Sanskrit Sahitya ka Itihas

Author(s): Hansraj Agrawal, Lakshman Swarup
Publisher: Rajhans Prakashan
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/010839/1

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saMskRta sAhitya HERS itihAsa

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D0004reaps AkAzamA I A saMskRta-sAhitya kA itihAsa arror (saMzodhita tathA saMvardhita) .. . lekhakahaMsarAja agravAla ema. e., pI. I. esa., fallara eriz2abiznara aura golDa meDalisTa, maimbara borDa zrAva sTaDIz2a ina saMskRta, aiDiDamaimbara aoriyaNTala phaiklTI paMjAba yunivarsiTI, adhyakSa saMskRta hindI vibhAga, gavarnameMTa kAleja, ludhyAnA DA. lakSmaNasvarUpa ema. e., DI. phila. (Aksana) zrAphisara Di. ekeDemi (phrAMsa). prophesara zrAv saMskRta, paMjAba yunivarsiTI lAhaura dvArA likhita pUrva zabda sahita / prakAzaka rAjahaMsa prakAzana sadara bAjAra, dillI tRtIyAvRtti [1650 vidyArthI saMskaraNa 4 // ) lAyabrarI saMskaraNa |)

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1 pahalA saMskaraNa dUsarA saMskaraNa tIsarA saMskaraNa : 1642 1647 1650 Printed by Amar Chand as the Rajhaus Press, Sadar Bazar Delhi, and published by Rajhans Prakashan Sadar Bazar, Delhi.

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o samarpaNa hindI sAhitya ke ananya pramI, rASTra-bhASA ke niHsvArtha bhakta, devanAgarI lipi ke parama upAsaka, hindo sAhitya-sammelana ke bhUtapUrva pradhAna, alAhAbAda yunivarsiTI ke bhUtapUrva vAIsa-cAnsalara, vidvAnoM ke parama pUjya ,zrIyuta paMDitapravara DAkTara "amaranAtha bhA' ke kara kamaloM meM sAdara samarpita

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nii

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pUrva-zabda saskRta-sAhitya vizAla aura anekAMgI hai| jitane kAla taka isake sAhitya kA nirmANa hotA rahA hai utane kAla taka jagat meM kisI anya sAhitya kA nhiiN| maulika mUlya meM yaha kisI se dUsare nambara para nahIM hai| itihAsa ko lekara hI saMskRta-sAhitya truTi-pUrNa samajhA jAtA hai| rAjanItika itihAsa ke sambandha se to yaha tathAkathita truTi cita kula bhI siddha nahIM hotii| rAjata giNI ke khyAta. nAmA lekhaka kalhaNa ne likhA hai ki maiMne rAjAno kA itihAsa likhana ke lie apane se pahale ke gyAraha itihAsa-grantha dekhe haiM aura maiMne rAjakIya lekha-saMgrahAlayoM meM aneka aise itihAsa-grantha dekhe haiM jinheM kIDoM ne khA DAlA hai, ataH apATya hone ke kAraNa ve pUrNatayA upayoga meM nahIM lAe jA sake haiM / kalhaNa ke isa kathana se bilkula spaSTa hai ki saMskRta meM itihAsa-grantha likhe jAte the| parantu yadi sAhitya ke itihAsa ko lekara dekheM to kahanA paDegA ki koI aisA pramANa nahIM milatA hai jisase yaha dikhAyA jA sake ki kabhI kisI bhI bhAratIya bhASA meM saMskRta kA itihAsa likhA gayA thaa| yaha kalA aAdhunika upaja hai aura hamAre deza meM isakA pracAra karane vAle yUropa nivAsI bhArata-bhASA-zAstrI haiN| saMskRta-sAhitya ke itihAsa adhikatara yUropa aura amerikana vidvAnoM ne hI likhe haiM / parantu yaha bAta to nitAnta spaSTa hai ki videzI loga cAhe kitane bahujJa hoM, ve sabhyatA, saMskRti, darzana, kalA aura jIvana-dRSTi kIdRSTi se atyanta bhinna jAti ke sAhitya kI antarAtmA kI pUrNa abhiprazaMsA karane yA gaharI thA

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saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa lene meM asamartha ho rheNge| kimI jAti kA sAhitya usakI rUDhi-paramparA kI, pariveSTanoM kI, bhaugolika sthitiyoM kI, jalavAyu se sambaddha avasthAoM kI aura rAjanaitika saMsthAoM kI saMyukta prasUti hotA hai| ataH kimI jAti ke sAhitya ko ThIka-ThIka byAkhyA karanA kisI bhI videzo ke lie dussAdhya kArya hai| aba samaya hai ki svayaM bhAratIya apane sAhitya ke itihAsa-grantha likhate aura usake (arthAt sAhitya ke andara chupI huI zrAtmA ke svarUpa kA darzana svayaM karAte / yahI eka kAraNa hai ki maiM zrIyuta hasarAja agravAla ema0 e0 dvArA likhita saMskRta sAhitya ke isa itihAsa kA svAgata karatA huuN| zrIyuta agravAla eka yazasvI vidvAn hai| usane phullA chAtravRtti prApta kI thI aura use vizvavidyAlaya ke svarNa padakoM se sammAnita hone kA saubhAgya prApta hai / yaha Ate hue samaya kI zubha sUcanA hai ki bhAratIyoM ne apane sAhitya ke itihAsa meM abhirUci dikhalAnI prArambha kara dI hai| merA vicAra hai ki saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa likhane vAle bahuta thor3e bhAratIya haiM, aura paJjAba meM to zrIyuta agravAla se pahalA koI hai hI nahIM / ina dinoM bI0 e0 ke chAtroM kI AvazyakatA pUrNa karane vAlA, aura saMskRta sAhitya ke adhyayana meM unakI sahAyatA karane vAlA koI grantha nahIM hai, kyoMki saMskRta ke upalabhyamAna itihAsa banyoM meM se adhika grantha unakI yogyatA se bAhara ke haiN| yaha grantha bI0 e0 zreNI ke hI chAtroM kI AvazyakatA ko pUrNa karane ke vizeSa prayojana se likhA gayA haiN| lekhaka ne bar3A parizrama karake yaha itihAsa likhA hai aura mujhe vizvAsa hai ki yaha jinake liye likhA gayA hai unakI zrAvazyakatAoM ko bar3I acchI taraha pUrNa kregaa| lakSmaNa svarUpa ( ema0 e0, DI0 phila0, Aphisara DI ekeDamI)

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prathama saMskaraNa kA prAmukha saMskRta-sAhitya kA mahatva bahuta bar3A hai (dekho pRSTha 1-1) / hindI bhASA kA saMskRna se ghaniSTha sambandha hai, vahI sambandha hai jo ki eka lar3akI kA apanI mAtA se hotA hai (dekho pRSTha 11-15 ) / saskRta-sAhitya se sambaddha itihAsa kA hindI meM abhAva kucha khalatA lA thA ataH maiM yaha prayAsa saMskRta-sAhitya se anurAga rakhane vAle hindI premiyoM kI sevA meM prastuta kara rahA huuN| isa grantha ko likhate samaya merA vizeSa lakSya isa viSaya ko saskRta sAhitya ke premiyoM ke lie adhika sugama aura adhika AkarSaka banAne ko ora rahA hai / isa lakSya taka pahuMcane ke lie maine vizeSatayA vizleSaNa zailI kA sahArA liyA hai| udAharaNArtha, maiMne yaha adhika acchA samajhA hai ki kavikulaguru kAlidAsa kA varNana mahAkAvya praNetA ke yA nATakakAra ke yA saMgIta-kAvya kartA ke rUpa meM tIna bhinna-bhinna sthAnoM para na de kara eka hI sthAna para de diyA jAe / jahAM-jahAM sambhava huA hai Adhunika se aAdhunika anusandhAnoM ke phaloM kA samAveza kara diyA hai / pAzcAtya dRSTi koNa kA andhAdhundha anukaraNa na kara ke maine pUrvIya dRSTikoNa kA bhI pUrA-pUrA dhyAna rakhA hai| __maiM una bhinna-bhinna prAmANika lekhakoM kA atyanta kRtajJa hUM--jiname se kucha ullekhanIya ye hai,- maikaDaoNnala, kItha, viMTaraniTja, pITarasana,

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saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa TAmasa, haupakinsa, ra psana, pArjiTara, aura aijaraTana-~-jinakI kRtiyoM ko maine isa grantha ke likhate samaya bAra-bAra dekhA hai aura pAda-TippagiyoM meM pramANatayA jinakA ullekha kiyA hai| apane pUjya adhyApaka DA. lakSmaNasvarUpa ema.e., DI0 phila., Aphisara Di aikeDemi phrAMsa, saMskRta profaisara paJjAba yUnivarsiTI lAhaura ko maiM vizeSataH dhanyavAda detA hUM, jinake caraNa kamaloM meM baiThakara meMne vaha bahuta kucha sIkhA jo isa grantha meM bharA huA hai / isa grantha ke lie pUrva zabda likhane me unhoM ne jo kaSTa sahana kiyA hai, maiM usake lie bhI unakA bar3A RNIhU~ / isa pustaka ke likhane meM mujhe apane parama mitra zrIyuta zratikAnta zarmA zAstrI, ema0 e0 lAhityAcArya se vizeSa sahAyatA milI hai| unake anathaka prayatnoM ke binA isa pustaka ko hindI jagat ke sammukha itanI jaldI prastuta karanA asambhava nahIM to kaThina avazya hotA, ata: maiM unakA bhI bar3A prabhArI huuN| zrAzA hai ki hindI jagat isa abhAva-pUrti kA samucita prAdara kregaa| vidvAnoM kA sevaka haMsarAja agravAla

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tRtIya saMskaraNa ke sambandha meM jahAM mujhe apane suvijJa tathA kRpAlu pAThakoM kA vizeSa rUpa se dhanyavAda karanA hai ki unhoM ne isa pustaka kA AzAtIta Adara kara ke mujhe atyanta anugRhIta kiyA hai, vahAM mujhe isa bAta kI bhI kSamA mAMganI hai ki prema ko aneka kaThinAiyoM tathA mudraNa kI nAnA asubidhAoM ke kAraNa prakAzaka prayatna karane para bhI unakI prema bharI mAMga ko pUrA karane meM asamartha rhe| isa saMskaraNa ko bhI chapate chapate teraha mAsa se Upara laga gae / to bhI maiM rAjahaMsa presa ke saMcAlakoM kA dhanyavAda karatA hU~ ki ve isa pustaka ko isa sundara rUpa se nikAlane meM samartha hue / maiM zrAzA rakhatA hU~ ki bhaviSya meM pAThakoM ko itanI lambI pratIkSA nahIM karanI pdd'egii| bhAsa ke granthoM meM pRSTha 72 para usake 14 ve nATaka 'yjnyphlm| kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| vizeSa khoja se patA calA hai ki vAstava meM yaha eka kRtrimatA ( forgery) hai aura ki yaha nATaka mahAkavi bhAsa kA nahIM hai| kauTalya ke arthazAstra kA saskRta sAhitya meM vizeSa mahatva hai| pahale saMskaraNa meM use pariziSTa meM rakhA gayA thaa| isa saMskaraNa meM usapara mUla pustaka meM alaga adhyAya diyA gayA hai / sthAna sthAna para aura bhI Avazyaka sudhAra kie gae haiN| zrAzA hai ki vidvAn pAThaka ise upayogI paayeNge| vinItaH haMsarAja agravAla

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viSaya-sUcI adhyAya 1 6. saMskRta sAhitya kA mahatva 2. yUropa ke Upara saMskRta sAhitya kA prabhAva 3. saMskRta meM aitihAsika tattva kA prabhAva 4. saMskRta aura Adhunika bhASAeM 5. kyA saMskRta bola-cAla kI bhASA thI? ... 6. zreNya saMskRta kI vizeSatAeM adhyAya 2 rAmAyaNa aura mahAbhArata 7. aitihAsika mahAkAvyoM kI utpatti 8 (ka) rAmAyaNa. (kha) isakA mahatva, (ga) isake saMskaraNa, (gha) isakA varNanIya viSaya, (Ga) isake upAkhyAna, (ca) isa ko vizuddhatA, (cha) isakA kAla, (ja) zailI / 25 1, (ka) mahAbhArata-isake vistAra kI kakSAeM: (kha) isakA mahattva, (ga) (1) isake sAdhAraNa saMskaraNa, (2) isake AlocanApUrNa saMskaraNa, (3) isakI dIkAe, (gha) isakA varNanIya, viSaya, (Ga) isake upAkhyAna, (ca) isane vartamAna rUpa kaise prApta kiyA ? (ka) isakA kAla, (ja) shailii| 35 30 donoM aitihAsika mahAkAvyoM kA anyonya sambandha (ka) parimANa, (kha) racayitRtva, (ga) mukhya granthabhAga, (gha) donoM mahAkAvyoM kA vikAsa, (Da) pArasparika sambandha, (ca) racanAsthAna, (ba) pArasparika samaya-sAmya

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12 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa adhyAya 3 purANa 11 (ka) purANoM kI utpatti (kha) puraNoM kA upacaya (ga) purANoM kA viSaya (gha) purANoM meM itihAsa (Ga) purANoM kA kAla adhyAya 4 bhAsa 12. saMskRta sAhitya meM bhAsa kA sthAna 13. kyA ina nATakoM kA racayitA eka hI vyakti hai 14. taba ina kA racayitA kauna hai ? 15. bhAsa ke anya grantha 16. bhAsa kI zailI 17. kAla adhyAya 5 artha - zAstra 18. (ka) artha zAstra kA mahatva (kha) racayitA ... (ga) grantha aura racanAkAla (gha) zailI 04 sa ... ... 6. ... ... 12 13 33 55 56 64 66 70 72 73 74 6 1 82 81 86

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viSaya-sUcI 107 120 adhyAya 6 kAlidAsa 16, IsA pUrva kI prathama zatAbdI meM saMskRta kA punarujjIvana 20, kAlidAsa 21. granthoM ke maulika bhAga 22. nATakoM ke nAnA saMskaraNa 23. kAla 24. kAlidAsa ke vicAra 25. kAlidAsa kI zailI adhyAya 7 azvaghoSa 26. azvaghoSa kA paricaya / 27. azvaghoSa kI nATyakalA 28. azvaghoSa ke mahAkAvya 26. azvaghoSa ke anya anya 30. azvaghoSa kI zailI adhyAya 8 mahAkAvya 31. sAmAnya paricaya 32. bhAravi V 33. bhaTi 34. mAgha / / 112 146 31. ratnAkara kRta haravijaya 36, zrI

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14 37. vatsa bhaTTi 38. setu bantha saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa adhyAya 6 kAvya-nirmAtA 36. kumAradAsa kA jAnakI haraNa 40. vAkpatti kA gauDavaha 41, kavirAja kRta rAghava pANDavIyam 42. haradattasUriM kRta rAghava naiSadhIyam 43. cidambara kRta yAdavIya rAghava pANDavIya ... : 44. halAyudha kRta kavirahamya 45. meNTha 46. mAtRgupta 47. bhaumaka kRta rAvaNArjunIyam 48. zivasvAmi kRta kaphanAbhyudaya 46. kAdambarI kathA sAra* 20. romendra 21. mayaGkha kRta zrIkaNTha carita 52. rAmacandra kRta rasikararaJjana 33. katipaya jaina grantha 24. IsA kI haTI zatAbdI meM saMskRta ke punarutthAna kA vAda 55. saMgIta ( khaNDa ) kAvya kI zrAvirbhAva 16. zrRMgAra tilaka : : A : *** ... adhyAya 10 saMgIta kAvya aura sUkti sandarbha 443 * 148 146 121 152 632 152 153 113 13 153 153 4** ** 134 114 154 ** 356 161

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15 viSaya-sUcI 57, ghaTakapara 58. hAla kI satasaI ( sapta zatI) 56, bhata hari 0 168 0 0 0 173 / 61. mayUra 60. mAtaGga divAkara 63. moha muhara 64. zilhaNa kA zAnti zataka 65. bilhaNa kI caura paJcAzikA 66. jayadeva 67. zIlA bhaSTArikA 68. sUkti sandarbha 66. aupadezika ( nIti paraka ) kAvya adhyAya 11 aitihAsika kAvya 70. bhArata meM itihAsa kA prArambha . . 71. bANa kA harSa caritra 72. padmagupta kA navasAisAI carita 73. bilhaNa 74, kalhaNa kI rAjataramiNI 75, choTe choTe grantha adhyAya 12 gadya kAvya ( kahAnI ) aura campU 76. gadya kAvya kA AvirbhAva 77. daNDI 177 180 112

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du : saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa 78. dazakumAracaritam 76. subandhu kI vAsavadattA 80. bANa kI kAdambarI 81. camphU grantha adhyAya 13 lokapriya kathA grantha 82. guNADhya kI bRhatkathA 83. buddhasvAmI kA zloka saMgraha 84. comendra kI bRhatkathAmanjarI 85. somadeva kA kathAsaritsAgara 86. baitAlapaJcaviMzatikA 87. zukasaptati ma siMhAsanadvAtriMzikA 8. bauddha sAhitya 10. jaina sAhitya : adhyAya 14 padezika jantu kathA 61. aupadezika jantu kathA kA svarUpa 62. aupadezika jantukathA kA udbhava 63. asalI paJcatantra 64. paJcatantra kI varNya vastu 65. paJcatantra kI zailI. 66. tantrAkhyAyikA * .67. sarala grantha 8. pUrNabhaGganiSpAdita paJcatantra ... :: :: : *** 16 166 200 203 213 215 220 222 223 225 227 228 226 234 236 237 236 245 248 253 254 251 dh J

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viSaya-sUcI 256 296 260 274 377 282 282 11. dakSiNIya paJcatantra 100, nepAlI saMskaraNa 101. hitopadeza 102. bRhatkathA saMskaraNa athavA utara-pazcimIya .. saMskaraNa 103. pahnavI saMskaraNa aura kathA kI pazcima yAtrA ... adhyAya 15 rUpaka 504, rUpaka kA udbhava 105, rUpaka kA yUnAnI unnava 106. saMskRta rUpaka kI vizeSatAeM 107. katipaya mahimazAlI rUpaka 108, zUjaka 10 hai, harSa ke nAma se pracalita tIna rUpaka 110, mudrArAkSasa 111. beNIsaMhAra 112. bhavabhUti ca 113. rAjazekhara 114. diGa nAgaracita kundamAtA 115. murAri 116. kRSNamizra 117. rUpaka-kalA kA hAsa pariziSTa-barga 1. pAzcAtya jagata meM saMskRta kA pracAra kaise huA ? 2. bhAratIya dharga-mAlA kA udbhava . 3 mAmo ke artha jJAma kA itihAsa 263 m 318 328

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7 lekhaka ke anya grantha maulika 1. Adarza kathA maJjarI - bhAratIya sabhyatA ko samujjvala karane vAlI mUla likhita kucha eka atIva rocaka kahAniyAM jinase ki nibandha likhane ke lie bhI paryApta sAmagrI mila sakatI hai| 2. mahArAjA raNajItasiMha - prAmANika granthoM ke AdhAra para likhita mahArAjA raNajItasiMha kA jIvana caritra 3. Practical Guide to Sanskrit Translation (indispensable for college students) 4. A Study of Sanskrit Grammar for college students (written on modern scientific method) 5. A Short History of Sanskrit Literature (in English ) 6. hamArI sabhyatA aura vijJAna kalA 7. hamArI vibhUtiyAM - bhArata ke prasiddha rAjanItijJoM, fararekoM, vaijJAnikoM kI jIvaniyAM 9 = saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa-saMskRta meM 9. Sanskrit Readers saMgraha 1. utkRSTa kahAniyAM 2. divya balidAna --cune hue ekAMkiyoM kA saMgraha aprApya 4. gadya pIyUSa gadyAtmaka saMgraha 5. sAhitya praveza -- gadyapadyAtmaka saMgraha ityAdi zraprApya praisa meM praisa me praisa meM 28-0 2-4-0 bhaiMsa meM 1-80 2-4-0 2. hamAre mahAmAnava - bhArata ke mahAnubhAvoM kI jIvaniyAM 2-80 3-0-0 3-12-0

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saMskRta-sAhitya kA itihAsa adhyAya 1 upakramaNikA (1) saMskRta-sAhitya kA mahattva nissandeha saMskRta-sAhitya kA mahatva bahuta bar3A hai| isakI bar3I una, eka bahuta bar3e bhUkhaNDa para isakA phailA huA honA, isakA paribhANa, isakI arthasampatti, isakI racanA-cArutA, saMskRti ke itihAsa kI dRSTi se isakA mUlya aisI bAteM hai jinake kAraNa isa mahAn , maulika aura purAtana sAhitya ke Upara hamArA anurAga bilakula ucita siddha hotA hai / kucha bAteM aura bhI haiM, jinake kAraNa saMskRta sAhitya ke adhyayana meM hamArI abhiruci aura bhI bar3ha jAtI hai| unameM se kucha vizeSa nIce dI jAtI haiM-- 1. dekhie viMTaraniTaja kata bhAratIya sAhitya kA itihAsa (iMgaliza) prathama bhA

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saskRta-sAhitya kA itihAsa (1) saMskRta-sAhitya kA adhyayana aitihAsikoM ke bar3e kAma kA hai| yaha vistRta bhAratavarSa ke nivAsiyoM ke buddhi-jagat ke tIna hajAra se bhI adhika varSoM kA itihAsa hI nahIM hai pratyuta uttara meM tibbata, cIna, jApAna, koriyA, dakSiNa meM laMkA, pUrva meM manAyA prAyadvIpa, sumAtrA, jAvA, bAlI, boniyo tathA prazAMta mahAlAgara ke dUsare dvIpa; aura pazcima meM aphagAnistAna, turkistAna ityAdi dezoM ke bauddhika jagat para isakA bahuta bar3A prabhAva bhI par3A hai| (2) Adhunika zatAbdiyoM meM isane yUropa para yugapravartaka prabhAva DAlA hai|" (3) saMskRta bhAropAya zAkhA kI saba se purAnI bhASA hai / ataeva isake sAhitya meM isa zAkhA ke sabase purAne sAhityika smAraka upalabdha hote hai| dhArmika vicAroM ke kramika vikAsa kA jaisA vispaSTa citra yaha sAhitya upasthita karatA hai, vaisA jagat kA koI dUsarA sAhityika smAraka nhiiN| (4) 'sAhitya' zabda ke vyApaka se vyApaka artha meM---mahAkAvya, kAvya, gIti-kAvya, nATaka, gadya-zrAkhyAyikA, naupadezika kathA, lokapriya kathA, vijJAna-prantha ityAdi jo kucha bhI zrI sakatA hai, vaha saba kucha saMskRta-sAhitya meM maujUda hai / hameM bhArata meM rAjanIti, aAyurveda, phalita jyotiSa, gaNita-jyotiSa, aGkagaNita aura jyAmiti kA hI bahutasA aura kucha purAnA sAhitya milatA ho yaha bAta nahIM hai, balki bhArata me saMgIta, nRtya, nATaka, jADU, deva-vidyA, yahA~ taka ki alaMkAra-vidyA 1.adhika Anane ke lie AgAmI dvitIya khaNDa dekhie / 2.saMskRta se milatI-julatI bhASAmo kA eka varga banAyA gayA hai, jise bhAropIya zAkhA kA nAma diyA gayA hai kyoki isameM drAviDa bhASAzro ko chor3a kara bhAratIya--pAryoM kI sArI bhASAeM aura yUropa kI sArI bhASAeM zrA gaI haiM / 3. maikaDAnala kRta saMskata-sAhitya kA itihAsa ( iMgliza ) pRSTha 6 /

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saMskRta-sAhitya kA mahattva ke bhI pRthak-pRthak anya pAye jAte haiM, jo vaijJAnika zailI se likhe mAye hai| (2) saMskRta-sAhitya kevala viSaya-vyApakatA ke lie hI nahIM,racanA. sauSThava ke lie bhI prasiddha hai| sUtra-racanA se bhAratIya loga jagat kI saba jAtiyoM meM prasiddha haiN| bhAratIyo dvArA kiye hue pazu-kathAoM pakSi-kathAnoM, apasarA-kathAo tathA gadhamatra zrAkhyAyikAoM ke saMgrahoM kA bhUmaNDala ke sAhitya ke itihAsa meM bar3A mahattva hai " / prabhu IsA ke janma se kaI zatAbdI pUrva bhArata meM vyAkaraNa ke adhyayana kA pracAra thA; aura vyAkaraNa va vidyA hai, jisameM purAtana kAla kI koI jAti bhAratIyoM kI kakSA meM nahIM baiTha sktii| koza-racanA kI vidyA bhI bhArata meM bahuta purAnI hai| (6) dharma evaM darzana ke vikAsa ke paricaya ke lie saMskRta sAhitya kA adhyayana prAyaH anivArya hai| makavAnala ne likhA hai--"bhAropIya vaMza kI kevala bhArata-nivAsinI zAkhA hI aisI hai, jisane vaidika dharma nAmaka eka bar3e jAtIya dharma aura bauddha-dharma nAmaka eka baDe sArvabhauma dharma kI racanA kI / anya zAkhAoM ne isa kSetra meM maulikatA na dikhalAkara bahuta pahale se eka videzIya dharma ko apnaayaa| isake atirikta bhAratIyoM ne svatantratA se aneka darzana-sampradAyoM ko vikasita kiyA, jinase unakI U~cI cintana-zakti kA pramANa milatA hai|" (7) saMskRta sAhitya kI eka aura vizeSatA isakI maulikatA hai| IsA ke pUrva caturtha zatAbdI meM yUnAniyoM kA aAkramaNa hone se bahuta pahale Arya-sabhyatA paripUrNa ho cukI thI aura bAda meM hone vAlI videziyoM kI vijayoM kA isa para sarvathA koI prabhAva nahIM pdd'aa| 1 viMTaraniTja kRta bhAratIya sAhitya kA itihAsa (iMgliza) prathama bhAga / 2. viMTaraniTaja kata bhAratIya sAhitya kA itihAsa (iMgliza), prathama bhaag|

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saMskRta-sAhitya kA itihAsa (8) vidyamAna saMskRta sAhitya parimANa meM yUnAna aura roma donoM ke milAkara eka kiye hue sAhitya ke barAbara hai| yadi hama isameM ve graMtha jinake nAma samasAmayika yA uttaravartI graMthakAroM ke diye hue uddharaNoM se mAlUma hote haiM tathA ve graMtha jo sadA ke lie naSTa ho cuke haiM, isameM sammilita kara leM, to saMskRta-sAhitya kA parimANa bahuta hI adhika ho jaaygaa| (8) "maulikatA aura sauMdarya ina do guNoM kI dRSTi se saMskRta-- sAhitya samasta prAcIna sAhityoM meM kevala yUnAna ke sAhitya se dUsare daraje para hai / mAnavIya prakRti ke vikAsa ke adhyayana ke srota ke rUpa meM to yaha yUnAnI sAhitya se bar3hakara hai"| (maikaDAnala) (10) Arya sabhyatA kI dhArA avichinna rUpa se bahatI rahI hai| hinduoM kI bhakti-bharI prArthanAe~, gAyatrI kA apa, solaha saMskAra jo eka hindU ke jIvana ko mAtA ke garbha meM Ane se lekara mRtyu paryanta vizeSa rUpa dete haiM,araNiyoM se yajJa kI agni nikAlanA tathA anya aneka sAmAjika aura dhAmika prathAe~ Aja bhI bilakula vaisI hai, jaisI hajAroM varSa pahale thiiN| zAstrIya vAda-vivAdoM meM, patra-patrikAoM meM tathA nijI ciTThI-patriyoM meM vidvAn paMDitoM dvArA saMskRta kA prayoga, mudraNa-yantra kA AviSkAra ho cukane para bhI hastalikhita pustakoM kI makala utAranA, vedoM kA tathA anya dhArmika graMthoM kA parAThastha karanA tAki yadi graMtha naSTa bhI ho jAye to phira akSaraza: unakA nirmANa kiyA jA sake-saba aisI bAta hai, jo bhAratIya jIvana ke sAdhAraNa rUpa ko spaSTa karatI haiN| ataH saMskRta-sAhitya kA adhyayana kevala bhAratIyoM kI bhUtakAlIna sabhyatA ke jJAna ke lie hI nahIM, balki hinduoM kI prAdhunika sabhyatA ko samajhane ke lie bhI Avazyaka hai| (11) kevala itanA hI nahIM, yUropIya saMskRti aura vicAroM ke kramika vikAsa ko samajhane ke lie bhI saMskRta sAhitya ke adhyana kI zrAvazyakatA hai| viTaraniTja vahatA hai-'di hama apanI hI

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yUropa para saMskRta-sAhitya kA prabhAva saMskRti ke prArambhika dinoM kI avasthA ko jAnane kI icchA rakhate ho, yadi hama saba se purAnI bhAropIya saMskRti ko samajhanA cAhate haiM, to hama bhArata kI zaraNa lenI hogI, jahA~ eka bhAropIya jAti kA sabase purAnA sadiya surakSita hai| (2) yUropa para saMskRta-sAhitya kA prabhAva aThArahavIM zatAbdI kI antima dazAbdiyoM meM jaba yUropa-nivAsI saskRta se paricita hue, taba usane vahAM eka naye yuga kA prArambha kara diyA kyoMki isane bhAratIya aura yUropIya donoM jAtiyoM ke itihAsapUrva ke sambandhoM para prAzcaryajanaka nayA prakAza ddaalaa| isane yUropa meM tulanAtmaka bhASAvijJAna kI nIMva DAlI, tulanAtmaka paurANika kathAvidyA meM kaI parivartana karA die, pazcimIya vicAroM ko prabhAvita kiyA, aura bhAratIya purAtatva ke anveSaNa meM sthira abhiruci utpanna kara dii| (ka) tulanAtmaka bhApAvijJAna saMskRta kA patA lagane se pahale hiba, arabI tathA anya bhinna-bhinna bhASAoM ke bhASI kahA karate the ki unakI apanI bhASA asalI bhASA hai aura zeSa saba bhASAe~ usIse nikalI haiN| yaha dekhA gayA ki yUnAnI aura laiTina bhASAe~ arabI aura hibrU se sambaddha nahIM kahI jA sakatI aura na yUnAnI aura laiTina maulika bhASAe~ haiN| saMskRta ke isa paricaya ne chupe hue sastha ko prakAzita kara diyaa| kucha vidvAnoM ne yaha pariNAma nikAlane kI zIghratA kI ki saMskRta maulika bhASA hai aura isase saMbandha rakhane vAlI anya bhASAe~ isase nikalI haiN| kintu dhIre-dhIre ce isa pariNAma para pahu~ce ki saMskRta ina bhASAoM kI mAtA nahIM pratyuta bar3I bahana hai / taba se lekA tulanAtmaka bhASAvijJAna Thosa viSaya kA nirUpaNa karane vAlA vijJAra bana gyaa| bAda meM rAska ne aura rAska ke pIche nima ne bhAluma kiyA ki vyUTAnika bhASAe~ bhI isI varga se sambandha rakhatI haiM, jise AsAra ke lie bhAropIya varga kahate haiN| ambriyana, oNskana,azvAniyana, lithU

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6 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa eniyana, ArmIniyana, phrAijiyama aura TokhAriza ityAdi nAnA bhASAe~ isI varga se sambaddha batAI gaI hai aura hiTAiTa tathA sumeriyama jaisI anya aneka bhASAe~ bhI bhaviSya meM isI varga se sambaddha siddha kI jAne kI AzA hai / (kha) tulanAtmaka paurANika kathA-vijJAna -- tulanAtmaka bhASAvijJAna kI sahAyatA se tulanAtmaka paurANika kathA-vijJAna meM bhI kAphI Age bar3hanA sambhava ho gayA hai / yaha mAlUma huA hai ki saMskRta ke deva, bhAga, yaja, zraddhA tathA anya karmakANDagata zabdoM ke lie bhAropIyavarga kI bhinna-bhinna bhASAoM meM inhIM se milate julate zabda pAye jAte haiN| isake atirikta kucha devatAoM kA bhI patA lagA hai, jo bhAropIya kA se sambandha rakhate haiN| udAharaNArtha- saMskRta meM >> pRthivI mAtara leTina meM azvinau parjanya: " TairA meTara yausa-kyUri paku nijA 33 lithueniyana meM varuNAs "" yUnAnI meM aureNaoNsa dekhane kI vizeSa bAta yaha ki ullikhita bhAropIya devatAoM ke rUpa free- free bhASAoM meM prAya: samAna hI haiM 1 (ga) yUropIya vicAroM para prabhAva - bhAratIya logoM ke sabase gambhIra aura saba se uttama vicAra upaniSadoM meM dekhane ko milate haiM / dArAzikoha ne aThArahavIM zatAbdI ke madhya ke Asa pAsa unakA anuvAda phArasI meM karavAyA thaa| bAda ( 1775 I0 ) meM kve Tila Dupairana ne usa phArasI anuvAda kA anuvAda laiTina meM kiyaa| zApanahAra ne isI phArasI anuvAda ke anuvAda ko par3hakara upaniSadoM ke tatva taka pahu~cakara kahA thA - 'upaniSadoM ne mujhe jIvana meM sAnvanA dI, yahI mujhe mRtyu meM sAMtvanA deMge / " zApanahAra ke dArzanika vicAroM para upanipadoM kA bar3A prabhAva par3A / jarmana aura bhAratIya vicAroM meM to aura bhI adhika Azcaryajanaka

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saMskRta-sAhitya kA prabhAva jamAnatA hai| le rolDa vAnazrADara kA kathana hai ki bhAratIya loga purAne kAla ke ramaNIyatAbAda ke vizvAsI (Romanticists) hai aura jarmana loga zrAdhunika kAla ke| sUkSma-cintana kI ora mukAva, prakRti-devI ko pUjA kI ora mana kI pravRtti, jagat ko duHkhAtmaka samajhane kA bhAva, aisI bAteM haiM, jo jarmana aura bhAratIyoM meM bahuta hI milatI-julatI haiN| isake atirika, jarmana aura saMskRta donoM hI kAvyoM meM rasamayatA tathA prakRti ke prati zrAsmIyatA ke bhAva pAe jAte haiM, jo hibra aura yUnAnI kAyoM meM bhI nahIM pAye jAte / (gha) zilAlekhasambandhI anveSaNa-~-yaha kahane meM atyukti nahIM hogI ki saMskRti-jJAna ke binA prAcIna bhArata viSayaka hamArA jJAna bahuta hI kama hotaa| zilAlekhoM ke jJAna tathA bhAratIya purAtatva ke anusandhAna meM hama Aja jitane bar3e hue haiM, usakA mUla prAyaH pazcimIya vidvAnoM kI kRtiyAM hai, kintu una kRtiyoM kA mUla bhI to saMskRta kA adhyayana hI hai| (ka) sAmAnya-(1) pANini kI aSTAdhyAyI par3hakara yUropa ke vidvAnoM ke mana meM apanI bhASAoM ke vyAkaraNa ko yathAsambhava pUrNa karane kA vicAra paidA huaa| (2) siddhahasta nATakakAra kAlidAsa kA 'abhijJAnazakuntalA' nATaka yUropa meM bar3e cAva ke sAtha par3hA gayA aura geTe ne 'phAsTa' kI bhUmikA usI DhaMga se likhii| saMskRta granthoM ke jarmana anuvAda ne jarmana sAhitya para bahuta prabhAva DAlA hai| aipha zlagaba ne saMskRta kavitA kA anuvAda jarmana kavitA meM kiyA hai| (3) mahAyAna sampradAya ke prAmANika grantha saMskRta meM hI hai / unake yUropiyana bhASAoM ke anuvAda ne yUropa meM bauddhoM ko bahuta prabhAvita kiyA hai| (4) yUrora ke vidvAnoM ne vaidika aura laukika donoM prakAra ke sampUrNa saMskRta-vAGmaya kI chAnabIna do me bhI kama zatAbdiyoM meM kara

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14 15 saMskRta-sAhitya kA itihAsa bAlI hai| veda, brAhmaNa, upaniSad, rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata, purANa, gotikAvya, sarvasAdhAraNa meM pracalita kathAe~ evaM bhaupadezika kahAniyAM, ina sabake graMthoM ke yahAM taka ki vaijJAnika sAhitya ke graMthoM ke bhI, yUropa kI bhASAoM meM anuvAda ho cuke haiM, una para TIkAeM likhI jAcukI haiM aura unakI aneka hastalikhita pratiyoM ko milA kara bhinna-bhinna pAThayukta ( Critical ) saMskaraNa nikala cuke haiN| ataH una granthoM kA pazcima para koI kama prabhAva nahIM ho sakatA / ( 3 ) saMskRta meM aitihAsika tatva kA prabhAva yadyapi saMskRta bhASA ke vidvAnoM ne isa dizA meM sUkSma anusandhAna aura mahAn parizrama kiyA hai, tathApi saMskRta-sAhitya kA itihAsa abhI taka andhakAra meM chupA huA hai| bhAsa aura kAlidAsa jaise suprasiddha kaviyoM ke jIvanakAla ke nirdhAraNa meM vidvAnoM ke matoM meM zatAbdiyoM kA nahIM balki pA~ca-chaH zatAbdiyoM kA bheda hai / 'bhAratIya sAhitya ke iti hAsa meM dI gaI sArI kI sArI tithiyA~ kAg2az2a meM lagAI huI una dinoM ke samAna hai, jo phira nikAla dI jAtI haiM" / jahA~ anya zAkhAoM meM saMskRta-sAhitya ne kamAla kara dikhAyA, vahA~ itihAsa-kSetra meM isameM bahuta kama sAmagrI pAI jAtI hai| itihAsa viSayaka sAhityika grantha saMkhyA meM kama hoM, itanI hI bAta nahIM hai, unameM kabhI-kabhI kalpanA kI bhI miaraTa dekhI jAtI hai / saMskRta kA saba se bar3A itiaAsakAra kalhaNa taka yUnAnI horoDoTasa kI bhI tulanA nahIM kara sakatA / isake kAraNa --saMskRta meM itihAsa kA yaha abhAva kyoM hai ? isakA pUrA pUrA santoSa karane vAlA uttara denA to kaThina hai / hA~, nimnalikhita kucha bAteM avazya dhyAna meM rakhanI yogya hai--- 1. dekho DablyU0 DI0 hiTane kRta 'saMskRta grAmara' kI bhUmikA, lIpajiga, 1876 / usane pacAsa sAla se bhI adhika pahale jo sammati dI thI vaha zrAja bhI vaisI kI vaisI ThIka utaratI hai|

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saMskRta meM aitihAsika tatva kA abhAva (1) pazcima meM itihAsa kA jo artha jiyA jAtA hai, bhAratIya loga itihAsa kA yaha artha nahIM lete the / zrArya logoM kA dhyAna sAratIya saMskRti aura sabhyatA kI rakSA kI ora lagA huA thaa| saMskRti aura sabhyatA ko uddhati meM sahAyatA karane vAle ko choDakara kilo anya rAjA kA mahApuruSa kA thA apanA itihAsa likhane meM zrArya logoM kI zrabhiruci nahIM thI / bhAratIyoM ke bauddhika aura prAdhyAtmika jIvana ke vikAsa kI eka-eka maMjila kA jaisA sAvadhAnatApUrNa ullekha saMskRtasAhitya meM milatA hai, vaisA jagat ke kisI anya sAhitya meM nahIM / 1 (2) bhAratIya manovijJAna kI aura paristhitiyoM kI vizeSatAe~-karma kA aura bhAgya kA siddhAnta, dainika hastAkSepoM meM mantrayantra meM tathA jAdU meM vizvAsa, vaijJAnika manovRti kA abhAva -- aisI bAteM haiM, jo eka bar3I sImA taka itihAsa ke abhAva kA kAraNa haiM jaina aura bauddha bhI aise ho vizvAsa rakhate the / / yahA~ taka ki (3) 1200 I0 taka bhArata meM rAjanItika ghaTanAoM kI gati se bhI zAyada koI sarvapriya banane vAlI bAta paidA nahIM huI / (4) bhAratIyoM meM rASTrIyatA ( Nationality ) ke bhAvoM kA na honA bhI isakA eka bar3A kAraNa hai| sikandara kI vijayoM kA prabhAva cirasthAyI nahIM huA aura videzI AkramaNoM ne bhI bhAratIyoM meM rASTroMyatA ke bhAvoM ko janma nahIM diyaa| musalamAnoM ko apane zrAkramaNoM meM kadAcit isIlie saphalatA milI ki bhAratIya rAjA-mahArAjA videzI AkramaNakAriyoM ko utanI ghRNA kI dRSTi se nahIM dekhate the, jitanI ghRNA kI dRSTi se ve eka dUsare ko dekhate the / ( 2 ) bhArata ke sAdhAraNa koga samaya kI yA deza kI dRSTi se dUra hue rAjAoM ke itihAsa aura prazasti-kAvyoM meM abhiruci nahIM rakhate the / yahI kAraNa hai ki zra yaza kI kAmanA rakhane vAle kaviyoM ne 1. isa yukti ke AdhAra para hama kaha sakate haiM ki bhAratIyoM meM aitihAsika buddhi kI bhAva nahIM thA pratyuta ve itihAsa kA artha hI aura lete the|

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10 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa apanI kRtiyoM ke viSaya samakAlIna vIroM ke jIvanoM meM se kama aura rAmAyaNa tathA mahAbhArata meM se adhika cune (6) eka aura kAraNa yaha hai ki bhAratIya joga vizeSa kI apeza sAdhAraNa ko adhika pasanda karate haiN| yahA~ as fo jaba do virodhI pakSoM para UhApoha kiyA jAtA hai, taba bhI vyAkhyAkAroM ke jIvana ke sambandha meM koI bAta na kahakara kevakha vivAdasambandhinI yuktiyoM hI prastuta kI jAtI haiM / jaba darzanoM ke bhinna-bhinna sampradAyoM kI vyAkhyA kI jAtI hai, taba bhI aitihAsika kAla ko gaugA rakkhA jAtA hai / (7) purAne sAhitya ke adhika grantha dameM kuTumba-granthoM ke yA sampradAya-granthoM ke yA maTha-guru-manthoM ke rUpa meM mile haiM, jinake racavitAoM taka ke nAmoM kA bhI ullekha nahIM milatA / (8) bAda ke sAhitya meM jaba racayitAoM ke nAma milate haiM, saba ve nAma bhI kuTumba (yA gotra ) ke rUpa meM milate hai| phira, yaha patA ki koI kavi vikramAditya ke yA bhoja ke rAjya-kAla meM huA, aitihAsika dRSTi se hamAre lie kevala itanA hI sahAyaka ho sakatA hai, jitanA yaha patA ki yaha ghaTanA eka jaoNrja ke yA eka eDavarDa ke rAjya kAla meM huI / ( 8 ) yadi kisI racayitA kA nAma diyA bhI gayA hai to usake mAtA-pitA kA nAma nahIM diyA gyaa| eka hI nAma ke aneka racayitA ho sakate haiM / (10) kabhI-kabhI eka hI nAma bhinna-bhinna rUpoM meM pAyA jAtA 1. yaha tulanA karake dekhie ki 'naiSadha' para to aneka TIkAeM haiM, parantu 'navasAhasAMkacarita' jo aitihAsika racanA hai, vismRti ke garbha me jA par3A hai / 2. yaha manovRtti bhArata meM aba taka pAI jAtI hai / kisI grantha kA lekhaka gupta prasiddha hai to kisI kA zarmA, kisI kA rAya to kisI kA cakravartI | nAma ke prArambhika bhAga meM itanA mahattva nahIM samajhA jAtA, jitanA ina saranAmo me /

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saMskRta aura Adhunika bhASAeM 11 hai| bhAratIyoM meM nAmoM ke paryAya tathA saMkSipta rUpa myavahAra meM jAne kI bar3I pravRtti pAI jAtI hai| kintu yaha pariNAma nahIM nikAlanA cAhie ki bhAratIyoM meM aitihAsika buddhi kA abhAva thaa| itihAsa ke kSetra meM purANoM aura aneka anyoM ke atirikta nizcita tithiyoM se yukta aneka zilAlekha vidyamAna haiN| jyotiSa ke granthakAroM ne anya samApti taka kI nizcita tithiyA~ dI haiM / (4) saMskRta aura Adhunika bhASAe~ saMskRta zabda saba se pahale pANini kI aSTAdhyAyI meM dekhane ko milatA hai| yaha saba se pahale aitihAsika mahAkAgya rAmAyaNa meM bhI prAyA hai| isakA gyutpatti-janya artha hai---'ekatra rakkhA hunA yA cikanAcupar3A kiyA huzrA yA parimArjita' / isake mukAbile para prAkRta kA artha hai-'svAbhAvika, akRtrim'| yahI kAraNa hai ki prAkRta zamana se bhArata kI bolacAla kI bhASA samajhI jAtI hai, jo bhASA ke mukhya sAhityika rUpa se pRthaka hai| vaidika kAla meM prArya-bhASA kA nAma vaidika bhASA thaa| bhAjakala kI mASAbhoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana siddha karatA hai ki ye saba kisI eka hI strota se nikalI huI bhinna-bhinna dhArAe~ haiN| ata: apanI bhASA ke itihAsa ke lie hameM vidyamAna saba se purAne namUne taka pahu~ca kara, jo Rgveda meM milatA hai, nIce kI ora isake itihAsa-cihnoM kA patA lagAnA hogA / aura kyoMki sampUrNa Rgveda padya-paddha hai, ata. yaha 1. mere eka zAstrI mitra ne mujhe amRtasara se patra likhA, jisake kinAre para likhA 'tudhaasrsH| dUsarI bAra likhA 'pIyUSataDAgAt' / donoM hI nAma amRtasara ke paryAya haiM / 2 isa prakaraNa meM adhika jAnane ke lie 70 se 74 taka ke khaNDa dekhane caahie|

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10 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa apanI kRtiyoM ke viSaya samakAlIna vIroM ke jIvanoM meM se kama aura rAmAyaNa tathA mahAbhArata meM se adhika sune / (6) eka aura kAraNa yaha hai ki bhAratIya air vizeSa kI apekSA sAdhAraNa ko adhika pasanda karate haiN| yaha taka ki jaba do virodhI vat para UhApoha kiyA jAtA hai, taba bhI serrari ke jIvana ke sambandha meM koI bAta na kahakara kevala vivAdasambandhinI yuktiyA~ hI prastuta kI jAtI haiN| jaba darzanoM ke bhinna-bhinna sampradAyoM kI vyAkhyA kI jAtI hai, taba bhI aitihAsika kAla ko gauNa rakkhA jAtA hai / ( 3 ) purAne sAhitya ke adhika grantha hameM kuTumbamanthoM ke yA sampradAya-anyoM ke yA maru-gurugranthoM ke rUpa meM mile haiM, jinake racaviAoM taka ke nAmoM kA bhI ullekha nahIM milatA 1 $' (8) bAda ke sAhitya meM jaba racayitAoM ke nAma milate haiM, taba a nAma bhI kuTumba (yA gotra) ke rUpa meM milate haiN| phira yaha patA ki koI kavi vikramAditya ke yA bhoja ke rAjya-kArata meM huA, aitihAsika dRSTi se hamAre lie kevala itanA hI sahAyaka ho sakatA hai, jitanA ya patA ki yaha ghaTanA eka jaoNrja ke yA eka eDavarDa ke rAjya-kAla meM huI / (3) yadi kisI racayitA kA nAma diyA bhI gayA hai to usake mAtA-pitA kA nAma nahIM diyA gyaa| eka hI nAma ke aneka racayitA ho sakate haiM / ( 10 ) kabhI-kabhI eka hI nAma bhinna-bhinna rUpoM meM pAyA jAtA 1. yaha tulanA karake dekhie ki 'naiSadha' para to aneka TIkAeM haiM, parantu 'navasAhasAM carita' jo aitihAsika racanA hai, vismRti ke garbha meM jA par3A hai / 2. yaha manovRtti bhArata meM aba taka pAI jAtI hai / kisI grantha kA lekhaka gupta prasiddha hai to kisI kA zarmA, kisI kA rAya to kisI kA. arai | nAma ke prArambhika bhAga meM itanA mahattva nahIM samajhA jAtA, jitanA ina saranAmoM meM !

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saMskRta aura Adhunika bhASAe~ 11 hai / bhAratIyoM meM nAmoM ke paryAya tathA saMkSipta rUpa vyavahAra meM dAne kI bar3I pravRtti pAI jAtI hai / kintu yaha pariNAma nahIM nikAlanA cAhie ki bhAratIyoM meM aitihAsika buddhi kA abhAva thA / itihAsa ke kSetra meM purANoM aura aneka granthoM ke atirikta nizcita tithiyoM se yukta aneka zilAlekha vidyamAna haiN| jyotiSa ke granthakAroM ne anya samApti taka kI nizcita tithiyA~ dI haiN| (4) saMskRta aura Adhunika bhASAe~ saMskRta zabda saba se pahale pANini ko aSTAdhyAyI meM dekhane ko milatA hai / yaha saba se pahale aitihAsika mahAkAvya rAmAyaNa meM bhI bhAyA hai| isakA vyutpatti-labhya artha hai- 'ekatra rakkhA huA yA cikanA - cupar3A kiyA hudhA yA primaarjit'| isake sukAbile para prAkRta kA artha hai - 'svAbhAvika, akRtrima' / yahI kAraNa hai ki prAkRta zabda se bhArata kI bolacAla kI bhASA samajhI jAtI hai, jo bhASA ke mukhya sAhityika rUpa se pRthaka hai / vaidika kAla meM zrArtha - bhASA kA nAma vaidika bhASA thA / zrAjakA kI bhASAoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana siddha karatA hai ki ye saba kisI eka hI srota se nikalI huI bhinna-bhinna dhArAeM haiN| ataH apanI bhASA ke itihAsa ke lie hameM vidyamAna saba se purAne namUne taka pahu~ca kara jo Rgveda meM milatA hai, nIce kI ora isake itihAsa- cihnoM kA patA lagAnA hogA | aura kyoMki sampUrNa Rgveda patha-baddha hai, ata yaha 1. mere eka zAstrI mitra ne mujhe amRtasara se patra likhA, jisake kinAre para likhA 'sudhAsarasa:' / dUsarI bAra likhA 'pIyUSataDAgAt' / donoM hI nAma amRtasara ke paryAya haiM / 2. isa prakaraNa meM adhika jAnane ke lie 70 se 74 taka ke kharADa dekhane cAhieM / P

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12 saMskRta-sAhitya kA itihAsa AnanA hogA ki isameM usa kAla kI bolacAla kI bhASA kA saccA rUpa nahIM mila sakatA / hA~, isameM bhI koI sandeha nahIM ho sakatA ki Rgveda kI bhASA usa samaya kI bolacAla kI bhASA se adhika bhinna bhASA nahIM hai| dhAge dI huI sAriNI bhAratIya bhASAoM ke vikAsa ko sUcita karatI hai, jo unheM nAnA avasthAoM meM se nikala kara prApta huaa| Arya bhASAoM ke vikAsa ko sUcita karane vAlI sAriNI bolacAla bAlI vaidika boliyA~ bAda kI saMhitA writer trafe aAska madhyakAlIna saMskRta rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata aura pANinI kheda "kAnyAyana aura pataJjali liti Sa likhita patra AvA D O likhi cAlI pAlI azoka ke zAsana lekha navakoM kI prAkRta bhASAe~ a bhaSae~ u Ana bhAvAe~ 4 w

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saMskRta aura Adhunika bhASAeM 13 Upara kI sAriNI se yaha bAta vispaSTa dikhAI degI ki jyoM jyoM bhASA vikasita hotI jAtI hai, tyoM tyo sAhitya kI aura bolacAla kI bhASA meM bheda bar3hatA jAtA hai| DA0 bhaNDArakara ne vaidika kAla ke uttarakAlIna sAhityika kAla ko madhya (Middle) saMskRta aura zreNya (Classical) saMskRta ina hobhAgoM meM bA~TA hai| madhya saMskRta se unakA abhiprAya brAhmaNoM aura rAmAyaNa-mahAbhArata ke madhya kA kAla hai / usameM mukhya vaiyAkaraNa pANini hai| zreNya saMskRta kAla pANini se bAda kA kAla hai| isake mukhya vaiyAkaraNa kAtyAyana aura parAli haiN| sarvasAdhAraNa kI bolacAla kI bhASA kI bhinna bhinna avasthA ko pAlI ( jo azoka ke zAsanalekhoM kI bhASA), nATakoM kI prAkRta bhASAe~, apaza, bhASAe~ aura vartamAna bhASAe~ prakaTa karatI haiN| nATako kI prAkRta bhASAe~ bhI tatkAjIna bolacAla kI bhASAoM ko sahI rUpa meM prakaTa nahIM karatI hai| prArambhika avasthA meM to prAkRta bhASAe~ bolacAla kI bhASAoM ko hI prakaTa karatI thIM, isameM koI sandeha nahIM, parantu dhIre-dhIre sAhityika vaidika aura sAhityika saMskRta ke samAna ve vyAkaraNa ke rada niyamoM meM baiMdha gaI aura kevala sAhityika upabhASAe~ (Dialects) banakara raha gii| usa samaya kI bolacAla kI bhASAoM ko prakaTa karane vAlI apabhraMza bhASAe~ hai, jo apane nambara para, sAhityika upabhASAe~ (Dialects) bana gaI, aura usake bAda bolacAla kI bhASAoM ko prakaTa karane vAlI vartamAna bhArata kI prArya-bhASAe~ huiiN| eka kAla se dUsare kAla meM sarakanA dhIre-dhIre huaa| udAharaNArtha, candabaradAI kRta 'pRthivIrAja rAso' kI bhASA zaurasenI apabhraza se bahuta milatI julatI hai, kintu aAjakala kI hindI se bahuta bhinna hai| nIce eka tAlikA dI jAtI hai, jo aAdhunika bhAratIya prAyaH bhASAoM ke vikAsa ko vispaSTa karatI hai| 1. kisI eka zreNI se sambandha rakhane vaalii|

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pezAcI IM Aya bhASAoM ke vikAsa ko sUcita karanevAlI sAriNI prAkRta bhASAe~ lahu~dA ( paMjAba kI pazcimI sImA meM bolI jAtI hai ) zaurasenI mahArASTrI 1 } | zaurasena zravantI gaurjarI mahArASTrI * ( zrajJAta) bAda apabhraMza apabhraMza apabhraMza apa apabhraMza 1 1 1 sindhI | rAjasthAnI gujarAtI marAThI bihArI ur3iyA baMgAlI zrAsAmI pUrvI dindI kAzmIrI pazcimI hindI mAgadhI } mAgadha apanaza cuHq * yaha 'zina' se milatI julatI kisI vizAca bhASA ko prakaTa karatI hai| zraddha mAgadhI Ada mAgava zrapatra za 14 saMskRta-sAhitya kA itihAsa

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kyA saMskRta bolacAla kI bhASA thI ? 15 pichalI tAlikA meM dI huI bhASAe~, jinhoMne 1000 I0 ke AsapAsa se vikasita honA zurU kiyA, aba vaibhakti arthAt vibhaktiyoM ke AdhAra para pRthak-pRthak artha prakaTa karane vAlI ( Inflexional ) bhASAe~ nahIM rhiiN| ye aba aMgrejI ke samAna vaizleSarika arthAt vibhasiyoM ke sthAna para zabda kA prayoga karake pRthak-pRthak artha ko prakaTa karane vAlI bhASAe~ bana gaI haiM / mahAzaya bIja kA kathana hai--- 'saMzleSaNa kA kusuma kuDmala rUpa se prakaTa huA aura phira sphuTita ho gayA aura jaba pUrA sphuTita ho cukA, taba zramya kusumoM ke samAna murajhAne lagA / isakI paMkhur3iyA~ arthAt pratyaya yA vibhaktiyoM eka-eka karake jhar3a gaI aura yathAsamaya isake nIce se vaizleSaNika racanA kA phala Upara thAkara bar3hA aura pakagayA / ' Arya bhASAoM kI zreSThatA kA pramANa isa bAta se milatA k jaba koI zrArya-bhASA aura koI bhArata kI anArya bhASA zrapasa meM milatI haiM, taba anArya bhASA zrabhibhUta ho jAtI hai / zrAja-kala hama dekha sakate haiM ki una prAMtoM meM, jahA~ do jAtiyoM ke dezoM kI sImAe~ milatI haiM, bhASA ke svarUpa kA yaha parivartana jArI hai, jisakI unnati kI saba maMjileM hama sAfa-sAfa dekha sakate haiM / drAvir3a zAkhA kI anArya bhASA - tailagu, kanArI, malayAlama aura tAmila ye dakSiNI bhArata meM hI pracalita haiM / bhAratIya bhASAoM ke samagra itihAsa meM eka bhI udAharaNa aisA nahIM milatA, jisase kisI zranArya bhASA dvArA zrArya bhASA kA sthAna chIna lene kI bAta pAI jAye / 5 kyA saMskRta bolacAla kI bhASA thI ? 'saMskRta kahA~ taka bolacAla kI bhASA thI ?' isa prazna kA uttara dete hue prophesara I0 je0 rApsana kahate haiM- "saMskRta bhI vaisI hI bolacAla kI bhASA thI, jaisI sAhityika aMgrejI hai, jise ki hama bolate haiM / saMskRta uttara-pazcimI bhArata kI bolacAla kI bhASA thI,

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saMskRta-sAhitya kA itihAsa jisake vikAsa kA patA sampUrNa sAhitya de rahA hai aura jisakI dhvanyAsmaka vizeSatAe~ uttara pazcimI bhArata ke zilAlekhoM meM bahuta sImA taka surakSita hai / mUlarUpa meM yaha brAhmaNa-dharma kI bhASA thI, jo usI uttarapazcimI bhAga se pracalita huA thaa| zrAhmaNa-dharma ke prasAra ke sAtha isakA bhI prasAra huzrA aura jaba bhArata ke anya do bar3e dharma-jaina aura bauddha dharma--phailane lage, taba kucha samaya ke lie isakA prasAra ruka gayA / jA bhArata meM uka donoM dharmoM kA hAsa huaA, taba isane nirvina uhati karanA prArambha kiyaa| dhIre-dhIre yaha sAre bhAratavarSa meM phaila gaI / prArambha meM eka jile kI, phira eka varNa tathA dharma kI, anta meM yaha sAre bhAratavarSa meM eka dharma, rAjanIti aura saMskRti kI bhASA bana gii| samaya pAkara kho yaha eka vizAla rASTrIya bhASA bana gaI aura kevala tabhI yaha pada cyuta huI, jaba musalamAnoM ne hindU rASTrIyatA ko tAha kiyaa| nimnalikhita bAtoM se yaha siddha hogA ki saMskRta kabhI bhArata kI bolacAla kI bhASA yo:-- (5) bahuta kAla taka madhya saMskRta tathA zreNya saMskRta, jo vaidika bhASA kI hI kulajA hai, zikSita zreNI ko bolacAla kI bhASA banI rahI aura inhoMne sarvasAdhAraNa kI boliyoM arthAt pAlI evaM nATakoM kI prAkatoM para bhI prabhAva ddaalaa| 1. yaha bAta adholikhita udAharaNa se vispaSTa ho jaaygii| nATakIya prAkRta meM hameM Rddhi' aura 'sudarisana' zabda milate haiM / pAlI meM unhIM se milate julate 'iddhi (saM0 Rddhi,) aura 'sudassana' (sa0 sudarzana) zabda milate haiM / yaha siddha nahIM kiyA jA sakatA ki 'Rddhi' aura 'sudarisana' zabda pAlI ke 'iDi' aura 'sudarasana' se vikasita hue haiM,pratyuta yahI manAnA hogA ki pUrvokta donoM zabda saMskRta bhASA se hI nikale haiN|

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kyA saMskRta bolacAla kI bhASA thI ? 17 (2) yAska se prArambha karake sabhI purAne vyAkaraNa zreya saMskRta ko "bhASA" nAma se pukArate haiM (3) pANini ke aise aneka niyama hai, jo kevala jIvita-bhASA ke meM hI sArthaka ho sakate hai / (4) pataJjali ( I0 pUrva dvitIya zatAbdI ) saMskRta ko loka vyavahRta kahatA hai aura apane zabdoM ko kahanA hai ki ye loka meM pracalita hai / (5) isa bAta ke pramANa vidyamAna hai ki saMskRta meM bolacAla kI bhASA meM pAI jAne vAlI dezamUkhaka vibhinnatAe~ thIM / grAhaka aura pANini 'prAcyoM' aura 'udIcyo' kI vibhinnatA kA ullekha" karate haiM / kAtyAyana sthAnika bhedoM kI ora saMketa karatA hai aura pataJjali aise vizeSa- vizeSa zabda cunakara dikhalAtA hai, jo kevala eka-eka jile meM hI bole jAte hai | (6) kahAniyoM meM sunA jAtA hai ki bhikSuoM ne buddha ke sAmane vicAra rakkhA thA ki Apa apanI bolacAla kI bhASA saMskRta ko banA leM / isameM bhI yahI pariNAma nikalatA hai ki saMskRta buddha ke samaya meM bolacAla kI bhASA thI / (7) prasiddha bauddhakavi azvaghoSa (I dvitIya zatAbdI) ne apane siddhAMtoM kA pracAra karane ke lie apane graMtha saMskRta meM likhe / isase yaha anumAna karanA sugama hai ki saMskRta prAkRta kI apekSA sAdhAraNa janatA ko apanI aura adhika khIMcatI thI tathA saMskRta ne kucha samaya ke lie khoye hue apane pada ko putra prApta kara liyA thA / ( 8 ) I0 dUsarI zatAbdI ke bAda meM milane vAle zilAlekha kramaza: saMskRta meM adhika mila rahe haiM aura I0 chaThI zatAbdI se lekara 1 'bhASA' zabda 'bhASa' se, jisakA artha bolanA cAlanA hai, nikalA hai / 2. udAharaNArtha, 'dUra se sambodhana karane meM vAkya kA aMtima svara pluta ho jAtA hai' /

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18 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa kevala jaina zilAlekhoM ko chor3akara, sAre ke sAre zilAlekha saMskRta meM hI milate haiM / yaha bAta to sabhI mAneMge ki zikSAlekha prAyaH ulI bhASA meM likhe jAte haiM, jise sarvasAdhAraNa pada aura samajha sakate haiM / (1) uttarabhArata ke bauddhoM ke graMtha prAyaH saMskRta meM hI bale A rahe hai / isase sUcita hotA hai ki bauddha loga taka jIvita bhASA saMskRta kI unake virodha meM saphala nahIM ho sake / (10) nasAMga vispaSTa zabdoM se kahatA hai ki I0 sAtavIM zatAbdI meM bauddha loga dharmazAstrIya maukhika vAda-vivAda meM saMskRta kA hI vyavahAra karate the| jainoM ne prAkRta ko bilakula chor3a to nahIM diyA thA, para ve bhI saMskRta kA vyavahAra karane lage the / (11) saMskRta nATakoM meM pAtroM kI bolacAla ke yogya nAnA prAkRtoM kA bhI prayoga rahatA hai / nAyaka evaM uccapada ke adhikArI pAtra, jinameM tapasviniyA~ bhI sammilita hai saMskRta bolatI haiM, kintu striyA~ aura nimnasthiti ke pAtra prAkRta hI bolate hai / isase siddha hotA hai ki jo saMskRta nahIM bolate the, ve bhI saMskRta samajhate avazya the / isake atirikta paryApta pramANoM se yaha saMketa milatA hai ki saMskRta nATaka khele bhI jAte ye aura isakA yahI artha hai ki nATaka darzaka saMskRta ke bArtAlApa ko samate aura usake sauMdarya kA rasAnubhava bhI karate the / (12) sAhitya meM aise bhI ullekha pAye jAte haiM, jinase jJAta hotA hai ki rAmAyaNa aura mahAbhArata janatA ke sAmane mUlamAtra par3hakara sunAye jAte the| taba to janatA vastutaH saMskRta ke zlokoM kA artha samajha khetI hogI / isa prakAra hama dekhate hai ki himAlaya aura vindhya ke bIca phaile hue sampUrNa AryAvarta meM saMskRta bolacAla kI bhASA thI / isakA vyavahAra brAhmaNA' hI nahIM, anya loga bhI karate the / pataati ne eka kathA likhI 1. pataJjali ke 'ziSTa' zabda para dhyAna dIjie /

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oSya saMskRta kI vizeSatAe~ 16 - hai, jisa meM koI sArathi kisI vaiyAkaraNa se 'sUta' zabda kI vyutpati para vivAda karatA hai / lokavArtA hai ki rAjA bhoja ne eka lakar3ahAre ke sira para bojha dekhakara para duHkha - kAtara ho usase saMskRta meM pUchA ki tumheM yaha bojha kaSTa to nahIM pahu~cA rahA aura 'bAdhati' kriyA-pada kA prayoga kiyA / isa para lakar3ahAre ne uttara diyA- mahArAja ! mujhe isa boka se utanA kaSTa nahIM ho rahA, jitanA 'bAdhate' ke sthAna para, Apake bole hue 'mAghati' pada se ho rahA hai| sAtavIM zatAbdI meM, to jaisA / Upara kA jA cukA hai, bauddha aura jaina bhI saMskRta bolane lage the / thAjakala bhI bar3e-bar3e paMDita Apasa meM tathA vizeSa karake zAstra- carcA meM, saMskata hI bolate hai / sakSepa yaha ki saMskRta kI prAraMbha se lekara aba taka prAyaH vahI avasthA rahI hai aura aba bhI hai, jo yahUdiyoM meM div kI yA madhya kAla meM leMTina kI thI / [6] zra eya saMskRta kI vizeSatAe bhAratIya sAhitya kA itihAsa do pradhAna kAloM meM vibhakta ho sakatA hai - - ( 1 ) pANini se pahalA arthAt vaidika kAla jisameM veda, brAhmaNa, zrAraNyaka upaniSad aura sUtragrantha sammilita haiM, tathA ( 2 ) pANini se pichalA arthAt zreya saMskRtakAla jisameM rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata, purANa, mahAkAvya, nATaka, gItikAvya, gadyAkhyAyikA, loka priya kahAniyA~, zraupadezika kathAe~, nIti-sUktiyA~ tathA zikSA, vyAkaraNa, Ayurveda, rAjanIti, jyotiSa aura gaNita ityAdi ke Upara vaijJAnika sAhitya sammilita hai| dUsare kAla kA sAhitya pahale kAla ke sAhitya se bAhyAkRti, zrantarAtmA pratipAya artha evaM zailI ina sabhI dRSTiyoM se bhinna hai / inameM se kucha kA digdarzana nIce karAyA jAtA hai: (ka) bAhyAkRti -- sampUrNa Rgveda kI racanA patha meM huI hai| dhIre vI gadya kI zailI kA vikAsa huA / yajurveda aura brAhmaNoM meM gadya kA accha vikAsa dekhane ko milatA hai / upaniSat taka pahu~cate-pahu~cate gadya ka prabhAva bahuta manda par3a gayA, kyoMki upaniSadoM meM gadya kA prayoga ww

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saMskRta-sAhitya kA itihAsa apekSAkRta kama dekhA jAtA hai, zrIeya saMskRta meM to gadha prAyaH sata-samA hI dikhAI detA hai| rAjaniyama aura Ayurveda jaise viSayoM kA pratipAdana bhI padya meM hI milatA hai| gadha kA prayoga kevala vyAkaraNa aura darzanoM meM hI kiyA gayA hai; para vaha bhI durdoSa aura cakkaradAra zailI ke sAtha / sAhityika gadya karapanAya AkhyAyikAoM, sarvapriya kahAniyoM, auSadezika kathAnoM tathA nATakoM meM avazya pAyA jAtA hai, kintu yaha gadya lambe-lambe samAsA se bharA huzrA hai aura brAhmaNoM ke gadya se mela nahIM khaataa| padya meM bhI zreNya saMskRta ke chanda, jinakA AdhAra yadyapi vaidika chanda hI hai tathApi, vaidika chandoM se bhinna haiN| mukhya chanda zloka (anuSTupa) hai| zreena saMskRta ke chanda jitane bhinna-bhinna prakAra ke haiM, utane vaidika nahIM / isake atirikta, zreNya vyaMskRta ke chanda vaidika chandoM kI apekSA adhika zrama se race gaye haiM, kyoMki ina chandoM meM pratyeka caraNa ke varNoM yA mAtrAoM kI saMkhyA dRr3hatA ke sAtha aTala rahatI hai| (kha) antarAtmA-vedoM meM vINa rUpameM pAyA jAne vAlA punarjanma kA siddhAnta' upaniSadoM meM prabala rUpa dhAraNa kara letA hai / zreya saMskRta meM isa siddhAnta kA poSaNa bahuta hI zramapUrvaka kiyA gayA hai| udA. haraNArtha, dharma kI sthApanA aura adharma ke uccheda ke lie viSNu bhagavAn ko kabhI kisI pazu ke aura kabhI kisI asAdhAraNa guNazAlI puruSa ke rUpa meM aneka bAra pRthivI para janma dhAraNa karavAyA gayA hai| eka aura vizeSatA yaha hai ki mAnava-jagat kI sAdhAraNa ghaTanAo ke varNana meM bhI apArthiva aMza ko sammilita karane kI aura adhika 1 isa siddhAnta kA abhiprAya yaha hai ki AtmA amara hai / jaise manuSya purAne kapar3e utAra kara naye dhAraNa kara letA hai, vaise hI AtmA eka jarA-jIrNa zarIra ko chor3akara dUsarA nayA dhAraNa kara letA hai| (dekho gItA 22) / yaha siddhAnta hindU-sabhyatA kA hRdaya hai| .

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zraya saMskRta kI vizeSatAe~ 21 abhiruci dekhI jAtI haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki svarga aura pRthivI ke nivAziyoM ke paraspara milane julane kI kathAoM kI kamI nahIM hai / sImA se bar3ha jAne vAlI atizayokti kA ullekha bhI yahA~ Avazyaka hai / isake itane udAharaNa hai ki pUrvIya atizayoki jagaprasiddha ho cukI hai| bArA kI kAdambarI meM ujjayinI ke bAre meM kahA gayA hai ki vaha tribhuvanalakha mabhUtA, mAnoM dUsarI pRthivI, nirantara hote rahane bAle adhyayana kI dhvani ke kAraNa dhule hue pApoM vAlI' hai / (vaidika kAkSa ke bAda kI zailI meM virakta yA sAdhu bana jAne kA sImA se adhika varNana, paurANika kathAoMoM kA raGga-biraGgA kalApUrNa ullekha, ghaTATopa varNanoM ke dala ke dana, mahAkAvyoM kA bhArI bharakama DIlaDaula, eka prakAra kA anupama saMkSipta zailI vAkhA gadya, abhyAsa-vaza prayukta kiye gaye lambe-lambe samAsa' aisI bAta hai, jo zra eya saMskRta meM pAI jAne vAlI isa vizeSatA ko prakaTa karatI hai / (ga) pratipAdya viSaya-yadi vaidika sAhitya vAstava meM dharmaparaka I to lagabhaga sAre kA sArA zreya saMskRta sAhitya laukika viSaya-paraka hai / zraya saMskRta kAla meM vaidika samaya ke agni, vAyu, varuNa ityAdi purAne devatA gauNa bana gaye hai aura unake mukAbile para brahmA, viSNu aura ziva mukhya upAsya ho gaye hai| isake atirikta gaNeza, ku.vera, sarasvatI aura lakSmI ityAdi aneka naye devatAthoM kI kalpanA kara jI gaI hai| (gha) zrI eya saMskRta - kAla kI bhASA pANini ke kaThora niyamoM se ba~dhI huI hai| isake atirikka, kavitA ko niyatrita karane vAle alaMkAra 1. ujjayinI kA varNana eka zailI meM lagabhaga 41-41 va vAlI 41 paMktiyoM meM kiyA gayA hai| daNDI ke dazakumAracaritra meM bhI puSpApurI kA varNana prAyaH aisA hI hai / 2. dekhie maikaDAnala kRta saMskRta-sAhitya kA itihAsa ( igliza )

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22 saskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa zAstra ke niyamoM kA zramapUrNa nirmANa kiyA gayA hai tathA lambe-jamche samAsoM kA prayoga bahuta ho gayA hai| isa prakAra ke kAla meM saMskRtakavitA kramazaH adhikAdhika kRtrima hotI calI gaI hai| isanA hone para bhI saMskRta-kavitA guNoM se khAlI nahIM hai| isa prakAra eka prasiddha vidvAn, jipale merA paricaya hai, kavinA ko antarArA meM itanA ghuja gayA hai ki use kisI aura vastu se aAnanda milatA hI nahIM (maikaDAnala) : saMskRta kavitA ke vAstavika lAvaNya kA anubhava saMskRta ke hI grandhoM ke par3hane se ho sakatA hai, anuvAda-granthoM se nhiiN| saMskRta chandoM kA camatkAra kisI anya bhASA meM anugada karane se nahIM zrA sakatA / saca to yaha hai ki kevala mUjana saMskRta granthoM kA par3hanA hI paryApta nahIM hai (anuvAda kI to bAta hI kyA) balki saMskRta ke vidyArthI ko bhArata ke prAkRtika zyoM kA, bhAratIyoM kI prakRtiyoM, prathAoM aura vicAra-dhArAtroM kA bhI gaharA jJAna honA Avazyaka hai| isa pustaka meM zreNya saMskRta sAhitya kA saMkSipta itihAsa diyA aaygaa|

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adhyAya 2 rAmAyaNa aura mahAbhArata ( 7 ) aitihAsika mahAkAvyoM kI utpatti zrAnasDa kahatA hai "aitihAsika mahAkAvya kA viSaya koI gumphita bar3I ghaTanA honI cAhie / mukhya mukhya pAtra uccakulotpanna tathA uccavicArazAlI hone cAhie~ / viSaya ke sadRza usake varNana kA pramANa ( Standard ) bhI ucca ho / aitihAsika mahAkAvya kA vikAsa saMvAda, svagata ( bhASaNa ) aura kathAlApa se huA hai / " yaha bAta hamAre aitihAsika mahAkAvya rAmAyaNa aura mahAbhArata para bhI pUrNatayA lAgU hotI hai | rAmAyaNa meM rAvaNa ke Upara prApta huI rAma kI vijaya kA varNana hai aura mahAbhArata meM kauravoM aura pANDavoM ke paraspara ke yuddha kA donoM hI kAvyoM ke pAtra rAjavaMzaja haiM aura unakA caritra bar3e kauzala se citrita kiyA gayA hai| strIpAtrAoM meM eka asAdhAraNa vyaktitva pAyA jAtA hai ? / ukta donoM mahAkAvya mahalA utpanna nahIM ho gaye | bhArata meM aitihAsika kavitA kA mUla Rgveda ke saMvAda vAle sUkkoM meM milatA hai| 1. udAharaNArtha, mahAbhArata meM draupadI eka kulona devI hai, jise sadA apane gaurava kA dhyAna hai, jo bhArI se bhArI vipatti ke kAla me bha adhIra nahIM hotI, jisake satItva meM sandeha kA leza bhI nahIM ho sakatA, phira bhI mAnavIya prakRti kI saba durbalatAeM usame haiM /

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35 hindI sAhitya kA itihAsa bAda ke vaidika sAhitya meM arthAt brAhmaNoM meM itihAsa, mAkhyAna aura purANoM' kA ullekha milatA hai| isa bAta ke pracura pramANa milate haiM ki yajJoM, saMskAroM tathA utsavoM ke avasara para inako kathA Avazyaka thI / yadyapi isakA to pramANa nahIM milatA ki taba itihAsa-purANakAvya grantha rUpa meM vidyamAna the, to bhI isase inakAra nahIM ho sakatA ki aitihAsika evaM paurANika nAma se prasiddha kathAvAcaka loga bahuta purAne samaya meM bhI vidyamAna the| aitihAmika kAvya racayitAoM ne, jinameM bauddha aura jaina bhI sammilita hai, bauddhakAla se bahuta pahale hI saMcita ho cukane vAlI kathA-kahAniyoM arthAt itihAsa, brAkhyAna, purANa aura gAthAoM ke zrAvya koza se paryApta lAmagrI prApta kii| mahAbhArata meM 'ge sarai' at ullekha pAyA jAtA hai, jo zAyada aitihAsika kAvya ke DhaMga ko kinhIM pravIna kavitAoM kI prora saMketa karatA hai / anumAna kiyA jAtA hai ki aitihAsika kAvya ke DhaMga kI saiMkar3oM purAnI kahAniyoM ne aneka aitihAsika kAvyoM kI racanA ke lie paryApta sAmagrI dI hogI / inhIM kAvyoM ke AdhAra para aura inhIM kI kATa-chAMTa karake hamAre rAmAyaNa ra mahAbhArata nAmaka mahAkAvyoM kI racanA huI hogI / yaha anumAna isa bAta se aura bhI puSTa hotA hai ki rAmAyaNa aura mahAbhArata meM jaise zloka haiM, aise hI aneka zloka anya granthoM meM bhI pAyA jAte haiM / aura yaha bAta to mahAkAvya meM usake kavi ne svayaM svIkAra kI hai ki vartamAna grantha maulika anya nahIM hai| dekhie -- AcakhyuH kavayaH kecit sampratyAcakSate 'pare / prAkhyAsyanti tathaivAnye itihAsamimaM bhuvi // arthAt isa itihAsa ko kucha kavi isa jagat meM bahuta pahale kaha cuke haiM, kucha kahate haiM tathA kucha bhI kaheMge / 1 bAda ke vaidika granthoM meM purANa aura itihAsa ke adhyayana se devatA prasanna hote haiM, aisA varNana milatA hai / vastutaH itihAsa purANa 'pA~cavA~ 'veda' kahA gayA hai /

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4ho 25 rAmAyaNa isa zloka kA liT lakAra kA prayoga 'vAcakhyuH' dhyAna dene ke yogya | isa prayoga se 'bahuta prAcIna samaya meM' sUcita hotA hai / (8) rAmAyaNa (ka) bhAratIya granthakAra rAmAyaNa ko Adi kAvya aura rAmAyaNaraciyatA vAlmIki ko yAdi kavi kahate haiN| rAmAyaNa meM kevala yuddhoM aura vijayoM kA hI varNana nahIM hai, isameM AlaGkArika bhASA meM prakRti kA bhI bar3A ramaNIya citra aGkita kiyA gayA hai| isa prakAra rAmAyaNa meM sarva priya aitihAsika kAvya aura alaMkRta kAvya donoM ke guNa pAye jAne haiN| kadAcit jagat meM koI anya pustaka itanI sarvapriya nahIM hai, jitanI rAmAyaNa / apanI racanA ke dina se lekara hI yaha bhAratIya kaviyoM aura nATakakAroM ke prANoM meM navIna sphUrti bharatI calo bhAI hai mahAbhArata ke tIsare parva meM rAma kI kathA AtI hai / brahmANDa, viSNu, garur3a, bhAgavata, agni ityAdi purANoM meM bhI rAmAyaNa ke zrAdhAra para racI huI rAma ke parAkrama kI kathAe~ pAI jAtI haiM / bhAla, " kAlidAsa tathA saMskRta ke anya aneka kaviyoM aura nATakakAroM kI racanA isI rAmAyaNa se ucchvasita huI hai| yahAM taka ki bauddha kavi azvaghoSa ne bhI nissaGkoca isI se bahuta sA malAlA liyA hai| jaina sAdhu vimalasUri ( I0 kI pahalI zatAbdI ) kA grantha bhI isI ke AdhAra para likhA gayA hai / bauddha granthoM ke tibbatI tathA cInI anuvAdoM meM ( I0 kI tIsarI zatAdI) rAma ke vIryoM kI kathAe~, yA unakI ora saMketa prAya: haiM / aba se zatAbdiyoM pahale rAmAyaNa bhArata meM hI nahIM, bhArata se bAhara bhI prasiddhi prApta kara cukI thii| jAvA meM larajaGgaraGga, pramabanama aura panAtarana meM zivamandiroM meM tathA devagar3ha meM viSNumandira meM patthara ke Upara 1. dekhie abhiSeka, pratimA tathA yajJaphalam, dekhie raghuvaMza / 2. dekhie usakA prAkRta kAvya paumacariya ( padmacarita ) |

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26 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa 4 rAmAyaNa kI kathA ke do sau se bhI adhika dRzya khude hue haiM / jAvA aura mAyA ke aneka granthoM meM rAma ke aneka vIratApUrNa kAryoM kA varNana milatA hai| siyAma, bAlI tathA inake samIpa ke anya dvIpoM meM rAmAyaNa ke mukhya mukhya pAtroM kI bar3I ho sundara kalApUrNa mUrtiyA~ pAI jAtI haiM / 1 jaba hama bhArata kI vartamAna bhASAoM kI ora Ate haiM, taba dekhate haiM ki gyArahavIM zatAbdI meM rAmAyaNa kA anuvAda dAmila bhASA meM ho gayA thA / pratyeka vidyArthI jAnatA hai ki tulasI rAmAyaNa ( rAmacarita mAnama ) uttara bhArata meM kitanI sarvapriya hai aura bhArata ke karoDoM nivAsiyoM kI saMskRti aura vicAradhArA para isakA kitanA prabhAva hai mi aura hindI ko chor3akara bhAratIya anya bhASAdhoM meM bhI rAmAyaNa ke anuvAda yA kaoNTa-chA~Takara taiyAra kiye hue rUpAntara vidyamAna hai / rAmanavamI, vijayadazamI (dazaharA) aura divAlI tyauhAra bhI rAma ke jIvana se sambaddha haiM, jinheM karoDo bhAratanivAsI baDe utsAha se manAte haiM / rAmAyaNa ke prathama kANDa meM kahA gayA hai ki brahmA ne vAlmIki muni ko bulAkara rAma ke vIryo kI prazasti taiyAra karane ko kahA aura use AzA dilAI ki jaba taka isa hada sthita pRthivI para nadiyA~ bahatI raheMgI aura parvata khar3e raheMge, taba taka sAre jagat meM rAmAyaNa vidyamAna rhegii| (kha) mahattva - aitihAsika evaM alaMkRta kAvya kI dRSTi se hI rAmAyaNa mahatvAspada nahIM hai, apitu yaha hinduoM kA AdhAra zAstra bhI hai | rAmAyaNa kI zikSAe~ vyAvahArika haiM / zrataH unakA samakamA bhI sugama hai| rAmAyaNa meM hameM jIvana kI sUkSma aura gambhIra samasyAe~ sApha-sApha khula hue rUpa meM mila jAtI haiM / pAThaka svayaM jAna letA hai ki jIvana meM Adarza bhAI, zrAdarza pati, Adarza patnI, Adarza sevaka, zrAdarza putra aura Adarza rAjA (rAma) ko kaisA vyavahAra karanA cAhie /

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rAmAyaNa dazasya kA pratijJApAlana evaM putrasneha anupama hai| kausalyA kI kartavyaniSThA aura sumitrA kI syAga-vRtti advitIya hai| bar3e bhAI kI patnI ke prati lacamaNa kI zraddhA dekhakara hama zrAzcarya meM DUba jAte haiN| rAma ko maryAdApuruSottama kahanA ucita hI hai| tAtparya yaha hai ki rAmAdhyA meM ime uccatama zrAcAra ke jIte jAgate dRSTAnta milate hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki na kevala bhArata meM balki bAhara bhI rAmAyaNa se bhUnakAta meM logoM ko jIvana milA, aba mila rahA hai aura bhAge milatA rhegaa| rAmAyaNa se prAcIna kAlona zrArya-sabhyatA ke viSaya meM bahuta kucha jJAna prApta hotA hai| ataH aitihAsika dRSTi se bhI isakA adhyayana mahatvapUrNa hai / isase hama prAcIna kAlIna bhArata kI sAmAjika aura rAjanItika avasthA ko acchI taraha jAna sakate haiN| isake atirika isase hameM tatkAlIna bhaugolika paristhiti kA bhI paryApta paricaya prAma hotA hai| (ga) saMskaraNa hama rAmAyaNa ko bhinna-bhinna saMskaraNoM meM pAte haiM.. (1) bambaI saMskaraNa ( bambaI meM prakAzita ) / isa saMskaraNa meM sabase adhika mahattvapUrNa TIkA 'rAma TIkAkAra kI 'tilaka' hai| saMskRta meM pAI jAnevAlI anya TIkAe~ ziromaNi' aura 'bhUSaNa haiN| (2)baMgAlI saMskaraNa ( kalakale meM prkaashit)| asyanta upayogI TippaNiyoM ke sAtha isakA anuvAda jI0 goreziyo ne kiyA thaa| yaha bar3I-bar3I pA~ca jildoM meM milatA hai / saMskRta TIkAkAra kA nAma 'lokanAtha' hai| (3) uttara pazcimIya saMskaraNa (yA kAzmIrika saMskaraNa) yaha lAhaura meM prakAzita ho rahA hai| isake TIkAkAra kA nAma hai 'kaTaka' 1(4) dakSiNa bhArata saMskaraNa (madrAsa meM prkaashit)| isameM aura bambaI saMskaraNa meM adhika bheda nahIM hai / upara ke tIna saMskaraNoM meM paraspara paryA yaha kahanA kaThina hai ki kauna-sA-saMskaraNa vAlmIki ke asalI graMtha

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saskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa se adhika milatA julatA hai / zlegala' ne baMgAlI saMskaraNa ko adhika pasanda kiyA thA / boTaliMga isa pariNAma para pahuMcA thA ki purAne zabda barubaI saMskaraNa meM adhika milate haiN| aikhihAsika pramANa dvArA hama kucha adhika siddha nahIM kara sakate / irivaMzapurANa ke sarga 237 meM rAmAyaNa viSayaka ullekha baMgAlI saMskaraNa se adhika milate julate haiN| AThavIM aura nauvIM zatAbdI ke sAhitya meM zrAe rAmAyaNa-viSayaka varNana bambaI saMskaraNa se adhika sambandha rakhate haiM / bArahavIM zatAbdI ke kSemendra kI rAmAyaNamaMjarI se siddha hotA hai ki usa samaya kAzmIrika saMskaraNa vidyamAna thaa| gyArahavIM zatAbdI ke bhoja ke rAmAyaNa campU kA zrAdhAra bambaI-saMskaraNa hai| saca to yaha hai ki ina saMskaraNoM ne vibhinna rUpa aba se bahuta kAma pahale dhAraNA kara lie the / taba se lekara ve usI rUpa me cale pA rahe haiN| kevala eka ke zrAdhAra para dUsare meM bahI parivartana huA hai, jahA~ aisA honA acha asambhava thA / (gha) varNanIya viSaya----rAmAyayA meM lagabhaga caubIsa hajAra zloka hai| sArA graMtha sAta kAMDoM meM vibhatA hai| ___kAMDa :--(bAla-krAMDa) isameM rAma ke navayauvana, vizvAmitra ke sAtha jAne, usake yajJa kI rakSA karane, rAkSasoM ke mArane aura sItA ke sAtha vivAha ho jAne kA varNana hai| kANDa 2-(ayodhyA kaaNdd)| isameM rAma ke rAjatilaka kI taiyArI, 1. 'vAlmIki rAmAyaNa-TippaNiyo aura anuvAda ke sAtha mUla aMtha (3 jilda) san 1826 se 1838 tk| 2 baMgAlI saMskaraNa kA prAdurbhAva baMgAla meM huaA, jo gauDI rIti se pUrNa zreNya saMskRta sAhitya kA kendra thA aura jahA~ aitihAsika mahAkAvya kI bhAvanA kI svatantratA kA lopa ho cukA thaa| yahI bAta kAzmIrika saMskaraNa ke bAre meM bhI jAnanI cAhie / aMtara itanA hI hai ki baMgAla meM gauDI rIli adhika pracalita thI to isa aura paanycaalii| .

