Magadh

Author(s): Baijnath Sinh
Publisher: Jain Sanskruti Sanshodhan Mandal
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/032629/1

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magadha (itihAsa aura saMskRti) lekhaka vaijanAthasiMha 'vinoda' prakAzaka jaina saMskRti saMzodhana maMDala po0 banArasa hindU yunivarsiTI 1954

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prakAzaka dalasukha mAlavaNiyA, maMtrI , jaina saMskRti saMzodhana maMDala 'banArasa hindU yunivarsiTI mUlya : 1) mudraka zrI parezanAtha ghoSa saralA presa, banArasa

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prakAzakIya zrI 'vinoda' jI kI prastuta pustikA meM magadha kA prAcIna itihAsa sAMskRtika dRSTikoNa se likhA gayA hai / vAcaka dekheMge ki prAcIna kAla meM magadhadeza zramaNa dhamoM ke vikAsa kA kendra rahA hai| yaha bhI dekheMge ki vahA~ zramaNa aura brAhmaNoM kA saMgharSa aura samanvaya kisa prakAra huA hai| lekhaka ne prAcIna magadha kI saMskRti kA jo saMkSipta citra khIMcA hai vaha kisI khAsa dharma ke pakSapAta se nahIM kintu eka aitihAsika kI taTastha dRSTi se / maiM zrI 'vinoda' jI kA AbhArI hU~ ki unhoMne apanI pustikA prakAzanArtha maMDala ko dii| dalasukha mAlavaNiyA . maMtrI jaina saMskRti saMzodhana maMDala banArasa

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viSaya vedoM meM magadha kA ullekha prAcIna jaina graMthoM meM magadha are aura magadha brAhmaNa dharma ke bAhara mahAvIra se pUrva viSaya-sUcI magadha kA prathama rAjya jarAsandha aura girivraja bimbisAra kA magadha pArzvanAtha kA dharma avaidika vicAroM kA kendra magadha jaina aura bauddha dharma meM ekatA aura bhinnatA jaina bauddha aura janabhASA ... ... ... ..w 808 9.0 ..s magadha sAmrAjya kA prAraMbha . dharma aura rAjya udayi aura pATaliputra zizunAga vaMza nandoM kA magadha bhAratIya itihAsa meM krAnti aura pratikrAnti magadha meM Sar3ayantroM kA jora aura pariNAma pazcimI bhArata kI rAjanItika sthiti puraviyA candragupta maurya mahAna rAjanItijJa cANakya cANakya aura candragupta kI ekatA rAjanItika dAva-peMca ... ... ... ... : ... ... 5 pRSTha 6 11 13: 14 15 17 18 16 20 21 22 25. 26 26 27 28 30.

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3 Mr 1 4 V . 43 parAjaya ke cihna miTAe mahAna bhArata kauTilIya arthazAstra pATaliputra kA nagara-zAsana senA kA saMgaThana prajA kI sevA 'siMhaparAkrama candragupta kA antima jIvana bindusAra vijetA azoka mahAna azoka azoka ke dhArmika kArya bauddhadharma kI tIsarI saMgIti azoka kI kalApriyatA azoka kI nIti kI aAlocanA azoka ke paravartI maurya brAhmaNa paramparA ke punarAvartana ke kAraNa zramaNa paramparA kI kamajorI puSyamitra kA AvirbhAva magadha meM zramaNa-brAhmaNa ghAta-pratighAta magadha kI prAcIna bhASA pAli aura ardhamAgadhI jainAgama sAhitya tripiTaka sAhitya bhArata kI prAcIna rASTrabhASA-pAli saMskRta rAja-pAsana para 44 46 48 46 pU0 57 58 1

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magadha ( itihAsa aura saMskRti) vedoM meM magadha kA ullekha aMguttara nikAya ke anusAra magadha bhAratavarSa ke prAcIna solaha mahA janapadoM meM se eka janapada thaa| Rgveda meM magadha zabda kA spaSTa ullekha nahIM milatA / Rgveda meM kokaToM ke deza kA ullekha isa prakAra hai :kiM te kRNvanti kIkaTeSu gAvo nAziraM duha na tapanti dharmam / A no bhara pramagandasya vedo naicAzAkhaM maghavan randhayA nH|| -Rgveda, 253114. arthAt-ve kyA karate haiM kIkaToM ke deza meM jahA~ gAyeM paryApta dUdha nahIM detIM aura na unakA dUdha ( somayAga ke liye ) somarasa ke sAtha milatA hai / he maghavan tU pramaganda ke somalatA vAle deza ko bhalI bhA~ti hamAre huMkAra se bhara do| yahA~ pramaganda se naicA zAkhA (nIca jAti-anArya ; sthAna-pUrva) kI ora saMketa hai / aura pramaganda = avaidika ; sthAna pazcimottara kI ora saMketa hai| yaha yAda rahe ki isa samaya vaidika AryoM kI AvAsa-bhUmi bhI madhyadeza thA / yahA~ magadha zabda kA ullekha nahIM hai, para kokaToM kA deza hI magadha hai / magadha ke prati hIna bhAvanA hai| magadha madhyadeza ke pUrva meM hai|

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( 2 ) atharvaveda meM magadha kA spaSTa ullekha hai :gandhAribhyo mUjavadbhyo'Ggebhyo preSan janamiva zevadhiM takmanaM magadhebhyaH / paridadmasi // -- atharvaveda 5 / 23 / 14. ( he jvaranAzana deva, tuma ) takmana ( jvara ) ko gandhAriyoM, mUjavanta ke nivAsiyoM, aMga ke rahane vAloM tathA magadha ke basane vAloM ke pAsa usI prakAra saralatA se bhejate ho, jisa prakAra kisI vyakti yA koSa ko eka sthAna se dUsare sthAna para bheja dete haiM / phira atharvaveda meM hI : <6..... "priyaM dhAma bhavati tasya prAcyaM dizi / 4 zraddhA puMzcalI mitro mAgadho vijJAnaM vAso haruSNISaM rAtrI kezA haritau pravarttI kalmalirmaNiH // 5 // --atharvaveda 15 / 2 / 1-5. arthAt vAtya kA priya dhAma prAcI dizA / usakI zraddhA strI aura mAgadha mitra / - yaha to magadha janapada kA ullekha huA brAhmaNa dharma ke ati prAcIna sAhitya -- vaidika sAhitya meM / aba hama yaha dekheM ki aura kisa sAhitya meM--ti prAcIna kAla meM magadha kA jikra hai / - prAcIna jaina graMthoM meM magadha jaina dharma ke ati prAcIna granthoM meM magaha kA ullekha hai / prajJApanA sUtra (1 pada), sUtrakRtAMga aura sthAnAMga meM magaha ko rAjagRha kA zrArya janapada kahA gayA hai| AcArAMga meM magahapura aura rAjagRha kA ullekha hai / nizItha sUtra meM ullekha hai ki eka samaya meM jaba tIrthakara mahAvIra sAketa meM dharma pracAra kara rahe the, to unhoMne kahA kijainoM kA caritra aura jJAna magadha tathA zraMga deza meM akSuNNa raha sakatA hai / -

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ina saba uddharaNoM se spaSTa hai ki zramaNa saMskRti meM magadha ko pavitra mAnA gayA hai| use zrAya- arthAt zreSTha logoM kA janapada kahA gayA hai| magadha meM jaina-jJAna aura prAcAra kI rakSA bhI mAnI gaI hai / isa samaya magadha acchI taraha se basa cukA thA aura Arya rAjyoM aura upanivezoM kI sthApanA ho cukI thii| suzAsana aura suvyavasthA se cora DAkuoM se rakSA aura sAmAjika prAcAra kI suvidhA thii| brAtya aura magadha atharva veda meM vrAtyoM kA priya dhAma prAcI dizA ko batAyA gayA hai| yahA~ magadha kI ora saMketa hai / zramaNa saMskRti meM vrata dhAraNa karane ke kAraNa zramaNoM ko vrAtya kahA gayA hai jaina-nigranthavAtya the| ve vedoM ko pramANa nahIM mAnate the / ve yAga-yajJa aura pazu-hiMsA kA virodha karate the| tapasyA se Atmazodhana meM vizvAsa karate the| isIlie unako vrAtya kahA gayA hai| ye vrAtya deza ke anya bhAgoM meM bhI rahate the| jaina anuzruti ke anusAra jainoM ke prathama tIrthakara RSabha deva kosala deza ke rAjA the| neminAtha sUrasena pradeza ke rahane vAle the| pArzvanAtha kAzI ke rAjakumAra the| isa prakAra vrAtya to deza ke aura bhAgoM meM bhI phaile the| para vrAtyoM kI puNyabhUmi magadha ko hI kahA gayA hai / isakA yaha matalaba huA ki vrAtyoM kI sAdhanAbhUmi magadha pradeza thaa| aura jaina anuzruti ke anusAra jainoM ke caubIsa tIrthaMkaroM meM se -bIsa kA nirvANa yahIM huA thaa| isI se yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki vaidika yAga-yajJoM ko amAnya kara vrata aura tapasyA para jora dene vAle vrAtyoM kA pIThasthAna magadha thaa| isIlie atharva veda meM vrAtyoM kA priyadhAma prAcI dizA ko kahA gayA hai aura mAgadhoM ko unakA mitra batAyA gayA hai| lATyAyana zrautasUtra (8, 6, 28) aura kAtyApana zrautasUtra (22, 4 22) meM isa bAta kA ullekha hai ki vrAtya dhana yA to patita brAhmaNa ko diyA jAya yA magadha ke brAhmaNa ko diyA jAya / isase yaha

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( 4 ) bhI spaSTa hotA hai ki magadha ke brAhmaNa bhI veda aura vedAnumodita yAgayajJa ko AsAnI se chor3a dete the| una para zramaNa aura yati vicAradhArA kA prabhAva zIghra par3atA thaa| jaina dharma ke prAcIna granthoM meM isakA ullekha hai ki magadha ke acche-acche vidvAn brAhmaNoM ne jaina dharma svIkAra kiyaa| jaina tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ke prathama ziSya aura pramukha gaNadhara indrabhUti gautama magadha ke prasiddha brAhmaNa vidvAn the, jihoMne jaina dharma svIkAra kiyA thaa| brAhmaNa dharma ke bAhara zatapatha brAhmaNa ( 1, 4, 1, 10) meM isa bAta kA bhI jikra hai ki mAgadhoM kI to bAta hI kyA kosala aura videha bhI prAcInakAla meM pUrNa rUpa se brAhmaNadharma meM dIkSita nahIM the| vastutaH bhAratavarSa ke pUrvI bhAga meM vaidika AryoM kA pUrA bala nahIM thaa| isIlie deza ke isa bhAga meM niggantha, sAMkhya, bhAgavata aura yati dharma joroM para thaa| ina dharmoM kA upadeza karane vAloM ko zramaNa, yati, arhata, jina, tIrthaMkara zrAdi kahate the / ina dharmoM ko mAnane vAle sabhI sAMpradAyoM meM yaha ekatA thI ki koI bhI vedoM ko pramANa nahIM mAnate the| Age calakara inameM se bhAgavata aura sAMkhya ne to vedoM ko pramANa rUpa meM svIkAra bhI kara liyaa| para zramaNoM kI paramparA ke nigganthoM aura bauddhoM ne vedoM ko pramANa rUpa meM nahIM hI svIkAra kiyaa| mahAvIra se pUrva __ ina nigganthoM kA apanA sAdhu saMgha bhI thaa| ati prAcIna kAla meM isa sAdhu saMgha kA mukhya aAdhAra ahiMsA aura yoga athavA tapa thaa| para 800 I0 pU0 meM pArzvanAtha ne sampradAya meM saMzodhana karake usake cAra AdhAra banAe-ahiMsA, satya, acaurya aura aparigraha / ise pArzvanAtha kA cAturyAma dharma bhI kahate haiN| pArzvanAtha ne isa cAturyAma dharma kA khUba pracAra kiyA / baMgAla ke rAr3ha deza meM bhI pArzvanAtha ne cAturyAma dharmakA

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( 5 ) 'pracAra kiyA thA / para pArzvanAtha kI mRtyu ke kucha kAla bAda unake sAdhu saMgha meM zithilatA A gaI / sAdhu loga binA prayatna kie juTa gae bhogane vAle padArthoM ke bhoga meM kisI prakAra kA saMkoca nahIM karate the / - mahAvIra ke sAtha zrAjIvaka sAmpradAya kA jina bAtoM para matabheda hutrA, unameM se mukhya ye thIM - 1, zItala jala kA upayoga karanA, 2, apane lie taiyAra kie gaye anna aura bhojana kA grahaNa karanA, aura 3, binA vivAha kie mila gaI striyoM kA bhoga karanA / inameM se tIsarI bAta pArzvanAtha ke ziSyoM meM bhI A gaI thI, jisakA mahAvIra ne virodha -karake sAdhu saMgha ko paMca mahAvratoM se bAMdha diyaa| mahAvIra ke paMca mahAvratoM meM cAra to pArzvanAtha ke cAturyAma hI the / pAMcaveM brahmacarya ko -mahAvIra ne bar3hAyA / isa brahmacarya mahAvrata ke kAraNa jaina sAdhutroM ko -yoM hI - binA prayatna ke-mila gaI striyoMke bhoga se bhI virata hone ke liye bAdhya ho jAnA par3A / sAdhanA aura tapasyA kA yaha prayoga vizeSa rUpa se magadha meM huA / inhIM aitihAsika kAraNoM se jainoM ne magadha ko puNyabhUmi mAnA aura vrAtyoM kI puNya bhUmi hone ke kAraNa magadha brAhmaNoM ke liye pApa bhUmi ho gayA / magadha kA prathama rAjya purANoM ke anusAra janhu kI cauthI, sambhavataH pAMcavIM pIr3hI meM kuza aura usakA bhAI mUrtarayA huA / isI mUrtarayA ne athavA usake putra gaya ne gayA nAma kA eka nayA rAjya sthApita kiyA, jo Age calakara magadha kahalAyA / isake bahuta dinoM bAda, kuru kI pAMcavIM pIr3hI meM vasu nAma kA eka bar3A pratApI rAjA huyA / usane yAdavoM ke cedi rAjya ko jItakara apane adhIna kiyA / use caidyoparicara bhI kahate haiM / usane matsyadeza se lekara magadha taka ko apane adhIna kiyA / usane samrATa cakravartI viruda bhI dhAraNa kiyA / usakA rAjya usake pAMca putroM meM baMTa -gayA / usakA eka putra vRhadratha magadha kA rAjA huyA / isI vRhadratha ne

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magadha meM bAhadratha vaMza kI nIMva ddaalii| isa bArhadratha vaMza ne hI magadha kI rAjanItika sattA sthApita kii| jarAsandha aura girivraja bAhadratha vaMza meM hI jarAsandha nAmaka bar3A pratApI rAjA huaaa| kucha vidvAn jarAsandha ko vasukA pautra batAte haiN| jo bhI ho; para jarAsandha kA ullekha jaina granthoM meM bhI milatA hai aura mahAbhArata meM bhii| jaina granthoM meM magahasirI gaNikA kA ullekha hai, jo jarAsandha kI gaNikA thI (Ava0 cU0 4 adhyAya ) / magaha sundarI bhI jarAsandha kI gaNikA thI isake alAvA AcArAMga cUrNi prathama zrutaskandha meM magadhasenA nAmaka eka vezyA kA ullekha hai, jo dhana nAmaka eka sArthavAha para Asakta ho gaI thii| para usane sampatti meM magana rahane ke kAraNa magadhasenA kI ora dhyAna bhI nahIM diyaa| isa para magadhasenA bar3I khinna huii| jarAsandha ke pUchane para usane kahA ki dhana nAmaka sArthavAha ne sampatti meM magana rahane ke kAraNa usake rUpa aura yauvana kI upekSA kI, isIlie vaha dukhI hai| magadhasenA ne dhana nAmaka sArthavAha ko vyaMga se amara bhI kahA hai| ___ jarAsandha bar3A pratApI rAjA thaa| usane aMga, baMga, puMDra, karuSa aura cedi deza ko apane vaza meM kara liyA thaa| cedi kA rAjA zizupAla usakA pradhAna senApati thaa| aAMdhaka-vRSNi saMgha kA jyeSTha (netA) kaMsa usakA dAmAda thaa| jarAsandha ekarATa rAjA thaa| usakI AkAMkSA bhArata. samrATa hone kI bhI thii| usakI nIti sAmrAjya-vistAra kI thii| para usa kAla ke mahAna nItijJa yugapuruSa zrIkRSNa se usakA vaira thaa| usa yuga meM kauravoM aura pANDavoM meM bhI bhAratasamrATa hone kI sAmarthya thii| zrIkRSNa kI maitrI pANDavoM se thI / zrIkRSNa bahuta hI nItinipuNa the / vaha jAnate the ki tatkAlIna rAjanItika paristhiti meM jarAsandha ko yuddha meM nahIM jItA jA sakatA aura binA jarAsandha ko mAre pANDavoM kI pratiSThA bhAratasamrATa hone kI sImA

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( 7 ) para nahIM jA sakatI / para zrIkRSNa ko jarAsandha kI kamajorI kA bhI jJAna thA / vaha jAnate the ki jarAsandha bahuta prasiddha malla hai / vyaktigatarUpa se vaha bar3A vIra aura haThI bhI hai / zrIkRSNa ne jarAsandha kI isa kamajorI athavA usake isa mAnasika rahasya se phAyadA uThAyA / aura vaha bhIma tathA arjuna ko apane sAtha lekara guptarUpa se jAkara usake mahala meM prakaTa hue / jisa samaya zrIkRSNa brAhmaNa snAtaka ke veza meM bhIma aura arjuna ke sAtha magadha kI rAjadhAnI girIvraja meM praveza kara rahe the, usa samaya unhoMne magadha kI rAjadhAnI girivraja kI zobhA kA varNana isa prakAra kiyA : " he pArtha ! dekho, magadha rAjya kA mahAnagara kaisA suzobhita hai / uttama-uttama zraTTAlikAoM se suzobhita yaha mahAnagarI sujalA, nirupadravA aura gavAdi se pUrNa hai / vaihAra, varAha, vRSabha, RSigiri tathA caityaka ye pAMcoM zaila sammilita hokara girivraja nagara kI rakSA kara rahe haiM / puSpitazAkhAgra, sugandhapUrNa manohara lodhavanarAji ne una zailoM ko mAnoM DhaMka rakhA hai / " ( mahAbhArata, sabhA0 )" zrIkRSNa bhIma aura arjuna ke sAtha brAhmaNa ke veza meM the / purohita ke vidyArthiyoM meM milakara vaha bhI jarAsandha ke rAjamahala meM cale gae / para jarAsandha rAjapuruSa thA / use ina tInoM para sandeha huA / usane kahA--'snAtakoM, brAhmaNoM ko to maiMne mAlya aura anulepana ke sAtha dekhA hai; para unake kandhe para pratyaMcA ke nizAna nahIM dekhe / saca batAo tuma kauna ho ? yadi brAhmaNa ho to pUjA svIkAra karo / ' yahA~ kRSNa spaSTa kahate haiM ki hama loga brAhmaNa nahIM, kSatriya haiM aura tumhAre zatru haiM / isa para jarAsandha ne kahA ki maiMne tumhArA kucha bhI nahIM bigAr3A ; phira mujhe tuma apanA zatru kaise kahate ho ? maje kI bAta to zrIkRSNa apane ko spaSTa rUpa meM nahIM prakaTa karate; varnA unakI ghAta meM na AtA / yahA~ zrIkRSNa yahI kahate haiM ki tuma bahuta yaha ki yahA~ bhI zAyada jarAsandha

