thaMbhAvI dIdhuM hatu ane zAmana athavA mahAna cArlsanuM nAma eNe dhAraNa karI lIdhuM hatu. eNe AkhA yurepakhaMDane patana pAmatI rezamana zahenazAhatamAM joDI daIne, rAmana sAmrAjyanA zahenazAha pote banavAnI kArakIrdI zarU karI, eNe speIna ane jaramanIne jItI lIdhAM, ane pachI perIsane badale jaramanInA eka nagarane peAtAnuM pATanagara banAvyuM. eka zahenazAhata ane be zahenazAhA A rIte yureApanI dharatI para e zahenazAhonA rAIDa dekhAyA. eka iTAlImAM beThelI pApanI isAI zahenazAhata ane bIjI rAmana sAmrAjya para adhikAra jamAvIne, yureApanA deza para vijaya karIne jarmanImAM gAdI nazIna banelI zA mananI isAI zahenazAhata. aMte zahenazAhatA isAI hatI, paNa zahenazAhatanA pradeza e nahAtA. banne zahenazAhatA jenA para rAjya karavA mAgatI hatI, tevA aMdhakAra ane ajJAnamAM DUbelA isu jevA, du:khI ane bhUkhyA, kaMgAla khanelA mAnava samudAya paNa eka ja hatA. khate zaSnazAhe ane e zahenazAhatanI e hakumate, leAkeAnAM zarIra ane AtmApara zAsana karavAnI vAta karatI hatI. zahenazAha zA mana pepa zahenazAhanI sakumatane pradeza peAtAnA mAnatA hatA, ane pepa zahenazAha paNa zA mananI hakumatane paDakAratA hato. AvuM yureApanI dharatI paranuM rAjakAraNa navuM svarUpa dAkhavatuM hatuM. A svarUpa pAchaLa yuropanuM navuM sarakArI taMtra dharma'nI hakumatathI svataMtra khatavA mAgatuM hatuM. 11mA saikAnA pAchalA bhAgamAM, pAchI hakumata rAjAnI ke pepanI tevA A savAla garamAgarama thaI gayA. tyAre jaramatIneA zahenazAha henarI cethA hata ane pApa zahenazAha gregarI sAtamA hatA. A banne zahenazAhatAe yuddho zarU karyAM, ane mAnava samudAyAnA saMhAra pacAsa varasa sudhI cAlyA karyAM. zahenazAhata banelI pApazAhInA atyAcAro ane aMdhArI rItarasamathI have mAnava samudAya trAsI uThayA hatA. dharmAMzahenazAhatanI ghaTamALamAM have sudhArA thavA ja joie evuM saune lAgatuM hatuM. atyAra sudhI pApa zahenazAhe 41

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pharara vizva itihAsanI rUparekhA game tema cuMTAtA hatA ane rAmana sAmrAjyane pUnA zahenazAha AvI cUMTaNI samaye iTAlImAM AvI paheAMcIne peAtAnA rAjadUDanA hAthA bane tevA pApanI cUMTaNInI racanA karatA hatA. paNa have pApazAhInI cUMTaNImAM pahelIvAranA sudhArA i. sa. 1059mAM zarU thayA. pApa nIkAlasa khIjAnA vaTahukama vaDe isAI pAdarIonI eka dharma saMsada, kAleja opha kAraDInasa " nAmanI banI. A saMsadane bhaviSyanA pApanI pasaMdagI karavAnA adhikAra apAyA. "" ' I. sa. 1073 mAM A saMsade hIhaeNbrAnDa nAmanA eka pAdarIne pApa tarIke cUMTayA. A pApe gregarI sAtamAnuM nAma dhAraNa karyuM. jagata para zAsana karavAnA sarva adhikAra potAnI dharma zahenazAhatanA ja heAvA joie evA A navA pApano khyAla hatA. eTale eNe yuropanA badhA darakhArA pAse potAnA navA rAjadutA athavA dharmAMdune mokalyA tathA peAtAnA navA kAnUnAnuM pAlana karavAnA temane anurodha karyo. paNa jaramanInA zahenazAha henarI ceAthAe A dharma zAhInA vaTahUkamane inkAra karyo ane banne zahenazAhatA vacce yuddha zarU thayuM. henarI ceAthAe gregarI sAtamAnA pATanagara rezamapara hallo karyAM. rAmanuM patana thayuM ane gregarI padabhraSTa banIne sAleraneAmAM hadapAra khatIne tyAM maraNa pAmyA. pachI bArabarAsA athavA phreDarIka nAmanA navA jaramana zahenazAhe jAhera kayu`' ke, Akhu sAmrAjya tene bhagavAne pote enAyata karyuM" che tathA iTAlI ane zamapara sarva adhikAra paNa bhagavAne ja tene peAtAne sAMpelA che, pApa paNa ema ja mAnatA hatI eTale dhama zahenazAhata ane rajavADI zahenazAhatamAMthI sauthI meTA adhikAra kAne te nakkI karavA mATe raNabhUminI pasaMdagI thaI. A savAlanA nikAla mATe banne zasnazAhatAe lazkarAnA mukAbalA yuddhamAM utAryA. A savAlanI carco. lIlAthI thaI zake tema hatuM nahIM eTale zastronA saMgrAma Ara bhAyA. peApe peAtAne sava adhikAra khUda bhagavAna taraphathI suparata thayA che evI jAherAta karIne tamAma Astika rAjAone ane prajAene peAtAne paDakhe levAnI mAgaNI karI. bhagavAne dIdhelA A adhikAra badhA isAI rAjAe parane paNa adhikAra che te vAta teNe spaSTa karI. hArDanasTAphenanA phreDarIka, henarI cAthA athavA lAla dADhIne lIdhe khAra khArasAnA nAmathI paMkAyelA jana zahenazAhe pApanI A jAherAta sAme vaLatI jAherAta karIne paDakAra karyo ke, bhagavAne pote tene ane tenA vaMza

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madhyayugane aMta ane utthAnane AraMbha 323 vArasone, zahenazAhatanA sarva adhikAra suprata karyA che tathA A zahenazAhatamAM ITAlI ane remano paNa samAveza thaI jato hovAthI, tenA para paNa AkharI adhikAra pitAnI zahenazAhatane che. paNa pachI bIjI phrajheDamAM bArabArosA eziyA mAInaranA eka sarovaramAM DUbI gayA ane eNe zarU karelA saMgrAmane enA dikarA phreDarIka bIjAe cAlu rAkhe. pope A kreDarIka bIjA sAme paNa dharma aparAdhanA Aropa heThaLa bahiSkAra jAhera karyo. pheDarIke vigraha cAlu rAkhyuM paNa pachI dhIme dhIme IzvarI adhikAravALA baMne duzmane ThaMDA paDatA dekhAyA. A badhA samaya daramyAna A vigrahane dANe pANuM denAra nAnAnAnA vyApArIo iTAlInAM nagaromAM navuM vANijya ane navAM gharabAra vasAvatA hatA. na ugate A vyApArI samAja jamIna kheDatAM ardha gulAma kisAne bhego pitAnA hakka ane adhikArane khyAla paNa karate hate. isAI dharmanI ghaTanAnI samAlocanA IsAI dharmasaMsthAnuM svarUpa have madhyayuganA samayamAM pahoMcI cUkayuM hatuM. mIDIvala prIzrAnITI"nuM A svarUpa carcanI athavA IsAI devaLanI rAjakIya hakUmata banIne remamAM beThuM hatuM. IsAI zahenazAhata pitAnA pATanagaramAMthI dharmanI rAjAzAhIne phelAvavA mAMgatI hatI. A rAjakIya hakUmatanI sAme yuropane rajavADAo potAnI hakUmata dhAraNa karavA mAMDayA hatA. IsAI zahenazAhatanI hakUmata sAme eka bIjuM paribaLa ubhuM thatuM hatuM. A paribaLa sAmAnya lekenuM navuM dhArmikabhAna hatuM. A navuM bhAna rAjakiya hakUmatavALI dharmasaMsthAnA kAyadAne nahi paNa IsunA pitAnA jIvananA kAnunane mAna ApatuM hatuM. jarmana rAjakiya hakUmata sAme laDAImAM utarI cUkelI remana dharmazAhIe pitAnI AdhyAtmika devALIyA nIti pUravAra karI hatI tathA romanI aMdaranI dharmanI gAdI pala ane piTaranI bhAvanAthI virakta banI cUkI hatI te paNa dekhAI gayuM hatuM. IgleMDanA rAjavahivaTa sAthe paNa mana carcanA dharma rAjavahivaTane kacha zarU thaI gayuM hatuM. eDavarDa 1lAe potAnA rAjyamAnA tamAma dharmaguruone kara nahI bharavAnA kAraNasara gerakAyadesara jAhera karyA hatA tathA zahenazAha pipane jaNAvI dIdhuM hatuM ke dharmasaMsthAnA keI paNa khAsa adhikAronI ghelachA iMgleMDanI pArlAmenTa sAMkhI raheze nahIM.

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324 liva ItihAsanI rUparekhA eja rIte bIjI bAjue yurepa para cAlelI marakIe IsAI mAnanI bUrI dazA sAme IsAI zahenazAhatanA ThAThane sarakhAvI jovA mAMDyo hate. bhUkhamarA ane marakIthI maraNa pAmavAnA aMta samaye dhArmika vidAya ApavA mATe pAdarIonI saMkhyAne vadhArI devI paDI hatI, pAdarIonI A saMkhyAmAM bharatI karavA mATe aneka garIba ane pramANika mANasone levA paDayA hatA. AvI bharatImAM AvelA pAdarIonAM dIla duHkhathI dAjhI uThatAM hatAM tathA garIba mAnavene IsAI maMtra bhaNune mukti apAvavA mATe pote athavA dharmasaMsthA nAlAyaka hatAM tenI khAtrI thaI cUkI hatI. IsAI dharmanA kriyAkAMDamAM pesI gayelA jAduone InkAra dharmanA maThamAMthI ja zarU thaI cUkyo hato. A rIte madhyayuganuM IsAI devaLa rAjAo ane IsAI prajAone aNagame pAmavA mAMDayuM hatuM. saMta phrAnsIsa jevA IsAI dharmanA ati vaphAdAra anuyAyIe jisasanA sAcA jIvanakaraNa tarapha pAchA pharavAnI hilacAla upADI. saMta phrAnsIsanA anuyAyIo athavA phransIsakonI saMkhyA vadhavA mAMDI. saMta phrAnsIsanI sAthe ja jahena vIkalIpha jevA buddhimAna pAdarIe romana IsAI zahenazAhata sAme baLa uThAvyo. A jahena vIkalIpha ekasapharDa vaDe pAdarI hatI. teNe buddhimAnane chAje tevI chaTAthI rezamana dharma ghaTanAnA pAyA davA mAMDyA. eNe isAI dhArmika vyakti ane bhagavAnanI vacce ubhele kriyAkAMDane Dhagale nAbUda karI nAMkhavAnI mAgaNI jagAvI. IsAI dharmadhaTanAmAM vaNAI gayelA adhikAra, IjArAo, ane jAduonA "prIsTahuDa"ne eNe nakAra karyo tathA A vAhiyAta bAbate tarapha paDakAra pheMkayo. eNe jisasanA saMdezAne buddhipUrvaka InsApha ApavA mATe sAmAnya mANasanA hAthamAM bAIbalanI copaDI rajU karI dIdhI. " vikalIphe igleDamAM saMkerele A agni garIba mAnane jAgrata karavA lAge. IsAI tetrone lalakAratAM A adanA mAnavane saMdha "lArDanA" nAmathI mazadara bane. navI janmelI A isAI lekazAhIe remanI pavitra zahenazAhatane paDakAra pheMkaye. A hilacAle papa tathA tamAma dharmAcAryone IsunI garIba bhUmikA para jIvavAnuM AvAhana ApyuM. aMdhArI IsAI hakumata sAme sarakAranI jayota vIkalIphanA lakhANanI asara tyAranA yuropamAM sauthI vadhAre bahemIomAM mAlama paDI. I. sa. 1306 mA jona hasa nAmane eka jheka vidvAna prAganI vidyApIThamAM bhASaNa Apate hate. okasapharDanA pelA adhyApakane e parama

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325 madhyayugane aMta ane utthAnano AraMbha mitra hatA. yunIvarasITInA rekaTara banyA pachI hasa para pipanI adAlatanuM teDu AvyuM. hasane tene abhiprAya pAchA kheMcI levAnuM pharamAna maLyuM. eNe tema karavAno InkAra karyo. satyanI ArAdhanAnA aparAdha mATe jena hasane jIvate saLagAvI mUkavAmAM Avyo. tyAra pachI bIje ja varase, hasanA eka sahaadhyApaka jemane paNa A aparAdha mATe ja jIvate saLagAvI mUkavAmAM Avyo. dharma sudhAraNAnI A hilacAlanI aMdara jUnuM IsAI devaLa ane yupanA rAjyanI navI hakUmata ApaNane sAmasAme AvI gayelAM dekhAya che. A hilacAlamAM sauthI agatyanuM evuM eka tattva e dekhAya che ke jUnA devaLanI ghaTanA ane kriyAkAMDa karatAM dharmajIvananA berejanA sadaguNa tarapha yuropanA navA jIvanane prema vadhAre vadhate jatA hatA. A samayamAM thomasa mera jIvananI AvatI kAlanI ghaTanAnuM divA svama racatA hatA. A divA svamanI aMdara AveluM jIvananuM varNana jIvananA vyavahArane vadhAre vyavasthita ane vaijJAnika banAvavAne mATe bhAratamAM mahAna akabara jIvananI je sahakArI ghaTanA dIne ilAhI mAraphata bhAgatuM hatuM tevuM ja A themasaranuM svama hatuM. paraMtu akabaranA jagatamAM je nahete te utyAnayuga tathA utthAnayugane vAhaka banele vyApArI samAja yuropamAM zarU thaI cUkyuM hatuM. A uparAMta yupane rajavADe paNa junA devaLanI pragatI vidhI ghaTanA sAme laDate hate. henarI AThamo ane pipa henarI AThamAnA samayamAM je pApanuM zAsana cAlatuM hatuM te pipa julIyasa bIjAe eka senAnuM gulAba, taravAra ane TopI henarIne bheTa tarIke mokalyAM hatAM. henarIne DaphenDara opha dhI pheItha nAmane IlkAba dazamA lIonAmanA pope enAyata karyo hate. paNa pachI kalImenTa kamAna samayamAM A DIphenDara opha pheIthane pipa sAme jhaghaDo thayo. henarI pite dhAmI ka mANasa hatuM ane te samayanA badhA dhAmIka rAjAonI jema mAnatA hatA ke pipa pite paNa eka rAjA che ane pitAnA para adhikAra dharAvavAne mATe dhArmika rIte koI paNa rAjAthI vadhAre caDiyAtuM nathI. pipa jema mAnate hatuM ke bhagavAna tenA pakSamAM che te ja pramANe yuropanA rAjAo paNa bhagavAnane potAnA pakSamAM mAnatA hatA. eTale henarI 8mo paNa pitAne rAjA ane dharmarAjA baMne mAna hatuM ane pipanI jema potAnI jAtane kethalIka mAnatA hatA eTale papa je pitAnA para adhikAra jamAvavA mAge che te adhikArane InkAra karavA jeTaluM proTesTanTa banavAne e taiyAra hatA. jyAM sudhI pipa, henarI 8mAne mATe samAna

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kara6 viAva ItihAsanI rUparekhA adhikAra dhAraNa karavAnI samAnatA svIkAre tyAM sudhI ja henarI DIphenDara opha pheItha tarIke rahI zake tema hatuM. paraMtu pipa te svIkArI zake tema nahotuM eTale henarIe rAjyanA vaDA tarIke tathA dharmanA vaDA tarIke pitAne adhikAra zarU karyo. adhikAra nA A ravarUpe IgleMDamAM kAma karatI popanI dharma ghaTanA sAme AkramaNa karyuM. A ghaTanAnA jUnA purANuM ane saDI gayelA taMtra jevA dharmanA maTha henarIe jamInadosta karAvI dIdhA. kenTarabarInuM seInTa themasanuM sauthI moTuM devaLa A dhArmika rAjAe japta karyuM tathA tenA AcabIzapanA zarIrane divA lanI bahAra pheMkI dIdhuM. henarIe pAdarIonAM tamAma ilkAbene nAbUda karavAne hukama karyo. IgleMDabhAnA sauthI moTA dharma maTho henarInA AkramaNa nIce tArAja thaI gayA. eka pachI eka badhA maTha patana pAmyA ane A dharma maThonI ImAratonA sIsAnA chAparAM gALI nAkhavAmAM AvyAM tathA patharAone pustakAla bAMdhavA mATe laI javAmAM AvyA. dharmazahenazAhatanuM pratikAranuM svarUpa zahenazAhata banelI IsAI dharma saMsthAe yuropa paranI A navI jAgRti sAme ane rAjAo sAme pratikAra zarU karyo. A pratikAranuM svarUpa paNa A jUnA dharmanI jIvana ghaTanA jevuM manuSyanA mana ane AtmAne rUMdhI nAkhanArUM jAlima svarUpavALuM hatuM. sauthI pahelAM dharmanI jUnI dhaTanAmAM kaze paNa pheraphAra karavAnI eNe nA pADI dIdhI tathA pite belAvelI kAunsIla opha phrenTamAM eNe koI paNa sudhAraka sAthe kazI carcA karavAnI nA pADI. zahenazAha banelI A kethelIka ghaTanAe pitAnI jUnI mAnyatAone svIkAra bhAgya tathA AvA svIkArane je koI anAdara kare tene mATe jIvatA saLagI javAnI eka sarvasAmAnya nya zikSA nakkI karI. IsAI dharma saMsthAnI A jUnI ghaTanAnuM AvuM jAlIma ane vikrALa rUpa ItihAsamAM "InkavIjhizana" nA nAmathI jANItuM banyuM. pitAnA A pratikArane amala karavA mATe jotajotAmAM pipanA hAkeme ane sainike jANItA banyA. jUnA dharmanA TekedAre jesuIsTasanA nAmathI oLakhAyA. A je suIsToe sudhAraNA mAgatAM tamAma lekene zarIra ane mananI yAtanAo ApavAnA atireka jevA prakAre sarjI dIdhA. gharmanI AjJA nIce jesuIsTa manuSya maTIne yAtanAnuM yaMtra banyo. yuropamAM utthAnane AraMbha ane dharmazahenazAhatane aMta pipanI dharma zahenazAhata pachAta samAja ghaTanAnA sAmaMtazAhI svarUpa para ja nabhI zake tevI hatI. rAmanagarapara beThelI pepanI hakumata dharmanI sAme

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madhyayugane aMta ane utthAnane AraMbha 327 tazAhAmAM sauthI moTI sAmaMtazAhI hatI. Arabo ane te sAmenI jheDa pipanI A zahenazAhatane jIvavAnI tAkAta ApI zakI nahIM. ulTAne ulyAnayuga A kaDe pachI vadhAre vegavAna banyo. yurepanA pradezoe potAnAM rASTrIya ekamavALAM rAjAzAhInAM svarUpa thavA mAMDyAM tathA dharmanI sAmaMtazAhIne paNa khatama karavA mAMDI. I. sa. nA paMdaramA saikAnA aMtamAM jaramanIne mahArAjA mekasImIlIyana maraNa pAme tyAre AkhuM yuropa upara taLe thaI rahyuM hatuM. tyAre peina ane phAnsa vacce ITAlInAM nagara rAjyane kaNa khAI jaI zake te savAla para laDAI cAlatI hatI. tyAre ja vArasAhaka pramANe mekasImIlayanane ja pautra speInanI gAdI para AvI cUkyo hato. tyAre yuropane cakravarti keNa bane te savAla yuropanA rAjakAraNamAM ukaLate hate. jaramanInI ThakarAte mekasImIlIyananA maraNane lIdhe jaramanInI khAlI paDelI gAdI para kone besADavA te nakakI karavA phrekapharTa mUkAme ekaThI thaI. kAnsane rAjA phrAnsIsa pahelAe jaramanInA mahArAjA banavAnI I tejArI batAvI. paNa sekasanInA kera kreDarIkane mAthe jaramanIne muguTa paherAvavAnuM phrekaphorTanA saMmelane nakakI karyuM. paNa AvA tophAnI samayamAM kAMTALo tAja paheravAne pheDarIke inkAra karyo eTale jamInInA ThAkaree speInanA rAjA banI cUkelA, mekasImIlayananA pautra cArlsa pAMcamAne jaramanIne rAjadaMDa saM. I. sa. 1519 nA junanA 28 mA divase peInanA rAjA cArlsa pAMcamAnI jaramanInA mahArAjA tarIke paNa tAjapaSI thaI gaI. peIna enTrIyA, nepalsa ane sIsIlInAM rAjyane dhaNi banI cUkele cArlsa 5 me jaramanIne paNa mahArarajA banya. ITAlI, phrAnsa ane IMgleMDa zivAyanA yuropane moTe bhAga A mahArAjanI hakUmata nIce AvI paDe. cArlsa AvA mahArAjAne zahenazAha banIne jaramanImAM jaIne jaramanIne tAja paheravA nIkaLyo tyAre rastAmAM ene samAcAra maLyA ke mekasIke nAmanA navA zodhI kaDhAyelA pradezane paNa pote zahenazAha banyo hato. usthAnayuganAM yurepI rAjyanAM rASTra eka sAmaMtazAhInA aneka TukaDAo yuropanI gatine rUMdhatA hatA. dharma zahenazAhatanI romana gAdI paNa pragatine rUdhanArI eka dharmadha ane ajJAnane piSanArI, pragati virodhI, sAmaMtazAhI jevI ghaTanA ja hatI, '

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328 vikava ItihAsanI rUparekhA paNa utthAna mAgatA yurepa para sAmaMtazAhI ane dharmazAhInI nAbudInI hilacAla yurepanA rAjAoe zarU karI dIdhI. luI agIAramAnA samayamAM phrAnse ekarASTra banavA mAMDayuM, ane te mATe pitAne tyAMnA sAmaMtane darabAramAM besanArA umarA banAvI dIdhA. peIne jhADanA chatIne pitAnI eka rAjAzAhInI hakumatanI ektA katarI kADhI. IgleMDamAM henarI sAtamAe sAme tenI ghaTanAne teDI nAkhIne, eka rAjAzAhInI hakumata sthApI dIdhI. aneka TukaDAmAM vaheMcAyelA jarmanInA pradeza paranA Thekezane paNa eka mahArAjAnI ANa nIce AvI javAnI pharaja paDI. A navAM rASTra ekamee lazkarane rASTriya banAvyAM, tathA umarAne lazkaranA amaladAre banAvyA. A badhAM navAM rUpa dharelAM yurepanAM rAjya, popanI zahezAhatane khatama karavAnI IcchAvALAM banyAM. A badhAM rAjenI dAnata, nagararAjyamAM vaheMcAyelA ITalInA TukaDA karIne AkhA dezane khAI javAnI thaI. popanI zahenazAhatavALuM remanagaranuM rAjya paNa have ItihAsanI A navI goThavaNamAM nAza pAmavAne lAyaka banI gayuM. anaMtanagara rAmane aMta A samayane, yuropamAM sauthI maTe mahArAjA cArlsa pAMcame ITAlI para caDha. ITAlInAM nagara rA cArsanA AkramaNa nIce paDyAM. aMdaraaMdaranA saMhAra karavAnAM zokhina evAM A nagararAe rAjAzAhInA AkramaNa nIce kevI katala cAlatI hoya che te dekhI. I. sa1494nI nAtAlanA divasomAM pitAne anaMta nagara ane vizvanagara mAnatA rAma para cArlsamAM kaTaka AvI pahoMcyAM. eja A remanagara hatuM jenA kapALa para sattAvIza sekAonI zAhI hakumatanI rekhAo aMkAI gaI hatI. eja A rAmanagara hatuM jenI chabImAM, jisasanA pratinidhitvanI chAyA dekhavA, IsAI dharmanAM dhArmika paDApaDI karatAM hatAM. ane eja A romana nagara hatuM jeNe jaMgalI yuropane romana saMskAranI hakumata nIce ANIne ane pachI dhamadhatAne IsAI rAjadaMDa dhAraNa karIne AjasudhI yurepanA mastakane ahIM sASTAMga namavAnI zista zikhavI hatI. A ramanagaranA vinAzanI AgAhIte, eka bATalemIo kerosIe eprilanA AThamA divase ApI dIdhI hatI. e divase jyAre pipa kalImenTa dazahajAra dhArmikene AzirvAda ApatA hatA tyAre bAraTolemIo cIsa pADI uThe hate, " tArAM ja pApane lIdhe cauda divasamAM A remanagara tArAja thaI jaze" ane pachI rAmanI zerIomAM bUma pAData ("roma agniparIkSA mATe taiyAra thaI jA !") e nAThe hate.

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madhyayuganA aMta ane utthAnanA AraMbha 329 pachI AkramaNa AvI pahAcyuM. me nA chaThThA divase cArlsanAM lazkarA rAmanI divAla para athaDAyAM. rezamanagara paDayuM. rezamanA rastAo para, nara, nArI ane bALaka bALakIe. katala thaI thai te DhaLI paDayAM. sAntA spIrITAnuM davAkhAnuM ane anAtha Azrama paNa luTAyAM. katala karavAnI ghAtakatAe daradIe ane anAtheAnI kApaNI paNa karI nAkhI. senTapiTaranuM mahAdevaLa nirAzritothI ubharAI gayuM. sensapiyara kAinI rakSA karI zakayA nahIM. A mahAdevaLanAM badhAM bhaMDArIyAM maDadAMnA DhagathI ubharAi gayAM. rAphela, ane lIenAoNMe cItarelI sauMdayanI pratimAenI sAthe vijetAonA azvo baMdhAyA. rAmanagaranuM ekeeka dhara luMTAyuM ane pachI saLagavA lAgyuM. rAmanAM zrImAe jIva bacAvavAnI DhagalAbaMdha kiMmata cUkavavA mAMDI. ekeeka mahAlaye, nagaranuM lilAma karIne kalevaranuM khALIyuM bacAvavAnA mAM mAgyA dAma cUkavyA. mAbApoe maratA pahelAM juvAna dIkarIo paranA atyAcAra dIThA. A mahAsaMhAra karanArAe kAi rAnaverAnanA jaMgalIe nahAtA paNa pepane ane dharmAcAryone cAra ane DAkue tarIke pichANI cUkelA ane peTane khADA pUravA, yuropanA mahAna kaeNtheAlIka mahArAjA cA` pAMcamAnuM lazkara banelA IsAI dharmavALAeja hatA. dharmanA itihAsamAM dhArmi kAnu` dharmanI ghaTanA paranuM AvuM AkramaNu A paheluM ja hatu. rAmanagaranI dharmanI zahenazAhate AkhA yuropanA dhananAM dhArmi ka najarANAM ane dharmanA lAgAonA rUpamAM yuropanAM adanAM mAnavAnI lUMTa ahIM ekaThI karI hatI. suvarNanAM siMhAsana racIne jisasanI kArakIrdInu lilAma karIne dharmanI zahenazAhate ahIM rAjadaMDa dhAraNa karyAM hatA ane ajJAnanI ArAdhanAmAM aneka sudhArakAne jIvatAM saLagAvavA mAMDayAM hatAM. adha banelA leAka prakApa cArlsanAM lazkA banIne je kai laI zakAya te luTavA mAMDayA hatA. pApanA vizALa mahAlayamAM ja lUMTa ane sahAranI pAzavatAe dhama darabAra bharyAM. eka sainike pApanA pAzAka paherI lIdhe ane khIjAoe pAdarIenA veza lapeTIne pachI pApanA paga para cuMbana karavA mAMDayAM, ApameLe A yatheccha sahAramAM mAraTIna lutharanA nAmanI rahAka banI. A svacaMda vihAre, pakaDAelA bizapeAne rAmanA rastAo para pazuonI jema hAMkayA. mAtathI bacavA maraNIyA anelAMee TAibaranadImAM paDIne ApadhAta karyAM. ItihAsanI vizva saritA para remana zo taravA lAgyAM. 42

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vizva itihAsanI rUparekhA A sahAre rAmanI yunIvarasITIne paNa saLagAvI nAkhI. veTIkana graMthA layanI kitAbAnI heALI karavAmAM AvI. kAlAkI nAmanA mahApaMDitanAM lakhANAnI rAkha thaI gai. bAlAsanI plInI paranI noMdha saMhAranA " enaphAyarAmAM saLagI gaI. marezana nAmaneA kavi potAnI kavitAnA agni praveza dekhatA rUdana karavA lAgyA. rAphela nAmanA citArAnuM kalAbhavana jamInadosta thaI gayuM. $30 paNa tyAre pApa kalImenTa sAntaenjelAnA minArAomAM salAmata hatA. eNe bhagavAnane ThapakA ApatAM bUma pADI, " mArI janetAnA udaramAMthI te mane zA mATe janmavA ja dIdhA ! " pApe khInazaratI zaraNAgati svIkArI lIdhI, ane cAra lAkha DakeTanu najarANuM yureoNpanA mahArANAne enAyata karyuM. aMta pAmelA anaMtanagaranA isAI zahenazAhatanu mamI have vatu rahI zakayuM. vijJAnanI ArAdhanA karo niha te laya pAmeA. 66 ,, madhyayuganA aMtamAM utthAnane DhaDhaLatuM hoya tema samayanuM paribaLa yuropanA mAnavasayudAyane kahetuM hatuM ke uTho, jAgA, ane tamArA vijJAnane samajavA mAMDA. jo Uze! nahi, jAgaze nahi ane pichAnaze nahi te! mAta pAmI jazo. AvI rItane samayanA avAja itihAsanA dareka yugamAM mAnavasamudAyane DhaMDhALatA mAlama paDayo che. prAcIna grIsanA DelphInAM devaLA para mANasa tArI jAtane pArakha " evAja mudrAlekha kAtaravAmAM AvyA hatA. bhAratanI bhUmi para paNa gautamabuddha ane cInanI bhUmi para karyusiasa eja avAjamAM pAkAra karatA hatA. Aje aneka saikAo pachI i. sananA caudamA zatakamAM aMta pAmatA madhyayugane itihAsaneA A purANA avAja paDakAra karatA nAvijJAnane javAba mAgatA hatA. A samayanA madhyayugI mAnavA pAse potAnA zarIranI ghaTanA viSenuM jJAna paNa kazuM ja hatuM nahi. zarIra jevI sAmAjika dhaTanAnuM bhAna paNa temane hatuM nahi. jJAnanI AvI ane prakAranI aMdhakAramaya dazAmAM e meTA sAmAjika paDakAra yuropanI dharatI para jIvananI ghaTanAmAMthI rajU thayA. eka paDakAranuM rUpa pleganA nAmanuM hatuM, ane khIjA paDakAranuM rUpa yureApanI AkhI dharatIne hacamacAvI nAkhanAra dharatI paranA zramamAnavAnI hilacAlanuM hatuM. << A plega athavA marakInuM rUpa yureApamAM " bleka Detha '" tarIke oLakhAyuM. grIsanI dharatI para perikalisanA suvarNayugamAM thayelI yAvArathalI pachI phATI

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madhyayugane aMta ane utthAnano AraMbha 331 nIkaLelA rogacALA karatAM A marakInA rogacALAnuM svarUpa ahiM vizALa hatuM. madhya eziyA ane dakSiNa raziyAmAM thaIne kimiyAnA pradezamAMthI eka jahAjamAM besIne javA baMdare utarIne marakInuM A rUpa pazcimamAM dAkhala thayuM. pachI ArmeniyAmAM thaIne eziyA mAInoramAM ane IjIpta ane uttara AphrikAmAM paNa e jaI pahoMcyuM hatuM. I. sa. 1348 mAM A marakI iMgleMDamAM AvI. okasapharDanI aMdara bhaNatA vidyAthIone A lega bharakhI gayA ane iMglenDanI kula vastIne cothA bhAgathI moTo samudAya A marakImAM maraNa pAmyo. AkhA yurepa parathI rAA kareDa mANasone bharakhI jaIne matanuM A svarUpa pUrva cInamAM peThuM ane tyAM teNe eka karoDa trIsa lAkha mANasane mArI nAkhyAM. marakInuM A svarUpa madhyayugI mAnavanA ajJAnanuM svarUpa paNa hatuM. zarIranA vijJAna viSe kazuM ja nahi samajanArA abUdha jagata para marakInA A jaMtu oe katala calAvI hatI, yuropanA zaheramAM ane gAmaDAomAM teNe hAhAkAra vartAvI mUkyo, ane yuropanI vastInAM pramANone uthalAvI nAkhyAM. sAmAjika vijJAnanA ajJAnane uthAnayugano paDakAra. aMta pAmatA madhyayugamAM sAmAjika vijJAnanuM ajJAna paNa zarIra vijJAnanA ajJAnanI jema khUba gADhuM hatuM. madhyayuganA aMtamAM yuropanuM sAmAjika zarIra ane tenI racanAnA thara badalAvA mAMDyA hatA. pote eka Adama ane IvanAM pharaja de che ema mAnatA yurepanA mAnavasamudAyamAM pheraphAra lAvanArA Arthika ane sAmAjika paribaLo kyAranAya janmI cUkyAM hatAM. jUnA samayanuM "menora" nAmanuM Arthika ghaTaka ane " gIDa" nAmanuM Arthika ghaTaka have rUpAMtara pAmavA mAMDyAM hatAM. kolaMbasane eTalAMTIka mahAsAgara oLaMgavAne tathA vAska-DA-gAmAne kepanI pradakSiNA karavAne mATe haju so varSanI vAra hatI tyAre yuropanuM Arthika paribaLa bhUmadhyanA mathaka parathI pazcima yuropanA pradeza para jaI pahoMcyuM hatuM. dakSiNa jarmanInAM navAM nagara, navA vANijyanA rastA para vepArI mathaka banavA mAMDyAM hatAM tathA phalenDarsa pradeza udyoganI agatyatA dhAraNa karate hate. dhIkatA jatA vANiye A pradezanI Arthika jIMdagImAMthI madhyayugI vepAranAM baMdhanone teDavA mAMDyAM hatAM. venisa nagaramAMthI vANijayanuM arthataMtra zIkhelI vepArI mUDIdAronI jamAta have AgaLa vadhatI jatI hatI. tathA pUrva deze sAthe vepArano IjAre rAkhIne beThelA venisa nagara sAthe hariphAImAM utarI cUkI hatI. teramA saikAnA aMtamAM mArkepelee karelI cInanI sapharanA have navA nakazAo derAvA mAMDyA hatA tathA sonAnA DhagalAothI ubharAtA pUrvanA pradezamAM pahoMcI javA yuropanA vANijyane nUtana prANa aNakheDAyelA samudramAM utarI paDavA paNa adhira banI gayo hate.

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kara vikava IhisanI rUparekhA yuropanA mAnavasamAjanA kalevaramAM A navA pheraphAro zarU thaI gayA hatA. A pheraphArane AgevAna sukAnI vepArI mUDIvAda ha. A nava mUDIvAda zramamAnavane navA ugelAM nagaramAM vastuonA utpAdana mATe rajIe rAkhatA. hata tathA pitAnAM saMgaThane zarU karate hate. gharagharanA khAnagI evA kArIgaranA dhaMdhAo ane temanA jUnAM saMgaThane paNa navAM svarUpa dhAraNa karatAM hatA yurepanA samAjanI jIMdagImAM aMta pAmavA mAMDelA yuganI eTa dekhAtI hatI. paNa tenI sAthe ja nUtana utthAnanI bharatInAM spaMdane paNa zarU thaI gayAM hatAM. A pheraphAramAM sAmAjika hilacAlanA cheka pAyAmAM beThelA dharatI paranA vizALa mAnava samudAyo dharatI parathI jANe pheMkAI jatA hoya tevI vedanA anubhavatA hatA. madhyayuganA sAmAjika baMdhane jANe yurepanI dharatI paranA A kheDUtane dharatI para joDI rAkhyA pachI have arthakAraNamAM calaNI nANAne mUDIvAdI vyavahAra amalamAM AvatAM tUTI jatAM hatAM. kheDUtanA vizALa samudAye jamIna parathI pheMkAI jaIne rejI ane reTI mATe rakhaDatA thaI gayA hatA. A badhI paristhitimAM aneka jAtanAM pIDane pAmate A mAnavasamudAya pitAnA para koI mahAna anyAya thayo hoya evuM bhAna anubhavatA hatA. AvI vikaTa dazAmAM samAjanA AgevAna rAjAo ane mUDIvAdIo ane ugate. mUDIvAda ubhA thayelA A Arthika savAlano javAba ApI zakatA nahatA. samAjanI upalI sapATI para caDhI gayelA A vargo ane samudAya vacce moTA aMtarAya dekhAtA hatA tathA sAmAjika anyAye nIce kacaDAte kisAna mAnavasamudAya baLavAkhora banate jato hato. - I. sa. nanA caudamAM saikAmAM mAnavasamudAyanuM A baLavAkhora svarUpa dhArmika manobhAvavALuM hatuM. IsAI jIvanavyavahAra ene samajAte nahote. garIba mAnanA saMdhamAM ja janmele ane ' jevele jisasa ene sAmAjika anyAo sAme baLavAkhora banAvAne uThADo dekhAto hato. A baLavAnA AgevAne madhyamavarganA buddhimAna pAdarIo hatA. A pAdarIonI AgevAnI nIce sAmAjika anyAya sAmenI krUjheDa jevI hilacAle pazcima yuropa para '

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madhyayugane aMta ane utthAnane AraMbha 333 ekeeka deza para saLagI uThI. A hilacAlenuM nAma phalenDarsanI aMdara "ATI ne lhIjha hatuM. romamAM A hilacAla TrIbyuna rIajejha nAmathI oLakhAI hatI. phalerensamAM A hIlacAla sIppI nAmanI hatI ane phrAnsamAM kheDUtonA A baLavAnuM nAma jekaverI hatuM. kheDUtane A baLavAo pAchaLa Aveza e hato ke IsAI dharmanA pradeza para garIba samudAya mATe IsunA InsAphane aMta AvI gayuM hatuM. IsAI dharmane A Aza kharI rIte joIye te lekazAhInA nyAyI svarUpane Aveza hato. IDanI kisAna hilacAla iMglaMDamAM paNa garIba samudAya mATe jisase prabodhela InsAphI vyavahAra tUTI paDyo hate. tyAM kenTanA jahena bela nAmanA pAdarInI AgevAnI nIce kheDUta samudAye baLa karyo. I. sana 1350 mAM aMgrejI pArlAmenTa bekAra rahelA khetamajuronI sAme " sTerayuTa oNpha lebarasa" pasAra karIne temanA pagAranuM gheraNa nIcuM karI daIne kheDUtanI aMdaranI Agane saLagAvI mUkI hatI. A hilacAlanuM mukhya mathaka okasapharDamAM hatuM. okasapharDamAM kheDUtonI A hilacAlanI AgevAnI tyAMnA pAdarIoe lIdhI ane jamInadAroe kheDUto pAsethI AMcakI lIghelI tamAma jamIne kheDUte mATe chuTTI mUkI devAnI raNahAkala zarU karI. A hilacAlanI AgevAnI levA mATe jahebelane kArAgAramAM pUrI dIdhe. paNa I. sa. 1381 ne junamAM kheDUtanA A baLavAe ugra svarUpa dhAraNa ka, dharmaguruo ane jamInadAranI pakaDa nIcenI jamInone choDAvavA mATe dakSiNapUrvamAMthI AkhA iMglaMDa para veTa TIbara, jeka sa Tra, jahona bela, jahona lITala vuDa ane rIcArDa velInaphorDanI AgevAnI nIce kheDUtanI eka moDI virATa kuce laMDana upara caDhAI karI. rastAmAM AvatA dharmAcAryo ane umarAvanI jamIne japta karavAmAM AvI tathA temanI mAlIkInA kAyadesaranAM badhAM kAgaLIyAM saLagAvI mUkavAmAM AvyAM. A virATa kUcanA laMDana para caDhI AvavAnA samAcAra maLatAM laMDananI aMdaranA kheDUta majurae paNa baLa karyo. junanA bAramA divase laMDana dherAI gayuM ane baLavA kherenA hAthamAM AvI paDyuM. Dyuka oNpha lekesTara ane bIjA umarAnA mahAlayo baLavAkherenA hAthamAM AvyA. pachI A kisAna kUca laMDananA TAvara para pahoMcI ane aMgrejI rAjA tathA mukhya dharmagurU ane pradhAne keda pakaDAyA. tyAranA rAjAe kisAna hilacAlanA AgevAnonI mulAkAta ApI tathA temanI tamAma mAMgaNIo para sahI karI. pachI teNe zarata mukI ke kisAnoe pitAnI chAvaNI

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334 vizva ItihAsanI rakharakhA laMDanathI dUra laI javI. tyAra pachI thoDA divase rAjA sAthe baLavAkhora Age vAnanI bIjI mulAkAta goThavAI. A mulAkAtamAM nakkI thayelA kAvatrA pramANe AgevAnanAM mAthAM kApI nAMkhavAmAM AvyA tathA eka lAkhathI vadhAre kheDUto para rAjAnAM lazkara tUTI paDayAM. IMglaMDanI kheDUta hilacAla A rIte pitAnA lehImAM DUbI gaI paraMtu yuropa para zarU thayelI A hilacAle mAnavasamAjanI tyAranI ghaTanAmAMthI upajI hatI. eka varSa pachI AkhuM jarmanI paNa kheDUtanA A baLavAothI hacamacI uThayuM. A hilacAlanA AgevAno IsAI dharmanA enA beTIsTa paMthanA pAdarIo hatA. I. sa. 1532 thI 35 sudhImAM jarmanIne vesTaphIliyA nAmane pradeza baLavAnI hakUmata nIce AvI gayo ane tenuM pATanagara munsara baLavAnuM mathaka banyuM. A baLavAne AgevAna jahena oNpha lIDana hatuM. pachI A hilacAla paNa parAjya pAmI tathA jarmanInAM zaheramAM chedAI gayelAM aMgavALAM baLavAkhoronAM zarIra rakhaDavA lAgyAM. AkhA jarmanI para kisAna hilacAlenuM rUdhIra chaMTAyuM. madhyayugane sAmAjika savAla, vizva ItihAsane savAla hate. ItihAsanA AraMbhathI jagatabharamAM pIDAyelA ane zoSAyelA mAnava samudAyoe aneka baMdhanothI ane yAtanAo jevA jIvanathI baMdhAI gayA pachI leka InsAphanA nAmamAM itihAsanA dareka tabakkAmAM baLavA karyA che. A baLavAonAM kAraNamAM samAja ghaTanAnAM svarUpamAMthI A samudAyonI jIMdagIne asahya banAvI de tevI anyAyI prathAo mAlama paDI che. AvI prathAone nAbUda karavA nyAyamatAnI mAgaNI mATe zramamAna e baLavAo karyA hoya che. zramamAnavane A savAla sAmAjika athavA lokazAhIne savAla che. mAnava samudAyo paNa jIvana vyavahAranI ghaTanAmAM A rIte pitAno avAja uccAratA hoya che. A avAjano eka ja artha sukhamaya ane zAMtimaya jIMdagI mATe mAnava samudAyane pukAra che. itihAsanA dareka tabakake A pukAra pitAnI jIMdagImAM nyAya samatAne hAMsala karavA mATe eka pachI bIjA caDhIyAtAM saMgaThana ane Ayudhane dhAraNa kare che A savAla saMskRti ane saMskArano sAmAjika vyavahArane savAla che. A savAla zramamAnavane dabAvI devAthI ke temanI katala karavAthI patI zake te savAla nathI. samAjanA AgevAnoe eTalA mATe itihAsanA lokazAhI InsAphanA savAlane sAmAjika vijJAnanA bhAna ane jJAnapurvaka ukelavo joIe.

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22. vizvaItihAsane utthAna yuga ra [ yuropIya utthAnayuganAM nUtana nagaro, phalorensa ane venisa -poTa DIlA-kArTo-bhaugolika krAMti-yurepanA utthAnane AgevAna - utthAna yuganAM svarUpa lakSaNe-vizva vizALa banyuM--utthAna yuganI dharma sudhAraNA (pheramezana)-IsAI ponI sAphasuphI- yurepanAM rajavADAMonI sAThamArInuM satva, vANijaya hakumata- utthAna yuganuM arthakAraNa ane svadezanuM rAjakAraNa-artha kAraNa ane rAjakAraNanI ekatA. ]. yuropiyana utthAnayuganAM nagare, phaleresa ane venisa - sAcI rIte kahIye te madhyayugamAMthI eka chalaMga daIne utthAnayugamAM AvI paDanAra yuropane prathama rASTra ITAlI kahevAya. romana saMskRtino vAraso 1 pAmelA A rASTramAM, romana zahenazAhatanA patana pachI tenAM nagararAjyamAM utthAnayuga pahelIvAra janma pAmato dekhAye. utthAnanuM avalokana karavuM hoya te ITAlImAM, enA phalerensa nagaramAM athavA phUlene nagaramAM praveza kare joIe. dAMte nAmanA mahAkavie dezavaTAmAM bhramita najara vaDe dezavaTAmAM dekhelI Arno nAmanI nadI A nagara pAse, thIja vahe che ane parvatanA rastAo vaccethI AgaLa jAya che. tyAranA jagatanuM A ati rastha evuM nagara hatuM tathA A nagara rAjyanA zrImaMta zASakonA killA jevA mahAlane rUpanI kaNikAo vaDe kalAkAroe maDhayA hatA. meDIsI nAmanA mazahura thayelA zrImaMta zASakee, metAnA saundaryathI ubharAtA bhavanomAM ja ati -

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336 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA krUra evAM kAvatrAM ahIM yeAjyAM hatAM. teja A nagara hatu jenA mahAlayAmAM kalAkRtienI sAthe ja aparAdhA ane gunAnI sajAvaTa thayA karatI hatI. madhyayuga pachI tarata ja TAlInA A saundaryanagaramAM UtthAnanA AraMbhane dhuTanAra tenAM karaja dAmAM sauthI meATuM nAma mekiyAvelI nAmanA yuropanA cANa kathanuM hatuM. caudamA saikAmAM klerensanagara zrImAnuM svarAjya banyuM ane lorenjhonA darabAramAM utthAnayuganI saMskAra kalA ane sAhitya jamA thavA mAMDyAM. saMskAranA A ubara pradeza para ja zrImaMtazAhInA zAsana nIce tamAma leke sAnAnI sAMkaLeA vaDe baMdhAyelA dekhAyA. A baMdhana nIcenA jIvanavyava hAramAM, parasparanAM leAhI vahyA karyAM hatAM. tyAre, isAidharmanI zahenazAhata sAme pUNyaprakApathI saLagatA ane jisasanA garIba dIla, sAthe joDAyelA pAdarI sevAnArAlA A dharatI paraja dekhAyA hatA. A nagara upara ja jyAM harakayulIsanI pratimA pAse pANIne phUvArA akhaMDa uDatA hatA tenI pAse ja sevAnArAlAne saLagAvI devAmAM AvyA hatA ane tyAMthI thoDe ja dUra vAlhAnA bhagavAna jevA meDIsIne dheDA bhavya pratimAnuM rUpa dharIne chalaMga detA ubhA hatA. AvA iTAlInA utthAnayuga ahiMyAM AraMbhAI gayA hatA. A ArabhanI AvI te aneka raMgarekhA racanArA sImAbU ane gIeTA jevA kalAnA pitAAe ahi' peAtAnAM kalAbhavanA zaru karI dIdhAM hatAM. A nagaramAM ja ekAgrA, brunelezI, nAkAlA, pIsAnA, selInI, ane DaeNnATelA nAmanA navalakathAkAra, gusabAraDInI nAmanA nAvike ane mekiAvelI nAmanA rAjyakAraNI puruSe utthAnayuganAM potAnAM kAmakAja zarU karI dIdhAM hatAM. citArAonuM te jANe A nagaramAM sarvasa nIkaLyuM . heAya tema lAgatuM hatuM. lIAnAO ane mAIkale gelA, e saunA AgevAnA hatA. mahAnubhAvAnI A nagaramAM nIkaLelI vaNujhAramAM gelilIe tyAre juvAna cheAkarA jevA lAgatA hatA ane saunI AgaLa paheAMcI javA mathatA hatA. evA utthAnanagara parathI yuropa para uDI javAnA irAdAvALA hoya tevA, yurApanA madhyamavarganA vyApArI AgevAnanI leAkazAhInA si MhAsanamAM beThele, lerensa-DI-joDIsI jagatabharamAM penseresAnA nAmathI mazadUra banelI mAikalaaMgelae amara banAvelI kalAkRtinuM pratimArUpa dharIne bheDA hatA. A pratimAnA paga AgaLa nizA ane uSA nArInAM rUpa dhAraNa karIne beThAM hatAM. A baMnenA caherA para vizAdanuM rUpa dharelI temanA ArasanA zarIranI nase jANe tagatagI rahI hatI. A baMnenA rUpa para mAikalae gelAnA mitra sTrojhI

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vizvaitihAsanA utthAna yuga nAmanA kavie kavana karIne gAyuM hatuM ke huM kalAkAra dizAnuM evuM rUpa banAva ke te pote uSA banIne jAgI uThe.' paNa saunA A nagara para utthAna yuganA AraMbhamAM ja lAhInI nIkA vahetI dekhatA A kavi, pAA gAtA hatA ke " huM nizA ! tuM bhale udhyA kare ane A nagaranI AjhAdIne dhuLamAM ragadoLAI jatI na dekhe. ' " 33109 bhUmadhyanA jagatanu vANijyanu nagara A nagara paNa utthAnayugamAM iTAlImAM AveluM hatuM tathA tenuM nAma venisa hatuM. pAMcamA saikAnA AraMbhamAM A nagarano janma vANijyanuM rUpa dhAraNa karIne ja thayA hatA. ahiMnI vepArI prajAe, peAtAnI AMkha udhADatAM ja pUrvanA dhArIdhATa jevA eDrIATikanAM lIlAM pANIne dekhyAM hatAM. venisanA vepArI samAje isTrI ane hAlameziyAnA pUrva kinArA para hakUmata jamAvI hatI, ane rAmana saMskRtinA pote ja vArasadAra hoya evA rUvAbathI potAnAM lAla raMganAM jahAjone pUrvanA pradezo tarapha haMkAryo' hatAM. A jahAjomAM pUrva pradezonA tejAnA, rezama, ane sugaMdhI padArtho bharIne temaNe dezadezanA dariyAkinArA uparathI suvarNa lAvIne venisane kinAre ThAlavyu hatu. krUjheDA laDanArA dhaghelachAvALA samudAye yurApathI jerUsAlema jItavA nIkaLatA tyAre dANA pANI bharavA ahiM thAbhyA hatA. uthAnayuganA vANlRijyanA A khara pradeze jerUsAlemanI pavitra bhUmi para pahoMcavA mATe temane me mAgyA dAma laI te jahAjo ApyAM hatAM. keMjheDAnA A jatA ane AvatA samudAyAnI jarUriyAtAmAMthI A nagare vepAranA kAnUna pramANe naphAnA DhagalA karyA hatA, bhUmadhyanA AkhA jagatanA A vepArI mathaka, venisa nagaranA vepArIonI peDhIe A nagara para jagamazahura banI cUkI hatI. DenDalAsa, phAsphArAsa kenDIAnAsa, trIpAlAsa, emmAsa, ane keAnIrAsa jevAM temanAM aneka nAme itihAsamAM noMdhAyAM hatAM. bhUmadhyanI A vepArI peDhIe krujheDareAe jItelA pelesTAina para peAtAnI ANa vartAvI hatI. kAnasTenTipala para A vepArI mathakanA vAvaTA uDatA hatA. bhUmadhyanA A vANijya nagaranI mahattA ajoDa hatI. eka samayanA iMgleDa jevI e dariyAI rANI banI cUkayuM hatuM. jagatamAMthI svarNa ahiMnA zrImatAnA mahAlayAmAM vahyA karatu hatu. vANijya ekaluM ja A nagaranA vyavasAya hate, ane e vyavasAyanI sevA karavA mATe ahiMnI zrImaMtazAhInuM zAsana hakUmata calAvatuM hatuM. DausanI kAunsIla A zAsananI kArobArI samIti hatI. A nagaramAM ghaDAtAM rAjakaraNanAM svarUpo yuropanA kArabhArane huM phAvatAM hatAM ane yureApanA mahArAjAe zrImAnA A rIpablIkane parAjaya pamADavAnA irAde dhAraNa karatA hatA. 43

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338 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA evuM vANijyanuM A venisanagara saundaryanuM paNa nagara hatuM. A nagare pitAnI bhavyatAne maDhavA mATe jagatabharamAMthI suMdara vastuone luMTI lAvIne ahiM ekaThI karI hatI. grIsanI bhavyatAne eNe A nagaramAM vasAvI hatI. bejhenTIyamanI puSkaLanA ahiM ja jamA thaI hatI. arebiyAnA zilpanI mulAyamatA ahiM maDhavAmAM AvI hatI. sAnamArka, ane jIsanA mahAla konasTanTinopalanA kATamALamAMthI ubhA thayA hatA. patharanI pratimAo ArasanA staMbhe bejhenTIyamamAMthI sauMdaryanA A lUMTArAoe potAnA vijayI jahAjomAM bharIne ahiM ApyA hatA. mArkele nAmanA mahAna musAphare venisa nagaramAM pAchA AvIne A vepArI mathakane eziyAno nakazo banAvI Ape hate. venisanA A vepArI mahAjanoe A rIte saundaryanI upAsanA jALavI rAkhI hatI. A nagaramAM ja TIzIyana nAmano moTo kalAkAra janmyo hate. rInTareTa ane pAola nAmanA bajArU kalAkAronuM A nagara janmabhUmi hatuM. evA vepAranA A mathaka upara sandaryanI chAyA paNa uDyA karatI hatI. piDIlA kAryo poMDIlA kArTI nAmanuM venisa nagaranI rAsabhAnuM moTuM saMsthAgAra hatuM A saMsthAgAranA vizALa Dema upara Dejha phaskArInI vizALa pratimA hatI. A pratimA garUDanI pAMkhavALA siMhanI mUrti AgaLa namatI hatI. A saMsthAgAramAM vizALa moTo sabhAeka hato. A sabhAkanI vacamAM gelerIvALA sapheda AsanonI zreNIo hatI. vANijyanA ja AtmAvALI zrImaMtazAhInI saMsada ahiM rAjakArabhAra calAvatI hatI. A sabhAmAM pesavA mATe sAmenI ArasanI banelI eka rAkSasI sIDI para avAtuM hatuM. A sIDInI baMne bAjue cakI karanArA mArga ane myuna nAmanA be devatAonI pratimAo yuddha ane vANijyanA devatAonI prAtamAo hatI. zAlADele TIne" nAmanA A saMsthAgAramAM venisanI rAjasaMsadana. AgevAna matagaNatrIthI cUMTAte hate. cUMTAyelA nasibadAranuM nAma saMbhaLAtAM tenA mAnamAM ahiM raNazIMgA phUkAtAM hatAM. bahAra ubhelA nAgarikone A rIte navA DejanuM nAma saMbhaLAvavAmAM AvatuM hatuM. nave cUMTAyele umarAva pUrvanA romanone jhaLahaLate lAla ToNA paridhAna karIne nAgariko samakSa dekhAto hate. senTa mArkane pele siMha jANe, potAnI pAMkho phaphaDAvI uThate hato. "mesTa sIrIna ripablIka" nI jAherAta sAthe navA DejanuM nAmavALuM je hoya tene jyanAda vacce vadhAvI levAmAM AvatuM hatuM. paNa pachI thoDA ja divase pilI rAkSasI sIDInI AsapAsa khullAM mAthAM vALI mAnavamedanI ubharAtI hatI. gamagIna lAMbI dADhIvALo ane mudrAvALe Age

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viAItihAsane uthAna yuga 39 vAna dekhAte hato. sai ene oLakhatA hatA. belipha, sainike ane rAjasabhAnA sabhyo ane ripablIkanA kepTana enI pAchaLa ubhA hatA. thoDAka divasa pahelAMja e cUMTAyele e venisa nagarano eja ja hato. enI pAchaLa sau thaMbhI jatA hatA. DhImacA tarapha e ekale AgaLa vadhate hatA, ane goThaNabhara thaIne pelA DhImacA para pitAnuM mastaka mUkato hato, ane jallAdanI kuhADI enA mAthA para utaratI hatI. thoDAka divasa para ja cUMTAyele venisanI rAjasabhAnI kArobArIne e pramukha lekazAhI rIte ziraccheda paNa pAmI zakate hatuM. e venisanA vANijya nagara rAjaya vahivaTa vepArI kAnUnadvArA vahyA karatA hatA. A vyavahAramAM senAnA sikkA ubharAtA hatA ane kahe jahAje bhUmadhyanA pANI para venisanA vAvaTA pharakAvyA karatAM hatAM. rAjA ke zahenazAha vinAnuM ane lokazAhI kahevAtuM zrImatinuM A ripablIka utthAnayuganA AraMbhamAM jyAre jagata para potAno pratApa ane prabhAva vartAvatuM hatuM tyAre ITAlI sivAyanA bahAranA yuropa parakrAMti je ekame pheraphAra zarU thayuM hatuM. bhaugolika krAMti A krAMti itihAsanI nahi paNa bhUgoLanI krAMti hatI. jo AvI kAMti thaI na hatI te jarmanI, speIna ke phrAMsanA mahArAjAe ITAlIne jItI zakayA nahi hota, ane venisanI vepArI hakUmatane nAza paNa karI zakyA nahi hota. yuropanA jagatamAM thayelI A krAMti athavA pheraphAravenisanA eka khalAsIe peIna ane porTugAlanA AzarA heThaLa amerikAnI karelI zodha hatI. kepa opha guDa hopane raste porTugAle mahAna pUrva dezano rasto zodhI kADhaye hate. A pheraphAre madhyayuganI vyApArI hakUmatI banelI venisanI dariyAI rANIne matano phaTake Akhe. krAtikArI evI A zodhane lIdhe ja pUrvanI latanA bhaMDAree pitAnA prAcIna rastAo badalyA ane prAcIna samadro badalyA. bhUmadhyanI mahattA A pheraphArathI ochI thaI gaI. navA dariyA para navA baMdare ughaDavA mAMDyAM. venisamAM vahyA AvatA sUvarNanA bhaMDAroe venisa tarapha pitanI pITha pheravI dIdhI. bhUmadhya para chatAelAM badhAM vepArI mathake vanisanA hAthamAMthI khatama thaI javA mAMDyAM. venisanI vyApArI hakUmatanA pratApa jevA venisanA saMsthAgAramAM ubhelA pilA senTa mArkanA siMhanI pAMkhe have TUMpAI javA lAgI. siMha jevuM venisanuM ripablIka, kSayaroga lAgu paDyo hoya tema gaLAmAMthI ghurakvarATa karavAnI tAkAtane paNa gumAvIne beThuM ane saikAo sudhI cAle tevI maraNa jevI uMghamAM paDayuM. potAne AMgaNe utthAnayuga jyAre zarU thato hato tyAre ja

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vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA vANijyanI A hakumata ahIM maravA paDI, ane murepanA bIjA dezoe ITAlImAM janmI cUkelI. ulyAnayuganI hilacAlane jagatanA navA rastA zodhI kADhIne, navAM jahAje jamAvIne, jItI lIdhI. venisanI vANijya hakumata ane tenI pratApI lekazAhI yuropanA utthAnanI AgevAnI karavA ane jagAbharamAM vijaya vAvaTo pharakAvavA yurepamaya banI jaine jANe nIkaLI paDI. yuropanA sthAnano AgevAna * yuropanA jIvana paranI utthAnanI hilacAla yuropanA jIvatara paranI junI dhULane khaMkherI nAkhatI hatI. yuropanI ghaTanAmAMthI koLIyAnAM jALAMo A hilacAla sAthe ghasAIne vaLAI jatAM hatAM. A hilacAlanuM nUtanarUpa rajavADI ane pachAta evA junA jIvananuM khokhuM badalI nAkhavAno AraMbha karatuM hatuM. junA jagatanI pakaDamAM AvI gaele, khetIne rojagAra vANijyanI A hilacAla jagavIne, jUnI pakaDane pheMkI dete hati. A hilacAlanuM AgevAna svarUpa nUtana madhyamavarganI Toca para Avele, mUDIdAra varga hato. vANijyane eja AgevAna hato ane rajavADI, tathA maThAdhikArI evA jIvanavyavahAranA svarUpanI A nUtana hilaca la kAyA palaTa karIne yuropanA jagatane vizALa jagata tarapha ane vizALa jagatanA vANijyanA vizva arthakAraNa ane rAjakAraNa tarapha deravAne pahele kadama uThAvatI hatI. A hilacAla mAnanAM cittane navI cetanA detI hatI, mAnanAM kalevara navI tAjagIthI ubharAvatI hatI, ane tuphAna jevuM rUpa dhAraNa karIne paNa yurepanA hADane badalatI hatI ane yugAntaranuM AvAhana karatI hatI. yuropa para vizvaItihAsa rajavADI kamaThANamAMthI, vANijya hakUmatanuM lekazAhI kalevara dharate hate. jANe yugAMtara AvI pahoMcyo hate !natanayuganA AvAgamananI mastImAM unmAda jevA AvezamAM, yuropanuM kalevara, jANatAM ajANatAM uthAnayugane abhivandana karatuM hatuM, ane nUtanarUpa dharatuM hatuM, tathA jIvana vahivaTanAM navAM svarUpe sajatu hatuM. A nUtanayuga vANijya yuga hato. A nUtana saMskRti arthamAnavanI arthaghaTana karanArI saMskRti hatI. A nUtana racanAnuM rU5 rajavADI vaMDIone jamInadosta karIne badhAM mUlyone badhA mAne, badhA vyavahArone ane saMskAranAM badhAM svarUpane bhara bajAramAM pitAnI kiMmata pUravAra karavA AvI javAnuM pharamAna karatuM hatuM. usthAnayuganAM svarUpa lakSaNe zarUAtamAM ITAlInAM nagararAjyamAM ane tyAra pachI AkhA yuropamAM saMskAra ane jJAnane AvirbhAva karanArAM strIpuruSonI saMkhyA vadhatI jatI

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vivaItihAsano utthAna yuga 341 hatI. ulyAnayugamAM AvAM strIpurUSo ponAnA jJAna ane saMskAranI yathAzakti aMjalI dIdhA karatAM hato. jarmanInA eka nagaramAM jhona-guTenabarge lakhANanI nakale karavAnI eka navI rIta zodhI kADhI hatI. jUnA "vuDakaTane abhyAsa karIne eNe sIsAnA akSare banAvyA hatA. A akSarone eNe utthAnayugane bheTa dharyA hatA. tyAra pachI venisamAM, perisamAM, AnTavarSamAM ane braselsamAM pustaka chapAvA mAMDayAM hatAM. A zedha pachI je je leke kaMI kahevA mAgatA hatA temane zravaNa karanAra have AkhI duniyA banI hatI. vidyAnI prApti karavAne amuka ane khAsa lakAnA adhikArane ethI aMta AvI jato hato. A zodha vaDe mAnavajAtane ajJAna rAkhavAnuM kAraNa laya pAmI gayuM hatuM. A zepane lIdhe erisToTala pleTa, varachala horesa, ane lInI jevA mahAnabhAvanI sobata karavA mATe juja kiMmata kharacavI paDe tevuM banyuM hatuM. chApelA zabda jANe mAnavajAtane kahyuM ke " saunI sobata karavA mATe have sau samAna che." vizva vizALa banyuM sittera saMkAo upara nAIlanI khINamAM ke siMdhunA kinArA para jyAre ItihAsanuM paheluM prakaraNa lakhAyuM tyAre khobAmAM mAya eTaluM ja nAnuM sarakhuM jagata hatuM. taigrIsa ane yutI sa nAmanI nadIovALA mesepaTemiyA nAmanA pradeza sudhI ja A jagata laMbAyeluM hatuM. pachI A junA jagatamAM krITa, grIsa ane roma umerAyAM. jamInanI vacce samudra athavA bhUmadhya samudra A jagatanA vepAranuM, kalAnuM vijJAnanuM ciMtananuM ane vidyAnuM dhAma hatuM. A samudranI AsapAsa e jagatanAM nagara vasyAM hatAM. pachI soLamA saikAmAM eTalAMTIka samudra tarapha pazcimanI dizAmAM jagata moTuM banavA mADyuM hatuM. Ama moTA banatA jagatamAM jahAje paNa meTAM banyAM, ane

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342 viva ItihAsanI rUparekhA nAvike paNa moTA banavA mAMDyA. nAIla yupheTIsa ane siMdhunAM jahAje karatAM phInIzIyana, Iyana, grIka, kAyeMjIyana ane romana jahAje vadhAre meTAM ane caDhiyAtAM banyAM. haju jagata te moTuM ja banatuM jatuM hatuM ! A meTa jagatanAM moTAM jahAjo, pigIe ane speniyArDoe banAvyAM. saMskRti utthAnanuM rUpa dhAraNa karIne madhyayuga pachInAM A moTAM jahAjamAM ArUDha thaIne jANe vizALa vizvamAM pharavA nIkaLI. yurepanuM vizALa banatuM jagata purvanA dezone zodhatuM hatuM. yuropanuM utthAnanuM rUpa dharIne vizALa banavA mAMDeluM A jagata pUrvanA dezenI zodha karatuM hatuM. je pradezamAM hAthIo jevAM moTAM prANIo vasatAM hatAM, jyAM tenAM tathA jhaverAtanA DhagalA hatA tathA jyAMthI tejAne AvatA hatA te jagatanI bhALa yurepane bhUmadhyanA venisa ane jInevA nAmanAM nagaroe ApI hatI. pUrvanI A mahAna duniyAne zodhI kADhavA yurepanI duniyAnA utthAnayuganA sAhasika have kamara karatA hatA ane yuropamAMthI jagatane vizALa ghaDavA saphara karatA hatA. i. sa. 1415 mAM piorTugalanA rAjA jahAna 1 lAne ane phIlIpAno dIkaro rAjakumAra henarI, khalAsI rAjA tarIke oLakhAyo, ane teNe uttara pazcima AphrikAne zodhI kADhavAnI taiyArI karI. pachI A khAravA rAjAe ane tenA khalAsIoe kenerA TApuo zedhI kADhyA tathA vaDI TApu onI zodha karI. A henarIe khristI dharmanA saDI gayelA maTho saLagAvI mUkyA ane tenA khajAnAo vaDe saharA ane gInInA kinArA tarapha jatAM jahAjone teNe zaNagAryA. I. sa. 1486 mAM bartholemI-DIAjha AphrikAnA dakSiNa cheDA para pahoMcI gayA. samudranI A aNane teNe tephAna kinArAnuM nAma ApyuM ane pachI e pUrva tarapha AgaLa vadhyo. tyAra pachI lIananA khalAsIoe A kinArAnuM nAma kepa opha guDa hepa pADayuM. tyAra pachI eka varSe pe-DI kevI hAma jamInane mArge upaDyA. eNe bhUmadhya samudra oLaMge ane jImamAM thaIne e dakSiNa tarapha AgaLa vadhe. pachI e eDana pahoMce ane IrAnanA akhAtamAM thaIne govA ane kAlina kaTa AvI pahoMcyo. eNe mADAgAskara nAmanA caMdranA TApunI zodha karI. pachI eNe pAchAM pharatAM musalamAnane veSa dhAraNa karIne makkA ane madinAnI jAtrA karI, tathA lAla samudra oLaMgIne A sAhasika ebisinIyAmAM peTho.

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vikaaItihAsane utthAna yuga 343 R = " virA A arasAmAM yuropamAM eka meTI carcA zarU thaI. A carcA karanArAo yurepanA sAhasavIre jevA nAvike hatA. eka pakSe ema kahyuM ke kepa opha guDa hopathI pUrvanI dizAmAM javAthI cIna pahoMcI zakAze, ane bIjA pakSe ema kahyuM ke kepa opha guDa hopathI pazcimanI dizAmAM javAthI cIna pahoMcAze. A baMne pakSe nikolasa koparanIkasa nAmanA khagoLa zAstrIne pRthvI goLa che evA siddhAMtamAM mAnatA hatA. aneka varSo sudhI kArAgAramAM pUrAI gayeluM keparanikasanuM pustaka atyAre ja tenA mRtyunA varSamAM eTale 1443 mAM chapAIne bahAra paDI gayuM hatuM pazcimane raste javAne Agraha dharAvanAra krisTophara kolaMbe nAmane chavA nagaranA eka vepArIne dIkaro paNa hato. A kalaMbasa peviyAnI vidyA pIThamAM gaNita ane bhUmitIne vizArada banyuM hatuM. gaNita ane bhUmitIne A vizArada pitAnA jJAnane vyavahAra khasAsI banIne karavA mAgate ha, tathA nakazAo taiyAra karIne saphara kheDavAnuM jahAja mAgavA mATe pigala ane peInanA darabAramAM ja hate. kolaMbase speInanAM rAjA rANI sAthe 1492nA eprilamAM eka karAra para sahI karI hatI, tathA ogasTanI 3jI tArIkhe 88 khalAsIo ane 3 nAnAM jahAjo laIne e mahAsAgaramAM nIkaLI paDe. kolaMbase dakSiNa amerikA zodhI kADhyA, ane pite zuM zodhI kADhe che. tenuM sAcuM jJAna pAmyA vinA sAMkaLAthI = baMdhAIne peIna gayo tathA rAjA rANInA kArAgAramAM maraNa pAme. . sa. 1498 mAM vAsko-DI-gAmA malabArane kinAre pahoMcyo ane masAlAthI jahAja bharIne lIana pAcho AvI pahoMcyo tathA 1502 mAM e kare che, zarU ja 8 Aks - R

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384 viAva ItihAsanI rUparekhA pharI pAche bhAratane kinAre AvI pahoMce ane I. sa. 1513 mAM kalaM. basanA maraNa pachI sAta varSe yuropamAM vadhAre sAcA nakazAo banyA. e samaye bAbeAe panAmAnI sagI bhUmine oLaMgIne DeriyananA zikhara para caDhIne pesiphika mahAsAgaranAM darzana karyA, tathA A mahAsAgaranI zedha karIne kolabase zuM zodhyuM hatuM te teNe sAbIta karyuM. I. sa. 1519mAM megelane pazcima tarapha haMkAryuM ane e AphrikA ane brAjhilanI vaccethI ATalAMTika mahAsAgara oLaMgI jaIne dakSiNa tarapha AgaLa vadhyo. ahiM peTeganiyA AgaLa e bIjA mahAsAgaramAM paDe. A bIjA mahAsAgaranAM prazAMta havAmAna parathI eNe A prazAMta mahAsAgaranuM nAma "merepesiphike" pADyuM. pachI e 98 divasa sudhI jamInanuM darzana karyA vinA AgaLa vadhyo. A rIte utthAnayuganuM vizva kUdake ne bhUsake vadhAre ne vadhAre vizALa banyA karatuM hatuM. A vizALa banatA vizvanA samAcAra jyAre venisa nagaranA vepArioe sAMbhaLyA tyAre te badhA kaMpI uThayA. bhUmadhyanA A vepArI mAMdhAtAone khabara paDI gaI ke have vepAranA badhA IjArA temanA hAthamAMthI jatA rahevAnA. vizALa banatA vive venisa nagarane pitAnA vepArI mathaka tarIkenI padavImAMthI rada karI nAkhyuM, ane pachI bhUmadhyanI A dariyAI rANInA bhAvatAla ane vaibhava gagaDatA ja gayA. ulyAnayuganA A vizALa vizvamAM eTalAMTika mahAsAgara saMskRti ane vANijyane have vAhaka bane. uthAnayuganI dharma sudhAraNA (repharamezana) repharmezananI hilacAla jarmanImAM zarU thaI. jarmanInA zahenazAha ane pipa vaccenA kayAo lAMbA samayathI cAlyA ja karatA hatA. AkhA yurepa para IsAI dharma ghaTanAne zuddha lebha mAnavasamudAya upara jaLanI jema ceTI gayA hatA. pAdarIonA vikAsa ane leke paranA aneka dhArmika karaverAne bhAra asahya banyA hatA. A arasAmAM ja jarmanImAM chApavAnI kaLA sauthI pahelI zarU thaI ane bAIbala nAmanuM dharma pustaka have pAdarIone IjArI rahyuM na hatuM paraMtu jarmana bhASAmAM anuvAda pAmIne ghera ghera vaMcAtuM hatuM. popanI dharmazAhIe AvA mahAna pavitra pustakanAM bhASAMtarane gerakAya desara jAhera karyuM, chatAM paNa A manAI hukamano bhaMga karIne bAIbalane vAMcatAM leke samajatA hatA ke Aja sudhI pAdarIo bAIbalathI virUddha evI ghaNI vAte hake rAkhatA hatA. chApavAnI kaLA sAthe zarU thatI dharmanI A sudhAraka hilacAlane AraMbha AgevAna yurepabharamAM mahA paMDIta tarIke paMkA

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vizvaItihAsaneA utthAna yuga t celA iresamasa hatA. A Iresamase " eka ajJAta mANasanA paripatro" evA mathALA nIce pustikA chApavA mAMDI hatI. emAM eNe isAi sAdhuonI, ajJAna ane adha dazAne citAra ApavA mAMDayA hatA. tyAra pachI " mUrkhAInAM vakhANa " nAmanu pustaka lakhIne eNe te samayanI dharmAMdhatA para prahAra karyAM. sALamA saikAmAM sauthI vadhAre nakalo A pustakanI vecAI tathA yureApanI dareka bhASAmAM tenA anuvAda thayA. 345 pachI A hilacAlane eka moTA AgevAna AvI pahoMcyA. enu nAma mATIna lyuthara hatuM. IraphaphTanI yunivarasITI e vidyArthI hatA tathA DemInIkana dhamaDhamAM e sAdhu banyA hate. A sAdhu viTenabargImAM dhamane adhyApaka paNa hato. I. sa. 1513 mAM mATInalyuthara rema gayA tyAre pe!Se lokA pAse dharmA eka navA kara ugharAvavA mAMDayA hatA tathA InDalajansIsa nAmanAM pramANa patro vecavA mAMDayA hatAM. A pramANapatramAM kAi paNa pApIne paisA pramANe pApanI mAphInI bhalAmaNa pAdarI taraphathI bhagavAna para karavAmAM AvatI hatI tathA paisA pramANe pApanI zikSA echI karavAnI bhalAmaNa karavAmAM AvatI hatI. jarmanImAM A pramANapatro vecavAnA ijArA . johAna nAmanA eka pAdarIte sAMpavamAM AvyA hatA. johAna nAmo A dharma'nA pheriyA pramANapatro vecIne pasA ugharAvatA hatA tyAre mArTIne lyutharatA pUNya prApa A pramANa patro sAme saLagI uDyeA. eNe pepanA AvA adhikAra sAme vAMdhe uDAvyeA tathA peApa sAmenI 95 phariyAdone eka moTA kAgaLa taiyAra karIne tene viTe nakhanA devaLa para cAyA. e ja mahinAmAM mATInayutharanI A vAMdhA arajI viSe AkhA yuropane khabara paDI gai. yuropanA badhA dezomAM bizapeA kapI uDDayA, rAmanagaramAMthI mATInalyutharane pApanuM teDuM AvyuM. rAmanagara jaIne jIvatA saLagI javAnI zikSA pAmavAnA eNe InkAra karyAM, eTale pApanA ekasa kAmyunIkezana"no vaTa hukama lyutharane pahoMcyA. mATInalyuthare bhara sabhAmAM pApanuM A kAgaLIyuM saLagAvI dIdhu. dharmanI A hilacAlane mATI nahyucara AgevAna banI gayA. sekasanInA ThAkAre lyutharane Azaro ApyA. pachI pApanI dharma kArobArI maLI, ane yutharo bhagavAna ane mAnavasamAja sAmenA bahAravaTIyA tarIke jAhera karavAmAM Avyo. AkhA jarmanImAM aparAdhI lyutharane kAie khorAka pozAka 44

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346 vikava ItihAsanI rUparekhA ke gharane Azare nahi ApavAno vaTahukama pipe pasAra karyo, tathA jarmanInA koIpaNa strIpuruSe lyutharanuM lakhANa nahi vAMcavAnuM pipe pharamAna karyuM. AkhA jarmanI para dharma sudhAraNAnI A hilacAla ugra banI gaI ane utthAnayuganI A dharma-sudhAraNA AkhA yuropamAM khaLabhaLATa macAvI mUkatI jUnA jagata sAme vAMdhA arajI jevI banIne vistAra pAmI. A dharma sudhAraNane AgevAna mATIna lyuthara I. sa. 1546 mAM maraNa pAmyA ane yurope dhAraNa karelI sudhAraNAnI hilacAle, yureyanAM rAjyone be dharma chAvaNIomAM athavA IsAI dharmanA be pathenAM vaheMcI nAkhyAM. isAI paMthenI sAphasuphI tAjI zarU thayelI yuropanI saMskRtimAM I. sa. nA 16 mA ane 17 mA saikAoe dharma sudhAraNAnI hilacAla mAraphata yuropanA jIvanane hacamacAvI nAkhyuM. A hilacAlamAM yuropanI samAja racanAmAM navA UgI nIkaLelA mUDIvAdI varganuM ane vANijyanuM paribaLa paNa otaprota banI gayuM hatuM. vANi jyanA A paribaLa sAthe dharmapathamAM khaLabhaLATa ma. tyAranAM mAnava samAjamAM lekamAM I. sa. nA sattaramAM saikAmAM saMskRtinA bALaka jevA dekhAtAM yurepanAM bhAna dharmanuM nAma laIne ghaNo ghavATa karI mUkatAM hatAM ane utpAta macAvatAM mAluma paDatAM hatAM. A ghaMghATamAM " kelIka" ane "proTesTanTa" nAmanA zabda sauthI vadhAre jorazorathI saMbhaLAtA hatA. yuropanA navA janmelAM bALakone temanAM mAbApane temane gaLathuthImAM dIdhelI dhama paMthanI dikSA pramANe A baMne nAmane teo dhAraNa karatAM hatAM. A bALakoe popake mATIna lyutharanA siddhAMtane samajyA vinA gekhelAM sUtronI dhUna lagAvIne laDAIomAM kUdI paDavA mAMDayuM hatuM. A badhA valeNAmAM, vANijya hakumata rajavADI hakumatane mUkAbale karatI hatI tathA rAjA ane pelA be dharma paMthe paNa be chAvaNIomAM vaheMcAI jaIne aMdara aMdaranI katala karatA hatA. AvA yuropanA eka eka dezamAM IsAI dharmanA baMne paMthee eka bIjAnA virodhI pakSakArone trAsa ApavA mATe narkAgAra jevAM kArAgAra sajya hatAM tathA parasparanA virodhIone jIvato saLagAvI mUkavA mATe ciMtA akhaMDa cAlu rAkhI hatI. yuropanA rAjyakartAo tathA yuropanI sarakAre paNa TesTanTa ane ketholIka paMthanI be chAvaNIomAM vaheMcAI gayAM hatAM. A bane chAvaNImAM ghAtakI yAtanAo manuSyanI saMskRtine na chAje tevuM atyaMta zaramajanaka evuM pazAcika svarUpa dhAraNa karatI hatI. A badhI aMdhAdhUMdhImAM paNa dharma hilacAlanuM sudhArAnuM svarUpa pragativALuM dekhAtuM hatuM. kethalika paMthavALA popanA pratinidhIo leke para bhUvAonI jema jAdU karatA hatA, ane dharmanA

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vivaItihAsane utthAna yuga 347 verAo udharAvyA karatA hatA. sudharelA proTesTanTa devaLomAM pAdarIo leke taraphanI pitAnI pharaja bajAvavAmAM lAgI gayA hatA tathA sudharelA dharmamaThAmAM sAdhuonAM vilAsI ane saranajanaka jIvano have aMta pAmyAM hatAM. sAdhuo ane sAdhvIoe savAramAM vahelAM uThIne abhyAsa karavA mAMDyo hato. tathA mAMdAethI mAvajata karavA mAMDyAM hatAM. chatAM paNa dharmanI A sudharelI hilacAlamAM devaLo ane maThomAMnAM dharmadhikArIonuM valaNa jJAna ane vijJAna tarapha bilakula aMdha hatuM. chApakhAnAne teo zayatAnanuM yaMtra mAnatA hatA, kAraNa ke teNe jJAnane phelA karavA mAMDyo hato. paNa yurepanI dharmanI bahAranI duniyAmAM vijJAnane prakAza dharmanI aMdhArI divAlane phUdIne paNa aMdara pesI jato hato ane abhyAsa karatA sAdhuo pite ja vijJAnane baLa jagAvatA hatA. bekana nAmane sAdhu jIvanabhara dharmanA kArAgAramAM saDavA chatAMya vijJAnane pitA bane. kaparnikase dharmanI vaMDIone TapI jaIne khagoLanI mApaNI karanAruM pustaka lakhI nAMkhyuM hatuM. aMdha banela vRddha gelelio dUbana nAmanI vijJAnanI navI AMkha banAvato hato. zarIramAM lohI phare che evuM vijJAnanuM satya pratipAdana karavA mATe sarvoTasa nAmanA juvAna vidyAthIne tathA pRthvI phare che tevI vijJAnika jAherAta karavA mATe brunene jIvatA saLagAvI mUkavAmAM AvyA hatA. A bannene saLagAvI mUkanAra phrAnsanI dharma sudhAraNAne AgevAna kAlvIna nAmano jAlIma hate. yurepanA rajavADAonI sAThamArInuM satva, vANijaya hakumata 16 mA satakamAM zarU thayelI dharmanI aMdhAdhuMdhIne A saMhAraka carU jyAre ukaLatuM hatuM tyAre yuropanA rajavADAMo paNa proTesTanaTa ane kethelika chAvaNImAM vaheMcAI jaIne navA zeThelA pradezane pacAvI pADavAnI hariphAImAM utarI paDayAM hatAM, ane AkhA yuropa para bahAranA navA zodhAyelA pradeze paranI hakumata mATenI aMdara aMdaranI laDAIo saLagI uThI hatI. yurepanA rajavADAMnI sAThamArInuM A svarUpa pAyAmAM vepArI mathake jItavA mATenI athavA vANijya hakUmata mATenI aMdara aMdaranI hariphAI hatI. A hariphAInuM jIvaleNa rU5 i. sa. 1614 mAM 30 varSanA saMgrAmanA yuddha nAme jANItuM thayuM. tathA I. sa. 1648 mAM purUM thayuM. trIsa varSanuM A bhayAnaka yudhdha laDavAmAM eka bIjA taraphanAM dhArmika valaNa vagere bAbate paNa dekhAtI hatI, paraMtu A badhAnA mULamAM bahAranA jagatamAM saMsthAne jItavAnI vyApArI hariphAIo hatI. trIsa varSa sudhI yuropanA dezonA vyApArI hite e aMdara aMdara laDAI karyA karI ane jANe dareka jaNa darekanI sAme ane sau jaNa saunI sAme laDatAM hoya e harIpha yuddhone dekhAva Ubho thayo.

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348 viva ItihAsanI rUparekhA trIsa varSanI A sAThamArImAM koNa hAryuM hatuM ane koNa jItyuM hatuM! trIsa varSanAM yuddha pachI koI pakSa hAryuM na hatuM ane koI pakSa cho paNa na hato. paraMtu baMne pakSe thAkI jaIne potapotAne ThekANe besI paDyA hatA. trIsa varSanA A saMgrAmanA AkhA jamAnAe yurepane verAna jevuM banAvI mUkayuM hatuM. jarmanInA moTA bhAganAM zahera ane gAme tArAja thaI gayAM hatAM. peleTIneTa nAmanuM eka jarmanaza Dera aThThAvIsa vakhata lUMTAyuM hatuM, ane ekaso eMsI lAkhanI vastI cAlIsa lAkha para AvI paDI hatI. vesTaphAliyAnI saMdhI vaDe I. sa. 1649 mAM trIsa varSanuM A yuddha aMta pAmyuM tyAre yure panA kethalika rajavADAM kethalika ja rahyAM hatAM ane proTesTanTa rajavADAM proTesTanTa ja rahyAM hatAM. A yuddha pachI ravIsa ane Daca rAjya AjhAda rAjya tarIke bahAra AvyAM hatAM. trIsa varSanI A khAnAkharAbI pachI phAnsa pAse mejha, Tula ane vananAM nagaro tathA Azaika nAmane pradeza kAyama rahyo hato. trIsa varSanA A saMgrAma pachI "holI romana empAyara" kaI khetaramAM cakalAM uDADavA mATe cADiye ume karavAmAM Ave tevuM lazkara vinAnuM nANAM vinAnuM ane himmata vinAnuM nirAza svarUpa dhAraNa karIne ubhuM hatuM. trAsa varSanA A saMgrAme kethelIke ane preTesTomAM aMdara aMdaranA jhaghaDA karavAnI tAkAta ane himmata khatama karI dIdhI hatI. A saMgrAma pachI helenDanuM rAjakAraNa AjhAda banIne vijya pAmyuM hatuM tathA teNe hiMda deza sAthe vepAra kheDavAnI ane saMsthAna jamAvavAnI yojanA ghaDavA mAMDI hatI. yuropanAM yAdavAsthalI karI cUkelAM badhAM rajavADAMnuM A eka rAjakAraNa saMsthAne jamAvavAnuM hatuM. A rAjakAraNanA pAyAmAM utthAnayuganuM arthakAraNa hatuM. uthAnayuganuM arthakAraNa ane svadezanI aMdaranuM yurepanuM rAjakAraNa madhyayuganA ItihAsanuM mukhya lakSaNa madhyayuganI samAja racAnAmAMthI eka pradezane bIjA pradezamAMthI judI pADatI divAlane toDI nAkhavAnuM hatuM. A divAla tUTatI hatI tyAre Aste Aste madhyayuganA jIvanamAMthI A nUtana vepArI varga janma pAmI cUkyo hato. A vepArI varganI janmadAtA kheDUta janatA hatA. jamIna sAthe jakaDAyelA A kheDUtanAM baMdhane jema jema tUTatAM jatAM hatAM tema tema sAhasika mijAgavALe madhyama varga naphAnI bhUkhanuM svarUpa dhAraNa karIne janma pAmate vacalo varga have vepArI banatA ho, A vepArI varga pitAnA vANijya hitonuM rakSaNa karavA mATe potAnAM maMDaLa,(gIlDasa) bAMdhatA hate. | mana samayanA prAcIna jagatamAM paNa vyApAra ane nAgarika jIvana te hatuM ja, e samayamAM paNa pUrva ane pazcima pradezane joDatA bhUmadhya mAraphata

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vivaItihAsane utthAna yuga 349 vepArane vyavasAya paNa cAlatuM hatuM. madhyayugamAM vyAyAranuM bIjuM mathaka bATIka samudra hatuM. A baMne samudronA vepArIonuM saMgama sthAna phelenDarsane pradeza hatuM. A samaye ja vyApAranuM mathaka ITAlInuM venisanagara havAne badale phalenDarsa have nUtana vyApArI mathaka banatuM hatuM. A samaye yuropamAM muDIvAdane AraMbha thatuM hatuM, ema kahI zakAya. A arasAmAM IgleMDanI aMdara vepArIonAM gIlDajha baMdhAI cUkyAM hatAM A vepArI maMDaLoe pitAnA khAsa hakkanuM ane vepArI hitenuM rakSaNa karavA mATe aMgrejI rAjA pAsethI adhikAra-patro meLavavA mAMDyAM hatAM. IgleMDe pitAne mAla have bahAra paNa melavA mAMDyA hato. aMgrejI dharatI para sAhasika vepArIoe A rIte 16 mA saikAnI zarUAtathI ja aMgrejI zAsananA vyavahAramAMja pitAnA adhikArane avAja uThAvavA mAMDaze. zAsananA devI adhikAra mAgatA yurepanA mahArAjAo sAme zAsana vyavahAramAM potAne hisso mAgatA vyApArI samAjano A avAja rAjakiya asmitAvALA tathA nUtana prakArane hato. AnUtanatA vANijya samAjanA arthakAraNanA vahivaTa uparAMta rAjakIya rUpa dhAraNa karavAmAM khAsa hatI. A vepArI samAja pitAnA dezanA rAjakAraNamAM pitAno adhikAra mAgatuM hatuM. yuropamAM janmele vepArI mUDIvAda ekalA naphA meLavavAthI dharAya te na hate. zAsananA vyavahAranI aMdara paNa A vyApArI samAja pitAne hissA mAgato hato ane e rIte navuM rAjakiya bhAna dAkhavate hateA TayuDara samayanA IgleMDanI aMdagImAM je parivartana zarU thayAM hatAM te Arthika krAMtinAM hatAM. A Arthika krAMtinuM svarUpa AkhA yuropane hacamacAvI mUkatuM tenA jIvananA pAyAone badalatuM hatuM ane vizALa banelA vizva sAthe mUDIvAdI vANijyano saMbaMdha bAMdhavA yuropamAMthI sAhasikene bahAra dhakelatuM hatuM. I.sa. 1487mAM bArthelemiDiyAse kepanI zodha karI. i. sa. 1498mAM vA -DA-gAmA kAlikaTa pahoMcyo. I. sa. 1492mAM kabaMbase ATalAMTika oLaMgIne vesTaInDijha ane amerikAnI zedha karI. A mahAna zodhakhoLAnA samayamAM yuropakhaMDa para nUtana jamAnAnI prasutinI pIDA zarU thaI gaI hatI. A nUtana jamAnAnuM svarUpa mUDIvAdanuM hatuM. A mUDIvAda pitAnI jIMdagInA AraMbhamAMthI ja acalAyatana jevA ghora nidrAmAM paDelA pUrvanA prAcIna mahAna dezone DhaMDhoLIne tenI uMgha urADI nAMkhate hato. paMdara varSathI udhatA pahelA A kuMbhakarNa dezonA jIvataramAM jIvananI pragatinuM eka paNa prakaraNa pachIthI AgaLa dekhAyuM na hatuM tyAre yurepano

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350 viva ItihAsanI rUparekhA vepArI samAja vizvaItihAsanuM navuM prakaraNa ITAlImAM, jarmanImAM, porTugalamAM peIna ane IMglaMDamAM, navA jamAnAnuM mUDIvAdanuM rUpa dharIne lakhate hate. eNe prAcIna dezanAM kamADa khakhaDAvavA mAMDayAM hatAM. yuropanA A navA jamAnAe utthAnane yugaga dhAraNa karyo hato. A yugaganuM rUpa zodhakarUpa hatuM. navA navA pradezonI zodha uparAMta vijJAnanA A zodhakarUpanuM nAma arthakAraNamAM mUDIvAda hatuM, ane dharmakAraNamAM "repharmezana' hatuM. utthAnayuganuM zAsana svarUpa yuropane navA yuganA zAsana svarUpanI jhAMkhI karAvanAra chabI vyApArI hakumatavALA ITAlInA phalerensa ane venisa nAmanAM nagara rAjyoe batAvI hatI. vyApArI zAsananA phalerensa nAmanA nagaramAM ja nIke--mekI AvelI nAmano madhyayugane cANakya ja hate. mekIAlelI phalerensanA nagara rAjyamAMnI dasa jaNanI kAre bArImAMno eka hato. eNe rAjakAraNa upara prInsa' nAmane eka graMtha lakhe tathA rAjyakAraNane nIti vyavahArathI juduM pADI dIdhuM. A rAjya kAraNanuM zikSaNa ApavA mATe teNe zikSaNane paNa nItinA vyavahArathI alaga karI dIdhuM. mekI AvelIe rAjA banavA mAganAra mATe adhikAranA padane game te rIte sAcavI rAkhavAnI tAkAtanI pUjA karI. A tAkAta mATe game te sAdhana athavA raste yogya TheravavAmAM Avyo. mUDIvAdI vicArasaraNInI hakUmatanI nIti rItinI vicArasaraNInoja A AraMbha hate. rIkArDa nAmanA arthazAstrIe Arthika vyaktivAdanI AvI ja bhAvanA mUDIvAdI arthazAstranI racanAmAM ubhI karI hatI. A rAjakAraNane madhyabiMdumAM mUkI AvelIe "prinsa"ne gAThavyuM hatuM paraMtu vANijya hakumattanuM zAsaka svarUpa paNa vyApArI prinso jevuM banavA mAMDyuM hatuM. A navA jamAnAnA artha kAraNe jevI rIte Arthika vyaktivAdane savAla rajU karyo teja rIte mekIAvelIe rAjakiya vyaktivAdanI rajUAta karI. rAjAoe ane vepArIoe potapotAne mATe rAjakiya ane Arthika adhikAro mATe A baMne siddhAMtane amala karavA mAMDyA, tathA AkharI pheMsalA mATe AgaLa vadhavA mAMDyuM. paraMtu utthAnayugamAM AraMbha pAmelI Arthika hakUmatanuM rUpa te vyApArI mUDIvAda pAse hatuM ane rAjakiya sattAnuM rUpa pitAne zAsana karavAnA sarva adhikAra bhagavAna pAsethI maLelA che ane tethI devI che ema mAnanArA mahArAjA pAse paNa hatuM. AvA mahArAjAne AgevAna mekIAvelI hatI ane muDIvADI vepArIsamAjane AgevAna rikArDo hate.

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utthAnayuganuM pAtrAlekhana [ madhyayuganu svarUpa Alekhana--madhyayuganu vana--utthAna cuganA suvega, sImA ullaMghana -piTara vAlDo nAmanuM prakArAnuM chAyAcitra-utthAnayuganA uMmarA para ubhelA phrAnsIsa--upAnA DIdhara-kaisthAnanA vyApArI yuganA zRMgAra svAmI-vijJAnanu eka pustaka -saMskAra jevA jyotimaya ] madhyayuganu svarupa Alekhana 22 tihAronA madhyayuganuM svarUpa Alekhate madhya yuganA aMtanA yuropanAutthAnanA phlorensa nagaranA eka kavi AkhA yuganI tasvIra gAtA eka hatA yuvA hato A yuga itihAsa aM rajavADI yuga ko hato. A rajavADI yuganI karAto vaDIe ane killekha vIomAMthI bahAra nIkaLAne lAMbA bhAlA ane akatA dhAraNa vajanadAra [Da!nTa karIne 'zIvalarI' karavA nIkaLatAM hatA. A madhyayugane kheDuta samudAya sarpha athavA kheta gulAma tarIke oLakhAyA hatA. parantu e paNa veDIyeA banI javAne badale raMgaberagI

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vivo itihAsanI rUparekhA kapaDAM lapeTIne, jaMgalo kApate, bhAre bhASA bolate, IsunA AkAzI svargane pRthvI para utArI pADavA, AkhA yuropane pitAnA kUcakadamathI dhrujAvate jIvaleNa jIvananAM baMdhane teDate nIkaLI paDatuM hatuM. A yugane aMdhakAranA vidhi niSedha ApavA sAMIdharma vikarALa banIne yAtanAo ane citAo saLagAvato hato chatAM, enA kArAgAra jevA maThanI koTaDIomAM vidyAne vyAsaMga vidyAnI heDamAM mAthAMo mUkI devA taiyAra thatA hatA. e A yuropI dharatIparane madhyayuga karAla evA bhAvadharIne, gethanAM, huNanAM, vAMDAlanAM, islAmanAM, megIarsanAM, ne rsanAM, AkramaNa jhIlate ho tathA zAlaMmana ane AphreDanI yazagAthAo gAte hate. yuropanI dharatI para cAlatA A aMdhArayuganA valeNumAM, sarvoTasa ane brune, vIkalIpha, ane hasa, vADo ane phAnasIsa nUtana nItimattAne jalatI rAkhavA, jIvataranI bhaThThImAM hAtha nAkhIne Izvana banatA hatA. madhyayuganA e svarUpanA pAyAmAM, rAjakAraNa ane artha kAraNa, dharmakAraNamAM otapreta banIne utAvaLAM doDatAM hatAM. tyAre ja A badhAmAM e paNa beThA hatA. e eka kavi hato. ene jIvananI AvI vikaTatA sAme vera ane gusso banne hatAM. e badhAthI ubharAte, e haLAhaLa jevuM kavana karatuM hatuM, ane enI najara sAme gherAtA dhUmmasanA aneka paDachAyAmAMnA ekane e pUchato hato. te tame koNa che ?' huM tamArA dAdAnA bApane.." basa, basa...mAre mArI vaMzAvaLI nathI sAMbhaLavI..mArA samayathI.. mArA samayanA lekethI ane duniyAthI kaMTALela huM baLe-jho ahIM Avyo chuM, te bhAre vaMza kayAMthI UtarI Avyo che, tenAM ekalAkha nAme sAMbhaLavA mATe nahi...mane mAtra tame koNa che te ja kahe.' "huM te ja kahevA jatA hatA, paNa bhale..mAruM, huM jIvato hato, tyAranuM nAma kekasIA gAyaDI che." paNa tame jIvatI duniyAmAM nathI ?" huM ane tuM bane. huM marI paravArIne ahIM jenI tuM kavitAo lakhe che temAM ane tArI duniyAthI kaMTALIne..paNa tAre samaya zuM che vArU?" "teramo saMke cAlatuM haze....IsunuM teramuM zataka.' belatA pelA sAMbhaLanAre aTTahAsya karyuM ane kahevA mAMDyuM, "IsunuM zataka kyAM che have? mArA vakhatamAM ya keTalAka zaTha leke IsunA nAmane samaya sAthe pareluM rAkhIne bicArA e Isune upahAsa karatA hatA.....narakAgAra jevI duniyAne ghaDIne

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utthAnayuganu pAtrAlekhana tenA samaya sAthe isunI sAliMgarAha ujavanArA e moTA lekAe duniyAnI kevI khUrI dazA karI nAkhI hatI, te huM jANuM chuM ane e avadazA tArA samayamAM to anekaghaNI vadhI gai haze, nahi te! tuM ahIM svargamAMthI narakalAkamAM bhAgI zAne Ave? tArI duniyAthI kaMTALelA tuM, te mATenA dhikkArathI bharelA tuM...tAruM nAma te ' DAnTe, elIthIerI...che ne! tane eLakhIne te hu ahIM AvI paheAMcyA chuM, mArA ja kuLane tuM paNa che. '' DAnTe udhamAM sAMbhaLI rahyo. enA kAnamAM eka hasavAnA khakhaDATa sabhaLAyA. vahelI savAramAM DAnTenA Tebala paranA lakhelA kAgaLanAM pAna UDatAM hatAM. eka kAgaLa uDIne svamanI yAda para vicAratA enA caherA sAme AvyA. enA para moTA akSare lakhyuM hatuM, 'napharatA. e kavi hatA. 1265nI sAlamAM iTAlImAM, phalerensa nagaramAM eka sukhI kuTuMbamAM e janamyA hatA. enAM mAbApane enA sivAyanAM khIjAM ghaNAM bALakA hatAM, ane saune bhaNAvavA mATe enA zrImata bApAe sArA evA kharca karyA hatA. ' 353 paNa DAnTete teramA zatakanA rajavADI aMdheramAM khadabadatI duniyAmAM jarA jeTalA sateASa paNa thayA niha. kAlabasa jevI zAtrakhALa karavA eneA jIva tapI uThayA. eNe zodha paNa karI. paNa e zeAdha dharatI paranA kAI dezanI nahotI. rajavADI saDelI duniyAnI khInI bhayaMkaratA nahi bhUlelA e peAtAnI ja taraMgI duniyA racatA svarga ane narkanI sRSTinA zeAdhaka banyA. ene A ze!dha pahelAMnA jIvananA raMgAnA AraMbhamAM eka manahara chekarInA cahe dekhAyA hatA. e cheAkarInuM nAma eTrIsa peTInArI hatuM. enI e AraMbhanI yAdavALA e mane rama caherA sAthe enA saMga thaI zakayA nahi ane enA mane maya deza para e caherAnI chammI ekalI ceoMTI rahI hatI. A snigdha mI DAnTenAM badhAM rajhaLapATa ane lakhANAmAM nAnAMmeTAM rUpa dharIne e nigdha chAyAnI pratimA somAM haratIpharatI thaI gaI hatI. jyAre e juvAna hatA tyAre paNa, e pratimAnI maneAmaya chaThThImAM rAcatA DAnTe te samayanI lorensanI nagara sarakAramAM trIsa varasanI uMmare joDAtA hatA. e sarakAranA rAjakAraNamAM te vakhate e mukhya TALI hatI: eka TALI kALI hatI, bIjI sapheda hatI. enA rAjakIya jIvananA AraMbhamAM ja kALI TALI sattA para AvI ane sapheda TALI pAchI paDI. te samayanA jIvananI vikarALa chaThThImAM tyAre phalorensamAM rahetAM se sapheda TopIvALAM kuTuMbe para sattAvALAoe jIlameA zarU karyAM. chameA kuTuMbanAM dharabAra chInavI levAyAM. lokazAsanamAM mAnatAM seye kuTuMbe eka ja rAtamAM dharabAra vinAnAM rastAnAM rakhaDanArAM banI gayAM. e paNa AkRtamAM AvyA. 45

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354 vikava ItihAsanI rUparekhA paNa DAre ethI hAma hAre te na hato. enI pAse AbarU hatI, kalama hatI, ane enA manamAM pelI pratimA hatI eTale rajhaLapATe nIkaLavAne eNe hiMmatabharyo nirNaya karyo ke, "rakhAze paNa para deza te dekhavA maLaze." ane e gharabAra vinAne banela milAna pahoMcyo. pachI milAnathI uttara ITAlInA pradeza para e bhaTakavA lAgyo ane chevaTe revenAmAM jaIne rahyo. tyAMnA saramukhatyAra gAyaDe-DA-pilenTAe ene satkAra karyo. tyAM ja e che ane tyAM ja 1321nA sapTembaranA caudamA divasa sudhI pelI mahAna kavitA lakhate rahIne e maraNa pAmyo. tyAM sudhI A hadapAra thayele kavi pharensanA vicAra karyA ja karate hato ane ko banyA karato hate ane lakhyA karate hato. eNe mahAkAvya lakhavA mAMDyuM hatuM. e kAvyanuM mazahUra nAma "Inapharano" (narakadeza) hatuM. Aja sudhI yuropanI vidyApIThee e kavinuM kavana vidvAnenI mimAMsA mATe soMpyA karyuM che ane vidyApIThanA vidyAthIoe e kAvyamAM DAre zuM kahevA mAge che, tenA nibaMdho lakhyA karyA che. evA enA mahAkAvyanI ghaTanAne samaya 1300nI sAlana che. eNe inapharane lakhIne maravAne lAyaka thayeluM ane saDIne narakAgAra baneluM rajavADI jagata nAza pAmavAne ja lAyaka che, te vAta batAvI. rajavADI ghaTanAnuM e chelluM prakaraNa banyuM ane pachI enuM DIvAIna komeDInuM kavana nUtana jIvananuM paheluM prakaraNa banyuM. A kavana para madhyayuganA aMtamAMthI jANe utthAnanI uSmA nUtana raMgodharIne nIkaLatI dekhAI. uthAnayugano yugavega, sImA ulaMghana ItihAsanA yugeyuge baMdhAI jatI sImAo ullaMdhavAnuM ke teDavAnuM ke oLagI javAnuM kArya te te sImAonI aMdara rahetI ane pachI jakaDAI jatI sAmAjika mAnavatA karatI hoya che. AvI sImAonI vaMDIone TapI javAnI te te samayanI sthiti cUstatA manA karatI hoya che. A manAI hukamane bhaMga karIne paNa mAnava samAja pragatinA paMthe Age kadama uThAvate heAya che. A Agekadama samAjanAM pragatizila paribaLone dhAraNa karanAra mAnavasamudAya athavA saMdhamAnavane ja hoya che. paraMtu A saMdhamAnava ke samudAyanAM AgevAna bananArAM mahAnubhAvo jotirdhara jevAM banIne AgaLa Daga bharatAM dekhAyAM che tathA Apabhoga ApatAM AgaLa vadhatAM vyaktirUpamAM samudAyanI AgevAnI karatAM hoya che. piTaravADaeN nAmanuM prakAzanuM chAyA citra madhyayuganI sImAone TapI janAra, madhyayuganI jIvanaredhaka vaMDIone toDI nAkhanArA ane mAnavasamudAyanI pragatinA prANa bananArAM, madhyayugano aMta

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355 utthAnayuganuM pAtrAlekhana mAganArAM mahAnubhAvo usthAnanAM jhaMDAdhArI banelAM have yurepanI dharatI para dekhAvA mAMDyAM hatAM. yuropamAM have utthAna AraMbhAtuM hatuM. yuropanI bhUmi para mAnava jIvanane jakaDanArAM madhyayugI baMdha tUTavA mAMDatAM hatAM. vivaItihAsane A utthAna yuga jagata AkhAmAM vyApaka banatA pahelAM have yuropanI dharatI para gevAvA mAMDate ha. I. sa.ne bAra saMke yuropa para madhyayugI aMdhakArane bhedIne ugatI uSmAnA utthAnanA prakAza pahelAnA dhUmmasamAM gherAyele dekhAte hatuM. A dhummasamAMthI piTaravAlDo nAmanA mahAnubhAvanuM chAyAcitra jANe kSitIjapara ekaThuM thatuM dekhAtuM hatuM. A vAlvee yuropanI dharatIpara dharma banelI jisasanI jIvana kathAnuM sIdhuM sAduM bhASAMtara karavAnI zarUAta karIne dharma sudhAraNAne AraMbha karyo. lIonsane e eka vepArI hato. vANijya jIvanamAMthI ja eNe pragatine pArakhI hatI tathA jIvatara sAthe joDavAnI hilacAla AraMbhI hatI. A hilacAla sAthe eNe pitAnI badhI milkata garIbomAM vaheMcI devA mAMDI tathA Isune nUtana saMdha ubho karavA mAMDyo. jaDasu banelI khristI saMsthAe ene haDadhUta karyo ane enA anuyAyIono nAza karyA karyo paNa eNe peTAvelI jayeta bUjhAI javAne badale yuropanI bhUmi para patharAvA mAMDI. utthAnayuganA uMbarA para ubhele saMta kAnsAsa kApaDanA vepArI ane dhIradhAra karanAra eka pIe banAraDanane e kAnsisa nAmane dIkaro hato. pIkA nAmanI enI juvAna strI sAthe e jAheramAM AvI pahoMcyo hato. ene, madhyayugamAM kacaDAtI caMpAtI ane saMhAra pAmI jatI garIba mAnavatA para athAga karuNA pragaTI hatI. A karuNAthI prajabate, garIba mAnavano ghAta karatA, krUra jIvananA vyavahArane phrikAra karato, e belata hatuM, "huM AnaMda upabhegamAM juvAnI pasAra karavA mATe mArA pitAne phiTakAra karuM chuM. parugiyAnA yuddhamAM samazera laIne saMhAramAM UtarI paDavAnA mArA aparAdhanA bhAnathI jAgelA pazcAtApathI huM saLagI rahyo chuM. " Ama belatAM belatAM eNe pitAne kiMmatI pozAka zarIra parathI utArI utArIne rastA paranI dhULamAM ragadoLAI javA pheMkI devA mAMDyo. nagarazeThane A nabIra nagna Ubhe ane be, "jyAM sudhI A dharatI kheta zramamAnava nAge, bhUkhyo ane duHkhathI saLagate zeSAI mare che tyAM sudhI A zarIra para huM kadi vastra paherIza nahi. je Isu garIba hato te ja huM garIba mAnava banuM chuM." jyAre saMskAranuM AvuM vartanarUpa bhajavAtuM hatuM tyAre madhyayuga aMta pAmate hata ane nUtana yuga UgavA mAgatuM hatuM. jIvana vyavahAranuM utthAna, saMskA

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vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA ranuM navuM vastra mAgatuM UbhuM hatuM. madhyayugaMnA aMtapara UbhelA A saMskAra mAnavInI sAthe ja enI yuvAna patnI pIkA sahacAriNI banI hatI. utthA nanA eka ja kiraNa jevAM A mAnavo sadeheja, saMta banatAM hatAM. A daMpatIne dhAraNa karIne, esIsI dhanya banatuM hatuM. ahIM" jyAM samazeranuM ja mUlya hatuMtyAMja ahIM esIsI AgaLaja, jyAM ekavAra hanibAlanA hAthIe, matanI javALAothI saLagatI cUMDhe uchI

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utthAnayuganu pAtrAlekhana 350 LatA, rAmana mAnavatAnI vizALa chAtIpara gALa paNa cAMpatA, mAnava jIvanane dhAraNa karatI pAMsaLAMnI peTIonA cUrA karI nAkhatA, A dharatIne, lohI ane lokhaMDanI kaceAthI chAI detA hatA ane pachI narakAgAra jevuM IsA devaLa, kArAgAranI dIvAlA pAchaLathI pApIone jIvatAM saLagAvyA karatuM hatuM, tyAM, teja dharatI AvA verAnamAM paNa saMskAranA khIjane sadhI rAkhIne utthAnanA pukAra karatI hatI. adanA mAnavanI yArI A dharatIpara lAgaNIne Ataza dhAraNa karIne suvarNInI tAkAta dharelI vepArI mAnavInI AgevAnI pAmIne vyApArI yugamAM paNa zera jagatI hatI. mAnavIne AtmA jANe madhyayuganA ethAranA rajavADI bhArate peAtAnI chAtI parathI haDaselI mUkIne, pagabhara thavAne avAja pukAratA hatA. A avAjane dharatI para kAtarIne phrAnsIsa pachI maraNa pAmI gaye. jyAre A avAjane iTAlInI dharatIpara sUdhA, esInanA vepArI piyeTronA dIkaro phrAnsisa have ahI to nahi tyArepaNa yurepanA bajAramAM eNe pAtharelI mAnava saMskAranI suvAsa A nagarane mahAna banAvatI hatI. A suvAsanA zabda ahIM phrAnsisanu gIta banyo hato . A gIta guMjArava lakhane vahetAM jatAM jharaNAMemAM ane kilakilATa karatAM paMkhIomAM paNa A gItanA paDadhe saMbhaLAyA karatA hatA. e suvAsane sudhatA ane phrAnsisanA jIvananAM citrA derA eka citArA Aje ahIM AvI pahocyA hatA ane AjasudhI kAI e nahi derelAM evAM navAM citro e deratA hatA. iTAlInA, klArensa nagaranI uttaramAM vaispiznAneA nAmanA gAmanA eka garIba kheDUtane e dikarA hatA. ekavAra jyAre, enA bApAnA bIDamAM gheTAM cAvatA, e eka khaDakapara eka bakarInA baccAnuM citra dAratA hatA tyAre sImAbu nAmanA citrakAra ene joine Anada pAmyA ane enA garIba bApa pAsethI ene AkarI karAvavA vecAtA lIdhA. potAnI citrazALAmAM AvelA nokara hokarAte pelA citrakAre citra gheratAM paNa zIkhavavA mAMDayuM. i. sa. 1305 mAM pachI sInANu maraNa pAmatA hatA tyAre, A navA citrakAra ane kahetA hatA: ' bApu madhyayuga have aMta pAme che. huM mAnavInI mahattAnAM navAM citro citaravAno chuM. ' A nUtana citrakAranuM nAma ja gaeTA hatu. esIsInA saMta phrAnsisanAM ene svapro AvatAM hatAM. A svamone citramAM jaDI levA mATe, enI pAse pAye bananArA kASTa citrakAranAM jUnAM citro hatAM ja nahi. nUtana vitaranA mAnavatAnA navA raMgo ane rekhAeka enI aMtaranI najara sAme dekhAyAM tevAM eNe citaravA mAMDayAM.

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358 viva ItihAsanI rUparekhA A citromAM piTara ke lyuka dekhAtA nahatA. A nUtanacitramAM mAnavatA para prema karanAra saMta phrAnsisa hate. gioTonA phalakapara saMta phrAnsisa pAcho chata thaI gaye. A citromAM adanAM mAnava AvI pahoMcyAM. A citromAM killelatAM paMkhIo UDavA lAgyAM. A citronI pachIta banIne jevI hatI tevI kudarata dharatAne aneka raMge dhAraNa karIne zobhI UThI. gioToe esIsI, phalerensa, pADuA vigere nagaramAM A navAM citro para navA AvatA jIvanane citaravA mAMDyuM. nUtana yuganA uthAnanI AgAhI ApIne A mahAna citAre pachI 1337 mAM maraNa pAmyo, ane pachInA kalAkArane, mAnavatAnI yAda ApIne, saMskArane sauthI moTo padArtha pATha zIkhavate gaye. utthAnanI uSAno chaDIdhara bekana sata phAMsa sanA dharma saMdhamAM joDAyele tathA okasapharDa ane perIsanI vidyApIThamAM bhaNele teramA saikAnA jIvana vijJAnane saMdezavAhaka hoya te garakana dharmanA eka maThamAM, pitAne maLelI sAdhu tarIke rahevAnI eka bolImAM vijJAnanI vAta karato hate. eTale tarata ja avaijJAnika evI dharma ghaTanAe ene saMtAnanA upAsaka tarIke jAhera karyo, paNa eNe te jAherAta karI ke, "vijJAna vaDe, halesAM vinAnI hoDI ' cAlI zakaze ane zaDha vinAnAM jahAja haMkArAI zakAze. vijJAnanI yuktio dhAraNa karIne kalpanAmAM paNa na Ave teTalI jhaDapathI vAhana deDage tathA uDavAnAM yaMtra paNa banaze ane nadIo para nUtana setuo naMkhAze." tamane e zuM lata lAgI che?' ene sAdhuo pUchatA. "e lata nathI, vivekanuM lakSaNa che." e aMdhArI oraDImAMthI javAba Apa ne bhAra daIne kahe ke, "je cAlatuM Ave che te svIkArI levAvuM na joIe. ekeeka vAtane prayogamAM sAbita karyA pachI ja tene mAnavI joIe.' eTale bekana dharmane kArAgAramAM pUrA ane daza varasa thaI gayA pachI bekanane dharmanA vaDAnuM pharamAna AvyuM. vijJAnane ItihAsa lakhI zakaze?' eNe A vAta AnaMdathI svIkArI. bekane maThanI divAlamAM vijJAnane ItihAsa lakhavA mAMDyuM. eNe enuM vAMcana dutt

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utthAnayuganuM pAtrAlekhana 35 yAda karyuM" ane smaraNamAMthI lekhana zarU karyuM. eNe eke pustakanI madada vinA AkhuM lakhANa taiyAra karyuM" ane dharmAMnA vaDA pAse tene dharIne e ItihAsanu satva uccAratA hoya tema eNye. " jagata kAI prabhunI banAvaTa nathI. je thAya che te prabhunI icchAthI thatuM nathI, paNa padAtha ane samAjanI vAratavika ghaTanAnA aphara evA niyama pramANe thayA kare che athavA banyA kare che.' ekana A aparAdha mATe pharI vAra pAchA kArAgAramAM pUrAyA. A samayanuM kArAgAra jIvanabhara cAle teTaluM lAMkhu hatu. varaso pachI e vRddha thayA ane kArAgAra baneluM evuM AkhuM jagata ene mana eka moTu aMdhArUM jagata banyuM hatuM. ' enI eraDImAM AvatuM sUrajanu' eka kiraNa paNa jANe enI ThekaDI karatuM lAgatuM hatuM. vijJAnanuM raTaNuM karavAnA aparAdha mATe jakaDAyelA e nirAza jevA mAthe hAtha daine mer3A hatA, tyAre eka avAja athaDAyA, ' ame AvyA chIe.' eka madharAte enI eraDInuM bAraNuM UdhaDayuM te UDelA bAraNAmAMthI avAja Avyo. mAthe hAtha dai melA kadI hAyeAcAlyeA nahi. eNe palakArA mAryA vinA joyu, '* ame tamane choDAvavA AvyA chIe.' AvanAre kahyuM. * ame tamane che|DAvavA AvyA chIe.' paDachAyA pAse Avye . * tame kANa ? ' kedIe mAthuM UMcakayu. mitro.' AvanAra dhImethI methyu ane hAtha laMbAvIne dInI pIThe para mUkayA. Aje cauda vase ene vatA hAtha aDIyeA. e camakI UThyA. enA AkhA zarIramAM aNuaNATI thai. ' tame kANu 6 2 che ? e khelI UyeA. mitro. tamane cheDAvavA AvyA chIe. taiyAra thAva.' 8 mate cheADAvavA ? ' kedIne samajAyu". 6 hA, jaladI. pachI rAta pUrI thaze.' 6 rAta pUrI thaze ? ' kaidInA kapALe karacalIo paDI. aneka varaseAnI eka meoTI rAta enI najara AgaLa dekhAI. ' rAta pUrI thAya ? ' e vicArI rahyo. aMdhakAramaya banelA jagatanI enI kALi rAtri purI thavAnA khyAlane manamAM geAThavatA e UyeA. ema kArAgAramAMthI e nAsI chUTayA pachI gheADAMka varase vItI gayAM hatAM.

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vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA ' tamArA......' maraNapathArI parathI vRdghanI jIbha lathaDatI kahetI hatI, upakAra, upakAra, tamArA...upakAra.' vRddhe zabdo gAvyA. evuM na khelA. amArA upakAra nathI.' mAthA AgaLa beThelA eka juvAne kahyuM. * Apane ArAma thaI jaze.' : 360 " ' * ArAma ? huM badhuM samaju chuM.' vRddhe khAlavA mAMDayu. * mArI...mA..rI ghaDIe...dhaDIe gaNAya che.' ( tame khelaze nahi, bApu, ekana' eka juvAna cheAkarIe ekananA kapALa para hAtha mUkatAM kahyuM . 6 le rAkha, rAkha. mate khe...mAlavA de. tu ja mane ahI lAvI. tArI mahda na hAta tA...tuM sAdhvI hatI...te ma cheADayA te ThIka karyuM. * e...TA. te mAre mATe maTha cheDayeA." vijJAnanA pitA vahAla karatA khelye, mane chellI vAra khAvA de. tuM mane na lAvI hAta te| ? ' vRddhe zvAsa kheMcyA. huM mAnI zakata nahi ke duniyAmAM ajavALu hAya che. havA khullI hoya che te leAkeA juvAna haiAya che ane......' vRddha joI rahyo. enI jIbha coMTI gai. DAka maraDAI jatI lAgI, AMkho mI'cAi gai. e jagatamAMnI jatA rahyo, paNa adhArakALamAM savAranI AgAhI karatA eka avAja gujatA rahI gayA. e avAja vijJAnanA ja pAyA para jIvI zake tevA vizvaItihAsanA utthAnayugane avAja hatA. utthAnanA vyApArIyuganA zRMgAra svAmI dakSiNa bhAveriyA ane eDriMATika samudranI vaccenA pata pradezamAM eneA janma uttara ITAlInA kuDAra gAmamAM i. sa. 1478 mAM thayA hatA. e khAra varasanA thayA tyAre enA bharavADa bApe ene gAmaDiyA bALa gApanA zaNagAra sajAvIne venIsa nagaranuM darzana karAvavA laI gayA hatA. venIsanuM tyAranuM rUpa vyApArI yuge maDhyuM hatu. pUrvanA dezonI vepAranI dAMDI jevuM A nagara yura|panI vyApArI rANInuM rUpa dharIne pUrvanA yurApIyana pATanagara jevuM, nakrAkhorInA kasuM e chUTatu, AnaMdamAM svapnA dekhatuM zAlatuM hatuM.

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usthAnayuganuM pAtrAlekhana bhAratanA, cIna, phrAnsanA, peInanA, ane raziyAnA vyApArI rAjAo athavA vANijyanA rAjakumAree A AnaMdanagarIne potAnI rAjanagarI banAvI hatI. A nagarInuM rUpa maDhavA, dezadezathI vArAMganAo ahIM AvIne viharatI hatI. dezadezanA masAlA ane khANuM pINAM A dharatInA pANImAM koI avanavI vAnagI banatAM hatAM. lahejatanI badhI lIlAo ahIM lalita rUpa dharelI, A nagaranA darpaNa jevA dehamAM akhaMDa yauvana dhAraNa karatI hatI. vyApArI jamAnAnuM sauthI nakakarUpa aDInA jIvananA vyavahAramAM jyAM juo tyAM haratuM pharatuM hatuM. ahIMnuM ketheDrala paNa duniyAdArInI pUjAnuM ronakadAra devaLa banI gayuM hatuM. A devaLanI vepArI adAlata vyApArI dAMDI para ja najara rAkhIne, game tevA Adarzane jIvato saLagAvI mUkavAnI adala insAphanI Ina-vijhizana" banI cUkI hatI. A nUtana yuganA navA rUpamAM raMgarAga ane khANIpINAMnA reniMdA AsvAdane AregavA, zarIranA ja jivataranAM jhAkajhamALa deva-devIo, have vyApArI mAnanAM rUpadharIne, ITAlInA pagarakhAnI Toca para ratnajaDita rUpathI maDhAIne mahekI UThayAM hatAM. gAra eja jenI saurabha hanI ane zRMgAra eja jenuM AtmarUpa hatuM tevA yugane avatAra, rUpathI, naryA rUpa dekhAvanAM citro maDhavA, DerathI Avele Ti i,belInInI citrazALAmAM macI paDyo hato. raMgane e rasi hate. rekhAe enA hAthamAM ramyA karatI hatI. vInasanAM ene svapna AvatAM hatAM. kAma devatA enA dilamAMthI avanavAM rUpa sajIne kroDA karate enA phalA jIvata banyA hatA. lalita thaIne kudarata lacI UThatI hatI. zaktinA ogha UchaLatA A kalAkAra dAnavane kalAkAra gurU kahetuM hatuM, "tuM have meDana ane saMtonA paNa thoDAMka citra dore te sAruM thAya !" savamAMja badhI sugaMdhanA svAdane jene anubhava thavA mAMDyA hatA tevA A juvAna, TijhiyAne e athavA Tiziyane belInI sAthe kajiye karyo. giyaragiyenI nAmanA eka bhAIbaMdha e, badhI bAbatamAM gaThiye hatuM. A baMne gaThiyA, belInInI citrazALAne paDakAratA cAlI nIkaLyA ane emaNe pahelI ja rAtamAM venIsanA raMgarAgamAM ALoTIne gajavAmAM je kaMI hatuM te kharacI nAkhyuM. bane LAIbaMdhee pitAne dhaMdhe paNa zarU karI dIdhe. grAnDakenAla paranAM bhavanamAM emaNe eka khaMDa bhADe laI lIdhuM ane pachI, penAsanAM AnaMda gharamAM badhI lAja mUkIne viharavA mAMDyuM. jyAM ne tyAM suvarNa ane sugaMdhamAM DUbIne A bannee aneka zarIranI aneka rekhAone cItaravA mAMDI.

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vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA eka rAtanA AnaMdanI lUMTamAM ja banne bherue bhaTakAI paDayA ane kajiyA karIne chUTA paDayA. paNa have, vyApArIyuganA badhA vyavahAranA zRMgAra TiziyananI pakaDamAM AvI gayA hatA. eNe ekale hAthe AnaMda rAtri bhogavyA pachI zRMgAranA dareka ThamakAthI suvarNa kamAvA mAMDayu. ekathI khIjA nagaranI sA paNa eNe zarU karI. pADuAmAM eka kavi ene kahetA hatA; ... mArA dikarA, AnaMda ane upabhAgane lAMkhe kALa bhAgavavA mATe paNa jarAka sayamanI jarUra paDatI hAya che. tethI te huM pAte, rAjaneA khArI auMsa khArAka ane cAda auMsa dArU pIvAnA vratavALA anya chuM: " 362 ' paNa mane te hajI pAMtrIsa paNa pUrAM thayAM nathI, chatAM huM atyArathI saMyamane dhAraNa karuM? mAre ane vratane kazI levA devA nathI. " khelatA e, pherAranA ThAkAra alphAnjhone maLavA UpaDI gayA, ane nAmacIna banelI lukrejhiyAnA pAMcamA pati banelA ThAkeAranA saMgamAM, jIvana vilAsanA asvAdamAM eNe kAmadevanuM mazahU citra doryuM. lukrejhiyA jevI kAi yuvatine DhAkeAranI jema kedakhAne pUrIne kAmadevatA tene kahetA hatA; " rudana kara, rudana kara tuM! tArA rudanamAM svanuM kalyANa che. tArI AMkhamAMthI kharatuM dareka AMsu pRthvIpara paDavAne khale AsmAnamAM UDI jaIne, eka eka tArA banI jAya che. " vyApArI yugane zaMgAra svAmI khanIne, Tiziyana uve camakI uThayA. aneka mahAlayAmAM ene paNa eka mahAlaya banI gayA hatA. rAjAmahArAjA ene AmaMtraNA meAkalatA hatA. zrImata sAdAgarA ete zaNagAranA sAdA ApatA hatA. mahA pavitra rAmana zahenazAha, pAMcamA cArlsa, ene potAnA darabAranA citrakAra banAvyA, ane iTAlInI ja AjhAdInA A duzmanane darabArI citrakAra khanIne eNe A mahApavitra zahenazAhanA damAmavALAM citra cItaryAM ane nANAM kamAI ne venIsanA raMgamahAlayamAM citrazALA kholIne, citranAM lilAmane vyApAra karIne zRMgAra racanArA dhara saMsAra mAMDayA. eka patnIvALA ane be dIkarIo vALA, citrakArano dharasa MsAra suvarNa'nI badhI suvAsathI mahekI UThayA tyAre, jIvAnInA jemathI UbharAtuM, lAlasAnI bhUkhathI camakatu, raMga rAganI lahejatanI lIlAthI Apatu kalAkAranuM ramya kalevara sAvarasanI vayavALuM banyuM hatuM. AvA yuvAna kalevaranI rekhAe eNe pote ja eka phalaka para cItarI ane potAnI tasvIranA rUpanuM mUlya AMkatA, kalAkAra khelyA; r mArA AkhA caherA para mahattvAkAMkSA jevI bhUkha hajIpaNa hi dharAyelI evI ne evI ja thanagane che, eTale jakha mAre che, AkhuM jagata ! '

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usthAvayuganuM pAtrAlekhana zrImaMta sodAgaronuM enuM AkhuM jagata have enI citrazALAmAM rUpa kharIdavA AvyA ja karatuM hatuM. enuM gharAka baneluM jagata zaMgArane pitAnI chabImAM maDhavA dAma cUkavatuM hatuM ane A zaMgAra svAmI pitAnA zrImaMta sedAgaronA rUpane jevuM hatuM tevuM nahi paNa jevuM temane joItuM hatuM tevuM maDhIne emanI manaraMjana chabIo cItarI ApatuM hatuM. pIchIMnI ekaja halakathI e kadarUpatA hoya tyAM rUpa dAkhavato hato, ghaDapaNanI karacalI hoya tyAM tAjagI bhara hato ane motanI udAsIna chAyA hoya tyAM praNayanI havA laherAvI deto hato. e vyAgArI jamAnAne A zaMgAra svAmI jema jema vRddha thate gaye tema enI pIMchInI jhalaka vadhAre Atura banIne dIpI uThI. eMzI varasanI yuvAnI mANatA Tiziyana, vInasanAM aneka nAgAM citro dorIne, vyApArI yuganA sauMdaryamAM lilAmanI lalita jIvanakalA ubharAvI dIdhI. prAcIna grIsa dezanI A devI have venIsanA sedAgaronA zaMgAra sajIne, venIsanI vArAMganA devI banI. A kalA kRtionA pitA, eMzI varasanI uMmare, venIsanA svapna nagaramAM vAsanAonAM svapnonI hATaDI bharIne, kamANu karavA lAgI gayA. enA mahAlayanA cogAnamAM AnaMda rAtrionA khANapINuM akarAtiyAM banI gayAM. jene e devI ereTIne kaheto hato e eka venIsane saMskArI AnaMdasAthI AjanAM pINAmAM, vAraMvAra pIdhA pachI potAnA jADA heThaparathI kharatA lavArAne ekAeka baMdha karI de, chellI pyAlIne hAthamAMnI DhIlI paDI gaelI pakaDamAMthI paDI javA deto, "AmIna " belate DhaLI paDyA ane pachI maraNa pAmI gayA. tyArathI pitAnA AnaMdamAM ekale evo navANuM varasanI vayavALo A saMskAra svAmI tenI para UtarI paDelA legane paDachAyo dekhate hoya tema enI dIkarI viniyAne kahete hato; "phrAnsiskana devaLanA mahAna cagAnamAMnI eka jamInane sodo karavA jAuM chuM." eNe maThAdhIsa sAthe sedo karyo ke, "marelA Isune krusa parathI utaryA pachI potAnA khoLAmAM suvADIne beThelI merInuM citra A devaLanI divAla para, dorI ApavAne huM taiyAra chuM je tenA badalAmAM tame A mahAna devaLanA cegAnamAM ja mAruM maDadu dATavA mATenI ronakadAra jagyA kADhI Ape to." maThAdhIze A sede kabUla karyo ane pachI navANuM varasane Tiziyana peluM mazahUra citra AlekhavA mAMDyuM.

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44 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA pachI 1576nI sAlanA hegamAM A yuga puruSanuM kalevara sapaDAI gayuM; Tiziyana maraNa pAme. e, vyArI yugane zaMgAra svAmI AThamA henarIne, mArTina lutharane kAlavInane, krAnsisa pahelA tathA, mahA pavitra romana zahenazAha kahevAtA cArlsa pAMcamAne samakAlIna banIne, e saune vaLAvyA pachI, pitAnAM aneka citronA zRMgArane vepArI jagatanA amara vArasA tarIke ApIne cAlyo gayo. paNa ItihAsano yugaga AgaLane AgaLa kUca karato cAlyo. vijJAnanuM eka pustaka nikolasa koparanIkasa prazIana pilenDamAM, tharnamAM, I. 1473 mAM ja . eNe vijJAnane avAja karyo. e avAja karanAra have e vRddha thaelo pilenDamAM bAlIka samudranA kinArA paranA eka phonabarga nAmanA gAmanI TekarI paranA moTA devaLanA minArAmAM beTho hato. pitAnI oraDImAM beThele, IsAI mane A sAdhu, madharAta pachI paNa jAgato hato. Aje ene ITolo yAda AvatuM hatuM. ITAlInA AkAzamAM dekhelA tArAonI yAda enA kapALa para caLakatI hatI. enI sAme paDelA Tebala para eka pustaka paDyuM hatuM. e ubho thayuM. eNe pelA Tebala para paDelA pustakanA puMThA para najara nAkhI leTIna bhASAmAM lakhelA akSara ene enA bALaka jevA vahAlA hatA. cAlIsa varasathI taiyAra karelA A pustaka para premALa pitAnI jema e joI rahyo. A pustakanA akSare jANe HEET: : nA, . *" C ' . 1 *r Ever ' ' . . kaa #E EEEEET:

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utthAnayuganu pAtrAlekhana 365 tr jIvatA banIne A vRddha pitA sAthe vAta karatA hatA. " AkAzI padArthonI gati" nAmanA A pustaka para lakhAyelA lekhaka tarIkenA pAtAnA pote lakhelA nAma para enI najara TharI, TurInane, nIkAlasa kAparanIkasa.'' vRddhe eka nizvAsa nAkhyA. A pustakane jagatamAM jAhera karavAnI enI icchA saLagI uThI. enu Akhu` kalevara hacamacI uThayuM. eNe potAnI jAtane khUma pADIne saMbhaLAvI dIdhuM ke, * game te thAva. bhale jagata AdhAta pAmI jAya...bhale kAparanIkasane jIvatA saLagI javuM paDe, paNa A pustaka jagata para pharavA nIkaLaze ja ane kaheze ke pRthvI sthira nathI, kare che. AkAzamAM sUrya paNa kare che ane surajanI AsapAsa pharanArAMomAM pRthvI cha jaNamAMnI eka che, ane suraja tenA pitA che." " vRddhanI aMdara, satya kathananI hiMmate uchALA mAryAM. eNe pelA mahAna pustakanAM eka pachI eka pAna uthalAvyAM. dareka pAnane aDatI enI AMgaLIe enI jIMdagInAM pAna jAgI UThatAM, jevA thAya tevA AnaMda enI aMdara ubharAvI dIdhA. ene A pustaka sAthe joDAyelI peAtAnI jIMdagInu ITAlInI bhUmi paranuM yauvana yAda AvI gayuM. eka juvAnanI jema, uThIne, pustaka lapeTIne eNe bIjI oraDInI bahAra khUma pADI, " jozIma...jozIma, reTIkasa, uDa, ubhA thA.. huM taiyAra chu, tArI sAthe AvavA, cAla ApaNe cAlI nIkaLIe ! " "" junA jagata sAthe yuddha khelavA pelu' pustaka, cAlI nIkaLyuM. nure baga mAM AvI paheAMcelA vRdhdha ane jIvAte eka chApakhAnAmAM tene chapAvavA mAMDayu.... pustaka chapAIne AvI paheAMcyuM tyAre pelA vRddha maraNa pathArImAM paDayA hatA. enI jI MdagIneA A chelle divasa hatA. e chellA divase eNe peluM pustaka hAthamAM lIdhuM ane palakArA mAryA vinA dekhyA karyuM. vRddha maraNa pAmyA hatA paNa jIvatuM baneluM peluM pustaka junA jagatanA abudha vidrAnAnI UMdha urADI nAkhatuM tophAna jagavatu vaTALIyAnI jema pharavA nIkaLI paDayuM. saMskAra jevA jayAti ra sara pIrA-enTAnI phlorensanA vakIla hatA, enA vAsanI AsapAsa khaDakanA rastAo vIMTaLAyA hatA. enA AMgaNA para DAlatI latAe nAcatI hatI, UMcAM jhADa DokAtAM hatAM, Taskana TekarIonAM UgatA AthamatA meLA paDatA hatA.

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366 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA ene pAsamAM bIjA vasatAM hatA. bIjAmAM eka bAI hatI, enI svadAra hatI. vakIlane e bAIe ekavAra aMdhArAmAM bALaka dharyo, ne dabAtA avAje babaDI, mArUM ne tamAruM A pApa....e ApaNuM bALaka che." vakIla hasyo. thoDA divasanuM janmeluM bALaka samajyA vinA joI rahyuM hatuM. jANe pitAne pApa kahevA mATe bA-bApa tarapha ane gerakAyadesara gaNavA mATe duniyA AkhInI dayA khAtuM e bALaka dekhI rahyuM hatuM, tyAre 145ra nuM varasa zarU thayuM hatuM. je jetuM, te kahetuM ke AvuM bALaka haju koIne sAMpaDyuM nathI. dararoja meTuM thatuM bALaka pratApI lAgatuM ane toye ene jaNanArI janetA, ene janmAvavAne aparAdha karIne aLakhAmaNuM banIne ke paDadA pAchaLa, koI maThanA AzarA pAchaLa sAdhvI banIne asta pAmI gaI hatI. A gerakAyadesara bALakanuM nAma lIonArdo-da-vinsI hatuM. eNe bhUtakALanAM madhyayugI kabrastAna tarapha jovAne badale, bhAvinI zakayatAone jIvatI karavA bhAvinAM kamADa khelavAnI najara nAkhI. rIseMsAM yugane e ughATaka banI rahyo. e zuM hatuM, zuM na hatuM ! ciMtaka, vaijJAnika, Ijanera, kalAkAra, gAyaka, vagere vagere javanakalAnA aneka AkAro enI AsapAsa taravaratA hatA. A badhI zakyatAonI athavA madhyayuganA aMdhArAne nAza mAgatI ane AgaLa vadhatI samAjaghaTanAmAM jIvana vikAsanI jAgI UThavAnI zakyatAo enI aMdarathI eka sAthe DokAtI hatI. e abhyAsa karate hate. ekatrIsa varasanI uMmara sudhI lIonArDoe ekAMtamAM abhyAsa jArI rAkhe, ane pachI milAnanA ThAkorane arajI karI ke, "mane zAMtinI kalAo ane vigrahanAM AyudhonA sarjanakhAtAnA mukhya niyAmaka tarIke nIme." eNe arajI sAthe pitAnI AvaDatanI ane buddhinI zaktio nIce pramANe gaNavI. huM jaMgama ane kheMcI laI zakAya tevA pula bAMdhI zakIza, ane duzmananA pulane nAza karavAnI kalA paNa jANuM chuM, nadIo ane khAIone sUkavI zakuM chuM, kevaLa paththaranA pAyA para ja caNAyA hoya tevA killAne dharAzAyI karI zakuM chuM, navI jAtanI tapa banAvI zakuM chuM, nadI nIce rastA davAnI avAja vinAnI kalA jANuM chuM, duzmano nAza karavAnI baMdha Teke phaka

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367 utthAnayuganuM pAtrAlekhane bAMdhI zakuM chuM, bacAva ane halAnAM DUbakI mAratAM Ayudhe racI zakuM chuM... ane zAMtinA samayamAM, citrakaLA, zilpa, tathA bAMdhakAmamAM koInA karatAM paNa vadhAre AvaData batAvI zakuM chuM.' A arajI vAMcIne arajadArane koI gAMDAnA davAkhAnAmAM mokalavAne badale, milAnanA ThAkore tene rAjamahAlayamAM AvavAnuM AmaMtraNa ApyuM, ane pahelI ja mulAkAte enI nimaNuMka karI. pachI eNe yuropanA e nagarane zaNagAravA ne sudhAravAno prayatna karyo. eNe upara nIcenA rastAonI yojanA karI, zerIone vizALa ane pahoLI banAvI. eNe devaLe, minArA, bAga, udyAna, nahera, sarovare ane rastAonI jamAvaTa karavAnI, nAnAM nAnAM nagara bAMdhavAnI, dareka kuTuMbane bagIcAvALuM ghara ApavAnI, evI evI aneka yojanAo ghaDI. pachI lIonArDoe zarIraracanAne abhyAsa zarU karyo hato. eNe jamInanI jAta tapAsI hatI. vanaspatinI olAdamAM, ArogyamAM abhyAsathI je thaI zake che te mAnavInI zarIraracanAmAM zakya che, ema e mAnate hate. ane gaMbhIra banIne zarIraracanA samajavA macI paDatuM hatuM. paNa eNe UDatAM pakSIo dIThAM ane ene UDI zake tevuM yaMtra banAvavAnuM mana thayuM. yaMtra cAlI zake, pANI para sarI zake te AkAzamAM UDI ja zake ema e khAtarI ApatA UDavAnA yaMtrane zodhavAmAM mazagUla thaye. A badhA mATe e tanatoDa mahenata karate gaNitazAstra tarapha vaLyo ane sakAnelI sAthe gaNita gaNavA lAgyo. eNe gaNatarI pachI duniyAno eka nakazo taiyAra karyo. ema athAga zrama karate, e pitAnI prayogazALAmAM prayogo karate, citara macI paDyo. paNuM pIsAnagara sAthe pharensa nagararAjyanI laDAI zarU thaI gaI hatI. eTale liyonArDone bIjuM kAma soMpavAmAM AvyuM. e kAma Ana nadInA pravAhane pIyAmAMthI livena tarapha palaTI nAkhavAnuM hatuM. e rIte pharensanuM nagararAjya, pisA nagarane dariyAthI vikhUTuM pADI daIne tene tArAja karI nAkhavA mAgatuM hatuM. yuddhanI kAryavAhIe A mahAnubhAvane pitAnI yejanAno amala taiyAra karavA mATe kahyuM. liyonArDoe ripablikanI saMgrAma samitine samajAvyuM ke te azakaya che ane ayogya che. "eka jIvananI kitAba jevA jIvataranI bAnI banelA nagarane nAza karavAnI koIpaNa tarakIba linADa karI zakaze nahi. eNe have citAre ja banI jaIne citaravA mAMDyuM. e citArAnI athavA kalAkAranI, najara sAme

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368 viAva ItihAsanI rUparekhA phalorensa nagaranI jIvatI rekhAo jhagI UThI. eka moTA jIvana puSpa jevuM phalerensa nagara hatuM tevuM ja pIsA nagara ene dekhAyuM.A banne punI suvAsa suMdhate kalAkAra enI prayoga zALAmAM roja utAvaLe AvI pahoMcata, hati. menA--lIsa tyAM enI rAha jotI beThI hatI. liyonArDoe sauMdaryanI saurabha jevI, A nArIne lAMbA samayathI cItaravA mAMDI hatI. "tame paraNelAM cho ?' eNe ekavAra acAnaka pUchyuM. mesarsa phrensIske mArA pati thAya.' menAlIsA bolI. pachI ema, kaI divase, pele kalAkAra pelI nArI sAthe ekAda savAla ke ekAdA javAbanI Apale karato. ekavAra monAlisAe kalAkArane pUchayuM. "tame strIothI khUba dUra kema rahe che ?" dUra nahiM, dUra nahi..nArInA jIvatarane huM mAnathI jouM chuM...paNa jivatara para anurAgathI UbharAtA huM, kadAca e premane lIdhe........ja, huM mAMsAhAra paNa karI zakatuM nathI.' ekavAra pitAnA citra para mugdha banatI monAlisA belI. "ze. prema bharI dIdhuM che tame, mArI AMkhamAM ke, enI aMdara joyA karavA chatAM enA pAradarzaka tejanuM taLiyuM ja dekhAtuM nathI!" "tArA soMdaryanA tejane cItarUM chuM tyAre ApaNe banne otapreta banIne tadAkAra thaIne ekamekanI aMtargata pratimA emAMthI nUtana AkAra nipajAvIe chIe. huM ekale nathI upajAvata, A citra tuM paNa, monAlisa, tArA kalevaramAMthI navuM jivatara tene nipajAve che." ane agAdha AnaMdamAM DUbI jatI hoya tevI menAlisA bolI, "paNa A citra te, liyenArDonuM kahevAze !" nA, nA ubhayanuM, belA linADe AnaMda pAme, ane pAcho citaravA mAMDayo. ene samayanuM bhAna rahyuM nahIM. Aje te rAta vItI gaI hatI. enAlisA ghera javA UThI tyAre bAranA DaMkA vAgya. e jatAM jatAM eka paLavAra aTakI jaine belI,

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usthAnayuganuM pAtrAlekhana pUruM thaI gayuM ne citra?' kalAkAre bUma pADI "nA, nA, nA, ane enAlisAe kahyuM, "te e purUM ja nahIM thaze ! tame pUrAM na thAya tevAM citra cItaro che, dAvinsI!" phalaka para khedathI dekhatI menAlisA cAlI gaI, paNa kalAkAranA aMtaramAM enuM jatI veLAnuM duHkhada citra ceTayuM. liyonArDone AkhI rAta UMgha AvI nahi. monAlisAnAM svapna seva, rAtanA DaMkA gaNate kalAkAra pareDhiyA pahelAM UThIne pharensa nagaranA pAdara para ciMtAtura beTho hato ane monAlIsAnI rAha jotA hatA tyAM koIe AvIne ene kahyuM, "manolisA maraNa pAmI ! eNe ApaghAta karyo." IsavIsananI 1507 mI sAla cAlatI hatI. liyonArDo have phare nsane choDI gayo hato. thoDA divasa milAnamAM rahIne e have roma pahoMcatA hate. eka moTe rajhaLapATa enI najara sAme laMbAyele dekhAze. lereska thI mere pAse ane mora pachI sIjhara sAthe ane ene sAtha tyajIne saDe. rInI pAse ane tyAMthI nIkaLIne popanI mulAkAta mAgatA kalAkAra pitAnI nodhapothImAM 1513 ne sabaranI 23 mI tArIkha noMdha hato. paNa ene pApanI mulAkAtane lAbha maLe nahi. thAkyA pAkyA kalAkAranA kAnamAM eka hajArIyAe kahyuM; "nAstikane ane DAkaNone saLagAvyA karatA pipa zahenazAha Akho divasa saMgItanA jalasAomAM ane jJAnanuM phaLa cAkhavAne aparAdha jemaNe na karyo hoya tevA vidUSakanA bibhatsa sAthamAMja pavitra samaya gALatA hoya che. mulAkAtane khapa hoya te vidUSaka banIne muja karatAM zIkho ! " bIje divase A utthAnayuganA mahAmAnavane dharmane maThanA davAkhAnA mAMthI kADhI mUkavAmAM AvyuM tathA zarIra racanAne abhyAsa karavAnA aparAdha mATe, liyenA paNa dehAMtadaMDanI bhayAnaka zikSAne pAtra banaze evuM kahevAmAM AvyuM. eNe eNe A mahAnagarane cheDI javAnuM vicAryuM. rAmamAM meleriyAnA tAvathI dhIkhate kalAkAra phrAnsamAM pahoMcyo. phrAnsanA rAjAe ene AvakAra dIdhe tathA eka moTI nahera bAMdhavAnI pejanA soMpI. linADee naheranA nakazA taIyAra karavA solenanI dharatI mApavA mAMDI ane leIra tathA cara nadInI sapATIonAM mApa levA mAMDyAM. naheranA nakazAo cItaratA kalAkAranI prayogazALA jevA ekavAra rAjA phrAnsisa pite khabara dIdhA vinA AvI pahae. jotajotAmAM hajuriyAo nA saMdha sAthe rAja phrAnsisa liyonArDo para mAna karate be: "maitara, liyonArDo, piluM konuM citra che?", "e citra huM kharIdI lauM chuM." ane peluM konuM citra che, . tame cItaratA hatA te paNa huM kharIdI lau chuM." 47

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370. vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA "jana-beTisTa, nuM che, e, e paNa adhuruM che." be hajAra......traNa hajAra, pAMca hajAra... . " mahArAjAe kiMmata khakhaDAvI ane jatAM jatAM pharamAna karyuM, "e banne citro kharIdAI gayAM che. bhale e adhUrAM hoya," rAjAne rasAle cAlyo gayo. pachI du:khI avAje liyonArDoe pitAnA UMdhatA vidyAthIne madharAte bUma pADI, "nsisko uTha ! ApaNe darabAragaDhamAM jaIe. A banne citra vinA huM jIvI zakuM ja nahi. mahArAjAne vinaMtI karIe ane jo e na mAne te, monA lisA ane jainane laIne rAterAta bhAgI chUTIe, A rajavADI ghaTanAnI jIvaleNa pakaDamAthI." darabAragaDhanI madharAta cakacUra hatI. nazAmAM Dolato rajavADe, yuvationAM nagna rUpe vacce DhIMcate hatA. mahArAjAnI paDakhe ja enI sagI bahena paNuM A pazutAnI mahephIlamAM nagnarUpe mazagUla hatI. liyonArDo-dA-vinsi" paheregIre mahArAjAne khabara ApyA. bhale Ave." cakacUra nazAkhore paravAnagI dIdhI. pazutAnA meLAnI vacce mAnavI kaMpate ubhe rahyo ane karagarato bolyo, "pelAM be citra huM maraNa pAmuM pachI Apa mahArAjA laI leje, vinA mUlya." mahArAjAe aTTahAsya karyuM: "paNue te marI gaI che, ane jaina paNa"? "e marelAne paNa cAhe che" mahArAjAnI bahene, khAlI dharatAM kahyuM. pelA mahArAjAe lathaDatI jIbhe pUchyuM, "marelAne paNa cAhI zakAtuM haze !" ane varadAna dete heya tema belyA, "bhale bhale." mahArAjA khuza thayA, "meM ja kahyuM hatuM ke citrapaTa para jIvatI thaI gaI che e meDonA lisA." pachI linADa phensionA sAthamAM pAcho pharyo. bIjA divasanI madharAte, pAchA iMsiska jhabakI UDe. pahelIrAtanI jema enI najara sAme AbhAsa dekhAya. kAnamA jANe pelA mahAnubhAvane dardavALe avAja dhaDakate hate. ene liyenADenI ciMtA thaI. e Uo. dabAyelA pagale e liyonArDonA khaMDa pAse pahe. khaMDa Akho khAlI hate. gamagIna banele phresiske prayogazALA tarapha de. prayAga khaMDamAM divAlapara caDelA citrapaTa para jIvate banI gayela jaina dhI bepTisTa Ubhe hate. enI sAme kaMpI UThelA kalevaravALa kalAkAra jivataranA jAmanuM chelluM TIpuM kharacI nAkhavA pIMchI laIne macI paDyo hato paNa enI AMgaLIo enuM kahyuM karatI nahotI, enA hAthamAMnI pIMchI krUjI UThI hatI. enA kapALa parathI prasveda Tapakata hatA, jivataranI mamatA jevo kalAkAra babaDato hate, "cAhuM chuM ene....jenuM mAnavatA bharyuM mAthuM pAzavatAnI mahephIle utArI lIdhuM hatuM." pachI savAra thayuM tyAre UgatA sUrajanAM kiraNa bhegI eka pALelI cakalI UDatI AvI ane rojanI jema pelA kalAkAranI hatheLI para kilakilATa karavA lAgI tyAre e paMkhIne zI khabara ke, pelA mahAmAnavane prANa paMkhI te uDI gayo hato!

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24 IMgleMDanI rAjyakrAnti ane amerikAnA janma [ iMgleMDanA pUrva itihAsa--utthAna yuganI dariyAi rANI -- yuropanA navA vANijayayuga--eka vicitra muka mA - lijhAbethanA jamAnA pachInA rAjAne devI hakaka muDInA ane rAjAnA daivI adhikAranA mukAbalA--vepArI samAjanA pahelA saramukhatyAra-- rajavADA zAhInA turAjyakrAMti ane sAmrAjyavAdayuropa paranI rAjakAMti ane iMgleDa-lAcUSaka jevA amerikAkhaMDa --amerikA paranu nyuiMglenDa-amerikAnA uddabhruvanAM navA mAnava samudAya--iMgleDanI mAtRbhUminA amerikana saMsthAne!--mAtRbha minA sAmrAjyavAda sAme sthAnAnA mukAbalA-amerikana svAtaMtryazuddha-svataMtra amerikAnA pahelA pramukha-svataMtra ameri kAne pahele sITIjhana * svAtaMtryanAM saMgrAmanI curopa para asara-nutanayuganuM vijJAna, utthAna---udyogavAda hAnI pahoMce. ] iMgleMDanA pUrva itihAsa aMgrejI bhUmipara i. sa. pUrve paMcAvana varSoM para aMgrejI khADIne eLagIne sIjhara AvI pahoMcyA hatA ane yuropanA A iMgleMDa nAmanA deza cArame Lull Z

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372 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA varSa sudhI romana prAMta banI gayo hato. tyAra pachI jyAre romanagara para bahAranAM AkramaNa AvavA mAMDyAM tyAre remana sAmrAjyanI IgleMDa para beThelI prAcIna hakumatane IgleMDane svecchAe khAlI karavAnI pharaja pitAnA vatananuM rakSaNa karavA javA mATe paDI. A rIte remane potAnA A gulAma saMsthA nane nirAdhAra dazAmAM mUkIne cAlyA gayA. A bAbatanI jANa uttara jame. nInI sekazana nAmanI jarmanI ToLIone paDatAMnI sAthe ja A bhUkhyA mAnava samudAye uttara samudramAM thaIne IMgleMDa nAmanA A TApu para caDhI AvyA. IMgleMDa pAchuM gulAma banyuM, ane A TApu para eMglesekazana rAjya sthapAyAM. A rAjya pAMcaso varSa sudhI aMdara aMdara laDyA karatAM hatAM tathA IglenDanI khAnAkharAbI karatAM hatAM. tyAra pachI I. sa. nA agiAramA saikAmAM iMglenDa Deniza sAmrAjyanuM gulAma banyuM, ane A gulAma TApu para kenyUTa nAmanA Deniza zahenazAhanuM zAsana maMDAyuM. tyArapachI Deniza leke parAjya pAmIne jatA rahyA, paraMtu narsa lekee IMglenDane pitAnuM gulAma banAvyuM. viliyama nAmanA "yuka oNpha nemaMDIe I. sa. 1066 mAM aMgrejI khADI oLaM. gIne IMglenDa para AkramaNa karyuM, ane te iglenDane rAjA banyo. A rIte IMglenDa nemaDInuM gulAma saMsthAna banyuM. A narmane aMgreja rAjAoe phrAMsane paNa gulAma banAvyo, tathA phrAnsane gulAma banAvanArA narmana aMgreja rAjAne pitAnI bhUmi parathI hAMkI kADhanAra jona oNpha Arka nAmanI kAnsanI bhUmi para pAkelI eka bharavADanI dIkarInuM nAma yuropa para jhaLahaLI uThayuM. krAsanI tAraNahAra banelI A phrenca dIkarIne iMglenDane gulAma banAvanAra narmana aMgrejI rAjAe jIvatI saLagAvI dIdhI. IMglenDane gulAmImAM rAkhanAra tenA uparanI nemeDInI hakUmata hatI A hakUmatanA hAtha nIce, IMglenDane aneka TukaDAomAM vaheMcIne paDelI iMgle nDanI ja ThAkarazAhI hatI. A ThakarAtanA kAMThA para aMgrejI gulAmI, deza para aneka jUlmo calAvatI hatI. pachI I. sa. 15 mA saikAmAM henarI sAtamA nAmanA rAjAe dezanI AjhAdIne TakAvI rAkhavA mATe A ThakarAtone khatama karI nAkhavAnuM pagaluM lIdhuM ane "rsa opha dhI rejhIjha"ne nAme prakhyAta banelI laDAIo karIne ThakarAtazAhIne teNe khatama karI. tyAra pachI ThAkonA chUTA chavAyA baLavAone kacaDI nAkhavA mATe teNe "sTAra cembara " nAmanI eka adAlatanI racanA karI. A adAlata mAraphata paNa eNe ThakarAtazAhIne kacaDI nAkhI. uthAnayuganI dariyAI rANuM tyAra pachI I. sa. 1509 mAM sAtamA henarInI gAdI para tene dIkare 8 henarI AvyA. sAtamA henarIe iMglenDanA TUkaDA karI nAkhanAra Thaka

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373 IgleMDanI rAjyakAti ane amerikAno janma rAtazAhIne khatama karIne iMglenDanA TApu para rAjakIya ekatA racI hatI. henarI 8 mAe A rAjakIya ekatA para yurepanuM arvAcIna rAjya banAvavAnA pagalAM lIdhAM. eNe potAnI strIo sAthe chUTAcheDA karavAnI bAbatamAM papa sAthe takarAra karavAnI taka upADI lIdhI, ane IMglenDabharamAM dhArmika saMsthAone pipanI pakaDamAMthI mukta karIne isAI devaLone rASTriya devaLo banAvyAM ane pitAnI jAtane dharmanA vaDA tarIke jAhera karI. A rIte eNe zAMtimaya dharma sudhAraNA karI. tyAra pachI I. sa. 1528 mAM lIjhAbetha nAmanI enI dIkarI gAdI para AvI. A rANIe pitAnI cummAlIsa varSanI rAjyakata tarIkenI kArakIdImAM speInane lazkarI ane vyApArI rIte parAjya karyo, tathA A jamAno IlIjhAbethanA yuga tarIke jANItA banyA. A jamAnAmAM bahAranI duniyAmAM saMsthAne jItavAnI hariphAImAM, IMglenDa paNa utarI paDyuM. IMglenDanA vepArIoe vyApArI kaMpanIo bAMdhavA mAMDI. tathA iMglenDanA jahA e sAte samudromAM zikAra karavA mAMDyo. yuropane vANijyayuga vyApaka banya, IlIjhAbethanA samaya pahelAMthI speIne ane helenDe jagatanA navA navA pradeza zodhI kADhavA mAMDyA hatA. temaNe te te pradeza upara potAnI mAlIkInA vAvaTAe repIne te pradezo pitAnAM saMsthAne che ema jAhera karavA mAMDayuM hatuM. pRthvI goLa che te vAtanI kolaMbase jAherAta karyA pachI piorTa gAla paNa amerikA sAthenA vepAramAM utarI paDyo. A baMne vacce navI duniyAnI mAlikI mATenI sauthI moTI hariphAI jAmI paDI hatI. piTuMgAla ane peInane A hariphAIne lIdhe yuddhamAM utaravuM na paDe teTalA mATe, A baMne jene potAnA dharmAcArya tarIke svIkAratA hatA tevA pApe navI zodhAyelI duniyAne I. sa. 1494mAM grInavIcanI pazcime 50 mI DIgrInA lejITayuDa pAse sImAM dorIne be sarakhA bhAgamAM vaheMcI nAkhI ane porTugIjhoe A sImAnI pUrva tarapha pitAnAM saMsthAne jamAvavAM tathA speniyArDoe pazcima bAjue pitAnAM saMsthAne jamAvavAM e cUkAdo ApI dIdho. A rIte yuropanA dharmaguruo yuropanA be rajavADAMone navI zodhAyelI AkhI duniyAnuM dAna karI dIdhuM. A rIte peInanI sarakAre brAjhIla sivAyanA AkhA amerikana khaMDanI mAlika banI tathA porTugIjha sarakAra inDijha ane AphrikAnI mAlika banI. eka vicitra mukame cAlyo paNa have samaya badalAI cUkyuM hatuM. yuropanA vepArI yugamAM IgleMDa ane heleMDa paNa AvI cUkyA hatA. A baMne dezoe peInane parAjaya karyo

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374 - vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA hato ane alIjhAbethane jamAne yuropamAM zarU thaI cUkyo hato. A jamAnA pachI aMgreja vepArIo ane khalAsIo paNa dhIme dhIme amerikA upara paNa pitAne pagadaMDo jamAvavA mAMDyA hatA. speniyArDa ane porTugIjha amerikAnA pazcima vibhAgamAM thANuM nAMkhIne paDyA hatA ane aMgrejoe jyAM sahelAIthI jaI zakAya tevA, pUrvanA mahAna deza hiMda tarapha pitAnI najara doDAvavA mAMDI hatI. A arasAmAM, eTale sattaramA saikAnI zarUAtamAM saMsthAne jItavAnI doDAdoDI zarU thaI gaI hatI. tyAre, himsaka nAmanA eka Daca kepTane bhAlAkAnI sAmudradhunimAM eka piTugIjha jahAjane keda karyuM. pipe AkhI duniyAne speina ane porTugAla vacce vaheMcI ApyA pachI piTuM. gIjhanA bhAgamAM AvelA saMsthAnonA dariyAmAMthI, Daca kepTane porTugIjha vahANane gIraphatAra karyuM hatuM. A gIraphatArInA banAve jAhera karyuM ke pipe AkhI duniyAmAM carI khAvAnA paravAnA be rAjyoneja ApyA hatA te have yurepanAM bIjAM rAjya kabula karatAM nahotAM, porTugAle pipanA darabAramAM A sAme phariyAda noMdhAvI ane eka vicitra e mukardamo cAlyuM. Daca IsTaDIyA kaMpanie pitAne kesa rajU karavA mATe DI gruTa athavA grasIyasa nAmanA vakilane rame. pilA vakIle potAne mUkaIme laDatAM jAhera karyuM ke mahAsAgaranAM pANI para koIne adhikAra hovo joIe nahi. jamInanA kinArAnA pradeza parathI dariyAnA pANI para jeTale dUra topano gaLe pheMkI zakAya teTalAja dariyAI pANI para pAsenI jamInavALI hakUmatane adhikAra gaNuM joIe ane te sivAyanA badhA ja samudronA vistAra yuropanAM tamAma rAjyonAM jahAje mATe khullA ane mUkata gaNAvA joIe. kAyadesaranI adAlatamAM AvA kAyadesaranA siddhAMtane pahelIvAra pUkAra thaye. AjasudhI peIna ane piTuMgAle yuropa sivAyanI duniyAnA samudrone "mere kalosama" athavA pitAnI be rAjyanI adhikAravALI ANane dhAraNa karanArI nAkAbaMdhIvALA samudro kahyA hatA. paraMtu have yuropanI adAlate bahAranI duniyAnA samudrane "mere lIberama " athavA mUta samudra tarIke jAhera karI dIdhA. A jAherAta pachI I. sa. 1921mAM holeDe vesTa inDIyA kaMpanI nAmanI eka vepArI kaMpanI zarU karI tathA heleMDe brAjhIla para AkramaNa karyuM. tathA uttara amerikAne kinAre paNa pitAne eka kile bAMdhyo. IlIjhAbethanA jamAnA pachInA aMgrejI rAjAne daivi hakaka I. sa. 1603 mAM IglaMDanI ilIjhAbetha nAmanI kumArikA rANI maraNa pAmI ane TayuDarenI rAjagAdI para TuarTa rAjavaMzanuM ArahaNa thayuM. A

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IMgleMDanI rAjyakrAnti ane amerikAnA janma sTuarTa iMglaMDamAM paradezIo hatA tathA speina sAthe mitrAcArI rAkhavAmAM bhAnatA hatA. agrejI vepArIyuga A nItine nApasaMda karatA hatA. A uparAMta rAjA jemsa ane tenA dIkarA cArlsa 1 leA je, i. sa. 1625 mAM gAdI para Avyo te baMne jaNa rAjAnA daivi hakkamAM mAnatA hatA. yureApanA daivi hakkanA khyAla pApa nAmanA dharmocAyoe zarU karyA hatA tathA e rIte temaNe rAjya paNa karyu hatuM. paraMtu yurepamAM A bAbata have jUnI thai gai hatI, tathA dharma sudhAraNAnI hilacAle rAjyakartAnA daivi adhikArane siddhAMtamAM padabhraSTa karyAM hatA. daivi adhikAranA A inkAra, i. sa. 1581 mAM nirlenDajhamAM sabhaLAyA hatA. A pradeza upara gAdInazIna thayelA speInanA rAjA philIpa khIjAne nidhalenDajhamAMthI kharatarapha karavAmAM AvyA hatA tathA prajA taraphanI rAjAnI javAbadArIne A padArtha pAThe uttarasamudranA kinArA para patharAyA hatA. A khyAlane pahelA amala karanAra hAleDanA vepArI samAja hatA. A samAje potAnI mUDInI tAkAtane anubhava karavA mAMDyA hatA, tathA e tAkAtanA adhikAra rAjyakAraNamAM utAravAnI zarUAta karI hatI. jevA vepArI samAja hAleMDamAM hatA tevAja IMglaDamAM paNa hatA. AvA vepArI vargAe eka navuM zastra saMpAdana karyuM. hatuM. A zastranu nAma sUphI hatuM. mUDInI tAkAta lazkarI ubhAM karI zake che tathA lazkarAnAM AyudhAne paNa eja tAkAta majurAnA zrama mAraphata pedA karI zake che evI khAtrI temane thai cUkI hatI. peAtAnI tAkAtanA bhAna sAthe temaNe rAjAnA daivi adhikArane mukAbale karavA mAMDyA hatA. tathA rAjA pAse rajavADAzAhInI je jUtI lazkarI saMsthA hatI tenA karatAM peAtAnI mUDImAM vadhAre viziSTa prakAranI lazkarI tAkAta hatI tevA vizvAsa saMpAdana karavA mAMDayA hatA. A vizvAsapUrvaka temaNe rAjAnA daivi adhikArane vaza vartavAneA inkAra igleMDanI bhUmi para karI dIdhA. muDInA ane rAjAnA daivI hakakAne mukAbalA 371 i. sa. 1625 mAM gAdI para AvelA cArlsa pahelAnA jamAnAmAM IMglaMDanI dharatI para rajavADIyugane daivi adhikAra mUDIvAdI yuganA lokazADI adhikAranI sAma sAme AvI gayA. IMgleMDanI dharatI para cAlsa pahelAnA zAsana samayamAM A baMne tAkAte! ekabIjAnA mukAbalA mATe khaDI thai gaI. rAjakAraNanA A agatyanA savAlanu pahelu yudgha pArlAmenTanA makAnamAM AraMbhAyu. rAjAnI sAme mUDIdArAnI lAkazAhIe, leAkasabhAmAM peAtAne pahelA mArce rApyA, ane tyAMthI rAjAtA pharamAvAne nAmajUra karyAM. rAAe lekasabhA athavA hAusa epha kAmansane " kharatarapha karyu, tathA agIra

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3:6 vizva itihAsanI rUparekhA varSoM sudhI jANe peAtAnI khAnagI jAgIrane vahivaTa cAlAvatA hoya tevI rIte e rAjAe potAnI icchA pramANe karaverA nAkhIne rAjya calAvyuM. A kara verAone prajAe gerakAyadesara jAhera karyo. chevaTe I sa. 1640nA eprilamAM pArlAmenTane khelAvavAnI rAjAne pharaja paDI. thoDAMja avADiyAmAM eNe e pArlAmenTane paNa baratarapha karI ane i. sa. 1641 nA navembaramAM navI pArlAmenTane eNe melAvI. 3, A savAlane AkharI mukAbalA karI levAnA mijAgavALI navebaranI navI pArlAmenTa beThI. A pArlAmenTe jAhera karyuM" ke rAjAnA pharamAnathI have pote baratarapha thaze nahi. kAraNa ke, pArlAmenTane baratarapha karavAno adhikAra rAjAneA nathI paNa pArlAmenTane potAnA che. i. sa. 1641 nA DIsembaranA pahelA divase pAlomeTe rAjAne eka moTI vAMdhA arajI suprata karI. A arajI " grAnDa remonasTransa 'athavA ThapakAnI darakhAsta tarIke jANItI banI. tyAra pachI tarata ja rAjA ane mUDIvAdI lAkazAhI vaccenI laDAI have pArlAmenTanA makAnamAMthI bahAra nIkaLIne yuddhanA medAna para AvIne khaDI thai gaI, 1642 nA jAnyuArImAM rAjAe laMDana cheDayuM, ane lazkaranI sajAvaTa karavA mAMDI. dharmasudhAraNAmAM AgaLa rahelA proTesTanTA ane pyuriTanee rAjAnA lazkara sAme laDanArU navuM lazkara yojavA mAMDayu, tathA lakA temAM svayaMsevakA tarIke joDAvA mAMDayA. IMgleDanI bhUmipara navI ja jAtanuM yuddha zarU thayuM. e varSoMmAM cA e vakhata hAryo. leAkeAnA lazkaranA senApati Alivara kromavela nAmanA hatA. kromavele I. sa. 1645mAM tesbI AgaLa cArlsanA parAjaya karyAM. cArlsa rAjA kaeNATaleMDa tarapha nATho. skATa lAkAe aMgrejI rAjAne pakaDIne iMgleMDanI pArlAmenTane vecAtA ApyA. pArlAmenTe rAjA para dezadrohane AreApa mUkIne tenA para kAma calAvavA mATe khAsa eka adAlatanI nimaNuMka karI. A adAlate rAjAne dehAMtadaMDanI zikSA pharamAvI. i. sa. 1649nA jAnyuArInA trIsamA divase aparAdhI rAjAne vadha:staMbha tarapha dorI javAmAM AvyA. A rIte yuropanA nUtana yugamAM jUnI rajavADI paddhati pramANe rAjya karavA mAgatA aMgrejI rAjAnA kAyadesara rIte ziraccheda karI nAkhavAmAM AvyA. vepArI samAjane pahelA saramukhatyAra rAjAnA daivi adhikAranA ziraccheda karI nAMkhyA pachI, yuropa para zarU thavA mAMDelA vepArI yuganA mUDIdAra varge, vyApArI vikAsanA badhA vikAsane

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IgleDanI rAjyakrAnti ane amerikAne janma 377 jALavI zake tevA ailivara kromavelane aMgrejI pArlAmenTane pahele saramukhatyAra banAvyuM. komavela lerDa proTekaTara" kahevAyo. I.sa. 16pa3mAM pitAnuM kAma zarU karIne eNe pAMca varSa sudhI rAjyavahivaTa calAvyuM. peIna sAmenI yuddha hariphAI pharI pAchI zarU thaI. dharmasudhAraNAne eNe sarvAgI rIte amala zarU karyo. igleMDanA rAjakAraNamAM vepArI samAjanAM hita ane adhikAre pahelI paMktinA kAryakrama tarIke amalamAM AvyAM. A rIte yuropamAM navA yuganA vepArI vahivaTavALuM nUtana lokazAhI rAjazAsana pahelIvAra zarU thayuM. A navA rAjyazAsanamAM eka rAjAne phAMsIe laTakAvyA pachI ane bIjAne bhagADI mUkyA pachI I. sa. 1648mAM aMgrejI pArlAmenTa, pArlAmenTanI hakUmata pramANe ane pArlAmenTanI ja anumati pramANe rAjya kare tevA eka rAjAne rAjya karavA mATe AvavAnuM AmaMtraNa ApyuM. Daca rIpablIkane AgevAna viliyama trIje IgleMDamAM A rIte AvavA taiyAra thayA. A viliyamane belAvavA pAchaLa jUnA rAjavaMzane vArasAhane kAnUna hatA. A nave rAjA je pArlAmenTanA putaLA tarIke AvavA taiyAra hatuM te IgleMDanA je rAjAne bhagADI mUkavAmAM AvyuM hatuM tenI sauthI moTI dIkarI merI sAthe para hatA. aMgrejI pArlAmenTa bhagADI mUkelA rAjAnAM, dIkarI jamAIne aMgrejI gAdI para AvavA AmaMtraNa apAyuM. I. sa. 1688nA navembaranI pAMcamI tArIkhe viliyama ane merI IgleMDamAM AvyAM. 1689ne jAnyuArImAM viliyama ane merIne aMgrejI pArlAmenTa IgleMDanA rAjyakartAo tarIke jAhera karyA. zAsananI sarvasattAdhikArI, pArlAmenTa, tathA rAjyavahivaTane amala karanArI pArlAmenTa nimelI kArobArI kebineTa tarIke oLakhAI. aMgrejI rAjazAsanamAM rAjAnuM vyaktitva rAjadaMDa jevuM jaDa ane putaLA jevuM kahyAgarUM banI gayuM. lekazAhInA sAcA svarUpa pramANe joIe te, aMgrejI lekazAsananuM A svarUpa saMpurNa javAbadAra rAjyataMtravALI ane vepArI samAjanI hakUmata nIcenI rAjAzAhInuM svarUpa hatuM. pArlAmenTanA sabhAsada cUMTAIne ja AvatA hatA paraMtu dareka bAra aMgreja nAgarikoe aDadhA nAgarikane ja mata ApavAno adhikAra hato, eTale tyAre saMpurNa pratinIdhitva dharAvatuM lekazAhInuM A svarUpa na hatuM. rajavADAzAhIno aMta chatAM paNa rajavADAzAhInA madhyayugI jamAnAne tathA rAjAnA zAsanane yuropanI dharatI parathI aMta ANavAne AraMbha IglaMDamAM thaze. yuropa janma eka hajAra varSa para thayuM hatuM ane tyAra pachI tarata ja yuropanI

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vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA "" samAja ghaTanAmAMthI yuropanA rAjavahivaTa para ekahaththu sattA ane adhikAra calAvanAra rajavADI zAsananI vyavasthA tathA e vyavasthA para daivi adhikAra dharAvanAra rAjA zarU thayA hatA. A rAjAzAhInuM rAjakAraNa lakhanAra cANakaya jevA rAjakAraNI puruSa mekiyAvelI nAmanA janmyA hatA tathA teNe madhyayugamAM prinsa '' nAmanuM jagamazadUra pustaka lakhyuM. hatuM. A pustaka lakhIne eNe rAjAne peAtAnI tAkAta game tevI bhedanIti ke daMDanIti dhAraNa karIne jALavI rAkhavAnI zikhAmaNa ApI hatI. A rAjakAraNe yureApanA rAjAne pahelIvAra vahivaTIzAstra dIdhuM hatuM. cANakaya nItinI jema mekiyAvelInA A zAstra saikAo sudhI yuropa para rAjya karyuM. tyAra pachI yurUpapara zarU thayelA UtthAnayuge janmAvelA vyApArI zAzananA jamAnAe rAjA nAmanA prANIne yuropanI dharatI para zAsananA hivaTIjIvana mATe nAlAyaka TharAvyeA. 378 pUrvanA prAcIna deza sAthe sarakhAvIe tA tyAM rAjAnA daiviadhikArA hajAre varSo sudhI jIvatA rahyA tathA chevaTe jyAM rAjAne bhagavAna banAvI devAmAM Avye te khAkhata mahAna evA A prAcIna dezeAnI adhagatinA kAraNarUpa hatI, te itihAse pUravAra karI che. jagatanA dasa hajAra varSanA itihAsamAM pahelIvAra yuropanI samAja dhaTanAe pAtAnI jIMdagInA eka hajAra varSamAM ja evA krAMtikArI vepArI samAjane janma ApyA ke jeNe pAtAnI bhUmi parathI eTale yuropanI bhUmi parathI peAtAnI jIvana ghaTanAmAMthI rajavADAzAhI jIvanapaddhatine khatama karI nAkhI ane zAsana karavAnA adhikAra paNa potAnA hAthamAM dhAraNa karyA. pUnA mahAnadeza jevA ke cIna ane bhArata dasa hajAra varSInI jIMdagI jIvyA chatAM paNa yurope jyAre A rAjyakrAMti karI tyAM sudhI evI krAMti potAne tyAM karI zakayA nahI. e rIte A mahAna dezonA vepArI samAjo vizvanI jIvanaghaTanAmAM AgaLa vadhavAne nAlAyaka pUravAra thayA ane yurope A mahAna dezane potAnAM gulAma saMsthAnA banAvIne AgaLa vadhavA mAMDyuM. rAjayakrAnti karatA IMglenDanI sAmrAjayavAdI hilacAla yuropanI zarIraracanAmAM je vANijya hakumata tanAM rASTromAMthI rajavADAzAhInI hakumatane khatama karIne upalA vargonA athavA jamInadAra ane muDIdAra athavA vepArI vargonA matAdhikAravALuM lAkazAhIta tra sthApatI hatI te ja vANijya hakumata potAnA dezamAMthI bahAra nIkaLIte jagatanA khIjA pradezA para paNa pAtAnI hakumata sthApavA mAMDI hatI. A hakumatanuM mUkhyarUpa vANijyanuM hatuM. A vANijyane madada karavA ane tenuM rakSaNa karavA A hakumata te te pradezA para potAnI rAjkIya hakumata paNa sthApatI hatI. AvI hakumatanA pAyA

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IMgleDanI rAjyakAnti ane amerikAnA janma aMgrejI dharatI para zarU thaelI rAjakrAMntinI hilacAlanA svarUpamAMja nakhAvA mAMDayA hatA. A rAjakrAMntinA sTuarTa rAjazAsananA samayamAM ja aMgrejI "empAyara'' athavA sAmrAjya paNa zarU thatuM hatuM. yurepanAM khIjA' rAjyA karatAM iMgleMDa A hilacAlamAM vadhAre pAvaradhuM pUravAra thatuM hatuM. sTuarTa samayathI ja vANijya hakumatanuM je rUpa dharaAMgaNe rajakranti karatuM hatuM te vyApArI, svarUpa, joinTa sToka kaMpanIo banIne potAnA sAmrAjyanA pAyA nAkhavA pUrvanA deza para utaratuM hatuM. cIna ane hiMdu jevA dUra pUrvanA pradeza tarapha utthAnayuganA AraMbhathI ja yuropanI navI jAgrati lalacAi cUkI hatI. a MgrejI leAkeA yuropanI dharatI parathI hiMda deza para pahAcyA te pahelAM kira`gI ane speniArDe A bhUmi para utarI cUkayA hatA. I. sa. 1600 nA chellA divase briTananA laMDana nagaramAM vyApArIonI eka maDaLI janmI ane pachI A ma`DaLI isTa inDIyA kaMpanInu nAma dhAraNa karIne hiMdane gulAma banAvanArI mazahura evI zAhIvAdI peDhI banI. AvI zAhIvAdI vepArI peDhIe, yuropanA bIjA dezomAMthI paNa A mahAna pra.cIna dezane Dha DhALI nAkhavA AvI paheAMcI. A sAmrAjyavAdI peDhIone eka lAkhaDI paga pAta peAtAnA yuropIya dezamAM ApAelA hatA tathA zAsaka hakumatavALA ane rASTravAdI nAmane dhAraNa karanArA hatA. A zAhIvAdI vepArI peDhInA bIjo pagadaDA, parAdhIna banelA pUrva pradeza para rApAelA hatA tathA krUra ane dhAtakI rIte A pradeza para eka haththu zAsana zarU karatA hatA. A banne pagadaDavALA paradezI zAsananeA AkhA AkAra zAhIvAda athavA sAmrAjyavAdanA nAmane hatA. A sAmrAjyeA yuMrApanAdeza zarU karatA hatA, A sAmrAjye!mAM jagatabharamAM sauthI mATu evuM sAmrAjya iMgleDanuM banatuM hatuM ane briTIza empAyaranA nAmathI eLakhAvA mAMDayuM hatuM. yuropanI dharatI paranI rAjyakrAntiomAM IMgleDa 379 AvI zAhIvAdI athavA sAmrAjyavAdI ghaTanA vaDe yuropane vepArI samAja pAtapeAtAnA dezamAM zAsananA vadhAre vadhAre adhikAro meLavatA hatA tathA vANijyanA AgevAno rAjazAsananA AgevAnA paNa banatA hatA. zAsa nanAM A svarUpomAM rAjAnA adhikAra khatama thatA hatA ane vepArI-muDIvAdI vargonA zAsananA adhikAra sthapAvA mAMDayA hatA. yuropanuM vANijyarUpa zAsananA adhikArAne saMpAdana karavA mAMDayu hatuM. A adhikAra rUpa, kAlabase eTalAMTika mahAsAgara eLagyA tathA DAngAmAe kaMpanI pradakSiNA karI tyArathI yuropanA pazcimI kinArA parathI jagata jItavA nIkaLavAnI taiyArI karatuM dekhAi cUkayuM hatuM. vANijyanuM A pibaLa AkhA yuropamAM zAsana svarUpa banavA mAMDayu

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380 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA hatuM. A svarUpatA itihAsa ApaNe IMgleMDanI rAjyakrAMti ane phreMcakrAntimAM khIlakula sApha rIte dekhI zakIe chIe. ', rAjyakrAntinI sAthe ja IMgleDano joinTa sTaoNka ka MpanI, tathA vANijyanI naukA kapanI vANijya hakumatanA arthaprAptinA hetune dhAraNa karIne iMgleDathI dUra dUranA pradeza para aMgrejI vANijyane vAvaTA rAkhavA mAMDI amerikAkhaMDa para AvI aMgrejI vasAhatanuM rUpa I. sa. 1609mAM varajInIyAmAM sthapAyuM. A svarUpa eka vepArI maDaLInu hatuM. a MgrejI vepArIonI A maMDaLI pAse laMDana nagaranI vANIjaya hakumatane adhikAra paTTo hatA. A adhikAranA lekha athavA cAraTara, A maMDaLInA nAmaneA ullekha Trejharara enDa kaMpanI eka eDavenayara enDa plenTasa ek dhI sIDI epha laMDana nAmanA zabdomAM karatA hatA, eTaleTika mahAsAgaranA sAmA kinAra para " tevA briTAnIyA " nI sthApanA karanArI A vANijya hakumatanI joInTa sTeka kaMpanInA zera hAlDarAmAM 21 umarAvA 26 sAmato para kaeNpTane 28 jamInadArA 58 nAgarikA, 110 vepArI tathA 282 sAmanyA hatA. A rIte eTaleTikanA eka kinArA paratuM vANijayarUzya khIjA kinArA paranI hajArA mAIla dUranI amerIkana bhUmi para " tAvA briTAnIyA " ne janmAvatuM hatuM. yuropane khecatA lAhu cuMbaka jevA amerikA khaMDa .. yuropanA dezamAM madhyamavarganA udaya thayA. madhyamavarga janamyA tevAja navI vANiya paddhatinu svarUpa dhAraNa karIne janmyA hatA. ajJAta evA jagatanA pradezone zodhI kADhavA mATe enA sAhasike pRthvI paranA badhA pradezA para pharI vaLavA mAMDayA hatA. navA jagatanA nAvike jANe AkhI navI duniyA ja zodhI kADhI hAya tema temaNe amerikAne navA zodhI kADhyA. A kAla'basanA nAma parathI kharI rIte te enuM nAma kAlabIyA evuM paDavuM joituM hatuM paraMtu enA nAmakaraNa vidhi kAI khIjAnA, emerIgAnA nAmathI karI devAmAM AvyA. A navA zeAdhAyelA pradeza eka moTA AkhA khaDa ja hatA. traNa hajAra mAila lAMkhA ane paMdarasA mAIla paheALA evA A khaMDa navI duniyAnA nAmathI eLakhAyA ane pachI tarata ja moTA lohacUMbaka jevA A pradeza AkhA yuropakhaMDamAMthI potAnA para vasavATa karavA mATe tamAma prajAne kheMcavA lAgyA. ahIM sauthI pahelAM nA lokeA AvyA. pachI ITAliyA AvyA, speniza lAkA AvyA, pachI aMgrejo jarmA, phreMca, tAvejIyanA, svIDIze,

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I zleDanI rAjyakAnti ane amerikAno janma 381 Densa Daca, bohemiyana, eNsTrIyana, rUmAniyana ane raziyane paNa AvI pahoMcyA. e rIte A badhI prajAe amerikAnI dharatI para AvyA ja karI. A vasAhatIo * sattaramA saikAnI zarUAtamAM amuka seMkaDonI saMkhyAmAM hatA. pachI temanI saMkhyA hajAronI banI ane traNa varSa mAM karoDa jeTalI thaI.