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rAmAyaNa kaikeyI ke dvArA kie jAne vAle virodha, rAma ke bana jAne, rAma ke viyoga meM dazaratha ke marane aura rAma ko lauTAne ke lie bharata ke citrakUTa jAne kA varNana hai| kANDa 3--(arnnykaanndd)| isameM rAma ke daNDaka vana meM rahane, birAdha ityAdi rAkSasoM ke mArane, phira paJcavaTI meM rahane, rAma ke pAsa zUrpaNakhA ke mAne, caudaha hajAra nizAdoM ke sAtha khara ko mArane, rAvaNa dvArA sItA ke curAye jAne aura sItA ke viyoga meM rAma ke rote phirane kA varNana hai| kANDa 4--(kiSkindhAkANDa) isameM rAma kA sugrIva ko apane sAtha milAne, bAlI ko mArane, aura bandaroM ko sAtha lekara hanumAna kA sotA kI khoja meM jAne kA varNana hai| kANDa 5---(sundarakANDa) / isameM laMkA ke sundara dvIpa, rAvaNa ke vizAla mahala, hanumAn kA sItA ko dhIraja baMdhAne aura sItA kA patA lekara hanumAna ke vApasa lauTane kA varNana hai| kAeDa 6-(yuddhakANDa) / yaha sabase bar3A kAraDa hai| isameM rAvaNa para rAma ko vijaya kA varNana hai| kAra -(uttrkaaedd)| isameM ayodhyA meM bolane vAle rAma ke atima jIvana, sItA ke bAre meM lokApavAda, sItA-nirdAlana, sInA-zoka, vAlmIki ke Azrama meM kuza-lava ke janma aura aMta taka kI sArI kathA kA varNana hai| (Ga) upAkhyAna-rAmAyaNa meM kaI sundara upAkhyAna bhI haiN| ve vizeSa karake pahale aura sAtava kANDa meM pAye jAte haiN| prasiddha-prasiddha upAkhyAna ye haiM vAmana avatAra (33; 26), kArtikeya-janma (2, 25-30), gaGgAvattaraNa (3, 38-44), samudramaMthana (1, 45), zloka-prAdurbhAva (1, 2) 1 isa sapAkhyAna kA saMkSepa yaha hai---eka dina jaMgala meM bhramaNa karate

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30 saMskRta-sAhitya kA itihAsa yayAti - nahuSa ( 7, 8), vRtra- vadha (7, 84-87), urvazI - purUravA (7, maha 30), zUdratApasa zambUka (7) (ca) vizuddhatA -- kaI bakSaNa aise haiM, jinase yaha pratIta hotA hai ki rAmAyaNa kI yathArtha kathA chaThe kANDa meM hI samApta ho jAtI hai 1 sAtavA~ kANDa una upAkhyAnoM se bharA par3A hai, jinakA mUla kathA se koI sambandha nahIM hai| udAharaNArtha, sAtaveM kANDa ke prArambhika bhAga meM rAkSasoM kI utpatti, rAvaNa ke sAtha indra ke yuddha, hanumAna ke yauvanakAla kA varNana hai tathA kucha eka anya kahAniyA~ haiM, jinase mUla kathA kI gati meM paryApta bAdhA par3atI hai / isI prakAra pahale kANDa meM bhI aisA paryApta aMza hai, jo vastuta. maulika rAmAyaNa meM sammilita nahIM rahA hogA / isa bAre meM nimnalikhita bAteM yAda rakhane yogya hai- (1) pahale aura sAtaveM kANDa kI bhASA tathA zailI zeSa kArADoM se nikRSTa hai / (2) pahale aura sAtaveM kAyaDa meM paraspara virodhI aneka bAteM haiM pahale kANDa ke aneka kathA- vivaraNa anya kANDoM ke kathA- vivaraNoM ka viruddha haiM / udAharaNArtha, dekhie lakSmaNa kA vivAda / (3) dUsare se lekara chUTe kANDa taka prakSipta aMzoM ko chor3akara, rAma hue vAlmIki ne eka krauJca mithuna ko svaira vihAra karate hue dekhA | usI samaya eka vyAdha ne narakrauJca ko tIra se mAra ddaalaa| yaha dekhakara vAlmIki se na rahA gayA / unakA hRdaya karuNA se dravita ho gayA / unhoMne tatkAla usa vyAdha ko zApa de diyA, jo unake mukha se anajAne zloka ke rUpa meM nikala par3A / taba brahmA ne usI 'zloka' chanda meM unase rAma kA yazogAna karane ke lie khaa| aica0 jaikobI kA vicAra hai ki isa upAkhyAna kA AdhAra zAyada yaha bAta hai ki hama paripakvAvasthA ko prApta hue zloka kA mUla vAlmIki rAmAyaNa meM hI dekha sakate haiM, isa se pahale ke kisI grantha meM nahIM /

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jeon 24 av rAmAyaNa 31 (207 Adarza vIra sahAya mAnA gayA hai; paraMtu pahale aura sAtaveM kAMDa meM se niviSya kA avatAra dikhalAyA gayA hai / (gha) kANDa meM sArI rAmAyaNa kathA kI do anukramaNikAe~ dI gaI haiM-- eka pahale larga meM aura dUsarI tIsare meN| unameM se eka anukramaNikA meM pahale aura sAtaveM kAyaDa kA ullekha nahIM hai / L ina AdhAroM para prosesara jaikobI ne ' nizcaya kiyA hai ki dUsare se lekara chUTe kANDa taka kA bhAga rAmAyaNa kA asalI bhAga hai, jisake zrAge pIche pahale aura sAtaveM kANDa bAda meM jor3a die gae haiN| aura asatI bhAga meM bhI kahIM kahIM milAvaTa kara dI gaI hai| dUsare kANDa ke kaI prArambhika saf pahale kANDa meM milA diye gaye haiN| asalI rAmAyaNa vAja kara ke prathama kANDa ke pA~caveM sarga se prArambha hotI thI / (x) kAla -- ( 1 ) mahAbhArata ke sambandha se - rAmAyaNa kA (cha) asalI bhAga mahAbhArata ke asalI bhAga se purAnA hai| rAmAyaNa meM mahAbhArata ke kisI vora kA ullekha nahIM hai| hA~, mahAbhArata meM rAma kI kahAnI kA kiyA hai| isake atirikta mahAbhArata ke sAtaveM parva meM rAmAyaNa ke chuTe kANDa se do zloka uddhava kie gae haiM aura mahAbhArata ke tIsare parva ke 277 se 261 taka ke adhyAyoM ke rAmopAkhyAna hai, jo rAmAyaNa para Azrita pratIta hotA hai| saca to yaha hai ki rAmopA 1. 'rAmAyaNa' meM jaikobI kahate haiM--jaise hamAre aneka purAne, pUjanIya girajAgharo me hara eka naI pIr3hI ne kucha na kucha nayA bhAga bar3hA diyA hai aura kucha purAne bhAga kI marammata karavA dI hai aura phira bhI asalI girajAghara kI racanA ko naSTa nahIM hone diyA hai| isI pakAra bhATo kI neka pIr3hiyoM ne asalI bhAga ko naSTa na karate hue rAmAyaNa kucha bar3hA diyA hai, jisakA eka-eka rara to anveSaka kI se chipA huA nahIM hai / ' meM bahu kha

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32 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa khyAna kA raciyatA isa bAta kA vizvAsI pratIta hotA hai ki mahAbhAra rAma kI kahAnI yAda hai / KOPLATLA (2) bauddha sAhitya ke sambandha se isa bAre meM adholikhita bAteM dhyAna dene yogya hai: -- - pAlI jAtakoM' meM dazAtha jAtaka ( rAmopAsnAna ) kucha prada badalakara kahA gayA hai / isa jAtaka meM pAnI ke rUpa meM rAmAyaNa (6, 128 ) kA eka roka bhI pAyA jAtA hai { zrA--- rAmAyaNa ke dUsare kANDa ke sahaveM sarga meM dazaratha ne zikAra ke samaya meM mAre jAne vAle jiya tApasa kumAra kI kathA sunAI hai, sAma jAtaka meM vaha kathA zAyada adhika purAne rUpa meM pAI jAtI hai 1 3 i - kucha aura bhI jAtaka haiM, jinameM aise prakaraNa Ate haiM, jo rAmAyaNa kI yAda dilAte haiN| hA~, una prakaraNoM aura rAmAyaNa ke prakarayoM meM samAnatA kevala kahIM-kahIM pAI jAtI hai / I-prophesara sikavena devI ne isa viSaya kA gaharA adhyayana kiyA hai| unakA kahanA hai ki bauddhagrantha saddharmamRtyusthAna" nissandeha vAlmIki kA RNI hai / uha grantha kA jambUddIpa-varNana rAmAyasa ke digdarzana se bilakula milatA hai| isake atirikta isa anya meM nadiyoM samudroM, deza aura doSoM kA ullekha vijakuta usI zailI se kiyA gayA hai, jisa zailI se yaha rAmAyaNa meM hai / 1. sAhitya meM ye jAtaka apane prakAra ke Apa hI hai / inameM pUrNa buddha banane se pahale ke buddha ke janma-janmAntaroM kI kathAe kahI gaI haiM ! 2. vipiTika meM zrAyA huA eka pAlI jAtaka / 3. viTaraniTja kRta bhAratIya sAhitya kA itihAsa ( igaliza ) bhAga 1, paTa 5.09 / 4. mUla gandha prApya hai / kintu isakA eka bar3A Tukar3A zAMti deva ke zikSAsamuccaya meM surakSita hai / 5. yadi kahA jAya ki zAyada vAlmIki ne hI bauddhasmRtiyoM se kucha liyA ho, to yaha ThIka nahIM / kAraNa ki mAjhA dharma

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rAmAyaNa u.-.-bhASA ke zAdhAra para bhI aica jaikobI isI parivAma para pahuce hai ki zAmAyaNa bauddha kAla se pahale kI hai| U-yA bauddha dharma kI bAteM rAmAyaNa meM siddha kI jA sakatI hai| isa prazna ko lekara mo. viMTaraniTaja kahate haiM-"zAyada isa prazna kA uttara nahIM meM hai| kyoMki rAmAyaNa meM jisa eka sthala para buddha kA mAma pAyA hai, vaha avazya bAda kI milAvaTa vai" / (3) yUnAniyoM ke sambandha se-sArI rAmAyaNa meM kevala do padhoM meM sUcanoM (yUnAniyoM) kA Ama pAyA jAtA hai| inhIM ke zrAdhAra para pro0 debara ne yaha siddha karane kA yatna kiyA hai ki rAmAyaNa kI kathA para yUnAniyoM kA prabhAva par3A hai| kintu pro. jaikobI ne isa nizcaya meM sandeha kI koI guMjAyaza nahIM chor3I ki ye donoM pacha 300 I0 ke bAda kabhI mijAya bhara haiN| (4) bAbhyantarika sAkSya ----- asalI rAmAyaNa meM kosala kI rAjadhAnI ayodhyA kahI gaI hai / bAi meM bauddhoM ne, jaimeM ne, yUnAniyoM ne, yahA~ taka ki pataMjalI ne bhI ayodhyA nagarI ko sAketa ke nAma se diyA hai| laya kI sAjadhAnI, jaisA ki lalama kANDa meM dI ke bAre meM itane kapaNa the ki una dvArA bauddha granthoM se kucha lene kI sambhA banA nahIM hai| isake atirikta, rAmAyaNa meM uccatama sadAcAra kI zikSA hai, jise vAlmIki ne kisI aprasiddha baudhdagantha se nahIM liyA hogaa| hA~, isake viparIta bauddho dvArA bAhmaNo ke granthoM se bahuta kucha lene ke aneka udAharaNa milate haiN| 1 yadi vAlmIki budhda ke bAda huA hotA to vaha isa prakAra ke sarvapriya aitihAsika mahAkAvya ko prAkRta meM likhtaa| 2 isa nagara kI nIMva DAlane vAlA napa kAlAzoka thA jisakI adhyakSatA meM lagabhaga 300 I0 pU0 vaizAlI meM baudhdo kI dUsarI sabhA huI thii| megasthanIz2a ( 3.. I0 pU0 ) se pahale hI yaha bhArata kI rAjadhAnI bana cukA thaa|

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34 saMskRta-sAhitya kA itihAsa gaI hai, zrAvastI ke usa sthAna para sthApita kI gaI thI jahA~ buddha ke samaya meM kosarAja prasenajit rAjya karatA thA / asatI rAmAyaNa ( kANDa 2 - 6 ) meM zrAvastI kA ullekha kahIM nahIM faar | sase jJAta hotA hai ki asalI rAmAya usa samaya racI gaI jisa samaya ayodhyA nagarI vidyamAna thI, isakA nAma sAketa nahIM par3A thA aura zrAvastI nagarI prasiddha nahIM ho pAI thI / zrA---prathama kANDa ( zloka 35 ) meM kahA gayA hai ki rAma usa sthAna se hokara gaye, jahA~ pATaliputra ( zrAjakala kA paTanA ) sthita | jahA~ rAmAyaNa kI prasiddhi pahuca cukI thI, usameM pUrvI bhArata ke kauzAmbI, kAmyakubja aura kAmpilya jaise kucha mahatvazAlI nagaroM ke nAma bhI pAye jAte haiN| sArI rAmAyaNa meM pATaliputra kA nAma kahIM bhI nahIM AtA, yadi rAmAyaNa kAla meM yaha nagara vidyamAna hotA to isakA ullekha avazya hotA / 6 -- bAlakAka meM mithilA aura vizAlA ko do bhinna rAjAoM ke zrAvINa jor3iyA nagariyA~ batAyA gayA hai| hama jAnate haiM ki buddha ke samaya se pUrva hI ye donoM nagariyA~ vaizAlI ke eka prasiddha nagara ke rUpa meM parivartita ho cukI thIM / I-- isake atirikta, hameM patA lagatA hai ki rAmAyaNa ke kAla meM bhAratavarSa choTe choTe bhAgoM meM ba~TA huA thA, jisameM choTe choTe rAjA rAja karate the'| bhArata kI yaha rAjanItika dazA kevala buddha ke pUrva taka hI rahIM / anta meM hama kaha sakate haiM ki asalI rAmAyayA 500 I0 pUrva se pahale bana cukI hogI / [ yaha yukti dI jAtI haiM ki rAmAyaNa kI bhASA, vizeSa karake 1 isake viruddha, mahAbhArata meM hameM jarAsandha jaise zaktizAlI rAjAoM kA varNana milatA hai, jinakA zAsana hai, adhika deza taka vistRta thA /

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mahAbhArata 3.6 arubaI vAle saMskArayA kI bhASA, aitihAsika mahAkAvyoM kI ora dhyAna na dene vAle vaiyAkaraNa pANini kI bhASA se bAda kI bhASA ke rUpa kI avasthA ko prakaTa karatI hai| kintu isase rAmAyaNa kA koI pANini ke bAda kA samaya siddha nahIM hotA hai| pANini ne kevala ziSToM kI pariSkRta bhASA ko hI apane vicAra kA kSetra rakkhA thA aura sarvapriya bhASA kI ora dhyAna nahIM diyA thaa| dUsarI ora, yadi rAmAyaNa pANini ke bAda banI hotI to yaha pANini ke vyAkaraNa ke prabala prabhAva se nahIM baca sakatI thii| (ca) zailI jaisA ki Upara kahA jA cukA hai, saMskRta ke sabhI lekhakoM ne nAmAyaNa ko AdikAvya aura isake racayitA ko Adi kavi kahA hai| aimA hone se yaha vispaSTa hai ki rAmAyaNa saMskRta kAvya kI prArambhika avasthA ko hamAre sAmane rakhatI hai| loka chanda kI utpatti kI kathA, jisakA ullekha Upara ho cukA hai, sUcita karatI hai ki isa chanda kA prAdurbhAva vAlmIki se duA ! rAmAyaNa kI bhASA Adi se anta taka prAjala aura pariSkRta hai| alaGkAroM kI chaTA bAra bAra dekhane ko milatI hai / upamA aura rUpa ke prayoga meM vAlmIki atyanta nipuNa haiM / bhASA kI sarajatA aura bhAva kI vizadatA unakI kavitA zailI kI vizeSatA hai| (8) mahAbhArata (ka) vartamAna mahAbhArata prahAla mahAbhArata kA samupabRhita rUpa hai| asala mahAbhArata vastutaH eka aitihAsika anya thA, ma ki praupadezika / sambhavataH vyAsa ne ise 'jaya'' kA nAma diyA / jaisA ki varzita 1 milAkara dekhie, 18bai parva kA vAkya 'jayo naametihaaso'ym| isake atirikta mahAbhArata kA pratyeka parva vakSyamANa AzIrvAda se prArambha hotA hai nArAyaNaM namaskRtya naraJcaiva narottamam / * devI sarasvatIJcaiva tato jayamudIrayet //

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36 saMskRta-sAhitya kA itihAsa vadanAoM ke samAroha se pratIta hotA hai| asalI grantha meM bhI lambe ja varNana the| jaisA ki maikaDAnala ne kahA hai ki asala mahAbhArata kadA cit 88001 zlokoM taka hI parimita nahIM thA / mahAbhArata ke vikAsa meM tIna viziSTa kAra dekhe jAte haiM / zrAdi meM eka rakSoka hai manvAdi bhArata kecidastikAdi tathApare / tathA paricarAdyanye viprAH samyagadhIyate // ( kucha vidvAn bhArata kA prArambha manu-upAkhyAna se, upAkhyAna se aura kucha paricara upAkhyAna se mAnate haiM / ) kucha astika tInoM kAloM meM se prathamakAla meM vyAsa ne apane pAMca pradhAna ziSyoM meM se eka ziSya vaizampAyana ko mahAbhArata par3hAyA / yaha asalI grantha kadAcit paricara upAkhyAna se prArambha hone vAlA mantha dUsare kAla meM yaha grantha vaizampApana ne sarpa-satra meM janmejaya ko sunaayaa| isa kAla ke grantha meM kadAcit 24000 zloka the / yaha prantha astika upAkhyAna se prArambha hotA hai / arer kAla meM dvitIyakAlIna vistRta grantha sauti ne zaunaka ko sunAyA, jaba zaunaka dvAdazavarSIya yajJa kara rahe the, jaba ki zaunaka ne kucha prazna kiye, aura sauti ne unakA uttara diyA / Ajakala ke eka lAkha zlokoM kI saMkhyA isa tIsare kAla meM hI prAyaH pUrNa huI hogI / milAie zrasmiMstu mAnuSe loke vaizampAyana uktavAn / evaM zatasahakha tu mayoktaM vai nibodhata // yaha grantha manu-upAkhyAna se prArambha hotA hai| kadAcit sauti ne 1 kadAcit yaha saMkhyA zlokA kI nahIM, kUTa zloko kI hai, jo bhArata meM zrAye haiM /

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37 mahAbhArata isa grantha kA nAma mahAbhArata rakkhA thA' | mUlAvasthA meM mahAbhArata ko 'itihAsa, purAyA yA zrAkhyAna' kI zreNI meM sammilita kiyA jAtA thA / Ajakala yaha zrAcAraviSayaka upadezoM kA vizvakoSa hai / yaha manuSya ko 'dharma, artha, kAma aura moca' ina cAroM padArthoM kI prApti karAtA hai| ise paMcama veda bhI kahA jAtA hai / ise kRSNa-veda ( kRSNa kA veda ) bhI kahate haiM / prantha bhara meM arma feat kI sabase adhika pradhAnatA hone ke kAraNa ise ' kI smRti' bhI kahate haiN| saca to yaha hai ki vartamAna mahAbhArata meM padezika aMza aitihAsika vaMza kI apekSA kama se kama cAra gunA hai| 3 (kha) mahatva - yadyapi mahAbhArata rAmAyaNa ke samAna sarvapriya nahIM sa isakA maha rAmAyaNa se kisI prakAra kama nahIM hai| isakA aitihAsika aMza mahAyuddha tathA kauravoM aura pANDavoM ke vistRta itivRtta kA varNana karatA hai| isake dvArA hameM sarakAlIna sAmAjika evaM rAjanItika vicAroM kA bhI patA lagatA hai| isase bhAryoM kI tatkAlIna sabhyatA para bhI prakAza par3atA hai / isakA mahatva isa kAraNa se bhI hai ki yaha hameM kevala zAnti-vidyA kI hI nahIM, rA-vidyA kI bhI bahuta sI bAteM 1 milAie, mahatvAd bhAratatvAcca mahAbhAratamucyate / pANini ko yudhiSThira jaise vIroM kA to patA hai kintu mahAbhArata nAmaka kisI anya kA nahIM / isase bhI anumAna hotA hai ki mahAbhArata nAma kI utpatti bAda meM huI / 2 ina zabdoM ko bhAratIya prAyaH paryAyavAcI ke taura para prayukta karate haiM / 3 vedo ke samAna pramANya-pUrNa yaha kSatriyoM ko unake sAMgrAmika jIvana ke viSaya meM zikSAyeM detA hai / 4 yaha kSatriyoM ko kRSNopAsanA kA upadeza karatA hai, jisase unheM avazya saphalatA aura kalyANa milegA / (silavena levI )

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saMskRta-sAhitya kA itihAsa batAtA hai| isake propadezika aMza ne, apane pracalita ca pramAkSayaguNA dvArA, isa prantha kA paMcanaveda nAma sArthaka kara diyA hai, jisale isakA mahatva pUrNatabA siddha hotA hai| (ga) (1) sAdhAraNa saMskaraNa-mahAbhArata ke hameM do sAdhAraNa saMskaraNa prApta hote haiM--(1) deva nAgarI (yA uttara-bhArata) saMskaraNa (2) dakSiNa bhArata-saMskaraNa / ina donoM saMskaraNoM meM paraspara prAyaH itanA hI bheda hai, jitamA rAmAyaNa ke saMskaraNoM meM | AkAra meM ve prAya, barAbara haiN| jo bAteM eka meM chor3a dI gaI haiM, ve dUsare meM mila jAtI hai| isakI pUrNa hastalikhita pratiyA~ bhArata ke aneka sthAnoM ke atirikta yUropa, landanA, perisa aura arjina meM bhI pAI jAtI haiN| apUrNa hastalikhita pratiyoM kI saMkhyA to bahuta hai| kintu koI bhI hastalikhita prati cAra pA~ca sau varSa se adhika purAnI nahIM hai / ata: hamAre lie yaha saMbhava nahIM ki hama asalI mahAbhArata kA ThIka-ThIka punarnirmANa kara leM yA kisI eka hastalikhita prati ko dUsarI se yathArtha meM utkRSTa siddha kara skeN| (2) AlocanApUrNa saMskaraNa 1 --eka saMskaraNa, jisameM hahivaMza bhI sammilita hai, kalakatte meM (1834-36) cAra bhAgoM meM chupA thaa| isameM koI TokA nahIM hai| --eka aura saMskaraNa bambaI meM 1863 meM prakAzita huA thaa| isameM harivaMza sammilita nahIM, kintu isameM nIlakaMTha kI TIkA mudrita hai| isake pATha uparyaMta kalakattAsaMskaraNa ke pAThoM se acche haiM aura yaha taba se kaI bAra chapa cukA hai|| sUcanA- ye dono saMskaraNa attarabhArata-saMskaraNa haiN| ataH ina donoM meM paraspara adhika bheda nahIM hai| 1 yaha mAnanA hogA ki brAhmaNa-dharma (vaidika dharma ) me vedoM ke barAbara kisI kA pramANya nahIM hai| 2 kalakatte meM eka aura saMskaraNa 1875 meM prakAzita huaA thA / isameM nIlakaNTha kI TIkA ke sAtha sAtha ajunamizra kI TIkA bhI chapI hai|

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mahAbhArata eka aura saMskaraNa madarAsa meM ( 1855-60 ) cAra bhAgoM chapA thaa| isakA mudraNa dakSiNa bhArata-saMskaraNa ke AdhAra para kara lipi meM huA hai| isameM nIlakaMThI TIkA ke aMza aura harivaMza bhI sammilita haiM / mahAbhArata kA sacitra aura bAlocanA carcita ( Critical ) saMskaraNa pUnA se bhANDArakara zroriyaTala risarca iMsTIcyUTa dvArA prakAzita ho rahA hai| isakA zrAdhAra mukhyatayA uttara bhArata-saMskaraNa hai / aba taka mahAbhArata kA koI saMskaraNa bhArata se bAhara prakAzita nahIM huA hai| (3) TIkAe~-- saba se purAnI TIkA jo zrAjakala milatI hai, sarvajJanArAyaNa ko hai / yaha yadi bahuta hI nayI ho to bhI 14 vIM zatAbdI ke bAda ke nahIM ho sktii| dUsarI TIkA arjuna mizra kI hai, jisake uddharaNa nIlakaNTha ne apanI TIkA meM diye haiN| yaha kalakattA ke (1871) saMskaraNa meM prakAzita huI | sabase adhika prasiddha TIkA nIlakaNTha kau hai TIkA bagala ke mata se nIlakaes 16 vIM zatAbdI meM hue haiN| ve mahArASTra meM kUrapurA ke rahane vAle the / (gha) varNanIya viSaya anumAna yaha hai ki pyAsa kA - reat anya parvoM aura adhyAyoM meM vibhaka thA / vaizampAyana ne bhI usI krama ko sthira rkkhaa| usake prabhtha meM prAyaH yau parva the| sauti ne arat 18 patra meM frbaddha kara diyA' / bahuta bAra mukhya parva aura isake bhAga kA nAma eka hI pAyA jAtA hai; udAharaNArtha, mukhya sabhA 1 - una aThAraha parvo ke nAma ye haiM- (1) Adi (2) sabhA (3) vana (4) virAT (5) udyoga (6) bhISma (7) droNa (8) karNa (6) zalya (10) sauptika (11) strI (12) zAnti (13) anuzAsa (14) azvamegha (15) AmavAtI (16) pasala (17) mahAprasthAnika (18) svargArohaNa

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saMskRta-sAhitya kA itihAsa partha meM eka choTA sabhAparva hai / 9 isake atirikta kucha pariziSTa bhAga bhI hai, jise khilaparva yA harivaMza kahate haiM / mahAbhArata meM isakI yahI sthiti hai, jo rAmAyaNa meM uttarakANDa kI / mahAbhArata meM diye hue samagra zlokoM kI saMkhyA 11,326 rthAt moTe rUpa meM eka lAkha hai / pratipAdita vastu - ghAdiparva meM kaurava pANDavoM ke zaizava, draupadI ke vivAha aura circa kA yadunAtha kRSNa ke sAtha paricaya varNita hai / dUsare parva meM indraprastha meM rahate hue pAtroM kI samRddhi kA tathA yudhiSThira dvArA duryodhana ke sAtha jue meM hogdI taka ko milAkara saba kucha dAra jAne kA varNana hai / anta meM pANDavoM ne bAraha sAla kA sAdhAraNa aura eka sAla kA prajJAta vanavAsa svIkAra kara liyA / vanaparva meM pANDavoM ke bAraha varSa taka kAma ka vana meM rahane kA virATa parva meM unake matsyarAja vizad ke ghara ajJAtavAsa ke terahaveM sAla kA varNana hai ! kyoMki kauravoM ne kI pUrNa mA~goM kA sahAnubhUti-bharA koI uttara nahIM diyA vahaH udyoga meM pANDavoM kI yuddha kI taiyArI kA varNana hai / agale pAMca patroM' meM usa sArI saMgrAma kA vistAra se vayama hai, jisameM pANDavoM aura kRSNa ko chor3akara saba mAre gaye / gyArahaveM parva meM mare huthoM ke agni-saMskAra kA varNana hai| agale do parvoM meM rAjadharma para yudhiSThira ko diyA gayA bhISma kA lambA upadeza hai / caudaha parva meM yudhiSThira ke rAjavika aura zvamegha yajJa kA varNana hai / pandrahaveM meM dhRtarASTra tathA vAndhArI kA vana gamana varNana, solahaveM meM yAdavoM kA paraspara kama aura vyAdha ke tora se zrIkRSNa kI acAnaka mRtyu varNita hai| satra meM dikhAyA gayA hai ki kisa prakAra 7 1 - isase pratIta hotA hai ki krama prabandha ke kartA kama-se-kama do AdamI zravazya hai /

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mahAbhArata pArAva loga jIvana se asatAkara meru parvata para cale gaye aura apane pIche arjuna ke pote parIkSita para prajA-pAlana kA bhAra rakha gye| antima patra meM pAelavoM ke svargArohaNa kI kathA hai| harivaMza meM 16 hajAra zloka hai aura sArA anya tIna bhAgoM meM vimata hai / prathama bhAga meM zrIkRSNa ke pUrvajoM kA, dUsare meM zrIkRSNa ke parAkramoM kA, aura tIsare 'meM kaliyuga kI zrAgAmI burAiyoM kA varNana hai| (Ga) upAkhyAna--rAmAyaNa kI apekSA mahAbhArata meM upAkhabhAloM kI saMkhyA bahuta adhika hai| kucha upAkhyAna aise bhI haiM, jo donoM mahAkAvyoM meM pAye jAte haiM / danavAsa kI dazA meM eDavoM ko dhairya / baMdhAne ke lie vanaparva meM bahuta sI kathAe~ kahI gaI haiN| mukhya mukhya upAkhyAna ye hai-(1) rAmopAkhyAna arthAt rAma kI kahAnI (2) nalI. pAkhyAna arthAt nala aura damayantI kI kathA, jo bhArata meM bahuta hI sarvapriya ho cukI hai| (3) sAvitrI satyavAna...yaha upAkhyAna jisameM bhAratIya zrAdarza-patnI kA citra aGkita kiyA gayA hai, yaha kahAnI bhI bhArata meM bahuta prema se sunI jAtI hai| (4) zakuntalopAkhyAna / yahI upAkhyAna kAlidAsa ke prasiddha zakuntalA nATaka kA AdhAra hai / (1) gaMgAvataraNa / yaha ThIka vaisA hI hai jaisA hAmAyaNa meM hai / (6) matsyopAkhyAna / isameM eka prAcIna janAkSAva kathA hai (6) uzInara' kI kathA, zivi kI kathA, vRSadarbha kI kathA, ityaadi| (ca) mahAbhArata ne vartamAna rUpa kaise prApta kiyA-- aba agalA prazna yaha hai ki mahAbhArata ne vartamAna vizAla zrAkAra kaise dhAraNa kiyA ? Upara kahA jA cukA hai ki asalI kathAMza sAre anya kA pAMcavAM bhAga hai| zeSa cAra bhAga zrIpadezika sAmagrI rakhate hai| yaha 1 ina rAjAzro ne bAz2a se kabUtara kI jAna bacAne ke lie apanI jAna dI thii|

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saMskRta-sAhitya kA itihAsa dezika sAmagrI kaI prakAra se bar3hAI gaI hai, jinameM se mukhya-mukhya ye haiM : 42 -- kucha 6 kahAniyoM aura vanoM kI punarukti', upAkhyAnoM aura dRzyavanoM kI nakala ne AgAmI ghaTanAoM kI bhaviSyavANiyAM, paristhitiyoM kI vyAkhyA 4, aura kAvya - alaMkAroM kA upayoga" / kiMtu saba se mukhya kAraNa lauti ko yaha icchA hai ki mahAbhArata ko eka vistRta dharmazAstra, jJAna kA vizAla bharadvAra aura aupAkhyAnika vidyA kI gaharI sthAna banAyA jAya / vizeSa udAharaNa ke lie kahA jA sakatA hai ki samagra zAntiparva bAda kI milAvaTa pratIta hotA hai / yaha sArA parva bhISma ke mukha se kahalAyA gayA hai, jisakI mRtyu chaH mahIne ke lie ruka gaI thii| sAtaveM parva meM 'ito bhISma:' ( bhISma mArA gayA), 'vyAjitaH samare prANAna' ( yuddha meM usase prANa chor3e gae ) ityAdi aise vAkya haiM, jinase jAnA jAtA hai ki vastuta, bhISma zAntiparva kI kathA taka jIvita hI nahIM the / (cha) kAla -- sampUrNa mahAbhArata ko eka sAtha jekara usake lie kisI kAla kA nizcita karanA asambhava hai / jaisA hama Upara dekha cuke haiM, mahAbhArata ke vikAsa ke sIna mukhya kAla haiM / zrata: asalI mahAbhArata ke kAla aura Ajakala ke mahAbhArata ke kAla meM kaI zatA yoM kA aMtara hai / d 1. jaise; banaparva meM yAtrAo kA punaH punaH varNana / 2. jaise vanaparva meM yakSa praznopAkhyAMna nahupa upAkhyAna kI nakala hai / 3. kabhI-kabhI isakI prati dekhI jAtI haiM / jaise, yudhiSThira ne bhISma se prazna kiyA hai ki brAMpakI mRtyu kisa prakAra ho sakatI hai / 4. jaise bhIma kA duHzAsana ke rudhira kA pInA | kaI bAtoM kI vyAkhyA karane ke lie svayaM vyAsa kA kaI avasaro para prakaTa honA / 5. jaise; yuddha ke, zoka ke, eva bhAkRtika dRzyoM ke lambe-lambe varNana / 6, jase, dekhie bhUgola sambandhI jambUkhaNDa aura bhUkhaNDa kA vistRta varNana /

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mahAbhArata zra-vaha kAla jisameM mahAbhArata ne vartamAna rUpa dhAraNa kiyaa| isa prakaraNa meM nimnalikhita bAteM dhAna meM rakhane yogya hai:-- (1) IsA ko vo zatAbdI meM kSemendra ne bhAratamaMjarI likhii| isameM mahAbhArata kA saMkSepa hai / aAjakala mahAbhArata ke jitane saMkSepa milate haiM, unameM sabase purAnA yahI hai| pro. budabara ne isa graMtha kI hastalikhita pratiyoM kI mahAbhArata ke sAtha vistRta tulanA karake dikhAyA hai ki kSemendra kA asalI graMtha Ajakala ke mahAbhArata se bahuta bhinna nahIM hai| (2) zaMkarAcArya (vIM zatAbdI kA uttarA) ne kahA hai ki una (striyoM aura zUdroM) ke lie jo vedAdhyayana ke adhikArI nahIM hai, mahAbhArata dharmazikSA ke lie smRti ke sthAna para hai| (3) vedoM ke mahAn vidvAn kumArila ne (vIM zatAbdI kA bhAraMbha) apane taMtravAstika meM mahAbhArata ke 18 parvo meM se kama se kama dasa parSoM meM se uddharaNa diye haiM yA unakI ora saMketa kiyA hai| (una daza parSoM meM 12vA~, 13voM aura 16kA sammilita hai, jo tInoM ke tInoM nissaMdeha bAda kI milAvaTa hai|) (4) 7vIM zatAbdI ke bAya, subandhu ityAdi kaviyoM ne mahAbhArata ke 18 ve parva meM se hI kathAe~ nahIM kI, ve harivaMza se bhI paricita the| (1) bhArata ke dUradezIya kamboja nAmaka upaniveza ke bagamA chaTI zatAbdI ke eka zilAlekha meM utkIrNa hai ki vahA~ ke eka maMdira ko rAmAyaNa aura mahAbhArata kI pratiyA~ bheMTa car3hAI gaI thIM / itanA hI nahIM, dAtA ne unake niraMtara pATha hote rahane kA bhI prabaMdha kara diyA thaa| (6) mahAbhArata jAvA aura vAbI dvIpoM meM chaThI zatAbdI meM maujUda thaa| tibbata kI bhASA meM isakA anuvAda chaThI zatAbdI se # pahale ho cukA thaa|

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saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa (7) cauthI aura pA~cavIM zatAbdI ke bhUdAna ke lena-patro meM mahA. bhArata ko smRti ( dharmazAstra) ke nAma se uddhRta kiyA gayA hai| (E) san 462 I0 kA eka zilAlekha mahAbhArata meM nizcita rUpa se eka lAkha zloka batalAtA hai aura kahatA hai ki isake racayitA parAzara ke putra vedavyAsa mahAmuni vyAsa hai| (6) zAntiparva ke tIna adhyAyoM kA anuvAda sIriyana bhASA meM mibatA hai| unake zrAdhA para mo. iTala ne jo likhA hai usase, vizvAsa ho jAtA hai ki zlokabata mahAbhArata, jisa rUpa meM aAjakala upalabdha hotA hai, san 500I0 meM bhI prAyaH aisA hI thaa| cInI turkistAna aura cInI sAhitya kI jo chAnabIna hAla meM huI hai, usase to yaha bhI jAnA jA sakatA hai ki san 100 I. meM hI nahIM, usase bhI kaI zatAbdI pahane mahAbhArata kA yahI rUpa thaa| prAzA kI jAtI hai ki mahAyAna bauddha granthoM ke adhikAdhika anusandhAna se isa viSaya para aura bhI adhika rozanI pdd'egii| (10) DAgana krAisasTana kA eka sAkSya milatA hai ki eka lAsa zlokoM vAlA mahAmAra lan 50 I. meM dakSiNa bhArata meM suprasiddha thaa| (1) vajrasUcI ke racayitA azvaghoSa (IsA kI prathama zavAndI) ne harivaMza meM se eka zloka udRta kiyA hai| (12) bhAsa ke kucha nATaka mahAbhAratagata upAkhyAno para avalambita hai| isa prakAra maikaDAnala ke zabdoM meM hama isa prakaraNa ko yo samApta 1 isa bAta se pro. holTjamaina ke isa vAda kA pUrNatayA khaNDana ho jAtA hai ki mahAbhArata ko dharmazAstra kA rUpa 600 I0 ke bAda bAhmaNoM ne diyA thaa| 2 dekhie, cintAmaNi vinAyaka vaidya kI 'mahAbhAratamImAMsA

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mahAmArata kara sakate haiM ki "hamArA yaha mAnanA ThIka hai ki yaha yahAn aitihAsika mahAkAvya (mahAbhArata) hamAre saMvatsara (san IsavI) ke prArambha se pahale hI eka aupadezika saMgraha-anya bana cukA thaa| [hA~, kucha bhAga IsA kI dUsarI zatAbdI ke prahiha bhI ho sakate hai| kyoMki (ka) harivaMza meM romana zabda 'dInAra' pAtA hai aura mahAbhArata ke Adiparva ke prathama bhAga meM tathA antima parva meM harivaMza kA patA milatA hai| ata: aise bhAga, jinameM harivaMza kA patA milatA hai, donAra sikke ke pracAra ke bAda kI milAvaTa hone cAhie~ / (kha) rAziyoM kA varNana bhI yahI sUcita karatA hai| ga) yUnAniyoM, sithiyanoM aura baikTIriyanoM ke bAre meM bhaviSyavANiyA~ kI gaI haiN|] zrA--asalI mahAbhArata ke racanA-kAla ke viSaya meM nimnavikhita bAta dhyAna dene ke yogya hai:-- (1) damana kA eka sAkSya milatA hai ki pANini ko asalI mahAbhArata kA patA thaa| (2) zrAzvAlayana gRhyasUtra (I.pU. 5vIM zatAbdI) meM eka 'bhArata' aura 'mahAbhArata' kA nAma AtA hai| 1 ci0 vi0 vaidya ke mata se mahAbhArata ne vartamAna rUpa IsA se pUrva 300 aura 100 ke bIca prApta kiyaa| 300 I. pUrva ko paralI sImA mAnane ke hetu ye haiM:- (ka) yavanoM kA ullekha bAra bAra AtA hai| (kha) Adiparva meM nagna kSapaNAka kA ullekha honA / (ga) mahAbhAratokta samAja kI, dharma kI aura vidyA kI avasthAe~ megasthanIz2a kI varNita avasthAoM se mela khAtI haiM / udAharaNArtha, mAMsa-bhakSaNa kI pravRtti ghaTa rahI thI, ziva aura viSNu kI upAsanA prArambha ho cukI thI, vyAkaraNa, nyAya aura vedAnta bana cuke the aura unakA adhyayana hone lagA thA / .

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saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa (1) baudhAyana dharmasUtra ( lagabhaga 400 I0 pU0 ) meM mahAbhArata kA ullekha pAyA jAtA hai / (4) baudhAyana gRhyasUtra meM mahAbhArata meM se 'viSNusaikhanAma' kA udaya pAyA jAtA hai / 46 (2) megasthanIja ne apane grantha iMDIkA ( bhArata ) meM faer ki kucha kahAniyA~ haiM, jo kevala mahAbhArata meM pAI jAtI hai / asalI mahAbhArata meM brahmA ko saba se bar3A deva kahA gayA hai| pAlI-sAhitya ke AdhAra para yaha bAta pA~cavIM zatAbdI se pUrva kI avasthAoM kA parAmarza karatI hai / (3) jyotiSa ke AdhAra para bhI kucha vidvAnoM ne pariNAma nikAlA hai ki aba mahAbhArata 100 I0 pU0 se pahale kA hai / i--- aitihAsika kAvya ke AvirbhAva ke sambandha meM yaha bAta bahuta kucha nizcaya ke sAtha kahI jA sakatI hai ki yaha kAvya vaidika kAla se sambandha rakhatA hai / yajurveda meM itihAsaprasiddha kuru ra pancAloM kA varNana milatA hai aura kATaka saMhitA meM dhRtarASTra vicitravArya kA nAma bhAyA hai / (ja) zailI--yadi rAmAyaNa mAdikAvya hai to mahAbhArata zrAdi 'itihAsa, purAya yA zrAkhyAna' haiM / yaha moTA poar rate are meM likhA gayA hai / isameM purAne ke kucha upajAti aura vaMzastha vRnda bhI haiM jo adhika purAne rUpa ke bhagnAvazeSa hai / purAne gadya meM kucha kahAniyA~ bhI haiN| isake atirikta pravezaka vAkya bhI haiM / jaise, kRSNa uvAca, bhISma uvAca jo zlokoM kA bhAga nahIM haiN| sAre granthameM dharma kA jo sthUla rUpa aMkita hai, usakA sAra isa padya meM bhA gayA mAlUma hotA hai :-- 1. kutte ke barAbara bar3I bar3I dImake yA cIMTiyA~ (ants) jamIna khodatI hai aura sunaharI reta nikala AtI hai, ityAdi /

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mahAkAndhoM kA anyonya sambandha 47 yasmin yathA vartate yo manuSyasvasmin tathA vartitavyaM sa dharmaH / mAyAcAro mAyathA bAdhitavyaH sAdhvAcAraH sAdhunA prtyupeyH|| ( asalI dharma yahI hai ki jaise ke sAtha taisA banA nAya / kapaTI ko kapaTa se khatma karo aura sIdhe ke sAtha sidhAI se basto!) sAre zloka ko dekhA jAya to kahA jAyagA ki isakI bhAga bAda ke kAvyoM se kahIM adhika prAJjala hai| (2.) donoM aitihAsika mahAkAvyoM kA pranyonya sambandha (ka)parimANa-vartamAna mahAbhArata kA parimANa iliyA aura oDisI ke saMyukta parimANa kA sAta gunA hai / rAmAyaNa kA parimANa mahAbhArata ke parimANa kA cauthAI hai| jaisA para kahA jA cukA hai| aAjakala kA mahAbhArata purAne mahAbhArata kA samuzvRhita rUpa hai| bhaikaDAnala ke mata se asalI mahAbhArata meM 8600 zloka the| cintAmaNi vinAyaka vaidya ke mata se 8800 kUTazloka the aura sAdhAraNa rajoka inale alaga the| ise vyAsa ne apane ziSya vaizampAyana ko par3hAyA aura usane sanupa hita karake (24000 zlokoM taka pahu~cAkara ) sarpasatra ke avasara para janmejaya ko sunaayaa| vaizampAyana se prA6 anya ko puSTa karake ( 1 lAkha zlokoM taka pahu~cAkara ) sauti ne dvAdazavarSa satra ke avasara para zaunaka ko sunAyA / mahAbhArata ke ina tInoM samupayoM kA patA mahAbhArata ke patha se hI kSagatA hai, jisameM kahA gayA hai ki mahAbhArata ke tIna prArambha haiN| ( dekhie pUrvokta praghaTTaka 6 kA 'ka' mAga !) parantu rAmAyaNa ko apane aile samupabRhaNa kA patA nahIM hai| (kha) racayitRtva-rAmAyaNa eka hI kavi--vAlmIki kI racanA hai, jo aitihAsika-kAvya kI purAnI zailI ko jAnatA thA aura jo kavitA nAma ke adhikArI, pAkhyAna kAgya se bhinna, alaMkRta kAgya kA Adima racayitA thA / parantu vartamAna mahAbhArata kaI racayitAoM ke zrama kA phala hai| mahAbhArata ke racayitA byAsa kahe jAte haiM / vyAsa dhAroM vedoM ko kramabaddha karane vAle the / ye haupakina ke anusAra raciyatA

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saMskRta-sAhitya kA itihAsa kI apekSA sampAdaka adhika the| rAmAyaNa mahAbhArata se kahIM adhika samarUpa, kahIM adhika samAnAvayavI aura parimArjita, aura candoM kI nathA sAmAjika vAtAvaraNa kI dRSTi se kahIM adhika pariSkRta hai| (ga) mukhya anyabhAga-bonoM granthoM meM se kisI meM bhI avisandigdha bhAga nahIM miltaa| donoM prasthoM ke nAnA saMskaraNa milate haiM, jo eka dUsare se bahuta bhinna haiN| unake tulanAtmaka adhyayana se hama kisI eka avisandigdha pranyabhAga ko nahIM rada nikAla skte| mahAbhArata kA dakSiNa bhArata saMskaraNa uttarabhArata saMskaraNa se kisI prakAra baDha kara nahIM, pratyuta ghaTa kara hI hai| ataH yaha anya kI asaliyata kA patA lagAde meM bahuta kama upayoga kA hai| saca to yaha hai ki ina kAthyoM kA koI bhI avisandigdha asalI andhabhAga nahIM hai kyoMki hinduzoM ke aitihAsika mahAkAgya kA koI nizcita rUpa thA hI nahIM / sabhI aitihAsika kavitAe~ pradhama maukhika rUpa meM eka se dUsare ko prAsa hotI thI aura bhinna bhinna punalekhaka icchAnusAra unameM parivartana aura parivardhana kara dete the / ataH asalI anya ke punarnirmANa ko zrAzA durAzA hai| hama adhika se adhika yahI kara sakate haiM ki pratyeka sampradAya prAma manthoM meM moTe moTe prakSepoM ko de skeN| (gha) ukta mahAkAvyoM kA vikAsa-pratyeka ke vikAsa ke bAre meM yaha bAta ekadama kahI jA sakatI hai ki donoM meM se kisI kA bhI vikAsa dUsare ke binA svatantra rUpa se nahI hushaa| bAda vAlI rAmAyaNA kA tAtparya vahI hai, jo mahAbhArata kA hai aura bAda vAlA mahAbhArata vAlmIki kI rAmAyaNa ko svIkAra karatA hai| (Ga) pArasparika sambandha-gRhyasUtroM ke antima kAla se pUrva kisI bhI eka mahAkAvya kA svIkAra kiyA jAnA nahIM miltaa| gRhyasUtroM aura dUsare sUtramanthoM meM jo aitihAsika mahAkAvya sabase pahale svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, vaha bhArata hai| donoM mahAkAvyoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana prakaTa karatA hai ki mahAbhArata meM rAmAyaNa ke kaI udaraNa

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mahAbhArata pAye haiN| harivaMza meM rAmopAkhyAna tathA anya Akasmika ullekhoM ke alipika vAlmIki rAmAyaNa ko pUrvatanI (arthAt pahale kI) siddha karane vAle vispaSTa ullekha pAye jAte haiN| yathA--- api cAyaM purA gItaH zloko vAlmIkinA bhuvi / / hopakina ke mata se ina ullekhoM se isa bAre meM yaha siddha nahIM jhotA ki vAlmIki, Adikavi ke rUpa meM, mahAbhArata se pahale hue, inase kevala itanA hI siddha ho sakatA hai ki vAlmIki ne taba rAmAyaNa likhI, jaba mahAbhArata zramI sampUrNa nahIM huA thaa| mahAbhArata meM vAyupurANa kA bhI ullekha pAyA jAtA hai| usale mI yahI siddha hotA hai ki mahAbhArata ke prArambha le pUrva nahIM; matyuta samApta hone se pUrva 'ukta nAma kA koI purANa vidyamAna thaa| isa prakaraNa meM yaha bAta smaraNIya hai ki pIche kI rAmAyaNa mahAbhArata se paricaya sUcita karatI hai| ataH vispaSTa hai ki bhAja kala kI sArI rAmAyaNa mahAbhArata ke prarambha se pahale sampUrNa nahIM huI thii| rAmAyaNa meM janmejaya ko eka prAcIna vIra svIkAra kiyA gayA hai aura kurUSoM tathA paJcAloM kA evaM hastinApura kA mI ullekha pAyA jAtA hai| ina saba bAtoM se yaha pariNAma mikalatA hai- (1) rAma kI kathA pANDavoM kI kathA se purAnI hai| (2) pAeDavoM kI kathA vAlmIki rAmAyaNa se purAnI hai| aura, (3) sArI milAkara dekhI jAya to rAmAyaNa, sArA milAkara dekhe hue mahAbhArata se purAnI hai| (ca) racanA-sthAna-tulya prakaraNoM aura zrAmANakoM ke AlocanAtmaka adhyayana se patA lagatA hai ki uttarakANDa meM gaGgA ke maidAna kI aneka kahAniyA~ hai, aura prAcInatama mahAbhArata meM paMjAba ke rIti-rivAja varNita haiM tathA mahAbhArata UdhyakAlIna propadezika bhAgoM kA sambandha kosala aura videha se hai / dUsare zabdoM meM, urvakAlIra vikAsa kI dRSTi se donoM mahA-kAjyoM meM prAyaH samAna dezoM kI bAta hai cha) pArasparika sAmya-(1)zailI-jaisA pahale kahAjA cukA

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sarakunda-sAhitya kA itihAsa samagrama ko dekhate hudha pariSkRta canhoM kI tathA sAmAjika vAtAvaraNa kI dRSTi se rAmAyaNa kahIM adhika parimArjita, kahIM adhika samarUpa evaM kahIM adhika samAnAvayavI hai| isakA hone para bhI donoM mahAkAvyoM kI zailI meM eka zani samAnatA hai| hopakSima ne lagabhaga tIna sau sthala hU~ hai, jo prAyaH eka jaise hai jiname eka-le kAzya aura eka se vAkyakhaeva haiN| udAharaNArtha, zAntipUrNa dRzyoM ke darzanoM meM cokara katu mahasi honoM mahAkAvyoM meM prAya: pAyA jAtA hai| (2) donoM meM hI eka jaisI upamAeM aura yuddha ke eka jaise varzana' pAye jAte haiN| (6) kathA kI lamAnatA aura bhI adhika dekhane ke yogya hai| sotA aura draupadI donoM nAyikAeM, yadi unheM nAyikA kahanA ucita ho, prAzcarya-janaka rIti se paidA huI haiN| donoM kA vivAda svayaMvara kI rIti se to huA thA, kintu vara kA sunAva donoM meM se kisI kI bhI icchA se nahIM huA thaa| donoM ke svayaMvaroM meM zArIrika zakti hI sarvocca mAnI gaI thii| donoM kAvyoM meM mApaka ko vanavAsa hotA hai aura donoM kAvyoM meM nAyikAoM kA (sItA aura draupadI kA) apaharaNa (kramazaH rAvaNa aura jayadratha dvArA) hotA hai| isa prakAra hameM donoM kAvyoM meM eka kathA kA prabhAva dUsare para par3atA dikhAI detA hai| (4) paurANika kathAeM-donoM mahAkAvyoM kI paurANika kathAnoM meM (aura hama kaheMge ki darzana-siddhAntoM meM bhI) bahuta samAnatA hai| donoM meM RgvedakAlIna prakRti-pUjA luta sI dikhAI detI hai / varuNa, azvina aura Aditya jaise devatAoM kA patA nahIM milanA / upapa jaisI 1.milAkara dekhie, senA bhinnA nIrikha sAgare, senA minA nrivaagaadhe|

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mahAbhArata viyoM kA varNana nahIM pAyA jAtA / una labakA sthAna devanayI-- brahmA, viSNu aura mahezavANeza, kubera aura durgA ne le liyA hai| avatAravAda pradhAna ho gayA hai| indra jaise devatA kho-putra vAle kuTumbI jana bana jAte haiN| ve svarga meM rahate haiM, sundara mahaloM ke svAmI haiM aura manuSyoM ke samAna vyavahAra karate haiN| devatAoM ke mandira banavAye jAte hai| dhAtu, miTTI aura namaka kI mUrtiyoM kI pUjA kI jAtI hai / yaha paurANikatA donoM mahAkAvyoM meM eka jaisI pAI jAtI hai|

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(11) (ka) purANoM kI utpati-purANa zabda atharvaveda aura brAhmaNoM meM sRSTi-mImAMsA ke artha meM prAtA hai| mahAbhArata meM isakA prayoga prAcIna upAkhyAnoM ke jJAna ke artha meM hudhA hai| asalI purANa kI utpatti kA patA vAyu, brahmANDa aura viSNu purANa se lagatA hai| (bhAgavata bhI kucha patA detA hai / kintu vaha kucha bhinna hai aura avarakAlIna hone ke kAraNa vizvasanIya nahIM hai| ataH dhyAna dene ke yogya mI nahIM hai|) kahA jAtA hai ki vyAsa ne-jinakA yaha nAma isalie par3A ki unhoMne veda kA vibhAga karake use cAra bhAgoM meM kramabaddha kiyA thA-veda apane cAra ziSyoM ke supurda kiye the| bAda meM unhoMne AkhyAyikAoM, kahAniyoM, gItoM aura paramparAprApta janazrutiyoM ko lekara eka purANa kI racanA kI aura itihAsa ke sAtha ise apane pA~cace ziSya romaharSaNa (yA lomaharSaNa) ko par3hA diyaa| usake bAda unhoMne mahAbhArata kI racanA kii| yahA~ hamArA isase koI prayojana nahIM ki vyAsa asabI purAza ke raciyatA the yA nahIM / mukhya bAta to yaha hai ki purAne samaya se vibhinna prakRti kI paryApta paramparA prApta kathAe~ calatI zrArahI hoMgI, jo svabhAvataH purANa kI racanA meM kAma meM lAI gii| yaha bAta bilakula svAbhAvika pratIta 1 svayaM mahAbhArata, purANa ko apane se pUrvatana aMgIkAra karatA hai|

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53 purANa tI hai ki jaba ki mantroM kA saMgraha veda ke rUpa meM ho cukA thA, ba purAnI lokAcAra sambandhI kathAe~ purANa ke rUpa meM saMgRhIta kI jAtI / (kha) purANa kA upacaya - romaharSaNa ne usa purANasaMhitA ko chaH zAkhAoM meM vibhakta karake unheM apane chaH ziSyoM ko pddh'aayaa| unameM le sIna ne tIna pRthak pRthak saMhitAeM banAI, jo racayitAoM ke nAma se prasiddha huI aura domaharSaNa kI saMhitA ke sAtha ye tIna saMhitAe~ mUkasaMhitA kahalAI / unameM se pratyeka ke cAra cAra pAda the aura ve viSaya eka hone para bhI zabdoM meM bhinna thIM / ve zAkhAeM Ajakala upalabhya nahIM hai / hA~ roma ke sivA, upa racayitAoM meM se kucha ke nAma purANoM meM aura mahAbhArata meM prazna kartAoM ke athavA vaktAoM ke rUpa meM avazya Ate haiM / ve prakaraNa jina meM aise nAma Ate haiM, saMbhava hai una purAne purANoM ke dhvaMsAvazeSa hoM jo vAyu aura brahmANDa purANa meM sammilita ho cuke haiN| eka bAta aura hai / kevala ye hI do purANa aise haiM, jina meM ukta cAra cAra pAda pAye Ate haiM / una cAroM pAdoM ke nAma kramazaH prakriyA, anuSaGga, upodAta aura upasaMhAra haiN| ukta chaH ziSyoM meM se pA~ca brAhmaNa the / ataH purANa brAhmaNoM ke hAtha A gayA | pariNAma yaha huA ki sAmpradAyika naye purANoM kI racanA hone lagI / yaha bhI smaraNa rakhane kI bAta hai ki purANoM kI uttarottara vRddhi nAnA sthAnoM meM huii| purANa kI isa utpatti aura uttarottara vRddhi kI sAta svaya purANa se milatI hai / 1 (ga) purANa kA viSaya zrAkhyAnoM, gAthAoM aura kalpavAkye ko lekara purANa kI sRSTi huI thI isa bAta ko mana meM rakhate hu hama Adima purANoM ke viSaya ko saralatA se jAna sakate haiM / -Ama

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saMskRta-sAhitya kA itihAsa ? 5 sargazva pratisargazca vaMzo manvantarANi ca / vaMzAnucaritaM caiva purANaM paJcacakSaNam // yaha zloka vastuta: Adima purANa kA viSaya batAtA hai jaba ki dhArmika siddhAnta, tIrthamAdAtmya, aneka zAkhA-patra-yukta dharma jaise anya aneka viSaya, purANoM meM sammilita nahIM ho pAye the / 54 * zrAjakana purANoM kA svarUpa aitihAsika kama aura zropadezika adhika hai| unameM upAkhyAna haiM, viSNu ke daza avatAroM ke varNana haiM, tathA devatAoM kI pUjA ke aura parvoM ke manAne evaM vratoM ke rakhane ke viSaya meM niyama haiM / unakA prAmANya vedoM ke prAmANya kI spardhA karatA hai } 1. anulomasRSTi, pratilomasRSTi, RSivazo, manvantaro aura rAjavaMzoM kA varNana karanA, yahI pAMca bAteM purANo kA lakSaNa kahI jAtI haiM / sUcanA --- yaha bAta dhyAna me rakkhI jA sakatI hai ki sarga, pratisarga aura manvantara prAyaH kalpanA ke zrAzrita hai| haoN, anya do bAteM--- vaMza aura vaMzAnucarita aitihAsikatA kA veSa rakhane ke kAraNa kucha mahattvapUrNa haiM / 2. bAhya rUpa, bhASA aura pratipAdya artha kI dRSTi se purANa, aitihAsika mahAkAvya aura kAnUna kI pustakeM paraspara ghaniSTha sambandha rakhatI haiM' / kevala ikke dukke zloka hI nahIM, prakaraNa zabdazaH jyo- ke tyoM unameM eka-se pAe jAte haiM / pratipAdya artha kI dRSTi se unake bIca koI dRDha vibhAjaka rekhA nahIM khIcI jA sakatI / bhinna-bhinna dRSTiyoM se mahAbhArata ko hama aitihAsika mahAkAvya, kAnUna kI pustaka yA purANa bhI kaha sakate haiM / 1 purANa bhAgazaH / pAkhyAnika aura bhAgazaH aitihAsika hai| isa bAre meM unakI tulanA IsAiyoM ke purANa 'pairADAisa laoNsTa' se kI jA sakatI hai /

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puNa purANoM ke zlokoM aura prakaraNoM ke lie 'ati' 'ka' bhU' jaise zabdoM kA vyavahAra hotA hai aura veda ke samAna ve bhI IzvarIya jJAna hone kA dAvA karate haiN| unameM se kaI apane Apako 'veda sasmita' (veda tutya ) bhI kahate haiN| yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki unake adhyayana ne vedAdhyayana ke tulya, yA usase bhI adhika puNya kI prApti hotI hai| (5) purANoM meM itihAsa-nimnalikhita purANoM meM una rAjavaMzoM kA varNana hai jinhoMne kajhiyuga meM bhArata meM rAjya kiyA hai---- (1) matsya, vAyu aura brahmANDa ---ina tInoM purANoM ke varNanoM meM adbhuna samAnatA hai| anta ke do to Apasa meM itane milate haiM ki ve zuka hI prantha ke do saMskaraNa pratIta hote haiN| matsya purANa meM bhI, utabhI nahoM to bahuta kucha ina donoM se milatI julatI ho vAte haiN| aisA mAlUma hotA hai ki ina saMskaraNoM kA.. zrAbAra koI eka purAnA anya thA / padya prAyaH aitihAsika mahAkAvya kI zailI ke haiM, eka paMkti meM prAya: eka rAjA kA varNana hai| (2) viSNu aura bhagavata-ukta tInoM kI apekSA ye donoM adhika saMkSisa hai / viSNu prAyaH gadya meM hai| aisA mAlUma hotA hai ki ye donoM saMsita saMskaraNa haiM ! (3) garur3a-yaha bAda kA grantha hai aura mAgavata kI apekSA saMkSita hai| isameM puru, ikSvAku aura bRhadratha rAjavaMzoM kA varNana hai| kSatriyoM ke vicArAnusAra prAcIna bhArata kI rAjanaitika avasthA kA patA jaga jAtA hai| 4) bhaviSya-isa meM prAyaH vaMzoM kA vikRta varNana hai / yathA, isameM kahA gayA hai ki pratyeka paurava nRpa meM kama se kama eka satra varSa taka rAjya kiyaa| isameM IsA kI 16 vIM zatAbdI taka kI bhaviSya vANiyoM hai| ina purANoM ke varNana mukhya karake bhaviSya purANa ke asatI racayitA ke varNanoM para Azrita haiM / ye varNana ce haiM jo naimiSAraNya meM

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saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa sUta romaharSaNa ne apane puna ( sauti) ko yA RSiyoMko sunAe haiM aura jina meM mahAbhArata ke yuddha se lekara tatkAlIna rAjAnoM taka kA chAba dene ke bAda bhaviSyat ke bAre meM prazna kiyA gayA hai| isa prakAra mahAraha purANoM meM se kevala sAta meM vaMza aura baMzAnucarita pAe jAte haiN| prata. zeSa' purANa bhArata ke rAjanaitika itihAsa kI saSTi se kisI upayoga ke nahIM haiN| purANa prati prazaMsita aura atyupekSita donoM hI rahe ! aba taka praha samajhA jAtA thA ki purANoM kI bAte vizvasanIya nahIM haiM / kintu aba yaha vizvAsa bar3ha rahA hai ki purANoM meM jitanI aitihAsika bAteM pAI jAtI haiM, ve saba kI saba hI avizvasanIya nahIM haiN| DA. vinseMTa smitha ne san 1602 I. meM baha siddha kiyA thA ki matsya haayy 4 aay' haalkssmii 9 jinaa-lilaa haalkaa Rii tl nAmoM kA jo krama diyA hai vaha bilkula ThIka hai / purANoM me jinna paramparAnugata bAtoM kA ullekha hai, cAhe vaha kitane hI vikRta rUpa meM kyoM na ho, ve brAhmaNoM ke prAcIna kAla taka kI purAnI haiN| unakA bar3A mahatva isI bAta meM hai ki unase veda-brAhmaNa-sambandhI brAhmaNoM kI rUDhi ke mukAbile para kSatriyoM kI paramparAnugata rUr3hiyoM kA ( Tradition) patA lagatA hai| kSatriya-rUdi isa lie 1. ve ye haiM --agni, karma, padma, mArkaNDeya, brahmavaivarta, brahma, vAmana, varAha, skanda, ziva aura liGga / 18 purANo me saba milAkara cAra lAkha se adhika zloka haiM, unameM se kisI eka me sAta sahasra haiM to dUsare meM ikyAsI sahasra zloka haiM ! viSNupurANa meM, jise saba se adhika surakSita samajhA jAtA hai, sAta sahasra se bhI kama zloka haiN| 2 brAhmaNo kI ukta rUdi ke pakSa kI truTiyA~ ye haiM--- (ka) isa meM kevala dhArmika bAto kA samAveza hai, aitihAsika prayojana isase siddha nahIM ho sktaa|

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purANa mahattvapUrNa hai ki usase hama kSatriya-dRSTikoNa se, prAcIna bhArata ke tathA usakI prAcIna rAjanItika dazA kI malaka ke darzana prApta kara sakate haiM / prAcIna rAjavaMza varNana purANoM meM die rAjavaMza varNana meM pratyeka rAjA kA varNana dene kA prayatna nahIM kiyA gayA, unameM kevala yazasvIrAjAoM kA varNana hai / aisA pratIta hotA hai ki ye varNana brAhmaNoM kI ( jinheM sAMsArika viSayoM meM koI ruci nahIM thI ) maukhika rUr3hi ke dvArA surakSita nahIM rahe, kintu ye surakSita rahe haiM rAjAoM ke bhAra kaviyoM ke dvArA | yadi brAhmaNa loga apane grantho ko akSara pratyakSara ThIka-ThIka yAda rakha sakate the; to hameM yaha vizvAsa karane meM koI kaThinatA na honI cAhie ki purANa rakSaka bhATo ne bhI purANoM ke rAjavaMza vanoM ko ThIka-ThIka yAda rakkhA | prAcIna vaMzAvalI kA yAda rakhanA bhArata meM gaurava kI vastu khayAla kI jAtI rahI hai; ataH bahuta adhika lokapriya hone ke kAraNa ina vazAcaliyoM meM adhika bar3hatI kI (kha) isa rUTi ke janmadAtA brAhmaNo meM aitihAsika buddhi kA abhAva thA; aura (ga) ve ekAnta kuTiyo meM rahane ke kAraNa sAsArika jJAna ko tAlA lagAe hue the / udAharaNArtha, brAhmaNa-rUr3hi ke anusAra zunaHzeSa kI jo kathA hai / Farrant nagara ko gaoNva batAyA gayA hai| -- 1. bhArata para zrAryoM kI vijaya meM kSatriyoM kA bahuta bar3A hAtha haiM yadi hama jAnanA cAheM ki unakA sthAna kyA thA, aura unhoM ne kauna kauna se bar3e kAma kiye, to hameM unakI rUr3hiyoM kA adhyayana karanA cAhiye / kevala purANo meM die hue varNana se hI hama yaha jAna sakate haiM ki kisa prakAra aila vaMza kA una sAre dezoM para prabhutva thA jinheM hama AryoM ke adhikAra meM Ae hue kahate haiM / brAhmaNa sAhitya se hameM isa mahAn rUpa-parivartana kA kucha patA nahIM lagatA /

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saskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa sambhAvanA nahIM hai| bhArata ke prAcIna rAjavaMzoM kA sambandha do bhUlasrotoM se batAyA jAtA hai sUrya aura candra ! AzA hai ki jada purANoM ko aitihAsika anya mAnakara unakA adhika vivecanAtmaka pATha kiyA jAyagA taba hameM prAcIna bhArata ke sambandha meM aneka upayogI hAte mAlUma hoNgii| purANoM meM kevala puruSoM, kozala aura magadha ke rAjAoM kA hI vistRta varNana nahIM hai pratyuta unameM avarakAlIna zizunAgo, nandoM, zugoM, karavoM aura pAnI kA bhI varNana hai| isa prakAra purANoM kA bhArI upayoga hai| purANoM ke AdhAra para pArjiTara ne siddha kiyA hai ki Arya loga pazcima kI ora bar3hakara dezAntaravAsI hue| isa prasaGga meM yaha siddhAnta baDA hI rocaka pratIta hotA hai| paurANika rUr3hi ilAvata ko, jo ailloM (zrAryoM ) kA mUla nivAsa sthAna hai, nAbhi ( bhArata ) ke uttara meM batalAtI hai| yahI dizA hai, uttara pazcima nahIM, jise zrArya loga zrAja taka pacinna mAnate haiM / yaha vizvAsa kiyA jAtA hai ki Arya loga san 2700 I0 pU0 se pahale hI kamI himAlaya ke bIca ke pradeza se bhArasa meM Ae tathA dahya 1600 I0 pU0 ke pAsa-pAsa bhArata se uttara pazcima me gae / 1400 I0pU0 ke bomaja-koI ke zilA-lekhoM meM bhAratIya devatAoM ke nAma Ate haiN| Rgved bhArata meM Ae hue prArthoM kA prAcInatama likhita anya mAnA jAtA hai aura usa Rgveda kA ThIka-ThIka sA kAla vidvAnoM ne lagabhaga 2000 I0 pU0 mAnA hai| zrAjakala ke pracalita zrArthoM ke pUrva-gamana ke bAda se ina bAtoM kA ThIka-ThIka uttara nahIM miltaa| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki drA loga 1600 I0 pU0 1. samaya pAkara bhUla cUka, parivartana avazya ho gae hoMge, paraMtu isI AdhAra para hamma sArI rUdi ko avizvAsa kI dRSTi se nahIM dekha skte| kSatriya-rUr3hiyoM ko hameM unake apane AdhAra para jaoNcanA aura parakhanA caahie| - - - - -

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ke Asa-pAsa bhArata se jAte hue bhAratIya devatAoM ko bhI apane sAtha lete ge| Rgveda ke eka mana (10, 75 ) meM bhAratIya nadiyoM ke nAma milate haiN| una nAmoM kA krama isa pazcima-gamana ke siddhAntAnusAra ThIka baiThanA hai| pUrva-gamana kA vAda apekSAkRta purAnA hai, isake sivA isa bAda kA popaka aura koI prabala tarka nahIM hai / jaba taka virodha meM paryApta yuktiyA~ na ho taba taka bhAratIya rUdi ko mithyA nahIM ThaharAyA jA sktaa| bhAratIya ruDhi ko mithyA vharAne ke lie yaha batAnA hogA ki kyoM, kaise aura kisa uddezya kI siddhi ke lie yaha bar3I gaI thii|] (Ga) kAla-vidvAn purANoM kA samaya unameM upalabdha hone vAlI nA se naI sUcanAoM ke anusAra nizcita karate haiN| lekina ve isa bAta kI prAyaH upekSA kara jAte haiM ki kisI makAna yA mAhityika racanA kA kAla usameM hone vAlI navInatama vRddhi ke anusAra nizcita nahI ho sktaa|2 dimana meM navInatama vRddhiyoM ke hI AdhAra para brahmapuraNa ko, jise Adi purANa bhI kahate haiM, jisameM purAnI sAmagrI pracuratA meM pAI jAtI hai, 13 vIM yA 14 vo zAbdIkA batalAyA hai| 18 purANoM ne apane pRthaka-pRthaka nAma kamAla kie, yaha nizcaya nahIM hai| yaha saba kucha hone para bhI, unheM prAhAN andhoM ke prAcIna kAla taka acchI taraha pahucAyA jA sakatA hai| yaha vizvAsa nahIM ho sakatA ki purANoM kA pAna nirmANa vedoM aura brAhmamaNoM se thor3I-thor3I bAte lekara usa samaya huzrA hogA jisa samaya kisI ne vedoM aura brAhmaNoM ko aitihAsika grantha mAnane kA svapna bhI nahIM dekhA hogA / 1. ima me gaMge yamune sarasvati zudri stoma sacatA parAyA sikanyA maruvRdhe vitastayA/kIye zRNuhyAsupomayA / / 2. 'kaimbrija hisTarI oNv iNDiyA' ke antargata I0 je0 rApsana likhita purANoM para nibandha dekhie /

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60 saMskRta-sAhitya kA itihAsa saba se prAcIna (asako) purAvA ka racanA ke samaya ke viSaya ma adholikhita bAteM dhyAna meM rakhane yogya haiM:--- () bANa ( 620 I.) apane irSa-varita meM vAyu purANa kA ullekha karatA hai| (2) 476 I. tathA isake AsapAsa ke bhUdAna-pannoM meM, mahAbhArata ke batAe jAte hue byAla ke kucha zloka uddhata hai, kintu vastutaH ve zloka padma aura bhaviSyat purANa meM pAye jAte hai| (3) matsya, vAyu, aura brahmANDa kahate haiM ki unhoMne apane varNana bha vaSyat se lie haiM aura unake zrAbhyantarika sAcA se siddha hotA hai ki bhaviSyat purANa IsA kI tRtIya zatAbdI ke madhya meM vidyamAna thaa| matsya ne mavirata se jo kucha bhI liyA vaha ukta zatAbdI ke anta me pahale hI liyA aura vAyu tathA brahmAeka ne caturthaM zatAbdI meM liyaa| (4) Apastamba sUtra (I0 pU0 3ya zatAbdI se arvAcIna nahIM, kintu sambhavatayA do zatAbdI aura purAnA ) 'bhaviSyat pugaNa ko pramANa rUpa se uddhata karatA hai| 'bhaviSyat purANa meM bhaviSyat (AgAmI) bhAra purANa (gata) donoM zabda paraspara virodhI haiM, isase prakaTa hotA hai ki nAma 'purANa' kevala jAtivAcaka ke rUpa meM hI prayoga meM zrAne lagA thaa| aisA prayoga pracalita hone meM kama-se-kama do sau varSa avazya lage hoMge, ataH purANa kama se kama 5 vIM zatAbdI I. pU. ke prArambhika kAla meM yA zAyada aura bhI do zatAbdI pUrva, avazya vidyamAna rahe hoNge| [( zrApastamba meM ullikha ) bhaviSyat nAma aura I0praya zatAbdI ke bhaviSya nAma kA antara smaraNa rakhane yogya hai| hameM aAjakala vikRta rUpa meM bhaviSya purANa hI prApta hai|] (1) kauTilya ne aneka sthAnoM para apane artha zAstra meM purANoM ko utkRSTa pramANa rUpa se uddhata kiyA hai| (6) zAlAyana aura sUtra aura prAzvalAyana sUtra purANoM kA ullekha karate haiN|

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purANa (7) zatapazca brAhmaNa meM pratidina itihAsa purANa par3ane kA vidhAna (3) mina-bhinna purANa parIkSita se pahale kI saba ghaTanAoM ko 'bhUta' tathA mahAbhArata ke yuddha (pArjiTara ke anusAra 150 I.pU.) ke 100 varSa kI saba ghaTanAoM ko 'bhaviSyat' kahane meM ekamata haiM yaha 100 varSa kA kAla sandhi kAla hai| isa kAla ke Asa-pAsa sArI ko sAsarI pracalita aitihAsika janazrutiyA~ eka purANa ke rUpa meM saMgRhIta (8) aitihAsika mahAkAvyoM ke samAna purANa bhI mAToM ne prAcIna paramparAprAha lokavAdoM ke nAdhAra para banAe the| una lokavAdoM ko adharvaveda meM bADamaya kA eka svIkAra karake itihAsa-purANa kA sAdhAraNa (General) nAma diyA gayA hai| kyA chAndogya upaniSad aura kyA prArambhika bauddha grantha ( sutta nipAta donoM meM hI bAimaya ke isa aGga ko paMcama veda kahA gayA hai, aura Aja taka yaha paMcama veda ke hI rUpa meM svIkRta kiyA jAtA hai| purANoM ke kAla kI zravara sImA / saca to yaha hai ki mina-bhinna parANa, jisa rUpa meM ve aAja hameM prApta haiM usa rUpa meM, bhinna-bhinna kAla meM utpanna hue haiN| hamAre prayojana kI vastuta: siddhi karane vAle mahatvapUrNa purANoM ke kAla kI avara sImA ke viSaya meM nimnalikhita bAte manana karane yogya hai-- (1) matsya purANa meM zrAntroM ke patana ( 236 I.) taka ka aura isake bAda hone vAle kilakila rAjAoM kA varNana milatA hai isa prakAra aitihAsika zrAkhyAna IsA kI tRtIya zatAbdI ke bagabhara ___ madhya taka pahuMca jAtA hai, isase bhAge nahIM bar3hatA / (2) viSNu, vAyu, brahmANDa aura bhAgavata parANa isa zrAsyAna ke aura Age bar3hAkara guptA ke abhyudaya taka le Ate haiN| samundragupta kI

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saskRta-sAhitya kA itihAsa vijayoM kA tanika bhI ullekha nahIM miltaa| ataH yaha aitihAsika zrAvyAna adhika se adhika 337 I. taka bar3ha pAtA hai| kyoMki vAyu, brahmANDa aura matsya purANa bhaviSya purANa kI asalI sAmagrI para acala miyata haiM ata yaha parihAla nikalatA hai ki bhaviSya purANa kisI na kisI rUpa meM IsA ko tRtIya zatAbdI ke anta se pahale-pahale avazya bana cukA hogaa| matsya ne isape tRtIya zatAbdI ke caturtha pAda meM sAmagrI prAsa kI tathA vAyu aura brahmANDa ne caturtha zatAbdI ke prArambhika bhAga meM, jabaki ye varNana prArambhika guza rAjAoM ke varNanoM ko apane meM milAkara paryAta bar3ha cuke the| (3) kaliyuga' kI burAiyoM ke varNanoM tathA aitihAsika jyotiSika vizeSa-nizeSa varNanoM se bhI Upara diye hue pariNAma kI puSTi hotI hai| (4) mUnnagranyIya vizeSatAeM bhI ukta pariNAma kA samarthana karatI hai| (1)cintAmaNi vinAyaka deya ne vAyupurANa gata vakSyamANa zloka kI ora dhyAna khIMcA hai :-- anugaMge prayAgaM ca sAketaM magadhastathA / etAanapadAn sarvAn bhoyante guptavaMzajAH / / yaha zloka usa avasthA kA parAmarza karatA hai, jaba 500 I. ke. bAda gupta zakti kA anta huaa| () viSNu purANa nizcaya hI cAyu ke bAda kA hai kyoMki isameM varNana aura bhI Age bar3ha gayA hai| yaha kilakila ke yavana rAjAoM kA varNana karatA hai jo bAndhra deza meM 5 vIM aura 8 vIM zatAbdI meM rAjapa karate the / isase prakaTa hotA hai ki kama se kama isa zatAbdI taka purANoM meM prakSepa hote rahe / 1. vistRta yuktiyoM ke lie pArjiTara kI 'kaliyuga ke rAjavaMza' pustaka dekhiye|

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purANa 63. (7) cintAmaNi vinAyaka vaidya ne bhAgavata purANa kA kAla nizvaya karate hue vistAra se vicAra kiyA hai aura ve isa pariNAma para pahuMce haiM ki yaha zaMkara' ( 8 vIM zatAbdI) ke pazcAt kA aura gIta govinda ke raciyatA jayadeva | 1164 I0 ) se pUrva kA hai aura isa prakAra bahuta karake 10 vIM zatAbdI meM banA hai / yaha purANa sabaH purANoM se adhika sarvapriya hai / isa kA anuvAda bhArata kI prAyaH sabhI" Adhunika bhASAoM meM ho cukA hai| 2 1. bhAgavata meM buddha ko viSNu kA eka avatAra kahA gayA hai aura zaMkara buddha kA virodhI thA / 2 bhAgavata meM rAdhA kA nAma bilkula nahIM AtA, aura gIta govinda to grAzrita hI rAdhA ke kRSNa viSayaka prema para hai| yadi bhAgavata jayadeva ke pazcAt kA hotA to isameM rAdhA kA nAma avazya AtA /

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cauthA adhyAya (12) saMskRta sAhitya meM bhAsa kA sthAna thor3e samaya pUrva taka saMskRtAnurAgiyoM ko mAsa ke nAma ke sivA usake viSaya meM aura kucha bhI mAlUma nahIM thaa| kAlidAsa ne apane nATaka mAlavikAgnimitra meM usakA nAma sAdara ke sAtha liyA hai / kucha anya saMskRta-kRtikAroM ne bhI usakA nAma lekara use pratiSThita pada para ArUr3ha kiyA hai| rAjazekhara kahatA hai : bhAlI rAminasomilau vararuciH zrIsAhasAGkaHkavirmeNTho mAra vikAlidAsataratAH skandhaH sudandhuzca yaH, daNDI bANadivAkarau gaNapatiH kAntazca ratnAkaraH, siddhA yasya sarasvatI bhagavatI ke tasya sarve'pi te|| prasannarAghava kI prastAvanA meM kahA gayA hai : yasyAzcakorazcikuranikaraH karNapUrI mayUraH, bhAlo hAsaH kavikulaguruH kAlidAso vilAsa. / harSI varSoM hRdayavasati. paJcadANastu bANaH, keSAM naiSA kathaya kavitA kAminI kautukaay|| subhASita-koSoM meM bastutaH kucha, bahuta hI balita padya bhAsa ke .na.ma se die hue milate haiN| subhASitAvalI meM se do nIce die jAte haiM:

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saMskRta sAhitya meM bhAsa kA sthAna bAlA va sAviditapaJcazavaprapaJcA tanvI ca sA stanabharopacitAnanyASTiH / lajjA samudvahati sA sugnAvasAne hA kA'pi sA, kimiva kiM kathayAmi tasyAH ! duHkhAte mayi duHkhitA bhavati yA hRSTa prahRSTA tathA dIne nyamupaiti zeSapahale pathyaM baco bhASate / kAla vetti, kathA: karoti nipuNA, satsaMstavai jyati / bhAryA mantrivara. salA parijanaH saikA bahusvaM gatA / / ____ koI dasa zloka aura haiM jo mAsa ke kahe jAte haiM aura jo gAraGgadhara-pati, saduktikarNAmRta aura sUktimuktAvalI meM pAe haiN| ina idhara udhara ke uddharaNoM ke sivA mAsa ke bAre meM aura kucha ulUma nahIM thaa| jaba paM0 gaNapati zAstrI ne 1612 I0 meM raha nATakoM kA patA lagAyA taba bhArata ke bAre meM bahuta kucha mAlUma huaa| teraha nATaka trivendra pustakamAlA ke antargata prakAzita ho cuke hai| 0 kotha, jaikobI, sTenakojo, laikATe, viTaraniTaja prAdi jaise vidvAnoM ina teraha ke teraha nATakoM ko bhAsa kI racanA batAyA hai| vastutaH 1 milAiye Wordsworth: A perfect woman nobly planned. To warm, to comfort and command.' phira milAiye Pope Thou wert my guide, philosopher and friend. 2 ina teraha nATakoM ko cAra bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA jA sakatA hai:(ka) udayana kI kathA vAle-pratijJAyaugandharAyaNa, svpnvaasvdttm| (kha) mahAbhArata para Azrita-UrubhaMga ( saMskRta meM avelA duHkhAra paTaka), bAla carita, dUtaghaTotkaca, dUtavAkya, karNabhAra, madhyamavyAyoga, vraatr| (ga) rAmAyayA para avalambita- abhiSeka nATaka, pratimA nATaka (gha) kalpanAmUlaka avimAraka aura cArudatta /

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saskRta-sAhitya kA itihAsa isa vicAra ke janmadAtA svayaM 60 gaNapati zAstrI hI the| nATaka apane guNoM ke kAraNa vastutaH isa sammAna ke adhibhArI haiM jo unheM diyA jA rahA hai| bArneTa aura silavana levI jaise anvepaka ukta vicAra se sahamata nahIM hai, ataH hama isa bAta ko jarA vistArapUrvaka kheNge| prazna yaha hai.."ce teraha ke teraha nATaka kisI eka hI ke banAe hue haiM yA inake raciyatA aneka vyakti haiM" ? aura yadi unakA raciyatA eka hI vyakti hai, to vaha kauna hai ? (13) kyA ina nATakoM kA raciyatA eka hI vyakti hai? vidvAna isa bAta meM prAyaH sahamata hai ki ina saba nATakoM kA kartA eka hI vyakti hai| isa tarka kI puSTi ke lie nimnalikhita hetu die (1) eka prAzca yajanaka vizeSatA raMgamaMca sambandhI saMketa-vAkya 'nAnyante tataH pravizakSi satradhAraH' hai| saMskRta ke dUsare nATakoM meM yaha saMketa-vAkya AzIrvAdAtmaka padya yA padyoM ke bAda AtA hai| (2) ina nATakoM meM hama prasiddha pAribhASika zabda ke lie prasiddha pAribhASika zabda kA prayoga pAte haiN| yathA, prastAvanA ke lie sthApanA zabda AyA hai| yadyapi kucha eka dUsare nATaka kAroM ke nATakoM meM bhI isa prakAra ke pAribhASika zabda dekhe jAte haiM, tathApi ye teraha nATaka anya nATakoM kI kakSA meM nahIM rakkhe jA sakate / inakI apanI eka pRthaka hI zreNI hai, kyoMki inameM 'prarocanA kA abhAva hai arthAt unameM na anya kA nAma diyA gayA hai aura na andhakAra kaa| (3) kama se kama cAra nATakoM kI nAndI meM munA alavAra hai arthAta nAndI meM nATaka ke mukhya-mukhya pAtroM ke nAma A gae haiN| 1 yaha vizeSatA ina nATako me bhI dekhI jAtI hai-zaktibhadra kA aAzcarya-cUr3AmaNi, napa mahendravikramavarmA kA mattavilAsa (I. kI 7voM zatAbdI), cAra bhANa, zrora do nATaka /

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kyA ina nATakoM kA racayitA eka hI vyakti hai ? 1 ( 4 ) ye nATaka aneka prakAra se anyonya sambandha rakhate haiM (ka) svazvAsavadatta, pratijJA yaugandharAyaNa kA aisA hI uttarakhaNDa hai jaisA ki bhavabhUti kA uttararAmacarita usake mahAvIracarita kA hai donoM meM pAtra bhI vahI haiN| donoM kI zailI, (vacana- vimyAsa, aura caritra-citraNa ) bhI bahuta karake eka jaisI haiM itanA hI nahIM, svapnavAsavadatta meM pratijJA yaugandharAyaNa ke kucha uddeza bhI haiM / - POS 67 (kha) avimAraka ( 1 ma a ka ) meM rAjA apanI kanyA ke lie yogya vara cunane kI cintA meM grasta hai, pratijJAyaugandharAyaNa meM bhI mahAsena apanI putrI vAsavadattA ke lie yogya - kutrIma evaM vIra-vara ke sunane kI cintA kara rahA hai / ina donoM dRzyoM meM bar3I samAnatA pAI jAtI hai / (ga) bAlacarita meM tIsare aMka kA 1 ma dRzya ( gopAla-dRzya ) prAya. vaisA hI hai jaisA paJcarAtra meM 2 ya aMka kA 1 sa dRzya / (gha) kucha vAkya abhiSeka aura svapnavAsavadatta donoM meM jyoM ke tyoM Ae haiN| ( yathA; kiM vacyatIti hRdayaM parizaGkitaM me ) isI prakAra kucha vAkya bAlacarita aura cArudatta meM bhI eka jaise haiM / abhiSeka meM vAlI ke antima zabda vahI haiM jo UrubhaGga meM duryodhana ke haiM / (5) ina nATakoM meM eka jaisI kavikalpanAe~ ( kAvyAlaMkRtiyA~ ) pAI jAtI haiM / yathA; (ka) avimAraka, cArudatta aura dUtavAkya meM bAdaloM meM iyabhara meM camaka kara chipAne vAlI bijalI kI upamA milatI hai / (kha) pratimA, bAlacarita, dUtavAkya, madhyamanyAyoga aura pratikSA yaugandharAyaNa meM rAhu ke mukha meM par3e candramA kI upamA dI gaI hai| (ga) bAlacarita, dUtavAkya, zrabhiSeka aura pratijJA yaugandharAyaNa meM zaktizAlI puruSa ( yathA zrIkRSNa ) kI tulanA mandara paryaMta se kI gaI hai|

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1 65 saMskRta-sAhitya kA itihAsa (gha) kArtikeya ke kauza parvata para zrAroca karane ke parAkramoM kA varNana bahudhA zrAyA hai| (Ga) do pratipakSiyoM meM se adhika bajazAlI kI upamA siMha se aura dUsare kI hAthI se bAra bAra dI gaI hai / (ca) zatru ke krodha kI upamA ke lie prAyaH dUra deza taka phailI huI agni ko cunA gayA hai / (i) uccadhvanI kA sAdRzya pralayakAlIna samudra garjana se dikhalAyA gayA hai / udAharaNArtha:-- zaGkhadhvaniH prajJayasAgaraghoSatulyaH / ( karNabhAra ) yasya svanaM pralayasAgara ghoSatulyam / ( dUtavAkya ) (6) ina nATakoM meM kucha vicAroM kI AvRtti pAI jAtI hai / udAharaNArtha :(ka) zapAmi satyena bhayaM na jAne / ( madhyama vyAyoga ) kimetadbho ! bhayaM nAma bhavato'dya mayA zrutam / ( bAba carita ) (kha) 'athavA sarvamaGkAro bhavati surUpANAm" aneka nATakoM meM zrAyA hai / (ga) 'vIra kA bAhu hI saccA zastra hai', yaha vicAra kaI nATakoM meM prakaTa kiyA gayA hai| aise hI aura bhI bahuta se udAharaNa diye jA sakate haiM / (7) ina nATakoM meM prayukta zabda bhaNDAra ( Vocabulary ) sathA manobhAvaprakAzana prakAra ( Expression ) prAya: eka jaise pAe 1 milAiye, kAlidAsakRta zakuntalA ( 118 ), kimiva hi mathurANAM maNDanaM nAkRtInAm / *

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kyA ina nATako kA racayitA eka hI vyakti hai ? k jAte haiM | udAharaNArtha are a far after zabda kA prayoga aura dvitIya ke lie 'aho karUNA khu issarA' dekhiye | (8) ina nATakoM meM hama kucha nATakIya racanA-niyamoM tathA nATakIya paristhitiyoM kI punarAvRtti pAte haiM / udAharaNArtha; svapnavAsavadatta ke luTe aka kI abhiSeka ke tIsare se tulanA karo / ( 8 ) prAya: chaH nATakoM meM eka kahakara pAnI mA~gatA hai| maratA huA AdamI 'zrApastAvat' (10) ina nATakoM se mRtyu samaya ke karuNA dRzya prAyaH samAna haiM / ( 19 ) ina saba kI eka bhArI vizeSatA yaha hai ki sabhI meM bhUmikA choTI-choTI haiN| ( 12 ) ina nATakoM meM gau pAtroM taka ke nAmoM kI zrAvRtti pAI jAtI hai| udAharaNArtha; vijayA, hArapAlikA aura bAdarAyaNa, kacukI haiM, tathA gopAloM ke nAma vRSabhadatta evaM kumbhadasa haiM ! (13) eka aura bhedaka vizeSatA yaha hai ki mAtA ke nAma kA vyavahAra bahudhA kiyA gayA hai| jaise, / jaise, yAdavImAtaH, zaurasenImAtaH, sumitrAmAtaH / (54) pANinI vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM se haTakara calane kI bAdha sAdhAraNa hai / yathA, zrapRcch kA prayoga parasmaipada meM kiyA gayA hai aura rAja zabda samAsa meM AyA hai ( dekhiye, kAzirAjJa, sarvarAjJaH ityAdi ) / (12) 'imAmapi mahIM kRtsnAM rAjasiMhaH prazAstu naH' yaha bharata---- vAkya ina kaI nATakoM meM AyA hai / ina katipaya hetuoM se evaM virodhI yuktiyoM ke abhAva meM yaha anumAna karanA svAbhAvika hai ki ina saba nATakoM kA kartA eka hI vyakti hai / jo inheM bhAsa kI racanA nahIM mAnate, yaha to unheM bhI mAnanA par3emA hI ki ye saba kisI eka hI kI racanA Bi 1

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saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa (14) taba inakA racayitA kauna hai ? zrI varSa (606-648) ke darabArI kavi bArAma ne zrapara harSacarita ke upodghAt ' ke eka padya meM sAsa ke nATakoM kA challekha kiya hai| vaha padya yaha hai!-- sUtradhAra kRtArambhainATakaibahubhUmikaH / sapasAryazolebhe bhAsodevakulairiva 33 bhAsa ke nATakoM ke sUtradhAra kRtAramaH, bahubhUmikai; aura sapatAka4 ye tInoM vizeSaNa ina nATakoM ke sambandha meM ThIka haiN| rAja zekhara (havIM zatAbdI) ne 'mAsanATaka cakra' kA ullekha miyA hai aura kahA hai ki svamavAsavadatta agniparIkSA 5 meM pUrA uttarA thaa| dekhiye, svasavAsavadattasya dAhako'bhUtra pAvakaH ina yuktiyoM se siddha hotA hai ki ina nATakoM kA racayitA bhAsa thaa| kintu isa anumAna ke virodhI vidvAn rAjazekhara ke nimnalikhita zloka ko prastuta karate haiM: kAraNaM tu kavitvasya na smpnkuliintaa| bhAvako'pi hi yaddhAsaH kavInAmanimo'bhavat / / Adau bhAsena racitA nATikA priydrshikaa| tasya ratnAvalI nUnaM ratnamAleva zajate / / bhAgAnandaM samAlokya yasya zrIharSa vikrmH|| 1. yaha upodayAta aitihAsika tathA kAla-nirdhAriNI dRSTi se bar3A upayogI hai| isameM nAmollekha kie hue granthoM ke guNa jAnane ke liye bhI yaha bar3e kAma kA hai / 2 sUtradhAra se prArambha hone vAle / 3 bahuta se pAtroM vAle / kAlidAsa ke zakuntalA nATaka meM 23 aura vikramorvazIya meM 18 pAtra haiN| kintu ina nATako meM se pratyeka me ausatana lagabhaga 30 pAtra haiN| 4 minna-bhinna nATako meM bhinna-bhinna kathAnaka se yukta / kAlidAsa ke nATako kA viSaya prAyaH eka hI hai| 1 kaThina aaalocnaa|

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taba inakA racayitA kauna hai ? ina zlokoM dvArA yahI siddha hotA hai ki yA to rAjazekhara ko bhUba lagI hai yA do mAla hue haiM jinameM se eka kAlidAsa se pUrva humA aura dUsarA kAlidAla ke pazcAt / aikhA mAnane para kahA jAvegA ki svapnavAsavadatta kA racayitA vaha mAsa hai jo kAlidAsa ke pazcAt huA! isa artha-grahaNa ke anusAra ukta lo meM zrAe hue dhAvaka pada kA artha hogA dhoSI' aura mAsa kA tAtparya hogA vyakti vizeSa / kintu aisA tabhI mAnA jA sakatA hai jaba isa bhAratIya lokavAda ko, jo kevala loka vAda hI nahI hai pratyuta jisakA samarthana kaI saMskRta lekhaka bhI karate haiM, svIkAra na kareM ki dhAvaka ne upayukta tIna nATakoM (priyadarzikA, ratnAvalI aura nAgAnanda ) kI racanA kI thI aura pAritoSika rUpa meM tatkAlIna zAsaka nRpa zrIharSa se vipula dhana prAha kiyA thaa| ukta zlokoM kA yathArtha artha lene para to yaha mAnanA par3atA hai ki dhAvaka kaSi kA asalI nAma hai bhAsa (prakAzamAna, suprathita, yazasvI ) usake vizeSaNa haiN| ataH rAjazekhara ne jo likhA hai ThIka hai| yaha bhI kahA jAtA hai ki kaI prAcIna saMskRta kavi jisakA ullekha karate haiM aura rAjazekhara ne jisakI isa prakAra prazaMsA kI haiM vaha svapnavAsavadatta nATaka bhAjala kA upalabhyamAna svAmavAsavadatta nATaka nahIM ho sktaa| bhAsa ke nAma se pracalita ina teraha nATakoM kA racayitA koI aprasiddha dakSiNa bhAratIya kavi hai jo 7vIM zatAbdI meM humA hogaa| pro0 silavena khevI ne rAmacandra guNacandra ke mAdhyadarpaNa nAmaka grantha meM se eka padha prastuta kiyA hai jo prAjaka ke svapnavAsavadatta meM nahIM miltaa| padya nahIM milatA yaha ThIka hai, kintu isa padya kA bhAva upalabhyamAna 1. dekhiye, "bhaNDArakara iMsTIcyUTa jarnala' (1925-26) meM devadhara kA lekha / 2. bArneTa bhI isa vicAra se sahamata hai| 3. padAkrAntAni puSpANi somaM cedaM zilAsanam / nUna kAcidihAsInA mA dRSTvA sahasA gtaa|

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saMskRta-sAhitya kA itihAsa svamavAsavadAsa meM avazya aAyA huA hai, isase niSA nahIM ho sktaa| isa vizeSI yukti dvArA adhika se adhika yahI siddha ho sakatA hai ki svamavAsavadatta ke nAnA saMskaraNa haiN| isake dvArA vartamAna svamavAsavadatta ke asalI hone kA khaNDana kadApi nahIM ho sktaa| aisA udAharaNa kAlidAsa kA mAlavikAgnimitra nATaka bhI upasthita karatA hai| svasavAsavadatta ke nAnA saMskaraNa the, isa bAta kA samarthana nImojadeva ke gAraprakAza ke sAkSya se bhI hotA hai, kyoMki zRMgAraprakAza kA uddhRta prakaraNa svamavAsavadatta ke zma aMka kA sAra hai| zAradA tanaya ( 12vIM zatAndI) ke bhAva prakAza meM svasavAsavadatta se eka zloka' uddhRta hai aura vaha zloka Ajakala ke svAmavAsavadatta meM pAyA jAtA hai| isase bhI siddha hotA hai ki yahI svazavAsavadatta bhAsa kA asalI svamavAsavadatta hai| isa saba kA sAra yahI hai ki ina saba teraha nATakoM kA racayitA bhAsa hI thaa| (15) bhAsa ke aura grantha subhASita-kozoM meM bhAsa ke nAma se die hue padma ina nATako meM nahIM majate / zrataH sambhava hai ki bhAsa ne kucha aura bhI nATaka likhe hoM aura kadAcit kucha phuTakara kavitA bhI kI ho ( jisake saMgraha kA nAma viSNudharma ho) tathA prakArazAstra kA bhI koI grantha likhA ho| madhyakAlIna saMskRta sAhitya ke prAcAra para yahI anumAna hotA hai| mahAkavi mAsa kA eka aura nATaka 'yajJaphalam / athavA yajJa nATakam ) rAjavaidya jIvarAma kAlidAsa zAstrI ko milA hai| isa nATaka kI kathA vAlmIkIya rAmAyaNa ke bAlakANDa se lI gaI hai aura yaha sambat 1667 meM goMDala ( kAThiyAvAr3a) se prakAzita huA hai| isakI do hastalikhita pratiyAM devanAgarI akSaroM meM prApta huI haiN| 1. ciraprasuptaH kAmo me vINyA pratibodhitaH / tA tu devIM na pazyAmi yasyA ghoSavatI priyA / "

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bhAsa kI zailI eka ke anta meM likhA hai :-'iti yajJanATaka samAptaM vikramArka sambat 1127 Azvina kRSNa pakSe dvitIyAyAM bhaumavAsare likhita svAmI zuddhAnanda tIrtha "dUsarI prati ke anta meM likhA hai, "iti yajJaphalaM saMpUrNa vikramIya saMvatsara 2 mAsAnAmuttame pauSa mAse sitai pakSe pUrikSamAyAM guruvAsare likhitaM devaprasAda zarmaNA hastinApura nivAsI / mATaka ke prAbhyantarika sAkSya se pratIta hotA hai, ki isakA pUrA nAma 'yajJaphala aura sakSipta nAma 'yajJanATaka' hai| jaisA ki svapnavAsavadattam ke anta meM bhI 'iti svapnanATakama basitam' hI dekhane ko milatA hai| nATaka kA prAraMbha 'nAnyante tataH pravizati sUtradhAraH' se hotA hai| 'prastAvanA ke sthAna para 'sthApanA' zabda kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| mAsa ke anya nATakoM kI mAndri isa kI sthApanA bhI sakSipta hai aura usameM kavi ke tathA nATaka ke nAma kA abhAva hai| bharata vAkya isa prakAra hai : rakSantu vo dharma svaM, prajAH syuranupaplutAH / tvaM rAjasiMha pRthvI sAgarAntAM prazAdhi ca // bhAsa ke anya nATakoM kI bhAnti isa meM mI pAtroM kA bAhulya hai| isa kI ati prAcIna bhASA, isa kI vastu kalpanA, isa kI zelI, aura isake rasa, bhAva, alaMkAra aura nATayAMgoM ko manoharatA nissandeza ise bhAsa kI hI kRti pramANita karate haiN| sambhava hai ki bhAsA ke anya grantha bhI isI prakAra dhIre 2 prakAza meM AjAyeM / (16) mAsa kI zailI bhAsa ke kAvya kA viziSTa guNa yaha hai ki usakI bhASA prAJjala aura suSTu hai| isame bhAvoM kA udreka, laya kA madhurasaMgIta aura UMcI ur3Ana marane vAlI nirmala kalpanA hai| kavikulagaru kAlidAsa prakRti ke kavi aura ramamiyAnA meM pramANa mAne jAte haiM, kintu mAlavIya manovRttiyoM

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4 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa kI vyAkhyA meM bhAta kadAcita unase bhI baDha jAtA hai| usake nATakoM ke viSaya vividha haiM, tathA unakA kathAnaka sadA rocaka evaM saraba hai / vaha kevala lalita bhASA likhane meM hI ucca koTi kA siddhahasta nahIM hai, zrapitu nATakIya ghaTanAnurUpa yathArtha paristhati paidA kara dene meM bhI / Best zailI kI eka aura vizeSatA yaha hai ki vaha eka khoka ke kaI gee kara letA hai aura pratyeka Tukar3e kA vaktA pRthak pRthak pAtra hotA hai| yaha rIti manovinodaka uttara pratyuttara ke tathA ojasvI vArttAlApa ke bahuta anurUpa hai' | gadya-padya donoM me kavi apane Apako kAvya-paddhati kA zrAcArya siddha karatA hai / zrAlaGkArikoM ke matAnusAra bhAva vaidarbhI rIti kA kavi hai / 2 bhA kI kavitA meM roka chanda kA prAdhAnya hai| yaha bAta bahuta kucha prAcInatA ko bodhaka hai| bhAsa kI zailI kI eka aura vizeSatA yaha hai ki vaha pANini ke niyamoM kA ullaGghana kara jAtA hai (jaisA pahale kahA jA cukA hai|) yaha bAta bhI usake prAkkAkhIna hone kI sUcaka hai A (17) kAla' bhinna-bhinna vidvAnoM ne bhAsa ke lie bhinna-bhinna kAla nizcita kie haiN| kauTilya ke arthazAstra meM pratijJAyaugandharAyaNa meM se zloka 3 AyA hai / isI ke AdhAra para paM0 gaNapati zAstrI ne bhArata ko I0 pU0 1. isI abhiruci ke liye vizAkhadatta kA mudrArAkSasa dekhiye | 2. daNDI ke anusAra vaidarbhIrIti meM nimnalikhita dasa guNa pAe jAte haiM; zleSaH prasAdaH samatA mAdhurya sukumAratA ! artha-vyaktirudAratvaMmojaH kAntisamAdhayaH // ( kAvyAdarza 1, 41 ) [ daNDI isa bAre meM bharata kA anuyAyI hai / ] 3. navaM zarAvaM salilasya pUrNaM susaskRtaM darbhakRtottarIyam / tattasya mA bhUnnarakaM ca gaccheda, yo bhatR piNDasya kRte na yudhyeta //