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( 8 ) se kSatriyoM ko pakar3a kara rudra ke nikaTa unako bali denA cAhate ho| tuma manuSya bali se zaMkara kI pUjA karanA cAhate ho, yaha saba se bar3A pApa hai| isI kAraNa hama tumako malla yuddha kI cunautI dete haiN| hama meM se kisI ke sAtha lar3o athavA rAja chor3a do| isa para jarAsandha jo kucha kahatA hai, vaha bahuta mahattvapUrNa hai| usane kahA ki maiMne binA yuddha meM jIte kisI rAjA ko kaida nahIM kiyA aura yuddha meM jIte rAjA ke sAtha cAhe jaisA bhI karanA kSatriyocita dharma hai| ___ yahA~ yaha dhyAna dene yogya hai ki jarAsandha ne jIte hue kSatriya rAjA ko bali car3hA denA bhI dharma kahA hai| isakA tarkasammata uttara zrIkRSNa ke pAsa nahIM thaa| khANDava vana meM arjuna ke sAtha nAga jAti ke manuSyoM ko zrIkRSNa ne hI jalAkara mArA aura bhagAyA thaa| arthAt yaha usa kAla kA sAdhAraNa dharma thaa| isase siddha hotA hai ki mahAbhArata yuddha ke pahale taka jIte hue zatru ko mAra DAlane taka kI prathA pracalita thI / zatru rAjA ko mAra kara usakI senA ko gulAma bhI banAyA jAtA thaa| isI kAraNa dharmazAstroM meM dAsoM ke eka prakAra meM yuddha meM jIte dAsoM kI bhI ginatI hai| yadi DaoN0 kAzIprasAda jAyasavAla ke anusAra mahAbhArata yuddha kA kAla IsA se 1400 sAla pUrva mAnA jAya, to kahA jA sakatA hai ki usa samaya bhArata meM aura magadha meM narabali hI nahIM, narapati-bali kI prathA thii| mahAbhArata ke anusAra jarAsandha se pUrva magadha meM jarA nAma ko eka rAkSasI thI, jo nara-zizu kA aAhAra karatI thI / bauddha sAhitya ke anusAra buddha ne isa rAkSasI ke zizu ko curAkara, usake mana meM zizu ke prati karuNA kI bhAvanA paidA kI aura bAda meM vaha rAkSasI niSAdoM kI devI bana gii| isase aisA lagatA hai ki bahuta prAcIna kAla meM magadha meM aisI jAti thI, jo nara-mAMsa kA ahAra karatI thii| aisI hI vikaTa paristhiti meM mAnava samAja ke kalyANa ke liye ahiMsA kI sAdhanA kA AviSkAra huaA hogaa|

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jarAsandha ne moTe-tagar3e bhIma ke sAtha malla yuddha karanA pasanda kara apane vIra-mAnasa kA paricaya diyaa| caudaha dina yuddha huaaa| jarAsandha bUr3hA thaa| thaka gayA thaa| haoNpha rahA thaa| aisI paristhiti kA phAyadA uThA kara yuvaka bhIma ne zrIkRSNa kA izArA pAkara thake jarAsandha ko mAra DAlA / nItihIna jarAsandha kA bala nirbala siddha huaA / jarAsandha ke bAda usakA putra sahadeva magadha kA rAjA huaaa| bimbisAra kA magadha kucha vidvAnoM kA mata hai ki bAhadratha vaMza kA antima rAjA ripuMjaya thaa| isakA pulika nAmaka eka amAtya thaa| pulika ne SaDyantra karake ripuMjaya ko mAra DAlA aura apane bAlaka nAmaka putra ko magadha kI gaddIpara baitthaayaa| isa prakAra magadha ke siMhAsana se sadaiva ke liye bAhadratha vaMza kA anta ho gayA / para bAlaka kA zAsana ThIka se sthApita na ho sakA / magadha ke kSatriyoM kI zreNI ne bAlaka ke zAsana ko svIkAra nahIM kiyaa| usa kAla meM kSatriyoM kI, jinameM adhikatara sainika hote the, aneka aisI zreNiyA~ thIM, jinakA saMgaThana rAjya se sarvathA svatantra hotA thA aura jinakA sahayoga prApta karanA rAjA ke liye parama Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| magadha ke kSatriya zreNiyoM ne bAlaka ke rAjya kA virodha kiyaa| bhaTTiya nAmaka 'eka saradAra ne magadha meM vidroha karAkara rAjya siMhAsana para adhikAra kara bAlaka ko maravA DAlA / para bhaTTiya svayaM rAjya siMhAsana para nahIM baiThA / usane apane lar3ake bimbisAra ko magadha ke siMhAsana para baiThAyA / bhaTTiya sainika daloM kA netA hI banA rhaa| bAda meM zAyada bimbisAra magadha ke rAjA ke sAtha sainika daloM kA netA bhI ho gyaa| isIlie use zreNika bimbisAra bhI kahate haiN| ____ yahIM se magadha meM nAga-vaMza kA zAsana sthApita hotA hai| kucha vidvAnoM kA mata hai ki magadha meM sabase pahalA nAga rAjA zaizunAga hai| 'para kucha loga ise nahIM maante| hamArA kAma isa vivAda meM par3anA nahIM

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hai| para itanA spaSTa mAlUma par3atA hai ki magadha meM nAga kSatriyoM kI bastI thii| girivraja ke bIca meM maNinAga kA sthAna thA, jise maNiyAra maTha ke nAma se aba bhI loga jAnate haiN| ataH magadha meM nAga kSatriyoM kA Adhipatya honA sarvathA svAbhAvika thA / zreNika bimbisAra harya vaMza kA thaa| haryaGka-vaMza bhI vistRta nAga jAti kI hI eka zAkhA hai / ataH isa tathya meM kucha bhI pharaka nahIM par3atA ki bAhadratha vaMza ke bAda magadha meM nAgoM kI sattA sthApita huii| para magadha meM nAgoM kI sattA sthApita hone ke pUrva kAzI meM nAgoM kI sattA sthApita ho cukI thii| I0 pU0 '600 meM kAzI meM nAgoM kI sattA sthApita thii| vastutaH parIkSita kI mRtyu ke bAda nAga punaH prabala ho gae the| kAzI nAga jAti kA pITha sthAna thaa| kAzI ke devatA zaMkara mahAdeva the| tIna loka se nyArI aura ziva ke trizUla para kAzI kA artha hai ki kAzI ke nAga kSatriyoM ne vaidika AryoM kI pradhAnatA ko bahuta dinoM taka nahIM mAnA thaa| jaina tIrthaMkaroM meM teIsaveM tIrthakara pArzvanAtha kAzI ke nAgakSatriya the| rAjakumAra the| vaha kAzI ke brahmadatta rAjAoM kI paramparA meM the / pArzvanAtha aitihAsika vyakti haiM aura unakA kAla I0 pU0 800 hai / ina saba se siddha hai ki yaha pUrva meM nAgoM ke abhyutthAna kA kAla thaa| bimbisAra jaba magadha kI gaddI para baiThA to magadha eka choTA sA rAjya thaa| buddha ke samaya meM magadha kA vistAra aAja ke paTanA jilA aura gayA jilA ke uttarI bhAga taka ko gheratA thaa| isI bhAga ko Aja magadha bhI kahate haiN| suprasiddha bauddha vidvAn rAisa DeviDa magadha kI sambhAvita sImAeM isa prakAra batAte haiM-uttara meM gaMgA, pacchima meM sona, pUraba meM aMga deza aura dakSiNa meM choTA nAgapura kA jaMgala / vidvAnoM kA mata hai ki lagabhaga I0 pU0 543 meM bimbisAra ne magadha kA zAsana sUtra samhAlA / usane apanI rAjadhAnI girivraja se jarA haTA lii| usane vaibhAra aura vipula giri ke uttara sarasvatI nadI ke pUraba tathA

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( 11 ) uSNaprasravaNa se kucha dUra jo apanI naI rAjadhAnI basAI usI kA nAma rAjagRha hai / girivraja ke avazeSa svarUpa ' jarAsandha kA akhAr3A', ' jarAsandha kA macAna' aura usake parakoTe Aja bhI haiM / usI se jarA haTa kara rAjagRha kA nirmANa bimbisAra ne karAyA bimbisAra bahuta mahatvAkAMkSI thA / usane pahale apane pAsa-par3osa ke choTe rAjAtroM ko jItA aura phira Age bar3ha kara zraMga ko jIta kara sabhI ko magadha meM milA liyA / usane kaI eka aisI zAdiyA~ kI jinakA rAjanItika mahattva thA / usakI eka rAnI kosala deza ke rAjA prasenajita kI bahana thI / usakI dUsarI eka rAnI cellanA licchavi pramukha ceTaka kI bahana thI / eka rAnI videha kumArI thI / ina vaivAhika sambandhoM se bimbasAra ne kAphI lAbha uThAyA / kosala kI rAjakumArI ke sAtha vyAha ke avasara para use kAzI kA rAjya daheja meM mila gayA, jo usa samaya kosala ke adhIna thaa| isa prakAra magadha rAjya kI sImA kA usane kAphI vistAra kiyA / pArzvanAtha kA dharma zreNika bimbisAra kA mahattva rAjanIti kI apekSA sAMskRtika dRSTi se adhika hai / vaha svayaM nAga kSatriya thA / nAga kSatriya paramparA se vaidikakarmakANDoM se alaga the| vaha vrAtya the / eka nAga kSatriya pArzvanAtha ne pArzvapatya dharma kI sthApanA kI thI, jise cAturyAma dharma bhI kahate haiM / isa dharma ke mAnane vAle magadha, aMga aura vajisaMgha meM the / cAturyAma dharma dvArA jana sAdhAraNa meM kucha naitika cetanA bhI jAgRta huI thii| yaha cAturyAma dharma-ahiMsA, satya, acaurya aura aparigraha thA / ahiMsA aura satya to ati prAcIna dharma haiM / inhIM donoM siddhAntoM ke sahAre barbara manuSya barbaratA se Upara uTha sakA / acaurya aura aparigraha kI pratiSThA sambhavataH pArzvanAtha ne kI hai / kisI kI vastu ko binA diye huye lene ko corI kahate haiM / corI karane vAlA apane Apa meM kucha hIna -- kucha : --

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( 12 ) -kamajora ho jAtA hai| samAja meM bhI avyavasthA paidA hotI hai / isalie corI se dUra rahane kI bAta pArzvanAtha ne jo pracArita kI so to samajha meM A jAtI hai| para aparigraha kA pracAra kyoM kiyA ? ise samajhane ke liye parigraha kA jAna lenA Avazyaka hai / bRhatkalpa-bhASya meM (825), zrA0 bhadrabAhu ke anusAra parigraha ke dasa bheda haiM :- . ____ "kheta, vAstu ( makAna ), dhana ( sonA-cA~dI ), dhAnya ( cAvala aAdi anna), kupya (bartana ), saMcaya ( hiMga mirca Adi masAle), zAnijana, dAsadAsI Adi, yAna (pAlakI ratha Adi) aura zayana-vAsana / " . AdhyAtmika sAdhanA meM to ina parigrahoM dvArA vAdhA par3a hI sakatI hai / sAmAjika vyavasthA ke liye bhI ina parigrahoM se bacanA Avazyaka "thaa| pArzvanAtha ne khUba acchI taraha pracArita kiyA ki dAsa-dAsiyoM ko binA mukta kiye dharma kA jIvana, sAdhanA kA jIvana nahIM bitAyA jA sktaa| isakA eka prabhAva yaha bhI huA hogA ki jo garIba athavA sAdhAraNa jana the, unake prati dhanikoM meM hIna dRSTi kA jora nahIM bar3hA hogaa| phalataH jana sAdhAraNa kucha Upara uThe hoMge / para uttarAdhyayana se yaha siddha hai ki mahAvIra ke pahale aparigraha dharma meM zithilatA Ane lagI thii| usa zithilatA ko dUra karane ke liye hI mahAvIra ne nagnAtA para jora diyaa| yaha tIrthaMkara mahAvIra zreNika bimbisAra ke samaya meM the| kahA jAtA hai ki bimbisAra apanI rAnI cellanA ke prabhAva se jaina ho gyaa| eka kathA hai ki eka bAra zreNika bimbisAra zikAra khelane jaMgala meM gaye the| jaMgala meM unheM eka jaina sAdhu samAdhi lagAye mila gye| bimbisAra ne kisI kAraNa cir3hakara jaina muni ke gale meM eka marA sarpa lapeTa diyaa| mahala meM vApasa pAne para unhoMne apanI rAnI cellanA se isa ghaTanA kA ullekha kiyA / yaha sunakara cellanA bahuta dukhI huii| vaha pAvApatyika -muniyoM se paricita thii| usane ukta muni kA darzana karanA cAhA / cellanA

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( 13 ) bimbisAra kI bar3I priya rAnI thii| usakI icchA rakhane ke liye bimbisAra use lekara jahA~ muni samAdhi lagAe baiThe the, vahA~ jaMgala meM gaye / cellanA ne svayaM muni ke gale meM par3e mare sarpa ko httaayaa| muni ne vighna haTA jAna kara samAdhi bhaMga kiyA aura rAjA tathA rAnI ko AzIrvAda diyaa| isa ghaTanA kA bimbasAra ke jIvana para bahuta prabhAva par3A / para yaha kahAnI. mahAbhArata kI zRMgi RSi kI kathA kI anukArI bhI mAlUma hotI hai / kiMtu. isameM sandeha nahIM ki bimbisAra jaina ho gayA thaa| avaidikI vicAroM kA kendra magadha bimbisAra kA mahattva isalie bhI hai ki usake kAla meM magadha aura usako rAjadhAnI rAjagRha prAcIna rUr3hiyoM ke khaNDana aura naye vicAroM ke pravartana kA bar3A bhArI kendra thaa| yadi vaha udAra na hotA, yadi vaha naye vicAroM kA Adara na karatA, to usake rAjya meM tattvacintakoMvicArakoM-kA kendra na hotaa| bauddha granthoM meM chai zaktizAlI vicArakoM kA ullekha hai| ye sabhI magadha ke mUla nivAsI nahIM haiM ; para ina sabhoM kI sAdhanA bhUmi magadha hai / inameM ajita kezakambalin , makkhalI gosAla, pUrNa kAzyapa, prakudha kAtyAyana, saMjaya velahi putta aura nigantha nAthaputta (mahAvIra) haiN| ye sabhI vaidika vicAradhArA ke virodhI the| ajita kezakambalin kI vicAradhArA ko pUrNa rUpa se sAmane rakhane kA sAdhana nahIM hai / para itanA spaSTa hai ki vaha vaidika yAga-yajJoM kA virodhI thaa| vaha cAra mahAbhUtoM se sRSTi kI utpatti aura mRtyu ke bAda unhIM meM laya mAnatA thaa| paraloka aura usake liye kiye jAne vAle dAna-puNya ko vaha jhUThA samajhatA thaa| eka janma ke pApa-puNya ko dUsare janma meM bhogane aura brahmajJAnI hone kA bhI vaha majAka karatA thaa| makkhalI gosAla zrAjIvaka sampradAya kA netA thaa| magadha se zrAvastI taka yaha sampradAya phailA thaa| makkhalI bahuta garIba mAM-bApa kA beTA thaa| gozAlA meM paidA hone ke kAraNa

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( 14 ) usako gosAla kahate haiN| para pANini ne maskarI zabda ko gRha-tyAgiyoM ke liye mAnA hai| isake anusAra lene para sAdhu gosAla artha hogaa| yaha yAda rahe ki pANini ko bahuta se vidvAna I0 pU0 7 vIM zatI kA mAnate haiN| gosAla mahattvAkAMkSI bhI thaa| isakA mata thA ki jIva caurAsI lAkha yoniyoM meM cakkara khAte-khAte parama vizuddha dazA meM pAkara tapasvI hotA hai aura mokSa pAtA hai| isase pahale hI prayatna karake koI mokSa nahIM pA sakatA / yaha jIvana kA rAstA itanA napA tulA mAnatA thA ki usameM acche aura bure karmoM se koI bhI antara nahIM par3atA thaa| zAyada isIlie yaha saMyama para bhI vizeSa jora nahIM detA thaa| pUrNa kAzyapa vaidika karmakANDa aura aupaniSadika brahmavAda kA virodhI thA / vaha na paraloka mAnatA thA, na paraloka meM bhogane vAlA pApa-puNya / isa prakAra vaha svarga kI kalpanA kA bhI virodhI thaa| prakudha kAtyAyana hara vastu ko acala aura nitya mAnane vAlA thaa| vaha eka prakAra ke niyati vAda kA mAnanevAlA thA / vaha AtmA kI gati ko itanA nizcita mAnatA thA ki usameM apane zubhAzubha karmoM dvArA kisI prakAra kA rada badala sambhava nahIM samajhatA thaa| saMjaya velaThi putta saMzayavAdI thaa| eka taraha se usakA darzana nirAzAvAdI thaa| nigantha nAthaputta ( mahAvIra ) pArzvanAtha ke uttarAdhikArI, unake mata ke saMzodhaka aura jaina dharma ke bahuta bar3e vyAkhyAtA the| ye apane yuga ke bahuta bar3e AdhyAtmika netA the| inakA pArivArika sambandha usa kAla ke madhya deza ke prAyaH sabhI pramukha rAja-khAnadAnoM se thaa| bimbisAra bhI unakA riztedAra thA / buddha kI sAdhanA-bhUmi aura siddhi-bhUmi donoM hI magadha hai| bar3e maje meM kahA jA sakatA hai ki bauddha dharma kI janmabhUmi magadha hai| bimbasAra buddha kA bhI bahuta bar3A prazaMsaka, bhakta aura AzrayadAtA thaa| jaina aura bauddha dharma meM ekatA aura bhinnatA bauddha dharma kA janma magadha meM huaaa| jaina dharma kA prabhAva mamaya se

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bar3hA / bimbisAra ne donoM ko mAnA, dAnoM ko sraahaa| bauddha aura jaina donoM hI dharma vaidika yAga-yajJoM ke virodhI the| donoM hI vrAtya-paramparA ke vikasita sumana the| donoM ne manuSya ke puruSArtha para jora diyaa| donoM ne bhAvI janmoM kA aAdhAra karmoM ko maanaa| donoM ne brAhmaNa purohitoM aura unakI bhASA chAndasa ko asvIkAra kiyaa| kintu isa ekatA ke bAvajUda donoM meM kucha antara bhI hai| buddha ne prAcIna zramaNa paramparA ko chor3akara apane naye madhyama-mArga kI sthApanA kii| para mahAvIra ne prAcIna zramaNa paramparA-pAzvanAtha ke mata, unake vinaya aura saMgha ko svIkAra kiyA, usako parizuddha kiyA aura usI ko maanaa| buddha ne na atyanta tapa ko svIkAra kiyA aura na bhoga ko| para mahAvIra ne tapa para jora diyA aura usI ke liye brahmacarya ko bhI anivArya khaa| buddha ne nitya AtmA ko bhI nahIM mAnA / para mahAvIra ne sAdhanA aura tapasyA dvArA jIva kA-aAtmA kA-parama AtmA honA taka svIkAra kiyA / para donoM ke brAhmaNa dharma virodhI rUpa meM vizeSa antara nahIM haiN| jaina, bauddha aura janabhASA ___ yahI nahIM, isa kAla meM eka aura bhI bahuta bar3I krAnti huI / vrAtyoM ke alAvA bhI eka kisma kA brAhmaNa-virodha usa kAla meM thaa| vaha upaniSadoM kA vidroha thA / para upaniSadoM kA vidroha vedoM aura brAhmaNoM ke viruddha abhijAta kSatriya varga kA vidroha thaa| donoM kI bhASA chandas kI bhASA thI, saMskRta thii| AbhijAtya bhASA saMskRta thii| para jaba hIna vargIya vidroha ne Andolana kA rUpa liyA, taba jina, buddha aura bhAgavatoM ne apane saMgaThanoM ke dvAra hIna vargoM ke liye bhI khola diye| mahAvIra aura buddha abhijAta varga ke the| parantu unakA sAjhA, unakI cetanA, unakI preraNA hIna varga ke liye bhI thii| isIlie unhoMne jahA~ brAhmaNa varNAzrama dharma kA virodha kiyA, vahIM unakI bhASA-devavANI-saMskRta para bhI kuThArAghAta kiyaa| saMskRta-chAndas-ke sthAna para unhoMne prAkRta

