Jainology Parichaya 05

Author(s): Nalini Joshi
Publisher: Sanmati Tirth Prakashan Pune
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/009956/1

Page #1
jainaoNlaoNjI-paricaya (5) jainadharma kI mUlabhUta jAnakArI aTThapAhuDa-sAra : praznasaMca prAkRta-vyAkaraNa saMpAdana DaoN. nalinI jozI sanmati-tIrtha prakAzana, puNe 4 jUna 2013

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jainaoNlaoNjI-paricaya (5) jainadharma kI mUlabhUta jAnakArI aTThapAhuDa-sAra : praznasaMca prAkRta vyAkaraNa sahasaMpAdana DaoN. kaumudI baladoTA DaoN. anItA botharA saMpAdana DaoN. nalinI jozI sanmati-tIrtha prakAzana, puNe 4 jUna 2013

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* jainaoNlaoNjI-paricaya (5) * lekhana aura saMpAdana DaoN. nalinI jozI mAnada nidezaka, sanmati-tIrtha * sahasaMpAdana DaoN.anItA botharA DaoN. kaumudI baladoTA * prakAzaka sanmati-tIrtha (jainavidyA adhyApana evaM saMzodhana saMsthA) 844, zivAjInagara, bI.em.sI.sI.roDa phirodiyA hosTela, puNe - 411004 phona naM. - (020) 25671088 * sarvAdhikAra surakSita * prathama AvRtti - jUna 2013 * prakAzana - jUna 2013 * mUlya - 60 ru. * akSara saMyojana - zrI. ajaya jozI * mudraka : kalyANI kaoNrporezana 1464, sadAziva peTha puNe - 411030 phona naM. - (020) 24471405

Page #4
sampAdakIya 'jainaoNlaoNjI paricaya' ke isa dhArA kI pA~cavI kitAba, vidyArthiyoM ke sAmane rakhate hue, hama sArtha gaurava kI anubhUti kara rahe haiN| __ hara sAla kI kitAba meM kucha na kucha alaga dene kA prayAsa hama karate haiM / paricaya ke prastuta bhAga meM gurjaranareza jainadharmI rAjA kumArapAla aura usake preraka AcArya hemacandra inakI rocaka kahAnI dhArAvAhI tarIke se dene kA prayAsa kiyA hai / jainavidyA kI eka mahattvapUrNa stambha hai - jainakalA / bhAratIya kalAsaMvardhana meM jainoM kA yogadAna sucAru ausaMkSipta rUpa meM aMkita kiyA hai| yadyapi jainadharma kA prArambhika sAhitya, prAkRta bhASA meM nibaddha hai tathApi jaina AcAryoM dvArA likhita, saMskRta granthoM kI mAtrA bhI pracura hai / jaina tattvajJAna kI dRSTi se, tattvArthasUtra kA mahattva ananya sAdhAraNa hone ke kAraNa, prastuta kitAba meM usakI pRSThabhUmi dI hai / sadya:kAlIna sthiti meM jaina yuvaka-yuvatiyoM kA jhukAva dhArmikatA aura AdhyAtmikatA se jyAdA, vaizvika nItimUlyoM kI ora AkarSita ho rahA hai / jaina AcArya somadeva dvArA likhita saMskRta sUtra inhIM nItimUlyoM kA utkRSTa digdarzana karate haiN| pichale cAra sAla kI kitAba meM, diyA haA prAkRta vyAkaraNa dhyAna meM rakhakara, thoDI adhika jAnakArI isa kitAba meM dI hai / kitAba ke antima bhAga meM prAkRta bhASA meM nibaddha tIna pATha hindI arthasahita diye haiN| unameM se do rAcaka kathAe~ haiM aura tIsarA hai bha. mahAvIra kA saMkSipta caritra / hama AzA karate haiM ki zikSaka aura vidyArthI donoM, kitAba kA mana:pUrvaka svAgata kare / sanmati-tIrtha adhyakSa mA.zrI. abhayajI phirodiyA ke protsAhana ke lie hama unake zukragujAra hai| DaoN. nalinI jozI mAnada saciva, sanmati-tIrtha **********

Page #5
* zikSaka evaM vidyArthiyoM ke lie sUcanAe~ * lekhI parIkSA 40 guNoM kI hogI / guNa-vibhAjana sAmAnyata: isa prakAra kA hai - 1) AcArya hemacandra aura rAjA kumArapAla : lagabhaga 5 guNa 2) jainoM kA bhAratIya kalAsaMvardhana meM yogadAna lagabhaga 5 guNa 3) tattvArthasUtra kI pRSThabhUmi / : lagabhaga 5 guNa 4) somadevakRta nItivAkyAmRta lagabhaga10 guNa 5) prAkRta bhASA kA vyAkaraNa lagabhaga 5 guNa 6) prAkRta pATha lagabhaga 10 guNa * pratyeka pATha ke anta meM diye hae svAdhyAya, vidyArthI apanI-apanI kaoNpI meM likheN| * svAdhyAya ke atirikta kucha anapekSita vastuniSTha prazna bhI pUche jA sakate haiM, jaise ki - joDa lagAie, rikta sthAna kI pUrti kIjie Adi /

Page #6
viSayAnukramaNikA viSaya prArthanA jainaoNlaoNjI-sAmAnya-jAnakArI-vibhAga AcArya hemacandra aura rAjA kumArapAla jainoM kA bhAratIya kalAsaMvardhana meM yogadAna tattvArthasUtra kI pRSThabhUmi somadevakRta nItivAkyAmRta prAkRta-vyAkaraNa-vibhAga prAkRta bhASA kI zabdasaMpatti prAkRta meM svaraparivartana tathA vyaMjanaparivartana nAma-vibhakti ke pratyaya kriyApada ke pratyaya prAkRta meM avyaya prAkRta-gadya-vibhAga chatta-parikkhA mUsaga-vagyo bhagavaM mahAvIro **********

Page #7
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. pATha 1 prArthanA namo arihaMtANaM / namo siddhANaM / namo AyariyANaM / namo uvajjhAyANaM / namo loe savva-sAhUNaM / eso paMca-namokkAro savva - pAva-ppaNAsaNo / maMgalANaM ca savvesiM paDhamaM havai maMgalaM / / maMgalaM bhagavAn vIro, maMgalaM gautamaH prabhuH / maMgalaM sthUlabhadrAdyA, jainadharmo'stu maMgalam / / maMgalaM bhagavAn vIro, maMgalaM gautamaH prabhuH / maMgalaM kundakundAryo, jainadharmo'stu maMgalam / / sarva maMgala mAMgalyaM, sarva kalyANa- kAraNam / pradhAnaM sarva-dharmANAM, jainaM jayatu zAsanam / / yA kundendutuSArahAradhavalA yA zubhravastrAvRtA yA vINAvaradaNDamaNDitakarA yA zvetapadmAsanA / yA brahmAcyutazaGkaraprabhRtibhirdevaiH sadA vanditA sA mAM pAtu sarasvatI bhagavatI niHzeSajADyApahA / / gururbrahmA gururviSNuH gururdevo mahezvaraH / guruH sAkSAt parabrahma, tasmai zrI gurave namaH / / " khAmemi savve jIvA, savve jIvA khamaMtu me / mitti me savva-bhUesa, veraM majjhaNa keI / / OM zAntiH zAntiH zAntiH / / 7

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jainaoNlaoNjI-sAmAnya-jAnakArI-vibhAga

Page #9
pATha 2 AcArya hemacandra aura rAjA kumArapAla IsavI kI dasavIM sadI se gurjara (gujarAta) pradeza meM zvetAmbara sAdhuoM kA 'candra' gaccha nAma se prasiddha vihAra karanevAlA gaccha thA / gyArahavIM sadI meM candra gaccha ke devacandra nAmaka AcArya 'dhaMdhukA' nAma ke gA~va meM paha~ce / unakA pravacana sunane ke lie 'moDhA' vaizya parivAra ke 'cacca' aura 'cAhinI' ye pati-patnI apane choTe bAlaka ke sAtha vahA~ pahu~ce / bAlaka caMgadeva' bahuta tejasvI evaM buddhimAna thA / AcArya devacandra aura caMgadeva donoM ke mana meM ekadUsare ke prati, dharmasambandhita anurAga utpanna huA / devacandra ne mana hI mana jAnA kI yaha tejasvI bAlaka Age jAkara, jainadharma kA khUba pracAra-prasAra karegA / caMgadeva ke mAmAjI ke se A. devacandra ne 'cacca aura cAhinI' se 'caMgadeva' ko dharmasamarpita karane kI prArthanA kI / usa samaya 'caMgadeva' kI Ayu nau sAla kI thI (i.s.1098)| gacchapraveza ke bAda caMgadeva kA nAma 'somacandra' rakhA / usI samaya se bAlaka kA adhyayana zuru huA / usakI smaraNazakti aura dhAraNAzakti bahutahI tIvra thI / samagra jaina aura brAhmaNa granthoM kA adhyayana unhoMne bahutahI alpa avadhi meM kara liyA / sarva zAstroM meM aura dhyAnayoga meM bhI prAviNya prApta kiyA / umra ke solahaveM sAla meM hI somacandra samagra vidyA evaM zAstra meM pAraMgata hue / i.sa.1106 meM unako AcAryapada para abhiSikta kiyA / tabhI se ve 'AcArya hemacandra' athavA 'hemacandrAcArya' nAma se vikhyAta hae / svarNa jaisI tejasvitA aura candra jaisI zItalatA hone ke kAraNa unakA nAma bahutahI arthapUrNa thA / AcAryapada kI prApti ke bAda ve makhyata: garjara prAnta meM jainadharma ke uddhAra aura pracArakArya meM kAryarata hue / unhoMne socA, 'jaba taka koI rAjA mahArAjA isa dharma kA nAyaka na ho, taba taka yaha saMkalpa siddha honA muzkila hai|' vividha dezoM meM vihAra karate hue, pratibodha dete hue gurjara rAjya kA prumakha nagara aNahillapura pATaNa meM unhoMne praveza kiyA / usa samaya gurjara deza kA Adhipatya caulukya vaMza ke rAjA 'siddharAja jayasiMha' kara rahe the / hemacandra ke vidvattA kI khyAti sunakara, siddharAja unake darzana ke lie utkaMThita hae / rAjA para hemacandra kI vidvattA aura cAritra kA bahuta prabhAva paDA / rAjA ne hemacandra se kahA, 'Apa kRpA kara, nirantara yahA~ AyA kareM aura dharmopadeza dvArA hameM sanmArga batAyA kareM / ' rAjasabhA meM hemacandra kA nirantara Agamana hone lagA / tattvacarcA meM ve mAhIra the / dezadezAntaroM se Aye hae vidvAnoM kI sabhA meM unakA vAdavivAda-paTutva siddha haA / hemacandra ke prabhAva se siddharAja ke mana meM jainadharma ke viSaya meM AdarabhAva nirmANa haA / siddharAja kA kulaparamparAgata dharma 'vaiSNava' thA / yadyapi unhoMne kuladharma kA tyAga nahIM kiyA thA tathApi jainadharma ke prati vizeSa bhaktibhAva rahatA thaa| 'AcArya hemacandra' aura 'siddharAja jayasiMha' kA sAhacarya bahata sAla taka rahA / isa nyAyI aura vidyApremI rAjA ne 49 varSa rAjya kiyA / IsavI sana 1142 meM mahArAja siddhasena kA dehAnta huA / hemacandra ne 'siddhahaimazabdAnuzAsana' nAma kA apanA mahAna vyAkaraNa-grantha' mahArAja siddharAja ko samarpita kiyA thaa| siddharAja ke mRtyu ke uparAnta lagabhaga dasa-pandraha sAla A.hemacandra ne anya pradezoM meM vihAra kiyA / unake adbhuta prabhAva se sAdhusaMgha aura zrAvakasaMgha ko vRddhi huI / bIca-bIca ke varSAvAsoM meM hemacandra ne apanI apUrva jJAnazakti se apAra grantharAzi kA nirmANa kiyA / siddharAja ke bAda gurjara bhUmi ke adhipati mahArAja kumArapAla hue / unhoMne dasa-bAraha sAla rAjya kI sImA baDhAne ke prayAsa kiye / digvijaya prApta karake unhoMne aneka rAjAoM ko vaza kiyA / atulanIya parAkrama se pUrA rAjya niSkaNTaka kiyA / apanI sImA ke antargata zAnti kA sAmrAjya phailAne kI koziza kI / kAlAkauzala kI vRddhi hone lgii|

Page #10
kumArapAla kI zAsanavyavasthA para hemacandra bahatahI prasanna hue / unhoMne punaH pATaNa nagara meM praveza kiyA / zrIsaMgha ne baDI dhAmadhUma se hemacandrAcArya kA nagara-praveza-samAroha karavAyA / itihAsa kahatA hai ki, kumArapAla mahArAja ko A.hemacandra ne do bAra prANAntika saMkaTa se bacAyA thA / ataH nagarapraveza ke uparAnta kumArapAla hemacandrAcArya ke ekaniSTha bhakta bneN|| hemacandra utkRSTa yogI, paramadayAlu aura ni:spRha the / yadyapi rAjA unakA bhakta thA tathApi unako dhanamAna-pUjAsamakamAna Adi kI jarurata nahIM thI / A. hemacandra kI zikSA ke anusAra, rAjA kumArapAla ne apane rAjya meM prANihiMsA ke Upara roka lagAyA / pUrNa ahiMsA kA pracAra kiyA / dyUta-mAMsa-madya-zikAra Adi durvyasanoM kA bahiSkAra karavAyA / kumArapAla ne IsavI sana 1160 meM zuddha zraddhAnapUrvaka jainadharma kI gRhasthadIkSA kA svIkAra kiyA / A.hemacandra dvArA racita granthasampatti dekhakara hama Azcaryacakita hote haiM / vyAkaraNa-nyAya-kAvya - koSa-alaMkAra-chanda-nIti-stotra Adi saba viSayoM para unhoMne aneka grantha likheM / tatkAlIna sarva dharma ke vidvAnoM ne unheM 'kalikAlasarvajJa' yaha upAdhi samarpita kI / unhoMne 'kumArapAlacarita' nAmaka grantha kI racanA kI thI / usameM yaha khUbI thI ki eka prakAra se par3heM to vaha kumArapAla rAjA kI jIvanI thI / dUsare prakAra se par3heM to prAkRta vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM ke bahuta sAre udAharaNa usameM nihita the / 'dezInAmamAlA' nAma kA unakA grantha bhI apUrva hai kyoMki samakAlIna prAdezika bolIbhASAoM ke zabdoM kI vaha DikzanarI thii| A. hemacandra kA ziSyasamUha bahuta bar3A aura prabhAvazAlI thA / IsavI sana 1973 meM unhoMne nirmala samAdhisahita prANatyAga kiyaa| kumArapAla ke zAsanakAla meM 'aNahillapura-pATaNa', bhArata ke sarvotkRSTa nagaroM meM se eka thA / vyApAra tathA kalAkauzala ke kAraNa vaha nagara samRddhi ke zikhara para thA / eka dantakathA ke anusAra, usa samaya usa nagara meM 1800 karoDapati rahate the / kumArapAla prajA kA pAlana patravat karate the / prajA kI sthiti lie gupta veza meM zahara bhramaNa karate the / prajA ke Upara ke 'kara' aura 'daNDa' bahuta kama kara diye the| rAjA kumArapAla baDe satyaniSTha the / jinendra bhagavAna kI nitya pUjA karate the / abhakSya padArthoM kA bhakSaNa unhoMne kabhI nahIM kiyA / dInaduHkhI aura yAcakoM ko agaNita dravyadAna karate the| garIba janatA kI nirvAha ke lie hara sAla lAkhoM rupaye rAjya ke khajAne meM se diye jAte the / unhoMne jaina zAstroM kA uddhAra karAyA / aneka pustakabhaNDAra sthApana kiye / saiMkaDo purAtana jaina mandiroM kA jIrNoddhAra kiyA / tAraMgA Adi tIrthakSetroM para zilpakalA ke advitIya namUne aura anupameya mandira banAye / kumArapAla ne jainadharma kA utkRSTatA se pAlana kiyA aura sAre gujarAta ko eka 'Adarza jaina rAjya banAyA / apane guru hemacandra kI mRtyu ke chaha mahine bAda IsavI sana 1174 meM, 80 varSa kI Ayu bhogakara, mahArAja kumArapAla svargavAsI hae / sacce artha meM, hemacandra-kumArapAla kI joDI 'maharSi-rAjarSi' ke rUpa meM itihAsa meM amara rahegI / ********** svAdhyAya : prazna : rAjA kumArapAla kI vizeSatAe~ lagabhaga pandraha paMktiyoM meM likhie / **********