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kAla caturtha zatAbdI kA mAnA hai| isa yukti meM yaha anumAna kara liyA gayA hai ki arthazAstra I0 pU0 cauthI zatAbdI meM likhA gayA thA, kintu aAja hameM itihAsa kA jo jJAna pAsa hai, usake anusAra hama ukta vicAra konizcaya ke sAtha ThIka nahIM kaha sakate / 50 rAmAvatAra ne bhAsa ko IsA kI dazavIM zatAbdI meM rakhA hai| unakA vicAra hai ki mAla kA cArudatta nATaka zUdraka ke mRcchakaTika kA bhaddA saMkSepa hai| ye nATaka 2. nanchakaTika aura cArudatta me itanA ghaniSTha sambandha haiM ki dono kA svatantra udbhava asaMbhava pratIta hotA hai| unheM dekhakara anumAna karanA par3atA hai ki yA to unameM se koI eka dUsare ke AdhAra para likhA gayA hai yA dono kisI tIsare grantha para avalambita haiN| pahale pakSa meM bhI do mata haiM -- yA to cArudatta (jo sarvasammati se cAro aMko meM eka apUrNa nAThaka he ) abhinaya ke prayojana se mRcchakaTika kA saMkSepa hai, yA mRcchakaTika cArudatta kA amapUrNa samupabRhita rUpa hai| ina dono vicAroM meM se bhI prathama vicAra ke samarthana meM nimnalikhita yuktiyA~ dI jAtI haiM: (ka) vAmana aura abhinavagupta jaise prArambhika AlaMkArika cArudatta kI apekSA mRcchakaTika se adhika paricita the| vAmana kA pATha 'dya taM hi nAma puruSasyAsihAsanaM rAjyam mRcchakaTika meM zrAtA hai| zleSa ke prasaMga meM vAmana likhatA hai ki yaha zUdraka tathA anya lekhako ke granthoM me bahuta pAyA jAtA hai| (kha) 'asatpuruSaseveva' kI upamA prasaGgAnusAra mRcchakaTika meM bahuta adhika ThIka baiThatI hai, cArudatta meM yaha kevala eka zrAlaMkArika tuccha padArtha pratIta hotA hai| (ga) zrAbhyantarika sAkSya se jJAta hotA hai ki cArudatta avisvaSTa hai aura sArI avasthA tabhI vispaSTa hotI hai jaba hama mRcchakaTika ko hAtha meM uThAte haiN|'

Page #97
saMskRta-sAhitya kA itihAsa mattavilAsa ke sAtha milate-julate haiM, isa AdhAra para DA bAneTa ne inheM 7 vIM zatAbdI kA batAyA hai| DA biTaraniTakA aura sTena kono ne ina nATakoM ko IsA ko kUlarI aura cauthI zatAbdI ke ye yuniyA~ prabala hone para bhI pUrNa sAdhaka nahIM haiM / isa mata meM nimnalikhita bAtoM kA samAdhAna nahIM hotA :--- (a) cArudatta meM aise prakaraNa haiM jo mRcchakaTika meM nahIM haiN| (A) cArudatta meM ujjaina ke rAjanaitika viplava kA ullekha nahIM hai| yadi cArudatta mRcchakaTika se bAda meM banA hotA, to isameM isa mahattvapUrNa viplava kA ullekha avazya hotaa| dono nATako ke vaiSabhya ke AdhAra para bhI kucha pariNAma nikAlane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai / vaiSamya kI kucha mukhya bAteM ye haiM:-pAribhASika zabda, prAkRtamASAe~, padyaracanA aura nATakIya ghttnaa| pAribhASika zabda- isa bAre meM mukhya do zabda ye haiM ----(1) cArudatta kI dono hastalikhita pratiyoM meM suprasiddha nAndI kA abhAva hai / (2) sthApanA meM nATakakAra kA nAma nahIM diyA gayA hai| mRcchakaTika kI prastAvanA me nAndI bhI hai aura nATakakAra kA nAma bhii| parantu yaha yukti kisI nizcaya para nahIM pahucA sakatI / prAkRta bhASAe~ --prAkRto kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana bhI kucha nizcaya nahIM karA sakatA, vizeSa karake isa avasthA meM jaba ki hama jAnate hai ki cArudatta dakSiNa bhArata kA hastalikhita grantha hai, ataH svabhAvataH usameM purAne zabda surakSita raha gae haiM / ataH isa yukti para vistAra se vicAra karane kI AvazyakatA nhiiN| padyaracanA-donoM nATako ke padyoM ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana se vidita hotA hai ki jahA~ jahA~ pAgata bheda haiM vahA~ vahA~ mRcchakaTika ke pATha adhika acche haiN| kucha udAharaNa dekhiye : (ka) cArudatta meM yathAndhakArAdiva dIpadarzanam (thathA aura iva kI punarukti) mRcchakaTika meM-dhanAndhakArAdiva dIpadarzanam /

Page #98
. ra kA ThaharAyA hai| unake aisA mAnane kA kAraNa yaha hai ki inakI prAkRta bhASA azvaghoSa aura kAlidAsa kI prAkRta bhASAoM ke madhya meM bIte kAla kI bhASA pratIta hotI hai| kintu jaisA kahIM aura kahA jA cukA hai prAkRtoM ke AdhAra para nikAlA huA koI siddhAnta satyA seddhAnta nahIM ho sakatA; kAraNa ki mAsa ke nATaka dakSiNa bhArata meM aura azvaghoSa ke nATaka madhya eziyA meM mile haiN| ina nATakoM ke zrAbhyantarika sAcaya se jo bAteM mAlUma ho sakatI haiM ve ye haiM : (kha) cArudatta meM-yo yAti dazA daridratAm (do bhAvavAcaka saMzAe~ eka dUsare ke vizeSaNa ke rUpa meM) mRcchakaTika meM-yo yAti naro...... (ga) cArudatta meM --klinnakhajUra pANDu (candramA kI upamA ke taura para uddhA ta pUrvatayA akRtrima aura maulika ) mRcchakaTika meM-kAminI gaNDapANDu (pariSkRta aura rasa siddhAntA nukUla ) / aura bhI udAharaNa die jA sakate haiN| inase anumAna hotA hai ki mRcchakaTika cArudana ke bAda me banA hogA, anyathA cArudatta ke duSTa pATho ke lie kyA uttara ho sakatA hai| nATakIya ghaTanA-upayukta vicAra kA samarthana nATakIya ghaTanA sambandhI bheda se bhI hotA hai| mRcchakaTika kA kathAnaka kahIM adhika kauzalapUrNa hai| vizeSa smaraNIya bAta yaha hai ki cArudatta nATaka ke kaI doSa mRcchakaTika meM sudhAra die gae haiM / yathAcArudatta me paSThI kI sadhyA meM dera se caMdramA ke nikalane kA ullekha karake do dina bAda caMdramA ko zrAdhI rAta meM chipA batAyA gayA hai| isa bhUla ko mRcchakaTika meM sudhAra diyA gayA hai| yaha kauna vizvAsa karegA ki abhinaya ke lie sarvepa karate hue eka sahI prAkRtika ghaTanA ko galata banAkara le liyA gayA hogaa| ataH siddhAnta yahI nikalatA hai ki mRcchakaTika cArudasa kA samupa

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saskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa (1) bharata vAkya apanI prArambhika avasthA meM hai| (2) yavanikA zabda parde ( Curtain ) ke liye nahIM, dhUghaTa ( Veil) ke liye pAyA hai|| (3) nae aMka ke sAtha ghaTanAsthala bhI badala jAtA hai, kintu ghaTanA sthala ke liye koI saMketa nahIM diyA gayA hai| (5) rudradAmA (IsA kI dUsarI zatAbdI) ke zilAlekhoM meM jo kRtrima kAvya zailI milatI hai vaha inakI bhASA meM nahIM hai| isameM vyavahAra-cyuta (purAne ) vyAkaraNIya prayoga milate haiM aura anuprAsa yA lambe samAsa nahIM haiN| () inameM apracalitaha prayoga ( Archaic Expressions) milate haiM / udAharaNArtha ; (ka) rAjA (Prince) ke artha meM Aryaputra kA prayoga huA hai| aisA hI prayoga azoka ke siddhapura vAle zilAlekha meM bhI milatA hai| (kha) mahAbrAhmaNa zabda kA prayoga avAraja ke artha meM nahIM, apitu vastutaH zrAdara sUcita karane ke liye huA hai| (ga) akSiNI kA prayoga bhUtinI ke artha meM huzrA hai / prArambhika bauddha granthoM meM bhI isa zabda kA aimA hI prayoga dekhA jAtA hai| (gha) bharatoM ke ghara (vaMza) ko bhAsa ne vedoM kA ghara batAyA hai| huA hai| kA prayoga bADa yAyoM hita rUpa hai / yaha kahanA kaThina hai ki aisA karane meM prayojana kyA thAkAyArtha kI corI, yA apUrNa grantha ko pUrA krnaa| __yadi kabhI anya nae anveSaNoM se cArudatta ke viruddha hI sAmagrI milatI rahI arthAt yaha siddha huA ki cArudatta maulika kRti nahIM hai (taba bhI hama apane upayukta pariNAma se anabaddha yaha kalpanA kara sakate haiM ki cArudatta me apane upajIvya maulika grantha kA paryApta aMza surakSita hai jisa para mRcchakaTika Azrita hai|

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kAla vedAsarasamavAyapraviSTo bhaartovNshH| (pratijJAyaugandharAyaNa) (6) eka kathA ko kahate hue bAkya kA prArambha isa prakAra hotA hai:-kAmpilyA kA eka brahmadatta rAjA thaa| yaha zailI jAtakoM meM praSiddha hai| (7) paMcarAna kA kathAnaka usa kathA' para avalambiA hai jo vartamAna mahAbhArata meM nahIM miltii| (E) ina nATakoM meM usa samAja kA citra hai jisane prAcIna rUdi ke anusAra bauddha bAteM apanA jI thiiN| yathA, pratijJA yaugandharAyaNa meM zramaeka kA caritra dekhiye / sAtha hI hameM baudadharma virodhI manovRtti kA bhI prAmAsa milatA hai / (8) imAM lAgAparyantAM himavadvindhya kuNDalAm / mahImekAtapatrAko rAjasiMhaH prazAstu nH|| isa zloka meM 'ekatApatra' rAjya kA ullekha hai jo himAlaya se vindhya taka aura samudra paryanta phailA huA thaa| aisA samaya I0pU0 325 aura 100 ke madhya par3atA hai| (10) zloka chanda kI bahulatA aura pANini ke niyamoM kI upekSA, jaisA pahale kahA jA cukA hai, prAcInatA ke cinha hai / ina saba bAtoM ke AdhAra para yaha pratIta hotA hai ki paM. gaNapati zAstrI kA batAthA hudhA IsA pUrva kI 4rtha zatAbdI kA kAna saMmavatayA ThIka hai| yaha Asa ke kAla kI para sImA ( Upper limit ) hai| 1. paMcarAtra meM kahA gayA hai ki duryodhana ne droNAcArya ko vacana diyA thA ki yadi ajJAtavAsa meM rahane vAle pANDavo kA patA pAca rAtoM meM laga jAe to vaha pANDavo ko rAjya meM bhAgahara banA legaa| sAtha hI yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki abhi-manyu duryodhana kI ora se virATa kI senA se lar3a rahA thA aura virATa kI senA ke logoM ne use pakar3a liyA thaa| 2 aisA kAla zuGga ra karavoM ke bauddha-virodhI sAmrAja meM thaa|

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20 saMskRta-sAhitya kA itihAsa aba rahI avara sImA (Lower l:mir) kI baat| hama jAnate hai ki ye nATaka kAlidAsa ke mAlavikAgnimitra the tathA kauTilya ke arthazAstra se bhI purAne haiN| kAlidAsa kA samaya bhI taka vivAda kA viSaya banA huA hai| artha zAstra ke kAla kI avara sImA vidvAn sAdhAraNatayA IsA kI dUsarI zatAbdI mAnate haiN| ata: mAsa IsA kI dUsarI zatAbdI se pahale hI jIvita rahA hogA

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sa adhyAya (5) (18) kauTalya kA arthshaastr| (ka) arthazAstra kA mahatA- kauTama kA artha zAstra una andhoM meM sabase adhika mahatvazAlI andha hai jinheM likhakara dakSiNa bhAratIyoM meM saMskRta sAhitya kI sevA kI hai| jaba meM isakA patA lagA hai taba se prAcIna bhArata kI saMskRti aura sabhyatA ke sambandha meM hamAre vicAra kAnti ke kSetra bana gayA hai| isakA patA lagane se pahale bhAratIya rAjanItizAstra meM zUnya samajha jAte the| zAma rAya yaha thI ki bhAtIya sabhyatA ne kevaddha vicAra kSetra meM hI camatkAra dikhanAyA hai kriyA' kSetra meM yaha burI taraha asaphala rahI / koTalya ke arthazAstra meM rAjya-siddhAntoM kA hI nahIM, prazandha kI sUma bAtoM kA bhI varNana hai| isakA viSaya kSetra bahuta vistIrNa hai| isase hameM rAjA ke vividha kartavyoM kA, gA~voM ke amAne kI galiyoM kA, bhUmi, khetI aura vyApAra kI samasyAoM kA, kalAoM aura zilpoM ko unnata karane kI vadhiyoM kA, madya ityAdi sarakArI vastuoM para niyantraNa rakhane kA, jAlA aura khAmoM (Mines, se lAbha uThAne ke DAkA, siMcAI kA, zrakAkSa meM kie jAne vAle kAmoM kA, aparAdhiyoM ko dazA dene ke vidhAma kA, tathA isI prakAra kI aura aneka bAtoM kA patA lagatA 1. dAkSiNAtyo ke kucha anya ullekhanIya grantha hai:-~-bhAsa ke teraha nATaka, bhAmaha kA bhAmahAlaMkAra, aura avantisundarI kathA /

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saskRta-sAhitya kA itihAsa aba rahI avara sImA ( Lower limir) kI bAta / hama jAnate haiM ki ye nATaka kAlidAsa ke mAlavikAgnimitra se sammA kauTilya ke arthazAstra se bhI purAne haiN| kAlidAsa kA samaya abhI taka vivAda kA viSaya banA huA hai| artha zAstra ke jJAna kI zravara sImA vidvAn lAdhAraNatayA IlA kI dUsarI zatAbdI mAnate haiN| ata: bhAla IsA kI dUsarI zatAbdI se pahale hI jIvita rahA hogA

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Arya adhyAya (5) (18) kauTalya kA arthazAstra / ka) ardha zAstra kA mahala choTalya kA artha zAstra una granthoM meM sabase adhika mahatvazAlI anca hai jinheM likhakara dakSiNa bhAratIyoM je saMskRta sAhitya kI sevA kI hai| aba meM isakA patA lagA hai taba se prAcIna bhArata kI saskRti aura sabhyatA ke sambandha meM hamAre vicAra zAnti ke kSetra bana gae haiN| isakA patA lagane se pahanne bhAratIya zAjanItizAstra meM zUnya samajha jAte the| zrAma rAya yaha thI ki AtIya sabhyatA ne kevala 'vicAra-kSetra meM hI camatkAra dikhanAyA hai miyA' kSetra meM yaha burI taraha asaphala rahI / kauTalya ke arthazAstra meM rAjya-siddhAntoM kA hI nahIM, prabandhakI sudhama bAtoM kA mI varNana hai| isakA viSaya-dona bahasa vistIrNa hai| isase hameM rAjA ke vividha kartavyoM kA. gA~voM meM basAne kI rItiyoM kA, bhUmi, khetI aura vyApAra kI samasyAoM kA, kalAoM aura zirUSoM ko unnata karane kI vadhiyoM kA, madya ityAdi sarakArI vastuoM para niyantraNa rakhane kA, jaGgalA aura khAnoM (Mines se lAbha uThAne ke daGga kA, siMcAI kA, akAla meM kie jAne vAle kAmoM kA, aparAdhiyoM ko dIDa dene ke vidhAna kA, tathA isI prakAra kI aura aneka bAtoM kA patA lagatA 1. dAkSiNAtyo ke kucha anya ullekhanIya prantha hai:-bhAsa ke teraha nATaka, bhAmaha kA bhAmahAlaMkAra, aura avantisundarI kathA /

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82 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa hai / isa arthazAstra kI bar3I vizeSatA yaha hai ki isameM hameM siddhAnta aura kriyA kA sundara samanvaya dekhane ko milatA hai / isa kAraNa saMskRta ke ina granthoM kA mahatva grIka ke arastU tathA aphalAtUna ke thoM se bhI adhika hai / (kha) raciyatA - a) saubhAgya se kauTalya ke arthazAstra ke racayitA ke viSaya meM svayaM grantha kA zrAbhyantarika pramANa prApta hai| grantha ke anta ke samIpa yaha zloka zrAyA hai yena zAstraM ca nandarAjagatA ca bhUH / zramarSe poTatAnyAzu tena zAstramidaM kRtam // Age meM kahA gayA hai: j svayameva viSNuguptazcakAra sUtranca bhAgyanca // arthAta "zAstroM para TIkA likhane vAloM meM kaI prakAra kA vyAjAta doSa dekara viSNugupta ne svayaM [ yaha ] zAstra aura [ isa para ] bhASya likhA hai 9 ( thA ) bAkSa pramANa ke sambandha meM nimna bikhita bAteM dhyAna meM rakhane yogya haiM. - ( 1 ) kAmandaka ne apane nItizAstra kA prayojana strate arthazAstra kA maMkSeSa karanA batalAyA hai aura apane grantha ke prArambha meM viSNugupta ko praNAma kiyA hai (2) dazakumAracarita ke AThave ucchvAsa meM daNDI ne kahA hai: iyamidAnImAcArya viSNuguptena maurthe SaDbhiH zlokasaha : saMkSipta 1. asalI pAka ke rUpa meM aura bhI uddharaNa diye jA sakate haiM / udAharaNArtha (ka) kauTilyena kRtaM zAstraM vimucya graMthavistaram / 1 / 1 / ( zrA) kauTilyena narendrArthe zAsanasya vidhiH kRtaH / 2 / 10 // isase prakaTa hai ki kauTilya aura viSNugupta eka hI vyakti ke bAcaka haiM |

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kauTalya kA arthazAstra isake atirikta rAjA ke dainika kartavyoM kA nirUpaNa karate hue eDI ne kauTalIya arthazAstra ke kucha sthala jyoM ke syoM uddhata kara e haiN| dazakumAracarita meM somadatta ke carita meM isane kauTalIya rthazAstra kA phira uslekha karate hue likhA hai kauTilya-kAmandakIyAdi-nItipaTalakauzala ...... / (3) jainadharma ke nandisUtra meM, pazcatantra meM lomadeva kRta nIti. kyAmRta meM aura kAlidAsakRta pranthoM para mallinAthIya TIkA meM cANakya , arthazAstra ke ullekha yA uddharaNa upalabdha hote haiN| (4) candragupta maurya ke sAtha cANakya kA sambandha avazya thaa| raI bAta vakSyamANa pramANoM se siddha hotI hai:-- (ka) / viSNupurANa kahatA hai.--- navava tAn nandAn kauTilyo brAhmaNa, samudariSyati / ..kauTilya evaM cadragupta rAjye'bhiyacyati / isI prakAra bhAgavata purANa bhI kahatA hai: navanandAna dvijaH kazcit prapannAnuriSyati / bhana eva candraguptaM vai dvijo rAjye'bhiSa kssyti| vAyu, matsya aura brahmANDa purANoM meM bhI aise hI vacana milate haiN| ba) // jaina' tathA bauddha sAhitya meM prApya aneka ullekhoM se bhI ullikhita vacanoM kI puSTi hotI hai| ga) mudrArAkSasa ke kathAnaka meM bhI naunandoM kA baMdha kaza cukane ke bAda cada gupta maurya ke zAsana ko sudRddha karane ke lie kie hue cANakya ke prayatnoM kA varNana hai / 1. isa bAre meM mukhya mukhya jaina grantha ye haiM:-sthavisavalIcarita nandisUtra aura RSimaNDalAkAraNavRtti / 2 isa bAre meM mukhya mukhara bauddha anya ye haiM:-buddhaghoSakRta samantapazAdikA (vinayapiTaka kI eka TIkA) aura mahAvaNasa-TIkA /

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saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa (1) zaNakya ke kaI nAma prasiddha the| yaha are abhidhAnacintAmaNi nAmaka koSa ke nIce avatArita zloka se pramAzita hotI hai :| maamn : jusskose / mila: pazisvAmI viSNugupto'GgalAca maa| alpiir phiikaa kaa glpii raaH biH kh| gh aa hone se vaha paraNaya aura zAyada kuTaja gotrA ke sambandha se kauTalya khlaayaa| yaha kuTila bhIti kA pakSapAtI thA, aba kauTilya bhI kahalAtA hai| anya nAma akSika prasiddha nahIM haiN| (3) kyA yaha grantha eka hI vyakti kI kRti hai ? isya arthazAstra ke mUla meM hI bahattara bAra iti cADakya: aise vacana pAe jAte haiN| isI kA avalamsa lekara pro. hila (Halie brandt ) ne kaI jAtA hai ki yaha anya kisI eka vyakti kI kRti nahIM hai, cANakya kI kRti hone kI to aura bhI kama aAzA hai| usa mahAzaya ke mAna se baddha eka hI prayAna (School ) ke kaI lekhakoM kI racanA hai: kyAdhi nirukta aura mahAbhASya meM hama iti pAra' aroM 'iti pasali,' aivaM bApa kahIM bhI nahIM pAte haiN| pro0 jakobI (Jacob1) ne isa mata kA ghora virodha kiyA hai| bhArata ke aneka lekhako meM apane granthoM meM apane hA nAma kA prayoga prathama (anya ) puruSa meM kiyA hai| isakA kAraNa spaSTa hai~~ce svAbhimAna-dAdha ke mAmI honA nahIM cAhate the / nAmaka, kabIra, tulasIdAsa tathA anya aneka kaviyoM ne aise hI kiyA hai| yaha siddha karane ke lie paryApta pramANa haiM ki isa prantha ne apane prasthAna (Schoot} ko janma diyA hai, pradhAna ne anya ko nahIM:--- (3) kAmandaka ne isa grantha ke raciyatA kA ulekha vimpaSTatayA eka vyakti ke rUpa meM cyiA prAra usake anya meM aise kisI sampradAya yA prasthAna (School) ke upalekha kA prAmAsa taka nahIM pAyA jaataa| (2) lekhaka ne grantha eka vizeSa usma ko lekara likhA hai|

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kauTalya kA arthazAstra yaha anya ke prArambha meM kahatA hai:--- pRthidhyA nAme pAlane ca cAvantyarthazAstrANi pUrvAcAyaH prasthASitAni pAyazastAni saMhatyakasidamarthazamanaM kRtam / isa arthazAstra ke andara kahIM bhI bAdhA doSa jahIM pAyA jAtA hai| (3) yadi bAgAkya ke bAda kA koI lekhaka isa andha kA racayitA ho to 'si sagaraNakyaH', leti 'cANaka:', aura 'ityAcAryA.' ityAdi vAkya kucha artha na rakheM: kyoMki taba to svayaM vANakya eka prAcArya (8) svayaM kauTilya ne eka sau caudaha bAra pUrvAcAryoM kA ullekha karake unake vicAroM kI sIba pAlocanA kI hai| (4) mUla prantha meM lekhaka kA nAma athavA ullekha sarvatra eka vacana meM huA hai| (1) anya ke prArambha meM bar3I sAvadhAnI se taiyAra kI huI viSayAnukramaNI hai jisameM rUpa-rekhA aura nirmANa kA abAdhAraNa aikya dekhA jAtA hai| isa anya ke likhe jAne se pahale bhI arthazAstra viSayaka aneka prantha maujUda the aura cANakya ne una meM kATa-chA~Ta yA raho-badala karake yaha andha taiyAra kiyA thA / yaha bAta svayaM isa anya ke bhUkha-pATha se bhI siddha hotI hai| yaha bhI ThIka ho sakatA hai ki use apane grantha ke nirUparasIya viSayoM ke lie bahuta sI Avazyaka sAmagrI rAjya ke adhikAriyoM se prApta ho gaI hogI; parantu yaha andha cANakya kI saukhika racanA nahIM hai yaha siddha karane vAlA koI pramAyA nahIM hai| (mA) anya kA racanAkAla / (1) DA. zAmazAstrI ke dvArA kie hue isa anya ke anuvAda' ke lie likhI huI apanI sakSiha bhUmikA meM DA. phlITa ne isa prama kA 1. paisUra se 1926 I. meM prakAzita /

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saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa sambhAvyamA nirmANa-kAla 391-266 IsA se pUrva mAnA hai| pro. jaikobI, DA0 TaoNmasa ( Thomas) tathA kaI anya vidvAn bhI isa vicAra se sahamata haiN| 12) pro. jAlo ( jolls) ke vicAra se yaha andha kAmasUtra se milatA julatA hai, aura kAmasUtra IsA kI cauthI zatAbdI meM likhA gayA thA . ataH yaha bhI prAyaH usI samaya kA ho sakatA hai| ukta prophaisara ne mukhyatayA isa bAta para vizvAla kiyA hai ki megasthanIka Megasthenese) ne cANakya ke nAma kA ullekha nahIM kiyA hai parantu Adhunika anusandhAnoM ke AdhAra para mAnA jAtA hai ki megasthanIz2a kA sAtha adhika vizvasanIya nahIM hai| udAharaNArtha, usane likhA hai ki bhAratIya loga lipi-kalA nahIM jAnate haiM parantu Ajakala isa bAta para koI bhI vidvAn vizvAsa nahIM kara sakatA hai| pro. jAtI svayaM svIkAra karate haiM ki megasthanIja bhAratIya bhASAoM aura sAhitya se paricita nahIM thA, ata: usakA sAzya alberUni ke sAkSya se bahuta kama mUlya rakhatA hai| saca to yaha hai ki cANakya ke arthazAstra meM auryakAla se pUrva ke bhArata kA citra dekhane ko milatA hai / yadi 1. isa arthazAstra meM zrAlimvita samAja kI kucha rIti-nIti ye haiM.--- (ka) rAjanItika aparAdha karane para brAhmaNa kA vadha vihita hai| (kha) rAjya hita ke lie mandirI ko lUTane meM doSa nahIM hai| (ma) vizeSa paristhitiyo me vivAha-viccheda (Divorce) vaidha hai| (gha) pati mara Ae yA bahuta adhika samaya ke lie videza calA Ae to stro dUsarA vivAha kara sakatI hai| (Ga) atharva-vedokta jAdU-TonA pracalita thaa| (ca) vaizvAnara, saGkaSayA aura mahAkaccha kI urAsanA katayaM hai ! (cha) taruNI hone para kanyAoM ko para banane kI svatantratA thii| (ja) brAhmaNa zUdra kI patnI se vivAha kara sakatA thaa| (ka) brAhmaNa sainika kA vyavasAya grahaNa kara sakate the|

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koTalya kA athazAstra megasthanIz2a atyanta sakSama-paryavekSaka hotA taba bhI usakI aura cANakya kI bAtoM meM zAnakya svAbhAvika thA / cAyAkya ke viSaya meM megasthanIja cupa hai" yaha koI yukti nhiiN| megasthanIja ne to kahIM mandoM kA bhI nAma nahIM liyA; phira bANakya kA nAma lene ko kyA prAzA ho sakatI hai ? (3) pro. viTamiTja Winternitz aura pro0 kotha (Keith) ne isa prantha kA nirmANa-kAla IsA kI cauthI zatAbdI mAnA hai| biTaraniTz2a ke mata se isakA racayitA koI rAjanItijJa nahIM, balki koI paNirata hai| parantu isa mata meM isa tathya ke Upara dhyAna nahIM diyA gayA ki bhAratavarSa meM eka hI vyakti parita aura rAjanItijJa donoM kA kArya kara sakatA hai| mAdhava aura sAyaNa donoM bhAI bar3e yogya amAtya, sAtha hI vedoM aura bhAratIya darzana ke dhurandhara vidvAn bhI the| (4) kucha vidvAnoM ne bahA kalpanApUrNa vicAra prakaTa karane kA sAhasa kiyA hai| unakA kathana hai ki kauTilya ( 'kuTila' bAbU ) koI aitihAsika puruSa nahIM thaa| parantu hama Upara kaha cuke haiM ki usakA asalI nAma viSNugupta thA, kauTilya usakA upanAma hai jo usake kuTila nIti kA pakSapAtI hone ke kAraNa prasiddha ho gayA hai| (5) candragupta maurya ke sAtha cANakya kA mAro sambandha yaha siddha karatA hai ki vaha I0 pU0 cauthI zatAbdI meM huA thA; aura 'narendrAdhe' 'mauryA) ityAdi vAkyoM se yaha bhI vizvAsa karanA par3atA hai ki yaha grantha candragupta maurya ke jIvana-kAla meM hI zilA gayA thaa| (1) yutA, rAjukA, pApaNDeSu, samAja, mahAmAtA ityAdi pAribhASika zabda kauTalIya arthazAstra ke samAna azoka ke zAsanalekhoM meM bhI pAe jAte haiN| kucha zabda aise bhI haiM jo kisI viziSTa artha meM prayoga meM lAe gae haiM aura bAda meM prayukta ho gae hai| 2 kailakaTA rivyU (apraila.) 1624 I / 3 barnala A rAyaka eziyATika sosAyaTI 1916 I (130)

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saskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa (7) cANakya ke arthazAstra meM aura azoka ke zAsana-lekhoM meM kucha eka eka jaise vidhAna pAye jAte haiN| udAharaNa ke lie cakravAka, zuru aura zArikA ityAdi pakSiyoM kI hatyA karanA varjita hai, savAiyo ke kAma meM zrAnevAle paudhoM kA bonA aura sar3akoM tathA pagaDaziDayoM ke kinAre kuoM kA khudavAnA vihita hai| 8) koI koI kahate haiM ki isa arthazAstra kI zailI evaM bAhA rUparekhA se pratIta hotA hai ki yaha jitanA prAcIna mAnA jAtA hai utanA prAcIna nahIM ho sakatA hai| parantu aisA kahane vAloM ko jAnanA cAhie ki anya ke bhUnapADa me hI jJAta hotA hai ki asalI grantha chai ijAra zlokoM aura Der3ha sau adhyAyoM ke rUpa meM thA; kintu Ajakala ke adhalisa grantha meM kAphI gadya mI hai| isa samasyA ko sulajhAne ke lie kisI kitI ne eka AsAna upAya banAte hue kahA hai ki isa arthazAstra ke bAhya rUpa-raga meM IsA kI prArambhika zatAbdiyoM meM kucha parivartana huA hai| isakA samarthana karane vAlI bAta yaha ki daNDI ne pahale ke sabalekhakoM se arthazAstra ke jitane bhI uddharaNa die haiM ve saba zloka-balU aura daNDI ke bAda ke lekhako dvArA die hue unharaNa gadyAtmaka haiN| anumAna kiyA jAtA hai ki sUtrAramaka mandha likhane kI prathA IsA kI pA~cIM zatAbdI meM prArambha huI hogI jaba yAjJavalkya smRti ( jagabhaga 310 I.) taiyAra ho cukI thii| kintu isa 'parivartana -'bAda ke pravartakoM ne yaha nahIM batAyA ki yaha parivartana kisane kiyA, kyoM kiyA, aura kila ke nAma ke lie kiyA? vizvAsa to yaha hai ki isa arthazAstra ke sArvabhauma sAdara ne samaya aura pralherakoM ke dhvasakArI hAtha se impakI rakSA avazya kI hogii| isI ke sAtha eka bAta aura bhI hai| kauTalIya arthazAstra ke prArambha meM suvyavasthita eka prakaraNAnukramaNikA dI gaI hai tathA isakI racanA pahale se hI acchI taraha taiyAra kie hue eka DhA~ce para huI pratIta hotI hai| nissandeha,bhArata meM jAla-sAjI kA mAra kAphI garma maha cukA hai, parantu inakA ma 'bhalAmAnU' kA yA manu,

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kauTalya kA artha zAstra yAjJavalkya aura vyApta jaise RSi-muniyoM kA nAma thA / aisI bAtoM kA sambandha aitihAsika vyaktiyoM ke sAtha nahIM dekhA jAtA hai| yaha paudA bhArata kI bhUmi meM nahIM ugA hai| isa bAre meM daNako kA sAkSya bar3e mahatva kA hai| Ajakala upalasyamAna koTalIya arthazAstra daNDI ke hAtha meM avazya rahA hogA, kyoMki usane isameM se kaI sthala jyoM ke syoM udhata kie haiN| vaha isa kA bhI jikra karatA hai ki yaha 'gaSTa nIti-vidyA aba zrAcArya viSNugupta ne mauya ke lie cha hajAra zlokoM meM saMkSipta karake kalama-baddha kara dI hai'-iyamidAnImAcAryaviSNugupta na mauryAtheM SaD bhiH zlokasahastra: skssiptaa'| isase prakaTa hai ki daNDI se (IsA ko bauM za0) pahale rUpa kA koI parivartana nahIM huzza hogA / to kyA rUpa kA yaha parivartana 7vIM zatAbdI ke bAda humA ? aisA anumAna kisI ne prakaTa nahIM kiyaa| bhavabhUti ne cANakya ke arthazAstra kA uddharaNa sUtra rUpa meM diyA hai, parantu daNDI aura bhavabhUti ke bAca pacAsa sAla se bhI kama kA antara hai aura itanA samaya sUtra zailI ke vikAsa ke lie paryApta nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai isake atirikta mUlamanya zrApa kahatA hai ki sUtra aura mASya donoM kA racayitA viSNugupta hai-'svayameva viSNuguptazcakAra sUtraM ca bhASyaM ca' / ata. hama yaha mAnane ke lie koI kAraNa dikhAI nahIM detA hai ki IsA kI prArambhika zatAbdiyoM meM isa arthazAstra ke gahya rUpa meM parivartana huzrA hogaa| aba rahI cha hajAra zlokoM kI bAta ! isakA uttara dene meM hama pI. vI. kANe ( P. V. Kane) ke isa kathana se pUrNatayA sahamata haiM ki yahA~ raloka kA tAtparya chanda nahIM, balki battIsa varSoM kA saGgha hai| (gha) zailI--kauTalIya arthazAstra kI zaijI Apastamba, baudhAyana tathA anya dharmasUtra granthoM kI zailI se bahuta milatI julatI hai| isameM gAya-pAkA mahimasyA pAyA jAtA hai| isameM gA mauna pacha eka dUsare

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saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa ke pUraka hai / eka ke khilA dUsarA apUrNa rahatA hai| isake atirikta, isameM khutra aura bhASya donoM svayaM grantha-ciyatA ke likhe hue haiN| kahIM kahIM bhASya meM upaniSad aura UrdhvakAlIna brAhmaNoM kI bhASA kA gaGgaDhaGga dekhane meM zrA jAtA hai| grantha meM zrAni se anta taka sthUlAlekhya (Plan) aura nirmANa kI zrAzcaryajanaka ekatA pAI jAtI hai / kucheka pada pANini ke vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM kA ullaGghana karate hue dekhe jAte hai| udAharaNArtha, aupaniSaka ke sthAna para zropaniSadika, rocaka ke rocayante aura cAturadhikA ke caturakSiA AyA hai|

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adhyAya 6 kAlidAsa (16) IsApUrva ko prathama zatAbdI meM saMskRta kA punarujjIvana / jaisA bhAge cala kara batAyA jAyagA, azvoSa saMskRta kA bahuta bar3A kavi thA / vaha bauddha bhikSu aura mahAyAna sadAvalambI thA / baha afro ( I0 kI prathama zatAbdI ) kA samasAmayika thaa| usane bauddha dharma ke kaI pAlI - pramathoM para saMskRta TIkAe~ likhI haiN| apane dharma-siddhAtoM ke pracAra ke lie vauddha pracArakoM ko bhI saMskRta kA prayoga karanA par3A, isase anumAna hotA hai ki IsavI san se pUrva hI saMskRta kA punarujjIvana avazya huA hogA / aisA pratIta hotA hai ki azoka ke bAda koI aisA prabala rAjanaitika parivartana huA jisakA vizeSa mahAyAna mambI bhI nahIM kara sake aura kava jaisI kucha rAjazaktiyoM kA prabhutva huA aura unhoMne saMskRta ko punaH sarva priya banAyA / takSazilA jaise vizvavidyAlaya kA prabhAva dUra taka phaila rahA thaa| patA lagatA hai ki puSyamitra ne I0 pU0 kI dvitIya zatAbdI meM sAmrAjya ke kendra meM azvamedhayajJa kiyA thA / isa kAla meM hone vAle patanjali ne apane kAla ke kaI pranthoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| vizAlakAya mahAbhArata kA sampAdana bhI isI kAla meM huaa| pathavada smR

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sarakata sAhitya kA itihAsa viyA~ - manu aura mAjhavalkyA-mI isa kAma kI racanA hai| purANa meM bahu-saMkhyaka purANa bhI isI samaya race gae / ataH IsApUrva ka samama vaha samaya thA jaba saMskRta meM bahuta kucha likhA gyaa| saba saMskRta kA prabhAva itanA ho gayA thA ki zilAlekha bhI saMskRta meM hI likheM jAne lage aura bAda kA janasAhitya mA saMskRta meM hI prastuta hudhA / vikramIya samvat I0 pU017 se prArambha hotA hai / isakI pratiSThA yA to kisI bar3e hindU rAjA ke sammAna ke lie yA kisI bar3I hindUvijaya kI smati-sthApanA ke lie rakhI gaI hogii| janazruta-bAda ke anusAra kAlidAsa IsApUrva kI prathama zatAbdI meM hue / (20) kAlidAsa prada bAta prAyaH sarvasammata hai ki kAlidAsa saMskRta kA sabase bar3A kavi hai| isa kathana meM koI atyukti nahIM ki vaha bhArata kA zeksapIyara hai| bhAratIya vidvAna aura prAlaGkArika usakA nAma mahAkavi, kadiziromaNa, kavikulaguru ityAdi vizeSaNoM ke sAtha lete haiN| kheda hai ki se mahAkavi ke jIvana ke 4 yA kAla taka ke viSaya meM hama kucha bhI 1 rudradAmA kA zilAlekha ( zaka samvat 72, IsavI san 1.0) saMskRta kA prathama zilAlekha kadApi nhiiN| isa kI bhASA aura zailI donoM se pratIta hotA hai ki taba bhASA kA paryApta vikAsa ho cukA thaa| 2. pahale ke zilAlekhoM meM eka samvat ko jo 57 I0 pU0 kA hai kata samvat kahA gayA hai| 3. kAlidAsa ke bAre meM vistRta jJAna ke lie khaeDa 21 dekhiye / 3. usake jIvana ke viSaya meM kaI janazrutiyA~ haiM / eka janaati ke anusAra vaha javAnI taka kucha na par3hA aura mahAmUrkha thA aura kAla devI ke varadAna se vidyAvAn huaA thaa| dUsarI ke anusAra usakI mRtyu laMkA meM eka lAlacI vezyA ke hAtha se huii| kintu ina janazrutiyoM meM bahuta kama vizvAsa ho sakatA hai| ataH unase koI vizeSa pariNAma bhI nahIM nikAlA jA sktaa|

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yaar`aakaalimaa nizcita rUpa se nahIM jaante| usake kAla kI para aura apara sImAoM meM pAMca sau varSoM kA antara pAyA jAtA hai| vaha baDA bhArI vidvAna aura apane kAla meM pracalita sakala vidyAoM kA, jinameM rAjadharma, jyotiSa pora kAmazAstra bhI sammilita hai, bar3A paNDita thaa| patA lagatA hai ki kAlidAsa mATakakAra, gItikAvyakartA aura mahAkAvyanirmAtA thaa| usake nAma se pracalita pranyoM kI saMkhyA acchI bar3I hai| unameM se nimnalikhita anya adhika mahattva ke haiM aura vistRta varNana ke adhikArI hai :---. (1) mAlavikAgniminna / (2) vimovaMzIya / nATaka (3) amijJAna shaakuntl|) (4) RtusaMhAra / gItikAvya (5) meghduut| (6) kumArasambhava / (pahale 8 sarga) mahAkAvya (7) rghuvNsh| (1) mAlavikAgnimitra-- vilasana ne isa prandha ke kAlidAsa kRta hone meM sandeha prakaTa kiyA thA, kintu vilasana ke bAda akSika anusanvAnoM se yaha siddha ho cukA hai ki yaha mATaka kAlidAsa kI ho kRti hai| jina AdhAroM para yaha kAlidAsa kI racanA mAnI jAtI hai ve a---stalikhita pratiyoM kA sAcaya, zrA-prastAvanA meM zrAI huI bAtaM, i-prAbhyantarika sAcaca (yathA amara jhArapUrNa upamAe~), I--pAtroM kA caritra-citraNa (pratyeka pAna kA caritra kAlidAsa kI zailI ke anurUpa hai)|

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__ saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa a.nATaka-kalA kI uskRSTatA ( kAlidAsa sAdhAraNa kakSA meM se bhI eka Azcaryajanaka sundara kathAnaka ghar3a letA hai|) a-zailI, aura emASA! nissandeha kAlidAsa kA yaha prathama nATaka hai| isakI prastAvanA meM vaha isa duvidhA meM hai ki bhAsa, lomilla aura kaviputra jaise kItimAn kaviyoM kI kRtiyoM ke vidyamAna hote hue na jAne amalA usake nATaka kA abhinaya dekhegI yA nhiiN| isameM pAMca aMka haiM aura vidizA ke mahArAja agnimitra yA vidarbha kI rAjakumAro mAlavikA kI sayo gAnta prema-kathA varNita hai| prasaMga se isameM kahA gayA hai ki puSyamitra ne apane Apako samrATa ghoSita karane ke lie azvamedha yajJa kA ghor3A chor3A, ghoDe ke pradhAnarakSaka dhasumitra (agnimitra ke putra) ne sindhu ke kinAre yavanoM ko parAsta kiyA aura puSyamitra' (mahArAja ke pitA) ne ukta vijaya kA samAcAra rAjadhAnI meM bhejaa| (2) vikramorvazIya-~-yaha nATaka zaka kalA se, jisameM kavi ne bhAraka-lA meM pUrNamodi kA paricaya diyA hai, pahale likhA gayA hai| isameM pA~ca aMka hai| isakA viSaya mahArAja pururavA aura urvazI apanA kA paraspara prema hai| prathama naMka meM pAtA hai ki kezI nAmaka dezya ke vaza meM par3I huI udhaMzI ko advitIya vIra mahArAja puruSA ne bacAyA / tabhI ve donoM eka dUsare ke premapAza meM baMdha ge| dUsare praka kI kathA hai ki pururavA vidUSaka se urvazIviSayaka apane anurAga kA ArA sAtha varNana karate haiM, usI samaya pazya rUpa meM urvazI apanI eka sakho ke yahAM pAtI hai bhIra bhojapatra para likhA huA apanA prema sandeza phaika detI hai / taba pulavA aura uzI meM vArtAmA prArambha hotA hai / saMyoga antima maurya nRpa ko rAjyacyuta karake yaha 178 I0 pU0 meM siMhAsanArUr3ha huzmA isane zuGgavaza kI nIMva ddaalii| '

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5 vikUmAvezIya se eka nATaka meM abhinaya karane ke liye urvazI zIghra svarga meM bunA lI jAtI hai| rAjA vaha prema sandeza sa~bhAla kara rakhane ke lie vidUSaka ko de / hai kintu kisI na kisI prakAra vaha mahArAnI ke hAthoM meM jA pahucatA hai / aura mahArAnI kurita ho jAtI hai| rAjA mahArAnI ko manAne kA sabA prayatna karatA hai, kintu saba vyartha / tIsare aka ke zrAdi meM hameM batAyA jAtA hai ki bhArata ne urvazI ko masyaMkoMka meM jAne kA zApa de diyA kyoMki usane bacamI kA abhibhaya yathAyogya nahIM kiyA thA aura 'maiM puruSottama (viSNu) ko pyAra karatI huuN| yaha kahane ko bajAe usane kahA thA ki 'maiM pururavA ko pyAra karatI huuN'| indra ne bIca meM par3hakara zApa meM kucha parivartana karA diyA jisake anusAra use pururavA se utsAna hone vAle putra kA darzana karane ke bAda svarga meM zrAne jAne kA adhikAra ho gayA / tIsare aMka meM mahArAnI kA kopa dUra hokara mahArAja aura mahArAnI kA phira mela-milApa ho jAtA hai| mahArAnI mahArAja ko apanI preyasA se vivAha karane kA anumati de detA hai| urvazI adRzya hokara dampati kI bAteM sunanI rahatI hai aura jaba mahArAnI vahAM se calI jAtI hai taba vaha mahArAja se zrA milatI hai| cauthe aMka ke prArambha meM mahArAja para Ane vAlI vipatti kA saMketa hai| urvazI kupita hokara kumAra kuMja meM AdhumatI hai jahA~ striyoM kA praveza niSiddha thA, phajata vaha jatA bana jAtI hai| rAjA use dadatA hU~DhatA pAgala ho jAtA hai aura vyartha meM bAdala se, mora se, kAya sa bhaure se, hAyome, hariNa se aura nadI meM usakA patA pUchatA he| anta meM use eka AkAzavANI sunAI detI hai aura vakSa eka jAdU kA rasa pAtA hai jisake prabhAva se vaha jyoM hI khatA ko sparza karatA hai kyoM ho vaha batA pUrvazI bana jAtI hai| 1. hama kaha sakate haiM ki yaha sAre kA sArA aMka eka gItikAvya hai jisa meM vaktA akelA rAjA hI hai|

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saskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa antima (5ma) praka meM ubazI ko lekara rAjA prasannatA ke sAtha apanI rAjadhAnI ko lauTatA hai / isake thor3e samaya bAda ukta rana ko eka uThAkara le jAtA hai, kintu usa gIdha ko eka mAyA jamI kara detA hai jisa para likhA hai-~-'pururavA aura javaMzI kA putra aayu| isane meM hI eka tapasvinI eka vIra kSatriya bAlaka ko zrAzrama se zAjA ke sAmane isaliye peza karatI hai ki usa bAlaka ko usakI mAyA urvazI ko vApasa kara diyA jAe, kAraNa ki usa bAla ne Azrama ke niyamoM kA mana kiyA thaa| yadhapi rAjA ko isa putra kA kucha patA nahIM thA, tathApi vaha use dekhakara prasanna ho zaThatA hai| urvazI aba kAjA se bachur3a jAne kA vicAra karake udAsa ho jAtI hai| rAjA mI khinna ho uThatA hai| thor3I dera bAda varga se varSa kA sandeza lekara devarSi nArada vahAM A jAte haiM / indra ne usa sadeza meM devyoM ke vinAza ke liye rAjA se sahAyatA karane kI prarthanA kI thI aura usa jIvanaparyanta arthI ke saMyoga kA Ananda lene kI prajJA dI thii| (3) abhijJAna zAkuntala parva sammati se baha kAlidAsa kI sarvottama kRti hai jise usane bur3hApe meM prastuta kiyA thA / geTe (Goethe) taka ne bhAsTa (Faust) kI bhUmikA meM isakI prazaMsA kI haiN| sara vijiyama jonsa ne isakA prathama igjimA anuvAda kiyaa| isameM sAta aka haiN| prastAvanA meM kahA gayA hai ki mahArAja dupyanta eka hariNa kA tejI se pIchA kara rahe the ki vaha maharSi kazva ke tapovana meM dhupa ge| taba mahala ratha me utara kara maharSi ko praNAma karane ke lie pAzrama meM praviSTa hue, kintu maharSi kahIM bAhara gae hue the| usa samaya asa kAadhiSThAtrI maharSi kI pAlita-putrIzakunsalA thI, jise ve prANI se adhika pyAra karate the| eka bhauMre ne use ghera liyA aura vaha sahAyatA ke liye cillAI / usakI sahelI anasUyA aura priyamvadA ne 1 yaha kathA prasaMga se yaha bhI sUcita karatI hai ki strI putra kI apekSA pati ko bahuta adhika cAhatI hai|

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snaan gaangk hamI hasI meM kahA ki mAlamoM kA suprasiddha isAka duSyanta tuke bdaaegaa| rAjA usa avasara para yahA~ prastuta thaa| ukasakhiyoM se rAjA ko mAlUma huA ki zakuntalAvastuta: vizvAmitra aura menakA kI suvA zrI! ataH vaha usake (rAjA ke) pANigrahaNa ke ayogya nahIM thii| itane meM rAjA ko toSana meM upadrava macAne para utArU dikhAI dene vAle eka jagalI hAthI ko dUra haTAne ke liye vahAM se jAnA par3A, kintu usake jAne se pahale hI una donoM ke hRdayo meM eka dUsare ke prati anurAga kA aMkara prasphuTita ho cukA thA (prathama aMka) rAjA apane premAnubhavoM kA varNana vidUSaka se karatA hai aura prAzrama ko rAkSasoM ke upadravoM se bacAne kA bhArI bojha apane Upara letA hai| isI samaya eka tyauhAra meM zAmila hone ke liye rAjA ko rAjadhAno se bulAvA A jAtA hai / vaha svayaM rAjadhAnI na jA kara apane sthAna para vidUSaka ko bheja detA hai, aura umpaye kadavA hai ki zakuntalA ke prema ke bAre meM maiMne tujha se jo kucha kahA thA vaha saba vinoda hI thA use saca mAna lenA (dvitIya ak)| zakuntalA asvastha hai aura usakI donoM sakhiyoM ko usake sthAsma kI baDhI cintA hai| duSyanta-viSayaka usakA prema bahuta ghaniSTako mama hai| sakhiyoM ke kahane se vaha eka prema vyajaka patra likhatI hai| duSyanta, jo chipakara unakI bAta suna rahA thA, prakaTa ho jAtA hai| zakuntalA aura rAjA meM dera taka vArtAlApa hotA hai| anta meM tapasvinI gautamI kA akSara prAmA sunakara rAjA ko vahA~ se haTanA paDatA hai (tRtIya k)| rAjA apanI rAjadhAnI ko lauTa jAtA hai| vahA~ jAkara vaha zakuntalAviSayaka prema ko bilkula bhUja jAtA hai / eka dina zakuntalA rAjA ke prema meM besudha baiThI thI, ki krodho RSi durvAsA vo zrA phuNce| Atmavimmata zakuntalA ne unakA yathocita Atithya na kiyA to RSi ne use kaThora zApa de diyaa| sakhiyoM ne daur3a kara tamAdAna kI prArthanA ka' to RSi ne zApa meM parivartana karate hue kahA ki acchA, jaba vaha apane pati kI abhijJAna kA ciha-rUpa usa (pati) kI aMgUThI

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ha saMskRta-mAhitya kA itihAsa diyA degI, tada usake pati ko usakI yAda A jAegI, anyathA usakA pati use bhUlA rhegaa| yahI sAlI kathAvastu kA bhI hai| bArAva apane samAdhi-jala se zakuntalA ke mAnya vivAha ko jAna jAte haiN| anilA hone para bhI ve kisI ko sAtha dekara zakunA ko usake pati ke ghara bhejane kA nizcaya karate haiN| taba viraka maharSi ko bhI kanyA-viyoga ko yA bisala kara DAlatI hai / bahu maharSi pitA, pyArI sakhiyo, pahiyoM aura una paudhoM ko, jinhe asane apane hAtha se soca-socakara bar3A kiyA thA, chor3ata 3 zakrantalA kA mI jI bhara AtA hau / mArA karuNarasa se pAlA dikhAI deza hai| yahAM sAkSidAla kI dokhalI kI camatkRti dekhane ke yogya hai (4rthaka) / dharmAtmA rAjA maja-kAja meM saMlagna sabhA meM baiThA hai, dvAraka do tara. sviyoM aura eka strI ke Ane kI sUcanA detA hai| duniyA ke zApa ke jaza rAjA apanI patnI ko nahIM pahacAnatA aura use aGgIkAra karane se niSedha karatA hai| tapamhI yarana karate haiM ki rAjA hoza meM zrAe aura apanA kama pazcAne; kintu vaha apanI bAbarI prakaTa karatA hai anta meM nizcaya karate hai ki zakuntalA kI usake pati ke sAmane choDakara unheM vApisa ho jAnA cAhie / so sahamA mAnavIya rUpa meM eka bimii snycy' kintu maatr taa uk phlaah pry' dekhane vAloM ko mAzcarya meM DAla jAtI hai (zma ) / eka dhIvara ke pAsa rAjA kI aMgUThI pakar3I jAtI hai jo mArga meM eka tIrtha meM snAna karate samaya zavuntalA kI aMgulI se pAnI meM gira gaI thii| dhIvara para corI kA aparAdha lagAkara pulisa use giraphtAra kara letI hai| rAjA aMgUThI ko pahacAna letA hai| zApa kA prabhAva samAna ho cukane ke kAraNa aba rAjA ko zakuntalA tathA usake sAtha huI saba bAtoM kA smaraNa ho pAtA hai / vaha apanI bhISaNa bhUja para khUba patAtA aura apane parapatya hone ke kAraNa bar3A dukhI hotA hai / thor3I dera bAda use vidUSaka ke rone kI AvAz2a pAtA hai / vaha use

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Rtu sahAra 66 jAne daur3atA hai to kyA dekhatA hai ki indra kA sArathi mAtali usakI durga banA rahA hai| tabhI usane mAtali se sunA ki indra ko dasyoM ke saMhAra ke liye usakI sahAyatA cAhiye ( 6 ) svarga meM devyoM para vijaya prApta kara cukane ke bAda mAvati rAjA ko svarga kI saira karAtA hai | saira karate karate rAjA mArIca maharSi ke zrAzrama meM pahu~catA hai, jahA~ vaha dekhatA hai ki bAvaka khela khela meM eka zera ke ko khIMca rahA hai| kucha dera meM rAjA ko mAlUma ho jAtA hai ki vaha vIra bAlaka usakA apanA beTA hai / zakuntalA tapasthitI ke veza meM bhAtI hai aura maharSi mArIca una donoM kA punarmilana karA dete haiM aura kunvajA se kahate haiM ki tere itane duHkha uThAne meM rAjA kA koI aparAdha nahIM hai ( 7 ma aka ) / (4) RtusaMhAra - yaha kAlidAsa kA gItikAvya hai, jo usane apane kavi-jIvana ke prArambhika kAla meM divA thA / yaha grISma ke okharavI vargAna se prArambha hokara vasanta ke prAya: niHsatva varNana ke sAtha samApta hotA hai, jisameM rer in gat vanakara kAlidAsa ke dvAparama Adi ko prApta kara letA hai| chahoM RoM kI vizeSatAoM kA bahuta hI maNIya rIti meM nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai aura pratyeka Rtu meM anurAgiyoM ke hRdayoM meM uThane vAlI bhAva-kAriyoM ko kuzAgra kUcI se afare kara dikhAyA gayA hai| mIna ke bhAsvara divasa taru prANiyoM ke lie mahA-dAhaka haiM, unheM to isa Rtu meM zItala rajaniyoM meM hI zAnti milatI hai, jaba candramA bhI sundara taruNa ramaNiyoM se dveSa karane lagatA hai aura jaba virahI jana virahAgni meM bhunate rahate haiN| varSA Rtu meM ahi-mautiyoM kA cumbana karatI huI sI bAdaloM kI ghanI ghaTA katI hai aura yuvaka-yuvatiyoM ke hRdayoM meM anurAga bhAvoM kA unaka utpanna kara detI hai / zarad kA jAvarAya nirAlA hI hai| isa Rtu meM viyoginI yuvatiyoM kI dazA usa priyaGgavattA ke samAna ho jAtI hai jise ke kI coTa vila kara DAlatI hai; kintu jinake

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100 saMskRta grAhitya kA itihAsa 4 pati pAsa haiM ve isa Rtu ko sarvottama Rtu anubhava karatI hai anta meM vasanta Rtu bhAtI hai jisakI zobhA zrAma ko maMjarI bahAtI hai jo yuvatiyoM ke hRdaya ko bA~dhane ke liye kAma nAya kA kAma karatI hai / sAre grantha meM 113 padya aura vaH sarga haiM / ( pratyeka sa meM ekaeka Rtu kA varNana hai / ) bhI khUba parivartita haiN| isa prArambhika racanA se bhI kAlIdAsa kI sUkSma-IcikA aura pU prasAdaguNazAlitA kA patA lagatA hai / "prakRti ke prati kavi kI gaharI sahAnubhUti, sUcamaIkSikA aura bhAratIya prAkRtika dRzyoM ko vizada raMgoM meM citrita karane kI kuzalatA ko jitane sundara rUpa meM kAlidAsa kA yaha grantha sUcita karatA hai, usane meM kadAcit usakA koI bhI dUsarA grantha nahIM karatA 1" kAlidAsa ke dUsare kisI bhI grantha meM "vaha pUrNa prasAda guru nahIM hai jise Adhunika abhiruci kavitA kI eka bar3I ramaNIyatA sam t, at roarraftrayoM ko isane bahuta AkRSTa na bhI kiyA ho / " yaha kAlidAsa ke praur3ha kAla kA goti-kAvya * (5) me 3 hama kaha sakate haiM ki yaha saMskRta sAhitya meM grIka karuNagIta (Elegy) hai / kubera apane sevaka eka yakSa ko eka varSa ke lie nirvAsita kara detA hai | apanI patnI se viyukta hokara vaha ( madhya bhArata meM ) rAmagiri nAmaka parvata para jAkara rahane lagatA hai / vaha eka dina kisI megha ko uttara dizA kI ora jAtA huA dekhatA hai to usake dvArA apanI patnI ko sAntvanA kA sandeza bhejatA hai / vaha megha se kahatA hai ki jaba tuma AmrakUTa parvata para hokara vRSTi dvArA dAvAnala ko bujha hue Age bar3hoge, to vahAM tumheM vindhya parvata ke nIce bahatI huI narmadA itihAsa (iMgliza ), (1) maikaDAnalaH - saMskRta sAhitya kA caturtha saMskaraNa pRSTha 337 12 e. bI. kItha, saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa ( iMgliza ), pRSTha 84 / 3 kItha ne apane saMskRta sAhitya ke itihAsa meM ( pRSTha para ) kubera ke sthAna para bhUla se ziva likha diyA hai /

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aura vaizvatI ke kinAre basI huI vidizA magarI milegii| phira vahA~ se ujjayinI ko jaanaa| vahAM se kurukSetra pahu~ca kara pavitra sarasvatI kA madhura aja pInA / usale Age kanakhala AegA, kanakhala se kailAsa aura kailAsa se mAnasa-sara / mAnasa-sara ke madhura zItala jaja se mArga parizAmita dUra karane ke bAda tuma alakA pahu~coge / alakA hI usakA-athavA "saca kahA jAe to usakI patnI kA--nivAsa sthAna hai| isake bAda yaha apanI patnI ke nivAsa kA pUrA patA detA hai jisase use da r3hane meM kaThinatA na ho| tadanantara yaca meva se amyarthanA karatA hai ki tuma apanI bijalI ko jora se na camakane denA aura apanI jAna ko jarA dhImI kara denA; kyoMki aisA na ho ki merI patnI koI aisA svapna dekha rahI ho jisa meM vaha merA hI dhyAna kara rahI ho aura vaha cauMka kara jAga pdd'e|| vaha kahatA hai ki merI priyA mere viyoga meM pAyaDa aura kRza ho gaI hogii| jaba vaha svayaM jAga jAe, tabhI tuma use mere sacce prema kA sandeza denA aura use yaha kahakara dhairtha ba~dhAnA ki zIghra hI hamArA punaH saMyoga avazya hogaa| isa kAvya kI kathAvastu kA AdhAra vAlmIki kI rAmAyaNa meM DhA jA sakatA hai| udAhaNArthaH khoI huI sItA ke lie rAma kA zoka viyukta yakSa kA apanI pasnI ke liye zoka karane kA Adarza upasthita karatA hai, aura (1, 28 ) meM AyA huzrA varSA varNana bhI kacha lamAnatA ke aMzoM ko ora dhyAna khIMcatA hai| phira bhI kAlidAsa kA varNana kAlidAsa kA hI hai aura kathAvasta ke bIja se usane jo pAdapa utpanna kiyA hai vaha bhI atyanta sarala hai| kAlidAsa kA pratipAcArtha nissandeha maulikatA-pUrNa aura usakA pAda-vinyAsa vicchittizAlI hai| sArI kavitA do bhAgoM meM vibhakta hai aura kula meM 110' 1 vallabhadeva ( 1100 I.) kI TIkA meM 111, dakSiNAvartanAtha (1200 I0 ) kI meM 110 aura mallinAtha (1400 I.) kI meM 118 padya hai|8 vI zatAbdI ke jinasena ko 120 pacoM kA patA thaa|

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saskRta-sAhitya kA itihAsa se lekara 120 taka padya pAe jAte haiN| sArI kavitA meM mandAmA chanda hai jisameM kavi pUrNa kRtahasta pratIta hotA hai| isI prakAra kI kathAvastu zillara ( Schiller ) ke meriyA sTuarTa meM bhI AI hai / ilame bhI eka bandI rAnI apane pramodamaya yauvana kA mAldeza svadeza kI ora ur3ane vAle bAdaloM ke dvArA bhejatI hai| isameM bAno kA viraha ananta hai aura usakA vidhura jIvana pAThaka ke hRdaya ko cita kara detA hai| meghadUta ke par3hane-paDhAne kA pracAra khUna bahA hai| isakI nakala para aneka kAvya likhe gae haiM / bhinna-bhinna zatAbdiyoM meM mina-bhinna vidvAnoM ne isa para aneka TIkAe~ likhI haiN| mandasaura meM barasabhaTTi kI likhI vikrama sambat 130 (san 473 I0) ko prazasti milatI hai jile usane dazapura meM sUrya mandira kI pratiSThA ke lie bar3e parizrama ke likhA thA / usako likhane meM vatsabhaTTi ne meghadUta ko avazya apanA prAdaze rakkhA hai| yadyapi yadda pasti gauDI rIti meM likhI gaI hai aura kAlidAsa kI rIti daidarbhI hai, tathApi kucha padya bahuta hI cAru hai.. aura 54 ezyoM kI saMkSipta prazasti meM varasahi ne dazapura kA dIrghacitra aura vasanta evaM zarad kA varNana de diyA hai| yaha bAta dhyAna dene yogya hai ki meghadUta kA vicchatI bhASA meM eka anuvAda taMjAra meM surakSita hai, sAtha hI isa kA eka anuvAda laMkA kI bhASA meM bhI hai| isake atirikta, isake aneka padya alaMkAra ke sandarbho meM bhI uddhata milate haiM / 12 vI zatAbdI meM dhoyIka ne isI ke anukaraNa para pavanadUta likhA hai| yaha choTA-sA kAvya-andha bhUgola ke rasikoM ke bhI bar3e kAma kA usane una 120 ko lekara, samasyApUrti kI kalA ke abhyAsa ke rUpa meM, unase pAva nAya kA jIvana likha DAlA / prakSepo kA kAraNa anya kA atyanta sarvapriya honA pratIta hotA hai|

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kumAra sambhava 103 hai: kyoMki isase hameM kAlidAsa ke samaya kI kaI bhaugolika bAtoM kA paricaya milatA hai / (6) kumAralamvabha ---yaha eka mahAkAvya hai jisameM 17 sarga haiN| inameM se 17 taka ke sarga bAda ke kisI lekhaka kI racanA hai ' / jaisA ki nAma se prakaTa hotA hai isameM ziva-pArvatI ke putra kumAra kArtikeya ke janma kA varNana hai, jisane devatAo ke pIr3aka aura saMsAra ke pratyeka ramya padArtha ke dhvaMsaka tAraka daitya kA vadha kiyA thaa| prathama sagaM meM himAlaya kA parama ramaNIya varNana hai / kinara aura kiriyA~ taka I himAlaya ke andara raMgareliyA~ karane ke liye AtI haiN| ziva kI bhavitrI zrarddhAGginI pArvatI aise hI himAlaya meM janma grahaNa karatI hai aura adbhuta lAvayavatI yuvatI ho jAtI hai| yadyapi pArvatI yuvatI ho cukI hai, 'tathApi usakA pitA ziva me usakA vAgdAna svIkAra karane kI abhyarthanA karane kA sAhasa nahIM kara sakA; use Dara thA kahIM aisA na ho ki ziva usake praNaya kA pratiSedha kara de C abhyarthanAbhaGgamayena sAdhu rmAdhyasthyamiSTa 'pyavalambate'rthe / varapradAtA hI hai, ina saba bAtoM ke samakSa pArvatI kA pitA pArvatI ko kucha sakhiyoM ke sAtha jAkara ziva kI sevA meM upasthita hoMne aura usakI bhakti karane kI anujJA de detA hai ( prathama sarga ) / isI bIca meM devatA tArakAsura se trasta hokara brahmA ke pAsa jAte haiM aura sahAyatA kI yAcanA karate haiM / brahmA bhI lAcAra hai, vaha to tArakAsura kA apane jagAe hue viSavRkSa kA bhI kATanA saMkaTa mocaka to kevala pArvatI garbha-jAta hai ( 2 ya sarga ) / indra kAmadeva ko yAda karatA hai karatA hai ki yadi merA mitra vasanta mere sAtha cale to maiM ziva kA vrata bhaMga kara sakatA hUM / vasaMta ke ziva ke tapovana meM jAne para sArI prakRti punarucchasita ho uThatI hai; yahA~ taka ki pazu aura pakSI bhI manmatho ucita nahIM hai| devoM kA ziva kA putra hI ho sakatA / kAmadeva pratijJA 1 dekhiye khaNDa 16 /

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104 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa smathita ho jAte haiN| pArvatI zisa ke sAmane AtI hai aura zikSakA dhairya kucha parilupta ho jAtA hai| samAdhi tor3akara zima ne dekhA to sAmane kAmadeva ko adhijyadhandadA paayaa| basa phira kyA thA! taskAna Rddha ziva kA tRtIya netra khukhA aura usameM se nikalI huI 'agni-jvAlA ne pala ke andara-andara kAmadeva ko bhasma kara diyA (3 ya sarga) hati ko apane pati kAmadeva kA viyoga asahya ho gayA / vaha apane pati ke sAtha satI ho jAne kA nizcaya karatI hai| salaMta use dhairya baMdhAtA hai para usakA kSobha dUra nahIM hotA ! itane meM AkAzavANI hotI hai ki jaba pArvatI ke sAtha zicha kA vivAha ho jaaegaa| taba terA pati punahagjIvita ho jaaygaa| isa kAzavANI ko sunakara rati ne dhairya dhAraNa kiyaa| vaha utsukatA se pati ke punarujjIvana ke zubha dina kI pratIkSA karane lagI ( caturtha mrg)| apane pratharamoM meM asaphala hokara pAtI ne aba tapa ke dvArA ziva ko prasa karane kA nizcaya kiyA / mAtA ne beTI ko tapa se virata rahane kI bahuta preraNA kI, kintu saba bhyartha / pAta: eka parvata ke zikhara para jAkara aisA bhayaMkara tapa karane lagI ki use dekha kara muni bhI Azcarya meM par3a gae ! usane svayaM mihane hue pattoM taka ko khAne se niSedha kara diyA aura vaha kevala ayAcita prApta jala para hI rahane lgii| usake isa tapa ko dekha kara ziva se na rahA gyaa| ve brAhmaNa brahmacArI kA rUpa manAkara usake sAmane Ae aura pArvatI kI pati-bhakti kI parIkSA lene ke lie ziva kI nindA karane lage / pArvatI ne ucita uttara diyA aura kahA ki tuma ziva ke yathArtha rUpa se paricita nahIM ho / mahApurUSoM kI nindA karanA hI pApa nahIM hai| pratyuta nindA sunanA bhI pApa hai yaha kahate hue pArvatI ne vahA~ se cala denA caahaa| taba ziva ne yathArtha rUpa prakaTa karake pArvatI kA hAtha pakar3a liyA aura kahA ki maiM zrAja se tapa krIta tumhArA dAsa hU~ (pandhama sarga) arundhatI ke sAtha samarSi pArvatI ke pitA ke pAsa Ae aura ghara kI prazaMsA karane same / pita

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raghuvA 105 ke pAsa khar3I huI pArvatI sira nIcA karake unako saba bAteM sunatI rhii| pArvatI ke pitA ne pArvatI kI mAtA se pUchA ki tumhArI kyA sammati hai, kyoMki kanyAoM ke viSaya meM gRhastha loga prAya: apanI patniyoM kI anumati para calate haiN| pArvatI kI mAtA turanta svIkAra kara letI hai / ( SaSTha sarga ) 1 rAjavaibhava ke anusAra vivAda kI taiyAriyA~ hone bagoM aura bar3I zAna ke sAtha vivAda huaa| kavi pArvatI kI mAtA ke harSa - viSAda ke mizrita bhAvoM kA bar3I vizadatA ke sAtha varNana karatA hai ( saptama sarga ) / isa sarga meM kAma zAstra ke niyamAnusAra ziva-pArvatI kI premalIlA kA vistRta varNana hai / hameM zrAnandavardhana ( 3, 7 ) se mAlUma hotA hai ki samAlocakoM ne jagat ke mAtA-pitA ( ziva-pArvatI ) ke surata kA varNana karanA acchA nahIM mAnA. kadAcit isa AjicanA ke kAraNa hI kAlidAsa ne Age nahIM likhA aura grantha ko kumAra ke janma ke sAtha hI samApta kara diyA / 'kumAra sambhava' nAma bhI yahI sUcita karatA hai| aisA mAlUma hotA hai ki kavi kI mRtyu ke kAraNa yaha prantha apUrNa nahIM rahA; kyoMki yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki raghuvaMza kavi kI proMdAvasthA kI racanA hai aura isI kI taraha apUrNa bhI hai / bAda ke sagoM meM kahAnI ko grantha ke nAma dvArA sUcita hone vAle sthala se Age bar3hAyA gayA hai| yuddha ke devatA skanda kA janma hotA hai / vaha yuvA hokara advitIya parAkramI vIra banatA hai / anta meM jAkara usake dvArA tArakAsura ke parAjita hone kA varNana hai / (7) raghuvaMza - yadda 16 sarga kA mahAkAvya hai aura vidvAn mAnate haiM ki kavi ne ise apanI praur3hAvasthA meM likhA thA / yadyapi kathAnaka lagabhaga vahI hai jo rAmAyaNa aura purANoM meM pAyA jAtA hai, tathApi kAlidAsa kI maulikatA aura sUkSma-IkSikA darzanIya haiM / grantha mahArAja dilIpa ke varNana se prArambha hotA hai| dilIpa ke aneka guNoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| durbhAgya se eka bAra mahArAja indra ko gau surabhi kA

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saskRta-sAhitya kA itihAsa yathocita prAdura makara pAe, jisase usane unhe nizpastha hone kA zApa de diyaa| isa zApa kI zakti kevala surabhi ko sukhA nandinI se prAma kie hue eka bara se hI naSTa ho sakatI thI (mlg)| vasiSTha ke upadeza se dilIpa ne bana meM nandinI kI sevA ko eka bAra eka siha ne nandinA ke Upara AmanA karanA caahaa| rAjA de siMha se prArthanA kI ki tuma mere zarIra se apanA peTa bhara kara isa gAna ko chor3a do| isa prakAra usane apanI baccI bhakti kA paricaya diyaa| siMha koI saccA siMha nahIM 5, vaha mahAdeva kA eka sevaka thA aura pAjA ko parIkSA le ke lie bhejA gayA thaa| aba rAjA ko nandinI le abhISTa vara mila gayA (ya srg)| rAjA ke yahAM eka putra kA janma huA,sakA nAma raghu rakkhA gayA / raghu ke hasapana kA varNana hai| jaba vaha yuvA ho gayA taba rAjA ne use azvamegha ke ghor3e kI rakSA kA bhAra saupaa| raghu ko ghor3e ko rakSA ke liye indra taka se yuddha karanA par3A (3yaplaga) / dilIpa ke pazcAt raghu gaddI para baiThA / aba usakI digvijaya kA saMkSipta kintu bar3A ojasvI varNana bhAtA hai| digvijaya ke bAda usane vizvajit yajJa kiyA, jisameM vijayoM meM prApta sArI sampatti dAna meM de dI, 'prAdAnaM hi visargAya samAM bArimucAmiya' (4) sn)| audArya ke kAraNa raghu akiMcana ho gyaa| jaba korasamuni dAna mAMgane ke liye usake pAsa Aye to vaha kiMkartavyavimUDha ho gayA / kubera kI samayocita sahAyatA ne usakI kaThinatA ko dUra kara diyaa| usake eka putra huaaa| usakA mAga aja rakkhA gayA (zma srg)| taba indubhato ke svayaMvara kA varNana AtA hai| koI na koI bahAnA banAkara aneka rAjakumAroM ko barane se chor3a diyA jAtA hai| eka vIra rAjakumAra ko rAjakumArI kevala yaha kahakara nApasanda kara detI hai ki pratyeka kI abhiruci pRthak pRkA hai| anta meM aja kA varaNa ho jAtA hai| (STha sagaM) / vivAha ho jAtA hai| svayaM. vara meM hAra khAe hue rAjA vara-pAtrA para AkramaNa karate haiM. kintu aja apane adbhuta vIrya-zaurya dvArA unako kevala mAra bhagAtA hai aura dayA karake .

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107 - anyoM ke maulika bhAga una kI jAna nahIM letA (7ma sarga) / kira aja ke zAntipUrNa zAsana kA varNana jhotA hai / indumatI kI sahasA mRtyu se aja para vajrapAta-sA ho jAtA hai| usakA dhairya TUTa jAtA hai aura use jIvana meM prAnanda dikhAI nahIM detA / usa para kisI sAntvanA kA koI prabhAva nahIM hotaa| vaha cAhatA hai ki usako akAlA matyu ho jAe jinase vaha apanI priyA se svarga meM phira mila sake ( sarga) usake bAda usakA putra dazaratha rAjA hotA hai / zravaNakumAra kI kathA varNita hai (sma sarga) agale chaH sargoM meM rAma kI kathA kA savistara varNana pAtA hai| solahave varga meM kuza kI, satrarahaveM meM kuza ke putra kI aura aThArahave tathA unnIsaveM lage meM unake aneka uttarAdhikAriyoM kI kathA dI gaI haiN| uttarAdhikAriyoM meM se kucha ke to kevala nAma mAtra hI diye gae haiN| kAvya apUrNa rahatA hai / kadAcita isakA kAraNa kAve kI mRtyu hai| (21) kAlidAsa ke granthoM ke maulika bhAga (ka) apara' kahA jA cukA hai ki vilsana ne durbala prAdhAra para mAnavikAgnimitra ko kAlidAsa kI racanA mAnane meM sandeha prakaTa kiyA thA, parantu vAstava meM yaha kAlidAsa kI hI racanA hai| zeSa donoM nATaka sarva sammati se unakI hI kRti mAne jAte haiN| (0) RtusahAra kAlidAsa kRta hai yA nahIM, isa bAre meM bar3A vivAda pAyA jAtA hai| virodhI pakSa kahatA hai ki-- (1) nAma ke andara 'saMhAra' zabda 'cakkara' ke artha meM prayukta huA hai aura kAlidAsa ne kumArasambhava meM isa zabda kA prayoga vilkula hI bhinna artha meM kiyA hai, yathA--- krodhaM prabho saMhara saMhareti yAvad giraH khe marutAM caranti / (2) yaha kAvya grISma Rta ke vizada varNana se prArambha hokara vasantA dekhiye khaNDa 20 kA (1) /

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Neng saMskRta-sAhitya kA itihAsa hyeob ke cothA varNana ke sAtha samApta hotA hai / isase phala kakSa athavA anupAvazUnyatA (Disproportion ) suTita hotA hai / ima kAlidAsa se aisI AzA nahIM kara sakate / Rtu varzana ke udAharaNa RtumaMhAra se na (3) akSakAMrAcAryo ne deeevgn se diye haiM / (4) mallinAtha ne ka bidAsa ke RtusaMhAra para nahIM / kAvyamaya para TIkA likhI hai, (5) 10vIM zatAbdI se prArambha karake aneka vidvAnoM ne kAlidAsa ke dUsare granthoM para TIkAe N likhI haiM, kintu RtusaMhAra para 9vIM zatAbdI taka koI TIkA nahIM likhI gaI / samarthaka pakSa ke logoM kA kathana hai ki RtusaMhAra kAlidAsa kI zranthakRtiyoM kI apekSA nyUna azI kA avazya hai kintu yaha isalie hai ki kavi kA yaha prArambhika prayatna hai| Tenisana aura beTe taka kI vAdima aura antima racanAoM meM aisA hI bhArI antarvaiSamya dekhA jAtA hai / isase isa bAta kA bhI samAdhAna ho jAtA hai ki dhAlaMkArikoM ne Rtu saMhAra kI apekSA raghuvaMza meM se addharaNa denA kyoM pasaMda kiyA ? RtusaMhAra ko sarala samajha kara hI mallinAtha yA kisI anya TIkAkAra ne isa para TIkA likhane kI bhI zrAvazyakatA nahIM smjhii| kisI bhI prAcIna vidvAn ne isake kAlidAsa kRta hone meM kabhI sandeha nahIM kiyA sAtha hI yaha bhI saMbhava jAnA paDatA hai ki varabhaTTa ko isa kAvya kA patA thA aura usane mandasora prazasti ( 230 vi0 ) isI ke anukaraNa para likhI thI / ( ga ) meghadUta ke bAre meM patA lagatA hai ki isake prAcInatama TIkAkAra vallabhadeva ko kevala 111 pacoM kA patA thA, kintu mallinAtha kI TIkA meM 118 padya haiM / aisA pratIta hotA hai ki vizeSa karake uttArA ke kucha padya prakSipta hai / (gha) raghuvaMza ke bAre meM hisabaiMDa (Hillebrandt ) kA 'kAzidAsa '

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kAlidAsa ke nATakoM ke saskara e kavi pRSTha 42 para kahanA hai ki isake 17 se 13 taka ke tIna dAla kRta nahIM haiN| yaha ThIka hai ki guNoM meM ye laga myUma zreNI ke haiN| inameM na to kAvyaviSayiNI antardRSTi hI pAI jAtI haiM, aura na hI vaha tIvra bhAvoSmA, jo kAlidAsa meM paryApta dekhI jAtI hai, kintu isase hama yaha pariNAma nahIM nikAla sakate ki ye kAlidAsa kRta nahIM haiN| kisI anya vidvAna ne ina sargoM ke prakSipta hone kI zaMkA nahIM kI / adhika se adhika hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki ina sargoM meM kAlidAsa kI utkRSTa kAvya-zakti kA camatkAra dekhane ko nahIM milatA / (Ga) aba kumArasambhava ko lete haiM / saveM se 17 veM taka ke sagaM nizcayaH hI bAda meM jor3e gae haiN| mallinAtha kI TIkA kevala veM ke anta taka milatI hai / zrAlaMkArikoM ne bhI pahale hI zrATha' sargoM meM se udAharaNa die haiN| zailI, vAkya vinyAsa aura kathA -nirmANa-kauzala ke zrabhayantarika pramANoM se bhI anta ke ina sargo kA prasita honA eka dama siddha hotA hai / inameM kucha aise vAkya khaNDa bAra bAra Ae haiM jo kAlidAsa kI zailI ke viruddha haiM / pUrti ke lie nUnam khalu, sadyaH, alam ityAdi vyartha ke zabda bhare gae haiM / kaI sthaloM para prathama aura tRtIya caraNa ke anta meM yati kA bhI zrabhAva hai| avyayIbhAva samAsoM aura karmaNi prayoga Amanepada meM jida ke prayogoM kA Adhikya hai / samAsa ke anta meM 'anta' ( yathA samAsAnta) pada kA prayoga lekhaka ko baDhA pyArA lagatA hai / isa 'anta' kI tulanA marAThI ke adhikaraNa kAraka kI 'zrAMta' vibhakti se kI jA sakatI hai | isI AdhAra para jaikobI kA vicAra hai ki kadAcit ina sarmo kA racayitA koI mahArASTrIya hogA / (22) nATakoM ke nAnA saMskaraNa kAlidAsa ke adhika sarva-priya nATakoM ke nAnA saMskaraNoM kA 1 isake viparIta hama dekhate haiM ki AlaMkArikoM ne raghuvaMza ke sana sagoM meM se udAharaNa die haiN|

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110 saMskRta-sAhitya kA itihAsa milanA svAbhAvika hI hai| mAlavikAgnimitra kA caka eka hI saMska. raNa milatA nA rahA hai. kintu sAkSidarpaNa meM eka lasyA prakaraNa isa meM se uddhata kiyA gayA hai jo basamAna saMskaraNa ke prakaraNa se pUrA pUrA nahIM miltaa| isale anumAna hotA hai ki isakA bhI koI dUsarA saMskaraha rahA hogA / vatta mAna mAlavikAgnimitra kA prakaraNa sAhityadarpaNa meM zuddha ta prakaraNa kA samupatra hila rUpa hai| cikramorvazIya do saMskaraNoM meM calA A rahA hai, (1) starIya (baMgAlI aura devanAgarI lipi meM surakSita) zava (2) dakSiyoMya (dakSiA bhArata kI bhASA kI lipiyoM meM surkssit)| pahale para raMganAtha : 1656I.) ne aura dUsare para kaTapama (3400 10) ne TokA rakhI hai ! uttarIya saMskaraNa kA cauthA ajha bahuta upa kSita hai| isameM apanaza ke aneka aiye padya haiM jinaka gIta-svara bhI sAtha hI nirdeza kara die gae haiN| nAyaka, nATya-zAstra ke viruddha, apana za meM gAtA hai, parantu isa niyamollaMghana kA samAdhAna isa prAdhAra para kiyA jAtA hai ki nAyaka unmatta hai| yaha vizvAsa nahIM hotA ki kAlidAsa ke ye pacha zrapatra'za meM likhe hoNge| isa aMja' kI anukRti para likhe aneka sandarbho meM se kisI meM bhI apabhraMza kA koI padya nahIM pAyA jAtA ! isake atirikta kAlidAsa ke kAla meM aisI apanaza doSiyoM ke hone meM bhI sandeza kiyA jAtA hai| uttarIya saMskaraNa meM nATaka ko 'nATaka' kA aura dakSisIya meM nATaka kA nAma diyA gayA hai| abhijJAna zakuntalA ke cAra saMskaraNa upalabdha haiM. baMgAjI, devanAgarI, kAzmIrI aura dakSiNa bhAratIya, pahale do vizeSa mahatva ke 1 dekhiye- bhavabhUti ke mAlatImAdhava kA navama aMka, rAjazekhara ke bAlarAmAyaNa kA paMcama aMka, jayadeva ke prasannarAghava kA SaSTa aMka aura mahAnATaka kA caturtha aka / 2 kAzmIrI to baMgAlI aura devanAgarI kA sammizraNa hai, tathA dakSiNabhAratIya devanAgarI se bahuta jyAdA milatA jalatA hai|

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kAlidAsa kA kAla hai| bAlI saMskaraNa meM 221 zloka haiM aura zaMkara evaM candrazekhara ila para TIkA likhane vAle haiN| devanAgarI saMskaraNa meM 164 padya hai aura isa para rASava bhaTTa kI TIkA milatI hai| yaha batAnA yadyapi kaThina hai ki ina donoM meM meM kauna-sA saMskaraNa adhika acchA hai. tathApi pramANa vRhatara saMskaraNa ke pakSa meM adhika jhakatA hai| IsA kI 7vIM zatAbdI meM harSa ne bagAlI saskaraNa kA anukaraNa kiyA thA; kyoMki ramAbalI kA baha dRzya jisameM nAvikA sAgarikA jAnA hai, kApasa zrAtI hai, chu makara rAjA kI bAteM sunatI hai aura usake sAmane prakaTa hotI hai, vRkSantara saskaraNa ke eka aise hI dRzya ke lAbhaga pUre prakaraNa para likhA gayA hai| dUsarI tarapha devanAgarI saMskaraNa apUrNa hai| lambhavatayA bana ani ke liye kiyA huzrA vRhattara saMskaraNa kA saMkSipta rUpa hai| izo 'da para ho rahA hai| kaha kara bAjA zakuntalA ko rokatA hai, itane meM 'za.ma ho gaI hai| kadvatA duI gauramI A jAtI hai| vRhattara saMskaraNa kAdipa sA aisA dAyAta doSa nahIM pAyA jAtA hai / isaI linA baMgAlI saMskaraNa ko prAkRta mAnisa adhika zuddha hai| yaha bAta bhI bAta kucha ThIka hai ki rAjazekhara ko raMgAkhI saMskaraNa kA patA thA, visI anya kA nahIM / devanAgarI saMskaraNa ke prAcIna hone meM baidara {Weber) kI dI huI yuktiyAM saMzayApahAriNI nahIM hai| (23) kAlidAsa kA kAla durbhAgya kI bAta hai ki bhArata ke sarvazreSTha kavi ke kAma ke bAre meM koI nirNAyaka prabhAga nahIM milatA / kAnako avarasImA Lower Limit kA nizcaya tIna bAtoM se hotA hai---(1)zaka sambat 556 (631 I.)kA aiDola kA zilA-lekha jisameM kAlidAsa kI kIrti kA ullekha hai, (2)bANa 62060)ke harSa caritra kI bhUmikA jisameM usane kAlidAsa kI madhurohiyoM kI prazaMsA kI hai, aura (3) subandhu kA eka parokSa saMketa / 1 bolenasena (Bollensen) kA bhI yahI mata hai|

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saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa ilamA digantavyApI yaza sanupArjita karane ke lie kama se WHORE varSa pahale vidyamAna rahA hogaa| para lImA upper limit kI abhivyakti mAlavikAgnimitra (lagabhaga I0 pU0 125) hai jo zugavaza kA pravartaka thaa| ina donoM sImAoM ke bIca, bhinna bhinna vidvAn .. kAlidAsa kA bhinna bhinna kAlA nizcita karate haiN| (1) I. pU. prathama zatAbdI kA anuzru savAda / janaza ti ke chAnusAra kAlidAsa vikramAditya zakAri kI sabhA ke. navaratnoM meM se eka thA / yaha vikramAditya bhI vahI vikramAditya kahe jAte haiM, jinhoMne zakavijaya ke upalakSya meM 17 I0 pU0 meM apanA samvat pravartita kiyA thaa| kAlidAsa ke vikramAditya-pAbita hone kI sUcanA vikramorvazIya nATaka ke nAma se bhI hotI hai isa nAma meM usane dvandvamamAsa ke anta meM lagane vAle 'Iya' pratyaya ke niyama kA utkhanana kevala apane prAzrayadAtA ke nAma ko amara banAne ke lie kiyA hai| ila bAda kA samarthana vakSyamANa yuktiyoM se hotA hai: (ka) mAlavikAgnimina kI kathA se pratIta hotA hai ki kavi ko zuGga vaMza ke itihAsa kA, jo purANoM taka meM nahIM milatA hai, khUba parica shaa| nATaka kI bAta' arthAt puSyamitra kA senApati honA, puSyamitra ke pautra vasumitra kA yavanoM ko sindhu ke taTa para parAsta karanA, puSyamitra kA azvamedha yajJa karanA aitihAsika ghaTanAeM haiN| kAlidAsa ko yaha sArA patA svayaM zuGgoM se bagA hogaa| isake atirikta, nATyazAstra ke anusAra kathAvastu tathA nAyaka suprasiddha hone cAhieM / yadi kAlidAsa gupta-kAla meM jIvita hotA to usake samaya agnimitra kA yaza manda ho cukA hone ke kAraNa use nAyaka banAne kA bAta sandehapUrNa ho jAtI hai|| (kha) moTA ke eka mudrA-cinna meM eka rAjA ratha meM baiThakara hariza kA pAkheTa karatA hubhA dikhAyA gayA hai / yaha razya zakuntalA nATaka prathama aMka ke dRzya se bahuta milatA hai| isa dRzya ke samAna sampUrNa

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1 Aw kAlidAsa kA kAla-prathama zatAbdaH (I0pU0) 113 saskRta-sAhitya meM koI dUsarA dRzya nahIM hai / yaha mudrA-cinna zuGga-sAnAja' kI sImA ke antargata prApta huA thA / ata: kAlidAsa zaGga vaMza ke manta ( arthAt 25 I0 pU0) le pahale hI jIvita rahA hogaa| (ga) kAlidAsa kI zaiko kRtrimatA se mukta hai| yaha mahAmAya se bahuta milatI julatI hai| ataH kAlidAsa kA kAI zrama sampana evaM kRtrima zetI uttama mAdarzabhUta nAsika aura giranAra ke zilAlekhoM ke kAla me bahuta pahare honA caahie| (ba) kucha zabdoM ke itihAsa se aisA jJAta hotA hai ki saMskRta kAlidAsa ke kAla ke zikSitoM kI bola cAla kI bhASA thI / udAharaNArtha, paraseDI aura penava zabda kA prayoga amarakoSa meM die artha se bilkula bhinna artha meM huA hai| (ka) kucha vaihika zabdoM ke vyavahAra se aisA pratIta hotA hai ki vaha bAdiko aMzaya sAhitya ke sandhi kAla meM huA, aura yaha hAla I0 pU0 le isavI sana ke prAramsa taka mAnA jAtA hai| isadI banda ke prArambhika kAla ke lekhaka taka bhI apanI racanAoM meM kisI vaidika zabda kA prayoga nahIM krte| (ca) kAlidAsa ne parazurAma ko kevala RSi mAnA hai, viSNu kA avatAra nhiiN| parazurAma ko avatAra mAnanA pazcAt meM prArambha hunaa| ( () =aar`intu strii sbaasth k laak smbl ii sur strii hai ki una donoM ke lekha paraspara nirapekSA nahIM hai bahuta hI kama vidvAn ise asvIkAra karane ki azvaghoSa kAlidAsa kI apekSA adhika kRtrima / azvaghoSa prAya dhvani ke liye artha kI upekSA kara detA hai| kAvya zailI kA itihAsa prAyaH usakI uttarottara bar3hatI huI kRtrimatA kA itihAsa hai| aisI avasthA meM kAlidAsa ko azvaghoSa (IsA kI prathama zatAbdI) se pahale rakhanA hI svAmAvika hogA / yadyapi dUsare bhI prAdhAra hai, tayApi yahI adhika nyAyapUrNa pratIta hotA hai ki bauda kavi 1 khaNDa028 aura hai| + - -

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114 saMskRta sAhitya kA itahAsa T ra meM kAliza ke granthoM meM se dRzyoM kA anukaraNa kiyA ho| yaha vizvAsa kama hotA hai ki saMskRta sAhitya ke sarvatomukhIjAvAn sarvazra eSTha kavi ne azvaghoSa ke buddhacaritra kI nakala kI do aura sAvana sukha meM, eka hI nahIM, donoM mahAkAvyoM meM curAe hue mAna se dUkAna vibhUSita kI ho / (a) hAla ( IsA kI prathama zatAbdI ) kI satasaI meM eka ratha meM mahArAja vikramAditya kI dAnastuti AI hai| 6) bauddhadharma - parAmarzI sthaloM tathA zakuntalA meM Ae bauddha dharma sambandho rAja-saMrakSaNoM kI bAtoM se mAlUma hotA hai ki kAlidAsa IsavI pan ke prArambha meM kucha pUrva huA hogA / yaha vaha kAla thA jisa taka rAjA loga bauddhadharma kA saMrakSaNa karate A rahe the / 'pravartatAM prakRti dvitAya pArthivaH sarasvatI zrutimatAM mahIyatAm' kI prArthanA usake vyathita hRdaya seDa nikalI hogI / kintu ka bAda truTiyoM se bilkula zUnya nahIM hai / (ka) isakA koI prANa nahIM milatA ki I0 pU0 kI prathama zatAbdI meM vikramAditya nAmaka kisI rAjA ne ( cAhe dAla kI satasaI meM AyA huA vikramAditya sambandhI ullena satya hI ho ) zakoM ko parAsta kiyA ho / (kha) bahuta sambhava hai ki vikramAditya, jisake sAtha errerana rUr3hi ke anusAra kAlidAsa kA nAma jor3A jAtA hai, koI upAdhi mAtra ho, aura vyakivAcaka saMjJA na ho / (ga) isakA koI pramANa nahIM ki 27 I0 pU0 meM pravartita samvat vikrama sambat hI thA / lekhoM ke sAkSya ke AdhAra para hama itanA hI jAnate haiM ki 57 I0 pU0 meM prathatita samvat kaH sau taka kRta samvat yA mAlava sambala ke nAma se pracalita rahA / bahuta dera ke bAda ( 00 0 ke lagabhaga ) yaha sambat vikrama samvat se prasiddha huA / (gha) navaratnoM meM kAlidAsa ke nAma ke sAtha amarasiha aura varAha

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chaThI zatAbdI kA vAda 115 mihira ke bhI nAma lie jAte haiM; kintu anya svatantra pramANoM se patA jagatA hai ki ye donoM (2) chaThI zatAbdI kA vAda / (ka) phagusana ( Fergusson ) kA vicAra yA ki vikramAditya nAmaka kisI rAjA ne 144 I0 meM hagoM ko parAsta kiyA thaa| apanI vijaya kI smRti meM usane vikrama samvat kI nIMva DAlI aura apane samvat ko prAcInatA kA mahatva dene ke lie ise 6 zatAbdI pUrva se prArambha kiyA / pro. maiksamUlara ke punarujjIvana vAda ne, jisake anusAra cha: sau varSa taka sone ke bAda IsA kI zaMcavIM zatAbdI meM saMskRta kA punarjAgaraNa huzrA, isa bAda ko kucha mahatva de diyaa| kintu zilAlekha-landha pramANa le banalAyA ki na to samalamlara kA vAda samabhyupAta ho sakatA hai aura na phAsana kI, syAmi 17 I0 50 kA samdat kama sne kasa eka zatAbdI pahale kRta yA mAlaka samvat ke nAma se zilAlekhoM meM jJAta thaa| (kha) yathAzi phaguna kA vAda upekSita ho cukA thA, tathApi kucha bihAn katipaya svatantra pramANoM ke AdhAra para kAlidAsa kA kAla chaThI zatAbdI hI mAnate rahe / DA. hAnale (Hoernle) ke mata se kAlidAsa mahArAja yazovarmA (I0 ko chaTI zatAbdI) kA mAzrita thaa| isa vicAra kA prAdhAra mukhyataH raghuvaMzagata digvijaya kA varNana aura hUNoM kA khAsa deza (kazmIra meM rahanA batAnA hai jahAM kesara 3 jagat ke itihAsa meM isa prakAra ke samvat ke prArambha hone kA koI daSTAMta nahIM milatA, to bhI yaha kAlpanika vAda kucha kAla taka pracalita rahatA rhaa| 2 barnala' prAva rAyala eziyATika sosAyaTI (1606) 3 kesara kA nAma mAtra sunakara kisI ne kAlidAsa (kAli ke dAsa) ko kAzmIra nivAsI mAtagupta (mAtA se rakSita) mAna liyA hai ! zAyada isakA kAraNa nAma ke artha kA sAmya hai| para isa vicAra meM koI pramANa nahIM milatA aura isake samarthaka bhI nahIM haiN|