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( 16 ) aura pAli ko apanAyA / yaha yAda rahe ki mahAvIra aura buddha bhI rAjakulotpanna the / para ye abhijAtakulIya upaniSad ke jAnapada rAjAtroM kI bhA~ti saMskRta meM apane pravacana nahIM karate / balki isa kAla ke grAndolana. ke netA - mahAvIra aura buddha - sAmAnya janatA kI bhASA meM apanA nirdeza karate haiM / ina donoM netAoM ne samajhA ki zrAndolana kI preraNA meM zabda sahAyaka hotA hai aura zabda aisA nahIM ki vaha pravacana rUpa meM pUjya mAtra rahe, varan aisA ki vaha jinase kahA jAya, unake dvArA samajhA jAya aura unako Age Ane ke liye, vikasita hone ke liye prerita kare / janabhASA -- prAkRta aura pAli - svAbhAvika hI janAndolana kI vANI banI / para yahA~ bhI jainoM aura bauddhoM kA eka pharaka hai - eka antara hai / pAli usa kAla ke madhyadeza kI ziSTa bhASA hai-- loka pracalita z2abAna hai; jaba ki prAkRta magadha ke nimnavarga, nimnatama varga kI bhASA thI, jisakA ziSTa prAkRta ke rUpa meM vikAsa prathama zatI meM huA / pAli kA saMskRta se thor3A hI bheda thA, jaba ki prAkRta magahI se jyAdA najadIka aura saMskRta se thor3I dUra thI / usa kAla kI mAgadhI prAkRta kA ThIka ThIka rUpa aba nahIM milatA / para bhASA zAstrI vidvAnoM kA mata hai ki usa kAla kI mAgadhI kA prabhAva magadha se pacchima mirjApura jile ke pUrvI hisse aura unnAva jile taka thA / isI kAraNa idhara kI bhASA kA nAma ardhamAgadhI pdd'aa| pUraba meM mAgadhI kA prabhAva baMgAla aura ur3IsA taka thA / isI mAgadhI prAkRta se Aja kI aneka bhASAtroM kA janma huA / brAtyoM kA tIrtha magadha jaina aura bauddhoM ke kAraNa hI rAjagRha tIrthasthAna bana gayA / tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ne vipulAcala parvata para nivAsa kiyA thA aura yahIM zreNika bimbisAra ko upadeza diyA thA / svarNAcala ( sonagiriM ), ratnAcala, vaibhAra aura udayagiri meM bhI jaina dharma kI prAcIna kItiyoM ke aneka +

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( 17 ) nidarzana bhare par3e haiN| buddha ne vaibhAra parvata para nivAsa kiyA thaa| yahA~ unakA upadeza sunane ke liye nagaravAsI Ate the| rAjagRha ke pAsa hI gRddhakUTa nAmaka eka pahAr3I hai / usake sambandha meM eka kathA hai ki mAramana ke asAmAjika bhAva-ne giddha kA rUpa dhAraNa kara buddha ke priya ziSya Ananda ko DaravAyA thaa| para buddha ke prabhAva se usakI sArI mAyA vyartha gyii| kahate haiM, usI samaya se isa pahAr3I kA nAma gRddhakUTa pdd'aa| isa parvata para buddhadeva ne bhI bahuta bAra nivAsa kiyA thaa| mahAvIra ne rAjagRha meM aneka varSAvAsa kiye the / rAjagRha se kucha haTakara nAlandA nAmaka sthAna hai / yahA~ bhI mahAvIra ne do varSAvAsa kiyA thA / buddha ke bhI yahA~ aneka saMsmaraNa haiN| bAda meM Age calakara isI nAlandA meM jagatprasiddha vizvavidyAlaya sthApita huA / isa vizvavidyAlaya ke khaNDahara mIloM taka pAye jAte haiN| nAlandA ke pAsa hI pAvApurI hai, jahA~ mahAvIra kA nirvANa batAyA jAtA hai / yaha jainiyoM kA tIrthasthAna hai| yahA~ eka vizAla aura sundara tAlAba ke bIca meM eka sundara mandira hai, jisameM mahAvIra ke padacihna haiM / magadha sAmrAjya kA prArambha bimbisAra kA putra ajAtazatru thaa| vaha bahuta bar3A mahatvAkAMkSI aura sAmrAjyavAdI thaa| usane apane pitA bimbisAra ko kaida kara rAjya prApta kiyA aura anta meM kaida meM hI bimbisAra kI mRtyu bhI huii| magadha sAmrAjya ke ThIka nikaTa, usake uttara meM vajiyoM kA mahAn saMgha rAjya thaa| ajAtazatru sAmrAjyavAdI thaa| vaha magadha sAmrAjya kA prasAra cAhatA thaa| magadha sAmrAjya ke prasAra ke liye vaji saMgha kA vinAza Avazyaka thA ; para ajAtazatru ke liye vaji saMgha kA jItanA bar3A kaThina thaa| ajAtazatru ne vaji saMgha ko jItane kA upAya buddha se jAnane kI eka cAla clii| vaha svayaM bauddha thA / bauddha dharma kA saMrakSaka aura sahAyaka thaa| isalie buddha usakI cAla meM A bhI gye| ajAtazatru ne apane mantrI varasakAra ko buddha ke pAsa bhejaa| vassakAra ne buddha

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( 18 ) se vaji saMgha jItane kA upAya jAnanA cAhA / isa avasara para buddha ne apane priya ziSya zrAnanda se vaji saMgha ke sambandha meM jo praznottara kiye haiM, vaha saMgha rAjyoM ke sambandha meM mahatvapUrNa sAhitya kA eka Tukar3A hai / usase patA lagatA hai ki ina gae rAjyoM kA kyA bala thA aura inameM kyA nirbalatA thI / yadi buddha zrajAtazatru ke mantrI vassakAra ke sammukha yaha carcA na karate, to unakI isa carcA meM rAjanIti kI gandha na hotI / vaha carcA sAdhu hotI; para duHkha hai ki buddha vaisA na kara sake / eka taraha se buddha ne vassakAra ko lakSya kara vaha carcA kI / aura usa carcA se hI prerita hokara vassakAra ajAtazatru kI AjJA se - aura kUTa cAla ke sAtha - vana saMgha meM gayA / vahA~ jAkara usane buddha kI zikSA ke anukUla vaji saMgha meM phUTa DAlakara vajji saMgha ko kamajora kara diyA / idhara ajAtazatru ne bar3I yukti se vizAla senA ekatra kI / use vidhvaMsaka astra-zastroM se sampanna kiyA / kahA jAtA hai ki 'mahAzilA kaMTaka' aura 'rathamUsala' nAmaka bhayaMkara hathiyAroM ke sAtha maukA dekhakara, vassakAra ke izAre para usane va saMgha para hamalA kiyaa| kucha arse taka to yuddha calA, para anta meM ajAtazatru kI vijaya huI / vaizAlI kA vinAza ho gayA ajAtazatru ne kAzI, kosala aura avanti taka ko jIta liyA / vastutaH usI ne sarva prathama magadha rASTra ko eka sAmrAjya kA rUpa diyA / yuddha meM jItane ke bAda usakI nIti udAra hotI thI / dhArmika dRSTi se bhI usakI nIti udAra thI / usane sabhI dharmoM ke prati Adara aura satkAra kA vyavahAra kiyA ; para isameM jarA bhI sandeha nahIM ki ajAtazatru kI vizeSa zraddhA buddha ke prati thI / buddha ke prati isI zraddhA ke kAraNa zrajAtazatru ne buddha kI mRtyu ke bAda, unakI asthiyoM ko pAne kA prayatna kiyA aura buddha kI asthiyoM kA eka aMza use milA bhI / buddha kI asthiyoM ke usa eka aMza ko prApta kara usane rAjagRha pAsa karaNDa veNuvana ke pUraba , meM, usa asthi para eka stUpa khar3A karavAyA / yaha stUpa buddha ke prati 1

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/ 16 ) ajAtazatru kI zraddhA kA pramANa hai| ajAtazatru ke hI kAla meM rAjagRha kI saptaparNiguhA meM bauddha dharma ko prathama saMgIti huI thI, jisameM sabhI prasiddha bauddha bhikSu ekatra hue the aura jisameM buddha ko zivAoM kA prathama saMkalana huaa| buddha ke priya ziSya Ananda ko mRtyu ke bAda Ananda kA bhI stUpa, buddha stUpa ke pAsa hI banA / dharma aura rAjya ajAtazatru svayaM bauddha thaa| para usakI nIti jaina dharma ke prati bhI itanI udAra thI ki use kucha loga jaina bho kahate haiM / ajAtazatru vijetA aura sAmrAjyavAdI thaa| usane magadha sAmrAjya kA vistAra bhI kiyaa| ajAtazatru ke prabhAva se usake sAmrAjya ke sAtha hI sAtha baiddha aura jaina dharma kA prabhAva bhI bddh'aa| DaoN0 yAkovI Adi kucha vidvAnoM kA mata hai ki bauddha aura jaina dharma ke sthAnIya rUpa se uThakara vyApaka mahattva prApta karane kA mukhya kAraNa ina donoM dharmoM ko mahatvapUrNa sAmrAjyavAdo rAjAoM kA sahayoga thaa| ataH yaha nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki dhArmika sampradAyoM ke vikAsa aura prasAra meM rAjAoM aura prabhu-varga kA hAtha nahIM hotA / vastutaH binA rAjAzraya ke dhArmika sampradAyoM kA mahattvapUrNa prasAra sambhava hI nahIM hotaa| aura koI bhI rAjA apanI rAjanIti ke viruddha jAkara dharmoM ko prazraya nahIM detaa| bimbisAra ke rukha ko dekhakara buddha ne bauddha saMgha meM dAsoM, RNiyoM aura sainikoM kA praveza roka diyA thaa| azoka jarUra eka aisA samrATa thA, jisane apane dharma ke lie apanI rAjanIti kI upekSA kI ; para isI kAraNa usake bAda hI usakA sAmrAjya naSTa ho gyaa| udayi aura pATaliputra ajAtazatru ne apane pitA ko kaida kara rAja-zakti ko prApta kiyA thA / anta meM ajAtazatru bhI apane putra udayi athavA udayibhadra ke SaDyantroM dvArA mArA gyaa| udayibhadra koI bahuta bar3A vijetA athavA senApati nahIM thA ; para nirmANa kArya meM isako vizeSa dilacaspI thii|

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( 20 ) ajAtazatru ne magadha sAmrAjya ko bahuta bar3hA diyA thaa| usane vaji saMka ko naSTa bhI kara diyA thA; para phira bhI vaji saMgha kI jAtiyA~ jIvita thiiN| licchavi jAti bahuta hI tejodRpta thii| usane punaH karavaTa lenA zurU kara diyA thaa| isIlie licchavi jAti para najara rakhane ke liye ajAtazatru ne unakI sImA ke pAsa gaMgA aura sona ke koNa meM, jahA~ pATala vRkSoM kI saMkhyA adhika thI, usI pATaligrAma meM eka kilA bhI banavAyA thA / aba, jaba udayi ke kAla meM sAmrAjya kI AvazyakatAe~ bar3hIM, to udayi ne usI durga ke pAsa pATali grAma meM eka bahuta bar3A nagara basA diyaa| isa nagara kA nAma pATaliputra par3A / udayi ne apanI rAjadhAnI rAjagRha se haTAkara isI pATaliputra meM sthApita kI / udayi para jaina dharma kA kAphI prabhAva thaa| usane pATaliputra meM jaina mandira bhI banavAyA thA ; para udayi ke kAla meM magadha rAjanItika SaDyantroM kA kendra bana gayA thaa| janatA meM bhI ina pitRghAtI rAjAoM ke prati ghRNA kA bhAva chA rahA thaa| brAhmaNa dharma ke prati upekSA ke bhAva ke kAraNa bhI magadha rAjya badanAma ho rahA thaa| ataH SaDyantroM dvArA hI udayi kA bhI anta haa| isa prakAra nAga jAti ke haryaka vaMza kA magadha ke siMhAsana se anta ho gyaa| zizunAga vaMza . . haryaka vaMza ke anta ke bAda magadha meM zizunAga kA udaya huaaa| kahA jAtA hai ki haryaka vaMza ke DhIle aura vilAsI zAsana se taMga Akara magadha kI prajA ne kAzI pradeza ke zAsaka zizunAga ko, jo vahA~ magadha sAmrAjya kA pratinidhi thA, bulAkara magadha kI gaddI para baitthaayaa| para isakA sIdhA aura spaSTa artha yaha hai ki zizunAga ko magadha ke SaDyantra kA patA thA, vaha kuzala rAjanItijJa thA, usane kuzalatApUrvaka SaDyantroM kA sUtra apane hAtha meM kara liyA aura phira isa khUbI se Thasane magadha sAmrAjya para adhikAra kara liyA ki kahIM kucha virodha bhI na ho skaa|

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( 21 ) zizunAga nAgavaMzI thaa| sambhavataH isIlie use AsAnI se saphalatA bhI mila gyii| zizunAga bar3A vIra aura vijetA thaa| usane avantI para aAkramaNa karake use jItakara magadha sAmrAjya meM milA liyaa| bAda meM vatsa aura kosala kI bhI yahI gati huii| isa prakAra zizunAga ne magadha sAmrAjya kA vistAra kiyaa| Age calakara vilAsitA ke kAraNa zizunAga ke kula kA bhI vinAza huA aura nandavaMza ko pratiSThA huI / nandoM kA magadha . nandavaMza meM nandivardhana bar3A pratApI aura vijayo rAjA thaa| usane kaliMga deza ko jIta kara magadha meM milAyA thaa| vijaya kI smRti meM kaliMga se jina pratimA bhI lAyA thaa| kazmIra kA bhI usI ne bijaya kiyA thaa| paMjAba ke pradezoM para bhI usI kA prabhAva thA; para kazmIra aura paMjAba ko usane magadha sAmrAjya meM milAyA nahIM thA / nandivardhana (athavA kAlAzoka ?) ne vaizAlI meM apanI dUsarI rAjadhAnI banAyI thii| isI ke rAjyakAla meM vaizAlI meM bauddhoM kI dUsarI saMgIti huI thii| yaha saMgIti athavA sammelana mahInoM taka hotA rahA, jisameM usa kAla ke prAyaH sabhI pramukha bauddha bhituoM ne bhAga liyaa| isI saMgIti meM bauddha dharma ke do spaSTa sampradAya ho gaye-eka ko theravAda kahate haiM aura dUsare ko mahAsAMghika / inhI donoM se Age calakara hInayAna aura mahAyAna sampradAya kI utpatti huii| upaniSad kAla se bhAratavarSa meM yaha paramparA calI A rahI thI ki rAjA rAjasabhA karake prasiddha vidvAnoM kA Adara karatA thaa| nandivardhana ke kAla meM bhI yaha sabhA huI thii| rAjazekhara ne bhI apane kAvyamImAMsA meM spaSTa kahA hai ki usa kAla meM pATaliputra meM zAstrakAra parIkSA huA karatI thii| isa parIkSA meM varSa, upavarSa, pANini piMgala aura vyADI nAmaka vidvAn uttIrNa hokara sammAnita hue the| upavarSa varSa ke bhAI the| varSa ko pANini kA guru kahA jAtA hai| piMgala, chanda zAstra ke paMDita the| vyADo ne vyAkaraNa kA saMgraha graMtha likhA thA;

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(122 ) parantu yaha sarvathA nirvivAda tathya nahIM hai| pANini ko nizcita rUpa se isI kAla meM nahIM bhI mAnA jA sktaa| para itanA spaSTa hai ki pANini isa kAla meM sarva prasiddha vaiyyAkaraNa the| nandavaMza kA pratApI aura mahA bhayAnaka rAjA mahApadmananda thaa| yahA~ yaha spaSTa kara denA parama Avazyaka hai ki nandavaMza aura khAsa kara mahApadmananda ke sambandha meM taraha taraha kI kathAe~ haiN| vaise to magadha ke kSatriyoM ko ucca kSatriya mAnA hI nahIM gayA hai ; para isa mAnyatA meM sirpha brAhmaNa virodha thA / arthAt magadha ke kSatriya brAtya the--isa kAraNa brAhmaNa mAnyatA meM unake prati hIna dRSTi thI: para mahApadmananda ke sambandha meM aisI hI bAta nahIM thii| jaina anuzruti ke anusAra vaha nAI dvArA vezyA meM utpanna thaa| purANa use zudrA meM utpanna nandivardhana kA putra batAte haiN| samasAmayika grIka lekhaka use nAI batAte haiN| grIka lekhaka ke anusAra rAnI eka nAI para anurakta thii| pahale rAnI kI kRpA se vaha rAjakumAroM kA abhibhAvaka banA aura bAda meM rAjA ko mAra kara svayaM rAjA bana baitthaa| bhAratIya itihAsa meM krAnti aura prati-krAnti - navanandoM kA bhAratIya itihAsa-kSetra meM Agamana bar3e mahattva kA hai / vastutaH vaha kevala aitihAsika mahattva kI hI vastu nahIM, eka prakAra kI sAmAjika krAnti kA bhI pratIka hai| usakI pRSThabhUmi aura kAraNoM kI. ora dhyAna kama logoM kA gayA hai| kevala brAhmaNa, kevala kSatriya yA brAhmaNa-kSatriya pradhAna sattA ke bAvajUda kisa prakAra zUdra sattA donoM kI sthAmApanna ho gayI, yaha bhAratIya itihAsa kI asAdhAraNa pahelI hai / ' parantu jaise pahelI bUjha jAne ke bAda usakI asAdhAraNatA nitAnta sAmAnya ho jAtI hai, usI prakAra zUdra sattA ke AvirbhAva kI pRSThabhUmi mI nandoM ke utkarSa ko sarvathA svAbhAvika banA detI hai| brAhama kSatriyoM ke pArasparika cirakAlika saMgharSa ne deza meM jipta sthiti ko sambhava kara diyA thA, usI kI ekAnta preraNA isa tIsare zAsaka