Page #11
pATha 3 jainoM kA bhAratIya kalAsaMvardhana meM yogadAna jaina paramparA ne bhAratIya sAhitya evaM tattvajJAna ko jisa prakAra yogadAna diyA, usI prakAra bhAratIya kalAsaMvardhana meM bhI apanI khAsa chApa choDI hai / manuSyaprANi jijJAsA ke kAraNa, jJAna ke dvArA vijJAna aura tattvajJAna kA vikAsa karatA hai / manuSya meM acche aura bure kA viveka hone ke kAraNa, dharma, nIti aura sadAcAra ke Adarza prasthApita karatA hai / manuSya kA tIsarA vizeSa guNa hai - sauMdarya kI upAsanA / poSaNa aura rakSaNa ke lie manuSya jina padArthoM kA grahaNa karatA hai unheM bhI adhikAdhika sundara banAne kA prayatna karatA hai / mAnavIya sabhyatA kA vikAsa sauMdarya kI upAsanA para AdhArita hai / gRhanirmANa, mUrti nirmANa, citranirmANa, saMgIta aura kAvya, ye pA~ca kalAe~ mAnavI jIvana ko adhikAdhika pUrNatA kI ora le jAtI haiN| jainadharma ke bAre meM sAmAnyataH kahA jAtA hai ki isa dharma meM nivRtti-saMnyAsa evaM virakti ko prAdhAnya hai / jainadharma meM niSedhAtmaka vRttiyoM para hI bhAra diyA hai / kintu yaha doSAropaNa jainadharma kI apUrNa jAnakArI kA pariNAma hai / yadyapi munidharma meM vItarAgatA kI pradhAnatA hai tathApi gRhasthadharma meM kalAtmaka pravRttiyoM ko yathocita sthAna diyA gayA hai| AdinAtha RSabhadeva ke caritra meM hamane paDhA hI haiM ki unhoMne mAnavI unnati ke lie asi-masi-kRSividyA-vANijya evaM zilpa kA vizeSa praNayana kiyA / samavAyAMga aura aupapAtika, donoM prAcIna granthoM meM 72 kalAoM kI nAmAvalI pAyI jAtI hai / kalAoM kI zikSA denevAle kalAcArya aura zilpAcAryoM kA bhI ullekha milatA hai| jaina stUpa : vAstukalA meM jainoM kA yogadAna prathamata: 'mathurA ke stUpa' ke dvArA spaSTa hotA hai / stUpa ke bhagna aMzoM se bhI isakA jainatva spaSTa hotA hai / isakA kAla IsA pUrva 200 batAyA jAtA hai / muniyoM kI dhyAnadhAraNA ke lie guphAe~ banAyI jAtI thI / aisI guphAoM meM se sabase prAcIna aura prasiddha jaina guphAe~ barAbara aura nAgArjunI pahADiyoM para sthita haiM / yaha sthAna paTanA-gayA lohamArga se najadIka hai / isakA kAla IsA pUrva tIsarI zatI mAnA jAtA hai / jaina guphAe~: uDisA rAjya ke 'kaTaka ke samIpavartI udayagiri va khaNDagiri nAmaka parvatoM kI guphAe~ IsavI pUrva dvitIya zatI kI siddha hotI hai / udayagiri kI hAthIgumphA meM kaliMga samrATa khAravela kA suvistRta zilAlekha prAkRta bhASA meM likhA huA hai / isa zilAlekha se yaha bhI spaSTa hotA hai ki IsavI pUrva pAcavI-cauthI zatI meM bhI jaina mUrtiyA~ nirmANa hotI thI aura unakI pUjA-pratiSThA bhI hotI thI / dakSiNa bhArata ke bAdAmI kI jaina guphA ullekhanIya hai / bAdAmI tAlukA meM, aihola nAmaka grAma ke samIpa jaina guphAe~ haiM, jinameM jaina mUrtiyA~ vidyamAna hai / guphAnirmANa kI kalA elorA meM carama utkarSa ko prApta huI / yahA~ bauddha-hindu aura jaina, tInoM sampradAyoM ke zailamandira bane hue haiM / yahA~ pA~ca jaina guphAe~ haiM / manamADa relvejaMkzana ke samIpa 'aMkAItaMkAI' nAmaka guphAsamUha hai / tIna hajAra phUTa U~ce pahADiyoM meM sAta guphAe~ haiM / vaise to, pUre bhAratabhara meM aura bhI kaI sthAnoM para jaina guphAe~ pAyI jAtI hai|

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jaina mandira : bhAratIya vAstukalA kA itihAsa pahale stUpanirmANa meM, phira guphA-caitya aura vihAroM meM aura tatpazcAt mandiroM ke nirmANa meM pAyA jAtA hai / isIkA anusaraNa karake prAyaH jaina mandiroM kA bhI nirmANa haA / mandiroM ke sarvotkRSTa udAharaNa gyArahavIM zatI ke pazcAt hI pAye jAte haiM / vartamAna meM sabase prAcIna jaina mandira jisakI sirpha rUparekhA surakSita hai, vaha hai - dakSiNa bhArata meM bAdAmI ke samIpa aihola kA 'meghuTI' nAmaka jaina mandira / mandiranirmANa meM tIna zailiyA~ pAyI jAtI haiM - nAgara, drAviDa aura vesara / sAmAnyata: nAgarazailI uttarabhArata meM pAyI jAtI hai / drAviDa zailI dakSiNa bhArata meM tathA vesara zailI madhya-bhArata meM pAyI jAtI hai / halebIDa kA pArzvanAtha mandira vizeSa ullekhanIya hai / pArzvanAtha kI caudaha phITa vizAla mUrti sapnaphaNi nAga se yukta hai / halebIDa mandira ke chata kI citrakArI, pUre bhArata meM sarvotkRSTa hai / madhya-bhArata ke devagaDha aura khajurAho ke jaina mandira vizeSa lakSaNIya hai / khajurAho meM jaina mandiroM kI saMkhyA tIsa se Upara hai / madhyapradeza ke 'muktAgiri' aura 'sonAgiri' ke mandira pahADI ghATI ke samatala bhAga meM sthita hai| najadIka hI sAta phITa U~cA jalaprapAta hai / jodhapura ke samIpa ke osiyA ke, prAcIna jaina aura hindu mandira suprasiddha hai / mAravADa ke sAdaDI grAma ke samIpa bhI aneka hindu aura jaina mandira hai| rAjaputAne ke goDavADa jile meM 'rANakapura' kA mandira prasiddha hai / yaha vizAla caturmukhI mandira 40,000 vargaphITa bhUmipara banA huA hai / isameM 29 maNDapa hai, jinake stambhoM kI saMkhyA 420 haiM / Abu ke jaina mandira kevala jaina kalA kA hI nahIM, kintu bhAratIya vAstukalA kA sarvotkRSTa vikasita rUpa hai / janazruti ke anusAra isa mandira ke nirmANa meM 18 karoDa 53 lAkha suvarNamudrAoM kA vyaya huA / isa mandira kA nirmANa gyArahavIM sadI meM huA / cAlukya vaMza ke rAjA bhImadeva ke mantrI aura senApati the - 'vimalazAha' / poravADa vaMzI vimalazAha ne isa anupameya mandira kA nirmANa kiyA aura unake vaMzajoM ne dotIna bAra mandira kA punaruddhAra kiyA / saMgamaravara se bane hue isa mandira kA varNana karanA sarvathA azakya hai / jo bhI vyakti ise dekhatA hai vaha atIva sauMdarya kI anubhUti se abhibhAvita hotA hai| AbUroDa sTezana ke najadIka 'dilavADAba nAmaka sthAna meM sthita ye jaina mandira dekhane ke lie pUrI daniyAbhara se loga Ate rahate haiM jaina tIrthoM meM saurASTra pradeza ke zatrujaya (pAlItANA) parvata para jitane jaina mandira haiM utane anyatra kahIM nahIM haiM / zatrujaya-mAhAtmya nAmake kaI grantha bhI likhe gaye haiM / ina mandiroM meM se sabase prAcIna mandira 'vimalazAha'ne aura kucha mahattvapUrNa mandira gujarAtha nareza kumArapAla' ne banavAye haiN| saurASTra kA dUsarA mahAna tIrthakSetra 'giranAra' hai / isa parvata kA prAcIna nAma 'Urjayanta' aura raivatakagiri' hai| kahA jAtA hai ki bAIsaveM tIrthaMkara neminAtha ne yahA~ tapasyA kI thI / yahA~ kA neminAtha mandira sabase prasiddha, vizAla aura sundara hai / jaina tIrthakSetroM meM kucha kSetroM ko 'siddhakSetra' kahA gayA hai / aSTApada (kailAsa), campA (bihAra), pAvA (bihAra) aura sammedazikhara (bihAra), gajapantha aura mAMgItuMgI (mahArASTra) ityAdi caudaha siddhakSetra suprasiddha hai / digambara paramparA meM caudaha siddhakSetroM ko namana karanevAle stotra bhI pAye jAte haiM / jaina mUrtiyA~ : jainadharma meM mUrtipUjA sambandhI ullekha prAcIna kAla se pAye jAte haiM / jaina abhyAsakoM kA dAvA hai ki sindha ghATI kI khadAI meM haDappA se prApta mastakahIna martI 'jaina martI hI hai| matharA stapa ke bhagna jo mUrtiyA~ pAyI gayI hai ve mathurA ke saMgrahAlaya meM surakSita haiM / usI saMgrahAlaya meM kuSANakAlIna 47 mUrtiyA~ surakSita rakhI hai|

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kuptakAlIna jaina mUrtiyA~ IsA kI cauthI zatI se pAyI jAtI hai| pratimAoM para pRthak-pRthak cihnoM kA pradarzana AThavIM zatI se dhIre-dhIre pracAra meM AyA / isalie usake bAda kI mUrti ke pAdapITha para vRSabha, gaja, bandara, azva Adi cihna dikhAyI dete haiM / dhAtu se nirmita pratimAe~ bhI prAcIna kAla se pAyI jAtI hai / ye pratimAe~ prAya: brAnjha se banAyI jAtI thI / bahutasI jaina dhAtu pratimAe~ prinsa oNpha velsa saMgrahAlaya meM surakSita haiM / maisUra ke antargata zravaNabelagolA ke vindhyagiri para virAjamAna 'bAhubali' kI pASANapratimA sabase U~cI aura prasiddha hai / pUre bhAratabhara meM bAhubali kI mUrtiyA~ aneka sthala para pAyI jAtI hai| jaina mUrtikalA meM tIrthaMkaroM ke atirikta jina anya devIdevatAoM ko rUpa pradAna kiyA gayA hai unameM yakSa aura yakSiNiyoM kI pratimAe~ dhyAna dene yogya hai / cakrazvarI, dharaNendra-padmAvatI, aMbikAdevI, sarasvatI, acyutAdevI Adi aneka mUrtiyA~ vividha AkhyAnoM se sambandhita haiN| jaina citrakalA : jaina citrakalA ke sabase prAcIna udAharaNa tAmIla pradeza ke taMjora ke samIpa 'sitannavAsala' kI guphA meM milate haiM / isa guphA kA alaMkaraNa (citrakArI) mahendravarmA ne sAtavIM zatI meM kiyA thA / yaha rAjA citrakalA kA itanA premI thA ki usane 'dakSiNa citra' nAmaka zAstra kA saMkalana kiyA thA / jaina citrakArI meM bhitticitra, tADapatrIya-citra, kAgajapara-citra, kASTha-citra evaM vastrapaTapara citrita namUne pAye jAte haiM / elorA ke jaina mandiroM meM bhI chata para citrakArI pAyI jAtI hai / tirumalAI ke jaina mandira meM, zravaNabelagolA ke jaina maTha meM bhI jaina citrakArI ke sundara udAharaNa vidyamAna hai| jaina zAstrabhANDAroM meM jo tADapatrapara likhita hastalikhita hai unameM bhI citrakArI ke namUne aMkita haiN| jaise hI kAgaja kA AviSkAra haA vaise bhArata meM gyArahavIM zatI ke AsapAsa citrakArI se yukta kAgaja kI pothiyA~ prApta hotI haiM / cAndI aura sone se banAyI gayI syAhI se pothiyoM para haMsa, phUlapattiyA~ athavA kamala Adi citrita kiye gaye haiM / jaina zAstrabhANDAroM meM kASTha ke Upara citrakArI ke bhI kucha namUne prApta hote haiM / ye kASTha, pothiyoM kI rakSA ke lie Upara-nIce rakhe jAte the / kASTha ke samAna, vastrapaToM para bhI yakSa-yakSiNi, samavasaraNa, navagraha Adi ke citra pAye jAte haiN| puNe meM sthita bhANDArakara prAcyavidyA saMsthA meM, tADapatrapara likhita aura kAgaja para likhita, bahuta purAnI hastalikhita pothiyA~ (pANDulipiyA~) saMgrahIta kI huI haiM / kaI pothiyoM meM 'miniecara penTigj' pAyI jAtI hai| eka-do vastrapaTa bhI surakSita rakhe haiM / manamohaka raMgoM se khIMce gaye citra kI rekhAe~ aura raMga kisI bhI vyakti ko AkarSita karate haiM / hastalikhita zAstra ke vizArada kahate haiM ki, 'bhArata meM prApta sabhI hastalikhitoM meM jaina pothiyA~ saMkhyA se adhika aura sabase sundara hai|' jainavidyA ke pratyeka abhyAsaka ko cAhie ki vaha tattvajJAna aura sAhitya se bhI jyAdA ruci 'jaina kalA' meM rakheM kyoMki purAne jamAne se alpasaMkhyAka honevAle jaina samAja ne bhAratIya kalAoM ko abhUtapUrva yogadAna diyA hai, jo jainiyoM kI rasika kalAdRSTi ke mUrta AviSkAra haiM / * (DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina dvArA likhita, "bhAratIya saMskRti meM jainadharma kA yogadAna' isa kitAba ke AdhAra se prastuta pATha likhA huA hai / )

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svAdhyAya a) vastuniSTha prazna 1) isa pATha kI prastAvanA ke AdhAra se, mAnavIya sabhyatA ke vikAsa ke tIna mukhya mudde likhie / 2) kaunase do prAcIna jaina granthoM meM, 72 kalAoM kI nAmAvalI pAyI jAtI hai ? 3) jainoM kA sarvAdhika prAcIna stUpa kahA~ hai ? 4) 'elorA' meM kitanI jaina guphAe~ haiM ? 5) jaina mandiroM ke sarvotkRSTa udAharaNa kaunasI zatI se pAye jAte haiM ? 6) mandira nirmANa kI kaunasI tIna zailiyA~ hai ? ve sAmAnyataH kahA~ pAyI jAtI hai ? 7) 'khajurAho' meM jaina mandiroM kI saMkhyA kitanI hai ? 8) 'rANakapura' ke mandira ke bAre meM mahattvapUrNa jAnakArI likhie / 9) 'zatrujaya' tIrtha kahA~ hai ? usakI kyA vizeSatA hai ? 10) 'giranAra' ke paryAyavAcI nAma kaunase haiM ? yaha tIrthakSetra kaunase tIrthaMkara se jur3A huA hai ? 11) digambara mAnyatA ke anusAra pA~ca siddhakSetroM ke nAma likhie / 12) zravaNabelagolA' kI prasiddhi kisa kAraNa se hai ? 13) jaina mUrtikalA meM aMkita kucha yakSa-yakSiNiyoM kI pratimAoM ke nAma likhie / 14) jaina citrakArI ke namUne kauna-kaunasI pA~ca vibhinna pRSThabhUmi para citrita kiye gaye haiM ? 15) isa pATha meM jainoM kA bhAratIya kalAsaMvardhana meM yogadAna, kauna-kaunase pA~ca mahattvapUrNa muddoM para AdhAra kara adhorekhita kiyA hai ? ba) bar3e prazna (guNa 5) 1) kaliMgasamrATa 'khAravela' ke zilAlekha ke bAre meM , 8-10 paMktiyoM meM jAnakArI likhie / 2) mAUnTaaba ke 'dilavADA' meM sthita jaina mandira ke bAre meM saMkSipta jAnakArI likhie / * (vArSika parIkSA meM isa para AdhArita anya bhI vastuniSTha prazna pUche jA sakate haiM / jaise ki - joDa lagAie, ucita paryAya cunie, riktasthAna kI pUrti kIjie i.) **********

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pATha 4 tattvArthasUtra kI pRSThabhUmi prAcIna kAla se jainadharma, viziSTa tattvajJAna ke AdhAra para vikasita huA hai / jaina paramparA kA sabase prAcIna sAhitya, ardhamAgadhI aura zaurasenI ina donoM prAkRta bhASA meM vistAra rUpa se racA gayA hai / IsavI kI cauthI zatAbdi meM 'umAsvAti' (umAsvAmI) nAma ke prakhyAta jaina AcArya hae / tatkAlIna bhArata ke vidvAna, saMskRta bhASA evaM saMskRta sUtroM meM nibaddha tattvajJAnoM se (darzanoM se) paricita the / jaina tattvajJAna prAkRta meM hone ke kAraNa, unakA dhyAna jaina tattvajJAna ke prati AkRSTa nahIM huA thA / umAsvAti ko yaha kamI mahasUsa huii| unhoMne samagra prAkRta AgamoM kA avalokana karake, 'saMskRta' bhASA meM, jaina tattvajJAna kA sAra saMgrahIta kiyA / umAsvAti ne saMskRta bhASA meM nibaddha kula 357 sUtra race / dasa adhyAyoM meM ve sUtra vibhakta kiye / isa grantha kA pUrA nAma 'tattvArthAdhigamasUtra' hai / ise saMkSepa meM 'tattvArthasUtra' kahA jAtA hai / tattvArthasUtra jaina paramparA meM likhita granthoM meM, sabase pahalA saMskRta grantha hai / grantha itanA khyAtiprApta hai ki cauthI zatAbdi se lekara Ajataka jaina tattvajJAna kA pratyeka abhyAsaka bahuta hI bArIkI se tattvArthasUtra kA adhyayana karatA hai / tattvArtha ke dasa adhyAyoM kI saMkSipta jAnakArI : adhyAya 1 : jJAna zIrSaka se hI mAlUma hotA hai ki jJAna ke viSaya meM jo jo jaina dhAraNAe~ hai, ve isa adhyAya meM maile dasa adhyAya meM 35 satro meM grathita kI hai / umAsvAti kA kathana hai ki sAdhaka evaM abhyAsakoM ke lie, jaina paramparA ne mokSa kA mArga dikhAyA hai| isalie tattvArtha kA prathama satra yaha hai ki 'samyakadarzanajJAnacAritrANi mokSamArgaH / ' padArthoM ke yathAtathya jJAna kI ruci 'samyakadarzana' hai| usake bAda jIva, ajIva, Asrava, bandha, saMvara, nirjarA aura mokSa ina sAta tattvoM kA nirdeza hai / tattvoM ke vistRta ke jJAna ke lie caudaha nikaSa aMkita kiye haiN| isa adhyAya kA viSaya jJAna kI vizeSa vicAraNA hai / isakA Arambha jJAna ke pA~ca prakAroM se diyA hai / ve isa prakAra haiM - mati, zruta, avadhi, mana:paryAya aura kevalajJAna / pA~ca indriya aura mana ke dvArA prApta kiye jAnevAle jJAna ko 'matijJAna' kahA hai / 'zrutajJAna' mukhyataH AgamajJAna hai lekina anya-anya mAdhyamoM ke dvArA prApta jJAnakArI svarUpa jJAna ko bhI zrutajJAna kahA hai| 'avadhi' aura 'mana:paryAya' ye do jJAna viziSTa Atmika unnati ke dvArA prApta hote haiN| adhyAya ke antima do sUtra meM pA~ca nayoM kA nirdeza hai / naya yAne ki 'satya kA AMzika yAne kevala eka dRSTikona se honevAlA jJAna' / umAsvAti ne nayaviSayaka carcA ko Arambha kiyA / bAda meM usI ko sAmane rakhakara 'syAdvAda' aura 'anekAntavAda' kA vikAsa huA / adhyAya 2 : jIva __ prathama adhyAya meM sAta padArthoM kA nAma nirdeza kiyA hai / Age ke nauM adhyAyoM meM kramaza: unakA vizeSa vicAra kiyA hai| isa dUsare adhyAya meM jIva (AtmA) isa padArtha kA tAttvika svarUpa bheda-prabheda Adi viSayoM kA varNana pAyA jAtA hai / jIva koI mUrta cIja nahIM hai / usakA varNana 'bhAvasvarUpa meM pAyA jAtA hai / jIva meM honevAle pA~ca bhAva ye haiM -1) aupazamika 2) kSAyika 3) kSAyopazamika 4) audayika aura 5) pAriNAmika / jIva kA lakSaNa upayoga' hai / upayoga kA sAmAnya artha hai, 'bodharUpa vyApAra athavA jJAnacetanA' / hara eka choTebaDe taratama bhAva se yaha jJAnacetanA pAyI jAtI hai /