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116 saskava-sAhitya kA itihAsa paidA hotI hai isa vicAra kA samarthana koI bahAn nahIM rakhA yaha vidhAra mAnIva para khar3A mAlUma hotA hai| 63) paJcama zatAbdI vAlA bAda / (ka) kahA jAtA hai ki candragupta dvitIyA vikramAditya kAlidAsa kA zrAzrayadAtA thaa| (kha) meghadUta meM, raghuvaMzastha dijana evaM rAma ke laMkA se lauTane meM kAlidAsa ne jo bhogolika paristhiti prakaTa kI hai vaha gupakSakAla ke bhArata ko sUcita karatA hai / (ga) rakhu kI vijaya kA yA samugupta kI digvijaya se AyA hogA jilakA mama bhI prAyaH yahI hai| (4) kadAcit kumArasambhava kumAragula ke janma kI ora saMketa karatA ho| (ba) mudragupta ne azvamedha yajJa kiyA thaa| mAlavikAgnimitra meM jo azvameva varNita hai vaha kadAcit usI kI ora saMketa ho| (ca) isa bAta kI puSTi vama mahi (473 I0) racita kumAragupta ke mandasaura ke zilAlekha se bhA hotI hai| isa zilAlekha ke ka padya kAlidAsa ke raghavaMza aura meghadUta ke pacoM kA smaraNa karate haiN| udAharaNArtha calaspatAkA majalAsanAthAmyatyarthayukAnyadhikonatAnti / zadilAtAcitralitAmrakUTatulyopamAnAni gRhANi ca / / phaanuj misaanaali byaanaari tulnaa savedikAni / gAndharvazabdasukharAmiNa niviSTacitrakarmAthi bolakadalIvanazo mitAni / varasamAdri ke yaha patha meghadUtastha adholikhita padya kA par3hAntara karaNamAna hai

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paMcama zatAbdI vAlA vAda vidha svantaM calitabanitA lendra cApaM sacinAH kosAya mahatamurajA: jigghAsIraghoSan ! antastoya maNimaya bhuvastugama jiddAmA prAsAdAma tujayitumalaM yatra taistairvizeSaH / / (ka) digvijaya meM pArasako aura haNoM kA nivAsa bhArata kI uttara-pazcimIya sImA para batAyA gayA hai, yaha bAta paMjAba taka ko sammilita karake hama uttara bhArata ke Upara zAsana karane vAle gupta bAjAoM ke samaya ke bAda saMbhava nahIM ho sakI hogii| (ja) mallinAtha kI TIkA ke AdhAra para yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki kAlidAsa ne meghadUta meM dinAga aura nicula kI ora saMketa kiyA hai| mallinAtha kA kAla kAlidAsa se bahuta pazcAta hai, ataH usakA kathana pUrNa vizvasanIya nahIM hai| kisI prAcIna lekhaka ke lekha meM mallinAtha kI bAta kA bIja nahIM pAyA jaataa| isake atirikta, zleSa kAlidAsa kI zailI ke viruddha hai| yaha bhI sambhava nahIM hai ki koI jyAka zrAdarasUcaka bahuvacana meM apane zatra ke nAma kI ora saMketa kareM jaisA ki kAlidAsa ke pandha meM batAyA jAtA hai / (dekhiye, dinAgAnAM pathi pariharan sthuulhstaavlepaan)| aura yadi isa saMketa ko satya mAna mI, to bhI isakI kAlama kI dRSTi se isa vAda se muThabher3a nahIM hotI / diGalAga ke guru vasubandhu kA andha 404 I0 meM cInI bhASA meM anUdita ho cukA thA aura candragupta dvitIya 433 I0 taka jIvita rhaa| (sa) kAlidAsa ne mAnA hai ki pathivI kI chAyA pAne ke kAraNa candra grahaNa hotA hai| isI bAta ko lekara kahA jAtA hai ki kAlidAsa ne yaha vicAra AryabhaTTa ( 46 I.) se liyA thA / candramA ke kalA ko chor3akara, yaha bAta kisI anya dAda kI ora saGketa karatI hai, isameM sandeza hai aura yadi kAlidAsa ke candra grahaNa sambandhI ukta vicAra ko yathArtha mI mAna se to bhI kahA jA sakatA hai ki usane yaha vicAra

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saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa 118 romaka siddhanta ( 400 I0) se kiyA honA ? (Ja) kAlidAsa ne jyotiSa zAstra kA 'mitra' zabda prayukta kiyA hai | ha zabda yUnAnI bhASA kA pratIta hotA hai| pro kI kema sAra yaha zabda kAlidAla kA jo bAta sUcita karatA hai yaha 320 I0 se pahale nahIM par3a sakatA / (2) kahA gayA hai ki kAcidAla kI prAkRta bhASAeM azvaghoSa kI prAkRtoM se purAnI nahIM haiM, parantu yaha bhASA-tumA yathArtha nahIM ho sakatI, kAraNa ki azvavoSa ke grantha madhya eziyA meM aura kAjidAsa ke bhArata meM upalabdha hue haiM / 1 isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki kAfate kA are at iters a arthAta I0 pU0 prathama zatAbdI aura 400 hU~0 ke madhya par3atA "jaba taka jJAta kAla zilAlekhoM ke sAtha tathA saMskRta ke prAcInatama narrat meM die niyamoM ke sAtha milAkara usake pratyeka grantha kI bhASA, zailI aura sAhityika ( alaMkArika ) paribhASAoM kA gaharA anusandhAna na ho Ae taba taka usake kAla ke prazna kA nizcita sambhava nahIM hai / " (24) kAlidAsa ke vicAra kAlidAsa pUrNatA ko prApta brAhmaNa (vaidika) dharma ke siddhAntoM kA saccA pratinidhi hai / vaha brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya, zUdraina cAra varNoM aura inake zAstra kA mAnane vAlA hai / brahmacarya, gArhasthya, vAnaprasthya aura saMnyAsa ina cAroM zrAzramoM evaM inake zAstra vihita kartavyoM kA pakSapAtI hai / isa anumAna kA samarthana raghuvaMza kI prArambhika patiyoM se hI ho jAtA hai--- zaizave'bhyastavidyAnAM yauvane viSayaiSiNAm / arat munivRsoni yogenAnte sanutyajAm // 1 maikDAnala, saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa ( iMgliza ) pRSTha 325

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kAlidAmaka vicAra (baca rana meM ve vidyAbhyAsa karate the, yuvAvasthA meM vissyopbhog| buDhApe meM ye muniyoM jaisA jIvana pratIta karate the aura anta meM yogadvArA zarISa tyAgate the) jIvana ke cAra phajo dharma, artha, kAma aura mokSa meM usa kA pUrNa vizvAsa hai| kAma aura artha kI prApti mokSagApti ke uddezya se dharma ke anusAra honI cAhiye / yaha siddhAnta usane apane mAnA antho meM bhallI mA~ti vyakta kiyA hai|---jc taka duSyanta ko yaha nizcaya nahIM ho jAtA ki zakuntalA kSatriya-kanyA hai ataeva rAjA se, cAhI jAne ke yogya hai.. taba taka yaha usake liye icchA prakaTa nahIM krtaa| phira, vaha darabAra meM zakuntalA ko grahaNa karane se kevala isaliye niSatra kara detA hai ki vaha isakI pariNItA patnI nahIM hai| prema ke viSaya meM kAlidAsa kA mata hai ki tapasyA se prema nikharamA hai| premiyoM kI dI tapasyA sema ujjvala hokara sthAyI bana jAtA hai| usake rUpakoM meM zakuntalA evaM anya nAyikAe~ vora laza sahana karane ke bAda hI patiyoM ke sAtha puna: sthira saMyoga prApta kara sakI haiN| yahI dazA duSyantAhi nAyalo kI bhI hai| tapa pArasparika aura samAna rUpa se ugra hai| usake mAdhyoM meM bhI yahI bAta pAI jAtI hai / isa prasaGga meM kumArasambhava ke paJcama sarma meM pArvatI ke prAta zida kI ukti lolo pAne ThIka hai| aba pramatyavanasAGgi ! tavAsmi dAsaH zrIzastapobhiH ......... ..... / ziva kI AkRSTa karane vAlA pArvatI kA alaukika saundarya nahI. 1 saskRta sAhitya ke itihAsa meM iMgliza (pa067) kItha kahatA hai-kAlidAsa 'unheM dilIpa ke putroM meM mUne dekhatA hai / kadAcit dilIpa se kItha kA tAtparya dazaratha se hai, kyoMki dilIpa ke to kevala eka putra-raghu thaa|

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120 saskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa aisA mAlUma hotA hai ki kAlidAsa , dira aura maheza tInoM devoM kI pAramArthika ekatA kA mAnane vAlA hai| kumArasama ke dUsare varga meM usane brahmA ko samutti kI hai, raghuvaMza meM viSNu ko paramezvara mAnA aura dUsare granthoM meM ziva ko mahAdeva mAnA hai| saca to yaha ki vaha kAzmara zaMdha sampradAya kA anuyAyI thaa| 'vismaramA ke bAda 'prasthAbhijJAna' hotA hai| yaha siddhAnta chalake rUpako seM, vizeSata: abhijJAna zAkuntala meM samyaka unnIta huA hai| jagat-prakRti ke bAre meM mAlya aura yogadarzana ke siddhAnto kA mAnane vAlA hai| yaha bAta raghuvaMza se bahuta acchI bAda prasIsa hotI hai| bur3hApe meM raghuvaMzI jaMgala meM varSoM tapa karate haiM aura anta meM yogadvArA' zazara chor3a dete haiN| yaha punarjanma meM, jo hindU dharma ke siddhAto me sara se mukhya hai, vizvAsa rakhatA hai / isa vizvAsa ko usane khaSa kholakara dikhalAyA hai:--agale janma meM indumakI se milane kI prAzA se aja akAla mRtyu kA abhinandana karatA hai, aAgAmI jIvana meM apane pati se punaH yoga prApta karane ke lie rati kAma ke sAtha citA para apane Apa ko jalAne ko adyata hai, aura sItA isIlie kaThora tapa karatI hai ki bhAvI jIvana meM vaha zama se puna. mila ske| (25) kAlidAsa kI zailI kAlidAsa vaidarbhI rIti kA sarvottama prAdarza hai| saMskRta sAhitya kA basa eka karADa se sarvazreSTha kavi mAnA jAtA hai| aihola ke zilAlekha (634 I.) meM usakA yaza gAyA gayA hai aura bAraNa apane irSacarita kI bhUmikA meM usakI stuti karatA huzAlikhatA hai:-- 1 jIvana kA antima lakSya sarvopari zakti ke sAtha aisya sthApita karanA hai; vaha zakti ho brahma hai jo jagat kI dhAriNI hai| yaha ekatA bhI yogAbhyAsa se hI sambhava hai|

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kAlidAsa kI zailI nirgatAsuna vA kasya kAlidAsasya sUkiSu protirmadhurasAndrAlu mArIci jAyate / / vastutaH bhAratIyoM kI sammati meM kAlidAsa atupama kazi hai :purA kavInAM nAyanAprasaGga kaliSThakAdhiSThita kaalidaasaa| prathApi tattulyakAmAbAda nAmikA sArthavatI babhUva // jarmana mahAkavi geTe (Goethe) ne abhijJAna zAkuntala kA sara viliyama jonsa kRta (1786 I.), anuvAda hI par3hakara kahA thA:---- kyA tU udIyamAna varSa ke pue aura kSIyamANa varSa ke phana dekhanA cAhatA hai? kyA vaha saba dekhanA cAhatA hai jisase AmA mantramugdha moda-magna, harSAplAdita aura paritRpta ho jAtI hai? kyA tU ghujoka aura pRthvInIka kA eka nAma meM anugaha ho jAnA pasanda karegA? are, taba maiM tere samakSa zakuntalA ko prastuta karatA hU~ aura bama bama kucha eka dama isa hI meM prAgayA / inake kAvya kI prathama zreNI kI vizeSatA vyakatA hai (mijAiye, kAsyasyAtmA svani:)! vaha usa sunaharI paddhati para calA hai jo purANoM kI ghora prasAda-guNa-pUrNatA aura adhIna kaviyoM kI sImA se sadakA kRtrimatA ke madhya hokara gaI hai| kabhI kabhI hameM usa meM mAsa kI sI prasAda gaha-pUrNatA dekhane ko milatI hai, kintu isameM bhI eka anokhApana bhauha lAlitya hai| kAlidAsa ke adholikhita pacha kI tukhanA bhAsa ne usa pazya se kI jA sakatI hai o vallabhadevakRta subhASitAvalI meM 1313 kramAMca para prAyA hai gRhiNI saciva sakhI vidhaH priyaziSyA calita klaaviau| karuNAvimukhena mRtyunA haratA tvAM vadaH ki ma me hatan / / mAsa kahatA hai bhAryA mantrivaraH sakhA parijanaH saikA bahutvaM gtaa| kAlidAsa meM kathAnaka kA vikAsa karane kA asAdhAraNa kauzala

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122 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa aura caritra-civa ko bhuta zakti hai| zeksapiyara ke samAna usake pratyeka pAtra meM apanA svataH vyaktitva hai; udAhaNArtha; zrabhijJAna zAkuntala meM tIna RSi Ate haiM--karAva, durvAsA aura mArIca | kevala eka hI vAkya durvAsA ke krodhI svabhAva kA, yA anya RSiyoM kI bhinna 2 prakAra ko prakRti kA citra khIMca detA ha / evaM zakuntalA kI do sakhiyoM anasUyA aura priyamvadA meM se anasUyA gambhIra prakRti aura priyamvadA vinodapriya hai / karaka ke donoM ziSyoM meM vyaktitva ke lakSya TrenSTa haiN| kAlidAsa kI bhASA bhAva aura pAtra ke bilkula anurU hai: - gRha-purohita apane vArttAlApa meM dArzanika sUtroM kA prayoga karatA hai aura feat erate prAkRta ho meM bolatI hai| , 9 kAlidAsa kI adhika prasiddhi upamAtrAM' ke liye hai jo yogya, Hfree aura marmasparzinI haiN| ve bhinna ra zAstroM meM se saMkalita 7 yahAM taka ki vyAkaraNa aura alaMkAra zAstra ko bhI nahIM chor3A gayA | na kevala saMketa mAtra ho, apitu zraupamya pUrNatA ko pahuMcAyA gayA hai / vaha svartha ke samAna usakA bhI prakRti ke sAtha tAdAtmya hai / usakA prakRti paryavekSaNa utkRSTa koTi kA hai; vaha jada parvatoM pavana aura nadiyoM taka ko apanI bAta sunA sakatA hai / usake vRkSoM, paudhoM, pazuoM evaM pakSiyoM meM bhI mAnava hRdaya ke bhAva -- harSa, zoka, dhyAna aura cintA hai| usake ina viziSTa guNa kA pratikramaNa to kyA koI tulanA bhI nahIM kara sakatA / reer ke atirikta usane utprekSA, arthAntara nyAsa aura yamakAdi kA bhI prayoga pUrNa saphalatA se kiyA hai| raghuvaMza ke navama sarga meM usane dekhiye, upamA kAlidAsasya bhAraverarthagauravam / daNDinaH padalAlitya mAghe santi trayoguNAH // 2 usake zabdAlaMkAro aura athAlaMkAro ke prayoga meM bahuta sundara sama-tulana hai| artha kI bali dekara zabda kA camatkAra utpanna karane kI ra usakI abhiruci nahIM hai /

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kAlidAsa kI zailI 123 anuvAsa ke vibhinna bhedoM aura nAnA chandoM ke prayoga meM pUrNa kauzala dikhAyA hai| kintu vaha zleSa kA rasika nahIM thA / upake anthoM ne anya kaviyoM ke liye Adarza kA kAma kiyA hai / meghadUta ke anukaraNoM kA saralekha Upara ho cukA hai / haba ke donoM aree mAlavikAgnimitra ke anukaraNa para likhe gae haiM / mAlatImAtra meM bhavabhUti ne usake acvalana kA Azraya liyA hai| daNDa kA padya 'malinaM himAMzIcA tarI tanoti' kAlidAsa se hI udhAra liyA pratIta hotA hai / vAmana ( vIM zatAbdI) ne kAlidAsa ke udAharaNa lie haiM aura prAnandavardhanAcArya ke bAda se kAlidAsa ke paThana-pAThana kA paryApta pracAra rahA hai aura usake anthoM para TIkAeM likhI gaI haiN| kAlidAsa kundoM ke prayoga meM bar3A nipuNa hai / meghadUta meM usane kevala mandAkrAntA chanda kA prayoga kiyA haiM / usake adhika prayukta chanda indravajrA [ kumArasambhava meM sarga 1, 3, aura 7: raghuvaMza meM varga 2, 2, 7, 13, 14, 16 aura 17, ] aura zloka | kumArasambhava meM sarga 2 aura 6, raghuvaMza meM sarga 1, 4, 10, 12, 12, aura 16 ] haiM / kumArasambhava kI apekSA raghuvaMza meM nAnA prakAra ke chanda adhika prayukta hue haiM /

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- - adhyAya 7 azvatroSa (26) azvaghoSa kA paricaya azvaghoSa bhI saMskRta ke baDe baDe kaviyoM meM se eka hai| yaha mahAkAvya, nATaka aura gIti-kAnoM kA nirmAtA hai| yaha bauddha bhikSu thaa| janazruti ke anusAra yaha kaniSka kA samAgamazika thA / sibbata, cIna aura madhya eziyA meM phailane vAle mahAyAna sampradAya kA pravartaka nahIM, to yaha bahuta akSA AcArya avazya thaa| zrazvaghoSa ke eka jIvana caritra ke anusAra ai madhya bhArata kA nivAsI thA aura pUjya pa kA 1 saMyuktaratnapiTaka aura dharmapiTakanidAna, jinakA anuvAda cInI meM 472 I0 me huA, batAte haiM ki azvaghoSa kaniSka kA guru thaa| 2 cInI meM isakA anuvAda yAtro-jina (Yao-Tzine) (384.457 I.) vaMza ke rAjyakAla meM kumArasya ( kumArazIla 1) ne kiyA usa anuvAda se ema vaisilIpha (M, Vassilief) ne saMkSipta jIvana taiyAra kiyA, usakA anuvAda misa I0 lAyala ne kiyA / 3 tibbatI buddhacarita kI samApti kI paMktiyAM kahatI haiM ki azvaghoSa sAketa kA nivAsI thA [ iMDiyana eMbikveriyana san 1903, pR0 350] / 4 pUrNayaza likhita jIvana carita ke anusAra yaha pArzva ke antavAsI kA ziSya thaa| wrapproat-r

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prazvadhASa kI nATya kalA 125. P age ziSya thA jisane apane smATa zuddhi- mAtra ke bala se baudadharma meM dIkSita kiyA thaa| eka aura janati kahatI hai ki isakA bhASaNa itanA madhura hotA thA ki dhAI bhI caranA chor3akana isakA bhASaNa sunane bagADe the| (27) azvaghoSa kI nATya-kalA 0 laDAI ko manyavAda I jilake prazanoM se hama jAnanda hai ki prazvakoSa ne kucha nATaka likhe the| madhya eziyA meM tADapamavAlI hastalikhita pustakoM ke hakoM meM se konIna daura nATaka upalabdha hue haiM unameM zAriputra prakaraNa (pUrAnA, zAradavatI putra prakaraNa ) bhI hai| yaha nATaka nissandeha azvanISa kI kRti hai| kyoMki (1; anyAmsa meM suvarNAkSI ke patra azvaghoSa kA nAma diyA hai| (2) eka yA jyoM kA tyoM buddhacarita meM se liyA gayA hai aura (3) lekhaka ne zrarane sUtrAlaMkAra meM do bAra hala anya kA nAmollekha kiyA hai / isa nATaka se patA jagatA hai ki kisa prakAra buddha ne taruNa modanAtyAyana aura zAripuna ko apane dharma kA vizvAsI bnaayaa| kahAnI buddhacarita meM varNita kahAnI se kucha minna hai, kyoMki jyoM hI ye ziSya buddha ke pAsa bhAe pyoM ho usane sIbI inase apanI bhaviSyavANI krdii| mRcchakarika aura mAlasomAdhava ke samAna yaha nATaka mI 'prakAra hai| isame nau aMka haiN| isa nATaka meM nATyazAstra meM varNita nATaka ke niyamoM kA yathAzakya pUrNa pAlana kiyA gayA hai| nAyaka bhAriputra dhIrodAtta hai / buddha aura usake ziSya saMskRta bolate haiN| didUdha aura anya hInapAtra mAkRta bolate haiN| jo aise nAyaka ke sAtha bhI azvakoSa ne vidUSaka raktA isale anumAna hotA hai ki usake samaya se pUrva hI saMskRta nATaka kA vada svarUpa nizcita ho cukA thA jo hameM bAda ke sAhitya meM dekhane ko milatA hai| bharatavAkya meM 'zrataH param' zabdoM kA pramoma bhI hahe kauzala se kucha eka vidvAno kA kathana hai ki isa nATaka meM 'zrataH paramapi priyamasti? vAlA prazna nahIM pAyA hai aura bharatavAkya ko nAyaka nahIM

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126 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa .. kiyA gayA hai| areata franoN ke anusAra bhinna-bhinna pAtra apane sAmAjika pada ke anusAra bhinna bhinna bhASA bolate haiN| isa nATaka meM tIna prakAra kI prA pAI jAtI haiN| 'duSTa' kI mAkRta mAgadhI se, 'govana' kI mAthI se aura vidUSaka kI ukta dono ke mizra se milato judatI haiN| zeSa do bauddha nATakoM ke racayitA ke viSaya meM hama ThIka-ThIka kucha nahIM jAna sakate, kyoMki ye khatirUpa meM hI milate haiM; kintu hama unheM kisI aura kRtikAra kI kRti mAnane kI apekSA azvaghoSa ko hI kRti mAnane kI ghora adhika keNge| inameM se eka rUpakAkhyAna ke rUpa meM hai aura kRSNamizraracita prabodhacandrodaya se milatA julatA hai jisameM kucha bhAvavAcaka saMjJAoM ko vyaktivAcaka saMjJAeM mAnakara pAtroM kI kalpanA kI gaI hai aura ve saMskRta bolate haiM / (28) azvaghoSa ke mahAkAvya ' [ buddhaparita aura saundarAnanda ] saMskRta sAhitya ke puSpodyAna meM azvaghoSa eka parama locanAsecanaka kusuma hai| isake isa yaza ke vistAraka isake anya granthoM kI apekSA bolatA hai | isa bAta se lUDarsa ne yaha pariNAma nikalA ki saskRta nATaka kA antyAM abhI nirmANAvasthA meM thA / kintu yaha hetu vastutaH hetvAbhAsa hai / lUDarsa ke dhyAna me yaha bAta nahIM AI, ki kavi bharatavAkya meM 'ataH param' zabda rakhakara nATakIya niyamoM kA yathAzakti pUrNapAlana karane kA yatna kara rahA hai| isake atirikta, bAda kI zatAbdiyoM meM bhI bharatavAkya, nAyaka ko chor3a; anya zraddhaya vyaktiyoM dvArA bolA gayA hai | udAharaNArtha, bhaTTanArAyaNakRta veNIsaMhAra meM isakA vaktA kRSNa aura diGa nAga kI kundamAlA meM isakA baktA vAlmIki hai /

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azvaghoSa ke mahAkAvya ilAke mahAkAvya - buddhacarita aura saundarAnanda hI adhika hai| buddhacarita kI zAradAlipi meM eka hastalikhita prati milatI hai jisameM teraha varga pUrNa aura caudahava saga ke kevala cAra patha haiN| isa grantha kA anuvAda cInI bhASA meM (414-431 I0 meM) ho cukA hai aura issiGga ise prazvayora kI racanA batalAtA hai| kevala colI anuvAda hI nahIM, tito anuvAda bhI hameM batalAtA hai ki asalI buddhacarita meM 27 sarga the| kahAnI buddha-nirvANa taka pUrNa hai| irisaGga ke vana le mAlUma hotA hai ki IsA kI chaTI aura sAdahI zatAbdI meM sAre bhAratavarSa meM buddhacarita ke pAThana-pAThana kA pracAra thaa| 13 vIM zatAbdI meM zramatAnanda ne vidyamAna 13 sagargoM meM sarga prAra jor3akara kahAnI ko buddha ke kAzI meM prathamopadeza taka pahu~cA diyaa| buddhacarita atyuttama mahAkAvya hai| ila meM mahAkAvya ke saba mukhya mukhya upAdAnatatva maujUda hai. isameM prema-kathA ke dRzya, nItizAstra likhAnta aura svAbhAmika ghaTanAoM kA varNana bhI hai| kasanIya kAminiyo kI keliyAM, gRha pugehata kA siddhArtha ko upadeza, siddhArtha kA sakara-dhvaja ke sAtha saMgrAma, ye saba dRzya bar3I vizada aura ramaNIya zailIle aGkita kie gae haiN| yapi kavi bauddha thA, tathApi kAvya paurANika tathA andha-hindUkathA-pranthIma parAmoM se pUrNa hai| nidarzanArtha, isameM pAThaka indra, mAyA, lahasAca iMdra, pazu, ikSivAna, vAlmIki, kozika, sagara, skanda ke nAma, mAndhAtA, nahupa, pururavA, ziva-pArvatI kI kathAhara aura atithi 1 isa bAre meM eka kahAnI hai| kahA jAtA hai ki kAnika azvaghoSa ko pATaliputra se le gayA thaa| use kaniSka kI prAyojita prauddhI kI pariSad kA upapradhAna banAyA gayA / phalataH mahAvibhASA kI racanA huI jo cInI bhASA meM aba taka vidyamAna hai aura jise bauddha darzana kA vizvakoSa kahA jAtA hai|

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128 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa sarakAra kI sanAtanI rIkhi pAyeMge / upaniSada, bhadgIsa, mahAbhArata aura rAmAyaNa ke ullekha bhI dekhane ko milate hai| bArI se piTa hai ki kavi ne brahmasambandhI vaidika gAyikA gadarA adhyayana kiyA hogA / zahara 1 jaisA Upara kahA jA cukA hai. buddha kI mI aneka bAteM pAI jAtI hai| ( sarva 3, 3-16) jaba siddhArtha kA junUna padajI bAra bAz2Ara meM nikalatA hai taba striyAM use dekhane ke lie hAkimoM meM ikaTThI ho jAtI haiM, raghuvaMza ( sarga 7 -12 ) meM bhI raghu ke nagara praveza ke samaya aisA hI varNana hai | vicAra aura varNana donoM paTiyoM se buddhacarita kA ( sarga 13, 6) kAma kA siddhArtha para AkramaNa kumArasambhava ke ( sa 2, 6 ) kAma ke ziva para kie AkramaNa se milatA hai / aise aura bhI aneka dRSTAnta die jA sakate hai| isa eka bAta aura dekhate haiM / buddhacarita sotI huI striyoM kA varNana rAmAnya mata aise hI varNana se bahuta milatA-julatA hai / sampUrNakAvya meM vaidarbhI roti hai, ata: 1 meM kAlidAlIya mahAkAvyoM ke lie; buddhacarita meM 1 saca to yaha hai ki sabhI vidvAnoM ne kAlidAsa aura azvaghoSa me bahuta adhika samAnatA honA svIkAra kiyA hai| kintu kauna pahale huA, aura kauna bAda meM, isa bAre meM bar3A matabheda hai / dhiSNya (sthAna) nirvANa zrAdi zabda evaM katipaya samAsa donoM ne eka jaise zrayoM meM prayukta kie haiN| yaha adhika sambhava pratIta hotA hai ki donoM meM tIna zatAbdiyoM kA to nahIM, eka zatAbdI kA antara hogA / kAlidAsa ke viparIta, azvaghoSa kI racanA meM vaidika zabda nahIM pAe jaate| vaha vaidikalaukika saMskRta- sandhi kAla ke bAda huaa| sAtha hI aisA bhI mAlUma hotA hai ki kAlidAsa kI apekSA azvaghoSa adhika kRtrimatA-pUrNa hai / azvaghoSa kI racanA meM prAyaH dhvani-saundarya utpanna karane ke lie zrartha kI bali kara dI gaI hai|

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ghoSa ke mahAkAvya 126 meM prAJjalatA kA honA svAbhAvika hai / kAlidAsa ke anthoM ke samAna isameM bhI lambe lambe samAsa nahIM haiN| bhASA saraba, sundara, madhura aura prasAda guru-pUrNa hai| Brain meM aitihAsika mahAkAvya kI paddhati kA anusaraNa karane huai buddha ke sautele bhAI nanda aura sundarI kI kathA dI gaI hai aura batalAyA gayA hai ki buddha ne nanda ko, jo sumdarI ke prema meM DUbA huA thA, kisa prakAra apane sampadAya kA anugAmI bnaayaa| isake bosa ke bIsa sarga surakSita cale A rahe haiM / yaha grantha free deha azvaghoSa kI hI kRti hai, kAraNa ki:-- (1) saundarAnanda aura buddhavarita meM eka sambandha dekhA jAtA hai| ve donoM eka dUsare kI pUrti karate haiM / udAharaNa ke lie buddhacarita meM kapilavastu kA varNana saMtita hai aura sondarAnanda meM vistRta buddhacarita ka buddha ke saMnyAsa kA vistRta varNana hai aura saundarAnanda meM saMkSita / buddhacarita meM nanda ke bauddha hone kA varNana saMkSipta kintu saundarAnanda meM vistRta hai| aise aura bhI bahuta se udAharaNa die jA sakate haiM / (2) ina donoM kAvyoM meM kAnnIya sampradAya, rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata, purANa aura bhI hindUsiddhAntoM kA ullekha eka jaisA pAyA jAtA hai 1 (3) ina donoM kAthoM meM R Adi aneka RSiyoM kA varNana eka krama se huA hai| saundarAnanda meM apane se pahale kisI kAvya kI ora saMketa nahIM pAyA jAtA, isI AdhAra para pro0 kItha ne yaha kalpana kara DAlI hai ki saundarAnanda azvaghoSa kI prathama racanA hai / parantu isake vipakSa kA pramANa adhika prabala hai / sUtrAlaGkAra meM buddhacarita ke vo nAma kA ullekha pAyA jAtA hai, saundarAnanda kA nahIM / buddhacarita meM mahAyAna kA eka bhI siddhAnta upalabdha nahIM hotA; kintu saundarAnanda ke antima bhAga meM kavi kA sahAyAna ke siddhAntoM se paricita honA * 1 kIyakRta 'saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa' (igliza) pRSTha 17 /

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130 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa jJAta hotA hai / saundarAnanda meM kavi dArzanika vAdoM kA varNana karatA hai aura bar3e kauzala ke sAtha bauddha siddhAntoM kI zikSA detA hai| zailI ko kRti aura ti kI iSTi se saundarAnanda buddhacarita se bahuta bar3ha kara hai / saundarAnanda kI kavitA vastutaH anavadya tathA hRdya hai, aura caritra kevala padyAtmaka varNana hai / saundarAnanda kA prakAzana prathama bAra 1630 I0 meM huaa| isake sampAdaka paM. haraprasAda zAstrI the jinhoMne nepAla se prApta hastalikhita pratiyoM ke AdhAra para isakA sammAna kiyA thA isakI tulanA Tenisa ke 'ina maimoriyama' se kI jA sakatI hai| (26) azvaghoSa ke anya grantha kucha aura bhI grantha hai jinheM azvaghoSa kI kRti kahA jAtA hai / inase jJAta hotA hai ki kavi meM vastutaH bahumukhI prajJA thI / (1) sUtrAlaGkAra - isakA ullekha Upara ho cukA hai aura isakA patA hameM tibbatI anuvAda se lagatA hai| isameM kavi ne bauddhadharma ke pracArArtha eka kahAnI ke ghumAne phirAne meM apanI yogyatA kA pradarzana kiyA hai / (2) mahAyAna zraddhotpAda - yaha bauddhoM kI prasiddha pustaka hai| isameM mahAyAna sampradAya ke nAlyakAla ke siddhAntoM kA nirUpaNa hai ! janazruti ke anusAra yaha sandarbha azvaghoSa kA likhA huA hai / yadi jamazrati ThIka hai to azvaghoSa eka bahuta bar3A prakRti-vijJAna - zAstrI thA / (3) vajrasUci --- brAhmaNoM ne bauddhadharma kA isa lie bhI virodha kiyA thA ki ve uccavaNika ( brAhmaNa ) hokara apane se hIna varNika ( kSatriya) kA upadeza kyoM prahaNa kareM / isa grantha meM brAhmaNoM ke cAturya siddhAnta kA khaNDana kiyA gayA hai / 6 (4) gaNDira stotra gAthA -- anarupa mahatva kA yaha eka gIti kAvya hai / bhinna-bhinna chandoM meM isameM aneka sundara pada ( gIta ) haiM jinase kisI bhI kavitA kA gaurava bar3ha sakatA hai| isase patA calatA hai ki

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ghoSa kI zailI 131 kavi saMgIta kA vizeSajJa aura chandaHzAstra kA vidvAnU thaa| isa kavitA kA uddezya bauddhadharma kA pracAra hai| (30) azvaghoSa kI zailI vaidarbhI rIti kA bahuta sundara kavi hai / usakI bhASA sugama aura zuddha, zaikho pariSkRta aura vicchittizAlI, tathA zabdo patyAsa vizada aura zonA hai| usake granthoM kA mukhya lakSya, jaisA ki saundarAnanda ko samApaka paSiyoM se pratIta hotA hai, AkarSaka veSa se bhUSita karake apane vidvAnto kA pracAra karanA hai jisase joga latya kA karake nirvANa prApta kara sakeM / isI lie hama dekhate haiM ki sease dIrgha samAloM kA nahIM hai aura na use baDe Dola-Daula vAle zabda avaghA banAvaTIpana le bhare hue arthoM dvArA pAThaka para prabhAva Cater it hai| yahAM taka ki darzanoM ke sUkSma siddhAnta bhI bar3I khAdI bhASA meM vyakta kie gae haiN| eka udAharaNa dekhie:-- dIpo yathA nivRtimabhyupeto naivAvani gacchati nAntarikSam / dizaM na kAzida vidizaM na kAJcit snehasyAt kevala meti zAntim // tathA kRtI nivRtibhyupeto naivAvani gacchati nAntarikSam / dizaM na kAzida vidizaM na kAJcita klezacayAta kevalamevi zAntim // ( saundarAnanda 16, 28-26 ) The itanA hI nahIM ki yahAM bhASA subodha hai, balki upamA bhI bilkula barelU aura dila meM utara jAne vAlI hai / kucha vidvAn samajhate haiM ki yogya rUpamAoM kI dRSTi se kahIM kahIM vaha kAlidAsa se bhI Age bar3ha gayA hai / isake samarthana meM nimnalikhita udAharaNa diyA jAtA hai. mArgAcalavyavikarAkulitena sindhuH zaikhAdhirAjatanayA na yayau na tasthau // ( ku0 saM0 1, 85 ) ( mArga meM Ae parvata se subadha nadI ke samAna pArvatI na calI na ThaharI) | so'nizcayAnApi yayau na tasthau, taraMstaraMgeSvitra rAjahaMsaH / ( saundarAnanda 4, 42 ) Yong

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132 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa (taraMgoM meM tairate hue rAjahaMsa ke samAna vaha anizcaya ke kAraNa na gayA na ThaharA ) / dUsare vidvAn kahate haiM ki raMgoM meM tairate hue isa kA nizcata kahanaH sandehapUrNa hai, ataH niHsandeha hokara yaha bhI nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki azvaghoSa kI upamA kAlidAsa kI usa upamA se utkRSTa hai / dilIpa kA varNana karate hue kAlidAsa kahatA hai - Dhorako hRSaskandhaH zAtarmahAbhujaH / ( raghuvaMza 1, 12 ) nanda kA varNana karatA huA azvaghoSa bhI kahatA haidIrghabAhurmahAcatAH siMhAMso vRSabhecaNaH / ( sondra0 2,58 ) ukti meM bahuta kucha sAmya hote hue bhI koSa kI upamA kAlidAsa kI upamA ke samAna hRdayagrAhiNA nahIM hai | aadiSa ne kha kI jo upasA baila kI AMkhoM se dI hai vaha pAThaka para adhika prabhAva nahIM DAla sakaSI / "kAlidAsa ne yahAM dilIpa kI prAMkhoM kI ora sita aoret dekhA hI nahIM, vaha to usake kadhoM ko sAMDa kI ThATa ke tulya dekha rahA hai / becAre azvaghoSa ne kucha bheda rakhanA cAhA aura apanA bharaDA svayaM phor3a liyA" ( caTTopAdhyAya ) | azvadoSa pradarza-anurAga kA citra sarala zabdo meM khIMca sakatA hai / dekhie - 9 sAM sundaroM cenna babheta nandaH, sA vA niSeva na saMnatantraH / indra' dhruvaM tad vikalaM na zobhatAnyonyahInAviva rAtricandra' || ( saunda0 4, 7 ) 1 yadi nanda usa sundarI ko na prApta kare yA vaha vinamra a -vatI usako prApta na kara sake, to bhamra usa jor3e kI kucha zobhA nahIM, jaise eka dUsare ke binA rAtri aura candramA kI [kucha zobhA nahIM ] |

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azvaghoSa kI zailI 133 * shiilu / yaa lkss giiN saar' sndhaan shu svena va rUpeNa vibhUSitA hi vibhUSaNAnAmapi bhUSaNaM lA || (maunda0 4, 2) azvaghoSa akRtrima aura subodha yamakoM kA rasika hai| sune --- praNaSTabaslAmiva valaddhA nAm / athavA udArasaMkhyaiH sacirasaMkhyaH / azvaghoSa AcchA vaiyAkaraNa hai aura kabhI kabhI vaha vyAkaraNa ke aprasiddha prayogoM kA bhI pradarzana bharatA hai / nidarzanArtha; usane upamA ke dyotaka ke taura para 'a4i mipAta kA prayoga kiyA hai| saundarAnanda ke dUsare hA~ meM usane luGa ke prayogoM meM pAthihatya dikhAte hue "mAmi aura mI tInoM dhAtuoM se karmaNi prayoga meM siddha hone vAle 'mIyate pada kA prayoga kiyA hai| rAmAyaNa-mahAbhArata tathA bauddha lekhakoM ke prabhAva se kahIM-kahIM vyAkaramA-viruddha prayoga bhI dekhe jAte haiM / udAharaNa ke lie dekhie, kadanna gA' aura 'vivayitvA' kis uta meM sthAna para kima kta ced ke sthAna para sace / ho isameM koI sandeha nahIM ki vaha chandoM ke prayoga meM bar3A siddha ista hai aura udgAtA jaise kA prayoga meM meM aAle vAle chandoM kA bhI prayoga saphalatA se kara sakatA hai| sUcanA--azvaghoSa ke kucha pA mAra ke pacoM se bahuta kucha silate julate haiM isiraha ---- 1 vaha apane lAvaNya se ho alaMkata tho, kayoki alakAroM ko to vaha alaMkAra thI / 2 jisakA bachar3A mara gayA hai, pyAra karane vAlI, usa gAya ke tulya / 3 uttama parAmarza dene vAle asaMkhya mantriyo ke sAtha 4 saundarAnanda 12, 10 /

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saskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa jaanaajaay' laalaa, bhUmistoyaM kAmthamAnA' dadAti / sotsAhAnA nAtyasAdhyaM nArANA, mAradhA sarvadharalAH phalanti / bhAsa] kASThaI anan labhate hutAzana, bhUmi khaman ciniti cApi sopas / tibandhinaH kiJcinnAstyasAdhya, nyAyena yukta ca kRtaM ca sarvam / / azvaghoSa ? aise bhI sthala hai jina meM mAlUma hotA hai ki azvaghoSa kA anukaraNa harSa ne naiSadha meM kiyA hai| dekhie--- rAmAmunendUnabhibhUtapamAna, mantrApayAto'vamAnya bhAnu / santApayogAdiva vAri veSTu, pazcAt samudrAbhimukhaM prasthe / / [azvaghoSa] aura, nijAMzunirdagdhamadaGgamasmabhimudhA vidhurvAJchati lAnchanonmajAm / svAsthanA yAspati tAvatApi kiM vadhUvadhenaiva punaH kalakSitaH!! [ naiSadhIya / 1. vanyamAnA' pAra ucita hai|

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adhyAya 8 mahA-kAvya (31) sAmAnya paricaya - saMskRta sAhitya meM aneka bar3e pratibhAzAlI mahA-kAvya racayitA kavi ho cuke haiM jinameM amara, acala aura abhinanda ke nAma ullekhanIya hai / ye kavi sambhava kAlidAsa kI zreNI meM rakhe jA sakate the, kintu aba hameM sUkti-saMgrahoM meM inake kevala mAna' hI upalabdha hote haiN| prakRti kI saMhAriNI zaktiyoM ne isake granthoM kA saMhAra kara diyA hai| inake atirika ghaTiyA darje ke aura bhI afar hue haiM front ofya meM bAra bAra ullekha pAyA jAtA hai; para durbhAgya hai ki inake prantha hama taka nahIM pahu~ca pAe haiN| ata: isa adhyAya meM kevala ina kaviyoM ko carcA kI jAegI jinake pratha prApya haiN| 5 suprasiddha rAmAyaNa aura mahAbhArata se pRthaka rAja- sabhA-kAyoM yA [ saMkSepa meM ] kAryo kI eka svataMtra zreNI hai| isa zreNI ke granthoM meM pratipAdyArtha kI apekSA rIti, alaGkAra, varNana ityAdi bAhya rUpa-raGga ke arer meM adhika parizrama kiyA gayA hai| jyoM-jyoM samaya bItatA gayA yasya kAvya meM kRtrimatA kI vRddhi hotI gaI / isa ke do prakAra 1. kaviramaraH kavirathalaH kavirabhinandazca kAlidAsazca / zranye kazyaH kapayazcApalamAtraM paraM dadhati ||

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saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa hai- mahAkAvya' aura kAnya / isa adhyAya meM hama mahAkAma ke roSa kaviyoM kI carcA kareMge aura agale meM kAvya ke lekhakoM ko leNge| - - - - - kAya jagata meM bhAravi kA baDa! ucca sthAna hai| zAlidAsa ke kAvyoM ke samAna isakA kirAtArjunIya bhI mahAkAvyoM meM parigaNita hotA hai| isake kAvya kI pramA kI tulanA sUrya kI prabhA le kI jAtI hai| kAlidAsa ke samAna isake bhI jIvana kA vRttAnta andhakAra ke garbha meM chipA par3A hai| bhAravi kA smy| mAvi ke samaya ke bAre meM adholikhita bAha sAina upalabdha hotA hai- (1) aihola ke zilAlekha meM (634 I.) kAlidAsa ke sAtha isakA bhI ullekha yazasvI kavi ke rUpa meM kiyA gayA hai| 1 daNDI ne apane kAvyAdarza 1, 14-020 me mahAkAvya kA jo lakSaNa diyA hai usake anusAra mahAkAvya kA prArambha AzIH, namaskriyA athavA kathAvastunirdeza se honA cAhie / viSaya kisI janati se liyA gayA ho athavA vAstavika ho / uddezya dharma, artha, kAma aura mokSa me se ___ koI eka ho / nAyaka dhIrodAtta honA cAhie / isameM sUryodaya, candrodaya Rtu, parvata, samudra, nagara ityAdi bhotika padArthoM, anurAgiyo ke viyoga athavA saMyoga, putrajanma, yuddha, nAyaka-vijaya ityAdi kA lalita varNana honA cAhie / yaha saMkSipta na ho| isameM raso aura bhAvo kA pUrNa samAveza ho / sarga bahuta bar3e bar3e na ho / chanda AkarSaka ho aura sarga kI samApti para nae banda kA prayoga ho / eka sama kI kathA se dUsare sarga kI kathA naisargika rUpa meM milatI ho / 2 prakAza sarvato divyaM vidadhAnA satA mude / prabodhanaparA hRdyA bhA raveriva bhAraveH //

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bhArabi kA samaya ((1) kAzikAvRtti meM isakI racanA meM se udAharayA diyA gayA hai| (3) aisA pratIta hotA hai ki isa para kAlidAsa kA prabhAva par3A hai aura isane mASa ke Upara apanA prabhAva DAlA hai| (4) bANa ne apane harSacarita kI bhUmikA meM isakA koI ullekha nahIM kiyA / sambhavataH bANa ke samaya taka bhAravi isanA prakhyAta nahIM ho pAyA thaa| ataH hama isakA kAla 150 I. ke Asa-pAsa rkheNge| kirAtArjanIya-isa anya kA viSaya mahAbhArata ke vana-parva se liyA gayA hai| kAvya ke prArambhika zlokoM se hI patA laga jAtA hai ki kRtI kalAkAra ke samAna bhAravi ne apane upajIvya artha ko kitanA pariSkRta kara diyA hai| mahAbhArata meM pAyAva-bandhu banavAsa kI avasthA meM rahate hue mantraNA karate haiM, kintu bhAravi isa mantraNA ko guptacara se prArambha karate haiM jisa yudhiSThira ne duryodhana ke kAryoM kA patA lagAne ke lie niyukta kiyA thaa| aba draupadI ko mAlUma huvA ki duryodhana sarakAryoM ke dvArA prajA kA anumA-mAjaka banatA jA rahA hai, saba usane tatkAla yuddha chesa dene kI preraNA kI (srg)| bhIma draupadI ke kathana kA zaka zabdoM meM samarthana karatA hai, kintu yudhiSThira apane vacana ko toDane ke lie taiyAra nahIM hai / sA2) yudhiSThira vyAsa se parAmarza dene kI prArthanA karatA hai| vyAsa ne parAmarza diyA ki arjuna ko himAlaya para jAkara kaThina tapasyA dvArA divya sahAyya prApta karanA caahie| ajana ko parvata para le jAne ke lie itane meM vahA~ eka yakSa A jAtA hai (sarga 3) cauthe se gyArahavaM taka pATha sargoM meM kavi kI navanavInmeSazAlinI prajJA prasphuTita hotI hai| ina soM meM zizira, himAlaya, snAna-krIr3A, sandhyA, sUryAstAmAna, candrodaya ityAdi prAkRtika dRzyoM kA ciyA baI hI ramaNAya raGgoM meM kiyA gayA hai| isake bAi isameM ajuna kA skanda ke senApatitva meM AI huI ziva kI sevA ke sAtha (sarga 15) aura anna meM kirAta (pracchanna ziva) ke sAtha yuddha varNita hai| yuddha meM ziva arjuna se prasanna hokara use digdha zastra pradAna

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138 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa karate haiM jinakI arjuna ko utkaTa abhilASA thii| AlocanA-jaisA Upara saMketa kiyA jA cukA hai, kati ne apanI buddhi para tAlA lagA mahAbhArata kI kathA kA anusaraNa nahIM kiyA, kintu usameM apanI ora se kucha navInatAra paidA kara dI hai| udAharaNa ke lie skanda ke senApati meM ziva kI senA kA bala ke sAtha yuja jIjie, jisameM donoM ora se dina zastroM kA prayoga huvA hai| yuddha ke varNana ko lambA kara dene se akSayoM kI gandhoM ke sAtha praNaya-kelI aura ajuna kA vrata-bhaGga karane kI vyartha zoziza jaise kucha vicAroM kI kahIM kahA~ punamakti ho gaI hai| zailo-~-purAnI paramparA ke anusAra bhAraci meM artha-gaurava kA vizeSa guNa pAyA jAtA hai| isakI vana-yogyatA bhArI aura vacanopara nyAla-zakti lApanIya hai| (2) isakI zailI meM zAnti-pUrNa garva hai jo eka dama pAThaka ke mana ai mntu saar`aa / 4aa alp m ntrii yaa sb sb sb ii ko mila jAtA hai| (3) prati aura yuvati ke saundarya ko sUkSmatA se dekhane vAlI isakI dRSTi bar3I vilakSaNa hai / zizira Rtu kA varNana sunie---- katipayasahakArapuparamyastanutahino'lpavinidrAsinducAraH / surabhimukhahimAgamAntazaMsI samupayayau ziziraH sma kamandhaH / / 1 isa prakAra ke aurAzika aMza kA samAveza sambhaktyA vAlmIki kI dekhA-dekhI hogaa| 2 dekhie, upamA kAlidAsasya bhAraverarthagauravam / daNDinaH padalAlitya mAdhe santi trayo guNAH / 3 isake bAda kAma kA advitIya mitra, basanta ke Agamana kA sUcaka, hemanta kA antakArI, zrAma kI alpa maJjarI ke kAraNa ramaNIya, svalpa koharevAlA sinduvAra (siMbhAlu ) ke khile hue thor3e se phUlo vAlA zizira Rtu kA samaya AgayA /

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OM mavi kI zailI (4) bhAravi kI kucha paMktiyAM isamI hRdayamparzizI hai ki ve lokokiyAM bana gaI haiN| udAharaNArtha hitaM manohAri ca durlabha vaca // na hi priyaM, prabaka micchanti mRSA hitssinnH|| (4) isakI utprekSAeM bar3I susthira aura vyApaka haiM / (6) saMskRta ke mahAkAvya-sAhitya meM yaha vizeSatA dekhI jAtI hai, ki jyoM-jyoM isako Ayu bar3hatI gaI, tyo tyoM yaha adhika banAva-siMgAra se pUrNa hotA gyaa| bhAravi bhI zailo-sambandhinI kRtrimatA se muka nahIM raha skaa| isa kRtrimatA kI laskRta ke alaGkAra zAstrI cAhe jitanI prazaMsA kareM parantu yaha kavitA ke Adhunika pramANoM ( Standards) ke anurUpa nahIM hai| zAyada isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki isa kRtrimatA kI khAtira khIMcatAna karanI par3atI hai aura isa taraha svAbhAvika pravAha kA vivAda ho jAtA hai| pandrahaveM sarga meM bhAravi ne zabdAlaGkAroM ke nirmANa meM kamAla kiyA hai| eka padya ke cAroM caraNa eka ho caraNa kI pAvRtti se banAe gae haiN| eka aisA padya hai jinake tIna artha nikalate haiM / eka padya ainA hai jise bAI pAra se dAhinI ora ko par3hA, cAhe dAhinI ora se bAI ora ko par3ho, eka jaisA par3hA jaaegaa| udAharaNArtha, nimnalikhita paJca kA nirmANa kevala 'na' se kiyAgayA hai, t' eka bAra kevala anta meM bhAyA hai f - . na monanunnI nuzolo mAnA nAnAnanA ganu / tujo'nuko nanunneno nAnenAnunnanunnanut / / (7) bhAravi kI zailI meM lambe lambe samAsa nahIM hai| sAre ko milA julAkara dekhA jAe to usakI zailI meM kliSTatA kA doSa nahIM hai| (E) bhAravi nipuNa vaiyAkaraNa thaa| pANini ke aprasiddha niyamoM ke udAharaNa dene meM yaha apane pUrvagAmI kAlidAsa aura pazcimagAmI

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140 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa mAgha doSoM se bar3hakara hai| udAharaNArtha isake bhUta-kAlavAcI niyamita prayogoM ko liijie| isane luka kA prayoga nikaTa bhUta kAlIna ghaTanAoM ke lie aura baGakA vakA ke apane anubhava se sabandha rakhane vAlI cira bhUkha kAlIna ghaTanAyo ke lie kiyA hai| isa prakAra parokSa bhUtakAsa kathA-dAna karane kA bhUtakAla raha gayA / isane ilavaraha milAkara juka kA prayoga kevala isa sthaloM para kisAna mAtra meM isa prayAga do sau bahattara sthAnoM para kiyA hai| () chanda kA prayoga karane meM to yaha pUrNa siddha hai| kabhI-kabhI isane kaThina aura aprayukta chanda kA bhI prayoga kiyA hai| udAharaNArtha, 13ve saI meM akelA udgAtA chanda hai / ila bAta ko chor3akara dekha lo yaha chandoM ke prayoga meM bahuta hI vizuddha hai aura isane chandoM ke vividha prakArI kA prayoga paryApta saMkhyA meM kiyA hai| kele pAMcaveM svarga meM solaha prakAra ke chanda Ae haiN| yaha bAta mAna dene yogya hai ki o prasiddha nATakakAra bhavabhUti kA priya chanda hai bhArata ne usa zikhariNI chanda kA prayoga bahuta hI kama kiyA hai / / (33. bhATTi ( lagabhaga 600 I0) maSTi bhI mahAkAvya rayitA eka prasiddha kavi haiN| isake kAvya kA nAma 'rAvaNavadha hai jisa ko sAdhAraNatayA bhaTTikAvya kahate haiM / yaha rAma kI kathA bhI kahatA hai aura vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM ke udAharaNa bhI upasthita karatA hai| isa prakAra isase 'eka pantha do kAja' siddha hote haiN| bhAratIya lekhaka bhaSTikAvya ko mahAkAvya mAnate haiM / isa kAvya meM 22 sarga hai jo cAra bhAgoM meM vibhaka hue haiN| prathama bhAga meM (sarga 1-4) phuTakara niyamoM ke udAharaNa haiM / dvitIyabhAga meM (saga 5-6) mukhya-mukhya niyamoM ke udAharaNa haiM aura tatIya bhAga meM (sarga 17---13) kucha ajaGkAroM ke udAharaNa haiN| teraha varga meM aise zloka haiM jinheM saMskRta aura prAkRta donoM bhASAoM ke kaha sakate haiN| caturtha

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bhaTTi 141 bhAga meM (14--22) 'kAloM' aura 'kAroM' (tenses & mocds ) ke prayogoM kA nirUpaNa hai / EDI zato---maTTi kI zaikSI prAMjala aura sarala hai, parantu isameM zrIja aura prabhA kA abhAva hai| isakI racanA meM na kAlidAsa kI-sI viziSTa upamAe~ aura na bhAravi kI-sI vacanopanyAsa zakti hai / isakI zaibI zrAzvarya janaka rUpa se do samAsoM aura vicAroM kI jaTilatA se milkula yukta hai| isakI zailI meM dUsaroM kI apekSA jo adhika prasAdapUrNatA hai usakA kAraNa isakA choTe-choTe chandoM para anurAga hai| isake kucha loka to vastuta: bahuta hI bar3hiyA haiM aura kAlidAsa ke padyoM kI zreNI meM rakkhe jA sakate haiM | samaya- (ka) svayaM bhaTTi sa hameM isa bAta kA patA lagatA hai usane bakSI ke rAjA zrIdhara sena ke zrAzraya meM raha kara apanA grantha likhA / kintu isa nAma ke bAra rAjA hue haiM / unameM se antima rAjA khagabhaga 641 I0 meM mraa| cata: aTTi ko hama 600 I0 ke zrAsa-pAsa rakha sakate haiM / sambandha meM nimnalikhita bAhya sAkSya bhI kucha upayoga kA ho sakatA hai / (kha) sambhavatayA sAmaha ko maTTi kA patA thA, kyoMki bhAmada ne bagabhaga pUrNatayA milate julate zabdoM meM bhaTTi kA nimnalikhita zloka apane graMtha meM uddhRta kiyA hai| vyAkhyAgamyamidaM kAvyaM utsavaH sudhiyAmatam / hRtA durmedhasAsmin vidvat priyatayA mayA // (ga) dariDa aura bhAmaha ke alaMkaroM se milA kara dekhane para bhaTTi ke alaMkAra bahuta kucha mautika prasava hote haiN| 1 nimnalikhita padya ko vikramorvazIya 2, 16 se milAiye, rAmo'pi dArAharaNena tato, vayaM itai bandhubhirAtmatulyaiH / taptena taptasya yathAyo naH sandhiH pareNAstu vimuca sItAma Ar

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142 saMskRta-sAhitya kA itihAsa HMEHT ka (gha) mAgha ne maTTi kA anukaraNa kiyA hai. vizeSa karake yAkarahA meM apanI yogyatA dikhAne kA mahAprayatna krle| bhaTTi kauna thA? hamAre jJAna kI jahA~ taka pahu~ca hai usake anusAra yaha batAnA sambhava nahIM ki kauna le kavi kA nAma mahi thaa| koI-koI kahate haiM ki va ha aura mahi donoM eka hI vyakti ke nAma hai| kintu yaha korI kalpanA mAlUma hotI hai kyoMki vasAha ne mAkaraNa kI kaI azuddhiyA~ kI hai| kisI-kisI kA kahanA hai ki mahi zabda mata kA prAkRta rUpa hai, ataH bhatRhari hI bhaTTi hai| kiMtu yaha siddhAMta bhI mAnanIya nahIM ho sakatA ! adhika sambhAvanA yahI hai ki bhaTTi koI ina saba se pRthak hI bhakti hai| (34) bhAva (667-700I0) mahAkAcyoM ke itihAsa meM sAdha kA sthAna sAhA ucca hai| kalidAsa, azvaghoSa, mAravi aura bhaTTi ke graMthoM ke samAna sAdha kA graMtha zizupAlava (jise 'mAgha kAmca' bhI kahate haiN| mahAkAvya ginA jAtA hai| kaI bAtoM meM vaha apane purassara mAravi' se bhI bar3ha jAtA hai| zizupAlavadha meM 20 sarma haiM / isameM yudhiSThira kA rAjasUyayajJa samApta hone para kRSNa ke hAthoM zizupAla ke mAre jAne kA varNana hai / 1. bhAratIya sammati dekhiye| tAvad bhA bhArave tiyAvanmAghasya nodayaH / udite tu para mAce bhArave bhI veriva / / upamA kAlidAsasya bhAraverthagauravama / daNDinaH padalAlityaM mAghe santi yoguNAH // mAghI mAgha ivAzeSa kSamaH kampayitu jagat / zleSAmodabharaM cApi sambhAvayitumIzvaraH / / yaha jAnanA cAhiye ki mAgha ko jo mahatI prazaMsA kI gaI hai vaha nirAdhAra nahIM hai|

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mAgha 243 * mahAbhArata meM yaha kahAnI bahuta hI sAdI hai kiMtu mAgha ne isameM aneka sundara sudhAra kara diye haiM / mahAbhArata meM yajJa kA varNana kevala eka paoNka meM samApta kara diyA gayA hai| sAtha meM isakA cihna utArA gayA hai / mahAbhArata pakSa vipakSa ko vastRvAoM ko saMkSipta kara diyA gayA hai * yuddha kI prArambhika kAryavAhiyoM pratipakSinoM dvArA mahIM, dUvo dvArA pUrNa karAI gaI haiM / pratipakSiyoM ke yuddha se pUrva unakI senAoM kA yuddha dikhalAyA gayA hai| mahAbhArata kI kathA aforest feso hAkAvya kA viSaya banane ke yogya thI, kiM kI vana karane kI zakti ne asakhI kathA kI truTiyoM ko pUrNa kara diyA hai| Aravi ne apane kAvya meM ziva kI, zAra mAgha ne apane kAvya meM viSNu kI stuti kI hai| zailI -- (1) bhAva bhAva prakAzana kI sampadA se paripUrNa aura kalpanA kI mahatI zakti kA svAmI hai| (2) mAgha kAma-sUtra kA baDA pariData thA / usake zRGgAra rasaka zloka bahudhA mAdhurya aura sauMdarya se paripUrNa haiM / kiMtu kabhI-kabhI ghana itane vistRta ho gae haiM ki ve pAzcAtyoM ko mana ukatA dene vAle mAlUma hote haiM / (3) mAgha kalaMkAroM kA bar3A zaukIna hai| isake alaMkAra bahudhA sundara haiM, aura pAThaka ke mana para apanA prabhAva DAlate haiN| inake anu prAsa sundara aura vizAda hai| zleSa kI ora bhI isakI paryAta free dekhI jAtI hai / udAhRsyA dekhiye abhidhAya tadA tadapriyaM zizapAlo'nuzayaM paraM gataH / bhavato'bhimanA mor3ate saruSa. katumupetya mAnanAm // 5 Maryla 1. taba priya baccana kaha kara zizupAla atyanta kupita (aura pazcAttApavAn ) ho gayA / vaha nirbhaya ( aura utsuka ) hokara Apake sAmane AnA cAhatA hai| aura zrApa kA hanana ( aura mAna ) karanA cAhatA hai /

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44 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa (4) sampUrNa para dRSTi DAlane ke bAda hama kaha sakate haiM ki isakI audhI prayAsapUrNa hai aura zabda tathA artha kI zobhA meM yaha Ahei aura kumAradAya kI tulanA karatA hai| (5) kaI bAtoM meM isakI tulanA bhAravi se kI jA sakatI hai :(ka) vividha indo' ke prayoga kI dRSTi se mAgha ke cauthe sarga kI mamA kirAta ke cauthe sarga se kI jA sakatI hai| kha) bAhyarUpa raMga kI vilakSaNatA kI dRSTi se mAtha ke unnIsaveM sarga kI tulanA kirAta ke paMdraha sa se ho sakatI hai| isa sarga meM mAgha ne sarvatobhadra, cakra aura gomUnikA lakAroM ke udAharaNa dete hue apane racanAmaipuNya kA paricaya diyA hai udAharaNArthaM, tIsare zloka ke prathama caraNa meM kevala 'jU' vyaMjana, dvitIya meM '5' tRtIya meM 'bha' caturtha meM 'tU' hai| (ga) 'mAgha' ke kucha padyoM meM bhAravi ke naivika bhAvoM kI saralatA aura aaa vinyAsa kI zakti dekhane ko milatI hai | udAharaNa dekhiyearated feet na viSIdati paurupe / zabdArthI satkaviriva dvayaM vidvAnapekSate // (6) mAgha kI racanA meM prasAda, mAdhurya aura bhoja tInoM haiM, vI kI uktiyoM se yaha bAta vizeSa karake pAI AtI hai| dekhiye :--- zizupAla yudhiSThira se kahatA hai--- nRtAM giraM na gadasIti jagati paTadvaiviSya / freate a stayastava karmaNaiva vikalakattA || 1) 'mAgha' vyAkaraNa k kRSaTsa hai aura yaha kadAcit hi me refer ster opAkarayA ke niyamoM ke prayoga ke aneka udAharagA atra seat hai kAla -- (1) mAtra ke pitA kA nAma dattaka sarvAzraya aura pitAmaha 1. chandoM ke prayoga meM mAgha baDA kuzala hai / akele isI sarga meM bAIsa prakAra ke chaMda haiM /

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mAna 142 kA suprabhadeva thA jo nRpa varmayAta (varmanAkhya) kA maMtrI thA! ghasaMtagAda se 682 vi0 (625 I0) kA eka zikSA-lekha milA hai jisameM varmalAta kA mAma AyA hai| isa likhita pramANa ke AdhAra para hama mAgha kA kAkha sAtavIM zatAbdI ke sattA meM kahIM rakha sakate haiN| (2) zloka 2, 12 meM 'vRtti' aura 'pAsa' zabda Aye haiN| mallinAtha ke mata se zleSa dvArA vRtti kA abhiprAya 'kAzikA vRtti' (jisakA racayitA jayAditya, isiMga ke anusAra, 661 I0 meM marA) aura nyAsa kA abhiprAya kAzikAvRtti kI TIkA 'nyAsa hai jisakA racayitA jinendrabuddhi hai (jisake sambandha meM isiga cupa hai)| isa sAcaya ke AdhAra para mAgha kA samaya pAThavIM zatAbdI ke pUrvAddha meM kahIM nizcita kiyA jA sakatA thA, kintu yaha sAkSya kucha azvika mUlya nahIM rakhatA, vizeSa karake jaba ki hama jAnate hai ki vANa ne bhI harSacarita meM prasannavRttamo gRhItavAkyA kRtayugapadanyAlA hoka iva vyAkara'pi isa vAkya meM vRti aura nyAsa pada kA prayoga kiyA hai| sambhava hai mAgha ne ina adhika purAne vRtti aura nyAsa granthoM kI ora saMketa kiyA ho| (3) purAnI puramparA ke anusAra mAgha kA nAma mahArAja moz2a ke sAtha liyA jAtA hai| isa AdhAra para kucha vidvAn mAgha ko 13vIM zatAbdI meM hazrA batalAte haiN| dUsare vidvAno kA kahanA hai ki yaha paramparA sasya ghaTanAoM para Azrita itihAsa ke lekha ke samAna mUlyavAn nahIM mAnI jA sakatI, ata: bakta vicAra mAhya nahIM ho sktaa| yaha bAta dhyAna dene yogya hai ki karnala TADa ne apane rAjasthAna meM kisI jaina racita itihAsa aura vyAkaraNa donoM ke saMyukta sUcI-prandha ke AdhAra para mAlave meM kramazaH 575, 6652 aura 1042 I0 meM zAsana karane vAle 1. prabhAvika carita' grantha se milAkara dekhiye / 2.665 I0 ke bhojadeva kA samarthana 714 I0 ke mAnasarovara vAle zilA-lekha se bhI hotA hai|

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saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa lIna bhojoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| ataH hama upayuka paramparA ko bhI satya mAna sakate haiN| (4) mAgha apane bahuta kucha upajIbya bhAravi aura bhahi se nissandeha bAda meM hushraa| yaha bhI nizcita rUpa se mAlUma hai ki mAva ko harSa kRta 'nAgAnanda kA paricaya thaa| kisI kisI ne yaha siddha karane kA prayatna kiyA hai ki subandhu ne mAna ke andha se lAbha uThAyA hai| parantu yaha prayatna na to buddhimattA se pUrNa hai aura na vishvaasotpaadk| (35) ratnAkara kRta haravijaya (850 I0 ke lagabhaga) yaha 10 sargoM kA eka bijula-kAzca mahADAnya hai| ise 810 I ke Asa-pAsa ratnAkara' ne likhA thaa| isameM andhaka ke Upara grAma kI huI ziva kI vijaya kA varNana hai| kAvya meM zrAnupAtika sambandha kA abhAva hai| yaha sabaMmiya bhI nahIM hai| kavi para mAgha kA samadhika prabhAva suvyakta hai| kSemendra kavi ke vasantatilakA ke nirmANa meM kRtI hone kA samarthana karatA hai| (36) zrIharSe (1150-1200 I0) mahAkAvya kI parampadA meM antima mahAkAvya naiSadhIyacarita yA auSadhIya hai jise kannauja ke mahArAja jayacandra ke Azraya meM rahane vAle zrIharSa ne 2 12vIM zatAbdI ke uttarAddha meM likhA thaa| isa kAvya meM 22 sarga haiM aura damayantI ke sAtha nala ke vivAha taka kI kathA 1 isakI zailI rAjAnaka aura vAgIzvara kI zailiyoM se milatI hai| 2 isa ne aura bhI kaI grantha likhe haiN| inameM meM ( khaNDanakhaNDakhAba) adhika prasiddha hai jisameM isane vedAnta kI upapattimattA siddha kI hai| 3 kahA jAtA hai ki asalI grantha me 60 yA 120 sarga the aura AzA kI jAtI hai ki zeSa sagoM kI hastalikhita prati bhI zAyada kabhI mila jAe (kRSNAcAryakRta saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa pRSTha 45), kintu yaha sandigdha hI pratIta hotA hai ki kavi ne 22 sagoM se adhika likhA ho|

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zrIharSa . varNita hai| usake antima sarga meM sahasA damayantI kI praNaya-kalpanAeM ho gaI haiM / yadyapi kavi eka naiyAyika thA, tathApi usane vivAha ke viSaya kA varNana karane meM kAmazAstra ko kavitA kA rUpa de diyA hai / kavi meM varNana karane kI adabhuta yogyatA hai / usane eka sAdhAraNa kathA ko eka mahAkAvya kA varNanIya viSaya kA rUpa de diyA hai| bhAratIya kArakoM ne zrova ko mahAkavi kahakara sammAnita kiyA hai aura kavi isa sammAna kA adhikArI bhI hai / eka janazruti hai ki zrIharSa sammaTa kA mAnanA (athavA kisI rizte meM AI ) thA / zrIharSa ne apanI racanA (vadha) ko zrabhimAnapUrNa hRdaya ke sAtha mammaTa ko dikhalAyA / ammada ne khedAnubhava ke sAtha kahA ki yadi yaha grantha mujhe apane (kAvya prakAza ke) doSAdhyAya ke likhane se pahale dekhane ko milatA to mujhe dUsare pranthoM meM se doSoM ke udAharaNa DhU~Dhane kA itanA prayAsa na karanA par3atA / kintu isa janazruti meM satyatA kA bahuta thor3A aMza rata hotA hai / 147 zrIharSa meM ziSTa racanA karane kI bhArI yogyatA hai / yaha bhASA ke prayoga meM siddhahasta aura sundara-madhura bhAva - prakAzana meM nipuNa hai / isakI anuprAsa kI ghora prabhiruci bahuta adhika hai| kabhI kabhI yaha antyAnu mAsa kI bhI chaTA bA~dha detA hai / isane saba unnIsa prakAra ke chandoM kA prayoga kiyA hai jina meM se upajAti aura vaMzastha adhika Ae haiM / sUcanA - haravijaya ko doSakara uparyuka saba mahAkAvyoM para suprasiddha TIkAkAra mallinAtha ne TIkAe~ likhI haiM /

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adhyAya kAvya- nirmAtA (37) vatsamaTTi (73-473 I.)--yaha koI bar3A prasiddha kati nahIM hai| isane vi0 samvat 126 meM mandasora meM sthita sUrya-mandira kI prazasti lilI thii| isameM gauDI hIti meM likhe hue kula 44 patra haiN| isa prakAra isameM lambe jamne samAsa hai, kabhI-kabhI sArI kI sArI paMkti meM eka hI samAsa calA gayA hai| kavi ne pada-pada meM yaha dikhalAne kA prayatna kiyA hai ki yaha kAvya ke niyamoM ko bhalo bhA~ti jAnatA hai| isane isa prazasti meM dazapura nagara kA aura vasanta tathA zAda kA varNana diyA hai| kula chandoM kI saMkhyA bAraha hai aura sabase adhika prayukta vasantatilakA hai| prAyaH eka hI bAta tIna padyoM meM jAkara samApta huI hai kintu kAvya kI zreSTha paddhati meM koI antara nahIM pdd'aa| kabhI-kabhI isakI racanA meM artha kI pratidhvani pAI jAtI hai; udAharaNa ke lie, veM zloka ke pahale tIna caraNoM meM, jinameM rAjA ke sadguNoM kA varNana hai, mRdu aura madhura dhvani se yukta zabda haiM,parantu cauthe caraNa meM,jisameM usake bhISaNa vIrya kA varNana hai, kaThora-zrutiyukta zabda haiM [dvidRptapakSakSapaNakadakSaH] 1 9veM aura 12veM padya meM isane kAlidAsa ke meghadUta aura RtusaMhAra kA anukaraNa kiyA hai| (38) setubandha----yaha kAnya mahArASTrI meM hai| kaI vidvAnoM kI dhAraNA hai ki ise kavi ne kazmIra ke rAjA pravarasena dvArA vitastA (jehalama) para banavAe hue pula kI smRti ko sthAyI banAne ke lie

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kamaya-nirmAtA 146 likhA thA / yaha kAlidAsa kI kRti kahI jAtI hai| daNDI aura bANa le isakI sar3I prazaMsA kI hai| kintu dIrSa samAla tathA kRtrimatApUrNa zahI ko dekhakara vizvAsa nahIM hotA ki yaha kAlidAsa kI rakSanA hai| (36) kumAradAsa kA jAlakIharaNa (7vIM zatAbdI) (ka) jAnakIharaNakAnya kA patA isake zabda-pratizabda siMhAlI adubAda se lagA thaa| isI ke AdhAra para pahale isakA prakAzana bhI huA, kintu aba dakSiNa bhArata meM isakI sva-likhita prati bhI mila gaI hai| (kha) kahA jAtA hai ki isakA lekhaka laMkA kA koI rAjA (51726) meM thA aura kAlidAla kI mRtyu meM usakA hAtha thaa| kintu ye bAteM mAnanIya nahIM pratIta hotii| (ga) ApalI kAvya ke 25 sarga hai| isakI kathA vahI hai jo raghuvaMza kI hai| anya ko dekhane se mAlUma hotA hai ki kaci meM arzana karane kI bhArI yogyatA hai / isameM jo varNanAtmaka citra dekhane ko milate haiM unameM se kucheka ye haiM--dazaratha, usakI patniyoM aura ayodhyA kA citra (sarga 1), janakrIr3A, vasanta, sUryAsta, rAtri aura prabhAta kA (sarga 3), sUryAsta kA aura rAtri kA (sarga 8), varSA Rtu kA (sarga 11) aura patajhar3a kA (sarga 12) / gha) kAlidAsa kA prabhAva-kyA viSaya ke nirvAcana aura kyA zaizI ke nirdhAraNa donoM hI meM lekhaka para kAlidAsa kA prabhAva parilakSita hotA hai| yaha mAnanA par3atA hai ki yaha kavi kAlidAsa kA bar3A bhakka thA aura isane viSaya ke sAdhAraNa pratipAdana evaM rIti donoM bAtoM meM usakA yatheSTa anukaraNa kiyaa| isakA 'svAmisammadaphalaM hi maNDana' zAkya kAlidAsa ke 'priyeSu saubhAgyaphalA hi cArutA' (kR0 saM0 5, 1) vAkya se bilkula milatA hai| jAnakI haraNa ke sarga meM 1 raghuvaMza, sarga 12 ko jAnakI haraNa ke tattulya aMza-za. bhilAkara dekhiye|

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saMskRta-sAhitya kA itihAsa varNita vivAhita jIvana ke prAnanda kA citra kumAra saMsada ke varga meM varNita aise hI cinale milAkara dekhanA cAhiye / (Ga) zailI- (1) isane vaidarbhI rIti kA avalambana liyA hai| anuprAsa para isakA vizeSa sneha hai kintu yaha kRtrimatA kI sImA ko nahI pahu~cA hai| (2) isa kavi kI vizeSatA saundarya meM hai / pro e. bI kItha' kA kAthana hai ki isakI racanA meM sundara sundara zralaMkAroM kI pracuratA hai jo madhura vacanoe-pAsa ke dvArA abhivyakta kie gae haiN| sAtha hI isakI racanA meM dhvani ( svamana) aura vRnda kA vaha camatkAra hai jo saMskRta ko chor3a kara kisI anya bhASA meM utpanna karane kI zakti (3) yaha sundara citra tathA ramaNIya paristhitiyAM citrita karane kI zakti rakhatA hai:--- pazyan hatto manmathavANapAtaH, zako vidhAtu na nimIlacakSuH / arU vidhAtrA hi kRtau kathaM tAvilyAsa tasyAM sumatevitarka.2 // nimnalikhita paya meM kizora rAma kA eka sundara cinna utArA gayA hai: nasa rAma iha kva yAta ityanuyukto vanitAbhiraprataH / nijaistApuTAvRtAnano, viddhe'loknitiinmrbhkH|| 1 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa (iMgliza ) ( 1928 ), puSTha 121 12 brahmA ne una jaMghAtroM ko kaise banAyA hogA ? yadi usane unapara nigAha DAlI hogI to vaha kAma ke bANo se viddha ho jAnA cAhie thA aura yadi usane aAMkha mIMcalI hogI to vaha banA nahIM sakatA thA / isa prakAra pratibhAzAlI puruSa bhI usa (strI) ke viSaya meM vicAra karatA huzrA saMzaya magna thaa| 3 sAmane khar3I huI striyoM ne pUchA, kyA rAma yahA~ nahIM hai ? vaha kahAM

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kAvya-nimAtA (4) yaha vyAkaraNa kA bar3A vidvAn hai, aura hajadharma (Furrow) jaise aprasiddha padoM kA prayoga karatA hai| yaha kAzikA meM se adhikamasa aura marmAvidha jaise aprasiddha prayoga letA hai| yaha pazyatohara, jampatI aura saukhyarAtrika jaise vila-prayukta zabdoM kA prayoga karatA hai| nissandeza bhASA para isakA adhikAra bahuta bhArI thaa| (5) chandoM ke prayoga meM yaha bAr3A nipuNa hai / saga 2, 6 aura 1. meM zloka tathA sA 3, 5, 6, aura 12 meM vaMzastha pradhAna hai| (ca) kAma-(1) ise kAzikA vRtti ( lagabhaga 650 I.) kaa| patA thA, yaha to sandeha se pare hai| (2) yaha mAgha se prAcIna hai kyoMki bAda meM isake eka eca kI chAyA dikhAI detI hai| (3) vAmana ( 800 I.) ne vAkya ke prArambha meM 'khalu' zabda ke prayoga ko dUSita batAyA hai| para aisA prayoga kumAradAsa kI racanA meM pAyA jAtA hai| ata: vizvAsa hotA hai ki zAsana ko isakA patA thaa| (4) rAjazekhara ( 100 I.) isake yaza ko svIkAra karatA huA jAnakAharaNaM katu" raghuvaMze sthite bhuvi / kaviH kumAradAsazca hAvakhana yadi kSamaH / / ata' kumAradAsa ko 610 aura 700 I0 ke madhya meM kahIM rakha sakate haiN| (40) vAkapati kA mauDavaha (8vIM zatAbdI kA prAhamma)-- gADavaha ( gauDavaSa) prAkRta-kAvya hai jise vIM zatAbdI ke prArambha meM cAka pati ne likhA thA / isameM kavi ke prAzrayadAtA koja ke adhIzvara yazovarmA dvArA gaur3a-nareza ke parAjita hone kA varNana hai| gayA hai ? bAlaka (rAma) ne apane hAthoM se apanA maha chipAkara jhUTha mUTha kI aoNkha micaunI khelii|

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152 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa isameM lambe lambe samAsa haiM jise prakaTa hotA hai ki kRtrima zailI ke vikAsa meM prAkRta anitA kisa prakAra saMskRta kavitA ke sAtha sAtha calatI rahI / vAkpati bhavabhUti kA RNI hai / (41) kavirAja kRna vAghApAraDavIya ( 12 vIM zatAbdI ).. isa kavi ko sUra yA pariita bho kahate haiN| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki isakA lekhaka kAdamba kAmadeva (agabhaga 1160 I.) ke Azrama meM rahatA thaa| isa kA zleSa ke bala se rAmAyayA aura mahAbhArata kI do bhinna bhinna kathAeM eka sAtha calatI hai| kavi le yaha eka ailA kaThina kAma karake dikhAyA hai jo saMskRta ko chor3a jagata kI kisI anya bhASA meM dekhane ko nahIM milatA, pAThaka ke manovinodArtha eka udAharaNa diyA jAtA hai nRpeNa kanyA janakena vismitAm , ayonija lammayitu svara bre|| dvijaprakarSaNa sa dharmanandana. sahAnujastA bhuvamapyanIyataya' // kavi aura dekara kahatA hai ki vakrokti ke prayoga meM subandhu aura bANa ko choDakara usake jor3a kA dUsarA koI nahIM hai / (42) haravata smRrikana rAdhava naiSadhIya-isakA racanA kAla pattA nahIM hai| isameM bhI zleSa dvArA rAma aura nala kI kathA kA eka sAtha varNana hai| (43) cidambara kuna yAdavIya rAghavapArAvIya - yaha bhI joka 1 dvijottama ( vizvAmitra) mahAgaja janaka dvArA dI jAne vAlI ayonijA kanyA ko prApta karane ke liye choTe bhAI sahita isa dharmanandana ( rAma ) ko svayavara bhUmi meM lAe / dvijottama (vyAsa ) pitA dvArA dI jAne vAlI ayonijA kanyA ko prApta karAne ke lie choTe bhAiyo sahita usa dharmaputra (yudhiSThira ) ko svayabara mami meM laae|

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kAvya-nirmAnA priya nahIM hai| isameM zleSa dvArA rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata aura bhAgavata kI kathA kA eka sAtha varNana hai / / (44) ilAyudhakRta kavirahasya-sAhitya kI dRSTi se yaha mahatvazAlI nahIM hai| isakI racanA 10 vIM zatAbdI meM kriyAoM kI rUpAvalI ke niyama samajhAne ke lie kI gaI thii| prasaGga se yaha rASTrakUTavaMzIya bhUpa kRSNA (145-56 I0 ) ko prazasti kA bhI kAma detA hai| (45) meeTha(jo bhatR meraTha aura hastipaka ke nAma se bhI prakhyAta hai)| napa mAtagupta ne isase hayagrIvatra kI baDI prazaMsA kI hai| bAlmIki meNDa, bhavabhUti aura rAjazekhara ina prAdhyAsmika guruzrI kI zreNI meM mehata ko dUsare sthAna para pArada hone kA saubhAgya prApta hai / mala ne ise subandhu,bhAravi aura bANa kI kakSA meM baiThAyA hai| subhASita bhANDAgAroM meM isake nAma se uddhRta kaI sundaha patha milate haiN| yaha chaThI zatAbdI ke antima bhAga meM huA hogaa| (46) sAtagupa-kalhaNa ke anusAra yaha kAzmIrAdhipati pravarasena kA pUrvagAmI thaa| koI koI ise aura kAlidAsa ko eka hI vyakti mAnate haiM kintu yaha bAta mAnane yogya nahIM jNctii| isake kAla kA patA nhiiN| kahA jAtA hai ki isane bharata ke nATyazAstra para TIkA lislI thii| aba isa TIkA ke udAharaNa mAtra milate haiN| (47) bhaumaka kA rAvaNArjunIya (I0 kI 7 vIM zatAbdI ke bhAsapAsa-~-isameM 27 sarga hai aura rAbaNa tathA kArtavIrya arjuna ke kalaha kI kathA hai| kavi kA mukhya uddezya vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM kA vyAkhyAna karanA hai| (48) zivasvAmI kA kapaphanAbhyudaya (6 bI zanAndI)-- yaha eka rocaka bauddha kAgya hai kintu lokapriya nahIM hai| isakA racayitA zivasvAmI bauddha thA, jisane ise kAzmIra-pati avantivarmA ke Azraya meM rahakara hai vIM zatAbdI ke uttarAddha meM likhA thaa| isakI kathA avadAnazataka meM pAI huI eka kathA para Azrita hai aura isameM ! ciya ke

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154 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa fert rAjA ke marma ko dIkSA lene kA varNana hai / kavi para bhAravi aura mAgha kA prabhAva par3A dikhAI detA hai| isameM harSakRta nAgAnanda kI cora bhI saMketa pAyA jAtA 1 (46) kAdambarIkathAsAra ( 6 vIM zatAbdI ) - isakA lekhaka kAzmIra meM 8 vIM zatAbdI meM hone vAlA kavi abhinanda hai / yaha kAvya ke rUpa meM trANa kI kAdambarI kA sAra hai / (50) kSemendra ( 11 vIM zatAbdI) - isane 1037 I0 meM bhAratamanjarI ( mahAbhArata kA sAra ) aura 1066 I0 meM dazAvatAra carita kI racanA kI / isane buddha ko nauvA~ avatAra mAnA hai / isane rAmAyaNamaMjarI ( rAmAyaNa kA sAra ) aura patha- kAdambarI bhI likhI thI / yaha kAzmIra kA nivAsI thA / (51) maMtra kA zrIkaNThacaritra ( 12 vIM zatAbdI ) - isa kAvya meM 25 varga haiN| isameM zrIkaNTha (ziva) dvArA tripurAsura kI parAjaya kA varNana hai / ma kAzmIra kA rahane vAlA thA, aura 12 vIM zatAbdI meM huA thA / (52) rAmacandrakRta rasikaraMjana (1542 10 ) - isakI racanA prayodhyA meM 1542 I0 meM huI / isa kAvya kA saundarya isa bAta meM hai ki isake padyoM ko eka ghora se bar3hiye to zRGgAramaya kAvya pratIta hogA, aura dUsarI ora se par3hiye to sAdhu-jIvana kI prazaMsA milegI / isakI tulanA maidInA nivAsI vinona ke apane guru mosasa baisIlA ke Upara likhe zoka-gIta se ho sakatI hai jile cAhe iTailiyana bhASA kA kAvya mAnakara padalo cAhe hiba kA / A (53) katipaya jaina grantha-- kucha mahatvapUrNa jaina grantha bhI prApta haiM, kintu ve adhika lokapriya nahIM haiN| yahAM unakA sAdhAraNa ullekha kara denA paryApta hogA / (ka) vAdirAja kRta yshodhrcrit| isakI racanA 10 vIM zatAbdI meM huI thii| isameM saba cArasarga aura 216 zloka haiM /

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kAvya nirmAtA 155 (sa) hemacandra kA ( 1160-1172 I0 ) triSaSTizalAkA puru carita isa grantha meM dasa parva haiM jinameM jainadharma ke tresaTha 66 zreSTha puruSoM ke jIvana carita varNita haiN| unameM se 24 jina, 12 cakravartI, 6 vAsu - viSNudviT haiM ] / yaha abhtha vistRta aura cita deva, 6 baladeva aura ukatA dene vAlA hote (ga) haricandra kA hue bhI mahatvapUrNa hai / zarmAbhyudaya | isa grantha meM 21 sarga haiN| isake nirmANakAla kA patA nahIM hai| isameM terahaveM tIrthaGkara dharmanAtha ka jIvana varNita hai / (54) ImA kI chaThI zatAbdI meM saMskRta ke punarutthAna kA vA ( India what can it teach us ) ' iNDiyA caT kaina iT dIc asa' nAmaka apane grantha meM pro0 maiksamUlara ne bar3I yogyatA ke sAtha yaha bAda pratipAdita kiyA hai ki IsA kI chaThI zatAbdI ke madhya meM saMskRta kA punarutthAna huA / aneka truTiyA~ hone para bhI kaI sAla taka yaha vAda kSetra meM DaTA rahA / pro0 maiksamUlara kI mUla sthApanA yaha thI ki eka ( sithiyana ) tathA anya videziyoM ke AkramaNa ke kAraNa IsavI san kI pahilI do zatAbdiyoM meM saMskRta bhASA sotI rahI / parantu isa siddhAnta meM vacapamANa truTiyA~ thIM : (1) sithiyanoM ne bhArata kA kevala pA~cavAM bhAga vijaya kiyA thA / (2) ve loga apane jIte hue dezoM meM bhI svayaM zIghra hI hindU ho gaye the ! unhoMne kevala hindU nAma hI nahIM apanA lie the, pratyuta hindU bhASA (saMskRta) aura hindU dharma bhI apanA liyA thA / upamadatta (RSabhadatta ) nAmaka eka sithiyana vaura ne to saMskRta aura prAkRta kI milI-julI bhASA meM apane vIrya-karma bhI utkIrNa karavAe the / kaniSka svayaM bauddhadharma kA bahuta bar3A abhibhAvaka thA / 1

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saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa (3) yaha bAta nirvivAda mAnI jAtI hai ki inhIM rAjAoM ke saMrakSaNa meM mathurA meM bhArata kI jAtIca vAstukalA aura zilpakalA (Sculpture ) ne parama utkarSa prApta kiyA thaa| Adhunika anusandhAnoM ne to maiksamUlarIya isa liddhAnna kA anta 'ho kara diyA hai / hama dekha cuke haiM ki bauddha mahAkavi azvaghoSa IsA ko prathama zatAbdI meM hI huzrA aura usa samaya saMskRta kA itanA bolabAlA thA ki use bhI apane dharmopadeza ke anya saMskRta me hI likhane pdd'e| giranAra aura nAsika donoM sthAnoM ke zilAlekha IsA kI dUsarI zatAbdI ke haiM (jo aba upalaca hue haiM ) ve mArjita kAvya-zailI meM likhe hue haiM / kaI dRSTiyoM se inakI zailI kI tulanA zreNya saMskRta ke kathA-kAvyoM kI tathA gadyakAvyo kI zailI ke sAtha kI jA sakatI hai| ye lekha nizcaya rUpa se siddha karate haiM ki tatkAlIna rAjAoM ke darvAroM meM saMskRta kAvyoM kI racanA khUba hotI hogii| saca to yaha hai ki IlA kI dUsarI zatAbdI ke pIche bhAne vAlI zatAbdiyoM meM bhI saMskRta kAvya ke nirmANa kA kArya nirantara ArI rhaa| hariSeNa likhita 350 I. bAlI samudragula kI prazasti se patA calatA hai ki vaha kaviyoM kA baDA Adara karane vAlA aura svayaM kavi thaa| usakI prazasti meM kahIM kahIM baidI zailI hai (jaisI kAlidAsa aura daNDI ke andhoM meM hai) aura kahIM kahIM lambe lambe samAloM kA bhaya hai ( eka samAla to aisA hai jisameM eka sau bIsa se bhI adhika varNa haiN)| isake atirika guptakAla ke aneka zilAlekha mile haiM jo kAvya zailI meM likhe haiN| zilAlekhoM ke ina pramANa se pUrNatayA pramANita hotA hai ki IsA kI chaThI zatAbdI taka saMskRta kabhI nahIM soI / IsA kI pahajI aura dUsarI zatAbdI meM isake sone ko zaGkA kA avasara to aura bhI kama raha jAtA hai| pro0 maiksamUbara kA mukhya viSaya thA ki IsA kI chaThI zatAbdI kA mapAla saMskRta kAnya ke itihAsa meM suvarNa yuga thaa| maiksamUlara

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saMskRta kA punarutthAna kI isa dhAraNA kA AdhAra phagusana (Fergusson) mahodaya kI vaha sthApanA pratIta hotI hai jisameM unhoMne kahA hai ki ujjaina ke vikramA. vizya nAmaka kilI dAjA ne 544 I0 meM sithiyanoM ko parAsta karake unheM bhArata se nikAla diyA aura apanI vijaya kI smRti meM vikrama sambat pravartita kiyA aura sAtha hI purAtanatA ke nAma para pratiSThA prApta karAne ke prayojana se ise 600 varSa purAnA prasiddha kiyA' / parantu palITa (Fleet) mahodaya ne zilAlekhoM kA gahana anusandhAna karake aba yaha nintitayA siddha kara diyA hai ki 57.30 vAlA bhAratIya sambata ukta vikramAditya se kama se kama sau lAja pahale avazya pracalita thA, tathA chaThI zatAbdI ke madhya meM sithiyanoM ko pazcimI bhArata le nikAlane kI bhI koI sambhAvanA pratIta nahIM hotI; kAraNa, bhArata ke isa bhAga para guptavaMzIya supoM kA adhikA- thA IsA kI chaThI zatAbdI ke madhya meM anya videzI loga arthAt hUNa avazya pazcimI bhArata se nikAle gae the; parantu unakA vijetA koI vikramAditya nahIM, yazodharmA viSNuvardhana thaa| pro0 maiksamUlara ne anumAna kiyA thA ki vikramAditya ke dAra ke kAjidAsa prAdi mAhityika ratnoM ne IsA kI chaThI zatAbdI ke madhya meM saMskRta ko punarujjIvita kiyA hogA, parantu aba itihAsa meM chaThI vidvAno ko isa sthApanA para prArambha se hI sandeha thA / itihAsa meM aise kisI anya samvat kA varNana nahIM milatA jo purAtanatA ke nAma para pratiSThA prAma karAne ke lie, yA kisI anya kAraNa se, pravartana ke samaya hI paryApta prAcIna prasiddha kiyA gayA ho / prazna uThatA hai chaH sau sAla prAcIna hI kyo prasiddha kiyA gayA 1 hajAra sAla yA aura adhika prAcIna kyA nahIM ?