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( 23 ) varga kI utpatti thii| vaha tIsarA varga upekSita zudra varga thA / jaina-bauddha aura bhAgavata dharmoM ne jo apane saMghoM aura saMgaThanoM ke dvAra varNetara varga ke liye khola diye, to hIna varga nicale stara se Upara kI ora uThA aura cU~ki saMkhyA meM vaha pracura thA, sataha para sarvathA chA gayA / vaiSNava bhAgavatoM kI sthiti kI ora pANini ne bhI saMketa kiyA hai| aura cAhe vaha vaiyyAkaraNa buddhakAlIna athavA buddha kA pazcAta kAlIna rahA ho, vaha apane usa sUtra meM buddha ke pUrvavartI samAja kI ora nirdeza karatA hai, jisameM vAsudeva aura arjuna ke anuyAyiyoM kI pracuratA hai / bArhadrathoM-brahmadattoMharyaGkoM-zaizunAgoM kI utkaTa kSAtra paramparA ne brAhmaNoM ko usI hIna varga kI ora dekhane aura unase sAjhA karane ko majabUra kara diyA thA, jinheM brAhmaNetara saMghoM aura saMgaThanoM ne prazraya diyA thaa| yaha akAraNa nahIM hai ki zUdra nanda ke tIna mantriyoM meM kama se kama do brAhmaNa the / mahApadma nanda dvArA sAre kSatriya rASTroM kA unmUlana aura pAriNamataH usakA 'sarvakSatrAntaka' viruda vizeSa viniyojana kI pariNati the / aura usa pariNati kI pUrva paramparA parazurAma ne sthApita kI thI, jo nizcaya nanda ke brAhmaNa mantriyoM ko svAbhAvika grAhya huI / yaha asambhava nahIM ki unhoMne usa dizA ke nanda- niyojita prayAsoM ko na kevala protsAhita kiyA ho, varan svayaMm hI niyojita aura prastuta kiyA ho / yadyapi ve bhI isa bAta ko na samajha sake the ki hIna vargoM kA utkarSa, jisakA pratIka namda zAsana thA, brAhmaNa-kSatriya donoM ke liye nitAnta Apattijanaka ho sakatA thA / dharmasUtroM aura gRhyasUtroM kI paramparA vinaSTa ho calI / caritrahInoM prati satarka dRSTi kama ora par3a gayI thI / vyabhicAriyoM aura caritrahInoM kA bala bar3ha gayA thaa| isase samAja meM eka vikSobha huA aura pariNAma punargaThita smArta cetanA huI, jisakA sugaThita rUpa zrAge calakara zuMgoM ke zAsana kAla meM khulaa| hIna varga ke usa utkarSa ko, jo bhAratIya zrAkAza para tIvratA se chAtA jA rahA thA, kauTilya ne sahaja

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( 24 ) hI dekha liyA thaa| isI kAraNa vaha manISI brAhmaNa-kSatriya samajhaute dvArA uMsa hInakarmA hIna varga ke apakarSa meM lagA - pravRtta huA / yaha svayaM kucha akAraNa nahIM ki nanda ke brAhmaNakarmA brAhmaNa mantrI ko brAhmaNa paramparA ne 'rAkSasa' kahA ho kyoMki usake dvArA hIna vyavasthA kI sthApanA ho rahI thI, aura rAkSasakarmA cANakya ko brAhmaNa / jo bhI ho bhaTTikAvyam ko 'kSAtraM dvijatvaM ca parasparArtham', kI pichalI paramparA bahuta pUrva cANakya-candragupta ke hI samaya caritArtha huI aura unhoMne hInavargIya nandoM ko ukhAr3a pheMkA / cANakya pAzavika daitya paramparA kA brAhmaNa rUpa thA aura isa paramparA kI zakti uttarottara bala-saMgaThana para hI saMcita hotI hai / cANakya ne usa bala saMcaya para pUrA jora dekara bhArata kA pahalA prabala parAkramI sAmrAjya sthApita kiyA / aisA bala saMgaThana rAjA ko kendra mAnakara calatA hai-- mantrimaNDala kI zakti-nazvaratA aura samrATa kI niraMkuzatA usakA prANa hotI hai / parantu vahIM kendra jaba kamajora par3a jAtA hai, taba sAmrAjya ke prAnta bikhara jAte haiM / candragupta aura vindusAra kI cANakyAnukUla vRtti ne usa zakti ko kucha kAla samhAla rakhA, parantu candragupta ke hI antyakAla aura azoka - paravartI zAsana meM jo zAstracaryA kSINa huI aura brAhmaNa-kSatriya paraspara virodha apane svAbhAvika rU meM phira spaSTa huA, taba pichalA saMgharSa ( dvandva ) apanI zrRMkhalA ko kar3iyA~ eka bAra aura gar3ha claa| usI dvandva kI pariNati zuMgoM kI saphala krAnti meM huI / usakA kendra mauryo kA purohita aura senApati, bhAradvAja gotrI brAhmaNa puSyamitra zuMga aura medhAprasiddha vaiyyAkaraNa pataMjali thA / 'mahAbhASya' meM sthAna-sthAna para jo rAjanItika sUkSma sUtroM ke saMketa milate haiM, ve anyathA nahIM, aura na yahI ki vaha prakANDa dArzanika aura sUtrakAra samrATa puSyamitra zuMga ke azvamedha kA Rtvija thA / krAnti nitAnta saphala nizcaya huI aura rAjyasattA maurya- jaina-bauddha

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. ( 25 kSatriyoM ke hAtha se nikala kara brAhmaNoM ke hAtha meM calI gayI, jo zuMgoMkaNvoM-sAtavAhanoM ke kula meM sadiyoM banI rahI sahI, para spaSTa hai ki vaha sattA nitAnta jAgarUka hokara samhAlane kI thI aura hama jAnate haiM ki usI prakAra samhAlI bhI gayI, kyoMki puSyamitra ko nirantara senA se sAnnidhya rakhanA par3A, jisase usane 'samrATa' saMjJA kI upekSA kara 'senApati' "kA viruda adhika zreyaskara smjhaa| magadha meM SaDyantroM kA jora aura pariNAma . prArambha se hI magadha meM rAjatantrI zAsanapaddhati thii| isa zAsanapaddhati meM rAjA ke hI hAthoM meM sArI zakti kendrita hotI hai / isake kendra meM rAjA hotA hai| hindU samAja kI Azrama-vyavasthA ke anusAra to rAjA apane jyeSTha putra ko rAjya saupa kara vAnaprastha athavA sanyAsa le bhI sakatA thA yadyapi usameM bhI bahuta kama logoM ne isa niyama kA pAlana kiyaa| 'para magadha meM to varNAzrama vyavasthA ke prati upekSA athavA hIna bhAva thaa| ata: bimbisAra ke samaya meM to usakI carcA hI vyartha hai| bimbisAra ke kaI putra zramaNa ho gaye ; para bimbisAra siMhAsana para hI banA rahA / Akhira usake eka mahatvAkAMkSI putra ajAtazatru se nahIM rahA gyaa| usane SaDyantra kara bimbisAra ko kaida kiyA aura phira rAjazAsana para adhikAra kara liyaa| kaida meM hI bimbisAra kI mRtyu ho gyii| ajAtazatra ke putra udayi ne bhI usI ghATa ajAtazatru ko utaaraa| udayi kI mI vahI gati hii| caina aura bauddha prabhAva ne rAjAzraya pAkara sAmAjika parivartana kiyaa| phira usakI pratikriyA ne nandoM ke kAla meM vyApaka paimAne 'para Sar3ayantra kA sahArA liyA / pariNAmataH zUdra-sattA sthApita ho gyii| yadi *samAja ke kramika vikAsa ke pariNAmasvarUpa nimna zreNI Upara pAtI hai, to usameM sabhyatA aura saMskRti kA yoga rahatA hai / yadi samAjavAdI krAnti dvArA nimna zreNI Upara AtI hai-jisakI usa sudara atIta meM sambhAvanA mhI nahIM thI to usameM virodhI zaktiyoM, virodhI vargoM ke viSa ke dA~ta tor3a

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die jAte haiN| kintu yadi Sar3ayantroM dvArA koI aghaTita ghaTanA ghaTa jAtI hai, to usakA kucha dUsarA hI pariNAma hotA hai / nandoM ke kAla meM yahI huaa| para candragupta maurya ne cANakya kI sahAyatA se nandoM kA nAza kara usa sampUrNa paristhiti ko palaTa diyaa| pazcimI bhArata kI rAjanItika sthiti jisa samaya magadha meM sAmrAjya gaThita ho rahA thA, usa samaya bhArata kA pazcimI hissA choTe choTe caubIsa rAjyoM meM vibhakta aura asaMgaThita par3A thaa| isa pazcimI hisse meM hI takSazilA meM eka mahAna vizvavidyAlaya thaa| usa vizva vidyAlaya ne bar3e bar3e vidvAn aura yoddhA paidA kiye the| pANini usI vizvavidyAlaya kA thaa| bimbisAra kI gaNikA kA putra jIvaka usI vizvavidyAlaya kA thA, jo apane yuga kA zreSTha vaidya thaa| svayaM cANakya bhI usI vizvavidyAlaya kA thA aura bhI bar3e bar3e. yoddhA usI vizvavidyAlaya ke the| para jisa hisse meM yaha vizvavidyAlaya thA, usake nivAsI vIra aura balavAna hokara bhI rAjanItijJatA ke abhAva meM zaktizAlI aAkramaNakArI ke khAdya bana gye| yahI kAraNa hai ki mahAna senApati sikandara kI senA bhArata ke pacchimI ilAke meM ghusa aayii| usaH samaya takSazilA ke zAsaka aAmbhI ne bhArata kA darvAjA sikandara ke. liye khola diyaa| isa prakAra dezadrohI prAmbhI kI avasaravAditA se sikandara bhArata meM ghusa AyA / puru ne sikandara kA sAmanA kiyA; para kuzala sainya saMcAlana aura rAjanItijJatA ke abhAva meM puru bhI parAsta. ho gyaa| parAsta puru kI AtmA bhI gira gyii| vaha sikandara kA eka saradAra bana gayA / usane deza kI bhUmi ko sikandara ke ghor3oM se raudavAnA cAhA ; para usI samaya eka bahuta bar3I dIvAra sikandara ke sAmane khar3I ho gyii| purabiyA candragupta maurya sikandara ke zivira meM eka purabiyA yuvaka shraayaa| vaha kucha samaya

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( 27 ) taka sikandara ke sAtha rahA; para usa yuvaka kI cAla-DhAla kucha bhinna kisma kI thI / sikandara aba taka AmbhI aura puru jaisoM se to mila cukA thA; para usane acaraja se dekhA - isa nirAle yuvaka kI ora / grIka lekhakoM ke anusAra vaha yuvaka atyanta dRpta thA / vaha natamastaka hokara sikandara se nahIM milA, balki apanI a~kar3a ke sAtha milA / isa purabiyA yuvaka kI kar3a sikandara ko sahya na ho sakI / vaha ise giraphtAra karane kI tAka meM thA ki yuvaka usakI nIyata tAr3a gayA aura grIka kaimpa chor3a kara usake pIche calA gayA / yaha yuvaka hI candragupta maurya thA, jisane magadha sAmrAjya ke vinAza kA bIr3A uThAyA thA / / candragupta maurya moriya gaNatantra kA rahane vAlA thA / yaha gaNatantraHgorakhapura jile meM par3atA hai moriya jAti kA ullekha buddha aura mahAvIra ke samaya meM bhI milatA hai / mahAvIra ke bAraha gaNadharoM meM eka moriya putta bhI the / isase itanA patA lagatA hai ki moriya jAti meM vidyA aura vIratA, zastra aura zAstra kA samAdara thA / candragupta maurya kA da saMgharSa kaise huA, isakA ThIka-ThIka patA nahIM lagatA / para aisA anumAna lagatA hai ki candragupta pahale nandoM kI senA meM saradAra thA / buddhi aura parAkrama se dhIre-dhIre usakI pada-maryAdA bar3hatI gayI / sambhavataH vaha: senApati ho gyaa| Age calakara rAjA se kisI bAta para matabheda ho gayA / vaha rAjA ke mana kA na kara skaa| rAjA usase nArAja ho gayA / binA aisA hue nanda rAjA se usakI Takkara sambhava nahIM / aura binA aisA hue nandoM ke nAza ke upayukta usakA honA bhI sambhava nahIM / para cU~ki vaha vrAtya kSatriya thA, aura nandoM kA zrAzrita bhI raha cukA thA / nanda hInakula tathA hInacaritra the, isalie anuzruti meM candraguptaH ke nAma ke sAtha apavAda raha gayA / mahAna rAjanItijJa cANakya cANakya kA nAma viSNugupta thA / usakA eka nAma kauTilya bhI

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( 28 ) eka dina magadha samrATa thA / vaha apane samaya meM nItizAstra kA bahuta bar3A paNDita thaa| vaha usa samaya kI bhAratIya rAjanIti kA bahuta bar3A jJAtA thA / apane dhuna meM masta vaha magadha A gayA thA / magadha meM zreSTha vidvAnoM kA samAdara hotA thA / cANakya bho mahAna vidvAn thA / sambhavataH vaha bhI apanI vidyA - kA samAdara cAhatA thA / brAhmaNa to vaha thA hI, nanda rAjA kI bhuktizAlA meM jAkara saMgha - brAhmaNa ke Asana para baiTha -gayA / nanda dvArA yaha jAnane para ki vaha kauna hai, cANakya ne uttara diyA - 'yaha maiM hU~ !' yadyapi isase cANakya kA svAbhimAna aura teja TapakatA thA; para nanda to saMskAra se hona thA / usane sipAhiyoM ko jJA - dI ki isa brAhmaNa ko nikAla bAhara kiyA jAya / kintu cANakya bhAMTa - brAhmaNa nahIM ; tejasvI brAhmaNa thA / usane apane kamaMDalu ko indrakIla para paTaka kara krodha se kahA - 'rAjA uddhata ho gayA hai, samudra se ghirI huI pRthvI nanda kA nAza dekha le / ' nanda ne cANakya ko giraphtAra karanA - cAhA; para cANakya to cANakya thA - tIvra pratibhA kA dhanI / vada nikala gayA / cANakya aura candragupta kI ekatA cANakya ko eka aise nirbhIka bahAdura aura yogya senApati ko jarUrata thI, jo mRtyu kI upekSA karake magadha sAmrAjya se TakarA sake; aura candragupta ko eka aise nIti-nipuNa rAjanItijJa kI jarUrata thI, jo - sAmrAjya kI rAjanIti ko viphala karake prajA kA vizvAsa arjita kara ske| donoM eka dUsare ke pUraka the, isalie donoM mila gaye / cANakya aura candragupta ke caritra ko dekha kara aisA lagatA hai ki usa samaya bhAratIya medhA aura bhAratIya vIratA zrAja kI bhA~ti kuMThita nahIM huI thI, / usa samaya bhAratIya jIvana - jo zaktizAlI ke sAmane ghuTane Teka detI - aura samAja meM puruSArtha kI mahattA thI / brAhmaNa cANakya aura senApati - candragupta puruSArthI the / sAdhanahIna hote hue bhI donoM dhuna ke pakke the,

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( 26 ) donoM ko apane uddezya kA bhalIbhA~ti jJAna thA, donoM apane uddezya ke lie maranA jAnate the / isalie itihAsa batAtA hai ki ve saphala hue| ___ rAjya para adhikAra karane ke lie senA kI jarUrata hotI hai aura senA ekatra karane ke lie dhana kii| kucha dhana ekatra kara donoM ne vindhyATavI ke kisI bhAga se magadha sAmrAjya ko lalakArA; para Tika na sake / hAra gye| isa sambandha kI eka kahAnI prasiddha hai| eka bAra candragupta aura cANakya veSa badalakara ghUma rahe the| ve eka gA~va meM eka vRddhA ke ghara Tike the| vRddhA apane lar3ake ko roTI banA kara khilA rahI thii| lar3akA jarA zaukIna thaa| roTI ke kinAroM ko chor3a kara bIca kA hissA khAtA jA rahA thA / isa para vRddhA ne kahA-'tU bhI candragupta jaisA mUrkha hai, jisane rAja lene kA prayatna kiyaa|' lar3ake ne kahA-'mA~, candragupta ne rAjya lene meM mUrkhatA kyA kI aura maiM kyA kara rahA huuN|' isa para mAtA ne kahA-'candragupta samrATa banane calA thA; para sImA pradeza ko dakhala kiye binA, rAjya ke madhya bhAga para hamalA karanA zurU kara diyaa| aura donoM ora ke dabAva meM par3akara pisa gayA--hAra gyaa| aura tU kinAre se roTI na khAkara bIca kA khAtA hai| isase roTI ke bhApa se hAtha jlegaa|' candragupta aura cANakya ne ise sunA, unakI A~kheM khulii| donoM bhArata ke pazcimI bhAga meM cale gaye, jo magadha sAmrAjya ke bAhara thA, jahA~ ko sthiti se cANakya pUrNa paricita thA-jisa pradeza kA vaha rahane vAlA thaa| jahA~ bhAr3e ke sainika AsAnI se mila sakate the| jahA~ sikandara kI senA uthala-puthala macAye thii| vahIM candragupta sikandara se milA / use magadha kI ora bar3hane ke liye lalakArA bhI-para apane svAbhimAna ko rakha kara / bAda meM usI pradeza meM rahakara candragupta aura cANakya ne sikandara kI senA ke pIche vidroha karavAnA zurU kiyaa| isase sikandara kI ulajhaneM bar3ha gyiiN| vaha parezAna huaaa| usakI senA thaka gayI thii|

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*lAcAra hokara sikandara ko vApasa lauTanA pdd'aa| para ina sArI paristhitiyoM se phAyadA uThAkara candragupta aura cANakya ne udhara ke rAjAoM ko milA kara tathA aura bhI prayatna kara apanI senA juttaalii| aura unhoMne magadha para AkramaNa kara diyaa| rAjanItika dAva peMca-- magadha-samrATa nanda ke pAsa senA kI kamI nahIM thii| vaha ugrasena thA hii| usake pAsa hathiyAroM kI bhI kamI nahIM thii| para candragupta ne grIka vijetA sikandara ke yuddha-kauzala ko dekhA aura samajhA thA; kintu -yaha bhI koI bar3I bAta nahIM thii| candragupta ke pAsa saba se bar3I bAta thI cANakya kI nIti-nipuNatA aura nandoM kI sabase bar3I kamajorI-unakA prajA meM apriya honaa| magadha-samrATa nanda apane hI mitroM aura kuTumbiyoM ko asantuSTa kiye hue the, jisa kAraNa unake ghara kA bheda bAhara jA sakatA thA / aura cANakya ke guptacara unake ghara meM ghuse the| nanda rAje saMskAra vihIna, uddaNDa, krUra aura lobhI prasiddha the| isalie janatA para prabhAva rakhane vAlA samudAya-usa yuga ke par3he likhe aura janatA meM pratiSThita loga, nanda rAjAtroM ke viruddha the--ve sabhI candragupta se sahAnubhUti rakhate the| isa kAraNa magadha sAmrAjya kI senA-nandoM kI senA-pIche haTatI gayI aura candragupta magadha meM ghusatA calA gyaa| para aba candragupta kA sAmanA nanda rAjAtroM se nahIM, magadha-sAmrAjya ke pradhAna mantrI brAhmaNa rAkSasa se bhI thA, jisake bar3oM ne patita nandoM ko siMhAsana para baiThAyA thaa| rAkSasa apUrva pratibhAvAn rAjanItijJa thaa| rAjanIti meM usake hAtha save the / usane candragupta ke sahAyaka rAjAzroM meM phUTa DalavA kara unheM Apasa meM hI lar3avA dene kA prayatna kiyaa| para candragupta kA sahAyaka cANakya thAapane nIti-jJAna dvArA bhaviSya draSTA, jise sampUrNa sAmAjika sthiti aura rAjanIti kA jJAna thaa| cANakya ne apanI kUTanIti-nipuNatA dvArA rAkSasa kI nIti ko bekAra kara diyaa| magadha meM rAkSasa ne candragupta kI hatyA kA