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38ra vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA amerikA para nyu-leMDa I. sa. 1609mAM aMgrejI vasAhatIonI amerikana dharatI paranI pahelI vasAhata jemsa nadIpara sthapAI. A vasAhatanuM nagara jemsa TAuna nAmanuM baMdhAyuM. A vasAhata para taMbAkunuM vAvetara thayuM tathA, taMbAkuthI ladAyelAM jahAje briTanane kinAre laMgarAyAM. pachI A navI jAtanA vAvetarane pAka luMTavA aMgrejI vasAhatIonI saMkhyA ubharAvA mAMDI ane vepArI kaMpanIo vadhavA mAMDI. jema vepAra vadhato gayo tema thoDA ja varasomAM bhUmadhyanA amerikana kinArA paranAM vasAhatI hita ane iMglenDanA kinArAparanAM vepArI hite vacce athaDAmaNa zarU thaI. I. sa. 1619mAM jemsaTAunanA vasAhatIoe pitAnI aMdarathI ja eka jAtanuM vahivaTI taMtra ubhuM karyuM. A vahivaTI taMtra jemsaTAunanI aMgrejI vasAhatamAMthI cuMTAyelI pahelI dhArAsabhA hoya tevuM janma sAthe ja dekhAyuM. have A amerikana dharatI para navAM utarANa AvyAM. ItihAsanA A leke "pIlTIma phAdhare" haDasane nadInA mukha AgaLa utaravAnA hatA parantu tene badale temanAM jahAje bhUlathI dUra uttara tarapha haMkArAI gayAM ane jyAM e jahAje pahoMcyAM tyAM ja temaNe paDAva nAkhyo. tyAre pachI tarata ja iMglenDamAMthI paNa muriTananI keTalIka maMDaLIo jahAjomAM besIne amerikAmAM jIvavA mATe AvI pahoMcI, tathA helenDanA pIzrImaphAdharoe jyAM paDAva nAkhyo hato tyAM uttaramAM ja temaNe paNa vasAhata karI. amerikAparane A uttarano pradeza nyu-IgleMDa tarIke oLakhAyA. A navA IgleMDa para heleMDamAMthI AvelA ane IMgleMDamAMthI AvelA aMgrejoe dareka kuTuMba dITha jamInanI pota potAnI jAgIre zarU karI. A jAgIro para gulAmonI sevA vaDe temaNe khetIvADIne khilavavA mAMDI. A nyu iMgleMDanI dakSiNe varjIniyA nAmanuM AvuM ja eka saMsthAna zarU thayuM, tathA tenI uttare merIlenDa nAmanuM saMsthAna zara thayuM. A traNemAMnA aMgrejI saMsthAnavAsIo IgleMDathI pitAnI sAthe pitAne mATe megnAcArTI nAmane vArase paNa laI AvyAM hatAM. gulAmanI majurI para zarU thayelI A aMgrejI vasAhato potAne mATenA jIvana vahiveTa calAvavAnA sidhdhAMta tarIke "meganAcArTI" nAmanA sUtrane svIkAra karatI hatI. je stranA pikAra sAthe IgleMDamAM pArlAmenTane janma thaye hato tene amerikAnI A vasAhatamAM lAMbA ane TuMke mAtra eTalo ja artha thato hato ke, koI paNa rAjA ke zahenazAhano jUlma prajA sahana karaze nahi tathA nAgarikonA potAnA rojabarojanA jIvananA vahivaTamAM teo potAnA nirNaya sivAyanA, ane pitAnI saMmati sivAyanA, kaI paNa karaverAno svIkAra karaze

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IMgleDanI rAjyakrAnti mtane amerikAnA janma nahi. A vasAhatamAM jemaNe peAtAnA javananeA vahivaTa zarU karyo hatA tevAM A aMgrejI nAgarikAe, peAtAnI vasAhatAnuM nAma nyuIgleMDa rAkhyuM. amerikAnA uddabhavamAM, navA mAnava samudAya zarUAtanA divasethI ane TheTha sudhI A vasAhatIomAMnI sauthI meTI saMkhyA aMgrejotI hatI. IMgleMDamAMthI jahAjo bharI bharIne gunhegArA ane guMDAone tyAM dhakelI devAmAM AvyA hatA, tyAM dhArmika hijaratI paNa AvIne vasyA hatA. yuropabharamAMthI rakhaDatAM cheAkarAM chekarIone pakaDIne temane A bhUmi para svataMtra majurI karavA devA mATe lAvavAmAM AvatAM hatAM. A badhA uparAMta AphrikAmAMthI kALAM naranArIe ane yuvAna yuvatione upADI lAvIne ahIMnI gArI vasAhatAnAM navA khajArAmAM nagna ubhAM rAkhIne harAja karavAmAM AvatAM, gArI vasAhatAnI A kALI milkata hatI tathA A nigrA mAnavatAne tamAma kALI majurI karavA mATe ahi' jakaDI levAmAM AvatI. jemAM janmathI ke maraNa pa tanA jIvataramAM bhayAnaka trAsa nIce A lokeA jakaDAI gayAM hatAM evI A gulAma mAnavatAnI saMkhyAne AMkaDA, 18 saikAmAM dara varSe vIsahajAra gulAmAne AphrikAmAMthI ahiM utAravAmAM AvatAM hatAM, evA hatA. 383 AvI A navI duniyA paranI vasAhatane yurApanI navI hilacAlAe navuM rAja kAraNa ApyuM hatuM. yuropanI udyoga-krAMtie navi vANijaya paddhatine vasAhatIone vArasAmAM sAMpI hatI ane yuropanA vaijJAnika zodhakAe yaMtro banAvavAnI AvaData paNa temane bheTa dIdhI hatI. A nUtana duniyA athavA dezanuM nAma amerikana sasthAne hatuM. A pradeza vAskAziyA ane phloriDAnI vaccenI jamInanI paTTInA banyA hatA. enA pUrva kinArA mahAsAgaranI pele pAranA yuropakhaDa tarapha dekhatA hatA. A bhUmi para I. sa. 1607mAM jemsa TAuna nAmanuM nagara baMdhAyuM ane 1620 mAM plImAutha aMdaranA janma thayA. nyuyArka nagaramAM pahelAM Daca leAkeA pachI svIjha, jarma'nA ane aMgrejo vasyA ane nyuyArka vALI jamInanI AkhI paTTI para iMgleDe potAnI mAlikI tedhAvI dIdhI. A pradeza para a MgrejonI bahumatI hatI. A pradeza dhImedhIme iMgleMDanAM sasthAtA tarIke oLakhAvA lAgyA. audho gika krAMtinI dariyAnI rANIe amerikAne potAnA sa MsthAna tarIke jAhera karyAM. IMgleMDanI mAtRbhUminAM parAdhIna amerikana saMsthAnA amerikAmAM AvIne vaselA vasAhatIomAM meoTI saMkhyA aMgrejonI hatI. eTale iMgleMDanA nAmadAra mahArAjAe amerikAnAM saMsthAnA para potAno kabajo

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384 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA jAhera karyo. A saMsthAnI jamIna paTTI I. sa. 1607 thI jesa TAuna AgaLathI zarU thaI tyAranI IMglaMDanI hakumata nIce gaNAI cUkI hatI. pachI 50 varSanI aMdara ja mesAcuseTathI joI A sudhInI bIjI paTTI uttarathI dakSiNa tarapha deDatI hatI, ane te paTTI paranAM tera saMsthAna para paNa IgleMDanI hakumata cAlu thaI gaI. mAtRdeza IgleMDanI AvI vadhatI jatI AbAdIne lIdhe zarUAtamAM amerikana saMsthAnavAsIo khuza thatA hatA. amerikAmAM sahune pachIthI khabara paDI hatI ke nAnuM sarakhuM IMglaMDaje temano saune mAtRdeza hato te have pitAnuM sAmrAjya duniyAbharamAM pAtharavA mAMDyuM hatuM. InDIjhanA nAmathI oLakhAtA pazcima taraphanA TApuo para paNa mAtRdeza IgleMDane jhaMDo pharakato hato. yuropanI aMdara jIbrAlTara khaDaka tAbe karIne IMgleMDa pitAne jhaMDe tyAM paNa royo hato ane aDhArame sake aDadho pUro thaI gaye teTalAmAM te IgleMDa nAmanA TapakA sarakhA mAtRdeze hinda nAmanA hAthI jevA dezane gaLI javA mAMDe hate. mAtRdezanI kevI A bhavyatA hatI! A bhavyatAne amerikAnAM saMsthAnavAsIo potAnI mAtAnI bhavya chabIne dekhatA hoya tema dekhI rahetA hatA. A chabInuM nAma "briTIza empAyara" hatuM. A empAyara pRthvIne bhAga para chavAI gayuM hatuM. paNa amerikAnAM A saMsthAnavAsIone have narI AMkhe dekhAtuM hatuM ke IDa nAmanI temanA bApa-dAdAnI mAtRbhUmi A sAmrAjyane moTuM ane moTuM banAvavA mATe eka pachI bIje pradeza jItI levA mATe yuddho laDayA karatI hatI. A laDAIonA kAraNamAM eka pachI bIjA pradeza para pitAnuM rAjya sthApavAno IgleMDano hetu hato. bIjA pradezone gulAma banAvIne tenA para pitAnuM rAjya sthApavAno hetu te pradezamAM pitAne tyAM banate mAla pate nakki karelA bhAve vecavAne tathA e pradeza uparane kAco mAla pote nakika karelA bhAve kharIdavAne hate. yuropanA je deze bIjA pradeza paDAvI laIne tyAM pitAnuM sAmrAjya sthApavA mathatA hatA te paNa A kAraNane lIdhe hatuM. IgleMDe 17mAM sakAnA aMta pahelAM te sauthI moTuM sAmrAjya sthApI dIdhuM. amerikAnAM saMsthAne paNa IgleMDanA sAmrAjyano ja eka bhAga banI cUkyAM hatAM. jenA para IgleMDanI pArlAmenTanI hakumata hatI ane jene mATe iMglaMDanI pArlAmenTa traNa hajAra mAIla dUra beThI beThI kAyadAo ghaDatI hatI te amerikana saMsthAne paranuM IgleMDanuM rAjya I. sa. 1607mAM zarU thayuM hatuM ane tene Aje 156 varSa pUrAM thayAM hatAM. pitAnI hakumata nIcenA ame. rikAnAM saMsthAne mATe IMglaMDanI pAlImenTa je kAyadAo ghaDatI hatI temani

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IMgleDanI rAjayakrAnti ane amerikAneA janma mukhya kAyado evA hatA ke duniyAnA kAi paNa dezamAMthI amerikAnA kAI paNa saMsthAnavAsI je kAMI paNa mAla kharIdavA mAge te mAla vecanAra deze peAtAnA mAlane IMglaMDane vecaveA ane IMgleMDa ja te mAla amerikAne vecI zake. A uparAMta eka kAyade evA paNa hatA ke amerikAnuM kAi paNa saMsthAnavAsI je kAi paNa mAla duniyAnA kAI paNa dezane vecavA mAgatuM heAya te mAla teNe sauthI pahelAM IgleDaDane vecavA ane IMgleDa ja amerikAmAM banelA mAlane khIjA kAi te paNa vecI zake. sAmrAjyavAdane AveA kAyadA hatA. tathA sAmrAjyanA sau saMsthAnAne te lAgu paDato, A uparAMta sAmrAjyanA mAlika IMgleMDa deze amerikAmAM amuka vastue nahi banAvavAnuM pharamAna paNa kADhyuM hatuM. tathA temaNe " nevigezana ekaTa " nAmane kAyado ghaDIne sasthAneAne pharamAvyuM hatu ke amerikAnA mAlasAmAnanA je kAI vepAra cAle te badhA ja vepAra a MgrejI vahANavaTA mAraphata ja calAvavA joI e. og 385 traNa hajAra mAIla dUra beThelA iMgleDa nAmane nAnA sarakhA deza amerikAnA keAI paNa saMsthAnavAsIne pUchyA gAThyA vinA temane mATe AvA kAyadA ghaDatA hatA. e kAyadAe mAnavAnI amerikAnA saMsthAna vAsIee nA pADI. temaNe kahyuM ke iMgleMDanI mAtRbhUminA tyAga karIne traNa hajAra mAIla dUra AvIne vasyA pachI paNa IMgleMDanA kAyadAnuM baMdhana amArA para lAdavAmAM Ave e amane kabula nathI. temaNe aneka varSo sudhI iMgleMDamAM peAtAnI vAMdhA arajI mAkalyA karI ane chevaTe 1763 nI sAla AvI paheAMcI tyAre iMgleDanI sAmrAjyavAdI hakUmate amerikana saMsthAnone jaNAvI dIdhuM ke amerikAnAM saMsthAnAnA mAlika iMglaMDa che ane traNa hajAra mAIla dUra AvelA amerikA nAmaneA deza IMgleMDanA eka IlAkAja che. mAtRbhUminA sAmrAjyavAda sAme sasthAnAnA mukAbalA audyogika krAMtinA Arabha pachI ane yurApanA dezA para utthAnayuganA Arbha pachI duniyA para sthapAi cUkelA ane AkhI duniyAne potAnuM saMsthAna athavA parAdhIna pradezo banAvanArA sAmrAjyavAdomAM, sauthI moTuM sAmrAjya aMgrejI hatuM. A briTiza sAmrAjye amerikAnAM saMsthAnAne peAtAnA sAmrAjyamAM parAvI lIdhAM hatAM. A sasthAnAnI saMkhyA teranI hatI. A ter amerikana saMsthAnA I. sa. 1607 thI te 1763 sudhI potAne gulAma banAvanArI eka vakhatanI aMgrejI mAtRbhUmi sAme have dhuMdhavAyA karatAM hatAM. A saMsthAnA para dara vIsa varSe dareka saMsthAnanI vastI khamaNI vadhyA karatI hatI. saMsthAne 49

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386 viAva ItihAsanI rUparekhA para vyApAra ane khetInAM utpAdana paNa vadhyA ja karyA hatAM. A saMsthAne jema vikAsa pAmatAM jatAM hatAM tema tema temanA parano aMgrejI sAmrAjyane kAbU temane vadhAre khUMcate hate. 3000 mAIla dUrathI temanA vikAsa pAmatAM kalevara para viMTaLAyelI aMgrejI sAmrAjyanA bharaDAnI bhIMsa vadhArene vadhAre jalada banyA karatI hatI. IgleMDanA sAmrAjyavAdI sAzake ema mAnatA hatA ke tamAma saMsthAnI jema amerikana saMsthAnoe paNa IgleMDanA ja vikAsa mATe jIvatA rahevuM joIe. paNa amerikana saMsthAne aMgrejI sAmrAjyanI A mAnyatA svikAravAnI nA pADatAM hatAM, tathA kahetA hatAM ke ame amArAja vikAsa mATe jIvavA mAgIe chIe. I. sa. 1763 pachI temaNe A vAtane uccAra jorazorathI karavA mAMDe ane chevaTe I. sa. 1763 nA julAInA cothA divase temaNe iMgleMDane makkama rIte pitAne nirdhAra ghaDIne kahI dIdhuM ke ame amerikana saMsthAne tamArA sAmrAjyanA eka vibhAga tarIke rahevAno InkAra karIe chIe. sAta sAta varSathI A samaye iMgleMDa phrAnsa sAthe sAmrAjya vadhAravAnI jIvaleNa laDAI laDatuM hatuM. duniyAnA pradezone parAdhIna banAvavAnI hariphAInI A jhapAjhapImAM IgleMDa vesTa InDIjhane vadhAre TApuo paDAvI lIdhA hatA, tathA misisIpI pAsene amerikana pradeza paDAvyA hatA. A uparAMta AkhA keneDA uparano pitAne adhikAra teNe jamAvyo hate.eja samaye duniyAmAM sauthI meTA banavA maDilA A aMgrejI sAmrAjyane amerikAnAM haju hamaNuMja janmelAM tera saMsthAne paDakAra karatAM hatAM. A paDakAra karanArAM saMsthAnA dIkarA je aMgrejo sAme laDavA taiyAra thatA hatA, te svayaMsevakenuM nAma "sansa opha lIbarTI' hatuM. temaNe aMgrejI TaeNpa khAtAnI kacerIo para humalA karavA mAMDyA ane aMgrejI verA ugharAvanArI A kacerIonA pharnicarane teDI nAkhIne gaTaramAM pheMkI devA mAMDyAM. temaNe aMgrejI sTempasanA kAgaLiyAM rastA para DhagalA karIne saLagAvI mUkyAM. nyUyorka, bosTana, ane cArlsaTana nAmanAM nagaromAM aMgrejo sAme dhIMgANa thayAM. AjhAdInA A dIkarAomAM tamAma amerikAne e nAma noMdhAvyAM. amerikana majuroe amerikana jahAjo para caDhIne aMgrejI mAlasAmAna kinArA para utAravAne badale dariyAmAM nAkhI dIdhA. I. sa. 1763 thI zarU thayelI A hilacAla phelAtI cAlI. aMgrejoe have A hilacAla sAme goLIbAra karavA mAMDyA tyAre I. sa. 177nI sAla AvI pahoMcI hatI. I. sa. 1770

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IgleDanI rAjyakAMnti ane amerikAne janma 387 thI 73 sudhImAM aMgrejoe samAdhAna karavAnA prayatna karyA. paNa I. sa. 1775 mAM janarala geja lensIMgaTanamAM DAka sainike sAthe AvI pahoMce, tyAM bhegA thayelA leke upara tapamAre karavAmAM AvyuM. pachI philADelphiyAmAM saMsthAnI kegresanuM adhivezana bharAyuM. menA 10mA divase philADephiyAnI kegrese jAhera karyuM ke aMgrejI sAmrAjyavAda sAmenI ApaNe laDAI zarU thaI cUkI che. amerikana svAtaMtrya yuddha vizvaItihAsamAM amerikAmAM sthAnika sAmrAjyavAda sAmenI saMsthAnanI sauthI pahelI laDAI zarU thaI cUkI hatI. AjhAdInI A pahelI laDAIne senApati je ziMgTana hatuM ane parAdhIna saMsthAnonA A pahelA svAtaMtrya saMgrAmane pitA Temasa peIna nAmane hate. IgleDathI svAtaMtryanA saMgrAmane sainika banavA AvI cUkele Tomasa pina aMgreja hate. eNe tyAM AvIne 1776 nA jAnyuArInA dasamA divase "komanasensa" nAmanI eka pustikA lakhI. A pustikAnI lAkhe nakale UDatI agnizikhA jevI AkhI dharatI para phelAI gaI. e pustikAe tamAma saMthAnavAsIone AjhAdI mATe UbhA thaI javAnuM AhavAhana ApatAM uSa karyo ke "ubhA thAva, ane sAmrAjya sAthenuM baMdhana toDI nAMkhe, ane jagatanA ItihAsamAM pahelI vAra svAtaMtrya saMgrAma khelIne sAmrAjyavAdanI gulAmIno aMta ANo." tyAra pachIthI I. sa. 1776 nA julAInA, cothA divase amerikana saMsthAnavAsIonI kegresanA pramukha zemasa jepharsane Tamasa peInanI pustikAmAMthI ghaDI kADhelI hoya tevI svAtaMtryanI jAherAta koMgresanI beThakamAM rajU karI. amerikAe jagatane saMbhaLAya tevI rIte svAtaMtryanI jAherAta karI. jANe eja divase AjhAda amerikAnAM saMyukta saMsthAnone nUtana janma thaye. aMgrejI sAmrAjya sAme AkharI yuddha laDI levA mATe AjhAdInA dikarAonAM lazakara racAyAM. I. sa. 1781 sudhI yuddha cAlyuM. mahAna bhArata dezane gulAma banAvIne aMgrejoe jene gavarnara janarala tarIke mokalyo hato te lorDa kornavolisa ahiM amerikana dharatI para AjhAdInI senA sAme eka pachI eka parAjaya pAmato pAcho paDate ha. I. sa. 1781 mAMja A aMgrejI hAkema ke TAunamAM AjhAdInI senAthI gherAI gayele zaraNe thayo. sAmrAjyavAda parAjaya pAmyo ane AjhAdIne vijya thayo. eka vakhata

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388 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA ". AjhAda bananArI tamAma parAdhIna duniyAne mATe preraNA bananArA vizva iti hAsatA lekha ravAtaMtryanuM jAheranAmuM banAvIne amerikAe peAtAnI dharatI para kAtarI kADhayA. A mUdrAlekhe jAhera karyu ke " prajAnI AjhAdInA adhikAranuM satya svayaM prakAzIta che, tathA te satya e che ke janmathI ja mAnava mAtra samAna che. ' svataMtra amerikana saMsthAnAnA pahelA pramukha navA iMgleMDa sAthe eTale amerikana saMsthAthAnA sAthe jAnA iMgleDane:eTale briTanane, athavA briTananI jUnI duniyAne kAla khase zeAdhI kADhelI amerikA nAmanI navI duniyA sAthe je laDAi thai tenuM nAma itihAsamAM amerikana svAtaMtrya yudda athavA amerikana krAMtinuM yuddha evu' paDayuM. A yuddhamAMthI ja amerikAnuM ripablIka janma pAmyuM. A yudghanA senApati jyA voziMgTananA pUrvaja AradhamapaTana zAya ramAMthI IMgleMDanI sapheda TekarIonA pradezamAMthI AvIne, amerikAnA varjInI cAmAM brIjasakrIka nAmanI jagAe ghara bAMdhIne i. sa. 1658 mAM vasyA hatA. A gharamAM trIjI peDhIe janmelA veziMgaTana paNa potAnA dAdAnI jamIdArI para gulAmA pAse tabAkune pAka laNIne amana camana karatA hatA. e jamIna mApaNInuM ane nakazA banAvavAnuM kAma paNa zIkhyA hatA. A amerikana dharatI paranI vasAhato navuM IgleMDa hatuM. A navuM IMgleMDa jUnA iMgleMDamAMthI ahIM AvIne vasyuM hatuM. A vasanArAo aMgrejI rAjya krAnti karanArA dAdAnAM pharajai hatAM. A pharajo haju gai kAle ja banelA banAvane I. sa. 1781 mAM bhUlI gayA na heAtAM. eTale ja jayA vaizi gaTanane temaNe IM gleDe karelI rAjye krAMtinI yAda ApIne, briTananI pAtAparanI saMsthAnika gulAmIne mArI haTAvavA mAMDelA leAkayuddhanA senApati banAvyA tathA yuddha puruM thayA pachI A senApatie parAjaya pAmelA aMgrejI senApati mejara janarala, cArlsa kArravAlisane tenI talavAra pAchI ApatAM aMgrejI vinayane zAbhe tevI rIte abhinaya karyAM. A jayeAja vekazi gaTana moTA lazkarI ustAda nahAtA, tathA jeksana jevA ke phrenkalIna jevA rAjakAraNI puruSa paNa nahAtA

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289 iDanA rAjyAnti ane amerikAne janma ane svAtaMtrya yuddhanA pitAnuM upanAma pAmelA, Tomasa peIna jeva, e ArSadaSTa paNa nahe. voziMgaTana eka sthiti cUsta jamInadAra hatuM tathA krAMtinA khyAlene vegaLA rAkhIne potAnA bApadAdAe jAnanA jokhame paDAvelI dharatI para ciTakI rahevAnA Avega jevo banIne briTana sAme pitAnI vasAhatanI mukti mATe laDyA hatA. paNa A laDAImAMthI AjhAdInA taNakhA amerikana dharatI para uDyA tathA AstethI, e dharatI paranAM gulAma mAnave paNa navI ja rIte vicAra karavA lAgI gayAM hatAM. paraMtu krAtinA kei vicAra sAthe pitAne kazI levAdevA na hoya tevuM ekadhAruM valaNa jALavI rAkhIne amerikAnA svAtaMtrya yuddhane A mahAsenAnI amerikana svarAjane prathama pramukha bane. svataMtra amerikAne pahele sITIjhana janmathI Tomasa peIna athavA Toma peIna IgleMDane sITIjhana hate. paraMtu eNe ja amerikana AjhAdIne sauthI pahele uccAra karyo hate. pachI phrAnsanI krAMtine eNe biradAvI hatI ane eNe ja yunAITeDa sTeTasa opha amerikAnuM nAmAbhidhAna leka-ektAnA artha mATe jeDyuM hatuM. gulAmI nAbUda karavAnI hAkala paNa eNe sauthI pahelAM karI. eNe 19mA saikAmAM AkhI duniyAmAM zAMti sthApavA takarArane nikAla lAvavA AMtararASTriya lavAdanI sUcanA karI, ane vizvasaMdhane khyAla paNa raju karyo. strIonA samAna haka mATe eNe mAgaNI mUkI. sAmudAyika zikSaNa ane tamAma garIbonAM bALakane pharajiyAta ane maphata zikSaNa ApavAnuM eNe kahyuM, tathA duniyAnA vyavahAra mATe tamAma rASTronuM samAna hakevALuM AMtararASTriya svarAja sthApavAne khyAla paNa sau prathama eNe Ape. tyAre aMgrejo amerikAne potAne carI khAvAnuM sthAna banAvavA mAgatA hatA. Tama peIne aMgrejI zAhIvAda sAme krAMtino avAja uThAvyuM. amerikA bharamAM eTale ja AbAlavRddhonI jIbha para Toma peInanuM nAma saMjIvana maMtra banyuM. svAtaMtrya yuddhanA senApati je ziMgTane eTale ja enA mAnamAM mAthuM jhUkAvyuM ane prazaMsAnA zabda vAparavAmAM kaMjusa evA jona Adamsa paNa eTale ja lakhyuM ke, "History is to ascribe the Revolution, Thomas Paine." | naraka nAmanA aMgrejI paragaNAnA zeTapharDa nAmanA gAmamAM josepha peIna nAmanA eka cUsta kakaranA gharamAM phensIsa nAmanI eka vakIlanI dIkarIne peTe ene janma I. sa. 1737mAM jAnyuArInA ramA divase thayo.

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Ta 390 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA garIba gharamAM janmelA A aMgrejane, tera varasanI hA " Aii uMmare nizALa choDI daIne kamANI karavA majArI zIkhavAnI pharaja paDI. I. sa. 1750nuM gheTapharDa nAmanuM aMgrejI gAmaDuM, gaMdavADa ane ukaraDA, kAdava ane badabonI vacce garIba gAmaDiyAonAM mATInAM keTaDAMnI vasAhata jevuM jIvatuM hatuM. e gAmaDuM DI roja rAtanA aMdhArAmAM garakAva thaI jatuM ane ja kaI kaI koTaDImAM ekAdI mINabattInuM maMdhuM prakA- * zanuM kiraNa gheTaphorDanI zobhA jevuM dekhAtuM. e uparAMta e gAmaDAnI bIjI eka mATI lAyakAta paNa hatI. e lAyakAta e hatI ke Dayuka opha krephaTana jevA moTA umarAvanuM e pikeTabare hatuM. ene artha e hatuM ke pele meTa mANasa theTapherDa nAmanA paragaNAne pitAnA gajavAmAM rAkhate ane AmanI sabhAmAM pitAnAM mANase mekala. paNa pAMca varasa sudhI bApAnI koDhamAM majurI karyA pachI ma peIna bhAgI gaye, ane theTapharDamAM ghara choDIne bhAgI javAne aparAdha karanArA eka chokarAnI vAta gAmagapATAmAM cAlI ane pile cheka hAravIca baMdara para pahoMcI gayo, tyAre sattara varasane e juvAna "mota " nAmavALA jahAja para nekarI mAgatuM hatuM. tyAM te anaMta dharmanI mAnyatAomAM taLa thayele bApa AvI pahoMce. peInane pAcho ghera laI javAmAM Avyo paNa be varasa pachI e pharI pAcho bhA. 1759mAM eNe merI lembarTa nAmanI eka chokarI sAthe lagna karyuM paNa merI 176 mAM ja maraNa pAmI. pachI eka pachI bIjuM kAma karatAM peInanAM ghaNAM varSo pasAra thaI gayAM. 1774 nI sAlamAM e laMDanamAM rahete hate. ghaNue vAra enI muzkelImAM e benajAmIna phreMkalInane maLe hato. have eNe iMglaMDanI bhUmi choDI daIne amerikA jaIne navesarathI jIvavAnuM nakkI karyuM hatuM. eTale e banajAmIna phreMkalIna pAse amerikAmAM koI oLakhItA para ciThThI laIne tarata ja "laMDana pekeTa' nAmanA eka jahAjamAM besIne e amerikana pATanagara philADephIyA pahoMcavA upaDI gayuM. eNe tyAM pahoMcIne amerikAnA svAtaMtrya yuddhanI vAstavatAne vAcA ApI. amerikAnA svataMtra ane saMyukta saMsthA nonI jema AkhAya yuropanA deza samAna rIte svataMtra evAM saMyukta yuropanAM ekama bane (yunAITeDa sTeTasa opha yurepa) evo ArSa avAja ane evI

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IMgleMDanI rAjyakAti ane arikAne janma 301 vizALa najara eNe tyAranA samayamAM paNa dAkhavI tathA tyAranA amerikAnA jIvananA zvAsazvAsamAM na prANa phUMkato hoya te e amerikana banyo. ene deha pAtaLe ane pAMca phITa nava iMca UMce hate. vizALa mAthAvALo eno cahero vizALa AMkhonA gherA ane bhurA tejanI chAyAthI opI uThe hatuM. je ene ekavAra jetuM te enI najaranI dhAradAra ane amIbharI najarane bhUlI zakatu. ja nahIM. AjhAdIne janma pAmatI dekhavA ja jIvate hoya te eNe amerikana jIvanamAM AjhAdIne prANasaMcAra karyo. amerikI krAMtimAM enA nAmanI raNahAka banI. junI rUDhi, daMbha ane junavANI rIta-bhAtanA mahAna ThIMgujIe cheDAI uThe tenI paravA karyA vinA eNe prANa phUMkayA karyo, ane svAtaMtryane zabda uccAryo. enA nAmano maMtra banAvIne amerikana janatAe svAtaMtrya yuddhane saMgrAma kheenA nAmanA raTaNa sAthe jAgelo amerikana avAma ApabhoganI enAyata kare te mA-bhoma parathI paradezI aMgrejI jAlIne hAMkI kADhavA mAMDe. janarala nAthAnIla grIne ane janarala rebaraDoe enuM bahumAna karyuM. amerikana svAtaMtrya yuganI krAMtine kukaDe banIne uSAkALa jagavanAra e mahAna naranAM voziMgaTane peTa bharIne guNagAna gAyAM hatAM. paraMtu yuddha chatAyuM. amerikAnI AjhAdIno janma thayo. amerikana dharatI para, gulAmenI garadana para navuM zAsana zarU thayuM. navA svarAjanA navA pramukha, saranazIna banavA mAMDyA. paNa tyAre amerikana AjhAdIno pitA Toma peIna kayAM hatA ? tyAre e IgleMDa pahoMcI gayo hato ane mAnava adhikAra' nAmanuM lakhANa laIne laMDananA rastA para cAlatuM hatuM. eNe lakheluM, "mAnavIne adhikAra' nAmanuM pustaka pUruM thaI gayuM hatuM ane chapAIne bahAra paDayuM hatuM. e pustakano prakAzaka seMInTa pila mi. thepasana hate. chapAyelA pustakane vAMcIne gabharAI uDele thepasana, peIna pAse pustaka pachADate bUma pADatuM hatuM, "yA meM bhUla karI nAkhI che....A cepaDI chApavAnI, naryo rAjadroha bharyo che emAM te !' tamane ekadama kyAMthI khabara paDI?" peIne smita karyuM. meM mUrakhe ene vAMcI joyuM nahIM !" ke pachI mi. barka ane mi vAlapale tamane khAnagImAM....?' mArA chApakhAnAmAM tame mAruM apamAna nahIM karI zake, mi. peIna!" apamAna nahIM.....e rAjadroha ja che, kadAca....."bela peIna chapAyelI nakala laIne cAlate che ane jeraDanane chApakhAne pahoMcyA. A

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392 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA ( pAyaluM pustaka tyAM navI AvRtti pAmatuM hatuM. e mezyA, huM lAvyA chuM te rAjadroha che......tame chApazo ?' " ' lAvA, jouM tA kharA rAjadroha ! ' joraDane chapAyelI nakala dekhavA mAMDI ane khelyA. * huM. rAjadroha chApIza......mane itihAsanA satya kathana mATe prema che....mane sanya zabda chApIne mArA dhaMdhAnI pavitratA jALavavAnA Agraha che......mArUM mAthuM utArI leze teAya huM A zabdo chApIza, paNa eka zarate ja, e zarata e che ke, ' tamAre vAMcI sa MbhaLAvavuM paDaze Akhu pustaka...je dilamAMthI A zabdoe deha dharyo che te......peInanA avAja... mAre sAMbhaLAvavA che." pachI apAra sudhI pene vAMcyu. jorDane tallIna banIne sAMbhaLI rahetAM, kAI kAi vAra AvuM namunedAra zabdagdarzana zravaNu karatAM AnaMdathI uccAyuM, * rAjadroha........bhale rahyo e rAjadroha ! eja satya kathana che.' pachI pustaka pragaTa thayuM. iMgleMDamAM, phrAnsamAM, amerikAmAM, * mAnavInA adhikAra ' vecAvA lAgyuM. jota jotAmAM mAga vadhI gai. jorane soMghI kiMmatanI trIsa hajAra nakalavALI AvRtti paNa chApI nAkhI. IMgleMDa para mAnavInA adhikAra vecAyA. aMgrejI nAgarikA traNa zilI'ganI ceApaDI vAMcavA maMDI paDayAM. vAlapAla, pITa, kha ane phekase A cApaDI gaMbhIra banIne vAMcI. Dyuka ephra veAnazAyare A cApaDI taraphanA dhikkAra batAvavA potAnI hAkalI saLagAvIne tenu eka pachI eka pAna phADI phADIne saLagAvavA mAMDyu. lorDa cenavIle A cApaDIne vAMcyA pachI tenA TukaDe TukaDA karI nAkhIne noMdhapothImAM lakhI nAMkhyuM, 'ene TI'gAvI devA joI e.' TArIenI sarakAre potAnI tAkIdanI sabhA khAlAvI ane temAM pITe uMbhA thaIne kahyuM, 'jenTalamena ! ApaNe pagalAM levAnI utAvaLa karavAnI jarUra nathI...nahIM tA ApaNe peInane vadhAre paDatuM mahatva ApI daizuM.' paNa cApaDI teA AganI jema phelAtI la'Dana, menacesTara, zeIlDa, ane lIvarapulamAMja pacAsa hajAra nakala jotajotAmAM kharIdAi jatI hatI.'merI' eTale AnaMdI IMgleMDanI UMdha peine urADI nAkhI. UMdhamAMthI UThIne jANe jhabakIne e lAka A aMgArA jevA zabda dehane nirakhI rahyAM ane peI te AlekhelI itihAsanI umeda vAMcatAM hatAM. amerikAnAM AjhAda saMsthAnAnI sAtheAsAtha yuropanAM AjhAda rAjyAnA sadha joDAya, pachI dhIme dhIme AkhA jagata para AjhAdIne AkAra patharAya, mAnava mAtra samAna bane ane leAkazAhInA sAcA rUpamAM kAI bhUkhe bhare nahi, ane zikSaNa ane sa MskArathI gunAe ane duHkhA dUra thai jAya, ane ... ane yuddhane ja aMta AvI jAya, rAjAe ane jAlImAnA aMta AvI

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IgleMDanI rAjyakAti ane amerikAne janma 393 jAya...pachI isuno AviSkAra ekeeka naranArImAM thaI jAya !" evuM ene svapna hatuM. paNa have e svapna viSe ene AzaMkA upajI hatI. e svapnano amala have pachI amerikAmAM jIvananuM zuM rUpa bhajavAya che te para, ane phrAnsanI kAMnti thAya te para AdhAra rAkhe che te vAta ene samajAtI hatI. e pAcho phrAnsa ga. tyAM eNe lAphaTa, meDama relenDa tathA kenaDeraseTa sAthe AjhAdInI samAja racanAnI carcAo karI. perIsathI bhAgI gaelA rAjA sAme eNe saLagatI jabAnamAM eka tahomatanAmuM lakhyuM tathA rAjAne gAdI parathI uThADI mUkavAnI hAkala karI. tyAMthI e pharIvAra iMgleMDa Avyo tyAre enI pravRttinA hevAla sAthe aMgrejI jAsuse paNa AvI pahoMcyA. TorI sarakAranI karaDI najara peIna para maMDAI cUkI. amerikAmAM tyAre suvarNa saMpAdana nuM dhyeya dhAraNa karIne yuropathI AveluM vANijya rUpa AjhAda banIne AjhAdInA pitA TImane bhUlI gayuM hatuM, athavA yAda lAvIne svIkAra karavA mAgatuM nahatuM. yuropane nAgarika banI cUkele, yuropanI AjhAdInA utsavamAM jaIne vizvanAgarikatvanuM bhAna dAkhavI cUkele, eka vakhatamAM amerikana svAtaMtrya yuddhanuM pitA pada pAmele, Toma peIna vRddha thaIne amerikA pahoMcavA yuropamAMthI nIkaLI cUkyA. yuropamAM enI krAMtine varelI jIMdagI have salAmata nahotI. e koI ajANI duniyAmAMthI bhAgI AvIne, amerikana duniyAnI palaTAvA mAMDelI dharatI para paga mUkate hatuM tyAre, vizvanAgarika je, A vRddha, jIvananA chellA divasa gujAravA nyurazelamAM eka garIba gharamAM AvIne amerikAmAM vasatA hatA. tyAre 1806nI sAla beThI hatI. amerikAnAM AjhAda saMsthAne pramukhanI cuMTaNI karatAM hatAM. jepharasane pite umedavArI noMdhAvI hatI. jepharasanane mata ApavA javA e vRddha paNa uo. eNe Toma peIne hAthamAM lAkaDI lIdhI, mAthA para TepI paherI ane cuMTaNInA mAMDavA tarapha cAlatAM eNe kahyuM, 'pharasana ane huM jUnA mitro chIe. mAre mata ene ApavA javA jeTalI tAkAta haju A zarIramAM che." mata ApanArAonI haroLamAM ubhA rahyA pachI ene vAre AvyA. nAma ?" cuTaNI amaladAre pUchyuM, themasa peIna !" ahIM zuM kAma AvyA che ?" mata ApavA.' mAtra nAgarikone mata ApavAno adhikAra hoya che,' 50

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34 vikava ItihAsanI rUparekhA sITIjhana masa peIna che sAheba ' be amaladAre eka bIjAnI sAme joIne hasyA. phATelAM kapaDAMvALu, lacI paDelI cAmaDIvALuM, nAkamAM chIkaNInI gaMdhavALuM peluM kalevara kaMpI uThayuM. AjhAda amerikAnI cuMTaNInA suparavAIjhare ene zAMtithI samajAvyuM, paradezIone ahIM matAdhikAra nathI hote, amerikana nAgarikeja mata ApI zake...ane toya Apa amastA jaka kare che !' paNa kAMgrese svAtaMtrya yuddhanA badhA sainikone nAgarika pada enAyata karyuM che; huM sITIjhana Temasa peIna chuM. huM nAgarika chuM. huM mAre mata ApyA vinA nahIM jAuM. matAdhikAra mATe paNa che, ane eka ToLAnuM aTTahAsya enI kaMpatI kAyAne hacamacAvI nAkhatuM athaDAyuM. pachI Tema peIna AkhI duniyAmAMthI haDaselAI jate hoya te, pitAnA eka khetaramAMnA ekAMta ghara tarapha cAle. Akhe raste eNe maraNa pAmavAnI tIvra IcchA karI. - Toma peIna have maraNa pAmatuM hatuM. A nAstikane sparza karavA have koI DekaTara AvI zake tema nahotuM. meDama banevIla ekalI A mahAnubhAvanI sevA karatI enA jIvananA halavAI jatA dIvA para mamatA karatI vicAratI hatI. "jeNe ekavAra benApArTa jevAnI paNa paravA nahatI karI." pachI zuM nakkI karyuM !" vRddhe AMkho kholI. Apa kahe che te ja pramANe ApanA khetaramAM ja Apane daphanAvavAmAM Avaze. dharatI bhalI che. amerikana mA-bhoma..paNa, paNa eNe pAchuM ciMtAthI kahyuM, "mane daphanAvyA pachI tuM ane nIkalasa ahIMthI jaze nahIM, he ! mArAM vArasadAra tame cho..mane daphanAvyA pachI je A khetarane vIluM mUkayuM che te sarakAra ahIM paNa AvI pahoMcaze ane khetaranI...mArA khetaratI hararAjI belAvaze ane A khetaramAM daphanAyelAM mArAM hADane paNa bahAra khodI kADhIne teo vecI mAraze! 'bolatA sITIjhana Toma pedane AMkha mIcI dIdhI. amerikana svataMtryanA pitA sITIjhana Tema piInanI pachI smazAnayAtrA nIkaLI. e smazAna yAtrAmAM eka nI ane meDama benevIla tathA tenAM bALaka hatAM. temaNe pilA mahAnubhAvane khetaramAM daphanAvyo, tyAre 1806 nA juna mahinAne 8 mo divasa uge hate. svAtaMtrya saMgrAmanI yuropa para asara amerikAne A svAtaMtrya saMgrAma sAta varasa cAle. jorja voziM gaTana A saMgrAmanA senApati hato, TaeNma peIne A saMgrAmane vizva ItihAsanI

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IgleMDanA rAjyAkAnti ane amekkiAne janma 395 nyAya daSTi dIdhI hatI ane amerikana dharatI para puNya prakepa prajaLate karyo hato. benajAmIna phreMkalIne A saMgrAma laDavA mATe rAja dUtanuM kAma svIkArIne phreMca sarakAra tathA AmasTaraDAmanA beMka pAsethI nANAM ugharAvyAM hatAM. A saMgrAmanI jAherAta ghaDanArI A saMsthAnonI koMgresa phalADelaphIyAmAM I. sa. 1776 mAM bhegI thaI hatI tathA teNe nakkI karyA pramANe thomasa jepharasane svAtaMtranuM jAhera nAmuM lakhI kADhayuM hatuM. svAtaMtrya saMgrAmanA vijyanA samAcAra jyAre yuropanA dezomAM pahoMcI gayA tyAre AkhA yuropamAM, teNe, navI jAtanI carcA jagAvI mUkI. A samaye, yurepanI sarakAranA mahArAjAo, dharmanI saMsthA sAme yudhdha laDIne, pitAnI hakumatamAM sarva adhikAra svAdhIna banAvIne, pitAnA vizALa rAjamahAlayalAM, sarvazaktimAna jevA rasAlAo ane rAjadaMDe dhAraNa karIne haju hamaNAM ja beThA hatA. A samaye ja udyoga vikasavA mAMDyA hatA ane vANijaya hakumatanI saMsthAo zAsanamAM bhAga mAgavA mAMDI hatI. A samaye ja yupanI jIvana ghaTanAmAM, garIba kheDuta UparAMta akiMcana majuronI cAlIo paNa dareka nagaramAM seLabheLa thaI gaI hatI, tathA aMdaranuM jIvana aneka yAtanAo nIce saLavaLatuM hatuM. tyAre ja amerikAnA svAtaMtrya yuddhanA vijyanA samAcAre yurepanA havA mAnamAM nUtana avAja ubharAvatA kahetA hatA ke gaI kAle je azakaya hatuM te amerikana dharatI para lekenI hilacAle Aje zakya banAvyuM che te pachI yuropanI dharatI para paNa jarUra te zakya thaI zakaze. amerikAnI dharatI parathI uDele A nAne sarakhe taNakhe yuropanA dArUkhAnAmAM paDatuM hatuM. yuropanI jIvana ghaTanA bhaDake banavAne taIyAra ubhI hatI. yuropakhaMDa Akho kAtinI ta vyApaka bane tevI hilacAla nIce mAdrIDathI te pegrADa sudhI saLagI uThavAno ke bajAvate hate. nUtana yuganuM vijJAna-utthAna caMDa-pracaMDa banIne vizva ItihAsa have yuropanA kAnsa dezamAM utthAnanuM vijJAna banate hate. A uthalapAthalanA ugra rUpanA pAyAmAM jIvananuM satya zodhana hatuM. A satyanA zedhana pAse vijJAnanuM rUpa dharele utthAnayugano eka nUtana mAnava, ItihAsane namana karate dekhAya. A namanatAmAM gulAmI nahotI paNa satyane pAmIne saMsAra ghaDatarane eka pachI bIje vijaya meLavavAne gauravathI ubharAte manebhAva hato. utthAnayuganA mAnavIne A nUtana manobhAva kudara tanI samajaNa pAmIne ane e samajaNane svIkAra karIne kudarata para kAbU

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396 viva ItihAsanI rUparekhA meLavavAne hato. A vijayane mATe eNe AkAza tarapha tAkyA karavAne badale pitAnI AsapAsanA jagatanuM avelekana karavA mADayuM hatuM. A avelekana sAthe eNe prayogo karavA mAMDyA hatA tathA kudarata para kAbU meLavatAM meLavatAM eNe potAnI jIvanaghaTanAnI kAyApalaTa karavAnI hilacAla AraMbhI dIdhI hatI. A hilacAlanuM vANijyarUpa rajavADI duniyAne palaTI nAkhIne lokazAhIne jIvana vahivaTa racatuM hatuM. vijJAnanI A hilacAla AkhA jIvananA tamAma vibhAgone AvarI letI buddhinI vimUktinI ane ajJAtane jJAta banAvavAnI vaijJAnika hilacAla banIne AkhA yuropa para cAlu thaI gaI hatI. yuropanI aMdaranA ja nAnAmAM nAnA IMglenDa nAmanA TApu para jANe A hilacAlane doranArA vijJAna mAnanuM eka saraghasa nIkaLI cUkyuM hatuM. A hilacAlamAM AgaLa doDatA mAnava jAtanA vaijJAnika sAmatamAM eka ne vaidya hatA, ane eNe lehacuMbakanA AkarSaNano ane temAM utpanna thatI vijaLIne pAyo nAkhyo hato. enI pAchaLa viliyama hArve lehInA bhramaNanI zodha karate AgaLa doDato dekhAto hate. jahona nepiyara nAmane skoTalenDano vijJAna sAmaMta legeriyamanI zodha karato beTho hato, tathA gerIthamanA AMkaDA gaNate e bhaviSyamAM janmavAnI TenkanI paNa manamaya zodha karate hate. AvatI kAle ja AvanArI audyogika krAMtine pAyo nAkhatA hoya tevA phrAnsisa bekana nAmane vijJAna pitA mANasanI vimUktinI hilacAla jhaMDo pakaDIne mAnavajAtanA A navA sAmaMtanuM saraghasa kADhate hato. A vijJAna pitA pAse sarvAgI evI vijJAnanI najara hatI. enI najaramAM AkhI vaijJAnika duniyA dekhAvA mAMDI hatI. koI eka khAsa vijJAnanA vijJAnanI vastumAM bekane kaI meTo phALo Apyo nathI, paraMtu tamAma vijJAnane payagaMbara ane manuSyanI vaijJAnika hilacAlane, bekana, praNetA banyA. A praNetAe vijJAnanI pragatino mArga dAkha. vavA mAnavajAtanI vaijJAnika hilacAlane rUMdhI nAkhatAM sattA ane adhikArane paDakAra karyo. erisToTale kudaratane pharamAna karavAnuM svikRta pramANo parathI ja vigatamAM javAnuM je vicAranuM "DITIva" siddhAMtika svarUpa, jagatane ApyuM hatuM tevA adhikAra mulaka svarUpane eNe paDakAryuM ane namratA, dhIraja niSpakSatA tathA himmata pUrvaka kudaratane abhyAsa zarU karyo. mAnavajAta ane satyanI vacce ubhI rahelI taraMganI mUrtione eNe dUra haDaselI devAnuM kahyuM, tathA kriyAtmaka jJAnanA paMtha para palANavA mATenuM AvAhana ApyuM. regara bekane mAnavajAtane Apela saMdeza khUba nAne chatAM vijJAnanA bhAvinuM darzana karAvanAra hatuM. eNe kahyuM ke "mAnava jAte pitAnI maha

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IMglenDanI rAjayakAnti ane amerikAnA janma tvAkAMkSAnA traNa tabakkAmAMthI pasAra thavAnu che. pahelA tabakkAthI mAnavajAtane itihAsa zarU thayA che. A aitihAsika jamAnAe mAnavajAta para ane peAtAnA aneka pradezo para peAtAnI AjJAdhArakatA ane adhikAra jamAvyA. itihAsanA A tabakko mAnavasa MskRtimAM ajJAnanI Avega dazAnA kahevAya. khIjA tabakkAmAM mAnavajAtanA AjanA vibhAge AkhI mAnava jAta para pAtAnA adhikAra ane sAmrAjya phelAvavA mATe prayatna karavA mAMDayo che. AvuM kSudralAbhavALuM ane samRddhine saMpAdana karavA mAgatuM, suvarNanuM sAmrAjya vijJAnanI madadathI bhavya khanI zake che, paNa mahAnubhAva dekhAtu nathI. itihAsanA trIjA tabakkAnu A sAmrAjya mAnavInuM zoSaNa karavA mATe nahI hoya, paNa vastu mAtra paranA saMskArI adhikAranuM svarUpa, vijJAna ane kalAe mAraphata ja prApta karI zakAze. A prApti kudaratanA niyameAnA namra svikAra karavAthI kudarataparanA adhikAra mAraphata meLavI zakAze. " 397 AvA ekana iMgleDanA nAgarika hovA chatAM sAcI rIte te AkhA vizvanA nAgarika hatA. vaijJAnika yugavegane varelA ekananA kAnUna yureApanA sAmrAjyavAdI kAnUna karatAM ghaNA moTA hatA. A nAgarika je kAyadAmAM mAnate hatA te kAyade| aMgrejI kAnUna karatAM dhaNA mahAna evA saMskArane kAnUna hatA. udyogavAda AvI pahoMcyA ekane itihAsanA je traNa tabakkAe kahyA hatA temAMnA khIjo yuropanI dharatI para vijJAnanuM vyApakarUpa dhAraNa karIne jIvananAM tamAma kSetrA para zarU thai gayA Aya tema dekhAtuM hatuM. A mahAna hilacAlanA vaijJAnika sAmatAnAM te samayanAM nAma yureApanI dharatI para jANItAM banavA mAMDayAM hatAM. phaeNAnameyara menDelIva, pherADe, kalAImekasavela, lADa barnArDa, joAnisamulara, DArvina, menDela, vilA gIbsa, vagere e nAmeA hatAM. A ane AvA aneka bIjA vaijJAnikAe navAyuganuM ane navI duniyAnuM vaijJAnika ta Mtra athavA kramavidhAna athavA "TekanIka' racavA mAMDayuM hatuM. jIvananI ekeeka hilacAlamAM ane vyavahAranA ekeeka svarUpamAM vijJAne ane " TekanIka " vikhUTA na pADI zakAya te rIte AgaLa vadhavA mAMDayuM hatuM. zeAdhakAe, sAdhatA banAvanArAAAe ane yaMtrA banAvanArAoe paraspara sAthe rahIne AgekUca zarU karI hatI. zarUAtanAM sAdhana yatrA " DrIla, letara, ledha '" hatAM. " " enI sAthe sAthe dhAtuonA moTA jaththA khAdI kaDhAtA hatA tathA udyogA dhAtuonAM sAdhanA mAraphta yaMtronuM svarUpa dhAraNa karatA hatA. A

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vizva itihAsanI rUparezA 398 sAdhanA ane yaMtro jIvananA dareka vibhAga mATe banavA mAMDayAM hatAM vaidakiya vijJAna ane vaidakiya sAdhanA paNa A sarvAMgI hilacAla sAthe AgaLa vadhatAM hatAM. khetIvADInAM sAdhanA ane yaMtre paNa A udyoga hilacAlamAM pAchaLa rahetAM nahAtAM. pahelIvAra khetIvADI paNa udyoga banatI hatI. vaidakiya sAdhanAmAM kapaDAMnA utpAdanamAM, khArAkanA utpAdanamAM ane vAhana vyavahAranI tathA avarajavaranI jhaDapamAM AgaLa vadhatA A udyogavAdanu svarUpa ijanerI kAmakAjamAM paNa pAchaLa rahyuM nahI. seMkaDA varSa pahelAM linAdee iTAlImAM leAkhaMDanA pUlenA nakazAe doryo pachI lokhaMDanA pahelA pUla iMgleMDe pahelIvAra A navA jamAnAmAM bAMdhyA, ane eka ja saikAmAM AvAM bAMdhakAmeAnI jhaDapa vadhI gai. varALathI cAlatAM jahAjonAM rUpa ane saMkhyA A navA jamAnAmAM vadhavA mAMDI. raskine varNavelA jahAjanuM svama navA jamAnAe sAcuM Theravyu. viliyama merise varALathI cAlatAM jahAjone A audyogIka jamAnAnA devaLAnu upanAma ApyuM. navI duniyAnAM A nUtana devaLA itihAsamAM pahelIvAra dhaDatara, jhaDapa, tAkAta, ane saundaryanI ekatAnA camatkAra jevAM hatAM. navI duniyAnAM A navAM devaLA banAvanAra kAi jAdugarA ke bhuvAe nahAtA paNa camatkAranuM jIvatuM sarjana karanAra ijanere ane AjhAda anelA mAnava samudAyA hatA.

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25 nUtana yuropanAM be nUtana rAjyo, raziyA ane praziyA [ raziyAnA paricaya--raziyAnA ItihAsa--raziyAnA pahelA jhAra, ivAna--raziyAnA mahAna jhAra, piTar--raziyAnuM curopIkaraNa--jarmInI paNa nUtana banyuM--nUtana jarmanImAM nUtana praziyAnA janma--nUtana janImAM praziyAnuM navuM rAjakAraNa ] raziyAnA paricaya raziyAnI bhUMgALa tarapha dekhA. ene bhaugolika AkAra eka meTA medAnane che. yurala parvatamAM enI kudaratI killebadhI che. emAM paMcasidhu jevI pAMca moTI nadIe, mArTA medAnAvALI enI vizALa kAyAne phaLadrupa banAve che. tame jo eka paga kALA samudra para ane khIjo kAnasTenTInepala nAmA prAcIna rAmana sAmrAjyanA pATanagara para goThavIne ubhA raheA te kALA samudramAM e mATI nadIe paDatI dekhAya che. A emAMnI eka DAna nadI che ane khIjI nIpara nadI che. raziyAnA vanavahivaTanI A e dhArI naseA para jIvanathI dhIkatAM dekhAtAM e meTAM nagare che, nIpara nadI paranuM nagara kava che, ane Dena tathA vAlgA nadInI vacce mAskA nAmanuM raziyAnuM pATanagara che. rUsa dezanI vAlgA nadI paNa mahA nadI che. vAGgA nadInI upara eTale tamArA jamaNA khabhAnA kAna AgaLa lADAgA nAmanuM mATu sarovara che. e sarovaranI barAbara Toca para phriniza leAkeA rahe che. have mAthA parathI DAbA khabhA para utarI paDA te tyAM bAlTIka samudra dekhAya che. A bAlTIkamAM rUsa dezanI khIjI me dhArI nasA jevI tevA ane DavInA nAmanI nadIo paDe che. DAbA khabhA parathI kAnasTanTInApala para gAvelA DAbA paga para pAchA paheAMcI jAva teA DAbA goThaNu AgaLa poleMDa dezanuM pATanagara vAraso Ave che. jyAre rAmana sAmrAjyaneA janma thayA tyArathI ane e sAmrAjya ekAda hajAra varSa jIvyuM ane maraNa pAmavA mAMDayuM tyAM sudhI rUsa dezanI A vizALa kAyA para madhya eziyAmAMthI pharavA nIkaLelI slAva leAkeAnI ToLIo ahiM rakhaDayA karatI hatI. prAcIna grIka lokoe I. sa. nanA trIjA cethA saikAmAM A TALIone ullekha karyAM che. A TALIeAnA rajhaLapATane rastA uttara yuropathI kAnasTenTInepalane hatA. tyAMthI khAsTIkane kinAre kinAre tevA nadIne Are A ToLIe dakSiNa tarapha vahetI hatI. pachI A TALIe

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40 lADAgA sarAvarane oLaMgyu, ane dakSiNa tarapha A mAnava samudAyA AgaLa vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA 31220401 21737 00 ra Y= 0$pd 18811 RE Phile poleMDa balIna jarmanI. . thuDuna 2 * Jolk>= ICHE 154 8 120 11-) 2 12 3ke {wov ITa lI meDIka (ye . du the d shd + 08: ezinsli 75 gIlI AphrIkA vadhyA. emanA rastA para ilacena nipara nadIne kinAre paNa paheAMcyA, ane kALA samudra sudhI AvI pahoMcyA. sAvara AvI pahoMcyuM. A mAnava samudAyA

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nUtana yuropanAM be nUtana rAjA, raziyA ane praziyA raziyAnA itihAsa kALA samudramAM paDatI nipara nadInA kinArA para AvelA pATanagaramAM raziyAnA itihAsanA janma thayA. ahiM IsAI dharma'nA udaya pachI phrAnasTenTI. nApalamAMthI pahela vahelA pAdarIe AvI paheAMcyA tyAre kIvamAM vasatA sthAva leAkeA vicitra jAtanAM devadevIone pUjatA hatA. nadIe paNa ahi mAtAe hatI, ane jaMgalanA aneka devatAe paththaranAM zarIra dhAraNa karIne ahiM pUjA pAmatA tathA tamAma jAtanA bhAga letA. e samaye pAdarIee AvIne ahiM premasvarUpa bhagavAnanA dIkarA jIsasanI vAta kahI. temaNe raziyAnA rAjyane bArAkhaDI zIkhavI ane manuSyatvavALA dharmanI bheTa dIdhI. raziyAnI bhUmi para A samaye nAnAM meTAM aneka rajavADAo sthapAvA mAMDayAM hatAM, ane raziyAnA itihAsa dareka rajavADAnI etarAtI divAlA vacce dherAi gayA hatA. 401 ag tyAra pachI I. sa, 1244 mAM madhya eziyAnAM medAnamAMthI cInate mukhArAne tAraskRtane ane tu N stAnane jItanArA jaMgImakhAnanuM AkramaNu AvI paheAMcyuM. A AkramaNe rUsanA pazcima pradeza para hallA karyAM, ThakarAtAnAM lazkara kAlakA nadI AgaLa veravikhera thaI gayAM ane saMhAra pAmyAM. pAMca varSanI aMdaratA AkhA rUsa deza jaMgIsakhAte jItI lIdheA, paNu, 1830mAM dAmaskAI nAmanA meskonA pATanagaramAM kheDelA vaDA ThAkAre athavA grAMDa Dayuke A AkramaNa khAre|te mArI haTAvyA, paraMtu rUsa paranI mAMgeAlAnI pakaDanA aMta AvyA nahI mAMgela lokAnI dhuMsarI nIcethI mukata thatAM raziyanAne tyAra pachI badhAM maLIne khase varSa lAgyAM. A daramiyAnamAM raziyaneAnI dazA khUba kacaDAI gaI hatI, dakSigu raziyA taraphathI AvelA ane rUsa dezane parAdhIna banAvanArA tAra khAnAnA rAja-vahivaTa raziyA upara nirdaya banIne base varSa sudhI gAThavAyelA rahyo. A samaye yurepa paNa raziyAne madada karI zake tema na hatuM, kAraNa ke e khaMDanA khristI deze| pe/pa ane zahenazAha vaccenA jhadhaDAomAM sAI gayA hatA. raziyA para rahetA slAva mAnavasamudAyeA khAtAnI dhUMsarI nIce duHkhI banIne jIvana jIvatA hatA. A samayamAM rUsadeza pAse rAjakiya jIvananI asmitA ja jANe hatI nahi evuM lAgatuM. raziyAne pahelA jhAra IvAna aneka rAjyAmAM vaheMcAyelA rUsa dezamAM e samaye raziyana medAnanA heya jevA pradeza para mAskavA nAmanI nadIne kinAre mAskA nAmanA nAnA sakhA pATanagaramAM raziyana rAjakAraNanA paDelA Udaya thayA. mAskAnA A 51

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vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA rAje AkhA rasa dezanA rASTriya jIvananI AgevAnI levA mAMDI, tathA rasa deza para me baLavattara banavA mAMDyuM. stAvika mAnavasamudAyo, tArenI gulAmImAMthI chUTavA mATe moskanagara tarapha mITa mAMDavA mAMDayA. A moDhe nagaramAM I. sa. 1453mAM eka IvAna nAmane prAMDa Dayuka rAjya karate hate. A raziyana rAjakartA "bhayAnaka" evA IlkAbathI oLakhAye. I. sa. 1453mAM jyAre tUrka ke e konasTenTInepalane kabaje lIdho ane romana sAmrAjyano aMta ANya, teja arasAmAM A "I vAna dhI TerIbale" AkhA rUsa deza para pitAnA zAsananI jAherAta karIne aneka TUkaDAmAM vaheMcAyelA dezanI ektAnI jAherAta karI. AkhA yuropakhaMDane paNa eNe jAhera karyuM ke rUsaMdeza paNa yuropanuM eka sArvabhauma rAjya che. IvAna dhI PrIbala, rUsa dezanA sIjhara athavA jhAra tarIke oLakhAye. AvA jhAra zahenazAhanI hakUmata nIce raziyAnuM rAjakAraNa 20 mA saikAnI zarUAta sudhI cAlyA karyuM. I. sa. 1613mAM raziyAnA ThAkaree pitAnI aMdarathI AkhA raziyAnA zahenazAha tarIke rAjya karavA eka jhAra athavA zahenazAhanI cUMTaNuM karI. A kAra athavA zahenazAhanuM nAma bhAIla hatuM. A mAIkala eka phiDAra nAmanA UmarAvane dIka hatuM, ane mAnava nAmanA eka ThakarAtI kuTuMbamAM moskomAM janmyA hatA. AvA cuMTaNathI AvelA navA jhArane tyAM, janmele I. sa. 161ramAM piTara jyAre dasa varSanI uMmarane hatuM tyAre, sophiyA nAmanI tenI eka bahene raziyAnI zahenazAhabAnu banIne raziyA para rAjya karavA mAMDyuM. tyAre A rAjakumAra piTaranA bhAIbaMdhamAM meskamAM AvIne rahelA skoTaleMDanA hoTala mAlike hatA, Daca vepArIo hatA, svIjha epokarIo vigere navA mitro uparAMta, ITAliyana hajAmo hatA, phreMca na hatA, ane jarmane zikSake paNa hatA. A badhA pAsethI navajuvAna piTara yuropanI navI duniyAne ItihAsa bhaNe hato, tathA yuraoNpa jevI duniyA raziyAmAM jamAvavAnAM svapna sevatA hate. 17 varSanI uMmaramAM ja piTare pitAnI bahena saphiyAne gAdI parathI haDaselI mUkI tathA pite raziyane eziyAnA pradeze je pachAta rAkhavAne badale yurepa je nUtana ghavAnA zapatha laIne gAdI para caDhI beThA. razi thAne nUtana banAvavAnuM kAma mahA bhagIratha hatuM. jevuM A kArya mahAna hatuM e ja mahAna A raziyAne navajuvAna jhAra hatuM. A piTara, mahAna piTara tarIke paMkAyo ane eNe atI prAcIna rUsadezane arvAcIna yuropa je banAvavAnuM kAma AraMLyuM.

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nUtana yuropanAM be nUtana rAjayA, raziyA ane praziyA raziyAnA mahAna pira A mahAna piTara I. sa. 1698mAM yureApane najare dekhavA mATe, te samayanI nUtana duniyA eTale yureApamAM gayA. khalIna, holeDa ane IMgleMDanI mulAkAta laI AvyA pachI eNe badhI bAjuthI jamIna vaDe jakaDAI gayelA peAtAnA dezane nUtana jagata tarapha najara karavA seMTa-piTarsabaga nAmanuM eka meTu dara adhAvavA mAMDayuM. eNe pharIvAra yurApanI mulAkAta lIdhI. eNe eka pachI eka navA sudhArAe karavAnA dhArA dhaDavA mAMDayA. eNe sadezane nUtana banAvavAnI jhaDapa vadhArI dIdhI. enI jIMdagI samayanI jhaDapI pArAzIzI hoya tevI banI. eNe rUsadezanuM mukha, dariyA tarapha pheravI nAkhyuM, ane rUsI dharatI para piTasabarga athavA poTrAgrADa bAMdhyuM'. eNe zAsana karavAnI jUnI padhdhati badalI nAkhI. eNe raziyAnA rAjakAraNamAM yureApanAM lazkA jevuM e lAkha sainikAnuM zistabadhdha lazkara umerI dIdhuM. eNe jUnA samayanI DayumA nAmanI umarAvAnI nimAyelI rAjasabhAne rada karI nAkhIne sarakArI taMtra calAvavA mATe, lAyaka evA ustAdAnI athavA vaDA karmacArIonI sIneTa nAmanI rAjasabhAnI nimaNuMka karI. rUsa dezanI ekatA dhaDavA mATe eNe ATha prAMtika sarakArAmAM AkhuM tatra vaheMcI nAkhyuM. tathA dareka prAMtAnI vacce rastA ane vahivaTI sabadhA mAMdhyA. eNe TheraThera navAM nagarA upajAvyAM. tathA udyogA zarU karyAM. eNe naherA tathA khANA khAdAvavA mAMDayAM, tathA vidyApIThe ane haeNspiTaleA baMdhAvavA mAMDI. AvA punarUtthAna mATe eNe yuropamAMthI ustAdAne pAtAne AMgaNe lAvyA. eNe chApakhAnAM zarU karyo tathA raziyAnA mAnavasamudAyA mATe navA rItarivAjo ane navA pAzAke dAkhala karyo. I. sa 1721mAM A piTare isAi dharmanA vaDA tarIke potAnI jAtane dAkhala karI tathA vANijyane vadhAre agatya ApavA mATe eNe peAtAnuM pATanagara tevA nadInA mukha AgaLa badhAyelA peTrAtrADa pATanagaramAM khaseDayuM. rUsa dezanuM mADhu eNe yureApa taraph mAMDIne yureApa taraphathI ja eNe nUtana ziyAnA vikAsanA pATha bhaNavAnA Arbha karyo. khIjIvAra jyAre e yurApa gayA tyAre sadezanI nava dhaTanA karavAnA pATha bhaNavA e peAte chUpAveze IMgleMDa, hAlenDa ane jarmInImAM tathA tyAMnAM kArakhAnAMomAM majUra banIne paNa bhaTakayA hato, tathA pAchA AbhyA pachI tarata ja pote grahaNa kareluM yuropanuM nava vidhAna sI dharatI para utAravA yuropanA vaijJAnikA zilpIo, kAmadArA, naukAkaeNpTane tathA lazkarI niSNAtAne potAne tyAM jamA karavA mAMDayA. 403

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404 vizva ItihAsanA rUpa raziyAnuM yuropIkaraNa - raziyA nAmane A deza je Aja sudhI yuropamAM hate paNa pachAta hato tenuM yuropIkaraNa A mahAna piTare AraMbhI dIdhuM. eNe sarakArI taMtra ane lazkarane yuropIya banAvyAM. eNe A taMtrane dhAraNa karanAra dharatI para nUtana bAMdhakAma zarU karyA. yuropIya banavA mATe eNe lekenI dADhIo muMDAvI nAkhavAnI tathA pizAka yuropIya banAvI devAnI hilacAla zarU karI. upalA vargonI strIone eNe aMtaHpuramAMthI bahAra jAheramAM bhAga levA bolAvI. eNe juvAna raziyanone yuropamAM bhaNavA mokalyA. eNe kALA samudra parathI turkIne haTAvIne dariyA paranuM kamADa khelI nAkhyuM tathA bAhyIka samudra para raziyAnI sarahada sthApI dIdhI. jarmanI paNa nUtana banyuM nUtana banatA yuropamAM jarmanIe paNa nUtana banavA mAMDayuM hatuM. A 'nUtana banavAnI hilacAlane AraMbha I. sa. 1415 mAM thayo gaNAya. e varasamAM breDamabarganA ThAkare, zremabarga nAmanA jamInanA pradezane hehenajholana nAmanA jamInadArane athavA ThAkarane vecyo. A jamIna pradeza barelIna nAmanA te samayanA jarmanInA eka kaAnI pUrva ane pazcima sudhI pahoMcate hato tathA e jamIna paTTo eka bhAila jeTaluM lAMbuM hatuM. A rIte balIna sudhI pahelI pelI hehenolarsa nAmanI ThakarAte Aste Aste pitAnI rAjakIya hakumata vadhArI tathA, praziyAnuM rAjya bAMdhyuM. breDamabarganI A ThakarAte pitAnA pradezane vadhAryo karyo tathA e ThakarAtane amala rahAIna nadI para pahoMcyuM. I. sa. 1640 sudhImAM A nAnI sarakhI ThakarAta ghaNI moTI banI gaI hatI tathA tene pradeza rAhaIna nadIthI visaculA sudhI pahoMcyA hatA. A ThakarAtane eka dikaro pheDarIka I. sa. 1701mAM gAdI para AvyuM ane praziyAne pahele mahArAjA bane. pachI A kreDarIkano dIkare, bIje pheDarIka I. sa. 1740mAM gAdI para Avyo tyAre baralIna nagaravALuM praziyana rAjya dhAraNa karIne eNe mahAna kreDarIkanuM nAma meLavyuM. nutana jarmanImAM nUtana praziyAne janma nUtana jarmanInA uddabhavanuM svarUpa praziyana sTeTanA AkAravALuM thayuM. A praziyana sTeTa eTale evuM sTeTa hatuM ke jemAM sTeTa eja praziyana jIvananuM sarvasva banAvavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. vyakti ke samAjanuM kaI paNa hita A sTeTanI aMdara ja samAI gayeluM hatuM. A sTeTa athavA rAjyane ja sarvoparihetu

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nUtana yuropanAM be nUtana rA, raziyA ane praziyA athavA Adarza tarIke svikAravAmAM AvyuM hatuM. A AdarzavALuM praziyana sTeTa nUtana yuropamAM pitAne vadhAre nUtana gaNAvatuM hatuM. A sTeTanA AvA ekamane janma praziyAmAM je mahAna phreDarika tarIke paMkAya te rAjyakartAnA bApAnA samayathI zarU thayo gaNAya. mahAna kreDarIkanA bApanuM nAma pheDarIka viliyama pahele hatuM. A phreDarIka viliyama pahelAnA magajamAM eka khyAla bharAI gayo hate. A khyAlanuM nAma pharaja hatuM. A pharaja praziyana sTeTa taraphathI saunI pharaja hatI. e pharajanI bajavaNI ane cUkavaNI mATe e sainike ane senApatio sAthe ane prajAjane sAthe sakhtAIthI vartate. A sakhata bApA pAsethI tenA dIkarA phreDarike IglaMDa bhAgI javAno prayatna karyo paNa te pakaDAI gayo ane ene bhAgI javAmAM madada karanAra pheDarIkanA parama mitrane ziraccheda karavAmAM Avyo ane tyAra pachI "phreDarIkane eka killAmAM cekI paherA nIce rAkhIne pharajanuM zikSaNa ApavAmAM AvyuM. sTeTa taraphanI pharajanuM A zikSaNa pAmIne I. sa. 1840 mAM bApAnI gAdI para bIje kreDarIka Avyo. yuropanA ItihAsamAM A pheDarika mahAna pheDarIka tarIke paMkAye nUtana jarmanImAM praziyAnuM navuM rAjakAraNa TeTanuM navuM rAjakAraNa pheDarIkanA samayamAM AraMbhAyuM. A navA rAjakAraNane siddhAMta praziyana sTeTa e ja, sarvasva hevAnuM hatuM. rAjAne sarvasva gaNavAnA mekIAvelIne rAjakAraNane praziyana sTeTamAM aMta Avyo. praziyana sTeTanA navArAjakAraNa pramANe praziyana sTeTane sarvasva banAvIne tenI tAkAtane vadhAryo karavAnI pharaja rAjyakartAnI paNa banI gaI. A praziyana sTeTanI tAkAta ghaDavAne mATe pheDarIke rajanA vIsa kalAka kAma karavA mAMDyuM. A praziyana sTeTamAM rAjyakartA ane karazAhI eka moTuM yaMtra banI gayAM. A yaMtranI tAkAta vadhAravAne Adarza praziyana sTeTane banyuM. A yaMtramAM lokazAhI ke prajAmatane kazuM sthAna rahyuM nahi. A yaMtrane sukAnadhArI rAjA phreDarIka pote hate. senApatio ane amaladAre A yaMtranA cakre hatAM. sukAnI ane cakro vacce keI salAhakAra hatuM nahI. praziyana sTeTanA pradhAne kArakane jevA hatA. phreDarIkanI nirNaya buddhi e pote praziyana Tane ja nirNaya hatA tema mAnavAmAM AvatuM. pheDarIka ane praziyana sTeTa ekarUpa banI gayAM hatAM ane bannenI vacce koInI paNa salAha ke daramyAnagIrI sakhI levAmAM AvatI nahi. - I. sa. 1740mAM ja, pheDarIka gAdI para Avyo ke tarata ja osTrIyAne zahenazAha cArlsa 6 ke maraNa pAme. A zahenazAhe pitAnI dIkarI

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: : vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA merIyA theresAne mATe esTrIyAnI gAdIne adhikAra, eka moTuM pavitra khata patra taiyAra karIne AlekhAvyuM hatuM. paNa zahenazAhanI maDA peTI dharatImAM utarI ke tarata ja phreDarikanAM lazkeree osTrIyAnI sarahada uparanA sIlesIyA prAMtane kabaje levAnI kuca karI, tathA theDIka laDAI laDayA pachI phreDarIke sIlesIyAne Akho pradeza kaje karyo yuropanAM badhAM rAjyanI AMkha navA janmelA A praziyana rAjya tarapha AghAta pAmIne dekhavA mAMDI. 19mA saikAnI zarUAtamAM jarmana dezanI gaNatrI yurepanAM rAjya karatAM ja nahotAM, paraMtu 18mAM saikAnI adhavacamAMja yurepanAM rajavADAMone vicAramAM nAMkhI detuM hoya tevuM praziyana sTeTa jarmanImAMja janmI cUkayuM hatuM. A praziyana sTeTanI sukAna dhAraNa karela mahAna phreDarika nAmane eka rAjyakta hatA. eNe yuropanI pasaMdeza nItimAM praziyana sTeTanI gaNanA sivAya have yurepanA rajavADAmAM nahi cAle tenI khAtrI ApI dIdhI hatI. praziyana sTeTanI tAkAtane majabUta pAyA para ghaDavA mATe eNe pitAnA pradezanI aMdarano rAjyavahivaTa sudhAraka banAvavA mAMDyuM hatuM. je jhaDapathI raziyAnI vizALa kAyA para mahAna piTare jhaDapI pheraphAra karavA mAMDyA hatA teja rIte A mahAna pheDarIke paNa jarmanInI bhUmi para sudhArAo kAtarI kADhavA mAMDyA hatA. eNe pitAne tyAM udhogano AraMbha karyo. rAjyanA khajAnAmAM jamA bAjune vadhAre moTI banAvI. nyAya prathAmAMthI aMgaccheda ane yAtanAo kADhI nAMkhI ne eNe lazkara ane vANiI hilacAla mATe navA rastAo baMdhAvyA, tathA TheraThera nizALo ane vidyApIThe bAMdhavA mAMDI. - praziyAnuM nAma dhAraNa karIne navA janmelA A rAjya AkhI jarmana bhUmi para navo AtmavizvAsa pedA karyo. A badhuM karanAra praziyana sTeTa yaMtra je yaMtravAhaka mahArAjA have gharaDe thayo hato, tathA jUnA lazkarI lebAsamAM gIdha jevA nAkamAM chIMkaNuM suMdhate pote lakheluM "enTImekIAvelI" pustaka vAMcate hate; ane khuza thato hato ke eNe pote lakhyuM hatuM tevuM karI batAvyuM hatu. I. sa. 1786mAM ja ene aMtakALa pAse AvI pahoMce. enA badhA mitra marI paravAryA hatA. ene eka paNa saMtAna hatuM ke nahi, eTale enA aMtanI sAthIdArIvALA enA eka vaphAdAra nokare tathA enA vaphAdAra kUtarAe ene AkharI vidAya ApI.

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26 yuropanA rAjakIya uthAnanI phreMca krAnti { [ rajavADI jIvana vahivaTanuM rUpAMtara karanArI kecakrAnti krAntinAM kAraNe-krAntiInI hilacAlane tabakko-phreMcalokazAhInuM vahivaTIsvarUpa krAntinuM AgevAna paribaLa--meTa keNa hato ? - krAnti pachIno nepoliyanano udaya - pheMcasAmrAjyavAdanA saMgrAmanepoliyananuM patana--nepoliyananA patana pachInuM yupa-yuropanA mahArAjAonI, krAMti virodhI hilacAla--" helielAyansa ? nI kAryavAhI ] rajavADI jIvanavahivaTanuM rUpAntara karanArI kaMca krAti. madhyamavarganA udabhavamAMthI janmelA utthAnayuge ane tenI navI vepArI nItie yuropanA samAja vyavahAramAMja sAmAjika vahivaTanuM jUnuM kalevara badalI

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vikava ItihAsanI rUparekhA nAkhavAnI AgAhI ApI hatI. samAja jIvananI raheNuM karazuM have badalAya te te, pAyAmAMthI Toca sudhI badalAvAnI hatI. sAmAjika jIvanavahivaTamAM AvI jAtanA pheraphAranI zarUAta navA madhyamavarganI vANijya nItinA arthakAraNanI, tathA javAbadArIvALA rAjyataMtranA rAjya kAraNunI hilacAlamAM thaI cUkI hatI. AvI hilacAlanI zarUAta IgleMDamAM prajAnA samayamAM "megnAcA" thI zarU thaIne haju hamaNuM ja niyaMtrita rAjyetranI hilacAla sudhI pahoMcI cUkI hatI. IDanI A rAjyakrAMti, rajavADAzAhIne saMpUrNa nAza karavAne badale thaMbhI gaI hatI. pachIthI eNe jALavI rAkhelA aMgrejI rajavADA ne ane sAmrAjyavAdane amerikana lekee pitAne tyAMthI padabhraSTa karanArI krAMti karI. krAMtinI hilacAlane e yugavega zarU thaI gayo hato. A yugagane jhaMjhAvAta kensamAM paNa kyAranoye kuMkAvA mAMDyA hatA. vizva ItihAsamAM A vaMToLe rajavADAzAhInI jIvana prathAne jaDamULathI ukheDI nAkhIne itihAsanA bhUtakALamAM phekI dIdhI. A krAMtie ugatA madhyamavarganI vANijya nItine apanAvI. A pheraphAra, vANijya nItine mUDIdAra AgevAnavALI sarakAranuM sAmrAjyavAdI rUpa khUlluM mUkyuM, tathA rajavADAzAhI sAthe igleMDanI jema samAdhAna karyuM nahi, paraMtu saMpUrNa paNe tene khatama karI nAkhIne sAmAjika jIvanadhaTanAnI kAyApalaTa karI nAkhavAnI krAntikArI ghaTanA AraMbhI. phreMca kAMtinAM kAraNe kAtinAM kAraNone savAla agatyane hoya che. phreMca kAMti zA mATe thaI te jANavuM jarUrI che. kAntinAM kAraNe aneka hoya che parantu sauthI moTuM athavA mahAkAraNa eja kAtinuM sAcuM kAraNa che. A mahA kAraNa rajavADI jIvana prathA hatI. rAjA ane rAjAe e prathAmAM tamAma loko para je jAme, veThe, kare, verAo lAgAo tathA zoSaNanA prakAre lAdhyA hatA tenA bhAra nIce pheMca lekasamudAya kacaDAI gayA hatA, tathA A bhAranA bejAne haTAvI dIdhA vinA lekasamudAyanuM jIvana eka paNa kadama AgaLa vadhI zake tema hatuM nahi. A sitamane beja asahya hatA ane anyAyI hato. A sAmudAkika ane aneka rUpavALA rajavADI zeSaNanI sAme ja aMgrejI lekasamudAye ane amerikana lekasamudAye paNa pitapitAnA baLavA pikAryA hatA. A kArabhArane nAza karavA mATeja, je rajavADI jUnI ghaTanA hatI tene nAza karavAnI eTale tenuM rUpAMtara karavAnI jarUra hatI. phrAnsanA lekasamudAye pitAne tyAM e vinAzane AraMbha karyo.

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409 / AI 0 */ e | yurapanA rAjakIya utthAnanI pheMca kAnti kAMtinI hilacAlane tabakko A krAMtikALamAM phrAnsano rAjA luI 16 mo hato. A zahenazAhanA samayamAM perisanA mAnava samudAye rajavADAzAhInI adhera imArata jevA besTAIla nAmanA killA para caDhAI karI. A caDhAInAM vikarALa varNane aneka lekhakoe ryA che. vizva ItihAsano A vAvaMToLa besTAIlanI divAla para athaDAyA, ane laka prakopanA pachaDATa nIce Bala , MARA R besTAIlanI juga jUnI divAlenA cUrecUrA thaI gayA. rAjyanA cekidArono saMhAra thaye ane rAjakedIo mUkata thayA. rAjAnI paNa katala thaI ane rAjArANI keda pakaDAyAM tathA leka InsAke temane vadha karyo. I. sa. 1789 nA 14 mA divase phrAnsa deza vizvakrAntinuM rUpa dharIne ItihAsamAM peThe. ... viplave pitAne tyAM AlekhelI rAjyakrAMtinI A binA vizvakrAMtinI binA banI. e divase besTAIlanA zikhara parathI jUnI rajavADAzAhI samayanA khADAmAM DUbI javA kakaDabhUsa karatI nIce AvI. rajavADAzAhIe taravAranA jora para ane ane samazeranA nyAya para traNa traNa sakAo sudhI je je adhikAra ane hakUmate lekasamudAya para kotarI kADhayAM hatAM te badhAMne eka ja divasamAM nAza thaI gaye. e divase vizva ItihAsamAMthI kyuDala athavA rajavADI jIvana prathA vinAza pAmI. e divase jUnA phAnsanuM avasAna thayuM ane nutana phrAnsane janma thaye. A krAtimAM rajavADI jIvana prathAnA rUpaka jevA rAjyadaMDanA cUrecUrA thaI gayA, tathA rAjAne vadha pAmavA mATe laI javAmAM AvyuM. vikarALa banelI krAMtie vadha pAmelA rAjAnuM mAthuM lokasamudAyane batAvyuM. ane rAjA nAmanA adhikArano ziraccheda dekhatI mAnavamedanIe rajavADAzAhInI sitama ghaTanAne Ata pUkAratI krAMtine pUNyaprakopa banIne AnaMdane, citkAra karyo. A banAthI rajavADI prathA sAthe samAdhAnavAdI banelA IgleDanuM rAjyataMtra khaLabhaLI uThyuM. IgleMDe ane rajavADI peIna, krAMtikArI phAnsa sAme yuddha para

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410 vikava ItihAsanI rUparezA jAhera karyuM. kharI rIte te krAMtinI ghaTanAe ja, kAnti mAraphata, yuropamAM jIvatAM badhAM rajavADAzAhI svarUpe sAme yuddhanI jAherAta karI dIdhI hatI. A badhAne eTale AkhA yuropanA rajavADAone paDakAra karatI phrAnsanI krAntadhaTanAe paDakAra jevI jAherAta karI hatI ke, ame rajavADI jIvana prathAne vinAza karavA mATe ane samAnatA baMdhutA ane AjhAdInuM sthApana karavA mATe samazera kheMcI che ane myAnane pheMkI dIdhuM che. tathA ame yurepanA rajavADAMonA paDakAranA javAbamAM yuropanA rojAonA paga AgaLa phAnsanA mahArAjAnuM chedAeluM mastaka pheMkIye chIe." phreMca lokazAhInuM vahivaTI svarUpa rajavADI prathAne aMta lAvavAnA dhyeyavALI cakrAntie rAjAne vadhA karyA pachI nutana rAjakiya hakUmatanuM lekazAhInuM svarUpa, lekasabhA athavA nezanala esembalI" nAmanuM ghaDyuM. nezanala esembalIe samAnatA AjhAdI ane baMdhutAnA siddhAMta upara mAnavamAtranuM adhikArapatra jAhera karyuM. phrAnsanA leka samudAye lAla, sapheda ane bhUrA raMgane AjhAdIne navo jhaDo pharakAvyo tathA "nezanala esembalI " nAM adhivezana mAserA nAmanA navA rASTra gItathI guMjI uThayAM. navA rAjyanA vahivaTamAM leke para dhArmika karane ane aMdhakArane asahya be banelI dharmaghaTanAne paNa niSedha thayo. "notradAma" nAmanA phrAnsanA mahAna devAlayamAM saikAothI ArUDha thayelI jUnI rajavADIonI khristI dharmaghaTanAnI pratimA khaseDI levAI ane tenI jagA para vaijJAnika sakAraNatA athavA prajJAnI pratimAne, "goDasa opha rIjhana"ne goThavavAmAM AvI. prajJAnA AvA sauMdaryane nArI svarUpamAM sAkSImAM rAkhIne tathA IsunI mUrtine badale AjhAdInI pratimAne goThavIne ane tenA hAthamAM vaijJAnika satyanI mazAla ApIne pheMcakrAntie pitAnA navA arthakAraNanuM nUtana rAjakAraNa AraMbhya. rajavADAzAhIvALA, jAnA samayane ane rajavADI prathAvALA jUnA jAgane jANe aMta AvI gayo evuM dekhAyuM. krAntinI navI sAlagirAha A aMtanI prathAno AraMbha karavA mATI nakkI karavAmAM AvI. amerikAnA svAtaMtrya yuddhanI uSmA ahIM pharI vyApI gaI. IgleMDathI amerikA gaele ane tyAMnA svAtaMtrya yuddha sAthe vaNAine AveluM eka TomapeIna nAmane krAntikAra tyAMthI ahIM AvI pahoMcyA hatA ane kAntinA

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yuropanA rAjakIya utthAnanI phreMca kAnti jIvALamAM vaNAi jata, tathA kAntinA pravAha para palANIne phreMca pATanagaranI lIlI sukI nihALatA vikarALa banelA pArIsanagaramAM viharatA hatA, ameri kAthI AvelA e Tomasa peina have vRddha thai gayA hatA. krAntinAM vaLatAM pANIne nidavA mATe ene paNa krAntie kArAgAra batAvyuM hatuM. gIleTInanI nIce eya kacaDAI gayeA hAta paNa amerikAnI lAgavage ene jIvatA rAkhyA hatA. Aje A vRddha, krAntinA nirIkSaka jevA peAtAnI dhRNi pArIsa nagaramAM ja dhIkhAvIne meThA hatA, ane kahetA hatA kre, tame badhA phrAnsanA prajAsattAkane mArI nAkhA che. ' 411 prajAsattAkanI navI sarakAra milakatanA dheAraNe matAdhikAra ApavAnA kAyade dhaDI cUkI hatI. e kAyadAnA viredha karatA khakhaDI gayelA Toma peinaneA jarjara deha aDaga ubhA rahIne mukata ane pukhta matAdhikAra mAgatA hatA, ane kahetA hatA ke, leAkazAhI eTale dareka bhikhArI, rakhaDu ane eka eka garIbane paNa matAdhikAra athavA eke eka pukhta strI puruSane mata ApavAnA samAna adhikAra che. AvatI kAle AvavAnI pukhta mattAdhikArI duniyAnA e mahA puruSa Toma peina eka garIeAnI hoTelamAM eka oraDImAM rahetA hatA. aThavADiye ekavAra e dADhI mU`DatA hatA. enA mahAna deha para gaMdAM ane phrATelAM vastro zobhatAM hatAM. enA chUTamAMthI aMgUThA bahAra AvyA hatA. e enA eraDAnI bahAra kAI kAI vAra jharUkhAmAM AMTA mAratA dekhAtA hatA. kAivAra kAMya sudhI e kaTheDA para mAthu TekavI eNe dekhelI aneka hilacAlAnI vItI gayelI yAda ekaThI karatA ane pachI aMdara noMdha lakhavA jatA hatA.enI sAme amerikAnA svAtaMtrya yuddhanI tavArIkhA jAgI uDatI hatI. e amerIkana svAtaMtryayuddhanA pitAmaha manAi cukayeA hatA. Aje jyAre phaeNcakrAntinAM vaLatAM pANI 1799mAM pAchAM pharatAM hatAM tyAre e pratikrAntinA pravAha sAme phariyAda karatA hoya tema dekhI rahetA, samayanAM vItI gaelAM vaheNa para mITa mAMDatA divase pasAra karatA hatA. tyAre ekavAra enAM kamADa kAie jorathI khakhaDAvyAM. kAivAra nahi ane Aje meDama enIvIla, enI hATelanI mAlikaNu utAvaLI hAMphatI zvAsabhera khelatI hatI. 'Apa mArA khaMDamAM' mArA AinakhAnAmAM utAvaLA AvI paheAMce. ' paNa che zuM ? ' e jevI te tevI nisteja najara nAkhatA khelyA.

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412 vikava ItihAsanI rUparekhA nAmadAra mezvera nepoliyana bonApArTa jAte padhAryA che. meM temane mArA divAnakhAnAmAM birajAvyA che. Apane, tamane maLavA ja padhAryA che. sAkSAta pote padhAyo che. mane zI khabara ke tame AvaDA mahAna haze ?" "zuM?-kaNa kaNa keTaluM mahAna che te samajyA vinA e tAkI rahyo. sAMbhaLyuM nahi, ATaluM kahyuM teya ! nAmadAra nepoliyana bonApArTa zrImAna me ra, TaoNma piInanI mulAkAte.. ApanI mulAkAte...nepolIyana pite padhAryA che" belatI bAIe, pelA akiMcanane hAtha pakaDIne kheMo. pachI pelA vRddhane nepoliyana kahevA lAge,.."ApaNuM krAnti haju cAlu che... ApaNe e hilacAlane IgleMDa para laI javI che, je Apane sAtha hoya te tene, mAre AkhA yurepa para pAtharavI che.' kevI rIte? phrAnsanA dikarAonuM lazkara banAvIne?' "ApaNuM lazkara yurepabharamAM ajoDa che.' "AkramaNathI te ajoDa nahi rahe." Toma vacamAM bolya. kema?' bonApArTa barAze. kaMca kAnti zAhIvAdanAM lazkare banIne aMgreja janatAne gulAma banAvavA je paLe khADI kUdI jaze, te ja paLe...e AkramaNakhora, DAku ane dhADapADuonAM lazkare banyAM haze ane tyAre temanA TukaDA karI nAkhavA laDavA nIkaLanAra aMgrejI janatAnA ddhAo mahAna banyA haze." Toma peInane avAja AkhA khaMDamAM UbharAyo. jagata jItavAnA kaDavALa bonApArTa eka paLavAra kacaDAya. bIjI paLe eNe bUma pADIH "tamAruM, "eja opha rIjhana' meM Aja sudhI mArA ozIkA nIce rAkhyuM hatuM.' paNa vAMcyuM nahi hoya..." Tamane avAja makkama be. "have huM tene saLagAvI mUkIza.' bonApArTa saLagI UThayo. * aMgrejI ane amerikI zAhIvAdI sarakAroe te tene kayAranuM saLagAvavA mAMDyuM che.' TomapeIna belyA. ane pachI bonApArTa dharatIne kacaDAte hoya tema ugra pagalAM mUkate pasAra thaI gayo. tyAre pele amerikana svAtaMtryayuddhane pitA ane phreMca krAntinA juvALa paranI aneka yAtanAo pAmI cUkele vizva ItihAsano mahAnaddha nirAza banIne dekhI rahyo. kaMca krAMtinA mULabhUta muddAo A pheMca krAMtinA mUbhabhUta muddAo zA hatA? sauthI prathama te eNe rajavADAzAhI jIvana prathAnA aMtanI racanA karI. yurepana jagatamAM Aja

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yuropanA rAjakIya utthAnanI phreMca krAnti 413 sudhImAM rajavADAzAhI jIvanaprathA sAmenA virAdha tathA te sAmenI nAnImoTI hilacAla zarU thai gayA chatAM paNa yuropamAM adhikAra ane hakUmatanI lagAmA rAjAe ane rAjanyAnA ja hAthamAM hatI. mAlanA utpAdananuM svarUpa tathA tenI vaheMcaNInuM rUpa paNu rajavADI adhikAravALuM hatuM. ThAkAro ane umarAvAnI sattA joke rAjAenA hAthamAM AvIne niyatrita khanI gai hatI chatAM paNa ThAkAro ane umarAveA a gulAma jevA kisAna samudAyA para lAdelA asaMkhya verAo upara ja amanacamana karatA hatA. A uparAMta svataMtra dhaMdhA ane rAjagArA upara paNa aneka kaza ladAyelA hatA. rajavADAzAhInA mukhya staMbha jevI dharmAMnI ghaTanA paNa AkhA yuropa upara moTI jamInadArI prathA banI cUkI hatI, tathA jamIna para jIvatA lAkasamudAye para aneka lAgAe teNe nAkhyA hatA. A rajavADI prathAnA zikhara para yuropanA sarva sattAdhikArI mahArAjA ArUDha thayA hatA ane A ghaTanAnA pAyAmAM kacaDAi maratA lokasamudAya jamInanA gulAma hatA. A dhaTanAnA vinAza tene pAyAthI mAthA sudhI badalI nAkhI zakAya te ja thai zake. A palaTA athavA sarvAMgI pheraphAra jamIna paranA gulAma anelA samudAyeAnI ardhuM gulAmIne nAbUda karavAthI ja thai zake. A gulAmIte nAbUda karavA mATe jamIna paranA lAkasamudAye paranA anyAyI kara ane lAgAone kAyado karIne nAbUda karavA joie, tathA temanA para thayelA asahya karajonI nAbUdI karavI joie. A badhuM sarvAMgI rIte phreMca krAMtie i. sa. 1791nuM navuM rAjyabaMdhAraNa ghaDIne karavA mAMDayuM. samAja vihavaTanI AvI kAyA palaTa karavA mATe teNe rajavADAzAhInI nyAyanI asamAna prathAne nAbUda karavA mATe navuM nyAyakhAtuM dAkhala karavA mAMDayuM. A navA nyAyakhAtAmAM tamAma nyAyAdhizA, nimAyelA naM paraMtu lokAthI cUMTAyelA Ave tevuM nakkI thayuM. A navA baMdhAraNe lazkarI vyavasthA paNa navesarathI racavA mAMDI. A vyavasthAmAM sainikA ane saradAroe phreMca prajAne vaphAdAra rahevAnA sogaMda lIdhA. A navA rAjabaMdhAraNe devaLanI ane ThAkeArAnI tamAma jAgIrAne garIba kheDUtAmAM vaheMcavA mAMDI, tathA teNe AkhA phrAnsanI bhUmi para "kAravI " athavA venI prathAnA tamAma prakArAne nAbUda karavA mATenA vahivaTa zarU karyAM. AvA sudhArAone amala karavA krAMtinI AraMbhanI vahivaTI saMsthAe kAme lAgI gai, parantu krAntinI lagAma jenA hAthamAM hatI tevI vANijaya athavA muDIvAdI AgevAnI krAMtinA sarvAMgI pheraphArane badale dhIme dhIme sudhArA karavA mAgatI hatI.

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414 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA muDInA A navA mAlIke, kAntinA ugrarUpathI gabharAI uThyA hatA tathA leka samudAya paranI pitAnI AgevAnI vaDe, krAntinI prAptione vANijya prathAnI sevA karavA mATe ja vAparavA mAgatA hatA. krAMtinuM AgevAna paribaLa, muDIvAda ghaTanA rajavADI prathAno nAza karanArI, A krAMtinA AgevAna tyAranI samAja racanAmAM vANijya vahivaTa cAlatA hatA te vANijyano kArabhArI ka saMcAlaka muDIpati hate. madhyamavargamAMthI haju hamaNuM ja ene janma thayo hato. jema IgleMDamAM ane amerikAmAM tema phrAnsamAM ane AkhA yuropa para pitAnA jIvanavahivaTI kAnunanuM zAsana karavA e rAjasattA mAgatA hatA, ane tene pitAne hAtha karate hate. ATalA khyAla pUrvaka krAntinI ghaTanAnuM ApaNe nirUpaNa karIe te ApaNe, AraMbhathI aMta sudhI sattA mATe paDApaDI karanArAM, ane gIleTIna para ekabIjAne ziraccheda karanArA kalahanuM phreMca krAMtinuM vikarALa svarUpa samajI zakIe. sattA mATe paDApaDI karanArAM ca krAMtinAM A jUthamAM eka jUthane AgevAna lAphATa hato. A jUtha aMgrejI krAnti jevA rUpamAM rAjAne niyaMtrinA rAjA rAkhIne krAntine bAMdhI rAkhavA mAgatuM hatuM. AraMbhamAM ja A jUtha parAjya pAmyuM ane krAntinI raMgabhUmi parathI haDaselAI gayuM. pachI bIjuM jUtha AgaLa AveluM dekhAyuM. A jUthanuM nAma ronDIsTa hatuM. A jUtha paNa baMdaranA mAlIka vepArIonuM-muDIpationuM jUtha hatuM. A sAthe ja sAmAnya lekasamudAyanAM hitenuM pratinidhi ane temanAM hitenA khyAla sAthe kAnUna ghaDavA mAgatuM eka jUtha hatuM. enuM nAma "sAnsa-TyuTolIsa" hatuM. A jUtha sAthe muDIpationAM udAmatanI paNa sahAnubhUti hatI. A udAmata ane sAna-skaTolIsanuM joDANa eka moTuM jUtha banyuM hatuM ane tenuM nAma "mAunTana" hatuM. A badhAnuM eka meTuM valeNuM cAlatuM hatuM athavA vaMToLa vAte hatA, ane uthalapAthala macI gaI hatI. A vaMTeLapara svAra thaIne eka paLavAra jIrenTIsTo ubhelA dekhAyA. jaMgalanA vanarAjanI adAthI ane niSpharatAthI e garajatA hatA ane vartatA hatA. pachI rAjAne vadha thayo. rAjAnA vadha pachI krAntinI parasparanI kheMcatANa vadhAre kaparI banI. valeNuM jorathI pharavA lAgyuM. perIsa nagara hacamacI uThayuM. A jhaMjhAvAta para palANanArA, besapIrI DenTana ane meraTa "mAunTana" nA AgevAna hatA.

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yuropanA rAjakIya utthAnanI pheMca krAnti 415 krAntinI gati bhayAnaka banI gaI. esapIrI, DenTana ane meraTanA hAthamAM paNa sukAna hacamacI uThayuM. kAlakALa eka pachI eka ema A sukAnIone paNa gaLI gayA. meraTa jIvI zakI hota to ! paNa e jIvI zakayA nahIM. jIvI zakayo hota to, jIvanavahivaTanI vyavasthA saMgaThananuM suMdara rUpa sajI zakI hota parantu tema banyuM nahIM kAraNa ke valeNa jevA krAntinA A ulkApAtamAMthI ja muDIpationA pIchehaTha karavA mAgatA eka maMDaLamAMthI eka chokarIe AvIne meraTanI mulAkAta mAgI ane tenA peTamAM charI bhoMkI dIdhI. kaeNntine kAnUna lakhatA meraTane hAtha lacI paDyA. zAhImAM lehIne raMga ragadoLAI gayA ane meraTa game eTale muDIvAdanuM sAmrAjyavAdIrUpa pAchuM AgaLa AvI gayuM. paNa koNa hatA A meTa ? meraTa i. sa. 1745 mAM svIjharaleMDamAM janamyA hatA. meraTane bApa svIjharaleMDamAM jANItA vaida hatA. A vaide tenA dIkarAne vaidu bhaNavA baraDA

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416 vizva itihAsanI rUparekhA mAkalyA hatA. meraTe vaiduM bhaNIne pahelAM perisamAM ane pachI hAleMDamAM ane tyAra pachI laMDanamAM prekaTIsa karI. I. sa. 1773 mAM eNe manuSya para nibaMdha lakhIte ciMtananA itihAsa paranI potAnI pakaDa tyAranI duniyAmAM pUravAra karI, tathA vidvAna tarIke paMkAyelA meTane tyAranI vidvAneAnI dhaNI saMsthAee bahumAna ApyuM. isa. 1775 mAM eDInabaga yunivasITIe ene mAna ApyuM ane ema. DI. nI upAdhI tene enAyata karI. phrAnsamAM e DAkaTara tarIke eTalA badhA pakAyA ke kAunTa oNpha ArTIe enA jAhera mAnamAM meATA meLavaDA karyAM. meTe potAnI jAtane vaijJAnika tarIke paNa pUravAra karI tathA ApTIkala ane vidhutakSetramAM paNa eNe zodhakheALa karavA mAMDI. gathe, vAlTere ane kalIne enI mitrAcArI bAMdhI eTale e mahAna hatA.

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417 yuropanA rAjakIya utthAnanI deca kAti eNe I. sa. 1780 mAM "plAna-DI-lejIslezana krImInale " nAmanuM kAyadA para pustaka lakhyuM ane pachI A mahAna meraTe kAtinI hilacAlamAM jhaMpalAvIne lA-AmI du pIpala" nAmanuM dainika patra zarU karyuM. janasamudAya taraphanA premathI chaklakAtuM enuM dIla mAtra dAjhatuM nahotuM paNa saLagatuM hatuM ema kahIye toya cAle. A dAjhapUrvaka pitAnA patramAM eNe rajavADI jAlima ghaTamALa sAme hallA zarU karyA. javAbamAM e jIvana prathAe ene pIche pakaDyo. I. sa. 1790 ne jAnyuArImAM ane 1781 ne DIsembaramAM ene jIva bacAvavA laMDana nAsI javuM paDyuM. tyAra pachI krAMtinA juvALamAM AgevAnI karavA te chUpI rIte pAchA perisa Abe tathA perisanagaramAM "lA-AmI Du-pIpala" nAmanuM enuM chApuM bhamabhitara banIne, agni jhALa jevuM uDavA lAgyuM. pachI krAtie jyAre krAntinA taMtranI ghaTanAne phrAnsanA nagaramAM vaheMcI nAkhIne kamajora banAvI devAne prastAva mUke tyAre eNe tene pitAnI badhI tAkAtathI virodha karyo, ane eka ane avibhAjya evA phreMca ripablIkanI racanA karAvI, pachI krAMtinA je juvALa para meraTa palANa hatuM tenA tApamAM ja e pite paNa laya pAmI gaye. pratikrAtie jhanUnI banIne krAnti para mArelA meraTanA khUnarUpI kArI ghAthI AkhA phrAnsana jana samudAya jANe ghavAI gayo. krAtinA tamAma AgevAnoe A mahAnubhAvanA zaba AgaLa mAthuM namAvyuM. enA mRtyunI chabI para leka juvALe dhasAre karyo ane rUdana karatAM lokenAM ToLAMe enA gharamAM ane gharanI AsapAsa phUlena DhagalA chAI dIdhA. AkhI lakasabhA sAthe perisanA mAnava samudAyanuM smazAna saraghasa nIkaLyuM. DeviDa nAmanA mahAna citArAe enA matane amara banAvatuM citradarzana devuM. "keDeliyasa " nA vizALa medAnamAM eka bhavya kabaramAM daphanAvavA mATe samIsAMjanuM nIkaLeluM smazAna saraghasa madharAte pahoMcyuM. tamAma saMsthAoe meTane aMjalI dIdhI ane chevaTe lekasabhAnA AgevAna thurioe meraTane daphanAvyuM. meraTanA hRdayane bahAra kADhavAmAM AvyuM tathA ripablIkanI lokasabhAnA vizALa khaMDamAM tene darzana mATe ge ThavavAmAM AvyuM. phrAnsamAM krAntinA vizva itihAsano AraMbha thayA pachI koI paNa mAnavIne nahi Apelu evuM mAna phrAnse meraTane dIdhuM. krAMti pachIne nepoliyanane udaya meraTanA gayA pachI krAMtinI oTa zarU thaI cUkI hatI. krAMtinA nAmamAM hakUmata dhAraNa karanArI ane sarakAra bananArI maMDaLIoe sarakAra gRha para 53

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418 vizva itihAsanI rUparekhA AvatAM lokAnAM ToLAMne khALavA lazkaranI TukaDIone upayoga karavA paDatA hatA. AvI lazkarI TukaDIoneA eka navajuvAna AgevAna sAmAnya sainikamAMthI hajI hamaNAM ja nAnakaDA saradAra banyA hatA. tyAranA A nAnakaDA saradAranuM nAma nepaeNliyana khAnApArTa hatuM. E bhUmadhya samudramAMnA kAsikA nAmanA TApunA e vatanI hatA ane pete A iTAliyana TApu para janamyA hAvA chatAM phrAnse e TApunA kabaje laI lIdhe| hAvAthI eja samaye kharAbara potAne phrencamena kahevaDAvI zake te rIte tenA janma thayA hatA. enAM mAbApe ene lazkarI nizALamAM bhaNavA mAyA tathA gaNitamAM UMcA naMbare e pAsa thayA hatA. AvA napAliyana kheAnApATa paNa perIsamAM hatA. phrenca krAMntinI auTa have zarU thai gaI hatI ane have yurApanI badhI sarakAraza krAMtinA A phrAnsa dezanA virAdha karatI hatI, tathA rAjAne pharIvAra phrenca gAdI para besADavA mATe laDavA nIkaLatI hatI, eTale e samayanI phrenca sarakAre potAnI rajavADI prathAnA nAzane rokI rAkhavAnuM tathA, muDIvAdI krAntinI lagAmane pakaDI rAkhavAnu kAma hAthamAM dhAraNa karyuM. muDIvAdI krAntinuM rakSaNa karavA mATe navI sarakAre laDavA javAnuM kAma nepoliyanane sAMpyuM. sauthI pahelA nepAliyana iTAlI sAthe laDavA gayA, ane saikAo pahelAM henibAla nAmanA eka mahAna senApatie Apasane eLaMgyA hatA tyArapachI iTAlImAM utarI paDavA mATe nepAliyane paNa potAnA badhA zastra saraMjAma sAthe Alpasane khIjIvAra eLagyA. nepAliyane ITAli Akhu jItI lIdhuM, ane jyAre A vijetA phrAnsa pAcho pharyo tyAre phrAnsanI sarakAranA AgevAtA tenAthI DaravA lAgyA. phreMca sAmrAjyavAdanA saMgrAmA have nepoliyana nAmanA phrAnsanA, A senApatie peAtAne ijIpta jItavA mATe mekalavAnI sarakAra pAse mAgaNI karI. nepoliyananI A mAgaNI pAchaLa phrAnsanI muDIvAda sarakAranuM eka jUtha, sAmrAjyavAdI jUtha hatuM. e jUthanI mAgaNIne svIkAra thayA tathA tepoliyana imatamAM vijaya karavA paheAMcI gayeA. ijIpta para vijaya meLavIne A mahAna vijetA, aMgrejone harAvI daI te hiMduratAna jItI levAnuM svapna sevavA lAgyA. khIjA dezane parAdhIna banAvIne AkhI

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yuropanA rAjakoya utthAnanI phreMca kAnti sle duniyAnA mAlika banavA mATe jevI rIte aMgrejI zAhIvAda nIkaLI cUkayA hatA tevIja rIte aMgrejI zAhivAdane paNa harAvIne phrAnsanu meDhu sAmrAjya duniyAbharamAM pAtharI devAnuM eNe nakkI karyuM. ' IjIptane jItIne prAcIna samayanA sijhara jevA A vijetA pirAmIDanA paDachAyAmAM ubhA rahyo. A navA vijetA nepolIyana menApArTa pAchA phrAnsa paheAMce te pahelAM duniyAne jItavA nIkaLI cUkelA aMgrejI sAmrAjyavAdaneA nelasana nAmane naukA senApati aMgrejI naukA kAlA laIne nAila nadInA mukha AgaLa AvI paheAMcyA. ahi' eNe nepAliyananA naukA kAlAne harAvyA ane saLagAvI mUkayeA. potAnA lazkara sAthe pAchA phrAnsa paheAMcavA mATe have nepoliyana pAse kA jahAjha rahyuM naha. eTale tI lIdhelA isa dezamAMja peAtAnA lazkarane rAkhIne nepoliyana ekalA phrAnsa paheAMcyA. jyAre e phrAnsa paheAMcyA tyAre eNe joyuM ke phrenca sarakAra potAnI rAjanitinuM saMcAlana karatI ja nahAtI paraMtu aMdara aMdara laDatI hatI. eTale eNe A aMdara aMdara kajIyA karatI sarakAra para kAbU meLavyo. pachI eNe eka kAnsalane A sarakAra para sarvopari adhikArI tarIke nimavAnI darakhAsta mUkIne eNe kaiAnasala tarIke peAtAnuja nAma raju karAvyuM. A rIte A sarveoNri kAnasala e peAte ja banyA. phrAnsanI sarakAramAM eNe A sarvopari jagA AjIvana banAvI. pachI eNe iMgleMDane jItavA mATe dariyAi khADI eLaMgI javAnI taiyArI karI, have nepoliyane jagatane potAnuM sAmrAjya banAvI devA nIkaLatA pahelAM AkhAya yuropa para lazkarI niyathI tene kabaje karI levAnAM yuddo zarU karI dIdhAM. rahAIna, iTAlI, ane beljIyama paratepoliyana mAnApAnA nAmanI raNahAkala ga uThI. A saunA vijetA nepoliyana, i. sa. 1799mAM phreMca krAMtie dhaDelA rIblIkana phrAnsaneA have pahelA * kAnsala ' banI cUkayA hatA. eTale tyAra pachI paMdara varSa sudhI yuropane eke eka deza nepoliyananAM yuddhothI hacamacI uThayA. nepoliyana kahetA hatA ke jagate kadI nahi dIThele evA raNasaMgramAnA itihAsa racavAnA prayAga meM zarU karI dIdhA che. A prayAga karanArA AgevAna enApArTa AkhA yuropa para saMgrAmanI prayoga zALAmAM ghUmatA hoya tema pAte dhumatA hatA. yuropanA itihAsanI vyAsapITha parathI ItihAsane Adeza detA hoya tema e kayAreka pirAmIDanA paDachAyAmAMthI, te kayAreka ITAlInA medAna parathI, to kayAreka eTalAMTikanAM pANI parathIyuddhanA paDakAra jevAM AmaMtraNa ApatA hatA. i. sa. 1789 thI 1804 sudhImAM eNe osTrIyA, ITAlI, IMgleMDa ane raziyAne parAjaya pamADI dIdhAM, ane i.

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420 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA sa. 1804 mAM eNe phreMca krAMti pachInA lekazAsanamAM kensalanuM pada dhAraNa karIne tathA pitAnA mAthA para vidhisarane tAja paheravA mATe, perisamAM padhAravAnuM eNe pipane pharamAna mokalyuM. Ama neliyana zahenazAha banyo ane enI saMgrAmanI kAryavAhI AgaLa vadhI. nepoliyananuM patana - I. sa. 181nI sAla have purI thaI gaI hatI. raziyAne jhAra have elekajhAMDara nAmane hate. A raziyana jhAre ane praziyA IgleMDa ane osTrIyAe nepoliyananA hAthe hArakhAdhA karI hatI. I. sa. 1812mAM nepaliyana ske nagarane kabaje levA pharI vAra raziyA para caDhato hato. eNe AkhA yurepa para kabajo meLavyo hato. yuropa para saMpUrNa nirNaya meLavavAmAM have mAtra igleMDano TApu ane raziyana pradeza ja bAkI hatA. eNe peIna, jarmanI, heleMDa, ITAlI ane piTuMgalamAMthI lazkara belAvyAM ane uttara tarapha caDhAI karI. nepelIyananA raziyA paranA A yuddhanA banAva pachInI vAta te jagajAhera che. nepoliyana raziyAnA pATanagaramAM pahoMcyo khare ane kemalInamAM eNe thoDIka rAta sudhI mahephilenI ujavaNI paNa karI. paraMtu 1812nA sabarUnA paMdarame divase managara saLagI uryuM, te cAra divasa sudhI saLagyA ja karyuM. pachI pAMcamA divasanI sAMje peliyane pitAnAM lazkarene pAchAM vaLavAne hukama karyo. be aThavADiyAmAM ja pAchA vaLavAnA verAna rastAo para barapha paDavA mAMDyo hato. vizvavijetAnAM lazkare baraphanA kAdavamAM thaIne AgaLane AgaLa ghasaDAyA karyA, ane naveMbaranI 26 mI tArIkhe ghasaDAtAM A lazkarane cAre bAjuethI raziyana lazkaranA humalAoe pajavavA mAMDyAM. nepoliyananAM eka lAkha mANase baraphanAM medAna para marelAM paDyAM. ene zastrasAja baraphanA kAdavamAM caTele rahI gayo. enI jIvatI rahelI TUkaDIo jarmanImAM pahoMcI ane bIjI TUkaDIo laIne e perisa nagaramAM pAcho Avyo. raziyAnI virATa bhUmi para enAM lazkarane jagata jItavA mATe A vijetA pelA perisanagaramAMthI ja vijyakUca kADhI gayo hate. eNe yurepa paNa jItyuM hatuM paraMtu yuropanI pUrva sarahada A vijetAne anaMta jevI dekhAI. raziyAe ene parAjya karyo. A parAjayane lIdhe jagatanuM pATanagara gaNatuM perisa hacamacI uThayuM hatuM. nepoliyananI sAme laDatAM yurepanAM rAjyo igleMDanI AgevAnI nIce have A vizvavijetA sAme eka thavA mAMDyAM. nepoliyane pharIvAra eka vizALa lazkara jamAvyuM ane 1815nA junamAM nepoliyana bejIyamamAM paThe. junanI 16mIeeNe praziyanane harAvyA.

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yuropanA rAjakIya utthAnanI phreMca krAnti 421 e divasa pachI menApATa veTaralUnA raNamedAna para veliMgTananI sAma sAme AvI gayA. A saMgrAmamAM tepeAliyana hAryAM ane nAThA. A vakhate ene enA khacAvatA keAI ArA rahyo hato nahIM. eNe amerikA taraph nAsI javAnA prayatna karyAM. ene nAsI jatA rekI pADavA mATe aMgrejI naukA kAleA phreMca badarAnI cAkI karatA hatA. prazciyanA paNa ene pakaDIne vidhI nAkhavA mAgatA hatA. have eNe rAjagAdI choDI dIdhI hatI ane navI skreca sarakAre covisa ja kalAkamAM phreMca dharatI cheoDI javAtuM enA para pharamAna kADhyuM hatuM. julAinA paMdaramA divase e " melereA-kaoNna jahAjha para caDho ane eDamirala AdhAmane eNe potAnI talavAra suprata karI. pachI plImAutha khadara para nA kharaleMDa nAmanA jahAja para ene caDhAvavAmAM AvyA, tathA A jahAjamAM kedI banelA A vizvavijetAne mAta pAme tyAM sudhI kaida karI rAkhavA, seTahelinA nAmanA TApu tarapha haMkArI javAmAM AvyuM. 39 keAnasTenaTAina nAmanA eka zamana bAdazAhanI mAtAnA nAma parathI seTa helinA, kahevAtA A eka TApu para ene keda karavAmAM AvyA. cha varSa sudhI kArAgAranI yAtanAe bhAgavIne nepoliyana I. sa. 1821 mAM maraNa pAmyA. naipeAliyanika samayanA patana pachInu curopa phrenca krAMti pachI phrAnsanA lokasamudAye phrAnsanI rajavADAzAhIne parAjIta karIne tene nAbUda krarIne rAjAnA nahi paNa prajAnA AtmaniNa yane vijaya pharakAvIne phrenca svarAjyanA lAka nirNAyanI racanA karI hatI. pachI phrenca krAMtinA AgevAna banelA ane vANijya nItine varelA mUDIdAra varga krAMtinu sukAna potAnA hAthamAM dhAraNa karIne beThA hatA. phrenca ravarAjyanu A sukAna sAmrAjyavAdI evA adhikAranuM svarUpa dhAraNa karIne yuropa para yuddha jAhera karatu hatu. A adhikAranuM lazkarIrUpa, nepoliyana khAnApArTa hatuM. A adhikAre have potAnA mAthA para sIjharAnI garUDavALI TopI dhAraNa karI hatI. A garUDanuM nizAna AkhA yuropanA parAjaya karIne ane tene potAnA gulAma banAvIne AkhA jagata para peAtAnuM sAmrAjya pAtharavAnuM hatuM. paNa garUDAnA A meLA vATaralUnA gAma AgaLa parAjya pAmyA ane nepoliyananI zahenazAhatane tyAM AgaLa nAza thayA. e rIte yurApane parAdhIna banAvIne vizvavijaya karavA nIkaLI cukelA phreMca sAmrAjyavAdane parAjaya thayA tathA jene vijaya thaye| te sAmrAjyavAdI ghaTanAnuM nAma aMgrejI sAmrAjyavAda

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khukhu vikava ItihAsanI rUparekhA hatuM. je raste nepalIyana gayo te eNe dekhyo hate. e rastA paranA padArthapATha zIkhIne aMgrejI tAkAta have jagata jItavA mATe nIkaLI cukI hatI. paraMtu have yupe kAyApalaTa karI dIdhI hatI. AkhAya yuropa para pitapotAnI rajavADAzAhIno parAjya karanAra ane rajavADI prathAnI kAyApalaTa karIne leka adhikArane AtmanirNaya sthApanAra lokasamudAyane vijaya thayo hato. paraMtu A lekasamudAya have nepaliyananA yuddhamAM katala ja thayA karatA hatA, ane temane vijaya kaI paNa ThekANe jANe dekhAte nahato. je lekasamudAyoe krecakrAMti karIne phrAnsamAM AtmanirNaya ghaDayo hato tene nepoliyane bhUro lazkarI pipAka paherAvIne raziyAnAM medAna para mata pamADyA hatA A samudAyone lazkare banAvIne bIjA lokonA pradeza jItavA muDIvAdI sAmrAjyavAde yurepabharamAM kavAyata karAvavA mAMDI hatI. eTale ja Aje te jANe yurepa paranAM nepeliyananAM yuddho pachI je koIne vijaya thaye heya te te vijaya raziyAnA jhArane vijaya hatuM, osTriyA ane praziyAnI zahenazAhatane vijaya hatuM, tathA IgleMDanA mahArAjAno paNa vijya thayA hatA. A vijayI zahenazAhe pitApitAnA pradezamAM lekasamudAyane AtmanirNaya kacaDavA mAgatA hatA, ane darekajaNa AkhA yuropanA dezone parAdhIna banAvIne AkhA jagatane pitAnuM gulAma banAvavA mAgatA hatA. nepoliyananI zahenazAhata sAmrAjyavAdI dhyeyavALI ja hatI. paNa parAjya pAmelA phrAnsadezanA pATanagaramAM have yuropanA vijayI mahArAjAo peThA ane sauthI pahelAM temaNe ca svarAjya athavA rIpablIkane khatama karI nAkhIne zahenazAhatane kAyama karI dIdhI. krAMtinA A pATanagaramAMja A rIte rajavADI prathAne nAza karanArI muDIvAdI krAMtio bhegA, yurepanA mahArAjAo ekaThA thaI gayA tathA, muDIvAdI varganA sAmrAjyavAdano svIkAra karIne temaNe krAMtine kacaDI nAkhavA mATenI jogavAIo karavA mAMDI. yurepanA mahArAjAonI krAMti virodhI hilacAla krAMti pachInA navA jIvana vahivaTanA khyAlane lIdhe hacamacI gayelA ane kaMpI uThelA yuropanA mahArAjAo, zahenazAhe, ane zahenazAha bAnuo. tathA ThAkore ane umarAne have jarAka nirAMta vaLI. A badhAMoe mAnyuM ke have duniyA pharIvAra pAchI, phreMca krAMti thatAM pahelAM jyAM ane jevI hatI, tevI rajavADI rItarasamavALI banAvI zakAze. pheMce krAMti pahelAMnA rajavADI samayamAM pAcho haTIne pahoMcI javA mATe, pratikrAMtinI badhI taiyArIo,

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yuropanA rAjakIya utthAnanI pheMca kAnti 423 tathA janAo racAvA ane tajavIja karavA A badhA nAmadAre eka saMmelanamAM ekA thayA. A saMmelananuM nAma " heli elAyansa" hatuM. jagatane bhUtakALamAM laI javA mATenI helielAyansanI kAryavAhI uparanA nAme ItihAsamAM jANItI banelI yurepanA mahArAjAo ane temanA rAjapurUSonI viyenAmAM maLelI koMgresanuM adhivezana thayuM. A pahelAM A badhA mahArAjAo ane temanA rAja pura jyAre bonApA kAntinuM topakhAnuM phreMca lekenuM nizAna tAkavA mATe pheravyuM hatuM tyAre AnaMdamAM AvI gayA hatA paNa tarata ja nApArTanAmathI jANItA banelA e phreMca lazkarI amaladAre zarUAtamAM kAtine dago dIdhA pachI ripablIkanA traNa kenisa paikI eka kaeNnsala tarIke pitAnI jAtane jAhera karI ane pachI tarata ja pote ekale pelA traNa ke na sa la ne * * javAnA che, kanasla banI gaye , ane pachI pA che. Akhare e za he na ha banIne yuane jItavA nIkaLI paDaze. tyArathI A rAjA mahArAjIo ane rAjapurUSAno AnaMda uDI gayo hato. pitAnI lazakarI hakumatamAM

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vizva itihAsanI rUparekhA 424 jakaDI levAnuM kAma karatA naipeAliyana peAte zahenazAha banI gayA parantu khIjA zahenazAhAnI jemaja peAtAnuM sAmrAjya jamAvavA zahenazAha banelA naipeliyane A khIjA mahArAjAonA parAjya karyuM. parAjya pAmelA A mahArAjAnA dIkarAone teNe peAtAnAM lazkarAmAM nAkarIe rAkhyA hatA, tathA A mahArA jAnI dIkarIone teNe peAtAnA senApatIe sAthe paraNAvI hatI. A mahArAjAonAM pattharanAM putaLAMone eNe perisamAM lAvIne ubhAM karI dIdhAM hatAM. eNe AkhA yuropane 'yuddhanI chAvaNI' banAvI dIdhuM hatuM tathA AkhAya jamAnAnAM pharajaMdAne sahArI nAkhyAM hatAM. paNa have jyAre A tepeliyana parAjya pAmI cUkayA hatA tyAre yureApanA eka eka dezanI prajAe zAMtine pokAra karatI hatI. hAlIelAyansanI smazAna zAMti 66 barAbara e ja samaye ame tamane saMpUrNa zAMti ApIzuM' ema kahIne, parAjya pAmelA pelA mahArAjA ane rAjapurUSo vienAmAM ekaThA thayA. A saMmelane peAtAnu nAma " heAli elAyansa' pADayuM. A hAli elAyanse phreMca krAntinAM badhAM pariNAmAneA nAza karavAne nizcaya karyo. krAntinAM pariNAmA vinAza karavA mATe temaNe pota potAnI prajA para damana karavAnAM navAM kArAgArA caNAvavAnuM zarU karyuM". A mahArAjAe damananA kAyadA kAnUne dhaDavA saMmata thayA. A mahArAjAonAM rAjyAmAM tamAma prakAranI svataMtratA upara aMkuza ghaDAyA, ane AjhAdInuM nAma lenArane bhayaMkara zikSA karavAnuM nakakI thayuM. A mahArAjAonA darekanA rAjyamAM sauthI vadhAre tAkAtavALu ane mAna pAmavAnI lAyakAtavALu vyaktitva " polIsamena " tuM gaNAyuM. A haoNli elAyanse " yuropa khaDa para AvI jAtanI zAMtinI sthApanA karavA mAMDI paraMtu A zAMti kAranI zAMti hatI, ane nUtana utthAna pAmelA yuropane jIvatA mAnava samUdAya tene sahana karI levA have taiyAra nahAtA. AvI, haoNli elAyansanA pratinidhi banelA rAjapurUSAmAM meTanIka nAmanA oNsTriyana rajavADAnA rAjapurUSa hatA; ane TAlerAM nAmanA eka rAjakAraNapaTu dharmaguru hatA. A saMmelanamAM eka bIjAnI duzmana banavA mAgatI yuropanA rajavADAMnI e virodhI chAvaNIe paNa ekaThI thaI hatI. eka chAvaNInA AgevAna raziyAnA jhAra hatA, tathA khIjI bAjue praziyAnA pratinIdhI bismArka hatA, kAraNa ke raziyA pAleDane khAI javA mAgatuM hatuM. ane praziyA sekasanIne khAI javA mAgatuM hatuM. osTrIyA ane iMgleMDanA rAjyAnuM rAjakAraNa raziyA ane praziyAne ',

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yurepanA rAjakIya utthAnanI pheMca kAnti kara5 tema karatAM aTakAvavA mAgatuM hatuM. kAraNa ke je raziyA peleMDa para adhikAra jamAve ane praziyA je seksanIne khAI jAya te yuropamAM te baMnenI tAkAta vadhI paDe. eTale raziyA ane praziyAne eka bIjAnI sAme laDAvavAnuM kAma TolerAe hAthamAM lIdhuM. hatuM. evI A holi elAyansamAM osTrIyAne vaDA pradhAna meTanIka paNa agatyane mANasa hato. A meTanaka kaheto hato ke nepolIyananI bheTa kAtinA badalAmAM jagatane maLI hatI, ane nepolIyana karatAM te. phreca zahenazAha laI sarva rIte sAro ane zAMti sAcavanAre hate. meTanIka pitAnA A siddhAMtane sthiti cUstatAnA nUtana siddhAMta tarIke helielAyansamAM sthApita karatuM hatuM. e pate kaheto hato ke aDhAra luI have phrAnsane zahenazAha thayo hovAthI cakrAMti pahelAMne suvarNayuga ApaNe pAcho AkhA yuropa khaMDamAM lAvI zakIzuM. A "heli" kegresano bIje me adhyakSa raziyAne elekajhAMDara nAmane jhAra paNa hatuM. A kAre nepoliyanane parAjya karyo hato ane yuropakhaMDane smazAna zAMti ApavAne zahenazAhatane zobhe te zapatha lIdhe hate. jUnA jagatanA A adhyakSo AvI umedo sAthe bhegA thayA hatA temAM pratikrAntinA A pratinIdhiomAM praziyAmAMthI eka jUnA jagatane mahAna jamInadAra AvI pahoMcyA hatA. A jamInadAra praziyAne nUtana banAvavA mAgatA hatA. A javAna jamInadAranuM nAma bismArka hatuM. e bhASaNakhorIne dhikkArato. hatuM ane kAma karavAmAMja mAna hatuM. eTale eNe A heli elAyansamAM sauthI vadhAre upayoga pitAnA kAna ane AMkhone ja karyo. A bismArka ahiM nakki kara hato ke nahAnA nhAnA rAjyomAM vaheMcAyele jarmana deza eka tha joIe. teja jarmanI mahAna jarmanI banI zakaze tathA mahAna jarmanIja AkhA yuropakhaMDane pitAnI eDa nIce lAvIne duniyA bharamAM pitAnuM mahAna sAmrAjya jamAvI zakaze. AvuM ja sAmrAjyanepalIyana jamAvavA maLatuM hatuM. AvuM ja sAmrAjya iMgleMDe jamAvavA mAMDyuM hatuM. bismArka paNa eja IrAdAne najaramAM rAkhIne eka moTA kAgaLa para krAMtinI hilacAlane pAchI haTAvI devAnA ane prati krAMtinI sthApanA karavAnA helI elAyansanA karAre para sahIsIkkAo karyA. pachI heli elAyansamAMthI bismArka praziyAmAM pAcho gaye ane holi elAyansanA karAramAM joDAIne praziyAmAM eNe have smazAna zAMtinuM rAja zarU karI dIdhuM.

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27. yuropanA AtmanirNayavALa, 19 me sake [nepaliyanane aMta ane yurepanI loka hilacAlane udayayuropakhaMDanI Agekuca-uttara amerikAmAM hAyaTImAM loka hilacAlahAyaTI pachI venejhuelA-raziyA ane bAlakana-prIsanI svAtaMtrya hilacAla kAnsanI bIjI kAntikrAnsamAMthI ITAlImAM-yuropanI kAntimAM jarmanInI pratikAnti-neliyana pachI bismArkabismArkanuM mahAna jaramanI]. nepalIyanane aMta ane surepanI leka hilacAlane udaya ca krAntinI hilacAle yurepabharamAM AtmanirNayanI hilacAlane jagatI karI dIdhI. nepoliyanane udaya tha ane asta paNa AvI pahoMcyA hatA. A asta pachI yurepanA Atma nirNayanI hilacAla AgaLa vadhe ja jatI . hatI. iMca-krAntimAMthI sainika ane saradAra banIne krAntine aTakAvI denArI lazkarI hilacAla para svAra thaIne nepalIyana, zahenazAha nepalIyana banIne Akhare parAjya pAmIne senTa helIne nAmanA TApumAM I. sa. 1821 sudhI vitI gaelA bhutakALanA AkAra dekhate beTho hate. dharatInA cheDAo sudhI eNe pirIsanagarathI uparA uparI svArIo karIne AkramaNone zera karI mUkyo hatuM. A dhaMdhATa krAntine naheAte paNa pratikAtine hate. nepoliyAnika yuddho e yuropanA ekaeka dezane pADyA hatA. ekeeka dezanI sarakArane eNe namAvI hatI. jyAM e gayo tyAM ene vijya aMkAyo hate. paraMtu A badhA vijaye krAMtinA nahetA paNa prati krAntinA hatA. tyAranuM phrAMsamAnuM phreMca prati krAntinuM A svarUpa sAmrAjyavAdanuM athavA zahenazAhata sthApavAnuM hatuM. nepa lIyananI zahenazAhata eka divasabhara yuropa para AvAM AkramaNa vaDe sthapAI cUkI kharI paNa bIje ja divase A zahenazAhatanuM maraNa nIpajyuM. yuropanA rAjAo, mahArAjAo, ThAkore, nepalIyananI tUTI paDelI zahenazAhatanI khuzAlImAM pitapatAnA pradezamAMthI bahAra nIkaLyA. saune mana pitAnI zahenazAhata ka

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47 yupanA AtmanirNayavALe, 10 mo saMko sthApavAne have ke maLavAne umaMga hato. nepolIyane emanI saunI zAhIvAdI umedo ane zahenazAhanAM svapnane thALI mUkyAM hatAM te pAchAM jIvatAM karIne A sau zAhI rasAlAo yuropanA rajavADI darabAramAMthI bahAra nIkaLIne osTrIyAnA vienA nagaramAM ekaThA thayA hatA. A saMmelananuM nAma vIe. nAnI kaMgresa paDayuM. vIenAnI A kegrese pitAnuM rUpALuM nAma helIelAyansa pADIne teNe yurepa bharamAM, kAntinuM Atma nirNayanuM, AjhAdInuM ane leka matanuM nAma nizAna miTAvI devAnA dhyeyane dhAraNa karIne, prati krAntinI, pitAnI kAryavAhI ghaDavAnuM nakkI karyuM. paNa yurepa khaMDanI Agekuca aTakI nahIM. paNa iMca krAnti jenuM prabhava sthAna hatI tevI loka nirNayanI, yuropa khaMDanA leka samudAyanI AgekUca aTakI nahIM. vienAmAM bharAyelA mahArAjAonA saMmelane karelA TharAva pramANe temaNe yuropanAM rASTrone phreMca krAMti pahelAMnA jamAnAmAM laI javAnuM nakkI karyuM hatuM. paraMtu prattikrAMtie nakkI karyA pramANe pAchA haThavAne yuropane ItihAsa inkAra karate hate. vienAnI ugrese athavA "helielAyansa " ItihAsanI ghaDIyALanA samayanA kAMTAne eka saMke pAcho haTAvI devAnuM nakki karyuM hatuM. paraMtu samayane kadama pAchuM DagaluM bharavA nahotA mAgate. vienAnI kAMgresanA kAnUna pramANe nahi paNa samAjanA jIvana vahivaTanI AgekUcanA niyama pramANe yuropane lekasamudAya AgaLa vadhavA mAgatuM hatuM. ane pelA nAmadAroe nakika karelA nakazAone, kAryakramane, ane yojanAone niSphaLa banAvI mUkate, 19 mA saikAne AtmanirNayanA rUpathI maDhI detA hatA. AtmanirNayane hetune laIne ane phrenca krAMtie dIdhelA kAnUnane mAthe caDAvIne yuropanAM jana AMdalane AgaLa vadhatAM hatAM. yuropanA loke have Aste Aste yurepanA mahArAjAoe mane karelAM pustaka vAMcavA mAMDyAM hatAM tathA temaNe nakArelA krAMtikArI sidhdhAnuM manana karavA mAMDyAM hatAM, ane AtmanirNayane rASTra vyApI kAryakrama hAtha dharatAM hatAM. utthAnayuge dIdhelI eka rASTranI bhAvanA have jarUrI rIte yurepanA rAjakiya jIvanamAM anivArya banelI dekhAtI hatI. A bhAvanAne AkAra aMgrejone potAnI bhUmi parathI hAMkI kADhIne ane pitAnI bhUmine amerikA nAmane eka saMyukta rASTra banAvIne amerikAnI svAtaMtrya hilacAle daI dIdhuM hatuM.

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428 AtmanirNayanI hilacAlanI rUparekhA :- uttara amerikAmAM hAyaTI vizva itihAsanI rUparekhA AtmaniyanA AkAra zarUAtamAM ApaNI duniyAnA dUranA pradezamAM phrAnsakrAntie upajAvelI hilacAlanA AkAra khatIne dakSiNa amerikA tarapha dekhAyA. A pradeza para speinanAM saMsthAne hatAM, paNa pachI phrenca krAntinI asara tyAM paNa pahoMcI ane nepoliyananAM yudhdhAnA mAr nIce speniza sAmrAjyanuM kamaThANa hacamacI UThyuM. dakSiNa amerikA taraphanAM pradezanA eka vakhatanA speinanAM saMsthAnA speinanI gulAmImAMthI chUTavA mAMDyAM. A saMsthAnAne gulAma banAvanArI speniza zahenazAha phrenca zahenazAha sAthenA yudhdhamAM parAjaya pAmyA hatA, ane phreMca zahenazAhe tene kedI banAvyA hatA. A samaye dakSiNa amerikAnA hAyaTI nAmanA speniza saMsthAne speniza hakumatamAMthI potAnA chUTakArA jAhera karyAM ane sAthe sAthe phrAnsanA josepha kheAnApAnI hakUmata mAnavAnI paNa nA pADI dIdhI. A saMsthAnadvIpanuM jUnuM nAma ispAganeAlA hatuM. I. sa. 1791nA phreMca krAMtinA varSoMmAM A TApu upara pazu samAna ane adhivatAnuM eka moTu saMmelana bharAyuM hatuM tathA phreMca krAMtinA geArA AgevAnAe A kALA bAMdhavAnI sAthe samAna AMdhavAtAnA svIkAra karavA perisathI eka pratinIdhI maMDaLa paNa mAkahyuM hatuM. hAyaTInA A rASTriya sa Mmelane potAnA dvipa rASTrane ekatAnI ane Atma niyanA adhikAranI jAherAta tusAM nAmanA peAtAnA rASTra AgevAnanI rAhabarI nIce karI. krAMtine cheha denAra tepeAliyane peAtAnA lekaleka nAmanA sALAne senApati banAvIne A dvipane peAtAnuM saMsthAna banAvavA mATe tenA para caDhAI karavA mAkalyA hatA. paNa lAka senApati tusAMe pelA vizvavijetAnI naukA senAone paDakArI tathA parAjya ApyA. pachI tepoliyananI phreMca zahenazAhate hAyaTInA Atma nirNayanA adhikAra kabUla karyAM, tathA tUsAMte perisa AvavanuM AmaMtraNa Apyu. tUmAM perisa paheAMcyA, paraMtu /

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yuropanA AtmanirNayavALe, 19 me seko A mahAna rASTranetA phreMcadharatI para paga mUke te pahelAM ja jahAjamAMthI ja tene zahenazAhatane kedI banAvI daIne tene pachI ca kArAgAramAM jakaDI devAmAM AvyuM. nepeliyananI sarakAre hAyaTInI AjhAdInA A mahAna netAnuM potAnA kArAgAramAM maraNa nipajAvyuM. chatAM hAyaTInI kALI mAnavatAe samAnatAnA nAmamAM phreMca zahenazAhatane paDakArI. hAyaTInI nigro mAnavatAe potAnuM svataMtra ripablIka sthApyuM tyAre 19 roke AraMbha pAmate hate. hAyaTI pachI venejhuelA venejhuelA paNa speInanuMja saMsthAna hatuM. eNe paNa I.sa. 1811mAM venejhuelAnA kArAkAsa nAmanA pradezanA vatanI sAyamana belivaranI AgevAnI nIce mAthuM uMcakyuM. sAyamana bolivara venejhaelAna AtmanirvacanA adhikArane rASTra AgevAna bane. eNe AjhAdInA rakSaNanuM senApatipada svikAryuM ane speIna sAme saMgrAma zarU karyo. peIne belivarane parAjya karavA mATe ane venejhuelAne gulAma rAkhavA mATe "hAlI elAyansa" nI madada mAgI paraMtu Daca sAthenI hariphAImAM vepArI kAraNone lIdhe IgleMDa peInane madada ApavAnI nA pADI. te samaye amerikAnAM saMyukta saMsthAne pramukha manaro nAmane hate. I. sa. 1823 nA DIseMbaranI rajI tArIkhe manaroe amerikana koMgresa sAme bhASaNa karyuM ane eka siddhAMta rajU karyo ke : je yuropanI koI paNa satAo pitAnA zAsanane adhikAra uttara ke dakSiNa amerikAnI AsapAsa sthApavA mathaze te amerikana sarakAra evA koI paNa pagalAMne amerikAnI zAMti ane salAmatIne jokhamamAM mUkanArUM tathA yunAiTeDa sTeTasa tarapha duzmanAvaTa bharyuM gaNaze. A siddhAMtanuM nAma paNa manare DAkaTrIna paDayuM. AthI yuropanI pratikrAMtine AgevAna meTaranIka gabharAyo. spenIza hakumata sAme laDatAM laDatAM sAyamana belivara parAjya pAmyo ane tene bhAgI javAnI pharaja paDI. paraMtu venejhuelAe potAnA Atma nirNayane adhikAra sAbIta karyo ane AjhAdInI jAherAta karI tyAre 19 mAM saikAne pahele dazake pure thaye hate. raziyA ane bAlakana Aja arasAmAM raziyAnA jhAra elekajhAMDaranuM khUna thayuM, ane A mota sAthe ja yuropanI pratikrAMtiga raziyAthI paNa mAThA samAcAra AvyA.

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430 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA elekajhAMDaranuM meti e seMTa pITarsabargamAM phATI nikaLavAnA baLavAnA IsArA jevuM hatuM ke A baLa "DIsembarIsTa'nA nAmathI oLakhAya kAraNake te DIsembara mahinAmAM thayo. lekene A baLa javAbadAra rAjataMtra meLavavA mATe ane raziyana zahenazAhatanI ApakhUdIne khatama karavA mATe hato. A baLavAne dAbI devA pratikrAntinI heli elAyansanA AgevAna meTaranITe madada karI ane aneka dezabhakatene phAMsIe laTakAvIne tathA lekene ApavAnA sudhArAnI jAherAta karIne Araziyana hilacAlane dabAvI devAmAM AvI. paraMtu tarata ja pazcima yuropanA uMbarA je yuropane bAlkana nAmane pazcima daravAje navI jAgratithI khakhaDI uThayo. A pradezamAMnA, moDeviAe baLavAnI zarUAta karI. A bhavheviyAne bAlkana pradeza prAcIna romana sAmrAjyane I. sa. nA trIjA saikAmAM DesiyA nAmane eka IlAke hatuM. tyArapachIthI A pradezanI AjhAdI khovAI gaI hatI ane jANe mahAsAgaramAM A Akhe pradeza DUbI gaye heAya tema tenI bhASA paNa romana banI gaI hatI, tathA leke pitAnA moviyA nAmane rUmAniyAnA nAmathI oLakhatA thaI gayA hatA. A rUmAnIyA nAmane pradeza have tuka zahenazAhane gulAma banyo hato. A rUmanIyAe I. sa. 1821mAM mAthuM uMcakaryuM. AvI hilacAlathI virUddha chatAM je koI sattA pitAnA pratispardhi evA turkastAna sAme laDe tene madada ApavAnI rAjanIti raziyAnI hatI. paraMtu raziyA paNa "holi elAyansanuM " sabhya hovAthI raziyAnA jhAre AjhAdI mATe laDatI rUmAniyana prajAne madada karI nahiM. tethI rUmAniyana prajAnA rASTra AgevAna silAMTIne parAjya pAmIne osTriyA tarapha bhAgI javAnI pharaja paDI. tyAM krAnti virodhI e aisTriyAne zahenazAha paNa holi elAyansane sabhya hatA. eTale silAMTIne osTrIyAnA mahArAjA vatI meTaranITe pitAnA kArAgAramAM pUrI dIdhuM ane te kArAgAramAM ja maraNa pAme. prIsanI svAtaMtrya hilacAla I. sananI e 1821nI sAlamAMja bAlkana pradeza grIse paNa pitAnI AjhAdIne jhaMDo pharakAvya, tathA tUrka zahenazAhatanI tUrka TUkaDIoe pIche haTha karI. grIkee madada mATe yurepanAM rAjyane apIla karI, paNa meTaranITe temane madada karavAnI nA pADI, tathA jaNAvyuM ke amAre grIse saLagAvelA baLavAnA agni vaDe AkhI yuropiya saMskRtine Aga cAMpavI nathI. ekalA paDI gayelAM grIka dezabhakto pAchA haThavyA, tathA temanI katala thatI meTaranITe zAMtithI joyA karI. IglenDe paNa grIka dezabhaktonI katala zAMtithI dekhyA karI paraMtu 1824

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yuropanA Atmani vALA 19 mA sakA 431 nA yAdagAra varSamAM aMgrejI samAjane AgevAna le khAyarana potAnI kavitAnI pAMkha sa MkelI laI ne grIka AjhAdInI laData mATe khapI javA eka nAhanA sarakhA jahAjhane laI te haMkArI gayA. traNa mahinA pachI yuropanA A lADIlA kavinA samAcAra saMbhaLAyA ke lADa' khAyarana grIka AjhAdInA chellA mathaka misAleAMghInA raNamedAna para'marelA paDyo che. enA mRtyue yuropanI kalpanAne uttejI. ekeeka dezamAM grIka AjhAdIne madada karanArA maDaLAnI racanA karavAmAM AvI. bhUkhe maratA grIka dezabhakatA mATe svayaMsevakA ane sAmAna misAloMghI tarapha vahevA lAgyA. raziyA, IMglenDa ane phrAnsanA lakAe grIka AjhAdIne mada mAkalavA mATe peAtAnI sarakArAne apIla karI. 20 mI tArIkhe A traNe prajAonA svayaMsevakA sAthe svayaMsevaka jahAe tUrka kAlA upara hallA karyAM ane tenA nAza karyo. I. sa. 1829 mAM grIsa AjhAda rAjaya banyuM. phrAnsanI bIjI rAjyakrAnti paraMtu eja samaye yureApanAM rajavADAMoe racelI " heAli elAyansa ' nA rAjakArabhAra nIce yureApanAM bIjAM rAjyAmAM krAMtinA nAma sAme besumAra sitama varasatA hatA. helielAyansanA AvA jAlima kArabhAranA AgevAna hajI paNa yuropamAM esTrIyana sarakAranA meTaranika hato. I. sa. 1830 nA julAinI 27mI e phrenca krAntinA kukaDA pAchA kheAlI yA. perisanagara para krAntinA raMga chavAI gayA. phrenca krAntine lehimAM DUbADI daI te perisamAM esTrIyAnI AgevAnI nIce hAlIelAyanse besADelA zahenazAhanI sAme perIsanuM leAka kaTaka caDhayuM. phrAnsanA zahenazAha vadha pAmatA pahelAM A samaye doDI jaI ne IMglenDa tarapha haMkArI gayA. phrAnsanI khUna zahenazAhatanA aMta AvyA phrAnsamAMthI iTAlImAM phrAnsamAMthI uDatA krAntinA taNakhA phrAnsanI sarahadane oLaMgI gayA. ogasTanI 25mI tArIkhe Daca rAjAzAhI sAme bruselsamAM khaLA thayA. iTAlImAM paNa AtmanirNayanI hilacAla saLavaLI uThI. paraMtu esTri yAmAM beThelI yuropanI krAntividhI hakUmatane AgevAna meTaranIka iTAlInA rajavADAnI madade dhasI Avyo ane tarata ja teNe iTAlImAM zAMtI jamAvI dIdhI. iTAlIe esTriyana hakumatane pheMkI devAnI hilacAla cAlu rAkhI. iTAlIne eka ane AtmaniNaeNyavALuM AjhAda rAjya banAvanArA dezabhaktonAM nAmamAM mejhInI ITAlInA AtmanirNayanI vAcA banyA tathA gerIbAlDI ane tenA lAla khamIsavALA senikA iTAlInA tAraNahAra banyA.

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vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA pazu A laDatamAM ITAlIne rAjA vinAnuM svarAjya banAvavAnI mejhInI ane gerIkhADInI nIti saphaLa thai nahIM. jarmanInA khIssA jevI nitine apanAvanAra eka kevura nAmanA AgevAna sAraDInIyA nAmanA iTAlIyana prAMtanA rAjAne AkhA iTAlInA zahenazAha banavA lalacAvI zakayA, tathA AjhAda anelA ITAlI para rajavADI hukumata gAThavAI gaI. yuropanI hilacAlamAM janInA savAla 432 jarmanImAM 1847nI sAlamAM zarU thayelI hilacAle rASTriya javAbadArIvALA rAjyataMtranI dheASaNA karI. javAbadAra rAjyataMtranI laDate everiyAmAM zarUAta karI, tathA preveriyAnA rAjAne bhagADI mUkavAmAM AvyA. pachI prazIyAe mAthuM UMcakavuM, tathA tenAM bajArAmAM rAjA ane leAkeA vacce laDAi cAlI. peAtAnA amaladAronAM maDadAMnI vacce ubhelA prazIyana rAjAe khulle mAthe prazIyana javAbadAra rAjyataMtranA svIkAra karyo, tathA pahelI ja`na leAkasabhA i. sa. 1849nA mArca mahinAmAM phrekomAM khelAvavAmAM AvI. sa Myukta janinA 550 pratinIdhiee phrAnsIsa josephanI zahenazAhata nIcenA javAbadAra rAjyataMtranA AraMbha karyAM. tyAre yurApanI krAntione rAkI pADavAnI AgevAnI karatA esTrIyana zahenazAha tathA meTarIke phrAMnsIsa josephe dIdhelA, javAbadAra rAjyata trane AraMbhamAMthI ja daphnAvI devA AsTrIyana lazkarAnI harALAne praziyA para khaDI karI dIdhI. hepsabarganI A esTrIyana zahenazAhatanI hakUmate phrAMsInA mAMcaDA saMyukta janmanI para rApI dIdhA. AsTriyAmAM beThelI saMyukta jarmanInI A hakUmate AkhA yuropa para krAMtinI hilacAlane daphanAvI devAnA dilAsA lIdhA. AsTrIyana zahenazAhate phreMkapharTanI pArlAmenTane barakhAsta karI tathA jUnI purANI " jarmana keAnphIDarezana " te rAjavahivaTa zarU karyo. eNe phrekaphA mAM ja saMyukta jaramanInA nAmamAM navI * DAyaTa ' nI eka khelAvI. phrakAnI A pArlAmenTanA pratinidhiomAM praziyAnA eka juvAna jamInadAra zrIsamA nAmanA AbyA hatA. A khIsamArka athavA eTApheAna khIsamA --AAnaheAsena, - 1815nA eprilanA pahelA divase janamyA hatA, ane eNe praziyana DAyaTamAM peAtAnI rAjakIya kArakIrdi zarU karI hatI. A kArakIrdinuM enuM mUkhya lakSaNa javAbadAra rAjataMtravALA phreMkapheATanA baMdhAraNanA virodha karavAnuM tathA junI rajavADAzAhIneA bacAva karavAnuM hatuM. peAtAnuM A rAjkIya vana eNe khIlakula khUllI ane spaSTarIte jAhera karIne krAnti vireAdhI jaMkaranuM upanAma meLavyuM hatuM. have praziyAnI pratikrAnti mATe, potAnA A valaNathI praziyAnA rAjakartAnuM dila jItI letAM ene vAra lAgI nahI tathA praziyAnA

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yuropanA AtmaniyavALA 19 me| sakA 433 rAjyakartAe eneA pArlAmenTanI carcAmAM samaya gumAvavAne badale ene prathama naMbaranA rAjakarmAMcArI banAvI dIdhA, have eNe khelavAne badale potAnI kA vAhI zarU karI. yuropanI AjhAdInI hilacAle paranA pratikrAntinA A paDachAyAe, enI potAnI kAryavAhInA mUkhya bhAga jana rAjyAnA astavyasta jhumakhA jevA phInarIDarezana " ne badale eka sayukata jana mahArAjya racavAnI jAhera karI dIdheA hatA. ema thAya te! ja jarmana rAjyA mahAna jarmana rAjya khanI zake ane yureApanAM khIjA rAjyAmAM sarvoparI thai zake. 66 nepAlIyana pachI bismArka AvA mahAna jana rAjayanA rAjakartA praziyAnAja rAjakartA thaI zake, ema te mAnatA. praziyAnA rAjavaMza haiAhenolana " A cANakayane ** mana jarmana mahArAjyaneA zahenaanavAne zAha lAyaka hatA. A mahAna rAjavaMzanA A mahAna sacIve e sTrI yA nA hesa vaMzane rAja AvI padavI mATe nAlAcaka mAnyA hatA, tathA praziyanarAjava zane ja lAyaka mAnyA hatA. eTa rei (1, lA mATe khIsamA kanuM paheluM kAma esTrIAne parAsta karIne prazicAmAMumerI levAnuM hatuM. eNe peAtAnI kAryavAhI Ara bhI dIdhI. kaphaTa mukAme navI DAyeTanI ekamAM praziyAnA pratinidhi tarIke bIsa 15

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434 vikava ItihAsanI rUparekhA mArka AvI pahoMce. A bIsamArkane mana praziyana sTeTa eTale praziyana zahenazAhata hatI. A uparAMta koI prajA ke leke jevI cIjanuM kAI svataMtra astitva ja e svIkArato nahoto. eNe jarmanIne mahAna jarmanI ghaDavAnI AraMbhelI laDAImAM udAramatavAdIone te harAvI dIdhA hatA paraMtu praziyAmAM osTrIyAne bheLavI devAnuM kArya carcAthI paDe tevuM nahotuM eTale rAjakAraNanA hathiyAra dhAraNa karelA svarUpa tarIke eNe praziyana lazkarane vizALa banAvI dIdhuM ane bIjI bAjuthI eNe jarmana dezane mahAna ane saMyukta banAvavAne dezabhaktithI taravarate pracAra AraMbhI dIdho. bIsmArkanuM mahAna jaramanI : bIsmArTe mahAna jarmanInI racanA karavAnuM kAma UttaranA jana prati para caDhAI karIne AraMbhI dIdhuM. A jarmana prAMte, madhya yugathI DenamArkanI hakumata nIce hatA. A uttara jarmanInA prAMtane mukta karavAnI caDhAIekaluM praziyA kare te ThIka nahI lAgavAthI konphIDezananuM pramukha osTriyA paNa praziyAnA sAyamAM joDAyuM. DenIza hakumatI sarahada oLaMgAI ane DenIza lazkare pAchAM hayAM. ema paheluM pagaluM levAyuM ane bIsmArTa bIje kadama tarata ja UThAvyo. A bIjo kadama uttara prAtonI hakumatanI vaheMcaNIne hatuM. A prati, osTiyA ane prAzayAe bannee sAthe jItyA hatA. eTale A luMTanI vahe caNI karavAmAM bismArka osTriyA sAthe kacchao ubhuM karIne mahAna jaramanI racavAnuM bIjuM pagaluM bharyuM. A bIjA pagalAmAM osTriyA bharAI paDyuM. bIsmA behemIyA para caDhAI karI ane cha aThavADiyAmAM osTiyana lazkara saMhAra pAmIne pAchA haTayAM. have vienA nagara para kUca karavAno mArga khUlle thaI gayuM. pachI bIsmArTa vinAnagara para caDhavAne badale osTriyAnI hepsabarga zahenazAhatane salAhanI zarata mekalI ke, jarmane rAjyanI kenaphIDarezananuM pramukhapada teNe tyAga karavuM. pachI bIsmArke tarata ja trIje kadama upAze. je jaramana rAjyae esTrayAne pakSa lIdhe have tene eNe khAlasA karI nAkhIne praziyAmAM paravI dIdhAM ane uttara jarmana mahArAjyanA maMDaLanI racanA praziyAnI hakumata nIce karI. osTrIyAnI AgevAnIvALuM junuM jarmana konaphIDezana A rIte aMta pAmyuM ane javAbadAra rAjataMtra ane lekazAhIne paNa nAza thayA. esTrIyAnI meTaranIkanI krAMti virodhI AgevAnInI sAthe ja bIsmArTa mahAna jaramanInI racanA karavAnI sAmrAjyavAdI AgevAnI paNa laI lIdhI. bIsmArka jarmana ektAnuM athavA praziyAnI rAhabarI nIce mahAna jaramanI ghaDavAnuM kAma lazkarI jhaDapathI zarU karyuM. te jhaDapane jotAM yuropanAM rAje tAjUba thayAM ane bhayabhUta banI gayAM.

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28. 19 mA saikAnuM jIvana rUpa | [ yuropIya jIvananAM navAM svarUpa-19mA saikAnI romenTika kavitA--AjhAdInA yugavega jevuM kavana-vAstavayuganuM kalAvidhAna gAyA,DIlAjhoya ane DAmIara-lokazrotAvALuM nUtana saMgIta,vaDIjIvana vijJAnane nUtana prakAza, hAravIna-jIvANunI duniyAno zodhaka pesacara-19 mA saikAnI itihAsadRSTi, velanera, rUse, didare- valatera yuganA sAthI, diderA-romenTI sIjhamane tatvaciMtaka, hegalavizvanA itihAsanI vijJAna draSTi, mArkasa-jIvana vahivaTanA sAmAjika savAlo-jIvana ItihAsanuM navuM sAhityarUpa ] vinAnI koMgresamAM beThelu pachAta yuropa ane jIvananAM navAM svarUpe 19 mA saikAne jUnA jagatanA aMtavALA ane navA jagatamAM navA mAnavajIvananA AraMbhavALo ItihAsa samaya kahI zakAya. vizvaI tihAsanA A sama

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' 436 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA yane ApaNe yurApanI ja duniyAmAM dekhavAno prayatna karavA joI e. AkhIye mAnavajAtanA ItihAsaneA kAMTA ogaNIsamA saikAnA rApa yuMkhaMDa para pharavA lAgyA hAya tevuM rUpa yuropanA A itihAsanA samayamAM ApaNane dekhavA maLe che. A samaya te che, ke jyAre phreMcakrAntine banAva banI gayA hatA ane yuropanAM rajavADAM, pAtAnI khAvAi gaelI jAtane jANe ekaThI karavA vienAnI }gresamAM tene " hAlIelAyansa "tuM nAma ApIne bhegAM maLyAM hatAM. phrencakrAMtinA jhaMjhAvAtamAM emanAM siMhAsane! hacamacI uGayAM hatAM. emanA mAthA paranA mugaTa A kAnamAM ja uDI javA mADayA hatA, tathA emanA hAthamAM rAjadaMDa hatA kharA paNa te dekhAva pUratA ja hatA. t jUnA jagatane A rAjAzAhI nAmanA jUta adhikAra tyAre vienAmAM bhege thayA hatA. prAcIna eziyAmAM A adhikAranAM cakravartirUpe janamyAM hatAM ane aukAe sudhI prAcIna dharatIpara pAtAnA adhikAra jamAvI gayAM hatAM. A adhikAranuM rUpa izrvarI svarUpa sudhI paheAMcyuM hatuM. prAcIna jamAnAthI zarU thaelA A divya athavA IzvarI adhikAra je haju gaI kAla sudhI, eziyAnA dezamAM kAyama rahayA hatA tathA bhAratamAM te Aje paNa je maMdirAmAM besI gayA che te devatAi athavA IzvarI adhikArayurApapara eka ja rAtanuM zAsana karIne hacamacI uThayA hatA ane vienAnI, vhAlIelAyansa"nI racanA karavA mAMDayA hatA. A racanA racI zakAvAnI nathIja evuM temane paNa 19 saikAmAM ja lAgI gayuM hatuM. kAraNa ke e saikAeja leAkavikAsanI Age kUcanI nakkara hakIkatA paNa pUrI pADI hatI. eTale ja vItIjatA jamAnAnI rajavADI mahArAjAonI hAlIelAyansanuM DAyarA jevuM vienAnI kAMgresanuM rUpa siddhAsanA ane darabArAnA dabadabAvALuM hatuM tathA rAjavaMzI yazagAthAo vaDe ApatuM hatuM. tyAranA saundaryaMnI rAjanyAnI saurabha ahIM AMjI nAkhe tevI hatI. ahI' e mATA zahenazAhe ane cAra mahArAjAenA rasAlA utaryAM hatA. ahI raziyAnA jhAra sauvatI prema karatA hatA. praziyAnA mahArAjA badhA taraphathI vicAra karavAnuM kAma karatA hatA. DaeNnamArkanA mahArAjA saunA badalAmAM bhASaNa karatA hatA ane bAverIyAnA mahArAjA saunAvatI pItA hatA, tathA vuTenaba'nA rAjavI sauvatI bhAjana karatA hatA ane esTrIyAnA mahArAjA badhAne mATe lakhalUTa kharca karatA hatA. paNa junA jagata nA A saMmelanamAM parasparanA sAmrAjayavAdI kalahanA navA savAlA paNa ghusI gayA hatA. jyAM A savAlA AvatA hatA tyAM A jIvanarUpa rUdra bhAva dhAraNa karatuM hatu. polenDa para rUsI zahenazAhe peAtAnuM

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19 mA saikAnuM jIvanArUpa sAmrAjya jamAvI dIdhuM hatuM. jyAM polenDane vaheMcI khAvAne savAla ubho thato hato tyAM, "pilenDa Akho mAre ekalAne ja che" ema kahIne rUsI jhAra ThaMdha yuddha mATe taiyAra thata, meTaranIka para Aga varasAvate kaheto hato, "meM aDhI lAkha mAnane yuddhamAM ne e che." A badhI maMDaLI AvAM avanavAM rUpa dharyA karatI ane carcAo karatI hatI. te pahelAM ja pelA nepalIyane ebAmAMthI pAchA pharIne jyAre A raMgamaMDaLanA raMgarAgamAM bhaMga pADI dIdhuM hatuM, tyAre sau mahArAjAomAM pote paNa zahenazAha banI cUke tyArathI ja pitAnA asta pachI ekaThA maLavAnA A mahArAjAone, sAmrAjyavAdI svarUpa racatA yurepanA ekeeka rAjyanA svarUpamAM aMdara aMdarano ke kalaha jAgI uThavAne che tenI AgAhI ApI dIdhI hatI. paratu nepaliyananA A banAvanI pahelAM banI gayele phreMca krAMti nAmano banAva paNa vizvanA ItihAsanA takhtA para 19mA saikA mATe pitAnA akSara kotarI cUka hato. sAmrAjyavAda tarapha dhasatAM yuropI rAjya, A krAMtinA uMbarA para paga ThekavIne ja AgaLa vadhatAM hatAM. sAmrAjyavAdI banatI yuropanI A sarakArene ja phreMca krAMtie chUTAM mUkelA vizva itihAsanA pAtro banI cUkelAM navAM paribaLo paNa potAnI hastIne dhyAnamAM levAne anurodha karatAM hatAM. A navAM paribaLomAM vijJAnanuM paribaLa ane yaMtra udyoganuM paribaLa leka samudAyanI kAyA palaTamAM dekhAtuM hatuM. vizvanA ItihAsanAM A navAM adhikAra svarUpe hatAM. A svarUpa, reja barojanA jIvananI eraNa jyAM rojabarojanA vAstava vyavahAranA ghaNu vaDe jIvananI ghaTanA ghaDe che temAMthI ghaDAyAM hatAM. A ItihAsanAM pAtro, samAjanA rejanAM dhaMdhAdArIo hatAM. lekazAhInI samAnatA ghaDavAne atihAsika kriyA vibhAga, vizva ItihAsamAM emane enAyata thayo hato tathA lIbaTI ane phreTaranITI nAmanI be sAmAjika kriyA paddhatio vaDe niyukta evA samAna mAnava bhAvanI A sau racanA karavAnAM hatAM. A leka athavA Demesa zAsana kArya saMbhALavAnAM hatAM. A zAsanarUpanuM nAma lekazAhI hatuM. 19mA saikAnuM kavitAnuM romAnTika rUpa dareka yuganuM ItihAsa jIvana mAnava jAtanI te te samayanI kavitA paNa che. ItihAsanuM lekhana nibaMdhamAM lakhavAnI mAnava jAtane Teva che kharI paraMtu ItihAsanI girA, kavitAmAM paNa pitAnA jIvanane Alakhe che. AvuM Alekhana ghaNIvAra rUpakevALuM, vyaktigata raMgavALuM, ane taraMgamAM uDatuM hoya che kharuM paraMtu mAnavInA dilanI aMtaravyathA ane aMtara AlhAda temAM sIdhe

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478 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA Utarate hovAthI te svAbhAvika vadhAre hoya che. eTale ja prAcIna samayanI rAmAyaNa ane mahAbhAratanI kavitAo ane ilIyaDanI kavitAo, ItihAsa grantha che ema paNa kahI zakAya. madhya yuganA vicIta kathA kAvyomAM paNa ApaNe ItihAsane ukelI zakIe chIe. eja rIte 19mA saikAmAM otaprota banelI yurepanI vANijaya nItie e jamAnAnI kavitA para pitAnI asara jamAvI hoya che chatAM, kavitAnA kalevaramAM dhAraNa thatuM mAnava jAtanuM ItihAsarUpa paNa temAM hoya che ja. 19mA saikAnI, kavitAnA A ItihAsa rUpane ApaNe menDIsIjhama nuM nAma ApI zakIe. jevI rIte utthAna yugane janma ITAlImAM thayA hatA, tathA "pharamezanane jarmanImAM thaye hatuM te pramANe romenTIsIjhamane janma phrAnsamAM thaI cUkyuM hatuM. parantu kavitAnA kavanapara mAnTika eTale junI "kalAsIka' nahIM, paNa navA rUpavALI kavitA (remAnTIka kavitA) aMgrejI jamAnAmAM yurepanI nUtana kavitA banIne jAgrata thaI gaI. A kavitAmAM navAM rUpamAM bharela na padArtha athavA kavitA no viSaya dAkhala thayA. A nave viSaya phreMca krAntie ItihAsanI vyAsapITha para A hate. A nave viSaya jIvana vyavahAranA ekaeka vibhAgane viSaya banavA mAMDyo hato. A navo viSaya, misa' athavA janatA nAmane hatuM tathA A viSaya tyAranI kavitAnA darpaNamAM paNa deha dharIne dekhAtuM hatuM. A navA jamAnAnI navI kavitAnuM rUpa varDajhavartha nAmanA kudaratanA kavinAM kavanomAM paNa, kavitAnAM nUtana svarUpamAM khIlI uThayuM hatuM. zALAomAM zikhavAyelI "selITarI rIpara" nAmanI kavitAnI chellI kaDIomAM mAnava jIvananI ucca lAgaNInAM sAmAjika spandane bharIne A kavi, phrecakrAntie jagADelI' phreTaranITIne rUpane ahIM janatA taraphanA abhinava bhAvathI UbharAvI dete hate. AvI eka nahIM paNa aneka kavitAomAM varDajhavarthanI kudarata sAthenI prema bhAvanA mAnava bhAvathI nitaratI mAlama paDatI hatI. AjhAdInA yugaga jevuM kavana tUrka zahenazAhatanI gulAmImAMthI chUTavAnI laData grIka janatAe I.sa. 1821nA vasaMtamAM zarU karI hatI. A laDatane IglenDanA pragatiziloe Teke dIdhe, ane laDatane madada karanArI eka kamiTinI racanA karI. A kamiTi taraphathI grIkavimuktinI madada mATe pahoMcI javA svayaMsevakenuM eka jahAja taiyAra thayuM. yurepanA mahAna kavi bAyarane pitAnAM kavanamAM je vimuktine

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19 mA sikAnuM jIvanarUpa 439 guMjArava bharyo hato, te vimuktinA AbehUba rUpane dekhavA eNe grIsanI bhUmi para janArI jIvana naukAne haMkArI. jaramanInA mahAkavi gathee bAyaranane vidAya detI kavitA malIne tene potAne tyAM vImaramAM AvavA AmaMtraNa mokalyuM. "je jIvate pAcho AvIza te pahelI mulAkAta vImaranI laIza." evuM kahIne bAyarana nIkaLI paDyo. harakayulIsa nAmanuM AjhAdInuM jahAja, julAInI 24 mIe AyenIyana samudramAM sIphAlenIyA TApu para laMgarAyuM. grIka sAgaramAM lAMgarelA vimuktinA vahANe grIka dezabhaktone aMjalI dIdhI ane preraNuM lIdhI. bAyarane AjhAdInI laDatanI AgevAnI laIne pitAnI laDAyaka AvaDatanI sAbItI ApI. grIka rASTramAM badhAM maMDaLonI ekatAne AkAra racIne eNe pitAnI rAjakAraNuM tAkAtanI sAbItI dIdhI. pachI lIpATena TarakIza mathaka para AjhAdInI TukaDIo yudhdhe caDhI. saMgrAmanI aneka hADamArIo sahana karate ogaNIsamA saikAne A vimuktine kavi tyAM ja pa. eprilamAM grIka AjhAdInuM raTaNa karatA A aMgrejI mahAnubhAve grIka dharatI para pitAnA avazeSa DhALI dIdhA. bAyaranane nUtana paricaya, AkhA briTana para ane yurepa para zekanI gherI chAyA chAI denAre banyo. tyAre aMgrejI khaDaka para akSararUpamAM paMdara varasane eka kizora pitAnA dilamAM thatA dardane ke tarata hate, "bAyarananuM maraNa nipajyuM che ane AkhuM jagata mArA mATe aMdhakAramaya banI gayuM che" A zabdo kotaranAra kizoranuM nAma Tenisana hatuM, Tenisana karatAM mahAna jagatanI pragatinA prakAza jevA be dikarAo IMglenDanI dharatIe dIdhA hatA. saMskAranA A prakAza svAmIonAM nAma zelI ane bAyarana hatAM. zelI pitAnA dilanI kaNikAomAMthI AvatI kAlanuM mUlya maDhIne bAyarana pahelAM ja zamI gaye hato. pachIthI AjhAdI nAmano hilacAlanI kavitAne pitAnI jIMdagInA zvAsa prazvAsathI maDhIne A hilacAlanuM smAraka racIne bAyarana paNa cAlyo gayo hato. - nepalIyana yurepara utArelI saMhAranI chabI ane vienAnI rajavADI pariSade akhatyAra karelI aMdhArI chabI para prakAzanAM A kiraNoe, ogaNIsamA saikAnA bhramabhraMza nAmanA ItihAsa lakSaNane nUtanabhAnanuM kavitA rUpa dIdhuM hatuM. A kavitAnA svarUpe yuropanI mAnavatAne mAnavInI vimuktine sAco rAha dAkhavyuM hatuM. 19 mA saikAnA vAstavayuganuM kalAvidhAna kalAnuM rUpa vidhAna paNa chavanavAstavatAnI prakharatAnA raMga dhAraNa karIne piMchInI pakaDane prakhara banAvIne jIvana ghaTanAnAM rUpane maDhavA mAMDyuM. sAma

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vizva itihAsanI rUparekhA yikAmAM, patrikAmAM, kaTAkSa citromAM paNa, peAtAnA jUnA ekAMtavAsa choDIne citrakalA, rUpa nirmANanA DhagalA ApatI vAstava jIvanamAM AvI paheAMcI. gAyA, DIlAkroya, DAmIara, jevAM nUtana nAme phreMca dharatI para gAjI uDDayAM. sAhityanI jema kalAkAranI kalama paNa vAstavadarzI prakharatAvALI banI gaI. vAstava kalAnA A svarUpalekhanamAM geAyA e jIvana vAstavatA para zeAdhaka prakAza nAkhyo ane remabrAnTa, tathA jIdhele, A zeAdhakaprakAzanA raMgo ane rekhAe vaDe, rajavADI ane zAhIvAdI rAjgyAnI pAzavatAne prakAza nIce mUkI devA mAMDI hatI. kSudralAbhane varelAM ane dhanadolatane jyAMthI tyAMthI jhaDapI ane haDapI levA doDatAM dolatama dAnA, bejavAbadAra vyavahAra nIce, khANAmAM, khetarAmAM ane kArakhAnAMomAM kacaDAtAM mAnavA, have citarAvA mAMDayAM hatAM. eziyA ane AphrikAmAM ekAma doDatA ane A prAcIna bhUminI khAnAkharAbI karI nAkhatA tathA tenI mAnavatA para trAsa, yAtanAo ane ekadhArI sahAraka dhaTanAonI dhANI khesADatA, yuropanA zAhIvAda paNa, sauMdaryanI ane saMskAra mUlyanI rekhAe citaratA, yurApanA vAstavadarzI citArAnA saMskAranI sarca lAITa nIce AvavA mAMDyA hatA. 44. perIsa taraphathI AgaLa vadhatA ane yureApanI dharatIpara cAlatA thayelA itihAsanI AgekUcanI hilacAlanA dhabakArA jhIlatA mADriDanagaramAM beThA beThA gAyA nAmanA citAra, citronA DhagalA citaratA hatA. gAyA nUtana yugane citArA hatA. A citArA, mADriDa nagaranA zahenazAhane, darabArI citAro banI gayeA hateA. eTale speinanA rAjA cArlsa ane tenA aMtaHpuranuM citra doryo vinA paNa ene chUTakA hatA nahIM. rAjA cArlsa ceAthAne tenA kuTuMba sAthe citarI nAkhatA, ane pachI e citra tarapha dekhI rahetA e khakhaDatA hatA, " chakI gayelI mAnava aulAdane sAMpaDeluM A, jIvataranA UtAra jevuM rAsakalAnuM mAnava jhUmakhuM athavA TALaka kevuM dekhAya che. ! '' kuvA vipharelA A citrakAra, perIsa para uchaLatA, mAnava samudAyanA miAgathI kheAlate hatA ! speinanA rAjAe ja ene, prathama paMktinA citrakAranA kiAba ApyA hatA chatAM, A citrakAra speinanA, e ja rAjAne chellI paMktinA spenIA kahevAnIya nA pADatA hatA. evA nUtanayugane A citArA, zahenazAhanI tathA tenA AkhA kuTuMbanI rekhAone, kaDhaMgI, chakI gaelI, patita banelI citaratA hatA tathA A rekhAe upara rajavADI pAzA

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19 mA saikAnuM jIvanarUpa 441 kanA vAgA lapeTatA hatA. jevAM rAjArANIenAM patita rUpa A citramAM maDhAyAM hatAM tevAM ja temanAM pharaja dAnAM moDhAM ane mAthAM, vicAra karavAnI eka paNa mAnavI tAkAta vinAnAM, khIlakula hADakAnAM bharelAM hoya tevAM ace. tana eNe citarI dIdhAM hatAM. ItihAsanA saradhasanA pirAmIDanA mAthApara, A badhA rajavADA, rAkSasI kalevaramAM, mAkhI jeTalA jhINA AtmA dhAraNa karIne aleApa banatA hatA, ane pArIsa nagaramAM nUtana racanAnI pratimAne mudrAlekha vizvaitihAsanuM jAheranAmu peza karatA hatA ke " AjathI rajavADAne izvarIhakaka nAza pAme che ane janasamudAyAnI samAnadhaTanA, sArvabhauma khana che. ' evA mAnavasamudAyanA jIvataranA rUpanI aneka rekhAe gAyAe citaryo karI. pachI i. sa. 1822 mAM eNe ekAeka pIrenejha parvatamALa eLagI ane potAnA vatanane vRddha vaye cheDI daine e eAraDAmAM AkharI javana vitA vavA AvI paheAMcyA, ane 1828 nA eprilanI 16 mI tArIkhe enA avazeSa eraDAmAM kanAyA. gAyA e khUllA mUkelA citrakalAne navA jamAnA citrapaTanA phalaka para caDhatA hatA. A jamAnAe, kalAkAranA mAthA para beThelA kalAnA rajavADI peTrane " khAi nAkhyA hatA. navAM " peTranA "e potAnI navI duniyAmAM cAlatA " saplAya ane DImAnDa "nA eka mAtra kAnunanI kaseATI para caDhIne, bajArU banIne peAtAnAM citronI hATaDI mAMDavA bajAramAM AvI javAne paDakAra, kalAkArane ApI dIdhA hatA. A paDakAramAM kalAnuM rUpa paNa pAchuM hatuM nahAtu" parantu vAstavatAnI kaseATI para caDhatuM AgaLa vadhatuM hatuM. evI nUtana duniyAmAM kalAkAra enA khabhApara, pIMchI raMgA ane phalakAnu poTaluM laine, navI duniyAnI navI AjhAdImAM, AjhAda banIne citaratA hatA, ane potAnI saMskAra-kalAne laI te jIvana kalAnA bajAramAM pharatA pharatA pArIsa nagaramAM dara varase bharAtA, kalAnA pradarzanamAM AvI paheAMcyA hatA. paNa A pradarzanamAM navI duniyAnuM citra citaratA kalAkArone praveza nahato. A kalAkAranuM nAma gastAva kAraNeATa hatuM. gastAva kAramATe potAnA eka mAMDavA, A vizvameLAnI bahAra bAMdhI dIdhA hatA ane tenA kamADa para pATIyuM mAryuM hatuM, " vAstavavAda ! .. jInI duniyAnI bahAra, navI duniyAnuM A lebala nutana kavie paNa dhAraNa karyuM` hatuM. bAyarana turka zahenazAha sAme grIsanI AjhAdInA sAthamAM peAtAnA svatvanu svArpaNa karavA paheAMcI gayA hatA tyAre ja AjhAdInI A pa

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vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA yAtanAne DIlakroya phalaka para amara karatuM hatuM, ane sAhitya kalA sAthe citrakalAnI sAthIdArI neMdhAvate hate. I. sa. 1830 mAM DIvAyanA pArIsanagaramAM pAcho krAntine kUkaDA belI uThaze. DIlakraye AjhAdInI pagadaMDI para ubhA rahIne, AjhAdInI devIne dIThI ane jyAM doDI tyAM ja, AjhAda thavA mAgatA jIvataranI jehAda para eNe tenuM rUpa tiryuM. e citranuM nAma "janatAne daratI AjhAdI " hatuM. AjhAdInI A myujhane rUpanI kaNikAo jIvana vAstavamAMthI bhegI karIne eNe A AjhAdInI devIne, mArgamAM nAkhelI ADa parathI ThekI chatI AlekhI. enA paDakhAmAM pratikrAntine paDakAratuM enuM bALapharajaMda citarAyuM. enA DAbA paDakhAmAM, janaAjhAdIne rakSaka zramamAnava, te samayanI kAmadAronI uMcI TopI paherele AjhAdInI pagathI parane AgevAna dekhAya. vAstavavAde kalAnI duni yAne na saMskAra daI dIdhA. A saMskAranA rUpane citAre tyAre DIlakraya hate. 1799 mAM ene janma thayo hate. eNe je piMchI vaDe citaravA mAMDayuM hatuM tene rUDhicUstoe nazo karelI piMchI kahI hatI. nUtana racanA racAze ja evA yugagane nazo dhAraNa karIne, A kalAkAra bAyarana, yuge ane zelinI romAnTIka duniyAmAM pharatA hatA, ane i. sa. 1824mAM "mekara eTa skIo" nAmanuM vizvavikhyAta citra citarate hate. - bimAra, kaMTALelAM, bhUkhe maratAM ane piDanamAM pisAtAM mAnane eka pirAmIDa jANe eka bAju para caData hatA. A pirAmIDathI eka mAnava AkAra jamaNI tarapha derAI jato hato tyAM zahenazAhane sAmaMta svAra eka strIne ghasaDI jato hato. pachItamAM tArAja thatA nagaramAMthI dhUMdhavAtAM khaMDiperene dhUmADe UMce caDhato hate. jamaNI bAjumAM bhoMyataLIe ghavAyelAM bhegI eka janetAnuM zaba tyAM paDyuM hatuM ane zaba para enuM, pitAnuM jIvatuM bALaka enA paDakhA para caDhatuM hatuM. A kalAnuM vAstavarUpa, motano mUkAbale karatA jIvananI AbehUba chabI banatuM hatuM. ogaNIsamA saikAnA AraMbhamAM ja yuropamAM, dakSiNa phrAnsamAM mArazeIlsamAM I. sa. 1818nA phebruArImAM DamIarane janma thayo. leremAM bhaNIgaNIne ekavIsa varasanI uMmaranA A navajuvAne. bApAne pitAne nizcaya kahI batAvyuM ke, "jamAnAnI jIvana vAstavatAne citaravAne dhaMdho huM dhAraNa karavA mAgu chuM." A dhaMdhAnI kalAkAranI piMchI eNe dhAraNa karI ane

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19 mA saikAnuM jIvanarUpa 443 citaravA mAMDayuM. tyAranA dazamA cArlsanI sarakAra sAmenA lekenA dhikkArane kerIkacara" nAmanA aThavADikamAM ane eka dainikamAM AlekhIne tyAranA jIvana vyavahAra para citranAM nirUpaNa eNe ApyAM. pitAnuM hatuM tevuM rUpa kAgaLa para dekhIne sarakAra bhaDakI UThI. eNe DomIarane cha mahInAnuM kArAgAra ApyuM tathA kerIkecarane baMdha karAvI dIdhuM. paNa cha mahInA pachI bahAra AvIne DemIare "cArI vArI" dainikamAM tyAranI jIvana ghaTanA para eka hajAra lIthogrApha upajAvI dIdhAM. 1847mAM e covIsa varasanI eka yuvatI sAthe paraNyo. sIna nadInA kinArA para eNe eka ghara bhADe rAkhyuM ane tyAM eNe pitAne saMsAra mAMDI dIdhe. saMsArane samajavA eNe pArIsa nagarane raste raste rakhaDavA mAMDyuM, ane sIna nadInA kinArAo para TahelavA mAMDayuM. enI najaramAM, zravaNamAM ane cakera cittamAM tyAranA jIvataranA satvanAM tareha tarehanAM rUpa aMkAyAM. ghera AvIne e badhAMnI tasvIrane eNe patthara para ane kenavAsa para AlekhI. ke suramya saMskArano AkAra DomIare pArIsanI zerIomAMthI, cAlIomAMthI, garIbAInA DaMkhamAMthI zodhI zodhIne maDhaye hate ! jIvananI prakharatAne suMghI suMghIne mUlya maDhavAnI sAdhanAmAM macI paDele, DomIara AMkhanuM teja gumAvate, vadhArene vadhAre zrama karate hate. eka mahAjane, A citrakAranA zramane dekhatAM vyathA dabAvIne kahyuM. "zo jamAno che, jemAM DomIara jevAe paNa Akhara taka reTIne savAla hala karavA mathavuM paDe che !" pachI Akhara taka zrama karatA kalAkAre magarUra Deka uMcakIne nisteja najara sthApIne kahyuM, "Apa mahAnubhAvane muDInI Avaka che, mArI mAlamattA A dhAnya dharatI parano janaka che, je tame ane huM nahIM hoIe tyAre paNa dila ceryA vinA chabana mUlya nipajAvyA karatuM haze." e jIvanta mUlyanAM ja eNe aneka rUpo citaryA karyA, ane "meDele " bhADe levAnI nA pADI. eNe kahyuM, perIsa nagaranuM leka jIvana mArUM "moDela" che. ema kahete kalAkAra eka dAkhale dete kahete hate. "dAkhalA tarIke A rahyo mAre moDela!" eNe adAlatamAM vakIlanuM avalekana karyuM. eNe vakIlAtI vyavahAramAM khUlatA vakIlanA moDhAne AlekhyuM ane kahyuM, "jUThAnA vyavahAramAM kriyAzila banatA A moDhA karatAM jIvananA mUlyane upahAsa karatuM vadhAre AkarSaka bIjuM zuM rUpa hoI zake !" artha mAnava banatA mAnavInA vakIlAta nAmanA jIvana vyavahAramAM jIvatA svarUpa jevA vakIlane, tenA paranAM badhAM AvaraNanA bhrAmaka paDadAone haTAvI daIne, tene tenA moDhA mAraphata eNe sarajI dIdhe, ane saMskAra svAmIoe e meDhAnA citrane prathama paMktinA

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444 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA lAsarjana tarIke jAhera karyuM. prathama paMkitamAM mAna pAmeluM bIjuM eka sarjana DIare citarele AgagADIne trIjA vargane Dao che. aneka varasamAM aneka AgagADIomAM trIjA varganA DabbAo doDyA pachI DemIare tenI aMdaranA jIvana vyavahArane pakaDI pADIne, kalAnuM sarjana banAvIne khUle mUko ane milakatanI mAlIkI pramANe uMcanIcanA vargamAM vaheMcAyelI samAja ghaTanAnA rUpane eNe saunI najara sAme trIjA varganA DabbAmAMthI raju karI dIdhuM. A svarUpanuM Alekhana ItihAsanI doDatI AgagADImAM beTheluM samudAyanuM Alekhana banyuM. ogaNIsamuM sataka evA trIjA varganA DabbAnI TIkITa laIne, kriyA vyavahArane dhAraNa karIne vahetuM, eNe citrarUpamAM nedhI batAvyuM ane saMsAra sAthe samayanA dhaDakatA dilane AlekhI batAvyuM. AvAM DhagalAbaMdha citromAM A kalAkAra, saMdhamAnavane Alekhate hatuM tathA, oganIsa eragananA zabdomAM kahIe te, eNe yuga jIvananI vArtAmAM mukhya nAyaka tarIke mAnavIne, batAvIne, tenA jIvataranAM piDane ane vedanene gaMbhIra rIte, jIvatAM banAvyAM hatAM. jIvananI A ArAdhanA ne eNe I. sa. 1879 nA phebruArInA pitAnA aMtima divasa sudhI TakAvI rAkhI. jIvana vAstavatAnA saMgItane lokazrotA veganara jano te ja varasamAM, 1813 mAM eka garIba kheDUtanA gharamAM varaDIne janma ITAlImAM thaze, ane bhaNatara bhaNavAnI sagavaDa na hovAthI A kheDUtane dikare, jIvataranA anubhava mAMthI aMdagIne pahelA pATha bhaNata, raMgabhUmi para AvI pahe . yuropanA ITAlI dezanI saMgItakalAnI hilacAlamAM tyAre maMdI AvI gaI hatI kAraNa ke rejhInI, vAnaprastha thavA mATe raMga bhUmiparathI cAlyo gaye have, belInI maraNa

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19 mA saikAnuM jIvanarUpa 445 pAmyA hatA ane DenojheTIe mananItulA gumAvI dIdhI hatI. paraMtu tyAre base gAmamAM pitAnI saMgIta maMDaLI mATe, kavana karatA juvAna varaDI chaTAlIyana rASTranI raMgabhUmipara AvI pahoMce. eNe enI saMgIta kalAne AraMbhathIja janazrotA sAthe eTale lekasamudAya sAthe joDI dIdhI hatI. ITAlIne janaka atyAre pitAnI bhUmi parathI osTriyane hAMkI kADhavAnA garama mijAgavALe hato. tyAre varaDIe, leka valaNanuM saMgIta raMgabhUmipara gAjatuM karyuM, ane kahyuM, "saMgItane A padArtha e rAjakAraNa nathI, ITAlInI jIMdagIne e, tatva padArtha che, je, jema keI vijJAnanA vyavahArane, temaja, kalAnA vyavahArane eTale saMgItanA rUpane paNa maDhe che." varaDI ne hAtha jANe saMgItane cAkaDe pheravI rahyo. ITAlInI dharatI para saMgItanuM rUpa surene vega banIne phUMkAvA mAMDayuM. varaDIe operAnuM jIvatuM svarUpa racI dIdhuM. janatAnI vedanAothI bhareluM saMgItarUpa ITAlInAM mAnamAM mAnavInI chaTAthI camakI uThayuM. operA ane zretAleka, athavA janatA ekamekanAM aMga banI gayAM. operA para thatA dilanA dhabakArA sAthe, leka8tAnuM dila dhabakyuM. operA ane janaleka vaccenuM aMtara purAyuM ane saMgItanA rUpamAM jIvananuM mUlya ghaDanArI jIvataranI ekatA janmI. I. sa. 1842mAM milAnanI raMgabhUmipara varaDIe lakheluM, nATaya saMgIta, nebuceDanejhara bhajavAyuM. emAM yahudI kedIonuM saMdha gIta, ITAlInI raMgabhUmi para jIvatuM thaI gayuM. A raMgabhUmi jenI chabI hatI te, jIvataranI raMgabhUmi athavA lekanI jIMdagI sAthe, enuM joDANa thayuM. klAnI AvI saMskAra ekatAne dekhatAMnI sAthe ja tene nAza karavA esTrIana adhikAra A saMgIta hilacAla para tUTI paDyo. pope A AkramaNane sAtha Ape. saMskAra hilacAla para sitama varasavA mAMDyA. ITAlInI A saMgIta hilacAla, tyAranA parAdhIna ITAlImAM gerakAyadesara gaNAI. ITAlI paranA, osTriana adhikAra, saMgItanI jabAnapara kApa mUkatI jAherAta karI. ITalInI raMgabhUmipara saMgIta saMskAranAM badhAM mAnavamUlya daMDAyAM. A hilacAlane varelI, leDI megAne IgleDane kinAre utarIne kahyuM ke, "nepalsanA kArAgAramAM paDatAM paDatAM huM bacI gaI chuM, meM "lIbarA" zabda bolavAno aparAdha karyo hate." varaDIe, perIsa nagarano Azaro lIdhe ane saMgItane vadhAre ne vadhAre abhyAsa cAlu rAkhe. Isa 1855 mAM perIsa mATe eka phreMca operA lakhavAnuM ene AmaMtraNa maLyuM. cAra varasa pachI eNe bIjuM eperA lakhyuM ane

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vikava ItihAsanI rUparekhA leka chaMdagIparane sarakArI adhikAra pAche, A kalAkAra sAme caDabhaDI uThe. paNa eNe saMgItanI upAsanAnuM vAstava rU5 nipajAvyA karyuM. eNe saMgItanA padArtha tarIke jIvanavAstavatA raju karI. eNe racesTrAne badale gAyakavRMdane AgaLa dharyo. e rIte eNe saMgIta kriyAnI ane zrotAnI ekatA sAdhI. eNe lekajIvataramAMthI lIdhelA nATaya saMgItanA padArthane, vAdanamAM keda karI devAne badale, vAdanane, lekazrotAne saMga sAdhavAnuM vAhana banAvyuM. AvI kalA sAdhanA mATe eNe jIvana premI bIvana jevA tathA, mAnavInI buddhine jagADavA mAgatA mejhArTa jevA, vazamA zatakanA saMgItanA, mahAna kalAkAre banelA, be saMskAra svAmIone raste svIkAryo. saMgIta kalAne eNe saMgIta khAtara saMgItanA kakaDAmAM guMgaLAI maratI aTakAvIne, jemAMthI saMdha kalAkriyA, jIvatA rahevAne ane vikAsa pAmavAne kherAka pAmI zake che, tevI jIvana vAstavatAnI saMgIta kalAnuM vAhana suparata karyuM. jIvana vijJAnane nUtana prakAza, DAravIne cArlsa DAravInane nUtana jagatanA jIvana vijJAne "cetanA jagatane kAparanI kasa" evuM nAma ApyuM hatuM. A jIvana vaijJAnike pote karelA jIvana rUpanI kriyAonAM avalekane nuM paheluM prakAzana "rIina opha spIsIsa" nAmanuM karyuM. A mahAnubhAve jIvana taraphanI pramANikatA pUrvaka potAnAM avakane ciMtana zAstranuM nahIM paNa jIvana vijJAnanI hakIkatonAM avakanuM rUpa ApyuM. A svarUpanuM nAma DAravInavAi paDayuM. DAravInavAde athavA DAravIne prabodhelA jIvana vijJAne manuSyanA astitvane ane tenA jIvana vyavahArane cetana vahivaTanA eka moTA minArAnI Toca para mUkI dIdhuM. A minArAnA pAyAmAM eka selavALA. aNujIvanarUpe hatAM. A jIvana ghaTanAne vahivaTa "spIrala jevAM vartaLanI urdhvagati dhAraNa karIne jIvana kalahanAM lAkha lAkha zarIranA vikAsakramamAMthI pasAra thaIne AkhA vikAsa kramamAMthI yugayugAntaranAM mUlyonuM satva dhAraNa karI karIne mAnava rUpamAM maDhAyo che ema eNe kahyuM. kavitAnA kavanarUpa jevI, saMgItanI ekatAnatA jevI ane saMskRtinI rUpa ghaTanA jevI, A DAravInavAinI vAta, manuSyanI amitAne vaijJAnika rUpa sAthe maDhatI hatI tathA, jIvana vijJAnane sAmAjika avakananI navI dizA dAkhavI ApatI hatI. A badhI daSTieNe varasa sudhI karelI jIvananA abhyAsanI (dareka

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447 19 mA saikAnuM jIvanarUpa ekadhArI sAdhanAmAMthI tAravI hatI. A tAravaNuM ane avakanenI dhane Dhagale laIne I. sa. 1836 mAM cArlsa DAravIna, sapharamAMthI ghera AvyuM, ane pachI lagna karIne, kenTamAM ghara mAMDIne eka sAdhunI jema sAdAImAM jIvana jIvavA lAge. e jIvana kriyAnuM vijJAna tAravavA mATe e nedha karate ja gaye. pRthvI paranA jIvananA avazeSonA abhyAsa pachI jIvananI vidyApIThamAM bhaNelI A vibhUtie 1859nI sAlamAM "orIjIna opha spIsIsa" nAmanuM lakhANa taIAra karyuM. emAM eNe prANI jagatanA jIvanano vikAsakrama samajAvyo. e samajAvavA mATe eNe kudaratamAM cAlatI jIvana kriyAnA rUpane, "necarala sIlekazana"nuM nAma ApyuM. eNe eka sIdhI sAdI ane saraLa vAta jIvananI kriyAnA avalekanamAMthI vaijJAnika rIte tAravI kADhI ke, jIvananAM svarupe athavA "pIsIsa" koI daivI icchAthI janmatAM nathI paNa virATa jIvananI kriyArUpa nipajatA hoya che. A khyAle, saune jIvana vijJAnene vicAra karatAM karI mUkyAM, ane vicArane vaMToLa jagAvyuM. tyAre kaparA divasa pasAra karatA DAravInanI vahAlI dIkarI enI maraNa pAmI hatI. eTaluM puratuM na hoya tema joDenA oraDAmAM ene aDhAra mahInAne eka sauthI nAne dIkare paNa maraNa pathArImAM taraphaDate paDyuM hatuM. jANe pite jIvataranA avalenananI pArakha karate hoya te DAravIna potAnA gharamAMnI jIvana kriyAne dekhate bolyo, "jIvanakalaha..." e bArInI bahAra jete babaDato hato.bArInI bahAranI duniyAmAM pakSIo gAtAM hatAM, pavana sUsavatA hatA, jhADanI DALIo mUkatI hatI, vAMdarAM kUdatAM hatAM. Aje trIsa trIsa varasathI eNe kudaratane nihALI hatI. keIvAra narama te kaI vAra sakhata, kaI vAra nAjuka te kayAreka niSphara, koI vAra udAra te koI vAra svAthI, kyAreka bhayaMkara te kyAreka suMdara evI kudaratanI ekeeka hilacAla eNe UkelI hatI. eNe kudaratane savAla puchyA hatA, kudaratanA keyaDAonA javAba meLavyA hatA. kudarata jevo kaThera banIne e yAda karate hate. jIvananAM avalekanamAMthI meLavele javAba tapAsI je hoya tema e pitAnA maravA paDelA bALakane oraDAmAM gayA. maraNa pathArIe mAvajata karatI enI strI ImA beThI hatI ane ene pUchatI hatI, "tame meTA thakanA ceka lakhyuM temAM mota samajAyuM nahi ne!', meM duniyA uparataLe dekhI che, mane AkhI duniyAmAM matanuM zAsana kayAMya jaNAyuM nathI. ekeeka DALIe ane phUlephaLe, ekeeka khaDake ane hADa

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vizva itihAsanI rUparekhA piMjare, ekeeka jIvajaMtue ane prANIe, mane khUma pADI pADIne kahyuM che, "maraNa gapa che, jIvana ekaja satya che." 448 't paNa A maraNamAM kaMI sAcuM teA haze ne ?" imA hapake| detI haiAya tema dekhI rahI. 18 hA, " eNe khUma pADI, jIvajaMtuo sAcAM che, jIvana sAcuM che, jIvanakalahu sAcA che, vananA saMjogA sAcA che, sa'jogAmAM badhakhesatI thatI jatI jIvananI gati ane pragati athavA rUpAMtarAnI urdhvagati sAcI che, mAnavajIvananI paNa eja pragatinA sAkSI, vizvaI tihAsa che. "( samaya vityA pachI AkhA yureApapara eka vijaLInA AMcakA pharI vaLatA lAgyA. iMglenDane khUNe khUNe eka moTu duMdubhI gaDagaDatuM hatuM. jyAM te tyAM, ane je ane te DAravIna tathA vikAsakramanI vAta karI rahyuM hatuM, ane vikAsakrama carcAo para caDhI cUkayA hatA. pachI 1860nA jUnanA 28mA divase ekasapheADa mAM vaijJAnikAnI eka sabhA thaI. junavANI ekasapheA mA bhegA thatA vidrAnAe DAra vIne doDatA mUkelA navA dAnavane dhAta karavAne nizcaya karyAM. vilkharaphArsa nAmanA eka pAdarIe bIDuM jhaDapyuM ane zapatha lIdhA, "huMDAravInanA bhURA uDAvI iza okasapharDanA vizvAneAnI A sabhAmAM jANe eka mATu buddhinu rama khANa gAjI uDayuM. vilgaraphAsa AgaLa AvyA ane yuddhamAM utaryAM. eTalethI patyuM hAta tA ThIka hatuM, paNa bheDamAM beThelA vAdhane saLI karIne uThADe tema eNe hakasalIne savAla pUchyA. javAba sAMbhaLavA jIvAnee bumarANa macAvI mUkayu, okasapharDanI nUtana vijJAna draSTi jevA hakasalI ubhA thai gayA ane smita karate khelyA; ' meM kahyu che te pharIvAra kahuM chuM ke manuSyanA mULa dAdA epa hatA. tethI krAi manuSye zaramAvAnI jarUra nathI. jo kAI pUjathI mane zaramAi maravAnuM mana thAya te te tevA asahiSNu vaDIlathI ke je peAtAnA kSetramAM maLatA vijayathI sa MtASa nahi pAmI vijJAnanA kSetramAM 'huM bI DIca' karatA paDatuM nAkhe che...ke je kSetranI ene kazI ja gatAgama nathI. " pachI khAsac varasanI uMmare DAravIne bIjuM pustaka "manuSyanuM avataraNa" nAmanu lakhyu. ema DAravIna, pote zodhelA siddhAMta para vadhAre ne vadhAre prakAza nAkhato dara varase eka pustaka lakhatA gayA. 1881 mAM eNe chellu pustaka lakhyu tyAre enI uMmara sittera varasanI thai hatI. 19mA saikAnA vijJAnanA prakAzamAM jIvanavijJAnanI ItihAsa draSTi jevA A vRddha dharmAM ImA sAthe rahetA hatA ane rAja rAja AvatA thAkaJadha patrAnA javAba lakhatA hatA. ekanA eka

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19mA saikAnuM jIvanarUpa 449 savAla anekavAra enI pAse javAba mAgatuM hatuM. e sAmAnya savAla bhagavAna viSe hatuM, ane e miThAzathI hasIne eka ja javAba anekavAra lakhate hatuM, "mane e viSe kazI ja khabara nathI, je mane khabara che, ane je meM, jIvananA ItihAsanA, kudaratanA copaDAmAMthI jANyuM che te te, eka ane atUTa jIvanarUpane ekamAMthI bIjA rUpavALe nipajate jIvana paramANuthIte mAnavarUpa sudhIne vikAsakrama che. jIvananuM eja satya che." jIvANuonI, duniyAne zedhaka pasacara I.sa. 1866 mAM ja amerikA ane IgleMDa vacce paheluM kebala kanekazana' naMkhAyuM ane mahAsAgaronA aMtarAyone bhUsIne navA ane junA jagate vAtacIta zarU karI. eja arasAmAM paheluM "spekaTrama pRthakakaraNa" paNa thayuM ane pheTogrAphIne vikAsa jhaDapI bane. A samayamAM ja sauthI moTI zodha jIvANuonI duniyA viSenI thaI. Aja sudhI havAnA okasIjana vAyumAMthI thatA AthAonI vAta cheTI paDI ane A AthAo athavA "pharamenTezana" karaDe jIvANuonAM jagata che tevI krAntikArI zodha luI pisacare karI. Aja sudhI paMdara varasa sudhI A bAbata para erisToTalanA ciMtanane adhikAra cAlu rahyo hate. yuropa kahetuM hatuM ke A jIvANuo zUnyamAMthI Ave che. varachalanI kavitAomAM ane Aja sudhInAM vaijJAnika lakhANamAM paNa A jIvaDAonI utpatti ApoApa thatI gaNAtI hatI. AvI "Ape ApatA' nI avaijJAnika vANIne rada karIne jIvana vyavahAranI jhINAmAM jhINI jIvANu jevI vigata ukelIne pisacare phrAnsanI dharatI parathI ja, A dizAmAM zedhaka prakAza nAkhyo. A prakAzanI ArAdhanA eNe kayAranI ya AraMbhI dIdhI hatI. samayanuM bhAna bhUlIne jIvana zodhanamaya banI gaele pasacara i.sa. 1857 ne unALAmAM, pitAnI zALAmAM pesato hato. eka nAnuM sarakhe oraDe enI pragazALA hatA. enI prayogazALA zIzIothI, naLIothI, garaNIothI, baraNIothI sTothI gIcogIca bharAI gayelI hatI. emAM eka khUNAmAM eka vicitra jevI bhaThThI oraDAne garama rAkhavA saLagatI hatI. A mahAvaijJAnika kaMIka zodhI kADhato bUma pADato hato, "barAbara barAbara ! "

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vizva itihAsanI rUparekhA eNe bUma pADI, eNe sTevapara tapAvavA mUkelI eka zIzI lIdhI ne halAvI. eNe aMdaranA pravAhI tarapha tAka mArI. enA haiATha phaphaDI rahyA. na samajAya tevA zabdo prayogazALAmAM patharAI gayA eNe ene paga jorathI jamIna para DhAkayA, eNe zIzI nIce mUkI dIdhI. enI AMkhA phATelI najara nAkhI rahI. eNe eka hAtha ledhAnA gajavAmAM dhAye te khIjA hAthanI mukI vALI dIdhI. enI phATelI najara AkhA oraDA para patharAi chatAM kazAne jotI naheAtI. eNe cagadI nAkhatAM pagalAM mUkyAM cAlavA mAMDayuM. e enI strI ane kArIte bhUlI gayA hatA. AkhI prayAgazALA enA mAthAmAMthI nIkaLI gaI hatI. e gussAmAM hatA, eNe duzmana dekhyA hatA. eNe AkhI mAnavajAtine duzmana joyA hatA. eNe hatA teTalA jorathI 2khala para mukkI pachADI. AkhuM Tebala A khijavAyelA pesacaranA pachADAthI kaMpI UThayuM. e duzmanAne DarAvatA hoya tema rADa nAkhatA khelye H 450 samajAI gayu` che! samajAI gayu` che! luccA, tame kevI rIte janmA che, jAmA che ane herAna kare che te ! mane javAba jaDI gayA che' enAthI meTathI melI devAyuM. ene javAba jaDI gayA hatA. eNe jaMtuonuM navuM jagata zAdhI kADhayuM hatuM. khAMDamAMthI lekaTIka esiDa zAthI bane che te ene samajAi gayuM hatuM. hajAro varasathI khAMDamAMthI lekaTIka esiDa banatA hatA paNu khAMDamAM AvA lAMbA lAMbA jaMtu janme che ane tene lekaTIka esiDa ane che te vAta eNe duniyAne pahelIvAra dekhADI. keTalAMye varasAthI dUdhamAMthI dahI bane che e sau kAi jANatAM, paNa dUdhamAM bekaTerIA nAmanAM lAkhA jIvaDAM janme che ane e jIvaDAnuM dahIM bane che e vAta eNe duniyA pAse pahelIvAra mUkI. "6 e, jagatane navA saMdezA ApatA hatA. e saMdezA saDAne naheAtA, jIvanane hatA. eNe saDAmAM-AthAmAM jIvana joyu hatuM. e jIvana eNe enI sagI AMkheAe saLavaLatuM, khadabadatuM dekhyu. vastu saDe che eTale emAM lAkhA navA jaMtu janme che te ene samajAyuM. dUdhanuM dahIM thAya che kevI rIte ? khAMDamAMthI lekaTIka esiDa bane che kevI rIte ? e saDe che ane saDe che eTale emAM lAkhA jaMtunI duniyA janme che. eja rIte rAga janme che, bimArI Ave che. enI sAme eka pachI eka rAga pasAra thavA lAgyA. e manamAM ne manamAM babaDayA, " haDakavA, kSaya, tAva, kAlerA,,.."