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saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa zatAbdI ke vikramAditya kA cinha nahIM milatA hai| yahI kAjidAsa kii| pAsa anya pramANoM ke AdhAra para usakA kAna chaThI zatAbdI se paryApta pUrva siddha kiyA jA sakatA hai| isake bhI pramANa haiM ki IsA pUrva kI pahalI zatAbdI meM saMskRta sAhitya meM jitanI pragati thI usanI IsA ke pazcAt kI chaThI zatAbdI meM nhiiN|

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adhyAya 10 saMgIta-kAvya (Lyacs) aura sUkti-sandarbha (55) saMgIta-kAvya (khaMDa kAvya) kA AvirbhAva saMgIta-kAnya' kA itivRtta prAyaH kAlidAsa ke meghadUta aura RtusaMhAra se prArambha kiyA jAtA hai; parantu isa avasthA meM usa sAre zreema. saMskRta ke saMgIta-kAnya ke AdhAra kI upekSA ho jAtI hai jisakI dhAra Rgveda ke kAla taka calI gaI hai| ____ bhAratIya saMgIta kAvya pA~ca prakAra kA hai aura use pAca hI yugoM meM vibhakta kiyA jAtA hai| (1) RgvedIya kAla kA niHzvasita saMgIta kAvya-yaha aMzataH dhArmika bhAvanA pradhAna aura aMzata: laukika kAmamA pradhAna hai / kabhI-kabhI vIrarasa ke viSaya ko dhArmika tatva se mizrita kara diyA gayA hai| udAharaNa ke lie parama ramaNIya uSA-sUkta, vipAzA aura zutudI nadiyoM kI stuti le pUrNa vIrarasamaya saMgIta (khaMDa) kAnya (Lyrics) yA sudAsa kI vijaya kA vIrarasamaya anuvAka dekhA jA 1 saMgIta (khaMDa) kAvya kA pradhAna lakSaNa yaha hai ki isameM arthasambandha se paraspara sambaddha aneka padyoM kI bahuta lambI mAlA nahIM hotI apitu isameM kisI prema-ghaTanA kA yA kisI rasa kA varNana karane galA koI choTA sA zabdacitra rahatA hai| 2 alaukika zakti prerita Inspired:

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ShTH 160 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa sakatA hai| ina kAvyoM (Lyrics) meM RSiyoM (Seers) ke niyAja udgAra bhare hue haiM jo zayaH prakRti kI upakAriNI zaktiyoM ke vazIbhUta hokara prakaTa kie gae haiN| ye mantra bahuta soca kara cune hue chahoM meM race gae haiM jinameM prAya: anyAnuprAsa bhI pAyA jAtA hai aura jo gAe bhI jA sakate haiN| (2) bhaktirasamaya saMgIta-kAvya-isa bheda ke udAharaNa prAdhikya ke sAtha bauddha tathA upaniSad graMthoM meM pAe jAte haiM jinameM bhavInadharma kI prAli hone para hRdaya kA vismaya sahasA saMgIra-kAvya ke patha ke rUpa meM prakaTa ho jAtA hai| hAyara ___3) aitihAsika ( Epic ) yA bhAvuka (Sentimental ) saMgIta kAvya-isa jAti ke udAharaNa mahAbhArata meM aura usase bhI adhika rAmAyaNa meM prakRti-varyAnoM meM upakSadha hote haiN| (4) rupaka-mAhitya kA vivikA zRMgArarasapUrNa saMgItakAsa azI meM ve loka pAte haiM jo rUpakoM ke pAtroM dvArA premAdi kA varNana karane ke lie bole jAte hai ! yaha zreNI usa sopAna kA kAma detI hai jisa para paira raha kara bhaktirasa ke saMgIva-kAvya se yA aitihAsika saMgIca-kAvya meM uThakara mahari aura pramaha jaise akAlIna kaviyoM kI zreNI meM praveza kiyA jAtA hai| ina kaviyoM ke hAthoM meM pahu~ca kara saMgIta-kAvya sAhitya kA eka paratandra aMgana raha kara svataMtra aGgI bana gayA hai| (5) UrdhakAlIna kaviyoM kA saMkINa zRGgAra mmamaya yA rahasyamaya saMgata-kAvya-isa koTi meM pahu~ca kara saMgIta-kAvya meM zRGgArarasa aura dhArmika bhAvanA kA aisA sammizraNA pAyA jAtA hai jisameM yaha mAlUma karanA dussAdhya hai ki likhate samaya lekhaka meM rati kA atire kathA athavA bhakti kA / bhaktirasa vAle yA aitihAsika saMgIta kAvya ke sAtha isakI tulanA karake dekhate haiM, isameM zRGgArasa kI yA prakRti ke athavA kisI strI ke sauMdarya ke pratyuktipUrNa varNanoM kI adhikatA pAte

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sagIta-kAvya ke kartA haiN| ye saMgIta-kAvya kaviyoM kI mahato nirIkSaNa sampati tathA tIna anubhUti ke sAkSI haiN| inameM se kaI pratipAya artha kI bAla kalpanA kI dRSTi se suSamAzAlI durlabha ratna hai / mAnavIya jIvana tathA prema-tatva ko bhivyakta karane ke lie inameM cAttaka, cakora, cakramA ityAdi nAnA navaroM ko pakkA-zrotA banAyA gayA hai| isa sAre saMgosa-kAvya meM szupakSI, latA-pAdapa ityAdi dvArA bnch| mAsvapUrNa kAma liyA gayA hai aura kavikRta unakA varNana bar3A hI dhamatkArI hai / isa adhyAya meM hamAre bayAna kA kSetraphala ukAlIna unhIM kaviyoM taka sImita rahegA jinhoMne saMta-kAvya kA sAhitya-saMsAra meM svatantra aGgI svIkAra karake kur3a saMgIta-kAvya ke kartA (56)zRGgAratisaka-isakA kartA kAlidAsa' kahA jAtA hai, paraMtu isakA pramANa nahIM milatA hai| isameM kevala teIsa / 23) padha hai| isakA koI koI padya vastutaH bar3A hI hRdayaGgama hai / eka namUnA dekhie : iyaM vyAdhAyate bAlA rasyAH kArmukAyate / kaTAkSAzca zarAyante mano me hariNAmase // phira dekhie / kavi ko zikAyata hai ki suMdarI ke anya avayavoM kA nirmANa mRdula kamaloM se kara ke usake hRdaya kI racanA pASANa se kyoM kI gaI : - indIvareyA nayanaM mukhamambujena kundena dantamadharaM nvpllven| aMgAni campakadalaiH sa vidhAya vedhAH kAMte ! kathaM ghaTitavAnupalena cetaH / kAjidAsa ke nAma se prasiddha eka aura saMgIta-kAgya hai---rAmakhakAvya, parantu yaha pUrvoka kAvya se atyanta apakRSTa hai aura nibara 1. kAlidAsa ke suprasiddha saMgIta-kAvyo meghadUta aura atusaMhAra ke lie khaMDa 20 vA 21 dekhie /

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162 satkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa hI kAlidAsa kI kRti hone kI pratiSThA prAha karane kA adhikArI (57) ghaTakapara-ilake racayitA kA nAma bhI vahI hai jo isa kAvya kA hai-~-ghaTakapara / isameM kula 22 pada haiN| ghaTakapara kA nAma vikramAditya ke nau ratnoM meM liyA jAtA hai / antima pacha meM kavi ne sAbhimAna kahA hai ki yadi koI mumale acche yamakAlaMkAra kI racanA karake dikhajAe to maiM usake lie dhar3e ke ThAkare meM pAnI bhara kara lAne ko taiyAra huuN| isa kAvya kA viSaya meghadUta se bilkula ulaTA hai arthAta isameM eka virahizI varSA Rtu thAne paha meva ke dvArA apane pati ko sandeza bhejatI hai| (58) hAla kI satasaI[saptazatI ---yaha mahArASTro prAyata kA prabandha kAvya hai kyoMki isameM paraspara sambaddha sAta sau padya hai| isakA kartA hAla yA sAtavAhana prasiddha hai| kahA nahIM jA sakatA ki sAtavAhana yA hAla ina padyoM kA racayitA hai yA kevala saMgrahakartA hai / yaha satasaI isavI sana kI prArambhika zatAbdiyoM se sambandha rakhatI hai parantu isake lie koI viziSTa kAja miti nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| harSacarita kI bhUmikA meM bANa ne isakI prazaMsA kI hai| yaha satasaI sarvasAdhAraNa janatA kA koI kAma nahIM hai, kAraNa, isakI racanA kRtrima tathA manoyoga ke sAtha adhyayana kI huI bhASA meM huI hai| varNanIya viSayoM meM vivividhatA vidyamAna hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki isameM gopa-gopikA, vyAdha-striyA~, mAlina, hastazilpojIvI ityAdi vibhinna zreNiyoM ke strI-puruSoM ke manorajaka tathA vismayotpAdaka varNana hai, prakRti ke bocana-lomanIya dRzya aMkita haiM jinameM kabhI-kabhI zRGgArarasa kA saMsarza pAyA jAtA hai to kabhI ve usase bilkula vivi dekhe jAte haiN| kahIM-kahIM zikSAprada padya bhI sAmane A jAte haiN| udAharaNArtha, eka proSitapatikA nizammati se prArthanA karatI hai ki tU ne jina kirayA se mere jIvanabalama kA sparza kiyA hai unhIM se merA bhI smarza kare / eka pravatsyagata

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hAla- chatasaI 163 kA cAhatI hai ki sadA zata hI banI rahe, dina kabhI na nikale kyoMki prabhAta kAla meM usakA jIvana-mAtha videza jAne ko taiyAra hai| koI vRdhAtura 'pathika' kisI udyadyauvanA kanyA ko kueM para pAnI bharatI huI dekhakara isa pAnI pilAne ko kahatA hai aura usake sundara badana ko dera taka dekhate rahane kA avasara prApta karane ke lie apane cullu meM se pAno girAne jagatA hai; jo icchA pathika ke sana meM thI usI icchA se pAnI pijJAne vAlI bhI usake cullU meM patalI dhAra se pAnI DAlanA prArambha karatI hai| varSA Rtu ke varNana meM kusumoM para dvirephoM ke gujArane kA mUsalAdhAra varSA meM moroM aura kaudhoM ke harSa manAne kA aura sAbhilASa hariyoM va kaviyoM ke apanI sahacAriyoM ke talAza karane kA vayaMga bar3hA hI hRdayadArI nIti-sambandhI bahuti kA udAharaNa denA ho to sunie - ' kRpaya ko apanA dhana itanA hI upayogI hai jitanA pathika ko apanI chAyA / jagata meM bahare aura andhe hI dhanya haiM; kyoMki bahare kaTuzabda sunane se aura andhe kurUpa ko dekhane se bace hue haiM / " kahIM kahIM nATakIya paristhitiyA~ bhI vicitra milatI haiM:- eka kuzala-mati strI bahAnA karatI hai ki mujhe bicchU ne kATa liyA hai; isa bahAne kA kAraNa kevala yaha hai ki isake dvArA use usa vaidya ke ghara jAne kA avasara mila jAegA jisake sAtha usakA prema hai / 1 anukaraNa -- prakAza meM Ae hue anukRta pranthoM meM se saba se adhika prasiddha grantha govardhana ko zrAyatitI hai| isakI racanA IsA kI 12 vIM zatAbdI ke uttarArdha meM baMgAla ke mahIpati lakSmaNasena ke darabAra meM huI thii| isameM sAta sau muktaka patha haiM jo akArAdi ke krama se rakhe gae haiN| sAre prantha meM zRGgArarasa pradhAna hai| isake adhyAyoM ko bajyA kA nAma diyA gayA hai| dhvani siddhAnta meM vizeSa pakSapAta hone ke kAraNa lekhaka ne anyokti ( vyavahita Indirect vyaJjanA ) kA bahuta prayoga kiyA hai / jaise zambhu ( 1100 I0 ) ko anyoktimukta-jatA meM yA

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* saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa aitree' ke anta meM vaise hI isameM bhI prAya zraGgArarasa kI harIti se kI gaI hai / yaha saMskRta meM hai para mUlyako se hAla kI satasaI se ghaTa kara hai / eka aura anukUna wr feat fast kI satasaI hai| isameM lagabhaga sAta saudA haiM jinameM rasa hai / isameM nAyaka ke sambandha se vividha paristhitiyoM meM vibhinna manovegoM se utpanna hone bAkI nAyikA ke nAnA rUpoM ke citra prati kiye gae haiM / (56) bhaTa hari - saGgIta-kAvya ke itihAsa meM tRhari kA sthAna kAlidAsa se dUsare nambara para hai / usake tIna hI zataka prafter haiM--zRGgAra zataka, nIvizataka aura vairAgyazataka | pahale zataka meM prema kA dUsare meM nIti ( Moral policy ) kA aura tIsare meM vairAgya kA varNana hai / inameM se pratyeka meM sau se kucha adhika ho paya pAe jAte haiM, parantu yaha kahanA kaThina hai ki ve saba bhartRhari kI hI racanA haiN| inameM se kucha zakuntalA, mudrA aura candrAdayAcikA meM bhI Ae haiN| kucha aise bhI haiM jo sUkti sandarbhoM meM kisI anya refrtA ke nAma se saMgrahIta haiM / cAhe usake nIti aura vairAgyazataka meM kilo anya ravitA ke bho to saMgRddIta do; parantu zraGgArazataka usI ke mastiSka kI upajJA pratIta hotI hai / yaha bhatRhari kauna thA ? ina zatakoM ke raciyatA ke jIvana ke bAre meM bahuta kama bAteM jJAva hotA haiM / janazruti se bhI kucha acchI sahAyatA nahIM milatI hai yaha bhatRhari kaunasA bhartRhari thA, itanA taka ThIka ThIka mAlUma nhiiN| cInI yAtrI insiGga ne vAkyapadIya ke kartA bhartRhari nAmaka eka vaiyAkaraNa kI mRtyu 615 I0 meM likhI hai| yaha bhI likhA hai ki usane dure jIvana ke zrAnanda kI tathA gRhastha jIvana ke pramoda ko rassiyoM 1 isake kAla kA patA nahIM hai / 2 sUkti-sandamoM meM prAyaH paraspara virodha bhI dekhA jAtA hai, ataH hama unake sAkSya para adhika vizvAsa nahIM kara sakate haiN|

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bhata hari 165 se cane mUte para kaI moTe khAe the| isI sAya para pro. maiksamUlara (Max Mulher)ne vicAra prakaTa kiyA hai ki kadAcit yahI bhatRhari vaha tInoM zatakAM kA kartA ho / cAhe ukta prophaisara sAhaba ke anumAna meM kucha satyAMza ho tathApi yaha nizcita rUpa meM grahaNa nahIM ho sakA, kyoM ki isa zatakoM kA racayitA koI bauddha nahIM, pratyuta vedAntasampradAya kA eka zraddhAlu zivopAsaka hai| bahuta sambhava hai ki irisaGga ne ina zatakoM ke viSaya meM kucha na sunA ho yA jAna-bUjhakara inakI upekSA kara dI ho| zailI matRhari kA pratyeka zloka dAbaNyamayI ekatanvI kavitA hai aura itanI sAmagrI se pUrNa hai ki usane Ijiza kA eka caturdazapado padya (Sonnet) canna sakatA hai / aisA adbhuta kArya kara ke dikhalAnA kucha asambhava nahIM hai, kyoMki saMskRta bhASA meM gAgara meM sAgara bharane kI asAdhAraNa yogyatA hai aura bhatRhari nissandava isa viSaya meM bar3A hI nipuNa hai| usane nItizataka meM bar3I sundara evaM zikSAprada kavitA hai| dekhie mahApuruSa kA lakSaNa batAte hue kyA likhA hai :-- vipadi dhairyamathAbhyudaye kSamA sadasi vAlapaTutA yudhi vikrama / yazasi cAbhiruciyasamaM zrato, prakRtisimidaM hi mahAtmanAm // vairAgya zataka meM bilkula hI kucha aura kahA hai : prAkAntaM maraNa na janma jarasA cAsyuttamaM yauvanaM, santoSo dhanalipsayA zamasukhaM prauDhAGgAnA-vibhrama / baukarmasaribhiguNA vanabhuvo vyAjenupA durjana, 1 vipatti meM dhairya, sampatti me kSamA, sabhA meM vAkcAturya, yuddha meM parAkrama, yaza ke liye abhilAzA aura zruti ke adhyayanAdi kA vyasanaye bAteM mahApuruSoM meM svAbhAvika hotI haiN|

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166 saskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa rastheza vibhUtayo'yupahatA prastaM na ki kena vA // usake priya chanda zArdUlavikrIDita aura zikhariNI haiN| samaya- yadi ina zatakoM kA racayitA bhan hari vAkyapadIya kA kA matRhari hI na mAnA jAe to isa bhatRhari ke samaya ke viSaya meM kucha mAlUma nahIM / kucha kiMvadantiyoM ke anusAra vaha prasiddha nRpati vikramAditya kA bhAI thA; parantu itane se usake kAna kA saMzodhana karane meM adhika sahAyatA nahIM miltii| koI koI ahate haiM bhaTTikAvya kA praNatA bhahi ho mata hari hai; parantu isa kathana kA poSaka bhI paryApta pramANa mAnya nahIM hai| (60) amaru ( IsA kI 7vI za. isa kavi ke amaru aura amaruka donoM nAma milate haiN| isake kAvya amaru zataka ke cAra saMskaraNa milate haiM jinameM 10 se lekara 111 3 zloka hai| ina meM se 11 12 satra saMskaraNoM meM eka se pAe jAte hai; parantu krama meM bar3A bheda pAyA jAtA hai| sUkti-saMgrahoM meM isake nAma se saMgrahIta zlokoM kA mekha kisI saMskaraNa le nahIM hotA hai / ataH nizcaya ke sAtha zramajI andha ke pATha kA patA lagAnA asambhava hai / isake TIkAkAra ajunanAtha (1215 I.) ne jo pATha mAnA hai saMbhava hai, vahI bahuta kucha pramANita pATha ho| TIkAe~ ---kiMvadantI hai ki zaGkarAcArya ne kAzmIra ke rAjA ke mRtazarIra ko apanI prAsmA ke praveza dvArA jovita karake usake snavAsa 1 jIvana ko mRtyu ne, uttama yovana ko bur3hApe ne, santoSa ko dhana kI tRSNA ne, zAnti-sukha ko pUrNa yuvatiyoM ke hAva-bhAvoM ne guNo ko doSapUrNa logo ne. banasthaliyoM ko sapoM (yA hAthiyo) ne, rAjAoM ko duSTo ne, abhibhUta kara rakhA hai; sampadAo ko bhI kSaNabhaGguratA ne kharAba kara diyA hai| kisa ne kisako nahIM nigala rakkhA hai|

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saMgIta-kAvya ke kartA 160 " kI sau rAniyoM ke sAtha presa-keli karate hue jo kucha anubhava kiyA thA vahI ina jokoM meM varNita hai; parantu yaha kiMvadantI nirI kiMvadantI ho hai / isake eka TokAkAra ravicandra ne ina partho kI vedAntaparaka vyAkhyA kI hai / premapAla ne (14vIM za0 ) ina meM nAyikA varNana pAyA hai / kinhIM - kinhoM kI dRSTi meM ye vividha zrajaGkAroM ke udAharaNa haiM / sAre ko dekhate hue kahA jA sakatA hai ki yaha zataka prema ke vibhinna vaNa -citroM kA eka ailbama hai| zrama kA dRSTikoNa bhatRhari ke dRSTikoha se bilkula bhinna hai / bhartRhari ne to prema aura strI ko manuSya jIvana ke nirmANa meM apekSita upAdAna satva mAnakara unake sAmAnya rUpoM kA varNana kiyA hai; parantu amaru ne prAbiyoM ke anyonya sambandhakA vizleSaNa karanA apanA lakSya rakhA hai 1 zailI --- pramaha vaidarbhI rItikA pakSapAtI hai / so imane dIrgha yA kliSTa samAsa apanI racanA meM nahIM Ane diye haiN| isI bhASA vizuddha aura zaikhI zobhAzAlinI hai| isake zlokoM meM vIrya aura camatkAra hai jo pAThaka para apanA prabhAva avazya DAlate haiN| prema ke svarUpa ke viSaya maiM isakA kyA mata hai ? isa prazna kA uttara hai ki moda-pramoda hI prema he / choTI sI kajaha ke pazcAt muskarAte hue prathiyoM ko dekhakara yaha bar3A prasanna hotA hai | dekhie prANoM ko gudagudA dene vAlI eka kathA ko kavi ne kisa kauzaka se saMkSepa meM eka hI zloka meM vyakta kara diyA hai --- bAje ! nAtha ! vimukha mAnini ! rupa, roSAnmayA kiM kRtam ? khedo'smAsu, na me'parAdhyati bhavAn sarve'vasadhA mayi ! tat ki rodiSi gadgadena vacasA ? kasyApratI rudyate ? nandammama, kA tavAsmi ? dayitA, nAsmItyato rupate !! 1 1 'priye !', 'svAmin !' 'mAnini ! mAna choDa de / ', mAna karake maine ApakI kyA hAni kI hai' ? 'hamAre hRdaya meM kheda paidA kara diyA hai' 1 'haoN, Apa to kabhI merA koI aparAdha karate hI nahIM ! sAre apa TE

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168 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa isa kavi kA priya chanda zAdUlavikrIDita hai / samaya - ( 2 ) Anandabadha ena ne ( 850 I0 ) amaruzataka ko eka bar3A khyAta-mAta grantha mAnA 1 (kha) vAmana te ( 800 I0 ) isameM se tIna loka udghRta kie haiN| mizca me to kucha nahIM kahA jA sakatA, parantu IsA kI sAtavIM zatAbdI amaru kA bahuta-kucha ThIka samaya samajhA jA sakatA hai / (61) mayUra (voM za0) mayUra harSavardhana ke darbArI kavi bANa kA sasura thA; yaha prasiddha hai / isakA sUryazataka prasiddha hai / isa kAraNa kI racanA kA kAraNa batalAne vAlI eka pramANApeta prasiddhi hai| kahA jAtA hai ki mayUra ne apanI hI kanyA ke sauMdarya kA bar3A sUkSma varNana kiyA thA isa para kupita hokara kanyA ne zApa de diyA aura vaha koDI ho gyaa| taba ulane sUryadevatA kI stuti meM sau zloka banAe, isameM usakA koda naSTa ho gayA / (62) divAkara (7vIM za0) --- yaha bhartRhari aura mayUra kA samakAlIna thA / isane apane samaya meM acchA nAma pAyA thA / isaka thor3e se zloka surakSita baje zrA rahe haiM / (63) mohamudgara -- rUpa-raMga aura viSaya dono ke vicAra se isakI tulanA bhartRhari ke vairAgyazataka le kI jA sakatI haiN| isakA koI koI zloka vastutaH bar3A sundara haiM / yaha zahara kI racanA kahI jAtI hai; paranta isakA pramANa kucha nahIM hai / (64) zikSaNa kA zAntizataka - isa grantha meM kucha bauddha manovRtti pAI jAtI hai| isakA samaya nizcita hai / kAvya kI dRSTi se yaha bhartRhari kI racanA se ghaTiyA hai aura adhika lokapriya bhI nahIM hai / rAdha mujha meM hI hai' !! 'taba phira gadgad kaNTha se rotI kyo ho ' ? 'kisa ke sAmane rotI hUM ?' 'hUM' yaha mere sAmane ro rahI ho yA nahIM ?' 'tumhArI kyA lagatI hu~' ? 'pyAro' | 'pyArI nahIM hUM, isIlie to ronA zrA rahA hai|'

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shikssaa anubhUti kI gaharAI meM yaha ata hari ke anya se nissandeha bar3hakara hai| (65) bilhaNa kI caurapaMcAzikA (11 vIM za0) isa anya ke nAma 'caurapaMcAzikA' ke kaI artha lagAe jAte haiN| eka kahate hai...-'cI parita pacAsa paca' / dUsare kahate hai---'cauryarata para pacAsa padha' / tIsarI zreNI ke loga kahate haiM ... "caura nAmaka kavi ke banAe hue pacAsa padya", ityAdi / kinhIM kinhIM hastalikhita pratiyoM meM ise 'bilhaNa-kAvya' likhA hai, isame pratIta hotA hai isakA racayitA viSahaNa thA, vahI bilhaNa jo vikramAMkadevacarita' kA khyAtanAmA praNetA hai| isa grantha ke zAzmIrI aura dakSiNa bhAratIya donoM saMskaraNa kavi kI kivadantI prasiddha preyasI rAjakumArI kA varNana bhinna bhinna dete hai| sambhavatamA kavi ne kisI rAjaputrI ke sAtha kisI cora ke anurAga kA varNana kiyA ho| isameM sukhamaya ma ke tathAkathita anirvacanIya dRzyoM kA baDA manoranjaka sUkSma aura vistRta varNana hai| Adi se anta taka zailI sarala, sundara aura aparAnurUpa hai| varNita bhAvoM meM paryApta vividhavidhatA pAI jAtI hai| pratyeka padya kA prArambha 'adyApi (Aja bhI, abhI taka) se hotA hai aura pratyeka patha tIna anubhUtiyoM tathA gahana manovegoM se bharA huA hai / eka udAharaNa bIjie : adyApi at praNayinI mRgazAvakAcI, pIyUSavarNakucakumbhayugaM vahantIm / pazyAmyahaM yadi punardivasAvasAne, svargApavarga vArANasukhaM tyajAmi // sA ke sAre anya meM vasanta tilakA chanda hai // (66) jayadeva jayadeva bAna ke rAjA lakSmaNasena ke dAra ke pA~ca rasmoM meM thaa| isake gItagovinda kA hAna saMskRta sAhitya ke 1 vikramAMkacarita para TippaNI ke lie khaNDa 72 dekhanA caahie|

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270 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa va kAvyoM kI zreNI meM hai| boka-niSatA meM isa se bar3ha kara kisI shriih chlpiiH klaa jaa byaalp klikaaj jh?? haanii a isake racayitA kI pratiSThArtha isakI janma-vaDalI meM prativarSa manAe jAne vAle utsava meM rAtri ko gItagovinda ke gIta gAe jAte rahe hai| isakA apane Apako kavirAja zahanA dhirakula yathArtha hai / sara viliyama jonsa (Sir william Jones) dvArA taiyAra kie hue isake eka vikRta saMskaraNa ko hI dekha kara geTe (Goeth:) ne isakI bar3AI karate hue kahA thA--"yadi uskRSTa kAbya kA yahA lakSaNa hai ki unakA anuvAda karanA asvambhava hai to jayadeva kA kAbya vastutaH aisA hI hai" 1 / bAhyAkRtigIta govinda kI bAhyAkRti ke bAre meM aneka matta haiN| bhinna-bhinna kalA-kovidoM ne isake bhinna bhinna nAma rakkhe haiM; jaise---- saGgIta kAvyAtmaka rUpaka (Lyric drama) (bAsena Lassen), madhurarUpaka (Melodrama) (piza Pischel), pariSkRta yAtrA (Refined Yatra vaoNna baoNDara (Von schrodder), pazucArakIya rUpaka (Pastoral drama)(jonsa Jones), gIta aura rUpaka kA madhyavartI kAvya (Between Song and drama) (levi LEVI) / parantu yaha anya mukhyatayA kAnya zreNI ne sambandha rakhatA hai| yaha bAta dhyAna rakhane kI hai ki pratyakartA ne svarga ise soM meM vibhaka kiyA hai aMkoM meM nahA / gaura utsavoM meM mandiroM meM gAne ke uddezya se race gae haiM, isIlie unake Upara rA aura tAna kA nAma diyA gayA hai| saca to yaha hai ki sAhitya meM yaha anya apane DhaMga kA zrApa ho hai aura kavi kI yathArtha upajJA hai| uccAraNIya pATha aura gIla, kathA, varNana aura bhASaNa saba ke saba bar3e vicAra ke sAtha paraspara gUthe gae hai| va Saya- isa sAre mandha meM 12 laga hai jo 14 prabandhoM 1 pro0 e. bI. kItha (Keith) kRta 'e hilTarAva saskRta liTarecara' (1928) pRSTha 135 /

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jayadeva-gIta govinda (aNDoM) meM vibhaka hai| prabandhoM kA upavibhAga padoM yA gItoM meM kiyA gayA hai| pratyeka pada yA gIta meM zrAu padya hai| gItoM ke cakkA kRSNa. rAdhA yA rAdhA kI sakhI haiM / atyanta nairAzya aura niravadhi viyoga ko chor3akara bace hue bhAratIya-prema ke abhilASa, IA, pratyAzA, nairAzya, kopa, punarmilana aura kalabattA ityAdi sAre rUpoM kA bar3I yogyatA ke lAdha varNana kiyA gayA hai| varNana itanA baDhiyA hai ki aisA mAlUma hotA hai mAno kavi kAma-zAstra ko kavitA ke rUpa meM pariNata kara rahA hai| mAnavIya rAgAMza ke citraNa meM prakRti ko bar3A mahatvapUrNa sthAna prApta hai, to hameM isa kAvya meM bhUtarAna, jyotsnA aura surabhi samIra kA kaNa na dekhane ko milatA hai| aura to aura pakSI taka prema deva kI sarvazaktimattA kA mahimA gAte naz2ara pAte haiN| rUpakAtizayokti yA aprastuta prazaMsA ( Allegory) / kucha vidvAnoM ne isa sAre kAma ko aprastutaprazaMsA (Allegory) mAnakara bAdhya artha meM chupe vyagyA ko vyakta karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| unake mata se kRSNa manuSyAlA ke pratinidhi haiM, gopiyoM kI kor3A aneka prakAra kA vaha prapaJca hai jisameM manuSyAramA ajJAnAvasthA meM phaMsA rahatA hai, aura rAdhA brahmAnanda hai| kRSNa hI kavi kA upAsya deva thA, isa bAta se inakAra nahIM ho sakatA / zailI-~-jayadeva vaidarbhI rIti kA anugAmI hai| usane kabhI-kabhI dIrgha samAsoM kA bhI prayoga kiyA avazya hai kintu usakI racanA meM durbodhatA kA yA kliSTAnvayatA kA doSa nahIM pAyA hai| saca to yaha hai ki ye gIta sarvasAdhAraNa ke sAmane vizeSa-vizeSa utsavoM meM gAne ke lie likhe gae the [ata. unako subodha rakhanA Avazyaka thA] / kavi kI pratimA ne use sAhitya meM eka bilkula naI cIz2a paidA karane ke yogya banA diyaa| ina gItoM meM asAdhAraNa prakRtrimatA aura anupama mAdhurya hai| saundarya meM, saGgItamaya vacanopanyAsa meM aura racanA ke khauSThava meM

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samkRta-sAhitya kA itihAsa isakI zailI kI upasA nahIM likhatI hai| kabhI padoM kI degI dhArA dvArA aura kamI cAturya ke sAtha racita dodhasamAsoM kI layapUrNa gati dvArA apane pAThaka yA zrotA para yatheccha prabhAva DAlane kI isameM adbhuta yogyatA hai| yaha nAnA chandoM ke prayoga meM hI kRtahasta nahIM hai kintu ahavaraNa ke madhya aura anta donoM taka meM eka-sI tuka lAne meM bhI advitIya hai| udAharaNa dekhie:-- harirabhisarati vaiti madhupavane, kimaparamadhika sukhaM sasi bhavane / isa tukAnta racanA ko dekara kisI kisI ne kaha DAlA hai ki zAyada gItagovinda kA nirmANa apabhraMza ke kisI namUne ke aAdhAra para huzrA hogA parantu yaha anumAna Doka nahIM hai kyoMki aisI racanA kA AdhAra antyAnumAna hai jo saMskRta meM jayadeva ke kAla se bahuta pahale he prasiddha calA jA rahA hai / tAtparya yaha hai ki jaya deva ko zailI kI jitanI prazaMsA kI jAe thor3I haiN| isane mAnavIya bhAgAtmaka bhAva ke sAtha prakati-saundarya kA sammizraNa to bar3I yogyatA se kiyA hI hai, bhASAnurUpa dhvani kA bhI isa dIti se prayoga kiyA hai ki isakI kRtti kA anuvAda ho ho nahIM sakatA hai| isa tathya ko vizada karane ke lie eka udAharaNa nIce diyA jAtA hai| rAdhA kahatI hai (sarga =)-- kathitasamaye'pi dharirahaha na yayau vanam, bhama viphalamidamamalarUpamapi yauvanam / yAmi he kamiha zaraNaM khojanavacanavazcitA, mama maraNameva varamiti visatha ketanA // kimiti viSahAmi virahAnalamavetamA / / yAmi hai.' ' sIsare sarga meM nadI taTa ke kujhagRha meM baiThe 2 mArava kahate haiM mAmiyaM zAlitA vilokya vRtaM vadhUmizcayana,

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sUkti -saMdarbha sAparAdhamayA mayApi na vAritA'timayena // hari hari itAdaratayA gatA sA kupiteva / / kiriSyati kiM vadiSyati sA ciraM viraheNa / kiM dhanena janena ki mama jIvitena gRhe // hari hari .. isa anya para aneka TIkAe~ likhI jA cukI haiM aura aneka kaviyoM ne ilAke anukaraNa para likhane kA prayatna kiyA hai| 166) zodhAmamArikA-yadyApa sandhi-saMgrahoM meM aura bhI aneka saGgIta (khaNDa) kAvya-praNetAoM ke ullekha milate haiM tathApi ve lagaaga ina yogya nahIM hai ki yahAM unakA paricaya diyA jaae| hAM, zIbamahArikA kA nAmollekha karanA anucita na hogA kyoMki isake kaI pacha vastunaH parama ramatmIya haiN| bAnagI kA eka paca dekhie: dUti taruNI, yuvA sa capana:, zyAmAstapobhirdizaH, sandeza' sarahasya eSa vipine saMketakA''vAsakaH / bhUyo bhUya ise vasantamarutazceto nayantyanyathA, gaccha kSemasamAnAmA nipuNaM rakSanta te devatAH / / isakI bhASA naisargika aura zalI sauSThavazAlinI hai| isakA priya chanda zAna-vikrIDita hai| (68) suukti-sndrbh| sUktisandarbha ve grantha haiM jinameM pRthak pRthaka kAbya-kalAkAroM kI kRtiyoM meM se cune hue padya paGagRhIta haiN| kAla-dRSTi se ve adhika purAne nahIM hai, para unameM sAmagrI paryApta purAnI surakSita hai| jina khaekAvyakAroM aura nItikAvyakAroM ke kevala nAmamAtra sunane meM prAta haiM unake udAharaNa ina sUkti-saMdarbho meM surakSita haiM / parantu ina para 1 jayadeva ke sambandha meM mUlya kI kevala eka hI cIja aura hai aura vaha hai hindI meM irigovinda kI prazasti, yaha sikkho ke 'zrAdi anya' meM surakSita hai|

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174 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa pUrNa vizvAsa nahIM kiyA jA sakatA kyoMki unameM dekhA jAtA hai| eka sUkti-sandarbha meM eka padya eka diyA huA hai to dUsare meM vahI padya dUsare kavi ke nAma se / isase prakaTa hotA hai ki kaviyoM ke itihAsa kI koI yathArtha paramparA na hone ke kAraNa purAne samaya meM bhI saMgrahakAroM ko padyoM ke racayitAoM ke nAma nirdhArita karane meM bar3I kaThinatA par3atI thI / saMskRta meM aneka sUkti sandarbha haiM; parantu yaha kevala adhika mahatvapUrNa pranthoM kA hI paricaya diyA jAtA hai / 6 paraspara bahuta bheda kavi ke nAma se (1) kandravacana samuccaya--abataka prakAza meM zrApa sUktianthoM meM yaha saba se purAnA hai| isakA sampAdana DA. pepha DablyU TaoNmasa (Thomas ) ne bArahavIM zatAbdI kI eka nepAlI hastalikhita prati se kiyA thaa| isameM pRthaka pRthaka kaviyoM ke 522 ilAka saMgRiti haiM; parantu unameM se saba ke saba 1000 I0 se pahale ke hai // (2) saduktikarNAmRta (yA, sUktikarNAmRta ) - isakI racanA 1205 I0 meM bajJAna ke rAjA lakSmaNasena ke eka sevaka zrIdharadAsa ne kI thii| isameM 446 kaviyoM kI racanAe~ saMgRhIta haiM / ina kaviyoM meM se fear baGgAlI hI haiM / (3) subhApita muktAvalI -- isakA sampAdaka jalda hai jisakA prAdurbhAva kAla IsA kI 13vIM zatAbdI hai' / isale padyoM kI sthApanA viSaya-krama se kI gaI hai / 'kavi aura kAvya' para isakA adhyAya baDA upayogI hai| kyoMki isase kaI kRtikAroM ke bAre meM aneka nizcita bAva mAlUma hotI haiM / (4) zAGgadharapaddhati - ime 1333 I0 meM zAGgadhara ne likhA thA / 163 khaNDoM ke andara isameM 4686 zloka haiM / kucha zloka 1 'madrAsa sUcI - prantha ( Catalogue ) ke 20, 811 ke anusAra ise 1275 I0 meM vaidyabhAnu paNDita ne jalhaNa ke lie likhA thA /

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aupadezika (alfareka) kAvya 175 zAGga ghara ke apane banAe hue bhI haiN| sUphisandarbhoM meM yaha saba se adhika mahatvazAlI hai / (5) subhASitAvale - isakA sampAdana 16vIM zatAbdI meM vallabhadeva ne kiyA thaa| isameM 101 khaNDoM meM 350 kaviyoM ke 3527 padya sakakSita haiN| eka subhASitAvajI aura hai / usakA saMgrahakartA zrIvara hai jo jonarAja kA putra yA ziSya thA / ye jonarAta aura zrIvara vahI jonarAja aura zrIvara haiM jinhoMne kalhaNa ke bAda usakI rAjataraMgiNI ke likhane kA kAma zrAramya rakhA thA / yaha dUsarI subhASitAvalI 12vIM zatAbdI kI hai aura hameM 350 se bhI adhika kaviyoM ke rakhoka saMkalita hai| (66) padezika (nItiparaka ) kAvya saMskRta sAhitya meM aupadezika kAvya ke hone ke paryApta pramANa milate haiN| isake prAcInatama cihna Rgveda meM pAe jAte haiN| usake pazcAt aitareya brAhmaNa meM zubhaH zepa ke upAkhyAna meM isake aneka udAkSaraNa upajanca hote haiM / upaniSadoM meM, sUtragranthoM meM, manvAdi rAjadharma zAstroM meM aura mahAbhArata meM moti ke aneka vacana milate haiN| paJcatantra aura hitopadeza to aise nInoM se bhare hue haiM jo billI, cUhe, gadhe, zera ityAdi ke mu~ha se sunane para bar3e vicitra pratIta hote haiN| yaha bAta hama pahale hI kaha Ae haiM ki bhartRhari kA nItizataka caupadezika (nIaives) kAvya meM bar3A mahatvapUrNa sandarbha hai aura yaha bhI saMketa kiyA jA cukA hai ki khadAharaNoM se bhare par3e haiM / nItiviSayaka kucha anya nIce diyA jAtA hai | sUkti sandarbha aise granthoM kA pari (1) cANakya nItizAstra --- (jise rAjanItisamucaya, cANaka rAjanIti, vRddha cANakya hasyAdi kaI nAmoM se pukArate haiM) / isaka racayitA candragupta kA saciva cANakya (o artha - zAstra ke racayita!

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- 176 saMskRta-sAhitya kA itihAsa nAma se prasiddha hai) batalAyA jAtA hai| parantu isama paryAha pramANa nahIM minyjtaa| isake kaI saMskaraNa pracalita haiM jinane paryAta bheda hai| udAharaNa ke lie, eka saMskaraNa meM mulda 350 zAMka hai jo 57 adhyAyoM meM barAbara arAvara baiThe hue haiM, parantu bhojarAja-sampAdita dUsare meM zAha adhyAya aura 576 zloka haiM / isa graMtha meM saba prakAra ke nIti-bacana milate haiN| udAharaNArtha :-- sAlpanti rAjAnaH sakRjalpanti paNDitAH ! sakRt kalyA. pradIyate brIeyetAni sakRt sakRt // ' zailI sarala-subodha hai aura bahu-vyApI chanda anuSTup hai| (2-4) nIti-ratna, nIti-sAra aura nIti-pradIpa boTe-choTe nItiviSayaka sandarbha haiN| inake nirmAe-kAna kA ThIka-Taka patA nhiiN| inameM koI-koI paca vastunaH smaraNIya haiN| (5-7) samara-mAtRkA, cAru-cayoM aura kalA-vilAsa kA racayitA (11vIM zatAbdI kA) mahAgraMthakAra kSemendra prasiddha hai| dUsare graMthoM kI apekSA ina aMtho se lekhaka kI kuzalatA adhika acchI taraha prakaTa dUsare lekhakoM ke aura choTe-choTe kaI graMtha hai; parantu ve yahA~ ullekha ke adhikArI nahIM haiN| 1 rAjA loga eka hI bAra aAzA karate haiM, paMDita loga eka hI bAra bAta kahate haiM, kanyAoM kA dAna eka hI bAra kiyA jAtA hai / ye tInoM cIjeM eka hI bAra hotI haiN|

Page #200
adhyAya 11 aitihAsika kAvya nau adhyAya meM hama kAvya-graMthoM kA sAdhAraNarUpa le varNana kara cuke haiM / isa adhyAya meM una aitihAsika kAmoM kA darzana kiyA jAyamA jo saMskRta meM upalabhyamAna haiN| vAGmaya ke isa bAra meM bhArata ke kucha acchA kAma karake nahIM dikhAyA hai| saMskRta meM itihAsa kA sabase bar3A lekhaka kalhaNa hai| isameM vivecanAtmaka vicAra karane kI zakti hai aura isane nAnA sAdhanoM se bhAsanna bhUtakAla ke itihAsa kA jJAna prApta kiyA thA, jisakI ghaTanAoM ke bAre meM yaha niSpana sammati prakaTa kara sakatA hai / idanA hone para bhI, aAjakala ke aitihAsikoM kI samAnatA karane kI bAta to eka ora rahI, yaha dhIroDoTasa bhI samAnatA nahIM kara sakanA / saMskRta ke dusare itihAsakAroM kI to svayaM kadahaNa ke sAtha jarA mI tulanA taka nahIM ho sakatI ! (70) bhArata meM itihAsa kA prArambha (1) bhArata ke purAtana itihAsa ke srota ke rUpa meM purANoM kA jo mUlya hai usakA halasa pahale kiyA jA cukA hai| (2) purANoM ke bAda pazcArakAlIna vaidika aMtroM meM pAI jAne vAlI puruSoM aura ziSyoM kI nAmAvalI kA klekha kiyA jA sakatA hai| 1 isake kAraNoM ke lie gata khaNDa 3 dekhiye| 2 dekhiye spaDa 2, 5 bhaag|

Page #201
jul o juH chmichaa api bhauzika paramparA me use surakSita kiyA hai, samAdhi ibha mAhI kA sakate ki hameM prakSepa aura atyukti mila nahIM hai| (3) tIsare nambara para homanya haiM jinameM buddha ke sambandha meM aneka apAkhyAna hai parantu saca ko milA-julAkara dekha lo unameM aitihAsikatA kA amAya dikhAI detA hai| dhyAna dene kI bAta yaha hai ki mahAmAma kA mahAvaMza taka azoka ke jIvana ke sambandha meM aitihAsika vivaraNa mahIM dekhaa| (e) itihAsa nAma ke yogya aitihAsika grantha jana-sAhitya meM bhI mAhI pAe jAte pAvaliyoM meM jainAcAryoM ke sUjIetroM ke atirikSa aura eka nahIM hai| (3) zilA lekhoM ko prazastiyo' bhArata meM vAstavika itihAsa kI mora prathama prayAsa hai| (6) bAipasirAja ke gabara ko itihAsa ke pAsa pahu~cane vAlA anya kaha sakate hai| isameM isake prAzrayadAtA kannauja ke adhIzvara yazovarmA ( 17. I. ke Asa pAsa ) ke dvArA gaura deza ke kisI rAjA ke vadha kA varzaka hai aura bhAratIya grAmINa jIvana ke kucha vizada citra hai; parantu isameM itihAsastha ko apekSA kAvyatva adhika hai| yaha bhI dhyAna dene yogya bAta hai ki gaur3a deza ke rAjA taka kA nAma nahIM diyA gayA hai| aba hama aitihAsika-kAnya jagatU ke mahatvapUrNa andhoM kI ora - - 1ye prazastiyA samakAla-bhava rAjAzro athavA dAniyo kI, kAvyazailI meM likhI, stutiyAM haiM / inakA prArambha IsA kI dusarI zatAbdI meM hotA hai| 2 dekhiye pIche khalDa 36

Page #202
bANa kA harSa carita (71) bANa kA harSacarita / Paa kA harSacarita sAta zakhAr3I ke pUrvAI meM likhA gayA thaa| isameM pATha adhyAya haiM jinheM icchUvAsa kahate haiN| kadi kRta kAdambako ke samAna yaha bhI bhapUrNa hai| kadAcit mRtyu ne kavi ko bIca meM hI uDA liyA ho| isa anya se hameM harSa ke apane jIvana bathA usake katipara nikaTatama pUrvajoM ke sambandha meM thor3I-sI bAteM mAlUma hotI hai| kintu isameM kaI mahatvapUrNa ghaTanAoM ko (jaise: harSa ke bhAI kI tathA * ke bahanoI gRhakamA kI mRtyu ke bAre meM batAne yogya Avazyaka bAtoM ko) andhakAra meM hI chor3a diyA gayA hai| aitihAsika aMza ko chor3akara sArA grantha eka kalpanAmaya kahAnI hai aura isa kA prArambha kavi ke vaMza kI paurANika zailI ko utpatti se hotA hai| uparodAta meM prasaGgaaay' khungkaalpii tu hi bishb shaakhaa @ Rkntu kriy'aa shngkaa hai-jaise, vAsavadattAkAra, maTTAraharizcandra, sAtavAhana, pravarasena, bhAra kAlidAsa, bRhatkathAkAra; ataH sAhityika itihAsa kI dRSTi se yaha andha vizeSa mahatva rakhatA hai| kathA aura pAkhyAyikA meM maMda dikhabAne ke lie nAbAnikoM ne isa grantha ko prAdarza prANyAyikA kA nAma diyA hai| 'bhojaH samAsabhUyastvam etad gagrasya jIvitam 2 ko mAnane vAle 1 zrAlaGkArika kata kathA-zrAkhyAyikA meda kevala bAlakopayogI hai| udAharaNArtha, zrAkhyAyikA ke padya vaktra aura aparavakna chandoM meM hote hai parantu kathA meM prAryA Adi chandI meN| zrAkhyAyikA ke adhyAyoM ko ucchavAsa zrIra kathA ke adhyAyoM ko lambha kahate haiM / "bAtirekA saMjJA yAkitA. kahakara daNDI ne isa paramparA prApta bheda ko miTAne kI ruci dikhalAI hai| zAyada yaha kahanA ucita hogA ki-AkhyAyikA meM aitihAsika tathya hotA hai aura kathA prAyaH kalpanApracura hotI hai| 2 samAsa bhAilpa meM hI proba rahatA hai yahI gaba kA prAya (kAvyAdarzana.)

Page #203
Lion saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa bhAratIya AkAra-zAstriyoM ke mata me bahANa saMskRta meM gAya kA eka sarvotkRSTa lekhaka hai| kahA jAtA hai ki yaha paMcAlI vRttikA, jisameM zabda aura artha donoM kA mahatva eka jaimA hai, sabase bar3A bhakta hai| kavirAja ne ise / aura subandhu ] ko bakokti ( zleSa) kI racanA meM nirupama kahA hai| dhvani (vyaMjanApUrNa kRti) kI dRSTi se yaha sarvottama bhAnA jAtA hai| prabhAvazAlI varNanoM kA to yaha titama kRtikAra hai| isake vAkya kamI kamI bar3e khambbe hote haiN| udAharaNa ke lie, pATha utrAsa meM eka vAkya chAle ke pAMca pRSThoM taka aura eka aura cAkya tIna pRSThoM taka calA gayA hai| taka anta taka nahIM pahuMca jAtA, pAThaka ko artha kA nizcaya nahIM hotaa| aisI zailI zrAdhanika pAzcAtyoM ko AkarSaka nahIM laga sakatI / vaivacha ne kahA bhI hai ...."bANa kA gadya eka aiyA bhAratIya jaMgala hai jisameM Age bar3hane ke lie choTI-choTI jhAr3iyoM ko kATa DAlanA zrAvasyaka hai; isa jaMgala meM prasiddha zabdoM ke rUpa meM jaMgalI jAnavara pathika kI ghAta meM baiThe rahate hai|" kItha jI kahatA hai ki zailIzAra kI dRSTi se bANa ke doSoM para aphalola hotA hai| ' isameM sandeza nahIM ki bANa kA purANAdhyayana pahuta bar3hA car3hA thA aura isakI kalpanA kI ur3Ana bhI bahuta U~cI thii| ise zleSa kA bar3A zauka thA aura isakI racanA meM dUravilantrI parAmazoM (Allusions) kI bharamAra hai| isake varNana vizada, svaccha citropama haiM jo pAThaka ke adaya meM eka dama kA cipakate haiN| kisI udAharaNa ke uslekha ke taura para hama pAThaka ko pramAkaravardhana kI mRtyu kA varNana dekhane ke lie kheNge| (72) padmagupta (yA, parimala) 1005 10 kA navasAhaka crit| yaha bAta isakI dUsarI racanA arthAt kAvambarI meM adhika dekhane

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aru are atta 151 bAda meM banane vAle aitihAsika kAvya-pranthoM ke saMbhAna yaha bhI kAvya-paddhati para likhA gayA hai| isa meM 18 sarga haiN| lekhaka dhArA nagarI ke rAjA vALUpatirAja aura sindhurAja ke zrAzraya meM rahA karatA thA aura unhIM ke uters dikhAne para isane isa grantha kA nirvANa kiyA thaa| isameM rAjakumArI zaziprabhA ko prApta karane kA varNana hai, kintu sAtha hI mAnane ke mahArAja navasAhasAMka ke itihAsa kI ora saMketa karanA bhI abhISTa hai / (73) bilTsa' ( IsA kI 11 vIM zatAbdI ) hama ise isake zraddhatihAsika nATaka karNasundarI tathA (pUrvokta caurapaMcAzikA ke atirikta) isake adhika prasiddha aitihAsika kAvya vikramAMkadevacarita ke nAte se jAnate haiM / karNasundarI nATaka meM kavi kisI cAlukya vaMzIya rAjA ke kisI vidyAdhara- pati kI kanyA ke sAtha vivAha kA na karatA hai| sAtha hI sAtha isake dvArA kavi ko apane AzrayadAtA nRpa kA, eka rAjakumArI ke sAtha huA vivAda bhI vivakSita hai| isake kaI padya vastataH ramaNIya haiM aura kavi kI prasAdaguNapUrNa citraNa zakti kA paricaya dete haiM / vikramAMkadeva carita ke prArambha meM kavi ne cANakya vaMza kA udgama purANokta kathAoM meM dikhAyA hai, usake bAda isane apane zrAzrayadAtA nRpati ke pitA maharAja zrAhavamala kA ( 1040 - 66 ) vaiyaktika na bar3e vistAra ke sAtha diyA haiN| tadanantara isane svapAkSaka kalyANezvara cANakyarAja mahArAja vikramAditya paSTa ( 1076-1127 ) kA yazogAna kiyA hai / yaha yazogAna apUrNa aura saMkSipta jIvana-paricaya-sA hai / jaise bAyA kI racanA meM, vaise hI isakI racanA meM bhI aitihAsika kAla-dRSTi kA sarvathA abhAva hai / kadAcit jo bAteM rAjA ke pakSa meM ThIka nahIM baiThatI thIM, unake parihArArthaM tIna bAra ziva kA pallA 1 isakI gIti-racanA caurapaMcAzikA ke lie khaNDa 64 dekhiye /

Page #205
saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa gulaa bndh / jaasuphiy'aa kaa shlsstt prshn phaangg sth isakI tathAkathita gauDa-vijayoM kA ullekha kara sakate haiN| svayambara kA varyA kAlizamba kI zailI kA hai aura sundara hai| kintu yaha vAstavika aura aitihAsika pratIta nahIM hotaa| choTe-choTe avaniyoM kA nAma prAyaH bola diyA gayA hai| sArI kavitA kA svarUpa itihAsa-jaisA kama, kAbya jaisA adhika hai| isIlie isameM vasanta kA, jaya-vihAra kA, varSAniyoM ke Agamana kA aura zarad ke grAmodya-pramodoM kA vistRta varNana hai| pAhavamala aura vikramAditya donoM nAyaka saundara ke uccatama zrAdarza aura zeSa saba bure haiM / isameM 18 sarga hai| antima varga meM adhi ne svajanmasumi phaar'miir' ai haanggii skaa skunnddu ghn strii sbaasghaam bishb i jimameM apane Apa ko isane ghumakara paMDita liyA hai| yaha vyAkaraNa ke anubhavI vidvAn jyeSThakAza kA putra thA / yaha svayaM veda kA jidvAna aura mahAbhASya tathA alaMkAra-graMthoM kA adhyetA thaa| yaha eka deza se dUsare deza meM ghUmatA-vAmatA vikramAditya SaSTha ke darabAra meM pahuMcA aura bahIM rahane lagA / yahA~ yaha vidyApati kI upAdhi se vibhUSita kiyA gyaa| vilakSaNa kI ginatI itihAsa ke gambhIra sevakoM meM kI jA sakatI haiM / isake uka graMtha kA kAla 108 I0 me pahale mAnA jAnA ucita hai, kAraNa ki-- (1) yaha vikramAditya ke dakhiyA para zrAkramamA ke sambandha meM, jo 1088 meM huA bilkula cupa hai| (2) kyoMki isameM kAzmIra kA harSadeva yuvarAja kahA gayA hai, mahArA nahIM / bA mahArAja 10 I meM banA thaa| zailI--zivaharaNa kI zailI vaidI hai aura ai prasAdaguma pUrva viSaNa kA saskRSTa bekhaka hai| udAharaNa ke lie dekhie mAhavAmA antima kSoM kA varSamA :----

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isakA rAjadarAnalI 1=3 nAvAni tima zrama nAnyatra vizvAsaH pArzvatIjIvitezvarAt // vAMge tuGgabhadrAyAstadeSa zivacitayA / bAnchAmyahaM nikaTa dehavinAm // as jambe samAsoM kA prayoga nahIM karatA aura na anuprAsa tathA rakhoka kI hI bharamAra karatA hai| isakA vacana-vinyAsa sAdhAraNatayA hai / -kahIM isakI racanA meM kRtrimatA zrAjAne ke kAraNa artha-mAnya ho jAtA hai; kiMtu prAyaH isakI racanA vizadatA aura prasAda kA darsa hai| isane iMdravajrA (chaH sargoM meM ) aura vaMzastha ( tIna soM meM) vRtta kA prayoga sabase adhika kiyA hai (74) kalhaNa kI rAjataraMgiNI ( 1146-50 I0 ) / isameM sandeha nahIM ki kalhAra saMskRta sAhitya meM saba se bar3A itihAsakAra hai / saubhAgya se hameM isakI apanI lekhanI se isake jovana ke sambandha meM bahuta mI bAteM mAlUma hai / isakA janma kAzmIra meM 1100 I0 ke Asa-pAsa huA thaa| isakA pitA campaka kAzmIrAdhipati mahArAjA harSa (10-1101) kA saccI bhakti se bharA huA sevaka thA / SaDyaMtra dvArA mahArAjA kA vadha ho jAne para kalkSya ke parivAra ko rAjadarabAra kA thAzrama chor3anA par3A thaa| yaha ghaTanA usa niSpakSa tathA sama maiM jAnatA hU~ ki yaha abhAgA jIvana hAthI ke kAna ke kinAre ke tulya caJcala hai| pArvatI ke jIvana dhana (ziva) ko chor3a kara kisI anya meM merI AsthA nahIM hai| isalie maiM cAhatA hU~ ki zarIradhAraNa ke isa saoNga ko ziva kA dhyAna karate hue tuGgabhadrA nadI kI godI meM samApta kara dU~ / 2 ra maMDala ne ise kalyANa kA adhika sundara nAma dekara isakA nAmollekha kiyA hai /

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284 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa dRSTi kA patA detI hai, jisake dvArA kahA apane pAtroM kA caritra cintriI kara sakatA thaa| yaha pahalA zaiva-sampradAyI thA kiMtu zeva-darzana kI tAniya prakriyAoM kI ora isakI abhiruci nahIM thI / yaha ahizu kA kA thA aura bauddha dharma' tathA isake ahisA siddhAnta kA bar3A bhAdara kalyA aitihAsika mahAkAvyoM (rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata kA mahAvidvAn thA / isane mahAkAvyoM aura bANa ke dvacarita jaise graMthoM kA vistRta adhyayana kiyA thaa| isakA bilhaNa le dhaniSTha paricaya the, aura kalita jyotiSa ke anthoM kA ise acchA jhAnda thA : ilama sandeha nahIM ki kAzmIra kA vistRta itihAsa likhane kA jo kAma isane hAtha meM liyA thA vaha bar3A kAThana kAma thaa| isa mArga meM dulaM bAdhAeM yo / imaka lagAya ke pahale hA rAjavaMza ke purAne Dithi-patra yA no naSTa ho cuke the, yA inameM avizvasanIya bAte aura azuddha tithiyA~ upalabdha holI thI / kanhaNa meM aitihAsika ruci pAra buddhi thI, aura ilane prApta sAre sAdhanoM se pUra-purA lAbha uThAyA / kintu purAne itihAsa ko isakI dI huI tithiyA~ sahI nahIM haiM / udAharaNa ke lie. rAjatarakSiNI meM azoka kI tithi aAjakala kI prakhyAta tithi se eka hajAra sAla pahale kI milatI hai| kAdayA stra kahatA hai ki maiMne dhArada purAne anyoM hai jo saba aba lupta hara cuke haiM) aura nIlamata purANa ko dekhakara yaha grantha likhA hai / isane janazruti-vizruta prAcInatara nRpoM ko saMkhyA vAvana batAkara nIlamata ke zrAdhAra para pahale cAra kA nAmollekha kiyA hai| 1 saca to yaha hai ki isase bahuta pahale ho bauddhadharma nai hindU-dharma ke sAgha mela kara liyA thaa| kSemendra ne buddha ko viSNu kA eka avatAra mAna kara usakI stuti kI tho, aura kalhaNa ke samaya se pahale hI loga 'vivAhita' mahanto ko jAnate the| ... 2 barAhamihira kRta vRhatsaMhitA ke viSaya meM kie hue isake ullekhoM ko dekhie|

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skul iim likhi / 185 isake bAda yaha kSettIsa ke bAre meM bilkula mauna sAdha kara padmamihira ke AdhAra para agale a.ha rAjAzrA ke varga kA prArambha laba se karatA hai| antima pA~ca rAjAoM kA patA ise cillAkara se lagA thA | vAkAlika itihAsa ke viSaya meM kalhaNa kI dI huI bAta vizvasanIya aura mUlyavAn hai| saba prakAra ke upajanya zikSAlekhoM kA, bhUdAna lekhoM kA, prazastiyoM kA aura mahalo mandiroM aura smArakoM ke nirmANa ke varAna se pUrNa lekhapatroM kA nirIkSaNa isane apane Apa kiyA thaa| itanA hI nahIM, isane sikoM kA adhyayana aura aitihAsika bhavanoM kA pavitrA kiyA / kAzmIra ko upatyakA aura adhisthacA kara ise pUrA-pUrA bhaugolika jJAna thaa| isI ke sAtha-sAtha, isa pRthaka-vaMzoM ke apane aitihAsika sandamoM tathA saba prakAra kI sthAnika hanta kamAnoM se bhI kAma diyaa| apane samaya kI tathA apane samaya meM ecAsa sAla pahale kI ghaTanAoM kA vistRta jJAna isane apane jitA tathA anya logoM se pUcha pUcha-kara mApta kiyA thaa| karahaNa bar3A utsAhI aura saMyata jagadI thaa| isakA pAtroM kA citrae vAstavika aura pakSapAtazUnya hai| isakA diyA huzrA apane samaya ke zAla ke mahArAja jayasiMha kA darzana virudAkhyAna he sarvathA surU hai| isake racita apane deza nivAsiyoM ke guNAvaguNa ke bAda citra vizada, yathArtha dhIra zocaka hai| isakA kathana hai ki kAzmIrI loga sundara, le aura asthira hote haiN| sainya abhyavastha tathA bhAra haiM--pravAha sunakara bhAgane ko taiyAra haiN| rAjaputroM meM sAhasa aura svAmina-makti hai / rAjakarmacArIlomI, atyAcArI aura asvAbhi-bharaka hai. kintu dilAya aura alaMkAra jaise rAjamantriyoM kI graha saJco prazaMsA karatA hai| pAnoM kA caritra akita karane meM kalhaNa apane puraslara bANA, . .1 padmamihira kA aAdhAra koI helArAja pAzupata thA, jisakA anya koI bahagrantha hogA magara vaha kalhaNa se pahale hI lupta ho cukA thaa|

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saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa Rtu sb kichu sb sb adbhut adbhaaddhaa! jilii gunyjy'ii # jhi hi yntr blch k 4 lii puunyjk| khhir shuru jurkssii kuhu' haajii , smaah o mnussy ? sbl kur' jbd suke jilaa sb sb-gunyjii ph an hl saar uni aaNi bunggi jnyaa jaa kaa kaa / / ghlu ntu aij juli ykssmaa jhilaa l bndhu| kaamii miilaaks ccaakhibi cussj gudd'i nyjii juri glaa dbiy'aa aaH byaay' sbl k aa aaii k bkaa mill # Appreciation) naa kinaa| mn khriis kssii mishr khrhii chiii i i i| alp jaay' i ki rnyjkaabaa khaajj * shu ii = k bighaass i ii kssii sthl baa maal alNkaar' maa mntu skaa hjj skaar' / itt lingk H k lingk laabhuupi mii smaar' / e gthr smr'kssaajii 9, shiir grm 9 ghi ii ii gu lmbaa naa / | bRss 4 mntrii ki paari RiiN naam krii-rthii kubi-runaa dui iy'n kr pnthii lr`r'ii| chi maal dbii ki sukh snaa isa mahata kArya ko dekha kara hI yaha aisI bAtoM ke cakra meM mahI phaa| dur`kichu lkssii hl| m saankliph bl ghaa h mukti| puss| kintu dul ar kii yntr maalaa / ki kr'i aa n mnikaa kii thaaH k aabdr' ar'ii kaa bissnnu braa naa / baappi maaN kii gaay'aa jaa baanyjn hl liN byaay' 4 kssiii khuj bn # maanyjaa dbiin jaanu i Riih dhrm naa # baagh ngii mkhnn 5 i jii kRssi kaa kaar byaassttri kssaa buni| (limaa), pRSTha 166 / 2 jaise, atuoM ke, sUryodaya ke, candrodaya ke, jala-vihAra ke vistRta

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kalhaNa kI rAjataraMgiNI 1 hai | rahatI / pAtroM ke manovRtti kI ora bhI dRSTi Ae binA naha kAryoM ke ucitAvita hone kA vicAra dharmazAstroka siddhAntoM ke AdhAra para eka vivika naitika manodasi ke anusAra kiyA gayA hai| kAzmIra para zAsana karane kI kalA ke viSaya meM apane vicAroM ko, jo prAyaH kauTilIya artha-3 - zAstra para avalambita haiM, isane kalitAditya ke muMha se kahalavAyA hai| zaijI-hama pahale kaha cuke hai ki kI rAjataraMgiNI kI racanA kAvya kI uccatara zailI meM nahIM huI hai| ise doSa ga kahanA cAhie, jisakI tumA yUropa ke madhyakAlIna itihAsoM se kI jA sakatI hai| bhASA meM sAdagI aura sundaratA donoM haiN| sAtha hI isa dhArA kA pravAha bhI hai jo isa grantha ko eka mukhya vizeSatA hai / kabhI kabhI at eat afare zakti kA bhI paricaya devA hai| yaha zakti zabda-citroM meM khUSa prasphuTita huI hai| udAharaNa ke fire harSa ke nirjanavAsa aura vipatti kI karuyA kahAnI dekhI jA sakI hai / sambhASaNa ke prayoga se hameM padApana aura nATakIya fee meM svAda paidA ho gayA hai / dUsarI tarapha 'dvAra' (nirIkSaNArthaM sImA para bar3I caukI), 'pAdAna' (nagari kA bahara daphtara) ityAdi pAribhASika zabdoM ke lakSaNa die binA hI unakA prayoga karane se kahIM-kahIM isameM durUha A gaI hai| STaka, broTaka aura aiser ate aor jaise eka hI nAma ke bhinna-bhinna rUpoM ke prayoga ne isa durutA aura bhI vRddhi kara dI hai } meM ee ite para aurat or rate karane kA ise padA zauka hai; isake lie parvata, nadI, sUrya aura candramA se adhika kAma ziyA gayA hai| isakI racanA meM dekhane meM jAne vAlI eka aura vizeSa bAta yaha hai ki isameM rakhe aura freerame winkAroM kI adhikatA hai| kanda kI prakhara sAdagI ko saubhAgya se bIca-bIca meM ka bAje bhasaMkRta pathoM ke sAtha-sara kara diyA hai| spa

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?S saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa meM bhI isakI bhASA meM eka asAmAnya camatkAra hai| dekhie ke cATukAroM ke sambandha meM likhatA huA kahatA hai--- ye kecinnanu zAkya maugdhyanighayaste bhUbhUta raMjakA' / ' mI devI ke eka ramaNIya varNana meM kahA gayA hai:-- bhAsvadvimbAdharA kRSNa kezI sitakarAnanA / harimadhyA zivAkArA sarvadevamayIva sA // (75) choTe-choTe grantha | 1 (1) kumArapAla carita yA dvayAzraya kAvya / ise jainamuni hemacandra (108 - 1172 ) ne 1163 I0 ke Asa-pAsa dikhA thA / isameM cAlukya nRpati kumArapAla aura usake bilkula pUrvagAmiyoM kA itivRtta varNita hai| isameM ( 20 saMskRta aura prAkRta meM ) kulamarga haiM isakA mukhya lakSya apane vyAkaraNa meM diye saMskRta aura prAkRta ke kathAkaraNoM ke niyamoM ke udAharaNa denA hai / yaha jainadharma kA eka spardhAvAn pracAraka thA aura isake vacana pakSapAta se zUnya nahIM haiM / so se bIsaveM taka ke lagoM meM kumArapAla ko jainadharma kI feekAriNI nIti para calane vAlA kahA gayA hai / Mark, (2) pRthvIrAja vijaya meM pRthvIrAja cAhamAna (cauhAna) kI vijayoM kA varNana diyA gayA hai / yaha kRti aitihAsika dRSTi se bar3e kAma kI hai kintu isakI eka hI khaNDita aura truTipUrNa hastalikhita prati milI 1 jo zaThatA aura mUrkhatA ke nidhAna haiM, vahI rAjAzrI ko khuza rakhane vAle haiM / 2 usakA nicalA hoTa bimbAphala jaisA camakadAra (sUrya-yukta ) thA, usake bAla kAle (kRSNa- yukta ) the, usakA mukha candramA jaisA (candramA-yukta ) thA, usakI kamara siMha kI kamara ke samAna (viSNu-yukta ) thI, usakA mukha kalyANakArI (ziva-yukta ) thA / isa prakAra mAno vaha devatA ko lekara banAI gaI thii| 4 1.

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kalhaNa kI rAjataraMgiNI 186 / isake racayitA ke nAma kA patA nahIM / zailI vilyA kI hai sakA klekha jayaratha ne apanI alaMkAra vimarzinI meM (1200 ) kiyA hai / aura isa para kAzmIra ke jonarAja kI ( 1448 TIkA hai sa isakA lekhaka kAzmIrI STI ho / (3) sandhyAkara nandI ke rAmapAla caritra meM baMgAla ke rAmapAla ke ( 1084 - 1130) kauzaloM kA varNana hai / (4) (kAzmIrI ) kalhaNa kA somapAla vizvAsa sussala dvArA parAjita kiye hue nRpa somapAla vilAsa kI kathA sunAtA hai maGga ne isa kavi ko kAzmIra ke nRpa prakAra kI sabhA kA sadasya likhA hai / (5) zambhukRta rAjendra karNapura kAzmIra bhUrAja harSadeva kI prazasti haiM ! ( 6-6 ) momezvaradasa dvArA ( 1173-1262 ) racita kIrtikaumudI aura surathotsava, arisiMha dvArA (13 vIM zatAbdI ) racina sukRtasakIna aura sarvAnanda dvArA ( 13 vIM zatAbdI ) rocana jagaducarita nyUnAdhika prazastiyAM dI haiM jo yahAM vistRta paricaya dene ke yogya nahIM haiM / (20) anta meM yahAM kAzmIra ke una logoM ke nAmoM kA ullekha karanA sUcita pratita hotA hai jinhoMne rAjataraMgilI ko pUrA karane kA kAma jArI rakkhA / jonarAja ne ( mRtyu 1456 ) usake ziSya zrIra ne aura zivara ke ziSya zuka ne rAjataraMgiyo kI kathA ko kAzmIra ko akabara dvArA apane rAjya meM milAe jAne vaka Age bar3hAyA, kintu inakI racanA meM maulikatA aura kAvya-guNa donoM kA amAva Shu alpajam vivahdetaliile 4

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adhyAya 12 gadya-kAvya ( kahAnI ) aura camyU / (76) gadya-kAvya kA aavirbhaar| mahAkAya ke AvirbhAva ke samAna gadya-kAvya kA bhI vivi hahasya se bhAdUrakha hai| hameM daNDI, subandhu aura bAza jaise yazasvI lekhakoM ke hI grantha mile haiN| inase pahale ke namUnoM ke bAre meM hame kucha etA nahIM hai| vANa ne apane harSacarita kI bhUmikA meM kIrtimAna gadya-lekhaka ke rUpa meM mahAra haricandra kA nAma avazya likhA hai, para prasiddha dalaka ke ziSya meM isase adhika aura kucha mAlUma nahIM hai| sambhava hone para bhI isakA nizcaya nahIM ki maha lekhaka dazahI se prAcIna hai| gadha-kAmya aura sarvasAdhAraNa kI kahAnI meM bheda hai| pahale ko AmA ma-niSpAdita varNana aura dUsare ko mAramA vegavAn aura sugama kathA-kathana hai| isa prakAra yaha sAbita hotA hai ki gA-kAvya kI bacanA ramaNIya kAmya-aulI ke AdhAra para hotI hai| ataH zailI kI rahise isake prAdurbhAva kA hAla jAnane ke lie hameM sAdhAramA kapAkathana ko khoda kara rudrayAmA ke zilAlekha aura hariSeNa kRta samudragupta kI prazasti kI zora poche mur3anA hogaa| gadya-kAya ke vikAsa para par3A dumA vAstavika kAvya kA yaha prabhAva kaI zatAbdiyoM ma uhA hogaa| pITarasana ne bhapamA prakaTa karate hue kahA thA ki bhAratIya gahakAmya yunAmI bhaya-kAvya kA pI hai| donoM meM aneka samAnatAeM haiN|

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mA-kAvya aura camyU adAharaNa ke lie iNa-saundarya kA aura pazu evaM sA-yAdamoM meM hAmastha-prema kA bAma ityAdi bA basAI jA sakatI hai| isameM yukti yaha dI jAtI hai ki jaise yUnAnI phajita jyotiSa kA prabhAva bhAratIya 'kalita jyotiSa para bahuta bar3A hai, vaise hI gadha-kAgya(kathA mAjhyAdhikA) ke kSetra meM bhI ghUmAna ne bhArata para apanA prabhAva dAkhA hogaa| aima. kore ne yUnAnI gaDa-kAvya aura guNAtyakRta bakSakathA meM kuna samAnatAe dikhAI hai, nidarzanArtha, donoM meM vAyama prANiyoM kI jAti kA varNana, nAyaka aura nAyikA ke kara tathA anta meM unakI vijaya, unakA viyoga aura punarmitana, aura unake vIrocita parAmoM kA varNana tathA aisI hI aura bhI kaI bAteM pAI jAtI hai| isase upane yaha pariNAma nikAlA ki bRhatkathA yUnAnI gadya-kAra kI RSI hai| bAda meM usane apanI sammati badala dI aura kahA ki yUnAnI bhAya-kAvya bhAratIya sAhitya kA RNI hai| kintu ye saba pariNAma aparyApta AdhAra para Azrita haiN| bhAratIya aura yunAnI sAlyAyikAnoM meM mAnya kI apekSA vaiSamya adhika vicAra karane yogya / yUnAnI kahAnI aura subandhukata vAsavadattA kI kathA meM ghaTanAsAmya kI kucha aura bAteM ye haiM.--- svapna dvArA paraspara prema kA prAdurbhAva, svayaMvara, patra-vyavahAra, mUrdhA, vizAla anuzocana, aAtmaghAta kI icchaa| nimnalikhita sAhityika racanA-bhAgoM kA sAmya bhI darzanIya hai:--- kathA meM kathA tathA upakathA, prakRti-varNana, vistRta-vyakti-varzana, kathAdi ke vidvattApUrNa saMketa, prAcIna dRSTAntoM kA sunAnA, anuprAsa ityAdi ( dekhiye, meM sampAdita vAsavadattA, pRSTa 35.6 / anta meM meM mahAzaya pariNAma nikAlate hue kahate haiM-"to bhI ye tathA anya aura sAmya jo dikhalAe jA sakate haiM mujhe kucha bhI siddha karate pratIta nahIM hote / ")

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saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa hai| 'ekadamapATha se yaha bAta jAjI A sakatI hai ki donoM jAtiyoM kA prAdhyAthikA mAhitya bAhyarUna aura antamA donoM kI dRSTi se eka dUsare me sarvathA ninna hai' " saMskRta ke gadya-kAya (AkhyAyikAsAhitya ) meM zrama-niSpAdita varNana para bala diyA jAtA hai tare yUnAnI madya-kAvya meM mArA dhyAna kahAnI kI ora lagA diyA jAtA hai| isa prakaraNa ko samApta karate hue hama kaha sakate haiM ki bhAratIya aura yUnAno gaya-kAvyoM kA janma paraspara bilkula nirapekSa rUpa se hokara donoM kA pAlana-poSaNa kI apanI apanI sabhyatA tathA sAhityika rUdiyoM ke bIca meM huaa| (77) daNDI isake anya ----paramparA ke anusAra dazahI tIna granthoM kA racayitA mAnA jAtA hai| dazakumAra charita ( gadya meM kahAnI) aura kAvyAdarza (alaGkAra kA anya ) nissandeha isI ke haiN| uttargata grantha meM isane jina niyamoM kA pratipAdana kiyA hai pUrvAka grantha meM unhIM kA svayaM ullaJcana bhI kara DAlA hai| zAyada yaha isalie huchA hai ki 'para upadeza zAla bahutere, se prAcArahi te nA na ghnere| isaka tIsare prantha ke bAre meM logoM ne bhaneka kaccI kaccI dhAraNAeM kI hai| mRcchakaTika aura kAvyAdarza donoM meM samAnarUpa se zra.e eka padya ke AdhAra para niscala ne kaha DAlA ki daNDI kA tIsarA anya pRcchakaTika hogA, kintu mAsa ke anyoM kI upalabdhi hone para mAlUma huA ki vahI paca cArudaca meM bhI AyA hai. asA daNDI ne vaha vazca cArudata se hI liyA hogaa| yaha bhI kahA jAtA 1 dekhiye ne (Gray) sampAdita vAsavadattA, pRSTha 3. 2 dekhiye rAjazekhara kA nimnalikhita padha prayo'gnavastrayo vedAstrayo devAstrayoguNAH / bhayo dariDaprabandhAzca triSu lokeSu vica tAH //

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gadya-kAvya aura campU 16 kahA jAtA hai ki zAyada isakA tIsarA grantha chandovikti ho, jisakA ullekha isane apane kAvyAdarza meM kiyA hai, kintu isakA kucha nizcaya nahIM ki yaha zabda kisI vaziSTa grantha chA parAmarza karatA hai yA alaGkAra ke sAmAnya zAstra kaa| isI prakAra kAvyAdarza meM kalApariccheda kA bhI ullekha pAtA hai| yadi yaha anya daNDI kA hI hotA to eka prathaka anya na hokara yaha kAvyAdarza kA hI eka pichalA adhyAya hotaa| yaha to nizcaya hai ki daNDI avantIsundarIkathA kA, jisako yasnAyAta zailI subandhu aura bANA ke anyoM kI zailI kI spardhA karatI hai, racayitA vaiyaktika jIvana---- rADI ke vaiyaktika jIvana ke bAre meM khAsa karake kucha mAlUma nahIM hai| dazakumAracaritA ke prArambhika patroM se kisI kisI ne yaha dhAraNA kI hai ki zAyada saha vaiSNava' thA; kintu isa dhAraNA meM isa bAta kI ora dhyAna nahIM diyA gayA ki pUrvapAlikA (dazakumAra kI bhUmikA ), jisameM yaha paya prAtA hai, vidvAnoM kI sammati meM daNDI kI racanA nahIM hai| hA~, isanA sambhava pratIta hotA hai ki yaha dAkSiNAtya aura vidarbha deza kA nivAsI thaa| yaha vaidarbhI zeti kI prazaMsA karatA hai; mahArASTrI bhASA ko uttama batalAtA hai; kaliGga, Andhra, cola dezoM aura dakSiNa bhArata kI nadiyoM kA nAma detA hai, aura madhyabhArata ke rIti-rivAjoM ne khUba paricita hai| udAharaNa ke lie dazakumAra carita meM vizcata kI kayA meM vindhyavAsinI devI kA varNana dekhA jA sakatA hai| kAla-daNDI kA kAla bhI bar3A vivAdAspada viSaya balA bhA rahA hai| dazakumAra carita kI antima kathA meM, jise vizruta ne sunAyA hai, bhoja vaMza kA nAma AyA hai| isa zrAbhyantarika sAkSya para vizvAsa karake 1 dekhiye, ema. Ara0 kAle dvArA sampAdita dazakumAracarita, paSTha 44 (iMgliza bhuumikaa)|

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saskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa pro. vilsana ne pariNAma nikAlA hai ki daraDI mahArAja bhoja ke kisI Rl bhlaamikaar' k sbaakssy m laabin baa byaa? kii vAsparya yaha hai ki daNDI IlA ko 13 vI zatAbdI meM huA, parantu kucha anya vicAra ise isase bahuta hI pahale kA liha karate haiN| A0 pITarasana ne jina AdhAroM para ise IsA kI zatAbdI meM rakkhA hai, ve ye haiM:-1) kAvyAdarza 2, 258.6 meM pAladvArika vAmana (8 vI za0 ) kI ora saMketa pratIta hotA hai, aura (2) kAnyAdarza 1, 137 vAlA padya' kAdambarI ke usI bayAna meM bahuta samAnatA khavara / bhaar'aachaa phinggu l mnaahi k laaH kI tathA bhavabhUti ke mAjImAdhava nATaka ke pazcama aGka kI kathA meM an lstaai hrddhaa o anyaans bilpi aaji dukhii sambhavatayA bhavabhUti kA samakAlIna thaa| hANa ne apane harSacarita kI bhUmikA meM daNDI kA nAma nahIM liyA, parantu isase bhI kucha pariNAma nahIM nikAlA jA sakatA, kyoMki usane to bhAravi jaile mahAkaviyoM taka kA bhI nAmollekha nahI kinA hai| zailI kA sAkSya batalAtA hai ki dazakumAracarita subandhu aura bANa ke gadya-kAvyoM kI apekSA paJcatantra yA kathAsaritsAgara se adhika milatA julatA hai / yadyapi apane kAvyAdarza meM daNDI kahatA hai ki "proja; samAsabhUSalvametad gadhasya jiivitm| ( samAsabAhulya se paripUrNa bhoja guNa ho gadya kA prANa hai), tathApi isakA apanA dazakumAracarita vAsavadattA yA kAdambarI ke sAmane bilkula saraha hai| 1 daNDI aralAloka sehAthaimavArtha sUryarazmibhiH / dRSThirodhakaraM yUnAM yauvanaprabhavaM tamaH / bAya---- kevalaM ca nisargata evAbhAnubhedyamaranAlokocchedyama pradIpasamApaneyamatigahana vamo cauvanaprabhavam /

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gadya-kAvya aura campU 16 khANa aura subandhu se milAkara dekheM vo daNDI na to utanA kaThina hai aura na utanA kRtrimatA se pUrNa / bhAratIya prAyovAda (Tradition) ke anusAra daNDo padalAlitya ke lie prasiddha hai| isa padanAnisya kA abhiprAya hai zabdoM ke sundara cunAva para Azrita vicchitti-zAtinI aura pariSkRta zailI jisameM prAkarSaNa aura prabhAva donoM haiN| isake atirikta daNDI kathA-sUna ko nahIM bhUlatA aura subandhu tathA dAmA ke samAna AyAsa-maba varNanoM meM aTakatA hai| ye bAta isakA kAda 200I0 ke Asa-pAsa sUcita karatI hai, isI kAla kA samarthana dazakumAra carita meM pAI jAne vAlI bhaugolika paristhitiyoM se bhI hai| zrAmyannarika sAkSya ke dhAra para siddha hotA hai ki daNDI mahArAja bhoja ke ananta mAdI nRpa ke zAsana kAla meM vidyamAna thA, isa vicAra ke sAtha isake chalI zatAbdI meM hone kI bArA bilakula ThIka baiTha jAtI hai| karnala TADa ne kisI jaina itihAsa-vyAkaraNobhayAnvita sUcIpatra ke AdhAra para bhoja nAma ke tIna gajAnoM kA ullekha kiyA hai, jo mAlave meM kramazaH 275, 661, aura 1741 I0 meM zAsana karate the| prata: bahuta kucha nizcaya ke sAtha isI pariNAma para pahu~ca sakate hai ki daNDI IsA kI chaThI zatAbdI ke anya ke pAsa-pAsa jIvita thaa| 1 upamA kAlidAsasya bhAraverartha- gauravam / daNDinaH padalAlityaM mAghe santi yo guNAH || 2 dekhie 'raghuvaMza aura dazakumAracarita kI bhaugolika bAteM, (iMgaliza) kolinsa (1907), pRSTha 46 / 3 dakkhana meM vijikA nAma ke eka kavi ne daNDI kA nAma lete hue kahA hai-"vRthaiva daNDinA prokta sarvazuklA sarasvatI" yadi yaha vijikA pulakezI dvitIya ke jyeSTha putra candrAdisya kI rAnI vijayabhavArikA hI hai to vaha 660 I0 ke AsapAsa jIvita thii| isase daNDI kA 600 I. ke samIpa vidyamAna honA siddha ho jaaegaa|

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saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa (7) dazakumAracarita antha ke nAma se sUcita hotA hai ki isameM dukha rAjakumAroM kI kahAnI hai| mukhya grantha kA prArambha sahasA kathA ke nAyaka rAjakumAra rAjavAhana kI kathA se hotA hai| isa grantha meM ATha adhyAya haiM jinheM ucchavAsa kahate hai / 166 pUrvapIThikA nAma se prasiddha bhUmikA-bhAga me pA~ca upavAsa hai / isameM sArI kathA kA DhA~cA aura donoM rAjakumAroM kI kahAnI yA gaI hai| isa prakAra kumAroM kI saMkhyA dasa ho jAtI hai / uttarapaTikA nAma are aura est kA anyonya sambandha dhyAna meM rakhakara daeDI kA kAla-nirNaya karane meM bar3A jabaradasta vivAda calatA rahA hai; kintu kucha kAraNo se bhAmaha kI apekSA daraDI prAcIna pratIta hotA hai--- (1) rudra ke kAvyAlaGkAra meM AtA hai---' nanu dariDIpamedhAvirudra bhAmahAdikRtAni santyevAlaGkArazAstrAthi' / aisI hI bAta namisAdhu bhI kahatA hai| aisA anumAna hotA hai ki ye nAma kAla-kramAnusAra rakhe gae haiM, jaisA ki hama mevAviruddha ke bAre meM bhAmaha ke grantha meM bhI ullekha pAte haiM / (2) daraDI kI nirUpaNazailI Trer aura avaijJAnika hai| isako apekSA The after ree tathA vaijJAnika hone ke sAtha sAtha vastu ke ava dhAraNa, tarka kI tIkSNa aura vicAra kI vizadatA meM bhI isase bar3hakara hai / (3) kabhI kabhI bhAmaha 'zrapare, anye' ityAdi kahakara jina mato ko uddhRta karatA hai ve daDI meM pAe jAte hai / yaha bhI prAyaH nizcita hI hai ki daraDI kA kAvyAdarza bhaTTikAvya ke bAda kA hai / bhaTTi me prAyaH unhIM alaGkAro ke udAharaNa haiM jinake lakSaNa daNDI ne die haiM, kintu bhaTTi kA krama tathA bhedo bhedAdi kathana paryA free hai| yadi usane do kA anusaraNa kiyA hotA, to aisA kyo hotA; parantu itane se bhI hama daNDI ke ThIka-ThIka samaya ko nahIM jAna sakate, kyoki mahi aura bhAmaha ke kAla bhI anizcita hai I

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gadya-kAvya aura campU 1.67 se prasiddha pariziSTa bhAga meM antima rAjakumAra vizruta kI kahAnI pUrI kI gaI hai| zaikhI ke vicAra ko eka ora rakhakara dekhe to kathA kI rUpa-rekhA aura antarAtmA donoM kI dRSTi se bhI pUrvapIThikA tathA uttara'pIThikA donoM hI daDI ke mukhya grantha se alaga pratIta hotI haiN| kahIM kahIM toraNoM meM bhI paraspara virodha hai / udAharaNa ke lie, pUrvapIThikA meM pAna tArAvalI kA aura pramati eka aura mantrI sumati kA putra kahA gayA hai, parantu mukhya grantha meM zrarthapAkSa aura prati donoM kAmazaka ke putra kahe gaye haiM jinako mAtA kramazaH krAntinat aura khArAvalI haiN| pUrvapIfrer aura uttarapaTikA donoM hI pRthaka pRthaka saMskaraNoM meM itane pAThAntaroM ke sAtha upantabdha hotI haiM ki unheM dekha kara yahI mAnanA par3atA hai ki sacamuca ye daDI ke grantha kA bhAga nahIM hai| zailI kI dRSTi se pUrvapIThikA kA paMcama uccA zeSa quire se kRSTa hai, isase pratIta hotA hai ki pUrvapIThikA meM bhI do lekhakoM kA hAtha hai / kathA kA nAyaka rAjavAhana hai| usakA pitA rAjahaMsa magadha kA rAjA thA jo mAladAdhIza se parAsta hokara vana meM idhara udhara apane dina vyatIta kara rahA thA / nAyaka ke nau sAthI bhUtapUrva maMtriyoM yA sAmantoM ke putra haiM jo eka eka karake vana meM lAe gae the| javAna hone para ve saba ke saba zrIkAma hokara digvijaya ke lie nikale / rAjakumAra javAina eka kAma se apane sAthiyoM se mige kara pAtAla meM jA pahu~cA, aura ke nau sAthI kase DhUMr3hane ke lie nikala pdd'e| ura pAtAla se boTane para jaba rAjavAhana ne apane sAthiyoM ko na dekhA ta vaha bhI unakI khoja meM thana diyA / anta meM ve saba mila gae aura pratyeka ne apanI apanI paryaTana-kathA bArI bArI sunAnI prArambha kii| ye kathAe~ adabhuta, parAkramapUrNa aura vividha jAtika haiN| inake kSetra ke vistAra se mAlUma hotA hai ki kavi kI kalpanA-zakti bahuta bhArI hai / yaha samajhanA bhUkha hai ki isa kathA meM kisI prakAra bhI kAma hindU

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168 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa samAja kA cinna alita hai| kavi kA asalI sadezya manoraMjanA ko sAmagrI upasthita karanA hai na ki sAmAjika avasthA kA citra utAranA / aAntarika svarUpa kI dRSTi se ye kathAe~ guNAvya kI vRhatkathA meM pAI jAne vAlI kucha kathAoM se milatI julatI hai| inase siddha hotA hai ki jAdU-TonA, mantara-jantara, andha-vizvAsa aura camatkAra hI usa samaya ke dhArmika jIvana kA eka anada the| ina kathAoM meM hama par3hate haiM ki eka zrAdamI zrAkAza se giratA hai aura use koI rAhagIra apane hAthoM meM samAna letA hai parantu coTa kilo ke nahIM lagatI hai| mArkaNDeya muni ke zApa se suratamaMjarI nAma kI eka apsarA cA~dI kI 'jIra hogaI thI, usane nAyaka rAjavAhana ko bA~dha liyA, aura vaha phira apasarA kI apakSarA hogii| joyA junA khecane meM, corI karane meM, seMdha lagAne meM tathA aise hI aura dUsare kAma karane meM siddhahasta haiN| prema-citroM meM jarA jarA-sI bAtoM ko dikhalAne kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai jo aAjakala ke pAThaka meM aruci utpanna kara detI haiN| aisI bAtoM kA krama yahAM taka bar3ha gayA hai ki isa grantha ko pAThya-pustakoM meM rakhane ke lie una bAtoM meM se kucha-eka ko prantha se nikAla denA pdd'egaa| zailI--paramparAnusAra prasiddha daNDI ke padalAlitya kA ullekha ima pahale kara cuke haiM aura kaha cuke haiM ki subandhu aura bANa jaisI kRtrimatA isameM nahIM hai| caritra-citraNa kI vizeSa yogyatA ke lie bhI daNDI prasiddha hai| kevala rAjakumAroM kA hI nahIM, choTe choTe pAtroM kA caritra bhI bar3I sakAI ke sAtha citrita kiyA gayA hai| unameM se pratyeka kI eka viziSTa byakti bhAsiba hone lagI hai aura unake citra-citraNa daNDI2 ke bhAma 1dekhie khaMDa 77 / 2 daNDI yazasvI kavi ke rUpa meM prasiddha hai| isakA kAvyAdarza sAre kA sArA padya-baddha hai aura dazakumAracarita bhI zrAntarika svarUpa meM kAvya ho hai (dekhie vA rasAtsakaM kaavym|) eDI ke kisI purAne prazaMsaka ne kahA hai :

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gadyakAvya aura campU joza, painI najara tathA jindAdilI ke mile hue raMga se bane haiM / prakRti ke yA varNana ke kavi ko haisiyata meM dagaDI kAlidAsa, bhAravi yA mAtha kI tulanA na karatA bahI, phira bhI isakI racanA meM vasanta, sUryAsta, rAjavAhana aura zravamvIsundarI kA milana, pramatikRta aparicita rAjakumArI kA vRttAnta, aura kandukAvatI kA geMda khelanA aise sundara DhaMga se varNita hue haiM ki inheM hama kisI bar3e kavi ke nAma ke anurUpa usakI uttama racanA ke udAharaNoM ke rUpa meM sammukha rakha sakate haiN| 166 bhASA para daNDI kA pUrNa adhikAra prazaMsanIya hai / sampUrNa sAtaveM acchUvAsa meM eka bhI zroSThya varNaM nahIM Ane pAyA, kAraNa, mantragupta kI preyasI ne usake zroSTa meM kATa liyA thA, taba usane mu~ha para hAtha rakhakara zroSThya varNaM kA parihAra karate hue apanI kathA kahI / vaidarbhI rIti kA samarthaka hone ke kAraNa daNDI ne apanA lakSya subodhatA, bhAvoM kA yathArtha prakAzana, padoM kA mAdhurya, cancana - vinyAsa kI manoramatA rakkhA hai aura isalie isane zrutikaTu tathA vizAlakAya zabdoM ke prayoga se parahez2a kiyA hai| gadya taka meM isane durbodhadIrgha samAsa vAle padoM kA prayoga nahIM kiyA hai / yaha nipuNa vaiyAkaraNa thA, aura isane rAjakumAroM kI apanI kathA sunAne meM unake mu~ha se liT bakAra kA prayoga nahIM karavAyA / hA~, isane luGa kA paryApta prayoga kiyA hai daNDI meM ha~sA dene kI bhI zakti hai| rAjakumAroM ke jaMgaloM meM ghUmate phirate rahane kA tathA zrapanA-prayojana pUrNa karane ke unake adbhuta upAyoM ko kithAoM se kavi kI pAThaka kA manovinoda karane vAlI bhArI yogyatA kA paricaya milatA hai / rAnI vasundharA ne nagara ke bhAdra khogoM ko eka gupta adhivezana meM sammilita hone ke lie nimantrita kiyA aura unase vastuta: gupta rakhane kA vacana lekara eka jhUThI aphavAha phailA jAte jagati vAlmIkI kavirityabhidhA'bhavat / kavI iti tato vyAse kapayastvayi daNDini //

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200 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa dI-sacamuca isa kAma ko karane kA yaha eka pratyuttama upAya thaa| pUrvapIThikA kA prArambhika anuccheda ( Paragraph) bAraha kI zramamava zaMtrI ke anukaraNa para likhA gayA hai| isa anuccheda meM durbodha doSa samAsoM ke lambe-lambe vAkya haiM / pUrvapIThikA ke lekhaka ne yamakAnahAra kA adhika prayoga kiyA hai| udAharaNa ke lie eka bAkya dekhie--- kumArA mArAbhirAmA rAmApauruSA ruSA asmIkRtAsyo zyopahalitasamIraNA raNAmiyAnena yAnenAbhyudayAzasaM rAjAsamakArSa: / [ucchvAsa 2, anuccheda ] (76) subandhu subandhu ko hama vAsavadattA ke kIrtimAna kartA ke rUpa meM jAnate hai| vAsavadattA kA prAcInatama ullekha bAya ke harSacarita kI bhUmikA ke gyAraha padya meM prAkSa hotA hai kavInAmagabaddoM nUnaM vAsavadattayA / zakatva pANDuputrANAM galayA karNagocaram // kAdambarI kI bhUmikA ke bIsaveM padya meM bANa apanI kRti ko hathama pratidvayo kathA' kaha kara vizeSita karatA hai| TIkAkAra kahatA hai ki 'dvayI khe yahA~ bRhatkathA aura vAsavadasA abhipreta haiN| sAhitya saMsAra meM subandhuviSayaka kucha lena nissandeha bANa ke jo kAmadeva ke samAna sundara the, rAma ityAdi ke samAna pauruSa vAle the, jinhoMne krodha meM bharakara zatruoM ko rAkha kara DAlA thA, jo bega meM vAyu kA bhI upahAsa ur3Ate the, una kumAroM ne digvijaya ke lie prasthAna karate hue rAjA ko abhyudaya kI zrAzA se bhara diyaa| 2 sacamuca jaise indra kI dI huI zakti ke karNa ke hAtha meM pahu~cane para pANDavoM kA garka jAtA rahA thA vaise hI vAsavadattA ko suna lene para kaviyoM kA garva lAtA rhaa|

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201 gadya-kAvya aura campU bA ke bhI milate hai / cAkapatirAja ne apane gauddhavaha meM subandhu kA mAma bhAsa aura raghuvaMza ke kartA ke sAtha kiyA hai| rAvabapAelavIya ke racayitA kavirAja ke anusAra subandhu, bANabhaTTa, aura kavirAja ( vaha svayaM ) vakrokti meM nirUpama haiM / maDara ne prazaMsA karate hue subandhu ko meSTha aura bhAravi kI zreNI meM rakhA hai| subhASita saMgrahoM meM isakA jAma aura bhI kaI sthaloM para pAyA hai| ballAjakRta mojaprabandha meM (16dI za0) isakI gaNanA dhArA ke zAsaka bhoja ke teraha ratnoM meM ko gaI hai| 1168 I. ke kanArI bhASA ke eka zilAlekha meM isakA nAma kAvya-jagat ke eka gayayamAnya vyakti ke rUpa meM prAyA hai| isakA artha huzrA ki bArahavIM zatAbdI ke prArambha taka isakA yaza dakSiNa meM phailba cukA thaa| subandhu ke jIvana-kAla ke viSaya meM abhI taka nizcitarUpa se kucha patA nahIM hai| yadyapi isake prantha meM rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata, purANa, upaniSad, mImAMsA, nyAya, bRhaTakathA aura kAmasUtra se sambaddha aneka ullekhoM ke sAtha sAtha bauddhoM aura jainoM ke sAtha virodha ko sUcita karane vAle bhI kaI ullekha pAe hai, kintu ina saba le. kavi ke kAna para bahuta hI manda prakAza par3atA hai| vAsavadattA meM chandoviciti kA 1daNDI ke dazakumAra carita meM vAsavadattA viSayaka vakSyamA ullekha milatA hai.-"anurUpamartRgAminInAM ca vAsavadattAdInA varNanena grAhayA'nuzayama ( apane yogya pati ko prApta hone vAlI vAsavadattA ityAdi striyoM ke varNana se usake mana meM pazcAzApa kA udaya kIjiye) adhika saMbhAvanA yaha hai ki isa ullekha meM vAsavadattA zabda bhAsaracita svapnavAsavadattA kA parAmarza karatA hai subandhu ke grantha kI bAsavadattA kA nhiiN| pANini-aSTAdhyAyI ke cauthe adhyAya ke tIsarI pAda ke satAsIveM sUtra para paThita vArtika meM (lagabhaga I0 pU0 tIsarA za0) "kAsavadattAra adhikRtya calo granyA isa prakAra zrAne bAlA zabda visparUpa se bhAsa ke anya kA parAmarza karatA hai|

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202 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa do bAra ullekha milatA hai| yadi yaha chandodinthiti darakI kA vI prandha hai; jisake hone meM sambhAvanA kama aura sandeha adhika hai, to subandhu haNDI ke bAda huzrA / yaha grantha nRe vikramAditya ke bAda gahI para baiThane vAle saca se pahale rAjA ke rAjya meM likhA gayA thA, isake kucha pramAra upalabdha haiM:--(ka) vAsavadattA kI bhUmikA ke dasa pachA meM pAyA hai, "gatavati bhuvi vikramAditye" (kha) dAsavadattA kA eka tilakakAra narasiMha baica kahatA hai, "kavirathaM vikrmaaditysbhyH| tasmin rAjJi lokAntaraM prApte etaM nibandhaM kRtavAna" (yaha kavi vikramAditya kA sabhAsad thA / mahArAja vikramAditya ke svargavAmI hone para isane yaha antha likhA); (ga) mahAzaya hAla ko upalabdha hone vAlI vAsavadattA kI hasta-ji khita prati batalAtI hai ki subandhu vararuci kA bhAnajA thA / yaha vararuci bhI vikramAditya ke darabAra kA eka ratna kahA jAtA hai| parantu kevala isI AdhAra para kisI bAta kA pakkA nizcaya nahIM ho sktaa| subandhu kA "svAsthitimibodyotakarasvarUpA bauddhasaGgatimivAlaGkAradUSitAm" kathanA bar3e kAma kA hai| kyoMki isameM udyokara tathA bauddha saGgasthalaGkArakAra dharmakIrti kA nAma pAyA hai| udyoskara aura dharmakIrti donoM hI IsA kI chaThI zatAbdI ke uttarAI meM hue haiN| ataH hama subandhu ko chaThI zatAbdI ke antima bhAga ke samIpa rakha sakate haiN| yaha to nizcita hI hai ki vAsavadattA irSacarita se pahale likhI gaI hai| kathAvastu-isa kathA kA nAyaka cintAmaNi kA zuNI putra kandarpaketu thaa| eka prAbhAtika svapna meM kisI SoDazo sundara kanyA ko dekhakara vaha apane suhRd makaranda ko sAtha le usakI talAza meM nikala pdd'aa| ghUmate hue ve vindhyaparvata meM jA phuNce| vahA~ eka rAta kandapa keta 1chandovicitiriva mAlinI sanAthA. aura chandovicitiM prAjamAnatanumadhyAma [hala' dvArA sampAdita saMskaraNa, 116, 235] /

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-kAvya aura pU 203 ne rAta meM dera se vRkSa para lauTa kara Ae hue zuka ko dhamakAtI huI zArikA ko sunA / phira zuka ne apane vilamba kA kAraNa batAte hue zArikA ko eka kathA sunaaii| isa kathA se kandarpaketu ko apanI preyasI kA kucha patA mila gayA / vaha kusumapura ke adhipati nRpa zRGgArazekhara kI ikalautI beTI thii| usakA nAma vAsavadattA thA / usane bhI kandarpaketu ke samAna sundara eka taruyA ko svapna meM dekhakara usakI talAza meM apanI anucarI mAlikA ko bhejA thA / kusumapura meM rAgAluga yugakA ke sammilana kA prabandha ho gayA / bilkula agale hI dina vAsavadattA kA vivAha vidyAdhara rAjakumAra puSpaketu ke sAtha ho jAne kA nizcaya ho cukA thA / zrataH kandarpaketu aura vAsavadattA donoM ke donoM tatkAla eka jAdU ke ghor3e para savAra ho uDakara vindhyaparvata meM jA pahu~ce / prAtaH kandarpaketu ne vAsavadattA ko anupasthita pAyA to usane presa se pAgala hokara AmavAta karane kA nizcaya kara liyA, kintu usI taya eka AkAzavANI ne preyasI ke sAtha punaH milApa hone kI zrAzA dilAkara use zrAtmaghAta karane se roka diyaa| kucha mahIne ke bAda eka dina kandarpaketu ne vAsavadattA ko pASANa kI mUrti banI pAyA jo usake chUte hI jIvita ho utthii| pUchane para vAsavadattA ne batAyA ki jaba apane apane svAmI ke lie mujhe mAla karane ke uddezya se do senAe~ Apasa meM yuddha karane meM vyana thIM, taba maiM anajAne usa tarapha calo gaI jisa tarapha striyoM ke jAne kI manAhI thI / vahA~ muni ne mujhe zApa dekara pASANI banA diyaa| isake pazcAta kandarpaketu use lekara apanI rAjadhAnI ko hauda zrAyA aura vahA~ ve donoM sukha se rahane lage / + vAsavadattA kI ginatI, AkhyAyikAoM meM nahIM, kathAoM meM kI jAnI cAhie; isakA pratipAca artha harSa carita kI apekSA kAdambarI se adhika mela khAtA hai / hameM isameM svapnoM meM vizvAsa, pakSiyoM kA vArtAlApa, jADU kA ghor3A, zarIrAkRti kA parivartana, zApa kA prabhAva isthAdi kathAnukUla sAmagrI upalabdha hotI hai

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204 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa zaikSo-subandhu kA jadaya aisA pradha prastuta karanA hai jisake pratyeka varga meM zleSa ho|' kavi ke sAphalya kI prazaMsA karanI pakRtI hai aura kahanA par3atA hai ki kavi kI goMki yathArtha hai| kintu zrAdhunika tulA para solane se anya nirdoSa siddha nahIM hotaa| kathAvastu ke nirmANa meM zithilatA hai aura samaskArapUrNa, cakAcauMdha paidA karane vAlA varNana hI sarva pradhAna padArtha samajha liyA gayA hai / nAyikA kA saundarya, nAyaka kI vIratA, vasanta vama-parvata kA bahana bar3e manoramarUpa se huA hai / kathA kI rocakatA ko zailI kI kRtrimatA ne lagabhaga dabA liyA hai| aura yaha zailI pAThaka ko bahudhA arucikara evaM vyAmohajanaka pratIta hone lagatI hai| rIti pUrNa gauDI hai, isIlie isameM bomAlI banAvaTa ke lambe-lamba samAsa aura bhArI bharakama zabda haiM, anuprAsa tathA anya zabdAlaGkAroM kI bharamAra hai| kavi ko artha kI apekSA zabda se pAThaka para prabhAva DAlanA abhipreta pratIta hotA hai| zleSa ke bAda adhika saMkhyA meM pAyA jAne vAlA alaGkAra virodhAbhAsa hai, jisameM artha kA sva-virodha mAsisa hotA hai kintu vastutaH vaha (artha) svAvirodhavAn aura adhika urjasthit hotA hai| udAharaNa ke lie, nRpa cintAmaNi kA varNana karate hue kahA gayA hai.--"vidyAdharo'pi sumanAH, dhRtarASTro'pi guNapriyaH, samAnugato'pi sudharmAzritaH" |maalaadiipk kA eka udAharaNa 1 bhUmikA ke terahaveM padya meM isane apane Apako "pratyakSarazleSamayaprabandhavinyAsa vaidagdhyAnidhiH" kahA hai| 2 pahalA artha- yadyapi vaha vidyAdhara (nimna zreNI kA deva) tathApi vaha sumanA (yathArtha zreNI kA deva thA), yadyapi vaha dhRtarASTra thA tathApi bhIma kA mitra thA, yadyapi vaha pRthivI para utara AyA thA, tathApi vaha devasabhA meM Azraya (nivAsa) rakhatA thA / dUsarAzrartha-vaha vidvAna hone para bhI uttama mana vAlA, rASTra kA dhartI hone para bhI guNagrAhI, paizAlI hone para bhI uttama zAsana kA zrAzraya lene vAlA thaa|

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gadya-kAvya aura campU 205 dekhie --nAyakena kItiH, kIryA saba sAgasaH, sAgaraH kRtayagAdirAjacaritasmaraNam .. / zahIrAnusAra avayavakalpanA eka prakAra se zaikSI ko nIMva hotI hai| vAsadattA meM isakA itanA abhAva hai ki usakA ullekha kiye binA rahA nahIM jA sakatA / carama sImA ko pahuMcAe binA kavi ne kisI bhI prasaGga ko nahIM jAne diyA hai| nidarzanArtha, kisI ghaTanA ke varNana meM pratyeka sambhava vivaraNa diyA gayA hai, yadi itanA denA aparyApta pratIta huzrA hai to isakI pUcha se upamA ke pIche upamA aura zeSa ke pIche zleSa kA tAMtA bAMdha diyA gayA hai| kahIM utsAha dilAnA amoSTa hA. to eka hI bAta aneka rUpa se bArabAra doharAI gaI hai / isa doSa kA kAraNa kavi kI mati kI tIya sphUrti tathA bahujJatA hai| anya kahAniyoM ke samAna isameM kathA ke andara kathA bharane kI vizeSatA hai| ) vAraNa kI kaadmbrii| bANa kI kAdambarI hameM kaI prakAra se rucikarI pratIta hotI hai| eka to hameM isakI nizcita tithi mAlUma hai| ata: bhAratIya sAhitya ke aura bhAratIya darzana ke itihAsa meM yaha eka sImA kA nirdeza kara sakatI hai| dUsare yaha hamAre lie laukika saMskRta ke pramANImUta gayodAharaNa kA kAma detI hai| tIsare yaha bhAratIya sarvasAdhAraNa kA jJAna bar3hAne vAlI lokapriya kahAnI hai| bANa apane anya grantha ke samAna kAdambarI ko bhI apUrNa chor3a gayA thA / saubhAgya se usake putra bhUSaNa bhaTTa ne ise samAkSa kara diyA thA / kathA-vastu kucha jaTila sI hai| isameM kathA ke andara kathA, usake bhI andara aura kathA pAI jAtI hai| kathA kA pradhAna bhAga eka tote ke muMha se kahalavAyA gayA hai| yahI totA anta meM puNDarIka muni siddha 1nAyaka ne yaza, yaza ne sAta samudra, sAta samudro nai satayuga Adi meM hue rAjAoM ke carita kA smaraNa [ prApta ] kiyA !.