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Sar3ayantra racA ; para candraguta kA kavaca to cANakya thaa| rAvasa kA vAra khAlI gayA ; kintu rAkSasa ne vijetA candragupta ke sAmane ghuTane nahIM tteke| vaha cATukAra aura avasarasevI, aisA brAhmaNa nahIM thA jo matalaba nikala jAne para sAthI ko dhokhA de diyA karate haiN| usane apane parivAra ko candanadAsa nAmaka apane eka zreSThI mitra ke yahA~ chipA diyA aura svayaM candragupta ko vinaSTa karane kA prayatna zurU kiyaa| idhara cANakya bahuta hI dUradarzI rAjanItijJa thaa| vaha candragupta maurya ke rAjya ko sthAyo karake sampUrNa bhAratavarSa ko eka aura mahAna karanA cAhatA thaa| usane sikandara ke hamale ke samaya paMjAba meM dekhA thA ki choTe-choTe rAjya kucha kara nahIM sakate-choTe-choTe rAjyoM kA astitva deza ke liye khatarA hai| isIlie vaha rAkSasa ko milAkara, magadha kI prAntarika rAjanIti kI ora se nizcinta hokara sampUrNa bhArata ko eka karanA cAhatA thaa| isIlie usane apane guptacaroM dvArA yaha khabara phailA dI ki cUMki candanadAsa rAkSasa kA patA nahIM batA rahA hai, isalie usako sUlI kI sajA dI jAyagI / rAkSasa apane mitra kI durdazA ko sahana nahIM kara skaa| mudrArAkSasa ke anusAra rAkSasa ne candragupta ko AtmasamarpaNa kara diyA aura cANakya ne prakaTa hokara use milA liyaa| para mudrArAkSasa nATaka ko yaha ghaTanA kahAM taka satya hai, yaha nahIM kahA jA sakatA, kyoMki candragupta ke mantriyoM meM kisI rAkSasa kA patA nahI cltaa| kintu isase itanA saMketa milatA hai ki jisa brAhmaNa rAjanIti ne vrAtya kSatriya rAjya ke viruddha zUdra rAjya kI sthApanA kI thI ; usane rAjanItijJa cANakya ke brAhmaNakSatriya sAjhe kI rAjanIti ko samajhA aura svIkAra kara liyA-yadyapi jyAdA dera taka yaha rAjanIti na Tika sako / parAjaya ke cihna miTAe candragupta maurya ne 321 I0 pU0 meM nandoM kA samUla nAzakara magadha ke siMhAsana para adhikAra kiyaa| magadha para adhikAra karane ke bAda candraguta

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( 32 ) aura cANakya ne paMjAba kI ora dhyAna diyA / sikandara paMjAba se vApasa jA cukA thA ; para usane apane jIte hue rAjyoM meM gavarnara rakha chor3e the| candragupta ne grIka gavarnaroM ko mAra DAlA athavA deza se bAhara kara diyA / usane grIka vijaya ke sampUrNa cihnoM taka ko paMjAba se miTA diyA / cANakya udhara kA hI rahane vAlA thA / vaha takSazilA vizvavidyAlaya meM AcArya bhI raha cukA thA / usake prayatna se grIka vijaya ke saMsmaraNa bhI naSTa ho gae / yahI kAraNa hai ki grIka vijaya ke sAhityika pramANa bhI nahIM milte| mahAna bhArata nanda sAmrAjya ko naSTa kara, grIkra vijaya ke sampUrNa cinhoM taka ko samApta kara cANakya aura candragupta apane mukhya rAjanItika uddezya kI ora phire / vaha mukhya rAjanItika udda ezya thA sampUrNa bhAratavarSa ko eka sabala rASTra ke rUpa meM pariNata kara denA / isake liye unhoMne sampUrNa bhAratavarSa kA digvijaya kiyA / kucha itihAsakAroM kA kahanA hai ki usane sampUrNa bhArata ko rauMda DAlA / choTe choTe rAjyoM ko jIta kara magadha sAmrAjya meM milA liyA / candragupta kI talavAra abhI rukI nahIM thI ki sikandara kA uttarAdhikArI selyUkasa ne sikandara ke jIte pradezoM ko punaH vApasa lene kI garaja se bhArata para hamalA kiyA / para isa samaya bhAratavarSa choTe-choTe Tukar3oM meM vibhakta aura asaMgaThita nahIM thA / sampUrNa bhAratIya rAjanIti kA sUtra saMcAlaka satata jAgarUka kUTanItijJa cANakya thA / bhAratIya bhUmi aura nItikI rakSA siMhaparAkrama candragupta kI talavAra karatI thI / deza kI pazcimottara sImA acchI taraha surakSita thI / zrataH candragupta kI senA ne Age bar3hakara selyUkasa ko roka diyA / yuddha huA / para isa bAra grIkoM ko jisa senA se pAlA par3A, vaha pahale se ekadama bhinna thI / candragupta ke abhyasta lar3Ake sainikoM ne selyUkasa ko burI taraha parAsta kara diyA / sandhi huI / selyUkasa ko apane aura cAra prAnta

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( 33 candragupta ko dene par3e / vijayI candragupta udAra thaa| selyUkasa ne apanI putrI candragupta ko byAha dii| donoM meM maitrI ho gayI / zrabaM bhArata kI pazcimI sImA hindUkuza taka pahu~ca gayI / candragupta ke sAmrAjya kI sImA pazcimottara meM hindukuza se dakSiNa-pUrva meM baMgAla kI khAr3I, aura uttara meM himAlaya se lekara dakSiNa meM maisUra rAjya taka thii| isa prakAra candragupta maurya aura cANakya ke netRtva meM bhAratavarSa kA sabase pahalA magadha meM kendrastha sAmrAjya saMgaThita huA / kauTilIya arthazAstra para cANakya takSazilA ke pAsa kA rahane vAlA vaidika brAhmaNa thA usakA karmakSetra vrAtya-bhUmi magadha thA / kUTanIti meM vaha prakhyAta thaa| vaha uddezya ko dekhane vAlA thA - - sAdhya-sAdhana ke cakkara se dUra / para usakA svayaM kA jIvana sAdhu kA jIvana thA -- tyAga, aparigraha aura saMyama kA pratIka / usake sAmane mahAna bhArata kA nakzA thA / isIlie vaha rAjanIti meM shraayaa| usane candragupta ke sAmrAjya kA nirmANa kiyA aura usa sAmrAjya ke liye usI ne vyavasthA bhI dI / usane garva ke sAtha likhA - " jisane bar3e zramarSa ke sAtha zAstra kA, zastra kA aura nanda rAjA ke hAtha meM gayI huI pRthvI kA uddhAra kiyA, usI ne isa zAstra kI racanA kI / " aura bhI "satra zAstroM kA anugama karake aura prayoga samajha kara kauTilya ne narendra ke liye yaha zAsana kI vidhi ( vyavasthA ) banAyI / " isa vidhi vyavasthA kA nAma hai - "arthazAstra" / ise kauTilIya arthazAstra bhI kahate haiM / zAsana kA rUpa samrATa candragupta maurya ke zAsana kAla meM magadha sAmrAjya kA kendra samrATa thA / samrATa ke hI hAtha meM sampUrNa zakti kendrita thI / para zAsana kI suvidhA ke liye cANakya ne magadha sAmrAjya ko sAta aMgoM meM vibhakta

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kara diyA thaa| ve sAto aMga isa prakAra the-rAjA, amAtya janapada, durga, koSa senA aura mitra / ina aMgoM ke alAvA sAmrAjya kI sImA paMca cakroM se sambaddha thii| 1. uttara patha-isameM kamboja, gAndhAra, kAzmIra, aphagAnistAna, paMjAba zrAdi ke pradeza zAmila the| isakI rAjadhAnI takSazilA thii| 2. pazcimI cakra--isameM kAThiyAvAr3a-gujarAta se lagAkara rAja pUtAnA, mAlavA Adi ke pradeza zAmila the| ujjaina isakI rAjadhAnI thii| 3. dakSiNa patha-bindhyAcala se nIce kA sArA pradeza / isakI rAjadhAnI suvarNa giri thii| 4. kaliMga-isakI rAjadhAnI tosalI thii| 5. madhyadeza-isameM bihAra, baMgAla, aura uttara pradeza zAmila the / isakI rAjadhAnI pATaliputra thii| cAra cakroM kA zAsana to rAjakumAra athavA rAjAmAtya karate the| para pAMcaveM cakra-arthAt-madhyadeza kA zAsana svayaM samrATa dekhate the| magadha sAmrAjya ke pAMcoM cakroM kI aura svayaM samrATa kI sahAyatA ke liye mantrimaNDala kA kAma salAha denA to thaa| para zAsaka use mAnane ke liye bAdhya nahIM the| vastutaH usako mAnanA na mAnanA samrATa kI vaiyaktika zakti para nirbhara thaa| para Ama taura se samrATa mantrimaNDala kI rAya ko mAnate the| mantrimaNDala ke kArya the-1. rAjya dvArA prastAvita kAmoM ko prArambha karanA, 2. jo kAma prArambha ho gaye hoM, unako pUrA karanA, 3. jo kAma pUre ho gaye hoM, unameM aura bhI vRddhi karanA aura 4. saba kAmoM kI pUrti ke liye sAdhana ekatra karanA /

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( 5 ) senA, nyAya aura vyavahAra ko samrATa dekhate the| sAmrAjya ke ucca 'padastha padAdhikAriyoM kI niyukti, pararASTra nIti tathA guptacara vibhAga kA saMcAlana aura sAmrAjya bhara ke Aya-vyaya kA nirIkSaNa svayaM samrATa candragupta maurya karate the| isa prakAra sampUrNa magadha sAmrAjya kI vAstavika zakti samrATa meM kendrita thii| pATaliputra kA nagarazAsana maurya yuga meM pATaliputra magadha sAmrAjya kI rAjadhAnI thii| isake cAroM ora lakar3I kI caur3I prAcIra thii| isa prAcIra ke bhagnAvazeSa paTanA ke kumar3ahAra grAma ke pAsa relave lAina ke usa pAra eka gaDDhe meM milA hai| prAcIra ke pAsa gaharI khAI thii| isa khAI kI gaharAI 45 phiTa aura caur3AI 600 phiTa thii| prAcIroM se lage hue 570 burja the| nagara meM praveza karane ke liye 64 phATaka the| pATaliputra nagara ke zAsana ke liye 6 samitiyoM kA eka samUha thA aura pratyeka samiti meM 5-5 sadasya the| ye samitiyA~ isa prakAra thIM: 1. zilpakalA samiti--isakA kAma thA audyogika kalAtroM kI dekha-rekha karanA, unake aujAroM ko samhAla rakhanA, udyoga sAmagriyoM kA prabandha karanA, kArIgaroM ke pArizramika kA nirNaya karanA aura kalAkAroM kI rakSA krnaa| kalAkAroM ( kArIgaroM) kI itanI hiphAjata kI jAtI thI ki unakA / aMga-bhaMga karane vAle ko mRtyudaNDa taka kI sajA kA vidhAna thaa| vaidezika samiti-isakA kAma thA videziyoM kI gatividhi para najara rkhnaa| videziyoM ke nivAsa, bhojana, auSadha aura atyeSThi-kriyA kA bhI prabandha yaha samiti karatI thii| mRta

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videziyoM ke pAsa jo dhana milatA thA, use unake vArisoM ko de diyA jAtA thaa| 3. janagaNanA samiti-isakA kAma thA nagara kI janatA kI janma-mRtyu kA lekhA-jokhA rkhnaa| yaha lekhA-jokhA bahuta vyApaka taura se hotA thaa| pezA, jAti, varNa, dAsa, dAsI, naukara, parivAra ke prANiyoM kI pUrI saMkhyA-lar3ake, lar3akiyA~ strI, puruSa Adi-AmadanI aura kharca sabhI kI tAlikA isa vibhAga meM prastuta rahatI thii| 4. vANijya vyavasAya samiti--isakA kAma vyApAra para dekha rekha rakhanA thaa| eka se adhika vastuoM kA vyApAra karane vAloM ko usI ausata se kara denA par3atA thaa| vastu nirIkSaNa samiti--yaha samiti vyavasAyiyoM para satarka dRSTi rakhatI thii| audyogika vastuoM ke utpAdakoM ke liye naye aura purAne mAla kA mizraNa aparAdha karAra diyA gayA thaa| anucita lAbha lene vAloM ko daNDa bhI diyA jAtA thaa| kara samiti-isa samiti kA kAma thA cuMgI vasUla krnaa| kucha vastuoM para vikraya kara bhI lagatA thaa| usakA vasUla karanA bhI isI samiti kA kAma thaa| isase bacane kA prayatna karane vAle ko mRtyudaNDa taka kI sajA dI jAtI thii| inake alAvA sArvajanika bhojanAlaya, pulisa, jela, manoraMjana aura nAgarikoM ke svAsthya para bhI dhyAna rakhanA isa nAgarika zAsana ke andara thaa| isa prakAra sadasyoM kI nagara sabhA sampUrNa nagara kA samyaka prakAreNa zAsana karatI thii| itihAsa ke vidvAnoM kA mata hai ki jisa prakAra kA nagara zAsana pATaliputra meM thA, usI prakAra kA zAsana deza ke aura bhI anya mahattvapUrNa nagaroM meM rahA hogaa|

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senA kA saMgaThana ; candragupta maurya ne 'sarvatrAntaka' aura 'ugrasena' nandoM kA nAza kiyA thA, jisakA koSa ananta thA aura jisakI sainika zakti apAra thI usane paMjAba se grIka vijetA sikandara ke AkramaNa - cinhoM taka ko niHzeSa kara diyA thA ; selyUkasa ko parAsta kiyA thA; aura sampUrNa bhArata ko jItakara bhAratabhUmi meM prabala parAkramI sAmrAjya kAyama kiyA thA / rAjanItika dRSTi se usake sabhI kArya eka se eka bar3ha kara the / para isI lie usakI sainika zakti prabala thI / mahAbhArata Adi granthoM tathA aura bhI bhAratIya sAhitya meM 'padAti. hayadala, rathadala aura gajadala' kI caturaMgiNI senA kA ullekha hai / candragupta maurya ne nau senA kA bhI bar3A acchA saMgaThana kiyA thA / yadyapi senA ke sabhI aMgoM ke senApati the; para usakA sampUrNa adhikAra samrATa ke hAthoM meM kendrita thA / candragupta usa yuga ke zreSTha senApati bhI the / sainya saMgaThana ke tIna upavibhAga the 1 durga aura rakSA 2 astra-zastra nirmANa aura zastrAgAra tathA 3 senA / candragupta maurya kI caturaMgiNI senA meM padAti 6 lAkha, azvArohI 30 hajAra, hAthI 36 ijAra aura ratha 24 hajAra the / inake alAvA nau senA bhA thI / isa vizAla senA ke prabandha ke liye yuddha kA eka svatantra vibhAga thA / isake chatIsa sadasya the, jo chaH-chaH kI samitiyoM meM vibhakta the 1 ye samitiyA~ . aura unake prabandha ke adhikaraNa nimnalikhita the : 1 samiti saM0 1 samiti saM0 2 samiti saM0 3 samiti saM0 4 samiti saM0 5 samiti saM0 6 nau senA | sainya sAdhana prastuta karane vAlA adhikaraNa | padAti / azva / ratha / gaja /

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( 38 ) prajA kI sevA ___ candragupta kA jIvana vyasta, ghaTanAbahula aura raktAMkita hI nahIM thaa| usake jIvana meM aizvarya bhI thaa| usane apane nivAsa ke liye vizAla prAsAda kA nirmANa karAyA thaa| vaha prAsAda eka suvistRta udyAna ke bIcobIca khar3A thaa| usake stambha sunahare the aura udyAna meM kRtrima matsyahrada tathA nibhRta kuJja the| usakI vismayajanaka vibhUti ke sAmane zUSA aura ekavatAnA ke IrAnI mahaloM kA saundarya bhI phIkA par3a jAtA thaa| prAyaH kASTha kA banA hone ke kAraNa prakRti ke saMhAraka kAraNoM se vaha to naSTa ho gayA ; para paTanA ke pAsa kumaDahAra gA~va meM usake AdhAra ke bhagnAvazeSa aba bhI haiN| candragupta ke rAjadarabAra ke patthara ke gola aura cikane khambhe vahA~ mile haiN| candragupta ne lagabhaga caubIsa varSa rAjya kiyaa| usakA rAjya bahuta haMgaThita aura suvyasthita thaa| sAmrAjya ke vibhinna kendroM aura nagaroM ko milAne ke liye sar3akeM banI huI thiiN| sar3akoM ke kinAre vRkSa lage the| sthAna sthAna para pAnthazAlAe~ thiiN| siMcAI ke liye nahareM banI thiiN| bahuta se cikitsAlaya the, jahA~ muphta auSadhiyA~ milatI thIM--sabhI sthAnoM para vaidyoM kA prabandha thA / nagaroM kI saphAI aura bhojana kI zuddhatA para vizeSa dhyAna diyA jAtA thaa| zikSA kA bhI prabandha thA aura zikSakoM kI vRtti ba~dhI thI / surASTra meM sudarzana jhIla candragupta ke prAntIya gavarnara puSpagupta ne banavAyA thaa| siMha parAkrama candragupta kA antima jIvana ___ mahAna parAkramI candragupta, jisake jIvana kA prArambha eka sainika se huaA thA aura jisane eka bahuta bar3e sAmrAjya ko dharAzAyI kiyA tathA jisane svayaM eka bahuta bar3e sAmrAjya kA nirmANa kiyA ; jisakA vAhya jIvana bahuta hI vyasta aura sakhta thA ; para usakA antara kucha aura thA ! jIvana ke antima prahara meM vaha antarmukha ho gyaa| jisane talavAra se

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( 36 ) bhAratavarSa kI sImA khIMcI thI, jo khUna kI nadI meM tairatA thA, jisane jIvana meM sabhI sukha-aizvarya kA bhoga kiyA, vaha anta meM hiMsaka ho gyaa| usake cAro ora buddha aura mahAvIra kI ahiMsA kA vAtAvaraNa thA / usake janmasthAna moriya gaNatantra meM mahAvIra ko zikSA pratiSThita ho cukI thI / zAyada kizorAvasthA meM usake mana para jaina dharma kA prabhAva par3A thaa| kahA jAtA hai ki usake rAjyakAla meM magadha meM ghora akAla par3A - zAyada use rokane ke prayatna vaha asaphala rhaa| isake bAda vaha jainAcArya bhadrabAhu ke sAtha maisUra kI ora calA gayA, jahA~ usane anazana karake zarIra kA tyAga kiyA / itihAsakAra cAhe isa para do rAya rakheM, para yaha mRtyu nizcaya hI mahAvIra candragupta ke anukUla thI / javAnI meM mRtyu se A~kha micaunI kA khela khelA; mRtyu ko sadA sahacarI samajhA, usane anta meM mRtyu ko apane nikaTa baiThAkara, prasannatA pUrvaka usa anupama sundarI ko tRpta kiyA / bindusAra candragupta ke bAda usakA putra vindusAra 267 I0 pU0 meM magadha sAmrAjya ke siMhAsana para baiThA / candragupta ke bAda bhI cANakya jIvita thA aura kucha kAla taka usIne vindusAra ke sAmrAjya kA nIti-saMcAlana kiyA / vindusAra kI rAjanIti bhI cANakya ke siddhAntoM para AdhArita thii| usane dakSiNApatha ke una rAjyoM ko jItakara magadha sAmrAjya meM milAyA, jo candragupta ke abhiyAna meM baca gaye the / para phira bhI usane candragupta jaisA koI mahAna kArya nahIM kiyaa| usake kAla meM bhAratIya sAmrAjya kI nIva aura bhI gaharI ho gayI / vijetA azoka vindusAra kI mRtyu ke bAda kucha samaya taka magadha sAmrAjya meM avyavasthA thii| usake do putroM-sutrIma aura zoka meM sAmrAjya ke