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19 mA saikAnuM jIvanarUpa pachI pesacara insTITayuTa perIsanagaramAM baMdhAvA mAMDI. garIba majUrAthI mAMDIne te meTAmAM moTAM zrImaMta sudhI saue pesacara insTITayuTa badhAvavA dhananA DhagalA karyAM. * pesacara InsTITayUTa' aMdhAI gai. 451 pAchA eka bIjo divasa AvyA. aDhAraso bANunI sAlanA Disembara mahinAnA e sattAvIsamA visa hatA. e enA sitteramA janma kvisa hatA. sAmAnanuM bhavya sabhAgRha khIcAkhIca bharAI gayuM hatuM. judA judA dezAmAMthI pratinIdhie AvI pahAMcyA hatA. eka moTA Asana para e beThA hatA. enI AsapAsa enA cAra vidyAthIe beThA hatA. "" t mane eka sAMbhare che.... '' vRddha vaijJAnikanA avAja vise divase jANe raDI rahyo, " mane mArA julivara sAMbhare che. mArA e juvAna vidyAthI, me' ene elekajhAnDriyA, kAlarAnA abhyAsa karavA mAkalyA hatA. paNa kaoNlerAnAM jaMtuoe ene tyAM ja mArI nAkhyA che...e hAta teA. .. ! '' vRddhanA avAja lAgaNIthI bharAi gayA. hAlavAtA dIvA camake tema enI vRddha AMkheA camakI UThI, eNe AgaLa calAvyuM. * tame mArA sitterame janma divasa UjavavA AvyAM che ! mArA emAM sAtha nathI. AjanA divasanuM badhuM mAna huM mArA juvAna vidyArthI julivaranA khabhA para lAdu chuM. mane e khapatuM nathI. tame maraNa UjavIne pAchAM jajo. 39 DisembaranI sattAvIsamI tArIkha pachI barAbara nava mAsa pasAra thayA. Aje navembaranI sattAvIsamI tArIkha hatI. sapTembaranA sattAvIsamA divase pesacara enI maraNa pathArImAM paDayA hatA, pesacara maraNa pAmatA hatA. enI sAthe 19mA saikA aMta pAmatA hatA paNa A vaijJAnike jIvanabhara mAta sAme laDAI karIne motane pAchuM haThAvyuM hatuM ane mAnavazarIranI sAravAra karavAnI nUtana zeAdha, vIsamA zatakanI mAnavatAne bheTa dharI hatI. 19 mA saikAnI itihAsa Ti, vAlTera, rUse ane vidya phreMcakrAMti haju AvI paheAMcatI hatuM tenuM ene duHkha hatuM. perIsa nagaramAM krAntine gujArava banI cUkelA, krAntinA dubhie sAMbhaLavA, tRSAtura najaranI dhAradAra draSTi dAkhavatA, vetera, aDhAramA saikAnI adhavacamAM 19 me saikA khatIne jIvatA hatA.

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para 45ra vikava ItihAsanI rUparekhA phreMca krAntinA jamAnAnI AgAhI ApatA, kAMtinA havAmAnamAMthI ghaDAyo hoya tevA krAMtine ene avAja kAnsanI bhUmi tyAre saMbhaLAya hatA. e avAja rUse ane terano hato. A jamAnAnA saddaguNo ane durguNo baMnenI pratimA jevo vote samayanA arisAmAM dekhAyA. A saguNo uparAMta teranuM rUpa jANe A nUtana yuganA AvegamAMthI ghaDAyuM hoya tevuMja nUtana, jIvananI dhabakatA paramANuo jevuM ; hatuM. jyAre A vAtera 18 mA saukAnI adhavacamAM ubhA rahIne, ciMtananuM, sAhityanuM ane ItihAsadRSTinuM hiMmatabharyuM myuni karatA hatA tyAreja, jIna, jekasa, rUso, samayanA bhUtakALanA cheDA para lAgaNIthI vivaza banIne doDI jaIne ubhA hatA, tathA prAthamika jaMgalI manuSyanA samAjanA Anada sukha ane AjhAdInI AbehUba tArIpha karavA maMDI paDyA hatA jo ke, e prAthamika dazAnA ene paricaya, enI nizALamAM bhaNatAM bALakonA sAcA paricaya jeTalo ja ochA hatA, chatAM paNa adhikAranA rUpanuM khaMDana karI nAkhavAnA vegavALA e, bhUtakALanI AjhAdImAM manomaya rIte bhAgI gayA hatA. tyAre AkhuM phrAnsa, A rUsone " seziyala konTrAkaTa " hoMzathI vAMcavA mAMDayuM hatuM. tyAre ja monTesakayue paNa potAnA " paraziyana patra" pragaTa karyA hatA ane e patromAMnA

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19 mA sakAnuM jIvanarUpa 453 be paraziyana musApharo AkhA phreMca samAjanI majAka uDAvatA ane rAjAnI ThekaDI karatA, phrAnsamAM uthalapAthala macAvatA pelA patro mAraphata pharatA thai gayA hatA. e jamAnAmAMja rUso, "spIrITa opha dhI lojha" lakhate hate. aMgrejI kAnana prathAnI prazaMsA karatA, e, dhArA khAtAne, nyAya khAtAne ane vahivaTI khAtAne ekamekathI svataMtra banAvavAnI himAyata karatA hatA. tyAreja TarageTa ane dide nAmanA vidvAnoe jJAna-vijJAnanI jIvanabhara upAsanA karIne "enasAIklopIDIyA " nuM nirmANa karyuM hatuM. tathA AvA mahAna graMthanuM pahelIvAra thavAnuM prakAzana phrAnsanI dharatI para nUtana prakAza pedA karavAnuM hatuM. A nUtana jamAne ugavAnAM acUka edhANa para pitAnI raNukhaMjarI bajava, yugagane ghaDAya heya te tera yuropanAM nagaramAM mAnIte banI cUkyo hato ane phrAnsa AkhAmAM enAM nATaka, navA jamAnAne, pUrajozathI bhajavavA maMDI gayAM hatAM. A jamAnAmAM athAga zrama karate tere dareka paLe jIvate, jIvana sAthe jIvana raheto jaNAtuM hatuM, ane jIvananI paLepaLano hisAba cUkate hate. e kahete hatuM ke "tamArI paLepaLane hisAba cUke nahiM te ApaghAta kare." jIvananI eke eka paLane e hisAba mAgatA hoya tema jIvananI uSmAthI ubharAte vera pitAnA jIvatarathI ja jANe navA yugane ubharAvI dete hate. A velTara nAmane zabda AkhA 18mAM saikAne artha banate hate. chaMdagI paNa eTale ja tenI aMdara eka saikA jeTalI eTale 83 varSa sudhI laMbAI gaI hatI. yugaga jevuM A jIvana eTale ja ahiMthI tahIM rajhaLatuM rakhaDatuM, deDatuM pheMkAtuM hatuM, dezavaTe devAtuM hatuM, ane kArAgAramAM paNa haDaselAtuM hatuM, te paNa divAle ene saMdharI zakatI na hatI. rAjadarabArIo ane dharmadhUraMdhare ene dhikkAratA hatA kAraNake krAMtinI hilacAla mATe baMdhAtA navA rastA para eNe prayANa zarU karyuM hatuM. chatAM A lehacuMbaka jevA AdamInI AsapAsa rAjAonI najara paNa jAmatI hato. enA avAjamathiI rAja gAdIo dhrujatI hoya tema lAgatuM hatuM. AkhuM yuropa ene zabda sAMbhaLavA adhIruM banatuM hatuM. nityenA zabdamAM kahIe te aTTahAsya karatA siMha je e ghUmato hato ane mUkta hAsyathI saune parAjya pamADate hate. eTale te

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454 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA phonsane zahenazAha 16 me luI bUma pADate kaheto hato ke rUso ane tene phAnso vinAza karyo che. lUIne mana phrAnsanA nAmanI kharI vAta te e hatI ke phrAnsanI jIvanaghaTanA navesarathI vicAra karavA mAMDI hatI ane te A nUtana vicArane balI batAvato hato. eNe lakhelAM lakhANonA DhagalAmAM ene sauthI moTo graMtha ItihAsa viSenA ciMtanane hato. eNe ItihAsanuM Alekhana karatAM lakhavA mAMDyuM ke "Aja sudhInA badhA ItihAsoe lUMTArAo ane rAjAonA, gunhAo ane aparAdhenAM vakhANa karatA itihAsa ja lakhyA che. eNe jaNAvyuM ke meM pite ItihAsanuM ciMtana lakhavuM zarU karyuM che, tathA jIvanavahivaTanA banAnI nIce rahelI jIMdagInI hilacAlanI keDIne meM ItihAsa tarike AlekhavA mAMDI che. AjasudhInA juThANuthI bharapura evI daMtakathAo jevA ItihAsa nAbUda thavA joIe. eNe lakhyuM ke jenA ItihAse mithyA evA gaMjIpAnAnA mahela racyA che, te huM dekhuM chuM tyAre mane temAM mAnavasamudAyanI hilacAlamAM rahete satya kathanane eka kaNa paNa dekhAtuM nathI ane jUThANAnI moTI mIsIsIpI nadI vahetI dekhAya che. A sAhitya samrATa nUtana ItihAsane pahele ItihAsa lekhaka paNa banyo eNe dara varSe ItihAsa para ekeeka graMtha pUre karyo. eNe raziyAne ItihAsa lakhe. cArlsa 12mAnA samayanuM ItihAsa kathana lakhyuM. 14mA lUInA jamAnAne ItihAsa lakhe. ItihAsa lakhatA lakhata A mahAnubhAva buddhinA nUtana AvirbhAva jevuM phlevara dhAraNa karatA hatA ane jANe pitAne no janma thayo hoya teTale AnaMda anubhavatA hatA. A badhuM lakhavA mATe te pustakanA DhagalA uthalAvato hato, hakikate maMgAvavA seMkaDo kAgaLa lakhate hatA, ane divasa rAta abhyAsamAM macI paDatuM hatuM. hakikatenA DhagalAmAMthI mAnavajAtanI hilacAlane, ItihAsane, amara ane jIvanta siddhAMta e zodhI kADhatuM hatuM ane ItihAsa sAthe leka jIvananA tANAvANA meLavate hate. jagata bharanA ItihAsakAre mATe e kahetuM hatuM ke ItihAsane tatvapadArtha leka hilacAle, ane kasamudAyanAM jIvana paribaLe che, ane rAjAo nathI. je ItihAsa rASTriya sarahadamAM pUrAI rahe che ane vijJAnanI hilacAlanI kUca kadamane vakhANavAne badale lazkaranI kUcakadamanAM vakhANa kare che te paNa itihAsa nathI. sAco ItihAsa tamAma rASTranI eka ane samAna mAnavajAtanI pragatine ItihAsa che. e kahetuM hatuM ke evo ItihAsa lakhavAno meM AraMbha karyo che. e itihAsa yuddho nathI, paNa mAnavAnI jIdagIne saMsArane ItihAsa che. A saMsAramAM

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455 19mA saikAnuM jIvanarUpa temaNe kalA, vijJAna saMskAra, ane saMskRtinAM svarUpa kevI rIte vikasAvyAM tene ItihAsa che. A rIte vartere itihAsanuM paheluM tattvaciMtana rajU karyuM. eNe yurepanI saMskRtine vikAsa kevA kevA pravAhamAMthI vahetuM hatuM tenuM Alekhana karyuM A Alekhana vaDe eNe ItihAsanA nUtana zAstrano pAyo nAkhyo. A pAyA para navA ItihAsakAroe AgaLa caNatara karyuM. AvA itihAsanAM kathane e vateranA aneka duzmana ubhA karyA. dharmane pAdarI eno sauthI moTo duzmana banyo. A ItihAsa kathanathI eNe yuropanA ahamabhAvI evAM, saMkucita ane avaijJAnika tathA adhikAranAM pyAdAo banelAM ItihAsanAM Alekhane karanAra saune, chaMcheDI mUkyA. eNe khristI dharma, ane yuropanI hilacAlane, cIna hiMda ane paziyAnI hilacAla sAthe sarakhAvatAM A prAcIna hilacAlene pelI mahAna hilacAlanA bALapharajaMda jevI gaNI batAvI. eNe kahyuM ke pUrvanA pradeza bhaugolika dRSTie jeTalA vizALa che teTalA ItihAsanI dRSTie virATa ane mahAna che. ane yurepanI aitihAsika hilacAla te e virATa pitAmaha dezanuM haju gaI kAle ja janmeluM pharajaMda che. AvuM lakhanAra tera nAmanA yurepiyanane mApha karavAnI ahamabhAvI yurepe nA pADI, ane phrAnsanA zahenazAhe phrAnsanI bhUmi para kadI paNa paga nahi mUkavAnuM tene pharamAna karyuM. paNa ItihAsanI enI nUtana daSTie velerane AMtararASTriya nAgarika banAvI dIdho hato. pitAnA ItihAsanA AlekhanamAM eNe batAvyuM che ke dezabhaktine Ajane khyAla e duSita banI gayA che ke dezabhakata jeTale pitAnA dezane bhakata hoya che eTale bIjA dezane dhikkAranAro hoya che. sAcI dezabhakita te e ja che ke je vizvanAgarika banIne vyakitane jagatanA tamAma rASTro taraphanA anurAgathI ubharAvI zake. A dezabhakta athavA vizvanAgarika, eka rASTranI bIjA rASTranA vyavahAramAM thatI daramyAnagIrIne athavA AkramaNane eTale ke sAmrAjyavAdI yuddhane kadI Teko ApI zake ja nahIM. A ItihAsa daSTie vaterane yuddha virodhI banAvyuM. eNe kahyuM ke kaIpaNa rASTrano sauthI meTo aparAdha AkramaNa athavA yuddha ja che. Ama chatAM paNa dareka Akramaka deza pitAnA AkramaNane nyAyI TheravavAne mATe rASTravAdI, vitaMDAvAda karato hoya che. sau saMskRtine kAnUna e che ke manuSya manuSyanI hiMsA karavI nahI ane chatAM paNa eka khUna karanArane jyAre daMDavAmAM Ave che tyAre rASTravAdanA nAmamAM AkramaNa karanArA khUnIo, raNaziMgA vagADIne saMhAra kare che. A khUnIone aparAdha vakhANavAmAM AvatA hoya che. Akramaka yuddha sAmenuM AvuM

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vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA bhAgya darzana karAvIne volere vizvaItihAsanA Alekhanane nUtana ItihAsa daSTi vaDe saMskRti sAthe joDe che. ' nUtana ItihAsa daSTinA A mahAnubhAvane taraMgravAdIomAM zraddhA nahatI. ItihAsanA AlekhanamAM eNe kahyuM ke kAyadAzAstrIo athavA rAjyanA adhikArIo kadI paNa nUtana rASTra ke nutana jagatane ghaDI zakavAnA nathI. mAnavasamAja te samayanI saMskRtinI thatI urdhvagatIne vikAsa che. A vikAsa ke gaNita ke bhUmitine siddhAMta nathI ke kaI "pharmyulA ' nI jema gaNitanA akaDA para mAnavasamAjane atihAsika vikAsa racA nathI . A vikAsanuM sakriya svarUpa te mAnavasamAjanI jIdamInA rojabarojanA vahivaTI bhUtakALanA pAyA para ubhuM hoya che, ane tenA upara ja vikasatuM hoya che. A bhUtakALane je Agale daravAjethI pheMkI devAno prayAsa karavAmAM Ave che te pAchale daravAjethI paNa te pesI ja hoya che. mAnavavikAsanA ItihAsanAM A sakriya svarUpane kriyA hetu mAnavasamAjanA jIvanavahivaTamAMthI duHkha ane anyAyane nAbUda karavAnuM hoya che.' AvuM itihAsa darzana karate vRddha jora pitAnI mAtRbhUminA bhAvimAM najara nAkhata kahete hate "ke phrAnsanI bhUmi para krAMtinAM bijake nakhAI cayAM che. e krAMti have A phreMca bhUmi para ugI nIkaLaze. paNa mane kheda thAya che ke tene dekhavAne AnaMda mane nahi maLI zake. A krAMtinA prakAzane pravAha eka ghara parathI bIjA ghara para phelAte huM dekhI zakuM. paNa jyAre A prakAzanuM pUra uchaLaze ane kadI nahi thayelI evI hilacAla, hacamacI uThaze + " Twenty years are required to bring man from the state of a plant, in which he exists in the womb of his mother, and from the state of an animal, which is his Condition in infancy, to a stae in which the maturity of reason, begins to make itself felt. thirty Centuries are necessary in which to discover even a liltle of his structure, and eternity would be required to know anything of his soul, But one moment suffices in which to kill him.' Voltaire

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19 mA saikAnu jIvanarUpa 457 tyAre huM nahi houM.' Aje je jIvAne che te nasIbavAna che, kAraNa ke krAMtinA suMdara dekhAva te dekhI zakaze. * pachI A mahAnubhAva peAtAnI hacamacI uThelI kAyAne saMkelIne ubhA thaI gayA. ane potAnI gADIne phrAnsa tarapha huM kAvatA khelyA. mane mArI mAbhAma yAda AvI gai che. mArA pATanagaramAM paheAMcyA vinA maraNa pAmavAnA huM InkAra karU chuM.' ane pachI kaMTALAthI bharelA eka pachI eka mAIla para vAsteranI vanavahela AMTA detI perisanagaramAM AvI gaI. eNe peAtAnI gADI sidhI DI ArjenTala nAmanA potAnA mitranA dhara tarapha haMkAvI ane dharamAM pesatAM ja mitrane kahyuM ke dezavaTAnA kAnunane bhaMga karIne huM ahiM pahoMcI jAuM tyAM sudhI mAtane meAkuka rAkhIne huM chevaTe AvI paheAMcyA chuM.' ( 84 varSanI A aitihAsika chaMdagInuM mAna karavA te divase Arje nTalanA dhara para 300 mulAkAtIe eka ja divasamAM AvI paheAMcyA. A mulAkAta denArAomAM benjAmIna phreMkalIna nAmaneA mahAna amerikana peAtAnA khabhA para pAtAnA pautrane besADIne doDI AvyA hatA. eNe vAtterane kahyuM ke A pautrane AzirvAda Ape. paNa have meAta AvI paheAMcyuM. terane kabajo maraNa lai le te pahelAM bhAvika mitroe eka vaDA pAdarIne chevaTanA AzirvAda ApavA ane svamAM javAnA paravAnA ApavA aMdara ANyA. mAtane haDaselA mAratA vRddhe AMkha uMcakIne pAdarIne pUchyuM * tame kayAMthI Ave che ? ' pAdarIe javAba dIdho ke ' bhagavAnanA devaLamAMthI, vAstere kahyuM ke * sabUta lAvyA che?' ' mAta utAvaLa karatu hatu eTale vAstere pAtAnuM vasiyatanAmuM lakhavA potAnA maMtrIne izAro karyo ane lakhAvyuM " mArA mitrA taraph anurAgavALA ane mArA duzmanete nahi dhikkAranArA paNa vahemane| virodha karanArA huM izvaranI ArAdhanA karatA maraNa pAmu chu.' A vasiyatanAmA nIce peAtAnI sahI karIne I. sa. 1778nA phebruArI mahinAnI 22 mI tArIkha eNe nAMdhI ane AMkhA mIcI dIdhI. vAlherayuganA sAthI, dvideza vAlhere phrAnsanA jIvanamAM ane yuropabharamAM vicAranI eka navI hila cAla jagavI mUkI, badhI junI saMsthA ane junA jamAnAnA vhemA, 58

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458 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA mithyAjJAtA, badhuMja A yugano sAvaraNa nIce AvI gayuM. rajavADIzAhInA khyAlene vaLagI rahelI badhI khyAti A jhapATA nIce bhAMgI paDI. mAnavasamAja ghaTanAnI kAyApalaTa mATe je sAY=suphInI jarUra hatI te badhI A vAlhera yuge dhAraNa karI, vicAreAmAM palaTA lAvavAnI je jhuMbeza jaina laoNke zarU karI hatI te phrAnsamAM veletaranA jamAnAe vikasAvI. have navA jamAnAne AvyA vinA chUTA nahAte!. have sAmAjika krAMntinuM havAmAna sarajAI cUkayuM hatuM. A havA mAnamAM 'enasAiklopIDIsTa'nA nAmathI oLakhAtA tejasvI lekhakeAnuM eka jAya dvidezanI AgevAnI nIce navI duniyA sarjavAnuM lakhANa lakhavA maDI gayu hatuM. A maMDaLe hiMdezanI AgevAnI nIce yuropanA jJAnabhaMDArane vyavasthita rUpa ApavAnuM bagIratha kAma pahelIvAra ArmyuM. deree e ' akSarathI zarU karIne jJAnaneA enasAikalApIDIyA lakhave AraMbhyA. e. thI zarU karIne . * jheDa ' sudhI paheAMcatAM ene vIza varasa lAgyAM. A bhagIratha evA jJAna vyavasAyane laine eNe AkhA jInA jagatanA kApa vahArI laIne vIsa varasanI anaMta jevI majala kheDI nAkhI jIvananI jUtI dhaTanAe eTalA mATe A nAnayeAgIne virodha karavAmAM bAkI na rAkhI, chatAM eNe jJAna sAdhanAne aviratavega, eka garIba gharamAM garIba khorAka laine, eka meja ane pustakAnA DhagalA vacce ztrIne jALavI rAkhyA, ane jUnA jagatanA adhikArI taraphathI AlatI jhaDatIe, vagere AtAne sahyA karI. chevaTe enasAikale pIDIyA taiyAra thai gayA. enI AsapAsa navA jagatanAM kAkarA ane dhaDavayAM ekaThAM thayAM. A enasAIkalApIDIyA, nUtana jagatanI jJAna kitAba banIne nitya nUtana banIne navInatAne navAjI rahyo. . N paNa kANu che. A deiza ! jeNe jUnA jagatane uparataLe karI nAkhIne jJAnakitAbanuM nutana rUpa jarajyuM che, ema tyAra pachI sau kAi pUchyA lAgyuM hatuM. A mahAna graMthanI cAra hajAra nakale jotajotAmAM kharIdI laine navA jagate tenI kadara karI hatI, ane vIza varsanI jJAna sAdhanA pAchaLa ubhele

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459 19 mA sakAnuM jIvanarUpa dide garIba vastra paherele, garIba gharamAM rahetA, tUna jagatane lADIle banI jato hato. 69 mA saikAnuM sAdhanasaMpanna svarUpa ApaNu jagatane sAdhanA panna banAvanAra ojAranuM ja svarUpa lAkha varSa pahelAMnA jaMgala jevA jAtAM jIvatA zedhaka mAnavIe ANane dIdhuM che - che ka , hatuM te mATe tenA tarapha Aje paNa AbhAranI lAgaNI thAya che. A Adi zodhake nALIyerane bhAMgavA patharo vAparavAno zedha karI hatat patharAne upADavA aNidAra lAkaDInI zodha karI hatI. A pahelI zodhane ApaNe ghA athavA "hemara' no zeva kahI zakIye, ane bIjI zere khApaNe lIvara" athavA uccAlana kahI zakIye. e rIte mAnavasamAjamAM mAne hathiyAronI dha thaI. tyAra pachI aneka vase pachI te paLa vadhI gaI. chebhAva saMskRtie vijaLInI zodha karIne ra1 parNa jagata ujaLuM banAvI dIdhuM yaMtrone yuga AvI pahoMce AvI namra zarUAta pachI ApaNe tyAM baMne yuga yuropanA jagatamAM utthAnayuganI sAthe sAthe zarU thaye. utat yuganA pAnAM lekhaMDa ane kilase mukhya banyA. A yugano AraMbhamAM rALathI cAlatuM gADuM ane "peDala vhIla" zodhI kaDhAyAM. varAchA cAkara , khANamAM upagamAM Avyo. I. sa. 1707mAM jemsa Te ja patane pitAnuM paheluM ena ApyuM. I. sa. 1707 mAM jemsa hArIne spInIMgajenIne peTanTa dhAbe ane . sa. 1770 mAM jana ke, e, phalAgazaTala zelI kADhayuM, tathA AkarATe vIvIMga mazIna" zALayaMtra, zeAdhI kADhyuM. nepoliyananA samayamAM ja robarTa kulTana nAmano vaijJAnika nepakinane samajAvato hato ke aMgrejI kAphalAne nAza karavA mATe pANInI aMdara cAlatI mArI che. ApaNe karavI joIe. pachI I. sa. 1798 mAM pANI para sTIkara paNa deDA mAMDI. A

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vikava ItihAsanI rUparekhA 19 mA saikAmAM ja semyuala mersa nAmane eka kalAkAra vijaLInA tAranA guMcaLAne bhegAM karIne pahele TeligrApha banAvatuM hatuM ane amerIkAnI bhUmi para bAlTImera ane voziMgTananI vacce I. sa. 1844 mAM pahelI TeligrAphika vAtacIta zarU thatI hatI. A banAva banyA pachI trIsa varSe elekajhAnDaragrehAmabela TeliphonanI zodha karatA hatA ane tyAra pachI thoDA ja samayamAM jagadIzacaMdra bojha kalakattA nAmanA nagaramAM vijaLInA tAra vinA vAta karI zakavAne prayoga aMgrejI gavarnaranI hAjarImAM pUravAra karatA hatA. sAmAjika vijJAnanI Agekuca Ama yurepanI dharatI para jyAre mAnava samAjane tAjuba karI nAkhatuM tathA jIvana vyavahAranA svarUpane palTI nAkhatuM bhautika vijJAna pUrapATa de jatuM hatuM tyAre, sAmAjikajJAna paNa pAchaLa rahI gayuM hatuM. eNe paNa deDavAnuM zarU karI dIdhuM hatuM. A sAmAjika vijJAne navA navA prayoge samAjanI pragazALA para karavA mAMDyA tathA jIvanavyavahAranI aMdara uthala pAthala AraMbhI dIdhI hatI. mAnavasamAjamAM ekavAra dekhAtAM gulAma jevAM mAnava svarUpa ane gulAmInA saMbadhe laya pAmI gayA hatA ane zrama mAnavenA samudAnuM svarUpa hAlI athavA "sapha" banyuM hatuM. jotajotAmAM te A "sa" paNa madhyama vagI vyApArIonI AgevAnI nIce krAMtine jhaMDe dhAraNa karIne iMca krAnti karate dekhAto hato. vyApArI samAjanI navI vANijya nItine A sarka mAnavI apanAvate hate. ThakarAtazAhInI vaMDIo dharAzAyI banI jatI hatI. rAjAonA kasuMbA ghoLatA jalasAe zamI jatA hatA ane yurepa para uthAnayuga nUtana jagata racavAnI hAkala karI hatI. jotajotAmAM te nUtana jagata racAyuM. ritarivAje paheraveza vAhanavyavahAra badhuM ja badalAyuM. rajavADI jIvanaprathAnuM zamana thaI gayuM hatuM, ane yuropiya jagata para nUtanayuganAM maMDANa thayAM hatAM. A nutanayuganuM nAma mUDIvAdI jIvanayuga paDayuM. A nUtanayugamAM navI nizALe ane navAM davAkhAnAM khUllAM mUkAyAM. tathA navA rAjakAraNanuM navuM arthazAstra paNa racAvA mATenAM badhAM kAraNe jIvana vyavahAramAM dekhAyAM. sAmAjika krAMtinuM navuM arthakAraNa A navA vaijJAnika jamAnAmAM vizvaItihAsamAM kadI nahi banelI evI eka bAbata banAvI dIdhI. A navI bAbata vaijJAnika yaMtranI madadavaDe utpAdananA DhagalAo vadhArI devAnI hatI. yaMtro utpAdananA DhagalA banAvatAM hatAM, ane yaMtrone zramamAna pitAnA zrama vaDe calAvatAM hatAM. A zrama mAnane kAma

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19 mA saikAnuM jIvanarUpa 461 karavA mATe rajavADI jamAnAnI veTha mAraphata have pakaDIne lAvavAmAM naheAtAM AvatAM. A zrama mAnavA paNa AjhAda banelA mAnavasamAja para AjhAda hatAM. A zramamAnave peAtAnI AjhAdInA upayeAga peAtAnI majurIne vecavAmAM karatAM hatAM. strI puruSa ane bALakA potAnI rAjanI majurIne dAma athavA rAjI nikarIne vecatAM hatAM. A navA jamAnAnuM evuM, AjhAda athavA khUlluM bajAra vyApaka banyuM hatuM, jemAM svataMtra majurA svataMtra rIte majurI vecatAM hatAM. A khAravALI jIvana prathAnuM nAma markenTAIla sITIma hatuM. A vanaprathAnA siddhAMta evA hatA ke sarakAre vANijya svarUpanA jIvanavahivaTane saMpUrNa AjhAdI ApI devI joIe tathA tenA vyavahAramAM TAi paNa ThekANe ADe AvavuM joIe nahi. phreMcakrAMti pahelAM A navA azAstranA siddhAMtane praNetA TAMTa nAmane eka a zAstrI janmI cUkayA hatA. A azAstrI 16mA luinA samayamAM eka vakhate pradhAna paNa hatA. e kahetA hatA ke vANijya jIvananA vahivaTamAM vizvAsa rAkhIne te vahivaTa jema vikase tema tene vikasavA . enA A siddhAMtanuM nAma " leisejha phera " paDayuM. A sUtravALA siddhAntAne potAnuM kriyAmUtra banAvIne vANijya nItinA arthazAstroe A sUtravALA siddhAMtanI AgaLa pAchaLa arthazAstro racavA mAMDayA hatA. rr Adama smItha nAmaneA eka, A jamAnAnA azAstrI pAtAnA veltha Ak nezansa " nAmanA mahAgra MthanI racanA karatA hatA. A graMthamAM eNe vANijyanA adhikAronI svAbhAvikatAne pratipAdana karI hatI. navA jamAnAnA navA savAla paNa A navA arthazAstravALA navA jamAnAnA navA savAla yuropanA dezAmAM ubhA thayA. yaMtro ane kArakhAnAnA mAlikAe utpAdaneAnA DhagalA karIne potapotAnA rASTromAM potapotAnI dolatanA DhagalA banAvavA mAMDayA. dolatamadAnA ane vepArInA navA vikasatA samAje dolatanI tAkAta vaDe rAjAone harAvIne peAtAnI sarakAro athavA peAtAnA ja adhikArAnI sarakAra banAvavA mAMDI hatI. A sarakAroe tAtAne tyAMnI vANijya nItine ane yaMtro tathA kArakhAnAMnA mAlikAne mATe, zramamAnave pAse vadhAremAM vadhAre kAma laIne tathA vadhAremAM vadhAre kalArkA kAma laIne temane ochAmAM ochI rAjI athavA ochAmAM oche majurIne dara ApavAnI chUTa ApI hatI. eTale

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kara viAva ItihAsanI rUparekhA eka tarapha jema utpAdana ane dezanA DhagalA vadhatA gayA, tema bIjI tarapha garIba leka samudAyo athavA zramamAnanAM duHkha, darada, garIbAI, yAtanAo ane temanA paranAM piDane paNuM vadhatAM ja gayAM. I. sa. 1831mAM jenI benjAma nAmanA eka aMgrejI vakIle pitAnA eka mitrane lakhyuM ke "te sukhI thavAno rasto bIjAne sukhI banAvavAmAM che, bIjAne sukhI banAvavA mATe ApaNe temanA para prema karavo joIe, ane prema kare eTale premano vicAra nahi paNa kArya karavuM," Avo te jamAnAmAM mAnavamAtranuM bhaluM karavAne e eka bhavya khyAla hatuM, chatAM ya jagatane Arthika vahivaTa mAnava mAnava vaccenI baMdhutAnA vahivaTaneja virodhI hatA. A vahivaTe jIvanavyavahArane kAnUna Arthika AjhAdI athavA leIjha phera" nAmane ghaDyuM hatuM. Arthika AjhAdIne A kAnUna bephAma rIte kahetA hatA ke kArakhAnAmAM majurInA kalAkanI saMkhyA kAma karavAne majuranI tAkAtanI chellI hada sudhInI rAkhIne temane lAMbo samaya kAme rokavAM joIe. koI strI puruSa ke bALaka milanA saMcA pAse kAma karatAM karatAM bebhAna na banI jAya tyAM sudhI kAma karavA mATe te AjhAda hovAM joIe. AvuM kAma karavAnA badalAmAM te samayamAM majurane peTa pUratI ja maLatI na hatI tathA temane jIvanadhAraNa karI rAkhavA mATenAM khoraDAM, jemAM kutarAo paNa na rahI zake tevAM kaMgAla evAM ghare maLatAM hatAM. nAnAM nAnAM bALakone paNa AvI jIvaleNa majurImAM zekavAmAM AvatAM ane kahevAmAM AvatuM hatuM ke jema strI ane puruSe tema bALake paNa kAma karavA mATe svataMtra hovAM joIe. A leisejha phera" nAmano Arthika kAnUna hatuM. A kAnUna karanArI pArlAmenTamAM mAlikanuM paribaLa moTuM hatuM. strIo ane majurane pArlAmenTamAM cUMTAvAne adhikAra paNa hatuM nahi. I. sa. 1732mAM pasAra thayelA rIphorma bile jamInadAre uparAMta kArakhAnAnA mAlikane ja pArlAmenTamAM cUMTAvAne adhikAra Ape hato. zrama mAnavAnI hilacAla pachI aMgrejI majuree matAdhikAra meLavavA mATenI hilacAla zarU karI. A hilacAlamAM emaNe pAlamenTa samakSa potAne mATe matAdhikAra mAgatuM eka adhikArapatra rajU karyuM. A adhikArapatranuM nAma "pIpalsa cAra" hatuM aMgrejI mAnavajAta mATe sauthI moTA samudAyanA A matAdhikAranI laData lAMbe vakhata cAlI..

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19mA saikAnuM jIvanarUpa 463 paNa aMgrejI jIvana racanAe cAraTIsTa hilacAlanuM kaMI sAMbhaLyuM nahIM. chatAM A hilacAle batAvI ApyuM ke je AjhAdInI ane lekazAhInI yupane mAnavasamudAya jhaMkhanA kare che te to AvI ja nathI. A savAlane ja aMgrejI samAjanA tyAranA jamAnAnA buddhimAna potAnA magajamAM uparataLe karatA hatA. temanI najara sAme, vaijJAnika ane audyogIka yuga pratApa ane tAkAtanI pAchaLa mAnavasamudAya mATe garIbAImAM khadabatuM jIvana dekhAtuM hatuM. koI kahetA hatA ke yaMtra A paristhitinuM kAraNa che te I kahetA hatA ke yaMtranI khAnagI mAlIkI A badhA mATe javAbadAra che. AvAM nirAkaraNe para AvI koI majuronI sthiti sudhAravA mATe temanAM maMDaLa racatA hatA te koI temane mATe divyajIvananA taraMgo racIne dIvAsvano AlekhatA hatA. A badhI mathAmaNa pAchaLa yurepanA jIvananI vicAraNAmAM sthApita thaele phrecakrAtie jAhera karele mAnavamAnava vaccenI samAna baMdhutAne siddhAMta hato. A siddhAMtane choDI zakAya tema hatuM ja nahIM. eTale zrImaMta ane garIba tathA mAlIka ane majura vacce jIvananA rejanA vahivaTamAM samAnabaMdhutA kevI rIte nakkara hakIkata banI zake te keyaDe temane mUMjhavata hato. e mUMjhavaNane javAbamAM ja hoya tema sudhArake, sudhArAo sucavatA hatA. sarakArane, sudharelA kAyadAo karavAnI ane e rIte samAja vyavahAranI gADInAM banne paiDAnI cAla samAMtara banAvavAnI apIla karatA hatA. A badhI asara nIce IMgleMDamAM rabarTa ove pitAnI mAlIkI nIcenI kApaDanI mIlemAM eka "sosIyAlIsTIka komyunITI "nI racanA karI. eja rIte luI blAMka nAmanA eka phreMca patrakAre phrAnsapara "sAmAjika kArakhAnAMo " javAno prayatna karyo. amerikAnAM saMyukata saMsthAnA AMtaravigrahanuM arthakAraNa, AjhAdI pachInA nUtana amerikana dezanuM nAma te hatuM saMyukta saMsthAno paraMtu tenA jIvanavahivaTanuM rUpa AMtaravigrahanuM hatuM. A AMtaravigrahanuM kAraNa A saMsthAnomAM uttara ane dakSiNanAM saMsthAnane bhinna e Arthika jIvana vyavahAra hato. uttaranAM saMsthAnomAM udyoga vadhAre hatuM tathA temAM mukta evA gorA majure vadhAre hatA. dakSiNanA saMsthAne mAM jamInadArInuM ArthikarUpa mukhya hatuM tathA gerA jamInadAranI badhI jamIna kheDanArAM kALAM gulAma

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44 vizva itihAsanI rUparekhA hatAM. uttara amerikana mAlIka samAja, vepArIo, udyogapati ane ekarAtA banelA hatA tathA, dakSiNanA amerikana mAlIka samAja, jamInadArAnA banelA hatA. saMyukata saMsthAtAnA, A banne vibhAgonuMrUpa bhinna athavA virAdhI hatuM. uttaranuM jIvana vahivaTanuM Arthika svarUpa kArakhAnAMomAM udyoganA vikAsa karavA gulAme nahIM paNa mukta evAM majurAnA zrama mAgatuM hatuM, jyAre dakSiNa vibhAganA jamInadArIsvarUpane peAtAnA zrama karavA mATe majuronuM gulAmeAnuM svarUpa ja joituM hatuM. AvA aMkAraNavALA savAla have saMyukata saMsthAnAnI kAMgresamAM kayAranA ya AvI pahoMcyA hatA. 1 keMgresamAM ja uttara ane dakSiNa e vibhAge paDI jaine gulAmInI prathAnuM, athavA majurInuMrUpa AjhAda banAvavuM ke gulAma rAkhavuM te savAla carcAtA hatA. A savAlamAM uttaranA pratinidhie gulAmInI prathA nAbUda karavA mAgatA hatA ane dakSiNanA pratinidhie tene cAlu rAkhavA mAgatA hatA. samaya jatA gayA tematema savAla ugra banatA gayA. pachI gulAmInI prathAne cAlu rAkhavA mAgatAM dakSiNanAM saMsthAnA saMyukta saMsthAnAmAMthI chuTAM thai javA ane peAtAnA jIvanavahivaTa peAtAnI rIte calAvavA tathA peAtAnuM jUduM rAjya karavA taiyAra thai gayAM. paraMtu tA tA, eka dezanA e deza banI jAya. evuM thAya to te, e virodhI dezA ekabIjAnI sAme Akhare teA laDI ja paDe. evuM thavA devAya te te dakSiNa ane uttaranA vigrahane kAyadesara karyAM kahevAya. eTale, saMyukta saMsthAnAnI kaoNMgrese, TharAva karIne dakSiNanAM saMsthAnAne judAM pADavAnI manA karI tathA gulAmAnI prathAne adha karavAnI jAherAta karI. dakSiNanAM saMsthAnee A cUkAdAnA asvIkAra karyA tathA yuddhanI taiyArI karI. tyAre A kaTAkiTanA samayanA, amerikana kaoNMgresane pramukha abrAhAmalikana hatA. liMkane gulAmeAnI muktinI jAherAtanAmuM bahAra pADyuM. tyAre i. sa.

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S 19mA saikAnuM jIvanarUpa 1861nA eprilanI 12mIe A banne saMsthAna vibhAgo vacce pelA savAlanA nikAla mATe yuddha saLagI uThayuM. A AMtaravigraha i. sa. 1865nA eprilamAM puro thayo. dakSiNa saMsthAnone emAM parAjaya tha ane uttaranAM saMsthAne vijaya pAmyAM. dakSiNanAM saMsthAne senApati janarala lI, uttaranA senApati janarala grAnTane zaraNe AvyuM. banne pakSe lAkha mANasone saMhAra thaye tathA ekalA dakSiNanAM saMsthAnI mAla milka tane thaeluM nukasAna, 8,000,000 miliyana DolaranuM aMkAyuM. abrAhAmaliMkananA pramukhapade amerikana rASTra jANe bIjI kAti karI nAkhI. A krAntinuM kAraNa amerikA para AvI pahoMcele udyogavAda ane nUtana arthaghaTanA hatAM. A krAMntie gulAmInI prathAne nAbUda karI. tyAra pachI amerikAmAM AgaLa zuM cAlatuM hatuM ? amerikAmAM have gulAme nahi rAkhavAne kAyade thaI gaye hato. amerikAe svataMtratAne kAyade paNa pasAra karyo hato. amerikAnI dharatI para zrImatinI mUDI ane majUronI majUrIthI meTA udyoge zarU thaI gayA hatA. amerikAnA zrImate vadhAre zrImaMta banyA hatA. amerikAnAM nagare dolatathI ubhA rAvA mAMDayAM hatAM. amerikAnuM calaNI nANuM banele Dolarane sonAne sikko, udyogavALe banIne aneka gaNo vadhyuM hatuM. amerikana sonerI deza, Dolara deza kahevAya. Dolara deza para 1880nI sAlamAM ja eka lAkha mAIla para AgagADI doDatI thaI gaI ane 1920 sudhImAM te be lAkha ane sATha hajAra mAIla para relave naMkhAI gaI. ughogavAda AkhA amerikA para patharAI gayo. AkhA amerikAnA udyoge dolatanA DhagalA khaDakavA mAMDyA. amerikAnA sauthI moTA udyogapationI gaganacuMbI ImArato jyAM hatI, temAM rahenArA kArnegIo, rekaphelara ane pheDe jevAM nAmavALA udyoganA mAlike karaDe ne abajo DolaranA, senAnA DhagalAonA mAlika banI gayA. velasTrITanA A mAlike jANe senAnA DhagalA para beThA hoya e Akhe amerikA deza ja jANe eka senAne gale banI gaye,

Page #487
viAva ItihAsanI rUparekhA paNa jemaNe mahenata majadUrIthI udyoganAM yaMtro-kArakhAnAM calAvyAM hatAM te majUre te garIba hatAM. majUranI majurI vaDe cAlatAM kArakhAnAMonI pedAzanA DhagalAmAMthI majUrene te peTa pUratuM, paheravA pUratuM ke rahevA pUratuM paNa maLatuM nahatuM. ane AThe pahera amerikA para garIba majUranI hAya pUkArI pUchI rahI hatI "amerikA, amerikA ! ATalA badhA sonAthI teM zuM kharIdayuM che, zuM vecyuM che?amerikAne thAkyA pAkyA zarIravALe, hatAza bane, vecAI gaelA zramavALo garIbone, majUrono samudAya volasTrITanI divAlane pUchate hate. ATha kalAkanA zrama-dina mATe amerikAnA mUDIpationAM kArakhAnAM varasothI calAvanAra majUrone pasIne hate. mUDIpatio pAse kArakhAnAM hatAM ane udyoganA teo mAlike hatA. majUra pAse zarIra-zrama hatuM ane saMkhyA hatI. saMkhyAbaMdha majUra kArakhAnAmAM kAma karavA jatAM. kArakhAnAnA mAlike, saMkhyAbaMdha mane, eka divasanI eka majUranI majUrIne dara nakkI karIne kAme rAkhatA. e rIte rojanI eka majUranI majUrI athavA zramatAkAta mAlike vecAtI rAkhatA. majUro majUrI athavA zrama vecatA. majUre pAse saMkhyAhatI ane zrama hato. saMkhyAbaMdha majUrone zarIra zrama roja laIne kArakhAnAM calAvata, paNa reja' eTale ke keTalo? araja' eTale divasa, keTalA kalAkane gaNa? mAlIke majurIne divasa bAra kalAkane gaNatA. bAra kalAkanA divasanA hisAbe majUronAM zarIra thAkIne letha thaI jatAM. majUronI jIMdagI AvI kALI majUrIthI TUMpAI jatI. majUrone ghara saMsAra eka ghaDIne ArAma ke visAmA vinA ane AnaMda ke sukha vinA bAra kalAkanI majUrI karIne yaMtranI jema kherAkanA kolasA zarIramAM bharIne, thAkIne letha banIne, rAta bhara UMdhI karIne pAcho bIjA divasanA bAra kalAkanI majUrI karavA taiyAra raheto. majUranA jIvananI AvI ghaTamALa amerikana sonerI dezamAM jIvaleNa julma nIce kacaDAtI hatI. paNa majUre te saMkhyAbaMdha hatAM! saMkhyAbaMdha majuroe A julmano bhAra ocho karavAno vicAra karyo. temaNe pitAnAM maMDaLo bAMdhyAM. jyAM majUranuM maMDaLa baMdhAyuM tyAM saMpa baMdhAyo. dhIme dhIme majUranAM ekathI vadhAre maMDaLe bhegAM gayAM. zrama karanAra mAnavo te saMkhyAbaMdha hatAM. A saMkhyA have maMDaLo bAMdhIne ekatA savA lAgI gaI. zrama zaktinI-tAkAta mAnava saMgaThananuM rUpa sarjavA lAgI !

Page #488
19 mA ekAnuM jIvanarUpa 467 I. sa. 1827 mAM philADelaphiyAnAM tamAma majUra maMDaLe eka thaI gayAM. pacAsa varasa sudhI majUronAM maMDaLo baMdhAyAM karyo. pacAsa varasa sudhI majUra maMDaLae saMgaThita bhAranI mAgaNIo rajU karyA karI. ema karatAM 1886 nI sAla AvI pahecI. AkhA amerikAnA majUrae, majUra maMDaLee eka avAje mAgaNI mUkI: " ATha kalAkane divasa banAvo..' amerikAnA saMgaThita majUrane e avAja bane. majUranAM saraghasa nIkaLyAM. majUronI meTI sabhAomAM TharAvo thayAH "ATha kalAkano divasa banAva." 1886 ne me mahine AvI pahoMcate hate. me mahinAnA pahelA divase AkhA amerikAnAM majUroe ATha kalAkanI majUrIne divasa banAvavA nI potAnI mAgaNI mATe, amerikAnAM tamAma kArakhAnAomAM haDatAla pADavAnuM nakkI karyuM. 1886 nA me mahinAnA divasanuM savAra ugyuM. zrama-mAnanA niradhArane apanAvato e divasa haDatAlanI zarUAtane hate. e divasathI AkhA ame. rikAnAM kArakhAnAMo zrama-mAnanA pharamAna pramANe kAma karatAM baMdha thaI gayAM. jANe baMdha paDelAM kArakhAnuM kArakhAne yaMtromAMthI muMge avAja uThyAH " ATha kalAkano divasa." zrama-mAnave para julma gujAratI ane temanuM zeSaNa karIne senAnA Dhaga kamAtI amerikAnI saDelI duniyA para nyAyanI nekIne pUkAra saMbhaLAyoH "ATha kalAkano divasa banAva." haDatAla laMbAtI AvI. amerikAnA mUDIpationA pATanagara cIkAga para menA pahelA divasanI rAta aMdhArI zarU thaI. e rAte cIkAgonI he-mArakeTanA rogAnamAM majAronI sabhA maLavAnI hatI. traNa traNa divasanI haDatAlamAM joDAyelAM mAro para thayelI mArapITa ane julmane vakhoDI kADhate TharAva e sabhAmAM pasAra thavAne hato. paNa A sabhA para damana ane trAsa gujAravA tathA majUrone kacaDI nAkhIne zaraNe lAvavA mUDIpationI amerikana sarakAranAM mANase ane jAsusa goThavAI gayA hatA. A badhI damana-lIlA jAte dekhavA ane AnaMda pAmavA nagarapati kArTara paNa hAjara rahyA hatA. sabhA zarU thaI. "ATha kalAkane divasa" pAcho gAjI u. majUre para damane baMdha karavAnA pikAre uThayA. pachI zAMti patharAI gaI. varasatA varasAdamAM cIkAganAM zrama-mAne zAMta beThAM. majUrone AgevAna AlabarTa pArasansa varasatA varasAda nIce bela hatuM. paNa zAMta sabhAmAM, polIsanI TukaDIo sAthe pilIsano vaDe benaDIlDa evI pahoMcyA. tyAre pArasansa bela

Page #489
48 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA ,, vAnuM pUrUM karyuM hatuM ane baLadagADAnI banAvelI vyAsapITha parathI bhASaNa karavA mATe semyuala phIlDena zrlaMga mArIne caDhato hato. " vikharAi jAva, sabhA kharakhAsta thAva ! " peAlIsanA vaDAe bUma pADI. " vikharAi nahI javAya, sabhA kharakhAsta nahIM thAya ! '' pArasansa ane philDane javAba dIdhA. sabhA zAMta beThI rahI. polIsanA vaDAe vikharAi javAnuM pAMca miniTanuM AkharInAmuM ApyuM. sabhAmAM kAlAhala zarU thayo. kacaDAtI mAnavatAe pAzavatAnA paDakArane dhUtakArI kADhyA. 6 tyAM te AkhI sabhA para goLIbAra zarU thayA. he mArakeTanA cegAnamAM kAmadAronAM leAhI lAyAM. kAmadArAe vipharelI pAzavatAne pAchI haTAvatAM, " ATha kalAkanI " nyAyaneka pUkAratAM jAna kurabAna karyAM. amerikAnAM aneka zrama--mAnavAnAM zakha he-mArakeTa para chavAI gayAM. pachIthI khIjA divase ame rikAnAM mUDIpationAM chApAeAmAM samAcAra chapAyAH * kAmadAroe dhAMdhala karyuM eTale kAyadA ne vyavasthA jALavavA goLIbAra karavAnI sarakArane karaja paDI !' kAmadAroe A banAvanI jAhera tapAsa mAgI, tyAre mUDIpatienI sarakAre saMbhaLAvI dIdhuM: " kAyado ane vyavasthA jALavavA je kAMi karavuM paDe tenI jAhera tapAsa karavAnA ApaNe tyAMnA rivAja nathI, '' zramamAnavAnA AMtararASTrIya mahAparvanA sAta zahIdo majUrAnA AgevAno para taDAtaDa vArA nIkaLyAM. majUrAnA dharabAranI jhaDatI levAI. seMkaDA kAmadAra AgevAne kArAgAra pAchaLa dhakelAI gayAM. kAmadArAnA AgevAna Alba pArasansa hajI hAtha lAgyA nahAtA. enI zodha have paDatI mUkIne kAmadAra AgevAna para adAlatamAM kAma calAvavAnI jAherata sarakAre karI dIdhI. jInanA 21 mA divase mukamA maDAyA. kAmadAronAM lohI reDanArA kArabhAra ja amerikana adAlatamAM nyAyadhIza banIne goThavAi gayA ! kAmadAzanAM khUna karanAra hAtha have nyAyanA nATakanA khIjA aMkamAM insAphanI dAMDI jhAlIne beThI ! tyAre adAlatamAM eka paDachaMda AdamI peThe. enI hAjarImAM adAlatanuM nyAyanuM naTamaMDaLa kacavAyu, eNe eka najara nAkhIne AkhI adAlatane mahAta karI hAya tema e khelye: " kacaDAtI mAnava jAtane ja insAphI kAnUna huM svIkArUM chu'. chatAM jene nyAya jokhavA tamArA peAlIsAe Akhu cIkAgo nagara khUMdI nAkhyuM che, te, huM, AlbaTa pArasansa hAjar thayA chuM, mArA sAthIdAro sAme itihAsanA upahAsa karanArI tamArI adAlata, mArA paNa nyAya bhale kare. ' <<

Page #490
19 mA saikAnu jIvanarUpa gharaDA nyAyAdhIze ghaMTaDI bajAvI. geAkhI lAvyA haiAya tema, grInavela meAlyA karyAM ane pUrU karatAM karatAM khelyA : " samAja ane sarakArane bhayAva karavA mATe A sAte adheravAdIone dehAMta daMDa....... 49 gharaDA nyAyAdhIze pA khAMkhArA khAdhA. sAtene dehAMta daMDanI zikSA thaI. A cUkAdA sAme apIlanI araja suprIma korTane mokalavAmAM AvI. suprIma kADhe e arjane pAchI kADhI ane suprIma korTanA vaDA nyAyAdhIza vATe noMdha lakhI; nyAyAdhIza gerIe ApelA cUkAdAnI pharI tapAsanI jarUra jaNAtI nathI. ' navebaranA 11 mA divase, sAte kAmadAra AgevAnAne phrAMsInA mAcaDA para laTakAvI devAno cUkAdo ApIne amerikana dharatI para amerikAnI mAlikAnI sa kAre nyAyate vadha pharamAvI dIdheA. jemaNe itihAsanA amara divasa DayA te sAte jaNa navebara mahinAnA ArbhanA divase amerikAnA kArAgAramAM gujAratA hatA. naveMbarane 11 me divasa amerikana zramamAnavAnA A dIkarAenA mAtane mukarara thayele divasa hatA. A divasane aTakAvavA AkhA yuropanAM mahAnubhAve amerikana sarakArane araja karatAM hatAM. aMgrejI dharatI parathI vIlIyama merIsa; De. enIkhIsenTa, tathA eskAra vAilDa, aMgrejI mAnavatAnA nAmamAM amerikAne vinavatAM hatAM. khuda amerikAnI dharatI parathI vIlIyama DIna ane iMgarasAla amerikAnI kahevAtI lokazAhIne DhaMDhoLatA hatA. aMgrejI kAmadArA sATha hajAranI sahIvALI zrama-mAnavAnI mAgaNI peza karatA hatA. amerikAnI tamAma kAmadAra saMsthAe potAnA sAta AgevAnene pAchA mAgatI, saLagatA klinA puNyaprakApathI prajaLatI, navaMbaranA agIAra divasonI pagadaMDI para prANa pAtharatI hatI. naveMbaranI 11 mI tArIkhanI savArathI pelA sAta mahAnubhAvAnAM date mAnavamedanI UmaTatI hatI. amerikana sarakAranA cokIdArA kArAgAranI divAlo pAsethI leAkeAne pAchA dhakelatA hatA. kArAgAranI aMdara pUrAyelA pelA sAtenA prANa Aje kAMsArane TapI jai, mAnavatAnA saMskAranA zabda banI javA adhIrA banyA hatA. kArAgAranI ghaDiyALanA kAMTA, dareka Dagale A zramamAnavAnA lAka meTAmenA aitihAsika rathane utAvaLA hAMkatA hatA. A itihAsanuM darzana karatA, kArAgAranI aMdara khabarapatrI tarIke AyaMga nAmanA eka juvAna kalAkAra pelA sAta amara

Page #491
, , : - 470 vikava ItihAsanI rUparekhA mAnanI rekhAo kAgaLa para TAMkI lete hate. pArasansa khurasI para beTho hato. paga para paga caDhAvIne kAgaLa para noMdha lakhate, UDI javAnA samayanA bhAnathI u tA vaLe. banele e la khAvA mAM garakAva banI gayo hate. eNDApha phizara, "ArabITara jhI TI ga " nAmanA eka cho pA nA chApakhAnAne kAmadAra hato. chellA zabda kapijha" karate hoya tema Aje e "amara " zabdane akSaradeha banI javA jANe adhIre banyo hate. je enjala, jarmana dharatI parathI, A navI duniyA para AvelA bApadAdAone saMbhArata, jarmana mA-bhomane yAda karatA hoya tevo gamagIna hate. mAIkala skavAba Aja sudhI kAmadAronA kesa laIne taMtrIlekha lakhyA hatA. Aje ItihAsane lekha banIne InsAphane AvAhana dete hoya tevo e dekhAto hato. semyuala phIlDana, IgleMDane kAmadAra, vatanathI ahIM AvyA hatA tyAre dekhAto hato te ja bharAvadAra dADhIvALo, atyArU sudhI utsAhanAM pUra jevI sabhAo gajavate Aje A dharatI para paNa ugra dekhAte hato. ogasTa smAna arabIra jhIraMgAne taMtrI hatuM. eNe je lekha lakhyo hato te utAvaLo joI jato, AjanA AkharI divasane suparata karato, saMbhALapUrvaka, kAgaLane vajana nIce dabAvato hate. luI-lIMga, bAvIsa varasane juvAna uzkerAIne kaMI kahe hoya tema babaDate AMTA mArate pelA kalAkAranI kalamamAM nahIM pakaDAtI enI rekhAo saMkoca aTake. ane eNe kaMIka moDhAmAM mUkI dIdhuM ane pachI eka meTe dhaDAko thayo. amerikana mAlikanI pAzavatAe ropelA phAMsInA " nI :

Page #492
19 mA saikAnuM' jIvanarUpa 491 mAMcaDA sAme puNya pra}ApanI khUma jevA A dhaDAkeA banIne khavIsa varasanA lIga chUpI rIte maLelA khebane meDhAmAM mUkIne nyUjha cetavIne phUTI gayA hatA. evA navebaranA 11 meA divasa vahetA hatA. naveMbaranA 11mA divasane AMtarI levA ane pelA sAta narapuMgavAne dekhavA AvatAM TALAMAne khALI rAkhavA, kArAgArane karatI kAMTALA tAranI vADA baMdhAi gai hatI, ane mAlikAnI sarakAranA saMgInadhArIonA paherA gAThavAi gayA hatA. pachI mAtaneA DaMkA vAgyA. pachI mAtaneA insApha khelanAra nyAyAdhIza hAjara thayA. phrAMsInA mAcaDA nIce pelA marajIvA AvI pahoMcyA. emanA laDAyaka prANanA chellA zabda raNahAka jevA khelye: " ATha kalAkanA divasa " ane phAMsInA dAra emanA kaDamAM AropAI gayA. loka tavArIkhanA, loka zAMtinA, itihAsanA saMskA ranA taNakhA banIne emanA prANapAvaka uDI gayA. pachI I. sa. 1889mAM perIsamAM maLelI samAjavAdI kAmadAronI AMtararASTriya pariSade me nA pahelA divasane AMtararASTriya parva banAvyuM. dezadezanAM zrama mAnavee tyArathI me nA pahelA divasane potAnA rAjakAraNanI laDAyaka nAkhata bhajavanArA, peAtAnI AgekUcanuM saravaiyuM kADhanArA, peAtAnI samAna, sukhI ane sahakArI baMdhubhAvavALI vavihina samAja racanAnI tema pUkAranArA teka dina banAvyeA. AgaLa vadhatI mAnavajAte Aja sudhImAM aDasaTha me dine ujavyA che. dareka ujavaNImAM navA dezo sAmela thayA che; navAM jUtha umerAyAM che; navInavI zahAdatAnI khAMbhIe khADAi gai che. jotajotAmAM itihAsanAM kadameA saDasaThamuM Dagalu bhare tyAM teA lAla jhaMDAezanA mahAsAgara jANe hele caDhayA che. dareka Dagale zramamAnavanI kUca kadamanI virATa pagalIe acUka bhAvivALA mAnavInA vijayanAM smita veravA mAMDayAM che, ane vizvatihAsane sAkha ApI dIdhI che ke, amara raheze ane ujavaLa banyA jaze mAnavamAMdhavatAnA saMskAra dina ! romenTIsIjhamane tatvaciMtake, hegala yureApanI rezamenTIka jIvananI AkhADavAmAM eka nUtanaciMtakanu nAma saMbhaLAyuM, enuM nAma hegala hatuM. sephrIsTAmAM jevA sAkreTIsa ciMtanarUpatI cAkhavaTa athavA bhAnadazAne dhAraNa karIne prAcIna grIsanI bhUmipara dekhAyA tevA jaramana dharatI para yuropanA romAnsanuM tatvaciMtakarUpa dhAraNa karIne hegala AvI paheAMcyA. eNe rAmenTIka yuganA AtmabhAnane dekhADavA arIsA jevuM ciMtana

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vizva itihAsanI rUparekhA yuM. eNe vicAra ane astitvanI ekatA pUravAra karavA mATe rezanAlIjhama athavA sakAraNavAdanA cheDA sudhI ciMtanane kheMcyuM, ane kahyuM, " je vAstavika 41 che te ja sakAraNa (rezanala) che ane je sakAraNa che. te ja vAstavika che." A ciMtanarUpane tapeAtAnI madadamAM levA mATe, pragati ane pIchehaTe tene ekathI te khIjA cheDAthI kheMcavA mAMDayuM. hegale A ciMtanarUpamAM vyAdhAta mAraphata ( kendreDIkazana ) thatuM vikAsa rUpa itihAsanI gatimAM batAvyuM. A ciMtanarUpe vicAravAnI AmehavAmAM cakkara AvI jAya tevuM maneAmaMthana jamAvyuM. hugale itihAsanuM tattvaciMtana 39 ' AlekhyuM ane temAM cInanA AraMbhathI te atyAra sudhInA itihAsa banAvAnA kramapara prakAza nAkhavAne prayatna karyAM. A itihAsa ciMtanamAM eNe jaNAvyuM ke, vicArabhAvanA" athavA " AiDIA epha rIjhana A sRSTinA itihAsanuM preraka paribaLa che tathA tethI ' vicArabhAvanA ' ja jagatapara zAsana kare che. A zAsananArUpa tarIke praziyana sTeTa' eNe AdarzI tarIke batAvyuM. eTale ja AvA meTA ciMtananA, AvA, svarUpamAMthI AvatI pratinuM rUpa sukhamaya ke janakalyANanuM hAya che evI kAi bAbata, enA ciMtanamAMthI nipajI zakatI ja nahatI. enA samayanuM menathAme lakheluM, sauthI moTA samudAyanuM sauthI vadhAra kalyANa athavA sukhanuM arthakAraNa paNa A ciMtanamAMthI nIkaLatuM nahatuM. hegalanA ciMtananuM itihAsarUpa paNa A ciMtananA praziyanasTeTamAMthI ja nIkaLatuM hatuM. eNe lakheluM itihAsanuM tattvajJAna kahetuM hatuM ke ItihAsa pUrva dizAmAMthI udaya pAme che, ane yurepamAM asta pAme che. eTale pazcimanA dezAmAM itihAsanI AgekUcane avidha AvI jAya che. tihAsaneA jyAM cheDe AvI jAya che, te cheDe ene praziyana rAjyamAM dekhAyA. A ciMtana pramANe itihAsanuM e sarvopari zAsanarUpa hatuM. hegale raju karelA ciMtananA, mAthApara ubhelA svarUpe, itihAsanA ciMtanate, rezamenTIka yuganAM chAyAcitrone, paDachAyA

Page #494
19 mA saikAnu jIvanarUpa ene, jUnA jagatanA AkharI kasuMbAnA DAyarAone, praziyana sTeTanA AMdyogika lazkaravAda pAse ANI dIdhAM ane temane bhramaza karavAnA ciMtanavarDa, peAtAnA ja parAjaya thAya tevA pramANuzAstrane, ( DAyae kaTIkasa ) raju karyu.. hegalanA caMtana vyavasAye e rIte, ciMtana nahIM paNa ciMtananu DAyelekaTIkasa, navA jamAnAne bheTa dIdhuM. 473 vizva itihAsanI vijJAna draSTi "" DAyalekaTIkasane dhAraNa karIne, hegalanA itihAsanA ciMtanane parAjaya karanArA ane itihAsanI vijJAna daSTine dAkhavanAro, kArla mArkasa nAmane ja ciMtaka AvI pahoMcyA ane eNe mAthApara athavA, " bhAvanAvicAra para ubhelA DuMgalanA itihAsa ciMtananu ziSaoNsana choDAvIne, itihAsanA ciMtanane paga para UbhuM karI daine, hegale raju karelA pelA 'DAelekaTIkasa' nAmanA pramANa vaDe ja itihAsanuM * DAyalekaTIkala ' evuM vAstavadarzana raju karyuM. 6 , A vAstavadarzIne itihAsane, ane tenAM paribaLane itihAsanI vaijJAnika prakriyAnA rUpamAM raju karyAM. eNe tihAsanA udayane ane tenI prakriyAne mAnava 60

Page #495
vizva itihAsanI rUparekhA samudAya nAmanA paribaLavALI sAkhIta karI. hegale Ada` kahelA praziyana sTeTane, zAhIvAdI ane lazkarI rUpane nAza karIne mAnavasamudAyanuM paribaLa duniyAnA ekeeka dezamAM AgaLa vadhaze evI eNe AgAhI karI. eNe saMsthAnavAdanA aMtanI gheANA karI ane jagata para mAnavasamudAyanI vimuktinI tathA mAnavajAtanI saMskRtinI uttarAttara anaMta evI pragatinI tihAsa draSTinI vAstavikatAnI jAherAta karI. hegale zarU karelA ciMtananuM tattva laI te eNe hegala je joi zakayo naheAtA tevuM itihAsanuM virATa dana raju karyuM. A virATa darzanane dRSTA ane sAmAjika krAntinA vijJAnane A citaka itihAsanA zAstranu nirUpaNa karatA kahetA hatA ke ApaNA jagata paranI jIvana vahivaTa khatI cUkelI, mUDIvAdI-audyogika jIvana ghaTanAmAMja nahIM parantu tenI bahAra nIkaLIne karavAmAM AvatA haigalanA ciMtana jevA viSayIgata taraMgI khyAlAthI kazuM ja pariNAma nipajavAnuM nathI. je palaTA thavAnI jarUra che te te AkhI jIvanaghaTanAnA vyavahAramAM thavAnI jarUra che. manuSyanA mananI bhAvanA ekalImAM nahIM ja. eTalA mATe ApaNe e jIvanavahivaTanA mULabhUta kriyA siddhAMtone abhyAsa karavA joie. 474 enuM nAma kA mArkasa hatu'. iMgleMDanA ane pachI AkhA yuropanA ane jagatanA samAjavAdI ciMtanamAM eNe krAntikArI darzana ApyuM. eNe IMgleMDamAM rahIne tyAMnI Arthika paristhiti ane rAja barojanI jIvanadazAne abhyAsa karIne vizvatihAsanuM krAntikArI vijJAna athavA sAmAjika jIvanavahivaTanuM svarUpaciMtana traNa vibhAgamAM raju karyuM. pahelA vibhAgamAM itihAsanA sAmAjikakrama, khIjAmAM varSAM saMdharSaNa tathA tenA a, ane trIjAmAM mUDIvAdanA vikAsa eNe lakhyAM. jIvana vihavaTanA sAmAjika savAle prayAga robarTa vena nAmanA eka umarAve sAmAjika jIvanavyavahAranA navA sar karyo hatA ane samAjavAdanAmanA zabda eNe pahelIvAra yeAjyA hatA. A zabdane zeAdhaka seinTa sAyamana hatA. eneA samAjavAda nIcethI nahIM parantu uparathI zarU thai nIce utaratA hatA. eNe peAtAnAM kArakhAnAmAM kAmanA kalAkA echA karyAM, kAmadArone mATe bekArInI rAhatanI yojanA karI. kAma karavAnI risthitine taMdurasta banAvI tathA vaidakIya rAhatane mata ApavAnI vyavasthA karI. eNe kAmadAronAM bALakA mATe bALagRDA, zALAo, kriDAMgaNA vigere khAMdhyuM. A uparAMta eNe kAmadArAnI sthiti sudhAravA mATenI baMdhAraNIya hilacAla upADI. prudhdhAM paNa sAmyavAdI kahevAyA parantu eneA samAjavAda adheravAdI

Page #496
475 19mA saikAnuM jIvanarUpa tarIke oLakhAyo. eNe milakata e cerI che, evI yathArtha kahevata cAlu karI tathA corInuM rakSaNa karanAra rAjyataMtra nAmanI saMsthAnI nAbudI mAgI. kArla mArkasa samAjavAdI vicArasaraNunA A badhA atyAra sudhInA rUpane taraMgI jAhera karyuM tathA vaijJAnika samAjavAda, ane AMtararASTriya samAjavAda ane AMtararASTriya majura hilacAlane pAye nAkhyo. A mahAna vicArake vizvanI muDIvAdI artha ghaTanAnuM vaijJAnika pRthakkaraNa karyuM tathA, samAjavAdI samAja racanA tarapha gati karatA, sAmudAyika paribaLanI aitihAsika vivartananI chaNAvaTa karI. zikSaNanuM navuM rUpa I. sa. 1841mAM nutana jagatanI AvatI kAlanI nizALanuM ciMtana paNa krobela tathA peTAlejhIe zarU karyuM tathA zikSaNanI prakriyAne kInDara gArTananuM nutana nAma ApyuM. A pachI tarata ja kenIgsabarganI vidyApIThanA ciMtana zAstranA adhyApaka johAna harabaTe, zikSake mATenI tAlIma zALAo zarU karI tathA zikSaNanI navI paddhatinI racanA karI. khyAla athavA vicAronA mAnazAstranI kriyAonA saMcAlana ane saMcAlananI eNe A zikSaNa paddhati yojavAmAM chaNAvaTa karI tathA manovijJAnanA zikSaNa rUpamAM sAIkolojIkala mekenIkasanI " adA dAkhala karI. jIvana ItihAsanuM navuM jUnuM sAhityarUpa sAhityanA lekhanamAM A sAmAjika hilacAlane sura cArlsa DIkense dAkhala karyo. eNe phekaTarI prathAnAM aniSTone, jUnI zALAnA julmIkArabhArane, nyAyanI kaMgALa rItabhAtane tathA tenA vagaya ane asamAna svarUpane AlekhyuM. enAM Alekhana e anubhava jJAnanI gaMbhIra evI asmitAnI saraLatA vaDe ane kArUNyathI bharapura evI majAka vaDe yuropanA samAja para UMDI asara karI. A samayamAMja ItihAsanA svacchaMda Alekhana jevuM, joradAra pratibhAnA zabdabhArathI bhAreluM, uchaLatA jaLadhodhamAMthI patharAo pheMkatuM, tAkAtanI sevA parAyaNatAmAMthI mAre tenI talavArane ItihAsanA vIra pada para sthApatuM, thomasa kAralAilanuM sAhitya sarajAyuM. jevA kAralAIla hatuM tevuM A sAhitya dekhAyuM. A sAhityamAMthI kAralAIlanuM rUpa kyAreka ciMtaka te kayAreka, ItihAsakAra, samAjazAstrI, kathAlekhakanA zaMbhu meLA jevuM dekhAtuM. A prakAromAM lekhaka pote ke have tene toDa kADhavAno prayatna thAya che te tenI kathA jevo ja bahurUpI hoya evuM darzana thatuM hatuM. sAhityamAM hoya tevo sarjana AnaMda kadi paNa eNe dhAraNa karyo nahIM ane vajanadAra zailine beja dhAraNa karIne enA Alekhano pachaDATa khAdhA karatAM hatAM chatAM A pachaDATane dhvani kAralAIlanA sAhitya bhaMDArane eka cokkasa tAla ane rAga banyAM.

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nA ja 29 yurepanI audyogika krAnti ane sAmrAjyavAda [lokazAhInuM zAsakarUpa ane Arthika sArvabhaumatva- udyoga kAMtinuM svarUpa--udyoga krAMtinI khetIvADI-ughogatinuM sAmAjika rUpa-udyogavAdanuM kAMtikArI manuSya rUpa-audyogika krAMtinuM vANijya rUpa-hiMda para aMgrejI rAjya-sAmrAjyavAdanuM svarUpa vatanamAM ane saMsthAnamAM-sAmrAjyavAdane jIvana kalaha-yaMtranuM taMtra ane saMskRtinuM svarUpa--yuddhanAM yaMtro ane yuddhanI vyApakatA-vANijya saMskRtinuM artha-mAnava-arthamAnavane upayogitAvAda-upagitAvAdanuM jarmana rUpAtara, takavAda--jagatta mithyA ane ahaM sUtya--zAhIvAdI saMhArakatAnuM pUjana-IzvarI prajAone chaLahInanuM saMskAra gIta ] lokazAhInuM zAsaka rUpa ane Arthika sArvabhaumatva lokazAhInAM rAjataMtranuM svarUpa phreMca krAMtithI ja AraMbha pAmyuM hatuM. phreMca krAMtie ane udyoga krAMtie lekazAhI have jagatabharamAM vyApaka banavAnIja che tenI AgAhI jagatane ApI dIdhI hatI. A lekazAhIo athavA ripablIke phrAMsa ane yunAITeDa sTeTasamAM je jAtanAM baM dhA raNa vA nAM banyAM hatAM, tevI jAtanAM lagabhaga banatAM hatAM. A baMdhAraNa rUpamAM

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yuropanI audyogika krAnti ane sAmrAjyavAda rajavADIzAhInI jaDatA na hatI, paraMtu jIvanavyavahAramAM jAgatA navA navA savAlAne dhAraNa karI zakavAnI navI cetanAvALI pratizilatA hatI. A baMdhAraNAmAM zahenazAhAneA hatA tevA sarvamukhatyArI adhikArI athavA 'veTA ' kArAbArIne ke vaDApradhAnanA paNa hatA nahIM. A lAkazAhInAM svarUpomAM rASTronA pradezamAM krAimAM eka dhArA sabhAgRha thayAM ane kaTalAkamAM e thayAM, paraMtu matAdhikAranuM svarUpa dhIme dhIme sau rASTromAM pukhtavayanuM tathA strIo ane majUrone paNa matAdhikAra ApavAvALuM banavAnuM hatuM. phreMca krAMtinA tabakkAmAM je aMdhAdhuMdhI ane avyavasthA vyApI gayAM tene vadhAre paDatA pracAra karavAmAM AvyeA. jyAre jUnI jIvana prathA navuM klevara dhAraNa kare, tyAre vacagALAnI aMdhAdhuMdhI ke avyavasthA anivAya hoya che. phreMca krAMtinI agatya eNe zarU karelA jIvananI dareka dizAnI aMdaranAM pragativALAM navAM svarUpomAM ja mapAvI joie. kharI rIte joie teA jIvana prathAnI aMdaranAM navAM svarUpe athavA parivartana, madhyayugathI ane utthAna yugathI zarU thaI gayAM hatAM. paraMtu phreMca krAMtithI A badhAM navAM rUpe vadhAre jIvatAM banyAM athavA vyavasthita thayAM. itihAsanI dRSTie 'ca krAMtine batAva navI duniyAnA sImA staMbha lekhAvA joie. A sImA staMbhe navA jIvana vyavahArane itihAsamAM noMdhavA lAyaka banAvyA. A krAntikArI tabakkA pachI nUtana yuropanA jIvanamAM sArvabhAmatva athavA " sAvaranTI " te udbhava ane vikAsane amala zarU thayA. A amalanI sthApanA leAkasamUdAyamAM karavA mATe krAMtie "" lIkhaTI ' kavoleTI '' ane "pheTanI TI' nAmanA traNa zabdone vyavahAra lokasamudAya mATe cAjI dIdhA hatA. " lIkhaTI " ne atha e hatA ke svacchaMda rIte athavA ApakhUda rIte manuSya para amala karavAnA keAItA adhikAra nathI. samAnatAnA anyAya samatA athavA kAyadAnA vyavahAramAM mAnava mAtra samAna che, te hatA. ane "kreTaranoTI " no artha vizvabaMdhutvaneA hateA. A vizvabaMdhutvane khyAla je ghaNA jUnA hatA te Aje pahelIvAra jIvananA vyavahAramAM vahivaTI zabda banIne AvatA hatA. 477 A sAthe ja rASTravAdanu vyavahArarUpa navA jamAnAnA arthajIvanamAM anukULa ane tevuM svarUpa dhAraNa karatuM hatu. A navA jamAnA udyoga-krAMtineA zarU thatA hatA, udyoganI e krAMti jyAre potAnA mAla sAmAna vecavA mATe AkhA jagatane bajAra banAvavA nIkaLatI hatI te vakhate yurepanA rASTravAdanuM svarUpa vadhAre AkramaNakhAra banatuM hatuM. bApadAdAenI DahelIomAM guMgaLAi raheluM

Page #499
vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA madhyayuganAM kupamaMDuka jevuM rajavADI svarUpa phreMca krAMti sAthe, khatama thayu' hatuM. nUtana racanAnA pahelA pagalA tarIke mAnava samudAyAnuM paribaLa esTAIla nAmanA rajavADAzAhInA aMdhArA dhArI DahelAne athavA killAne dharAzAyI karI nAkhatu hatuM. phrAMsanI dharatIpara ujavAtA yurepanA navA rASTravAdane e utsava hatA. A utsavamAM phrencakrAMtinA svayaMsevaka sainikA, mArselsa nAmanuM nUtana rASTravAdanu rASTragIta gAtA hatA. A rASTrdhvagIta nIce AkhA rASTra eka banatA hatA ane udyogakrAMtinI ujavaNI karavA mATe yurApanI rAjakIya krAMti jagatane jItavA nIkaLatI hatI. A vijaya-yAtrAne khullI mUkavAnuM kAma mUDIvAda ane udyogavAda je A krAMtinA AgevAnA hatA temanA lazkarI hAkema banelA peAlIana nAmaneA saradAra phrAnsamAM karatA hatA. A saradAra udyoganAM bajAro mATe AkhA jagata para AkramaNa zarU karatA hatA tathA yurApabharamAM patharAtA enA vijayA mAraphata rajavADAzAhInI kharA AkhA yuropamAM racAi cUkI hatI, ane udyogakrAMtinA vijaya mATe je i ADu Ave te A navA pravAha nIce namI paDe tevI jIvananI paristhiti racAi cUkI hatI. udyogakrAMtinuM rUpa 478 A nave pravAha, phreMca krAntinAM paribaLo banIne vahevA mAMDayA hatA. A pravAhanuM rUpa paNa krAMtikArI hatuM. krAMtinA A svarURtu' nAma audyogikakrAnti hatuM. A krAntinAM svarUpe, vyApAranuM vadhI javuM, jamIna para chanak ane riyAparanI sapharanAM vAhanavyavahAro ane rastAonA vikAsa thavA, e kIganI zarUAta, navA khaDAnI zodhakhoLa vigere hatAM. egaNIsamA saikAmAM A pheraphArAnuM nAma udyoga krAnti hatu. udyAgane krAnti jevA zabda sAthe joDavA sAme ghaNA lokAne virodha hatA, parantu A zabda ja jIvanavyavahAramAM udyAganI krAMtie ANelA palaTAne samajAvI zake tevuM hatuM. A palaTA karanAra paribaLa mUDInA vyApaka evA upayega hatA, tathA yaMtronI zodha hatI.

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yuropanI audyogika krAnti ane sAmrAjyavAda mUDInuM A bhAraNa AkhA jagatamAMthI udyAganA AgevAnAe lUMTI ANelI dolata hatI. A dhanadolatane udyoganA arthakAraNe jIvatI banAvI dIdhI hatI. vananAM A navAM svarUpe yuropanI dharatI para navAM nagara svarUpe banIne UgavA mAMDayAM hatAM. A navAM nagarAnAM nAgarika krAMtie janmAvelAM rajando hatAM. A navAM nAgirakAnA jIvanavyavahAra naphAkhAra arthataMtranA artha vyavahAra hatA. A navA avyavahAra yaMtra vaDe utpAdananA DhagalA upajAvatA hatA ane navI navI meM kaiA tathA mUDInAM vikAsavALAM svarUpA mAraphata mAlasAmAnanI Apale khUba meATA pAyApara karatA hatA. A mAlasAmAnamAM kApaDane udyoga vizALa utpAdana banatA hatA. A utpAdananuM yaMtrarUpa, khIjA' pachata svarUpAne khatama karatuM hatuM ane pachAta dezonA kAcA mAla potAne tyAM lai jaI ne tene yaMtro mAraphata pArkA mAla banAvatA aMgrejI yaMtraudyoga A khAkhatanAM sauthI AgaLa hatA. briTIza vahANavaTu je seALamA saikAnA madhyabhAgamAM 7600 Tana vajananAM utpAdananI uthalapAthala karatuM hatuM te ogaNIsamA sakAnA AraMbhamAM 1200000 Tana sudhI paheoMcI gayuM hatuM. rse *. paraMtu udyoga krAMtine janma ApanAra saMskRtinu mahAna pabiLa te vijJAna nAmanI saMsthA hatI. A vijJAnanI kriyA karanAra paribaLa eka sAmAjika sarathA che tevuM vijJAnanuM svarUpa hajI jANItuM banyuM na hatuM. vijJAnanuM A rUpa udyoganI krAMti sAthe udyoganuM ja rUpa banI gayuM hatuM. gesa ane garamInI vaijJAnIka samajaNe sTIma enjInane cAlu karyuM. rasAyaNa zAstramAMthI lAkhaDa ane peAlAda sarjAtAM udyoganA eka eka prakAre vijJAnanI sAmAjika saMsthAne peAtAnAM kArakhAnAMonI sevA "jAvavA prayogazALA tarIke sthApI dIdhI hatI. udyAganA A rUpe sAmAjika sabaMdhAmAM paNa krAMti zarU karI. udyoga vyavahAranI gharakArakhAnAonI prathA khatama thatI hatI, ane " gIlDa sIsTama " tenuM sthAna letI hatI. A navI prathA udyoganAM sAmAjika svarUpane paTI nAkhatI hatI, tathA phekaTarI sIsTama " nAmanI navI prathAne AraMbha karatI hatI. A navI jIvana prathAmAM kAma karavA AvanAra zramamAnavAnA sAmAjika sAMdhA paNa parivartana pAmatA hatA. A zrama mAnavA krAMtinA svataMtra evAM ekamA banI cUkayAM hatAM ane kArakhAnAomAM potAnA mAla vecavAnA sodo karavAnI svata MtratA vALAM hatAM, paraMtu e badhAMnuM sAmAjika rUpa udyoga krAntimAM zramatAkAta vecanArAM ane utpAdana karanArAM mAnavAnu banyuM. A badhAM kicana hatAM ane emanI pAse peAtAnA zramazakti zivAya vecavA jevuM khIju kazu ja rahyuM na hatuM. "" lebara pAvara athavA ""

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vizva itihAsanI rUparekhA A zrama-kitane kharIdanAra zAhIvAdI athavA sAmrAjyavAdI banatAM yarApanA navAM rASTro hatAM. A rASTramAM IMgleDe darIyAnI rANI tarIkenuM peAtAnuM agrasthAna meLavyuM hatuM. darIyAnI rANInAM jahAjo peAtAnAM maMtra utpAdanane vecavA mATe jagatamAM jyAM jyAM jatAM hatAM tyAM tyAM nItinA badhA niyameAnA bhaMga karIne ane naphAnI lUMTa jhaDapI levAnAM saMsthAna sthApavAnA ekaja kAyadAne AdhIna rahIne peAtAnAM sasthAna rAjyA kAtarI kADhIne saMsthAnavAdanI zarUAta karatAM hatAM. A saMsthAnavAdane mAlIka athavA rAjyakartA, iMgleMDanAM rAjA rANI na hatAM paraMtu udyoga krAMtie sarjelA navAM nAgirakAhatAM. A nAgarikAnI rAjyapati potAnA rASTramAM leAkazAhInI hatI. leAkazAhInuM A svarUpa khIlakula rASTravAdI hatuM, ane peAtAnA rASTramAMthI bahAra nIkaLIne te je saMsthAnAne jItatuM hatuM te saMsthAnA upara leAkazAhInI badhI rItarasama khatama karI nAkhIne bhayAnaka evI jAlImazAhI banatuM hatuM, udyoga krAMtie khIlavelA leAkazAhInA rAjakAraNunuM rUpa potAnAM rASTra pUratuMja vyApaka banI zakayuM hatuM, ane te paNa udyoganAM mAlIkAnI banelI nAgarikatA sudhI ja pahoMcyuM hatuM. IMgleMDanI udyoga krAMtie AvI navI leAkazAhInAM nAgarAnI mAlIka nIce mencesTara, bI gahAma, lIDasa, zephIlDa ane laMDana jemAM navAM nagarAte janma ApyA hatA. udyoga krAMtinI navI khetIvADI 480 udyogakrAMtie khetIvADInuM paNa navuM svarUpa sarajavA mAMDayuM hatuM. khetInuM svarUpa, udyoga krAMtineA ja eka vibhAga hatuM. khetInA udyogamAM athavA dhaMdhAmAM isvIsananA sattara saikAoe ekaja jAtanAM anAja ane khIjanuM vAvetara karyAM karyuM hatuM. udyoga krAMtie sattA saikA pachI khetI udyogamAM paNa yaMtrA, navAM vAvetarA, navAM khAtara, ane vaijJAnika paddhatinuM pazupAlana zarU karyuM. A navA svarUpe jamInadArI patine khatama karIne khetIvADImAM zrama karatAM kheDUtAnA samudAyAne svataMtra banAvavA mAMDayA. mUDInAM rAkANanuM udyoga rUpa nArikA kahevAvA mAMDayuM hatuM tema ja kisAne paNa nArakA kahevAvA mAMDayAM. khetInI pedAzamAM naphAnuM pramANa vadhavA mAMDayuM ane sudhArA thavA mAMDayA. khetInA dhaMdhA para svAra banelI rajavADIzAhI khatama thatAM A dhaMdhAmAM vijJAna nAmanI sAmAjika saMsthAnA prakAza parakhAvA mAMDayA. khetInAM sAdhanAmAM navAM sAdhane ane navAM yaMtro khanavA mAMDayAM. A navI paddhatie khetInu utpAdana anekagaNuM vadhArI mUkayuM, tathA pazupAlanamAM ane evA ja vadhAre ag

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yurepanI odyogika kAnti ane sAmrAjyavAda 481 vadhAro karyo. laNavA ane upaNavAnAM tathA kheDavAnAM ane vAvetara karavAnAM yaMtro taiyAra thaI gayAM ane khetInA dhaMdhAmAM paNa navAM sAmAjika svarUpe dekhAvA mAMDyAM. A svarUpe khetI karanArAM zrama mAnI ardhagulAma jevI athavA hAlIo jevI athavA "sa' jevI jIvanadazAne aMta ANyo. tathA temane paNa svataMtra bhAna banAvavA mAMDyAM. A rIte phreMca krAMtie zarU kareluM lekazAhInuM svarUpa udyoga krAMti mAraphata paNa samAjanA jIvanamAM vadhAre ne vadhAre vistAra pAmavA lAgyuM. A svarUpa, phekaTarI ane khetaramAM kAma karatA badhA lekasamudAyomAM vyApaka banavA mAMDyuM. A svarUpa dharamULathI pheraphAra karanAruM athavA jIvananI rItabhAtane samudAyamAM paNa palaTI nAkhanArUM svarUpa hatuM, eTale ja tene krAMtikArI svarUpa kahevuM joIe. krAMtinuM A rU5 pukhta matAdhikAra jevuM, haju rAjakIya svarUpa nahetuM banyuM paraMtu tenuM nUtana evuM ArthikarUpa, audyogika krAtie sarakyuM hatuM tathA, sau mAnavonA zrama karavAnA, samAna adhikAravALuM A ArthikarUpa hatuM. ughoga kAMtinuM sAmAjika rUpa ItihAsanA AraMbhakALathI mAnavajAtanI Arthika AbAdInI pragatine pAye dhAtuo uparanA tenA kAbU para AdhAra rAkhate mAluma paDe che. A dhAtuomAM lokhaMDa hajAra varSathI zodhAyA pachI ane lehayuganI zarUAta thaI gayA pachI lekhaMDane udyoga para zarU thayele mahAna palaTo 18mAM saikAmAM ja AvI zake. lokhaMDanA upaganAM pariNAmamAM pahelI ja vAra A palaTe krAMtikArI hatI kAraNake teNe Aja sudhInA udyoganuM svarUpa badalI nAkhyuM. Aja sudhI dhAtu udyoga calAvanAra luhAra hatuM. have zarU thatA krAMtikArI pheraphAre lekhaMDanI vaijJAnika tapAsa zarU karI ane udyoganuM svarUpa luhAranA hAthamAMthI IjaneranA hAthamAM gayuM. A pheraphAranuM bIjuM mukhya rUpa e hatuM ke lekhaMDane garama karavA mATe vaparAtA lAkaDAnA kolasAne badale jamInanI aMdara kalase vaparAvA mAMDe che. A kolasAnI sAthe ja navI bhaThThIone janma thayo. A bhaThThIomAM navI tAkAtane dhAraNa karanAra luhAra nahi paNa Ijanera banyo. A Ijaneree pilAdanA pula paNa bAMdhavA mAMDyA ane jahAje paNa bAMdhavA mAMDyAM. udyoga yuganA AraMbhamAM lekhaMDa ane kolasAnI tAkAta sAthe varALanI tAkAta paNa sAmela thaI gaI. mANasanI sevA mATe varALano upaga te jyAre pRthvI, goLa nahAtI manAtI tevA purANuM samayathI ja zarU thaI gayuM hatuM, 61

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482 vikava ItihAsanI rUparekhA praNa, mAnavasamAjanA vahivaTanI sevA mATe tene vaparAza zarU thatAM 18 me joke aDadhe vahI gayA hatA. A zodhanI sAthe sAthe ja khANamAMthI pANI kADhavAnA paMpa banyA ane kolasA davAne udyoga jhaDapI bane. A udyoga vinA lekhaMDanI jha5ne cAle tema na hatuM. A pheraphAra paNa audyogika krAMtine pheraphAra hate. lokhaMDa ane kelasAe tathA varALe dhAtunA udyoganI tAkAtane kAMtikArI banAvI ane yurepanA jIvana vahivaTamAM vaNuTakhAtAmAM phalAIMga zaTala AvI pahoMcI. A "phalAIMga zaTale" sutaranA tArane jhaDapI banavAnI pharaja pADI. A pharaje zALamAM navA sudhArA karyA, ane jemsa Te zedhelI varALa zakti paNa vaNuTa udyogamAM AvI pahoMcI. udyoganI krAMtinA A svarUpe udyogane khAnagI gharanA khUNAomAMthI bahAra kADhyo, ane udyoganA pitAnAM ja navAM ghara bAMdhavAnI pharaja paDI. navA udyogagharanuM nAma "phekaTarI athavA kArakhAnuM paDayuM. udyoganAM A gharomAM krAMtinuM svarUpa dhAraNa karelAM udyoganAM sAdhano, hasta udyoganAM nahi paNa kolaso lekhaMDa ane varALathI cAlatAM yaMtra banyAM, ane udyogaghare, kArakhAnAM banyAM. ughogavAdanuM krAMtikArI manuSyarUpa udyoganuM A krAMtisvarUpa calAvanArAM manuSyo athavA zramamAna jUnA jagatamAM hatAM tevAM gulAme ke hAlio na hatAM. AkhA yuropa paranI dharatI paranA tamAma dezomAM jamIna paranAM A ardhagulAmoe UgatA mUDIvAda ane vyApAravAdanA madhyamavargonI AgevAnI nIce temane jamIna para jakaDI rAkhatAM gulAmInAM baMdhana teDI pADyAM hatAM, ane yuropanI dharatIne hacamacAvI nAMkhanArI kisAna krAMtio karI hatI. A krAMtinI hilacAle nIce yuropa paranI ThAkarazAhI khatama thaI gaI hatI, tathA tyAra pachI yuropanA vepArI ane mUDIvAdI samAje yuropanA rAjAone zAsana adhikAra paNa jhuMTavI lIdhuM hatuM. yurepanI AvI hilacAlamAMthI audyogika krAMtinA kArakhAnAmAM kAma karavA mATe yuropane na zramamAnava AvI pahoMcatA hatA. A zramamAnavanuM nAma kAmadAra athavA majUra hatuM, ane A majUrInuM svarUpa paNa AjhAda svarUpa hatuM. majUra athavA kAmadAra pitAnI majurI vecavA mATe rojanA dAma athavA roja TharAvavA mATe svataMtra hato. A svataMtratA sAthe yuropane A zramamAnava garIbagharamAM AjhAda nAgarika tarIke rahetuM hatuM ane vepArI varganI AgevAnI nIce rajavADAzAhIne khatama karIne lokazAhI ghaTanA racIne e paNa have matAdhikAra pAmavAnI lAyakAta dhAraNa karavAnuM hatuM. have yuropana koI zahenazAha paNa tene tenI marajI viruddha

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yuropanI audyogika krAnti ane sAmrAjyavAda ve karAvavA mATe ene lai jai zakatA nahatA teTale e AjhAda zrama-mAnava banyA hatA. 43 audyogika krAMtinuM vANijyarUpa AvI audyogika krAntinA Arbha samAjanA nUtana vANijyarUpamAMthI thayA. yuropanA navA vANijya svarUpanA Arabha amerikAnI zeAdhanI sAthe thayA ema kahI zakAya. A vANijaya svarUpamAM navA zeAdhAyelA dezomAMthI sAnA, rUpAnA ane bIjA mAlasAmAnanA DhagalA yuropamAM AvyA. yurApanA, iTAlInA jAnAM vANijya nagara have navA vANijyamAM nakAmAM banyAM. navA vANijyanA nUtana svarUpe bhUmadhyane badale eTalAMTika mahAsAgarane pasaMda karyo tathA vANijyanA A svarUpe udyogavAnA vikAsa karyo. navA vANijyanA AraMbhanA AgevAna dezA, speina, porTugAla, hAleDa ane IMgleMDa banyAM. nutana banatA yuropamAM " markenTAIla sIsToma '' nA nAmathI eLakhAtI A vANijya prathAe peAtAnA navA arthazAstrI paNa janmAvyo. A navA a kAraNe rASTriya dolatanA siddhAMtane vikasAvyA. A siddhAMta e hatA ke seAnuM ane rUpuM e rASTrIya dolatanAM rUpakA hatAM, tathA A be dhAtue je deza pAse sauthI vadhAre hoya te deza zrImaMta kahevAya. have lazkarA paNu eka dolata che tevI khAtrI A navA rASTrAne thavA mAMDI hatI. seAnA ane rUpA vaDe moTAM lazkarA jamA karI zakAtAM hatAM, tathA lazkare| vaDe seAnA ane rUpAnI lata vadhArI zakAtI hatI, tathA udyogane vikasAvAtA hatA. A navA vANijyanA svarUpamAM AMtararASTriya vyApAra eka kudaratI kAnUna athavA satyanI jema svikArAvA mAMDatA hatA. AMtararASTriya vyApAravALI AvI " markanTAila sIsTImane " athavA vANijya prathAne yuropanAM rajavADAM paNu apanAvavA mAMDayAM hatAM. iMgleDanA rakSaka banelA kromavelanI paradezanIti A vANijya prathA upara ja baMdhAi hatI. A paradeza nitIne dhAraNa karatuM IMgleMDa paNa have duniyAnA pradezA jItavA nikaLI cUkayuM hatuM. udyogIka krAMti para svAra thaIne mahAsAgare ne vaTAvIne navI zeAdhAyelI duniyAnA judA judA pradezo upara peAtAnAM saMsthAnAnI racanA karatI yuropanI vANijya prathA saMsthAna vAdanI racanA karatI hatI. A prathA nIce dharatInA judA judA pradeza yureApanAM saMsthAne banavA mAMDayAM hatAM, tathA A saMsthAnA para vyApAra calAvavA eTale temanI rItasaranI luMTa calAvavA yuropanA sAhisakAnI vepArI maMDaLIe racAvA mAMDI hatI. yuropanI vANijyanItie potAnAM rASTromAMthI bahAranA jagatamAM dhakelelA sAhasakA jagatabharamAMthI zoSaNa karIne suva ,,

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vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA ekaThuM karavA tathA potapotAnA rASTraudyogo vikasAvavA mAMDayA hatA. saMsthAna banatA jagatanA khaDI, eziyA ane AphrikA hatA. amerikAe have saMsthA na khanavAno inkAra karI dIdhA hatA. have amerikA uparAMta yureApanAM badhAM audyogika rASTrA, vANijya prathAnAM, pAtapAtAnAM saMsthAnA eziyA ane AphrikA para kAtarI kADhavA mATe aMdara aMdaranI jIvaleNa hariphAi paNa karavA lAgyA hatA. hiME para a MgrejI vANijaya rAjaya 484 A arasAmAMja eziyAnA vizALa deza hiMdu para aMgrejI vANijya prathA, audyogIka kAMti ane rAjaya krAMtinI sajAvaTa karIne rajavADA zAhInA aneka vicchede vaDe A mahAna rASTra, jenI vizALa kAyA cAraNInA jevI kAcAI gaI hatI, tevA hiMda deza para utarI paDI. aMgrejonA AvatAM pahelAM yurepanuM A vANijya svarUpa porTugalathI ahIM AvI paheAMcyuM hatuM, paraMtu porTugIjho peAtAnI kama tAkAta ane TukI najarane lIdhe pAchA paDayA, ane hiMdu para sa MsthAna sthApavAnI hariphAImAM Daca, phreMca ane agrejoe doTa mUkI. hiMdu para potAnuM saMsthAna sthApanArI aMgrejI vANijya maMDaLIne sTa IMDIyA kaMpaninuM nAma ApIne 16 mA saikAnA chelle divase aMgrejI rASTre janmAvI hatI. tyAranA vANijya zAsane tene hiMdu para utaravAne paravAne dIdhA hatA. A IsTa inDiyA kapanImAM jamA thayelI sAhasikAnI maMDaLI khUba khaMdhA ane pAkaTa evA sAhisakAnI banelI hatI. A ma`DaLIe Daca ane phreMca sAthe hariphAI tA karavAnI hatI ja para Mtu te uparAMta nIti ane nyAyanA badhA ja khyAlane khatama karI nAkhIne hiMdanI paradezI dharatI para jAnI jema ceoMTI rahe evI vepArI keAThIe bAMdhavAnI hatI. A kAThIomAM rahIne temaNe hiMdanI bhUmi paranA rogacALAthI ubharAtA havAmAnane paNa mUkAbalA karavAne hatA. madrAsamAM AvelA aMgrejI vANijyanA A kamaThANane mATe bhejavALI jamInanI dariyAmAM lakhAyelI eka aNI ApavAmAM AvI hatI. jamInanI kinArI para meleriyAmAM tyAranI aMgrejI sAhisakeAnI TALakI paDAva nAkhIne cITakI rahI hatI. agrejI rAjAne paherAmaNImAM maLelA muMbaInA TApu paNa tyAre havA khAvA mATe rahevA jevA nahatA. AvA verAna pradeza para dariyAnI vyApArI jaLA banIne coMTelI IsTa inDiyA kaMpanI peAtAnA dezanA jhaMDAnA dhAgA peAtAnI kAThI para pharakAvatI hatI tathA duniyAnI AbAdImAM ajoDa evI dAlata vaDe jaLahaLI uThelI ane dedIpyamAna dekhAtI mahAna meAgalazAhI para lAlacu najara nAkhatI hatI. A paradezI maMDaLI samajatI hatI ke akabaranA

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yuropanI audyogika krAnti ane sAmrAjyavAda 485 gayA pachI sAnA rUpA ane jhaverAtanA paryaMta jevI A bAdazAhatanI mATInA pAyA hacamacI uThaze tathA tyAre potAnA sAmrAjyane ahI rApI zakavAnA AraMbha karAze. hiMdI zahenazAhatanA mATInA paga pUrvanI prAcIna evI zahenazAhatanA rUpavALAja hatA. bi'khisAra ane candraguptanI zahenazAhatanuM svarUpa jevuM hatuM, tevuM ja ATalA samayathI vikAsa pAmyA vinAnuM ane aniyaMtrita evuM zAsana, A prAcIna bhUmi para UbhuM hatuM. A aniyaMtrita rUpamAM zahenazAhanA maraNa pachI gAdI para AvavAnA kAI cokkasa niyama paNa A zahenazAhatamAM Aja sudhImAM racAye| na hato. pariNAme zahenazAhatanA maraNa pachI tenA dIkarAme AkhI zahenazAhatane hacamacAvI nAkhe tevA, gAdI mATene AMtara vigraha karatA hatA. auraMgajheba gAdI para AbhyA tyAre zahenazAhatanuM niyaMtraNa rupa kevu pAluM hatuM. te dekhAI gayuM. bhAratanI bhUmi para zAsana saMsthAnuM A sva rupa saikAothI AvuM ja cAlyuM AvatuM hatuM. saikAo sudhI enA niyaMtraNamAM pheraphAra paDayA nahotA. A kSati sauthI vadhAre cokakhI have dekhAI gaI. aura gajhebe islAmanI TUMkI dRSTi dhAraNa karIne 'dIrA toDavA mAMDayAM, eTaluM ja nahI paNa bijApura ane geAvaLakAMDAnA islAmI rAjayAne paNa nAza karyAM. pachI nevuM varSanI uMmare jyAre A bAdazAha maraNa pAmyA tyAre A zahe nazAhatanI hakUmata nIcenAM badhAM rajavADAM parasparanA ane dareka sAme. saunA duzmanAnI chAvaNI hAya tevAM dekhAyAM. evI aMdarathI ja khavAI gayelI A zahenazAhata para bahArathI meAtanA phaTakA zivAjIe lagAvyA, ane teNe paNa evI ja khAmIvALI navI bAdazAhata khAMdhI. eTale A deza para zAsananA rAjavahivaTanI ekatA AvI zakI nahi. lUMTArA jevA rajavADAoe, A bhUminuM ja zarIra gUMthavA mAMDayuM. aMdara aMdaranA vicchedathI bhedAI gayelA A mahAna deza tyAre paradezIonuM pyAduM banIne paDayA, peAtAnI samAja vyavasthA ane rAjya vyavasthAnI viccheda nIti nIce patana pAmelA, A prAcIna rASTrane pAtAnuM saMsthAna banAvavA AvelI yureApanI sAmrAjyavAdI vANijya padhdhatinA pratinIdhIomAMthI peDhu gAla ane hAleMDa pAchA paDayA hatA paNa pachI hiMdane gulAma banAvavA mATe phrAnsa ane IMgleMDa vacce tIvra hariphAi jAgI uThI hatI. aMgrejoe AvA acetana paDelA deza para pANIpatanA yuddhamAM phaTakA lagAvyA, ane isTa inDiyA, kaMpanI hiMdanI mAlika banI cUkI. hiMdu briTananuM gulAma saMsthAna banyA. sAmrAjyavAdanuM svarUpa, vatanamAM ane saMsthAnamAM kAipaNa sAmrAjyavAdanuM svarupa peAtAnA vatanamAM paNa potAnA zramamAnavAnuM zASaNa karIne yaMtra-utpAdana vadhAravAnu Aya che. A zASaNa mAraphata aMgrejI

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viAva ItihAsanI rUparekhA sAmrAjya pitAne tyAM udyoganI ArAdhanA AraMbhI dIdhI hatI tathA te sAthe pitAnA saMsthAna banelA dezamAM eka ke eka prajAjananuM piThana karIne AkhA rASTranI bephAma lUMTa calAvavAnuM zarU karI dIdhuM hatuM. potAnA vatanamAM maja dUranI cAlIomAM mAnava jAtanuM jIvana, kaMgALa ane aMdhakAramaya banAvanAra sAmrAjyavAda, pitAnA saMsthAna banelA dezane kAce mAla upajAvavAnuM eka moTuM khetara banAvI daIne tyAMnI mAnavatAnI sarvAgI khAnA kharAbI karate hoya che. yuropamAM A zarU thayelA sAmrAjyavAdanA AvA AraMbhanA jIvanamAM khUda IgleMDamAM paNa bajAranI jIvaleNa hariphAIne badhe bhAra majUronI jIMdagI para paDelA kApamAM dekhAte hato. TUMkAmAM ke pagAra ane lAMbAmAM lAMbA zramano samaya, tyAranA IglaMDanA kAmadAranI jIMdagI para bhayAnaka trAsanI jema chavAyeluM rahetuM hatuM. sAmrAjyavAdane jIvana kalaha sAmrAjyavAdanI A vANijya prathA hatI. A prathAne mUDIvAdanA artha zAstrIoe jIvana kalahanuM nAma ApyuM hatuM, tathA jIvananA A kalahane temaNe nItinA kAnUna jevo gya TheravyuM hatuM. sAmrAjyavAdI jIvananA A kAnane mAnavajAtanI jIMdagImAM hariphAine aMdagInuM mukhya satva banAvI dIdhuM hatuM. AvA jIvaleNa jIvana vahivaTanA eka revanDa TI. Ara. mAlyusa nAmanA ciMtake eka sAmAjika satya zodhI kADhyuM. mAlyusanuM A satya kahetuM hatuM ke, duHkhanuM kAraNa atyAranI vANijya padhdhati nathI, paraMtu vadhAre paDatI prajetpatti che. eTalu mATe duHkhanuM nivAraNa karanAra upAya tarIke bhUkhamare rogacALo ane yuddha, e bhagavAnanI mokalelI jarUrI vastuo che. sAmrAjyavAdI vANijya paddhatimAMthI ja nipajatAM bhramamarA ane yuddhovALA jIvana kalahane A yuganA ja, eka spensara nAmanA ciMtake "sarvAIvala opha dhI phITesTa" nuM nAma ApyuM hatuM. A rIte DAravIne zodhelA jIvana vikAsanA niyamanuM khoTuM Are paNa mAlyase ane spensare mUDIvAdI vANijya paddhatine bacAva karavA karyuM hatuM. sAmrAjyavAde jIvanakalahanuM eka moTuM vyApaka svarUpa A rIte ItihAsamAM pahelIvAra khUlluM mUkyuM hatuM. A kalahamAM zrama mAna ane sAmrAjya vAdI vANijyanA mAlike parasparanA jIvanavahivaTamAM kasAtAM hatAM. sAmrAjyavAdI bajAranI mUDIne niyama jIvanane vahivaTa banIne AgaLa vadhatuM hatuM. jIvana kalahanuM A svarUpa meTA bhAge Arthika vahivaTanA svarUpavALuM hatuM, paraMtu

Page #508
yurepanI audyogika kAti ane sAmrAjyavAda 487 tenuM rAjakIya svarUpa paNa haMmezAM dekhAyA karatuM hatuM. A rUpa lekazAsanane, lekasamudAyamAM utaravA detuM na hatuM. A arthakAraNanA jIvanavahivaTane niyama saplAya ane DImAnDa" nAmanA be paiDAM upara pharyA kare che ane vikAsa pAmyA kare che ema te samayanuM arthakAraNa samajAvatuM hatuM. paraMtu utpAdana ane jarUriAtanAM be cakro upara AgaLa vadhatA sAmrAjyavAdI vyavahAra have jIvanavahivaTanA vikaTa paMtha para caDhI cUkyo che tenI khAtrI thatI jatI hatI. hariphAInA rUpavALI vikaTa paristhiti saMsthAnamAM bhUkhamarAne ane rogacALAne bhayAnaka rIte tivra banAvatI hatI tathA sAmrAjyavAdI dezamAM eka bIjA sAthe saMhAra karavA mATe yuddhamAM utaravAnI taiyArI karAvatI hatI. AkhA jagatane gulAma banAvanAra sauthI moTo sAmrAjyavAda aMgrejI sAmrAjyavAda banyo hato. aMgrejI sAmrAjyanI yaMtrajALa calAvanAra cakkInuM madhyabiMdu IgleMDa nAmano nAne sarakho TApu hatuM. A TApue sauthI prathama pitAnI paDozI prajAone, AyaleMDa ane skoTaleMDanI prajAone, gulAma banAvI hatI. pachI jagatanA sauthI moTA bhAga para aMgrejI sAmrAjyavAdanI jALa patharAvA mAMDI hatI. A sAmrAjyanI hakUmata nIce osTrIyA, keneDA, nyu phAunDalenDa, nyujhIleMDa ane sAutha "AphrikAnA pradeza AvI gayA hatA. pachI sAmrAjyanI pakaDa nIce mahAna mogala zahenazAhatanI badhI bhUmi AvI gaI. pachI sAmrAjyavAdanI jALa balucistAna, brahmadeza ane eDana para chavAI gaI. tyAra pachI A sAmrAjyavAdanA sakaMjAmAM IjI AvI gayuM, ane jAmAIkA, bahAmA, barmuDA, ane mAlyAnA pradezo paNa AvyA. silena trInIdAda phIjI, jIbrAlTara ane senTa helinA para paNa A aMgrejI sAmrAjyanAM thANuM besI gayAM. jevuM prAcIna jamAnAmAM AkhA jagatanuM kArakhAnuM, tathA kedakhAnuM romana sAmrAjya hatuM tevuM vIsamA zatakamAM AkhI duniyAnuM kArakhAnuM tathA kedakhAnuM aMgrejI sAmrAjyavAda banyuM. A sAmrAjyanuM aMgrejI kArakhAnuM je kaMI nipajAvatuM hatuM te badhuM naphAra rUpa dhAraNa karIne sAmrAjya nAmanA bajAramAM vecAtuM hatuM. sAmrAjya nAmanuM A bajAra pitAnI veTha jevI majUrI vaDe je kaMI upajAvatuM hatuM te badhe kAce mAla pAkI nipaja banavA mATe briTana nAmanA kArakhAnAmAM pahoMcI jatA hatA. A vANijyarUpanuM viSacaka AkhA jagata para aMgrejI sAmrAjyavAdI ghaTanA banIne pharatuM hatuM. A ghaTanAmAM AkhI duniyA eTale, eziyA ane AphrikAnuM jagata jaNe zUnya banI gayuM hatuM tathA tenA para sAmrAjyavAdI kaphana DhaMkAI cUkayuM hatuM.

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488 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA yaMtranuM taMtra ane saMskRtinuM sAmrAjyavAdI svarUpa utthAnayuga pachI yaMtranI jamAvaTa ane utpAdananAM yaMtronI racanA eka meTuM taMtra banI gayuM hatuM. A taMtra athavA "TekanIka"nuM mUkhya rUpa jIvana vahivaTane vyApaka banAvavAnuM hatuM. jIvananA ekeeka vibhAgamAM A vyApatA have dekhAvA mAMDI hatI. yaMtra mAraphata thatA utpAdananuM pramANa yaMtrane lIdhe khUba meTuM banI gayuM hatuM. samAjanuM dhyeya sauthI vadhAremAM vadhAre mAla nipajAvavAnuM banyuM hatuM. A mAlanA DhagalA have vyApaka banavAnA hatA, tathA mAlanI avarajavara mATe have yaMtravAhane paNa banavA mAMDyAM hatAM. eTalA mATe A jamAnAnuM arthazAstra ema kahetuM hatuM ke have sauthI vadhAre saMkhyAmAM mANasonuM sauthI vadhAre sukha lAvI zakAze. A arthazAstra, Adama smithanuM hatuM. meTAM yaMtra have navAM yaMtrane banAvatAM hatAM. jyAre yaMtrae navAM navAM yaMtro banAvavA mAMDayAM, tyAre mAnava samAjanI jarUriyAta ane hAjata sauthI moTA pramANamAM purI paDavA mAMDI. A rIte yaMtra athavA yaMtranI AkhI ghaTanA, athavA yaMtranuM taMtra ApaNuM saMskRtine eka moTe vibhAga banyuM. saMskRtinuM AvuM svarUpa ItihAsamAM kyAre zarU thayuM tenI cakkasa tArIkha ApI zakAya nahIM paraMtu sattaranI sAlane ApaNe tenA AraMbha tarIke laI zakIe. yaMtranI ghaTanAnuM A svarUpa vasamA saikA sudhI vadhArene vadhAre vikAsa pAmyA karyuM. ATalA samaya sudhImAM eNe jIvananAM tamAma kSetrone AvarI lIdhAM, tathA tene zAsana vahivaTa sAmrAjyavAdI banyA. ema yaMtranI racanAnA A svarUpamAM lakhaMDa ane pilAda e be mUkhya dhAtuo hatI. A be mukhya vastuoe jevI rIte yaMtrane vadhAre vyApaka banAvyAM te ja pramANe temaNe yuddhanAM yaMtra paNa banAvyAM. A rIte eka bAju vadhAremAM vadhAre saMkhyAnAM mANaso mATe vadhAremAM vadhAre mAla utpAdana tathA jIvananAM sAdhanonI banAvaTa zakya banyAM, paraMtu tenI sAthe ja saMskRtine nAza karI zake tevuM vyApakarUpa, yuddha nAmanI saMsthAe tathA sAmrAjyavAdI zeSaNe dhAraNa karyuM. yuddhanAM yaMtra, yuddhanI vyApakatA ane lazkaramAM pharajIyAta bharatI yaMtranI AvI ghaTanA vaDe lekhaMDa ane pilAde yuddhanAM yaMtronAM pramANa vadhArI devAnI jogavAI karI ApI. yaMtranI A saMskRtinA samayamAM I. sa. 1900 sudhImAM bhayAnaka evAM yuddhanAM sAdhana banI gayAM. moTI tapa, meTAM yuddhajahAjo, yuddhane sAmAna laI janArI relanA lAMbA rastAo tathA yuddhanAM zastrasajanI avarajavaranI jhaDapa vadhArI mUkanArAM vAhane vigere vadhI paDayuM.

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yuropanI audyogika krAnti ane sAmrAjyavAda jIvananA bhInna vibhAgeAmAM jema yaMtrane lIdhe utpAdana vadhI gayu teja pramANe yuddha nAmanA vibhAgamAM paNa zastronuM utpAdana anekagaNuM vadhI gayuM. AnI sAtheja yuddonI maryAdAnA vistAra tathA saMhArakazakti paNa vadhI gayAM. amerikAnA AMtarayuddhamAM ane phrAnkA prazIyana yudghamAM jagatanI je khAnAkharAbI thai gaI tathA mAnava jAtane je saMhAra thai gayA, teNe ApaNI saMskRtimAM rahelA yuddha nAmanA anAva tarapha izAre karyo. 489 phreMca krAntie zarU karelAM jIvana vahivaTanAM rUpAmAM, manuSyanuM nAgarika rUpa jema a mAnava athavA ' kAnemika mena ' tuM banyuM teja rIte enuM rAjkIya rUpa, matAdhikAravALA manuSyanuM banyuM. leAkazAsananA A adhikAranI sAthe ja, phreMca krAntinA samayamAM ja, sauthI pahelAM phrAnsamAM lazkaranI racanAnA savAla ubhA thaye|. rajavADI bhADUtI lakArA krAntine kAmamAM AvI zake tema nahotuM eTale krAntinI sarakAre, " kAnaskrIpa zana"nuM AraMbhanuM svarUpa yuropamAM sauthI paheluM zarU karyuM. AraMbhamAM phreMca krAntie zarU karelI sAmrajyavAda mATenI lazkarI janAvaTanuM zarUmAM acchika rUpa rahyuM paNa pachI te pharajyAta banatuM gayuM. I. sa. 1799 mAM Arthika krAnti ane rAjakIya krAntie phrAnsanA 770,000 juvAnIne pharajIyAta rIte zastrasajja karI dIdhA. A prathAe sAmrAjya jItavA nIkaLela, nepolIyanane lazkare dIdhAM. tathA nUtana mAnAnI A navI racanA para mustAka banelA, nepolIyane meTaranIkane paDakAra karIne kahyuM ke, "huM eka mahInAnA pacIsa hajArane lekhe, laDavaiyAone raNabhUmi para utArI zaku tema chuM." A prathAe sAmrAjyavAdI yuropane eka navIja dizA dAkhavI. vANijya prathAnAM, a mAnavAnI sarakArA, potAnAM saMsthAne jItavAnAM yudhdha mATe tApAnA cArA tarIke yeAjI zakAya tevAM meTAM lazkare, kenaskrIpazanathI savA lAgI. A rIte, rASTrA AkhAM zastra sajja banI zake tevuM svarUpa sarajAyuM. ra

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40 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA A nUtana jIvanamAM matAdhikAratAne pAmeluM mAnava rUpa, have sAmrAjyavAdI Arthika pakaDamAM sapaDAine, yuddhanuM yaMtra paNa banyuM. manuSyane baLajabarIthI yuddhayaMtra athavA roboTa banAvI denAra. "kenakrIpazana"nA kAnUna vaDe pelIyane i. sa. 1800 thI 1813 sudhImAM, phrAnsanA zAhIvAdIo mATe, A pRthvI para sAmrAjya kotarI kADhavAnAM yudhdha laDavA mATe, ekalA krAnsamAMthIja 2,613,000 mAnavone, pharajIyAta bharatImAM parovI daIne, AkhA yuropanI bhUmipara mAnavasaMhAranI racanA karI dIdhI. vANijaya saMskRtinuM zAsaka baneluM manuSyarUpa paNa artha mAnavanuM ja gata para saMsthAnavAda racanArI yurepanI zAhIvAdI evI vANijya saMskRtie mAnava saMskRtimAM manuSyanuM je rU5 ghaDyuM tenuM nAma artha-mAnava kahI zakAya. yaMtranA taMtramAMthI ja jANe nIpajayuM hoya tevuM A manuSyarUpa pirAmIDa jevA artha kAraNanI Toca upara ubhu hatuM ane tenA pAyA sudhI tene beja kacaDate hate. Toca para ubheluM A arthamAnava yuddhanAM yaMtra jevuM ane zAhI vAdanA svarUpavALuM bIlakula svArtha-mAnava, hatuM. Toca paranA A arthamAna vane cheDe, pAyAmAM khadabadatA bIjA asaMkhya evAM zramamAna sudhI laMbAyele hatuM. A badhAM mAnavone pelA arthamAnave yaMtro jevAM zrama mAvo banAvI dIdhA hatAM. Teca para ubhelA pelA arthamAnavanI nIce zAhIvAdI vahivaTamAM A badhI mAnavatA saMskRtinAM tamAma raMgarAga, sukhasAdhana banAvavAmAM lAgaNIo ane Ane bhUlI jaIne yaMtra jevI acetana banI gaI hatI, tathA kAnUnanI rIte mukta chatAM gulAma jevI hatI. enA kAraNamAM udyoga ke yaMtra kAraNa rUpa na hatAM, paraMtu A yaMtrano vahivaTa jenA hAthamAM hatuM tevI vizvayuddho lAvanArI zAhIvAdI samAja ghaTanAne vahivaTa ja kAraNa rUpa hatuM. A vahivaTI taMtranuM arthakAraNa ane rAjakAraNa pelA zAhIvAdI artha mAnavanA hAthamAM hatuM. A arthamAnave pitAne paiso pedA karavAne vyavasAya ddha lebhI banIne svIkAryo hato. enA hAtha nIcenAM badhAM kArakhAnAMono mukhya udeza mAnava jAta mATe sauthI vadhAre sAdhana sAmagrI utpanna karavAno nahoto paNa nANuM utpanna karavAne hate. mAla sAmAna to jANe nANuM upajAvatAM gauNa rIte utpanna thatAM hatAM. A nANunI sutRSNA ekalI ja enI manodazA banI hatI tathA tene mATe saMskRtine paNa bhoga ApI devo paDe te A arthamAnavA taiyAra hatA, evuM enuM svArtharUpa dekhAtuM hatuM. zAhIvAdI arthamAnave kevaLa arthane athavA nANAne pitAnA jIvatarane hetu banAvI daIne A hetunI sAcavaNI mATe, teNe zAhIvAdIrUpa

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yurepanI audyogika krAMti ane sAmrAjyavAda 491 dhAraNa karyuM hatuM. A zAhIvAdIrUpe yaMtrataMtrane upayoga mAnava saMhArane zarasAja banAvavAmAM paNa karavA mAMDyuM hatuM. eTale A arthaghaTanAe mAnava saMskRtine paDakAre tevA vizvayuddhanI racane A jagata para racavA mAMDI hatI. A artha mAnavanA adhikAra nIce jagatanI dazA vyAkula banI gaI. AkhI duniyA arthanAM utpAdananAM kArAgAramAM pUrAI gaI hoya tevo dekhAva thaI gayo. mAnavajAtanI samAnatAnA khyAlanI je jAherAta phreMca daitie karI hatI te samAnatA jIvana vyavahAramAM DUbI javA lAgI. tyAre A arthamAnave ghaDelI saMskRtinI ghaTanA mATe pazcAtApa karatA hoya tevA avAjo saMbhaLAvA lAgyA, tathA vadhAre sArA samAjanI racanA mATenAM divA svapana lakhAvA mAMDyAM. A divA svanemAM robarTa ovene eka sahakArI ghaTanA lakhI batAvI nebela nAmanA eka yuddhane sAmAna banAvanAra kArakhAnAonA mAlike zAMtinI InAmI saMsthA zarU karI. kAranegIe maphata pustakAlaya zarU karyA ane roka phere vaidakiya saMsthAo bAMdhavA mAMDI. paraMtu arthamAnave ghaDelI saMskRtinI kaTokaTI tethI aTakI nahIM. eNe racelA arthakAraNano niyama "saplAya ane DImAnDa" nAmane hatuM, te paNa mUzkelImAM AvI paDyuM hoya tevuM dekhAyuM. artha jIvanamAM kaTokaTI ane AMdhIo AvavA mAMDI, tathA mAnavajAtanA moTAmAM meTA vibhAga mATenAM zubha athavA kalyANanuM svarUpa vyavahAramAM utaratuM dekhAyuM nahIM. garIbAI, bhUkhamaro, bekArI, pachI yuddhane saMhAra jagata para utaravA lAgyo. have yaMtranI ghaTanAnA A jamAnAe je vyApakatA ane deza deza vacce paraspara saMbaMdha bAMdhI dIdhe hato teNe jagatane eka jagat banAvI dIdhuM hatuM. AvA eka jagate vijJAnanI sAdhanAnI tAkAta meLavI hatI. A rIte vyavahAramAM eka banelA jagata nI saMskRti ane saMskAra paNa eka banavA mAMDyAM hatAM. arthamAnavanI vANijyanItinuM rUpa, upagitAvAda 19muM zataka jyAre viza saikAmAM pravezavAne vaLAMka letuM hatuM tyAre saMskRtinAM vaijJAnika svarUpane pitAnA adhikAra nIce ANI cUkelI jIvana vyavahAranI nItimattA bIlakula vANijaya rUpanI upayogitA vALI banI cUkI hatI. A svarUpe pitAnuM ciMtana zAstra paNa cha dIdhuM hatuM. A ciMtanazAstranI preraNuM okasapharDamAM ubhI thaI hatI paraMtu enuM vikAsa sthAna zAhIvAdanI amerikana duniyA athavA navI duniyA hatI. amerikAnI A duniyAnuM e upayogItAvAdanuM ciMtanazAstra vilIyama jemsanuM hatuM. eNe manovijJAnanAM

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vikava ItihAsanI rUparekhA dhArmika svarUpe tathA ciMtana. zAstranuM "pregameTIjhama' nAmanuM rU5 racyuM tathA satyanuM svarUpa upayogI paNuM che tevuM kahyuM. ApaNI siddhAM tika vicAraNA paNa A upagitAvAdanI rIte thatI vyavahAra nIti che ema eNe samajAvyuM. mAnava samAjanA vyavahAramAM je je AcArano ApaNe svIkAra karIe chIe te ApaNuM kalyANa ane salAmati mATeja hoya che ema A ciMtanazAstra samajAvavA mAMDyuM. naphAnI prAptine pitAnI salAmati ane kalyANa pravRtti tarIke svIkArI ne A naphAnI vyavahAra nItine bahujana kalyANa vALI hovAnuM arthakAraNa paNa vANijya nItIe upajAvyuM hatuM. have eja vANijyanItinA ciMtanazAstra jIvana vyavahArane upayogitAvAda athavA takavAdanA mUlyamAM samajAvavA mAMDyA tathA satyanA svarUpane upayoga mUlya athavA takamUlya vALuM jAhera karyuM. vANijyanA vyavahAranuM A ciMtanazAstra je je taka Ave te jhaDapI laIne upayoga karI levAnI ane lAbha uThAvI levAnI vyavahAra nItinuM pratipAdana karatuM hatuM. je upayogI hatuM, te ja satya hatuM eTaluM sIdhuM sAduM A saMskRtirUpa banI gayuM hatuM. A upayogitAvAdanA vyavahAra, takavAdanI vyavahAranIti dhAraNa karI eTale arthaprApti satya ane naitika banatI hatI ane upayogI paNa sAbIta thaI hatI. basa satyanuM eja svarUpa hatuM. A svarUpane vANijyanItie dhAraNa karyuM hatuM. A svarUpa kharekhara kalyANakArI hatuM ? mAnava samAjane e kalyANakArI nivaDyuM hatuM ? mAnavasamudAya vacce eNe vadhu neha bhAva bAMdhyo hato ? rASTra rASTra vacce, eNe samAna sahacAra ane bIna daramyAnagIri apanAvI hatI ? jagatanuM zoSaNa karanArI ane tene parAdhIna banAvanArI sAmrAjyavAdI ghaTanAnuM A satya svarUpa AvA savAlanA javAba devAne badale upayogitAvAdanI vANijyanIti vaDe vizvavijaya karavA nIkaLI cUkyuM hatuM. AvAM ciMtananAM pariNAmo pAchaLa vANijyanItinI zukatRSNAnuM tattvaciMtana, sAmrAjyavAdanA

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493 yuropanI audyogika krAnti ane sAmrAjyavAda rUpanuM ja nirUpaNa pAmatuM hatuM. A satyanuM svarUpa e hatuM, ke padArtha athavA kAryanIti satya che kAraNa ke mane eTale arthamAnavane te mAphaka Ave che, athavA mane te upayogI che. upayogitAvAda athavA takavAdanuM jarmana rUpAntara aMgrejI ane amerikana arthamAnavanA A tatvaciMtanane jarmanInA bhUkhyA arthamAnave athavA zAhIvAdI mAnee svIkAryuM tyAre tyAM A tasvaciMtana rUpAntara pAmyuM, kAraNa ke jarmanInuM zAhIvAdIrUpa haju saphaLa nahetuM banyuM. ene mAphaka Ave tevAM saMsthAne meLavavAnuM kAma haju ene mATe bAkI hatuM. eTale A takavAdanI samAjavirodhI ane saMskRti virodhI, svasaMkucita svArthI vicArasaraNuM e jarmana dharatI para nityenI vicArasaraNImAM pitAnuM bhASAMtara karyuM. A vicArasaraNIe takavAdanA AkharI rUpa sudhI laMbAIne kahyuM, "jJAna te che, je, tAkAtanI prAptinI nirNaya kriyAnuM svarUpa race che ane satya te che, je tene saphaLa banAve che." vANijyanItinuM A ciMtananuM rUpa have saMskRtine badho sAtha tyajI daIne tene, nakArIne, AtmasaMrakSaNa athavA, Atma sthApanA kSaka evA svArthI kekaDAmAM pesatuM hatuM tathA mAnavajAtanA saMrakSaNanI sAmAjika mAnavatAnI badhI saMskAra bhAvanAone tyAga karatuM hatuM. jarmanIne tRSAtura zAhIvAda takavAdanI taravAranuM myAna pheMkI deto hato tathA saMskRtinI ImAratane tyAga karIne, pazutAnI beDamAM pesato hato. jagata mithyA che ane ahaM satya che. jarmanInI bhUmi para zAhIvAdI arthaghaTanA vizvavijyanI taiyArIo karatI hatI tyAre, rakhene te pitAnA takavAdamAMthI caLI jAya athavA yurepanI yAdavA sthaLInA khyAlathI gorAMmAnanA aMdaraaMdaranA saMhAranI kalpanAthI te gI jAya tema na bane te mATe game te rIte " yuddhAyujasva" nuM sUtra samajAvanArI vicArasaraNInI jema jarnanInuM ciMtanazAstra paNa kahetuM hatuM, ke, "sau mArI ka95nAthI ja banyuM che. jagata AkhuM mAre taraMga che. te te nimitta mAtra che. ane huM, jagatane, "kAleDasmi leka kSaya kRta pravRttaH " e arthamAnava chuM." jarmanIne AvA avAjavALo tatvaciMtaka arnasTa meka nAmane hate. jema vilIyama jemsanA takavAdI vANijya ciMtana zAstra pitAnuM mAnasazAstra paNa nipajAvyuM hatuM te pramANe A arnesTa mekanuM mAnasazAstra kahetuM hatuM ke padArtha jagatanuM AkharI rUpa athavA satyarUpa, chevaTe mAnasika raMga, avAje, dabANo, uSNutA, gaMdha, vigerenuM baneluM che, ane A badhAM chevaTe te, manuSyane thatAM saMvedane

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494 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA nAmanI manakriyAo ja che. A manakriyAone lIdhe ApaNane padArthanuM bhAna thAya che paNa padArtha jevI keIcIja che ja nahIM. je kaMI che, te mAtra huM chuM." A ciMtanazAstranuM nAma " nemInAlIjhama" athavA nAmavAda paDayuM. eNe kahyuM ke jagata mAtra, nAma vALAM cihnonuM baneluM che ane mithyA che. A mithA jagatane vijaya karavA jarmana zAhIvAdI lazkaravAda saMskRtinAM badhAM viveka mUlyane tyajI daIne, jagatane pitAnA ahaMnI aMdara gaLI javA nIkaLatA hatuM ane 19mo saMke, vazamA zatakamAM pravezate hate. zAhIvAdI saMhAraktAnuM pujana arcana mAnavajAtanuM vidhAna ghaDavAnI vidhAyaka tAkAtanI zAhIvAdI samazera have jaramanIe dhAraNa karavA mAMDI hatI. A samazeranI pujA arcanA jarmanImAM zarU karanAra mahAna ciMtaka hegala hato. hegalanA uMdhe mAthe ane uMcA page ubhelA ciMtane jaramana athavA praziyana sTeTane, vizva ItihAsanA sarvopari vidhAyaka banavAne siddhAMta ApI dIdhuM hatuM. pachI elekaeMDara-DI-gebIne nAmanA pheMca umarAve "mAnavajAtanI asamAnatA" nAmanuM pustaka lakhIne I. sa. 1853mAM jaramana neraDIka mAnavajAtanI lehInI zuddhi tathA aulAdanI sarvoparitAne sAbIta karI. A siddhAMtachaLanuM svarUpa tyArapachIthI veganaranI dikarI sAthe lagna karanAra hesTana, TuarTa, ceMbaralena nAmanA eka aMgreje I. sa. 1899 mAM "ogaNIsamAM saikAnA pAyA," nAmanuM pustaka lakhIne pelA prapaMcavAdanI jambara himAyata karI, ane jAhera karyuM ke yurepanI TayuTonika mAnavajAta ane eziyA AphrikAnI semITIka mAnavajAta vacce kudaratI kalaha cAlu che tathA pariNAmamAM TayuTonika nAmanI ucca mAnavajAta mAlIka rahevAne, ane semiTika jAta gulAma rahevAne sarajAyelI che. A be lekhakomAM eka trIjo umerAI cUkyo hate A trIjAnuM nAma kAralAIla hatuM. eNe manuSyanA keIpaNa adhikAranuM khaMDana karIne ekalI vIranI samazerane sarva adhikAra suparata karI dIdhA hatA. eNe jaMgalanA AvezathI ubharAtAM pratipAdana karyuM hatuM ke, "vizva ItihAsa athavA mAnavajAte A duniyAmAM je kaMI saMpAdana karyuM che tene ItihAsa eTale vIrapurUSone ItihAsa ja sAce ItihAsa che." vIrenI samazera nIce ItihAsanI garadana jhukAvI denAra A kAralAile jaramana zAhIvAdanA ghAtakI svarUpane ItihAsane siddhAMta banAvIne prapaMcIpA suprata karI dIdhuM ane jaramanazAhIvAdanA mAMdhAtA bismArka A kAralAIla

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yurepanI audyogika kAti ane sAmrAjyavAda 495 ne " praziyana, oDI, pira, lI, merIta"ne IlkAba enAyata karyo, tathA jaramana zahenazAhe enI kabara para bahumAna karatI puSpamALA caDhAvI, tathA pitAnI jAtamAM IzvarI AropaNa karyuM. te izvarI avatAre ane idharI prajAonA chaLa pite IzvarI avatAra che evuM kathana prAcIna ItihAsamAM rajavADAzAhInA jamAnAthI e jamAnAnA AgevAna ane zAsaka evA zahenazAhae pitAne mATe zarU karyuM hatuM. pachI zahenazAhanuM zAsana calAvanAra zahenazAhe itihAsamAMthI alepa thayA ane upayogavAdI vANijyanA AgevAne athavA muDIpatio pAse zAsanane vahivaTa AvI gayo. A jamAnAmAM je dezamAM AvuM zAsana thayuM tenA zAsananA vAhakene muDIpativarga pitAne avatArI varga athavA avatArI gorIjAta mAnavA lAgyA. AvA zAhIvAdI jamAnAnA IjArAvAdI UgavAde, jaramana dezamAM AvA udyogapationA vargo athavA jaramana prajAne pitAne IzvarI athavA daivI prajA mAnavAnuM zarU karyuM. A mAnyatAnI preraNuM tyAMnA udyogapatioe dhAraNa karI. A rIte prAcIna zahenazAhatamAM zaherazAhae pitAnI jevI divyatA jAhera karI hatI tevI ja divyatA, jaramana zAhIvAdanA phAsIsTa ravarUpavALA udyogapationA jarmanavarge dhAraNa karavA mAMDI. rajavADI saMskRtinI zarUAtathI ja mAnavasamudAya para potAnuM julmI zAsana ThokI besADavAnA pAyAmAM rahelI AvI mAnyatAoe ItihAsane zo hAla karyo te ApaNe ItihAsamAM joI gayA chIe. paraMtu navA jamAnAmAM paNa jagatane jItavA nikaLanAra jarmana udyogavAdI zAhIvAdI ghaTanAe jagataparanuM pitAnuM AkramaNa zarU karyuM tathA tene IzvarI jarmana jAtanA kartavya tarIke gaNAvavAne AraMbhamAM prayatna karyo. kesara vilIyama bIjAe pahelA vizvayuddha samaye jagatane jAhera karyuM hatuM ke "yAda rAkhe ke hame jarmana leke Izvare pasaMda karelI mahA prajA chIe ane e mahA prajAnA saranazIna jevA mArI aMdara Izvarane avatAra thayo che." pachI A IzvaranA taiyAra thaelA avatAre pahelA vizvayuddhanA uMbarA jevA beljiyama para AkramaNa karyuM tyAre pelI IzvarI jarmana sarakAre jAherAta karI ke "have amAre jagata jItavAnI jarUra paDI che ane e jarUriyAtane lIdhe ame koipaNa kAnUnanI gaNanA karavAne taiyAra nathI. ame bejIama ane lakajhema. barganI sarakAronI vAMdhA arajI svikArIe chIe paraMtu jyAre ame AgaLa vadhavA mAgIe chIe tyAre ame AgaLa ja vadhavA mAMgIe chIe."

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vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA saMhAraka ghaTanAne bhedatuM hInanuM saMskAra saMgIta paratu yuropabharamAM jamA thatI A zAhIvAdI saMhAra ghaTanAne bhedI nAkhate heya te jaramanInAja saMskAra svAmI hInane zabda saMskArI suramya tAnI uttejaka uSmAne phelAvate I. sananA 19 mA saikAnA AraMbha samayane ubharAvI detA hatA. yurepabharamA, gathe, bAyarana, tathA puskIna jevA saMskAra vAhakane A samaya hate. A sau karatAM paNa ucca bhUmikA parathI hInane avAja saMhAra ghaTanAnuM pRththakaraNa karatA hatA. yuropabharanA A mahAkavinuM kavana puSpa ane nAITIMganI kavitAne kalarava karatuM mAnavajAta taraphanA prANavAna praNayane paNa jogavatuM tathA, rajavADI zahenazAhatanuM, saMsthAnanI prajAo paranA zahAvAdI zeSaka taMtranuM, gulAmenA vyApArIonuM, saMhAranA kenuM, tathA naphAkhera vANijyanuM, niSkara pRththakaraNa karatuM hatuM. saMskArane A sAda yurApabharamAM sAmAjika nyAya samatAnI aitihAsika chaDI pUkAra, kacaDatI mAnavatAne aitihAsika lekazAhIne rUvAba jamAvatA hatA. joke ene jaramana bAyarana kahetA hatA tathA hIne bAyarananI kavitAo jaramanImAM utArI hatI. eNe pitAnI jIMdagInAM pacIsa varasa phrAnsamAM gujAryA tathA jaramana saMskAranI sAthe phreMca saMskAritAnuM milana karyuM. A mahAkavie ghaNA dezanA saMskAra ItihAsane abhyAsa karyo tathA 1856 mAM e maraNa pAme. eNe jaramanI para otarAtA zAhIvAdI yuddhanA oLAnuM nirIkSaNa karyuM tathA e, jaramanI sAme lAlabattI dharIne yuropane lAlabattI dharate hoya tevI AgAhI Apate gaye. te + " Christianity has to a certain extent softened the brutal and warlike ardaur of the Germans, but it has never been able to destroy it entirely. A day will come when the Cross, that Talisman, which still holds the nation in bandage will be broken and then the ferosity of the old fighters will once more break out and the frenetical exultation of thc Berserkers will flow over, that exultation, which the Nordic poets are even today chanting in their songs. Alas, the day will come when Thor will arise brandishing his gigantic hammer, and demolish the cathedrals." -Heine

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yuropanI audyogika krAnti ane sAmrAjyavAda yuropIya sAmrAjyavAde sara karelA AkhA AphrikA khaMDa AphrikAkhaMDatI jIvana kathAnA AraMbha teA hajAre| varasanAM aMdhArAmAM zarU thaI cUkayA hatA. paNa have enA kinArAepara yuropanI saskRtinA prakAza utaravA mAMDyA tyArathI AphrikAkhaMDane ItihAsamAM praveza karatA gaNavA joie. yuropa baTa saDA sAgara prorokko LIV hyujiceong alajIrIyA sA nuM 25 prazcima AphIphA dA na IjIrIyA M eTalAnTIka mahAsAgara bhramatha samuda 63 lIbIyA kero habhukta eglA IjIpzIyana sudAna balajIyana koMgo jhaDezIyA saMgosAra paTAuna zato amuka jha e 20 vA (ebIsInIya lAvyu nAga 497 jarmana IsTa jhAMjhI Ae bAra mADAgAsa2 AphrI IjIptanI vAta alaga hatI. e AphrikAkhaMDanA ja eka vibhAga nAIla nadIne AreAre vizvaItihAsanA pitAmaha jevA vahyo hatA. A nAilamaiyA

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vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA vizvamAtA hatI. A vizvamAtAe vizvaItihAsanAM pAraNAM jhulAvyAM hatAM. enA mukha AgaLa meMphIsa jevA vizvanagara amara AkAra ghaDAya hate. chatAM tyArapachI AphrikAnAM aMtara saikAo sudhI abheda ane agocara rahyAM hatAM. pachI AphrikAnA vizALa kalevarapara saMskRtinuM athavA pazcimanA udyogamaya utthAnanI vANijya saMskRtinuM utarANa thatuM hatuM te samaya 19 mA saikAne samaya hate. e saikAnA 1877mA varasanA ogasTanA 4 thA divase sTenalI koMge nadInA nIcANa pradeza para etihAsika dha yuropane meka hato. yurepakhaMDanAM pATanagaramAM vANijya vahivaTanI saMskRtine AgevAne A nedhane khUba rasathI pitAnAM dilamAM utAratA hatA. tyAre aMgrejI zAhIvAdanA saMsthAnika ItihAsamAM suraja Athamato nahoto. yuropanI yuddhabhUminA bharaDA jevA belajIamanA zahenazAhanI bhatrIjI, rANI vikaTorIA, aMgrejI zAhIvAdanI mahArANI, have hiMdanI zahenazAhabAnu banIne dilhInA darabAramAM bhASaNa ApavA javAnI hatI. aMgrejI zAhIvAdI saMskRtinA kavi raDIArDa kIpalIMganuM aMtara navI navI preraNuothI ubharAtuM hatuM. briTIza TApuonA zAsake have pAMce mahAsAgara paranAM saMsthAno para zAsana karavA mAMDyA hatA. basa tyAre ja have AphrikA para aMgrejI prakAza TrAnsavAla para te patharAte hatuM eTale suejhanI naheranA 44 TakA zero aMgrejI zAhIvAda IjIptanA IsamAIla pAzA pAsethI kharIdI lete hate. Akho Ichata have pAMca ja varasamAM aMgrejI hakumatanuM saMsthAna banI javAnuM hatuM ane kere nagaramAMthI nAIlanA mukha AgaLa eTalAMTika mahAsAgaravALI vANijya saMskRtine sumeLa sadhAvAne hate. paNa pelo zodhaka sTenalI have keTaleka AvI pahoMcyo hate ! have e kAga nAmanI AphrikAkhaMDanI eka mahAna nadInA mukha AgaLa AvI pahoMcIne, yuropa joga saMdezo pAThavatuM hatuM ke, "eTalAMTIka have hAthaveMtamAM dekhAvA mAMDe che. theDA ja kalAkamAM te ame saMskRtinA e AtmAnI raMganA paTa para saratA haIzuM. tyAre pelI mahAzaktizALI saritA ane tenAM sundara suramya rUdra ane ronakadAra rUpanI bhavya ane bhayAkula chAyAonI yAdabharI aMjali ApatAM Izvarane ja AbhAra amAre mA paDaze ke tenA rakSaNa vaDe ja ame pUrvathI pazcima taka A aMdhArA khaMDane ArapAra karI zakyA ane tenI mahAzakti jevI saritAsAgaranI bhALa kADhI zakayA." A lakhAtuM hatuM tyAre I. sa. 1877 nA aMta sudhImAM A mahAkhaMDano dazame bhAga ja zodhA hatA ane yuropanI gelerI saMskRtinA vANijya

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yuropano audyogika krAnti ane sAmrAjyavAda adhikAra ane Adhipatya nIce AvI gayA hatA. tyAra pachInAM vIza varasamAM ja AkhA AphrikA khaMDa para yuropanA adhikAra goThavAI gayA. AphrikA khaMDanu Akhu kalevara. I. sa. 1877 sudhImAM AphrikA khaMDanA 10 mA bhAga yuropanI hakumata nIce paDAvI levAyeA. eTalA samayamAM AkhA khaMDamAMthI parAdhIna anele pradeza ceArasa mAIlamAM nIce pramANe hatA. briTana-25080 ceA. mA. ,,,, TakI-809000 porTugala-40000 co. mA. AkhA AphrikAnA khaMDanA 11500000 skavera mAIlanA vistAra para have i. sa. 1877mAM 10230000 skavera mAIla bAkI rahyA hatA. A aMdhArA khaMDane yuropanI saMskRtie zodhI kADhayA. zAhIvAdanI e saMskRtie aMdhArA khuNe khuNAmAM prakAza nAkhIne Aphrikana naranArI ane bALaka khALakIone pakaDIne daza karoDa jeTalA mAnava mAlane peAtAnAM jahAjopara jakaDI bAMdhIne, yureApanA ekeeka dezamAM lIlAma karIne vecyAM, amerikA para A kALA mAnava mAlanuM sauthI mATu` vecANa thayuM. gulAmeAnA A vepAra vaDe daza karADanI mAnavatA mATe jIvanabharanI yAtanAo ane piDatA ceAjAyAM. 199 phrAnsa-190000 ceA. mA. speina-1000 ,,,, pachI A bhUmiparanI karADA ekara jeTalI phaLadru pabhUmi paDAvI levAi tathA kALA AphrikA para vasavA AvelI gArI vasAhatane ApavAmAM AvI. A bhUmi paranI nipajanA DhagalAe yurApamAM ane amerikAmAM ravAnA karavA mATenA tathA lazkaro doDAvavAnA navA rastAe baMdhAyA. A bhUmi paranAM dhanadhAnya ane dhAtuone nipajAvavA, mAnava zramanI sevAmAM sAMghI kharIdI thai ane A zrama karavAnI zistanI nizALeA maMDAI. A badhuM saMskRtinuM mizana che, ema kahevAyuM ane A mizananI eka saikA pachInI kAryavAhInA AMkaDAoe kahyuM ke "eka TakA jeTalI zikSaNanI jogavAi have thai che. meTAMo mATe mata vaijkIya jogavAinI ahIM' jarUra nathI. janma pAmatAM bALakAmAM aradhI saMkhyA pahelA eka varasamAM maraNa pAme che tathA jIvatAM rahetAM bALakAmAM pacIsa TakA - mAlanyuTrIzana 'thI piDAya che. melerIyA ahIM, sAmudAyika hAya che." kALAM mAnavAnA mahAsamudAya 150,000,000 mAnavAne A mahAsamudAya, pazcimanA dheAraNa sAthe sarakhAvatAM pachAtamAnava samAja kahevAya. paraMtu yuropa sAthe sarakhAvatAM i. sa.

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vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA 1913 nA raziyana mAnava samAja pachAta dazAmAMja hato. chatAM itihAsanA takhtA para mAnavasamAjoe vimuktinI hilacAlane dhAraNa karIne je jhaDapathI pragati karyAMnA padArtho pATha Aje satya hakIkatA tarIke paDayA che te jotAM A mAnavasamAjanuM manuSya rUpa pRthvI paranA kAIpaNa mAnavarUpa sAthe sarakhAvatAM, pragatinI jhaDapamAM utaratuM hoya tema mAnavAne, kAipaNa manuSyanuM zArIrika ke mAnasika kAraNa meAjUda nathI. buddhi mApananI parikSAone paNa Aphrikana bALakanI kakSA, yuropanA kAipaNa bALakAnA jeTalI ja samAdhAraNa heAvAnu mAlama paDayu che. 500 AphrikAnI saMskRti jUnA samayanI yuropanI mUrtipUjaka ane jaMgalavAsI saMskRti jevI che ema kahI zakAya. A sa MskRtinAM prAcIna rUA para bAra bAra mAilanA gherAvAvALI divAlA vaccenAM prAcIna nagarAnAM khaMDiyaro paNa mAlama paDayAM che. vijJAnanA jamAnA sAthe AjanI A mAnava saMskRtinA svarUpane sarakhAvavu hAya te| tene sekasana samayanA IMgleMDanA jamAnA sAthe sarakhAvI zakAya. jIvananI A zAne saMskRtinAM sAdhanA vaDe khUba jhaDapathI pragatinI ucca kakSA para paDhAMcADI zakAya, tevAM sAdhane ane samaya AjanA jagatamAM meAjUda che. jIvananI garIba dazAne saMskRtinA zakaya vikAsa mATenI pachAta dazA gaNI zakAya ja nahI. garIbAi nAmanI AphrikAnI AjanI jIvanadazA te Aje eziyAnA tamAma pradezAnI che. Aphrikana samAja jeTalI ja bhayaMkara garIbAimAM Aje, eziyAnA AjhAda dezanI prajAe paNa jIve che. A garIbAinuM kAraNa saMskRtinI khAmI nathI, parantu zAhIvAdI zeSaNamAMthI nipajatu' A pariNAma che. nahIMte| jene buddhibhAna ane cAritrya bhAna kahevAya tevA saMskAra vikAsanA pAyA, ekaeka Aphrikana naranArI ane bALaka bALakImAM Aje pUravAra thayA che. jagatabharanI kApaNu prajA karatAM, A bAbatamAM Aphrikana mAnava samudAya utaratA nathI. A pAyA para saMskRtinI vibhAvanAnu aitihAsika svarUpa bAMdhavA mATe vimuktinI hilacAlanI ja jarUra hAya che. AphrikAnI mahAsaritA ane yuropanA mahAsAgara sTenalIe zeAdha karI hatI ke AphrikAnI pelI mahAsaritA yure|panA mahAsAgara eTalAMTikamAM paDe che. AphrikAnA atara pradezanI dhArI nasa jevI pelI saritA potAnI jaLa kAyAne ATalAMTika sAthe joDIne yuropane peAtAnA dhATa para padhAravAnuM AmaMtraNa ApatI hatI. sAta mAila paheALAM pANI para eTalAMTika sAthenA enA saMgamanA citAra jyAre sTenalIe ApyA tyAre yuropanAM pArTanagara sAme AphrikAnI ja MgalI saMskRti para yuropanuM sAmrAjya viharatu dekhAyuM.

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yuropanI audyogika krAnti ane sAmrAjyavAda yuropanA sAmrAjvAdanI hariphAi AphrikA para zarU thai gai. kAMgAnAmanI mahA nadI sAmrAjyavAdanAM vAhatA haMkAravAnI bhagavAne bAMdhelI eka moTI saDaka jevI dekhAi gai. A saDaka para svArI karIne AphrikA khaMDanA pazcima madhya pradeza paDAvI lai zakAya tema hatu. yureApanA elajIama pradezamAMnA bruselsa pATanagaramAM " kAmITI, Du-hATa kAMgA"nI sthApanA thai gai. A hariphAimAM utaravAnI taiyArI karavAmAM jaramanI, phrAnsa, IMgleMDa ane hAlenDa meADAM paDayAM. kAMge pradeza para elajIana jhaMDA pharakayA. Ama eka pachI khIjA pradeza para yuropanAM pATanagaronI hakumate AvIne kabajo jamAvyA. AphrikA khaMDa para yuropanA khaMDA kAtarAi javA mAMDayA. A rIte AphrikA para 19 mA saikA aMta pAmyA tyAre, AphrikA khaMDamAM i. sa. 1900 sudhImAM nIce pramANenA pradeze| cAsa mAIlanA mApa pramANe nIce pramANe paDAvI levAmAM AvyA hatA. phrAnsa-3,866,950--skavera mAila briTana - 2,101,411-- --000600 : '} -(R6)?a] jarmanI 910,000-- elajIama~ 900,000-- pAraTugAla-- 787,000-- TarakI - 400,000 iTAlI-- 200,009 speina --00/'60 " ,, dr ,, ,, ,, ,, dw "" :) "" .. dr "" 51 "" A rIte 1900 nI sAlamAM AphrikAkhaMDa vaheMcI levAyeA, tathA A khaMDanI dharatI para, parAdhIna nahI evA ebisInIyA nAmanA eka ja pradeza tyAre bAkI rahyo. yurApanI vANijya saMskRtie . AkhA AphrikAkhaMDapara saMsthAnA kAtarI kADhayAM. AphrikAnI dAlatanA bhaMDAro athavA jaMgalanI saMskRtinI badhI pedAze A saMskRtinI mAlIkIvALI banI. A vANijya saMskRtinAM yaMtra ane sAdhanAe, AphrikAnAM karADA naranArIo ane bALaka khALakIone, peAtAnI saMskRtinI sevA karanArI, mAnava mAlamattA tarIke kabaje karI lIdhI ane vecavA paNa mAMDI.

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10ra vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA yuropIya vANijya saMskRtinI zAhIvAdI maMDaLIoe, yurepanAM pATanagaramAM, A khaMDathI hajAre. mAIlanA aMtare paranAM, ara ane verAne, parva ane raNe, nadIo ane mAnave para zAsana racavAnI yojanAo ghaDavA mAMDI. laMDana, perIsa, baralIna ane brusesanAM saMskAra nagaree AphrikAnAM jaMgala khaMDa para saMskRtinA prakAza relavavAnI sAmrAjyavAdI javAbadArI svIkArI lIdhI. e rIte ebisInIyA zivAyane Akho khaMDa yuropanI hakumata nIce AvI gayo ane tyAra pachI jagata para patharAyelI saMsthAnA savAlanI harIphAIne savAla purepanI zAhIvAdI sarakAre vaccenI yAdavAsthaLI karAvanAre banyo. A savAla para yurepanI aMdara aMdaranI katala karavAnAM Ayudha laIne yuropanuM rAjakAraNu yuddha karavA medAnamAM nIkaLyuM. A yuddha vizvayuddha banI gayuM kAraNa ke AkhuM vizva yuropanA eka ke bIjA zAhIvAdanuM saMsthAna hatuM. eTale mAlIka sAthe saMsthAnone paNa yuddhamAM utaryA vinA Take have ja nahIM. I. sa. 1884 thI 1912 sudhImAM AphrikAkhaMDa para yuropanuM sAmrAjya besI gayuM. ATale moTe khaMDa pacAvI pADavAnI kriyA yurepanI aMdaranA zAhIvAdI dezoe karI hatI temAM yuropanI rAjakAraNa paTutAne vijaye hato ema yurepanA sAmrAjyavAdI rAjakAraNIone abhiprAya hato. aMgrejI sAmrAjyane raNathaMbha, jIbrAlTara aMgrejI sAmrAjyane vizvaviyI jhaMDe ahIM ropAyo hato. A jhaMDAne raNathaMbha jeTale AkAra dhAraNa karIne pUrvanA cheDA para ubhela jIbrAlTara eka khaDaka che. bhUmadhyamAMthI je aMgrejI lAInadorI suejha ane lAla samudramAM thaIne hIMdImahAsAgaramAM paDatI hatI tene pUrva cheDe, A khaDakane banyo che. A jIbrAlTara, speInane parAjaye karIne yuropane utthAna denAra, jAbAla TArIkanA khaDaka tarIke jANItuM che. tArIkane parvatakhaDaka traNamAIla lAMbo che, poNo mAIla paheLo che ane caudase phITa uce che. aMgrejI sAmrAjyanA A sauthI nAnA ekamanI tiNuM dhAra enA upara bhUmadhyamAM beDI che, tathA A khaDakanuM zahera ane baMdara peIna tarapha dekhe che. A khaDakanA pradeza paranI vastI mATA ane jo AnI che. A vastIparanuM vahivaTItaMtra aMgrejI gavarnaranIcenI zahera samItInu che.

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sAmrAjyavAda eTale yuddha [ sAmrAjyanu AkramakarUpa-sAmrAjyanuM Akramaka rAjakAraNa--sAmrAjyavAdI AkramaNanI peDhIo----vidhaitihAsanA ukaLatA savAla--yuropIya sAmrAjyavAde sara karelA AkhA khaMDa, AphrikA--sAmrAjyavAde zunya anAveluM jagata--mahA sahAra pahelAnI aMgrejI jyubIlI--sAmrAjyavAdanI keTeAkaTI--yuropanA sAmrAjyavAdanA ukaLatA carU--yuddhonmAda--zahenazAha kaijhara ] 30.

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504 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA sAmrAjyavAdanuM AkramaNa rUpa 19 mA saikA sudhI AphrikA para sAmrAjyavAdI avataraNa thayuM hatuM. sikAo sudhI pitAnA bhUmadhyanA kinArAnIja yuropane te khabara hatI paraMtu e kinArAthI AgaLa saharAthI dakSiNe yuropano pagapesAre ghaNA samaya sudhI thaye nahe. ghaNuM saikAo para pATuMgIe bhUmadhyane pazcima kinAre zodhI kADhaye hatuM tathA I. sa. 1498 mAM teo kepa sudhI pahoMcyA. temaNe tyAM kaI thANuM nAkhyuM na hatuM. pachI dara pUrva pradezomAM javA mATenA kepanA rastAne kabaje Daca lekoe lIdhe, ane Daca lekee kepanA pradeza para pitAnA "bera' kheDUtane vasavA mATe mokalyA. A rIte tyAranA dakSiNa AphrikAmAM "bera " lekanI vasAhatane AraMbha thayo. pachI aMgreje paNa A bhUmi tarapha kheMcAyA. AraMbhamAM teo gulAmone vepAra jamAvavA mATe eTale AphrikAnI A dharatI paranAM naranArIo ane dikarAdikarIone baLajabarIthI potAnAM vahANomAM jakaDI laIne, pachI temane amerikAnAM mAlIkane tyAM vecavAno vepAra jamAvavA mATe ahIM AvI pahoMcyA. mAnavajAtanI mATI vecanArI A aMgrejI kaMpanIoe pitAnI sarakAra pAse cAraTara karAvelAM potAnAM vepArI thANAM, AphrikAnA A pazcima kinArAo para I. sa. 1663 mAM nAkhyAM. aMgrejI vANIjya mAnavIne vecavAno vyApAra zarU karIne pachI AphrikAnA A pradezanI aMdara ghUsIne pitAne vepAra viksAvavA mATe "AzAnTI" nuM mathaka meLavyuM. pachI lAgosane temaNe pitAnA Aphrikana sAmrAjyamAM che. sa. 1861 mAM umerI lIdhuM ane tyAMthI aMgrejoe uttarapUrva, ane dakSiNa nAigeriyAno kabaje karyo. A rIte aMgrejoe pitAnI yunAITeDa kiMgaDamathI traNa gaNuM moTA pradeza para pitAnuM sAmrAjya kotarI kADhayuM. pachIthI AphrikAnI A bhUmine pacAvI pADavA mATe yuropanA sAmrAjya vAdI dezee paDApaDI karavA mAMDI. phrAnsa ejIyarsa, mADAgAskara, AnAma ane TenkInanA pradeze paDAvI laIne phreMca sAmrAjyavAda tarIka pitAnI jAtane jAhera karI. jarmanIe AphrikAnA dakSiNa pazcima ane pUrva vibhAga para potAne paDAva nAMkhI dIdho hato, tathA kemerUmAM pitAnAM thANAM bAMdhavA mAMDyAM hatAM. A uparAMta nyugInI tathA pAsiphikanA ghaNA TApuo upara teNe kabajo karyo hatA. cInanA pILA samudramAM kIAvavu baMdara para enI hakumata zarU thaI gaI hatI. ITAlIe AphrikAnA ebisinIyA para potAnuM sAmrAjya jamAvavA ADavA upara caDhAI karI hatI, paraMtu tyAMthI pAchA hAMkI kaDhAyelA A sAmrAjyavAde

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sAmrAjyavAda eTale yura turata mATe uttara AphrikAmAM trIpAlI paDAvI laI ne sa MtApa mAnyA hatA. raziyAe cIna paranuM pArTIAra paDAvI lIdhuM hatuM tathA jApAne cInanA phArmAMsA nAmanA TApu para kabajo karyo hato. I. sa. 1883 mAMja iMgleDe duniyApara sauthI ma|TuM sAmrAjya kAtarI kADhIne have isane parAdhIna banAvavAnI cAlakhAjI zarU karI hatI. trIsa trIsa varSathI aMgrejI zAhIvAda jagatane gulAma banAvavA mATe aneka saMsthAnika yudhdhA laDI cUkayA hatA. I. sa. 1902mAM A sauthI meATA zAhIvAde AphrikA paranA TrAnsavAla ane erenja phrI sTeTa para caDhAi karI ane te ane rAjgyA para kabajo karyA hatA. daramyAnamAM A aMgrejI zAhIvAde mokalelA sesila roDajha aMgrejI zAhIvAda mATe kaMpathI mAMDIne te AphrikAnI nAIla nadInA mukha sudhInuM Aphrikana rAjya jamAvatA hatA, ane te uparAMta ghaNA TApue para aMgrejI sAmrAjyanA vAvaTA pharakAvatA hatA. jagatane pacAvI pADavAnI AkramaNakhAra ghaTanAmAM have i. sa. 1885mAM liepeAlDa nAmanA beljIamane hAziyAra rAjA AphrikA para kAMgAnA pradeza kabaje karIte beljIyama sAmrAjya sthApatA hatA, tathA tyAM hAthIdAMta ane rabaranI lUMTa calAvavA AphrikAnA mAnavAnA saMhAra karatA hatA. navA Ugate ameri kana zAhIvAda paNa vAziMgaTananA AjhAdInA ja jamAnAmAM speniA++ pAsethI kayubA ane porTArIkA paDAvI letA hatA, tathA philipAInsa para saMsthAnavAdanI sthApanA karatA hatA. AvI Akramaka ghaTanA jagata para zarU thaI cUkI hatI. yuropa ane amerikAnA udyogavAdanA athavA Arthika zAhIvAdatA sAmrAjyavAda nAmanA A badhA zAhIvAdI vistAra jagatabhara para patharAtA hatA. A vistAranuM rUpa zarUthI AjaparyaMta Akramaka hatuM. yuropamAM sAmrAjyavAdanA naphAkhAra zoSaNarUpa para ubheluM vANijyanuM rAjakAraNa A rIte zAhIvAdI dezonAM lazkA sAthe jagatanA tamAma pradeze para paheAMcI gayuM hatuM. A arasAmAM AkhA jagata para athavA jyAM sUraja Atha matA ja na hatA eTalA mATA jagatanA vibhAga para aMgrejI sAmrAjyavAda vijaya meLavI zakayA hatA. paraMtu jarmanI, napAna, iTAlI, amerikA athavA tamAma nAnAM meTAM sAmrAjyonuM nizAna AkhA jagatane potAnuM sAmrAjya banovavAnuM ja hatuM. sau sAmrAjyA, sau karatAM meATAM banavA mAgatAM hatAM. paNa jagata te eka hatuM ane zAhIvAdo ekathI vadhAre hatA, chatAM eka ja jagatane nizAna banAvIne badhA zAhIvAdoe tene peAtAnuM ja sauthI moTuM sAmrAjya banAvavAnI kUca zarU karI hatI. zAhIvAdanaM AvuM AMdhaLu` parikhaLa AkramaNane nazA dhAraNa karIne adara aMdaranI yAdavAsthaLInA ravarUpamAM sauthI moTuM banavAnI hurIphAImAM utarI paDyuM hatuM. 64 505

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vizva itihAsanI rUparekhA O yureApanAM A badhAM rASTro jyAre jagatane gulAma banAvIne tenA para peAtAnuM sAmrAjya banAvavA nIkaLI paDayAM hatAM tyAre mAnavajAtanA itihAsamAM yureApanI mAnavatAnA kayA savAla mukhya hatA ? yuropanI mAnavajAtane ItihAsanI draSTie je savAla saMbhavI zake te savAla tA, yureApanA mAnavAnA utkaSa'nA, temanI AbAdIne, ane sukhazAMtinA savAla ja hAi zake. udyoga ke udyAgavAda paNa AvI saMskRtinI dRSTie ja yuropanI mAnavajAtane samRd ane sukhI banAvavA mATe ja sauthI moTA lekhI zakAya. vijJAne ane udyAge ApelI puSkaLatAthI yureApanI mAnavatAnI sevA karIne jagatanA mAnavasamu-- dAyAnA udhdhAra mATe yuropakhaMDa potAnA vijJAna ane udyoganu vitaraNa kare teja khAkhata agatyanI lekhI zakAya. paraMtu tyAranA yuropakhaMDanA jIvanamAM ane jIvananA rAjabareAjanA vahivaTamAM jenI AgevAnI hatI te zAhIvAda pAse A draSTi hatI ja nahi. jIvananA kamaThANune samRdhdha ane sukhI sajavAnA savAlane paDatA mUkIne AkhA jagatane parAdhIna banAvIne tene zikAra karavA mATe eNe dADavA mAMDyuM hatuM. A jAtanA zAhIvAdanA jIvananA udabhavamAM AkhA jagatane potAnuM gulAma banAvavA, yuropanI sAmrAjyavAdI hakumata nIkaLI cUkI hatI. sAmrAjyavAdanI A ghaTanAmAM aMgrejI sAmrajyavAda ke koIpaNuM sAmrAjyavAda ke zAhIvAdanI racanAnuM svarUpa AkhA yuropamAM ekaja jAtanuM hatuM. A svarUpanuM mukhya lakSaNa AraMbhamAM Arthika daramyAnagIrInuM rahetuM. hiMdamAM Arthika daramyAnagIrI mAraphata upakha'Da jevA A mahAna dezane potAnA sAmrA jyamAM aMgrejI AkramaNe parAvI dIdhA hatA. AphrikA ane cIna tarapha pazu eNe peAtAnI jhaDapanI aNI lakhAvavA mAMDI hatI. sIdhI ke ADakatarI rIte peAtAnI vANijya nItinA arthakAraNane e navA pradezAmAM dAkhala karIne A zAhIvAdI svarUpa te pradezA para peAtAnI lAgavaganA dherI saMcAra mAraphata ane chevaTe sIdhA yuddhanA saMcAra mAraphata te pradezAne parAdhIna banAvatuM hatuM. A A parAdhInatA nAmanuM svarUpa kAtarI kADhavA mATe te te pradezA para zAhIvAdI daramyAnagIrI peAtAnA khAsa adhikAre| mAgatI hatI tathA te adhikArIne AkramaNa vaDe paDAvatI hatI. sAmrAjyavAdanI Akramaka peDhIA sAmrAjyavAda athavA zAhIvAdanuM svarUpa, daramyAnagIrI ane Akramaka yuddo vaDe potAnA paga jamAvIne parAyA pradezA para baLajabarIthI mAMDelI vepArI peDhI jevuM, anyuM. yureApanI zAhIvAdI prathAenI sattAenAM tyAranAM mukhya mathakA 506

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sAmrAjyavAda eTale yuddha 507 laMDana, perisa ane barlinamAM hatAM. A mathakAmAMthI sAmrAjyavAdanI vepArI peDhI jevuM A yuddhakhAra zAhIvAdanuM svarUpa, saMcAra pAmatuM hatuM. zAhIvAdI pATanagarAmAM beThelA pradhAneA kahetA hatA ke " sAmrAjyavAdanA savAla amAre mATe amArA udyogonA nikAza ane muDInA rokANanA savAla che. " yurApe jyAre yuropamAM A nikAzane mATe bAraNAM baMdha karyAM haiAya tyAre ane uttara amerikA parane yuropanA pagadaMDI paNa ukhaDI gayA haiAya tyAre ane dakSiNa amerikA paNa jyAre udyoga vikAsa karavA mAMDayA hAya tyAre, yuropanA udyoga ane nikAzane khIjA dezo para lAddhvA yuropabharanI sAmrAjyavAdI sarakAre udyogavAdanI peDhIo banIne lazkA laIne nIkaLI paDI hatI. aMgrejI pradhAna eja vAta kahetA hatA ke, "amAre amArA mAlanAM bajAre mATe tathA kAcA mAla meLavavA mATe tathA amArA vepAra nAnI rIte dhIkatA rAkhavA mATe paradezAmAM saMsthAne meLavyA vinA chUTakA ja nathI. " sAmrAjyavAdanA vikAsanA A pAyA hatA. A pAyAnuM svarUpa paradeza para paheAMcelI ane baLa jabarIthI peAtAnuM sthApana karatI sAmrAjyavAdanI vepArI peDhI jevuM hatuM. A vepArI peDhI lazkarAvALI ane AkramaNakhAra rUpavALI hatI. AvA kevaLa svAthI evA, kSudra khanelA vepArI svarUpamAM sAmrAjyavAdI dezanA jIvAnAne tathA garIba mAnavAne A sAmrAjyavAdI dezeA, svadeza bhaktinI apIle tathA parAdhIna mulakAnA jaMgalIone sudhAravAnI apIla vaDe pAnAne tyAMnuM havAmAna utsAhita karatA hatA, ane temanAM lazkarA banAvIne saMhAranA kAmakAjamAM jotarI detA hatA. AvI vyApArI peDhIonI baLajabarIthI parAdhIna pradezamAM jamAvaTa karanArI sAmrAjyavAdI sarakArAnuM rAjyakAraNI svarUpa vepArI peDhIonAM rAjakAraNa jevuM dekhAtuM hatuM. pote parAdhIna banAvelA pradeza para e pradezAnuM Arthika zoSaNa karavAnA eka mAtra uddezathI zAhIvAdI sarakArA paradezamAMM rastAe bAMdhatI hatI, AgagADI doDAvatI hatI, vAhana vyavahArane vika sAvatI hatI ane dezI prajAmAMthI neAkarazAhIne utpanna karavAnI nizALeA paNa calAvatI hatI. vizva itihAsanA ukaLatA savAla ApaNI duniyAmAM yurApakhaMDa nAmanA A khaMDa vaijJAnika udyoganI Age kUca karatA hatA. e khaMDamA rASTrAnA Atma nice paNa Age kUca karI hatI. yuropanAM rASTronA Atma niNaeNyanuM rUpa khIjA khaMDAmAM hatuM tenuM rajavADI na hatuM paNa leAka samudAyanA hAthamAM hatuM. A loka samudAyanA AgevAna va

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508 vikava ItihAsanI rUparekhA muDIpatione varga hatuM ane A vargoe koIe pitAne tyAM rAjAzAhI rAkhI hatI ane keie tene nAbuda karI hatI paraMtu Atma nirNaya te upalA vargone ja hAthamAM hatuM ane rAjAe tenA para mahuM mAravuM paDatuM hatuM. yupanuM AvuM zAsanarUpa, vANijyanuM sAmrAjyavAdI hatuM. AvI hakikatavALA yurepakhaMDamAM vIzamA zatakanA udayamAM ja, thoDAMka mahArAja hatAM, athavA A rAjya pitAne mahArAje kahetAM hatAM tathA A rA pitAne AkhI duniyAmAM sauthI vadhAre tAkAtavALAM mAnatAM hatAM, tathA jagata jItavA mAgatAM hatAM. AvAM rA lagabhaga pAMca hatAM. temAM cAra yuropakhaMDanAM hatAM ane eka eziyAnuM hatuM. A pAMca rAjyamAM sau koI potAne mATe zahenazAhata athavA sAmrAjaya sthApavAnA hetu vALAM hatAM. A sAmrAjavAdI hetuvALAM yuropakhaMDanAM cAra ane eka eziyAnuM ema pAMca rAjyomAMthI jeNe keIe sAmrAjaya sthApavuM hoya eTale AkhI duniyA para potAnuM rAjya sthApavuM hoya teNe sauthI prathama te yurepanAM bIjAM rAjyone pitAne tAbe karavAM joIe ane pachI duniyAnA eziyA ane AphrikAkhaMDane jItavA jaIe tathA te khaMDanI prajAone pitAnI gulAma banAvavI joIe. eTaluM kare te ja sAmrA jya sthapAya, tema hatuM. vIzamA sikAnA AraMbhamAM vizva ItihAsamAM A savAla dAkhala thaI gayo. paraMtu e ja arasAmAM, hakikata evI hatI ke, vazamA zatakanA udayamAMja IgleMDa nAmanA, TApunA banelA deze, potAnA AyalenDa ane skoTalenDa nAmanA paDozI dezane pitAnA parAdhIna deza banAvyA hatA tathA yurepanA bIjA deza para paNa pitAne kAbu sthApyo hato. enI sAthe sAthe ja e dvIpadeze, eziyA ane AphrikAnI bhUmi para paNa pitAnuM rAjya sthApyuM hatuM. te prajAone eNe pitAnI gulAma banAvI hatI. paNa igleMDa zivAyanA yuropanA bIjA koIpaNa deze jagata para pitAnuM sAmrAjya je jamAvavuM hoya te, teNe yurepa para kAbu meLave paDe ane eziyA AphrikAnI bhUmine aMgrejo pAsethI jItI levI paDe. basa TUMkI ane Taca ATalI ane AvI hakikata hatI. A hakikata mahA bhayAnaka hatI kAraNake pelAM pAMca sAmrAjyavAdI rAje, je dareka jaNa AkhA jagata para potAnuM sAmrAjya sthApavA mAMDe te AkhI duniyAne mATe, mahA bhiSaNa e saMgrAma thaI jAya. paNa evI ja hakikatavALo dekhAya ApaNI duniyAmAM, vizamAM sekAnA AraMbhamAM dekhAyA, ane jANe jagata pAse pitAno nikAla mAgavA lAgyA.