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saskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa hotA hai jo kathA kA upanAyaka hai / kathA kI nAyikA kAdambarI ka mAma to hameM bAdhA anya er3ha jAne ke bAda mAlUma hotA hai| kahAnI kA zrotA nRpa zUdaka hai jo eka anAvazyaka pAtra pratIta hotA hai aura kathA se jisakA nAma nikAla dene se koI hAni pahuMcatI pratIta nahIM hotI; parantu anta meM yahI rAjA kathA kA murUma nAyaka candrApIDa nikala par3atA hai jo zApa-vaza usa jIvana meM gayA huzrA hai| isa prakAra bar3I kuzalatA se kathA kI rocakatA anta taka akhaNDa rakhI gaI hai| saMkSepa meM kathA yoM hai: zUddhaka nAmaka eka rAjA ke darabAra meM koI cArADAja banyo eka dina eka totA bAI ! rAjA ke pUchane para tote ne apanI duHkhabharI kathA use sunAte hue kahA-merI mAtA kI mRtyu mere janma ke samaya hI ho gaI thI aura kucha hI samaya pazcAt mere pitA ko zikAriyoM ne pakaDa liyA / jAbAli muni ke eka ziSTha ne mujhe sirjana bana meM par3A hubhA dekhA to dayAI hokara baThA liyA aura apane guru ke dhAzrama meM le gyaa| ziSyoM ke pUchane para jAbAji muni ne merA pUrvajanma kA vRttAnta unheM isa prakAra sunAyA kamI ujjaina meM tArApIra mAmaka eka dharmAtmA rAjA rAjya karatA thaa| usakI rAnI vilAsavatI rAjA ke sampUrNa antaHpura meM saba se adhika guNazAlinI devI thI ! rAjA kA mantrI zukanAsa bar3A buddhimAn thaa| bahuta samaya bItane para mahAdeva kI kRpA se rAjA ke eka putra hudhA jisakA nAma candrApIDa rakkhA gayA / candrApIDa kA samavayaska vaizampAyana nAmaka santrI kA putra thaa| donoM kumAroM kA pAlana-poSaNa sAtha sAtha huzrA aura ve jyoM-jyoM bar3hate gae syoM tyo unakA sauhArda ghaniSTa hotA gayA; yahA~ taka ki ve eka dUsare ke binA eka pala bhI nahIM raha sakate the| unakI zikSA ke lie eka gurukula kI sthApanA kI gaI, jahA~ unhoMne solaha varSa kI Aya meM hI sArI vidyAoM meM pAraGgatamA prAza kara jii| zikSA samApti para zukanAla ne rAjakumAra ko rAjopayogI

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- kAvya aura campU 207 eka sundara upadeza diyaa| taba rAjakumAra ko yuvarAja pada dekara indrAyudha nAma kA eka bar3A adbhuta ghor3A aura patralekhA nAma kI vizvAsapAtra anudharI dI gaI / zratha rAjakumAra digvijaya ke lie nikalA aura tIna varSa taka saba saMgrAmoM meM vijayI hotA huA Age bar3hatA rahA / eka bAra do kinnaroM kA pIchA karatA huA vaha jaGgala meM dUra nikala gayA jahA~ usane eka sundara sarovara ke taTa para tapazcaryA karatI huI mahAzvetA nAmaka eka parama ramaNIyAGgI ramaNI ko dekhA / ramaNI ne rAjakumAra ko batAyA ki merA puNDarIka nAmaka eka taruNa para aura usakA mujha para anurAga thA; parantu hama abhI apane pArasparika anurAga ko eka dUsare para prakaTa bhI na kara pAe the ki puNDarIka kA lokAntara -gamana ho gyaa| maiMne usakI citA para usI ke sAtha satI honA cAhA; kintu eka divya mUrti sujhe punarmilana kI zrAzA dilAkara usake zava ko le gii| isa Atma kathA ke atirikta mahAzvetA ne rAjakumAra ko anupama lAvaNyavatI apanI priyasakhI kAdambarI ke bAre meM bhI kaI bAte batAI / isake bAda candrApIr3a kAdambarI se milaa| donoM eka dUsare para mohita ho gae / kintu abhI unhoMne apane anurAga ko eka dUsare para prakaTa bhI nahIM kriyA thA ki candrApIr3a ko pitA kI ora se ghara kA bulAvA A gayA aura use nirAza hRdaya ke sAtha ghara aauTanA pdd'aa| isase kAdambarI kA mana bho bar3A udAsa ho gyaa| usane zrAtmahatyA karanI cAhI; kintu use patralekhA ne jile candrApIDa pIche chor3a gayA Jing thA, roka diyA aura phira svayaM candrApIDa ke pAsa Akara use kAdambarI kI prema-cihnavatA kI sArI kathA sunAI' / patralekhA se kAdambarI kI vihvalatA kI kathA sunakara candrApIr3a 1 bANakRta grantha yahI haiM / kathA kA zeSa bhAga usake putra bhUSaNa bhaTTa ne likhA hai|

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saskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa usase milane jAne ke lie sathyAra huaaa| devayoga se sabhI eka durdhaTamA ghaTita ho gaI / vaizampAyana zrAddha karake usa sarovara ke taTa para pIche uhara gayA thA jisa para mahAradetA vapa kara rahI thii| bandApI ne lauTakA use vahA~ na pAyA to vaha ca usako lAza karane lgaa| mahAzvetA se milane para use mAlUma huA ki kisI brAhmaNa pavaka ne mahAzvetA se praNaya kI yAcanA kI thI jise usane svIkAra nahIM kiyaa| jaba yuvaka ne adhika prAmada kiyA ta kupita hokara mahAzvetA ne use tote kI yoni meM cale jAne kA zApa de diyaa| yaha sunate hI candrApIr3a niSprANa hokara pRthivI para gira pdd'aa| kAdambarI vahA~ pahu~cI to mahAzvetA le bhI adhika duHkhita huii| eka AkAzavANI ne kahA ki tuma candrApI kA zava surakSita rakho, kyoMki eka zApayaza isake bhANa nikale haiM / anta meM tuma donoM ko tumhAre priyatamoM kI prApti hogii| jyoM hI indrAyuSa ne sarovara meM praveza kiyA tyoM hI usake sthAna para puNDarIka kA suhRd kapiJjana prakaTa huA aura usane batAyA ki candrApAra candramA kA avatAra hai tathA vaizampAyana puNDarIka aura handrAyudha kapiJjA hai| muni se isa kathA ko sunakara maiMne apane Apako pahacAna liyaa| maiM samajha gayA ki maiM ho puNDarIka aura vaizampAyana donoM huuN| aba maiM candrApoha ko hU~Dhane ke lie cala diyA; paranta durbhAgya se mArga meM mujhe cAraDAla kanyA ne pakar3a liyA aura yahA~ dhApake pAsa le paaii| kahAnI ke agale bhAga se hameM patA lagatA hai ki cANDAla kanyA purArIka kI mAtA hI thI jisane kaToM se bacAne ke lie tote kA apanI A~kha ke nIce rakha rakkhA thaa| zUdraka meM candrApIDa kA pAramA thaa| aba zAma ke samaya kA anta A gayA thaa| usI kSaNa zUdra kA zarIrAnta ho gyaa| kAdambarI kI goda meM candApI yo punarjIvita ho uThA mAno vaha kisI gaharI nIMda se jAgA ho / zIghra hI puebarIka bhI sanase A milaa| donoM praNayi-yugaloM kA vivAha ho gayA aura sarvatra

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-kAvya aura campU 206 saire hI Ananda kA gayA / usake bAda una praNami-yugoM meM se pratyeka eka pakSa ke lie bhI eka dUsare se pRthak nahIM huA / sAhityika vizeSatA - sAhityika vizeSatA kI dRSTi se kAdambarI, jo eka kathA grantha hai, bAyA kI anya racanA harSacarita se, jo eka zrApAvikA pranya hai, bakara de| kAdambarI aura mahAzvetA ke prAya kI Tags kathA bar3e kauzala se paraspara gUMthI gaI hai| saca to yaha hai ki jagat ke sAhitya itihAsa meM aise anya bahuta do rUma meM saMskRta meM to koI hai hI nahIM / yadyapi yaha anya gadya meM hai, tathApi rasapUrNa' aura alaGkArayukta hone ke kAraNa bhAratIya sAhityazAstriyo ne ise kAvya kA nAma diyA hai / aGgI rasa kAra hai| isakA vikAva bar3I nipuNatA se kiyA gayA hai| mRtyu taka ko karate hue kAma kI dakhoM dazAoM ko dikhAne meM yaha kavi jaisA saphala huA hai vaisA isase pahale yA isake bAda koI dUsarA nahIM / ana rakhoM meM adbhuta aura karuNa ullekhanIya haiN| inake udAharaNoM kI anya meM kamI nahIM hai / ka meM zleSa bahuta adhika pAyA jAtA hai| dUsare darje para breka aura vRttyanuprAsa haiN| sanopamA kA udAharaNa dete hue kahA gayA hai, "kapila pupaharI ke lie aisA hI thA jaise saundarya ko yauna, yauvana ko anurAga aura anurAga ko vasanta" anya - kAroM kA varNana karane ke lie yahA~ avakAza nahIM hai| vastutaH bANa saMskRta sAhitya ke zraSTa kakSAkAroM meM ginA jAtA hai| govardhanAcArya Refer meM kahA hai ' 1 AtA zikhaNDinI prAg yathA zikhaNDI tathAvagacchAmi / gA vANI vANo babhUveti // 1 dekhiye vAkyaM rasAtmakam kAvyam / 2 udAharaNArtha candramA aura puDarIka ke kramika avatAra / 1 udAharaNArtha, prANiyoM ke mRtyu ke bAda kAdambarI aura mahAzvetA kI avasthAoM ke tathA vaizampAyana kI mRtyu para candrApIDa kI avasthA kA varNana | 4 merA anumAna hai ki jaise

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saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa dharmadAsa nAmaka eka aura samAlocaka ne usake sAhityika kRtitva ko aura store se kahA hai / vaha kahatA hai : 210 rucirsvaravatA rasabhAvavatI jaganmano harati / tat kiM ? taruNI ! nahi nahi vAsI bANasya madhurazItasya ' // jayadeva ne aura bhI Age baDha kara kahA hai : --- "hRdayavasatiH pacabANastu bANaH " [ kavitA kAminI ke ] hRdaya meM basane vAlA bANa mAno kAma hai| anya samAlocakoM ne bhI apane apane DhaMga se bAya ke sAhityika guNoM kI paryApta prazaMsA kI hai / bANa meM varNana kI, mAnanIya manovRttiyoM ke tathA prAkRtika padArthoM ke sUcana paryavekSaNa kI evaM kAntropayoginI kalpanA ko Azcaryajanaka zakti hai / kevala pradhAnapAtra hI nahIM, choTe-choTe pAtroM kA bhI vizada caritra-citraNa kiyA gayA hai / nAyikAoM ke rAgAtmaka tIna manobhAva aura kanyocita lajjAlutA ke sAtha prANiyoM ke saMvedana aura nAyakanAyikA kI anyonya bhakti kA varNana bar3ho uttama rIti se kiyA gayA hai / eka saccA praNayI apane praNayapAtra se pRthaka hone kI apekSA maranA adhika pasanda karatA hai / himAlaya parvata ke sundara darayoM, acchoda sarovara aura anya prAkRtika padArthoM kA sundara varNana kavi kI sAhi fore a kA paricaya detA hai| muniyoM ke zAntimaya aura rAjAzra pahale samaya meM adhika prAgalbhya prApta karane ke lie zikhaNDinI zikhaNDI bana kara avatIrNa huA thA vaise hI adhika prauDhi prApta karane ke lie sarasvatI bAga bana kara avatIrNa huI thI / 1 sundara svara, sundara varNa aura suMdara padoM vAlI tathA rasamayI tathA bhAvamayI jagat kA mana haratI hai| batAo kyA hai ? varuNo hai / na, na / madhura prakRti vAle bArA kI vANI /

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gadya-kAvya aura campU 21. ke bADambarapUrNa jIvana kA nipuNa varNana tulanA kI rIti para bar3e hai uttama DaGga se kiyA gayA hai| lacamuca bAra kI varNana-zakti bahuta mArI hai, isIliye usake viSaya meM kahA gayA hai ki "bANopichaSThaM jagat sartham" hANa ne sAre jagata ko jUThA kara diyA hai| kAdambarI ke adhyayana se yaha bhI mAlUma hotA hai ki bANa kA bhASA para bar3A vidvattApUrNa adhikAra thA jisake kAraNa usane aprasiddha aura RThina zabdoM kA bhI prayoga kara DAlA hai| zleSa ke saMyoga se to usakA madha kisI yogya TIkA ke binA samajhanA hI kanina ho gayA hai| Adhunika bAToM se tolane vAle pa.zcAtya pAlocakoM ne ina truTiyoM kI bar3I kaTu AlocanA kI hai| jaisA paile kahA jA cukA hai unake gA ko eka bhAratIya jaMgala kahA gayA hai jisameM jhAr3a-maMkAdoM ke uga Ane ke kAraNa pathika, jaba taka mArga na banA le. aAge nahIM bar3ha sakatA, aura jisameM use aprasiddha zabdoM ke rUpa meM bhayAvaha jaMgalI jAnavoM kA sAmanA karanA par3atA anya meM samAnupAtika aMgopacaya kA dhyAna nahIM rakhA gayA hai| kadAcit lesnaka ke pAsa kisI prasaMga ke varNana kI jaba taka kucha bhI sAmagrI zeSa rahI hai taba taka usane isa prasaGga kA piMDa nahIM chor3A hai| dAharaNArtha, eka sIdhI sAdI bAta thI ki eka ujjaina nagara thaa| aba isakI vizeSaNamAlA jo prArambha huI hai do pRSTha taka calI gaI hai| kabhI kabhI samAsa-gumphita vizeSaNa eka sArI kI sArI paMkti taka banbA ho gayA hai| candrApIr3a ko diyA huA zukanAsa kA ugadeza sAta pRSTha meM pAyA hai| jaba taka pratyeka sambhava rIti se bAta taruNa rAjakumAra ke mana meM piThA nahIM dI gaI, tama taka upadeza samApta nahIM kiyA gyaa| kintu vAza kI zailI kA vAstavika svarUpa yaha hai ki 1 kAdambarI ke apane saMskaraNa kI bhUmikA meM DA0 pITarasana dvArA uddhRta baibara kI smpti|

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212 saskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa vaha pratipAya artha ke anusAra badalatI rahane lI hai / bahuta se prakaraNoM meM bANa kI bhASA pUrNa sarala aura zrava hai| ___ kAdambarI kA mUla srota-sthUla rUpa-rekhA meM kAdambarI kI kathA somadeva ( haisA kI 12vIM za0 ) dvArA likhita kathAsaritsAgara ke nRpa sumanA kI kathA se bahuta milatI julatI hai| kathAsaritsAgara guNAnyakRta bRhatkathA kA saMskRtAnuvAda hai / bRhatkathA aAjakala prAcyA nahIM hai, kintu yaha bANa ke samaya meM vidyamAna thii| isase anumAna hotA hai ki bANa ne bRhatkathA se kathAvastu lekara kahA kI dRSTi se use prabhAkazAlinI banAne ke lie usameM aneka parivartana kara diye the| Uvva kAlIna kathAtmaka kAvyo para barA kA prabhAvabANa ke kathAbanAne kAvya ke ucca pramANa taka pahu~canA koI sugasa kArya nahIM thaa| jANa ke bAda kathA-kAbya adhika camatkAraka nahIM hai, kintu inase yaha sApha jhalakatA hai ki una para bAe kA gaharA prabhAva par3A / bANa ke bAda ke kayAlaka kAvyoM meM prathama ura dekhanIya vijakamaMjarI hai / isakA ko dhanapAla (IsA kI 10vIM za0) dhArA ke mahArAja ke pAtra meM rahA karatA thaa| isa prandha meM tilakamaMjarI aura samaraketu ke prema kI kathA hai| antarAtmA (Spirit) aura zailI donoM ko dRSTi se yaha anya kAdambarI kI nakala hai| isa bAta ko svayaM lekhaka bhI svIkAra karatA hai| bANa kA RNI dUsarA prantha bacintAmaNi hai| isakA lekhaka proDayadeva nAmaka eka jaina thaa| isI kA upanAma bAdImasiMha thA / isa anya kA pratipAdya viSaya jIvanabhara kA upAkhyAna hai| yahI upAkhyAna jIvanadhara bampU kA bhI viSaya hai| isakA kAla anizcata hai| 1 isake anya grantha hai-paiyalacchI (prAkRtabhASA kA koSa, racanAkAla 672-3 I0) aura RSabha paMcAzikA (prAkRta bhASA meM pacAsa padya) jo kisI jaina muni kI prazasti hai| 2 sAhitya ke aura bhI aga haiM jinameM gadya-padya kA mizramA rahatA hai; parantu uname padya yA to aupadezika hote haiM yA pakSyamANa kahAnI kA

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gadya-kAvya aura campU (81) campU campU gadya-padyamaya kAvya ko kahate haiM / isakI varNanIya vastu koI kathA hotI hai / 'kathA' ke samAna hI campU bhI sAhityadarpaNa meM racanA kA eka prakAra svIkRta huA hai aura IsA kI 10vIM zatAbdI taka ke purAne campU grantha upalabdha hote haiM / Ajakasa jisane campU-lekhakoM kA patA calatA hai unameM sabase purAnA trivikrama bhaTTa hai / yahI 663 I0 ke rASTrakUTa nRpa indra tRtIya ke nausArI vAle zikSAlekha kA bhI lekhaka hai / isake do grantha milate haiM --- nalacampU (jise damayantI kathA bhI kahate haiM) aura madAlasacampU / inameM se navam apUrNa hai| dono granthoM meM gauDI rIti kA anusaraNa kiyA gayA hai / yaho kAraNa hai ki inameM dIrgha samAsa, aneka zleSa, ananta vizeSaNa, durUha vAkya racanA aura atyadhika anuprAsa haiM zruti sukhadatA ke lie artha kI bali de dI gaI hai / hAM, kucha pacha ramaNIya banapar3e haiM / isa ke nAma se sUktisaMgrahoM meM saMgrahIta kiyA huA eka patha dekhie- jananIrAgahetavaH / sandhyeke bahulAyo bAlakA iva ' // 213 apragalbhapadanyAsA arat zatAbdI meM likhA huA dUsarA kathA- kAvyagrantha yazastilaka | ise somadeva jaina ne 150 I0 meM likhA thA / sAhityika guNoM kI kendrika abhiprAya dete haiM (jaise; paJcatantra ) yA bAta ko prabhAva - zAlinI banAte haiM yA kisI bAta para bala dete haiM / campU meM padya gadyavat hI kisI ghaTanA kA varNana karate haiM / 1 prauDha cAla vAle, mAtA ko zrAnanda dene vAle, aura [mukha se cUta huI ] bahuta se pIne vAle bAlakoM ke samAna kucha aise bhI kavi haiM jinaka vAkya racanA prauDha nahIM hai jo janatA ko AkRSTa nahIM kara sakate aura jo bolate adhika haiN|

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214 saskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa dRSTi se yaha grantha upayukta donoM campuoM se bahuta utkRSTa hai / kathA prAya: sAyanta rocaka hai / lekhaka kA uddezya jaina siddhAntoM ko lokapriya rUpa meM rakha kara unakA pracAra karanA pratIta hotA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki isa anya meM hama dekhate haiM ki nRpa mAridatta, kathA kA nAyaka, jo kula devI caNDamArI devatA ke sAmane sampUrNa sajIva padArthoM ke jor3oM ko, jinameM eka bAlaka aura bAlikA bhI sammilita thI, bali denA cAhatA thA, apanI prajA ke sAtha anta meM jainadharma grahaNa kara letA hai| isake kucha padya vastutaH sundara haiM / jaise pravaktA'pi svayaM lokaH kAmaM kA parIkSaka ! rasapAkAnabhijJo'pi bhokA vetti na ki hamam // kadAcit unka zanAbdI kA hI eka aura jaina kathAtmaka kAmya haricandra kRta jIvanadhara campU hai / isakA aAdhAra guNabhanna kA uttara purANa hai| isakI kahAnI meM rakha kA nAma nahIM / [bhoja ke nAma se prasiddha ] rAmAyaNa umpU, anantakRta bhAratacampU, soDUDhajakRta (1080 I0) udayasundarIkA ityAdi aura bhI kucha svampU andha hai, parantu ve saba sAdhAraNa hone ke kAraNa yahA~ paricaya karAne ke adhikArI nahIM haiN| - - - 1 svayaM apane bhAvo kA samyak prakAza na kara sakane vAlA vyakti bhI kAvya kA parIkSaka ho sakatA hai; kyA svAda bhojana banAne kI kriyA na jAnane vAlA bhoktA bhojana ke svAda ko nahIM jaantaa| 2 isakA pakkA nizcaya nahIM ki yahI ( 21 sargAtmaka ) dharmazarmAbhyudaya nAmaka jaina kAvya kA bhI kartA hai /

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adhyAya 13 lokapriya kathAgrantha / (82) guNADhya kI bRhatkathA / bhAratIya sAhitya meM jina lokapriya kathAoM ke ullekha milate haiM unakA sabase yuganA anya guNAnya kI vRharakathA hai| mUla grantha paizAcI bhASA meM thaa| vaha aba lupta ho cukA hai| parantu isake anuvAda yA vita saMskaraNa ke nAma se prasiddha granthoM ke AdhAra para isa grantha ke aura isake racayitA ke lamjantra meM kucha dhAraNAeM kI jA sakatI haiN| isa sambandha meM hAramIra se upalabdha kSemendra ko bRhatkathAmanarI aura somadeva kA kathAsaritsAgara tathA nepAla se prApta buddhasvAmI kA bRhatkathAzloka saMgraha' mukhya andha haiN| (ka) kavi-jIvana-kAzmIrI saMskaraNoM ke anusAra guNAtya kA janma godAvarI ke taTa para base pratiSThAna nagara meM huA thA / vaha thor3I sI saMskRta jAnane vAle napa pAtavAhana kA bar3A kRpApAna thA / eka dina jala-vihAra ke samaya rAnI ne hAjA se kahA, modakaiH--udaka mA. arthAt jaloM le na / sandhijJAna se zUnya rAjA ne isakA artha samajhA 1aisI kathAe~ samAja ke ucca zreNI ke logoM kI apekSA sAdhAraNa zreNI ke logoM meM adhika pracalita haiM / ina dino bhI gviAja hai ki zAma ke samaya bacce ghara kI bUr3hI strI ke cAroM ora ikaThe ho jAte haiM aura usame apanI mAtRbhASA meM rocaka kahAniyA sunate haiM /

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216 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa 'laDDuoM se' | bhUla mAlUma hone para rAjA ko kheDa huA aura usane saMskRta sIkhane kI icchA prakaTa kI / guNADhya ne kahA- maiM Apako chaH varSa meM saMskRta par3hA sakatA hU~ / isa para ha~satA huA ( kAtantra vyAkaraNa kA racayitA ) zarvavarmA bolA- maiM to chaH mahIne meM hI paDhA sakatA huuN| usakI pratijJA ko asAdhya samajhate hue guNADhya kahA yadi tama aisA kara dikhAo, to meM saMskRta, prAkRta yA pracalita anya koI bhI bhASA vyavahAra meM nahIM jAU~gA / zarvavarmA ne apanI pratijJA pUrI kara dikhAI, to guNADhya vindhya parvata ke andara calA gayA aura vahA~ usane pizAcoM (bhUtoM) ko bhASA meM isa bRhatkAya antha kA likhanA prAra kara diyA / guNADhya ke ziSya sAta tAsa rakhokoM ke isa podhe ko nRpa sAtavAhana ke pAsa le gae, kintu usane zravahelanA ke sAtha ise asvIkRta kara diyA / guNADhya bar3A viSaNNa hunA / usane apane cAroM ora ke pazuoM aura pakSiyoM ko sunAte hue grantha ko U~ce svara meM par3anA prArambha kiyA aura paThita bhAga ko jajJAtA bajA gyaa| taba grantha kI kIrti rAjA taka pahu~cI aura usane usakA sAta bhAga (ardhA eka lAkha padya-samUha ) baccA liyaa| yahI bhAga bRhatkathA hai / nepAlI saMskaraNa ke anusAra guNADhya kA janma mathurA meM huA thA; aura vaha ujjaina ke nRpati madana kA zrAzrita thA / anya vivaraNoM meM bhI kucha kucha bheda hai / ukta donoM dezoM ke saMskaraNoM ke gambhIra adhyayana se nepAla kI apekSA kAzmIrI kI bAta adhika vizvasanIya pratIta hotI hai / kadAcit nepAlI saMskaraNa ke raciyatA kA abhiprAya guNAnya ko nepAla ke samIpavartI deza kA nivAsI siddha karanA ho / (kha) sAhitya meM ullekha - guNADhya kI bRhatkathA kA bahuta hI purAnA ullekha daNDI ke kAvyAdarza meM milatA hai / apanI vAsavadA meM subandhu ne bhI guNADhya kA nAma liyA hai| bArA bhI harSacaritra aura kAdambarI donoM kI bhUmikAoM meM gAya kI kIrti kA smaraNa karatA hai / bAda ke sAhitya meM to ullekhoM kI bharamAra hai| bRhatkathA kA

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lokapriya kathAgrantha mAma trivikramabhaTTa aura somadeva ke camputroM meM, govardhana kI samAtI meM aura 875 I. ke kambodiyA ke zilAlekha meM bhI bhAtA hai| (ga) pratipAdyAthe kI rUpa rekhA--kisI kisI kA kahanA hai ki bRhatkathA kI kathAvastu kA prAdhAra rAmAyaNa kI kathA hai| rAmAyaNa meM zAma sItA aura lakSmaNa ko sAtha lekara bana meM ge| vahA~ sItA curAI gaI lakSmaNa kI sahAyatA se rAmane sItA ko punaH prApta kiyA aura anta meM ghara lauTa kara ke ayodhyA ke rAjA bane / bRhatkathA kA nAyaka bharavAhanadatta vegavatI aura gomukha ko sAtha lekara gharase nikalatA hai; vegavatI se vidhuta hotA hai, aneka parAkramayata kArya karane ke bAda gomukha kI sahAyamA se (nAyikA) madanamabjA ko prApta karake vidyAdharoM ke deza kA rAjA banatA hai ! jaise hAvaNa ke hAtha me par3a kara bhI lItA kA satItva surakSita rahA, vaise hI mAnasa-vega ke vaza meM raha kara bhI madanamanukA kA nArIdharma akhaNDina rhaa| yaha bAta to alandigdha hI hai ki guNAtya rAmAyaNIya, mahAbhAratIya aura bauddha upAkhyAnoM se paricita thaa| bhAsamAna samAnatA kevala rUpa-rekhA meM haiM, vivaraNa kI dRSTi se vRhatkathA aura rAmAyaNa meM bar3A antara hai| naravAhanadatta aura gomukha ke parAkrama prAyaH kavi ke samaya kI loka-pracalita aura pathikoM se munisunAI kahAniyoM para prAzrita haiN| ye kahAniyAM zramikoM, nAvikoM vAMzakoM, aura pathikoM ko chaDI priya lagane vAlI haiN| lekhaka kA uddezya sarvasAdhAraNa ke lie paizAcI bhASA meM eka sugama sAhityika sandarbha prastuta karanA thA, na ki samAja ke ucca zreNI ke logoM ke lie saMskRta meM kisI aitihAlika athavA zrIpAkhyAnika napa kI jIvanI yA AcAraskRti sampAdita karanA / gaNAsya meM maulikatA kI bahujatA thI / satra to yaha hai ki usakA grantha apane DhaMga kA anaThA grantha hai| gaNAcya ke pAtroM ke caritra kA aGkana bar3A bhavya hai| mar3oMme hI nahoM, choTe pAtroM meM bhI vyaktitva kI khUba jhalaka hai / naravAhanadatta apane pitA udayana se adhika guNazAnI hai| usake zarIra para tIsa sahaja

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218 saskRta sAhitya kA ivihAsa saubhAgya-cihna haiM, jo isake dUsarA sugata prathakA eka sabATa banane ke ghotaka hai| yaha nyAya kA avatAra dikhAI detA hai / mobhakha rASTranIni kuzala, vidvAn aura cAlAka hai| isakI tulanA yathArthatayA saciva yaugandhamAyaNa ke sAtha kI jA sakatI hai / nAyikA madanamajujhA kI pUrNa upamA sRcchakaTika kI nAvikA vasantasenA me dI jA sakatI hai| (gha) racanA kA rUpa (gadya athavA padya - 'guNAnya ne gadya meM likhA yA paJca meM? isa prazna kA solahoM zrAne sahI uttara denA sAbhana nahIM hai| bRhatkathA ke upalakSyamAna tInoM hI saMskaraNa padyabaddha haiM aura unale yahI anumAna hotA hai ki bhUla grantha mI padyAtmaka hI hogaa| kAzmIrI saMskaraNa meM upalabdha ikathA ke nirmANa hetu kI kahAnI kahatI hai ki guNAya ne vastutaH sAta lAkha pazca likhe the, jina meM se napa sAtavAhana kevala eka lAkha ko maSTa hone se bacA sakA thaa| isake viruddha daNDI kahatA hai ki 'kathA' gadyAtmaka kAvya ko kahate hai| jaise- bRhaTakathA ' / daNDo ke mata para yU~ hI jhaTapaTa haDtAla nahIM pherI jA sakatI; kAraNa, dagaDI paryAsa prAcIna hai aura sammava hai usane kisI na kisI rUpa meM svayaM bRhatkathA ko dekhA ho / hemacanda ne bRharakathA meM se eka gadya khaNDa uddhRta kiyA hai| isale darAddhI ke mata kA samarthana hotA hai| yaha dUsarI bAta hai ki paryApta UrvakAlIna hone se hemacandra kI bAta para adhika vizvAsa nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / (Ga) paizAcI bhASA kA janmadeza-yahI sunA jAtA hai ki guNADhya ne yaha grantha paizAcI bhASA meM likhA thaa| kAzmIrI saMskaraNa ke anusAra guNADhya kA janma sthAna godAvarI ke taTa avasthita pratiSThAna nagara aura bRhatkathA kA utpAdana-radhAna vindhyagiri kA garbha thaa| isase 1 apAdaH padasantAnoM gaDhyamAkhyAyikA kathA, iti tasya prabhedo dvau .. .. .........||(kaavyaadrsh 1, 23) bhUtabhASAmayIM prAhuradbhutArthA bahatkathAm / / (kAvyAdarza 1, 38)

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lokapriya kavApanya whe tA yahI pAraNAma nikAlA jA sakatA hai ki paizAcI bolI kA janmapradeza vidhya vita hai| dUsarI ora, sara jArja priyarasana ne pizAcI boliyoM ke eka varga kA pracAra-kSetra bhArata kA uttara-pazcimIya prAnta ztalAyA hai| usake mata le ina boliyoM kA sIdhA sambandha purAtana paizAco mAyA se hai aura ina dinoM ye kAphiristAna meM citAlA. gijagila aura svAra ke pradezoM meM bolI jAtI haiN| uttara-pazcima kI ina pizAca-boliyoM meM '6' ke sthAna para 'ta' aura isI prakAra anya komala majanoM ke sthAna para bhI unhIM-jaise kaThora vyaJjana bole jAne haiN| parantu yaddI pravRtti vindhyaparvata kI bhASAoM meM bhI pAI jAtI hai| lekoTa kA vicAra hai ki zAyada gaNAnya ne paizAcI bhASA uttara-pazcima ke kinhIM yAtriyoM se sIkhI ho / kintu yaha bicAra dila ko kucha jagatA nahauM / phira, aura bhI kaI kaThinAiyA~ hai| paizAcI bhASA meM kevala eka sakAra-ani kA sadAva pAyA jAnA hai, parantu uttarapazcima kI pizAca-choliyoM meM azoka ke kAla se lekara bhinna-bhinna sakAra-dhvaniyA~ vidyamAna calo zrA rahI haiN| isakA rattIbhara pramANa nahIM milatA ki guNAtya kabhI bhI uttara-pazcimIya bhArata meM rahA ho| isake atirika rAjazekhara hameM batalAtA hai ki paizAcI bhASA deza ke eka bar3e bhAga meM, jisameM vindhyAcala zreNI bhI sammilita haiM, vyavahRta hotI thii| prAta: prakaraNa ko samAla karate hue yahI kahanA par3A hai ki pramANoM kA adhika bhAra paizAcI ke vindhyavAsinI hone ke pakSa (ca) kAla-yaha nizcaya hai ki bRhatkathA IsA kI chaTI zatAbdI se pahale hI likhI gaI thI, kyoMki daNDI ne apane kAvyAdarza meM isakA hallekha karate hue ise bhUtabhASA meM likhI huI kahA hai| bAda meM subandhu aura bANa ne bhI apane prandhoM meM isakA nAma liyA hai / sambhava hai mRcchakaTika ke kAryAne bRhatkathA dekhI ho aura vasantasenA kA caritra madanamanjukA ke caritra para hI citrita kiyA ho; parantu durbhAgya se

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saskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa mRcchakaTika kA kAma anizcita hai| baiMkoTa ne guNAkhya ko sAtavAhana kA samakAlamada hone ke kAraNa IsA kI prathama zatAbdI meM rakhA hai| isa viruddha matva vAloM kA kathana hai ki sAtavAhana kevala vaMza-vAcaka nAma hai, ata: isase koI amandigdha pariNAma nahIM nikAlA jA sakatA hai| kAyantra byAkarakha ke kartA zarvazarmA ke sAtha nAmna gAne ke kAraNa guNAtya IsA kI prathama zatAbdI ke bAda kA mAlUma hotA hai| (cha) grantha kA mahattva-(8)--vRhatkathAha mahAn mahatva kA anya hai / lokapriya kahAniyoM kA prAcInatama grantha hone ke atirikta yaha bhAratIya sAhitya-kalA ko sAmagrI dene vAlA vizAla bhaNDAra hai ! (2) apane se adhyakAla ke saMskRta-sAhitya para prabhAva DAlane bAle anthoM meM isakA sthAna pAmAyaNa aura mahAbhArata kevala ina dA anthoM ke bAda haiM ! UrdhvakAlIna lekhakoM ke lie pratipAdya artha tathA prakAra donoM kI dRSTi se yaha akSara nidhi siddha huzrA hai| (3) bRhaskathA kI kahAniyA~ eka aise kAla kI ora saketa karatI haiM, jo hameM bhArata ke itihAsa meM aitihAsika dRSTi se avispaSTa pratIta hotA hai| ina kahAniyoM ko jA~ca-par3atAla karane vAle kI dRSTi se dekhA jAe, to inase tatkAlIna bhAratIya vicAroM aura rIti-rivAjoM para pa ra prakAza paDatA pratIta hogaa| (4) bRhatkathA bhAratIya sAhitya ke vikAsa meM eka mahatvapUrNa avasthA kI sImA kA nirdhAraNa karatI hai| (83) buddha svAmI kA zloka saMgraha (8 vIM yA 6 vI za0) buddhasvAmI ke grantha kA pUrA nAma vRhatkathA zlokasaMgraha hai| ata. jAnA jAtA hai ki isa anya kA uddezya padyarUpa meM bRhatkathA kA saMkSepa danA hai / yaha andha kevala khapitarUpa ne upalabdha hotA hai, aura patA hI lekhaka ne ise pUrA likhA thA yA adhUrA hI choDa diyA thA / isa anya kI hastalikhita pratiyA~ nepAla se milI hai| ata: isakA nAma nepAlI saMskaraNa rakkhA gayA hai| kintu isa grantha yA granthakAra kA

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lokapriya kathAgrantha 221 nepAla ke sAtha sambandha jor3ane meM koI hetu dikhAI nahIM detaa| isakA IsA kI zrAvoM yA nauvIM zatAbdI mAnA jAtA hai / yAvaziSTakharita prati meM 28 sarga aura 4136 patha haiM / aisA pratIta hotA hai ki granthakAra ne kisI na kisI rUpa meM asahI bRhatkathA kI padA thA / pAThaka udayana kI kathA se paricita hai, yaha kalpanA karake vaha eka eka karake naravAhanadAsa kI prema-kathAzroM ko kahanA prArambha kara detA hai| kAzmIrI saMskaraNoM ke sAtha tulanA karane se pratIta hotA hai ki vivaraNa meM mahAna bheda hai| donoM dezoM ke saMskaraNoM meM bheda kevala kathA ke krama kA hI nahI, kathA ke antara AmA ke svarUpa kA bhI hai| isake anirikta kAzmIrI saMskaraNoM meM prakSepa bhI paryApta hai / udAharaNa ke bie paMcatantra ke eka saMskaraNa kI kucha kathAeM aura samagra vetALapaMcavizatikA ko liyA jA sakatA hai / prArambha meM yahI samajhA jAtA thA ki kAzmIrI saMskaraNoM kA AdhAra adhikatayA asalI bRhatkathA hI hai, kintu buddhasvAmI ke grantha kI upalabdhi ne isa vicAra ko bikula badala diyA hai / zrImoM saMskaraNoM ke samAna prakaraNoM kI tulanA karane se jAna par3atA hai ki zAyada kSemendra aura somadeva ko dasvAmI ke grantha kA patA thA aura unhoMne usakA saMkSepa kara diyA hai / kama se kama yaha kahanA to bilakula saca hai ki kAzmIrI saMskaraNa ke kaI upA sthAna aprAsaGgika pratIta hote haiM aura znoksamada ko par3he vinA isakA abhiprAya samajha meM nahIM AtA hai| -- kAzmIrI saMskaraNoM meM Ae prakSiptAMzoM ke viSaya meM do samAdhAna hote haiM - yA to bRhatkathA kI vaha prati, jo kAzmIra meM pahu~cI, pahale hI upabRhita ho cukI thI, aura usameM paMcatantra kA eka saMskaraNa evaM samagra vetALapaMcaviMzatikA praviSTa thI; yA saMkSepa-kArakoM ne apane kartavya ko ThIka ThIka nahIM anubhava kiyA aura apane kSetra kI sImAoM ke andara hI andara rahane kI sAvadhAnatA nahIM varatI /

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saskRtasAhitya kA itihAsa zailI-lokasaMgraha kI zailI sarala, sanaSTa aura vicchittizAlinI hai| yadi zailI sarala na ho, to andha jokapriya sAhitya meM sthAna nahIM pA sktaa| pAtroM kA nirmANa spaSTa aura nirmala hai| racanA ke pratyeka avayava meM svAbhAvikatA kA raMga hai / aisA bhAsita hotA hai ki zarthamAna sthAnoM ko lekhaka ne bAra dekhA thaa| mUla kA naitika kaeTha-svara isa anya meM atyantara udAtta hai / bhASA meM prAe hue prAkRta ke aneka zabdoM ne eka vizeSatA utpanna kara dI hai| lekhaka saMskRta kA paNDita hai aura use luDa lakAra ke prayoga karane kA zauka hai| (4) kSemendra kI bRhatkathAmaJjarI (1063-6 ii0)| ____ jaisA nAma se prakaTa hai bRhatkathAmArI bRhatkathA kA saMkSepa hai| kSemendra kI likhI rAmAyaNamaJjarI aura bhAratamaJjarI ke dekhane se vidita hotA hai ki vaha eka saccA saMkSepa lekhaka thA / usakI bahatkathAmaMjarI meM kathAsaritsAgara ke 21388 payoM ke mukAbile para kevala 7500 padya hai| bahudhA saMkSepa-kalA ko eka sImA taka vIMca kara le jAyA gayA hai; isIlie maMjarI zuSka, nirudAsa, zramanorama, prAya: duryodha, aura tirohitArtha bhI hai aura kathAsaritsAgara ko dekhe binA spaSTArtha nahIM hotI / kadAcit ye mAriyAM padya-nirmANa-kalA kA abhyAsa karane ke lie likhI gaI thartho / yadi yaha ThIka hai to nisargataH bRhaskathA. maMjarI kA janma kavi ke yauvana kAla meM huzrA hogaa| kSemendra kevala hakSepa-lekhaka hI nahIM hai| avasara Ane para vaha apanI varNana-zakti dikhalAne meM prasanna hotA hai aura ghaTanAoM ko vastutaH AkarSaka aura utkRSTa zailI meM varNana karatA hai| yaha grantha 1063-6 meM likhA gayA thaa| __ pratipAdya artha kI dRSTi se bRhatkathAmaMjarI kathAsaritsAgara se atyanta milatI-julatI hai| donoM prantha eka hI kAla meM eka hI deza 1 yaha eka tathya hai ki kavi kA vizvAsa thA ki navazikSita kavi ko aisI racanA kara ke kAvya-kalA kA abhyAsa karanA cAhie /

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lokapriya kathAgrantha 223 maiM aura eka hI dhAra para likhe gae the / grantha ke prakAra khaDa jinheM lambhaka, (saMbhavatayA vIrya-karmoM ke athavA vijaya ke bosaka ) kahA gayA hai / kathApITha nAmaka prathama khambhaka meM guNADhya kI bRhatkathA kI utpatti kI kathA hai; dvitIya aura tRtIya jambhaka meM udayana kA aura isake dvArA padmAvatI kI prApti kA itihAsa hai| caturtha jambhaka meM maravAha datta ke janma kA varNana hai / zravaziSTa jambhakoM meM naravAhanadatta kI aneka prema kahAniyoM kA sadana maMjukA ke sAtha saMyoga hone kA aura vidyAroM ke deza kA rAjya prApta karane kA varNana hai / prantha meM upAkhyAnoM kA jAla phailA huA hai, jisameM mukhya kathA kA dhAgA prAyaH ulajha jAtA hai| hA~, kucha upAkhyAna vastutaH rocaka aura AkarSaka haiM / buThe kambhaka meM sUrya-prabhA kA upAkhyAna hai / isameM kavi ne vaidika upAkhyAnoM ko bauddha rAkhyAnoM aura loka pracakSita. vizvAsoM ke sAtha milane kA kauzalya dikhalAyA hai / pandrahaveM lambhaka meM mahAbhArata ke eka upAkhyAna se milatA-julatA eka upAkhyAna AyA hai| isameM nAyaka zvetadvIpa kI vijaya ke lie nikalatA hai / isa sthala para alaMkRta kAvya kI zailI meM nArAyaNa se eka marma sparzinI prArthanA kI gaI hai / - (85) somadeva kA kathAsaritsAgara ( 1081-83 ) kathAfrasAgara kA artha haiM-- kathA rUpa nadiyoM kA samudra | laiko de ne (bRhat ) kathA kI (kahAnI rUpa) nadiyoM kA samudra mAnA 1 laikoTe ke artha se yaha artha adhika svAbhAvika hai| hame kAzmIra ke eka brAhmaNa somadeva ne, kSemedra se zAyada thor3e hI varSa pazcAt, likhA thA / yaha AkAra meM kSemeMdra ke grantha se tigunA evaM Iliyara aura zroDisI ke saMyukta zrAkAra se lagabhaga dugunA hai / yaha grantha kAzmIra ke zramanta nAmaka prAnta kI duHkhita rAnI sUryamatI ke manovinodArthaM fakhA gaya thA / rAjA ne 1081 I0 meM AyA kara lI thI aura rAnI usakI citA para satI do gaI thI /

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224 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa somadeva kA anya aThAraha khaNDoM meM vibhakta hai, jinheM kSemendra ke prantha ke vaeDoM ke samAna, lambhaka kA nAma diyA gayA hai / isa aThAraha khaNDoM ke caubIsa upakhaNDa haiN| ikakA nAma hai taraMga' | yaha isa anya meM eka navInatA hai| bAda meM isI ko kalhaNa ne bhI apanA liyara hai / pA~ca khaNDa taka isa grantha kI rUparekhA vahI hai, jo ahaskathAmajarI kI, kintu bhAge jAkara isake pratipAdya artha ke prayAsa meM kavi ne jo parivana kara diyA hai, usase par3hate samaya pAThaka kI abhiruci prakSoyamANa rahatI hai aura do vaeDo kI saMdhi svAbhAvika dikhAI dene lagI hai| somadeva kI kahAniyA~ nissandeha rocaka bhAra AkarSaka hai| unameM jIvana hai aura navomatA hai, tathA usake svarUpa meM aneka-vidhatA hai| isake atirikta ve hameM lAra, spaSTa aura vicchiti zAlinI zailI meM bheMTa kI gaI haiN| sAre 21388 padyoM meM se kevana 761 pacoM kA hI chaMda anuSTupa nahIM hai / isameM lambe lambe samAma, kiSTa vAkya-zvanA aura alaMkAroM kA prayoga viDakula naI pAyA jaataa| lekhaka kA uddezya sAdhI-sAdI kathA ke druta-veza ko nirvAdha calane denA hai / vaha isa kArya meM saphala bhI khUba huA hai| ye kahAniyA~ bar3A ho rocaka haiN| inameM se kaI emcatantra ke saMska1 vRhatkathAmaMjarI ke upakhaMDo kA nAma hai gucch,| 2 paropakAra ke mahatva kA varNana karane vAlA vakSyamANa padya isakI zailo kA ucama nanUnA peza karatA hai parArthaphala anmAno na syurmArgamA iva / lapacchado mahAntazce j joriNyaM jagad bhavet // arthAt-dUsaroM ko phala khilAne vAle, dhUpa kA nivAraNa karane vAle mArga meM khar3e hue bar3e-bar3e vRkSA ke tulya paropakAra karane vAle dUsaro kA kaSTa nivAraNa karane vAle mahA (puruSa) na ho, to jagat purAne jaMgala (ke samAna nivAsa ke ayogya) ho jAe /

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vetAlapaJcaviMzatikA 225 raNa se kI gaI haiM aura IsA kI pAMcavIM zatAbdI ke prArambhika kAla kI hai| ina kahAniyoM meM mUroM,dhUnoM aura zaThoM kI kahAniyAM bar3I rocaka haiN| kucha kahAniyAM striyoM ke prema-pAza kI bhI dI gaI hai| inameM se kucha vastutaH cAritrya kA nirmANa karane vAlI hai / pravandhaka tApasI ke 'bhUtandrayAnabhidrohA dharmo hi paramo ma:" upadeza kA devasmitA para koI asara nahIM huaaa| devasmitA ke kauzala ke sAmane usake bhAvI premiyoM kI eka bar3oM clii| vaha unheM vipa-cunI zarAba pilA devI hai kutte ke pArasI paMje se unake mAthe ko dAga detI hai aura unheM ganda se bharI eka khAI meM pheMka detI hai| bAda meM vaha unheM cora coSita kara detI hai| zaThoM ke sAtha yahI vyavahAra sarvathA ucita thA / kucha kahAniyAM bauddha-raMga meM raMgI huI dekho bAte haiN| udAharaNArtha hama pasa hAjA kI kahAnI le sakate haiN| jisane apanI AMkheM nikalavA DAlI thiiN| chamake atirikta poga-bhaMga aura kapUra-daza ityAdi ke varNana tathA samudra aura sthana-sambandhI prAzcaryajanaka ghaTanAoM ko kucha kahAniyAM bhI haiM / prakRti varNana kI mA apekSA nahIM kI gaI hai| (86) betAlapaJcaviMzatikA / isa anya meM paccIsa kahAniyAM haiN| inakA vaktA eka bevAla (rAcha meM basA hazrA bhUta) aura zrotA nRpa trivikramasena hai| bhAja kala yaha anya ime bRhatkathAmajarA aura kathAsaritsAgara meM sammilita mikSatA hai; parantu sambhava hai mUlarUpa meM yaha kabhI eka svatantra pranya ho| bAda ke isake kaI saMskaraNa upalabdha haiN| isameM se eka, o (12vIM yA aura 1 ye kahAniyAM saGghasenalikhita eka anya meM pAI jAtI haiM / isakA anuvAda lekhaka ke hI ziSya guNaddhi ne 462 I0 me cInI bhASA me kiyA thaa| 2 (paJca) bhUtoM se indriyoM ko sukhI karanA hI sabase bar3A dharma hai| 3 bAda ke saMskaraNoM meM rAjA kA nAma vikramAditya zAyA hai|

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226 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa mA bAda kI zatAbdI) zivadAsa' kI racanA samajhI jAtI hai| yaha gaya meM hai; aura jima ke racayitA kA patA nahIM hai vaha mukhyatayA hemendra ke anya ke AdhAra para likhA gayA pratIta hotA hai| jammalada aura ballabhadAsa ke saMskaraNa aura bhI bAda ke haiN| anya ko prAtyanta bokapriyatA kA pramANa isAle milavA hai ki bhArata kI prAyaH sabhI bhASAoM isakA anuvAda ho cukA hai| prama kI rUparekhA jadila nahIM hai| eka rAjA kisI prakAra kisI mahAtmA se upakRta hupA mahAtmA ne kahA ki jAo usa zmazAna meM per3a para ulaTI jaTakatI huI lAza ko le paayo| rAjA ne AjJA zirodhArya kI ! parantu lAza meM eka betAla (tAmA ) kA nivAsa thA, jisane rAjA se pratijJA karAnI ki yadi tU cupa rahe to maiM tere sAtha cajane ko taiyAra huuN| mArga meM detAle eka jaTila kahAno karane ke bAda rAmAle usakA uttara pUchA / pratibhAzAlI rAjA ne tatkAla uttara de diyaa| rAjA kA uttara denA yA ki betAla tarakAru mantara ho gayA ( vicAre rAjA ko phira lAza ko khAne jAnA pdd'aa| phira pahalI jaisI hI ghaTanA huii| isa prakAra mAnA-prakAra kI kahAniyA~ kahI gaI haiN| udAharaNa ke lie, eka kanyA kI kahAnI pAtI hai| vaha eka rAkSasa ke paMje meM par3a gii| usakI jAna bacAne ke lie usake tIna praNathiyoM meM se eka ne apane kauzala se usa kanyA ke gopanArtha eka sthAna batAyA, dUsare ne apanI pAzcaryajanaka zakti se usake lie vimAna kA prabandha kiyA aura sIplare ne apane parAkrama se usa rAkSasa kA parAbhUta kiyaa| aba svayameva 1 zAlivAhana kathA aura kathANa va ina do kathA sandarbho kA kartA bhI zivadAsa hI prasiddha hai| prathama sandarbha meM gadya aura padya donoM aThAraha sarga hai aura isake upaja vya bRhatkathAmaJjarI aura tathAsaritsAgara hai| dvitIya sandarbha meM mUrkha, atavyasanI, zaTha,pravacaka ityAdi kI paitIsa rocaka aura zikSAprada kahAniyA haiN|

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zuka saptati 227 prazna uThatA hai ki tInoM meM se kauna kanyA ko prApta kare / rAjA ne satkAla uttara diyA, jisane parAkrama kiyA' / paccIsadI kahAnI ko sunakara rAjA ucara socane ke lie cupa ho gayA / natra bettAla ke mahAmA rUpa dhArI sAdhu ke kapaTa kA bhAgaDA phor3ate hue rAjA ko baha sArA upAya kaha sunAyA, jisake dvArA sAdhu rAjA ko mAranA cAhatA thaa| isake bAda vetAla ne rAjA ko baca nikalane kA mArga mI batalA diyaa| zivadAsa ke likhane kI zailI sarala, svaccha aura bhAkarSaka hai| bhASA sugama aura lAvaNyamaya hai| zleSa bahuta kama hai| anuprAsa kA eka udAharaNa dekhie--- sa dhUrjaTijaTAjUTo jAyatAM vijayAya vH| yatraikalitamAnti karotyadyApi jAhavI // (87) shuksptti| zukasaptati meM sattara kathA saMgrahIta haiN| inakA vaktA eka hAtAne aura zrotrI pati ko sandeha kI dRSTi se dekhane vAlI mainA hai| kisI vadhika kA putra madanasena paradeza jAte samaya ghara para apanI pAnI kI dekha-rekha karane ke lie eka tote aura eka kanve ko chor3a gyaa| ye donoM pakSI ke rUpa meM dhastuta: do gandharva the| madanasena kI bhAryA dharma cyukta hone ko tara pAra ho gaI / kanve nai dharmapatha para bar3ha rahane kI zikSA dI, to use mauta kI dhamakI dI gii| catura tote ne apanI svAminI kI hA~ meM hA~ milAte hue usase pUchA ki kyA tuma isa mArga meM mAne mahAdeva ko jaTAzI kA vaha jAla, jisa para gaMgA aAja bhI Adhe bhAga ke palita ( bur3hApe se zveta) ho jAne kA bhrama paidA karatI hai, Apako vijayadAyI ho| 2 yaha koI zrAzcarya kI bAta nahIM hai| punarjanma-vAda meM pazu-pakSI bhI manuSyoM ke samAna hI yathArtha jIvadhArI mAne bAve haiM / bANa kI kAdambarI meM kathA kA vaktA totA hai, yaha ima pahale hI dekha cuke haiN|

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226 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa vAle vinoM ko dUra karane kA bhI upAya jAnatI ho, jinhe amuka amuka vyakti kAma meM lAe the| na jAnatI ho to maiM tumheM kahAnI dvArA bratakA sakatA huuN| vaNik kI badhU ne tote kI bAta ko pasanda karate hue kahAnI sunane kI icchA prakaTa kii| tote ne rAta ko kahAnI sunaaii| kahAnI ke anta meM vikSa kA varNana pAne ke bAda amuka amuka yakti dvArA kAma meM lAyA huA usake dUra karane ke upAya kA varNana shraayaa| kahAniyoM ko Apasa meM kucha isa taraha gUMthA gayA hai ki totA hara rAkha ko naI se naI samasyA khaDI kara detA hai| jaba tItA lattaravI kahAnI sunA cukA, taba tatkAla hI usakA svAmI madanasena paradeza se lauTa pAyA / lole kA uddezya madana sena kI patnI ko pApa-patha para pravRtta hone se roka rakhanA thA, vaha pUrA ho gyaa| kahAniyoM meM zrasatI striyoM kI cAlAkiyoM kA hI varNama adhika pAyA hai| ___ sAre kA vicAra karake dekhane se andha rocaka kahA jaaegaa| yaha sarala gadya meM likhA huA hai| bIca bIca meM koI koI zrIpadezika aura kathA pratipAdaka padya A gayA hai| kucha pA prAkRta bhASA meM haiN| inake AdhAra para yaha dhAraNA kI gaI hai ki mUla-andha prAkRta bhASA meM hI thA, para isa dhAraNA ke poSaka anya pramANa upalabdha nahIM hote haiM / isa manya ke do saMskaraNa mijhate haiN| eka kA racayitA koI cintAmaNi bhaTTa aura dusare kA koI ajJAtanAmA zvetAmbara jaina kahA jAtA hai / grantha lokapriya hai aura isane Adhunika bhAratIya bhASAoM ke sAhitya para kucha prabhAva bhI DAlA hai| isake samaya kA patA nhiiN| sambhavatayA yaha kisI na kisI rUpa meM jaina hemacanda (1080-1172 I0 ko vidita thaa| (E) siMhAsanadvAtriMzikA / . siMhAsanadvAtriMzikA meM pattIsa kathAe haiN| inakI kahane vAlI vikramAditya ke siMhAsana meM lagI huI putaliyAM haiN| kahA jAtA hai ki

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avadAnazataka 226 vikramAditya ne apanA siMhAsana indra se prApta kiyA thaa| usake svargavAsI ho jAne para yaha siMhAsana bhUmi meM gAr3a diyA gyaa| bAdameM isakA patA lagAne vAlA dhArAdhipati bhoja (11 vIM za0 meM) huA jaba vaha para baiThane lagA taba putaliyoM ne ye kahAniyoM use sunAI / isa grantha ke upadasthamAna aneka saMskaraNa isakI lokapriyatA ke paricAyaka hai / ( inameM se kucha saMskaraNa kathA-sUcaka padyoM meM mizrita gadya meM haiM, kucha pa meM haiM, jinameM bIca-bIcameM propadezika patha bhI haiM, aura kucha kevala pathameM ) / isakA anuvAda Adhunika bhASAtroM meM bhI ho gayA hai| vikramAditya ke 'vikrama karma' saMskRta kaviyoM ko apanI racanAoM ke pratipAdyArtha ke die kamI baDhe priya the / ataH isa grantha ko rocakatA meM koI nyUnatA nahIM bhAI | bhASA sarala hai / granthake racayitA ke nAma aura anya ke nirmANa ke kAla kA ThIka ThIka kucha patA nahIM / bahuta kucha nizvaya ke sAtha hama kevala yahI kaha sakate haiM ki yaha vetALapaMcaviMzatikA ke bAda kI racanA hai / (86, bauddha sAhitya | aba taka hama lokapriya kathAoM kA zuddha brAhmaNika sAhitya kA hI varNana karate Ae hai| kintu laukika sAhitya kI isa zAkhA meM bauddha aura jaina after bar3e sampanna hai / isa tathA agale khaNDa meM hama inhIM sAhityoM para vicAra kareMge / bauddha kahAniyoM kA mukhya uddezya apane dharma kA pracAra karanA hai / unameM manuSya ke karmoM ke phala kI vyAkhyAM hai / khuddhi kI bhakti se paraloka meM Ananda milatA hai| isase parAGmukha rahane cAko naraka kI yAtanA bhoganI paDatI hai / yahA~ ullekha ke yogya prAcInatama grantha avadAna haiN| inameM vIrya-karmoM yA gauravazAlinI upA zranArthI (Achievments) kA varNana hai / (ka) avadAnazataka prApya avadAna sandarbhoM meM avadAnazataka sabase purAnA sandarbha samajhA jAtA hai| IsA kI tIsarI zatAbdI ke pUrvArdha meM hI isakA anuvAda dIdI

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230 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa utanA bhASA meM ho cukA thA / ataH isakA nirmANa-kAla IsAkI prathama yA dvitI zatAbdI mAnA jA sakatA hai| isase purAnA yaha ho nahIM sakatA; kAraNa, isame 'dInAra' zabda pAyA jAtA hai / ilakA mukhya zrAdhAra bauddhoM ke sarvA svicacAditakA vinayapiTaka hai / grantha dakha darzako vibhakta hai| isako kahAniyoM kA | jatanA mahattva upadizyamAna zikSAoM ke kAraNa hai, sAhityika guNoMke kAraNa nahIM / anthameM kucha naya hai aura kucha patha / padyabhAga saraLa kAvya ke DhaMga kA hai| kucha upAkhyAna aitihAsika bhI hai| udAharaNa ke lie bimbasAra kI rAnI zrImatI ko le sakate haiN| kahAnI batAtI hai ki ajAtazatru ne ise buddha ke bhasmAdi avazeSa kI zraddhAjati bheMTa karane se manA kiyaa| zrAjJA bhaMga ke aparAdha para rAjA ne isakA badha karavA diyA to yaha sIdhI svarga ko calI gaI / (ga) divyAvadAna - yaha upAkhyAnoM kA saMgraha grantha hai / ina upAkhyAnoM kA mukhyAdhAra sarvAstitvavAdiyoM kA vinayapiTaka hI hai / isake eka bhAga meM mahAyAna sampradAya ke ora dUsare meM honamAna ke siddhAntoM kA vyAkhyAna hai| isake saMgrahakartA ko azvaghoSa ke buddhafra aura saundarAnanda kA paricaya avazya thA / isakI sAhityika upArjanAeM (Achievements) ucca zreNA kI nahIM hai| nanda ke saundarya kA varNana karate hue azvaghoSa kahatA hai--'atItya martyAn anupetya devAn' (saunda0 4 ) isI bAta ko bhI karake yaha gupta ke putra ke saundarya kA varNana karatA huA yU~ kahatA hai-'atikrAnto mAnuSavarNam zrasamprAptazca divyavarNam' * / divyAvadAna meM zailI kI ekatA kA abhAva hai| zAyada isakA yaha kAraNa ho ki isake upajoSya grantha bhinna bhinna hai| kabhI kabhI 1 manuSyoM se Upara uThAkara, devatAoM taka na pahuMca kara / 2 manuke raMga se bAjI le gayA thA, devatAoM ke raMga taka pahuMca nahIM pAyA thA /

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yazUra kRta jAvaka 231 isameM kathAkathana pUrNa patroM se mizrita gadya zrA jAtA hai, to kabhI kabhI kaSa-paddhati para jile hue padyoM se prasAdhita gadya / grantha kA saMgraha-kALa IsA kI dUsarI zatAbdI ke Asa-pAsa mAnA jA sakatA hai | yaha upayukta avadAnazataka se navIna hai aura 262 hai0 se acchA khAsA karake purAnA hai, kyoMki, isI san meM isake zAhUja kAna nAmaka eka mukhya ukhyAma kA cInI bhASA meM anuvAda huA thA | kahAniyAM rocaka haiM aura vibhinna rakhoM kI utpatti karatI haiM / azoka ke putra kuNAla kI kahAnI vastutaH karuNarasapUrNa hai / kuNAla kI sautelI mAtA ne apane pati ke peTa meM ghusakara kuNAla kI zrAMkheM nikalavA lI thiiN| (kha) AryazUrakata jAtaka mAlA | jAtaka mAlA kA abhiprAya hai janma kI kathAoM kA hAra / zrArya zUra kI jAtaka mAtrA meM bAMdhipatra' ke gauravazAlI kRSyoM kI kathAoM kA saMgraha hai, arthAt isameM gauraare se kAryoM kA varNana hai jo bhASI buddha ne pahale janmoM meM kiye the / zrAryazUra kI jAtaka mAlA jaise parya vastu ke lie azvaghoSa ke kAvyoM kI RNI hai / yaha grantha aura doSiSearcdAnamAlA' donoM eka hI mAne jAte haiN| ye IsAiyoM kI zrISadezika kahAniyoM se adhika milatA haiM, ataH ye IsAiyoM kI upadeza kI choTI choTI pustakoM ke samAna buddha dharma ke svIkRta siddhAntoM kA pracAra karane ke lie dikhI huI mAnI jAtI haiM / anya meM pranthoI raya 1 jo vyakti pUrNa jJAna prApta karane ke mArga para cala par3A hai aura sarvocca buddha kI vasthA prApta karane taka jise kucha thor3e se hI janma dhAraNa karane par3a ge, vaha bodhisatva kahalAtA hai / 2 yaha vizvAsa kiyA jAtA hai ki buddha ko apane pUrvajanma kI ghaTanAeM yAda thiiN| 3 dono nAmoM kI ekatA kA vicAra sabase pahale rAjendralAlamitra ne prakaTa kiyA thA /

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232 saskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa pAThaka ke mana meM sakSama kI bhAvanA utpanna karanA yA prayata karanA batAyA gayA hai| kahAniyoM kI bhASA kucha to sundara gadha-maya aura kucha kAmazreNI kI padyAtmaka hai| pratyeka kahAnI kA prArambha sarala gayA-khabaha se hotA hai aura isakA uddazya zrAcAraparaka e nizcita zikSA denA hai| dAma kA mAhAtmya dikhalAne ke lie bodhisava ke usa janma kI kahAnI dI gaI hai jisameM vaha zivirAjakula meM utpanna huA thaa| usane itanA hAna diyA thA ki bhikSuoM ko mAMgane ke lie vastu zeSa nahIM rahI thI / eka bAra kisI andhe vRddha brAhmaNa ne zrAkara usale eka mAha mAMgI to akhane AhmaNa ko apanI donoM A~kheM de dI / maMtriyoM ne bahuterA kahA ki Apa isa andhe brAhmaNa ko koI aura cIna dAna meM de dIjiye, parantu hAjA ne eka na mAnI / rAjA kA uttara bar3A hI mahAvazAlI hai / vaha kahatA hai yadeva yAyeta tadeva dadyAnnAnIpsitaM zrINyatIha dattam / kimuhyamAnasya jona toyai syAmyata: bhArthitamarthamasmai 2 // jaba mantriyoM ne punaH Agraha kiyA taka rAjA ne bar3A jarjasvI vicAra prakaTa karate hue kahA-~nAyaM garamaH sArvabhaumatvamA naiva svarga nApavarga na kIrtim / bAnu lokAnityayaM svAdaro me, yAcAklezo ma ca bhUdasya mogha : // 1 vastutaH yaha indra thA jo usakI dAnazIlatA kI parIkSA lene zrAyA thaa| 2 yAcita hI vastu denI cAhiye / yAcita se bhinna vastu dI jAe to vaha yAcaka ko prasanna nahIM krtii| jaladhArA meM bahate hue ko jala se kyA lAma / isalie maiM to ise prArthiva hI padArtha dUMgA / 3 merA yaha prayatna sAmrAjya prApta karane ke lie hai, na svarga , na mukti aura na kIrti / merI kAmanA to loka kI rakSA karanA hai / isakA mAMgane kA kleza nimAla na rhe|

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zrAmazUra kRta jAtaka mAlA 233 prAyaH hama yaha pAte haiM ki aziya inya aura yajJa-hetu meM koI prAnupAtika bhAga nahIM hai| isIlie eka kahAnI meM hameM batAyA gayA hai ki bodhivana ne eka bhUkhI siMhanI ko khAne ke lie apanA zarIra de diyA thaa| | Waa praay' biss khaa gaaN maanaan rukmiaan jii liy'aao yogyatA pradAna kI thii| isakI bhASA avidUSita aura zabdavinyAsa zubha hai| isakI zailI IsA kI dUsarI aura tIsarI zatAbdI ke zilAlekhoM se milatI haiN| isake atirikta yaha chanda ke prayoga meM pravINa hai aura upAya mAna rasa ke anurUpa chanda kA prayoga karanA jAnatA hai| isa chandoM meM se kucheka amyavahRta bhI hai aura kalA kI nirmita kavitA kI zobhA bar3hAne vAle haiN| pathoM meM hasane nimna bhinna abakAroM kA bhI prayoga kiyA hai| dekhie ina paMkiyoM meM kitanA marala aura sundara anuprAsa hai--- tatakampe lagharAgharA gharA, yatItya vellI prasasAra sAgaraH / (zibijAtaka, 38) gada meM isane dodha samAsoM kA prayoga kiyA hai; kintu matha meM dhudhalApana kahIM kahIM ho pAyA hai / isake zAnadAra gadha kA eka Adarza bhUta udAharaNa dekhie-- atha bodhisako vismayapUrNa manomi mandanimeSapravikasitamaya mairamAsvairanuyAtaH zAmivIramANoM jayAzIrvacanapura:saraiza brAhANairaminandhamaalH sthbir'aakhi suraa milaasthybissy' yukti lkssyH suslaakhmaalaay'aalaam braanycykhaaNkaalipadasyaivamAtmopanAyi dharma dezayAmAsa / baaji anth phlth baali-mii bhu Rssttir biir' shr'ii r'aam 1 taba parvata aura maidAna sabhI hila gae, samudra kA pAnI kinAroM para car3hakara dUra taka phaila gyaa|

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saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa sambandhI hai| ataH isameM kahIM kahIM pAlI ke zabdoM kA zrAjAnA vismayajanaka nahIM hai| kAla-tArAnAtha ne mAmUlI-sI vajaha se prAryazUra aura azvaghoSa ko eka vyakti mAnane kA vicAra prastuta kiyA hai| ukta mahAzaya ne azvaghoSa ke kucha aura pracalita nAma bhI die haiM parantu isase hama kisI nizcita pariNAma para nahIM pahu~ca sakate haiN| azvaghoSa ke kAnyoM aura jAtakamAlA meM zailI kI itanI viSamatA hai ki ukta vicAra para gambhIratA se vicAra karane kA avasara nahIM rhtaa| jAtakamAlA 1000 I. ke lagabhaga cInI bhASA meM anUdita ho gaI thI, aura ilake racayitA zrAryazUra kA nAma tibbata meM eka khyAtanAmA adhyApaka evaM kathA lekhaka ke taura para prasiddha thaa| 7 vI zatAbdI kA cInI yAtrI isiMga isa pranya se paricita thaa| karmaphalasUtra, jisakA racayitA yahI prAryazUra mAnA jAtA hai, 434 I0 meM cInI meM anUdita ho gayA thA; ata: AryazUra kA kAla IsA kI cauthI yA tIsarI zatAbdI ke samIpa mAna sakate haiN| (10) jaina sAhitya / bauda kahAniyoM kI taraha jaina kahAniyAM bhI propadezika hI haiM / una kA uIzya pAThaka-manoraJjana nahIM, dharma ke siddhAntoM kI zikSA denA hai| (ka) siddharSi kI upamitibhava prapaMca kathA (106 ii0)| upamivibhava prapaMca kathA meM manuSya kI AtmA kA varNana alaMkAra ke sAMce meM DhAlakara eka kathA ke rUpa meM kiyA gayA hai / saMskRta meM apane daMga kA sabase purAnA manya hone ke kAraNa yaha mahatvazAlI mAnA jAtA hai| ise 106 I0 meM siddharSi ne likhA thaa| prastAvanA ke anta meM 1 isa prakAra kA dUsarA prantha prabodha candrodaya nATaka hai jo bAda meM banA thaa|

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hemacandra kRta pariziSTa para 235 lekhaka ne ise svayaM vizadArtha kara diyA hai| ataH alaMkAra kA samajhanA kaThina nahIM hai| grantha ke bIca meM kahIM kahIM Ae hue pacoM ko chor3a kara sArA gadya hI hai / bhASA itanI saratna hai ki use bAnaka bhI AsAnI se samajha sakate haiM kama se kama jekhaka kA uddezya yahI hai / zailI rocaka hai; parantu ala kAra ke sAMce meM DhalA huzrA, tathA praupadezika prakAra kA hone ke kAraNa anya rocaka nahIM hai| ba) hemacandra kRta pariziSTa parva (1088-1972 ii0)| ____ hemacandra ke pariziSTa parva meM prAcIna kAla ke jaina sAdhunoM kI kahAniyAM dI gaI haiN| ye kahAniyAM sarala aura lokapriya haiN| lekhaka ke mana meM apane dharma pracAra kA bhAva itanA una hai ki aitihAsika napa candragupta bhI jainadharmAvalambI eka sacce bhakta ke rUpa meM marA batalAyA gayA hai| Azcarya hai ki prasiddha itihAsakAra vinseMTa smitha ne isa kahAnI para vizvAsa kara liyA / yaha mantha iso lekhaka ke triSaSTi zalAkA puruSacarita nAmaka grantha kA pUraka hai|

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adhyAya 14 opment P aupadezika jantu kathA (Fable) (11) aupadezika jantu-kathA kA svarUpa bhAratIya sAhitya-zAstrI bRhatkathA jaise aura paMcatantra jaise granthoM meM pArasparika koI bheda nahIM mAnate haiM / parantu ina donoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana donoM kA bheda vispaSTa kara detA hai / bAhyAkAra, pratipAya viSaya bhora antarAramA eka dUsare ke samAna nahIM haiN| bRhatkathA kA prayojana pAThaka kA manoraMjana karanA aura paMcatantra kA prayojana dharmanIli aura rAjanIti kI zikSA denA hai| pUrvoksa ko racanA sarala gadya meM yA varNana-kRt padya meM yA donoM ke saMyoga meM huI hai, parantu uttarokta meM bIca hIca meM aupadezika padyoM se saMyukta zobhAzAlI gadha dekhA jAtA hai| uttavokta meM kathAoM ke zIrSaka taka paca-bahu die gae haiM / lokapriya kathA-sAhitya meM andhavizvAsa, lokapracalita dantasyAyeM, praNaya aura vIrya-kamoM (Adventures) kI kahAniyAM, svapna aura pratisvapna ityAdi huzrA karate haiM, parantu paMcatantra meM hama prAyaH pazu-pakSiyoM kI kahAniyAM pAte haiN| ye pazu-pakSI mAnavIya saMvedanAoM se yukta pratIta hote haiM, tathA vidvAn rAjanItivid evaM catura dharmanIti vyAkhyAtA ke rUpa meM prakaTa hote haiN| loka-priya kathA se isakA bheda dikhajAne ke lie paMcasamna ko aupadezika jantu-kathA-sAhitya meM sammilita kiyA jAtA hai|

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aupadezika jantu kathA kA udbhava ( 2 ) aupadezika jantu kathA kA udbhava vaidika sAhitya meM vizeSa karake Rgveda meM, aupadezika jantukathAoM kA DhU~DhanA vyartha hai / jaisA Upara kahA jA cukA hai paJcatantra ke svarUpa ke mukhya tatva pazu-pakSiyoM kI kathAe tathA nIti- zikSAe~ haiM / Rgveda se (8,103) kevala eka aisA sUkta hai jisase pratIta hotA hai ki yajJa meM mantrocAraNa karane vAle brAhmaNoM kI tulanA varSA ke prArambha meM TarrAte hue meMDakoM se kI gaI hai| isake bAda kucha ullekha chAndogya upaniSad meM milate haiN| udAharaNa ke lie hama dekhate haiM ki satyakAma kA prathama zikSAdAyI eka baila, usake bAda eka rAjahaMsa aura phira eka aura pakSI hai| mahAbhArata meM jantu-kathAe~ prArambhika avasthA meM dekhane ko milatI haiN| hama eka puNyAtmA billI kI kahAnI par3hate hai, jisane cUhoM ke jI meM apanA vizvAsa jamA kara unheM khA liyaa| vidura ne dhRtarASTra ko samajhAte huai karA thA ki cApa pANDavoM ko parezAna na kareM, unakI parezAna karane se aisA na ho ki sone kA zraeDA dene vAlA pakSI Apake hAtha se jAtA rhe| eka ora avasara para eka cAlAka gIdar3a kI kathA AI hai jisane apane mitra vyAghra, bher3iye ityAdi kI sahAyatA se khAne ke lie khUba mAla pAyA; parantu apanI dhUrtatA se unheM isakA jarA sA bhI bhAga na diyaa| kahAnI se duryodhana ko samajhAyA gayA hai ki use pANDayoM ke sAtha kisa taraha baratanA cAhie / bauddhadharma ke prAdurbhAva me zropadezika jantu kathA sAhitya kI unnati meM sahAyatA kI / punarjanmavAda meM yaha bAta mAnI jAtI hai ki manuSya zarIra meM vAsa karane vAlI zrAtmA pApa-puNya ke anusAra tiryagAdi kI yonI meM jAtI rahatI hai / punarjanma ke isa siddhAnta para bhAratIya dharmoM meM bar3A bala diyA gayA hai | jaisA hama Upara dekha cuke haiM ki bauddhoM aura jainoM ne apane apane dharma ke mantavyoM kA pracAra karane ke meM ke lie pazu-pakSiyoM kI abhrAnta sAdhana banA liyA thaa| bauddha jAtakoM santoM ke pUrvajanmoM ke caritra kA varNana karane 237 lie kahAnI ko eka bodhisatva evaM dUsare 4

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238 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa kathAe~ pAI jAtI hai / bhahuMta ke sthAna para bauddha jAtakoM kA smAraka sAkSya hai, as for rUpa se batalAtA hai ki IsApUrva dUsarI zatAbdI meM jantu kathAe~ gar3hI lokapriya thIM / pataJjalikRta mahAbhASya meM Apa jokokti cha ullekhoM se bhI isakI puSTi hotI hai / dUsare tattva ke-nIti- zikSA tathya ke bAre meM yaha vizvAsa kahA jA sakatA hai ki paran kA racayitA nIti zAstra aura artharead hai / racayitA kA pratijJAta prayojana rAjA ke nirakSara kumAroM ko anAyatayA nIti kI rAjanIti, vyavahArika jJAna aura sadAcAra kI -- zikSA denA hai / yaha bAta asaMzayita ho samajhanI cAhie ki patrakAra ko cANakya ke grantha kA evaM rAjanIti viSayaka kucha anya sandarbhoM kA patA thA / sAdhAraNa jantu-kathAoM ke sAtha nIti zAstra ke siddhAntoM kA caturatA pUrvaka mizraNa karake zropadezika jantu kathA-sAhitya kI sRSTi kI gaI jaisA ki hama paJcatantra meM pradhyakSa dekhate haiM, jo saMskRta sAhitya ke itihAsa meM nirupama hai / yaha apane prakAra kA Apa hI hai / 2 1 [ paJcatantra ke eka saMskaraNabhUta ] hitopadeza kA adholikhita padma dekhie--- kathAccha lena bAlAnAM nItistadiha kathyate (bhUmikA padma 8 ) arthAt-kathAoM ke bahAne se bAlako ko nIti sikhAne vAlI bAteM isa grantha meM likhI jAtI haiM / bhUmikA me svayaM paJcatantra ko nIti zAstra kahA gayA hai aura kahA gayA hai ki jagat ke sAre artha zAstroM kA sAra dekha cukane ke bAda yaha grantha likhA jAtA { 2. bhUmikA meM lekhaka ne nIti zAstra ke nAnA lekhakoM ke pramANa karate hue kahA hai :--- manave vAcaspataye zukAya parAzarAba sasutAya / cANakyAya ca viduSe namo'stu nayazAstrakatabhyaH //

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asalI pamvatantra (63) asalI paJcatantra (1) asalI grantha kA nAma---asalI grantha kA nAma avazya paJcatantra hI hogaa| dakSiNa kI pratiyoM meM, nepAla ko pratiyoM meM, hito. padeza meM aura una sampUrNa saMskaraNoM meM jinameM koI nAma diyA gayA hai, yahI nAma zrAtA hai| udAharaNa ke lie hitopadesa kA kartA zuddha sana se kahatA hai: pavatantrAt tathA'nyasmAd manyAnAkRSya jiyate' (bhUmikA pa ) paJcatantra kI bhUmikA meM likhA hai:ek yntrke kaar lbiy'aa kaannaakaalii puunl mun| nAsa meM Ae hue 'van' zabda kA artha hai kisI anya kA eka sky', sb sb h{ glaa bythaa i kii dumbaa mnggl hotA hai tantraiH paJjabhiretazcakAra sumanoharaM zAstram / isa prakAra ke nAma aura bhI milate haiN| yathA, aSTAdhyAyI (prA6 adhyAyoM kI eka pustaka / pANini ke vyAkaraNa kA naam)| zAyada 'tantra' zAda kA abhiprAya uma 'prantha khaDase hai jisameM 'tandra kA arthAta janIti kA aura vyavahAropayogI jJAna kA nirUpaNa ho / pro. irTa ne 'tanchI' kA artha hAva-peca kiyA hai; parantu ise buddhi svIkAra nahIM krtii| (2) anya kI janapriyatA- isakI janapriyatA kA pramANa isI tabdha meM nihita hai ki isake do sau se adhika saMskaraNa milate haiM, jo paJcAma se adhika bhASAoM meM haiaura ina bhASAoM meM tIna-cauthAI ke lagabhaga bhASAe~ bhArata se bAhara kI hai| 1100 I0 meM isakA bhASAntara hiba meM huA aura 1170 I0 se pUrva yaha yUnAnI, speniza, laiTina, jarmana, purAnI svonika jaika aura iMgliza meM bhI anUdita ho cukA thaa| Ajakala isakA pAThana-pAna jAvA se lekara prAisalaeDa taka hotA hai| 1 paJcatantra aura dUsare graMthoM se prAzaya lekara yaha graMtha likhA jAtA hai|

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saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa ___ bhArata meM to yaha grantha aura bhI adhika loka priya akSA pA rahA hai| isakA ulthA madhyakAlIna tathA vartamAna bhAratIya bhASAoM meM hokara usakA ulthA phira saMskRta meM hubhA / ise padya kA rUpa dekara phira use gadya kA rUpa diyA gyaa| isakA prasAraNa bhI huzrA aura AkuJcana bhii| itanA hI nahIM, isakI kucha kahAniyoM ne sarvasAdhAraNa meM sli juhaani kssaa maany sur' klim h chi bhul| skul maukhika kahAniyoM ke aAdhunika saMgraha meM ho gyaa| yaha kahane meM koI atyukti nahIM hogI ki isake samAja jagata kA koI anya anya lAka kA prItibhAjana nahIM ho skaa| (3) paJcatantra ke saMskaraNa---durbhAgya se mAlika paJcatantra alabhya hai| hA~, isaka prApya saMskaraNoM kI sahAyatA se kisI sImA taka usakA punarnimANa ho sakamA apambhava nahIM hai| isake vividha saMskaraNoM ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana se yaha vispaSTa hai ki-- (ka) ana saba saMskaraNoM kI alpatti prAdarza bhUta kisI eka hI pAhityika grantha se huI hai (anyathA gadya aura padya donoM meM upalabhyamAna aneka zAlika abheda kA kAraNa batAnA asambhava hai)| (kha) ina saMskaraNoM meM ghumI huI truTiyA~ maukhika anya taka nahIM pahu~catI haiN| maulika paJcatantra ke nirmANa meM vakSyamANa saMskaraNa sahAyaka ho sakate haiM--- (1) ka-tantrAkhyAyikA // 1 loka-priya kathAoM ke graMthoM ne (jaise, paJcaviMzatikA, zakasaptati aura dvAtrizatikAne) paJcatatra kA svataMtratA se upayoga kiyA hai aura paJcatatra ke anuvAda brajabhASA, hiMdI, purAnI aura Adhunika gujarAtI, purAnI aura Adhunika marAThI, tAmila ityAdi bhASAoM meM pAye jAte haiN|

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harTala ke matAnusAra vargIkaraNa 241 -- (1100 I0 ke prAkha-pAla) kisI jaina dvArA racita saMskara jise Ajakala 'sarala grantha' (Textus Simplicior' kA nAma diyA gayA hai| - 1163 I0 ke Asa-pAsa ) pUrNabhadra kA prastuta kiyA huA saMskaraNa | --dakSiNI paJcatantra | -nepAlI paJcatantra | Sanileo - hitopadeza | (3) kSemendra kI bRhatkathA maJjarI meM aura somadeva ke kakSA saritsAgara meM zrAyA hudhA paJcatantra kA pATha | (4) pahalavI saMskaraNa, jisake AdhAra para pAzcAtya saMskaraNa bane / aijarTama ne ( Escrton ) paJcatantra ke Upara bar3A parizrama kiyA hai| usake mata se paJcataMtra paramparA kI cAra svatantra dhArAe~ haiM (jinakA usalekha Upara kiyA gayA hai ) / pro0 harTasa ke vicAra meM do hI svatantra dhArAe' haiM / donoM ke vicAroM ke bheda ko nIce dI huI sArakhI se hama acchI taraha samajha sakate haiM harTala ke matAnusAra vargIkaraNa cakra uttara pazcimaka T satrAkhyAyikA pahavI dakSiNI 'sarala' pUrNabhadra nepAlI hitopadeza bRhatkaaaja paMcataMtra grantha' likhita saMskaraNa paMcataMtra * yaha cihna kAlpanika saMskaraNa sUcita karatA hai|

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ang have IT" - vid Fr what fac *uttara-pazcimI bRhatkathA kSemendravAlA somadevavAlA aijarTana (Edgerton) ke matAnusAra vargIkaraNa / d OM-pazcatantra santrAkhyAyikA tantrAkhyAyikA - 'sarakSa 'sarala' - dakSiNI paMcataMtra dakSiNI paMcataMtra * nepAlI C. nepAlI hitopadezapacataMtra - indone SPOW paDavI *pahuvo purAnI arabI kA sIriyana 243 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihA

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harTala ke matAnusAra vargIkaraNa 243 donoM ke matoM ke bheda bar3e mahatva ke haiM, kyoMki maukhika grantha kA punarnirmANa inhIM para cAzrita hai 6 (1) daTela kI dhAraNA hai ki sampUrNa upatsyamAna saMskaraNoM kA bhUta eka dUSita dazamUla grantha ( Prototype ) hai (jise sArakhI meM 'ta' kahA gayA hai) aijarTana ke matAnusAra yaha korI kalpanA hai / (2) darda kA anumAna hai ki tantrAkhyAyikA ko chokara zeSa sama saMskaraNoM kA mUtrAdhAra 'ka' nAmaka madhyasthAnastha eka AdarzabhUta grantha hai / aijana katA hai yaha bhI to eka kalpanAmAtra hI hai| dardana ke dRSTikoNa se koI padya yA gadya khaNDa sabhI asalI mAnA jA sakatA hai jaba ki vaha tantrAkhyAyikA meM aura kama se kama 'ka' ke zuka prasava meM mile| dUsarI pora ejaTena kA khyAla hai ki yadi koI aMza do svatantra dhArAoM meM mila jAe aura cAhe tantrAkhyAyikA meM na bhI mile to bhI hama isa (za) ko asalA svIkAra kara leMge / (3) hardana kI eka dhAraNA zrAra hai| vaha kahatA hai / ki u0pa0 (uttara-pazcimI) nAmaka, madhyasthAnIya eka yAdabhUta saMskara hai jisake AdhAra para dakSiNI, pahnavI evaM 'sarala' paJcatantra bane haiM / kintu ulakI dhAraNA kA sAdhaka koI pramANa nahIM hai / 7 harTala ke mata ko mana nahIM mAnatA hai / harTala kahatA hai ki pallavI dakSiNa aura 'sarala' paJcatantra kA AdhAra madhyasthAnastha 30 10 saMjJaka koI Adarza grantha hai; parantu ina granthoM ke tulanAtmaka pAha se do bAtoM kA patA lagatA hai| pahalI ina meM paraspara bar3e bheda hai, aura dUsarI inakA prasphuTana paJcatantra-paramparA kI tIna svatantra dhArAoM se huA hai| darTala kA mata ThIka ho to 'sarala' aura tantrAkhyAyikA meM, yA 'sarasa' aura pUrNabhadrIya saMskaraNa meM jitanI samAnatA ho usakI apekSA palavI ra 'sa' meM adhika samAnatA honI cAhie / parantu avasthA isase bilkula viparIta hai| isI prakAra yadi ka kA mata ThIka hoto, hitopadeza aura dakSiNI paJcatantra meM jitanI

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244 saskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa naanaa chii blii baa plibii kssii dur'niiy' jN # adhika samAnatA honI caahie| kintu vastusthiti aisI nahIM hai| (4) racayitA-upoddhAta meM AtA hai ki viSNuzarmA ne mihijA. ropya' nAmaka nagara ke mahArAja samarazakti ke tIna putroM ko cha: mahIne ke andara rAjanIti par3hAne kA mAra apane Upara liyaa| upodghAta ke khIsare pakSa se zuddha rUpa se prakaTa hI hai ki yaha isakA racayitA viSNuzarmA hI thaa| yaha mAnane ke lie koI kAraNa nahI hai ki yaha nAma kAlpanika hai| hA~, racayitA ke jIvana ke viSaya meM kucha mAlUma nahIM hai| ilane upoddhAta ke eka patra meM mAnA devatAoM ko namaskAra kiyA hai| isase pratIta hotA hai ki yaha koI bauddha yA jaina nahIM balki eka udAra svabhAva kA brAhmaNa thaa| (5) utpatti-sthAna-prasakhI paJcatantra ke utpatti-sthAna ke bAre meM nizcita kucha bhI mAlUma nahIM hai / iTala kA prastata kiyA huzrA vicAra yaha hai ki patantra kA nirmANa kAzmIra meM huA hogA, kAraNa asalI paJcatantra meM zera aura hAthI kA nAma nahIM pAtA hai, U~Ta kA nAma bahuta pAtA hai| kintu yaha yukti bhI ThIka nahIM hai| kucha yAtrAoM ke nAma pAte haiM, paranta unase bhI koI pariNAma nikAlanA kaThina hai| kyoMki, aise nAma sAre ke sAre bhAratavarSa meM prasiddha cale A rahe hai| yadi mihijAropya' nagara kA rAjA amarazakti koI vastutaH rAjA humA hai to andhakAra koI dakSiNAya hogaa| undha meM zUnyamUka parvatA 1 pAThAntara mahilAropya hai / 2 vaha padya yaha hai-- bahA rudraH kumAro irivaruNAyamA vahirindraH kuberaza. candrAdilyau sarasvayuddhI yuganagA vAyurUrvI bhujaGgAH / siddhA nadyo'zvinau zrIditiraditisutA mAtarazcaNDikAdyA, vedAstIrthAni yajJA mAraNapasumunayaH santu nityaM grahAzca /

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paJcatantra kI vayavastu 245 kA nAma zrAyA hai| yaha parvata dakSiNa bhArata meM hI hai| pranthakAra ko dAhikhAsya mAna lene para isakA ullekha yathArtha ho jAtA hai / (6) kAla - dIvAra eka romana sikkA hai jisa kA pracAra kabhI yUropa se bhArata taka ho gayA thA / eka padya meM isakA nAma AyA hai| samajhA jAtA hai ki yaha padya asalI paJcatantra kA hai / zrataH sakhI antha IsA ke bAda kA hue binA nahIM raha sakatA / asalI grantha 550 I0 se bahuta pahale likhA jA cukA hogA; kyoMki, 550 I0 meM bajaI dvArA (Barzoe) isakA anuvAda pahnavI meM ho cukA thaa| vaha saMskaraNa pahnavI, meM aba aprApya hai, kintu isakA anuvAda san 570 I0 meM bUra ne (Bud) purAnI sIriyana bhASA meM kara diyA thA / ava asalI paJcatantra kA racanA kAla IsA kI dUsarI yA tIsarI zatAbdI meM mAnA jA lakatA hai / (7) bhASA -- purAvidoM ko isameM prAya: koI vipratipati nahIM ki asalI grantha saMskRta meM hI likhA gayA thA / yadi aisA na mAneM to nAnA saMskaraNoM meM jo eka-sI bhASA pAI jAtI hai, usakA kyA kAraNa batAyA jA sakatA hai| isake atirikta hama yaha bhI nizcita rUpa se jAnate haiM ki grantha kSatriya kumAroM ke lie likhA gayA thA aura isakA lekhaka brAhmaNa thA / yaha samakanA kaThina hai ki aisA granya kabhI prAkRta meM kyoM bikhA jaataa| (64) paJcatantra kI vayavastu / paJcatantra meM tantra nAmaka pA~ca adhyAya haiN| pratyeka kI vayavastu 1 mAlUma hotA hai DAkTara harTala isa padya ko koI mahatva nAI dete haiM / irTala kA vizvAsa hai ki asalI paJcatantra IsA se koI 200 barSa pUrva likhA gayA thA / saca to yaha hai ki aneka kahAniyAM IsA se 200 varSa pUrva jaise prAcIna kAla meM bhI bahuta purAne kAla se pracali calI zrA rahI thiiN|

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saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa svatanja hai| prathama tantra meM upoddhAta aura suhaT-bheda varNita hai| cInI jAla ke DhaMja para eka meM eka busa kara katipaya kahAniyoM kI sahAyatA se diyA gayA hai ki kaTaMka aura damA ina do cAyA gIdar3oM ne sbaanychaa sblp kss o mi yi sb sb sb liilngl do bacce aura sukha bhitroM meM dUra DalavA do| pijaka ko saMjAraka ko mRtyu se zoja maratoTalamAta hama use sAntvanA de dI aura zAne. zane ApasakA pradhAnAmAtya ana baitthaa| dUsare vantra kA nAma hai mitra-laprApti / isakI kahAnI kI sthUla -i| su ci ruhl sim, nuuhh chihh, jnyaass muhul, judd'ii jaangk strii kssunr'ur`nikaa sNkgucch yukss dk aApala mitra bana gae aura phira pArasparika sahayoga ke bala se unhoMne ghn tilaay' bdlikhaa i i naa / kssaadhik antu angg amb sb ali biij , gaach ruuy'aa sunaa himaal yAni kAni ca mitrANi kartavyAni zatAnyapi--- manuSya kI yathA sambhava adhika se adhika mitra banAne vaahir| tIsare tantra meM kaue aura ullU ke baira ke dRSTAnta le sandhi-vigraha kA pATha par3hAyA gayA hai| kaunoM kA netA tallU ko pakSirAja banAne para etarAja karatA hai| vaha ullU ko ghRNAspada kahatA hai| aura kimI nIca prANI ko rAjA banA lene para pAne vAlI vipattiyoM ko dillI aura haragaMza kI kahAnI dvArA vispaSTa karatA hai| nae ullU kAoM se duzmano nikAlane kA nizcaya karatA hai| kauno kA catura mannI ulluoM meM jAkara kahatA hai ki --- mere chaThI kAkarAja ne mujhe nikAla diyA hai, mujhe zaraNa dIjie / ullU usle zIgha apanI zaraNa meM rakha lete haiN| yahAM para e7, kahAnI, dvArA zatru-varga meM bheda DAlane ke lAbha batalAe gae haiN| anta meM eka suavasara prAne para balluoM ke durbha meM bhAga jAgA dI jAtI hai|

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pacatantra kI vayavastu cauthe sanyA meM labdha-praNAza jhA varzana hai| eka andA aura eka nAka meM bar3I dhaniSTha mitratA thI na kI patnI ne naha bAta sahI na gii| usane bImArI kA dikhAvA kiyA aura kahA ki sukhe agara bhArata ho sakatA hai tI kevakha bandara kA kalejA khAne le hI ho sakatA hai| vicAre naka ko pAnI kI bAta mAnanA pdd'ii| una eka dina gandara ko apane ghara zrAne kA nimantraNa diyA / jaba nA bandara ko jala ke andara apane makAna ko le jA rahA thA to sandara ko usakI banAko kA patA laga gayA : usane kahA----sinna ! tumane pahale kabhI nahIM kahA ? maiM zrAna hRdaya to vRkSa para hI chor3a pAyA huuN| mUrkha na ke bandara kI bAta para tatkSaNa vizvAsa kara liyA aura hRdaya bivA lAne ke lie baha bandara ko pITha para bar3hAe kinAre kI tarapha muDa pahA / indara meM vRkSa para car3ha kara apanI jAna bacA lii| naka ne bandara se punaH mitratA johane aura ghane ghara buddhAne kA prayatna kiyA, para bandara kaba usake cakame meM zrAne vAlA thaa| bandara ne kahA-maiM gadhA nahIM hU~ jo nauTa paha / basa aba gadhe kI kahAnI prArambha ho jAtI hai| isI taraha silasilA jArI rahatA hai| ___ pA~cave tantra meM avimRzyakAritA kI kahAniyoM kA digdarzana hai / kahAnI meM batAyA gayA hai ki eka brAhmaNa apane zizu kI caukasI karane ke lie eka nevale ko chor3a gayA aura phira kisa taraha karane apane pyAre usI nevaje kI hatyA kara DAlI / nevale kA maha rudhira se sanA hubhA dekha kara nAhmaNa ne socA isane mere bacce ko khA liyA hai| vastutaH nevale ne sA~pa ko Tukar3e-Tukar3e karake zizu kI jAna bacAI thii| taba brAhmaNa kI patnI ko mA baDApazcAttApa huzrA aura usane eka nAI kI kahAnI sunAI, jisane sahakArI hokara apanI strI hI mAra DAlI thii| anta ke do tantra bahuta hI choTe haiN| purAne kaviSaya saMskaraNoM meM unakA zrAkAra ghaTAkara nahIM ke barAbara-sA kara diyA gayA hai, jisase ve pichale

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saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa tIna bar3e-bar3e tantroM ke pariziSTa se dikhAI dene lage haiN| (65) paJcatantra kI zailI / (1) Upara jo kucha kahA jA cukA hai, usase yaha mAlUma hogA ki pahAsanna nizcaya hI propadezika jantu-kathA kI pustaka hai, jisakA pratijJAna prayojana manohara aura AkarSaka rIti se rAjanIti aura vyavahArika jJAna kI zikSA denA hai| isakI kahAniyoM meM pAkisya ora hAsya rasa donoM haiN| tathA inameM se adhika meM pAtra pazu hai| kahAnI aura rAjanItika uddezya ko aise kauzalale eka jagaha milAyA gayA hai ki pratyeka kahAnI svayaM kahAnI ke rUpa meM bhI ramaNIya hai aura kisIna-kisI dharmanItika yA rAjanItika yAtakA sundara dRSTAnta bhI hai| udAharaNa ke lie prathama tantra kI prathama kathA hI bIjie / isameM eka bandara kI mUrkhatA kA varNana hai, jisane Adhe cire hue do tastoM ke upara baiThakara unameM pha~sAe hue khaTe ko bAhara khIMcA, to usakI pUrvI takhtoM ke bIca A gii| isase yahI zikSA dI gaI hai ki kisI ko dUsare ke kAma meM dakhkhana nahIM denA cAhie / prathama hI tantra kI ikkIsavIM kahAnI 1 agho'kSita tAlikA se pratyekataMtra kI kAyA kA kucha anumAna ho sakatA hai nAma pRSTha saMkhyA zloka saMkhyA kathA saMkhyA prastAvanA 1mataMtra mitrabheda 2ya taMtra mitrasaMprApti zya taMtra kAkolUkIya 46 254 4rtha taMtra labdhapraNAza 26 80 5mataMtra aparIcitakAritA 37 ye aMka 1602 meM nirNaya-sAgara presa meM mudrita saMskaraNa ke anusAra hai| 166.