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jIvoM ke mukhya prakAra do haiM - saMsArI aura mukta / saMsArI jIva meM se koI manasahita hote haiM aura koI manarahita hote haiM / unheM 'samanaska-amanaska' athavA 'saMjJI-asaMjJI' bhI kahA jAtA haiM / jIvoM kA halana-calana dhyAna meM rakhakara do bheda kiye jAte haiM / halana-calana na karanevAle jIva 'sthAvara' hai / unheM eka hI indriya yAne sparzendriya hotA hai / pRthvIkAya, apkAya, tejaskAya, vAyukAya aura vanaspatikAya ye ekendriya jIva, sthAvara haiM / do indriyoM se lekara pA~ca indriyoM taka ke jIva trasa' haiM, yAne halana-calana karanevAle haiM / gati kI dRSTi se jIvoM ke vibhAga cAra batAye jAte haiM - deva, nAraka, manuSya aura tiryaMca / jainadharma kA punarjanma para dRDha vizvAsa hai / tattvArtha ke dUsare adhyAya meM punarjanma viSayaka prakriyA spaSTa kI gayI hai / jIva ke janmAnusArI mukhya tIna prakAra hai - sammUrcchanajanma, garbhajanma tathA upapAtajanma / kisI bhI jIva ko janma lene ke lie sthAna kI AvazyakatA hotI hai / usako 'yoni' kahate hai / jaina paramparA meM yoni ke nauM prakAra kahe gaye haiM / sAmAnyata: hameM jIvoM kA jo zarIra dikhAyI detA hai use 'audArika' zarIra kahate hai / lekina usake sAtha-sAtha jaina paramparA meM vaikriya, AhAraka, taijasa aura kArmaNa ina zarIroM kA bhI vivecana pAyA jAtA hai / jIva ke cihna ko 'liMga' kahate hai / use 'veda' zabda se jAnA jAtA hai / liMga yA veda tIna haiM - puMveda, strIveda aura napuMsakaveda / / isa adhyAya ke antima sUtra meM AyuSyaviSayaka vicAra hai / kAlamRtyu aura akAlamRtyu kI carcA isa sUtra ke sambandha meM pAyI jAtI hai / sArAza se hama kaha sakate hai ki jIvaviSayaka samagra carcA isa adhyAya meM nihita hai| adhyAya 3 : adholoka-madhyaloka dvitIya adhyAya meM gati kI apekSA se saMsArI jIvoM ke nAraka, manuSya, tiryaMca aura deva aise cAra prakAra kahe gaye haiN| prastuta tRtIya adhyAya meM adholoka ke nArakI jIvoM kA aura madhyaloka ke manuSya aura tiryaMca jIvoM kA varNana hai| jaina paramparA ne naraka aura svarga kevala saMkalpanAtmaka nahIM mAne haiM / unako vAstava mAnakara, unakA sthAna, svarUpa Adi kA varNana pAyA jAtA hai / naraka sAta haiM - ratnaprabhA, zarkarAprabhA, vAlukAprabhA, paMkaprabhA, dhUmaprabhA, tama:prabhA aura mahAtama:prabhA / ve eka-dUsare ke nIce haiM aura nIce kI ora adhikAdhika vistAravAle haiM / saba nArakI jIva azubha lezyAvAle haiM / ve asuroM ke dvArA diye gaye duHkha bhogate haiM tathA eka-dUsare ko bhI duHkha dete haiM / nArakI jIvoM kI jaghanya sthiti eka sAgaropama tathA utkRSTa sthiti taiMtIsa sAgaropama hai| madhyaloka racanA dvIpa-samudra isa prakAra kI hai / ina sabake madhya meM jambudvIpa hai / unake madhya meM eka lAkha yojanAvAlA meruparvata hai / jambudvIpa meM bharata, airAvata i. sAta kSetra haiM / jambudvIpa, dhAtakIkhaNDa aura puSkarArdhadvIpa ko 'aDhAIdvIpa' kahate hai / sirpha inameM hI manuSyoM kA nivAsa hai / jaina paramparA ke anusAra bharata, airAvata aura mahAvideha ye tIna karmabhUmiyA~ haiM / isa adhyAya ke antima do sUtroM meM manuSya aura tiryacoM kI jaghanya aura utkRSTa Aya batAyI h| sArAMza meM yaha kaha sakate hai ki jaina paramparA kI bhaugolika avadhAraNAe~ isa adhyAya meM nihita hai| sadya:kAlIna pracalita avadhAraNAoM se ye milatI-julatI hai yA nahIM, yaha prazna bahuta hI vicAraNIya hai| adhyAya 4 : devaloka isa caturtha adhyAya meM devaloka yAne svargoM kA samagra varNana hai / jaina mAnyatA ke anusAra uttarottara zreSTha svargoM kI racanA eka bhaugolika vastusthiti hai / ina svargoM meM rahanevAle jIvoM ko 'devagati ke jIva' kahA jAtA hai / puNya aura sukhopabhogoM kI taratamatA ke anusAra unameM kaI bheda bhI batAye gaye haiM / devagati ke jIvoM ko 'ArAdhanA ke yogya' nahIM mAnA gayA hai / svarga meM unakA nivAsa kAyamasvarUpI nahIM hai / puNyaphala kA bhoga samApta hone para ve dusarI gati meM cale jAte haiM / kisI bhI svarganivAsI deva ko 'Izvara' nahIM kahA hai / 16

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devoM ke kula cAra nikAya yAne samUhavizeSa hai / ve isa prakAra haiM - 1) bhavanapati 2) vyantara 3) jyotiSka aura 4) vaimAnika / bhavanapati deva dasa prakAra ke haiM / vyantara ATha prakAra ke haiM / jyotiSka pA~ca prakAra ke aura vaimAnika bAraha prakAra ke haiM / pratyeka prakAra kA nAma aura kAryasahita varNana suvistRta rUpa meM, isa adhyAya ke alagaalaga sUtra meM diyA hai| antima do svargapaTala choDakara bAkI saba meM do-do indra hote haiM / ina cAroM devanikAyoM meM zubhalezyAe~ hotI hai / cAra nikAyoM meM se vaimAnika deva zreSTha haiM / unake do prakAra haiM - 1) kalpopapanna 2) kalpAtIta / isa adhyAya ke kacha satroM meM devoM ke vaiSayika sakhoM kA vicAra kiyA gayA hai| nIce-nIce kI apekSA Upara-Upara ke devoM kA sukha adhikAdhika mAnA gayA hai / sUrya, candra, graha, nakSatra aura tArakA Adi sabako jyotiSka deva ke svarUpa meM svIkArA hai| Age ke sUtroM meM devoM kA zarIra, abhimAna, ucchvAsa, AhAra, vedanA Adi kA varNana pAyA jAtA hai / jaina paurANika mAnyatA ke anusAra, arihaMta bhagavAna ke janmAbhiSeka Adi prasaMgo para devoM kA Asana kampita hotA hai / ve avadhijJAna se tIrthaMkara kI mahimA ko jAnate haiM / kucha deva unake nikaTa paha~ca kara, upAsanA ke dvArA AtmakalyANa karate haiM / sArAMza meM hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki, jaina paramparA ke anusAra, arihaMta tIrthaMkara Adi kI mahimA devoM se kaI gune jyAdA hai / isa adhyAya meM tiryaMcoM kA varNana kevala eka sUtra meM kiyA hai / deva-nAraka tathA manuSya ko choDakara, zeSa sabhI saMsArI jIva tiryaMca hai| deva-nAraka aura manuSya kevala paMcendriya hote hai / tiryaMca meM ekendriya se lekara pacendriya taka saba jIva A jAte haiM / deva-nAraka aura manuSya, loka ke viziSTa bhAgoM meM hI hote haiN| tiryaMca loka ke saba bhAgoM meM haiN| adhyAya ke antima bhAga meM, caturnikAya devoM kI utkRSTa aura jaghanya sthiti batAyI hai / adhyAya 5 : jIva dUsare adhyAya se cauthe adhyAya taka, jIvatattva kA varNana huA / prastuta adhyAya meM ajIvatattva kA vicAra kiyA gayA hai| jIva kA lakSaNa 'upayoga' hai / jisameM upayoga arthAt jJAnacetanA na ho vaha 'ajIva' hai / jIvAstikAya, dharmAstikAya, adharmAstikAya, AkAzAstikAya aura pudgalAstikAya ye pA~ca 'astikAya' haiM / inako astikAya kahA hai kyoMki ye ekapradezasvarUpa athavA avayavarUpa nahIM haiM / parantu pracaya arthAt samUharUpa hai / ina pA~ca astikAyoM meM dharma-adharma-AkAza aura pudgala ye cAra dravya 'ajIvadravya' haiM / pA~ca astikAyoM meM agara kAladravya ko sammIlita kiyA to SaDdravya ho jAte haiM / kAla 'ajIva' hai kintu vaha astikAya nahIM hai| chaha dravyoM meM ajIva pudgala dravya 'mUrta' hai / bAkI pA~ca dravya 'amUrta' hai / saba dravya 'nitya' hai / saba dravyoM kI sthiti lokAkAza meM hai / krama se gati aura sthiti ko sahAya karanA, dharma aura adharma ke kArya haiM / AkAza sabako 'avakAza' yAne jagaha, sthAna detA hai / jainoM ke sivA, kisI bhI bhAratIya tattvajJAnoM ne dharma aura adharma dravya kI saMkalpanA nahIM kI hai| jagat ke saba jIva ekadUsare ke AdhAra se jIte haiM / zarIra se sambandhita sAre kArya pudgaloM ke upakAra hai yAne ki zarIra, vANI, mana, ucchvAsa-nizvAsa yaha saba pudgaloM ke sivA zakya nahIM hai| 'kAla' vastuta: eka anumAnita dravya hai / padArthoM ke pariNAma dekhakara, kAla kA anumAna kiyA jAtA hai / sekaMda, miniTa, ghaMTA Adi saba vyAvahArika dRSTi se kAla ke vibhAga hai / 17

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isa adhyAya meM pA~ca-chaha sUtroM meM pudgala paramANu evaM skandhoM kA tathA paramANuskandhoM ke bhedoM kA vistuta varNana hai / eka dRSTi se hama kaha sakate haiM ki, jaina paramparA kA aNuvijJAna evaM bhautikavijJAna, isa adhyAya meM nihita hai| ye saba SaDdravya 'sat' hai yAne real hai / sat kI paribhASA jaina alaga hI tarIke se karate haiM - jisa padArtha meM utpAda-vyaya aura dhrauvya ye tInoM aMza hote haiM vaha 'sat' hai / utpAda aura vyaya, padArthoM ke paryAyoM meM hote hai / dravya aura usake mUla guNoM meM nahIM hote / dravya, dravyarUpa se vaha padArtha 'dhruva' yAne constant hotA hai / dravya kA yaha lakSaNa saba dravya ko samAna rUpa se lAgU hotA hai / yadyapi SaDdravyoM ke apane-apane alaga kArya hai tathApi 'utpAda-vyaya-dhrauvyayuktaM sat' yaha vyAkhyA samAna rUpa se eka hai| sArAMza meM hama kaha sakate haiM ki, dravya-guNa-paryAya rUpa vizeSa siddhAnta kA isa adhyAya meM kathana hai / SaDdravyoM kI saMkalpanA unake kAryadvArA aura samAna lakSaNadvArA spaSTa kI hai / pudgala yA paramANu ke vizeSa, usapara rahanevAle guNa, unameM honevAle skandharUpa bandha Adi kA zAstrIya aura tArkika varNana isa adhyAya kI vizeSatA hai| adhyAya 6 : Asrava dusare adhyAya se pA~caveM adhyAya taka SaDdravyoM kA yAne vyAvahArika vAstavikatA kA varNana samApta huA / chaThe adhyAya se hama naitika (ethical)-dhArmika (religious) evaM AdhyAtmika (spiritual) pradeza meM praveza kara rahe haiN| sAmAnyataH 'yoga' zabda kA artha dhyAna-dhAraNA-samAdhi Adi hotA hai / lekina isa adhyAya ke prathama sUtra meM hI spaSTata: kahA hai ki, kAyA-vAcA aura mana kI haraeka kriyA kA 'yoga' kahate haiM / isa yoga ke dvArA jIva meM spandana nirmANa hote haiM / vaha nimitta pAkara karma ke atisUkSma paramANu AtmA meM (jIva meM) praveza karate haiM / isalie tIna yogoM ko hI 'Asrava' kahA hai / zubha kriyAoM ke dvArA 'puNya' kA Asrava hotA hai / azubha kriyAoM ke dvArA 'pApa' kA Asrava hotA hai| Asrava ke anantara karmaparamANu AtmA ko cipaka jAte haiN| jinameM kaSAyoM kI mAtrA adhika hai unameM cipakane kI kriyA dRDhatara hotI hai / kaSAya na ho to karma-paramANu turanta chUTa jAte haiM / jJAnAvaraNIya, darzanAvaraNIya Adi karmoM ke ATha prakAra haiM / pratyeka karma ke bandhahetu arthAt Asrava hote haiM / ve alaga-alaga hote haiN| una sabakI ginatI isa adhyAya meM vistAra rUpa se kI hai / eka udAharaNa dekara spaSTa karate hai - isa adhyAya ke terahaveM sUtra meM kahate haiM ki, bhUta-anukampA, vratI-anukampA, dAna, sarAgasaMyamAdi yoga, kSAnti aura zauca ye sAtAvedanIya karma ke bandhahetu haiM / isakA matalaba yaha hai ki, uparokta guNoM kI agara hama ArAdhanA kareM to usake phalasvarUpa hameM sAtAvedanIya karma kA bandha hotA hai yAne saukhya kI anubhUti hotI hai / adhyAya 7 : vrata jainadharma kI yaha dRDha zraddhA hai ki, zraddhA aura jJAna agara AcaraNa meM pariNata nahIM hue to vyakti mokSamArga para agresara nahIM ho sakatA / isa sAtaveM adhyAya meM acche AcAra ke digdarzana ke lie vratoM kA vivecana hai| pahale sUtra meM kahA hai ki, 'hiMsA, asatya, corI, maithuna aura parigraha se (mana-vacana aura kAya dvArA) nivRtta honA vrata hai|' sAdhudharma aura zrAvakadharma spaSTa karate hue umAsvAti kahate haiM ki, hiMsA Adi se alpa aMza meM virati 'aNuvrata' hai aura sarvAMza se virati 'mahAvrata' hai / isa adhyAya kA yaha vizeSa hai ki pA~coM vratoM kI pratyekI

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pA~ca-pA~ca bhAvanAe~ yahA~ spaSTa kI hai / isake alAvA maitrI-pramoda-kAruNya aura mAdhyastha ina cAra naitika guNoM kA prakarSa bhI yahA~ mahattvapUrNa batAyA hai| ahiMsA ityAdi vratoM kI vyAkhyAe~ nahIM dI hai / parantu hiMsA-asatya-caurya-abrahmacarya aura parigraha ina pA~ca mukhya durguNoM kI vyAkhyA dene kA saphala prayAsa kiyA hai / vrata ke bAre meM mukhyata: kahA hai ki, saccA vratI banane ke lie pahalI zarta yaha hai ki 'zalya' kA tyAga kiyA jAya / zalya tIna haiM / ve mAnasika doSa haiM / daMbha, kapaTa, bhogalAlasA aura asatya kA pakSapAta hameM pahale choDanA cAhie / usake binA khuda ko vratI kahanA', DhoMga hai| isa adhyAya ke pandrahaveM aura solahaveM sUtra meM samagra zrAvakadharma kA nirUpaNa hai / sAdhudharma aura zrAvakadharma ke pazcAt saMlekhanA yAne saMthArA kA kathana kiyA hai / aThArahaveM sUtra se lekara, battIsaveM sUtra taka, zrAvakavratoM ke aticAroM kA vistRta varNana hai / antima do sUtroM meM 'dAna' kI vizeSatA batAyI hai| sArAMza meM hama kaha sakate haiM ki, yadyapi isameM vrata kA sAmAnya varNana hai tathApi yaha adhyAya gRhastha yA zrAvaka kI dRSTi se ananyasAdhAraNa mahattva rakhatA hai / adhyAya 8 : bandha ___ yahA~ bandha kA artha hai 'karmabandha' / Asrava ke dvArA Atmapradeza meM praviSTa karmaparamANu AtmA ke sAtha bandhe jAte haiM / yaha adhyAya isalie mahattvapUrNa hai ki jaina tattvajJAna kA mUlAdhAra jo karmasiddhAnta, vaha acchI taraha se samajhane ke lie isa adhyAya ke Akalana kI nitAnta AvazyakatA hai / pahale sUtra meM bandha ke pA~ca hetu yAne kAraNa batAye haiM / yadyapi pA~coM mahattvapUrNa hai tathApi jaise ki pahale batAyA hai 'kaSAya' aura 'yoga' ye do hetu adhika mahattvapUrNa haiM / dUsare aura tIsare sUtra meM bandha kI saMkSipta aura sAragarbha vyAkhyA dI hai / cauthe sUtra meM bandha ke cAra mukhya prakAra batAye haiM / ve isa prakAra haiM - prakRtibandha, pradezabandha, sthitibandha aura anubhAvabandha / prakRtibandha meM mUla prakRti aura uttara prakRtiyoM kA nirdeza hai / jJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa Adi ATha karmoM ko mUla prakRti kahA hai / ATha mUlaprakRtiyoM ke kramaza: pA~ca, nau, do, aTThAIsa, cAra, bayAlIsa, do tathA pA~ca bheda batAye haiM / nAmakarma kI bayAlIsa prakRtiyoM meM haraeka vyakti kI sArI guNasUtraviSayaka vizeSatAyeM tathA zArIrika-mAnasika vizeSatAyeM vistAra se batAyI hai / prakRtibandha ke vistRta vivecana ke bAda sthitibandhaviSayaka sUtroM meM ATha karma AtmA ke sAtha rahane kI jaghanya aura utkRSTa sthiti batAyI hai / anubhAvabandhaviSayaka sUtra tIna haiM / ve bahutahI saMkSipta haiN| pradezabandhaviSayaka sUtra meM karmaparamANuoM ke skandha aura AtmA, inake sambandha ke bAre meM aneka dRSTi se ATha prazna upasthita kiye haiN| jinake uttara sUtra ke ekeka zabda ke AdhAra se, hama de sakate haiN| lakSaNIya bAta yaha hai ki yadyapi vyavahAra meM puNyapApa ko atyAdhika mahattva diyA jAtA hai tathApi adhyAya ke antima sUtra meM, ATha puNyaprakRtiyA~ dI hai aura kahA hai ki zeSa sabhI prakRtiyA~ pAparUpa hai / tattvArthasUtra kI yaha mAnyatA bAda meM dRDhamUla nahIM huI / anya granthoM meM isakA vistAra kiyA gayA / antimataH puNyarUpa meM 42 prakRtiyA~ aura pAparUpa meM 82 prakRtiyA~ taya kI gyii| sArAMza meM hama kaha sakate haiM ki, bandha tattva kA varNana karanevAlA yaha adhyAya karmasiddhAnta kI dRDha pRSThabhUmi hai / isI ke AdhAra se Age jAkara saiMkaDoM karmagrantha zvetAmbara aura digambara AcAryoM ne banAye / adhyAya 9 : saMvara-nirjarA tattvoM kI ginatI meM Asrava aura bandha ke bAda kramaza: saMvara aura nirjarA tattva AtA hai / isa adhyAya meM saMvara aura nirjarA, donoM kA ekatrita nirUpaNa hai / Asrava kA nirodha karanA 'saMvara' hai / vaha saMvara gupti 19

