Jain Sanskruti Ka Itihas Evam Darshan

Author(s): Minakshi Daga
Publisher: Rajasthani Granthagar
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/022845/1

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jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana Ja 6mAnamAdiyAmayamiyonita nAma jiNInaM nigAyaka vizrAkAzAtri maa gAdaH yAtAyAtamahamaNA / tapatrIyamANA rAyamANA ganaga jIvAjIbA nigama zAma makitA nAbAligAma prajAvA nigama vidA UdAvA nigAmagrAnAva gayAmakitanIvA nigama jAnAniyoM sarpara vinA nigama va jIvaniyAmagrAma grahavigrIvAnizAmaya hAvA nigAmAdama // makavA vizadapatrAvara jAvAnigAma svAdamA isu agmu kirtAnAvAniyA marA baissaaiinsaastrseeg sn|| ramaphAsA aral homsa bAnigama kitanA vA nigAmagidapatrAna mayamasArasamAmpAbAligAma saki nigama ArasamAmmaganIvAniga mAmalA bAni ra mih| samAramabhAva mbhaganAvAnizAmayA paraMparami chAmamAramamA dasagajA vAnigAmayyAsa kitagata mahAsaMmAramamA mitratA nAvAna DaoN. mInAkSI DAgA wwwwwwy

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prastuta pustaka 'jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana' meM jaina dharma, darzana evaM saMskRti kI prAcInatA va maulikatA ko vibhinna sAhityika evaM purAtAtvika sAkSyoM dvArA pramANita karate hue prAcInatama vizva dharma ke rUpa meM darzAyA gayA hai| ise mAnava saMskRti kA Adya praNetA kahA jAya to atizayokti nahIM hogI, kyoMki mAnava saMskRti ke vikAsa meM isane mahatvapUrNa bhUmikA nibhAyI hai| yaha itanA sazakta hai, ki sadiyoM se samaya ke prabala jhaMjhAvatoM kA mukAbalA karate hue Aja taka vidyamAna hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra se pUrva ke jaina dharma va darzana kI sthiti usake svarUpa tathA gaurava ke sAtha-sAtha usake vikAsa va prabhAva kI vivecanA kI gaI hai| karmavAda va anekAntavAda dArzanika jagata ko anupama dena hai / isake atirikta jJAna mImAMsA, tatva mImAMsA kA varNana karate hue jainadarzanAnusAra mokSa prApti ke lie nava tatva kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| nIti mImAMsA ke antargata sabhI tIrthaMkaroM dvArA pravartita naitika AdarzoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| vastutaH jaina darzana ne anekAntavAda va ahiMsA ke rUpa meM vartamAna yuga ko aisI jIvana dRSTi pradAna kI hai, jisase Aja yuddha, AtaMka vAda, Arthika viSamatA, sAmpradAyikatA ityAdi samasta jvalaMta samasyAoM kA sahaja samAdhAna kiyA jA sakatA hai|

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jaina saMskRti itihAsa evaM darzana kA DaoN. mInAkSI DAgA rAjasthAnI granthAgAra, jodhapura

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prakAzaka: rAjasthAnI granthAgAra prakAzaka evaM pustaka vikretA prathama mAlA, gaNeza maMdira ke pAsa, sojatI geTa, jodhapura (rAjasthAna) Ph: 0291-2657531, 2623933 (O) e-mail : info@rgbooks.net rgranthagar@sify.com Website : www.rgbooks.net (c) sarvAdhikAra surakSita lekhikA ISBN : 978-81-86103-07-4 pahalA saMskaraNa : 2014 mUlya : Rs 800 (ATha sau rUpaye mAtra) rAjasthAnI granthAgAra ke lie nAgaNeciyA oNphaseTa dvArA kampojiMga evaM mudrita 'Jain Sanskriti Ka Itihaas Avam Darshan' by Dr. Minaxi Daga Published By: Rajasthani Granthagar, Sojati Gate, Jodhpur First Edition : 2014 Price : Rs800.00

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* prAkkathana isa pustaka kI vidUSI lekhikA DaoN. zrImati mInAkSI DAgA ke prAkkathana likhane ke snehapUrNa AmantraNa ko maiMne bar3I prasannatA pUrvaka svIkAra kiyA / isa pustaka ke varNya viSaya kI navInatA, maulikatA tathA vaijJAnika evaM tArkika paddhati se usakI prastuti anupama hai, prazaMsanIya hai / yaha pustaka DaoN. mInAkSI DAgA kA zodha grantha hai, jo mere nirdezana meM sampanna kiyA gayA hai| zodha kArya sampanna hone ke pazcAta itanA zIghra isa pustaka kA mudrita honA viduSI lekhikA kI yogyatA tathA racanA ke vyApaka AkarSaNa ke spaSTa pramANa hai / jaina dharma kI prAcInatA meM jaina va jainetara sAhitya tathA upalabdha purAtAtvika sAmagrI ke adhyayana krama meM lekhikA ne jaina dharma ke itihAsa kA tulanAtmaka vizleSaNa kiyA hai aura niSkarSa rUpa meM jaina dharma kI prAcInatA evaM maulikatA siddha karate hue usake gaurava ko punaH pratiSThita karane kA sarAhanIya kArya kiyA hai| jaina saMskRti ne bhagavAna RSabhadeva se bhagavAna mahAvIra aura bAda meM bhI manuSya ke sAmAjika, rAjanaitika, Arthika, sAMskRtika, sAhityika, zaikSika Adi sabhI pakSoM ko sakArAtmaka rUpa se prabhAvita karate hue adhika sakSama banAyA hai| vartamAna meM pracalita lipividyA evaM aMka vidyA bhagavAna RSabhadeva jI kI dena hai / jaina saMskRti kramazaH tIrthaMkaroM evaM AcAryoM kI guru-ziSya paramparA ke AdhAra para itane prAcInakAla se Aja taka vidyamAna rahI hai / vartamAna yuga meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ne jaina dharma - darzana ke satya kI mazAla ko punaH prajjvalita kiyA hai| mAnava kI garimA va svataMtratA kI pratiSThA kA AgAja mahAvIra ne hI kiyA / 'vyakti svayaM hI apane bhAgya kA nirmAtA hai, sukha-duHkha ke lie vaha svayaM uttaradAyI hai / ' unhoMne bhAgyavAda ke aMdhavizvAsa se ghire hue samAja ko utthAna, bala, vIrya, puruSArtha aura parAkrama kA mahatva samajhAyA va svataMtratA aura mukti kI sahI dizA batAyI / sva. rASTrapati DaoN. rAdhAkRSNana ne kahA thA- 'mAnava kI svataMtratA aura mahattA kA jo vicAra hameM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke darzana-ciMtana se prApta huA hai, vizva ke dhArmika aura sAmAjika itihAsa meM usakA mahatva yuga-yuga taka aMkita rahegA / una ke AtmavAda aura karmavAda ke siddhAnta se hameM lokataMtra ke bIja prApta hue haiM / unake aparigrahavAda ke vicAra se hameM samAjavAda aura samatAvAda kI preraNA prApta huI hai| unake anekAMtavAda se dharma nirapekSatA kA AdhAra sabala banA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke tatvadarzana ke anusAra jar3a aura cetana do svataMtra mUla tatva hai, jar3a kabhI cetana nahIM hotA, cetana kabhI jar3a nahIM hotaa| donoM kI paryAyoM kA parivartana aura

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4 jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana rupAntaraNa hotA rahatA hai, isI prakAra vizva vyavasthA kA krama saMcAlita hotA hai / SaT dravyavAda meM vizva vyavasthA ke sambandha meM vaijJAnika vivecana prastuta kiyA gayA hai / unake navatatvavAda aura guNasthAna krama meM AtmavikAsa aura mokSa darzana kA vyavasthita aura sunizcita mArga darzana karatA hai| 1 bhagavAna mahAvIra ne vizva ko aisA nIti darzana diyA, jo jIvana ke hara kSetra meM samatA aura ahiMsA kI pratiSThA karatA hai / unhoMne mAnava kI kSamatAnusAra dharma ko do rUpoM meM prastuta kiyA / saMsAra se virakta vyaktiyoM ko anagAra dharma rUpa meM hiMsA, asatya, corI, abrahmacarya aura parigraha se sarvathA mukta rahane kA upadeza diyaa| vahIM jinameM itanI kSamatA nahIM thI, unako sAgAra dharma rupa meM hiMsA aura parigraha ko sImita karane, parihArya asatya aura corI se bacane tathA vivAhita strI aura puruSa ke atirikta brahmacarya kA pAlana karane kI dizA dikhAI / isa prakAra jaina dharma ke naitika niyama eka Adarza, susaMskRta va suvyavasthita samAja ke nirmANa meM sahAyaka hai| mahAvIra ne sUtra kRtAMga meM kahA - kammuNA bambhaNo hoI, kammuNA hoi khattio, so kammuNA hoi, suddohavai kammuNA // arthAt apane karma, vyavahAra aura vyavasAya se manuSya brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya aura zUdra hotA hai / samAja sevA ke kisI bhI kArya ke AdhAra para zreSThatA aura hInatA kI kalpanA ajJAna kA paricAyaka hai| unhoMne apane zAsana meM jahA~ eka ora sarvocca pratiSThita brAhmaNa varga indrabhUti gautama Adi anekoM ko pravrajita kiyA vahIM dUsarI ora zUdra jAti ke harikezI cANDAla ko bhI apanA ziSya banAyA, dAsI candana bAlA ko bhI apane dharma meM pravrajita kara nArI saMghako netRtva pradAna kiyA / isa prakAra bhagavAna mahAvIra ne nArI utpIr3ana, dAsa prathA, jAtivAda, sAMpradAyika Agraha aura abhiniveza ke viruddha mahAn krAMti kI mazAla jalAyI / unhoMne guNoM kI pUjA para bala diyA, nAma va anya bAharI AvaraNoM ko gauNa samajhA / isI AdhAra para jaina dharma ke namaskAra mahAmaMtra meM guNoM kA smaraNa aura vaMdana hai, kisI kA nAma usameM nahIM hai / isIlie jaina dharma darzana deza aura kAla kI sImAoM se abAdhita aura zAzvata hai| maiM viduSI lekhikA kA jaina dharma ke ujjvala vicAroM ko deza bahujanavargI bhASA meM prastuta karane kI manovRtti tathA use ullekhanIya saphalatApUrvaka sampanna karane ke kAraNa hArdika abhinandana karatA / yaha sabhI mAnavoM ke mastiSka ko prakAza detI huI, AhvAna kI ghoSaNA karatI hai| isameM kiMcita bhI sandeha nahIM ki yaha zodha kRti AgAmI zodhArthiyoM ke lie preraNA srota banegI / DaoN. pI.sI. jaina pUrva nidezaka, jaina anuzIlana kendra, jayapura

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AbhAra isa pustaka ke liye mujhe aneka zruta-manISiyoM, sAdhu-santoM, AcAryoM va gurujanoM se pratyakSa evaM parokSa rUpa se preraNA va sahayoga milA hai| pustaka ke samApana para maiM una sabhI vilakSaNa vibhUtiyoM ke prati zraddhAvanat hU~ / mukhya rUpa se pUjya gurudeva AcArya zrI hastImalajI ma.sA., AcArya zrI hIrAcandra jI ma.sA, upAdhyAya pravara zrI mAnacandra jI ma.sA., AcArya zrI padmasAgara jI ma.sA., AcArya zrI dharmadhurandhara jI ma.sA. tathA AcArya zrI mahAzramaNa jI ma.sA., AcArya zrI maNiprabha sAgara jI ma.sA., guruvaryA mahAsatI hemaprabhA zrI jI ma.sA. kA bhI mujha para maMgalamaya AzIrvAda rhaa| ina vandanIya mahApuruSoM va munirAjoM ke ananta upakAroM kI maiM sadaiva RNI rhuuNgii| isa pustaka ke lekhana nirdezaka, DaoN. pI.sI. jaina, nidezaka, jaina anuzIlana kendra, rAjasthAna vizvavidyAlaya, jayapura ke prati unakI satat preraNA, aparimita sahayoga tathA suyogya nirdezana ke lie upakRta huuN| inhoMne isa pustaka ko likhane hetu mujhe vizeSa suvidhAyeM pradAna karAte hue apane gahana adhyayana va anubhava ke dvArA aneka tathyoM va vividha pramANoM ke sAtha mere viSaya ko vistAra se adhyayana karane kI sahI dRSTi pradAna kii| Apake vidvatApUrNa sahayoga, nirdezana tathA vAtsalya ke samakSa maiM natamastaka hU~ / inake prati maiM apanI zraddhA ko isa prakAra abhivyakta karanA cAhU~gI apratIma jJAnamaya, anavarata kriyAzIla haiM, vo vrdaayii| zraddheya sara zrI pI.sI. jaina, guru hamAre preraNAdAyI / / sAtha hI DaoN. pI.sI. jaina ke parivArajana ne bhI mujhe apane parivAra ke sadasya ke rUpa meM hI mAnA, unake prati maiM hRdaya se AbhAra vyakta karatI huuN| isa pustaka kArya ke viSaya cayana tathA sAhitya sAmagrI upalabdha karAne meM sva. zrI jauharImala jI pArakha sAhaba ne apane pustakAlaya sevA maMdira, rAvaTI (jodhapura) se bahuta sahayoga pradAna kiyA, isake liye maiM unakI bhI hArdika AbhArI huuN| isake atirikta kendrIya pustakAlaya, rAjasthAna vizvavidyAlaya, jayapura, rAdhAkRSNan kendrIya pustakAlaya, jayapura, javAhara kalA kendra ke pustakAlaya tathA prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI, jayapura Adi saMsthAnoM se sandarbha granthoM kI suvidhAe~ prApta huii| ataH ina pustakAlayoM se sambaddha adhikAriyoM ke prati bhI maiM hArdika AbhAra vyakta karatI huuN| pustaka meM ativyavastatA ke kAraNa apane pArivArika dAyitvoM kA samucita nirvahana na kara pAne ke uparAMta bhI parivAra ke sabhI sadasyoM kI mere prati maMgala bhAvanA,

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6* jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana utsAhavardhana va satat sahayoga ke prati AbhAra abhivyakti karane ke lie zabda akSama hai| isa zrama sAdhya pustaka meM samucita sahayoga ke lie maiM mere pati zrImAn narendrajI DAgA, sasurajI zrImAn maganalAlajI DAgA (eDavokeTa), sAsujI zrImatI kamalAdevIjI, pitAjI zrImAn kevalacandajI jaina, mAtAjI zrImatI manoharadevIjI, bhrAtA zrImAn hemantakumArajI jaina (DI.je.), zrImAn mahendrajI pArakha (Ara.e.esa.), bhAbhIjI DaoN. zrImatI nanditA jaina tathA zrImatI madhu pArakha evaM parijana zrI devendra jI hiMgara, zrImatI madhu hiMgara, zrI dineza jI jaina, zrImatI nIrA jaina, zrI ravindrajI DAgA, zrImatI rekhA DAgA, anurAga DAgA, himAMzu DAgA va celasI DAgA Adi sabhI parijanoM ne mujhe sadaiva merA kArya karane ke lie vAtsalyapUrNa protsAhana va yogadAna diyA hai, vaha mere lie avismaraNIya evaM atulanIya hai| ataH maiM sabhI AdaraNIya parijanoM ke lie zraddhApUrNa namana karate hue, Atmika kRtajJatA jJApita karatI huuN| ___ maiM una sabhI mahAnubhAvoM ko jinhoMne kisI na kisI rUpa meM merA mArgadarzana kiyA hai, una sabhI kI AbhArI huuN| maiM una jAne-anajAne vidvAnoM, vyaktiyoM kA AbhAra vyakta karanA apanA kartavya samajhatI hU~, jinakI kRtiyA~, sujhAva va nirdezana mere isa pustaka meM upayogI rahe hai| prastuta pustaka meM viSaya, bhAva va bhASA kA samanvaya rakhane kA yatheSTa prayAsa kiyA gayA hai, tathApi yadi kahIM mAnavocita yA kampyUTara janita truTiyA~ raha gayI ho to unake lie kSamA prArthI hU~ aura apekSA karatI hU~, ki sudhi pAThaka unheM sahI pariprekSya meM smjheNge| DaoN. mInAkSI jaina (DAgA)

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anukramaNikA 11 prathama adhyAya : jaina dharma, darzana evaM saMskRti kI prAcInatA sAhityika pramANa 1. bauddha darzana ke pramANa 2. vaidika darzana ke pramANa 3. jaina darzana ke pramANa 4. caubIsa tIrthaMkaroM kI paramparA 5. jaina darzana kI prAcInatA para dArzanika va itihAsavidoM ke mata purAtAttvika pramANa 1. utkhanana 2. sikke 3. abhilekha 4. smAraka 5. mUrtiyA~ evaM citrakalA 6. saMdarbha sUcI dvitIya adhyAya : sAmAjika, rAjanaitika va sAMskRtika vikAsa para prabhAva 129 1. sAmAjika vikAsa meM jaina darzana kA yogadAna 2. sAMskRtika vikAsa 3. tIrthaMkaroM evaM AcAryoM kI guru-ziSya paramparA 4. rAjanaitika vyavasthA evaM jaina darzana 5. Arthika vicAra evaM Arthika samRddhi 6. saMdarbha sUcI tRtIya adhyAya : jaina dArzanika siddhAnta I. karma-siddhAnta 1. karma kA svarUpa 2. karma ke bheda 3. karma kA astitva 4. karma kI paudgalikatA 177

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5. mUrta va amUrta kA saMbaMdha 6. karma va usakA phala 7. Izvara aura karmavAda 8. karma baMdha 9. karma bheda (aSTa karma) 10. karma baMdha ke kAraNa 11. karma vipAka ke AdhAra 12. karma bandhana se mukti kA upAya 13. karmavAda eka apUrva dena II. anekAntavAda 1. syAdvAda viziSTa bhASA paddhati 2. ekAntavAda kI sthiti 3. anya darzanoM para anekAnta kA prabhAva 4. ekAntavAda banAma anekAntavAda 5. saptabhaMgInaya 6. syAdvAda saMzayavAda nahIM hai saMdarbha sUcI caturtha adhyAya : jJAna mImAMsA 1. pramANa 2. jJAna mImAMsA kA pramANa mImAMsA se svAtaMtrya 3. jJAna ke vikAsa kI bhUmikAe~ 4. jaina AgamoM meM pramANa carcA 5. prAmANyavAda 6. ayathArtha jJAna 7. pramANa vivecana 1. pratyakSa pramANa 2. parokSa pramANa 1. anumAna 2. aupamya pramANa 3. Agama pramANa 8. nayavAda saMdarbha sUcI 251

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334 paMcama adhyAya : tattva mImAMsA 1. pUrvI tathA pazcimI tattvajJAna 2. bhAratIya darzana meM tattvavicAra 3. jaina tattva vicAra kI prAcInatA 4. jaina darzana meM tattvamImAMsA 1. loka vyavasthA kA AdhAra sattA kA svarUpa 2. SaD dravya-nirupaNa 3. paMcAstikAya-nirupaNa 1. jIva dravyAstikAya 2. pudgalAstikAya 3. dharmAstikAya 4. adharmAstikAya 5. AkAzAstikAya 6. kAladravya 4. navatattva vivecana 1. jIva 2. ajIva 3. puNya 4. pApa 5. Asrava 6. saMvara 7. nirjarA 8. baMdha 9. mokSa 5. loka kA svarUpa vaidika darzana meM varNita bhUgola ke sAtha tulanAtmaka samIkSA saMdarbha sUcI SaSTham adhyAya : nIti mImAMsA 1. nItizAstra kA udgama evaM vikAsa 2. nIti zAstra kI paribhASA 3. jaina nIti-mImAMsA 419

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I. anagAra cAritra dharma 1. sAdhu ke sattAisa guNa 2. mahAvrata 3. aSTa pravacana mAtAe~ 4. pariSaha jaya 5. samAcArI 6. dinacaryA 7. pA~ca cAritra 8. tapa 9. varSAvAsa 10. jinakalpI sAdhu kI caryA 11. anagArI saMllekhanA 12. digambara-zvetAmbara sampradAya meM mAnyatA-bheda II sAgAra dharma 1. gRhI dharma i) aNuvrata ii) guNavrata iii) zikSAvrata 2. pratimA 3. zrAvaka pada kA adhikAra 4. zrAvaka ke 14 niyama 5. zrAvaka kI anya kriyAe~ saMdarbha sUcI saptama adhyAya : upasaMhAra 1. jaina dharma-darzana kA mAnava saMskRti ke vikAsa meM yogadAna 2. bhAratIya saMskRti va darzana meM jaina darzana kI bhUmikA 3. vartamAna yuga meM jaina saMskRti kI upAdeyatA 482 501 saMdarbha grantha sUcI pariziSTa 512

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jaina dharma, darzana evaM saMskRti kI prAcInatA dharma aura darzana manuSya jIvana ke do abhinna aMga haiN| jaba mAnava cintana ke sAgara meM gaharAI se DubakI lagAtA hai, taba darzana kA janma hotA hai tathA jaba vaha usa cintana kA jIvana meM prayoga karatA hai, taba dharma kI avatAraNA hotI hai| mAnava mana kI ulajhana ko sulajhAne ke lie hI dharma aura darzana anivArya sAdhana haiN| dharma aura darzana paraspara sApekSa haiM, eka dUsare ke pUraka haiN| donoM kA viSaya sampUrNa vizva hai| darzana mAnava kI anubhUtiyoM kI tarkapUrNa vyAkhyA karake sampUrNa vizva ke AdhArabhUta siddhAntoM kI anveSaNA karatA hai| dharma AdhyAtmika mUlyoM ke dvArA sampUrNa vizva kA vivecana karane kA prayAsa karatA hai| donoM hI mAnavIya jJAna kI yogyatA meM, yathArthatA meM tathA carama tattva meM vizvAsa karate haiN| darzana siddhAnta ko pradhAnatA detA hai, to dharma vyavahAra ko| darzana bauddhika AbhAsa hai, dharma AdhyAtmika vikAsa hai| mAnava jIvana ko sundara, sarasa evaM madhura banAne ke lie donoM hI tattvoM kI jIvana meM atyanta AvazyakatA hai| vizva ke dharma, darzana, saMskRti, deza, samAja athavA jAti ke prAcIna se prAcInatama atIta ke parokSa svarUpa ko pratyakSa kI bhA~ti dekhane kA darpaNa tulya ekamAtra vaijJAnika sAdhana itihAsa hai| kisI bhI deza, samAja, jAti, dharma, darzana tathA saMskRti ke abhyudaya, patana, punarutthAna, AdhyAtmika utkarSa evaM apakarSa meM nimitta banane vAle loka-nAyakoM ke jIvanavRtta Adi ke kramabaddha saMkalana, Alekhana kA nAma hI itihAsa hai| itihAsa mAnavatA ke lie, bhAvI pIr3hiyoM ke lie divya prakAza stambha ke samAna dizAbodhaka mArgadarzaka mAnA gayA hai, ataH kisI bhI dharma, samAja, saMskRti athavA jAti kI sarvatomukhI unnati ke lie preraNA ke pramukha srota usake sarvAMgINa zRMkhalAbaddha itihAsa kA honA anivArya rUpa se paramAvazyaka hai| mAnava saMskRti ke abhyudaya ke lie dharma-darzana kA itihAsa jAnanA Avazyaka hai| yaha eka sAmAna jJAsA hotI hai, ki dharma darzana kA AraMbha kaba huA? usakA prAraMbhika svarUpa kyA rahA hai? vartamAna kAla meM vidyamAna vividha dharma va darzanoM ke madhya kyA vaha Aja bhI astitvamAna hai? inhIM svAbhAvika jijJAsAoM ke samAdhAna svarUpa hama eka aise dharma, darzana va saMskRti ko jAnane kA prayAsa kareMge, jo vAstava meM mAnava sabhyatA va saMskRti kA prathama puraskartA kahA jA ske| vo hai, jaina dharma, darzana evaM sNskRti|

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12 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana jaina darzana vizva kA sabase prAcIna dharma darzana hai| yaha kahanA sahaja to nahIM hai, cUMki jaina darzana kI prAcInatA kI prAmANikatA ke lie koI kramabaddha sAhitya athavA itihAsa suvyavasthita rUpa se vidyamAna nahIM hai| yadyapi pichale pacAsa varSoM meM aneka vidvAnoM ne isa duSkara kArya ko karane kA amita prayAsa kiyA hai| tathApi kramabaddha itihAsa ke abhAva meM aneka vicArakoM ne jaina darzana ke astitva ke bAre meM aneka bhramapUrNa vicAroM kA pratipAdana kiyA hai| kisI ne jaina darzana ko hindU dharma kI zAkhA mAna liyA, to kisI ne ise bauddha darzana kI zAkhA kaha diyaa| mahAvIra tathA buddha kI samakAlInatA se jaina darzana ko arvAcIna mAna liyA gyaa| jaisA ki zrI vilsana kahate haiM, ki "saba vizvasta pramANoM se bhI yaha anumAna dUra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai, ki jaina jAti eka navIna saMsthA hai aura aisA lagatA hai, ki vaha sarva prathama AThavIM aura navIM sadI IsavI meM vaibhava aura sattA meM AI thii| isase pUrva bauddha dharma kI zAkhA ke rUpa meM vaha kadAcita astitva meM rahI ho aura isa jAti kI unnati usa dharma ke daba jAne ke bAda se hI hone lagI ho ki jisako svarUpa dene meM isakA bhI hAtha thaa|'' isa prakAra ke bhramapUrNa viparIta vicAroM evaM dhAraNAoM ko nirarthaka siddha karate hue vividha sAhityika, aitihAsika, purAtAtvika evaM vaijJAnika sAkSyoM ke dvArA jaina darzana kI prAcInatA ko pramANita karake isake garimAmaya-itihAsa ke dvArA isake prAcIna gaurava ko punaH sthApita karane kI atyadhika AvazyakatA hai| phalasvarUpa eka samRddha dharma-darzana ke punarutthAna ke dvArA mAnava saMskRti kA UrdhvagAmI vikAsa kiyA jA ske| sarvaprathama vividha sAhityika pramANoM se hI jaina darzana kI prAcInatA ko pramANita kreNge| 1. sAhityika pramANa : bhAratIya darzanoM ke sAhitya evaM videzI sAhitya ke AdhAra para jaina darzana kI prAcInatA ko pramANita kreNge| mukhya rUpa se sAhityika zodha kA cAra bhAgoM meM vivecana kareMge - 1. bauddha darzana ke prmaann| 2. vaidika darzana ke pramANa / 3. jaina darzana ke prmaann| 4. videzI va bhAratIya vidvAnoM ke shodh-mt| bauddha darzana ke pramANa : buddha aura mahAvIra kI samakAlInatA ke AdhAra para jaina aura bauddha dharma ko samAna prAcIna samajhA jAe to yaha ucita nahIM hai| isase bhI Age vidvAna jaina darzana ko bauddha darzana kI zAkhA taka kaha dete haiN| jaisA ki zrI DablyU. esa. lile kahate haiM, ki "bauddha dharma apanI janma bhUmi meM jaina dharma ke rUpa meM TikA huA hai| yaha nizcita bAta hai, ki jaba bhArata varSa meM buddha dharma adRzya ho gayA,

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jaina dharma, darzana evaM saMskRti kI prAcInatA 13 jaina dharma dikhalAI par3A thaa|" ina bhrAmaka aura asatya anumAnoM ko prastuta karane vAle vicAraka jaina darzana hI nahIM varan saMpUrNa bhAratIya darzana ke itihAsa se anabhijJa hI haiM / yahA~ taka, ki bauddha darzana ke ye pakSapAtI bauddha darzana kA bhI paripUrNa jJAna nahIM rakhate / anyathA ve aise bhrAmaka vicAra kabhI nahIM rakhate, kyoMki svayaM bauddha darzana meM bhI jaina darzana kI prAcInatA ke pramANa vidyamAna haiM / bauddha graMtha dhammapada meM vividha sthAnoM para jaina saMskRti ke zabdoM kA prayoga huA hai aura unakA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| prathama adhyAya meM hI gAthA 19-20 meM ' zrAmaNasya' zabda kA prayoga hai huA " - 'appampi ce saMhitaM bhAsamAno, dhammasya hoti anudhammacArI / rAgaJca dosaJca pahAya mohaM, sammappa jAnoM suvimutta citto / anupAdiyAnoM idhavA duraM vA, sa bhagavA sAmaJJassa hotI // ' arthAt cAhe alpamAtra hI saMhitA kA bhASaNa kareM, kiMtu yadi vaha dharma ke anusAra AcaraNa karane vAlA ho, rAga, dveSa, moha ko tyAgakara, acchI prakAra saceta aura acchI prakAra muktacitta ho, yahA~ aura vahA~ baTorane vAlA na ho to vaha zramaNapana kA bhAgI hotA hai| 7veM adhyAya meM " arhantavaggo" zabda AyA hai, jisameM kahA gayA hai, ki jahA~ arhaMta va vItarAga ramaNa karate haiM, vahIM ramaNIya bhUmi hai / ' isake atirikta aneka sthAnoM para " zramaNo" zabda kA vivecana huA hai " 'alaGkRto cepi samaM careyya, santo danto niyato brahmacArI / sabbe bhUte nidhAya daNDaM, so brahmaNo so samaNo sabhikkhU // " arthAt alaMkRta rahate bhI zAnta, dAnta, niyama tatpara, brahmacArI sAre prANiyoM ke prati daMDatyAgI hai, to vahI brAhmaNa hai, vahI zramaNa hai, vahI bhikSu hai / Age adhyAya caudaha va unnIsa meM bhI zramaNa kI vizeSatAe~ batAyI gaI haiN| adhyAya 19 meM jaina tattvamImAMsA meM vivecita eka tattva Asrava kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| adhyAya 26 meM " arahaMta" zabda prayukta huA hai| Age prathama tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva (usabhaM ) zabda kA bhI ullekha AyA hai| " bauddha sAhitya meM tripiTaka meM buddha aura unake anuyAyiyoM ke virodhI ke rUpa meM 'nigaMTha' zabda kA bArambAra prayoga huA hai| jaina zramaNa ko nigraMtha kahA jAtA hai / 'nigaMTha' zabda nirgratha ke hI paryAya rUpa meM prayukta huA hai| isa prakAra bauddha sAhitya se hI spaSTa hotA hai, ki jaina darzana bauddha darzana kA mahAn pratidvandvI thA, na ki usase nikalI zAkhAmAtra / isake viparIta prAcIna jaina sUtroM meM bauddhoM kA kiMcita bhI vivecana nahIM miltaa| tAtparya hai, ki nirgratha bauddha sampradAya kI upekSA taka kara sakate the athavA saMbhava hai, ki nirgratha saMpradAya bauddha saMpradAya ke pahale se vidyamAna rahA ho / buddha ke

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14* jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana samaya nigraMtha sampradAya koI navIna sthApita saMpradAya nahIM thA, yahI mata piTakoM meM bhI milatA hai| majjhima nikAya" ke mahAsiMhanAda sutta meM buddha ne apane prArambhika kaThora tapasvI jIvana kA varNana karate hue tapa ke ve cAra prakAra batAe, jinakA unhoMne svayaM pAlana kiyA thaa| ve cAra tapa haiM - 1. tapasvitA, 2. rukSatA, 3. jugupsA tathA 4. prvivikttaa| 1. tapasvitA kA artha hai - nagna rahanA, hAtha meM hI bhikSA bhojana karanA, keza, dAr3hI ke bAloM ko ukhAr3anA, kaMTakAkIrNa sthala para zayana krnaa| 2. rukSatA kA artha hai - zarIra para maila dhAraNa karanA yA snAna na krnaa| apane maila ko na apane hAtha se parimArjita karanA aura na dUsaroM se parimArjita kraanaa| 3. jugupsA kA artha hai - jala kI bUMda para taka dayA krnaa| 4. praviviktatA kA artha hai - vanoM meM akele rhnaa| ye cAroM tapa nirgrantha sampradAya meM Acarita hote the| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne svayaM inakA pAlana kiyA thA tathA apane anuyAyiyoM ke lie bhI isakA vidhAna kiyA thaa| kiMtu buddha ke dIkSA lene ke samaya mahAvIra ke nirgrantha sampradAya kA pravartana nahIM huA thA, ataH avazya hI vaha nirgrantha sampradAya mahAvIra ke pUrvaja bhagavAna pArzvanAtha kA thA, jisake ukta cAra tapoM ko buddha ne dhAraNa kiyA thA, kiMtu bAda meM unakA parityAga kara diyA thaa| majjhima nikAya ke ukta satra se yaha spaSTa hai| bauddha zAstroM meM sAmaMjaphala sutta nAma ke prAcIna siMhalI zAstra meM bhI nigaMThanAtaputra va unake siddhAMtoM kA jo vivecana milatA hai, usase nigaMThoM va jainoM kA abheda siddha ho jAtA hai| isake atirikta aMguttaranikAya meM bhI aisA ullekha milatA hai, ki nigaMTha-nAtaputra sarva vastu jAnatA hai aura dekhatA hai, saMpUrNa jJAna aura darzana kA vaha dAvA karatA hai, tapazcaryA se karmoM kA nAza aura kriyA se navIna karmoM kA avarodha vaha sikhAtA hai, jaba karma samApta ho jAte haiM, taba saba kucha samApta ho jAtA hai|" sAmaMjaphalasutta meM nAtaputta ke siddhAMtoM kA ullekha isa prakAra hai - caaturyaamsNvr-sNvuto| isako DaoN. yAkobI jaina pAribhASika zabda 'cAturyAma' sambandhI ullekha mAnate haiN| unake anusAra mahAvIra ke purogAmI pArzvanAtha ke siddhAMta ke lie isI zabda kA upayoga kiyA gayA hai| tAki mahAvIra ke sudhAre hue siddhAMta paMcayAma dharma se yaha pRthak ho jaae| ___ pArzvanAtha ke mUla dharma meM unake anuyAyiyoM ke lie cAra mahAvrata niyata the aura ve isa prakAra the - ahiMsA, satya, asteya (acaurya) aura aparigraha (anAvazyaka vastuoM kA tyaag)| mahAvIra jisa samAja meM vicarate the, usameM pArzvanAtha ke aparigraha vrata se pUrNataH pRthak 'brahmacarya yAne zIlavata' ko svatantra vrata rUpa se bar3hAnA parama

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jaina dharma, darzana evaM saMskRti kI prAcInatA 15 Avazyaka samajhA / jaina darzana meM mahAvIra ke isa sudhAra ke sambandha meM DaoN. yAkobI kahate haiM, ki pArzvanAtha aura mahAvIra ke antarAla samaya meM sAdhU saMsthA meM cAritra kI zithilatA A gaI ho aisI zAstra ke tarka se pUrva sUcanA milatI hai aura aisA tabhI saMbhava hai, jaba ki hama do tIrthaMkaroM ke bIca paryApta samayAntara mAna lete haiM aura pArzvanAtha ke 250 varSa bAda mahAvIra hue, yaha sAmAnya dantakathA isa mAnyatA se ekadama mela khA jAtI hai / " isa prakAra bauddha granthoM se hI hameM aise Thosa pramANa prApta hote haiM, ki jo pArzvanAtha ke jIvana kI aitihAsikatA ko pramANita karate haiM / isI se yaha svataH siddha ho jAtA hai, ki buddha aura mahAvIra se bahuta pUrva hI jaina darzana astitva meM thA / mi. TI. DablyU. rAIsa DeviDa likhate haiM, ki " jaina mata bauddhamata se niHsandeha bahuta purAnA hai aura buddha ke samakAlIna mahAvIra dvArA punaH saMjIvita huA hai aura yaha bAta bhI bhalI prakAra se nizcaya hai, ki jaina mata ke mantavya bahuta hI jarUrI aura bauddha mata ke maMtavyoM se bilkula viruddha haiM / ye donoM mata na kevala dharma se svAdhIna haiM, varan eka dUsare se nirAle haiN| " jaina darzana ke kAla nirNaya meM aise aneka pramANa haiM / sela bruka sAhaba ne bhI jaina darzana kI prAcInatA ko svIkAra kiyA hai| itanA hI nahIM varan bauddha dharma jaina dharma se nikalA huA honA cAhie, aisA vidhAna kiyA hai| eDavarDa thaoNmasa ne bhI 'jainadharma yA azoka kI pUrva zraddhA' nAmaka grantha meM isI Azaya ke pramANa diye haiN| candragupta (azoka ke dAdA) svayaM jaina thA, isa bAta ko vaMzAvalI kA dRr3ha AdhAra prApta hai| rAjA candragupta zramaNa arthAt jaina guru se upadeza letA thA / aisA megasthanIja grIka itihAsakAra kI bhI sAkSI hai / abula phaz2ala nAmaka phArasI granthakAra ne 'azoka ne kazmIra meM jaina dharma kA pracAra kiyA' aisA kahA hai| rAjataraMgiNI nAmaka kazmIra ke saMskRta itihAsa meM bhI isa prakAra ke ullekha prApta hote haiM / jahA~ bauddha darzana jaina darzana ko pArzvanAtha jitanA prAcIna siddha karatA haiM / vaidika darzana use bahuta Age le jAtA hai / ye jaina mAnyatAnusAra prathama tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva taka jaina darzana kI prAcInatA kA samarthana karate haiM / vaidika darzana ke pramANa : jaina dharma darzana vizva kA sabase prAcIna dharma hai| vaha na vaidika dharma kI zAkhA hai aura na hI bauddha dharma kI varan yaha svataMtra dharma darzana hai| yaha satya hai, ki jaina dharma zabda kA prayoga vedoM meM piTakoM meM aura AgamoM meM dekhane ko nahIM milatA hai, jisake kAraNa tathA sAmpradAyika abhiniveza ke kAraNa kitane hI itihAsakAroM ne jaina dharma ko arvAcIna mAnane kI bhayaMkara bhUla kI hai / jaba hama aitihAsika dRSTi se jaina dharma kA adhyayana karate haiM, taba sUrya ke prakAza ke samAna yaha spaSTa jJAta hotA hai, ki jaina dharma vibhinna yugoM meM vibhinna nAmoM

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16 jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana dvArA abhihita hotA rahA hai| vaidika kAla se araNyaka kAla taka vaha vAtarazana muni yA vAtarazana zramaNoM ke nAma se pahacAnA gayA hai| Rgveda meM 'vAtarazana' muni kA ullekha hai : 916 'munayo vAtarazanAH pizaGgA vasate malA / " taittirIya araNyaka meM ketu, aruNa aura vAtarazana RSiyoM kI stuti kI gaI hai| 'ketavo aruNAsazca RSayo vAtarazanAH pratiSThAM / zatadhA hi samAhitAso sahastradhAyasama // ' 917 zrImad bhAgavata ke anusAra bhI vAtarazana zramaNoM ke dharma kA pravartana bhagavAna RSabhadeva ne kiyaa|" vrAtya zabda bhI vAtarazana zabda kA sahacArI hai / vAtarazana muni vaidika paramparA ke nahIM the| kyoMki prArambha meM vaidika paramparA meM saMnyAsa aura munipada kA sthAna nahIM thA / jaina dharma kA dUsarA nAma Arhata bhI atyadhika vizruta rahA hai| jo arhata ke upAsaka the ve 'Arhata' kahalAte the / ve veda aura brAhmaNoM ko nahIM mAnate the| ve yajJoM meM vizvAsa na kara karma-bandha aura karma nirjarA ko mAnate the / prastuta Arhata dharma ko padmapurANa meM sarvazreSTha dharma kahA gayA hai|" isa dharma ke pravartaka RSabhadeva haiN| Rgveda meM arhan ko vizva kI rakSA karane vAlA sarvazreSTha kahA hai|" AcArya zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu ne kalpasUtra meM bhagavAna ariSTanemi va anya tIrthaMkaroM kA vizeSaNa arhat prayoga kiyA hai / padmapurANa evaM viSNupurANa meM jaina dharma ke lie Arhata dharma kA prayoga milatA hai| Arhata zabda kA pracalana bhagavAna pArzvanAtha ke tIrthakAla taka adhika rahA / mahAvIra yugIna sAhitya meM mukhya rUpa se nirgratha zabda prayukta huA hai|" 24 dazavaikAlika," uttarAdhyayana, aura sUtrakRtAMga" Adi AgamoM meM "jina zAsana, jina - mArga, jinavacana" zabdoM kA prayoga huA hai, lekina jaina dharma zabda kA prayoga Agama granthoM meM nahIM miltaa| sarvaprathama jaina zabda kA prayoga jinabhadra gaNI kSamAzramaNa kRta vizeSAvazyaka bhASya meM dekhane ko milatA hai|" usake pazcAt ke sAhitya meM jaina dharma zabda kA prayoga vizeSa rUpa se huA hai| matsyapurANa" tathA devI bhAgavata meM bhI jina dharma kA varNana milatA hai| tAtparya yaha hai, ki dezakAla ke anusAra zabda badalate rahe haiM, kiMtu zabdoM ke badalane mAtra se jaina dharma ko ArvAcIna nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| paramparA kI dRSTi se yaha pramANa vaidika sAhitya meM hI upalabdha haiM, ki veda pUrva bhI jaina darzana vidyamAna rahA hai / Rgveda ke dasaveM maNDala meM prajApa ne parameSThI, hiraNya garbha aura vAtarazana (nagna) muniyoM kA ullekha hai / " ina upamAo kA ullekha RSabhadeva ke sambandha meM bhI kiyA gayA hai, ataH veda viruddha niyamAdi kA pAlana karane vAle tathA yajJa virodhI nagna zramaNoM kI paramparA kA astitva Rgveda kAla taka jAtA hai| ye zramaNa dhyAna magna rahate

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jaina dharma, darzana evaM saMskRti kI prAcInatA *17 the, kabhI-kabhI mukti kA upadeza dete the, jo pracalita dharma ke anurUpa nahIM hotA thA / nAbhiputra RSabha aura RSabha putra bharata kI carcA prAyaH sabhI hindU purANoM meM AtI hai| mArkaNDeya purANa a. 50, kUrmapurANa a. 41, agnipurANa a. 10, vAyupurANa a. 33, garuNa purANa a. 1, brahmANDa purANa a. 14, varAha purANa a. 74, liMgapurANa a. 47, viSNu purANa 2 a. 1 aura skanda purANa kumArakhaNDa a. 37 meM RSabhadeva kA varNana AyA hai| ina sabhI meM RSabhadeva ko nAbhi aura marudevI kA putra batAyA gayA hai| RSabha se sau putra utpanna hue| unameM se bar3e putra bharata ko rAjya dekara RSabhadeva ne pravrajyA grahaNa kara lii| inhIM bharata ke nAma para isa deza kA nAma bhAratavarSa pdd'aa| sabhI hindU purANa isameM ekamata haiN| hindu purANoM kA yaha ekamatya nisaMdeha ullekhanIya hai / veda, purANa, upaniSadoM meM aneka sthaloM para bhinna-bhinna prakAra se vibhinna tIrthaMkaroM kI stuti, mahAtmya vivecana kiyA gayA hai| kahIM-kahIM veda - virodhI caritroM ke rUpa meM bhI inakA varNana milatA hai| jaisA ki Rgveda meM ullekha milatA hai, ki ye vAtarazana muni vaidika rIti-rivAjoM, yajJa-yAgAdi ke virodhI haiM tathA veda ko nahIM mAnate tathA bhinna prakAra ke vratoM kA pAlana karate haiM, jinase Arya aparicita haiN| isa Azaya ke ullekha madbhAgavat meM bhI milate haiM / brAhmaNa paramparA aura usameM bhI vizeSa rUpa se vaiSNava paramparA kA bahumAnya aura sarvatra atiprasiddha grantha haiM, zrImadbhAgavata, jise bhAgavata purANa bhI kahate haiM / isameM bhagavAn RSabhadeva kA jo varNana milatA hai, vaha bahuta kucha jaina paramparA ke varNana ke anukUla hI hai| isameM likhA hai ki .. 'jaba brahmA ne dekhA, ki manuSya kI saMkhyA nahIM bar3hI to usane svayaMbhU manu aura satarUpA ko utpanna kiyA, unake priyavrata nAmakA lar3akA huA, priyavrata kA putra agnIMdhra huA, agnIMdhra ke ghara nAbhi kA janma huA / nAbhi ne marudevI se vivAha kiyA aura unase RSabhadeva hue| RSabhadeva ne indra ke dvArA dI gaI jayanti nAma kI bhAryA se sau putra utpanna kie aura bar3e putra kA rAjyAbhiSeka karake saMnyAsa le liyaa| usa samaya kevala zarIra mAtra unake pAsa thA aura ve digambara veza meM vicaraNa karate the, mauna rahate the| koI DarAe, mAre, Upara thUke, patthara pheMke, mUtra - viSTA pheMke to una sabakI ora dhyAna nahIM dete the| yaha zarIra asat padArthoM kA ghara hai, aisA samajhakara ahaMkAramamakAra kA tyAga karake akele bhramaNa karate the| unakA kAmadeva ke samAna sundara zarIra malina ho gayA thaa| unakA kriyA-karma bar3A bhayAnaka ho gayA thA / zarIrAdika kA sukha chor3akara unhoMne 'Ajagara' vrata le liyA thA / isa prakAra kevalyapati bhagavAn RSabhadeva nirantara parama Ananda kA anubhava karate hue bhramaNa karate-karate koMka, baiMka, kuTaka, dakSiNa karnATaka dezoM meM apanI icchA se pahu~ce aura kuTikA cala parvata ke upavana meM unmatta ke samAna nagna hokara vicarane lge| jaMgala meM bAMsoM kI ragar3a se Aga

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18 jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana laga gaI aura unhoMne usI meM praveza karake apane ko bhasma kara diyA / " 9931 zrI madbhAgavata meM kahA hai- " he parIkSita ! sampUrNa loka, deva, brAhmaNa aura gau ke paramaguru bhagavAn RSabhadeva kA yaha vizuddha cAritra maiMne tumheM sunAyA hai / yaha cAritra manuSyoM ke samasta pApoM kA haraNa karane vAlA hai / ' 9932 ve kahate haiM - "nAbhirAjA ne saMsAra meM dharma vRddhi ke lie mokSa prApti aura apavarga ke patha pradarzana ke lie apatyakAmanA kI aura arihanta bhagavAn ko avatarita karane ke lie yajJa kiyaa|' 133 44 'arhan nAma-rUpa prakRti ke guNoM se nirlepa anAsakta tathA moha se asaMspRSTa hote haiM aura mokSa tathA upasarga kA mArga batalAte haiM / ' 134 "RSabhadeva AtmasvabhAvI the / anartha paramparA (hiMsA Adi pApa) pUrNa tyAgI the / ve kevala apane hI Ananda meM lIna rahate tathA apane hI svarUpa meM vicaraNa karate / / sabhI RddhiyA~ va siddhiyA~ svataH hI unheM prApta thI, jinakA unhoMne svecchA se tyAga kara diyA, jinheM yogI loga prApta karane kA prayAsa karate haiM / " RSabhadeva sAkSAt Izvara the / ve sarva samatA rakhate, sarva prANiyoM se mitra - bhAva rakhate aura sarva prakAra dayA karate the / ' 937 zrI madbhAgavata ne ucca svara se udghoSita kiyA hai, ki usa RSabhadeva bhagavAn kA jyeSTha aura zreSTha guNI bharata nAmaka putra thA / vaha bhArata kA Adi samrATa thA aura usI ke nAma se isa rASTra kA nAma bhArata varSa pdd'aa| jaba bharata sampUrNa rAjya ko apane adhIna karanA cAhatA thA, to zeSa 98veM putra udvigna hokara puramayogI RSabhadeva ke pAsa gae aura unake samakSa rAjya cintA kA zoka prakaTa kiyaa| bhagavAna RSabhadeva ne una 98 putroM kI rAjya ke prati Asakti dekhakara bahuta hI gambhIra, marmasparzI aura kalyANakArI upadeza diyA / yaha bahuta aMzoM meM jaina dharma zAstroM ke anurUpa hI hai| usakA sAra saMkSepa isa prakAra hai 1. he putroM ! mAnavIya saMtAnoM / saMsAra meM zarIra hI kaSToM kA ghara hai / yaha bhogane yogya nahIM hai| ise mAdhyama banAkara divya tapa karo, jisase ananta sukha kI prApti hotI hai| tapa se antaHkaraNa zuddhi aura antaHkaraNa zuddhi se brahmAnanda prApta hotA hai| 2. he putroM ! satpuruSoM ke sadAcAra se prIti karanA hI mokSa kA dhruva dvAra hai / jo loka meM aura saMsAra vyavahAra meM prayojana mAtra ke lie Asakti karttavyabuddhi rakhatA hai, vahI samadarzI prazAnta sAdhu hai / 3. jo indriyoM aura prANoM ke sukha ke lie tathA vAsanA tRpti ke lie parizrama karatA hai, use hama acchA nahIM mAnate, kyoMki zarIra kI mamatA bhI AtmA ke lie klezadAyaka hai / -

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jaina dharma, darzana evaM saMskRti kI prAcInatA* 19 4. sAdhu jaba taka AtmasvarUpa ko nahIM jAnatA, taba taka vaha kucha nahIM jaantaa| vaha korA ajJAnI hai| jaba taka vaha karmakANDa (yajJa Adi) meM pha~sA rahatA hai, taba taka AtmA aura zarIra kA saMyoga chUTatA nahIM hai aura mana ke dvArA karmoM kA bandha bhI rukatA nahIM hai| 5. jo sadjJAna prApta karake bhI sadAcAra kA pAlana nahIM karate, ve vidvAn pramAdI bana jAte haiN| manuSya ajJAna bhAva se hI maithuna bhAva meM praveza karatA hai aura aneka santApoM ko prApta karatA hai| 6. nara kA nArI ke prati kAma-bhAva hI hRdaya kI granthi hai| isI kAraNa jIva kA ghara, kheta, putra, kuTumba aura dhana se AkarSaNa hotA hai, mohAsakti bar3hatI 7. jaba hRdaya-granthi ko banAe rakhane vAle mana kA bandhana zithila ho jAtA hai, taba jIva isa saMsAra se chUTane lagatA hai aura mukti prApta kara parama loka meM pahu~ca jAtA hai| 8. sAra-asAra kA bheda jAnane vAlA jIva vItarAga puruSa kI bhakti karatA hai| bhakti se ajJAnAndhakAra naSTa ho jAtA hai| taba jIva tRSNA, sukha-duHkha kA tyAga kara tattva ko jAnane kI icchA karatA hai tathA tapa ke dvArA saba prakAra kI ceSTAoM kI nivRtti karatA hai tabhI AtmA karmoM kA nAza karake mukti prApta karatI hai| 9. viSayoM kI abhilASA hI andhakUpa ke samAna naraka meM jIva ko paTakane vAlI hai| 10. he putroM! jo heyopAdeya kI viveka dRSTi se zUnya hai aura kAmanAoM se paripUrNa hai, vaha saMsArI kalyANa ke mUlapatha ko nahIM pahacAna sktaa| 11. jo puruSa buddhi ko moha meM ulajhAkara aura kubuddhi banakara unmArga para calatA hai, dayAlu vidvAn use kabhI bhI unmArga para nahIM calane dete| 12. he putroM! jo sthAvara aura jaMgama jIvoM kI AtmA ko bhI mere samAna hI samajhatA hai aura karmAvaraNa ke bheda ko pahacAnatA hai, vahI dharma prApta karatA hai| dharma kA mUla tattva samadarzana hai| 13. jo sAdhaka yamoM (mahAvratoM)ko grahaNa karatA hai aura AdhyAtma yoga vivikta sevA dvArA usakA sAkSAtkAra karatA hai, vaha apramAdI sAdhaka mukti ke nikaTa pahu~catA hai| 14. jo sarvatra vicakSaNatA pUrvaka jJAna, vijJAna, yoga, dhairya, udyama tathA satva se __ yukta hokara vicaraNa karatA hai, vahI kuzala hai aura vahI merA anuyAyI hai| 15. karmAzaya ko vidhvaMsa karane ke lie hRdaya graMthi ko naSTa karo, yahI baMdha

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20 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana kA kAraNa hai| avidyA se hI baMdha hotA hai| pramAda karma-bandha meM sahAyaka hotA hai| 16. isa AtmA kI apane kalyANa kI dRSTi naSTa ho gaI hai aura vaha svArtha ke pIche pAgala ho gayA hai| putroM! niSkAma aura niHsvArtha hokara sukhaleza kI upekSA karake karmamUr3hatA aura ananta duHkha grastatA ko naSTa kro|| 17. netroM ke abhAva meM jaise andhA kupatha para jA car3hatA hai, usI prakAra jIva karmAndha hokara kumArga kA anusaraNa kara rahA hai| kubuddhi hone ke kAraNa hI vaha sacce dharma para zraddhA nahIM krtaa| 18. he putroM ! merA zarIra merA nahIM hai, yaha to AtmA ke vibhAva kA dupphala hai| merA apanA to Atma svabhAva hI hai| vahIM merA saccA dharma hai| maiMne usa vibhAva rUpa adharma ko dUra kara diyA, ataH mujhe loga zreSTha Arya kahate haiN| 19. agnihotra meM vaha kucha nahIM hai, jo AtmayajJa meM hai| 20. maiM use hI yajJa mAnatA hU~, jo satoguNa se yukta, zama, dama. satya, anugraha, tapa, titikSA aura anubhava se sampanna hotA hai| isI mArga se ananta AtmAe~ paramAtma pada prApta kara gaI hai| yahI zreSTha mArga hai| 21. sthAvara aura jaMgama jIvoM para sadA abhaya dRSTi rakho, yahI saccA zreSTha mArga hai aura moha nAza kA kAraNa hai| mukti prApti ke lie prayatna karo, yahI sarvocca dhyeya hai| isI siddhi se ananta sukha prApta hotA hai| bhagavAn kA yahI upadeza sunakara unake putroM ne saMsAra tyAga diyaa| karmakANDa tyAga kara unhoMne paramahaMsa dharma (Atma dharma) kI paddhati kA anusaraNa kiyaa|" bhAgavata meM bhagavAn RSabhadeva kI tapasyA kA bahuta hI romAMcakArI varNana kiyA gayA hai| upasargoM, parISahoM aura saMkaToM ko pAra karate hue tathA vanavAsa ke samasta duHkhoM ko sahana karate hue bhagavAna avadhUta veza meM vicarane lge| unakA mana avikhaNDita aura prazAnta thaa| ve mAnApamAna kI cintA na karake ghUmate rahate the| ___ bhagavAn RSabhadeva ke bhagavatokta jIvana kI jainAgamoM aura jaina purANoM se pUrI taraha tulanA kI jA sakatI hai| bhagavAna RSabhadeva dvArA apane putroM ko upadeza dene kA prasaMga aMgazAstra meM bhI hai| sUtrakRtAMga kA dvitIya adhyayana (prathamazrutaskaMdha) isI upadeza se bharA hai| vastutaH bhAgavatakAra ne zrI RSabhadeva ke jIvana aura dharma ko vizuddha rUpa meM upasthita karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| kahIM bhI unheM yajJa samarthaka yA vedAnayAyI pradarzita nahIM kiyA gayA hai| __ vaidika dharma ke caubIsa avatAroM meM bhagavAn RSabhadeva AThaveM avatAra svIkAra kie gae haiM, lekina unakA jIvana kisI bhI anya vaidika avatAra se mela nahIM khAtA hai| vaha anUThA hai|

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jaina dharma, darzana evaM saMskRti kI prAcInatA * 21 "aSTame marudevyAM tu nAbherjAta urukrmH| darzayan vartya dhIrANAM srvaashrmnskRtm|| zrImadbhAgavata ke anusAra bhI jaina dharma-darzana kA udgama zrI RSabhadeva se huA aisA spaSTa dhvanita hotA hai| padmapurANa meM bhI aneka sthAnoM para jaina dharma evaM AcAra kA vistRta vivecana milatA hai| "tIrthaMkarAzcaturviMzatta yaataistupurskRtaaH| chAvAkRtaM phaNIndreNa dhyAnamArga prdrshkm||43 padmapurANa ke prathama khaNDa meM kroSTuvaMza ke vistAra ke varNana meM thoka 119 se 131 taka arhata dIkSA va mokSa mArga kA varNana hai| 140 se 142 meM digambara muniyoM ke AcAra kA varNana hai| bhArgavasuragura rUpa digambara dvArA vaidika dharma kA virodha aura arhata dharma kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| asuroM ko arhata dharma kA anugAmI batAyA gayA hai| Age eka sthAna para jaina AcAra tathA usake phala kA varNana hai| krodha rahita, dayAlu, satyazIla, zIlavAna, zAkAhArI, santoSI, dAnI Adi AcAroM kA ullekha hai| jaina dharma kI nIti ke pAlanakartA ke lie yahA~ zUdra zabda prayukta kiyA gayA hai| padmapurANa ke bhUmi khaNDa meM arhata dharma kA vivecana isa prakAra kiyA gayA hai "arhato devatA nirgrantho dRzyate guruH| dayAcaiva parodharmastatra mokSa: prdRshyte||46 arthAt jisa dharma meM aha~ta devatA hotA hai aura nigrantha guru dikhAI detA hai| isameM dayA karanA hI sabase bar3A pramukha dharma hai aura isI meM mokSa kA darzana hotA hai| yahA~ jina dharma kI vyAkhyA tathA vaidika dharma kI nindA eka nagna, muNDita sira vAle vyakti se karAyI gayI hai, jisako pAtaka tathA kapaTI kahA gayA hai| usane rAjA veNu ko jaina banA diyaa| usake lie pApI jaina puruSa nAma prayukta kiyA gayA hai|" "ahaM dhAtA, ahaM goptA, ahaM vedArtha evc| ahaM dharmo, mahApuNyo jaina dharmaH snaatnH| 149 arthAt maiM hI dhAtA hU~, maiM hI goptA hU~ aura vedoM kA artha bhI maiM hI huuN| maiM mahAn puNyoM vAlA dharma hU~, jo ki sanAtana jaina dharma hai| yahA~ digambara sAdhu dvArA jaina dharma ko sarvazreSTha tathA sadaiva vidyamAna rahane vAlA kahA gayA hai| viSNu purANa meM bhI RSabhadeva kA varNana hai| isameM RSabha kI vaMza paramparA kA paricaya isa prakAra milatA hai - "brahmAjI ne apane se utpanna apane hI svarUpa svayaMbhUva ko prathama manu btaayaa| phira svayaMbhUva manu se priyavrata aura priyavrata se AgnIdhra Adi dasa putra hue| Agnidhra se nAbhi aura nAbhi se RSabha hue| Age

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22 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana vivecana hai, ki bharata ko rAjya sauMpene ke pazcAt ve tapasyA ke lie pulahAzrama cale gye| vahA~ tapasyA ke kAraNa atyaMta kRza ho gye| anta meM unhoMne nagnAvasthA meM mahAprasthAna kiyaa| taba se yaha hima varSa loka meM bhArata varSa ke nAma se prasiddha huaa|" prabhAsa purANa meM bhI kahA gayA hai - "kailAze vimale ramye, vRSabho'yaM jinezvaraH / cakAra svAvatAraM ca, sarvajJaH sarvaga: zivaH // " ziva purANa meM unheM ziva ke aTThAIsa yogAvatAroM meM ginAyA gayA hai tathA nivRtti mArga kI vRddhi ke lie unakA janma hone kA varNana hai| viSNu purANa meM haMsagItA nAmaka adhyAya meM jaina sAdhu ke dasa dharmoM ko yati dharma kA AcAra batAyA hai| yathA eka bAra bhojana, maunavRtti, indriya nirodha, rAga-dveSa rahitatA aadi| skandhapurANa meM jaina tIrthaMkara neminAtha ko ziva ke anurupa mAnakara jApa karane kA vidhAna kiyA hai "manobhISThArtha- siddhArtha tata: siddhmvaaptmaan| neminAtha zivetyevaM nAmacakre shvaamnH||" bramhANDa purANa meM bhI kahA hai "nanAdayo na pazyetuH zrAddha shraaddhkrm-vyvsthitm| __vRddhazrAvaka nirgranthaH ityaadi||" liMga purANa meM bhI jaina nagna sAdhu kA ullekha hai "sarvAtmanAtmanisthApya prmaatmaanmiishvrvrN| nagno jaye nirAhAro cIrIdhvAMtagato hiNsH||" brahmANDa purANa meM Age bhagavAna RSabhadeva, unake mAtA-pitA evaM kevala-jJAna ke saMdarbha meM jo vivecana milatA hai, vaha jaina AgamoM ke anukUla hI hai| isameM RSabhadeva ko nAbhi aura marudevI kA kSatriya vaMzI putra batAyA gayA hai| RSabhadeva ne apane sau putroM ke agraja, bharata kA rAjyAbhiSeka karake mahApravrajyA grahaNa kara lii| RSabhadeva ne dasa prakAra ke dharma ko dhAraNa karake kevalajJAna ko prApta kiyaa| agni purANa meM RSabhadeva va bharata ke sAtha pA~cave tIrthaMkara sumati nAtha kA bhI ullekha milatA upaniSad sAhitya meM bhI yatra-tatra jaina saMskRti ke vidyamAna hone ke pramANa milate haiN| vRhadAraNyaka, chandogya, jAbAla, sanyAsa, IzAdyaSTottarazatopaniSada Adi meM aneka sthAnoM para jaina tIrthaMkaroM tathA digambara muniyoM kA ullekha hai| sAtha hI upaniSad sAhitya para jaina darzana kA spaSTa prabhAva bhI dekhane ko milatA hai| upaniSadoM se pUrva vaidika darzana meM devatAoM kI stuti evaM yajJa vidhiyoM kA vivecana hI milatA hai|

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jaina dharma, darzana evaM saMskRti kI prAcInatA * 23 prAcInatam upaniSad sAhitya kA racanA kAla I.pU. 600 hai| enasI. rAya caudharI kA mata hai, ki videha ke mahArAja janaka yAjJavalkya ke samakAlIna the| yAjJavalkya, vRhadAraNyaka aura chAndogya upaniSad ke mukhya pAtra haiN| unakA kAlamAna I.pU. sAtavIM zatAbdI hai| prastuta grantha meM pRSTha 97 meM likhA hai - jaina tIrthaMkara pArzva kA janma I.pU. 877 aura nirvANakAla I.pU. 777 hai| isase bhI yahI siddha hai, ki prAcInatama upaniSad pArzva ke pazcAt ke haiN|' ___ DaoN. rAdhAkRSNan ke anusAra prAcInatama upaniSadoM kA kAlamAna I.pU. AThavIM zatAbdI se IsA kI tIsarI zatAbdI taka hai| isase spaSTa hai, ki upaniSad sAhitya bhagavAna pArzva ke pazcAt nirmita huA hai| bhagavAna pArzva ne yajJa Adi kA atyadhika virodha kiyA thaa| AdhyAtmika sAdhanA para bala diyA thA, jisakA prabhAva vaidika RSiyoM para bhI par3A aura unhoMne upaniSadoM meM yajJoM kA virodha kiyaa| unhoMne spaSTa kahA - yajJa vinAzI aura durbala sAdhana hai, jo mUr3ha haiM, ve inako zreya mAnate haiM, ve bAra-bAra jarA aura mRtyu ko prApta hote rahate haiN| yathA - "plavA hyete ar3hA yajJarUpA assttaadshovtmvrNyessukrm| ecchreyo ye'bhinandanti mUr3hA jarA mRtyu te punarevApiyanti // 163 Atma vidyA ke lie vedoM kI asAratA aura yajJoM ke virodha meM AtmayajJa kI sthApanA yaha vaidika tara paramparA kI hI dena hai| bhRgu ne apane pitA se kahA - "trayI dharmamadharmArtha kiMpAka phala snniym| nAsti tAta! sukhaM kiM cidatra duHkhshtaakule| tasmAn mokSAya yatatA kathaM sevyA myaatryii||65 arthAt he tAt! saikar3oM duHkhoM se pUrNa isa karmakANDa meM kucha bhI sukha nahIM hai, ataH mokSa ke lie prayatna karane vAlA maiM trayI dharma kA kisa prakAra sevana kara sakatA huuN| ema. viTaraniTja ne arvAcIna upaniSadoM ko avaidika mAnA hai| lekina yaha bhI satya hai, ki prAcInatama upaniSad bhI pUrNa rUpa se vaidika vicAradhArA ke nikaTa nahIM haiM, una para bhagavAna ariSTanemi aura pArzvanAtha kI vicAradhArA kA spaSTa prabhAva hai| isake atirikta aneka sthaloM para jaina zabdAvalI tathA jaina tIrthaMkaroM kA vivecana jaina dharma ko upaniSad kAla se prAcIna to siddha kara hI detA hai| jAbAlopaniSad meM nirgrantha zabda kA prayoga huA hai, jo jaina muniyoM ke lie prayukta hotA hai| isameM likhA hai - "yathA jAta-rUpadharo nirgrantho niSparigrahastattad brahma mArge samyak sampanna: zuddhamAnasaH prANasaMdhAraNArtha .................vimuktau bhaikSamAcaran .............. lAbhAlAbhayoH samo bhUtvA...... sa paramahaMso naam||7

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24 jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana arthAt jo nirgrantha digambara muni tathA parigraha rahita hokara brahma ke mArga meM samyak prakAra se saMlagna hai, vaha zuddha manovRtti vAlA hai, prANa rakSA ke lie bhikSA dvArA AhAra grahaNa karatA hai tathA lAbha - alAbha ko samadRSTi rakhatA hai, vaha parama haMsa hai| nArada parivrAjakopaniSad meM likhA hai - 'yathA vidhizcejjAtarUpadharo bhUtvA .. "" 168 . jAtarUpadharazcare dAtmAnamanvicche yathA-jAta rupadharo nirdvandvo niSparigraha statvabrahmamArge samyak sampannaH / isI prakAra paramahaMsopaniSad meM bhI paramahaMsa digambara bhikSu kA vivecana milatA " idamantaraM jJAtvA sa paramahaMsa AkAzAmbaro na namaskAro / na svAhAkAro na nindA na stuti yA dRcchiko bhavetsabhikSuH / "" isa prakAra vibhinna upaniSadoM meM digambara nirgrathoM kA vivecana milatA hai| prAcInatama upaniSadoM meM bhI jaina tIrthaMkaroM kI ArAdhanA kI gaI hai| jaise ki vRhadAraNyaka upaniSad meM likhA hai - "dIrghAyutvA yuvalA yurvA zubha jAtAyu OM rakSa rakSa ariSTanemi svAhA / vAmadeva zAntyartha manuvidhIyate sAsmAkaM ariSTanemi svAhA // ' RSabhaM pavitraM puruhUta dhvaraM yajJeSu yajJa parama pavitraM zrutadharaM yajJaM prati pradhAnaM 70 Rtuyajana pazumiMdra mAhaveti svAhA // jJAtAramindraM RSabhaM vadanti, aticAramindraM, tamariSTanemiM bhavebhave subhavaM supArzvamindraM havetuzakraM ajitaM jinendra, taTTavarddhamAnaM puruhutamindraM svAhA // dadhAtu dIrghAyustatvAya balayavarcase, suprajAstvAya rakSa rakSa riSTanemi svAhA // " - 1 mahAbhArata meM vimalAcala parvata para nemi jinake muktimArga kA pratipAdana karane kA ullekha hai|" bAisaveM tIrthaMkara neminAtha kRSNa ke cacere bhAI the / ataH mahAbhArata meM unakA vivecana aitihAsika tathya hai / chAndogya upaniSad ke anusAra bhagavAna neminAtha ke dvArA hI zrI kRSNa ko ahiMsA kA upadeza milA thA / mahAbhArata meM RSabhadeva ke sandarbha meM bhI kahA gayA hai, ki arhata RSabhadeva ke cAritra para mohita ho ge|" bhAratIya saMskRti ke mahAn grantha yogavAziSThaM meM zrI rAmacandra jI apanI hArdika icchA vyakta karate hue kahate haiM, ki mujhe kisI vastu kI AkAMkSA nahIM hai, maiM to jina kI taraha apane ApameM zAMti- - lAbha prApta karanA cAhatA huuN|" isase spaSTa hai, ki maryAdA puruSottama rAma ke samaya se pahale bhI jaina tIrthaMkaroM ke pavitra jIvana kI chApa bhAratIya janamAnasa para aMkita thI / yahA~ ullekhanIya hai, ki bIsaveM tIrthaMkara munisuvrata svAmI rAma ke samakAlIna the| saMbhava hai rAma unhIM se prerita hue hoM /