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paMcatantra ko zailI 241 meM mahAbhArata kA prasiddha vAkya ' zaprati zAdhyamAcaret vispaSTa kiyA gayA hai| koI bhAdamI paradeza jAte samaya apanI bohe kI vastue~ apane mina eka baniye ke pAsa dharohara rakha gayA / paradeza se lauTane para aba usane unheM mA~gA, to una . malA ki lohe kI cIz2oM ko cUhe khA gae / zrAdamI hoziyAra thA / vaha baniye ke lar3ake ko sAtha le jAkara kahIM chupA pAyA aura zrAkara kahane lagA-mitra ! duHkha hai, tumhAre lar3ake ko zyena le kara ur3a gyaa| baniye ko bar3akA vApisa lene ke lie vivaza ho usakI saba cIjeM denI pddii| pahale tantra kI antima kahAnI batAtI hai ki rkha mitra se buddhimAn zatru acchA hai-eka svAmI kA saccA maha kintu mUrkha sevaka thaa| eka dina svAmI so rahA thaa| usake maha para bAra-bAra ur3atI huI makkhI ko mArane ke lie sevaka ne talavAra balAI, jisane becAre svAmI kI jAna le lii| dUsarI ora, kutroM ne brAhmaNoM kI jAna bacA dii| (2) lekhaka kevala madhura kathAvAcaka aura catura rAjanItijJa hI nahIM, pratyuta varNana-kalA kA guru bhI hai ! hama dekhate haiM, prAyaza: vaha manohAriNI sundara kathA ke kahane ke zrAnanda meM magna ho jAtA hai| 'greTa zArTa FEITE a f ost (Great Short Stories of the World ) nAmaka prAdhunika kahAnI-saMgraha meM ina kahAniyoM ko eka pradhAna sthAna diyA gayA hai| (3) pAtroM dvArA atyAnuprAsa ke paca bulavAnA isakI racanA kI eka aura vizeSatA hai| dekhie, siMha gIdava se kahatA hai 1 ina kahAniyoM kA uddezya vyavahArika rAjanIti kI zikSA denA hai, zrAcAra kI nahIM / ataH kucha kahAniyoM meM kUTa-vidyA kI zikSA bhIbharI hai| prathama tantra meM kUTa-vidyA -vizArada do gIdar3oM kI kathA AtI hai, jinhoMne chala-kapaTa dvArA siMha aura vRSabha do ghaniSTa mitro meM phUTa DalavA dI thii|

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saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa na gopradAnaM na sahIpradAnaM ca cAnarAnaM hi tathA pradhAnam / yathA vadantI budhAH pradAnaM sarvapradAne va bhayamAnam // (1,313) ina patha kI imsamatA, madhuratA aura zrI ke kAraNa hI paJcatantra svarUna kathA-pustakoM kI zreNI se bahuta Upara uThA huA hai / yaha kahanA kaThina hai ki ina saba padyo kA ravatA bho andhakAra hI hai / kadAcit usane inameM se bahuta se padya purA dhArmika granthoM meM se yA anya prAmANika pustakoM meM lie hone paricAyaka huna patrAMkA ucita nirvAcana hai kI mata kA ! 250 kA zIrSaka (4) patra kI eka aura vizeSatA yaha hai ki pratyeka eka zloka meM diyA gayA hai| isI rakho me kathA se nikalane vAlI zikSA bhI hai dIgara hai aura isameM mukhya-mukhya kathA-pAtroM ke nAma bhI A gae haiN| prathama satra kI zrAvI kathat or atfset mLA padya dekhie- buddhiryasya balaM tasya nibeostu buto balam / bane siMho monmattaH zazakena nipAti // pAtroM ke nAmoM se yukta patroM kA eka udAharaNa nIjie 3 1 vidvAnoM ke vicAra se vipadyamAna kI rakSA karanA hI saba se bar3A dharma hai / isa dharma kI barAbarI na gau kA dAna kara sakatA hai, na pRthvI kA aura na anna kA / 2 mAlUma hotA hai ki lekhaka ko tIsare tantra kI rUparekhA ke lie aura vyAgha kA jAla lekara ur3a jAne vAle kabUtaro ko kathA ke lie saMketa mahAbhArasa se ( dekhie, 10, 1 aura 5, 64 ) milA hogA | mahAbhArata meM parAjita koravo ko samajhAyA gayA hai ki jaise kauvA ne ullU para rAta meM AkramaNa karake vijaya prApta kI thI, vaise hI tuma bhI rAta meM pANDavoM ke DeroM para chApA mAra kara vijaya prApta kara lo | isa bAta kI ora dhyAna nahIM diyA gayA mAlUma hotA hai ki sUraja kI rozanI meM na dekha sakane ke kAraNa ullU bevaza hote haiM / 3 jisa meM buddhi hai, usameM bala bhI smjho| mUrkha ke andara bala kahA~ se

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paJcatantra kI zailI arthasyopArjanaM kRtvA neka bhAga samaznute / rae mahApAdya mur3haH somaliko yathA // (2) paJcatantra meM kathA varNana bharane vAle kucha uttama pada bhI haiN| hariNa kI kathA meM eka padya bhAyA hai-- vAta-vRkSa-vidhUta- mRgayUyasya dhAvata' ! paSTano'nugamiSyAmi RdA tanme bhaviSyati // aise padyoM ko likatA meM sanda, nahIM ho sakatA / aisA mAlUma hogA ki ye prantha meM svayaM apAra yonijekhaka ne isa bAta kA bar3A dhyAna rakhA hai ki varNana meM hI diyA jAe ( pachA to vikha augadezika thA 'zIrSaka sUcaka hI hai 3) / 16) bhASA prAya: sarala, zuddha aura vivAda hai| yadi bhASA aisIna hoto, to tarula rAjakumArI ko noti sistrAne kA lekhaka kA pratijJAta uI kaise pUrA hotA / paJca prAdhaH anuSTupa chanda meM hI haiM / rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata aura smRtiyoM kI zailI kA anupaNa karate hue una dIrgha samAla aura kiSTAnvayI vAkya nahIM rakhe ge| kucha udAharaNa zrApakAle tu samprApte yanmitraM mitrameva tat / vRddhi kAla tu saprApte durjano'pi suhRd bhavet / / (2, 118) udyamena hi siddhayAnti kAryANi na manorathaH / aayaa| kharagoza ne vana me mada-manta zera ko mAra DAlA thaa| 1 ghanasagraha karake bhI manuSya usakA bhoga nahIM kara sakatA / mUrkha somalika ghane jagala me pahuca kara uparjita dhana ko kho baiThA thaa| 2 oha ! vaha samaya kaba AegA, jaba mai havA aura bAriza ke jhakore se satAe hue, idhara udhara daur3ate hue * hariNoM kI DAra meM pIche-pIche daur3atA rahU~gA ! 3 campU me lekhaka apane bhIte ke anusAra gadya aura padya donoM kA prayoga karatA hai| ataH campUtroM meM aura bAtaka mAlAo me varNana-pUra padya paryApta dekhe jAte haiN|

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saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa na hi siMhasya sutasya pravizanti mukhe mRSA: (3, 358) kiM tayA kiyate dhenvA yA na sUte na dundhdo| ko'rthaH putreza jAtena yo na vidvAn na bhakimAn // (upozAta 7 ye paca itane sugamArtha hai ki ye prAyaH prArambhika zreNI kI pAThya pustakoM meM die jA sakate haiN| kahIM-kahIM lekhaka ne prathAmApekSI padyo kA bhI prayoga kiyA hai aura inameM dorSa samAla bhI rakhe haiN| udAharaNArtha siddhi prArthayatA janena viduSA tejo nigRhya svaka, satrotsAhavatA'pi daivavidhiSu sthairya prakArya kramAt ! devendra draviNezvarAntakasamairapyanvito bhrAtRbhiH, kiM viSTaH muciraM tridaNDamavahacchImA nadharmAtmajaH // (3, 223) parantu pancatantra ke bAda ke kAvya kI zailI se ina kI zailI kI tulanA karake dekhA jAe to ye paca bikakula hI sarala pratIta hoNge| adholikhita para, jo hAjA aura mantrI ke paraspara sambandha kA varNana karatA hai. mudrA-rAkSasa nATaka meM bhI pAyA jAtA hai --- atyucchrite mantriNi pArthive ca viSTasya pAdAvatiSThate zrIH / sA strIsvabhAvAdasahA bharasya tayordvayorekataraM jahAtiH // gadya kI saralatA ke bAre meM kyA khnaa| yaha to mAnI huI bAta hai ki isameM daNDI aura bANa ke gadya kI kaThinatA kA leza mAtra bhI nahIM hai| saca to yaha hai ki yaha jAtakamAlAoM aura dhampuoM ke gadya se mI vidhAtA kI gati prabala hone para siddhi cAhane vAle samajhadAra AdamI ko cAhe usameM zakti aura utsAha bhI ho, cAhie ki dhIre-dhore sthiratA sampAdita kare / kyA zrImAn dharmanandana (yudhiSThira) indra, kubera aura yama ke tulya bhAiyo vAlA hokara bhI dera taka tridaNDadhArI hokara kaSTa nahIM bhogatA rahA 12 rAjalakSmI atyunnata rAjA aura mantrI donoM para 'pairoM ko jamAkara unakI sevArtha upasthita hotI hai, parantu

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tantrAkhyAyikA 253 sugama hai / isameM kRdanta ke prayoga pracuratA se pAe jAte haiN| bhUtakAla lie prAyaH 'ka' pratyayAnta athavA aitihAsika baTa vAle pada kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| kartari prayoga kI apekSA karmaNi prayoga adhika huzrA hai|' kRdanta adhyayoM aura kRdanta vizeSaNoM kI bahulatA hai| tiGantA kriyApadoM ke sthAna meM kRdanta kriyApada vyavahAra meM khAe (66) tntraakhyaayikaa| tantrAkhyAyikA paJcatantra kA hI eka vikRta rUpa hai| isako kevala eka hI hastAGkita prati kAzmIra se zAradA-lipi meM likhI milI hai| isakA patA vartamAna zatAbdI ke prArambha meM pro. harTa ne lagAyA thaa| isake do uparUpa milate haiM / iTala ne unake nAma a (A) aura ba (B) rakkhe haiM / iTala ke mata se 'a' adhika maulika hai, aura aijarTana ke mata haTala ne tantrAkhyAkhyAyikA ke mahatva para ida se jyAdA jora diyA hai / hA~, isase inakAra nahIM ho sakatA ki kisI aura saMskaraNa kI apekSA tantrAkhyAyikA meM mUlAMza adhika hai| isameM mUba se jo jo bheda hai vaha mukhyatayA vRddhi bhora vistAra karane kA adhika hai parityAga aura parivartana kA kama / isameM bar3hAI huI kucha kahAniyA~ hai ---nIla strI hai, svabhAvataH bojha bardAzta nahIM kara sakatI / ataH unameM se kisI eka ko chor3a detI hai| 1 aisI zailI kA anukaraNa karanA sugama hai aura isIlie vidyArthiyo ko salAha dI jAtI hai ki ve aisI zailI ko apanAe~ / 2 harTala kA vizvAsa hai ki tantrAkhyAyikA hI eka aisA saMskaraNa meM mUlA paJcatantra kI bhASA asalI rUpa meM vidayamAna hai; yadi usameM kahIM koI parivartana hai bhI, to vaha vicAra se nahIM kira gayA hai| parantu isa mata ke viruddha jAne vAle aura bhI saMskaraNa jinake bAre meM bhI bilakula yahI rAya prakaTa kI jA sakatI hai|

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254 saskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa bhugAla (2,4) catura RgAla (1,13), tAnuvAca somikhaka (2,1), kuTila kuTanI (3.5), mahArAja zidhi (3, 7), vRddhavArala (3,31), azuna-cora (2,1), aura banAvaTI sipAhI (4,3), inameM se kucha kahAniyoM meM luka lakAra kA punaruka prayoga pAyA jAtA hai| isI se inakA prakSita honA siddha hotA hai / isa prakSa ke kAla kA nirNaya karanA kaThina hai| (67) 'sarala' grantha (The Textus Sinxplicior) / isa saMskaraNa ke anya kA pATha rUpa-rekhA aura kArya-vastu donoM kI dRSTi se bahuta kucha pazcirtita pAyA jAtA hai| pAMcoM tantroM kA AkAra prAyaH eka-jitanA kara diyA gayA hai| asalI paJcatantra ka tIsare tantra kI kaI kahAniyAM isameM caudhe tantra meM rakha do gaI haiM, aura sabhI tantroM meM kucha naI bAteM bar3hA dI gaI haiN| tIsare, cauthe aura pAMcaveM tanna ke DhAMce parivartana kara die gae hai| udAharaNArtha, pA~caveM tantra meM mukhyatA nAI kI kahAnI ko prApta hai, aura isI meM eka dUparI kathA DAla dI gaI hai| hama naI kahAniyoM meM se kaI vastutaH zodhaka haiN| pahale tantra kI pAMcavI kathA meM eka julAhA viSNu bana baiThatA hai / parantu apane Apa ko divyAMza kA avatAra mAnane vAle eka rAjA kI mUrkhatA se usakI kalaI khula jAtI hai / jaba isa rAjA ne apane par3osI rAjAoM se lar3AI prArambha kara dI aura svayaM parAjita hone ke samIpa aa gayA, taba viSNu ko usake yaza kI rakSArtha avatAra lenA pdd'aa| isI saMskaraNa kA pATha tantrAkhyAyikA ke pATha se bahuta milatA hai| isameM asalI patantra ke lagabhaga eka tihAI zloka pA gae haiN| isa saMskaraNa meM brAhmaNa, RSi-muniyoM ke sthAna para jaina sAdhuoM ke ullekha hai, tayA digambara, nagnaka, ApaNaka, dharma dezanA jaise zabdoM kA adhika prayoga pAyA jAtA hai| isase anumAna hotA hai ki isakA

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dakSiNIya paJcatantra 255 "naSpAdaka koI jaina thaa| sAre anya para vicAra karane se isakA niSpAika acchI zailI kA siddhahasta lekhaka pratIta hotA hai| 'sara' prantha meM (The Textus Simplicior) mAva aura ruma ke paya uddhana hai| parantu yaha pUrNamA se (111 I.) to limsandeza prAcIna hai| ata: isakA kAla sthUla rUpa se 5100 I. ke Asa-pAsa mAnA jA sakatA hai| (68) pUrNabhadra niSpAdita paJcatantra / pUrNabhadra kA anya sAdhAraNata: pacAkhyAnaka' ke nAma se prathitta hai| isakA nirmANa kucha vantrakhyAyikA ke aura kucha 'parala' prantha ke prApAra para huA hai| kucha aMza kisI aprApya andha se bhI liyA pratIta hotA hai| isameM kama se kama ikkIsa naI kahAniyAM haiN| inameM se kucha nissandeha manohAriNI hai / pahale tantra ko novo kahAnI meM pazu kI kRtajJatA aura manuSya kI akRtajJatA kA vyatireka dikhalAyA gayA hai| mAlUma hotA hai lekhaka nIti-zAstra meM pUrNa niSNAta thaa| isakI zailI sugama, sarala aura zomAzAnI hai| grantha kA nirmANa sAsa nAmaka kisI mantrI ko prasanna karane ke lie san 91 I0 meM kiyA mAyA thA / (88) dakSiNIya pnyctntr| dakSiNa meM pracalita paJcatantra pAMca vividha rUpoM meM upalabdha hotA hai| isakA mukhya prAdhAra vaha asalI prantha hai, jo hitopadeza kA aura nepAlI pancatantra kA hai| janoM dvArA niSpAdita ukta donoM saMskaraNoM kI apekSA isameM mAlika aMza vastutaH adhika hai| ejarTana ke mata se isameM zrAdha pacatantra kA tIna cauthAI goza aura do tihAI padyAza surakSita hai / isake pA~coM vividha rUpoM meM eka samupavRhita hai 1 kabhI kbh| yahI nAma ukta 'sarala' grantha ke lie bhI prAtA hai

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256 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa aura usameM liyAma kathAeM hai; zeSa cAroM nyUnAdhika saMkSepAsmaka hai aura unameM asalI anya ke mahatvazUnya bhAga kA bahula-sA bhAga sanniviSTa nahIM kiyA gayA hai / jaise nepAlI meM vaise hI isI dakSiNIya meM bhI kAlidAsa kA eka padya pAyA jAtA hai aura nissaMdeha yaha kAlidAsa se bAda kA hai| isameM bhI aneka prakSipsa kathAe~ haiN| udAharaNa ke lie gopikA vAlI kathA kA nAma liyA jA sktaa| (100) nepAlI saMskaraNa / nepAlI saMskaraNa kI kaI istAtita pratiyAM milatI haiN| eka prati meM kevala paya-bhAga', hI hai parantu anya pratiyoM meM padya ke sAtha sAtha saMskRta yA nevArI bhASA meM gadya mo hai ! nepAlo saMskaraNa meM dUsare aura vIsare tantra kA krama-parivartana ho gayA hai| aisA pratIta hotA hai ke lekhaka ne asalI paJcatantra kA, jo hitopadeza kA AdhAra hai, upayoga avazya kiyA thaa| isa saMskaraNa kA koI nizcita nirmANakAla nahIM batalAyA jA sktaa| isameM kAlidAsa kA eka padya uddhatA hai; ataH itanA hI niHza kahA jA sakatA hai ki yaha kAlidAsa ke bAda taiyAra hubhA hogaa| (101) hitopadeza / hitopadeza pancatantra kA vaha vikRta rUpa hai, jisakA sambandha baGgAla se hai| saca to yaha hai ki isane baGgAla meM anya saba saMskaraNoM kA pracAra sanmAnita kara diyA hai| isake lekhaka kA nAma nArAyaNa 1 isameM eka gaba-khaMTa bhI hai| vaha acAnaka anavadhAnatA se likhA gayA pratIta hotA hai| 2 dekhie, yAvat svocalo'yaM davadahanasamoM yasya sphuliGgaH / tAvanarAyaNena pracaratu racitaH saMgraho'yaMkathAnAm / / (5,138)

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hitopadeza yA / vaha kinhIM dhavacandra' kA kRpAbhAjana thA / lekhaka ne bhUmikA ke prathama padya meM dhUrjaTi evaM 1, 102 meM candrArdhacUhAmaNi aura 4, 13= meM candramauli ko namaskAra kiyA hai / ataH anumAna hotA hai ki yaha zaiva thA | bhUmikA ke dUsare aura AThaveM padma se jAna par3atA hai ki isa grantha ke likhane meM lekhaka kA uddazya baccoM ke samajhAne yogya sarata kathAoM kA eka aisA sandarbha taiyAra karanA thA, jo saMskRta bhASA kI zikSA dene, vAkcAturya sikhAne aura rAjInItika pADitya prApta karAne meM upayogI siddha ho sake / lekhaka ne kahA hai:--- zruto hitopadezo'yaM pATavaM saMskRtoktiSu / vAcAM sarvatra vaicitryaM nItividyAM dadAti ca // (padma 2) yannave bhAjane lagnaH saMskAro nAnyathA bhavet / kathAnchalena bAlAnAM nItistadiha kathyate / 255 hitopadeza kA upajIvya pancatantra tathA eka koI aura prantha hai / lekhaka ne bhUmikA ke nauMve padya meM isa bAta ko svayaM bhI svIkAra kiyA hai| anusandhAna abhI isa dUsare grantha kA patA nahIM lagA sakA hai / kadAcit yaha koI kathA-grantha hogA, kyoMki hitopadezakAra kama se kama sataraha naI kathAe' detA hai / ima sataraha meM se kevala do hI aisI haiM, jiname zrAcAra kI zikSA milatI hai| isase eka to yaha siddha hovA hai ki lekhaka kA uddezya AcAra kI zikSA denA nahIM thA; dUsare graha ki usane paJcatantra kI mUla rUpa-rekhA kA hI pUrNatayA anusaraNa kiyA | zeSa pandraha kahAniyoM meM se sAta janta-kathAe~ haiM pAMca premapAza kI aura tIna vIrtha-karma kii| cUche kI kahAnI, jo kramazaH billI, kuttA aura cItA bana gayA parantu RSi ko mArane ke kAraNa jise phira cUhA bananA par3A, lekhaka ne kadAcit mahAbhArata se kI hai / catara strI 2 1 dekhie, zrImAn ghavalacatro'sau jIyAn mANDaliko ripUn / yenAyaM sagraho yatnAle khayitvA pracAritaH // (4,136)

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258 saskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa kI (2,1) kahAnI zuka-sAhali meM aura bIrabala kI betAla pacatrizatikA meM AI hai| nIti-zAstra ke granthoM meM se usakA mukhya upajIya jhAmanDa koya nItisAra thaa| kAla-(1) hitopadeza kA nepAlI saMskaraNa 1373 I. kA hai| ataH yaha isase pUrva hI banA hogaa| (2) isane mAdha aura kAmanda kI se bahuta kucha jiyA hai; ata: ise inake bAda kA hI honA caahie| (3) isane 'mahArakavAra' zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai| ataH yaha 119 I. ke bAda kA pratIta hotA hai| (1) yaha zukla-saprati aura betAja pancaviMzatikA kA RNI hai! kiMtu isame kAma kA nizcaya karane meM vizeSa sahAyatA nahIM miltii| rUpa-rekhA-hitopadeza cAra bhAgoM meM vibhakta hai, jinake nAma haiM-mitralAbha, suhRbheda, vipraha aura sandhi / isameM asalI paJcatantra ke pahale aura dUsare tantra kA kasa badala diyA gayA hai, aura tIsare tathA pA~caveM santra ko sandhi aura vigraha nAma ke do bhAgoM meM kucha nayA rUpa de diyA gayA hai, cauthA vana bilkula choDa diyA gayA hai| sandhi arthAt caturtha adhyAya meM eka naI kahAnI dI gaI hai aura isI adhyAya meM asalI paJcatantra ke pahale aura tIsare santra meM se kaI kahAniyA~ sammilita kara dI gaI haiN| isa prakAra bane hue hitopadeza meM asatI paJcatantra ke padya-bhAga kA jagabhaga eka tihAI aura gadha-bhAga kA bagabhaga do bar3A pA~ca bhaga bhA gayA hai| zailI, lekhaka kA dRzya hai-accoM ko saMskRta bhASA aura nIti sikhAnA / isa udhezya ke anusAra isakI bhASA saraba, sugama aura rocaka hai| kucha una ta padyoM ko chor3a kara zeSAMza meM na to dIrgha samAsa haiM aura na kisI vAkya / bhUla pAtantra kA pake- pade anusaraNa karane kA prayatna kisA samA hai, isI lie vinta kriyApadoM

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vRhatkathA saMskaraNa, arthAt uttarapazcimIya saMskaraNa 256 Hyper-HTM ke sthAna para kRdantIya kriyApada aura kartari prayoga kI jagaha karmaNi prayoga adhika hai| kucha padya, lekhaka ke apane banAe pratIta hone haiN| ilale lekhaka ko mahatI kavi-pratimA kA pramANa mAla hotA hai| hitopadeza kA pracAra kebala bakAla meM hI sahI, sAre bhAratavarSa meM hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki isakA anuvAda baiMgalA, hindI aura kaI anya bhAdhunika bhAratIya bhASAoM meM ho gayA hai| isake padyoM kI sarasatA kA digdarzana karane ke lie dekhie mAtA zatraH pitA verI yena bAlona pAThitaH / 1 zobhate sabhAmadhye haMsamadhye cako yathA // (bhUmikA 25) yathA ra kena cakaNa na rathasya matirbhavet / evaM puruSakAreNa vinA devaM na sidhyati // ( bhUmikA 20) gadha kSA bhI udAharaNa lIjie---- sad bhavatA vinodAma kArmAdInAM vicitrAM kathAM kthyaami|| rAjaputrairuktam --kathyatAm / viSNuzarmovAca---zrayakA samprati mitrajJAbhAH; yasvAyamAcha, shlokH| (102) bRhatkathA saMskaraNa arthAt * uttarapazcimIya saMskaraNa / bRhatkathAmaJjarI meM aura kathAsaritsAgara meM pAe hue paJcatantra ke saMskaraNa sambhavata: asalI bRhatkathA meM nahIM hoMge, bakSika ve kazmIriyoM dvArA kabhI bAda meM bar3hA die gae hoNge| paJcatantra ke isa saMskaraNa meM anya saMskaraNoM se itanA bheda hai ki isameM na to spoddhAta hai aura ma prathama tantra kI tIsarI kathA / aisA pratIta hotA hai ki isa saMskaraNa meM pratyeka do tantroM ke bIca meM vAhya tatvoM kA samAveza karake unakA pArthakya pramada kiyA gayA hai| isa saskaraNa ke pAda kA DIka ThIka dizcaya karanA bar3A kaThina hai / kSemendra atyanta saMpa kara nAvA hai, aura somadeva to asalI kahAniyA~ taka chor3a jAtA hai|

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262 saskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa (103) pahnavI saMskaraNa aura kathA kI pazcimI yAtrA / paJcatantra kA yahalavI saMskaraNa hakIma bAz2AI ke prayatna se gvusArI anozeSoM ke zAsana kAla meM (561-76 I.) prastuta huaa| isake isa janma kA nAma karTaka aura damana' thaa| yaha saMskaraNa santrAkhyAyikA se bahuta milatA hogA / durbhAgya se yaha saMskaraNa lupta ho gayA thA, parantu isakA anuvAda 570 I. meM bUda nAmaka kilo vidvAn se purAnI sIriyana bhASA meM 710 I. ke lagabhaga abdullAH innulA mokapakA ne arabI meM kara diyA thaa| sIriyana saMskaramA kI kevala eka apUrNa istAMkita prati prApya hai| arabI saMskaraNa kA nAma thA kalIla dinna: / yaha aravau saMskaraNa mahatva kA saMskaraNa hai, kyoMki yahI saba pAzcAtya saMskaraNoM kA upajIcya hai| dasavIM yA gyAravIM zatAbdI ke pAsa pAsa isakA anuvAda purAnI sIriyana se bAda kI sIriyana bhASA meM aura 1251 I0 meM purAnI spainiza bhASA meM huaaa| ye anuvAda paryApta ura nahIM nikle| 1000 I. ke samIpa arabI anuvAda kA anuvAda yUnAnI bhASA meM huA / yaha yUnAnI anuvAda iTailiyana, eka jarmana, ho laiTina aura kaI slaibonika anavAdoM kA upajIvya inA / arabI anuvAda kA hiMba anuvAda 1600 I. ke nikaTa huaa| isakA kartA kI joIla thaa| isakA mahatva arabI anavAda se bhI adhika hai, kyoMki phira isakA laiTina anuvAda 1266 aura 1278 I. ke bIca jauna bhAva kaipuzrA ne ( John of Capua) kiyaa| yaha 1480 I0 meM do bAra mudrita hunaa| isakA phira jarmana anuvAda ainthAniyasa vaoNna phara ne ( Anthonius Von 1 ye donoM nAma prathama tantra meM do catura zrRgAloM ke haiM / 2 ye donoM nAma kaTaMka aura damanaka ke rUpAntara haiM / 3 isakA kartA giyuliaonuti (Gtulio-Nuti) hai aura racanA kAla 1583 I0 /

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pahnavI saMskaraNa aura kathA kI pazcimI yAtrA 261 AL Prore) 486 I0 meM kiyaa| taba se yaha kaI bAra madita ho cukA hai| isa anuvAda kA mahattva isalie hai ki isane jamanasAhitya para bar3A prabhAva DAlA aura vaha Dainiza, prAisalaipiDaka, Daca aura spainiza anuvAdoM kA (1643 I.) mUDa banA / speniza kA agavAda iTailiyana meM 1946 I. meM hunA, aura isakA anuvAda ca meM 5556 I0 meM hushraa| e0 aika. DonI ne baiMTina kA sodhA anavAda iTailiyana meM kiyaa| yaha do bhAgoM meM san 1552 I. meM vInisa meM prakAzita huaa| isake prathama bhAga ko 1170 I0 meM sara TAmasa naoNrtha ne igliza meM dhanUdita kiyaa| arabI saMskaraNa kA phArasI anuvAda IsA kI bArahavIM zatAbdI ke prathamAddha meM abula-manAlI naballA ne kiyA / yaha anuvAda mUla banA anyAre suhelI kA, jo 1464 I. ke idhara udhara husaina ne taiyAra kii| zrAge calakara isakA anuvAda IsA kI solahavIM zatAbdI ke prathama caraNa meM alI ne turkI bhASA meM kiyaa| phira isa turkI kA anuvAda ca meM huA aura usakA anuvAda Daca, haMgAriyana, jarmana aura malae taka meM huA / ina aupadezika jantu-RthAoM kA sabAre adhika mahatvapUrNa upayoga karane vAlA lA phraoNnaTena ( La Fontaine) huzrA / zrIpadezika jantu kathAzrA kI pustaka ke apane dUsare saMskaraNa meM (1678 I.) vaha sApha taura para mAnavA hai ki apanI naI sAmagrI ke lie (7-4) maiM bhAratIya vidvAn pilpa kA ' ( Pilpay ) RNI huuN| nIce dI huI sAraNI se yaha bAta zrAsAnI se samajha meM A jAegI ki bhAratIya opadezika jantukathA ne pAzcAtya dezoM meM kisa kisa dvAra se praveza kiyA / 1 vidyApati kA apabhraMza /

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adhyAya 15 rUpaka (104) rUpaka kA udbhava / rUpaka kA udbhava aMdherI guhA meM nihita hai / sAhitya-kSetra meM baca nikale hue rUpaka ke prAcInatama namUne kAlidAsa ke yA usake pUrvasAmiyoM ke praur3ha rUpaka haiM, jo hamArI A~khoM ke sAmane bijalI kI taraha camakate hue pAte haiN| saMskRta rUpa ke apravayaM ubhava ko samajhAne ke lie bhinna-bhinna vAda dhar3e gae haiN| unameM se kucha kA sambandha dharma kI dhAraNA se aura kucha kA laukika lIlAoM se hai| (ka) paraMparAgata vAda / sAmpradAyika bAda ke anusAra nATya-vijJAna ke prAvirbhAva kA sthAna dya toka hai| rajata-kAla ke prArambha meM deva aura mayaM mila kara brahmA ke pAsa gae, aura unhoMne usase prArthanA kI ki hameM manovinoda kI koI vastu pradAna kI jAe / brahmA ne dhyAnAvasthita hokara nATya-veda prakaTa kiyaa| isake lie ule cAroM vedoM kA sAra nikAlanA par3A--gveda se nasya, sAmaveda se saGgIta, yajurveda se aminaya aura atharvaveda se rasa / ziva ne isameM tANDavanRtya kA, pAvatI ne nAsyanatya kA, aura viSNu me nATaka kI cAra vRttiyoM kA sAmaveza kiyaa| svargaloka ke cIpha iMjiniyara vizvakarmA ne raMgazAlA kA nirmANa kiyaa| sabase prAcIna rUpaka,jo

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rUpaka kA dharmasApekSa udbhava 265 indradhvaja parva para khele gae tripura- dAha aura samudra manthana the / isa balA ko matyaloka meM pahuMcAne kA kAma bharata ke supurda kiyA gayA / yaha sAre kA sArA upAkhyAna mahattva se zUnya nahI hai; kyoMki isase ina arat para prakAza par3atA hai | (1) nAvya veda kI racanA meM cAroM vedoM kA sahayoga hai / (2) prAcInatama rUpaka dhArmika the aura ve dhArmika parvo para khele gae the| (3) inameM nara aura nArI donoM ne hI bhAga liyA / (4) vaidika kAla meM vAstavika rUpaka vidyamAna nahIM thA / yahI kAraNa thA ki devatAoM ko brahmA se unake lie eka naye prakAra ke sAhitya ko (arthAt rUpaka ko ) paidA karane kI prArthanA karanI pdd'ii| (kha) rUpaka kA dharmasApekSa udbhava | (1) pro0 rijave kA vicAra hai ki bhArata meM vastutaH sAre jagat meM hI rUpaka kA janma mRtAtmAoM ke prati prakaTa kI huI logoM kI zraddhA se huA hai; yahI zraddhA, phira sAre dharma kA zrAdi-mUla hai- isa zraddhA kI arthApana cIjoM meM se jIva bali ke siddhAnta kA eka punarucchu vasana bhI hai / isa vizvAra ke anusAra nATakoM kA abhinaya mRtAtmA kI prIti ke lie hotA thA / parantu isakA sAdhaka pramANa nahIM riaat | pRthivI kI anya jAtiyoM ke bAre meM yaha vicAra sAdhAraNatayA kucha mUlya rela sakatA ho, paranta bhAratIyoM ke bAre meM yaha ThIka nahIM mAnA jA sakatA | (2) parva bAda isa vAda kA bIja indra patra para nATakoM ke khele jAne ke ullekha meM sannihita hai| isa bAda meM mAnA jAtA hai ki eka to indradhvaja parva yUropa ke me - pola (May- Pole) svauddAra ke sA hai| dUsare, rUpaka kA udbhava kadAcit vasanta meM Ane vAle syohAroM se huA hogA; kyoMki bhISaNa zarada ke bAda vasanta meM jagat kI sabhI sabhya jAtiyA~ koI na koI tyauhAra manAtI haiN| yaha bAda vastutaH buddhi C

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266 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa mattA pUrNa hai| parantu isa vAda kA durbhAgya ki indradhvaja kA tyauhAra, jo indra kI vRnna (megha-) vijaya kA sUcaka hai, varSA ke anta meM par3atA hai| (3) kRSNopAsanA vAda-isa vAda me bhAratIya rUpaka ke udbhava aura upacaya kA sambandha kaSNa kI upAsanA ke adara aura prasAra se jor3A jAtA hai| nissandeha kaSNopAsanA ke kaI aGga isa prasaGga meM bar3e mahattva ke kahe jA sakate haiN| udAharaNArtha, sthi-yAtrAe~, nRtya, vAdya aura gIta,tathA lIlAe aisI vastu hai, jinhoMne saMskRtta-nATaka ke nirmANa meM bar3A yoga diyA hai / saMskRta nATaka kA vikAsa kRSNopAsanA ke ghara zUrasena deza meM huaa| nATakoM meM zaurasenI prAkata kA prAbalya isa bAta kA ghotaka hai ki nATaka kA prAdurbhAva hI vahA~ hunaa| kRSNopAsanA ke kAraNa brajabhASA kA hAla hI meM jo punaHpracAra huA hai, vaha bhI yahI sUcita karatA hai ki brajabhASA ne bhAratIya nATaka ke vikAsa para kamI bar3A prabhAva DAlA hogaa| parantu isa bAda meM kucha truTiyA~ bhI haiN| pahalI to yaha ki kRSNa sambaMdhI nATaka hI sabase prAcIna haiM, isakA poSaka pramANa aprApya hai| dUsarI yaha ki rAma-ziva prabhRti anya devatAoM kI prasiddha upAsanAoM ne bhAratIya nATaka ke vikAsa meM jo bar3A bhAga liyA, usakI upekSA kI gaI hai| (ga) rUpaka kA dharmanirapekSa udbhava / (1) lokapriya-svA~ga-vAda-pro0 hila (Hiliebrandt) aura sTena kono (Sten Konow) kA vicAra hai ki bhAratIya rUpaka ke prAdurbhAva se bhI pahale bhArata meM noka-priya svA~goM kA pracAra thA / bAda meM rAmAyaNa aura mahAbhArata ko kathAnoM ne svAgoM ke sAtha milakara rUpaka ko janma de diyaa| DA. kItha ne isa vAda kA virodha kiyA hai| rUpaka ke pracAra se pUrva svA~goM ke pracalita hone kA sAdhaka koI samucita sAcA mulama

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karUpaka kA dharmanirapekSa udbhava nahIM hai| konoM ne svAgoM kA parAmarza karane vAle jitane ullekha upasthita kie haiM ve laba ke-saba mahAbhASya ke athavA usake bhI bAda kAla ke haiN| ataH unase kono kA mata puSTa nahIM hotA hai 1 saca to yaha hai ki pA. kItha ke matAnusAra prArambhika svA~ga-kAna ke viSaya meM hamArA sArA jJAna alpanAzrita hai| pro0 hilanaDa (Hillebrandt) kI yuktiyoM meM kucha adhika bala hai| usane udRGkita kiyA hai:--(1) nATakoM meM saMskRta ke sAtha sAtha prAkRta kA prayoga hai / (2) gadya-padya kA mizraNa hai| (3) raMgazAlAoM meM sAdagI haiN| (4) vidUSaka jemA sarvasAdhAraNa kA prItipAsa pAtra hai| ina saba bAto se jJAta hotA hai ki bhAratIya rUpaka sarvasAdhAraNa ke manovinoda kI bastu thii| parantu ina bAtoM kA isase bhI acchA samAdhAna ho sakatA hai| kRSNopAsanA bAda ke anusAra ukta cAroM bAtoM meM se pahalI tIna kA samAdhAna bahuta acchI taraha se ho jAtA hai aura rUpaka ke udbhava kA sambandha dharma kI dhAraNA se jur3a jAtA hai| rUpakoM me vidUSaka pAtra kI sattA kA prAdurbhAva mahAbata sarakAra meM zuddha pAtra kI zrAvazyakatA se huA mAnA jA sakatA hai, aura mahAlata dhArmika saMskAra hai| dUsare pakSa meM to aimA koI pramANa hI nahIM milatA jo mATakoM meM vidadhaka rakhane kI prathA kA sambandha kisI jaukika lIlA se jor3a ske| (2) kaThaputaliyoM ke nAca kA vAdAra pizala kA vicAra hai ki rUpaka kI utpatti kaTaputaliyoM ke nAca se huii| inakA vallekha puttalikA, putrikA, dArUmayI ityAdi ke nAma se mahAbhArata, kathAsari-- rasAgara aura rAjazekhara kI bAlarAmAyaNa meM bahuza: pAyA jAtA hai| aura vAdoM kI apekSA isa bAda meM 'sthApaka saMjJA bhI adhika anvartha siddha hotI hai| paranta, jaisA ki pro. hilabaiDa ne nirdeza kiyA hai, isa bAda meM bar3I truTi yaha hai ki kaThaputaliyoM ke nAca kA itihAsa dRSTi meM rakha +- - - - 1 vaha puruSa, jo kisI vastu ko ThIka sthAna para rakkhe /

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saskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa kara yaha mAnanA par3atA hai ki saraka isase pahale ho vidyamAna thA, jo isa mAcakA aAdhAra thaa| (3) chAyAnATaka vAda-pro0 lUDarsa (Ludels) kahate haiM ki saMskRta-rUpaka ke vikAsa meM mukhya bhAga - chAyA dvArA khela dikhAne kI prathA kA hai| yaha bAta smaraNIya hai ki 'rUpaka' zabda jitanA anvartha isa siddhAnta ke anusAra siddha hotA hai utanA kisI aura ke nhiiN| parantu jaisA ki DA. kItha ne batAyA hai, yaha bAda mahAmASya ke eka sthala ke ayathArtha prAvadhAraNa para avalambita hai| anantarokta siddhAnta ke pakSapAtI ke samAna isa siddhAnta ke anuyAyI ko bhI rUpaka kI sattA chAyA-nATaka ke janma se pahale svIkAra karanI par3atI hai / isake atirikta isa mata se gadya-padya ke mizraNa kA tathA saMskRta-prAkRta ke prayoga kA koI kAraNa nahIM batAyA jA sktaa| (4) saMvAdasUkta bAda ... Rgveda meM pandraha se adhika saMvAdayuka mukta haiM / ye sUkta nizcaya hI dharmanirakSepa-- lokavyavahAra-paraka (Secular) haiM / 1866 I. meM pro0 maiksamUlara ne prastAva rakhate hue aura kucha kAla pazcAt pro. laivi ne (Levi) usakA anumodana karate hue kahA ki ina sUloM meM dharma kI bhAvanA se bhare hue nATakoM ke dRzyoM ke darzana hote haiN| vaoNna oNDara (Von Schroeder) ne isa prastAva para saparizrama vicAra karake yaha pramANita karane kA prayatna kiyA ki ina sUktoM se rahasyapUrNa nATakoM (Mystery.Plays) kI sUcanA milatI hai| garbharUpa meM ye nATaka bhArata ko bhAropoya (Indo European) kAla se prApta hue the / DA0 harTana ne eka kadama aura Age bar3hakara ghoSaNA kI ki vaidika nATaka ke vikAsa kANDa kA mUla suparNAdhyAya ke andara dekhane ko mila sakatA hai / parantu isa ghoSaNA ko gor3a harI nahIM huI / dUsare adhyetAoM ne bhI apane 2 rAga alApe haiN| artha 'cAhe kucha bhI liyA jAe, hatanA to nizcita hI hai ki Rgveda meM katipaya sUkta cArvAkhApayukta mI haiM aura unameM se thor3e kI (yathA, 'saramA aura paNiloga' kI)

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rUpaka kA dharmanirapekSa udbhava DayAkhyA nATakIya dRzya bAda ke sahAre bahuta acchI taraha kI jA sakatI hai| taja apa kA udbhava kaise huA? isa ke prAcInatama ciha hameM kahA~ pra ho sakate haiM? (ka) vaidikAnuSThAnoM kA sAkSya---upatbhyamAna paryApta pramANoM se yaha pradarzita kiyA jA sakatA hai ki rUpaka ke prAyaH sAre upAdAnatasva vaidika anuSThAnoM meM vidyamAna haiN| (a) rUpaka ke Avazyaka ghaTaka haiM-nRtya, gIta aura saMvAda / nRtya kA ullekha Rgveda meM maujUda hai| udAharaNArtha, vivAha-sUkta meM puranidhayA~ nava-dampatI ke AyuSyArtha nRtya karatI hai| gIta ko to zAmaveda meM sabhI mAnate haiN| Rgveda ke saMvAda-sUktoM kA ullekha Upara ho hI cukA hai| (zrA) vaidika anuSThAna choTI-choTI aneka kiyA troM ke sUtroM se pragumphita jAla the| usameM se kucha meM nATakIya sattva bhI vidyamAna the| yaha Thoka hai ki yaha koI vAstavika nATaka nahIM thA, kyoMki nATaka kA abhinaya karanA hI mukhya uddazya nahIM thaa| abhinetA loga usake dvArA sIdhA dhArmika phala cAhate the| (i) mahAvrata-anuSThAna vastutaH eka prakAra se nATaka thaa| isa anuSThAna meM kumAriyA~ agni ke cAroM ora nAcatI thIM / zUda aura vaizya kA prakAzArtha kalaha karanA vastutaH nATakIya abhinaya hai| (I) yajJa-psatroM (Sacrificial sessions) ke antarAdoM yajJamaNDapa meM baiThe hue yajamAnoM aura yAjakoM ke manovinodArtha vArtAlApamaya sUrU par3he jAte the| isa dhAraNA kI puSTi harivaMza purANa se hotI hai| (3) kaI vidvAn kahate haiM ki----nATakoM meM madhamaya saMvAda mahAnata anuSThAna meM prayukta saMvAda ko dekhakara bar3hAyA gayA hai| yadi isa vicAra ko ThIka mAna leM, to rUpaka ke saba upAdAna tatva hameM vaidika anuSThAna meM mila jAte haiN|

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saskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa pahale ye saba upAhAna-tatva pRthak pRthaka paDU kara hI apanA kAma karate rhe| inakA sAMyogika vyApAra tathA rUpaka ko bhAramAbhUta kathA-vastu kA vikAsa bAda meM bala kA hudhA / par3hakara sunAne kI prathA (jo saMskRta nATakoM meM saMgota se bhI adhika mahatva rakhatI hai) aura bhI Age calakara rAmAyaNa aura mahAbhArata kI kathAnoM se kI gii| (kha) rAmAyaNa-mahAbhArata kA prabhAva ! naTa' aura nartaka donoM zabda rAmayaNa evaM mahAbhArata meM pAye jAte haiN| rAmAyaNa ke sUkSma adhyayana se yaha bhI jJAta hotA hai ki 1 (I0 pU0 kI cauthI za0 se bhI pUrva hone vAle ) pANini ne bhI naTa zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai; parantu Ajakala usa naTa zabda kA pANini vivakSita artha batalAnA kaThina hai / (I0 pU0 dUsarI za0 meM hone vAle ) pataJjali kA sAkSya adhika nizcita hai| yadi koI bAta bhUtakAla meM huI ho aura use vaktA ne na dekhA ho, taba use apUrNa bhUtakAla se prakaTa karane ke lie kaunase lakArAdi kA prayoga karanA cAhie ? isako samajhAte hue pataJjali ne 'kaMsavadha' aura 'balibaMdha' kA ullekha kiyA hai| adhika sambhAvanA yahI hai ki ye nATaka haiM, jo pataJjali ke dekhe hue yA par3he hue the| usane nATakopayogI kama se kama tIna sAdhanoM kA ullekha bho kiyA hai:--(1) zAbhika loga, jo darzakagaha ke sammukha dRzya kA abhinaya karate the; (2) rajaka loga, jo karar3e para citrita karake dRzyoM ko vivRta karate the; aura (3) granthika loga, jo apane bhASaNoM dvArA darzanavRnda ke sAmane ukta dRzyoM ko yathArtha karake dikhalAte the| usane eka 'bhra kusa' zabda bhI diyA hai, jo ThIka taraha strIrUpadhArI puruSa ke liye prayukta hotA thaa| isa prakAra akele pataJjali ke lAkSya aAdhAra para hI kahA jA sakatA hai ki-IsA ke pUrva dUsarI zatAbdI se pahale hI bhArata meM rUpaka kA paryApta vikAsa ho cukA thaa|

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rAmAyaNa-mahAbhArata kA prabhAva 271 sake usa bhAga meM, jo asalI samA jAtA hai, nATaka zabda so vAdayanti tathA zAnti lAsyantyapi cApare / nATakAnyapare prAhuhAsyAni vividhAni ca // (3, 66, 4) rAmAyaNa ke bAja-kANDa meM bhinna-bhinna rasoM kA ullekha paay| jAtA hai| yathA-- rasaizzRGgArakaruNahAsya bhyaankaiH| vIrAdibhI rasaiyu ke kAvyametadgAyatAm // (1, 4, 6) adho'batAyamANa paMkti meM zailUSa zabda pAyA hai-- zailUSAzca tathA strImiryAnti // (2, 83, 15) isI prakAra sadharA, nATaka tathA isI varga ke anya zabda mahAbhArata meM bhI pAne haiN| udAharaNArtha dekhiye--- ityavavIt sUtradhArassUtaH paurANikastathA / nATakA vividhAH kAvyAH kathAkhyAyikakArakAH / / (2, 12, 36) pAnazca tathA sarve naTanataMkagAyakA. / / (3, 15, 13) nATaka kA patA harivaMza se bhI jagavA hai| isake atirikta, rAmAyaNa mahAbhArata kI kathAoM kA, nATakAntargata kArtAlApa ko uccasvA se par3hakara sunAne kI prathA para jo prabhAva par3A, hama usase bhI inakArI nahIM ho sakate haiN| sAmAjika aura dhArmika sabhA-sammelanoM meM jAtIya kavitA ko akSa svara se paDhakara sunAne kA kAma mandiro aura saidvAno meM mahInoM alavA thaa| dhIre-dhIre sarvasAdhAraNa ko saMskRta kA samajhanA kaThina hotA calA gyaa| isa lie bhAratoM aura mAgadhoM ne bola-cAla kI bhASA ke bAlaya sammilita karane prArambha kara die, aura zAyada

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saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa kitAbI saMskRta kI sarvathA avahelanA kara dI ! bAra meM jA bolacAla kI bhASA meM hI kathA karane kI paripATI pracalita ho calI aura artha karane vAle kI AvazyakatA na rahI, taba saGgIta aura nATakopayukta zraGga bhaGgi ko bhI sammilita kara liyA gyaa| isase sArI vastu atyanta rocaka aura nATakIya ho gaI / isa sambandha meM nimnalikhita pramANa mUlyavAnda hai| (1) sA~cI se prAsa hone vAle utkIrNa lekha se ( jo niHsandeha IsavI san se pUrva kA hai, aneka kathakoM (kathA kahane vAloM) kA patA calatA hai, jo aGga-maGgi ke sAtha nAca rahe haiM, kathA kaha rahe haiM aura gA rahe haiN| ye saba bAte vastutaHnATakIya hai| (2) rAmAyaNa ke attarakANDa meM kuza aura badha do gAyakoM kA varNana zrAtA hai| ve jisa rAma ke anabhijJAta putra haiM, usI ke carita kI kathA kara rahe haiM! (3) bharata (vartamAna bhATakathA kAraka) zabda batalAtA hai ki ucca svara le bola-sunAne kA nATaka ke sAtha kitanA gaharA sambandha hai| (4) usa tIsare pramANa kA samarthana kuzalava zabda se bhI hotA hai| (11) uttara rAmacarita meM bhavabhUti kahatA hai, nATakoM para rAmAyaNamahAbhArata kA mahAn RNa hai| (6) bhAsa ke nATaka bhI apane Apako rAmAyaNa-mahAbhArata kA RNI sUcita karate haiN| (ga) dharma kA prabhAva-rUpoM kI utpatti ko saJcI preraNA dharma se hI prAsa huI hai| svarga meM pahalA rUpaka eka dhArmika utsava para hI khelA gayA thaa| tANDava aura lAsya ye donoM mahAdeva aura pArvavatI ne die the / kRSNa, rAma, ziva evaM anya devatAoM kI bhakti ne rUpaka ke vikAsa meM bar3I sahAyatA kI hai| yaha bAta dhyAna dene yogya hai kijaina aura bauddhadharma nATakoM ke viruddha haiM, parantu ina dharmoM ke anuyAyiyoM

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rAmAyaNa-mahAbhArata kA prabhAva 273 ko bhI apane dharma kA pracAra karane ke lie nATakoM kA prAzraya lenA par3A / (gha) laukika vastuoM kA prabhAva-sAtha hI sAtha bhArata meM abhI grAmotsava aura chAyA nATakoM kA tathA kaThaputaliyoM ke nAca kA pracAra bhI avazya rahA hogaa| bar3hatI huI abhiruci ke kAraNa kevala isI kAma ko karane vAle logoM kI zreNo bhI utpanna ho gaI hogI / aise loga sAmAjika aura naitika dRSTi se bhinnasthAnIya samajhe jAte the / hamAre isa vicAra kA samarthana pataJjali karatA hai| gA~voM ke akRtrima vAtAvaraNa meM hue rUpakoM ke isa vikAsa ko dekha lene ke bAda hama unameM prAkRta bhASAoM ke prayoga ke, gadya-padya ke mizraNa ke, nAca-gAna kI pradhAnatA ke aura raMgazAlA kI sAdagI ke kAraNa ko bhI bhakSI maoNti samajha sakate haiN| aba prazna rahA rUpakAvizayoki alavAra kI jAti ke (Allegorical) rUpakoM kA 1 kadAcin aise rUpakoM kA janma jaina aura bauddhadharma kI AcAraviSayaka aura sAdhAraNa upadeza sambandhI zikSAoM se huA hai| rAjA loga rUpaka-kalA ke nirantara saMrakSaka rahe; bahuta sambhAvamA yahI hai ki isIlie logoM ko rAjAoM ke yA ranivAsa kI praNayanIlAoM ke rUpaka likhane kA khyAja paidA ho gyaa| yahI rUpaka Age calakara saba rUpakoM ke lie mAnadaNDa bana gye| bhAratIya aura yUnAnI rUpaka sAhitya ke itihAsa ke pArasparika sambandha kA vicAra upasthita hone para hama kaheMge ki yUnAnI rUpaka ne saMskRta rUpaka kI utpatti meM kucha yoga diyA ho, isa bAta kI bahuta hI kama sambhAvanA hai| isa prakaraNa ko samAla karate hue hama kaha sakate haiM ki bhAratIya rUpaka kA vikAra eka do nahIM, aneka zatAbdiyoM meM ho pAyA hogaa| yaha 1 vistRta vivaraNa ke lie pravaTaka 105 dekhie /

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saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa rUpaka kA vikAsa-mAno eka sajIva zarIra thA, jisake rUpa meM bArabAra parivartana hue, jisane jo milA usI ko har3apa kara liyA aura phira bhI apanA svarUpa prakSa eNa rakkhA / DA0 belavalakara kA kathana hai:"isake sara ke saba jaTila upAdAnoM ko jyAdyA karane ke lie kisI eka siddhAnta se kAma nahIM cala skt|| rUpaka ke vividha-vidha rUpa aura raMga haiN| unameM se kabhI eka ko aura kabhI dUsare ko lekara prati. bhAtroM kA jo saMgrAma huA hai, usane hamAre prazna ko aura bhI kaThina banA diyA hai| hameM zrAzA bhI yahI thI, kyoMki, rUpaka kA tAtparya kokAnukRti se hai; aura, jIvana ke samAna hI, yadi yaha durvizleSaNIya rahe, to isameM Azcarya hI kyA hai| (105) rUpaka kA yanAnI udbhava / kucha vidvAn samajhate haiM ki zAyada saMskRta rUpaka kA janma yUnAnI rUpaka se huA hogaa| unakI dhAraNA hai ki yUnAnI rUpaka kA itihAsa bhAratIya rUpaka ke itihAsa se bahuta adhika purAnA hai; aura mahAn sikandara ke aAkramaNa ke pazcAt bhAratIya samudrataTa para kucha yUnAnI soga basa gaye the. jo phursata ke vakta jI bahalAne ke lie apane deza ke nATaka khelA karate hoNge| unake ina nATakoM se bhAratIya nATakoM kI utpatti aura buddhi para usI prakAra bar3A prabhAva par3A hogA, jisa prakAra unakI jyotiSa aura gaNita vidyA kA bar3A prabhAva bhAratIya jyotiSa aura gaNita vidyA para par3A hai| vaicara ( Weber ) aura viDiza (Windisch) ne donoM dezoM ke rUpakoM meM sAdRzya dikhAte hue isa siddhAnta kI bela ko mada car3hAne kA puSkala prayAsa kiyA hai| unhoM ne yavana aura yavanikA zabdoM para bar3A jora diyA hai / saMskRta rUpakoM meM yavaniyoM ko rAjAoM kI aGgaravikAoM ke rUpa meM peza kiyA gayA hai| parantu yUnAnI rUpakoM meM yaha bAta nahIM pAI jAtI hai| yavanikA zabda sUcita karatA hai ki bhAratIya raMgazAlAoM ke parne videzI vastra yA raMga

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rUpaka kA yUnAnI udbhv| 275 ityAdi se kadAcit IrAnI bela-bUTedAra kAlIna kI jAti ke kisI vastra se taiyAra kie jAte the| yahI bAta laiMvi ne kahI bhI hai| yUnAnI rUpakoM meM par3he kA prayoga nahIM hai| isase ukta siddhAnta kI svayaM hasyA ho jAtI hai| dUsarI ora aise prabala pramANa haiM, jinase siddha hotA hai ki saMskRta rUpaka yUnAnI rUpaka kA RNI nahIM rahA hogaa| antarAtmA, kathAvastu krama tayA nirmANa siddhAnta kI dRSTi se yUnAnI aura saMskRta nATaka eka dUsare se bilkula viparIta dizA meM calate haiN| (2) yUnAnI nATaka me deza aura kAla kI ekatA kA niyama hai, saMskRta nATaka meM nahIM / kAlidAsa ke abhijJAnazAkuntala taka meM hama dekhate haiM ki eka aGga kA sthAna vana hai, to dUsare kA rAjaprAsAda yA isase bhI bar3hakara; eka aGga kA sthAna bhUboka hai, to dUsare kA svargaloka / itanA hI nahIM, zya hI aGga taka meM sthAna-bheda ho sakatA hai| amijJAna zAkuntala ke antima aGga meM hama yahI bAta pAte haiN| kAla ko dekha, to abhijJAnazAkuntala ke antima do aura uttararAmacarita ke Adima do prakoM kI kathAoM ke kAroM meM kaI varSoM kA antara pAte haiM / (2) saMskRta rUpa meM sukha-duHkha kI ghaTanAoM kA sundara sammizraNa rahatA hai| yaha bAta yUnAnI rUpakoM ke niyamoM ke sarvathA viruddha hai| isa dRSTi se saMskRta rUpakoM kI tulanA spainiza aura iGgaliza' rUpakoM ke 1 zeksapiyara ke rUpakoM ke sAtha sAdRzya kI kucha aura bAteM ye haiM(ka) vidUSaka jo zeksapiyara ke mUrkha se bilkula milatA hai| (kha) gadya-padya kA sammizriNa / / (ga) pAtro ke nAnA namUno kI nisbata eka eka vyakti kA hI caritra-citraNa adhika karanA / (gha) kAlpanika aura bhayaMkara azo kA samAveza / (Ga) zleSAlaGkAra kA prayoga tathA zabdoM kA hAsyotpAdaka todd'mrodd'|

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276 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa sAtha adhika acchI taraha kI jA sakatI hai kAraNa, inake lie, jaisA ki zlaijala (Schlegel) kahatA hai, "du:khamaya (Tragedy ) tathA sukhamaya (Comedy ) zabdoM kA prayoga usa abhiprAya ke sAtha ho hI nahIM sakatA, jisake sAtha prAcIna vidvAn inakA prayoga kiyA karate the" saMskRta rUpakoM kI racanA sadA makar3I ke jAla ke sahaza hotI hai aura unameM " gambhIratA ke sAtha chachorApana evaM zoka ke sAtha dAsya" milA rahatA hai| unameM bhaya, zoka, karuNA ityAdi mAnavIya sabhI hArdika bhAvoM ko jAgarita karane kA prayatna kiyA jAtA hai sahI, parantu unameM kathA kA zranta duHkha meM nahIM dikhAyA jaataa| yaha duHkhapUrNa anta, jaisA ki jonasana (Johnson) kahatA hai, zeksapiyara ke dinoM meM duHkhamaya (Tragedy) rUpaka kA paryApta lakSaNa samajhA jAtA thA / (3) yUnAnI kAvya kA pradhAna siddhAnta jIvana ko varSarUpa aura garvarUpa dekhanA thA; parantu saMskRta ke rUpaka-lekhaka jIvana meM zAnti aura anuddhatatA dekhate the / yahI kAraNa hai ki bhAratIya duHkhamaya rUpakoM meM atyadhika vipatti kA citra nahIM aura sukhamaya rUpakoM meM atisIma harSa kA udreka nahIM / ( 4 ) saMskRta rUpakoM meM yUnAnI rUpakoM kI bhAnti milakara gAyA jAne vAlA gIta (Chorus) nahIM hotA hai / (ca) rUpaka kI kriyA ko bar3hAne ke lie eka jaise upAya, yathA--- patroM kA likhanA, mRtakoM ko jIvita karanA aura kahAnI meM kahAnI bharanA / maikaDAnala ne kahA hai: --" usa avasthA meM, jisameM prabhAva DAlane yA udhAra lene kA bilkula prazna hI nahIM uThatA hai, samAna ghaTanAo kI itanI paramparA kA honA zikSA detA hai ki do vastuoM kA eka jaisA vikAsa paraspara nirapekSa rUpa se bhI ho sakatA hai " / 1 jaise - jisa samaya nAyaka-nAyikA zoka meM magna haiM usa samaya bhI vidUSaka apanA kAma khUba karake dikhalAtA hai /

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saMskRta rUpaka kI vizeSatAe (2) saMskRta rUpaka AkAra kI dRSTi se bhI yUnAnI rUpakoM se mela nahIM khAte haiN| mRcchakaTika kA AkAra aiskAIlasa (Aeschy lus ) ke pratyeka rUpaka ke AkAra se tigunA hai| dUsarI ora, jitane samaya meM yUnAmI loga eka hI baiThaka meM tIna duHkhamaya (Tragedies ) aura eka prahasana (Farce) kA khela kara lete the, bhAratIya yadi rUpaka bambA huA to kevala eka hI rUpaka kA abhinaya karate the / 1 (6) yUnAnI ke mukAbile para saMskRta rUpaka svarUpa meM vastuta' ramaNIya- kalpanA- bahula hotA hai / saMskRta rUpaka atyanta jaTila jAba hai / sAhitya darpaNa ne rUpaka ke mukhya do bheda kie haiM-rUpaka aura uparUpaka | prathama ke punaH dasa aura carama ke aThAraha upabheda kie gae haiN| saMskRta rUpaka kA apanA viziSTa rUpa hai' / ina nAnA zrAdhAroM para hama isa pariNAma para pahuMcate haiM ki saMskRta rUpaka avazya prakRSTa pratibhA kI eka bhAratIya prasUti hai, yaha kisI videzI sAhitya-taru kI zAkhA nahIM hai| haoNraviTz2a (Horrwitz) kahatA hai :--"kyA hama kabhI yaha kahate hai ki cU~ki pIkiMga meM lIpaz2iga aura dhImara se bhI bahuta pahale se prakSA bhavana vidyamAna the, ataH jarmana-mATaka cInI se kiyA huA RNa hai ? taba phira bhArata ke prasaGga meM kyoM ! yadi nATaka-kalA kA udbhava cIna meM aura yUnAna meM paraspara nirakSepa huA thA, to bhArata meM aisA kyoM nahIM ho sakatA" / (106 ) saMskRtarUpaka kI vizeSatAe~ / saMskRta rUpaka kI kucha vizeSatAe~-- deza aura kAla kI ekatA kA na mAnanA, sukha tathA duHkha kI ghaTanAoM kA sundara mizraNa, duHkhAMtatA kA pUrNa abhAva e, dUsare dezoM ke nATakoM kI apekSA adhika prAkAra hy 1 vistRta vivaraNa ke lie praghaTTaka 106 dekhie / 2 niyama yaha hai ki saMskRta rUpakoM meM mRtyu kA dRzya nahIM dikhAyA jAtA hai aura anta sukhamaya rakkhA jAtA hai / isa niyama kA kaThoratA

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27; saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa aura ramaNIya kalpanA kI bahulatA Upara varNita ho cukI haiN| kucha anya nIce dI jAtI haiN| (1) varNana pUrNa gadya kA aura muktaka ( Lyrical ) patha kA saMyoga / sAdhAraNatayA rUpaka kI gati meM varNana pUrNa gadya se vRddhi ho jAtI hai, aura aisA gadya prAyaH dekhane meM AtA bhI hai; parantu prabhAva kA avazya vardhaka avasarAnusArI muktaka pathoM kA samAveza hI hai| saca to yaha hai ki rUpaka ko vAstavika hRchatA aura sundaratA ke pradAtA ye patha hI haiN| inake binA rUpaka vArtAlApa kA eka zuSka prakaraNa raha jAtA hai / akele abhijJAnazAkuntala meM aise koI do sau padya haiN| sAdhAraNatathA rUpaka kA lagabhaga AdhA zarIra to ina padyoM se hI niSpanna ho jAtA hai / ye padya vibhinna chandoM meM hote haiM aura kavi kI kAvya-kuzayatA kA paricaya dete haiM / (2) saMskRta kaura nAnA prAkRtoM kA mizraNa-apane-apane sAmA jika pada ke anusAra bhinna-bhinna pAtra bhinna-bhinna bhASAe~ bolate haiM / sAdhAraNa niyama yaha hai ki -- nAmaka rAjA, ucca NI ke puruSa aura tapasvinI ye saba saMskRta bolate haiN| vidUSaka brAhmaNa hone para bhI prAkRta kholatA hai / kulIna striyA~, bAlaka aura uttama varga ke sevaka sAmAnyataH gadya meM zaurasenI kA aura padya meM mahArASTrI kA prayoga karate haiN| rAjaHar ke anya parijana mAgadhI bola sakate haiN| gopAla, luNTaka, se pAlana hotA hai| isI niyama ke ullaGghana se bacane ke lie bhavabhUti ko anta meM sItA aura rAma kA punarmilana karanA par3A hai / anya kaviyo kI bhI aisI hI dazA hai / yadyapi anta meM duHkhamaya ghaTanA nahIM hotI, tathApi karuNa rasa ke aura viprayukta prominyugaloM ke citra khIMca khIMca kara bar3e 2 kaviyoM taka ko rUpaka ke prArambha aura madhya meM paryApta duHkha kA varNana karanA par3atA hai / mRcchakaTika aura abhijJAnazakuntala meM yaha madhya meM hai, aura uttara - rAmacarita meM yaha yUM to sAre meM hai, kintu prArambha meM vizeSa hai /

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saMskRta rUpaka kI vizeSatAeM 246 avacaka, ya khavyasanI hatyAdi dUsare loga prAkRta ke anyabheda-zrAmArI, paizAcI, avantI prati bolate haiN| apanaza kA prayoga atyanta paNita aura asabhyoM ke dvArA hotA hai| (3) saMskRta rUpakakartA kA mukhya uddezya darzakasamUha ke hRdaya meM kisI eka viziSTa rasa kA udreka utpanna karanA hai / vaha rasa zRGgAra, vIra, karuNa yA koI aura bhI ho sakatA hai| kathAvastu, caritra-citraNa tathA anya saba vastue~ isI lakSya ke prAdhIna hotI haiM / jyoki saMskRta rUpakoM meM gati yA kriyA-vega ( Action ) ke Upara bala nahIM diyA gayA hai, ataH Adhunika tulA para rakhane ke bAda unameM se adhika saMkhya ka yathArtha rUpaka kI apekSA rUpakIya kAvya hI adhika mAne gae hai| (8) rUpakoM kI kathAvastu koI sundara prasiddha kahAnI rakkhI jAtI hai, tAki sAmAjika isase pUrNatayA Anandita ho skeN| yaha kahAnI prAyaH itihAsa yA rAmAyaNAdi meM se lI jAtI hai| kucha apavAdoM ko chor3a yahI dekhA jAtA hai ki rUpaka kI kathAvastu koI prema kahAnI hotI hai, aura zRGgAra rasa hI mukhya rasa hotA hai| prathama-darzana hote hI nAyakanAyikA kA paraspara prema hotA hai; parantu jIvana bhara ke lie saMyukta hone se pahale unheM viyoga-sura kI duratyaya-nizita dhAra para calanA par3atA hai| isa kAla meM unheM kamI abhilASa, kabhI nairAzya, kamI sandeha, kabhI nizcaya ityAdi aneka manovedanAoM kI tIkhI aniyoM 1 prAyaH rivAja yaha hai ki zRGgAra rasa hI mukhya rasa mAnA jAtA hai| isake bAda vIra kA nambara hai| apane uttararAmacarita meM bhavati ne karuNa kA paripAka kiyA hai / zeSa rasoM meM se avasarAnusAra kisI ko bhI rUpaka meM mukhya rasa banAne kA vidhAna to kara diyA gayA hai, parantu uname se kisI ko mukhya bahuta hI kama banAyA gayA hai / 2 ullekhanIya apavAda ye hai-vizAkhadatta-racita mudrArAkSasa, bhaTTanArAyaNa-kRta veNIsaMhAra aura zrIharSa-praNIta nAgAnanda /

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280 saskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa kI coTeM jhelanI par3atI haiN| bIca-bIca meM rAjA ke manovinodakAsI vida. Saka dvArA yA nAyikA kI vizvasta sakhI dvArA chir3akAI huI hAsyarasa kI yU~ doM se sAmAjikoM kA mana praphulla rakkhA jAtA hai / (1) saMskRta rUpaka kA upakrama bhAzIrvAda ke zloka se, jise nAndI kahate haiM, hotA hai / isake bAda prastAvanA pAtI hai| isameM patnI ke sAtha yA kisI paricAraka ke sAtha Akara sUtradhAra abhineSyamANa rUpaka se darzakoM ko sUcita karatA hai, aura kisI abhinetA kA praveza karAkara raMgamaJca se haTa jAtA hai| upabheda ke anusAra pratyeka rUpaka meM aMkoM kI saMkhyA bhinna-bhinna hotI haiN| kisI meM eka to kisI meM dasa taka aGga hote haiM (udAharaNArtha, nATikA meM cAra aura prahasana meM eka aMka hotA hai)| kisI aGka ke samApta hone ke bAda anya aGka ke prArambha meM pravezaka yA viSkambhaka nAma se eka taraha kI bhUmikA hotI hai, jisameM sAmAjikoM ke sAmane una ghaTanAoM kA varNana kiyA jAtA hai, jo unake sAmane raMgamaJca para ghaTita na hokara nepathya meM ghaTita huI hai| yaha isalie ki ve agalI ghaTanAoM ko acchI taraha samajhane ke yogya ho jAe~ / pAtro kI saMkhyA kA koI bandhana nahIM hai| sAtha hI pAtra divya, adivya yA divyAdivya tInoM prakAra ke ho sakate haiM / rUpaka ke anta meM bharatokti ( rASTrIya prArthanA ) pAtI hai| isakA pATha karane vAlA koI pradhAna pAtra hotA hai| prAyaH yaha svayaM nAyaka chArA hI par3I jAtI hai| . (6) aba raGgazAlA ke viSaya meM lojie / nATya-zAstra ke vidhAna ke anusAra yaha vargAkAra, AyatAkAra yA tribhujAkAra honI caahie| nATya-zAna meM nATaka khelane ke samayoM kA bhI vidhAna maujUda hai| ve samaya haiM:-vAndrika bhanadhyAya, rAjatilaka, janatA ke utsava, dhArmika parva, vivAha, pumrajanma, bhinna mijana, gaha-praveza yA nagara-vijaya / the khela prAyazaH saGgIta-zAlAoM meM hote the| raMgamaMca ke pRSTha kI ora eka pardA TaMgA rahatA thaa| abhineta-varga usI parde ke pIche veSa dhAraNa karake

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saMskRtarUpaka kI vizeSatAeM majaca para zrAtA aura apanA abhinaya samApta karake phira sasI ke pIche calA jAtA thA / isa parde ke pIche ke sthAna ko 'nepathya' kahate haiN| jaba kilo pAna ko zIghratA se praveza karanA hotA thA, taba vaha 'pade ko uThAkara' pradeza karatA thaa| maJca ke prAkRtika dRzya tathA sajAvaTa ke samAna bahuta sAdhAraNa hote the| khela meM kI aneka bAteM darzakoM ko barsana-pUrNa padyoM ke anukaraNAtmaka kriyA ke yA nATya ( saparizrama sIkhe hue aura darzakoM ke samajha lene yogya aGga-samba na)ke dvArA samajhA dI jAtI thii| (7) aisA pratIta hotA hai ki saMskRta rUpakakAra rUpaka kA pradhAna prayojana bokaranjana samajhate the, na ki ekamAtra anubhUyamAna jIvana kA sajIva citra khocanA / vadi kisI rUpaka kA avasAna sAvasAda ho, to lAmAjika loga dUyamAna aura zokAkula hokara raGgazAlA se bAhara nikale / aisI avasthA meM khela kA yathArtha artha hI vyartha ho jaae| isake sivA, mAratIya loga punarjanma ke pich|nt ko mAnate hai, ataH inake lie matyu itanI dukhada ghaTanA nahIM hai, jitanI pAzcAtya logoM ke lie isa niyama ke apavAdoM ko ora bhI vidvAnoM kA dhyAna gayA hai| unhoMne udAharaNa bhI hU~ jira hai, nAma ke lie 'arubhaGga' rUpaka kI samApti zokotpAdaka hai| parantu aise udAharaNoM meM hameM yaha bAta yAda rakhanI cAhie ki duHzAsana jaise pAtroM kI samavedanA bilakula nahIM ho sakatI; ulTA, ve to usakI mRtyu se prasanna hote hai| siddhAntakAroM kA siddhAnta hai ki vAstavika duHkhamaya rUpaka kA rUpa bhISaNa aura romAJcakara mRtyu-ghaTanA meM sannihita nahIM hai, pratyuta usa ghaTanA ke pahale yA pIche ispAyamAna karuNarasa meM / ata: bhAratIya rUpakoM meM sAkSAt matyu kA abhinaya nahIM kiyA jAtA / (5) itanA hI nahIM / hAsya athavA gambhIratA kI koI bhI bAta, jo aziSTa samajhI jAtI hai, aminIta nahIM kI jAtI / yahI kAraNa

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282 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa hai ki zApaDAna, nirvAsana, rASTra-vipatti, dazana, cumbana, prazana, zayana ityAdi kA abhinaya sarvathA pratiSida hai| (107) katipaya mahimazAlI rUpaka mudrita athavA adyAvadhi amudrita saMskRta rUpakoM kI saMkhyA chaH sau se adhika hai; parantu unameM se mahatvapUrNa jinakA yahAM ullekha sacita hogA, u~galiyoM para ginane yogya hI hai| bhAsa, kAlidAsa aura azva. ghoSa ke rUpakoM kA varNana tIsare adhyAya meM ho cukA hai| dUsare prasiddha rUpaka ye haiM (3) zUdraka kA pRcchakaTika, (2) ratnAvalI, priyadarzikA aura nAgAnanda, jo zrIharSa ke banAe batalAe jAte haiM, (3) vizAkhadatta kA mudrArAkSasa, (4) bhaTTa nArAyaNa kA veNIsaMhAra, (5) bhavabhUti kA mAlatImAdhava, mahAvIracarita aura uttarAmacarita, (6) rAjazekhara kA bAbamArava ityAdi (7) diGnAga kI kundamAtA, (ka) murAri kA anardharAdhava, aura (8) kRSNamikSA kA prabodhacandrodaya / (108) zUdraka saMskRta sAhisya meM nRpa zUdraka mahAn lokapriya nATakakAra hai| isake nAma kA ullekha vetAlapaJcaviMzati meM, daNDI ke dazakumAracarita meM, bANa ke harSa caritra aura kAdambarI donoM granthoM meM, tathA somadeva ke kathAsaritsAgara meM pAyA jAtA hai| kalhana ne ise napa vikramAditya se pUrvabhAvI batalAyA hai| isakA jIvanacaritra aGkita karane ke lie kaI anya' bikhe gae the| mRcchakaTika kI prastAvanA meM bhI isake jIvana 1.-iname se ullekhanIya ye haiM : (ka) zUdrakacarita-isakA ullekha vAdidhaghAla ne kAvyAdarza kI apanI TIkA meM kiyA hai / (kha) zUdrakakathA- isake racayitA rAmila aura saumila the / isakA saMketa rAjazekhara kI kRti meM milatA hai / (ga) - - - -

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ko kaI ghaTanAe~ varNita hai| yaha vedoM kA iskRSTa vidvAn, gaNiva meM gatimAna, kamanIya kalAoM kA kAnta aura yuddhavIroM ke ghara-vaibhava kara svAmI thaa| duSkA apasyA karake isane pArvatI zvara se kA prApta kara jiyA thaa| bhopAkhyAmika varNanoM meM isakI vividha vijayoM aura vikrAnta kRtiyoM kI gotiyA~ sunI jAtI hai| macchakaTika kI varthavasturUpaka kI paribhASA meM mRcchakaTika ko prakaraNa kahate haiN| isameM dasa aMka hai| isameM cArudatta aura vasantasenA kI praNayalIlA amara kI gaI hai| cArudatta vAtsyAyana ke kAmasUtra ke anusAra eka Adarza nAgarika thA / basanta senA acamI kI avatAra koI vezyA thI / guNazAlI brAhmaNa cArudatta apanI rAjocita dAmazIbatA ke kAraNa darida ho gyaa| itane para bhI isane apane puNya-karma kA parityAga nahIM kiyaa| isake guNoM ke kAraNa vasantasenA, jo vezyA ke ghara utpanna huI thI, mRtyagAna meM atyanta nipuNa zo, isa para mugdha thI cArudatta Atma-saMyamI aura manavI puruSa thA / yahI kAraNa hai ki hama rAgAMkura kA mukha prAyaH pahale vasantasenA ke hRdayakSetra meM bAhara nikalA huA dekhate haiM / vasantasenA ne zakAra kolAjA ke sAlekI-praNayayAcanA svIkAra nahIM kii| isase zakAra usa para kruddha ho gyaa| cArudattaviSayaka vasaMtasenAkA anurAga zuddha aura pAramArthika hai| viTa taka ko kahanA par3A ki "padyapi vasantasenA eka vArAGganA hai,tathApi usakA anurAga vAgaanAoM jaisA nahIM hai / zakAra ne use tAnA mArate hue kahA- tU eka bhikhamaMga bAmaNa ko pyAra karatI hai| vasantasenA ne ise apane lie garva kI bAta samajhA / Rra aura bhIru zakAra ke nirdaya pratAr3ana se baha muchita ho gii| ise bharA hudhA samamA to dhUlaM zakAra cArudatta ko usakI hatyA kA doSI ThaharAne bgaa| kitanA karuNa dRzya hai ! usa zUdrakakathA---paJcazikhara racita prAkRta-kavitA / isakA nAma bhoja kI racanA meM AyA hai / (dha) vikrAntazudraka-eka rUpaka / isakA nAma bhoja aura abhinavagupta ne kiyaa| ---

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284 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa sundarI kI harA kA doSI ThaharAyA jAnA jise vaha prAyoM se rfas pyAra karatA thA | maijisTreTa ne saba ke sAmane cArudatta se prazna kiyAvasantasenA ke sAtha tumhArA kyA sambandha hai ? kulInatA, sAmAjika pratiSThA ae area mAnamaryAdA ke bhAvoM ne cArudarA ko eka minaTa ke lie preraNA kI ki tU isa prazna ko TAla jA; parantu zakAra ne bAra bAra jora diyA to usane uttara diyA "kyA mujhe kahanA par3egA ki vasantasenA merI preyasI hai ? acchA, yadi hai hI to isameM kyA doSa hai ? yadi doSa bhI hai to yauvana kA hai, carithya kA nahIM / " cArudatta ko prANa dagaDa nizacita ho gyaa| isI bIca meM vasantasenA hoza meM AI / vaha daur3o daur3I zUlI-sthAna para pahuMcI aura cArudatta kI jAna baca gii| isa avasara para rAjadhAnI meM eka krAnti hogaI / zrAryaka, jise cArudA ne jela se mukta hone meM sahAyatA dI thI, usa samaya ke zAsaka nRpa pAlaka ko gaddI se utAra kara ujjaina kA rAjA ho gayA / cArudatta ke bhUtapUrva 45kAra kA smaraNa karate hue usane cArudatta ko apane rAjya kA eka ucca adhikArI niyukta kiyA / grAlocanA-kAlidAsa tathA bhavabhUti kI utkRSTa kRtiyoM aura sRS kaTika meM eka darzanIya bheda hai| isameM na to nAyaka hI sadguNoM kA divya Adarza hai aura na pratinAyaka ho pApa kI pratimA | cArudasa meM kaI asAdhAraNa udAtta guNa haiM, kintu yaha duSyanta kI taraha zreSThaMmanya nahIM hai / yaha pArthiva prANI hai, yaha dhatakIr3A ko ghRNita nahIM samajhatA, ise nAcanA aura gAnA bhAtA hai aura yaha saGgItAlayoM meM jAnA pasanda karatA hai / vasantasenA meM bhI na to kAlidAsa kI zakuntalA jaisI navayuvatiyoM kI manohAritA hai aura na bhavabhUti kI sItA jaisI praudArthoM kI gauravazAlitA / vikAra detuthoM ke caturdika vidyamAna hone para bhI vasantasenA kA mana svaccha aura cArudatta para anurAga zravadAta rhaa| pAzava kAmavRtti kA vazIbhUta zakAra jaba vasantasenA ko mAra DAlane kI dhamakI detA hai aura kadarthita karatA hai, taba bhI cAru

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zUdraka 285 dattaviSayaka usakI prItivRtti acata rahatI hai aura usake hoThoM para antima zabda haiM-namo cArUdattassa (cArudatta ko prnnaam)| mRcchakaTika ke pAtroM meM samAja kI sabhI zreNiyoM ke loga sammilita haiN| inake kAraNa rUpaka meM pUrNa yathArthatA pratiphalita hone lagI hai| yaha isa rUpaka kI pradhAna vizeSatA hai| isameM gati yA kriyA-vega (Action) kI bahulatA hai; ata: rUpaka ke lakSaNa ke sAre agoM kI dRSTi se yaha eka saccA rUpaka hai / isakI eka aura vizeSatA yaha hai ki sattAIsa ke sattAIsa ladhu pAtroM kA vyaktitva vispaSTa dikhAI detA hai| pAtroM meM rAjadarabAzI, pulisa ke sipAhI luTere, cora, rAjanItika nara aura zrI 108 saMnyAsI bhI haiN| tIsare aGka meM dama saMgha mArane kA eka varNana par3hate hai| isameM steya-karma eka niyamita kakSA kahI gaI hai| mRcchakaTika (mRt+ zakaTikA) nAma chaTe aGka kI eka ghaTanA para Azrita hai / vasantasenA cArudatta ke putra kI miTTI kI gAr3I apane ratnajaTita svarNAlaMkAroM se bhara detI hai| yaha bAta nyAyAlaya meM cArUdatta para lagAe hue abhiyoga kA pAristhitika sAkSya (Circumstantial evidence) bana gaI aura isane amiyoga ko aura bhI jaTila banA diyaa| do premiyoM kI nijI prema kathA meM rAjanItika krAnti milA dene se rUpaka kI ramamIyatA bar3ha gaI hai| kAla-durbhAgya se zUdraka ke kAla kA anAnta zodhana zakya nahIM hai| daNDI, bANa aura vetAlapaJcaviMzatikAkRta ne isake nAma kA ullekha kiyA hai, ata: yaha inase pUrvabhAvI avazya siddha hotA hai / karaNa ke mata se isI ke bAda vikramAditya gaddI para baiThA / parantu yaha vikramAditya hI vikrama samvat kA pravartaka thA, isa bAta ko siddha karanA kaThina hai| nizcita to yahI mAlUma hotA haiM ki cUki 'cArudatta' rUpaka kA hI samupaMkSita' rUpa mRcchakaTika hai, ataH zUdraka mAsa kA uttarabhAvI hai| kaI vidvAnoM ne ise avanti-mundarI kathA meM varNita nRpa ziva1 isa viSaya meM vistata vivaraNa mahAkavi bhAsa ke adhyAya meM dekhie /

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286 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa svagati kA samakAlIna mAnakara isake kAla-zodhana kA zrama uThAyA hai| eka gaNanA ke anusAra zivasvAti kA samaya 81 I0 ke AsapAsa hai, parantu purANokta itihAsa-tithiyoM ke AdhAra para lagAI haI dUsarIgaNanA ke anusAra vaha (zivasvAti) I0 pU0 cauthI yA pA~cavIM zatAbdI meM zAsana karatA thaa| (106) harSa ke nAma se pracalita tIna rUpaka (ka) priyadarzikA, ratnAvalI aura nAgAnanda ina tIna rUpakoM kI prastAvanA meM racayitA kA nAma nRpa harSa milatA hai| harSa nAma ke kama se kama cAra rAjA itihAsa meM prasiddha haiN| (1) harSa kAzmIra kA rAjA / (2) harSa, dhArA ke nRpa bhoja kA pitAmaha / (3) harSa vikramAditya, ujjaina kA rAjA; mAtRgupta kA zaraNya / (4) harSavardhana, kannauja kA svAmI / aica0 aica. vilsana ne ratnAvalI kA racayitA kAzmIra ke adhipati zrIharSa ko (1113-25 I.) ThaharAyA hai| parantu yaha mata grAhya nahIM hai; kAraNa, ratnAvalI kA uddharaNa kSemendra ke (11 vI za0 kA madhya) aucityAlakkAra meM pA~ca bAra, aura napa jayApIDa ke (vIM za. kA caturtha pAda) saciva dAmodaragupta ke kuTTinItama meM kama se kama eka bAra avazya pAyA hai| ratnAvalI kA racayitA IsA kI AThavIM zatAbdI se bahuta pahale hI huA hogaa| yaha vicAra ki kanauja kA rAjA harSavardhana (606-648 I0) hI rasnAvallI kA racayitA hogA 1 rAjataraGgiNI meM ( anuccheda 568) kalhaNa likhatA hai : tatrAnehasyujjayinyAM zrImAn harSAparAbhidhaH / ekacchatrazcakravatI vikramAditya ityabhUt // 2 ratnAvalI 1, 8 / 2, 2 / 2, 3 / 2, 4 / aura 2, / 12 / 3 ratnAvalI 1, 24 /

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harSa ke nAma se pracalita tIna rUpaka 287 1 illiga ke yAtrA-varNana se bhI puSTa hotA hai / haliMga kahatA hai ki nRpa zIlAditya ne bodhisatva jImUtavAhana kI kathA ko padyabaddha kiyA thA aura apane jIte jI isakA pracAra karane ke liye nRtya aura abhinaya ke sAtha isakA khela bhI karavAyA thA isake atirikta bANa hameM batAtA ki harSa vardhana meM [ mahatI ] kavi pratimA thI / * (2) dhAvaka yA bAraNa ?---mammada ne apane kAvyaprakAza meM kAvya ke cAra prayojanoM meM se eka prayojana dhanaprApri bhI batalAyA hai aura isa kA udAharaNa dete hue kahA hai- "zrIharSAderdhAvika (bArA) AdInAmiva dhanam" / kadAcit dhAvaka ne zrIharSa ke rAja darabAra meM rahakara koI uttama kAvya likhA hogA aura isake lie apane svAmI se koi bahumUlya puraskAra prApta kiyA hogaa| isa bAta se bhI inakAra nahIM ho sakatA ki bANa ko bhI harSacarita likhane para apane svAmI [ha] se puSkala dravya milA hogaa| ina rUpakoM ko harSacarita ke sAtha milAkara dekhate haiM to inakI apakRSTa zailI se inakA bAyakRta na honA bilkula vispaSTa ho jAtA hai / isake atirikta, bANa kA harSacarita sAhityika guNoM meM ina rUpakoM se nissandeha utkRSTa hai / ata: ina rUpakoM kI tathAkathita vikrI ko apekSA harSa carita kI bikrI se bANa ko adhika dhana mila sakatA thaa| parantu mammaTa ke upayukta vAkya kA artha aura taraha bhI lagAyA jA sakatA hai / isa artha kA samarthana rAjazekhara dvArA bhI hotA hai jisane likhA hai ki dhAvaka ne ye rUpaka likhakara inake Upara zrI se puraskAra prApta kiyaa| hA~, yaha kahanA kaThina hai ki rAjazekhara 1 harSa kA dUsarA nAma / 2 ' bhArata evaM malaya dvIpoM meM bauddhadharma kA eka itihAsa' ( iMgliza, pRSTha 163, takokusu ( Takokusu ) dvArA anUdita ) / 3 yaha pATha kAzmIrI prati ke anusAra hai| 4 dekhie pahale bhI mahAkavi bhAva ke prasaMga meM / harSa kI eka nATyazAstra TIkA bhI prasiddha hai / yadyapi rasnAvalI nATyazAstra ke niyamoM ke aneka