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samiti-dharma- anuprekSA- parISahajaya aura cAritra se hotA hai| tIna prakAra kI gupti - pA~ca prakAra kI samiti - dazavidha dharma - bAraha prakAra kI anuprekSA aura bAIsa prakAra ke parISahoM kA adhyayana hamane pahale hI kiyA hai| una sabakI vyAkhyA aura prakAra isa adhyAya ke sUtroM meM nihita hai / yahA~ cAritra pA~ca prakAra kA batAyA hai| ve pA~ca prakAra Atmika zuddhi para AdhArita haiN| saMvara ke upAyoM meM 'tapa' kA mahattva ananyasAdhAraNa hai / usase doharA lAbha hotA hai / tapa ke kAraNa nUtana AsravoM ko roka lagatA hai / sAtha hI pUrvakRta karmoM kI nirjarA bhI hotI hai / tapa ke antaraMga aura bAhya bhedoM ke bAre meM hama pahale hI jAna cuke haiN| isa adhyAya ke 27 ve sUtra se lekara 46 ve sUtra taka, cAra prakAra ke dhyAnoM kA vistRta varNana hai / Age ke sUtra meM 'guNazreNi' kA siddhAnta aura usameM honevAlI kamanirjarA kA taratama bhAva batAyA hai / antima do sUtroM meM nirgranthoM ke pA~ca prakAra aura unakI vizeSatAyeM batAyI haiM / sArAMza meM hama kaha sakate haiM ki saMvara aura nirjarA para AdhArita yaha adhyAya sAdhu ke AcAra para mahattvapUrNa prakAza DAlatA hai| guNasthAnoM kA saMkSipta varNana aura dhyAna kI prakriyA kA varNana isa adhyAya kI vizeSatA hai / adhyAya 10 : mokSa jainadharma ne hamezA 'mokSa' yA 'nirvANa' ko hI mAnavI jIvana kA sarvocca dhyeya mAnA hai| saMvara aura nirjarA usake upAya haiN| ataH tattvArthasUtra ke antima adhyAya meM 'mokSa' kA svarUpa batAyA hai / ATha meM se cAra karma aghAtikarma haiN| mohanIya, jJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa tathA antarAya ye cAra ghAtikarma haiM / cAritrapAlana ke antima paDAva para AThoM karmoM kA kSaya hotA hai / tattvArtha ke dvitIya adhyAya meM AtmA ke jo pA~ca bhAva batAye haiM unameM se cAra bhAvoM kA kSaya mokSAvasthA meM hotA hai| pAriNAmika bhAva zeSa rahate haiM / yAne kI mukta AtmA kA bhI jIvatva aura astitva Adi kAyama rahatA hai / karmakSaya ke bAda mukta T jIva turanta hI loka ke anta taka upara jAtA hai / siddhazIlA para mukta jIva hamezA sthita rahate haiM / kisI bhI avasthA meM saMsAra meM vApasa nahIM Ate / isa adhyAya ke antima sUtra meM bAraha muddoM ke AdhAra se siddhoM kI vizeSatAoM kA vicAra kiyA hai / isa prakAra mokSa kI prakriyA aura mukta jIvoM kA varNana isa adhyAya kA mukhya pratipAdya hai / a) vastuniSTha prazna 1) tattvArthasUtra ke racayitA kauna hai ? svAdhyAya 2) tattvArthasUtra kA pUrA nAma kyA hai ? 3) tattvArthasUtra kaunasI bhASA meM likhA hai ? 4) pA~ca prakAra ke jJAnoM kA varNana tattvArtha ke kaunase adhyAya meM hai ? unake nAma likhie / 5) tattvArtha ke dUsare adhyAya meM sAta tattvoM meM se kaunase tattva kA vistRta varNana pAyA jAtA hai ? 6) jIva ke pA~ca bheda kaunase haiM ? 7) saMjJI aura asaMjJI kA matalaba ka kayA hai ? 8) punarjanmaviSayaka vicAra tattvArtha ke kaunase adhyAya meM batAe haiM ? 9) jaina paramparA meM pA~ca prakAra ke zarIra kaunase haiM ? 20

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10) tattvArtha ke tIsare adhyAya kA nAma likhie / 11) kyA naraka aura svarga kevala saMkalpanAtmaka haiM ? 12) jaina dRSTi se bhaugolika avadhAraNAe~ tattvArtha ke kaunase adhyAya meM nihita hai ? 13) kyA devaloka ke deva Izvara haiM ? 14) devoM ke kula kitane nikAya haiM ? unake nAma likhie / 15) graha, nakSatra, tArakA Adi kaunase prakAra ke deva haiM ? 16) tattvArtha ke pA~caveM adhyAya kA mukhya viSaya kaunasA hai ? 17) ajIva kise kahate haiM ? 18) SaDdravyoM meM se ajIva dravya kaunase haiM ? 19) SaDdravyoM meM pA~ca astikAya kaunase haiM ? 20) jagat ke saba jIva ekadUsare ke AdhAra se jIte haiM - isa artha kA sUtra zikSikA ko pUchakara likhie / 21) jaina paramparA kA aNuvijJAna evaM bhautika vijJAna kaunase adhyAya meM nihita hai ? 22) haraeka dravya (sat) utpAda, vyaya aura dhrauvya se yukta hai - isa vAkya kA spaSTIkaraNa kIjie / 23) sAmAnyata: yoga kA kyA artha hai ? jaina paramparA kA vizeSa artha kyA hai ? 24) Asrava kise kahA hai ? Asrava ke mukhya do hetu kaunase haiM ? 25) tattvArtha ke kaunase adhyAya meM, ATha karmoM meM se pratyeka ke bandhahetu diye haiM ? 26) tattvArtha ke anusAra vrata kise kahate haiM ? 27) tattvArtha ke vrata adhyAya meM kaunase cAra mahattvapUrNa naitika guNa aMkita kiye haiM ? 28) zrAvakadharma kI dRSTi se tattvArtha kA kaunasA adhyAya mahattvapUrNa hai ? 29) karmabandha ke mukhya cAra prakAra kaunase haiM ? ina cAroM kA suvistRta varNana kaunase adhyAya meM hai ? 30) mokSa ke upAyabhUta 'saMvara aura nirjarA kA varNana', tattvArtha ke kaunase adhyAya meM kiyA hai ? 31) 'tapa' kA mahattva ananyasAdhAraNa kyoM hai ? 32) sAdhuAcAra, guNasthAna aura dhyAna inapara kaunase adhyAya meM adhika prakAza DAlA hai ? 33) muktAtmA kahA~ para virAjamAna hote haiM ? 34) tattvArthasUtra ke 10 adhyAyoM ke nAma krama se likhie / * (vArSika parIkSA meM inameM se pA~ca-chaha prazna kisI na kisI rUpa meM anivArya rUpa se pUche jAyeMge

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pATha 5 somadevakRta nItivAkyAmRta (cayanita aMza tathA spaSTIkaraNa) hamAre bhArata deza meM svAtantryaprApti ke bAda, bhAratIya saMvidhAna ke anusAra dharmanirapekSatA kA tattva apanAyA gayA hai / sAtha hI sAtha bhAratIya saMvidhAna ne haraeka nAgarika ko dhArmika svAtantrya bhI pradAna kiyA hai / usI ke anusAra jainadharma ke dhArmika loga AhAra-niyama, dhArmika-kriyA, stotra-paThana, japa, upavAsa Adi AcAra meM tatpara rahate haiM / lekina dharma meM AcAra kA mahattva jitanA hai usase kaI baDhakara zAzvata nItimUlyoM kA bhI (universal ethical values) mahattva hai| Aja ke bhArata ke navayuvaka cAhate haiM ki AcAra pradhAnatA (religiocity) evaM AdhyAtmikatA (spirituality) se upara uThakara hama zAzvata nItimUlyoM kI ArAdhanA kareM tAki hama vizva ke eka acche ghaTaka baneM / jaina AcAryoM ne likhe hue sAhityarUpI samudra meM bahuta hI ginecune grantha aise haiM, jo nItimUlyoM ko sAmane rakhakara likhe hue haiN| unameM se sabase sundara aura prabhAvazAlI, amUlya grantha hai nItivAkyAmRta / jaina AcArya somadevasUri ne yaha 'saMskRta bhASA meM likhA hai / somadeva dasavIM zatAbdi ke prakhyAta digambara AcArya hai / yaha sArA grantha gadya meM hai aura sUtra paddhati se likhA hai / vAkya choTe-choTe hai lekina bahuta bar3I bAta kahane meM somadeva siddhahasta hai| bhAratIya saMskRti meM dharma-artha-kAma-mokSa ina cAra puruSArthoM ko mahattva diyA gayA hai / 'dharma' puruSArtha meM brAhmaNa paramparA kA mAnavadharmazAstra yAne 'manusmRti' prasiddha hai / cAra meM dUsarA puruSArtha 'artha' hai / arthapuruSArtha kA eka pramukha bhAga rAjanIti hai / rAjanIti kA mahattvapUrNa grantha 'kauTilIya arthazAstra' hai / vaha cANakya yAne kauTilya ne likhA hai / cANakya ke bAda kAmandaka' nAma ke vidvAna ne likhA huA 'nItisAra' prasiddha hai / nItisAra ke bAda nItivAkyAmRta' eka aisA grantha hai jisameM zuddha rAjanIti kI carcA kI gayI hai / dasavIM zatAbdi meM nItimUlyoM para AdhArita jo bhI carcAe~ kI gayI, usakA sAra nItivAkyAmRta meM grathita hai| cAra meM tIsarA puruSArtha hai 'kAma' puruSArtha / 'vAtsyAyana' nAma ke AcArya kA 'kAmasUtra' saMskRta sAhitya meM amara hai| bhAratIya paramparA meM tattvajJAnapradhAna grantha 'mokSazAstra' nAma se prasiddha hai / jaina paramparA meM 'tattvArthAdhigamasUtra' kA dUsarA nAma hI 'mokSazAstra' hai| ___ somadeva ke nItivAkyAmRta meM kula 32 samuddeza' yAne vibhAga hai / rAjanIti kA grantha hone ke kAraNa kaI bAte svAmI (rAjA)-amAtya-koza-mantrI-purohita-duta-yuddha Adi se sambandhita hai / tathApi kama se kama 8-10 prakaraNa yA vibhAga aise haiM jinameM dharma-artha-kAma-vyasana-sadAcAra-vyavahAra Adi viSayoM ko parilakSita karake sAmAnya nItitattva bahuta hI prabhAvI tarIke se batAyeM haiM / isa pATha meM dharma-artha-kAma ina prakaraNoM (samuddezoM se) kucha aMza cayanita karake, unameM nihita nItimUlyoM kI ora dhyAna AkarSita karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| (a) dharmasamuddeza 1) atha dharmArthakAmaphalAya rAjyAya nmH| artha : dharma, artha aura kAma ina tIna puruSArthoM kA phala denevAle rAjya ko (rASTra ko) vandana ho / bhAvArtha : dhArmika granthoM ke Arambha meM, maMgalAcaraNa dene kI prathA prAya: sabhI bhAratIya sAhitya meM pAyI jAtI hai / jaina AcArya somadeva ne bhI, prArambhika sUtra meM yaha prathA nibhAyI hai / nItivAkyAmRta yaha grantha rAjanIti (politics), arthazAstra (economics) aura mUlyazAstra (ethics) ina tInoM ko parilakSita karatA hai / isI

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vajaha se kisI bhI dharma sampradAya ke deva-devatAoM ko dhyAna meM rakhakara maMgalAcaraNa nahIM diyA hai / eka sujANa nAgarika hone ke kAraNa rAjya ko athavA rASTra ko namana kiyA hai| 2) yato'bhyudayaniHzreyasasiddhiH sa dharmaH / artha : jisake AcaraNa se abhyudaya aura niHzreyasa kI prApti hotI hai vaha dharma hai| bhAvArtha : 'abhyudaya' kA matalaba hai aihika samRddhi aura 'niHzreyasa' kA matalaba hai svarga aura mokSa rUpa pAralaukika hita kI siddhi / dharma' zabda kI kaI paribhASAe~ dI jAtI hai / lekina somadeva cAhate haiM ki unakI paribhASA kisI bhI viziSTa dharma se nigaDita na ho / viziSTa dharmoM se upara uThakara unhoMne pAralaukika hita ke sAtha-sAtha, aihika samRddhi ko bhI dharma kA phala mAnA hai / sudRDhatA se anuzAsita aura samRddha rAjya meM hI isa prakAra ke ubhaya phaladAyI dharma pAlana kI sambhAvanA hai / isI vajaha se rAjya yA rASTra ko vandana karake usake anantara dharma kI vyAkhyA dI hai| 3) adharmaH punaretadviparItaphalaH / artha : adharmAcaraNa isase viparIta phala detA hai / bhAvArtha : dharmAcaraNa kalyANakArI hai aura adharmAcaraNa pApa, azubha aura akalyANa se sambandhita hai / somadeva kA matalaba hai ki agara vyakti hiMsA, corI, asatya Adi durguNoM kA sahArA le to vaha na aihika samRddhi kA bhAgI hotA hai aura na svarga-mokSa Adi kA bhAgI hotA hai / madya-mAMsa aura strI sevana Adi vyasana bhI adharmAcaraNa meM nihita haiN| 4) sarvasatveSu hi samatA sarvAcaraNAnAM paramAcaraNam / artha : saba prANimAtroM ke prati samabhAva kI bhAvanA aura samatApUrNa AcaraNa hI saba prakAra ke AcaraNoM meM zreSTha AcaraNa hai| bhAvArtha : samatA kA matalaba hai kisI ke prati vairabhAva na rakhanA / somadeva cAhate haiM ki snAna, dAna, japa, homa Adi bAhya kriyAkANDoM se adhika mahattvapUrNa hai, bhUtamAtroM ke prati samabhAva aura dayApUrNa AcaraNa / mahattvapUrNa bAta yaha hai ki bhAratIya saMvidhAna meM bhI samatA yAne equanimity ko rASTrIya dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa mUlya mAnA hai| 5) tadvatamAcaritavyaM yatra pa saMzayatlAmArohataH shriirmnsii| artha : usa vrata kA AcaraNa kareM, jisako svIkAra kara zarIra aura mana dolAyamAna avasthA meM na jAye / bhAvArtha : dharmAcaraNa ke lie sAmAnya gRhastha strI-puruSa ko Avazyaka hai ki ve kisI na kisI svarUpa meM vratoM kA AcaraNa kareM / somadeva ne kisI bhI viziSTa paramparA ke viziSTa vratoM kA nirdeza yahA~ nahIM kiyA hai / vrata yA niyama kucha bhI ho lekina usakA aMgIkAra karane para use Akhira taka nibhAnA hI cAhie / zarIra aura mana donoM ko pIDAdAyaka vrata, vratI ke mana meM sandehAvasthA utpanna karatA hai / vaha cAhane lagatA hai ki yaha pIDAdAyaka vrata bIca meM hI choDU / tAtparyArtha se somadeva cAhate haiM ki vrata kA svIkAra apane zakti ke anusAra kareM / klezadAyaka anuSThAnoM ko ve vrata kI koTi meM nahIM rakhanA caahte| ___anyatra somadeva kahate haiM ki yadyapi vrata yA niyama kA grahaNa vAMchanIya hai tathApi jisake mana meM vairarahita ahiMsAbhAva nitya upasthita hai, vaha vyakti vrata grahaNa ke binA bhI svarga kA bhAgI ho sakatA hai| 23

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6) aihikAmutrikaphalArthamarthavyayastyAgaH / artha : aihika aura Amutrika yAne pAralaukika phala ke prApti ke lie kiyA huA arthavyaya (dhana kA vyaya) 'tyAga' kahalAtA hai| bhAvArtha : sabhI bhAratIya paramparAoM meM 'dAna' kA mahattva ananyasAdhAraNa hai / 'tyAga' kA mahattva bhI bAra-bAra batAyA gayA hai / isa sUtra meM somadeva ne donoM kA sambandha paraspara sthApita kiyA hai / yadyapi tyAga yAne dAna, vividha prakAra kA kiyA jAtA hai tathApi gRhastha ke lie pramukhatA se arthavyayarUpI tyAga hI mAyane rakhatA hai| cAhe annadAna ho, yA vastradAna ho usameM arthavyaya anivArya rUpa se AtA hI hai / somadeva dhvanita karate haiM ki Asaktirahita dAna yAne tyAga se aihika unnati hotI hai aura pAralaukika bhii| 7) pAtraM ca trividhaM dharmapAtraM kAryapAtraM kAmapAtraM ceti / artha : pAtra tIna prakArake haiM - dharmapAtra, kAryapAtra aura kAmapAtra / bhAvArtha : saMskRta sUtroM meM nItiviSayaka grantha likhanevAle somadeva bahuta hI tarkaniSTha zailI kA anukaraNa karate haiM / isI vajaha se tyAga yA dAna ke anantara, pAtratA-apAtratA kI carcA karanA atyanta svAbhAvika hai / pAtratA sambandha vyaktiyoM kA unhoMne diyA haA triprakAraka vargIkaraNa abhinava bhI hai aura vyAvahArika bhI 'dharmapAtra' ke antargata unhoMne dhArmika dRSTi se diye hae arthavyaya kA nirdeza kiyA hai / jaise ki bhikSu Adi ko dAnamandira-marti Adi ke lie dAna. garu Adi ke lie diyA haA dAna i. / 'kAryapAtra' zabda kA matalaba somadeva spaSTa karate haiM ki, hamAre dvArA aMgIkRta acche kAryoM ko siddha karane meM, jo jo hameM sahAyabhUta hote haiM unakA antarbhAva kAryapAtroM meM ho sakatA hai| hamAre sage-sambandhI, nokara-cAkara, vyavasAya ke bhAgIdAra aura sAmAjika kSetra ke loga ina sabakA antarbhAva kAryapAtra vyaktiyoM meM ho sakatA hai| somadeva ke anusAra ina sabako kI haI yathAzakti madada bhI tyAga yA dAna hai| kAmapAtra' zabda kI yojanA ke dvArA somadeva striyoM ke bAre meM eka anokhA dRSTikoNa prakaTa karate haiM / unake anusAra kAmapAtra yAne khuda kI patnI / isa puruSapradhAna saMskRti ke mAhaula meM patnI ke lie kiye hue arthavyaya kA itanA spaSTa ullekha bahata hI sarAhanIya hai| sabase ullekhanIya bAta yaha hai ki ina tInoM kI pAtratA meM unhoMne taratamabhAva nahIM rakhA hai| tInoM ko samAna mahattva diyA hai| 8) sadaiva duHsthitAnAM ko nAma bandhuH / artha : hamezA dIna-duHkhI-daridra - avasthA meM rahanevAle kA tAraNahAra Akhira kauna ho sakatA hai ? bhAvArtha : somadeva kI vyAvahArikatA aura sAmAjika bhAna isa sUtra meM adhikatA se adhorekhita hotA hai / vizeSataH bhArata jaise deza meM dIna-duHkhI-daridra logoM kI bilakula bhI kamI nahIM hai| kisI bhI sAmAnya gRhastha ke lie, cAhe vaha kitanA bhI dAnI kyoM na ho, Ama janatA kA dainya-dAridrya dUra karanA sarvathA azakyaprAya bAta hai| nyAyamArga se arjita apanI sampatti meM se, viziSTa dhanarAzi kharca karanA yaha ni:saMzaya sarAhanIya hai| tathApi isa satkArya kI bhI apanI eka maryAdA hai| somadeva cAhate haiM ki prAsaMgika dAna denA ThIka hai lekina yaha bhI dhyAna meM rakhanA cAhie ki dAna se vaha vyakti parAvalambI na ho / aise logoM ko arthaprApti ke mArga dilAnA aura dilavAnA bhI eka prakArakA dAna hI hai|