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jaina dharma, darzana evaM saMskRti kI prAcInatA * 25 rAmAyaNa meM aneka sthAnoM para 'zramaNa' nAmaka tapasviyoM kA ullekha huA hai| ' yathA - brAhmaNA bhuMjate nityaM..... zramaNAzcaiva bhuNjte|' zramaNI zabarI naam|" AryeNa mama mAndhAtA vyasanaM ghora miipsitm| zramaNena kRte pApam... ........................ // " zramaNa zabda kA prayoga sarvaprathama vRhadAraNyaka upaniSad meM huaa|" rAmAyaNa meM aneka sthAnoM para devAyata ke sAtha-sAtha caitya zabda kA prayoga huA hai| jaina mandiroM ke lie bhI aneka jaina granthoM meM caitya zabda prayukta huA hai, ataH caitya zabda jaina maMdiroM kI upasthiti kA pratIka kahA jA sakatA hai yathA - caitya yUpasamAvRtAn kosalAn vyvrtk| bhUmigRhAMzcaityagRhAn vicayAra mhaakpiH|| arthAt laMkA meM hanumAna ne sItA ko caityagRhoM meM bhI khojaa|" sadadarzA vidUrasthaM caitya prAsAda muurjitm| madhye stambhasahasreNa sthitaM kailAsa paannddurm|| arthAt rAvaNa kI azoka vATikA meM hanumAna ko hajAra khaMbhoM vAlA eka caitya prasAda dikhAI par3A thA, jo golAkAra, kailAsa ke samAna zveta varNa vAlA aura bahuta U~cA thaa| manusmRti meM aneka sthAnoM para vrAtya zabda kA ullekha milatA hai| yaha brAhmaNa se pRthak saMskRti ke logoM ke lie prayukta huA hai| manusmRti meM AgAra dharma kA pAlana karane vAle parivajita muniyoM kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai - "AgArAdabhiniSkrAnta: pavitropacito muniH| samupoDheSu kAmeSu nirapekSaH privrjet|| isake pazcAt mokSa prApta karane vAle siddha kI vizeSatA batAyI gaI hai| 'namosiddhANaM' jaina mahAmaMtra kA dUsarA pada hai| brAhmaNa saMskRti meM kahIM siddha kA sthAna nahIM hai "eka eva carennityaM siddhyrthmshaayvaan| siddhimekasya saMpazyanna jahAti na hiiyte||5 arthAt ekAntavAsI manuSya hI siddha mukta hotA hai, yaha jJAna karake saMnyAsI saMga rahita ho mokSa siddhi ke nimitta ekAkI hI rhe| vaha na to kisI se tyAgA hI jAtA hai, na kisI ko tyAgatA hai| Age manu kahate haiM, muni ko agni tathA gRha tyAga denA cAhiye, rogAdi vyAdhiyoM

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26 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana kA dhyAna nahIM rakhanA caahiye| saMyata citta tathA mauna vrata dhAraNa karake upekSAbhAva se sabakA jJAna karanA caahiye| kevala bhikSA ke nimitta grAma meM jAnA caahiye| bhojana ke nimitta use nAriyala yA kATha kA koI pAtra rakhanA cAhiye, vRkSa kI jar3a, jIrNa vastra, nissahAya rahanA tathA sarvatra samAna bhAva rakhanA hI usakA parama dharma mAnA gayA hai| yahI jIvanmukta kA pradhAna lakSaNa hai| use jIvanamaraNa kI koI abhilASA nahIM karanI caahiye|" muni ko bhalIbhA~ti dekhakara apane pA~va jamIna para rakhane cAhiye, tAki kisI jIva kI hiMsA na ho| jala ko vastra se chAnakara pInA caahiye| satya vacana bolane cAhiye aura zuddha antaHkaraNa se AcaraNa karanA caahiye| kisI ke prativAda ko saha lenA caahiye| isa nazvara zarIra se kisI se vaira nahIM karanA caahiye| muni ko krodha, niMdA, durvacana, prati krodha nahIM karanA caahiye| use nirapekSa, nirAmiSa tathA adhyAtma meM rata rahate hue apanI AtmA meM hI ramaNa karanA caahiye| kabhI bhI graha, yoga, nakSatra, hastarekhA Adi dekhane ke nimitta se bhikSA prApta nahIM karanI caahiye| na hI tapasvI, brAhmaNa, bhikSukoM se bhikSA maaNge| unakA bhikSA pAtra kisI dhAtu kA nahIM honA caahiye| manu kahate haiM, ki muni kA pAtra kATha, miTTI yA bAMsa kA honA caahiye| muni ko dina meM kevala eka hI bAra bhikSA lenI cAhiye, jisase viSayAsakti na bddh'e| jaba gRhastha ke ghara meM rasoI banakara taiyAra ho cuke aura dhuA~ na rahe, mUsala kA zabda sunAI par3ane lage, ghara ke sabhI loga bhojana kara cukeM, tabhI muni jAkara bhikSA kI yAcanA kre| yadi bhikSA prApta na ho to viSAda na kare aura acchA bhojana milane para prasanna bhI na hove| bhikSA kevala jIvana rakSA ke lie hI lenA ucita hai| usameM Asakti nahIM honI caahiye| rAga bandha kA kAraNa hai| apanI prabala indriyoM ko vaza meM karane ke lie use svalpAhAra tathA ekAntavAsa karanA caahiye| vahI muni mokSa kA adhikArI hotA hai, jo idriya-nirodha karake rAga-dveSa kA kSaya kara de tathA ahiMsA kA pAlana kre| isa prakAra manusmRti meM jaina muniyoM ke AcAra kA vivecana milatA hai tathA yatratatra jaina darzana ke zabdoM kA ullekha milatA hai, yathA "samyagdarzanasaMpannaH karmabhirna nibddhyte| darzanena vihInastu saMsAraM prtipdyte||10 arthAt samyagdarzana saMpanna vyakti koM meM kabhI nahIM bNdhtaa| jo darzana vihIna hai, vahI karma karatA huA, usake phala rUpa saMsAra ko bhogatA hai| yahA~ samyagdarzana zabda jaina darzana ke ratnatraya rUpa mokSa mArga kA prathA pada hai| manu mahArAja ne 10veM adhyAya meM brAhmaNoM se pRthak kSatriya aura vaizya sabhI ko zUdra kahA hai| yahA~ yaha jJAtavya rahe, ki sabhI jaina tIrthaMkara kSatriya hI the aura

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jaina dharma, darzana evaM saMskRti kI prAcInatA 27 anuyAyiyoM meM vaizya adhika rahe haiM / unhoMne yajJopavIta ke abhAva meM pauMDraka, dravir3a, amboja, yavana, zaka, pArada, pahlava, cIna, kirAta, darada evaM khaza sabhI ko zUdra kahA hai, cAhe ve Arya bhASA vAle yA mleccha / manu unheM dasyu hI kahate haiM / " bahuta saMbhava hai, ki ye sabhI jAtiyA~ usa samaya jaina dharma kI anugAmI rahI hoM / atirikta vedoM meM bhI jaina saMskRti kI rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata, manusmRti ke vidyamAnatA ke aneka pramANa prApta hote haiN| atharvaveda meM aneka sthAnoM para alaga-alaga tIrthaMkaroM kA nAmollekha tathA unakA guNagAna kiyA gayA hai| kaI sthAnoM para jaina Agamika zabdAvalI bhI milatI hai, jo vaidika saMskRti se mela nahIM khaatii| atharvaveda meM ariSTanemi ko kRSNa kA guru ghora AMGgirasa kahA hai / " AMGgirasa zabda kA ullekha huA hai| unheM jJAna phailAne vAle ke rUpa meM prakAzita kiyA gayA hai| yathA - 193 " idaM prApamuttamaM kANDamasya yasmAllokAt parameSThI samAya / AsiJca sarpi dhRtavat samadhyeya bhAgo AGgiraso na atra // ' yahA~ AMGgirasa ke sAtha parameSThI zabda prayukta huA hai, jo jainoM kA zabda hai / arthAt AMGgirasa jaina saMskRti ke prasAraka the / brAhmaNa saMskRti meM paramezvara zabda prayukta hotA hai| RSabha tathA marIci kA ullekha bhI hai yathA - "sUryasya razmInanu yAH saMcaranti marIcArvA yA anusaMcaranti / yA sAmRSabho dUrato vAjinIvAntsadyaH sarvAn lokAn paryaMti rakSam / sa na aitu homamimaM juSANo intarikSeNa saha vAjinI vAn // 1994 yahA~ yaha jJAtavya rahe, ki jaina zAstroM ke anusAra marIcI ke bhava meM hI bhagavAna mahAvIra ke jIva ne tIrthaMkara gautra kA bandha kiyA thaa| isake atirikta navam kANDa ke sUkta 4 meM to RSabhadeva kA paramezvara ke rUpa meM vistRta rUpa se guNagAna kiyA gayA hai|" Age loka 12 meM pArzva nAma kA bhI ullekha huA hai|" 1197 atharvaveda meM AThaveM tIrthaMkara candraprabhu (candrAya) tIsare tIrthaMkara saMbhavanAtha tathA caubIsaveM vardhamAna (mahAvIra) ko namana kiyA gayA hai| unake uddharaNa isa prakAra hai - "dikSu candrAya, samanamantsa Ardhnot / yathA dikSu candrAya samanamannevA mahyaM saMnamaH saMnamantu // ' namo namaskRtAbhyo namaH saMbhuJjatIbhyaH / " vyAghre'hRyajaniSTa vIro nakSatra jA jAyamAnaH savIraH / samAvadhIt pitaraM vardhamAno mAmAtaraM praminIjjanitrIma // " 99

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28 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana vedoM meM adhikAMzataH jaina zramaNoM ke lie vrAtya zabda prayukta huA hai| atharvaveda ke pandrahaveM kANDa ke pUre prathama anuvAka meM vrAtya ke guNa- sAmarthya kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| yathA - "vrAtya AsIdIyamAna eva sa prajApati smairyt||"100 atharvaveda - kANDa 5, aNuvAka 4, sUkta 19, sUtra 7 arhana kA ullekha - "aSTApadI, caturakSI catuHzrotA cturhnH| dvayAsya dvijidvA bhUtvA sArASTramava dhunUte brhmjysy||" sAmaveda meM bhI pRthak-pRthak sthAnoM para kaI jaina tIrthaMkaroM ke sambandha meM mahattvapUrNa vivecana milatA hai| sarvAdhika stuti prathama tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva bhagavAna kI kI gaI hai| unake lie vRSabho, vRSabhaH, vRSabhaM, riSamo Adi zabdoM kA prayoga huA hai| unheM sAmarthyavAna paramezvara kahA hai| sakala manoratha pUrNa karane vAle balazAlI aura sUrya ke samAna tejasvI kahA hai| yathA - _ 'sahasradhAraM vRSabhaM payoduhaM priyaM devAya jnmne|104 arthAt aneka prakAra kI vANiyoM vAle, sakala manoratha pUrA karane vAle, jJAna kA dohana karane vAle priya RSabhadeva jnme| RSabhadeva bhagavAna ke atirikta mukhya rUpa se neminAtha bhagavAna kI stuti sAmaveda meM kI gaI hai| unheM kahIM nemi, kahIM ariSTanemi aura kahIM AMGgirasa nAma se namana kiyA gayA hai| yathA -- "dadhanvevAyadI manu vocad brahmeti verutt| parivizvAni kAvyA nemishckrmivaabhvt||mes nemiM namanti cakSasA meSaM viprA abhisvre|| "nyamUSuvAjinaM devajUtaM sahovAnaM tarutAraM rthaanaam| ariSTanemi pRtanAjamAzuM svastaye taa_mihaahuvem||17 AMGgirasa yA aMGgiro bhI neminAtha kA hI eka nAma hai, jo vedoM meM bahuta milatA hai| aMGgiro kA varNana bhI paramezvara ke rUpa meM hI kiyA gayA hai| jaina tIrthaMkaroM ke lie eka viziSTa zabda arhat prayukta kiyA jAtA hai| sAmaveda meM RSabhadeva ko arhat kahA hai| yathA - "imam stomamarhate jAtaveda se rathamiva saMmahemA mniissyaa| bhadrA hinaH pramatirasya saMsadyagne sakhye mA riSAmA vyNtv||109 yajurveda meM bhI tatkAlIna samAja meM jaina dharma-darzana tathA saMskRti ke pracalana ke aneka pramANa vidyamAna haiN| vividha rUpoM meM jaina tIrthaMkaroM kA ullekha evaM stuti kI gaI hai| yadyapi 24 tIrthaMkaroM kA kramabaddha vivecana nahIM hai| isameM bhI sarvAdhika stuti

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jaina dharma, darzana evaM saMskRti kI prAcInatA 29 RSabhadeva bhagavAna kI hI kI gaI hai| " tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva ne sarvaprathama isa siddhAnta kA udghoSa kiyA thA, ki manuSya apanI zakti kA vikAsa kara AtmA se paramAtmA bana sakatA hai| pratyeka AtmA meM paramAtmA vidyamAna hai| jo AtmasAdhanA se apane devatva ko prakaTa kara letA hai, vaha paramAtmA bana jAtA hai| yaha isa loka meM spaSTa parilakSita hotA hai 79111 " catvAri zraGgA trayo'asya pAdA dvezIrSe sapta hastAso'asya / tridhA baddho vRSabho roravIti maho devo martyAM A viveza // ' arthAt jisake cAra zraMGga (ananta darzana, jJAna, cAritra evaM vIrya) haiM, tIna pAda (samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna aura samyagcAritra) haiM, do zIrSa ( kaivalya aura mukti ) haiM, aura sAta hasta (sAta vrata haiM) tathA jo mana, vacana aura kAya- ina tIna yogoM se baddha (saMyata) haiM, usa vRSabha (RSabhadeva) ne ghoSaNA kI hai, ki mahAdeva (paramAtmA) manuSya ke bhItara hI AvAsa karatA hai / aisA hI ullekha jaina grantha paramArtha prakAza meM AyA hai, ki 'appA so paramappA' arthAt AtmA hI paramAtmA hai / yaha dArzanika siddhAntoM kA sAmya yaha siddha kara detA hai, ki Rgveda meM AyA ullekha jaina saMskRti ko hI prakAzita karatA hai / bhagavAna RSabhadeva ke sAtha a0 20 meM loka 1 va 9 meM unake pitA nAbhi kA bhI ullekha hai| sabhI sthAnoM para RSabhadeva kA varNana utkRSTa evaM balazAlI vyaktitva ke rUpa meM kiyA gayA hai| yajurveda meM aneka sthAnoM para pA~cave tIrthaMkara sumatinAtha kI satya ArAdhaka ke rUpa meM stuti kI gaI hai / yathA - codayitrI sUnRtAnAM cetantI sumatinAm / yajJaM dadhe sarasvatI // ' 112 - 9713 114 'devasya cetato mahImprasavitu hevA mhe| sumartiM satyarAdhasama // ' suSTa sumati vRdho rartiM saviturImahe / pradevAya matIvide // ' yajurveda meM solahaveM tIrthaMkara zAntinAtha jI ko saMpUrNa vizva meM vyApaka evaM rakSaka ArAdhya kahA gayA hai| yathA " dyoH zAntiratnarikSaM zAntiH pRthivI zAntirApaH zAntiroSadhAyaH zAntiH / vanaspatayaH zAntirvizve devAH zAntirbrahma zAntiH sarvaM zAntiH zAnti reva zAntiH sA mA zAntiredhi // ' 99115 vedoM meM eka aura sarvAdhika pUjya tIrthaMkara tArkSya ariSTanemi yA AMGgirasa kI stuti kI gaI hai / yathA ayamuttarAt saMyadva sustasya tArkSyazcAriSTanemizca senAnIgrAmaNyau / "

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30 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana AGgiraso na pitaro navamvA atharvANobhRgavaH somyaasH| teSAM vayaM sumato yajJiyAnAmapi bhadre saumanase syaamaa|" U~ svasti no indro vRddhazravAH, svastinaH pUSA vishvdevaaH| svasti nastAryo ariSTanemiH, svasti no vRhaspati rddhaatu|| yaha tIsarA zoka sAmaveda meM bhI antima zroka ke rUpa meM ullikhita hai| Aja bhI vaidika stuti meM sarvAdhika pracalita hai| yajurveda ke 19 adhyAya meM bhagavAna mahAvIra kI upAsanA kA bhI kathana kiyA gayA hai ___"AtithyarUpaM mAsaram mahAvIrasya nagnahuH / rupamupasadAmetastristro rAtrI suraasutaa||""" vaidika darzana ke prAcInatama graMtha Rgveda meM bhI jaina saMskRti ke pahale se vidyamAna hone ke sarvAdhika pramANa milate haiN| Rgveda ko anya devatAoM ke sAtha bhagavAna RSabhadeva kI stuti kA graMtha kaha deM, to atizayokti na hogii| Rgveda meM 144 bAra vRSabho nAma kA ullekha huA hai| kintu TIkAkAroM ne sAmpradAyikatA ke kAraNa artha meM parivartana kara diyA hai, jisake kAraNa kaI sthala vivAdAspada ho gae haiN| jaba hama una RcAoM kA sAmpradAyika pUrvAgraha ko chor3akara adhyayana karate haiM, taba yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki yaha bhagavAna RSabhadeva ke sambandha meM hI kahA gayA hai| yathA - "maravasya te tIvaSasya prajUtimiyabhi vAcamRtAya bhuussn| indra kSitimAmAsa mAnuSINAM vizAM daivI nAmuta puurvyaamaa||" arthAt he AtmadraSTA prabho! parama sukha pAne ke lie maiM terI zaraNa meM AnA cAhatA hU~, kyoMki terA upadeza aura terI vANI zaktizAlI hai- unako maiM avadhAraNa karatA huuN| he prabho! sabhI manuSyoM aura devoM meM pahale pUrvayAmA ho| vaidika yuga meM jaina dharma kA sarvAdhika vizrata nAma Arhata dharma thaa| jo arhata ke upAsaka the ve Arhata kahalAte the| ve veda aura brAhmaNoM ko nahIM mAnate the| Rgveda meM veda aura brahma ke upAsakoM ko bArhata kahA gayA hai| ve vaidika yajJa-yAga ko hI sarvazreSTha mAnate the| Arhata loka yajJoM meM vizvAsa na karake karma-baMdha aura karma-nirjarA ko mAnate the| Rgveda meM arhana ko vizva kI rakSA karane vAlA sarvazreSTha kahA gayA hai| arhat kA ullekha aneka sthAnoM para huA hai| Arhata zabda kI pradhAnatA bhagavAna pArzvanAtha ke tIrthakAla taka calatI rhii| Rgveda meM RSabhadeva ke lie kezI zabda kA bhI prayoga huA hai| yathA - "keyagni kezI viSaM kezI vibharti rodsii| kezI vizvaM svadRze kezIdaM jyotiruucyte||" Rgveda - 10/11/136/1

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jaina dharma, darzana evaM saMskRti kI prAcInatA * 31 jaina AgamoM meM bhI lambI tapasyA ke kAraNa keza rakhane se ve kezI yA kezariyAjI ke nAma se vizruta hue| jaise siMha apane kezoM ke kAraNa kezarI kahalAtA hai| Rgveda meM eka sthAna para unake divya zAsana kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai "marutvaM ta vRSabhaM vAvRdhAnamakavAri divya shaasnmindr| vizvA sAhama vase nUtanAyogrAsadodA mihaM tAhe yemH||"123 RSabhadeva ke atirikta Rgveda meM unakI mAtA marudevI" pitA nAbhi tathA putra bharata evaM bharatavaMza" kA bhI aneka sthAnoM para ullekha kiyA gayA hai| Rgveda meM RSabhadeva kI stuti se yaha to siddha ho hI jAtA hai, ki jaina dharma Rgvaidika kAla meM vidyamAna thaa| lekina isase yaha tAtparya kadApi nahIM hai, ki jaina dharma Rgveda kA samakAlIna dharma hI thA varan vaha to usase bhI bahuta pUrva prAgaitihAsika kAla meM hI astitva meM A cukA thaa| isakA pramANa bhI svayaM Rgveda meM vidyamAna hai| Rgveda meM kaI sthAnoM para bAIsaveM tIrthaMkara ariSTanemi kI bhI stuti kI gaI hai| yathA 'ariSTanemi pRtanAjamAzuM svastaye taarthymihaahuvem||" isake atirikta jainoM ke prasiddha tIrtha zatruJjaya tathA revatagirI kA bhI ullekha milatA hai| "prasasAhiSe puruhUta zatrujyeSThaste zuSma iha raatirstu| __ indrA bhara dakSiNenA vasUni patiH sindhUnAmasi revtaanaam||"123 isake atirikta RSabhadeva se varddhamAna (mahAvIra) taka caubIsa tIrthaMkaroM kI, siddhoM kI stuti kI gayI hai - "U~ trailokya pratiSThAtAnAM, caturviMzati tiirthNkraannaam| RSabhAdiva varddhamAnAntAnAM, siddhAnAM zaraNaM prapadye // 17 uparyukta ullekhoM se yaha siddha ho jAtA hai, ki Rgveda ke 10 veM maNDala kI racanAkAla taka 24 tIrthaMkara ho cuke the, jinakI zaraNa ko triloka meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| arthAt varddhamAna se kitane varSoM pUrva RSabhadeva ho cuke the, jinakI stutimAtra Rgveda meM kI gaI hai| ve Rgveda kI racanA ke bahuta pUrva hI jaina (Arhata) dharma kA pratipAdana kara cuke the| ise hama jaina AgamoM ke dvArA aura adhika spaSTa rUpa se jAna sakate haiN| jaina darzana ke pramANa : jaina AgamoM meM jaina darzana kI prAcInatA ke paryApta pramANa vidyamAna haiN| jaina dharma vizva kA prAcInatama dharma hai| jaina dharma nAma nayA hai| yaha nAma bhagavAn mahAvIra ke sAtha jinabhadragaNI kSamAzramaNa ne prayukta kiyA hai| jaina zabda unake viracita graMtha vizeSAvazyaka bhASya meM sarvaprathama prayukta kiyA gayA hai| unake uttaravartI sAhitya meM to jaina zabda kA pracura mAtrA meM prayoga huA hai| isase pUrva bhagavAna

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32 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana RSabha se mahAvIra taka jaina dharma ke lie aneka nAma prayukta hote rahe haiN| prAraMbha meM usakA nAma zramaNa dharma thA, phira Arhata dharma huaa| mahAvIra ke yuga meM use nigraMtha dharma kahA jAtA thaa| bauddha sAhitya meM bhI mahAvIra ke lie aneka sthAnoM para niggaMThanAtha zabda prayukta huA hai| jaina zabda kI arvAcInatA ke bAvajUda isa paramparA kI prAcInatA isake AgamoM se sahaja hI siddha ho jAtI hai| jaina AgamoM meM jahA~ bhI anagAra dharma svIkAra karane kA kathAnaka milatA hai, vahA~ kahA gayA hai, ki vaha sAmAyika Adi dvAdazAMga par3hatA hai athavA caturdaza pUrva par3hatA hai| zAstroM meM yaha spaSTa rUpa se kahA gayA hai, ki AcArAMga Adi 12 aMgoM kI racanA mahAvIra ke anugAmI gaNadharoM ne kii|" samasta jaina paramparA kI mAnyatAnusAra tIrthaMkara bhagavAna apanI dezanA meM jo artha abhivyakta karate haiM, unako unake pramukha ziSya gaNadhara zAsana ke hitArtha apanI zailI meM sUtrabaddha karate haiN| ve hI bAraha aMga pratyeka tIrthaMkara ke zAsana kAla meM dvAdazAMgIsUtra rupa meM pracalita evaM mAnya hote haiN|" dvAdazAMgI kA gaNipiTaka ke nAma se bhI ullekha kiyA gayA hai| sUtra gaNadhara kathita yA pratyeka buddha kathita hote haiN| vaise zrutakevalI kathita aura abhinna dazapUrvI kathita bhI hote haiN| sabhI tIrthaMkaroM ke dharmazAsana meM tIrtha sthApanA ke kAla meM hI gaNadharoM dvArA dvAdazAMgI kI naye sire se racanA kI jAtI hai, tathApi una saba tIrthaMkaroM ke upadezoM meM jIvAdi mUla bhAvoM kI samAnatA evaM ekarUpatA rahatI hai, kyoMki artharUpa meM jainAgamoM ko anAdi ananta arthAt zAzvata mAnA gayA hai| jaisA ki nandIsUtra ke 58veM sUtra meM tathA samavAyAMga sUtra ke 185 veM sUtra meM kahA gayA hai| tathApi samaya samaya para aMga zAstroM kA viccheda hone aura pratyeka tIrthaMkara kAla meM navIna racanA ke kAraNa unheM sAdi aura saparyavasita bhI mAnA gayA hai|35 isa prakAra dvAdazAMgI ke zAzvata aura azAzvata donoM hI rUpa zAstroM meM pratipAdita kie gae haiN| isa mAnyatA ke anusAra pravartamAna avasarpiNI kAla ke aMtima caubIsaveM tIrthaMkara zramaNa bhagavAna mahAvIra dvArA caturvidha tIrtha kI sthApanA ke pazcAt jo upadeza indrabhUti Adi gyAraha gaNadharoM ko diyA gayA, use hI Arya sudharmA Adi ne dvAdazAMgI ke rUpa meM sUtrabaddha kiyA, jo AcArAMgAdi rUpa meM hamAre samakSa vartamAna meM upalabdha hai| vartamAna meM upalabdha dvAdazAMgI mahAvIra bhASita hai| lekina caturdaza pUrva kA jo Agama rUpa meM ullekha milatA hai, vaha pUrva ke tIrthaMkaroM dvArA bhASita hai| yaha mukhya rUpa se pArzvanAtha bhASita hI hai, jo mahAvIra se 250 varSa pUrva hI hue the| bhagavatI sUtra meM

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jaina dharma, darzana evaM saMskRti kI prAcInatA * 33 aneka sthAnoM para mahAvIra ke mukha se kahalAyA gayA hai, ki amuka vastu puruSAdAnIya pArzvanAtha ne kahI hai, jisako maiM bhI kahatA huuN| isase 'pUrva' zruta kA artha spaSTa ho jAtA hai, ki jo zruta mahAvIra se pUrva kI pArzvapatyika paramparA se calA A rahA hai| . DaoN. yokobI kA bhI aisA hI mata hai|" jaina zruta ke mukhya viSaya navatattva, paMca astikAya, AtmA aura karma kA saMbaMdha, usake kAraNa, usakI nivRtti ke upAya, karma kA svarUpa Adi haiN| inhIM viSayoM kA mahAvIra aura unake ziSyoM ne saMkSepa se vistAra aura vistAra se saMkSepa karake bhale hI kahA ho, para ve saba viSaya pArkhApatyika paramparA ke zruta meM kisI na kisI rUpa meM nirupita the, isameM koI saMdeha nhiiN| eka bhI sthAna para mahAvIra yA unake ziSyoM meM se kisI ne bhI aisA nahIM kahA ki mahAvIra kA zruta apUrva athavA sarvathA navIna hai| caudaha pUrva ke viSayoM kI evaM unake bheda-prabhedoM kI jo TUTI-phUTI jAnakArI naMdI sUtra tathA dhavalA" meM milatI hai, usakA AcArAMga Adi 11 aMgoM meM tathA anya upAMgAdi zAstroM meM pratipAdita viSayoM ke sAtha milAna karane para isameM saMdeha nahIM rahatA ki jaina paramparA ke AcAra-vicAra viSayaka mukhya praznoM kI carcA pArzvapatyika paramparA ke pUrvazruta aura mahAvIra kI paramparA ke aMgopAMga zruta meM samAna hI hai| kalpasUtra meM varNana hai, ki mahAvIra ke saMgha meM 300 zramaNa caturdaza pUrva dhArI the| mahAvIra zAsita saMgha meM 'pUrvazruta' aura AcArAMgAdi zruta donoM kI hI bar3I pratiSThA rahI. phira bhI 'parvata' kI mahimA adhika hI kI jAtI rahI hai| isI se digambara tathA zvetAmbara donoM paramparAoM ke sAhitya meM AcAryoM kA aisA prayatna rahA hai, ki ve apane-apane karma tathA jJAna Adi viSayaka itara purAtana graMthoM kA saMbaMdha usa viSayaka pUrvazruta se jor3ate haiN| donoM paramparAoM ke varNana se itanA nizcita jJAta hotA hai, ki saMpUrNa nirgrantha paramparA apane vartamAna zruta kA mUla pUrva meM mAnatI AI hai| 'pUrvazruta' meM jisa-jisa deza kAla kA evaM jina-jina vyaktiyoM ke jIvana kA pratibimba thA, usase AcArAMga Adi aMgoM meM bhinna deza kAla evaM bhinna vyaktiyoM ke jIvana kA pratibimba par3A, yaha svAbhAvika hai, phira bhI AcAra evaM tattvajJAna ke mukhya praznoM ke svarUpa meM donoM meM koI vizeSa aMtara nahIM pdd'aa| isa prakAra jaina Agamika sAdhanoM meM sarva prathama sthAna caudaha pUrvo kA hai, phira dvAdazAMga kA hai| caturdaza pUrva apane mUla svarUpa meM to aba vidyamAna nahIM hai| phira bhI unakI viSaya vastu digambara sAhitya meM akalaMkadeva ke 'tattvArthavArtika' meM milatI hai tathA zvetAmbara sAhitya meM nandi sUtra meM milatI hai| vahIM se haribhadra sUri, abhayadeva, malayagiri Adi TIkAkAroM ne viSaya vastu ko liyA hai| vIrasena kI dhavalA TIkA va SaTakhaNDAgama meM bhI inakA viSaya milatA hai| caturdaza pUrva-147 1. utpAda pUrva 2. agrAyaNI pUrva 3. vIryAnupravAda 4.

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34 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana astinAstipravAda 5. jJAna pravAda 6. satya pravAda 6. AtmapravAda, 8. karma pravAda, 9. pratyAkhyAna, 10. vidyAnupravAda, 11. kalyANa pravAda, 12. prANavAya, 13. kriyA vizAla, 14. loka bindusAra / dvAdazAMga- 14 zvetAmbara sAhitya meM pUrvo se hI aMgoM kI utpatti mAnI gayI hai| digambara paramparA aMga sAhitya ke bAre meM mUka hI hai| dvAdazAMga nimnalikhita hai 1. AcArAMga, 2. sUtrakRtAMga, 3. sthAnAMga, 4. samavAyAMga, 5. vyAkhyA prajJapti, 6. jJAtA dharmakathA, 7. upAsaka dazAMga, 8. antaHkRdazA, 9. anuttaropapAdikadazA, 10. prazna vyAkaraNa, 11. vipAka sUtra, 12. dRssttivaad| dRSTivAda kA vivecana digambara sAhitya meM bhI kiyA gayA hai| akalaMkadeva ne dRSTivAda ke pA~ca aMga batAe haiM 1. parikarma, 2. sUtra, 3. prathamAnuyoga, 4. pUrvagata, 5. cuulikaa| vartamAna meM zvotAmbara sampradAya meM dvAdazAMga ke atirikta 34 Agama aura bhI haiM ve ye haiM 12 upAMga, 6 chedasUtra, 4 mUlasUtra, 10 painnA eka nandI aura eka anuyoga dvAra / isa prakAra vartamAna meM 45 AgamoM ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| jaina itihAsa ko jAnane ke mukhya strota ye jainAgama hI haiN| mukhya rUpa se itihAsa kA vivecana dRSTivAda aMga meM huA hai| dRSTivAda sUtra ke pA~ca aMgoM meM se cauthA aMga itihAsa kA hai| jitanA itihAsa hai, vaha sArA dRSTivAda ke antargata Ane vAlA jJAna hai| ata: itihAsa kA jJAna Agama kA jJAna hai| jaina dharma ke anusAra sRSTi zAzvata hai tathA anAdikAla se gatizIla hai| isakI na Adi hai, na aNt| jaina dharma meM kAla paramparA vaidika dharma ke cAra yugoM (satya, dvApara, tretA tathA kaliyuga) kI bhAMti mUlataH do bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kI gaI hai- utsarpiNI aura avsrpinnii| utsarpiNIkAla vikAsakAla hai| isa kAla meM jIvoM ke bala, vIrya, puruSArtha, zarIra Ayu Adi kI tathA bhautika padArthoM meM rasa Adi kI vRddhi nirantara hotI rahatI hai| avasarpiNI kAla hAsa kAla hai| isa avanatizIlakAla meM ukta bAtoM meM nirantara hAni hotI calI jAtI hai| arthAt duHkha se sukha kI ora le jAne vAlA kAla utsarpiNI kAla aura sukha se duHkha kI ora le jAne vAlA kAla avasarpiNI kAla kahalAtA haiN| ye donoM kAla milakara kAlacakra kahalAte haiN| ye sRSTi rupI gAr3I ke do cakra haiN| jaise gAr3I ke cakra meM Are bane rahate haiM aura ve usa cakra ko vibhakta karate haiM, usI prakAra utsarpiNI aura avasarpiNI kAla meM chaha-chaha Are hote haiN| ina AroM kA kAlamAna saMkhyAtIta varSoM kA hotA hai| ye chaha Are isa prakAra haiN|

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jaina dharma, darzana evaM saMskRti kI prAcInatA * 35 1. sukhmaa-sukhmaa-atyntsukhrup| cAra karor3A-karor3a saagr| 2. sukhmaa-sukhrup| tIna karor3A karor3a saagr| 3. sukhamA- dukhamA- sukh-duHkhrup| do karor3A karor3a sAgara / 4. dukhmaa-sukhmaa-duHkh-sukhrup| bayAlisa hajAra varSa kama eka karor3A karor3a saagr| 5. dukhamA- duHkhrup| ikkIsa hajAra varSa 6. dukhamA-dukhamA- atyanta dukharupa / ikkIsa hajAra vrss| yaha avasarpiNI kAla ke AroM kA krama hai| utsapriNI kAla ke chaH AroM kA krama isase viparIta hai| vaha duHkhamA-duHkhamA se prArambha hokara sukhamA-sukhamA para samApta hotA hai| pratyeka kAlacakra kI kula avadhi bIsa karor3A karor3a sAgaropama kI hotI hai| sAgara (prakAza varSa kI taraha) saMkhyAtIta varSoM ke samUha kI saMjJA hai| yaha saMkhyA hotI hai| eka saMkhyA -1 ke Age (5+7+15)=27 zUnya lagAne para jitane aMka hote haiM, utane vrss| jaina dharma ke anusAra avasarpaNa kI Adi sabhyatA atyanta sarala aura sahaja thii| kisI taraha kI kauTumbika vyavasthA na hone se koI uttaradAyitva nahIM thaa| ataH koI vyagratA nahIM thii| jaina paramparA ke anusAra usa samaya jIvana kI AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti kalpavRkSoM se ho jAtI thii| prakRti aura mAnavIya tatvoM kA yaha aise sammizraNa kA yuga thA, jahA~ dharma-sAdhanA, pApa-puNya, U~ca-nIca Adi dvandvAtmaka pravRttiyoM kA astitva nahIM thaa| jaina purANakaroM ne aisI paristhiti ke yuga ko bhoga-bhUmi vyavasthA kA yuga kahA hai| jaba avasarpiNI kAlacakra kA dUsarA aura lagabhaga tIsarA vibhAga kramaza: vyatIta huA, to kAla prabhAva se sabhI bAteM hAsonmukhI hone lgii| kalpavRkSoM ko lekara chInA-jhapaTI hone lgii| isa asurakSA kI sthiti ne surakSA aura sahayoga kA AhvAna kiyaa| isase sAmUhika vyavasthA pratiphalita huI, jise jaina sAhitya meM 'kula' nAma diyA gyaa| isa vyavasthA ke saMsthApaka ko 'kulakara' kahA gyaa| jaina paramparA meM isa taraha se 14 kulakara mAna gae haiN| vaidika darzana meM 14 manu mAne haiN| manu aura kulakara saMbhavatayA eka hI the| donoM paramparAoM meM aMtima kulakara yA manu nAbhirAja ko hI mAnA gayA hai| inake samaya taka vibhAjana ke sAtha-sAtha sAmAnya daNDa vyavasthA bhI prArambha ho gaI thii| nAbhi aura unakI patnI marudevI ke putra RSabhadeva prathama tIrthaMkara hue| caubIsa tIrthaMkaroM kI paramparA- pratyeka utsarpiNI aura avasarpiNI kAla meM caubIsa jina tIrthaMkara hote haiN| ve pracalita yA lupta dharma ko punaH pracalita karate haiN|

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36 jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana isa samaya avasarpiNI kAla cala rahA hai aura hama loga usake pAMcave Are meM gujara raheM hai| sukhamA dukhamA nAma ke Are meM dharma-tIrthaMkaroM kA janma hotA hai| cUMki jaina darzana meM 24 tIrthaMkaroM kI paramparA pracalita hai| vartamAna avasarpiNI kAla meM bhI 24 tIrthaMkara hue hai| caubIsa tIrthaMkaroM ke sambandha meM sabase prAcIna ullekha dRSTivAda ke mUla prathamAnuyoga meM thA, lekina Aja vaha anupalabdha hai| 45 Aja sabase prAcIna ullekha samavAyAMga, kalpasUtra, Avazyaka niryukti, Avazyaka malayagirI vRtti, Avazyaka hAribhadrIya vRtti aura Avazyaka cUrNi meM milatA hai| jaina darzana meM tIrthaMkara zabda atyadhika mahattvapUrNa hai| tIrthaMkara jaina dharmasaMgha (tIrtha) kA janaka, kartA yA nirmAtA hotA hai / jo saMsAra sAgara se pAra karane vAle dharma-tIrtha kI sthApanA karate haiM, ve tIrthaMkara kahalAte haiN| ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya aura aparigraha ye dharma haiM / isa dharma kA tathA ise dhAraNa karane vAle zramaNa, zramaNI, zrAvaka aura zrAvikA rUpa caturvidha saMgha rUpa tIrtha kA pravartana, sthApanA karane vAle viziSTa vyaktiyoM ko tIrthaMkara kahate haiM I jaina dharma kisI vyakti vizeSa kA pUjaka nahIM hai| ise RSabhadeva, pArzvanAtha yA mahAvIra kA dharma nahIM kahA gayA hai / yaha arhaMtoM kA, jina kA dharma hai| jaina dharma ke mUla mahAmaMtra 'namo arihaMtANaM, namo siddhANaM, namo AyariyANaM, namo uvajjhAyANaM, namo loe savvasAhUNaM' meM kisI vyakti vizeSa ko namaskAra nahIM kiyA gayA hai| jaina dharma kA spaSTa abhimata hai, ki koI bhI vyakti Atmika utkarSa kara mAnava se mahAmAnava bana sakatA haiM, tIrthaMkara bana sakatA hai / 1146 vartamAna avasarpiNI kAla meM sarvaprathama RSabhadeva bhagavAna ne tIrtha kI sthApanA kI, ataH ve prathama tIrthaMkara hai| kucha vidvAnoM kA mAnanA hai, ki unake pazcAtavartI teIsa tIrthaMkaroM dvArA bhI vaise hI dharma tIrthoM kI paramparA kA pratipAdana kiyA jAtA hai, to unheM tIrthaMkara kyoM mAnA jAe ? isake samAdhAna meM nivedana hai, ki ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya, aparigraha aura anekAnta Adi jo dharma ke AdhArabhUta mUla siddhAnta haiM, ve zAzvata satya aura sadA sarvadA aparivartanIya haiN| atIta ke anantakAla meM jo ananta tIrthaMkara hue haiM, vartamAna meM jo zrI sImaMdhara svAmI Adi tIrthaMkara haiM aura anAgata anantakAla meM jo ananta tIrthaMkara hoMge, una sabake dvArA dharma ke mUla stambha svarUpa ina zAzvata satyoM ke saMbaMdha meM samAna rUpa se prarUpaNA kI jAtI rahI hai, kI jA rahI hai aura kI jAtI rhegii| dharma ke mUla tattvoM ke nirUpaNa meM eka tIrthaMkara se dUsare tIrthaMkara kA kiMcita mAtra bhI matabheda na kabhI rahA aura na kabhI rhegaa| lekina pratyeka tIrthaMkara apane-apane samaya meM deza, kAla va jana mAnasa kI RjutA, tatkAlIna mAnava kI zakti, buddhi, sahiSNutA Adi ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue usa kAla aura usa kAla ke mAnava ke anurUpa

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jaina dharma, darzana evaM saMskRti kI prAcInatA * 37 sAdhu, sAdhvI, zrAvaka, zrAvikA ke lie apanI-apanI eka navIna AcAra saMhitA kA nirmANa karate haiN| eka tIrthaMkara dvArA saMsthApita zramaNa-zramaNI, zrAvaka aura zrAvikA rUpa tIrtha meM kAla-prabhAva se jaba aneka prakAra kI vikRtiyA~ utpanna ho jAtI haiM, tIrtha meM lambe vyavadhAna tathA anya kAraNoM se bhrAntiyA~ panapane lagatI hai, kabhI-kabhI tIrtha vilupta athavA vilupta prAyaH, vizrRMkhala athavA zithila ho jAtA hai, usa samaya dUsare tIrthaMkara kA samudbhava hotA hai| taba ve vizuddha rupeNa navIna tIrtha kI sthApanA karate haiM, ataH ve tIrthaMkara kahalAte haiN| do tIrthaMkaroM ke hone ke bIca kA antarAla samaya bahuta adhika hone se punaH navIna tIrtha kI sthApanA kI AvazyakatA hotI hai| jaise prathama tIrthaMkara RSabhadevajI ke pazcAt pandraha lAkha karor3a sAgara varSoM ke bAda dUsare tIrthaMkara ajitanAthajI kA janma huA thaa| isI prakAra anyAnya tIrthaMkaroM kA AvirbhAva aura sthitikAla bhI samajhanA caahiye| Adi tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva : Adi tIrthaMkara bhagavAna RSabhadeva vartamAna avasarpiNI kAla ke tIsare Are ke upasaMhAra kAla meM hue haiN|" isI Are ke tIsa varSa aura sAr3he ATha mAsa zeSa rahate unakA nirvANa ho gyaa| zrImadbhAgavata aura manusmRti ke anusAra bhI bhagavAna RSabhadeva kA janma manu kI pA~cavI pIr3hI meM huA thaa| gaNanA karane para vaha kAla prathama sata yuga kA aMtima caraNa nikalatA hai| usa satayuga ke bAda Aja taka 28 satayuga bIta cuke haiN| brahmA jI kI Ayu kA bhI bahuta sA bhAga samApta ho cukA hai| ve rAma aura kRSNa ke avatAroM se bhI pUrva meM ho cuke haiN| jaina sAhityAnusAra isa avasarpiNI kAla kI apekSA se jaina dharma ke Adya praNetA samAja sraSTA aura nIti-nirmAtA bhagavAna RSabhadeva hue haiN| ve Atma-vidyA ke prathama puraskartA hai| ve prathama rAjA, prathama jina, prathama kevalI, prathama tIrthaMkara aura prathama dharma cakravartI the| janma : bhagavAna RSabhadeva kA janma ayodhyA ke rAjA nAbhirAja evaM rAnI marudevI ke yahA~ caitra kRSNA navamI ko huA thaa| kalpasUtra meM ullekha hai, ki unakA janma caitra kRSNa aSTamI ko huA thaa| bhagavAna RSabhadeva kA jIva jaba sarvArthasiddhi devaloka se cyavakara mAtA marudevI kI kukSi meM avatarita huA, usI rAtri meM mAtA marudevI ne caudaha mahAsvapna dekhe| ve isa prakAra haiM - 1. vRSabha, 2 hAthI, 3. siMha, 4. lakSmI, 5. puSpamAlA, 6. candra, 7. sUrya, 8. mahendra dhvaja, 9. kuMbha, 10. padmasarovara, 11. kSIrasAgara, 12. deva vimAna, 13. ratnarAzi, 14. nidhUma agni| isa prakAra jaina AgamoM meM yaha paramparA mAnI gaI hai, ki sabhI tIrthaMkaroM kI

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38 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana mAtAe~ isI prakAra se 14 svapna dekhatI haiN| mAtA marudevI ne prathama svapna vRSabha dekhA, isIlie bhagavAna kA nAma vRSabhadeva yA RSabhadeva rakhA gyaa| jaina AgamoM ke anusAra sabhI tIrthaMkaroM ke janma ke pazcAta meru parvata para 64 indroM va 56 dikkamAriyoM dvA tIrthaMkara bhagavAna kA kSIra sAgara ke jala se mahAbhiSeka kiyA jAtA hai| deva mAtA ko mAyA-nidrA meM sulAkara navajAta bAlaka ko abhiSeka ke lie le jAte haiM tathA abhiSeka ke pazcAt punaH mAtA ke pAsa lAkara sulA dete haiN| ataH aisA hI abhiSeka bhagavAna RSabhadeva tathA anya sabhI tIrthaMkaroM kA huA thaa| AhAra : bhagavAna RSabhadeva ke AhAra ke sambandha meM ullekha milatA hai, ki tIrthaMkara stanapAna nahIM karate the| devoM ne prabhu ke janma grahaNa karate hI unake dAhine aMgUThe meM amRta kA saMcaraNa kara diyaa| ataH jaba bhI unheM AhAra kI icchA hotI, ve apanA aMgUThA mu~ha meM rakha lete aura usI se nAnAvidha pauSTika rasa grahaNa karate the| vaMza tathA gautra sthApanA : bhagavAna RSabhadeva ke samaya taka samAja meM vaMza, gautra Adi kucha bhI nahIM the| RSabhadeva jI jaba 1 varSa ke hue, taba eka dina zakendra vividha khAdya-padArthoM kA sajA thAla lekara unake samakSa prastata hae taba RSabhadeva jI ne unameM se eka ikSu kA Tukar3A utthaayaa| prabhu kI ikSubhakSaNa kI ruci jAnakara trailokya pradIpta prabhu RSabha ke vaMza kA nAma ikSvAkuvaMza rakhA gyaa| ikSu ke kATane se rasa kA srAva hotA hai, ataH unako 'kAzyapa' gautriya kahA gyaa| vivAha paddhati kA prArambha : yugaliyA saMskRti meM vivAha se loga aparicita the| yugalika rUpa se hI janma hotA thA aura bar3e hokara ve pati-patnI kI taraha rahate the| bhagavAna RSabhadeva jaba choTe the, taba eka yugala jor3e meM se lar3ake kI akAla mRtyu ho gii| aisA pahalI bAra huA thaa| ataH loga vismita ho gaye aura usa akelI lar3akI ko ve nAbhirAjA ke pAsa le gye| taba nAbhirAjA ke yahIM RSabhadeva ke sAtha hI usakA lAlana pAlana huaa| kAlAntara meM yuvA hone para usakA RSabhadeva ke sAtha hI vivAha karake sarvaprathama vivAha paddhati kA prArambha kiyA gayA, ataH RSabhadeva jI ke do patniyA~ thii| eka unake sAtha yugalika rUpa se janmI-sunandA tathA dUsarI jisake sAtha unakA vivAha kara diyA gayA, sumNglaa| RSabhadeva jI kI santati : RSabhadeva jI kI Ayu 6 lAkha pUrva kI huI taba devI sumaMgalA ne bharata aura brAhmI ko yugalika rUpa se janma diyaa| thor3I dera bAda hI devI sunandA ne bAhubalI tathA sundarI ko yugalika rUpa se janma diyaa| kAlAntara meM devI sumaMgalA ne 49 putra yugaloM ko janma diyaa| isa prakAra devI sumaMgalA 99 putroM aura eka putrI kI tathA devI sunandA eka putra va eka putrI kI mAtA bnii| isa prakAra RSabhadevajI ke 100 putra tathA 2 putrIyA~ thii|" ye sabhI sarvAMgasundara, zubha lakSaNoM tathA uttama guNoM se yukta the|

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jaina dharma, darzana evaM saMskRti kI prAcInatA * 39 prathama rAjA : RSabhadeva jI : nAbhirAjA caudahaveM kulakara the arthAt nAbhirAjA taka kulakara vyavasthA pracalita thii| bhogabhUmi meM loga sahaja, sarala svabhAva ke hote the aura kalpavRkSoM se apanI icchAe~ pUrNa karate the| paraspara rAga-dveSa, kalaha nahIM hotA thaa| lekina nAbhirAjA ke samaya bhogabhUmi tathA karmabhUmi kA saMkrAnti kAla thA, ataH kalpavRkSoM se apekSita mAtrA se kama sAmagrI prApta hone lagI, phalataH apanI AvazyakatA pUrti ke lie logoM meM paraspara jhagar3e hone lge| prArambha meM hAkAra, mAkAra nIti se samAja meM zAMti vyavasthA ho jAtI, lekina jyoM-jyoM sAmagrI kama hotI gayI samasyAe~ bar3hane lagI, jhagar3e bhI bar3hane lge| taba yugalika RSabhadevajI ke pAsa ge| unhoMne kahA, ki aba karmabhUmi meM tumheM kaThora parizrama karanA par3egA aura sAmAjika vyavasthA ke lie eka rAjA cunanA hogA, jo sabhI samasyAoM ko hala kreNge| nAbhirAjA hamAre pUjya haiM, ataH tuma unake pAsa jAkara nivedana kro| jaba loga unake pAsa gae to nAbhirAja ne kahA, ki aba RSabhadeva hI tumhArI samasyAoM kA samAdhAna kreNge| ataH tuma unhIM ko rAjA bnaao| taba sabhI yugalikoM ne vinitA nagarI ko sajAyA aura prathama bAra RSabhadeva jI ko rAjA banAkara unakA rAjyAbhiSeka kiyaa| bhojana vyavasthA : bhagavAna RSabhadeva ke kAla meM sabase pramukha samasyA bhojana kI thii| kalpavRkSoM kI kamI se khAdya sAmagrI kama hone lagI thii| loga apanI kSudhA kI samasyA lekara RSabhadeva jI ke pAsa phuNce| taba RSabhadeva jI ne unase kahA - "avaziSTa kalpavRkSoM ke phaloM ke atirikta anya kanda, mUla, phala, phUla tathA svataH utpanna zAli Adi anna kA prayoga kro|" logoM ne RSabhadeva jI ke nirdezoM kA pAlana kiyA, lekina kucha samaya pazcAt punaH kacce anna se peTa darda va apaca Adi samasyAe~ hone lgii| taba RSabhadeva jI ne unheM zAliyoM kA chilakA haTAkara unheM hAthoM se masala kara khAne kI salAha dii| jaba vaha bhI supaca na ho sakA, to jala meM bhigokara aura muTThI va bagala meM rakhakara karma karake khAne kI salAha dii| lekina apaca kI bAdhA usase bhI dUra nahIM huii| RSabhadeva jI atizaya jJAnI hone ke kAraNa agni ke viSaya meM jAnate the| ve yaha bhI jAnate the, ki kAla kI ekAnta snigdhatA ke kAraNa usa samaya agni utpanna nahIM ho sakatI thI, ataH kAlAntara meM jaba kAla kI snigdhatA kucha kama huI taba unhoMne lakar3iyoM ko ghisa kara agni utpanna kI tathA logoM ko pAka kalA kA jJAna kraayaa| prabhu ne batAyA, ki Aga meM kacce dhAnya ko pakAkara khAyA jAtA hai| yugaliyoM ne Aga meM dhAnya ko DAlA to vaha jala gyaa| taba ve punaH RSabhadeva jI ke pAsa gae aura bole, ki Aga to svayaM hI sArA dhAnya khA jAtI hai| taba bhagavAna ne miTTI gIlI karake hathelI ke kuMbha sthala para rakhakara usase pAtra banAyA aura bole, ki aise bartana banAkara dhAnya ko una bartanoM meM rakhakara Aga para pakAne se vaha jalegA nhiiN| isa prakAra

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40 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana loga Aga para pakA kara khAdya taiyAra karane lge| miTTI ke bartana aura bhojana pakAne kI kalA sikhAkara RSabhadevajI ne una logoM kI samasyA hala kI, isalie loga unheM prajApati kahane lge| dharmAnukUla loka vyavasthA : RSabhadeva jI ne loka jIvana ko svAvalambI banAnA Avazyaka smjhaa| rASTravAsI apanA jIvana svayaM saralatA se alpAraMbha pUrvaka bitA sakeM, aisI zikSA dene ke lie unhoMne 100 zilpa tathA asi, masi va kRSi rUpa tIna karmoM kA prajA ke hitArtha upadeza diyaa| zilpa karma kA upadeza dete hue Apane prathama kuMbhakAra kA karma sikhaayaa| phira vastra-vRkSoM ke kSINa hone para paTakAra karma aura gehagAra vRkSoM ke abhAva meM vardhakI karma sikhAyA, phira citrakAra karma aura roma nakhoM ke bar3hane para kAzyapaka arthAt nApita karma sikhaayaa| ina pAMca mUla zilpoM ke 20-20 bhedoM se 100 prakAra ke karma utpanna hue|' vyavahAra kI dRSTi se unhoMne mAna-unmAna, avamAna aura pratimAna kA bhI jJAna kraayaa| loka sthiti evaM kalA jJAna : lokanAyaka aura rASTra sthavira ke rUpa meM unhoMne vividha vyavahAropayogI vidhiyoM se tatkAlIna jana samAja ko paricita kraayaa| Apane bharata aura brAhmI, sundarI ke mAdhyama se apanI prajA ko lekhana Adi bahattara (72) puruSoM kI kalAe~ aura 64 mahilA guNa arthAt striyoM kI kalAe~ sikhaaii| RSabhadeva AraMbha parigraha kI heyatA ko samajhate hue bhI janahita aura udaya karma ke phala bhogArtha AraMbhayukta kArya bhI karate-karavAte rhe| isakA artha yaha nahIM, ki ve ina karmoM ko niSpApa samajhate rahe the| unhoMne mAnava jAti ko abhakSya-bhakSaNa jaise mahArambhI jIvana se bacAkara alpArambhI jIvana jIne ke lie asi-masi-kRSi rUpa karma kI zikSA dI aura samajhAyA, ki AvazyakatA se kabhI sadoSa pravRtti karanI bhI par3e to pApa ko pApa samajhakara niSpApa jIvana kI ora lakSya rakhate hue calanA caahiye| yahI samyagdarzIpana hai| loka jIvana ko svAzrayI banAne ke sAtha hI sAtha unheM sundara aura svapara kalyANakArI banAne ke lie unhoMne apanI putrI brAhmI ko dAhine hAtha se aThAraha prakAra kI lipiyoM kA jJAna karAyA tathA sundarI ko bAyeM hAtha se gaNita jJAna kI zikSA dii| phira apane jyeSTha putra bharata ko puruSa kI bahattara kalAoM aura bAhubalI ko prANI lakSaNa kA jJAna kraayaa| vizeSAvazyaka bhASya meM brAhmI ko sikhAI gayI lipiyoM ke nAma isa prakAra batAe gae haiM - 1. brAhmI 2. haMsa 3. bhUta 4. yakSI 5. rAkSasI 6. uDDI 7. yavanI 8. taruSkI 9. kirI 0

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jaina dharma, darzana evaM saMskRti kI prAcInatA * 41 10. drAvir3I 11. siMghaviya 12. mAlavinI 13. nAgarI 14. lATI 15. pArasI 16. animittI 77. cANakyI va 28. mUladevI puruSoM kI bahattara kalAe~ : 1. lehaM - lekhana kalA 2. gaNiyaM - gaNita kalA 3. ruvaM - rUpa kalA 4. narse - nATya kalA 5. gIyaM - saMgIta kalA 6. vAiyaM - vAdya bajanAne kI kalA 7. saragayaM - svara jAnane kI kalA 8. pukkharagayaM - Dhola Adi vAdya bajAne kI kalA 9. samatAlaM - tAla dene kI kalA 10. jUyaM - juA khelane kI kalA 11. jaNavAyaM - vArtAlApa karane kI kalA 12. pAre kiccaM - nagara ke saMrakSaNa kI kalA 13. aTThAvayaM - pAsA khelane kI kalA 14. daga maTyiM - pAnI va miTTI ke yoga se vastu banAne kI kalA 15. annavihiM - anna utpAdana kI kalA 16. pANavihiM - pAnI ko zuddha karane kI kalA 17. vatthavihiM - vastra banAne kI kalA 18. sayaNavihiM - zayyA nirmANa kI kalA 19. ajjaM - saMskRta bhASA meM kavitA nirmANa kI kalA 20. paheliyaM - prahelikA nirmANa kI kalA 21. gAhaM - prAkRta bhASA meM gAthA nirmANa kI kalA 22. mAgahiyaM - chanda banAne kI kalA 23. silogaM - zloka banAne kI kalA 24. gaMdhajutti - sugaMdhita padArtha banAne kI kalA 25. madhusitthaM - madhurAdi SaTrasa banAne kI kalA 26. AbharaNavihiM - alaMkAra nirmANa tathA dhAraNa karane kI kalA 27. taruNI paDikkammaM - strI ko zikSA dene kI kalA 28. itthI lakkhaNaM - strI ke lakSaNa jAnane kI kalA 29. purisa lakkhaNaM - puruSa ke lakSaNa jAnane kI kalA

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42* jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana 30. haya lakkhaNaM - ghor3e ke lakSaNa jAnane kI kalA 31. gaya lakkhaNaM - gaja (hAthI) ke lakSaNa jAnane kI kalA 32. golakkhaNaM - gAya evaM vRSabha ke lakSaNa jAnane kI kalA 33. kukkuDa lakkhaNaM - kukkuTa ke lakSaNa jAnane kI kalA 34. miMDhaya lakkhaNaM - mer3he ke lakSaNa jAnane kI kalA 35. cakkaM lakkhaNaM - cakra ke lakSaNa jAnane kI kalA 36. chatra lakkhaNaM - chatra ke lakSaNa jAnane kI kalA 37. daMDa lakkhaNaM - daNDa ke lakSaNa jAnane kI kalA 38. asi lakkhaNaM - talavAra ke lakSaNa jAnane kI kalA 39. maNi lakkhaNaM - maNi ke lakSaNa jAnane kI kalA 40. kAgaNi lakkhaNaM - kAkiNI (cakravartI ke vizeSaratna) ke lakSaNa jAnane kI kalA 41. camma lakkhaNaM - carma ke lakSaNa jAnane kI kalA 42. candra lakkhaNaM - candra ke lakSaNa jAnane kI kalA 43. sUra cariyaM - sUrya Adi kI gati jAnane kI kalA 44. rAhu cariyaM - rAhu kI gati jAnane kI kalA 45. gaha cariyaM - grahoM kI gati jAnane kI kalA 46. saubhAga karaM - saubhAgya kA jJAna 47. dobhAga karaM - durbhAgya kA jJAna 48. vijjAgayaM - rohiNI, prajJapti Adi vidyA saMbaMdhI jJAna 49. maMta gayaM - mantra sAdhanA Adi kA jJAna / 50. rahassagayaM - gapta vasta ko jAnane kA jJAna 51. samAsaM - pratyeka vastu ke vRta kA jJAna 52. cAraM - sainya kA pramANa Adi jAnanA 53. paDivUhaM - prativyUha racane kI kalA 54. paDicAraM - senA ko raNakSetra meM utArane kI kalA 55. vUhaM - vyUha racane kI kalA 56. khaMdhAvAramANaM - senA ke par3Ava kA jamAva jAnanA 57. nagaramANaM - nagara pramANa jAnane kI kalA 58. vasthumANaM - vastu kA pramANa jAnane kI kalA 59. khaMdhAvAra nivesaM - senA kA par3Ava DAlane kA parijJAna 60. vatthu nivesaM - pratyeka vastu ke sthApana karane kI kalA 61. nagara nivesaM - nagara nirmANa kA jJAna

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jaina dharma, darzana evaM saMskRti kI prAcInatA * 43 62. IsatthaM - thor3e ko adhika karane kI kalA 63. rUppavAyaM - talavAra Adi kI mUTha banAne kI kalA 64. AsasikkhaM - azva zikSA 65. hatthi sikkhaM - hasti zikSA 66. dhaNuveyaM - dhanurveda 67. hiraNNapAgaM, suvannapAgaM, maNipAgaM, dhAtupAgaM - hiraNyapAka suvarNapAka, ___ maNipAka va dhAtupAka banAne kI kalA 68. bAhujuddhaM, daNDajuddhaM, muTThijuddhaM, aTThijuddhaM, juddhaM, nijuddhaM, juddhAIjuddhaM - bAhuyuddha, daNDayuddha, muSThiyuddha, yaSTiyuddha, yuddha, niyuddha, yuddhAtiyuddha karane kI kalA 69. suttAkheDaM, nAliyAkheDaM, vaTTakheDaM, cammakheDaM - suta banAne kI, nalI banAne kA, geMda khelane kI, vastu ke svabhAva jAnane kI va camar3A banAne kI kalA 70. pattaccheja, kar3agacchejaM - patra chedana evaM kar3aga vRkSAMga vizeSa chedane kI kalA 71. saMjIvaM, nijjIvaM - saMjIvana, nirjIvana kI kalA 72. sauNaruyaM - pakSI ke zabda se zubhAzubha jAnane kI kalA puruSoM ke lie kalA vijJAna kI zikSA dekara mahArAja RSabhadeva ne mahilAoM ke jIvana ko upayogI va zikSA sampanna karanA bhI Avazyaka smjhaa| apanI putrI brAhmI ke mAdhyama se unhoMne lipi jJAna to diyA hI, sAtha meM mahilA guNoM ke rUpa meM unako 64 kalAe~ bhI sikhaaii| ve 64 kalAe~ isa prakAra haiM1. nRtya kalA 2. aucitya 3. citrakalA 4. vAditrakalA mantra jJAna vijJAna 9. dambha jalastambha 11. gItamAna 12. tAlamAna 13. meghavRSTi phalAkRSTi 15. ArAmaropaNa 16. AkAragopana 17. dharmavicAra 18. zakunasAra 19. kriyAkalpa 20. saMskRta jalpa 21. prAsAdanIti 22. dharmarIti 23. varNikavRddhi 24. suvarNasiddhi 25. surabhitelakaraNa 26. lIlAsaMcaraNa tantra 10.