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288 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa kI yaha bAta kitanI vizvasanIya hai kitanI nahIM, kyoMki hameM dhAvaka ke viSaya meM aura kucha jJAta nahIM hai / dUsarI ora, subhASitasaMgrahoM meM iSavardhana ke nAma se uddhRta kaI baDe hI ramaNIya padya milate haiM / (3) saMyukta kartRtva nAgAnanda meM bauddhadharma kA raGga dekhA jAtA hai / nAndI meM bhagavAn buddha kI stuti hai / nAyaka jImUtavAhana bodhisatva hai, aura 'ahiMsA paramo dharmaH' ke siddhAnta para bala diyA gayA hai / DA0 maikaDaoNnala (Macdonell) ne kahA hai ki ina rUpakoM ke racayitA pRthak pRthak haiM; parantu vacyamANa hetuzroM se hama isa vicAra ko brAhma nahIM mAna sakate ( 1 ) ina tInoM rUpakoM kI prastAvanAoM se inakA kartA eka do vyakti pAyA jAtA hai; (2) ina meM se eka ke padya dUsare meM pAe jAte haiM; udAharaNArtha eka aisA padma hai jo snAvalI aura priyadarzikA donoM meM AyA hai, tathA do aise haiM jo rasnAvalI aura nAgAmanda donoM meM dekhe jAte haiM, aura (3) ina tInoM rUpakoM kI zailI tathA vacobhaGgI itanI abhinna haiM ki pAThaka ko inake racayitA kI ekatA meM sandeha utpanna nahIM hotA / (kha) kathAvastu - ( 1 ) raznAvalI aura priyadarzikA donoM kI donoM nATikA haiM, donoMmeM vAra 2 aGka haiM tathA donoM kI kathA vastu evaM rUparekhA meM bhI bahuta adhika samAnatA hai| donoM meM nAyaka udayana aura mahiSI vAsavadasA hai / ratnAvalI meM sAgarikA ( laGkA kI rAjakumArI ratnAvalI) aura udayana ke praNaya tathA anta meM vivAha hojAne kA varNana hai / isakA Ayojaka saciva yaugandharAyaNa thA / jahAja ke DUba jAne kI vipatti zrAne para ratnAvalI dayanIya dazA meM udayana ke darabAra meM pahu~cI / kucha udAharaNa upasthita karatI hai, tathApi hama nizcaya se nahIM kaha sakate ki usa TIkA kA aura ratnAvalI kA lekhaka eka hI vyakti hai / usa TIkA meM se abhinandanagupta, zAradAvanaya aura bahurUpamizra ne uddharaNa die haiM /

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harSa ke nAma se pracalita tIna rUpaka kAla taka vaha mahAbAno kI sevikA banI rhii| parantu anta meM mAlUma ho gAthA ki vaha khaTTA kI rAjakumArI hai| saccI hindU-patnI ke samAna, jo pati ke sukha ke lie sadA apane sukhoM kI bali dene ko taiyAra rahatI hai, vAhavattA ne rajAvalI kA vivAha udayana ke sAtha ho jAnA svIkAra kara liyaa| isa vastu kA AdhAra itihAsa yA aitihAsika upAkhyAna hai aura kucha badale hue rUpa meM yaha kathA kathAsaritsAgara meM bhI AI hai| eka ora ratnAvalI mATikA kAlidAsa ke mAkhadhikAgnimitra se aura dUsarI ora rAjazekhara kI kapUramajarI se atyanta milatI julatI hai| priyadarzikA mATikA meM udayana ke prArapiyakA (priyadarzikA) ke sAtha anurAga-vyavahAra kA aura anta meM vivAha bandhana kA varNana hai| vaha agadeza ke rAjA idavarmA kI duhitA thI aura udayana se usakI sagAI huI thii| abhI priyadarzikA kA vivAha nahIM huA thA ki kAbinA ke rAjA ne aGga para AkramaNa karake dA ko bandI banA liyaa| priya dakSikA prASiyakA ke nAma se udayana ke antaHpura meM pahuMca gaI / dIrSa kAlakrama ke pazcAt usakA rahasya khula gayA aura antato garavA vaha udayana kI pariNItA priyA bana gii| nAgAnanda meM pA~ca aGka haiN| isameM jImUtavAhana ke prAtmotsarga kI kathA hai| isane sarpa ke sthAna para apane Apako garur3a ko khAne ke jie de diyA thaa| isake isa audArya kArya se prasanna hokara gaurIdevI ne ise punarjIvita kara diyA, jisase isake rote hue mAtA-pitA ko 1 isa rUpaka ke andara eka aura rUpaka hai jisameM vizvAsapAtrI sanI sAskRtyAyanI) kI ghI banI huI hai| isa avAntara rUpaka meM (manoramAveSadhArI) rAjA (vAsavadattArUpadhAriNI) zrArapiyakA ke praNaya-pAza meM baMdha jAtA hai| 2 bIbhatavAina kI aisI hI eka kathA kathAsaritsAgara kI bArahavIM taraMga meM dI gaI hai|

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260 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa bar3A darSa huA / mRta sarpa bhI jIvita kara die gae aura garur3a ne pratijJA kI ki maiM aba se hAra kA parityAga karatA huuN| rUpaka meM hindU aura bauddha vicAroM kA sundara mizraNa hai, tathA jisa kAla meM yaha likhA gayA hai usakA pratibimba isameM khUba phalaka rahara hai t (ga) zailI-harSa ne apanI racanA dvArA vaidarbhI rIti kA bahuta uttama Adarza upasthita kiyA hai / yadyapi isameM kAlidAsa aura sAma jaisI na to sUkSmekSikA hai aura na ka~dhI ur3anevAlI kalpanA, tathApi isameM sAdagI aura sugamatA kA eka mahAn guNa hai / isakI bhASA zrayaya ( Classical ) saMskRta hai aura vAkya nape-tule haiN| zralaGkAroM kA vinyAsa yathocita aura bhavya hai / isameM maulikatA kama, varNana-zakti refer a farantA to zrAdi se anta taka hai| isakI zailI ke uttama namUne kA eka padya par3hie m zrAruhya zailazikharaM svadanApahRta- kAnti-sarvasvaH / pratikatu mivordhvakaraH sthitaH purastAnnizAnAthaH // eka avasara para yaha kahatA hai: cakravAlam / priyAyAH, virama virama vaha ! mubca dhUmAnubandhaM, prakaTayasi kimuccairaciSAM virahahutabhujA'haM yo na dagdhaH pralayadahanabhAsA tasya kiM svaM karoSi || jImUtavAhana kA vacyamANa vicAra kitanA cAha hai.-svazarIramapi parArthe yaH khalu dadyAmayAcitaH kRpayA / rAjyasya kRte sa kathaM prANivadhakrauryamanumanye // bhASA aura chanda -- zrazya ( Classical ) saMskRta ke atirikta zrISa' ne vividha prAkRtoM kA bhI prayoga kiyA hai| inameM sabase adhika prayoga saurasemI kA huA hai| pathoM kI prAkRta mahArASTrI hai aura nAgAnanda rUpaka meM eka ceTa mAgadhI bolatA hai /

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mudrArAkSasa 261 isakA priya chanda zArdUlavikrIDita hai| isake rUpakoM meM yaha 73 mAra zrAyA hai| isake bAda snagdharA kA nambara prAtA hai| (110) mudrArAkSasa vizAkhadatta ke mudrArAkSasa kI gaNanA saMskRta ke atyanta utkRSTa rUpakoM meM kI jAtI hai| isameM sAva aGka hai, jinameM maurya-kAla kI eka rAjanItika ghaTanA kA varNana hai| rAkSasa ko apanI ora milAne ke cANakya-kRta kapaTapUrNa upAyoM kA, antima nandasamrATa ke saciva kI prakharapratimA aura saccI svAmibhakti kA, matyaketu ko apane sAtha milAkara prathama maurya narezvara ko siMhAsanacyuta karane kI ukta sacina dvArA kI huI cAtaryAmcita yojanAoM kA Urjasvit varNana par3hane yogya hai| anta meM cANakya ne mAyaketu aura rAkSasa meM phUTa ujavA hI do / rAkSasa ko tiraskAra sahakara vivaza ho malayaketu kI sevA se hAtha khIMcanA pdd'aa| apane mitra rAkSasa ke parivAra ko gupta rUpa se zaraNa dene ke aparAdha meM seTha candanadAsa bhI vipatti meM par3a gyaa| anta meM apane suhRd candanadAsa ke prANArtha rAkSasa ko cANakya ke lie prAtma-samarpaNa karanA pdd'aa| cANakya ne ra.kSasa se kahA, "yadi tama candanadAsa ke prANoM kI rakSA cAhate ho to tumheM candragupta maurya kA saciva pada svIkAra karanA hogA" icchA na hone para bhI rAkSasa ko cANakya kI bAta mAnanI pdd'ii| yahIM nATaka kI sAnanda samApti ho jAtI hai| mudrArAkSa aitihAsika nATaka hai aura isameM aneka rAjanItika SaDayantroM kA varNana hai| zRGgAra aura karuNa rasa kA isameM sparza bhI nahIM hai| samApaka aMka meM candanadAsa kI strI ke rUpa meM kevala eka hI strIpAtra kA praveza karAyA gayA hai, vaha bhI kisI rAgAtmaka mRdula dRzya ko dikhAne ke lie nahIM, kintu kaThora kartavya tathA svArtha-satyAga kA dRzya dikhAne ke lie| nATaka kA sthAyIbhAva utsAha aura rasa vIra hai, parantu yaha utanA ukavAna nahIM hai jitanA bhavabhUti-racita mahAvIracarita kaa| hAM, gati arthAt kriyA-vega (Action) kI adbhuta ekatA

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242 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa ko dRSTi se yaha nATaka sAre saMskRta-sAhitya meM dvitIya haiN| bar3e se lekara choTe taka sabhI pAtroM kA eka lakSya hai. sArI kI sArI prAyojanAthoM kA eka dhyeya hai aura vaha hai rAkSasa ko apanI ora karanA / rAjanItika uddezya ko pUrNa karane ke lie saca-mUla yA nyAya-anyAya kA vizvara uThAkara tAka meM rakha diyA gayA hai / rAjanItika AvazyakatA ke anusAra mitratA utpanna kI jAtI aura tor3a dI jAtI hai / candanadAsa jaise udAtta carita vyakti taka ko prANA-daNDa kI dhamakI dI jAtI hai, jisakA prayojana kevala yahI hai ki rAkSasa jhuka jAe / pratyeka pAtra kA vyaktitva vispaSTa jhalakAyA gayA hai / isa nATaka kI eka vizeSatA yaha hai ki lekhaka ne do do pAtroM kA eka eka varga banAyA hai| cANakya aura rAkSasa dIrghadarzI rASTranIti- vizArada aura kuzala prAyojanA-yojaka haiM / candragupta aura malayaketu pratipakSI rAjA hai| unakI yogyatAoM aura frames meM AkAza pAtAla kA antara haiN| bhAgurAyaNa aura siddhArthaka ityAdi loga nimnazca NI ke vargoM ke pAtra haiM aura unake vaiyaktika guNoM kA tAratamya bahuta acchI taraha dikhalAyA gayA hai| bhASA meM jAna aura zAna hai / padya meM madhuratA aura maMdiratA kA pravAha hai| kucheka yUropiyana AlocakoM ke vizvAra se saMskRta bhASA meM basa yahI eka yathArtha nATaka hai / racayitA - prastAvanA meM racayitA ne svayaM batAyA hai ki maiM isa nAmaka uccakula kA vaMzavara hU~ / yaha kula prAnta ke zAsana meM uccapadArUda rahA hai / racayitA eka sAmanta kA pautra aura eka mahArAja kA putra thaa| vaha vyAkaraNa, nATya, rASTra-naya, jyotiSa aura tarka kA mahAn pati thaa| vaha svayaM zaiva hote hue bauddhadharma meM bhI thor3I-sI zraddhA rakhatA thA, parantu jainadharma ko pasanda nahIM karatA thaa| usake kucha phuTakara padma sUkti-saMgrahoM meM saGkalita milate haiM / u kAla - isa prasiddha nATaka ke / racanA kAla ke sambandha meM alaga vicAra haiN| (1) bharata vAkya meM pAThabheda se tAtkAlika zAsaka

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mudrArAkSasa ke do mahattvapUrNa nAma milate hai-avantivarmA aura candragupta / mArasIya itihAsa meM do antivarmA prasiddha haiM-eka kAzmIra kA zAsaka (855-883 I.) aura dUsarA prabhAkaravardhana kA cacerA bhAI, maukharivaMzIya kannaujAdhipati (IsA kI chaThI zatAbdI kA uttraad)| kucha vidvAnoM ne mudrArAkSasa ke racayitA kA jIvanakAla kAzmIra zAsaka ava. tidharmA ke zAsana kAla meM mAnA hai| pro. aica. kobi ne mudrArAkSasa meM varNita candroparAga kA samaya do disambara san 860I0 nirdhArita kiyA hai| parantu isa vicAra kA samarthaka koI hetu vidyamAna pratIta mahIM hotaa| dUsarI ora, bhara vAkya meM ima spaSTa par3hate haiM ki vartamAna zAsaka ne mlecchoM se ujyamAna rASTra kA trAha kiyA / kAzmIra ke bhavantivarmA ne na to kisI videzI rAjA ko parAsta kiyA aura na AdhIna banAyA, ataH jaba ima kannauja ke avantivarmA kI ora mukhakara dekhate haiM to use hUNoM ke unmUlana meM prabhAkaravardhana kA mukhya sahAyaka pAte haiN| sTena kono (Sten konow)ne candragupta dvitIya dUsare pATha ko grAhaya mAnakara isakA abhiprAya candragupta dvitIya (375- 413 I0) liyA hai| parantu isa candragupta ke pakSa meM hUNavijaya kI samasyA kA ThIka sAmAdhAna nahIM hotA; kyoMki hUNoM ne ukta candragupta dvitIya ke zAsanakAla taka usake rAjyAntargata pradeza ko udvigna nahIM kiyA thA / mudrArAkSasa kA nIce avatAryamAe pacha mata hari ne apane zataka meM adbhuta kiyA hai, prataH anumAna hai ki vizAkhadatta bhata hari se pUrva hogA--- 1 pro. e. bI. kItha (Keith) kA bhI yahI mata hai, kyoMki vaha kahatA hai ki yaha grantha nauvIM zatAbdI se bhI prAcIna ho sakatA hai, parantu isake nauvIM zatAbdI me hone kA koI bAdhaka pramANa hai hI nahI / yaha mRcchakaTika, raghuvaMza, aura zizupAlavadha ke bAda kA pratIta hotA hai (jarnala AvarAyala eziyATika sosAyaTI, 1606, pRSTha 145) /

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264 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa prArabhyate na khalu vighnabhayena nIcaH, mArabhya vighna- vidvatA viramanti madhyAH vighnaiH punaH punarapi pratihanyamAnAH, prArabdhamuttamaguNAstvamivodvahanti / isa padya meM 'mitra' pukAra kara kaha rahA hai ki maiM vAstava meM mudrArAkSasa nATaka kA hU~, bhatRhari ke zAsaka kA nahIM / (111) veNIsahAra vIrarasa kA dUsarA rUpaka bhaTTa nArAyaNakRta veNIsaMhAra hai| isameM sAta maGka haiM aura mahAbhArata kI eka suprasiddha ghaTanA isakA pratipAdya viSaya hai / draupadI ne pratijJA kI thI ki jaba taka duHzAsana kRta mere apamAna kA badalA nahIM cukA liyA jAyagA, taba taka maiM sira kA jUr3A nahIM baaNdhuuNgii| bhIma joza meM A gayA aura kahane lagA yadi yudhiSThira ne duryodhana se sandhi kI to maiM isakA sAtha chor3a duuNgaa| zrIkRSNa ne pADavoM aura dhArtarASTroM ke bIca sandhi karAne kA bar3A prayatna kiyA; parantu sandhi na ho sakI / anta meM mahAbhArata kA jagaprasid yuddha huA / usameM saba dhArtarASTra mAre gae aura bhIma ne duzAsana ke kadhi meM raMge hue apane hAthoM se dropadI kA jUr3A bA~dhA / ~ abhAva zailI -- bhaTTa nArAyaNa kA caritra-citraNa parama ramaNIya hai / mRcchakaTika ke pAtroM ke samAna isake pArtho kA vyaktitva bhI vispaSTa hai / parantu isameM vanoM ke bAhulya ke aura mahAbhAratIya vivaraNoM kI pracuratA ke kArayA paidA huaa| kriyA vega ( Action ) kA khaTakatA hai / zRGgAra kA pratipAdana nitva ho gayA hai, zAyada kevala isalie ki nATakakAra ne dAkhavat nATyazAstra ke vidhi-vidhAnoM kA pAlana kiyA haiM / mudrArAkSasa ke tulya isameM bhI sphUrti aura sajIvatA hai / bhavabhUti kI bhA~ti bhaTTa nArAyaNa bhI kabhI kabhI saMskRta yA prAkRta gadya meM dIrgha samAsoM kA prayoga karane kA tathA zrartha kI pratidhvani jasI zabdadhvani ke dvArA yathAsambhava prabhAva paidA karane kA zaukIna hai /

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bhavabhUti beNIsaMhAra hAsya aura karuNa rasa se zUnya nahIM hai| antima aGka bhAvoM kI garimA aura bhAvadyotana kI madhurimA ke lie prasiddha hai| isakA nizA varNana itamA hRdayaGgama hai ki isI ke AdhAra para kavi nizAnArAyaNa kI upAdhi se alaMkRta kiyA gayA hai| kAla-(1) ma nArAyaNa ke uddharaNa vAmana, Anandavardhana aura abhinavagupta ke graMthoM meM milate haiM; ata: yaha avazya IsA kI pAThavIM zatAbdI se pahale huA hogaa| (2) loka-prasiddhi hai ki yaha baGgAla ke rAjA mAdizUra ke (7 vIM 10 kA pUrvArdha) nimantraNa se kannauja se baGgAla calA gayA thaa| (3) dharmakIti ke rUpAvatAra kI eka TIkA kI hastalikhita prati meM likhA hai ki bANa kI prArthanA svIkAra karake bhaTTa nArAyaNa kisI boddha mahanta kA ziSya ho gayA thA tathA rUpAvatAra ko bhaTTa nArAyaNa aura dharmakIrti ne milakara likhA thaa| isase yahI pariNAma nikalatA hai ki bhaha nArAyaNa maha bANa kA sama-sAmayika thaa| (112) bhavabhUti (1) bhavabhUti kA bhAsana bhArata ke mUrdhanya rUpakakAroM kI zreNI meM hai| isakA asalI nAma zrIkaNTha yA / sUkti-saMgrahoM meM isake nAma se kaI aise bhI patra milate haiM jo isake upalabhyamAna rUpakoM meM nahIM hai (isase anumAna hotA hai ki isane ina rUpakoM ke atirikta kucha aura bhI likhA hogaa)| isakA janma vidarbha deza meM veda ke vidvAnoM ke vikhyAta vaMza meM huA thaa| yaha svayaM bar3A prakArAta paNDita thaa| 1 apane pahale do rUpako meM isane kucha aise uddharaNa die haiM jo (veda, upaniSad brAhmaNa aura sUtra ityAdi ) vaidika sAhitya ke hI nahIM, kAmazAstra, arthazAstra, rAmAyaNa-mahAbhArata, kAlidAsa ke grantha ityAdi kA bhI smaraNa karAte haiM /

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saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa isakI prathama kRti kI sarakAjIna kalA-kuzakoM ne bar3I kaTu samIkSA kii| kintu apanI kalA kI utkRSTatA se abhijJa aura AzA ke paripUrNa mayabhUti ne apanI lekhanI ko uThAkara na rakkhA / yaha nirbhaya hokara likhatA gyaa| ise aisA pratosa huzrA, mAno zAradA devI isakI vazaMvadA bhanunahI hai| isakA vicAra thA,ki prAyaH loga striyoM ke satIsva aura kavi kRtiyoM ke camatkAra ko sandeha kI dRSTi se dekhA hI karate hai| bhAvage cala kara isane apane duharAlocakoM ko phaTakAra batAte hue kahA bhI thA ki maiM yaha prayAsa tuma logoM ke lie nahIM uThA rahA hU~ merA vizvAsa hai mere jaimA hRdaya aura merI jaisI pratibhA rakhane vAlA koI puruSa kabhI avazya paidA hogA kyoMki samaya kA koI anta nahIM aura baha pRthvI bhI bar3I vistRta hai| (2) antha----(ka) mahAvIracarita / mahAvIracarita kadAcit bhavabhUti kA sabase pahalA sandarbha' hai| isameM lekhaka ke pUrva puruSoM kA pUrA vivaraNa hai aura isakI rUpa-resA meM masaNatA kA prabhAva lekhaka kI abhyAsAsthA ko dyotita karatA hai / kathAvastu kA prAdhAra rAmAyaNa hai, paranta isameM aura rAmAyaNI kathA meM bahuta hI adhika bheda hai| sArI kathA kI miti 1 yaM brAhmaNamiya devI bAravazyevAnuvartate / / / 2 yathA strINAM tathA vAcAM sAdhutve durjano janaH / / 3 ye nAma kecidiha naH prathayantyavajJA jAnanti te kimapi, tAn prati naiSa yatnaH / utpatsyate tu mama ko'pi samAnadharmA kAlo hyaM niravadhirvipulA ca pRthvIM // (mA0 mA0 1, 6) 4 bhAratIya janazruti ke anusAra bhavabhUti ne isa nATaka kA kevala pA~ca aGka ke chayAlIsaveM padya taka kA bhAga hI likhA thA, zeSa bhAga kI pUrti karane vAlA suvraNA kavi kahA jAtA hai| isa adhUrepanakA koI kAraNa nizcita nahIM kiyA jA sakatA

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bhavabhUti ziza kI rUparavRti kI aura mahAvIra ( rama) ke vinAsAyaM usake kie hue durupAyoM kI bhUmi meM khar3I kI gaI hai| isameM mAnatImAdhava kI sI viSayantanatA nahIM hai, hA~ kathAvastu kI ekatA apekSAkRta adhika haiN| parantu kucha izya anATakIya ho gae haiM aura aneka vivaraNa-varNanoM nayA lambI vaktRtAnoM ne kiyA-vega ( Action) ko dubaidra kara diyA hai| cazvi-citraNa meM bhI dhudhanApana hai| mAlyavanta aura zakSaNa jaise mukhyapAna bhI pAThaka ke mana meM agragaNya vyaktiyoM ke rUpa meM mAsita nahIM hote haiN| (ba) mAlatImAdhava-mAtImAdhava eka prakaraNa hai aura isameM dasa aGka haiN| isakI kathA kA AdhAra kathAsaritsAgara kI pRthaka pRthaka kathAeM haiM / lekhaka ne unheM lekara eka sUtra meM gUMdha diyA aura eka bilkula naI cIja paidA karake pAThakoM ke sAmane rakha dI / isa snyjy' kssii bijnyaan skaa maa anmur'i jii maa mukti sbaakssr' paidA huzrA hogaa| kintu isameM mRcchakaTika jaisA hAsya rasa nahIM hai, yahAM taka ki isameM vidUSaka bhI nahIM hai| mRcchakaTika ke viruddha isameM prakRti ke bhayAnaka, bhISaNa aura alaukika aMzoM kA samAveza bahe zauka se kiyA gayA hai| mAlatImAdhava meM mAlatI aura mAdhava ke praNapa-bandhana kA varNana hai| mAlatI eka rAja-mantrI kI duhitA pI aura mAdhaba eka taruNa vidyArthI thaa| mAvatI ke pitA ke rAjA ne mAlatI kA vivAha apane eka kRpA pAna se karane kA nizcaya kara rakhA thA, kintu mAlatI use nahIM cAhatI thI / rAnA ke sAre upAyoM ko mAdhaya ke suhRd makaranda ne mAlatI kA rUpa banAkara aura usake sAtha vivAha karavA ke niSphala kara diyaa| yadhapi bhavabhUti kI racanA yathArtha kI pratimUrti hai tathApi pAtroM ke rAga aura zoka kA adhika bhAga banAvaTI pratIta hone lagatA hai| kathAvastu mukhyatayA eka Akasmika gharamA para avalambisa hai| mAlatI do bAra mauta ke muMha meM jAne se acAnaka baca jAtI hai / nau aGka para

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295 saskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa kAlidAsa ke meSadUta kA aura vikramorvazIya ke haudhe akka kA prabhAva paribakSita hotA hai| mAdhaya meSa ke dvArA apanI praNaSTapriyA ko sandeza bhejanA cAhatA hai / yadyapi bhabhUti meM kAlidAsa kI-sI manoramatA aura mAdakatA nahIM hai, tathApi isa aGka meM yaha duHkhapUrNa karArasa ke varNana meM kAlidAsa se bar3ha gayA hai| (ga) uttararAmacarita-prattararAmacarita nizcaya hI bhavabhUti kI zreSTha kRti hai / jaisA ki isane svayaM kahA hai-"zabdabrahmavidaH kaveH paripataprajJasya vANImimAm" (u0 rA. ca 7, 20) yaha isakI paripakka pratibhA kI prasUti hai| rAmAyaNa ke uttarakANDa meM AyA hai ki eka nirAdhAra bokApavAda ko sunakara rAma ne sItA kA parityApa kara diyA thaa| isI prasiddha kathA ke garbha se uttararAmacarita kI kathA ne janma liyA hai, kinta donoM ke aGga-saMsthAna meM bar3A bheda hai| apanI nATakIya dhAvazyakatAno ke anusAra lekhaka ne ullikhita kathA meM kaI hera. phera karake isake kAnta kalevara ko aura bhI adhika kamanIya kara diyA hai| isakI atpAdita kucha navInatAe ye hai-(1) citra-paTa-darzana kA dRzya, (2) vAsantI aura rAma kI bAtoM ko ahasya rahakara sunane vAlI sItA, (3) vAsantI ke sAmane rAma kA sItA ke prati sneha svIkAra karanA, (4) lava aura candraketa kA yuddha, (5) vasiSTha aura sAdhuoM kA vAlmIki ke zrAzrama meM zAnA, aura (6) rAma ke uttara carita kA usI ke sAmane abhinaya / sAta akoM ke isa nATaka meM bhavabhUti ne karuNa rasa ke varNana ko isakA paramasImA taka pahu~cA diyA ' . saca pUcho to isa guNa meM - dekhae, api pAvA rodityapi dalati vajrasya dRdayam / athavA, karuNasya mUtirathavA zarIriNI virahavyatheva / /

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bhavabhUti 26E saMskRta kA koI nATakakAra isase bhAge nahIM bar3ha sakA hai| bhavabhUti ke kAma vilApa se pASANa bhI rote the aura cana-hRdaya bhI phaTate the| pratIta hotA hai kavi ne apane isa gukha se pUrNa abhijJa hokara hI kahA he.--'ekorasaH karuNa eva nimita bhedAt ......." / isake bAre meM bhavabhUti aura kAnikSasa meM vizAla vaiSamya hai / zeksapiyara ke tulya kAlidAsa bAta vyaGganA se kahatA hai, kintu milTana ke samAna bhavabhUti abhidhA se / jaba hRdaya zoka se abhibhUta ho jAtA hai taba muMha se bahuta kama zabda nikalate haiM / hama zeksapiyara meM dekhate haiM ki kAliyA (Cordelia) ke zava para ikaTTa hone vAle zoka kA eka zabda taka nahI bola skte| usI prakAra jaba kAlidAsa ke rAma ne sosA-viSayaka bhUThe lokApavAda ko sunA, usakA hRdaya prema aura kartavya kI cakkI ke do pAToM ke bIca meM Akara pisane lagA-vaha Tukar3e Tukar3e ho gayA, ThIka usI taraha jisa taraha zrAga meM tapAyA huaA lohA dhana kI coTa se ho jAtA hai--parantu na vaha bhUcchita huzrA aura meM usakI A~khoM se A~suoM kI nadI baha calI / eka dhora-hRdaya rAjA kI bhA~ti usane badamaNa ko zrAjJA dI ki sItA ko le jAkara vana meM chor3a pAzro / yadi rAma apane mAnavIya hRdaya kI durbalatA ko prakaTa hone se mahIM roka sakA to kevala taba jaba usane sItA ko bana meM chor3a lauTa Ae hue lakSmaNa ke muMha se sItA kA vidA-kAla kA sandeza sunaa| aba palakoM ke andara ruke huai oNputroM ke kAraNa usakI A~khoM ke Age aMdherA- sA zrA gayA, usane docAra zabda kahe; parantu na to royA aura na usane hAya-to bA macAI / dUsarI ora, bhavabhUti zrAkhyAyikA-kAcyakAroM kA anukaraNa karake karuNa rasa kA koI avasara taba taka jAne dene ko taiyAra nahIM jaba vaka usake pAtra mUcchita na ho leM aura A~suoM kI bhadI na bahAleM tathA darzaka sacamuca usake sAtha ronA prArambha na krdeN| kyA rAma ne sItA ko nirvAsita kAke dharma kA kAma kiyA thA? kyA niraparAdha aura niruyAya sItA ke sAtha usakA yaha vyavahAra anyAya aura

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300 saskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa GANA -- - - - mam e asthAcAra nahIM thA ! yaha prazna prAyaH pUchA jAtA hai / parantu rAma usa samaya prema aura kartavya ke 'ubhayato rajjAza meM phaMsa gayA thaa| kyA line apane pavinna prema aura vizuddha ucca nabuvaMza ko yU lAmichuta hone dilA hotA ? kyA yaha lokApavAda ke pAtra bane hue eka vyazika ke prati neyama-zaithilya kA udAharasA isalie utpanna karatA ki vaha usake pUrNa satItva kAvizvAsI thA, yA vaha usakI riztedAra thI aura isa taraha praddhA ko sadAcAra ke bandhanoM ko zithila karane kI svacchandatA de detA yA, 'vaha bdhi kI vedI para prema kI bali dekara prANoM se bhI pyArI sItA ko chor3a detA! use kyA karanA cAhie thA? use rAjA bane abhI thor3A ho samaya gujarA thaa| ki kama kimakamati karayo'pyantra bhohitAH / anta prema aura kartavya ke saMgharSa meM kartavya banavAn nikaalaa| rAma ne zrItA---- na svajIvana zakti hI-nirvAsita karadI / vaha sItA ke lie kahora to apane lie aura bhI kaThora thA / isa viyoga kI pIr3A use itanI hI dulaha thI jitanI sItA kii| rAma kA jIvana sItA ke jIvana se bhI klezApanna ho gyaa| sotA kI bali car3ha gaI, rAma ke apane jagadAlahAra kI bali car3ha gaI, paranta hAma-rAjya' eka lokokti bana gaI / Aja loga rAma-rAjya kI kAmanA karate haiN| kyA kabhI kisI aura rAjA ne bhI apanI prajA ke lie itanA mahAn prAmA-tyAga kiyA hai ? uttara rAmacarita meM kavi kI vastutaH apane anya rUpakoM kI apekSA adhika saphalatA milI hai| eka taraha se caritra-citraNa bahuta hI bar3hiyA hai| paranta isa nATaka meM kriyA-bega (Action) kI mandatA khaTakatI hai| isIlie bhAdhunika AlocanA kI tulA para tolane ke bAda ise vAstavika nATaka hone kI apekSA 'nATakIya kAvya' adhika samajhA gayA hai| isa rUSaka ko eka vizeSatA yaha hai ki isake samApaka aGka ke andara eka aura rUpaka hai / isa aGka meM bhavabhUti kAlidAsa se bhI Age bar3ha AyA hai| sItA-rAma ke punarmilana meM jo camakAra aura gambhIra rasa hai vaha zakuntalA-duSyanta ke dhana-khaNDa praNaya meM nahIM hai|

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bhavabhUti 301 (3) zailI--(ka) bhavabhUti bhAvapravaraha kati hai| isalie yadi kAlidAsa kI tulanA zeksapiyara ke sAtha to isakI tulanA milTana ke sAtha kI jAtI hai / yahI ucita bhI hai| yadi isameM kAlidAsa kA-sA mAdhurya, gaurava aura vyaMjasva nahIM hai to yaha kisI ghaTanA bA bhAva (Emotion) kI thor3e hI zabdoM meM hRdayaGgama rUpa se citrita karane meM kAlidAsa se adhika siddhahasta hai| udAharaNArtha, bUr3hA kaJcukI apanI Adata ke anusAra rAma ko 'rAmabhadra' kaha kara sambodhana karane lagatA hai, parantu tatkSaNa sammala kara kahatA hai "mhaaraaj| (kha) prakRti meM jo kucha bhI bhISaNa, ghaTATopa aura alaukika hai vaha saMskRta ke saba kaviyoM kI apekSA bhavabhUti ko bar3A priya hai| anaGkaSa parvatoM, nibiDa kAna moM, marajhAra karate hue maranoM aura duSpraveza apasyakAoM ke isake varNana vastutaH A~khoM ke sAmane eka citra khar3A kara dete haiN| kintu isakA yaha abhiprAya nahIM ki isane prakRti ke mRdula aura kalpanAsparzI rUpa ke darzanoM kA kabhI prAnanda nahIM utthaay|| isakA udAharaNa dekhabhA ho to dekhie isane mAlatI mAdhava ke AThaveM aGka ke avasAna para nizItha kA kaisA nayanAbhirAma citra khIMcA hai| (ga) bhavabhUti apane rUpakoM meM nAnA rasoM kA gambhIra sammizraNa karane meM bar3A kRtahasta hai (bhUmnAM rasAnAM gahanAH prayogAH) / so mahA 1 sUktigranthoM meM bhavabhUti kI prazaMsA meM pAe jAne vAle patroM meM se kacha udAharaNa dekhie bhanyA yadi vibhati tvaM tAta kAmayase tadA / bhavabhatipade cittamavilamba nivezaya / / sukavi-yitayaM manye nikhile'pi mahItale / bhavabhUtiH zukazcAya vAlmIkistu tRtiiykH|| bhavabhUteH sambandhAd bhUdharabhUreva bhAratI bhAti etatkRtakArupaye kimanyathA roditi bhAvA //

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302 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa vIra-varita, mAlatImAdhava aura uttararAmacarita meM mukhya rasa yathAkama vIra, zRGgAra, karuNa haiM / eka eka nATaka taka meM kaI kaI rasoM kA samAveza pAyA jAtA hai / udAharaNArtha mAjatImAdhava ke tIsare aura sAtaveM meM zIra, tIsare meM raudra, pA~caveM meM bIbhatsa aura ayAnaka, nauveM meM karuNa aura nauveM tathA dasaveM meM adbhuta rasa hai / I (gha) mahAvIracarita aura mAlatImAdhava donoM kI hI zailI meM kaccA pakkApana niear huA dekhA jAtA hai| isase siddha hotA hai ki mahAkavi abhI praur3hi ke mArga meM thA / isake kucha padya paramaprasAda guNa pUrNa haiM aura jaya, bhAva yA rasa ke sarvathA anurUpa haiN| uttararAmacarita kI zailI udAsa aura utkRSTa / usa meM ANa hai tathA kAnti hai aura chAvaNya hai / use hama uttararAmacarita meM kahe hue kavi ke apane zabdoM meM kakSa sakate haiM - ' dhoroddhatA namayatItra gatidharitrIm' / --- (Ga) isakI zailI kI eka aura bar3I vizeSatA isakI vicAra-dyotana kI pUrNa yogyatA hai / yaha yogyatA tInoM rUpakoM meM samAna rUpa se dekhane meM AtI hai / (ca) kAlidAsa ke viparIta yaha gauDIvRtti kA zrAdarza lekhaka hai / 'bhojaH samAsa bhUyastvametad gadyasya jIvitam' isa vacana ke anusAra vRtti meM gadhAvasthA meM lambe lambe samAsa hote haiN| kabhI kabhI artha kI apekSA zabda kI adhika cintA karatA huA yaha jAnakara aprasiddha padoM aura jaTilAnvayI vAkyoM kA prayoga karatA hai / (cha) isakI vacana -racanA meM vAstavika prauDhatA aura udAratA 1 (ja) isakI sarakSa aura svAbhAvika racanAe~ bahuta hI prabhAvazA 1 isa guNa kI durlabhatA ke bAre meM bhAravi kA nimnalikhita padya prasiddha hI hai / bhavanti te sabhyatamA vibhizcitAM manogataM vAci nivezayanta ye / nayanti teSvapyupapatranaipuNA gabhIramarthaM katicit prakAzatAm //

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bhavabhUti 303 'linI haiN| eka udAharaNa dekhie / mAlatI kI bAtoM ko chupakara sunatA huA mAdhava apane vayaska makaranda se kahatA padd mlAnasya jIvakusumasya vikAsanAbhi santarpaNAni sakalendriyamohanAni / zrAnandanAni hRdayaikarasAyanAni diSTayA mayApyadhigatAni vacomRtAni // (mA. mA. 4, isa patha ke antyAnuprAsa meM, jo jAna-bUjhakara jAyA gayA kitanA prabhAva hai / 1 vAsantI ne rAma ko jo hRdayavidAraka upAlambha diyA vaha bhI isI sA~ce meM DhAlakara fakhA gayA hai: evaM jIvitaM svamasi me hRdayaM dvitIyaM ... (ka) vyAkaraNa ke apracalita rUpoM aura koza- saMgraha- sUcaka nAnA zabdoM ke prayoga kA yaha bar3A rasika hai / (a) isake rUpakoM ke vizeSataH uttararAmacarita ke pAtroM meM vaiyaktika vAstavikatA dekhane meM lAtI hai / sadAharaNArthaM rAma aura sItA ravi zoka prakAzaka zabda dekhie- kimapi kimapi mandaM mandamAziyogAt // (Ta) isakI prema-bhAvanA kA svarUpa apekSAkRta U~cI zreNI kA hai aura saMskRta sAhitya meM upalabhyamAna sAdhAraNa prema-bhAvanA ke svarUpa se freete set fdhaka udAtta hai / udAharaNArthaM dekhie- zradvaitaM sukha duHkhayoH ... ( 8 ) bhavabhUti Atma-svarUpa se paricita thA aura ise apanI kRti para garva thA / isakA pramANa isake apane vacanoM se milatA hai aho sarasaramaNIyatA saMvidhAnasya ( mA0 mA0 6, 16, 2) aura, asti vA kutazvidevaM bhUrta vicitraramaNIyojjva taM mahAprakaraNam (mA0 mA0 10, 23, 18) /

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304 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa (Da) yaha zikharinda ke nipuNa - nirmANa meM khUba abhyasta hai / dUsare banda jinakA adhika bAra prayoga huA hai zAdU javikrIDita] aura fast haiN| kAla--- saubhAgya se bhavabhUti kA samaya prAyaH nizcita-sA hI hai / bApa ne apane harSacarita kI bhUmikA me inakA nAma nahIM liyA, parantu vAmana ne (8 vIM za0 ) isakI racanA meM se uddharaNa die haiM aura rAjazekhara (400 I0 ke lagabhaga) to apane Apako bhavabhUti kA avatAra hI kahatA hai' / kalhaNa ne likhA hai ki bhavabhUti aura vAkpatirAja kannauja-rAja yazovarmA ke Azraya meM rahA karate the / yazovarmA ko kAzmIra ke zAsaka vakhitAdisya ne parAsta kiyA thA aura kahA jAtA hai ki lalitAditya ne 726 I0 meM cIna ke rAjA ke yahA~ apanA rAja-dUla bhejA / vAka patirAja ne apane anya gauDavaha meM bhavabhUti kI prazaMsA kI hai isake lie 'Aja bhI" kA prayoga kiyA hai| yaha 'bhAna bhI' batAyA hai ki savabhUti vA patirAja se pahale huA thA aura cAkUpatirAja ke kAla meM isakA yaza khUba phaila cukA thA / isa hisAba se ima bhavabhUti kA samaya ke AsapAsa mAna sakate haiN| " 700 7 1 dekhie babhUva valmIkabhavaH purA kavistaH prapede bhuvi bhatR meNThatAm / sthitaH punaryo bhavabhUtirekhayA sa bartate samprati rAjazekharaH // ( bA. rA. 1,16 ) 2 kavivAkpatirAjaH zrIbhavabhUtyAdi sevitaH / jitau yayau yazovarmA tadguNastutivanditAm .. (4, 144) 3 bhavabhUddajalahi niggayakavyAmayarasakaraNA iva sphuranti / jarasa visetA ajjavi viyaDesu kahANivesesa (gauDavAi796 )

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rAjazekhara (113) rAjazekhara rAjazekhara kA janma eka kavi-vaMza' meM huA thaa| isakI patnI avantisundarI eka kSatriya rAjakanyA thI jo kAvya-kalA meM bar3I kuzala yo / adhika sambhavata, yaha vidarbha aura kuntala deza kA nivAsI thaa| (1)naparAjazekhara ?-mAdhavAcAryaracitta zaGkaradigvajaya meM varNita hai ki rAjazekhara keraladeza kA rAjA thA aura usane zaGkarAcArya ko apane banAe tIna nATaka bheMTa kie the| rAjazekhara kA eka zilAlekha bhI milatA hai jise liktitvavettA IsA ko nauvIM yA dasavIM zatAbdI kA batalAte haiN| kintu kavirAjazekhara aura nRpa rAjazekhara ko eka hI vyakti mAnane ke lie koI pramANa dikhAI nahIM detA hai| kavi rAjazekhara eka uccazreNI ke purohita kA putra thA, isase yahI anumAna hotA hai ki zAyada yaha koI rAjA nahIM thA / adhika sambhavataH kavi naparAja zekhara kA samAna nAmaka hone se logoM kI bhrAnti kA kAraNa huaa| (2) rAjazekhara ke antha-apanI bAjarAmAyaNa kI prastAvanA meM yaha svayaM kahatA hai ki maiMne chaH grantha likhe haiN| nimnalikhita cAra nATakoM ko choDakara zAyada isake bAkI do anya haiM ranamanjarI (eka nATikA) aura bhraSTapatradalakamala (jisakA sAcya bhoja detA hai| (ka) bAlarAmAyaNa-yaha dasa aMkoM kA mahAnATaka hai| prastAcanA meM kavi ke kucha asambhava guNoM kA bhI ullekha hai| isa nATaka kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki isa meM rAvaNa kA praNaya pradhAna vastu dikhabAI gaI hai| zurU se hI sItA ko prApta karane ke lie rAvaNa rAma kA pratidvandI dikhalAyA gayA hai| (kha) bAla bhArata yA pracaNDa pANDava-yaha rUpaka apUrNa hai| 1 yaha eka UMce darje ke purohita kA putra aura akAlajalada nAmaka eka mahAkavi kA prapautra thaa| 2 dekhie, bAvanakaura prAkiyAlojikala sirIz2a 2,8-13 /

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saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa kevala do aGka prApya haiM jinameM draupadI ke vivAha, ghasa-dRzya tathA pANDavoM ke bana-gamana taka kA varNana hai| viddhazAlabhajikA-yaha niyamAnusta nATikA hai| isameM cAra zraGka haiN| isakA nAyaka bATa-bhUpati candravarmA hai| kathAvastu na adhika rocaka hai, na adhika mhtvpuurnn| (gha) kapUra maJjarI-yaha bhI eka nATikA hI hai aura isameM zraGka bhI cAra hI haiN| isameM praNaya-patha kI samatA-viSamatAoM kA tathA napa candrapAna kA kuntala kI rAjakumArI ke sAtha vivAha ho jAne kA varNana hai| yaha nATikA pravantisundarI kI prArthanA se likhI gaI thii| isakI bhASA prAdi se anta taka prAkRta hai| rAjazekhara ko garva hai ki sakanabhASA-pravINa maiM prAkRta ko, jo lajanAoM kI bhASA hai, sundara zailI yukta sAhisyika racanA ke lie prayoga meM lA sakatA huuN| (3) nATakIya kalA' -rAjazekhara ke granthoM kA vizeSa lakSaNa yaha hai ki isane vastu varNana meM bar3A parizrama kiyA hai| maulika kathAnaka likhane yA nipuNa caritra-citraNa karane me isane kaSTa nahIM utthaayaa| isakA sArA dhyAna vicAroM ko prabhAvotpAdaka rIti se abhivyakta karane kI tathA samAnazcatika dhvaniyoM kA pracura prayoga karane kI ora dekhA jAtA hai| DA. e. bI0 kItha kI sammati hai ki yadi kAvya kA lakSaNa kevala eka-sI dhvaniyAM hI haiM to rAjazekhara uccatama zreNI kA eka kavi mAnA jaaegaa| yaha saMskRta aura prAkRta ke chandoM kA prayoga karane meM 1 rAjazekhara kI stuti kA bakSyamANa padya subhASita saMgraho meM pAyA jAtA hai pAta' zrotrarasAyanaM racayitu vAcaH satAM sammatA, vyutpatti paramAmavAptumavadhiM labdhu rssotsH| bhoktu svAdu phala ca jIvitataroryaprayasti te kautukaM, tadbhrAtaH zaNu rAjazekharakaveH sUktIH sudhAtyandinIH / /

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diGanAga kI kundamAlA 307 bar3A kRtahasta hai| isane akelI prAkRta meM hI kama se kama sataraha prakAra ke chanda likhe hai| isakI bhASA sugama aura rocaka hai tathA chanda vicchittizAlI aura AkarSaka haiN| boja cAkha kI, vizeSataH mahArASTrI bhASA se zabda beroka-Toka lie gae haiN| isakI zailI kA eka aura vizeSa guNa yaha hai ki gItagovinda aura mohamudgara ke samAna kamI kabhI isameM ansyAnuprAsa kA bhI prayoga pAyA jAtA hai| (4) samaya-saubhAgya se rAjazekhara kA samaya nizcayatApUrvaka batalAyA jA sakatA hai| yaha apane Apako bhavabhUti kA avatAra kahatA hai| isane bhAlaGkArika udbhaTa (vIM za0.) aura Anandavardhana (havI za0 ) kA bhI uddharaNa diyA hai| dUsarI ora isakA ullekha yazastikhaka campU (660 I0 meM samApta) ke racayitA somadeva ne aura dhArA ke mahArAja muJja (174-663 I.) ke Azrita dhananjaya ne kiyA hai| apane cAroM rUpakoM meM isane apane Apako kannauja ke rAjA mahendra pAla kA prAdhyAtmika guru likhA hai| isa rAjA ke zilAlekha 103 aura 107 I0 ke mile haiN| ina saba bAtoM para vicAra karake vAjazekhara ko 100 I0 ke Asa-pAsa mAnane meM koI Apatti mAlUma nahIM hotI hai| (114) diGnAga kI kundmaalaa| (1) chaH aGkoM vAlI kundamAtA kA prathama prakAzana, dakSiNa bhArata meM kucha hI samaya pUrva prApta huI cAra hastalikhita pratiyoM ke prAdhAra para, san 1933 I0 meM dakSiNa bhAratI, granthamAlA meM huaa| isane vidvAnoM kA dhyAna zIghra hI apanI pora zrAkaSTa kara liyA aura taba se yaha kaI TIkAoM tathA anuvAdoM ke sAtha prakAzita ho cukI hai| lekhaka kA nAma kahIM dimAga milatA hai to kahIM dhIranAga / prastAvanA kevala maisUravAlI hI prati meM milatI hai| isameM kahA gayA 2 khaNDa 82 ke cauthe aMka para pahalI TippaNI dekhie /

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saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa hai ki kundamAjA rArAjapura nivAsI kavi diDa nAga ko kRtti haiN| dUsarI ora, vaijora vAlI prati ke anta meM lekhaka (Scribe) ne likhA hai ki yaha anUparAdha ke nivAsI dhIranAgakI kRti hai| saMskRta sAhityA meM dhIranAga ko apekSA nissaMdeha diGa nAga nAma hI adhika prasiddha hai| phira pustaka ke anta meM kahI huI lekhaka (Copyist ) kI bAta kI apekSA prastAvanA meM kahI huI svayaM andhakAra ko bAta hI adhika vizvasanIya hai, isalie Adhunika vidvAn dhIranAga kI apekSA diGa nAga pATha hI yuktatara samajhate hai| (2) bhavabhUti ke uttararAmacarita ke samAna kundamAlA kA kathAnaka rAmAyaNa ke uttarakANDa se liyA gayA hai aura isameM sotA ke bana meM nirvAsana kI, rAma ko usakA patA lagane kI, aura donoM ke punarmilanA kI kahAnI dI gaI hai| vAlmIki ke Azrama meM gomatI nadI meM bahatI huI kunda-puSSoM kI mAlA dekhakara rAma ne sotA kA patA lagA liyA thA, isIlie nATaka kA nAma kundamAlA rakkhA gayA / (3) zailI aura nATakIya kalA-kavidRSTa zakti kI dRSTi se dinAga bhavabhUti se ghaTa kara hai, parantu nATakakAra ke rUpa meM ise bhavabhUti se adhika saphalatA milI hai| isa nATaka meM sajIvatA aura kriyAvega donoM haiM tathA caritra-citraNa bhI adhika vizade aura citravat manohara hai / isane bhavabhUti kI kaI truTiyo kA bhI pariSkAra kara diyA hai| udAharaNArtha, na to yaha lambI lambI vaktRtAoM ko pasanda karatA hai, aura na zcamotpAdita va na (jo nATaka kI apekSA kAgya ke adhika upayuka haiM), tathA na isane dIrgha samAsa aura na durbodha pada ho prayukta kie haiM / uttararAmacarita meM karuNa ke sAtha vIra rasa kA saMyoga dekhA jAtA hai; kintu isa sAre nATaka meM anya rasoM ke mizraNa se rahita zuddha 1 kIlahAna:-aipina phiyA iDIkA 1, 171 / 2 dekhie, tatrabhavato'rArAlapuravAstavyasya kaiberdiDaM nAgasya kRti kundamAlA /

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dinAga kI kundamAlA 306 karuNa rasa kI hI pradhAnatA hai| bhASA sugama aura hRdaya grAhiNI tathA saMvAda kautuhatavardhaka aura nATaka guNazAlI haiM / yadi uttararAmacarita nATakIya kAvya hai to kundamAnA saccA nATaka - zrabhinaya ke nitAnta upayukta | diGnAga ke pAtra vaise kalpanAprasUta nahIM haiM jaise kAlidAsa ke haiM, ye vastutaH bhavabhUti ke pAtroM se bhI adhika pArthiva haiN| ise yadyapi anuprAsa aura yamaka alaGkAra bar3e priya haiM, tathApi isane vizadaartha yaya karake kabhI inakA prayoga nahIM kiyA hai| isakI zailI kI eka aura vizeSatA yaha hai ki yaha kabhI kabhI laya-pUrNa gadya vyavahAra meM jAtA hai| 1 (4) samaya - kundamAlA kI kathA bilkula baddI hai jo uttararAmacarita kI hai| donoM ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana se vispaSTa hojAtA hai ki kundamAnA likhate samaya isake lekhaka ke sAmane uttararAmacarita rakkhA huA thaa| kaI bAboM meM kundamAlA uttararAmacarita kA hI bahuta kucha vistRta rUpa hai / bhavabhUti ke nATaka meM ho rAma ko svItA kI pahacAna kevala sparza se hI hotI hai, parantu isameM sparza ke atirikta pahacAna ke aura bhI pA~ca sAdhana haiM, ve haiM. sItA zarIrarUpazauM vAyu, kunda-mAlA, sItA kA jalagata pratibimba, padacinha, aura dukUla / uttarAmacarita meM rAma aura sItA kA milana kevala eka bAra dotA hai, parantu kundamAlA meM do baar| aise aura bhI aneka udAharaNa die jA sakate haiN| isake atirikta, kundamAtrA meM kaI aise prasaGga bhI haiM jo uttararAmacarita ko dekhe binA asamAdheya hI rahate haiN| udAharaNArtha, yaha jAna kara ki rAma mere prati niranukroza haiM, sItA garva kA anu bhava karatI hai ( dekhie, niranukroza ityAbhimAnaH, aGka hai, patha 12 ke pUrva ) / kundamAlA meM DhUMDhane se aisA koI bhI avasara nahIM milatA jisase sItA ke isa abhimAna karane kA kAraNa jJAta ho sake ! parantu uttamacarita meM jaba hama rAma ko vacyamANA padma bolatA huA sunate haiM saba bAta vispaSTa ho jAtI hai:

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saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa snehaM dayAM ca saukhyaM ca yadi vA jAnakImapi / dhArAdhanAya lokasya sancato nAsti me vyathA // (u. rA. ca...12) isake atirikta, hama dekhate haiM ki rAjazekhara kundamAkhA ke bAre meM kucha nahIM kahatA hai| isa nATaka meM se uddharaNa dene vAlA sabase pahalA puruSa bhojadeva (lagabhaga 1018-1060 I.) hai| mahAnATaka (11vIM se 13vIM za0) zAradAtanayakRtA bhAvaprakAza (lagabhaga 12 za. aura sAhityadarpaNa ( 14vIM za.) meM bhI isake ullekha yA uddharaNa pAe jAte haiN| ata: hama kundamAlA kA nirmANa-kAla IsA kI 10voM zatAbdI ke prAsa-pAsa mAna sakate haiN| (115) murAri (1) murAri ke zramotpAdita anargharAvava meM sAta aGka hai jinameM rAmAyaNa kI kahAnI dI gaI hai| kathAvastu ke nirmANa kI dRSTi se yaha adhikatara bhavabhUti ke mahAvIra-carita se milatA julatA hai| (2) zailI aura nATakIya kalA--murAri kI gaNanA saMskRta ke mahAkaviyoM meM kI jAtI hai / kabhI kabhI ya6 mahAkavi tathA bAlavAlmIki kI upAdhi se vibhUSita kiyA jAtA hai| gambhIratA kI dRSTi se isakI bar3I prazaMsA sunI jAtI hai| udAharaNa ke lie usakI stuti meM eka padya dekhie devI bAcamupAsate hi bahavaH sAraM tu sArasvataM, jAnIte nitarAmasau gurukula kliSTo murAriH kviH| adhiralakSita eva vAnarabhaTaH kintvasya gambhIratA mApAtAlanimagnapIvaratanu nAti manthAcalaH // vicAra-dyotana ko isakI zakti vastutaH asAdhAraNa aura bhASA evaM jyAkaraNa para isakA prabhutva prazaMsanIya hai| ise atyuktiyoM kA bA zauka hai| isakI kisI sundarI kI mukhacchavi kI barAbarI candramA bhI nahIM kara sakatA, isIlie candramA kI chavi ko nyUnatA ko pUrNa

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murAri karane ke lie rAtri meM nakSatramaNDala camakatA hai / isakA vacanopanyAsa akliSTa parantu pANDityapUrNa hai| kabhI kabhI jaba yaha apanI pariDatAI dikhalAne lagatA hai taba kisI TIkA kI sahAyatA ke binA ise lamamanA kaThina ho jAtA hai| isakI upamAnoM meM kucha kucha maulikatA aura padyoktiyoM meM saGgIta jaiso layazruti hai| isake kucha zloka vAstava meM zAnadAra aura jAda kA-sA asara rakhane vAle haiN| kheda hai ki kucha pAzcAtya vidvAn isake grantha ke jauhara kI mahattA ko nahIM jAna sake haiN| vilsana kA mata hai ki hindU paNDitoM ne murAri kA pranyAyapUrNa pakSapAta kiyA hai| kAraNa, "Ajakala ke hindU vicAra kI vizuddhatA, anubhUti kI komalatA aura kalpanA kI prAmA kA anumAna lagAne kI bahuta kama yogyatA rakhate haiN"| parantu amarAva kA sarvAGgapUrNa madhyetA jAnatA hai ki inhIM guNoM ke kAraNa kI jAne vAlI murAri kI prazaMsA sarvathA yathArtha hai| (2) samaya--(ka) murAri ne manabhUti ke do padya uddhata kie haiM, ataH yaha nizcaya hI bhavamUti ke bAda huaa| (kha) kAzmIra ke avantivamA ke (855-884 I.) Azraya meM rahane vAle rasnAkara ne apane haravijaya mahAkAvya meM zleSa ke dvArA murAri kI ora jo saMketa kiyA hai vaha nIce ke padya meM dekhie--- aMkosthanATaka ivottamanAyakasya, nAzaM kaviyaMdhita yasya murAriristham / ( 37, 367) (ga) mala ke (1135 I.) zrIkaNThacarita se pratIta hotA hai ki yaha murAri ko rAjazekhara se pahale utpanna huA samajhatA thaa| zAsa: murAri kA sphuraNa-kAla moTe rUpa meM IsA ko nauvIM zatAbdI ke pUrvA meM mAnA jA sakatA hai| 1 anena rambhoru ! bhavanmukhena tuSArabhAnostulayA dhRtasya / Unasya nUnaM pratipUraNAya tArAH sphuranti pratimAnakhaNDAH / /

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312 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa (116) kRSNamizra kaSNa mizra kA prabodhacandrodaya eka mahattvapUrNa bhaprastuta prazaMsAtmaka ( Allegorical)rUpaka hai| isakI racanA kisI mandumati ziSya ko prata vedAnta ke siddhAnta samajhAne ke lie kI gaI thii| isa rUpaka meM bar3I sugama aura vizada rIti se ahata vedAnta kI utkRSTatA kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| bhAva-vAcaka saMjJAoM ko vyaktivAcaka saMjJAe~ mAna kara pAtroM kI kalpanA kI gaI hai| ____kapUyacarita 'mahAmoha' kAzI kA rAjA hai| kAma, krodha, lobha, dambha aura ahaGkAra usake saciva haiN| isake vipakSI haiM-puNyacarita pa viveka, jinake sahAyaka haiM santoSa, prazodhodaya, zraddhA, zAnti aura kSamA ityAdi saba sadguNa / mahAmoha ina sabako inake ghara se mAra bhagAtA hai / taba eka AkAzavANI hotI hai ki eka dina viveka IzvarIyajJAna ke kSetra meM nauTa kara yA jAegA aura yathArthajJAna kI prApti mahAmoha ke rAjya kA nAza kara degii| anta meM viveka pakSa kI gauravazAlI vijaya aura mahAmoha kI pUrNa parAjaya hotI hai| samaya isa rUpaka ko prastAvanA meM prasaMgavaza na pa kIrtivarmA se prApta rAjA karNadeva kI parAjaya kA ullekha yA gayA hai| kahA jAtA hai ki rAjA kIrtivarmA ne 1046 se 110. I0 taka rAjya kiyA thA aura 1065 I0 ke zrAsapAsa rAjA kara deva ko harAyA thaa| ataH kRSNa mizca kA samaya nissaMdeha 11 vIM zatAbdI ke attarAddha meM mAnanA caahie| (117) rUpakakalA kA harAsa murAri aura rAjazekhara ke thor3e hI dina pIche rUpakakalA kA hAsa prArambha ho gyaa| isa samaya saMskRta sAhitya ke anya kSetroM meM bhI avanati ke nizciAta bANa dikhAI dene lage the--agama (Classical) saMskRta kI prAti kA kAba1100I ke AsapAsa samApta ho jAtA

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rUpakakalA kA hrAsa 313 hai -- parantu rUpaka ke kSetra meM to pragati kA bAgha aura bhI adhika vispaSTa hai| isa samaya saMskRta aura bhAta bhASAoM ke bIca bheda kI khAr3I dhIre dhIre bahuta caur3I ho cukI thii| rUpakoM kI prAkRta bhASAe~ as purAnI hotI gaI aura unakA sthAna pahale apabhraMza ne aura vAda meM bolacAla kI bhASAoM ne ne liyA / rAjazekhara ne tags bolacAla kI bhASAoM se, vizeSataH mahArASTrI se, zabda le lie the / bAda ke kRtikAroM kI kRtiyoM meM thor3A thor3A ansyAnuprAsa kA prayoga bhI bolacAla kI bhASA prabhAva ke kAraNa hI huA hai / zanai: zana: bolacAla kI bhASAoM ne hI sAhityika bhASAoM kA rUpa dhAraNa kara nayA aura saMskRta yA sAhityika prAkRta meM likhe hue rUpakoM kA pracAra ghaTane lagA / kIrti ke lie likhane vAle kaviyoM ne kAvya yA sAhitya ke kisI anya aMga kA nirmANa karanA prArambha kara diyA; kAraNa, saMskRta ke nATaka na to sAdhAraNa janatA ke hI anurAga kI vastu raha gae the aura na unake lekhakoM ko dhana se puraskRta karane vAle bahuta rAjA yA jAgIradAra hI the| ataH kIrti prApta karane kI AzA vyartha thI / hA~, nATaka likhane kI prathA vartamAna zatAbdI taka calI AI | saMskRta nATaka likhakara svAntaH sukhAya saMskRta

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pariziSTa (1) pAzcAtya jagat meM saMskRta kA pracAra kaise huA ? (1) yadyapi paJcatantra kI kathAe~ tathA zrAryoM ko vidvattA ke viSaya meM prasiddha kahAniyA~ yUropa meM 'madhyakAla meM hI pahuMca cukI thI, tathApi ise AryoM kI bhASA yA saMskRta ke vizAla sAhitya kA kucha patA nahIM thA / kucha yUropiyana pracArakoM ne saMskRta sIkhI aura prabAhama rojara ( Abraham Roger) ne 1691 I0 meM bhatRhari ke zatakoM kA Daca bhASA meM anuvAda kiyA, parantu yUropiyana loga kRta se taba bhI pUrNa aparicita rahe / kito yahUdo pracAraka ne 17 vIM zatAbdI meM yajurveda kI eka banAvaTI prati taiyAra kii| 18 vIM zatAbdI ke madhya meM misTara vAlTeyara ne ise hI asanjI yajurveda samajha kara isakA bar3A svAgata kiyaa| jaba isa jAlalAjI kA patA lagA taba yUropiyana vidvAn loga samajhane lage ki saMskRta sAhitya hI nahIM, saMskRta bhASA bhI kevala eka banAvaTo bhASA hai jise sikandara ke zrAkramaNa ke bAda grIka bhASA kI nakala para brAhmaNoM ne dhar3a liyA thaa| isa dhAraNA kA samarthana 16 vIM zatAbdI ko cauthI dazAbdI meM Dablina ke eka prophasara ne bar3I yogyatA ke sAtha kiyA thaa| (2) saMskRta sAhitya ke mahattva ko anubhava karane vAlA aura 1 1030 se 1400 I0 taka, yA adhika vistRta artha meM 600 se 1500 tk|

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31H pariziSTa (1) bhAratIyoM ke Upara unake do roti-rivAjoM ke sAra zAsana karane kI zrAvazyakatA ko samajhane vAlA pahajA aMgreja rana hesTigja thaa| apane vicAroM ko kArya rUpa meM pariNata karane ke jie usane prayatna bhI kiyA, jilA pariNAma yaha huA ki 1776 I. meM phArasI anuvAda ke mAdhyama dvArA saMskRta kI kAnUnI kitAboM kA eka pAra-sagraha aMgrejI bhASA meM taiyAra kiyA gyaa| (3) vArana hesTigz2a kI preraNA se cArlasa cimkisa ne saMskRta paDhakara 1789 I0 meM bhagavadgItA kA aura 1787 I0 meM hitopadeza kA iMgliza anuvAda kiyaa| (4) vilkima ke anantara saMskRta ke adhyayana meM bhArI abhiruci dikhAne vAlA sara viliyama jonsa (1746-14 I0) thaa| isane 1784 I0 meM eziyATika sosAyaTo zrAda baMgAla ko nIMva DAlI, 1789 I0 meM zakuntalA nATaka kA aura thoDe hI dina bAda manusmRti kA iMgliza anuvAda prakAzita kiyaa| 1762 I0 meM isane RtusaMhAra kA mUla saMskRta pATha prakAzita kiyaa| (5) isake anantara saMskRta kA prasiddha vidvAn henarI TaoNmama kolchuka ( 1761-1837 I0 ) huA / isI ne saba se pahale saMskRta bhASA aura saMskRta sAhitya ke adhyayana meM vaijJAnika paddhati kA prayoga prArambha kiyaa| isane katipaya mahattvazAlI graMthoM kA mUlapATha aura anuvAda prakAzita kiyA tathA saMskRta sAhitya ke vividha viSayoM para kucha nibandha bhI likhe| bAda ke vidvAnoM ke lie isakI prastuta kI huI sAmagrI bar3I upakAriNI siddha huii| yagepa meM saMskRta ke pradeza kI kahAnI bar3I kautUhalajanaka hai| alaigz2AMDara haimilTana ne ( 1765-1824 I.) bhArata meM saMskRta par3hI / san 1802 I0 meM jaba vaha apane ghara jAtA huA kraoNsa se gujara rahA thA iMglaiNDa aura phrAMsa meM phira nae sire se bar3hAI chir3a gaI aura

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saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa vaha bandI banA liyA gayA / isa prakAra bandI kI dazA meM perisa meM rahate hue usane kucha ma cavidyArthiyoM ko tathA prasiddha jarmana kavi raraka zlaigana ( Friedrich Schlegel ) ko saMskRta par3hAnA prArambha kara diyaa| yaha kArya yuga-pravartaka siddha hudhA / 1808 I03 zlaigala ne "oNna di laiMgveja aiMDa viDaz2ama vi iMDiyanja' (bhAratIyoM kI bhASA aura vidvattA) nAmaka apanA eka mahattvapUrNa grantha prakAzita kiyA jisase yaropa meM : 'skRta-vidyA ke adhyayana meM eka krAnti paidA ho gaI / isI se dhIre-dhIre bhASA kI vidyA ke adhyayana meM tulanAtmaka rIti kA praveza ho gyaa| zlagala ke grantha se utsAhita hokara jarmana jijJAsuoM ne saMskRta bhASA aura isake sAhitya ke adhyayanameM baDo abhiruci dikhalAnI zurU kara dI / isa kathana meM koI atyukti nahIM ki yagopa meM saMskRta sambandhI jitanA kArya huzrA hai usakA adhika hetu armanoM kI vidyA-priyatA hai| (7) 1856 I0 meM aipha baoNpa (F. Bopp) ne grIka, laiMDina, jarmana aura phArasI sandhiprakaraNa ke sAtha tulanA karate hue saMskRta ke sandhiprakaraNa para eka pustaka likhI / isase vahA~ tulanAtmaka bhASAvijJAna kI nIMva par3a gii| (6) aba taka yUropiyanoM kA saMskRtAdhyayana zreNya (Classical) saMskRta taka hI sImita thaa| 1805 I0 meM kolzu ka kA 'veda' nAmaka nibandha prakAzita ho cukA thA, ana jarmana adhika gambhIratA se vaidika anthoM kA adhyayana karane meM laga ge| IsTa iNDiyA hAUsa meM vaidika anya paryApta saMkhyA meM vidyamAna the hI, basa aipha rojana ( F. Rosen ) nAma vidvAn ne 1830 I0 ke lagabhaga una para kAma karanA prArambha kara diyA / isakI akAla matyu ke thor3ehI samaya pazcAt 1838 I. meM usakA sampAdita 'zagveda kA prathama aSTaka prakAzita kiyA gyaa| (1) 6 I0 meM prakAzita bhAra, raoNtha (R. Roth ) ke "vaidrika sAhitya aura vikAsa" mAsaka prabha ne yUropa meM vaidika

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pariziSTa (1) 317 sAhitya ke anuzIlana ko teja karane meM aura adhika sahAyatA pradAna kii| aura raoNtha (1821 - 13) svayaM vadika bhASA-vijJAna ( Philalogy ) kI nIMva DAlane vAlA thaa| usakA udAharaNa anya aneka sarasvatI-seviyoM ke mana meM utsAha ko umaMgeM paidA karane vAlA siddha huaa| voainA ( Vienna ) ke pro0 vUhUlara ( Buhler ) ne mAnA dezoM ke lagabhaga tIsa vidyAvizAradoM kI sahAyatA ke bala para samagra vaidika aura zreya saMskRta-sAhitya kA eka vizAla vizvakoSa prakAzita karane kA bIr3A uThAyA | 188 I0 meM usakA paralokavAsa ho jAne para goTiMjana ( Gottingen ) ke prophaisara kIlahAna ( Kielhorn) ne isa parama bRhadAkAra anya ko pUrNa karane kA nizcaya kiyA / (10) e. kuna ( A, Kuhn ) aura maiksamUlara ( Max Muller ) ne bar3e utlAda aura zrama ke sAtha apane adhyayana kA viSaya vaidika dharma ko bnaayaa| unake anusandhAnoM se tulanAtmaka purANavidyA ( Mythology ) ke anuzIlana kI zrAdhAra- zikSA kA AropaNa huA / (11) vartamAna zatAbdI kA prArambha hone taka yUropiyana paNDitoM ne prAyaH sabhI vaidika aura saMskRta pranthoM kA sampAdana tathA bhakiM mahattvapUrNa granthoM kA anuvAda kara DAlA thA / zrama agale anusaMndhAna ke lie kSetra taiyAra ho cukA thaa| taba se bahuta bar3I saMkhyA meM yUropiyana vidvAna bar3e parizrama ke sAtha bhAratIya AAyoM ke prAcIna sAhitya Adi ke anusandhAna meM lage hue haiN| ina khyAtanAmA lekhaka' ke lekhoM ko 1 iname se kucha prasiddha ke nAma haiM maikDaoNnala (Macdonell), haoNpakiMsa ( Hopkins), hAraviMTja ( Horrwitz), viMTarniTja (Winternitz), pAjiTara (Pargiter), zrIlDanabarga ( Oldenbutg), pIrTasana ( Peterson ). iTala (Hertel), aijana ( Edgerton) rijave (Ridgeway), kIthaM (Keith ) |

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318 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa ullekha jahA~ jahA~ ucita samajhA gayA haiM isa pustaka meM kiyA nAya hai| Der3ha sau varSa ke andara andara sampUrNa vaidika aura laukika saMskRtasAhitya kI. jo pariNAma meM grIka aura laiTina ke saMyukta sAhitya se bahuta adhika hai, chAnabIna kara DAlI gaI hai / yadyapi itanA ghanA kAma ho cukA hai tathApi abhI anusandhAna kArya ke lie bahuta vistRta kSetra bAkI par3A hai| bhAratIya aura yUropiyana sarasvatI-sadanoM meM abhI apekSAkRta kama mahattvapUrNa pranthoMkI hajAroM hastalikhita pratiyA~ rakkhI haiM jina para bahuta sA maulika kArya ho sakatA hai| (2) bhAratIya varNa-mAlA kA udbhava / kaI yUropiyana vidvAn mAnate hai ki prArambha meM Arya loga likhane kI kalA nahI jAnate the, yaha kalA unhoMne videziyoM se sIkhI thii| yUropa meM saMskRtAdhyayana ke prArambhika yugoM meM yaha dhAraNA jaisA ki bulara ne kahA bhI hai, "ananukUla paristhiti ke dabAva se upekSita bhAratIya zilAlekhAdi ke vizeSa adhyayana para itanI avalambita nahIM thI, jitanI eka to isa sAmAnya vicAra para ki bhAratIya lipi ke kucha varNa saimAiTa-varga ko lipiyoM ke vargoM se atyanta milane julate haiM, dUsare isa vizvAsa para, ksiI kisI dazA meM jisakA samarthana spaSTatama sAkSyoM se hotA hai, ki bhAratIya AryoM kI sabhyatA kA nirmANa aneka aura vividha-vidha upAdAnoM se huyA hai jo saimAiTavargIya, IrAnI aura yUnAnI ina tIna pazcimIya jAtiyoM meM se lie gae haiN| yaha lenA kisa prakAra huyA isa bAta ko spaSTa karane ke lie kaI yuktiyA~ kalpita kI gaI haiN| inameM saba se adhika prasiddha yukti bulara kI hai| 1 kucha yuktiyA~ nIce dI jAtI haiM : (1) pro0 vaivara (Weber) ke mata se bhAratIya varNamAlA sIdhI prAcInatama phIniziyA kI varNamAlA se lI gaI hai| (2) DA. DIka (Deecke) kA vicAra hai ki isakA janma

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pariziSTa (2) 316 buhara ( Bubler) kI yukti- buhara kI najara se bhAratIya varNamAlA kA janma uttarI saimAiTa varNamAlA se arthAt kIniziyana varNamAlA se huA thA aura isakA vyutpAdana huA thA uttara pUrvI saimAiTa varNamAlA ke urdhvakAlIna namUnoM meM se kisI eka namUne meM se / buhara ke anumAna kA zrAdhAra vacyamANa dhArAe~ haiM: ( 1 ) eka varNamAlA kI utpatti misva deza ko citrAkAra lipi ( Heiroglyphics ) se huI thI, aura (2) brAhmI lipi prArambha meM dAhanI ora se bAIM ora ko likhI jAtI thI / erana ( Eran ) ke sikke se siddha hotI hai / ina dhAraNAoM ke samarthana ke liye usane nimnalikhita sAcya i.de haiM: --- makakapantay asIriyA ke phaNAkAra (Cuneiform ) vaNoM se nikale hue prAcIna dakSiNI semAiTa varNaM hI himyairAiTa (Himyarite) varNoM ke janma dAtA haiM / (3) DA0 zrAijaka Telara (Isaac Taylor ) kI sammati meM isakI jananI dakSiNI araba deza kI eka varNamAlA hai jo himyairAiTa varNamAlA kI bhI jananI hai / (4) aima0 je0 hailevi (M. J. Halevy) kA kathana hai ki yaha varNamAlA varNasaGkara hai arthAt kucha varNa I0 pU0 cauthI zatAbdI kI uttarI saimAiTavarga kI varNamAlA ke hai, kucha kharoSThI ke aura kucha yUnAnI ke / kahA jAtA hai ki yaha khicar3I 525 I0 pU0 ke AsapAsa paka kara taiyAra huI thii| dUsarI ora sara e0 kanadhima ( Sir A Cunningham) kahate haiM ki bhAratIya ( jise pAlI aura brAhmI bhI kahate haiM ) varNamAlA bhAratIyo kI upajJA hai aura isakA AdhAra svadezIya citrAkAra lipi vijJAna ( Heiroglyphics ) hai |

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saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa 1) jAtakoM aura mahAnagga ityAdi meM Ae hue likhane ke ullekha (3) azoka ke zAsanoM meM zrAe hue prAcIna lekha sambandhI tathya (3) IrAnI mudrAoM para bhAratIya varNa; (4) purana ( Eran) sikke ke bAre meM pracalita upAkhyAna aura (1) bhaTTimolu (Bhattiprolu ) kA zilAlekha / ina saba bAtoM se DA0 buhnara ne yaha siddha karane kA prayatna kiyA ki bhAratIya varNamAlA kA mUla-janma honA I0 pU0 cauthA zatAbdI se pUrva hI prArambha huA (yahI anumAna isase pUrva maiksamUlara dvArA prakaTa kiyA jA cukA thA); sambhavatayA I0 pU0 kA yaha kAla chaThI zatAbdI (I0 pU0)thA aura bhAratoya varNamAlA kA abhiprAya brAhmo varNamAlA hai| phoniziyA kI varNamAlA =50 I0 pU0 se pahale bhI vidyAmAna thI yaha bAta siMjiralI ( Sinjirli ) ke zilAlekha se aura asIriyA ke bAToM ( weights) para khude hue akSaroM se acchI taraha pramANita hotI hai| ukta mahodaya ne phIniziyana aura brAhmo donoM varNamAlAoM kI tulanA karake mAlUma kiyA hai ki brAhmo varNamAlA phroniziyana (Phoenician) varNamAlA se nikAlI gaI hai| vANoM kA rUpa badalane meM jina vidhiyoM se kAma liyA gayA hai bulara ne unheM bhI nizcita karane kA prayatna kiyA hai, udAharaNArtha, varNoM ke sira pairoM kI ora kara diye gaye haiM, dAI ora se bAI ora ko likhane kI rIti ko 1 buhnara kA prayatna yaha siddha karane ke lie nahIM hai ki brAhmI varNa mAlA avazya videzI cIz2a hai yA bhAratIya vidvAnoM kI pratibhA se isakI utpatti hone kI sambhAvanA hI nahIM ho sakatI hai| yaha aMgIkAra karake ki isa varNamAlA kA janma videzI tattvoM se bhI honA sambhava hai, usane kevala usa vidhi ko samajhAne kI ceSTA kI hai jisake dvAga isakA janma zAyada huA ho|

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321 pariziSTa (2) ulaTa kara bAI ora se dAI zora ko likhane kI rIti calAI gaI hai, voM ke sira para ko prAGga-vistRti ko miTA diyA gayA haiN| pahale pahala to buhnara kA mata bilkula sambhava jAna par3A aura vidvAn loga isakI aura AkRSTa bhI hone lage; parantu zIghra hI ardhvakAlIna anusandhAnoM ne ise agrAhya banA diyaa| buhnara ke mata se vipratipattiyA~ ---(ka) jina dhAraNAoM para bulara ne apane mata ko khar3A kiyA thA, aba una dhAraNAoM kA hI virodha kiyA jAne lagAhai / aba phliDama paidI ( Flinders Petrue ) ne apane "varNamAlA kA nirmANa" nAmaka grantha meM dikhalAyA hai ki varNamAlA kI mUlotpatti citrAkAra ( Helloglyphics ) lipi ke rUpa meM nahIM, balki pratIka cihare (Symbols) ke rUpa meM jAnanI caahie| hamAre lie yaha mAnanA kaThina hai ki prArambhika manuSya meM itanI buddhi aura nipuNatA thI ki vaha apane vicAroM ko citra khIMca kara prakAzita kara sakatA thA ( yaha bAta to unnata sAmAjika avasthA meM hI sambhava hai) / prArambhika manuSya ke bAre meM hama kevala itanA hI mAna sakate haiM ki vaha patita, utthita, Rju, vakra ityAdi rekhAe~ khIMcakara ina saMketo se hI apane mana ke bhAva prakaTa kara sakatA hogaa| (kha) aba lIjie dUsarI dhAraNA / kisI eka sikke kA mila jAnA isa bAta kA paryApta sAdhaka pramANa nahIM hai ki prArambha meM yaha lipi dAI se bAI ora ko likhI jAtI thii| aisA hI unnIsavIM zatAbdI ke holkara ke tathA isake Ada ke AndhravaMza ke zilA lekha kI prApti se 1 indaura ke eka sikke para, jisa para vikrama saMvat 16.43 diyA hai, "eka pAva zrAnA indaura " ye zabda ulTe khude hue haiM / eka aura purAnI mudrA para "zrI sapakula' ina zabdoM meM "zrI" tathA "q" ulaTe khude hue haiN| isI prakAra kucha anya mudrAo para bhI ulTa khude hue varNa dekhane meM pAe haiN|

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saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa aba panA laganA hai ki ve sikke jina para brAhmI lipi dAI se AI gora ko likhI huI haiM. sikke nahIM, zilA lekhoM ko akSita karane ke lie vastutaH mudrA (Stamps) haiM, ata: unake upara voM kA viparyasta dizA meM khudA honA svAbhAvika hI hai| (ga) yaha bAta bhI yAda rakhane yogya hai ki eraNa ( Eran ) vAle sikke se bhI prAcInatara bhaTTinola ke lekhoM meM lipi kI dizA bAI se dAI ora ko hai| (dha DA. bulara kI pUrvokta dhAraNAoM ko jaise cAhe paise lagA sakate haiN| ye dhAraNAe~ pUrvokta varNamAlAoM meM na to atyanta sAmya hI 1 DA. buGkura ne bhaTTimolu ke lekha me eraNa (Eran) ke sikke para aura azoka ke zAsanoM meM pAe jAne vAle prAcInatama - bhAratIya lipi ke akSaroM kI tulanA prAcInatama saimiTika utkIrNa lekho meM tathA asIriyana bATo (Weights) me upalabdha cihno ke sAtha kI hai| isa tulanA ke bAda usane yaha dikhAne kA prayatna kiyA hai ki prAcIna brAhI lipi ke cavAlIsa akSara semiTika cinho ke andara mila sakate haiM aura saimiTika ke sampUrNa bAisa akSaro ke pratinidhi yA azaja isa lipi meM maujUda haiN| isa lipi ke nikAlane vAloM ne apane nirmANa kA eka niyama nizcita karake, sIdhI calane vAlI rekhA ke anukUla cinha kalpita karane kI icchA se vivaza hokara aura saba mahAziraska akSaroM se kucha glAni hone ke kAraNa kucha saimiTika akSarI ko ulTA kara diyA thA unheM karavaTa ke bala liTA diyA aura sira ke trikoNo yA dvikoNoM ko bilkula haTA diyA / brAhmI lipi kI asalI dizA dAI se bAI aura ko thI, jaisA ki DA0 buhvara ne eraNa ( Eran ) ke sikke kI sahAyatA se siddha karanA cAhA hai, bAda meM jaba dizA badalI gaI taba akSara bhI dAI se bAI ora ko badala die gae / vyutpAdana ke ye niyama nizcita karake ukta DAkTara mahodaya ne eka eka semiTika akSara liyA

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pariziSTa (2) siddha karatI haiM aura na anyonya abheda (Mutual identity) vA svayaM bhI apane hI mAne hue siddhAntoM para saba avasthAoM meM har3a naI hai, isase samAnatA rakhane vAle brAhmI akSara ke sAtha isakI tulanA kI hai aura taba yaha dikhAne kA prayatna kiyA hai ki kisa prakAra asalI akSara meM hera-phera karake nakalI akSaroM kA rUpa raMga camakAyA gayA hai / kucha udAharaNa lIjie:-- (1) samiTika 'tsade' (Tsade) ko pahale ulaTA kara diyA, dAhanI ora kI choTI rekhA ko sIdhI khar3I rekhA kI ora muMha karake ghumA diyaa| bAda meM, isa sIdhI khar3I rekhA ko bAI ora ghumA diyA aura dizA bhI vadala dI / basa 'va' bana gayA, yaho 'va' bhaTTinAla ke lekha meM 'ca' par3hA jAtA hai arthAt bhaTTiyolu me 'ca' kA yahI rUpa hai| (2) saimiTika 'nan' (nun) ko pahale ulaTo kiyA / bAda me, akSara ko jaldI se likhane ke prayojana se sIdhI khar3I rekhA ke paira ke nIce dono ora ko jAtI huI patita rekhA khIMca dI / isa prakAra / (brAhmI 'na) bana gyaa| isa rIti se DA. bulara ne pahale to saba bAIsa samiTika akSaro ke pratinidhibhata bAIsa brAhmI akSara khoja nikAle haiM, phira ina bAIsa meM se kisI ko sthAnAntarita karake, kisI ko cheta-pITakara, yA kisI meM vakra, kisI meM apUrNa bRttAkAra rekhAeM jor3akara, banAe hue 'vyutpAdita' akSaroM ke vikAsa ko samajhAyA hai| tAtparya yaha hai ki usane brAhmI ke cavAlIsa ke cabAlIsa akSaro kA sambandha saimiTika ke zrAdazaMbhata vAIsa akSaroM se yathA kathaMcit jor3a diyA hai| ava rahI bAta ki bhAratIyoM ne yaha kAma kiyA kaba ? semiTika utkIrNa lekhA, maisA (Messa) ke patthara tathA asIriyana (Assyrian) bATo (weights) ke samaya ko dekhate haiM to bhAratIyoM ke isa kAma

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324 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa rahatA / jaisA ki eka bahuana lekhaka ne iMgliza vizvakoSa meM likha hai, usake siddhAntoM ke anusAra to kisI bhI varNamAlA se kisI meM varNamAlA kA dhyutpAdana kiyA jA sakatA hai| phira DA0 buhara ke vyutpA dana kI rIti meM kaI bAteM asamAhita raha jAtI haiN| unameM se kucha eka yahA~ dI jAtI hai : (1) ga 'n', ja' aura ka ke sira para kI vishaaltaa| (2) brAhmI ke ka ' kA saimiTika tA ( Taw) ke sAtha abheda / yadi saimiTika varNamAlA kA yaha akSara bhAratIya loga 'ka' ke rUpa meM le sakate the to unhoMne saimiTika tA (Taw ) ko apanI (brAhmI) lipi meM ' isa rUpa meM vikRta kyoM kiyA ? brAhmI ke " isa akSara ko hI saimiTika tA ( Taw ) " kA sthAnApanna kA kAla 860 I0 pU0 aura 710 I.pU ke bIca mAlUma hotA hai, sambhavatayA "750 I. pU kI aora ho adhika ho" / -isake bAda uktaH DAkTara mahodaya ne usa purAne kAla kA nizcaya karane kA yatna kiyA hai jisame bhAratIya loga vyApAra karane ke lie samudra ke mArga se phArisa kI khAr3I taka jAyA karate the; kyoki DAkTara mahodaya kA vicAra hai ki saimiTika lipi bhArata me ( Messopotamna ) ke mArga se pahuMcI hogii| Age calakara ve kahate haiM ki mahattvapUrNa akSara asalI yA bahuta kama parivartita rUpa meM vyApAriyoM ne apane hAtha meM hI gupta rakkhe / bAda meM ve brAhmaNoM ko sikhA die gae aura brAhmayoM ne unako vikasita karake brAhmI lipi kA AviSkAra kara DAlA / parantu akSaroM ko vikasita rUpa dene me kucha samaya lagA hogaa| bhaTTimolu ke lekha se anumAna hotA hai ki kaI akSaro ke rUpa meM kaI bAra parivartana huA hai| sArA vikAsa avazya eka krama se huaA hogA jisake lie hama kAphI samaya mAna lete haiN| isa taraha isa lipi ke vikAsa kI samApti 500 I. pU. me ho cukI hogii|

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pariziSTa (2) 325 kyoM na rahane diyA aura saimiTika ke eka aura '' isa akSara ko brAhmI kA 'ka' kyoM na banAyA gayA, ityAdi / (3) isa siddhAnta meM yaha bAta bhI spaSTa nahIM kI gaI ki prArambha meM nahIM, to bAda meM likhane kI dizA kyoM badalI gii| varNamAlA ke svabhAva meM yaha bAta dekhI jAtI hai ki yaha jidhara se jidhara ko zrASisare ke kAla meM likhI jAtI thI bAda meM bhI udhara se ho udhara ko likhI jAtI rhii| dizA badalanA nae AviSkAra se kama kaThina kAma nahIM hai / udAharaNArtha dazama- lava lagAne kI rIti bhAratameM AviSkRta huI thI / prArambha meM yaha bAI se dAI ora ko lagAyA jAtA thaa| jaba ise saimAiTa varga ke dezoM ne grahaNa kara liyA taba bhI isake lagAne kI rIti bAI se dAI ora ko ho rahI / isI prakAra kharoSThI ke likhane kI roti bhI Aja taka nahIM badalI hai, [ yaha dAI' se bAIM ora ko likhI jAtI hai ] / ( 4 ) bahara ne sandigdha sAdhya ko siddha pakSa mAna kara prayatna kiyA / usane yaha mAna liyA thA ki grIka lipi foniziyana ( Phoenic:an ) lipi se nikalI hai / parantu zrAja to isa siddhAnta para bhI saMdeha ho rahA hai / (5) yadi yaha mAneM ki eka jAti ne apanI varNamAlA dUsarI jAti kI varNamAlA se nikAlI hai to yaha mAnanA pahale par3egA ki una donoM 1 brAhmI kI utpatti saimiTika varNamAlA se nahIM huI, isa vicAra kI poSaka kucha aura yuktiyA ye haiM: (ka) eka hI dhvani ke vyaMjaka varNa donoM varNa lipiyoM meM paraspara nahIM milate haiM / (kha) bhinna bhinna varNoM kI pratinidhibhUta dhvaniyoM me paraspara bheda haiM / jaise brAhmI ga kintu saimiTika gimela (gimel ) / (ga) saimiTika varNamAlA meM madhyavartI (medial ) svaroM ke lie koI cinha nahIM hai aura na usameM isva-dIrgha kA hI bheda na gIkRta hai I

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326 saskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa jAtiyoM kA paraspara milanA-julanA, eka dUsare ke yahAM AnA-jAnA huA karatA thA / parantu abhI taka isakA pramANa bhI nahIM mila sakA hai| sambhavataH isa prakAra kA mela-jola kabhI huA bhI hogA to samudra taTavAstavya jAtiyoM kA hunA hogA / ataH yadi bhAratIya lipi kabhI kisI dUsarI jAti ko lipi se nikAlI huI ho sakatI hai, to dakSiNI samiTika jAtiyoM kI lipi se nikAlI huI ho sakatI hai, parantu DA. bulara ne isakA pratyAkhyAna kiyA hai| (6) haidarAbAda rAjya ke andara prAgaitihAsika ToloM kI khudAI ne varNamAlA ko itihAsa ke Azraya se nikAla kara prAgaitihAsika kAla meM pahuMcA diyA hai / vastutaH aisA hI honA bhI cAhiye / kucha yuktiyoM ke bala para vizvAsa karanA paDatA hai ki varNamAlA kA janma prArambhika manuSya ke jIvana kAla meM aura aMgopacaya bAda meM huA hogA isa saMbaMdha meM nIce likhI kucha bAteM dhyAna dene yogya haiM : (ka) haidarAbAda rAjya ke ToloM meM se nikale hue miTTI ke bartanoM kI banAvaTa aisI hai jo 1500 I0 pU0 se pahalI hI honI caahiye| (kha) madrAsa ke ajAyabaghara meM rakhe hue miTTI ke kucha bartana uttara pASANayuga ke haiM jo 3000 I0 pU0 se pahale hI honI caahie| (ga) anantarokta bartanoM para kucha cila madhyavartI svaroM ke bhI, kama se kama pAMca cihna, prAcInatama brAhmI lipi ke varNo se bilakula milate hai| (gha) aisA pratIta hotA hai ki unameM kucha cinha madhyavartI svaroM ko bhI pragaTa karane ke lie maujUda hai| udAharaNArtha pro-kAra tathA i-kAra ke lie bhI cinha milate haiN| ataH adi hama bhArata ke prAgaitihAsika mRNmaya pAtroM para vita paMketoM ko brahmI lipi ke akSaroM kA pUrvarUpa mAneM to yaha bilkula yukkisaMgata hogaa|

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pariziSTa (2) 327 (7) ina bartanoM para racayitA ke nAma ke prArambhikavarNa ko prakaTa karane vAle eka eka attara bhI dekhe jAte haiM / isa prakAra likhane kI rIti misra aura yUropa meM bhI pracalita thI aura yaha bhAratIyoM ko bhI avidisa nahIM thI / isa bAta se bhI brAhmI lipi itihAsa meM pUrva samaya meM vidyamAna siddha ho jAtI hai| ( 5 ) bhAratIya ajAyabaghara ( Indian Museum ) ke prAgaiti hAsika prAcIna padArthoM ke saMgraha meM uttarapASANa yuga ke do pASANakhaNDa paDe haiN| unakA uttarapASANayugIya honA nirvivAda hai / una para eka nahIM aneka akSara zraGgita haiM / unameM se eka pASANakhaNDa para mU zrA, tU ye tIna akSara milAkara ati haiM / dUsare pASANakhaNDa para cAra akSara haiM / ye akSara brahmI varNamAlA ke varNoM se pUrNatayA milate haiM / ( 8 ) sAhitya ke sAya se bhI hamAre siddhAnta kA samarthana hotA hai: - (ka) ikAra ukAra ityAdi kA varNana chAndogya upaniSad meM pAyA jAtA hai / yathA; nirikAraH / ( kha ) aitareya zrAraryaka meM zabda sandhi kI vidhi varNita hai / (ga) zatapatha brAhmaNa meM bhinna bhinna vedoM ke padoM kI sahUlila saMkhyA aura kAla kA laghutama bhAga ( eka sekars are bhAga ) nirUpita hai / yaha kArya lipikalA ke jJAna ke binA sambhava nahIM thA / (gha) veda meM aTaka gau ( vaha gau jisake kAnoM para ATha kA aMka akita ho ) ityAdi kA varNana hai / (Ga) dhAra. raoNtha ( R Roth) ne ThIka hI kahA hai ki vedoM kI likhita pratiyoM ke binA koI bhI vyakti prAtizAkhyagranthoM kA nirmANa nahIM kara sakatA thA / (a) vaidika kAla meM atyanta U~cI saMkhyAe~ vyavahAra meM lAI jJAtI thIM, vyAkaraNazAstra kA vikAsa bahuta prAcIna kAla meM hI kApha

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saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa jyAdA ho cukA thA, (yaha bAta lipikalA ke AviSkAra ke bAda hI huI thI pahale nahIM), jue ke pAso tathA pazuoM ke Upara saMkhyA ke aMga DAlane ke ullekha milate haiN| ina saba bAtoM se pramANita hotA hai ki bhAratIyoM ko lipikalA kA abhyAsa bahuta prAcIna samaya se thaa| maukhika adhyApana kI rIti se hamAre mata kA pratyAkhyAna nahIM ho sakatA, kAraNa, vaidika mantroM ke zuddha uccAraNa ko zikSA ke lie aisA honA aparihArya thaa| (3) brAhmI ke atha-jJAna kA itihAsa / , phIrojazAha tug2alaka kI AjJA se azoka kA toparA vAle zilAlekha kA stambha dehalI le jAyA gayA thaa| phIrojazAha ne isa lekha kA artha jAnane ke lie jitane prayatna ho sakate the kie; kintu use nirAza hI rahanA par3A ! saba se pahale 1785 I. cArlasa vilkisa ne do zilA. lekha paDhe --eka baMgAlo rAjA nArAyaNapAla (1200 I.) kA aura dUsarA rAdhAkAnta zarmA dvArA likhita 5300 I0 kA cauhAna kAlA / isI san meM je0 aica hai riGgaTana (J. H. Herrington) ne guptavaMza taka kI purAnI nAgArjuna kI aura barAbara kI guphAnoM kA maukhari nRpa avantivarmA kA eka zilAlekha pddhaa| isase gupta rAjavaMza dvArA prayukta varNamAlA kA zrAdhe ke karIba patA laga gayA / apane suprasiddha grantha rAjasthAna ke lie sAmagrI saJcaya karate hue karnala TaoNDa (Col. Todd.) ne 1818 se 1823 I0 taka kaI zilAlekhoM kA pata lagAyA / ye zilAlekha 5 vI se 12 vIM zatAbdI taka ke haiM aura inake artha kA jJAna eka vidvAn paNDita jJAnacandra kI sahAyatA se huA thaa| 1834 I0 meM kaptAna ai0 TrAyara (Captain A. Trayer) ne prayAma bAle zilAlekha kA kucha bhAga par3hA aura DA. mila (Dr Mill) ne isa ke bAkI hisse ko bhI pada ddaalaa|

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