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9) indriyamanasorniyamAnuSThAnaM tapaH / artha : indriyA~ aura mana ke dvArA niyama kA anuSThAna karanA tapa hai| bhAvArtha : 'dharma' zabda kI taraha 'tapa' zabda kI vyAkhyA bhI, vividha bhAratIya sampradAyoM meM anyAnya prakAra se dI hai| somadeva ne tapa kI eka bahuta hI saMkSipta aura arthapUrNa vyAkhyA prastuta kI hai / indriyoM kI apane-apane viSayoM ke prati jAne kI lAlasA apAra hai / mana meM nihita anyAnya icchA-AkAMkSAe~ bhI asaMkhya hai / ina donoM ko niyaMtraNa meM rakhane kA anuSThAna jo karatA hai vaha tapAcaraNa hI karatA hai / 10) vihitAcaraNaM niSiddhaparivarjanaM ca niyamaH / artha : 'niyama' zabda kA matalaba kyA hai ? vihita kriyAoM kA AcaraNa aura niSiddha kriyAoM kA parivarjana 'niyama' kahalAtA hai / bhAvArtha : niyama zabda kI eka bahuta hI dharma-sampradAya nirapekSa sAmAnya paribhASA isa sUtra meM dI hai / haraeka sampradAya ke anyAnya vidhiniSedha hote haiM / usake prati zraddhAvAna vyakti ne, tadanurUpa vidhiniSedhoM kA pAlana karanA 'niyama' hai / lekina niyama kA matalaba somadeva ke anusAra indriya aura mana kA niyantraNa hai, use hI 'tapa' kahA hai| 11) pratyahaM kimapi niyamena prayacchatastapasyato vA bhavantyavazyaM mahIyAMsa: pare lokAH / artha : pratidina niyama ke anusAra kucha na kucha dete rahane se aura tapasyA karane ke usa vyakti ko uttarottara zreSTha paralokI kI prApti avazya hotI hai| bhAvArtha : isa sUtra se spaSTa hai ki somadeva prAsaMgika dAna aura prAsaMgika tapa ko mahattva nahIM dete / kucha na kucha dAna karanA aura indriya-mana niyantrita rakhanA, yaha vyakti ke dainandina jIvanazailI kA eka bhAga honA cAhie / arthAt dAna, satpAtra ho aura tapa se mana para kAbU rakhane kI zakti A jAya, ina do bAtoM ko kadApi najarandAja nahIM karanA cAhie / isI dainandina dharmAcaraNa se vaha paraloka meM zreSTha jIvana jI sakatA hai / 12) dharmazrutadhanAnAM pratidinaM lavo'pi saMgrahyamANo bhavati samudrAdapyadhikaH / artha : dharmAcaraNa, AgamazravaNa aura dhana inakA thoDA-thoDA saMgraha agara hararoja kiyA jAya to vaha samudra se bhI adhika hotA hai| bhAvArtha : prastuta sUtra pichale sUtra kA hI arthavistAra hai / yadyapi aparigraha vAMchanIya hai tathApi zubha AcaraNarUpa dharma, nitya dharmagrantho kA svAdhyAya aura sAtha meM hI pratidina thoDA-thoDA arthasagraha, sAmAnya gRhastha ke lie, antataka sukhapUrvaka Ayu jIne kA, acchA tarIkA hai / isa sUtra meM bhI dharma aura zravaNa kI paMkti meM hI, dhana yAne artha ko bhI samAna sthAna diyA hai| 13) adharmakarmaNi ko nAma nopAdhyAyaH purazcArI vA / artha : adhArmika arthAt pApakarmoM ko preraNA denevAle upAdhyAya arthAt upadeza dAtA aura svayaM pApakarmoM meM agresara honevAle logoM kI isa duniyA meM kyA kamI hai ? bhAvArtha : praznavAcaka zailI somadeva kI vizeSatA hai / upadeza dene kI zailI na apanAkara ve vAcaka ko prazna pUchakara hI antarmukha karAte haiM / somadeva kA tAtparya itanA hI hai ki khuda pApakarma karanevAle aura dUsaroM ko pApamArgapara AkRSTa karanevAloM kI kamI isa duniyA~ meM bilakula hI nahIM hai / dukha kI bAta yaha hai ki sadAcaraNa ke upadeza se durAcaraNa kA upadeza hamezA hI adhika lubhAvanA aura AkarSaka hotA hai / somadeva cAhate haiM ki arthasaMcaya karate hae bhI kadApi avAMchanIya mArga kA svIkAra na kareM / 25

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14) dharmAtikramAddhanaM pare'nubhavanti svayaM tu paraM pApasya bhAjanaM siMha iva sindhuravadhAt / svairabhAvAnuvAda : dharma kI maryAdAoM kA ullaMghana karake agara kuTumba ke saukhya ke lie atyadhika dhana kamAyA, to usake dvArA milanevAle sukha kA anubhava to dUsare vyakti kara lete haiM lekina pApa kA bhAgI to, maryAdA kA ullaMghana karanevAlA vyakti akelA hI bhugatatA hai / somadeva yaha vastusthiti eka udAharaNa dvArA spaSTa karate haiM / bhUkhA siMha, hAthI kA (sindhura kA ) vadha karatA hai / khuda ke bhojana ke lie to kucha hI mAMsakhaNDa upayoga meM lAtA hai / usakI kSudhAzAnti ke bAda siyAra, gIdha, kaue Adi kaI prANi-pakSI usI hAthI ke sahAre bharapeTa bhojana karate haiM / lekina hatyA kA pAtaka to pUrA siMha ko hI lagatA hai / isa dRSTAnta se somadeva spaSTa karate haiM ki agara vyakti pApa kA bhAgI nahIM honA cAhatA to maryAdA se kaI gunA adhika dhana pApamArga se nahIM kamAnA cAhie / 15) yaH kAmArthAvupahatya dharmamevopAste sa pakva kSetraM parityajyAraNyaM kRSati / artha : jo vyakti kAma aura artha ina puruSArthoM ko durlakSita karake sirpha dharmArAdhanA meM lagA rahatA hai vaha mAnoM dhAnya se lahalahAtA kheta choDakara, araNya meM jAkara khetI karatA hai / bhAvArtha : somadeva ne yaha grantha sAmAnya gRhastha ko sAmane rakhakara hI likhA hai / usake anusAra dharma, artha aura kAma tInoM kA sthAna, gRhasthAcAra meM, samAna mahattva kA hai / gRhasthocita sAre kartavyakarma choDakara agara vaha kevala dharmArAdhanA meM juDa jAtA hai to usakI vyAvahArika jIvana yAtrA, saphala nahIM hotI acchI taraha I 16) sa khalu sudhIryo'mutra sukhAvirodhena sukhamanubhavati / artha : jo paraloka ke bhAvI sukhoM ke virodhI na honevAle sukhoM kA Ananda letA hai, vahI sacamuca 'buddhimAna' kahane yogya hai / bhAvArtha : somadeva kA Azaya yaha hai ki AdhyAtmika dRSTi se saukhya tyAga kitanA bhI mahattvapUrNa ho, lekina sAmAnya AdamI sukha kI AzA se hI kAryapravRtta hotA hai / mahattvapUrNa bAta yaha hai ki ve sukha dUsaroM kI khuzI chInakara nahIM lene cAhie aura sAtha hI sAtha apane pAralaukika kalyANa meM bhI bAdhAjanaka nahIM hone cAhie / eka dRSTi se sukhavAdI 'cArvAkoM kA mana somadeva ko kucha mAtrA meM grAhya lagatA 1 * nItivAkyAmRta grantha ke dharmasamuddeza prakaraNa meM kula 48 saMskRta sUtra haiM / unameM se 16 sUtra yahA~ para grathita kiye haiM / dharma se sambandhita aisA vivecana yahA~ pAyA jAtA hai jo vizva ke koI bhI gRhastha nAgarika ke lie naitika mUlyoM kA mArgadarzana kareM aura usameM sadguNoM kA paripoSa ho jAye / (ba) arthasamuddeza 17) yataH sarvaprayojanasiddhiH so'rthaH / artha : vahIM 'artha' hai, jisase saba prayojanoM kI siddhi hotI hai / bhAvArtha : kauTilIya arthazAstra meM jisa prakAra 'artha' kA mahattva spaSTa kiyA hai, usI kA anusaraNa karake somadeva bhI artha ko saba prayojanoM kI siddhi karanevAlA kahatA hai / AdhyAtmika dRSTi se bhale hI artha, 'parigraha' kI koTi meM rakhA jAtA hai tathApi dainandina vyavahAra meM kisI bhI choTe-baDe prayojanoM kI siddhi ke lie, artha yAne dhana, vitta kA mahattva kabhI bhI hama najarandAja nahIM kara sakate / 26

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18) alabdhalAbho labdhaparirakSaNaM rakSitaparibarddhanaM cArthAnubandhaH / svairabhAvAnuvAda : artha kA anubandha tIna upAyoM se hotA hai / jo aba kA prApta nahIM kiyA hai usakI prApti karanA, 'alabdhalAbha' hai / prApta kiye hue dhana kA rakSaNa, 'labdhaparirakSaNa' hai / dhana kA kevala rakSaNa na karake saMvardhana karanA, rakSitaparivardhana' hai| Arthika samRddhi ke ye tIna mahattvapUrNa upAya hai| 19) dharmasamavAyinaH kAryasamavAyinazca puruSAstIrtham / artha : dharmasamavAyI aura kAryasamavAyI puruSoM ko 'tIrtha' kahate haiN| bhAvArtha : vividha sampradAyoM meM 'tIrtha' saMkalpanA alaga-alaga tarIke se spaSTa kI jAtI hai / somadeva una sabhI puruSoM ko tIrtha kahate haiM jo vividha dhArmika kRtyoM meM sahAyaka hote haiM evaM hamAre dvArA aMgIkRta satkArya kI siddhi meM hameM madada karate haiN| 20) tIrtham arthena saMbhAvayet / artha : dharmatIrtharUpa aura kAryatIrtharUpa puruSoM ko samaya-samaya para artha pradAna se santuSTa kreN| 21) tAdAtvikamUlaharakadaryeSu nAsulabhaH pratyavAyaH / artha : tAdAtvika, mUlahara aura kardaya ina tIna prakAra ke logoM ke dvArA, sadaiva arthanAza hI hotA haiM / 22) ya: kimapi asaMcitya utpannam arthaM vyayati sa tAdAtvikaH / artha : khuda ke dvArA kamAye hue dhana meM se kucha bhI na bacAkara jo pUrA vyaya kara detA hai use 'tAdAtvika' kahate haiN| 23) yaH pitRpaitAmaham artham anyAyena bhakSayati sa mUlaharaH / artha : jo vyakti pitA aura pitAmaha ne kamAyA haA dhana anyAyapUrvaka yAne vyasanAdi meM bhakSaNa karatA hai usako mUlahara' kahate haiM / 24) yA bhRtyAtmapIDAbhyAmarthaM saMcinoti sa kadaryaH / svairabhAvAnuvAda : jo bhRtyoM ko yAne nokara-cAkaroM ko aura khuda ko bhI bahuta pIDA dekara paisA ikaTThA karatA hai ase 'kardaya' yAne kRpaNa, kanjUsa kahate haiM / aise kRpaNa loga na dUsaroM ko kucha dete haiM aura svayaM bhI paisoM kA upabhoga nahIM lete / pariNAmavaza unakA dravya zAsanAdhikArI evaM taskaroM dvArA hI haraNa hotA hai / * rAjanIti mukhyata: arthazAstra para AdhArita hone ke kAraNa nItivAkyAmRta ke isa arthasamuddeza meM kula 11 sUtroM meM artha kI vyAkhyA, mahattva Adi kI dRSTi se arthaviSayaka vicAra sAmane rakhe haiM / vyAvahArika dRSTi se artha kA mahattva adhorekhita kiyA hai / anta meM kahA hai ki, 'artha kI kula tIna gatiyA~ hai - dAna, bhoga evaM nAza / agara dAna nahIM diyA aura bhoga nahIM liyA to artha kA vinAza sanizcita hai|' (ka) kAmasamuddeza 25) yataH sarvendriyaprItiH sa kAmaH / / artha : sabhI indriyoM dvArA unake viSayoM kA AsvAda lene se, viSayoM ke prati jo atyadhika prIti yA AkarSaNa nirmANa hotA hai usako 'kAma' kahate haiM / 27

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26) dharmArthAvirodhena kAma seveta tataH sukhI syAt / artha : sAmAnya gRhastha ke lie cAhie ki vaha dharma aura artha ko bAdhaka na Thare isa prakAra kAma kA sevana kareM tAki use sukha kI prApti ho| bhAvArtha : somadeva ke isa sUtra para kauTilya dvArA racita sUtra kI chAyA spaSTata: se dikhAyI detI hai| dharma aura artha ke samAna kAmapuruSArtha kA bhI mahattva sAmAnya vyakti ke lie ananyasAdhAraNa hai| agara jIvana meM tanika bhI sukha na ho to bhalA kauna jInA cAhegA / lekina naitika dRSTi se yaha dhyAna meM rakhanA cAhie ki vaiyaktika sukha kI abhilASA meM, dharmAcaraNa aura artha kA vinAza na ho| 27) samaM vA trivarga seveta / artha : athavA dharma-artha-kAma ina tIna puruSArthoM kA samabhAga se sevana kreN| bhAvArtha : somadeva kA Azaya hai ki ina tInoM meM samatola rakhanA bahuta hI duHsAdhya cIja hai / dharma kA atireka ho to artha-kAma kI hAni hogI / sadaiva arthaprApti kI cintA meM DUbe to dharma se aura sukha se vancita raheMge aura agara kAmapuruSArtha kI mAtrA atirikta haI to arthavinAza ke sAtha-sAtha aihikapAralaukika akalyANa bhI hogA / ata: tInoM puruSArthoM kA vivekapUrvaka sevana koI AsAna bAta nahIM hai| 28) na ajitendriyANAM kApi kAryasiddhiH asti / artha : agara indriyoM para kAbU na rakhe to kisI bhI prakAra kI kAryasiddhi nahIM ho sktii| bhAvArtha : somadeva kA kahanA hai ki 'indriyajaya kI AvazyakatA sirpha AdhyAtmika kSetra meM hI hai', yaha bAta satya nahIM hai / sAmAnya jIvana jIne ke lie bhI indriyoM para kAbU rakhane kI nitAnta AvazyakatA hai / nItivAkyAmRta grantha meM rAjA, amAtya, mantrI, zreSThI aura sAmAnya nAgarika sabake lie jitendriya hone kI AvazyakatA batAyI hai| agara indriyoM ke lagAma chUTa gaye to dharma, artha aura kAma tInoM puruSArthoM kI hAni hI hogii| 29) arthazAstrAdhyayanaM vA / / artha : rASTra ke athavA rAjya ke haraeka nAgarika ghaTaka ko cAhie ki, vaha 'arthazAstra' kA adhyayana kareM / bhAvArtha : yahA 'arthazAstra' kA matalaba hai saMvidhAna, zAsana-vyavahAra, rAjanIti, kara-praNAli, aparAdha aura daNDavyavasthA evaM Arthika vyavahAra / hara sajaga nAgarika kA kartavya hai ki vaha upari nirdiSTa vastusthiti ko samajha le aura jAnabUjhakara dakSatA se vyavahAra kareM / 30) na tasya dhanaM dharmaH zarIraM vA yasya asti strISu atyAsavitaH / artha : jisa puruSa ke mana meM striyoM ke prati atIva abhilASA hai usakI dhanahAni, dharmahAni aura zArIrika hAni bhI hotI hai| bhAvArtha : yadyapi isa sUtra meM strIviSayaka Asakti kA ullekha hai tathApi somadeva cAhate haiM ki strI aura puruSa donoM kAma kA sevana maryAdA meM rahakara hI kareM / somadeva dasavIM zatAbdi ke hone ke bAvajUda bhI 'ekapatnIvrata' aura 'ekapativrata' kA puraskAra karate haiM /