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44 jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana 28. 30. 27. hayagaja parIkSaNa 29. hemaratna bheda 31. tatkAlabuddhi kAma vikriyA puruSa strI lakSaNa aSTAdazalipi pariccheda 32. vastusiddhi 34. vaidyaka kriyA sArizrama 38. cUrNa yoga 36. 40. vacana pATava 33. 35. kumbha bhrama 37. aMjana yoga 39. hastalAghava 41. bhojyavidhi 43. mukhamaNDana 45. kathAkathana 47. 42. vANijyavidhi zAli khaNDana LE 44. 46. puSpagrathana vakrokti 48. kAvyazakti 50. sarvabhASA vizeSa 49. sphAra 52. bhUSaNa paridhAna 51. abhidhAnajJAna 53. bhRtyopacAra 54. gRhAcAra 56. parinirAkaraNa 58. kezabandhana 55. vyAkaraNa 57. randhana 59. viNAnAda 61. aMka vicAra 63. antyAkSarikA 60. vitaNDAvAda loka vyavahAra 62. 64. praznaprahelikA sAmAjika vyavasthA ( varNa vyavasthA ) kA sUtrapAta : bhoga yuga meM manuSya na to parizrama karatA thA, na AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti ke lie use koI karma karanA par3atA thaa| saba kucha svataH hI hotA thA, ataH kisI prakAra kI vyavasthA kI AvazyakatA hI nahIM thii| cU~ki bhagavAna RSabhadeva ne hI mAnava ko apanI AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti ke lie karma karanA sikhAyA, tabhI logoM meM kArya vibhAjana kI vyavasthA kI AvazyakatA huI / ataH RSabhadevajI ne karma ke AdhAra para samAja ke logoM ko tIna varNoM meM vibhAjita karake unheM unakI yogyatAnusAra kArya sauMpa diye / isa prakAra kArya vibhAjana se samAja meM eka vyavasthita jIvana prArambha huA / jo loga zArIrika dRSTi se sudRr3ha aura zakti sampanna the, unheM prajA kI rakSA ke kArya meM niyukta karake pahacAna ke lie 'kSatriya' zabda kI saMjJA dI / jo loga kRSi, pazupAlana va vastuoM ke kraya-vikraya-vitaraNa arthAt vANijya vyavasAya meM nipuNa hue una logoM ke varga ko vaizya varNa kI saMjJA dii| jina kAryoM ko karane meM kSatriya aura vaizya loga prAyaH anicchA aura aruci rakhate, una sevA aura saphAI ke kAryoM ko bhI karane meM jo loga tatpara hue, sevA meM

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jaina dharma, darzana evaM saMskRti kI prAcInatA * 45 vizeSa abhiruci prakaTa kI, usa varga ke logoM ko 'zUdra' kI saMjJA dii| isa prakAra RSabhadeva ke samaya meM kSatriya, vaizya aura zUdra ina tIna varSoM meM samAja ko vibhAjita kiyA gyaa| AcArya jinasena ke anusAra brAhmaNa varNa kI utpatti mahArAja bharata ke dvArA huii| bharata ne cakravartI banane ke pazcAt socA, ki yadi buddhijIvI logoM kA eka varNa taiyAra kiyA jAe, jo trivarNa ke logoM ko bhI naitika jIvana nirmANa meM bauddhika sahayoga deM, to samAja kA naitika stara bhI U~cA hogaa| isake lie unhoMne pahale bhagavAna RSabhadeva va unake anuyAyI zramaNoM ko Amantrita kiyaa| lekina unhoMne tyakta bhoga sAmagrI ko punaH svIkAra karane se inkAra kara diyaa| taba mahArAja bharata ne apane se guNAdhika zrAvakoM ko bulAkara kahA- Apa apanI jIvikA ke lie vyavasAya, sevA, kRSi Adi koI kArya na kareM, maiM Apa logoM kI jIvikA kI vyavasthA kruuNgaa| ApakA kArya kevala zAstroM kA zravaNa, paThana, evaM manana va deva guru kI sevA karate rahanA hai| isa prakAra anekoM zrAvaka pratidina bharata kI bhojanazAlA meM bhojana karate aura bolate - 'varddhate bhayaM, mAhaNa, mAhaNa' - arthAt bhaya bar3ha rahA hai, hiMsA mata karo, hiMsA mata kro| ve loga Arambha parigraha kI pravRttiyoM se alaga rahakara logoM ko mAhanamAhana, aisI zikSA dete, ataH unheM mAhaNa athavA brAhmaNa' kahA jAne lgaa|" isa prakAra AdinAtha se lekara bharata ke rAjyakAla taka cAra varNoM kI sthApanA RSabhadevajI dvArA dIkSA ( pravrajyA ) dharma kA sUtrapAta- RSabhadevajI kI Ayu 84 lAkha pUrva varSa thii| unhoMne 20 lAkha varSa pUrva kA kumAra kAla vyatIta karake 63 lAkha pUrva varSa taka sAmAjika va rAjanaitika vyavasthA karate hue rAjya kiyaa|" RSabhadevajI kI deha 500 dhanuSa kI thii| usake pazcAt unhoMne apanA sArA sAmrAjya apane sau putroM ko vibhAjita karake sauMpa diyaa| usake pazcAt unhoMne 1 varSa taka garIboM ko dAna diyA, jisase sabhI logoM ko patA laga gayA, ki RSabhadeva jI unheM chor3akara jA rahe haiN| caitra kRSNa aSTamI ke dina RSabhadevajI ne zahara ke bAhara upavana meM jAkara apane sabhI vastrAbhUSaNa indra ko sauMpakara, caturmuSThi loca kiyaa| indra ke kahane para madhya bAla rakha lie| isake pazcAt 'namo siddhANaM' kahakara dIkSA vrata aMgIkAra kiyaa| unake sAtha 4 hajAra logoM ne bhI pravrajyA grahaNa kii| chadmastha avasthA meM bhagavAna RSabhadeva ne mauna vrata dhAraNa kara liyA thaa| ataH sabhI anuyAyI sAdhvAcAra ke upayukta nirdeza ke abhAva meM vana-vihArI ho gae tathA apanI icchAnusAra kaMdamUla-phala Adi khAkara vicaraNa karane lge| kucha bhUkha-pyAsa Adi pariSahoM se saMtrasta hokara valkaladhArI tApasa ho ge|

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46 jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana bhikSAcaryA kA sUtrapAta : AcArya jinasena ke anusAra RSabhadeva bhagavAna ne chaha mAsa kA anazana kiyA thaa|"" anya zvetAmbara sAhitya meM aisA ullekha nahIM milatA, vahA~ bele kI tapasyA ke pazcAt unake bhikSA ke lie bhramaNa kA ullekha milatA hai| lekina logoM ko vidhi pUrvaka bhikSA dene kA jJAna na hone ke kAraNa koI apanI sundara kanyA, koI bahumUlya vastrAbhUSaNa, koI hastI azva, ratha, vAhana, chatra, siMhAsanAdi aura koI phalaphUla Adi prastuta kara unheM grahaNa karane kI prArthanA karatA, kiMtu vidhipUrvaka bhikSA dene kA dhyAna kisI ko nahIM AtA / bhagavAna RSabhadeva ina upahAroM ko grahaNa kie binA hI lauTa jAte / isa prakAra bhikSA ke lie vicaraNa karate hue RSabhadeva bhagavAna ko eka varSa bIta gayA, phira bhI unake mana meM koI glAni paidA nahIM huii| eka dina bhramaNa karate hue prabhu kuru janapada meM hastinApura pdhaare| vahA~ bAhubalI ke pautra evaM rAjA somaprabha ke putra zreyAMsakumAra yuvarAja the / zreyAMsa ne bhagavAna ko dekhA to darzana karate hI jJAnAvaraNa ke kSayopazama se unheM jAtismaraNa jJAna ho gayA ki, ye prathama tIrthaMkara hai, Arambha - parigraha ke tyAgI haiM, ataH inheM nirdoSa AhAra denA caahie| usI samaya bhavana meM ikSurasa ke ghar3e lAe gae the / ataH zreyAMsa ne nirdoSa bhAva se 108 ikSurasa ke ghar3oM se bhagavAna ko pAraNA kraayaa| bhagavAna achidrapANi the, ataH rasa kI eka bhI bUMda nIce nahIM girI / bhagavAna RSabhadeva ne jagata ko sarvaprathama varSItapa karake tapa kA pATha par3hAyA / zreyAMsa kumAra ne bhikSAdAna kI vidhi se anajAna logoM ko vaizAkha zuklA tRtIyA ke dina prabhu ko pAraNA karavAkara sarvaprathama bhikSA-dAna kI vidhi batAI / " isa dina ko Aja bhI akSaya tRtIyA ke rUpa meM jAnA jAtA hai| 176 kevalajJAna kI prAptiH pravrajyA grahaNa karane ke pazcAt eka hajAra varSa bAda RSabhadeva bhagavAna ne cAra ghAtika karmoM kA sampUrNa kSaya kiyA aura purimatAla nagara ke bAhara zakaTamukha udyAna meM phAlguna kRSNA ekAdazI ke dina aTThama tapa ke sAtha dina ke pUrva bhAga meM uttarASAr3ha nakSatra ke yoga meM dhyAna magna hue aura kevalajJAna, kevala darzana kI upalabdhi kI / devoM ne kevalajJAna kA mahotsava kiyaa| bhagavAna bhAva arihaMta ho ge| arihaMta hone se Apa meM bAraha guNa prakaTa hue jo isa prakAra haiM- 1. ananta jJAna, 2. ananta darzana, 3. ananta cAritra, 4. ananta bala vIrya, 5. azoka vRkSa, 6. devakRta puSpa vRSTi, 7. divya dhvani, 8. cAmara, 9. sphaTika siMhAsana, 10. chatra, 11. AkAza meM devadundubhi, 12. bhAmaNDala / 178 pA~ca se bAraha taka ke ATha guNoM ko prAtihArya kahA gayA haiN|"" bhaktivaza devoM dvArA yaha mahimA kI jAtI haiM / tIrthaMkaroM kI vizeSatA : sAmAnya kevalI kI apekSA arihaMta tIrthaMkara meM khAsa vizeSatAe~ hotI haiM, jo prabhAvotpAdaka rUpa se atizaya rUpa meM hotI haiN| jaisA ki

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jaina dharma, darzana evaM saMskRti kI prAcInatA * 47 samavAyAMga sUtra meM likhA hai- 'cautIsaM buddhAisesA' aura 'paNatIsaM saccavayaNAisesA paNNattA' / " digambara paramparA meM 34 atizayoM kA varNana naMdIzvara bhakti meM kiyA gayA hai| prathama dezanA aura tIrtha sthApanA : kevalajJAnI aura vItarAgI bana jAne ke pazcAt phAlguna kRSNa ekAdazI ke dina prathama dezanA dekara caturvidha tIrthoM kI sthApanA karake prathama tIrthaMkara khlaae| prazna vyAkaraNa sUtra meM kahA gayA hai, ki samasta jagata ke jIvoM kI rakSA va dayA ke lie bhagavAna ne pravacana diyA, ataH jaina zAstroM tathA vaidika purANoM meM bhI bhagavAna RSabhadeva ko dazavidha dharma kA pravartaka kahA gayA hai| bhagavAna ne zruta evaM cAritra dharma kA nirupaNa karate hue rAtri bhojana, viramaNa sahita ahiMsA, satya, acaurya, brahmacarya aura aparigraha rUpa paMcamahAvrata dharma kA upadeza diyaa| prabhu ne samajhAyA, ki mAnava jIvana kA lakSya bhoga nahIM yoga hai, rAga nahIM virAga hai, vAsanA nahIM sAdhanA hai| vRttiyoM kA haThAt damana nahIM apitu jJAna pUrvaka zamana karanA caahiye| bharata kA viveka : samrATa bharata ko jisa samaya prabhu ke kevalajJAna kI sUcanA milI, usI samaya eka dUta ne Akara AyudhazAlA meM cakraratna utpanna hone kI zubha sUcanA bhI dii| usI samaya unheM putra-ratna lAbha kI tIsarI zubha sUcanA bhI prApta huii| tIna zubha sUcanAe~ eka sAtha pAkara bhI mahArAja bharata ne kSaNabhara meM hI apane viveka se nirNaya liyA, ki - cakra ratna aura putra ratna kI prApti to artha evaM kAma kA phala hai, lekina prabhu kA kevala jJAna dharma kA phala hai| ataH bharata sarva prathama prabhu kI vandanA karane gae, jo AtmA ke lie zreyaskara thaa| marudevI mAtA kA mokSaH mAtA marudevI apane putra RSabhadeva ko pravrajyA grahaNa karane ke pazcAt eka hajAra varSa bIta jAne para eka bAra bhI dekha nahIM pAyI thI, ataH vaha apane priya putra ke viraha meM vyAkula ho rotI rahatI thii| RSabhadeva prabhu ke kevalajJAna prApti kI sUcanA milate hI bharata mahArAja marudevI mAtA ko lekara prabhu ke pAsa purimatAla nagara ke bAhara zakaTamukha udyAna meM phuNce| samavasaraNa ke nikaTa pahu~ca kara mAtA marudevI ne gajAruDha sthiti meM hI trilokavandya bhagavAna RSabhadeva kI devendrakRta mahimA dekhI to ve bhagavAna RSabhadeva ko ulAhanA dene lagI, ki maiM to samajhatI thI, ki merA putra kaSToM meM hogA, lekina tuma to anirvacanIya Ananda sAgara meM jhUla rahe ho| eka bAra bhI mA~ kI sudha nahIM lI aura aba maiM AyI hU~, taba bhI eka zabda bhI nahIM bolate ho| taba prabhu ne unheM pratibodha dete hue samajhAyA aura ve sarala manA, saralakarmA mAtA marudevI ArtadhyAna se zukla dhyAna meM Arur3ha huI aura kucha hI kSaNoM meM jJAna, darzana, antarAya aura moha ke AvaraNa ko dUra karake kevala jJAna va kevala darzana kI dhAraka bana gii| Ayu kA avasAna kAla

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48 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana sannikaTa hone ke kAraNa ve usI samaya zeSa cAra aghAtI karmoM kA bhI samUla nAza karake, gajArur3ha sthiti meM hI siddha, buddha aura mukta ho gii| yadyapi kevalajJAna sarvaprathama bhagavAna RSabhadeva ko huA, lekina isa avasarpiNI kAla meM sarvaprathama mokSagAmI mAtA marudevI thii| ahiMsAtmaka yuddha paddhati kA pratipAdana : bhagavAna RSabhadeva ke putra bAhubalI ne yuddha meM bhI ahiMsAtmaka paddhati kA pratipAdana kiyaa| RSabhadeva ke jyeSTha putra samrATa bharata ne sampUrNa dezoM meM apanA eka chatra akhaNDa sAmrAjya sthApita karane kI icchA se apane 99 bhAiyoM ke yahA~ yaha saMdeza bhijavAyA, ki ve bharata mahArAjA kI adhInatA svIkAra kara leN| unakA saMdeza pAkara 98 bhAiyoM ne to bhagavAna RSabhadeva ke pAsa dIkSA grahaNa kara lI, lekina bAhubalI bharata kI rAjya lipsA se krodhita ho gae aura unhoMne bharata ke saMdeza ko ThukarA diyaa| phalasvarUpa bharata aura bAhubalI donoM hI apanI vizAla senAoM ke sAtha yuddha maidAna meM A DaTe, lekina yuddha meM hone vAle jana saMhAra ko bacAne ke lie bAhubalI ne kahA, kyoM na hama donoM bhAI hI Apasa meM nirNAyaka yuddha kara leN| isa prastAva para donoM ne eka mata hokara dRSTiyuddha, vAk yuddha, muSThi yuddha aura daMDa yuddha dvArA paraspara bala parIkSaNa prArambha kiyaa| dRSTiyuddha, vAgyuddha, bAhuyuddha meM kramazaH bharata parAjita he| anta meM muSTi yuddha huA, to bharata ke muSTi prahAra se bAhubalI para adhika prabhAva nahIM huA, kiMtu jaba bAhubalI ne bharata para muSTi prahAra ke lie hAtha uThAyA, to samasta darzaka bharata ke lie kSamA prArthanA karane lge| taba bAhubalI ke mana meM glAni utpanna huI, ki maiM tuccha viSayabhogoM ke lie apane bar3e bhAI para hAtha uThA rahA hU~, use mArane ko utsuka huA hU~, dhikkAra hai mujhe| isI vicAra ke sAtha ve uThI huI muSThi se apane kezoM kA loca karake zramaNa bana ge| isa ghaTanA se eka to binA janasaMhAra ke yuddha kI vidhA kA pratipAdana kiyaa| dUsarI ora bar3e bhAI ke prati atIva vinaya bhAva kI preraNA milatI hai| tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva kA parivAra : bhagavAna RSabhadeva ko kevalajJAna prApta hone ke pazcAt unakA dhArmika parivAra punaH bar3hane lgaa| unake parivAra meM 84000 zramaNoM kA honA adbhUta dharmakrAMti kA hI pariNAma thaa| unakI vyavasthA ke lie prabhu ne 84 gaNa banAe tathA pratyeka gaNa ke mukhiyA niyukta kie, jinheM gaNadhara kahA jAne lgaa| isa prakAra bhagavAna RSabhadeva ke 84 gaNadhara the| prathama gaNadhara RSabhasena the| prabhu ke parivAra meM 3,00,000 zramaNiyA~ thI, ninakI pramukha brAhmI thii| unake zAsana meM 3,05,000 zrAvaka the aura 5,54,000 zrArikAe~ thiiN| prabhu kA nirvANa : bhagavAna RSa? deva ne kevalajJAna prApti ke pazcAt lambe samaya taka vartamAna bhArata kI sImAoM se bhI bahuta sudUra kSetroM meM vicaraNa karate hue

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jaina dharma, darzana evaM saMskRti kI prAcInatA * 49 dharma kA pracAra kiyaa| jaba unheM apane jIvana kA avasAna kAla nikaTa jAna par3A to 10 hajAra zramaNoM ke sAtha aSTApada (kailAza parvata) para cddh'e| avasarpiNIkAla ke tIsare Are ke tIna varSa sAr3he ATha mAsa zeSa rahe, taba chaha dinoM taka anazana (nirAhAra) tapa meM ayogI avasthA pAkara zeSa aghAtI karmoM kA kSaya karake mAgha kRSNA trayodazI ke dina bhagavAna RSabhadeva paryaMkAsana meM siddha buddha mukta hue| jaina dharma athavA bhagavAna RSabhadeva kI videzoM meM mAnyatA : jaina matAnusAra tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva karma bhUmi ke Adi sraSTA the, jinhoMne karor3oM varSa pUrva isa dharatI para ahiMsA mUlaka samAja kI sthApanA kI aura mAnavatA kA prathama saMdeza diyA thaa| ataeva bhAratavarSa meM unakI pUjA honA svAbhAvika hI hai, lekina bhArata meM hI nahIM varan videzoM meM bhI unakI pUjA ke ullekha milate haiN| yahA~ yaha spaSTa karanA cAhU~gI, ki RSabhadeva kAlIna bhArata kI sImAe~ bahuta vistRta thiiN| samaya ke sAtha aneka naye choTe-choTe deza banate gaye aura ye sImAe~ saMkucita hotI gii| jaise vartamAna meM pAkistAna kA Tukar3A alaga deza bana gayA hai| isake atirikta jaina sAhitya meM yaha bhI vivaraNa milatA hai, ki kevalajJAna ke pazcAt bhagavAna RSabhadeva ne bhArata se sudUra pradezoM meM bhI vicaraNa karake dharma kA pracAra-prasAra kiyA thaa| unhoMne jisa kSetra meM jisa prakAra ke jJAna kA upadeza diyA, vahA~ usI ke devatA ke rUpa meM unakI pUjA hone lgii| bhagavAna RSabhadeva kahIM kRSi ke devatA mAne gaye, kahIM varSA ke devatA, to kahIM sUryadeva mAnakara pUje ge| sUrya deva unake kevala jJAna kA dyotaka hai| cIna aura jApAna bhI unake nAma aura kAma se paricita rahe haiN| cInI tripiTaka meM unakA ullekha milatA hai| jApAnI unako rokazaba' ( ROKSHAB) kahakara pukArate haiN| madhya eziyA, mizra, yUnAna, phoneziyA evaM phaNika logoM kI bhASA meM ve 'rezepha' kahalAe. jisakA artha sIMgoM vAlA devatA hai. jo vaSabha kA apabhraMza rUpa hai| akkar3a aura sumeroM kI saMyukta pravRttiyoM se utpanna bebIloniyA kI saMskRti aura sabhyatA bahuta prAcIna kahI jAtI hai| unake vijayI rAjA hammurAvI (2123 se 2081 I.pU.) ke zilAlekhoM se patA calatA hai, ki svarga aura pRthvI kA devatA baila (vRSabha) thaa| sumera ke loga kaI devatAoM kI pUjA karate the| vRSabhadeva kI ve kRSi ke devatA ke rUpa meM pUjA karate the, jise ve 'AbU' athavA 'tAmuja' kahate the| ijipTa meM sUrya devatA ko sRSTi kA racayitA mAnA jAtA thaa| kaI devatAoM meM usa samaya pazu devatA adhika lokapriya the| pazuoM meM bhI baila aura aja vizeSa rUpa se pavitra samajhe jAte the| sumera tathA bAbula ke eka dharma zAstra meM 'arhazamma' kA ullekha milatA hai| 'arha' zabda 'arhat' kA hI saMkSipta rUpa jAna par3atA hai| jainoM ke pauSadha kI bhAMti loga (sabbatha) (Sabbath) ko pavitra dina mAnate the| usa dina koI bhI sAMsArika kAma

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50 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana dhandhA nahIM karate the| mAMsa aura madirA chUnA taka pApa samajhate the| saMta mUsA aura daniyAla ahiMsAvAdI the| unake prabhAva se Asa-pAsa ke dezoM meM bhI ahiMsA kA bahuta pracAra thaa| bebIloniyA vAsI tathA yahUdiyoM kI bhA~ti hittI jAti ke logoM para bhI bhAratIya dharmoM kA prabhAva par3A thaa| inakA mukhya devatA 'Rtudeva' (Weather-God) kahA gayA hai| usakA vAhana baila thA jise 'tezuba' (Teshub) kahA jAtA thA, jo titthayara usabha kA apabhraMza jAna par3atA hai| mizravAsiyoM kI dhArmika mAnyatAe~ bahuta kucha jainoM se milatI julatI hai| jainoM kI bhA~ti vahA~ ke loga Izvara ko sRSTi kA kartAdhartA evaM hartA nahIM maante| mUlI, pyAja, lahasuna Adi jamIkaMda nahIM khaate| jUte bhI per3a kI chAla ke bane hue pahanate the| 'Atmavata sarvabhUteSu' ke siddhAnta ko mAnate aura pAlana karate rahe haiN| Aja se chaha hajAra varSoM ke pahale se hI zAkAhAra kI zreSThatA ko mAnate rahe haiN| uparyukta vivaraNa se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai, ki jaina darzana ke siddhAnta ati prAcIna hI nahIM varan atyanta vistRta kSetra meM prasArita the| 2. ajitanAtha jI : __bhagavAna RSabhadeva ke mokSa gamana ke bahuta samaya pazcAt dvitIya tIrthaMkara ajitanAtha jI hue| donoM tIrthaMkaroM ke nirvANa kA antarakAla pacAsa lAkha koTi sAgaropama kA thaa|" jambUdvIpa ke bharata kSetra meM ayodhyA ke mahArAjA ikSvAkuvaMzIya, kAzyapagotrI jitazatru evaM mahArAnI vijayA ke putra ratna ke rUpa meM ajitanAtha ne janma liyaa| unake garbha meM Ate hI mahArAnI vijayasenA ne caudaha svapna dekhe| unake saMpUrNa garbhakAla meM mahArAjA jitazatru apane zatruoM dvArA ajeya mAne gaye, ataH prabhu kA nAma ajita rakhA gyaa| mahArAnI vijaya senA ne mAgha mAsa ke zuklapakSa kI dazamI ke dina prajeza yoga meM tIrthaMkara bhagavAna ko janma diyaa| janma hote hI sundara svarNa raMga ke zarIra vAle prabhu ko 64 indrAdi deva meru parvata para le gae aura vahA~ unakA janmAbhiSeka mahotsava kiyA gyaa| bhagavAna ajitanAtha kI Ayu 72 lAkha pUrva kI thI tathA 450 dhanuSa kA dehamAna thaa| bhagavAna ajitanAtha ne bAhya evaM AbhyAntara ke samasta zatruoM para vijaya prApta kara lI thii| jaba unakI Ayu kA caturthAMza bIta gayA, taba unakA rAjyAbhiSeka kiyA gyaa| eka lAkha pUrva kama apanI Ayu ke tIna bhAga tathA eka pUrvAMga taka unhoMne sUrya se bhI adhika tejasvI rAjA kI bhA~ti rAjya kiyaa| usake pazcAt apane putra ajitasena kA rAjyAbhiSeka karake, svayaM rAjya se virakta hokara eka varSa taka varSIdAna diyaa| usake pazcAt mAgha zuklA navamI ke dina rohiNI nakSatra ko sahetuka vana meM

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jaina dharma, darzana evaM saMskRti kI prAcInatA * 51 saptaparNa vRkSa ke samIpa jAkara sAyaMkAla ke emaya eka hajAra anugAmI rAjAoM ke sAtha paMcamuSThi loca karake dIkSA dhAraNa kii| usI samaya ve manaH paryAya jJAna se sampanna ho ge| dIkSA : dIkSA ke pazcAt ajitanAtha jI ko sAtAvedanIya puNyabandha ke kAraNa bhikSAdi sahaja hI mila jAtI thii| prabhu bAraha varSa taka chadmastha avasthA meM rhe| usake pazcAt pauSa zuklA ekAdazI ko zAma ko rohiNI nakSatra meM kevalajJAna prApta kara prabhu ajitanAtha jI sarvajJa ho ge| dharma parivAra : tIrthaMkara ajitanAtha jI ke siMhasena Adi nabbe gaNadhara the| tIna hajAra sAtasau pacAsa pUrvadhArI, ikkIsa hajAra chaha sau zikSaka, nau hajAra cAra sau avadhijJAnI, bIsa hajAra kevalajJAnI, bIsa hajAra cAra sau vikriyA Rddhi vAle, bAraha hajAra cAra sau pacAsa manaH paryayajJAnI aura bAraha hajAra cAra sau anuttaravAdI the| isa prakAra saba milAkara eka lAkha tapasvI the| prakubjA Adi tIna lAkha bIsa hajAra AryikAe~ thI, tIna lAkha zrAvaka the tathA pA~ca lAkha zrAvikAe~ thiiN|" nirvANa : ajitanAtha jI na to pApoM se jIte jAte haiM, na hI prativAdiyoM se jIte jAte haiN| ve apane nAma ke anurUpa hI ajita the| isa prakAra jana-jana ke stutya prabhu kevalajJAna prApti ke pazcAt samasta AryakSetra meM vicaraNa karate hue, anta meM sammedazikhara para pahu~cakara eka mAsa taka vahIM rahe tathA zukladhyAna ke Azraya se asaMkhyAta karma-prakRtiyoM kI nirjarA kii| isa prakAra caitrazuklA paMcamI ke dina jabaki candramA rohiNI nakSatra para thA, prAtaH kAla ke samaya pratimAyoga dhAraNa karake bhagavAna ajitanAtha jI ne mokSa prApta kiyaa| sagara cakravartI : dvitIya tIrthaMkara ajitanAtha ke tIrthakAla meM hI dUsarA cakravartI sagara huaa| ayodhyA nagara meM hI ikSvAkuvaMzIya rAjA samudravijaya tathA rAnI subalA ke sagara nAma kA putra huaa| usakI Ayu sattara lAkha pUrva kI thii| vaha cAra sau pacAsa dhanuSa U~cA thA, saba lakSaNoM se paripUrNa thA, lakSmImAna thA tathA suvarNa ke samAna kAnti se yukta thaa| usake aThAraha lAkha pUrva kumAra avasthA meM vyatIta hue| usake pazcAt mahAmaNDalezvara kA pada prApta huaa| usake bAda itanA hI kAla bIta jAne para chaha khaNDoM kI pRthvI para vijaya dilAne meM samartha cakra ratna prakaTa huaa| tatpazcAt prathama cakravartI bharata ke samAna hI sagara ne bhI cirakAla taka digvijaya kiyA aura cakravartI samrATa bnaa| phira aneka varSoM taka nirvighna cakravartI sAmrAjya lakSmI kA bhoga kiyaa| sagara cakravartI ke sATha hajAra putra the| rAjA bhagIratha unakA pautra thA, jisane sagara ke putroM ko jIvita karane ke lie gaMgA ko pRthvI para lAne kA advitIya kArya kiyA thaa| isakA ullekha vaidika darzana meM bhI milatA hai| aMta meM sagara apane putroM sahita dIkSA dhAraNa karake, yathA vidhi tapasyA karake

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52 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana sammedazikhara para jAkara zukladhyAna dhAraNa karake mokSagAmI hue| 3. saMbhavanAtha jI : tIsare tIrthaMkara saMbhavanAtha jI hue| jambUdvIpa ke bharata kSetra meM zrAvastI nagara ke rAjA dRr3harAjya tathA unakI mahArAnI suSeNA ke yahA~ tIrthaMkara saMbhavanAthajI kA janma huaa| mahArAnI suSeNA ne phAlguna zukla aSTamI ke dina prAtaHkAla mRgazirA nakSatra meM puNyodaya se caudaha mahA svapna dekhe aura anta meM sumeruparvata ke zikhara ke samAna AkAra vAlA zubhalakSaNA hastI ko mukha meM praveza karate dekhaa| usI dina saMbhavanAthajI kA jIva mAtA ke garbha meM aayaa| nauveM mAha meM kArtika zuklA pUrNamAsI ke dina mRgazirA nakSatra, saumya yoga meM tIna jJAnoM se yukta saMbhavanAtha jI kA janma huA aura devoM ne sumeruparvata para le jAkara unakA janmAbhiSeka karake saMbhavanAtha nAmakaraNa kiyaa| dvitIya tIrthaMkara ajitanAtha tathA saMbhavanAtha jI ke nirvANa kA antarakAla tIsa lAkha koTi sAgaropama thaa| unakI Ayu sATha lAkha pUrva kI thii| unakA zarIra cAra sau dhanuSa U~cA thaa| unakI Ayu kA eka cauthAI bhAga bIta jAne para unheM rAjya kA sukha prApta huaa| sAmrAjya bhoga karate 44 lAkha pUrva aura cAra pUrvAMga vyatIta hone para unheM vairAgya huaa| dIkSA paryAya cAra pUrvAMga (336 lAkha varSa) kama eka lAkha pUrva kI thii| saMbhavanAtha jI ko dIkSA lete hI manaH paryAya jJAna ho gyaa| usake pazcAt ve 14 varSa taka chadmastha avasthA meM vicaraNa karate rhe| usake pazcAt zAlmalI vRkSa ke nIce kArtika kRSNA caturthI ko zAma ke samaya mRgazirA nakSatra meM unheM ananta catuSTaya rUpa kevala jJAna kI prApti huii| dharma parivAra : tIrthaMkara saMbhavanAtha jI ke cAruSeNa Adi 105 gaNadhara the| 2150 pUrvadhArI the, eka lAkha untIsa hajAra tIna sau zikSaka the| nau hajAra chaha sau avadhijJAnI tathA pandraha hajAra kevalajJAnI the| unnIsa hajAra ATha sau vikriyA Rddhi ke dhAraka the tathA bAraha hajAra eka sau pacAsa manaH paryayajJAnI unakI sabhA meM the| ve bAraha hajAra vAdiyoM sahita kula do lAkha zramaNa sampadA se yukta the| dharmAryA Adi tIna lAkha bIsa hajAra AryikAe~ thii| tIna lAkha zrAvaka tathA pA~ca lAkha zrAvikAe~ thiiN| asaMkhya devI-devatA tathA saMkhyAta tiryaMca bhI unakI bAraha prakAra kI dharmasabhAoM meM sammilita the| nirvANa : jaba Ayu kA eka mAha avazeSa rahA taba prabhu saMbhavanAtha ne sammedazikhara para jAkara eka hajAra rAjAoM ke sAtha pratimAyoga dhAraNa kara liyaa| caitramAsa ke zukla pakSa kI SaSThI ke dina sAyaMkAla meM prabhu ne apane aghAtiyA karma catuSTaya kA kSaya karake mokSa prApta kiyaa|

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jaina dharma, darzana evaM saMskRti kI prAcInatA 53 4. abhinandana jI : jambUdvIpa ke bharatakSetra meM ayodhyApati ikSvAkuvaMzI kAzyapagautrI saMvara rAjA tathA unakI siddhArthA paTarAnI ke putra abhinandana jI cauthe tIrthaMkara hue| mAgha mAsa ke zukla pakSa kI dvAdazI ke dina aditi yoga meM prabhu kA janma huA / pacAsa lAkha pUrva unakI Ayu thI, sAr3he tIna sau dhanuSa U~cA zarIra thA / suvarNa kI kAMti ke dhAraka the| tIsare tIrthaMkara saMbhavanAtha jI tathA abhinandana jI ke nirvANa kA antarAla dasa lAkha karor3a sAgaropama thaa| abhinandana jI sAr3he bAraha lAkha pUrva kumAra avasthA meM rhe| usake pazcAt unake pitAzrI ne unheM sAmrAjya sauMpa diyaa| unhoMne sAr3he chattIsa lAkha pUrva taka sukha pUrvaka sAmrAjya lakSmI kA upabhoga kiyaa| usake pazcAt unakI Ayu ke ATha pUrvAMga zeSa rahe taba unheM vairAgya utpanna huA / ataH jitendriya bhagavAna ne mAgha zuklA dvAdazI ke dina sAyaMkAla meM eka hajAra rAjAoM ke sAtha agraudyAna meM jina - dIkSA dhAraNa kii| usI samaya unheM mana:paryaya jJAna ho gyaa| 2 abhinandana jI dIkSA ke pazcAt 18 varSa taka chadmastha avasthA meM maunapUrvaka rahe / usake pazcAt pauSa zuklA caturdazI ke dina zAma ke samaya sAtaveM punarvasu nakSatra meM unheM asana vRkSa ke nIce dIkSAvana meM hI kevalajJAna prApta huA / 208 dharma parivAra : kevalajJAna ke pazcAt tIrthaMkara abhinandana jI ne caturvidha saMgha kI sthApanA kii| usameM vajranAbhi Adi eka sau tIna gaNadhara, do hajAra pA~ca sau pUrvadhArI, do lAkha tIsa hajAra pacAsa zikSaka, nau hajAra ATha sau avadhijJAnI, solaha hajAra kevalajJAnI, unnIsa hajAra vikriyA Rddhi ke dhAraka, gyAraha hajAra chaha sau pacAsa manaH paryayajJAnI aura gyAraha hajAra pracaNDa vAdI the| isa prakAra unake 3 lAkha kI zramaNa saMpadA thI / meruSeNA Adi tIna lAkha tIsa hajAra chaha sau AryikAe~ unake zAsana meM thii| tIna lAkha zrAvaka tathA pA~ca lAkha zrAvikAe~ unakI stuti karate the| nirvANa : kevalajJAna ke pazcAt prabhu samasta AryAvarta meM dUra-dUra taka dharma pracAra karate hue lambe samaya taka vicaraNa karate rahe / anta meM sammedagiri para jAkara vahA~ eka mAsa taka dhyAnArUr3ha hue| vahIM vaizAkha zuklA SaSThI ke dina prAtaH kAla punarvasu nakSatra meM aneka muniyoM ke sAtha mokSa rUpa paramada ko prApta kiyA / 5. sumatinAtha jI : ke jambUdvIpa ke bharata kSetra meM ayodhyA ke rAjA megharatha tathA unakI paTarAnI maMgalA putra ke rUpa meM tIrthaMkara sumatinAtha jI kA janma huA / caitra mAha ke zukla pakSa kI ekAdazI ke dina citrA nakSatra tathA pitR yoga meM tIna jJAna se yukta prabhu sumatinAtha jI kA janma huaa| 64 indroM ne bAlaka kA sumeru parvata para janmAbhiSeka karake unakA

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54 jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana nAmakaraNa sumati kiyA / " abhinandana svAmI tathA sumatinAtha jI ke nirvANa kA antarakAla nau lAkha karor3a sAgaropama kA thA / sumatinAtha jI kI Ayu cAlIsa lAkha pUrva kI thI zarIra kI U~cAI tIna sau dhanuSa thI tathA svarNa kAnti vAle the| dIkSA paryAya dvAdaza pUrvAMka (dasa karor3a ATha lAkha varSa) kama eka lAkha pUrva kI hogI / " " sumatinAtha jI ke kumAra- kAla ke dasa lAkha pUrva bIta jAne para unakA rAjyAbhiSeka kiyA gayA / rAjya karate hue untIsa lAkha pUrva aura bAraha pUrvAMka bIta jAne para unhoMne dIkSA dhAraNa kii| bhagavAna ne vaizAkha sudI navamI ko maghA nakSatra meM sahetuka vana meM eka hajAra rAjAoM ke sAtha dIkSA lii| unhoMne chadmastha avasthA meM 20 varSa bitaae| phira caitra zuklA ekAdazI ko sUryAsta ke samaya kevalajJAna huA 213 dharma - parivAra : sumatinAtha bhagavAna ke sAta RddhiyoM ke dhAraka amara Adi eka sau solaha gaNadhara the| do hajAra cAra sau pUrvadhArI unake sAtha rahate the| do lAkha caupana hajAra tIna sau pacAsa zikSakoM ke sAtha the, gyAraha hajAra avadhijJAnI the, teraha hajAra kevalajJAnI tathA aThAraha hajAra cAra sau vikriyA Rddhi ke dhAraNa karane vAle, dasa hajAra cAra sau pacAsa manaH paryayajJAnI the| bIsa hajAra do sau caurAsI vAdI the / isa prakAra kula tIna lAkha bIsa hajAra muni unake saMgha ko suzobhita kara rahe the / anantamatI Adi tIna lAkha tIsa hajAra AryikAe~ unakI anugAminI thiiN| tIna lAkha zrAvaka aura pA~ca lAkha zrAvikAe~ unake anuyAyI the / nirvANa : kevalajJAna ke pazcAta 18 kSetroM meM tIrthaMkara sumatinAthajI ne vihAra karake dharma pracAra kiyaa| jaba Ayu kA 1 mAsa zeSa rahA taba unhoMne sammeda zikhara para jAkara eka hajAra muniyoM ke sAtha pratimA yoga dhAraNa kara liyaa| vahIM caitra zuklA ekAdazI ke dina maghA nakSatra meM zAma ke samaya prabhu ne nirvANa prApta kiyaa|" 6. padmaprabhujI : jambUdvIpa kI kauzAmbI nagarI meM ikSvAku vaMzI kAzyapagotrI dhara nAmaka eka bar3e rAjA hue| unakI susImA nAma kI paTarAnI ne caudaha svapna dekhe / nau mAsa pazcAta kArtika mAsa kI kRSNa pakSa kI trayodazI ke dina lAla kamala kI AbhA vAle putra ko janma diyA / indroM ne meru zikhara para le jAkara kSIra sAgara ke jala se unakA janmAbhiSeka kiyaa| padma (kamala) ke samAna AbhA ke kAraNa unakA nAmakaraNa padmaprabhu kiyA gyaa| sumatinAtha aura padmaprabhu ke nirvANa kA antarakAla nabbe hajAra koTi sAgaropama thaa| padmaprabhu kI Ayu tIsa lAkha pUrva kI thI, deha do sau pacAsa dhanuSa U~cI thii| 215 padmaprabhu kI Ayu kA jaba eka cauthAI bhAga pUrNa huA to unakA rAjyAbhiSeka

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jaina dharma, darzana evaM saMskRti kI prAcInatA* 55 kiyA gyaa| aneka varSoM taka rAjyalakSmI kA bhoga karane ke pazcAt kArtika kRSNA trayodazI ke dina zAma ko citrA nakSatra meM padmaprabhujI ne manohara vana meM eka hajAra rAjAoM ke sAtha dIkSA dhAraNa kii| chaha mAha taka maunapUrvaka chadmastha avasthA meM vicaraNa karate hue karma nirjarA kii| usake pazcAt caitra zuklA pUrNamAsI ke dina citrA nakSatra meM kSapaka zreNI para Arur3ha hokara prabhu ne kevalajJAna prApta kiyA aura cAra ghAtiyA karmoM kA nAza kiyaa| dharma parivAra : padmaprabhu ke 110 gaNadhara the| 2300 pUrvadhArI the, 2,69,000 zikSaka the 10,000 avadhijJAnI the tathA 12,000 kevalajJAnI the 16,800 vikriya RddhidhArI the, 10,300 manaH paryAyajJAnI the tathA 9,600 vAdI the| isa prakAra saba milAkara 3,30,000 muni sampadA thii| rAtriSeNA Adi 4,20,000 AryikAe~ thIM 3,00,000 zrAvaka tathA 5,00,000 zrAvikAe~ thii| asaMkhyAta deva-deviyA~ tathA saMkhyAta tiryaMca bhI unakI sevA meM the| nirvANa : kevalajJAna ke pazcAt aneka varSoM taka bhavya jIvoM ko prazasta mokSa mArga dikhAte rhe| padmaprabhu kI vrata (dIkSA) paryAya solaha pUrvAMga (teraha karor3a cavAlIsa lAkha barasa) kama eka lAkha pUrva kI thii| jaba Ayu kA eka mAha zeSa rahA to sammedazikhara para jAkara eka hajAra rAjAoM ke sAtha pratimAyoga dhAraNa kiyaa| phAlguna kRSNa caturthI ke dina zAma ke samaya citrA nakSatra meM caturtha zukla dhyAna dhAraNa karake prabhu mokSagAmI hue| 7. supArzvanAthajI : jambUdvIpa ke bharatakSetra ke vArANasI nagara ke rAjA supratiSTa ikSvAku vaMzIya evaM kAzyapa gotrIya the| unakI rAnI pRthvISeNA ne jyeSThazuklA dvAdazI ke dina agnimitra nAmaka zubha yoga meM tIrthaMkara supArzva ko janma diyaa| unakI deha kI kAnti, svarNa jaisI thI, Ayu bIsa lAkha pUrva kI thI aura zarIra kI U~cAI do sau dhunaSa thii| dIkSA paryAya bIsa lAkha pUrvAMga (16 karor3a 80 lAkha varSa) kama eka lAkha pUrva thii| chaThe tIrthaMkara padmaprabhu jI tathA sAtaveM supArzvanAthajI ke nirvANa kA antarakAla nau hajAra karor3a sagaropama thaa|" kumAra supArzva pA~ca lAkha pUrva kA kumAra kAla vyatIta karane ke pazcAta rAjA bane aura aneka varSoM taka sukhapUrvaka sAmrAjya kiyaa| unakI Ayu bIsa pUrvAMga kama eka lAkha varSa zeSa raha gaI taba unheM vairAgya utpanna huaa| taba supArzvanAthajI ne jyeSThazuklA dvAdazI ko sAyaMkAla meM vizAkhA nakSatra meM sahetuka vana meM jAkara 1 hajAra rAjAoM ke sAtha dIkSA ke pazcAt chadmastha avasthA meM nau varSa taka mauna rhe| usake pazcAta sahetuka vana meM hI phAlguna kRSNA SaSThI ke dina sAyaMkAla meM vizAkhA nakSatra meM prabhu ko kevalajJAAna huaa|

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56 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana dharma-parivAra : supArzvanAtha bhagavAna ke 95 gaNadhara the| do hajAra tIsa pUrvadhArI the, do lAkha cavAlIsa hajAra nau sau bIsa zikSaka the, nau hajAra avadhIjJAnI the, gyAraha hajAra kevalajJAnI the, pandraha hajAra tIna sau vikriyA Rddhi ke dhAraka the, nau hajAra eka sau pacAsa manaH paryayajJAnI aura ATha hajAra chaha sau vAdI unake anugAmI the| isa prakAra ve tIna lAkha sAdhuoM ke svAmI the| unakI anugAmI tIna lAkha tIsa hajAra AryikAe~ thiiN| tIna lAkha zrAvaka aura pA~ca lAkha zrAvikAe~ thiiN| asaMkhyAta devadeviyA~ aura saMkhyAt tiryaMca unakI vandanA karate the| nirvANa : bhagavAna supArzvanAthajI kI Ayu kA jaba eka mAha zeSa raha gayA, taba unhoMne sammedazikhara para jAkara eka hajAra muniyoM ke sAtha pratimA yoga dhAraNa kiyA aura phAlguna kRSNA saptamI ke dina vizAkhA nakSatra meM sUryodaya ke samaya mokSagAmI hue| 8. candraprabhujI : jambUdvIpa ke bharatakSetra meM candrapura nAmaka nagara thaa| vahA~ ke rAjA ikSvAku vaMzIya kAzyapagautrIya mahAsena the| unakI rAnI lakSmaNA ne eka rAtri meM caudaha mahAsvapna dekhe| sukhapurvaka garbhakAla ko pUrNakara mAtA lakSmaNA ne pauSa kRSNA ekAdazI ke dina zakrayoga meM anurAdhA nakSatra meM ardharAtri meM putraratna ko janma diyaa| devadevendroM ne ati-pANDu-kambala-zilA para prabhu kA janmAbhiSeka kiyA aura punaH lAkara mAtA ke pAsa sulA diyaa| mahArAja mahAsena ne janma mahotsava ke bArahaveM dina nAmakaraNa ke lie sabhI ko Amantrita karake kahA, "bAlaka kI mAtA ne garbhakAla meM candramA kA dohana pUrNa kiyA aura isa bAlaka ke zarIra kI prabhA bhI candramA jaisI hai, ataH isakA nAma candraprabha rakhA jAtA hai|" candraprabhu jI AThaveM tIrthaMkara hue| unakI kAnti sapheda, Ayu dasa lAkha pUrva kI, kAyA Der3ha sau dhanuSa U~cI aura vrata paryAya caubIsa pUrvAMga (do karor3a solaha lAkha varSa) kama eka lAkha pUrva kI huii| supArzvanAthajI aura candraprabhujI ke nirvANakAla kA aMtara nau sau koTi sAgaropama kA huaa|" candraprabhujI ke do lAkha pacAsa hajAra pUrva vyatIta hone para kumAra avasthA meM unakA rAjyAbhiSeka huaa| kaumAryAvasthA meM yathA samaya unakA vivAha huaa| aneka varSoM taka sAmrAjya bhoga ke pazcAta laukAntika devoM dvArA pratibaddha kiye jAne para mahArAja candraprabha ne varacandra nAmaka putra kA rAjyAbhiSeka karake use rAjya sauMpa diyaa| usake pazcAt dIkSAkalyANaka kI pUjA karake devoM ke dvArA lAyI gayI vimalA pAlakI meM baiThakara sarvartuka vana meM jAkara do dina upavAsa karane ke pazcAt pauSakRSNA ekAdazI ke dina anurAdhA nakSatra meM eka hajAra rAjAoM ke sAtha nigraMtha dIkSA aMgIkAra kii|" kevalajJAna : dIkSA ke dUsare dina hI unheM manaH paryAyajJAna prApta ho gyaa| samasta padArthoM meM mAdhyastha bhAva rakhate hue ve jina-kalpa-mudrA meM tIna mAha vyatIta kara dIkSA

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jaina dharma, darzana evaM saMskRti kI prAcInatA*57 vana meM nAgavRkSa ke nIce belA kA niyama lekara sthita hue| vahIM phAlguna kRSNa saptamI ko sAyaMkAla meM anurAdhA nakSatra meM paramAbhAva samyagdarzana, antima yathAkhyAta cAritra, kSAyika jJAna ko prApta karake sayogI kevalI jinendra ho ge| usa samaya ve sarvajJa, samasta loka ke svAmI sabakA hita karane vAle, indroM dvArA vandanIya, sarvadarzI, saba padArthoM kA upadeza karane vAle the| cauMtIsa atizayoM aura ATha pratihAryoM dvArA unakA tIrthaMkara nAmakarma kA vaibhava prakaTa ho rahA thaa| samasta dizAoM ko prakAzita karatI huI unakI kAnti aisI lagatI thI mAno kevalajJAna kI prabhA hI prakAzamAna ho|" dharma parivAra : bhagavAna candraprabhu jI 12 sabhAoM se sevita the| unake 93 gaNadhara the, do hajAra pUrvadhArI the, ATha hajAra avadhijJAnI the, do lAkha cAra sau zikSaka the, dasa hajAra kevalajJAnI the, caudaha hajAra vikriyA Rddhi dhAraka muni the, ATha hajAra manaH paryayajJAnI the tathA sAta hajAra cha: sau vAdI the| isa prakAra saba muniyoM kI saMkhyA DhAI lAkha thii| varuNA Adi tIna lAkha assI hajAra AryikAe~ unakI anugAminI thIM, tIna lAkha zrAvaka tathA pA~ca lAkha zrAvikAe~ unake anuyAyI the| ve asaMkhyAta deva-deviyoM se stutya the aura saMkhyAta tiryaMca unakI sevA karate the| nirvANa : candraprabhu jI ne samasta AryAvarta meM vihAra kara dharma-pravartana kiyaa| anta meM sammedazikhara para jAkara vihAra banda kara diyaa| vahA~ dharmatIrtha kI pravRtti pUrvaka unhoMne eka hajAra muniyoM ke sAtha pratimAyoga dhAraNa kiyA aura eka mAha taka siddhazilA para Arur3ha rahe / phAlguna zuklA saptamI ke dina jyeSThA nakSatra meM sAyaMkAla ke samaya yoga-nirodha kara caudahaveM guNasthAna ko prApta kara siddha-buddha mukta ho ge| aise aSTa karmoM kA kSaya karake candraprabha svAmI mokSa-lakSmI se saMpanna ho sabake vandanIya ho ge| 9. suvidhinAtha jI : navameM tIrthaMkara suvidhinAtha jI kA nAma puSpadanta bhI thaa| jambUdvIpa ke bharatakSetra ke kAkandI nagara meM ikSvAku vaMzIya kAzyapagautrI kSatriya rAjA sugrIva kA rAjya thaa| unakI paTarAnI rAmAdevI ne phAlguna kRSNa navamI ke dina prabhAtakAla meM mUla nakSatra meM caudaha mahAsvapna dekhe| tabhI prabhu suvidhinAtha jI mAtA ke garbha meM aae| yathAsamaya mArgazIrSa zuklA pratipadA ke dina jaitrayoga meM prabhu kA janma huaa| kundapuSpa kI kAnti se suzobhita hone se unakA nAma puSpadanta rakhA gyaa|" navameM tIrthaMkara bhagavAna puSpadanta jI kI kAMti zveta thI, Ayu do lAkha pUrva thI, kAyA eka sau dhanuSa aura vrata paryAya aThAIsa pUrvAMga (teisa karor3a bAvana lAkha varSa) kama eka lAkha pUrva kI thii| caMdraprabhu jI tathA puSpadantajI ke nirvANakAla kA aMtara nabbe koTi sAgaropama kA thaa| puSpadantajI ne pacAsa hajAra pUrva kI Ayu taka kumAra avasthA ke sukha bhoge|

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58 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana usake pazcAt mahArAja sugrIva ne unakA vivAha karake rAjyAbhiSeka kara diyaa| pacAsa hajAra pUrva aura aTThAIsa pUrvAMga taka ve sukhapUrvaka rAjya karate rhe| eka dina ulkApAta dekhakara unako AtmajJAna ho gayA aura unhoMne rAjyalakSmI kA tyAga kara diyaa| apane putra sumati kA rAjyAbhiSeka karake dIkSA aMgIkAra kara lii| sUryaprabhA nAmaka pAlakI meM baiThakara ve puSpakavana meM gae aura mArgazIrSa ke zuklapakSa kI pratipadA ke dina sAyaMkAla meM belA kA niyama lekara eka hajAra rAjAoM ke sAtha dikSita ho ge| dIkSA lete hI unheM manaHparyaya jJAna ho gyaa| kevalajJAna : suvidhinAtha jI dIkSA ke pazcAt cAra varSa taka chadmastha avasthA meM tapasyA karate hue vicaraNa karate rhe| usake pazcAta kArtika zuklA dvitIyA ke dina sAyaMkAla ke samaya mUla nakSatra meM do dina kA upavAsa lekara nAgavRkSa ke nIce dhyAna meM sthita hue| vahIM unhoMne cAra ghAtiyA karmoM ko naSTa karake anantacatuSTaya rUpa kevalajJAna ko prApta kiyaa| dharma-parivAra : bhagavAna suvidhinAthajI ke sAta RddhiyoM ko dhAraNa karane vAle 88 gaNadhara the, 1500 zrutakevalI the, 1,55,500 zikSaka the, 8400 avadhijJAnI the, 7000 kevalajJAnI aura 13000 vikriyA RddhidhAraka the, 7500 manaH paryayajJAnI aura 6600 vAdI the| isa prakAra saba milAkara 2 lAkha zramaNa unakI AjJA meM vicarate the| ghoSAryA Adi 3 lAkha 80 hajAra AryikAe~ unake tIrtha meM thiiN| 2 lAkha zrAvaka tathA 5 lAkha zrAvikAe~ unake anugAmI the| asaMkhyAt deva tathA saMkhyAta tiryaMca unheM vandana karate the| nirvANa : isa prakAra 12 sabhAoM se pUjita bhagavAna suvidhinAthajI Arya dezoM meM vihAra karate hue anta meM sammeda zikhara phuNce| vahA~ ve bhAdrazuklA aSTamI ke dina mUla nakSatra meM sAyaMkAla ke samaya yoga nirodha karake eka hajAra muniyoM ke sAtha mokSagAmI hue| 10. zItalanAtha jI : jambadvIpa bharatakSetra meM malaya nAma deza meM bhadrapura nagara meM ikSvAku vaMzIya rAjA dRr3haratha rAjya karate the| unakI mahArAnI sunandA ne caitrakRSNa aSTamI ke dina pUrvASAr3hA nakSatra meM rAtri ke antima prahara meM caudaha svapna dekhe, tabhI prabhu zItalanAtha jI mAtA ke garbha meM avatIrNa hue| navamAha vyatIra' hone para mAgha kRSNA dvAdazI ke dina vizva yoga meM prabhu ne janma liyaa| devendroM ne sumeru rvata para le jAkara unakA mahA abhiSeka kiyA aura zItalanAtha nAmakaraNa kiyaa|" zItalanAtha jI kA varNa sone jaisa thA aura zarIra nabbe dhanuSa kA thaa| unakI Ayu eka lAkha pUrva aura dIkSA paryAya paccIsa hajAra pUrva thii| suvidhinAthajI aura

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jaina dharma, darzana evaM saMskRti kI prAcInatA 59 zItalanAthajI ke nirvANa kA antarakAla nau koTi sAgaropama thA / 238 kumAra zItalanAtha ke Ayu kA caturtha bhAga vyatIta hone para unakA vivAha karake unakA rAjyAbhiSeka kiyA gyaa| Ayu kA caturtha bhAga zeSa rahane taka unhoMne sukhapUrvaka zAsana kiyaa| phira eka dina jaMgala meM bhramaNa ke daurAna dekhA, ki thor3I dera pahale jo pAle kA samUha samasta padArthoM ko AvRta kie hue thA vaha naSTa ho gayA / yahIM padArthoM kI kSaNabhaMguratA dekha unheM AtmajJAna ho gayA / taba apane putra ko sAmrAjya sauMpakara zItalanAthajI zukraprabhA nAmaka pAlakI meM baiThakara sahetuka vana meM gye| vahA~ unhoMne mAghakRSNA dvAdazI ke dina sAyaMkAla ke samaya pUrvASAr3hA nakSatra meM do upavAsa kA niyama lekara eka hajAra rAjAoM ke sAtha saMyama dhAraNa kiyaa| 29 kevalajJAna : dIkSA ke pazcAta muni zItalanAtha jI 3 varSa taka chadmastha avasthA meM rhe| taba ve eka dina bela ke vRkSa ke nIce do dina ke upavAsa kA niyama lekara dhyAnastha hue| taba pauSakRSNA caturdazI ke dina pUrvASAr3hA nakSatra meM sAyaMkAla ke samaya kevalajJAna prAptakara bhagavAna zItalanAtha 10veM tIrthaMkara bane / 240 dharma-parivAra : bhagavAna zItalanAthajI ke dharmaparivAra meM 81 gaNadhara the| 1400 pUrvadhArI the, 59200 zikSaka the, 7200 avadhijJAnI the, 7000 kevalajJAnI the, 12000 vikriyA RddhidhArI muni the, 7500 manaH paryayajJAnI the| isa prakAra saba muniyoM kI saMkhyA 1 lAkha thI / dhAraNA Adi 1 lAkha 80 hajAra AryikAe~ thii| 2 lAkha zrAvaka tathA 3 lAkha zrAvikAe~ unakI anuyAyI the| asaMkhyAta deva tathA saMkhyAta tiryaMca bhI unakI sevA karate the|" nirvANa : asaMkhyAta dezoM meM vihAra karate hue bhagavAna zItalanAthajI Ayu ke eka mAha zeSa rahane para sammedazikhara phuNce| vahA~ unhoMne eka mAha kA yoga-nirodha kara pratimAyoga dhAraNa kiyA aura eka hajAra muniyoM ke sAtha Azvina zuklA aSTamI ke dina sAyaMkAla ke samaya pUrvASAr3hA nakSatra meM samasta karmoM ko naSTa karake mokSagAmI hue| 22 11. zreyAMsanAthajI : isI jambUdvIpa ke bharata kSetra meM siMhapura nagara meM ikSvAkuvaMzI viSNu rAjA kA rAjya thaa| unakI mahArAnI sunandA ne eka bAra jyeSTha kRSNA SaSThI ke dina zravaNa nakSatra meM prAtaH kAla caudaha svapna dekhe tathA apane mukha meM praveza karatA huA hAthI dekhaa| usI samaya zreyAMsanAtha jI ne mAtA ke garbha meM praveza kiyA / yathAsamaya nau mAha pazcAt phAlguna kRSNA ekAdazI ke dina viSNuyoga meM tIna jJAna ke dhAraka prabhu zreyAMsakumAra kA janma huA / rAjya meM cAroM ora sukha zAnti chA gii| devoM ne paMcama kSIra sAgara se jala lAkara sumeru parvata para unakA abhiSeka karake prabhu ko punaH mAtA ke pAsa sulA

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60 jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana diyaa| tabhI unakA nAma zreyAMsakumAra rakhA gayA / 243 zreyAMsakumAra jI kA varNa sone jaisA tathA kAyA assI dhanuSa kI thii| unakI Ayu caurAsI lAkha varSa kI aura vrata paryAya ikkIsa lAkha varSa kI thI / zItalanAthajI aura zreyAMsanAthajI ke nirvANa kA antarakAla chattIsa hajAra chiyAsaTha lAkha tathA sau sAgaropama kama eka karor3a sAgaropama kA thA / ** 244 zreyAMsakumAra ikkIsa lAkha varSa kI Ayu ke hue taba unakA vivAha karake unake pitA ne unheM rAjya bhAra sauMpa diyaa| usake pazcAta unhoMne bayAlIsa lAkha varSa taka rAjya kiyaa| taba eka dina vasanta Rtu parivartana ke nimitta se unheM vairAgya huA aura ve apane putra ko rAjyabhAra sauMpakara dIkSA ke lie udyata hue / vimalaprabhA nAmakI pAlakI meM baiThakara manohara nAmaka udyAna meM ge| vahA~ unhoMne bele kA niyama lekara phAlguna kRSNA ekAdazI ke dina prAtaHkAla ke samaya zravaNa nakSatra meM eka hajAra rAjAoM ke sAtha saMyama dhAraNa kiyaa| usI samaya unheM cauthA manaH paryaya jJAna utpanna ho gyaa| 245 kevala jJAna : dIkSA ke pazcAt zreyAMsanAtha jI ne chadmastha avasthA meM do varSa vyatIta kie| taba eka dina manohara udyAna meM hI do dina ke upavAsa kA niyama lekara tumbura vRkSa ke nIce dhyAnastha hue| vahIM para unheM mAgha kRSNA amAvasyA ke dina zravaNa nakSatra meM sAyaMkAla ke samaya kevalajJAna huA / 246 dharma parivAra : bhagavAna zreyAMsanAtha ke kunthu Adi sattara gaNadhara the / teraha sau pUrva dhAriyoM se sahita the, ar3atAlIsa hajAra do sau zikSaka the, chaha hajAra avadhijJAnI the, chaha hajAra pA~ca sau kevalajJAnI the, gyAraha hajAra vikriyA Rddhi ke dhAraka the, chaha hajAra manaH paryaya jJAnI the aura pAMca hajAra vAdI the| isa prakAra saba milAkara caurasI hajAra muni unakI AjJA meM vicarate the / dhAraNA Adi eka lAkha bIsa hajAra AryikAe~ thiiN| do lAkha zrAvaka tathA cAra lAkha zrAvikAe~ unake anuyAyI the / asaMkhyAta devadeviyA~ aura saMkhyAta tiryaMca unakI sevA meM rahate the| 247 nirvANa : zreyAMsanAtha jI aneka varSoM taka dharma pracAra karate hue AryAvarta meM vicarate rahe / anta meM sammedazikhara jAkara eka mAha taka yoga nirodha karake eka hajAra muniyoM ke sAtha pratimAyoga dhAraNa kiyA / zrAvaNa zuklA pUrNimA ke dina sAyaMkAla ke samaya ghaniSThA nakSatra meM vidyamAna karmoM kI nirjarA karake bhagavAna zreyAMsanAtha jI siddhabuddha-mukta ho ge| 248 tIrthaMkara zreyAMsanAtha jI ke kAla meM hI prathama vAsudeva trIpRSTha hue the / 12. vAsupUjya jI : jambUdvIpa ke bharata kSetra ke campAnagara meM ikSvAkuvaMzI kAzyapagautrI rAjA vasupUjya kA rAjya thaa| unakI mahArAnI jayAvatI thI / ekadA ASAr3ha kRSNa SaSThI ke dina

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jaina dharma, darzana evaM saMskRti kI prAcInatA* 61 zatabhiSA nakSatra meM rAnI jAyAvatI ne caudaha svapna dekhe, tabhI vAsupUjya jI ne mAtA ke garbha meM praveza kiyaa| yathA samaya nauveM phAlguna mAha meM kRSNapakSa kI caturdazI ke dina vAruNa yoga meM bhagavAna vAsupUjya jI kA janma huaa| vAsupUjya jI ke zarIra kI kAMti lAla thI, Ayu bahattara lAkha varSa thI aura kAyA sattara dhanuSa pramANa U~cI thii| unakI dIkSA paryAya cauvana lAkha varSa thii| zreyAMsanAtha jI aura vAsupUjyajI ke nirvANa kA antarakAla cauvana sAgaropama kA thaa| vAsupUjya jI ke kumAra kAla ke AThAraha lAkha varSa bIta jAne para unheM saMsAra se virakti hone lgii| ataH mahArAja vAsupUjya jI devoM dvArA lAyI huI pAlakI meM baiThakara manohara udyAna gye| vahA~ do upavAsa kA niyama lekara phAlguna kRSNa caturdazI ke dina sAyaMkAla ke samaya vizAkhA nakSatra meM sAmAyika cAritra grahaNa kara liyA isake sAtha hI unheM manaHparyaya jJAna ho gyaa| unake sAtha chaha sau chihattara rAjAoM ne bhI dIkSA grahaNa kii| ___ kevala jJAna : dIkSA grahaNa karane ke pazcAt vAsupUjya svAmI eka varSa taka chadmastha avasthA meM vicaraNa karate rhe| taba eka dina vicaraNa karate hue apane dIkSAvana meM pahu~ce aura vahA~ kadamba ke vRkSa ke nIce baiThakara upavAsa kA niyama liyA aura mAgha zuklA dvitIyA ke dina sAyaMkAla ke samaya vizAkhA nakSatra meM cAra ghAtiyA karmoM ko naSTa karake kevalajJAna prApta kiyaa| dharma parivAra : vAsupUjya bhagavAna ke dharma Adi 66 gaNadhara the| unake 1200 pUrvadhArI the, 39200 zikSaka the, 5400 avadhijJAnI the, 6000 kevalajJAnI the, 10 hajAra vikriyARddhidhArI the, 6 hajAra manaHparyayajJAnI the aura 4200 vAdI the| isa prakAra saba milakara 72 hajAra muniyoM se zobhita the| senA Adi 1 lAkha 6 hajAra AryikAe~ unakI AjJAnuvartinI thii| 2 lAkha zrAvaka tathA 4 lAkha zrAvikAe~ unake anuyAyI the| asaMkhyAta deva-deviyoM tathA saMkhyAta tiryaMcoM se ve stutya the| nirvANa : bhagavAna vAsupUjya jI samasta AryakSetra meM vicaraNa karate rhe| phira eka hajAra varSa taka campAnagarI meM Akara rahe / jaba Ayu kA eka mAha zeSa raha gayA, to yoga nirodha karake rajatamAlikA nAmaka nadI ke kinAre mandaragiri ke zikhara para manohara udyAna meM paryaMkAsana para virAjamAna hue tathA bhAdrapada zuklA caturdazI ko sAyaMkAla meM vizAkhA nakSatra meM 94 muniyoM ke sAtha mukti ko prApta hue| 13. vimalanAtha jI : bharata kSetra ke kAmpilya nagara meM bhagavAna RSabhadeva ke vaMzaja kRtavarmA nAma kA rAjA rAjya karatA thaa| jayazyAmA unakI paTarAnI thii| jyeSThakaSNa dazamI ke dina rAtri ke pichale bhAga meM uttarAbhAdrapada nakSatra ke rahate jayazyAmA devI ne caudaha svapna dekhe| usI samaya mukha meM praveza karatA huA eka hAthI dekhaa| tabhI bhagavAna ne mAtA ke garbha

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62 jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana meM praveza kiyaa| mAgha zuklA caturthI ke dina ahirbughna yoga meM mahArAnI ne putraratna ko janma diyaa| devoM ne janmAbhiSeka ke pazcAt bAlaka kA nAmakaraNa vimala vAhana kiyA / " vimalanAtha jI ke zarIra kI kAMti sone jaisI thI, kAyA sATha dhanuSa U~cI thI aura vrata paryAya pandraha lAkha varSa thI / unakI Ayu sATha lAkha varSa thI / vAsupUjya jI aura vimalanAtha jI ke nirvANa kA antarakAla tIsa sAgaropama kA thA / " 1 kumAra vimalavAhana ke pandraha lAkha varSa kI Ayu hone para unakA rAjyAbhiSeka kiyA gyaa| 30 lAkha varSa paryaMta ve bhautika rAjasI sukhoM kA bhoga karate rhe| eka dina samasta dizAe~, bhUmi, vRkSa aura parvata barpha se Dhaka rahe the, aisI hemanta Rtu meM barpha kI zobhA ko tatkSaNa vilIna hote dekhA aura unheM vairAgya ho gayA / usI samaya unheM apane pUrvabhava kA bhI jJAna ho gyaa| taba vimalanAtha jI devadattA nAmakI pAlakI para savAra hokara sahetuka vana meM gae aura do dina ke upavAsa kA niyama lekara dikSita ho gae / vimalanAtha jI mAgha zuklA caturthI ke dina sAyaMkAla ke samaya uttarAbhAdrapada nakSatra meM eka hajAra rAjAoM ke sAtha dIkSita hue| usI dina unheM mana:paryaya jJAna ho gayA / " kevalajJAna : bhagavAna vimalanAtha jI 3 varSa taka chadmastha avasthA meM vicaraNa karate rhe| taba eka dina ve apane dIkSA vana meM pahu~ce, vahA~ unhoMne do dina ke upavAsa kA niyama lekara jambU (jAmuna) vRkSa ke nIce dhyAna kiyA / phalasvarUpa mAgha zuklA SaSThI ke dina sAyaMkAla ke samaya uttarAbhAdrapada nakSatra meM bhagavAna vimalanAtha ko atizaya kevalajJAna kI prApti huI / * 258 dharma-parivAra : bhagavAna vimalanAtha jI ke mandara Adi 55 gaNadhara the / gyAraha pUrvadhArI the, 36530 zikSaka the, 4800 avadhijJAnI the, 5500 kevalajJAnI the, 9000 vikriyA Rddhi dhAraka the, 5500 manaH paryaya jJAnI the, 3600 vAdI the| isa prakAra 68000 muni unakI AjJA meM vicarate the / padmA Adi 1 lAkha 3 hajAra AryikAeM thI, 1 lAkha zrAvaka tathA 4 lAkha zrAvikAe~ unake anuyAyI the / asaMkhyAta deva - deviyoM evaM saMkhyAta tiryaMcoM se sevita the| prabhu vimalanAtha jI ke zAsana kAla meM hI svayaMbhU nAmaka vAsudeva aura bhadra baladeva hue the / " nirvANa : bhagavAna vimalanAtha jI ke cAra kalyANaka kAmpilya nagara meM hue / tathApi pA~cavAM kalyANaka sammedazikhara para huA / jIvana kA eka mAha zeSa rahane para prabhu ne sammedazikhara para jAkara yoga-nirodha kiyaa| taba ASAr3ha kRSNA aSTamI ke dina prAtaH kAla uttarASAr3hA nakSatra meM kriyA pratipAti zukladhyAna dhAraNa karake 8600 muniyoM ke sAtha mokSagAmI hue / yaha dina vidvAnoM meM kAlASTamI ke nAma se bhI pracalita hai| 60 14. anantanAtha jI : jambUdvIpa ke dakSiNa bharata kSetra kI ayodhyA nagarI meM ikSvAkuvaMzI kAzyapagautrI

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jaina dharma, darzana evaM saMskRti kI prAcInatA 63 mahArAja sihaMsena rAjya karate the| unakI mahArAnI kA nAma suyazA thA / kArtika kRSNA pratipadA ke dina prAtaHkAla revatI nakSatra meM mahArAnI suyazA ne caudaha svapna dekhe aura usI samaya eka hAthI ko mukha meM praveza karate dekhaa| usI samaya prabhu ne mAtA ke garbha meM praveza kiyaa| nava mAha vyatIta hone para jyeSTha kRSNA dvAdazI ke dina puSpa yoga meM prabhu kA janma huaa| devoM ne janmAbhiSeka ke pazcAta bAlaka kA nAma anantajIta rakhA / 761 bhagavAna anantanAthajI kI deha kI kAnti suvarNa jaisI thI, Ayu tIsa lAkha varSa kI thI tathA kAyA pacAsa dhanuSa pramANa thI / unakI vrata paryAya sAr3he sAta lAkha varSa thii| bhagavAna vimalanAthajI aura anantanAthajI ke nirvANa kA antarakAla nau sAgaropama kA thaa| 202 kumAra anantajIta kA sAta lAkha pacAsa hajAra varSa kI Ayu meM rAjyAbhiSeka huaa| rAjya karate hue pandrahalAkha varSa bIta jAne para eka dina ulkApAta dekhakara unheM vairAgya utpanna huaa| taba unhoMne apane putra ananta vijaya ko rAjya sauMpakara dIkSA aMgIkAra kI / devoM dvArA tRtIya dIkSA kalyANaka kI pUjA ke pazcAta anantanAtha jI sAgaradatta nAmaka pAlakI meM baiThakara sahetuka vana meM ge| vahA~ belA kA niyama lekara jyeSTha kRSNA dvAdazI ke dina sAyaMkAla ke samaya prabhu eka hajAra rAjAoM ke sAtha dIkSita hue| usI samaya unheM manaH paryaya jJAna ho gyaa| 263 kevala jJAna : bhagavAna anantanAthajI dIkSita hone ke pazcAt do varSa taka chadmastha avasthA meM vicaraNa karate rhe| eka dina ve apane dIkSA vana meM pahu~ce / vahA~ unhoMne azvattha-pIpala ke vRkSa ke nIce caitra kRSNA amAvasyA ke dina sAyaMkAla meM revatI nakSatra meM dhyAnArUr3ha hokara kevala jJAna prApta kiyaa| usI samaya devoM ne caturtha kalyANaka kI pUjA kI / " 264 dharma-parivAra : tIrthaMkara anantanAthajI ke jaya Adi pacAsa gaNadhara the| unake eka hajAra pUrvadhArI the, tIna hajAra dau sau vAdI the, unatAlIsa hajAra pA~ca sau zikSaka the, cAra hajAra tIna sau avadhIjJAnI the, pA~ca hajAra kevalajJAnI the, ATha hajAra vikriyA RddhidhAraka the, pA~ca hajAra manaH paryaya jJAnI the / isa prakAra prabhu ke dharma parivAra meM kula chiyAsaTha hajAra muni the / sarvazrI Adi eka lAkha ATha hajAra AryikAe~ unakI AjJAnuvartinI thiiN| do lAkha zrAvaka tathA cAra lAkha zrAvikAe~ unake anuyAyI the / ve asaMkhyAta deva - deviyoM tathA saMkhyAta tiryaMcoM dvArA sevita the / isa prakAra ve bAraha sabhAoM ke bhavya samUha ke agraNI the| nirvANa : bhagavAna anantanAthajI ne lAkhoM varSoM taka bhavya jIvoM ko dharma meM prerita kiyaa| jaba Ayu kA eka mAha zeSa rahA taba sammedazikhara para jAkara unhoMne yoga-nirodha kiyaa| chaha hajAra eka sau muniyoM ke sAtha pratimA yoga dhAraNa kara liyA /

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64 jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana caitra kRSNA amAvasyA ke dina rAtri ke prathama bhAga meM caturtha zukla dhyAna meM Arur3ha hokara ve saba mokSagAmI hue / taba devoM ne Akara paMcama mokSa kalyANaka kI pUjA kI 1266 15. dharmanAtha jI : jambUdvIpa ke bharatakSetra meM ratnapura nAmaka rAjya thA / vahA~ mahApratApI rAjA bhAnu rAjya karate the| unakI mahArAnI kA nAma suprabhA thaa| eka bAra mahArAnI suprabhA ne vaizAkha zuklA trayodazI ke dina revatI nakSatra meM prAtaHkAla ke samaya caudaha svapna dekhe | taba tIrthaMkara deva ke jIva ne mAtA ke garbha meM praveza kiyaa| apane avadhijJAnI pati se una svapnoM kA phala jAnakara mahArAnI ati prasanna huI / nava mAha pUrNa hone para mAgha zuklA trayodazI ko guruyoga meM prabhu kA janma huA / indroM ne sumeru parvata para le jAkara unakA janmAbhiSeka kiyA aura dharmanAtha nAma rkhaa| taba punaH prabhu ko mAtA ke pAsa sulA diyA 1267 bhagavAna dharmanAtha jI ke deha kI kAMti svarNa ke samAna thI, Ayu dasa lAkha varSa kI thI, kAyA paiMtAlIsa dhanuSa U~cI thI aura vrataparyAya r3hAI lAkha varSa kI thI / tIrthaMkara anantanAtha jI aura dharmanAtha jI ke nirvANakAla kA aMtara cAra sAgaropama kA thaa| 68 kumAra dharmanAtha jI kI Ayu ke r3hAI lAkha varSa bIta gaye, taba unakA rAjyAbhiSeka kiyA gayA / pA~ca lAkha varSa pramANa rAjyakAla bIta jAne para eka dina ulkApAta dekhane se unheM vairAgya utpanna ho gayA / taba sudharma nAmaka jyeSTha putra ko rAjya sauMpakara nAgadattA nAmakI pAlakI meM baiThakara sAlavana cale gye| vahA~ unhoMne do dina ke upavAsa kA niyama lekara mAghazuklA trayodazI ko sAyaMkAla ke samaya puSya nakSatra meM eka hajAra rAjAoM ke sAtha dIkSA aMgIkAra kI / dIkSita hote hI unheM cauthA manaH paryaya jJAna ho gyaa| kevalajJAna : dIkSA lene ke pazcAta 1 varSa taka dharmanAtha jI chadmastha avasthA meM muni ke rupa meM vicaraNa karate rhe| taba eka dina apane dIkSAvana meM hI saptacchaMda vRkSa ke nIce do dina ke upavAsa kA niyama lekara yoga dhAraNa kiyA aura pauSazuklA pUrNimA ko sAyaMkAla ke samaya puSya nakSatra meM kevala jJAna prApta kiyaa| taba devoM ne caturtha kalyANaka kI pUjA kii| dharma-parivAra : bhagavAna dharmanAthajI ke dharma parivAra meM ariSTasena Adi taiMtAlIsa gaNadhara the, nau sau gyAraha pUrvadhArI the, cAlIsa hajAra sAta sau zikSaka the, tIna hajAra chaha sau tIna prakAra ke avadhijJAnI the, cAra hajAra pA~ca sau mana:paryaya jJAnI the, do hajAra ATha sau vAdI the, isa prakAra saba milAkara cauMsaTha hajAra muni unakI nizrA meM vicaraNa karate the / suvratA Adi bAsaTha hajAra cAra sau AryikAe~ thiiN| do lAkha zrAvaka tathA cAra lAkha zrAvikAe~ unakI anuyAyI thiiN| ve asaMkhyAt deva - deviyoM tathA