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sAmrAjyavAda eTale yuddha 509 sAmrAjayavAdI athavA zAhIvAdI dezamAM eka iglenDa hatuM jenuM sAmrAjya sauthI moTuM sthapAI cukyuM hatuM. AkhI duniyA para enAM kedakhAnAM chavAI gayAM hatAM. AkhA jagatanI prajAe enI gulAma banI hatI. AkhA jagatanAM khANa khetaranA kAcA mAla, enAM kArakhAnAmAM ghasaDAI jatA hatA. bIjA cAra sAmrAjyavAdI deze jenAM sAmrAjya nAnAM hatAM temAM sauthI AgevAna deza jaramanI hate. A jaramanadeza have mahAna jaramanI banI cUke hate. eNe pitAnI paDozamAMnA pradezane pitAnI aMdara bheLavI daIne pitAnI prazIyana jAtavALuM mahAna jarmana rAjya banAvI dIdhuM hatuM, tathA A mahAna jaramanI have AkhA jagatapara potAnuM sAmrAjya jamAvIne kharekhara mahAna athavA sAmrAjyavAdI rIte, jevuM briTana mahAna hatuM, tevuM mahAna banavA mAgatuM hatuM. e mATe eNe lazkaro yojavA mAMDyAM hatAM, kAraNa ke jagatane jItavA mATe teNe aMgrejI sAmrAjyamAM parovAI gaelA jagatane jItavuM paDe tema hatuM. paNa aMgrejonA gulAma banelA jagatane pitAnuM gulAma banAvavA jItavuM hoya te aMgrejo sAthe yuddha karyA vinA tema thaI ja zake nahIM eTale ja sAmrAjyavAdI yuropamAM sauthI moTuM yuddha kSitIjamAM DekAvA lAgyuM. zAhIvAde zunya banAveluM jagata jagatane mahAsaMhAramAM dhakelI denAra sAmrAjyavAdI yurepane zAhIvAdI jamAne have zarU thaI gayo hate. zAhIvAdanI pakaDa nIce AvI gaeluM mahAvirATa evA mAnavasamudAyonI vastIvALuM jagata, yuropanuM sAmrAjya banIne kevuM zUnya jevuM banI gayuM hatuM ! sAmrAjyavAdanI hakumatane mana te jagatanuM jIvana pitAne mATe ja hatuM ane bIjI badhI rIte zUnya hatuM. AkhA jagatane pitAne parAdhIna evuM kArAgAra banAvI daIne sAmrAjyavAdano adhikAra kahete hato ke jagata para ame ja chIe. jagata eTale amAre ja vAsa che ane astitva amArUM ja che, ane bIjA koInuM nathI. kevI A mAnavajAtanI vastI gaNatarI hatI. virATa mAnavasamudAye enA para vasatA hatA chatAM paNa te kaI gaNatarImAM hatA nahIM, kAraNa ke AkhuM jagata gulAma banI gayuM hatuM. A parAdhIna jagatane mAlIka sAmrAjyavAda hatuM tathA te, jagatane pitAnI milkata bhAnate hato. Ama mAnavajAtanI gaNanA bhUlelA sAmrAjyavAdanuM aMtara aMdarathI baLatuM hatuM. sAmrAjyavAdI rASTro aMdarathI eka bIjAnA duzmana hatAM. sAmrAjyavAdI arthakAraNa ane rAjakAraNavALA ekeeka rASTra AkhuM jagata pitAnuM ja sAmrAjya

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50. vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA banAvavAnA yuddhanA saMcAra karyo ja hatuM. yuropane sAmrAjyavAda AvAM saMcAlanavaDe pitAnA parasparanA saMhAra tarapha AgaLa vadhatuM hatuM. sAmrAjyavAda yuropanI yAdavAsthalI karaze tyAre temAMthI zu nIkaLaze tene khyAla ene AvI zakato nahote, kAraNa ke te sudralebhane dhAraNa karIne aMdha banI gayA hatA. mahAsaMhAra pahelAnI aMgrejI jyubIlI eTale evo khyAla jene AvI zakate nahato te aMgrejI sAmrAjyavAda paNa AkhA jagatane pitAnuM veThIyuM khetara banAvIne jyubIlI ujavate jate hate. A jyubIlIomAM parAdhIna pradezanA rAjAmahArAjAo, nAkara zAhI, jamInadAre ane gulAmane meLe jAmate hate. emAM briTananI dariyAi rANIne jayakAra gAjatA hatA. sAmrAjyamAM moTuM evuM greTabriTana jagatane parAdhIna banAvavAnI ane AkhI duniyAmAM moTAmAM meTuM sAmrAjya jItI zakavAnI khuzAlInI jyubIlI dilhImAM ujavatuM hatuM. dakSiNa AphrikAne pitAnuM sAmrAjya banAvI devAnuM yuddha haju hamaNAM ja pUruM thayuM hatuM. sAmrAjyavAde khuzAlInI jyubIlI banAvIne pote ja potAnI jAtane A saMhAra pachI abhinaMdane ApavAnA AvA mahAutsavanI bhejanA karI hatI. mahArANI vikaTeriyAnuM rajizAsana, briTIza sAmrAjyane sauthI moTuM banAvanAra yazasvI pUravAra thaI cUkyuM hatuM. navA navA nakazAo citarAI gayA hatA. A nakazAo sAmrAjyanI vadhatI jatI tavArIkhanA lAla raMgavaDe, AkhA jagatapara sAmrAjayane lAlaraMga chavAI jate dekhADatA hatA. ke bhavya A lAla raMga ho ! A lAlAzanI nIce sAmrAjyanuM gulAma hADapiMjara lehInuM TIpeTIpu nIcovAI gayA pachI bhayAnaka pAMDurogathI piDAIne kevuM dAMta kakaDAvatuM pitAnI pratimAne jyubIlInA ronakadAra pINuomAM dekhatuM hatuM ? chatAM dariyAI rANuM ane sAmrAjyavAdanI mAtA mahArANI vikaTorIyAnI kArakIrdi mahAna hatI. jANe enuM kalevara mATInuM maTI ja gayuM hoya tevI divyatA eNe dhAraNa karI hatI. jevuM sAmrAjya anaMtakALa jevuM dekhAtuM hatuM tevuM ja A zahenazAhabAnunuM zAsana kadi aMta ja pAmaze nahIM evuM jyubIlInA nazAmAM lAgatuM hatuM. A badhI khuzAlIne sAmrAjyavAdI mahAAnaMda, utsavanI jyubIlImAM pUrabahAramAM khIlI uThayuM hatuM. paNa tyAre ja sAmrAjya ja, jene mahAkavinuM birUda ApyuM hatuM evA eka zAhIvAdanA kIpalIMga nAmanA kavie gAvA mAMDayuM hatuM. e kavitAnA kaleke chellI lITI AkraMda karatI hoya tevI cIsa pADIne, bolatI hatI. "leTa vI pharageTa...leTa vI pharageTa."

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sAmrAjyavAda eTale yuddha 511 sAmrAjyavAdanI kaTakaTi ApaNI duniyAmAM AkhI duniyA para phelAI gaele sAmrAjyavAda, aMgreja, jaramana, phreMca, jApAnIsa, Daca, pirayugIjha vigere nAmavALA hate. A dareke potapotAnuM sAmrAjya paDAvyuM hatuM. A saiAmAM sauthI moTuM aMgrejI sAmrAjya hatuM. A sau maLIne ApaNuM jagatanI sAmrAjyavAdI ghaTanA banI hatI. A sau A ghaTanAnAM aMge hatAM. A sAmrAjyavAdI ghaTanA, ghaTanA tarIke eka hatI ane game te sAmrAjyamAM kaTokaTI ubhI thAya te A vizvasamrAjyavAda temAM saMDovAI jAya tevuM hatuM. A sAmrAjyavAdanI kaTokaTI jyArathI bismArka mahAna jaramanInI racanA karI ane jyArathI A mahAna jaramanInA praziyana zahenazAhe, kaisare, pitAnA sAmrAjyane jagatamAM sauthI moTuM sAmrAjya banAvavAne IrAde jAhera karyo tyArathI zarU thaI cUkI hatI. basa tyArathI jaramana sAmrAjya tAkAta ane vadhAre tAkAtanuM pitAnuM dhyeya banAvI dIdhuM. tAkAta ane vadhAre tAkAta jema saMpAdana thatI gaI tema A sAmrAjyanI bhUkhI tRNuM vadhArene vadhAre tivra banatI gaI. jarmana sAmrAjyanI racanA jANe kevaLa tAkAtavaDe taraboLa banI gai ane jhaMjhAvata para palANavA mATe, AkhA jagatane zikAra karavA mATe, jarmanInI sAmrAjyavAdI ghaTanA bahAra nIkaLavA taiyAra thaI ane eka jaramana kavie A racanAne jahAja sAthe sarakhAvI. jarmanInuM A jahAja jaramana jahAja nahatuM paNa pazcimanI saMskRtinuM jahAja hatuM. yuropapara e ulyAnayugathI racAyuM hatuM. navI vANijya nItie ene Arthika zAhIvAdane pA dIdhuM hatuM ane vijJAne ene amaryAda tAkAtano DAyaneme dIdhuM hatuM. AtmA vinAnuM A yuropanuM rUpa have jarmana AkramaNanuM rUpa dhAraNa karatuM hatuM. jagata para yurepanA sAmrAjavAdane ukaLato carU 1928 nA sekAnA aMtamAM AkhA jagata para thoDA ja samayamAM taiyAra thaI gayelA yurepanA sAmrAjyavAdI dezane carU ukaLavA mAMDyuM hatuM. zAhIvAda athavA sAmrAjyavAda, ane zAhIvAdI athavA sAmrAjyavAdI sarakAre tathA e sarakAronAM zeSaNayaMtra calAvanArA arthazAstrIo ane rAjakIya purUSo A ukaLatA carU nIce aMgAra bharatA jatA hatA. A nAmadAre jIvanavijJAnanA jJAnathI bilakula vimUkha hatA. A mahAnubhAvone vijJAna nAmanI saMsthAnA sAmAjika svarUpanI kazI ciMtA paDI na hatI. A pracaMDa vAmanajIone sAmAjika vijJAnanI kaI gatAgama nahotI. eka pazunI jema

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52 vizva itihAsanI rUparekhA ' ,, e saune potAnI sthULa tAkAtanuM ja bhAna hatuM. A bhAnapUrvaka te AkhA jagatane kacaDIne tenA para potAnuM siMhAsana jamAvavA mAgatA hatA. A AgevAnInuM svarUpa polAdanA racelA yaMtrabaddha rAkheTa jevuM hatuM. A romeTanA rUpavALuM nAnakaDuM speIna paNa ekavAra ema mAnatuM hatuM ke te pote paNa taiyAra thai cUkyuM hatuM. sAmrAjyavAdI heADamAM ekavAra e sauthI AgaLa hatuM. pachI hAleDa, Daca rIpablIka banyuM, ane eNe speinane pAchu pADI dIdhuM. jIva saTAsaTanI sAmrAjyavAdI doTa zarU thai gaSTa, hAlenDane haDasele mArIne phrAnsa AgaLa AvI gayuM. paNa tyAMtA phrAnsane gulAMTa lagAvIne iMglenDa sauthI AgaLa AvyuM ane AkhA jagata para sAmrAjyavAdI paga goThavIne ubhuM. AvA jonabulanA nAmavALA sAmrAjyavAda Aje saune vaDA hatA. eNe mAthuM uMcakIne ahaMkArathI trADa dai dIdhI hatI ke jagatabharamAM have amArU sAmrAjyavAdI harIpha kAi jIvatuM nathI rahyuM. paNa tyAM jamanI eka ja rAtamAM zastrasajIne khelyuM, huM taiyAra thAuM chuM. ' praziyAmAMthI jamanIne sAmrAjyavAdI ahaMkAranA avAja AvyA. jarmanInA A sAmrAjyavAdI svarUpane bismArka nAmanA mahAna ja kare athavA jamInadAre janmAvyuM hatuM; ane ucheryu hatuM. A svarUpe pAtAnA ArbhamAM ja peAtAnA paDeAzI phrAnsane parAjIta banAvI dIdhuM ane esTrIyA para sarvAMgI hakumata sthApI dIdhI. A mahAna jana rAjya jagatanA mAlika banI cUkelA briTana sAthe hariphAimAM utarI cUkayuM hatuM, tathA A hiraphAInA dAva peca khelavA te raNabhUmine zodhatuM hatuM. A janarAjyanuM svarUpa pAyAmAM jakarAnI samAjaTanAvALuM athavA jamInadArazAhIvALuM hatuM. A rajavADI samAjaTanAnI Toca para vaijJAnika svarUpa dhAraNa kareluM ane adyatana evI saMgaThanAnuM lazkarI svarUpa jamAvelu praziyana sTeTa athavA jammUna sTeTa beThuM hatu. A jana sTeTanA levaranA yAMtrika rUpamAM udyogavAdanI ghaTanA bharacaka banI hatI. yuropamAM jarmana mahArAjya amuka vaijJAnika utpAdanamAM briTanathI paNu caDhiyAtuM banI cUkayuM hatu. enA eke eka aMgamAM yAMtrika zAhIvAdanI tAkAta jharatI hatI, enI tAkAta sAme bAtha bhIDI zake evA briTananA sAmrAjyanI uparAMta yuropanI aMdara khIjuM kAI sAmrAjya hatuM nahi. yuropanI bahAranA pradezamAM amerikana sAmrAjya zAhIvAdI ghaTanAnA svarUpamAM zarU thatuM hatuM. parantu bahAranA jagata para enuM dhyAna haju Adhu dorAyu hatu. tyAre A mahAna jarmIna rAjyanI kAyAmAM jagatanA sAmrAjyavAde khaDakelAM tamAma bhautikabaLA hatAM. sAmrAjyavAdanA zista jevI nizALe

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sAmrAjyavAda eTale yuddha 513 eNe gAmegAma mAMDI dIdhI hatI. A nizALAmAM vaijJAnika buddhinA vibha vikasavA mAMDayeA hatA. paNa A badhI vibhAvanA udyogavAdI kAcalAnA vikAsa mATeja meAjavAmAM AvI hatI. A ceAjanAmAM sAmAjika mUlyane sthAna nahAtuM. A yojanAnI aMdara te vaijJAnika buddhivikAsa sAmrAjyavAdanA dAsa banIne vaijJAnika zodhakheALA karye jatA hatA. A zeAdhA vaDe khUba titra evI jhaDapathI jarmana mahArAjya, jagatanuM sauthI mATuM utpAdaka ane vANijya mathaka banyuM. tenuMpAlAnuM utpAdana aMgrejI utpAdanathI paNu vadhI gayuM. utpAdana ane vepAranAM aneka navAM kSetro eNe khullAM mUkayAM. rAsAyaNika udyagAmAM AkhAya jagatamAM e pahelu AvyuM. eNe vikAsanA A svarupamAM phALa bharavA mAMDI. jarmana sAmrAjyavAdanA rathanI jhaDapanI gati jema vadhatI gaI tema vaijJAnikA buddhijIvIe ane zramamAnavA sau kAi A yaMtra rathanI aMdara jakaDAi gayelA skru jevAM banI gayAM. vijJAnanI dhaTanAnuM A svarUpa A lazkarI yaMtramAM zista ane cokasAinA namUnA banyu. A AkhAye rathayaMtramAMthI mAnavabaMdhutA nAmane AtmA maraNa pAmI cUkyA hatA, ane jagata jItanArI tRSNA sukAna para sarvopari banIne beThI hatI. cudronmAda *jarmana prajApara, jamana nizALA mAraphata, sAhitya mAraphata ane rAjayanA cAlatA satata pracAra mAraphata eka ja bAbata ThokI besADavAmAM AvI ke jarmana, mahA prajA che. jarmanI ja AkhA jagata para zAsana karavAne nirmAyuM che. jarmana samazeranI tAkAtane sauthI moTo kAnUna vizva vijayanA nakkI thayA. + It is mere illusion and pretty sentiment to expect much, even anything at all from mankind, if it forgets how to make war. As yet no means are known which call so much into action as a great war, that rough energy born of the camp, that deep impersonality born of the hatred, that concience horn of murder and cold bloodedness, that farvour born of effort in the annihilation of the enemy, that proud indifference to loss, to one's own existence, to that of one's own fellows, 34 dr

Page #535
514 vikava ItihAsanI rUparekhA jagatane jItavAno A kAnUna dhAraNa karIne jarmanIe yuddhane unmAda dhAraNa karyo. jarmanImAM saMrakRtinuM khyAna bhUlAI gayuM. jagatanA bhUtakALane badhe ItihAsa zikhavave tyAM baMdha thaI gayo. yuddha bhArata jagatane ItihAsa eTale jarmana mahAprajAne ItihAsa racavA, jarmana sAmrAjyavAda taiyArIo karavA lAgyA. ekalA yuddhane unmAda ja jarmana havAmAnanI vicAra saraNImAM taraboLa thaI gaye. A unmAdane pitAnuM tatva ciMtana banAvanAra nirbhe nAmane eka vicAraka sAmrAjyavAdane tatvaciMtaka bane. A tatvaciMtanane sura yuddha ane saMhArane banI gayo. sAmrAjyanuM AvuM ciMtana svarUpa hatuM. sAmrAjyanuM AvuM pazurUpa vika rALa banyuM jatuM hatuM ane mAnava baMdhutAne upahAsa karatuM, cuMdhe nIkaLavAne unmAda vadhAryuM jatuM hatuM. cuddhara zahenazAha, kesara ' hahelana rAjavaMzamAM A yuddhakhorane vIlIyama pahelAnA dikarA phreDarIka trIjAne tyAM janma thayo. aMgrejI sAmrAjyanI mahArANI vikaTorIyAne mAtRpakSe e pautra thatuM hatuM. enuM nAma eNe sijhara athavA kejhara evuM dhAraNa karyuM. A zahenazAhe gAdI para AvatAM ja jarmana mahArAjya joga jAherAta karI ke, "huM pite matAdhikAra ke bahumatimAM mAnatA nathI. sainika ane lazkare ja jarmana sAmrAjyanI racanA karI che ane temanI aMdara ja mAro vizvAsa che. mAre vizvAsa bahumatiomAM nathI." pachI eNe pitAnA rAjakIya pitA jevA vRddha bismArka sAthe paNa kacho karyo ane i. sa. 1890 mAM tene baratarapha karyo. jatAM jatAM bismArka kahyuM ke "zahenazAha pite ja have pitAnA cenaselara thavA mAge che." jarmana zAhIvAdano e saranazIna pitAnA juvAna zarIramAM nabaLo cahere saMtADavA ghaNuM meTI mUcho rAkhatuM hatuM ane jyAre ne tyAre moTo Tepa paherIne tathA lAMbI taravAra laIne chabI paDAvatA hatA. ene eka hAtha janmathI ja bAdale hatuM ane bIjA hAthamAM samazera samAlate e jarmanIne mahAna banAvavAne divo peTAvavAne che ema mAnate hatuM ane kahete hate. jarmanI patharAze patharAze ja! jarmanIne ene loko mATe, vepAra mATe, lazkara mATe ane abhimAna mATe saMsthAne joIze ja."

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31 vizvayuddha paheluM [yuropanA bAlakana pradezaparane sarakhIyA-tAMDava pahelAnuM taNakhaluM-vizvayuddhanuM saMhAra svarUpa, ] yuropanA bAlakana pradezomAM sarabIyA ogaNIsamA saikAne aMta Avato hato tyAre yuropanI sAmrAjyavAdI chabI yAdavAsthalI TALavAne mithyA prayatna karatI hatI. aMgrejI zAhIvAdane DijharAyalI nAmane vaDA pradhAna, saune vaDe e sAmrAjyavAdI dhUraMdhara hato. E kakakakI karI re'-' jo : - 5' *** 4 - '. 'T || i', ' ''S Tr. LT1 WIN *WAS , IN ITAL All Aii || ful" A dhUraMdhare pitAnA sAmrAjyavAdanI sauthI moTI mahArANI vikaTerIyAnI jyubIlIne gulAma banelA sauthI moTA hiMda dezapara ujavI batAvI hatI. paraMtu yuropanA hRdaya jevA bAlkana pradeza para tyAre yuddhane carU ukaLato hate. jarmanI have jagatapara sauthI moTuM sAmrAjya jamAvavA taiyAra thayuM hatuM. bAlkananA amuka pradeza para enuM svAmItva hovuM ja joIe evuM eNe jAhera karyuM hatuM. aMgrejI sAmrAjyavAde ene ThaMDu pADavA jarmanInA pATanagara baralInamAM eka pariSada che. A pariSadamAM aMgrejI DijharAyalI ane jarmana bismArka ekasAthe sAmasAmA beThA. pariSadamAM nakkI thayuM ke, manTanI, rUmAnIyA ane sarabIyAne svataMtra rAja gaNavAM. basanIyA nAmanA pradezane, A pariSade, turkastAnanI pakaDa nIcethI esTriIyAnA jarmana adhikAra nIce soMpI dIdhe. jagatanA dezonuM A rIte lilAma karatA zAhIvAdI dAgaroe, baralIna pariSada pUrI karI. tAMDava pahelAMnuM taNakhaluM pachI osTrIyana mahArAjAne gAdI vArasa pharaDInAnDa pitAne parAdhIna banelA basanIyAnA pATanagara sArAjImAM sahelagAhe AvyA. A pATanagaramAM eka sarabIyana jUvAne enA para gALI tAkI ane pele pATavIkumAra marele paDyo. 1914nA junanI 28mIne A banAva, tAMDava pahelAnI cina

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516 vizva I tihAsanI rUparekhA mArI jevo banyA. osTrIyA, haMgerI, ane praziyAnA mahAna jarmanIvALA mahArAjAone yuddha jAhera karavAnuM bahAnuM maLyuM. temaNe sarabIyApara AkharI nAmAnI aDatAlIsa kalAkamAM amala karavAnI AkarI zarata mUkI. yuropanI sAmrAjyavAdI baralIna pariSade svataMtra rAkhelA sarabIyAe zarate svIkAravAnI nA pADI. jaramanIe sarabIyApara yuddha jAhera karyuM ane tarataja phrAnsapara caDhavA mATe rasto ApavAno belajIyamane eNe paDakAra karyo. jarmanInA kaeNjhare, ogasTanA pahelA divase raziyA sAme yuddha jAhera karyuM ane ogasTanI 3jIe phrAnsa sAme yuddha jAhera karyuM. belajIemanI sarahadapara jarmana lazkare athaDAyAM, tathA ogasTanI bIjI eja aMgrejI sAmrAjyavAde jaramanIne AkharInAmuM ApyuM. jApAnI sAmrAjyavAde, mitra evA aMgrejI sAmrAjyavAdanA pakSamAM jarmanI sAme naveMbaramAM yuddha jAhera karyuM, ane TarakI paNa yuddhamAM utarI paDayuM. yuropanI yAdavAsthalI jevA AMtaravigraha zarU thayo. sAmrAjavAdI yuropa yuddhamAM utaryo eTale teNe potapotAnA parAdhIna dezane paNa yuddhamAM utArI dIdhA. AkhuM jagata yuropanuM parAdhIna banI cUkyuM hatuM eTale A yuddhamAM AkhuM jagata saMDovAI gayuM. vizvaItihAsamAM A rIte paheluM vizvayuddha zarU thayuM. duniyAne have khabara paDI gaI ke sAmrAjyavAda eTale ja yuddha ane saMhAra

Page #538
vizvayuddha paheluM 517 tathA satata AkramaNa che. ene e paNa khabara paDI gaI ke, vizva have eka vizva banI cUkayuM che ane rASTra rASTra vaccenI sarahado tUTI gaI che. epaNa saMyukta nahI evA, parAdhIna vizvanA vizvayuddhanuM saMhAra svarU5. mAnava saMhAra uparAMta A vizva yuddha mAnavasaMskRtine ujADI nAkhanAra aneka pariNAmo pedA karyo, aneka nagaro ane gAmone tArAja karyA, aneka pUla ane ImAratono nAza karyo, aneka kArakhAnAM ane udyogone ujADI dIdhA tathA aneka mAIle paranAM khetaronI lIletarIone bhelADI dIdhI. sAmrAjyavAda eTaleja yuddha athavA mAnava saMhAra ane saMskRtinI nAbudI che te vizvaItihAsanI hakIkata, vizvayuddha banIne vizvavyApaka binA banI cUkI..

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518 pahelA vizvayuddhanA (1914-18) mAnava saMhAra deza mAta pAmelA gaMbhIra ghavAyelA 43000 617740 700000 1000000 500000 40000 322000 200000 10000 1800 amerikA greTabriTa phrAnsa raziyA iTAlI huMgerI TI 107284 807451 1,427,800 2762064 elajIama sarabIma rUmAnIA grIsa pAraTugAla jApAna jaramanI 1611104 osTrIyA- 911000 507160 267000 507343 339117 15000 4000 300 AsTrelIyA nyujhIlenDa }0386 54890 16500 hIda 59296 phreMca kAlenIalsa 42569 vizva itihAsanI rUparekhA 1600000 850000 Adhu ghavAyelA 148000 1,441,394 2344000 3950000 462196 100000 28000 3000. 12000 907 2183243 2150000 khAvAi 155799 158199 41432 46996 44000 gaelA 4912 64200 453500 2500000 1359 0 0 0 10000 107772 300000 103731 8 12399 10825 436924 alagerIyA 101324 300000 A pahelA vizvayudhdha, zAhIvAdI yAdavAsthaLImAM yuropanI bhUmipara karelA mAnava saMhAranA kula saravALA nIce pramANe thayA. mAta pAmelA-9,998,772; ochuM dhavAyalA-14,002,039 ga'bhAra dhavAyalA-6,295,512; khAvAi gaelA- 5,983,600 zAhIvAdanI A saMhAra ghaTanAe uparanA bahAra pADelA AMkaDAmAM chevaTe kAlAnIasa eTale saMsthAnika parAdhIna rASTromAMthI a MgrejI ane phrenca sasthAnemAMthI ja je mAnava khuvArI thai tenA AMkaDA nIce pramANe apAya. deza mAta pAmelA gabhIra ghavAyelA khAvAyA keneDA 8671 100000 116000 45000 200 3 772522 443000 45 3500

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pahelA vizvayuddha pachInuM vizvarUpa [vizvayuddha pahelAMnI kavi pliMganI kavitA-pahelA vizva yuddha pachI AphrikAnuM zuM thayuM?-AphrikAnI kinArI paranA prAcIna trikANa ijIpta, sudAna ane eDana-vIzamA saikAnI itihAsabhUmi, AphrikA-vidhaitihAsanI pagadaMDI paranuM navu parikhaLa, cIna-vidhaitihAsamAM pravezatA nUtanarASTra, hiM amerikAkhaMDanA rAjakIya paricaya-yu. esa, eTale ja amerikA evuM nathI-leTIna amerikA athavA yu. esa, uparAMtanA bIjo amerikA-leTIna amerikAnAM, aDhAra ripablIkA-yuropa ane yu. esa. e. te lAgu paDelI Arthika AMdhI. vizvayuddha pahelAMnI kavi kripalIMganI kavitA 32 bhUtakALamAM zAhIvAdanA kavi kipalIMge lakhelI kavitAnA zAhIvAdI khaDiyAmAM paDatA paDadhA bhutakALanA AbhAsa jevA saMbhaLAtA hatA. A zabdovALI kavitAo vizvayuddhamAM katala khananArA aMgrejI dikarAee gokhI hatI. A kavitAmAM, pelA dikarAe peAtAnA dezanA kinArA parathI upaDatI sTImarAne pUchatA hatA. sTImarA kahetI hatI ke ame jagatamAMthI dhanadolatanA "We are going to fetch you your bread and your butter Your beef, pork and muttan, eggs apple and chease We fetch it from Melbourne, Quoebec and Vancouver Address us at Hobart, Hongkong and Bombay. "Then what can I do for you All you big steamers Oh what can I do for Your comfort and good? Send out your big warships To watch your big waters That no one may stop us From:bringing you food.

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520 vikava ItihAsanI rUparekhA DhagalA laI AvavA jaIe chIe. pelA dikarAo kahetA hatA ke ame tamArI zuM sevA bajAvI zakIe ! tenA javAbamAM pelI sAmrAjyavAdI vaNajhAra gAtI hatI ke tame yuddhanaukAo mAraphata ApaNuM sAmrAjyanA sAte samudro para ApaNuM sAgaramArgonuM rakSaNa kare. bA 12 * ja che. i.sa.1421 - a * = 1 nA 1 s t :- na - * * sa - - kAkA-kAka

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vizvayuddha paheluM para1 paNa kare che ane abajo mAnavonA rASTronuM zoSaNa karIne, briTana, phrAnsa, jaramanI belajIama, ane helenDanA zAhIvAdI dezamAM ThalavAtI dhanadolatathI ubharAtI sTImare have AvatI ochI thavA mAMDI hatI ane A sTImarenuM rakSaNa karate zAhIvAdI naukAkAphale, vizvayuddha laDIne maraNa tela thAkI gayo hato. A uparAMta eziyana ane Aphrikana rASTranAM parAdhIna prajAjane paNa have AjhAdI athavA vimuktinI, vizva rUpAntara karanArI vizva ItihAsanI hilacAla AraMbhI cUkyAM hatAM. AvAM navAM paribaLe, pahelA vizvayuddha pachI,. jagatamAM dAkhala thaI cUkyAM hatAM. eziyA AphrikAnA zeSaNa para racAyele yuropane zAhIvAdI saMbaMdha have tUTavA mAMDe hatuM tathA mahArANI vikaTorIyAe muMbaI, dilhImAM dIThe hatuM te zAhIvAdI dabadabo asahakAravALI mAnavatAnI vimukti hilacAla nIce kacaDAI jatuM hatuM. pekIMga ane kenTanamAM, raMguna ane vArtAmAM, kere ane taherAnamAM paNa evAM ja parivartana thavA mAMDyAM hatAM. ahIMnA jAnamAlanI khAnA kharAbI karIne dhanadolatane bharI javA AvanArI pelI sTImaranuM A nUtana banatAM rASTromAM rakSaNa karanAra ane sAgaranA rastAo para cekI karanAre nakAkAle vizvayuddhane mAnavasaMhAra karIne have parAsta banate hate. vimuktine nUtana dekhAva A saMsthAne have rASTra banatAM hatAM. A saMsthAne paranA neTI have nAgarika AjhAdInI asmitAbharI surakhI dAkhavatAM hatAM. A saMsthAno para hatAM te " laMbamIlIyansa"ne badale eka rASTriDhatAnA dhyeyane varelI vimukti mAgatI prajAo dekhAvA mAMDatI hatI. A saMsthAonI sImAo para ubho rahIne, ekeeka rASTra, nUtanavimuktinuM navuM rASTragIta lalakArato ha. A vimukta mAgatA rASTrone dekhAva vizvaItihAsanI tasvIrane jAtimaya banAva hate. A dareka rASTranA rASTrapitAo pitApitAnA kinArA parathI navA ghaDAyelA rASTra jhaMDAne pharakAvatA bhUtakALanA zAhIvAdI oLAone ane othArane kahetA hatA. " amArI vimukta bhUmine choDI jAva " AvA ItihAsakAryane zapatha eziyA AphrikAno mUktaprANa lete hate. pahelA vizvayuddha pachI AphrikAnuM zuM thayuM? vizvayuddha pahelAM ane pachI AphrikA nAmane tA luMTAyele khaMDa zikArane mukhya sAmAna hato. luMTane A AphrikA nAmane mAla, yuddha pachI pharI vAra vaheMcAyo. yuddha pachInI thavA mAMDelI, havenI vaheMcaNIno niyama sAva sIdhe

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parara vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA sAdo hato. A niyama pramANe ja virya pAmelA zAhIvAdI deza saMsthAne vahecI letA hatA. sAmrAjyavAdI zikArIoe zikAranI karavA mAMDelI A vaheMcaNIne niyama e hatuM ke, vizvayuddhamAM je vijetAo heya temaNe parAjaya pAmelA zAhIvAdanAM saMsthAne paDAvI levI. pachIthI A niyamane amala karavA mATe ekaThA maLelA vijayI zAhIvAdee varaseIlsa mukAme, vizvayuddhanI luMTa tarIke pitAne bhAga AvelA AphrikA khaMDane nakazoTebala para pAtharyo ane tenI nIce pramANe vaheMcaNI karI. tyAM jaramanI nAmane parAjIta zAhIvAda, aparAdhInA pAMjarAmA ubho hato. yuddhamAM utaratA pahelAM eNe AphrikA khaMDapara 10,30,150 corasa mAIlapara pitAnI hakumata sthApI dIdhI hatI. AphrikAnA A jarmana saMsthAnanA bhAga paDyA ane briTana, phrAnsa, belajIama tathA piTuMgAlane eka eka TukaDe vaheMcI ApavAmAM AvyA. tyAre phrAnsanA kalImenazo nAmanA eka zAhIvAdI AgevAne ekarAra karyo ke, "paraMtu jaramanI ane ITAlI pAse AphrikAnI dharatI para ApaNe eke saMsthAna rahevA nathI dIdhuM, te bAbata eka vAstavikatA che. A vAstavikatAne nikAla karavA je ApaNe vAstavikatA pAse nahIM jaI zakIe te bhayAnaka rUpa dharIne e vAstavikatA ApaNI pAse eka divasa AvI pahe caze." paraMtu A vAstavikatA paNa AphrikAnA savAla tarIke ItihAsamAM pravezI cUkI hatI. A vAstaviktAnuM nAma AphrikAnI mAnavajAta hatuM. A vAstavitA aMtarikSamAMthI ubhI thavAnI ja hatI. paraMtu vAstaviktAne dekhavA jeTalI saMskArI najara zAhIvAde haju saMpAdana karI nahotI. zAhIvAdane mana te Adi kAne mAnava samudAya ane AphrikAnI dharatI yuropanAM bajAre mATe mAla sAmAna ja hatuM. paraMtu tethI AphrikAnAM mAnava samudAyo nAmanI A etihAsika vAstaviktAne lepa thaI jAya tema nahotuM. vizva ItihAsanuM e paNa eka mahAprabaLa satya hatuM. A satya paNa vAstavatAnI jIvana jevI nakkara hakIkatanuM rUpa dhAraNa karIne zAhIvAdane javAba mAgavAnuM ja hatuM. e samaya paNa AvI pahecavAne ja hate. AphrikAnI kinArI para prAcIna saMskRtine vikeNa saMskRtinA A atiprAcIna trikoNanuM nAma mesepiTemiyA (sumerIyA bebIlenIyA, esIrIyA) ane IjIpta che. IjIptanI rASTrabhUmi para vizvaIti hAsanI mAnava saMskRtine AraMbha thayo hate. AphrikAnI A anaMta jevI kinArI para eziyA sAthene A vANijya ane saMskAranI levaDadevaDane saMbaMdha

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523 vizvayuddha paheluM bhUmadhya sAgara parathI nAIla nadI para pahoMcatA hatA. AphrikAnI A anaMta jevI kinArI AphrikA karatAM pazcima eziyAnA pradeza hoya tevI dekhAtI hatI. AphrikAnA A vizvaitihAsanA pitAmaha deza, AphrikAnAM ativizALa UMDANu pradezAthI raNa vaDe judo paDatA hatA, ane vizva saritA jevI nAila nadInuM mukha, elekajhAMDrIyA nAmanA baMdaragAhamAM ijIptanI, pelesTAinanI ane grIsanI saMskRtinAM pAraNAmAM jhulatuM hatuM. pahelAM jyAre Ima atiprAcIna hatA tyAre senTresTase A baMdaragAhamAM bhUmadhyanA khalAsIone 'jAgatA rahejo'nI bUma pADanArI tyAranA jagatanI ajAyakhI jevI pAMcasA phITa uMcI zveta ArasanI dIvAdAMDI AMdhI hatI. A baMdaragAhamAM ubhA rahIne vizva vijaya karavA oooo yuropa TI Inza AphrikA msty Pozo rUsa zu Ica $bana araba stAna hrada sAIbIrIyA moMgolIyA gobI paiDIMga cIna suga jovA hiMdI mahAsAgara 000 & bhavAna pAsiphika mahA magara 2 sanDrelIbA

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paraja vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA nIkaLelA eka sikaMdara nAmanA juvAne tenuM nAma eNlekajhAMDrIyA pAyuM hatuM. A baMdara gAhamAM khIjA vizva vijetA sIjhare gamagIna banIne pAMpInuM kapAyelu mAthuM svIkAryuM" hatuM. nAIla maiyAnI ja A isa nAmanI saMskAra bhUminI ghaTanA hatI. A baMdara gAhathI dakSiNa pUrvamAM pacAsa mAIla para nekreTIsa nagara hatuM, ane A baMdara gAhanI dakSiNa pUrvamAM ja ekase te vIza mAila para keza nAmanuM pATanagara che. vijetA islAma saMskRtie A nagarane i. sa. 968 mAM bAMdhyuM hatuM. pachI phrAnse ene jItyuM hatuM ane tyAra pachI aMgrejI zAhIvAde eneA kabajo lIdhA hatA. A arvAcIna pATanagarane dakSiNuAre vIza mAila para prAcIna jagatanA mahAnagara mephIsanAM khaDiyo paDayAM che. yuropa jyAre jaMgala hatuM ane tyAMnI mAnavatAne zikArane khArAka pakavatAM paNa AvaDatu nahetuM tyAre A bhUmiparanAM meDDIsa, karanAka ane lukasaranAM vizvanagaramAM mahAna saMskRti jIvatI hatI tathA mephIsanagaranI vasatI gaNatarI vIza lAkha nAgarikAnI taidha karatI hatI. paNa have saikAo vahI gayA che. yurApanAM jaMgale pAchAM haTayAM che, ane saMskRti AgaLa vadhI che. yuropatI yaMtrayukta vANijyanIti zAhIvAda banIne jagata AkhA para phelAi cUkI che. yurApe pahelAM vizvayuddhanA sahAra khelIne, eziyA AphrikAnI prAcIna bhUmiparathI potAnI pakaDa tUTavA mAMDatAM, jyAMthI peAte zAhIvAdanAM vahANa huMkAryo hatAM, pazcimI yuropa tarapha pAchA haTavA mATe pahelA vizvayuddhanA upasaMhAra pachI have vijetA zAhIvAdIe paNa vicArI rahyA che. yurApa pahelAMnI maraNa pAmI cUkelI zahenazAhatAnAM khaDiyA bhegI tyAM meAta pAmavAnI A zAhIvAdI evI yurApIya ghaTanA chellA zvAsa kheMcavA TakI rahevAnA sannipAta kadAca isa upara je dhAraNa kare ema lAgavA mAMDyu che. ijIsa sudAna, ane eDana AphrikA khaMDanI kinArI para ImanI dakSiNa sarahada taraphathI te ekhisInIyA sudhI pizIyana sudAnane pradeza che. haju gaIkAla sudhI A pradeza eMgalAIpazIyana sudAna nA hatA. sAmAlIlenDa, Aphri kAnA ziMgaDA para beThelA pradeza jevA dekhAya che, ane te eDanano, jhAMjhIbAranI sAme AvelA che. eDana bhUmadhya ane hIdI mahAsAgarane sAMdhatI kaDI che. jema jhimanA temaA sudAnanA itihAsa paNa zAhIvAdI pakaDa nIcenA ThIka ThIka jANItA che. gAraDananA nAma sAthe saMkaLAine khAraTruma jANItuM banyuM tyAra

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vizvayuddha pahela parapa pachI sudAnanA A'navA nagara para briTananA ane briTananI pakaDa nIcenA IjIptane!, ema e jhaMDAe eka sAthe uDatA rahyA hatA. tyAre tyAM gavara janarala briTananI pasaMdagI pramANe aMgrejI IjIptanA rAjAne nimatA hatA. evA uttara ane dakSiNamAM meATI vastIvALA A sudAnamAM ane bhUmadhya tathA hIdI mahAsAgaranA setubaMdha jevA eDanamAM i. sa. 1939 nA jAnyuArInI 19 mI e aMgrejI parAdhInatAnAM se| varasa pUrAM thayAnI jayanti ujavavAmAM AvI. A jayantinI aMgrejI ujavaNI nIce, eDananuM Aphrikana kalevara irAnI AkhAtanI Toca parathI AphrikAnA pelA sekramAlIlenDa nAmanA ziMgaDA para thaine potAnI aDhAra hajAra phITanI uMcAiethI dekhatuM hatuM. kevuM A eDana hatuM ! tyAranA A aMgrejI kAlAnInA vistAra paceAtera ceArasa mAilanA che, enI aMdara ja perIma ane kAramAnanA nAnakaDA TApue AvI jAya che, tathA e yamana sudhI dakSiNa arakhI kinAre patharAya che. A eDana, irAnI tela pradezanI sauthI vadhAre najadIka che. aDadhA lAkhanI enI vastI baMdaranI majurInA rAjagAra para AjIvikA meLave che. ahIM paNa aMgrejI zAhIvAda jaLAnI jema ciTakI rahyo che. vizvayuddha pachInI hilacAla, jUnA jagatanA nAza pazcima yureApanA zAhIvAdanA laMDananA pAnagarathI te AphrikAnI kinArI para patharAyelA paDelA ijIpta nAmanA rASTranA kere| nAmanA pATanagara sudhI vizva itihAsanuM eka paribaLa kAme lAgI gayuM hatuM. jagata paranA zAhIvAdI vihavaTanA atanuM ane vizvanA tamAma rAAnI nUtana leAkazAhInA samAna darajjAnI ghaTanAnuM A paribaLa hatuM. jagatanA mAnava samudAyAne gulAma banAvanArUM, jagatanAM rASTrAne potAnAM saMsthAnA banAvanAra, AkhA jagatane peAtAnu kedakhAnuM banAvanArUM ane mAnava samudAyAmAM, marakI ane yuddhanA sahArA racanArU tathA parAdhIna pradezonA svadeza bhaktonAM mAthAM para hajAro pauDanAM InAma jAhera kara nArU briTananuM jUnuM jagata briTanamAMthI nAza pAmatuM hatuM ane tenI sAtheAsAtha laDenanA pATanagaramAMthI mAMDIne te A hilacAla zAhIvAdI jUnA jagatane nAza, ijIptanA kerA nagaramAM, ane eziyAnA pekIMga ane dilhI nagarAmAM paNa pUkAratI hatI. i. sa. 1932 mAM briTananA rAmase mekaDAnAlDa nAmane pradhAna A hilacAlane sudhatA hoya tema naveMbaranI 22 mIe pArlAmenTamAM kahetA hatA, "mane AjanI samAja ghaTanA kAyA peAtAnI palaTa karavA mAgatI hoya tema rRkhAya che. " ene dekhAtuM hatuM temAM enI, ane jagata para sauthI mADhu

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vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA sAmrAjya dharAvanAra zAhIvAdI racanAnI, eka vyathA zarU thaI cUkI hatI te hatuM jagata para sauthI moTuM sAmrAjya ekalA briTana nAmanA kAI nAnakaDA TApumAM, ke laMDana nAmanA keI pATanagaramAM ja nahIM, paraMtu parAdhIna banelA jagatanAM rASTramAM tUTatuM hatuM tathA AphrikA nAmanA aMdhArA khaMDamAM paNa nUtana jAgRtine prakAza dekhAvA mAMDatuM hatuM. vizamA saikAnI ItihAsa bhUmi, AphrikA amaryAda evI latanA bhaMDAravALe AphrikAkhaMDa jagatamAM hIrAnI kula pedAzanA 98 TakA pedA kare che, paMcAvana TakA senu pedA kare che, 22 TakA tAMbu tathA ghaNuM moTA pramANamAM meMgenIjha, kromIyama ane yurenIyama pedA kare che. A bhUmi jagatanI kekeAnI pedAzamAM be tratIyAMza bhAga nipajAve che. chatAM paNa e bhUkhyo, pradeza che. chatAM paNa enA mAnava samudAya mATe * enI potAnI dharatI para kheDavAnI jamIna enI nathI, ke rahevAnA raheThANa mATene adhikAra paNa eno nathI. ene ItihAsa gulAma dazAthI AraMbhAyele yAtanAone ItihAsa che. A yAtanAonI agni parikSAmAM tavAI tavAine zamI javAne badale Aje vizamA zatakamAM eziyA khaMDanI sAthosAtha ene prANa pUkAre che, ke e mAnava samudAya jIva rahyo che, ane matane pratikAra karavA, pahelA vizvayuddha pachI paga TekavavA mAMDe che. eTale ApaNuM jagatane A khaMDa, visamA zatakanA bIjA dazakAmAM vizva ItihAsanA uMbarA para dekhAya che. enA rASTra pradeza para enA pagabhara thavAnI A kriyA have AkhA khaMDa para judI judI ja chAyAnuM vimuktinuM rUpa dhAraNa karaze ja. jyAM A utthAnanuM rUpa ubhuM thatuM mAluma paDe che tyAM jUnA jagatane sAmrAjyavAdI paDachAyo ene pakaDIne besADI devAnI kheMcAkheMcI paNa jarUra kare, kAraNa ke je AphrikA jIvate bane te tenA jIvanane niSedha karanAra zAhIvAdI ghaTanAnA chavatarane paNa aMta Ave. paheluM vizvayuddha jItIne khUvAra banelA A zAhIvAdane, AphrikAnI bhUmi para uttara parathI dekhavA maDi te, eTalAMTika zAhIvAdI jUtha A mathake para asAja laIne macI paDeluM dekhAya che. A zastrasAjanA Arthika zarIra jevI IjArAvAdI sAhIvAdI udyoga kaMpanIo A dharatI para prAcIna jaDatA para lehasUsa jaDa jevI jAmI gaI che. A zeSaNanuM rUpa pazunI adAthI kemAMthI yukrenIyamane, uttara reDeziyAmAMthI tAMbAne, nAIgIrIyAmAMthI kolaMbAI ne, lIberIyAmAthI rabarane zoSe che. zoSaNunuM A bhakSaka rUpa mAnava samudAnA svatvane pazu thase che.

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vizvayuddha paheluM para7 chatAM dekhe te, AphrikAne A mAnava samudAya pagabhara thavAnI vimuktinI hilacAlano AraMbha kare che. morekakenuM kamADa navuM pATIyuM lagAve che. amerikAnAM vimAnI mathaka ane naukA mathakonI paravA karyA vinA A virATa mAnava, elajIriyA ane TayunIsIyApara paNa saMcArava zarU kare che. sudAna ane IjIptanI aMgrejI kinArI parathI aMgrejI sAmrAjyane siMha, pitAnA dvipa vatanamAM pAchA jAya tevA have saMcArava saMbhaLAya che. vizvaitihAsanI pagadaMDI paranuM nUtana rUpa, cIna pahelA vizvayuddha pachI vizva ItihAsanI pagadaMDI para keNa AgekUca karatuM hatuM? mAnavajAtanI saMskRtinA ItihAsanAM paribaLo A savAla jagatanA ItihAsane abhyAsa karanArAone, pahelA vizvayuddha pachI pUchatAM hatAM. Avo savAla Aja sudhI koIe keIne pUchyuM nahatuM. A savAlane javAba mAnava jAtanI vimuktinAM mUlyanAM vyavahAranuM svarUpa jyAM itihAsa para caDhatuM hoya tyAMthI ja maLI zakato hoya che. A javAba yurepa amerikAnI zAhIvAdI ghaTanAnI hilacAla have daI zakatI nahotI. te te AMdhI aMdhakAra tathA saMhAranuM ja sarajana karatI hatI. A savAlano javAba eziyA ane AphrikAnA mAnavasamudAyo vimuktinI hilacAlane dhAraNa karIne ApavA mAMDayAM hatAM. vizvaItihAsanuM nUtana paribaLa banavA cIna taiyAra thatuM hatuM. vijatA zAhIvAde varasAlImAM zAMtinuM tahanAmuM ghaDI tyAre beThA hatA. e ja vijetAonA pakSamAM cIne potAnA dIkarAone laDavA mekalyA hatA ane pitAnI sevAnA badalAmAM zAhIvAdI vijetAo cIna paranI pakaDa theDIka DhIlI te karaze ja evI AzAthI cInanA pratinidhio paNa varasAlInI beThakamAM arajI laIne beThA hatA. tyAM pachI zAMti salAhanA cothA vibhAgane sAtamo kAnUna vaMcAya ke cInanI aMdara jarmanIe chate zAnatuMga prAMta che te ja japAne laI le. cInane A i . w ith Do. suna pachI cInathI ka (CH IS T ,, - pada jo ke 0: - - *

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vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA amerikAnI zAhIvAdI sarakAra pAse vAziMgaTana pariSadamAM gayA ane tyAMthI paNa khAlI hAthe pAcho pharyo. pachI e cInanI dhUna dhIkhate paradezamAM patharAyelI cInI jAvAnIne paNa jagADatA hatA. DaoN. sunayAta-sena cInane DhaDhALatA hatA, ane dekhI rahetA hatA ke cIna para karADe leAkeA navA jIvana para saLavaLatA AMkhA cALatA hatA. hajAro varasathI baMdhAyelA paganI eDa cInI chekarI cheADatI hatI te hajArA varasAthI sIcelA mAthA paranA sApanA bhArAtI laTAne * kheAba' karatI hatI. se...kaDA varasathI thIjI gayelAM cInanA pANI khaLakhaLatAM hatAM. seMkaDe varasathI cInanA dimAga para AjJAdhArakatAnI jALa bichAvIne beThelA kanaphyuziyasanI kitAba bhaNavAne badale cInaneA navA samAja, have kA'mArkasanI cApaDI bhaNavA besatA hatA. tyAre cInamAM DA. suna jhakIne jAgate hatA. cInane e DhaDhALatA hatA ane cInane kahetA hatA. " jIvananI sAcI zAMti meLavavA uThe ane jIvana saMgrAmamAM lAgI jA ! " saTa kanaphyuziyasanI junI nikSALAmAM AjJAdhArakatAnA ja pATha AjasudhI bhaNelA eziyAnA A virATa rASTra ALasa maraDIne uThatA hatA, ane rASTrapitA sune mAMDelI navI nizALamAM bhaNavA besatA hatA. * 8 mArA cIna ! mAre| cIna !' enA saLagatA zvAsanI varALA dhIkhatI hatI, te enuM dila dhabakatuM hatuM. suna--yAta-sena cInane zodhatA kahetA hatA, "mArA cIna tyAM che jyAM cinAi gAdI para lAhInA parasevA pADatI majUrI khAMdha para maNubadhI khAkhAMe ane kAthaLAe ulece che. jyAM cInanAM majUra naranArIo te khALa-bALakIo, capaTI bhAtanI bhaDakI pIe che. jyAM aradhI nAgI janatA kapALe hAthe, page, aMdaranA kheAjA sAthe baMdhAyelI lAhI jhare che evA cIna ene dekhAvA lAgyA, ane e melye, * ane mArA cIna tyAM che jayAM ...cinAi nagarAnA rastA para rikSAe kheMcAya che. tyAM vaLI gayelI kaDavALA, kheMcAi gayelA ta MtuovALA cIna, vanane bhAra vahe che. jyAM kArakhAnAM che te majUrA che, jyAM khANA ne khANiyAM che.te tyAM, jyAM kapAsa Uge che, jyAM cAnA bagIcA che, jyAM bhAtanA DhagalA pADe che,jyAM chekarIo chaDecAka vecAya che, jyAM bALakAnA kaccaradhANa mele che.' ema enI AMkha sAme cInanI chabbI jIvatI banI. ene cIna jAyo, paNa jaDelA cInamAM e khAvAi gayA hatA. kr e kahetA hatA, " ame banne premIe chIe, huM ane cIna ! " cIna taraphanA sAcA premane lIce eNe zAhIvAdI svarUpane pArakhI lIdhuM. A zAhIvAdI rUpa, aMgrejI pArlAmenTanuM, hAya ke jApAnI mikADAnuM hoya ke pachI te khullAM-mA

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vizvayuddha paheluM 529 vALI amerikana pramukhanI lokazAhInuM heya, paNa saunI eka murAda cInane bharakhI javAnI hatI te ene dekhAyuM. eTale vizvaItihAsanA simADA para zAhIvAdanA niSedha para racAyelA dekhAtA zramamAnavanA rUza deza sAthe maitrIne eNe hAtha laMbAvyo. eNe rASTra ektAne jIMdagInuM kArya banAvyuM. pachI thoDAM varase ja A rASTrapitA maraNa pathArImAM paDe. jyAre cIna ene ja hatuM, tyAre ja e cInI virATamAM vilAI jatuM hoya tema matane kSaNabhara khALI rAkho kahete hate, " mAruM vila, mAruM vila, dhAruM AkharI nAmuM lakhI le! mArA mota pachI zAhIvAdI duzamane, A cInane eka banavA nahIM de! A virATa rASTrane khAI javAnI tarakIbo racaze tyAre rASTranI ekatA, janatAnI lokazAhInA nakkara vyavahAra para racavA uttara para caDhAI karIne, jUnA jagatane cInamAMthI parAjIta karIne, dakSiNa-uttara-pUrva-pazcimanI eka cInanI, leka aiyanI." bolatA rASTrapitAe AMkha mIcI dIdhI tyAre i. sa. 1925nA phebruArIno 24 mo divasa hate. pAche, eka varasa pachI ja e mahAna banele divasa, nAnakIMga nagaramAM AvI pahece hatuM ane pelA rASTrapitAnI saMvatsarIne tenA AkharI nAmAne amala karavA cInI janatA ujavatI hatI. pegoDA zaNagArAyo hato. AsapAsanAM taLAvaDAMnI sonerI rUperI bhAi S cI 67

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530 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA lIo pANImAM raMganI chAyA relavatI ramatI hatI. teNe lacatAM hatAM, mINabattIo saLagatI hatI, mazAla prakAzatI hatI, kenavAsa para tAjAM derAyelAM nUtana cInanAM citro jIvatAM thaI gayAM hatAM. e citramAM dhUmaketunI pUchaDI saLagatI hatI, naranArIonI AMkhe saLagatI hatI, eka sonerI pakSInI pAMkhe saLagatI AkAzamAM uDatI hatI. e citarAmaNo para madharAtanI cAMdanI rekhA racatI hatI ane AkhI DuMgaramALa citramAM citra banIne DolatI hatI. suna paNa enI kabaramAM DolI UThyo haze ema janatAnuM dila jhaMkhatuM hatuM tyAre khAnA tavA nIce madharAtanA aMgArA dhIkhatA hatA. nI-cIlA-phAna-mA ?" bhAta khAze ke belatA AvakAra ApatAM lekene nAnAM nAnAM chokarA chokarIo bhAtanI kaDachI bharIne umaLakAbharyA, UgatI savArathI pUchatAM hatAM. nUtana cInanI ahIM ujANuM thatI hatI. chAbaDIo patharAtI hatI. chAbaDIonI cAre kera naranArIo ane bALake goThavAtAM hatAM, bhAta pirasAtA hatA, bhAtamAM tela para taratAM zAka reDAtAM hatAM. suna nAmanA rASTrapitAnI saMvatsarIne cInanAM, cinAI mATIDAMo UjavatAM bhAta khAtAM hatAM. ahIM saMyukta cInanI cinAI mATI para, kisAna-zrama, mAna nUtana banatAM hatAM. cInI varasAdamAM cinAI prANanI suvAsanA ahIM edha uDatA hatA. nAnakIMga nagaranI uttara-pUrva dizAmAM parapala parvatanI godamAM Do. sunanI kabara para Aje garIba janatA bahumAna karatI hatI. koNa hatI, A garIba janatA ! eja cIna hatI. De-sune zodhele cInane e lekazAhI virATa hate. Aje e virATa A rASTrapitAnA vilane vArasadAra banIne cInI rASTranI ekatA ghaDavA nAnakIMgathI pekIMga tarapha enI najara mAMDate hate. ane uttara para caDhavAnAM kaMkAnizAna sAthe Aje DaoN. sunane divasa parapala parvatanI chAyAmAM UjavavA AvI moTI saMkhyAmAM bhegA thayA hatA. tyAM bahAra eka maMDa5 hate. maMDapa para lIlA ne lAla vAMsanI kamAne bAMdhavAmAM AvI hatI. maMDapanI AsapAsa pATiyAM lakhelAM laTakatAM hatAM, ane vAvaTA pharakatA hatA. "ahIM amArA DaoN. suna-yAta-senanI kabara che. gaI sAla, A divase e ahIM daphanAyA hatA.' pachI caMdranA rUperI ajavALAmAM paDachAyAo nAcavA mAMDe tyAM sudhI bhASaNa thatAM hatAM ne gIta gavAtAM hatAM tyAre jANe kabara phADIne pele DaoNkaTara bahAra nIkaLI paDaze ne bUma pADI UThaze ke, "cIna...........mAro deza !" ema saune lAgatuM.

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vizvayuddha paheluM 531 | nAnakIMgane rASTravAda pitAnI rajavADI pachAta dazAne khatama karavA uttara para caDhavAne hate. nAnakIMgathI utAvaLI najare uttara cIna para TharatI hatI, ane dakSiNa uttara ne eka karanArI hilacAla zarU thatI hatI. aMdhArAnuM kaphana upaDatuM hatuM ane deza dekhAtA hatA. e dezane eka dekhavA ane eka karavA uttara cIna paranA caDhAvanAM duMdubhI gAjatAM hatAM. "uttarane dezane pharatI dIvAla.. ane pele bhayAnaka musAphara havAMgahe, kALanA lelakanI jema be hajAra varasanA ItihAsa para cInI pAraNAM para ne kabare para aTTahAsya karate ane pILA pralaya uchALate vahete hate. smAraka dekhAtAM hatAM. ItihAsa beThe thatuM hatuM. meMgeliyAnA medAna parathI jaMgalIonAM dhADAM AvelAM te divasa paNa yAda Avato hato. dRSTimaryAdA udhaDatI jatI hatI. pILI nadI pAse uttaramAM mogala lekenA samayanA atiprAcIna cIna rASTra paranA A uttara pradeza parathI ItihAsanA copaDA ukelAtA hatA. parvate ane medAne saLavaLatAM hatAM. tyAM ja huna-nunA ghoDesvAroe hAna-rAjavaMzane ragadoLI nAkhyA hatA, tyAM ja skIthiyano AvyA hatA, huNanAM ToLeToLAM utarI paDyAM hatAM ane suga rAjavaMzIo para jaMghIsakhAna tUTI paDayo hatuM. tyAM uttara-pUrvamAM bhUrA parvatenI kinArIonI eraNa para jaMghIsakhAna nAmane luhAra tyAre taravAre TIpate hate. dUra uttaramAM gebInA gubArA UDatA hatA. tyAMthI dhoLI ane pILI retIne mahAsAgara dareka dizAmAM ghUghavate hato. tyAM haraNAMo bhUlAM paDatAM hatAM ane sArasa chetarAtAM hatAM ane gusse thayelI cIsa pADatAM uDI jatAM hatAM. jANe ghAsanA eka taNakhalA paNa vinAnA matanuM rAja jyAM vistaratuM hatuM tyAM tyAre prAcIna motanA rAjamAM moTAM nagare sUtAM hatAM. tyAM ATha saikA pahelAMnI jaMghIsakhAnanI vADIo para retI UDatI hatI. ekale une ne sUkko pavana eka cheDethI bIjA cheDe ciciyArI karate doDato hato. paNa uttara pazcimamAM ? tyAM te parvata pAchaLa parvatanA piMDA goThavAyelA paDyA hatA ne cheka meMgeliyAnA ucca pradeza sudhI te pahoMcatA hatA. e parvatamAM be hajAra varasa pahelAM kolaso zodhAyuM hatuM. tyAMthI tibeTamAMthI uttara-pazcimamAM thaIne vahetI nadIo vanarAjIo ucheratI hatI, ne pILe kAMpa ThAlavatI dariyAnA pANIne pIThI coLatI hatI, ane tyAMthI ja bhAratIya brahmaputrA pRthvInA cInAI chAparAnI uMcAI parathI bhAratamAM vahevA jatI hatI. e uttara cInamAM ATha karoDa kheDUtanA nesaDA guMjatA paDayA che, tyAM jhADanAM kuMDamAM cInI kisAnanAM gAmaDAM eka corasa mAile chasonI vasatimAM

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*nuM * ** * * * * ** * * * * * * * * **** 53ra vizva ItihAsanI parekhA sau vase che. tyAM ziyALAnA ThArI de tevA pavane jhIlatAM ane mArca mahinAthI vasaMta UjavatAM kisAna naranArIo ne bALake jamIna kheDe che, khANa khode che, ane have kaI vAra gAya che, "cIna, cIna..amAre deza!' rASTrapitAe ciMdhele pagale nUtana cIna kUca karate have nUtana gIta gAte hate. sAbaramatInA saMtane yugavatI udagheSa jhIlatuM nUtana hiMda paheluM vizvayuddha jyAre saMhAranA ghoDApUra para caDhI cUkayuM hatuM. tyAre jyAre ekeeka dezane AkAzanIcenAM AMgaNAomAM mAtAo pitAnAM baccAMone stanapAna karAvatI akhaMDa varasatA mota nIce kaMpI uThI hatI, ane vizvanAM nagare tyAre jyAre mahAmArI nIce tArAja bace jatAM hatAM tyAre ja saMhAranI raNakhaMjarIonA ninAdane DArate, yuddhanA bhAratanI bhUmi para patharAyelA yuddhanA mahAkAraNa jevA zAhIvAdane, tenI parAdhIna banelI Aphrikana bhUmi para na bhUsAya tevI satyAgrahI rekhAo racIne hacamacAvI nAkhyA pachI pitAnA vatanamAM AvI pahoMcele hiMdIrASTrapitAne avAja dhIme dhIme ati namratAvALA zabdone dhAraNa karate, vaja jevI kaThoratA sAthe bhAratIya rASTranuM laDAyaka sUtra racate hate. "savinaya bhaMganI laData " je jagatanA ItihAsamAM yuddhano kAryakrama kadI dekhAya nahotuM. A kAryakrama saMskRtinA kAryarUpane dhAraNa karate hate. saMskAranI A rIta rasama sAmudAyika banatI kahetI hatI, "zAhIvAdane A dharatI parathI ravAnA karI devA ame amArA A paganI laData AraMbhIe chIe." vizvasaMskRtie dIdhela saMskAra vyavahArane A kAryakrama hatuM. emAM paristhitine palaTavA mATe paNa hiMsA karavAne inkAra hatA. saMskAranA vyavahArane, A saMta sAmate, 1920-21 mAM AkhA rASTrajIvanamAM utArI dIdhe. AvuM nUtana yugavartananuM nUtana svarUpa rASTra jeTalI vyApakatA para sajavAno vizvaItihAsane saMskAra prayoga zarU karanAra hiMdane e rASTrapitA hatA. A rASTrapitAne ethI te mahAtmananuM birUda maLyuM hatuM. kAraNa ke enA vyakti * '* **** -

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vizvayuddha pahela 533 tvanuM satva peAtAnI aMgata aMtAmAMthI mukata banIne, rASTriya asmitAnI vyApakatAne dhAraNa karI zakayu' hatuM, ane mahAna banI zakyuM hatuM. A rASTrapitAe rASTra dhaDataramAM ja potAnI adbhutAne ogALI nAkhavAnA aneka akhatarAe karyAM hatA. ene satyanA prayAgAmAMthI dekhAyelu ekamAtra satya, A upakhaMDa jevA mahAnadezanA daridranArAyaNa hatA. A satyanIja upAsAnAnA Agraha dhAraNa karIne eNe bhAratanI mATI mAthe caDAvI hatI ane jhuMpaDIe jhuMpaDIe TakAra daIne, bhAratanA AtmAnI zodha tyAM AraMbhI hatI. saramana ena dhI mAunTa ' ene krIvAra nUtana rUpa dharIne saMbhaLAyuM hatuM. A bhUmi para AvelA zAhIvAdI sIjharAne, peAtAnAM pApanAM pATalAM khAMdhIne svadeza sIdhAvI javAnI e vinavaNI karatA hatA. A sIjhAnA dhArA dhAraNA sAme e savinayabhaMganI hilacAla jagavatA hatA ane aniSTa sAmenA pratikAranA anAsakatayeAga gItAmAMthI grahaNa karatA hatA. e TAlasToya tathA rasakInane paramitra hatA. 6 eNe amRtasaranA jalIyAMvAlAbAganI rASTranA rUdhirathI bhIjAyelI mATIne mAthe caDhAvIne aMtaranI Ahu jevuM araNyarUdana karIte, puNyaprApathI prajaLatA AtmAnA agnikaNu dhAraNa karIne satyAgrahanI eraNa para eka dha laDavA mAMDayA hatA. A dhanI dhAraNA jevA e AMtararASTriya uMbarA para eka nUtana saMskAranA prayAganA huMkAra banIne, savinayabhaMganuM vyApaka rUpa ApavA mATe itihAsanI eka nAnakaDI adAlatamAM, amadAvAda nAmanA nagaramAM, jagatane peAtAnuM kArAgAra banAvI cUkelA ane vizvayuddhanI sahArTanA dhaDI cUkelA, zAhIvAda sAme ubhA hatA. jUnA jagatanA * pekasa rAmAnA ' jevA rAmana kAnUnane saMskRtinAM nAmamAM tADanAra isunI chAyA A vizva banAva para chavAtI hatI. pekasa briTAnikAne hi Msaka kAnUna toDIne ja nahIM paNa tene savinayabhaMga karIne, eNe jagatabharanI saMskRtimAM vyavahAra jIvananuM, eka navuM prakaraNa zarU karyuM. tyAre i. sa. 1921 nI sAla cAlatI hatI. * r < . dhaMdhA ? ' " kheDUta ane vaNakara.' d tamArUM nAma ! " rivAjamujaba adAlata ene pUchtI hatI. meAhanadAsa karamacaMda gAMdhI ! ' zAhIvAdI nyAyAsananI uMcAi, A nikhAlasa satya jevA zabda nIce kacaDAI jatI dekhAi. zAhIvAdI tUmijAja A loka janatAnA virATa

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534 vizva itihAsanI rUparekhA . mAnavanI hAjarImAM DIMgujI dekhAyA. A avAja karanAra pelA sukalakaDI zarIranA cahe saumya evI surakhI veratA tAkI rahyo, ane melyA, * kheDUta ane vaNakara !' eziyA para isu ane gautamane janamAvyA pachI eziyAnI ja dharatI para thayeluM saMskRtinuM A avataraNa zAhIvAdI saranazInatAnI sAmesAma AvI gaeluM dekhAyuM. A avataraNa, pAradaranI dIvAnI sAthe merIsTaranA meAbhA sAthe, ane rAjakIya AgevAnInA huM pada sAthe peAtAnA sabaMdha toDI daIne, jyAM janavirATa zvAsa letA hatA, te dharatIne sUdhatuM prANanuMja baneluM hAya tevuM avAma jevuM jIvanarUpa dekhAyuM. C pachI zAhIvAdanA kAnUne A saMtane cha varasanA sakhata kArAgAranI zikSA pharamAvatAM kahyu, * nivedana karavuM che ? ' ane eNe laMbANu nivedana karIne kahyu'. mane lAge che ke meM hiMda ane briTana khate rASTrAnI, e bane rASTro Aje ja viSama sthitivALA parasparanA saMbaMdhamAM jIve che, temanI vacce cAlatA gulAmInA sabaMdha sAme asahakAra karIne ane tevA saMbaMdhanA sau kAnUne savinayabhaMga karavAnI sAmudAyika kriyA batAvIne braTana ane hiMdanI sevA bajAvI che.' itihAsanA banAvamAM, hiMdu ane briTana nAmanA be dezo, parasparanA saMbaMdhamAM utarI cUkelA dekhAyA. A saMbaMdhanuM rUpa briTane AraMbhelA zAhIvAdI AkramaNanuM rAjanuM svarUpa hatuM. A svarUpanuM` lakSaNu briTananI daramyAnagIrIvALu ane samAnatA tathA khabhAvanA niSedha karanArUM athavA satata cAlatI hiMsAnuM svarUpa hatuM. A svarUpane palaTavAnuM enuM dhyeya hatuM. A svarUpa sAme eziyAne eka hiMda deza, janahilacAlanu saMskArarUpa dhAraNa karIne tene paDakAra, pratikAra, ane bahiSkAra karatA hatA. A rIte vizvazAMtinA rASTra rASTra vaccenA AMtararASTriya zistane janmAvanAra A banAva vizvaIhAsamAM praveza karatA hatA. vizvatihAsanA A banAva vizva--zAMtinI saMskAra sAdhanAnuM ekama banatA hatA ane, khAnagI jIvana vyavahAranA saMkucita dha banavAne badale, rASTra rASTra vaccenA saMskRtinA rAjakAraNane vizvazAMti nAmanA vyavahAranA pAyA banatA hatA. AMtararASTrIya rAjakAraNanA jhaMDAdhArI e AMtararASTrIya rAjakAraNanA jagatazAsanane lokazAhI dharmAM hato. A nUtana rAjakAraNanA zikSane sAMbhaLanAra nahera hatA. naherUne sAMbhaLanAra lAka virATa hatA. eTale ja gAMdhIjIe vasIyatanAmuM lakhyuM tyAre temAM peAtAnA

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vizvayuddha paheluM 535 vArasadAra tarIke ekalA naherUnuM ja nAma noMdhyuM hatuM. A vArasadArane eNe zuM dIdhuM hatuM! enI pAse devA jevuM zuM bAkI hatuM ! eNe zAhIvAda sAme ekadhArI rIte A dharatI para kotarAI gaelI zAhIvAde racelI komakoma vaccenI hullaDakhorI nAmanI hiMsakaghaTanA sAme athavA e ghaTanAnA saMhAranA kAnUna sAme kAnunabhaMganI laData upADI ane zAhIvAdanA dUllaDanA kAnUnane teDayA karyo. saMte jIvananuM AraMbhanuM ane AkharI kArya paNa A jIvana maMtra para ja dhAraNa karIne pitAnI pAse hatuM te sarvasva samarpaNa karavAnuM AkharanuM ItihAsakArya AraMbhI dIdhuM. jyAre AjhAdI pachI e ja dUllaDanA AvezanAM aMdhArAM caDhatAM hatAM tyAre, A mahArASTra para prakAza jevuM eka kiraNa banIne AkharI vArasAne kaNekaNa cUkavIne mahAtmA mehanadAsa karamacaMda gAMdhI, nAmanuM vizva ItihAsanuM saMskAra mUlya zamI gayuM, athavA zAhIvAda nAmanI saMhAradhaTanAne Akhara taka picho pakaDIne, atiprAcIna evA A mahAna rASTrane vizvasaMskRtinA ItihAsamAM ciraMtana sthAna ApatuM gayuM. e sthAna ApavA mATe eNe bhAratanA dilanuM kamADa kholavA pitAnA svatvane bhAratamaya banAvyuM. gautama pachIne vidhaItihAsane banAva gAMdhI nAmane banyo. A banAva janakanA prazvAsa sAthe vaNAi gaye. A banAve, leka AtmAmAM atyaMtara banI javA zarIranA aNue aNune cukavI nAkhIne jIvanabhara prANanuM siMcana karI karIne A acalAyatana evA rASTranAM sAmAjika svarUpane prANamaya banAvI dIdhAM. gAMdhIjInA jIvana sAthe ane e jIvataranA ekeeka vaNATa sAthe vaNAI gaele, hiMdane aitihAsika banAva rASTra aikaya bane. saikAonA ItihAsa pachI pahelIvAra A mahAna rASTra rASTra ekatAne dhAraNa karI, sutelA saikAo A prAcIna bhUmipara jANe samAdhi choDIne beThA thayA. jagatanA ItihAsane, saMskRtinA ghaDataranA pAyA denAra ajIta ane grIsanI prAcIna saMskRtionI A samakAlIna saMskRtine bhUtakALa, rASTra ekatAmAM, navajIvana pAmIne ubhe thavA lAge. A bhutakALe jagatane vyAkaraNa ane pramANazAstra, ciMtana, manovijJAna ane khagoLa tathA gaNitazAstra zikhavyAM hatAM. paraMtu Aje saikAo sudhI acalAyatana rUpa dharIne pachI AkramaNa nIce dharAzAhI banele A virATadeza, sAmrAjyavAda sAme savinaya bhaMga karate, eziyAparanA aMdhakArane ane parAdhInatAne TakAvI rAkhavA mAgatI vizvasaMhAranI zAhIvAdI ghaTanAnA rastA vacce eNe potAnI jAtane rASTra jevI

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536 vizva itihAsanI rUparekhA virATa banAvIne dharI detA hatA. amArA rASTranee itihAsa vizvanA itihAsamAM praveza kare che. ema kahIne gAMdhIjIe A mahAna rASTranA itihAsanuM prakaraNa saMskRtinA jIvanamAM navesarathI lakhavAne cAkaDA pheravavA mAMDayA hatA. zAhIvAdI kAnunanA zAhI insAphI taqhane hacamacAvI nAkhanArA ane zAhIvAdI kArAgAranAM kamADa khAlInesaMsthAna banelA gulAma jagata mATe vimuktine anAhata nAda uccAranArA sIdhA, sAdA ane saraLa evA gAMdhIjInA zabdo kahetA hatA, " asahakAra ane savinaya bhaMgavaDe mane lAge che ke meM hiMda ane briTana banne rASTrAnI sevA bajAvI che." zI hatI A sevA? A sevAnI aitihAsika bajavaNInuM rUpa e e rASTrA vaccenA parasparanI viSama sthitivALA sabadhAne khatama karIne saMsthAnAnI vimuktinA savAlane zarU karavAnI hatI. vimukta saMsthAnA eTale zAhIvAdanI pakaDamAMthI eziyA AphrikAnA dezanI vimukti hatI. A vimuktinuM svarUpa ja rASTra rASTra vacce samAna ane khInadaramyAnagIrIvALA AMtararASTriya sabaMdha AkhA jagatane mATe bAMdhI zake tema hatu. A gai kAlanAM gulAma rASTrA vizvaneA sAthI meATA vibhAga hato. A rASTro vimukta na bane tyAM sudhI vizvanI saMskRti eka banI zake tema nahetu. A rASTro vimukta na hoya te jagatane itihAsa, vizvatihAsanI vimukitanuM rUpa dhAraNa karI zake tema nahetu. A rASTro vimukta ane tyAre ja jagatanA kArabhAra eka jagatanA saMskArI ane vizva-zAMtivALA vyavahAra banI zake tema hatuM. amerikA khaMDaparanA, yu. esa. nAmanA eka vibhAganA AMtarakalaha pachI, duniyAnAM navAM rAjyabaMdhArAvALI sarakArAmAM sauthI lAMbA samayathI cAlyA AvatA eka ja jAtanA ane nahIM badalAyelA evA rAjA dhAraNavALI sarakAra amerikana phIDarala sarakAra che. A sarakAramAM joDAyelAM saMyukta saMsthAnAnI te banelI che. A dareka sa MsthAna svataMtra evuM saMyukata sarakAranuM eka ekama che. A saMsthAnA ane madhyasthatatra vaccenA matabhedo hajI zamyA nathI. i. sa. 1812nA yuddha mATe keTalAMka saMsthAnAe potAnAM lazkA ApavAnI nA pADI hatI ane nyu IMgleMDa te pheDarala sarakAramAMthI mukta thai javAnA vicAra paNa karatuM hatuM.

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pahelA vizvayuddha pachInu vizrvarUpa pachI A saMsthAnAmAM dakSiNanAM ane uttaranAM sasthAnAnI aMdara aMdaranI hariphAi tA dararAjanI atI gai hatI. AvAM saMsthAnA aMdara aMdaranA aneka jhaghaDAe cAlyA karatA hatA. A jhaghaDAe Akhare vadhatA gayA ane gulAmI nAmuda karavAnA savAla para, i. sa. 1860 nA DiseMbaranI 28 mIe dakSiNa kAlInAe chevaTe yunIanamAMthI chuTAcheDA jAhera karyAM, ane pachI i. sa. 1861nA phebruArInI 1lIe bIjA cha saMsthAnA chUTAM thayAM. pariNAme AMtaravigraha phATI nIkaLyA. 537 i. sa. 186nI cuMTaNImAM abrAhAmalIkana saMyukata saMsthAnA pramukha cuMTAyA hatA. A asamAM ja ripablIkana pakSa paNa sthapAye hatA tathA A pakSanA TeMkadArA, amerikAnA vyApArIe ekarA ane udyogapati hatA. azrAhAmalI kunanI A navA pakSanI sarakAra udyoga ane vyApAranA vikAsanI badhI rIte RsimAyata karanArI sarakAra hatI. A sarakAranA samayathI amerikAnA akAraNanA audyogika vikAsa jhaDapathI thavA mAMDayA. A vikAsanI ADe AvatA baMdhAraNanA jhadhaDAonA nikAla paNa A samayathI thavA mAMDayAM. lIMkananA A samayathI udyogIkaraNanuM leAkazAhIrUpa vikAsa pAmyuM' ane pachAta arthakAraNanI gulAmAnI prathAvALuM pachAta rAjakAraNa parAjaya pAmyuM. amerikana saMsthAnAnA navA rAjakAraNe, eka audyogika rASTra jevuM baMdhAraNa ane ekatA prApta karyo karI. AvI vikAsanI hilacAla pahelA vizvayuddhanI zarUAta sudhI cAlI, tyAM sudhImAM amerikAnAM saMsthAne audyAgika arthataMtravALAM eka rASTra jevAM banyAM. i. sa. 1921 thIoDAra rUjhavelTa, pratipakSa nAmane navA rAjakIyapakSa zarU karyA. parantu A navA pakSa thoDA ja samayamAM laya pAmI gaye| ana amerikAnA udyogapationA DemokreTIka ane rIpablIka nAmanA je jUnA pakSe amerikAnuM zAhIvAdI rAjataMtra calAvavA mATe kAyama rahyA. rAjakIya virakatatAvAdanI daMtakathA amerikana rAjya jemajema jagatanA audyAgika taMtramAM AgaLa Avatu 68

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538 vizva itihAsanI rUparekhA O gayuM, jemajema enI rAjkIya tAkAta vadhatI gai, tematema jagatanA rAjakAraNathI alipta athavA virakata rahevAnI enI eka samayanI daMtakathA tUTI javA mAMDI. amerikAnI bhaugelika paristhitimAMthI ja tenA zarUAtanA paradezI rAja kAraNanA sura alagatAvAdanA rahyA hatA. jUnA jagata ane A navI duniyA vacce traNa hajAra mAilanA eTalAMTika mahAsAgara ane ethI vadhAre atarAyavALA pAsiddhi mahAsAgara paDayA hatA. A be mahAsAgaroe amerikAne yuropa ane eziyAthI alaga pADayA hatA. ziyA cIta pAta phIlIpAIna Eziyan s lAskA havAI pesiphika yuesae mahAmA vaeN InDijha ra dakSiNa amerika ArkiTaka 3 kala lA A nAmikA chatAM A alagapaNuM eka kalpanA ja hatI. amerikAnA janmathI ja amerikana vasAhatanuM rUpa yuropanAM mAnavIe vaDe dhaDAyuM hatuM. iMgleMDa ane phrAnsa jyAre pachAta jagatane parAdhIna saMsthAnA banAvavAnI harIphAimAM zAhIvAdI yuddha khelatAM hatAM tyAre iMgleMDanuM parAdhIna saMsthAna banavAnI nA pADavA mATe ane peAtAnA svaniyanA adhikAra mATe iMgleMDa sAme svAtaMtrya sa MgrAma kheDIne ane e rIte yuropa sAthenA saMparkamAMthI ja AjhAda amerikAnAM saMsthAnAnu` eka ekama dhaDAyuM hatuM. A navI duniyAmAM cAlelI i. sa. 1812nI laDAi, nepolIyanIka yuddhonuM ja eka umADIyuM hatuM. pachI AMtaravigrahanuM kAraNa aMdaranu ja che, ema gaNAvAtuM hatuM parantu eja vigrahanA yurApIya kAraNe amerikAne iMgleMDa sAthenA yuddhanI kinArI para lAvI dIdhuM hatu. A pachI paheluM vizvayuddha zarU thayuM ane A vizvayuddha yuropanA zAhIvAdI jUtho vacce ja laDAtu hovA chatAM amerikana zAhIvAde temAM jha MpalAvyu tathA alagatAvAdanI amerikana daMtakathAnA aMta AvI gayA. tyAre pUravAra thatruM amerikana rAjakAraNa zAhAvAdI yurApanA rAjakAraNathI alaga nathI paNa nikaTanI ekatA dharAve che.

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pahelA vizvayuddha pachInuM vivarUpa amerikana rAjakAraNa, alagatAvAdI nahIM paNa zAhIvAdI amerikana svarUpanI pahelA vizvayuddhamAM ja alagatAvAdanI datakathA tUTI gaI tathA jagatanI A sauthI moTI ane dhanADhya evI audyogika sarakAra, sAmrAjyavAdI sarakAra tarIke bahAra AvI. A zAhIvAdI athavA sAmrAjyavAdI rUpano eno AraMbha I. sa. 1860 thI eTale lIMkananA samayathI ja thayuM hatuM. tyArathI ja A sarakAre potAnA sAmrAjyano vistAra kare zarU karyo hato ane I. sa. 1867 mAM eNe raziyAnA jhAra pAsethI alAskAne pradeza kharIdI lIdhe ane A samaya pachI amerikana sarakAra yurepanA zAhIvAdI athavA rAjakAraNanA rastA para caDhyuM. eNe I. sa. 1898 mAM hAvAI ane sAmoAnA pradezo paNa hAtha karyA ane speIna sAthe laDAI karyA pachI eNe kyubA para adhikAra dhAraNa karyo tathA, pora-rIke, ane phIlIpAInsa para pitAnI sAMsthAnika pakaDa jamAvI. phIlIpAInsa para pitAne 5 TekavIne A sAmrAjyavAde pUrvanA pradeza para pitAnuM zAhIvAdI rAjakAraNa ajamAvavA mAMDyuM. I. sa. 1917mAM eNe DenamArka pAsethI varajIna TApuo paDAvyA ane pachI tarata ja leTIna amerikana pradezo para pitAne kAbu besADavAnA pAsA nAkhavA mAMDyA, eNe yurepa ane eziyA para pitAnA zAhIvAdI derIsaMcArane, te te dezanA rAjakAraNamAM pitAnA Arthika adhikAra sthApavAnI daramyAnagIrI karavAnuM kAvatarAkhora rU5 zarU karI dIdhuM. yu-esa-e, eTale Akhe amerikA nahi, paNa zAhIvAdI amerikA amerikA eTale, yu-esa-e, athavA amerikA khaMDa eTale, yunAITeDa sTeTasa opha amerikA che, eTalI ja ane evI adhUrI bAbata Aja sudhI jagatanI jANa nIce AvyA karI che. paNa amerikA khaMDa be mUkhya vibhAgane banyo che. uttara amerikAnA eka vibhAganuM nAma yu-esa-e che tathA dakSiNamAM mekasikathI zarU thaIne, leTInesa athavA leTina amerikAnAM ripablIke, athavA amerikAnAM ogaNIsa jeTalAM bIjAMrA athavA pradezo AvelA che. Aga se rAjyanuM nAma, yu-ese athavA uttara amerikAnI sarakAre rIpablIka pAyuM che. A ogaNIsa rIpablIkemAM, ogaNIsa sarakAre Aje rAjya kare che tathA te badhI sarakAra, sArvabhauma sarakAra che, ema paNa kahevAya che. A rAjyamAM amerikana dharatImAM aDhaLaka dravya ane saMpattio, paDelAM che. A dharatIne udyoga vikAsa thAya te tenI saMpatti aneka gaNuM vadhI jAya tema che. paraMtu Aje AphrikAnI jema A leTina amerikAnI dazA paNa kaMgALa

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vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA che. enA mAnava samudAye garIba che ane A badhAnuM kAraNa e che ke zarUthI Aja sudhI uttaranuM amerikA athavA yuesa, amerikAe enA para pitAnI Arthika pakaDa jALavI rAkhI che. A badhAM leTInesa athavA leTIna rApara amerikAnA zAhIvAdI udyoga patione kAbu che. A kAbu nIce ja tyAMnuM arthakAraNa cAle che. zAhIvAdI evA yuesa, amerikAne leTIna amerikA para adhikAra, tyAMnI dharatI ane mAnava samudAyanuM zeSaNa pitAnA zAhIvAdI kAnUna pramANe kare che. A kAnUna parAdhIna evAM leTInesa athavA leTIna ripablIkane jIvananI unnata dazA para caDhavA devA nathI paraMtu tenA para pitAne udyoga IjAre sthApIne, potAnA zudra evA zAhIvAdI svArtha mATe ja A tamAma rAjanI dharatI parathI saMpattinuM ane mAnava samudAyanA zramanuM zoSaNa karyA karavAne che.. leTIna amerikA, yu. esa. uparAMta eka bIjo amerikA che. jyArathI amerikAnA manare nAmanA pramukhe mare DokTIna nAmanA siddhAMtanI jAherAta, I. sa. 1823mAM karI hatI tyArathI amerikAe athavA amerikAnAM saMyukata saMsthAnee dakSiNa amerikAnAM saMsthAnane pitAnI saMbhALa nIce jANe laI lIdhAM hatAM. A mana DokaTIna nAmanA siddhAMtanA amala pachI A dakSiNa amerikAnAM athavA leTIna amerikAnAM saMsthAne parathI dhIme dhIme yurepanI hakUmata khatama thaI gaI hatI ane te badhAM eTale leTina amerikana ripablIke sArvabhauma rAjya banyAM. A badhA "leTine' yu.esa. amerikAnI sarakAranI AgevAnI nIce AvI jaIne A badhA leTina amerikAnAM ripablIke jagatanAM rAjakAraNa sAthe sIdho vyavahAra rAkhyA vinA AvavA lAgyAM. A sahunA rAjakAraNa ane arthakAraNane calAvanAra AgevAna yu.esa.e. athavA yunAITeDa sTeTasa opha amerikA banyuM. leTinesa paranI AvI amerikana AgevAnIne AraMbha I. sa. 1823nI manare DekaTTInathI zarU thayo gaNAya. tyAra pachI I. sa. 1889 mAM ziMgTana nagaramAM bIjI pAna-amerikana kegresanuM adhivezana maLyuM. A vakhate amerikA athavA yu.esa. amerikAnAM saMyukta saMsthAne asaMyukta banyAM hatAM ane aMdara aMdarane AMtaravigraha laDatA hatAM. A vakhate ja amerikA athavA yu. esa. e. nI sarakAra meki. sake sAthe paNa yuddha laDatI hatI, mekisake leTina amerikAnuM athavA dakSiNa amerikAnuM eka ripablIka hevA chatAM paNa manaDakaTrIna pachI 1889 sudhImAM ja amerikAnI Dolara DIphemasI nAmanuM rAjakAraNa A badhAM leTina ripablIke

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pahelA vizvayuddha pachInuM vizvarUpa para peAtAnA adhikAra jamAvI cUkayuM hatuM tathA A tamAma ripablIkAnI aMdaranA rAjya vahivaTamAM pAtAnA dvArI saMsAra calAvatuM hatuM. 141 AMtara vigraha pUrI thayA pachI vadhAre sayukta banelI yu. esa. e athavA yunAITeTa sTeTasa eka amerikAnI sarakAra potAnA sAmrAjyavAdI vANijyanA vikAsa mATe vadhAre AtUra banI cUkI hatI. ene jenA para pAtAnA adhikAra sthapAi cUkayA hatA, evAM, sAObhauma kahevAtAM leTina amerikAnAM ripablIkA upara eNe potAnA Arthika zAhIvAda zarU karyAM. A ripablIkAmAM amerikana mAlikInI aneka udyogA kaMpanIe tyAM sthapAvA mAMDI ane jemajema amerikAnAM Arthika hito A leTina ripablIkAmAM sthapAyA tema tema amerikAnA Arthika zAhIvAdanA pAyA para amerikAnuM zAhIvAdI rAjakAraNa paNa, A ripablIza para majabUta banyu. I. sa. 1929 mAM hAvAnamAM pAna-amerikana kaoNMgresanuM navuM adhivezana ekaThuM thayu. dakSiNa amerikAnAM leTina ripablIkA taraphathI adhivezanamAM pahelIvAra carcA mATe eka navI darakhAsta rajU thaI. A darakhAsta eka rAjyane khIjA rAjyanA AMtara vyavahAramAM daramyAnagIrI karavAnA adhikAra kharA ke nahIM te viSaya para hatI. paraMtu A badhA leTinesanA pramukhapade beThelI yu. esa. e. nI amerikana sarakAre evA viSayanI carcAne gerakAyadesara TharAvIne A adhivezananI bahAra pheMkI dIdhI. "" .. paraMtu tyArathI A leTina ripablIka paranA amerikana adhikAre temanI sAthenA sabaMdhamAM haLavuM valaNa dhAraNa karyuM. AvA valaNanuM rAjakAraNa dhAraNa karavAnuM mAna amerikAnA pramukha rujhavelTane phALe gayuM. pramukha rujhavelTe I. sa. 1933 mAM A leTina amerikana ripablIkA tarapha guDa nembara peAlIsI nAmanI vyahAra nIti dhAraNa karI. AvuM valaNa khIjA vizvayuddha sudhI cAlyuM. A valaNu daramyAna paNa leTina amerikAnAM ripablIkA para yu. esa. e. nA athavA amerikAnA Arthika ane rAjakIya adhikAra vadhAre vyavasthita rIte vikasyA. i. sa. 1947mAM rujhavelTe zarU karelI guDa teIbara polIsI ekAeka aMta pAmI, A leTinA athavA leTina amerikana ripablIkA 1947 mAM bhegA thayA tathA temaNe TharAva karyo ke potAnI aMdarathI kAipaNu eka ripablIka upara jo AkramaNu thAya te te AkramaNa badhAM ripablIkA upara thayuM che, ema gaNavuM. leTina ripablIkAe karelA A karAranu nAma riyA-DI-jenIrA pekaTa hatuM. A karAra pachI A leTina rIpablIkAe potAnA vAlI jevA

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54ra vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA gaNAtA ane peAtAnA upara zAhIvAdI hakUmata sthApI cukelA yu. esa. e athavA amerikA tarapha vAstavika daSTie dekhavAnI zarUAta karavA mAMDI. paraMtu yu. esa. e. nA adhikAra nIce rahelAM A ripablIkA I. sa. 1947mAM dekhAtI yu. esa. e athavA amerIkAnI sarakAranI pratimA tarapha bhayabhIta banIne dekhavA lAgyAM. abbe vizvayuddho daramyAna A yunAITeDa sTeTasa ek amerIkAe potAnA AkAra suvarNanA adhikAranA racI dIdhe hatA. amerikAnu svarUpa jagatabharamAM sauthI vadhAre samRddha banI cUkayuM hatuM. amerIkAnuM zAhIvAdI rupa have AkhA jagata para peAtAnI hakUmata tathA Arthika zAhIvAdanu zAsana zarU karavA mAgatuM hatuM. leTIna amerIkana ripablIkAne have eka IzArAthI ja bhayAphUla karI mUke tevuM A rAkSasI svarUpa hatuM. pramukha rUjhavelTe i. sa. 1929 mAM peAtAnI jAtane A leTina ripablIkAnA guDa neimbara athavA bhalA paDeAzI tarIke oLakhAvI hatI tevI, A amerikana sarakAranI zAhIvAdI ghaTanA I. sa. 1947 pachI na hatI. chatAM paNa leTina amerIkana ripablIkA mATe A zAhIvAdI ghaTanA paDAzI hatI ja. A paDAzI leTIna amerikAnI panAmAnI naheranA mAlIka paNa banI cUkyA hatA tathA A nahera para zrlaMga daIne pelA paDeAzInu peAtAnA para sthApita thayeluM Arthika ane rAjakIya zAhIvAdI svarUpa peAtAne ekaja AliMganamAM potAnA pachAta evA leTIna amerIkana rIpablIkAnA astitvane kacaDI nAkhI zake tema hatuM. leTIna amerikAnuM rAjakIyarUpa A zASaNanuM Arthi karUpa yu. esa. nA udyogapatie e bhUmipara mAMDelA udyoganI ijArAvAdI mAlikInuM che. venejhuelAne peTrolIyama udyoga, cAilanA tAMbAnA udyoga, brAjhIlanA tamAma pedAza paranI yu-esa mAlikI vigerevALA tamAma rAjyA para A Arthika zAhIvAdaneA zASaka adhikAra pravarte che. kayubA ane panAmA para eja adhikAranuM zAsana che. teA paNa A adhikAra nIce A badhAM rAjyeA kAgaLa para svataMtra che. yu-esa adhikAra A rAjyAnA tamAma AMtaravahivaTamAM satata daramyAnagIrI karatA chatAM A rAjye siddhAMtika rIte sA.bhauma kahevAya che. panAmAnI nahera paranI amerikana mAlIkI yu-esanI che. A yu-esanI hakumata nIcenAM A badhAM sArvabhaumAnA hAraDA amerikana zAhIvAdanI kheAlabAlA banIne rASTrasaMdha jevI AMtararASTriya saMsthAmAM besIne amerikana zAhIvAdanA rAjakAraNanA izArA pramANe AMgaLIo uMcI kare che. leTIna amerikAnA AvA rAjakIya svarUpanAM pATanagarA, yuesa ame rikAnA zAhIvAdI rAjakAraNanI jAheAjalAlI jevI moTI ImAratAnA bhapakAnuM

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543 pahelA vizvayuddha pachInuM vivarUpa pradarzana karanArI yu. esa. nA sAmrAjyanI "zo-vIDa" banI che. A bhapaka bhaya pradarzane jevAM pATanagaranI pAchaLa garIba, kaMgALa ane pachAta mAnava samudAya, khadabadatA dekhAya che. A samudAyo baLada ane gAyane lAkaDAnAM haLa sAthe joDIne pachAta dazAnAM utpAdane karIne jIvana vahivaTa calAve che kAraNa ke evA ane eTalA ja jIvanavahivaTa mATe avakAza, yu. esa. zAhIvAde ene mATe zakya rAkhe che. A jIvana vahivaTanuM Toca paranuM leTIna rUpa lekazAhInuM nathI paraMtu saramukhatyArazAhInuM che. A saramukhatyAre ane ardhasaramukhatyAranI pariSada bolAvIne, yu.esa. amerikana pramukha temane potAnI yu-esa nItinI sUcanAo Apate hoya che tathA temanI pAse jAherAta karAvato hoya che. AjanA nUtana yugamAM paNa yu-esa amerikAe leTIna amerikana bhUmi para jALavI rAkhelI A chabI che. e chabImAM leTIna amerikA nAmanI, vizALa bhUmi para vizALa mAnava samudAyanI pragati rekI rAkhanAruM, yu-esa zAhIvAdanuM arthakAraNa tathA rAjakAraNa che. A be mahAkAronI pakaDanI vAto ribAto, puNya prakopa anubhavate, gatabharamAMthI uThatI vimuktitI hAkala sAMbhaLate, ane naisargika rIte ja lekazAhI banavA mAgate, mAnava virATa che. zAhIvAdI yuropa ane Arthika kaTakaTi yuddha laDavA mATe, amerikana zAhukArane tyAM yuropanA zAhIvAdIoe karelAM devAnA haptA bharavAmAM yuropanuM badhuM sonuM amerikAnI tijorImAM jatuM rahyuM hatuM. yuddha pachInAM pahelAM dazavarasamAM ja yuropano "karansIne savAla ethI taMga banI gaye. devALIyA banelA ane sonAnI thApaNa vinAnA yuropanA dezane pitAnA mAlasAmAna kevI rIte vecavA tenI mUMjhavaNa amerikAmAM vadhI paDI. amerikAne mAla sAmAnanA badalAmAM yuropa pitAne mAla ApI zake paraMtu amerikAne bahAranA keImAla sAmAnanI to jarUra nahotI. AvI Arthika paristhitie duniyAnA vepArItaMtramAM kaTokaTI janmAvI. saunuM devAdAra jarmanI A Arthika bhIMsamAM AvI paDyuM. jarmanInA mAlasAmAna sAme sau dezamAM jakAtI divAlo jAmI gaI. pitAnA mAla je vecAya nahIM to A khUvAra thaelA deza yuropanA vijetA zAhIvAdone bharavAne yuddha daMDa kevI rIte daI zake ? zAhIvAdI arthataMtranuM AvuM saMcAlana mAthe hAtha daIne yuropamAM besI paDyuM. zAhIvAdI yuropanuM aMdhAruM jagata muDIvAdI jagata vadhArene vadhAre aMdhakAramaya banyuM. I. sa. 1931 nA DiseMbaranA bAramA divase, suvarNabhUmi amerikA paranI beMke tUTI gaI. ame

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544 viva ItihAsanI rUparekhA rikAmAM mAlanA DhagalA khaDakAyA. amerikAnA vyApArItaMtre A utpAdananA DhagalAne dariyAmAM nAkhI devA mAMDyA. aMdhera jevA Arthika taMtramAM vyApArI gADIo bhekhaDa parathI gabaDavA lAgI. AkhI duniyA para Arthika AMdhI phUMkAvA lAgI. ame kAe, yurepane lena dhIravAnI baMdha karI. yuropanAM rAjya pAchI aMdhArAmAMthI mArga kADhavA ekaThAM thayAM. mulatavI rahelI niHzastrIkaraNanI pariSada maLI. je hathiyAronI banAvaTa para kApa mukI zakAya te Arthika adhIne TALavAne upAya yojI zakAya ema lAgyuM. paraMtu eka bIja paranAM devAo mekupha rAkhI zakAya teja niHzastrIkaraNa thaI zake evI carcA thaI. briTane niHzastrIkaraNanI vAta yogya che ema kahyuM paraMtu naukAdaLane ochuM karavAnI vAta amane kabula nathI ema paNa jaNAvI dIdhuM. kasi lako ochAM karavAnI vAta ya che ema jaNAvyuM paraMtu jamIna lazkare ochAM karavA pite taiyAra nathI ema paNa kahI dIdhuM. briTana ane phrAnsanA pitIkA IrAdA kevA che te parakhAI gayuM. eTale briTane, A vAtane cAra varasa pachI amala kara ane daramyAnamAM ekalA jarmanIne ni:zastra banAvavuM evI darakhAsta mUkI. pachI havAI yuddha ane beMbaranI carcA thaI ane chevaTe AzA vyakata karavAmAM AvI ke have pachInAM yuddhomAM koIe beba varSa na karavI, tevI zubhecchAnI jamAvaTa karavI, paraMtu beba te banAvavA ja. tyAre zAMtinI sAcavaNanI vAtanuM have zuM thavAnuM che te jagatanA takhtA para sApha dekhAI gayuM. zAhIvAdI prathA je yuddhanA zvAsa laIne ja TakI zakatI hatI te vizva-zAMti sAcavI ja na zake tevI hakIkate vadhavA pAmI gaI ane A adhera paristhitimAM aMdhArA jarmanImAM pAchA hiTalarane avAja saMbhaLAyo. hiTalara have jarmana sarakArane vaDe banyuM hatuM. eNe A aMdhera samayamAM, mInakAMka" nAmane pitAne yuddhakhera dastAveja lakhI nAkhyo hate. jagatanI Arthika kaTokaTInA jarmana aMdheramAMthI ene udabhava thaI cUkyuM hatuM. zAhIvAdI amerikA pAse yojanA che

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pahelA vizvayuddha pachInuM vivarUpa 545 paraMtu tyAre ja amerikA pAse yojanA che ema rUjhavelTe kahyuM. pheMkalIna, DIlAne, rUjhaveTa amerikAnA navA pramukha amerikAmAM traNa varSa para AvelI Daca vasAhatamAM janmyA hatA. yuddha daramyAna rUjhavelTa naukA khAtAmAM esIsTanTa sekreTarI tarIke nimAyo hato. i. sa. 1928 mAM nyuyorka TanA gavarnarapade cUMTAyA pachI I. sa. 1932 mAM amerikAnA pramukhapade e cUMTAyo. eNe potAnI cuMTaNInA kAryakramanuM nAma " nyuDIla ' pADIne A kAryakramane AkhA dezabharamAM jANItA banAvyo. rUjhaveTa amerikAnA pramukha banyA te sAlamAM eTale I. sa. 1932thI 33 sudhInuM varasa zAhIvAdI arthadhaTanAnA adherathI chavAI gayuM. beMkanAM kamADa vasAI gayAM. 14,000,000 loko amerikAnA suvarNa pradezamAM bekAra banyAM. A aMdhakAra AkhA yuropa para phelAye, amerikAnA zrImaMta pradeza para te aMdha kAra sauthI vadhu gADha banyA. sAmAjika mujhavaNa vadhI gaI. amerikana sarakAranA taMtrane lAgyuM ke pote A adhiI nIce zAsana vyavasthAne ja jALavI zakaze nahIM. tyAre A rUjhaveTe patita arthataMtranA mujhAyelA saMcAlakone hiMmatathI TakI rahevAnuM ane A AMdhIne pAchI haTAvavAnuM kahyuM. eNe kahyuM ke utpAdanonA DhagalA ApaNAM AMgaNuomAM khaDakAyA che ane e DhagalAo vacceja ApaNo mAnava samudAya bekAra banyo

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54 vizva itihAsanI rUparekhA che. ApaNuM sauthI meTuM kAma ApaNA ekAra banelA sau mAnavone kAma para caDhAvavAnuM che. ApaNI Arthika Aphata mAlanI achatane lIdhe nathI paNa A AMdhInuM kANu e che ke, mAnavajAtanA mAlasAmAnanI levaDadevaDa karanArUM jagatanuM Arthika zAsana niSphaLa nivaDayuM che. ema kahIne eNe Arthika AMdhI lAvanArA zAsana trane amerikAmAMthI sudhAravAnA bhagIratha prayatna zarU karyo. eNe A prayatnane nyu DIlanuM nAma ApyuM. suvarNanA DhagalA para beThelA kaMgAla deza eNe AkhA deza para najara nAkhI. AkhA jagatane A hiraNya deza hatA. vizva yuddhamAMthI naphrAnA DhagalA jamAvIne have zAhIvAdI banavA mATe suvaNuthI pradezA kharIdI laI eNe jagatabharamAM mahAzrImatanuM sthAna meLavI lIdhuM hatuM, tathA hiraNyanA rAkSasa jevuM rUpa dhAraNa karyuM hatuM. paNa hiraNya bhUmi, jagatabharanuM suvarNa peAtAne tyAM jamAvIne enA para utarI paDelI Arthika AMdhInI nIceja behAla anI gai. 1930 thI 32 sudhImAM te| enA aMge aMga para zAhIvAdI arthadhaTanAnI AMdhI vyApI gaI. karADA mAnavA mekAra banI gayAM. anAjanA DhagalA pakavanAra kisAnA bhUkhanA bharaDAmAM sapaDAyAM. nagara para asakhya ekAronI kaMgAliyata eka vakhatanA khANA mATe ane eka pyAlA krAphI mATe TaLavaLavA lAgI. amerikana jagata para aMdhera vyApyuM. A AMdhI nIce, AMdhInI racanA karanArI zAhIvAdI arthaghaTanAnI me'kAnAM kamADa vasAvA lAgyAM. karADA mAnavI, roTI ane kapaDAM vinAnAM banIne gAliyata nIce AvI paDayAM. I. sa. 1929 mAM amerikana dezanI zrImaMta jmIne pAMDuroga lAgu paDI gayA. 1932mAM enI hAlata kagAliyatanI AMdhI nIce paTakAI paDI. zAhIvAdI arthadhaTanA para phiTakAra varasavA lAgyA. i. sa. 1919 mAM ja A arthadhaTanAnI bimArI yurApamAM zarU thai cUkI hatI. I. sa. 1929 mAM A mahAroga amerikAne kinAre utarI cUkayeA. hameMTa huvara tyAre A mahAnadezanA pramukha hatA. A pramukha A AMdhInA upAya yAjavAmAM niSphaLa nivaDayA ane 1932mAM nyuDIlanA upacAra yAjavA rUjhavelTe amerikAnuM sukAna hAthamAM lIdhuM. nyuDIlanA amala eNe nyuDIlanA amalane AraMbha karyo. eNe amerikAnI ekIga saMsthAne devAI gaelAM tALA khAlI nAkhavA, * ImarajansI mekIMga ekaTa ' pasAra karA

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pahalA vizvayuddha pachInuM vimarUpa vIne sauthI pahelAM AMdhI nIce aTavAI paDelI zAhIvAdI artha ghaTanAnI mUcha TALavA mATenAM IMjasane ApavA mAMDyA. eNe beMkIMga prathAne zAhIvAdI taMtramAMthI choDAvIne lokazAhInA sarakArI taMtra nIce mUkI devAnuM oparezana karavAnI hiMmata batAvI nahIM, paNa hiraNya ghaTanAnA mahAna devaLane tUTI jatuM aTakAvavA mATe, TekAothI TakAvI rAkhIne zAhIvAdI artha taMtranA taMtra vAhakone, tyAM pAchA gAdI para besADI dIdhA. Ama karatI veLA eNe e taMtra vAhakonA adhikAro ochA karI nAkhyA. pachI eNe kathaLI cUkelA A artha taMtramAM rAhata, durastI ane sudhArAne kAryakrama zarU karyo. AMdhImAM paTakAI paDela A mahAna deza, A upacAra vaDe beTho thayo ane zvAsabhara bane. AkhA amerikana taMtramAM eNe aneka sudhArAone amala zarU karyo. zAhIvAdI arthadhaTanAnI A sUvarNabhUmi sudhArAonA TekAo para pAchI pagabhara banIne UbhI. tyAre I. sa. nI 1937 mI sAla AvI pahoMcI hatI. amerikana nyuDIla ane vizvayuddhanI AMdhI sau koI amerikAnA mahAnubhAva evA rujhavelTa nAmanA pramukha tarapha jaI rahyA. amerikAe pitAnI zAhIvAdI ghaTanAmAM ja, e ghaTanA para AvI paDelI Arthika AMdhIne nyuDIla racIne pAchI haTAvI hatI. A nyuDIlanI racanA je zAhIvAdI artha ghaTanAnI AMdhIne nivArI zake te pachI teja nyuDIla, zAhI vAdI AMdhI jevA yuddhanI racanAne paNa nivArI kema na zake tevuM saune lAgyuM. jevI rIte zAhIvAdI jagatamAM eTale khAsa karIne yuropa ane amerikAnI Arthika AMdhI nAmanI kaTokaTI, sAmrAjyavAdI evI muDIvAdI ghaTanAnA AkramaNakhora zoSaka svarUpamAMthI ja janmI hatI te ja pramANe, pahelA vizvayuddhane vitye haju doDha dazake paNa game nahete tyAM te, yuropanA sAmrAjyavAdI kAca lAmAMthIja jarmanI, ITAlI, ane jApAnanI dharatI paranI, e zAhIvAdI ghaTanA bIjA vizvayuddhanI AMdhIne janmAvatI dekhAtI hatI. yuddhanI A mahA AphatanI saMhAraka adhI mAnava jAta para utarI paDe tene nivAravA mATe amerikAnI nyuDIlanuM rAjakAraNa zuM upAya karavA mAgatuM hatuM? pramukha rUjhavelTa pAse ene ze upAya hate? pramukha rUjhavelTa nyuDIlanuM navuM rAjakAraNa athavA paradezanIti kevI jAtanI racavA mAgatuM hatuM ? yuddhane TALavAnI ke "nyuDIla" amerikA pAse hatI nahIM. amerikAnI paradezanIti zAhIvAdI athavA sAmrAjyavAdI kecalAmAM ja jIvatI hovAthI yuddhanI AkramaNakhorI ghaTanAne aTakAvavAnI tAkAta, hiMmata

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548 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA kejanA kazuM amerikAne mahAna pramukha paNa dAkhavI zake nahIM. amerikAnI zAhIvAdI artha ghaTanAe badho vepAra badhA dezo sAthe mukta rIte karavAne cAlu rAkhe. vyApAranI A luka lebhI evI rAjakIya paradezanIti zastra saraMjAmanA DhagalA, jarmanI, ITAlI ane jApAna jevA yuddha khera dezane paNa vecatI ja hatI. I. sa. 1935mAM AkramaNakhora ITAlIne tathA, 1936 mAM, spenIza lekazAhInuM khUna karatA yuddhakhera, ane phAsIvAdI ITAlI tathA jarmanInI sarakArane paNa eNe yudhdhana saraMjAma vecyA kya. I. sa. 1937mAM jApAne cIna para AkramaNa karyuM tyAre zAhIvAdI evI saMhAra ghaTanA para AgevAna banelA A amerikana dezanI paradezanItinuM rUvADuM paNa hAlyuM nahiM. yudhdhAra evI zAhIvAdI racanA yurepa ke amerikAmAMthI AkramaNanA phAsIvAdI rU5ne aTakI javAne eka paDakAra ApI zakI nahIM. amerikAnI nyuDIle yudhdhane saMhAraka saraMjAma, phAsIvAdI AkramaNakhorane vecyA karyo tathA meDhethI, zAMta bhATenAM, taraMgI pravacane mahAna pramukha rUjhavelTe karyA karyA. yuropanI zAhIvAdI ghaTamALanI aMgrejI ane phreMca AgevAnIe niSpakSatAnuM phArasa racIne jema jagata paranA saMhAranA paDachAyAone poSyA karyA teja pramANe zAMtinA pravacane karatAM karatAM, zAhIvAdI amerikI ghaTanAo paNa cIna, elisInIyA. ane spenanA leka samudAye paranA saMhAraka AkramaNone poSyA karyA ane ceMbara leIna tathA dalAdIyaranI ghAtakI evI paradeza nItine ja apanAvyA karI. amerikana leka samudAyanA pitAnI zAhIvAdI sarakAranA virodhanA javAbamAM amerikana sarakAranA sekreTarI, hale, I. sa. 1937 mAM kahyuM ke, "cIna, ebisInIyA ane speInamAM cAle che te yuddha nathI, ApaNe heziyAra rahevuM joIe tathA zAMta rahevuM joIe." pramukha rUjhavelTanI A nyuDIlanI sarakAranI rAjanItine uccAra, tenA zAhIvAdI svarUpane pheTa karate hate.

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pahelA vizvayuddha pachInuM yuropanuM rAjakAraNa [ pahelAM vizvayuddha pachInuM, duniyAnuM rAjakIya svarUpavidhayuddha pachInA yuropanA naro vijetAnI lIga jevI, '* lIga Apha nezansa'-TakInu rASTrapunarUtthAna-esTrIyAnA Dolasa-haMgerInA hArathI--sugAslAvIyAne, ke elekajhAMDara-pAlenDanA pilarudassI -iTAlImAM phAsIvAda-jarmanImAM nAjhIvAda-vidhAMtinuM nUtana vizvanu rAjakAraNa, rUsIkrAMti-eka nUtana jIvana prathAnuM rAjakIya rUpa-nUtana sa MskRtinu a kAraNa-vizvanA rAjakAraNanI pahelI saMsthA, lIga opha nezansa'-lIga opha nezansanI kArakIrdI--] 33 703 6523 sya 61 bITA phIsa holenDa vATakara kosloveDIyA elekjhAMDara pahelA vizvayuddha pachInuM vizvanu rAjakIya svarUpa; mahArAjAe vidAya le che. yu. esa. esa.Ara. zuM mAna yA phrenca krAnti pachI zarU thayelA navA jagatanA rAjakAraNanAM sukAne potAnA hAthamAM laine beThelA ane sAmrAjyavAdI zAsananuM saMcAlana karanArA muDIvAdI rAjasabhAnA AgevAna banelA, yuropanA dezomAM haju sattArathAne para birAjelA zahenazAheA ane mahArAjAe pahelA vizva yuddha pachI yuropanI

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550 vikava ItihAsanI rUparekhA gAdIo parathI gabaDI paDyA. yurepanAM bAkInAM rASTra jemAM haju zahenazAha rahyA hatA temane pahelA vizvayuddha pachI pitAnI rAjagAdIo choDI devAnI pharaja paDI. A zahenazAhae nahIM dhAreluM evuM pariNAma vizvayuddhamAM nipajyuM; ane jagatanA dezamAM zahenazAhanAM zAsananI saMkhyA ghaNu ochI thaI gaI. pitAne tyAM zahenazAhatanuM rU5 jALavI rahelA ane sAthe sAthe A rajavADI ghaTanA para muDIvAdI lekazAsananuM lazkarI ane jamInadArI jaMkavALu, bIsmArka jenuM ghaDatara ghaDayuM hatuM te AkramaNakhara jarmana dezamAMthI, sauthI pahele esTrIyA tUTI paDyo tathA enI sAthe dvimukhI rajavADI ghaTanA nIce parovAyela haMgerI paNa parAsta thayo. pelI divamukhI rajavADI ghaTanA pahelA vizvayuddha pachI, jarmanI, esTrIyA ane haMgerImAMthI patana pAmI gaI. pachI 1918mAM ja hegala nAmanA ciMtake jene sarvoparI rAjya ghaTanA gaNAvI hatI tevA praziyana rAjyanA adhikAra nIce mahAna jaramanInuM sAmrAjyavAdI kalevara bIsmArTa ane kejharanI zahenazAhata nIce baMdhAyuM hatuM. te kaMjharane naveMbaranI 9mIe gAdI tyAga karI karI devAnI pharaja paDI. tyArapachI tarata ja A mahAna jaramanI bArIyAne pradeza paNa paDaze ane eja divase tenI rAjAzAhIe gAdI choDI dIdhI. je mahArAjAoe jarmana sAmrAjya bAMdhyuM hatuM te badhA alepa thaI gayA ane jarmanInI rIpablIka tarIke jAherAta thaI. pachI patana pAmelI jarmana sarakAranA hArelA pratinidhio varasesamAM vijetA banelA sAmrAjyavAdIo samakSa apa rAdhInA pAMjarAmAM ubhA rahevA hAjara thayA tathA temaNe zaraNAgatinI zarate svIkArI. vizvayuddha pachI yurepane nakaze, zAhIvAdI lekazAsana ane phAsIvAdI saramukhatyArI pahelA vizvayuddha pachInA yuropanA zarIra para dekhIe te, vizvayuddhanA upasaMhAramAM ja zAhIvAdI lekazAsananuM rUpa vijetA banelA, phreMca-aMgreja zAhIvAdI dezamAM cAlu raheluM mAluma paDe che tathA A sivAyanA bIjA dezo para yurepanA jUnA lekazAsanane aMta AvI jatA tathA phAsIvAdI saramukhatyAranAM kALAM dhAbAM jevAM yuddhakhora zAsane zarU thaI gayelAM mAlama paDe che. A zAsananA kALA paDachAyAoe, A pradezo paranA lekazAsana para saMskAra ane saMskRtinA jIvana para ane zAMti ane sahakAranI badhI hilacAla para yuddha ane motanuM kALuM kaphana DhAMkI dIdhuM. A kaphana nIce, te te bhUmiparanuM saMskAra jIvana guMgaLAI gayuM tathA kacaDAI gaelA jIvana para saramukhatyAranA yuddha ane saMhAranA tAla jevAM, temanAM saramukhatyAranAM nAme ja saMbhaLAvA lAgyAM.

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pahelA vizvayuddha pachInuM yuropanuM rAjakAraNa papa1 A nAmamAM, jarmanI para hiTalara, osTIyApara Dilakasa, polenDa para pilasuskI, haMgerI para herathI, yugoslAvIyA para ke elekajhAMDara tathA ITAlI para musolInI nAmanAM nAme hatAM. A pradeza madhyayuropa ane pUrva yuropanA hatA. vijetAonI lIga jevI, lIga opha nezansa - yuropanI lekazAhInAM jUnA yuropanA lokazAhI zAsane yuddha pachI ekAeka nAza pAmI javA lAgyAM. A yuddha pachI jagatanAM rASTronI pite saMsthA hoya evuM lIga opha nezansanuM nAma dhAraNa karIne, tathA jagatamAM yuddho nAbUda karavAnA tathA zAMti sthApavAnA pitAnA dhyeyane jAhera karIne, eka vizva saMsthAnI racanA karavAmAM AvI. A saMsthAnI racanA karanAra, vijayI banelA, aMgreja-ca ane amerikana zAhIvAdI dezo hatA tathA, A racanAnuM kalevara paNa e vijayIzAhIvAnuM ja baneluM hatuM. eTale kharI rIte A saMsthA "lIga epha vIkaTarsa" nI hatI ema kahI zakAya. A saMsthAe paheluM kAma vijetAoe ghaDelA varaseilsa, tahanAmAne maMjurI ApavAnuM karyuM. A tahanAmAe jagatene nave nakaze taiyAra karyo hato tathA vijayI zAhIvAdee taiyAra karelA A nakazAmAM, pitAnAM zAhIvAdI hita sacavAya te rIte ja, jagatane na bhAga pADe ho, tathA parAjIta banelA pradeza para khUnakhAra vairabhAvanAne amala karyo hate. A tahanAmAvaDe temaNe jagatanA dezone vaheMcI khAdhA hatA tathA jUnA TarakIza sAmrAjyanA paNa bhAga pADI nAkhyA hatA. A badhI luMTanI vaheMcaNImAM sethI meTa hissa, aMgreja-phreMca zAhIvAdI sarakAroe paDAvI lIdhuM hatuM. A baMne zAhIvAdI sarakArenI bolabAlA jevI lIga opha nezansanI kAunasIlanI pahelI beThaka I. sa. 1920nA jAnyuArInI 16mIe maLI, ane pachI enI kAyamI beThaka mATe jInevA nakkI karAyuM. darekInuM rASTra punarUtthAna ane kamAla pAzA vizvayuddha cAlatuM hatuM tyAre aMgreja-phreMca zAhIvAdI sarakAre eka pitAnA mitra evA raziyAnA jhArane, TarakInuM konasTenTanopala ApI devAnI khAnagI karAra karyA hatA. paNa yuddhanA upasaMhAramAM, raziyAmAM krAnti zarU thaI ane turkastAnamAM kamAlapAzAnuM nAma gAjI uThayuM. eNe vijetA zAhIvAdIonI pakaDamAMthI pitAnA rASTrane bacAvI lIdhe tathA pitAnA rASTranuM pazcimIkaraNa karavAnI Arthika, sAmAjika ane rAjakIya hilacAla zarU karI dIdhI. eNe TarakInuM punarUtthAna AraMbhya tathA pitAne yuropIya rAjyomAM ripablIka tarIke jAhera karyuM. I. sa. 1923thI 1938 sudhI, maraNa paryata eNe TarakIza ripablIkanA pramukha tarIke cUMTAI AvIne eNe jUnA purANuM oTomana

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vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA sAmrAjyane| tyAga karIne pachAta evA tUrka rASTrane adyatana banAvavA athAga zrama karyAM. eNe tU' rASTranuM, rAjamadhAraNa yuropIya Dhabe leAkazAhIvALu banAvyuM tathA AkhA rASTrane pachAta bhutakALamAMthI upADIne vartamAnamAM sthApyo. osTrIyAnA saramukhatyAra, DAlasa 552 pahelA vizvayuddhamAM parAjaya pAmelA esTrIyana zahenazAha cArlse gAdI tyAga karyA tathA vijetA zAhIvAdIonA adhikAra nIce esTrIyAnu ripablIka zarU thayuM. i. sa. 1932mAM enjelabarTa DaeNlasa, sarakAranA vaDA tarIke AvyA. DAlase khIje ja varase, pArlAmenTarI sarakArane sameTI lIdhI tathA 1934mAM eNe badhA rAjakIya pakSeAne vikherI nAkhIne, " phAdharalenDa phranTa " nAmanA potAnA eka ja pakSane kAyadesara rahevA dIdhA. eNe e varasatA eprilanI 30mIe peAtAnI saramukhatyArazAhI zarU karI. i. sa, 1938nA phebruArImAM jaramanInA saramukhatyAra hiTalare, mahAna jaramanI dhaDavA mATe osTrIyAne khAlasA karI nAkhavAne kAryakrama ghaDIne osTrIyA para AkramaNa karyu. DAlasanuM khUna kAvI nAkhavAmAM AvyuM tathA, eprilanA 10mA divase, hiTalaranI saramukhatyAra zAhI nIce esTrIyAdeza, ' rAza ' nAmanA hiTalare ghaDelA phAsIvAdI jaramanImAM sAta jIllA banIne umerAi gayeA. ? huMgarInA hArathI i. sa. 1918nA okaTAbaramAM, esTrIyAnA zahenazAhe gAdI tyAga karyo ke tarata ja tuMgerIe peAtAne esTrIyAthI svataMtra jAhera karyAM. naveMbaramAM huMgerIe peAtAne rIpablIka tarIke jAhera karyuM. menI 21mIe tyAM krAnti vijayI banI ane samAjavAdI-sAmyavAdI sarakAra sattA para AvI, parantu pratikrAnti tarata ja zarU thai. eDamIrala hArathInI AgevAnI nIce tAnA sarU thayAM. rUmAnIAe haMgerIpara caDhAi karI, ane teNe khuDApesTa para kabajo karyAM, krAntine parAjaya thayA, ane eDamIrala, nIkAlasa hArathI, sarakArane vaDeA nimAye| tathA saramukhatyAra banyA. yugeAslAviyAnA, saramukhatyAra, rAjA, elekajhAnDara vizvayuddha pachI, sarakhIyA, meAnTenIgreA, kroezIyA, slAvAnIyA ane DAlamezIyAnA pradezAne ekaTA karIne, 1918nA DIsebaranI 4thIe sa, kroTa ane slevena leAkeAnuM saMyukata rAjya yugeAslAvIyA banyuM tathA sarIyAnA prInsa elekajhenDare tenu zAsana karavAnuM svIkAryuM. pachI i. sa. 1929 sudhI A rajavADAzAhI sAme, navA rAjyanA eka pachI khIjA vibhAgane kalaha

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pahelA vizvayuddha pachItu yuropanuM rAjakAraNa 553 cAlu rahyo. jAnyuArInI pamIe rAjA elekajhAMDare, rAjasabhAne barakhAsta karI nAkhIne, tathA badhA rAjkIyapakSeAne vikherI nAkhIte potAne saramukhatyAra tarIke jAhera karI dIdheA. pAlenDanA pIlamudaskI pahelA vizvayuddha daramyAna, esTrIyAnA pakSamAM rahIte, janarala, josepha pIlasudassIe peAlenDamAM lazkarI hilacAla zarU karI hatI, tathA enAM peAlIsa lazkarAne, eksTrA haMgerIyana lazkarAmAM joDI devAmAM AvyAM hatAM. i. sa. 1916mAM yuddha daramyAna, jarmana sarakAre polenDanA svataMtra rAjyanI jAherAta karI hatI, ane polenDa para peAtAnuM svAmItva cAlu rAkhyuM hatuM. A sAme pIlasudassIe, vAMdhA lIdhe eTale ene pakaDIne jana sarakAre keda karyo, ane 1918nA navembaramAM chUTIne pIlasuskI pALe pAlenDa Avyo. tyAre vizvayuddhanA aMtamAM ene tyAMnI rIjansI kAunsIle lazkarI adhikAra soMpI dIdhA. navebaranI 14mIe A lazkarI saradAre peAlIsa rIpablIkane svataMtra jAhera kayuM tathA pote tenA saramukhatyAra banyA. zAhIvAdI lAzAsananA parAjaya pahelA vizvayudhdhe jagatanA sAmAjika ane rAjakIya vyavahAramAM svIkArAyelI dhaNI bAbate te athavA lAMbA samayathI cAlI AvatI jIvananI kikatAne toDI nAkhI. jagatanA jIvanamAM pahelA vizvayuddha sudhImAM sauthI moTAM rAjakIya svarUpe leAkazAhI ane rASTravAda nAmanAM hatAM. A baMne svapne vizvayuddha pahelAnA rAjakAraNe anaMta kALa sudhI cAle tevAM jIvananAM svarUpo tarIke gaNAvyAM hatAM. paraMtu leAkazAhI iMgleMDa, amerikA ane phrAnsanAM lAkazAhI svarUpe AkhA jagatane peAtAnuM saMsthAna athavA gulAma banAvIne evI zAhIvAdI lokazAhImAM kAi mULamUta doSa hato te bAbatane sAkhIta karI dIdhI. AvI lokazAhIoe jagatanI pachAta prajAone rAjakIya rIte sa MsthAnA gulAma banAvI tathA temanAM rASTrAne peAtAnAM saMsthAnA banAvyAM. pahelA vizvayuddhamAM vijayI banelI A muDIvAdI lokazAhI sarakAro zAhIvAdI hatI tathA temaNe khIjA dezonI prajAne pAyamAla karI nAkhI hatI, tathA temanuM sarvasva zoSI lIdhuM hatuM. AvI lokazAhIonuM muDIvAdI ane sAmrAjyavAdI svarUpa vizvayuddhamAM parAjIta pAmelA zAhIvAdI dezAeja potAne tyAM paDakAyuM. AvA dezAmAM janI ane iTAlI e mukhya hatA. A banne dezAmAMthI vizvayuddhanA pariNAmamAM zahenazAhanAM sihAsanA to nAbUda thavAja mAMDayAM hatAM. paraMtu vizvayuddhanAM pariNAmeAnA Arthika aMdheramAM 70

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554 vikava ItihAsanI rUparekhA ane rAjakIya aMdhAdhudhImAM jarmanI ane ITAlIe potAnAM lekazAhI svarUpane athavA pitAne tyAM, lekazAhI sAme ja potAnuM yuddha zarU karyuM. A rASTroe phAsIvAdI banIne jAhera karyuM ke lekazAhI niSphaLa nivaDI cUkI che. lokazAsanane nAza ane zAhIvAdanI saramukhatyArI ITAlIne dAkhalo laIe te ITAlI, pahelA vizvayuddhamAM vijetA banelA zAhIvAdo sAthe joDAyeluM hatuM. paraMtu vizvayuddha purU thayuM tyAre ITAlInI dazA parAjaya pAmelA rASTra jevI hatI. enuM kAraNa e hatuM ke yuddha pachI ITAlInA zAhIvAdane yuddhanI luMTa tarIke kazuM ja maLyuM na hatuM. I. sa. 1915 mAM vijetA bananArA zAhIvAdI dezoe ITAlIne je luMTa ApavAnAM vacana ApyAM hatAM te have teo vijya pachI pALavAne mATe taiyAra na hatA. A rIte vizvayuddhanAM badhAM nukazAna ane Arthika tArAjI ITAlIne bhAga AvyAM. tyAre yuddhanI lUMTamAM AvelAM saMsthAnA bhAga paDyA temAM ITAlIne kaI paNa bhAga ApavAnI IgleMDa, phrAnsa, ane amerikA nAmanI zAhIvAdI vijetA sarakAree nA pADI dIdhI. ethI khuvAra banelA A rASTranA rAjakIya maMDaLoe tyAranI sarakAra sAme pitAne virodha zarU karyo. A virodhI rAjakIya maMDaLomAM phesIsTa nAmanuM eka nAnuM sarakhuM maMDaLa hatuM. A maMDaLa yuddhara mUDIvAdIothI piSAtuM hatuM ane AkramaNathI sarakArane uthalAvI pADavAmAM mAnatuM hatuM. dhIme dhIme phesisTa nAmanA A maMDaLanI tAkAta vadhatI gaI ane 1921 nA navembaramAM A maMDaLanI rASTriya pariSada maLI. A pariSadamAM maMDaLanA tamAma sabhyo mATe kALA khamIsavALo piSAka, prAcIna romana zahenazAhatamAM hatI tevI salAmInI prathA tathA sijhara nAmanA rAmana zahenazAhane hatuM te rAjadaMDa ane jagata para rAjya jamAvavAnA zAhIvAdI siddhAMtane svIkAravAmAM AvyA. A pariSade samAjavAda ane sAmyavAdane pitAnA jAnI duzmana tarIke jAhera karyo. evA A maMDaLamAM eka vakhatanA sainike tathA bekAre ane laDAyaka ta joDAyAM. I. sa. 1922 nA ekabaramAM muselInI nAmanA A maMDaLanA AgevAnanI rAhabarI nIce phesisTa svayaMsevakoe rema para caDhAI karI. te samayanI sarakAra A maMDaLane zaraNe AvI. musalInI vaDApradhAna tarIke nimAye. meTIoTI nAmanA ITAlInA samAjavAdI AgevAnanuM khUna thayuM ane phesIsTa sivAyanA tamAma maMDaLe sAme eNe laDAI jAhera karI. AkhA iTAlI para musalInIe rAjakIya damana zarU karyuM. ITAlInAM tamAma lazkarane pite senApati banyo. pArlAmenTane eNe vikherI nAkhI ane rAjAne nAmane rAjA rahevA daIne pite iTAlIne saramukhatyAra banyo.

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555 pahelA vizvayuha pachInuM yuropanuM rAjakAraNa phAsIvAdane siddhAMta | munie rAjakArabhAra mATe phesIsTa athavA phAsIvAdanA siddhAMtanI racanA karI. A siddhAMtanuM mukhya svarUpa sAmyavAda sAme duzmanAvaTanuM tathA lekazAhInA virodhanuM hatuM. A siddhAMtanA svarUpa mATe mekAAvelIe lakhelA prinsa nAmanA pustakane eNe pitAnuM rAjakIya dharmapustaka banAvyuM. A pustakanA pAyAne siddhAMta koI paNa sAdhana vaDe rAjakIya sattAne dhAraNa karI rAkhavAne hato. musalanI "prinsa" nAmanA A pustakamati ITAlInA rAjakArabhAramAM prInsa" athavA zahenazAha banI beThe. DAnTa nAmane kavi A saramukhatyAra priya kavi ba. remamAM beThelA A saramukhatyArane sijhara banavAnAM svapna AvavA lAgyAM. eNe jAhera karyuM ke "sAmyavAda ke samAjavAdanI jema koI ja nAo ghaDavAmAM phAsivAda mAnato nathI. samAja ghaTanAnI navI racanAnAM vacana ApavAmAM phAsIvAda mAnatA nathI. phAsIvAda te vyAkhyA na thaI zake tevI adabhUta vastu che, ane te pitAnI jAtanI sAbItI pitAne puravAra karIne ja ApavA mAMge che, tathA te pite siddhAMtanA vevalAveDAmAM nahIM paraMtu hakIkatanA - AkAramAM ja mAne che." phAsIvAdanA AvA siddhAMtanuM jIvatuM jAgatuM rU5 musolenI pote baLe. sIjhara jevI tAkAtane dhAraNa karavA mAgate A AgevAna ema mAnatA hate ke iTAlIne vizvavijetA banAvavA mATe pitAne avatAra thayuM che. A avatAranI jIvana kathA eka luhAranI koDhamAM janma pAmI. pachI eka ati dhAmika mAtAnI dekharekha nIce ucharelo musalInI ITAlIne svachaMda jIvanamAM upara taLe thato zikSakanI nokarI svIkArate hate. pachI musalenI samAjavAdI pakSamAM joDAyo, ane pahelA vizvayuddhamAM ITAlIe yuddhamAM joDAvuM joIe tevI zAhIvAdI mitrarAnI tarapheNa karavA mATe, samAjavAdI pakSamAMthI ene kADhI mUkavAmAM Avyo. tyAra pachI musolenI ITAlIyana lazkaramAM joDAya ane I. sa. 1919 nA mArcamAM yuddhamAMthI pAchA AvyA pachI eka vakhatanA sainike sAthe eNe "phAsI-DI-kebyuTImenTa" nAmanI phesisTa maMDaLI jamAvI. koraporeTa sTeTa saramukhatyAra banI cUkelA musalanIe I. sa. 1926 sudhImAM iTAlInA rAjyabaMdhAraNane khatama karI nAkhyA pachI tathA pitAne zaraNe AvelA rAjAne jene te rahevA daIne eNe phesisTa maMDaLanI AgevAnI nIce "kerporeTa sTeTa"nI sthApanA karI. I. sa. 1936 sudhI korporeTa sTeTanI nezanala kAu

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556 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA nsIlene ja eNe rAjakArabhAranA vahivaTI taMtravALI banAvI dIdhI, tathA cembara opha DepyuTIjhane baratarapha karIne sarakAranA vahivaTanI aMdaranuM pratinIdhItva rAjakIyane badale kevaLa zAhIvAdI evuM ArthikataMtravALuM racI dIdhuM. A kepeTa sTeTa Arthika hita dharAvanArA ane Arthika mAlikIvALA sInDIkeTonuM banyuM. sInDIke nAmanI AvI ArthikasaMsthAo pAse rAjavahivaTanuM sukAna AvyuM tatha. majuronAM je maMDaLamAM phesisTa maMDaLanA sabhyo hoya tevAM ja majurane sabhya banavA devAmAM AvyA. sthAnika sInDIkeTonAM maMDaLo athavA pheDarezane banAvavAmAM AvyAM, ane A pheDarezana upara nezanala kAunsIla opha korporezananI yojanA karavAmAM AvI. A nezanala kAunsilane phesisTa grAMDa kAunsi lanI samavaDI tarIke svIkAravAmAM AvI. A baMne kAunsIlamAM ITAlInI sara kAranA vahivaTItaMtramAM sauthI vaDe adhikAra phesisTa kAunsIlane ane chevaTe muselenIne svIkAravAmAM Avyo. paheluM vizvayuddha laDI cUkelI ane jagatamAM niMdApAtra banelI mUDIvAdI samAjaghaTanAnI yurepanI zAhIvAdI sarakAromAM iTAlInA parAjIta zAhIvAde lekazAhInuM nAmanizAna bhUMsI nAkhIne sInDIkeTanI Arthika ghaTanAne badhuM rAjakAraNaseMpI daI, AkramaNakhora saramukhatyArazAhIne A rIte svIkAra karI lIdho. zAhIvAdanI A ghaTanAe sAmAjika nitImattAne koI paNa siddhAMta svIkAravAno InkAra karyo. zAhIvAdanI A sarasukhatyAra racanAe prAcIna rezamana zahenazAhatanA jagata jItavAnA dhyeyane svIkAra karI lIdho ane AkramaNa tathA yuddhane pitAnA korporeTa TeTane zvAsaprazvAsa banAvIne rAjyavahivaTane AraMbha karyo. A vahivaTe pitAnI paradeza nIti zarU karI dIdhI. pahelA vizvayuddhamAM vijya pAmelI vijetA zAhIvAdanI sarakAroe yuddhanI luMTamAM ITAlIne kaMIja bhAga nahi ApavAnuM vartana batAvIne tenuM je apamAna karyuM hatuM tene badale vALavAne musonIe nizcaya karyo. eNe yuddhanI paradezanIti apanAvIne tathA AkramaNanI kavAyate pitAnI bhUmi upara jorazorathI zarU karIne yuropanA nakazAmAM ITalInuM sthAna bhaya cihna tarIke jamAvI dIdhuM. eNe yuddhanI pUjA jAhera rIte zarU karI. eNe kahyuM ke mAnavajAtanA uddhArane niyama yuddha che. mAnavajAtanI kriyAzakti ane umadA kAryazakti yuddhanI uSmAmAMthI ja pragaTe che evuM eNe yuddhanuM nItizAstra banAvyuM. eNe bhUmadhya para yuddhanA paDachAyA jevAM jahAje hAMkavA mAMDyAM. eNe bAlkana pradeza ane osTriyAmAM yuddhane dorI saMcAra zarU karyo. vijetA zAhIvAdI dezanI bahumatIvALI lIga opha nezansane eNe paDakAra pheMka, ane ebisinIyA upara caDhAI karavAnI taiyArI karavA mAMDI.

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pahelA vizvayuddha pachInu yuropanuM rAjakAraNa jarmanInI phAsIvAdI athavA zAhIvAdI saramukhatyArI O pahelA vizvayuddha pachInuM eka pariNAma iTAlImAM zarU thayelI phAsIvAdI saramukhatyArazAhI hatI. A saramukhatyArazAhIe vizvayuddhamAM kazuM nahi meLavyA pachI yuddhane ja potAnA siddhAMta banAvIne jagatapara saMsthAnA meLavavA mATe taiyArI karavA mAMDI. eTalA pUratI A zAhIvAdI sarakAra vijetA banelI zAhIvAdI sarakArAthI judI paDatI hatI. yuropanA evA ja khIjo zAhIvAdI deza janI hatA, paheluM vizvayuddha zarU karanAra A jarmana zAhIvAda ja hatA. A jarmana zAhIvAda vizvayuddhamAM parAjaya pAmyA hatA ane enAM badhAM saMsthAnA vijetA zAhIvAdAe vaheMcI lIdhAM hatAM. A uparAMta parAjIta jarmanI para yuddhanA aneka khAjAe vijetAoe nAkhyA hatA tathA jarmAMna prajA upara vImar rIpablIka nAmanuM rAjyabaMdhAraNu A vijetAoe ja dhaDI ApyuM hatuM. i. sa. 1919 thI 1973 sudhI A vImara rIpablIke jarmanInA rAjakArabhAranuM gADu gabaDAvyuM. I. sa. 1932 nI cUMTaNImAM khUvAra thayelA jarmanImAM kamyuni sTonI bahumatI thai. jarmanInA zAhIvAdI varga ane praziyAnA jamInadArI varSAM A sAme bhaDakI uThayA. A sajogomAM, janmatInA zAhIvAdI udyogapatie khAnagImAM zastrasajja banAvelA eDAlpha hiTalara nAmanA temanA Age. vAna phesisTa maMDaLI banAvIne AgaLa Avyo. A phAsisTa pakSanuM ja nImAM nAjhI pakSa evuM nAma hatuM. jarmanInA udyogapationI madada vaDe hiTalare peAtAnuM khAnagI lazkara jamAvyuM. e lAkha sainikAnI saMkhyAvALA A khAnagI lazkaranI kavAyatanA avAja jarmanInAM nagaromAM saMbhaLAvA lAgyA. I. sa. 1932 mAM presIDanTa hiDanagemAM hiTalaranI nimaNUka censelara tarIke karI. haTalara potAnA sAgaritA sAthe sattA para AvyA ke tarata ja eNe sarakArane hAtha karavAnA badhA prayatna zarU karyA. eNe mahAna jamanI dhaDavAnI jAherAta karI. eNe esTrIyAmAM ane AlsekamAM vasatA badhA jamanAne rAjakIya rIte eka karavAnI jAherAta paNa karI. eNe yahudIo ane sAmyavAdIo sAme rAjkIya ane sAmAjika yuddha karavAnI kAryavAhI zarU karI dIdhI. eNe jarmanI para ladAyeluM tamAma de nAbUda karavAnI tathA peAtAnAM gumAvelAM tamAma saMsthAne pAchAM meLavavAnI jAherAta karI. 557 hiTalare i. sa. 1933 nI cUMTaNI damiyAna nAjhI pakSa mATe sarakArI hakUmata hAtha karavAnI hiMsaka kAryavAhI AraMbhI dIdhI. enA khAnagI lazkara vaDe ane gArDiMga nAmanA enAja pakSavALA polisa khAtAnA vaDAnI madada vaDe

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558 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA eNe virAdhI evA rAjakIya pakSAne kArAgAramAM jakaDI lIdhAA tathA sarakAranuM taMtra potAne hAtha karIne julAinA caudamA divase eNe nAjhI pakSa sivAyanA tamAma rAjakiya pakSAne gerakAyadesara TharAvatA kAyadA pasAra karAvyA. nAjhI pakSe svastikanuM cihna peAtAnA jhaMDA para dhAraNa karyuM. A badhuM banatuM hatuM tyAre jUnA rAjyabaMdhAraNanA pramukha hiDanabarga maraNa pAmatA hatA tathA enA maDAnI sAtheja junuM rAjyabaMdhAraNa paNa daphanAI jatuM hatuM. hiTalare prAcIna AryaleAkeAnA svatikane dhAraNa karIne AkhAya jagata para peAtAnI jana Aya jAtinI AgevAnIne sthApavAnA kAryakrama dhAraNa karIne ane te mATe AkhAya jagatane jarmAMna mahAprajAnI hakUmata nIce lAvI devAnA ane jagata AkhAnA dezone peAtAnuM saMsthAna banAvavA tathA eTalA mATe yahUdIonA ane sAmyavAdIonA duniyAbharamAMthI uccheda karI nAkhavAnA kAryakramane dhAraNa karIne hiTalare sauthI pahelAM A kAryakramanI zarUAta ja nImAM ArbhI dIdhI. jarmanInI tamAma saMsthAomAMthI yahUdIone kharatarapha karavAmAM AvyA. yahUdIonI peDhIe ane dukAnAne japta karavAmAM AvI. yaddInAM aMge uparathI jana AbhUSaNA paNa utArI levAmAM AvyAM. tathA temanA para niSThura evA jUlmo ane mArapITa zarU thayAM. sAmyavAdIenI paNa evIja katalanA AraMbha thayA. temanI tamAma saMsthAe nAbUda karI nAkhavAmAM AvI, tathA temane vINI vINIne mArI nAMkhavAnuM kAmakAja Ar bhAyuM. A badhI kAryavAhIne saraLa banAvavA mATe hiTalare jamana vahivaTanuM polisa ane lazkarIkhAtuM potAnI saramukhatyArazAhI nIce ANI dIdhuM. hiTalaranA kAryakramanA amala zarU thatAM ja jarmana mahAprajAnI sarvoparitA viSenuM sAhitya chapAvA mAMDyuM ane lekazAhI tathA sAmyavAda viSenA sAhityane saLagAvI devAmAM Avyu. AkhA dezapara vicAra, vANI ane milana upara jarmana saramukhatyArInI sakhata cekI esI gai. vANI vartana tathA milana para dhAtakI aMkuzA sthApI devAmAM AvyA. zALAe vidyApIThe ane chApakhAnAM upara jarmana mahAprajAnI saramukhatyArazAhIno amala zarU thayA. A badhI kAryavAhInA amala karavA geriMganI nimaNuka polisakhAtAnA pradhAna tarIke karavAmAM AvI ane geAkhesanI nimaNuMka pracAra khAtAnA pradhAna tarIke karavAmAM AvI. A jAlima TanAnI jhaDapa evI tA vadhI gai hatI ke ekalA praziyA ane bAverIyAmAMja meAta pAmI javA mATe paMdara hajAra mANasane cha aDavADiyAmAMja jakaDI levAmAM AvyAM. bhayAnaka evI A AryaMna kAvAhIne ciMtaka rAjhenabarga nAmanA hatA, ja`na mahAprajAnI Ayana sarvoparitA viSe

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pahelA vivayuddha pachInuM yuropanuM rAjakAraNa 559 e badhuM ja jANatA hatA. jagatane gulAma banAvavA mATe avatAra pAmelI A AryaprajA enI dRSTie addabhuta evA lehIvALI ane khoparIovALI hatI. A mahAprajAne payagAma ghaDavA mATe rejhenabarga jarmanInI tamAma zikSaNa vyavasthAne pradhAna nimAyo hato. A zikSaNa vyavasthA karavA uparAMta jarmana mahAprajAnI sarvoparitAne nahI svIkAratAM tathA, te sarvoparitAnA payagAmane dhAraNa karanAra "phUharara" athavA, hiTalara jevA AgevAnanI AgevAnI nahi svIkAranAra, tamAma lokone buddhimAna ane bhaNelAM vargomAMthI paNa pakaDI pADIne, temane yogya zikSA ApavAnI tajavIja karavAno adhikAra paNa rejhenabargane hate. pahelA vizvayuddha nAmanI jagatanA zAhIvAdIonI yAdavAsthaLImAMthI ja AvelI phAsIvAda nAmanI A zAhIvAdI saramukhatyArazAhI hatI. saMskAra ane saMskRitinuM nikaMdana kADhI nAkhavA mAgatI A phAsIvAdI kAryavAhIne eka cheDo prAcIna evI Aryana saMskRtinI bhedanItimAM laMbAye hato, ane bIje che A arvAcIna evI phAsIvAdI saramukhatyArazAhIne banyo hate. jevI rIte ITAlImAM phAsivAdI saramukhatyArazAhIe pitAne pAyo sInDIkeTano banAvyo hatA. tevI rIte jarmanImAM paNa hiTalaranuM bhayAnaka rAjyataMtra calAvanAra Arthika pAye zAhIvAdI jarmana udyogapationA, ijArAvAdane banyA hatA. A Arthika taMtrane AgevAna De. zATa nAmane jarmanInI badhI benkane eka pramukha hatA. geriMga, gebelsa ane rejhenabarganI jema A De. zATa arthataMtrane pradhAna hate. arthanA A taMtrano payagAma paNa bIjuM vizvayuddha racavA mATe hate. arthanA taMtrano A AgevAna saramukhatyArazAhInI zarUAtamAM ja jAhera karate hatuM ke paheluM vizvayuddha haju ApaNe mATe puruM thayuM ja nathI paNa cAlu che. yuddha eja ApaNe kAryakrama che ane vijaya ApaNeja che. yuddhanA Arthika taMtrano A AgevAna I. sa. 1934 nA mArca mahinAmAM "orgenika apa biDIMga opha dhI jarmana IkonomI" nAmane dhAre ghaDo tamAma hariphAIne nAza karavAne kAryakrama racatA hatA. A uparAMta khetIvADI khAtAmAM jamInadAra paddhatine vArasAgata banAvavAmAM AvatI hatI. A arthataMtramAM yuddhanA rastA para caDhelA jarmanI mATe anAja utpAdana karavAno sarva adhikAra jamInadArane suprata thatuM hatuM. I. sa. 1934 nA me mahinAmAM rASTranA majurane jakaDI lenAre dhAre ghaDAte hato ane tamAma majUra maLenI AgevAnI nAjhI amaladArone tathA mAlikane soMpavAmAM AvatI hatI. A uparAMta sarakArI zrama karavA mATe bekAra majuronIM pharajIyAta zrama chAvaNuo kholavAmAM AvatI hatI.

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vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA hiTalaranI saramUkhatyArazAhI A rIte jamInanI aMdaranI jIvanavahivaTanI racanAne ane udyoganI aMdaranI racanAne zAhIvAdanA phAsIvAdI ceAkaDAmAM jakaDI laI te paradeza nItine AraMbha karatI hatI. A paradeza nItinuM paheluM kAma yurApanI zAhIvAdI sarakArAmAM jarmanInA jUnA sthAnane mAnapUrvakanuM nakakI karavA mATe hathiyArAnA DhagalA nipajAvavAnuM hatuM tathA khAnagI rIte lazkarAnI saMkhyA vadhAravAnuM hatuM. A paradeza nItinuM khIjuM kAma jarmanIne mahAna jarmInI banAvavAnuM hatuM. eTalA mATe ja osTrIyA ane haMgerIne AkramaNupUrvaka tAme karIne janmanI sAthe jakaDI lIdhA pachI janmanI sAthenA paDeAzI dezAmAM jyAM jyAM jarmana prajAe vasatI hAya te te dezA sAthe lazkarI salAhA karIne temane jarmanInI hakUmata nIce lAvI devAnuM hatuM. AvuM karavA mATe evA dezamAM rahetA jamaOAne uddezIne te jarmanA piDIta prajA che teo saLagatA pracAra zarU karavAnA hatA, tevA pracAra sAthe taravAra khullI rAkhIne lazkarI hilacAla cAlu rAkhavAnI hatI. hiTalaranI paradezanItinuM A peheluM ja pagaluM hatuM. A pahelA pagalA vakhate A paradeza nIti iTAlI ane iMglenDane tathA jApAnane mitro gaNatI hatI ane phrAnsa tathA raziyAne pahelA nakharanA duzmana lekhatI hatI. A gaNatrI sAthe hiTalaranI paradeza nIti khIjuM pagaluM mAMDavAnI hatI. ane khIjA pagalAmAM polisa kAraDAra nAmanA pradezane bhUMsI nAkhavAnI hatI. chellu pagalu AkhA yuropa para pAtAnA rAjakIya ane lazkarI niNaeNya meLavIne AkhI duniyAne peAtAnuM sAmrAjya banAvavAnuM hatuM. 56 0 pahelA vizvayuddhanA a MtamAM vizvazAMtinA nUtana rAjakAraNanA dekhAva zAhIvAda ane phAsIvAdanA niSedha karanArA dekhAva paNa vizvaItihAsanI sImA para tarata ja dekhAyA. vizvaI tihAsanA jagata krAMtine A dekhAva raziyAnI dharatI para sImAstaMbha banatA hatA. A dekhAvanuM krAMtirUpa jagatanA itihAsamAM pahelIvAra mUDIvAdI ane zahenazAhateAnI zAhIvAdI jIvanaprathAnI kAyApalaTa karI nAkhatuM hatuM. krAMtinI A sAmAjika kriyA karanAra raziyAnA mAnavasamudAya hatA. A mAnavasamudAya sAmAjika krAMti karIne potAnA eka dezamAM mUDIvAdI jIvana prathAne, zAhIvAdI jIvanaprathAnA, ane saMsthAnika jIvanaprathAnA aMta lAvatA hatA. krAMtinuM A jIvanasvarUpa sAmAjika dhaTanAnuM vargavihIna jIvanaprathAvALu rUpa ghaDavA mAgatuM hatuM. enuM nUtana a kANu athavA arUpa potAnI jIvana ghaTanAmAMthI nAkheAra artharUpane khatama karatuM hatuM tathA enuM rAjakiya svarUpa khIjA kAI paNa pradezane parAdhIna ke saMsthAna nahi banAvavAnu nUtana svarUpa

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pahelA vizvayuddha pachInuM yurepanuM rAjakAraNa 561 dhAraNa karIne jagatanA ItihAsamAM pahelIvAra vizva zAMtinI paradeza nItine apanAvatuM hatuM. AvI jIvanaghaTanAmAM yuddha pachInuM enuM tAkIdanuM svarUpa yuddha nesa... esa. A banAva. bhALiyAoDeksA mALiyAra raho ' evA sTola: 5::. TakI khuvAra karelA pitAnA dezane pagabhara banAvavA mATe tathA tUTI paDelA tenA arthataMtranI pUnardhaTanA karavA mATe ane vizva ItihAsamAM dekhAyelI A nUtana sAmAjika krAMtine AraMbhamAM ja kacaDI nAMkhavA mATe enA pitAnA para caDhI AvelA zAhIvAdIonAM lazkarane tathA dezanI aMdaranAM krAnti virodhI tane pAcho haThAvavA mATe saramukhatyArazAhInuM banatuM hatuM. paraMtu saramukhatyArInA A zAsananuM svarUpa lokasamudAye athavA zramamAnavonA rAjakIya pakSanI saramukhatyArIvALuM hatuM.

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562 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA lekasamudAyanA majura varganI saramukhatyArazAhInuM A svarUpa phAsIvAdI saramukhatyArazAhIthI badhI rIte juduM hatuM. phAsIvAdI saramukhatyArazAhIne janma IjArAvAdI mUDInA AkramaNakhora zAhIvAdamAMthI thaye hato, jayAre A saramukhatyArazAhIne janma raziyAnA zramamAnamAMthI thayuM hatuM. phAsIvAdI saramukhatyArazAhIne dhAraNa karanAra varga IjArAvAdI zAhIvAdIonA phesisTa nAmanA rAjakIya pakSone hatA, jyAre A saramukhatyArazAhIne dhAraNa karatA A rAjakIya pakSa aneka varSo sudhI zramamAnavanI laData laDIne aneka agniparIkSAmAMthI pasAra thayele zramamAnane sAmyavAdI pakSa hato. hilli si[ : kAma e regung 4 + che 1 : hguni *iiii COB STI! R eNr BIT. E! -- . . raziyAnA AvA navA rAjyataMtrane taMtravAhaka tyAMnA sAmyavAdI pakSe tathA raziyana krAMtinA pitA lenine pasaMda karela kAMtine ajoDa sAthIdAra tathA polAdI mAnavanA birUdane pAmela sTelina nAmane mahAnubhAva hatA. sTeline pitAnI kArakIrdInI zarUAtamAM ja TaskI nAmane krAMtinA mahAna netAne sAmano karavo paDyo, kAraNa ke preTaraphInuM mAnavuM evuM hatuM ke raziyAe raziyana krAMtine jagatamAM phelAvavAnuM kAtinuM AkramaNa svarUpa dhAraNa karavuM joIe. proTaskInA A siddhAMta sAme lenina ane sTelinane siddhAMta e hato ke koI paNa dezamAM daramiyAnagIrI karyA vinA ekalA raziyAmAM ja krAMtinI jIvanadhaTanAnI sAmAjika Arthika ane rAjakIya racanA karavI, tathA eka ja evA raziyAmAM vargavihIna samAjaghaTanAnuM nirmANa kare tevuM zAsana zarU karavuM. jagatamAM mUDIvAdI samAjaracanA ane samAjavAdI samAja racanA evI be paraspara virodhI jIvana prathAo ekabIjA para AkramaNa karyA vinA eka jagatamAM ekasAthe

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pahelA vizvayuddha pachInuM yurepanuM rAjakAraNa pa63 jIve evI zAMtinI paradeza nItine dhAraNa karavI. A siddhAMta pramANe sTelinanI paradeza nItie lIga opha nezansamAM, sabhya thavAnuM paheluM pagaluM lIdhuM. e pagalAMnI ToTarakIe sakhata virodha karyo. A sAthe ja sTelinanA AMtararAjya vahivaTe raziyA bharamAM audyogIka krAtine phelAvI devAnI ane raziyAnI pachAta Arthika dazAne mUDIvAdI dezanI audyogIka dhaTanA sudhI pahoMcADI devAnI paMcavarSIya yojanAo zarU karI. reMTiskIe A tamAmanA prakhara virodha karyo. ene pariNAme saramukhatyAraznAhIe ene dezavaTa dIdho. zAhIvAdI vizvayuddha laDhIne jagatanA pachAta ane parAdhIna pradezanI tathA

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564 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA gulAma dezanI navesarathI vaheMcaNI karavAnuM paheluM vizvayuddha laDanArA zAhIvAdI dezoe je IcchayuM nahatuM ne dhAryuM paNa nahetu evuM zramamAnavanI saramukhatyArInuM rAjyanuM vahivaTanuM svarUpa rUsI dharatI para dhAraNa thayuM. A svarUpe pitAne pahele mudrAlekha lakhyuM ke jagatabharanA tamAma rASTro mATe amAruM navuM rAjya samAnabhAve, AtmanirNayane siddhAMta svIkAre che. A navA soviyeTa rA pitAnA rAjavahivaTanA pahelA pagalA tarIke vizvazAMtinI nUtana paradezanItinA zAhIvAdI virodhI rUpanI zarUAta karI. jhAranA zAhIvAdI vahivaTa nIce parAdhIna banelA phaleMDa, IsToniyA, leTaviyA, lIthuAniyA ane poleMDanA pradezane teNe mukta athavA AjhAda jAhera karyA. raziyAnA rAjavahivaTamAM joDAyelAM sezyAlIsTa rIpablIkemAM raziyana bhASA nahi paNa prAdezika bhASAovALAM samAna darajajAnAM vahivaTI ghaTaka zarU thaI gayAM. thoDAM ja varSomAM 18 varSanI uMmaranAM tamAma strI puSpane pUrNa matAdhikAra ApavAmAM Avyo. A nUtana rAjyavahivaTanA svarUpe samasta rUsI dharatI para prathama paMktinA kAryakrama tarIke pahelI paMcavarSiya yojanAmAM ekeeka strIpurUSa ane bALaka bALako mATe roTI raheThANa ane poSAka ApavAnI tathA samAnabhAve ane pharajIAta rIte zikSaNa ApavAnI prathama paMktinI baMdhAraNIya jAherAta karI. eka nUtana jIvanaprathAnuM rAjakIya rUpa tyAre A badhI zAhIvAdI evI lokazAhI sarakArenuM yuropamAM navA janmelAM badhAM ripablIka upara pahelA vizvayuddhanA vijetA banelA zAhIvAdI dezanuM varcasva hatuM. A zAhIvAdI dezee yuropanAM AbIjAM badhAM ripablIkanI upara pitAnI asara jamAvI rAkhI hatI. paraMtu nUtana yuganAM navAM eMdhANa ApatuM eka navI jAtanuM A ripablIka seviyaTa seziyAlIsTa ripablIkasa" nAmanuM banyuM. A ripablIkano janma vizvayuddhanA aMtamAM thayo hato, paraMtu A ripablIka upara vijya pAmelA zAhI-vAdIone jarApaNa kAbU hatA nahIM. vizvayuddha vakhate zAhIvAdIonI vijetA bananArI chAvaNIomAM ja raziyAne zahenazAha jhAra eka mitra tarIke sAmela thayeluM hatuM, chatAM vizvayuddhanA aMtamAM ja A zahenazAha vijetA zAhIvAdI onI chAvaNImAM vijyanI ujavaNI karavA mATe jIvata rahI zake nahIM. razi. yAnA mAnavasamudAye A zahenazAhane ane tenI zahenazAhatane raziyAmAMthI khatma karI nAkhyAM. raziyAmAM vizvaItihAsanI pahelI sAmAjika krAMti thaI. A sAmAjika krAMtie zahenazAhatane pitAnA rASTramAMthI khatama karI nAkhIne ane

Page #586
pahelA vizvayuddha pachInuM yuropanuM rAjakAraNa 565 tenI sAthe sAthe ja zAhIvAdI sarakArI paddhati ane jIvanapaddhatine pitAnA rASTramAMthI aMta lAvIne AMtararASTriya krAMti karI. A krAMtinuM rUpa AMtararASTriya eTalA mATe banyuM ke teNe vizvanA ItihAsamAM pahelIvAra pitAnA dezamAM mUDIvAdI athavA zAhIvAdI jIvanapaddhatine pahelIvAra aMta ANe. A rIte mAnavajAtanA jIvanamAM pahelI vAra jIvanavyavahArane kAnUna mUDIvAdane nahIM, paraMtu samAjavAdI banyA. phrecakrAMti pachIne, vizva ItihAsane I. sa. 1917mAM banele A banAva vizva ItihAsamAM sauthI vadhAre agatyanA vizva banAva tarIke aMkAI gaye. vizvakrAMtine e ja agatyane banAva I. sa. 1789mAM iMca krAMti nAmane banyuM hatuM. jagata bharanA vana vyavahAramAM jIvataranI prathAne na cIle pADI de tevo tathA jIvananAM mUlyane navo opa ApI de tevo banAva jyAre phreMca krAMti nAmane banyuM hatuM, tyAre tenA tarapha jevI stuti ane niMdAnAM tephAne uThayAM hatAM te ja jhaMjhAvAta A krAMti sAme zarU thaI gayuM. iMglenDa, phrAMsa, amerikA, nAmanA zAhIvAdI dezanI sarakAranAM lazkaro A krAMtine AraMbhamAM ja kacaDI nAkhavA deDavA mAMDyA hatAM, paraMtu bharatInA pANIne jema sAvaraNathI vALI zakAya nahIM tema zAhIvAdI jagatanAM AvA prayatna dhULamAM ragadoLAI gayA. ane raziyAnI dharatI upara mAnava jAtanAM jIvataranI uSAe navAM maMDANa mAMDI dIdhAM A navA jIvanane bhagIratha zrama kheDavAnuM kAma nUtana rUsanAM mAnava samUdAye zarU karyuM. vivaItihAsanA A pracaMDa zramakAryane AgevAna lenina nAmano hate. avirata kAryamAM thAka pAkyo ane ghavAyele e I. sa. 1924mAM maraNa pAme tyAre rUsI mAnavInuM peluM virATa kArya haju te zarU ja thayuM hatuM. A kAryane AgaLa dhapAvavA mATe leninanAM sAthIdAre AgaLa AvyAM, temAM eka preTiskI ane bIjo sTAlIna hato. TreTiskA madhyama varganAM eka yahudI kuTuMbane janmIne vidyApIThanuM zikSaNa pAmeluM hatuM. ane sTAlIna majUra vargamAMthI janmele tathA krAMtinA pilAdI mAnava tarIke upanAma pAmelo leninane bherUbaMdhu hate. TreTaskIne krAMtine khyAla e hato ke raziyAmAM zarU thayelI krAMtine duniyA bharamAMthI mUDIvAdane nAza karavA phelAvavA mAMDI. sTAlInane krAMtine kAryakrama judo hato. e mAnatA hatA ke raziyAmAM zarU thayelI sAmAjika krAMtine raziyAmAM ja pagabhara banAvIne raziyAnA jIvataramAM ja krAMtinI racanAnuM pilAdI cokaThuM cI devuM, tathA raziyAmAMthI bIjA dezo para krAMtinuM AkramaNa karavA nIkaLavuM nahIM. lenIna ane sTAlInanA A vyavahArU kAryakamane ravIkAra thayo. enI vizva krAMtinI AMtara rASTriya sAmAjika tane pahele prakAza pADanAra rUsa deza " lIga opha nezansa" nAmanI saMsthAne sabhya paNa banyA.

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vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA 56 nUtana saMskRtinu atha kAraNa yuropanA badhA dezomAM raziyA Arthika rIte sauthI pachAta deza hatA tathA khetIpradhAna deza hatA. pahelA vizvayuddhamAM mitrarAjyAnA pakSamAM jhAranI zahenazAhate ene yuddhamAM sAmela karyAM. pachI vizvayuddhe enA akAraSNunI karADa bhAMgI nAMkhI. jyAre krAMtie sattA hAtha karI tyAre Arthika avyavasthA ane aMdhera saMpUrNa hatAM. tyAre raziyAne mAnavasamudAya bhUkhamarAmAM haDaselAi cUkayA hatA. te samaye A mAnavasamudAya nirakSara hatA. ane udyoganI dazA khUba kaMgAla hatI, raziyAnA dhaNA pradeza para lakAe enjIna paNa tyAMnA dIThuM naheAtuM tathA pachAta evA pradezamAM te mAnatA hatA ke vijaLI nAmanA dIvA jAduI karAmata hovI joI e A arasAmAM lenIna ane sTelinanI ArSa dRSTie jUnI adhaTanAvALI, mUDivAdI duniyA sAthe zAMtinI paradezanIti jAhera karI. temaNe raziyAnuM nUtanarUpa ghaDavA mATe udyoganI ArAdhanA zarU karI. kArla mArkasa nAmanA mahAna vizva ciMtakanA Arthika siddhAMta para krAMtinI Arthika dhaTanAnA ahIM AraMbha thayA. A dhaTanAnuM mukhya rUpa yAjanAbaddha ataMtranuM hatu tathA arthataMtrane vyavahAra saplAya ane DimAnDanA naheAta naphAkhAra arthataMtrane A navI arthadhaTanAne arthavyavahArane saMpUrNa paNe InkAra karatA hatA. A arthataMtra nIce Arthika utpAdananAM tamAma sAdhana rAjyanI mAlikInAM banatAM hatAM tathA utpAdana ane vaheMcaNIne vahivaTa rAjyanA kAbU nIce AvatA hatA. A rIte A nUtana vanaprathAne Arthika hetu mUDIvAdanAM aniSTane pAmyA vinA jIvanaprathAnuM sAmAjika samAnatAvALuM rUpa, audyogikarUpamAM rUpAMtara karavAnA hatA. josepha sTeline peAtAnI tAkAtane sapurNa upayeAga rUsI samAjaTanAnI kAyApalaTa karavA mATe karyAM. A saramukhatyAra jIvananA, zvAse zvAse A rUpAMtara karavAnA eka mAtra Avega raTavA lAgyA. vizva tihAsanA A mahAmAnavanuM nirNayarUpa ItihAsanA nirNaya banIne tathA niSThura evA jIvana sa MjogAmAM niSThura banIne kAryavAhInA amala karavA maMDI paDayu. ane jagatanA tihAsamAM bahu ja gheADA samayamAM atyAra sudhI kAi paNa deze niha karelI evI audyogika ane sAmAjika pragati sa dezamAM noMdhAvA lAgI. i. sa. 1920 sudhImAM bahAranA ane aMdaranA krAMti sAmenA duzmanAnAM AkramaNAne pAchAM haTAvyA pachI pelA peAlAdI mAnavInI peAlAdI saramukhatyArazAhI, jIvana ghaTanAnI kAyApalaTa karavA mATe kudarata jevI krUra banIne maMDI paDI. I.sa. 1920thI I. sa. 1934 sudhInA khUba ja thADA samayamAM yurApanA dezae je pragati eka saikAmAM paNa karI nahAtI tenA karatA adhika

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pahelA vizvayuddha pachInu yuropanuM rAjakAraNa cha pragati eNe karI nAkhI. eTalA samayamAM lAkha'DanuM utpAdana aDhIgaNuM vadhI gayuM. polAdanuM utpAdana paNa eTaluM ja vadhyuM. yaMtrA banAvavAnAM kArakhAnAo, tathA, kAlasAnuM ane telanuM utpAdana yuropanA AgevAna dezanI hariphAI karI zake teTaluM vadhyuM. jIvana prathAnA A rUpAMtare potAnA pAyA vIjaLInI tAkAta para bAMdhyuM. AkhA deza para vijaLIne utpanna karavAnAM kArakhAnAM vAI gayAM ane saiAthI moTuM kArakhAnu nipara nadI para baMdhAvyuM. eja rIte hajAro mAIla para navI relve doDavA mAMDI tathA ATalA ja samayamAM 21 hajAra navAM enjIne raziyAe banAvyAM. jAtajotAmAM raziyAnI bhUmie nUtana jIvana prathAnuM nUtana svarUpa jIvananAM tamAma svarUpomAM dhAraNa karavA mAMDyu ane nUtana artha taMtranA pAyA para ubheluM saMskRtinuM A rUpa zikSaNa saMskAra ane ArAgyanA dhaDataramAM tathA saMskAranAM tamAma svarUpAne samasta mAnava samudAyamAM vyApaka banAvavAmAM jagata bharamAM ajoDa banyuM. saMskAranI A ghaTanAne dhAraNa karanAra rUsI rAjavahavaTane svarUpe potAnI samAjavAdI ceAjanAenA badhA phAlane TakAvI rAkhavA mATe ane vikasAvavA mATe pAtAnI paradeza nItine khUba khaMtapUrvaka vizvazAMtinI paradeza nIti banAvavA mAMDI. paraMtu yuddha ane AkramaNa jenI jIvanaghaTanAne eka mAtra niyama che tevA zAhIvAdI deze! A navI jIvana prathAne aMdarathI khatama karavA mATe aneka kAvatrAMe karavA lAgyA. AvA kAvatrAkheAra zAhIvAdI dezeAnI daramiyAna gIrImAM amerikana zAhIvAdanI daramiyAnagIrI sauthI meATI ane vadhAre jokhamakAraka hatI. amerIkana zAhIvAdI sarakAre vizvatihAsanA A nUtana vahivaTI taMtravALA dezanI sarakAranA i. sa. 1973 sudhI svIkAra karavAnI paNa nA pADI. jagatanI pratine rUdhI rAkhanAra ane vizvazAMti para aNumebanA dhaDAkA karanAra eja amerikana zAhIvAde cIna nAmanA mahAna rASTrane Aja sudhI svIkAra karyo nathI. eTaluM ja nahi paraMtu e zAhIvAde AjanA rASTrasaMdha nAmanI AMtararASTriya ghaTanAmAM paNa eziyAnA e mahAna rASTrane pAtAnI bahumatinA jora vaDe sabhya paNa banavA dIdhuM nathI. paraMtu tyAranI evI bhayaMkara AMtararASTriya paristhitimAM raziyAnana sadabhAgye tene AvI paristhitinA mukAbalA karanAra polAdI svarUpanI niSThura tAkAta dhAraNa karanArA sTelIna nAmane AgevAna maLyA hatA. eNe yurApanA dero sAthe maitrI keLavavAnA ane TakAvI rAkhavAnA badhA prayatna cAlu rAkhyA ane te sAthe peAtAnA dezamAM nUtana ghaTanA dhaDavAnI jhaDapane vadhArI dIdhI, paraMtu jyAre ame

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568 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA rikana zAhIvAda A nUtana jIvana prathAne aMdarathI teDavAnAM kAvatrAM karAvate hatuM tyAre ITAlI ane jarmanInA phesisTa sarakAranAM zAhIvAdI svarUpa raziyA upara bahArathI AkramaNa karavAnI badhI taiyArI karatA hatA. A tamAma taiyArIo mATenAM badhAM sAdhane aMgrejI ane amerikana zAhIvAda pUrAM pADatA hatA. AvA kaparA kALamAM pelA sTAlIna nAmanA pilAdI bhAnavanI rAhabarI nIce raziyana krAMti ane teNe ghaDelAM jIvanavikAsanAM tamAmAM svarUpe sAme jUnA jagatanuM zAhIvAdIrUpa yuddhane ja zaNagAra satuM hatuM. vizvanA rAjakAraNanI pahelI saMsthA, lIga opha nezansa 1914-18 nuM vizvayuddha varseIlsa mukAme thayelA tahanAmA sAthe aMta pAmyuM gaNAya. yuddhane A rIte aMta Avye chatAM ApaNI duniyAmAM yuddhanAM je kAraNe sarajAyAM hatAM athavA yuddhanI je paristhitI hatI teno aMta nahe Avyo. varseilsa mUkAme thayelA saMdhi karAroe evuM nakkI karyuM ke jarmanInuM rAjataMtra have rIpablIkanuM banAvavuM. A uparAMta hArelA deze e pachIthI nakakI thAya te pramANe yuddhanI nukazAnI bharI ApavI, A saMdhi karAremAM ema paNa nakakI thayuM ke bhaviSyamAM yuddha na thAya teTalA mATe nizastrIkaraNane kAryakrama sarakAree apanAvo. pachI varselsa mUkAme vijetA rASTro ane temanA mitronI tarapheNamAM jagatanA nakazAmAM prAdezIka pheraphAro karavAmAM AvyA. A pheraphAree ceDAMka navAM rAjyanI banAvaTa karI ane e rAjyamAM navI sarakAre sthApI. A rIte na nakazo taiyAra karavAmAM A vijetAoe raziyAnA janA pradezamAMthI tathA esTro haMgerIyana pradezomAMthI ane jarmanInA jUnA sAmrAjyamAMthI TUkaDA kotarI kADhyA. A rIte varselsanA karAra ghaDanAra vijetA zAhIvAdI deze e duniyAne na nakaze taiyAra karyo. A rIte banelI navI dUniyA para dekharekha rAkhavA mATe temaNe pitAnA varcasvavALI lIga opha nezansa nAmanI saMsthAne janma Ape. A saMsthAne janma paNa vizva yuddhamAMthI ja ema kahI zakAya. A saMsthAnuM kAma duniyAnA dezo parasparanA saMdhi karAnuM pAlana kare tenI dekharekha rAkhavAnuM tathA rASTra rASTra vaccenA jhagaDAone zAMtithI patAvavAnuM hatuM. A saMsthAnA janma sAthe ja amerIkAe tenA sabhya banavAnI nA pADI. A saMsthAnA sabhyomAM AMtararASTriya ektA hatI nahi te vAta tenA AraMbhamAMja dekhAvA mAMDI. A saMsthAmAM joDAyelA yurepanA vijetA zAhIvAdI dezoe yuddha laDavAmAM potAnI badhI tijorIo kharacI nAkhI hatI ane e sau

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pahelA vizvayuddha pachInuM yuropanuM rAjakAraNa 569 yuddha racanAne zAhukAra banelA yunAITeDa sTeTasanA devAdAra banyA hatA. emAM joDAelA bIjA deza parAjaya pAmelA dezo hatA ane yuddhamAM temaNe pitAnuM badhuM ja khacI nAkhyuM hatuM. yuropanA dezonI banelI A lIga opha nezansanI saMsthAnuM svarUpa devALIAonI maMDaLI jevuM hatuM. A badhA devAdArone eka mAtra zAhukAra amerIkana sarakAra hatI ane eNe yuropanI A yAdavAsthaLImAM metanA vepAra vaDe aDhaLaka dhana pedA karyuM hatuM. vijetA zAhivAdI deze amerIkana zAhukAranuM devuM cUkavavA parAjaya pAmelA jarmanI ane bIjA pradezonAM hADapiMjara pAsethI jeTaluM ugharANuM vala kare teTaluM devuM teo cUkavI zake tema hatuM. chatAM AvI paristhitImAM paNa briTana ane phrAnsanA zAhIvAdI deze raziyAmAM zarU thaelI sAmAjika krAMtine khatama karI nAkhavA mATe potAnAM lazkarane raziyAnI sarahado para doDAve jatA hatA ane vadhAre devAdAra banatA jatA hatA. vizvayuddhanA aMtanI AvI paristhitI hatI tyAre verAna banelA yuropanA samayapatrakanI I. sa. 1920 mA varasanA ogaSTa mahinAnI 11 mI tArIkha cAlatI hatI. pahelA vizvayuddha pachInI yAdagAra tavArIkha raziyAnI sAmAjika kAti sAme laDAI evA nikaLelA vijetA zAhIvAdionAM parAjya pAmelAM lazkare jema jema pAchAM AvatAM gayAM tema tema aMgrejI ane phrenca zahivAda ne DahApaNa AvatuM gayuM ane temaNe 1920 nA menA 31 mA divase raziyA sAthe eTale raziyAnI navI seviyeTa sarakAra sAthe vepArI karAra karyA. A karAre sAme tyAranI yurepanI duniyAnA amerikana zAhukAre pitAne aNagamo jAhera karyo ane sAmAjika krAMtivALI A navI sarakAnA astitvane svIkAra karavAno InakAra karyo. amerIkana sarakAre e sAtheja iMgleMDa ane phrAnsa paranI pitAnI udharANuM vadhAre sakhata karavA mAMDI. phrenya sarakAre amerikana sarakAranuM devuM bharavA mATe jarmanI pAse nikaLatI yuddhanI nUkasAnI bharapAI karavA mATe pharamAna karyuM. jarmanIe nukasAnI bharI zakavAnI potAnI azakti jAhera karI eTale phrenca sarakAre jarmanInA rUhara nAmanA kelasAnA utpAdananA pradezano kabajo levA lazkara mokalyuM ane jarmanInA e AkhA pradeza para kabajo laI lIdhe. pariNAme vaselsanA karAramAM sarjAyelA jarmana ripablIkanI karoDa bhAMgI gaI. A rIte zAhIvAdI vijetAoe piteja janmAvelA, jarmana rIpabliIka nAmanA baccA para AghAta karyo tyAre A rIpabliIkanI uMmara 1923 nI sAla nAtAlamAM traNa ja varSanI thaI hatI.