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31) dharmArthakAmAnAM yugapat samavAye pUrvaH pUrvo garIyAn / artha : dharma, artha aura kAma ye tInoM puruSArtha agara eka samaya meM upasthita ho to krama se pUrva-pUrva kA Azraya lenA zreyaskara hai| bhAvArtha : isa sUtra meM somadeva naitika mUlyoM kA eka sAmAnya krama batalAte haiM / dharmaviSayaka kArya prathamatA se kareM / usake bAda arthasAdhaka kArya kareM aura kAmanAoM kI pUrti kA Ananda tIsare krama para hI rkheN| 32) kAla-asahatve punaH arthaH eva / artha : kAlaharaNa ke kAraNa agara arthaprApti meM bAdhA A sakatI hai to, isa viziSTa paristhiti meM pahalepahale arthArjana hI karanA cAhie / bhAvArtha : somadeva ne yadyapi pUrvasUtra meM dharma-artha-kAma kA, sAmAnya krama batAyA hai tathApi isa sUtra meM apavAdarUpa vizeSa sthiti kA, arthazAstra kI dRSai se varNana kiyA hai / agara hama dhArmika kriyAoM meM vyasta rahane ke kAraNa, arthopArjana kA suyogya avasara kho de to, vaha avasara bAra-bAra nahIM AnevAlA hai| dharma ke lie kamAye aura bAda meM yathocita avasara para, dharma ke hetu usakA vyaya bhI kare / * kAmasamuddeza meM kula 15 sUtra haiM / gRhastha kI dRSTi se kAmapuruSArtha kA mahattva kahanA, isa samuddeza kA tAtparya hai / kAma sevana karanevAle strI-puruSa ko indriyoM para kAbU rakhane kI AvazyakatA kahI hai / artha kI aura arthazAstra ke adhyayana kI mahattA isa samaddeza meM pratipAdita hai ********** svAdhyAya a) vastuniSTha prazna 1) somadevakRta saMskRta grantha kA nAma evaM kAla likhie / 2) bhAratIya paramparA meM cAra puruSArtha kaunase haiM ? 3) tattvArthAdhigamasUtra' kA paryAyI nAma kyA hai ? 4) nItivAkyAmRta grantha kaunase tIna puruSArthoM se sambandhita haiM ? 5) prathama gAthA meM kisako vandana kiyA hai ? 6) sarvazreSTha AcaraNa kise kahA hai ? (sUtra 4) 7) trividha pAtra kaunase haiM ? (sUtra 7) 8) somadeva ne 'tapakI kaunasI vyAkhyA dI hai ? (sUtra 9) 9) kaunasI do cIjoM ko, dainandina jIvanazailI kA bhAga banAnA cAhie ? (sUtra 11) 10) siMha aura hAthI kA dRSTAnta cAra-pA~ca vAkyoM meM spaSTa kIjie ? (sUtra 14) 11) sAmAnya gRhastha ne kisa prakAra sukha kI prApti karanI cAhie ? (sUtra 16) 12) 'artha' zabda kI somadevakRta paribhASA likhie / 13) somadeva tIrtha' kise kahate haiM ? (sUtra 19) 14) 'kAma' zabda kI somadevakRta paribhASA likhie / 15) 'samaM vA trivarga sevat / ' isa sUtra kA artha likhie / (sUtra 27) 16) pratyeka nAgarika ne arthazAstra kA adhyayana kyoM karanA cAhie ? (sUtra 29) 17) arthaprApti ke avasara kA lAbha tatkAla kyoM uThAnA cAhie ? (sUtra 32)

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ba) baDe prazna (lagabhaga pandraha paMkti) 1) 'dharmasamuddeza' ke kaunase vicAra nItimUlyoM para AdhArita haiM ? 2) 'arthasamuddeza' meM 'tAdAtvika', 'mUlahara' aura 'kadarya' kinheM kahA hai ? arthasamuddeza kA tAtparya likhie / **********

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prAkRta-vyAkaraNa-vibhAga

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pATha6 prAkRta bhASA kI zabdasampatti prastAvanA : hamAre bhArata deza meM prAcIna kAla se saMskRta aura prAkRta ye donoM bhASAe~ pracalita thI / saMskRta bhASA pramukhatA se jJAna kI bhASA evaM uccavarNiyoM ke vyavahAra kI bhASA hotI thI / saMskRta meM bhI bhASA ke do stara dikhAI dete haiM / Rgveda Adi vedoM meM prayukta saMskRta ko 'vaidika saMskRta' kahate hai / saMskRta ke sabhI abhijAta (classical) mahAkAvya, nATaka Adi jisa saMskRta bhASA meM likhe haiM usa bhASA ko laukika saMskRta' kahate haiN| jisa samaya saMskRta bhASA pracalita thI, usI samaya Ama samAja meM pradeza evaM vyavasAyoM ke anusAra bolacAla kI bhASAe~ pracalita thI / bhArata eka vizAlakAya deza hone ke nAte ina bolacAla kI bhASAoM meM vividhatA thI / ina sabhI bhASAoM ke samUha ko milakara bhASAvidoM ne 'prAkRta' nAma diyA / isakA matalaba 'prAkRta' yaha saMjJA kisI eka bhASA kI nahIM hai / prakRti yAne svabhAva ko prAdhAnya denevAlI aneka bolIbhASAe~ prAkRta meM samAviSTa haiN| magadha yAne bihAra ke AsapAsa ke pradeza meM pracalita jo prAcIna bhASA thI usakA nAma thA 'mAgadhI' / bha. mahAvIra dvArA prayukta 'ardhamAgadhI' aura bha. buddha dvArA prayukta 'pAli' ye donoM bhASAe~ mAgadhI bhASA ke do upaprakAra haiM / jaina saMgha meM jaba zvetAmbara-digambara sampradAya udbhUta hue taba zvetAmbara AcAryoM ne 'mahArASTrI' nAmaka bhASA kA Azraya lekara grantharacanA kii| unakI mahArASTrI, ardhamAgadhI se prabhAvita hone ke kAraNa 'jaina mahArASTrI' nAma se vikhyAta huI / digambara AcAryoM ne unake grantha lekhana ke lie 'zaurasenI' nAmaka bhASA kA prayoga kiyA / sAmAnya zaurasenI se thoDI alaga hone ke kAraNa abhyAsakoM ne isa bhASA kA nAmakaraNa 'jaina zaurasenI' kiyA / lagabhaga dasavIM sadI ke AsapAsa sabhI prAkRta bhASAoM meM eka badalAva AyA / usa bhASA samUha ko 'apabhraMza' bhASA kahA jAne lagA / lagabhaga paMdrahavIM sadI ke AsapAsa hamArI Adhunika prAkRta bolIbhASAe~ pracAra meM Ane lagI / apabhraMza bhASAoM se hI inakI nirmiti haI / Aja bhI hama hiMdI, marAThI, mAravADI, gujarAtI, rAjasthAnI, bAMgalA Adi bhASAe~ bolate haiM, ve Adhunika prAkRta bhASAe~ hI haiM / uparokta sabhI yAne saMskRta, prAkRta, apabhraMza aura Adhunika bhAratIya bhASAe~ 'Arya bhAratIya' bhASAe~ haiM / isake alAvA bhArata ke dakSiNI bhAga meM bolI jAnevAlI kAnaDI, telagU, tamILa aura malyALama ye cAra mukhya bhASAe~ evaM unakI upabhASAe~ 'drAviDI' nAma se jAnI jAtI haiM / bhArata ke kaI durgama pradezoM meM jo AdivAsI bhASAe~ bolI jAtI haiM unakI zabdasampatti (vocabulary) tathA vyAkaraNa (grammar) Arya evaM drAviDI bhASAoM se alaga prakAra kA hai| bhArata varSa kI samagra bhASAoM kA sthUla svarUpa isa prakAra vividhatApUrNa hai| prAkRta ke zabdasampatti kA vargIkaraNa : prAkRta bhASA kI zabdasampatti kA vargIkaraNa 'tatsama zabda', 'tadbhava zabda' aura 'dezya zabda' isa prakAra se kiyA jAtA hai / tat (tad) - isa zabda kA artha hai - saMskRta ke samAna / jo zabda pUrNata: saMskRta ke samAna haiM unheM 'tatsama' kahate haiM / jo zabda saMskRta zabda se kucha aMza meM samAna haiM aura kucha aMza meM samAna nahIM haiM unheM 'tadbhava' kahate haiM / 'dezI' yA 'dezya' zabda ve hote haiM jinakA saMbaMdha saMskRta zabdoM se bilakula hI nahIM hotA / ve zabda bolacAla ke nitya vyavahAra meM pracalita hote haiM lekina saMskRta ke sAtha kisI bhI prakAra mela nahIM khAte / sabhI prakAra kI prAkRta bhASAoM meM tatsama, tadbhava aura dezya ye tInoM prakAra ke zabda pAye jAte haiN|

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hiMdI artha 1) tatsama zabda : saMskRta-prAkRta samAna (tatsama zabda) ahaM aMjali Agama icchA uttama oMkAra kiMkara gaNa jur3e hue hAtha mUla grantha, zAstra icchA uttama okAra nokara samUha ghaTA citta kapaTa pAnI aMdhakAra zubhra pAnI ghaMTA citta chala jala timira dhavala nIra parimala sugaMdha bahu bhAra maraNa rasa bahuta bojha mRtyu aMza lava vAri pAnI suMdara hari gacchaMti namaMti haraMti suMdara viSNu, siMha jAte haiN| namana karate haiN| haraNa karate haiN| 2) tadbhava zabda : prAkRta tadbhava zabda agga Ariya saMskRta zabda agra hiMdI artha prathama, mukhya AdaraNIya, kulIna Arya priya IrSA IsA uggama kasiNa khajjUra gaya udgama kRSNa khajUra matsara utpatti kAlA khajUra hAthI gaja 33

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ghamma cakka choha jakkha gharma cakra kSobha yakSa pasInA cAka, pahiyA gussA yakSa dhyAna daMza nAtha jhANa dhyAna Dasa NAha nAtha tridaza dekhA huA tiyasa diTTha dhammia pacchA phaMsa dhArmika pIche sparza bera bora dhArmika pazcAt sparza badara bhAryA megha araNya leza bhAriyA meha raNa zeSa patnI megha, bAdala araNya aMza bAkI hRdaya hotA hai| pItA hai| pUchatA hai| lesa sesa hiyaya havai piyai/pivai pucchai hohii hRdaya bhavati pibati pRcchati bhaviSyati hogaa| 3) dezI yA dezya zabda : prAkRta dezI zabda irAva hiMdI artha hAthI uMdura Usaa kaMdoTTa koDa khiDakkiyA gosa ghaDha cUhA (marAThI - uMdIra) upadhAna, takiyA kamala kutUhala (marAThI - koDa-kautuka) khiDakI, jharokhA subaha gaDha, stUpa acchA (marAThI - cAMgalA) kIcaDa (marAThI - cikhala) cUkanA cupaDanA, malanA (marAThI - copaDaNe) chUnA (marAThI - zivaNe) chokarA caMga cikkhalla cukka coppaDa chiva choyara

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jacca jhaDappa Dagala DAla tuppa daddara dADhiyA dekkha poccaDa puruSa zIghra (marAThI - jhaDapa) DhelA (marAThI - DhekULa) zAkhA, DAlI ghI (marAThI - tUpa) dAdara, sIDhI dADhI dekhanA niHsAra (marAThI - pocaTa) peTa (marAThI - poTa) poTTa baila bailla bappa bAulla biTTa bApa, pitA guDDA (marAThI - bAhulA) putra, beTA roTI ghUsa (marAThI - lAca) roTTa laMcA svAdhyAya ___isa pATha meM tatsama, tadbhava aura dezI, ye zabda pracura mAtrA meM diye haiM / ve saba dhyAnapUrvaka arthasahita pddhie| 1) parIkSA meM inhIM meM se lagabhaga dasa-bAraha zabdoM kA eka saMgraha diyA jAyegA / vidyArthI se apekSita hai ki vaha usa zabdasaMgraha kA tatsama, tadbhava aura dezI zabdoM meM vargIkaraNa kareM / athavA 2) tatsama, tadbhava aura dezya zabdoM ke pratyekI pA~ca-pA~ca udAharaNa likhie' / - isa prakAra kA prazna bhI A sakatA hai / (guNa lagabhaga 4)

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pATha 7 prAkRta meM svaraparivartana tathA vyaMjanaparivartana a) prAkRta meM svaraparivartana : (sAmAnya niyama) prAkRta bhASAe~ prAcIna kAla se bolIbhASAe~ thI / sabase prAcIna prAcIna prAkRta bhASA 'ardhamAgadhI' mAnI jAtI hai| usake bAda 'zaurasenI' evaM 'mahArASTrI' bhASA ke grantha prApta hote haiM / bolacAla kI bhASAe~ jaba granthalekhana kI bhASAe~ banIM, taba uccAraNa tathA vyAkaraNa ke niyama banane lage / ina niyamoM kA AdhAra ta saskRta bhASA thii| vararuci tathA hemacandra ne prAkRta bhASA kA vyAkaraNa likhA / usake AdhArapara, isa pATha meM svara-parivartana ke niyama diye haiM / * prAkRta meM sAmAnyata: nimnalikhita svara (vowels) pAye jAte haiM / - a, A, i, I, u, U, e, o| * saMskRta meM pAye jAnevAle nimnalikhita svara prAkRta meM nahIM haiM / - R , lU , ai , au , aH| * prAkRta meM nahIM pAye jAnevAle uparokta svaroM kA prAkRta meM sulabhIkaraNa (simplification) hotA haiM / isa pATha meM prAkRta meM sAmAnyata: pAye jAnevAle svara-parivartana diye haiM / 1) 'ai' svara ke sthAna meM 'e' tathA 'ai' kA upayoga pAyA jAtA hai / kailAsa - kelAsa, kailAsa kaikayI - kegaI daiva - devva, daiva maitrI - mettI (mittI) daivata - devaya vaizAlI - vesAlI vaikuMTha - veguMTha, vaikuMTha vairi - veri, vairi vaidya - vejja vaizya - vaissa sainya - senna, sainna zaila - sela 2) 'au' svara ke sthAna meM 'o' tathA 'au' kA upayoga pAyA jAtA hai| auSadha - osaha kautuka - kouya kaumudI - komuI kaurava - kaurava gaurI - gorI, gaurI gaurava - gaurava gautama - goyama paura - pora, paura yauvana - jovvaNa pauruSa - paurisa 3) prAkata meM 'visarga' ke sthAna para 'o' pAyA jAtA hai| rAma: - rAmo devaH - devo mahAvIra: - mahAvIro gaNeza: - gaNeso vANara: - vANaro sUryaH - sUrio 4) 'R' svara ke sthAna meM prAkRta bhASA meM bahuta parivartana pAye jAte haiM / 'R' kA rUpAMtara prAkRta meM 'a', 'i', 'u' tathA 'ri' meM hotA hai / pratyeka ke udAharaNa nimnalikhita prakAra se pAye jAte haiM / 36

Page #37
- ghaya 1) R = a kRta - kaya tRSNA - tohA mRdu - mau mRtyu - maccu tRNa - taNa mRta - maya II) R = i RSi - isi kRpA - kivA kRza - kisa gRha - giha nRpa - niva zRgAla - siyAla kRmi - kimi kRpaNa - kiviNa dRDha - diDha mRga - miga zRMgAra - siMgAra hRdaya - hiyaya III) R = u Rtu - uu pitR - piu pRthvI - puDhavI vRddha - vuDDa jAmAtR - jAmAu mRSA - musA bhrAtR - bhAu mAtR - mAu IV) R = ri RSabha - risaha (usaha) RSi - risi RNa - riNa Rddhi - riddhi svAdhyAya 1) nimnalikhita svara-parivartanoM ke do-do udAharaNa likhie / svara-parivartana udAharaNa 1) 'ai' kI jagaha 'e' 2) 'ai' kI jagaha 'aI' 3) au' kI jagaha 'o' --- 4) au' kI jagaha 'au' --- 5) visarga kI jagaha 'o' -. 6) 'R' kI jagaha 'a' --- 7) 'R' kI jagaha 'i' 8) 'R' kI jagaha 'u' 9) 'R' kI jagaha 'ri'

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2) isa pATha meM aMtarbhUta saMskRta zabdoM ke prAkRta rUpa likhie / udA. sainya - senna ; paura- pora, paura; ghRta ghaya ; RSabha ba) prAkRta meM vyaMjanaparivartana bhASA svara aura vyaMjanoM se banatI hai| 'prAkRta' nAma kI koI 'eka' bhASA nahIM hai / vaha bhASAoM kA samUha hai| bhArata kI sabase prAcIna jJAta bolacAla kI bhASA 'ardhamAgadhI' thii| zaurasenI aura mahArASTrI ye tatkAlIna bhArata kI do pramukha bolIbhASAe~ thii| jaina AcAryoM ne unameM samayocita parivartana lAkara 'jaina mahArASTrI' aura 'jaina zaurasenI' meM kaI grantha likheN| IsavI kI AThavIM zatAbdI se 'apabhraMza' bhASAe~ pracAra meM Ane lagI / hemacandra nAmaka jaina AcArya ne prAkRta bhASAoM kA likhA huA vyAkaraNa sabase pramANita mAnA jAtA hai / uccAraNa ke prakAra kaMThya (velars) tAlavya (palatals ) mUrdhanya ( cerebrals ) dantya (dentals ) oSThya (labials) prastuta pATha meM sAmAnyataH prAkRta meM pAye jAnevAle vyaMjana (constants) aura saMskRta kI tulanA meM, usameM pAye jAnevAle 'parivartana' yAne badala saMkSepa meM diye haiM / prAkRta ke vyaMjana (constants ) varga vyaMjana k, kh, g, gh, G c, ch, j, jha, J - ka ca Ta ta pa zata = saya kRSi = kisi zAkhA = sAhA zamI = samI antastha varNa USma varNa mahAprANa risaha i. I 1) vargIya vyaMjanoM ke pA~ca guTa haiM / unheM 'ka' varga, 'ca' varga, 'Ta' varga, 'ta' varga aura 'pa' unameM se pratyeka ke Arambha ke do varNoM ko 'kaThora varNa' kahate haiM jaise ki aura p ph / bAda ke do varNoM ko 'mRdu vyaMjana' kahate haiM jaise ki g gh, j-jha, D Dh d dh, b bh / varga kahate haiM / k kh c cha, T Th, t-th * T-Th, - 2) pA~coM vargoM ke antima vyaMjanoM kA uccAraNa 'nAka' se hotA hai / isalie unako 'anunAsika' (nasal) kahate haiN| G, Ja, Na, n, m ye pA~ca vyaMjana 'anunAsika' vyaMjana haiN| T, Th, D, Dh, N t, th, d, dh, n p ph b bh m y, r, lR, b kauna kaunase vyaMjana prAkRta meM nahIM hai ? 1) prAkRta meM aura khAsa kara, ardhamAgadhI aura mahArASTrI meM 'za' aura 'Sa' ye vyaMjana nahIM haiM / una donoM ke badale 'sa' kA upayoga pAyA jAtA hai / , kaSAya = kasAya bhUSaNa = bhUsaNa zazin = sasi mUSaka = mUsaga, mUsaya s ha 38