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jaina dharma, darzana evaM saMskRti kI prAcInatA * 65 saMkhyAt tiryaMcoM se pUjita the| unake dharmazAsana meM hI puruSasiMha nAmaka vAsudeva aura sudarzana nAma ke balabhadra hue the| nirvANa : dharma-dhvaja se zobhita prabhu dharmanAthajI ne uparyukta bAraha prakAra kI sabhAoM ko lAkhoM varSoM taka pUre AryAvarta meM udbodhita kiyaa| jaba Ayu kA 1 mAha zeSa rahA taba ve sammeda zikhara cale gaye vahA~ eka mAha kA yoga nirodha karake ATha sau nau muniyoM ke sAtha dhyAnArur3ha hue| jyeSTha zuklA caturthI ke dina rAtri ke anta bhAga meM zukladhyAna ko pUrNa karake puSya nakSatra meM mokSagAmI hue|" 16. zAntinAtha jI : bhagavAna zAntinAtha jI solahaveM tIrthaMkara haiN| ve pUrvabhava meM jaba megharatha the taba kabUtara kI rakSA kii| yaha ghaTanA vasudeva hiNDI trizaSTi zalAkApuruSa cAritra tathA uttara purANa Adi sabhI meM milatI hai| vaidika grantha mahAbhArata meM bhI zivi rAjA ke upAkhyAna ke rUpa meM isakA vivecana milatA hai| bauddha vAGamaya meM bhI 'jImUtavAhana' ke rUpa meM yaha ghaTanA citrita kI gaI hai| prastuta ghaTanA hameM batAtI hai, ki jaina paramparA kevala nivRtti rUpa ahiMsA meM hI nahIM, varan marate hue kI rakSA ke rupa meM pravRtti rUpa bhI ahiMsA dharma hai| kurujAGgala deza ke madhya sundara hastinApura nagarI thii| vahA~ ke dedIpyamAna rAjA kAzyapagautrI vizvasena the| unakI priyarAnI airAdevI thii| eka bAra bhAdoM badI saptamI ke dina bharaNI nakSatra meM rAtri ke caturtha bhAga meM mahArAnI airAdevI ne caudaha svapna dekhe tathA mukha meM praveza karatA huA hAthI dekhaa| usI samaya megharatha kA jIva tIrthaMkara rUpa meM mAtA ke garbha meM avatIrNa huaa| tabhI indroM ne prathama kalyANaka kI pUjA kii| naveM mAha meM mahArAnI airAdevI ne jyeSTha kRSNA caturdazI ke dina yAmyayoga meM prAtaHkAla ke samaya prabhu ko janma diyaa| taba devoM ne sumeru parvata para bAlaka kA janmAbhiSeka karake zAntinAthajI nAmakaraNa karake punaH mAtA ke pAsa sulA diyaa| bhagavAna zAntinAtha jI kI deha kI kAMti svarNa ke samAna, Ayu eka lAkha barasa kI kAyA cAlIsa dhanuSa kI aura vrata paryAya paccIsa hajAra varSa kI thii| tIrthaMkara dharmanAtha jI aura zAMtinAtha jI ke nirvANakAla kA aMtara pauna palyopama kama tIna sAgaropama thaa| paccIsa hajAra varSa kI Ayu meM kumAra zAnti ko mahArAja vizvasena ne rAjya sauMpakara rAjatilaka kiyaa| paccIsa hajAra varSa taka zAsana karane ke pazcAt ve cakravartI bne| cakravartI mahArAja zAntinAtha jI ke teja ko prakaTa karane vAle sAmrAjya ke sAdhana cakra Adi caudaha ratna aura nau nidhiyA~ prakaTa huiiN| una caudaha ratnoM meM se cakra, chatra, talavAra aura daNDa AyudhazAlA meM prakaTa hue, kAkiNI, carma aura cUDAmaNi zrIgRha meM prakaTa hue the, purohita, sthapati, senApati aura gRhapati hastinApura meM prApta hue the aura

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66 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana kanyA, gaja aura azva vijayArdha parvata para prApta hue the| nau nidhiyA~ sAgara aura nadI ke samAgama para indroM ke dvArA lAkara dI gaI thiiN| isa prakAra paccIsa hajAra varSa taka cakravartI sAmrAjya kA bhoga karate hue eka dina alaMkAra gRha meM cakravartI samrATa zAntinAtha jI ko vairAgya utpanna ho gyaa| unhoMne apane nArAyaNa nAmaka putra ko rAjya sauMpa diyaa| taba lokAntika devoM ne Akara dIkSA abhiSeka kiyaa| taba sarvArthasiddhi nAmakI pAlakI meM baiThakara sahasrAmravana meM jAkara sundara zilAtala para uttara kI ora mukha karake paryaMkAsana meM virAjamAna ho ge| jyeSTha kRSNA caturdazI ke dina zAma ke vakta bharaNI nakSatra meM belA kA niyama lekara unhoMne siddha bhagavAna ko namaskAra karake samasta vastrAbhUSaNa chor3akara kezoM kA paMcamuSThi loca karake sAmAyika cAritra dhAraNa kiyaa| tabhI unheM manaHparyaya jJAna prApta ho gyaa| bhagavAna zAntinAtha jI ne eka hajAra rAjAoM ke sAtha dIkSA dhAraNa kii| kevala jJAna : bhagavAna zrI zAntinAtha jI solaha varSa taka tapazcaraNa karate hue samasta pRthvI para chadmastha avasthA meM vicaraNa karate rhe| cakrAyudha Adi aneka muniyoM ke sAtha eka bAra sahasrAmravana meM ge| vahA~ nandyAvarta vRkSa ke nIce telA (tIna upavAsa) kA niyama lekara pUrva kI ora mukha karake virAjamAna ho ge| paupa zuklA dazamI ke dina prabhu ne kevalajJAna prApta kiyaa|" dharma parivAra : tIrthaMkara zrI zAntinAtha jI ke kevalajJAna ke pazcAt unake dharmaparivAra meM cakrAyudha Adi chattIsa gaNadhara the| ATha sau pUrvadhArI the, ikatAlIsa hajAra ATha sau zikSaka the, tIna hajAra avadhijJAnI the, cAra hajAra kevalajJAnI the, chaha hajAra vikriyA RddhidhArI the| cAra hajAra manaH paryayajJAnI the aura do hajAra cAra sau vAdI the| isa prakAra kula milAkara bAsaTha hajAra muni the| hariSeNA Adi sATha hajAra tIna sau AryikAe~ thiiN| do lAkha zrAvaka tathA cAra lAkha zrAvikAeM thiiN| asaMkhyAta deva-devI tathA saMkhyAta tiryaMca unakI stuti karate the| isa prakAra ve bAraha gaNoM ko samIcIna dharma kA upadeza dete the| nirvANa : hajAroM varSoM taka dharma kA udyota karane ke pazcAt jaba Ayu kA eka mAha zeSa rahA, to ve sammedazikhara para cale ge| vahA~ bhagavAna zAntinAtha jI acala yoga se virAjamAna ho ge| jyeSTha kRSNa caturdazI ke dina rAtri ke pUrva bhAga meM bharaNI nakSatra meM prabhu sabhI yogoM kA nirodha karake zukla dhyAna ke dvArA mokSagAmI hue aura siddha pada ko prApta kiyaa| taba devoM ne antima saMskAra nirvANa kalyANaka kI pUjA kii| 17. zrI kunthunAtha jI : jambudvIpa ke bharata kSetra ke kurujAMgala deza meM hastinApura nagara thaa| vahA~ kauravavaMzI kAzyapagotrI mahArAja sUrasena rAjya karate the| unakI zrIkAntA nAmaka paTarAnI thii| unhoMne zrAvaNa kRSNa dazamI ke dina rAtrI ke pichale bhAga meM caudaha svapna

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jaina dharma, darzana evaM saMskRti kI prAcInatA * 67 dekhe| usI samaya prabhu kunthunAtha jI ahamindra kI AyupUrNa karake mAtA ke garbha meM avatarita hue| taba devoM ne prathama garbhakalyANaka kI pUjA kii| nava mAsa vyatIta hone para mahArAnI ne vaizAkha zukla pratipadA ke dina Agneya yoga meM putra ratna ko janma diyaa| indroM ne Akara prabhu kA janmAbhiSeka sumeru parvata para kiyA tathA bAlaka kA nAmakaraNa kunthu kiyaa| zrI kunthunAtha bhagavAna kI deha kI kAMti suvarNa ke samAna tathA U~cAI paiMtIsa dhanuSa pramANa kI thii| unakI Ayu pacAnave hajAra varSa kI thI aura dIkSA paryAya teIsa hajAra sAr3he sAta sau varSa kI thii| tIrthaMkara zrI zAntinAtha jI tathA kunthunAtha jI ke nirvANa kA aMtarakAla Adhe palyopama kA thaa| kumAra kuMthu teIsa hajAra sAta sau pacAsa varSa kumAra kAla vyatIta karane ke pazcAt siMhAsanArUr3ha hue aura unakA vivAha huaa| itanA hI samaya aura vyatIta hone para ve cakravartI samrATa bne| teIsa hajAra sAta sau pacAsa varSa taka cakra sukhoM va rAjya kA bhoga karane ke pazcAt eka dina unheM apane pUrva bhava kA smaraNa huA, jisase unheM vairAgya utpanna ho gyaa| ataH ve apane putra ko rAjya sauMpakara dIkSA ke lie udyata hue| taba indroM ne Akara unakA dIkSA kalyANaka kiyaa| usake pazcAt ve vijayA nAmakI pAlakI meM baiThakara sahetuka vana ge| vahA~ telA kA niyama lekara vaizAkha zuklA pratipadA ke dina kRtikA nakSatra meM eka hajAra rAjAoM ke sAtha sAyaMkAla ke samaya dIkSA dhAraNa kii| usI samaya unheM manaHparyaya jJAna ho gyaa| kevalajJAna : dIkSA ke pazcAt tapasyA karate hue zrIkuMthunAtha bhagavAna solaha varSa taka chadmastha avasthA meM vicaraNa karate rahe / taba eka dina ve sahetuka vana meM pahu~ce, vahA~ belA kA niyama lekara tilaka vRkSa ke nIce dhyAnArur3ha hue| vahIM caitra zuklA tRtIyA ke dina sAyaMkAla ke samaya kRtikA nakSatra meM unheM kevala jJAna ho gyaa| devoM ne Akara caturtha kalyANaka kI pUjA kii| dharma-parivAra : tIrthaMkara kuMthunAthajI ke dharma-parivAra meM svayaMbhU Adi paiMtIsa gaNadhara the| sAta sau pUrvadhArI muni the, taiMtAlIsa hajAra eka sau pacAsa zikSaka the, do hajAra pAMca sau avadhijJAnI the, tIna hajAra do sau kevala jJAnI the, pA~ca hajAra eka sau vikriyARddhi dhArI the, tIna hajAra tIna sau manaH paryayajJAnI the, do hajAra pacAsa vAdI the| isa prakAra saba milAkara sATha hajAra munirAja unake sAtha the| bhAvitA Adi sATha hajAra tIna sau pacAsa AryikAe~ thIM, tIna lAkha zrAvikAe~ thI, do lAkha zrAvaka the, asaMkhyAta deva-deviyA~ thIM aura saMkhyAta tiryaMca the| bhagavana ina bAraha prakAra kI sabhAoM ko upadeza dete hue vihAra karate the| mokSa : aneka dezoM meM vihAra karate prabhu dharma kA udyota karate rhe| jaba unakI Ayu kA eka mAha zeSa raha gayA, taba ve sammeda zikhara phuNce| vahA~ bhagavAna

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68 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana kunthunAthajI ne eka hajAra muniyoM ke sAtha pratimAyoga dhAraNa kiyA aura vaizAkha zuklA pratipadA ke dina rAtri ke pUrvabhAga meM kRtikA nakSatra kA udaya rahate hue samasta karmoM kA nAza karake mokSa prApta kiyaa| 18. zrI aranAtha jI : isa jambUdvIpa ke bharatakSetra meM kurujAMgala deza thaa| usake hastinApura nagara meM somavaMzI kAzyapagautrI rAjA sudarzana rAjya karatA thaa| unakI mitrasenA nAma kI paTarAnI thii| eka bAra phAlguna kRSNa tRtIyA ke dina revatI nakSatra meM rAtri ke pichale prahara meM mahArAnI mitrasenA ne caudaha svapna dekhe| usI samaya tIrthaMkara deva kA mAtA ke garbha meM avataraNa huaa| nava mAsa pUrNa hone para migasara zukla caturdazI ke dina puSya nakSatra meM prabhu kA janma huaa| taba devoM ne prabhu kA sumeru parvata para le jAkara janmAbhiSeka kiyaa| aura aranAtha nAmakaraNa kiyaa| 88 zrI aranAtha bhagavAna ke deha kI kAMti suvarNa ke sAmana thI tathA U~cAI tIsa dhanuSa kI thii| unakI Ayu caurAsI hajAra varSa kI thii| unakI vrata paryAya ikkIsa hajAra varSa kI thii| tIrthaMkara zrI kuMthunAtha jI aura aranAtha jI ke nirvANa kA antarakAla eka hajAra karor3a varSa kama palyApama ke cauthe bhAga kA thaa| ikkIsa hajAra varSa kumAra avasthA meM vyatIta karane ke pazcAta aranAtha jI ko maNDalezvara rAjA banAyA gyaa| bayAlIsa hajAra varSa kI Ayu meM cakravartI samrATa bana gye| tiresaTha hajAra varSa kI Ayu taka unhoMne sukhapUrvaka zAsana kiyaa| eka dina zarada Rtu ke meghoM ke akasmAta vilaya ho jAne ke dRzya ko dekhakara unheM AtmajJAna huaa| taba apane putra aravinda kumAra ko rAjya sauMpakara prabhu vaijayantI nAmakI pAlakI meM baiThakara sahetuka vana cale ge| vahA~ tele kA niyama lekara unhoMne migasara zuklA dazamI ke dina revatI nakSatra meM saMdhyA ke samaya eka hajAra rAjAoM ke sAtha dIkSA grahaNa kii| dIkSA lete hI ve cAra jJAna ke dhArI ho gye| kevalajJAna : munirAja aranAthajI solaha varSa taka chadmastha avasthA meM vicaraNa karate rhe| taba eka dina sahetuka vana meM kArtika zukla dvAdazI ke dina revatI nakSatra meM sAyaMkAla ke samaya AmravRkSa ke nIce tele kA niyama lekara virAjamAna hue| usI samaya cAra ghAtiyA karma naSTa karake ve arihanta pada ko prApta hue| arthAt unheM kevalajJAna ho gayA aura devoM ne caturtha kalyANaka kI pUjA kii|" dharma-parivAra : tIrthaMkara zrI aranAthajI ne kevalajJAna ke pazcAta dharma-zAsana kI sthApanA kii| usa dharma parivAra meM kumbhArya Adi tIsa gaNadhara the, chaha sau dasa gyAraha aMga caturdaza pUrvadhArI the, paiMtIsa hajAra ATha sau paiMtIsa sUkSma buddhi ko dhAraNa karane vAle zikSaka the| aTThAisa sau avadhijJAnI the, itane hI kevalajJAnI the, taiMtAlIsa sau vikriyARddhidhAraka the, bIsa sau pacapana manaHparyaya jJAnI the| solaha sau vAdI the| isa

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jaina dharma, darzana evaM saMskRti kI prAcInatA * 69 prakAra saba milAkara pacAsa hajAra munirAja unake sAtha the| yakSilA Adi sATha hajAra AryikAe~ thiiN| asaMkhyAta deva aura saMkhyAta tiryaMca the| isa prakAra ina bAraha sabhAoM se yukta tIrthaMkara aranAtha jI ne aneka varSoM taka vibhinna dezoM meM dharma upadeza die| inake kAla meM puNDarIka vAsudeva tathA nandiSeNa balabhadra hue the|" mokSa : kevalajJAna ke pazcAta 5 hajAra varSoM taka dharma kA udyota karate hue prabhu aranAtha jI vihAra karate rhe| jaba Ayu kA eka mAha zeSa rahA, taba sammedazikhara para jAkara unhoMne eka hajAra muniyoM ke sAtha pratimAyoga dhAraNa kara liyaa| caitra kRSNA amAvasyA ke dina revatI nakSatra meM rAtri ke pUrva bhAga meM prabhu siddha-buddha mukta ho ge| aThArahaveM tIrthaMkara aranAtha kA varNana 'aMguttara nikAya' meM bhI AtA hai| vahA~ para tathAgata buddha ne apane se pUrva jo sAta tIrthaMkara the, unakA varNana karate hue kahA ki unameM se sAtaveM tIrthakara 'araka' the|" araka tIrthakara ke samaya kA varNana karate hue unhoMne kahA, ki araka tIrthaMkara ke samaya manuSya kI Ayu sATha hajAra varSa hotI thii| 500 varSa kI lar3akI vivAha ke yogya samajhI jAtI thii| usa samaya mAnava ko kevala chaha prakAra kA kaSTa thA- (1)zIta, (2)uSNa, (3) bhUkha, (4)tRSNA, (5)pezAba, (6) malotsarga / isake atirikta kisI bhI prakAra pIDA aura vyAdhi nahIM thii| tathApi araka ne mAnava ko nazvaratA kA upadeza dekara dharma karane kA sandeza diyaa| unake usa upadeza kI tulanA uttarAdhyayana ke dasaveM adhyayana se kI jA sakatI hai, ataH buddha ke batAye hue araka tIrthaMkara aura aranAtha jI eka hI ho sakate haiN| 19. mallinAtha jI : __ bharatakSetra ke baMgadeza meM eka mithilA nagara thaa| vahA~ ikSvAku vaMzI kAzyapagautrI rAjA kumbha kA rAjya thaa| unakI rAnI kA nAma prabhAvatI thaa| unhoMne caitra zukla pratipadA ke dina prAtaHkAla ke samaya azvinI nakSatra meM caudaha svapna dekhe aura mukha meM praveza karatA huA eka hAthI dekhaa| usI samaya garbha meM tIrthaMkara ke jIva ne praveza kiyaa| nau mAsa vyatIta hone para rAnI prabhAvatI ne migasara sudI ekAdazI ke dina jina bAlaka ko janma diyaa| taba devoM ne Akara sumeru parvata para prabhu kA janmAbhiSeka karake unakA mallInAtha nAmakaraNa kiyaa| yahA~ yaha ullekhanIya hai, ki digambara vAMGgamaya meM bhagavAna mallinAtha jI ko puruSa hI mAnA gayA hai, kyoMki ve strI mukti ke virodhI haiN| isake viparIta samasta zvetAmbara AgamoM meM tIrthaMkara mallinAtha jI ko strI mAnA gayA hai| ataH yaha ullekha milatA hai, ki malli kumArI nAmakI putrI kA janma huaa| unakI deha kI kAMti suvarNa ke samAna thI, U~cAI paccIsa dhanuSa kI thii| Ayu pacapana hajAra varSa kI, tathA vrata paryAya caupana hajAra nau sau varSa thii| tIrthaMkara zrI aranAtha jI aura mallInAtha jI ke nirvANa kA antarakAla eka hajAra koTi varSa kA thaa|"

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70 jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana uttara purANa ke anusAra 100 varSa vyatIta hone ke pazcAta mallinAtha jI ne pUre nagara meM apane vivAha kI taiyAriyA~ dekhI, taba unheM apane pUrva bhava kA AtmajJAna ho gayA aura dIkSA ke lie udyata hue / kumAra avasthA meM hI viSayoM kA tyAga karake vairAgya mArga para cala par3e / mallInAtha jI jayanta nAma kI pAlakI meM baiThakara zvetavana meM ge| vahA~ do dina ke upavAsa kA niyama lekara migasarasudI ekAdazI ko azvinI nakSatra meM sAyaMkAla ke samaya siddha bhagavAna ko namaskAra karake tIna sau rAjAoM ke sAtha dIkSA grahaNa kii| dIkSA lete hI unheM mana:paryaya jJAna ho gayA / 298 sabhI zvetAmbara AgamoM meM cU~ki mallinAtha jI ko strI svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| ataH mallI kumArI ke vairAgya tathA dIkSA ke saMdarbha meM bhI pRthak kathAnaka pracalita hai| yaha kathAnaka isa prakAra hai, ki mithilA kI rAjakumArI mallI atIva sundara thI / usake kaumArya lAvaNya kI prazaMsA dUra-dUra taka phaila gayI / ataH kucha pUrva saMskAroM se prerita hokara chahoM dizAoM se vivAha ke prastAva Ae, jinheM unake pitA mahArAja kumbha ne asvIkAra kara diyA, phalasvarUpa una chahoM ne milakara mithilA para AkramaNa karane ke lie yuddha kA saMdeza bhijavA diyA / tathA mithilA nareza cintita ho gae / unheM cintAgrasta dekhakara rAjakumArI mallI ne apane pitA ko AzvAsana dete hue kahA, ki Apa nizcita ho jaaiye| una chahoM rAjAoM ko maiM samajhA duuNgii| Apa sirpha unheM pRthak-pRthak mithilA nagara meM Ane kA saMdeza bhejeM aura unheM rAtri ke aMdhere meM bulAkara pRthak-pRthak ThaharA deveM / isa bIca mallIkumArI ne rAjaudyAna ke madhya eka bhavana banavAyA, jisake madhya meM svayaM kI pratikRti svarNa pratimA banavAkara rakhI, jisakA pIche se Dhakkana khulatA thA / usa mahala meM chaha kakSa isa prakAra banavAe, jinake andara ke jharokhe se vaha svarNa pratimA spaSTa dikhAI detI, lekina unameM khar3e vyakti eka dUsare ko dekha nahIM skte| una chahoM bhavanoM meM una chahoM rAjAoM - pAMcAla nareza jItazatru, kururAja adInazatru, kAzIpati mahArAja zaMkha, kuNAla nareza ruppI, kalAdhIza pratibuddhi aura campAnareza candrachAga ko pRthak-pRthak ThaharA diyA gyaa| sUryodaya hote hI mohana ghara ke jharokhoM meM se una rAjAoM ne mallIkumArI kI svarNa maNDita usa pratimA ko dekhA aura mugdha ho ge| mallIkumArI pratimA ke Dhakkana meM se pratidina eka mAha taka apane bhojana kA eka-eka grAsa DAlatI thI, ataH usake andara vaha anna sar3a gyaa| jaba sabhI rAjA usa pratimA ko nihAra rahe the, tabhI rAjakumArI mallI ne usa pratimA kA Dhakkana khola diyA, jisase cAroM ora kA vAtAvaraNa tIvra dussahya durgandha se pUrita ho gayA, ataH sabhI ne apane-apane uttarIya se nAka r3hakakara mukha mor3a lie| taba bhagavatI mallI ne unheM sambodhita karate hue kahAhe devAnupriya ! isa kanakamayI putalI meM atisvAdiSTa evaM manojJa azana, pAna, khAdya evaM svAdya ina cAroM prakAra ke AhAra kA eka - eka grAsa DAlA jAtA rahA hai| merI isa -

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jaina dharma, darzana evaM saMskRti kI prAcInatA * 71 kanaka nirmitA pratikRti svarUpA putalI meM DAlA gayA manojJa azana pAnAdi kA pudgala pariNamana itanA amanojJa nitAnta asahya, azubha va durgandha pUrNa bana gayA, to vIrya evaM raja se nirmita zreSma, lAra, mala, mUtra, majjA, zoNita Adi azuciyoM ke bhaNDAra, nAr3iyoM ke jAla se Abaddha, Antra jAla ke koSThAgAra, sabhI prakAra ke rogoM ke ghara, asthi, carma aura mAMsamaya isa azuci ke bhaNDAra sar3anadharmA, patanadharmA, nazvara audArika zarIra meM pratidina DAle gae azana-pAnAdi AhAra kA pudgala pariNamana kitanA ghora durgandha pUrNa hogA, yaha to sAdhAraNa se sAdhAraNa buddhivAlA vyakti bhI samajha sakatA hai| ataH isa zAzvata satya ko dhyAna rakhate hue Apa sAMsArika kAma-bhogoM meM anurAga, Asakti, tRSNA, lolupatA aura mugdhatA mata rakho aura isa manuSya bhava ko vyartha mata gNvaao| mallI kumArI ne una sabhI ko pUrva bhava kI yAda dilAte hue kahA, ki - he devAnupriyoM! isa mAnava bhava se pUrva ke tIsare bhava meM hama sAtoM samavayaska bAla sakhA the| hamane bAla-krIr3A, adhyayana, rAjyabhoga, sAMsArika sukhopabhoga eka sAtha kie| phira eka sAtha hI zramaNa dIkSA lekara tapa kiyA thaa| hama sabane vizuddha bhAva se eka samAna dupkara tapazcaraNa kiyaa| tuma chahoM sAthI muni yadi do upavAsa karate, to maiM chala se bahAnA karake tIna upavAsa kara letaa| isa prakAra utkRSTa tapasyA se maiMne tIrthaMkara nAma gautrakarma kA upArjana to kiyA, lekina chala aura jhUTha se adhika tapasyA karane ke kAraNa maiMne strI nAmakarma kA bhI bandha kara liyaa| anta meM hama sAtoM ne sAtha-sAtha hI saMlekhanApUrvaka pAdapopagamana saMthArA kiyA aura samAdhipUrvaka AyupUrNa kara hama sAtoM hI jayanta nAmaka anuttara vimAna meM ahamindra hue aura battIsa sAgara taka daivika sukhoM ko bhogakara hamane isa vartamAna rUpa meM janma dhAraNa kiyA hai| deva bhava meM hama sAtoM ne pratijJA kI thI, ki hama yahA~ se cyavana ke pazcAt eka dUsare ko pratibodhita kreNge| Apa loga apane usa deva bhava ko smaraNa kreN|" rAjakumArI mallI ke dvArA apane pUrva bhava sunakara sabhI chaha rAjAoM ko jAtismaraNa jJAna ho gyaa| kumArI ko yaha jJAta hote hI usane chahoM bhavanoM ke dvAra khulavA die aura pUrva ke sAtoM mitra paraspara mile| taba bhagavatI mallI ne kahA, ki maiM to bhavabhramaNa se mukta hone ke lie pravrajita houuNgii| Apa logoM kA kyA vicAra hai? taba una sabane bhI bhagavatI mallI ke sAtha pravrajita hone kA nirNaya liyaa| ___eka varSa pazcAt varSIdAna dekara saMpUrNa vidhi se bhagavatI mallI ne tIna sau striyoM va tIna sau puruSoM ke sAtha pauSa zuklA ekAdazI ko dIkSA aMgIkAra kii| kevala jJAna : zrI RSabhadeva jI se mahAvIra bhagavAna taka kI isa caubIsI ke anya tIrthaMkaroM kI apekSA prabhu mallinAtha jI kI yaha vizeSatA rahI, ki unakA

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72* jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana chadmastha kAla sabase kama arthAt eka prahara se kucha adhika yA Der3ha prahara taka hI rhaa| mallinAtha jI ne jisa dina dIkSA grahaNa kI, usI dina unheM kevala jJAna ho gyaa| uttara purANa meM yaha ullekha milatA hai, ki mallinAthajI chaha dina taka chadmastha avasthA meM rahe, taba unheM azoka vRkSa ke nIce kevala jJAna huaa| dharma-parivAra : bhagavAna mallinAtha ke atirikta RSabhAdi teIsa tIrthaMkaroM ke eka hI prakAra kI pariSad thI lekina tIrthaMkara mallinAtha jI ke sAdhviyoM kI AbhyAntara pariSad aura sAdhuoM kI bAhya pariSad isa prakAra do prakAra kI pariSadeM thiiN| tIrthaMkara mallinAtha jI ne kevalajJAna ke pazcAt caturvidha saMgha kI sthApanA kii| unake samavazaraNa meM vizAkha Adi aTThAIsa gaNadhara the, pA~ca sau pacAsa pUrvadhArI the, unatIsa hajAra zikSaka the, do hajAra do sau avadhijJAnI the, itane hI kevalajJAnI the, eka hajAra cAra sau vAdI the, do hajAra nau sau vikriyA RddhidhArI the| eka hajAra sAta sau pacAsa manaHparyayajJAnI the| saba milAkara cAlIsa hajAra muni unake sAnnidhya meM the| bandhuSeNA Adi pacapana hajAra AryikAe~ thiiN| eka lAkha zrAvaka aura tIna lAkha zrAvikAe~ thiiN| asaMkhyAta deva deviyA~ aura siMha Adi saMkhyAta tiryaMca the| inake zAsana meM sAtaveM datta nArAyaNa va nandimitra baladeva hue|24 mokSa : tIrthaMkara mallinAtha jI caupana hajAra nau sau varSa taka dharma kA udyota karate hue vicaraNa karate rhe| jaba unakI Ayu kA eka mAha zeSa rahA, to ve sammedazikhara para phuNce| vahA~ pA~ca hajAra muniyoM ke sAtha pratimAyoga dhAraNa kiyA aura phAlguna zuklA saptamI ke dina bharaNI nakSatra meM mokSagAmI hue| 20. zrI munisuvrata jI: bharatakSetra magadha deza meM rAjagRha nAma kA nagara thaa| usameM harivaMza ziromaNi sumitra nAma kA rAjA rAjya karatA thaa| vaha kAzyapa gautrI thaa| unakI rAnI kA nAma somA thaa| eka bAra zrAvaNa kRSNa dvitIyA ke dina zravaNa nakSatra meM mahArAnI somAdevI ne caudaha svapna dekhe aura mukha meM praveza karatA huA hAthI dekhaa| isI samaya tIrthaMkara deva ke jIva ne mAtA ke garbha meM praveza kiyaa| navamAha pUrNa hone para prabhu kA janma huaa| devoM ne janmAbhiSeka karake munisuvrata nAmakaraNa kiyaa| jyeSTha kRSNA navamI ko prabhu kA janma huaa| munisuvratasvAmI kI deha kI kAMti kRSNavarNa kI thii| unakI Ayu tIsa hajAra varSa kI thii| unakI U~cAI bIsa dhanuSa kI thii| prabhu kI dIkSA paryAya sAr3he sAta hajAra varSa kI thii| tIrthaMkara mallInAtha jI aura munisuvratanAtha jI ke nirvANa kA antarakAla cauvana lAkha varSa kA thaa|08 munisuvratanAtha jI ke kumArakAla ke sAta hajAra pA~ca sau varSa bIta jAne para

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jaina dharma, darzana evaM saMskRti kI prAcInatA * 73 unakA rAjyAbhiSeka huaa| usake pazcAt pandraha hajAra varSa taka unhoMne sukhapUrvaka zAsana kiyaa| taba eka dina prabhu ko AtmajJAna huA aura unhoMne apanA rAjyabhAra apane putra vijaya ko sauMpakara dIkSA dhAraNa kara lii| muni suvratanAtha jI aparAjita nAmaka pAlakI para virAjamAna hokara nIla vana meM ge| vahA~ unhoMne belA (do upavAsa) kA niyama lekara vaizAkha kRSNa dazamI ke dina zravaNa nakSatra meM sAyaMkAla ke samaya eka hajAra rAjAoM ke sAtha saMyama dhAraNa kiyaa| dIkSA lete hI unheM manaHparyajJAna ho gyaa| kevala jJAna : dIkSA aMgIkAra karane ke pazcAt munisuvratanAtha jI kaThora tapasyA karate hue gyAraha mAha taka chadmastha avasthA meM hI vicaraNa karate rhe| vicaraNa karate hue eka dina ve nIla vana meM phuNce| vahA~ campaka vRkSa ke nIce do dina ke upavAsa kA niyama lekara dhyAnastha hue| vahIM unheM vaizAkha kRSNa navamI ke dina sAyaMkAla meM zravaNa nakSatra meM kevalajJAna huaa| dharma - parivAra : tIrthaMkara zrI munisuvratanAtha jI ke dharma-parivAra meM malli Adi aThAraha gaNadhara the| pA~ca sau dvAdazAMga ke jAnakAra the| ikkIsa hajAra zikSaka the| eka hajAra ATha sau avadhijJAnI the, itane hI kevalajJAnI the, do hajAra do sau vikriyA Rddhi dhAraka the, eka hajAra pA~ca sau manaHparyaya jJAnI the aura eka hajAra do sau vAdI the| isa prakAra saba milAkara tIsa hajAra muni unake sAtha the| puSpadantA Adi pacAsa hajAra AryikAe~ thIM, eka lAkha zrAvaka aura tIna lAkha zrAvikAe~ thiiN| saMkhyAta tiryaMca aura asaMkhyAta deva unakI dharma sabhA meM pravacana sunane Ate the| isa prakAra unakI bAraha sabhAe~ thiiN|" nirvANa : hajAroM varSoM taka munisuvratanAtha jI ne AryakSetra meM vicaraNa karate hue dharma kA pravartana kiyaa| jaba unakI Ayu kA eka mAha zeSa raha gayA, taba ve sammedazikhara para cale ge| vahA~ jAkara unhoMne eka hajAra muniyoM ke sAtha pratimAyoga dhAraNa kara liyA aura phAlguna kRSNa dvAdazI ke dina rAtri ke pichale bhAga meM mokSa prApta kiyA, taba devoM ne paMcama nirvANa kalyANaka kI pUjA kii|" zrI munisuvratanAtha jI ke tIrthaMkara kAla meM zrI rAmacaMdrajI AThaveM baladeva tathA lakSmaNa jI vAsudeva hue the| 21. zrI naminAtha jI : jambUdvIpa ke vaGga nAmaka deza meM mithilA nagara thaa| vahA~ bhagavAna RSabhadeva ke vaMzaja kAzyapagautrI vijaya mahArAja zAsana karate the| unakI mahArAnI kA nAma vappilA devI thaa| zarada Rtu kI prathama dvitIyA arthAt Azvina kRSNa dvitIyA ke dina Azvina nakSatra meM rAtri ke pichale prahara meM mahArAnI ne caudaha divya svapna dekhe| usI samaya tIrthakara deva ne mAtA ke garbha meM praveza kiyA aura devoM ne garbha kalyANaka kI pUjA kii|

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74* jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana vappilAdevI ne ASADhakRSNa dazamI ke dina svAti nakSatra ke yoga meM mahApratApI putra ko janma diyaa| devoM ne unakA janmAbhiSeka sumeru parvata para le jAkara kiyA aura naminAtha nAmakaraNa kiyaa| zrI naminAtha jI ke deha kI kAMti suvarNa ke samAna thI Ayu dasa hajAra varSa kI thii| unakI deha pandraha dhanuSa U~cI thI aura vrata paryAya DhAI hajAra varSa thii| munisuvrata svAmI aura naminAtha ke nirvANa kAla kA aMtara chaH lAkha varSa thaa|" naminAtha jI DhAI hajAra varSa ke hue taba unakA rAjyAbhiSeka kiyA gayA aura unakA vivAha huaa| usake pazcAt pA~ca hajAra varSa taka unhoMne zAsana kiyaa| taba eka dina do devakumAroM dvArA udbodha prApta karake unheM vairAgya ho gyaa| ve apane suprabha nAmaka putra ko rAjya sauMpakara uttarakuru nAmakI pAlakI meM baiThakara caitravana meM cale ge| vahA~ unhoMne belA kA niyama lekara ASAr3ha kRSNa dazamI ke dina azvinI nakSatra meM sAyaMkAla ke samaya eka hajAra rAjAoM ke sAtha dIkSA aMgIkAra kii|" dharma-parivAra : tIrthaMkara zrI naminAtha jI ke dharma-tIrtha meM suprabhArya Adi satraha gaNadhara the| cAra sau pacAsa samasta pUrvo ke jAnakAra the| bAraha hajAra chaha sau vratadhArI zikSaka the| eka hajAra chaha sau avadhijJAnI the| itane hI kevalajJAnI the, pandraha sau vikriyA RddhidhArI the, bAraha sau pacAsa manaH paryaya jJAnI the aura eka hajAra vAdI the| isa prakAra saba muniyoM kI saMkhyA bIsa hajAra thii| bhaMginI Adi paiMtAlIsa hajAra AryikAe~ thiiN| eka lAkha zrAvaka the aura tIna lAkha zrAvikAe~ thiiN| asaMkhyAta deva tathA saMkhyAta tiryaMca unakI dharmasabhA meM pravacana sunate the|" nirvANa : kevalajJAna hone ke pazcAt prabhu zrI naminAtha jI hajAroM varSoM taka saMpUrNa AryAvarta meM vicaraNa karate hue dharma kA udyota karate rhe| jaba unakI Ayu kA eka varSa zeSa rahA, taba ve sammeda zikhara para cale ge| vahA~ unhoMne eka hajAra muniyoM ke sAtha pratimAyoga dhAraNa kiyaa| vaizAkha kRSNa caturdazI ke dina rAtri ke antima samaya meM azvinI nakSatra meM naminAtha jI aSTakarmoM kA kSaya karake mokSagAmI hue| 22. zrI ariSTanemi jI : aba taka itihAsajJa mahAvIra evaM pArzvanAtha ko hI aitihAsika puruSa mAna rahe the| lekina rvatamAna ke kucha varSoM ke anusaMdhAna se yaha pramANita ho gayA, ki ariSTanemi bhI aitihAsika the| prasiddha koSakAra DaoN. nagendranAtha vasu, purAtattvajJa DaoN. phUharara, pro. vAraneTa, karnala TADa, mi. karavA, DaoN. harisana, DaoN. prANanAtha vidyAlaMkAra, DaoN. rAdhAkRSNana Adi aneka vijJajanoM ne yaha mata abhivyakta kiyA hai, ki ariSTanemi eka aitihAsika puruSa rahe haiN| isa saMdarbha meM aneka purAtattvika evaM sAhityika sAkSya upalabdha ho rahe haiN| kAThiyAvAr3a prAnta ke prabhAsa paTTana nagara meM bhUmi kI khudAI meM eka tAmra patra milA hai, jisameM likhA hai -

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jaina dharma, darzana evaM saMskRti kI prAcInatA * 75 "revAnagara ke rAjya kA su... jAti ke deva 'nebuzadanejhara' hue ve yadurAja (zrIkRSNa) ke sthAna dvArakA AyA, usane eka mandira sarva......... deva nemi jo svargasadRza revata (giranAra) parvata ke deva haiM, usane mandira banAkara sadaiva ke lie arpaNa kie|"320 yadyapi isa tAmrapatra kA 'nebuzadanejhara' rAjA kA samaya I.pU. chaThI zatAbdI kA batalAyA jAtA hai| usa samaya giranAra parvata para bhagavAna neminAtha kA eka mandira thA aura ve neminAtha jainoM ke bAIsaveM tIrthaMkara the, jo zrI kRSNa ke samakAlIna hue the| Rgveda meM ariSTanemi zabda bAra-bAra prayukta huA hai|" Rgveda meM kaI sthAnoM para tArthya ariSTanemi kI stuti kI gaI hai| yajurveda meM neminAtha jI ke lie tArthya ariSTanemi tathA AGgirasa nAma bhI prayukta huA hai| yathA - 1. ayamuttarAt saMyadvasustasya tArthyazcAriSTanemizca senAnI grAmaNyau // 2. aGgiraso naHpitaro navagvA atharvASobhRgavaH sobhyAsaH // sAmaveda meM bhI aneka sthAnoM para neminAtha, tArkSya ariSTanemi tathA aMGgirasa nAmoM ke ullekha ke sAtha unakI stuti kI gaI hai| atharvaveda meM bhI jJAna ko phailAne vAle ke rUpa meM aMGgirasa kI stuti kI gaI hai| yathA - idaM prApamuttamaM kANDamasya yasmAllokAt parameSThI smaap| __ A siJca sarpidhRtavat samagdhyeya bhAgo aGgiraso na atra // 5 mahAbhArata meM bhI tArkSya zabda ariSTanemi ke paryAyavAcI ke rUpa meM prayukta huA hai|" una tArthya ariSTanemi ne rAjA sagara ko jo mokSa sambandhI upadeza kiyA hai, usakI tulanA jaina dharma ke mokSa sambandhI mantavyoM se kI jA sakatI hai|" tArkSya ariSTanemi ne sagara se kahA - "sagara! saMsAra meM mokSa kA sukha hI vAstavika sukha hai, kintu dhana, dhAnya, putra evaM pazu Adi meM Asakta mUr3ha manuSya ko isakA yathArtha jJAna nahIM hotaa| jisakI buddhi viSayoM meM anurakta evaM mana azAnta hai, aise janoM kI cikitsA atyanta kaThina hai| sneha bandhana meM bandhA huA mUDha mokSa pAne ke yogya nahIM hai|' aitihAsika dRSTi se spaSTa hai, ki sagara ke samaya meM vaidika loga mokSa meM vizvAsa nahIM karate the, ataH yaha upadeza kisI vaidika RSi kA nahIM ho sktaa| harivaMza purANa meM mahAbhAratakAra vedavyAsa jI ne zrIkRSNa aura ariSTanemi ke cacere bhAI hone kA ullekha kiyA hai| jo isa prakAra hai -- ___ "vabhuvastu yadoH putrA: paMca deva suttopmaaH| sahasradaH payodazca, kroSTA niilaaN'jikstthaa|" arthAt mahArAja yadu ke sahasrada, payoda, kroSTA, nIla aura aMjika nAma ke devakumAroM ke tulya pA~ca putra hue|

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76 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana "gAndhArI caiva mAdrI ca, kroSTorbhArye bbhuuvtuH| ... gAndhArI janayAmAsa anamitraM mhaablm| mAdrI yudhAjitaM putra, tato'nyaM devmiiddh'ssm| teSAMvaMzastridhAbhUto, vRSNInAM kulvrdhnH||" arthAt kroSTA kI mAdrI nAma kI dUsarI rAnI se yudhAjita aura devamIr3haSa nAmaka do putra hue| mAdrayAH putrasya jajJAte, sutau vRssnnyndhkaavubho| jajJAte tanayau vRSNe:, svphlkaashcitrkstthaa| arthAt kroSTA ke bar3e putra yudhAjita ke vRSNi aura andhaka nAmaka do putra hue| vRSNi ke do putra hue-svaphalka tathA citrk| "akrUraH suSuve tasmAcchva phalkAd bhUri dkssinnH||" arthAt svaphalka ke akrUra nAmaka mahAdAnI putra hue| citrakasyAbhavan putrAH, pRthurvipRthureva c| azvagrIvo'zvabAhuzca, supArzvaka gaveSaNau // ariSTanemirazvazca, sudharmA dharma bhRttthaa| subAhurbahubAhuzca, zraviSThAzravaNe striyau| arthAt citraka ke pRthu, vipRthu, azvagrIva, azvabAhu supArzvaka, gaveSaNa, ariSTanemi, azva, sudharmA, dharmabhRta, subAhu aura bahubAhu nAmaka bAraha putra tathA zraviSThA va zravaNA nAma kI do putriyA~ hii| harivaMza purANa meM vedavyAsa jI ne zrI ariSTanemi jI ke vaMza varNana ke sAthasAtha zrI kRSNa ke vaMza kA varNana bhI isa prakAra se kiyA hai - 'azmakyAM janayAmAsa, zUraM vai devmiiddhussH| mahiSyAM jajJire zUrAd, bhojyAyAM puruSA dsh| vasudevo mahAbAhu pUrvamAnaka duMdubhiH / ....... devabhAgastatojajJe, tathA devazravA punaH / anAdhRSTi kanavako, vatsavAnAtha gRjimH|| zyAmaH zamI ko gaNDUSaH, pA~ca cAsya vraaNgnaaH| pRthukIrti pRthA caiva, zrutadevA shrutshrvaaH|| rAjAdhi devI ca tathA paMcaite viirmaatrH| ........ vAsudevAcca devakyAM, jajJe zauri mahAyazAH / ...' __ arthAt yadu ke kroSTA, kroSTA ke dUsare putra devamIDhuSa ke putra zUra tathA zUra ke vasudeva Adi dasa putra tathA pRthukIrti Adi pA~ca putriyA~ huiiN| vasudeva kI devakI nAma

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jaina dharma, darzana evaM saMskRti kI prAcInatA * 77 kI rAnI se zrI kRSNa kA janma huaa| isa prakAra vaidika paramparA ke mAnya grantha harivaMza meM diye gae yAdavavaMza ke varNana se bhI yaha siddha hotA hai, ki zrI kRSNa aura zrI ariSTanemi cacere bhAI the aura donoM ke paradAdA yudhAjita aura devamIDhuSa sahodara the| donoM paramparAoM meM antara itanA hI hai, ki jaina paramparA ke anusAra ariSTanemi ke pitA samudravijaya ko vasudeva kA bar3A sahodara mAnA gayA hai, jabaki harivaMza purANa meM citraka aura vasudeva ko cacere bhAI mAnA hai| saMbhava hai, ki citraka (zrImad bhAgavat ke anusAra citraratha) samudravijaya kA hI aparanAma rahA ho| donoM paramparAoM meM nAmoM kI asamAnatA lambe atIta meM hue yuddhoM, duSkAla Adi aneka kAraNe se ho sakatI hai| lekina donoM paramparAoM meM zrI ariSTanemi aura zrI kRSNa ko cacerA bhAI mAnane meM koI do rAya nahIM hai| tIrthaMkara ariSTanemi kA prabhAva bhArata ke bAhara videzoM meM bhI paha~cA hai| karnala TaoNDa ke zabdoM meM, "mujhe aisA pratIta hotA hai, ki prAcIna kAla meM cAra buddha yA medhAvI mahApuruSa hue haiN| unameM pahale AdinAtha aura dUsare neminAtha the| neminAtha hI skenDoneviyA nivAsiyoM ke prathama 'oDiyana' aura cIniyoM ke prathama 'pho' devatA the|" prasiddha itihAsajJa DaoN. rAya caudharI ne apane vaiSNava dharma ke prAcIna itihAsa meM ariSTanemi ko kRSNa kA cacerA bhAI likhA hai| jIvana paricaya : zauryapura ke rAjA samudravijaya kAzyapa gautrI harivaMza ziromaNi the| unakI rAnI zivAdevI ne eka bAra kArtika zuklA SaSThI ko uttarASAr3hA nakSatra meM rAtri ke pichale prahara meM caudaha svapna dekhe aura mukha meM praveza karatA huA hAthI dekhaa| usI samaya tIrthaMkara ariSTanemi ke jIva ne mAtA ke garbha meM praveza kiyA aura devoM ne prathama garbha kalyANaka kI pUjA kii| phira zrAvaNa zuklA SaSThI ke dina citrA nakSatra meM brahmayoga ke samaya tIna jJAna ke dhAraka prabhu kA janma huaa| taba devoM ne sumeru parvata para IzAna dizA meM pANDuka zilA para prabhu kA janmAbhiSeka karake unakA nemi nAmakaraNa kiyaa| zrI neminAtha jI ke deha kI kAMti zyAmavarNa kI thI, deha kI U~cAI dasa dhanuSa kI thii| unakI Ayu eka hajAra varSa thii| ikkIsaveM tIrthaMkara naminAtha tathA neminAtha ke nirvANa kA antara kAla pA~ca lAkha varSa kA thaa| neminAtha bhagavAna kI dIkSA paryAya sAta sau varSa kI thii|" kumArakAla ke tInasau varSa pUrNa hue taba eka bAra neminAtha ne AyudhazAlA meM jAkara zArGga nAmaka divya dhanuSa car3hA diyA aura kRSNa kA pAJcajanya zaMkha phUMka diyaa| taba cakravartI zrI kRSNa cintita hue| unake yuvA hone ke saMketa ko pAkara unhoMne rAjA

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78 jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana ugrasena kI putrI rAjImati ke sAtha unakA vivAha nizcita kara diyaa| usa samaya zrI kRSNa prabhu neminAtha kI bArAta lekara unake vivAha ke lie prasthAna kara gye| mArga meM neminAtha jI ne eka sthAna para bAr3e meM banda bhaya se vyAkula hajAroM mRgoM ko dekhA, jo karuNa svara meM krandana kara rahe the| unheM dekhakara neminAtha jI ne pUchA, ki ina mUka pazuoM ko isa taraha kyoM banda kiyA gayA hai| taba uttara meM rakSakoM ne kahA, ki Apake vivAhotsava meM hone vAle vizAla bhoja ke lie inheM yahA~ lAyA gayA hai| una nirIha pazuoM ke prati karuNA kA sAgara umar3a par3A aura neminAtha jI ne vivAha se inkAra karake turanta una pazuoM ko mukta karAyA / ahiMsA ke pravartaka prabhu usI samaya isa krUra saMsAra se virakta ho gaye / isa prakAra kumArakAla ke tIna sau varSa bIta jAne para neminAtha jI ne sahasrAmravana meM jAkara telA kA niyama liyA aura zrAvaNa zuklA SaSThI ke dina sAyaMkAla ke samaya eka hajAra rAjAoM ke sAtha sayaMma dhAraNa kiyaa| 2 kevalajJAna : zrI neminAtha jI dIkSA dhAraNa karane ke pazcAt tapasyA karate hue 56 dina taka chadmastha avasthA meM vicaraNa karate rhe| taba eka dina ve revataka ( giranAra ) parvata para telA kA niyama lekara kisI bar3e bA~sa ke vRkSa ke nIce virAjamAna hue| vahA~ unheM Asoja kRSNA paDimA ke dina citrA nakSatra meM prAtaHkAla ke samaya kevalajJAna huA / dharma parivAra : tIrthaMkara zrI neminAtha jI kI dharmasabhA meM varadatta Adi gyAraha gaNadhara the, cAra sau zrutajJAnI pUrvoM ke jAnakAra the, gyAraha hajAra ATha sau zikSaka the, pandraha sau tIna jJAna ke dhAraka the, itane hI kevalajJAnI the, gyAraha sau vikriyA Rddhi dhAraka the, nau sau manaH paryayajJAnI the aura ATha sau vAdI the / isa prakara saba milAkara unake aThAraha hajAra munirAja the / rAjImatI, yakSI Adi cAlIsa hajAra AryikAe~ thIM, eka lAkha zrAvaka aura tIna lAkha zrAvikAe~ thIM / asaMkhyAta deva - deviyA~ thI saMkhyAta tiryaMca the| 34 nirvANa : zrI neminAtha jI ne kevalajJAna prApta karane ke pazcAt chaha sau ninyAnave varSa nau mahIne aura cAra dina taka vihAra karate hue dharma pracAra kiyA / phira vihAra chor3akara pA~ca sau taiMtIsa muniyoM ke sAtha eka mahIne taka yoga nirodha karake ASAr3ha zukla saptamI ke dina citrA nakSatra meM rAtri ke prArambha meM hI cAra aghAtiyA karmoM kA nAzakara mokSa prApta kiyaa| taba devoM ne Akara paMcama mokSa kalyANaka kI pUjA kii| tIrthaMkara neminAtha jI ke tIrthakAla meM hI padma nAmaka balabhadra, zrI kRSNa vAsudeva va ardha cakravartI hue, brahmadatta nAmaka bArahaveM sakala cakravartI hue tathA jarAsandha nAmaka pratinArAyaNa hue| "

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jaina dharma, darzana evaM saMskRti kI prAcInatA* 79 23. zrI pArzvanAtha jI : tIrthaMkara zrI pArzvanAtha bhagavAna ko vartamAna yuga ke aneka itihAsavidoM ne gahana anusaMdhAna ke pazcAt eka aitihAsika mahApuruSa svIkAra kiyA hai| sarva prathama DaoN. haramana jaikaoNbI ne jainAgamoM ke sAtha-sAtha bauddha piTakoM ke pramANoM ke prakAza meM bhI bhagavAna pArzva ko eka aitihAsika puruSa siddha kiyA hai| usake pazcAt kolabruka, sTIvensana, eDavarDa, thAmasa, DaoN. belavalakara, dAsa guptA, DaoN. rAdhAkRSNan," zapenTiyara, gerInoTa, majUmadAra, IliyaTa aura pusina prabhRti aneka pAzcAtya evaM bhAratIya vidvAnoM ne bhI yaha siddha kiyA hai, ki mahAvIra ke pUrva bhI eka nirgrantha sampradAya vidyamAna thA, jisake pradhAna bhagavAna pArzvanAtha the| DaoN. vAsama ke abhimatAnusAra bhagavAna mahAvIra ko bauddha piTakoM meM buddha ke pratispardhI ke rUpa meM aMkita kiyA gayA hai, ataH unakI aitihAsikatA to asaMdigdha hai| bhagavAna pArzvanAtha caubIsa tIrthaMkaroM meM se teIsaveM tIrthakara ke rUpa meM prakhyAta the| bhagavAna pArzvanAtha jI bhagavAna mahAvIra se pUrva teisaveM tIrthaMkara hue the| yaha jaina AgamoM meM to spaSTa rUpa se vivecita hai| isake atirikta jaina, bauddha tathA vaidika tInoM ke sAhitya meM spaSTa vivecana milatA hai, ki bhagavAna buddha aura pArzvanAtha kAlIna vaidika RSiyoM para bhI nirgrantha sampradAya (bhagavAna pArzvanAtha) ke darzana kA prabhAva thaa| upaniSadoM kA racanAkAla tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha ke pazcAt kA hai| ena.sI. rAyacaudharI kA mata hai, ki videha ke mahArAja janaka yAjJavalkya ke samakAlIna the| yAjJavalkya, vRhadAraNyaka aura chAndogya upaniSad ke mukhya pAtra haiN| unakA kAlamAna IsA pUrva sAtavIM zatAbdI hai| jaina tIrthaMkara pArzva kA janma I.pU. 877 aura nirvANa kAla I.pU. 777 hai| isase yahI siddha hotA hai, ki prAcInatama upaniSad pArzva ke pazcAt ke haiN| DaoN. rAdhAkRSNana ke anusAra prAcInatama upaniSadoM kA kAlamAna I.pU. AThavIM zatAbdI se I.pU. tIsarI zatAbdI taka hai|40 Arthara e. maikaDaoNnala ke abhimatAnusAra prAcInatama varga vRhadAraNyaka chAndogya, taittirIya, aitareya aura kauzitakI upaniSad kA racanA kAla I.pU. 600 hai| bhagavAna pArzvanAtha jI kA astittva kAla I.pU. dasavIM zatAbdI hai| kAlagaNanA ke anusAra zramaNa bhagavAna mahAvIra kA nirvANa I.pU. 528 meM huA thaa| unakA jIvana kAla 72 varSa kA thaa| bhagavAna pArzva bhagavAna mahAvIra se 250 varSa pUrva hue the| unakA jIvanakAla 100 varSa thaa| ataH vaidika saMskRti pArzvanAtha bhagavAna ke upadezoM se bahuta prabhAvita huii| jaisA ki mahAkavi nikara likhate haiM, "hidutva aura jaina dharma Apasa meM ghulamilakara itane ekAkAra ho gae haiM, ki Aja kA sAdhAraNa hindu yaha jAnatA bhI nahIM hai, ki

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80 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya aura aparigraha jaina dharma ke upadeza the, hindutva ke nhiiN|" ___ isa prakAra spaSTa hai, ki upaniSad sAhitya bhagavAna pArzva ke pazcAt nirmita huA hai| bhagavAna pArzvanAtha ne yajJa Adi kA atyadhika virodha kiyA thaa| AdhyAtmika sAdhanA para bala diyA thA, jisakA prabhAva vaidika RSiyoM para bhI par3A aura unhoMne upaniSadoM meM yajJoM kA virodha kiyaa| unhoMne spaSTa kahA - 'yajJa vinAzI aura durbala sAdhana hai, jo mUr3ha hai, ve inako zreya mAnate haiM, ve bAra-bAra jarA aura mRtyu ko prApta hote rahate haiN| 344 bhagavAna pArzvanAtha ke Atma-vijJAna kA vaidika saMskRti para itanaH prabhAva par3A, ki usa samaya yajJa yAga tathA zuSka vaidika kriyA-kANDa ke prati virodha ke svara prakhara hone lge| tAtkAlika vedAnuyAyI kSatriya kumAra jaise janaka, zvetaketu, uddAlaka, jAbAlI, AruNi, yAjJavalkya Adi vijJajana RSiyoM taka ko Atma-vidyA kA upadeza dete the| vaidika paramparA kI bhA~ti hI bhagavAna buddha ke jIvana darzana para tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha kI paramparA kI gaharI chApa par3I thii| svayaM buddha apane pramukha ziSya sAriputra se kahate haiM, ki - "sAriputra bodhi prApti se pUrva meM dAr3hI-mUchoM kA luMcana karatA thaa| maiM khar3A rahakara tapasyA karatA thaa| ukaDU baiThakara tapasyA karatA thaa| maiM naMgA rahatA thaa| laukika AcAroM kA pAlana nahIM karatA thaa| hathelI para bhikSA lekara khAtA thaa| baiThe hue sthAna para Akara die hue anna ko, apane lie taiyAra kie hue anna ko aura nimaMtraNa ko bhI svIkAra nahIM karatA thaa|" yaha samasta AcAra jaina zramaNoM kA hai| isa AcAra meM kucha sthavira kalpika haiM aura kucha jinakalpika hai| donoM hI prakAra ke AcAroM kA unake jIvana meM sammizraNa haiN| saMbhava hai prAraMbha meM gautama buddha pArzva kI paramparA meM dIkSita hue hoN| zrImati rAisa DeviDsa kA bhI aisA hI mata hai, "buddha pahale guru kI khoja meM vaizAlI pahu~ce, vahA~ AlAra aura udraka se unakI bheMTa hue, phira bAda meM unhoMne jaina dharma kI tapa-vidhi kA abhyAsa kiyaa| cU~ki buddha aura mahAvIra samakAlIna the, ataH jisa jaina saMskRti se buddha prabhAvita hue, vaha mahAvIra kI paramparA to ho nahIM sakatI, ataH yaha siddha hotA hai, ki ve unase pUrva hue tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha jI kI paramparA se hI prabhAvita hue| isa prakAra bhagavAna pArzvanAtha kI aitihAsikatA vaidika, bauddha anya dArzanika vidvAnoM ke matoM se to pramANita hotI hI ., jaina AgamoM meM bhI mahAvIra ke samaya taka bhI pArzvanAtha jI ke anuyAyiyoM kI vidyama natA ke pramANa milate haiN| uttarAdhyayana ke tebIsaveM adhyAya meM kazI zramaNa aura gautama kA saMvAda hai| vaha saMvAda yaha pramANita karatA hai, ki mahAvIra se pUrva nirgrantha sampradAya meM cAra yAma ko mAnane vAlA eka sampradAya thA, jisake pradhAna praNetA bhagavAna pArzvanAtha the|

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jaina dharma, darzana evaM saMskRti kI prAcInatA* 81 bhagavatI sUtra, sUtrakRtAMga aura uttarAdhyayana Adi AgamoM meM aise aneka pArzvapatya zramaNoM kA varNana AyA hai, jo cAra yAma ko chor3akara mahAvIra ke paMcamahAvrata rUpa dharma ko svIkAra karate haiN| isase bhI yaha siddha hotA hai, ki mahAvIra ke pUrva caturyAma dharma ko mAnane vAlA bhagavAna pArzva kA nirgrantha sampradAya vidyamAna thaa| __ isa prakAra buddha aura upaniSadoM se pUrva meM pArzvanAtha jI kI paramparA vidyamAna thii| yaha bhI mAnA jAtA hai, ki yUnAna ke mahAn dArzanika pAithAgorasa bhArata Ae the aura bhagavAna pArzvanAtha kI paramparA ke zramaNoM ke samparka meM rhe| unhoMne una zramaNoM se AtmA, punarjanma, karma Adi jaina siddhAntoM kA adhyayana kiyA aura phira ve vicAra unhoMne yUnAna kI janatA meM prasArita kie| unhoMne mAMsAhAra kA virAdha kiyaa| kitanI hI vanaspatiyoM kA bhakSaNa bhI dhArmika dRSTi se tyAjya btlaayaa| unhoMne punarjanma ko siddha kiyaa| uparyukta vividha sandarbho ke pariprekSya meM yaha pramANita ho jAtA hai, ki bhagavAna pArzvanAtha eka aitihAsika mahApuruSa the, jinakA vibhinna darzanoM evaM logoM para bahuta gaharA prabhAva pdd'aa| bhagavAna pArzvanAtha kI stuti ke rUpa meM jitane maMtra evaM stotra upalabdha hote haiM, utane vartamAna avasarpiNI kAla ke caubIsa tIrthaMkaroM meM se kisI ke bhI nahIM hai| pArzvanAtha bhagavAna ke kAvya, mahAkAvya, caritra evaM mandiroM kI sarvAdhika saMkhyA hai| ___ upalabdha aitihAsika sAmagrI ke AdhAra para yaha jJAta hotA hai, ki bhagavAna pArzvanAtha ne kevalajJAna ke pazcAta sudUra pradezoM meM vihAra evaM dharma pracAra kiyA thaa| kAzI-kauzala se nepAla taka prabhu kA vihAra huaa| pArzvanAtha jI ne kuru, kAzI, kauzala, avanti, pauNDra, mAlava, aMga, baMga, kaliMga, pAMcAla, magadha, vidarbha, dazArNa, saurASTra, karnATaka, koMkaNa, mevAr3a, lATa, dravir3a, kaccha, kAzmIra, zAka, pallava, vatsa aura AbhIra Adi vibhinna kSetroM meM vihAra kiyaa| dakSiNa karnATaka, koMkaNa, pallava aura dravir3a Adi usa samaya anArya kSetra mAne jAte the| zAka bhI anArya deza thaa| zAkya bhUmi nepAla kI upatyakA meM hai, vahA~ bhI pArzva ke anuyAyI the| mahAtmAbuddha ke kAkA svayaM bhagavAna pArzvanAtha ke zrAvaka the| jo zAkyadeza meM bhagavAna ke vihAra hone se hI saMbhava ho sakatA hai| isa prakAra Arya evaM anArya donoM hI kSetroM meM pArzvanAtha jI ke vihAra hue aura donoM hI jAtiyoM para unakA prabhAva thaa| ve sabhI unake parama bhakta the, ataH pArzvanAtha bhagavAna ko 'purisAdaraNIya' kahA jAne lgaa| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne bhI unake lie isa vizeSaNa kA prayoga aneka sthAnoM para kiyA hai| AgamoM meM anya sabhI tIrthaMkaroM ke lie 'arahA' vizeSaNa kA hI ullekha milatA hai| kevala pArzvanAthajI kA paricaya dete hue likhA gayA hai, ki 'pAseNaM arahA purisAdANIe, pAsassaNaM arahao purisAdANi

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82 jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana 9352 assa / isase pramANita hotA hai, pArzvanAtha jI meM koI khAsa viziSTatA mAnI jAtI thI / puruSAdAnIya kA artha hai puruSoM meM AdaraNIya / isa vizeSaNa se bhagavAna pArzvanAtha kI viziSTatA lokapriyatA evaM prabhAva pRthak rUpa se parilakSita hotA hai / jIvana paricaya : isa jambUdvIpa ke bharatakSetra meM kAzI deza meM banArasa nAma kA nagara thA / vahA~ kAzyapagotrI rAjA vizvasena rAjya karate the| unakI rAnI kA nAma vAmAdevI thaa| eka bAra unhoMne vaizAkha kRSNa dvitIyA ke dina prAtaHkAla ke samaya vizAkhA nakSatra meM caudaha zubha svapna dekhe aura mukha meM praveza karatA huA hAthI dekhA / tabhI pArzvanAtha jI ke jIva ne mAtA ke garbha meM praveza kiyaa| nava mAha pUrNa hone para pauSakRSNa ekAdazI ke dina anila yoga meM prabhu kA janma huaa| taba devoM ne Akara janmAbhiSeka karake unakA nAmakaraNa pArzvanAtha kiyaa| 1 bhagavAna pArzvanAtha ke deha kI kAMti nIlavarNa kI thI aura U~cAI nau hAtha kI thii| unakI Ayu sau varSa kI thI aura vrata paryAya sattara varSa kI thI / tIrthaMkara neminAtha aura pArzvanAtha ke nirvANa kA antarakAla tirAsI hajAra sAr3he sAta sau varSa kA thaa| kumAra pArzva solaha varSa ke hue taba eka dina krir3A karate hue nagara se bAhara udyAna meM pahu~ca ge| vahA~ eka tApasa apanI tapasyA kA pradarzana karatA huA paMcAgni ke madhya baiThA thA aura agni ko adhika prajvalita karane ke lie usameM aura lakar3iyA~ DAlI / kumAra pArzva ne avadhijJAna se jAnakara tApasa ko rokane kA prayAsa kiyA, ki lakar3I meM jIva haiM, lekina tApasa ne apane abhimAna meM unakI bAta ko nahIM maanaa| usameM taba pArzvakumAra ne jalatI lakar3I ko nikAlakara use tor3a kara dikhAyA, adhajale sarpa kA jor3A niklaa| pArzvakumAra ke udbodhana se vaha sarpa yugala zAMti se marakara dharaNendra padmAvatI deva bane / 355 pArzvakumAra jaba tIsa varSa ke hue taba unheM matijJAnAvaraNa ke kSayopazama se AtmajJAna huA aura ve dIkSA lene ke lie pravRtta hue| pArzvakumAra vimalA nAma kI pAlakI meM baiThakara azvavana meM phuNce| vahA~ unhoMne tele kA niyama lekara siddha bhagavAna ko namaskAra karake pauSakRSNa ekAdazI ke dina prAtaHkAla tIna sau rAjAoM ke sAtha dIkSA aMgIkAra kii| 356 kevalajJAna : dIkSA aMgIkAra karane ke pazcAt muni pArzva cAra mAha taka chadmastha avasthA meM vicaraNa karate hue dIkSAvana azvavana meM pahu~ce aura devadAru ke vizAla vRkSa ke nIce tele kA niyama lekara dhyAnastha hue| aura sAta dina taka dhyAnastha rhe| tabhI AkAzamArga se jAte hue kamaTha tApasa kA jIva, jo zambara asura banA thA, ko apane pichale bhava kA vaira-virodha yAda A gyaa| taba usane krodhavaza yamarAja kI bhA~ti sAta dina taka ativRSTi kI, choTe-moTe pahAr3a lAkara dhyAnastha prabhu ke pAsa girAe / taba dharaNendra-padmAvatI ne prabhu pArzvanAtha ko sarpa phana se AvRta kara usa bhISaNa tUphAna se