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paDaze. vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA pahelA vizvayuddha pachI A rIte vijetA zAhIvAdIoe jemAMthI bIjuM vizvayuddha racAya evI tArIkho racavA mAMDI. A tavArIkhamAM lIga opha nezansanA iTAlI nAmanA sabhya 1923 nA sapTembaranA 11 mA divase jAherAta karI ke pote lIga opha nezansanuM sabhya banyuM tyAre DAlamenzIyAne eDriATika samudrano kinArA pradeza amane maLaze ema ame dhAryuM hatuM, paraMtu te amane maLyo nathI. lIga opha nezansamAM AvI vAMdhA arajI noMdhAvanAra ITAlIne musolinI nAmane saramukhatyAra hatA. A saramukhatyAra sabhya pitAnA vAMdhAne miTAvavA phiyuma nAmanA pradeza Uparane lazkarI kabajo meLavI lIdhuM. pitAnA sabhyonI vaccenA jhagaDAone ane dUnIyAnA dezonA savAlene zAMtithI patavavAnA hetu dhAraNa karIne beThelA lIga opha nezansanuM baMdhAraNa musulenInA A pagalAthI hacamacI uThayuM. lIga opha nezansane pitAnI aMdara paDele ITAlI nAmane sabhya myAna vinAnI taravAra vALe hato te vAtanI khAtrI thaI. A arasAmAMja rahara pradeza jato rahyA pachI hADapiMjara balA jame nIne rIpabliIkanuM rU5 aMdaranA bhUkhamarAmAMthI hacamacI uThayuM hatuM. aMdaranI AvI dazAmAM bhUkha, apamAna ane aMdaranA rogacALAomAMthI khakhaDI gayelA jarmanIne levaramAM krAMti virodhI ane pragati virodhI hiMsaka svarUpo janma pAmatAM hatAM tathA zAhIvAdIoe racelA rIpablIkane nAza jarmanInI aMdarathI ja teo karavA mAgatA hatA. pahelA vizvayuddhanA vijetAoe jarmanInI racelI kaMgALa dazAmAMthI khUvAra banI gaeluM jarmanI hiDanabarga nAmanA gharaLa yuddha AgevAna ne pitAne pramukha banAvatuM hatuM tyAre vizvayuddha pachInA jagatanA kelenDaramAM 1923 ne eprIla 22 me divasa besato hato. lIga opha nezansanI phadiyA karatuM zAhIvAdI yurepa - vizva-itihAsanA paMcAMga para have eka dazake pasAra thaI gayo hato. I. sa. 1933nA okaTobaranA bina divasa nIce je ke mArIne hiTalare jaramana phAsIvAdI AgevAnI dhAraNa karIne jarmana sarakArane nAjhIvaDA tarIke pote yuropanI sabhya sarakAre jaNAvyuM ke tame have lImanAM sabhyo rahyA nathI kAraNa ke lIga have zaba banyuM che. emaNe kahyuM ke DAkuonI maMDaLI jevA tame AMtara rASTriya rUpamAM have koI paNa vAta karavAnI so mAMDIvALA. eNe samajAvyuM ke niHzastrIkaraNanI vAta karavI te AjanI duniyAnA kudaratanA kAnUnathI virodhI che. e samajAvavA eNe ATalAM varasethI A bAbatamAM maLelI saMpUrNa niSpha - tAne spaSTa karI. eNe jAherAta karI ke, varaselsa mukAme ghaDelA karAramAMthI,

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pahelA vizvayuddha pachInu yuropanuM rAjakAraNa 571 niHzastrIkaraNanI vAta AjathI rada thAya che. pachI ekaTAkhatI 18mIe nAjhI sarakAranI saramukhatyArI vatI hiTalare jAherAta karI ke, lIga ek tezasa maraNu pAmI cUkI che eTale AjathI jaramanI tenuM sabhya nathI, ane jaramatInuM aitihAsika kArya jarmanI zastrasajja banIne zarU karavA mAge che. eNe A kAryanu eka nAma, duniyAmAM zarU thayelI sAmAjika krAntivALI samAjavAdI rUsI sarakArane nAbuda karI nAkhavAnuM che evuM kahyuM. eNe kahyuM ke mAre te sAmyavAdane raziyApara

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pa7ra vitha ItihAsanI rUparekhA AkramaNa karIne ja nAza kare che, paNa ema karavA mATe, yuropamAM niHzastrIkara nI avyavahArU vAta karatI maraNa pAmelI lIga opha nezansanA jInevAmAM AvelA gharakhaTalAne athavA gharane, paNa saLagAvI mUkavuM paDaze te vAta paNa eNe spaSTa karI. bIjA vizvayuddhanI racAtI bhUmikA duniyAnI sarakAree zAMtinI racanA ane rakSaNa karavA mATe racelI, varselsanA karAramAMthI ja zarU thayelI "lIga opha nezansa" nA mukhya pAyA have khodAI jatA hoya tema lAgyuM. A pAyAmAM ubhelI niHzastrIkaraNanI bAbatane lIga opha nezansanA zAhIvAdI sabhyaeja nakArI kADhayA pachI hiTalare jAherAta karI ke huM have saMpurNa zastrIkaraNa karavA mAguM chuM. varselsanA karAroe ghaDele bIje mukhya muddo aMdara aMdaranA rASTra rASTra vaccenA jhaghaDAone zAMtithI patavavAne hatuM paraMtu evI patAvaTa karavAnI AMtararASTriya javAbadArI lIga opha nezansanA zAhIvAdI sabhyoe pitAnA vartana bhArata ja phagAvI dIdhI hatI. kAnse jarmanInA rAhaIna pradeza parano kabaje laI lIdhuM hatuM, ane ITAlIe eDriATIka samudra kinArA pradeza paDAvI lIdhe hato. A banAve sAthe ja hiTalare lIga opha nezansanA sabhyone lIga opha nezansane sameTI levAnI sUcanA karI tathA pote lIga opha nezansamAM nathI ema mAnIne teNe bIjA vizvayuddhanI taDAmAra taiyArIo karavA mAMDI. eNe jAhera karyuM ke huM jagatamAMthI sAmyavAdanuM nikaMdana kADhI nAkhavA mATe raziyA upara caDhavA mAMguM chuM. lIga opha nezansanA zAhIvAdI sabhyone hiTalarane A IrAde gamI gayo, paraMtu hiTalarane pagale kadama uThAvavA taiyAra thayelA jApAnanA zAhIvAda ane musalInI e paNa potAnI kUca kadama hiTalaranI sAthe milAvIne pahele ja pagale sAmyavAda para nahIM paraMtu cIna ane ebisInIyA para AkramaNa karyuM. A ITAlI ane jApAna hiTalaranA yuddhacakranI dharI banelA deza hatA. jApAne lIga opha nezansane paDakAra pheMke evuM pagaluM bharIne maMcuriyA para caDhAI karI. jANe kaMI banyuM na hoya tema lIganA zAhIvAdI sabhyoe maMcuriyA paranI jApAnanI caDhAIne pasAra thaI javA mATe akhi mIMcI dIdhI. jApAnanA AkramaNe maMcuriyAne kabaje letAM pahelAM lIganI kAyA upara thaIne lIganA uddezone kacaDI nAkhyA. A banAvathI lIga opha nezansa nAmanI AMtararASTrIya saMsthAnI karoDa tUTI gaI. jagatanA dezoe 1933nA jAnyuArInI 19mI tArIkhe cIna rASTra paranA AkramaNamAM maMcuriyA nAmanA tenA prAMtane AghAta pAmIne kacaDAI jato dIThe.

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pahelA vizvayuddha pachInuM yuropanu` rAjakAraNa pachI 1934nA eprIlanI 25mI tArIkhe jApAne navI jAherAta karI. eNe jAhera karyu` ke ame maMcuriyA AkhA jItI lIdheA che ane have eziyAnA dezAmAM jIvananI navI vyavasthA racavAnuM kAma bhagavAne amane sAMdhyu hAvAthI ame AkhA cInane jItI levA mATe caDhavAnA kAyakrama racIye chIe. jApAnanI zAhIvAdI racanAnA kAryakrama cIna para AkramaNa karavAnA hatA te 1937nA cothA divasa sudhImAM taiyAra thai gayA tathA jApAne cIna para caDhAi karI. phAsIvAdI yuropanuM yuddhakhAra svarUpa jApAne potAne yuddhanA kAryakrama maMcuriyA para caDhAi karIne Ara MbhyA, te vakhate ja eNe lIga ek nezansamAMthI rAjInAmuM ApI dIdhuM. e samaye tarata ja nAjhI jarmanIe peAtAnI laDAyaka yuddhanItinI jAherAta karI, tathA raziyA para AkramaNa karavAnA potAnA rastAmAMthI dUra huDI javA mATe eNe yurApanA briTana ane phrAnsa nAmanA zAhIvAdI dezane sUcanA karI. enA javAkhamAM A zAhIvAdI dezoe nAjhI jarmanIneA peAtAnA darajjA sAthe samAna darajajo svIkArIne yuropanI salAmatIne karAra karavA hiTalaranI sarakArane AmaM traNa ApyuM. paraMtu evA kAI karAra thai zakayA nahi. eTale seviyeTa razi yAe 1934 nA jUnanA 20 mA divase vizvazAMti mATenI peAtAnI paradezanIti jAhera karI. seviyeTa raziyAe jAhera karyuM... ke amArA upara AkramaNa karavAnA irAdo rAkhanAra iTAlI ane jarmanI sAthe paNa ame zAMti vyavahAra cAlu rAkhavA mAgIye chIe, tathA yuropanA tamAma dezo sAthe khIna A* maNakArI karArA karavA mAMgIe chIe. rUsanI sTelina sarakAranI A zAMti yeAjanAnA hiTalare inkAra karyA ane IMgleMDa tathA phrAnse mA yAjanA para ThaMDu pANI chAMTI dIdhuM. paraMtu sAviyeTa raziyAnI A jAherAtane lIdhe ane janInI yuddhakhAra tAkAtathI gabharAine jarmanInI paDeAzI evI phreMca sarakAre sevi yeTa raziyAne lIga ek nezanzamAM sabhya banavAnuM AmatraNa ApyuM. chevaTe raziyAne lIga ek nezanzanuM sabhya banavA dIdhuM. pachI raziyAe jhekrAssovekiyA ane phrAnsa sAthe parasparanA bIna AkramaNakArI karArA karavAnA irAdo jAhera karyAM ane phrAnse jamanIne evA kAramAM joDAvAnuM AmaMtraNa Apyu'. paraMtu hiTalare teneA inkAra karyo, ane tarata ja phAsIvAdI dharInA musAlAnI nAmanA saramukhatyAre 1935nA phebruArInI 15mIe ebisinIyA para caDhAi karI. maMcuriyA para caDhAi karatI vakhate jApAne karelI jAherAtanI jema iTAlIe jAherAta karI ke AphrikAnA jaMgalI pradezamAM saMskRti laI javA mATe ame ebisiniyA para caDhIe chIe, 1935nA ekaTAbaranI 12mIe ebisInI 573

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vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA 574 yAnuM patana thayuM. peAtAnA A parAkrama mATe muselAnIne abhinaMdana nahi ApI zakavAne lIdhe lIga opha nezansanA teNe bahiSkAra karyo. A rIte ebisi nIyA ane maMcuriyAnA patana vaDe jagatanI zAMtine jALavavA mATe kazuM ja nahIM karanAra, lIga ek zansanuM paNa patana saMpUrNa thayuM. A badhAthI coMkI uddIne briTana ane amerikana sarakAre jApAna sAthetu naukAtahanAmuM je 1936 nA jAnyuArInI 17mIe khatama thatuM hatuM tene pharIthI ghaDavA mATe jApAna sAthenI pariSada ceAjI tathA A yuddhakhAranA pratikAra karavAne badale tenI khuzAmata zarU karI. jApAne A pariSadamAM jAhera karyu ke briTana ane amerikana sarakAra baMnene bhege naukAkAphalo jeTalo che teTalA mATe naukAkAphalo potAne AMdhavA devAmAM Ave teja te briTana ane amerikA sAthe naukA karAra karavAne taiyAra che. eTale karAra thayA nahi ane jApAte potAnA naukA kAphalAne Akramaka yuddha mATe taiyAra karavA mAMDaye bIjA vizvayuddhanI taiyArInI bhUmikA have hiTalarane jarUrI hatI tevI bhUmikA racAi cUkI hatI. A bhUmikA parathI navAM nAjhI lazkarA AkramaNunI kavAyata karavA mAMDayAM. AkhA jarmanI para nAjhI arthakAraNa, zastronA udyogathI dhamadhamI uThayuM. jamatI para keAnphrIpzana"nI pharajIyAta bharatI zarU thai gai, tathA ekeeka nAjhI jarmana juvAna mATe lazkarI zikSaNa krUrajIta thayuM. A badhA sAthe vizva vijaya karavAnI jAherAta "mIna-kAm"nuM nAma dhAraNa karIne jagatabharamAM jAhera thaI cUkayuM. nAjhI jarmanInI A yudhyeAjanA have pahelA kadama uThAvavAnI taiyArI karatI hatI. e kadamanA pratikAra karI zake tevuM varselsanuM taddanAmuM ane lIga ek nezansa" nAmanI saMsthA have kAgaLa para ja jIvatAM hatAM. yurApanA vijetA AhIvAdoe jApAnanA maMcuriyA paranA AkramaNane ane iTAlInA ebisi nIyA paranA AkramaNane vadhAvI laine peAtAne nItinAza jAhera karI dIdhA hato. hiTalarane have bahAra nIkaLavA mATe anukuLa samaya ane vAtAvaraNa sarjAi cUkayAM hatAM. eNe have 1936 nA mAnA 11 mA divase peAtAnI yuddhanItinuM nAma zAMti yAjanA rAkhIte jAherAta karI. A zAMti yojanA evI hatI ke phrAnsa ane briTane raziyA sAthe kAi paNa karAra karavAne badale raziyApara caDhAI karavA mATe jarmanIne zAMtipUrvaka rastA ApavAnA karAra karavA joie. hiTalare A zAMti yAjanAne jAhera karIne raziyA para AkramaNa karavAnA rastA paranA pahelA pagalA tarIke phrAnse potAneA paDAvI lIdhele rAhaina pradeza pAche mAgyA. khIjA pagalA tarIke eNe jarmanInAM jUnAM saMsthAnA je pahelAM tenI

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pahelA viyuddha pachInuM yurepanuM rAjakAraNa pAsethI paDAvI levAmAM AvyAM hatAM te saMsthAne paNa pAcho mAMgyAM. sAmyavAda para caDhAI karavA mATe A saMsthAne lIdhA pachI ja jaI zakAya tema che ema teNe kahyuM. "zAMtinI A jAherAta sAthe eNe raziyA para caDhAI karavAnI pitA janAnuM nakkara svarUpa ITAlI ane jApAna sAthe saMdhI karAra karIne pUravAra karyuM. ITAlI jarmanI ane jApAna e traNeya dezonI "enTIkamInTarna ekasIsa" athavA sAmyavAda virodhI dharInuM A yuddhakhora svarUpa banyuM. A dharInI "zAMti" ejanA 1937nA mArcanA paMdaramAM divase briTana tathA phrAnsa pAse bAhedharI mAMgavA lAgI ke jo briTana ane phrAnsa raziyA sAthe koI paNa karAra karavAne tayAra na hoya to ja yuropanI zAMti racavAI zake tema che, tathA pate zAMtipUrvaka sAmyavAdI duzmanane nAza karI zake tema che. aMgrejI ca ane amerikana zAhIvAdI ghaTanAe, sAmyavAdano nAza nirakhavAnA pitAnA irAdA sAthe tathA sAmyavAdane nAza karavAmAM, harIpha evI jarmana, jApAna ane ITAlInI phAsavAdI-sAmrAjyavAdI ghaTanA paNa thAkI jaze tevI murAda pUrvaka zAMta banI jaIne A badhe sthAnaka dekhAva dekhavA mAMDI. A pramANe jarmanIe bIjA vizvayuddha mATenAM jagatabhara para yuddha mathuMkAvALI pitAnI goThavaNI karavAnAM vyuhAtmaka pagalAM ane tevAM pagalAM mATenA rAjakAraNanuM rUpa pUruM karyuM. peinano AMtaravigraha athavA bIjA vizvayuddhanuM rIharsala eka taraphathI phrAnsa ane briTane zAMtipUrvaka potAne raziyA para AkramaNa kara raste ApavAnI jA raju karIne hiTalara ane munie yuddhanA che vizALI vyuhamAM phrAnsa ane briTanane AMtarI levAnuM pagaluM paNa upADyuM. A pagalA vaDe temaNe janarala phrAM nAmanA pitAnA eka lazkarI phesTa aDatiyA mAraphata peInanI lekazAhI sarakAra sAme baLavA jagAvyuM. tyAM emaNe pitAnI TukaDIo ane vAra ka prakAra che kAma ja ja che zA zarIramAM

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506 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA zastrasAja ravAnA karyo. speinamAM AMtaravigraha saLagI uThaye| ane lAkasamudAyAnI katala zarU thaI gaI. speinanAM nagarA saLagavA mAMDayAM tathA, speinanI lAka zAhInA saMhAra zarU thayA. hiTalara ane musAlInInI madada vaDe janarala phrAMkA speinanA saramukhatyAra banyA. hiTalara ane musAlAnIe kahyu ke raziyAmAM khAzevIjhamanI sAme laDavA jatAM pahelAM ame speinanI aMdarathI paNa khelzeyijhamane nAza karyo che, tathA tyAM janarala xAMkA saramukhatyAra banyA che. paraMtu jamanIthI raziyA javAnA rastAmAM speina AvatA nahAtA tevI saune khabara hatI. hiTalara ane muselenie speinamAM peAtAnA jevI phaeNsisTi sarakAra sthApIne pazcimanA lokazAhI zAhIvAdAnI pAchaLa pIThamAM potAnA lazkarI vyUha racI dIdhA hatA. eNe khAsa karIne briTiza zahenazAhatanA jImrAlTaranA mathakane A rIte bhayamAM mUkI dIdhuM hatuM. lIga-ek-tezanse A spenIza leAkazAhInuM khUna thatuM dekhyA karyuM tathA A banAve paNa lIga ek nezansanA naitika a kADA tADI nAkhyA. A rIte hiTalare navAM pagalAM levAnI jogavAi karI dIdhI. iMgleMDe ane phrAnse vizvayuddhanA paDachAyAmAM phrAnkAnI saramukhatyArIne umerAtI dekhI, chatAM yuddhakhArAnIja, khuzI khuzAmata "" paraMtu zAhivAdI krAsavAdane aTakAvavAnI kAi nakkara ceAjanA racavAnI himmata ane naitika tAkAta pahelA vizvayuddhamAM vijaya pAmelA A zAhIvAde have gumAvI kheThA hatA. temaNe briTiza vaDApradhAna ceMbaraleinanI rAhabarI nIce " epIjhamenTa " nAme jANItI banelI yuddhakhAra saramukhatyArAnI khuzI khuzAmata karavAnI paddhatti akhatyAra karI. briTana ane phrAnsanA zAhivAdonI A zarama janaka dazA hatI, tathA temaNe jo potAnuM sAmrAjya bacI zake te, tekhacAvavA mATe, phAsivAdI saramukhatyArAne zaraNe javAnuM svIkAryuM. AvI khuzI khuzAmata athavA zaraNAgatIne svIkAra karavA pAchaLa chUpAi rahelI temanA dIlanI eka bUrI dAnata evI paNa hatI je hiTalaranA yuddhanA rAha tenI jAherAta pramANe raziyA para caDhe te tevA yuddhamAM hiTalaranA ane raziyAne tenA nAza thai jAya. ema thAya to tyAra pachIthI aMdara aMdara laDIne thAkI gayelA phAsivAda ane sAmyavAda para pote peAtAnA sasthAne sAcavavAnI zaratAne svIkAra karAvI zake tathA e rIte, potAnI sAmrAjyavAdI jI MdagIne maraNa pAmatI aTakAvIne jIvatadAna dai zake. a MgrejI-phreMca amerikana zAhIvAdanI A, gaNutrI sAthe briTananI AgevAnI nIce temaNe " epIjhamenTa athavA khuzAmatane rAha cAlu rAkhyA. cembaraleina nAmanA vaDApradhAne A rAhanI yeAjanA ghaDI. e yojanA pramANe briTananI sarakAre, iTAlIe, karelI ebisinIyAnI chanA svIkAra karyAM, tathA ,,

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577 pahelA vizvayuddha pachInuM yuropanuM rAjakAraNa ITAlI sAthe mitrAcArInA karAra karyA. A bInA I. sa. 1938nA eprIlanI 20 mI tArIkhe banI. A daramiyAna hiTalare osTriyAnA saramukhatyAra DaoNksanuM khUna karAvIne e pradezane phAsavAdI jemanI sAthe bheLavI dIdhuM hatuM. A badhuM jANe eka palakArAmAM banI gayuM ane briTananI sarakAre khuzI khuzAmatanA bIjA pagalA tarIke hiTalaranA A pagalAne paNa svIkAra karI lIdhe. jarmanIno laDAyaka bRha have eka kadama AgaLa vadhavAnI taiyArI karavA lAgyo. osTriyAne gaLI gayA pachI eNe jhe vAkiyA para ThaMDuM yuddha zarU karI dIdhuM. briTana ane phrAnse vizvazAMtinI AgevAnI laIne varselsanA karAranA pAyA tarIke zAMti mATe, keslovekiyAnI yurepanA pUrva daravAjAnI cAvI rUpa, racanA karI hatI. temaNe tene aneka abhaya vacana paNa ApyAM hatAM. Aje lIga opha nezansa ane varsesa karAranA maDA para eDI daIne ubhele jarmanIne yuddhakhora saramukhatyAra jhekoslovekiyAnA benIsa nAmanA pramukhanI AgevAnI nIce, zAMtimAM jIvatA lekazAhInA mALA para tarApa mAravA taiyAra thayA hatA tathA e mahAnubhAva pramukhanI lekazAhI para AkramaNa karavAnI bhASA bolato hato. hiTalare jAhera karyuM ke ke ke vekiyA para thaIne ja huM soviyeTa raziyA para caDhavA mAguM chuM. pachI pelI khuzI khuzAmata karanArI aparAdhI ToLakIe A yuddhanA dekhAva para AMkha mIMcI dIdhI. jhekoslovekiyAnI sarahada paraja rUsa dezanI sarahada lAgu thatI hatI. tyAre raziyAe pitAnA paradezamaMtrI lITavInake lIga opha nezansamAM raju karelI vizvazAMtInI abhaMgatAnI vAta zAhIvAdI yuropane yAda devaDAvI. vizvazAMtinI ekatA ane abhaMgatA rUsa dezanI sarakAre vizvazAMtinI paradezanIti sTelinanI AgevAnI nIce dhAraNa karI hatI. e paradezanItine rAha vizvazAMtinI akhaMDatA ane abhaMgatA hatA. raziyAnA pradezamaMtrI lITavIne ke lIga opha nezansanI beThakamAM A paradeza nIti anekavAra samajAvI hatI. vizvazAMtinuM e rAjakAraNa evuM hatuM ke jagatanI zAMti eka ane abhaMga che ane abhaMga rahevI joIe paNa jo teno nAza duniyAmAM koIpaNa ThekANe karavAmAM Avaze te AkhA vizvanI zAMtino. nAza thaI jaze. hiTalara ane munie vizvazAMtinI akhaMDatAne teDavAne AraMbha kayAreya karI dIdho hato. phAsivAde e rIte vizvayuddhane rAha dhAraNa karI dIdho hato. cIna, osTriyA, ebisiniyA ane peInanI zAMtinuM patana thaI cUkayuM hatuM. yuddhano vyavahAraja, jenuM rAjakAraNa hatuM te sivAdanuM AkramaNa have jheslovekiyA para AkramaNa karatuM hatuM. 73

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578 viva ItihAsanI rUparekhA tyAre soviyeTa raziyAe phrAnsa ane jhekeslevekiyAnI sarakArane temanI sAthe potAne thayelA karAranI yAda ApI. e karAra e hato ke kerlovAkiyA para ke phrAnsa para je AkramaNa thAya te soviyeTa raziyAe tenI madade AvavuM. TelinanI sarakAre jAherAta karIne kahyuM ke nAjhI jarmanI keslevekiyA para AkramaNa kare to pote pitAnI badhI tAkAta sAthe kArlovekiyAnI madade AvavA taiyAra che. paraMtu phrAnse melI murAda rAkhIne raziyA sAthe A karAra pALavAne InkAra karyo. A yAdagAra jAherAtanI briTana ane phAse avagaNanA karI tathA seviyaTa raziyAnI darakhAstane asvIkAra karavAnuM dabANa temaNe ke slovekiyA para paNa ApyuM. A rIte ke levAkIyAe paNa soviyeTa raziyAnI darakhAstane asvIkAra karyo. pachI cAra sattAonI eka pariSada I. sa. 1938 nA sapTembaranI 30 mIe maLI. A pariSadamAM jarmanInA hiTalare briTananA cuMbaralaIne phrAnsanA dalAdIyare ane ITAlinA musolInie yuropanI zAMti jALavavAnI khAnagI masalata karI. A masalatamAM ema nakki thayuM ke yuropanI zAMti mATe seviyeTa raziyAnA saMbaMdhane jatA karavA tathA slevekiyA para thaIne hiTalaranA yuddha yaMtrane pasAra thavA devAM. vizvazAMtine bhaMga thaI cuka have A pagalAthI keslevekIyAnI ja nahIM paNa AkhA vizvanI zAMtine bhaMga thaI cUkyo. hiTalaranuM AvuM zaramajanaka pagaluM phAsivAdanI khuzI khuzAmata karanArA yuropanA zAhIvAde svIkArI lIdhuM. vizvazAMtinA have kaDA thavA mAMDyA A TukaDA nIce keslovekiyAno pradeza patana pAmavAne hatuM ane vizvayudhdhanAM yaMtra enA zaba para thaIne pasAra thavAnAM hatAM. Isa. 1938 nA akaTobaranA trIjA divase kelaivAkiyA nAmano yuropanA pUrva daravAjAne deza hiTalaranA AkramaNa nIce patana pAmyo. A AkramaNa hiTalare jAhera karelI zAMti janA pramANe thayuM hatuM. aMdarathI ja patana pAmelA A rASTra para hiTalaranAM nAjhI lazkaranI raNagADIo goThavAI gaI, ane A lokazAhIno pramukha benisa dezavaTe pAmIne jIvatA rahevA mATe laMDanamAM AvI pahoMcyo. A laMDana nAmanuM nagara khuzI khuzAmatanA rAjakAraNanuM zaramadu baneluM rAjanagara hatuM. A pATanagaramAM ja ebisiniyA nAmanA patana pAmelA dezamAMthI heIla selANI nAmane zahenazAha, tathA osTriyAmAMthI patana pAmele suniMga, jIvatA rahevA mATe AvI pahoMcyA hatA. have A be jaNanI sobatamAM benisa nAmano jhekelle vekiyAne pramukha umerAte hatA.

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34. khIjA vizvayuddhanuM viha'gAvaleAkana [bIjI vi vahelu Avyu eka vizvamAMnI be chAvaNIo, sAmyavAda AsIvAdI zAhIvAda-peAlenDapara AkramaNa ane bIjA vizvayuddhanA AraMbha-yuropanuM patana--] vizvayuddhanA upaDelA kadama, kyAM paDaze ! jhekAslAvAkIyAnA patananeA dekhAva, dekhatI jagatanI zAhIvAdI ghaTanAnAM lokazAhI ane phAsIvAda nAmanAM banne svarUpe! eka bhIjA para zvAsa thabhAvIne dekhatAM hatAM. jhekeAssAvAkIyAnuM patana svIkArI lai ne vizvanI zAhIvAdI sarakArAtuM aMgreja-phrenca-amerikana jUtha hiTalaranI ragADIo have raziyA para utarI paDe tene AnaMda pAmavAnI dhaDIe gaNatuM AtUra banyuM hatuM. paraMtu jhekessAvAkIyAnA zaba para ubheluM, zAhIvAdI phAsIvAdanuM, hiTalaranI AgevAnIvALuM, jarmana-iTalI-jApAna,nI yuddha dharI baneluM bIjUM jUtha, pAte, myunIcamAM pahelA jUtha sAthe karelA karAro pramANe, vizvazAhIvAdanA jAnI duzmana, jevA ane jagatabharanI AjhAdInA lAla killA banelA, jagatanAM zramamAnavAnA sAmyavAdI gaDha jevA raziyA para ekadama AkramaN karavAne badale, polenDa para utarI paDavAnuM pagaluM levA mAMDayuM. AthI zAhIvAdIonuM aMgreja-menya-amerikana jUtha athavA lAkazAhI zAhIvAdI jUtha hiTalara sAme kApathI kaMpI uThyuM. A jUthavatI polenDane tamAma madada karavAnAM khATAM vacane aMgrejI zAhIvAde ApavA mAMDayAM. A vacaneAnA cAra saMbhaLAto hiTalara aTTahAsya karatA hatA, kAraNa ke polenDane kAi paNa rIte kazI ja madada ApavAnI have bhaugAlika sthiti ja hatI nahI. hiTalaranA sANasA vacce polenDa gherAI gayuM hatuM tathA patana ane mAta zivAya khIjo kAI mA polenDa mATe hatA ja nahIM. chatAM paNa i. sa. 1939 nA eprilanI 5 mIe soviyaTa raziyAe asAdhAraNa dhiraja dhAraNa karIne hiTalaranA phAsIvAdanI khuzI khuzAmatanA rAhane dhAraNa karanAra ane saMhArane zaraNe janAra yuropanAM aMgreja-phreca-amerikana nAmanAM zAhIvAdI rASTronI eka tAkIdanI pariSada yojavAnI hAkala karI. emAM eNe briTana, phrAnsa, raziyA, peAlenDa rUmAnIyA ane turkastAnanI sarakAre bhAga le tathA, sAmudAyika salAmatinA karAro kare tevI sUcanA karI. chatAM paNa aMdha evA zAhIvAdI briTane A darakhAsta tarapha AMkhA mIcI

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580 vizva itihAsanI rUparekhA dIdhI ane peAlenDane khAtrI ApI ke jo tamArA para AkramaNa thaze teA ame tamArUM rakSaNa karIzuM. A sAtheja eprilanI 18mIe, zAhIvAdI AgevAna evI amerIkana sarakAre .sAvIyeTa razIyAnI zAMti darakhAstane TekA ApavAne badale yuddhakhAra evA hiTalaranI sarakArane darakhAsta mekalI ke tamArA savAlanuM zAMtabharyuM nirAkaraNa thai zake tema hoya to ame madada karavA taiyAra chIe. hiTalare A sUcanA tarapha paNa aTTahAsya karIne kahAvyuM << ApanA AbhArI chIe ame ! ' ema yureApa bharanA ucATanA be mAsa vahI gayA. ekAslovAkIyAnA zabda parathI hiTalarA yuddhu rAha have peAlenDa para tAka mAMDatA hatA ane raziyAnA vicAra karato hato. ekAslovAkIyA parathI raziyA para Akranagu laI javAnA kA krama pahelAM janmana, yudghaniSNAta kalAsavIjhe lakhelu yuddhazAstra ene yAda AvatuM hatuM. e yuddhazAstrane pAyAnA siddhAMta e hato ke yuropa AkhA para lazkarI ni ya meLavyA vinA pUrva sarahada pura eTale raziyA para AkramaNa karavuM ja nahI. curApaparanA nirNayanA hiTalaranA vyuha eNe yurepa para niNaeNya tA meLavavA ja mAMDayA hatA paNa haju svIDana, DenamArka, elajIasa, phrAnsa ane IMgleMDapara eNe kAthu meLavyA nahotA. yurApanA e mUkhya zA hatA. te pahelAM raziyA para AkramaNa karavuM eTale metanI eDamAM pesavA jevuM hatuM. nepolIyane A padArthapATha saune mATe yudghalaDIne bhajavI batAvyeA hatA. hiTalare e padApAnA abhyAsa karyo hato. eTale eNe navA vyUha dhAraNa karyo. eNe pelenDa para caDhatA pahelAM seAvIyaTa sAthe zvAsakhAvAmATenA maitrI karAra karavAnA pAsA pheMkavA mAMDayA sAviyeTane paNa jyAre, briTana phrAnsa ane amerikAe chaLa karyo hato tyAre, A phAsIvAdI jAtI duzmana sAmeAkharI yuddha khelavA mATe, raziyA paNa zvAsa kheMcavAnI rAhata pAnIne zvAsa laine, paga TheravavAnI ane vyUha racavAnI jarUra dekhatuM hatuM. khate jAnI duzmanAnI eka jAtanI AvI yuddhanA vyuhanI eka sarakhI jarUriyAtamAMthI khate dusthA kAmacalAu maitrI karAra karavA saMmata thayA. A maitrI karAro duzmanAnI 'Tresa' hatI parantu AkhA jagatane khabara hatI ke, A be jAtI duzmane vacce maitrInA kAi paNa vyavahAranI eka TakA paNa zakayatA hatIja nahI. bannenI laDAyaka jarUriyAte, baMne vaccenI kAmacalAu TTasa, athavA laDAi daramyAnanI salAhane zakaya banAvI. hiTalare A salAhanA samaya daramyAna AkhA yurepa

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bIjA vizvayuddhanuM vihaMgAvaleAkana 181 para nirNaya meLavavAnA vyUz2a racyA, sTAlIte paNa A phAsIvAdI duzmana sAme peAtAne laDavuM ja paDavAnuM che tevI saMpUrNa khAtarI sAthe sevIyeTa sarakAravatI peAtAnA laDAyaka vyUhanAM pagalAM goThavavA kAmacalAu salAhane, AkharI yuddha pahelAMnA samaya meLavavA svIkArI lIdhI. I. sa.. 1939nA navekhara mahuInA khIjA vizvayudhdhanI AvI zetaraMjanA dAva zarU thayA. A dAvane dekhatA, briTananA ane phrAnsa tathA amerikAnA zAhIvAdIo paNa dAjhI uThayA. emaNe geAThavelI bAjI pramANe te sTAlInanI sAmyavAdI sarakAranA pracaMDa paribaLa para AkramaNa karavA jatA hiTalarane raziyAnA mArge vaLAvIne bannenuM kAsaLa kaDhAvI nAkhavAnA temane melA manasukha hatuM. paraMtu jhekeAssevAkIyAnA zabdapara thaIne hiTalare raziyApara caDhavAne badale peAlenDapara caDhAi karI ane raziyA para AkramaNa karavAne badale tenI sAthe salAha karIne, yuropanA bIjA deza para kabajo jamAvavAnA yuddhanA rAha dhAraNa karyAM. paNa raziyAnI tAkAte ene thaMbhAvI dIdhA. polenDapara hiTalare caDhAi karI. vizvayuddhanI zetaraMja ramavA nIkaLelI, ane vizvazAMtinA cheha karI cUkelI zAhIvAdInI epIjhamenTanI rIta nakAmI nivaDI. polenDanuM rakSaNa karI zakavAnI have briTanane mATe kAi paNa zakayatA rahI naheAtI. yudhdhanA pagalA tarIke, paNa maitrInA karAranA nAmamAM hiTalara ane sTAlIne peAlenDane aradhuM ardhuM vaheMcI lIdhuM. Akhu jagata A banne jAnI duzmaneAnA dAva zvAsa thaMbhAvIne dekhI rahyuM. khIjuM vizvayuddha vaheluM Avyu. "" hiTalare potAnA phAsivAdI rAjakAraNane, AkramaNa ane yudhdhanI nIti para dhaDayuM tathA tenA amala karavA mATe saramukhatyArI sattA dhAraNa karI tyAre teNe mInakArpha " nAmanA potAnA jIvananA dastAveja lakhyA hatA. temAM eNe khIjA vizvayudhdhanI tArIkha mATe i. sa. 1940nI sAla mukarara karI hatI. paraMtu yudhdhanI A racanAmAM vizvatihAsanAM khIjA paribaLA paNa kAma karatAM heAya che. A paribaLeAmAM AgevAna zAhIvAdI dezA IMgleMDa phrAnsa ane amerikana zAhIvAdI dezeA hatA. e pramANe vizvayudhdhanI je racanA samasta rIte taiyAra thai teNe vizvayudhdhanA banAvane eka varSe AgaLa dhakelI dIdhA. vizvayudhdhanA A banAvanI pAchaLa mUDIvAdI arthakAraNa paNa haiAya che. mUDIvAdI akAraNanI zAhIvAdI yudhdhakhAra ghaTanAe 1luM vizvayudhdha

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582 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA laDIne jagatanI khAnAkharAbI karI nAkhIne mUDIvAdI arthataMtrane Arthika AMdhInA rastA para caDhAvI dIdhuM hatuM. jagata para e AMdhI arthataMtranA * , , - - niyama pramANe AvI pahoMcI. e AMdhImAMthI ugaravAne kaI sAro upAya zAhIvAdI jagata pAse nahote. yuddhanI zAhIvAdI ghaTanA pAse Arthika AMdhI pAsethI ugaravA mATe yudhdha eja upAya hato. jevI rIte pahelA vizvayudhdha vakhate jarmanInA kaisare jarmanInA Arthika savAlano ukela yudhdha mAraphata ja ANavAno prayatna karyo te pramANe A samaye paNa kesaranI mUchovALA caherAmAM threDoka pheraphAra karIne hiTalaranuM mUchALuM svarUpa kaisare ajamAvelA upAyane ja dhAraNa karIne yudhdhano jApa japatuM AvI pahoMcyuM. A samaye paNa yudhdhane aTakAvavAnuM kAma vijetA zAhIvAdIoe dhAraNa karyuM hatuM. paraMtu zAhIvAdanI racanA ja evI hoya che ke te vizvazAMtine nahi paraMtu yudhdhane ja Teke ApI zake. A rIte lIga opha nezanse paNa vizvazAMtinI jarUriyAta kAgaLa upara svIkAryA pachI yuddhanI kAryavAhIne cAlu rAkhI. vizvazAMti mATe anivArya rIte jarUrI hoya che tevI zAMtinI saMsthAonI racanA lIga opha nezansa karI zakI nahi. yuddhane aTakAvavA mATe rASTriya ane AMtara rASTriya, Arthika ane rAjakIya saMsthAomAM ane tenI arthanIti tathA rAjanItimAM je pheraphAre anivArya rIte jarUrI hoya che te pheraphAra ane AkramaNane aTakAvI devAne hiMmatabharyo nirNaya paNa lIga opha nezansa dAkhavI zakI nahi.

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bIjA vizvayuhanuM vihaMgAvalokana 583 A kAraNosara ApaNuM jagatanI mAnavajAtane zAhIvAdIoe mahAsaMhAramAM utArI dIdhI. mAnavajAtanI AvI sAmudAyika katala karavA ane jagatabharanAM nagarone nAza karavAnA tathA tenA arthataMtranI khAnAkharAbI karI nAkhavAnA vizvayuddha nAmanA banAvane potAnI sAme dhasI Avate dekhatI IgleMDa phrAnsa ane amerikAnI zAhIvAdI sarakAre tene aTakAvavA mATe je rAjanaitika draDhatA batAvavI joIe te batAvI zakI nahi. nItimattAnI AvI zaramajanaka kAyaratA dAkhavIne teNe "epIjhamenTa" nAmanI phAsivAdanI khuzI khuzAmata karavAnI rItane dhAraNa karIne ane viyeTa raziyA sAmene pitAne pAzavI dhikakAra jALavI rAkhIne temaNe jANI bujhIne ane akakala khuziyArIpUrvaka vizvasaMskRti uparanI A mahA Aphatane utaravA dIdhI. bIjA vizvayudhdhanI A mahA Aktane zarU karavAne aparAdha jarmana phAsivAde dhAraNa karyo. paraMtu A aparAdhI kAryavAhInI javAbadArI maMcuriyA paranA AkramaNa mAMthI tathA jhekoslovekIyAne ApaghAta karavAnI pharaja pADanAra yuropanA zAhIvAdenI epIjhamenTa" nAmanI rAjanItine mAthe mUkI zakAya tema hatuM. A rIte I. sa. 1939nA navembaramAM hiTalare peleMDa para AkramaNa karIne vizvayudha AraMbha karyo. eka vizvamAM be chAvaNIo sAmyavAda ane phAsIvAda ebIsInIyAnuM pATanagara AdisaabAbA paDyuM hatuM. DAnajhIga paDayuM hatuM. memela paDayuM hatuM. osTrIyA paDe hate. suDeTana pradezanuM patana thayuM hatuM. khaMDiyara baneluM speInanuM pATanagara mADi lehIluhANu banIne paDyuM hatuM. mAphUiDa pachI prahAnagarano vAro Avyo hate, ane 1938 nA mArcanI 15 mIe prAhAnagaramAM pAMca, pAMca mInITe patana pUkAra karatuM hatuM, "jarmanInAM lazkare kevAkano kabajo le che tyAre...jheka lazkarenuM niHzastrIkaraNa thAya tyAre, koIe kaze pratikAra karavAno nathI. evI zaraNAgati phAsIvAdane zaraNe gaelI jheka sarakAra jAhera karatI hatI. AkhA dezamAMthI have jarmana lazkaravAdanA paDachAyA sAme jhekajanatA pitAno cahere hatheLInA khobAnA aMdharAmAM saMtADatI hatI. jheka saMskAra citkAra karato hato. jheka delatanA gaMja jarmana phAsIvAdanAM AkrapaNa kabaje karatAM hatAM. vizvavigrahanI dharInAM cakro pharatAM thayAM hatAM. have eka pachI bIjA mahAna nagare paDavAnAM hatAM. mahAna rASTonuM patana thavAnuM hatuM. tyAre koIpaNa jagAe zAMtine bhaMga thaze ke AkhI duniyAnI zAMti jokhamAI paDaze ema vAraMvAra kahetA lITavInevane avAja avagaNatI phrAnsa

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584 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA ane briTananI zAhIvAdI sarakAre pitAnI jAtane zAMti-cAhaka kahevaDAvIne, pitAnAM hito para ja dhADa Ave tene zAMtibhaMga gaNune nAjhIone sevIyeTa yunIyana para dhakelatI hatI. ItihAsa e zAMtinA chaLanA badalAmAM vadhAre karapINu evI AvatI kAlanI racanA karato hato. eDepha hiTalara have aMgrejI zAhIvAdane kahAvatuM hatuM, "tame ja leke pilenDane uzkere che. tame ja pilenDanI vahAre dhAvAnuM khoTuM vacana ApyuM che. ame varasanI sarakArane khabara ApI dIdhA che ke tyAM pileMDamAM amArI jarmana mahAprajAnAM lazkare polenDanI sarahada oLaMgI jaze." hiTalara polenDa para caDhatA hatA. e jarmana kerale pitAnI badhI vAte potAnI AtmakathAmAM lakhI nAkhI hatI. Aje e mIna-kaphanA akSare yuropanI garadana pada kAtaravA nIkaLatuM hatuM. polenDa para kabaje karavAne eno cUha te hato ja. eTale chevaTe aMgrejI ane phreMca zAhIvAdI hito bhayamAM mukAI gayAM. aMgrejI ane phreMca zAhIvAdI sAmrAjyanA pAyAmAM pele eDapha ghA karavA nIkaLatuM hatuM, kAraNa ke jarmana sAmrAjyane jhaDe ene AkhI duniyA para repa hatuM. eTale yurepa para nirNaya lIdhA vinA enAthI raziyA para caDhI zakAya tema nahotuM. eka caMkAvanAro banAva eTale eka coMkAvanAre banAva bane raziyA ane jamIno bane bInaAkramaNakArI karAra karavA saMmata thayA. aMgrejI, phrenca ane amerikana zAhIvAdanuM rAjakAraNa ahIM parAjya pAmyuM. ekAeka e banAva banyo ane raziyA jarmanI banne bIna AkramaNa karAra karatAM dekhAyAM. nAjhI jemanI sAthe e karAra para raziyAe sahI karI. 1939 nA mArcanA 71mA divase pitAnA pAsA avaLA paDelA dekhIne briTana pilenDane dhIravaNa apatAM kahetuM hatuM ke jarmanInuM AkramaNa tamArA para Avaze ke ame tamArI madade doDyAM Avaze. ene artha have eTalo ja thaye hato ke jarmanI jarA paNa AgaLa vadhaze ke ame yuddha jAhera karazuM. chellAM sAta ja varasamAM maMcukene, ebisIniyAne, peInane, esTrIyAne tathA ke levAkIyAne hAthapaga bAMdhIne phAsIvAdI zAhIvAde AkramaNa karIne patana pamADavAM tyArathI zAMtithI dekhyA karanAra aMgreja, phreMca zAhIvAda mATe have Akhare yuddha karavA vinA bIjo koI Aro rahyo nahe. pilenDa para jaramana AkramaNa ane bIjA vizvayuddhane AraMbha 1939 nA ogasTanI 23 mI pachI agIArame divase jarmana lazkakaree pilIza sarahadane oLaMgI ane briTane tathA konse jarmanI sAme laDAI -

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bIjA vizvayuddhanuM vihaMgAvalokana 585 jAhera karIne perIsanA bacAvanI taiyArI karI. jarmanIe ane raziyAe nakkI karyA pramANe tenuM AkramaNa adhuM polenDa laIne aTakI gayuM ane sapTembaranA 17 mA divase pUrva taraphathI lAla lazkare polenDanI sarahadamAM paThAM tathA vakhata Ave tyAre mukAbalo karavAmAM dUra na rahI javAya te mATe jarmana lazkaranI aDoaDa chAvaNI nAMkhIne aradhA palenDamAM polIza janatAnI sarakAranI racanA karIne paDAva nAkhe. polenDanA be vibhAga thaI gayA, tathA jarmana AkramaNa athavA phasAvAdI AkramaNa sAme ja soviyaTane prati AkramaNa vyuha AraMbhAye. sTAlIne pitAne bRha zarU karyo, ane AkharIsaMgrAma AvI pahoMce te pahelAM eka pachI bIjA lazkarI bRha goThavavA maMDI paDyA. okaTobaranI 28mIe IcchunIyAnI sarakAre seviyaTa sarakArane DAgonA TApuo para ane osevI para nAkAbaMdhI bAMdhavAnI rajA ApI ane bAlaTIkanuM baMdara soMpI dIdhuM tathA trIsahajAra sevIyaTa laDavaiyAne tyAM mukAma nAkhavAnI rajA ApI. pachI tarata ja soviyaTa-leTaviyana sarakAranA paraspara madadanA kArAra thayA tathA lIbAu ane vInDAu khAte lazkarI bAMdhakAma karavAnI chUTa raziyAne maLI, ane raziyana lazkara mATe eroDroma maLyA. okaTobaramAM tyArapachI lIthuAnIyAe vinA nagara lAlalazkaranA kabajA heThaLa soMpyuM. jarmana phAsIvAda sAthe lazkarI karAra karIne soviyaTe e jAnI duzmana sAmenA acUka rIte AvavAnA AkharI jaMganI taiyArInAM pagalAM levA mAMDyAM. eka paNa avAja karyA vinA, eka paNa TIpuM lehI reDyA vinA sTelInane morace thANuM jamAvI rahyo ane jarmanInA nAjhI AgevAne mAthuM khaMjavALatA hoTha karaDI rahyA. pachI 1940nA DiseMbaranA bIjA divase lenInajhADanA bacAva mATe sTAlIne phInalenDanI sarakAra pAse pitAnA bamaNA pradezane sATe thoDeka pradeza mA ane javAbamAM janarala menarahIme sevIyeTa raziyA sAthe laDAInI taiyArI batAvI ane parAjaya vahorI lIdhe. sovIyeTe lIdheluM e lazkarI pagaluM paNa acUka AvI pahoMcatA, phAsIvAdI AkramaNa sAmenuM ja lazkarI bRhanuM anivArya pagaluM hatuM. yurepanuM patana I. sa. 1940nA jAnyuArInI 20mI sudhImAM patana pAmelA pilenDamAM hiTalare sAphasuphI karI nAkhI. A sAphasuphImAM teNe sAmudAyika rIte lekone viMdhI nAkhyAM. peleMDanA nAgarikone gharamAMthI bahAra kADhI kADhIne yuddhanA kedIo 74 .

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586 vikava ItihAsanI rUparekhA banAvIne jarmanImAM gulAma tarIke majurI karavA mATe teNe eka lAkha uparAMtanAM lekane mokalI ApyAM. jarmanInI zAhIvAdI saramukhatyArIe vizvayuddhanA pahelA pagalAM tarIke poleMDamAMthI 30 lAkha yahudI naranArIo ane bALakane narkAgAra nAme jANItA banelA lubalInanA pradezanI chAvaNIomAM baMdhAyelAM motanAM kArakhAnAmAM yahudI mAnavane nagna karIne tathA temanA meDhAmAMthI senAnI daMtarekhAone kADhI laIne maraNanI bhaThThIomAM temane lAkhe nI saMkhyAmAM bhakSma karI nAkhavAmAM AvyA. pachI te rAkhane jarmanImAM khAtara banavA mATe mekalI ApavAmAM AvI. pachI yuropanuM patana zarU thaI gayuM. holenDa, DenamArka, vigere deze eka pachI eka hiTalaranA krAsavAdI AkramaNa nIce tUTI paDyA. A rIte hiTalare zarU karelA bIjA vizvayuddhanA banAvane dhyAnapUrvaka dekhyA karate musalInI paNa have yuddhamAM utarI paDe. enI dRSTie have yuddhamAM utaravAyA nUkazAna ochuM hatuM ne phAyado ghaNe vadhAre hate. IMglenDa sivAyanA yuropanA badhA dezo patana pAmI cUkyA hatA. phrAnsa paDavAnI have ghaDIo gaNAtI hatI. aMgrejI lazkara DakamAM gherAI gayuM hatuM. be jIyamane rAjA lIpolDa mitra rAnI salAha lIdhA vinA ja have zaraNe AvI gayo hato. I. sa. 1940 ne jUna mahine tyAre zarU thaI gaye hato. 1940ne jUnanA 21mA divase musalInIe jAhera karyuM ke "aphara e nirNaya levAne samaya pAkI cUkyo che." evI jAherAta karIne eNe phrAnsa ane briTana sAme yuddha jAhera karyuM. ene khyAla e hatuM ke parAjaya pAmavA mAMDelA phrAnsanA patana pachI ane DaMkamAM briTananA lazkarane saMhAra thayA pachI zaraNe AvyA vinA briTanane chUTake thavAnuM nathI. | phreMca sarakAre perisa nagara cheDI dIdhuM. perisa para jyAre hiTalaranI bombavarSA zarU thaI cUkI hatI tyAre tenuM rakSaNa karanArI koI sarakAra e pATanagaramAM hatI nahi. phreMca sarakAra vatI mArzala pitAe, bInasaratI zaraNAgatinI darakhAsta raju karI. phrAnsanuM patana thayuM ane hiTalara pote patana pAmelA phrAnsanA pATanagaramAM AvI pahoMcyo. pahelA vizvayuddhamAM jarmanIne parAjaya thayo hato ane phrAnsano vijya thayo hato, tyArapachI jarmanI sAthe bInasaratI zaraNAgatinA karAra kApIna nAmanA jaMgalamAM relvenA eka DabbAmAM thayA hatA. hiTalare AvIne kempInanA eja jaMgalamAM jyAM jarmanIe tyAM zaraNa svikAryuM hatuM tyAM ja phreMca sarakAranuM bInazaratI zaraNa svikAravAnA

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bIjA vizvayuddhanuM vihaMgAvalokana 587 karAra karyA. A karAra karanArA kAnsanA vRddha saradAre mArzala khetAM ane janarala vegAM nAmanA hatA tathA lAvAla nAmane jarmanInI khUzI khUzAmata karanAre eka rAjakiya AgevAna hatuM. A traNee 1940nA jUnanI 26 mI tArIkhe kAnsa rASTrane hiTalaranA gulAma tarIke suprata karyo. A daramyAnamAM IMglenDa paranI kaTokaTI vadhI gaI hatI. phrAnsamAM laDavA AveluM aMgrejI lazkara kaMkarkanA dariyA kinArA para gherAI gayuM hatuM. e kinArAnI eka bAjue patana pAmele kAnsa deza pa hatuM ane bIjI bAjue aMgrejI dariyAI khADInI pele pAra IgleMDane kinAre hatuM. A rIte gherAI gayelA aMgrejI lazkarane mATe hiTalarane zaraNe jAne athavA to dariyAI khADImAM DUbI maravAne evA beja mArgo dekhAtA hatA. paraMtu aMgrejI hiMmatanI naitika tAkAta A kaTokaTInA samaye dekhAvA mAMDI. aMgrejI khalAsIe pitAnI pAse je koI jahAjo ke hADakAM hatAM te laIne uparathI varasatI hiTalaranI bomba varSo nIce pitAnA sainikone bacAvavA nIkaLI paDayA. uparathI mota varasatuM hatuM tyAre jIvana maraNanA A aMge aMgrejI dariyAI khADIne gauravavaMtI banAvI. metane sAmane karIne aMgrejI khalAsIoe paNa bhAganA lazkarane bacAvI laIne aMgrejI kinArA para utArI dIdhuM ane bAkInuM larakara maraNa pAmyuM. A rIte AkhA yuropa para lazkarI nirNaya meLavI laIne hiTalare phrAnsanA kinArA parathI dariyAI khADIne oLaMgIne aMgrejI kinArA para goLAo pheMkI zake tevI te pe goThavI dIdhI tathA khAsa karIne laMDana para beo varSA karavAnI vimAnI AkramaNanI yojanA ghaDI dIdhI. briTananuM khamIra eka AdamInI jema rASTra ekatA ghaDIna saLagI uThayuM. briTanI prajAe agni parikSAmAMthI pasAra thavAnuM nakakI karyuM. eNe zaraNa javA karatAM mota pAmavAne ane matano mukAbalo karavAnA nirdhAra karyo. A nirdhArane amala karavAnI javAbadArI carcAla nAmanA le khaDI AgevAne svIkArI. eNe aMgrejI rASTrane aNanama khaDaka parathI aMgrejI prajA joga hiTalara sAme paDakAra pheMko. A rIte hiTalara ane musalInInI dhAraNuM aMgrejI prajAe beTI pADI, tathA patana pAmelA AkhA yuropa khaMDamAM IMgleDa nAmane eka ja deza aNanama ubhe. tyAre e deza para divasa rAta be varSAne yuddha kAryakrama yojIne phrAnsane saMpUrNa gulAma banAvIne phrAnsanA jIvanavyavahAranI ekeeka saMsthAmAMthI lIbaTa IkalITI ane phreTaranITI' nAmanA lekazAhInA siddhAMtane khatama karI nAkhIne hiTalare AkhA yuropamAMthI Ayudho aMge sAmagrIo ekaThI karIne

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588 vizva itihAsanI rUparekhA tathA yuropamAMthI navAM lazkare jamAvIne raziyA para AkharI AkramaNa laI javAnI taDAmAra taiyArIo karavA mAMDI. seviyeTa raziyA para AkramaNa karavAnI vyuha racanA - raziyAnI sarahada paranA jhekoslovekiyA para paga goThavIne tathA pilenDane kabaje karIne ane tyAra pachI iglenDa sivAyanA AkhA yuropa para kabaje meLavIne tathA AkhA yurepakhaMDanAM sAdhanasAmagrI, zastrasAja tathA lazkare. ekaThAM karIne hiTalare have rUmAnIyA para paNa kabajo meLavI lIdhuM hatuM tathA e rIte kALA samudranI pAse tathA razIyAnI dakSiNa sarahada tarapha hiTalare pitAnI lazkarI hilacAla zarU karI hatI. A hilacAlanA javAbamAM ja hoya te pramANe TelIne eTalI ja zAMtIpUrvaka krAMtI samaye rUmAnIyAne pite soMpI dIdhelA bIsArebIyA tathA uttarabukevInA nAmanA be prAMtine kabaje karI lIdhuM hatuM ane hITalaranA pagalAM sAme pitAnAM vyuhAtmaka pagalAM bharavA mAMDyAM hatAM. eNe hITalara sAme AvI pahoMcavAnA bhayAnaka saMgrAmane khyAla rAkhIne pitAne vyaha kayAraneya zarU karI dIdho hato. A pagalAM tarIke sTeline ItheniyA, leTaviyA, lIthuAniyA nAmanA traNa bATIka pradeza pAse pitAne nAkAmathake ane havAI mathake ApavA mATenI mAgaNI meLavI lIdhI hatI ane tarataja lazkarI rahe te mathake kabaje laI lIdhuM hatuM. eka vakhatanA jhAranI hakUmata nIcenA A traNeya pradeze je krAMti samaye sovIyaTa raziyAe AjhAdI ApI dIdhA pachI Aje 1940nA phebruArInI 27mI tArIkhe hiTalara sAmene vyuha racavA mATe A ati agatyanuM pagaluM levuM paDyuM hatuM. bIjuM evuM ja pagaluM eNe zAhIvAdanI beDa banelA phinalenDa para AkramaNa karIne lIdhuM, ane phileMDanA mathakone kabaje paNa lIdhe. eja rIte hITalare paNa raziyA upara AkharI AkramaNa karatAM pahelAM yuropanA dezo para lazkarI kabajo athavA nirNaya meLavavAnI kAryavAhI zarU karI dIdhI hatI, tathA eNe DenmArka ane nerve para AkramaNa karyuM hatuM. DenmArka aMdarathI khatama thaIne hITalaranA paga pAse DhaLI paDyuM hatuM ane hITalaranuM vIjaLIka AkramaNanenI sarahada oLaMgI gayuM hatuM. I. sa. 1940 nA eprilanI 25mIe DenmArka ane naive nAmanA be deza para hiTalarano lazkarI kabaje besI gayuM hatuM. tarataja hITalare heleMDa para AkamaNa karyuM tathA heleMDa para AkAzamAMthI bebi varSA karIne eNe menI 17mI sudhImAM Daca rASTranuM paNa patana karI nAMkhyuM. tyAra pachI nAjhI AkamaNanI raNagADIo

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bIjA vizvayuzanuM vihaMgAvalokana 189 beamane pAchaLathI pADI nAMkhIne phrAnsanuM patana karavA deDI gaI hatI. nAjhI yuddha yaMtranA bhArA nIce bejIyama para thaIne mAnava saMhArane Akramaka dhasAre phalenDarsa tarapha AgaLa vaLyuM hatuM. nAjhI lazkaravAdanI Teke ane moTarasAyalenA khUnakhAra dhasArAe phalenDarsamAM thaIne vijaLIka vega dhAraNa karIne phrenca lazkaranI haroLane be bhAgamAM cIrI nAkhIne phAnsa dezane paNa patana pamADI dIdhuM hatuM. AkhA jagata para yuddha phelAyuM phrAnsanA patana sAthe ja, parAchata phrAnsanAM AphrikAnAM saMsthAne para ITAlIe kabaje karI lIdhuM. AphrikA para ane bhUmadhyamAM briTana sAthe yuddha karavAnI javAbadArI ITAlIe svIkArI tathA jaramanIe briTana para AkramaNa karavAno havAIjaMga khelavA mAMDyuM. jAnamAM (1940) adhavacamAM phrAnsane parAjya karyA pachI gherAI gaelA briTanane beja mahInAmAM zaraNe AvavAnI pharaja pADavAnI dhAraNA sAthe hiTalare briTana para bebamAra zarU karyo ane ogasTanI 15mI e pite laMDanamAM vijya praveza karaze tevI jAherAta karI. paraMtu AkhA jagatanI prazaMsAne lAyaka evI pilAdI hiMmatane dhAraNa karIne laMDana5ra varasatA motane sAmane karIne laMDananAM nAgarike e bhema bhitara AzramAM aneka rAtrio pasAra karavA mAMDI, ane hiTalare mukarara karele ogasTane 15 divasa pasAra thaI gayo. A pachI tarata ja igleMDa para divasa rAta hiTalaranA bebarAe mata varasAvavA mAMDyuM. iMgleMDanI paDakhe pitAnAM tamAma, sAdhane suprata karavAnI amerikAe jAherAta karI. amerikA ane briTananAM nasIba eka sAthe baMdhAyalAM che ema caracIle kahyuM. amerikAe A vizvayudhdhamAM pite yuddha jAhera karavA pahelAM iMgleMDanI taraphadArI, sAdhana sAmagrI ApavA mAMDIne zarU karI dIdhI. tyAre A tarapha jaramanIne pakSe jApAne paNa yuddhamAM utaravAnI taiyArIo karavA mAMDI. ITAlI ane jarmanInI phAsIvAdI dharIe jApAnane phrAnsanuM InDe-cIna nAmanuM saMsthAna bheTa ApyuM. inDecInamAM thaIne cIna para AkramaNa karavAnAM tathA cInamAM jatI amerikA ane briTananI sAdhanasAmagrI rokavAnAM naukAmathake tathA havAI mathako para kabaje karavAnAM pagalAM jApAna laI zake tema hatuM. A rIte pAsiphika mahAsAgaramAM briTana tathA amerikAne jApAna haMphAvI zake tema hatuM.

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vizva itihAsanI rUparekhA A badhI yAjanAne nakkararUpa ApavA jaramanI, iTAlI ane jApAnanI pariSada maLI. A pariSadamAM AkhI duniyA para DokI besADavAnI phAsIvAdI nUtana racanAnA AkAra ghaDAyA. A navI racanAe AkhA jagatane traNa TukaDAmAM vaheMcI lIdhuM. A racanAe yureApanA tamAma dezepara ane raziyA para jarmanInI mAlIkI svIkArI. AkhA AphrikAkhaMDa museAlInInI mAlIkI mATe nakakI thaye ane dUrapUnA, cIna ane bhArata jevA deze!para jA!nanuM svAmItva racavAnuM nakakI thayuM. 197 A navI racanAnuM e MdhANa rAkhIne have jaramana iTAlI-pAnanI yuddha dharI DAi, ane yuddha pachI peAtAne maLavAnI zahenazAhatA athavA sAmrAjyonAM svapnA, hiTalara-musAlInIne ane jApAnI zahenazAhatane AvA lAgyAM A rIte, i. sa.nuM 1940 muM varasa aMta pAmavA lAgyu. paraMtu eTalA samayamAM, musAlInInA laDavayA sAgaLa vadhI zakatA nahetA.AphrikAno saranazIna banavA mAganArA musAlInInA paga AphrikAnA rahunI retImAM bharAI paDayo hato. vizvanagara laMDananI agni parikSA hiTalara jevA hiTalara paNa phrAnsane kinArethI aai mAMDIne laMDananA patanane dekhavA najara tANyA karatA hatA. aMgrejI prajA A nAnA sarakhA TApu have enI AMkhanA kaNA banyA hatA. A TApu para enI sabamarIne e

Page #612
bIjA vizvayuhanuM vihaMgAvalokana 591 bharaDo ghAlyuM hatuM. A TApune AMtarIne enAM bebo kALo kera varatAvatAM hatAM. teya laMDana parathI zaraNAgati mAgata eke: jhaDe uce thatuM na hatuM. kAraNa ke yuddhane jAhera karyA vinA ja amerikana sarakAra maraNIyA banelA A laMDana nAmanA vizvanagaranuM lAlana pAlana karatI hatI. amerikA je samRddha deza ene badhe zastrasAja ane sAdhana sAmagrI purAM pADate hate laMDanamAM amerikana rU5 hiTalarane pitAnI sAmenA apazukana jevuM jaNAtuM hatuM. laMDana para ciMtA bharI najara nAkhate phAsIvAdo yuddha dharIne saMvAhaka hiTalara ubho hate. briTa je paDe te tarata ja e raziyA para tUTI paDe tevI enI yuddhadharInI yojanA hatI. briTane zaraNe AvavAne inkAra karyo hate. briTane zaraNe AvavAno inkAra karIne ane AjhAda jIvananI rASTranItine dhAraNuM karIne nAjhI yuddhayaMtranAM AgaLa vadhatAM cakrone thaMbhAvI dIdhAM hatAM. laMDana vizvanagara banatuM hatuM. laMDananI agniparIkSAne amerikana kumaka maLatI hatI. vizvayuddhanA phAsIvAdo bUhanI vaccovaca paDelA A vizvanagare dharI AkramaNa pachI jagatane vaheMcI levAnI navI racanAne pAchI pADI dIdhI hatI. raziyA para AkramaNa karIne, raziyAne tArAja karI nAkhIne, pazcimamAMthI jApAna, pUrvamAMthI AkhuM hiTalaranuM yuropa phAsIvAdI navI racanA mATe amerikA para tUTI paDavAnuM hatuM te badhuM laMDananagara para para thaMbhI gayuM hatuM. yurepanAM patana pAmelAM rASTronI AjhAdInI smRtine dhAraNa karI rAkhIne yuropanAM pATanagaronI patana pAmI gaelI sarakAre sAre divasa ugavAnI AzAnuM raTaNa karatI, A laMDananagaramAM Azare zedhatI AvIne rahI hatI. A saunI eka DhAla baneluM pArlAmenTanI mAtAnuM A nagara yuropIyanagara banIne hiTalaranAM beMbaranuM bhayAnaka AkramaNa jhIlatuM hatuM. A nagaraDhAlanA Azraye, helenDa, belajIyama, nora, DenamArka, lukaDeMbarga, elisInIyA, polenDa, kelevAkIyA, ane grIsanA, AjhAdIpriya AgevAno bhaviSyanA bhAvinI kalpanA karatA divase gujAratA hatA. vizvayuddha eziyAmAM paNa vyApaka banyuM. jApAne i. sa. 1941nA DiseMbaranI 7mI e parla hArabaranI aMdaranA amerikana naukA kAphalA para cite hale karyo. amerikAne A rIte phAsIvAdI dharI rAjya para yuddha jAhera karavAnI pharaja paDI. amerikA paNa have paddhatipUrvaka vizvayuddhamAM utarI paDyuM. pAsiphika mahAsAgaramAM have yuddha saLagI uThayuM. jAvA AgaLa ane malAyA AgaLa amerikana ane briTIza jahAje DUbavA mAMDayAM. phIlIpAInsa

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vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA nAmanA amerikana zAhIvAdanAM saMsthAne jApAne jItI lIdhAM. malAyA para jApAnI AkramaNa AvI pahoMcyuM ane sIMgApura athavA siMhapura nAmanuM aMgrejI saMsthAnavAdanuM cAvIrUpa mathaka paNa bhayamAM AvI paDyuM, jotajotAmAM rise yAsI hAla ( tarapha. |||||||III), mIlAvIne AJune dakSiNa AphrilAIna che dI mahAsAgara -Ira-inDijha 5 Tre lara vizvayuddha eziyAbharamAM phelAI gayuM. I. sa. 1940nA okaTobaramAM jApAne vIeTanAma, lAosa ane kaMbaDIyAne eziyAI pradeze paDAvI lIdhA hatA. have barAbara eka varase eNe hoMgakaeNgamAM, manIlAmAM, sIMgApuramAM, vArtAmAM tathA raMgunamAM pitAnAM thANAM jamAvyAM, tathA Akho cInane rASTra kabaje karavAnuM AkramaNa AraMbhI dIdhuM. vizvayuddha have yurepa ane AphrikAne potAnI eDanIce dabAvIne, eziyAnA pradeza para AvI pahoMcyuM. aMgrejI hakumata nIcenAM ane phrenca hakumata nIcenAM eziyAI saMsthAnene pitAnAM gulAma saMsthAne banAvavA bIjA vizvayuddhanI dharI racanAe jApAnanA AkramaNane eziyApara utAryuM; eka pachI

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paha3 bIjA vizvayuhanuM vihaMgAvalokana eka dezo pharIvAra patana pAmyA ane raMgunathI bhArata para utarI AvanArA jApAnI AkramaNanI ghaDIo gaNAvA lAgI. yuropanAM pUrvakamADaparano sevIyeTa rUsa yuropa para nirNaya karIne raziyA para AkramaNa karavAno mulatavI rakhAyela AkharI divasa have AvI pahoMcato hato. hiTalare vizvayudhdhano pahelokadama esTrIyAne khAlasA karIne upADyo hate. I. sa. 1939nA mArcamAM eNe bIjo paga kolevAkIyApara goThavyuM hatuM. A pachI tarata ja eNe memelane pradeza kabaje karyo hate. pachI 1939nA sapTembaranA pahelA divase pilenDapara AkramaNa karIne eNe rUsadezanI soviyeTa tAkAtathI DarIne, tenA para AkramaNa karavAnI tArIkha AkhA yurepane kabaje karyA pachI nakkI karI hatI. have Akho yuropa enA AkramaNa nIce patana pAmele paDayo hate. DenamArka ane narene eNe 1940nA eprila mahinAmAM kabaje karyA hatA, ane pachInA beja mahInAmAM eTale me ane junamAM holenDa, luba, belajIama, ane phrAnsa enA AThamaNe nIce paTakAI paDayA hatA. pitAnA TApunI surakSitatAmAM saMtAyelA briTanaparanI laDAI eNe zarU karI dIdhI hatI, tathA 1941nA junanA AraMbha sudhImAM, balagerIyA, yugoslAvIyA, rUmAnIyA ane grIsa paNa paTakAI paDyA hatA. yureparane nirNaya eNe meLavI lIdho hata ane ITAlI tathA jApAne, AphrikA ane eziyA para AkramaNa AraMbhI dIdhAM hatAM. tyAre yuropakhaMDane e eka ja deza patana pAmyA vinAne aNanama ubho hato. A eka deza seviyeTa raziyA hate. yurepanA A pUrva simADA paranA AkramaNanI tArIkha have AvI pahoMcI. have hiTalaranAM AkramaNa yaMtromAM AkhA yuropanAM lazkare, zastra sAdhane, ane sAmagrIo umerAyAM, hatAM. have sovIyeTa dezanI badhI sarahada para ene vijayI raNathaMbha ropAI gayA hatA. have rUsa para caDhayA vinA cAle tema nahotuM eTale acAnaka evI nAjhI AkramaNanI jAherAta duniyAe AghAta pAmIne sAMbhaLI. I. sa. 1941 nA jUnanA 22 mA divase nAjhI samAcAra saMsthAoe jAhera karyuM, "ame seviyaTa raziyApara AkramaNa zarU karIe chIe" nAjhI AkramaNanA jhaMjhAvAta rUsI dharatI para saMhAranAM tephAna banIne, yuddha yaMtronA sUsavATa nIce dharatIne dhamadhamAvatAM nIkaLI paDayAM. patana pAmelA yuropa, sTAlInajhADa para mahAsaMgrAma A mahA bhayAnaka AkramaNanA dhasArAe balInathI upaDatA hoya tema, nAjhI yuddharAkSasanA paMjAnI cAra AMgaLIo banIne cAra dizAmAM

Page #615
594 vikava itihAsanI rUparekhA nIkaLI paDayA. vijaLIka AkramaNanuM A penjarasvarUpa aMguThAnuM banIne lenInagrADa tarapha dhasatuM hatuM. aMguThA sAthenI AMgaLI moskopara nizAna mAMDIne vadhatI hatI. vacalI AMgaLI sTAlInajhADane sara karavA laMbAtI hatI ane trIjI AMgaLI kekezasanI parvatamALapara pahoMcI javA kIva nAmanA rUsInagara para tarApa mAratI hatI. A AkramaNanA paMjAnI TacalI AMgaLInI pakaDanI nIce gulAmInI sAMkaLamAM baMdhAyelA yuropanA, polenDa, yugoslAvIyA, balagerIyA ane grIsa nAmanA dezo hatA. A vijaLIka dhasArAnI pAMjhara hareLoe TelIna killebaMdhI nAmanI sarahada pahelI jhapamAM toDI pADIne vaTAvI dIdhI. phrAnsa karatAM meTo pradeza jaramana kabajA heThaLa AvI gayo, tyAre 1941 ne ogasTa mahIne AvI pahoMcyo. rUsI rASTranI tAkAta have ja ekaThI thavAne AraMbha karatI hatI. paraMtu lenInagrAnDane raste AvatuM, sAva nagara paDayuM. meleMskane raste AvatuM vIskanagara paNa paDyuM. kIvanagaranA rastAparanuM jhITAmIra nagara paNa patana pAmyuM. lenInajhADanAM pAdara para rUsI raNagADIo AvI pahoMcI. rUsa dezanAM lazkara pAchA haTayAM ane nAjhI pAMjharanA vega AgaLa vadhyA. eTalAmAM to smolaeNska nagara paNa paDyuM ane kIvanuM paNa patana thayuM. raziyAnuM pATanagara meDhe have ekaja aThavADiyAmAM paDaze evI jAherAta hiTalare karI dIdhI. sTAlIna jhADanAM pAdare para nAjhI lazkarane bhayAnaka dhasAre AvI pahoMce. tyAre sTAlInajhADamAMthI sTAlIne paDakAra jevI jAherAta karI. " duzmana amArA rASTranAM uMDANamAM pesI cUkayo che. amArI dhIkhatI dharA para ekeeka rUsI nAgarikanuM sarvAgI yuddha have zarU thAya che. amArA uMDANa bacAva ane sAmudAyika sAmanAne have AraMbha thAya che. lenInagrADa ke sTAlInajhADa ane mAska nagara kadi paDaze nahIM." yuropapara nahIM dekhAyelo e pratikAra raziyAnAM A mahAna pATanagarapara nAjhI AkramaNane bharaDe thaMbhI gayo. rUsI pratikAranuM rUpa mAnava itihAsamAM ajoDa evuM aNanama dekhAyuM. raziyAnAM agAdha ane UMDAM samarAMgaNa dekhate pAcho hiTalara, prinsa kAle varaTenabargane kahetA hatA, "bApu eDe, bApu oDa kabula karuM chuM ke je divase meM raziyA sAthenI salAha para sahI karI te divasa mArA jIvanane sauthI vadhAre gamagIna divasa hato." e divasa pachI mokupha rAkhavuM paDeluM yuddha Aje eNe zarU karyuM hatuM. rUsI dezane mAkhaNa kalpanAra hiTalarane pAchA

Page #616
bIjA vizvayuddhanuM vihaMgAvalokana janarala guMDerIyananA zabdo yAda AvyA, "kuharara- kuharara, samAna vyavahAravALI navI duniyA bAMdhavA beThelA kaeNmalInanA ravanazIlane laDAdanI kalAnuM zuM bhAna che? ApaNe vIjaLika hallAne dareka dhasAre emanI bacAva haroLAnA bhukkA bolAvaze. paNa raziyA te anaMta dekhAte hato ane enI tarasI najara AgaLa yuropanA palaTI gaelA nakazA UbharAtA hatA. ene e nakazAo kahetA hatA, "varaso paDayuM che. AmasTaraDAma, bruselsa, perIsa ane ethensa paNa gagaDI gayAM che te pachI mosTa ane lenInagrADa...lenInajhADa ane TelIgrADa. e badhAM paNa paDaze ja" enI najara para rUsadezanI zramamAnanI zerIo ragadoLAI jatI dekhAI. jagata janatAnAM e mahAna pATanagare paDatAM dekhAyAM. enI najaramAM e badhAM nagaranAM khaMDiyare UbharAyAM. rUsanAM e khaMDiyo paranAM naranArIo ane bALaka bALakIonAM zaba para pite pharate dekhAye. behajAra mAIlenA moracA para 170 DIvIjhananA vIjaLika hallAnA pagamAM have e yojanAne dera aTavAto hato. bATIka pradeze paDyA hatA, zveta raziyA paDatuM hatuM, yukrena paDayuM hatuM. samAjavAdI ghaTanAe jagatabharamAM ajoDa e sarajele nIparabaMdha tUTI paDe hato. paNa pelAM nagare te paDatAM ja nahotAM ! lenInagrADa! moDhe ! lenInagrADa, meDhe !' jagata janatAnAM e pATanagara hAthaveMtamAM dekhAI paDatAM hatAM toya paDatAM nahotAM. e ja nagarae lAlakrAntine pahele jhaDe pharakAvyo hato. e ja nagaree samAjavAdI samAja-ghaTanAnAM pAraNuM khulatAM kyAM hatAM. navI duniyAnI samAnatAnA pahelA saMskAra ahIM ja AlekhAyA hatA. e ja nagare e duniyAbharanI kacaDAyelI janatAne navI duniyA racI batAvI hatI. eNe veTha nAbUda karI hatI, saune mATe jIvavAne samAna hakka sara hatuM, eja nagaromAMthI navI duniyA racavAnI badhI yojanAo AkhA raziyA para patharAI cUkI hatI. e ja e nagara ! roja paDatAM dekhAtAM hatAM paNa paDatAM nahotAM. e baMne nagare patharA pheMkAya eTale pAse jaNAtAM hatAM toya na aDI zakAya tevAM dUra dekhAtAM hatAM. rUsI pratikAra ahIM maraNIye banyuM hatuM. mahAsaMhAranI vacamAM UbhelAM lAlA lazkare khUTatAM ja nahatAM. malInanA navI duniyAnA svapnazIle saMgrAma paNa kheDI jANe che, ema ene ane duniyAne samajAI jatuM hatuM.

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596 vikava ItihAsanI rUparekhA yuropanI yuddhakalpanAo, "UMDANa bacAva" ane "UMDANa prati AkramaNane dekhavA UMcI nIMcI thaI rahI. lAla pATanagara parathI Deka UMcakIne raziyAne paulAda puruSa, dhIra gaMbhIra avAje A pratikAranA pracaMDa banatA samudAyika rUpanI racanA karatA hatA. pahelA traNa mahinAmAM ja traNa lAkha nAjhI hADapiMjare raziyAnA sImADAo para verAyelAM paDatAM hatAM. ItihAsanuM vizvanagara sTAlInanA e mahAnagara para vItI gaelI kALa rAtrinI UDatI Aga jevI vikarALa yAde zamatI nahatI. cAlIsa mAIla lAMbo ane pAMca mAIlI | ja paheLe eno deha janetAne vaLagI rahetA bALaka je -aa para jaDAi gaye hate. hajAra te, hajAro vimAno ene enI mAtAnI kAkhamAMthI vachoDavA roja roja divasa ane rAtabhara hajAro Tana DAyanemAITa ane pilAda jhIMkatAM jaramana mAlikenAM kArakhAnAMo nipajAvelA vinAzanAM koI sAdhana enA para vIMjhAyA vinAnAM bAkI nahotAM rahyAM. e alIgrADa nahotuM, krAntigaDha hato. kAnti enI aMdara AkAra dharIne beThI hatI. sAta hajAra taruNa kema mele emAM prANanAM sthApana karyA hatAM. navI duniyAnuM yauvana ahIM ja nutana ghaTanAne jhole caDyuM hatuM. evuM kevuM enuM jIvana, ItihAsanA takhtA parathI taravaratuM hatuM ! 1589 nA varasamAM pahelo AkAra dharatuM e jhArITasIna kahevAtuM hatuM. kAspIana

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597 bIjA vizvayuhanuM vihaMgAvalokana sAgaranI velyAnI kyArImAM sAMpaDayuM hoya tevuM e uttara kekezasanuM, kubAnanuM, sArATovanuM, kajhananuM mukhya mathaka banatuM hatuM. e badhAM volgAnagare enI AsapAsa vIMTaLAyAM hatAM. mecyA ane lenInagrADa paNa enA kharAnAM mathaka hatAM. aMdaranA ane bahAranA badhA vigrahanA eNe raNathaMbha ropyA hatA. jhAra veLAnI ane seviyanI jIvanadhaTanAnuM e jIvanasaMgrAmanuM dhAma hatuM. 1916 mAM A zramamAnavanuM mahAnagara banyuM. enAM kamaThANane dareka aMkeDe krAntinA pracAra ane payagAmathI guMjI UThaDyo. jyAre lAlakrAnti AvI pahoMcI tyAre raNabhUmi banIne lAla nejA pharakAvatuM e UbhuM. ahIM sTAlIna ane varazIlepha mahAsenAnIo hatA. ahIMthI ja keleDIna, kAsava, DenIkIna ane bIjA zAhIvAdI senApationA dAMta khATA thai gayA hatA. ahIMthI ja AsphAkhAnathI upaDele mahArathI kIrava reMgalane 1920 nA jAnyuArInI trIjIe bhagADI mUkate hate. jhArITasInanuM jIvana tyAre sTAlInajhADanuM birUda dhAraNa karIne kAntinA lAla tAraka jevuM jhaLahaLatuM thayuM hatuM. jIvana ghaTanAnI samAjavAdI tasvIra racavA nIkaLatuM rUsI bhoma para tyAranuM pharatuM thatuM paheluM TrekaTara 1930nA junanA 17mA divase sTAlInagrADa TrekaTara phekaTarImAMthI jayanAdanA pikAra vacce doDatuM hatuM pachI hajAre TrekaTare nUtana raziyAmAM sevIyeTa samAjano AkAra ghaDavA ahIthI UbharAyAM hatA. AkhuMya sTAlInajhADa navuM ghaDAtuM ane enI vastI lAkhanI vadhatI jatI hatI. evA kAyApalaTa karatA volgA nagara para eka yojanA AvI ane bIjI AvI. evI enI kAyA para udyoga dhamadhamI UThayA. enI chabI para saMskAradhAma maDhAI gayAM. enA kinArAo para jahAje banavA mADyAM. enAM navAM bajAra banyAM. enI navI zerIo nIpajI, enA para vATikAonI hAramALA patharAI. enI tasvIramAM seMkaDe nizALe ne vidhApITha guMjI UDI ane thIeTaranAM saMskArakendro khIlI UThayAM. enI jIvanaghaTanAmAM navuM yaMtra AvyuM, navI tAkAta AvI, na zramamAnava ane navI samAjaghaTanAmAM tyAM enA para navI samAnatAnAM navA bhAna chAvara thayAM. enA meDA AvatA ane lAMbA rahetA himALAnI agavaDa aLapAI gaI. enA para yuralathI vAtA jhaMjhAvAtanAM retInAM tophAne rokAI gayAM. enA para vijJAnanAM ojasa opI UDyAM. paNa tyAre, ja mAnavajAtane gulAma banAvavA jarmana zAhIvAda meIna kAMpha lakhate hatA ane vogAnA e mahAnagarane jItIne kekezasane TapIne mAnavajAtane

Page #619
598 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA saMhAra macAvavA nIkaLavA mATe Aje sTAlInajhADa para caDhI AvyuM hatuM. have 1942 ne okaTobara mahine AraMbhAI cUkyo hate. pAchalA okaTobaranI rAtrio ghaNI bhayAnaka hatI. sTAlInajhADamAM ethI paNa vadhAre bihAmaNe divasa UgavAne hate. e divasanA khyAlamAM eka gahana gaMbhIratA sTAlInacADanA udyoga-mathakamAM chavAI gaI hatI. pelA vizALa cekanI AsapAsanA ghara para lAla saMtrIonA paherA besI gayA hatA. avAranavAra UchaLI paDatA beba ane phATI nIkaLatI AganI AsapAsa keTalAe mAIle parathI havAmAM uchaLI paDatI bhayAnaka evI A nagaranI chabI, anIza evI avAranavAra bUmarANa ane bhayaMkara citkAranA vAtAvaraNanI gaMbhIratAne bhayAnaka gherI banAvI mUkatI hatI. dara samaye hajAre nAjhI bebare AkAzamAMthI citkAra karatAM, dhULa ne dhUvAnAM vAdaLo nIcethI uDatAM AvatAM hatAM tathA rUsI mAna mRtyu gIta gAtAM maratAM hatAM. havA tapI gaI hatI, dharatI saLagatI hatI. dhAtuonA rasanI choLo UchaLatI hatI. dAvAnaLanAM dojakhamAM nAjhI vimAna tUTI paDatAM dharatI pheDatAM hatA te ya aheniza, AkAzI halake banatAM AvatAM te khUTatAM ja nahatAM. dhasatA jatA samaya para tevIsamo halle cAra divasanA samayapatraka para patharAte hate. AkhA mahinAmAM ekase ne sittera AkramaNa AvI cUkyAM hatAM. teya A vizvanagarane khaMDiyara deha patana pAme nahIM. ekase ne sittera AkramaNone khALyA pachI, hADamAMsanI killebaMdhIthI sTAlInajhADane gaDha bAMdhyA pachI koNa evI tAkAta hoya ke ApaNane haTAvI zakaze ? sAbIrIyana senAnI garaTIva enA kALamIMDha sAthIdAra spIrInane pUchate hate. jagata-janatAnA dila para saLagatuM baneluM sTAlInagrADa jJAthI gaMgA sudhI, cInanI dIvAla sudhI, IrAnanA akhAta sudhI, ane barelInanI nAjhIo nIce kacaDAyelI mAnavatA sudhI mahAsaMgrAmanA janajaMge jamAvelA cothA pari mANanuM rezana camakAvatuM, AjhAdInI uSmAne vahAvatuM hatuM. velgonAM vaheNa have ThaMDAM ne zithila thavA lAgyAM hatAM. volgAnA deha para sapheda kAMcaLI caDhavA lAgI hatI. thoDA divasamAM ja velyA para himaAcchAdana patharAI jaze tema lAgatuM hatuM. naveMbarano AraMbha thaI gayo hato. sTAlInajhADanAM khaMDeramAM ThaMDo pavana sUsavate vAte hate. have sTAlInagaDhane mahAsenAnI kepha bhayAnaka niradhAranI goThavaNa karate hato. ene eka hAtha sTAlInajhADanI dakSiNa dekhADate hate bIjo hAtha uttara tarapha batAvatuM hatuM. enA bRhanA e baMne hAthA ekabIjAne maLavA sIrAphIvIca, ane kAlAza tarapha pharavAnA hatA.

Page #620
bIjA vizvayuddhanuM vihaMgAvalokana 59 basa tyAM...jyAM e baMne hAtha bhegA maLavAnA hatA tyAM, jarmanuM meta mAganArUM kuMDALuM pUruM banavAnuM hatuM. tyAM ja.."ApaNe vAre have AvI pahoMce che" ema saMbhaLAyelA sTAlInanA zabdano artha UThate hate. basa tyAM ja... jyAM Dena nadIne vizALa vaLAMka vIke thAya che tyAM AgaLa gADha aMdhakAramAM lAla lazkaranI yAMtrika TukaDIo, Teke ane te sAthe baraphamAM garakatI ne pAchI nIkaLatI patharAtI hatI. tyAM...tyAMthI eka IsAre thAya ane mukarara samayanA AMkapara kALane kITa pahoMce tenI rAha dekhate mahAsaMgrAmane mahArathI mIkhAlava maraNapathArI parathI jIvaleNa jakhamanI yAtanA bhUlate, AkhAya sTAlInajhADI saMgrAmanA mahAsenAnI jhukAvane Adeza sAMbhaLo hate. "ApaNo sANasAbRha have pUro thAya che...ApaNAM AkramaNa TAM thAya che tyAM sudhI Akhara Taka TakI rahe, TakAvI rahe." sTAlInajhADane TakI raheluM dekhate mIkhIleva moracAnI bhekhaDanI eka guphAmAM paDyA hatA. TakI rahevA mATe utAvaLA thatA prANane ghUMTate e AMkha mIMcato hato. Aja sudhI dabAyelA zvAsanA prakApavALA nagara laDavaiyAonA ugra prANa raNamericAnA e mahArathI pitA para salAmInA zapatha letA hatA, "sTAlInajhADanI paNa ame TakAvI rAkhazuM." cAlIsa mAIlanA maracA para roja reja AkramaNonAM ghoDApUra UbharAtAM rahyAM hatAM. be mahinAnA hallAo pachI jarmanee sTAlInajhADanI TekarIo sara karI hatI, sTAlInajhADanAM khaMDerene paNa bhAga kabaje karyo hata, sTAlInagrADanAM cagAna para, kArakhAnAM para ane bajAra para jarmane kabajo thayo hato. be jagAo para jarmane nadInA kinArAne paNa aDI cUkayA hatA. paNa sTAlInajhADanI nadI kinArA paranI bhekhaDanAM khaMDiyara parathI raziyane haTatA ja nahatA. tyAM ja marI phITavAne niradhAra karIne rUsI laDavaiyA bhekhaDe chedIne ceTI paDyA hatA. jarmana senApationAM dhaDatAM hRdayo e cuMTI rahenAra amAnuSone "jaMgalI raziyane" kahetA dAMta kakaDAvatA hatA. have dakSiNa taraphathI jarmane para raziyana dhasArA dabAtA hatA. uttara tarapha TImezeke tUTI paDavAne samaya mApa paDe hate. nadI paranI ekasethI eka hajAra phITa jeTalI UMcI bhekhaDa paranI pahoLI paTI pakaDIne rUsI laDavaiyA sTAlInamrATane pakaDI rahyA hatA. emaNe potAnuM bhAre topakhAnuM pUrva kinAre ropyuM hatuM ane UMcI bhekhaDe ne aMdarathI khodIne bhomabhItara chAvaNI UbhI karI

Page #621
viAva ItihAsanI rUparekhA hatI. e chAvaNInI guphAo so so vAra UMDI khodAI hatI. e guphAo paranI dharatI topamArA nIce prajyA karatI hatI. e dharatInI nIce sTAlInajhADanA laDavaiyA meta para mustAka hasatA ceTI rahyA hatA. e guphAo cAlInagaDhanI amara killebaMdhI hatI. e guphAonI aMdara vIjaLInA dIvA ane telanA dIvA baLatA hatA. e guphAdharomAM Teliphona goThavAyA hatA. e guphAomAM jakhamIonI sAravAra karatAM DokTare ane AyAo rahetAM hatAM. e guphAomAM jagatabharamAM ajoDa evA lekaniyukta lAlalazkaranA rAjakIya kemIsA jIvatA hatA. e guphA-gharanI bhekhaDa upara senAnI cuIkAvanuM bAsaThamuM lazkara jarmana saradAra polIsanA chaThThA lazkara sAthe maraNiyA saMgrAma khelatuM hatuM. jarmana saradArI A bhekhaDa paranA saMgrAma khelADIonI hiMmatane pAra pAmavAne nAkAmiyAba nIvaDI hatI. A jarmana pAMjharee yuropano eka pachI bIje deza dekhe ho paNa AkramaNanA pratikAranuM AvuM bhiSaNarUpa ahIM ja avalekayuM hatuM. evA dArUNa divasa pasAra thayA hatA. mahAsenAnI jhukAvane Teliphona bela hatuM, "TakAvI rAkho, mArI goThavaNI AjathI AThame divase pUrI thaze." naveMbarane 1 divasa jhukAvanI goThavaNIto chelle divasa hate. sTAlInajhADane saMgrAma e divase ja bIjA tabakkAmAM pesato hate. valgAne kinAre ThaMDuM paDatuM hatuM. valgAnAM vaheNamAM baraphanI zilAo ekabIjA para caDhI jatI, ekabIjA sAthe athaDAI paDatI, dUra saMbhaLAya tevA avAje karatI hatI. volgAno Tharela bhAga sapheda ho, pANI kALuM dekhAtuM hatuM. kALAdhoLA volgAnA pravAhamAM rUsI laDavaiyAonAM chUTAMchavAyAM zarIre paNa taNAtAM jatAM hatAM. tyAre e mahAsaMgrAmane bIjo tabakko lAkhalAkha zahIdone mAna ApavA, pratyAkramaNa zarU karatuM hatuM. tyAre sTAlInagrADanA saMgrAmamAM dhasatI lAla Teke para mudrAlekha bolatA hatA, "ame baralIna para pahoMcIe chIe.' - kAvanI yojanA taiyAra thaI gaI hatI. jhukAvanAM pharamAne piza thatAM hatAM. pratyAkramaNa AraMbhAtuM hatuM. sANase racAI gayo hato. sTAlInajhADathI barelIna uttara taraphanI TukaDIoe dhasAre zarU karyo. janarala reDIne dakSiNapUrva tarapha DonanA vaLAMkamAM thaIne dhasavA mAMDayuM ane pahelI chalaMge bAsaTha mAIla

Page #622
bIjA vizvayuddhanuM vihaMgAvalAyana 201 para dhasI jaIne sTAlInagrADanI pazcime 42 mAIla paranuM kAlAza kabaje karyu ane pAlasanI pIThamAM enA ThThA lazkaranI pAchaLa jamAvaTa jamAvI dIdhI. khIjo eka dhasArA kalepsakAyAnI dakSiNe UpaDI cUkayA ane sTAlInagrADa tathA kAlAzanI vacamAM merInevakA gAma para paheAMcI gayeA. A e dhasArAoe peAlasanAM lAkhAnAM lazkaranI DAbI pAMkha gherI lIdhI. A e dhasArAemAMthI eka navA dhasAre| uttarathI AvatA dhasArA sAthe joDAi gayA. naveMbaranA 22mA divase phAna polasanA sTelInagrADa paranA chaThThA lazkaranI AsapAsa paheluM vartuLa pUrUM thayuM. sTAlInagrADa para gherA nAkhIne tevuM divasathI paDelA peAlasa gherAi gaye. vizvavijaya karavA nIkaLelA phAsIvAda ahIM gherAI gayA. tarata ja bIjo raziyana dhasArA dakSiNa taraphathI zarU thayA ane ebagenerAvAnI uttare thaIne kArAvakA nadI para patharAyA. e rIte janarala peAlasanA chaThThA lazkaranI AsapAsa gherAnA bIjo kADhI baMdhAi gayA. A vizvanagare phAsIvAdI AkramaNane potAnI aMdara ja jakaDI lIdhuM. A bharaDAnI bhIMsamAMthI peAlasanAM lazkarAne bacAvavAne kAi Are jarmA pAse rahyo nahAtA. janarala vATuTIna dakSiNa-pazcima taraphanuM dabANa vadhAratA hatA, janarala geAlIkAva pazcima tarapha vadhatA hatA. dareka kalAke bharaDAnI bhIMsa ugra anatI hatI. 1943nA DisebaranI Akhare pAlasanA traNa lAkhanA lazkarane UgAravAnI badhI AzAe ane prayatnA nAkAmiyAba nIvaDayAM. janarala rAkasAvaskI A bharaDAnA mahAsenAnI nimAyA. janarala iramekA ane janarala cukAve pUrvanI bAjI parathI dabANa zarU karyuM. khasa ahIM AgaLa jana phAsIvAdanu vizvayuddha kharalIna tarapha pAchuM pharIne parAjaya pAmavAnI pIchehaTa karavAnu hatu. AkhAya yurepane jItanAra nAjhI AkramaNu sTelInagrADathIja, rUsa dezanA A uMbarA parathI kharalIna sudhI pIchehaTa karavAnuM hatuM. 1944 nA jAnyuArInA 8 mA divase peAlasane binazaranI zaraNu sIkAravAnu AkharInAmuM peza thayuM, paNa janarala polase tene asvIkAra karyo. ' eTale phebruArInA pahelA divase raziyana meAracA parathI lAla rekeTo UDayAM. pelasanAM lazkarA para gAladAjI zarU karavAnAM e nizAtA hatAM. cArekArathI topamAro zarU thayA. barAbara bapAre rAkasovaskI eka avalAkana cokI pAse UbhA hatA ane raziyana geladAjInI asara dekhavA dUrabInamAM dekhateA hateA. enI sAthe eka UMcA sAthIdAra UmA hatA. lAla lazkaranA tApakhAnAnA e vaDA hatA. enuM nAma janarala nIkAlI vArAneva hatuM. kALa jevA phapINa atIte e baMne lAla saradArA nAjhI yuddhakhArA para zarU thatA 76

Page #623
vizva itihAsanI rUparekhA tApamArA dekhatA hatA. sTAlInagrADanI cAre dizAe e tApamArAthI khaLabhaLI uThI. tamAma leAka aparAdha karI cUkelA nAjhI hatyArA sAme karapINa insAnA nAda dhaNadhaNI uThayA. sTAlInagrADa sudhInI rUsI bhoma para anAcArI ane atyAcArI banI cUkelA e jana yuddhakhArA para camakatI cAMdanImAM meAtanAM ceADiyAM vAgatAM thayAM. 102 e aparAdhIone nyAya jokhavAnA hakka lAla laDavaiyAoe saMgrAma jItIne meLavyA hatA, tathA A adhikAra, Aja sudhImAM saLagI gayelAM gAmA, tArAja thayelAM nagarA, atyAcArathI cUMthAi gayelAM zarIza, vijetA lAla laDavaiyAone ApatAM hatAM. have dherAyalA traNa lAkha jarmana sainiko ahIMthI ja khInazaratI zaraNa svIkArIne pAchA svadhAma pahoMcavAnI nAsabhAga karavAnA hatA. e badhAne parAjyane Adeza ApanA| zUnya samaya AvI pahoMcyA. kALa kAe gAla dAjonI garjanAo gAjatI karI. geLAe mAine ane ekheA pAtAnI pAchaLa agnisera lakhAvatA saLagatAM paMkhI jevAM AkAzamAM savatAM uThyAM. e badhAnI pAchaLa TaeN kA ane tApa-TukakIoe pAyadaLA sAthe dhasArA karyA. e dhasArAne aTakAvI zakAya tema hatuM nahi. mahAsaMgrAmane sahAra macI rahyo. gherAelA jarmana samudAyeA pazcima tarapha pAchA paDayA. uttara ane dakSiNa taraphathI paNa vikarALa hallAo vIMjhAyA. cAre bAjunA hallA nIce bhIMsAtAM jarmana lazkareA AmathI tema athaDAyAM--cUMTAyAM. sTAlInanA A mahA nagara para mAtane dekhAva tAMDave caDayA. jarmIna senApationI zista tUTavA mAMDI, amaladArA ane sipAIe hAtha uMcA karIne hathiyAra pheMkI daIne TapoTapa zaraNe AvatA citkAra karI rahyA, * hI-sa ! zaraNa...zaraNa... ! ' " aparAdhI duzmana maraNuthI bacavA bhAgatA hatA paNa bhAgI chUTavAnI bheya enA paga nIethI saratI hatI. satAvAnA khUNA khetI AMkha AgaLathI UDI jatA hatA. enI pAchaLa agnijhALa doDatI hatI. pAche paDele ane zaraNu jhaMkhatA senApati polasa sakeda vAvaTA pharakAvatA hatA. pachI phebruArInA aMta sudhImAM sTAlInagrADanAM khaDAre!mAMthI nAjhIonI sAphasuphI thai. sTAlInagrADanI khaMDera zerIe ane ceAkeA, vATikAo ane bhavya ImAratA, vidyApIThA ane kriDAMgaNeA khadhAM bhaMgAranA dhUmAtA DhagalA banIne paDyAM hatAM. temAMthI zakheAnA DhagalA sApha karAyA, sTAlInagrADatA vijaya viSAda, bharelA khaMDeranI kkhImAMthI vizvazAMtinuM raTaNa karatA hate. sTAlInagrADanI zerIomAM haju lehInI gaMdha hatI. sTAlInagrADanI ekeeka bhItanA patthara leAhIbhInA banyA hatA.

Page #624
bIjA vizvayuddhanuM vihaMgAvalokana 603 paNa sTAlInajhADanAM smazAnamAM pAchuM jIvana jAgI uThIne smita karatuM hatuM. sTAlInajhADane bacAva karanAra vIrenA kadama, pAchA e vIranagaramAM pharatA hatA. je zramamAe A bhavya nagaranuM kalevara ghaDyuM hatuM te vijayI thaye hate. jIvananA vijayane utsava ujavavAnI haju vAra hatI. eka paLane paNa ArAma karavAne ene samaya nahe. ahIMthI balIna nagara sudhI pahoMcI javAnI vijaya kUca AraMbhavAnA mAnane mokhare rahevAnA adhikAravALA e banyo hate.baralIna para caDhate lAla raNajodha zapatha lete hate "sTAlInanA mahAna nagara..zrama mAnanA amara dhAma...! lAla naveMbaranA raNathaMbha...! ame tane pharIvAra bAMdhazuM. tArI zahAdatathI uttejIta banelA kalAkAro, zilpIo Ijanere, zramamAna tArI verAI gaelI jIvanakaNikAone A mahAna dharatInA peTALamAMthI vINIvINIne tArI jAjaramAna kAyAnI pharIvAra racanA karaze. tArI vATikAo janamanaraMjana lIletarIthI phUlaze phAlaze...tArAM kArakhAnAM zramamAnavanI zramatAkAtanA jIvana saMparkathI dhamadhamI uThaze. tAre valyAne AraAre jIvanavyavahAranA samAjanI kAyAmAM mAnavaMtAM jIvanavyavahAranAM aMkure pharI pAchA pharI uThaze." ane tArI khAMbhI para vizvazAMtine amara e akSaradeha kotarAze. evuM jagatajanatAnuM e mahAnagara vizva okaTobarano raNathaMbha banIne jyAM hatuM tyAM ja ropAIne ubhuM hatuM, caNyuM nahotuM. jevuM lenInajhADa dharatImAM pAIne aNanama ubhuM hatuM, jevuM pATanagara meska, Apa bheganA avadhi vahAvIne acaLa ubhuM hatuM tevuM ja A gAnagara hatuM. jagatane AzvAsana ApatI A vizvanagaranI khaMDiyara kAyAmAMthI have vAyu saMdeza bolato hate. "vizvayuddhano aMta lAvavA jyAMthI vizvayuddha AraMbha thayo hato tyAM, jarmana phAsIvAdane daphanAvI devA ame baralInanagara para pahoMcavAnA rastA para vijaya kUca AraMbha karIe chIe." vizvaItihAsane yAdagAra banAva vizva ItihAse ahIM sTAlInajhADa AgaLathI vaLAMka lIdhe. jenI khuzI khuzAmatanI "epIjhamenTa" nAmanI rItane dhAraNa karIne sovIyeTa saMskRtine vinAza karavA aMgrejI, phrenca ane amerikana zAhIvAde je jarmana phAsIvAdane sAmAjika krAntino nAza karavA ahIM ravAnA karyo hato te phAsIvAda AkhA yuropanAM rASTrane gulAma banAvIne rasa dezapara pahoMcIne parAjaya pAmIne pAcho pharate hate.

Page #625
u04 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA vizva-ItihAsamAM have navI tavArIkhane ulekha sTAlInajhADanI khAMbhI para kotarAye. A ullekhane namana karate aMgrejI ane amerikana zAhIvAda paNa have, sovIyaTa rUsa sAthenA maitrI karArathI joDAI cukIne sTAlInajhADane abhinaMdana pAThavato hato. briTananA TApumAMthI vInasTana caracIla sevIyaTa nagaronA Apabhogane aMjali dete ekarAra karato hatuM ke "A vizvayudhdhamAM, yudhdhanAM badhAM kSetro esaesa ja cI cuMgakoMga haitInapAchaLa che rIkaTakiyo gaI / 6iLAvA / losA philipAInsa | . Tapuno lIremAke Root - osTreliyA , - para mota pAmelAM briTananI kula saMkhyA karatAM rUsI pratikAranA ekeeka nagare

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bIjA vizvayuddhanuM vihaMgAvalokana ApelA mAnava ApabheganI saMkhyA, ghaNI vadhI jAya che. mAnavaItihAsamAM Aja sudhI ghaDAyelI sarakAramAM AvI gaMbhIra ane bhAre ijAone jhIlanAra, sahana karanAra, ane jIravanAra sevIyaTa taMtra ekaluM ja mAlama paDyuM che." rUsI mahAsaMgrAmanA arasAmAM vizvayuddhanA bIjA moracAo - I. sa. 1941nA junamAM rUsa dezapara jana AkramaNa zarU thayuM tyAra pachI DiseMbaranI 7 mIe jApAne jarmanInI sAthIdArImAM pitAne bhAge AvelA pradeza para kabaje karI levA mATe vaheMcI levAyelA jagatane sara karavA pAsiphika mahAsAgaramAM hallA zarU karyA. Daca eDamiralanI saradArI nIce jAvA AgaLa ekaThA thaelA eka naukA sainyane eNe jAvA AgaLa nAza karI nAkhe. prInsa opha vesa ane rIpasa nAmanAM be moTAM aMgrejI jahAjone eNe malAyA AgaLa DUbADI dIdhAM. phIlIpAIsapara jApAnane hale Avyo ane phIlIpAInsa paDyo. 1942 nA phebruArImAM malAyApara eNe kabaje karyo. jotajotAmAM aMgrejone eNe brahmadezamAMthI bhagADyA, ane mArcanI 7mIe raMguna paNa paDyuM, ane bIjeja mahIne nyugInI para jApAnanuM AkramaNa caDyuM. kalakattA para AkramaNanA paDachAyA dekhAyA. aMgrejI zAhIvAde hiMdane AjhAda karavAnAM vacanonI darakhAsta laIne sTepharDa krIpsane utAvaLo ravAnA karyo. cIna para jApAnanuM AkramaNa AgaLa dhapyuM. brahmadeza, sIAma, malAyA, Daca IsTa InDIjha, beranI, nyugInI ane selemana TApuo sudhI jApAnanA TApu parathI nIkaLeluM phAsIvAdI AkramaNa pahoMcI gayuM. basa eja samaye parAsta banelA jagatapara rUsInagare aDaga ubhAM ane sTAlInagrADe nAjhI bharaDAne kacaDI nAkhIne baralIna pahoMcavAnuM pratiAkramaNa AraMbhI dIdhuM. vizvazAMtinA A mahAnagaramAMthI vizvayudhdhanuM mahAAkramaNa pAchuM hayuM ane pachaDATa khAtuM, parAsta banatuM jyAMthI nIkaLyuM hatuM tyAM pahoMcI javA haex=== =ii che, pAchuM thayuM sTA lInagrADathI baralIna sudhInA raratA para patana pAme. lA dezo pagabhara thayA. sTAlInA DathI balIna sudhI nA parAjaya pAmelAM yuropanAM pATanagarepara pharIvAra vimuktinA rASTrajhaMDA UMcA caDhyA. gulAma banelA yurepa para rUsI vimuktinA laDavaiyAonI vijaya kucane - . .

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zet vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA pagale pagale nUtana yuropanI vimuktinI vaNujhArA ubhI thaI. chevaTe baralIna paNa paDyuM tathA nAjhI gulAmImAMthI mukta thayuM. enI eja yuddhaghaTanA khIjA vizvayuddhanu paNa kAraNa hatI. pahelA vizvayuddhanA mahAkAraNu jevI athavA ekamAtra kAraNa jevI, te samayanA jagatanA sauthI moTA aMgrejI zAhIvAdanI yuddhajanaka jIMdagI ApaNe dekhyA pachI khIjA vizvayuddhanI racanA karanAra paNa ApaNA jagatanI sAmrA jyavAdI ghaTanA ja hatI te bAbata samajI zakAya tevI che. jagatanI je zAhIvAdI dhaTanAe paheluM vizvayudhdha pedA karyuM hatuM, tathA e vizvayuddhamAM yureApanA zAhIvAdI dezA be chAvaNIomAM vaheMcAi jaI ne AkhA jagatane potAne gulAma banAvavA mATe yureApane yAdavAsthaLI banAvIne laDayA hatA, temAMthI eka chAvaNInA vijaya thayA ane khIjIneA parAjaya thayA. "" pachI parAjaya pAmelA zAhIvAdI jUthane vijaya pAmelA zAhIvAdI juthe saMsthAnAnI pherabadalI karavA lIga ek nezansa banIne, jagatanA InsAphanI adAlata banIne vaseIsa mUkAme potAnI ma`DaLI jamAvI. A vijetAoe bharelI varsesanI zAhIvAdI adAlata sAme parAjaya pAmelA jatInuM aparAdhI maDuM jANe ubhu hatuM. AvA hADipaMjara jamanI upara pelA zAhIvAdI viSetAee asahya evA yuddhanA daMDa nAkhyA. temaNe jarmanInAM tamAma saMsthAnA paDAvI lIdhAM ane peAtAnI aMdara vaheMcI lIdhAM. vizvayuddhanA vijetAonI vase'IsanI kacerIe vizvayuddha pahelAM yureApamAM aDhAr rAjyA hatAM temAMthI yurApanI navI bhUgoLa kAtarI kADhIne trIsa rAjyeA banAvyAM. " Alaseka lAreIna " nAmanA pradezane temaNe jarmanImAMthI kApIne phrAMsamAM joDI dIdhA. A navI racanAmAM janIe peAlIza kArIDeAra ''ne tathA apara sIlesIyA nAmanA pradezane gUmAvyA. pachI A zAhIvAdIoe eka kaTakA balgeriyAmAMthI kApyA ane bIjo haMgerImAMthI kApyA. A navI racanAmAM meAnTanigrA ane meka DAniyanI AjhAdI khatama thaI gaI hatI. A navI racanAe esTriyA ane dakSiNa TAlane joDI dIdhAM. rASTriyatA ane bhaugilakatAnA AvA agacchedathI temaNe AvatI kAla mATe aneka jhadhaDA ubhA karyA hatA. A badhA uparAMta temaNe parAjita banelA jana deza mATe ripablIkanI racanA karI hatI ane tenA vimara kaeNnsTIyuzana " nAmanA baMdhAraNa vaDe janInAM aDhAra rAjyAnuM eka pheDarezana racyuM hatuM. "( ,, tr A rIte parAjita thayeluM jamanI zAhIvAdIoe ghaDelA vimara badhAravALuM ripablIka banyuM. parAjita pAmelA jana lekAne A ripablIka,

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bIjA vizvayuddhanuM vihaMgAvalokana 607 kaI zAMtvana ApI zakyuM nahIM. leke upara lAdavAmAM AvelA A ripablIka nIce vizvayuddha laDIne lehI luhANa banele jarmanIne AtmA asaMtoSathI saLagyA karato hato. Arthika aMdhAdhUMdhI ane yuddha pachI AvI pahoMcelI lekajIvananI yAtanAo asahya banatI hatI. AvI bhUmikAmAM badhuM ja karI chUTavAnAM joradAra vacana ApI zake tevo koI avAja sAMbhaLavA mATe parAjya pAmeluM jarmana jIvana jhaMkhatuM hatuM. AvA samaye eDolpha hiTalara nAmano avAja saMbhaLA. dasa mANasanI maMDaLImAMthI ene pakSa vadhavA mAMDyo. A pakSanuM nAma "nAjhI pakSa" paDayuM. rAjakIya paribhASAmAM A pakSanI kAryavAhInuM svarUpa phAsIvAda nAmanuM hatuM. A jAtane rAjakIya pakSa athavA phesisTa pakSa hatA. ITAlIne phesisTa AgevAna musalInI hato. teNe paNa ITAlInI rajavADAzAhIne khatama karIne ITAlImAM phesisTa pakSanI sthApanA karI hatI. A badhI yuddha racanA yuddhanAM kAraNone yuropamAM ghaDanAra saMsthA sAmrAjyavAda nAmanI hatI tathA, yuddha ane saMgrAmanI zakayatAne ja ghaDavAnI tenI lAyakAta ane tAkAta hatAM te bAbata, tenA AkhA vartanathI nakkI thaI cUkI. zAhIvAdoe vizvayudhdhane jANe cAlu ja rAkhyuM hoya te pramANe zAhIvAdanI ghaTanA phAsIvAdI rU5 dhAraNa karIne bIjA vizvayudhdhanI Akramaka taiyArIo karavA mAMDI hatI. have A AkramaNanA kAryakramane pitAnI svadezanIti tathA paradezanIti tarIke apanAvI daIne yudhane sidhdhAnta ane tenI kAryavAhIne potAnI phAsIvAdI sarakArane saMpUrNa vahIvaTa banAvanArA A be deza ITAlI ane jarmanI hatA. A be dezonI sAthe yudhdhanA kAryakramamAM joDAI janAra eziyAne eka deza jApAna hatA. A traNeye pitAnAM yuddhacakra calAvavA eka dharI banAvI dIdhI. phAsIvAdanI A dharI athavA "ekasIsa " bIjA vizvayuddhanI taiyArIo karanAra rASTramaMDaLa banyuM. A dharInI racanA zAhIvAdI svarUpanI hatI. paraMtu IgleMDa phrAnsa ane amerikA jevA zAhIvAdI rASTra sAtheno A dharInA svarUpane pharaka e hatuM ke A dharI- rAe lokazAhIne pitAne tyAMthI saMpUrNa vinAza karI nAkhyo hato, ane phAsivAda nAmanuM zAhIvAdI AkramaNanuM saramukhatyArI svarUpa dhAraNa karyuM hatuM. phrAnsa, IleMDa ane amerikA jevA lekazAhI dezamAM zAhIvAdI sarakAre ja kAyama rahI hatI ane temanuM rAjaya baMdhAraNanuM AkhuM IjArAvAdI arUpa, phAsIvAdI banI cUkyuM ja hatuM. yuddhane ja ghaDI zake tevI zAhIvAdI, jagatanA rAjakAraNanI AvI bhUmikA para paheluM vizvayuddha aMta pAmatuM hatuM teja arasAmAM bIjA vizvayaMdhdhanuM rAjakAraNa zarU thaI cUkyuM hatuM.

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35 saMyukta rASTra saMgha ane vizva zAMtino savAla [ zAMti ane yuddhanI bhAvanA-sAmrAjyanI yuddhanI jIMdagI -pahelA vizvayuddhanuM kAraNa, pariNAma, ane tene padArthapATha -yuddhamAM utaryA vinA saMsthAnanI pherabadalIne savAla-nUtana vizvaracanAne avAja-vizvanI vimukti ke vizvayuddha!--yaMtrataMtra ane zAMtinI saMyukta upAsanA karato eka ja deza- vizvazAMtinuM arthakAraNa ane rAjakAraNa-sAmAjika vyavahAranuM AMtararASTriya saMsthArUpa-lIga opha nezansanI niSphaLatAnuM kAraNa - AMtara rASTriya rAjakAraNane padArthapATha-saMyukta rASTra saMgha-rASTrasaMghanuM 'nUtana sabhyapada- rASTrasaMghanI zarIraracanA-agIAra varasanI kAryavAhInuM saravaiyuM vizvazAMtinI vizva-loka-saMsthA] zAMti ane yuddhanI bhAvanA zAMtinI icchA mANasa mAtranI sahaja IcchA hoya che. zAMti mATe ja sau kAI ane sau saMsthAo prayatna karatAM hoya che chatAM ApaNane khabara che ke ItihAsanI zarUAtathI nAnAM moTAM yuddho thayA karyA che itihAsamAM taimUra ane jhaMgIsakhAna tathA nepoliyana ane kejharanAM nAma yuddhakhoro tarIke jANItAM che. yuddhanI AvI racanA mATe tathA yuddhone calAvavA mATe dareka sarakAre pAse yuddhanI khAtAMe paNa hoya che. yuddhanAM A khAtAe yuddhanI saMsthA che te bAbata samajI zakAya tevI che. zAMtinI IcchA karavI, eTalAthI ja zAMti maLatI hetI nathI. i. sa. 1914 thI 1939 sudhInA sau rASTronA anubhave evA che

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saMyukana rASTra saMgha ane vizvazAMtine savAla 109 ke lekenA samudAyo dareka dezamAM zAMtinI IcchA rAkhatA hoya che chatAM paNa temanA para yuddho AvIne paDyAM che. eTale ItihAsamAM jyAre jyAre yuddha pedA thAya che, tyAre tyAre te kayAM kAraNomAMthI Ave che te samajavuM jarUrI che. Aje te yuddha ane zAMti ApaNA jamAnAmAM sauthI moTA savAle tarIke ApaNI sAme ubhA che. A savAlamAM yuddhane savAla, e sAmrAjyane savAla che tathA yuddhone vyavahAra sAmrAjya meLavavA mATe ane tene dhAraNa karI rAkhavA mATe zAhIvAde karavuM paDatuM hoya che. jyAM jyAM sAmrAjya hoya che tyAM tyAM yuddha hoya che ja. prAcIna jamAnAomAM ItihAsanI hakikata evI che ke te vakhatanAM sAmrAjya jeTalAM nAnAM hatAM teTale yuddhane pradeza nA banate hate. paraMtu sAmrAjyanuM jIvana ja yuddha vinA saMbhavI zakatuM nathI ane TakI zakatuM nathI. sAmrAjya eTale zuM te ApaNe sau samajIe chIe. eka deza athavA pradeza bIjA deza athavA pradeza para pitAnI hakumata ThokI besADavA mATe AkramaNa kare che tyAre ja yuddha vaDe te nAnuM ke moTuM sAmrAjya banAvI zake che. pachI A sAmrAjyane TakAvI rAkhavA mATe paNa sAmrAjyavAdI deze, yuddha karyA karavuM paDe che. AjanA jamAnAmAM ApaNe 1914 nuM paheluM vizvayuddha dIThuM che. AkhA vizva upara patharAyelA aMgrejI sAmrAjyane TakAvI rAkhavA briTananI sarakAre e sAmrAjya para AkramaNa karanAra jarmanI ane bIjA pradezo sAme yuddha karavuM paDyuM. A yuddha zAhIvAdI athavA sAmrAjyavAdI yuddha hatuM. A yuddha laDanAra aMgreja ane jarmana nAmanI be sAmrAjyavAdI athavA zAhIvAdI sarakAre hatI. A yuddha zarU thayA pahelAM I. sa. 1897mAM josepha cembaralene saMsthAnika athavA pitAnA parAdhIna pradezone lagatI aMgreja rAjakartAonI eka pariSadamAM nivedana karyuM hatuM ke "tamane khAtrI thaze ke ApaNe Aja sudhI laDelAM nAnA ke moTI tamAma yuddho ApaNA sAmrAjyane TakAvI rAkhavA mATe ja sAmrAjyanA hitamAM laDAyAM che.' yuddhanI A bAbata sAmrAjyanI zarUAtathI sAcI che tathA sAmrAjyanA aMta sudhI te sAcI rahevAnI. sAmrAjyanI yuddhanI jIMdagI zAhIvAda athavA sAmrAjyavAdanI jIMdagInI mukhya hakikate dekhIe te te yuddhanI hakikate che te bAbatanI ApaNane khAtrI thaI zake che. sAmrAjyanuM jIvana ja ekadhArI rIte cAlatuM yuddhanuM ja chavana hoya che. A bAbatane samajavA mATe ApaNe ApaNuM jamAnAne eTale arvAcIna samayano zAhitavAda athavA sAmrAjyavAda, je aMgrejI sAmrAjyavAda che tenA jIvanane dekhI zakIe 77

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610. vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA chIe. sAmrAjyavAdanuM jIvana 400 varSa para zarU thayuM ane Aja sudhI cAlu rahyuM che tathA bIjA vizvayuddha pachI ene aMta zarU thavA mAMDe che. yuddhanI saMsthAne samajavA mATe ApaNe A sAmrAjyanA Aja sudhInA jIvananI yuddha nAmanI jIMdagIne dekhavI joIe. A sAmrAjyane AraMbha yuddhanA ja saMtAna tarIke thayo ane pachI A sAmrAjyanuM jIvana yuddhanI jIMdagI jevuM AkhI duniyA para patharAyuM. yuddha ane saMhAra nAmanI aMgrejI sAmrAjyanI A jIMdagInI zarUAta eNe bAramA saikAmAM AyarlenDa para karelA AkramaNathI ApaNe na gaNIe te paNa paMdaramAM sikA sudhI A aMgrejI sAmrAjya bIjA pradeze paDAvI levA mATe yuddho laDyA karyo che tene khyAla ApaNane huM joIe. 15 mA sikAnA aMtamAM ane I. sa. 1496mAM aMgrejI sAmrAjyanA hetrI 7mA nAmanA zahenazAhe jahena keTa nAmanA pitAnA pradhAnane je pradeza prIstI dharma na pALatA hoya te badhA para AkramaNa karIne temanA para pitAnI hakumata sthApavAne paravAne Ape. aMgrejI sAmrAjyanI A tArIkhe janmatithi thaI evuM gaNI zakAya. A rIte bIjAnA pradeza paDAvI laIne sAmrAjyano deha racAvA mAMDyA. AraMbhanI A tArIkhathI ja aMgrejI zAsakavarganI racanAmAM sAmrAjyanuM rUpa yuddhanuM ane AkramaNanuM te hatuM ja paraMtu e svarUpa khUba citarI caDhe evuM ghAtakI ane bIjA pradezanI prajAone ghAtakI rIte damanArUM paNa hatuM. A svarUpa bIjA pradezo para lUMTaphATa calAvatuM hatuM ane strI purUSone temaja bALaka bALakIone pakaDIne gulAma tarIke paNa vecatuM hatuM. sAmA jyanA A AraMbhanA svarUpamAM A rIte bIjA pradezanA jAnamAlanI khAnA kharAbI karIne sAmrAjyane deha vadhArene vadhAre delatamade tathA vistAravALe banate hatA. A rIte moTuM banatuM jatuM sAmrAjyanuM kalevara lUMTaphATa, khUna, atyAcAra ane ekadhArA zoSaNanI jIMdagIvALuM banIne grInalenDathI te megelananI sAmudradhunI sudhI tathA ejhorsanA kinArAothI te dUra pUrva sudhI ane uttara amerIkAthI te dakSiNanA samudra sudhI vyApaka banyuM. sAmrAjya zarU thavA mAMDyuM te samayamAM ja viliyama merIsa nAmanA eka aMgrejI mahAnubhAve 1884nA navembaranI ra6mIe lakhyuM ke "Aje jyAre no jamAne udhaDe che tyAre aMgrejI zAhIvAdanI jIMdagI kSaka lebhanA naphAkhera preraka heta para caDhIne AjanA arvAcIna jagata para yuddha saMhAra ane tArAjInuM svarUpa banIne pitAnI eka saikAnI jIMdagIne khUnI citAra raju kare che." A rIte ja aMgrejI zAhivAdanI saMhAranI jIMdagIne 10 saMke paNa pUre tha ane 20mA saikAnA AraMbhamAM ja A jIdagIe AkhA jagata para

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saMyukata rASTra saMgha ane vizvazAMtine savAla 61 paheluM vizvayuddha, pitAnI yuddhakhera jIdagIne Akhe saravALo karIne, vizvanI saMskRtine bheTa tarIke daI dIdhuM. pahelA vizvayuddhanuM kAraNa, pariNAma, ane padArtha pATha pahelA vizvayuddha pachI, A yuddha laDanArA banne pakSo khUvAra thaI jaIne vicAra karatA hatA. A vizvayuddhanuM kAraNa e hatuM ke, zAhIvAdanAM be jUthe, eka bIjAnAM saMsthAne paDAvI levA mAgatAM hatAM athavA, zAhIvAdI jUthe, saMsthAnI navesarathI vaheMcaNI karavA mAgatAM hatAM, te hatuM. AvI vaheMcaNa je yuddha vinA thaI zakI hota to yuddha karavuM paData nahIM, paraMtu te azakaya thayuM ane yuddha AvI paDyuM. yuddhanA pariNAmamAM, yuddhamAM utarelA badhA dezo athavA zAhIvAdanAM bane jUthe khUba khUvAra thaI gayAM. A banne pakSe yuddha pachI padArthapATha e zikhyAM ke, yuddha karavA karatAM yuddhamAM utaryA vinA ja, je saMsthAnI navesarathI vaheMcaNI thaI zake te teja ThIka kahevAya. eTale evuM bIjIvAra na bane teTalA mATe kevaLa aMdhasvArthanA IrAdAthI temaNe eka no vicAra karavA mAMDe. A na vicAra bhaviSyamAM vizvayuddha na thAya te mATe hate. vizvayuddhanuM kAraNa te jagatanA gulAma deze athavA saMsthAnI laDAI mAraphata navI vaheMcaNI thAya teja hatuM. tethI yuddha vinA saMsthAnI vaheMcaNI karavAne athavA samajutIthI zAhIvAdI dezoe aMdara aMdara gulAmadezanI navI vaheMcaNI karavAno, raste levuM joIe evuM ghaNuone lAgyuM. je, ema thAya te, jagatanI zAMti paNa jaLavAya, ane ema thAya to mAnavajAtanI saMskRti ane saMskArane nAza paNa aTake. ema thAya te yaMtrataMtra jeNe AkhA jagatamAM sukhasagavaDAnAM sAdhana utpAdananA DhagalA karyA hatA, jeNe, AkhA jagatapara navAM vAhanavyavahAra bAMdhavA mAMDyAM hatAM, jeNe saMskRtine, vyApaka banAvavAnI vijaLIka jhaDapa dhAraNa karI hatI ane jenA vaDe AkhI mAnavajAta vaccenA aneka aMtara bhUsI nAkhavA mAMDayA hatA te paNa TakI zake. te enAthI vadhAre rUDuM zuM hoI zake! vizvazAMti kAyama thAya ane yaMtrataMtra paNa Take ane pote, paDAvI lIdhelAM saMsthAne paNa pitAnAM gulAma tarIke kAyama rahe te zuM khoTuM? e karavA mATe eka ja bAbatane amala karavAnuM hatuM. e bAbata e hatI ke zAhIvAdI yurope pitatAnAM gulAma saMsthAnonI mAlIkInI phera

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612 viAva ItihAsanI rUparekhA badalI, aMdara aMdaranI samajutI vaDe karavI athavA saMsthAnI aMdara aMdaranI navI vaheMcaNu yuddhanA medAna para jaIne saMhAra karIne nahIM, paraMtu goLamejI pariSada belAvIne vATAghATathI karavI. yaMtrataMtranI vizvaracanA kAyama rahe ane vijJAnanI racanA para racAyelI vijJAnanA pAyAvALI nUtana saMskRti TakI rahe, tema karavuM hoya te yuddhane te baMdha karavuM ja joIe. yuddhane baMdha karavuM hoya te yuddha bhArata thatI saMsthAnanI pherabadalI ne badale zAhIvAdI dezoe yuddha laDyA vinA A pherabadalI karavAno upAya dhAraNa karavo joIe. yuddhamAM utaryA vinA saMsthAnenI pherabaralIne savAla vizvayuddhanA banAva pAchaLanuM kAraNa saMsthAne paranI mAlIkInA savAlamAMthI pedA thAya che athavA e mAlIkI mATenI laDAI zAhIvAdo vaccenI laDAInA rUpamAM janme che te bAbata pahelA vizvayuddha pachI tarata ja vadhArene vadhAre carcAvA lAgI. vizvayuddhamAM vijayI bananArA zAhIvAdI jUthe paNa tethI ja have yudhdha aTakI jAya tevA udezane sthApIne lIganI sthApanA karI. IgleMDanA ArcabIzapeja tyAra pachI 1935mAM A bAbatano ullekha, ciMtA pUrvaka karyo ane kahyuM ke, ApaNe A pRthvI paranA moTA vibhAgane ApaNuM saMsthAna banAvI dIdhA pachI, bIjAone kahIe ke amArI saMsthAne para najara karaze nahIM te temAM daMbha dekhAya che. yuropanAM bIjAM rASTrane pagu je saMsthAnonI jarUra jaNAtI hoya te temanI jarUriyAtane saMtoSavA kaMI tajavIja thavI joIe." AvI tajavIja, yudhdha vinA ane aMdara aMdaranI samajutI vaDe bIjA zAhIvAdI dezone saMsthAnomAM bhAga ApavA sivAya bIjI zI hoI zake? paratu eja arasAmAM eka nUtana avAja saMbhaLAya. A avAja bArabADosanA Ara(c) hato. i. sa. 1935 mAM saMsthAne mATenI aMgrejI zAhIvAde bolAvelI zAMti pariSadamAM ja e avAja saMbhaLAyo. eNe kahyuM ke "A pariSada yuropanA zAhIvAdI rASTrane yuddha vinA saMtoSavAne rasto kADhavA bhegI maLI hoya tema lAge che. A pariSadane hetu zastrasaraMjAmanI sajAvaTa karatA yurepanA zAhIvAdI deze aMdara aMdara na laDhe tevI tajavIja karavA ekaThI thaI che ane te mATe saMsthAnanI zAMtipUrvaka kaMI pherabadalI thaI zakatI heya te tene vicAra karavA mAge che. paraMtu, saMsthAnono eTale ke saMsthAnonI prajAono koI vicAra karavA mAgatuM nathI. A saMsthAne Aje eka zAhIvAdanAM gulAma hoya te te gulAmane bIjA zAhIvAdanI gulAmI nIce yuddhavinA ane zAMtipUrvaka mUkavA ahIM vicAra thAya che. gulAmonI AvI vahecaNImAM

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saMyukata rASTra saMgha ane vizvazAMtine savAla 613 gulAmasaMsthAne pitAne ze mata che te viSe kaIne kazI paDI nathI. huM sara Arthara seTarane eka savAla pUchavA mAgu chuM. e savAla e che ke saMsthAne pitAnuM rAja pote jAte calAvI zake tema nathI ? aMgrajI zAhIvAdanA svArthanI draSTithI te temane AtmanirNaya nakArI kADhI zake paraMtu saMsthAnika prajAonA svArthanI dRSTine dhyAnamAM levAmAM Ave te saMsthAne svarAja mATe nA lAyaka che ema kaI kahI zake ja nahIM. e pariSadamAM A eka no ja savAla saMsthAnI vimukti vaDe yuddha nAbUda karavAno hato, ne carcA mATe raju karI devAmAM AvyuM. nUtana vivaracanAne nUtana avAja AvatI kAlanI nUtana racanAne A savAla hatuM. A savAlane Aja sudhInI zAhIvAdI canAmAM koI dezanI sarakAre vizvanA rAjakAraNa mATe raju karyo nahe. paraMtu pahelA vizvayuddhanA aMtamAM zAhIvAdano niSedha jenA rAjakAraNane pAyA hatA tevI soviyeTa sarakAra raziyAmAM racAI hatI. eTale I. sa. 1935nA sapTembaramAM jInevA mUkAme A sarakAranA pratinidhioe jagatanI zAhIvAdI sarakAra samakSa potAnI vizvazAMtinI AMtararASTriya rAjanItine pAyAno siddhAMta jAhera karyo ke, "soviyeTa sarakAra potAnA rAjakAraNanA paradezanItinA mULabhUta siddhAMta pramANe saMsthAnonI athavA saMsthAnavAdanI paddhatine virodha jAhera kare che tathA zAhIvAdI hetuone virodha kare che. saMsthAne meLavavAnA hetumAMthIja vizvayuddha racAtuM hovAthI, yuddhane nAbuda karavA, saMsthAnone svarAja ApI devAnI nItine svIkAra karavA sivAya bIjA keI mArge vizvazAMti AvI zakaze nahI." vizvanI vimukita ke vizvayuddha! paraMtu A bAbatane svIkAra koI paNa zAhIvAdI sarakAra karI zake tema nahotuM, kAraNake tema karavAmAM zAhIvAdI rUpane ja aMta lAvI de paDe tema hatuM. eTale soviyeTa jAherAtanA javAbamAM jarmanImAMthI hiTalare 1936 nA jAnyuArInI 17mIe kahyuM ke, "gorI prajAone jagata para zAsana adhikAra janmasiddha che. jagata para zAsana karavAno amAro A adhikAra yurApanA arthakAraNane pAye banIne ubho che.' hiTalare yuddhanA A arthakAraNanI bAbatane jAhera karIne tarata ja thaDA divase bIjI jAherAta karI ke "ame garIba rASTra chIe, kAraNake amArI pAse saMsthAne nathI. paNa jemanI pAse saMsthAne che, temane ame kahevA mAgIe chIe ke pahelA vizvayuddhanA aMtamAM amArAM paDAvI levAyelAM saMsthAne amane pAchAM soMpI de.

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vikava ItihAsanI rUparekhA yuropanA zAhIvAdI bajAramAM saMsthAne savAla pAcho zarama mUkIne yuddhanIja vAta bolate thaI gaye. saMsthAnI prajAone Dhera jevI avAka samajIne, tene "kaMbamIlIyansa'nuM nAma ApIne pitAnAM saMsthAnanA vADAonI AsapAsa cokI paherA goThavatA saMsthAnanA mAlIka banelA zAhIvAdI bharavADoe eka bIjAnA vADAo para pAchI AkramaNa karavAnI lAkaDIo khakhaDAvavA mAMDI. A lAkaDIonuM rUpa yaMtrataMtra vaDe yaMtra AyudhonuM, raNagADIonuM, TekanuM ane vimAnenuM banI cUkyuM hatuM tathA tenI sajAvaTa karavAmAM phAsIvAdI jarmanI sauthI vadhAre jhaDapa dAkhavatuM hatuM. paraMtu jagatane sauthI moTo zAhIvAdI IgleMDa hatuM. teNe ene kahI dIdhuM ke amArA saMsthAne savAla, amArI AbarUne savAla che. amArI sAthe vaphAdArInI gAMThathI baMdhAyelI saMsthAnanI prajAone ame bIjA koIne AdhIna soMpavA nathI mAgatA. eTale A savAlanA nikAla mATe, vizvayuddha mAraphata ja jagatane navesarathI bhAga pADavA mATe bhUkhyA zAhIvAdoe phAsIvAdI dharInuM rUpa dhAraNa karIne bIjA vizvayuddhane AraMbha zarU karyo. tyAre yaMtrataMtra ane zAMtinI saMyukata upAsanA karate ekaja deza" jyAre yaMtro, yuddhanAM yaMtro banIne zAhIvAdane yuddha mera saMbhALavA saMhAranAM sAgarIta banyAM. tyAre yaMtra taMtranuM vaijJAnika svarUpa mAnavInA saMhAra mATe zAhIvAdanA adhikAra nIce raju thayuM, paraMtu emAM yaMtrane doSa nahote. paNa aNasamajI leke jaMbane ane yaMtrataMtrane doSa devA mAMDaze. parantu emAM yaMtrane ke yaMtrataMtrane ane tene nipajAvanAra vijJAna saMsthAne kazo doSa hate nahIM. yuddhanA banAva mATe javAbadAra evI zAhIvAdI athavA yuddhakhora racanAne ja yuddha mATe badhe deSa hate. ja A bAbatane Abehuba dAkhale soviyeTa raziyAmAM yaMtrataMtra vaDe zarU thaelI Arthika peja mAM jagate dIThe. je yaMtrataMtra yuddhanA yaMtranuM rUpa dharIne zAhIvAdanA adhikAra nIce mAnava saMhAra karavA nIkaLatuM hatuM, teja yaMtrataMtra athavA TekanIka rUsI dharatI para mAnava saMskRtinI kAyAnuM mAnava kalyANakArI rUpa maDhavA, navAM kArakhAnAM, saMdha khetInAM navAM sAdhane, navI zALAo ane davAkhAnAMonI racanA karatuM hatuM. zAhIvAdI ghaTanAmAMthI vimukta banI gaele A eka rASTra vimuktinI saMskAra yojanA yaMtrataMtra vaDe ghaDate hate. seviyeTa rUsa,jenI arthajanA saMskRtinA ghaDatara mATe yaMtrataMtrane jatI hatI te deza nUtana arthakAraNa para racAyeluM nUtana rAjakAraNa racIne vizvazAMtinI

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saMyukata rASTra saMgha ane vizvazAMtino savAla 615 paradezanItinI jAherAta karate hate. jagatabharamAM pahelIvAra ane ApaNI pRthvI paranI samAja racanAmAM paNa pahelIvAra A eka ja dezanuM arthakAraNa ane rAjakAraNa vizvazAMtinuM rUpa dhAraNa karatuM hatuM. vizvazAMtinuM arthakAraNa ane rAjakAraNa pitAnA AvA arthakaraNa ane rAjakAraNane pAyAne siddhAMta dhAraNa karatAMnI sAthe ja I. sa. 1917nA nabaranI 8mIe soviyaTa deze vizvavikhyAta e zAMti kAnUna (pIsa DIkarI) ghaDyo. jagatabharanI dhArAsabhAomAM Ave kAnUna ghaDanAra, rAjya baMdhAraNanA vizva ItihAsamAM A pahelI dhArAsabhA pUravAI thaI. eNe A dhArA bhArata, jagatanA koIpaNa mulaka ke pradeza para pitAno kabaje nahIM rAkhavAnI tathA koIpaNa pradeza sAthe samAna bhAve zAMtikarAra karavA mATe, jagatabharanI sarakArene pitAnA rAjabaMdhAraNanA A mULabhUta kAnunanI jANa karI. tyAra pachI tarata ja eNe pitAnI zAMtimaya arthanItine AraMbha karyo. A zAMtimaya arthanItie, naphara arthadhaTanAne pitAne tyAMthI nAbuda karIne, sAmAjika jarUriyAta para utpAdananI ghaTanA zarU karI. A rIte, muDIvAdanAM naphAkhora ane svachaMda utpAdana karIne bajAra paDAvavAnI athavA jagatanA pradezone gulAma banAvIne saMsthAne meLavavAnI yuddhakhera evI zAhIvAdI arthanItInI pAyAmAMthI ja nAbudI karavAmAM AvI tathA samAjavAdI arthakAraNanI yojanAbaddha artha ghaTanAnI Arthika yojanAo zarU karavAmAM AvI. A sAthe ja jagatanA bIjA dezomAM krAMti saLagAvAnI paradezanItine kacchIne yuddhanI daramyAnagIrI mAraphata krAnti karavAne khyAla raziyAmAMthI rada karavAmAM AvyuM. AvI paradezanItine virodha karIne, A nItine nAbuda karavA TeTaskIne paNa hadapAra karavAmAM AvyuM tathA I. sa. 1936 mAM sTAlIne pitAnI A vizvazAMtinI sevIyaTanItinI pharIvAra jAherAta karI. sevIyeTa zAsanataMtre pitAnA junA parAdhIna dezanA AtmanirNayanA adhikArane tathA saune samAna dhoraNane svIkAra karavAnI yugavata jAherAta karI ane A jAherAta sAthe dezadezanI vaccenI samAnamaitrI karAranI vizvaItihAsanA rAjakAraNamAM pahelI ja vAra zarUAta karI. I.sa. 1921mAM eNe, IrAna, aphaghAnistAna tathA Traka sAthe ane 1924 mAM cIna sAthe samAna karAra karyo, tathA jhArazAhInA samayanA asamAna karArane eNe rada bAtala jAhera karyo.

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116 vikava ItihAsanI rUparekhA paraMtu A zAMtinI janAo sAme, ane pitAne tyAMnI zAMtinI artha kAraNanI racanA sAme, zAMtinA samAna karAro sAme, tyAranA zAhIvAdI dezoe yuddha racanAnI zataraMja zarU karI dIdhI. A rIte roja roja yuddhano bhaya zAhIvAdI jagate ugra rIte ubho karavA mAMDyo, ane rUsI jIvanavyavahArane nAza karI nAkhavA tajavI zarU karI. yuddhanI AvI racanA sAme vizvazAMtinI paradezanItine je kaMI amala thaI zake te karavAnI tajavIja sevIyeTa raziyAe zarU karI. A tajavIjanA pahelAM pagalAM tarIke eNe rASTra rASTra vacce bIna AkramaNakArI karAra thavA joIe tevI janA raju karI ane sevIyeTa deza, tamAma deze sAthe AvA karAra karavA taiyAra che tevI gheSaNuM karI. eNe pitAnA paDozI deze sAthe AvA karAra zarU paNa karI dIdhA. vizvazAMtinI pitAnI paradezanItinA bIjA pagalA tarIke eNe niHzastrIkaraNanI hilacAlane lIga opha nezansamAM dAkhala thaIne jorazorathI upADI. cAra cAra varasa sudhI eNe e hilacAlane jArI rAkhI. chevaTe zAhIvAdI dezoe I. sa. 1934 mAM A hilacAlane nAbuda karI nAkhI, eTale eNe niHstrIkaraNanI pariSadane vikherI nAkhavAne badale tene samuha salAmatinI saMsthA banAvIne AkramaNanA koI paNa banAva sAme samuha salAmatinI dejanA banAvavAnI ghoSaNu karI. paranta yurepanI zAhIvAdI ghaTanA anIvArya rIte yudhdha tarapha dhasatI hatI. zAMtinI kaI paNa janAne toDI nAkhavAnI kAryavAhI racatuM yuropanuM zAhIvAdI jagata mAnavasaMhAranA mArga para caDhI gayuM hatuM. saMha ranI A kAryavAhIne pitAnI zAMti ghaTanAnA astitvavaDe paDakAratA seviyeTa saMdhane vinAza karavAnI nItimAM badhA zAhIvAdI deze saMmata hatA. A nItinI AgevAnI phAsIvAde lIdhI. eTale vizvazAMtinA arthakAraNa ane rAjakAraNane varelI soviyeTa nItie, pitAnA para AkramaNa Avaze te teno sarvAgI rIte pratikAra karavAne pitAne niradhAra paNa jAhera karyo. jagatanA sAmAjika vyavahAranuM AMtararASTriya saMsthArUpa parantu have jagatane sAmAjika vyavahAra ane saMsthAo AMtararASTriya banavA mAMDyAM hatAM. vizvanuM ekavizvarUpa have vyavahAramAM vadhAre ne vadhAre vyApaka banatuM hatuM. pahelA vizvayuddha pahelAMthI ja ApaNI duniyA have eka dUniyA banavA mAMDI che tenI sAbitI have mAtra AdarzavAdIonI IcchAmAM ja rahI na hatI paraMtu saMsthAgata hakIkata banavA mAMDI hatI. AvI hakI

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sayukata rASTra sagha ane vizvazAMtinA savAla 117 katanI sAkhItI AMtararASTrIya saMsthAe hatI. jagataneA vyavahAra potAnA vANijya svarUpamAM ane vaijJAnika rUpamAM te AMtara rASTriya banI cUkayA hatA ja paraMtu zAhIvAdI vANijyanuM svarUpa a Mdara aMdaranI jIvaleNa hariphAiovALu hatuM tethI vANijyanI kAI paNu saMsthA AMtara rASTrIya ekAtavALI dekhAtI naheAtI. vijJAnanuM svarUpa paNa vizvabharamAM phelAyeluM chatAM te zAhIvAdI adhikAra nIce hAvAthI vaijJAnikAnI saMsthA paNa AMtara rASTriya banI zakI na hatI, paraMtu potAnA vyavahAramAM jagata have eka jagata banI cUkayuM che tenI AgAhI jagatanI kAryavAhI ajAvanAra vyavasAyI mAnava samudAyAe potAnI AMtara rASTriya saMsthAo racIne ApavA mAMDI. AvI AMtara rASTriya sa MsthAne racavAnuM paheluM mAna jagatabharanI sa MskRtine sAja taiyAra karanAra tathA jagatabharanAM sAdhanAne nipajAvanAra zrama mAnavAe dhAraNa karyu hatuM. AMtararASTriya TreDa yunIyane pachI I. sa. 1875 mAM yunivarsala posTala yuniyana nAmanI sa MsthA zarU thaI. jagatabharane patra vyavahAra A saMsthA calAvatI hatI. A saMsthAe peAtAnuM AMtara rASTrIya svarUpa racIne vizvabharanAM pAsTala mAnava samudAyA AMtararASTriya sahakArI dhAraNe kAma karI zake che te khAkhatane puravAra karI. I. sa. 1875mAM ja pahelI ja vAra eka AMtararASTriya pariSada maLI tathA teNe jagatabharamAM mApa ane vajratAne AMtara rASTriya ane ekasarakhAM banAvavAnI darakhAsta rajU karI, pachI I, sa. 1899mAM hega mukAme eka AMtara zaSTriya pariSada maLI. A pariSadanA mAnavatAvAdIe e yudhdhamAM vaparAtAM hevAnIyata bharelAM AyudhA nahI' vAparavAnI bhalAmaNu karI, tathA yudhdhanA kAyadAo dhaDayA. I. sa. 1907mAM khIjI hega pariSada maLI. A pariSade peAtAnuM nAma zAMti pariSada evuM dhAraNa karyuM". A pariSadamAM amerikAnA pramukha rujhavelTanI sUcanA pramANe yudhdha aTakAvavA mATe kAI AMtara rASTriya saMsthA thavI joie evuM svIkArAyuM tyA kAI paNa e rASTrAe yudhdha karatAM pahelAM potAnA jhaghaDAne patavavA A pariSade nImelI lavAdI adAlata pAse javuM ema nakki thayuM. liga opha nezansanI niSphaLatAnI paraMparA pahelA vizvayuddha pachI jagatanA rAjakAraNamAM zAMtinuM dhyeya dAkhala thaI cUkyuM hatuM tathA tenI mAvajata lIga ek nezansa pAse hatI. khIjA vizvayudhdhanAM kAraNeA tarIke ema kahI zakAya ke badhAM kAraNeAnuM mUkhya kAraNa lIga opha nezansanI racanAmAM jagatanI sarakAranuM samAna ane leAkazAhI svarUpa na hatuM AvI zakyuM te tathA tenA badhA dorI sa McAra pahelA vizvayuddhanAM vijayI evA zAhIvAdI rASTro pAseja hato te hatuM. A 78

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vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA zAhIvAdee pahelA vizvayudhdhanA vijayanI sAthe ja, je lIga ek nezansane janma ApyA te saMsthAnI racanAmAM ja pahelA vizvayudhdhanA vigrahI savAle temaNe cAlu rAkhyA. A savAlAnuM nirAkAraNu lIga karaze evI AzA janmAvavAmAM AvI; paraMtu lIga ek nezansanI dareka kAryavAhI AvA kAI paNa vigrahI savAlanA nikAla karavA mATe badhI rIte nAlAyaka che te bAbata tenI racanAmAMthI ane kAmAMthI ja spaSTa banyA karI. A saMsthAe vizvazAMtinA jApa japatAM japatAM yudhdhane TekA ApyA. lIMga opha nezansa " meAsula oila DIsapyuTa"nuM nirAkaraNa karI zakI nahIM. pachI iTAlIe jyAre kA nAmanA grIka TApu upara humalA karyo tyAre tenuM paNa te nirAkaraNa karI zakI nahIM. pachI I. sa. 1941mAM jApAne bilakula bezarama rIte AkramaNa karyu tyAre macUrIAte kabajo letA jApAnanA zAhIvAdane rokavA mATe lIga ek nezansa kazuM karI zakI nahIM. pachInAM cha varSomAM jApAnanA zAhIvAde cInanA rASTradehamAMthI TraDA tADayA karyo tathA i. sa. 1937mAM AkhA cIna para eNe laDAI jAhera karI. 18 chatAM lIga ek nezansa kazuM karI zakI nahIM. A daramyAnamAM iTAlIe ekhIsInIyA upara hUmalA karyAM tathA e AkhA dezane 1936mAM jItI lIdhA ane teNe AlbenIA para 1939mAM kabajo karyo chatAM lIga kazuM karI zakI nahI. i. sa. 1936mAM rahAinaleMDanuM lazkarIkaraNa karI janIe varselsanAM karAranA bhaMga karyo tathA i. sa. 1939 sudhImAM osTrIyA, jhekAslovekIA ane lIthuAnI para AkramaNa karIne e deza para kabajo karyAM chatAM paNu lIMga eka nezanse peAtAnAM kalakita banelA kAryAlayamAM bhASaNA karavA uparAMta vizvazAMti mATenu kAi moTuM kArya karyuM nahI. lIga ek nezansanI A zaramajanaka niSphaLatAnuM mukhya kAraNa e hatuM ke tenI racanA zAhIvAdI aMkUza heThaLanI hatI tathA pratispadhI` zAhIvAdI dezAnAM AkramaNane rokavA mATe A racanA badhI rIte nAlAyAka hatI. eTale A badhAnA pariNAma tarIke i. sa. 1939nA sapTembaranA pahelA divase jarmIna zAhIvAdanI teApe peleDanI sarahadane tArAja karavA lAgI tathA peAleMDa upara jarmanInA membaroe mAtanI varSo zarU karI. A rIte khIjA vizvayuddhane AraMbha thayA. AMtara rASTriya rAjakAraNanA padArtha pATha paraMtu AMtararASTrIya evI AvI saMsthAoe paNa vizvatihAsamAM AMtararASTrIya rAjakAraNanA anubhava athavA padArtha'pAThe raju karyA. ' hAli elAyansa'nuM

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sayukata rASTra saMgha ane vizvazAMtinA savAla . . nAma dhAraNa karIne yuddhone rAkavA mATe racAyelI kaoNMgresa ek viyenA'ne mukhya hetu vizvazAMtinA na hatA, paraMtu zikAra banelA jagataneA bhAga pADavAne hatA chatAM e saMsthA paNa itihAsanA anubhava tarIke vizva itihAsanA eka padA pATha banI. A padArthoM pAThamAM vyavahArU yAjanA tarIke * belensa ek pAvara ' athavA * sattAnI tulanA ' nAmane vizvatihAsane eka bIjo padArtha pATha itihAsanA anubhava tarIke dekhAyA. tyAranA vijetAoe jagatanAM rAjakAraNamAM kAyadesaratA nAmane eka padArtha pATha AMtararASTrIya vyavahAra mATe nIpajAvyeA. kAyadesaratAnuM e samayanuM svarUpa phreMca krAMtie zarU karelI krAMtinI hilacAlAne daphanAvI devA mATeja hatuM. paraMtu eTalethI ja A svarUpa aTakayuM nahIM, ane vizvaitihAsanA vyavahAranA pachInA vikAsa pAmavA mATe te jIvatuM rahyuM. tyAra pachI lIga ek nezansamAM AtmaniNuyanA rASTra adhikAra athavA selpha DITaramInezana opha nezansa' nAmanuM vizvaitihAsa.nuM nUtana kriyA sUtra raziyAnI sAmAjika krAMtimAMthI AvI pahoMcyuM. lIga ek nezansanA zAhIvAdI ka`cArIoe A kriyA sutranA prayAga aTakAvavA mATe prayatna karyo. paNa AtmanirNayanA rASTra adhikAra nAmanA vizva itihAsanA padArthoM pA raziyAnI sAmAjika krAtimAM janma pAmIne eziyA ane AphrikAnAM tamAma gulAma dezAmAM zarU thayelI rASTrIya vimuktinI hilacAlAmAM otaprota banI gayA. tyAra pachI bIjA vIzvayuddhanA aMta sudhI ezIyA AphrIkAnI rASTriya vimuktinI hilacAla vIkAsa pAmyA karI ane tenI sAthe sAthe rASTriya AtmanIya nAmanA vizva ItIhAsane pelA vyavahAra pATha vikAsa pAmIne ezIyA ane AphrikAnI dharatI upara paNa vimukata rASTra nAmanuM nutana AjhAdInuM svarUpa racavA lAgyA. 19 A rIte vizva itihAsamAM AvI cUkelA vimukta rASTroe zAhIvAde vikhUTAM pADI dIdhelA ane zAhIvadA kAvatarAMne rAkavA mATe peAtAnI AsapAsa leAkhaDI dIvAla AMdhIne besI gayelA haiAya tevA rUsa dezanI lokhaMDI dIvAlanA daravAjA kholI nAkhyA. rUsa deze potAne tyAMnI sAmAjika krAMtinA bhekhadha ane tevA navA rASTro athavA vimukta rASTrAnAM vizvaitihAsamAM navAM upajelAM svarUpA dIThAM. vizvaI tihAsamAM A rIte jagatanAM rASTro vacce samAna baMdhubhAva tathA samAna evA sahakArI dhAraNe AMtara rASTrIya vyavahAra karI zakavAnI ane vizvayudhdhane niSedha karanArI eka leAkazAhI harALa ubhI thaI gaI. vizva tihAsamAM vizvazAMtinA vyavahAra mATenuM AvuM nakkara ane leAkazAhIvALu ghaDatara pahelIvAra janma pAmyuM. tathA have zAhIvALI yudhdhakheAra dhaTanAne

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viva itihAsanI rUparekhA parAjaya thaze tathA vizvazAMti mATe vizva ItihAsane kAryakrama pahelIvAra amalamAM AvI zakaze tevI AzA janma pAmI. vizvazAMti mATenI samAjavAda ane sahaastitvanI AtmanirNa yAtmaka vidhaghaTanAnI aitihAsika bhUmikA A rIte bIjA vizvayudhdhanA upasaMhAramAM ja lekazAhI ane kAyade. saratAnA nAmanA pAllA AMtararASTriya evA be padArthapAThamAM vivaItihAsano eka navo vimukti nAmano vyavahArapATha jagatanAM rASTro ane sarakAra pAse jagatanA jIvanamAMthI nipajelI eka nUtana vyavahAraghaTanA tarIke AvI pahoMcyo. A vyavahArapAThanI bIjA vizvayuddha pachInI bhUmikA e hatI ke zAhIvAdI racanAe pacAsa ja varasamAM be vizvayudhdhanI bheTa dharIne mAnava jAtane saMhAra karyo hate tathA jagatanI saMskRtinI khAnAkharAbI karIne saMskAranA nAmane lajavyuM hatuM. A be vizvayudhdha nipajAvanAre zAhIvAda have maraNa pAmavAnI lAyakAta pAmI cUkyuM hatuM. A zAhIvAdane sarvAgI vidha rUsI krAntimAM zarU thayA pachI eziyA AphrikAnAM gulAma rASTranI vimukti athavA AtmanirNayanI hilacAlamAM A na padArthapATha vadhAre vAstavika tathA AMtararASTriya banI cUka hatA. A badhI bhUmikAparanuM nUtana ItihAsarUpa samAna rASTronI lokazAhIvALuM, samAna sahaastitvanI samAjavAdI jIvanaracanAvALuM tathA vizvazAMtinA vyavahAravALuM nirmAI cUkyuM hatuM. AvI nUtana bhUmikA para AMtara rASTriyasaMdhanI saMyukta ghaTanA ghaDavAnI kAryavAhI vivaItihAsanA bIjA vizvayudhdhanA upasaMhAranA samayamAM, anIvArya vyavahAra tarIke AvI pahoMcI. saMyukta rASTra saMghanI samAna rASTronA pAyAvALI ghaTanA A ghaTanA sAthe lekazAhInuM nUtana rUpa AMtararASTriya rAjakAraNa banyuM. A nUtanarUpa rASTra rASTravaccenI samAna sabhyapadatAne svIkAra, rASTrasaMghanI racanAmAM karavAnuM hatuM. vizvaItihAsanA vyavahAramAM A rIte jagatanI saMskRtimAM lokazAhInuM nUtanarUpa AMtararASTriya lekazAhInuM tatvarUpa dhAraNa karIne ItihAsamAM pahelIvAra umerAyuM. AjasudhI lekazAhInuM rUpa zAhIvAdI yupe pitAnA zAhIvAdI rASTrane vADAomAM ja jakaDI rAkhyuM hatuM, tathA AkhA jagatane pitAnuM saMsthAna banAvIne tene lekazAhIthI vaMcita rAkhyuM hatuM. eja pramANe AtmanirNayanA svarUpane paNa yuropanA zAhIvAde AkhA jagatane gulAma banAvIne tene nirNaya AMcakI lIdhuM hatuM. jagatanI A dazAmAM rUsI krAMtie eka moTuM bhaMgANa pADyuM hatuM tyAra pachI have raziyA uparAMta bIjA dezo, bIjA vizvayuddhanA aMtamAM eziyA, AphrikAnI bhUmi para, vimukta banIne

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saMyukata rASTrasdha ane vizvazAMtinA savAla R AtmaniNaeNyAtmaka vizvatihAsamAM vimukitanAM ghaTaka banIne khanIne utthAna pAmyAM. A rIte le|kazAhI ane AtmanirNayanu jakaDAi gaeluM rUpa, mukta ane vyApaka anyu' tathA rASTrasadhamAM paNa umerAyuM. saMyukta rASTrasaMgha athavA cunAITeDa nezansa orgenijhezana khIjuM vizvayuddha laDanAra phAsIvAdI deza sAme vijaya meLavanArI yuropanI rASTrIya sarakAro ane amerikana rASTra, yudghanA samayathI yuddha calAvavA mATe saMyukta banyAM hatAM. vijaya mATe saMyukta banelAM A rASTroe sayukta rASTranuM nAma dhAraNa karyuM. hatuM. yuddha para vijaya meLavavA mATe ane krAsIvAdane parAjaya karavA mATe zarU thayelAM saMyukta rASTronI A saMsthAe vijaya pachI paNa phAsIvAda paranA potAnA vijayane AkharI svarUpa ApavA mATe tathA jemAM vizvazAMti kAyamI banI zake evA jagatanI racanA karavA mATe, peAtAnuM saMyukta svarUpa cAlu rAkhyuM ane tene vikasAvavA mAMDayuM. A rIte saMyukta rASTrasaMdhA janma kharI rIte te! I. sa. 1942 mAM vAziMgTana mukAme karavAmAM AvelA saMyukta rASTronA jAheranAmAnA svIkArathI thayA. A jAheranAmuM eTaleTika cArTaranA nAmathI vizvavikhyAta banyuM hatuM, tathA tenI jAherAta i. sa. 1942 nA jAnyuArInI pahelIe karavAmAM AvI hatI. A jAheranAmA para pachIthI khIjA chavvIsa dezanI sarakAroe sahIo karI, tathA te dezA saMyukta rASTromAM joDAyA. A rIte saMyukata rASTrasadhane janma 1942 nA jAnyuArInI pahelIe thayA gaNI zakAya. paraMtu vizvayuddha pachIthI ja vizvazAMtinI racanA mATenI kAryavAhI zarU thaI zakI.

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vizva itihAsanI rUparekhA kara saMyukta rASTrasaMghanu nUtana sabhyapadma-vimukta rAkhya khIjA vizvayuddha pachInuM vizvazAMti mATenA hetune dhAraNa karIne jagatanAM rASTrAnI A saMsthA athavA saMyukta rASTrasaMdha athavA rASTrasaMdha, lIga ophanezansa karatAM khIlakula navI ja jAtanI racanA khatI. A navInatA e hatI ke khIjA vizvayuddha pachI jagata paranI zAhIvAdI hukUmata khIlakula hacamacI gai hatI tathA ezIyA AphrikAnAM eka samayanAM gulAma rASTro have vimuktinI hilacAla karatAM hatAM tathA AjhAda khanatAM hatAM. vimukta banatAM A nUtanarASTro saMyukta rASTrasaMdhamAM samAna sabhyapadanA adhikAra sAthe joDAyA. jagatanAM eka vakhatanAM mAlika banI cUkelA mAMdhAtA rASTro, iMglenDa, phrAMsa ane amerikA paNa temAM hatAM ja paraMtu temanI zAhIvAdI ghaTanA have hacamacI uThI hatI. A zAhIvAdanAM eka vakhatanAM je saMsthAnA hatAM tevA cIna, bhArata, iMDAnezIA, brahmadeza, jevA deze! have AjhAda banI cUkayA hatA tathA vimukta rASTro tarIkenI vizvanI nUtana evI aitihAsIka tAkAtamAM nUtana jAtanI vimukitanI tasvIra khaDI karatAM hatAM. A rAA uparAMta pahelA vizvayuddhanA aMtamAM ja vimukata baneluM tathA peAtAne tyAM zAhIvAdI vahIvaTI ta Mtrane khatama karI nAMkhIne samAjavAdI punaTanAnA AraMbha karI cUkeluM raziyA nAmanuM rASTra have ekaluM ayavA vikhuTu rahyuM nahIM, paraMtu nUtana evA eziyA, AphrikAnAM vimuktarASTro sAthe saMyukta rASTrasaMdhamAM samAna sAthIdArIvALuM banyuM. sAmAjika krAMtinA raziyana vidhAyaka lenine peAtAnI paradeza nItine AvatI kAle AvavAnAM AvimuktarASTrAne khyAla rAkhIne i. sa. 1922 thI ja dhaDI hatI. I. sa 1922 mAM eziyA AphrikAnAM rASTro vimukata athavA AjhAda banyAM na hatAM paraMtu vimukita mATenI temanI hilacAle zarU thai cUkI hatI. A hilacAlAmAMthI janma pAmanArA vimukta rASTronI AgAhI pUrvaka i. sa. 1922 mAM potAnA aMta samaye lenine raziyAnI paradezanotinA pAyAnuM pharIvAra kathana karIne yAda ApyuM hatuM ke, " AvatI kAle vizvatihAsa zAhIvAdanA nAza tathA eziyA AphrikAnAM rASTrAnI vimu kitanI neAMdha karaze. ApaNe atyArathI ja ApaNI paradeza nItinA pAyA mAMgAliyanA, irAnIyatA, hiMdI, tathA ijIpzayanA vi. AjhAdI mATe laDatI prajAe sAthenI mitrAcArInA khAMdhavA joIe. cInI mahAprajA jevI A badhI prajAone temanI vimukitanI hilacAlamAM ApaNA sAtha ApIne tathA e prajAe vimukata ane tyAre temanI sAthe ApaNe atUTa mitrAcArI ane binazaratI sAthIdArInI padezanItine dhAraNa karIne ja ApaNe jagatanI pragati sAthe samAjavAdI rIte AgekUca karIzuM. " ""

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23 saMyukata rASTra saMgha ane vizvazAMtine savAla cAlIsa varSa upara vizva ItihAsanA A ArSa daSTAe pitAnA rASTra vahIvaTa mATe prabodhelI paradeza nItinI saccAInI pratIti I. sa. 1956mAM menA sattaramA divase vimukata rASTra, InDoneziyAnA pramukha sukarNo amerIkAnAM pATanagaramAM jaIne tyAMnI kegreisa samakSa ApI. vimukata rASTranA e pramukhe zAhIvAdI vahIvaTa karatI amerIkana kegresane sApha zabdomAM kahyuM ke, "amAre mATe eTale eziyA-AphikAnAM vimukta rASTra mATe rASTravAdane artha amArI AjhAdInI punardhaTanA evo thAya che. A punardhaTanAne artha e che ke ame amArI prajAo mATe vizvanAM tamAma rASTranI prajAo sAthenuM samAna adhikArapada prApta karavA mAgIe chIe ane teTalA mATe amArA bhAvine amArAja hAthamAM levA mAgIe chIe. huM Apa saune samajAvavA mAguM chuM ke amArI ATalI vAta samajI jAo te ItihAsanI cAvI tamArA hAthamAM che paraMtu je e vAta tame samajI na zake te tamArI bIjI vicAraNAonI game teTalI vipUlatA tathA tamArA zabdone game teTale ghavATa ane tamArI dalitanAM Dolarone nAyagarA je gamete jaLadhodha, jagatamAM kaDavAza ane jhaghaDA sIvAya bIjuM kazuM paNa upajAvI zakaze nahI." saMyukta rASTrasaMghanuM nUtanavimukitanuM sabhyarUpa AvuM saMyuktarASTra saMghamAM nutatavimukitanuM svarUpa umerAyuM. vizvati hAsamAM hajAro varasa pachI pahelIvAra jagatabharanAM rASTramAM AMtararASTriya saMbaMdha, rASTra rASTra vaccenA samAna dhoraNanA pAyA para racAye. sAcA arthamAM AMtararASTrIyatA nAmanuM etihAsika svarUpa, ItihAsamAM tAtikarUpa pAmIne umerAyuM. A natanarUpa AMtararASTrIya nIti banyuM. A nItimattAnI sAthe sAthe ja vimuktarASTrane samAna adhikAra svIkArIne zAhIvAdI rASTrI paNa amerIkana zAhIvAdanI AgevAnI nIce saMyuktarASTrasaMdhamAM beThAM. AMtararASTriya lokazAhInuM rASTra rASTra vaccenuM samAna adhikArane dhAraNa kareluM svarUpa, jenuM raziyA sivAyanuM jarA jeTaluM astitva paNa lIga opha nezansamAM hatuM nahIM te, Aje pahelIvAra saMyuktarASTrasaMdhanI ghaTanAmAM sthApita banyuM. Ama banavAnA kAraNumAM, vimuktarASTra nAmanI nUtana evI ItihAsanI ghaTanA hatI. zAhIvAdI paNa nahIM ane gulAma athavA parAdhIna paNa nahIM evI rASTravahIvaTanI A navIja saMkalanA hatI. A saMkalanAnuM paheluM svarUpa, raziyAmAM sAmAjika krAnti pachI astitvamAM AvyuM. chatAM, samAja

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64 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA vAdI vahIvaTI taMtra dhAraNa karIne vizvaItihAsamAM pahelIvAra udabhava pAmelA AvA nUtana evA vimuktinA sAthamAM AkhA jagatamAM bIjuM eke rASTra khIjA vizvayuddhanA aMta sudhI hatuM nahIM. pazu khIjA vizvayuddhanA upasaMhAramAMja, rUsa dezamAM dekhAyelA rASTrarUpanI vimuktinI saMkalanA lakhAi. eziyA ane AphrikAnA ekathI vadhAre rASTrA vimukata rASTro, tarIke vizvaitihAsanA takhtA para dekhApAM. A darzana nUtana darzana anya. peAtAne tyAM rAjavahivaTanA ane a vahivaTanAM bhinna bhinnarUpe heAvA chatAM badhAM vimukta rASTA eka bhAkhatamAM sarvasAmAnyarUpavALAM sAmIta thayAM. A sAmAnyarUpa zAhIvAdI ane parAdhInadazAnI nAbudInu hatuM tathA vimukitanuM hatuM. A nUtana banAvanI sAthe sAtheja, eziyA AphrikAne gulAma banAvanArA, svAdhInapaNu, zAhIvAdI dezAnI zAhIvAdI nIti haju ya bhayajanaka rIte kAyama hatI. parantu have, eziyA-AphrikAnA moTAbhAga temane parAdhIna hatA nahIM. A paristhitimAM aMgreja, phreMca, pATu gAla, jevA zAhIvAdI dezane paNa zAhIvAdI AgevAna evA amerikana rASTranI saradArI nIce saMyuktarASTra saMdhamAM, pelAM vimukata rASTronA samAna sabhyapadane svIkArIne besavAnI pharaja paDI, A zAhIvAdI rATrAe AjasudhI kaddiSaNa eziyA ke AphrikAnA, kAipaNa rASTranA AMtararASTriya rIte samAna adhikAra athavA samAna sabhyapada svIkAryuM nahotuM parantu, tene svIkAra kraravAnI aitihAsika krUraja temanA para paNa AvI paDI. sa'yuktarASTresa ghanI rArIra racanA. A aitihAsika kraja nIce khIjA vizvayuddhanA aMta samayamAM ja vijetA rASTrAe " yunAiTeDa nezansa cArTara ' nAmanuM vizvatihAsanuM khatapatra dhaDavuM. A khatapatranI bhUmikAmAM ja rASTra rASTra vaccenA samAna adhikAra ane samAna sabhyapada svIkAra thayA. A khatapatrane dhaDanAra pacAsa rASTronA sarakArI pratinidhiee, peAtAnA 1,700,000,000 lAka samudAya vatI, i. sa. 1945 nA jInanA 26 mA divase, sAna phrAnsIskA mUkAme, vizvaitihAsanA lekha dhaDayA ke, " ApaNe ApaNA sarakArI prayatnA vaDe, vadhAre salAmata ane vadhAre sArI evI duniyAnI racanA karavA mATe, saMyukata rASTra saMdha nAmanI vizva saMsthAnI Aje racanA karIe chIe tathA, te saMsthAnA pAyA jevA nIcenA siddhAMtAnA svIkAra karIe chIe. "

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125 saMyukata rASTra saMgha ane vizvazAMtine savAla A siddhAMte zA hatA? AMtararASTriya InsAphanA satya jevA nIcenA mULabhUta evA siddhAMta para saMyukta rASTra saMghanI racanA thaI. e siddhAMtoe pratipAdana karyuM ke, "sau sabhyarASTro sArvabhauma tathA samAna che. sau sabhyarASTro pitAnA tamAma vAMdhAo zAMtimaya sAdhano dvArA tathA vizvanI zAMti, salAmati ane nyAya na jokhamAya te rIte ukelavAnA zapatha le che. sai sabhyarASTo paraspara rIte rASTranA AMtara rASTriya saMbaMdhamAM kadipaNa, kaI paNa eka rASTra bIjA rASTra sAme ke tenI AjhAdI sAme baLa jabarI ke dhAka dhamakIne upayoga karaze nahIM tathA saMyukta rASTra saMghanA hetuo virUddhanuM koI paNa vartana karaze nahIM. saMyukta rASTra saMdha jyAre, je koI rASTra sAme zAMtine sAcavavAnuM ke zAMtine sthApavAnuM pagaluM le tyAre, koI paNa sabhyarASTra tevA pagalAne pitAthI zakya evI badhI madada Apaze tathA saMyukata rASTra saMgha, zAMtinA sthApananI pravRtti sivAya koIpaNa prasaMge koIpaNa rASTranI aMdaranI bAbatamAM kazI paNa daramyAnagIrI karaze nahIM." AvA saMyukta rASTra saMdhanA vizva zAMtinA atihAsika dhyeyane pahoMcI vaLavA tathA AMtararASTriya saMbaMdhamAM saphaLarIte vyApaka banavA A vizvasaMsthAe pitAnI kAryavAhInuM rUpa cha saMsthAo mAraphata ryuM che. A cha saMsthAo, janarala eseMbalI, sikayurITI kAunsIla, Ikonomika enDa soziyala kAu nsIla, dhI TrasTIzaya kAunsIla, dhI inTaranezanala kArTa epha jasTIsa, tathA sekreTArIyeTa nAmanI che. janarala eseMbalI, e saMyukta rASTra saMghanI madhyastha kacerI che. A saMsthAnA abhiprAyanuM vajana vizva abhiprAya jevuM mahAna che. A saMsthA AkhA rASTra saMdhanI kAryavAhInuM avalokana tathA nirIkSaNa kare che. A saMsthA bajeTa para kAbu dharAve che tathA kAunsIlanA sabhyonI cUMTaNI kare che. A saMsthAnI kAryavAhImAM, nAnuM moTuM kaI paNa rASTra samAna adhikAra vALuM che. A saMsthA TharAva ghaDatI na hovA chatAM vizva abhiprAyonI tulAnI sAcavaNI kare che. paNa sikyurITI kAunsIla saMyukata rASTa saMdhanI kArobArI banIne, rASTra rASTra vaccenI vAMdhA arajIone hAtha dhare che tathA vizvazAMtinI jALavaNI karavAno adhikAra dhAraNa kare che. A samitimAM agIAra sabhyarASTra che, temAMnA cIna, phrAnsa, sovIyaTa yunIyana yunAITeDa kIgaDama briTana) ane amerikA (yunAITeDa sTeTasa) "paramenanTa" sabhyo che. (amerikana zAhIvAde cIna dezanA nAmamAM, phesAnA TApumAM rahenA pitAnA khAMdhIyA, cAMga kAI zekanI

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vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA phAsIvAdI sarakArane salAmati samitimAM besADIne, mahAna cIna rASTrane temAMthI bAkAta rAkhIne, saMyukata rASTra saMdhanI zarIra racanAmAM ja zarama janaka evI daramyAnagIrI Aja sudhI cAlu rAkhI che, A rIte zAhIvAdI ghaTanAe AraMbhathI ja vizvarASTronI saMyukatarASTronA saMdhanAmanI saMsthAmAM AkramaNanuM bhaMgANa yojI dIdhuM che.) A uparAMta salAmati samitimAM bIjA cha sabhya rASTramAM phIlIpAIna, sviDana, IrAka, kolambIyA, thAIlenDa vigereno samAveza thayA che. temAM paNa IrAka ane thAIlenDa phIlIpAInsa ane kolaMbIyA vigere rASTrane aMgreja amerikI zAhIvAdI ghaTanAe pitAnAM vAdIo tarIke temAM sAmela karyo che tayA jyAre pUrva yuropIya dezomAMthI sabhyapada mATe vAre Avyo hato tyAre paNa hamaNAM ja amerikana zAhIvAdanA derI saMcAre pUrva yupIya rASTrane badale philIpAIna nAmanA pitAnA khAMdhIyA banelA dezanI nimaNuka temAM karAvI dIdhI. AvA cha dezonuM sabhyapada sIkyurITI kAunsIlamAM be varSa mATe hoya che, tathA janarala eseMbalImAM temanI cUMTaNI thatI hoya che. A sIkyurITI kAunsIle Aja sudhI je savAle hAtha dharyA, temAM sauthI moTA savAle be hatA. I. sa. 1950mAM jyAre amerikana zAhIvAdanI janA pramANe dakSiNa kerIyAe uttara kerIyA para caDhAI karI tyAre tarata ja A sIkayurITI kAunsIlanI paravAnagI vinA ja amerikana zAhIvAde tarataja uttara korIyA para AkramaNa karyuM. ane tyAra pachI jovIsa kalAke sIkayurITI kAunsIlanI beThaka bolAvIne, e TharAva karAvyuM ke, uttara korIyAe dakSiNa para AphamaNa karyuM che tathA amerikAe lIdheluM eka haththu pagaluM vyAjabI che. A amerikana zAhIvAde te uparAMta uttara kerIyA para caDhAI karavA, rASTra saMdhanA vAvaTA nIce ja potAnA khAMdhIyA dezanI TukaDIo taiyAra karI tathA korIyA para saMhAra zarU karyo. bIje gaMbhIra banAva, 1956nA julAImAM aMgrejI ane phrenca zAhIvAde Ijapta para karelA AkramaNane banAve che. A AkramaNane khALavA sIkyurITI kAunsIla tathA, janarala eseMbalInI tAkIdanI beThakae stutya evAM pagalAM lIdhAM paratu, sIkyurITI kAunasIlamAM ja "paramenanTa' sabhya tarIke beThelA, aMgrejI, phrenca zAhIvAdI AkramaNa kheree tathA temanA AkramaNakhera karmacArI IjharAIle AkramaNanA A banAva vaDe saMyukta rASTra saMdha paraja jANe temaNe hale karyo. vizvanA ItihAsamAM pahelIvAra vizvasaMsthAmAM dAkhala thaI cUkelAM, jagatanAM vimukta rASTronA lekamatanI naitika tAkAta paNa tyAreja pUravAra thaI cUkI. A naitika tAkAta, vizva ItihAsamAM hajAro varasanA rAjanaitika vyavahAramAMthI Ate Arate lekazAhInA ghaDAtA saMskRtinA svarUpamAMthI, cAI

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saMyukata rASTra saMgha ane vizvazAMtine savAla 6ra7 hatI. pahelI vAra te tAkAta, zAhIvAdanI pAzavI tAkAtane paDakArI zakI. pahelI ja vAra jANe, pazu parAjaya pAme, ane mAnavIne vijaya aMkAyo. rASTrasaMghanI agiAra varasanI kAryavAhInuM saravaiyuM. 1956nA naveMbaranI 12mIe saMyukta rASTrasaMdhanI janarala eseMblInuM agyAramuM adhivezana maLyuM. A adhivezanamAM ekaThA thayelA 76 sabhya rASTranAM pratinidhioe jagatanI sarakAranA savAlenI vicAraNA karI A savAlanA ukela paja ApaNI pRthvI paranI zAMtine AdhAra rahyA che. jagatamAM rASTra-rASTra vacce zAMtino vyavahAra sthApavAnA tathA rASTra-rASTra vaccenA tamAma savAlene ukela vATAghATothI lAvavAnA ane eka rASTranA bIjA rASTra uparanA AkramaNane nAbUda karavAnA dhyeyavALI kAryavAhInuM agIAra varSanuM saravaiyuM Aje nIkaLI cUkayuM che. rASTrasaMghanA pAyAnA rASTra rASTra vaccenI samAnatA tathA Atma nirNayane adhikAra ane AMtara rASTriya sahakAra tathA parasparanA AMtarika savAlamAM bina daramyAnagirInA pAyAo svIkArAyA che. A pAyAonAM siddhAMtika svarUpa sAthe A siddhAMtano amala AMtararASTriya vyavahAramAM saphaLa banAvavAnuM dhyeya rASTrasaMdhamAM rivakAravAmAM AvyuM che. ane tyAra pachI atyAra sudhImAM A dhyeyanA amala mATe agIAra varSanI kAryavAhI thaI cUkI che. A kAryavAhImAM aNuzastrono niSedha karate tathA zastrasAmAM ghaTADo karavAno AMtararASTriya savAla duniyAnI sarakAro mATe I. sa. 1946 thI rASTrasaMghamAM zarU thayo. yuddhane pracAra nahIM karavAno savAla rASTrasaMdhamAM I. sa. 1947 thI Avyo. tyAra pachI rASTrasaMdhamAM navA sabhyarASTro umerAtAM gayAM, ane ema Aje agIAra varSo sudhImAM jagatamAM zAMti ghaDavAnA dhyeyavALI pitAnI kAryavAhI saMyukta rASTra saMghe cAlu rAkhI che. rASTrasaMghanI saphaLatAmAM ubhelI ADakhIlIo jemAM sau rASTra samAna sabhyapada prApta karIne ekatra thayAM che tevA saMyukta rASTrasaMdhamAM briTana, phrAnsa jevA jUnA jagatanA zAhIvAdI deze. uparAMta te sahune zAhIvAdI AgevAna amerikana rASTra paNa potAnA parAdhIna ane ardhaparAdhIna deze sAthe rASTrasaMdhamAM birAje che. AjanI ApaNI nUtana duniyAnA saMyukta rASTrasaMghamAM A rASTra zAhIvAdI evI pitAnI AkramaNakhora nItine jALavI rAkhavAno prayatna rASTrasaMdhamAM rahIne ja kare che. A dezanI zAhIvAdI sarakAroe rASTrasaMdhanA sabhyapade rahIne rASTrasaMdhanI

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128 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA bahAra svataMtra rIte potAnA lazkarI pradezo jevI ghaTanA bIjA dezamAM racavA mAMDyA che. A zAhIvAdI ghaTanAnI evI racanAne "pijhIzansa opha sTegatha"nuM vuM nAma ApIne duniyAnA dezomAM pitAnI zAhIvAdI hakUmata TakAvI rAkhavA mATe lazkarI chAvaNIo ubhI kare che ane bIjAM rASTrone lazkarI karAromAM jotare che. zAhIvAde yuropanA dezonI thaelI AvI yuddhakhora racanAnAM jUthanuM nAma "northa eTalenTIka TerITarIyala genIjhezana" athavA "nA" bIjI AvI ja yuddhakhora racanAnuM lazkarI jUtha eNe eziyA AphrikAmAM ubhu karyuM che tathA tenuM nAma "sAutha IsTa eziyA TerITerIyala genijhezana" athavA "sa che." Aja sudhImAM eTale agIAra varSamAM amerikana zAhIvAdanI AgevAnI nIce jagatanI zAhIvAdI ghaTanAe AvAM lazkarI jUthe saMyukta rASTrasaMghanI bahAra tayAra karyA che ane sAthe sAthe ja saMyukata rASTrasaMghanI aMdara ja vizvazAMtinI kAryavAhIne niSphaLa banAvavA mATe pitAnI AkramaNa khera evI kAryavAhIne cAlu rAkhI che. eTale ja Aje agIAra varSa thayA chatAM paNa saMyukata rASTrasaMghanI racanA samaye vizvazAMtinI je dazA hatI tenI teja dazA Aje agIAra varSa pachI paNa kAyama rahI che. vizvasaMhArane baMdha karavAnI duniyAnA mAnavasamudAyanI tamAma AzAonI saphaLatAmAM saMyukata rASTrasaMdhanI kAryavAhIe bahu ocho phALo Ape che. rASTrasaMdhanI kAryavAhImAM duniyAmAM tenA janma pachInAM agIAra varSomAM je je banAvo banI gayA che tenI rASTrasaMghe mAtra neMdhaNI ja karyA karI che, tathA daSTAnI jema tenAM avalokana karyA karyA che. A mahAna saMsthAne vizvazAMtinA kAryakramamAM pitAno phALo ApavAmAM pelA zAhIvAdI dezoe rUkAvaTa ja karyA karI che. dAkhalA tarIke rASTrasaMdhanA sabhyapade jagatanA sauthI mahAna ane vizALa evA cIna nAmanA rASTrane besavAnI paravAnagI paNa haju maLI nathI, kAraNa ke cIna rASTrane saMyukata rASTrasaMghamAM sabhyapada maLe tenI sAme amerikana zAhIvAde agIAra varSathI potAnI tamAma lAgavaga sAthe vAMdho uThAvyA karyo che ane virATa evA cIna dezanI jagA para phermosA TApumAM saMdharelA potAnA sAgarIta evA eka cInI dezadrohIne besADI rAkhe che. A agIAra varSomAM aMgrejI ane phreMca zAhIvAde pitAnA parAdhIna pradezo upara saMhAra ane AkramaNanuM sAmrAjya calAvyA karyuM che. paraMtu amerikana zAhIvAdanI AgevAnIvALA A zAhIvAdI dezonAM AkramaNa sAme te AkramaNonI ane daramyAnagirIonI noMdha karyA uparAMta saMyukta rASTrasaMdha vadhAre

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sayukata rASTrasaMgha ane vizvazAMtine savAla 629 kazuM karI zakyuM nathI. amerikana zAhIvAdanI AgevAnI nIce zAhIvAdI ane tenA parAdhIna pradezamAM lazkarI racanAonI jUthabaMdhIo thayA karI che, ane rASTra saMghe mAtra tenI noMdha ja karI che. A agIAra varSo daramyAna haju gaI kAle ja jyAre amerikana rASTra dakSiNa kerIAne pitAnuM bagalabaccuM banAvIne uttara kerIA para caDhAI karI tathA uttara kerIA parathI cIna para AkramaNa karavAnI taiyArI karI tyAre paNa saMyukata rASTrasaMghe amerikana zAhIvAdanI pakaDa nIce AvI jaIne AkramaNanA dhADAMo mATe pitAnA saMyukata rASTrasaMdhano jhaDa Ape. saMyukta rASTrasaMdhanA jhaMDA nIce A zAhIvAdI AkramaNe traNa traNa varSa sudhI kerIAnA mAnavasamudAyanI katala karyA karI. A rIte ja agIAra varSo sudhI aNuAyudhone nAza karavA mATe tathA nizastrI karaNane ati agatyane muddo saMyukta rASTrasaMdha pAse seMdhAyele paDyuM che. paraMtu saMyukata rASTrasaMdhanI aMdaranI zAhIvAdI ghaTanAe A muddAne ukela AvavA dIdhe nathI. saMyukta rASTrasaMghamAM nImAyeluM "DIjhAmenTa kamIzana" zAhIvAdI jamAte racelA viSacakramAMthI haju mukta banI zakyuM nathI. nizastrIkaraNane A savAlane janma lIga opha nezansamAMthI thaI cUkyo che, paraMtu te saMsthAmAM paNa A savAlano amala zAhIvAdI ghaTanAe thavA dIdhuM na hatuM, ane e ja ghaTanAe zastro ja sajyA karyA hatAM. A zastrasaraMjAma vaDe bIjuM vizvayuddha laDAyuM ane tyArapachI saMyukta rASTrasaMdhane janma thayo ane nizastrIkaraNane savAla pAcho A vibhava saMsthAmAM AvyA. pitAnA janma pachI Aje agIAra varSo sudhI saMyukta rASTrasaMdhamAM paNa tenI carcAo ja cAlyA karI che, ane amerikana zAhIvAdI jUthe teno amala thavA dIdhuM nathI. Aje Aja rIte rASTra rASTra vacce samAna bhAve, ApaNuM jagatamAM mukta rIte vepAra ane vANijya cAlI zake te bAbata paNa AMtararASTriya zAMti mATe atyaMta jarUrI che. paraMtu naphAkhera ane IjArAvAdI evI zAhIvAdI ghaTanA, A mahAna savAlano nikAla thavA detI nathI, tathA pitAne nApasaMda evA jagatanA vimukta ane samAjavAdI dezenI AsapAsa potAnI vyApArI nAkAbaMdhIo nAkhyA kare che. vizvazAMtinI AMtararASTriya loka hilacAla I. sa. 1949mAM perIsanagaramAM mAnava itihAsamAM paheluM evuM vizvazAMtinI kAunasIlanuM AMtararASTrIya adhivezana maLatuM hatuM. vizvazAMtinI hilacAlane, ahIM jagatanAM tamAma rASTronA lekasamudAyanA pratinidhio AraMbha

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630 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA ke che -- karatAM hatAM. A vizvasamAraMbhanA pramukhapadethI phrAnsanI sarakArano aNu ' vijJAna vibhAgane hAIkamiznara ane nobela pAritoSika meLavanAra vizvavikhyAta vaijJAnika jolI kayurI, pUchatA hate, "zAMti hilacAla zA mATe?" ane pitAnA savAlane pote ja javAba dete, e mahA vaijJAnika vizvabharanAM zAMti pratinidhione yAda Apato hato ApaNe maLIe ja chIe te samaya, vIsamAM saikAne che. hamaNAM ja vIsamo saMke aradho pure thAya che. aradhA saikAnA samayamAM ja choDa ane sittera lAkha mAnanI katala karI nAkhanAra be vizvayuddho ApaNI dharatI para laDAI cUkyAM che." A be yuddhamAM cha karoDa ane sittera lAkha mAnavono saMhAra karIne saMhAranI evI yuddha racanA karanArA, A yuddhonA zAhIvAdI yuddhakhora AgevAno kyA savAlane nikAla karavA mATe mAnava jAtanI AvI kAramI katala karI cUkayA hatA ? AjanA jagata pAse game te savAla hoya paNa koIpaNa savAlanA nikAla mATe, nagaronAM khUna karavAnI vastIone tArAja karI nAkhavAnI, mAnavIna bALake ane strIone paNa saMhAra karI nAkhavAnI, ane lazkare banelA mAnavasamudAnI kaleAma calAvavAnI kAryavAhI, bhayAnaka rIte, ghAtakI che, ane saMskArane zaramAvanArI tathA saMskRtine nAza karanArI che."