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2) prAkRta meM 'La', 'kSa', 'jJa' ye tIna vyaMjana nahIM pAye jAte / marAThI meM ye tInoM pAye jAte haiM / 3) prAkRta meM vyaMjanoM kA upayoga 'saMyukta' aura 'asaMyukta' donoM avasthAoM meM pAyA jAtA hai / udAharaNArtha 'khalu' zabda meM 'kha' vyaMjana kA upayoga asaMyukta hai / parantu 'duHkha' meM 'kha' zabda kA upayoga saMyukta rUpa meM hai / saMyukta vyaMjanoM ko bolIbhASA meM 'joDAkSara' bhI kahate haiN| 4) 'vyaMjana' zabda ke kabhI prArambha meM, kabhI madhya meM evaM kabhI anta meM bhI A sakatA hai / unako krama se sAdya-madhya aura antya vyaMjana kahate haiM / a) Adya vyaMjanoM ke parivartana : 1) ka kha (zabda ke Arambha kA 'ka' kabhI-kabhI 'kha' meM parivartita hotA hai|) kIla = khIla (marAThI = khiLA) karpara = khappara (khApara) kubja = khujja (khujA) 2) ga - gha (zabda ke Arambha kA 'ga' kabhI-kabhI 'gha' meM parivartita hotA hai|) gRha = ghara, gRhiNI = ghariNI 3) ca - ta (zabda ke Arambha kA 'ca' kabhI-kabhI 'ta' meM parivartita hotA hai|) cikitsaka = tigicchaga 4) ja jha (zabda ke Arambha kA 'ja' kabhI-kabhI 'jha' meM parivartita hotA hai / ) jaTila = jhaDila 5) ta ca, cha (zabda ke Arambha kA 'ta' kabhI-kabhI 'ca' yA 'cha' meM parivartita hotA hai|) tuccha = cuccha, chuccha tyaj = caya 6) ta Ta (zabda ke Arambha kA 'ta' kabhI-kabhI 'Ta' meM parivartita hotA hai / ) tagara = Tagara 7) da - Da (zabda ke Arambha kA 'da' kabhI-kabhI 'Da' meM parivartita hotA hai / ) dAha = DAha daMza = DaMsa / 8) na -Na (zabda ke Arambha kA 'na' kabhI-kabhI 'Na' meM parivartita hotA hai|) nadI = NaI _ namo = Namo 9) pa pha (zabda ke Arambha kA 'pa' kabhI-kabhI 'pha' meM parivartita hotA hai|) puruSa = pharusa parazu = pharasu puTa = phuDa parigha = phaliha 10) ya - ja (zabda ke Arambha kA 'ya' kabhI-kabhI 'ja' meM parivartita hotA hai|) 39

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yAtrA = jattA yathA = jahA yAdava = jAyava 9 19) ya ta la ( zabda ke Arambha kA 'ya' kabhI-kabhI 'ta' yA 'la' meM parivartita hotA hai / ) yuSmad = tumhe yaSTi = laTThi kaya 12) za, Sa, sa cha (zabda ke Arambha ke 'za, Sa, sa' kabhI-kabhI 'cha' meM parivartita hotA hai / ) zAva = chAva SaNmukha chammuha sudhA = chuhA SaSTha = chaTTha gaya A) anAdi asaMyukta vyaMjanoM ke parivartana : 1) 'ya' zruti kA niyama 'ka-ga-ca-ja-ta-da' ina anAdi vyaMjanoM kA kabhI-kabhI lopa hokara, usakI jagaha 'ya' kA upayoga kiyA jAtA hai| isI ko 'ya' zruti kA niyama kahate haiN| caya jaya yogI = jogI yama = jama yadA = jayA taya daya kanaka = kaNaya sakala = sayala naraka = naraya sAgara = sAyara nagara = nayara Agara = Ayara yazodA = jasodA yamunA jamuNA AcAra = AyAra vacana = vayaNa nIca = nIya sujana = suyaNa gaja = gaya zItala = sIyala mAruta = mAruya kRta = kaya pAda = pAya veda = veya sadA = sayA vasumatI = vasumaI u : ripu = riu Rtu = uu = janaka = jaNaya udaka = uyaya loka = loya magara = mayara mRga = miya kavaca = kavaya upacAra = uvayAra kAca = kAya pUjA = pUyA gIta = gIya 2) anAdi asaMyukta vyaMjanoM kA kabhI-kabhI lopa hokara, usake badale 'i', 'u' aura 'e' ina svaroM kA upayoga kiyA jAtA hai / i : kokilA = koilA sItA = sIyA zIta = sIya hRdaya = hiya prasAda = pasAya gadA = gayA jAti = jAi vanarAji = vaNarAi vAyu nUpura = neura = vAu 40

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e : Adeza = Aesa upadeza = uvaesa 3) kha-gha-tha-dha-pha-bha' ye vyaMjana jaba anAdi aura asaMyukta hote haiM taba unakA kabhI-kabhI lopa hokara, usake badale 'ha' kA upayoga kiyA jAtA hai / ise 'ha-zruti' kA niyama kahate haiM / kha -ha nakha = naha zAkhA = sAhA zikhara = sihara laghu = lahu thAha ncfcfc yathA = jahA dhaha mekhalA = mehalA sukha = suha sakhI = sahI megha = meha rAghava = rAhava nAtha = nAha tathA = tahA madhu = mahu dadhi = dahi vidhavA = vihavA viphala = vihala muktAphala = muttAhala svabhAva = sahAva vallabha = vallaha subhaTa = subhaDa badhira = bahira sAdhu = sAhu magadha = magaha saphala = sahala bha-ha lobha = loha zubha = suha nabha = naha 4) 'Tha' aura 'tha' ye vyaMjana jaba anAdi asaMyukta hote haiM taba unakA kabhI-kabhI lopa hokara, usake badale 'Dha' kA upayoga kiyA jAtA hai| Tha - Dha pATha = pADha pITha = pIDha kaThina = kaDhiNa thADha pRthivI = puDhavI prathama = paDhama zithila = siDhila 5) 'Sa' aura 'sa' ye vyaMjana jaba anAdi asaMyukta hote haiM taba unakA kabhI-kabhI lopa hokara, usake badale 'ha' kA upayoga kiyA jAtA hai| pASANa = pAhANa SoDaSa = solaha saha divasa = diyaha, divaha TIpa : isa pATha meM nirdiSTa vyaMjana-parivartana ke atirikta kucha aniyamita vyaMjana-parivartana bhI prAkRta meM pAye jAte haiN|

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svAdhyAya 'ya-zruti kA niyama' aura 'ha-zruti kA niyama' ina donoM niyamoM meM saMskRta-prAkRta ke jo udAharaNa diye haiM, ve kaMThastha kIjie / isI meM se kucha udAharaNa parIkSA meM pUche jAyeMge / namUne ke taurapara prazna : 1) vyaMjana-parivartana dhyAna meM rakhakara, nimnalikhita prAkRta zabdoM ke saMskRta rUpa likhie / jaNaya, AyAra, hiyaya, magaha, vallaha 2) vyaMjana-parivartana dhyAna meM rakhakara, nimnalikhita saMskRta zabdoM ke prAkRta rUpa likhie / naraka, sItA, mekhalA, rAghava, zubha *********** 42

Page #43
pATha8 nAma-vibhakti ke pratyaya akArAnta puM. 'vIra' zabda vibhakti ekavacana anekavacana prathamA (Nominative) vIro, vIre (eka deva) dvitIyA (Accusative) vIra tRtIyA (Instrumental) paMcamI (Ablative) vIrA (aneka deva) vIre, vIrA (vIroM ko) vIrehi, vIrehi (vIroM ne) vIrehiMto (vIroM se) vIrANa, vIrANaM (vIroM kA) vIresu, vIresuM (vIroM meM,vIroM para) vIrA (he vIroM !) (vIra ko) vIreNa, vIreNaM (vIra ne) vIrA, vIrAo (vIra se) vIrassa (vIra kA) vIre, vIraMsi, vIrammi (vIra meM, vIra para) vIra (he vIra !) SaSThI (Genitive) saptamI (Locative) saMbodhana (Vocative) AkArAnta strI. 'gaMgA' zabda ekavacana gaMgA (eka gaMgA) gaMgaM vibhakti prathamA (Nominative) dvitIyA (Accusative) tRtIyA (Instrumental) paMcamI (Ablative) SaSThI (Genitive) saptamI (Locative) saMbodhana (Vocative) (gaMgA ko) gaMgAe (gaMgA ne) gaMgAe, gaMgAo (gaMgA se) gaMgAe (gaMgA kA) gaMgAe (gaMgA meM) gaMgA, gaMge (he gaMgA !) anekavacana gaMgA, gaMgAo (aneka gaMgA) gaMgA, gaMgAo (gaMgAoM ko) gaMgAhi, gaMgAhiM (gaMgAoM ne) gaMgAhiMto (gaMgAoM se) gaMgANa, gaMgANaM (gaMgAoM kA) gaMgAsu, gaMgAsu (gaMgAoM meM) gaMgA, gaMgAo (he gaMgAoM !) 43

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akArAnta napuM. 'vaNa' zabda ekavacana vaNaM vibhakti prathamA (Nominative) dvitIyA (Accusative) tRtIyA (Instrumental) paMcamI (Ablative) SaSThI (Genitive) saptamI (Locative) saMbodhana (Vocative) (eka vana) vaNa (vana ko) vaNeNa, vaNeNaM (vana ne) vaNA, vaNAo (vana se) vaNassa (vana kA) vaNe, vaNaMsi, vaNammi (vana meM, vana para) anekavacana vaNAI, vaNANi (aneka vana) vaNAI, vaNANi (vanoM ko) vaNehi, vaNehiM (vanoM ne) vaNehiMto (vanoM se) vaNANa, vaNANaM (vanoM kA) vaNesu, vaNesuM (vanoM meM, vanoM para) vaNAI, vaNANi (he vanoM !) vaNa (he vana !) 44

Page #45
pATha 9 kriyApada ke pratyaya (Verb-declension) vartamAnakAla (Present-Tense) vartamAnakAla ke pratyaya ekavacana anekavacana mo puruSa prathama puruSa dvitIya puruSa tRtIya puruSa E py aMti puruSa prathama puruSa dvitIya puruSa tRtIya puruSa sarvanAmasahita vartamAnakAla ke kriyArUpa dhAtu (kriyApada) : puccha (pUchanA) ekavacana anekavacana (ahaM) pucchAmi / (amhe, vayaM) pucchAmo / (tumaM) pucchasi / (tumhe) pucchaha / (so) pucchai / (te) pucchaMti / puruSa prathama puruSa dvitIya puruSa tRtIya puruSa kriyApada : kara (kare) (karanA) ekavacana anekavacana (ahaM) karemi / (amhe, vayaM) karemo / (tuma) karesi / (tumhe) kareha / (so) karei / (te) kareMti / puruSa anekavacana bhUtakAla (Past-Tense) bhUtakAla ke pratyaya ekavacana itthA itthA itthA prathama puruSa dvitIya puruSa tRtIya puruSa puruSa prathama puruSa sarvanAmasahita bhUtakAla ke kriyApada kriyApada : pAsa (dekhanA) ekavacana (ahaM) pAsitthA / (maiMne dekhA / ) (tuma) pAsitthA / (tUne/tumane dekhA / ) anekavacana (amhe) pAsiMsu / (hamane dekhA / ) (tumhe) pAsiMsu / (tumane/sabane dekhA / ) dvitIya puruSa 45

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tRtIya puruSa (sA) pAsitthA / (usane dekhA / ) (te) pAsiMsu / (unhoMne dekhA / ) puruSa bhaviSyakAla (Future-Tense) (1) bhaviSyakAla ke pratyaya ekavacana issAmi, issaM issasi issai prathama puruSa dvitIya puruSa tRtIya puruSa anekavacana issAmo issaha issaMti puruSa prathama puruSa sarvanAmasahita bhaviSyakAla ke kriyArUpa kriyApada : bhaNa (bolanA) ekavacana anekavacana (ahaM) bhaNissAmi / (ahaM) bhaNissaM / (amhe) bhaNissAmo / (maiM bolU~gA / ) (hama boleMge / ) (tuma) bhnnisssi| (tumhe) bhaNissaha / (tU bolegA / tuma bologe / ) (tuma saba bologe / ) (so) bhaNissai / (te) bhaNissaMti / (vaha bolegA / ) (ve boleMge / ) dvitIya puruSa tRtIya puruSa puruSa prathama puruSa dvitIya puruSa tRtIya puruSa (2) bhaviSyakAla ke pratyaya ekavacana ihimi, ihAmi ihisi ihii anekavacana ihimo, ihAmo ihiha ihiMti puruSa sarvanAmasahita bhaviSyakAla ke kriyArUpa kriyApada : pAla (pAlanA) ekavacana anekavacana prathama puruSa (ahaM) pAlihimi / (ahaM) pAlihAmi |(amhe) pAlihimo / (amhe) pAlihAmo / (maiM pAlana karU~gA / ) (hama pAlana kareMge / ) dvitIya puruSa (tumaM) pAlihisi / (tumhe) pAlihiha / (tU pAlana karegA / tuma pAlana karoge / ) (tuma saba pAlana kareMge / ) tRtIya puruSa (sA) pAlihii / (te) pAlihiMti / (vaha pAlana karegI / ) (ve pAlana kareMgI / )

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311STef (Imperative Mood) AjJArtha ke pratyaya ekavacana anekavacana puruSa prathama puruSa dvitIya puruSa tRtIya puruSa -, su, hi aMtu puruSa prathama puruSa dvitIya puruSa tRtIya puruSa AjJArtha dhAtu (kriyApada) : gaccha (jAnA) ekavacana anekavacana gacchAmu gacchAmo gaccha, gacchasu, gacchAhi gacchaha gacchau gacchaMtu puruSa prathama puruSa sarvanAmasahita AjJArtha ke kriyArUpa kriyApada : bhakkha (khAnA) ekavacana anekavacana (ahaM) bhakkhAmu / (amhe) bhakkhAmo / (maiM khAU~ / ) (hama khAyeM / ) (tuma) bhakkha/bhakkhasu/bhakkhAhi / (tumhe) bhakkhaha / (tuma khAo / ) (tuma saba khAo / ) (so) bhakkhau / (te) bhakkhaMtu / (vaha khAye / ) (ve khAyeM / ) dvitIya puruSa tRtIya puruSa puruSa fasztof (Potential Mood) vidhyartha ke pratyaya ekavacana anekavacana ejjA, ejjAmi ejjAma ejjA, ejjAsi, ejjAhi ejjAha e, ejjA ejjA prathama puruSa dvitIya puruSa tRtIya puruSa puruSa prathama puruSa dvitIya puruSa tRtIya puruSa vidhyartha dhAtu (kriyApada) : gaccha (jAnA) ekavacana anekavacana gacchejjA, gacchejjAmi gacchejjAma gacchejjA, gacchejjAsi, gacchejjAhi gacchejjAha gacche, gacchejjA gacchejjA

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puruSa ekavacana prathama puruSa sarvanAmasahita vidhyartha ke kriyArUpa kriyApada : bhakkha (khAnA) anekavacana (ahaM) bhakkhejjA, bhakkhejjAmi / (amhe) bhakkhejjAma / (maiM khAU~ / ) (hama khAyeM / ) (tuma) bhakkhejjA/bhakkhejjAsi/bhakkhejjAhi / (tumhe) bhakkhejjAha / (tuma khAoge / ) (tuma saba khAoge / ) (so) bhakkhe/bhakkhejjA / (te) bhakkhejjA / (vaha khAye / ) (ve khAyeM / ) dvitIya puruSa tRtIya puruSa

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pATha 10 prAkRta meM avyaya a) pUrvakAlavAcaka dhAtusAdhita avyaya vyAkaraNa vivecana : ___ isa kathA meM pUrvakAlavAcaka dhAtusAdhita avyayoM kA upayoga kiyA gayA hai / ArohiUNa, pAsiUNa, ciMtiUNa, daLUNa, nAUNa, namiUNa, AloeUNa, oyarittA, pAsittA, gaMtUNa, naccA, ciMtettANa - ye saba rUpa pUrvakAlavAcaka dhAtusAdhita avyaya haiN| pUrvakAlavAcaka' kA matalaba hai - do ghaTanAoM meM se jo ghaTanA pahale huI hai, usakA sUcana karanevAlA zabda / 'dhAtusAdhita' kA matalaba hai - kriyApada (verb) se banA huA / 'avyaya' kA matalaba hai - jisa zabda rUpa meM kisI bhI taraha se badala nahIM hotA / avyaya vAkya meM jaise ke taise upayoga meM lAye jAte haiM / unake kAla, vibhakti, puruSa, vacana nahIM hote / marAThI meM 'karUna, khAUna, pAhUna, jAUna' Adi jo rUpa dikhAyI dete haiM ve pUrNataH prAkRta ke prabhAva se Aye haiM / pU.kA.dhA.a. do prakAra se banate haiN| 1) niyamita, 2) aniyamita 1) niyamita pU.kA.dhA.a. rUpa : I) akArAnta dhAtuoM (verb) ko 'iUNa' aura itara dhAtuoM ko 'UNa' pratyaya lagAkara ye rUpa banate II) sabhI dhAtuoM ko (kriyApadoM ko) 'ittA, ettA, ittANaM, ettANaM, ittu aura ettu' ye pratyaya lagate haiM / isake kucha udAharaNa - pAsa (dekhanA) - pAsiUNa, pAsittA, pAsettA, pAsittANaM, pAsettANaM, pAsittu, pAsettu kara (karanA) - kariUNa, karittA, karettA, karittANaM, karettANaM, karitta, karettu gA (gAnA) - gAUNa, gAittA, gAettA, gAittANaM, gAettANaM, gAittu, gAettu ne (lenA) - neUNa, neittA, neettA, neittANaM, neettANaM, neitta, neettu ho (honA) - hoUNa, hoittA, hoettA, hoittANaM, hoettANaM, hoittu, hoettu 2) aniyamita pU.kA.dhA.a. rUpa : ye rUpa saMskRta zabdoM ke sAkSAt (direct) prAkRtIkaraNa se banate haiN| aniyamita hone se bhI inheM dhyAna meM rakhanA paDatA hai kyoMki prAkRta Agama tathA kathAoM meM ye bAra bAra pAye jAte haiN| isake kucha udAharaNa - kiccA (kRtvA) - karake soccA (zrutvA) - sunakara pecchiya (prekSya) - dekhakara naccA (jJAtvA) - jAnakara gahAya (gRhItvA) - grahaNa karake paNamma (praNamya) - praNAma karake ********** 49