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jaina dharma, darzana evaM saMskRti kI prAcInatA * 83 bcaayaa| kamaTha bhI thakakara calA gyaa| taba pArzvanAtha jI ko dvitIya zukladhyAna ke dvArA caitra kRSNa trayodazI ke dina prAtaHkAla ke samaya vizAkhA nakSatra meM kevalajJAna huaa|57 yahA~ yaha ullekhanIya hai, ki pArzvanAthajI ne nAga yugala kI rakSA kI, jisake phalasvarupa unhoMne unakI rakSA kii| isake atirikta Aja taka nAga jAti unakI pUjA karatI hai, jo Aja bhI asama kI pahAr3iyoM meM rahate haiN|58 dharma-parivAra : bhagavAna pArzvanAtha ke samavasaraNa meM svayaMbhU Adi daza gaNadhara the, tIna sau pacAsa muni pUrvadhara the, dasa hajAra nau sau zikSaka the, eka hajAra cAra sau avadhijJAnI the, eka hajAra kevalajJAnI the, aura chaha sau vAdI the| isa prakAra saba milAkara solaha hajAra muni the| sulocanA Adi chattIsa hajAra AryikAe~ thiiN| eka lAkha zrAvaka aura tIna lAkha zrAvikAe~ thiiN| asaMkhyAta deva-deviyA~ aura saMkhyAta tiryaMJca the| isa prakAra kI bAraha prakAra kI dharmasabhAoM ko prabhu pArzvanAtha jI ne pAMca mAha kama sattara varSa taka vicaraNa karate hue pratibodhita kiyaa| nirvANa : bhagavAna pArzvanAtha jI kI Ayu kA eka mAha zeSa rahA taba ve sammeda zikhara para cale gye| vahA~ chattIsa muniyoM ke sAtha pratimA yoga dhAraNa karake virAjamAna ho ge| zrAvaNa zuklA saptamI ke dina prAtaHkAla ke samaya vizAkhA nakSatra meM prabhu mokSagAmI hue| taba indroM ne Akara paMcama mokSa kalyANaka kI pUjA kii| 24. mahAvIra svAmI : ___ vartamAna avasarpiNI kAla meM bharatakSetra ke caubIsaveM tathA aMtima tIrthaMkara bhagavAna mahAvIra hue| bhagavAna mahAvIra prAmANika rUpa se eka itihAsa puruSa mAne gaye haiN| unakA samaya I. pU. chaThI zatAbdI mAnA gayA hai| yaha kAla saMpUrNa vizva meM sAmAjika sudhAra evaM dhArmika utkrAnti kA kAla thaa| I. pU. chaThI zatAbdI meM bhArata meM mahAvIra evaM buddha ne vaidika hiMsA va ADambara pUrNa kriyAkANDoM ke virodha meM ahiMsA kA upadeza dekara dhArmika evaM sAMskRtika krAMti kA sUtrapAta kiyaa| usI kAla meM cIna meM lAotse aura kanphyUsiyasa yUnAna meM pAithAgorasa, aphalAtUna aura sukarAta, IrAna meM jarathuSTa, philIstIna meM jiremiyA~ aura irjAkela Adi mahApuruSoM ne apane-apane kSetra meM sAMskRtika evaM dhArmika krAnti kA sUtrapAta kiyA thaa| ina sabhI yugapuruSoM meM sarvAdhika sazakta, karuNAmaya, dharmamaya, mAnavatA ke niyamoM se vizvakalyANa aura vizva prema kA jo Adarza upasthita kiyA, 'jio aura jIne do' kA nArA diyA, vaha anupama evaM advitIya hai| mahAvIra ke jIvana-darzana sArvabhaumika evaM sArvakAlika Adarza haiN| ___ vartamAna kAla meM upalabdha samasta jaina Agama, sUtra, siddhAnta evaM zAstra bhagavAna mahAvIra dvArA upadezita evaM bhASita tatvoM ke AdhAra para hI gaNadharoM evaM bAda ke AcAryoM dvArA lipibaddha kiye gaye haiN| yadyapi yaha ullekha milatA hai, ki caturdaza pUrva

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84 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana bhI jaina Agama haiM, jo pArzva kAlInazruta mAne jAte haiM, lekina ve vartamAna meM upalabdha nahIM haiM, luptaprAya ho gaye haiN| jIvana-paricaya : bharata kSetra ke videha nAmaka deza meM kuNDalapura nagara ke rAjA siddhArtha the| unakI trizalA nAma kI rAnI thii| eka bAra ASAr3ha zuklA SaSThI ke dina uttarASADhA nakSatra meM rAtri ke cauthe prahara meM caudaha svapna dekhe| tIrthaMkara prabhu ke jIva ne tabhI mAtA ke garbha meM praveza kiyaa| nauvA~ mAha pUrNa hone para caitra zuklA trayodazI ke dina aryamA nAmaka zubha yoga meM prabhu kA janma huaa| devendroM ne sumeru parvata para le jAkara unakA abhiSeka kiyA aura unakA nAma zrI vardhamAna rkhaa| yahA~ eka bAta ullekhanIya hai, ki zvetAmbara AgamoM meM yaha mAnA gayA hai, ki bhagavAna mahAvIra kA jIva pahale tIna mAha taka devAnandA brAhmaNI kI kukSi meM rhaa| usake pazcAta hariNagamezI deva ne garbhApaharaNa karake use mAtA trizalA kI kukSi meM sthApita kiyaa| isakA kAraNa yaha batAyA gayA, ki tIrthaMkaroM kA janma kSatriya kula meM hI hotA hai| zrI vardhamAna kI deha kI kAMti suvarNa ke samAna thI aura U~cAI sAta hAtha kI thii| unakI Ayu bahattara varSa kI thii| unakI dIkSA paryAya bayAlIsa varSa kI thii| tIrthaMkara zrI pArzvanAtha aura mahAvIra ke nirvANa kA antarakAla do sau pacAsa varSa thaa| eka bAra varddhamAna bAlyakAla meM apane mitroM ke sAtha khela rahe the| kumAra varddhamAna per3a para car3he hue the, tabhI eka bhayaMkara nAga usa per3a para A gyaa| sabhI bAlaka Dara kara bhAgane lage, lekina varddhamAna usa para car3hakara krIr3A karane lge| tabhI se unakA nAma mahAvIra paDa gyaa| tIsa varSoM taka kumAra kAla vyatIta karane ke pazcAta AtmajJAna hone se mahAvIra candraprabhA nAma kI pAlakI meM baiThakara pANDava vana meM gye| vahA~ tele kA niyama lekara unhoMne migasara vadI dazamI ke dina uttarAphAlgunI nakSatra meM saMdhyA ke samaya saMyama dhAraNa kiyaa| yahA~ yaha spaSTa kara denA cAhU~gI, ki zvetAmbara evaM digambara donoM hI paramparAoM meM vAsupUjya, mallI, neminAtha, pArzvanAtha tathA mahAvIra ina pA~coM tIrthaMkaroM ko 'kumAra pravrajita' kahA hai| digambara AmnAya meM to kumAra kA artha, akRta rAjyAbhiSeka evaM avivAhita donoM hI svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| lekina zvetAmbara paramparA meM kumAra zabda se sirpha AkRta rAjya kA artha kiyA gayA hai| ataH ve mAnate haiM ki mahAvIra kA vivAha yazodharA se huA tatha priyadarzinI nAma kI eka putrI bhI huii| vivAha ke Der3ha varSa pazcAt unhoMne saMyama dhAraNa kiyaa| kevala jJAna : dIkSA aMgIkAra karate hI mahAvIra ko cauthA manaH paryayajJAna ho

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jaina dharma, darzana evaM saMskRti kI prAcInatA * 85 gyaa| usake pazcAt ve tapazcaraNa karate hue bAraha varSa taka chadmatha avasthA meM bhramaNa karate rhe| phira eka dina ve jambhRka grAma ke pAsa RjukUlA nadI ke kinAre manohara vana meM sAla vRkSa ke nIce telA kA niyama lekara pratimAyoga se virAjamAna hue| vaizAkha zuklA dazamI ke dina aparAhna kAla meM hasta aura uttarA phAlgunI nakSatra ke bIca meM candramA ke A jAne para prabhu mahAvIra ko kevalajJAna huaa| saudharmendra ne caturtha jJAna kalyANaka kI pUjA kii| dharma parivAra : mahAvIra bhagavAna ne kevalajJAna ke 24 ghaMTe pazcAt prathama dezanA dI, taba indrabhUti gautama prabhu se udbodhana pAkara apane pA~ca sau ziSyoM ke sAtha, prabhu ke pAsa dIkSita ho gae aura mahAvIra ke prathama gaNadhara hue| unake pazcAt vAyubhUti, agnibhUti, sudharma, maurya, maundraya, putra, maitraiya, akampana, andhavelA tathA prabhAsa Adi dasa gaNadhara hue| inake atirikta tIna sau gyAraha aMga aura caudaha pUrvo ke dhAraka the, nau hajAra nau sau yathArtha saMyama ko dhAraNa karane vAle zikSaka the, eka hajAra tIna sau avadhijJAnI the, sAta sau kevalajJAnI the, nau sau vikriyARddhi ke dhAraka the, pA~ca sau pUjanIya manaH paryayajJAnI the aura cAra sau anuttaravAdI the| isa prakAra saba milAkara caudaha hajAra munirAja the| candanA Adi chattIsa hajAra AryikAe~ thIM, eka lAkha zrAvaka the, tIna lAkha zrAvikAe~ thiiN| asaMkhyAta deva-deviyA~ aura saMkhyAta tiryaMca the| isa prakAra bAraha prakAra kI sabhAoM ko tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ne ardhamAgadhI bhASA meM pratibodhita kiyaa| unhoMne chahadravya, sAtatattva, saMsAra aura mokSa ke kAraNa tathA unake phala kA pramANa naya aura nikSepa Adi upAyoM ke dvArA vistArapUrvaka nirupaNa kiyaa| bhagavAna kA upadeza sunakara bhavya buddhi vAle kitane hI sabhAsadoM ne saMyama dhAraNa kara liyA aura kitanoM ne hI samyagdarzana dhAraNa kara liyaa| nirvANa : bhagavAna mahAvIra aneka dezoM meM vihAra karate hue dharma ke vAstavika svarUpa kA prasAra karate rhe| anta meM pAvApurI nagara meM jAkara manohara nAmaka udyAna meM bele kA niyama lekara virAjamAna ho ge| kArtika kRSNa caturdazI ke dina rAtri ke antima samaya meM svAti nakSatra meM eka hajAra muniyoM ke sAtha mokSagAmI hue| usI rAtri meM unake prathama gaNadhara gautama svAmI ko kevalajJAna huaa| jaina darzana kI prAcInatA para dArzanika va itihAsavidoM ke mata : jaina saMskRti kI prAcInatA ke sambandha meM vibhinna vidvAnoM ne apane apane gahana zodha ke AdhAra para jo niSkarSa nikAle aura apane mantavya prastuta kiye haiM, unheM jAnanA bhI samIcIna hogaa| hama jAna sakate haiM, ki jaina dharma kI prAcInatA ko vidvAnoM ne kisa prakAra svIkAra kiyA hai| ___ DaoN. esa. rAdhAkRSNan ke anusAra, "IsA se eka zatAbdI pUrva bhI aise loga the, jo RSabhadeva kI pUjA karate the| jo sabase pahale tIrthaMkara the| isameM koI sandeha nahIM,

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86 jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana ki vardhamAna aura pArzvanAtha se pUrva bhI jaina mata pracalita thA / yajurveda meM tIna tIrthaMkaroM ke nAmoM kA ullekha hai - RSabhadeva, ajitanAtha evaM ariSTanemi / " 9370 nyAyamUrti rAMgalekara (bambaI hAI korTa) ke anusAra " Adhunika aitihAsika zodha se yaha prakaTa huA hai ki yathArtha meM brAhmaNa dharma kA sadbhAva athavA hindu dharma rUpa meM parivartana hone ke pahale, bahuta kAla pahale jaina dharma isa deza meM vidyamAna thA / " bhArateMdu bAbU harizcaMdra ne itihAsa samuccaya meM likhA hai, ki " kAzmIra ke rAjavaMza meM 47vAM azoka rAjA huA, isane 62 varSa taka rAjya kiyA, zrI nagara isI ne basAyA aura jaina mata kA prasAra kiyA, yaha rAjA zAcInara kA bhatIjA thA, musalamAnoM ne isako zukarAja yA zakunikA beTA likhA hai, isake vakta meM zrInagara meM chaH lAkha manuSya the, isakA sattA samaya 1394 I0pU0 kA hai|' 09371 uparyukta kathana se yaha bAta siddha hotI hai, ki Aja se 3401 varSa pahale kazmIra taka jaina dharma pracAra pA cukA thA aura bar3e-bar3e rAjA loga isa dharma ko mAnane vAle the| rAmAyaNa ke samaya kA varNana karate hue lekhaka likhate haiM, ki " ayodhyA ke varNana meM usakI galiyoM meM jaina phakIroM kA phiranA likhA hai, isase prakaTa haiM ki rAmAyaNa ke banane se pahale jainiyoM kA mata thA / ' 99372 svAmI rAmamizra zAstrI ke anusAra "jaina darzana vedAntAdi darzanoM se bhI pUrva kA hai| taba hI to vedavyAsajI brahmasUtroM meM kahate haiM, 'naikasmina saMbhavAt / ' jaba vedavyAsa jI ke brahmasUtra praNayana ke samaya para jainamata thA, jaba to usake khaNDanArtha udyoga kiya gyaa| yadi vaha pUrva meM nahIM hotA to vaha khaNDana kaisA aura kisakA ? vedoM meM anekAntavAda kA mUla milatA hai / ........ sRSTi kI Adi se jaina mata pracalita hai|" jaise kAlacakra ne jainamata ke mahattva ko DhA~ka diyA hai, vaise hI usake mahatva ko jAnane vAle loga bhI aba nahIM rhe| zrI varadakAnta mukhopAdhyAya ke anusAra "zaMkarAcArya svayaM svIkAra karate haiM. ki jaina dharma ati prAcIna kAla se hai / ve bAdarAyaNa vyAsa ke vedAnta sUtra ke bhASya kahate haiM, ki dUsare adhyAya dvitIya pAda ke sUtra 33-36 jaina dharma hI ke sambandha meM hai| zArIrika mImAMsA ke bhASyakAra rAmAnuja kA bhI yahI mata hai / ' 9374 zrI vidyAlaMkAra ne bhI likhA hai, "jaina dharma bahuta prAcIna dharma hai aura mahAvI se pahale teIsa tIrthaMkara ho cuke haiM, jo usa dharma ke pravartaka yA pracAraka the| saba pahale tIrthaMkara rAjA RSabhadeva the, jinake putra bharata ke nAma se isa deza kA nAma bhAra varSa pdd'aa|" nAnA lAla ci. mehatA ke anusAra " cInI turkastAna ke guhA maMdiroM meM usake prAsaMgika citra bhI dekhane ko hameM mila jAte haiN| 99375 pro0 jainI ke anusAra " aneka pramANoM se yaha siddha kiyA jA sakatA hai

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jaina dharma, darzana evaM saMskRti kI prAcInatA * 87 yadyapi jaina dharma kA samakAlIna baMdhu dharma, bauddha dharma bhArata varSa kI sImA meM se lagabhaga adRzya ho gayA thA, phira bhI vidvAnoM se usako Avazyaka nyAya prApta huA hai| parantu jaina dharma ko jo, ki deza meM Aja taka bhI TikA huA hai aura jisane isa vizAla deza kI saMskRti evaM usakI rAjakIya aura Arthika ghaTanAoM para bhI bhArI prabhAva DAlA hai, vidvAnoM se Avazyaka nyAya prApta nahIM huA aura na Aja bhI prApta ho rahA hai, yaha mahAkheda kI bAta hai| pro. jainI ke kathana ke sandarbha meM yaha ullekhanIya hai, ki pAzcAtya dArzanikoM meM se kucha to asaMdigdha rUpa se jaina dharma ko prAcIna aura vizvavyApI mAnate haiM, lekina katipaya vicAraka ise arvAcIna aura yahA~ taka ki bauddha dharma kI zAkhA taka kahane se bhI nahIM cuuke| lekina ve svayaM apane mata ke prati nizcita nahIM rhe| yathA zrI vilsana kahate haiM, ki saba vizvasta pramANoM se bhI yaha anumAna dUra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai, ki jaina jAti eka navIna saMsthA hai aura aisA lagatA hai ki vaha sarvaprathama AThavIM aura navIM sadI IsavI meM vaibhava aura sattA meM AI thii| isase pUrva bauddha dharma kI zAkhA rUpa meM vaha kadAcita astittva meM rahI ho aura isa jAti kI unnati usa dharma ke daba jAne ke bAda se hI hone lagI ho, ki jisako svarUpa dene meM isakA bhI hAtha thaa|" zrI vilsana hI phira Age kahate haiM, ki "bhAratavarSa kI janasaMkhyA ke jaina niHsaMdeha eka mahAn aura jAhojalAlI evaM sattA kI dRSTi se atyanta mahattvapUrNa bhAga hai|" zrI DablyU.esa. lile ke anusAra "bauddha dharma apanI janmabhUmi meM jainadharma ke rUpa meM TikA huA hai| yaha nizcita bAta hai, ki jaba bhAratavarSa se buddha dharma adRzya ho gayA, jainadharma dikhalAI par3A thaa| DaoN. haoNpakiMsa jaise suprasiddha vidvAn bhI jaina dharma ke sandarbha meM bhramita the, jise bAda meM svayaM unhoMne svIkAra kiyA thaa| DaoN. hopakiMsa ke anusAra, "bhArata ke saba mahAn dharmoM meM se nAtta putta kA dharma hI nyUnatama rocaka hai aura pratyakSataH jIvita rahane kA vaha nyUnatama adhikArI hai| jo dharma mukhya siddhAMta rUpa se Izvara ko nahIM mAnatA, manuSya pUjA karanA, aura kIr3I-makor3I kI rakSA-poSaNa karanA sikhAtA hai, usako vastutaH jIvita rahane kA hI na to adhikAra hai aura na usakA vicAra-tattvajJAna ke itihAsa meM hI eka darzana rUpa se koI adhika prabhAva hI kabhI rahA hai| "342 apane aise bebuniyAda niSkarSoM ko bhrama-nivAraNa kie jAne para DaoN. hopakiMsa ne zrI vijayendrasUri jI ko eka patra meM likhA thA, ki "mujhe aba ekadama patA laga gayA hai, ki jainoM kA vyavahArI dharma pratyeka rIti se prazaMsA pAtra hai| taba se maiM nizcaya hI duHkhI hU~, ki logoM ke caritra aura naitikatA para isa dharma ne jo Azcarya janaka prabhAva DAlA usakI ora dhyAna die binA hI Izvara ko nahIM mAnane, kevala manuSya pUjA karane aura kIr3I-makor3I kI rakSA poSaNa karane vAle ke rUpa meM jaina dharma kI maiMne niMdA kii|

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88 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana parantu jaisA, ki bAraMbAra banA karatA hai, dharma ke sAtha gADha sambandha hI, na ki pustakoM dvArA prApta kie bAharI jJAna, usakI viziSTatAoM kA digdarzana karAtA hai aura samaSTi meM atyaMta anukUla vAtAvaraNa vahI utpanna karatA hai| 387 DaoN. haoNpakiMsa ke virodha meM zrI belvalkara likhate haiM, "aneka padArthoM kI bhA~ti hI jise usake kathanAnusAra jIvita rahane kA koI adhikAra nahIM hai, vaha jainadharma do hajAra se adhika varSoM se bhI jIvita hai, itanA hI nahIM apitu usane sAdhuoM evaM gRhasthoM meM aneka uttama koTI ke puruSa bhI utpanna kie haiM aura atyanta zraddhAlu aura satya mArga zodhaka aneka upAsakoM aura bhaktoM ko mArga darzana karAkara vAstavika zAMti bhI pradAna kI hai|"382 isI prakAra zrImati sTIvensana yadyapi jaina dharma ke aneka sadiyoM taka rAjadharma hone se anabhijJa hai, phira bhI ve usake vyApaka prabhAva ko svIkAra karatI hai| unakA mata hai, ki "yadyapi jaina dharma kisI bhI rIti se kahIM bhI rAjadharma nahIM hai, phira bhI Aja jo prabhAva usakA dekhA jAtA hai, vaha bhArI hai| usake sAhUkAroM aura sarrAphoM kA dhana-vaibhava, RNadAtAoM va sAhUkAroM kA sarvopari mahAn dharma hone kI usakI sthiti se isakA rAjakAja para prabhAva, vizeSa rUpa se dezI rAjyoM meM sadA hI rahA hai| yadi koI isake prabhAva meM zaMkA karatA ho, to use dezI rAjyoM kI ora se prakAzita jainoM ke pavitra dhArmika divasoM meM jIva hiMsA baMda rakhane saMbaMdhI AjJApatroM kI saMkhyA bhara dekha lenA caahiye| 343 DaoN. harmana jaikaoNbI tathA DaoN. vhalara jaise vidvAnoM ne hI sarvaprathama jaina dharma ko prAcIna svatantra dharma ke rUpa meM pratiSThita karake jaina dharma kA satahI adhyayana karane vAle vicArakoM kA bhrama todd'aa| DaoN jaikobI ke 'zrI bhadrabAhu ke kalpasUtra kI prastAvanA' aura 'zrI mahAvIra tathA unake purogAmI anukrama se I. san 1879 aura 1880 meM prakAzita vidvatApUrNa do lekha aura san 1887 meM par3hA gayA DaoN. vhUlara kA 'jainoM kI bhAratIya zAkhA' lekha hI jaina dharma ke zAstrIya yA buddhigamya aura vistRta vivaraNa dene vAle sarvaprathama lekha the| inake phalasvarUpa aneka yUropIya vidvAnoM kA dhyAna jaina dharma kI ora AkarSita huA aura Aja punaH isake prAcIna gaurava ko svIkAra kiyA jAne lagA hai| harmana jaikobI ke anusAra, jaina dharma eka maulika paddhati hai, jo sabhI dharmoM se nitAnta bhinna hai aura svatantra hai, isalie prAcIna bhArata ke dArzanika vicAra aura dhArmika adhyayana ke lie isakA atyanta mahattva hai| isI prakAra o. perTolDa ke anusAra, "jaina dharma eka bahuta purAnA dharma hai, vidvAn snAtaka yaha bahuta kaThinAI se anumAna kara sakate haiM, ki isakA mUla atyanta sudUra kAla meM bhArata kI prAgArtha jAti ke samaya taka pahu~catA hai|'

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jaina dharma, darzana evaM saMskRti kI prAcInatA * 89 mejara janarala pharalAMga ke matAnusAra "Arya logoM ke gaMgA aura sarasvatI taka pahu~cane ke bahuta pUrva arthAt IsvI san se ATha sau-nau sau varSa pahale hone vAle tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha ke pUrva bAIsa tIrthaMkaroM ne jainiyoM ko upadeza diyA thaa| anta meM vaha isa pariNAma para pahu~cate haiM, ki jaina dharma ke prArambha ko jAnanA asaMbhava hai|" DaoN. ena. giranATa jaina dharma ke svarUpa ke bAre meM likhate haiM, ki "jaina dharma meM manuSya kI unnati ke lie sadAcAra ko adhika mahattva diyA gayA hai| jaina dharma adhika maulika, svataMtra tathA suvyavasthita hai| brAhmaNa dharma kI apekSA yaha adhika sarala, sampanna evaM vividhatApUrNa hai aura yaha bauddha dharma kI taraha zUnyavAdI nahIM hai|'' isa prakAra gahana adhyayanazIla vidvAnoM ke dvArA jaina dharma kI prAcInatA aura vyApakatA ko svIkAra kiyA jAnA bhI apane Apa meM eka pramANa purassara vaktavya vyakta karatA hai, jaina dharma va saMskRti kI prAcInatA kaa| ataH yahA~ kahanA cAhU~gI, ki jaina dharma na kevala prAcIna hai varan vaha vizva ke aneka dUrastha bhU-bhAgoM meM prasArita evaM pUjita thaa| isakA vivecana hameM katipaya jaina vyApAriyoM dvArA vyApArika saMbaMdhoM aura samudrI yAtrAoM ke varNana meM hI mila pAtA hai| Aja se tIna cAra zatAbdiyoM pUrva ke katipaya hastalikhita graMthoM meM hameM aise kucha mahattvapUrNa sUtra milate haiM, ki bhArata se bAhara bhI aphagAnistAna, IrAna, irAka, TarkI Adi dezoM tathA soviyata rusa ke ajoba sAgara se oba kI khAr3I se bhI uttara taka tathA lATaviyA se allAI ke pazcimI chora taka kisI kAla meM jaina dharma kA vyApaka prasAra thaa| ina pradezoM meM aneka jaina mandiroM, jaina tIrthaMkaroM kI vizAla mUrtiyoM kI vidyamAnatA kA bhI inameM ullekha hai| katipaya vyApAriyoM aura paryaTakoM ne jo isI do tIna zatAbdiyoM meM hue hai, ina vivaraNoM meM yaha dAvA kiyA hai, ki ve svayaM aneka kaSTa sahana karake ina sthAnoM kI yAtrA karake Aye haiN| aise vivaraNoM meM sarvaprathama vivaraNa bulAkIdAsa khatrI kA hai, jo saM. 1682 (san 1625 I.) meM ghor3oM kA kAphilA lekara apane sAthiyoM ke sAtha uttarApatha ke nagaroM kI yAtrA para nikalA thaa| yaha kAphilA vibhinna nagaroM evaM tIrthoM kI yAtrA karatA huA nau varSa bAda lauTakara apane ghara AgarA phuNcaa| isa yAtrA meM usane AgarA se yAtrA prArambha karake lAhaura, multAna, kaMdhAra, istaphAna (isakAnagara), khurAsAna, istaMbUla (AsataMbola), babbara, babbarakUla yA bAbara tathA tArAtaMbola nagaroM ko dekhA, jiname se katipaya nagaroM kA unhoMne savistAra varNana bhI kiyA hai| ina nagaroM ke madhya kI pArasparika dUrI unhoMne kramazaH 300, 150, 300, 800, 600, 1200, 500 aura 700 kosa dI hai| vibhinna hastalikhita graMthoM meM isa vivaraNa ke aneka saMskaraNa milate haiM, jinameM yatra tatra thor3A bahuta aMtara bhI hai| eka saMskaraNa meM kAbula aura paresamAna nagaroM kA bhI yAtrA mArga meM ullekha hai| sva. muni kAntisAgara jI zrI sAgaramala jI

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90 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana koThArI, sva. zrI vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla evaM zrI agaracaMda jI nAhaTA ne bhI isa vivaraNa ke kaI eka saMskaraNa prakAzita karA die haiN| dUsarA vivaraNa milatA hai, ahamadAbAda ke vyApArI padmasiMha kI saparivAra dUra dezAntara kI yAtrA kaa| yaha vivaraNa svayaM padmasiMha ne yAtrA se lauTakara haidarAbAda se ahamadAbAda meM raha rahe ratanacaMda bhAI ko likhe apane patra meM kiyA thaa| yaha patra bhI muni zrI kAntisAgara jI ne prakAzita karavA diyaa| padmasiMha jI ne yaha yAtrA sa. 1805 meM prArambha kI thI aura 16 varSa bAda saM. 1821 meM vaha lauTakara sakuzala svadeza Ae the| , unakI yAtrA kA mArga istaMbUla taka prAyaH vahI rahA, jo bulAkidAsa kA rahA hai| lekina usake Age ve ajitanAtha jI ke mandira se yukta kisI tAla, talaMgapura, caMdraprabhu tIrtha, navApurI, pATaNa aura tArAtaMbola (dvitIya) kI yAtrA kA vivaraNa dete haiN| padmasiMha jI ispahAna ko AzApurI tathA istaMbUla ko tArAtaMbola nAma dete haiN| aisA saMbhava hai, ki dhyAna cUka jAne se yA vismRti se pravAha meM likhA gayA hai| digambara jaina pustakAlaya kApar3iyA bhavana, sUrata se prakAzita eka anya granthamAlA meM bhI uttara dizA ke tIrtha varNana meM pUrva se pazcima meM bahane vAlI gaMgAnadI ke kinAre para aneka jaina maMdiroM kI vidyamAnatA kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| usameM tArAtaMbola meM bhI jaina maMdiroM aura mUrtiyoM kI vaMdanA ke sAtha-sAtha, kisI javalAgavalA nAmaka zAstra kI vidyamAnatA kI bhI sUcanA dI hai| tIrthamAlA meM tArAtaMbola ke mArga meM mAMgI tuMgI parvata para 28 hAtha (42 phuTa) caur3I tathA 48 hAtha (72 phuTa) U~cI mUrti kA bhI ullekha hai, jisake pA~va ke aMgUThe para 28 nAriyala Thahara sakate the| isI prakAra eka aise savarovara kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai, jisameM 6 hAtha x 10 hAtha AkAra kI zAntinAtha jI kI pratimA sthita thii| padmasiMha jI ne istaMbUla meM mukuTa svAmI kI 38 hAtha x 28 hAtha (57 phuTa x 42 phuTa) AkAra kI nirAdhAra khar3I mUrti kA varNana kiyA hai, jisake pA~va ke aMgUThe para bhI uparyukta mAMgItuMgI parvata para khar3I mUrti ke pA~va ke aMgUThe ke samAna 28 nAriyala rakhe jA sakate haiN| aisA pratIta hotA hai, ki donoM varNana eka hI mUrti ke haiN| istaMbUla meM nirAdhAra khar3I isa vizAla mUrti kA varNana hameM isI nagara meM khar3I harakyUlisa kI isa vizAla mUrti kI yAda dilAtA hai, jo vizva ke ATha AzcaryoM meM se eka mAnI jAtI rahI hai| padmasiMha jI istaMbUla se 600 kosa kI dUrI para sthita kisI tAla meM ajitanAtha jI kI 20 hAtha x 6 hAtha / / 30 x 9 varga phuTa AkAra kI mUrti kI vidyamAnatA kA varNana karate haiN| jahA~ ve nAva ke dvArA gaye the| vahA~ se ve 500 kosa dUrastha talaMgapura nagara kA varNana karate haiM aura batAte haiM, ki vahA~ 28 jaina maMdira the|

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jaina dharma, darzana evaM saMskRti kI prAcInatA * 91 talaMgapura se ve 700 kosa dUra navApurI paTTana jAte haiM va mArga meM kisI candraprabhu ke maMdira ke darzana bhI karate haiN| lekina unhoMne isa maMdira ke nizcita sthAna ke bAre meM kucha nahIM likhaa| navApurI paTTana se 300 kosa dUra sthita tArAtaMbola nagara kA unhoMne bar3A hI sarasa varNana kiyA hai| isa nagara meM unhoMne aneka jaina maMdira, mUrtiyA~ va hastalikhita graMtha saMgraha dekhe tathA jaina muni ke darzana kie| sUrata se prakAzita digambara jaina tIrtha mAlA meM tArAtaMbola meM kisI 'javalA gavalA' nAmaka zAstra kI vidyamAnatA kI sUcanA padmasiMha jI ke varNana meM hastalikhita graMthoM ke vidyamAna hone kI puSTi karatI hai| bulAkIdAsa jI ke dvArA kiyA gayA tArAtaMbola kA varNana bhI bar3A hI sajIva hai| ve likhate haiM, ki vahA~ bAdazAha hindU hai tathA jaina dharmAvalaMbI hai| unakA nAma jaicaMda sUra, candrasUra yA sUracandra hai| vahA~, jainoM ke maMdira sone va cAMdI ke bane hue haiM, mUrtiyA~ ratnajaTita haiN| rAjA ke sAtha prajA bhI jaina dharmAnuyAyI hai| yaha nagara siMdhusAgara nAmaka nadI ke kinAre para sthita hai| isI ke anya saMskaraNa meM tArAtaMbola ke AsapAsa sthita maMdiroM kI saMkhyA 700 dI gaI hai| zahara ke madhya meM AdIzvara jI ke vizAla maMdira ke sthita hone kI bAta likhI hai, jisameM 108 jar3Ava kI mUrtiyA~ thIM, pratimAoM kI vediyA~ svarNa jaTita thIM, Adizvara jI kA siMhAsana bhI jar3AU thaa| maMdira meM 700 mana sone kI IMToM kA upayoga kiyA gayA thA tathA isa maMdira meM trikAla pUjA hotI thii| muni zIla vijaya jI bhI tArAtaMbola kA lagabhaga aisA hI varNana karate bulAkIdAsa jI ne istaMbUla se Age 500 kosa para babbara deza yA bAbara nagara kA nAmollekha kiyA hai| zIla vijaya jI use babarakUla kahate haiN| ve likhate haiM, ki "babarakUla vazi paMcAse, pavana rAja IhA sudhi base' arthAt istaMbUla se pA~ca sau kosa dUra babarakUla hai, jahA~ pavanarAja kA bhI nivAsa hai| yaha varNana bebIloniyA ke una mUla puruSoM kI yAda dilAtA hai, jo matu yA martu (vaidika maruta) nAma ke vAyudevatA ke pUjaka the| zIla vijaya jI kA babbarakUla sthita pavanarAja va bebaloniyA meM 'maruta' devatA kI sthApanA se pratIta hotA hai, ki yaha babbarakUla bebIloniyA hI honA caahiye| yahA~ ke nivAsI bhArata se nikale paNi aura caula hI mAne jAte haiN| bebIloniyA, sIriyA ke dakSiNa, phArasa ke pazcima aura araba ke uttara meM sthita pradeza haiN| lekina yAtrA mArga ke anya nagaroM ko dekhate hue pratIta hotA hai, ki kespiyana sAgara ke dakSiNI taTa para base bAbula ko hI bAbara, babbara yA babarakUla kahA gayA hogaa| padmasiMha jI ne ajitanAtha jI ke maMdira kI dUrI istaMbUla se utanI hI batAI hai, jitanI bulAkIdAsa ne bAbara kii| ataH anumAna lagAyA jA sakatA hai, ki vaha mUrti bAbara meM hI rahI hogii| talaMgapura kI sthiti ke bAre meM kucha nizcita kahanA kaThina hai| talaMga zabda una hUNoM aura turkoM ke lie prayukta zabda hai jo gobI ke registAna, issikula aura siradariyA meM

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92 jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana U~ce pahiyoM kI gAr3I rakhate the| bulAkIdAsa jI isphAna meM aura zIla vijaya jI ne istaMbUla meM isI jAti kA rAjya honA batAyA hai / ataH pratIta hotA hai, ki sira dariyA ke kinAre tAzakaMda se thor3A uttara meM basA turkistAna hI padmasiMha jI kA talaMgapura ho sakatA hai| padmasiMha jI talaMgapura yA turkistAna se navApurI paTTaNa ge| nagara ke antara meM paTTana zabda ke prayoga se pratIta hotA hai, ki yaha koI nadI yA samudra ke kinAre sthita vyApArika nagara thA / turkIstAna aura navApurI ke madhya ve candraprabhu tIrtha bhI ge| isakI sthiti vahA~ rahI hogI yaha kaha pAnA kaThina hai, lekina navApurI paTTana oba nadI kI khAr3I meM basA novA porTa hI pratIta hotA hai, jisakI sthiti candraprabhu jI se 700 ko sa kahI gaI hai| tArAtaMbola navApurI paTTana se 300 kosa dUra kahA gayA hai| vAstava meM tArAtaMbola kisI eka nagara kA nAma nahIM hai| ye irtiza nadI ke kinAre base tArA aura tobolaska nAma ke do nagara hai / tArA irtiza aura izima ke saMgama para basA hai aura tobolaska irtiza aura tobela ke saMgama pr| ina do nagaroM ke madhya kI dUrI bahuta adhika nahIM hai / isIlie inake nAmoM kA prayoga eka dUsare kI pahacAna ke lie sAtha-sAtha kiyA gayA hai, jo sAmAnya prathA rahI hai| bulAkIdAsa jI, zIla vijaya jI. ma0 Adi ise siMdhusAgara nadI para sthita batAte haiM / saMbhavataH irtiza aura bhAratIya siMdhu nadI rusI uccAraNa IMta meM uccAraNa sAmya ke bhrama se unhoMne irtiza ko hI siMdhu sAgara kahA hai / 1 zIla vijaya ne tArAtaMbola se 100 gAu (gavyUti) dUra jisa svarNa kAMtinagara kA ullekha kiyA hai, vaha 'altAI' kA saMskRta rUpa hai| turkI aura maMgola bhASAoM meM altAI kA artha hai, svarNagirI / altAI kI pahAr3iyoM meM sthita sone kI khAne ajJAtakAla se hI sAre eziyA kI sone kI mAMga ko pUrA karatI rahI hai / ataH bhAratIya vyApAriyoM kA bhI avazya hI ina khAnoM se saMbaMdha sadA se rahA hogaa| yaha kalpanA kI jA sakatI hai| zIla vijaya jI ne jaina dharmI prajAjanoM se bhare-pUre jisa lATa deza kA tArAtaMbola ke sAtha ullekha kiyA hai, vaha spaSTataH lATaviyA hai / ina varNanoM se altAI se lATaviyA taka kI samasta prajA jaina dharmAvalaMbI siddha hotI hai / uparyukta vivecana se yaha jJAta hotA hai, ki ina ullikhita sthAnoM meM bhAratIyoM ne pUrvakAla meM avazya hI apane maMdira, jinAlaya Adi banAe hoNge| sAdhu-saMta bhI vahA~ rahate hoMge, unhoMne zAstra bhI likhe hoNge| lekina islAma dharma ke pracAra-prasAra aura pazcimI dezoM kI rAjanaitika uthala-puthala ne bhAratIyoM ke ina pradezoM se prAcIna saMparka ko tor3a diyaa| bauddha dharma ke prabhAva ne apanI samAna prakRti ke jaina dharma ke avazeSoM ko AtmasAta kara liyA aura isI se aba taka zodha-khoja karane vAle vidvAnoM ne ise

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jaina dharma, darzana evaM saMskRti kI prAcInatA * 93 bauddha dharma se hI saMbaMdhita kiyA hai| bauddha dharmopadezakoM ne bhArata se bAhara jAkara zatAbdiyoM taka dharma-pracAra kiyA aura jaina yA vaidika dharmAvalaMbI pracArakoM ne aisA nahIM kiyA hogA, yaha bAta samajha meM nahIM AtI hai| ataH ye yAtrA vivaraNa aura prastuta tIrthoM kA sthAna nirdhAraNa avazya hI inake zodha kA mArga-prazasta karate haiN| ise hama purAtAtvika sAkSyoM ke dvArA parakha kara aura adhika prAmANika siddha kara sakate haiN| purAtAtvika sAkSya : itihAsa kA vaha hissA jisake sambandha meM likhita sAdhana nahIM milate, prAgaitihAsika kAla kahA jAtA hai| jisa kAla meM mAnava sabhya bana gayA aura likhita sAdhana upalabdha hote haiM use Adya itihAsa kahA jAtA hai| haDappA saMskRti ko Adya itihAsa kahA jA sakatA hai| isake pUrva 2600 I.pU. se pahale prAk itihAsa kahA jAtA hai| bhArata meM prAcInatama likhita sAmagrI jo par3hI gaI hai, azoka ke abhilekha haiM, jo IsA kI tIsarI sadI pUrva ke haiN| isase pUrva ke gautama buddha aura mahAvIra kI aitihAsikatA meM to koI saMdeha nahIM hai| prAgaitihAsika kAla kI jAnakArI hameM kevala purAtAtvika sAdhanoM ke AdhAra para hotI hai| purAtAtvika srota ko mukhya rUpa se chaha bhAgoM meM bA~TA jA sakatA hai - 1. utkhanana, 2. sikke, 3. abhilekha, 4. smAraka yA bhavana, 5. citrakalA tathA 6. muurtiyaaN| ___ 1. utkhanana : sara jaoNna mArzala ke netRtva meM 1901 I. meM hI bhArata meM aitihAsika sthaloM para khudAI karake prAcIna sAmagrI prApta kI gaI, jisake AdhAra para prAk itihAsa va Adya itihAsa kI jAnakArI prApta hotI hai| isa kAla se sambandhita jAnakArI agra likhita sthaloM se prApta hotI hai : Adamagar3ha, ahAr3a, AlamagIrapurA, AmarA, ataraMjI, kher3A, bAgaura, madAne, bhogatrAoM, brahmagirI, candolI, cirAMda, dAyamA, bAda, erANa, har3appA, imAmagA~va, kAlIbaMgana, khaNDI vilI, kolaDihavA, lalitapura, lekhahitA, mahezvara, mohana-jodar3o, nAgarI, Adiyala, ahicchatra, ambAkherI, aMjIrA, bahadarAbAda, baragA~va, bhIma beTAkA, vIra bhAnapurA, bUrjahoma, cautero, uvarakoTa, dAojalIha, diMga, vallura, hastinApura, jokhe kAmatha, kilegula muhammada, koTadiji, laMghanaja, lothala, mAskI, mundIjaka, nAlaMdA, nAla- navadAtolI, noha, paMcamapallI, patane, per3hambI, prakAza, ruparasarAya, nAhararAya, siMhabhUmi, sUtakAgenadAra, Tekkala koTa, visodI, nAsika, nevAsA, peThAna, pANDurAjaradIna, palavIya, pikalIhala, rANA guNDAya, saMganakallu, siyahadamba, sonegA~va, TInara sApira, utanura, pAlabAya aadi| bhArata meM sthita uparyukta sthaloM kI khudAI se prApta patthara, haDDI ke aujAra, makAnoM ke khaNDahara, miTTI ke bartana AbhUSaNa Adi vastuoM ke staroM kI jAnakArI hotI hai| purApASANa yuga ke kucha pattharoM ke khuradare aujAra sohana nadI (pAkistAna)

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94* jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana kI ghATI meM mile haiN| isase jJAta hotA hai, ki isa nadI ke kinAre mAnava 400000 se 200000 varSa pUrva bhI rahatA thaa| utkhanana ke AdhAra para hI hameM patA lagAtA hai, ki lagabhaga 26000 I.pU. hI gaMgAghATI meM bhautika saMskRti thii| DaoN. bI.bI. lAla ne hastinApura ke utkhanana ke AdhAra para batAyA hai, ki mahAbhArata meM varNita kaurava-pAMDava yuddha lagabhaga 900 I.pU. meM huaa| balucistAna, uttara pazcimI bhArata, gaMgA-yamunA, doAba tathA dakSiNa bhArata meM lohe ke avazeSa se eka mahattvapUrNa takanIkI jAnakArI hotI hai| mathurA, udayagirI, khaNDagirI, kauzAMbI, vidizA, ujjayinI Adi sthAnoM se aneka prAcIna avazeSa prApta hue haiN| unase patA calatA hai, ki I. san ke pahale uttara bhArata meM kaI jagaha jaina stUpoM, mandiroM tathA tIrthaMkara pratimAoM kA nirmANa ho cukA thaa| uttara bhArata meM jaina kalA ke jitane prAcIna kendra the, unameM mathurA kA sthAna agragaNya hai| solaha zatAbdiyoM se Upara ke dIrghakAla meM mathurA meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa hotA rhaa| yahA~ ke cittIdAra lAla balue patthara kI banI huI kaI hajAra jaina kalAkRtiyA~ aba taka mathurA aura usake AsapAsa ke jiloM se prApta ho cukI hai| mathurA meM eka prAcIna khaMbhe para kaMkAlI devI kI mUrti hai aura usake pAsa hI eka TIlA hai, ataH use kaMkAlI TIlA kahate haiN| mathurA ne naiRtya koNa meM AgarA aura govardhana jAne vAlI sar3aka ke bIca 500 phuTa laMbA va 350 phuTa caur3A vistAra vAlA yaha kaMkAlI TIlA hai| usake andara se do DhAI hajAra varSa se bhI prAcIna kaI vastue~ nikalI haiN| jinameM prAcIna jaina mandiroM ke bhagna khaNDahara, jaise-stUpa, toraNa, AyAgapaTTa, khaMbhe, khaMbhe para kI paTTiyA~, chatra aura mUrtiyA~ Adi mile haiN| una dhvaMsA'vazeSa khaNDaharoM meM koI 110 prAcIna zilAlekha bhI prApta hue haiN| una zilAlekhoM se yaha to spaSTa ho gayA, ki mahAtmA buddha se do sau varSa pUrva bhI mathurA meM jaina mandira vidyamAna the aura samaya-samaya para aneka jainAcArya vahA~ Akara dharmopadeza dete rahe haiN| jainoM meM striyA~ bhI dIkSA lekara bhramaNa karatI thiiN| sarvaprathama 1871 I. meM janarala kaniMghama ne kaMkAlI TIle para utkhanana kA kArya karavAyA aura kaI prAcIna avazeSa prApta hue| usake pazcAt 1875 I. meM mathurA ke kalekTara grAUja sAhaba ne vahA~ khudAI karavAI, taba bhI kaI prAcIna namUne mile| bAda meM 1887 I. se 1896 I. taka DaoNkTara brajeza aura DaoN. phUharara ne kaMkAlI TIle para kaI bAra khudAI karavAyI aura phalasvarUpa aneka prAcIna pramANa ekatra kie, jinheM lakhanaU ke ajAyabaghara meM rakhA gyaa| DaoN. phUharara ne apane zodha para eka riporTa taiyAra kI, jisakA sArAMza kucha isa prakAra hai - 1. zvetAmbara jainoM kI 10 mUrtiyA~ nikalI haiN| una para zilAlekha bhI aMkita haiN| unameM 4 zilAlekha to aise haiM, ki jinase jainoM ke itihAsa para acchA

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jaina dharma, darzana evaM saMskRti kI prAcInatA 95 prakAza par3atA hai| 2. zvetAmbara jainoM ke eka vizAla mandira ke 34 Tukar3e haiM aura ve haviSka rAjA ke samaya ke haiM / 3. mahAvIra kI eka mUrti hai, use 23 tIrthaMkaroM kI mUrtiyA~ ghera kara baiThIM haiM jise jaina caubIsI kahate haiM / 4. saMvat 1036 aura 1134 kI banI huI padmaprabhu kI do mUrtiyA~ haiM / 5. I0 san pahalI zatAbdI kI banI huI bodhi sattva, amoghasiddhArtha kI eka mUrti hai| 6. buddha kI dasa mUrtiyA~ lekha sahita haiM / 7. nartakI ke pUre kada kI mUrti sahita eka khaMbha hai I 8. cAra phuTa vyAsa kA eka bahuta hI acchA patthara kA chatra hai 1 uparyukta riporTa se yaha to pramANita ho hI jAtA hai, ki kisI samaya meM mathurA meM jaina tathA bauddha donoM dharmoM kA bar3A prAbalya rahA thA / san 1889-90 meM jaba jaina stUpa aura digambara jainoM ke mandira kI khudAI kA kAma huA taba 80 mUrtiyA~ jaina tIrthaMkaroM kI nikalI aura unake sAtha hI 120 Tukar3e jo patthara kI paTTiyoM ke the, nikale aura una para bahuta se zilAlekha bhI haiN| una zilAlekhoM meM 17 to bahuta purAne haiN| sarvAdhika khudAI kA kArya san 1890-91 meM huA aura ina varSoM kI nikalI vastuoM kA ullekha DaoN0 phuharara ne isa prakAra kiyA hai 1. patthara ke 737 Tukar3e nikale, jina para bahuta hI acchA nakkAzI kA kAma khudA huA hai| inameM paTiyoM, caura paTe, khaMbhe, toraNa, daravAje aura mUrtiyA~ vagairaha bhI zAmila haiM aura zilpakalAvidoM kI jA~ca se ve bahuta hI prAcIna pramANita hotI haiN| 2. ina khaNDaharoM meM se 62 Tukar3e aise haiM, jina para zilAlekha khude hue haiM / ve zilAlekha IsA ke Der3ha sau varSa pUrva pahale se lekara I0 sa0 1023 taka ke haiM / 3. inameM eka lekha aisA hai, jisake akSara usa lekha se bhI bahuta purAne haiM, jo ki IsA ke 150 varSa pUrva khodA gayA thA / yaha lekha eka mandira kA hai / isameM mandira banAne vAle kA nAma bhI hai| isase pramANita hotA hai, ki IsvI san se kaI zatAbdiyoM pahale bhI mathurA meM jaina mandira vidyamAna the| usa mandira ke Upara kA kAma yaha siddha karatA hai, ki do DhAI hajAra varSa pUrva bhI isa deza meM zilpakalA apanI utkRSTatA ko pahu~cI huI thI / 4. eka mUrti kI bA~I tarapha khudA huA eka aura zilAlekha milA hai| usameM

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96 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana likhA hai, ki yaha mUrti IsvI san 156 varSa pUrva sthApita huI thI aura yaha mUrti eka aise stUpa ke hatthe meM thI, jisako svayaM devatAoM ne banAyA thaa| mathurA ke kaMkAlI TIle kI khudAI kA kArya abhI pUrNa nahIM haA hai, usameM abhI bhI na jAne kitanI anamola nidhiyA~ itihAsa kI pramANa purassaratA ko apane meM sameTe hue bhUgarbha meM hI utkhanana zodha ke lie apekSita rUpa meM vidyamAna hai| kaMkAlI TIle ke atirikta bhI utkhanana meM aneka sthAnoM para jaina dharma kI prAcInatA ke aneka purAtAttivaka pramANa prApta hue haiN| jaise - 1. zrI sthambhana tIrtha meM eka pArzvanAtha kI prAcIna mUrti hai, usake pRSThabhAga meM eka zilAlekha khudA huA hai - "name stIrthe kRta stIrthe, varSe dvika ctussttye| ASAr3ha zrAvako gaur3o'kArayat pratimA trym||" arthAt ikkIsaveM tIrthaMkara zrI naminAtha ke 2222 varSoM ke bAda gaur3a deza ke ASADha nAmaka zrAvaka ne tIna mUrtiyA~ banAvAkara pratiSThA karavAI thii| unameM eka cArupa nagara meM, eka zrIpattana meM aura eka stambhanatIrtha meM virAjita kii| ina pratimAoM kA samaya prAyaH pA~ca lAkha varSoM kA hai| 2. AkolA (barAra) ke pAsa eka grAma meM bhUgarbha meM se kaI mUrtiyA~ milI haiM jinameM kaI mUrtiyA~ to vikrama saMvat se kaI zatAbdiyoM pahale kI batAI jA rahI haiN| 3. paTanA ke pAsa khudAI kA kArya karate hue jo mUrtiyA~ milI haiM, ve samrATa koNika (azoka) ke samaya kI batAI jAtI hai| 4. jaitalasera (kAThiyAvAr3a) ke pAsa DAkA grAma se milI huI jaina mUrtiyA~ bhI vikrama pUrva kaI zatAbdiyoM kI haiN| 5. mathurA se 14 mIla kI dUrI para parakhama grAma hai| vahA~ kI khudAI meM milI huI mUrtiyA~ vikrama pUrva 250 varSoM kI haiN| 6. vainAtaTa ke khudAI kAma se prApta huI jaina mUrtiyA~ bhI 2300 varSa prAcIna haiN| 7. ghana kaTaka prAnta ke bhUgarbha se milI huI jaina mUrtiyA~ cakravartI khAravela ke do sau varSa pahale kI haiN| 8. zrAvastI nagara ke pAsa khudAI kA kAma karate samaya bhUgarbha meM se eka saMbhavanAtha kA mandira milA hai| vaha bhagavAna mahAvIra ke samaya yA unase bhI prAcIna hai| 9. bhArata ke bAhara bhI jaina dharma kA prasAra purAtana kAla meM rahA hai| kucha varSa pUrva AsTriyA ke buDApesTa nagara ke samIpavartI kheta meM eka kisAna ko

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jaina dharma, darzana evaM saMskRti kI prAcInatA * 97 bhagavAna mahAvIra kI mUrti prApta huI thii| (pariziSTa 5) takSazilA ke pAsa aMgrejoM ne khudAI kA kAma karavAyA thA, jisameM bhUmi meM se eka nagara nikalA 'mohn-joddd'o'| usa nagara meM se karIba 500 varSa prAcIna dhyAnAvasthita eka mUrti prApta huii| yaha bhArata sarakAra ke kendrIya purAtAtvika saMgrahAlaya meM surakSita sIla kra0 620/1928-29 hai| isa sIla meM dAyIM ora nagna kAyotsarga mudrA meM bhagavAn RSabhadeva haiM, jinake zirobhAga para eka trizula hai, jo ratnatraya (samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna, samyagcAritra) kA pratIka hai| nikaTa hI unake jyeSTha putra bharata hai, jo rAjasI ThATha meM haiN| ve bhagavAna ke caraNoM meM aMjalibaddha bhaktipUrvaka natamastaka haiN| unake piche vRSabha (baila) hai, jo RSabhadeva jI kA cihna (pahacAna) hai| adhobhAga meM sAta pradhAna amAtya haiM, jo tatkAlIna rAjasI gaNaveza meM padAnukrama se khar3e haiN| isa prakAra uparyukta sIla meM hameM sAta viSaya dikhAI dete haiM - 1. RSabhadeva nagna kAyotsargarata yogI, 2. praNAma kI mudrA meM natazIza bharata cakravartI, 3. trizula, 4. kalpavRkSa puSpAvali, 5. madulatA, 6. vRSabha (baila) 7. paMktibaddha gaNaveza dhArI pradhAna amaaty| jaina vAGmaya se ina tathyoM kI puSTi hotI hai| itihAsavettA zrI rAdhAkumuda mukarjI ne bhI isa bAta ko mAnA hai, ki mathurA saMgrahAlaya meM bhI RSabha kI isa taraha kI mUrti surakSita hai| pI.sI. rAya ne bhI mAnA hai, ki magadha meM pASANayuga ke bAda kRSi yuga kA pravartana RSabhayuga meM huaa| isa taraha kI saMracanA kA AdhAra koI sudRr3ha sAMskRtika paramparA hI ho sakatI hai| bhAratIya itihAsa, saMskRti aura sAhitya ne isa tathya ko puSTa kiyA hai, ki sindhughATI kI sabhyatA jaina sabhyatA thii| sindhughATI ke saMskAra jaina saMskAra the| sindhughATI meM prApta yogamUrti yaha siddha karatI hai, ki jaina dharma prAgvaidika hI nahIM varan sindhu ghATI sabhyatA se bhI adhika prAcIna hai| zrI rAmaprasAda candA ne agasta 1932 ke 'maoNrDana rivyU' meM kAyotsarga mudrA ke sambandha meM likhA hai, ki 'yaha jainoM kI viziSTa dhyAna mudrA hai aura jaina dharma prAgvaidika hai, usakA sindhughATI kI sabhyatA para vyApaka prabhAva thaa|' zrI pI.Ara. dezamukha ke graMtha 'iMDasa sivilAijezana eNDa hindU kalcara' meM yaha spaSTa ullekha hai, ki "jainoM ke pahale tIrthaMkara sindhu sabhyatA ke hI the| sindhu janoM ke deva nagna hI the| jaina logoM ne usa sabhyatA, saMskRti ko banAye rakhA aura nagna tIrthaMkaroM kI pUjA kii|" . sindhu janoM kI bhASA prAkRta thii| prAkRta janasAmAnya kI bhASA hai| jainoM aura hinduoM meM bhArI bhASika bheda hai| jainoM ke samasta prAcIna dhArmika grantha prAkRta meM hai| jabaki hinduoM ke samasta grantha saMskRta meM hai| prAkRta bhASA ke prayoga se bhI yaha siddha hotA hai, ki jaina prAgvaidika hai aura unakA sindhughATI sabhyatA se sambandha thaa|

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98 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana __ DaoN. jyoti prasAda jaina kA aisA mata hai, ki sindhu ghATI sabhyatA meM prApta avazeSoM ke AdhAra para aisA pratIta hotA hai, ki usake puraskartA prAcIna vidyAdhara jAti ke loga the tathA dhArmika mArgadarzaka madhya pradeza ke ve mAnavavaMzI mUla Arya the, jo zramaNa saMskRti ke upAsaka the| saMbhavanAtha kA vizeSa cihna azva hai aura sindhu deza cirakAla taka apane saindhava azvoM ke lie prasiddha rahA hai| mauryakAla taka siMdha meM eka sambhUtaka janapada aura sAMbhava (sabUja) jAti ke loga vidyamAna the, jo bahuta sambhava hai, ki tIrthaMkara sambhavanAtha jI kI paramparA se sambaddha rahe hoN| isI prakAra sindhu sabhyatA meM nAgaphaNa ke chatra se yukta kalAkRtiyA~ bhI prApta huI haiM, jo sAtaveM tIrthaMkara supArzva kI ho sakatI haiN| inakA cihna svAstika hai aura utkhanana se prApta sAmagrI se hama jAna sakate haiM, ki tatkAlIna sindhu ghATI meM svAstika eka atyanta lokapriya cihna rahA hai| isa prakAra jaina itihAsa meM caubIsa tIrthaMkaroM kI pAmparA eka mithaka nahIM hai| usakA apanA aitihAsika aura AdhyAtmika mahattva hai, jo purAtAtvika zodhoM ke dvArA niraMtara pramANita hotA jA rahA hai| prasiddha itihAsakAra Ara.esa. zarmA ke anusAra sindhu pradeza para AkramaNa karane vAle Arya hI lagate hai, jo IrAna hote hue bhArata Akara yahA~ ke sindhu pradezoM meM basane kA prayAsa kara rahe the| inake Agamana se inakA sindhu ke mUla nivAsiyoM ke sAtha yuddha honA svAbhAvika lagatA hai| isa sabhyatA ko videzI AkramaNakAriyoM ne naSTa kara diyaa| isa mantavya ke do AdhAra batAe gae haiM :1. mohana jodar3o ke UparI stara para pAye gae lagabhaga 48 narakaMkAloM kA anvessnn| 2. Rgveda meM varNita vaidika devatA indra kA ullekha, jisane kaI durgoM ko barbAda kiyaa| isa pradeza meM pAye gaye nara kaMkAloM ke adhyayana se patA calA, ki ina para talavAra jaise kisI tejadhAra vAle hathiyAra se vAra kie gae the| jabaki sindhuvAsI zAntipriya the| ve hathiyAroM ke bAre meM adhika nahIM jAnate the| hariyUpIya nAmaka zahara kI carcA Rgveda meM milatI hai, jise indra ne naSTa kiyaa| vidvAna ise har3appA mAnate hue AryoM ko isa saMskRti va sabhyatA kA vinAzaka batAte haiM ! utkhanana meM prApta sAmagrI se yaha jJAta hotA hai, ki vivAha evaM dhArmika utsavoM ke samaya Dhola bajAnA sindhu sabhyatA kI hI dena hai| sone-cA~dI, hAthI dA~ta, motI, nIlama Adi ke AbhUSaNa sindhu kAla meM bhI pracalita the| ve gale meM sabase adhika AbhUSaNa pahanate the| Aja kA zataraMja va pAsoM kA khela sindhu sabhyatA kI dena hai|

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jaina dharma, darzana evaM saMskRti kI prAcInatA 99 396 punarjanma kA siddhAnta bhI sindhukAla meM pAyA jAtA hai / " sindhu aura paMjAba kI sarahada para bhUmi se eka nagara phira nikalA hai / isako har3appA ke nAma se jAnA gayA hai| vaha nagara karIba daza sahasra varSa jitanA purAnA kahA jAtA hai| isameM se bhI kaI mUrtiyA~ nikalI haiM / ve bhI usa nagara ke barAbara hI prAcIna batAyI jAtI hai| har3appA kI saMskRti ko I0 pU0 3000 se 2000 varSa ke kAla kI mAnI jAtI hai| ve anArya evaM avaidika the, kintu inameM una pazcimI AryoM kA jo kAlAntara meM vaidika saMskRti ko janma dene vAle the, kucha mizraNa rahA ho sakatA hai| kama se kama navodita vaidika AryoM kA har3appA vAloM ke sAtha hI sarva prathama evaM sabase bhISaNa saMgharSa huA / vaidika sAhitya ke dasyu, asura Adi yahI the / pazcimI eziyA meM eka ke bAda eka Ane vAlI sumera, asura, bAbulI Adi sabhyatAoM kA samparka apane se jyeSTha mohanajodar3o evaM samakAlIna har3appA sabhyatA ke sAtha rahA hai| misra kI prAcInatama sabhyatA bhI isI kAla kI haiN| I0pU0 2350 ke lagabhaga har3appA ke logoM ke sAtha pazcimI eziyA kI sumerI sabhyatA kA samparka nizcita rUpa se rahA pratIta hotA hai / tatkAlIna kAla gaNanA meM yaha tithi mahattvapUrNa hai| har3appA saMskRti ke cihna gaMgA, cambala aura narmadA ke kAMThoM meM pazcimI uttara pradeza ( hastinApura ) Adi meM, pazcimI rAjasthAna tathA gujarAta kAThiyAvAr3a Adi pradezoM meM bhI prApta ho cuke haiM, jo usake vistRta prasAra ke sUcaka haiN| isa sabhyatA kI uttarAdhikAriNI jhUkara Adi uttaravartI sabhyatAe~ mAnI jAtI haiN| usake pazcAta inDo-AryoM, AryoM tathA unakI vaidika sabhyatA kA udaya mAnA jAtA hai! san 1964-65 I. meM ahicchatra ke utkhanana ke dvArA kucha tathya isa prakAra se prakAza meM Ae haiM 1. ahicchatra ke prathama kAla meM 60 se0mI0 U~cAI taka gerue raMga ke mRNapAtroM kI prApti huI hai| inameM sAdhAra taztariyA~, ghaTa, kaTore tathA kuMDe pramukha haiN| inameM eka aisI bhI taztarI pAyI gaI hai, jo har3appA saMskRti meM prApta taztariyoM se milatI-julatI haiN| ataH aisA mAnA jAne lagA hai, ki gerue raMga ke mRNapAtroM vAlI saMskRti kA sambandha pUrva har3appA saMskRti se thA / atirajI kher3A, lAlakilA, sIsathala, moTAthala tathA sarasvatI ghATI ke kaI sthaloM se prApta purAvazeSoM ke AdhAra para DaoN0 Ara0sI0 gor3a ne yaha mata pratipAdita kiyA hai| pichale varSoM meM kucha mRNmudrAe~ bhI dakSiNa pA~cAla kSetra meM mujhe prApta huI haiM, jo gerue mRNapAtroM ke kAla meM likhe ke astitva ko prakaTa karatI hai| yadyapi isa mRNmudrA kI lipi apaThanIya hai| ataH unake akSaroM ke rUpa sAmya ke AdhAra para hI unheM pUrva har3appA saMskRti se jor3A jA sakatA hai| inameM se eka mRNmudrA kIlAkSarAMkita pratIta hotI hai| isa citra ke AdhAra para Rgveda meM varNita dAsarAjJa yuddha kI pramANikatA siddha hotI hai, jisameM pazcimottara ke paktha, bhalAna, vigANina sahita

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100 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana dasa rAjAoM ko pAMcAla nareza sudAsa ne rAvI ke taTa para sthita hariyUpiyA meM parAsta kiyA thA tathA hastinApura ke nareza saMvaraNa ne sindhu nadI para. sthita koTa meM zaraNa lI thii| purAtAtvika riporTa meM spaSTataH yaha saMketa hai, ki ahicchatra prathamakAla tathA dvitIyakAla meM nirantaratA na hokara vyavadhAna hai| donoM meM lagabhaga 300 varSa kA antara thaa| 2. ahicchatra ke dvitIya kAla meM ghUsara citrita mRNpAtroM kI prApti yaha pramANita karatI hai, ki lagabhaga 1450 I.pU. meM ahicchatra ne punaH apanI khoI huI pratiSThA prApta kii| yaha mahAbhArata kAla thA, jaba droNAcArya ne ahicchatra ko apane adhikAra meM rakhA tathA dakSiNa pAMcAla kI rAjadhAnI kAmpilya ko drupada ko sauMpa diyaa| droNAcArya ke putra azvatthAmA ke bAda ahicchatra kA mahattva punaH ghaTa gyaa| 3. ahicchatra ke tRtIya kAla kA prArambha kAle camakadAra paoNliza vAle mRNpAtroM ke sAtha hotA hai, jo bauddha rAjya se sambandhita hai| isa prakAra uttara gaMgAghATI ke isa kSetra ke purAvazeSoM se na kevala pUrva vaidika kAla se lekara mahAbhArata kAla taka ke prAgaitihAsika kAla kA patA lagatA hai, varan vaidika sAhitya meM varNita saMskRti va rAjavaMzoM ke astItva kI puSTi bhI kucha aMzoM taka ho jAtI hai| vibhinna sthAnoM para hue utkhanana meM aba taka sarvAdhika prAcIna sabhyatA sindhu sabhyatA hI ujAgara huI hai| sindhu sabhyatA na kevala anArya thI, varan nizcita rUpa se dravir3Iya thii| yaha dravir3a saMskRti jina, zramaNa saMskRti kI upAsaka thii| 2. sikke : khudAI se prApta prAcIna sikke, sone, cA~dI, tAmbe, lohe, sIsA va miTTI ke bhI hote the| una para bane devatAoM ke citroM va dhAtuoM se tatkAlika dhArmika, sAmAjika va Arthika sthitiyoM kA jJAna hotA hai| mohana jodar3oM meM khudAI se 500 se adhika mohareM milI haiM, jisase sindhu sabhyatA kI dhArmika sthitiyoM kA jJAna hotA hai| vastutaH sindhughATI kI aneka mudrAoM meM vRSabhayukta kAyotsarga yogiyoM kI mUrtiyA~ aMkita milI haiM, jisase yaha anumAna hotA hai, ki ve vRSabha lAMchanayukta yogIzvara RSabha kI pUjA karate the| pro. prANanAtha vidyAlaMkAra ne to vahA~ se prApta eka mudrA (na. 449) para to 'jinezvara' (jina iDasaraha) zabda bhI aMkita rahA batAyA hai aura jaina AmnAya kI zrI, hI kliM Adi deviyoM kI mAnyatA bhI vahA~ rahI batAyI hai| zrI rAmaprasAda ca~dA kA kathana hai, ki "sindhu ghATI kI aneka moharoM meM aMkita na kevala baiThI huI deva mUrtiyA~ yogamudrA meM haiM aura sudUra atIta meM sindhu ghATI meM yoga mArga ke pracAra ko siddha karatI hai, balki khaDgAsana deva mUrtiyA~ bhI yoga kI

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jaina dharma, darzana evaM saMskRti kI prAcInatA * 101 kAyotsarga mudrA meM hai| yaha kAyotsarga dhyAna mudrA vizeSa rUpa se jaina hai| AdipurANa Adi meM isa kAyotsarga mudrA kA ullekha RSabhadeva tapazcaraNa sambandha meM bahudhA huA hai| jaina RSabha kI isa kAyotsarga mudrA meM khaDgAsana prAcIna mUrtiyA~ IsavI san ke prArambhakAla kI milatI hai| mohara na. 3 se 5 taka ke Upara aMkita deva mUrtiyoM ke sAtha baila bhI aMkita hai, jo RSabha kA pUrva rUpa ho sakatA hai| RSabha yA vRSabha kA artha hotA hai, la aura RSabhadeva tIrthaMkara kA cihna baiMla hI hai| ___prAcIna vaizAlI ke basAr3ha sthala se khudAI meM cauthI zatAbdI I.pU. kI 24 miTTI kI mohareM prApta huii| har3appA se bhI aneka mohareM prApta huI haiN| sindhu kSetra se prApta moharoM para kucha likhA huA bhI hai, lekina use abhI taka par3hA nahIM jA sakA hai| sindhu kSetra se prApta mudrAoM ke dvArA vahA~ devI pUjA tathA zaiva pUjA kI bhI puSTi hotI hai| isake atirikta una moharoM se pazu ArAdhanA ke saMketa bhI milate haiN| pro. mArzala ke anusAra pazuoM kA citraNa muharoM para milA hai| misra meM bhI naMdI yA sAMDa kI pUjA hotI thii| baila kI pUjA to lagabhaga sabhI prAcIna sabhya dezoM meM lokapriya thii| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki mAnava kI prAcInatama sabhyatA ke kAla meM mohareM dhAtu kI na hokara miTTI kI hotI thiiN| una para aMkita AkRtiyA~ unake dhArmika vizvAsa ko ujAgara karatI haiM, jo spaSTa rUpa se jaina dharma va saMskRti kI prAcInatA kA puSTa pramANa prastuta karatI haiN| 3. abhilekha : muharoM, prastara, staMbhoM, caTTAnoM, tAmra patroM, IMToM, mandiroM kI bhittiyoM para abhilekha prAcIna lipI ke rUpa meM pAye jAte haiN| sindhu ghATI se prApta abhilekha sabase prAcIna haiM, lekina ve abhI taka par3he nahIM jA sake haiN| isa lipI kA sambandha kucha hada taka bhArata kI dravir3a bhASA se ho sakatA hai| urdU kI taraha har3appA lipI bhI dAyeM se bAyeM ora likhI jAtI thii| isakI puSTi do hajAra abhilekhoM ke adhyayana se hotI hai| isa bhASA ke lagabhaga cAra sau cihna akSara the| lekina yaha inDogrAphika yA logogrAphika yA kisI tIsare prakAra kI lipI thii| skenaDineviyA ke DaoN. parapolA ke anusAra inameM se kucha prAcIna tamila bhASA ke AdhAra para par3he jA sakate haiN| lekina anya vidvAn ise nahIM maante| __prAcIna samaya ke sahasroM lekha prakAza meM Ae hai tathA nirantara khudAI se nae abhilekhoM kA patA cala rahA hai| yadyapi sabhI abhilekhoM para unakI tithi aMkita nahIM hai, phira bhI akSaroM kI banAvaTa, unameM prayukta bhASA ke AdhAra para unakA kAla moTe rUpa meM nirdhArita ho jAtA hai| inameM sarvAdhika prAcIna abhilekha prAkRta bhASA meM milate haiN| sarvAdhika abhilekha samrATa azoka ke dvArA likhavAe gae zilAlekha haiN| sabhI zilAlekha janabhASAoM se abhipreta prAkRta meM hI likhe gae hai| samrATa azoka kI