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saMyukata rASTra saMgha ane vizvazAMtine savAla 631 sauthI zaramajanaka niSphaLatA te vazamA zatakanI vizvasarakArane varI cUkI hatI. bephAma rIte, bezarama banelI, zAhIvAdI kAryavAhIe, aradhA ja saikAmAM be vizvayuddho laDIne mAnavajAtanI cha karoDa ane sittera lAkha mAnanI katala karI nAkhI hatI. eTale ja pelA mahA vaijJAnikanA pramukhapadethI mAnavajAtanA lekasamudAyanA leka pratinidhione zAMti samAraMbha jAhera karato hato ke, ApaNe jagatanA mAnava samudAyanA pratinidhio, vizvabharamAM evI zAMti hilacAla jagavavA mAgIe chIe ke je hilacAla sarva sthaLethI sarva saMsthAomAMthI, sarva vargomAMthI, zAMticAhaka mAnavone, jeo ApaNA, atyAranA jagatanA tamAma savAlone nikAla yuddhanI hevAnIyata ane saMhAraka rItathI nahIM, paraMtu vATAghATethI ja lAvavAmAM mAnatAM heya, temano, AMtararASTriya zAMti mera racI zakaze. " evI anIvArya jarUriyAtamAMthI, mAnavajAtanI, pragatizila ane lekazAhI saMsthAomAMthI tathA vyaktiomAMthI vizvazAMtinI hilacAlanI sarvAgI rIte lekazAhImaya, evI ghaTanAnI zarUAta thaI. e AraMbhe vizva ItihAsamAM pahelIvAra vizva-zAMtinA savAlane amala, pitAne hastaka dhAraNa karanAruM, jagatabharanI mAnavatAnuM, vyApaka saMgaThana zarU karyuM. tamAma sAmAjika ane rAjakIya matabhedothI para, evI A AMtararASTrIya racanAmAM, mAnavajAte, sarva sAmAnya evI mAnava saMskRtinI adAthI, saMskAranA jatananuM baMdhAraNa rUpa dhAraNa karyuM. mAnavajAtanI sarvavyApaka ane AkhA vizvanA ekeeka rASTranA lekasamudAyane AvarI letI, vizva-zAMti mATenI ane yuddhanI nAbudI mATenI, A hilacAla mAnavajAtanA itihAsamAM pahelI che, vizvavyApaka che, ane jagatanA itihAsamAM yAdagAra rIte e AgaLa vadhI che, vadhArene vadhAre vyApaka banI che ane mAnavatAnAM aMtaranAM uMDANamAM vasI che. sADA pAMca varasamAM ja ekeeka rASTranA ekeeka mAnava samudAyamAM eNe sakriya saMsthAnuM svarUpa dhAraNa karyuM che. ene AraMbha 1949 nA eprilanA 20 mA divase botera rASTronA bAvIse pratinidhioe athavA jagatabharanI mAnavajAtanA cothA bhAganI vasatIe A hilacAlanA pahelA samAraMbhanI, prAga ane perIsamAM bhejanA karI. phrAnsanI sarakAranI aNuvijJAna saMsthAno eka samayane hAIkamizanara ane aNusaMzadhana mATenebela pAritoSika jItanAra ane vizvanI vijJAna saMsthAnA saMskAra AgevAna jevA mahAvaijJAnika, jelI kayurIe tyAre pramukhapadethI jAherAta karI, huM, zaMtinI vizva-koMgresane khullI jAhera karUM chuM."

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vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA e rIte zAMtinI pravRtti, jagatabharanA leAkasamudAya mATe khullI mUkAi. zAMtinI hilacAlane vizvanA lAkasamudAye potAnI banAvavAno pahelA niradhAra rajI karyAM. vizvanA ItihAsamAM pahelIvAra mAnavajAte, zAntine sAcavavAnA, mAnavatAnI saMskRtinA kaLaza jevA nutana bhAnanA pahelA zabda uccAryAM, ke lAka samudAyA, vizvazAMtinI paNa sAcavaNI karazeja" zAMti hilacAlanI AgekUca mAnavajAtanI zAntihilacAlanA khIjo samAraMbha, athavA varlDa pIsa kaeNAMgresanuM" khIjuM adhivezana I. sa. 1950 nA navembaramAM vArasAnagaramAM maLyuM. e adhivezane, vizva-zAnti mATe, vizvazAMti samitinI racanA karI. i. sa. 1952 nA DisembaramAM vizvazAMti koMgresanA trIjA adhivezanamAM, paMcAsI rASTroe potAnAM pratinidhie mekalyAM. vizvanI zAnti hilacAlanI vizva saMsthA tarIke, vizvazAnti samitinI yAdagAra ghaTanA astitvamAM AvI ane vizva-itihAsamAM zAntihilacAla, eka pachI khIjA vijaya nAMdhatI vizva vyApaka banI. 632 pAMca ja varasamAM jagatabharamAM eka pachI bIjA rASTrAnA leAka samudAyAe, zAMnti hilacAlane peAtAnI khabanAvI. zAnti sAcavavAnA leAka niradhArA vALu karADA kaDAmAM, aneka prajAnI aneka bhASAomAM, saMskAranuM jatana mAgatI mAnavajAtanI nUtana asmitAnuM rUpa, vizva-zAMtinA virATa dekhAva jevuM jagatanA takhtA para dekhAyuM. pacIsa sAo javAba mAge che. Aje ApaNA ItihAsanA pacIsa sakAe ApaNI mANusAinA javAba mAge che. pacIsa saikAonA sArAsAra vicAra, pacIsa paikAnI mANasA tA paripAka, pacIsa saukAonI saMskAranI sAdhanA, pacIsa saikAoe dhaDelI vijJAnanI vizva-saMsthA, tathA pacIsa paikAoe pUkArelI, saMtAnI mAnava mAnava vaccenI khAMdhavatA ane sa MskAranA kAnUnanI nekI, ApaNI tekadIlIneA javAba mAge che. pacIsa saikAonI saMskRtine, je itihAsanI mAtAe ane samayanI janetAe, dezadezanI lAka janetAenA udaramAM jALavI rAkhI che tenuM mAta mAgatA siMkadarA ane sIjharA, jaMgIsakhAnA ane taimurA, nepolIyanA ane kaisarA tathA hiTalarA ane AIjhenahAvarA tathA lesAne pAchA haTAvI devAnI - yugahAkala, AjanI mANasAinA yugaveganAM tamAma vAhanA, ane vAhakAne pharaja para khaDA thavAnuM pharamAna peza kare che.

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sayukta rASTra sadha ane vizvazAMtinA savAla tyAre AjathI pacIsa varasa para, sata jaramIAnA anAhatanAda, jerUsAlemapara saMbhaLAtA hatA te Aje paNa saMskRtinA yugatarasyA kaTha jevA pUkAra kare che ke, " are jyuDIyAnA rAjAe ane jerUsAlemanA mAlIka lAkA, tamArA kAna kaMpI uThe to paNa tame sAMbhaLeA ! tame A dharatIne nirdoSonAM leAhIthI kharaDI nAkhI che. tame tamArA dikarAonAM balidAna daine yuddhanA ane saMhAranA bhagavAnane khuza karavA nIkaLyAM che, paNa tame dekhA ke AvatI kAle tamArI bhUmi TApheTa kahevAze nahIM, paNa katalanI gAjhArI khINunuM nAma pAmaze." pacIsa varasa paranA, uparanA zabdo sata jamIAnA che, ane jerUsAlemane mATe khelAyalA che. pacIsa raukA pachI Aja zabdo, kAi paNa satanA udagAra jevA Aje jagatabharamAMthI sabhaLAvA mAMDayA che, tathA vizva zAntinI rUkAvaTa karatA zAhIvAdIone sakhAdhAtA heAya tevA jANe saMbhaLAya che. (( "" A pUkAra karanAra, saMta jamIA pacIsa saukA para ekalA hatA. Aje pacIsa saikAnuM vijJAna, pacIsa saikAnA saMskAra, pacosa sakAe ApabhAgenA avidha vahAvIne racelI mAnava jAtanI saMskRtinA pAyAmAM ubhelI vizvanI AjhAda prajAe, ane mAnavA nUtanabhAnavALI vizvazAMtinI zAMtihilacAle mAraphata Aje pUkAre che ke, saMskRtine sanAza karavA nIkaLelA yuddhakhArA, aTakI jAva ! saMta jevA saMdha mAnavatA Ajane A pUkAra che. Aje mAnavajAtane A kAra vyaktigata nathI rahyo. Aje virATanA navAbhAne A prakAranI zAMti hilacAlane, janmAvI che. e hilacAlamAM jagatabharanA rASTrAe ane vizvanI prajAe, peAtAnA seMkaDe! pratinidhio mAraphata potAnA avAja AMtararASTriya maMca parathI jAhera karyAM che, ke, " ame vizva zAMti cAhIe chIe. yuddhakhArAnA vizvayuddha saLagAvavAnA rAhane ame vakhADI kADhIe chIe. ' "" $83 pacIsa saikAnI mAnava ItihAsanI sImA para, Aje jagatanA jIvanamAM pahelIvAra vizvabharanI tamAma prajAonA pragatizila sadhInI zAntihilacAla pedA thAya che. mAnavajAtanA itihAsamAM pahelI ja vAra sa MskRtinI zAbhA jevuM jagatabharamAM mAnavAnuM nUtana saMgaThana pedA thAya che. mAnavInI nItimattAne AvA sadha AkAra, ApaNI pRthvI para, zAMti bhAgatI A AMtararASTriya hilacAlanu saMcAlana, sarakAronA hAthamAM ke devaLAnA hAthamAMja soMpI devAne badale peAtAnA hAthamAM le che. zAMtinA savAla mAnava mAnava vaccenA eTale rASTra rASTra vaccenA zAnti-vyavahAranA AkhA vizvanA ane mAnavajAtane savAla bane che. 8.

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A nATona 'mane Neutron jika A ja , ' mi dara ' . ayuganuM udaghATana (aNuyuganA vaijJAnika pUrvagAmIo-eTama banI pahelI banAvaTa-jApAnanA, hirozimA, nagarane vadha-amerikana zAhIvAdI yuddhanuM nizAna, mAnava samudAya) aNuyuganA vaijJAnika pUrvagAmIo; DAlTana, thepasana, rUdhapherDa I. sa. 1776 mAM eka garIba aMgrejI vaNakarane tyAM IgalsaphIlDa nAmanA gAmamAM ene janmaze. bAra varasanI uMmare ja aMgrejI vaNakarane e dika DAhaTana, potAnA gAmanI gAmaThI nizALa zikSaka bane. paMdara varasanI uMmaramAM to enI padavI vadhI. kenDalanI nizALamAM mukhya zikSakanI jagA ene maLI. eTale bApAnI paravAnagI meLavI ne eNe pahelI vAra chatrI kharIdavAne vaibhava mANo, ane chatrI oDhIne keDela javA upaDaze. kenDela jatAM rastAmAM | kokaramAutha AgaLa e aTako ane AjasudhImAM pote havAmAnanI ekaThI karelI ja.' hae e ja to jarA najIka mAM rasa chane 18, che ke te maMDAI che : : : : :

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aNuyuganuM udaghATana nene vAMcavA mAMDyuM. paMdara varasanA A paMtujIe pitAne cIle badale hate. havAmAnanA abhyAsanI ene lata lAgI gaI. A abhyAsamAM emAM seMtAlIsa varaso vahI gayAM, pachI eNe nedhanA thokaDAmAMthI nIcovIne sArI kADhayo. ke havA ghaNuM gesanuM mizraNa che. paNa bhAre vajanavALo kAbanaDAkasAIDa havAmAnamAM taLiye rahe ane halake gesa upara rahe evuM temAM kema thatuM nahIM hoya? eNe evo savAla pitAnI jAtane pUkyo, ane enuM maMthana jAgyuM. DAlTane A bAbatanI sAbItI ApatAM 1803nA okaTobaranI 21mIe jAherAta karI ke, padArthamAtrane pAyo, keTalAka mULabhUta padArthata athavA tattvapadArtho athavA "elImenTasa" che. e tatvapadArthane kaNa athavA paramANu judA judA vajanavALA ane asAdhAraNa gativALo che ane eka tattvapadArthane paramANu bIjA sAthe bhaLe che eTale mizraNa padArtho bane che. paNa paramANunuM vajana? paramAnunuM vajana paNa hoya che? vizvabharanAM vaijJAnikane vicAramAM garakAva karI nAkhe tevI rajuAta DAlTane karI. A mahAna aNu vaijJAnikanuM bhAna karavA eka mitre be hajAra paDa ekaThA karyA ane moTA mAthAvALA DAlTanane 1834nI sAlamAM, phrAnsIsa nAmanA eka zipInI sAme besavAnI vinaMtI karavAmAM AvI. zikipIe A mahAmAnavanuM mAthuM pattharamAM utArI lIdhuM. A mahA vaijJAnika 1844nA julAInA 26mA disase maraNa pAmyo. DATananI smazAnayAtrAmAM eka, je. je. thomasana nAmano kebrIjamAM bhaNata juvAna paNa hatuM. A juvAna brIjanI keDIza prayogazALAmAM paramANunuM svarUpa pArakhavA mATe prayoga karavA mAMDyo hato, ane e dizAmAM AgaLa vadhato hate. je. je. themasana,nAmano A aThAvIsa varasane navajuvAna vaijJAnika, pitAnI vijJAna prajJAnI sAbItI ApIne je. je. nA nAmathI jANIte banI gayo hate ane aThAvIza varasanI ja uMmaramAM, kenDIza prayogazALAnA adhi patipade cUMTAyA hate. jeje' e sAMbhaLyuM hatuM ke vIlIyama kase eka kAcanI naLImAMthI havA kADhI nAkhIne pachI temAM vIjaLIne joradAra pravAha dAkhala karyo hate. pachI emAMthI pasAra thatAM negeTIva pleTanAM kiraNo eNe dekhyAM hatAM. paNa e uparAMta eNe ajaba jevI bInA dekhI. TayubanI pAse ilekaTro meganeTa lAvatAM ja pelAM ketheDa kiraNa vAMkAM vaLatAM hatAM. A dekhAva adabhUta hate. A bAbatathI tyAranI AkhI vaijJAnika buddhi tAjuba banI gaI hatI. "prakAza

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636 vizva itihAsanI rUparekhA paNa zuM padArtha che! '' evA savAla vaijJAnika duniyA pAse pedA thaye!. brukase prakAza nAmanA padArtha ne ' reDIyanTameTara ' evuM nAma ApyuM. " 'jeje' A ketheDa kiraNA para ja pAche| macI paDayA. kevenDIza prayANazALAmAMthI dhaDAkA jevI zodha vaijJAnika jagatamAM gAjI UThI. jeje theAmasa jAhera karyuM ke prakAzanAM kathADa kiraNA teA padArthanAM ja paramANuo che. te eka sekanDanA 160,000 mAIlanI jhaDape doDe che. rasAyaNarAAse zodhelA tevu tattvapadArthanA aNu A ilekaTrAnanA banelA che. evI vAta je je thAmasane jagatane sabhaLAvI dIdhI ane vaijJAnikA heta pAmIne vicAravA lAgyA. e avAja sAMbhaLatA rUdharaphADa, nAme eka juvAna nyujhIlenDathI iMgleDa AvI pahoMcyA. nyujhIlenDanI vidyApIThanA e mAnItA hatA. Ne Ane jejenI prayogazALAmAM kAma karavAnI mAgaNI karI. jeje e, A nyujhIlenDarane AvakAryAM. cAra varasa pachI rUdharaphoDa pA gaye. ane kaeNneDAnI mekagIla vidyApIThanI pratye gazALAmAM kAme lAgyA. maNe 8 reDIyeA ekaTIva tattva padArthonA paramANunuM avalokana AraMbhyuM. reDIyamanA aNuo tUTatAM hatAM ane jekiraNa ke kAtAM hatAM te asAdhA raNa gativALAM paramANue hatAM. ema kudaratI prakri

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aNuyuganuM udaghATana 137 yAthI reDIyama tUTatuM hatuM tyAre eka grAma reDIyamamAM dareka sekanDe pAMtrIsa khIlIyana aNu tUTatA hatA. emAMthI vachUTatAM paramANuonuM nAma eNe AlphA kiraNA ApyuM. rUdharaphorDanA yaza patharAvA lAgyA. navI duniyAnI yAtrA karavA junA jagatanA vaijJAnikA nIkaLyA ane meAnTarIala paheoMcyA. kudaratanA kramavidhAnathI tUTatAM reDIyamanA aNumAMthI nIkaLatAM AlphA kA nAmanAM asAdhAraNa gativALAM paramANuone oLakhavA rUdharaphoDanI AkhI prayAgazALA kAme lAgI gai hatI. je. je. thAmasane aNutA eka bhAga ilekaTrAna ' nAmano zodhI kADhayo hato. rUdharaphorDa nA ene bIjo bhAga * AlphA ' nAmanA zAdhyA. AlphA paramANue eka sekanDanA bAra hajAra mAilanI jhaDapathI doDatAM hatAM. enA para svArI karI zakAya te sUraja para paheAMcatAM aDhI kalAka ja lAge. rUdharaphA A AlphA paramANuonI zodha karI ane tenuM nAma preATAna pAyuM. aNunuM rahasya ema ukelAi gayuM. thAmasane enA negeTIva tattvanuM nAma ilekaTrAna pADayuM. rUdharaphorDe enA pojhITIvanuM nAma proTona pAyuM. vaijJAnika jagatane navuM satya jaDayuM. sRSTinI racanA karanArI aNunAmanI iMTanI zarIraracanA khullI paDI. sRSTinA 600,000,000,000,000,000,000 mAilanA pariSanI AsapAsa sauthI vadhAre vegIluM spandana banIne ilekaTrona ane peTAna doDatuM dekhAyuM, puravAra thayuM. A satyanA dana vaDe ja jANe aNu tUTyuM. vIzamA zataka para aNuyuganuM udghATana thavAnAM badhAM cihno dekhAyAM. mAnavajAtanA dezakALa para nUtana aruNunuM Agamana pUkArAyuM. mAnavajagatanI mAvajata mATe zaktinAM navAM gheADApUra palANAtAM dekhAyAM. padAvijJAna ane rasAyaNavijJAna vaccenuM aMtara aLapAi gayuM. padA ane zaktinuM apUrva aya sAbita thaI gayuM. tyAre 1914 nI vasaMtamAM henarI meAsale nAmane eka navajuvAna vaijJAnika, enI mAtA, AmAkhela sAthe eka vaijJAnikAnI pariSadamAM IMgleDathI esTrelIyA javA upaDatA hatA. A dIkarA ane mAtA esTrelIyA paheAMcyAM tyAM te| aMgrejI zAhIvAde enu zikArakhAnuM sAcavavA pahelA nakharanuM vizvayuddha svIkArI lIdhuM hatuM ane osTrelIyA paNa enuM parAdhIna hAvAthI jarmanI sAme laDAi jAhera karatuM hatuM. eTale tyAre A jIvAna vaijJAnika yuddhameAracA para paheAMcI javA taiyAra thayA. tyAre enI mAtA, AmAkhela A juvAnajodhane pUchtI hatI, 'paNa, kheTA, tArA aNuonu zuM ? aNuenA kramane niyama te te hajI hamaNAM ja zodhyA che te tuM....' paNa e rAkAyA nahi. enI zeAdhane rajhaLatI mUkIne e gelIpeAlI paheoMcyA ane tyAM eka tarkIza nizAnabAje enI aThAvIsa varasanI vaijJAnika jIdaMgIne viMdhI nAkhI,x

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vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA mAsle jevA vaijJAnikanA vadha thayA pachI A vizvayuddhanA upasaMhAramAM 1921 nA me mahinAnI 20mI tArIkhe amerikAnA veMtamahAlayanA eka vizALakhaMDamAM amerikAnA pramukha UbhA hatA. enI pAse phrAnsanA rAjadUta khaDA hatA. e badhAnI AsapAsa amerikAnA vaijJAnikA, pradhAnA, ane nyAyAdhIze vITaLAyAM hatA. e badhA eka mahAna bhAine mAna ApavA ekaTa thayAM hatAM. e mAnane lAyaka banelI vaijJAnika Ai, meDama kyurI hatI. A bAie sauthI pahelAM aNunurUpa dekhyuM hatuM. pachI presIDenTe kayurIte kahyuM, 'Apa bAi sAheyya mAnava ta mATe eka mahAna ane amara kArya pAra mAMDavA bhAgyazALI anyAM che.' 138 mAnavajAtanI vAta kartA amerikana zAhIvAdanA pramukhane pagathI mAthA sudhI dekhI rahetI. aNu vijJAnanI mAtA khelI. ' mane mArA bhUtakALa yAda Ave che. huM vArasAnI vidyApIThamAM abhyAsa karatI hatI tyAre amAruM jIvAtonu eka krAntikArI maMDaLa hatuM. ame jhArane uthalAvI nAkhIne janatAnuM rAja karavA mAgatAM hatAM. paNa pachI cAvIsa varasanI x'The best of the harp is broken the heart of the gleeman is fain To call him back from the grave and rebuild the shattered brain Of Moseley dead in the trenches. Now, if they slay the dreamers and the riches, the dreamers gave, They shall get them back to the benches and be as the galley slaves

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aNuyuganuM udaghATana 639 uMmare ja huM jIva bacAvavA ane phrAnsanA pATanagara perIsamAM AvI, ane meM yureniyama zodhyuM. tethI tame sAthe Aje mAna Ape che...meM 1913mAM varasomAM reDIyama saMsthA bAMdhI te, mAnavajAtanI sAravAra karavA mATe ja badhI che, paNa 1914no hatyAkAMDa AvI sAravAronI kevI kAramI, ane #ra ThekaDI karate heAya che! evI kaleAmanI kAravAhI je aTakaze nahIM te...!" vijJAnanI A mAtA AgaLa na bolI zakI. pachI ene koIe pUchayuM tamane sauthI vadhAre zuM game?" ane eNe jhaDapathI javAba dIdhe, "reDIyama ..eka ja grAma..." paNa pachI sudhAryuM ane umeryuM, "paNa e reDIyama mArA ja potAnA kAbU nIce." paNa pachI reDIama para karelI kayurInI zodhane sAthe laine aNunI ghaTanA zodhAI. aNuyuga jagata para UghaDavAnAM nizAna dekhAvA mAMDyAM. tyAre pelI vRddhA jagata para vihavaLa najara nAkhatI mUMjhAtI hatI. amerikA pAse meM e reDiyama mAgyuM hatuM ane mAgyuM hatuM ke e zodhane aNuvaijJAnikanA ja kAbU nIce...paNu Aje te amerikA para... ANu para, zAhIvAdI naphArane kAbU besI gaye. emanA hAthamAM aNu....e vicAra ja ke bhayAnaka che!' bolatI vijJAnanI e mAtA kaMpI uThI hatI. eTamamAMthI emabebanI pahelI banAvaTa tyArapachI amerikAmAM eTamabeba banAvavAnI pahelI projekaTa zarU thaI. yurepa ane pAsiphikamAM bIjA vizvayuddhamAM utarelI A sarakAre A banAvaTanI pahelI projekaTane AraMbha 2,000,000,000 Dolarane kharce zarU karAvyuM ane tenI pAchaLa tyAMnA tathA bahArathI nivasita tarIke AvelA keTalAka vaijJAnike kAme lAgyA ane I. sa. 1941nI nAtAlamAM zarU karelA A kArya pachI I. sa. 1945 sudhImAM beba taiyAra thavA mAMDyo. A taiyAra thaelA bebane pahele prayoga nyumekasIkemAM karI jovAmAM AvyuM. abakanI dakSiNapUrvamAM ekaso vIsa mAIla dUra raNamAM A beba mAnavaitihAsamAM pahelIvAra ekameTA pilAdanA minArA para 194panA julAInI 16mIe savAranA sADApAMca vAge phoDavAmAM AvyuM. beba phUTatAMnI sAthe raNapara prakAza vyApI gayo, tathA daza mAIla dUra sudhInAM parvata zikhare prakAzI uThayAM. pachI cAlIsa hajAra phITa

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140 viAva ItihAsanI rUparekhA uMce sudhI kALuM vAdaLa aneka raMgamAMthI baneluM caDhyuM tathA tyAra pachI pele pilALe minAre varALa banIne uDI gaele mAlama paDe ane jyAM minAro hato tyAM kAcanA taLIyAvALuM eka katara paDI gayuM hatuM. e kAtaramAM retIno kAca banI gayuM hatuM. A rIte ANuMnuM satya baba banIne pahelA prayogamAM nyumekasIkenA raNamAM khulluM mukAyuM A pachI amerikana zAhIvAdane sAMpaDeluM, ANunuM saMhArakarUpa eNe mAnavajAtane anAdara karIne, eziyAnI mAnavajAta tarapha pAzavI dhRNAne paripAka batAvIne, jApAnanAM be nagarapara be beba nAkhIne A banne nagaronI lAkhe nI mAnavatAnuM, temanAM rAcaracIlAonuM, gharabAranuM, ane temanAM bALaka bALakIonuM khUna karIne khUlluM mUkyuM. potAnA hAthamAM AvelI bhayAnaka evI tAkAtanA nazAvaDe cakacUra thaIne eNe jApAnanAM hozimA ane nAgAsAkI nAmanAM nagarapara atyAcAra karyo. I. sa. 1945nA ogasTanI kaThIe, sADAtraNa lAkhanI vastIvALA hIrozimA, ane ogasTanI 8mIe nAgAsAkI nAmanAM jApAnanAM A be nagarepara eka eka aNubeba amerikana zAhIvAde nAkhe. hIreziyAmAM eka lAkhamAna maraNa pAmyAM ane eka lAkha gaMbhIrarIte ghavAyAM. nAgAsAkInI vastI ochI hovAthI tyAM paMdara hajAranuM mota thayuM tathA vIsa hajAra mAno gaMbhIra rIte ghavAyAM. babe vizvayuddhone motane sAmAna vecIne, bae vizvayuddhanA saMhAra kAryamAM naphAnA DhagalA pAmIne, suvarNamaya banelA amerikana, yu-esa-zAhIvAde gaMjAvara kharca karIne matanAM kArakhAnAM cAlu karIne, have AkhA nagaranuM eka sAthe khUna karI nAkhanAra Ayudha banAvyuM tathA mAnavajAtanI jIMdagI para aTTahAsya karIne eNe eziyana dharatI paranAM be nagarapara mAnavasaMhArane AghAta karyo. A rIte AghAta pAmeluM jagata aNuyuganuM zAhIvAdI udaghATana pAmyuM. vazamA sikAnuM haju te pIsatAlIsamI nAtAlanuM, paDelI para prema karavAnuM varasa zarU thayuM hatuM tyAM saMskRtinI mAnavaracanAmA, paDozI evA eziyA para, paDozI evA amerikana zAhIvAdane hAthe pahelA Ayudhane mAnava saMhAraka AghAta pAmIne saMskRti hacamacI uThI. jagata para aNunI mahAtAkAta paNa zAhIvAdane hAthe udaghATana pAme tyAre kevI khUnakhAra chabIne dhAraNa kare che te babbe vizvayuddhamAM zAhIvAdI racanA nIce saMhAra pAmatI mAnavajAte eziyAnI parAdhIna banelI dharatI para pichANyuM. jApAnanA nagara, hIrezamAne vadha. hirozimA 1945nA ogasTanI chaThThInI savAre jAgatuM hatuM. hirozimAne AMgaNe e ja prAta:kALe Aje aNuyuga UgavAno hato. aNunI yuga-zodhane

Page #662
aNuyuganuM udaghATana 1 khullI mUkanAra hAtha kAI jJAna-vijJAnanA sAdhusa Mta ke jitatinA niha paNa amerikI zAhIvAdatA hatA, tenI ya hirAzimAnA adanA mAnavIne jANa nahAtI. eTA nadInI sAta zAkhAe banAvelA cha TApuo para hirAzimA nagara patharAyuM hatuM. nagaranA madhyabhAgamAM hirAzimAnI cAra lAkhanI vastIne pANA bhAga vasatA hatA. hireAzimAnAM kArakhAnAM ne parAM, zaheranI kinArIe para aMdhAyAM hatAM. dakSiNe khaMdara hatuM ane riye hateA. traNa bAju para DuMgaramAnI mekhalA pharatI hatI. evA sAta nadI enA nagara para 1945nA mAgasTanA chaThThA divasanI savAre ATha vAge ame rikAe eTamoAM phe kayA. zImA hospiTalanI dakSiNa pUrvamAM lagabhaga ekasA ne pacAsa vAra para eTamamebanuM nizAna takAyuM, e nizAna AkhuM nagara hatuM. eka nagara para eka eba paDyo ane... ! nagaranA ekathI bIje cheDe eka jhabakArA deDayA. eka ekanI ImA ratanI divAla para pIchI calAvatA eka citArA paDachAyA banIne jaDAi gayA. vijJAnanA myujhiyama tarapha gADuM hAMkavA dheDAne cAbuka ugAmelA eka hAMkaDuM hAtha ugAmIte paDachAye banele zekAI gayA. eka pathArImAM jhabakI jAgatI mAtAnA ratana cUsatA bALaka sAthe jIvananAM amI paNa saLagI gayAM. evAM aneka para meAtane jhabakArA asAdhAraNa jhaDapI banyA. evA dhaDAkAvALA aNubheAMba hirAzimA para jhIMkAyA. hizimAnA zarIra para agnijhALa UDatI deDI. hiMzimAAM raheThANa eka jhabakArAmAM dharAzAyI thayAM. hirAzimAnAM 81

Page #663
vizva itihAsanI rUparekhA 642 ' chAparAM te rAMcaracIlAM UDavA mAMDayAM. hirAzimAnI divAlo ane pATaDA UDI UDIne dUra paDayA. hiMzimAnI dharatI para phrAMtarAM anelAM mAnavI-zarIra TAyAM, kayAM ane paDachAyA jevAM UDayAM. hirAzimA paranAM jIvanakalevAmAM gAmA kiraNA vidha pADIne peDhAM. hADakAMnI aMdaranA phrAsasa DiyA ekaTIva ' anyA ane temAMthI khITA karNeA nIkaLyA. hADakAMnI aMdaranA merA paNa na jaNAya tema bhedAi gayA. zarIreAnI aMdaranAM lohImAM dheALAM paramANue saLagI gayAM. hirAzimAnA kalevara para mAthAnA vALa mULamAMthI UkhaDI gayA. hirA zimAnA zarIramAM vyAdhi krUratA thayA. strIonA garbha chUTI gayA. mAsika aTakAva aTakI gayA ane puruSA vIhIna banyA. eziyAnA jAAna dezanA eka hizimA para amerikI zAhIvAdanA eka aNubheAMba pheMkAyA. nagara, tyAre saLagatuM, lAhI-nIgaLatuM, dhavAeluM, ekalAkha mAnavIonI lArA khaDakatuM ane ekalAkha maratAMnA citkAra karatuM hirozimA AdhAta pAmIne dharAtala para TaLavaLatuM, zuM thayuM te nahi samajatuM, avAka banyuM. nagarane vadha thayA. mAtanA palakArA jevI eka ja paLamAM enA virATa denA kALajAmAM kAie khUnI paMjo parAvIne enA, nagara mAnavIneA, nAgarika banele AtmA kADhI lIdhe. eka ja paLamAM enuM citta thabhI gayuM. eka ja paLanA eka jhaba kArAmAM enA saMskRtinA badhA sAja kheALAi gayA. eka paLamAM ja hirAzimAnuM jIvana jhaMkhavAI gayuM. amerikI zAhIvAde A nagarapara utArelI meAta nIce eka paLamAM khadhI lIlAtarI saLagI gaI hatI, dharanAM khaMDiyereza thayAM hatAM. eka dharanA bhaMgAramAM khIjA dharanA bhaMgAra bharAtA hatA. zerIoe kAyApalaTa karI hatI. TelIphonanA bhalA vALanI serAnI jema gUMcavatA ADA thayA hatA. sAkAi pula parathI agana-jhALanI vikarALa laTa UDatI dekhAtI hatI. AsAnA AgamAM paDatA AkhaDatA paDachAyA pesatA hatA. saLagatAM khaMDiyerAmAM sutelAMnI yAda karatu kAI vikarALa banIne joI rahetuM hatuM. nagara mAnavene gabhIra dhavAyelA deha agni jhALatA dAha pAmyA hatA, enI vedanAne pAr nahAtA. pote ane hAthamAM peAtAnI mamatAne majabUta pakaDI hoya tema lehI nIgaLatA saMdha-jana hAthaUMcA rAkhIne mahAvarA khanIne doTa detA hatA. keTalAMya ekatAM AgaLa doDatAM hatAM ane paTakAI paDatAM hatAM. keTalAMya navasrAM naranArIenA deha para kASThanI ekalI TApI ja rahI gaI hatI, keAInA akhADAnAM cImaLAyelAM puSpA ja namra deha paranAM AkharI AbharaNa banIne laTakI rahyAM hatAM. keTalAya mAnava-AkAza mamatAnAM poTalAM laIne doDatAM gabaDatAM hatAM. keTalAMya

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aNuyuganuM udaghATana 143 zarI motanI mahephilanI pareDa karatAM hoya tema sIdhe mAthe akkaDa cAlatAM jotAM chatAM dekhatAM nahotAM. keTalAMya mAnavI caherA para koI paNa jAtanI lAgaNInI eke rekhA bAkI rahI nahotI. vadha pAmatA nagaranI chabI pralaya pAmIne jIvananI mamatAnA taMtue taMtumAMthI kaMpI uThIne vadha pAmavAnI kriyA karatI pralayanA agnirUpamAM upara taLe thatI hatI. tyAre Aje A dhaDAkAthI have agnijhaLa jevA pavananA jhapATAo ekAeka AkhA bAgane pAyAmAMthI hacamacAvI nAkhatA hatA. hirozimA para caDhelAM ghaLane dhUvAnAM gharamAMthI pANInAM phera pheMkAvA mAMDyAM. nagaranuM rU5 mota pAmatA jagata jevuM banI gayuM. " AkhI duniyA para... AkhA jApAna para.. ane AkhA hirAzimA para, amerikI zAhIvAde lAkho vimAnamAMthI gesalInanA varasAda varasAvavA mAMDyA che...ane amerikAnI mahelAte sivAya badhuM saLagI javAnuM che' bolatI ekvA AkhAya nagaramAM cIse pADatI hatI. moTAM jhADo jamIna para paTakAvA mAMDyAM hatAM, DALIo havAmAM UDavA lAgI hatI. AkhA nagara para UDatI jhaMjhAvAtanI ghUmarIomAM hirozimAnA bhaMgAramAMthI kAcanA kaTakA, bArIonI TukaDA, kAgaLonA DUcA, dhULa ne dhUvAnA goTA UDavA lAgyA. hirozimAnI dharatI para zaba sUtAM hatA. hirozimAnI vastImAM eka ja paLa pahelAM mAnavatA virahatI tyAM maDAM chavAyAM hatAM. hirozimAnI nadIenAM pANI para maDAM taratA hatAM. hirozimAM have nagara nahotuM, smazAna banyuM hatuM. eka ja paLamAM A nagara rupanI lIletarIne paNe paNe Aga lagADIne amerikana zAhIvAda amerikI saMhArane hirozimAnI mAnavatA para varasAvI pADyo hate. amarikI zAhIvAdanA vijetA ratha pALa baMdhAyele vaijJAnika hirozimAnI mAnavatA paramelI vidyA banIne vidhAtaka thaIne, mAnavajAta sAme aparAdhI banI cUkyo hate. tene

Page #665
644 viva ItihAsanI rUparekhA | hirozimAnI janatA para hevAniyatanuM hathiyAra dharele zAhIvAdanA rUpane varele amerikI pramukha sumena AkAzavANI bolyo ke "ame pheMkele e beba aNuba che. TI-ena-rInA vIza hajAra TanathI paNa enI saMhArazakti vadhAre che. jANe zAhIvAdanI hevAniyatane A avAja hirozimA para smazAnane sAda banate hate. e nagara-smazAnamAM eka gharanA eka reSyiA pAse jIvatI beThelI eka strI e sAMbhaLatI hatI tyAre ja agninA ociMtA kaMpathI dhULa UThatI maraNa pAmatI hatI. enA hAthamAM rumAla gUMthavAnA derAmAM parovAyela hAtha ane hAthamAne saLiyo temane tema rahI jatA hatA. pachI ogasTanAM 9mA dIvase savAramAM agIAra vAgyA pachI be miniTe jApAnanA nAgAsAkI nagara para bIjo eTabaMba paDe. pachI tarata ja hIrahITano kaMgALa avAja jApAnI vAyumathaka parathI saMbhaLAya. zahenazAha pote pitAnI rajavADI jamAnAnI nAkAbaMdhIo pAchaLathI itihAsamAM pahelI ja vAra pitAne devatAI avAja sAMbhaLavAnI jApAnanA sAmAnya lekane taka Apato hato ke "ApaNuM zahenazAhata ane sAmrAjyanI AjanI dazA para UMDe vicAra karyA pachI ApaNe bInazaratI samAdhAna karavAnA nirNaya para AvyA chIe." | hirozimAM zuM hatuM? eka nagara jevAM bIjAM nagaro hatAM tevuM ja e nirdoSa nagara hatuM. jema dareka nagaramAM nirdoSa janatA vasatI hoya che, tevI ja nirdoSa mAnavatA emAM paNa vasatI hatI. hirozimAnAM naranArIone hirozimAnAM bALakabALakIone, ane hirozimAnAM saMgrahasthAno, devaLe, zALAo, davAkhAnAM ane ekaeka gharabArane saMhArI nAkhavA amerikI zAhIvAda pharamAna bolyo hate.evAMja pharamAna, jaMgIsa ne sikaMdara, taimura ane nAdira ItihAsamAM balI gayA hatA. amerikana, zAhIvAdI yuddhanuM nizAna, mAnava samudAya bIjuM vizvayuddha have aMta pAmavA mAMDayu hatuM tyAre, jyAre bIjA vizvayuddhamAM hiTalaranI phAsIvAdI dharIvALA yuddhanAM cakrone, sTAlInajhADanAM pADa mAMthI hAMkI kADhIne jyAMthI e nIkaLyuM hatuM tyAM balIna sudhI pAchuM haTAvI devAmAM AvyuM hatuM tyAreja, tUTI paDatA jApAna para, pitAno kabaje ekadama meLavI levA mATe tathA AkhA jApAna para amerikana zAhIvAdanuM zAsana sthApI devA mATe jApAnamAM A be nagarano amerikAe eTaba nAkhIne saMhAra karI nAkhyo. pachI hirozimA ane nAgAsAkInA zaba para ubhelA, amarikI zAhIvAdanA senApati meka Arthare jApAna para kabajo dhAraNa karyo.

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aNuyuganuM udaghATana bIjA vizvayuddhanA aMtamAM ja A rIte amerIkana zAhIvAde pitAnI zAhIvAdI murAdanI jAherAta aNubeba phoDIne karI tathA, jagata pAse ubhI thaelI paristhitine pheTa karI dIdhuM. A paristhitinuM rupa amerikana khyAla pramANe e aMkAyuM hatuM ke jagate kAMte, zastra sajja evA amerikana zAhIvAnuM zaraNa svIkArI levuM athavA teNe ANuoMbanA amerikana AkramaNa nIce smazAna banI javuM. A paristhitinuM amerikana svarUpa, svAtaMtryanA jAheranAmA pachI have bIlakula badalAI cUkyuM hatuM. te samaye te enuM kSetraphaLa 386,000 corasa mAIlanuM hatuM. paNa pachI eNe tarata ja pitAne mATe uttara-pazcima taraphane pradeza paDAvI lIdho. pachI eNe 1803 mAM luIsIAnI A pradezanI janatAne phAMsa pAsethI kharIdI lIdhI ane phalerIDAnA paNa e ja hAla karyo. ane tarata ja 1835mA Tekasasa pradezane eNe japta karI lIdhuM ane eregAMva pradeza salAha karIne paDAvI lIdhe. pachI 1848mAM mekasiko sAthe yuddha karIne enI jhonA, nyumekisaka tathA kelIpheniyA paDAvyA ane bIje trIsahajAra corasa bhAIlane deza taravAranI aNu dharIne nAmanI kiMmate kharIdI lIdhe. ema 1776thI 1853 sudhImAM amerikI zAhIvAde pitAne hato tethI AThagaNuM cerasa mAIla jeTale pradeza paDAvI lIdho. A rIte ja tyAre 19mAM zatakanA bIjA vibhAgamAM eNe raziyana jhAra pAsethI alAskA lIdhe ane speInane harAvIne phIlIpAInsa ane pArTIrIkenA pradeze pakaDI lIdhA. eNe pachI havAI TApuo tathA panAmAnI AsapAsanA pradeza paNa paDAvyA.eNe ogaNIsamA zataknA Akhara varasamAM ene mULa pradeza karatAM dazagaNe pradeza paDAvI lIdho. bIjA vizvayuddhanA aMtamAM ja jANe A aNuboMbanA dhaDAkA jevuM rAjakAraNa amerikana zAhIvAde dhAraNa karI lIdhuM ane jAhera karI ame lekazAhIne dALa, athavA "Arasela opha DemokresI" chIe. ema kahIne eNe AphrikA ane eziyA para aneka rUpavALA AkramaNe karavAnI taiyArI karavA mAMDI. ema karavA eNe eziyAnAM nAgAsAkI ane hirozimA nAmanAM jApAnanAM nagaranuM khUna karI nAkhIne jApAnane gulAma banAvI daIne, jApAnamAM paNa "Arasenela epha DemokrasI" nAmanuM zAhIvAdI rUpa khulluM mukI dIdhuM.

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hiMdImahAsAgaranuM rASTramaMDaLa ane AphrikAnuM utthAna [ pUrva ane pazcimanuM milana-pUrvanI vimuktine AraMbhahiMdI mahAsAgaranuM rASTramaMDaLa-hiMdI mahAsAgara ane hiMda-hiMdImahAsAgara paranI zAhIvAdI cokIo-jApAnathI siMgApura sudhI siMgApurathI eDana sudhI-eziyAparanAM zAhIvAdI mathaka tUTavA mAMDyA pachI-AphrikA paranAM mRgajaLata AphrikA athavA dakSiNa AdikA-vizva ItihAsane saMskAra saMgrAma, pUrva AphrikA athavA kenyA-phesIMga" mAunTa kenyA-jo kenyATAnI saMskAra hilacAlauttara AphrikA athavA phreMca AphrikA-morekTa ane TayunIzIyAAphrikAnI agniparikSA, elajIrIyA-saMyukta rASTrasaMgha ane elajIrIyA-vIzamAsaikAnA be bAMdhavakhaMDa, eziyA--Aphrika. ] pUrva ane pazcimanuM milana pUrva, pUrva che ane pazcima, pazcima che tathA bannenuM milana zakaya nathI evI aphavA, yuropanA zAhIvAdI jagatamAM be saikAothI zarU thaI hatI. paraMtu e ja samayamAM pazcima eTale yurepakhaMDane vahivaTa, utthAnayuganI racanA karIne tathA udyoga krAntinI ghaTanA ghaDIne ane zAhIvAdI svarUpane dhAraNa karIne, pUrvanA pradeza para teNe pitAnuM milana zarU karI dIdhuM hatuM. A milana keIpaNa prakAranuM snehasaMmelana ke saMskRtinuM saMmelana nahatuM paraMtu zAhIvAdI AkramaNanA svarUpavALuM e milana hatuM. A milanamAM pUrvanA eTale eziyA AphrikAnA pradeza pazcimanI parAdhInatA nIce athavA rAjakIya ane Arthika pakaDa nIce pakaDAyA hatA ane temanA para temanA zeSaNanuM A milana hatuM tathA baLajabarInA tamAma prakAre vaDe, A milananuM rUpa cAlu rahyuM hatuM. pachI A zAhIvAdI vahivaTanA paripAka tarIke vIsamA sikAnA pahelA cAra dazakAmAMja be vike yudhe AvI paheca. A vizvayudhdhAe, mAnava jAtane saMhAra karyo tathA tenI mAlamatAnI khAnAkharAbI karI. paNa temAM zAhIvAdI ghaTanAnA baMdha paNa DhIlA paDI gayA. zAhIvAdI racanAnA AkramaNa vyavahAra sAme eziyA AphrikAnI vimuktinI hilacAlee, pratikAranI hilacAla zarU karI dIdhI. pazcimanA zAhIvAda ane pUrvanI vimukti A navA tabakkAmAM pazcima yuropanI zAhIvAdI sattAo tathA amerikana zAhIvAde pitAnuM nAma, lekazAhIo athavA mukata deza athavA pazcimanI

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jayada ciraghAnIstA pazavase . kaMdahAre pAro cIjha kalekawikh nAgAsA kAgaDAI nAnIga ijita balacIja dI haiM gavA amadAvAda banArasI lala memara maste - shThA baTana " muMbaI DAInAna 'arabI sevA: sa * baMgaDoda InDI pIna ba3,lora , tenI sudAna anAmAna ke S jitpta nabA sebasoniyA asAImena sImAlI le. Vuoio SiG sina nIkobAra. malAyA. dI mahIsAgara - soyA kapa hiMdI mahAsAgaranuM rASTra maMDaLa ane AphrikA

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48 vizva itihAsanI rUparekhA O saMskRti evuM pADavA mAMDayuM hatuM. zAhIvAdI rItarasameAne temaNe A navAM nAma nIce tathA tenA uparalA dekhAvA nIce saMtADavAnA ane TakAvI rAkhavAnA navA tarIkA yAvA mAMDayA. zAhIvAdI lokazAhIonuM A navuM mALakhuM nAmamAMja navuM hatuM. pazcimanI A zAhIvAdI sattAoe aDhAramA ane egaNIsamA saikAmAM zikArInI karapINatA dhAraNa karIne paNu, vijJAna ane udyoganI saMskRtine purvanA dezone parAdhIna banAvIne temanA para baLajabarIthI lAvA mAMDI hatI. eTalA pUratA zAhIvAdI AkramaNAe A pachAta pradeza para pragatizilatAnA dhakakA dIdhA ja hatA. A dhakakA devAmAM temanA kAi zubha Azaya ke kalyANakArI irAdo hatA ja nahIM. temane te A pradezanuM zoSaNa karavA mATe ja te jarurI hatuM. A zAhIvAdI prakriyAe ema karatAM karatAM pUrvanA prAcIna jIvana paranI caDhI gaelI saikAenI dhULane nirdaya rIte utaraDI nAkhI hatI tathA tenI prAcIna saMskRtine ayalAyatana rUpamAMthI hacamayAvIne sacetana banAvI hatI. eziyA AphrikAnI mAnava jAtatI pragatimAM zAhIvAdanA A aitihAsika phrALA dhaNA moTA hatA. paNa e phALA lAkazAhIne lIdhe nahAtA devAya! paNa sAmrAjya vAdanI jarUriyAtane lIdhe hatA. evA jamAnAvALA e yuga have vahI gayA hatA. zAhIvAdanu e vizvayuddha nipajAvanAruM vahivaTItaMtra jagatabharamAM have jIvananI pragatine ruMdhanAru khanI cUkayuM hatuM tenI sAme eziyA AphrikAnI eka samayanI pachAta prajAe, trimukitanAM AMAlatA jamAvatI pagabhara banatI hatI. vizrvatihAsamAM udabhavI uThelI A binA navI hatI. vizvaitihAsamAM pravezatA punA pradezA pUrvanA pradeza have A vimuktinI hilacAlane dhAraNa karIne potAnI nUtana kAyApalaTamAM temaNe recakrAntie ane yuropanA utthAnayuge tathA, amerikana svAta Mtrya saMgrAme ane rUsI sAmAjika krAntie dIdhelAM jIvanavahivaTanAM leAkazAhI mUlyAne svIkAravA mAMDayAM hatAM. have zAhIvAdI pazcimI yurApa ane amerikana zAhIvAda peAtAnA suvaNaeNnA DhagalAne ja saMsva mAnIne acalAyatana jaDatA dhAraNa karIne besI paDayA hatA. Aje khabbe vizvayuddhanA aparAdhIbhAra pachI paNa A sAmrAjyavAda peAtAnI lAkazAhI para zastrasAjanA DhagalA ja khaDakayA karatA hatA ahIM AgaLa, athavA e atihAsika parisimA AgaLa, pUnA pradeza, vimuktinI hilacAlane dhAraNa karIne AgaLa vadhavA mAMDayA hatA. pazcimIyureApa ane amerikI zAhIvAda have pragati virodhI anyA hatA ane pUrvanA mahAnadezA pahelIvAra pAtAnI a!jhAda asmitA sAthe pragati karavA mAMDayA hatA. vizva-itihAsamAM A navuM svarUpa praveza karavA mAMDayuM hatuM.

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hiMdI mahAsAgaranuM rASTramaMDaLa ane AphrikAnuM utthAna vizva-itihAsanuM nUtanadhAma-hiMdImAsAgaranuM rASTramaMDaLa evA A A nUtana samayamAM, pUrva sAthe saikAo pachI pUrvanuM milana thatuM hatuM. eka samayanA saMskRtinA e pitAmahadezo prAcIna mAnavajAtanI sarakAra ghaTanA ghaDIne saikAonI samAdhi cheDatA hatA. A deza hiMdImahAsAgaranA kinArA opara, ekamekanA khabhekhabhA aDADIne ubhA hatA tathA parasparanA baMdhubhAvanI rASTrakaDIonI jIvana bhAvanAvALA hatA tevuM bhAna pahelIvAra pAmatA hatA. zAhIvAdI aMdhArarAtrimAM saue sarakhI yAtanAo anubhavyA pachI Aje A rASTramaMDaLa para nUtanabhAnanI baMdhubhAvamaya uSmA jAgI uThatI hatI. hiMdI mahAsAgara ane hiMda cArasone cAlIsa varasa sudhI hiMdImahAsAgara para thaIne hiMdImahAsAgaranA rASTramaMDaLa jevA eziyA ane AphrikAnA rASTro para yurepanAM zAhIvAdI hakumatakhAnAMone amala cAlyA karyo. A amala nIce A aneka rASTronuM bhAna zAhIvAdI othAra nIce dabAyeluM rahyuM. hiMda cIna, IjIpta, IrAna, vigere aneka rASTro jyAM eka samaye vizALa sAmrAjyanAM vahivaTItaMtravALAM banI gayAM hatAM te rASTro jANe parasparanA astitvane bhUlI gayA hatA ! bhayAnaka evI bhedanItie A rASTromAM prajAjanone muMgAM kareDe, athavA parAdhIna neTavenuM nAma ApIne pitAnAM zoSaNataMtro A rASTropara zarU karyo, hatAM. A tamAma rASTranA kinArA, dha hiMdI mahAsAgara paNa jANe bhUlAI gaye hato. A mahAsAgaranA astitvane prAcIna hiMdubAdazAhate "himavata samudra paryantama' kahIne uvekhyuM hatuM. kauTiye karelI cakravartinI vyAkhyAmAM paNa cakravatinuM zAsana mahAsAgara para hovAnuM bhAna nahotuM. mogala bAdazAhata pAse paNa kaI tAkAtavAna nokAkhAtuM hatuM ja nahIM. naukAkAphalAnI tAkAtavALI hiMdI mahAsAgaranI asmitA kAlIkaTa, malabAra ane AMdhra pradezanA kinArA rAjyamAM ja hatI ane temaNe e tAkAtathI, phiraMgI valaMdA, phreMca ane briTIza zAhIvAdanAM AkramaNono AraMbhamAM aMgata rIte sAmane karyo hato. pachI te hIMdI mahAsAgara paNa cira nidrAmAM acetana banyuM. paraMtu hiMdI mahAsAgaranI hindanA kendrIya vahIvaTa karelI avagaNanAne lIdhe jyAre A zAhIvAdI AkramaNee bhAratanA samudra kinArAo paranAM kamADa TharyA tyAre te ughaDI gayAM ane hiMdImahAsAgara paranI A mahAna ane vizALa evI bhAratanI bhUmipara A badhA AkramaNoe pitAnI koThIo nAkhIne pachI A AkhAya dezane hIMdImahAsAgara paranA tamAma rASTrone ane samudrane pitAnuM saMsthAna 82

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350 vizva itihAsanI rUparekhA banAvI dIdhA. A AkhA hiMdI mahAsAgara para parAdhInatA lAvAnAM AkramaNAnI jALa temaNe bhAratane sasthAna anAvIne tenA parathI AkhA rASTra samuhapara phelAvI dIdhI. eziyAparanI zRMkhalA banelA, hiMdImahAsAgara hiMdImahAsAgara para peAtAnI lazkarI chAvaNI nAkhIne, hiMdImahAsAgarapara pAtAnA naukA kAphalA sthApI daIne, kinArAo paranA potAnA aMkuzane jALavI rAkhIne temaNe A rASTra samuhanI gulAmIne sAcavI rAkhI. hiMdImahAsAgara parathI zAhIvAde eziyAnA ane AphrikAnA AkhA parAdhIna jagata para cAkIe gAThavI dIdhI. pAsiphika ane eTaleTika mahAsAgarAthI je rIte hiMdImahAsAgara judo paDe che te tenI mahA vizALa evI kinArA paranI rASTrasamuhanI racanA che. eziyA AphrikAnA A aneka rASTrAne DAbe jamaNe dhAraNa karanArA mahAsAgaranA madhyamAM bhArata deza eka hajAra mAIla sudhI eTale kaeNpa kAmeArIna sudhI, aMdara potAnI bhUminI aNine lakhAve che. bhAratanuM A bhaugolika rUpa, A mahAsAgaranI aitihAsika bhavyatAnAM dana karAve che. bhAratanA A hiMdImahAsAgaranA kinArA, be hAra mAIla sudhI ekathI khIjA cheDA sudhI lakhAyelA che. pazu hiMdanI bhUmi vaDe nAma dhAraNa karelA A vizALa mahAsAgaramAM bhArata para damaNu ane dIva sivAya kAI najadIkanA TApue nathI. hajArA mAila dUranA zAhIvAdI pATugAlanA A TApue,pATu gAlanA eka vibhAga che evI mAnavajAtanI nItimatAnuM apamAna karanArI hakIkata AgaLa dharIne, phiraMgI zAhIvAde amerikana zAhIvAdanA AzarAne lIdhe tene Aje paNa potAnI pakaDa nIce jakaDI rAkhyA che tathA bhAratapara hiMdImahAsAgaramAMthI ja zAhIvAdI AkramaNanI saMskRti virodhI khadakhAne eNe jALavI rAkhI che. A be TApue uparAMta hIMdanA e TApuemAM AMdAmAnanA TApu, Aisa mAIla dUra paDayA che. hiMdI mahAsAgara paranI zAhIvAdI pakaDa mahAna rASTranA meTA kAphalAne potAnA kinArApara dhAraNa karIne paDelA, AphrikAnA kinArAthI te siMgApura sudhInA rASTramaMDaLanI saMskRtinA ItihAsanA mahAsAgara banIne, jagatabharanI ativizALa mAnava vastIne dhAraNa karelA, A hiMdImahAsAgarapara Aje paNa aMgrejI zAhIvAdanI Akramaka chAvaNIo paDelI che. zAhIvAdanI naukAenI chAvaNIne sAcavI rAkhIne A rASTrasamuhanI vimuktine kacaDI rAkhavA prayatna te kare che. eTale ja Aje A tamAma

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hindImahAsAgaranu` rASTramaDaLa ane sAthiyAna -382009, 651 deze parathI aMgrejI zAhIvAdI Akramaka pakaDane hIdImahAsAgara parathI dUra haDaselI devAnA prayatne vimukatarASTrAe zarU karavA mAMDayA che, kAraNa ke jyAM sudhI zAhIvAdI AkramaNa ane daramyAnagIrInAM lazkarI svarUpone hiMdImahAsAgaranA tamAma kinArA parathI eDanathI te sigApura sudhI, pAchAM haTAvI na devAya tyAM sudhI A rASTra samuhanI vimukitanuM rUpa bhayamAM che ja. jApAnathI si MgApura sudhI jApAnanA kinArAemAM teA amerikana zahIvAdanI Akramaka hakumata jApA nanI vimukitanA upahAsa karatI bIjA vizvayuddhanA aMtamAM ja gAThavAI gaI che. cInanA kinArA para heAMgakegamAM aMgrejI zAhIvAda kheThA che tathA phArmAMsAnA TApu eja cIna deza che ema kahIne rA'dhanI pazu zaramajanaka sthiti karI mUkanAra amerikana zAhIvAde cInanA eka dezadrohIne peAtAnA khAMdhIyA banAvIne, peAtAnA naukA kAle ane yatraAyudhA e TApu para gAvI daI te game tyAre cInapara AkramaNa karavA mATe phArmAsAmAM peAtAnA rakSaNu heThaLa ane cInanA duzmana tarIke tene besADI rAkhyA che. Aje sigApuranI paNa evI ja hAlata che. hiMdImahAsAgaranA A ati mahatvanA mathaka para aMgrejI zAhIvAde peAtAnI pakaDane jALavI rAkhavA AkhA malAyA pradezapara sahAranI kAryavAhI cAlu rAkhI che tathA siMgApurane AjhAdIneA kAipaNa adhikAra ApavAneA inkAra karI dIdhA che. sigApurathI eDana sudhI A siMgApurathI AgaLa vadhIe te, malAyAmAM aMgrejI zAhIvAdanI maDAgAMThe, Akhara sudhI malAyAnA kalevara para jaLeAnI jema ciTakI rahevAnI jAherAta karI che. prAdezanAM jaMgale, A zAhIvAdI daramyAnagIrI vaDe, bhayA kula banyAM che. sIAma pradeza para aMgreja ane amerikana zAhIvAdanI daramyAnagIrIe vimukitanI kAipaNa hilacAlanI hastIne nAqhuda karI nAkhavAnAM kAvatarAMpara tyAMnA eka dezadrohInI AgevAnI besADI daI ne, tene mAla pImulate, pAtAnA parama mitra ane lekhaDI purUSa tarIke jAhera karyAM che. vimukitanI hilacAlane kacaDavAnI A kSAhIvAdI kAryavAhIee, dakSiNa rIyAmAM sIMgamAna-rI tathA phArmAMsAmAM, cyAMga-kAzakane ane sIAmamAM mAla pIkhunna nAmanA A badhA potAnA lekhaDI mAnavAne, athavA rAmeTAne AgaLa dharyo che. sIleAnanI vimukitane paNa temaNe eka kATelavALAnA adhikAra nIce bhayajanaka dazAmAM mUkI dIdhI hatI parantu sIsAnanI prajAe e nitine paDakArI che. e nAna

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u52 : - vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA kaDA TApue pitAnI vimukitanI sAcavaNI mATe baMdara nAyakanI AgevAnI nIce kela ane Trake mAlIparanAM pitAne tyAMnAM aMgrejI zAhIvAdanAM naukA mathakane nAbuda thaI javAnI mAgaNI uThAvI che. A lazkarI thANuo parathI ja aMgrejI zAhIvAde, bIjA vizvayuddha pachI, brahmadezanI ane malAyAnI vimukitane khatama karI nAkhavAnAM AkramaNa karyA hatAM. - have bIjA cheDA para hiMdImahAsAgarane kinAre najara nAkhIe to eDana paranI aMgrejI zAhIvAdanI pakaDa AphrikAnI Araba prajAone bhayabhita banAvI mUkatI dekhAya che. eDana para najara sthApIne ArabarASTra tyAMnI zAhIvAdI Akramaka hakumatane dUra karavA mAge che. tema thAya te ja ArabarASTronI vimukita salAmata banI zake tema che. A rIte hiMdImahAsAgara traNa kinAzaonA rASTrone AvarI le che. Akhe pUrva kinAre Aphrikana pradezane che, dakSiNa kinAre arabastAnano che tathA IrAna ane balucistAnane che. irAnane akhAta paNa Aje amerikana ane aMgrejI zAhIvAdanI pakaDa nIce che. tene A pakaDa nIce lAvavA IrAnI rASTranI vimuktinI hilacAlane aMgrejI ane amerikI zAhIvAde musAdIkanuM patana karanArI ane zAhane modInI karanArI kAvatarAbara daramyAnagIrI karI batAvI che. A banAva ApaNuM dhyAna eDanathI AgaLa, lAla samudra ane bhUmadhyane joDatI suejha nahera tarapha kheMce che. eDanathI te peTe saiyada sudhI Aje aMgrejI zAhIvAdanuM AkramaNa, A sAgarane aMgrejI sarovara tarIke gaNIne, tenA para pitAnI Akramaka nIti AraMbhe che. suejhanI nahera paranA A AkramaNe, IrAnanI vimukitane khaMDita karI nAkhyA pachI Aje ichata para pitAne pajo ugAmyo che. parantu Ichatapara racAtA vizva ItihAsanA raMgarAgane dekhatA pahelAM IjIpta jenI kinArI che, te AphrikA nAmane khaMDa paNa hiMdImahAsAgara mahAna e, samaduHkhI prAcIna bAMdhava khaMDa che te visarAvuM joIe nahIM. pazcimI yurepanAM eziyA paranAM zAhIvAdI mathake tuTavA mAMDayA pachI, pahelA vizvayuddha pachI tarataja bIjuM vizvayuddha AvyuM ane A vizvayuddha pachI, pazcima yuropanA zAhIvAdI dezanI eziyAparanI pakaDa DhIlI thaI gaI. AkhA eziyAparanA badhA rASTromAM navIna rASTravAda, navIja rASTra ekatA ane AjhAdI mATenI rASTra hilacAle jAgI uThI. eziyAnA rASTro eka pachI eka AjhAda thavA mAMDyAM. igleMDa ane phrAnsanI zAhIvAdI pakaDa eziyApara tUTavA lAgI.

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hiMdImahAsAganuM rASTramaMDaLa ane AphrikAnuM utthAna 653 zAhIvAda rItarasamathI pitAne jIvanavahIvaTa calAvanAra pazcima yuropanI jIvAdorI banele paNa eziyA para patharAyelo phAMsIdara have eziyAmAMthI tUTate hate. sauthI jUnA evA aMgrejI zAhIvAda mATe A savAla sauthI moTe hite. eziyA para zAhIvAdI vahIvaTathI aMgrejI jIvana mAletujAra banyuM hatuM. e jIvanavahIvaTa mATe beja rastA khUhalA hatA. eka raste potAnA jIvana vahIvaTane zAhIvAdI tarIke cheDI daIne saMskArI jIvana vahIvaTane dhAraNa karavAne hato. bIjo raste eziyAne badale bIjA koI khaMDa para pitAnuM zAhIvAdI AkramaNa lAdavAno hato. A savAla pazcima yuropanA tamAma zAhIvAdI deze mATe tathA amerikana zAhIvAda mATe paNa hatuM ja. pazcimayurepanA zAhIvAdI dezoe, cazAhIvAdanI AgevAnI nIce tathA, aMgrejI ane phreMca zAhIvAde amerikana zAhIvAdanI AgevAnI nIce, zAhIvAdI vahIvaTane pitAnA svadezomAM TakAvI rAkhavAno vizvasaMhAraka raste dhAraNa karyo tathA eziyAnA je pradezo para pitAnI hakumata TakI rahI zake tema hoya te pradezo para navAM AkramaNuM tathA pitAnI hakumatane TakAvI rAkhavAnI majabuta kAryavAhI zarU karI dIdhI. A zAhIvAdI AkramaNe pitAnI rItarasamanuM navuM nAma "AphrikAne vikAsa" evuM ApyuM tathA junA jagatanI A zAhIvAdI ghaTanA, AphrikA para "vikAsa" karavA utarI paDI. evuM zAhIvAdanuM AphrikA paranuM navA nAmavALuM ane navArUpavALuM AkramaNa bIjA vizvayuddha pachI zarU thaI gayuM. AphrikA khaMDa te yurepano ja eka bhAga che evI bhaugolika preraNuM paNa ene thavA lAgI. A AkramaNe ema jAhera karyuM ke AphrikAnI bhUmi, e te pazcima yurepane eka dakSiNa taraphane vibhAga che. jUnA jagatanI jaLa ciTakIne beThI AvI pazcimI yurepanI zAhIvAdI kAryavAhIe, eziyAnI bhUmi para, malAyAnA pradeza para cITakI rahevAna, madhyapUrvamAM, telanA pradeza para vaLagI rahevAne, ane cIna tathA bhAratanA kAMThA para jUnA vaLagADane pagadaMDo jamAvI rAkhavAne niradhAra karyo. phermosA nAmanA TApu para amerikana zAhIvAda mukAma nAkhyuM. devA para pirayugala zAhIvAdanI cokI beDI. malAyA, para aMgrejI kaThI cITakI rahI. IrAnanI AjhAdInI hilacAlane lehImAM bADI jaIne, irAnanA zAhane pharIvAra gAdI para besADIne, amerikana zAhIvAde IrAnapara vahIvaTa sthApI dIdhuM. A rIte AphrikA ane eziyApara, ane azvapUrva paranI pakaDa jamAvI rAkhIne zAhIvAdI duniyAe AphrikA khaMDa para pitAnuM navuM AkramaNa

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654 vizva itihAsanI rUparekhA AraMbhI dIdhuM, A AkramaNanI AgevAnI levA, aMgrejI amarikI zAhIvAde riphAi sAthe doDavA mAMDyuM. zAhIvAdI vahIvaTanA A svarUpe, cIna ane bhArata jevA virATa rASTromAMthI khatama thayA pachI ane eziyAbharamAMthI pAchuM paDavA mAMDayA pachI have peAtAnI bhayAnaka tRSAne chipAvavA AphrikApara, A zAhIvAdanI vizvavaTanAe amerikana zAhIvAdanI AgevAnI nIce phALa bharavA mAMDI che. AphrikApara dekhAtAM mRgajaLa parantu jagata badalAi cUkayuM hatuM. AphrikAkhaMDa paNa A vizva parivartanamAM pAchaLa rahI javA nahAtA mAgatA. AphrikApara AkramaNa jamAvIne A anaMta vistAravALA khAMDane zeASI javAnA jamAneA have ata pAmatA hatA. chatAM vAstavikatAne nahIM dekhI zakanAra zAhIvAdI jIvanavahIvaTa AphrikAnuM zoSaNa karI jaine TuMpAtA jIvananI jIvAdorI TakAvI rAkhavA nIkaLI cUkayA hatA, tathA, AphrikA para peAtAnI dAnavI tRSAnI icchAemAMthIja dekhAtAM jhAMjhavAnAM jaLa tarapha doDatA hatA. zAhIvAdanI jUnA jagatanI ghaTanAee saikA sudhI jagatanA itihAsa eTale yuropaneAja itihAsa mAnyA hatA. e ghaTanAe eziyA ane AphrikA nAmanA jagatanA e ativizALa khaMDane peAtAnI kSudralAlasAnA piMjarAmAM pUrI dIdhA hatA tathA jagatanA jIvanamAMthI rada khAtala karyAM hatA. A e khaDAne potAnA kArAgAramAM pUrIne eNe babbe vizvayuddhanA vizva saMhAra khelyA hatA. parantu tyArapachI pelA kArAgAranI divAle tUTI hatI. saikA pachI mAnava samudAye A eziyA ane AphrikAnI bhUmi parathI vizvaitihAsamAM peAtAnI beThaka letA hatA. vizvatihAsa havethI ja pahelIvAra sAcA arthamAM vizva itihAsa banatA hatA. bIjA vizvayuddha pachI itihAsamAM AvatA navA khaDa-AphrikA A vratanaTanAne AkAra AjhAda rASTronA svarUpavALA hatA. eziyA AphrikAparanA rASTrA nutana AjhAdInAM svarUpa dhAraNa karatA hatA. AjhAdInAM A svarUpeAmAM eziyA ane AphrikAnI dharatIpara vimukta banatI mAnavatAnA saMcAra zarU thatA hatA. chatAM, paravArI gaelI evI zAhIvAdI jIvanadhaTanA, A nUtana dekhAvate dekhavAnI nA pADatI hatI. A jIvanadhaTanAnuM pazcima yureApanuM ane amerikana zAhIvAdanuM svarUpa, eziyA para vibhAjaka bhedanItine dhAraNa karI rAkhIne AphrikAnA saMpUrNa kabajo TakAvI rAkhavA detu', hatu, ane AphrikAnA anaMta pradezApara dekhAtuM mRgajaLa A lAbhane lalacAvatuM hatuM. tyAre A pazcimI

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hiMdImahAsAgaranu' rASTramaDaLa ane AphrikAnuM utthAna yuropane zAhIvAdI AgevAna caracIla pote, i. sa. 1952nA me mahInAnI 5 mI tArIkhe peAtAnI bhUmipara DAmADALa paristhiti para mITa mAMDatA kahetA hatA, hu layanI cetavaNI ApavA mAguM chuM. ApaNA jIvanavahIvaTa keAi bhekhaDanI kinArI para AvI paDayeA che." | (8 *"The traditions and triumphs of a thousand years are challenged by the ebb of flow of markets in the new swaying world which has sprung up... All that we possess and all our glories might quite rapidly become nothing."

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vikava ItihAsanI rUparekhA vimukta rASTrone trIjo vibhAga jagatanI rAjakIya bhUgoLamAM AphrikA para pahelIvAra astitvamAM AvavA mAMDyuM. vizvaItihAsanuM A ujavaLa prakaraNa moTuM banavA mAMDyuM. cIna bhArata jevA jagatanA be ativizALa dezoe vimukta rA banIne jagatanA nakazApara vizvaitihAsanI navI jhalakano vistAra sauthI moTo banAvI dIdho. tyArapachI A yuga pravartaka racanAmAM AphrikAe paNa umere karavAnI ghoSaNA zarU karI. AphrikAnI kinArI paranA IchArASTra mAMthI vimuktine nAda gAjI uThaze. vizvaItihAsanA A pitAmaha pradeza pitAnA svataMtra jIvananuM prasthApana zarU karyuM. eka ja rAtamAM IchAnI rAjAzAhI khatama thaI gaI ane zAhIvAdI pakaDa nIcethI mUkta banavAnI vimuktinI laData AphrikAnI A kinArI para udaghATana pAmI. zveta AphrikA athavA dakSiNa AphrikA. dakSiNa AphrikA athavA "yunIyana opha sAutha AphrikA ' nAmane pradeza jaramanI, phrAnsa, speina porTugAla tathA svIDana bhegAM maLe teTale moTe che. A pradeza para Aje eka karoDa ane pAMca lAkhanI kALAM mULa vatanIonI tathA pacIsa lAkha gorAM vasAhatIonI vastI che. A pradezanI jamInane moTo bhAga phaLadrupa che, ane havAmAna khuzanumA che. A pradeza para suvarNanA DhagalA nipajAvatI sonAnI khANe che. A suvarNa pradeza paranI badhI khANa, phaLadrapa khetara, tathA tamAma udyogonI mAlIkI sAmrAjyavAdI gorI prajAnI che. yuropanuM sAmrAjya calAvanAra, zAhIvAdanuM rUpa, ahIM vasavA AvelAM pacIsa lAkhagorAM mAnavAnuM che. A pradeza para lokazAhI taMtra che paraMtu lakano artha pelAM pacIsa lAkha gerAM mAnava, eTale ja thAya che. A mAnavone mATe ja, A gorAM mAMnanI ja banelI, ane gorI vasAhatanI ja vahIvaTavALI, pazcimanI saMskRti ahIM lokazAhI nAmanI zAhIvAdI mAlIkI banIne A dharatInAM mAnavasamudA para yAtanA jevo adhikAra calAve che. A vahIvaTI taMtra nIce dakSiNa AphrikA parane badhe mAnava samudAya AvI jAya che. eka karoDa karatAM vadhAre saMkhyAvALo bAjumAnane Aphrikana samudAya A vahIvaTI taMtra nIce che. tyAMnI dharatInAM A mULa vatanIone A dharatI para koI adhikAra nathI. A mAnavone A dharatI para koI nAgarika hakka nathI. A saune mATe pelI pacIsa lAkhanI zaramajanaka lekazAhI ghaTanA nIce A mAno paranuM sitamarUpa nakkI karavAmAM AvyuM che. temanA para ladAyelI pharaje jagata bharanI koIpaNa saMskRtinA svarUpane zaramAvanArI, pazcimanI saMskRtinuM patita nAma dhAraNa karanArI, vahIvaTI ghaTanAe, racI che.

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hiMdImahAsAgaranuM rASTramaMDaLa ane AphrikAnuM utthAna 657 AphrikAnA ahIMnA mAnava samudAya mATe tathA, bhAratathI tyAM gaelAM prajAjano mATe athavA tamAma gaura zivAyanA raMgavALAM samudAya mATe pelI pazcimanI sAmrAjyavAdI lekazAhIe nakkI karelI pharaje che ane zikSAo che. pacIsalAkhanI vahIvaTItaMtravALI sarakArane, A mAnava samudAe keraLA bharavAnA che, bhAre milakataverA bharavAnA che. A saue yuropIyana ucca mAnavane aDI na javAya tevI rIte potAnI jAtane bhaMgIo athavA segregeTeDa' jAtio tarIke pitAnI jAtane svIkArIne temane mATe alAyadI rakhAyelI jagAo para alAyadA vAsamAM vasavATa karavAnuM che. A badhA raMgIna mAnava samudAya athavA bhaMgIo mATe besavAnI pATalIo judI hoya che, bhaNavAnI zALAo judI hoya che, TrAmanI rAha jovAnAM sTenDa, tathA sTezanamAM besavAnI jagAo ane vAhanomAM besavAnI jagAo judI hoya che. bAgabagIcAomAM ke haravA pharavAmAM temane mATe alaga rastAo vigere hoya che. A uparAMta vadhAre zarIra zramavALAM, ochI AvakavALAM, tathA kaMTALA bharelAM kAma karavAnI A samudAyanI pharaja hoya che. A raMgIna samudAyamAM khAsa karIne kALAM mULa vatanI mAna mATe, jamIna paranI khetInI majurI tathA senAnI khANonI aMdaranI majurIne vyavasAya mukhya che. jamIna para kAma karatAM kALAM mAnane pagAra nathI hotuM paraMtu ardha gulAma jevI A mAnanI dazAmAM temane khAvaTI maLatI hoya che. khANamAM pagAra hoya che paraMtu jIvatAM rahI zakAya teTale ja, temane pagAra hoya che. jamIna para khetInI majurImAMnI yAtanAo ane bhUkhamaro jIvaleNa banatAM A mAnanAM ToLAM haMmezAM khANa ane udyoga mathake tarapha vahyA karatAM hoya che. AbhaDacheTanI mAnavabhedI jIvana ghaTanA AbhaDacheTanI A mAnava medavALI jIvana ghaTanAnuM vikarALa svarUpa dakSiNa AphrikAnI dharatI para gerI sarakAranA sAmrAjyavAdI vahIvaTItaMtranA vAssAmAM maLelI jIvana ghaTanA tarIke chAI devAmAM AvyuM che. tiraMgI yuropIya mAnanI A saramukhatyArazAhIe tamAma raMgIna prajAo mATenA bhaMgIvAse nakkI karyA pachI, e prajAomAMthI kaI paNa vyakita amuka pradeza para rahI na zake, tyAMnuM makAna kharIdI na zake, tathA tyAM dukAna vigere. kazuM rAkhI na zake tevA kAnUnane amala zarU karI dIdhuM che. A leke mATe A vahIvaTe "resIyala jhansa' nakkI karI nAkhyA che. A uparAMta A raMgIna prajAonA rojabarojanA jIvana para A bheda ghaTanAnA pratibaMdhe jyAM ne tyAM ghAMcAtA hoya che. A prajAone mATe jema

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vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA alAyadI hoTela tathA vizIo hoya che tema temane mATe dArU pIvAnI sagavaDa paNa sarakAra niyukta IjArAvALI dukAne e ja hoI zake che. A prajAo ane khAsa karIne kALAM mAnanI strIone garAM kuTuMbanAM eThAM mAMjavAnI ane vAsIdAM karavAnI chUTa che. A strIo divasabhara kAma karyA pachI rAtre, oTalAo para athavA gerA mahAlayanI vaMDIomAMnI jhuMpaDIomAM suI zake che paraMtu rAtanA temane purUSavarga temanI sAthe rahe che tevA purUSo para gune lAgu paDe che. A bheda ghaTanAnI vahIvaTI hakumatavALI ApaNuM pRthvI paranI kALI mAnavajAta paranA yuropIya saMskRtivALA gerA vahIvaTamAM ekeeka naranArI ane bALaka bALakIo athavA mULa vatanIone badhe samudAya, bhaMgI kema, gunegAra kema, tathA janmasiddha aparAdhI kema tarIke ja jIvI zake che. emanA jIvananI paLepaLe thatI hilacAla game tyAre game te kAnUnanA bhaMga nIce AvI jAya che. emanuM astitva A bhUmi paranA gera vahIvaTa nIce, nirdoSa sAbIta na thayA kare tyAM sudhI jyAM ne tyAM ane jyAre ne tyAre gunegAra gaNuM zakAya che. A bhayAnaka evI bheda ghaTanA sarvAMgI Akramaka ghaTanA che. A ghaTanAnA vahIvaTI kAnUte, A mAnava samudAyanA nara prANIne, "jIma" evuM nAma enAyata karyuM che, tathA A kAnUnane ghaDanAra yurepanI sAmrAjyavAdI ghaTanAnuM gorI cAmaDIvALuM mAnava prANu, "ma' para game tyAre Akramaka vyavahAra karI zake che. vasAhatI saramukhatyArI sAme loka pratikAra AkhA AphrikA para hakumata dhAraNa karIne beTheluM yuropIya sAmrAjyavAdanuM rUpa se ThekANe saramukhatyArI rU5 che. A svarUpe Arthika AkramaNathI AraMbha karIne, AphrikAnA jIvana para sarvAgI evI saramukhatyArazAhI sthApI dIdhI che. A saramukhatyAra sAmrAjyavAdanuM dakSiNa AphrikAnuM svarUpa vIza lAkha jeTalA gorA mAlIkenuM che. A svarUpe Aje jagatabharamAM ajoDa evuM itihAsanI zaramajanaka pachAtadazAnuM purANAjamAnAnuM, kAmarUpa dhAraNa karyuM che. pazcimanI sAmrAjyavAdI keme athavA zAsaka kome, ahIM tamAma raMgone mAnavasamudAye para temane nIca kAmanA gaNIne temanA para sitama jevo bheda vyavahAra zarU karyo che. A pachAtarUpanA sitamacakra sAme AkhA eziyA ane AphrikAe ane pazcimanAM saMskArI mAnavoe pitAne virodha jAhera karyo che. A pAzavIghaTanA sAme dakSiNa AphrikAnI raMgIna prajAoe, satyAgraha ane savinaya bhaMganI laData zarU karI dIdhI che. A rIte utthAnayuganI uSmA eziyA parathI AphrikAnA pradeza para AvI pahoMcI che. jagatanA ItihAsanI hIlacAlamAMthI ane vimuktinI prakriyAmAMthI

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hiMdImahAsAgaranuM rASTramaMDaLa ane AphrikAnuM utthAna 659 AphrikAne bAkAta rAkhI zakavAnAM sAmrAjyavAdanAM svamo tUTavA mAMDyA che. AphrikAne eziyAne asahakAra ane savinayabhaMgane kriyAsiddhAMta denAra tathA "eziyA choDo" no anAhatanAda jagavanAra gAMdhIjIe A dakSiNa AphrikAnI bhUmi para ja e avAjanI bArAkhaDI ghUMTI hatI. vimuktinI hilacAlanA A mULAkSaro Aje dakSiNa AphrikAnI jamInamAMthI aMkure jevA ugI nIkaLavA mAMDyA che tathA tenI sAme komI evI sAmrAjyavAdI saramukhatyArIe badhI pAzavatAnAM rU5vaDe teno sAmano karavA mAMDe che. AvuM dakSiNa AphrikAnI dharatI para Aje saMgrAmarUpa zarU thayuM che. A pAzavatAnI AgevAna Aje dakSiNa AphrikAmAM malAna sarakAra che. A sarakAre pitAnI komanA vIzalAkha jeTalA gorAone AphrikAmAM eka karoDa vatanIo para gorI. kemanI sAmrAjyavAdI jAlImadhaTanAnI mAlIka saramukhatyArI tarIke sthApI dIdhI che. vizva ItihAsane saMskAra saMgrAma eziyA ane AphrikAe vimuktinI hilacAlanA saMskAra saMgrAmane aitihAsika rIte potAnI jIvana ghaTanAmAM janma ApIne vizvayuddhanA aMtamAM vizva ItihAsamAM praveza karyo. A vizvahilacAlamAM be paribaLo ekabIjAnA AkharI saMparkamAM AvelAM dekhAyAM. A bemAM eka paribaLa jagatanI khAnAkharAbI karanAra saMsthAnika yuddhonI paraMparA sarjanAra, jagatapara bhUkhamare ane rogacALe janmAvanAra, saMsthAne para sitama jevI zAsana ghaTanAo ghaDanAra, vimuktinI hilacAlanA AgevAne para mAthAMonAM InAma jAhera karanAra, ane zeSaNa bhAraphata pitAne tyAM vilAsanA atireka jamAvanAra yuropa-amerikI samrAjyavAdI ghaTanA che. bIjuM paribaLa eziyA AphrikAnI vimuktinI hIlacAlanI ghaTanA che ane tenA sAthamAM, sAmrAjyavAdI dezanI saMskArI mAnava samudAya tathA lokazAhI nAgarike paNa sAmela che.

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660 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA AphrikAnA pUrva pradeza-kenyA AphrikA khaMDanA pUrva kinArAonA pradeza kSetraphaLamAM phrAnsa karatAM meTA che tathA pacAsa lAkha nIAA, tevu hajAra hiMdI ane trIsa hajAra yuropIaneAnI vastIvALA che. A pradezanA traNa paMcamAMza bhAga raNu jevA che ane dakSiNanA dariyA kinArAnA pradeza khUba ja phaLadrupa che. enAM e meTAM nagaro che, nairAkhI enuM pATanagara che ane mAMbAsA baMdaragAha che. . A pradezapara vahIvaTI dRSTie e vibhAga karavAmAM AvyA che. eka * proTekaToreTa' ane bIjo kAlAnI ' che. proTekaToreTa vibhAga daza mAilanI paheALAivALA ane hIdI mahAsAgarane, TAMgAnIkAthI kIthInI ane lAmu TApue sudhI aDelA che. A kenyApradeza para aMgrejI zAhIvAdanuM rAja che. gavanara ane tenI kamiTinI nimaNuka aMgrejI sarakAra kare che. A paradezIzAsananoja kenyApara mATI jamInadArI paNa che. jyAM lADaDIlInIra ekalAkha ekaranA mAlIka che, lArDa plImAutha sADAtraNa lAkha ekaranA jamInamAlIka che, evI tyAMnI jamInadArazAhI che. A uparAMta aneka aMgrejI ka panIo jamInanA moTA pradezanI mAlIka che. dA. ta. isTa AphrikA esTeTa lImITeDa pAse sADAtraNa lAkha ekaranI jamIna mAlIkI che. trIsa hajAranI A gArI vasAhata pAse. pacAsalAkha kALI mAnavatAnI badhI zrama-pedAza aMgata mAlIkI tarIke kAyadesararIte AvyA kare che. A pUpradezaparanI mAnavatAne vasavATa phaLadrupa nahI evI jamInepara rAkhavAmAM AvyA che. AvA krUrajIAta vasavATa mATe krAuna lenDasa eraDInansa ' nAmane vahIvaTI kAnUnane tyAM amala thayeA che. A kAyadA pramANe kAipaNa kALAM mAnavA phaLadrupa jamInapradezanI mAlIkI dharAvI zakatAM ja nathI. A badhI mAnavatAnA peAtAnA verAna vasavATAmAM peTa pUratuM khAvAnuM maLI rahetuM nahI' hAvAthI aMgrejI jamInadArAnI majurI karavA tathA udyogAmAM kAma karavA, kaMgALa evA majurInA darAthI AvavAnI temane pharaja paDe che. A jamIna parane mAnavasamudAya A rIte, dhAsa ane mATInI jhu MpaDIemAM jIMdagI gujAre che, ane kALI majurI kare che. A mAnavAne kAi rAjakIya adhikAra nathI. kAipaNa nIgrA naranArIne pakaDIne veTha mATe mAkalI zakAya che. jyAre ijIptanI naheranA pradezapara lazkarI chAvaNI nAkhIne paDelI aMgrejI vasAhatanI majurI karavAne ijIpazIyana majurAe inkAra karyAM tyAre A pUrva pradezaparathI saMkhyAbaMdha veThIyAMone pakaDI laIne A pradezapara ravAnA karavAmAM AvyAM hatAM.

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hiMdImahAsAgaranuM rASTrama'DaLa ane AphrikAnuM utthAna " chatAM i. sa. 1923thI A pUrva pradezapara paNa vimuktinI namra hilacAla zarU thai cUkI che. i. sa. 1939mAM meAMkhAsAnAM zramamAnavAe peAtAnI bhayAnaka evI kaMgAla jIvanadazA sAme sAmAnya haDatAla pADI hatI. bIjA vizvayuddha pachI AvI hilacAleAnA chUTaka banAve e baMdhAraNIya rUpa dhAraNa karyuM. vimuktinI A vinamra hilacAlanuM baMdhAraNarUpa, " kenyA Aphrikana yunIana " nAmanuM i. sa. 1943mAM dhaDAyuM. samastapUrvanA pradezanI nIgro janatAe A yunIyanane pAtAnuM banAvyuM. AkhA pUpradezapara A mAnavamuktinA utthAnanI dAravaNI karavA A samudAyamAMthI aneka AgevAnA dhaDAyA. A AgevAnAmAM jomA kenyATA, mAthu, gIsurU, khAmIsI, kAinAMga, ane etekAnAM nAma AkhA pradezapara gAjI uThayAM. - phesIMga mAunTa kenyA cha HH 361 tr ', uparanA nAmanuM pustaka eNe hamaNAM ja pragaTa karyuM hatuM. A pustakanA lakhanAra, jomA kenyATA, " nyA Aphrikana yunIananeA " pramukha che. Aje e aMgrejI kAragAramAM jakaDAi gayeA haiAvA chatAM, vimuktinI dhamaNa jevA, leAkajIvanamAM enA prANa dhIkhe che. Aje chellAM cAra varasamAM ja pacAsa lAkhanI vastImAMthI hajArAne gIraphatAra thayA chatAM, tathA seMkaDAne viMdhI nAkhyA, pachI paNa, aMgrejI hukumate jemane aneka jamAnAethI nIgrA rIjhava'mAM jakaDI rAkhyAM hatAM te mAnavA Aje utthAnanI yAtanAmAM chavAI jatA chatAM, vimuktinA niradhArane peAtAnI jIMdagI sAthe vaNI le che. A vATane ja jeNe peAtAnuM jIvana I dIdhuM che te leAkanetAnuM nAma jomA kenyATA che. " phresIMga mAunTa kenyA " paranI jamInapara aneka jhuMpaDAone Azrama jamAvIne e i. sa. 1944thI A dharatI para beThA hatA. jomAkenyATAnI saMskAra hilacAla kIyu nAmanA Aphrikana samudAyamAM ene janma thayA. eNe peAtAnA pradeza paranI gulAma dazA para hukumata dharAvatI gArI prajAonA dezA dekhyA che. tyAM ja eNe A prajAnAM darzana karyAM pachI pAtAnI mA-bheAma paranI A paradezI hakumatI ghaTanAne dUra karavA niradhAra dhaDayA che. pachI i. sa. 1940 mAM eNe A nIradhAranA AkAra dhaDavA mAunTa kenyAnI sAmenA pradeza para, kIyu mAnavAnA vasavATa para peAtAne mukti prayAga zarU karyAM. A prayAganI raMgabhUmi para eka naTa jevA, mATI vizALa AMkhAnI ratAza camakAvatA, seAnerI rIsTa vAca paherelA, vizALa kadanA hAthI jevaDA A pUrva Aphrikana

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vize ItihAsanI rUparekhA mAnava AkharI nIradhAranA paga daMDA je ubhe. ene koIe pUchyuM hatuM ke mAu mAu zuM che ?" tyAre dhIra gaMbhIra najaramAM yAtanAnI ekatAnatA ThAlavate e kahete hato, evuM kaMI ja nathI A dharatI para..e te je ahIM che te, "kAune (K-A-U) garadana mAravAnI tarakIba racIne aMgrejI zAsane bahAranA jagatane bhaDakAvI mUkavAno eka mithyAzabda racyo che. e miyA zakhuM juThANuM jatu raheze ane "kAu" amara chavaze." zuM che, A (K-A-U) kAu?" A dharatImAMthI ugeluM A dharatInI janetAnAM dhAvaNa cUmatuM e amArUM saMgaThana rUpa che. enuM AkhuM nAma "kenyA Aphrikana yunIyana che." kenyA Aphrikana yunIyananA pramukha je kenyATAe AphrikAnI pUrva dharatI para vimukitanI saMskAra hilacAla zarU karI. A hilacAla para vimukitane pAye racavA eNe "kenyA TIcarsa kelejanI sthApanA karI. A vidyApIThano pote pramukha athavA kulapati bane. A kulapatIe, pUrva AphrikA para rASTriya zALAonI racanA karI. A pramukhanI zikSaNa samitioe zikSa ne nUtana abhyAsa krama dhAraNa karyo tathA, AphrikAnI vimukitane saMskAranA A pAyA para goThavI. A zikSaNanuM rUpa leka vyavahAranA zikSaNanuM paNa banyuM. zikSaNanI A krAtiekIbu pradeza para navI jAtanI khetIne kAryakrama apanAvyo. zikSaNa ane leka vyavahAranuM vaijJAnika rUpa ghaDanAra A saMskAra svAmInI rAhabarI nIce vimukitanuM havAmAna racAvA mAMDyuM. zikSaNanA saMskAre navI mAnavatAnI rAhabarI nIce navAM khetarenuM sarajana karyuM. A navA khetaranuM rakhopuM karatA, uttaramAM ubhelA mAunTa kenyA tathA TAMgAnIkAnI bhUrI parvatamALa dakSiNanAM medAna sudhI nUtana uthAnanI umA dhAraNa karatI dekhAya che. A badhAM utthAnanuM kendra pelI zikSaka tAlImanI vidyApITha banI che. A vidyApIThe, eka hajAra vidyArthIo rahI zake ane bhaNI zake tevI jhuMpaDIonI jamAvaTavALI nUtana zALAonI tyAMja racanA karI. eka hajAra vidyArthIone vimukitanuM adhyayana karAvate kulapatI, je kenyATA pUrva AphrikAnA mAnava samudAyane kulapati banyA. tyAra pachI A kulapatie saMskAra vitaraNanA A pAyA parathI, kenyA AphrikA yunIyananI racanA karI ane pote ja A vizALa leka samudAyanI saMsthAnA pramukhapadanI javAbadArI dhAraNa karI. pUrva AphrikA para saMskAra vitaraNanuM rUpa vimuktinI hilacAlanuM banyuM. e hilacAlamAM hajAro yuvAne keda pakaDAyAM. Aje je kenyATA paNa aMgrejI kArAgAramAM jIve che.

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63 hiMdImahAsAgaranuM rASTramaMDaLa ane AphrikAnuM utthAna uttara AphrikAne vimukta rASTra, marake uttara AphrikA para aneka yuddha jItanAra musA-Inta jhubIra, dAmasakasanA khalIphAne, vijayI sAmaMta hatuM. A sAmaMtane eka pratinidhI saradAra mekakenI barAbara jAtIne IslAmika anuyAyI, tArIka nAmane hate, A tAraka i. sa. 711nA eprilanI 28 mIe uttara AphrikA ane yuropa vaccenA eka dariyAI paTI paranA eka khaDaka para utarI paDyuM hatuM. A khaDaka para islAmanI saMskRtine vijaya jhaMDAne repanAra A jAbAla tArIkanA nAma parathI khaDakanuM nAma jAbAlatArIka athavA jIbrAuTara paDyuM. A, tArIke, mekakonI barabara jAtinI islAma senA laIne merekaka parathI speInapara, tyAMnA pachAta lekane saMskRtine pATha samazerathI bhaNuM vavA AkramaNa karyuM. dakSiNa peInamAM pragatizIla barabara senAne vijaya thayo ane speInanI dharatI para, I. sa. 711nA julAImAM saMskRtine jhaMDe ropAye. sAtaso varasa sudhI A spenIza dharatI para zAsana karIne IslAme, peIna ane phrAMsane saMskRtinA jIvataranA padArtha pATha zikhavyA hatA. eja e mere pradeza briTanathI bamaNo maTe che, ane bhUmadhyanA khaDakanA sIdhA kinArAvALe prAcIna rASTra che. A rASTra madhya eTalAsa parvatamALanI sImAderI AgaLa elajIrIyAthI judo paDe che. tyAM dakSiNamAM eTalAsanI varvatamALa A pradezane sahArAnA garama jhaMjhAvAtamAMthI bacAve che. Araba ane barAbara jAtinA lekanuM A vatana che tathA bhUmadhya mahAsAgara para paNa A pradezane phaLadru5 kinAre che. paNa Aphrikana khaMDanA A uttara dvAra para ubhelA pradeza para audyogika krAtinA yurepanAM zAhIvAdI rASTrone dhasAre AvyuM. A pradeza para hakumata sthApavAnI zAhIvAdI harIphAInA AkramaNa nIce enuM patana thayuM ane traNa TukaDA karIne A eka rASTrane yuropanA zAhIvAdee vahecI lIdhe. daza lAkhanI vastIvALo sauthI moTo TukaDo spenIza sAmrAjaye paDAvyo ane te spenIza moroka kahevAya. nava lAkhanI vastIvALo vibhAga phreMca zAhIvAde pitAnA sAmrAjyamAM umerI lIdhuM ane te phreMca mekake kahevAya. deDha lAkhanI vastIvALA morokkane trIjo TukaDe, zAhIvAdI yupe bhegA maLIne saMbhALyo ane tenuM nAma InTaranezanala jhona opha Tenaara paDyuM. A zAhIvAdI ghaTanAe janmAvelAM be vizvayuddha pachI pheMca zAhIvAdanA sAthamAM tyAM amerikana zAhIvAda paNa AvI pahoMcyo, ane A bhUmi para,

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vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA sIsAnI, jasatanI ane telanI pedAza para sarva haka svAdhIna karIne A Arthika zAhIvAdanI audyogika kaMpanIoe hakumata sthApI. A zAhIvAde, kAsAkhyAMkA, AgAdIha ane kayuTA para pitAnAM vimAnI ane naukA mathake bAMdhyAM. paraMtu bIjA vizvayuddha pahelAM ja A prajAe potAnI vimukitanI hilacAla AraMbhI dIdhI hatI. abadula karImanI AgevAnI nIce, A prajAe I. sa. 1920mAM mAMDela, svAtaMtrya saMgrAma AkhA morekakonA havAmAna para vimukitanA AMdalane phelAvI dete hate. pachI bIjA vizvayuddha pachInA vimukitanI hilacAlanA eka pachI bIjA juvALe, phreMca zAhIvAdanI lazkarI divAla para pachaDAtA rahyA. A hilacAlee mekakenA, zAhIvAdI hakumate e pADelA bhAgane bhUMsI nAkhyA. phreMca ane spenIza hakumatanI sImAderI para eka vimukitanI hilacAlanI ekatA sthapAIcUkI. A hilacAlanI ekatAne lIdhe pheMcazAhIvAdane mekakone AjhAdI ApavAnI pharaja paDI. peIna paranI kei saramukhatyArIvALI phAsIvAdI sarakArane paNa pitAnA vibhAgamAM AjhAdI jAhera karavAnI ethI pharaja paDI. A rIte, uttara AphrikA para; pazcima kinAre, I. sa. 1954mAM AphrikAnA uttara pradezanA kamADa para vimukitane nUtana khaMDa pharakI UTha. mekakAnI vimukata mAnavatAnI cUMTelI, AjhAda sarakAre pitAnI AjhadInuM baMdhAraNa racIne pitAne rAjavahIvaTa saMbhALe. uttara AphrikA para, pazcima kinAre, TayunIsIyA A pradezanA kinArA para Isa. ne soLamAM saikAmAM phrAnsa ane pagAla baMnee pitAne pagarava zarU karyo. i. sa. 1827 mAM phAse A pradeza para traNa varasa sudhI dariyAI ghero ghAlyA pachI ekasene traNa yuddha jahAjone A uttara AphrikAnA uttara uMbara pradezane jItI levA ravAnA karyA. A pradeza para sADatrIsa hajAra paMca sainike e bhayaMkara AkramaNa karyuM. tyArapachI A pheMca sarakAre elajIrIyA nAmanA pitAnA saMsthAnamAM aMgrejI zAhIvAda, kaMI paga pesAra na kare te mATe IjIptanI bhUmi para AkramaNa karavA mATe eNe aMgreja sarakArane "lAIna kalIara I. sa. 1904mAM ApI dIdhI, ane pote, elajIrIyA sAtheno TayunIsIyA nAmanA uttara AphrikAne pradeza para pitAnI nAgacUDa bharAvI devAnI bAjI zarU karI. te arasAmAM TayunIsIA parane Akramaka haka ITAlIe 1862thI neMdhAvI dIdhuM hatuM eTalA mATe te ITAlIe yunI. sathI baMdhAyelI aMgrejI relve paNa kharIdI lIdhI hatI. paNa aMgrejI zAhIvAde cazAhIvAda sAthe, bismArka jevA dhuraMdhara rAjapurUSanI sAkSImAM, kaMca paradeza

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hiMdImahAsAgaranuM rASTramaMDaLa ane AphrikAnuM utthAna maMtrI sAthe khAnagI karAra karI nAkhyA hatA. A khAnagI karAra e hatA ke phreMca sarakAre ja TayunIsIyA para kabaje karI le ane badalAmAM sAyaprasa TApu para aMgrejI zAhIvAde kabaje karI le. - A karAra pramANe phreMca AkramaNa TayunIsIyAne sara karavA I. sa. 1881mAM nIkaLyuM. I. sa. 1883 mAM TayunIsIyA zAsana prekaToreTa bane, ane elajIrIyAmAM jema kAMsanA gavarnara janarala nimAye hatuM tema TayunIsIyA para rAja calAvavA mATe kAse eka gavarnara janarala ekalI Ape. AthI Alpasa parvata mALanI dakSiNa dizAne ITAlI dezamAM phAnsanI sAme I. sa. 1881 mAM gussAnuM vAtAvaraNa jAmI gayuM. A gussAmAne gussAmAM ITAlIe AsAba nAmanA irITrIyana pradezanA AphrikAnA baMdara para AkramaNa karyuM ane tenA para pitAno vAvaTo pharakAvI dI. A rIte lAla samudra para eNe IrITrIyAne kabaje lIdhe tathA pachI tarata ja lAla sAgaranA pazcima kinArA para bhAsAvA baMdara para paNa pitAne jhaMDe karakAvI dIdhe, ane huMkAra karyo ke, ebisInIyAnA AkhA pradeza para AkramaNa karavAne pavitra adhikAra have ITAlIne prApta thAya che. be vizvayuddho vItI gayA pachI A vAtane have be vizvayuddhonA mAnava saMhAraka jamAnA vahI gayA hatA. babbe vizvayuddhonI bheTa ApIne AphrikA khaMDanI bhUmi para ciTakI rahevAne phreMca zAhIvAdane niradhAra aMgrejI ane amerikI zAhIvAdanA sAthamAM jAhera thaI gayo hato. A jAherAte AtmanirNayanA rASTrasaMghe svIkArelA tamAma rASTronA adhikAra para aTTahAsya karIne jAhera karyuM ke, "paNa TayunIsIyA te phrAnsanI ja bhUmine eka vibhAga che. bIjA vizvayuddhanI saMhAra ghaTanA pachI jagatamAM AvelI vimukitanI hilacAlamAM uttara AphrikAnAM kamADa para ubhelA TayunIsIyAe ItihAsa ane bhUgaLane upavAsa karanArI ca zAhIvAdI jAherAtane pratikAra vimuktinI hilacAlane AkAra dhAraNa karIne ApavA mAM. A hilacAlanA javAbamAM phreMca-aMgreja-amarikI, zAhIvAde racelI mATe nAmanI lazkarI saMsthAnA Akramaka lazkaravAdanA aMga tarIke kAnsa, TayunIsIyA para saMhAra zarU karyo. paraMtu Akhare, TayunIsIyA ane merokkone AjhAdI ApIne pheMca zAhIvAdane te pradeza parathI mUkAma uThAvI levAnI pharaja paDI,

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vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA TayunIsIyA pachI elajIrIyA AphrikAnI bhUmi para pheMca zAhIvAde tarApa mArIne je sauthI moTo pradeza paDAvI lIdhuM hatuM. tenuM nAma elajIrIyA che. A elajIrIyA jyAM pUre thAya che tyAM sahArAno raNa pradeza zarU thAya che. A raNa pradeza dakSiNa pradeza kahevAya che, ane saharA uparano Uttara pradeza, elajIrIyA che. enuM kSetraphaLa da43,500 corasa mAIlanuM che. A kSetraphaLa, phrAnsa, ITAlI ane skoTalenDa bhegA thAya teTaluM moTuM che. kAMsa dezathI dUra paDe, AphrikA khaMDano A uttara pradeza phAnsadezane pitAnI bagalamAM chUpAvI daI zake teTalo moTo che. AphrikAnI agni parikSA, elajIrIyA. AphrikAkhaMDanA pazcimanA dariyA kinArA para dhanadelatanA bhaMDArovALo phaLadrupa pradeza elajIrIyA. AjathI ekaso vIza varasa para svataMtra hato. A pradezanA DAbe paDakhe merakake deza svataMtra hato. ane jamaNe TayunIsIyA hatuM. A baMne Aphrikana bAMdhava dezonI vacce elajIrIyAne pradeza mahA sAgarane pele pAra sAgaranI pAchaLathI dekhAto hato tyAMthI ja pachI kA dezamAMthI ekavAra tyAMnA, mahArAjA cArlsa dazamAne saMdeza saMbhaLAto hato. A saMdezo e hato ke amuka varase upara, elajarI. AnA rAjAe phrAnsanA eka khepIyAne paMkhA vaDe lapaDAka lagAvI hatI. kAraka R neka rama che

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hindImahAsAgaranuM rASTrama`DaLa ane AphrikAnuM utthAna 480 have ATalA varase phrAnsanA mahArAjA, tyAre thayelA apamAnanuM vera vALavA elajIrIyA para AkramaNa karavA mAgatA hatA. i. sa. 1830 mAM elIjIrIyAnA kAMThA para phreMcazAhIvAdnA Akramaka kAlA laMgarAyA. elajIrIyAnAM mAnavA, AjhAdI khAtara sattara varasa sudhI laDayAM ane parAjya pAmyAM. i. sa. 1847 mAM elajIrIyA phreMca adhikAra nIce AvI gayA, ane A pradeza para phreMca sAmrAjyanA jhaMDA rASAyA. AkhA pradeza para elajIrIyana dharatInuM zeAdhyu zarU thai gayuM. AkhA elajIrIyAnI jamInanI aMdarI dhAtuonI badhI dAlata phreMca zAhIvAdanI mAlakInI banI gai ane ulecAvA mAMDI. AkhA elajIrIyA paranI badhI phaLadrupa jamInapara phrAnsa dezamAMthI dazalAkhanI saMkhyAvALI phreMca gArI vasAhatane pradezapara vasAvavAmAM AvI tathA, A vasAhata A dharatIparanAM humezanAM rAjanyAnA vargabanIne rahevA mAMDayA. paNa jotajotAmAM te eka seA varasanAM vahANAM vAi gayAM. ekase varasamAM yurApanA zAhIvAdIe e vizvayudhdhAnA sahAra A pRthvIpara UtArI dIdho. A sahAramAMthI pasAra thaIne zAhIvAdI kamaThANu DhIluM thai gayu ane temanI eziyA ane AphrikAnI gulAma prajA baLavattara khanIne AjhAdInI asmitAne dhAraNa karIne, vimuktinI hilacAlanI racanA karIne, potapAtAnI bhUmipara, pagabhara thaIne uThI. A prajAee peAtapeAtAnA pradezaparanA zAhIvAdI adhi kAzane AkharInAmAM ApyAM, elajIrIyAe paNa evIja mAgaNInI raNahAka gavIne phreMca zAhIvAdI sarakAranA, sAmrAjavAdI vaDA pradhAnane paDakAra karyAM. barAbara ekase varasa pachI, AjhAdInI laDatamAM punarUtthAna pAmatI i. sa. 1947 sudhImAM, elajIrIyAnI dharatI, nUtana prANuthI dhamadhamI uThI. barAbara Aja arasAmAM, yunIsIyA ane mArAkkoe tathA inheMcIne paNa phreMcazAhIvAda sAme vimuktinI hilacAla ArabI. mArAko ane yunIsIyAmAMthI phreMca zAhIvAda parAjaya pAmIne pAchA haTayA. inDA-cInamAM paNu jIva saTAsaTanI laDAi karIne, phreMca zAhIvAdanAM lazkarAne parAjaya pamADIne, bhagADavAmAM AvyAM. parantu amerikana zAhIvAda inDA cIna paranA aradhA pradeza para phreMca zAhIvAte TakAvI rAkhavA pUratA saphaLa nivaDayeA. yureApanA zAhIvAdanI ghaTanAnA AgevAna, amerikana zAhIvAde racelI zAhIvAdI lazkarI jUthanI nATA nAmanI lazkarI racanAe elajIrIyApara mahAsaMhAra racavAnI tAkAta phreMca zAhIvAdanA hAthamAM mUkI dIdhI. phreMca zAhIvAde cAra lAkhanuM phreMca lazkara amerikana zastrasAthI sajIne elarIyApara utAryuM.

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668 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA pitAnI parvatamALamAM bharAIne, kudaratanA vanavAsanA verAnane svIkAra karIne, mA-bhomanI vimukti mATe laDanArAM paMdara hajAra elajIrIyananI AjhAdInAM laDavaiyAMnI lekaphaja phreMca zAhIvAdanI lazkarI tAkAta sAme ane amerikana zAhIvAdanA zastrasAja sAme mukAbale karavA nIkaLI tyAre I. sa. 1947nI sAla hatI. daza varasathI elajIrIyAe mAMDelA mukti saMgrAma nIce, eMzI lAkha Araba vatanIonAM paMdara hajAra dikarAdikarIoe peTAvelI vimuktinI yeta Aja paryata laDatI rahI che. daza varasanA arasAmAM A vimuktinA saMgrAmamAM bharavastImAMthI uThAvI laIne, hajAre, naranArIo ane yuvAna yuvatione viMdhI nAkhavAmAM AvyAM che. A pradeza paranAM seMkaDe gAmane saLagAvI mUkavAmAM AvyAM che. asaMkhya mAnavane temanI A mAtRbhUmi parathI tArAja karI nAkhavAmAM AvyAM che. chatAM, eMzIlAkha Araba mAnanAM dikarAdikarIonI vimuktinI jyota, dazadaza varasanI yAtanAo ane sarva saMhAranI agniparikSAo vaTAvIne, Aje paNa, I. sa. 1957nA mArca mahinAmAM saLagatI rahI che tathA jagatabharamAM, vizva ItihAsanI jIvatI mazAla banIne, vizvazAMtinuM AvAhana karatI, vizva-vigrahanI zAhIvAdI kAryavAhInA rastA vacce, yurepanA aMdhakAramaya zAhIvAdI jagatane DAratI aNanama ubhI che. tyAre saMyukta rASTrasaMgha zuM kare che ? * saMyukata rASTrasaMdhamAM, aMgrejI zAhIvAda ane amerikana zAhIvAda mahAna pAMca sattAo paikInI traNa mAMdhAtA sarakAro che. cothI mAMdhAtA sattA ane mahAna sattA, rASTracIna, nAmanI pharmosA nAmanA TApumAM beThelI, amerikana zAhIvAde khapa karIne sAcavI rAkhelI, mahAna cIna dezanA badalAmAM, rASTrasaMdhamAM mahAna tarIke besADI rAkhelI, cAMga-kAI-zeka nAmanA cInI deza drohInI sarakAra sabhya che. pAMca mahA sattAo jenI pAse veTa pAvara che temAMnI A cAra mahAsattAo upara gaNavelI te che. eTale I. sa. 1956mAM elajIrIyAne savAla saMyukata rASTrasaMdhamAM carcA mATe Avyo che, paraMtu, pitAnA A ghara aMdaranA" savAlane jAheramAM mUkavA mATe chaMcheDAI uThIne mahAna evA phreMca sabhya "kaAuTa' karyo. pachI A vokaAuTa karI gaelA sabhyane pAcho lAvavA, tene rijhavavA mATe, elajIrIyAnA savAlane saMyukta rASTrasaMghe kADhI nAkhe. eTale phreMca sabhya pAcho praveza karyo. vIzamA saikAnA jagatamAM eziyAno bAMdhavakhaMDa-AphrikA AphikA nAmanA aMdhArAmAM rahelA ane ajJAta rahelA A pRthvI paranA eka vizALakhaMDane zodhI kaDhAyAne saikAo pasAra thaI gayA, chatAM Aja

Page #690
hiMdImahAsAgaranu` rASTrama'DaLa ane AphrikAnuM utthAna 669 sudhI A kha'DanI AsapAsa te khaMDanA TukaDe TukaDA karIne dareka para yuropanI eka ke khIjI zAhIvAdI sarakAre potapeAtAnuM sAmrAjya kAtarI kADhayA pachI, peAtAnA dareka TukaDAne athavA parAdhIna pradezane tenI AsapAsa nAkAbaMdhInA pratibadhAnA svarUpavALI divAlA caNI te jagatane A khaMDathI AjasudhI aNajANa rAkhyuM, tathA A khaMDanA dezane jagata sAthe saMbaMdhamAM AvavA dIdhA nathI. A rIte A sAmrAjyavAdI yuropIya ghaTanAe A khaDanA prade zAnuM potAne mana phAve tema zASaNa karyA karyu. parantu Aje, ekamekane aDIne ubhelA, ekaja jAtanI yAtanAonA anubhavavALA, tathA gulAmInAM piDAneAmAMthI pasAra thaelA, eziyA ane AphrikA nAmanA be khaMDI potAnI bhaugAlika Arthika, rAjakIya ane naitika samIpatA pichANavA mAMDayA che. Aje bhArata dezanA mAnava samudAyAne bhuMgALanuM bhAna pahelIvAra thAya che, ke AphrikA khaMDa ApaNA hiMdI mahAsAgaranA rASTra maMDaLa sAthe khabhe khabhA aDADIne ubhA rahelA, bhArata bhUminA bAMdhavakhaMDa che. Aje A aMte khaDA AvatI kAlanA ujjavaLa itihAsa racavA mATe vimuktinI hilacAlane AMtararASTriya aitihAsika kAryakrama dhAraNa kare che. A kAryakramamAM AkhA eziyA khaMDA bherUbAMdhava AphrikAkhaMDa che. A khaMDa, eziyAnA bhaugolika rIte, paDeAzI che eTaluM ja nahIM parantu jIvananI saMskAra hilacAla nI pragatI mATe eja paDeAzI ane bhekhadha khaMDa eziyAnA sAcA sahAdara che. eziyA AphrikAne Aja sudhI gulAmImAM jakaDI rAkhanArA yureApanA zAhIvAdaeNA tathA eziyA AphrikAnI vimukitanI hilacAlAne kacaDI nAkhIne, A banne khaDA para amerikana sAmrAjyanI navI racanA karavA nIkaLI cUkelA amerikana zAhIvAda Aje vizvatihAsamAM AraMbhAi cUkelI eka vizvanI saMskAra dhaTa nAmAM phALA ApI zake tema nathI. parantu eziyA ane AphrikAnA virATa mAnava samudAyAnuM sahakArI, sahacArI joDANu ja AvatI kAlanA vizvatihAsa nuM nUtana saMskRtinI racanAnA prakaraNanuM niramANu karI zake tema che. A prakaraNu khIjA vizvayuddha pachI zarU thai cUkayuM che. A prakaraNa para AlekhAtA vizva itihAsanI vyavahAranI prakriyAnA kAryakrama ane tenA banAvA jagatanA itihAsamAM prathama paMkitanI agatyatA dhAraNa karIne Aje AlekhAvA mAMDayA che.

Page #691
38 madhyapUrvamAM DekIyuM madhya pUrvanI bhugoLa-madhya parvane pahele deza, IjIpta-madhya purvanI muMjhavaNa, IjharAIla-madhya purvanuM zAhIvAdI bagadAda jUtha ane Araba vimukitano savAla-irAnane itihAsa-bagadAda karArane pradeza, IrAka-nAne sarakho, jorDana-aMgrejI sAmrAjayanuM sImA mathaka, sAyaprasa-madhyapurvane purANe zahIvAdI derIsaMcAra TarakI-TarakIthI IjharAIla sudhI-sAudI arabastAna-vahAbIhilacAla sAuda arebIyAnuM rAjakAraNa-lebenonano ItihAsa Araba vimukitane cokIdAra - Araba vimuktinA be bAMdhava rASTra, sIrIyA ane IjIpta. ] madhyapurva eTale kyA pradeze ? dakSiNa eziyA ane pUrva eziyAnA pradezo para yuropanuM zAhIvAdI AkramaNa sattaramA saikAthI zaru thayuM tathA ogaNIsamA saikA sudhImAM A pradeze. zAhIvAdanA parAdhIna pradeza banI gayA. pachI ogaNIsamA saikAnA pAllA samayamAM AphrikAkhaMDa para AvelAM AkramaNe nIce jotajotAmAM A khaMDa TukaDe TukaDA banI jaIne yuropanI gulAmI nIce jakaDAI gaye. pachI vazamA saikAmAM zAhIvAdI AkramaNanuM nizAna madhya pUrvanA pradeza banyA. TarakIza sAmrAjyanA patana pachI ane pahelA vizvayuddhanA AraMbhathI A pradeza para yuropanI zAhIvAdI hakumata sthapAvA mAMDI. eja samayamAM e zAhIvAdI hakumate A pradezanuM nAma madhyapUrva pADyuM. A pahelAM eziA bhAInaranA bhUmadhyapara patharAyelA A pradeze levA nTanA nAmathI tathA bAlkana pradeza sAthenA samIpapUrvanA pradeza tarIke oLakhAtA hatA, ane madhya pUrvanuM nAma IrAna TrAnsakekeziyA, aphaghA nistAna, turkastAna, sIkIyAMga ane tibeTa mATe vaparAtuM hatuM. paNa pachIthI zAhIvAdI racanAe bhUmadhyanA pUrva kinArAnA pradezathI zarU karIne aphaghAnistA nanI sarahade sudhInA pradezonuM nAma madhyapUrva pADayuM. A pradeza para zAhIvAdI AkramaNanA aneka tarIkAo, tathA A pradezo para pakaDa jamAvavAnAM rAjakAraNa zarU thaI gayAM. suejhakenAlanA bAMdhakAma pachI A AkramaNano AraMbha aMgrejI zAhIvAde IjIptamAM I. sa. 1882mAM elekajhenDrIyA para topamAro calAvIne

Page #692
- ephagAnistAna A 2 6 zrIkone ** a2ba ja maw: madInA RRM ki - nI EIGIiE 313104 khArama hveyiroda so vi Te dho sIriyA sArasa lebenona, 2tudAna che ke jI nwl che * E lnd. d ** -1 nA ke che bhIma vyA lInIyA. ya ke T S: ja R FzAhIvAdanI 'pakaDa nIcenA mathako. 4 ba re moni tho ze.. ma s6 ba e zayA ,

Page #693
67ra vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA zarU karyo. pachI I. sa. 1901mAM IrAnanA kamADa aMgrejI zAhIvAde ughADI nAkhyAM. aMgrejI-jaramana zAhIvAdI harIphAI baralIna bagadAda relvenI yojanA sAthe ugra banI gaI ane paheluM vizvayuddha zarU thayuM. I. sa. 189ramAM aMgrejI zAhIvAdanA nAmacIna AgevAna lorDa karjhane "IrAna ane tene savAla" nAmanA pite lakhelA pustakanI prastAvanAmAM madhyapUrva paranA AkramaNanI vAta bedhaDaka rIte jAhera karI. * "ka jagata jItavAnI zataraMjanA dAvamAM madhyapUrvanA pradeza sauthI vadhAre agatyanA che. yuropanA zAhIvAdI khelADIoe e rIte A pradezone dAvamAM laI lIdhA. madhyapurvanA pradezanI bhUgoLa aneka rASTravALe A madhyapUrva pradeza bhUmadhyathI hIMdImahAsAgara sudhIne sAta kareDanI mAnava vastIvALo pradeza che. jagatanA khUba ja agatyanA evA vyavahAra mArgo jemAMthI pasAra thAya che tevo A pradeza yuropa, eziyA, ane AphrikAnA jaMkazana pradeza je, vizva ItihAsane joDANa pradeza che. A pradeza paraja, bosapharasa ane DAraDenelIsanI sAmudradhRni tathA suejhanI nahera che. A pradeza parathI TarakI ane IrAnane joDatA moTA bhAge pasAra thAya che. madhyapUrvanI bhUmi uparaja bhUmadhya mahAsAgara, IrAna, ane sIrIyA sAthe joDAyo che tathA, lebenena IjIpta sAthe joDAya che. A, bhUmipara TakIne pATanagara istaMbulamAMthI deDatI AgagADI IjIpta ane irAnI AkhAta para pahoMce che. A bhumimAMthI udyoganA AdhAra jevA telanA bhaMDAro ulecAya che. Aje dara varase 140 mIlIyana, Tana telanI temAMthI nipaja thAya che. AvI madhyapUrvanI bhUmi paranI dhanadelata ane zramatAkAtanI nipaja para ekavAra eTomana sAmrAjyanI hakumata hatI. pachI A bhUmipara pazcimanI zAhIvAdI hakumata AvI. Aje A bhUmie vimukitanI hilacAla sAthe vizva ItihAsamAM praveza karyo che. x " Afghanistan, Trnscaspia, Persia...... to me are the pieces of chessboard upon which is being played out a game for the domination of the world. ... ... The future of Great Britain......will be decided not in Europe but in the continent whence our imigrant stock first came and to which as conquerors, their descendants have returned."

Page #694
ka73 madhyapUrvamAM DekIyuM madhyapurvane pahele deza, IjIpta AphrikAnI kinArI para Avele, vizva ItihAsanI pahelI saMskRtinAM pAraNA jhulAvanAra A bhUmi madhyapUrvamAM paNa gaNAya che. madhyapUrvane Aje sauthI agatyane deza IjIpta bane che. bIjA vizvayuddha pachI vimukitanuM nizAna dhAraNa karIne gadhyapUrvanA utthAnanA tAraka je A deza sauthI AgalI haroLamAM kUca karatA mAlama paDe che. Aje madhyapUrvanA Araba mAnano e AgevAna IjIpta saMskRti ane saMsAranI draSTie Araba deza che. A Araba dezanI IjIpazIyana bhUmi parathI jagata bharamAM, "Abene avAja" nAmane boDakAsTa saMbhaLAya che. A avAja sAMbhaLatAM Araba mAnava smita pharakAvatA AnaMdanI uSma dhAraNa karIne e avAjane javAba de che, "tuMja amAro aMtaranAda che, amArA aMtarane ja tuM avAja che !" jagata para saMbhaLAya che tevA voisa opha amerikA" jevA avAjethI ghaNe jUdo A avAja che, A avAjanI bhASA Araba mA-bhemanI jabAna bele che. A avAjane aMtaranAda elajIrIyA, eDana, beharInanI vimuktinI mAgaNInI yAda Ape che ke, "tuM IjIpazIyana, jo mukata hoya, ane tAre Araba bAMdhava, IrAkamAM, je gulAma hoya te, tuM, mukta nathI. vimuktinI tasvIramAM, je taDa paDI haze te, te gametevI nAnI taDa paNa AkhIya Araba mA-bhomanI vimukitane vaNasAvI mUkaze." Ave, Araba avAja jana-pradezane avAja banIne saikAo pachI, vimukta evI IjIptanI bhUmi parathI saMbhaLAya che. IjIptamAM ItihAsa bhajavAya che bIjA vizvayuddha pachI zAhIvAde navuM rUpa dhAraNa karyuM hatuM. zAhIvAdanuM A navuM 35 have jyAM zakya hoya tyAM, pitAnA rAjakIya hAkema mAraphata sIdhI rIte zAsana calAvavA karatAM, te pradezomAM bhedanItinAM kAvatarAM racIne te, pradezomAMnAM pragati viruddha rajavADAM ke jUthe mAraphata pitAnuM Arthika ane rAjakIya varcasva TakAvI rAkhavAnuM banyuM. aMgrejI zAhIvAde have AvI hakumata TakAvI rAkhavA amerikana zAhIvAdanI AgevAnI svIkArI lIdhI hatI. AkhA AphrikA para A rItane na adhikAra TakAvI rAkhavAnuM kAma IjIptanI aMdara paNa zarU thaI gayuM. bIjA vizvayuddha pachInI zAhIvAdI kAryanItinuM A navuM svarUpa IjIpta para pitAnI pakaDa jamAvI rAkhavAnuM hatuM. parAjIta banI cUkelI zAhIvAdI ghaTanAnuM A sIdhuM nahIM paNa ADakatarUM zAsana, IjIptane AjhAdI ApavAne upacAra paNa karatuM hatuM ane tenI sAthe ita sAthenI junI saMdhIo, karAra,

Page #695
674 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA ane jUnA ta sAthenA leka virodhI kAvatarAM mAraphata IjIptanuM zeSaNa cAlu rAkhavA mAgatuM hatuM, tathA te cAlu rAkhavA mATe IjIpta paranAM pitAnAM lazkarI mathake, ane Arthika zoSaNanAM kendrone TakAvI rAkhavA mAgatuM hatuM. sittera varSathI zarU thayelI vimuktinI laData paraMtu I. sa. 1882 thI IjIpate pitAnI vimuktinI hilacAlane zarU karI dIdhI hatI. A hilacAlanuM mukhya rU5 aMgrejI zAhIvAdanAM IjA paranAM lazkarI thANuone pitAnI bhUmi parathI dUra karavAnuM hatuM. I. sa. 1922mAM aMgrejI zAhIvAde IjIptanI pikaLa AjhAdInI jAherAta karI ane pitAnA lazkarI mathakene IjIptanI bhUmi para TakAvI rAkhavA mATe bIjI bAjuthI A AjhAdI para lazkarI kAyade jAhera karyo. pachI I. sa. 1936 sudhI A sAme laData cAlI tyArapachI aMgrejI zAhIvAde e sAlamAM pitAnAM lazkarI thANuo kere ane elekajhAMDriyA nAmanA IjIptanA pATanagaramAMthI khaseDayAM. paNa tyAMthI khasele lazakarI zAhIvAda suejha naheranA pradezamAM paga ropIne ubhe, ane sudAnamAMthI paNa nIkaLavAno eNe inkAra karI dIdhA. IjIptanI bhUmi para suejha naheranA pradeza para IjIpta vAsIonAM lehI reDAyA pachI I. sa. 1951 sudhI aMgrejI zAhIvAde e pradezane khAlI karavAnI nA pADI. I. sa. 1952 mAM ijIptanI sarakAre rASTrasaMdhamAM AvIne zAhIvAdI pacAunI nIti sAme phariyAda karI. IjIptabharamAM leka hilacAla jAgI uThI. I. sa. 1952 mAM IjIptanA IsamAlIyA pradeza para aMgrejI TukaDIoe halle karyo. kero nagara IjIptanI leka hilacAlathI hacamacI uThayuM. zAhIvAdanI khuzI khuzAmata karatI vaphada sarakArane baratarapha karavAnI IchatanA rAjAne pharaja paDI. paNa pachI zAhIvAdI hakumata nIce AkhA deza para bhayaMkara damana zarU thayuM. tyAra pachI I. sa. 195ranA julAInA ra7mA divase janarala najIbanI saradArI nIce IjIptanA lekee baLavo karyo. rAjA phArUkane padabhraSTa karavAmAM Avyo ane janarala najIbanI lazkarI saramukhatyArIe aMgrejI zAhIvAdanAM lazkarI thANune suejha naherane pradeza khAlI karavAnI pharaja pADI. paraMtu ema karatAM najIbanI saramukhatyArI, amerikana zAhIvAdI pakaDa nIce AvI gaI. aMgrejI zAhIvAdanI khAlI paDelI jagA para amerikana zAhIvAdanA derI saMcArane IjIptanI AjhAdIne dhULamAM ragadoLI nAkhe tevA saMjogo ubhA thayA. tyAre, A saramukhatyArazAhI sAme, nAseranI AgevAnI nIce lekee baLa karyo. janarala najIbane parAjya tha ane nAsare IjapanI vimukitane jhaDa A prAcIna rASTra para pharakAvyo.

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madhya pUrvamAM DAkIyuM pa AphrikAnI kinArI paranA A mahAna rASTre I.sa. 1952mAM peAtAnA rAjA kAkane padabhraSTa karIne rASTranI vimuktinI hilacAlane AgaLa dhapAvI hatI. Aje jIptanA prAsattAkanA pramukha ADatrIsa varasanI uMmarane juvAna rASTranetA, gemala, abdula nAsera che. A pramukhanI AgevAnI nIce briTananA zAhIvAdanuM suejha nahera paranA pradeza paranuM lazkarI mathaka nAbuda thayuM. enI kArakIrdi daramiyAna ja sudAnanA pradeza svataMtra thayA, tathA nAseranI AgevAnI nIce vimukata khanelA ijIptadeze, 1956 nA egasTanA ArbhamAM peAtAnI dharatI paranI suejha kenAlanuM rASTriyakaraNa karyuM.. A suejha kenAlaneA vahIvaTa karanAra kaMpanI ijIpazIyana ka MpanI hatI. A kaMpanInI racanAmAM ja i. sa. 1866 mAM thaelA karAra kahetA hatA ke, dhI suejha kenAla kaMpanI" e ijIptanI sarakAranA kAnUna ane vyavasthAne AdhIna evI kaMpanI che.' paraMtu A kaMpanInA vahIvaTa kartAmAM ijIpazIyana uparAMta aMgrejI ane phreMca mUDIvAdIe paNa hatA. AvI ijIpazIyana kaMpanI pAsethI nAseranI sarakAre vahIvaTa laI lIdhA ane A kaMpanInuM khIlakula kAyadesara rIte rASTriyakaraNa karyuM. eTalAthI ja aMgreja--phreMca ane amerikana zAhIvAdI sarakArA hacamacI uThI. A sarakAroe zAra mayAvyA ke suejhanI nahera para AMmararASTriya kabajo hAvA joie. aMgreja ane phreMca sarakAe, peAtAnI zAhIvAdI nItirItInA A pradeza jevA naheranA pradeza para kabajo jArI rAkhavA, naukA lazkA ane manavArAne tathA havAI jahAjone kenAla pradeza tarapha ravAnA karavAnA hukama tAbaDatoba ApyA. temaNe peAtAnA lazkarI asarAnI rajAe rada karI dIdhI. IjIpta para AkramaNa karavAnI game te dhaDI mATe A banne sarakArAe badhI javAbadArI, peAtAnA svacchaMdI ane ekahaththu nirNaya sAthe joDI daIne, rASTrasaMdha jevI vizva sa MsthA tarapha najara paNa nAkhyA vinA tathA vizva adAlatanI hastIne uvekhIne taravArA khakhaDAvavA mAMDI tathA lazkarI pagalAM zarU karI dIdhAM. eka ja ghaDImAM jANe badhI zAMti hilacAlA, rASTrasaMdhanI kAryavAhI, tathA AtmanirNayanA adhikArAnI carcAo para pAdAdhAta karatA, amerikana zAhIvAdanA paDachAyAmAM jIvatA, aMgreja ane phreMca zAhIvAda pAmAsaTana nAmanA pazcimanA zAhIvAdI agrejI vaDApradhAnanA vItI gaelA divaseA sudhI pAche haTI gayA. A zAhIvAdanA nAmamAM AjanA kAyApalaTa karI cUkelA deza kALa para AMkha mIcIne, khelatA iDananA avAja saMbhaLAyA, pAlmaTane tyAre kahyuM

Page #697
$$$ vizva itihAsanI rUparekhA hatuM teja zabdane iDane IjIpta sAme Aje jAhera rIte paDakAryA. ghaNuAM varSoM para tyAre pAmate, AnaMdathI potAnA hAtha masaLatAM, pArlAmenTanI mAtAne kahyu hatuM ke * nAgarikA, ApaNe cIna para eka nAnakaDI laDAI laDI nAkhavI paDaze.' phrAnsa ane IDananA avAjamAM ijIpta para AkramaNanA paDakAra pheMkavAmAM vIti gaelA zAhIvAdI divasAne pratidheASa hatA. paNa Aje ekalA divaseAja vItI gayA naheAtA. tyAre hatuM tevuM sAmrAjya paNa aMgrejI zAhIvAdanuM Aje hatuM nahIM, ane tyAre hatA tevA nahI, paNa vimukta evA IjIptarASTra Aje hatA. eTale, IjIptamAMthI A zAhIvAdI paDakAranA javAbamAM saMbhaLAyuM ke, * anArI bhUmi paranI amArI naheranA rakSaNa mATe laDanAra ekalA eka nAsera nathI paNa aDhI karoDa nAserA taiyAra che.' paraMtuM dezakALanuM badhuM bhAna bhUlI gayuM hoya tevuM, aMgrejI--phreMca AkramaNu, IjIpta para AvI paheAMcyuM. A AkramaNa karanArI, aMgrejI--phreMca sarakAro, rASTrasaMdhanI pAMca mAMdhAtAomAMnI mahAna sabhya sarakAra hatI. A AkramaNane dekhAva AkhA jagatanI AMkha udhADI nAkhanArA banyA. AkramaNanA A banAvane dekhatA eziyA-AphrikAnI samasta mAnavatAnA lokamata khaLabhaLI uThayA. AkramaNanA A tarIkeA, ApaNI pRthvI para bhajavAi gaelA, 19 mA saikAnA itihAsanA zAhIvAdI avazeSo hajI jIvatA che te vAtanA sAkSI banyA. paraMtu eziyA ane AphrikAnI duniyAe have utthAna AraMbhyuM hatuM tevI atihAsika hakIkatanI sAkSI banelA, sImAstaMbha ijIptadeza dekhAyA. madhyapUrvanA mujhavatA rASTra pradeza, ijharAila i. sa. 1957 nA menI 15 mI e ijharAIla deza peAtAnI navamI jyati ujavavAnA che. enA janma thaye haju nava varasaja vityAM che. metI 15mIe jyAre madhyapUrvanuM A rASTra pharajaMda peAtAnI methaleDema tathA Tela AvIva ane jerUsAlemanI dharma saMsadamAM dhaTAnAda kare che tyAre paNa gAjhA nAmanI enI sarahadamAMthI Araba sarahada tarapha enI tApAnA avAja saMbhaLAtA hoya;che. enuM kAraNa e che ke madhyapradezanI A bhUmi para aMgreja amerikana zAhIvAde enA rASTrarUpane potAnI zetaraMjanI bhedanItinI jarUriyAta pramANe janamAvyuM che ane tyAra pachI A zAhIvAdI bhedanItie yahudI ane Araba mAnava vacceno kalaha saLagatA rAkhavAnI ja rAjakIya tema dhAraNa karIne A kamanasIba rASTrane zastra sajja banAvIne, Araba pradeza para peAtAnI hakumata jALavI rAkhavAnI bhedanItinA vahIvaTanA dArI saMcAra jArI rAkhyA che.

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1rtha7 madhyapUrvamAM DekIyuM IjharAIlane janma pahelA vizvayuddhanA samaya pachI pelesTAInane pradeza aMgrejI hakumata nIce Avyo. lIga opha nezanse pelesTAInane "menDeTeriTari" tarIke A pradezane vahIvaTa briTanane seMpI dIdhe. e samayathI yahudI AgevAnoe A pradeza para yahudIone vasavATa karavAnI tathA tene pitAnuM mAdare vatana banAvavAnI hAkala karI. A yojanAne aMgrejI adhikArIoe AvakArI. A AvakAra pAchaLa aMgrejone hetu madhyapUrvanI duniyAmAM yahudIonI vasAhata mAraphata yahudIone ane Araone aMdara aMdara laDAvavAnI bhedanItI UbhI karIne potAnI pakaDa AkhA madhyapUrva para jamAvI rAkhavAnI hatI. A rIte aMgrejI zAhI. vAda 30 varSa sudhI pitAnI A bhedanItIne dhAraNa karIne pelesnAInane vahivaTa calAvavA lAgyuM. paNa pachI I. sa. 1947 mAM eziyAnA pachAta dezamAM ane madhyapUrvanA pradezamAM paNa rASTra vimuktinI hilacAla zarU thaI. A saMjogomAM yahudI ane Araba prajAoe pitAnI AjhAdI mATenI mAgaNI zaru karI tathA yahudI prajAe paNa pelesTAInamAM aMgrejI zAhIvAdanA menDeTa nIce rahevAne badale pitAnA svataMtra pradezanI mAgaNI mATe hilacAla upADI. pelesTAIna nAmanA A AkhA rASTra para jIvatI yahudI ane Araba nAmanI banne prajAoe pelesTAInanA be vibhAga karIne pitAnA mAdare vatana jUdAM karavAnI mAgaNI raju karI. AtmanirNayanA siddhAMta pramANe A banne prajAone pita pitAnI rASTrabhUmi kADhI ApavAnuM rASTra saMghanI janarala esealIe paNa svikAryuM. je rIte hiMdanA bhArata ane pAkIstAna nAmanA be deze banyA te pramANe pelesTAIna nAmanA eka pradezamAMthI yahudI prajAnI mAtRbhUmi tarIke IjharAIla nAmane pradeza mULa pelesTAInamAMthI nakkI karavAmAM Avyo. eja rIte pelesTAInamAMthI ja Araba rAjya mATe eka pradeza kADhavAmAM AvyA tathA tene jerDana nAmanA Araba rAjya sAthe joDI devAmA Avyo. A rIte, yuropanI zAhIvAdI ghaTanAe madhyapUrvanA prAdezika ghATa ghaDIne, A ghaTanAmAM zAhI vAdI derI saMcAra pAvI zakAya tevuM sauthI moTuM svarUpa IjharAIlanuM ghaDyuM. IjharAIlanA ghaDataramAM ja A zAhIvAde zAhIvAdI dorI saMcAranI badhI sagavaDa karI zakAya tevI jogavAI karI tathA, AkhI Akha mAnavatA para pitAnI bhedanIti kAyama rAkhavA tathA temanI vimukitanI laDatene mArI nAkhavAnuM badhuM saMcAlana IjharAIlamAMthI karavA mAMDyuM. Araba sAme IjharAIlanI pakaDane pitAnA hAthamAM rAkhIne zAhIvAdI saMcAra zarU thaI gayo. yuropIya amerIkI zAhIvAdanuM saMcAlana mathaka banIne IjharAila A rIte madhyapUrvamAM have pitAnI AjhAdInI

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678 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA sAthe sAthe ja aMgrejI ane amerikana zAhIvAdane vahIvaTa rupavALuM karanArA thayuM. A vahivaTanI bhedanItIe IjharAIla ane jerDana nAmanA Araba prajAnA eka banelA rAjA sAthe laDAI zarU karAvI dIdhI. IjharAIla rAyane janma thaye tene bIje ja dIvase amerIkana zAhIvAde jorDana rAjyanI sAthe pelesTAInamAMthI jeDAelA Araba pradezane kabaje karavAnI nItI IjharAIla pAse zarU karAvI tathA bannenI sarahadane jhagaDe zarU thaye. A rIte yahudIo ane Araba nAmanA paDozI rASTrabAMdha vacce parasparanI katala karavAnI kAryavAhI amerIkana zAhIvAde zaru karAvI. A saMjogomAM IjharAIla pradezamAMthI Araba prajAe hijharata zarU karI ane daza lAkha jeTalA nirAzrita jorDanane Araba rAjya tarapha deDI AvyA. A rIte madhyapUrvanA tamAma Araba rAjyo mATe Araba prajAne rakSaNa ApavAne eka moTo savAla zarU thaye. amerikana zAhIvAde Araba ane yahudIomAM AMtara kalaha saLagAvIne Araba prajA upara pitAnI hakumata TakAvI rAkhavA mATe IjharAIla pradeza para pitAnI hakumata jamAvI tathA tene AyudhanA DhagalAthI sajaja banAvyuM. bIjI bAjuthI Araba rAjayo para pitAnAM mathake jALavI rAkhavA mATe aMgrejI zAhIvAde madhyapUrvanA pradezo para vimukitanI hilacAlano virodha karanArA reja vADI tatvonA sAthamAM pitAnAM kAvatrAM zarU karyA. A rIte madhya pUrvanA tamAma pradezamAM aMgrejI ane amerIkana zAhIvAda eka bIjAnA harIpha banIne madhya pUrvanA pradeza para pita pitAnI hakumata kAyama banAvavA medAne paDyA. A banne harIpha zAhIvAdanI eka sarva sAmAnya kAryavAhI A pradezo paranI vimuktinI hilacAlene kacaDI nAkhavAnI hatI. A sAmAnya kAryavAhImAM harIpha chatAM aMgreja amerikana zAhIvAde, AjhAdInI tamAma hilacAlane madhya pUrvanA rASTromAMthI kacaDI nAkhavA mATe bagadAda karAra nAmanA eka lazkarI karAranI yojanAmAM pitAnI hakumata nIcenA, dezane parevI dIdhA. zAhIvAdanuM bagadAda jutha ane Araba vimuktine savAla A rIte pitAnI AjhAdI mAgatA madhyapUrvanA pradezoe aMgreja amerIkana zAhIvAdanA sANasAmAM bharAvAnI nA pADI dIdhI. A rIte zAhIvAdane athavA saMsthAnika gulAmIne pitAnA pradezomAMthI khatama karavAnI hAkala ijIte upADI. A hAkalane tamAma Araba rAjyoe vadhAvI lIdhI tathA temaNe Araba bradharahuDa nAmanI saMsthAnI sthApanA karI. sIrIyA ane jerDana nAmanA Araba rAjyae IjIptanI AgevAnI svikArI. A rAjAe madhya pUrvanA

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madhyapUrvamAM DokIyuM JC pradeza tathA bhAratane bhayamAM mUkanArA bagadAda karAra nAmanI zAhIvAdI lazkarI jamAvATanA virAdha karyA. AkhA madhyapUte ane bhAratane bhayarupa banelA A bagadAda karAra zAhIvAdanI pakaDa nIce AvelA keTalAka dezae svikAryA. AvA svikAra karanArA dezomAM pAkIstAna irAna, IrAka ane TikanA samA veza thayA. AvI paristhitie Aje madhyapUrvanA pradezAmAM zAhIvAdI bheda nItIne amala eka taraphathI ijharAila mAraphata zarU karI dIdhA tathA khIjI bAjue aMgrejI zAhIvAda ane phrenca zAhIvAde sAyaprasamAM ane elajIrIyAmAM tyAMnI prajAonI katala karavA mAMDI. A badhAMnA anusaMdhAnamAM ja suejanI nahera para AkramaNu lai javA mATe aMgrejI zAhIvAda pAtAnI naukA phALe ane havAIdaLAne ravAnA karavA mAMDayA, kAraNa ke Araba vimukitanI hilacAlanA AgevAna ijIpta deza banI cUkayA hatA tathA teNe zAhIvAdnA sAmanA karavAnA makkama nirdhAra jAhera karyA hatA. madhyapUnA, vimuktinA savAla AmadhyapUrvI para eTale bIjA vizvayuddha sudhInA samaya paryaMta yuropanA zAhIvAdI AkramaNe pacAvI pADelI ane AjasudhI gulAma banAvelI prAdezika ghaTanAnA je vibhAgane madhyapUrva kahyo che tenApara Aje ApaNe uDatI najare avalAkavAnI jarUra che. kAraNake ApaNA vizvatihAsanI bhaugAvika ane rAjakIya racanAnA te Aje agatyanA vibhAga che. itihAsanA AraMbhathI A madhyapUrva'nI duniyAne avAja sa skRtimAM saMbhaLAyA karyo che. A sa MskRtie vizvanI sa MskRtinA dhaDataramAM sArA evA peAtAnA hissA ApyA che. A pradezAnI mAnavatAe jagatane, jayuDAIjhama, krizciAniTi, tathA islAma nAmanA traNa meoNTA vizvadharmAMnI bheTa dIdhI che. A pradezAparanA saMskRtinA ceAhAe yurApa ane AphrikA para tathA eziyA para potAnI saMskRtinA pracAra mATe dhasArA karyA che. madhya pUrvInA pradezoe saikAosudhI vijayavantI kArakIdIneAMdhAvIne pachIthI rAjaya tathA parAdhInatA nIce AvavA mAMDayuM. klika pAvanArAM vitakAmAMthI pasAra thaIne A bhUmine " eTAmana emapAyara " nIce, saMsthAnika parAdhInatatA nIce AvavuM paDyuM. A parAdhInatA pachI tarataja pazcimanA yuropIya zAhIvAda nuM AkramaNa A dharatIne gulAma banAvatuM AvI paheAMcyuM. gulA mInAM AvAM pAMcase varasa, madhyapUrvanI mAnavajAta para zoSaNanA ane yAtanAenA itihAsa banyA.

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680 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA - pachI yuropI zAhIvAde sarajelAM be vizvayuddhoe A dharatInI khAnAkharAbI karI. A vizvayuddhonA upasaMhAramAM hacamacI gaelA zAhIvAdanI pakaDamAMthI chUTavA A pradezo para paNa vimuktinI hilacAle bIjA vizvayuddha pachI zarU thaI gaI. sAyaprasanI IsAIprajA, tathA lebanona sIrIyA, jeraDana, saudI arebIyA, pemena, lIbIyA aneIjIpranI Araba mAnavajAta athavA ilAmika duniyAe vimuktinI hilacAlane saMcAra pitAnI bhUmi para zarU karyo. be karoDanI vastIvALA irAnane arvAcIna itihAsa pahelA vizvayuddhanA AraMbhathI ja aMgrejI zAhIvAdanI hakumata nIce zarU thaele dekhAya che. AvI yuddhanI zarUAtanI paristhiti para vizvayuddhanA aMtamAM eka jabarame AMtararASTiya pheraphAra IrAnanI rUsI sarahadapara thayo. saMsthAnika prajAonI AjhAdInI jAherAta karatI sAmajika krAnti IrAnanI paDozamAM ja AvelA rUsa dezapara virya pAmI. aMgrejI zAhIvAdanI pakaDa para A krAntikArI banAvanI asara pADanArI loka jAgRti IrAnamAM dekhAvA mAMDI. I. sa. 1921 mAM IrAnanI zAhI sarakArane raziyA sAthe mitrAcArInA karAra samAna dhoraNe karyA kAraNake zAhIvAdanuM ja sAgarItabanatuM A pradezanuM rUpa krAntinA dhAmanI aDeaDa hatuM. paraMtu bIjA vizvayuddha vakhate IrAnanA zAhe raziyA vidhI kAvatarAM zarU karyA. i. sa. 1941 mAM rUsadezapara AkramaNa karavA mATe IrAnane uMbara pradeza vAparavAnI hiTalare badhI taiyArIo karI paraMtu te niSphaLa nivaDI. hiTalara sAme laDatAM mitrarAe yuddhapurata ene kabaje lIdhe paNa tyAra pachI yuddhapuruM thayuM ane madhyapUrvanA A eka samayanA itihAsanA sAmrAjyane dhAraNa karanAra A agnipUjaka dezapara bIjA vizvayuddhanA aMta pachI tarataja AkhA jagatapara phUkAtI jhaDapI hilacAlanA paDachAyAe jANe doDavA mAMDyA. A paDachAyAo pAchaLa madhyapUrvanI prajAomAM patharAtI vimuktinI hilacAlane vega dekhAyo, ane sAthesAtheja pazcimanA zAhIvAdane dorIsaMcAra pAmatAM pragatinAM virodhI rajavADI paribaLonA AkharI uchALA paNa mAlama paDavA mAMDyA. eka divasa uge ane IrAnamAM lakajhaMjhAvAtanI pAMkhapara beThele musAdIka nAmane vRddha AgevAna telanuM rASTrIyakaraNa karatA dekhAya. zAhanA mahAlaupara kaTaka caDhatuM mAlama paDyuM. zAha ane suyA ne saMtADavA janarala jhAhedI deDadhAma karato hate. eka paLamAMja jANe A zAha ane enA sAgarita giraphatAra thaI jaze ema dekhAyuM paNa tyAM te bAjI palaTAIgaI. amerikI zAhIvAde have aMdara jhaMpalAvI dIdhuM ane zerIomAM ke pharavA mAMDI. ujajaDa ane verAna nagaramAM lekonAM zaba rakhaDavA lAgyAM. taherAna chatAI gayuM ane A

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madhyapUrvamAM DokIyuM pATanagaranA samarAMgaNapara pele jhAheDI vijetA banyo. IrAnanA ekavAra bhAgI gaelA zAhane pharIvAra pAcho ujajaDa nagaranAM khaMDiyeramAM lAvavAmAM Avyo ane gAdIpara goThavI devAmAM Avyo. A badhAnI pAchaLa telanuM rAjakAraNa hatuM. telanuM rUpa dhAraNa karele, IrAnane agnideva ebeDAnanA kuvAomAM purAche che. A kuvAo para mAlIkI dharAvatA zAhIvAde IrAnanA telanA rASTiyakaraNane nAbuda karI nAkhavAnI hoDa bakI dIdhI hatI tathA IrAnanA zahenavAhanI tAjapelI karIne teNe potAne adhikAra cAlu rAkhyo. A prAcInabhUmi para AvelI Arya jAtioe A bhUmine pitAnuM ghara banAvIne tenuM nAma AryAne vijo pADayuM hatuM tyArathI A AryAne vije athavA irAna, A bhUminuM ane aMdaranA telanA bhaMDArAnuM mAlIka hatuM. pachI grIka lekae A bhUminuM nAma paraziyA pADyuM. A nAmapaNa khUba pracIna che. pachI A prAcInatApara arvAcIna evo pazcimane zAhIvAda AvI pahoMcyuM. pachI bIjA vizvayuddhane vijya dhAraNa karIne ahIM amerikana zAhIvAde irAnane pitAnI saMsthAnika zaMkhalAmAM parovI dIdhuM. musAdInI AgevAnI nIcenI lekahilacAlane kacaDI nAkhavAmAM AvI, tathA bagadAda karAra nAmane lazkarI karAra IrAkamAM racAye. IrAnanI A pazcimanI sarahade sarakI ane IrAka paDyAM che. TarakI nAmane A paDozI zAhIvAde racelA nA nAmanA lazkarI karArane sabhAsada che. eziyA AphrikAnI vimuktinI hilacAlane kacaDI nAkhavA racAyelI AvI yuddhakhora ghaTanAnA zAhIvAdI rUpamAM ja IrAna paNa pagathI mAthA sudhI parovAI gaye. bagadAda karAranA nAmavALe IrAka paNa IrAnane paDozI che. A banne paDozabhegI zAhIvAdI zetaraMjanA dAvamAM IrAnanI vimuktinI hilacAla khatama thaI gaI ane irAna paNa zAhIvAdI lazkarI ghaTanAmAM parovAI gayo. A ghaTanAmAMja kayArane paravAI cUkele pAkistAna paNa bagadAda karArane sabhAsada bane ane IrAnanI pUrva sarahada para thI A pradezamAthI bagadAdI karAranI zAhIvAdI yuddha racanA A bhUmi para zarU thaI. chatAM IrAnanI bhUmi para vasatI IrAnI prajAnI vimuktinI hilacAlane A sarahadI zAhIvAdI ghaTanA Aje khatama karI zake temanathI. saikAothI saLagatI vimuktinI dAjha, uparanAM damanane lIdhe bhemabhitara banIne IrAnanI dharatImAM vahetA agninA bhaMDAra jevI Aje bhArelI paDI che. irAnane telane savAla I. sa. 1853 mAM eMgleIDIyana oIla kaMpanInuM IrAnanA musAdIka nAmanA vRddha netAnI AgevAnI nIce rASTrIyakaraNa karavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. A

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682 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA banAvathI aMgreja amerikana zAhIvAdIo khaLabhaLI uThayA. aMgrejI zAhIvAde A banAva sAme lazkarI kavAyata zarU karI. amerikana zAhIvAde IrAnanI mahamada musAdIkanA pramukhapada nIcenI sarakAne teDI pADavAnAM kAvatarAM zarU karyo. musAdikanI sarakAra tUTI. zAhanuM pragati virodhI zAsana pAchuM sattA para AvyuM. dezabhakatanI katala karavAmAM AvI ane eMIrAnIyana tela kaMpanInI pharIvAra sthApanA karavAmAM AvI. amerikana zAhIvAdanI hakumata nIce IrAnanA lazkarItaMtrane goThavI devAmAM AvyuM. AkhA madhyapUrvanI vimukitanI hilacAlane jokhamamAM mUkI de te A banAva pAkIstAnanI sarakAranI amerikana zaraNAgati pachI IrAnanI bhUmi para ba. tyAra pachI tarata ja aMgrejI zAhIvAda jenuM sabhya che e madhyapUrvanA dezane lazkarI karAra haju hamaNAM ja ghaDAyo. . sa. 1955nA okaTobaranI 11mIe IrAnanA vaDApradhAna husena AlAe, jAhera karyuM ke IrAne bagadAda karAramAM joDavAnuM nakkI karyuM che. madhyapUrvanI gulAmInI racanA karanArA A zAhIvAdI lazkarI karAra, TarakI, IrAna, IrAka ane pAkistAna nAmanA sabhyone bane. A karAranI kAryavAhI karanAra ane e karAranA sabhyone zastrasAja pUre pADanAra amerikana zAhIvAdanA anugAmI tarIke, madhyapUrvamAM A karArane eka na sabhya saune vaDe hatuM. A sabhya briTanane zAhIvAda hatA. Aje briTananI zAhIvAdI ghaTanA jyAre jagatabharamAMthI pAchI paDatI hatI tyAre, ane jyAre jagatabharanA parAdhIna pradeza para rASTra vimukitane vizva ItihAsane kAryakrama, kAryavAhI para caDhatA hatA tyAre, briTananI zAhIvAdI ghaTanA madhyapUrvanI AjhAdInI hilacAlene kacaDI nAkhavA madhyapUrvanA bagadAda maMDaLanI racanA karIne pote paNa madhyapUrvane ja rASTra hoya tema bagadAda maMDaLamAM beThe ane Aje amerikana zAhIvAda paNa tene sabhya banyo. bagadAda karArano pradeza, IrAka IrAka pacAsa lAkhanI vastIvALo pradeza che. phIjhala bIjA nAmanA rAjAnuM IrAka para zAsana cAle che. aMgrejI zAhIvAdanI taraphadArI karanAre A rAjavaMza che. IrAkanA mesulakarakuka nAmanAM tela kSetrenI, hakumata pazcimanI zAhIvAdI hakumata che. amerikana zAhIvAde zastronI sakhAvata karIne A pradezanA lazkarane saryuM che tathA aMgrejI zAhIvAde tene tAlIma dIdhI che. pAkIstAna, IrAna ane TarakImAM zarU thaelA zAhIvAdI dorI saMcAranI sAMkaLamAM A pradeza paNa paravAI gayo che. rASTrasaMdhanI aMdara mahAna mAMdhA

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madhyapUrvamAM DokIyuM tAo tarIke beThelA jagatanA aMgrejI-iMca ane amerikana zAhIvAdanI ghaTanAe rASTrasaMdhanI bahAra jamAvelAM yuddhara lazkarI jAthamAMnuM A eka lazkarI jUtha che. bagadAda irAkanuM pATananara che. IrAka deza pAse AkhAya pazcima eziyAmAM sauthI meTa khetIpradhAna pradeza che. IrAkanI A phaLadrupatAno pradeza vistAra IjIptathI paNa pAMcagaNo maTe che. paMcAvana lAkhanI vastIvALA A pradeza para TAIgrIsa ane yukreTIsa nAmanI prAcIna saritAo vahe che. chatAM A badhI phaLadrupa jamInanA mAlIka aMgrejI zAhIvAde racelI ghaTanAvALA che. A jamInane sAta TakA jeTalo ja bhAga IrAkanA 88 TakA kheDUte pAse che. kula vastInA eMzI TakAthI vadhAre saMkhyAvALI A prajAnuM rU5 atyaMta garIba ane kaMgALa rAkhavAmAM AvyuM che. A prajA para vimukita nahIM paNa zAhIvAdI gulAmI racAI che. A pradeza paranI sauthI moTI lata tenI dharatInI aMdarathI nipajatuM tela che. A badhA telane mAlIka briTana, amerikA, holenDa ane phrAnsano zAhIvAda che. bIjA vizvayuddha pachI aMgrejI zAhIvAdanA sAthamAM ahIM amerIkana zAhIvAdanuM prapaMcarU5 zaru thayuM. IrAkane gulAma banAvanAra TarakInA AzarA heThaLa ane pAkIstAnanI zaramajanaka maitrI heThaLa tathA IrAnanI dastInA rAja kAraNa heThaLa amerikana zAhIvAde A pradezane paNa parovI dIdho ane A badhAMmAMthI AkhA madhya eziyAnI vimukita para nizAna tAkavAne, bagadAda karAra nAmano lazkarI karAra karyo. A bagadAda karAranA sabhyapade ane pramukhapade aMgrejI ane amerikana zAhIvAda joDAyo che. A zAhIvAde IrAkamAM traNa sthaLe pitAnA lazkarI mathake sthApI dIdhAM che. A traNe mathakanuM nizAna madhyapUrva para yuddha saLagAvIne vimuktine ragadoLI nAkhIne AkhA madhyapUrvane pitAnuM saMsthAna banAvI devAnuM che. zAhIvAdI pakaDanuM AvuM rUpa A kamanasIba tela pradeza para vadhAre spaSTa dekhAya che. aMgrejI zAhIvAde A tela pradezane pitAnI hatheLI para besADyo che. aMgrejI zAhIvAde ja I. sa. 1921 mAM: A deza para pitAnA zAsananA zAhIvAdI khepIyA jevA rAjAne irAkanI gAdI para besADyA hatA. A rAjyane e zAhIvAde pachIthI rAjya banavAnI ane rAjAne zAsana karavAnI manA karI, ane pitAnuM zAsana jamInadArane athavA zekhane varga ubho karIne bhedanItine bharaDe nAkhIne zaru karyuM. pAMtrIsa varasa sudhI IrAkanA rASTravAde A parAdhInatA sAme laData karyA karI che chatAM Aje aMgrejI hakumatanI pakaDa, A kamanasIba pradeza para sauthI vadhAre sakhata che.

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184 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA A zAhIvAdI IrAkI telanA mAlIkoe IrAkane jItI laIne tenA aMge aMgane jakaDI laIne tene pitAnA vatI, rASTra saMghanuM sabhyapaNa banAvyuM che. pazcima eziyA para vimuktinI hilacAlenI vacce A pradeza ItihAsanA prazna virAma je ume che tathA zAhIvAdI nAgacUDanI yAtanA bharyo mauna kakaLATa kare che. Araba dezonI vacce Araba bAMdhavatAnA dehamAM bheMkAyelI zAhIvAdI kaTArI je A pradeza pazcimanA zAhIvAdanI chAvaNuM banyuM che. chatAM, janatAnI AjhAdInI daraja ugra banatI tamannA nIce tapato A tela pradeza, pitAne tyAM zAhIvAdI jugAranA kevA dAva kayAre khelaze tenI ciMtA jevuM rUpa dhAraNa karIne madhya pUrvanI vimuktinI hilacAlanA raratA vacce lAlabattI jevo ubho che. jeraDana | daza lAkhanI vastIvALA A Araba pradeza para IjharAIlamAMthI haDaselI devAyelA navalAkha nirAzritanA savAlane nikAla karavAnI mUMjhavaNa ubhI che. rAjA husena jerAna para rAjya kare che. IjharAIla para cAlatI amerIkana zAhIvAdanI kAryavAhIe A sarahadI pradeza mATe bhayAnaka paristhiti UbhI karI che. A paristhitine bharaDe jaraDanane taMga banAvIne tene zAhIvAdI pakaDa nIce lAvI devAnI badhI kAryavAhI kare che. Aja sudhI jeraDane teno pratikAra karIne pitAnI rASTravAdI nItimattAne jALavI rAkhI che. juvAna rAjA husena, aMgrejI zAhIvAde raDananA lazkara para sara senApati tarIke sattara vara sathI goThavI rAkhelA aMgrejI janarala glabane baratarapha karyo che. ane 1957mAM mArca mahinAmAM ja A nAnakaDA pradeze eMgle jeraDana karArano aMta lAvIne pitAnI vimukatinI jAherAta karI che. aMgrejI sAmrAjyanuM sImA mathaka, sAyaprasa bIjA vizvayuddha pahelAMnI aMgrejI sAmrAjyanI sImA derI bhUmadhya samudramAM thaIne suejhanI naheramAMthI pasAra thaIne lAlasamudrane pAra karIne hIMdI mahAsAgaramAM patharAtI hatI. A sImA derIne pUrva staMbha jIbrAlTara para ropAyo che, madhyamAM mATA che, ane pazcima cheDA paranA grIka jamAnAnA grIsanA sAyaprasa nAmanA TApu para aMgrejI sImAdorIne cheDe che. A TApu para, A sAmrAjyane raNathaMbha ropAya che. suMdara parvatamALathI chavAyele A pradeza sADA traNa lAkhanI vastI dharAve che. hAIphA enuM baMdaragAha che, ane suejhanA praveza

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madhapUrvamAM DokIyuM 685 dvArathI uttare traNaso mAIla para e Avela che. vAyuyAnavALA vizvamAM e yuropa ane ezIyA vaccenI kaDI jevo che. prAcIna samayamAM grIsane A TApu, pachIthI TarakInI zahenazAhatane parA dhIna banyuM hatuM. i. sa. 1878 mAM turkastAna pAsethI aMgrejI zAhIvAde tene paDAvI lIdhe. grIkanA A TApu para aMgrejI zAhIvAda have sADapAMca lAkhanI prajAne gulAma banAvIne, jema pirTugala,gevAne potAne eka vibhAga mAne che, jema phreMca zAhIvAda elajIrIyAne pitAnA phAnsanA ja vibhAga tarIke gaNAve che, te ja rIte aMgrejI zAhIvAda paNa A dvIpane briTanane eka vibhAga hevAnuM bezarama rIte jAhera kare che. aMgrejI zAhIvAdanA asta pAmatA sAmrAjyane AkharI sImAstaMbha hoya te pazcima eziyA para paDachAye nAkhate sAyaprasane A TApu ubhe che. briTanane jyAre suejha kenAlanA pradezamAMthI lazkare khaseDI levAM paDyAM tyAre tene A TApuparanI hakumata jALavI rAkhavAnI khUba agatya jaNAI. IjIpta para pAchI kaI vAra caDAI karavI hoya te paNa sAyaprasanA mathakanI jarUrIyAta aMgrejI zAhIvAda mATe ghaNI moTI hatI te hamaNuMja pUravAra thaI gayuM. paNa sAyaprasa pAse pitAnI saMskRti che ane ItihAsa che tevo khyAla jagatane hajI hamaNuM ja AvavA mAMDyo che. mahAsAgara para tarate koI jamInano TukaDo hoya tevA A dipa pAse pitAne itihAsa ane saMskRti che. tenA para jIvatAM lokone saMskAra che. sAyaprasanA lokonI vibhUktinI hilacAle jagatane pitAnA astitvanI sAkSI ApI che. A TApu para rahetA lekenI saMkhyA pAMca lAkhanI ja che, ane temAM pacIsa TakA jeTale bhAga grIka vastIne che. A pradeza para e pradezane jItavA AvelAM AkramaNonAM pagalAM I. sa. pUrvethI paDavA mAMDyAM hatAM. grIsane A TApu para ekavAra IjIptanI zahenazAhatanuM, IrAnI zahenazAhatanuM ane remana zahenazAhatanuM zAsana cAlyuM hatuM. pachI eka phreMca sAmate ene jItI lIdhuM ane traNa varSa sudhI tenA para kAnsanI zahenazAhatane jhaMDo pharaka. I. sa. 1571mAM TakanuM oTomana empAyara A TApunuM vijetA banyuM, ane enA para aMdhakAra chavAyA. TakI pAsethI aMgrejI zAhIvAde ene 1882mAM paDAvI lIdhe, tyAra pachI tarata ja aMgrejI zAhIvAde pazcima eziyAnA pradeza para pitAnAM mathaka sthApavA mATe enA para kabajo karIne elekajhAnDrIyAnA baMdaragAhane daravAjo khelyo. pachI eNe suejha kenAla para pitAnI hakumata sthApI. bIjA vizvayuddha pachI amerIkana zAhIvAde paNa madhya

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vizva itihAsanI rUparekhA pUrvanA A pradeza para pitAnAM thANuo nAkhavA mAMDyAM ane A nAnakaDA dvIpanI agatya pichANuM. paNa sAyaprasa bIjA vizvayuddha pachI ja aMgrejI zAhIvAde nahi sAMbhaLelI evI vimuktinI hAkala karI. sAyaprasanI vimuktinuM A laDAyaka sutra "kareMge yA mareMge " jevuM "IsIsanAmanuM hatuM. InasIsanI A vimukitanI hAkale AkhA dipa para AjhAdInI tamannA phelAvI dIdhI. A tamannAne sAyaprasanI vimukitanI hilacAle AkhA TApupara pitAnA lehInA akSare lakhavA mAMDI. A hilacAla tarapha, eTale pitAnA ja dipa pradeza tarapha grIse sahAnubhUti jAhera karI. grIka rASTrone ja A eka vibhAga grIsanA ethensa nAmanA ja pATanagara sAthe potAnA jIvana vyavahAranA saMskAra sabaMdhathI Aje joDAyelo che. grIka pAdarIo ane zikSake AjasudhI sAyaprasanAM grIka bALakone bhaNAvatA hatA. ethensanI yunivasITI sAyaprasanI yunivarsiTI hatI. evA grIsanA ja A dipapradeza para I. sa. 1878nA jUnanA cothA divase aMgrejI zAtivAde TakI pAsethI A TApune paDAvI lIdhA hatA. tyAra pachInA 78 varSa sudhIne aMgrejI kArabhAra sAyaprasanI prajAparanI gulAmIne kArabhAra hatuM. A kArabhAra sAme tyAMnI prajAe I. sa. 1931thI pitAnI laData zarU karI. e divasathI sAyaprasa nAmane TApu pitAnI vimuktinI hilacAla tarapha pitAnI dharatI para pitAnA nUtana ItihAsanI racanA karavA mAMDyuM. A ItihAsano yAdagAra divasa 1931nA okaTobara mahinAmAM zarU thayuM. A divase sAyaprasanA prajAjanoe pitAnA pATanagaramAM aMgrejI zAhIvAde nimelA gavarnaranA rAjamahAlaya upara kuca karI ane tene saLagAvI mUkyo. A TApu para e rIte AjhAdI pahele prakAza dekhAyo. bIjA vizvayuddhanA AraMbha sudhI aMgrejI zAhIvAde A prakAzane helavI nAkhavA mATe ekadhAruM damana cAlu rAkhyuM ane bIjA vizvayuddhanA aMta pahelAM I. sa. 1943mAM carcAle A TApunI mulAkAta lIdhI tathA tene thoDA sudhArAo ApyA. I. sa. 1946 mAM sAyaprasanI prajAe "inesIsa"nuM eTale saMpUrNa AjhAdInuM pitAnuM dhyeya jAhera karyuM ane tyArathI te Aja sudhI A TApuparanI vimukitanI hilacAla vadhArene vadhAre ugra banI che. Aje eka taraphathI jyAre aMgrejI zAhIvAda ane amerIkana zAhIvAda madhyapUrvanA tamAma pradeza para pitAnAM thANuo ThekI besADavAno prayatna kare che tyAre A TApune pitAnA saMsthAna tarIke cAlu rAkhavAnI jarUrIyAta temane mATe ghaNuM gaMbhIra banI che. paraMtu tenI sAthe sAthe ja pitAnI vimukti mATe pitApitAnI laDate zarU karatA AkhA madhya

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madhya pUrvamAM DokIyuM 187 pUrvanA rASTronA sAthamAM sAyaprasanI vimuktinI laDatapaNu gaMbhIra ane ugra svarUpa dhAraNa kare che. aMgrejI zAhIvAde A TApupara peAtAnI pakaDane TakAvI rAkhavAnI laDAi sAyaprasanI vimukitanI hilacAla sAme zarU karI dIdhI che. eMzITakA jeTalI zrIkavastIvALA A grIsadezanA prAcInadvIpa bhUmadhya paranuM mathaka che. A mathakane aMgrejI zAhIvAda pliTananA ja eka bhAga gaNe che. A mathaka Abizapa mekArIesanI AgevAnI nIce vimukitanI laDatathI hacamacI uDDayA che. grIsa dezanI pAtAnA A dvipanI vimukita tarapha saMpUrNa sahAnubhUti che. sAyaprasanI vimukitanI hilacAlanA AgevAna mekArIosa nAmanA eka ACkhIzapa athavA dharmagurU che. A AgevAnane aMgrejI zAhIvAde dezanikAla karI dIdhA che. madhyapUrvanA purANA zAhIvAdI DhArI sacAra, TarkI A madhyapUrvanI vizALa dharatImAMthI duniyAnA telanA sATha TakA jeTalA bhaMDAra nipaje che. pazcimanA zAhIvAdAnAM yAnI jhaDapa A meAkhIlagesa para TakI che. khAsa karIne aMgrejI zAhIvAdanI raNagADIoe A telanI zakita vaDe peAtAnAM lazkarane Aja sudhI sajyAM che. A telanAM mathaka para Aje paNa aMgrejI ane amerikana zAhIvAdanA kabajo che. madhyapUrvanA nakazAmAM A yuddhakhAra zAhIvAdanI pakaDa nIcenA, A dharatI paranA parAdhIna pradezAmAM TarakI pazu mUkhya che. A TarakInA pradeza, eka junuM evuM, babbe vizvayuddhothI cAlatuM AveluM zAhIvAdI pakaDa nIcenu zAhIvAdanuM yuddha mathaka che. agreja amirakI zAhIvAda trIjA vizvayuddhanI racanA mATe sAyaprasa para paga goThavI rAkhIne, irAka ane irAnamAMthI jagata para saMhArane svAMga dharIne, pAkistAnathI AraMbha karIne, ardha caMdrAkAranuM, TarakInA madhya biMduvALuM yuddhakhAra rUpa dhAraNa karI cUkayA che. ATalA mATe amerikana zAhIvAdanI yuddhakhAra AgevAnI nIce a MgrejI yuropIya zAhIvAde ane phreMca zAhIvAde A madhyapUrvanA jagatamAM, TakIne nATA nAmanA lazkarI karAramAM, tathA gharAka ane TakIne bagadAda karAra (I. sa. 1954) nAmanA lazkarI karAramAM utArI dIdhA che. Aje A zAhIvAdI Akrama ghaTanA A madhyapUrvanI dharatI para 8 mIDalasTa TrITI eragenIjhezana ' mITA nAmanA lazkarI karAra paNa karavA mAge che. zAhIvAdI ghaTanAe AkhI pRthvI para yuddhakhAra jUtha racyAM che. ekavAra, AkhA madhyapUrvane saikAo sudhI peAtAnA sAmrAjya nIce jakaDI rAkhanAra TakatI varatI aDhIkaroDa jeTalI che. kamAla

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}< vizva itihAsanI rUparekhA pAzAnI saramukhatyArI nIce eNe arvAcIna sajAvaTa karI che. Aje AkhA madhyapUrva paranI vimuktinI hilacAlAne khatama karI nAkhanArAM tathA vizvazAMtine jokhamamAM mUkI denArAM pazrimanA zAhIvAdanAM, badhAM jUtha ane lazkarI ane yuddhakhAra maDaLAmAM e sabhya che. pAkIstAna, irAka, ane irAnane potAnI yuddhakhAra AgevAnI nIce lAvanAra amerikana zAhIvAdanuM A saMsthAna jevuM. TarakI nAmanuM mathaka che. madhyapUrvanAM rASTronI vimukti para jhajhumato TarakI nAmanA bhaya pradeza,Aje A pradezAnI zAMtine jokhamamAM mUkI denAra nivaDayA che. duHkha darada ane garIbAimAM gaLADUba rahevAnuM pariNAma eNe zAhIvAdI hakumata nIce prApta karyuM che. A rASTra para prajAjIvanane kacaDatA amerikana zastroe sarelA ane zAhIvAdI tAlImanI kavAyata zikhele, pAMcalAkhanI saMkhyAvALA lazkaravAda che. TakIthI ijharAila sudhI aMgreja--phreMca-- amerikana zAhIvAdanI yuddhakhAra kAryavAhInA karAramAM, lazkarI dhaTanAnA jUthamAM, ane vizvazAMtine jokhamamAM mUkI denArI pazcima eziyA para AvI paDelI zAhIvAdI racanAnA pAyAmAM parAvAyalA, kamanasIba pradezAmAM TarakInuM nAma paheluM che. TarakI, pAkIstAna, IrAna, IrAka ane IjharAlanI bhUmi sudhInA zAhIvAdanA bhayAnaka bharaDA racAI cUkayA che. sAuddI amastAna : athavA sAudI erebIyA jagatabharanI muslIma prajA mATe pRthvI paranA ati pavitra pradeza che. islAmamAM khalIphAnA darabAranI arebIyana nAiTa'sanI jagavikhyAta vArtAone paNa eja pradeza che. bAibalanI daMtakathAmAM AlekhAyelA, azrAhAmanA A pradeza para pRthvI paranA pahelA prakAza zarU thayA. A pradezamAM ubhelAM bAIbalanAM Adama ane iva jJAnanuM phaLa cAkhatAM hatAM, ane kudaratanA kheALAmAMthI ucharelA ajJAnane phagAvI daine niSedhAyalAnuM avalAkana karavAnuM pApa karatAM hatAM. AvI daMtakathAomAM ja jIvatA A vizvaRtihAsanA purAtana pradezane mahamada payagaMbare, uThavAnA saMdeza dIdhA hatA ane pAdhaDI bAMdhelA bharavADa mAnavA, uMTatI vaNajhArA sajIne IslAmanA ulleASa karatA ahIMthI ja nIkaLI cUkayA hatA. pachI te saikAo vahI gayA. jagata para aMdhArA yuga Avyo ane gayA. jene yuropane, pUrvanA pradezanI mahAna saMskRti, ane vidyAonA vArasA ApIne islAme uThADayuM hatuM te ja yuropa, have navA udyoganuM rUpa sajIne A

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madhyapUrvamAM DokIyuM Araba jagatane Are AvI pahoMcyuM hatuM ane gADha nidrAmAM paDelA A arabI jagatane DhaMDhoLI nAkhatuM hatuM. A Araba jagatane, sAudI arebIyA nAmane pradeza lAla samudrathI irAnI akhAta sudhI laMbAyele mATe dvipakalpa che. enI uttare IrAka ane jeraDana che, tathA A Araba jagatanI AsapAsa aMgrejI zAhIvAde paDAvelA, ane aMgrejI hitathI vaNe lIdhelA, pradezo che. IrAnanA akhAtane Are Are AvelA tathA arabI samudranI kinArI para chavAyelA aMgrejI zAhIvAdI hakumatane, vAlIpaNuM nIce rakSita pradeza tarIke maLelA A pradeza, kuvAta, beharIna, kAtAra. ziyalaomAna, burAmI, muskAta tathA eDana, nAmanA pradeza che. A eDananI pAse ja yamana, nAmane eka pradeza che. sAudI arabastAnanAja A eka vibhAga jevA pradeza pAsethI eDana parano adhikAra, aMgrejI zAhIvAde laI lIdhuM che. A eDane have aMgrejI vAlIpaNAnI pakaDamAMthI mukta banavAnI mAgaNI karIne yamana sAthe joDAI javAnI hilacAla zarU karI che. vahAbI hilacAla sAudI arebIyA AvuM jANe eka jagataja che. A jagatane innasAuda nAmanA eka dharma sudhAraka yoddhAe DhaMDhALIne hamaNAMja pahelA vizvayuddha pachI uThADI dIdhuM. A Ibna, mahamada vAhaba nAmanA eka islAmika, mATInalyuthara jevA dharma sudhArakane anuyAyI hatuM. A vAhebe A raNa pradeza para IslAmane sudharavAnI raNa hAkala gAjatI karI. A vAhaba hilacAle, hAzimAITa jevI dharma AgevAnonI, zAhIvAdI pyAdAo banelI, yuropanI gulAmI nIce mAthAM jhukAvatI jaLane padabhraSTa karI dIdhI. aMgrejoe sAcavelI A jamInadArI jaDone, I. sa. 1924mAM vAhabI hilacAlanA AgevAna Ibna sAude ukheDI nAkhIne, A sudhAraka hilacAle, makkA ane madInAmAMthI vezyAvRttinA akhADAone nAbUda karI nAkhyA. saikAo sudhI nahIM dekhAyelI evI sudhAraka hilacAla A raNa pradeza para gAjI uThI. A hilacAlanI zALAnI agni parikSAo nIce Inne pitAnA dIkarAne jIvanavyavahAranA kaThaNa pATha zikhavyA ane e maraNa pAme tyAre, A raNa pradeza para paMcAvana varasanI uMmare ene dIkare rAjA, sAuda, Igna, abadula ajhijhanuM nAma dhAraNa karIne A pradezane rAjA bane. sAudI erebIyAnuM aMdara ane bahAranuM rAjakAraNa, rAjA sAuda, Inta, ajhijhane, rAjavahivaTa dhAraNa karyo haju traNa varasa ja vityAM che. A pradeza para IslAmanI lekazAhInA e sarvAdhikArI 87

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vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA rAjAne, ahIM vahetI rahetI, vaNajhArenI banelI vastIvALAM grAma dhaTakenI paMcAyate reja maLatI hoya che. jIvananI ghaTanAmAM ja racI devAyelI IslAmanI A lekazAhInAM zerIphanI AgevAnI nIcenAM maMDaLanI beThake ahIM maLyA karatI hoya che. raNaverAnanI vasAhata paranI A pArlAmenTanI jANe beThake bharAyA kare che. A beThakene sauthI meTa AgevAna, in, ajhijha che tathA islAmanA udayathI mahamade dIdhelI jIvana saMsarganI sAdAI uparathI nIce sudhInI, majalisomAM vaNAI cUkelI che. sAude pADelA cIlA para A nava rAjA Araba bhUmiparanA jIvanavahivaTanI AgevAnI dhAraNa karI cUkyuM che. Aje enI sAme aneka savAla, javAba mAgatA ubhA che. A aneka savAla pAchaLa sauthI moTo eka savAla che. A eka savAla, nUtana jagatane ane nUtana saMskRtino savAla che. A savAla ArababhUmipara AvI cUkyo che. A savAla sAthe ja lAla samudra paranA enA chaDA baMdaramAM nutana saMskRtinI sTImare laMgarAya che, tathA TrekaTare jamIna para pharavA mAMDyAM che. I. sa. 1952 thI ahIM re deDavA mAMDI che ane vaNajhAre para jatAM yAtrIo have, moTara lerIomAM makkA pahoMce che, tathA cheDA baMdarathI IjIptanA pATanagara ke sudhI vimAnI vyavahAra jAI gayo che. baharAmanA enAmathaka para telanA kuvAo khodanArI "ArAma" nAmanI amerikana kaMpanInA vasavATa paNa cAlu thaI gayA che. A kaMpanIe A mathaka para meTAM bebara utarI zake tevuM vimAnI mathaka paNa bAMdhI dIdhuM che. amerikana zAhIvAdI mAlIkInI, A, arebIyana oIla kaMpanI tela ulece che ane temAMthI rAjA sAuda Ibna ajhijhane maLate bhAga daravarase, pAMca lAkha DolaranI Avakane che. Araba dharatI paranI A kaMpanI ane rAjA bane, aMdaranI telanI dolatanA asamAna evA bhAgIdAra che. nUtana jagatanA rAjakAraNe ane arthakAraNe, amerikana oIla kaMpanIne ane IslAmika, rAjAne rAjakIya vahivaTa ekamekanI aDoaDa lAvI dIdhuM che. eka hajAra varasa sudhI itihAsanA takhtA parathI alepa banI gaele A raNapradeza telanA anaMta bhaMDArene hisso dhAraNa karIne Aje nUtana duniyAnA rAjakAraNamAM praveze che. i. sa. 1938 thI zarU thaelA A rAjakIya ane Arthika jIvananA saMsargamAM rAjA sAude, amerikana zAhIvAdanI zetaraMjane pitAnA rAjavahIvaTanI aMdaranA dorIsaMcAravALI daramyAnagIrImAMthI dUra rAkhavAne prayatna karyA karyo che.