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liye saMgharSa huzrA; para suSIya bar3A hokara bhI lokapriya nahIM thA / sAmrAjya ke mantriyoM kA bhI samarthana use prApta nahIM thaa| isa kAraNa usakA anta kaise huzrA, hasakA vRttAnta bhI zeSa nahIM rahA / azoka ne 272 I0 pU0 meM magadha sAmrAjya para adhikAra kiyA aura sAmrAjya kI avyavasthAtroM ko zAntakara 268 I0 pU0 meM apanA rAjyAbhiSeka krvaayaa| ___ azoka asAdhAraNa pratibhA kA asAdhAraNa samrAT thaa| usa jaisA rAjA saMsAra meM na kabhI pahale huaA thA aura na usake bAda meM / aisA lagatA hai ki prakRti ne azoka ko DhAlakara sA~cA tor3a diyA / azoka meM usake pitAmaha candragupta ke yauvana kI vIratA aura usake vArdhakya kI virakti donoM thii| donoM kA vikasita rUpa thaa| candragupta ne apane parAkrama se magadha sAmrAjya kAyama kiyA thA / azoka ne apane parAkrama aura caritra se suSIma ko lAMgha kara magadha sAmrAjya ko prApta kiyaa| aATha varSa taka usane apane virodhiyoM ko samApta kiyaa| virodhiyoM se nipaTa kara usane apanI kSAtra paramparA kI ora dhyAna diyaa| vaha paramparA thI digvijaya kI prmpraa| ____ kaliMga kabhI magadha sAmrAjya ke andara thA; para dekhate hI dekhate vaha svatantra ho gyaa| sambhavataH kaliMga usa samaya svatantra huaA jA azoka apanI prAntarika rAjanIti meM vyasta thaa| isIlie udhara se chuTTI pA kara usane kaliMga kI ora dhyAna diyaa| azoka ne kaliMga para AkramaNa kara diyaa| kaliMga kI bhI sainya-zakti prabala thii| unameM asAdhAraNa svadeza prema thaa| unhoMne magadha se DaTa kara morcA liyaa| bhISaNa yuddha huzrA / kaliMga phira bhI na jhukA / samrATa azoka kupita ho utthaa| saMgrAma aura bhI bhISaNa huaA / lAzoM se dharatI paTa gyii| Der3ha lAkha sainika pakar3e gaye, eka lAkha mAre gaye aura isase kahIM jyAdA yuddha se utpanna rogoM ke zikAra hue| karIba karIba sArA kaliMga samrATa azoka kI talavAra ke nIce A gyaa|

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( 41 ) mahAna azoka azoka vijayI huA; para khUna meM nahAkara / usake cAro ora vedanA, cItkAra, bubhukSA aura hA-hAkAra thA / kaliMga ne apanI svAdhInatA ke liye apanA saba kucha homa diyA thA / itanA bar3A tyAga bekAra na gayA / usane mahAna azoka ke susaMskRta mAnasa meM karuNA kA rUpa liyA / krUrakarmA zoka kA mAnava hRdaya karuNA se abhibhUta ho gayA / usakA antaratama apane kRtya kI dAruNatA se hila gayA / digvijayI azoka sahasA badala gayA / usane apanI dRr3ha muTThI se talavAra ko alaga kara diyA aura rakta-sika cAhutroM ko uThAkara pratijJA kI - 'aba se vaha yuddha dvArA vijaya na karegA, vaha prema dvArA digvajaya karegA, dharma vijaya kregaa|' isa prakAra azoka kA bherI-ghoSa, dharma-ghoSa meM badala gayA / hiMsA kA sthAna prema, bhrAtRbhAva aura prANimAtra kI sevA ne liyA / bauddha anuzrutiyoM kA kathana hai ki azoka suSIma-putra nigrodha ke kAraNa bauddha dharma kI ora AkRSTa huA aura upagupta dvArA dIkSita | parantu jisa ghaTanA ne vastutaH usako badala diyA, vaha kaliMga yuddha thA / azoka ne bauddha dharma svIkAra kara liyA; para vaha sampradAyika bauddha kabhI nahIM thA / azoka kA dharma thA - saMyama, bhAvazuddhi, kRtajJatA, dRDhabhakti, antara aura bAhara kI saphAI, sAdhutA, dayA, dAna, satya ; mAtApitA, guru aura bar3e bUr3hoM ke prati sevA aura zraddhA ; brAhmaNoM, bhramaNoM, bandhu-bAndhavoM, dukhiyoM Adi ke prati dAna aura ucita zrAdara / azoka na kevala sAmpradAyikatA se Upara thA, balki prArambha meM to usane sAmpradAyikatA ko kama karane kA prayatna bhI kiyaa| usa kAla meM samAja meM kalaha ke mukhya kAraNa sAmpradAyika hote the; isalie azoka ne apanI prajA meM sahiSNutA kA upadeza kiyaa| svayaM to vaha sAre dharmoM kA Adara karatA hI thA, usane apanI prajA se bhI vaisA hI zrAcaraNa karAnA cAhA / isIlie usane apane zilA lekha meM khudavAyA ki sAre dhArmoM ke

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( 41 ) sArabhUta tatvoM kI vRddhi se bar3hakara anya koI dAna nahIM hai| sabhI sampradAyoM kA zrAdara karanA cAhie / bahuzrutatA bahuta bar3A guNA hai| AdamI meM jakra bahuzrutatA hogI to vaha dUsaroM kA Adara kara sakegA / isIlie usane bahuzrutatA para jora diyA / svayaM azoka ne sAre sampradAyoM kA zrAdara kiyA / zrAjIvikoM ke lie darI-gRha khudavAe, brAhmaNoM, zramaNoM, nirgranthoM Adi sabhI ke sAtha - samAna aura zraddhApUrNa zrAcaraNa kiyA / usane kahA ki cU~ki sAre dharma saMyama aura cittazuddhi para jora dete haiM, isalie sabhI meM sadbhAvanA honI cAhie / para phira bhI vaha bauddha thA / usakA vizeSa jhukAva bauddha dharma kI ora hI thA / azoka ke dhArmika kArya azoka dRr3ha caritra aura mahAvIra thA / dharma vijaya meM bhI usakI nIti meM vIratA thI / usa kAla meM dharma ke nAma para nAnA prakAra kI rUr3hiyoM kA pracalana thA / samAja meM sanAtana brAhmaNa dharma kA jora thA / jAtI thI / azoka ko prAdhi usane dRr3hatApUrvaka sAre yajJAnuSThAnoM yajJoM aura pUjAzroM meM pazubali dI anucita aura dharma mAlUma huA / / meM prANivadha ko apanI zrAjJA dvArA roka diyaa| Aja ke isa pragatizIla yuga meM hindUkoDavila ke bahasa ho rahI hai / para azoka kAyara nItijJoM kI thA, balAbala dekhakara calatA thaa| jise sahI samajhatA thA, usa para svayaM bhI calatA thA aura apanI prajA ko bhI calAtA thA usane dharma kI dizA meM brAhmaNa dharma kI hI anucita bAtoM kA virodha nahIM kiyA / bauddhadharma ke doSoM kA bhI dRr3hatApUrvaka virodha kiyA / usane bauddhadharma kI tIsarI saMgIti bulaaii| bauddhadharma ke nizcita rUpa ko nirdhArita karAyA / aura bauddha saMgha meM jo DhoMgI-pAkhaNDI bhikSu ghusa gaye the, pIlAvastra pahanakara jo maje meM hA pUr3I ur3A rahe the, kahA jAtA hai ki aise sATha hajAra bhikSutroM kA vastra chInakara unheM saMgha se nikalavA diyA / yuddha meM hathiyAroM se laisa sambandha meM varSoM se bhAMti bahasI nahIM

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zatru se lar3ane meM jaisI vIratA Avazyaka hai, dhArmika sudhAra meM usase jyAdA vIratA kI jarUrata par3atI hai| azoka mahAvIra thA, usakA sAmrAjya suvistRta thA, usakA citta sAdhu thA aura usakA hRdaya bhI vizAla thaa| usake hRdaya meM mAnava mAtra ke liye hI nahIM, prANimAtra ke liye karuNA thii| usane manuSyoM kA hI nahIM pazutroM kA bhI dhyAna rkhaa| manuSya kI cikitsA to kisI na kisI rUpa meM hotI zrAI thii| parantu pazuoM kI cikitsA para usase pahale kisI ne dhyAna nahIM diyA thaa| azoka kI udAratA manuSya jagata ko lAMgha kara, mUka pazujagata meM bhI calI gyii| usane deza-videza meM jo auSadhAlaya khole, usameM mUka aura rugNa pazuoM kA bhI prabandha kiyaa| apane hI sAmrAjya meM nahIM, usake bAhara dakSiNa ke svatantra rAjyoM aura yUropa, eziyA tathA aphrIkA ke grIka rAjyoM meM sarvatra usane mAnava" aura pazu cikitsA kI yojanA kii| jahAM jahA~ cikitsA sambandhI auSadhiyA~ na thIM, vahA~ anya sthAnoM se jar3I bUTI ke bIja aura kalama maMgAkara lagAe gae / cola, pANDya, satiyaputra aura keralaputra (sambhavataH, siMhala bhI), sIriyA kA aMtiyoka (antiyokasa dvitIya mahAna 261-. 47 I0 pU0), misra kA turabhAyA (tAlemI dvitIya fAilADelphas 285 46 I0 pU0), makadUniyA kA aMtekina (aintigonasa gonetas 278-36 I0 pU0), sAirita kA maga (megas 300-258 I0 pU0) aura epirasa kA alikasudaroM (alegjenDara 272-58 I0 pU0) Adi dvArA anya dezoM meM azoka ne manuSyoM aura pazuoM ke roga-mocana kA prayatna kiyaa| bauddha dharma kI tIsarI saMgIti bauddhoM kI saMgIti eka prakAra kI bauddhasaMgha kI asAdhAraNa baiThaka thI, jo bahuta mahatva ke nirNayoM ke liye huzrA karatI thii| buddha ke nirvANa' se azoka ke pahale taka kevala do bAra saMgIti bulAI gayI thii| azoka ke samaya taka bauddhadharma meM aneka sampradAya aura matamatA tara bana gaye the,

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( 4 ) 'jinameM paraspara jhagar3e hote rahate the| inhIM jhagar3oM ko miTAne ke liye apane abhiSeka ke satrahaveM varSa meM azoka ne pATaliputra meM tIsarI saMgIti bulaaii| isake adhyakSa moggaliputta tissa the| saMgIti kI isa baiThaka kA bauddha dharma ke itihAsa se aura bhAratavarSa ke itihAsa se bahuta ghanA sambandha hai / isI saMgIti meM videzoM ke liye kucha dharma-dUta manonIta . kie gae / kAzmIra, gandhAra, himAlaya ke deza, mahiSamaNDala, suvarNa bhUmi, mahArASTra, yavana-deza aura laMkA Adi ko kramazaH manjhAntika, majjhima, mahAdeva, sona, uttara, mahAdharmarakSita, mahArakSita aura madendra bheje gae / ina pracArakoM ne ina vividha dezoM meM bauddhadharma kA pracAra kiyaa| isa prakAra ina sabhI videzoM se bhArata kA ghanA sambandha huaA-bauddhadharma vizva vyApaka dharma bnaa| azoka ne dharma pracAra ke liye apanI zAsana-vyavasthA meM bhI parivartana kiyaa| maurya zAsana bahuta kaThora thaa| usakI racanA dharmapracAra ke liye nahIM, sAmrAjya vistAra ke liye huI thii| isaliye azoka ne apane dharma pracAra ke anukUla use komala kiyaa| dharma mahAmAtra kI naI niyukti kI / rAjyAdhikAriyoM dvArA bhI dhArmika kAryoM ko protsAhita karAne kA kAma liyaa| azoka kI kalApriyatA ____ azoka mahAna nirmAtA bhI thaa| rAja-prAsAda, stUpa aura darIgRha, vAstu aura bhAskarya ke apratima pratIka, hRda aura kSetra-praNAlikAe~, kUpa aura tarusevita rAjapatha, vizrAmazAlAeM aura zrAmavATikAtroM kA usane -vyApaka paimAne para nirmANa krvaayaa| anuzrutiyoM ke anusAra usI ne kazmIra ke zrInagara aura nepAla ke lalitapATana kA nirmANa karavAyA thA / usane apane pitAmaha candagupta ke banavAye rAja-prasAda meM bahuta parivartana karavAyA thaa| ye parivartana bhI itane mahAna the ki pAcavIM sadI ke prArambha kA cInI yAtrI use dekhakara daMga raha gyaa| usane likhA:

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"rAja-prAsAda aura bhavana nagara ke bIco bIca kala kI hI bhA~ti zrAja bhI khar3e haiN| unakA nirmANa azoka ke dvArA prayukta devo ne kiyA thA, jinhoMne patthara ke Upara patthara rakhe, dIvAreM aura dvAra khar3e kiye, utkhacana aura takSaNa kArya sampAdita kiye, jo isa dharatI para manuSya nahIM kara skte|" yahI nahIM samrATa azoka ke sabase mahatvapUrNa nirmANa kAryoM meM prastara stambha aura abhilekha haiM / ina stambhoM kI kalA apratima hai aura inakA Azcarya janaka 'finiza' bhAratIya vAstu kA gaurava / ye stambha U~cAI meM prAyaH pacAsa phITa aura vajana meM prAyaH pacAsa Tana ke haiN| para ye sabhI eka hI patthara ke haiM aura cunAra meM banAkara bAhara le jAe gaye haiN| ye moma battI kI bhAMti nIce moTe Upara patale aura niSkalaMka haiN| inake do bhAga haiM, nIce kA daNDa aura Upara kA mastaka / mastaka ke bhAga haiM nIce ghaMTAnumA prAkRti athavA adhomukha kamala, bIca kA Drama aura Upara kI korI pazumUrti / Drama ke Upara aneka pazu aura cakrAdi kI prAkRtiyA~ banI hotI haiM, Upara siMha, vRSabha, azva tathA gaja Adi meM se koI eka hai / sAranAtha ke stambha para cAra siMha bane hue haiN| ina pazutroM kI zirAe~ sApha nikalI huI aura sajIva haiN| ina para aisI camakIlI pAliza hai ki ye stambha dhAtu ke bane mAlUma hote haiN| yaha pAliza maurya kAlIna hai, jo azoka ke bAda sadaiva ke liye uTha gyii| maurya kAla meM bhArata kA IrAna Adi dezoM se dhanA maitrI sambandha thA; Apasa meM AdAna-pradAna thA / isa AdAna-pradAna kA prabhAva ina kalAtroM para bhI par3A hai| azoka ke pahale abhilekhoM kI prathA bharata meM nahIM thii| para IrAna meM stambhoM aura caTTAnoM para prazastiyA~ tathA ghoSaNAe~ khudatI thiiN| devAnAMpriya azoka kA apane lie sambodhana bhI IrAnI anukaraNa para hai| samrATa azoka mahAna udAra the| unhoMne jo bhI acchI vastu jahA~ se milI, use apanA liyA / isI kAraNa ve saralatA se isa IrAnI kalA ko svIkAra kara sake / sAmpradAyika dRSTi se udAra hote hue bhI azoka bauddha the| sAmpradA

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'pika pakSapAta se bacane ke satata prayatna ke bAvajUda bhI bauddhadharma ke prati unakA jyAdA jhukAva thaa| isalie anya sampradAyoM meM unakI aAlocAnA mI huI / bauddhadharma ko barAbara dAna dete rahane meM unhoMne koSa kI ora bhI dhyAna na diyaa| isI kAraNa unakI dAnavRtti para pradhAna mantrI rAdhAgupta ko niyantraNa rakhanA par3A / isa kAraNa samrATa azoka bahuta dukhI hue| isI dukha meM unhoMne zarIra chor3a diyaa| azoka kI nIti ko AlocanA. maurya sAmrAjya zakti se arjita thaa| use candragupta kI bhujAoM ne aura nIti-niSNAta cANakya ko medhA ne khar3A kiyA thaa| vindusAra ko.bhI yuddhoM se kama hI phursata milI thii| aneka janapadoM aura saMgha-rAjyoM ko tor3a kara usane magadha sAmrAjya meM milAyA thaa| para usa samaya bhAratIya jIvana meM svAbhimAna aura zAna kI mAtrA bhI bharapUra thii| kaliMga kucha samaya taka to magadha sAmrAjya meM thaa| kintu bindusAra kI mRtyu se azoka ke rAjyAbhiSeka kI alpa avadhi meM hI maukA milate hI usane magadha sAmrAjya kA jutrA apane kandhe se utAra pheMkA / bAda meM use magadha sAmrAjya meM milAne ke liye samrATa azoka ko vikaTa saMgrAma karanA 'par3A / kaliMga ne bhI apanA saba kucha homa kara magadha sAmrAjya kA sAmanA kiyaa| aisI thI, usa samaya bhAratIya jIvana meM svAdhInatA kI pyAsa / para sikandara kI ThokaroM ke bAda eka sAmrAjya ke antargata deza ke sabhI hissoM ko lAkara, sampUrNa bhArata ko eka rASTra karanA bhI parama Avazyaka thaa| candragupta aura cANakya kI yahI nIti thii| maurya sAmrAjya meM yaha parAkramapUrNa prayatna vindusAra ke samaya taka claa| isIlie vindusAra ne apanA viruda amitraghAta (zatru ko mArane vAlA) rkhaa| para azoka ke kAla meM kaliMga ne mauryo kI sainika nIti ko apane prANoM kI bAjI lagA kara cunautI dii| vijetA azoka ne bhI kaliMga ko kucala diyaa|

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para azoka mahAna thA--mahAna dhArmika ho nahIM, yoddhA bhI, nItiza bhii| usane kaliMgavijaya ke avasara para samajha liyA ki aba sainika nIti ThIka nahIM / sambhavataH isalie bhI usane mauryoM kI sainika nIti ko kSamA nIti meM badala diyaa| aura jaba taka azoka jIvita thA, usakI kSamA nIti se sAmrAjya ke pAye khisake nhiiN| isase bhI siddha hai ki azoka taka kSamA nIti burI nahIM thii| para burA thA azoka kA rASTra-dharma kI sImA taka bauddha dharma ko svIkAra kara lenaa| yaha ThIka hai ki azoka magadha ke vAtAvaraNa se bAdhya the| bimbisAra se lekara azoka taka magadha meM jaina athavA bauddha prabhAba chAyA thaa| sabhI rAjAtroM para eka na eka dharma kA prabhAva thaa| para yaha bhI saca hai ki kisI ne talavAra alaga nahIM rakhI thii| ajAtazatru ne to vijaya kiye the| kisI ne rASTrIya mamatA aura zatrudvaSI bhAvanA ko zithila nahIM par3ane diyA thaa| yahI kAraNa thA ki jaina aura bauddha dharma kI ahiMsA ke prabhAva ke rahate hue bhI magadha sAmrAjya bar3hatA gyaa| para samrATa azoka ne to usa samaya sampUrNa rUpa se talavAra alaga kara dI, jaba sAmrAjya kA eka mAtra prAdhAra hI daNDa mAnA jAtA thaa| samrATa candragupta ne cAhe jaina dharma kI sAdhanA ke anukUla anazana karake zarIra na bhI tyAga ho para itanA to mAnanA hI par3egA ki usa para bhI jaina dharma kA prabhAva thaa| para usane jaina dharma ko vyaktigata rUpa se nibhAyA, use rASTradharma nahIM banA diyaa| kintu samrATa azoka ne to bauddha dharma ko rASTradharma kI sImA taka car3hA diyaa| sAmrAjya kI eka mAtra zakti talavAra ko alaga kara diyaa| yaha ThIka hai ki azoka ne apane kAla taka magadha sAmrAjya ko akSuNNa rkhaa| para ahiMsA ke kAraNa yaha nahIM huA; balki yaha isalie huA ki azoka candragupta aura bindusAra ke bAda kI kar3I thA--jIvana meM yuddhavijetA aura zakti kA pratIka thaa| usake kAla taka zakti kI dhAka thii| para usake marate hI maurya sAmrAjya ke tAratAra bikhara gye|