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102 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana rAjabhASA mAgadhI prAkRta thii| lekina usa samaya adhikAMza bhArata meM zaurasenI prAkRta kA pracalana thA, ataH adhikAMza zilAlekhoM meM yahI bhASA prayukta huI hai| udayagirI khaNDagirI meM I.pU. dUsarI sadI kA cedivaMzIya kaliMga samrATa khAravela kA hAthI guphA abhilekha bhI prAkRta bhASA aura brAhmI lipi meM likhA huA hai| yaha abhilekha jaina itihAsa kI dRSTi se to mahattvapUrNa hai hI, sAtha hI nandakAlIna bhAratIya itihAsa, maurya pUrva yuga kI bhAratIya prAcya-mUrti-zilpakalA, prAcIna kaliMga evaM magadha ke rAjanaitika sambandha, dakSiNa bhAratIya rAjyoM se kaliMga ke sambandhoM kA usameM sundara varNana hai| isakI dasavIM paMkti meM 'bharadhavasa' bhArata kA nAma likhA hai| ise prAcInatama zilAlekhIya pramANa mAnakara bhArata kA saMvaidhAnika nAma bhAratavarSa ghoSita kiyA gyaa| isase yaha bhI siddha hotA hai, ki mahAvIra nirvANa ke 100 varSa bAda jaina dharma kaliMga kA rASTra dharma bana gayA thaa| inase bhI prAcIna abhilekha piparahavA-bauddha asthikalaza abhilekha pA~cavIM zatI I.pU. kA sohagaurA tAmrapatra- abhilekha lagabhaga cauthI zatI I.pU. kA tathA mahAsthAna khaNDita prastara-paTTikA lagabhaga 300 I.pU. kA prApta huA hai| ina sabhI meM prAkRta bhASA aura brAhmI lipi kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| prabhAsa pATaNa kaThiyAvAr3a meM bhUgarbha se eka tAmrapatra milA hai| isameM likhA hai, ki 'nebusadanejhara nAma ke rAjA ne eka bhavya mandira banAkara giranAra maNDana neminAtha ko arpaNa kiyA hai| isa tAmra patra ke AdhAra para vidvAnoM ne vAIsaveM tIrthaMkara neminAtha ko aitihAsika vyakti svIkAra kara liyA hai| nebusadanejhara kA samaya I.pU. chaThI, sAtavIM zatAbdI kA mAnA gayA hai|' janarala kaniMghama ne 1871 I.sa. meM sarvaprathama mathurA ke kaMkAlI TIle meM khudAI krvaaii| isameM unheM, jo zilAlekha mile haiM, unameM kaI zilAlekhoM para kaniSka, haviSka aura vAsudeva kA nAma pAyA jAtA hai, jinakA samaya IsA se pUrva pacAsa varSa kA hai aura kaI zilAlekha to inase bhI bahuta purAne haiN| 1895 I. san meM DaoN. phuharara ne kaMkAlI TIle para aura khudAI karavAyI, jisameM arham mahAvIra kI eka pUre kada kI mUrti nikalI, usa para 299veM saMvat kA eka zilAlekha bhI hai| yaha saMvat kaniSka, haviSka aura vAsudeva Adi kuzANavaMzI rAjAoM kA hai| abhI taka isa sana kA prAraMbha I. sana ke 78veM varSa se mAnA jAtA thaa| vidvAnoM kA mata thA, ki ise kaniSka ne calAyA hogaa| lekina isa zilAlekha ke prApta hone ke pazcAt yaha mAnA jAne lagA, ki yaha samvat IsA ke 50 varSa pUrva pracalita huA hogaa| DaoN phuharara ne kaMkAlI TIle se prApta zilAlekhoM va anya sAmagrI kI pratilipiyA~ va citra DaoN. vhUlara ke pAsa bheje| unhoMne ve saba 'epigrAphikA iNDikA'

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jaina dharma, darzana evaM saMskRti kI prAcInatA * 103 meM prakAzita kie haiN| ye zilAlekha IsA ke 150 varSa pUrva se lekara 1050 varSa taka ke haiN| una para patthara kA jo kAma hai, vaha bahuta bArIkI kA hai| usa para jo mUrtiyA~ aura belabUTe haiM. ve saba prAyaH isa deza kI zilpakalA se hI sambaddha hai| kucha vidvAnoM kA mata hai, ki phArasa, asiriyA aura bAbula kI kArIgarI kI bhI kucha jhalaka unameM hai| isa TIle se prApta sAmagrI jaina AgamoM meM ullikhita bAtoM kI prAmANikatA ko siddha karatI hai| ina zilAlekhoM aura citroM se jainoM ke prAcIna itihAsa aura dharma kI aneka bAtoM para prakAza par3atA hai| bhArata kI prAcIna varNamAlAe~ tathA prAkRtika bhASAoM aura unake vyAkaraNa evaM zilpakalA tathA rAjanItika va sAmAjika vyavasthA kA jJAna hotA hai ! ina zilAlekhoM se yaha to nizcita rUpa se siddha ho jAtA hai, ki jaina dharma bahuta prAcIna hai| hajAroM varSa pUrva bhI isa dharma ke anuyAyI 24 tIrthaMkaroM kI paramparA meM vizvAsa rakhate the| ___4. smAraka : prAcIna kAla meM bane smAraka, stUpa, bhavana mandira Adi kI nirmANa zailI va banAvaTa se usa kAla kI saMskRti, dharma Adi kA jJAna hotA hai| uttara bhAratIya maMdiroM kI zailI 'nAgara' zailI kahI jAtI hai| dakSiNa bhArata ke mandiroM kI zailI dravir3a zailI kahI jAtI hai| inake saMyoga se banI zailI ko besara zailI kahA jAtA hai| saMpUrNa bhArata va bhArata se bAhara bhI aneka sthAnoM para prAcIna maMdira stUpa Adi Aja bhI jaina dharma kI prAcInatA evaM vizAlatA kI gAthA gA rahe haiN| prAcInakAla se hI mathurA jainoM kA pavitra tIrthasthala rahA hai| jaina sAhitya ke anusAra mathurA ke jaina dhArmika pratiSThAna ati prAcIna haiM aura ve kaI tIrthaMkaroM se jur3e haiN| jina prabhasUri (caudahavIM zatI) ke matAnusAra "mathurA meM svarNa evaM maNi nirmita eka stUpa thA, jisakA nirmANa devI kuberA ne sAtaveM tIrthaMkara supArzvanAtha ke sammAna meM karavAyA thA! dIrghakAla pazcAt teIsaveM tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha kI mathurA yAtrA ke pazcAt devI ke Adeza se isa stUpa para IMToM kA AvaraNa car3hAyA gayA aura usake pArzva meM eka prastara pratimA pratiSThApita kI gii| mahAvIra nirvANa se teraha zatAbdiyoM ke pazcAt bappabhaTTI sRri kI preraNA se isa stUpa kA jIrNoddhAra kiyA gyaa| vividha tIrthakalpa meM mathurA ke zrI supArzva-stUpa ko eka mahattvapUrNa tIrtha sthala batAyA gayA hai| 25 . san 1890 I. meM mathurA ke khudAI ke kArya meM yaha stUpa nikala aayaa| isakA ullekha pUrva meM prApta eka mUrti ke abhilekha meM bhI thaa| purAtattvajJoM ne yaha anumAna kiyA hai, ki yaha stUpa IsvI san se kaI sadiyoM pahale bana cukA thaa| yaha imArata deza meM bahuta purAnI hai| isake atirikta dakSiNa bhArata meM bhI aneka prAcIna smAraka vidyamAna haiN| tamilanADu kI parvata zreNiyoM meM aneka manohArI prAkRtika guphAe~ haiM, jinheM jaina muniyoM ke AvAsa ke yogya banAne ke lie unameM prastara zayyAoM aura zilA-prakSepoM kA

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104 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana prAvadhAna kiyA gayA thaa| vilakSaNa bAta yaha hai, ki zayyAoM se yukta ye guphAe~ usa samaya se bahuta pahale kI haiM, jaba dakSiNA patha meM kisI jaina vAstu-smAraka kA nirmANa kiyA gayA hogaa| tamilanADu meM yatra-tatra sthita brAhmI abhilekhAMkita ye guphAe~ pUrvI ghATa ke aneka sthAnoM vizeSa rUpa se madurai ke Asa-pAsa ke kSetra meM milatI haiN| ye prAraMbhika jaina adhiSThAna kaI kAraNoM se mahattvaparNa haiM - 1. ve isa kSetra ke prAcInatama prastara smArakoM kA pratinidhitva karate haiN| 2. brAhmIlipi meM tamila bhASA ke prAcInatama abhilekha utkIrNa haiN| ___ 3. aura ve tamilanADu meM jaina dharma ke prAraMbhika prasAra ke prAmANika sAkSya prastuta karate haiN| phalasvarUpa prastara aura zailotkIrNa zailI kI prAcInatama . vAstu-zilpIya gatividhi aura isa kSetra meM prApta prAcInatama lekhoM ke adhyayana meM inakA atyadhika mahattva hai, yadyapi kalAgata aura sauMdaryagata vikAsa kI dRSTi se ve kisI gatividhi kA prAraMbha kadAcita hI karate haiM / tathApi dhArmika sthApatya ke upayoga meM lAyI gayI prastarasAmagrI kA pravartana una Adya prastara smArakoM meM dekhA jA sakatA hai, jo adhikAMzataH jaina haiN| isameM kama hI saMdeha hai, ki ina guphAoM ne paravartI kAla meM jaina aura brAhmaNa dharmoM kI una zailotkIrNa guphAoM kA mArga prazasta kiyA jo usI kSetra meM vikasita huI, jahA~ brAhmI abhilekhAMkita prAcIna guphAe~ vidyamAna haiN| ina jaina kendroM kI kucha sAmAnya vizeSatAe~ ullekhanIya haiN| prAkRtika guphAoM ko isa prakAra se parivartita kiyA gayA, ki ve AvAsa ke yogya bana skiiN| Upara, bAhara kI ora laTakate hue prastara khaNDa kA zilA-prakSepa ke rUpa meM isa prakAra kATA gayA, ki usane jala ko bAhara nikAlane tathA nIce zaraNa sthala banAne kA kAma kiyaa| guphAoM ke bhItara zilAoM ko kATakara zayyAe~ banAyI gayIM, jinakA eka chora takie ke rUpa meM prayoga karane ke lie kucha uThA huA rakhA gyaa| zayyAoM ko chainI se kATa-kATakara cikanA kiyA gyaa| aisA pratIta hotA hai, ki kucha para to paoNliza bhI kI gaI thii| dAtA yA AvAsakartA ke nAmoM ke ullekhayukta brAhmI abhilekha yA to zayyAoM para utkIrNa haiM yA Upara kI ora laTakate hue zilA-prakSepa pr| ina guphAoM ke sAmane staMbhoM para AdhArita khaparaila kI chata ke rUpa meM atirikta nirmANa kArya bhI kiyA gayA thaa| staMbhoM ko sthira karane ke lie ukere gae koTara Aja bhI kucha guphAoM ke sAmane zilAoM para dekhe jA sakate haiN| guphAe~ prAyaH jharanoM ke samIpa sthita haiM, jala kI suvidhApUrvaka prApti ke lie hI aise sthAnoM ko cunA gayA thaa| madurai ke nikaTavartI pahAr3I kSetra kadAcita tamilanADu meM jainoM ke pramukha kendra the,

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jaina dharma, darzana evaM saMskRti kI prAcInatA * 105 kyoMki ye vahI kSetra the, jahA~ antatogatvA jainoM ke kucha sarvAdhika prabhAvazAlI caityavAsa astitva meM aae| madurai meM hI AcArya vajranaMdI ne lagabhaga 470 I. meM jainoM ke dravir3a saMgha kI sthApanA kI thii| karnATaka se prAraMbha hokara jainoM kI yAtrA kA mArga koMgudeza (koyaMbadUra kSetra) kI parvata-zreNiyoM tiruccirApalli ke pazcimI kSetra aura vahA~ se pudukkoTTa ke dakSiNa se hotA huA madurai taka kA vizAla kSetra mAnA jA sakatA hai| toNDaimaNDalama (ciMgalapaTa, uttara arkATa aura dakSiNa arkATa) kI parvata zreNiyoM meM avasthita prastara-zayyAoM se yukta guphAoM se pratIta hotA hai, ki dhIre-dhIre kucha jaina tamilanADu ke uttarI aMcaloM meM bhI pahuMce the| cola deza meM tiruccirApalli aura kAverI ke kachAroM ke pazcimI taToM ko chor3akara toNDaimaNDalama ke dakSiNa aura pANDya rAjya ke uttara meM jainoM ke praveza ke pramANa kama hI milate haiN| ina sthAnoM se jur3I huI asamaMjasa meM DAlane vAlI eka aisI paramparA bhI hai, jo unakA sambandha pA~ca pANDava vIroM se jor3atI hai| dakSiNa bhArata meM aise sabhI mahattvapUrNa aitihAsika sthAnoM kA jahA~ purAvazeSa vidyamAna haiM, sthAnIya anubhUtiyoM ke anusAra mahAkAvyoM kI ghaTanAoM se vAstava meM atyaMta ghaniSTha sambandha hai| yaha tathya brAhmaNa kendroM ke viSaya meM bhI utanA hI saca hai, jitanA ki jaina aura bauddha sthAnoM ke viSaya meN| isIlie ye pahAr3iyA~ aura unakI guphAe~, zayyAe~ aura nirjhara sAmAnyataH sthanIya bolI meM paMca pANDava malai, paMcapANDavara Tippa (yA kiTTa), paMcapANDavara paDukkai, aivazunai Adi ke nAma se jAne jAte haiN| isa prakAra saMpUrNa bhArata meM vibhinna sthAnoM para aise smAraka vidyamAna haiM, jo ati prAcInakAla meM jaina dharma kI vidyamAnatA ko siddha karate haiN| Aja pAzcAtya dezoM meM bhI khudAI meM bhUgarbha se aneka aise padArtha nikala rahe haiM, ki ve pUrvakAla meM vahA~ jaina dharma kA pracAra honA sAbita karate haiN| amerikA meM tAmramaya siddhacakra kA gaTA aura maMgoliyA meM aneka jaina mandiroM ke dhvaMsA'vazeSa upalabdha ho rahe haiN| itihAsa se yaha bhI jJAta hotA hai, ki eka samaya aphrIkA meM eka jaina dharmAcArya kI adhyakSatA meM zatruJjaya giranAra Adi tIrthoM kI racanA huI thii| isI prakAra eka samaya tibbata meM zAstrArtha ke lie eka jainAcArya gaye aura zAstrArtha meM vijaya prApta karake jaina dharma kA jhaNDA phhraayaa| khudAI meM nikale vibhinna smArakoM ke atirikta aise aneka smAraka evaM tIrthasthala haiM, jo svayaM tIrthaMkaroM ke samaya se Aja taka apane rUpa meM avicala rUpa se khar3e haiN| yadyapi unakA bhI aneka bAra jIrNoddhAra huA hai| ye aise smAraka haiM, jinakI prAmANikatA jaina AgamoM tathA jainetara sAhitya ke sAtha-sAtha videzI sAhitya meM bhI prApta hotI hai| inameM sabase mahattvapUrNa tIrtha zatrujaya, giranAra evaM sammedazikhara haiN| ye

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106 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana bhArata ke U~ce parvata zikharoM para nirmita ve smAraka haiM, jahA~ svayaM tIrthaMkara virAjita hue the| arthAt prAgaitihAsika kAla se adyAvadhi taka ve vidyamAna haiM aura jainAgamoM ke anusAra ve pralayakAla meM bhI naSTa nahIM hoNge| zatrujaya tIrtha isa avasarpiNI kAla ke prathama tIrthaMkara zrI RSabhadeva bhagavAna kI tapobhUmi thaa| giranAra bAisaveM tIrthaMkara neminAtha bhagavAna kI tapobhUmi evaM nirvANa sthala thA, jinake smAraka vahA~ Aja bhI vidyamAna haiN| jinake sambandha meM pharagyUsana kahate haiM, ki 'samudra sataha se 3000 se 4000 phuTa U~ce zatrujaya aura giranAra parvatoM ke zikharoM para mandiroM ke bhavya nagara suzobhita ho rahe haiN| isa prakAra mandira nagara banavAne kI viziSTatA kA anya dharmoM kI apekSA jainoM ne hI vizeSa rUpa se amala kiyaa| pro. iliyaTa kA kathana hai ki "zatraMjaya ke zikhara para vizeSatayA pratyeka dizA meM suvarNamaya aura raMga-biraMgI nakzIdAra mandira khule aura mUka khar3e haiN| unameM camakate pradIpoM ke bIca meM bhavya aura zAMta tIrthaMkaroM kI mUrtiyA~ haiN| ina prazAMta mudrAoM ke samUha vAle mandiroM kI zreNiyA~ aura gagana cumbI gar3hoM meM ke deva-devI yaha sUcanA karate mAlUma par3ate haiM, ki ye saba smAraka mAnavI prayatna se nahIM apitu kisI daivIya preraNA se hI nirmita hue haiN| sammadezikhara bhI eka aisA hI advitIya, parvatIya jaina smAraka haiM, jahA~ bIsa tIrthaMkaroM kA nirvANa huA thaa| dvitIya tIrthaMkara ajitanAtha jI ke samaya se vaha parvatarAja jaina smAraka banA huA hai| teisaveM tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha jI ke nirvANa ke pazcAt se isakA nAma pArzvanAtha tIrtha bhI pracalita ho gyaa| yaha ati pavitra sthala hai, yahA~ se 20 tIrthaMkaroM ke atirikta lAkhoM muniyoM ne kevalajJAna prApta kara mokSa prApta kiyaa| isa ati vizAla prAcInatama jaina smAraka kI vidyamAnatA ke pazcAt to jaina darzana kI prAcInatA meM koI saMzaya hI nahIM raha jaataa| jaina dharma kI prAcInatA ke pramANa mAMgane vAle dArzanikoM evaM itihAsavidoM kA dhyAna ina avicala smArakoM kI ora gayA hI nahIM, yaha Azcarya janaka haiN| isake pazcAt pAvApurI jahA~ bhagavAna mahAvIra kA nirvANa huA thA, vaha bhI eka mahattvapUrNa jaina smAraka hai| isase bhI prAcIna smAraka muNDasthala meM hai| yahA~ bhagavAna mahAvIra kI dIkSA ke pazcAt unake jIvanakAla meM hI unake bar3e bhAI rAjA nandIvardhana ne bhagavAna mahAvIra kA mandira banavAyA thaa| yadyapi vaha mandira usI rUpa meM na rahA, lekina usake khaNDahara tathA zilAlekha Aja bhI apanI prAcInatA kI gavAhI de rahe jaina mAnyatA ke anusAra prathama tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva bhagavAna kA nirvANa sthala himAlaya (kailAza parvata) hai| himAlaya meM sthita tIrthoM kA dhyAnapUrvaka avalokana karane se isa mata kA samarthana hotA hai| bhagavAna RSabhadeva ke pitA nAbhirAya ne badrInAtha

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jaina dharma, darzana evaM saMskRti kI prAcInatA 107 mandira ke pIche vAle parvata para tapasyA kI thii| vahA~ unake caraNa vidyamAna haiM / badrInAtha mandira kI mUrti bhagavAna RSabhadeva kI hai| isase isa tathya para prakAza par3atA hai, ki cakravatI bharata ne jina 72 jina mandiroM kA nirmANa karavAyA thA, ve kailAza meM nahIM varan saMpUrNa himAlaya meM vibhinna sthaloM para karavAyA thaa| saMbhavatayA kAlakrama meM vibhinna dharmoM, saMskRtiyoM ke parivartana ke sAtha-sAtha bhagavAna RSabhadeva jI kI mUrtiyA~ zaiva pUjA meM parivartita ho gayI hoM, jaisA ki badrInAtha meM huA hai / isa zodhapUrNa viSaya ke zodha ke pazcAt jaina dharma kI prAcInatA ke ye aneka smAraka hamAre samakSa vidyamAna hoNge| parvatIya smArakoM ke atirikta sabhI tIrthaMkaroM kI janmabhUmi ko bhI kalyANa bhUmi ke rUpa meM jaina loga tIrtha mAnate haiM / una sabhI sthaloM para prAcIna mandira smAraka bane hue haiN| ayodhyA, sAvatthI ( zrAvastI), kauzAMbI, banArasa, candrapurI, kAkaMdI, bhadalapura, siMhapura, kaMpilapura, ratnapura, gajapura, mithilA, rAjagRha, mathurA, zaurIpura aura kSatriya kuNDa Adi nagara tIrthaMkaroM kI kalyANaka bhUmi haiM / dUra-dUra se jaina Aja bhI vahA~ mandiroM ke darzana karane jAte haiN| 5. mUrtiyA~ evaM citrakalA : purAtAtvika sAkSya meM antima mahattvapUrNa nidhi mUrtiyA~ evaM citrakalA ke namUne haiM / yatra-tatra mandiroM ke dhvaMsAvazeSoM ke bikhare hue cihna AyAgapaTa bhUgarbha meM dabI akhaNDa aura khaNDita mUrtiyA~ bhI jaina dharma kI prAcInatA ke puSTa pramANa haiM / (pariziSTa 6 ) mathurA ke kaMkAlI TIle se aise aneka cihna prApta hue haiM 1. AyAga paTTa : yaha eka patthara kA caurasa Tukar3A hai isake bIca meM eka jina mUrti hai| usake cAroM ora bahuta sundara nakkAzI kA kAma hai| tIrthaMkaroM ke sammAnArtha aise paTTa banavAkara mandiroM meM lagAte the / isa paTTa ke nIce prAcIna lipi meM eka zilAlekha bhI khudA huA hai| usa para likhA hai "namoarahaMtANaM siMhakassa vaNikassa (puttena ) kosikI putteNasiMhanAdikena AyAgapaTo thApito arihaMta pUjAya / " yaha lekha prAkRta bhASA meM hai| isakA bhAva yaha hai, ki siMhaka nAmaka vaNika kI kauzakI nAmaka bhAryA kA putra siMhanAdaka, usane arihaMtoM kI pUjA ke lie isa paTTa ko sthApita kiyA hai| isakA samaya vi0saM0 se do sau varSa se bhI adhika kA batAyA gayA hai / (pariziSTa 4 ) 2. lAla patthara kA chattA : yaha saba ora se akhaMDita hai / isameM patthara para jo kAma hai, use dekhakara prAcInakAla kI vikasita zilpakalA kA jJAna hotA hai| anumAna hai ki yaha kisI mUrti ke Upara lagA huA hogaa| yaha bhI bahuta prAcIna hai / 3. daravAjA kA bAjU : mathurA se pazcima 7 mIla para morI grAma ke khaMDaharoM meM

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108 jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana mile isa daravAje ke bAjU para bhI dekhane yogya kalAkArI hai| 4. sUrya kI pratimA : yaha mUrti kezavajI ke mandira se milI hai| jisa baiThaka para yaha mUrti hai, usakI banAvaTa bahuta hI sundara hai / mUrti ke eka-eka hAtha meM kamala kA puSpa hai / 5. zramaNa mUrti : yaha eka tarapha se khaNDita jaina zramaNa kRSNarSi kI mUrti hai, jinake eka hAtha meM rajo haraNa tathA dUsare hAtha meM mukhavastrikA hai| unake Upara kI ora madhya meM samavazaraNa kI racanA tathA donoM ora do-do tIrthaMkaroM kI mUrtiyA~ haiM / vidvAnoM ke anusAra isa kRti kA kAla vi.saM. ke do zatAbdiyoM pUrva kA hai| (pariziSTa 3) 6. staMbha : kaMkAlI TIle se aneka prakAra ke prAcIna kalAtmaka staMbha nikale haiN| ve sabhI bahuta hI sundara haiN| 7. pATava ke staMbha : ina para bahuta hI ajIba taraha kI mUrtiyA~ banI huI haiM / mUrtiyoM meM vastra rahita striyoM kI mUrtiyA~ adhika hai| eka strI adbhuta jIva para khar3I hai, jisakI zakla manuSya tathA bandara kA mizrita rUpa hai tathA usakA peTa bahuta bar3A hai| evaM kamara meM jAMghiyA sA pahanA huA haiM 1 8. jina tIrthaMkara kI pUre kada kI mUrti : mathurA ke kaMkAlI TIle se prApta isa mUrti kA UparI bhAga dAhinI tarapha se khaMDita hai| dUsarI eka mUrti padmAsana meM adhiSThita hai / ye donoM hI dhyAna mudrAe~ haiM / ye mUrtiyA~ vi0saM0 pUrva do sau varSa kI haiN| ye aba lakhanaU ke myUjiyama meM vidyamAna haiN| muhammada gajanI ne 1018 I0sa0 meM mathurA ko dhvaMsa kiyA tabhI zAyada ye mUrtiyA~ khaNDita huI hoN| (pariziSTa 1 tathA 2) ina uparyukta avazeSoM se yaha jJAna hotA hai, ki mathurA meM bahuta prAcIna kAla se lambe samaya taka jaina dharma samRddha rUpa se pracalita rahA hogaa| zAyada ikkIsaveM tIrthaMkara namInAtha ke samaya se kyoMki yaha unakI janma kalyANa bhUmi hai| inake atirikta kucha samaya pUrva mohana jodar3oM kI khudAI meM eka prAcIna mUrti prApta huI hai, jo kAyotsarga mudrA meM hai / yaha dhyAna mudrA jainoM meM hI pracalita thii| prAcIna misrI mUrtiyoM tathA prAcIna yUnAnI kurAI nAmaka mUrtiyoM meM bhI prAyaH vahI AkRti hai tathApi unameM usa dehotsarga nisaMga bhAva kA abhAva hai, jo sindhughATI kI mudrAoM para aMkita mUrtiyoM meM tathA kAyotsarga mudrA se yukta jina mUrtiyoM meM pAyA jAtA hai| isa prakAra sindhughATI ke vRSabha ke lAMchanayukta RSabhadeva kI yogImUrtiyoM ke atirikta nAgaphaNa se yukta yogI mUrtiyA~ bhI prApta huI haiM / ye mUrtiyA~ sAtaveM tIrthaMkara supArzva kI ho sakatI haiM / inakA lAMchana svAstika hai aura tatkAlIna sindhu ghATI meM svAstika eka atyanta lokapriya cihna dRSTigocara hotA hai| sar3akeM tathA galiyA~ taka svAstikAkAra milatI haiN| 19

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jaina dharma, darzana evaM saMskRti kI prAcInatA* 109 isa prakAra upalabdha purAtAtvika avazeSoM smArakoM tathA sAkSyoM ke dvArA yaha to nizcita rUpa se pramANita ho hI jAtA hai, ki jaina dharma evaM saMskRti vizva kI prAcInatama sabhyatA thI / vartamAna meM jitane purAtAtvika sAkSya hamAre samakSa vidyamAna haiM, unase kaI gunA adhika bhUgarbha meM ajJAta rUpa se vidyamAna haiM, jo Aja bhI jJAta hone ke lie apekSita haiN| jaisA ki eka purAtattvavettA kA kathana hai, " agara hama dasa mIla lambI trijyA lekara bhArata ke kisI bhI sthAna ko kendra banA vRtta banAveM to usake bhItara nizcaya se jaina bhagnAvazeSoM ke darzana hoNge|" niSkarSataH yahI kahA jA sakatA hai, ki jaina dharma, darzana, saMskRti evaM sabhyatA sAhityika vizleSaNa ke AdhAra para Adi tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva bhagavAna taka jAtI hai| isakI puSTi purAtAtvika sAkSyoM ke dvArA ho jAtI hai, jo ise sindhu ghATI sabhyatA jitanA prAcIna siddha karate haiN| DaoN0 herAsa ke anusAra " mohana jodar3o kA prAcIna nAma nandUra arthAt makara deza thA aura nandUra lipi manuSya kI sarvaprathama lipI thI tathA yaha sabhyatA manuSya kI bhUtala para sarvaprathama yabhyatA thI / " DaoN0 herAsa isa sabhyatA ko dravir3Iya hI mAnate haiM / yahA~ yaha dhyAna dene yogya bAta hai, ki 'makara' naveM tIrthaMkara puSpadanta kA lAMchana hai| jaoNna mArzala isa sindhu sabhyatA kI jananI uttara bhArata ke madhya deza meM udita evaM vikasita saMskRti ko mAnate haiN| pro0 esa0 zrIkaNThazAstrI kA kahanA hai, ki apane digambara dharma, yogamArga, vRSabha Adi vibhinna lAMchanoM kI pUjA Adi bAtoM ke kAraNa prAcIna sindhu sabhyatA jaina dharma ke sAtha adbhuta sAdRzya rakhatI hai, ataH vaha mUlataH anArya athavA kama se kama avaidika to hai hI / ataH aisA pratIta hotA hai, ki isa prAcIna sindhu sabhyatA ke puraskartA prAcIna vidyAdhara jAti ke loga the, jinheM dravir3oM kA pUrvaja kahA jA sakatA hai| lekina sAtha hI unake preraka evaM mArgadarzaka madhya deza ke ve mAnava vaMzI mUla Arya the, jo tIrthaMkaroM ke Atmadharma aura zramaNa saMskRti ke upAsaka the| tIsare tIrthaMkara sambhavanAtha se lekara naveM tIrthaMkara puSpadanta taka kA kAla sindhu sabhyatA ke vikAsa kA kAla hai / supArzva se puSpadanta paryaMta kA kAla usakA utkarSa kAla rahA hai / prAyaH isI samaya paMjAba ke mAnTagumArI jile ke har3appA zahara meM eka anya sabhyatA vikasita hone lagI thii| isakA kAla lagabhaga I0pU0 3000 se 2000 varSa mAnA jAtA hai| har3appA vAle bhI anArya aura avaidika the| navodita vaidika AryoM kA har3appA vAloM ke sAtha hI sarvaprathama evaM atyadhika bhISaNa saMgharSa huA / vaidika sAhitya ke dasyu, asura Adi yahI the / pazcimI eziyA meM eka ke bAda eka Ane vAlI sumera, asura, bAbulI Adi sabhyatAoM kA samparka apane se jyeSTha ( pUrvakAlIna) mohana jodar3oM evaM samakAlIna har3appA sabhyatA ke sAtha vizeSa rhaa| misra kI prAcInatama sabhyatA bhI prAyaH isI kAla

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110* jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana kI hai| I.pU. 2350 ke lagabhaga har3appA vAloM ke sAtha pazcimI eziyA kI sumerI sabhyatA kA samparka nizcita rUpa se rahA pratIta hotA hai| tatkAlIna kAla gaNanA meM yaha tithi mahattvapUrNa hai| har3appA sabhyatA ke cihna gaMgA, cambala aura narmadA ke kAMThoM meM pazcimI uttarapradeza (hastinApura) Adi meM pazcimI rAjasthAna tathA gujarAta kaThiyAvAr3a Adi pradezoM meM bhI prApta ho cuke haiM, jo isake vistRta prasAra ke sUcaka haiN| isa sabhyatA kI uttarAdhikAriNI jhUkara Adi uttaravartI sabhyatAe~ mAnI jAtI haiN| taduparAnta AryoM (inDo-AryoM) kA tathA unakI vaidika sabhyatA kA udaya huA mAnA jAtA hai| vaidika sabhyatA ke vikAsa evaM prasAra ke sAtha Arhata dharma ke prabhAva evaM vistAra meM nyUnAdhikatA samaya-samaya para AtI rhii| lekina isa saMskRti kA samUla vinAza kabhI nahIM huA varan yaha jaina dharma ke nAma se Aja bhI vidyamAna hai aura sadaiva rhegii| isakA kAraNa hai, ki yaha dharma evaM saMskRti zAzvata mUlyoM, sArvabhaumika evaM sArvakAlika niyamoM para AdhArita hai| ataH yaha prAcInatama sabhyatAoM kI AdhArazilA hone ke sAtha-sAtha vartamAna yuga meM bhI atyadhika mahattvapUrNa mArgadarzaka evaM prAsaMgika hai| la + 5 7. saMdarbha sUcI 1. vilsana granthAvalI, bhAga 1, pR. 334 2. lile, iNDiyA eNDa iTsa problamsa, pR.144 rAhula sAMkRtyAyana, dhammapadaM - gA. 20, a.1 rAhula sAMkRtyAyana, dhammapadaM - gA.7, a.98-99 rAhula sAMkRtyAyana, dhammapadaM - gA. 10,a. 142 rAhula sAMkRtyAyana, dhammapadaM - gA. 14,a. 184 rAhula sAMkRtyAyana, dhammapadaM - gA. 19, a. 264-265 8. rAhula sAMkRtyAyana, dhammapadaM - gA. 19, a. 272 9. rAhula sAMkRtyAyana, dhammapadaM - gA. 26,a. 420 rAhula sAMkRtyAyana, dhammapadaM - gA. 26, a422 11. majjhima nikAya, pR. 48 se 50 12. aMguttara nikAya,3,74 se.bu.I. pusta0 45, prastAvanA, pR. 45 13. yAkobI, iNDiyana eNTI., pusta.9, pR. 160 14. yAkobI, se.bu.I., pusta. 45, pR. 122-123 15. enasAiklopiDiyA briTAnikA vhA0, pR. 29 16. Rgveda saMhitA, 10/11/136/2 17. taitirIya araNyaka, 1/21/3, 1/24 78. zrImad bhAgavat, 5/3/20 19. padmapurANa, 13/350

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20. Rgveda, 2/33/10, 2/3/1/3,7/18/22,10/2/2/99/7,10/85/4 Adi 21. kalpasUtra, sU0 161, 162 22. AcArAMga, 1/3/1/108, niggaMthaM pAvayaNaM ( bhagavatI 9/6/386) 23. a. sauccANaM jiNa sAsaNaM- dazavaikAlika, 8/25 ba. jiNamaya, vahI 9/3/15 24. jiNavayaNe aNustA jiNavayaNaM je kareMti bhAveNa - uttarAdhyayana sUtra, 36/264 25. aNuttaraM dhammamiNaM jiNANaM (sUtrakRtAMga) - a0 6 gA0 7 26. a. jaiNa samugdhAyagaIe, vizeSAvazyaka bhASya, gA0 383 ba. jiNa tithaM, vahI, gA0 1043 22222 27. matsyapurANa, 4/13/54 gatvAtha moha yA mAsa raji putrAn vRhaspatiH, jinadharma samAsthAya vedabAhyaM sa vedavit / chadma rupadharaM saumya bodhayantaM chalena tAn, jaina dharmakRtaM svena, yajJanindA paraM tathA // daivIbhAgavat, 4/13/54 29. Rgveda, 10/11/136,10/121,10/90 30. Rgveda (1) maM0 3, aSTaka 3, a0 3, varga 21, RcA 140, jaina dharma, darzana evaM saMskRti kI prAcInatA 111 28. (2) ma. 8, a. 10, sU0 89, RcA 3, 4 (3) maM0 2, a. 2, sU0 12 RcA 5 ( 4 ) a. 6, a0 4, varga 32, RcA 10 Adi / 31. zrImadbhAgavata, skaM0 5, a0 6, zrI0 3-6 vahI, skaM0 5, a. 6, zrI0 16 32. 33. vahI, 5/3/13 34. vahI, 5/6/19 35. vahI, 5/4/14 36. vahI, 5/6/15 37. vahI, 5/6 38. vahI, 5/7/2-3 39. vahI, 5/5 40. vahI, 5/7 41. vahI, 1/3/13 42. vahI, 5/3/20 padmapurANa rAmazarmA AcArya, 1/7/127 43. 44. vahI, 1/7/60-101 45. vahI, 1/25/44-50 46. padmapurANa, bhUmikhaNDa, rAmazarmA AcArya, 2/36/17

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112 jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana 47. vahI, 2/36/11-48 48. vahI, 2/37/1 49. vahI, 2/37/11 50. viSNupurANa, 2/1/7 51. viSNupurANa, 2/1/32 52. prabhAsapurANa zivapurANa, 7/2/9 53. 54. viSNupurANa, 2/131/59 55. skaMdhapurANa prabhAsakhaNDa, a. 16, sU. 96 brahmANDapurANa, u. 3, a. 14, sU0 34, 39 57. liMgapurANa, a0 47, zroka 25 56. 58. nAbhistu janayeta putraM marudevyA manoharam / RSabhaM kSatriyaM zreSTha sarvakSatrasya pUrvajama // RSabhA bharato jajJe vIra putraH zatAgrajaH / rAjye'bhiSicya bharata, mahAprAnrAjyamAsthita // 59. iha hizkSvAkukulavaMzodbhavena nAbhisutena marudevyAnaMdana mahAdevena RSabheNa dazaprakAro dharmaH svayamevA cIrNaH kevalajJAnalAbhAcya pravartitaH / brahmANDa purANa RSabho marudevyAca, RSabhAda bharato'bhavat / bharatAd bhArataM varSa, bharatAt sumatistvabhUta / agnipurANa - 60. 67. History of the Sanskrit Litrature, Arther A. Macdonal, p. 226 Political History of Anciant India, N.c. Raychodhary, p. 52 The Principal of Upnishadas, Dr. S. Radhakrishnan, p. 22 63. muNDakopaniSad, 1/2/7 62. 64. a. chAndogya upaniSad, 8/5/1 ba. vRhadAraNyaka upaniSad, 2/2/9, 10 65. zvetAzvatara upaniSad, pR0 23 prAcIna bhAratIya sAhitya, ema. viMTaraniTja, pR0 190-191 66. 67. jAbAlopaniSad, pR0 6 68. nArada parivrAjakopaniSad, 3 / 86 69. IzAdyaSTottarazatopaniSad, Ed. W. E. Shastri - Paniskar p. 150 (Nirnaya-sagar press, 1925) vRhadAraNyaka upaniSad 70. 71. vahI 72. revatAndau jino nemiryugAdi vimalAcale / RSIMNAmAzramA devamukti mArgasyakAraNaM // - mahAbhArata, madhya parva

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jaina dharma, darzana evaM saMskRti kI prAcInatA * 113 73. chAndogya upaniSad- 3/17 74. RSabhAdInAM mahAyoginAmAcAre dRSTAva arhatAdayo mohitaaH| - mahAbhArata, zAntiparva, mokSa dharma, a. 263. zoka 20 75. nAhaM rAmo na me vAJchA, bhAveSu na ca me manaH / zAntimAsthAtumicchAmi, svAtmanyeva jino ythaa||-yogvaasisstth, a. 15, zoka 8 76. rAmAyaNa-vAlmikI,1/14/12 77. vahIM, 3/3/26 78. vahI, 4/18/33 79. vRhadAraNyaka upaniSad,4/3/22 rAmAyaNa - vAlmikI, 2/50/10 81. vahI, 5/12/15 82. vahI, 5/15/16 83. manusmRti, pra. bAbU baijanAtha prasAda bukasailara - a. 2, zoka 39, 40, a. 11, thoka 197, rAjAdaravAjA, banArasa siittii| 84. manusmRti, a. 6, thoka 41 85. vahI,a. 6, zoka 42 86. vahI, a0 6, zoka 93 87. vahI, a0 6 oka 44-45 88. vahIM, a.6, zoka 46-47 89. vahI, a6, zoka 48-60 . 90. vahI, a0 6, bhoka 74 91. vahI, a. 10, zoka 43-45 92. AMGgirasAnAmAdyaiH paMcAnuvAkaiH svaahaa| - yajurveda, sAmaveda, atharvaveda, ma. dayAnanda sarasvatI - kA. 1, anu. 3, sUkta 22, sUtra 2 93. yajurveda - dayAnanda sarasvatI, kA. 12, anu. 3, sU. 3, zoka 45 94. vahI, kA0 4, anu. 8, sU. 38, sUtra 5 95. vahI, kA. 9, anu. 2, sU04, sUtra 1-11 va 14-23 96. vahIM, kA.9, anu. 2, sU. 4,sUtra 12 97. vahI, kA. 4,anu. 8,sU. 39,sUtra 7 98. vahI, kA. 11,anu. 1,sU. 2, sUtra 31 99. vahI, kA. 6, anu. 11, sU. 110, sUtra 3 100. vahI, kA. 15, anu. 1, sU. 1, sUtra 1 101. vahI, atharvaveda, kA.5, anu. 4, sU. 19, sUtra 7 102. vahI, sAmaveda-pUrvAcika a. 1 da. 7 zro.9; a. 2 da. 1 zrI. 5; da. 3 zUo. 8; a0 2 da.5 zro.7; a. 2 da. 10 zrI. 2; a. 3 da. 10 zrI. 5; da. 11 zrI0 4; sAmaveda - uttarArcika - a. 1,kha. 5, zro. 2; a. 2 kha. 2 zrI. 1; a0 6 kha. 1 zrI. 2; a.9

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114* jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana kha.7 zrI. 2 103. vahI, sAmaveda uttarArcika 13/2/1,13/5/1,14/1/3,21/1/1 104. vahI, sAmaveda uttarArcika 12/2/2 105. vahI sAmaveda pUrvArcika 1/10/4 106. vahI, sAmaveda uttarArcika 5/5/2 107. vahI, sAmaveda pUrvArcika 3/11/1 108. vahI, sAmaveda uttarArcika 1/2/2,5/3/2,6/2/3, 20/5/2, 17/3/3 109. vahI, sA.u.,7/3/1 110. vahI, yajurveda a. 19/91, 20/18, 20/40, 20/46,21/22, 21/40-42, 47, 59, 60, 24/7,13,30, 28/4,33/21 111. vahI, yajurveda 17/91 112. vahI, 20/85 113. vahI, 22/11 114. vahI, 22/12 115. vahI, 36/17 116. vahI, 15/18 117. vahI, 19/50 118. vahI, 25/19 119. vahI, 19/14 120. Rgveda, maNDala/adhyAya/sUtra/maMtra arthAt 1/24/190/1, 2/4/33/15, 3/3/46/1-2, 3/3/47/1-2,3/3/30/9,3/3/38/5,3/3/48/1,3/4/52/8,3/4/59/3, 3/5/62/6, 4/1/1/16-18, 4/1/5/3, 4/2/16/20, 5/2/28/4, 6/1/1/8, 6/2/19/11, 6/1/87/8, 6/2/16/41 va 47. 6/2/18-19/1 va 9, 6/4/44/11 va 21, 6/2/22/1, 6/2/28/8 va 25, 6/4/49/6, 7/2/19/1, 8/1/1/2, 8/3/19/31-37, 8/3/20/10, 8/4/21/4 , 8/7/60/13 - 14, 8/7/6 1/2 , 10/12/26/1-2 121. Rgveda, 2/34/2 122. karka deva vRSabho yukta AsId avAvacIt sArathIrasya keshii| dudharyuktasya dravataH sahAnasa, Rcchanti mAniSpado mudgalAnIm // -Rgveda, 10/102/6 . 123. Rgveda, 36/7/3/22 124. vahI, 8/3/13/28, 29 125. vahI, 8/2/13/32,8/3/13/28, 29 126. vahI, 10/9/100/2 127. Rgveda, 10/12/178/1 128. vahI, 10/12/180/1 129. Rgveda, 10

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jaina dharma, darzana evaM saMskRti kI prAcInatA * 115 130. (i) jeNaM titthaM - vizeSAvazyaka bhASya - gA. 1043 (ii) titthaM jaiNaM - vahI,gA. 1045,1046 (iii) jaiNa samugghayagaIe - vahI,gA. 383 131. nandIsUtra - vijayadAnasUri saMzodhita cUrNi, pR. 111 132. (i) Avazyaka niyukti,gA. 192 (ii) dhavalA, 1/64/72 133. (i) samavAyAMga sUtra,1/136 (ii) nandI sUtra, sU0 40 134. mUlAcAra- vaTkerAcArya, sU. 5/80 135. nandI sUtra, sU. 42 136. Avazyaka niyukti, bhadrabAhu, gA. 192 137. jaina sUtrAja, DaoN harmana jaikobI, prastAvanA pR. 44 138. nandI sUtra, pR. 109 139. SaTkhaNDAgama, dhavalA TIkA - vIrasena, pR. 114 140. jaina sUtrAj, bhAga-1, kalpasUtra 5, pR. 268 141. nandI sUtra 142. vahI 143. vahI 144. bhagavatI sUtra, pra. sAdhumArgI saMskRti rakSaka saMgha, sailAnA zataka 6, u.7, pR. 122-123 145. (i) samavAyAMga sUtra, sR. 147 (ii) nandI sUtra, sU. 56 146. dazavaikAlika sUtra, maMgalAcaraNa 147. (i) jambUdvIpa prajJapti (ii) kalpasUtra 148. zrImad bhAgavata, a.1 149. kalpasUtra 150. jinendra mata darpaNa, bhAga 1, pR. 10 151. usahe NAmaM arahA kosalie par3hamarAyA, par3hamajiNe, par3hamakevalI par3hamatitthayare par3hama dhammavara cakka vaTTI smuppjjitthe| - jambUdvIpa prajJapti, 2/30 152. tiloya paNNatti- A. yativRSabha, 4/533 va 560 153. kalpasUtra, sU. 192 154. (i) vahI,sU. 33 (ii) Avazyakaniyukti, gA. 182 155. Adhara maMgulie, ThavaMti devA maNunnaM tu // 1 ||aavshyk niyukti, 1 156. Avazyaka niyukti,gA. 186 157. vahI, pR. 153

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116 jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana 158. vahI, gA0 191 159. kalpasUtra subodhikA TIkA, pR0 498 160. Avazyaka cUrNi, pR0 155 161. * Avazyaka cUrNi, pR0 156 pUrva bhAga 162. Avazyaka niryukti, gA0 213-14 163. kalpasUtra subodhikA TIkA, sU0 211 164. Avazyaka niryukti, gA0 212 165. vahI, gA0 213 166. vizeSAvazyaka bhASya, gA0 464 kI TIkA 167. samavAyAMga sUtra, samavAya 72 168. (i) jambUdvIpa prajJapti, vakSaskAra 2, TIkA patra 139-2, (ii) kalpasUtra subodhikA TIkA, 140-1 169. AdipurANa, parva 16, zloka 243 se 246 170. Avazyaka cUrNi, pR0 213-14 171. tiloyapaNNatti - yativRSabhasena, gA. 586 172. vahI, gA0 597 173. samavAyAMga, 500 sU0 3 174. (i) Avazyaka niryukti, gA0 239 va 242 (ii) kalpasUtra, sU0 195 175. mahApurANa - puSpadanta, parva 18, loka 1. 176. (i) harivaMzapurANa- jinasena, sarga 6, zloka 183-190 (ii) Avazyaka niryukti, gA0 345 (iii) trizaSTi zalAkA caritra - AcArya hemacandra, 1/3/301-302 177. (i) kalpasUtra, sU0 196 (ii) Avazyaka niryukti, gA0 263 178. abhidhAna rAjendra koSa- AcArya rAjendra sUri jI, 1 pR0 31 179. (i) samavAyAMga, samavAya 111 (ii) suttAgama, pR0 345-46 180. prazna vyAkaraNa, 2/1 181. tatra dharmaphalaM tIrtha, putraH syAt kAgajaM phalam / arthAnubandhino'rthasya phalaM cakra prabhAsvaram // mahApurANa- puSpadanta, 24/6/573 182. kariskandhAdhirUdaiva, svAmini marudevyatha / antakRtkevalitvena, prapede padamavyayam / triSaSTi zalAkA puruSa caritra, 1/3/530 183. jambUdvIpa prajJapti- amolaka RSi jI, pR0 87-88 184. (i) jambUdvIpa prajJapti, 48/91 (ii) kalpasUtra, sU0 199

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jaina dharma, darzana evaM saMskRti kI prAcInatA * 117 185. bhagavAna RSabhadeva aura unakI lokavyApI mAnyatA-kAmatA prasAda jaina, dvitIya khaNDa, pR. 41 186. da sTorI oNpha sivilijezana (oNvara oriyanTala heriTeja), nyUyArka vila DyUrenTa 1954, pR. 219 287. vahI, pR. 127 188. vahI, pR. 199 189. videzI saMskRtiyoM meM ahiMsA- kAmatA prasAda jaina, pR. 403 190. vahI, pR. 405 191. vahI, pR. 406 . 192. vahI, pR. 407 193. (i) uttarapurANa- AcArya guNabhadra, thoka 26 a. 48 (ii) trizaSTizalAkA purisa caritra, zoka 280 194. (i) uttarapurANa, thoka 18-29, a. 48 (ii) trizaSTizalAkA purisa caritra, bhoka 276 se 279 195. uttarapurANa, 48/34-40 196. vahI,48/42 197. vahI,48/43-48 198. vahI, 48/53 199. vahI, 48/69-78 200. vahI,48/14-19 201. trizaSTi zalAkA purisa cAritra, zoka 281 va 282 202. uttarapurANa,49/41 * 203. vahI,49/43-48 204. vahI,49/55-56 205. (i) vahI, 50/16,50/19,50/26-29 (ii) trizaSTi zalAkA purisa caritra, thoka 283 se 284 206. uttarapurANa, 50/29 207. vahI, 50/45,50/52-53 208. vahI, 50/55-56 209. vahI, 50/57-63 210. vahI, 50/66 211. vahI,51/19-24 212. (i) trizaSTi zalAkA purisa cAritra, zoka 285-286 (ii) uttarapurANa, 51/25-26 213. vahI, 51/55,51/68-71,51/75 214. vahIM, 51/76-81 215. (i) trizaSTi zalAkA purisa caritra, zoka 287-288

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118 jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana (ii) uttarapurANa, 52/18,52/21,52/26-27,52/34-35 216. vahI, 52 / 36, 52, 56-57 217. vahI, 52/58-64 218. uttarapurANa, 52/67 219. (i) trizaSTi zalAkA purisa caritra, zroka 289-290 (ii) uttarapurANa, 53 / 18-25 220. vahI, 53/26, 37, 41-42, 44-45 221. vahI, 53/46-51 222. vahI, 53 /53-54 223. vahI, 54 / 163, 170 224. trizaSTi zalAkA purisa caritra, zloka 291-292 225. uttarapurANa, 54/195 226. vahI, 54 / 213-216 227. vahI, 54 / 223, 229-235 228. vahI, 54 / 243-248 229. vahI, 54 / 269-272 230. (i) vahI, 55/28 (ii) suvidhiH puSpadantazcetyabhidhanadvayaM vibhoH / trizaSTi zalAkA purisa caritra, 3/7/50 231. uttarapuraNa, 55/23-28 232. trizaSTi zalAkA purisa caritra, zroka 293-294 233. uttarapurANa, 55/30, 36-46 234. vahI, 55/49-50 235. vahI, 55 / 52-57 236. vahI, 55/58-59 237. vahI, 56/23-28 238. trizaSTi zalAkA purisa caritra 295-296 239. uttarapurANa, 56/32-45 240. vahI, 56/48-49 241. vahI, 56 / 50-55 242. vahI, 56/56-58 243. vahI, 57/17-34 244. trizaSTi zalAkA purisa caritra, zloka 297-299 245. uttarapurANa, 57/38, 43-48 246. vahI, 57/51-52 247. vahI, 57/54-59 248. vahI, 57/60-62

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jaina dharma, darzana evaM saMskRti kI prAcInatA* 119 249. vahI, 58/17-22 250. trizaSTi zalAkA purisa caritra, zloka 300-301 251. uttarapurANa, 58/30,37-39 252. vahI, 58/41-42 253. vahI, 58/44-49 254. vahI, 58/50-53 255. vahI, 59/14-22 256. trizaSTi zalAkA purisa caritra, zloka 302-303 257. uttarapurANa,59/25,31-32,40-41 258. vahI, 59/44-45 259. vahI, 59/48-53,63 260. vahI, 59/54-56 261. vahI, 60/16-21 262. trizaSTi zalAkA purisa caritra, zoka 304-305 263. uttarapurANa 60/25-26,30-32 264. vahI, 60/35-36 265. vahI,60/37-42 266. vahI, 60/44-45 267. vahI, 61/13-19 268. trizaSTi zalAkA purisa caritra, zloka 306-307 269. uttaraparANa.61/23.30.37-40 270. vahI,61/42-43 271. vahI,61/44-49,59 272. vahI, 61/51-52 273. vasudevahiNDI, lambhaka 21 274. trizaSTi zalAkA purisa caritra, zloka 514 275. uttarapurANa, 63/255-260 276. vahI, 63/386-387,398,406 277. trizaSTi zalAkA purisa caritra,zloka 308-309 278. uttarapurANa,63/445-463,468-473 279. vahI, 63/481-487 280. vahI, 63/489-495 281. vahI,63/497-499 282. vahI,64/12-24 283. trizaSTi zalAkA purisa caritra, zloka 310-311 284. uttarapurANa,64/27-40

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120 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana 285. vahI,64/41-43 286. vahI,64/44-50 287. vahI,64/51-53 288. vahI,65/14-22 289. trizaSTi zalAkA purisa caritra,zloka 312-313 290. uttarapurANa, 65/29-34 291. vahI,65/36-38 292. vahI, 65/39-44,174 293. vahI,65/45-47 294. aMguttaranikAya, bhAga 3, pRSTha 256-257, saM. bhikSu jagadIza kassapo, pAli prakAzana mnnddl,bihaar| 295. aMguttara nikAya, araka sutta, bhAga 3, pRSTha 257, sampAdaka prakAzaka vahI 296. uttarapurANa,66/20-34 297. trizaSTi zalAkA purisa caritra,zloka 314-315 298. uttarapurANa 66/38-48 299. jJAtAdharmakathA sUtra, a.8 300. vahI, a.8 301. vahI,a.8 302. uttarapurANa,66/51-52 303. jJAtAdharmakathA, a.8 304. uttarapurANa,66/54-59,102 305. vahI, 66/60-62 306. vahI, 67/20-28 307. tIrthaMkaroM kA lekhA, pR. 1, pra. akhila bhAratIya sAdhumArgI saMgha, sailAnA 308. trizaSTi zalAkA purisa caritra,zloka -316-317 309. uttarapurANa,67/30-43 310. vahI,67/46-47 311. vahI,67/49-52 312. vahI,67/54-57 313. vahI,68 parva ke anta meM 314. vahI,69/18-19,25-31 315. trizaSTi zalAkA purisa caritra,zloka 378-319 316. uttarapurANa,69/35,52-55 317. vahI,69/57-59 318. vahI,69/60-65 319. vahI,69/66-68

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jaina dharma, darzana evaM saMskRti kI prAcInatA 121 320. jaina patra varSa 35, aMka 9, tA. 3/1/37 321., 1/14/89/6, 1/24/180/40, 3/4/53/7, 10/12/118/1 322. yajurveda, 15/18 323. vahI, 19/50 324. . sAmaveda pUrvAcika, 1/10/4, 1/10 /2, 3/11/1, sAmaveda uttarArcika, 1/2/2,6/2/3,20/5/2,5/3/2, 17/3/3,5/5/2,25/19 325. atharvaveda, 12/3/3/44-45 326. mahAbhArata kA zAnti parva, 288/4, 5,6 327. sagara cakravartI se anya koI sagara rAjA honA cAhiye / 328. harivaMza, 1/34 / 1, 2, 3, 11, 15, 16 329., 1/34/17, 18, 21, 22, 23, 35/17 330. uttarapurANa, 71/29-32,37,38,46 331. trizaSTi zalAkA purisa caritra, zloka 320-321 332. uttarapurANa, 71/137-170 333. vahI, 71/179-181 334. vahI, 71/182-187 335. vahI, 72/272-274 336. The Sacred Books of the East, Vol. XLV; Introduction Page 21: 'That parsva was a historical person, is now addmited by all as very probable............. 337. Indian philosophy : Vol. I, Page 287 ; S. Radhakrishnan. 338. The wonder that was India : Page 287&288, A. L. Basham, B.A., Ph.D., F.R.A.S., Reprinted 1956. 339. N.C. Raychodhary: Political History of Ancient India, Page 52 340. Dr. S. Radhakrishnan : The Princiapl of Upnishadas, P. 22 341. History of the Sanskrit Literature, p. 226 342. bhagavAna pArzva: eka anuzIlana, pR. 18 343. saMskRti ke cAra adhyAya, pR0 125, rAmadhArI siMha dinakara 344. plavA hyete adRr3hA yajJarUpA aSTAdazovatamavaraM yeSu karma / ecchreyoye'bhinandanti mUr3hA jarAmRtyuM te punarevApi yanti // muNDakopaniSad, 1/2/7 345. (i) chAndogya upaniSad, 5/3/1-7 (ii) vRhadAraNyaka upaniSad, 6/2/8 346. (i) majjhima nikAya - mahAsiMhanAda sutta, 1/1/2 (ii) bhagavAna buddha - dharmAnanda kauzAmbI, pR0 68-69 347. Mrs. Rhys Davids : Gautama The Man, p. 22-25 348 uttarAdhyayana, 23

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122 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana 349. (i) vyAkhyAprajJapti,1/976, (ii) sUtrakRtAMga,2 (iii) uttarAdhyayana,23 350. saMskRti ke aMcala meM, pR. 33-34 devendra muni zAstrI 351. pArzvanAtha caritra, sakalakIrti,23-18,19 352. samavAyAMga sUtra, samavAya 38 353. uttarapurANa,73/74-92 354. trizaSTi zalAkA purisa caritra, zloka 322-323 355. uttarapurANa,73/95-103 356. vahI,73/124-130 357. vahI,73/134-144 358. bhagavAna pArzva : eka samIkSAtmaka adhyayana- devendramuni zAstra, pa.8 359. uttarapurANa,73/149-154. 360. vahI,73/155-159 361. vahI,74/251-278 362. AcArAMga sUtra, zru. 2, a. 15 363. trizaSTi zalAkA purisa caritra,zloka 324-325 364. uttarapurANa,74-290-295 365. vahI,74/302-304 366. jaina dharma kA maulika itihAsa, bhA. 1- A. zrI hastImalajI ma.. pR. 565, pra. jaina itihAsa samiti, lAla bhavana, caur3A raastaa| 367. uttarapurANa,74/348-352 368. vahI,74/372-384 369. vahI.76/509-512 370. yajurveda, 15/18, 10/21,44,45 371. itihAsa samuccaya - bhArateMdu bAvU harizcaMdra, pR. 18 372. vahI, pR.6 373. sarva taMtrasvataMtra satsaMpradAyAcArya svAmI rAmamizra zAstrI-upadeza 374. zrI varadakAnta mukhopAdhya ke baMgalA lekha ke hindI anuvAda se uddhRta-nAthUrAma premI dvArA 375. sTaDIja ina iNDiyana peMTiMgsa - mehatA, pR.2 hemacandra va anya paramparAoM ke 3 nusAra bhI jaina dharma Aja ke bhArata kI sImAoM meM sImita nahIM thaa| hemacandra - pariziSTa parva - pR. 69,282 376. AuTalAinsa oNpha jainijma - jainI pR.3 377. vilsana granthAvalI bhAga-1 - zrI vilsana, pR. 334 378. vahI, pR. 347 379. iNDiyA eNDa iTsa praoNblamsa - lile, pR. 144

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jaina dharma, darzana evaM saMskRti kI prAcInatA * 123 380. rilIjansa oNpha iNDiyA, DaoN. haoNpkIMsa, pR. 296,297 381. jaina gajaTa, bhAga 23,zAha, pR. 105 382. brahmasUtrAja - bailavalkara, pR. 120-121 383. dI hArTa oNpha jainIjma- zrImatI sTIvensana, pR. 19 384. iNDiyana eNTIkverI,prasta.9, pRSTha 158 385. jaina satya prakAza, varSa 5, aMka 21 386. vahI, varSa 6,aMka 6 387. sAptAhika hindUstAna, 23 jUna 1959 388. jaina satya prakAza, varSa 4, aMka 3 (saM. 1994) 389. vRhat sAmAyika pATha aura vRhatpratikramaNa, pR. 164 -- mUlacanda kizanadAsa kApar3iyA 390. madhya eziyA kA itihAsa,rAhula sAMkRtyAyana, pR. 57 .. 391. prAcIna bhArata - oma prakAza prasAda, pR. 53 392. jaina mandiroM kI prAcInatA aura mathurA kA kaMkAlI TIlA - zrI jJAnasundara jI ma., pRSTha 11 13, pra. zrI ratnaprabhAkara jJAna pusspmaalaa| 393. vahI, pRSTha 19-22 394. iMDasa sivilAijezana eMDa hindU kalcara - pI. Ara. dezamukha 395. prAcIna bhArata - Ara. esa. zarmA, pRSTha 41 vAna bhArata, omaprakAza prasAda, pRSTha 62 397. bhAratIya itihAsa : eka dRSTi - DaoN. jyoti prasAda jaina, pRSTha 29, pra. bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kaashii| 398. paMcAla : ke.DI. vAjapeyI, pra. paMcAla zodha saMsthAna, kAnapura, pR. 126 399. maoNrDana rivyU, jUna 1932, meM zrI candA ke lekha se 400. prAkRta vidyA (janavarI-jUna 2003 kA aMka)-prAcya bhAratIya abhilekha prAkRta bhASA, le. DaoN. zazi prabhA jaina, pRSTha 63 401. jaina mandiroM kI prAcInatA aura mathurA kA kaMkAlI TIlA, pRSTha 11, 14, 15, 23 - muni jJAnasundara jI ma., pra. zrI ratnaprabhAkara jJAna puSpamAlA, phlaudii| 402. vividha tIrthakalpa -- le. jina prabhasUri, saM. jinavijaya, 1934,zAMtiniketana, pRSTha 17 403. vahI, pRSTha 85 404. jaina mandiroM kI prAcInatA aura mathurA kA kaMkAlI TIlA, le. muni jJAnasundara jI ma., pRSTha 5 405. hisTrI oNpha iNDiyana eNDa IsTarna ArkiTekcara, pharagyUsana, bhAga 2, pRSTha 24 406. hindUijma eNDa buddhIjma, bhAga 1 - iliyaTa, pRSTha 121 407. jaina mandiroM kI prAcInatA aura mathurA kA kaMkAlI TIlA, le. muni jJAnasundara jI ma., pRSTha 23 408. dI jaina stUpa eNDa adara eNTIkviTIja oNpha mathurA-smitha, pRSTha 3-19 409. bhAratIya itihAsa eka dRSTi - le. jyoti prasAda jaina, pRSTha 26

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124 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana mathurA kA kaMkAlI TIlA: 2200 varSoM kI tIrthaMkaroM kI prAcIna mUttiyA~ janatAvazAlI mAnA mathurA ke kaMkAlI TIlA ke khudAI kA kAma karate samaya jaina tIrthaMkaroM kI aneka mUrtiyA~ milIM jinameM yaha do mUrti bhI haiN| lakhanaU ke myUjiyama meM vidyamAna hai| inakA samaya guptakAla arthAt vi.pU. do sau varSa kA batalAyA jAtA hai| isa samaya ke pUrva bhI jaina dharma meM mUrti pUjA pracalita thI jisakA yaha eka AkaTya pramANa hai| kyA aba bhI mUtti pUjA dharma kA eka aMga mAnane meM koI bhI sabhya puruSa zaMkA kara sakatA hai ? nhiiN|

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jaina dharma, darzana evaM saMskRti kI prAcInatA 125 mathurA kA kaMkAlI TIlAH 2200 varSoM kI tIrthaMkaroM kI prAcIna mUttiyA~ (0214 RROWATATE Rat 086 lajjxx BSE mathurA ke kaMkAlI TIlA ke khudAI kA kAma karate samaya patthara kA dhvaMza vizeSa milA hai / jo citra Upara diyA gayA hai isameM Upara ke bhAga meM samavasaraNa ke donoM bAju tIrthaMkaroM kI mUrttiyAM haiN| nIce jaina zramaNa kRSNArpi kI mUrtti hai jisake eka hAtha meM rajoharaNa aura dUsare hAtha meM mukhavatrika hai| vidvAnoM kA mata hai ki yaha vi.saM. ke pUrva do zatAbdiyoM jitanA prAcIna hai| isa prAcInatA se siddha hai ki jaina sAdhu mu~hapattI kadIma se hAtha meM hI rakhate the|

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126 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana mathurA kA kaMkAlI TIlA: 2200 varSoM kI tIrthaMkaroM kI prAcIna mUttiyA~ PONVR AARATRE Upara kA AyAgapaTTa mathurA ke kaMkAlITIlA ke khudAI kA kAma karate samaya bhUmi se prApta huA hai| isake liye bhAratIya vidvAn purAtatvajJa zrImAn rAkhaladAsa venarjI kA mata hai ki 'sAdhAraNa rIte cAra matsya pUcchanA kendra sthale eka golAkAra sthAnane viSaya eka beThI jaina mUrti hoya che vi.saM. nA prArambha pUrva be sau varSa upara siMhaka vaNikanA putra ane kausikI gautrIya mAttAnA saMtAna siMhanAdi ke mathurA mAM je AyAgapaTTanI pratiSThA karIhatI tegAM uparokta vivasthA jovAmA Ave chai' kyA mUrti pUjA kI prAcInatA meM abhI bhI kisI ko zaMkA hai ? nhiiN|

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SO COWSE mUttipUjA kA prAcIna itihAsa BASISTA yaha mUrti bhagavAna mahAvIra kI hai ASTrIya deza ke buddhapresta nagara ke eka kisAna ke kheta meM khudAI kA karate bhUgarbha se milI hai isakI prAcInatA samrATa candragupta yA samprati ke samaya kI batalAI jAtI hai jisako Aja 2200 varSa se adhika hue haiN| jaina dharma, darzana evaM saMskRti kI prAcInatA 127

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itihAsa ke amUlya sAdhana 128* jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana FOR khudAI ke kAma meM bhUgarbha se mile hue prAcIna jaina smAraka

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sAmAjika, rAjanaitika va sAMskRtika vikAsa para prabhAva sAmAjika vikAsa meM jaina darzana kA yogadAna jaina darzana kI manuSya ke vyaktitva evaM samAja nirmANa kI prakriyA meM mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA rahI hai| vyakti kI vaiyaktika sthiti samAja ke binA sambhava nahIM hai| vyakti kI vaiyaktikatA kA artha itanA hI hai, ki pratyeka vyakti apane AcaraNa aura kriyA vyApAroM ko pariSkRta kreN| samAja pArivArika jIvana se prArambha hotA hai| bhoga-bhUmi ke jIvana meM bhI anubhUti vaiyaktika hote hue bhI usakA vikAsa yugala ke madhya hI hotA hai| saMskRti aura sAmAjikatA kA vikAsa isI yugala parivAra se hotA hai| bhoga-bhUmi kI samApti ke pazcAt karma-bhUmi ke sAtha hI sAmAjika jIvana kA prArambha huaa| yaha sarvamAnya tathya hai, ki karmabhUmi meM akelA vyakti kucha nahIM kara sakatA hai| loka jIvana kA pratipAdana karane se sAmAjika jIvana kA DhA~cA to nirmita hotA hI hai, sAtha hI vyApaka prasAra kA bhI avasara milatA hai| sAmAjika cetanA ke abhAva meM karma kA mArga saMkIrNa ho jAtA hai| AjIvikA, vivAha, vyApAra-vyavasAya Adi ke lie sAmAjika sahayoga kI nitAnta AvazyakatA hai| koI bhI dharma-darzana AdhyAtmika cetanA ke bala se lokapriya nahIM bana sakatA hai, ataH sAmAjika jIvana kI AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti sAmAjika saMsthAoM ke binA saMbhava nahIM hai| AdipurANa meM nimnalikhita saMsthAoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai 1. kulakara saMsthA, 2. samavazaraNa saMsthA, 3. caturvidhasaMgha-saMsthA, 4. varNajAti saMsthA, 5. Azrama saMsthA, 6. vivAha saMsthA, 7. kula saMsthA, 8. saMskAra saMsthA, 9. parivAra saMsthA, 10. puruSArtha saMsthA, 11. caityAlaya sNsthaa| __ 1. kulakara saMsthA : kulakara saMsthA eka prakAra kI samAja vyavasthA ko sampAdita karane vAlI saMsthA hai| bhoga aura tyAga kA sampRkta jIvana kisa prakAra nirdhAnta vyatIta kiyA jAtA hai, isakA samyak parijJAna kulakaroM dvArA pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai| kulakaroM ne jIvana mUlyoM ko niyamabaddha kara ekatA aura niyamitatA pradAna karake manuSya ke naitika karmoM kA nirdezana kiyaa| aparAdha yA bhUloM kA parimArjana daNDavyavasthA ke binA saMbhava nahIM hai, ataH kAryoM aura kriyAvyApAroM ko niyantrita karane ke lie anuzAsana kI sthApanA kI jAtI hai| isa kulakara saMsthA kA vikasita rUpa hI rAjya saMsthA hai, jisameM samAja aura rAjanIti donoM ke tattva vidyamAna hai|