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madhyapUrvamAM DokIyuM 191 parantu A zAhIvAdI pakaDamAMthI bacI javAnA a kAraNanuM rUpa nUtana udyoga dhaTanAnI peAtAnA pradezapara racanA karavAmAM che. vimuktinA nUtana rAjakAraNanI racanAne zAhIvAdI lazkarI jAthAmAMthI dUra rAkhIne ja tathA zAhIvAdI rItarasamane peAtAne tyAMthI TALIne ja, eziyA AphrikAnAM vimukta ane zAMticAhaka rASTronI sAthIdArI TakAvI rAkhI zakAze tevI samajaNa sAthe te bAbatanI gaMbhIra javAkhadArI rAjA sAude Aje dhAraNa karI che. A javAbadArIne adA nahIM karI zakelAM, pAkIstAna, IrAka, tathA TI ane ijharAIla jevAM rASTronI kevI khAnAkharAkhI thavA mAMDI che te bAbata najara sAme dekhatA, A raNapradeza, peAtAnuM rAjakAraNa khUba sAvadhAna paNe calAvavA mAMDayA che. A mahAna evA prAcIna ArabapradezanI AsapAsa, Aje bagadAda karAra nAmanA aMgrejI zAhIvAdanA yuddhakhAra bharaDA naMkhAI gayA che. A bharaDAnuM pATanagara IrAkanuM bagadAda banyuM che. A lazkarI vyUhanuM yuddhakhAra svarUpa, karALIyAnI bhIMsa jevI, daramyAnagIrInI phAcA, madhyapUrvInI duniyAmAM ghecAvA mAMDI che. jagatanA zAhIvAdI vyUhane A aMkADA, Aje pAkIstAnane vahivaTa hAthamAM laI te, madhyapUrvamAM ane eziyA paranA mahAna deza bhAratapara yuddhanAM vAdaLa jamAvavA mAMDayA che. lebeneAnanAM itihAsa prAcIna itihAsanA prItIzayana samayamAMthI pasAra thayA pachI ane TarakIza hakumatanA oTomana zAsanamAM tavAyA pachI, I. sa. 1860 mAM lekheneAnanA itihAsanuM prakaraNa, lakhAyuM. A prakaraNamAM A pradeza phreMcazAhIvAdanuM saMsthAna banyuM ane pahelA vizvayuddha pachI ja enuM nAma, e nAnakaDA pradezanI bahAra saMbhaLAyuM ke lekhetAna, je sIrIyAneA ja eka bhAga che tene, phreMca sarakAranA vAlIpaNA nIce phreMca proTekaToreTa tarIke soMpavAmA Ave che. phreMcazAhIvAde potAne soMpAyalA A rakSita-pradezane, khristI svarUpamAM ghaDavA mAMDayA tathA, nadIkanA sIrIyAnI plAmika asaravaDe te khagaDe nahIM tenI kALajI rAkhavA mAMDI. pachI khIjuM vizvayuddha Ayu, phreMcasarakAranuM patana thayuM ane lekhenAne peAtAne vimukta rASTra tarIke jAhera karyAM. atyAra sudhImAM A pradezanI phaLadrupatAne lIdhe phrAnsamAMthI ahIM sArA pramANamAM vasavATa thai cUkayA hatA. lekheneAnanA pATanagara khIrUtanI gArIvasAhata phrAnsa tarapha lAgaNI batAvatI hatI tathA, AjhAda banelA lemenAnanA pATanagaramAM pelI lAgaNIne lIdhe ja, I. sa. 1941nA jAnyuArInI 4 thIe phrAnsanA jhaMDA jevA triraMgI pharakA

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692 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA vavAmAM AvyA hatA. pachI tarata ja A pradezapara aMgrejI ane amerikI rahemanajara patharAvA mAMDI. A pradezanA pATanagaramAM A banne zAhIvAde, Arthika madada karavA mAMDI. A pradezaparathI ja irAkamAMthI ulecAtA telanI pAipa lAinanA cheDA, AlekheneAnanA khadara tripAlI AgaLathI ja purA thAya che. ahIM AgaLa aMgrejI mAlIkInI peTrAlIyama ka`panInI rIphAinarI nakhAI che. Aje A lekheneAnanA pradeza ja evA eka Arama pradeza che ke jyAMnI paMdara lAkhanI vastumAM muslIma prA laghumatImAM che ane khristIonI saMkhyA muslIma karatAM gheADIka vadhAre che. A uparAMtanA khristI lekhenIane,nI, dazalAkha jeTalI saMkhyA amerikA, ane dakSiNa amerikana rAjyAmAM vase che. A pradezanA lokazAsananI pArlAmenTanI cuMTaNI karavAnA matAdhikAra, samAna rIte ahIM saune maLyo che parantu, amerikAmAM, eTale lebeneAnanI bahAra vasatAM dazalAkha jeTalAM lekhetenIaneAne paNa, amerikana zAhIvAdanA dorIsaMcAravaDe, lekheneAnanI pAralAmenTane cUMTavAnA adhikAra maLyA che. chatAM paNa, mukta evA A nAnakaDA rASTre zAhIvAdI lazkarI jUthanA yuddhakhAra sANasAmAM potAnI jAtane paDAvA devAtA sApha inkAra karyAM che. aMgrejI zAhIvAdanAM aneka khANAne sAmaneA karIne, A Araba dharatIparanA pradeza, bagadAda karAra nAmanA zAhIvAdI bharaDAmAMthI peAtAnI jAtane bahAra rAkhIne tenA sabhya banavAneA inkAra karyAM che. A uparAMta eNe A Araba pradezanI AbalIga nAmanI saMsthAnA sabhyapadane paNa jALavI rAkhyu che tathA ArakhapradezanI ekatA tathA e pradezanI vimuktinI hilacAlAnI sAthIdArI karatA ArabalIganI rAjakIya samitinuM paNa lekheneAna sabhya banI zakayu che. sIrIyA; Ama vimuktinA cAkIdAra madhyapUrvanA aneka pradeza jANe eka ane abhaga Atmadeza che e saunA ekaja ItihAsa, eka ane abhaMga bhUMgALa, tathA eka saMskRtine jIvanavahIvaTa temaNe saikAothI dhAraNa karI rAkhyA che. A jIvanavahivaTane aMdarathI kArIkhAtA zAhIvAdI zASaka vyavahAre temane eka ane abhaga gulAmInI zRMkhalAmAM jakaDI lIdhA hatA. Aje A gulAmInA akADA tUTatA jAya che tyAre, vimuktinI Araba hilacAlanA pitA jevA, nAnakaDA pradeza sIrIyA, nUtana gauravanI gaMbhIratAne dhAraNa karI rahyo che. A pradeza yurepa eziyA ane AphrikAnI vacce AvelA che eTale prAcIna samayathI jagata jItavA nIkaLelA badhA vijetAe A meAkharAnI bhUmine

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madhyapUrvamAM DokIyuM sauthI pahelI parAdhIna banAvatA hatA. AvA vijetAonI aMdara aMdaranI ugra hariphAIo ahIM janmatI hatI. A dharatInA dhaNi banavA mATe jUnA jagatamAM esIrIyA ane IjIpta, bAyajhanTIyama ane IrAnanAM sAmrAje yudhdhe caDyAM hatAM ane sikaMdare jagata jItavA nIkaLatA pahelAM A bhUmipara pitAne pahelo raNamera ropa hato. pachI A bhUmi oTomana empAyaranI cAra saikAo sudhI parAdhIna rahI hatI. pachI yurepane zAhIvAda jagatane jItI cUkyuM ane paheluM vizva yuddha laDavA mATe nIkaLI paDyuM tyAre A bhUmine aradhI aradhI vaheMcI levA mATe aMgrejI-phreMca zAhIvAde "sIkasa-pIkeTa" karAra nAmane khAnagI karAra karyo hate. luTArUoe karelI A khAnagI ejanA pramANe vizva yuddha pachI tarataja sIrIyA ane lebona para pheMca zAhIvAdane "menDeTa ApavAmAM Avyo. paraMtu vizvaItihAsanuM janaparibaLa A vizvayuddha pachI vimuktinI hilacAlanuM AraMbhanuM AMdolana janmAvatuM hatuM. eTale AvAM khAnagI karAranAmAMnAM kAgaLIyAM kacarAnI TopalImAM nakhAI javAnAM hatAM. zAhIvAdanI jagatabhara upara jakaDAyelI zaMkhalAne eka aMkeDa vizvayuddhanA upasaMhAramAMja raziyAnI sAmAjika krAntie teDI nAkhe tathA zAhIvAdI ghaTanAnA zarIranA ekaeka aMkeDA have tUTavAnI AMtararASTriya kAryavAhInI zakyatAnI sIrIyAe paNa ItihAsanI A nUtana kAryavAhIne AraMbha potAne tyAM, karIne i. sa. 1925mAM vizva ItihAsamAM pitAnuM nAma neMdhAvI dIdhuM. sIrIyAnI vimuktinA nutana itihAsanA gaurava jevo e ItihAsanA AraMbhathI janma pAmelI ItihAsanI UjavaLa rekhAomAM otaprota bane, zukrI-ala-kuvAtalI nAmano sIrIyAne pramukha che tathA Araba vimuktinI hilacAlane e pitA che. - zukrI-ala-kuvAtalI, I. sa. 1891 mAM sIrIyAnA pATanagara dAmAsaksamAM janame. dAmANasa ane IstaMbulamAM zikSaNa pAmIne I. sa. 1930 thI enA jIvananI rekhAo Araba muktinI hilacAla sAthe ekamaya banI. pahelA vizvayuddha pachI tarata ja Araba vimuktinAM bhemabhitara maMDaLo sIrIyAmAM baMdhAvA mAMDyAM. sIrIyA paranI phreMca zAhIvAdI hakumate, kuvAtalI tathA enA sAthIdAra sAme dehAMta daMDanI zikSA jAhera karI. I. sa. 1924 mAM phreMcasarakAre sIrIyAne sudhArA enAyata karyA, ane kuvAtalI paranI dehAMta daMDanI zikSA pAchI kheMcI lIdhI. navI sarakAramAM kuvAtalI pradhAnapade cUMTAyA, pachI bIjuM vizvayuddha AvyuM. kuvAlInA rASTriya pakSe tyArapachI saMpUrNa AjhAdInI jAherAta karI. AjhAdInI

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vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA laDatane kacaDI nAkhavA, phreMca lazkare AvyAM paNa parAjama pAmIne pAchAM gayAM. I.sa. 1943 mAM sIrIyAmAM cUMTaNI thaI ane vimukta sIrIyAne pahelo pramukha ala-kuvAtaalI cUMTAye. I. sa. 1955 nA julAInI cuMTaNImAM paNa alakuvAtalI rASTrapramukha tarIke cUMTAyA, tathA Aje sIrIyAnI vimuktinA A pitAne gaMbhIra kaTokaTivALA madhyapUrvanA samaye vimuktinuM, rakSaNa karavAnI yugapravartaka pharaja soMpI che. madhyapUrvanI vimuktinA be bAMdhava rA; ijI ane sIrIyA I. sa. 156 nI nAtAlamAM aMgrejI-phreMca zAhIvAdI sarakAre e AMtararASTrisaMghanAM badhAM khatapatrone bhaMga karI nAkhIne, IjIpate rASTrIyakaraNa * * * karelI suejhanI naherapara lazkarI kabaje karI levA tathA IchatanI AjhAdIne gaLI nAkhavA, kerenagarapara AkramaNa karyuM. eja samaye barAbara agAuthI nakkI thayA pramANe amerikana zAhIvAdanA zastrasAjathI taiyAra evI IjharAIlanI sarakAre paNa IjIptatapara AkramaNa karyuM. jagata AkhuM AghAta pAmI gayuM. jagatane lekamata kakaLATa karI uryo. IjIptapara umaTelA A AkramaNanA yuddhane ekadama aTakAvI devA nahIM to vinAza mATe taiyAra rahevAnuM AkharInAmuM raziyAe pelA traNe AkramaNakhora para peza karyuM, ane potAnA vinAzathI bhayabhIta banelA AkramaNakhoroe yuddha aTakAvavAnuM kabUla karyuM. jagatanI nItimattAne hacamacAvI nAkhanAre aMgreja phreMca zAhIvAde karelA nagna AkramaNane A banAva, madhyapUrvanA tamAma pradeza para pitAnI hakumata ThekI

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madhyapUrvamAM DokIyu 65 esADavA mATenA hatA. A AkramaNanI kAvatarAkhAra yAjanAnI bIjI pAMkha sIrIyAnuM paNa eka sAtheja patana karI nAkhavAnI yeAjanA banI cUkI hatI. ijIptapara maMDAi cUkelA A Akramaka yuddhane parAya tarataja na thayA hotatA A AkramaNanI bIjI pAMkha sIrIyApara tUTI paDavAnI ja hatI. sIrIyApara thanArA A AkramaNanI racanA pramANe aMgrejI phreMca zAhIvAde irAka mAraphata utArelAM zasrA sAthe, eka vakhatanA sIrIyAnA saramukhatyAra je vimukti pachI bhAgI gayA hatA tathA phrAnsamAM sacavAi rahyo hatA te, zIzAlI, aMgrejI jahAjamAM esIne sIrIyAnA kinArApara paheAMcI gayA hatA. pachI nakkI thayA pramANe sIrIyAnI sarakAranA AgevAneAmAM khUna thai javAnAM hatAM tathA, dAmAsakasamAM aMdhAdhUMdhI phelAvI daIne tarataja ceAjanA pramANenAM aMgrejI phreMca zAhIvAdI lazkarA rAkamAMthI kUca karavAnAM hatAM. parantu madhyapUrvanI vimuktinI hilacAla paranuM A AkramaNa ijIptamAMthI pAchuM paDayuM ane sIrIyAnuM patana karavA mATe ijharAila ane IrAkamAMthI, aMgreja-phreMca amarikI yAjanAe AgaLa vadhe te pahelAM sIrIyAnI vimuktinI sarakAre, bagadAda karAramAMthI AvavAneA Akramaka bharaDA peAtAne tyAMnA kAvatarAkhorAne pakaDI pADIne aTakAvI dIdhA. madhyapUrvanA sahAra zarU karIne i. sa. 1957nI nAtAlane UjavavAnI zAhIvAdI ghaTanAnI ceAjanA niSphaLa nivaDI tathA, i. sa. 1957 nA ArbhamAM sIrIyana sarkAranI mInIsTrInA TrIbyunale, zAhIvAdanA mukAdamA para mukarramA mAMDayeA, eNe bAra kAvatarAkhArAne dehAMtadaMDanI zikSA karI parantu A zikSAnA amalamAMthI zisAkalI tathA khIjA keTalAkA, zAhAvAdanI madada vaDe bhAgI jai zakayA. A rIte AjasudhI, madhyapUrvanA A merASTabAMdhavA, maghnapUrvanI AkhI Araba duniyAnI vimuktinA agragAmI banyA che. madhyapUrvanI duniyAmAMthI maraNa pAmatI zAhIvAdI zASaka dhaTanAonA A AkharI pachADAnI sAme e rASTrA mamatAthI ubhA rahyA che. eziyA ane AphrikAnA mAnavasamudAyA A e bharUdha tarapha mAnanI dRSTie dekhe che tathA, A banne khaMDanA lokamata A e rASTronuM mAna kare che. madhyapUrvanA navA itihAsa A, e prAcIna rASTromAMthI ubhA thAya che. A be mahAna rASTrA pAse, atiprAcIna evA potAnA jIvataranA atihAsika sImAstaMbho che. vizvaItihAsamAM Aje akhaMDa evA gauravanuM sthApana A banne rASTrA karatA dekhAya che tathA, eziyA ane AphrikAnA utthAnanA AgevAna, te banI cUkayA che.

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39 vizva ItihAsanuM saravaiyu, vizva zAMti ke vizvasaMhAra! [ saMskRtinI udhArabAjI, bhUkhamare, regacALe, ane yuddho - yuddhanAbudInI zubhecchAonA AgevAna-yuddhanA paritApanuM prAyazcita-vizvazAMtinI ane vizvayuddhanI saMsthAo-bIjA vizva cuddhanA aMtamAM ja saMsthAne zodhate amerikana zAhIvAdaamerikAne vizva vijayane plebane bhUha-vidhavijayanI yuddha racanAnI vyApakatA-sIemAM siAma ane pAkistAna-adraSTa sAmrAjyanuM AkramaNarUpa--eziyAparanuM amerikana AkramaNa- jApAna para zAMti karAra nAmane yuddha karAra-cIna paranI yuddha racanAne pahele mera, pharasA-cIna paranA AkramaNane bIje mera, kerIyA-eziyA para yuddhakhora bharaDe, sI -madhyapUrva parane yuddhAra karAra, bagadAda karAra-zAhIvAdI ghaTanAnuM madhyapUrva pa2nuM rAjakAraNa--ijIte kareluM paMcazilamanuM zilAre paNa amerikana zAhIvAdanI AIjhenahevara DokaTrInanI kAryavAhI-bhAratIya vimuktinI kaTI, kAzamIrane savAla-vizvayuddha eTale vizva saMhAra-vizvazAMti ke vizvavigraha-vizvazAMtinAM vimukta rASTrone samAraMbha-rASTravimuktinAM nUtana pAtro-vizvazAMtinuM Aphrikana paribaLa-vizvazAMtinuM zila, paMca zilama ] saMskRtinI udhAra bAju, bhakhamaro, yuddho ane rogacALo jagatanI saMskRtinI zarUAtathI te Aja sudhImAM, saMskRtinI udhAra bAju haju joIe teTalI ochI thaI nathI. yaMtra ane audyogika utpAdana mAnava jAtanI sukha sagavaDe ghaNuM vadhArI mUkI che, chatAM tenI mAnavakalyANakArI vaheMcaNuM athavA nyAyasamatA bhareluM tenuM vitaraNa haju thayuM nathI. jagatanA be mahAnakhaMDe, eziyA ane AphrikA haju hamaNAM ja pagabhara banavA mAMDyA che, tathA pitAnA mAnava samudAya mATe audyogika utpAdana ane jIvana vahIvaTanI racanAnI nUtana yojanAo AraMbhavA mAMDyA che. tyAre paNa A banne khaMDa para vasatA virATa evA mAnava samudAyone, temanI jugajanI garIbAImAM bhUkhamarAmAM ane gulAmImAM pAchA ghasaDI javAnA badhA dorI saMcAra tathA kAvatarAMo, jagatanI zAhIvAdI ghaTanA taraphathI yojyA karavAmAM Ave che.

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vizva itihAsanuM saravaiyu, vizva zAMti ke vivasa MhAra ! 697 A mAnavasamudAyA yureApa ane amerikAnA mAnavasamudAyAnI sAthe jagatabharatI mAnavajAtanI eka IcchA zAMti mATenI sau jamAnAmAM kAyama rahI ja che. paNa A icchAnA amala karavAnuM eka sAdhana AjasudhI jagatanI mAnavajAta pAse hatuM ja nahIM tathA, temanA para zAsana karatAM, vargIya adhikAranA samAjanA upalAcarAnA zAsakeAe temane aneka yuddhomAM AjasudhI sahAra karyA ja karyo che, A sahAra karanArAM yuddho ane garIbAinI pAchaLa AvatA anIvA` paDachAyA jevA rAgacALAoe AjasudhImAM kareADA mAnavAne bharakhI khAdhAM che. Aja sudhImAM vijJAnanI madada vaDe aneka asAdhya rogA sAdhya banyA hovA chatAM, tathA ArAgyanAM sAdhanA ane upacAra vyApaka banyAM hAvA chatAM, rAgacALAnA sahAra eche! nathI. pahelA vizvayuddha pachI ane yuddha daramyAna, lAkhA mAnavA inakluenjhA ane TAiksathI maraNa pAmyAM hatAM. e yuddha pahelAM, kAkA praziyana yuddhamAM, jaramanIe phrAnsaneA parAjya karyuM tyAra pachI tyAMnA 126,000 mANaso sitaLAthI maraNa pAmI gayAM hatAM, ane te pahelAM, osTrIyA ate praziyAnA yuddha pachI lAkhA mANasA kAlerAmAM maraNa pAmyAM hatAM. amerikana AMtaravigraha thayA tyAra pachI paNa yuddhamAM marAyelAM mANasA karatAM cAragaNuAM vadhAre mANasA khIje ja varase rogacALAthI maraNa pAmI gayAM hatAM. pahelA vizvayuddhamAM laDavA jatI veLAe agrejI dvAkhAnAMmAM naukA khAtAnA e hajAra, sainikA bimAra paDelA hatA parantu yuddha purUM thayA pachI 88

Page #719
108 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA A sainikAnI bimArasaMkhyA pahelA ja varasamAM 333,000nI thaI gaI hatI. vizvaItihAsanI AjanI tArIkhe saMskRtie pitAnI A udhAra bAjune paNa ApaNuM abhyAsa mATe nedhI che. mAnava jAtamAMthI, garIbAI. bhUkhamare ane yuddho khatama thaI jAya tevI saMskRtinI bhAvanA che. mAnavajAta paranA kalaMkarUpa vALI A saMhAraka ane duHkhada dazAne nAbuda karavA mATe koI prArthanAo ke zubheachAo kAma nathI AvavAnI paraMtu mAnavajAtane pramANika zubhecchakoe tenAM kAraNone nAbUda karI nAkhavAnI vizva vyApaka hilacAla ngavavI paDaze. yuddha nAbudInI zubhecchAo, ane vizvazAMtinAM AgevAne pahelA vizvayuddha pahelAMnA zAhIvAdI yuddha AgevAnomAM, nepalIyana jevAe tathA Dayuka opha velIMgTana jevAe, jIvanabhara yuddho laDayA pachI ekarAra karyo che ke mAnavajAtanI zaramajanaka dazA yuddha karavAnI dazA che tathA koIpaNa yuddhamAM koI pakSe paNa kazuM sAruM ke hitAvaha pariNAma kadI meLavyuMja nathI. vizvazAMtinI IcchAo dareka jamAnAmAM, prAcIna samayathI te te samayanA mahAnubhAvoe vyakata karyA ja karI che. amerikA jevA AjanA, trIju vizvayuddha lAvavAmAM AgevAna banI cUkelA, sAmrAjyavAdI dezamAM paNa vIlIyama pata nAmanA eka zAMticAhaka kakaranuM nAma I. sa. 1662mAM jANItuM banI cUkayuM hatuM. enA samayamAM cAlatI amerikana dharatI paranAM rAtAM InDIyanone saMhAra ane katala karI nAkhavAnI potAnA deza bAMdhanI vyavahAranIti tarapha dhikkAra ane karUNAthI ubharAine eNe pelAM mAnava samudAyone bacAvavA pitAnI penasIlavAnIyAnI, aneka corasa mAIlanI vizALa jAgIra e rAtAM InDIyane arpaNa karI dIdhI tathA, pite e jAgIra para rAta inDIyanone Azaro ApIne temanI vasAhata sAthe premabharI rIte jIvavAne, "yAvatacaMdra divAkarau' karAra karavAne taiyAra thayo. paraMtu A karAranA, caMdradivAkara nAmanA sAkSIe paNa vilIyama pena sAthe ja maraNa pAmyA ane A kAranI pAchaLa teNe I. sa. 1982 mAM bAMdheluM, phalADelaphIyA nAmanuM saMsthAna (baMdhu premanuM nagara) Aje oLakhAya nahIM tevuM banI gayuM. aMgrejI kavi TenIsane paNa vizvazAMti mATe, jagatanA pheDarezananI kalpanA karI hatI. amerikAnA AdarzavAdI pramukha valasananI IcchA paNa vizvazAMti mATe hatI ja. vikaTara hayugoe vizvazAMtinuM saMcAlana karavA mATe yuropIyana pheDarezananI yejanA karI hatI. amerikAnA pramukha vilasananI evI umeda hatI ke lIga opha nezansa nAmanI vizva saMsthA mAraphata vizvazAMtinI yojanA ghaDI zakAze.

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vizva ItihAsanuM saravaiyu vizva zAMti ke vizvasa'hAra ! agniasranI zodha karanAranA paritApanuM prAyazcita 699 I. sa. 1833nA ekaTAbaramAM janma pAmelA ane i. sa. 1896 mAM maraNa pAmelA, nAkhela AlphreDa baranahArDa eka svIDIza, rasAyaNazAstrI tathA ijanera hatA. eNe DAyanemAiTanI tathA, DITAneTaranI zodha karI. mAnava saMhAranA tathA jagatamAM vizvazAMti mATe sauthI maLe tevI vyavasthA eNe karI. A AyuddhanI zodha karIne eNe yuddhanI saMsthAnI saMhAraka tAkAtane vadhArI dIdhI. 19 mA saikAnA aMtamAM ata pAmatuM enu jIvana meAtanAM karapINa citrA dekhatuM udAsIna banI gayuM. pazcAtApathI prajaLatA peAtAnA jIvane dhAravA mATe eNe, nobela pAritoSikAnI yeAjanA karI vadhAre kAma karanArane paNa zAMtipAritASika * tyArapachI kharathA, phezana sTuTanare, " zastronA nAza karo, " nAmanuM eka vizva vikhyAta pustaka lakhIne yureApanA jagatanI ataravedanAne mAnavasaMhAra sAme jagADI dIdhI eNe nobela pAritoSinI zAMti mATenI yAjanAne vadhAre saphaLa banAvI. enA nAmane ane vizvazAMtimATenI peAtAnI vAMchanAte sthAyIrUpa ApavA; esTrIyAnI zAMticAhaka prajAe, Aje vienA nagaramAM, enA nAmanI eka mATI za saMsthA zarU karI che. babbe vizvayuddo pahelAMja yuddhanI zaramajanaka saMsthAnI nAbUdI mAgatI, zAMtijehAda zarU karavA mATe zastra sarjAmane nAza karavAnI yugavihAkala eNe jagavI hatI. vizvazAMti ane vizvayuddhanI, sAthe sAthe cAlatI e yeAjanAe pachI lIga AktezansanI dazamI er3aka vakhate 1929 nA sapTembaramAM yurApanI janatAnI hilacAlane kacaDI nAkhavA ane jagatajanatAnA vijayI

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vizva itihAsanI rUparekhA dhAma jevA seviyaTa dezaneA sAmatA karavA, erIsTAiDa thrIAnyuM yureApanA zAhIvAdAnu yuropiyana phIDarala yuniyana bAMdhavAnI vAta, lIga oNpha nezansanA pratinidhio samakSa rajU karI. lIga Apha nezansanI bahAra evuM yuropI phIDarala yuniyana bAMdhavAnuM AmaMtraNa 27 yuropiyana sarakArane ApavAmAM AvyuM. paNa e yeAjanA ane evI ja eka khIja yeAjanA zarU thaI ane tarata ja paDatI mUkAI. kAraNa lIga Apha nezansanA vizvazAMtinA dhyeyane niSedha karanArI yojanA, hiTalara ane museAlInInA zAhIvAde zarU karI ja dIdhI hatI. A yAjanA lIga epha nezansanI bahAra zAhIvAdI sarakArAnu yuropIyana jUtha bAMdhavAnI hatI. sevIyaTa raziyA ane vimukitanI hilacAlAne kacaDI nAkhavAnI zAhIvAdI jagatanI A yAjanAnuM samagrasa McAlana hiTalare potAnI yeAjanA mAraphata jhaDapI lIdhuM hatuM. A yAjanAnuM saMcAlana zarU thAya kaM, lIgaoph nezansanu paNa maraNa thAya te nakkI hatuM. A saMcAlana zarU thayuM eTale vizvayuddha zarU thayuM. A zarUAte sauthI pahelA bhAga lIga-ek nezansaneA lIdheA kAraNa ke jagatamAM vizvayuddha nAmanI zAhIvAdI saMsthA yuddha laDavA nIkaLe tyAre zAhIvAdI saMcAlanavALI vizvazAMtine dekhAva karanArI saMsthA nAza pAmI jatI hAya che. Gor pachI hiTalaranI e yeAjanA viSphaLa nivaDI athavA bIjuM vizvayuddha niSphaLa nivaDayuM. A yAjanAe jeneA nAza karI nAkhyA hatA te, vizvazAMtinA dhyeyavALI, lIga, opha nezansa nAmanI vizva saMsthA, khIjA vizvayuddhanA aMtamAMja nUtanarUpa dharIne jIvatI banI. A nUtana rUpa, navI, evI vimukta prajAonuM ane vijayI evI samAjavAdI dhaTanAnuM hatuM. jagata AkhuM, navAM vimukata rASTrAne potAnA rUpamAM dhAraNa karIne nUtana banyuM hatuM. AvI, nUtana banelI vizvasaMsthA, saMyukata rASTra saMdha paNa vimukta rASTra ekameAnI samAna sabhyapada vALI banIne nUtana banI cUkI hatI, have jema pahelAM thayuM hatuM tema vizvayuddhanI kAi racanA, yeAjanA kru saMsthAe athavA yuddhanI krAi ghaTanA banavAja na pAme eTalA mATe teA rASTrasaMdhanI-yunAnI racanA thai hatI. trIjuM vizvayuddha zakaya ja na bane eTalA mATe teA, briTana, amerikA, sAvIyaTa raziyA tathA phrAnsa ane cInanI mahAsattAo vacce A, rASTrasaMdhamAM " yunenImITI " te paraspara vyavahAranA AMtararASTriya ekatAnA siddhAMta nakkI thayA hatA. * eTaluM ja nahI. paNa trIjA vizvayuddhane ja aTakAvavA mATe rASTrasaMdha nA cArTaramAM koipaNa dezeAe lazkarI judA karAro karavA nahI evuM vizvazAMtinA pAyAnuM pratipAdana thayuM tathA yuddhakhAra evA khIjA

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vizva hatahAsanuM saravaiyu vizva zAMti ke vizvasa'hAra ! 701 vizvayuddhane janmAvanArA, jarmanI ane jApAna nAmanA phAsIvAdI dezAmAMthI phAsIvAdane nAza karIne temAMthI paNa lazkarI jajUthadhIte nAbUdda karIne zAMtimaya leAkazAhInI sthApanA karavAnuM nakkI thayu. zAhIvAdI jagatanI rASTrasa MghanI bahAranI ceAjanA zI hatI! ane chatAM paNa zAhIvAdI jagata ApaNI duniyAmAMthI hajI nAza nahAtuM pAmyuM. eTaNe, enI zI yeAjanA AvavAnI che te savAla paNa gabhIra hatA. A zAhIvAdI jagatamAM aMgreja-phreMca zAhIvAda nabaLA paDayA hatA. jaramana, jApAna zAhIvAda parAjIta banyA hatA. paNa tyAreja amerikana zAhIvAda sauthI vadhAre prabaLa ane pracarDa banyA hatA. bIjA vizvayuddhanA aMtamAMja eNe jagatanI AgevAnI dhAraNa karavAnI jAherAta karIne vizvapara peAtAnI zAhIvAdI yAjanAnI prAdezika ghaTanAe bAMdhavA mAMDI. eNe have A lazkarI dhaTanAone athavA yuddhanI dhaTanAone rASTrasaMdhanI bahAra dhaDavA mAMDI. A ghaTanAe vaDe tarataja yuddha jenuM jIvanarUpa che evI A zAhIvAdI ghaTanAe trIjA vizvayuddhane nahIM thavA devA mATenA tathA vizvazAMtinA A mULabhUta evA rASTrasaMdhanA cArTaranA karAronA bhaMga zarU karI dIdhA. A karAra bhaMganA svarUpamAM, pazvinanI sAmrAjyavAdI sattA amerikana zAhIvAdanI AgevAnI nIce praHdezika evA judA lazkarI karArA, lazkarI jUthAmAM yojavA mAMDayA, sauthI paheluM evuM jUtha " nA eTalenTika, TrITI oragenIjhezana " nAmanuM thayuM. emAM joDAyelA zAhIvAdI ane temanA parAdhIna dezoe A lazkarI jUthanI lazkarI hakumata vALI racanA karI tathA yuddha ane zAMtinA nirNayA levAnI peAtAnI eTale A jUthanI svata MtratA jAhera karI. A sAmrAjyavAdI jUthe rASTrasa MdhanI salAmati samitine aMdarathI tADavAnA athavA kabaje karavA tarIkA racyA tathA nAnAM nAnAM yuddho zarU karIne, " yunenImITI'' nA siddhAMtano bhaMga karIne vimuktinI hilacAlane toDI pADavAnAM Taka chUTaka yuddho, kArIyApara tayA inDA cIna para rArU karyAM ane tenA para rASTra sa MdhanI majurI paNa meLavI. cIna rASTrane A sAmrAjyavAdI jUthe rA'dhamAMthI ane salAmati samitimAMthI bAkAta rAkhyo tathA cInane badale phArmAsAnA TApumAM bharAyelA eka cInI dezadrohInA phArmAMsAne cIna gaNIne, rASTrasaMdhamAM esAyeA. A badhA mATe rASTrasaMdhamAM peAtAnAM pyAdAMnI bahumativaDe rASTrasa MdhanI maMjurI paNa meLavavA mAMDI. A rIte amerikana zAhIvAde rASTrasaMdhanI a Mdara ane rASTrasaMdhanI bahAra, eTalAMTika lazkarI saMdha mAraphata yuddanI dhaTanA dhaDavA mAMDI, i. sa. 1952mAM A yuddatI .. '

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702 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA eTalAMTika lazkarI ghaTanA, amerikA, keneDA, briTana, phrAnsa, ITAlI, belajIema helenDa, lakajhebaga, DenamArka, nave AIsalenDapATuMgAla, grIsa ane TarakI nAmanA cauda dezanI banI. grIsa ane TarakIne A eTaleMTika yuddha ghaTanAmAM umerIne eTaleMTika mahAsAgaranI bhUgoLane tyAM sudhI kheMcI javAmAM AvI. A uparAMta A yuddha ghaTanAmAM ADakatarI rIte, pazcima jaramanI, peIna, jApAna tathA ITAlIne joDIne, e dezamAM zastra saraMjAmanA DhagalA enAyata karIne amerikana sAmrAjyavAde e junA evA phAsIvAdI dezane yuddhanI taiyArI para goThavI daIne, jagatanI zAMtine jokhamamAM mUkI dIdhI. amerikana zAhIvAde pitAne A badhI sarakArene lekazAhI saMskRtinuM nAma ApIne pite, A lekazAhIne zastrabhaMDAra che ema jAhera karyuM. A yuddhakhora lakarI ghaTanA pAchaLa bIjA vizvayuddha pachI, sAmrAjyavAdI ghaTanA, zastrasajaja banIne Aje ubhI che tathA A dareka dezonA zastrasaraMjAma, amerikana nANunI udAra sakhAvate vaDe aneka ghaNI jhaDapathI khaDakAya che. A saumAM sauthI moTo zasasAja amerikAe sajaryo che tathA tyAM aNabanA DhagalA khaDakAyA che. amerikana zAhIvAdanuM adraSTa svarUpa bIjA vizvayuddha pachI itihAsanI saMsthAomAM sAmrAjyavAda nAmanI vizvapara hakUmata calAvatI ghaTanA jagatanA moTA bhAgamAMthI have nAza pAmavA mAMDI hatI. sAmrAjazavAdanA nAzano A AraMbha raziyAmAM sAmAjika krAMti sAthe zarU thayo. yurepanA bIjA koIpaNa dezamAM ane khAsa karIne briTana, phrAnsa ane amerikA jevA zAhivAdI dezamAM sAmrAjyavAdI ghaTanAne kema TakAvI rAkhavI tenI kAryavAhI zarU thayA pachI A kAryavAhImAM amerikana zAhide pitAnA sAmrAjyavAdI svarUpane jagata para TakAvI rAkhavA mATe sAmrAjyavAdane ne vyavahAra zarU karyo. A vyavahAranuM svarUpa bIjA vizvayuddha pahelAM, pahelAMthI ja zarU thaI cUkyuM hatuM. A svarUpa viSenI samajaNa I. sa. 1933nA jAnyuArInI 3jI tArIkhe paMDita javAharalAla naherUe pitAnI dIkarIne lakhelA kAgaLamAM nIce pramANe varNavyuM hatuM. evo khyAla karavAnI jarUra nathI ke amerikAnuM sAmrAjya mAtra phIlIpAIna TApuo sudhInuM ja che. bahAranI dRSTie joIe te e sAmrAjya eTaluM ja amastu dekhAya che paraMtu amerIkana zAhIvAdI sarakAre junI zAhiyAdI sattaonA anubhavomAMthI tathA temanI muzkelIomAMthI pATha zIkhIne sAmrAjya bAMdhavAnI jUnI rIte badalI che. amerIkana zAhIvAda kaI dezane jema briTane,

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vizva ItihAsanuM saravaiyu vizva zAMti ke vizvasa'hAra ! hiMdane khAlasA karyAM hatA tema khAlasA karatA nathI. A zAhivAdanuM badhuM dhyAna te dezamAMthI badhA nA paDAvI levA para sthira thayuM heAya che. eTalA mATe A zAhIvAda te dezanI badhI dolatapara peAtAne kANu jamAve che. pachI dolataparanA athavA ArthikataMtra paranA AvA kAbu mAraphata A zAhivAda te dezanA lAkA para ane te dezanA tamAma vihavaTa para kAbu jamAve che. A rIte AkramaNa karyAM vinA ane vadhAre mUzkelIo vinA te dezanA rAjakAraNamAM te peAtAnA zAhivAdI hissA meLave che. AvI vilakSaNa evI zAhivAdI prathAnuM nAma Arthika zAhIvAda che. aMgrejI sAmrAjyanI jema A zAhIvAdanI rekhAe nakazA para dorelI mAlama paDatI nathI. nakazA paranuM tevA dezanuM rUpa svataMtra hAya che, te chatAM paNu kAi paNa deza Arthika zAhIvAdanI pakaDa nIce AvI gayelA hoya evuM banI zake, te samajavA mATe Arthika zAhIvAdanA murakhA nIcenA te pradezanA caherAnA rAjakIya rUpane dekhavA joie. AvA svarUpavALu amerikAnuM sAmrAjyavAdI svarUpa che. A sAmrAjayanuM svarUpa aSTa sAmrAjyanuM zAhIvAdI rUpa che. '' 903 amerikAnuM aSTa sAmrAjya ane eziyA poMDita naherUe upara pramANe 1933mAM vaNu velA amerIkana zAhIvAdanuM adRSTarUpa AjasudhImAM khUba vyApaka enI gayuM che. A vyApakatAne samajavA mATe eziyAnA pradezeApara gAvAyelA e Arthika zAhivAdane samajavA joie. i. sa, 1912mAM eziyAmAM amerIkana mUDInuM rAkANa pAMca karoDa DaoNlaranuM hatuM paNa 1929mAM e rAkANu 395 mIlIyana DaoNlaranuM thayuM ane i. sa. 1930 mAM, e rAkANa 600 mIlIyana DaoNlaranuM banyuM. AvuM amerikana sAmrAjya A rIte zarU thate pAsIIka mahAsAgarane oLa MgIne eziyAnA kinArA para AvavA mAMDyuM hatuM. A sAmrAjye zarU AtamAM aMgrejI zAhIvAda sAme sattAnI tUlA jALavI rAkhavA mATe jApAnanA zAhIvAdanA pakSa lIdho hato. paraMtu jUnA samayamAM jarmanI ane raziyana zAhIvAda sAme eNe aMgrejI zAhivAdanA pakSa lIdhA hatA. i. sa. 1904mAM eNe raziyA ane jApAnanA yuddhamAM jApAnane TeY=A ApyA tathA kArIyA paranA jApAnanA AkramaNane madada karI. pahelA vizvayuddha vakhate paNa jApAnanA zAhivAdane sAya ApIne eNe cIna paranA jApAnanA dAvAone TakA ApyA tathA 1919mAM jApAnane cInaneA zAnayuga prAMta paDAvI levAmAM madada karI. paraMtu jarmanInA parAjaya pachI ane raziyana krAMti pachI A zAhIvAde pAteja cIna

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vizva itihAsanI rUparekhA para potAnI pakaDa jamAvavAne rastA levA mAMDayA tathA cIna para vepAra karavA mATe yuropanA tamAma zAhIvAdI dezane mATe cInanA daravAjA kholI nAkhavAnI eNe mAgaNI karI. A rIte pahelA vizvayuddha pachI duniyAnI mATI Arthika sattA tarIke bahAra AvavA amerIkana zAhIvAde potAnA sAmrAjyavAdI pagadaDA eziyA para jamAvavA mAMDayeA. 704 * khIjA vizvayuddhanA AraMbhamAM ja amerIkana zAhIvAde jagatamAM rAmana sAmrAjya ane briTiza sAmrAjya pachI AkhA jagata para amerIkana sAmrAjyane ekacakrI banAvavAnAM svapnA sevavA mAMDayAM tathA have jagatanI AgevAnI amerIkA pAse AvI paheAMcI che tevI spaSTa naherAta amerIkAnA pramukhe Trumena DaoNkaTrIna ' mAraphata karI. jagata para potAnA sAmrAjyane pAtharI devA mATe yuropa uparAMta eziyA ane AphrIkA para A sAmrAjyanI hakumata hevI joIe te spaSTa hatuM. eTalA mATe jApAnanA zAhIvAdI vasvane eziyA parathI parAjya ApavA mATe ane AphrIkAmAMthI briTana ane phrAnsanA zAhIvAdane parAjya ApavA mATenI amerikana kAryavAhI zarU thai gai. A kAryavAhInA sAcA AraMbha tA khIjA vizvayuddhamAM I. sa. 1941nA DiseMbaranI 7mIe thayA ema paNa kahI zakAya, kAraNake e divase, amerIkana zAhIvAda vizvayuddhamAM utaryuM. A yuddhanI aMdaranuM amerIkAnuM A utarANa jApAne karelA pala hArabara paranA humalA sAme thayuM. A pahelAM ja, jApAnanA zAhIvAde eziyA para potAnuM sAmrAjya sthApI devAne peAtAnA hetu spaSTa karI dIdhA hA, tathA e hetu mATe ja jarmana zAhIvAda sAthenI samajutipUrvaka eNe yuddhamAM jhaMpalAvyuM hatuM. have e eziyA para jo amerikana sAmrAjyanI sthApanAnA hetu bara lAvavA hAya te amerIkAe potAnA harIka banI cUkelA jApAnI sAmrAjyavAdane parAjya karave ja joIe. yuddha daramyAna paNa A paristhiti ane A hetu amerIkana zAhIvAdanA ekeeka pagalAmAM kAyama rahyAM. yurApamAM tA, bhIjuM vizvayuddha laDatI, traNa mahAna sattAe lagabhaga sarakhI sapATI para hatI. briTana tathA sevIyaTa yunIyananI sarakhI sAthIdArImAM amerIkana zAhIvAda yuropanA samarAMgaNu para laDate hatA, paraMtu eziyAmAM paristhiti judI hatI. eziyAbharamAM aMgrejI zAhIvAda yuddha daramyAna eziyAnA mAlIka hatA. A aMgrejI sAmrAjyamAM dUra pUrvane virATa deza cIna hantu AvyA nahotA. A cIna para kabajo lenArA jApAnanA zAhIvAdanuM AkramaNa zarU thai cUkayuM

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vizva ItihAsanuM saravaiyu, vizva zAMti ke vizvasa'hAra ! 705 hatuM. A AkramaNanA parAjya karIne cInane vimukta banAvavAnI nahIM paNa cIna para pAtAnA pagaDA jamAvavAnI amerIkana zAhIvAdanI yuddhanIti jagajAhera banI cUkI hatI. bIjA vizvayuddhanA aMtamAM, amerikana zAhIvAda zu sAdhe che ? jI' vizvayuddha aMta pAmatuM hatuM e ja arasAmAM, hIrAzimA ane nAgAsAkI nAmanAM eziyAnAM e nagarAnAM utAvaLAM khUna karI nAkhavAnA kAraNamAM amerIkana zAhIvAda zAnI utAvaLamAM hatA ! vizvayuddhanA AkharI varasAmAM ja kai khAvAI jatuM heAya ane kaMI sAcavI rAkhavAnuM hoya tema, A zAhIvAda, jagata para tAkIdanA kAryakrama laIne utAvaLA macI paDayA hatA. A tAkIneA kAryakrama AkhA jagatane peAtAnI AgevAnI nIce pakaDI rAkhavAnI tAlAvelIvALA banI cUkayA hatA. A tAlAvelImAM ja patana pAmatA jApAnane pAtAnI zAhIvAdI pakaDamAM ja jakaDI levA eNe badhA saMskArAne dhaDIbhara kacaDI nAkhIne, jApAnanAM e nagarA para aNumAMkha jhakI dIdhA hatA. A amerIkana zAhIvAdanI tAlAvelI, jagatanuM rakSaNa karavA mATe ke vizvazAMtinI sAcavaNI karavA mATenI nahotI paraMtu potAnA hAthamAM AvI paDelI AkhA jagata para adhikAra bhAgavavAnI athavA vizva sAmrAjyanA mAlIka banavAnI takane sAcavI rAkhavA mATenI A tAlAvelI hatI. A takane sAcavI rAkhavI eTale, tenA ekamAtra artha e hatA ke, jagatabharamAM ame rikana zAhIvAdane sAcavI rAkhave, athavA enA sApha artha e hatA ke A vizvanI aMdara zAhIvAdI ghaTanAne pUrvanA pradeza para sAcavI rAkhavI. A mATeja pUrvanA eka samayanA zAhIvAdI, ane potAnA harIph khatI cUkelA, evA jApAna nAmanA pradezane peAtAnI pakaDa nIce rAkhI mUkavA joie. A bAbata, amerIkana zAhIvAda mATe peAtAnI zAhIvAdI murAdone saphaLa banAvavA mATe khUba ja jarUrI hatI. jApAna para potAne zAhIvAdI kabajo maLI jAya teja amerIkana zAhIvAda pUrvanA e, vyUhAtmaka mathaka jevA pradeza parathI pUnA, cIna ane bhArata jevA bIjA pradeza tathA AkhA, hiMdImahAsApara para patharAyelA, eziyana pradeza para potAnuM prabhutva jALavI zake. eTalA mATe jApAnanuM patana ekadama karavA mATe tathA peAtAne ja hAthe karavA mATe eNe saMskAra ane saMskRtinI badhI zarama mUkI daine, jApAnanAM be nagarAnAM khUna karI nAkhyAM. A khUnakhAra kRtya thayuM ke tarata ja, jApAnanI sarakAra, je patana pAmI cUkI ja hatI tathA, hiTalara jaramanIneA parAjya thayA pachI, je TakI zake tema hatuM ja nahIM, tathA jete, sAmAnya yuddhanA prakAra vaDe ja zaraNe 89

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706 vizva itihusanI rUparekhA lAvI zakAya tema hatuM tene, peAtAnI parAdhIna banAvI devAnA ekamAtra zAhIvAdI hetune lIdhe, aNubheAMkha jevuM hatyArU sanAzaka zastra vAparIne eNe patana pamADI. A rIte amerIkana zAhIvAdanI dhAraNA pramANe, jApAnanI sarakAra, bInazaratI zaraNAgati svIkArIne, amerIkana zAhIvAdanA hAthamAM AvI paDI. amerikAnA, glAkhala vyuhu amerikAnA polara sTreTejI tarIke eLakhAyalA AkhA vyUha globala sTreTejI nAmanA che. amerikAe khIjA vizvayuddha daramiyAna AlAskA ane elyuziyana TApuo para utarANa karyAM hatAM. uttadhruvanA vyUhamathaka pradezAnI pazcima pAMkha tarIke A khate TApuenAM jhUmakhAM para amerikAnI caDhAI zarU thai gai hatI. phebruArImAM yunAiTeDa sTeTsa eka amerikAnA tevI DIpArTamenTe eka yeAjanA sIneTa pAse rajU karI ane pachI tyAM elyuziyana TApue, ADaka, Atu ane kADIAka para amerikAnAM naukAlazkarI mathakA baMdhAvA mAMDayAM. e badhA TApue para vimAnakSetro taiyAra thayAM. amerikAnAM lazkarA tyAM AlAskA ane elyuziyana TApuo para kavAyatA karavA mAMDayAM. e tA uttaradhruvanA amerikana gRhamathaka pradezAnI pazcima pAMkha hatI paNa pUrva pAMkha para grInalenDa ane AisalenDanA pradesA para ane madhyamAM keneDAtI AsapAsanA pradezo para amerikI lazkarAnAM mathake| zarU thai gayAM. nyuphAunDalenDa para amarikI lazkaro goThavAi cUkayAM. amerikana zAhIvAde nyu phAunDalenDanuM nAma uttara amerikana jIbrAlTara pADI dIdhuM ane e uttara pradezeA para amerikAnI lazkarI hilacAle tyArathI cAlu thai gaI. jyAre vizvayudda aMta pAmatuM tyAre ja amirakI zAhIvAda jagata para potAnuM sAmrAjya sthApI devAnA, adha cadrakAre goThavAyalA ArkaTika pradeza parata lazkarI vyUha zarU karatuM hatuM. A rIte yuddhanIja ArA dhanA A zAhIvAde ArabI dIdhI. amerikA have jagata para zAMtinI athavA vimuktinI kAi paNa yAjanAnA pratikAra karavA mAgatuM hatuM. AlAskAthI zarU thai keneDAnA pradezo para tathA uttara eTalAnTika para ati agatyanAM naukA tathA vAyumathakA para A rIte eNe kApu jamAvyo. e vyUhathI amaraka lazkarI hilacAla pUrva hemiyirane aDI gai. pUrva haeNmisphiyaranA A pradezAne paDeAthI sAviyaTa yuniyanane pradeza hatA. amerikAnA lazkarI kAnU nIce paDAvI levAyalA AArkaTikanA A TApue ane sAkhIriyana kinArA vacce tyAMthI be hajAra kilAmITaranuM aMtara hatuM. grInalenDanA uttara cheDA parathI sAviyuTanA spITasabargana sudhInuM aMtara cAraso

Page #728
vijhava ItihAsanuM saravaiyuM, vizva zAMti ke vivasaMhAra! 777 kimiTaranuM hatuM. AIsalenDathI nevenuM aMtara bAraso kilomiTaranuM hatuM. AIsalenDathI skeTalenDanuM aMtara ATha kilomiTaranuM hatuM. evI AIsalenDa ane grInalenDa paranI amerikI zAhIvAdanI lazkarI racanAmAM jagata jItI levAnAM svapna gaThavAya. e pilara sTreTejI para amarikI zAhIvAdIonI jagata chatavAnI lAlasA khaDIpagI banIne chavaMga devA TAMpI rahI. amerikAe hamaNAM ja paDAvelA vesTane hemisphiyaranA e pradeza para eNe aDhaLaka kudaratI saMpattio ane khAsa karIne yureniyama davA mAMDyAM. keneDA, nyuphAunDalenDa, leDara tathA grInalenDa para enAM lazkare goThavAI gayAM. amerikI zAhIvAdanI IjArApaddhatiomAM mukhya, viliyama rADepha hasTa nAmanA abajopatinI yojanA AkAra dharI rahI. 1943 nA DisembaranA 31 mA divase ja eNe nyuyorka jaranalamAM e janAne nakaze pragaTa karyo hato. e nakazA para drumenane zAhIvAdI uThAvI nyuyorka - cuMkIMga, sITalanTo, DITreITa-ske, pherabeMkasa- muramAska ane sITala-laMDana vacce AkramaNa bhAne AlekhAyuM hatuM. AkhI duniyA para utarI paDavAnA lazkarI vyuhane cheDe amarikI zAhIvAdI pATanagara ziMgaTanathI zarU thaze ane pAcho nyuyArka ane beTavuDa thaIne ziMgaTana pahoMce. amerikI zAhIvAdano A vAyurasta hatA. e rastAnA paTTAmAM laMDana, kere, basarA, muMbaI, kalakattA, cuMkIMga, pherabeMkasa, eDamanTana nagaro parovAI gayAM hatAM. A bhUha racanA te kevaLa rakSaNAtmaka che' ema 1947nA jAnyuArInA teramA divase mIAmImAM mejara-janarala kenI bolyo. eNe kahyuM ke amArA para bhaviSyamAM yuropa-eziyATika pradeza parathI uttaradhruvane raste AkramaNa thAya tema hovAthI atyArathI amAre..!" paNa ApanA amarikI deza ane uttaradhruvanA pradezo vacce te mATe vizALa keneDA nAmano Akho deza paDe che?" evA savAlanA javAbamAM parakhAI paDate amerikI zAhIvAda pitAnA zAhIvAdI AkramaNanA ustAda AgevAna volTara lIpamenanA zabdamAM pharI vAra bolI UThayo, ke, grInalenDathI brAjhIla sudhI ane alAskAthI phIlIpAInsa sudhInI amArI lAInaderI che. keneDAnA pradeza para traNa hajAra mAIla sudhInI amArI sAmAnya sarahada A amArI lAInadorInA madhyamAM doDe che. alAskAne ucca pradeza keneDAmAMthI deDe che. AkhA yuropa eziyA paranA vAyumArge keneDA parathI uDe che. e rIte keneDA parane vAyusattAno kAbU amerikAne keneDA sAthe sauthI vadhAre nikaTa rIte joDI de che."

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vizva itihAsanI rUparekhA amarikI zAhIvAdanI gleAkhala vyUharacanAmAM e rIte keneDA parAvAi gayA che. keneDA para paga cAMpIne UbhelA amirakI zAhIvAdI lazkarI amaladAra mejara janarala vIMgaTana potAnA lazkarI amaladArAne tAlIma ApatA 1947 nA ogasTamAM samajAvatA hatA ke, 'trIjuM vizvayuddha keneDAmAM laDAze. ' ' 708 eTale ja amirakI zAhIvAde Aje uttara keneDAne potAnA lazkarI mathaka tarIke bAMdhavA mAMDayo che. haDasana kinArA paranuM citra baMdara eTaleja amerikI lazkaravAdanA prayogothI ubharAi gayu che. eTaleja keneDiyana Ama janatAne kacaDI nAkhIne tyAMnA pratikrAntinAM pyAdAMone keneDAnuM zAsana amerikana dArI saMcAra nIce soMpAi gayuM che. eTale ja aMgrejI zAhIvAdI carcila, jIvanabhara jALavelI icchAone ekaThI karIne amerikAnA zAhIvAdI sAmayika lAipha' mAM 1947nA me mahinAnA bAramA divase lakhatA hatA, ' huM amerikana hAta te| ! jIvanabhara zAhIvAdanuMja jeNe raTaNa karyu che te zAhIvAdane pharajaMda caracIla pote amerikana na heAvAte asAsa karatA hatA ke huM amerikana hAta tA !" ema kahIne zAhIvAdI yuddha racanAnA Arbhane ATalA vahelA zarU thai gaelA dekhIne saMtoSa pAmate e kahetA hatA: ' mane saMtoSa thAya che ke amerikana sarakAre makkama evAM pagalAM e dizAmAM ja levA mAMDatyAM che. ' vizvavijayanI yuddhacanAnI vyApakatA tr e kadamanA uThAva pAsiphika mahAsAgaramAM jApAnIjha-menDeTeDa TApuo para have, hirAzImAnA saMhAra karIne pharatA hatA. pAsIkinAM, 3,000,000 cArasamAla pANI para patharAyelA seA TApuo para amerikana zAhIvAda rahyuthabha rApatA kahetA hatA, " ahIM amArA globalagRha AraMbhAya che. pAsiphika ane ATalAMTikanA badhA dezo A gRhamAM AvI jAya che. '" khasa tyArathI A vyUha aTakayA vinA AgaLa ja vadhyeA che. amerikana zAhIvAdane duniyA paranA bharaDA eka pachI khIjA mathakane peAtAnI AMTamAM parAvavA mAMDayA. AkhI duniyAne peAtAnuM sthAna banAvavA nIkaLelA amirakIzAhI vAda duniyAnA itihAsapara beThA hatA. duniyAnI bhrugeALane amerikana vyUhamAM ghaDavA eNe cAkaDA pheravavA mAMDayA hatA. A ghaTanAmAM tarata ja leTIna amerikAnAM rAjA pazu parAvAyAM. AlAskA, keneDA, cATArIkA, kayukhA jemejIkA, nasau, hAyaTI, pyAraTe-rIkA, senTatheAmasa, TrInI dAda, briTIzagIenA bAramuDA cagIenA, nyuphAunDalenDa, brAjhIla, gautemAlA, perU, ikaveDAra, ane

Page #730
viva itihAsanuM saravaiyuM, vizva zAMti ke vivasaMhAra! 700 panAmA para amerikI thANuM nakhAyAM. eTaleMTikanI yAdImAM grInalenDa, ejharsa AIsalenDa, esenasana TApu ane lIberIyApara amarikI zAhIvAdanAM lazkaroe mUkAma nAkhyA. bhUmadhya mahAsAgaramAM ane yuropamAM, belajIyama, narave, phrAnsa, lakajhemabarga, jaramanI, osTrIyA, ITAlI, morakko, TunIsIyA TakI, grIsa, ane irAnapara amerikI zAhIvAdanI dharI parathI nA nAmane lazkarI rAha zarU thaI gayo. A badhAnI sAthe sAthe ja A zAhIvAdanI yuddha ghaTanAe, sIrIyA, lebena, IrAka, sIdIarebIyA ane yemenamAM jaIne amerikI telanAM rAjakAraNa ropI devA mAMDayAM prazAMta evA pAsIphikanA pradeza para tathA eziyAmAM, jApAna kerIyA, pharasA, phIlIpAInsa, rUkyusa, kerolInA, kerelInI, mArzaTasa, merIAnA, eDamarelTIjha, benIsa mArakasa, solezansa, phIjI, elyuziyana, havAI, keleDonIyA, beka, kInIkasa, mIDa, krisTamasa, osTrelIyA, beranI, vigere hiMdImahAsAgaraparanA pradeza para ane malAyA para amerikI zAhIvAdanAM rAjakAraNu AraMbhAI gayAM. jagata AkhApara yuddhane bharaDe nAkhanAre ane AkhI duniyA para yuddhakhora nyUha racanAro A zAhIvAda, kahetA hatuM ke A phakta rakSaNAtmaka bUha che" jagata para zAhIvAdI ghaTanAnA motane aTakAvI pADIne, tathA vimuktinI hilacAlone nAbUda karIne, zAhIvAdI ghaTanA nA ja, rakSaNanA vyuha mATe amerikAnAM aradhoaradha lazkare AkhI duniyA para jAmI paDayAM. amerikAnuM naukAkhAtu eTale ja badhA samudropara nAkAM bAMdhatuM, badhe. jaLavyavahAra pitAnA IjArAvALA e bhRhanI kAryavAhI banAvIne jagatabharanAM kamADa khakhaDAve che. ughaDelAM kamADamAM DolaranI Arthika sahAya,nA svarUpamAM patana pAmavA mAMDatA dezamAM pAkIstAnanI jema zastrasaraMjAmanI sakhAvata AvI paDe che, ane tyArapachI amarikazAhIvAde khalelAM kamADavALA dezamAM kevI sarakAra rAkhavI te, amerikI zAhIvAda nakkI kare che ane e badhuM ThIka ThIka cAle e mATe e zAhIvAdanAM udyoganAM ane lazkarI mizane tyAM goThavAI jAya che. A badhAnI sAthe sAthe ja zAhIvAdanI sakhAvatavALAM zikSaNanAM, vigere aneka mizane tyAM AvavA mAMDe che. amerikana zAhIvAdanI vyuha racanAne A Arthika phAMso jagatapara paravAI javA mATe Aje jagatabharamAM aneka mizano mAraphata aneka dezadrohI lAlacuone ane buddhijIvIone paNa kharIdI levA A mizane pharatAM hoya che. amerikanazAhIvAdane zAhIvAdI artha paNa yuddha ane daramyAnagIrIne ja che. paNa pate, zAhIvAda nathI, paNa te kazAhIne zAsabhaMDAra che ema kahe

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710. vijhava itihAsanI rUparekhA nAra amerikana zAhIvAda pAse, I. sa. 1902 mAM mAtra 170,000 corasa mAIlane saMsthAno para kabajo hate. pachI I. sa. 1926mAM A zAhIvAdanI hakumata nIceno pradeza 900, 000 corasa mAila banI gayuM hatuM. pachI be vizvayuddho AvyAM ane bIjA vizvayuddhanI kAravAhImAM jarmana iTAlIyana phAsIvAdane nANAMnA DhagalA dhIryA pachI ane e vizvayuddhamAM vijaya pAmyA pachI amerikana zAhIvAda AkhI duniyAnI AgevAnImAM have koIne bhAgIdArI ApavAnI manA karatuM hatuM tathA AkhA jagatane amerikana saMsthAna banAvI devA eka pachI bIje ema, yuropa para Arthika nirNaya meLavIne pachI eziyA, AphrikA ane madhyapUrva para lazkarI karAze ane jUtha racato hato sIemAM sIAma ane pAkIstAna eziyA paranuM amerIkana Arthika zAhIvAdanuM rAjakAraNa cIna bhAratamAMthI pAchuM paDatuM hatuM tyAre amerIkana sarakAranI paradezanItinI najara siyAma nAmanA eziyana pradezanA mahArAjAnA pradeza para paDatI hatI. A mahArAjA janma amerIkana hate tathA e mahArAjAno eziyAbharamAM ati pachAta e pradeza dakSiNa pUrva eziyA para pitAnI Akramaka nIti ajamAvavA mATe amerIkAnA Arthika zAhIvAdane khUba kAma lAge te hato. have siyAmane najaramAM rAkhIne eziyA paranI amerIkana paradezanIti dakSiNa pUrva eziyAne dakSiNa sAthe joDI devA bhAgatI hatI tathA siyAmanA pATanagara bengakokane pitAnuM mathaka banAvatI hatI. have dakSiNa korIyAmAM paNa amerIkana zAhIvAda pitAnuM lazkarI mathaka jamAvIcUkaryo hato tathA amerIkAnA pAMcase lazkarI amaladAre dakSiNa korIyAnA lazkarane tAlimabadhdha banAvavA maMDI paDayA hatA. jApAna para amerIkana adhipatI tarIke beThele janarala meArthara uttarakerIyA para AkramaNa karIne cIna para caDhAi karavAno bRha goThavatA hatA. A vyuhanI sAthe sAthe ja pitAnI hakumata nIcenA tUrkastAnanA pradezaparathI pAkIstAna para cIna bhArata para dabANa lAvavA mATe pitAnI paradezanItIne goThavavAne AraMbha zarU thaI jato hate. amerIkana asara nIce pAkIstAne tUrkastAna sAthenA mitrI karAra karyA ane I. sa. 1953nA DIsembaramAM pAkIstAnane hathiyAro ApavAnI yojanA pramukha AijhanahAvere maMjura karI. pAkIstAnanA astitva viSe jene jarA paNa darakAra nahatI tenI sAthe amerIkana sarakAre have mitrAcArI zarU karI. amerIkAnA naukA khAtAnA amaladAroe pAkIstAnanI mulAkAta levA mAMDI ane i. sa. 1953mAM amerIkA taraphI mahamadaalI, pAkIstAnano vaDApradhAna

Page #732
viva ItihAsanuM saravaiyuM, vikava zAMti ke vivasaMhAra! . 71 bane. eziyAbharamAM sauthI moTuM evuM vimAnI mathaka pAkrIstAnamAM karAMcI pAse baMdhAyuM. tyArapachI tarata ja pAkIstAnamAM amerIkana hathiyAronA DhagalA madada tarIke AvI pahoMcyA ane amerIkana sarakAre pAkIstAna sAthe lazkarI madadanA karAra karIne pAkIstAnanA lazkarane tAlImabadhdha banAvavA pitAnA lakakarI amaladArane ravAnA karyA. adraSTa sAmrAjyanuM AkamaNarUpa amerikAnA A adraSTa sAmrAjyanuM athavA paMDita naheranI bhASAmAM kahIe te A "Arthika zAhIvAdanuM" rUpa saMskRti nahIM paNa saMhAranA svarUpamAM dekhAI cUkatuM hatuM. pitAnAM Arthika hita mATe, parAyA rASTranI dhana dalata para kAbu jamAvanAra tathA tenA para lazkarI kAbu jamAvIne tenA rAjakAraNanA badhA derI saMcAra pitAnA hAthamAM dhAraNa karanAra amerikana zAhIvAdanuM saMhAraka svarUpa, yuddhanA lazkarI karAranI racanA mAraphata dekhAI cUkayuM hatuM. zAhIvAdanA A svarUpe yuddhane virodha ke nirbaLane pakSa kadI karyo nathI. A zAhIvAde AraMbhamAM ja zAMti mATenA I. sa. 1899nA heganenzanane paNa anumodana ApyuM na hatuM ane yuddhamAM vaparAtI DamaDama geLIone gera kAnunI TharAvI hatI tathA 1925 nA jInevA proTokolane paNa anumodana ApIne yuddhamAM vaparAtA gesa sAme pitAne virodha noMdhAvyo nahatuM. A zAhIvAde ja i. sa. 1945mAM jaMtu yuddhane jApAnI pradeza para amala karyo hate. pahelA vizvayuddhamAM jarmanI manavAre jyAre amerikana yuddha kedIone laI jatA jahAjane DUbADI dIdhuM hatuM tyAre te sAme amerikana sarakAre potAne roSa jAhera karyuM hatuM paraMtu A zAhIvAdI sarakAreja bIjA vizvayuddhamAM aNu baeNba vaDe jApAnanA hirozImA ane nAgAsAkI nAmanA be nagaranuM khUna karI nAkhyuM ane e rIte AkAzamAMthI ja khelAtA vimAnI yuddhanI bhayAnakatAne tathA tenI saMhAraka vyApatAne hajAro gaNI vadhArI mUkI ane AbAlavRddhonA mAnava samudAyane saMhArI nAkhyA. saMhAranI AvI vyApakatA A Arthika zAhIvAde vizva ItihAsamAM pahelIvAra khUllI mUkI. jyAre jApAnane parAjaya hAtha veMtamAM dekhAto hato te samaye ja jyAre eTama boMba jevA sarvAgI siMhAranA zastrane vAparavAnI jarApaNa jarura nahatI tyAre jApAna para ekAeka kabaje karI levAnA AzayathI tathA eziyA para jApAnane badale amerikana sAmrAjyanI hakumata goThavI devAnI tAlAvelI dhAraNa karIne A zAhIvAde yuddhane sava saMhAraka svarUpa I. sa. 1945 nA julAInI 16 mI tArIkhe khUlluM mUkyuM.

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712 ' vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA tyAra pachI A Arthika zAhIvAda bIjA vizva yuddhamAM pitAnA udyogane jarA paNa nukazAna thayA vinA tathA jagata para pitAnA lazkarI thANAone vadhArI mUkIne vijayI banIne bahAra nIkaLyo. I. sa. 1947nA jAnyuArImAM A zAhIvAdanA lazkarI ustAda phIlDIMga ilIyaTe jAherAta karI ke "yunAITeDa sTeTasa ane greTa briTana pAse Aje sarva zaktimAna evI naukA tAkAta tathA AkhA jagata para poMcI vaLe evI asAdhAraNa jhaDapavALI vimAnI tAkAta che. A baMne sattAo pAse Aje chevaTanI Dhabane zastra sAja che te uparAMta nUtana DhabanAM AyudhomAM temanI pragati ajoDa che. AkhA jagatamAM Aje ekalA yunAiTeDa sTeTa pAse ja aNu bombanuM Ayudha che." tyAra pachI A Arthika zAhIvAde jApAnane kabaje karI lIdhe ane jApAna parathI dakSiNa keriyAne paNa kabaje karyo. have A zAhavAdanI yejanA uttara korIyA para AkramaNa karIne cIna para caDhAI karavAnI taitArI karavA lAgI. eziyAparanuM amerikana Akramaka rUpa - have amerikana zAhIvAde eziyA para kabajo meLavavAnuM AkramaNa svarUpa jApAnane pitAnuM mathaka banAvIne zarU karyuM. panAmAnI nahera paranuM ame rIkana lazkarI thANuM alAskA havAI ane panAmAnI lAIna dorI parathI pazcima tarapha have jApAnane philIpAInsa sAthe eka thaI gayuM. A rIte bIjA vizvayuddha pachI amerIkAnI lazkarI hada dUra pUrvane aDI cUkI. A lazkarI sarahada amerikAnI jagatabharamAM ajoDa evI Arthika tAkAta sAthe AgaLa vadhavA mAMDI. A Arthika zAhIvAdanI tAkAta, ajoDa evI lazkarI tAkAta sAthe ekamaya banI cUkI. A tAkAtanuM saMhAraka svarUpa aNuboMbanuM banyuM. amerIkAe aNu beono prAyogika evo pahele dhaDAke bikInI para karyo A dhaDAkA para vivecana karatA paMDita naherUe kahyuM ke "amerIkana sarakAre A dhaDAkA vaDe pitAnI tAkAtanI jAherAta karI che tathA potAnI pradeza nItimAM je koI ADuM Ave tene uDAvI mUkavAnI jAherAta paNa karI che. A rIte amerIkana zAhIvAde pAsIphIka mahAsAgarane oLaMgIne dakSiNa korIyA para potAnI kArya vAhI zarU karI. korIyAnA mAnava samudAyane Arthika rAjakiya ane lazkarI rIte gulAma banAvIne amerIkAe te pradeza para sI gamanarI nAmanA eka pitAnA ADatIyAne pramukha tarIke nimya tathA aneka varSothI pitAnI zAhIvAdI lAla sAne uttejIta karI rahelA paNa pitAnI zAhIvAdI pakaDamAMthI sarI gayelA virATa cIna dezane AkramaNa karIne gulAma banAvavAnI yojanAo ghaDavA mAMDI.

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vizva itihAsanuM saravaiyuM, vizva zAMti ke vivasaMhAra! 713 khyAla e hatuM ke eziyAnA rASTrane kabaje karavA mATe jApAnane amerIkAnuM udyoga kArakhAnuM banAvI zakAze paraMtu amerIkAnA Arthika zAhIvAdane e khyAla anubhavamAM khoTe nikaLe. jApAna varkazepa banI zakyuM paraMtu Arthika zAhIvAdanA A kArakhAnAne mATe kAce mAla bananArA eziyAnA deze have palaTAvA mAMDyA hatA ane jApAna parathI potAnA para utarI AvatA amerIkana zAhIvAdane pratikAra karatA hatA. jApAna parathI cInane daravAje amerIkA mATe kholI nAkhavAne kAryakrama have A Arthika zAhIvAda mATe zakya jaNAtuM nahotuM. cIna deza AjhAda banate hatuM tathA 1949nA okaTobaranI pahelI tArIkhe cInanuM prajAsattAka zaruM thatuM hatuM. eTale cInanuM kamADa devAI jatAM amerIkAne Arthika zAhIvAda bhArata para najara nAkhatA hatA. kemanavelthamAM rahevAnA bhAratanA nirNayane lIdhe briTana ane amerIkAne AnaMda thaI gaye tathA cIna pitAnI pakaDa nIcethI chaTakI gayA pachI, bhAratane sANasAmAM levAnI kAryAvahI zarU thaI. bhArata ane brahmadeza amerIkAmAM javAharalAlane bolAvIne asAdhAraNa mAna ApavAnI taiyA rIo cAlu thaI gaI. A badhA pAchaLa cInanI krAntine lIdhe cIna paranuM je kamADa amerIkAnA pravezane mATe devAI gatuM hatuM tenA badalAmAM bhArata parano daravAjo khelavAno IrAdo hate. cIna ja rahyo chatAM hiMdI mahAsAgaranA rASTramaMDaLamAM pramukha e bhArata deza je amerIkAnA Arthika zAhIvAdane AvakAra Ape te tyAMthI AkhA dakSiNa pUrva eziyAne ane pachI cInane paNa sara karI zakAya ema hatuM. A sAthe sAthe amerIkAe brahmadezanA vaDA pradhAnane paNa I. sa. 1949 nA unALAmAM umaLakAbharyo AvakAra Apyo. A rIte bhArata ane brahmadeza para amerIkAnA Arthika zAhIvAdanI najara jApAna parathI TharI. jApAnanA uMbarA uparathI bhArata para utarANa karavAnA manasubA sevAyA. dUra pUrvanuM rAjakAraNa amerIkAnA sarakArI taMtramAM nakkI thavA lAgyuM. paraMtu naherUe pitAnI zAMta ane namra rIte jAhera karyuM ke pitAnuM rASTra bIjA rASTro sAthenI bIna daramyAnagIrIne ane samAna sAthIdArIne ja apanAvavA mAge che. AvI jAherAtathI jApAna para lazkarI kabajo jamAvIne beThelA amerIkana zAhIvAdanI mUMjhavaNa vadhI. jApAna paranA zAMtikarAranuM Akramaka rAjakAraNa A rAjakAraNanI sAme eziyAbharamAMthI jApAnapara lAdavAmAM AvatA ame. rikana zAMtikarAronI sAme virodhano avAja uTha, zAMtikarAranuM nAma ApIne

Page #735
714 vikava ItihAsanI rUparekhA jApAna sAthenA lazkarI karAze. amerIkana zAhIvAda sAnaphrAnsIke mUkAme karate hate. A karAramAM hAjara rahevAnI bhArata ane brahmadeze nA pADI dIdhI ane amerIkana zAhIvAda sAme ezIyAne A pratikAra pharIvAra athaDAyo. osTrelIyAe ane phIlIpAInse paNa A zAMtikarArane virodha karyo. InDoneziyAnA paradezamaMtrIe A zAMtikarAramAM sahI karI hatI paraMtu inDonezIyAnI pArlAmene tene nakArI kADhI. javAharalAla naherUnuM zAMtimaya rAjakAraNa jApAnapara lAdavAmAM AvatA zAMtikarAranA virodhamAM eziyAnuM AgevAna banyuM. jApAnamAM paNuM zAhIvAda sAme virodha jAgI uThayo. A karAra vaDe amerIkana zAhIvAda eziyAbharamAM ughADe paDI gayo. A "zAMti karAranI aMdara gupta rahelA eziyApara azAMti ane yuddha phelAvavAnA kAvatarAvALA amerIkana karAranAmA sAme 1951 nA phebruArInI 6ThThIe jApAnanI rAjasabhAnI banne gRhanI strI sabhAsadee amerIkAnA paradezamaMtrI jena phesTara Dalesane TokIyAnagaramAM memerenDama ApyuM. A memarenDama jApAnanI janatAnI strI pratinidhionuM hatuM tathA jApAnane sAco avAja raju karatuM hatuM ke "amArI pahelI ane chellI prArthanA yuddhane nivAravA mATenI che. ame mAtAo patnio ane bahene yuddhane dhikkArIe chIe. pAchalAM varSomAM ame jApAnIoe yuddhane jagAvIne khUba sahana karyuM che. have ame yuddhanI tamAma rItabhAtomAMthI amAro vizvAsa gumAvI dIdho che. eTalA mATe ame anurodha karIe chIe ke jagatamAMthI ane pUrvanI prajAomAMthI manuSyane saMhAra karavAnI rItabhAtane aTakAvI daIne sAcI saMdha salAmatInuM nirmANa karavAnI jarUra che. jemaNe amArI bhUtakALamAM yuddha karavAnI rItane lIdhe sahana karyuM che te sau dezanA ame RNI chIe ane sadaMtara rIte yuddhanI tamAma rItabhAtano InkAra karIe chIe." trIjA vizvayuddha tarapha jhaDapathI dhasatI, amerikana ane briTana tathA phrAnsanI sAmrAjyavAdI sarakAranI AgevAnI nIce racAyelAM yuddha jUthanI racanAnI sAthe sAthe ja briTananA sAmrAjyavAde bIjA vizvayuddha pachI tarata ja malAyA ane brahmadezanI AjhAdIne kacaDI nAkhavA yuddha zarU karI dIdhuM. phrAnsanA sAmrAjyavAde eja arasAmAM vIeTanAmanI AjhAdIne chuMdI nAkhavA yuddha AraMvyuM, tathA e samayamAM, holenDe inDoneziyApara yuddha zarU karyuM. eja samayamAM, amerikana zAhIvAde dUra pUrvamAM cIna sAme yuddhanI racanA AraMbhI dIdhI. eziyAparanI amerikana cuddha racanAno pahelo mero, pheramAsA pachI A sAmrAjyavAdI lazkarI juthe ane khAsa karIne amerikana zAhIvAde rasApara pretAnuM mathaka banAvyuM. A tAIvAna athavA phormosA, cIna

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S15 vizva ItihAsanuM saravaiyuM, vizva zAMti ke vivasaMhAra ! derAne TApu che, athavA vimukta cIna rASTrane eka prAMta che. A prAta lagabhaga bAra nAnA nAnA TApuone bole che. A prAMtane pUrva kinAre pesiphika che ane pazcime mahAna cIparASTra pradeza che. A maha na rASTranA saMkAo ju che, ane bhuge-LanI satya hakIkata jevA, be TApuomAM hAInAna eka che ane bIje tAIvAna (masA) che. jyAre IpaNa janmyo nahoto, va re kAlabasa ame rikA zodhI zakAya paNa nahote., tAra pahelAM, cI rAkha ItihAsa, tAivAna ane hAinAna TApuo cInanA hovAnI sAbItI Ape che. zAhIvAde cInane gulAma bApA pachI A padhIna banelA mAvAnA . TApu, 1. da nuM pAna kemerA eTale "suMdara pi" evuM che . ra aa . ' ane kAke ke 'rAma Aje A suMdarI para ta nA banelA dazado che cAMgane besADI rAkho, amAraka yuddha khora zahIda vizvanI badhI kRti ane zAMtinI cAhanA para, A suMdara ERNma ke rer : gIe. pachI e pachI. briTana amerikA ane AvyA hatA. pachI I. sa. 189pamAM A dvIpa para jApAnI zAhIvAdane arDa! jAmI paDe ane tyAra pachI 1949 mAM, AjhAda banelA cInI rASTra, petAnA

Page #737
vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA prAcIna dezanA A prAcIna prAMtane mukta karavAne pitAne niradhAra jAhera karyo. ane amerikana ane briTIza sarakAre, I. sa. 1943mAM kere mUkAme, DisembaranI 1 lI tArIkhe karelI jAherAtanI jagatane jANa karI. tyAre A baMne sarakAroe jAherAta karI hatI ke, "amAre hetu, cInI AjhAda prajAsattAkamAM, jApAne corI lIdhelA cInanA tamAma prAMte, jevA ke, maMcurIyA, phormosA ane pIkADarsa pharIvAra mAtRbhUmi sAthe joDAI jAya tenI kALajI rAkhavAne che." paraMtu tyArapachI amerikana zAhIvAde cIna para AkramaNa karavAnA ekaja IrAdAne, sauthI moTo banAvI daIne, dhImedhIme cIna rASTrane, rASTrasaMghamAMthI bahAra rAkhIne, pitAne yuddhakhora kadama cIna para uThAvavA mAMDyo. A dizAmAM pahelA pagalA tarIke amerikana zAhIvAde, jagatabharanI nItimattA ane zAMti vyavahArane kaMpAvI mUke tevI jAherAta, pote cAMga-kAI zekanI dezadrohI evI phoramosAnI sarakAra sAthenA parasparanA rakSaNanA lazkarI karAranI karI. A karAra vaDe, phermosAnA rakSaNa mATe eTale phermosA, cInamAM joDAI na jAya te mATe, tathA phermosAparathI cInapara AkramaNa thaI zake te mATe, amerikana yuddhAra zAhIvAdane, pitAnAM jamInanAM dariyAI tathA havAI lazkare, phermosAnI bhUmipara rAkhavAnA tathA te lazkare vaDe yuddha khelavAnA adhikAra maLatA hatA. vizvazAMti sAme amerikana zAhIvAdanuM A pagaluM, cInanI prajAsattAka sarakAranA vaDApradhAne dhikkArI kADhatAM jAhera karyuM ke, "A pagaluM laIne amerikana zAhIvAde cInanI nutanalokazAhI para ane cInanA lesamudAya para AkramaNa karavAnI yuddhanI jAherAta karI che. tathA saMyukta rASTrasaMghamAM vimukta ane virATa evA mahAna cIna rASTrane praveza aTakAvI rAkhe che." cInapara AkramaNa karavAne bIjo morace, dakSiNa kerIyA. bIjA vizvayuddhanA aMtamAM ja zAhIvAdI rAjakAraNe, korIyAnA AjhAda banatA pradezane aradhoaradha teDI nAkhyuM hatuM. 38 mI perelala AgaLa korIvanarASTranI vimuktinI hilacAlamAM viMdha pADI daIne dakSiNa korIyApara amerikana zAhIvAde pitAne mera goThavI dIdhuM hatuM. A pahelAM ja pharasA nAmanA cInanA TApune cInanA rASTra dehamAMthI chedI nAkhIne tenA para pitAnA zastra saraMjAma ane naukA kAphalAnA rakSaNa nIce cAMga kAMIzekanI sarakArane beThavI daIne jagatabhara para aTTahAsya karIne amerikana zAhIvAde A pharasAne ja cIna rASTranI beThaka para rASTrasaMdhamAM paNa besADI dIdho hato. A phormosApara

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ala vizva ItihAsanuM saravaiyuM, vizva zAMti ke viAvasaMhAra ! 717 thaIne cAMga-kAI zekanA nAma nIce cIna para AkramaNa karavA mATenI amerikana yojanA, have dakSiNa mayuroyA kerIyApara eja yojanAne bIjo morace mAMDI cUkI hatI. pheramesAmAM zIMgamAnarInI sarakAra amerikana zastrasAra vaDe sajAI gaI. pachI I. sa. 1950 nA janajAnA junanI zarUAtamAM, amerikana paradezamaMtrI Dalesa, pitAnA niSNu te sAthe dakSiNa korIyAnA pATanagaramAM AvI pahoMcyA. vimukata evA uttara korIyAne parAsta karI nAkhIne, tenA para thaIne cInapara Jda TANa AkramaNa karavAnI bhaviSyanI janA pahelAM, uttara korIyApara AkramaNa karavAnuM ahIM nakkI thayuM. junanI 27mI e dakSiNa kerIyAe uttarapara AkramaNa zarU karyuM. baMne kArIyA vaccenI 38mI perela para korIyana mAnavAno saMhAra zarU thayo. dakSiNa korIyAnA uttara korIyA para thaelA AkramaNanI sAthe ja amerikana pramukhe dakSiNanI madade uttarapara AkramaNa karavAnI amerikana kumaka ane amerikana TukaDIo ravAnA karI dIdhI. e AkramaNanI sAthe sAthe ja, AkhA jagatanI nirNayabuddhi para aTTahAsya karatA A zAhIvAdI AkramaNe, jAhera karyuM ke dakSiNa keriyAe uttara para AkramaNa karyuM che. AkhA savAlane eNe e rIte rASTrasaMghanI salAmati samitinI tAkIdanI sabhA bolAvIne raju karyo tathA pite taiyAra karele TharAva pasAra karAvI dIdhuM ane rASTrasaMgha mAraphataja, uttara korIyA para laDavA janArI, rASTrasaMdhane jhaDe dhAraNa karanArI, potAnI pakaDa nIcenA bIjA dezonI lazkarI TukaDIo, uttara kerIyApara AkramaNa karavA ane dakSiNane madada karavA ravAnA karI dIdhI. amerikana paradezamaMtrI Dalese, eziyanone aMdara aMdara laDAvavAno potAnI paradezanIti jagatane saMbhaLAvI dIdhI. paNa lAkhonA saMhAra pachI, kerIyAne A AMtaravigraha jyAM AgaLa amerikana kSama hama

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718 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA zAhIvAde saLagAvyA hatA tyAM ja 38mI perelala para thaMbhI gaye. uttarakerIyAnuM patana karIne cInapara AkramaNa karavAnI amerikana zAhIvAdanI janA A perelalapara niSphaLa nivaDI. A perelala parathI ja, nUtana rASTra vimuktinI korIyana zahAdatanI jyota AkhA eziyA mATe jAgatA rahevAnI hAkala karatI dIvAdAMDI jevI ubhI. vimukta banavA mAgatA eziyAne AtmA, korIyana ApabhoganI chabI dekhata sAvadhAna banyo. amerIkana zAhIvAdanI yuddhakhora chabI ahIM udaghATana pAmI. cIna para ane pachI AkhA eziyA-AphrikA para sAmrAjya sthApavA uThAvAyele pahelo kadama, ahIMja, 38mI perelala para deDha lAkha amerIkana dikarAo ane bIjAM vaDIyAM rASTranA sainikonI kabara caNIne thaMbhI jaIne aMdarathI caDabhaDate ubhe. A perelala para amerIkana zAhIvAdanI laDAyaka tAkAtanI pArakha paNa thaI gaI. parAjIta banelA ane zaramiMdA banI gayelA amerIkana zAhIvAde A pachI tarata ja, dakSiNa korIyA sAthe, parasparanA saMrakSaNa karAra karyA tathA, uttara korIyA para pharIphAra vadhAre sAre samaya joIne AkramaNa karavAnI murAdane jALavI rAkhIne, dakSiNanA pradezamAM pitAne zastra saraMjAma tathA lazkare rAkhavAno karAra karI dIdho. amerikana zAhIvAdane eziyA para yuddhakhora bharaDo, "sIeTa " (sAutha IsTa eziyA-drITI oragenijhezana) amerikana zAhIvAde, sima, philIpAInsa ane pAkIstAna para pitanA lazkarI karAra karIne ane tyAM potAnA zastrasaraMjAma khaDakavAno AraMbha karIne pitAnI yuddhara yojanAne zAhIvAdI bharaDe, AkhA eziyA para utAravAno AraMbha karyo tathA I. sa. 1954nA julAImAM pracAra zarU karyo. sapTebara mahInAmAM manIlA mUkAme e pariSada maLI. A pariSadamAM siAma, philIpAInsa, ane pAkIstAna uparAMta briTana, phrAnsa, osTrelIyA, ane nyujhI lenDanI sarakAronA pratinidhio amerikana zAhIvAdanAM lazkarI kaThaputaLAM jevAM bhegAM thayAM tathA, eziyAnA deza mATe, eziyAnA vimukata rASTronI hAjarI vinA ane temanA prakhara virodhanI paravA karyA vinA, amerikana zAhIvAde A yuddhakhora jamAvaTanI cejanA karI dIdhI. bhAratanA rAjakIya AgevAna kRSNamenane A yuddhakhera kharaDA viSe kahyuM ke, "A karAravALI sITa' nAmanI saMsthA, keTalIka zAhIvAdI sattAo tathA temanI sAthe hita saMbaMdha dharAvatI bIjI keTalIka sattAo, koI pradezanA

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vizva itihAsanuM saravaiyuM, vizva zAMti ke vizvasa'hAra ! 719 rakSaNa mATe karArathI bhegI maLI che. A pradeza eziyAnA pradeza che tathA ame ke je e pradezane ja eka rASTra vibhAga chIe, te jAhera karIe chIe ke amAre amArA bacAva mATe tamArA rakSaNanI jarUra nathI. tamArA A karAra rASTrasaMdhanA cAraTarA paNa bhaMga kare che.' ' amerikanazAhIvAdanA madhyapUrva paranA yuddhakhAra bharaDA, bagadAda karAra A pachI tarata ja amerikana zAhIvAde, * mIDalaisTa DIphensa, eragenijhezana ' athavA mIDA nAmanI lazkarI ane yuddhakhAra dhaTanA ghaDavAnI hilacAla zarU karI. eziyAne bacAva karavA nIkaLI paDelI A ghaTanAe madhyapUrvanA pradezone paNa tevI yuddha yeAjanA nIce jakaDI rAkhavAnA dorIsaMcAra zarU karyo. paraMtu A yAjanAmAM, pahelAM parAvAI jAya tevA pradezanA eka cheDA pAkistAna, ane TarakImAM zarU thaI cUkayA haiAvA chatAM, vacamAM irAna hajI amerikana pakaDa nIce AvI gayA nahAto. IrAnanuM jo patana thai zake to pachI, irAka ane IjharAila ta, amerikana yuddha bharaDAnA khIjA cheDA tarIke taiyAra hatA ja, A bharaDAnA adhacaMdrAkAranI bhIMsamAM pachI IjIpta, arebIyA, jorDana, ane sIrIyA jevA pradezAne lAvavAnAM AkramaNa paNa karI zakAya tema hatuM, eTaluM ja nahI paraMtu hajI sudhI dRDhapaNe vimukita ane vizvazAMtinA rAjakAraNane vaLagI rahelA bhAratane paNa yuddhanI bhIMsamAM lai zakAya tema hatuM. eTale sauthI pahelAM IrAnanuM patana thaija javuM joie. te mATe irAna para amirakI zAhIvAdanA badhA saMcAra zarU thai gayA, ane IrAnanuM patana thayuM. amerikana zAhIvAdane yudgha bharaDA, patita banelA, ane patana pAmelA, pAkistAnathI, have irAnamAM thaine, TarakI para ane irAka parathI pasAra thaine ijharAila sudhI paheAMcI gayA. ane jevA * sITA ' karAra thayA tevA ja bIjo yuddhakhAra karAra bagadAda karAra nAmaneA irAkanA pATanagaramAM AlekhAye. eziyA ane AphrikAnA khaDA para vizvayuddhanA amarikI paDachAyA pharatA thaI gayA. Inna ane bhArata jevA, vimukita ane vizvazAMtinA AgevAna rASTrA para amerikana zAhIvAdanI yuddhakhAra najara, ugra banI gai. zAhIvAdI ghaTanAnu` madhyapUrvaparanuM rAjakAraNa A banAvane lIdhe zAhIvAdI ghaTanAe ghaDeluM madhyapUrva paranuM rAjakAraNa khulluM paDayuM. A pradezapara yuddhakhAra bharaDA racIne gAvAyeleA, pAkistAnathI

Page #741
720 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA zarU thaele, IrAnanuM patana karIne tyAM parovAI cUkele ane IrAkane bagadAda karAra banela, TarakIparathI pasAra thaele zAhIvAdanA yuddhamora, IjharAIlanA amerikana zAhIvAdanA dorIsaMcAravALo sApha dekhAya. aMgrejI zAhIvAde pitAnA yAdA tarIke janmAvelA ane amerikana zAhIvAde tene, zastrasAdhanethI maDhelA, IjharAIle bagadAda karArano cheDe banIne A cheDA parathI IjI para suejhanI naherano kabaje levA mATe, aMgrejI, phreMca ane IjharAIlanA AkramaNanA dhasArA eka sAthe AraMbhI dIdhA. A traNe dhasArA nIce eka ja rAtamAM IjInuM patana thavAno amerikana zAhIvAdane aMdAja hatA. paNa IjIptanuM patana thayuM nahIM. ijIptaparanAM A traNa AkramaNone bhAratanI vimukta sarakAre, cInanI vimukta sarakAre, ane eziyA AphrikAnAM vimukta rASTrae eka sAthe dhikkArI kADhayAM. raziyAe A AkramaNa para AkharI nAmAnI dhamakI pAThavI. kere nagare A AkramaNane dehanI divAla racIne thaMbhAvI dIdhuM. IjIptanuM patana pUkAravAnI paLa para adhIre banele voIsa opha amerikA" muMge rahyo. IjIpta parathI araba vimuktinA avAje jagatane pitAnA laDAyaka niradhAranI jANa karI. bAnDaganI asmitAnu. IjIpta kareluM zilAropaNa bAnDagana samAraMbha eziyA-AphrikAnI vimuktinA pAyA para ubhelI, vizva-zAMtino vAhaka banyuM hatuM tyAre tyAM jaIne IjIptanI vimuktinI nAsare dIdhelI sabUtane sImAstaMbha suejhanI nahera para ijIptanAM mAnoe racI dIdhe. bAnyugapara prasthApana thaelA paMcazilamanuM AMtararASTriya zIla IjIptanI bhUmi paranI daramyAnagIrIne DArIne, ane sArvabhaumatvane sAcavIne, vizvaItihAsanuM ane vizvazAMtinuM lokasaMtrI banyuM. pazcimanAM saikAjunAM sAmrA, pazcima eziyAmAM patana pAmelAM ubhAM. sikaMdara ane sIrasane raste tathA, sIjharone raste A dharatI para AveluM pazcimanuM sAmrAjya A pazcima eziyA para mareluM dekhAyuM. amerikana zAhIvAde, pitAne ja parAjya A pazcimanA parAjayamAM anubhavyo. zastrasAjanA DhagalA para beThelA amerikana zAhIvAde parAsta banelA, aMgreja-phreMca zAhIvAdane, IjIptanA anaMtaraNa pradeza parathI pAchA bhAgI AvIne, laMDana ane perIsa nagarabhegA thaI javAnI salAha dIdhI. amerikana zAhIvAdanI AInovara DokaTIna paNa jagatanI zAhIvAdI ghaTanAno AgevAna amerikana zAhIvAda aNuzastronA DhagalApara jIvate beThA hatA. pazcima eziyAnI duniyAmAMthI parAjIta

Page #742
viva ItihAsanuM saravaiyu vizva zAMti ke vivasaMhAra! jA banIne bhAgI chUTelA, laMDana ane perIsanAM pATanagaravALA aMgreja-phreMca zAhIvAdanA ane pitAnA pyAdA jevA IjharAIlane pAchA paDyA, pachI, pazcima eziyAnI eTale madhyapUrvanI duniyAmAM tAkAtanuM athavA zaktimatAnuM eka moTuM vekayuma paDI gayuM che tathA potAnAM lazkara vaDe, zastronA bhaMDAre vaDe tathA aNaAyudha vaDe yuddha khelIne paNa A vekayumane athavA tAkAtanA zUnyane pUravAne amerikana sarakArane siddhAMta che, e siddhAMta, amerikana zAhIvAdanA pramukha AIjhanahAvare jAhera ryo. zAhIvAdI ghaTanAnA A saranazInane khabara nahotI ke, zAhIvAdI tAkAtane parAjya pamADIne, tenI khAlI paDelI jagAmAM eziyA ane AphrikAnAM vimukta rASTronI, rASTravimuktinI, nUtana rASTra asmitAnI, sArvabhaumatvanI tAkAta besI cUkI che, tathA, vizvazAMtinI A tAkAta zAhIvAdI yuddhakhorIne anAdara kare che. aIjhanahevara DokaTInanI kAryavAhI paNa AIjhenahevara DekaTrInanI kAryavAhI, bagadAdI karAranA ardhacaMdrakamAMthI AraMbhAI cUkI. sIrIyApara zAhIvAdI kAvatarAM zarU thaI gayAM. IrAkamAMthI A DekaTriInane kAsadonA derI saMcAra AraMbhAyA. bAnyuganA zAMti samAraMbha pachI InDoneziyAmAM zarU thaelI amerikana, zAhIvAdanI yuddhakhorI A vimukta pradezane TukaDAomAM vaheMcI nAkhavA AraMbhAI cUkI. amerikana zAhIvAdanI A DokaTrIna, pazcima eziyAmAM pitAnAM pyAdAo mAraphata, madhyapUrvanI yuddhanI racanAne saMkeravA mAMDI. amekina zAhIvAde InDoneziyApara Aga phelAvI devA, Daca zAhIvAdane saMkevA mAMDe tathA, tyAM beThelA pitAnA sAgaritane Arthika zAhIvAda mAraphata zastronI sakhAvata zarU karI. aMgrejI rANu bhAratanI vimukti para beThelA phiraMgI zAhIvAdane, maLavA gAvA para yuddhane sakeratA, piorTa. gAlanI sahelagAhe pahoMcI gaI. A badhA bane, IjIptamAM thaelA zAhIvAdI parAjya pachI ekAeka zarU thayA. IjIptanI vimuktinA ane vizvazAMtinA AgevAna tathA, pazcima eziyAnI vimuktinI hilacAlanA paramamitra evA, naherUne paNa javAba ApavAnI yuddhAra kAryavAhIne dorI saMcAra, pAkIstAna mAraphata zarU karAvIne, kAzmIranA savAla para, aMgrejI-phreMca amarikI zAhIvAdanI eka haroLa ghaDAI gaI. A savAlane chaMcheDIne temaNe bhAratamAM yunenA nAmamAM lazkara mokalavAnI kAryavAhI paNa zarU karI. 91

Page #743
R vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA vizrvavimukti ane vizvazAMtinI navI kasoTI, kAzmIranA savAla eziyAvAsIonI aMdara, eziyana eziyana prajAe aMdara aMdara laDI mare laDe, evA siddhAMta kArIyAmAM yuddha saLagAvIne amerikana zAhIvAdanA paradezamaMtrI Dalese jAhera karyAM hatA. tyAM saMhAra cAlu rAkhavA mATenI Aijhena hAvara DeAkaTrIna e pradezapara cAlu thai tenI sAthe sAtheja, dakSiNa-pUrva eziyAmAM saMhAra zarU karavAnuM racAyeluM kAvatarU have inDoneziyA para yuddhanuM rUpa dharIne zarU thayuM. A sAtheja amerikana zAhIvAde racI cUkelA, sITa kAramAM joDelA, A zAhIvAdanA parAdhIna dezomAM pahelA evA, pAkIstAnamAMthI bhAratanI bhUmipara, kAzmiranA pradezamAM Aga cAMpavAnI kAryavAhIne! AraMbha thayA. A yuddhakhAra racanAne bagadAda karAra te mATe taiyAra ja hatA. parantu tenuM saMcAlana AjasudhI, aMgrejI zAhIvAda pAse hatuM. isa para AkramaNu karIne, pA paDelA, a MgrejI zAhIvAda have A karAranI yuddhakhora dhaTanA calAvavA amerikAnI AgevAnI svIkAravA taiyAra thayA. A pahelAM tyAre uttara-dakSiNa dhArIyA vacce yuddhanI Aga saLagAvIne, amerikana zAhIvAde lAkho kArIyananenI katala karAvI hatI. amerikana zAhIvAde eziyA para khUllA mUkelA A padArtha pATha eziyAe najare nihALyo hato. pachI A padArtha pAnA khIjo prayAga karavA amerikana zAhIvAde, inheMcInanI vimuktinI laDatane, adhavacamAM rAkI pADIne uttara dakSiNa nAmanA e inDecInanI racanA karIne vimukata inDIcInanI racanAnI vacce phAcara mArIne inDecIna para saMhAra racavAnI gADhavaNI jALavI rAkhI hatI. A yuddhakhAra racanAne madhyapUrvamAM zarU karavAnI enI kAryavAhInA, pAkistAnathI mAMDIne te ijharAila sudhI laMbAyelA, khagadAda lazkarI karAra taiyAra hatA. ijIpta AgaLa pazcima eziyAmAM yuddha saLagAvavAmAM parAjIta pAmelA, aMgrejI-kUMca zAhIvAdanI pAchaLa ja pazcima eziyA para peAtAnI sIdhI daramyAnagIrI dhAraNu karIne amerikA have A yuddhakhArI karAranA rItasaranA sabhya banI gayA. A karAranA, sabhyAmAMthI pAkIstAnavatI, aMgreja amerikI zAhIvAde, bhArataparanu pahelu yuddhakhAra aDapaluM kAzmIranA maraNa pAmelA savAlane jIvatA karIne, ArbhI dIdhuM. kAzmIranA savAla kAzmIra savAla, savAlanI rItamAM, kAi savAla jevA hatA ja nahIM, kAzmIranA pradeza bhAratanA ja eka vibhAga che ane hateA. kAzmIra nAmanA e bhAratanA avibhAjaya vibhAgapara, rajaputa rAjAnuM rAjya hatuM. bhAratamAM

Page #744
vizva itihAsanuM saravayu vizva zAMti ke vivasa'hAra ! 3 zarU thaelI dezI rAjyAnI vilInIkaraNa yAjanAnA samaye kAzmIranA rAjAe e dezIrAjyane bhArata sAthe paddhatipura:sara, ane kAyadAnI rIte joDI dIdhuM. tyArapachI tarata ja, kAzmIramAM muslIma vastI haiAvAthI tathA, pAkIstAna muslImarAjya hAvAthI pAkIstAnI sarakAre AvA kAmavAdI khAnA nIce kAzmIra para AkramaNa karyuM. basa tyArathI kAzmIranA savAla, AkramaNanA savAla tarIke janma pAmyA. A AkramaNanA savAlanI pAchaLa, pAkIstAnanA irAde AkramaNa karIne kAzmIrane jItI levAnA hatA. A AkramaNane mArI haTAvavA kAzmIranA dezI rajavADAe, pote jenI sAthe joDAI gayuM hatuM te bhAratanI sarakAra pAse madada mAgI, bhArate potAnA ja eka aMganu rakSaNa karavA kAzmIranA bacAva karyAM. AkramaNakhAra pAkIstAna pAchuM haTayuM, paNa potAnI sarahada sAthenA kAzmIranA eka vibhAgane teNe AkramaNavaDe pakaDI rAkhyA ane tenuM nAma AjhAda kAzmIra rAkhyuM. zAMtinI sAcavaNI karavA mATeja e vibhAgaparathI, pAkIstAnI AkramaNakhArane mArI haTAvavAnuM mulatavI rAkhIne bhArata sarakAre, vATAdhATanA rastA akhatyAra karyAM. eTalA vibhAgamAM eTale AkramaNavaDe kabaje karelA ane tenu nAma AjhAda kAzmIra pADelA kAzmIranA sarahadI vibhAgamAMthI pAkIstAnI Akramaka lazkara pAchuM haTavuM nahI tathA, e vibhAgane peAtAnA AkramaNanA kabajA heThaLa jakaDI rAkhIne, pAkIstAne, eTalA vibhAgamAM, leAkazAhI ta'trane badale, IslAmItaMtranI peAtAnI lazkarI saramukhatyArI zarU karI dIdhI. A AkhAya bAkInA kAzmIrane te muslIma vastIvALA hovAthI, potAnI sAthe joDI devAnI mAgaNI cAlu rAkhI. A badalAyelA samayamAM jyAre, " dhajAti nirapekSa ' evI vimuktinI navI tasvIra banIne, eziyAnAM AjhAda rASTro janma pAmatAM hatAM tyAre ja, AjhAda khaneluM pAkIstAnI rASTra, IslAmika dharAya banIne, kAzmiramAM muslIma prajA vasatI hatI tethI tenApara AkramaNa karIne potAnI sAthe tene joDI devAnA potAnA islAmika adhikAra che evA hiTalarI dAvA karatuM hatuM tathA, potAnA A adhikAra mATe TakA, hajAro mAila kura paDelA amerikana zAhIvAda pAsethI ene maLatA hatA. ATalA meTA deza, ATalA mATe zAhIvAda, ane jagatabharamAM sauthI moTA zastra bhaMDAra dharAvatA ane aNumebanI mAlIkI dharAvatA amerIkana zAhIvAda, A nAnakaDA, pAkI stAnanI mitrAcArI bAMdhavAnA prema karavA taiyAra hatA. A yuddhakhAra zAhIvAde peAtAnA premanA abhinaya bhArata sAthe karI joyA hatA paNu vizvazAMti ane peAtAnA rASTranA sArvabhaumatvane sAcavI rAkhavA bIna daramyAnagIrIne potAnI paradezanItinA jeNe pAyA banAvyA hatA te bhArate, amerikAnA yuddhakhAra sANa 66

Page #745
vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA sAmAM pakaDavAne inkAra karyo hate. A inkArane samajyA pachI amerikana zAhIvAdane upapramukha, nikasana, pAkistAnanA pATanagara karAMcImAM pahoMcI gayo tathA tyAM pAkIstAnI sarakAra sAthe amerikana zAhIvAde pAkIstAnane, zastrA ApavAne karAra karyo. amerIkana zAhIvAdanA maMtrI Dalesane mATe A AnaMdane banAva bane. pazcima eziyA para, raziyAnI dakSiNamAM, ane madhyapUrvanA Araba deza para amerikana zastra saraMjAmane ardhacaMdraka pure the. Dalese, pitAnI pakaDa nIce AvelA pradeza para premathI, AMgaLI pheravavA mAMDI. TarakI thI IrAna thaIne pAkIstAna para A, yuddhane bharaDe bheravAI cUkyuM. have aphagAnistAna paNa temAM paravAI jaze ane bhAratanA naherU para paNa dabANa lAvI zakAze ema ene lAgyuM. pAkIstAna tarapha amerikI zAhIvAdanA zastra bhaMDAramAMthI tane sAmAna, sakhAvata tarIke pAkIstAnamAM vahevA lAge. I. sa. 1954nA pahelA ja varasamAM, 25,000,000 Dolarano zastra saraMjAma pAkIstAnamAM pahecI gayuM ane dara varase A zastro pravAha vadhyA ja karaze evI amerikAe jAherAta karI. bhAratanI sarakAre A bhayAnaka paristhitine virodha karyo tathA. pitAnI paDezamAM amerIkAe yuddhakhora daramyAnagIrI zarU karIne, kAzmIranA savAlanuM svarUpa paNa palaTI nAkhyuM che tevI jAherAta karI. aMgrejI hakumatanA gayA pachI pAkIstAnamAM paDI gaelA vimuktinA vekayumamAM amerikana tAkAta aMgrejI tAkAtanI jagA para beThI tathA, pAkIstAne A tAkAtanI madada vaDe have kAzmIranA savAlane ubho karyo, aMgrejI amerikI zAhIvAda taraphathI kAzmIramAM lekamata levAnuM ane tyAM sudhI banne kAzmIramAM, yunenI pheja rAkhavAne kharaDo raju karAye. kAzmIrane savAla je pAkIstAne karelA AkramaNane ja savAla hatuM, tene badale, jANe bhArate kAzmIra para gera kAnUnI rIte kabajo laI lIdhuM hoya tevI rIte A savAlano kharaDe salAmati samitimAM raju thaye. saMyukta rASTra saMdhamAM zAhIvAdI mAMdhAtAonuM jANe kAnUnI AkramaNa AvI pahoMcyuM hoya te dekhAva A vizva saMsthAne thaye. salAmati samitimAM, traNa zAhIvAdo, ane cothe, cInanA nAmamAM besADAyele ameri. kana zAhIvAdane phoramesA hatuM. tyAM ekale raziyA nAmano eka ja vimukta deza sabhyadeza tarIke hate. bhArate vizvanI A saMyukta rASTra saMsthAmAM, pitAne bacAva karyo ane nyAyanA nAmamAM, vizvazAMtinA nAmamAM, AkramaNane virodha karyo. chevaTe zAhIvAdanI ja sabhya saMkhyAvALI salAmati samitimAM pAkIstAnI

Page #746
vizva ItihAsanuM saravaiyuM, vizva zAMti ke vivasaMhAra ! 75 AkramaNakhora pakSamAM salAmati samitie mata dIdhe paNa raziyAe pitAnA viTa vaDe A TharAvane urADI dIdhe. paNa savAla to ubho ja rahyo paNa pAkIstAne karelA AkramaNamAMthI, AkramaNanA savAlane badale jenA para AkramaNa thayuM hatuM tene ja daMDa devAne savAla amerikana zAhIvAde tarata ja eka bIje TharAva raju karIne cAlu rAkhe. A rIte bagadAdI karArane yuddhakhora bharaDe, bhAratanI bhUmi para AkramaNano pakSa laIne utarI cUke. vizvaitihAsamAM yuddha nAmano savAla, kerIyAmAM, IjIptamAM, inDocInamAM athavA jagatanA badhA deza para zAhIvAdI yuddhakhara ghaTanAnA laMbAtA sANasAo je pharavA nIkaLI cUka hatA. have te bhAratanI bhUmi para paNa AvI pahoMce. zAhIvAdI yuddhakhora ghaTanAne A savAlanA jevA javAba, jagatanAM bIjA mimukta rASTrae dIdhA hatA, tevo ja javAba, A bhAratabhUminA, paMcazilam rUpavALI paradezanItine saMbhaLAyo ke, "kAzmIrane savAla, kAzmIra nAmanA, bhAratanA pradeza para pAkIstAne karelA AkamaNane savAla che. A savAlano javAba e che ke pAkIstAne kAzmIra para AkramaNa karIne je vibhAga para pitAne adhikAra haju jamAvI rAkhe che te "AjhAda kAzmIra" pradeza parathI paNa e AkramaNakhere haTI javuM. A savAlane e eka ja javAba hoI zake che, paraMtu e savAlanA javAbamAM, amArI bhUmi para keIpaNa paradezI ke saMyukta rASTronA nAmavALI pheja utAravAnuM aDapaluM karIne amArA sArvabhaumatvamAM daramyAnagIrI karavAmAM Avaze te bhArata sarakAra tene saMpUrNa sAmane karaze.' vizvayuddha eTale vizvasaMhAra rASTrasaMdhanA astitvane jokhamamAM nAkhIne, vizvazAMtinA baMdhAraNanI uparavaTa thaIne tathA, nyAyanA pAyAone anAdara karIne, Aje jyAre sAmrAjya + "For 300 years, from Clive to Wellesley, from Wellesley to Dalhousie, To canning, to Minto, to Linlithgow, India has tried to liberate its soil from the presence of foreign feet. This security council dare not ask us to accept the introduction of foreign troops on our sacred Soil." (Krishna Menon)

Page #747
vizva itihANanI rUparekhA vAdI ghaTanAnuM amerikana, aMgrejI ane phreMca sarakAranuM rUpa navI navI yuddha tarakIbo ubhI kare che, navanavAM yuddha juthanI racanA kare che tathA vimuktinI hilacAlane rekI rAkhavA AkramaNanA navA navA kissAo pedA kare che tyAre saMskRtinI vizva racanA kaMpI uThatI pUche che ke A badhuM ApaNA jagatane kayAM laI jaze ? ApaNA jagatapara sAmrAjyavAdI nItinI yuddha ghaTanAnA paDachAyA pharavA mAMDyA che. je jagatamAM A yuddha ghaTanAnI AkramakanIti aMgreja-amarikI zAhIvAda race che te jagata e zAhIvAdI sarakAra uparAMta, aMgrejI ane amerikana Ama prajAnuM paNa raheThANa che. e jagata, eziyA ane AphrikAnI vimuktinA pAyagAmavALI virATa evI prajAonuM paNa sthAna che. A jagatanI racanA, jagatajanatAe pitAnA zramavaDe karI che, ane jagata janatAnA, saMskAra saMtAnoe tenI saMskRtine ghaDI che. A jagataparanA yuropa khaMDapara amerikana ane aMgrejI zAhIvAdI sarakAre, laMDana nAmanA nagarane aNuyuddhanI bhUmikA banAvavA mAge che. Aja sudhI A pATanagarane dariyAnI rANuM banelI sAmrAjyavAdI ghaTanAe, jagatanI dhanadolatane luMTI lAvIne tene udyogavAdanuM pATanagara banAvyuM che. Aje A pATanagaranI Ijajata je sacavAya nahIM ane aNuyuddhane raNathaMbha je tyAM rapAI jAya te A eka vakhatanA vizvanagaranuM rUpa AvatI kAle kevuM haze? tenI kalpanA ja kevI bihAmaNI che ! A vizvanagara paranI imArata dharAzAyI banI heya, A nagaranAM naranArIonAM zaba sUsavatAM paDyAM heya, A aMgrejI janatAnuM saMskAradhAma, baMdaragAhavALA hADapiMjaranuM smAraka banIne bolatuM hoya ke, "A dharatI para paga mUkazo nahIM, ahIM matanAM reDIye ekaTIva rajakaNe uDe che te.' ApaNAM jagatanA evAM te aneka pATanagare ane grAmaghaTake para saikAonI saMskRtino nAza karanAra yuddhano amala thAya te pahelAM, vizva ItihAsanI pagadaMDI para jagata janatAno prANa, puNya prakepa banIne jAgI uThe ja joIe ane saMhAra tathA yuddha jenI jIMdagIne krama che tevI sAmrAjyavAdI ghaTanAnuM zamana thavuM ja joIe. sAmrAjyavAda eTale ja yuddha che, te bAbatanI khAtrI, sAmrAjyavAde vizvaItihAsanA, prAcIna samayathI mAMDIne te AjanI tArIkhe thaelA, ijIpanI nahera paranA, aMgrejI phreMca AkramaNanA nagna dekhAvanI noMdha laIne ApI che. sAmrAjyavAda athavA zAhIvAda ja yuddho, laDAIo ane saMgrAmanuM je eka

Page #748
vizva ItihAsanuM saravaiyuM, vizva zAM Mta ke vizvasa'hAra ! 727 mAtra kAraNa che teA pachI, vizvazAMtinI saphaLatA, e kAraNane nAbUda karI nAkhavAmAM ja rahelI che. vizvazAMti ke vizva vigraha ? khIjA vizvayuddhanA aMtamAM ja vizvaitihAsane A savAla, AkhI mAnavajAta sAme ane jagatanI sarakAra sAme ubhA thaI gayA. A savAlanA rUpamAM ja evA javAba nakkI thai cUkayA hatA ke have jo vizvayuddha zarU thaze to, AkhA vizvanA, AkhI mAnavajAtane ane vizvasaMskRtinA vinAza thaI jaze. evuM vizvayuddha have na thAya te mATe, jagatanI sarakArAe, yATA ane poTasaDAma mUkAme, vizvazAMtinI sAcavaNI karavAnAM pavitra karAranAmAM dhaDayAM hatAM ane rASTrasaMdhanI saMyukata saMsthAne janma ApyA hatA. saMyukata rASTra saMdhavatI jagatanI tamAma sarakArAnI javAbadArI vizvazAMtinI jALavaNI karavAnI hatI tathA e sarakAre jemanI pratinidhi hatI tevI vizvanI prajAeAnI athavA samasta mAnavajAtanI paNa, vizvazAMtine sAcavavAnI javAbadArI hatIja, A banne javAbadArIonA bhaMga karanAra ane vizva paranI potAnI zAhIvAdI hakumata kAyama karo nahI te yuddha Ape, evI mAgaNI karanAra amerikana zAhIvAda rASTrasaMdhamAM potAnI bahumati vaDe tathA rASTrasaMdhanI bahAra potAnA lazkarI karArA ane yuddhakhAra jUthAnI racanA vaDe, vizvazAMtine chaDe cAka bhaga karavA nIkaLelA te bAbata Aje tenI AjasudhInI kAryavAhI vaDe pUravAra thaI cUkI che. A hakIkata che, tyAre Aje, e zAhIvAdanI pakaDa nIce AvelA *manasIba amerikana rASTramAMthI paNa, potAnI dharatI parathI AraMbhAtA, vizvayuddhanA pracAra ane yuddhanIja pUrva taiyArIvALA badhA AcAreA tarapha amerikana janatA taraphathI paNa virodha thayA karyAM che. chatAM A rASTrdhvanI mAnavatAnI mI pazu yuddhanA ratha pAchaLa baMdhAyelI, parAjita mAnavajAtanI khkhI banI che, A kamanasIba rASTra parathI Aje AjhAdInuM jAheranAmuM bhUMsAi jatuM mAlama paDyuM che tathA, e dharatI para pahelA svAtaMtrya jAheranAmA vaDe racAyelI svAtaMtryanI pratimA, zastrothI lacAi paDI che. AjanuM amarikI saMskAranuM dila saLagatu aMtaranA avAja banIne kahe che ke ApaNe tyAMnI Du-penTa, sTenDa eila, ane janarala ilekaTrIka vesTIMgahAusa jevI kAraTelAe jana phphAsIvAdane AyudhAthI sajyA hatA. Aje jagatanAM evAM lAkhA ne karADe mAnavA amArI jemaja amerikI iAravAdane phIvAra mAnavasaMhAranAM AyudhA sajavAnI, sajAvavAnI manA kare che, ane yAda Ape che ke je hetue ane je zAMtinI rekhAe ne rUjhavelTe yAlTAmAM

Page #749
728 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA ane poTaDAmamAMthI ghaDI ? hatI te loka- 1 zAsananA he- ja tuo ane ki. zAMtine ame rikana zAhIvAdane hAthe barabAdabanatI aTakAvavAnI IcchA dhAraNa karanAra sau koI mAge che ke yATA ane piTasaDAma amala thavo joIe. yunA, rASTrasaMdhanI ekatA jaLavAi rahevI jaIe, ane sA mu dA yika ni:zastrIkaraNa thavuM joIe. a me ri ka ne A yu dhA nI jagI jamAvaTa kamI thavI joIe ane aNubombanA DhagalAne tAbaDatoba nAza thavo joIe tathA e Ayudhane AMtararASTrIya rIte gerakAyadesara TheravavuM joIe. ekavAra, nIce lakhAyelAM je satyo mahAna lIkane amerikAnA eka kaTokaTIbharyA samaye kahyA hatA te ja AjanA amerikAne paNa lAgu paDe che. ApaNI AjhAdI kevA baMdhAraNa para TakI zakavAnI che, TakI rahevAnI che? ApaNI AjhAdI ApaNI killebaMdhIonA bUraja para, ApaNA vistAra pAmatA maracAo para, ke ApaNAM lazkare para ja TakI zakavAnI nathI ja.

Page #750
vivaItahAsanuM saravaiyuM vizva zAMti ke vivasaMhAra ApaNI khAtarI te lekazAsana ane AjhAdInA ApaNuM premamAM che. je AjhAdIno bhAva bhagavAnanI maherathI ApaNA dilamAM jaDAya che te bhAvanAno ApaNe bacAva te ApaNI lokazAhI mATenA premamAM ja have joIe. A prema vaDe ja mAnavamAtranA samAna vArasA tarIke AjhAdInI kiMmata dareka dezanAM mAna mATe samAnabhAve AMkI zakAya. ApaNo e AjhAdIno prema je ApaNe khatama karIzuM te ApaNuM AMgaNAmAM johukamI ane julmanAM bIja ApaNe vAvIzuM ane ApaNAM pitAnA aMgeaMgane gulAmInI beDIomAM jakaDI laIzuM. bIjI prajAonI AjhAdI kacaDavAnI ApaNane Teva paDatAMnI sAthe ja ApaNI AjhAdI naSTabhraSTa thaI jaze tathA ApaNI aMdaranA khaMdhA ane AgevAna jAlime ApaNane gulAma banAvaze." - amerikana jananA para kevI gaMbhIra javAbadArIone vizva ItihAsa, Aje enAyata karate ho e javAbadArIne amerikA paNa adA karaze ? e javAbadArIne adA karavAnI laDAyaka tAkAta, palAdI saMgaThana, dhIragaMbhIra ane atUTa nirAdhAra ekaThAM karIne pitanI dharatI para zAparUpa banelA amerikana ijAravAdane yuddhakhora banIne vizvayuddha karavA nIkaLatA Delara--dAnavane, ghara AMgaNe ja e rako pADaze ? ke pachI? e kalpanA ja kevI bhayAnaka che ? e khyAla kevA deza deza paranI buddhine, nItimattAne, vivekavicArane hacamacAvI mUke che ane jagatabharanAM jana-AMdolanane puNyaprakopa saLagAvI mUke tevo che! ke pachI kalaMbiyAnuM!..tyAre enuM kalevara kevuM kAramuM ne bihAmaNuM banyuM haze ? tyAre amerikI janatAne kacaDIne bahAra nIkaLatA kalaMbiyAnA baliyana Delara-dAna, jagatanAM nagare, jyAM, jenI zerIomAM vijJAnanA anubhavo maDhayA che, jenAM halanacalanamAM saMskRtinA saikAo vahyA che, te jagatanAM : nagaronI janetAo para pAchI amarikI zAhIvAdanI kALarAtriomAM amerikI Dolara-dAnanAM paDachAyA kallelatA jIvananA anurAga para kevA othAra banIne pharatA haze ! paNa vimuktinI hilacAlavALI AjanI jagatajanatAne A vakhatane prakopa ke pracaMDa banaze! jagatanAM nagaromAM janajuvALanA caDhAva kevA caMDapracaMDa banaze! jagatabharanAM lekjhAmonAM pAdara paranI parvata-taLeTIo, giri kaMdarAo ane nadI-nALAM tathA sImAo ne khetare, garavAM gerIlAMnA kevA dAruNu bhAva dhAraNa karaze! tenI ene khabara che! jagatajanatAnI vyApaka tAkAta phoI jaMgalajhADIethI, koI khetaravADIethI, kAI gharamAMthI, bhaMgAramAMthI,

Page #751
vizva itihAsanI rUparekhA kAi khUNuAmAMthI, kAi dIvAla pAchaLathI, kAi nara ke nArI, kAi yuvAnayuvatInA UMDANa vyUhanA chApAmArI dhAva amerikana sAkramaNakhArI para kevA avirata ane aphara banatA haze ! 930 mAnavamAtra " paNa tyAre ja amerikAmAM saikA pahelAM ghaDAyelAM samAnanA ' hukanAmAne jagatabharanI janatA e AMkramaNanA parAbhava karIne amerikana mAnavajAtanA punarUtthAna mATe paNa pAtAnA Apalega vaDe tene kevuM jIvatuM banAvatI haze ! vizvazAMtinAM nUtana paribaLA, vimukata rASTronA samAraMbha cr ', i. sa. 1955 nA eprilamAM, nUtana eziyA ane nUtana AphrikAnAM leAkazAhI paribaLAnA milana jevA eziyA AphrikAnAM vimukata rASTronA samAraMbha maLyo. A samAraMbhamAM egaNatrIsa rASTrAnA rAjakIya AgevA ekaThAM maLyAM. vizvazAMtinuM saravaiyuM kADhavA A vizvatihAsanAM vimukata rASTra ekamA, AkrA, AdisaabaLA, kerA, bagadAda, dilhI, kAbula vigere, eziyA AphrikAnAM navAM pATanagarAmAMthI, inDaneziyAne AMgaNe bArnDaMgamAM AvI pahoMcyAM. bAMnDugatA mukhya rastA, eziyA-AphrikA" mA kahevAyeA. pahelAM jyAM, zAhIvAdI Daca rAjakartAe besatA hatA, tyAM kAMkAraDIyA kalabamAM A samAraMbhanI kArya vAhI eThI. " ja uka maraDaMkA " athavA vimukita khaMDamAMthI inDeneiziyAnA rASTrapramukha suNe A mahemAnaneA satkAra karatAM yAda karAvyuM ke, ' AjathI ekasAne eMzI varasa para, amerIkana svAtaMtrya yuddhane krAntinAda uyeA hateA ane AkhA jagata para teneA avAja tyAre patharAyA hatA. tyAre AjathI ekasAezI varsa para, zAhIvAdI parAdhInatA sAme zarU thayelI vizvatihAsanI rASTra vimukitanI laData hajI Aje paNa cAlu che. A vimukitanI laData jyAre purI thai haze tyAre, zAhIvAda athavA sAmrAjyavAdanA paNa aMta AvI cUkayeA haze. Aje te vimukitanI A hilacAlane ApaNe javAba devA ane nutana eziyA ane nUtana AphrikAnI samruta devA ahIM bhegA maLyA chIe.' A samAraMbhane amerikana zAhIvAdI sarakAra kazA abhinaMdana meAkalI zakI naheAtI. amerikana zAhIvAda taraphathI teA, vimukitanA A samAraMbhamAM, je kaMI ADakhIlI thai zake tevI rUkAvaTA karanArA peAtAnI pakaDa nIcenA pradezanA pratinidhione ahIM ravAnA karavAmAM AvyA hatA ane tee A samAra'bhamAM, zAhIvAdI saMcAlana jevA haratA pharatA hatA.

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vivaItihAsanuM saravaiyuM, viva zAMti ke vivasaMhAra ! 731 bAnDaga samAraMbhamAM, rASTravimuktinAM nUtana pAtro A samAraMbhamAM cInI rASTranA mahAna AgevAna cAu-ena-lIthI mAMDIne te IjIptanA nAsera ane bhAratanA naherU sudhInA sau koI AgevAne Aje pitApitAnA rASTronA utthAnanI janAonA AgevAna banIne ahIM hAjara thayA hatA. A badhA rASTranA vimukta mAnava samudAya je zAhIvAdI parAdhIna dazAmAM "kaMba mIlIyansa" kahevAtA hatA, temaNe A sau rASTra AgevAne vatI pote prApta karelI vimuktinA arthakAraNane eka zabda, rASTra punarUtthAna nAmane ane rAjakAraNano bIjo eka zabda, vizva-zAMtinA nAma, A samAraMbhamAM jamA karAvyA hatA. A nUtana arthakAraNa ane rAjakAraNamAM sau vimuktarASTra saMmata hatAM. A saMyukti jevI eziyA, AphrikAnI nUtana ekatAmAM, cInanA sAmyavAdI, cAu-ena-lI, thI mAMDIne te bhAratanA prajAtaMtravAdI javAharalAla sudhI sau zAMtimaya sahaastitva mATe saMmata hatA. A samAraMbhamAM AvI nUtana ekatAnI yojanA ghaDavAnI rASTra vimuktinI laData laDIne, indocInamAMthI he-cI mItva paNa AvI pahoMcyo hatA. "je prakAzita che" te, evo ene nAmane artha thato hato. dubaLo pAtaLe ane unnata e A mahAnubhAva, nAno chokaro hato tyArathI ja, phrenca zAhIvAdI kebInane nekara banIne, laMDanamAM, rasoyAnuM kAma karIne tathA phoTogrAphara banIne, ane pachI rASTravimuktino khaDApage laDavaiyo banIne I-cInanI vimuktine bhekhadhArIbanI cUkyuM hato. I. sa. 1922 mAM eNe maskAnI vidyApIThamAM rAjakAraNane abhyAsa karyo hato ane pachI I. sa. 1925mAM cInIkrAtinA AraMbhane eNe cIna jaIne najarenajara nihALyA hatA. pachI eziyAbharanI vimuktinA prANane pitAnI dharatI para suMdhate, e pharate hate. phrenca zAhIvAdane madada karavA aMgrejI zAhIvAde ene hoMgakoMgamAM I. sa. 1931 mAM kArAgAramAM purI dIdho hate. pachI I. sa. 1945 mAM InDa cInanI rASTravimukti,enA nAmanI - AMIT A .pl NOW hi

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732 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA raNahAkala banAvIne samasta samudAyanI vimuktinI hilacAla banI. pachI phrAnsanI zAhIvAdI sarakAra sAthe pitAnA rASTravatI have masalata karavA e perIsa gayo hato. tyAM carcAne aMte, "vimukti mATe amAre laDavuM paDaze te laDI laIzuM" ema khAtrI ApIne e pAcho InDocIna AvI pahoMce. vimuktine pracaMDaga InDocIne AraMbhI dIdhe. amerikana zAhIvAdanA badhA zastrasAja vimuktinA A saMgrAmamAM, cUrA thaI gayA. phreMca zAhIvAdanAM badhAM lazkare A hilacAlane mAra khAIne pAchAM paDyAM, tathA A zAhIvAdanA senApatio keda pakaDAyA. I. sa. 1946 mAM AraMbhAyelI vimuktinI A laDAIe I. sa. 1954 sudhImAM iMca zAhIvAdano parAjya karIne eziyAbharamAM, vimuktinI hilacAlanI viracIta tasvIra racI dIdhI ane A chabImAM prANa jevo jaDAI gaele, he, Aje baDugamAM vimukti ane vizvazAMtinI abhaMga ekatAne sAthIdAra banIne AvI pahoMcyo hate. AphrikA paNa AvI pahoMcyo hato vizvazAMtinA A vimuktinA samAraMbhamAM, eziyAne bherUbaMdha banIne AphrikA paNa ahIM bahugamAM AvI pahoMcyA hatA. bhAratanA gAMdhIjIe jyAM vimuktino pahela kramavidhAna, savinaya bhaMganA nAmane zarU karyo hato, tyAMthI, dakSiNa AphrikAmAMthI I. sa. 1955 nA eprilamAM ja ghaDAelA, zAhIvAdI ghaTanAmAM, paNa ati pachAta evI jAtivAdI sarakAranA, "bATu ejayukezana ekaTa" ne laIne vimukta rASTranA A samAraMbhamAM phariyAda noMdhAvavA, ane saMskRtinA nAmamAM, pitAno avAja uThAvavA dakSiNa AphrikAno piDIta mAnava ahIM AvI pahoMcyo hato. dakSiNa AphrikAnI A ghaTanA, okhAya samAraMbha para viSAdanI chAyA phelAvI detI hatI. AphrikAnI gerI hakumate, saMyukta rASTra saMghe ghaDelA mAnava adhikArano prAthamika dastAveja paNa cirI nAkhyo hato. saMsthAnika parAdhInatAnuM A kALuM dhAbuM haju AphrikAnA dakSiNa deha para jevuM ne tevuM nirdaya alu rahyuM hatuM. AphrikAnI vimuktinI laData dakSiNamAM A karapINatA sAme cAlu hatI. aradhA zaikA para A nidaryatA sAme jeNe laDatano AraMbha karyo hato te mohanadAsa karamacaMda gAMdhInA dikarA maNilAla gAMdhIe Aje paNa A laDatanI sAthIdArI jALavI rAkhI hatI. A mahAsamAraMbhamAM AphrikAnI ja kinArI paranA madhyapUrvanA IjIpta nAmanA mahAna dezane pramukha nAsera paNa AvI pahoMcyo hato. A pramukhamAM AkhA rASTrapitAnI vimuktinuM TrasTa racyuM hatuM. vimuktinA AraMbhamAMja, A rASTranA kere nagaramAM jyAre, amerikana zAhIvAdanA ane aMgreja

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vizvaItihAsanuM saravaiyu, vizva zAMti ke vizvasa hAra ! 733 phreMca zAhIvAdanA badhA dorI saMcAra ahIM' zarU thai gayA hatA tyAre kerAnAmanA isanA vimukta pATanagaramAMthI A rASTrapramukhe hajI hamaNAMja jAherAta karI hatI ke, " amArI AjhAdIne pikhI nAkhavA mATe Aje jyAre irAkamAMthI, laMDanamAMthI ane vezikA gaTanamAMthI, zAhIvAdI saMcAra zarU thai cUkayA che tyAre, amArA rAjyavahivaTanuM saMcAlana, majabUta hAthe potAnI doravaNI bhAge che.' evA A vizvazAMtinA, eziyAi Aphrikana samArabhamAM cInI, cAu ena lAinA bherUdha jevA paMDita javAharalAlanI sAthIdArI cIna-bhArata, rASTra bAMdhavatAnI vimukta ane vizva zAMtinI nUtana tasvIra pedA karavI hatI. A eziyA AphrikAnA AvA milananI badhI AgevAnI, bhAratanA tetturue ja AraMbhI hatI. vimuktinI sarvAMgI ekatA banelI bhArata-cIna, rASTra AMdhavatAnI chaSmIne mahAta karavA AvelA, briTana, keneDA, osTrelIyA ane nyujhilenDanI, ADakhIlIe ahIM nAkAmIyAba nivaDatI hatI tathA, amerikana zAhIvAdI sarakAre, AvA zAMti samAraMbhamAM peAtAnuM kazu pratinidhitva nahI rAkhIne potAnA tenA taraphane aNagamA jAhera karyAM hatA. paMcazalamnA sImAstaMbha, vizvazAMtinA mAracA khIjA vizvayuddhanA aMtamAM, ApaNA jagatanA cIna-bhArata nAmanA e

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734 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA mahAna dezAmAM eka mahAna banAva banyA hatA. A banAva e hatA, ke A baMne virATa dezeAe, peAtAnA para ladAyelI saikA junI parAdhInatA pheMkI dIdhI hatI. zAhIvAdanI pakaDamAMthI chUTIne A baMne dezA AjhAda athavA vimukta thayA. AjhAdInI navI paristhitimAM cIna ane bhArata jevA mahAna rASTra bAMdhavAe pacIsa saikA pahelAM peAte apanAvelI, sahakAra ane sahacAravALI parasparanI anIti, A baMne rASTrAmAM jAgI uThI. pacIsa saikAothI, samAdhi lagAvIne A be mahAnarASTronA rakhevALa jevA gautamabuddha jANuM jAgI uDDayA ane potAnA zAMtimaya sahakArarUpe virATanA kadama uThAvatA elye!, " saMdhanI zAMti eja mAruM zaraNu che." bhAratI--cInI bhAibhAinI, janahAkala A banne rASTromAM zAMtinI hAkala banI. baMnenI rASTra najaramAM parasparanI rASTra adhivatA vatI khanI gai. AkhA eziyA mATe ja nahIM paNa rAjakIya ane Arthika rIte eka banelA AkhA vizva mATenI, vizvazAMtinI yAdagAra dhaTanA, dilhInA bhAratIya pATanagarane AMgaNe. cu-naherU zAMtista Mbha jevI, azokasta MbhanI tema nIce kAtarAI gaI. vizva - itihAse, paMcazilam nAmanuM, rASTrarASTra vaccenI nItimattAnu, rAjanA AMtara rASTriya vyavahAranuM navuM ja prakaraNa lakhyuM. vizvazAMtinA dhaDataranA A mudrAlekha cIna ane bhAratanI zAMticAhaka paradezanItinA satvarUpe dhaDAyA. eziyA bharanAM tamAma rASTramAM, dareka vanA lAka samudAyamAM jAgelI eziyAnI nUtana jAgrutinA pratIka samI, parasparanI, sahakAra mATenI, AMdhavatA mATenI tathA ekatA mATenI tivra icchanA aMdhubhAve, dilhI mukAme, cu-naherU mulAkAte ghaDelA, eziyAI bAMdhavatAnA pAMca muddAne vadhAvI lIdhA. akhila hinda zAMti samitie bhAratabharamAM 1954nA sapTembara mahInA, eziyAi bAMdhavatAnI zAnadAra ujavaNIthI dipAvyo. yu-naherU jAherAtanA eziyAi bAMdhavatA ane vizvazAMtineA pAyA bananArA [ parasparanI prAdezika akhaMDitatA taraphaneA mAnabhAva, tatha bInadaramyAnagIrI parasparanA bIna AkramaNa karAra, paraspara samAnatA ane zAMtimaya kalyANakArI sahajIvana ] pAMca muddAovALI, bAMdhavatA bharI dheASaNA karIne, bhArata ane cInanA A me mahAnubhAvAe, samasta eziyA khaMDa ane vizvabharamAM zAMtinI navI havA ane preraNA, tamAma rASTro mATe ubharAvI dIdhAM.

Page #756
40 visamA sikAnI saMskRttinI jIMdagI [ jIvanasvarUpanI kaTekaTI jevI nUtana vAstavatA-vAstavavAdanuM sauMdaryarU-jIvana vAstavikatAne pAye, vijJAna saMsthAyaMtra taMtra ane aMdagI-vijJAna ane saMskRtinuM citrapaTa-mAnava saMskRtinA ItihAsanuM mUlya, vizvazAMti-vizvazAMtinI trIjA zatakanI saMvatsarI, kemenIyasa-nUtanayugane jIvanakalAkAra, rasakIna -jIvana ghaTanAnI vAstaviktA ane mArelAM-vizvazAMtinI ghaTanAne pAyo, vimukta rASTro sAmAjika vimuktinuM arthakAraNa ane rAjakAraNa-vimuktinuM vAstavarUpa, mAnavajAtanI vimuktirASTra vimuktinuM vizva ItihAsanuM paheluM ekama, rUsI kAnti-vizva zAMtino akiMcana avAja, TelisTaya-sAmAjika krAntino niyAmaka lenina-kAtinI ghaTanAne ItihAsamAnava, sTAlIna-vizvayuddhane pratikAra karatI pahelI ghaTanA-zAMtimaya sahaastitvanI paradezanIti-sTAlInayugane aMta samaya ane vimukti yuganI vyApakatA-itihAsanI jIMdagImAMthI nipajeluM mUlya, kAnUna- AMtararASTriya kAnUnanI pahelI gItAMjali-vizvanAgarika, AinasTAIna-mAnava dharmanuM vyaktitva, gAMdhI-bhAratane paradezanIti dAkhavatuM dazana-vimuktinuM vizvarUpa vizvanAM zramamAnonuM saMgaThana rU5-AMtararASTriya utthAnane nUtana kAnUna, sArvabhaumatva-sArvabhaumatvane ItihAsa-cInI vimuktinuM ItihAsarUpaeziyana vimuktine ArSadraSTA-vidhaitihAsanI vimuktine chaDIdhara, nAsera -zAMtimaya sahaastitvane sImAstaMbha, bhArata-AMtararASTriya zAMtidUta, kaSNa menana ] jIvanasvarUpanI kaTokaTinI nUtana vAstavikatA I. sa. 1880thI vIsamA saikAnAM jIvana svarUpanuM kaTokaTine dhAraNa karatuM sarva vibhAganuM sAmAnya jIvana lakSaNa najare caDhavA lAgyuM. kalAmAM kavitAmAM, manovijJAnamAM ane bhautika vijJAnamAM paNa kaTakaTinuMrUpa AlekhAvA mAMDayuM. vizva ItihAsanI vizvaracanA paNa kaTokaTimAM pisavAnI jAherAta karatI hoya tema, yuropanA uMbarA para ubhelA, jarmana sAmrAjyanA svarUpa mAraphata dekhAyuM. A jarmana mahArAjya jagatanA pharIvAra bhAga vaheMcavA nIkaLavAnI

Page #757
vizva itihAsanI rUparekhA peAtAnI taiyArI zarU karI. A arasAmAM ja AphrikA mATenA kAyaDA laine 736 ////////// ////// iMglenDa, phrAnsa, jarmanI ane iTAlI eka sAthe, AphrikAnA nakazAne khUllA mUkavA lAgyAM. amerikAnA itihAsamAM paNa, A arasAmAM ja vizvavijaya karavA nIkaLanArA ijAravAde, ' muktasAhasa ' te svIkAra karI lIdheA. jagatanI jIMdagImAM jyAM ne tyAM, je ane te vibhAgamAM, mUDIvAdI bajAra peAtAnA badhA kAnUna laIne, kaTokaTInuM rUpa sarjavA, sthApita thavA lAgyuM. jIvananuMrUpa jANe pahelI ja vAra vAstavarUpa banavA lAgyuM. jIMdagInA vibhAga para, niyAmakA ane niyamana goThavAyAM. Aja sudhI jene jIvanamAM kalAkhAtara kalA, sauMdarya khAtara saudarya ane sAhitya khAtara sAhitya kahevAyuM hatuM, te badhAnI pAchaLa eka cAkkasa atha ane hetu bajAranA vyavahAramAMthI ja AvI gayAM. A vAstavarUpanA jagata jeTalI moTI banatI jIMdagInA vibhAgomAM je kAi potAnI jAtane gAThavI rAkayA nahI' temaNe A vAstavayuga sAme, mUlyanI, tinI ane AtmAnI khAvAi javAnI khUmAM paNa pADavA mAMDI. parantu A vyApakatAnAM rUpa AgaLa

Page #758
visamA sakAnI saMskRtinI jIdagI 737 ne AgaLa vadhaze ja ema 1830nI julAI kAnti tathA 1848nI phebruArI kAntinI hilacAle khAtrI ApI cukI hatI. A baMne kAtioe yurepanA itihAsanI ardhazatAbdi ujavI hatI tathA yuropa para vAstavavAdanuM rItasaranuM udaghATana karyuM hatuM. A vAstavavAdanuM rUpa yuropanA jIvananA vyavahAranA ekeeka vibhAga para chavAtuM hatuM. A vAstavavAdanA svarUpavALo yurepane AtmA, karoDa kaThe, kavitAnuM, kalAnuM, arthakAraNanuM ane rAjakAraNanuM vAstavarUpa banIne nUtanayuganuM jIvanastotra lalakArato hate. junA jagatanA badhA japayajJo, A vAstavavAdanA zramayajJa AgaLa juThA pUravAra thatA hatA. jagatane prANa vAstavika jIvana ghaTanAnI ArAdhanA vaDe vAstavika jIvanarUpanA vAstavasatyanI ArAdhanA zarU karatA hatA. vAstavavAdanuM sauMdaryarUpa A nUtanajIvanarUpa AraMbhamAM, kadarUpuM dekhAtuM hatuM. yuropa khaMDa jene vizvaItihAsavatI khUlluM mUkyo hato te vAstavavAda, divasa ane rAtrinA nisargarUpamAM "gesa lAITa" saLagAvate hate. laMDanamAM A kRtrima prakAza sauthI pahelAM peTAyo ane pachI yuropanAM badhAM nagaromAM enuM ajavALuM vAstavika banyuM. pachI tarata ja yurepanAM nagara paranA raMga badalAyA. kavitAo ane phalake paranI chAyAe paNa palaTAvA mAMDI. nAgarikanA alaMkAra ane paheraveze paNa badalAvA mAMDyA. khANAM pINunI rItarasama ane vALa katarAvavAnI phezane paNa palaTAvA mAMDI. chIkaNI suMghavAnI gaMdI Tene badale sIgAra pheMkavAnI navI Tevo dAkhala thaI. vAstavavAdI, nara, nArI ane bALaka bALakIonAM svAMga paNa pagathI mAthA sudhI nUtanarUpa dhAraNa karavA mAMDyAM. jIvanarUpa nUtana ghaTanA banIne pitAnI kAyApalaTa karatuM badhe ja doDatuM dekhAyuM. I. sa. 1842mAM brezana ane nyuyorka vacce sTImara saravIsa doDavA mAMDI hatI ane romAnTIka sapharI jahAje zamI javA mAMDyAM hatAM. jamIna para doDatAM varALIyAM eMjIno bherUbaMdha banIne sTImarona rUpa sAgarepara chavAvA mAMDayAM. hAthathI cAlatAM chApakhAnAne badale navAM nAgarikonA navA zabdo chApavA mATe jhaDapI mudraNayaMtra zarU thayAM. laMDananAM "TAImsa" jevAM chApAMe nUtana samayane nUtana zabdanI sarvazaktimatA arpaNa karI. A jIvana vAstavarUpa pazcima yuropamAMthI pUrva yuro5para patharAyuM ane tyAMthI saMsthAno tarapha gati karavA lAgyuM. vizva ItihAsanI A vAstavakRca dezakALanAM aMtara bhUsatI AgaLa vadhI harbarTa spensara ane brAunIMga vizvaItihAsanI vAstavika banatI saMskRtinA saMskAra svAmIomAM A 3.

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:/TIN[Hi:thani''iffits://I11: ://t:/TITHIN THEI n Urd , TINY IFTIIT/II; !''T THIS raka , G 738 , vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA natanayuganuM vicArarUpa harbarTa spensare ane raskine zarUAtamAM spaSTa karyuM. pitAnI "sIgheTIka phileserI" nA chellA zabdomAM harbarTa spensare kahyuM ke "je lakhavA mATe meM jIvanabhara IcchA karI hatI te have puruM karyuM che. A lakhANane mukhyasAra je huM lakhavA mAguM chuM te e che ke astitvanA tamAma jIvana svarUpomAM vikAsa kramanuM satya aphara rIte kAma karatuM mAlama paDayuM che." A vikAsakramanA satyanuM nAma DAravIne "necarala sIlekazana" kahyuM hatuM paraMtu tyArapachI harbarTa spensare vikAsa kramanA satyanuM nAma "sarvAivala opha dhI phITesTa" evuM ApyuM ane DAravIne A navuM nAma svIkArI lIdhuM hatuM. vikAsa kramanA A satyano artha "mAre tenI taravAra" athavA samazeranA sarva adhikAra che e ghaTAvavAno prayatna, rajavADI jamAnA pachI samazeranI tAkAta dhAraNa karanAra zAhIvAde karyo, ane e rIte teNe harbarTa spensaranuM nAma paNa vagovyuM. paraMtu ItihAsanI AgekucamAM "phITesTa" athavA lAyaka eTale zastrane dhAraNa karanAra adhikAra nahi paraMtu lekazAhI saMskArane dhAraNa karanAra leke athavA mAnava samudAyane adhikAra che, te vAta bIjA vizvayuddhane aMte nUtana lekazAhI jamAnAnuM nirmANa karIne ItihAse pitAnA aitihAsika satya tarIke sAbita karyuM. - vizva ItihAsanI AvI sAbItI, ekAeka nathI AvI zakatI paraMtu yugeyuge, vAstavikatAnuM rUpa laIne te Ave che. ItihAsanA A satya kathananI sAbitI vikaTerIyAnA jamAnAmAM jyAre thaI zakI nahotI tyAre brAunIMga nAmanA aMgrejI kavIe "jagata bhagavAne banAvyuM che tathA temAM je badhuM che te sAruM che ane sArA mATe che" evA arthavALI kavitAo lakhIne vika TeriyAnA jamAnA sAthenI pitAnI khUzI khuzAmata jALavI rAkhavAno prayatna karyo. paraMtu aMgrejI Ayu vaDe sarjAelI aMgreja zAhIvAdI tAkAtanA A

Page #760
739 visamA zakAnI saskRtinI jIMdagI vikaTArIyana jamAnAne paDakAratA hAya tevA theAmasa hADI nAmane lekhaka brAunIMga sAthe asaMmata banatA melI uThyA ke " jagata game teNe sarjyuM" hAya chatAM tenA vahivaTamAM zAhivAdI adhikAra nIce ghaNI kharAba khInA banI rahI che ane dharatInI mAnavajAta Aje je yAtanAo sahana kare che tenI pAchaLanA aitihAsika hetu AjanI jAlIma ghaTanAno parAjaya thAya tevA hAvA joie. 19 jIvanavAstavatAnA pAcA, vijJAna vijJAna nAmanI hilacAla have sAmAjika saMsthA banI cUkI hatI. A sAmAjika saMsthAnI zarUAtanuM svarUpa yaMtra ane tenI racanA jevuM dekhAtuM hatuM. yaMtronu A TekanIka, vijJAna nAmanI sAmAjika hilacAla para ubhuM' che tevA khyAla atyAra sudhI sAmAjika saMsthAonAM bhAnamAM pUrepUrA utaryAM na hato. have vijJAnanI hilacAla para dhaDAyelI yaMtronI ghaTanAmAMthI paNa saMskRtinA avAja ane saMskRtinI lAgaNI janmatAM hatAM. mAnavajAtanI vijJAna nAmanI saMsthAe yaMtranI je racanA karI hatI te racanAmAMthI ja saMskRtine avAja saMbhaLAvA mAMDayA. je racanAmAM manuSyatvanI khkhI bilakula maraNa pAmI cUkI che, evuM mAnavAmAM AvatuM hatuM, temAMthI ja manuSyatvane avAja AvatA hatA, eTaluM ja nahi paNa yatranAM taMtranI ekamayatA ane vyApakatAne paNa te dhAraNa karatA hatA. A vyApakatAe vIsamA saikAmAM mAnava jAtanA nagarane jeTaluM vizALa banAvyuM hatuM teTalAM ja vizALa tenAM nArikAne paNa banAvyAM hatAM. itihAsanA prAcIna samayamAM nagaramAM rahetAM nagarajaneAnI saMkhyA . eka ja vakatAnA avAja sAMbhaLI zake teTalI nAnI hatI. AjatI nAgarikatAnuM vyApaka rUpa tAra TelIgrApha ane reDIenA zabdane jhIlI zake evuM mATu anI gayuM. A vyApakatAmAM vizvayuddha jevI vyApaka banelI sahAranI ghaTanAne pAchI haTAvavA vizvasa skRiti vizvazAMtinuM vyApaka svarUpa dhAraNu karIne saMhAranA mukAbalA karavA mATe nIkaLatI hatI. A vyApaktA eTalI to mATI banI hatI ke mANasa

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740 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekha tArI jAtane tapAsa" evA manuSyanA sAmAjika sadaguNa ghaDavAnA prAcIna zabdo A arvAcIna vyApaktAmAM tenA te ja rahyA hovA chatAM vyApaktAne lIdhe tenAM guNAkAranuM svarUpa rUpAMtara pAmI cUkelA mAnava vyavahAranA adabhuta guNasvarUpavALuM banavA mAMDyuM hatuM. mAnavajagata paranI navI rezanInuM taMtra yaMtra racanAeja mAnavajagata para navI rozanInA vyApaka evA pravAha chAI dIdhA hatA. A rozanInuM rUpa prAcIna samayanA kADIAmAMthI TagamagatuM ( 3) E hatuM tevuM nAnuM na hatuM. vijJAna saMsthAe piTAvela prakAzanuM A sAmAjika svarUpa gADhA dhUmasene bhedI nAkhatuM hatuM, agAdha aMdhakAranI ArapAra jatuM hatuM tathA nakkara padArthonI pele pAra nIkaLI zakatuM hatuM. vijJAnanA A nUtana prakAzanI nIce AjasudhI padArthanAM je svarUpe dekhI zakAtAM na hatAM te dekhAvA mAMDayA. ajJAtane zodhavAnI A zarUAta bhUvena hoka ane pAlAnajhAnIe zarU karI hatI. tyAra pachI e zarUAta sAthe "pekaTroskopa" ane "ekasa-renI Tayuba joDAI gayAM hatAM, kalArka mekasavele vIjaLI ane prakAzane eka banAvyAM hatAM. maneTe A prakAzanA raMgane kalAkAranI pIMchI vaDe AlekhI batAvyA hatA. A rIte aMdhAruM jagata have aMdhArA sAme ane aMdhApA sAme saMgrAma khelatuM AgaLa vadhatuM hatuM. A saMgrAma, saMskRtine saMgrAma hatA. saMskRtinA A saMgrAmanuM vAhana, vijJAna nAmanI saMsthA hatI. vijJAna nAmanI A saMsthAe sAmAjika rUpa dhAraNa karIne garamI prakAza, vijaLI ane chevaTe padArthanAM paramANune paNa saMskRtinAM vAhanane hAMkanArI cAlanagADInI jhaDapa sAthe joDI dIdhAM hatAM. saMskRtinI A yaMtra zaktine hAMkanAra gaNita zAstra eke eka vijJAnamAM pahoMcI gayuM hatuM. gaNitanI je najarakakasatA ane ekatAnuM svarU5 yaMtranI racanAmAM ghaDatI hatI te svarUpa have samAjamAM nakika thavA mAgatuM hatuM. gaNitanI cakkasatA jema havAnuM dabANa mApavA mATe jarUrI hatI, lehInAM lAla ane sapheda kaNanI gaNatarI karavA mATe vaparAtI hatI, te ja rIte A cakkasatA have mAnava jIvananI cekabAInI cakakasatA nakika karavA tathA mAnava samAjamAM

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visamA saikAnI saMskRtinI jI'dagI 741 sahakAra mATe paNa vaparAvI joie tevA khyAlababbe vizvayuddhonI agni parikSAmAM pasAra thayA pachI mAnava jAtanI saMcAlananI asmitA prApta karatI hatI. A badhI vaijJAnIka AvaDatA yaMtranI kAravAhImAM teA Aja sudhI vaparAyA karI hatI paraMtu manuSyanAM sAmAjika vijJAna ane jIvavijJAneAmAM tene jarUrI upayeAga thayA na hatA. yaMtranI racanAne ane vijJAnanI AvaDatane upayeAga dukALA, rogacALA tathA bhUkhamaro phATI nIkaLyA pachI manuSyanI sAravAra karavA mATe vAparavAmAM AvI hatI. paraMtu A aniSTa sabhavI ja na ja zake tevI aniSTAnAM kAraNone nirmULa karavAnI nUtana paricaryAM hajI hamaNAM ja zarU thatI hatI. rogane maTADavA mATe, upacAra karavAne badale rAga utpanna ja na thAya tevA upacAra te ja sAcA upacAra che, evuM DahApaNu have zarU thavA mAMDayuM hatuM. AvI saMskRtinI hilacAle jema padArthoM padArthI vaccenI jUdAine ane dezadeza vaccenI jUdA te rada karIne eka mAnava jAtanuM nirmANa karavA mAMDyu hatu tema zarIra, mana ane AtmA traNe judI vastuo chetevA prAcIna samayanA khoTA khyAla rada karIne manuSyanI ekatAne paNa teNe pratipAdana karavA mAMDI hatI. zarIra e eka padArtha jevuM jaDayaMtra che tathA cetananuM rUpa tenAthI juduM ja che evA kaDhaMgA khyAlane nAbUda karIne nUtana maneovijJAne manuSyanA zarIra ane mananI ekatAne sAbita karI hatI. e ja rIte nagara ane gAma vaccenA khetIvADI ane Udyoga vaccenA aMtarAya paNa bhUMsI nAkhavA mATe vijJAna ane yaMtranI racanA par umelI saMskRtie zarUAta karI hatI. AvI eka vizva racanArI mAnavasaMskRtie saMskAranA tamAma jyortidharAnI ekatA pIchANIne "buddha ane isune tathA raskina ane gAMdhIne, mA sa tathA leninane ane TAgeArane tathA sTAlInane ane AinasTAina ane javAharane vizva itihAsanI eka vyAsapITha para saMskRtinA vizvazAMtinA sa MmelanamAM eka sAthe besADayA hatA, A rIte jIvananA vibhAgAnuM milana sarvAMgI ane sAmudAyika banavA mAMDayuM hatuM. vijJAna ane sa MskRtinuM vizvazAMtinuM citrapaTa ** pikAsA nAmanA phreMca kalAkAranA hAthe zAMtinu navuM citra, i. sa. 1937 mAM guranIkA nAmanuM jagavikhyAta citralekhana banIne janma pAmyuM. yugavega banelI pikAsAnI citrakalA, A citramAM yuddhanA sahAranuM vikaTarUpa racIne A bhayAnakatAmAM paNa mAnavajIvananI nUtana ghaTanAnI uSAnu edhANa ApatI prakAzI UDI. kevuM adabhuta A citra hatuM ! guranIkAnA A, kALA ane sapheda citramAM, jamaNI bAjumAM, maraNu pAmatI vyaktinI yAtanA muMgA zAra macAve che. meta pAmelA bALaka pAse

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742 vitha ItihAsanI rUparekhA mAtAnI vyathA aMtarane halAvI nAkhe che. phAsIvAdanAM beboe utaraDI nAkhelA A bhUmi paranA jIvanane citAra, gheDAnuM cUMthAI gaeluM zarIra dAkhave che. svagI atyAcAra tarapha, eka dekhAvamAMthI upajatA bIjA ane ekamekamAM upara taLe thatA A citAra para prakAza je puNya prakopa upara aMtarikSamAMthI pheMkAya che. phAsIvAdI pAzavatAnuM pratIka Akhalo che. lohIluhANa banIne paDelA rASTranuM pratIka ghAyala ghoDo che. mAnavajAtane citkAra cIsa pADIne A dArUNa dekhAva para uparathIdI dhare che. A dI lAkasamudAyanI jIMdagInI nItimattA che. guranIkAnuM A citra saMhAranA bhiSaNarUpane khUlluM pADatuM, rASTra, rASTramAM janasamudAyanA zAMtinA aMtaranALe jagADatuM hatuM. vizvanI zAMti hilacAlanuM, pikAe citareluM, pArevAnuM, A zAMti pratIka, saMskAranuM rUpa dhareluM, deza deza para uDatuM, kerIyAnI bhUmi para paNa AvI pahoMcyuM hatuM, ane saMhAranI manA pharamAvatuM vIsamA saikAnI kaTokaTine ukela mAgatuM hatuM. bamba vizvayuddho vahI gayA pachI, guranIkAnA citranA anusaMdhAnamAM ja saMhArane rokAI javAno khamaiyA zabda bolatA zAMtirUpaka paMkhInuM rUpa eNe AlekhyuM hatuM. Aje eja zAMti rUpa, karoDa pAMkho phaphaDAvate jagatabharanA leka samudAyonI zAMti vAMchanAne virATa AkAra dhAraNa karIne pikAsanA pArIsa nagaramAM ja AvI pahoMcyuM hatuM. pikAne saMskAraAtmA pArevAnI chaTA dharIne tyAM zAMti samAraMbhanA jhaMDA para vIsamA saikAnI adhavacamAM pAMkho phaphaDAvato hate. I. sa. 1949 mAM perIsanagaramAM mAnava ItihAsamAM paheluM evuM vizva zAMtinI kAunsIlanuM AMtararASTrIya adhivezana maLatuM hatuM. vizvazAMtinI hilacAlane, ahIM jagatanA tamAma rASTronA lokasamudAyanA pratinidhio, AraMbha karatAM hatAM. A vizva samAraMbhanA pramukhapadethI phrAnsanI sarakArane aNuvijJAnanA vibhAgane, hAikamiznara ane nobela pAritoSika meLavanAra vizvavikhyAta vaijJAnika jelI kayurI, pUchate hate.

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743 visamA sikAnI saMskRtinI jIMdagI zAMti hilacAla zA mATe ?" ane pitAnA savAlane pote ja javAba dete e mahA vaijJAnika vizvabharamAM zAMti pratinidhione yAda Apate hate. 'Hi|JEET Filer TETHE Hi FEE FEEL SHE RETH SEB - his values insAba 13. ra if I ! RE - ! ! ! : Fil: is 1+I 21 '' 23 : : ' : : : : pA kaparA i... Firs 11 Win!! : BEE S - I IST mA : . ': - ke, ja kAraNa . d vAto n = I E list ET'li | | | ApaNe maLIe chIe te samaya vIsamA saikAno che. hamaNAM ja vIsa sake aradhe pure thAya che. aradhA saikAnA samayamAM ja, cha karoDa ane sittera lAkha mAnavonI katala karI nAkhanAra be vizvayuddho ApaNI duniyAmAM laDAI cUkAyAM che. ApaNe jagatanA mAnavasamudAyonA pratinidhio, vizvabharamAM evI zAMti hilacAla, jagavavA mAgIe chIe, ke je hIlacAla sarva sthaLethI, sarva saMsthAomAMthI, sarva vargomAMthI. zAMticAhaka mAnavAna, jeo ApaNA, atyAranA jagatanA tamAma savAlene nikAla yuddhanI hevAnIyata ane saMhAraka rItathI nahIM, paraMtu vATAghATothI ja lAvavAmAM mAnatAM hoya, temane AMtara rASTriya zAMti morace racI zake." have I. sa. 1954 ne bIje mahIne besI gayo hato. perIsanagaramAM velerIsanA junA devaLanI divAla para saMskAranA ItihAsamAM pahelIvAra, " yuddha virUddha" zAMtinI vanahAkalanuM citra pradarzana, ejAyuM hatuM. AkhuM ya pradarzana pikAsoe taiyAra karyuM hatuM. divAla para mAnavajIvataranAM svapna, AzAo, yAtanAo, jagata jevAM jUjavAM rUpa dharIne saikAonI saMskRtinA aMtaranI mAnavI mUlyanI kaNikAo dhAraNa karIne, dhabakI uThayAM hatAM. pradarzanamAM pesanArane A dhabakArAo viMTaLAI vaLatA hatA. ekavAra aMdara peThA pachI jANe bahAra nIkaLavApaNuM hatuM ja nahIM evuM A anekhuM rUpadarzana hatuM. dekhanAra A pradarzananI sAme nahotAM ubhAM paNa citra para AlekhAI jaIne citramaya banI jatAM hatA. A pradarzanamAM yuddhanA hAthAomAMthI

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744 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA ugAmAyelAM Ayudho, pradarzanane dekhavA AvelA samudAya para jANe pheMkAtAM hatAM. DemekalisanI laTakatI talavAra jevuM yuddhanA dAnavanuM khaMjara tamArA ja mahekapara utaratuM hatuM. divAla paranuM citraphalaka mAnava samudAyanA dhabakArAne, tamArA -- ja dilapara dhAraNa karatuM hatuM. A rUpadarzanamAM tyAre khamaiyA kahetuM e kaNa uDatuM AvatuM hatuM ! zAMti hilacAlana leka virATa, savitA jevo tejano aMbAra banIne, koI simADA para nahoto beThe paNa uDato Avato hato. chata AkhI tejamAM taraboLa banIne vizvazAMtinI vibhAvanAnuM rUpa dhAraNa karatI hatI. saMhArane zyAma paDachAyAmAM, saMhAranA dhUmADAnA dhUmmasamAM zyAmala prakAzanI chAyA dharata, zAMti hilacAlane prakAzana kare, virATanI bAthamAM zAMtinA AkArane aMliMgatA hatA. tyAre dekhanArAMnA caherA para yAtanA bhegI bhaLI gaelI viSAdanI chAyAmAM zAMtinI prasannatA, prakAza, banIne opI uThatI hatI. pikAsoe evuM pradarzana racI daIne aMdara AvanAranAM aMtarene pakaDI le tevuM ane pakaDI laIne saMhAranA valeNAmAM levIne, zAMtinuM navanIta dAkhavI de tevuM phalaka paranuM kriyArUpa yojyuM hatuM. Aje paNa A vRddha kalAkAranI 1957nI sAla Aja paryata citradarzananI piMchI dhAraNa karIne citaryA ja kare che. enI saMskRtinI vizvazAMtinI vAMchane pArevAnI vizALa banatI pAMkhapara caDelA prANanuM nitya nUtana rUpa AlekhyA kare che. enuM citrapaTa jagatanA trasta banelA aMtarane kahyA kare che ke, "meM yuddhanI je bhiSaNatA citarI batAvI che, te, vizvazAMtinA vijya sAthe bhutakALanI bIna banI javAnI che, ane saMhAra hakIkato, vartamAna ane bhAvinAM rUpamAM maDhAyA ja karAvAnI che." zI sabuta !" "tamAre sAbItI joIe che!" bolate nUtana jagatane A vizvacitAra, yugavega jevI chaTA dharata, vRddha kalevarapara yauvananA raMgathI opate sIgareTa saLagAvato, pitAne, jIvatuM dekhAtuM svapna citaravA cAlyo jate kahe che, "huM kAme jAuM chuM ApaNe nUtana jagatanI evI racanA karavAnA chIe ke jemAM. "zramakArya" nAmanA zabdano eka taraMgI ane bIjo vAstavika, evA be artha nahIM hoya. mAnavInuM kArya e nutana jagatamAM, khetara para, kArakhAnAmAM, kAryAlayamAM zALAmAM, davAkhAnAmAM ke citrazALAmAM eka ja arthavALuM ane eka ja mAnava mUlyavALuM puravAra thaI gaeluM haze."

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visamA saikAnI saskRtinI jIMdagI mAnava saMskRtinA itihAsahe mAnava mUlya, vizvazAMti vizva itihAsanI zarUAtathI te Aja sudhInI hilacAlAmAM ApaNe aneka yuddho ane ramakhANA dekhyAM che. eka ja dezanI aMdara laDAtAM aMdara aMdaranAM yuddo uparAMta rASTra rASTra vaccenAM yuddhoe mAnava jAtanI Aja sudhImAM sauthI meATI khuvArI tathA khAnAkharAbI karI che. sahAranI A badhI zarama janaka kAryavAhImAMthI paNa itihAsanA dareka tabakkAmAM mAnavajAtanI, eke eka dezamAMthI sa MbhaLAtI, zAMti mATenI mAgaNI tathA saMskAranI pravRttinA avAja yuddhanAM khUmarANu ane citkArAmAMthI paNa sattA ane adhikAranAM sthAne te paNa sAMbhaLavAnI ane dhIme dhIme svIkAravAnI jarUra paDI che. jagatanI sarakAre te paNa zAMtinI kAryavAhI racavAnI jarUriyAta dhIme dhIme svIkAravI paDI che. AvI rIte vizvazAMtinI ghaTanAnuM jagatanI sarakArA mAraphata thatuM baMdhAraNa sauthI prathama ApaNe i. sa. 1814 ane 15 mAM dekhI zakIe chIe. tyAra pachI evuM ** 84 TAGORE Tolstoy Hardy Maxim Gorky Marx 45 fbeen

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G+ vizva itihAsanI rUparekhA ja khIjuM baMdhAraNa racavAnI pharaja, jagatanI sarakArone i. sa. 1918-21 mAM paDI. A khIjuM baMdhAraNa vizva yuddha pachIthI AvyuM. i. sa. 1814-15mAM viyenAnI keMgresa bharIne tyAranI sarakAreAne zAMtinI rAva karavAnI je krUraja paDI hatI tenI pAchaLa yuropane khuvAra karI nAkhanArAM nepAlIyanIka yuddo hatAM. pachI 1920-21mAM zAMtinuM bIjuM baMdhAraNa racavA mATe perIsa keAnpharansa khelAvavAnI je pharaja paDI te pAchaLa paNa tyAranI yuddhakhAra ane zAhIvAdI sarakAreAe paheluM vizva yuddha racIne je mahAsa MhAra sarjyo hatA te mukhya kAraNa hatuM. tyAre A sa MhAranuM svarUpa yureApane badale AkhA jagata para pharI vaLyuM hatuM. tenI mAnava bhakSaka AgamAMthI jagatanA kAi deza khAkI rahyo na hatA. evuM te vizvavyApI banyuM hatuM. A baMne pariSade eTale i. sa. 1814-15 nI zAMti pariSada tathA 1918-21nI zAMti pariSada, e bane pariSado kharI rIte joie to jagatanAM tamAma rASTronI sarakArAnI piraSado paNa na hatI. i. sa. 1814-15nI pariSada athavA kraoNMgresa eka viyenA'tA kevaLa yureApIya rASTranI sarakArI pariSada hatI. temAM jagatanA khIjA kAI khaMDamAMthI kAi rASTranI sarakArane nimaMtraNa ApavAmAM AvyuM na hatuM. A pariSadanI najaramAM zAMti arthe yuropa bharamAMthI kAMtinI hilacAlAnA nAza karI nAkhavA puratA ja aMdarakhAnethI rahyo hatA. I. sa. 1919 mAM. khIjI vizva zAMti pariSada maLI. teNe jagatanA khIjA khaDAnI sarakArAne pariSadamAM besavAnAM AmaMtraNA ApyAM hatAM, paraMtu A AmatraNA besavA pUratAM ja hatAM. A pariSadanI kAryavAhInuM mUkhya mathaka badhI rIte yureApa khaDa ja rahyuM hatuM tathA temAM cAlatI zAMtinI kAryavAhInI sUtra dhArA, yuropanI zAhIvAdI sarakAre| hatI. A zAhIvAdI sarakArA A pahelA vizvayuddhamAM vijyI banelI sarakAreA hatI, A vijyI zAhIvAdanI najaramAM vizva zAMtinA atha pote parAjaya pamADelI khIjI zAhIvAdI sarakArAnA pradezAnI, peAtAnI aMdara aMdara vaheMcaNI karI laine e pradezo paranI peAtAnI hakUmatane zAMtipUrvaka jALavI rAkhI zakAya teTalA mATe ja yuddhane aTakAvavAnA hatA. paraMtu A samaya navI jAtanA samaya hatA. pahelA vizvayuddhanA aMtamAM yurApanI zAhIvAdI sarakAre yuddhane lIdhe nabaLI paDI gayelI hatI. emaNe pahelA vizvayuddha pachI zAMtinA nAmamAM khelAvelI perisa kAnpharansamAM, zAMtine badhA aM, jagata paranI potAnI pakaDa sAcavI rAkhavA pUratA ja temaNe karyAM hatA. paraMtu jagatanA bIjA dezone gulAmImAM jakaDI rAkhavAnI kAryavAhInuM kAma vijayI

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visamA saikAnA saskRtinI jIMdagI 747 anelA ane zAMtine mUrakhA ADhelA A zAhIvAdo mATe have zakaya na hatuM. kAraNa ke pahelA vizvayudhdhanA aMtamAM ja zAhIvAdI dhaTanAne vinAza mAgatI sAmAjika krAMti raziyAmAM thaI cUkI hatI, tathA zAhIvAdI ghaTanAnA vinAza upara ja racI zakAya tevI rASTrIya AjhAdInI hilacAlA raziyA ane AphrikA nA Aja sudhI zAhIvAda nIcenI saMsthAnika gulAmImAM saDatA tamAma dezomAM zarU thaI gai hatI. A uparAMta vizva zAMtineA khUkhA eDhIne, lIga-ek nezansanuM nAma dhAraNa karIne, beThelI yureApanI zAhIvAdI sarakAre mATe vizva zAMtinI sAcavaNI karavAnuM kAma azakaya hatuM kAraNa ke pahelA vizvayuddhamAM parAjita thayelI jarmanI, iTAlI ane jApAnanI zAhIvAdI athavA phAsIvAdI sarakAroe jagatane gulAma banAvavA mATe bIjuM vizvayuddha saLagAvavAnI tamAma taiyArI paNa have zarU karI dIdhI hatI. A lIga ek tezansanuM nAma dhAraNa karanArI vizva saMsthAmAM, IMglenDa ane phrAnsanI zAhIvAdI sarakArAnuM ja astitva hatuM ema kahI zakAya. A sarakArAe je bIjI sarakAronAM nAma A vizva saMsthAmAM dAkhala karyAM hatAM. temAM moTA bhAganI sarakAre te A zAhIvAdanA pyAdAM ja hatI tathA badhI rIte parAdhIna hatI. A sarakArAnuM badhuM pratinidhitva aMgrejI-phreca-amerikana zAhIvAda pAse hatuM tathA A mAlIkAnA derI saMcAra pramANe DAku halAvavAnA abhinaya karavAnuM kAma ja temaNe karavAnuM hatuM. vizvazAMtinI trIjA zatarkanI savatsarInuM nAma keAmenIyasa traNa aukA paranA vizvazAMtinA saMskAranA A avAja, mAnava mAtrane aMtaranAda hAvAthI Aja sudhI zamI gayeA nathI parantu yuge yuge, vadhAre tAkAta ane yojanAbaddha svarUpa pakaDatA gayA che. A avAjanA paDavA eka eka dezamAM mAnava jAtanI vimuktine paDadheA banyA che. jyAM, jeTalI vimukti racAI tyAMnA jIvana vyavahAramAM aMdaranA jIvana vahivaTa teTalA vijJAnamaya ane svamAnavALA, tathA, saMskArI sabhyatAvALA banavA mAMDayA ane hariphAi, zANu tathA, parasparanI hiMsAnu rUpa pAchuM haTavA mAMDayuM. AvA zAMtimaya rAhavALA astitvanA svarUpanI sAthe sAthe ja muDIvAdI bajAranI jIvaleNu harIphAi paNa cAlu hatI ja. AvI hakIkatanI sAthe sAthe ja jagatamAM badhA jamAnAmAM mAnava mAnava vaccenA jIvana vyavahAramAM dareka rASTramAM, ane rASTronI aMdaranA parasparanA sabaMdhamAM zAMti maya athavA sahakAramaya sabaMdha sthapAya ane yuddha nAbUda thAya tevI icchA, lAgaNI, ane yAjanA, itihAsamAM saMskAra hilacAlanAM AgevAnee vyakta

Page #769
748 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA karyA ja karI che. enI sAthe sAthe ja mAnava jIvanamAM vahIvaTanI ekatA athavA aikayanI sAmudAyika evI lAgaNI paNa vyakta thayA ja karI che. paraMtu A badhuM, Aja sudhInA, harIphAI ane zeSaNa para racAyelA vyavahAranI AgevAnIvALI ghaTanAmAM araNya rUdana jevuM banyuM che, tathA evA zAMtithanane, saMhAranA ghaMghATamAM guMgaLAvI nAkhavAmAM AvyA che. chatAM, mAnava jAtanA ItihAsanA A avAjamAM eka saLaMgasUtratA, mAnava mAnava vaccenI vyavahAra ekatAnI athavA tenA hetunA aikyanI rahI che. badhI saMskAra hilacAla e pAyA para ja TakI zakavAnI che e khyAla raju thayA karyo che. A avAjane uccAra yuropanA utthAna yuganA uMbarA para ubhA rahIne AjanA nUtana zikSaNamAM zikSaNanA vyavahAranA pitA tarIke oLakhAI cUkelA, kAmenIyase AjathI traNa varasa para karyo. eNe A uccAranI yejanAnuM rUpa paNa AlekhyuM, ane mAnava jAtanA saurASTranA zikSakone ane zikSaNanA AgevAnone zikSaNanA mAnavakramane sAra samajAvyuM. eNe kahyuM ke, yuddhonI nAbudI mATe vizvataMtranuM eka saMgaThana bane che, ane te, saMgaThana mAraphata eke eka rASTra sAthe, saMskArane paricaya parasparanI Apa le mAraphata jALavI rAkhavAmAM Ave te ja, tathA ekeeka rASTra parasparane pita pitAnI prAptio ane zodhakhoLa vaDe saunA sAmudAyika, saMskArono utkarSa karyA kare te ja, A jagatamAM sudhAro thaI zake tema che. A sudhArA mATe eNe jagata bharanA tamAma rASTro vacce mitrAcArInA saMbadhe javAnI vicAraNAnI rajUAta karI, A ejanAmAM eNe vizvarAjyanI saMskAra bhAvanA, mAnava jAtanI samAna bAMdhavatA sAthe vikasAvavAnI mAgaNI karI. A vizvarAjyanI eka mAtra pharaja adA karanArI vizva kArobArI athavA "varlDa sIneTa" nI sauthI moTI javAbadArI, yuddhonI nAbudI ane vizvazAMtinI sAcavaNuM ja hoya tevuM ArSadarzana eNe tyAre raju karyuM. AvA vizvazAMtinA zikSaNanA jIvanane AraMbha thayo tyAre soLa saike aMta pAmI gayA hatA ane sattaramA zarU thaI cUkyo hate. I. sa. 1611mAM hIDalabarga vidyApIThamAMthI bhaNIne e 1614mAM merevIyAmAM pAcho AvI gayo. tyAM eNe prIvamAM "morevIyana bradharsa skula" nAmanI eka zALAnuM saMcAlana zarU karyuM. paraMtu A jamAnAmAM yuddhonI jvALAoe A pradezane paNa AMtarI lIdhe. eNe yAtanAonuM rUpa najaronajara dIThuM. I. sa. 1628mAM zALA choDIne kulakamAM ene AvavuM paDayuM. ahIM enA AvatA pahelAM ja

Page #770
visamA saikAnI saMskRtinI jIMdagI 749 Aga lAgI cUkI hatI. e Ave te pahelAM saMhAramAM enuM ghara, strI ane bALake tathA enuM pustakAlaya baLIne khAkha thaI gayAM hatAM. eNe jIvatA rahevA mATe vatanane tyAga karyo ane e polenDamAM paheryo. I. sa. 1641 mAM eNe igleMDamAM Azare lIdhe, ane tyAM krAntinI Aga saLagI uThatAM pahelAM eNe pAralAmenTamAM bhASaNa karyuM. iMglenDa choDavAnI paNa ene pharaja paDI tathA I. sa. 1642mAM e svIDana pahoMcyo. tyAMnI zikSaNanI ghaTanAne sudhAravA mATe ene vinaMtI thaI. I. sa. 1650mAM haMgerIe ene AmaMtraNa ApyuM. e pharIvAra polenDamAM AvyA. Akhare I. sa. 1671mAM A mahAmAnava maraNa pAmyA. vizva ItihAsanAM AvAM saMskAramUlyanAM bhaMDArIyAM para caDhI gaelI dhULane urADIne, ajantAnI guphAo jevA vizvaItihAsanA oraDAomAM prakAzanA akSarene aMdhArAmAM vAMcavAnA prayatna haju hamaNAM ja zarU thAya che. i. sa. 1957nI pAnakhara rUtumAM jhekoslovAkIyAnA prANA nagaramAM komenIyasa nAmanA A nUtana zikSakanI traNasomI saMvatsarI ujavavAnuM nakkI thayuM che. traNa varasa paranI, jIvaleNa jIvanadazAmAM aneka agniparikSAonI yAtanAmAM tavAIne eNe pUkAreluM nutana jagata haju hamaNAM ja bIjA vizvayuddhanA saMhAra pachI AkAra dhAraNa karavA mAMDayuM che. eNe A jagatanA saMskAra jIvananI AgAhIne tyAre yuropanA jIvanamAM sauthI uce caDhIne pUkArI hatI. paraMtu Ajeja enI ujavaNIne yogya samaya pAkI cU gaNAya che. Aje traNa varasa pachI belachAmamAM, pUrva pazcima jaramanImAM briTanamAM, holenDa, haMgerI ane pilenDamAM tathA raziyA cIna ane yugoslAvIyAmAM, enA nAmanuM nUtana AvAhana banyuM che. Aje ja A dezanAM saMskAra kAryakaronI samitioe, prAtA nagaramAM enI traNasomI saMvatsarIne AMtararASTriya utsava nakkI kare che. A ujavaNInI AgevAnI "varlDa pheDarezana opha TIcarsa" nI AMtararASTriya saMsthAe lIdhI che tenuM kAraNa e che ke, komenIyasa, AjanA nutana zikSaNanA, saMskArI vyavahArane pitA gaNAve che. nUtanayugane jIvana kalAkAra, raskIna I. sa. 1819mAM laMDana nagaramAM janmele, A kalAkAra jIvana vyavahArane TIkAkAra banyo. ane kalAkRtionA arthanI tAravaNI karanArAM aneka pustako eNe lakhyAM. I. sa. 1853mAM "opha venIsa" nAmanuM pustaka lakhyA pachI eNe yuropIya kalAkRtionA arthonI tAravaNI karatAM karatAM zilAomAM maDhelAM rUpadarzananI pAchaLa vahetA jIvananA taMtuone paricaya zarU karyo. I. sa. 1860mAM citra kAronA paricayane pAMcame grantha pUro karyA pachI eNe jIvananAM svarUpanI sAdhanA jANe pUrI

Page #771
750 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA karI nAkhI. pachItI jIMdagInAM bAkI rahelAM cAlIsa varSa sudhI e peAtAnA jamAnAnI jIMdagInA, naitika rAjanaitika, dhArmika, Arthika ane audyogika kAyaDAe pAchaLa macI paDayA. ege tyArathI ja sAmAjika jIvananI navI ceAjanA rajI karavA mAMDI, ane tyAranA rAjakIya Arthika pAyAnI jUnI racanAne nAbUda karI nAkhavAnA avAja uThAvyA. jIvanabhara sauMnI prazasti pAchaLa paDelA A kalAkAra, have jIvananI ghaTanAnI kalAkRtine nirakhavA, mAMDayA, ene zilAnAM rUpadarzInamAMthI ane kAgaLa paranI raga rekhAomAMthI have badhA rasa uDI jateA lAgyA. eNe potAnA e badhA granthA pharIvAra na chapAya tevI pAtAnI icchA jAhera karI. eNe peAtAnA jUnA khyAlane saMkucita sudhArakavAda tarIke jAhera karyo ane jIvananI vAstavika bhUmikA para ubhA rahIne, zramakA ane yuddha para potAnA vicArA melavA mAMDayA. eNe iMglenDanA bhAvipara bhASaNo ApyAM tathA, bhAvimAM najara nAkhatA A mahAnubhAve, AvatI kAlanI jIMdagInuM sAmAjika divAsvapta AlekhyuM. AdivAsvamamAM ubhA rahelA rasakIna have potAnI jIMdagInA aMta samayapara AvI pahoMcyA hatA ane tyAre enApara vidyApIThanI aneka upAdhienAM mAna tathA, aneka saMsthAnAM mAnada sabhyapada ladAi cUkayAM hatAM, ane briTIza bhUmipara keTalIe " rasakIna seAsAyaTi ' sthapAi cUkI hatI. parantu have enI jIMdagInI pArAzIzImAMthI retInA gheADA ja kaNa bAkI rahyA hatA. enuM astitva, sauMdaryanA pagathALa para eka paLavAra TekavIne, satya-ziva' tarapha gati karatuM, jIvananA pAblA bhAgamAM divAsvapra para karI cUkayuM hatuM. i. sa. 1900nA jAnyuArInI 20mIe eNe potAnA avazeSone, * vesTaminIsTara ekhI ' mAM nahi parantu iMgleMDanI sAmAnya mATImAM daphanAvavAnI icchA jAhera karIne AkharI vidAya lai lIdhI. ( " saskAranI jIvana ghaTanAnI vAstavikatA ane rAmerAlA vIzamA saikAmAM, vAstavavAdanuM svarUpa, jIvanavyavahAranI vAstavikatAmAM, mAnavavimuktinI vAstavikatAvALuM banavA mAMDayuM hatuM. A vAstavikatAnA pAyA para paga ThekavavAnA hajI mAnavajAta AraMbha ja karatI hatI. A AraMbhamAM mAnavajAtanI vimuktinA, prasthAnanA Ara MbhamAM, badhI kalAo, ane saMgIta, have sAhityanAvananuM vaijJAnika rUpa dhAraNa karIne, mAnavajAtanI saMskAranI ekatAnI vyApakatAne pradeza vadhAratAM hatAM. A vyApakatAnuM AraMbhanuM rUpa rASTriya athavA rASTra jeTaluM vyApaka banI cUkayuM hatuM.

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visamA ekAnI saMskRtinI jIMdagI AvI rASTriyatAnA AgevAnanuM nAma merelAM hatuM. A mahAna kalAkAra Aje pahelIvAra taraMgamAMthI nIce utarate pRthvI para, aMkurita banatA saMskArarUpane dekhate vimAsa hote, " jANe sUrajamAMchI utarI AvelI jIvananI kalA sUryamaya che, e nItimAna nathI, anItimAna nathI, e te anaMta aMdhArA avakAzane ujALe che. evuM e kahete hato tathA enI najara sAme AvI kalA pRthvI para utaratI dekhAtI hatI. enA dilanI mAnavajAtanA zubhanI pracaMDa pramANiktA pRthvI para utaratI hatI ane pelI kalA sAthe bhaLavA mAMDI hatI. pramANikatAne ene vAraso paNa hato. enA dilamAM enA bApadAdAonI chAyA jIvatI jAgatI beThI hatI. phrAnsamAM patyAghAtanA durga jevA besTAIlanA patanamAM enA dAdAe bhAga bhajavyo hato. enA dilamAM samAja pratye pramANiktA hatI. enuM bhAna kAntinI e hilacalathI magarUra hatuM. eTale e kalA khAtara kalAmAM sarI paDate bacI gayo ane yuropanI saMskArI ekatA paranA AkramaNa jevA pahelA zAhIvAdI yuddha sAme eNe svITajharalenDamAMthI eka pachI bIje lekha lakhIne laData AraMbhI. enI AsapAsa buddhimAnanuM eka maMDaLa jamA thayuM. emAM AInasTAIna, sTIphana jhavIga, phorela, yujena, relagIsa, baraTrAMDa rasela, bArabusa, nakalI vagere hatA. emaNe mAnavatA paranA e zAhIvAdI saMhAra sAme laDAI calAvI. A saunA sAthamAM rame relAM kevaLa AdarzomAMthI have AMkaDA sudhI AvI pahoMce. eNe lakhyuM ke : " vizvayuddhanAM pahelAM be varasamAM ja yuddhamAM napho karanAra covIsa moTI kaMpanIoe pAMca so TakA DIvIDanDa motane vepAra karIne vadhAre vaheMcyuM che..." bhautika jagatanA kalahamAMthI AdarzonI duniyAmAM UDI javAnI kinArI para Ubhela e mahAnubhAva pAcho pRthvI para AvI ubho. ane teya AdarzonA nagaranA adhipati jevo e pitAnA dilanI nItimattAne ja javAbadAra hoya te, yuddhanI naphAkhorInA AMkaDA TAMkate hate. 1917nA menA pahelA divase e mahAna kalAkAra jIvanakalAnI daSTie rUsIkAntine abhinaMdana pAThavo kahetA hatA ke : rUsI bAMdhavo! tame jemaNe tamArA jIvananI mahAna krAti prApta karI che temane amArAM abhinaMdana pUratAM nathI...ame tamArA RNI chIe. tamArI

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upara vizva itihAsanI rUparekhA AjhAdInA vijaya karavAmAM tame tamAre ja mATe nahi paNa pUrva ane pazcimanI tamAma mAnavajAta mATe mahAkAya karyu che. '' pachI e mahAkrAnti para aMdara bahAranuM AkramaNa thayuM. aMdaranAM pratyAdhAtI tattvAne pyAdAM banAvatI bahAranI pratyAdhAtI zAhIvAdI sarakArAnAM lazkaroe krAntine lAhImAM DubADI devAnI kAravAhI zarU karI dIdhI. rUsI krAntie paNa vikarALa banIne A pratyAdhAtane sAmaneA karyAM. paNa tyAre e mahAnubhAvanuM Adarzane ja javAbadAra ane temAM rAcatuM ane rahetu dila hacamacI uyuM. eNe mulAyama banIne, rUsI krAntinA vahIvaTanI kaTokaTIne dekhyA karI ane pachI i, sa. 1924mAM lenInanA avasAna vakhate kahyuM ke : .. " yuropanA mAnava dharmAe potAnA vIrAcita samayeAthI AjasudhImAM kayAre paNa AvI polAdI zraddA dekhI nathI ane manuSyanAM sAmudAyika kAryoe itihAsamAM kadi paNa mAnavatAnA dilanA AvA niHsvAthaeN adhipati pedA karyAM nathI. " enA pramANika dilamAM jANe navI zraddhAno viSaya jAgato hato. sIkrAntinI samAjavAdI dhaTanA sAme zAhIvAdI jagatamAMthI bhayanA paDachAyA uDatA hatA tyAre e kahetA hatA : " yuropanI tamAma AjhAda mAnavatAne huM AvAhana ApuM chuM ke AjanA samaya e AjhAdI mATe kaTokaTInA samaya che ane e samaya eka mahAna javAbadArI ApaNane enAyata kare che. raziyAbharamAM aMdaranAM ane briTIza zAhIvAdI khANa nIcenuM tenI bahAranAM jUnAM paribaLAnuM eka bhayAnaka kAvataru krAnti sAme ekaThuM thai rahyu che... paNa huM raziyAmAM evI janatA joI rahyo hyuM ke je, anAmI ApabhogA vahAvIne eka nUtana ghaTanAne janma Ape che. e nUtana ghaTanA janetAnA udaramAMthI bahAra AvatA taratanA pharajaMda jevI lAhIthI kharaDAyelI ane bagaDelI che ane te tarapha badhI sUga ane AdhAta pAmelA huM e mahAna janatA pAse jAuM chuM. ene sAMpaDelA pharaja Mdane mArA hAthamAM uMcakI lauM chu kAraNa ke duHkhI mAnavajAtanA ujaLA bhAvInI eja eka AzA che, ' 33 e mahAna kalAkAranA A janatA sAthene navA saMparka hatA. mene emAMthI ja navI zraddhA ane navI AzA jaDatAM hatAM.