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azoka ke paravartI maurya___ azoka kI mRtyu ke bAda hI Andhra magadha se alaga ho gyaa| aba maurya sAmrAjya kI rAjanIti daNDa-durbala thii| aba vaha azoka nahIM thA, jo kaliMga kI bhA~ti hI Andhra ko bhI punaH magadha meM rakha letaa| daNDa se rakSita sAmrAjya, daNDa ke abhAva meM bikharane lgaa| azoka ke uttarAdhikArI baune aura kAyara hI nahIM, kamajora bhI the| azoka ke turata bAda kuNAla ( suyaza ) ke kAla meM hI azoka kA putra jAlauka kazmIra meM magadha se alaga ho gayA / dazaratha ( bandhupAlita ) ke kAla meM kaliMga bhI magadha se alaga ho gyaa| jaise ina baune mauryoM ke hAthoM ne talavAra pakar3anA sIkhA hI na ho / pUrvajoM dvArA arjita sampatti meM se dAna denA ye jAnate the| yaha AjIvaka sampradAya kA anuyAyI thA aura isane nAgArjunI kI pahAr3iyoM meM AjIvakoM ke liye guhAvihAra banavAye dazaratha ke bAda samprati magadha ke siMhAsana para baiThA / yaha jaina thA / kahA jAtA hai ki isane jaina-dharma ke liye vahI kAma kiye, jo azoka ne bauddha dharma ke liye kiyA thaa| sAmpradAyika dRSTi se yaha saca ho bhI sakatA hai| para isane magadha sAmrAjya ko apane gaurava para AsIna nahIM kraayaa| ataH ise azoka-sA kahanA anucita hai / sainika durbalatA bar3hatI hI gaI / samprati ke bAda zAlizuka maurya siMhAsana para AsIna hunA / para ina baune mauryoM ko dAyarUpa meM vIratA nahIM milI thI ; DhoMga milA thaa| gArgI saMhitA ke anusAra zAlizuka "rASTramardI" ( dezakA pIDaka ) tathA "dharmavAdI hyadhArmika" (dharma kI DIMge hA~kane vAlA kintu adharmAcArI ) thaa| maurya sAmrAjya ko apane gauravAspada sImA taka le jAne ke liye, dezavijaya ke liye to isameM vIratA aura sahasa bilakula nahIM thaa| para ahiMsA pradhAna, prema pradhAna, jaina dharma ke pracAra ke liye isane talavAra kA upayoga kiyaa| azoka ne rAjanIti meM bhI jisa talavAra kA upayoga roka diyA thA, isa kAyara ne usI talavAra kA

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( 46 ) upayoga dharma ke kSetra meM kiyA / isa sampradAyavAdI rAjA ne dharma aura puNya ke arjana meM saujanya tathA sneha kA prayoga kama aura talavAra kA prayoga adhika kiyA / saurASTra, gujarAta aura pazcimI bhArata kI bhUmi usane rakta se lAla kara dI / prajA trAhi trAhi kara uThI / isI zAlizuka ke kAla meM subhagasena pazcimottara pradeza ( gAndhAra) meM magadha se alaga svataMtra zAsaka ho gyaa| isI ke kAla meM aiMTIyokasa ne gAndhAra para AkramaNa kiyA aura subhagasena ne use zrAtmasamarpaNa kiyA / para aiMTIyokasa kisI kAraNa bhArata kI ora na bar3hakara apane deza sIriyA lauTa gayA / kintu usake halke se AkramaNa ne saMsAra para prakaTa kara diyA ki aba bhArata meM na to candragupta kI talavAra hai aura na cANakya kI medhA / pariNAmasvarUpa deza para AkramaNa huye gaMgA, yamunA ke dvAbe taka ko videziyoM ne kucalA - rauMdA / / isa AkramaNa kI dhUli ko sarayU ke taTa para baiThe eka vaiyyAkaraNa kI bheghA ne dekhA, parakhA, aura vaha rAjanIti ke kSetra meM utara par3A / isa videzI AkramaNa ko rokane ke liye eka nirA taruNa senApati bar3hA, lar3A, ghAyala huA aura magadha kI durbala nIti ke kAraNa khUna kA ghUMTa pIkara raha gayA / para Age ke bhArata kI kahAnI, isI senApati kI kahAnI hai, jisakA nAma puSyamitra zuMga thA / puSyamitra zuMga brAhmaNa thA / zraSTAdhyAyI ke racayitA prasiddha vaiyyAkaraNa pANini, zuMgoM ko bhAradvAja gotra kA brAhmaNA batAte haiM / AzvalAyana zrautasUtra meM zuMga ko zrAcArya kahA gayA hai / puSyamitra zuMga bhAradvAja gotra kA brAhmaNa thA / brAhmaNa paramparA ke punarAvartana ke kAraNa bhArata ke ati prAcIna itihAsa meM bhI brAhmaNa aura kSatriya saMgharSa dRSTigocara hotA hai / vaziSTha- vizvAmitra, parazurAma kArtavIryArjuna, upaniSadoM kI paramparA aura Age jainoM - bauddhoM kI paramparA / yaha bhI sambhava hai ki yaha paramparA aura bhI gaharI ho / para yaha bhI saca hai ki sAdhAraNa rUpa se 4 *

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( 5. ) brAhmaNoM meM tyAga, tapa aura saMyama ko jyAdA mahattva diyA jAtA rahA hai| tyAga-tapa se hIna brAhmaNa ko hIna dRSTi se dekhA jAtA rahA hai| yahI nahIM, brAhmaNa sAmAjika paramparAtroM kA, samAja ke hita aura sukha kA sadaiva se saMrakSaka bhI mAnA jAtA rahA hai| usane samaya samaya para apane ko samAja kA saMrakSaka siddha bhI kiyA hai| isIlie vaha paramparA kA poSaka aura rUr3hivAdI bhI rahA hai / parazurAma sarvakSatrAntaka hue, unhoMne haihayoM kA virodha kiyA; para tyAga aura tapa ko nahIM chodd'aa| brAhmaNoM ko sAmAjika paramparA kA saMrakSaka hone kI preraNA vedoM se milI aura vedoM ne saMnyAsa ko zrAdarza nahIM mAnA-kyoMki veda samAja ko gRhastha ke jIvana meM mAnate the| para gRhastha jIvana ko brAhmaNoM ne saMyama meM bA~dhA / yahI kAraNa hai ki upaniSadoM kA Andolana brAhmaNa karmakANDa ke virodha meM hokara bhI vedoM se bAhara nahIM jA skaa| zramaNa paramparA kI kamajorI jaina dharma bahuta purAnA dharma thA / vaha veda virodhI bhI thaa| para usameM tapasyA para jyAdA jora diyA gayA thaa| mahAvIra ne usameM kucha saMskAra kiyA / para phira bhI tapasyA ko aura brahmacarya ko vizeSa mahattva diyA / buddha kA bauddha dharma nayA thaa| usakI purAnI paramparA bhI nahIM thii| vaha madhyama mArga bhI thaa| usameM utanA tapa para jora bhI nahIM diyA gayA thaa| isake alAvA bauddha aura jaina donoM dharmo ne jana Andolana kA rUpa bhI dhAraNa kara liyaa| bauddhoM aura jainoM donoM dharmoM ke netA yadyapi saMskArasampanna aura kulIna the| para donoM kA bala unakA saMgha-bala thA aura donoM saMghoM meM zadroM tathA dAsoM kI saMkhyA kama na thii| ina zUdroM aura dAsoM ne AdhyAtmika bhAvanA se hI jaina aura bauddha saMghoM meM praveza nahIM kiyA thaa| gulAmI, dAsatA aura sAMsArika kaToM se bacane ke liye saMgha meM praveza kiyA thaa| kyoMki bhikSu ho jAne ke bAda dAsatA aura karje se mukti mila jAtI thii| sva., ma0 ma. paM0 haraprasAda zAstrI ne

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likhA hai ki striyA~ bhI gulAmI kI mAra se bacane ke liye bhikSuNiyA~ ho jAtI thIM / buddha ke jIvana kAla meM hI bauddha saMghoM meM vyabhicAra ke aDDe bana gaye the| isa kAraNa buddha bar3e dukhI bhI the / azoka ne to svArthiyoM aura badamAza bhikSutroM ko saMgha se nikAla kara bauddha saMgha kA saMskAra bhI kiyA thaa| isase yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki bauddha aura jaina dharmoM ko unakA saMgha bala bhI prabhAvita karatA thaa| aura ina saMghoM meM hIna-saMskAra ke loga ghuse the, jo apane hIna-saMskAra kA prabhAva DAlate rahate the| isa kAraNa samAja meM AcaraNa kI ora to zithilatA thI aura zabdoM meM tyAga, tapasyA tathA brahmacarya kA bolabAlA thaa| asalIyata to bahuta kama thI ; para DhoMga kA bAjAra garama thaa| caritra meM aochApana, kintu vacana meM tejI thii| azoka ke bAda koI aisA maurya nahIM paidA huA, jo kusaMskAra ko zubha saMskAra meM badala sakatA, jo asaMyama ko saMyama meM badala sakatA, jo dhArmika DhoMga ko haTAkara jIvana meM pauruSa kI pratiSThA kara sktaa| puSyamitra kA AvirbhAva- ... . jina bauddhoM aura jainoM kA kartavya thA brAhmaNa DhoMga aura kamajoriyoM se samAja kI rakSA karanA, vahI DhoMgI aura kamajora ho gae the| bauddhoM aura jainoM ke DhoMga se prajA parezAna thii| isake alAvA videziyoM ke hamale aura bauddhoM tathA jainoM dvArA videziyoM ke samarthana ne to aura bhI gajaba DhAyA / brAhmaNoM ko maukA milaa| unhoMne pataMjali ke netRtva meM bauddhoM aura jainoM kA virodha karanA zurU kara diyaa| zAsana sattA para bRhadratha nAmaka bauddha rAjA baiThA thaa| isalie brAhmaNoM ke virodha ne rAjanItika rUpa dhAraNa kiyaa| sAdhAraNa grahasthoM para brAhmaNoM kA prabhAva sadaiva se thaa| ataH brAhmaNoM ke bauddha-jaina virodha ne sAmAjika rUpa dhAraNa karanA zurU kara diyaa| isIlie prajArakSaNa kI pratijJA meM durbala, antima maurya samrATa bRhadratha ko usI kI senA ke sAmane senApati puSyamitra zuga ne khule khajAne sUrya ke camakate prakAza meM bANa se mAra kara

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( 52 ) rAjyazakti para adhikAra kara liyaa| nizcaya hI puSyamitra ne yaha saba ekAeka nahIM kara liyA hogaa| nizcaya hI isake pIche kucha soca vicAra aura SaDyantra bhI rahA hogaa| bahuta sambhava hai ki isa SaDyantra ke kendra meM svayaM pataMjali rahe hoM, jisa prakAra nandoM ke nAza meM cANakya / para senA aura prajA kA isa rAja-hatyA ko cupacApa saha jAnA kyA yaha bhI siddha nahIM karatA hai ki prajA kAyara aura DhoMgI maurya zAsana se mukti cAhatI thI? : magadha meM zramaNa-brAhmaNa ghAta-pratighAta . pArzvanAtha se pUrva, arthAt I0 pU0800 se pahale hI magadha meM zramaNasaMskRti kA vikAsa huaA thA / mahAvIra pArzvanAtha kI paramparA meM hI hue| buddha bhI zramaNa saMskRti ke hI vikasita sumana the / buddha aura mahAvIra donoM kA vikAsa magadha meM hI huA thaa| magadha sAmrAjya kA udaya bimbisAra se prArambha huaa| kucha loga use jaina kahate haiM, para vaha buddha ke prati bhI zraddhA rakhatA thA / bimbisAra ke putra ajAtazatru ne magadha sAmrAjya ko pallavita kiyA / vaha bauddha thaa| sambhavataH nanda jaina thA / para usakA mantrI jise 'mudrArAkSasa' ke racayitA ne 'rAkSasa' kahA hai, brAhmaNa thaa| bahuta sambhava hai isa brAhmaNa mantrI ne khUba samajha-bUjhakara nandoM ko nIti ko sarvatrAntaka banAyA-zadra dvArA veda virodhI kSatriyoM kA nAza karavAyA; para zAyada apanI nIti meM vaha sImA kA atikramaNa kara gyaa| sambhavataH isIlie eka aura brAhmaNa rAjanItijJa sAmane AyA / usane kSatriya ko goda meM uThA liyaa| prasiddha hai cANakya candragupta ko goda meM lekara paayaa| usane sarvakSatrAntaka zUdra nandoM kA nAza karake magadha meM maurya sAmrAjya kI sthApanA kI / cANakya ne zUdra sarvakSatrAntaka aura veda nindaka nandoM kA nAza to kiyA, para jainoM aura bauddhoM ke viruddha usane kucha na kahA, kucha na kiyA / bahuta sambhava hai usa samaya jaina aura bauddha dharma sAmAjika dRSTi se patita nahIM hue the| isIlie brAhmaNa cANakya ne cupacApa saha

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( 53 ) liyA / magadha meM zramaNa paramparA ke anukUla vAtAvaraNa thaa| usakA prabhAva samrATa candragupta maurya para bhI par3A; para apane jIvana kAla meM cANakya ne jaina aura bauddha dharma ko rASTradharma kA rUpa na lene diyaa| caNakya kI mRtyu ke bAda azoka abhiSikta huaa| azoka para bauddhadharma kA prabhAva pdd'aa| azoka ne bauddhadharma ko rASTradharma kI sImA taka cddh'aayaa| yadyapi azoka ke maMtriyoM ko azoka kA yaha dharma na rucA; para unameM koI cANakya jaisA nahIM thA, isalie azoka ko jaba rokanA cAhie taba nahIM roka sake / yaha saca hai ki azoka ne apane kAla taka magadha ko samhAlA; para bAda meM U~ce vyaktitva ke abhAva meM, sanyasaMcAlana-prakriyA se rahita hokara, ahiMsA ke DhoMga meM bahakara magadha kA maurya sAmrAjya sadA ke lie naSTa ho gyaa| . durbala aura DhoMgI mauryoM kA ucchetA brAhmaNa hI thaa| nandoM kA ucchetA cANakya bhI brAhmaNa thA, para vaha goda meM eka kSatriya ko lekara AyA aura usa kSatriya candragupta ko abhiSikta kiyA; kintu mauryoM kA ucchetA 'pataJjali apanI goda meM brAhmaNa ko lekara AyA-puSyamitra ko lekara / cANakya ne digvijaya kI nIti calAyI ; para usane azvamedha nahIM kiyaa| sambhavataH usake kAla meM jaina aura bauddha paramparA itanI nikammI nahIM huI thI ki use sahaja hI alaga kara diyA jAtA ; para pataJjalikA kAla dUsarA thaa| usake kAla meM bauddha jaina paramparA ne apane ko arASTrIya taka siddha kara diyA thA / ataH pataJjali ne azvamedha kI paramparA calAyIjanamejaya ke bAda hI banda huI vaidika azvamedha kI prmpraa| aura svayaM 'pataJjali puSyamitra ke azvamedha ke Rtvija hue-"iha puSyamitraM yaajyaamH|" cANakya ne paMjAba se videzI zaktiyoM ke vijaya-cinha taka ko miTA diyA thaa| pataJjali ke kAla meM videzI zaktiyoM ko bauddhoM aura jainoM ne sahArA diyA thaa| isalie pataJjali ke puSyamitra ne videzI minAnDara kI rAjadhAnI sAkala meM pahu~ca ghoSaNA kI ki-"jo koI mujhe

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( 54 ) zramaNa kA kaTA huA eka mastaka degA, use maiM 100 dInAreM duuNgaa|" cANakya ke kAla meM sAmpradAyika vidveSa rASTrIya dharatala para nahIM thA ; ataH rAjanItika cANakya usa ora cupa hai-yadyapi asAvadhAna nhiiN| para vaiyyAkaraNa pataJjali ke sAmane sAmpradAyikatA kA nagna tANDava ho rahA thaa| ataH pataJjali ko apane mahAbhASya meM brAhmaNa zramaNa kA dveSa zAzvata kahanA pdd'aa| yahI nahIM, jina dezoM meM bauddhoM aura jainoM kA prAdhAnya thAjaise aGga, baGga, kaliMga, magadha aura saurASTra ko patita deza ghoSita karanA pdd'aa| yahI kAraNa hai ki puSyamitra ke kAla meM sampAdita manusmRti meM uparokta dezoM meM tIrthayAtrA ke alAvA gamana para prAyazcita kA vidhAna hai| yahI nahIM, magadha meM bauddhoM ke tIrthasthAnoM kA brAhmaNIkaraNa bhI kiyA gayA / isa prakAra maurya sAmrAjya ke anta ke sAtha hI sAtha magadha se zramaNa saMskRti ke paira ukhar3ane lge| magadha kI prAcIna bhASA ___ magadha kI prAcIna saMskRti aura khAsa kara zramaNa saMskRti para vicAra karate samaya magadha kI prAcIna bhASA aura usa bhASA meM nirmita sAhitya para vicAra kara lenA bhI Avazyaka hai| siMhalI paramparA ke anusAra mAgadhI hI vaha mUla bhASA hai, jisameM bhagavAna buddha ne apane upadeza die the / kaccAna-vyAkaraNa meM kahA gayA hai-"sA mAgadhI mUla bhAsA "sambuddhA cApi bhAsare" (mAgadhI vaha mala bhASA hai jisameM 'samyaka sambuddha ne bhI bhASaNa diyaa|) vastutaH Rgveda kI vividhatAmayI bhASA ke prAntazaH vikasita rUpa meM mAgadhI bhI Arya bhASA parivAra meM magadha ko eka bhASA thii| buddha ne isI mAgadhI-bhASA meM apanA upadeza diyaa| pArzvanAtha aura mahAvIra ne bhI isI bhASA meM apanA upadeza diyA thaa| ___ buddha aura mahAvIra ke upadeza kI bhASA mAgadhI thI, para usa mAgadhI kA rUpa kyA thA, yaha batAnA bar3A kaThina hai| vidvAnoM kA mata hai ki pAli tripiTaka meM magadha kI prAcIna bhASA kA kucha rUpa hai| para vastutaH