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130 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana kulakara saMsthA dvArA sAmAnyataH nimnalikhita kAryoM kA sampAdana huA hai - 1. samAja ke sadasyoM ke bIca sambandhoM kA sNsthaapn| 2. sambandhoM kI avahelanA karane vAloM ke lie daNDa vyavasthA kA nirdhaarnn| 3. svAbhAvika vyavahAroM ke sampAdanArtha kArya-praNAlI kA prtipaadn| 4. AjIvikA, rIti-rivAja evaM sAmAjika arhAoM kI prApti kI vyAkhyA kA niruupnn| 5. sAMskRtika upakaraNoM dvArA svastha vaiyaktika jIvana nirmANa ke sAtha sAmAjika jIvana meM zAnti aura santulana sthApanArtha viSaya sukha kI avadhAraNAoM meM primaarjn| 6. samAja saMgaThana evaM vibhinna pravRttiyoM kA sthaapn| 7. sAmUhika kriyAoM kA niyantraNa evaM samAja-hita prtipaadn| 8. AdipurANa meM AcArya jinasena ne likhA hai, ki jIvana vRtti evaM manuSyoM ko kula kI taraha ikaTe rahane kA upadeza dene ke kAraNa ye kulakara khlaaye|' kulakaroM ke kAryoM kA varNana karate hue batAyA gayA hai. ki pratizruta ne karmabhUmi ke prArambha meM candramA ke dekhane se bhayabhIta hue manuSya ke bhaya ko dUra kiyaa| tArAgaNoM se yukta nabhamaNDala ko dekhakara bhayabhIta hue manuSyoM ke bhaya ko sanmati ne dUra kiyaa| kSemaMkara ne prajAkSema-kalyANa aura suvyavasthA kA pracAra kiyaa| kSemaMdhara ne kalyANakArI kAryoM kA upadeza diyaa| sImaMkara ne Arya puruSoM kI sImAe~ niyata kii| sImandhara ne sampatti kA ba~TavArA karanA batalAyA tathA kalpavRkSoM kI sImA nizcita kii| vimalavAhana ne gaja, azva, ratha Adi vAhanoM para savArI karanA sikhlaayaa| cakSu dhyAna ne putra pAlana kI paramparA batalAyI, abhicandra ne bAlakoM ko krIr3A-vinoda karanA aura marudevI ne pArivArika sambandhoM kI sthApanA karanA sikhlaayaa| prasenajIta ne garbha ke Upara rahane vAle jarAyu ke haTAne kA kArya aura nAbhirAja ne nAla kATane kA kArya sikhlaayaa| RSabhadeva ne samAja ko kRSi karanA, vANijya vyavasAya karanA, naukarI karanA, zilpakArya sampAdana karanA, kalA kauzala kA nirmANa karanA sikhlaayaa| samAja vyavasthA meM inakA bahuta bar3A yogadAna hai| grAma, nagara, nadI, sarovara Adi ke upayoga karane kI prakriyA bhI inhoMne batalAyI thii| isa prakAra kulakaroM ne samAja vyavasthA ke vikAsa meM mahattvapUrNa yogadAna diyaa| 2. samavazaraNa-saMsthA : samavazaraNa aisI saMsthA hai, jo samAja ko svastha aura prabuddha banAne ke sAtha kartavya dAyitva kA viveka sikhalAtI hai| jaina dharma ke pratipAdaka tIrthaMkaroM ko jaba kevalajJAna ho jAtA hai, to samavazaraNa kI racanA hotI hai| samavazaraNa

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sAmAjika, rAjanaitika va sAMskRtika vikAsa para prabhAva * 131 tIrthaMkara kI aisI upadeza sabhA hai, jisameM pazu-pakSI, deva-manuSya, ucca-nIca, dhanIgarIba, mitra-amitra, pApI-puNyAtmA sabhI eka sAtha baiTha AtmakalyANakArI upadeza sunate haiN| samavazaraNa aisI sAmAjika saMsthA hai, jisakI zaraNa meM sabhI prakAra ke laukika netA pahu~cate haiN| vAstava meM dharmanetA aisA lokanAyaka hotA hai, jo niHsvArtha aura niSkAma bhAvanA se janahita kA upadeza detA hai| zIla, saMyama, sadAcAra, vyavasthA, mAnamaryAdA evaM sahayoga sevA kI bhAvanA hI sAmAjikatA kA nirvAha karane meM samartha hotI hai| ucca AdarzoM kI sthApanA evaM vaiyaktika jIvana meM vikAra-saMzodhana bhI isI prakAra kI saMsthAoM dvArA saMbhava hai| samavazaraNa meM prasArita hone vAlI divyadhvani vyakti ke vyaktitva kA utthAna karatI hai, use mAnavocita guNoM se paricita karAtI hai aura samAja kA sahayogI siddha karatI hai| AtmaprazaMsA aura paranindA aisI duSpravRttiyA~ haiM, jinake kAraNa samAja kI zAnti aura vyavasthA TUTatI hai tathA pArasparika saMgharSa utpanna hotA hai, ataH samAjazAstrIya dRSTikoNa se koI bhI vicAraka netA mAnava kI mUla pravRttiyoM meM sAmaMjasya utpanna karatA hai, saMvega aura icchAoM ko niyaMtrita karatA hai aura svastha sAmAjika arhAoM ko prAdurbhUta karatA hai| zatrutA, zoka, IrSyA, rAga, dveSa, asaMyama Adi aise kITANu haiM, jo samAja ko zanaiH-zanaiH kSINa karate jAte haiM, jisase anta meM samAja rUpI vRkSa dharAzAyI ho jAtA hai| vastutaH yaha saMsthA mAnava mAtra ko dharmasAdhanA kA samAna adhikAra pradAna karatI hai, pratyeka vyakti samatva ko prApta hotA hai| samavazaraNa saMsthA dhArmika saMsthA hone para bhI isameM sAmAjika saMsthA ke guNa bhI pAye jAte haiN| sAmAjika darzana (Social Philosophy) aura sAmAjika niyojana (Social Planning) ye donoM guNa isa saMsthA meM samAhita haiN| saMkSepa meM isa saMsthA meM nimnalikhita samAjazAstrIya guNa-mahattva prakaTa hote haiM -- . 1. dhArmika aura sAmAjika kSetra meM manuSya mAtra ke samAna adhikAra kI ghoSaNA krnaa| 2. sadguNoM ke vikAsa kA sabhI ko samAna avasara prApta karane kI svatantratA kA rhnaa| 3. virodhI vicAroM ko sunakara ghabar3AnA nahIM apane vicAroM ke samAna anya ke vicAroM kA bhI Adara krnaa| 4. saMcayazIla vRtti kA tyAga kara adhikAra lipsA aura prabhutvavRddhi kI bhAvanA kA damana krnaa| 5. nirbhaya aura nirvaira hokara zAnti ke sAtha jInA aura dUsaroM ko jIvita rahane denaa| 6. dUsaroM ke adhikAra aura apane karttavyapAlana ke lie sadA jAgarUka rhnaa|

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132 jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana 7. ahiMsA aura saMyama ke samanvaya dvArA apanI vizAla aura udAra dRSTi se vizva meM bhrAtRtva bhAvanA kA pracAra karanA / 3. caturvidha saMgha-saMsthA : caturvidha saMgha meM zramaNa, zramaNI zrAvaka aura zrAvikA ina cAroM ke samavAya kI gaNanA kI jAtI hai| inheM do saMsthAoM meM vibhakta kara sakate haiM 1. sAdhu saMsthA, 2. gRhastha saMsthA / sAdhu saMsthA : sAdhu-saMsthA ke apane saMhitA niyama haiM, jinake AdhAra para isa saMsthA kA saMcAlana hotA hai / isa saMsthA kA nAyaka 'AcArya' kahalAtA hai, jisake tattvAvadhAna meM sAdhu apane niyamoM kA pAlana karate haiM / pratyeka sAdhu ke saMhitA niyama the, jinakA pAlana ve kaThoratApUrvaka karate the / yaha saMsthA muni, upAdhyAya, kSullakaailaka aura kSullikAe~ evaM AryikAe~ ina cAra rUpoM meM vibhakta thI / AcArya kI anujJA ke binA koI bhI sAdhu akelA vihAra nahIM karatA thA / prAyazcita, svAdhyAya, vinaya, vaiyAvRtya aura dhyAna kI ora sAdhuvarga kA dhyAna vizeSa rUpa se dilAyA jAtA thA, kyoMki ina niyamoM kA samAjazAstra ke sAtha gaharA sambandha hai / prAyazcita Atmazuddhi aura samAjazuddhi kA kAraNa hai| AcaraNa meM kisI bhUla yA truTi ho jAne para usake sudhAra ke lie guru ke samakSa use nivedita karanA aura usake lie ucita daNDa grahaNa karanA prayazcita hai / isase sAdhu samAja meM koI doSa nahIM A pAtA, vaha saMyamI banA rahatA hai| - svAdhyAya sva aura para kI anubhUti evaM zAstrIya jJAna prApta karane ke lie Avazyaka hai / svAdhyAya se hI tattvoM tathA adhigama ke upAyoM ko jAnA jA sakatA hai| adhigama upAyoM meM pramANa, naya aura nikSepa mAne gaye haiN| pramANa vastu ke pUrNa rUpa ko grahaNa karatA hai aura naya pramANa dvArA gRhita vastu ke eka aMza ko jAnatA hai / Azaya yaha hai, ki jJAtA kA abhiprAya vizeSa naya hai, jo pramANa ke dvArA jAnI gayI vastu ke eka aMza kA sparza karatA hai / pramANa jJAna ananta dharmAtmaka vastu ko samagra bhAva se grahaNa karatA hai, aMza vibhAjana karane kI ora usakI pravRtti nahIM hotI / anantadharmAtmaka padArtha ke vyavahAra meM nikSepa kI AvazyakatA hai / jagat meM vyavahAra tIna prakAra se calate haiM - jJAna, zabda aura artha dvArA / ananta dharmAtmaka vastu ko uparyukta tInoM vyavahAroM meM bA~TanA nikSepa hai / nikSepa kA zAbdika artha hai - rakhanA / vastu ke vivakSita aMza ko samajhane ke lie usakI zAbdika, Arthika, sAMkalpika, Aropita, bhUta, bhaviSya, vartamAna Adi avasthAoM ko sAmane rakhakara prastuti kI ora dRSTi denA nikSepa kA lakSya hai| jainAgama meM padArtha varNana kI eka paddhati hai, ki ekaeka zabda ko nAma, sthApanA, dravya, bhAva, kAla aura kSetra kI dRSTi se vizleSaNa kara vastu kA vivecana karanA aura tadantara vivakSita artha ko batalAnA / isa prakAra svAdhyAya dvArA vastu adhigamoM evaM syAdvAda Adi siddhAntoM kA jJAna prApta kara sAdhu samAja

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sAmAjika, rAjanaitika va sAMskRtika vikAsa para prabhAva * 133 AtmotthAna ke sAtha lokamAnyatA bhI prApta karatA hai, ataH sAmAjika dRSTi se svAdhyAya kA bahuta mahattva hai| svAdhyAya ke pazcAt sevA suzruSA aura vaiyAvRtya kA sthAna AtA hai| jo rogI, asamartha yA vRddha sAdhu haiM, unakI dekhabhAla bhI saMgha ke sAdhuoM ko karanI caahiye| vaiyAvatya-sevA ko isIlie tapa kahA gayA hai, ki isakA sAmAjika dRSTi se atyadhika mUlya hai| sAdhuoM meM bhI sahayoga aura sahakAritA kI bhAvanA vaiyAvRtya se hI AtI hai| sevA karane vAlA choTA nahIM ho sakatA, usakI AtmA meM apUrva sAmarthya hotI hai| sAdhuoM ke lie AtmotthAna hetu viSaya-kaSAya cintana sambandhI Arta aura raudra dhyAna kA tyAgakara dharma dhyAna aura zukla dhyAna kA abhyAsa karanA caahiye| Azaya yaha hai, ki samasta cintAoM, saMkalpa-vikalpoM ko rokakara mana ko sthira karanA, Atma svarUpa kA cintana karate hue pudgala dravya se AtmA ko bhinna vicAranA aura AtmasvarUpa meM sthira honaa| vizuddha dhyAna ke dvArA hI karma rUpI IMdhana ko bhasma kara cidAnanda paramAtma svarUpa Atmatattva ko prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| dhyAna karane se mana, vacana aura zarIra kI zuddhi hotI hai| ataH sAmAjika dRSTi se vyaktitva zuddhi ke lie dhyAna Avazyaka hai| ___ digambara sAdhu 28 mUla guNoM kA pAlana karate haiM - pA~ca mahAvrata, pA~ca samiti, paMcendriya jaya, SaT Avazyaka, snAnatyAga, dantadhAvana tyAga, pRthvI para zayana, khar3e hokara dina meM eka bAra bhojana grahaNa karanA, nagnatva aura kezaluJcana krnaa| ve bar3I zAnti aura dhaiya se kSudhA, tRSA ko sahate haiN| ve dUsaroM ke dvArA kaSTa diye jAne para bhI vicalita nahIM hote, sumeru ke samAna apane vrata aura cAritra meM aTala rahate haiN| unake lie zatru-mitra, kaMcana-kA~ca, nindA-stuti saba samAna haiN| samasta parigraha ke tyAgI rahane ke kAraNa unakI AvazyakatAe~ bahuta hI sImita hotI haiN| upAdhyAya sAdhu saMgha meM adhyApaka kA kArya karate haiN| samasta saMgha ke muniyoM ko gyAraha aMga aura caudaha pUrva kI zikSA dete haiN| sAdhu ekAnta meM sAdhviyoM se vArtAlApa nahIM karate, rAtri ke samaya saMgha kI sAdhviyA~ sAdhuoM ke nivAsa sthAna se pRthaka sthAna para nivAsa karatI haiN| sAdhviyoM ko bhI AdaraNIya sthAna prApta haiN| sAdhu niHsvArtha bhAva se janakalyANakArI upadeza dene meM pravRtta rahate haiN| isa saMsthA kA samAja nirmANa meM mahatvapUrNa prabhAva pdd'aa| gRhastha saMsthA : sAdhu saMsthA aura gRhastha saMsthA donoM hI paraspara eka-dUsare se niyantrita aura prabhAvita thiiN| gRhastha kadAcArI sAdhuoM kI svacchandacAritA para niyantraNa rakhate the| idhara gRhasthoM kI dhArmika maryAdAe~ sAdhuoM dvArA pratipAdita kI jAtI thiiN|

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134 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana gRhastha ko Apasa meM sneha aura premapUrvaka nivAsa karane kA upadeza diyA gayA hai| jisa prakAra gAya apane bachar3e se prema karatI hai, usI prakAra sAdharmI bandhuoM ke prati premabhAva rahanA caahie| sAmAjikatA ke vikAsa ke lie dharmAtmA guNI puruSa se koI bhUla ho jAne para isa aparAdha yA doSa ko sabhA ke samakSa prakaTa na karanA aura jahA~ taka sambhava ho doSa ko chipAnA Avazyaka hai| sarvasAdhAraNa ke samakSa doSa ke prakaTa ho jAne se vyakti ke mAnasa meM hInatA kI bhAvanA utpanna ho jAtI hai, jisase usake vyaktitva kA vikAsa avaruddha ho jAtA hai| jisa prakAra Atma prazaMsA aura para kI nindA samAja ke vikAsa meM bAdhaka haiN| sAmAjikatA ke vikAsa ke lie AcArya jinasena ne gRhastha ke nimnalikhita guNoM kA nirdeza kiyA hai| dAnaM pUjAM ca zIlaM ca dine prvnnyupossitm| dharmazcaturvidhaH so'yaM AmnAto gRhmedhinaam|| - AdipurANa 41/104 dAna denA, pUjA karanA, zIla kA pAlana karanA aura parva ke dinoM meM upavAsa karanA yaha cAra prakAra kA gRhasthoM kA dharma mAnA gayA hai| vAstava meM vizvamaitrI, guNI-samAdara, dukhita jIvoM para dayA aura durjana upekSA gRhastha-saMsthA ke lie atyanta upAdeya dharma hai| dAna dvArA samAja meM sahayoga kI bhAvanA samRddha hotI hai aura vizvamaitrI dvArA prema kA vAtAvaraNa prakaTa hotA hai| sAmAjika saMgaThana ke tattvoM meM prema aura tyAga donoM hI Avazyaka guNa mAne gaye haiN| dAna dene se vyakti kI mamatA ghaTatI hai aura sAmAjika mamatA vikasita hotI hai| karuNA, dayA aura sahAnubhUti guNa bhI vizvamaitrI ke sAdhana haiN| guNiyoM kA Adara karane se samAja meM sauhArda utpanna hotA aura manuSya ke vyavahAra evaM sambandhoM kA bodha prApta hotA hai| gRhastha cAritra kI dRSTi se tIna prakAra ke hote haiM - 1. pAkSika, 2. naiSThika aura 3. saadhk| pAkSika zrAvaka ko saccI aura dRr3ha AsthA to rahatI hai, para kisI zreNI kA AcaraNa nahIM hotaa| yaha 1. juA khelanA, 2. mAMsa khAnA, 3. madirA pAna, 4. zikAra khelanA, 5. vaizyAgamana karanA, 6. corI karanA va 7. parastrI sevana karanA ina vyasanoM kA tyAgI hotA hai| rAtri bhojana na karanA, jala chAnakara pInA evaM aSTa mUlaguNoM ko dhAraNa karanA bhI zrAvaka ke guNoM meM parigaNita vizvAsa utpanna karatA hai| yaha AcaraNa vyakti tathA samAja meM saccAI, ahiMsA, zraddhA aura pArasparika vizvAsa utpanna karatA hai| naiSThika zrAvaka ekAdaza pratimAoM kA pAlana karatA hai aura. isake anantara AtmA kI sAdhanA karane vAlA sAdhaka hotA hai aura sAdhu saMsthA meM praviSTa hokara munipada dhAraNa karatA hai| isa prakAra caturvidha saMgha-saMsthA sAmAjika rIti-rivAjoM aura mUla pravRttiyoM kI svacchandatA kA niyantraNa karatI hai|

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sAmAjika, rAjanaitika va sAMskRtika vikAsa para prabhAva * 135 4. varNa aura jAti saMsthA : varNa aura jAti donoM bhinnArthaka zabda hai| Adi purANa ke anusAra jAti aura varNa meM antara mAnA gayA hai| eka hI varNa ke antargata kaI jAtiyA~ evaM upajAtiyA~ pAyI jAtI hai| ataH varNa vyApya hai aura jAti vyaapk| yoM to AdipurANa meM varNa aura jAti sAmAnyataH ekArthaka haiM, kintu sAmAjika dRSTi se varNa kA AdhAra AjIvikA hai aura jAti kA AdhAra vivAha Adi sAmAnya mAnyatAe~ haiN| Adi purANa meM cAra varNa mAnakara unhIM ko jAti rUpa meM pratipAdita kiyA hai| jAti nAmakarma ke udaya se utpanna huI manuSya jAti eka hI hai, para AjIvikA ke bheda se hone vAle bheda ke kAraNa jAti cAra prakAra kI hotI hai| vrata saMskAra se brAhmaNa, zastra dhAraNa se kSatriya, nyAyapUrvaka dhanArjana se vaizya aura sevAvRtti athavA nIcavRtti kA Azraya lene se zUdra kahalAtA hai|' Adi brahmA RSabhadeva ne tIna varNoM kI sthApanA kI thii| bharata ne vratasaMskAra kI apekSA grahaNa kara brAhmaNa varNa kI sthApanA kii| brAhmaNa : AdipurANa ke anusAra tapa aura zAstra jJAna ko dhAraNa karane vAle hI brAhmaNa hote haiN| jo ina donoM se rahita hai, vaha kevala jAti brAhmaNa kahalAtA hai| vastutaH vrata saMskAroM se hI vyakti brAhmaNa kahA jAtA hai| zAstra jJAna ke mAdhyama se hI brAhmaNa apanI AjIvikA calAtA hai| kSatriya : zastradhAraNa kara AjIvikA calAne vAle kSatriya kahalAte haiN| AdipurANa meM batAyA gayA hai, ki duHkhI prajA kI rakSA karanA kSatriyoM kA dharma hai| kSatriyoM ke pA~ca dharma batAye gaye haiM - 1. kula pAlana : kulAmnAya kI rakSA karanA aura kula ke yogya AcaraNa krnaa| 2. buddhipAlana : tattvajJAna ke anusAra pravRtti karanA aura vivekabuddhi dhAraNa krnaa| 3. AtmarakSA : rakSaNa meM udyata vyakti hI svarakSA karatA hai| 4. prajArakSA : prajA kI rakSA karane vAlA hI kSatriya kahalAtA hai| 5. samaJjatva : duSTa puruSoM kA nigraha aura ziSTa puruSoM kA pAlana krnaa| pakSapAta rahita ho prajA kA rakSaNa krnaa| bharata cakravartI ne kSAtra dharma kA upadeza dete hue batAyA hai, ki prajA ke lie nyAyapUrvaka vRtti rakhanA hI kSatriyoM kA yogya AcaraNa hai| dharma kA ullaMghana na kara dhana kamAnA, rakSA karanA, bar3hAnA aura yogya pAtra ko dAna denA ho kSatriyoM kA nyAya hai| kSatriya varNa ke vyaktiyoM ko apane vaMza kI zuddhi ke lie svadharma meM rata rahanA cAhiye, anya dharmAvalambiyoM ke zeSAkSata bhI nahIM grahaNa karane caahiye| bharata ke kSAtra dharma kA sAra yaha hai, ki kSatriya samasta vargoM meM uttama aura unnata

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136* jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana varNa hai| vaha ratnatraya ke sadbhAva ke kAraNa sarvotkRSTa dharmAdhikArI hai| brAhmaNa Adi varNa vAle vyakti samyagdarzana dhAraNa kara kSatriya dharma meM dIkSita ho sakate haiM / ratnatrayadhArI munirAja bhI kSatriya mAne jA sakate haiN| vaizya : kRSi, vyApAra tathA pazupAlana Adi ke dvArA apanI AjIvikA calAne vAle vaizya kahalAte haiN| samAja kA yaha aMga sarvAdhika mahattvapUrNa sthAna rakhatA hai| kisI bhI rAjya yA samAja kA Arthika AdhAra yahI jAti hai| yaha jAti samAja kI rIr3ha hai| kyoMki kisI bhI samAja kA vikAsa usakI audyogika unnati evaM Arthika vikAsa para hI nirbhara karatA hai| zUdra : jo sevA-zuzruSA karate the, ve zUdra khlaaye| AdipurANa meM AcArya jinasena ne do prakAra ke zUdra batAye haiM - kAru aura akaaru| dhobI Adi zUdra kArU kahalAte the aura unase bhinna akAru / kAru zUdra bhI spRzya aura aspRzya ke bheda se do prakAra ke haiN| inameM jo samAja se bAhara rahate haiM, unheM aspRzya kahate haiM aura samAja ke andara rahate haiM, ve spRzya kahalAte haiM, jaise nAI, suvarNakAra aadi| AdipurANa ke anusAra isa jAti yA varNa vyavasthA ke dvArA nimnalikhita kAryoM ko sampAdita kiyA gayA hai - 1. dhArmika bhAvanAoM kI surakSA : jAti yA varNa vyavasthA ke kAraNa dhArmika cetanA varga vizeSa meM kendrita rahatI hai| 2. saMskRti kI rakSA : varga vizeSa meM kalA, zilpa evaM anya sAMskRtika upakaraNoM kA vikAsa saralatApUrvaka hotA hai| 3. sAmAjika sudRr3hatA : sImita varga meM adhika saMgaThana pAyA jAtA hai| 4. samAja ke vikAsa aura saMrakSaNa meM sahAyatA : jAti vyavasthA dvArA sAmAjika saMrakSaNa hotA hai| 5. rAjanaitika sthiratA : AjIvikA para AdhArita jAti vyavasthA rAjanIti ko sthiratA pradAna karatI hai, samUha vizeSa kI saMgaThanAtmaka pravRtti rAjya vyavasthA meM sahAyaka hotI hai| rAjya saMgaThana isI pravRtti se sabala hote haiM tathA samprabhutA prApta zakti ke vikAsa kA AdhAra bhI jAti vyavasthA hI hai| yadyapi prArambha meM RSabhadeva bhagavAna ke samaya jAti vyavasthA AjIvikA ke AdhAra para vyavasthita thI, kintu kAlAntara meM isane janmanA varNavyavasthA kA arthAt paitRka rUpa gRhaNa kara liyaa| isa jAti vyavasthA meM bhaugolika, sAmAjika, rAjanaitika, dhArmika aura Arthika kAraNoM kI antakriyAe~ pratiphalita hotI hai| sTelara ne apanI pustaka 'DreviDiyana ina iNDiyana kalcara' meM likhA hai, ki "jAti vyavasthA dakSiNa bhArata meM adhika zaktizAlI hai|'' isase spaSTa hai, ki AryoM ke Ane ke pUrva

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sAmAjika, rAjanaitika va sAMskRtika vikAsa para prabhAva 137 dravir3oM meM jAti vyavasthA thI / yaha jAti vyavasthA bhinna-bhinna udyogoM ke kAraNa prArambha huii| 6. zrama vibhAjana kI vyavasthA : Arthika jIvana ke vikAsa ke lie zrama vibhAjana paramAvazyaka hai / udyoga-dhandhoM kA vikAsa bhI zramacAturya se hI hotA hai| 1 7. zikSA vyavasthA : jAti yA dharma vizeSa ke AdhAra para zikSAdAna meM pragati dekhI jAtI hai| kisI jAti vizeSa ke vyakti apanI jAti ke sudhAra yA kalyANArtha zikSA saMsthAoM kI sthApanA karate haiM / 8. vivAha sambandha kI vyavasthA : jAti vyavasthA ne vivAha sambandhoM ke sampAdana meM saukarya pradAna kiyA hai| varga vizeSa ke bIca meM sahayoga, saMgharSa, spardhA Adi ke avasara adhika prApta hote haiM / ataH vivAha yA anya prakAra ke sambandha - nirvAha jAti vyavasthA ke kAraNa sarala ho jAte haiN| 1 9. samAnatA : jAti vyavasthA raktazuddhi meM sahAyaka hotI hai| yaha jAti vyavasthA dhArmika aura sAmAjika saMsthA ke rUpa meM hai| isane dIkSA, vrata evaM AtmotthAna ke lie sImAe~ nirdhArita kI to sAmAjika aura rAjanaitika vyavasthA ke lie bhI prayAsa kiyaa| isa mAnyatA se dhanika, zikSita, daridra, mUrkha Adi samasta sadasyoM ko samAna sAmAjika vAtAvaraNa upalabdha hotA hai| isa prakAra jAti vyavasthA laukika utthAna kI dRSTi se paryApta upAdeya hai| kiMtu pAralaukika dRSTi se vyakti ko varNAnusAra dharmAdhikArI mAnanA anucita haiM, jo ki kAlAntara meM pracalita ho gyaa| RSabhadevajI dvArA pratipAdita varNa-vyavasthA karmAnusAra thI aura karmAnusAra hI vyakti dharmAdhikArI evaM mokSa kA adhikArI thA / jAti vyavasthA paitRka hone ke pazcAt uccavargoM ne zUdroM ko dharma evaM mokSa kA adhikArI mAnane se inkAra kara diyaa| jaina darzana meM aba bhI upaskAra zuddhi, AcAra zuddhi aura zarIra zuddhi ke hone para zUdra varNa ko bhI dharma evaM mokSa mArga kA samAna adhikArI svIkAra kiyA hai 5. Azrama saMsthA : jIvana ke marma ko jAnane ke lie Azrama saMsthA kI vyavasthA kI gayI haiM / jIvana vikAsa ko cAra bhAgoM meM bA~Takara hI Azrama ke rUpa meM vyavasthita kiyA hai| 1. brahmacarya, 2. gRhastha, 3. vAnaprastha evaM 4. sanyAsa / ye cAra Azrama jIvana ke virAmasthala uttarottara adhika vizuddhi prApta hone se pratipAdita kiye gaye haiM / 1. brahmacarya : brahmacarya Azrama meM mukhyataH jJAna kI upAsanA kI jAtI hai / ATha varSa kI avasthA meM bAlaka ko jinAlaya meM le jAkara arhantadeva kI pUjA, bhakti

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138* jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana sampanna karAke vrata denA caahiye| anantara maujI bandhana ke pazcAt zveta dhotI aura dupaTTAdhArI, avikArI vezavAlA vaha bAlaka vratacihna se vibhUSita hokara brahmacArI kahalAtA hai| isa avasthA meM usake coTI bhI rahatI hai| vrata cihnoM meM sAta larakA yajJopavIta pradhAna rUpa se rahatA hai| brahmacArI bhikSAvatti se nirvAha karatA hai| bhikSA meM jo kucha prApta ho, usakA kucha hissA deva ko arpaNa kara zeSa bace hue yogya anna kA svayaM bhojana karatA hai| sira ke bAloM kA muNDana karAnA bhI Avazyaka hai, isase mana, vacana aura kAya pavitra rahate haiN|' vidyAdhyayana karate samaya brahmacArI ko vRkSa kI dAtona karanA, tAmbUla sevana karanA, aMjana lagAnA, ubaTana lagAkara snAna karanA, palaMga para zayana karanA, dUsare ke zarIra se apane zarIra ko ragar3anA Adi kAryoM kA tyAga karanA caahiye| pratidina snAna karanA, zarIra ko zuddha rakhanA tathA pRthvI para zayana karanA Avazyaka hai| jaba taka vidyA samApta na ho jAe brahmacarya, saMyama evaM vrata dhAraNa karanA Avazyaka hai| vidyArambha karate samaya sarvaprathama brahmacArI ko gurumukha se zrAvakAcAra kA adhyayana karanA aura tadanantara vinaya pUrvaka AdhyAtmazAstra par3hanA Avazyaka hai| AcAra evaM AdhyAtmazAstra kA jJAna prApta hone para vidvatA aura pANDitya kI prApti ke lie vyAkaraNa zAstra, arthazAstra, jyotiSazAstra, chandazAstra, zakunazAstra aura gaNitazAstra Adi viSaya aura zAstroM kA adhyayana karanA caahiye|" brahmacarya Azrama vidyArjana ke lie niyata hai| saMsAra kI samasta kAmanAoM aura icchAoM kA tyAgakara jJAnI bananA aura zrama karane kI pravRtti grahaNa karanA isa Azrama kA dhyeya hai| brahmacarya Azrama kI samApti ke pazcAt adhyayana ke samaya grahaNa kiye gaye vratoM kA tyAga ho jAtA hai, kiMtu jIvana ke lie upAdeya vrata bane rahate haiN| Adi purANa meM kahA gayA hai, ki madhu, mAMsa, paMca udumbara phaloM evaM hiMsAdi pA~ca sthUla pApoM kA tyAga jIvana paryanta ke lie kara denA caahiye|" 2. gRhasthaH brahmacarya Azrama ke pazcAt gRhasthAzrama meM praveza kiyA jAtA hai| jina mAlyAmbara, AbhUSaNa, puSpa, tAmbUla Adi padArthoM ke sevana kA tyAga kiyA gayA thA, una padArthoM ko aba guru kI AjJApUrvaka grahaNa kiyA jA sakatA hai| vivAha ho jAne para gRhastha atithi satkAra, dAna, pUjA, paropakAra Adi kAryoM ko utsAhapUrvaka sampanna karatA hai| gRhasthAzrama ko samAja-sevA kA sAdhana mAnA gayA hai| laukika dRSTi se isI Azrama para anya tInoM AzramoM kA astitva nirbhara karatA hai| muni, kSullaka, ailaka, AryikA, prabhRti tyAgI varga zrAvakoM ke hI Upara avalambita hai| zrAvaka ko apanA AcAra-vyavahAra itanA pariSkRta kara lenA par3atA hai, ki vaha samaya Ane para sanyAsI bana ske| arthAt sAMsArika bhogoM kA sevana karate hue bhI indriya saMyama kI AvazyakatA hai|

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sAmAjika, rAjanaitika va sAMskRtika vikAsa para prabhAva * 139 3. vAnaprasthaH vAnaprastha Azrama, naiSThika Azrama kA sAdhaka vAlA rUpa hai, jisameM ghara chor3akara kSullaka aura ailaka vratoM dvArA apanI AtmA kI zuddhi kI jAtI hai| deza saMyama kI prApti ho jAne se prabuddha vAnaprastha apanI Atma sAdhanA meM saMlagna rahatA hai| 4. sanyAsa: caturtha sanyAsa Azrama hai| isameM muni dIkSA sampanna hotI hai aura sAMsArika bandhanoM ke sAtha karma bandhana ko tor3ane ke lie pUrNa saMyama kA pAlana kiyA jAtA hai| sAmAjika dRSTi se yaha saMsthA nimna prakAra se upayogI hai - 1. prema aura sauhArda kA prasAraNa hotA hai| 2. sAmAjika aAoM aura naitikatA kI pratiSThA hotI hai| 3. samAja niyaMtraNa-vaiyaktika kartavya aura dAyitva kI bhAvanA se hI samAja niyaMtrita hotA hai| 4. bhaugolika aura sAMskRtika vAtAvaraNa kI pratiSThA hotI hai| 6. vivAha-saMsthA : parivAra kA saMcAlana vivAha saMsthA ke binA saMbhava nahIM hai| vivAha cira maryAdita samAja saMsthA hai| jIvana meM dharma, artha, kAma Adi puruSArthoM kA sevana vivAha saMsthA ke binA asaMbhava hai| gRhastha jIvana kA vAstavika uddezya dAna denA, devapUjA karanA evaM munidharma ke saMcAlana meM sahayoga denA hai| sAdhu-muniyoM ko dAna dene kI kriyA gRhastha-jIvana ke binA sampanna nahIM ho sakatI hai| strI ke binA puruSa aura puruSa ke binA akelI strI dAnAdi kriyA sampAdita karane meM asamartha hai| ataH caturvidha saMgha ke saMrakSaNa kI dRSTi se aura kula paramparA kA nirvAha karane kI dRSTi se vivAha-saMsthA kI parama AvazyakatA hai| sAmAjika dRSTi se vivAha ke nimnalikhita uddezya haiM -- 1. dhArmika karttavyoM kA paaln| 2. santAna praapti| 3. parivAra ke prati dAyitva evaM karttavyoM kA nirvAha / 4. samAja ke prati dAyitva evaM kartavyoM kA nirvAha / 5. vyakti kA vikaas| 6. gRhastha dharma kI AhAra dAnAdi kriyAoM kA nirvaah| 7. strI puruSa ke yauna sambandha kA niyaMtraNa aura vaidhiikrnn| zAstrakAroM ne vivAha kI paribhASA karate hue likhA hai - "sadvaidyasya cAritramohasya codayAd vivahanaM kanyAvaraNaM vivAha ityaakhyaayte|" arthAt sAtAvedanIya aura cAritramohanIya ke udaya se vivahana-kanyAvaraNa karanA vivAha kahA jAtA hai|" agni, deva aura dvija kI sAkSI pUrvaka pANigrahaNa kriyA kA sampanna honA vivAha hai| jainoM meM vivAha saMskAra ko dhArmika dRSTi se adhika Avazyaka nahIM batAyA gayA hai, na

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140 jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana hI dhArmika granthoM meM jaina vivAha vidhi kA koI vivecana hai| varan sAmAjika vyavahAra evaM kartavyoM ke samucita nirvAha evaM mAnavIya AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti ke lie hI vivAha saMsthA ko mahattvapUrNa mAnA gayA hai| 7. saMskAra saMsthA : saMskAra zabda vyakti ke daihika mAnasika aura bauddhika pariSkAra ke lie kiye jAne vAle anuSThAnoM se sambaddha hai| jisa prakAra AtmA kI pavitratA ke lie vikAra zodhana kI guNasthAna praNAlI mAnya hai, usI prakAra deha zuddhi aura pAtratva vikAsa ke lie saMskAra bhI apekSita hai| saMskAra zabda dhArmika kriyAoM ke lie prayukta huA hai / janma do prakAra kA mAnA gayA hai- zarIra janma aura saMskAra janma / zarIra kI prApti rUpa zarIra janma hai aura saMskAroM dvArA apane ko pavitra karanA saMskAra janma hai / saMskAra dvArA mithyAtva dUra kiyA jAtA hai, jisase vyakti vAstava meM samAja ke lie upayogI banatA hai| vratI vyakti hI brAhmaNa hai, parameSThI brahmA kahe jAte haiM / AdipurANa meM jIva ke garbhAdhAna saMskAra se lekara nirvANa paryanta vividha 53 kriyA saMskAroM kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| jaise bAlaka kA nAmakarma saMskAra, niSadhA (Asana para baiThanA ) saMskAra, vyuSTi saMskAra (janmadina), lipi saMkhyAna saMskAra Adi / kriyAoM aura mantroM se susaMskAra ko prApta huA vyakti atyanta utkarSa ko prApta karatA hai| ye saMskAra jJAna se utpanna hote haiM aura sabase utkRSTa jJAna samyagjJAna hai, jise yaha prApta ho jAtA hai, vaha apanI AtmA kA uddhAra karane meM samartha ho jAtA hai / svAdhyAya, pUjana, atithi satkAra evaM jJAna kA pracAra-prasAra karane se sva-para kalyANa hotA hai / AdipurANa meM jJAta karma, anna prAzana, caula aura upanayana saMskAra kA vizeSa rUpa se ullekha AyA hai / " 15 8. kula saMsthA : pitA kI vaMzazuddhi ko kula kahate haiM / kulAcAra kA yogya rIti se pAlana karate hue putra-pautrAdi santati meM ekarUpatA banA rahanA kulazuddhi hai / Adi purANa meM batAyA gayA hai - "kulAvadhiH kulAcArarakSaNaM syAt dvijanmanaH / tasminna satyasau naSTakriyo'nyakulatAM bhajet // ' ,,17 apane kula kI rakSA karanA dvijoM kI kulAvadhi kriyA kahalAtI hai / kula ke AcAra kI rakSA na hone para puruSa kI samasta kriyAeM naSTa ho jAtI hai aura vaha anya kula ko prApta ho jAtA hai / jisakA kula aura gautra zuddha hai, vahI dvija dIkSA grahaNa kara sakatA hai / upanayana saMskAra se pavitra, zuddha kula aura asi, masi, kRSi evaM vANijya Adi kriyAoM dvArA AjIvikA calAne vAle nirAmiSa bhojI, saMkalpI, hiMsA kA tyAgI evaM abhakSya aura apeya sevana kA tyAgI, vratapUta vratacaryA vidhi kA adhikArI hai| kula strI kA sevana

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sAmAjika, rAjanaitika va sAMskRtika vikAsa para prabhAva 141 karane vAlA dvija zuddha kula kahalAtA hai / kulAcAra kA pAlana karanA kSatriyoM ke lie bhI Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| sAmAjika dRSTi se bhI yaha saMsthA paryApta mahatva kI hai1. pArivArika vyavasthA ko sudRr3ha banAye rakhane evaM samAja ko anAcAra se bacAne ke lie kulAcAra kA pAlana karanA Avazyaka hai| 2. vivAha saMsthA kI zuddhi kulAcAra dvArA hI saMbhava hai| 3. rakta sambandha kI zuddhi bhI kulAcAra para hI AdhArita hai| 4. parivAra kI sarvavyApakatA kA kAraNa kulAcAra hai| 5. vaiyaktika jIvana ke sAtha sAmAjika jIvana ko bhI niyantrita karatA hai aura sAmAjika evaM Arthika zaktiyoM ko kulAcAra eka sAmAnya sUtra meM nibaddha karatA hai / 6. kalA sAhitya, saMgIta, nRtya, mUrti evaM citrakalA sambandhi sauMndarya cetanA ko kula ke bIca udbhUta karanA hai / 7. rIti-rivAjoM kI suvyavasthA ke sAtha kulAcAra eka pakSIya parivAroM kA eka vAstavika saMgaThana utpanna karatA hai, jo sAmudAyika bhAvanA ke sAtha udyoga aura vyavasAya viSayaka vidhi-niSedhoM kA pravartana karatA hai / 9. parivAra saMsthA : parivAra sArvabhaumika samAja saMsthA hai| ise samAja kA AdhArabhUta mAnA gayA hai / yaha saMsthA kAma kI svAbhAvika vRtti ko lakSya meM rakhakara yauna sambandha aura santAnotpatti kI kriyAoM ko niyantrita karatI hai, yaha bhAvanAtmaka ghaniSThatA kA vAtAvaraNa taiyAra kara bAlakoM ke samucita poSaNa aura sAmAjika vikAsa lie Avazyaka pRSThabhUmi kA nirmANa karatI hai / isa prakAra vyakti ke sAmAjIkaraNa evaM sAMskRtIkaraNa kI prakriyA meM parivAra kA mahatvapUrNa yogadAna rahatA hai / sAmAjika dRSTi se parivAra ke nimnalikhita kArya haiM : 1. strI aura puruSa ke yauna saMbaMdha ko vihita aura niyantrita krnaa| mAnava 2. vaMzavardhana ke lie santAna kI utpatti, saMrakSaNa aura pAlana karanA, jAti ke krama ko Age bar3hAnA / 3. gRhasthI meM strI puruSa kA sahavAsa aura niyojana / 4. jIvana ko sahayoga evaM sahakAritA ke AdhAra para sukhI aura samRddha banAnA / 5. vyAvasAyika jJAna, audyogika kauzala ke hastAntaraNa kA niyamana evaM vRddha, asahAya evaM baccoM kI rakSA kA prabandha sampAdana / 6. mAnasika vikAsa, saMketa (Suggestion ), anukaraNa (I metation), evaM sahAnubhUti (Sympathy) dvArA baccoM ke mAnasika vikAsa kA vAtAvaraNa prastuta karanA /

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142 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana 7. aihika unnati ke sAtha pAralaukika yA AdhyAtmika unnati krnaa| 8. jAtIya jIvana ke sAtatya ko dRDha rakhate hue dharma kArya sampanna krnaa| 9. prema, sevA, sahayoga, sahiSNutA, zikSA, anuzAsana Adi mAnava ke mahattvapUrNa nAgarika evaM sAmAjika guNoM kA vikAsa krnaa| 10. Arthika sthAyitva ke lie ucita Aya kA sampAdana krnaa| 11. vikAsa aura sudRr3hatA ke lie Amoda-pramoda evaM manoraMjana sambandhI kAryoM kA prabandhana krnaa|| mAtRsneha, pitRsneha, dAmpatya Asakti, apatyaprIti aura sahavartikA parivAra ke mukhya AdhAra haiN| ina AdhAroM para hI parivAra kA prAsAda nirmita huA hai| jaina samAja meM vyApArI varga adhika hai, ataH saMyukta parivAra praNAlI kA adhika pracalana hai| ____10. puruSArtha saMsthA : puruSArtha kA artha hai, vaha vastu jise manuSya apane prayatnoM dvArA prApta karanA cAhatA hai| mAnava jIvana ke vAstavika svarUpa, mahattva aura lakSya kA nirdhAraNa puruSArtha dvArA hI hotA hai| bhAratIya darzana meM cAra puruSArtha mAne gae haiM - dharma, artha, kAma aura mokss| ataH pratyeka vyakti ko inakI prApti kA prayAsa karanA caahiye| ina cAroM puruSArthoM meM mokSa parama lakSya hai| artha aura kAma usa lakSya taka pahu~cane ke sAdhana haiM aura ina sAdhanoM kA samucita prayoga karane kI vidhi dharma hai| dharma manuSya kI pAzavika aura daivika prakRti ke bIca kI zRMkhalA hai| yahI artha aura kAma ko niyantrita karatA hai| jaina darzana meM puruSArtha kA vivecana karate hue batAyA hai, ki samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna, samyagcAritra rUpa mArga, mokSa rUpa isakA phala tathA dharma, artha aura kAma rUpa isakA vistAra hai| AdipurANa meM isakA vivecana karate hue likhA hai, ki dharma eka vRkSa hai, artha isakA phala hai aura kAma usake phaloM kA rasa hai| dharma, artha aura kAma ko trivarga kahate haiN| inameM dharma hI artha aura kAma kI utpatti kA sthAna hai| dharma kAmadhenu, cintAmaNi ratna aura kalpavRkSa hai|" svayaM zAntipUrvaka jIvana yApana karanA aura anya logoM ko zAntipUrvaka jIvana yApana karane denA dharma kA hI kArya hai| kSamA, mArdava, Arjava, satya, zauca, saMyama, tapa, tyAga, AkiJcanya aura brahmacarya rUpa dharma sArvabhaumika dharma kA rUpa hai| dharma sAmAjika vyavasthA meM atyanta mahatvapUrNa evaM prabhAvazAlI avadhAraNA hai| yaha jIvana ko susaMskRta aura parimArjita karatA hai| dharma vaha hai, jo jIvana kI vividhatAoM, bhinnatAoM, abhilASAoM, lAlasAoM, bhoga, tyAga, mAnavIya Adarza evaM mUlyoM ko niyamabaddha kara niyamitatA pradAna karatA hai| yaha manuSya ke naitika kartavyoM kI ora saMketa karatA hai| dharma ke do rUpa haiM - vaiyaktika zodhaka-niyantraka aura sArvajanIna zodhaka

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sAmAjika, rAjanaitika va sAMskRtika vikAsa para prabhAva * 143 niyntrk| vaiyaktika dharma sAmAyika, svAdhyAya, Atmacintana, vikAra niyantraNa saMyama evaM rAgadveSa tyAga rUpa hai| vyAvahArika dharma ke rUpa meM devapUjA, dAna, sevA, paropakAra, atithisatkAra evaM ahiMsaka AcAra Adi ko grahaNa kiyA jA sakatA hai| vaiyaktika dharma sAdhanA dvArA vyakti apane jIvana ko pariSkRta kara samAjopayogI jIvana yApana karane ke lie apane ko taiyAra karatA hai| ataH vaiyaktika dharma ko sAmAjika upayogitA kI dRSTi se sAdhana mAnA jA sakatA hai| zAstrAbhyAsa se manuSya kI dhArmika pravRtti vRddhigata hotI hai, jisase vaha sampatti aura kAma ina donoM vargoM ko niyantrita kara sanmArga meM pravRtta hotA hai| artha manuSya kI AvazyakatA hai| nyAya-nItipUrvaka arthopArjana karanA gRhastha kA Avazyaka kartavya hai| artha laukika jIvana kI samasta AvazyakatAoM kA sAdhana hai| artha puruSArtha se tAtparya bhautika sukhoM aura AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti se hai| samasta bhautika unnati ke sAdhana isI puruSArtha se samaveta kie jAte haiN| dharma nirapekSa artha sukhoM kA sAdhana nahIM ho sakatA hai aura na isake dvArA samAja kA Arthika unnayana hI sambhava hai| ataeva dhanArjana karate samaya dhArmika niyamoM kA pAlana karanA parama Avazyaka hai| isI prakAra endrika viSayoM ke sevana ke samaya bhI dhArmika dRSTi banAye rakhanA jIvana niyantraNa kA sAdhana hai| 11. caityAlaya saMsthA : caityAlaya prAcIna samaya se saMskRti aura samAjotthAna ke kendra rahe haiN| unakA astitva eka sAmAjika saMsthA ke rUpa meM pAyA jAtA hai| kalAkAroM ne apanI sarvottama kRtiyA~ samarpita kIM, kaviyoM ne apanI kavitAe~ aura saMgItajJoM ne apane gIta pahale-pahala caityAlayoM meM hI gaaye| sundaratA, pavitratA, jJAnAbhyAsa, yati-nivAsa evaM manoraMjana kI eka sAtha prApti caityAlayoM meM hotI thii| dhArmika aura sAmAjika paMcAyateM, zAstra sabhAe~, saMgIta-vAdya kA Ayojana caityAlayoM meM hotA thaa| caityAlaya nimnalikhita prakAra se upayogI hote the - 1. caityAlaya meM caturvidha saMgha nivAsa karatA thA, pradhAnataH muni yA tyAgI varga caityAlaya meM Akara ThaharatA thaa| 2. muni aura tyAgI varga stotra pATha karate the| 3. zAstrAgAra bhI mandiroM meM rahate the| svAdhyAya zAlA meM baiThakara darzanArthI svAdhyAya karate the| muniyoM kA dharmopadeza bhI zravaNa karate the| 4. citrazAlA bhI caityAlayoM meM rahatI thI, isa citrazAlA meM purAne citroM ke sAtha navIna citra bhI saMkalita kiye jAte the| darzanArthI bhagavAn ke darzana ke pazcAt citrazAlA meM bhI jAte the aura navIna citroM para apanI sammati prakaTa karate the| 5. saMgIta aura nATyazAlA kA prabandha bhI caityAlaya meM rahatA thaa| bhagavAna ke

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144 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana darzana, pUjana ke anantara saMgIta dvArA darzanArthI apanA manoraMjana bhI karate the| bhagavAna ke samakSa nRtya-gAna karane vAle bhI rahate the| 6. caityAlaya kaI kakSoM meM vibhakta rahatA thA, jina kakSoM meM kaI prakAra kI sAmAjika pravRttiyA~ sampanna kI jAtI thiiN| 7. caityAlaya meM sAmAjika viSayoM kI carcA evaM sAmAjika samasyAoM ke nirNaya bhI kiye jAte the| caityAlaya dhArmika saMsthA ke sAtha sAmAjika saMsthA bhI thaa| isa para vaiyaktika svatva na hokara sAmAjika svatva mAnA jAtA thaa| vyakti vizeSa dvArA caityAlaya kA nirmANa karAye jAne para bhI svatva sAmAjika hI rahatA thaa| mAnava jIvana ke pariSkAra ke lie ukta sAmAjika saMsthAoM kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| ina saMsthAoM dvArA jIvana kI kutsita vRttiyoM kA niSedhakara susaMskAroM evaM sAmAjika dAyitva aura kartavyoM kA bhI parijJAna karAyA gayA hai| jaina saMskRti meM nArI kI sAmAjika sthiti : nArI ko svatantra rUpa se vikasita aura pallavita hone kI pUrNa suvidhAe~ prApta thiiN| svayaM vaha apane bhAgya kI vidhAyikA thiiN| vaha jIvana meM puruSa kI anugAminI thI, dAsI nhiiN| usakA apanA svatantra vyaktitva hotA thaa| brAhmI aura sundarI jaisI nAriyA~ Ajanma brahmacAriNI rahakara samAja kA aura svayaM kA uddhAra karatI thiiN| muslima kAla ke samAna nArI antaHpura meM kevala keli-kriDA kA sAdhana hI nahIM thI, varan aneka sapatniyoM ke bIca rahakara bhI samaya prApta kara AtmotthAna meM pravRtta hone ke lie sadaiva tatpara rahatI thii| usake kalyANa meM koI bhI bAdhaka nahIM banatA thaa| samAja meM kanyA kI sthiti vartamAna kAla kI apekSA acchI thii| mAtA-pitA kanyA janma ko abhizApa nahIM mAnate the| Adi tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva ne apanI putriyoM kA pAlana putroM ke samAna kiyA thaa| arthAt putroM evaM putriyoM donoM ke lAlana-pAlana meM koI bhedabhAva nahIM rakhA thaa| RSabhadeva ne apanI putriyoM ko udbodhita kiyA ki, isa loka meM vidyamAna vyakti paNDitoM ke dvArA bhI sammAna ko prApta hotA hai aura vidyAvatI strI bhI sarvazreSTha pada ko prApta hotI hai| vidyA hI manuSyoM kA bandhu hai, vidyA hI mitra hai| vidyA hI kalyANa karane vAlI hai, vidyA hI sAtha-sAtha jAne vAlA dhana hai aura vidyA hI saba prayojanoM ko siddha karane vAlI hai| ataH he putriyoM! tuma donoM vidyA ra iNa karane meM prayatna karo, kyoMki vidyA grahaNa karane kA yahI kAla hai| isa prakAra upadeza dekara zrutadevatA ke pUjana pUrvaka svarNa ke vistRta paTTa para varNamAlA ko likhakara Adideva ne apanI kanyAoM ko varNamAlA kI zikSA dii| Adi tIrthaMkara ne putroM kI apekSA kanyAoM kI zikSA kA prabandha sabase pahale kiyA

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sAmAjika, rAjanaitika va sAMskRtika vikAsa para prabhAva 145 thaa| mAtA-pitA ko kevala kanyA ke vivAha kI hI cintA nahIM rahatI thI, apitu ve use pUrNa viduSI aura kalA pravINA banAte the / yadyapi kanyAoM kI zikSA, putroM kI zikSA se bhinna prakAra kI hotI thI / zikSA ke pazcAt trivAha ke avasara para kanyAoM ko vara-varaNa kI svatantratA prApta thii| kintu vivAha karanA paramAvazyaka nahIM mAnA jAtA thA / kanyAe~ AjIvana avivAhitA rahakara samAja sevA karate hue Atma kalyANa kara sakatI thI, jaise brAhmI va sundarI ne kiyaa| isake atirikta kanyA kA vivAha ke pUrva taka hI paitRka sampatti meM adhikAra hotA thA / vivAha ke pazcAt vadhu gRhasthAzrama meM praviSTa gRhiNI- pada prApta karatI thI / vivAhita strI apane parivAra kI saba prakAra se vyavasthA karatI thI / gRhiNI gRhapati kI sevA suzruSA to karatI hI thI, para usake kAryoM meM bhI sahayoga detI thI / vivAhitA nArI ko ghUmane-phirane kI pUrNa svatantratA thI / ye apane patiyoM ke sAtha vana vihAra, jalavihAra ke lie jAtI thii| vivAhitA nAriyA~ vrata upavAsa atyadhika karatI thIM / bar3e-bar3e vratoM ko kiyA karatI thI- yathA paMcakalyANaka vrata, solaha kAraNa vrata, jinendra guNa sampattivrata karane kI prathA pracalita thii| parivAra meM dharmAtmA aura viduSI gRhiNiyoM kA adhika sammAna hotA thA / striyoM kA apamAna samAja meM mahAn aparAdha mAnA jAtA thaa| pati strI ke bharaNa-poSaNa ke sAtha usakA saMrakSaNa bhI karatA thA / jananI rUpa meM nArI ko bar3e Adara kI dRSTi se dekhA gayA hai| RSabhadeva kI mAtA marudevI kI stuti meM kahA gayA hai, jo mAtA tIrthaMkara aura cakravartI ko janma detI haiM, usa mAtA ke mahattva kA mUlyAMkana kauna kara sakatA hai| gRhasthAvasthA meM jisa jananI kA tIrthaMkara ne pAdavandana kiyA hai, usakI pavitratA vacAnAtIta hai| mAtA banane pUrva garbhavatI strI kA vizeSa dhyAna rakhA jAtA hai tathA usake dohada ko pUrNa karanA pratyeka pati kA parama kartavya hotA hai / " nArI kI unnata sAmAjika sthiti kA to hamane avalokana kiyA hai, kintu isakA dUsarA pakSa bhI haiN| isa saMskRti ke dUsare palar3e meM kucha aise tattva bhI the, jinhoMne nArI kI sthiti ko hIna kiyA thaa| samAja meM pracalita bahuvivAha evaM bAlavivAha ye donoM aisI prathAe~ thI jinhoMne nArI kI sthiti ko hIna kiyA thaa| jaina saMskRti meM nArI ko svabhAvataH caMcala, kapaTI, krodhI aura mAyAcAriNI batAte hue puruSoM ko unase sAvadhAna rahane kA upadeza diyA gayA hai / gRhiNI rUpa meM nArI vAsanA aura Asakti kA kendra mAnI gayI hai, para itanA spaSTa hai, ki AtmotthAna karane vAlI nArI ko pUrNa svatantratA prApta thI / samAja meM vidhavA nArIyoM kI sthiti kabhI bhI adhika sammAnajanaka nahIM rahI / vidhavA ko anAtha aura balahIna samajhA jAtA thA / vidhavAe~ apanA jIvana samAja

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146 jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana sevA, vrata-upavAsa evaM dharma sAdhanA meM lagAkara, AtmakalyANa meM pravRtta hokara bitAtI thiiN| vidhavAoM ko durbhAgyazAlI samajhA jAtA thaa| ina uparyukta kuprathAoM ke kAraNa striyA~ apane utthAna ke lie puruSoM kI zakti para nirbhara nahIM rahatI thI / strI hI strI kA vipatti se uddhAra karatI thii| usa samaya striyoM meM sahayoga aura sahakAritA kI bhAvanA sarvAdhika thI / nArI ko nArI para aTUTa vizvAsa thA / vibhinna dhArmika granthoM meM nArI ke sambandha meM vividha prakAra ke vRtAnta die gae haiM / kahIM usakI apAra prazaMsA kI gaI hai, to kaI sthaloM para use adhama nirupita karate hue dhArmika kRtyoM se vaMcita kiyA gayA hai| vaidika RcAoM ke vAcana kA use adhikArI nahIM mAnA gayA hai| anyatra use sanyAsa lene kA bhI niSedha kiyA gayA hai| ataH isI tAratamya meM aba jaina dharma meM nArI kI sthiti kA vivecana prastuta karanA samIcIna pratIta hotA hai / jaina darzana meM nArI sambandhI prAcIna mUlyoM ke sthAna para usako puruSoM kI bhA~ti hI Arthika adhikAra pradAna kie ge| jahA~ bhagavAna buddha ne saMzaya kI sthiti ke uparAnta 5 varSa bAda nArI ko dIkSita kiyA, vahIM bhagavAna mahAvIra ne kaivalya prApti ke bAda jaba gautama ko dIkSita kiyA vahIM candanabAlA ko bhI dIkSita kara zramaNI saMgha kI pravartinI niyukta kiyA / zrAvaka aura zrAvikAoM ke lie samAna 12 vratoM kA vidhAna kiyA gayA thaa| jaise ki mallI kumArI ne tIrthaMkara pada ko prApta kiyA thA tathA puruSa tIrthaMkaroM ke samAna hI mallI dvArA dIkSA grahaNa kI gaI tathA anya tIrthaMkaroM ke samAna mallI kA caturvidha saMgha thA, jisameM 28 gaNadhara 40 hajAra zramaNa, 55 hajAra sAdhviyA~, 1 lAkha 84 hajAra zrAvaka, 3 lAkha 65 hajAra zrAvikAe~ thIM / " ataH mAtra jaina dharma eka aisA dharma thA, jisane nArI ko sarvocca sthAna pradAna kiyA itanA hI nahIM, usake adhIna aneka gaNadhara aura zramaNa the / mallI una sabakI pramukha thii| isa prakAra nArI bhI siddha gati ko prApta kara sakatI hai| jaina dharma kI aneka prasiddha upAsikAe~ thIM, jo dharma niSTha aura vidvAn thiiN| sulasA, subhadrA, rAjImati, jayantI aadi| ina sabhI ne tyAgamaya jIvana vyavatIta kiyA aura mokSa prApta kiyaa| jo nArI zIla kI rakSA ke lie tyAga karatI thI use devatA bhI vandana karate the|" jaina dharma meM jahA~ nArI ko puruSa ke samAna adhikAra die gae haiM, vahIM aneka aise bhI udAharaNa prApta hote haiM jaba usakI nindA bhI kI gaI hai aura use mokSa mArga meM bAdhaka mAnA gayA hai / isake viSaya meM yahA~ taka kahA gayA hai, ki strI ke viSaya meM mana meM vicAra mAtra se malinatA kA doSa utpanna hotA hai|" nArI ko pratIkAtmaka dRSTi se kAma kA rUpa pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai| yaha bhI spaSTa kiyA gayA hai, ki nArI moha se chuTakArA pAne

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sAmAjika, rAjanaitika va sAMskRtika vikAsa para prabhAva * 147 para hI vyakti kalyANa ko prApta hotA hai|" ___ nArI nindA ke aneka prasaMga milate haiM, kiMtu prasaMgoM ko samyak dRSTi se dekhane para hama pAe~ge, ki nArI kI yaha AlocanA lokottara dRSTi se kI gii| muniyoM ko nivRtti mArga para sthira rakhane ke lie aura puruSoM ko saMsAra ke janma-maraNa se chuTakArA dilAne ke lie hai| kiMtu sAtha hI sAdhviyoM ke lie bhI AdhyAtmika sAdhanA hetu puruSoM se dUra rahane kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai| ataH yaha dharma sAdhanA kI mA~ga hai, ki strI puruSa pRthak raheM, tabhI ve moha mAyA se apane Apako bacA sakate haiN| puruSa kI sAdhanA bhaMga hone meM strI akelI doSI nahIM hotI varan puruSa bhI utanA hI doSI hotA hai| lekina puruSa apanI kamajorI se vicalita hokara jaba mArga se cyuta ho jAtA hai aura punaH use apanI bhUla kA ahasAsa hotA hai, to vaha apanI sArI bhar3Asa strI para nikAlatA hai aura saMpUrNa rUpa se use doSI ThaharAtA huA nArI ko sabhI burAiyoM se yukta kahatA hai| puruSa apanI kamajorI ko svIkAra nahIM karanA cAhatA hai| dUsarI aura strIyoM ke sAtha aisA ho bhI jAe to ve svayaM kI galatI kA ahasAsa rakhate hue lajjAzIlatA ke kAraNa eka zabda bhI puruSa ke virodha meM nahIM bolatI hai| isake atirikta strI kI saMkalpazakti adhika dRr3ha hotI hai| dUsare adhikAMza granthoM kA Alekhana puruSoM dvArA hI kiyA jAtA hai| ataH strI ko doSAropita kiyA jAtA hai| jahA~ nArI ko naraka meM le jAne vAlI kuMjI mAnA hai, vahIM jaina dharma meM aisI bhI sannArIyA~ huI haiM, jinhoMne aise muni ko bhI dharma AcaraNa meM sthira kiyA hai, jo apane patha se vicalita ho gae the| jaise rAjImati ne rathanemi ko pratibodhita kara apane AcAra meM sthira kiyA thaa| isa prakAra nArI ko mAtA, upAsikA aura sAdhvIrUpa meM hamezA pUjya mAnA hai| jahA~ puruSa se nArI kI tulanA huI hai, vahA~ nArI ko sadaiva hIna hI rakhA gayA hai, cAhe vaha dhArmika kSetra ho athavA saamaajik| phira bhI jaina dharma meM nArI ko AdhyAtmika kSetra meM jitanA adhika mahattva pradAna kiyA gayA hai utanA prAcIna saMskRti meM anyatra nahIM milatA hai| nArI yugIna saMskRti kI urjasvinI avirala dhArA hai, vahI cetanA hai, vahI zIla saMpanna hai| puruSa yadi jJAna zakti kA pratIka hai, to nArI kriyA zakti hai| sAMskRtika vikAsa : saMskRti kA artha : saMskRta zabda sam upasarga kR dhAtu ke sura kA Agama karake kRta pratyaya lagAkara banA hai| jisakA artha hai, uttama banAnA, saMzodhana karanA, pariSkAra krnaa| aMgrejI meM ise Culture kahate haiN| jo leTina ke Cultura se banA hai, jisakA artha sudhAranA hai| isa prakAra saMskRti kA zAbdika artha hai vyakti ko pariSkRta karanA, usako uttama banAnA tathA usameM koI kamI ho to use sudhaarnaa|| saMskRti kA kalevara vizAla hai, jisameM sabhI mAnava nirmita vastuoM ke sAtha

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148 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana sAtha vyakti ke vizvAsa, dRSTikoNa, mUlya, Adarza sabhI A jAte haiN| mAnava saMsAdhana takanIkI jJAna va usakI upalabdhiyA~, dharma, kAnUna kalA-sAhitya sabhI saMskRti ke ghaTaka haiN| rUtha beneDikTa ne saMskRti ko vicAra va kriyA kA bahuta kucha susthira pratimAna batAyA hai| ___ mAnava zAstrI DorethI saMskRti ko "Idias or Rules behind behaviors'' kahate haiM, kyoMki saMskRti mAnava ke vyavahAra ko niyamita karatI hai, nirdezita karatI hai, anuzAsita karatI hai| saMskRti kI vizeSatAeM : 1. saMskRti zArIrika kSamatAoM va yogyatAoM kI taraha janma se prApta nahIM hotI varan use sIkhanA par3atA hai| jo sAMskRtika AdarzoM, dRSTikoNoM, jIvana zailI Adi ke rUpa meM vyakti kA jIvana niyaMtrita, nirdezita karatI hai. vahI saMskati hai| 2. vibhinna samAjoM kI saMskRti unakI bhaugolika paristhitiyoM, rIti rivAjoM, khAna-pAna, parva-tyauhAroM meM bhinnatA hotI hai| ataH unakI saMskRti bhI bhinna-bhinna hotI hai| jaise - nadI kinAre ke samAja, marusthala ke samAja va parvatIya smaaj| 3. samUha kI saMskRti vyakti ke lie Adarza hotI hai| apanI saMskRti ke prati vyakti meM sarvoccatA kI bhAvanA hotI hai, usake prati ahaM hotA hai| 4. saMskRti meM saMgaThana hotA hai, antarvirodha nhiiN| 5. saMskRti kI vyaktitva para gaharI chApa hotI hai| 6. mAnava saMskRti kA vAhaka hI nahIM varan nirmAtA bhI hai| 7. saMskRti vyakti ko eka jIvana vidhi pradAna karatI hai| 8. dharma aura saMskRti paraspara guMthe hue haiM, avicchinna aMga hai| dharma saMskRti ___ kA kendra hai, usakI dhurI hai| jaba hama jaina saMskRti kA vivecana kareMge, to hamArA tAtparya jaina dharma kI AcAra saMhitA, jIvana zailI, jIvoM va prakRti ke prati jaina dharma ke dRSTikoNa se hogaa| jaina saMskRti jaina dharma, darzana ke merudaNDa para hI to khar3I hai, jisakA AdhAra jina upadeza hai| cUMki saMskRti kA kendra dharma-darzana hotA hai, ataH jina dharmoM meM prANI mAtra ke prati Atmavat bhAva hai, ve saMskRtiyA~ to sahaja hI anAdikAla taka rhegii| jaina saMskRti : jaina saMskRti se tAtparya jaina dRSTikoNa evaM jaina jIvana-vidhi donoM se hai| jainAgamoM yA jaina dharmazAstroM ke anusAra jaina jIvana kA lakSya yA sAdhya kyA hai? unakI

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sAmAjika, rAjanaitika va sAMskRtika vikAsa para prabhAva * 149 jIvana vidhi kyA hai? unakA khAna-pAna, rahana-sahana, vyApAra-kAmakAja, dinacaryA kyA hai? anya jIvoM ke prati unakA daSTikoNa kyA hai? jIvana ke vikAra bhAva va pradUSaNa ve kise mAnate haiM? unake parva tyauhAra kyA haiM? jaina saMskRti kA jIvana darzana kyA hai? jaina saMskRti jaina dharma se anupUrita jIvana zailI hai| jaina darzana, sAhitya, jaina kalA, vAstukalA, mUrtikalA Adi jaina paramparAe~ va mUlya, jaina tyauhAra va parva bhI jaina saMskRti ke hI ghaTaka haiN| jaina saMskRti = jaina dharma + jaina darzana + jaina siddhAMta + Atma vidyaa| jina deva dvArA upadiSTa mArga hI jaina dharma aura usa mArga kI anupAlanA karane vAle jaina haiN| vaha mArga hai - 'samyagdarzana jJAna cAritrANi mokSamArgaH // zramaNa saMskRti kA tAtparya hai, jo zrama karatA hai, tapasyA karatA hai, apane puruSArtha para vizvAsa karatA hai, vaha hI zramaNa hai| "zrAmyantIti zramaNAH tapasyante ityrthH|" apane puruSArtha para vizvAsa karane vAle tathA puruSArtha dvArA Atmasiddhi karane vAle kSatriya hote haiN| ataH kaha sakate haiM, ki zramaNa saMskRti puruSArtha mUlaka kSatriya saMskRti hai| "santuSTA, karavaNA maitrA zAntA: dAntA stitikssvH| AtmArAmAH samadRza: prAyazaH zramaNA jnaaH||" __ - bhAgavata skandha-12, adhyAya-3, zloka-9 arthAt satayuga meM zramaNa saMtuSTa, karuNAzIla, maitrI parAyaNa, zAnta, indriyajayI, sahanazIla, AtmA meM rahane vAle aura samadRSTi vAle hote haiN| aisA zukadeva ne parIkSita se khaa| jaina dharma ko sarala zabdoM meM paribhASita karate hue khUbacandajI jaina likhate haiM "Jainism is the only man made religion that reduces everything to the iron laws of nature and agrees with modern science. It is perfectly true when the Jains say that the religion originated with man and that the first defied man of every cycle of time is the founder of religion whenever a Tirthankara arises, he reestablishers the scientific truth considering the nature of life and these truths are collectively termed religion on the present cycle of time. The religion was first preached by Tirthankar Rishabh. 'Religion it would be known, is a way of life which is not invented, it is rediscovered and this was what Tirthankar did. They explained the laws of nature that governs the Universe command and his conduct.***