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visamAkAnI saMskRtinI jIdagI 753 ema e yurepane mahAnubhAva taraMgavAdI bhAvanAonI duniyAmAM bhUle paDyA pachI paNa mAnavajAta taraphanI pramANiktAne lIdhe pRthvI para kheMcAyo. mAnavatAnAM duHkha daradane DhaMDho e janatAnI nADa para hAtha TheravI zakyo ane jIvana kalAne janatAne saMparka ApIne bIjAone dizA dekhADatI mazAla jalatI rAkhI zako. vizvazAMtinI ghaTanAne pAye, vimuktarASTra bIjuM vizvayuddha AvI pahoMcyuM tyAre temAMthI ApaNe jagatamAM, vizvayuddha pachInAM pariName mAM jIvananAM jUnAM svarUpomAMthI kevAM svarUpe jatAM raheze tathA, jIvananA jagata vyavahAramAM navAM kevAM svarUpe Avaze tenI kalpanAo thavA mAMDI hatI. e kalpanAomAM tyAre kALanAM paribaLonI AgaLa vadhatI janatAnI tAkAtanI acUka AvatI hilacAlanI AgAhI Apato je avAja josepha sTAlIne pahelA vizvayuddhanA aMtamAM ja eNe zAhIvAdI vigrahakherene saMbhaLAvI dIdhuM hatuM, te avAja A bIjA vizvayuddhanA upasaMhAramAM vadhAre tAje lAgatuM hatuM ke- And let not Messrs the bourgeoisie blame me if some of the governments so near and dear to them, which to day rule happily by the grace of God are missing on the morrow after the outbreak of such a war." sTAlIne uccArelA A avAjanI pAchaLa, pahelA vizvayuddhamAMthI athavA tenA upasaMhAra pachInAM pariNAmomAM, eka pariNuma evuM AvyuM ke, je pariNAmanI tyAranA jagatanA jUnA AgevAnoe athavA yuddha laDanArA, zAhIvAdI AgevAnoe. AzA ja rAkhI nahatI. A zAhIvAdI AgevAnomAM tyAranA jagatamAM je be jUtha hatAM, te be jUthe, jagatanAM parAdhIna saMsthAne athavA parAdhIna dezanI yuddha mAraphata navI vaheMcaNuM karavA ja bhAgatAM hatAM. jagatanA e samayanA svarUpamAM tamAma dezo be ja vibhAgamAM vaheMcI zakAtA hatA. eka vibhAga zAhIvAdI dezano hato ane bIjo vibhAga temanA saMsthAne banelA dezone athavA parAdhIna dezono hato. zAhIvAdI dezomAM je be jUtha hatAM te pelAM saMsthAnene ekabIjA pAsethI paDAvI levA mATenuM yuddha karatAM hatAM. A baMne jUthamAM koI paNa jUthe dhAryuM nahotuM tevuM pariNAma, eka jUthamAMthI, raziyA nAmanA te samayanA zAhIvAdI dezamAM AvyuM. A pariNAma e hatuM ke e zAhIvAdI dezamAM

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vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA 754 krAnti athavA tenA jIvanavahIvaTanI kAyApalaTa karI nAkhanArA muLabhUta evA pheraphAra thayA. A pheraphAra, raziyAnA jIvana vahIvaTanA zAhIvAdIrUpane nAza karyo tathA, jAhera karyuM. ke havethI raziyAne vana vahIvaTa, zAhIvAdI paNa nahI ane saMsthAnika, eTale parAdhIna deza jevA paNa nahIM, paraMtu zAhIvAdamAMthI paNa vimukta ane parAdhIna evA saMsthAnavAdamAMthI paNa vimukta evA, nUtanavimuktinA samAjavAdI jIvanavahIvaTane dhAraNa karanArA bane che. sAmAjika vimuktinuM, navuM akAraNa, ane navu rAjakAraNa A nUtana vimuktinA nUtana jIvanavahIvaTanuM AvuM rAjakIya rUpa eTale zuM hatuM ! eTale ema ke tenA jIvanavyavahAramAM sarakAranA vahITanuM svarUpa zAhIvAdI nahIM hatuM. zAhIvAdanA niSedhanuM A svarUpa, zAhIvAdanA, muDIvAdanA ane ijAravAdI mUDIvAdanA pAyAne nAza karI nAkhanArUM banatuM hatuM. muDIvAdI jIvanavahIvaTanA pAyA eTale naphAkhAra jIvanavahIvaTa hatA tene paNa A jIvanavahIvaTa, nAza karavA mAgato hato, tathA, naphAne badale potAnA a kAraNamAM, sahakArI ane sahacArI Arthika yojanAnA Arthika jIvanavyavahArane umeratA hatA. A rIte, naphAkhAra ghaTanAnAnA muDIvAdI pAyA jatA rahetAM, A vimukta ghaTanAvALA dezAne mATe Arthika rIte potAnAM bajAra vikasAvavA mATe, jagatamAM saMsthAnA jamAvavAnI jarUra naheAtI. A rIte A navA vahIvaTa, saMsthAnavAda ane zAhIvAdatA niSedha mAgatA hatA. Ama thAya to ja, jagatamAMthI zAhIvAdI ghaTanAneA nAza thaI jAya ane te ja zAhIvAdI ghaTanAmAMthI nipajatAM, yuddo paNa nAza pAme. ema raziyAmAM thavA mAMDyuM tathA, A eke deze . jagatanA ItihAsamAM pahelIvAra jagatanA kAi paNa deza sAthe, zAMtinA, tathA, parasparanA khInaAkramaNanA karAra karavAnI navIja jAtanI paradeza nItivALA rAjakAraNane dhAraNa kayu`.. AvI paradezanIti, jo duniyAnA ekeeka dezamAM thai jAyatA ? eTale, parasparanI, bInadaramyAnagIrInI tathA, bInaAkramaNanI, paradezanIti dareka dezanI thai jAya teA ApaNA jagatamAM, vizvazAMti kAyama thaI zake, paraMtu tema thavA, mATe, raziyAnIjema, dareka deza, saMsthAnavAdamAMthI athavA zAhIvAdamAMthI vimukta manavA joie. athavA, dareka deza, pAte zAhIvAdI na heAvA joie eTaluja nahI

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lisamAsaikAnI saMskRtinI aMdagI 755 parantu kaI paNa zAhIvAdI dezane te parAdhIna athavA, saMsthAna paNa naja joIe. A dareka deza, A banne prakAre eTale, saMsthAnika gulAmImAMthI, ane zAhIvAdI mAlIkImAMthI mukta athavA vimukata hovuM joIe. basa, ATaluMja thAya te pachI te vimukta deza, pitAne tyAM, kevI nizALo calAve, masjidamAM, bAMga pukAre, ke maMdiramAM prArthanAe kare, skAyakrepare jevAM ucAM gharabAra bAMdhe ke taMbuomAM rahe, evA, roja berejanA jIvana vahIvaTanA savAlane, pitAne mana kAve tema, athavA potapotAnI rIte, game tevI rIte ukelI zake. parantu vimukita ane vizvazAMti mATe, koI paNa deza, zAhIvAdI, naja have joIe ane, saMsthAnika ke parAdhIna paNa naja have joIe. pahelA vizvayuddha pachI e ekaja deza, AkhA vizvamAM pahelo janame. A dezanuM nAma soviyaTa raziyA. vimuktinuM vAstavarUpa, AkhI mAnavajAtanI vimukti. je deza athavA rASTranI sarakAra sAmrAjyavAdI athavA zAhIvAdI che athavA bIjA rASTra ke pradeza para pitAnI, Arthika, rAjakIya ane lazkarI hakamata dharAvanArI tathA te rASTranA vahIvaTamAM baLajabarI ane daramyAnagIrI karanArI che tevI rAmrAjyavAdI sarakAranI prajA paNa pitAne tyAMnI zAhIvAdI ghaTanAnI gulAma prajA che tathA tevI sarakAranI pakaDa nIce Avele bIjo koI deza ke rASTra gulAma rASTra athavA saMsthAna rASTra che. eTale ja jyAre zAhIvAdI athavA sAmrAjyavAdI gulAmImAMthI mukta thavAnI vimuktinI hilacAla zarU thAya che tyAre te gulAma banelA rASTramAM ane gulAma banAvanArA zAhIvAdI rASTramAM paNa hilacAla zarU thAya che. A baMne rASTranI prajAo athavA mAnavasamudAya vimuktinI hilacAlanI be sahIyArI pAMkho bane che. vimuktinI AvI saMskAra hilacAla athavA vizva ItihAsanI saMskRtinI hilacAla Aje bIjA vizvayuddha pachI eziyA AphrikAnA parAdhIna pradezomAM zarU thaI ane tenI bIjI pAMkha jevA zAhIvAdI dezanA lokasamudAe paNa A vimuktinI hilacAla sAthe pitAno sAtha ane sahakAra noMdhAvyo che. A rIte vimuktinI hilacAla, zAhIvAdI ghaTanA sAme ane tenA nAza mATe tathA vizvazAMtinI ghaTanAnI racanA mATe eka sAthe zAhIvAdI dezanI aMdarathI tyAMnA lekasamudAyanI ane zAhIvAdI dezanI bahArathI parAdhIna mulakamAMthI tyAMnI prajAonI zarU thatI hoya che.

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vizva itihAsanI rUparekhA A rIte ja vimuktinI hilacAla sarvAMgI svarUpa dhAraNa kare che tathA zAhIvAdanI gulAmImAMthI zAhIvAdI sarakAranI pAtAnI prajA, tathA parAdhIna pradezanI prajA, vimuktinI hilacAlanuM AMtara rASTrIya prajA ekameAvALu athavA mAnavaekatAnuM svarUpa dhAraNa kare che. pa A saMskRtinI vimuktinI hilacAlanA baMne cheDA rASTra rASTra vaccenA lAka samudAyanA sa MskRtinA nutana saMbaMdha bAMdhe che. vimuktinI hilacAlanA ane cheDAonA sANasA vacce zAhIvAdI hakumatanuM rUpa pakaDAtuM hAya che tathA mAnava jAtatI AgekUca A rIte sAmrAjyavAdI ghaTanAne vizvaItihAsamAMthI rada karIne mAnava vikAsanA vizvabaMdhutvanA samAna evA mAnavabhAvanI jIvananI nakkara ekatA para lAve che. yureApanA sAmrAjyavAdI dezanI prajAe nA samudAyA paNa sAmrAjyavAdI dhaTanAe temane mATe dhaDelI saMhAranI ane zoSaNanI racanAmAM te pote kedI che tenuM bhAna A visamA saikAmAM udaya pAmavA mAMDayuM che. A bhAna jema jema vadhAre saMgaThita rUpa dhAraNa karatuM jaze tema tema zAhIvAdI ghaTanAnI zRMkhalAe zAhIvAdI dezanI potAnI aMdarathI paNa tUTavA mAMDaze. A rIte vizvanA khatihAsamAM pahelIvAra mAnavajAtanI vimuktinA savAla TuMkA ke saMkucita rahevAne badale, vizva jevuM vyApaka svarUpa dhAraNa kare che tathA vizvayuddhanA vyApaka virodha kare che, AthI vizvanA utthAna jevI A hilacAla nIce sAmrAjyavAdI ghaTanA aMdara ane bahArathI tUTavA mAMDe che. Aje A hilacAlanAM AMdeAlane phIlIpAinsathI pyAraTArIkA sudhI ane malAyAthI mAlTA sudhI tathA mADAgAskarathI mArAkko ane TAMgAnIkAthI trInIdAda sudhI jaLahaLI uThayAM che. vizvatihAsa para saMskRtinI A lAkahilacAle utthAnanAM nUtana ejasanI aMjalI dIdhI che. A hilacAlanA prakAza nIce, dhIme dhIme sAmrAjyavAdI dezonI prajAee, potAne tyAMnA sAmrAjyavAdI ghaTanAnA saskRti virodhI ane pragati virodhI svarUpane pichANavA mAMDayuM che tathA potAnA saMskAranA vikAsa mATe potAne tyAMthI paNa A sAmrAjyavAdI ghaTanAne aMta ANavAnI jarUriyAta temane samajAvA mAMDI che. A rIte zAhIvAdI, eTale yudgha ghaTanAnI, zAhIvAdI dhUMsarIte phagAvI daI te ja vimukta banI zakatAM kAipaNa rASTronuM svarUpa svAbhAvika rIte ja sAmrAjyavAdanA niSedhanuM banyuM che. A vimukta rASTrAmAM peAtAnA AMtarika rAja vahIvaTanuM rUpa game te prakAranuM hAya chatAM paNa A vimukta rASTrAmAM eka samAnya ekasUtratA athavA akayatA, sAmrAjyavAdanA niSe

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visamAsakAnI saMskRtinI jIMdagI dhanI banavA mAMDI che, tathA vizvavyApaka thavA mAMDI che. A rIte vizvaItihAsanI vizvavyApaka evI vizva hilacAla vimuktinI hilacAla banI che. hIda, cIna, brahmadeza, InDoneziyA, hIMdI cIna, uttara korIyA, sIlena, vigere aneka deza para tathA madhyapUrvanA dezo para A rASTra vidhAyaka hilacAla eTalA ja mATe, vizvazAMtinI vidhAyaka tathA vimuktinAM sarva sAmAnya evA gheraNavALI, nyAya samatAnI eka vizvanI sahakArI ghaTanA tarapha AkhA vizvanI prajAone laI janArI banI che. * sAmrAjyavAdI parAdhInatA virUddha, rASTravimuktinuM vizvaItihAsanuM paheluM ekama, rUsIkAnti vizva saMhAranA rUpanI sAmrAjyavAda nIcenI gulAmI athavA parAdhInatAmAM sapaDAyelA rASTromAM bIjA vizvayuddha pachI vimuktinI hilacAlane AraMbha thaye. vizva ItihAsamAM vimuktinI hilacAla nAmane nutana yuga pahelIvAra zarU thayo. vazamA saikAnA adhavacamAM vizvanuM rUpa A yugAntarathI aMkAI cUkyuM, vimuktinI A hilacAla vizvazAMtinI ghaTanA mATe eka saLaMga sutra jevI banI gaI. ene artha e thayo ke have AkhA jagatamAM eka navI jAtanA vibhAgamAM rASTro vaheMcAI javA mAMDayAM. AjasudhI duniyAmAM be ja jAtanAM rASTra hatAM. eka zAhIvAdI athavA sAmrAjyavAdI ane bIjo vibhAga parAdhIna athavA saMsthAna rASTrone hate. rUsI krAnti pachI e mahAna rASTrapara ItihAsanuM trIjI jAtanuM rASTra svarUpa dekhAyuM. je rUpa zAhIvAdI na hoya ane parAdhIna saMsthAna paNa na hoya paraMtu vimukta hoya tevuM A rASTranuM svarUpa hatuM. pachI bIjuM vizvayuddha AvyuM ane tenA aMtamAM ja trIjI jAtanuM A rASTra svarUpa eziyA ane AphrikAnA rASTramAM vistAra pAmavA lAgyuM. A trIjI jAtanA rASTra eTale vimukta rAkhyuM. je rASTroe pitAnI parAdhIna athavA saMsthAnika dazAmAMthI vimukti meLavavA mAMDI tevAM rASTrone A na vibhAga banyA. AjanA jagatamAM nUtana vimukta evAM rASTranA A vibhAgamAM, A bhathI, cIna ane bhArata AvatAMnI sAthe ja jagatabharamAM te vibhAga bhaugolika tathA mAnava saMkhyAnI rIte sauthI moTo vibhAga banI gaye. sevIyeTa rUsanI paDozamAMnA ja A be mahAna ane virATa rASTro vimukta banIne, vimuktinA vizvazAMtinA dhyeyane dhAraNa karavA mAMDyA. jagatanI zAhIvAdI ghaTanAne sukAnI banela amerikana zAhIvAda eTale ja sauthI vadhAre ciMtAtUra banI gaye. eTaNe ja vimukitanI hilacAle ane vizvazAMtinAM saMcAlane sauthI vadhAre

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758 vizva itihAsanI rUparekhA utsAhita banI gayAM. paraMtu A be virATa evA vimuktarASTra ane raziyA vacce yuddhakhora phAcara mAravAnI kAryavAhI amerikana zAhIvAde zarU karI dIdhI. eNe kerIyA para yuddha saLagAvyuM. sIemane zastrasajaja banAvyuM. pAkIstAnane yuddhane bharaDAmAM parovI daIne tene pitAne yuddhakhera sAmAna rAkhavAne che banAvI dIdhuM. A kamanasIba deza sAthe eNe pitAnA yuddha karAra karI dIdhA tathA A pyAdA para svAra thaIne ja A zAhIvAde bagadAda karAra nAmano yuddha karAra ane lazkarI jUtha racI dIdhAM. cIna bhArata ane raziyAnI sarahada para eNe bagadAda karAranA lazkarI jUthamAM parovAyelAM vAdAonI garadana para yuddhanAM saMcAlana zarU karI dIdhAM. AvuM yuddhanuM saMcAlana ame karIe chIe, kAraNa ke jagatamAM, raziyA nAmanuM jIvananuM vahIvaTI ekama che, ema hiTalare kahyuM hatuM. eja bAbata amerikana thaeluM zAhIvAda Aje sApha sApha rIte kahyA ja kare che. paNa raziyAnuM evuM prathama pUravAra vimukata rASTra ekama, tyAre ekaluM ja hatuM. evuM vimukitanuM astitva ja zAhIvAdI ghaTanAne pAlave tema nathI. e astitve zAhIvAdI eTale yuddhakhora ane vizvasaMhAranI racanAnI divAlamAM paheluM bhaMgANa pADI dIdhuM hatuM. ene astitvane lIdhe ja pachIthI A bhaMgANa meTuM moTuM banIne Aje cIna jeTaluM meTuM, pUrva yuropa jeTaluM meTuM, tathA eziyA ane AphrikAnAM vimukata rASTra jeTaluM moTuM, banavA mAMDyuM che. A bhaMgANu vaDe rUsa deze jyAre, pahelA vizvayuddhanA aMtamAM ja vizvasaMhAranI ane vizvayuddhanI zAhIvAdI ghaTanAne pitAne tyAMthI teDI nAkhIne, jagatanAM rASTramAM eka ja rASTra jeTale, athavA potAnA rASTra jeTale ja, vimukitane eka ane ekane eka daravAjo kholyo tyAre, vizva ItihAsanA A kamADanuM udaghATana karate, vizvazAMtine eka mahAnubhAva avAja, rUsa dezanA chAparA para caDhIne mAnavajAtane athavA samasta vizvanI mAnavajAtane saMbodhana karate hate. saMskRtinA kArUNyane savAla " ApaNe karIzuM zuM?" rasI krAntie zarU karelA yugavati avAjanI saMkalanAnA anAhata nAdane aTakyA vinA uccAryo karavAno vAro dhAraNa karIne. A TolasToye nUtana saMskRtinA kArUNyanA bhAva vaDe, pitAne sAhityane ubharAvI dIdhuM. A kArUNyane ene manabhAva kacaDAtI ribAtI ane rejaroja zoSaNa pAmatI, mAnava jAtanA nIcalA thara para karate hatA. A manebhAva enI jIdagInI, enI pitAnI umarAvajAdI evI jIvana paddhatine, sahana karI zakato

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ka che. ja * * * ' . . dA " che visamAkAnI saMskRtinI aMdagI 750 nahato. jUnI duniyAnuM zoSaka paDa je mAnava samudAyane kacaDatuM hatuM, te paDane badhobhAra pitAne dila para dhAraNa karavAnI aMtaravyathA dhAraNa karata e pite eka mATe umarAva have tenuM ja e duHkha pAmato hato. eka divasa khANAnuM meja taiyAra thayuM hatuM, sapheda mojAM paherelA nekare pIrasavA taiyAra ubhA hatA,paNa Tola Teya meja AgaLa ja karI gayA hoya tema ubho hato. enI najara sAme meskonI garIba janatAnuM khANuM dekhAtuM hatuM. pote kevI mijabAnI mANa | hatuM ? ene Tebala para patharAyeluM khAvAnuM ane pIrasanArA nekare dekhAyA. eNe pitAnI jAta paranA bhayAnaka puNyaprakopathI kAbU gumAvyo. enI AMkhe AMsuthI ubharAI gaI ene kaMTha guMgaLAI gaye, eNe jethI hAtha vIMjhatAM AkhA kuTuMba tarapha bUmarANa karavA mAMDI, " mAre mATe AvI rIte jIvavuM azakya che, asaMbhava che. paNa pachI e zAMta thayo ane dInadayA para eka moTe nibaMdha lakhavA cAlyA gaye. e nibaMdha eka nAnakaDA pustaka jevaDo banI gayo. e pustakanuM nAma hatuM, "ApaNe karIzuM zuM ?" ApaNe ApaNuM mitanA adhikAranA julmo mAnavajAtanA sauthI moTA bhAga para hathiyAranA hiMsaka baLathI TakAvI rAkhIe chIe. ApaNe e aMgata milkatanA adhikArane tyAga karavo joIe athavA e adhikArane ochAmAM ocho upayoga karavAnI Teva pADIne zarIrazramathI jIvavuM joIe."

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760 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA eNe senyAne pAse bolAvIne samajAvyuM, "aMgata milakata, luMTa che, pApa che. ene koIpaNa adhikAra havethI huM nahi vAparI zakuM.' TolasToye zarIrazramanuM jIvana zarU karI dIdhuM. eNe vahelI savAramAM bAganuM kAma, ane raseDAnuM pANI bharavAnuM kAma zarU karyuM hatuM. have eNe oraDAmAM cAmaDAM bharyA hatAM ane e buTa banAvato hato. e kaheto hato, 'aMgata milakatanAM mAlikane jyAnaka bimArI lAgu paDI che. e bimArInuM nAma eNe khIna menIyA" pADyuM. "e bimArIvALo e varga kazuM ja karato nathI ane badhuM bhogavyA ja karate hoya che.' ema eNe kahayuM. pachI 1887 nA DiseMbaranA 12 mA divase kajhananA eka chApAmAM nIcenA samAcAra chapAyA. kajhAkA nadInA kinArA para ApaghAta karavAnA prayatnamAM potAnI bAjumAM goLI mArIne bebhAna banele nIjhanI navagereDano eka kArIgara hAtha lAge che tathA tenA gajavAmAMthI jaDelA kAgaLamAM teNe elekasI, mekasIma zivanA nAmathI sahI karIne lakhyuM hatuM ke huM mArI jAna levAno aparAdha hAIna nAmanA jarmana kavi para mUkuM chuM. e kavie dilamAM zaLa lAgI jAya tevI, aMgata milkata dhAraNa karIne, tenA adhikAro vaDe karavAmAM AvatA atyAcAranI vAta duniyA pAse rajU karI che. e vAMcIne mane evuM zULa vAgyuM ane meM mArI jAte mArI DAbI bAjumAM goLI mArI che. mArA zarIranI posTa moraTema tapAsa karIne paNa mane dilamAM vAgeluM e zULa tame kaI zedhI kADhI zakavAnAM nathI." pachI ene davAkhAnAmAM lAvavAmAM Avyo ane ene bhAna AvyuM tyAre e bolI uThe, "nA, nA, huM maravAne ja nathI.' TolasToye A samAcAra vAMcyA hatA. TolasToyane A samAcAramAM khUba rasa paDyo tathA pilAnI eNe tapAsa karI. jenA A samAcAra chapAyA hatA te, eka juvAna hatA. e sAjo thaIne raziyAne, duniyAne dekhavA potAnA savAlane laIne nIkaLyo hato. A juvAnanuM nAma gorakI hatuM. eNe Dona pradezano rasto pakaDyo. eNe rastA para je kaI majurI maLe te karI ane reTIne savAla ukelyo. TAMva ane rIAjhana pradeza parane paMtha kApate koivAra kulI banate, koIvAra majUra thate, kaIvAra gharanekara banate, e musAphara AgaLa vadhe, ane khAmanovanIkI jillAmAM peTho hate. e ja jillAmAM mahAna TolasToyanuM ghara hatuM. eka divasa eNe e gharanAM kamADa ThekyAM ane aMdarathI TolasToyanAM umarAvajAdI patnIe te udhADIne kahyuM, "e te bahAra gayA che."

Page #782
visamAkAnI saMskRtinI aMdagI paNa huM te gharanAM ja darzane Avyo chuM.' "ghaNA Ave che, kAmanA ane kAma vinAnA baMne, TolasToyanAM patnIe kahyuM, ane eNe gharamAM pesatAM kahyuM ke "taddana sAcI vAta che." pachI A musAphara nAte karIne AgaLa cAlya, ane kaheto gaye, TalAya Ave te kaheje mArAM emane namana che." have 1900 nI sAla zarU thaI hatI, enA AvAsanAM kamADa para tyAre Takore bhArate pele rakhaDu juvAna pAcho Avyo hato. enuM nAma mekasIma gorakI hatuM. ene tyAra pachI koIe pUchyuM, "tame TolasToyane bhagavAna viSe khyAla ke mAne che ? ane eNe javAba dIdhe, "eka guphAmAM be rIMcha eka sAthe rahetA hoya te, TelasToya ane tene bhagavAna bane evI rIte eka sAthe vase che," "ane jIvana viSe temane khyAla !" pAcho bIjo savAla ene pUchAyo hatuM ane gorakI javAba dete hate, "e mahAnubhAvo jIvanano khyAla maraNa sAthe seLabheLa thaI gayo che.' pachI mahAtmA TolasToyanI uMmara bAsI varasa jeTalI vahI gaI. eNe pitAnAM pustakone tamAma haka jAhera janatAne mATe khulluM mUkI detuM eka vasiyatanAmuM karI rAkhyuM hatuM. je pustakomAMthI Aja sudhImAM ghaNI kamANI thaI hatI te tamAma pustakano hakka jAherane sepI detuM vasiyatanAmuM eNe sanyAne ajANuM rAkhIne karyuM hatuM. paNa senyAne tenI khabara paDI gaI hatI tathA TolasToyanA kAgaLamAMthI te zodhI kADhIne phADI nAkhavA e khAnagIrIte jyAre ne tyAre zedhatI rahetI hatI. I. sa1900 nA okaTobarano 28 me divasa hato. e divasanI madharAte TelasToya jAgI UThayo. eNe pitAnA abhyAsagRha tarapha caMpAte pagale janArane koIne avAja sAMbhaLe. eNe madharAte potAnA abhyAsa khaMDamAM kAgaLiyAM uthalAvatI sonyAne dIThI. "e te peluM vasiyatanAmuM zelve che!" e krUratAthI baba, ane pachI e pathArImAM paDyo rahyo. thoDI vAre senyAe AvI ene khabara pUchyA paNa e kaMI bolI zakaze nahi ane senyA cAlI gaI. pachI e cUpacApa Uryo. eNe caMpAne pagale enA tarapha atyaMta prema rAkhatI dIkarI elekajhAMDrAne, jaIne uThADI. eNe sonyAnA oraDAnuM kamADa avAja, na thAya tema AstethI aDakAvI dIdhuM ane bahArathI baMdha karyuM.

Page #783
2 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA dIkarI, jo ApaNA gADIvAnane uThADa ane kahe ke daravAjA bahAra gheDA joDIne gADI taiyAra kare.' "A vakhate kyAM?' elekajhAMDra bolI. "huM A ghara have choDuM chuM...bhAre vakhata pAkI gayo che, beTI... mAre anAdara na karIza ane senyAne paNa kahIza nahi ke huM game chuM ane kyAM gayo chuM !' bApa beTI ekabIjA tarapha hRdayabhedaka karuNatAnI ubharAtI najarenI Apale karI rahyAM. aMdhArI rAtanA pAchalA pahoramAM eka vakhata A umarAva, gRhatyAga karIne bahAra nIkaLyo ane bAsI varasana e mahAnubhAva pharI kadI pAcho nahi pharavAnA rastA para gADI haMkAvI gaye. have TolasToyanI strI sanyA jAgI hatI. enI dila kaMpAvanArI cIse AkhA gharane jagADI dIdhuM hatuM. jAgI gaelI senyA taLAva tarapha detI hatI ane taLAvanAM pANImAM DUbI maravA paDatuM nAkhatI hatI. elekajhAnDrAe enI pAchaLa pAchaLa pANImAM paDatuM nAkhyuM. thoDIvAre senyAne jIvatI bahAra kADhavAmAM AvI. maraNa pAmyA vinA pAchI AvelI senyA Akho divasa dareka oraDe pharatI hatI ane dIvAla para DUsakAM detI pelA mahAnubhAvanI khabara pUchatI hatI tathA chAtI para vajana mAratI phUTatI hatI, ane charI laIne pitAnA peTamAM bheMkI detI bacI jatI hatI tathA bArImAMthI kUdI paDatI pakaDI levAI hatI. tyAre TolaTeya te necarakAska tarapha UpaDI javA AstA sTezana para pahoMcI gayA hate. ahIM ene nyumoniyA thaye. tyAMnA sTezana mAstare A mahAnubhAvanI sAravAranuM ahobhAgya mAnIne pathArI pAtharI. e pathArIne viMTaLAtAM pachI tyAM sagAM sahedaro ane mitro ubharAyAM. e mahAnubhAvanI dIkarIo paNa tyAM AvI pahoMcI. senyA paNa tyAM AvI gaI hatI. chApAMonA khabarapatrIoe paNa bhIDa jamAvI hatI. ene koI chelle saMdeza Apavani na hato. e to koI kaIvAra bebhAnamAM cIso pADatA hatA, nA...nAsI chUTe nahi te pelAe pakaDI pADaze.' e kyAM nAsI chUTa hate? pelAM te AvI gayAM hatAM ! te ja ene khabara nahotI. aMgata milakatanA, pApathI bacavA zuM karavuM te savAlanA paritApamAM nAsI chUTeloe mahAnubhAva yAsanAyAnA kabrastAnamAM chevaTe saI gayo

Page #784
visamAsaMkAnI saMskRtinI cha dI LB tyAre sAnyAnI uMmara cumeAtera varasanI hatI. UMcI ane jarAka nIcI vaLelI, pAtaLI ane paDachAyA jevI sAnyA enAM agiyAra bALakeAnI janetA hatI. pachI dararAja, pavananI laharI para sarI jatI hAya tevI eeka mAIla cAlatI jatI hatI, ane pelI kabara para tAjA phUla nAkhatI, ane kAi kAivAra kAi sAMbhaLI na jAya tema kabaramAM pelA sUtelAne sakheAdhatI hatI, ' lIe. huM tArA bhegI aDatAlIsa varasa rahI paNa tuM ii jAtaneA mANasa che te, huM na ja samajI zakI. ' sAhitya svAmInI kamara paranI sAhitya aMjali A kabarapura aMjali ApavA ekavAra tyAM mekasImaeleskIpeska AnyA. have e gaurakInA nAmathI jANItA thayA hatA. enA hAthamAM yuddha ane zAMti nAmanI TAlasToyanI lakhelI eka mahAna kitAba hatI. e huve pelA savAlanI zodhamAM AkhA raziyA khUMdI vaLIne pAchA AvyA hatA. AjanuM sTAlInagrADa tyAre jharITasIna hatuM. eNe jhArITasInanI veAlgA nadI dIThI hatI. eNe vAlgA parathI dUra dUra najara doDAvIne sTepInAM aphATa medAne dekhyAM hatAM ane pachI eNe e medAnA para kadama upADayo. pachI e sTAva nagaramAM pahoMcyA ane thaDA divasa tyAM rahyo. rezasTAvanA aMdara pAse eka dharaDI strInI eka khAlImAMne khUNA eNe rAtanA sutrA mATe eka rAtanA pAMca kApekanA darathI bhADe rAkhyA ane divasabhara majUrI karIne rAsTAvanuM jIvana joyA karyu" hatuM. tyAMthI pachI eka divasanI vahelI savAre zasTAva cheDIne e yukrenanI musApharIe UpaDavo hatA ane pachI yukrenamAM thaine e esArebIyAnA pradeza vaTAvIne DAnyuba nadInA kinArA para UbhA hatA. tyAM eNe peAlIsanA paDachAyA dIThA. tyAMthI AgaLa javAnI manAInuM pharamAna sAMbhaLatA e krImIyA ane TrAnsakeAkaeNziyAne raste cAlI nIkaLyA hatA. kALA samudranA kinAre kinAre e be varasa sudhI deza dekhatA majUrI karatA, aneka havAmAna pacavatA aneka anubhavA ukelatA, nagarAmAM bhaTakatA, gAmanAM pAdarA para visAmA letA cAlyA ja karyAM hatA. dariyAnA kinArA, jahAjonI lagArA khalAsIonA avAjo, gheADAenI lagAre, khadabadatAM gAmaDAMo, jhuMpaDIonAM jIvane, pavatAnI hAramALAo, psIonI chAvaNIo, tAtAra bharavADAnA nesaDA, sAdhuonA maThA, uThAvagIrAnA akhADAo, mAchImAronAM jhuMpaDAM, rakhaDuenA anubhavA ane yAtrALunI kathA tathA lAkavananAM aneka svarUpe je TalasTaye

Page #785
4 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA AlekhyAM hatAM te saumAM tarALa thatA gerakI leAka jIvanamAM DUbakI daine pelA savAlanA javAba zodhatA hatA. tyAre kAvAr kanI sAmudradhRni AgaLa e DUbI jatA bacI gayA. ekavAra jyArajIyAnA UMcA parvatanA ghATa para baraphamAM khUMpI jaine pAche nIkayeA. ekavAra bhUkhanA duHkhathI maravA paDelA e pAcho kheDA thayA ane AgaLate AgaLa vadhatA rahyo. e AbakhAjhIyAnA pradeza para rakhaDatA, keAIvAra madhapuDA zodhatA madha cUsatA bhUkhanA bharaDAne dUra haDaselatA hatA. carakaisIyana gAmAmAM e kAkezasanA khetamajUra banyA hatA. yukrenamAM e rasAyA thayA hatA. kinA rAo para e mAchImAro mATe jALI guMthanAra thayA hatA ane ekavAra eNe mIThAnI khANumAM trikama UMcakIne reTInA savAla ukelyo hatA tathA ekavAra reTInA ja savAlane javAba devA eNe kabrastAnanI nokarI bAvIne zabapara prArthanAnAM sUtrA paNa lalakAryAM hatAM. ajaba jevA A vanapaMthI kadama pAchaLa kadama uThAvatA, dirayAnAM mejAnI ganAte, khetarAmAM doDatA uMdarAnI ciciyArIte, sTepInAM medAne paranA UMcA khaemAM UDatA verAnanA vAyu sa'gItane vanarAjInAM taravaratAM parNonI vAtacItane ane kalakalatAM jharaNAM ane ghUmarAtA pravAheAnA pINu uchALatA kAlAhalane tathA dharatI para kAna goThavIne rAtabhara lakhAvelA dehamAM UDatA aneka avAjone dilamAM bharIne e jIvana sAthe vahetA rahyo hatA. kevA mahAna e musAphara hatA ! kevuM virATa enuM dila hatuM ! kavA karALa eNe kadama upADayo hatA ! kevA lAka anubhava enA anubhavanI ImArata dhaDatA hatA ! zaheranuM, gAmanuM, rAnanuM, verAnanuM, parvatano Toca paranuM ane taLeTInuM khANunuM ane khAravAnuM, mAnavajanatAnuM jIvana enI AMkhamAM ubharAtuM hatu enA dilamAM dravatuM hatuM, enA kAnamAM guMjI UThatu hatu. jIvanane e rasa kyAreka UkaLatA hatA, kayAreka haLAhaLathI vatA hatA. kayAreka mIThe te madhurA hatA. e badhAne jIravatA e anurAganA ubharAtA vahetA hatA. pachI rUsadeza para itihAsanA jhaMjhAvAta UDatA thayA. pachI varasa pachI vaso vItyAM ane rUsa deza para krAntinA vAvaTALa phUMkAyA ane tyAre gArI, e nUtana prANanA aMgArAne phUMkanArA luhAranI dhamaNa para jANe macI paDayA. e lekiMgarA khelyeA. kacaDAtI AitI zASAtI janatAnI ma banIne eNe jagatabharanI kaDavAza pIne, aMtarane vAvIne haLAhaLanI lhANI karavAne

Page #786
765 visamAsakAnI saMskRtinI jIMdagI badale banyA jhaLyA jagatane nutana duniyAnI mAnavatAnI addabhuta miThAzavALI nUtana saMskAranI eNe navAjeza karI. akiMcanane e amegha Ayuddha dharI rahyo ane yAcanAnI vANIne vidArI nAkhate piDIta mAnavajAtane DhaDhaLato bolyo, "te te yuddha kara; ane tAre tArI beDIo vinA bIjuM kazuM gumAvavAnuM nathI... paNa mAnavatAnA saMskAravALI nUtana sRSTi racavAnI che." kANe?' tAre ja zremamAnave jANe e pitAnI chabImAM virATa zramamAnavanI kaNikAo sAthe vAta karate hate. e pote zramamAnava macI hatI, rasa hato, bAgabAna hato, khANIo ane khetamajUra hatA, khAro ane bhaThiyAre have, gumAsto ane hamAla hato. majUrIne koI paNa prakAra nUtana yuganI rekhAonA AkAravALe enA kalevara para ghaDAte rahI gayo nahote. nUtanayuganA sAhitya svAmI, gArakI e yugane TelasToe jamAvyo hato. e yugamAM jUnI duniyAnA vahIvaTanuM ekeeka aMga saDI gayuM che ema eNe dekhyuM ane duHkhI thatA ribAtA zeSAtA mAnavasamudAya para kArUNyathI pigaLI jato, e paritApa anubhavate; aMtaramAM saLagata, e paNa maraNa pAmavA mAMDelA jamAnAne pUchate have, 'tyAre ApaNe karIzuM zuM ?" basa tyAre ja TolasToyanI dharatIne suMdha pharate, raziyAnA ekeeka jIvanavahIvaTamAM aMtargata banI gaele, mAnavasamudAyanA ekeeka dhabakAra sAthe vaNAI gaela, gerakI, vizva ItihAsanA mahAna satyane, pelA mAnava samudAyanA jIvananI halacalamAM pichANuM hatuM, " tyAre karIzuM zuM !" evuM pUchavApaNuM ja jANe ene hatuM, nahIM. kareDa kaMThamAMthI, ItihAsamAna nA aMtaramAMthI uThele, udadheSa banata, vizva InihAsanA javAba je avAja, e pAmI zakyo hato. mAnavasamudAyoe ItihAsanA kAryanI javAbadArI yugeyuge dhAraNa karelI e dekhate hato. AjanA yuge, enI potAnI ja dharatI para vizva ItihAsanuM krAntikArya karavA nIkaLI cUkele, mAnava samudAya enA astitvanA ekeeka tArane halAvIne ItihAsanI veNuM jevo aMtaranAda ubharAvI hato. eNe kavitAo gAI, nATaka lakhyAM, nibaMdha lakhyA. eNe je lakhyuM tene eka mAtra viSaya, lekasamudAya ane tenuM "krAnti kRtya ' banyo. eNe A mAnava kRtyanA saMskRtinA taMtune pakaDI pADyo ane eke eka rASTranA

Page #787
viyeta ItihAsanI rUparekhA saMskAra svAmIo sAthe potAnI gADha mitratA janmAvI dIdhI. eNe eka rASTranA mAnava samudAyane, potAnA rASTranA mAnava samudAya sAthe, baMdhubhAva vaDe, joDAyela batAvyo. eNe mAnava mUlyanA adhikAranI ekatAnuM sahakArI

Page #788
visamAkAnI saMskRtinI jAgI 767 ane sahacArI nUtana ekaya, sAhityanA AMdolana para ANIne, gAyuM, lakhyuM, batAvyuM ane bAkI puravAra karyuM. A vizva sAhityane bhavya yuga, gArakI yuga kahevAya. A yuganA saMskAra svAmIomAM, enAla kAnsa, ane ramerelA phAnsanI bhUmi parathI vizva sAhityanuM sarajana karatA hatA. banArDa zo aMgrejI bhUmi parathI, ajoDa evI lAkSaNikatA vaDe mAnava jAtanA jIvana para vedhaka AlecanA karatuM hatuM ane jene gAsvaradhI AkhA jagata mATe navala kathAo lakhate hatuM. A samayanI ja raMgabhUmi para mAnava samAjanA savAlane bhajavI batAvate, norana henarIka Ibasana nATaka lakhate hate. A yuga, sAhitya sarjanane AMtara rASTriya yuga banI cUkyuM hatuM tathA, AkhuM yurepa TolasToyane aMjali ApyA pachI gerakIne pitAnA svajana tarIke dhAraNa karatuM hatuM. A AMtara rASTriya rUpamAM, belAtI bAnIne artha mAnava jAtane mATe uccAra pAmate hato tathA jagatanI vaijJAnika saMskAranI vibhUti jevo AInasTAIna, jagatanA saMskAra svAmI banI cUkelA, gAMdhIjI ane zAMti niketanamAM vizva bhAratInI racanA karatA TAgora, vazamAM sekAnuM jANe saMskAra saMmelana racIne rASTra rASTra vaccenI sImAonuM chedana karatA hatA. sAmAjika kAntine niyAmaka, lenIna vizva ItihAsanI vibhUti banI cUkela lAThImAra ilIca, lenIna, sAmA jika krAntine niyAmaka ane samAjavAdI jIvana ghaTanAne rUsa dezane rASTra vidhAyaka bane. I. sa. 1957ne eprilanI 22 mIe vizva ItihAse enI 87mI jayaMti ujavI che. eNe vizva itihAsamAM paheluM evuM samAjavAdI vahI vaTI taMtranA svarAjyanuM svarUpa khulluM mUkyuM. eNe jIvana vahIvaTanA A vizva rUpanA pahelA ekamanuM potAnI dharatI para udadhATana karatAM kahyuM ke, " ApaNI pRthvI para jema rAtri pachI divasa acUka rIte Ave che tema jagatanI muDIvAdI ghaTanA pachI samAjavAdI ghaTanA acUka rIte ja AvanArI che." jIvananI A nUtana vahIvaTI ghaTanAnA udadhATananA samayathI, AkhA vizva para eka mAtra evI jIvana ghaTanA tarIke kAyama rahelI muDIvAdI zAhIvAdI ghaTanAnI eka mAtratA tUTI. Aja sudhInI muDIvAdI duniyAne jIvataranA tUTelA kocalAmAMthI, samAjavAdI duniyAne janma thayo. A janmanI pahelI jayanti no vizva ItihAsano samAraMbha, lenIne khullo mUka, ane rUsI dharatI para thaelI vizva krAntinA vijyanI jAherAta karI. okaTobara (1917) krAnti tarIke jANItI banelI A krAntinA AraMbha

Page #789
vitha ItihAsanI rUparekhA samaye lenIna, hada pAra banIne, svITajharalenDane pATanagara jhurIcamAM divase vitA vita hatA. tyAre ekAeka enA para krAntinuM AvAhana AvyuM. eNe jaramanImAM thaIne, phInalenDa mAraphata ziyA pahoMcI javAnI gevaNa karI. "ene yuddha calAvavAmAM rasa nathI, e yuddha mAMthI raziyana sarakArane khaseDI levAne ApanA karatAMya vadhAre utsuka che. ...Apa nAmadAra para amerikana sarakAra jyAre yuddhajAherAta lakhI rahI che te veLA...te veLA... tevIsa TreDa yuniyanone kurIane mukhya maMtrI phrIjha-plena lenInane jarmanImAM thaIne raziyA pahoMcADavA mATe jarmana sarakAranI paravAnagI mAgate kahetA hatA. paNa pa... .je gADI Apa nAmadAranI hadamAMthI upaDe te baMdha gADI hovI joIe........eTale kaI paNa sthaLe enI tapAsa ApaNI sarakAra kare nahi ane e baMdha gADImAMthI koI paNa sTezane kaI utaraze nahi, ke kaI navuM aMdara besaze paNa nahi." A rIte lenInane raziyAmAM pahoMcADI devAno karAra jarmana sarakAra kabUla karatI hatI, ane "e gADI phInalenDa pahoMcaze tevI khAtrI ApatI hatI. jarmana sarakAra vatI e karAra para laDenaDakuM sahI karato hato. jarmana sarakArane e vaDe vinA ItihAsamAM AlekhAtA sauthI mahAna banAvanA nAma para jANe tuM mArato hato. jagatanA ItihAsamAM kaIvAra nahatI jeDAI tevI gADI samayanA ghATa para eMjina joDatI hatI. mAnavatAnA nasIbamAM koI vAra nahAtI jotarAI tevI varALa Aje mAnavI halacalanAM paiDAne rasa deza tarapha gabaDAvavA ghumarAtI hatI, e gADIne jorathI hAMkavAno hukama ApatI jarmana

Page #790
visamA saukAnI saskRtinI jIdagI sarakAra 1917nA eprilanA tyAranA divase vizvayuddhamAM utaratI amerikana sarakAranuM jAheranAmuM vAMcatI hatI. 769 tyAre trIsa raziyA agalamAM bacakAM mArIne jhurIca sTezane paheAMcatA hatA. emAM lenIna, jhInevIk ane rADeka nAmanA traNa isameA hatA. e badhAM khatrIsa naranArInI adatI tasvIra kheM'cavA kAI phATAgrAphara AvyA na hatA. e kAlA tarapha dhyAna kheMcAya tevu kAI AkaSaNu hatuM nahi. e batrIsamAM pelA mIDhA ane baTakA AdamI paNa hatA. e gAmaDiyA jevA lAgatA hatA. enuM nAma hera-uliyAneAklenIna hatuM. jhurIca sTezana parathI gADI upaDI te pahelAM e Tezana paranA eka bAMkaDA para nAsto karatA beThA hatA. jagata-itihAsaneA vizvaratha hUMkAyA. vizva ulkApAtanI sAmAjika juvALanI andhazakti e paLa vipaLa para jotarAine kadama upADI rahI. jagata ghaTanAnA, kamaThANanI racanAne palaTAvI nAkhIne navI duniyAne samayanA kalevaramAMthI pragaTAvanAra vizvakrAntino jvALAmukhI gukhArA, e gADImAM doDatA jatA hatA. moTA meTA saMgrAmanA khelADIe vizvayuddhamAM vAparatA hatA tevA kAi paNa yaMtra Ayudha karatAM vadhAre pracaMDa ane bhayAnaka evu Ayudha ItihAsanI pazuSThamAMthI kheMcAine anusaMdhAyeluM vatu hatu, ane rUsI dharatInI pAse ne pAse paheAMcatuM hatuM pInalenDanu sTezana lagAlaga dekhAvA mAMDayuM hatuM. tyAre e adha gADInA eka DabbAmAM kheDA beThA pelA kALamIMDha hara uliyAnAqa AsapAsa paDelA kAgaLA ane chApAonA DhagalAne sa kailA, anu saMdhAnanA vyUhamAM daTAyelI najarane eka paLavAra uMcakatA, pravadAnA eka aMka para joi rahatA hatA. 1937mAM phinalenDamAMthI doDatI AvatI gADI chevaTe raziyAnI sarahadane aDatI hatI. eprilanA sALamA divasa khIelAAsTrAva sTezana para ugatA hatA. lenIna AvI paheAMcyA hatA ane kAmadAra laDavaiyAoe lenIna para anurAganA atirekanA uchALA mAryAM. virATa jANe ati AnaMdanA umaLakA bharyo dhUMdhavI uDayeA. krAntinA e ja rakhevALa hatA, kAmadArAnA e krAnta sathavArA hatA. virATe khAMdha dharI ane e lAkakalevara para lokalADIlA banIne krAntinA kaNekaNe dhaDAyA hAya evA janamAnavanAM, zramamAnavanAM, ghutravatAM meAjAM para saravA lAgyA. e karALa kadamanA puruSa AgaLa vadhyA. eNe ekane, bIjAne, trIjAne, bAthamA lIdhA. sainikA, kAmadArA, khalAsIoe pAche enA AvakAranA dUdhavatA citkAra karyAM. e avAja para UchaLatA hAya tevA AgevAnAnI pakaDamAMthI vachUTatA e khelyA, 'samAjavAdI krAnti Age bar3hA, ' 6s

Page #791
vizva itihAsanI rUparekhA pachI mAnavamahAsAgara ene laine khAlazevika pakSanI madhyakamiTInA mukAma para dhasatA hato. tyAre sattaramInI savAramAM eNe eprilakhata nAme prakhyAta baneluM pravacana karyuM. eno eka ja artha e hato ke mUDIvAdI krAntine samAjavAdI krAntimAM palaTI nAkhA" GP mUDIvAdI kAmacalAu sarakAre A sAme tAkIdanI eka sabhA kheAlAvI. lenInane giraphatAra karavA ekadama e sarakAre tAkIdanA niradhAra ghaDayA, kAraNa ke lenIne sarakArane nAbUda karavAnuM kriyA sUtra pUkAryuM hatuM. tyAre jUna mahine zarU thai gayA hatA. lenInane ghAta karavAnA mUDIvAdI kAmacalAu sarakAre TharAva karyo hatA ane peAtAnA AkhAya jAsUsI khAtAne ane lazkarI asarAne AkAza-pAtALa eka karIne paNa lenInane khatama karavAnA hukama ApI dIdhA hatA. tyAre rAnelTa kArakhAnAnA cokIdAranI jhuMpaDImAM kheAlazevika pArTInI peTrIgreDa kamiTInI sabhAmAM julAinA 18 mA divase eka kAr AdamI, AvI paheAMcatA juvALanI gatinAM mApa gaNAvatA hatA. e lenIna hatA. * eprila-khata ' nAme eLakhAyelI rajUAta raziyAnI janatA pAse jAherAta karI. e khate krAntinI lAAMhelacAla pAse mUDIvAdI krAntine samAjavAdI krAntimAM palaTAvI nAkhavAnI laDAyaka yeAjanA rajU karI. e rajUAtane svikAravA 1917 nA aprilanA 24 mA divase khelazevIka pakSanI 7 mI pariSada maLI ane teNe AkhA pakSanI tAkAtane mUDIvAdI krAntine samAjavAdI krAntimAM pheravI nAkhavAnI laData mATe hAkala karI. eja pariSadamAM sTAlIne rAjyUniyanuM khIjuM khata rajU karyu" tathA dareka prajAnA ekamane peAtAnA svataMtra nirNayane hakka raheze tevI jAherAta karI. A jAherAtathI jhArazAhI nIce kacaDAtI prajAee ekaTAbaranI mahAna samAjavAdI krAntinA pakSamAM peAtAne sAtha noMdhAvyA. " 1917nA memAM madhyastha kamiTInI polITamurA 'nI racanA thai tathA sTAlIna temAM cUMTAyA, ane lenIna sAthe jUnanA 18mA divasanA bhavya dekhAvAnI ceAnA karIne madhyastha kamiTIvatI sTAlIna tathA lelInanA nAmavALu eka jAheranAmuM bahAra pADavAnuM nakkI thayuM. krAntinA e mahAna sAthIdAra josepha sTAlIna lenIna sAthe kemalinanI dIvAle pAchaLa beThA hatA ane khATuM raziyana khelatA hatA. jagata janatAnI pitRbhAma

Page #792
visamA saikAnI saMskRtinI aMdagI 771 para rAja karatI majUra sarakArane e 29 karoDanI lAla janatAne e mahA mAnIte hate. lAla tripuTImAM mAkarsa ane lenIna pachIne e trIje lAla nara kekesiyAnI DuMgaramALanuM bahAravaTu bhUlI zakatA nahote. seviyeTa rUsanI lAla guphAmAMthI e DuMgariye mahAmAnava lenIna samevaDo banIne krAntinI goThavaNuM karate hato. eka vakhata e sAibIriyAthI ke thaIne leninane pahelIvAra maLavA perisa pahoMcyo hato. tyAre e yuropanAM bajAramAM jANe jete chatAM dekhate na hoya te kekeziyana banIne cAlatuM hatuM. pachI pirisanI kaI meTI hoTelamAM besIne hekalI phUMkate leninanI vANI jhINI AMkha karIne sAMbhaLato jato hato, paNa eka zabda bela nahato, ane pachI be kalAka sudhI ekadhArI vANI sAMbhaLyA pachI ene eTaluM ja kahevAnuM hatuM: 'te huM jAuM ane zarU karI dauM ?" kAtinI ghaTanAne itihAsa mAnava, josepha sTAlIna - I. sa. 1922 nA mArca mahInAmAM sAmAjika krAntinA bolazevika pakSanI agIAramI beThaka maLI. krAntinAM sAthIdAro sAthe lenIna A beThakamAM chellIvAra beThe. enA para muDIvAdI dezanI kAvatarAkhora sarakAra taraphathI karAvAyelA goLIbArane jakhama pachI bagaData gaye ane i. sa. 1924nA jAnyuArInI 21 mIe lenIna maraNa pAme. sAmAjika krAntine A pahelo saramukhatyAra lenIna pitAnAM lakhANonA thakamAM pitAnuM svapna mUkate gaye. A svana, rUsI dharatI para samAjavAdI arthakAraNa ane rAjakAraNanI ghaTanA ghaDavAnuM hatuM. A ghaTanAnuM nAma eNe " ilekaTrophisIyA" pADyuM hatuM. kerosInanA khaDIyA nIce aMdhArA oLAo jevuM jIvana, pitAnA rASTranA khUNekhUNumAM, ekeeka dharabAramAM, ekeeka saMsthAmAM ane udyoga ghaTanAmAM jyAre hatuM tyAre e jIvanamAM vijaLInAM ghoDApUra ubharAvI nAkhavAnuM enuM svapna hatuM. ema thAya te ja, mUDIvAdI udyoga ghaTanAnA samavaDuM rASTra utthAna thaI zake ane te ja, nUtana jIvananA ekeeka vahIvaTane vijJAnanI saMskAra ghaTanAmAM rUpAMtara karI zakAya. te ja zAhIvAdI ghaTanAnA ghUghavatA mahAsAgaramAM ugI nIkaLelA A samAjavAdI jIvatarane jIvana aMkura jevo A rASTra dIpa jIvate rahI zake tema hatuM. palA rASTrapitAnI kabara para AkraMda karatA rUsI mAnavonA virATa samudAyanI sAkSImAM, sTAlIne samasta rASTrajoga zapatha lIdhA ane levaDAvyA ke lenInanA A svapnane pilAdI AkAra A dharatI para ghaDavAne ame nira

Page #793
772 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA dhAra karIe chIe. pachI e niradhAranuM rUpa dhAraNa karIne sTAlIna kaeNmalInamAM jAmI gaye ane pelI nUtana ghaTanAnI kAryavAhI dhamadhamI uThI. e badhAnI vacamAM hAkalI phUMkatA A kokesiyana enA kAryAlayamAM beThe ane pachI enI lAMbI pahoLI barachaTa mUcho vALI na kaLAya tevI nizAnabAja najara, dabAvelA hoThanI makakamatAne, dhAraNa karanArA khakhaDadhaja zarIravALA, raziyana kamyunIsTa pakSanA maMtrInI AsapAsa nUtana ghaTanAnA aneka AkAro ubharAvA mAMDayA. dareka savAre vizvAsu vahunA janarala sekreTAriyaTanA sabhAsadone enA khaMDamAM bhegA karavA lAgyA. pachI duniyAnuM rAjakAraNa bahAranA dezomAM pracAra,

Page #794
vizvamA saikAnI saMskRtinI jIMdagI E93 bahAranA ahevAlA, sUcanAe ane pharamAnA e badhA vaDe khaMDane ubharAvI detA krAntinI ghaTanAnA Avegamaya thai gayA heAya tevA e kriyAzIla banyA. ahAniza e samAjavAdI racanAnAM yaMtro sAthe dhamakI uyeA. enI sarjaka kalpanA AkhI raziyana janatA para tarasI najare TAMpI rahI. * TrekaTara TrekaTara ' jhaMkhatI enI AMkhamAM TrekaTaro ubharAyAM. raziyAne kisAna virATa samUha khetarane bhAgIdAra bane tenI aharaniza ciMtA sevatA, enA prANa raziyana dharatI para alakha jagavato, kemalinanI enI ophisamAM rAjanA aDhAra kalAkanI majUrI karavA lAgI gayA. vizvayuddhanA pratikAra karatI, ekaja rASTranI vahIvaTI ghaTanA. vizvayuddha pachInA, kasoTInA be dazakA purA thavA AvyA hatA. paheluM vizvayuddha laDanArA yuddhakhAra zAhIvAdIomAM, AgevAna evA kalImenaze nAmanA phrAnsanI sarakAranA vaDA pradhAna tyAre yuddhane dekhyA pachI, i. sa. 1928 mAM peAtAnI jIdaMgInA aMta samaye potAnI eka mulAkAtamAM kahetA hatA ke (: 39 yuddhanI je bhayAnakartAe meM dekhI che, te joi te huM ema mAnatA hatA ke yuropanAM rASTro paNa temAMthI pasAra thayAM hAvAthI have pharI kAivAra khIjuM yuddha laDavAnI lAlasA kAi kadi nahIM' rAkhe. parantu Aje mane ema lAge che ke e dazApara paheAMcatAM haju ApaNe lAMkhI majala kApavAnI che. e majala keTalI lAMkhI haze te huM kahI zakatA nathI, kAraNa ke tenI mane khabara nathI. ' pahelA vizvayuddha A zAhIvAdI vidhAyaka, yuddhanI nAmudI karavAnI ApaNA jagatanI lAyakAta viSe ane tAkAta viSe vadhAre kahI zakatA nahotA. parantu e lAyakAta ane e tAkAtanA pahelA dekhAva, A vizvayuddhanA upa saMhAramAMja racAi cUkayeA hateA. A racanA zAhIvAdI ghaTanAnI nAmudI vinA zakaya ja nahatI. parantu zAhIvAdI athavA sAmrAjyavAdI dhaTanAnI nAbudInuM, athavA e dhaTanAmAMthI thaelI vimuktinuM svarUpa tA ekalA raziyAmAM zarU thayuM hatuM. tyAMnI sAmAjika krAntine pAyA, zAhIvAdI ghaTanA, ane saMsthAnika parAdhIna ghaTanA, athavA A banne ghaTanAe je eka ja ghaTanA hatI, tenI nAbUdI para zarU thai cUkayuM hatuM, tathA A svarUpanI dhaTanA, A ekaja deza para ArabhAi cUkI hatI. A eka ja rASTre muDIvAdI ghaTanA, je sAmrAjya vAdanA pAyA haiAya che. tenI nAbudI karavAnA hajI to AraMbha ja karavA mAMDayA hatA. A ArbhanA samaye, bAkInA jagatanuM rUpatA sAmrAjyavAdI, ane saMsthAnika parAdhInatA vALuM ja hatuM. A jUnuM jagata peAtAnuM patana aTakAvavA

Page #795
vizva itihAsanI rUparekhA macI paDayuM hatuM, tathA peAtAnI nAbudI mAganArA pelA samAjavAdI krAntinA nUtana dekhAvane nAza karavA badhI krUratA ane bhiSaNatA dhAraNa karatuM hatuM. 74 A, ati bhayAnaka ane kaTokaTInA samayanI dareka paLanA hisAba khatavatA, ane ekeeka, AMdelanapara samayanI sakhtAinI nirdayatAbharI karuNatA dhAraNa karato, polAdI paurUSanuM nAma pAmelA, pelA krAntimAnava samAjavAdI ghaTanAnuM rUpa ghaDatara karatA jANe mAnava virATanA dhaNa khanIne vizvaitihAsanI eraNa para dhAva jhIMkatA hatA. garIbanI jhUMpaDImAM janmelA, ane dhAsanI chAparI nIcenA dharamAranI yAtanAnI agniparIkSAemAM tapI tapIne peAlAdI banelA, A adA mAnava, jyAre sAsA kahevAtA hatA, ane vIza varasanI uMmaramAM ja mAkasa` ane eMjalsanA abhyAsa karavAnA aparAdha mATe, zALAmAMthI kADhI mUkAtA hatA tyAra pachI vItI gaelAM, paMceAtera varasAnI yAdane ekaThI karIne e atima divasane dekhatA, ekarAra karatA peAtAnI AkhI jIMdagInI aMtima najarane khAkhAmAM nihALatA hatA. lenInanuM je svapna hatuM, te svapnane jIvanavyavahAranI ghaTanAmAM ja peAlAdanA AkAra ghaDIne, eNe, lenInanI yAdamAM......lenIna, jeneA rASTrapitA hatA, te rUsI pharajaMdane raziyA para maDhelI nUtana duniyAne vArasA ajila bharIne dai dIdhA hatA. e AkArane dhaDavA, eNe letInanA svapnane paNa ati mahAna banAvI dIdhuM hatuM. eNe rUsI kudaratanI niraMkuzatAne vijJAna ane jIvana vahIvaTanA, aMkuza nIce sthApavA, jamIta para, dirayA para, rAna verAnapara, nadInALAMpara, jaMgalA ane araNyApara, saMskRtinA DhALa DhALI dIdhA hatA. A badhuM karavA eka pAchaLa bIjI yAjanAenA jaMgI AkAra, asAdhAraNa evI udyoga dhaTanAne trosa ja varasamAM dhaDI cUkyA hatA. rUsI dharatIe A itihAsa mAnavanI yeAjanA nIce, aneka dhanabhaMDArA, ane dhAtue tathA telanAM, pote bhArI rAkhelAM bhaDArIyAM, khAlI dIdhAM hatAM. paravatAnI divAlo vidhAi gai hatI, raNaverAna para lIleAtarI sarajAI gai hatI, araNyA para saMskAra yeAjanA AvI gai hatI. badA para jahAjo la'garAtAM hatAM, dharatI para yaMtra vAhanA dhamadhamI uThayAM hatAM. AkAzamAM vAyuyAnA viharatAM hatAM. dhare dhare ane AMgaNe AMgaNe A nUtana jIvananI ghaTanAnA ja zabda guMjatA hatA. gAme gAma, zikSaNanAM saMskAra dhaTakA maDAi cUkayAM hatAM. vidyApIThonAM virATa svarUpo, sau mAnavAne saMskRtinAM virATa rUpanI sAdhanA karavAnI pharajapara khaDAM karatAM hatAM. kavinI, kavitA, citrakAranI pichI, zALAnA abhyAsakrama A eka ja

Page #796
visamAM saikAnI saskRtinI cha'dagI 775 svapnanA niradhAranI sevAmAM lAgI jAva, evuM mAna A bhUmi paranuM lekhaDI zista sarajI gayuM hatuM. zAMtimaya sahuastitvanI paradezanIti. A vidhAnane lIdhe ja zAMtinI jALavaNI zakaya banI hatI. A vidhAnane lIdhe ja sapara AkramaNa karavAnI, yuddhakhAra evI zAhIvAdI dhaTanA hi Mmata hArI gai hatI. A nUtana saMskRtinI nUtana ghaTanAe potAnA svarakSaNanI peAlAdI killebaMdhI sarjI dIdhI hatI ane tene eka mAtra vyavahAra bahAranI daramyAnagIrI ane AkramaNakhArIne bhUmiparathI bahAra rAkhavAnA hatA. have AvI tAkAtane dhAyA pachIja, je zakaya hatI tevI zAhIvAdI ghaTanAnA ekeeka rASTra sAthe paNa zAMtimaya, sahakAramaya, evI sahaastitvanI jIMdagI jIvavAnI vizva zAMtinI paradezanItine eNe dhAraNa karavAnI tAkAta A eka ja dezapara trIsa ja varasamAM bAMdhI dIdhI hatI. A tAkAta vaDeja eNe zAhIvAdI jagata sAthe samAnabhAve ane khIna daramyAnagIrIneA svIkAra karAvIne, zAMtimaya sahaastitvanI paradezanIti dhAraNa karavAnI lAyakAta prApta karI hatI. * vizvazAMtinI paradezanItine ane zAhIvAdI ghaTanA sAthe paNa sahaastitvanI jIvana dhaTanAne vavAnI nItinuM lenInanuM svapna rUsI dharatIpara polAdanA padA'mAM laDIne pelA, vizvaitihAsanA, dhaDavaiyA, aMta samaye, itihAsanA eka mAtra vArasadAranuM AvAhana karatA hatA. je tenuM, rUsI leAkavirATanuM ja " ItihAsa nirmANa' hatuM, te tene, lAkavirATaneja tenI sAcavaNI mATe ane trIsa varasamAM je dhaNuM karavAnuM bAkI rahI gayuM hatuM te purU karavA mATe daI detA, bhAratanA rASTra pitAe uccArelA zabdane ja guMjArava karatA hoya tema kahetA hatA, "tuMja, mArA rASTranA samudAya tuM jaeka, mArA, adhidevatA che. '' evA, lenIna pachInA, lenInathI ya adA evA, itihAsa vidhAyaka, maraNa pAmatA pahelAM, sIbhUminI vimukitanA rakSaka paNa banI cUkayA. rUsIkrAntinI agniparikSA zarU thaI. khIjA vizvayuddhamAM, AkhA yurApa ane eziyAne jItIne, zAhIvAdI phAsIvAdI dhaTanA, sarva sa MhAra mATe, rUsa para AvI paheAMcI tyAre kALa jevA A karAla purUSe, vimukitanI rakSA mATe leAkavirATanuM AvAhana, peAtAnA jIvanabharanA leAka anurAgane yAda karIne karyuM. rUsI raNubhAma para vimukitanI kAyAmAM racAyelAM nUtana evA sau rUsInagare| sTAlInagrADa banyAM, rUsI raNabheAma para grAma TakA, sTAlIna ghaTakA banyAM. rUsI raNabheAma para jaMgale, jhADIe, vADIe, vaLe, upavane, vimukitanI virATa kAyA sTAlInanI

Page #797
G7) vizva itihAsanI rUparekhA pilAdI kAyA banI hatI eTaleja te AkramaNane TALavAnI abheda banelI virATane dehanI divAla vatI divAla banI zakI. eTale ja jyAre ItihAsano samayaDa ke enA avasAnanI jAherAta kare vizvanagaramAM lekamAnanA aMtaranAda ubharAvato hato tyAre je raziyana sarakArano vidhisarano vaDe adhikArI paNa nahe tevA pelA ItihAsa mAnavanA mAnamAM gAMdhIjInA mAnamAM namele azokadhvaja anurAgathI name ane gAMdhIjInA mAnamAM ja bhAratanI sarakAranI pArlAmenTanAM banne gRhe baMdha thayAM hatAM te pramANe A mahAnubhAvanA mAnamAM paNa baMdha rahayAM. vizvaItihAsanA zAMtimAnava neharUe ene aMjali detAM kahyuM, "jyAre vizvayuddha raziyAnA AMgaNuM para AkramaNa karatuM AvI pahoMcyuM tyAre jeNe mahAna yoddhA tarIkenI prazasti meLavI che tathA jeNe kaTokaTInA ane AphatanA asAdhAraNa samayamAM paNa pitAnI vizvazAMtinI nItine jALavI rAkhI che, te yuddha ane zAMti banne samayanA, mahAna evA sTAlInane ApaNe aMjali daIe chIe." sTAlIna yugane aMta samaya ane vimuktiyuganI vyApakatA zAhIvAdI ghaTanAnI yuddhakhora kAryavAhInA sauthI moTA dhasArAne potAnA rASTranAM pAdaramAM ja cUrNa vicUrNa karI nAkhanAra samAjavAdI ghaTanAnA 1934 mAM zarU thaelA, saMpUrNa evA lekazAhI taMtramAM paNa saramukhatyArI jevA kAyama rahelA vahIvaTI taMtranA niyAmaka ane saMcAlaka, sTAlInane maraNa pachI jagatanI zAhIvAdI ghaTanAnA amerikana paradeza maMtrIe AnaMdanI ghelachAmAM AvIne jAherAta karI dIdhI ke, "have sTAlIna yuga aMta pAme che ane Aijhenahevara yuga AraMbhAya che." paNa A jAherAtanI bAlIzatA para AkhuM jagata hasatuM hatuM. amerikana zAhIvAdI zaMkhalAonAM najarANuM laIne jagatane gulAma banAvavA nikaLanAra, lazkarI jUthenI kAryavAhIo ane karAra karanAra, tathA jagata paranI vimuktinI hilacAlene kacaDI nAkhavAnAM aneka kAvatarAMo karanAra amerikana zAhIvAdanA pramukhane jamAne have zarU thAya che evI, e sarakAranA paradeza maMtrI Dalese potAnA khAnagI divAsvapna jevI taraMgI jAherAta karI. kharI rIte te ItihAsamAM eziyA ane AphrikAnA rASTro have vimukta banavA mAMDayAM hatAM tathA rUsI vimuktie saramukhatyArazAhI jevA te samayamAM anIvArya rIte jarUrI banelA, taMtra nIce zAhIvAdanI vizva ghaTanAne DAre tevI audyogika, laDAyaka ane vizvayuddhane khALanArI vizvazAMtinI tAkAta jamAvI

Page #798
visamA saikAnI saMskRtinI aMdagI hatI ane navAM vimukta banatAM rASTronI taraphadArI vadhAre nirNayAtmaka rIte nakkara ane saphaLa rIte vyavahArU banAvI hatI. eTale ja have saramukhatyArI jevA vahIvaTI taMtranI vimuktinAM navAM rASTra rUpe janmatA hatAM tyAre jarUra rahI nahatI paraMtu lekazAhInAM vimukta rASTranAM svarUpa ja zAhIvAdI vighaTanAne mukAbale, lekazAhI tarIke kAyama rahIne paNa, have karI zake tema hatuM. itihAsanI jIMdagImAMthI nipajeluM jIvataranuM mUlya, kAnUna mAnavajAtane itihAsa jANe kAnUnane ja ItihAsa heya tema samAna janI prAthamika dazAthI mAMDIne kAnUnI sAthe zarU thaele dekhAya che. mAnavajIvanane Ama karavuM athavA A karavuM ane te na karavuM evA vidhio ane niSedha ApanAra kAnUnanuM rUpa AraMbhamAM prAthamika samAjomAM ToLAonA AgevAne jevA gurUjanenI AjJAo hatI. pachI rajavADAzAhIne jamAne ApaNA jagatanA ati prAcIna ane prAcIna pUrvadezomAM AraMbhA ane khUba lAMbe cAlyo. ThAkara rAjAo ane cakravartionA A jamAnAmAM kAnUnanuM rUpa rAjAonI AjJAonuM banyuM. rAjAomAM rAja athavA rAjakartAhargo umerAyA tathA rAjanuM zAsakarUpa kAnUnI smRtio tarIke lakhAyuM. A smRtio pAchaLa zAsananI tAkAta je samazeranI tAkAta hatI te ja kAnunane amala AkhA samAja vyavahAramAM karAvatI hatI tathA tenA amala mATe A tAkAtanI sakhtAInAM aneka svarUpa racAtAM. rajavADI jIvana paddhatimAM kAyadA athavA kAnUnanuM A svarUpa sAmAnya lekasamudAyapara eka sarakhI sakhtAIthI lAgu paDatuM. pachI sakhtAInuM A svarUpa samAjamAM uparanA vargamAM pisatAM DhIluM thaI jatuM hatuM. nyAyanI A asamAnatA smRtiomAM ja Ava jAtanA nyAyabheda athavA asamAnatA vALuM lakhAtuM ane cheka Toca para eTale rAjamAM pahoMcatAM kAnananuM A rUpa sAva nirarthaka banI jatuM tathA rAjA athavA zAsakanuM ravarUpa kAnunathI uparavaTa athavA kAnUnanI bahAranuM lekhAtuM. samAjanA jIvanavyavahAramAM cAlatA kAnUnanI uparavaTa athavA sarvoparI evA A zAsaka svarUpanI Toca rAjAne potAne devI tarIke sthApana karatI. prAcIna itihAsanI jIMdagImAM zahenazAhanA zikhara para birAjatuM A svarUpa bhAratanI bhUmi para ApaNune bhagavAna banI gaeluM mAlama paDe che. paNa itihAsanI jIdagImAM tyAMthI udyogavAda ane yuropIya rASTravAdanA AraMbhamAM ApaNe utarI paDIne dekhIe te rajavADAzAhInuM kAyadAnI uparavaTanuM sarvopari ane ravachaMda zAsanarUpa nAza pAmavA mAMDayuM hatuM. iMglenDamAM 98

Page #799
98 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA ,, A sarvoparitAnuM sthAna ekalA mahArAjAne ApavAne badale, '* jIga--napArlAmenTa ' nAmaneA zabda yeAjIte enathAmanA kAyadA zAstra pAralAmenTane sazaktimAna sthAnapara caDhAvI dIdhI ane rAjAne tene sahakA kara banAvI dIdhe. phrAnsanI krAntimAM rAjAnI sarva zaktimatAne khilakula khatama karI nAkhavAmAM AvI tathA kAnUna ghaDavAnI ane tene amala karavAnI badhI tAkAta pAralAmenTane athavA rAjyataMtrane athavA sTeTane suparata karavAmAM AvI. A sTeTa athavA yureApIya rAjyataMtra sAmrAjyavAdI athavA zAhIvAdI banIne jagatane jItavA mATe nIkaLI paDyuM. A jagata athavA zAhIvAdI yuropIya rASTranu sAmrAjya ghaNAM rAjyA athavA pradezAnu' baneluM hatuM. paNa A pradeza para pele lokazAhI kahevAtA kAnUna je ekalA zAhIvAdI evA yuropanA rASTra pratAja hatA te amala pAmI zakayA ja nahIM. A sAmrAjya paranA kAnUna te svacchaMda sa sattAdhikArI evA sAmrAjyavAdI rAjya athavA sTeTanI icchAneA ja kAnuna banyA. parantu A samayathI ja eka nUtana savAla vizvaitihAsamAM nikAla mAgatA janma pAmyA. A savAla AMtararASTrIya kAnUnaneA hato. Aja sudhI Ave kAI kAnUna hatA ja nahIM. Aja sudhI, zAhIvAdI rAjyanA vanane kaeN adhikArane, akuzamAM rAkhe tevA kAi kAnUna, tenA sAmrA jya mATe racAyeAja nahotA. sAmrAjyane mATe teA, sAmrAjya racanArU rAjya saMpUrNa mAlIka athavA, saMpUrNa rIte svacchaMda ApakhUda ane sasattAdhikArI ane kAnUnanI kAipaNa samAnatA vinAnuM, eka haththu zAsaka hatuM.

Page #800
zAMtimaya sahaastitvanI vizva-bhUmikA 41 zAMtimaya mahaastitvavALu jagata keTaluM mA? phrenca krAntipachI tarata ja janmelA, ane sAhityanI rezamAnTika hilacAlanA AgevAna banelA, (1802-1885) vikaTara hayugA, yuropIya krAntikALanA jamAnAnAM paribaLAne dekhI cUkayA hatA. phrAnsamAM bhajavAI gayelA. vizva-itihAsanI jhakajyAta jevA, perIsa kAmyunanA samayamAM A sAhityasvAmI tyAranI nezanala eseMbalImAM cUMTAyA hatA, pachI e elajIana sarakAramAM paNa cUMTAyA parantu sAmAjika parivartananA enA krAntikArI khyAlAne lIdhe ene ( , sarakAramAMthI baratarapha karavAmAM AvyA. Akhare e pAche . perIsamAM AvI paheAMcyA ane tyAMnI seneTamAM cUMTAyA ane i. sa. 1885nA menI 31mIe avasAna pAmelA A mahAnubhAvanA maDAne enI aMtima IcchA pramANe eka garIbanI hAya tevI maDApeTImAM padharAvIne traNa divasa sudhI leAkazAhInA pATanagaranuM mAna pAmavA, dabadabAbharI rIte penthIonapara rAkhavAmAM AvyuM. vizvaRtihAsanA AgevAneAmAM, vikaTara yugenuM nAma prathama paMktimAM AvyuM tathA tyAMthI eNe uccArelI mAnavajAtanA itihAsanA, AvI paheAMcavAnA, nUtana dInanI AgAhI itihAsamAM amara banI gaI, ke, " evA divasa AvI pahoMcaze, jyAre tApaneA gALeA saMgrahasthAnAmAM ja goThavAi gayA haze tathA tyAM tene dekhatAM, ane AvI zaramajanaka vastunuM astitva mAnavasamAjamAM saMbhavI zake, te taraph AvatI kAlanAM jagatanAM nAgarike ajAyakhI batAvatAM haze, ane evA divasa paNa AvI paheAMcaze jyAre, yunAITeDa sTeTasa opha yuropa ane yunAiTeDa sTeTasa eka amerikA nAmanAM e rASTrathA mahAsAgara upara thai te, saMyukta bhadhubhAvamAM potAnA hAtha milAvatAM haze... ' x x "A day will come when a cannon ball will be exhibited in public museums, and people will be amazed that, such a thing could ever have been ! A day will come when these two immence groups,

Page #801
vizva itihAsanI rUparekhA vikaTara yugeAnA A zo vizvaitihAsanI AgekUcanuM eNe tyAre kareluM darzana che. A, AgekUcamAM Aje tyArapachI aradhA saikA jeTalA samayamAM ja, ApaNI pRthvIpara, vizvatihAsanI nUtana rozanInI jhalaka jevI, eziyA AphrikAnI nUtana vimuktinI rASTrapaktie, AlekhAvA mAMDI che tathA, hayugAe kahelAM pelAM e, rASTrAthAnI sAthe, samAna, ane bInadaramyAnagIrInA nUtana pAyApara, vizvabaMdhutvane AMtararASTriya vyavahAra dhaDavAnI ati hAsika pharajapara caDhI cUkI che. 80 ApaNe icchIe ke, I. sa. 1849mAM uccArAyelI A vikaTara hayugAnI vizvanA bhAvi mATenI icchA sAcI paDe, ane a MgrejI tathA amerikI zAhIvAdI ghaTanAne, jagatane gulAma banAvavAnI temanI AjanI yeAjanAone choDavI paDe tathA mAnava baMdhutAnA ravIkAra sAthe te aNunI sasa MhAraka tAkAtanAM pradarzInA karavAnI ghelachAmAMthI ugarI jaIne vizvabAMdhavatAnI AMtararASTrIya tAkAtane ja aMjali ApavA yAgya tAkAta tarIke mAne, parantu A icchAnI sAthe sAthe ja AjanI tArIkha sudhInA A banne zAhIvAdI rASTrajAthAnI yuddhakhAra vartaNuka ApaNe bhUlI zakatAM nathI ja. zAMtiya sahaastitvanI duniyAnI jarUriyAtanuM darzana phrecakrAnti pachI tarata ja, athavA samAnanA AMtararASTriya itihAsapatranI phrecakrAntimAM ghaTanA thayA pachI tarata ja thavA mAMDayuM hatuM. A darzIna, jevuM vikaTara hrayugee AlekhyuM tevuM, dana ApaNane tyAranI duniyAnA saMkucita rUpano piracaya karAve che. mAnava mAtra ,, (C vikaTara hyugA e, je duniyA mATe zAMtimaya sahaastitvane Ada evA, sahakArI ane samAna nyAyavALA, rASTra rASTra vaccenA the United States of America and the United States of Europe, will be placed in the presence of each other extending the hand of fellowship across the ocean, exchanging their produce, their industries their Arts, their genius, clearing the earth, peopling the desert, improving creation under the eye of tht creator, of uniting for the good of all, these two irrisitible and infinite powers, the fraternity of men and the the power of god " Victor, Hugo.

Page #802
zAMtimaya sahaastitvanI viva-bhUmikA 781 jIvana vyahavAra raju karyo, te duniyA ene mana be rASTra jUthonI. ja banI hatI. e be rASTra jUthamAMnuM eka jUtha, eTaleMTika mahAsAgaranA eka kinAre vasatuM, yuropIya rASTronuM jUtha hatuM ane bIjuM jUtha e ja mahAsAgaranA bIjA kinAre zodhI kaDhAyeluM, yunAITeDa sTeTasa opha amerikA nAmanuM rASTra jUtha hatuM. vikaTara yuga jevA ArSadraSTAnI najara paNa jagatanA AkhA, ane ati vizALa tathA, viraTa evA svarUpane dekhI zakI na hatI. A vizALa jagatanAM aneka rASTro hiMdImahAsAgarane ane pAsiphika mahAsAgarane kinAre paDayAM hatAM. A rASTromAMja jagatanI janmadAtA, vizvasaMskRtine prathama udaya thayo hate. paNa A badhorASTra samuha, tyAre gulAma hato. A badhA gulAma rASTro, vimukita pAme tathA, vikaTara hyugee gaNAvelAM pelAM be rASTra jUtha vacce ja nahi paNa A tamAma rASTro vacce, samAnabhAvavALuM, ane bInadaramyAna gIrIvALuM, zAMtimaya sahaastitvanuM jagatarUpa te jamAnAmAM vikaTara iMgone paNa dekhAyuM na hatuM. tyAranI yurepanI najaramAM to jagata yurepa ane yunAITeDa sTeTasathI meTuM nahotuM. vikaTara hayuga AkhuM jagata dekhI zake nahe. paraMtu Aje vizvaItihAsanuM jIvanataMtra, A tamAma rASTromAM kriyAzila banyuM hatuM. vizva ItihAsanAM paribaLo jevI A rASTra samUhonI atihAsika prakriyAnuM, paheluM rUpa, pahelA vizvayuddha pachI vimuktinI hilacAla banIne dekhAyuM hatuM ane bIjA vizvayuddha pachI A vimuktinI hilacAlee, potapotAnA rASTromAM eka pachI eka evAM vimukta rASTra ekamonuM rUpa dhAraNa karavA mAMDyuM hatuM. vimukta evAM A khUnanA rASTronI nanana ane samAna evI hastIne svIkAra, saMyukta rASTra saMsthAmAM paNa thayo hato. A rIte vizva vizALa banyuM athavA, sAcA arthamAM AkhuM vizva banavA mAMDyuM ane vizvabharanA ekeeka rASTra, AMtararASTriya sahaastitvanAM samAna ane sArvabhauma ekame banavA mAMDayA, paraMtu tyAre vikaTara hyugenI najara paNa jagatanI gaNanAmAM A rASTrone gaNI zakI na hatI. paraMtu vimukta ghaTaka tarIke potAnI jAtanuM prasthApana have temaNe karavA mAMDayuM hatuM. saAyatu sarvata, AMtararASTriya kAnUnanI pahelI gItAMjali gatane AMtararASTriya kAnananI bheTa ApanAra saMskRtinI vizva-kAnunanI nyAya samatAnI nUtana ane yugavarti tane jagatanA ItihAsamAM pahelI vAra

Page #803
782 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA pragaTAvanAra jo kAi atihAsika paribaLa hAya to te paribaLa parAdhIna pradezanI vimuktinI hilacAla athavA eziyA AphrikAnI vimuktinI hilacAla che, ema kahI zakAya. A hilacAle, vizvaitihAsamAM pahelIvAra AMtararASTriya kAnUnane mAnava jAtanA jIvataramAM janamAvyA tathA, mAnava saMskRtinA jIvataranA saMskAra svarUpamAM, krAntikArI evuM jIvanamUlya nipajAvI dIdhuM,

Page #804
787 zAMtimaya sahaastitvanI vikava-bhUmikA kavitA jevI jabAnamAM gItanI aMjali ApatuM koI gAtuM hoya te avAja pUrvanI bhUmi para pahelIvAra saMbhaLAya. A avAja sau mAne, sau, rASTromAMthI, saune samAnabhAve eka kAnunanuM, eka sarakhuM AMtararASTriya zAsana hoya tyAM AvavAnuM AvAhana Apate hate. evuM eka vizvanuM eka kAnUnI AMtararASTriya zAsana A pRthvI para jyAre koI khuNuM para eka paNa paga goThavI zakAya tevI jamIna para paNa hatuM. nahiM tyAreja, kalakattA pAsenA bolapura nAmanA gAmaDAnA pAdaramAM, eka upavanamAM ceDAMka jhUMpaDAMo bAMdhIne A jhuMpaDAone vizvabhAratInuM nAma ApIne, mAnava mAnava vaccenA, sahakAra sahacAra ane anurAganA pAyA para jagatabharanAM sau rASTranAM dikarAdikarIone eka AMtararASTriya kAnUna racavAnI nizALa mAMDIne, ravindranAtha nAmano eka zikSaka pitAnA A nAnakaDA saMskAra jagata para pATIyuM laTakAvatuM hatuM, "sarve Ayatu sarvata :" ( purANa prAcIna, ane mAthAM bAMdhelI saMskRta bhASAmAM lakhelA A pATIyAnA AvAhana pAchaLanI vizvabhAratInA jIvana rUpamAM, jIvananA vijJAnanI chellAmAM chellI badhI saMskRtinI suramya rekhAo ahIM ghaDAI hatI. A vizvabhAratamAM vijJAnanAM yaMtro dekhavAmAM AvatAM hatAM paraMtu, vijJAnanAM badhAM sAdhanee dIdhelI sarakAra draSTinuM ahIM mAnava vyavahAranA padArtha pAThamAM Ayojana thayuM hatuM. vijJAnanAM je sAdhanAo mAnava jAtane, TelIgrApha ane TelIphonanI tAkAta dIdhI hatI, tathA tenI AMkhane sUkSmadarzananI je saMskAra daSTi enAmAM enAyata karI hatI, tathA tenA pagane sTImara ke balUnanI je saMskAranI jhaDapa enAmAM bharI hatI te badhIja, vijJAnanI tAkAta, ahIM, kAnUna banIne vizvabhAratImAM mAnava mAnava vaccenA saMskAra ghaDataranA saMskRtinA AMtararASTriya sAmAjika guNamAM kAyApalaTa pAmIne ahIM AvI pahoMcI hatI. nyuTanane mahAta karanAre vizva nAgarika e ja arasAmAM jyAre zAhIvAdI jagatamAM saMhAranI racanA ubharAvA mAMDI hatI. tyAre saMhAranI e racanA sAme vizva saMskRtinA A jyotirdharane avAja araNya rUdana je kaMpI uThIne AInasTAIna nAmanA mahA vaijJAnikana vizvazAMtinA aMtaranAda sAthe joDAI jatA hatA.. A AInasTAIne nyuTanane mahAta karyo hate. ekeeka padArtha, je tene dhakko mArIne gati ApavAmAM na Ave te te sthiticusta rahetA hoya che evA nyuTananA khyAlane pharIvAra pAcho pADavAmAM Avyo. eNe jAherAta karI hatI

Page #805
vizva itihAsanI rUparekhA 74 ke ekeeka padArtha gatimAM che ane gatimAna evA padArtha mAtra pAtapeAtAnI gatinA pramANamAM ja dareka khIjA padArtha sAthe sabaMdha dharAvatA hoya che." e sabaMdha tinA sApekSa saMbadha che, paNa e sApekSatA ekalI padArthanI gatine lAgu nathI paDatI paNa gatinI dizAne paNa lAgu paDe che. eTale padAnI gati ane dizA banne sApekSa che ane tenI sAthe padArthanuM kada paNa joDAyeluM che tathA avakAza vartuLAkAra che ane tethI avakAzamAM UDatAM rajakaNAgraha nakSatro anaMtanA paridha para UDe che. ajaba banelA buddhimAneAte heratamAM garakAva karatA e vaijJAnika, gaNitanA AMkaDA gaNatA AgaLa kahetA hatA, " jema avakAza sApekSa che tema samaya paNa sApekSa che. bhUta, vamAna, ane bhaviSya A badhI sApekSatAmAM traNa biMdue che tathA prakAzanI gati je sau gatimAM sarvoparI jhaDapavALI che teTalI, eka sekanDanI 186,00 mAilanI jhaDapathI jo kAi mANasa gati karI zake te te, tenA bhUtakALane pAchA pADI de, ane tenA janmanA samayabiMdune bhaviSyamAM choDI de. evI jhaDapavALA mANasa pariNAmAne tenAM kAraNeA pahelAM nIrakhI zake zake ane banAvA ane te pahelAM ja temane te jovA mAMDe." t 66 O pAche e samajAvatA hatA paNa ApaNI pRthvI paranA samayanI ghaTanA badhe lAgu paDe tevI nathI. ApaNA samaya-ApaNeAdivasa tA mAtra ApaNI pRthvInI sUraja AsapAsanI gatinA eka AMTAnA ja hisAba che. ApaNA divasa e eka AMTAnI gatinA mApa jevI eka lAkaDI ja che. ' avakAzamAMnA je tArAmAMthI prakAzanAM kiraNAne ApaNe tyAM pahoMcatAM daza lAkha varasa lAge che te tArAne dekhIe tyAre ApaNe daza lAkha varasa pahelAMnA tArAne ja dekhIe chIe. eTale avakAza, e samayanu mApa che ane samaya, avakAzanuM mApa che. banne ekabIjA upara avalaMbe che, paNa banne padArthonI gatinI be bAjue che. basa, vAsta vikatA AvI ane ATalI ja che tathA samayanA cothA parimANavALI che.'' e vAta e hatI ke prakAza padArthanA paramANugmAnA banelA che ane nyuTane batAvelA niyama karatAM egaNA vadhAre prakAza phaMTAya che ane e biMdue vaccenuM aMtara sIdhI lITI nahi paNa phaeNTAyelI lITI che. jANe eka ja rAtamAM nyuTananA vijetA banIne bahAra nIkaLI AvelA A vaijJAnika para buddhie mugdha banIne evAraNAM lIdhAM. yurIce ene potAnI vidyApIThanA adhyApaka navA vinaMtI mokalI. mazahUra vaijJAnika leArejhe ene vaijJAnikAmAM mahAna tarIke jAhera karyo. yuTresTa ane leDanI prakhyAta vidyApIThAe paNa pAtAne tyAM adhyApakapada svIkAravAnI ene vinatIe karI.

Page #806
zAMtimaya sahaastitvanI viva-bhumikA 785 A bahumAnAthI kaMTALato e kahetA hatA, " De. helInI koThImAM huM kArakuna hatA tyAre ja mane vadhAre nirAMta hatI. ' haja e enI nizALanAM varase bhUlyA nahotA. 'peTara leMgaveIla, ane ' phAdhara bAra " kahIne enI ThekaDI karatA enI pAchaLa doDatA avAje ane yadadI hovAthI dhikkArAyelo che ane pote varga choDIne bhAgI gayo hato te badhA bacapaNanA banAva haju e bhUlI zakayA nahotA. paNa have to e mahAvaijJAnika banI cakyo hato. have ene elajIemanI rANInuM AmaMtraNa AvyuM hatuM. belajIemanI rANIne A jagamazahura banelA vaijJAnikanAM darzananI ugra IcchA thai AvI hatI. nakkI karelA divase TrenanA eka sAmAnya DabAmAMthI eka hAthamAM bega pakaDIne ane bagalamAM vAlIna bharAvIne e Utaryo te belajIemanI rANIne ghera pahoMcavA utAvaLAM DagalAM bharato rastA parathI cAlavA mAMDaze. paNa enuM to sTezana para ja mAta karavAnuM hatuM ! mAna karanArI amaladArI hae

Page #807
Ge vizva itihAsanI rUparekhA rasAlA ene drUnanA DabAomAM zodhatA nirAza banIne pAchA jatA hatA ane nAmadAra bAnune khabara karavA mATe pAchA AvI paDeoMcyA hatA. * AinasTAina...pote Aje nathI padhAryAM, ' paNa tyAMtA AlbarTa AinasTAina rANInA mahAlaya zodhI kADhatA AvI paheAMcyA. Apane mATe mokalelI gADIne upayAga Ape kema na karyA, hera, DAkaTara ! ' rANI A vizvavaijJAnikane dekhatI tAjIba banI. < ' rastA paranI saphara ghaNI AnaMdI nIvaDI, nAmadAra mahArANI !' eNe vivekathI smita karyuM.. evI pAtAnI vIti gaelI aneka yAdovaLI jIMdagImAM Aje A mahAnubhAva vizvayuddhanI kikIyArI pAtAnI bhUmipara sAMbhaLatA gamagIna thaine potAnA niradhAra jAhera karatA hatA. - A vizva vigraha eka mahA jaMgalI ane nIca tathA galIca aparAdha che. mArA dehanA TukaDe TukaDA karI nAkheA tAya huM enA bahiSkAra pukAravAnA chuM. ' paNa enA bahiSkAra para hasatA jarmana lazkaravAda vizvayuddha khAlatA hatA tyAre aralIna nagaranA eka dharanA eka oraDAmAM A vaijJAnika gamagIna beThA hatA. e jAhera karatA hatA. huM mAruM jama`na nAgarikapada cheADI dau chuM...huM jarmana nathI...huM jagatanA eka namra nAgarika AlbarTa chuM.' kahetA A vizvanAgarika potAnI patnIne samajAvate te, ApaNe hAlenDa jaie." paNa prAcIna evA mahAna hiMda dezathI Ave che te mahAkavi TAgAra pAchA jAya pachI... pachI tarata ja ApaNe jaMgalanI kheDa banatA A jana deza cheDI daizuM. ApaNe e mahAnubhAvane ApaNA kAputhanA makAnamAM AvakAravAnA chIe, eTale rokAI jaIe.' 1930 nA julAinI 14 mIe AlbarTa AinasTAinane tyAM khANuM levA eziyAnI uSAne lalakAratA mahAnubhAva mahAkavi AvI paheAMcyA. IMgle DathI jarmanIne ene Akhe raste e mahAkavinA bahumAnamAM yuropanAM naranArI ubharAyA karatAM hatAM. A khanne vizva nAgarikA bhegA maLyA ane vAte vaLagyA, ApanA dezamAM jIvanane ja upAdhi mAnavAmA Ave che, mahAkavi..?" AinasTAine pUchyuM. ' tenuM te du:kha che..." TAgore smita karatAM kahyuM, * paNa satyane sAkSAtkAra thAya nahi tyAM sudhI upAdhi jAya nahi. paNa ame upAdhimAMja mAnIe chIe. ame satyAgrahanA sAmudAi dAyika sAkSAtkAra karavAnA prayAga karI jANyA che." ane vizva

Page #808
zAMtimaya sahaastitvanI viva-bhumika nAgArake nirmaLa dekhAyA. baMnenI anurAgI najara eka bIjAmAM parovAyelI Apale karI rahI, "ame, ame yurepa para thatA parasparanA saMhAranI veLAe tamArA satyAgrahanA sAmudAyika darzanapara mITa mAMDI rahayAM chIe." AlbarTa AInasTAIne udAsIna bhAva dhAraNa karIne AgaLa kahyuM. jema IlekaTrana ane proTInane banele padArthane paramANu AkhA jagata sAthenA padArtha jagata sAthenA sumeLa saMbaMdhathI...bolatA mahA vaijJAnike, mahA kavipara mITa mAMDI "amAre aNu, saMhAranuM sAdhana bane che tyAre tamAre tyAre satyAgraha amArI saMhAraka ghaTanAne savinaya bhaMga kare che. te bhale te saphaLa banA" TAgoranA gayA pachI AInasTAina hiMdanA darzane AvI pahoMcyo. eNe kalakattAnA suvarNagaMganagaramAM rIkSA dIThI. rIkSAne kheMcavAvALA aDadho namI gaele mANasa dekhate e ghavAI gayo. ene eziyAI jIvananI pachAta ghaTanA AMkho sAme dekhAI. zAhIvAdI yuddha ghaTanAe mAMDI dIdheluM yuddha eNe te ahIM rojanI jIvanadhaTanAmAMja dIThuM. pachI e cIna gayo. tyAM paNa jIvananI e ja karapINutA ene kerI khAtI hatI. paNa tyAre ja pele mahAkavi rUsa dezanI yAtrA karIne pAcho pharate hate. eNe tyAM jIvanavikAsanA AkAra ne dharatI, navI racanA dekhI hatI. eziyAnI uSAkALane e kavi rUsI jIvanane prakAza pIte gadagada thate. kahetuM hatuM, "AvI jIvanaprabhA amAre AMgaNe paNa amArA mahAna deza para patharAya eTalI ja bhArI...mArA jIvananI maherachA che." e mahAkavi hiMda deza joga 1930nA sapTembaramAM lakhate ho, mArI yAtrAnI saphaLatA meM rUsa deza dekhIne ja mAnI che. kevI asAdhAraNa rUsI lekanI vIratA che! rUsa deza dekhyA pahelAM e viSe mane kevA uMdhA khyAle hatA! meskanA AmaMtraNa chatAM jo huM e mahAna dezane dekhavA na gaye heta te tyAM Aje cAlI rahelA jagatabharanA sauthI mahAna ane ItihAsanA takhtA paranA sauthI moTA evA aitihAsika zrama yajJane dekhavAthI dUra rahevA badala,mArI jAtane kadI mApha na karI hota.' tyAre pele vaijJAnika AInasTAIna AlbarTa laMDanamAM hatA. tyAre e mahAvaijJAnika eka sAmayikamAM rUsadezanI yAtrA karatA eziyAnA mahAkavine rasa dezane avAja ukelo hato ane khuza thato laMDananI janatAne kahyA karatuM hatuM,

Page #809
88 vizva ItihAsana uparekhA AkhA brahmAMDa bharamAM eka mahAna ekatAnatA che tevI ekatAnatA, susaMgatatA ane saMyukta eka divasa ApaNuM duniyAnI prajAomAM paNa sthapAze ja.." tyArapachI e cIna jApAnanI yAtrA karIne amerikA pahoMcyuM hatuM. pAsiphikanA kinArA para enuM bahumAna karavA vaijJAnikonuM eka moTuM saMmelana ekaThuM thayuM hatuM. hiTalara-phAsIvAde tyAra pachI e mahAna yahudInI uMcAIne pitAnA veMtiyA mApathI mApIne AlbarTa AInasTAInanA mAthAnuM vIzahajAra DolaranuM inAma jAhera karyuM hatuM. evA yuddhara jagatamAM bhUle pahele, A vizvanAgarika amerikAmAM eka garIba ghara bhADe rAkhIne jIvato hate. pachI eziyAnA uSaHkALanA pelA mahAkavinI zamI jayaMti ujavatA kalakattAnA nAgarike jega e saMdeza mokalato kahetuM hatuM, "mArAM svane tUTe che ane huM rUkSa hakIkato dekhuM chuM. paradezI sattAne adhikAra kareDAnI janatAnI zI khAnAkharAbI karI zake che te huM dekhI rahyo chuM. kALanAM cakre aMgrejone pitAnuM hiMdI sAmrAjya choDI devAnI pharaja pADaze... paNa e zoSake pitAnI pAchaLa kevuM hiMda choDI jaze ? saikAothI jIvana viheNA ane zuSka banI gaelA emanA rAjavahIvaTanI pAchaLa teo ukaraDA ane badabonA DhagalA ja mUkI javAnA che." Akhare vizvayuddhanAM kamADa kholanAra phAsIvAdI jarmanIe jenuM gharabAra tArAja karI nAkhyuM hatuM te AInasTAIna nAmano saMskRtine nirAzrita uSa: kALanAM pelA mahA kavine yuddha sAmeno prakopa sAMbhaLatA hatA tathA saMskRti ane vizva zAMtine upahAsa karatA zAhIvAdI yuddhanA saMhAraka dekhAva tarapha aMtaranI yAtanA anubhavatA hatA. tyAre A yAtanAno paDagho pADato hoya tevo avAja, 1942mAM AkhI bhArata bhema para ugra banIne gAjI uThate zAhIvAdane A bhUmi parathI jatA rahevAnI gheSaNa jagavate hate. mAnavadharmanuM vyakitatva, gAMdhI, ane vimuktinI hilacAla A mAnava dharmanuM vyakitatva mohanadAsa karamacaMda gAMdhI nAmanuM mazahUra banyuM. kriyAkAMDanAM kokaDAmAM guMcavAyelA gautama Isu ane mahamadanAM vicAra mUlya A mAnava dharmanA rojabarojanA jIvana vahIvaTamAM sArthakatA pAmyAM. sAbaramatInA kinArA paranI jhuMpaDIomAM mAnavajAte nahIM karelI evI zAMtinI navI bAMgano

Page #810
te zAMtimaya sahaastitvanI viva-bhumikA pahele pUkAra saMbhaLA. A mAnavadharmanuM nAma jIvana vartananuM svarUpa hatuM. A vartananA svarUpamAM keI kriyAkAMDa have nahIM paraMtu mAnava mAnava vaccene baMdhubhAva jIvananA cAritryanuM mUlya banate hate. dharma eTale mAnavamAnava vacce vartanadharma hate. sAmAjika sahaastitvane A kAnUna koI paNa kriyAkAMDa ke deva devaLa vinAno banyo. A kAnUnanI kAryavAhIe saMgrAmanuM satyAgrahI svarUpa dhAraNa karavuM paDyuM. A kAnUnano niSedha karanArUM rU5 zAhIvAdanuM hiMsaka svarUpa hatuM. A hiMsaka ghaTanAnAM ghera cakro pAse jaIne pele sukalakaDI saMta vizvadharmanA pelA traNa pravartakonAM vicAra mulyamAMthI ghaDAyo hoya te ubhe, ane prazAMta paDakAra je ene avAja saMbhaLAye, "eka bhayaMkara yaMtrajALamAM eka TAMkaNuM paDe tema huM tamArI hiMsaka ghaTanAmAM yAhema karIne utarI paDavA mAguM chuM." pachI e utarANa thayuM ane pelI hiMsaka ghaTanAnI zAhIvAdI yaMtra jALanA pilAdI TAMkAo eziyAbharamAMthI tuTavA mAMDyA. eziyAnI vimuktine avAja bIju vizvayuddha jagatapara bhayAnaka banyuM hatuM. ekavIsa mahInAne gAMdhIjIne kArAgAra vAsane samaya aMta pAme hatA. kArAgAranA adhipatie 8mI ogasTanI (1942 nI) madharAte pUrAelA kedIo pAse AvIne 1944nA menA pAcamA divase kahyuM, ke AvatI kAle savAramAM 8 vAge tamAre bIna zaratI TakArAno hukama mArI pAse AvI gayo che. 1944 nA menA divase InaspekaTara janarala opha prijhansa ahIM piNuM ATha vAge hAjara thayo. gAMdhIjIe lAkaDI pakaDIne cAlavA mAMDyuM. "jarAka thobhI jAva mahAtmAjI !" kema !"

Page #811
790 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA "ATha vAgyAnA chUTakArAne thoDIka mInITa bAkI che" pachI AThanA Takore, pelA amaladAre. A kArAgAravAsIone kAMTALA tAranI vADanI bahAra kADhayA. hiMda cheDa"nI laDAyaka hilacAla gAMdhIjIne ane AkhIya mahAsabhAnI kArobArIne kArAgAramAM pUravAthI zamI jaze evI zAhIvAdanI dhAraNA niSphaLa nivaDI. "hiMda choDe" ne anAhata nAda te dharatIne guMjArava hatuM, ane AkhA deza para patharAI jaIne A rASTra jene eka bhUmi bhAga hatA tevA AkhA eziyA khaMDa para vimuktinI hAkalanuM elAna banyuM hatuM. hiMda choDane badale "eziyA cheDA" nuM sUtra janavirATanuM bhAratIya AMdolana banyuM hatuM, eziyA khaMDa para saikAonA sAtame vahyA pachI paNa ene lekasamudAya jIvate mAlama paDe. eziyA bharanA rASTranI asmitAne kacaDI nAkhavAnA zAhIvAdI akhatarA nAkAmiyAba nivaDI cUkyA. mUchita banele virATa prANa ALasa maraDato, abhayane anurAga dharate belyo, "eziyA choDI jAva !" pharI pharIne A bhAratIya tapasvIne tapta prANa zAhIvAdane ekaja savAla pUchato hato, "zI che tamArI yuddha nema !" zAhIvAdI nema kaze javAba daI zakatI nahatI. zAhIvAda hiMdanI bhUmi para racAyelAM kArAgAra, ane duSkALane jALavI rAkhavA mAgatI hoya tevo kapha . : to - che jI . jo dArUNa dekhAva enI kAryavAhInA sAkSI rUpe baMga bhUmi para 1943-44nuM AkhuM varasa cAlu rahyo. zAhIvAde racele A duSkALa AkhI sAlabhara mRtyune kamakamATI UpajAve te bhakSaka banIne, mRtyunA dArUNa dekhAvanI paraMparA banIne, viza lAkha baMga naranArIo ane bALaka-bALakIone AhAra karI gayo.

Page #812
zAMtimaya sahaastitvanI vizva-bhumikA G91 gAMdhIjInI vedanA apAra khatI. A vedanAnI zAMti mATe temaNe ekavIza visane! apavAsa AraMbhyA ane apavAsanA pariNAma mATe aMgrejI zAhIvAde, A mahAtmAne AkharI aMjali ApavA caMduna kASTanI jogavAi karI rAkhIne damananA dArane vadhArI mUkayA. tyAre aMgrejI bhUmi parathI ja tyAre anArDa ze nAmanA eka sAhitya ravAmIe khUma pADI, gAMdhIjIne kArAgAramAM jakaDIne ane satyAgrahIone phaTakA mAravA mAMDIne hiTalara sAme laDavA janArA ApaNe, yuddha mATenA ApaNA naitika dAvAnuM devALu puravAra karI dIdhuM che. a MgrejI rAjAe gAMdhIjInA khInazaratI chUTakAro karIne, potAnA pradhAna maMDaLanI beadabI mATe, te mahAtmAnI mAphI mAgavI joie." ( pachI samAdhAna AvyuM. eka rASTranA e rASTra banAvavAnuM, eka prajAnA e TukaDA karI nAkhavAnuM, eka kalevara para karavatI calAvIne dhama bhedanA jAti bheda bhAva para rASTrAnA aMgacheda karavA para racAyelI zAhIvAdI ghaTamALamAMthI AjhAdI pahelAnuM samAdhAna peza thayuM. A aMga da sAme pAche pelA tapasvIne kaMTha kakaLI uThThayA. bheda ghaTanA para zAsana cakra racI cUkelA A zAhIvAdI bheda dhaTanAnA adheAra dekhAva dharatI para chUTA mUkAyA. aMgabhUmi para pAchA duSkALa pachInA dekhAva katale AmanI dArUNatAne dhAraNa karIne- AraMbhAye| kalakattAnI zerIe para hiMdu-muslIma sahAranA citkAra ane zakhAnA DhagalA khaDakAyA karyo. kalakattAnI gaTarAmAM maDadAMoe melAM pANI rUdhI dIdhAM. kAma kAma vaccenI saMhAra nItine, pAtAnA pAyA banAvanArI zAhIvAdI rAja nItie mAnava sa'hAratAnI hada vaTAvI jaIne hiMdane ApavAnI, AjhAdInA rUpamAM saMtADAyelI mAnava saMhAraka rAjanItine dekhAva racI dIdhe eka dezanA e deza dhaDIne, eka prajAnI e prajAe racIne, aMdara aMdaranI yAA sthalInI ghaTanA laDIne, saikA jUnA zAhIvAde hiMdu cheDavAnI hA, bhaNI, paraMtu hindu cheADI jatA pahelAM, A rASTranA jIvanamAM teNe bheda nIti bhArI dIdhI. AjhAdImAMja enu ArbhanuM rUpa saMhAranI kAryavAhI karavAnuM banyuM. A saMhAra rUpane, mahamadaalI jInnAe ghaDelA, keAmavAdI lIganeA TharAva banelA ane bhAi bhAinA saMhAra karavAnA DAyarekaTa ekazana " thI AraMbha thayA. sahAranI A kriyAneA pAye zAhIvAdI rAjanItinuM rUpa dhAraNa karIne AkharI derI saMsAra karato beThA. 6) 15 ogasTanI, zAhIvAda racita AjhAdInI yAjanAnA AraMbhanA samA cAra gAMdhIjIe dilhInA potAnA bhagIvAsamAM sAMbhaLyA. AkhA deza para A

Page #813
72 vizva itihAsanI rUparekhA saMhAranI Aga phelAi gaI. A AganI javAlAene pItA ane prajaLatA gAMdhIjInA rASTra jIva potAnA AzramavAsIone kahetA hatA,A agnijhALane khUjhavavA, klimAMthI vairavRtti je zamAvI zake tenAM ja balidAna, kAma Avaze. AvAM alidAna mATe, vedI para paheAMcI javAnI jenI umeda hAya te taiyAra thAya ! " javAharalAla sAthe gAMdhIjI peAtAnA kAryakramanI masalata karatA, araNya rUdana jevA avAjamAM valovAI jatA dilanI yAtanA kahetA hatA, "kaimavAdanuM gAMDapaNu AkhA rASTra para patharAvA mAMDayuM che. bhalabhalA A unmAdamAM sapa DAvA mAMDayA che. teAkhalInA samAcAre mane hacamacAvI mUkayA che. sevAgrAma javAnA mArA kAryakrama rada karIne huM tyAM naM chuM jyAM, mAnava sahAre mAjhA mukI che" kevuM bhayAnaka A dana hatuM ! kevA javAba mAgatA A rASTranI bhUmi parane dAvAnaLa dekhAtA hatA ! zAhIvAda jatA hatA paNa jatAM jatAM eNe Aja sudhI akhatyAra karelI bhAi bhAimAM bheda paDAvavAnI ane AMtara kalahane jalate rAkhIne A bhUmi para zAsana karyo karavAnI rAjanItinI bhayAnaka Agane e AjhAdInI racanAnI aMdara ja cAMpI jatA hatA ! ene ahiMsAthI hAlavavI paDaze. zAhIvAde AjhAdImAM dIdhelI peAlIsa, ke lazkara ke teAkarazAhI te nahI'karI zake. hIMsAnuM kriyAvidhAnaja te to karI zake che.'' gAMdhIjInuM maneAmaMthana zarU thai gayuM. AjanA kAryakramanI vikarALa dazA para vidvavala banyA vinA, e tapasvInI najaramAM Ardra dRSTi ubharAvA mAMDI. A najaranI eka pAMkha AvatI ja kAlanA kAryakrama para maMDAi hatI, khIjI pAMkha, AjhAdInA saMrakSaNa mATe, zAhIvAdI lazkaravAda sAthenI kAi paNa saMdhinA asvIkAra karatI, rASTranA aMdaranA sahakAra, sahacAra vaccenI baLajabarI jevI daramyAnagIrIne inkAra karatI hatI. A bhavya najaranI eka pAMkha AjanA ja vyavahAra mATe utsukatAthI uDavA mAMgatI hatI paNa khIjI pAMkhanuM Akhara darzana paNa anaMta bhAvIne AvarI letuM eka sAthe uDDayana karatuM hatuM. A najara ekadhArI kayAranI ya kAma karavA maMDI hatI. gAMdhIjIe eTale ja AjhAdI devA AvelA kaeNkhIneTa mIzanane sAphasApha kahI dIdhuM hatu` ke " amAre AjhAdI levAnA vacalA gALAmAM ke AjhAdI pachI, amArA aMdaranA bacAva mATe ke bahAranA AkramaNanA sAmanA mATe, tamArI koIpaNa jAtanI lazkarI sahAyatArnI jarUra nathI. tamArI sahAya kAmakeAma vaccenI bhedanItine vadhAraze. tamArI lazkarI madada, A eka rASTranA TukaDA karaze, ane e TukaDA

Page #814
zAMtimaya sahaastitvanI vizva-bhUmikA 73 vacce jhadhaDAone jIvatA rAkhIne tamArI sahAya ane daramyAnagIrIne cira jIva jarUriyAtavALI hovAno dAvo karaze. javAharalAlane paradezanIti dAkhavatu A duna gAMdhIjIe, rASTrahilacAlanA ekaeka tabakkAmAM bhArataparanI ekatA vacce aMtarAya bananArI AMtaravigraha jevI hullaDAnA svarUpavALI zAhIvAdanI bhedanIti dekhI hatI. Aje bhedanI nItie ati vikarALa svarUpa dhAraNa karyuM... hatuM. A dezane cheADI jatA zAhIvAda bhaviSyamAM tenA para peAtAne kAbu TakAvI rAkhavA, eka dezanA, e deza banAvIne ane banne vacce bhedanItinI phAcara mAravA taiyAra thatA hatA. A rIte, aMdara aMdaranA yuddhane vyUha racIne aMdara aMdaranI akhaMDa hullaDa jevI paristhitine kAyama karIne, banne pakSane potAnI lazkarI madada ApavAnI taiyArI batAvIne, banne para AMtaravigrahanI racanA vaDe potAnuM svAmItva TakAvI rAkhavA mAgatA hatA. gAMdhIjIe, A zAhIvAdI bhedanItineA InkAra karyo tathA dezanI vimuktine TakAvI rAkhavA mATe aMgrejI ke kApaNuM zAhIvAdanI AvI bhedanI ghaTanAne di paNa nahIM svIkAravAnI AjhAda bhAratanI paradezanItinA pAyA nAkhyA. jyAM jIve tyAM vimuktinuM vizvarUpa pahelu vizvayuddha A jagata para AvyuM te pahelAM ApaNI pRthvIne athavA vizvane dekhA ! kevu, vizvayuddhane lAvanArA mahAkAraNa vaDe apaNA jagatanuM zAhIvAdavaDe chavAi gaeluM evu' svarUpa mAlama paDe che! ApaNA vizvanA rUpapara tyAre mAnavajAtanu akhaMDa jharatuM leAhI A pRthvInA gALAne rAtA banAvyA karatuM dekhAya che. AvuM vizvaparUpa vizvapara adhikArI banI cUkelA zAhIvAde athavA vizvayuddhanI ghaTanAe nirmANa karyuM hatuM. A dhaTanA tyAranA samayamAM aMgrejI ghaTanA hatI. A ghaTanAnuM vizvarUpa, jI-ke, cesTaraTane gAyuM hatuM. cesTararane lakhelI eka kavitAnI kaDIe kahetI hatI ke AkhuM vizva, eka mAtra IMgleMDa athavA briTana banI gayuM che. x e kavitA gAtI hatI >The earth is a place on which England is found. And you find it however you turned the globe round. For the spots are all red and the rest is all grey. And that is the meaning of Empire Day." 100 .

Page #815
viva ItihAsanI rUparekhA ke AkhuM jagata, briTanamaya thavA briTana nAmanA zAhIvAdI dAnavanA udaramAM utarI gayuM che, ane zunya banI gayuM che. zunya banelA vizvaparanuM vizvayuddhanuM zAhIvAdI ekama ekaluM ja dekhAtuM hatuM tathA, enA sivAyanuM je kaMI bAkI rahyuM hatuM te mAtra mahAsAgare hatA. AkhA jagatanuM zAsaka baneluM A sAmrAjya eka moTo sAmrAjyavAda athavA vizvayuddhanI ghaTanAvALa adhikAravAda hate. pachI vizvayuddhanI A ghaTanAmAMthI, I. sa. 1914mAM paheluM vizvayuddha zarU thayuM ane pachI 1939hmAM bIjuM zarU thayuM. vizvayuddhanA aMtamAM, peluM sAmrAjya hacamacI gayuM. hacamacI uThelA sAmrAjyanA udarane phADIne jANe mota pAmavAne InkAra karatI mAnava jAta, vizva mAnavajAtanuM vimuktinuM AvAhana karatI, sAmrAjyavAdanI divAlane rUsadeza AgaLa toDI nAkhIne bahAra nIkaLatI hatI. vimuktinA A nUtana rUpanI nUtanatA e hatI ke, vizvayuddhanI sAmrAjyavAdI ghaTanAne teDanAra ane vimuktinuM kamADa kholanAra, ItihAsanA A tabakkAmAM, zrama-mAna paNa hatAM. A zramamAnanuM svarUpa zAhIvAde jagatapara saMsthAnika garIbAI ane bhUkhamare saracha dIdho hovAthI vizvabharanAM tamAma mAna sAthe ekamaya banI cUkayuM hatuM. vizvabhara mAnavajAta have eka mAnavasamudAyanuM saMyukta svarUpa dhAraNa karI cUkI hatI, tathA AMtararASTriya saMgaThanarUpa pAmatI hatI. bIjA vizvayuddhanA aMta pachI; vizvazramamAnenuM saMgaThanarUpa vizvazAMtinI ghaTanA jevo zramamAnava saMdha have pitAnuM vizva saMgaThana ghaDI cUka hatuM. 1945nA phebruArInI chaThThI sudhInI sattarathI te e tArIkhe tenI sAmelalanI sAkSI banatI hatI. e etihAsika tavArIkhe ItihAsamAM pahelIvAra AkhI duniyAnAM zrama mAnanAM pratinidhio, laMDananA kAunTI helamAM maLyAM. e AMtararASTriya TreDa yunIyananI pariSadamAM cha karoDa saMgaThita kAmadAronAM 204 pratinidhio jara dezamAMthI AvyAM, e 204 pratinidhiomAM judA judA rAjakIya pakSanA AgevAna hatAM, pIDha kAmadAra netA hatA. ane janatAnA mULabhUta hakkonI nAnImeTI laDAio laDelA aneka laDavaiyA hatA. tyAM zramamAnanI AkhI duniyAnAM dezavAsIo pahelIvAra maLyAM. AkhI duniyAnI bhASAo eka jabAnamAM ekaThI thaI. AkhI duniyAnA rAjakIya pakSanI

Page #816
zAMtimaya sahaastitvanI viva-bhumikA kAmadAra janatAnAM hitemAM eka saMyukta nIti, pariSadanI raNahAka banI rahI. AkhI duniyAnAM adanAM mAna ja, lehIluhANu banelA, saMhArAyelA, ujjaDa thaelA jagatane ane mAnavajAtane AvatI kAlanI samAna ane nyAyI duniyAnA nizAna dAkhavI zakaze te vAta pUravAra thaI gaI daza hajAra varasa pachI ItihAsanuM mAnavajAta samastanA hitanuM, samAna nyAyanuM ane jIvanavikAsanA jatananuM prakaraNa, prathamavAra AlekhAyuM. dazahajAra varasathI kacaDAyelI mAnavatAnI meTI laDAIomAM ghaDAyele aneka agniparikSAemAMthI pasAra thaele saMgaThanane vizvaAkAra pahelIvAra ghaDAye. nyAya samatAne hajAro varasa pahelAM ugele avAja aneka athaDAmaNe, yAtanAo, kalahe, ane saMgrAmomAMthI pasAra thaIne kacaDAyelI mAnavajAtanA saMgaThananI tAkAta banIne, rAjanItionA AMtararASTriya lekazAhI paripAkanuM virATarUpa dharIne pahelIvAra dekhAya ane saMbhaLAve keH ame yunAiTeDa kIMgabha, amerikA, sevIyeTarUsaosTrelIyA, belachama, keneDA, cIna, kelibIyA, kayubA, jhekoslovAkIyA, phrAnsa, hiMda, mekisake, nIdharalenDajha, nyujhIlenDa, nera, polenDa, dakSiNa AphrikA, yugoslAviyA, pelesTAIna, sIprasa, briTIza gIenA, jAmeIkA, nAIgIrIyA, sIrAlIona, gebIyA geDakAsTa, uttaradezIyA, ugIyA, AIsalenDa, Ayara, speIna, svIDana, svI ralenDa, phInalenDa, ITAlI, balagerIyA, kasTArIkA, DomInIkana rIpablIka, Ikora, panAmA ane paranAM, kAmadAra janatAnAM pregyunIyanane niradhAra saMbhabhAyo. 42 dezanA zramamAnanA pratinidhioe 1945nI phebruArInI 6ThThI thI 17mI sudhI laMDananA kAunTI helamAM pitAnI kAryavAhI calAvI. eNe saMyukta rASTra saMghanI kAryavAhIne abhinaMdana ApyAM. eNe sAna-AnasIsko pariSadamAM pitAnA chakaDa saMgaThita kAmadAronA nAmamAM vizva yunIyananA svIkAra mATe duniyAnI sarakAranAM kamADa khakhaDAvyAM. jagata janatAne kacaDavAne ane temane zAsananA vahIvaTamAMthI bahAra rAkhavAne TevAyelI duniyAnI sarakArene janasaMgaThananA A navA lekakAranI samartha tasvIrathI muMjhavaNa te thaI. paNa ItihAsanA saikAoe ghaDela e AkAra ethI pitAnA nirNaya lete thaMbhI zake tema nahotuM. vizvazramamAnavanA e saMgaThananI pAchaLa acUka rIte AveluM navI duniyAnI sarvAgI ekatAnuM aitihAsika nizAna AbehUba banyuM. lAkhonAM balidAna daIne, divasarAtabhara athAgazrama vahAvIne, maracApara ane kArakhAnAMomAM ApaganI ujavalatA jamAvIne,

Page #817
796 viva ItihAsanI rUparekhA eNe ja jagatabharanI janatAne gulAma banAvavA nikaLelA phAsIvAdI pazune parAsta karyo hato. Aje e parAjaya pachI AvAM khunakhAra yuddho aTakAvavA ane mAnavatAnA saMhAra macAvatA naphAkhora baLone thaMbhAvI devA, jagatanI zAMti ane ekatAne rAha dAkhavanAra, enA vinA bIjuM koNa vadhAre yogya hatuM ? enA vinA zAMti ane leka ekatAnA amalanI vadhAre tAkAta ane tAkIda paNa bIja kenI hatI? ane jagata janatAne zramamAnavasaMdha tyAre jagatazAMtinI javAbadArIne hAtha dhAraNa karato hato. * e javAbadArIne adA karavAmAMja bIjA vizvavigrahanI agniparikSAo pAmele jagatane zramamAnava pitAne na saMgha ghaDI cUkyo hato. e saMgaThanane AkAra ghaDanArI eka kamiTi varDa Tra-yunIyana konapharansa kamiTi) cuMTavAmAM AvI. e kamiTinA sabhya tarIke amerikA, igleMDa, kAnsa ane sovIyeTa dezamAMthI ane leTIna amerikana pradezamAMthI darekamAMthI traNa traNa sabhAsado levAmAM AvyA. e kamiTimAM keneDA, osTreliyA, hiMda, cIna, belajIyama, nIdharalenDajha, norave. svIjharalenDa, svIDana, yugoslAvIyA, jhekaslovAkIyA, peIna, AIsalenDa, AyaralenDa, balagerIyA, ITAlI, rUmAnIyA, ane phInalenDa vigeremAMthI darekamAMthI eka sabhAsada cuMTAye tathA brITiza komanavelthamAMthI be sabhAsada AvyA. ItihAsamAM pahelIvAra jagatane zramamAnava A rIte enA saMgaThananI vizvavyApaka tasvIra ghaDIne AkhI duniyAnI sarakAro sAthe samAja ghaTanAnI vahIvaTI vAtacIta karavA mAMDyo. pahelIvAra adano mAnavI jIvanavyavahAranI navI ghaTanA bAMdhavAmAM pitAne avAja lakasaMghaThThanane adhikAra ghaDIne peza karI zakaze. A rIte pahelIvAra Akhe mAnava samAja cheka uparanA vargothI mAMDIne te pAyA sudhInA, mAnava samudAya sudhI saMgaThita bhAnavALuM nUtanarUpa dhAraNa karI zakya. e kamiTie ghaDelA baMdhAraNane 1945nA okaTobaranA trIjA divase maLelI vizva Da yunIyana pariSade perIsamAM apanAvyuM. e baMdhAraNanI ghaTanA TreDa yunIyanane vizvasaMdha (world Federation of trade unions) bane. perIse enI pahelI pariSada bharI. e parISade jagatabharanI lokajanatAnA hitanI ekatA, rAjakAraNanI ekatA ane jagatabharanAM zremamAnavanI atihAsika saMgaThinanI ektA sAbIta karI. A navI vizvaghaTanAnAM preraka paribaLo

Page #818
zAMtimaya sahaastitvanI viva-bhUmikA 77. jevA hiMda-cIna, sevIyeTa deza, AjhAda bAlkanadeze ane leTIna amerikI pradezanA kAmadAra saMghe bIjA saMgaThane sAthe saMpUrNa lokazAhInI rIte navI ghaTanAmAM umerAya. e saMpUNa lekazAhI baMdhAraNamAM vizva zramamAnavanA saMghanI eka ane atUTa evI ekatA baMdhAI. game te vizALa ane majabuta TrekyunIyanavALo koI paNa eka deza pitAnI vizALa saMkhyAnA baLathI AkhA vizvasaMdha para bahumatinuM vajana na lAdI zake tevuM baMdhAraNuM banAvavAmAM AvyuM. e baMdhAraNa pramANe traNa karoDanI sabhyasaMkhyAvALA sovIyeTa dezanA yunIyanane 42 pratinidhio ane 208 mata maLatA hatA tathA sittera lAkhanI ja sabhyasaMkhyAvALA briTIza yunIyanane e baMdhAraNa pramANe vIsa pratinidhio ane 120 mata maLatA hatA, ane sI. AI enI sATha lAkhanI sabhya saMkhyAnA TreDa yunIyana saMdhane 22 pratinidhio tathA 110 mata maLatA hatA. e rIte briTIza TreDa yunIyana ane sI-AI-o jevAM be TreDa yunIyano ja bhegAM maLIne traNa kareDanI sabhya saMkhyAvALA sevIyeTa TrephyunIyana saMghanA 42 pratinidhio ane 208 matanI sAme ka6 pratinidhio ane 230 mate mUkI zakatAM hatAM. baMdhAraNanA lekazAhI zirastA pramANe madhyastha kamiTinA sabhyo mukhya maMtrIne cuMTatA hatA ane pariSadanI rAha joyA vinA dara be varase na maMtrI cuMTI zakAte hate. A baMdhAraNa pramANe zramamAnanA vizvasaMghane pahele mahAmaMtrI phreMca kAmadArane AgevAna ane phreMca rASTranA phAsIvAda virodhI moracAnA pramukha luI sIlAM, cuMTAye tathA saMghanI mukhya kacerI perIsamAM beDI. sITrAina, kAryavAhIne pramukha cuMTa tathA bIje sAta upapramukha sAthe kula nava jaNanI "ekajhIkayuTIva bure" banI. AMtara rASTriya utthAnanuM sthAna jagata zrama mAnanA utthAnanI sAthe sAtheja parAdhIna evA mAnava samudAyo, zAhIvAdanA adhikA nIcenA parAdhIna saMsthAna banelA jagatamAMthI have vimukta banIne nUtana AMtarazaSTriya nItimattAne dhAraNa karIne uThavA lAgyA. eziyAI vArasAnI athavA mAnava dharmanI ItihAsanAM mUlyonI A pratiSThA hiMdamAM gAMdhIjIe nUtana utthAna mATe karI. A pratiSThAmAM dharmonA kriyAkAMDanAM viSacakro jevA kekaDAM nAbUda thayAM A pratiSThAmAM eziyA ke AphrikAnA devaLo ane maMdira nirarthaka dekhAyAM. A nutana pratiSThAe, tame bhagavAnamAM mAne che ke nahIM

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vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA te koI savAla pUche nahIM. A pratiSThAnA pAyAmAM punarjanmanA khyAla je koI paNa khyAla jarUrI lekhAyo nahIM. A pratiSThAe ADA avaLAM ke, lAMbAM TuMkAM TIlAo ane mALAo ke sAthIyAo ane kusenAM cihnone nirarthaka gaNyAM. mAnava vyavahAranA nUtana kAnUna uparaja A pratiSThA mAraphata eziyAnuM punarUtthAna thaI zakaze te bAbata vimukta banatAM eziyAI rASTrone samajAI. A pratiSThA para paga goThavIne, eziyAnA be mahAna rASTra bAMdhanAM vaDA pradhAne nizcala evA niradhArathI ubhA hatA ane namra chatAM daDha evA avAja vaDe, cIna ane bhAratane virATa samudAyanI nUtana lekazAhIne AMtara rASTriya nItimattAne niradhAra saMbhaLAvatA hatA. A niradhAranuM vajarU5 kusuma karatAM paNa sukemaLa hatuM. A niradhAranuM mUlya zonAM bhaMDArIyAMmAMthI ghaDAyuM nahatuM paraMtu mAnava dharmanI kaNikAomAMthI maDhAyuM hatuM. A eziyAI saMskRtine mAnava dharma nAmane vArase pazcimanA mAdhAMtAone paNa samajAte hatuM ke Aje vizva ItihAsanI saMskRtinuM AjanuM AMtararASTriya mUlya vimukta rASTranA sArvabhaumatva uparaja TakI zake tema che tathA tenI bInadaramyAnagIrIvALI akhaMDitatA vaDeja vizvazAMti racI zakAya tema che. A sArvabhaumatva vimuktinA savanuM banyuM hatuM. evuM ja bIjuM satva sahaastitvanuM hatuM. A sahaastitva mATe anIvArya rIte jarUrI evuM bIna daramyAnagIrInuM rU5 sau vimukta rASTranI puna dhaTanA mATe anivArya hatuM. rASTra rASTra vaccenI nyAya samatA bIjI koI rIte zakya nahotI. A AMtararASTriya zilanI ghaTanA dhAraNa karIne ja keI paNa rASTranuM rASTrIya vyaktitva, kaMgAliyatane ane vilAsItAne dUra karIne, tathA nUtana jagatanI vaijJAnika tAkAtane dhAraNa karIne, sahaastitvanI kalyANakArI vipulatA athavA "sAyanTIphika oTImamIne dhAraNa karI zake. AvuM rASTrIya vyaktitva ja bIjA evAja rASTrIya vyakti sAthe zAMtimaya sahaastitvanA bAMdhava bhAvane parasparanA atirika saMbaMghemAM bInadaramyAnagIrI pUrvaka ja dhAraNa karI zake. paratu A badhAne niSedha jeNe Aja sudhI kAryo karyo hato, tathA jenuM jIvana, Akramaka ane daramyAnagIrInA vartana para ja ubhuM hatuM, te zAhI vAdI ghaTanAvALA jUnA jagatane A nUtana dekhAva pasaMda paDI zake tema nahotuM, vIsa varasa para AlekhAyelA (pAna-793)kavitAnA pelA kavanamAM jagatanuM je rUpa pRthvInA paTa para citarAyuM hatuM te trIsa varasamAM kevuM palaTAI jatuM bhAlama paDatuM hatuM. traNa dasakAnA ja samaya gALAmAM ApaNuM duniyAnA pRthvI paTa para be

Page #820
zAMtimaya sahaastitvanI vijhavabhUmikA 790 vizvayuddhonAM vizvavyApI tephAnanA jhaMjhAvAta vAI gayA pachI, enI eja ApaNI pRthvI pitAnI kAyA para kevAM navAM navAM rUpa dhAraNa karIne vimukta rASTronI dhAritri banavA mAMDI hatI! have kavitAmAM gavAelA pRthvIne e goLAne kavitAmAM lakhyA pramANe game tyAMthI pherave te zuM dekhAya che! koIne koI rASTa para vimukta banatA mAnava samudAyo, game te paTa para AkhI pRthvI para, vimu ktinI hilacAla jove che ane ekavAra AkhI pRnIne gaLI gaelA sAmrA jyavAdanI haratIne pita pitAne tyAthI miTAvI detA, samasta vizvanI eka ane zAMtimaya mAnava jAtanI vizvazAMti ane vizva ekatAnI chabImAM pita pitAnI piMchIo laIne vizvazAMti ane vizvasaMskRtinuM rUpa maDhavA A nUtana rASTra macI paDyA che. AvA nutana sarjanamAM vizvazAMtinI ghaTanA ghaDavAmAM saue sarvasAmAnya evo vimuktine pAye svIkAryo che. vidhaItihAsanuM nUtana mUlya, rASTronuM zAMtimaya sahaastitva ane sArvabhaumatva rASTriyatA, athavA rASTriya asmitAnA svarUpa, eziyAnAM rASTromAM prathama udabhava, pahelA vizvayuddha pachI zarU thayo. vizvaItihAsamAM eziyA AdikAmAM, dekhAvA mAMDelI A asmitAnuM rUpa, rASTriya AMdalananuM banyuM. rASTrIya AMdelananuM A svarUpa, paradezI zAsana adhikAra sAmenI hilacAlavALuM thayuM. A hilacAlanuM rUpa, lekazAhIvALI rASTrIya saMsthAoe dhAraNa karyuM. eziyA AphrikAnAM rASTromAM janma pAmatI A navI asmitAno AraMbha A rASTronI aMdara, tenI palaTAvA mAMDelI, rajavADIjIvana dazAnA ate lIdhe hatuM. A palaTAnuM mukhya kAraNa, A rASTroparane zAhIvAdI zeSaNa-adhikAra paNa hatA. zoSaNanA A svarUpe, pitAnA zeSaka vyavahAranI jarUriyAtamAMthI ja, parAdhIna rASTronI aMdaranI rajavADI jIvanaprathA, badalavAnA pravAha zarU karI dIdhA hatA. A uparAMta, A palaTAnuM bIjuM kAraNa, eziyA ane AphrikAnAM tamAma parAdhIna rASTro para bahArathI paNa bIjuM eka kAraNa A pragati mATenA parivartananI asara pedA karatuM hatuM. bahArathI thatI A pravartaka asara, pahelA vizvayuddha pachI, vizva ItihAsamAM pedA thaelA ane pagabhara banatA, raziyana samAjavAdanI jIvanaghaTanAnI asara hatI. A asara, AkhA jagatanAM rASTromAM krAntikArI AMdalone, AMtararASTriya rIte. sau rASTronA simADA para pahoMcADI zakI hatI. A pramANe aMdara ane bahAranAM A kAraNonI aMtargata banatI asare, zAhIvAdane nAza mAganAra ane vimukta banavAnI hilacAla

Page #821
vizva itihAsanI rUparekhA janmAvanAra, rASTravyApI evAM, leAkazAhI AMdolana athavA, sAmudAyika AMdalanane janma ApatI hatI. khIjA vizvayuddhanAaMtamAM teA, eziyA ane AphrikAnAM rASTroe, nUtanavimukta evAM leAkazAhI rASTra ekamAnuM svarUpa dhAraNa karI levA mAMDayuM. yuropanAM vimukta chatAM zAhIvAdI rASTronA svarUpathI A nUtana vimukitanuM navuM rASTra svarUpa bIlakula jUduM hatuM. yureApanAM rASTronuM rUpa, udyogakrAnti karIte, peAtAnuM sArvabhaumatva sthApIne, potAnA sarvAdhikArI rASTra svarUpanA Akramaka dhasArA khIjA rASTropara karIne, jagatane peAtAnuM gulAma athavA, saMsthAna, banAvavA nIkaLatAM rASTronuM zAhIvAdI rUpa hatuM. evuM sA`bhaumatva rUpa A navAM rASTronuM nahetu. A nUtana vimukti pAmatAM rASTroe Aja sudhI parAdhInatA nIcenI jIMdagI pasAra karI hatI. A rASTronI Arthika dazA paNa audyogika rIte pachAta hatI. A rASTromAM zAhI- vAdI zeSaNa nIce bhayAnaka garIbAI sarajAI cUkI hatI. nUtana vimukta rASTronA sArvabhaumatvanA itihAsa 80. A nUtana vimukti dhAraNa karatAM rASTrA pAse potAneA ja peAtAnA eka samayanA sAbhaumatvane itihAsa hato. A rASTronI jIMdagInA prAcIna ane madhyayugI samayamAM, A rASTropara rajavADI sAbhaumatva jIvI gayuM hatu. A sArvabhaumatvatA mUkhya adhikAra. rAjA ane rAjanyAnA hatA. A sAbhauma athavA sarvAdhikArI rAjAnI saMsthAnA a, e hatA ke, peAtAnA zAsana nIcenA pradezanI aMdara, sarvAdhikAra, A rajavADI saMsthAnA hatA. eTale ke, peAtAnA ghaDelA,badhA kAnUnAne tene adhikAra AkhA pradezapara pravatatA hatA parantu eja kAnUnAnA kazA adhikAra, A sarvAdhikArI athavA sA`bhauma evI rajavADI saMsthApara nahAto. sArvabhaumatvanu A svayaM niraMkuza athavA svacchaMda rUpa potAnA zAsanaadhikAravALA pradezanI bahAranA sarva pradeza para athavA AkhA jagatapara che, ema mAnI letuM hatuM. parantu A mAnyatAne pUravAra karavI hAya te teNe digvIjaya karavA nIkaLavu paDatu. AvA digvIjayA karanAra cakravarti enI saMsthA te samayanI yatheccha ane svacchaMda evI sArvabhauma saMsthAe hatI. sAva bhaumatvanu yuropIya svarUpa pachI vizva-itihAsamAM sA'bhaumatvanuM yuropIya svarUpa zurApanAM rASTromAM yureApanA, dezanA, mahArAjAe nA, samayamAM ja zarU thayuM. pUrvanA cakravarti e jevuM ja, pAte ghaDelA, kAnUnAnA amalathI paNa uparavaTa evuM svacchaMda 7

Page #822
zAMtimaya mUhurrastatvano vizva-bhumikA 801 adhikArI svarUpa athavA, devI adhikArIrUpa dhAraNa karavAnAA mahArAjAe e prayatna karyoM parantu, pragatizila ane krAntikArI evA yuropamAM te saphaLa na thayA. tyAMnA vANIjayanA vargoe, sArvabhaumatvanI A svacchaMdatAne, niyaMtrita banAvI ane, rAjAene jyAM rahevA dIdhA tyAM paNa, temane, " kaeNnsTITayuzanala mAnA sa '' tarIke athavA niyatrita, zAsananA adhikArI tarIke ja rahevA dIdhA. yurApIya rASTronuM AvuM niyaMtraNa rUpa,pArlAmenTAnA sarvabhaumatavALuM banyuM tathA, A svarUpanuM nAma leAkazAsana, athavA meAkrasI '' paDyu'. yuropIya sAva bhaumatvane AMtararASTriya kAnUna << yureApanAM AvAM sAvabhauma rASTrAe, potapAtAnI vacce vahIvaTI ekatA ane kAnUnI insApha jALavavA mATe, AMtararASTriya kAnunA dhayA, A AMtararASTriya kAnUnA ekalA yuropanA, ane amerikana rASTra athavA yu-esa-e mATe ja hatA. A rASTro ekalAM ja, sArvabhauma rASTrA hatAM. emanA sivAyanI AkhI duniyA tA, emanuM sAmrAjya hatI athavA gulAma hatI. eTale pete ja AjhAda jagata banIne, A rASTroe saurASTra mATe, saunu sACbhaumatva sAcavavA mATe, ekabIjAnI AMtarika bAbatamAM, darmyAnagIrI nahIM karavAnI tathA A sau rASTro mATe, jagatanA, samudropara, AMtararASTriya jaLamArgIpara, samAnatAvALA, DAkuonI maMDaLI vaccenA nyAya mATenA kAnUne racyA. parantu yuropIya rASTronuM A AMtararASTriya samAnatAvALuM, paraspara sAthenA, kAnUnI vanavALuM svarUpa, sAmrAjyavAdI ghaTanAne lIdhe TakI zakayuM nahI. A sau sArvabhaumATe ekamAtra vyavahAra AkhA jagatapara bajArA lUMTavAne, tathA, jayAM zakaya hAya tyAM badheja asamAna rIte, pagapesArA, ane dorI saMcAra karyA karavAnA tathA, ekamekanI asarene khatama karIne pAtapotAnA sAmrAjyanA vadhArA karyAM karavAne hAvAthI, A vimukata zAhIvAdI rASTronI maMDaLIe aMdara aMdaranI samAnatAnA AMtararASTriya vyavahAranA kAnU, ekakhInna para ane AkhA jagatapara AkramaNA ane zANa karyAM karavAnA darekanA vyavahArane lIdhe-tADI nAkhavA mAMDayA. vizvai tihAsanA sau abhyAsIe tethIja sahamata thayA ke, zAhIvAdI ghaTanAmAM jagatanA, > 8 samAnatA nAmanI kAipaNa rASTro vacce, AMtararASTriya vyavahAranI ke zAMtimaya saha-astitva nAmanI nItimattA zakaya ja nathI AMtararASTriya samAnatAnA insArI samAna kAnUna, parasparanI khIna daramyAnagIrI, ane zAMtimaya sahaastitva jevI, mAnava jAtanI vizvasaMskRtinI AMtararASTriya nItimattAnuM sthASTrana zAhIvAdI ghaTanA vALA vizvamAM kevaLa azakaya hAya che. 101

Page #823
802 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA vidhaItihAsanA ATalA samaya sudhInA darzane batAvyuM ke, jagatane adhikAra zAhIvAdI ghaTanA pAse hoya tyAM sudhI, phreMca krAti ke amerikana kAntie karelI, "mAnava mAtra samAnanI vyavahAra nIti, AkramaNakhAra ane zeSaka evA zAhIvAdanA AMtara rASTriya kAnUnanIce zakya ja nathI eTaluM ja nahIM paraMtu jagatabharamAM, koIpaNa rASTra sArvabhaumatva nA vyavahAramAM paNa zAMtimaya sahaastitvane dhAraNa karanArI rASTra rASTra vaccenI samAnatAne dhAraNakarI zakatAM nathI. nUtana vimukitanuM nutana sArvabhaumatva nUtana vimuktinAM nUtana rASTra svarUpe, je zAhIvAdI ghaTanAnI nAbudInA pariNAme, tathA zAhIvAdI ghaTanAne nAza karIne, samAjavAdI sAmAjika krAntinA pAyA para janmavA mAMDayAM che tevAM nUtana evAM, samAjavAdI dhyeyavAvA, lekazAhI zAsana, vizva ItihAsamAM pahelIvAra AMtararASTriya saMbaMdhamAM sAmana sArva bhaumatvanA, ane zAMtimaya sahaastitvanA pAyA para AraMbha pAmavA mAMDyAM che. vizvaItihAsanAM A nUtana rASTra mUlyavALAM, AMtararASTriyanyAya samatAvALAM, rASTra ekamenuM astitva, zAhIvAdI ghaTanAnA, nAza para zarU thayuM che. A ghaTanAnuM vizva-rUpa, athavA jagatapara patharAyeluM kocaluM, pahelIvAra, raziyAmAM tUTayuM ane tyArapachI parAdhIna pradezoe, A ghaTanAne, pitApitAnA rASTromAM teDavA mAMDI che. A zAhIvAdI ghaTanA, jagataparathI tUTavA mAMDI che, tathA, AMtararASTriya, samAna sArvabhaumatva vALAM vimuktarASTra ekamAe jyAre zAMtimaya ane sahakAramaya, sahaastitvane AMtararASTriya vyavahArane kAnUna ghaDavA mAMDayo che tevA vidhaItihAsanA mahAna tabakkAmAM Aje ApaNe jIvIe chIe. vizva ItihAsanA InsAphI takhtanuM, sArvabhauma prasthApana, cInI vimukti cInane mATe nepoliyane kaheluM kathana sau jANe che. e kathana karIne eNe kahyuM hatuM ke "ahIM te rAkSasa uMghate paDe che. ene ughavA ja de kAraNake je e jAgaze te AkhA jagatane hacamacAvI nAkhaze." cInI bhUmi para uMdha paDela, rAkSasa cInane jagI mAnava virATa hate. e uMdhyA ja kare, temAM

Page #824
zAMtimaya sahaastitvanI vizva-bhumikA yuropanA sAmrAjyavAdanuM hita hatuM. e mAnava virATanuM zoSaNa e uMdhatA hoya tyAM sudhI ja thaI zake tema hatuM. zAhIvAde A acetana ane nidrAdhIna mAnavavirATanuM zoSaNa zarU karyuM". A virATanA kalevara para zeSaNanA Da Mkha, rAmerAme vaLagI paDayA. rAme rAma para vedanA ane yAtanA bharyAM e jAgavA mAMDayA. pahelA vizvayuddhanA aMta pahelAMthI ogaNIsamA saikAnI adhavacamAMja e saLavaLatA hatA. pachI jAgavA pahelAnuM eNe ALasa maraDayuM ane sAmrAjyavAdI zoSaNanI DhAla banIne, A mahAna dezapara beThelI macu zahenazAhata A virATanA kalevara para ugI hatI te mULamAMthI ukhaDI paDI. have cIna para saikA sudhI, jIvananAM aMge aMgane jakaDI laine, cInI virATanA kalevarapara aneka baMdhanA banIne ceTI gayelI A rajavADI jALanA bAMdhA pelA virATe ALasa maraDIne teDavA mAMDayA. evuM ALasa maraDavAnuM kAma haju cAlu ja hatuM. "AkhA eziyA have ALasa maraDIne uDavA mAMDayA che.' ema kahetA, lenIna, i. sa. 1923 mAM maraNa pAmatI veLAe paNu, vizvanI vimuktinA prANanA dhabakArA gaNutA, vizvaitihAsanA insAphI takhtapara vimukta rASTronI nUtana jhalaka dekhatA hatA. 993 tyAre eziyana vimukitanA pAyAnA satyanuM saMzodhana karatA hoya tevA eka cInI jUvAna, i. sa. 1893 mAM huina prAMtanA eka gAmaDAnA eka garIba kheDutanA jhu MpaDAmAM janmIne, lenIna ane mArkasanA abhyAsa karavA macI paDayA hatA. i. sa. 1924 mAM, e kayAmInaTAMganI madhyastha samitinA sabhAsada banI cUkayA hatA. cInanA sAmyavAdI pakSaneA e AgevAna hatA. cInanA I tihAsanA abhyAsanA padArtha pAThe jyAM kriyAzila banyA hatA te cInI itihAsanA vimukitanA ekamanuM nAma, zAo-zAna hatuM. zAo, zAna, cInI dharatIparanAM lAkhA gAmaDAMemAMnu eka gAma hatuM. A gAmamAM e janamyA hatA. Aje cInI grAma ghaTaka para enI najara TharI hatI. grAma ghaTakanA savAla cInI itihAsane savAla hatA, ema e samajyA." A grAma ghaTakanA savAlanA ukela ANavAnA rastAja cInI vimukitanA rastA che ema ene samajAyuM. eNe jAhera karyu" ke, cIna ane samasta eziyA khaMDanI vimukita lAvanArI krAntinA aitihAsika savAla, grAma-dhaTakanA, kheDutanA savAlanA ukela vaDe ja ukelI zakAze athavA saphaLa banAvI zakAze." ema eNe jAhera karyu". eziyana vimuktinA A draSTa cInI dharatI para janmelA, cInI krAnti ane vimuktinA AgevAna banelA, A, mAenTse tuMge, cInanA abhyAsa zarU karyo. eNe kahyuM ke, cInanI lAka

Page #825
vizva itihAsanI rUparekhA janatA pAsethI, cInI virATa pAsethI pahelAM zikhA ane pachI temane zikhavA. A mahAna zikSake cInanI raukAo jUnI zikSaNanI rItane ane zikSaNanA abhyAsakramane palaTAvI nAkhyAM.AjasudhInuM dhu zikSata, jAnA gurUe DelAM, gAkhAonI gokhaNapaTTInuM hatuM. cInanAM navAM jUvAne hava mArkasavAdanA siddhAMtAne gAkhavA meDAM hatA. A saune eNe nUtana vidyA tapha abhimukha banAvyAM, ane, saunAM mota, virATa mAnavasamudAyanA jIvataranI sakriyatA tarapha pheravIne kahyuM ke, "A mahAna mAnavanadanA dhUMdhavatA jatA pravAhanA abhyAsa kare| ane zikhA. abhimukhatAne pahelA uccAra cInanI mahAna dhartI para cInI rASTrapitA, sunayAta-sene ane bhAratanI mahAna bhUmipara hiMdI rASTrapitA, gAMdhIe karyAM hatA ane khovAi gayelA, daTAi gaelA virATamAnavarte, jamInanAM, RtikAsanAM paDa nIcethI bahAra lAvIne kahyuM hatu, " A cIna che, A hiMdu che." mA-tse-tuMge A cInanA abhyAsa Ara MbhI dIdhA. eNe gokhaNapaTTInAM geAkhAMnI badhI rItabhAte te rada karI nAkhIne kahyu, " sau gokhAMe, athavA, 'DegmAM'nirarthaka che, chANa jeTalA paNa te kAmanAM nathI kAraNa ke chANunA upayAga tA khAtara tarIke paNa thAya che, parantu gokhAMonI gokhaNa paTTI khAtara tarIke paNa kAma nathI AvatI.' 804 pachI hunAna ane kIAMgasI, prAMtanI sarahada paranA cIkAMgazAna parvatanA zikharapara, mAenI, cU-teha sAthe mulAkAta thai, cInIloka virATanI vimukitanA padArtha pADe, krAntinI virATa prakriyAne che, te bAbata A mulA kAtamAM nakkara banI gai. cInI dhartApara cInI vimukitanI "bhAe-yu" nAmanI e pAMkhA dhaDAi gai. cIna para, mAe-cu nAmanuM laDAyaka niradhAranuM cInI vimukitanuM nAma eka vyakitatvanuM nAmAbhidhAna banIne cInI virATanA jala

Page #826
805 zAMtimaya sahaastitvanI viva-bhumikA sAgaramAM bhAluM tare tema taravA lAgyuM. cInI mAnavasamudAe A nAma para daMtakathAo racI dIdhI. mAo sAthe, ekamaya baneluM vyakitatva cu-teha nAmanuM hatu. cune janma jhezu prAMtanA eka jamInadArane tyAM thayo hate. jamInadArane A dikaro, lazkarI tAlImane bhaNavA mATe, I. sa. 1924 mAM jaramanI gayA hatA, ane tyAM eNe lazkarI tAlIma uparAMta jarmana sAmyavAdI pakSapAse, samAjazAstrane abhyAsa karyo hate. pachI e TrAnsa sAbIrIyana relane raste pAcho cInamAM AvI pahoMcyo. eNe paNa cInanI bhUmi para paga mUkatAMnI sAtheja, bhAonI jema cInI virATa sAthe ekamaya banI javA mATe cInI vimukitanuM navuM zikSaNa ane satya svataMtra rIte pratipAdana karatAM jAhera karyuM ke "cInI janavirATanAmanA mahAsAgaramAM ApaNe mAchalAMchIe. A mahAsAgaramAMthI jIvananI uSmA ane anurAgata cUsI cUsIne ja ApaNe temAM taratAM rahI zakIe." pachI A baMne bherUbaMdhoe, virATamAMthI cInI vimukita ne saLaMga sUtra je cInI grAmaghATakanA savAlane taMtu pakaDI lIdhe ane A taMtuonA koDe tANAvANA vaDe cInI vimukitanI tasvIrane temaNe racavA mAMDI. I. sa. 1931 mAM, cInanA kIAMgasI prAMta para, cInI vimuktinuM paheluM svarAja. mAo-se-tuMge khUlluM mUkayuM. cha jIllAvALuM A vimukta ekama cInI dharatI para jaLahaLI uThayuM. A ekame ja vimuktinA pahelA dIvaDAnuM rUpa dhAraNa karIne, maMcurIpa para AkramaNa karanAra japAnanA, zAhIvAda sAme yuddha jAhera karyuM. paNa cInanA bIjA prAMtomAM te, jApAnanA zAhIvAdane zaraNe gaele, jApAnanA zAhIvAdanI khuzakhuzAmata karate, cInI rajavADI, yuddhakhoronI jamAtavatI cIna para rAjya karavA beThele, cAMga-kAI zeke have, eNe pelA eka prAMta paranA kIAMgasI, nAmanA vimukta ekamane saMhAra

Page #827
vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA karI nAkhavAnI jAherAta karI. cAMga-kArya-zekanI saMhAra yojanAne joIe teTalAM zastro ane lazkarI niSNAta ApavA mATe, zAhIvAdI duniyAnI, jApAnI, jaramana, ane amerikana sarakAroe paDApaDI karI. cAMga-kAI zake, lAkhanuM lazkara A zAhIvAdI, yaMtra Ayu vaDe sajaja karyuM. ene A saMhAraka dhasAre, AkhA cInanA, eka kIAMgaNI nAmanA prAMtane saMhAra karI nAkhavA nIkaLI paDe. I. sa. 1931 thI 37 sudhI sAta sAta saMhAra saMgrAma, A vimukta ekamano saMhAra karavA laDAyA. cInanI dharatI para vizva ItihAsanA hajAro varasano kathAnakamAM epabhoganA, virecIta akSare, vimuktinI A vizvavikhyAta banelI pahelI jhabaka tanA AlekhAyA. sAta sAta saMhAra saMgrAmanI agni parIkSAo pachI gherAI gaelA, kIglI prAti, tibeTanI taLeTI pAchaLanA cInanA ja ekabIjA prAMta para jIvatA pahoMcI javA, hijarata karI. vizva ItihAsanAM ati ujavala pakaraNamAM asAdhAraNa ane anokhuM evuM A lAMbIkUyanuM "epika' kahevAyeluM prakaraNa oLakhAI gayuM. cInI vimukitanI hilacAlanA mahAsaMgrAme pachInuM, vizvaItihAsanuM vimukita prakaraNa have cInI virATe vizva ItihAsamAM praveza karI dIdhuM hatuM. jagatabharanI vimuktinI hilacAlamAM, virATa ane vyApaka kahI zakAya tevI A hilacAla, pahelA vizvayuddhanA aMtamAM AraMbha pAmIne, bIjA vizvayuddhanA aMta pachI AkhA rASTrapara vyApaka banI gaI. A hilacAlane toDI nAkhavA, amerikana zAhIvAde, tanatoDa prayatna karyo. paNa chevaTe vimuktinA virATano vijaya thayo tathA, amerikana zAhIvAdane ane tenAM yaMtra AyudhathI pite sajelA, cAMga-kAI zekane parAjaya thayo. vimuktinI eziyAI mahAbhArata banelI, A hilacAlane rASTra niyAmaka mAe banyo. dUra pUrvanA leka rAjakAraNane tathA zramamAnanI vimukitanA uThAvane lAla ciMtaka jevo A ane mAnava rojanA vyavahAranI jIdI hakIkata kahete heya tema tamAma ledhaTake jaga jAherAta karate hate ke. ApaNuM para ladAyelA yuddhane mukAbale karI, cAMga-kAMdazekanA pratyAghAtane sAmano karavA ApaNe prati AkramaNa karavAne rAha dhAraNa karyo che. ekeeka lekaghaTaka, ApaNuM A uThAvamAM pitAnI pharaja adA karavAnuM nahIM ja cUke..."

Page #828
zAMtimaya sahaastitvanI viva-bhumikA dararojanI phajanI jAherAta karate heya te pUrvane A prazAMta mAnava AkhA cIna para uDatA kaThora jhaMjhAvAtanI jhaDIo nIce paNa je ne te zAMta hate. rojanI jema jANe e ItihAsanAM paribaLone abhyAsa karate koI abhyAsagRhamAMthI krAMtine uThAva pAmatA lekavirATanA pracaMDa Amane leka viplavanA AkAramAM avelekate ItihAsano vaijJAnika heya te e abhyAsa ja karate hate. e abhyAsamAM e ItihAsanI rekhAone sApha sApha dekhato hate. pachAta ane sAMsthAnika pradezomAM krAntine prameya te rUsanI nabara krAMntie zAhIvAdane sasthAnika kaTokaTImAM DubADI daIne racI nAkhyA hatA. aMgreja-amarikI zAhI vAda paNa temAM DubavA mAMDe hate. Aje cInanI dharatI para amerikanazAhI vAdano parAjya khelAte hato. AkhA eziyA para phelAI javAnI krAntinI hilacAlane jhaMDAdhArI, cIna banate hate. kevo pUrva pradezane kAnta aruNa ahIM ItihAsanuM edhANa dharIne u hate ! ene udaya sTAlIne 1925 mAM ja je hatuM ane eNe, tyAre sApha zabdamAM. jAherAta karI hatI ke cInamAM krAntinI hilacAlanAM paribaLo agaNita che. e paribaLoe Aje joIe teTalA pramANamAM pitAnI pratIti nathI ApI paNa najadIkanuM bhAvi e paribaLane pUravAra karaze ja. pUrva ane pazcimanA zAsake je Aje temane pichANu zakatA nathI tathA te paribaLonI gaNanA karI zakatA nathI teo pitAnI A bhUlane lIdhe ghaNuM sahana karaze.' sTAlInanI prajJAnuM AvuM bhaviSya kathana Aje cIna para pitAnI sAbitI detuM hatuM. dUra pUrvane hajAro mAIlane sImADe Aje A krAnta paribaLothI jhaLahaLI uThayuM hatuM. AvaDuM moTuM dekhAtuM cAMga-kAI-zekanuM zAsana, itihAsanI Agekya nIce eka paLamAM chinna vichinna thatuM hatuM. amerikI zAhIvAdo e sAgarIta eka paLamAM devALiyo puravAra thaI jato hate. ItihAsanA A virATa kadama nIce duniyAne AgevAna zAhIvAda ahIM budhdha dekhAI gayo hato. cInane gulAma banAvavAnI temanI badhI kALotarI janAo virATanA kadama nIce kacaDAI jatI hatI. cInane gulAmInI jaMjIramAM jakaDI rAkhavI eNe ThAlavelA sonAnA badhA DhagalA ane zastranA bhaMDArane so Aje enA apa rAdhI pALamAM ThekAte hate. eziyAnI kacaDAyelI mAnavatAmAM uSmA lAvanAra ke pracaMDa e yuga vegI jhaMjhAvAta hate ! eziyAnI mAnavatAnA saikAonAM zeSaNane yuga tarasyo

Page #829
vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA janakaMTha cInanI dharatI para AjhAdIno pracaMDa buMgI bajAva hato ! AjhAdI mAgatI mAnavatAne rokI rAkhavA amerikI zAhIvAde daza bIlIyana DolaranI karelI kAtarI sakhAvata, ane e sakhAvatane dhAranAra pratyAghAtI cAMganI badhI lazkarI sajAvaTa, kAgano vAgha banIne bhAgI chUTatI hatI ! amarikI zAhIvAdanA velasTrITanI zAhIvAdI sarakAra cInI avAmanI A leka AjhAdInI nUtana lokazAhI sarakArane nahi svIkAravAno game teTale sannipAna kare chatAM Aje duniyAnA itihAsanuM e mUrta satya, cInI dharatInA pATanagara pekIMga para eziyAbharanI mAnavatAnI leka jehAdano jhaMDe pharakAvI rahyuM hatuM. nUtana vimuktinuM cInI prakaraNa - vizva ItihAsanA leka paribaLAnuM jhaLahaLatuM prakaraNa cInanI dharatI para 1949 nA okaTaranA pahelA divase lakheluM hatuM. cInI virATanuM pATanagara pikIMga tyAre saikAonI gulAmIne khaMkherI nAkhIne nUtana uSAnA avAjamAM uThatuM hatuM. pekIMga nagaranI pAchalI rAta bhara, Aje okaTobaranA pahelA diva sanI upAse aneka lekanAdo uThADatA hatA. A aMdhAre aMdhAre upakALanI saMsthAmAM ja zerIomAMthI pekIMganAM naranArIo ubharAvA mAMDyAM. pekIMganA rAjamArgoe zaikAo sudhI nahIM dekhe vimuktino virATa mAnavanada ahIM mAnavatAnI na lAgaNIonuM prerakabaLa banIne umara dekhAze. cInanAM naranArIo, yuvAna yuvatIo ane bALaka bALakIone Aje uzkerATa hato. cInI dharatI paranI pILI mAnavatAnuM Aje vimuktinuM mahAparva hatuM cI to zahenazAhano mahAlayamAMthI Aje cIne lekakrAntinA senAnIo cInI lekanA nUtana lekazAhI rIpablIkanI jAherAta karavAnA hatA. eTale te taraphanAM vizALa cogAnamAM kalAka pahelAM ubhA rahevA, cInI avAmane mAnavanada uchaLatA jatA hatA. e uchaLatA avAmanAM ghoDApUra rASTra

Page #830
zAMtimaya sahaastitvanI vizva-bhumikA 809 gItA gAtAM hatAM, sutro pokAratA hatAM. aukAjune cInI Ataza Aje yuga tarasyA banIne pItA hatA. saikA junI AjhAdInI AzA Aje ahIM eka arthe dharatI hatI. cInI pAzAke Aje ahIM eka saundaryanuM rUpa sajatA hatA. cInI klinI jIvananI vedanA, Aje ahIM nUtana sananuM eka vimukitanuM vedana banatI hatI. vimuktimAM vimukta banelA aneka imAratono banelA cInI zahenazAhAne mahAlaya paNu Aje punadhaTanA pAmyA. 1405mAM e badhAvA mAMDayA hate. pAMca saikAonA cInI bAdazAhe ahIM rahyA hatA. Aje cInI janatAnA lekavijaye enAM saikAjInAM baMdha kamADa cInI lokeAnAM vimukata dIkarA dIkarI mATe khAlI nAkhyAM hatAM. cInI janatAe ene peAtAnI saMskRtinI vastuonu saMgrahasthAna banAvyuM hatuM. janatAnA e saMgrahasthAnamAM Aje eka vizALakhaDamAM cIna dezanA leAka pratinidhie akaDAM maLyAM hatAM. cInI nUtana leAkazAhInuM baMdhAraNa Aje A mahAlayanA cogAnamAMthI bahAra paDavAnu hatuM. cInI janajehAdanA jhaMDA Aje A vizALa ceAgAnamAM rApelA staMbha para AropAine vimuktinuM nUtana prasthAna pharakAvatA hatA. eTale Aje cInanA pATanagarane AMgaNe jagatajanatAneA utsava maMDAyA hatA. eTale Aje cInanA A maDAparvane nihALavA nUtana leAkazAhI ane seAviyaTa deze potAnA pratinidhie mokalyA hatA. cInI avAmane UchaLatA mahAnada A ceAgAnamAM peAtAnI kheDA levA jatA lAkazAhIonA mahemAnane potAnAM UchaLatAM meLa vacce AgaLa vadhavAne mAga karI ApatA hatA. pachI cInI dharatI para saikAo sudhI hi saMbhaLAyelA eka pracaMDa ghaMTAnAda saMbhaLAyA. cInI pATanagaramAM pahelIvAra geThavAyelA cInanA leAkanA lAla lAvaiyAoe eka sAmaTAM hajAro byugale khAvIne vAtAvaraNane apUrva bhAvathI ubharAvI dIdhuM. itihAsane kAMTA cInI loka ripablIkanI jAherAtanI apUrva paLa para aDyo ane eka gaganabhedI ganAe pekIMga nagaranI dharatIne khaLabhaLAvI dIdhI, 'mAe cu, sI...vAMgalI....mAe!-cu. sI-vAMgalI !' (mAe cu jhindAbAda ). mA setuma, cu-teDu ane cInI janatAnI leAka pArlAmenTamAM (pIpalsa polITIkala, kanasalaTeTIva, kAnapharansa ) AvelA pratinidhie leAkajanatAnI eka najaramAM mI pItA AgaLa AvyA ane peAtAnI kheDakA para beThA. 102

Page #831
vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA e leka AgevAne para mugdha banelI janatAe lekasUtrane pikAra gaganabhedI garajAvyA. pachI pAchAM eka sAmaTAM byugalo vAgyAM. hajAre jhaMDAe havAmAM uMcakAyA. ane eka mahA pracaMDa AlhAda para uMcakAte heya te mAo, cInI lekajanatAne AgevAna, lekazAhInA dimAka je, lekamanI prazAnta najara nAkhate, lekajehAdanA laDAyaka sUtra je UThe. eNe smita karIne hAtha halAvIne lekabAMdhavatAne salAmI bharI. pachI eNe madhyamAM ropAyelA staMbha para vizALa jhaMDo laherAvyo ane tene lekaninAda vacce namana karyuM ahovIsa tenI ekasAmaTI garjanAoe A lekajhaMDAne salAmI dIdhI. pachI mAoe eka eka vAkya karIne cInanI nutana lekazAhInI jAherAta saMbhaLAvI ke, cInanuM lokazAhI prajAsattAka, AkhI duniyAnA, zAMti ane AjhAdI cAhaka tamAma deza tarapha ne sauthI prathama soviyaTa yuniyana ane badhA nUtana lokazAhI deza tarapha tathA tamAma zeSita prajAe tarapha pitAnI hamadardI ane birAdarInI ekatA jAhera kare che. tathA jAhera kare che ke cInanI nUtana lekazAhInuM sthAna, AMtara rASTriya zAMti tathA lekazAsananI chAvaNImAM che ane jagata-zAMtine kAyama rAkhavA mATe zAhIvAdI AkramaNakhorI sAmenA saMyukta pratikAra mATe che. vizva ItihAsanI vimuktine chaDIdhara, abadala, nAsera A pustakanA kapamAM pAnapara beThelI sTrIMkasanI pratimA prAcIna IjIpanI bhUmipara pAMca hajAra varasaparathI vizva ItihAsane keyaDe banIne pAMca hajAra varasanI muMjhavaNa banIne beThI hatI. Apabhoge ane agniparikSAonA, IjIptanA jIvananA sAmudAyika tabakkAomAMthI siMhanI garadana paranA, manuSyamAthAvALA meDhAmAMthI, jANe A sTrIMkasa pahele zabda bolavA mAMDatI hatI. pAMca hajAra varasanuM mauna tUTatuM hatuM. pAMca hajAra varasa pachI, pazutAe, kAyApalaTa karI hatI, ane saMskRtie, AMtararASTriya kAnUnanI nyAyasamatAnAM, zAMtimaya sahaastitvavALAM, nUtanavimukta rASTronA, bInadaramyAnagIrIvALA, samAna sArvabhaumatvane zabda uccAryo hate. A uccAranuM AvAhana karate heya tevA, vItI gayelA saikAo pachI, vizva ItihAsanA A pitAmaha dezane, pAMca hajAra varasanI saMskRtinA saMtAna jevA

Page #832
zAMtimaya sahaastitvanI vizva-bhumikA utthAna rUpa sAMpaDyuM hatuM. A nUtana utthAna rUpa nUtana mAnavatAnuM hatuM. A nUtana mAnava samudAya, Araba samudAya hatA. A samudAyanA sArvabhaumatvanA AgevAna abadala nAsera, kerA nagaramAMnA potAnA dharamAM viSAdamAM garakAva thai gayeA hatA. ene vimuktinI dhaTanA dhaDavAnuM bhavya svapna AvyuM hatuM. e AsvAna baMdha bAMdhavAnI yAjanAnuM udghATana karatA hatA teja TANe, amerikana zAhIvAde A zAMtiTanAnA svapnamAMthI, viharatI lIlAtarIne, ane jIvananI prAthamika jarUriyAtAne sajatI, IjIptanI mAnavatAnA, AvatI kAlanA killAlane, ujADI nAkhyA hatA. lIlotarInA page paNe jANe Aga lAgavA mAMDI hatI. eNe pote, peAtAnI bhUmiparatI, potAnA, adhikAra nIcenI, suejha kenAlanA karelA rASTriyakaraNa para, aMgrejI-phrenca zAhIvAdanAM tathA, amerikana zAhIvAdanA ijharAila nAmanA, parAdhIna pradeza parathI, AkramaNA nIkaLo cUkayAM hatAM. 11 tyAre abadala nAsera vizvatihAsanI vimuktinA laDavaiyAnI adA dhAraNa karIne beThA hatA. A nUtana vimuktinA virATanA, pramukhane mATe ijIptanA pATanagaramAM rahevAnuM eka dhara hatuM, mahAlaya nahotA. mahAlayanA dAdA eNe potAnA garIbarASTrapara mANavAnI potAne mATe manA pharamAvI hatI. eka samayanA vizva vijaya karanArA, phArAha nAmanA zahenazAhanI ja A bhUmiparanA zAsana cakranA sarvAdhikAra para ArUDha banelA nAsera, karAmAMnA potAnA dharamAM rahetA hatA ane sacItrAlamamAM kAma karatA hatA. ene paNa, vimukta rASTramAMdhavA jevA mAonI jema ane naherUnI jema, vizva zAMtinA ekaja dazakA joitA hatA. e ekaja dazakAmAM leAkajIvananI punaHghaTanAnI tasvIrane nipajAvavAnI enI pAse arthAM-yojanA hatI. parantu A mahAna rASTranI vimuktineA janma thayA tyAM teA, enA upara, AkramaNa kheAra zAhIvAdI dhaTanAe tUTI paDavAnu AkharI nAmuM ApI dIdhuM hatuM. peAtAnA kAryAlayamAM A egaNacAlIsa varasanI uMmaranA jUvAna jodha, nAsera beThA hatA. enI pAse enA kAryAlayamAM, aMgrejI ane phreMca ebasImAMthI, e banne zAhIvAdI sarakArAnA embeseDarA AvyA, ane temaNe ene AkharInAmuM ApyuM. A AkharInAmuM, "suejha kunAlanA pradezane zAhIvAdanI hakumata nIce sepI do, nahIM tA, yuddha karavA taiyAra raheA," tevuM hatuM. pAMca hajAra varasanI saMskRtinA ItihAsanI dhaTanAnuM mukha jANe udhayuM. pAMcahujAra varasanA vizvaitihAsane mukAbale, karavA nIkaLelA, gaIkAlanA avazeSa jevA, zAhIvAdI Akramaka dUta DavAi gayelA ubhA. itihAsaneA avAja

Page #833
812 vizva ItihAsanI rUparekhA khelatA hAya tema nAsare, pelA AkharI nAmAne dhikkAra pUrvaka inkAra karyAM. eNe tarataja prathama karavAnuM kAma, prathama karavA mAMDayu hoya tema zAMtithI, vimukta banelA, mAnava samudAyAne, vimuktinI sAcavaNI karavAnAM Ayuddhe ijIpta bharamAM, ane khAsa karIne; suejhanA pradezanI AsapAsa vaheMcavA mAMDayAM. pAMcalAkha rAilAnI vaheMcaNI thai gayA pachI kerA nagaramAMnA potAnA dharamAMthI eNe, vimukta rASTranI vimuktinI sAcavaNI karavAnI yejanA ghaDI tyArapachI gheADA ja samaya pachI eNe kerA nagarapara kheAMbarAnA ghUghUrATa sAMbhaLyA. eNe potAnA chAparApara caDhIne, saMyukta rATsadhamAM, mahAnamAMdhAtA rAjyA banIne kheDelA, aMgrejI phaeN carazAhIvAdanAM ebarA uDI AvatAM dIDAM. jIptaparIjharASleSaNa zarU karelI caDhAinA eNe samAcAra sAMbhaLyA. paMcazIla ane mAnDuganA AMtararASTriya kAnUnanI yazasvI khAMbhI amerikana zAhIvAdanA zastrasAje gAjhA ane sItAipradeza para ijharAila mAraphata saMhAra varatAvyA. suejha kenAlanu, keranagara, khaMDiyera banI gayuM. Di yaranA bhaMgAranA DhagalA vacce, mAnava vimukitanA khamIranI mATImAMthI caNAyelI, rASTrarASTra vaccenA, samAna sArvabhaumatvanI vikRtiDAsanI eka khAMbhI, A, ciraMtana bhUmipara ubhI thai gai. A, bhUmipara, A nagaranA pAdaramAMthI, mahA sAgarapara vijayI najara nAkhatI, vItI gaelA jamAnAnI eka peAlAdanI dhaDAyelI aMgrejI ijaneranI pratimA A bhUminI dhULanAM ragadoLAi gai hatI ane nUtana vimuktinI zahAdatanI khAMbhI tyAM ubhI hatI. prenTisanI rASTravimukitanuM tatanu janmelu pharaja de. jagatanA nakazApara nUtana ijIptanI rekhAonuM banIne janamyuM ke tarata ja, rUdana karavAne badale, AjhAdInuM saMskAragIta gAtu" saMbhaLAyuM. vimukitanI sAcavaNI karIne, saMskRtinI vizvazAMtinI ate zAMtimaya sahaaritatvanI bhUmikAne eNe racI batAvI. A bhUmiparathI, eTale ja, aMgreja phreMcazAhIvAdanuM AkramaNa khInazaratI rIte parAbhava pAmIne pAchuM haTayuM ane mAreokkothI arebIyA sudhI, Araba mAna vAnI virATa chAyA, pelA mahAnubhAvanA, nAmanuM, gamala, abadala, nAseranu smaraNa karatI, itihAsanA gauravane dhAraNa karavA mAMDI. vizvazAMtinA AMtararASTriya rAjaduta menana bhAratanA, aitihAsika evA malAr pradezanA, kAlIkaTa nagaramAM, i. sa. 1897 nA menI 2 jIe janmelA kRSNa menane madrAsa vidyApIThamAM snAtaka thaIne laMDananI yunIvarasITImAM arthazAstranA niSNAta banIne, bhArata rASTranI sevA karavAnuM kAma inDIyA lIganA maMtrIpadanI javAbadArI

Page #834
zAMtimaya sahaastitvanI viva-bhumikA dhAraNa karIne I. sa. 1929thI zarU karyuM. hiMda vimukitanA dAdA dAdAbhAI navarajIe jayAM sudhI A kAryane IgleMDamAM AgaLa vadhAryuM hatuM tyAMthI AgaLanuM kAma, kraSNa menane AraMkhyuM. ahIM lebara pATIne paNa sabhAsada banIne, InDIyAlIga tathA, pelIkana graMthamALAnA taMtrI padethI, uparAMta tyAMja berIsTaranI kArakIdI zarU karIne, menane vimukinuM pracArakArya cAlu rAkhyuM. igleDe nahIM dIThelA evA, A mahAna banI gaelA vakIlane mATe, rASTravimukitanI vakIlAta zivAyanAM badhAM kSetro TuMkAM banyAM. A vakIlAtaja mudo laIne rastAo parathI, ubhArahIne ane hAiDa pArkanA khuNAparanI sAbunI peTI para paga goThavIne eNe pitAnA rASTranI vimukitane kesa raju karyA karyo, tathA tyAMnI kebIyana samAjavAdI saMsthAmAM praveza karyo. laMDanamAM ja enI pahelI mulAkAta javAharalAla sAthe thaI. pahelI mulAkAtamAM ja mitra banelA banee, I. sa. 1936mAM spenIza dharatI para khUllI mUkAyelI, vimukitanI agni parikSAnI hRdayadrAvaka tasvIra sAthe nihALI. tyAM ja temaNe zAhIvAde, khuzIkhuzAmata karIne, phAsIvAdane dIdhelA chUTAdoranuM saMhAraka svarUpa nihALyuM, ane vizvavijaya karavA nIkaLatA, hiTalaramusolinIe zarU karelA, spenIza, mAnave samudAyane saMhAra najaronajara dIThe. A bhayAnaka darzana dekhavAnI taka, menana mATe cAlu rahI. bIjA vizvayuddhamAM thaelI laMDananagaranI tArAjI eNe tyAM rahIne ja dekhI, tathA kAnsanA patanane ane, soviyeTa bhUmiparanA, bhavya evA mAnava prANanA vijayane eNe nihALyo. yurepanI bhUmi parathI ja eNe saMyukata rASTra saMghane janma pAmate dIThe. AvI vizva ItihAsanI raMgabhUmipara ubhA rahIne ja eNe vizvarAjakAraNane abhyAsa aMtaramAM utAryo. nUtana jagatane eNe janma pAmatuM dIThuM. A nUtana janmamAM ja, pRthvInA nakazApara eka bALa aMkura phUTa hoya tema, bhAratanI AjhAdIne eNe dekhI. A darzanamAM ja jagatanA rAjakAraNamAM, vimukitanI tasvIramAM seLabheLa thaI jatA, zAhIvAdanI maraNa pAmatI ghaTanAnI bhedanItinA paNa taMtuo eNe dIThA. nUtana bhAratavatI saMyukata rASTra saMdhamAM, raju karavAnI kAryavAhI laIne eNe AMtararASTriya saMsthAmAM praveza karyo te sAthe javimukitanA rAjakAraNanI satra saMzuddhi pAmIne, abhaya banele ene prANa zAhIvAdI ghaTanAnA paDakAra same, sAbIta thaze. A zAhIvAdI ghaTanAnA AgevAna evA, amerikana zAhIvAdanA eka sAgarIta bhAratamAMthI navA AvelA, sukalakaDI, kalevarane lAkaDInA TekA parathI makkama pagalAM mAMDatA, menanane pUchayuM, "tamArA rASTranI sarakAre, sAmyavAdI cInanI sarakArane svIkAra zA mATe karyo che?"

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814 viva ItihAsanI rUparekhA ane bInadaramyAnagIrInA, sArvabhaumatvane kAnUnanI, vimukta rASTranI asmitAnI aMjalinuM ja pAna karIne zvAsaprazvAsane sAcavato hoya te, bhAratanI bhUmi parathI, vizvazAMtino rAjaduta banavA Avele, menana bele, mArA rASTranI sarakAre lIdhelA nirNayamAM teNe evo nirNaya nathI lIdhe ke yunAITeDa sTeTase paNa cInano svIkAra karo." sIdhI, sAdI, namra paNa nirbhaya, evI vizvazAMtinA AbhAsanA rAja dutanI kAryavAhI avirAma banIne I. sa. 1952 mAM AraMbhAI gaI. uttara dakSiNa kArIyA para, vizvanI zAhIvAdI ghaTanAo, saLagAvelI, kerIyana bhAnavonI saMhAranI Agane bujhavavAmAM, jInevAnI AMtararASTriya malatamAM, cAu-ena-lInA bherUbaMdha banIne, vizvazAMtinA eka taMtunI sAcavaNI karavAnI nAjuka paristhitimAM pAra utAravAmAM, vieTanAma (hiMdI cIna) para utarI cukelA phrenca zAhIvAdanA khunakhAra AkramaNa para zAMtinI kAryavAhIne raju karavAmAM, bAganA zAMti samAraMbhamAM, vimukata eziyAnA zAMtimaya saha astitvanA mUlyanI AMtararASTrIya asmitA ghaDavAmAM ane IjIpta para utarI cUkelA, bhayAnaka AkramaNanI vikaTa paristhitimAM paNa vizvazAMtinI jALavaNI karavAnA, zAMtikAryamAM, kRSNamenanI kAryavAhI sarvopari pUravAra thaI. Akhare aMgrejI-phrenca ane amerikana zAhIvAdanI chaMcheDAyelI, kAryavAhI bhArata para nizAna tAkIne, kAzmIramAM Aga cAMpavA, saMyukta rASTrasaMghamAM ekaThI thaI kAzmIramAM yuddhanI jvALAone utAranArA pitAnA badhA sAgarItane, temaNe pAkIstAnanI kAzmIra paranI AkamaNakhara sarakAranI AgevAnI nIce gaThavIne. bhArata para yuddhano bharaDe racavAne dorI saMcAra zarU karyo paNa tyAre vizvazAMtinA ghara AMgaNe AvelA, A moracA para TakI rahevAne puNyaprakopa dhAraNa karIne kRSNamenane, vizvazAMtinA, hArdanI, vizvazAMtinA, pAyAnI, ane vizvazAMtinA savAlanI je sAcavaNI karI te vizvaItihAsamAM abhUtapUrva AlekhAI gaI. pote, anekavAra saMyukata rASTrasaMghanI vyAsapITha parathI je vAta uccArI hatI te, eNe ahIM bedhaDaka rIte, jAhera karI ke zAhIvAdI ghaTanA, pitAnA astitvane jagatapara jALavI rAkhavA, Aje je AkhA jagatane potAnA zastronI sakhAvata vaDe; jagagatanI prajAone aMdara aMdara kapAvI mAravAnI raNabhUmi banAvavA mAgatI hoya ke, jagatanAM mathakane potAnA aNuboMbanA akha

Page #836
zAMtimaya sahaastitvanI vizvabhumikA 815 tarA karavAnI prayogazALA mAnatI hoya tA, mArA rASTranI sarkAravatI huM jAhera karavA mAguM chuM ke, bhAratanI bhUmi paranA, koi paNa bhAgapara, saMyukata rASTrasaMghanA nAmavALA paNa, kAi paNa paradezI sainikane paga mUkavA devAmAM nahIM Avaze. "

Page #837

Page #838
viSe itihAsanI rUparekhA kAlejomAM cAlatA itihAsanA bI. e sudhInA itihAsanA abhyAsa mATe atyaMta upayogI tathA ekeeka mAdhyamika zALA, ane pustakAlayamAM vasAvavA jevuM, gujarAtI granthAlayonA zaNagAra samuM, vidhaitihAsanuM maulika vAMcana ane A anusaMdhArAmAMja lakhAyelAM nUtana manovijJAna ane nUtana zikSaNa para gujarAtI bhASAmAM prathama ane sarvottama prakAzana manovijJAnanA mULAkSaro nutanazikSaNa ane natanamanovijJAna pragaTa thaI cUkeyAM che paITUATIHITS ( javAharaNara sarakheja roDa amadAvAda - 7 "kuM dIpaka prinTarI : amadAvA