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ba) hetvarthaka dhAtusAdhita avyaya pichale sAla hamane pUrvakAlavAcaka dhAtusAdhita avyayoM kA artha aura vAkyoM meM prayoga dekheM haiM / isake atirikta prAkRta meM hetvarthaka dhAtusAdhita avyaya bhI hote haiN| pUrvakAlavAcaka avyayoM ko aMgrejI meM Gerund kahate haiM / isa sAla hama hetvarthaka dhAtusAdhita avyaya tathA unake vAkya meM prayoga karane kI paddhati dekheMge / hetvarthaka dhAtusAdhita avyayoM ko aMgrejI meM infenitive kahate haiM / vAkya meM kriyA kA jo mukhya hetu aura uddiSTa haiM, use isa avyaya ke dvArA sUcita kiyA jAtA hai / agara vAkya meM do kriyAe~ ho aura una donoM kA kartA ekahI ho, to uddiSTarUpa kriyA darzAne ke lie isa avyaya kA upayoga kiyA jAtA hai| hetvarthaka kA artha hai - hetu darzAnevAlA / dhAtusAdhita kA artha hai - kriyA se niSpanna / avyaya kA artha hai - jisa zabda rUpa meM kisI bhI taraha badala nahIM hotA / eka udAharaNa ke dvArA dekheMge - prathama vAkya - dAsI bhaddAe khemakusalaM pucchai / artha - dAsI bhadrA kSemakuzala pUchatI hai / dUsarA vAkya - dAsI AgayA / artha - dAsI A gii| donoM vAkya ekatrita karake hama likha sakate haiM ki - bhadrAe khemakusalaM pucchiuM dAsI AgayA / 'pucchiuM' yaha kriyArUpa dhAtusAdhita avyaya hai / isakA matalaba 'isa prayojana se', 'isake lie', ina zabdoMdvArA vyakta kiyA jA sakatA hai| 1) akArAnta dhAtuoM ko 'iuM' aura anya dhAtuoM ko hetvarthaka banAne ke lie 'u' pratyaya lagAye jAte haiN| gaccha - gacchiuM - jAne ke lie pAsa - pAsiuM - dekhane ke lie gA - gAuM - gAne ke lie ho - houM - hone ke lie ThA - ThAuM - Thaharane ke lie 2) saba dhAtuoM ke lie hetvarthaka avyaya banAte hue 'ittae' athavA 'ettae' ye do pratyaya bhI lagAye jAte haiM / jaise ki - gaccha - gacchittae - jAne ke lie gA - gAittae - gAne ke lie ho - hoittae - hone ke lie 3) saMskRta meM jinako 'tumanta'rUpa kahA jAtA hai unhIM se varNaparivartana ke niyamAnusAra prAkRta meM hetvarthaka dhAtusAdhita avyaya banAye jAte haiN| jaise ki - laha - laddhaM - pAne ke lie suNa - souM - zravaNa karane ke lie pAsa - duTuM - dekhane ke lie kara - kAuM - karane ke lie

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gaccha gaMtuM jAne ke lie haNa haMtuM mArane ke lie, hanana karane ke lie - - namUne ke taurapara vAkya - 1) sA jiNassa paDimaM pAsiuM deulaM paviTThA / artha vaha jina kI pratimA dekhane ke lie devAlaya meM praviSTa huI / 2) vasaMtasamae koilo mahurasareNa gAuM laggo . artha : vasaMtasamaya meM kokila madhura svara se gAne lagA / 3) davvaM bhUmIe ThaviDaM baMbhaNo egaMte gao / artha: dravya bhUmi meM rakhane ke lie brAhmaNa ekAnta sthala meM gayA / 4) phalaM bhakkhi vANaro rukkhe ArUDho artha : phala bhakSaNa karane ke lie vAnara vRkSa para caDhA / 5) uvaesa souM sA maMdiraM gayA / artha : upadeza sunane ke lie vaha mandira gayI / 6) rAvaNaM haMtu rAmo laMkAnagaraM paviTTho / artha : rAvaNa ko mArane ke lie rAma laMkAnagarI meM praviSTa 7) rayaNAI vikke dhaNesaro haTTe patto / artha : ratna bikane ke lie dhanezvara bAjAra meM pahu~cA / 8) so vi na sakkar3a coraM gihiuM / artha vaha bhI cora ko grahaNa nahIM kara sakA / svAdhyAya mukhya pATha meM evaM vAkyoM meM nihita hetvarthaka dhAtusAdhita avyayoM ke mUla kriyApada pahacAnie / kriyArUpoM se siddha hetvarthaka dhAtusAdhita avyayoM ke artha likhie| 'rUpa pahacAnie isa prazna meM parIkSA meM hetvarthaka dhAtusAdhita avyaya ke rUpa bhI pUche jAe~ge / ve isa prakAra likhane hoMge pAsiuM dhAtu 'pAsa' hetvarthaka avyaya - - - haMtuM dhAtu 'haNa' hetvarthaka avyaya gAittae - dhAtu 'gA' - hetvarthaka avyaya huA / ********** 51

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prAkRta-gadya-vibhAga

Page #53
pATha 11 chatta parikkhA atthi egammi nayare cAuvveo baMbhaNo duve chattA taM viNNaveMti 'tumhe amhANaM veyaMtaM vakkhANaha / ' baMbhaNo bhaNai 'ahaM tubbhaM veyaMtaM sikkhAvemi / kiMtu tattha vihANamatthi / ' tao ego chatto bIyaM bhai 'tumaM AyariyaM puccha kerisaM taM vihANaM' ti / so baMbhaNaM pucchai bhayavaM vayaM tumbhehiMto souM icchAmo kerisaM - taM vihANaM' ti / - - Ayario bhai 'tumae kAla - cauddasIe seo chAlao mAreyavvo jattha na koi pAsai / tattha tassa maMsaM bhuMjiyavvaM / tao veyaMta - suNaNa - joggo hosi / ' ego chatto paDibhaNai - 'mae eyammi jatto ki / tumhe AsIsaM deha / ' baMbhaNo bhaNai - 'mama AsIso tujjhANaM kae atthi eva / kiMtu tavaM buddhIe parikkhA atthi / ' chattA bhaNati 'amhe gacchAmo / ' Ayario AsIsaM dei bhaNai ya 'tumhesuM jo vihANaM samma kare, so majjha paTTasIso / ' tao ego chatto seya chAlagaM geNhai, kAla-caudasI rattIe sunna ratthAe ya gacchai / chagalayaM mArei / tassa maMsaM bhuMjai, paDiniyattai ya / uvajjhAo jANai 'ajoggo, na kiMci pariNayameyassa' tti / na vakkhANei tassa veya-rahassaM / - duio vi taheva sunna ratthAe gacchai / ciMtei ya - ettha tAragA pecchati / tao devaulaM gacchai, ciMtei ya - 'ettha devo pecchai / ' tao so sunnAgAre gacchai, tattha vi ciMtei "ettha ahaM, eso chagalao, aisaya nANI ya pecchati / jattha na koi pAsai tattha mAreyavvoM' tti uvajjhAya vayaNaM / tA esa bhAvattho 'eso na mAreyavvo' tti / " paDigacchai uvajjhAyassa pAya muule| sAhei taM jaM tassa pariNamiyaM / saMto uvajjhAo bhaNai - 'taM buddhimaMto, ajjappahui mama paTTasIso tumaM' ti / - (prAkRta kathA ke Arambha meM jaba 'atthi' yaha kriyApada AtA hai taba usakA artha bhUtakAlavAcaka hotA hai| usakA artha hai 'thA' / ) . - chAtra- parIkSA (anuvAda) eka nagara meM cAra veda jAnanevAlA ( caturvedI) eka brAhmaNa thA / do chAtroM ne usako binatI kI - 'Apa hameM vedAnta kA vyAkhyAna kIjie / ' brAhmaNa ne kahA, 'maiM tumheM vedAnta paDhAU~gA / kintu usakI eka zarta hai / ' taba eka chAtra ne dUsare se kahA, 'tuma AcArya se pUcho ki vaha zarta kaunasI hai ?' usane brAhmaNa se pUchA, 'bhagavAna, hama Apase sunanA cAhate haiM ki vaha zarta kaunasI hai ? ' AcArya ne kahA, 'tumhe kRSNa caturdazI ko zveta chagala (bakarA ) mAranA hogA jahA~ koI bhI dekha na sake / udhara hI usake mAMsa kA bhojana karanA hogA / tabhI tuma vedAnta - zravaNa ke yogya ho jAoge / ' pahale chAtra ne kahA, 'maiM isameM prathama prayatna karU~gA / Apa mujhe AzIrvAda dIjie / ' brAhmaNa ne kahA, 'mere AzIrvAda tumhAre lie hamezA hai / kintu isameM tumhAre buddhi kI parIkSA hai / ' chAtroM ne kahA, 'hama jAte haiM / ' AcArya ne AzIrvAda dekara bolA, 'tuma meM se jo chAtra acchI taraha se zarta nibhAyegA, vaha merA paTTaziSya hogA / ' taba pahale chAtra ne zveta chagala liyA, kRSNa caturdazI kI rAta meM zUnya (nirjana) rAste para gayA / chagala ko mArA / usakA mAMsa bhakSaNa kiyA aura vApasa AyA / upAdhyAya ne jAnA, 'yaha ayogya hai / isako kucha bhI nahIM samajhA hai / ' (upAdhyAya ne) usako veda - rahasya (vedAnta) nahIM batAyA / dUsarA bhI usI taraha nirjana mArga para gayA aura socA, 'yahA~ to tArakAe~ dekha rahI haiN| usake pazcAta devakula (mandira) meM gayA aura socA, 'yahA~ to deva dekha rahA hai|' usake anantara vaha zUnyaghara meM gayA / vahA~ bhI usane socA, "yahA~ to maiM bhI hU~, yaha chagala hai aura koI atizaya jJAnI sarvajJa bhI dekha rahe haiM / 'jahA~ 53

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koI bhI dekha nahIM rahA hai vahA~ chagala ko mAro'-aisA upAdhyAya kA vacana hai / usakA bhAvArtha yaha huA ki, 'chagala ko na mAro / " vaha upAdhyAya ke caraNa meM lauTa gayA / usako jo bhAvArtha samajhA thA, usako usane upAdhyAya se khaa| upAdhyAya santuSTa hokara bole, 'tuma buddhimAna ho / Aja se tuma mere paTTaziSya ho / ' tAtparya : veda ke antima bhAga ko 'vedAnta' kahate haiM / vedAnta meM AtmAsambandhI vicAra kiyA hai / yaha pavitra zAstra hone ke kAraNa vedAnta kI paDhAI meM hiMsA kA koI sambandha nahIM hai / yadyapi samAja meM pazabali kI prathA thI phira bhI zreSTha AtmajJAna ahiMsA se hI prApta hotA hai - yaha isa kathA kA tAtparya hai| svAdhyAya prazna 1 : isa pATha meM nihita nimnalikhita vartamAnakAlavAcaka kriyApadoM kI mUla kriyA, puruSa aura vacana likhie| viNNaveMti, sikkhAvemi, bhaNai, bhaNaMti, gacchAmo, karei, gacchai, mArei, paDiniyattai, jANai, pecchaMti, ciMtei, pAsai, sAhei, bhuMjai, paDigacchai udAharaNArtha : viNNaveMti - mUla kriyA 'viNNava', vartamAnakAla, tRtIyapuruSa, bahuvacana prazna 2 : nimnalikhita AjJArtha kriyApadoM ke puruSa aura vacana likhie / vakkhANaha, deha prazna3 : nimnalikhita nAmavibhakti ke rUpa pahacAnie / nayare, baMbhaNo, chattA, tAragA, devaulaM, vayaNaM, parikkhA udAharaNArtha : nayare - mUla zabda 'nayara', akArAnta napuMsakaliMgI, saptamI ekavacana **********

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mahArisissa goyamassa tavovaNe mahAtavo nAma koi muNI nivAsio / teNa koi mUsago vAyaseNa avaharijjamANo diTTho / tao teNa kAruNigeNa so vAyasAo moio, appaNo kuDIre saMvaDio ya / aha annayA kayAi biDAlo taM mUsagaM khAiuM uvadhAvio / taM viloiUNa muNiNA buttaM "mUsaga, tumaM majjAro hohi" tti / aha so muNissa pahAveNa biDAlo saMjAo / paraM sANaM daTThUNa palAio / tao muNiNA parijaMpiyaM "jaM kukkurAo bhIo si, taM tumaM kukkuro bhavAhi" tti / aha so muNivayaNAo sArameo bhUo / paraM jayA vagghaM pAsiUNa dUraM niggao, tayA teNa muNiNA so vaggho kao / pacchA taM muNiM vagghaM ca egavAse nirUviUNa savve jaNA "aNeNa muNiNA mUsago vagghaMttaM uvaNIo" tti sovahAsaM parijaMpaMti / eyaM soccA teNa vaggheNa viciMtiyaM "jAva ayaM muNI jIvai tAva imaM me sarUva akkhANayaM akittikaraM na viNAsejjA / " ao so mUsaga - vaggho taM muNiM haMtuM uvAgao / muNiNA taM nAUNa " puNo vi mUsago bhavasu" tti saMlaviUNa taheva kao / - pATha 12 mUsaga - vaggho isa kathA meM bhUtakAlavAcaka kriyApadoM kA pracura mAtrA meM upayoga kiyA gayA hai / pUrI kathA hI bhUtakAla meM batAyI hai| yadyapi 'itthA' aura 'Isu' ye do pratyaya bhUtakAla ke hote haiM tathApi isa pATha meM alaga hI tarIke ke bhUtakAla ke pratyaya diye hue haiN| unheM ka. bhU.dhA.vi. yAne karmaNi bhUtakAlavAcaka dhAtusAdhita vizeSaNa kahA jAtA hai / ye vizeSaNa kriyApadoM se banate haiM lekina bhUtakAla ke artha meM prayukta kiye jAte haiM / jaise ki - nivasio rahatA thA / moio chuddaayaa| uvadhAvio - dhAvA bola diyA / saMjAo - ho gayA, banA / bhUo ho gyaa| * kao - kiyA, banAyA / - diTTho - dekhA / saMvaDio - saMvardhana kiyA / palAio - bhAgA / parijaMpiyaM - kahA / nikala gayA / pAsa AyA / niggao uvAgao 55 mUSaka vyAghra (cUhA aura bAgha) (anuvAda) maharSi gautama ke tapovana meM 'mahAtapa' nAma ke koI muni rati the / eka dina unhoMne dekhA ki, koI eka vAyasa (kauA) eka mUSaka kA ( cUhe kA) apaharaNa kara rahA hai (uThA kara le jA rahA hai|) / taba usa dayA tatpara muni ne usa cUhe ko kauo se chuDAyA aura apanI kuTI meM cUhe kA saMvardhana kiyA / eka bAra eka billI ( biDAla) usa cUhe ko khAne ke lie daur3a pdd'ii| vaha dekhakara muni ne kahA, 'he mUSaka, tuma mArjAra (billI ) ho jAo / ' aba zIghra hI muni ke prabhAva se vaha cUhA 'billI' bana gayA / lekina eka zvAna ko (kutte ko ) dekhakara bhAgane lagA / taba munine kahA, 'he biDAla, tuma zvAna se (kukkura se) bhayabhIta ho rahe ho, isalie tuma zvAna hI ho jAo / ' munivacana se vaha biDAla 'zvAna' sArameya bana gayA / parantu dUra se eka vyAghra ko (bAgha ko) dekhakara vaha dUra bhAgA / taba muni ne usa zvAna ko (turanta) 'vyAghra' banAyA / usake anantara muni aura vyAghra ko eka kuTIra meM dekhakara saba loga upahApUrvaka bolane lage ki, 'isa muni ne mUSaka ko hI vyAghra banAyA hai|' logoM ke ye vacana sunakara vyAghra ne vicAra kiyA, 'jaba taka yaha muni jIvita hai taba taka merA saccA svarUpa pragaTa karanevAlA yaha duSkIrtikara pravAda nahIM miTegA / ' isI vajaha usa mUSaka - vyAghra ne muni ko mArane ke lie usapara dhAvA bolaa| muni ne usakA irAdA jAnakara jhaTa se bola diyA

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ki, '(he vyAghra), tuma punarapi 'mUSaka' bana jAo', yaha kahakara muni ne vaisA hI kiyA (isa prakAra mUSaka phira se mUSaka' hI bana gayA / ) tAtparya : hara eka dayAlu vyakti mana se dUsare kA bhalA karanA cAhatA hai / lekina kisI kA bhalA karane se pahale yaha bhI socanA cAhie ki, vaha usake lAyaka hai bhI yA nahIM / pAtratA dekhe binA kI huI dayA bUmara~ga kI taraha khudapara hI ulaTa jAtI hai / kRtaghnatA' bahuta hI baDA durguNa hai| svAdhyAya prazna 1 : nimnalikhita nAmavibhakti ke rUpa pahacAnie / goyamassa, tavovaNe, vagdhaM, vAyaseNa, kukkurAo prazna 2 : isa pATha meM Aye hae 'UNa' pratyayAnta pUrvakAlavAcaka dhAtusAdhita avyaya likhie / prazna 3 : 'kuttA' aura 'billI' isa artha meM prastuta pATha meM Aye hue do-do prAkRta zabda likhie / ********** 56

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pATha 13 bhagavaM mahAvIro atthi iheva bhArahe vAse kuMDiNaure siddhattho nAma khattiya-gaNAhivaI / tassa tisalA nAma devI / sA ya susIlA surUvA ya / cetta-suddha-terasame sohaNe diNe suppahAe sA savva-guNa-saMpanna puttaM pasUyA / jayA eso suha-jIvo tisalAe gabbhe Agao, tao siddhattha-mahArAyassa vihavo pai-diNaM vaDDai / ao tassa bAlassa vaddhamANo tti nAma kayaM |appnno vIratteNa so tti pasiddho jaao| bAlattaNAo vivihaM hiMsAi-dukkhaM dekhiUNa so saMsArAo viratto jAo / tIsame varise mahAvIreNa muNi-dikkhA gahiyA / tavaM kAuM so vaNe gao / duvAlasa-varisa-pajjaMtaM mahAvIra-muNiNA ugaM tavaM kayaM / tavaggiNA sesa-kammAI DahiUNa bhagavaM mahAvIro kevalI hoi / so iMdiyAiM jayai tti jiNo vi khio| goyamAi-ekkArasa-mAhaNa-sIsA bhagavao mahAvIrassa gaNaharA jAyA / tassa samosaraNaM gAmANugAma calai / so savvANaM addhamAgahI-bhAsAe hiovaesaM karei - bho bhavva-jIvA, appA kattA vikattA ya / appA mitto amitto ya / jIvo jahA suhAsuha-kammaM kuNai, tahA tassa suha-dukkhaM bhuMjai / jIvo sukammeNa cciya seTTho hoi na jammeNa / savve pANA suhaM icchaMti na dukkhaM / savvesiM jIviyaM piyaM / nAivAejja kiMcaNa / ahiMsA paramo dhammo / ao bhUesu mettI kAyavvA / ' evaM savva-jIvANaM kallANa-karaM dhammaM kaheMto bhagavaM mahAvIro pAvAuri gacchai / tattha so assiNaamAvassAe suppahAe nivvANaM go| eyaM kkha bhagavao mahAvIrassa divvaM jIvaNaM / namo namo bhagavao mahAvIrassa / svAdhyAya bhagavAna mahAvIra kA caritra Apane kaI bAra sunA hogA / bahata paricita hone ke kAraNa, zikSikA kI sahAyatA se isa pATha kA hindI meM anuvAda kIjie / isameM se kucha mahattvapUrNa vAkya parIkSA meM anuvAda ke lie pUche jA sakate haiN|