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( 55 ) tripiTakoM kI pAli prAcIna magadha kI ThIka ThIka bhASA thI, yaha nahIM kahA jA sakatA / buddha ne paidala ghUma-ghUmakara sampUrNa madhyamaNDala meM maukhika rUpa se apanA upadeza diyA thaa| buddha ke ziSyoM meM aneka jAtiyoM ke loga the, aneka sthAnoM ke aneka bhASAbhASI loga the| aura buddha ne bahuta spaSTa zabdoM meM kaha diyA thA-"bhikSuro ! apanI apanI bhASA meM buddha vacana sIkhane kI anujJA detA huuN|" ataH buddha ke upadezoM kI bhASA meM aneka boliyoM aura bhASAoM kA sammizraNa huA hogaa| yahI nahIM, buddha-nirvANa ke do-tIna zatAbdiyoM meM tIna bAra aneka sthAnoM ke bhikSuoM ne milakara aura sunakara buddha upadezoM kA saMgraha kiyA thaa| buddha ke upadezoM kA antima rUpa se saMkalana azoka ke kAla meM huA aura vahI siMhala gyaa| isalie tripiTaka kI pAli prAcIna mAgadhI nahIM hai| hA~, usameM prAcIna mAgadhI kA kucha rUpa avazya hai| pArzvanAtha aura mahAvIra ke upadezoM kA bhI karIba karIba yahI hAla hai / AgamoM kI sAmAnya vyAkhyA meM prApta kathana ko Agama kahA gayA hai| aura jaina sammata prApta kauna haiM, ise spaSTa karate hue batAyA gayA hai ki jisane rAga aura dveSa ko jIta liyA, aise tIrthakara-jina-sarvajJa bhagavAna prApta haiN| arthAt jinopadeza jainAgama hai| yahA~ bhASA kA ullekha hI nahIM hai / yahI nahIM, sUtra yA grantha rUpa meM upasthita gaNadhara praNIta jainAgama kA pramANa gaNadharakRta hone mAtra se nahIM hai| usake artha ke praNetA tIrthakara kI vItarAgatA aura sarvArthasAkSatkAritva ke kAraNa hai| isase siddha hai ki jaina sAdhakoM kI dRSTi bhI bhASA para nahIM thI ; yadyapi mahAvIra kA upadeza, ardhamAgadhI bhASA meM huA, isakA ullekha hai ; para sa~graha kI dRSTi se bhASA ke sthAna para bhAva para hI vizeSa jora hai| isake alAvA mahAvIra ne bhI paidala ghUma-ghUmakara apanA dharmopadeza janatA ko diyaa| zAyada isalie jaina anuzruti meM mahAvIra kI bhASA ko mAgadhI na kaha kara 'sarvabhASAnugAminI ardha mAgavI bhASA' kahA gayA /

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aba vicAraNIya prazna yaha hai ki bauddha anuzruti ke anusAra pAli meM magadha kI mUla bhASA kA rUpa hai| aura jaina anuzruti ardhamAgadhI ko magadha kI bhASA ke najadIka mAnatI hai| donoM anuzrutiyA~ satya ho nahIM sktiiN| ataH satya kyA hai ? jaina anuzruti ke anusAra mahAvIra ke ziSya sudharma ne mahAvIra ke upadezoM ko usI prakAra smaraNa kara liyA thA, jisa prakAra mahAvIra ne kahA thaa| sudharma ke bAda jambusvAmI prabhava aura svayaMbhava ne krama se jina upadezoM kI rakSA kii| yaha bAta pUrva nanda aura nava nanda yuga taka kI huii| isake bAda punaH jaina anuzruti ke anusAra mahAvIra-nirvANa ke karIba 150 varSa bAda pATaliputra meM jainAgamoM ko vyavasthita rUpa dene ke liye jaina vidvAn sAdhutroM kI prathama vAcanA huI / isa prathama vAcanA meM ekatrita hue zramaNoM ne eka dUsare se pUcha-pUcha kara 11 aGgoM ko vyavasthita kiyaa| kintu dekhA gayA ki unameM se kisI ko bhI saMpUrNa dRSTivAda kA patA na thaa| usa samaya dRSTivAda ke jJAtA zrAcArya bhadrabAhu the| kintu unhoMne 12 varSa ke liye vizeSa prakAra ke yogamArga kA avalaMbana kiyA thA aura ve nepAla meM the| isalie jaina sAdhu saMgha ne sthUlabhadra ko kaI sAdhutroM ke sAtha dRSTivAda kI vAcanA ke liye bhadrabAhu ke pAsa bhejaa| sthUlabhadra ne daza pUrva sIkhane ke bAda apanI zrutalabdhi Rddhi kA prayoga kiyaa| isakA patA jaba bhadrabAhu ko calA taba unhoMne adhyApana karanA chor3a diyaa| sthUlabhadra ke bahuta samajhAne para rAjI bhI hue to zeSa cAra kI anujJA nahIM dii| yahI nahIM yaha bhI kahA ki tumako maiM zeSa cAra pUrva kI sUtra vAcanA detA hU~, kintu tuma ise dUsaroM ko mata par3hAnA / bhadrabAhu ko candragupta maurya kA samakAlIna kahA jAtA hai| sthUlabhadra ko bhadrabAhu se jo kucha prApta huA, vaha maukhika thaa| sthUlabhadra ne bhI use maukhika hI rkhaa| sthUlabhadra kI mRtyu mahAvIranirvANa ke 215 varSa bAda huI / arthAt I0 pU0 312 taka jainAgamoM

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/ kA bahuta kucha eka maukhika rUpa meM rahA / isake bAda bhI taraha taraha se jainAgamoM ke saMrakSaNa kI maukhika paramparA jArI rahI / AcArya vajra dazapUrvI ke jJAtA the aura unakI mRtyu 114 vikramI meM huI / para unakA jJAna bhI maukhika hI thA / jaina sAhitya ke anusAra antima vAcanA vi0 saM0 510 meM valabhI meM huI / ' ( pAli aura ardhamAgadhI buddha vacanoM kA antima rUpa se saMkalana azoka ke kAla meM huA / yahI nahIM usakI tithi nizcita hai / tIsarI saMgIti buddha - nirvANa ke 236 varSaM bAda pATaliputra meM huI / arthAt I0 pU0 307 meM buddha ke upadezoM kA antima rUpa se saMkalana ho gayA / para isa sambandha meM vidvAnoM meM vivAda hai / ataH ise hama chor3a bhI deM to do aura pramANa haiM / eka haiM azoka ke zilAlekha, jisakI bhASA pAli hai aura jisakA samaya nizcita hai / dUsarA yaha ki vaTTagAmaNi abhaya ke samaya meM siMhala meM pAli bhASA meM tripiTaka lekhabaddha hue / vaDagAmaNi kA samaya prathama zatI I0 pU0 mAnA jAtA hai / para ardhamAgadhI kA jo rUpa jainAgamoM meM milatA hai, usakI itanI prAcInatA kA pramANa nizcaya hI nahIM milatA / jisa rUpa meM ardhamAgadhI ke svarUpa kA sAkSya jainAgamoM meM milatA hai, usakI dhvanI aura rUpa ko dRSTi se pAli se samAnatAe~ to haiM, para usake AdhAra para bhI ardhamAgadhI ko pAli ke vikAsa kI avasthA hI kaha sakate haiM / vastutaH jainAgamoM kI ardhamAgadhI kA rUpa pAli ke bahuta bAda kA hai / kintu pAli bhI ThIka-ThIka magadha kI bhASA nahIM hai / vastutaH pAli kA vikAsa madhyamaNDala meM bole jAne vAlI usa antarprAntIya sabhya bhASA se huA, jisameM bhagavAn buddha ne ne upadeza die the aura jisako saMjJA bauddha anuzruti ke anusAra 'mAgadhI ' hai / isI mAgadhI ke vikasita vikRta yA adhika ThIka kaheM to vibhinna d'

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( 58 ) janapadIpa svarUpa hameM azoka ke abhilekhoM kI mAgadhI meM milate haiN| yahI mAgadhI athavA pAli bimbisAra se lekara nandoM aura maurya samrAToM taka kI rAja bhASA thii| rAjakIya bhASA aura dharma kI bhASA donoM bhASA hone kA gaurava pAli ko milA / isI kAraNa isakI pratiSThA diganta vyApI huI / karIba chaH sau varSa taka isa pAli bhASA ne bhAratIya mAnasa meM rAjya kiyaa| jainAgama sAhitya ___bhASA kI dRSTi se jainAgamoM kI prAcInatA na hote hue bhI viSaya aura vastu kI dRSTi se jainAgama bahuta prAcIna haiN| jainoM ke tInoM sampradAya bAraha aMgoM ke nAma ke viSaya meM ekamata haiN| be bAraha aMga ye haiM : 1. AcAra, 2. sUtrakRta, 3. sthAna, 4. samavAya, 5. vyAkhyAprajJapti, 6. jJAtRdharma kathA, 7. upAsaka dazA, 8. aMtakRddazA, 6. anuttaropapAtikadazA, 10. prazna vyAkaraNa, 11. vipAkasUtra, 12. dRSTivAda / jaina mAnyatA ke anusAra dRSTivAda kA lopa ho gayA hai| ina aMgoM meM prAcArya bhadrabAhu ke bAda kI bAteM nahIM haiM, aisA nahIM kahA jA sakatA / bahuta kucha milAvaTa hai ; para bahuta kucha prAcIna bhI hai| zrIkRSNa, jarAsandha aura pArzvanAtha kI bAteM bhI inameM haiN| mahAvIra ke kAla kI bahuta sI bAteM haiM / yahI nahIM, ina jainAgAmoM meM bhAratavarSa ke tamAma pichale dArzanika cintana kA prArambhika rUpa hai / aitihAsika aura dArzanika donoM hI dRSTi se jainAgama kA bahuta mahatva hai| para yaha bar3e durbhAgya kI bAta hai ki aitihAsikoM dRSTi se jainAgamoM kA sampAdana abhI taka nahIM huaa| jisa dina sAmpradAyika buddhi se Upara uThakara jainAgamoM kA sampAdana ho jAyagA, usa dina hamAre deza ke itihAsa ke kucha banda pRSTa khula jAya~ge, isameM jarA bhI sandeha nhiiN| tripiTaka sAhitya 'prAcIna mAgadhI sAhitya kA artha hotA hai buddha ke upadeza / buddha ke

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( 6 ) upadeza tripiTakoM meM to haiM ; para vinaya aura dhamma meM hI usakA sAra rUpa spaSTa hotA hai| bauddha dharma kI koI prAcIna paramparA nahIM thii| bauddha saMghaH meM brahmacarya aura tyAga ko Avazyaka sthAna milA thaa| para phira bhI buddha kA mArga tapasyA kA mArga nahIM, madhyama mArga thaa| buddha ne bahuta se aparipakka buddhi ke taruNoM kA vilAsa chor3avAphara unheM bhintu saMgha meM liyA thaa| aneka dAsoM aura karjamandoM ne apanI rakSA ke liye bhikSu saMgha meM zaraNa lI thii| aisI hI bahuta sI striyA~ bhI bhituNI huI thiiN| inhIM kAraNoM se buddha ke kAla meM bhintu saMghoM meM vyabhicAra bar3ha gyaa| kauzAmbika bhikSutroM ke anAcAra ke kAraNa buddha ko bahuta khinna honA par3A thA / inhIM saba kAraNoM se buddha ne samaya samaya para mitroM ke liye AcAra sambandhI jo niyama banAe, unhIM kA saMkalana vinaya piTaka hai| . dIgha-nikAya, majjhima-nikAya, saMyukta-nikAya, aMguttara-nikAya aura khuddaka-nikAya pAli sAhitya ke apUrva grantha haiN| inameM buddha ke upadeza saMgrahIta haiN| inameM chaThIM aura pAMcavI zatAbdI I0 pU0 ke bhAratIya jIvana kI pUrI jhalaka hai / buddha kA aitihAsika vyaktitva, unakA mAnavIya svarUpa vahA~ spaSTa zabdoM meM aMkita milatA hai| isameM yathArtha aura viveka donoM kA spaSTa rUpa hai| 'buddha ke samakAlIna anya zramaNoM, brAhmaNoM, parivrAjakoM ke siddhAntoM kA vivaraNa bhI isameM hai| dhanI kisAnoM kI sthiti, gulAmoM kI sthiti, garIboM kI sthiti, pracalita udyoga-vyavasAya, kalA aura manoraMjana ke sAdhanoM kA varNana, rAjanaitika paristhiti, striyoM kI paristhiti, jAti aura varNavAda kA bhI varNana hai| sAhitya aura jJAna kI avasthA, kRSi aura vANijya kA bhI pUrA patA ina granthoM se laga jAtA hai / ina granthoM ke kucha aMza to bahuta hI prasiddha hai / dhammapada to eka taraha se bauddha dharma kI gItA hai / sutranipAta kA nirdesa sAriputta kA likhA hai| sutranipAta ke vicAra aura usakI zailI upaniSadoM kI sI hai| pAli sAhitya meM jAtakoM kA sthAna kama mahatvapUrNa nahIM hai / kahAnI

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kalA kI dRSTi se vaha ati prAcIna kahAnI saMgraha hai| itihAsa kI dRSTi se jAtakoM kI atIta-kathAtroM kA aitihAsika mUlya hai| jAtakoM kA asalI nAma jAtakatthavaeNanA hai / vaha jAtakakathA ke siMhalI anuvAda kA phira se kiyA huaA pAli anuvAda hai| AcArya buddhaghoSa ne yaha anuvAda prastuta kiyA hai| mUla jAtakakathA meM do vastue~ thIM, eka gAthAe~ aura dUsarI unakI aTakathA / pratyeka jAtaka kI kahAnI meM varNana hai ki buddha ke jIvana meM amuka avasara para isa prakAra amuka ghaTanA ghaTI, jisase unheM apane pUrva jovana kI vaisI hI bAta yAda A gyii| phira buddha eka purAnI kahAnI sunAte haiM aura vahI asala jAtaka-atIta kathA hotI hai| usakA kucha aMza pAliyoM yA gAthAoM meM aura bAko gadya meM hotA hai, vaha gadya bhI aTThakathA hI hai| prAcIna bhAratIya jIvana ke pratyeka pahalU para jAtakoM se acchA prakAza par3atA hai| jAtakoM kA hindI anuvAha ho cukA hai ; para abhI taka usakA aitihAsika adhyayana nahIM huA hai| , buddha ke upadezoM kA dArzanika grantha abhidhamma-piTaka hai / para aisA nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki abhidhamma ke alAvA aura kahIM buddha ke dharma kA nirdeza yA upadeza nahIM hai| vastutaH sAra rUpa se abhidhamma bauda tatva-darzana ke adhyayana kI vastu hai| isIlie use abhidhamma athavA uccatara dharma kahA gayA hai| bauddha anuzruti ke anusAra buddha ne abhidhamma kA upadeza sarva prathama devaloka meM apanI mAtA mahAmAyA aura devatAoM ke liye kiyaa| bAda meM usI ko unhoMne apane buddhimAn ziSya dharma senApati sAriputra ko sunaayaa| sAriputra ne buddha se sIkhakara uso abhidhamma ko 500 bhitutroM ko sikhaayaa| isa anuzruti se spaSTa hai ki buddha ke cune hue kucha ziSya ho abhidhamma ko samajhane meM samartha the| arthAt abhivamma piTaka bauddha tatvavAda ko samajhane ke liye buddha ke upadezoM kA sAra hai / paramparA se prApta abhivamma-piTaka ke sAta prantha isa krama te haiM-- 1. dhamma saMgaNi, 2. vibhaMga, 3. kamAvatthu, 4. puggajapacatti,

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( 61 ) 5. dhAtukathA, 6. yamaka, aura 7. paThThAna / zrabhidhabhma kA viSaya yaha batAnA hai ki vyakti rUpa, vedanA, saMjJA, saMskAra aura vijJAna rUpI pAMca skandhoM kI samaSTi ke alAvA aura kucha nahIM hai / sabhI skandha anitya, anAtma aura * duHkha haiM / inameM apanApana khojanA duHkha kA hI kAraNa ho sakatA hai / abhidhammapiTaka meM sabhI skandhoM kA vizleSaNa karake viSaya ko spaSTa kiyA gayA hai; para ina saba meM mUla vastu suttanta se hI lI gayI hai / sutanta meM udAharaNa de dekara jana-sAdhAraNa kI samajha meM AnevAlI bhASA meM samajhAyA gayA hai / para abhidhamma meM udAharaNoM kI sahAyatA nahIM lI gayI hai, isakI bhASA bhI kaThina aura paMDitoM kI samajha meM Ane lAyaka hai / kahIM prazna-uttara kI zailI hai aura kahIM viSaya kI sUkSmatA ko dekhate hue aura usakoM spaSTa karate hue yamaka zailI kA bhI upayoga kiyA gayA hai / kahane kA tAtparya yaha ki abhidhammapiTaka zuSka aura gambhIra grantha hai / para yadi zraddhApUrvaka usakA abhyAsa kiyA jAya, to sampUrNa bauddha tatva darzana usI se spaSTa ho jAya~ge / bhArata kI prAcIna rASTrabhASA - pAli --- jaina zrAgama aura bauddha tripiTaka magadha kA prAcIna sAhitya hai / isa prAcIna mAgadhI sAhitya meM mahAbhArata kAla se lekara IsA kI pahalI zatAbdI taka kI bahuta kucha cintAdhArA saMgrahIta hai / yaha nahIM ki isa kAla meM saMskRta meM racanA na huI ho / upaniSadoM kI racanA, sUtroM kI racanA aura arthazAstra kI racanA isI kAla meM huI / para bimbisAra se lekara antima maurya taka pAli rAjakAja kI bhI bhASA thI / pradhAna rUpa se pAli meM hI azoka ke dharmalekha sarvatra milate haiN| isase siddha hai ki pAli usa kAla kI rAjakAja kI bhASA thI / arthAt mAgadhI jina aura buddha ke kaMTha se nikalakara samrATa ke kaMTha kI vANI banI, anuzAsanoM kI bhI bhASA banI /

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( 62 ) saMskRta rAja Asana para cANakya ne apanI racanA saMskRta meM kI; para usane pAli ko usake Asana se haTAyA nahIM / zAyada isalie ki usa samaya bhramaNa jIvana aura bhramaNa sAdhanA nisteja nahIM thI / vaha DhoMga aura Dambara se pUripUrNa rAkha kI Dhera nahIM thI; para pataJcali ne pAli bhASA ko bhI usake zrAsana se Dhakela diyA / bauddhoM ke zAsana ko hI usane magadha se nahIM haTAyA ; bauddhoM kI bhASA - pAli ko bhI rAja - zrAsana se utAra diyA / puSyamitra ke kAla se hI saMskRta kA bhI abhyutthAna zurU huA aura phira to isake bAda kA sArA bauddha aura jaina sAhitya saMskRta meM hI nirmita huA /

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jaina-dharma sAhitya Studies in Jaina Philosophy -Dr. Nathmal Tatia, M.A., D. Litt. Rs. 16/The Jaina Philosophy of Non-Absolutism -Prof. S. Mookerji, M.A., Ph.D. Rs. 15/A Critique of Organ of Knowledge -Prof. Mookerji and Dr. Tatia Rs. 15/Lord Mahavira-Dr. Bool Chand, I.A.S.S Rs. 4/8/Hastinapura--Shri Amar Chand, M.A. Rs. 2/4/Jainism-J. P. Jain, M.A., LL.B. Rs. 1/8/Pacifism & Jainism-Pt. Sukhlalji Re. -18/Mahavira-Amar Chand, M.A. Re. -16/tattvArtha sUtra-paM0 zrI sukhalAla jI ru0 // ) cAra tIrthakara- , " ru0 2) dharma aura samAja-, , prAcIna jaina tIrtha-DA. jagadIzacandra jaina ru0 2) AtmamImAMsA-paM0 zrI dalasukha mAlavaNiyA jaina grantha va granthakAra--zrI phatahacanda velAnI ru0 // ) ru0 // vistRta sUcIpatra ke lie likheMmantrI zrI jaina saMskRti saMzodhana maNDala parasa-5