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150 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana AcAra meM ahiMsA, vicAra meM anekAntavAda, vAda meM syAdvAda tathA samAja meM aparigraha ye cAra stambha haiM, jina para jaina dharma kA sarvodayI prAsAda khar3A hai| jaina saMskRti ke do rUpa haiM - bAhya va Antarika - bAhya rUpa meM isake zAstra, bhASA, sthApatya, mandira, mUrti vidhAna, upAsanA ke prakAra, upakaraNa, samAja ke khAnapAna ke niyama, utsava-tyauhAra Adi hai| ina bAhya aMgoM meM sabhI kucha hai, hRdaya nahIM, jisake binA ye saba niSprANa haiN| jaina saMskRti kA hRdaya jaina samAja yA jAti meM hI sambhava hai, aisI bAta nahIM hai| jaina kahalAne vAloM meM bhI jaina kahalAne kI AMtarika yogyatA nahIM ho sakatI hai aura jainetara vyaktiyoM meM bhI yaha saMbhava hai| asala meM saMskRti kI AtmA itanI vyApaka aura svataMtra hotI hai, ki use deza, kAla, jAtipA~ti, bhASA va rIti-rivAjoM meM sImita nahIM kara skte| jaina saMskRti kA hRdaya nivRtti mUlakatA hai| yahI usakI saccI dharma cetanA hai| isa Antarika rUpa kA sAkSAta Akalana to sirpha usI kA hotA hai, jo use apane jIvana meM tanmaya kara le, jo aisA jIvana bitAne vAloM ke vyavahAroM ke prabhAvoM yA saMgati se hI saMbhava hai| ahiMsA jIvana zailI meM vaibhava kA vIbhatsa pradarzana va vilAsa kA bAhulya eka asaMgati hai| ataH yaha Avazyaka hai, ki isa jaina saMskRti ke hRdaya aparigraha (nivRtti) va ahiMsA kI anugUMja, usake tIrthoM, mandiroM, dharmazAlAoM, zikSaNa saMsthAoM meM bhI honI caahiye| zikSA, sAhitya evaM kalA ke vikAsa meM jaina darzana kA yogadAna : zikSA vyakti yA samudAya dvArA paricAlita vaha sAmAjika prakriyA hai, jo samAja ko usake dvArA svIkRta mUlyoM aura mAnyatAoM kI ora agrasara karatI hai| sAMskRtika virAsata kI upalabdhi evaM jIvana meM jJAna kA arjana zikSA dvArA hI hotA hai| jIvana samasyAoM kI khoja, AdhyAtmika tattvoM kI chAna-bIna evaM mAnasika kSudhA kI tRpti ke sAdhana kalA-kauzala kA parijJAna zikSA dvArA hI prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| AcAra aura vicAra kA pariSkAra utkrAnti evaM zAzvatika sukha kI upalabdhi kA pradhAna sAdhana zikSA ko mAnA jA sakatA hai| zikSA vaiyaktika jIvana meM pariSkAra kA kArya to karatI hI hai, sAtha hI samAja ko bhI unnata banAtI hai| jaina darzana meM zikSA kA paryAya vidyA, jJAna aura zruta ke rUpa meM huA hai| AditIrthaMkara RSabhadeva ke putra evaM putriyoM ko unhoMne svayaM hI zikSArambha krvaayaa| rUpa -lAvaNya evaM zIla se samanvita hone para bhI vidyA se vibhUSita honA paramAvazyaka hai| AdipurANa meM kahA gayA hai, ki isa loka meM vidvAn vyakti hI sammAna ko prApta hotA hai| vidyA hI manuSya ko yaza dene vAlI hai, vidyA hI Atma kalyANa karane vAlI hai aura acchI taraha se abhyAsa kI gayI vidyA hI samasta manorathoM ko pUrNa karatI hai|"

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sAmAjika, rAjanaitika va sAMskRtika vikAsa para prabhAva * 151 zikSA kA lakSya Antarika daivI zaktiyoM kI abhivyakti karanA hai, antarnihita zreSThatam udAtta mahanIya guNoM kA vikAsa karanA hai tathA zarIra, mana aura AtmA ko sabala banAnA hai| tyAga, saMyama, AcAra-vicAra aura kartavyaniSThA kA bodha bhI zikSA dvArA prApta hotA hai| satat svAdhyAya se hI vyakti kI antarnihita zaktiyA~ prAdurbhUta ho jAtI hai, zArIrika svAsthya, mAnasika zucitA, bauddhika prakharatA, AdhyAtmika dRSTi, naitikabala, karmaThatA evaM sahiSNutA kI prApti zikSA tathA svAdhyAya dvArA hI sambhava hai| Adi tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva ne apanI kanyAoM aura putroM ko jo zikSA dI hai, usase zikSA ke nimnalikhita uddezya pratipAdita hote haiM - 1. AtmotthAna ke lie prytnshiiltaa| 2. jagat aura jIvana ke sambandhoM kA prijnyaan| 3. AcAra, darzana aura vijJAna ke tribhuja kI uplbdhi| 4. prasupta zaktiyoM kA udbodhn| 5. sahiSNutA kI praapti| 6. kalAtmaka jIvanayApana karane kI preraNA kI praapti| " 7. anekAntAtmaka dRSTikoNa dvArA bhAvAtmaka ahiMsA kI prApti / 8. vyaktitva ke vikAsa ke lie samucita avasaroM kI praapti| 9. kartavyapAlana ke prati jAgarukatA kA bodha / 10. zArIrika, mAnasika aura Atmika zaktiyoM kA unnyn| 11. viveka dRSTi kI praapti| zikSA prApta karane kI Ayu aura tatsambandhI saMskAra : vidyArambha ke samaya jina saMskAroM kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai, unheM zrAvakoM kI kriyA bhI kahA gayA hai| ye saMskAra nimnalikhita hai - 1. lipi sNskaar| 2. upanIti sNskaar| 3. vrata cryaa| 4. dIkSAnta yA samavartana saMskAra - vrtaavrnn| 1. lipi saMskAra : jaba bAlaka pA~ca varSa kA ho jAye, taba usakA vidhivat akSarArambha karanA caahiye| ise lipi saMskAra kahate hai| jaina darzana meM lipi saMskAra kI vidhi ke bAre meM batAyA gayA hai, ki bAlaka ke pitA ko apane vaibhava ke anurUpa pUjana sAmagrI lekara zruta devatA kA pUjana karanA caahiye| bhagavAna RSabhadeva ne svayaM apanI putriyoM ke lipi saMskAra ke samaya suvarNa paTTa para a, A, i, I, u, U Adi varNamAlA likhI thI aura zrutadevatA kI sthApanA kI thii| varNamAlA lekhana evaM zruta pUjana ke pazcAt AcArya bAlaka ko AzIrvAda dete

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152 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana haiN| isake pazcAt bAlaka ko svara, vyaJjana, saMyuktAkSara, yogavAha, mahAprANa, alpaprANa, ghoSa, aghoSa Adi kA abhyAsa karanA hotA hai| varNa jJAna, aMkajJAna evaM sAmAnya gaNita jJAna prApta karane ke lie tIna varSa kA kAryakAla nizcita hai, tatpazcAta upanIti kriyA sampAdita kI jAtI hai| lipi saMkhyAna prArambha karate samaya "siddhaM namaH" isa maMgalavAcI mAtRkA mantra kA avazya uccAraNa karanA caahiye| kyoMki mAtRkA astitva samasta vidyAoM aura zAstroM meM vidyamAna hai| isI se aneka saMyuktAkSaroM kI utpatti hotI hai, jo bIjAkSaroM meM vyApta haiN| AkAra se lekara hakAra paryanta svara-vyaJjana, visarga, anusvAra, jihvAmUlIya aura upadhmAnIya sahita varNamAlA kA abhyAsa karanA caahiye| 2. upanIti kriyA : bAlaka jaba AThaveM varSa meM praveza karatA hai, taba upanIti kriyA sampanna kI jAtI hai| isa kriyA meM kezoM kA muNDana tathA mUMja kI banI mekhalA kA dhAraNa karanA vidheya mAnA gayA hai| vaidika grantha manusmRti, yAjJavalkya smRti Adi meM upanayana saMskAra ke bAda hI zikSA kA prArambha karanA batAyA gayA hai| vAstava meM zAstrajJAna to isI kriyA ke pazcAt prArambha karAyA jAtA hai| upanIti kriyA ke pazcAt bAlaka tIna lara kI mUMja kI mekhalA bA~dhatA hai| sapheda dhotI dhAraNa karanA, coTI rakhanA aura sAta lara kI yajJopavIta pahananA brahmacArI ke lie Avazyaka hai| jinAlaya meM pUjana karanA, bhikSAvRtti karanA aura jaba taka vidyA kI samApti na ho jAye taba taka ke lie brahmacarya vrata dhAraNa karanA caahiye| saMyamapUrvaka adhyayana ke prati AsthA rakhate hue vidyA prApti ke lie zrama karanA caahiye| guruoM ke prati vinayapUrvaka vyavahAra karanA caahiye| zuddha jala se snAna karanA caahiye| pRthvI para zayana karanA cAhiye tathA nidrA kama lenI cAhiye aura alpAhArI honA caahiye| brahmacArI adhyayanazIla vyakti ke lie vRkSa kI dAtauna, tAmbUla sevana kA, aMjana lagAne kA, ubaTana yA taila mardana kA, zRMgArapUrvaka snAna kA, palaMga para sone kA, anya ke zarIra samparka kA, maukharya vRtti kA, nATaka-abhinaya Adi dekhane kA niSedha kiyA gayA hai| 3. vratacaryA : vratacaryA kA abhiprAya vidyAdhyayana ke samaya saMyamita jIvana yApana karane meM hai| kartavyAkartavya kA viveka prApta kara aisA koI bhI kArya nahIM karanA cAhiye, jo vidyAdhyayana meM bAdhaka ho| vidyArthI kA eka hI lakSya rahatA hai, vidyaadhyyn| vaha apanI isI sAdhanA ko pUrNa karane ke lie prayatnazIla rahatA hai| sAdA jIvana aura jJAnArAdhanA ye hI do usake jIvana ke lakSya rahate haiN| 4. vratAvaraNa kriyA : yaha kriyA vidyAdhyayana kI samApti para sampAdita kI jAtI hai| vidyAdhyayana se praur3ha mastiSka yuvaka guru yA AcArya ke samakSa jAkara zrAvaka

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sAmAjika, rAjanaitika va sAMskRtika vikAsa para prabhAva 153 ke mUlaguNa - madyatyAga, mAMsatyAga, madhu tyAga evaM pA~ca udambara phaloM kA tyAga kara sadAcaraNa grahaNa karatA thA tathA hiMsA, jhUTha, corI, kuzIla Adi pA~ca pApoM kA tyAgakara sadAcAramayI pravRtti ko apanAtA thA / vratAvaraNa kriyA kA uddezya vyaktitva kA vikAsa karanA hai| jisane zruta ke abhyAsa dvArA apanI buddhi ko nirmala banA liyA haiM, aisA vyakti mUlaguNa aura uttaraguNoM ke dvArA apanI AtmA ko nirmala banAkara samAja kA yogya sadasya banatA hai / vaha anyAya se dhanArjana nahIM karatA aura nyAya pUrvaka AjIvikA kA sampAdana karatA huA sAMsArika kAryoM ko sampanna karatA hai / brahmacarya dhAraNa karate samaya jina zArIrika vastrAbhUSaNoM evaM padArthoM kA tyAga kiyA thA, unakA guru AjJA se punaH sevana prArambha kara diyA jAtA thA / ziSya, zikSaka evaM unakA pArasparika sambandha : vidyAdhyayana ke lie ziSya kA yogya honA evaM zikSaka kA vidvAn honA Avazyaka hai / apAtra ko zikSA dene kA kitanA hI prayAsa kiyA jAe saba vyartha hai / kSayopazamajanya pratibhA ke sAtha adhyavasAya bhI Avazyaka hai / pratibhAzAlI chAtra bhI yadi Alasya aura vilAsitA meM DUbA rahe, to vaha kadApi vidvAn nahIM bana sakatA hai| vidyArthI jIvana meM isa prakAra kA abhyAsa karanA cAhiye, jisase zeSa jIvana bhI sukhI ho ske| parizrama, lagana aura utsAha ke sAtha pratibhA kA honA bhI Avazyaka hai| jaina zAstroM meM vidyArthI kI nimnalikhita maulika yogyatAoM kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| 1. jijJAsAvRtti / 2. zraddhA - adhyayana evaM adhyApaka donoM ke prati AsthA / 3. vinayazIlatA / 4. zravaNa - pATha zravaNa ke prati satarkatA evaM jAgarukatA / 5. zuzruSA - gurujanoM ke prati sevAbhAvI honA / 6. grahaNa - guru dvArA adhyApana kiye gaye viSaya ko grahaNa karane kI arhatA / 7. dhAraNa - paThita viSaya ko sadaiva smaraNa rakhane kI kSamatA / 8. smRti - smaraNa zakti / 9. Uha - tarkaNAzakti / 10. apoha - paThita jJAna ke AdhAra para vicAra zakti kA prAbalya va akaraNIya kA tyaag| 11. nirNItI - yuktipUrvaka vicAra karane kI kSamatA / 12. saMyama / 13. pramAda kA abhAva / 14. kSayopazama zakti-sahaja pratibhA / 15. adhyavasAya - adhyayana ke lie prayAsa /

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154 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana zikSaka - guru kI arhatAe~ : ziSya kI yogyatA ke sAtha guru meM bhI nimna likhita guNoM kA honA Avazyaka batAyA hai : 1. sdaacaarii| 2. sthirbuddhi| 3. jitendriy| 4. saumya- antaraMga evaM bAhya donoM saumytaa| 5. vyAkhyAna zakti kI prviinntaa| 6. subodha vyAkhyA shkti| 7. prtyutpnnmtitv| 8. taarkik| 9. dyaalu| 10. viSayoM kA paannddity| 11. ziSya ke abhiprAya ko jAnane kI kssmtaa| 12. adhyayana shiiltaa| 13. vidvtaa| 14. vADmaya ke pratipAdana kI kssmtaa| 15. gmbhiir| 16. snehshiil| 17. udAra evaM vicAra samanvaya kI shkti| 18. styvaadii| 19. stkulotpnn| 20. aprmtttaa| 21. parahita sAdhana ttprtaa| ziSya aura guru ke sambandha kA sAMketika jJAna AditIrthaMkara RSabhadeva ke dvArA apane bAlakoM ko dI gayI zikSA se prApta hotA hai| adhyApaka savarga kA vyakti hI hotA thaa| pitA apanI santAna ko svayaM hI suyogya banAtA thA tathA apanI dekha-rekha meM sakala zAstroM kI zikSA kA prabandha karatA thaa| dhArmika zikSA muniyoM ke Azrama meM sampAdita kI jAtI thii| kanyAe~ AryikAoM ke dvArA zikSA grahaNa karatI thiiN| ataeva yaha spaSTa hai, ki guru-ziSya kA sambandha pitA-putra ke tulya thaa| parivAra meM hI prArambhika zikSA kI vyavasthA kI jAtI thii| ucca zikSA ke lie gurukuloM meM chAtra adhyayanArtha jAte the| uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM guru-ziSya ke sambandha meM acchA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| chAtra guru ke samakSa atyanta vinayI rahatA thA tathA guru kI sevA-bhakti bhI karatA thaa|

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sAmAjika, rAjanaitika va sAMskRtika vikAsa para prabhAva * 155 zikSA vidhi : prAcIna kAla meM hI jaina darzana dvArA kaI prakAra kI zikSAvidhiyoM kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai, jo nimnalikhita hai - 1. pATha vidhi 2. praznottara vidhi 3. zAstrArtha vidhi 4. upadeza vidhi 5. naya vidhi 6. upakrama yA upodghAta vidhi 7. paMcAMga vidhi| pATha vidhi : guru yA zikSaka ziSyoM ko pATha-vidhi dvArA aMka aura akSara jJAna kI zikSA detA hai| vaha kisI kASTha paTTikA para aMka yA akSara detA hai| ziSya una akSara yA aMkoM kA anukaraNa karatA hai| bAra-bAra unheM likhakara kaNThastha karatA hai| isa vidhi kA prArambha AditIrthaMkara RSabhadeva ne kiyaa| unhoMne apanI kanyAoM ko isa pATha-vidhi dvArA hI zikSA dI thii| yaha zikSA vidhi sAmAnya buddhi vAle alpavayaska vidyArthIyoM ke lie upayogI hai| isameM abhyAsa kA bhAva bhI antarnihita hai| isa vidhi meM mUlataH tIna zikSA tattva pAye jAte haiN| 1. uccAraNa kI spaSTatA : zikSA granthoM meM akSaroM va zabdoM ke lie jisa uccAraNa vidhi kA nirupaNa AtA hai, isa vidhi ke anusAra varNoM kA uccAraNa ziSyoM ko sikhAyA jAtA hai| 2. lekhana kalA kA abhyAsa ho jAtA hai| 3. tarkAtmaka saMkhyA praNAlI : vastuoM ke ginane ke rUpa meM aMkavidyA kA prArambha huaa| isa tIsarI pATha zailI dvArA parikarmASTaka - yoga, guNA, ghaTAva, bhAga, vargamUla, varga, dhana, dhanamUla ina ATha kriyAoM kA parijJAna karAyA jAtA hai| praznottara vidhi : zikSA zAstra kI dRSTi se yaha praur3ha zailI hai| isakA prayoga vayaska evaM pratibhAzAlI chAtroM ke lie hI kiyA jAtA hai| isa vidhi ke antargata ziSya guru se prazna pUchatA hai tathA guru camatkAra pUrNa uttara dekara ziSya ko saMtuSTa karate haiN| isa praNAlI dvArA viSayoM ko hRdayaMgama karane meM vizeSa suvidhA hotI hai| gUDha aura duruha viSaya bhI saralatApUrvaka samajha meM A jAte haiN| praznottara donoM hI ora se kie jAte haiN| ziSya bhI prazna karatA hai guru se| ziSya dvArA die gae uttara se yaha jJAta hotA hai, ki vaha guru dvArA die gae jJAna ko kisa sImA taka evaM kisa rUpa meM grahaNa kara pAtA hai| guru praznoM kA tarkapUrNa uttara dekara zAstrIya jJAna kA saMvarddhana karatA hai| isa vidhi se vyakti kA bauddhika vikAsa bhI hotA hai| jaise-mahAvIra uttaradAtA guru tathA gautamasvAmI praznakartA ziSya the| isI prakAra RSabhadeva uttaradAtA guru evaM unake bharatAdi putra praznakartA ziSya the|

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156 jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana zAstrArtha vidhi : zAstrArtha vidhi prAcIna zikSA paddhati kI eka pramukha vidhA hai| isa vidhi meM pUrva aura uttara pakSa kI sthApanA pUrvaka viSayoM kI jAnakArI prApta kI jAtI hai| eka hI tathya kI upalabdhi vibhinna prakAra ke tarkoM, vikalpoM aura bauddhika prayogoM dvArA kI jAtI hai| jaina nyAya ke samasta granthoM meM zAstrArtha vidhi kA varNana pAyA jAtA hai| pramANa naya nikSepa dvArA vastu kA svarUpa pratipAdana zAstrArtha praNAlI ke dvArA hI kiyA gayA hai| isa vidhi meM guru ziSya meM zAstrArtha karane kI paddhati dvArA tatkAla uttara- pratyuttara dene kI zakti kA vikAsa karatA hai / isa zAstrArtha vidhi meM svapakSa siddhi aura para pakSa meM dUSaNodbhAvanA kI prakriyA kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| zAstroM kA samyagcAritra parijJAna isI vidhi dvArA prApta kiyA jAtA thA / upadeza vidhi : upadeza vidhi kA pramukha rUpa upadeza rUpa meM zikSA denA hai| isakA vAstavika rahasya guru dvArA bhASaNa ke rUpa meM viSaya kA pratipAdana karanA hai| isa vidhi kA upayoga usI samaya kiyA jAtA hai, jaba ziSya praur3ha ho jAtA hai aura usakA mastiSka vikasita ho pramukha viSayoM ko grahaNa karane kI kSamatA prApta kara letA hai / upakrama yA upodghAta vidhi : varNanIya viSaya ko ziSya ke mastiSka meM pUrNatayA praviSTa kara denA upakrama pATha vidhi hai, isI kA dUsarA nAma upodghAta bhI hai| AnupUrvI, nAma, pramANa, abhidheya aura arthAdhikAra ye upakrama ke pA~ca bheda haiN| Adi krama, madhyakrama aura antyakrama dvArA vastuoM kA pratipAdana karanA anupUrvI hai / kramapUrvaka viSayoM kA parijJAna karAnA bhI anupUrvI meM parigaNita hai / nAmavidhi meM vistArapUrvaka vastuoM ke nAmoM kA pratipAdana kiyA jAtA hai| eka prakAra se isakI gaNanA nikSepa vidhi meM kI jA sakatI hai / pramANa vidhi meM vastu kA sarvAMgINa nirupaNa aura nayavidhi meM eka-eka aMza kA vivecana kiyA jAtA hai / abhidheya meM artha kA vibhinna dRSTikoNoM dvArA kathana kiyA jAtA hai / dravya aura bhAvapUrvaka padoM kI vyAkhyA prastuta kara vividha bhaMgAvaliyoM kI sthApanA kI jAtI hai / eka hI viSaya yA vastu ko aneka rUpoM meM pratipAdita kara pAThya viSayoM ko sarala aura bodhagamya banAyA jAtA hai / paMcAMga vidhi : paJcAMga vidhi ke svAdhyAya sambandhI pA~ca aMga haiN| ina pA~coM aMgoM dvArA viSaya ke marma ko samajhA jAtA hai / vidyArthI sarvaprathama vAcanA kA prayoga karate hai / vAcanA kA artha par3hanA hai / tadanantara pRcchanA - pUchakara viSaya ke marma ko prApta karane kA prayAsa kiyA jAtA hai| adhigata viSaya ko bAra-bAra abhyAsa dvArA smaraNa rakhane kA prayAsa anuprekSA hai / manana aura cintana kiye gaye viSaya kI dhAraNA banAye rakhane ke lie ghokha - ghokhakara yAda karanA ghoSa svAdhyAya hai / upadeza ke rUpa meM viSaya

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sAmAjika, rAjanaitika va sAMskRtika vikAsa para prabhAva * 157 ko samajhanA yA samajhAnA upedaza svAdhyAya hai| paJcAMga vidhi dvArA viSaya kI vyAkhyA evaM use samajhane kA pUrNa prayAsa kiyA jAtA hai| jisa prakAra samudra kI gaharAI zanaiHzanaiH bar3hatI jAtI hai, usI prakAra paJcAMga vidhi dvArA zikSA kA uttarottara vistAra hotA jAtA hai| zAstroM kA pATha usakI vyAkhyA aura bhASyoM ko hRdayaMgama karanA isa pATha zailI ke antargata hai| adhyayanIya viSaya yA pAThya grantha : zikSA ke lie usake adhyayanIya viSayoM ko jAnanA parama Avazyaka hai| zikSA ke viSayoM kA vibhAjana vidyArthIyoM ke bauddhika vikAsa para avalambita thaa| pA~ca varSa ke bAlaka-bAlikAoM ko lipijJAna, aMka vidyA evaM sAmAnya bhASA vijJAna karAyA jAtA hai| ATha varSa kI Ayu taka bAlaka ghara para hI rahakara par3hanA-likhanA aura hisAba banAnA sIkhatA hai| yaha eka prakAra se prAthamika zikSA thii| itanI zikSA pratyeka vyakti ke lie anivArya thii| ATha varSa kI Ayu ke pazcAt zAstrIya zikSA prArambha hotI thI, yaha sambhrAnta parivAroM ke vyaktiyoM ko hI dI jAtI thii| Adi tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva ne apane putra evaM putriyoM ko jo zikSA pradAna kI hai, usameM zikSA ke pAThya viSayoM para bahuta hI sundara prakAza par3atA hai| unhoMne apane jyeSTha putra bharata ko arthazAstra, saMgraha prakaraNa aura nRtyazAstra kI zikSA dI thii| vRSabhasena ko gAndharvavidyA kI zikSA, anantaviSaya ko citrakalA, vAstukalA aura Ayurveda kI zikSA tathA bAhubalI ko kAmanIti, strI puruSa lakSaNa, Ayurveda, dhanurveda, azvalakSaNa, gajalakSaNa, ratnaparIkSaNa evaM mantra-tantra kI zikSA dI gayI thii| adhyayanIya vAGmaya ke antargata vyAkaraNa zAstra, chanda zAstra aura alaMkAra zAstra kA grahaNa kiyA gayA thaa| navayuvakoM ko ukta tInoM viSayoM ke atirikta jyotiSa, Ayurveda, zastra saMcAlana, azva, gaja Adi ke saMcAlana kI zikSA dI jAtI thii| Adi purANa meM 14 vidyAe~ pAThyakrama ke antargata batAyI gayI hai, jo nimnalikhita haiM - 1-4. cAra vedoM - Rgveda, yajurveda, sAmaveda evaM atharvaveda kA adhyayana / 5. zikSA - uccAraNavidhi kA prijnyaan| klp| 7. vyAkaraNa - nAma, AkhyAta, nipAta aura avyaya zabdoM kA parijJAna / 8. chnd| 9. jyotiSa - graha, nakSatra, grahoM kI gati, sthiti evaM avasthAoM kI jaankaarii| 10. niyukta - zabdoM kI vyutpttiyaaN| 11. itihAsa - purAvRta kA prijnyaan|

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158 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana 12. purANa - AkhyAnAtmaka dhArmika grnth| 13. mImAMsA - vidhi yA kriyA pratipAdaka shaastr| 14. nyAya zAstra - dravya, guNa, karma, sAmAnya Adi sAta padArthoM kA jnyaan| pAThyakrama ke anya viSaya : 1. kAma nIti - kAmazAstra kA jnyaan| 2. hastitantra - gajazAstra, gaja saMcAlana evaM madonmata gaja kA vshiikrnn| 3. azvatantra - ashvshaastr| 4. Ayurveda - cikitsAzAstra aura roga vijnyaan| 5. nimitta zAstra - nimittoM dvArA zubhAzubha kA jnyaan| 6. zakuna zAstra - vibhinna prakAra ke zakunoM dvArA zubhAzubha pratipAdaka zAstra / 7. tantra shaastr| 8. mantra zAstra - manyate jJAyate AtmAdezo'tena iti mntrH-mn+ssttrn| 9. purusslkssnnshaastr| 10. kalAzAstra - vividha kalAoM kA pratipAdaka shaastr| 11. rAjanIti vijJAna shaastr| 12. dharmazAstra - kriyAkANDa, vizvAsa evaM paramparAoM kA bodhaka shaastr| gRha virakta muniyoM, kSullakoM aura ailakoM ke lie laukika zikSA ke atirikta pAralaukika zikSA kA bhI prabandha thaa| jinasenAcArya ne svAdhyAya ke mahattva para prakAza DAlate hue batalAyA hai - svAdhyAya karane se mana kA nirodha hotA hai, mana kA nirodha hone se indriyoM kA nigraha hotA hai| ataH svAdhyAya karane vAlA vyakti svataH saMyamI aura jitendriya bana jAtA hai|" 1. purANa : purAtana puraannm| prAcIna hone se purANa kahA jAtA hai| mahApuruSoM ke udAtta caritra kA nirupaNa karanA hI purANa kA lakSya hai| purANa ke do bheda haiM- purANa aura mhaapuraann| jisameM eka zalAkA puruSa kA caritra varNita rahatA hai, vaha purANa hai aura jisameM traisaTha zalAkA puruSoM kA caritra varNita rahatA hai, vaha mahApurANa kahalAtA hai| dharma tattva kA nirupaNa karane ke kAraNa purANa dharmazAstra bhI kahalAtA hai| jo purANa kA artha hai, vaha dharma hai, yaha purANa pA~ca prakAra kA hai - kSetra, kAla, tIrtha, satpuruSa aura satpuruSa kA critr| 2. vyAkaraNa : vyAkaraNa zabda kI vyatpatti - "vyAkriyante vyutpAdyante sAdhyante zabdAH anena" arthAt jisake dvArA zabdoM kI vyutpatti batalAyI jAya, vaha vyAkaraNa zAstra hai| vyAkaraNa kA uddezya bhASA kA vizleSaNa karanA hai| sUtra, vRtti, prakriyA aura udAharaNoM dvArA zabdoM kA bodha karanA

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sAmAjika, rAjanaitika va sAMskRtika vikAsa para prabhAva * 159 vyAkaraNa meM sammilita hai| dhAtu pATha, gaNapATha, uNAdi, liMgAnuzAsana evaM sUtrapATha rUpa paJcAMga vyAkaraNa adhyayanIya mAnA gayA hai| Adi tIrthaMkara ne apanI donoM putriyoM ko pada jJAna rUpI dIpikA se prakAzita huI samasta vidyAoM kI zikSA dI thii| ataeva spaSTa hai, ki padajJAna se hI anya zAstroM kA bodha prApta hotA hai| 3. chandazAstra : akSara, akSaroM kI saMkhyA evaM krama, mAtrA, mAtrAgaNanA tathA yatigati Adi se sambandhita viziSTa evaM niyamoM se niyojita padya racanA chanda kahalAtI hai| chandoM kI utpatti, paramparA, bheda-prabheda, jAti, lakSaNa, udAharaNa, racanAvidhi, vistAra saMkhyA, vargIkaraNa Adi chanda sambandhI vividha pakSoM kA nirupaNa karane vAlA zAstra chandazAstra kahalAtA hai| chanda ko vedAMga kahA gayA hai, isakI vyavasthita paramparA piMgalAcArya ke 'chandasUtra' se upalabdha hotI hai| __ bhagavAna RSabhadeva ne prastAra, naSTa, uddiSTa ke sAtha mAtrAoM ke laghu-guru bheda, chandoM ke vibhinna rUpa yati-virAma ke niyama evaM adhvayoga Adi kA varNana kiyA hai| kAvya aura vAMGgamaya ko samajhAne ke lie chanda jJAna Avazyaka thaa| 4. jyotiSa zAstra : zubhakAryoM ke lie tithi, nakSatra aura lagnazuddhi kA vicAra jyotiSa ke antargata kiyA jAtA hai| yathA vivAha, dRSTi nirmANa, yAtrA Adi ke lie muhurta shuddhi| jyotiSa cakra, saMkrAMti, tArAbala, candrabala, udaya, asta, svocca janmakuNDalI meM sthita grahoM kA phalAdeza, graha aura rAziyoM ke svarUpa jyotiSa zAstra meM hI Ate haiN| anuyoga rUpa sAhitya : varNya viSaya varga aura sthApatya kI dRSTi se AcAryoM ne samasta zruta ko cAra anuyogoM meM vibhakta kiyA hai| prathamAnuyoga, karaNAnuyoga, caraNAnuyoga aura drvyaanuyog| jisa sAhitya meM satpuruSoM kA caritra varNita rahatA hai, vaha prathamAnuyoga kahalAtA hai| karaNAnuyoga meM tInoM lokoM kA vistAra, AyAma, kSetraphala racanA evaM anya samasta bAtoM kA varNana rahatA hai| gaNita aura jyotiSa sambandhI racanAe~ bhI karaNAnuyoga meM sammilita haiN| caraNAnuyoga meM zrAvakAcAra aura muni AcAra rUpa dharma kA vistAra pUrvaka nirupaNa pAyA AtA hai| dravyAnuyoga meM dravya, guNa, paryAya, astikAya, tattva, karmasiddhAnta prabhRti kA svarUpa aura bheda-prabheda aMkita hai| isa prakAra varNya viSaya aura zailI kI dRSTi se anuyogoM meM vAGmaya kA vibhAjana kiyA gayA hai| gyAraha aMga aura caudaha pUrva rUpa sAhitya kA ullekha bhI AtA hai|

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160 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana jaina kalA kA udgama aura usakI AtmA : jaina dharma kA uddezya hai, manuSya kI paripUrNatA arthAt saMsArI AtmA kI svayaM paramAtmatva meM prinnti| vyakti meM jo antarnihita divyatva hai| use svAtmAnubhUti dvArA abhivyakti karane ke lie yaha dharma preraNA detA hai aura sahAyaka hotA hai| sAmAnyataH isa mArga meM kaThora anuzAsana, Atma saMyama, tyAga aura tapasyA kI pradhAnatA hai| kintu eka prakAra se kalA bhI divyatva kI prApti kA aura usake sAtha ekAkAra ho jAne kA pavitratama sAdhana hai aura kadAcita yaha kahanA bhI atizayokti na hogA, ki dharma ke yathArtha zabda kI upalabdhi meM yathArtha kalAbodha jitanA adhika sahAyaka hai, utanA anya kucha nhiiN| saMbhavatayA yahI kAraNa hai, ki jainoM ne sadaiva lalita kalAoM ke vibhinna rUpoM aura zailiyoM ko prazraya evaM protsAhana diyaa| kalAe~ niHsaMdeha mUlataH dharma kI anugAminI rahIM, kintu unhoMne isakI sAdhanA kI kaThoratA ko mRdula banAne meM bhI sahAyatA kii| dharma ke bhAvanAtmaka, bhakti-paraka evaM lokapriya rUpoM ke pallavana ke lie bhI kalA aura sthApatya kI vividha kRtiyoM ke nirmANa kI AvazyakatA huI, ataH unheM vastutaH sundara banAne meM zrama aura dhana kI koI kamI nahIM kI gyii| jaina dharma kI AtmA usakI kalA meM spaSTa rUpa se pratibimbita hai, vaha yadyapi bahuta vividhatApUrNa aura vaibhavazAlI hai, parantu usameM jo zRMgArikatA, azlIlatA yA satahIpana kA abhAva hai, vaha alaga hI spaSTa ho jAtA hai| vaha sauMdarya bodha ke Ananda kI sRSTi karatI hai, para usase kahIM adhika saMtulita, sazakta, utpreraka aura utsAhavardhaka hai aura Atmotsarga, zAMti aura samatva kI bhAvanAoM ko ubhAratI hai| usake sAtha jo eka prakAra kI alaukikatA jur3I hai, vaha AdhyAtmika ciMtana evaM ucca AtmAnubhUti prApta karane meM nimitta hotI hai| vibhinna zailiyoM aura yugoM kI kalA evaM sthApatya kI kRtiyA~ samUce deza meM bikharI hai, parantu jaina tIrtha sthala vizeSa rUpa se, sahI arthoM meM kalA ke bhaNDAra hai aura eka jaina mumukSu kA Adarza ThIka vahI hai, jo tIrthayAtrI zabda se vyakta hotA hai, jisakA artha hai, aisA prANI jo sAMsArika jIvana meM ajanabI kI bhA~ti yAtrA karatA rahatA hai| vaha sAMsArika jIvana jItA hai, apane kartavyoM kA pAlana aura dAyitvoM kA nirvAha sAvadhAnI pUrvaka karatA hai, tathApi usakI manovRtti eka ajanabI dRSTA yA paryavekSaka kI banI rahatI hai| vaha bAhya dRzyoM se apanA ekatva nahIM jor3atA aura na hI sAMsArika saMbaMdhoM aura padArthoM meM apane Apa ko mohagrasta hone detA hai| vaha eka aisA yAtrI hai, jo samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna aura samyak cAritra ke trividha mArga kA avalambana lekara apanI jIvana yAtrA karatA hai aura apanI AdhyAtmika pragati ke patha para taba taka bar3hatA calA jAtA hai, jaba taka vaha apane lakSya arthAt nirvANa kI prApti nahIM kara letaa| vAstava meM jaina dharma meM pUjanIya yA pavitra sthAna ko tIrtha kahate haiM, kyoMki vaha

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sAmAjika, rAjanaitika va sAMskRtika vikAsa para prabhAva 161 duHkha aura kaSToM se pUrNa saMsAra ko pAra karane meM mumukSu ke lie sahAyaka hotA hai aura niraMtara janma maraNa ke usa bhramaNa se mukta hone meM bhI sahAyatA detA hai, jo isa sahAyatA ke binA kabhI miTa nahIM sktaa| yahI kAraNa hai, ki jaina tIrtha yAtrA kA vAstavika uddezya AtmotkarSa hai| kadAcita isIlie jainoM ne apane tIrthakSetroM ke lie jina sthAnoM ko cunA ve parvatoM kI coTiyoM para yA nirjana ghATiyoM meM haiM, jo janapadoM aura bhautikatA se grasita sAMsArika jIvana kI ApAdhApI se dUra, hare-bhare prAkRtika dRzyoM tathA zAMta maidAnoM ke madhya sthita hai aura jo ekAgra dhyAna aura Atmika ciMtana meM sahAyaka evaM utpreraka hote haiN| aise sthAna ke niraMtara punIta saMsarga se eka atirikta nirmalatA kA saMcAra hotA hai aura vAtAvaraNa AdhyAtmikatA, alaukikatA, pavitratA aura lokottara zAMti se punarjIvita ho uThatA hai / vahA~ vastu smArakoM (maMdira va devAlayoM) kI sthApatya kalA aura sabase adhika mUrtimAna tIrthaMkara pratimAe~ apanI ananta zAMti vItarAgatA aura ekAgratA se bhakta tIrthayAtrI ko svayaM 'paramAtmatva' ke sannidhAna kI anubhUti karA detI hai| Azcarya nahIM yadi vaha pAramArthika bhAvAtireka meM phUTa par3atA hai : " calA jA rahA tIrtha kSetra meM apanAe bhagavAna ko sundaratA kI khoja meM, maiM apanAe bhagavAna ko / " tIrthakSetroM kI yAtrA bhakta jIvana kI eka abhilASA hai / ye sthAna kalAtmaka maMdira, mUrtiyA~ Adi jIvaMta smAraka haiM- muktAtmAoM ke, mahApuruSoM ke, dhArmika tathA smaraNIya ghaTanAoM ke| inakI yAtrA puNyavardhaka aura Atmazodhaka hotI hai / yaha eka aisI saccAI hai, jisakA samarthana tIrtha yAtriyoM dvArA vahA~ bitAye jIvana se hotA hai / niyama, saMyama, upavAsa, pUjana, dhyAna, zAstra - svAdhyAya, dhArmika pravacanoM kA zravaNa, bhajana-kIrtana, dAna aura AhAra dAna Adi vividha dhArmika kRtyoM meM hI unakA adhikAMza samaya vyatIta hotA hai / vibhinna vyavasAyoM aura deza ke vibhinna pradezoM se Aye AbAla-vRddha nara-nArI vahA~ pUrNa zAMti aura vAtsalya se punIta vicAroM meM magna rahate haiM / yaha eka tathya hai, ki bhArata kI sAMskRtika dharohara ko samRddha karane vAloM meM jaina agraNI rahe haiN| deza ke sAMskRtika bhaNDAra ko unhoMne kalA aura sthApatya kI agaNita vividha kRtiyoM se sampanna kiyA, jinameM se anekoM kI bhavyatA aura kalA garimA itanI utkRSTa bana par3I hai, ki unakI upamA nahIM milatI aura una para IrSyA kI jA sakatI hai| yaha bhI eka tathya hai, ki jaina kalA pradhAnataH dharmonmukha rahI aura jaina jIvana ke prAyaH pratyeka pahalU kI bhA~ti kalA sthApatya ke kSetra meM bhI unakI vizleSaNAtmaka dRSTi aura yahA~ taka ki vairAgya kI bhAvanA bhI itanI adhika parilakSita hai, ki paramparAgata jaina kalA meM nItiparaka aMkana anya aMkanoM para chA gayA dikhatA hai, isIlie kisIkisI ko kabhI yaha khaTaka sakatA hai, ki jaina kalA meM usake vikAsa ke sAdhaka

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162 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana vizuddha sauMdarya ko ubhArane vAle tattvoM kA abhAva hai| udAharaNArtha - mAnasAra Adi granthoM meM aisI sUkSma vyAkhyAe~ milatI haiM, jinameM marti, zilpa aura bhavana-nirmANa kI eka rUr3ha paddhati dIkha par3atI hai aura kalAkAra se usI kA kaThoratA se pAlana karane kI apekSA kI jAtI thii| kintu, yahI bAta bauddha aura brAhmaNa dharmoM kI kalA meM bhI vidyamAna hai, yadi koI antara hai, to vaha zreNI kA hai| jaina mUrtiyoM meM jinoM yA tIrthaMkaroM kI mUrtiyA~ nissaMdeha sarvAdhika hai aura isa kAraNa yaha AlocanA tarka saMgata lagatI hai, ki unake prAyaH eka jaisI hone ke kAraNa kalAkAra ko apanI pratibhA ke pradarzana kA avasara kama mila skaa| para inameM bhI aneka mUrtiyA~ advitIya bana par3I hai, yathA karnATaka ke zravaNabelagAlA kI vizvavikhyAta vizAlAkAra gommaTa-pratimA, jisake viSaya meM hainarisa jimmara ne likhA hai, "vaha AkAra-prakAra meM mAnavIya hai, kintu himakhaNDa ke sadRza mAnavottara bhI, tabhI to vaha janma-maraNa ke cakra, zArIrika ciMtAoM, vyaktigata niyati, vAsanAoM, kaSToM aura honI-anahonI ke saphala parityAga kI bhAvanA ko bhalI-bhA~ti caritArtha karatI __ eka anya tIrthaMkara mUrti kI prazaMsA meM vaha kahatA hai, ki mukta puruSa kI mUrti na sajIva lagatI hai na nirjIva vaha to apUrva ananta zAnti se otaprota lagatI hai| eka anya dRSTA kAyotsarga tIrthaMkara mUrti ke viSaya meM kahatA hai, ki aparAjita bala aura akSaya zakti mAno jIvaMta ho uThe haiM, vaha zAlavRkSa (zAla-prAMzu) kI bhA~ti unnata aura vizAla hai| anya prazaMsakoM ke zabda haiM 'vizAlakAya zAMti', 'sahaja bhavyatA' yA paripUrNa kAya nirodha kI sUcaka kAyotsarga mudrA jisase aise mahApuruSa kA saMketa milatA hai, jo ananta, advitIya kevalajJAna gamya sukha kA anubhava karatA hai aura aise anubhava se vaha usI prakAra avicalita rahatA hai, jisa prakAra vAyu-vihIna sthAna meM acaMcala diip-shikhaa| isase jJAta hotA hai, ki tIrthaMkara mUrtiyA~ una vijetAoM kI pratibimba haiM, jo jimmara ke zabdoM meM lokAgra meM sarvocca sthAna para sthira haiM aura kyoMki ve rAgabhAva se atIta hai, ataH saMbhAvanA nahIM, ki usa sarvocca aura prakAzamaya sthAna se skhalita hokara unakA sahayoga mAnavIya gatividhiyoM ke isa meghAcchanna vAtAvaraNa meM A pdd'egaa| tIrtha-setu ke kartA vizva kI ghaTanAoM aura jaivika samasyAoM se bhI nirlipta haiM, ve atIndriya, nizcala, sarvajJa, niSkarma aura zAzvata zAMta hai| yaha to eka Adarza hai, jisakI upAsanA kI jAye, prApti kI jAye, yaha koI devatA nahIM, jise prasanna kiyA jAye, tRpta yA saMtuSTa kiyA jaaye| svabhAvataH isI bhAvanA se jaina kalA aura sthApatya kI viSaya-vastu ota-prota hai| dUsarI ora indra aura indrANI, tIrthaMkaroM ke anucara yakSa aura yakSI, devI sarasvatI, navagraha, kSetrapAla aura sAmAnya bhakta nara-nArI, jaina deva-nikAya ke

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sAmAjika, rAjanaitika va sAMskRtika vikAsa para prabhAva * 163 apekSAkRta kama mahattva ke devatAoM yA devatulya manuSyoM ke mUrtana meM, tIrthaMkaroM aura atIta ke anya suvikhyAta puruSoM ke jIvana caritra ke dRzyAMkanoM meM aura vividha alaMkaraNa pratIkoM ke prayoga meM kalAkAra kinhIM kaThora siddhAMtoM se ba~dhA na thA, varan use adhikatara svataMtratA thii| isake atirikta bhI kalAkAra ko apanI pratibhA ke pradarzana kA paryApta avasara thA, prAkRtika dRzyoM tathA samakAlIna jIvana kI dharma-nirapekSa gatividhiyoM ke zilpAMkana yA citrAMkana dvArA jo kabhI-kabhI vilakSaNa bana paDe, jinase vipula jJAtavya tattva prApta hote haiM aura jinameM kalAtmaka sauMdarya samAyA huA hai| para ina saba meM bhI kalAkAra ko jaina dharma kI zuddhAcAra nIti ko dhyAna meM rakhanA thA, isIlie use zRMgAra, azlIlatA aura anaitika dRzyoM kI upekSA karanI pdd'ii| maMdira-sthApatya-kalA kA vikAsa pratyakSataH mUrti-pUjA ke pariNAma svarUpa huA, jo jainoM meM kama se kama itihAsa-kAla ke prAraMbha se pracalita rahI hai| apane maMdiroM ke nirmANa meM jainoM ne vibhinna kSetroM aura kAloM kI pracalita zailiyoM ko to apanAyA, kintu unhoMne apanI svayaM kI saMskRti aura siddhAntoM kI dRSTi se kucha lAkSaNika vizeSatAoM ko bhI prastuta kiyA, jinake kAraNa jaina kalA ko eka alaga hI svarUpa mila gyaa| kucha sthAnoM para unhoMne samUce 'maMdira-nagara' hI khar3e kara die| ____ mAnavIya mUrtiyoM ke atirikta, alaMkArika mUrtiyoM ke nirmANa meM bhI jainoM ne apanI hI zailI apanAyI aura sthApatya ke kSetra meM apanI vizeSa ruci ke anurUpa staMbhAdhArita bhavanoM ke nirmANa meM ucca koTi kA kauzala pradarzita kiyaa| inameM se kucha kalA-samRddha bhavanoM kI vikhyAta kalA marmajJoM ne prAcIna aura AraMbhika madhyakAlIna bhAratIya sthApatya kI sundaratam kRtiyoM meM gaNanA kI hai| bahuta bAra utkIrNa aura takSita kalAkRtiyoM meM mAnava tattva itanA ubhara AyA hai, ki vizAla nigraMtha digambara jaina mUrtiyoM meM jo kaThora saMyama sAkAra ho uThA lagatA hai, usakA pratyAvartana ho gyaa| kalA-kRtiyoM kI adhikatA aura vividhatA ke kAraNa uttarakAlIna jaina kalA ne isa dharma kI bhAvanAtmakatA ko abhivyakta kiyA hai| jaina maMdiroM aura vasadiyoM ke sAmane vizeSataH dakSiNa bhArata meM svataMtra khar3e staMbha jainoM kA eka anya yogadAna hai| mAnastaMbha kahalAne vAlA yaha staMbha usa staMbha kA pratIka hai, jo tIrthaMkara ke samavasaraNa (sabhAgAra) ke praveza dvAroM ke bhItara sthita kahA jAtA hai| svayaM jina mandira samavasaraNa kA pratIka hai| jaina sthApatya kalA ke Adya rUpoM meM stUpa eka rUpa thaa| isakA pramANa mathurA ke kaMkAlI TIle ke utkhanana se prApta huA hai| vahA~ eka aisA stUpa thA, jisake viSaya meM IsavI san ke prAraMbha taka yaha mAnyatA thI, ki usakA nirmANa sAtaveM tIrthaMkara ke samaya meM devoM dvArA huA thA aura punarnirmANa teisaveM tIrthaMkara ke samaya meM kiyA gayA thaa| yaha

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164* jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana stUpa kadAcit madhyakAla ke prAraMbha taka vidyamAna rhaa| kintu, gupta kAla kI samApti ke samaya taka jainoM kI ruci stUpa ke nirmANa meM nahIM raha gii| eka bAra aura jaisA, ki lA~ga harTa kA kahanA hai - 'sthApatya para vAtAvaraNa ke prabhAva kA yathocita mahattva samajhate hue hindUoM kI apekSA jainoM ne apane mandiroM ke nirmANa ke lie sadaiva prAkRtika sthAna ko hI cunaa| unhoMne jina anya lalita kalAoM kA utsAha pUrvaka sRjana kiyA, unameM sulekhana, alaMkaraNa, laghucitra aura bhitti citra, saMgIta aura nRtya hai| unhoMne saiddhAntika pakSa kA bhI dhyAna rakhA aura kalA, sthApatya, saMgIta evaM chaMdazAstra para mUlyavAna graMthoM kI racanA kii| kahane kI AvazyakatA nahIM, ki jaina kalA aura sthApatya meM jaina dharma aura jaina saMskRti ke saiddhAMtika aura bhAvanAtmaka Adarza atyadhika pratiphalita hue haiM, jaisA ki honA bhI caahiye| tIrthaMkaroM evaM AcAryoM kI guru-ziSya paramparA : zikSA ke pracAra-prasAra evaM pallavana vikAsa meM guru kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hotA hai| anAdikAla se vartamAna taka zikSA, dharma-darzana, vijJAna evaM anya jitanA bhI sAmAjika, rAjanaitika evaM Arthika vyavasthA kA vividha AyAmI vikAsa huA hai, isa saMpUrNa vikAsa ke pIche guru-ziSya paramparA kA bahuta bar3A yogadAna rahA hai| pratyeka dArzanika yA saMta ne apane anubhava athavA jJAna ko apane ziSyoM ko diyaa| vaijJAnikoM ne apanI khojoM ko duniyA ko batAyA to Ane vAle vijJAna ke vidyArthiyoM ne usase Age zodha kiyaa| isI prakAra rAjAoM, arthazAstriyoM evaM samAjazAstriyoM ne samaya samaya para paristhitinurUpa rAjanaitika, sAmAjika va Arthika vyavasthAoM ko samAja meM kAyama kiyA aura Age Ane vAle vyaktiyoM ne paristhitinurUpa unameM parivartana kie, vikAsa kiyaa| isa prakAra jagata ke sampUrNa vikAsa meM kisI na kisI rUpa meM guru-ziSya paramparA kA yogadAna rahA hai| zikSA ke kSetra meM yaha paramparA adhika spaSTa rUpa meM jIvaMta rahI hai| kaI dharma-darzana apane prAraMbhika janma se Aja taka sirpha isI paramparA ke mAdhyama se jIvita hai| vizva ke samasta dharma-darzanoM kA astItva isI paramparA ke AdhAra para kAyama hai| pAzcAtya dezoM meM dArzanikoM dvArA apane vicAroM ke lekhana kI paramparA pracalita thii| ataH vahA~ jJAna ke eka stara ko jIvita rakhane ke lie isa paramparA kA itanA mahattva nahIM rahA, varan ziSya apane guru kI apekSA vikasita vicAra bhI prastuta kara sakatA thaa| vahA~ darzana mAnasika cintana kI pariNati thI, Atmika jAgRti kA pariNAma nahIM thaa| tathApi dhArmika AcAroM ke sandarbha meM vahA~ bhI guru-ziSya paramparA ne apanA varcasva banAe rakhA hai| bhAratIya pariveza meM dharma darzana eka dUsare se sambaddha hone ke kAraNa dharma tathA

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sAmAjika, rAjanaitika va sAMskRtika vikAsa para prabhAva * 165 darzana donoM hI guru-ziSya paramparA ke dvArA hI Aja taka jIvita hai| lekhana kalA yadyapi bahuta prAcIna kAla se vikasita thI, phira bhI dhArmika kSetra meM jJAna kI pavitratA evaM pAtratA ke anurUpa pradattatA kI vidhA ke pracalana ke kAraNa lekhana para bala nahIM diyA gyaa| guru apane yogya pAtratA rakhane vAle ziSya ko apanA saMpUrNa jJAna maukhika vAcanA ke rUpa meM pradAna karatA thaa| guru apane svAnubhUta jJAna ko sUtra rUpa se ziSyoM ko kaNThastha karAtA thA tathA yahI krama paramparA se niraMtara calatA rhaa| eka ati dIrghakAla taka yahI maukhika jJAna pradAna karane kI paddhati dvArA jJAna kI paramparA jIvita rhii| usI paramparA ke kAraNa kucha advitIya jJAna kAla ke garbha meM hI samA gyaa| ataH bAda meM dharma-darzana ke kSetra meM lekhana kA prayoga karake bace hue jJAna ko surakSita rakhane kA prayAsa kiyA gyaa| __bhArata meM mukhya rUpa se do sAMskRtika paramparAoM kA hI vikAsa huaa| eka zramaNa paramparA tathA dUsarI brAhmaNa paramparA / brAhmaNa paramparA ke antargata brAhmaNa jAti ke varga taka hI jJAna kI sImA thii| brAhmaNa varga ke loga hI dharma ke adhikArI hote the tathA pratyeka brAhmaNa ke lie brAhmaNa dharma ke mukhya zAstra vedoM kA adhyayana Avazyaka thaa| yahA~ taka ki adhyayana-adhyApana hI unakI jIvikA kA sAdhana bhI hotA thaa| cU~ki vaidika dharma meM dharma eka jIvikA kA sAdhana bana gayA thaa| ataH brAhmaNoM kA saMpUrNa varga vaidika dharma kI surakSA kA praharI bana gayA thaa| vaidika dharma guru-ziSya paramparA ke sAtha-sAtha pitA-putra virAsata rUpa se bhI surakSita rhaa| kyoMki pitA apane putra ko saMpUrNa vedoM kA jJAna kaNThastha karAtA thA, tAki vaha kSatriyoM evaM vezyoM kA dhArmika mArgadarzana karake apanI AjIvikA calA ske| isa prakAra dharma ke lie alaga se eka jAti samudAya ko adhikRta karane se guru-ziSya paramparA kI apekSA bhI pitAputra virAsata kI paramparA se vaidika jJAna adhika surakSita raha paayaa| yadyapi lekhana vidyA kA prayoga brAhmaNoM ne bhI bahuta bAda meM kiyaa| ataH saMbhava hai, ki smaraNa zakti ke AdhAra para aura mAnava kI samajhane kI sImAoM ke anusAra vaidika jJAna ke maulika svarUpa meM kucha parivartana ho gayA ho, phira bhI vaidika darzana apanI prAcInatA ke sAtha kAphI vizad rUpa meM surakSita rUpa se vidyamAna hai| zramaNa paramparA meM mukhya rUpa se jaina darzana aura bauddha darzana kA ullekha AtA hai| bauddha darzana kAphI arvAcIna hai| yaha bhagavAna mahAvIra ke samakAlIna hue bhagavAna buddha ke dvArA pratipAdita hai tathA isa vakta taka lekhana praNAlI kAphI pracalita ho gaI thii| ataH bauddha darzana apane maulika rUpa meM likhita rUpa se upalabdha ho jAtA hai| yadyapi do-tIna pIr3hiyoM taka to bauddha darzana bhI kevala guru-ziSya paramparA se hI jIvita rhaa| cU~ki zramaNa paramparA meM koI jAtiya varga na hokara eka dIkSita samudAya hotA hai, ataH jJAna guru-ziSya paramparA se hI pradAna kiyA jAtA hai|

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166 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana isa prakAra zramaNa paramparA meM guru-ziSya paramparA adhika prabhAvI rUpa se jIvita rahI hai| jaina darzana zramaNa saMskRti kA prathama pratipAdaka hai| prAgaitihAsika kAla se hI prathama tIrthaMkara bhagavAna RSabhadeva ne zramaNa saMskRti kA pratipAdana kiyaa| unhoMne sarvaprathama dIkSA lekara zramaNa jIvana kA zrI gaNeza kiyA aura kaivalya kI prApti ke pazcAt unhoMne anya logoM ko pratibodhita kiyaa| jinheM vairAgya utpanna huA unheM dIkSA pradAna karake guru-ziSya paramparA kA zrI gaNeza kiyaa| unhoMne svAnubhava se prApta Atma jJAna kA sAmAnya jana ke sahI mArgadarzana hetu upadeza diyaa| ve apane ziSyoM meM vyAvahArika rUpa se jJAna ko ujAgara karanA cAhate the| ataH unhoMne apane ziSyoM ko likhita rUpa se sUtrabaddha karake AtmajJAna ko kaNThastha nahIM karAyA varan unhoMne apane ziSyoM kA mArgadarzana kiyaa| AtmajJAna ko svAnubhava se kisa prakAra jAnA jAe, isakA mArga prazasta kiyaa| arthAt bhagavAna RSabhadeva ne bhASA ke mAdhyama se kore saiddhAntika jJAna kA pratipAdana karane kI apekSA vyAvahArika rUpa se jIvana meM utArane para bala diyaa| samyagjJAna evaM samyagdarzana ke sAtha-sAtha samyagcAritra dhAraNa ke mAdhyama se Atma utthAna evaM Atma jAgRti ko hI zreya maanaa| isa prakAra bhagavAna RSabhadeva ke anusAra saMpUrNa jJAna kevala svAnubhava se hI prApta ho sakatA hai| __isa prakAra jaina darzana meM ati prAcIna kAla se hI guru-ziSya paramparA ke dvArA hI jJAna kA uttarottara prasAra ho rahA hai| jaina paramparA meM guru-ziSya paramparA apekSAkRta adhika sudRr3ha rUpa se calI A rahI hai, kyoMki guru kevala saiddhAntika jJAna kA pradAtA hI nahIM rahA varan vaha vyAvahArika rUpa se AcAra (cAritra) aMgIkAra karake usakA samyak prakAra se nirvAha karane meM bhI apane ziSyoM kA mArga prazasta karatA hai| jaina darzana meM yadyapi yaha guru-ziSya paramparA bhagavAna RSabhadevajI ke samaya se hI pracalita rahI hai, tathApi vartamAna samaya meM jo guru-ziSya paramparA astItva meM hai, vaha bhagavAna mahAvIra dvArA pravartita hai| samaya ke lambe antarAla ke kAraNa jaba guruziSya kI isa paramparA ke mAdhyama se maulika jJAna kA uttarottara kramika AdAna vilupta prAyaH ho jAtA, taba dUsare tIrthaMkara punaH naye sire se jJAna kA prasAra karane ke lie guruziSya paramparA kA pravartana karate haiN| pratyeka tIrthaMkara navIna dharma kA pravartana karate haiN| ve guru-ziSya paramparA se prApta jJAna kA upadeza nahIM dete, varan svAnubhUta AtmajJAna apane ziSyoM ko pradAna karate hai| cUMki pratyeka tIrthaMkara kevalajJAna ke rUpa meM uccatama parAkASThA taka jJAna ko prApta kara lete haiN| ataH unake dvArA pratipAdita dharma navIna aura maulika hote hue bhI pUrva ke sabhI tIrthaMkaroM ke dvArA pravartita jJAna kI anukRti hI hotA hai, kyoMki jJAna kA sArvabhaumika, sArvakAlika svarUpa sadaiva eka sA hI hotA hai, cAhe use hama naye sire se jaaneN| isa prakAra jaina dharma ke uttarottara prasAra meM guru-ziSya paramparA kA mahattvapUrNa

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sAmAjika, rAjanaitika va sAMskRtika vikAsa para prabhAva * 167 yogadAna rahA hai| lekina isI guru-ziSya paramparA kI ekAdhikAratA ke kAraNa hI vartamAna samaya meM adhikAMza Agamika zrutajJAna kA lopa ho gayA, kyoMki jaina darzana meM guru apane ziSya ko pAtratA ke AdhAra para vAcanA ke rUpa meM jJAna pradAna karate haiN| prathama to kaThora AcAra caryA pAlana karane ke lie dIkSita hone vAle saMta kama hote haiM, unameM bhI paryApta bauddhika evaM Atmika kSamatA ko dhAraNa karane vAle ziSya to birale hI milate haiN| aisI avasthA meM guru dvArA diyA jAne vAlA Agamika jJAna dhIre-dhIre sImita hone lgaa| ziSyoM meM jJAna dhAraNa karane kI pAtratA ke abhAva meM guru apanA Agata jJAna apane taka hI sImita rakhane lge| phalataH unake sAtha-sAtha jyoM-jyoM jJAna kA lopa ho gyaa| lekhana kalA kA pracalana na hone se tIrthaMkaroM dvArA pravartita jJAna kisI bhI rUpa meM apane prAraMbhika svarUpa meM to likhA hI nahIM gyaa| bahuta samaya bAda jaba bar3e AcAryoM ko yaha ahasAsa huA, ki Agamika jJAna kA dhIre-dhIre lopa hotA jA rahA hai, taba unhoMne milakara avaziSTa upalabdha jJAna ko likhita rUpa se saMkalita evaM saMgrahita karane kA prayAsa kiyaa| usI prayAsa kI badaulata Aja taka kucha Agamika jJAna hamAre samakSa upalabdha raha pAyA hai| lekhana kI prakriyA meM bhASA kI mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA hai| jaina darzana kA prAraMbhika evaM maulika lekhana mukhya rUpa se prAkRta bhASA meM huaa| bAda meM vaidika zAstroM ke saMparka se unakI anukRti karate hue saMskRta bhASA kA prayoga kiyA jA rahA hai| rAjanaitika vyavasthA evaM jaina darzana : rAjya vyavasthA kA vikAsa : mAnava sabhyatA ke prArambha meM koI suvyavasthita rAjya vyavasthA nahIM thii| prArambha meM kulakara vyavasthA thii| nAbhirAja antima kulakara the| jaba unake netRtva meM dhikkAra nIti kA ullaMghana hone lagA, taba ghabarAkara yugalika unake putra zrI RSabhadevajI ke pAsa pahuMce aura unheM sArI sthiti se avagata kraayaa| RSabhadevajI ne kahA - jo maryAdAoM kA atikramaNa kara rahe haiM, unheM daNDa milanA cAhiye aura yaha vyavasthA rAjA hI kara sakatA hai, kyoMki zakti ke sAre srota unameM kendrita hote haiN| samaya ke pArakhI kulakara nAbhi ne yugalikoM kI vinamra prArthanA para RSabhadevajI kA rAjyAbhiSeka karake unheM rAjA ghoSita kiyaa| RSabhadevajI prathama rAjA bane aura zeSa janatA prjaa| isa prakAra pUrva se calI A rahI kulakara vyavasthA kA sthAna navIna rAjya vyavasthA ne le liyaa| rAjA banane ke pazcAt RSabhadevajI ne rAjya kI suvyavasthA hetu ArakSaka dala kI sthApanA kI, jisake adhikArI 'ugra' khlaae| maMtrimaMDala banAyA, jisake adhikArI 'bhoga' nAma se jAne ge| samrATa ke samIpastha jana jo parAmarza pradAtA the, ve 'rAjanya' ke nAma se prasiddha hue aura anya karmacArI 'kSatriya' nAma se vizruta hue|"

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168 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana rAjya ke saMrakSaNArtha cAra prakAra kI senA va senApatiyoM kA nirmANa kiyaa| sAma, dAma, daNDa va bheda nIti kA pracalana kiyaa| cAra prakAra kI daNDa vyavasthA 1. paribhASa, 2. maNDalabanda, 3. cAraka, 4. chaviccheda kA nirmANa kiyaa|" 1. paribhASa : kucha samaya ke lie sAparAdhika vyakti ko Akroza pUrNa zabdoM ke sAtha najara banda karane kA daNDa denaa| 2. maNDalabanda : sImita kSetra meM rahane kA daNDa denaa| 3. cAraka : bandIgRha meM banda karane kA daNDa denA (kArAvAsa) 4. chaviccheda : hAtha-paira Adi aMgopAMgoM ke chedana kA daNDa denaa| adhikAMza vidvAnoM kA mata hai, ki prathama do nItiyA~ RSabhadeva ke samaya calI aura do mahArAjA bharata ke smy| AcArya bhadrabAhu aura AcArya malayagiri ke abhimatAnusAra bandha (ber3I kA prayoga) aura ghAta (DaNDe kA prayoga) RSabhadevajI ke samaya prArambha ho gayA thaa| mRtyudaNDa kA Arambha bharata ke samaya meM huaa| ___ isa prakAra bhArata meM jisa rAjya vyavasthA kA vikAsa huA, usakA kAryakSetra bahuta vistRta thaa| dharma pAlana, zAnti vyavasthA, surakSA aura nyAya pradAna karanA hI usakA uddezya thaa| rAjA kAnUna aura vyavasthA kA rakSaka, dharma aura naitikatA kA preraka, AdhyAtmika aura bhautika kalyANa kA sampAdaka, sarvabhUta hita tatpara hotA thaa| rAjya meM Arthika samRddhi ke lie kRSi-vyApAra, udyoga-dhandhe Adi kI pragati, rASTrIya sAdhanoM kA vikAsa, khAnoM kI khudAI, vanoM kA saMrakSaNa, kRSi kI siMcAI Adi kA prabandha bhI sampanna kiyA jAtA thaa| rAjya ke kAryoM kA kSetra jIvana ke sabhI pahalUsAmAjika, Arthika evaM dhArmika taka vistRta thaa| prajA raMjana tathA prajA ke yogakSema ke lie rAjAoM dvArA sabhI prakAra ke prayatna kiye jAte the| prAcIna kAla meM prabhuzakti kI hInAdhikatA ke kAraNa rAjAoM ke nimnalikhita bheda upalabdha hote the - 1. cakravartI 2. ardhacakravartI 3. maNDalezvara 4. ardhamaNDalezvara 5. mahAmANDalika 6. adhirAja 7. rAjA-nRpati 8. bhUpAla cakravartI SaTkhaNDa kA adhipati aura saMprabhutA sampanna hotA thaa| battIsa hajAra rAjA isakI adhInatA svIkAra karate the| ardhacakravartI ke adhIna solaha hajAra rAjA rahate the aura yaha tIna khaNDoM kA adhipati hotA thaa| isakI vibhUti aura vaibhava cakravartI se AdhA mAnA jAtA thaa| maNDalezvara samrATa jaisA pada hotA thaa| isakA rAjya paryApta vistRta hotA thaa| aneka sAmanta aura choTe-choTe nRpati isakI adhInatA meM rahate the|

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sAmAjika, rAjanaitika va sAMskRtika vikAsa para prabhAva 169 ardhamaNDalezvara ke adhIna eka hajAra rAjA rahate the aura isakA vaibhava maNDalezvara kI apekSA AdhA hotA thA / mahAmANDalika-cAra hajAra rAjA isakI adhInatA svIkAra karate the / adhirAja kI adhInatA meM pA~ca sau rAjA rahate the / bhUpAla kA rAjya nRpati kI apekSA vistRta hotA thaa| hAthI, ghor3e, ratha aura padAti isake pAsa rahate the / nRpati (rAjA) sAmAnya rAjA hotA thA / pratyeka janapada meM eka nRpati yA rAjA rahatA thA / Adi tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva ke kAla meM unake putra bharata cakravartI saMprabhutA saMpanna samrATa hue the| vaha prajA ko sabhI prakAra kI sukha-suvidhAe~ pradAna karane ke lie prayatnazIla the| unake rAjya meM akRSTa pacyA khetI hotI thI / prajA sabhI prakAra se sukhI evaM sampanna thI / para jaba cakravartI ke samakSa koI samasyA upasthita hotI, to vaha usa samasyA kA samAdhAna prApta karane ke lie usa samaya ke dharma netA AditIrthaMkara kI dharma sabhA meM pahu~catA thA aura vahA~ apanI samasyA kA samAdhAna prApta karatA thaa| isa samAdhAna dvArA hI vaha rAja kArya meM pravRta hotA thA / ataeva yaha spaSTa hai, ki prabhutA sampanna nRpati ko bhI apanI sahAyatA ke lie eka dharmanetA kI AvazyakatA thI / dharma netA kA sthAna rAjanaitika netA se U~cA hotA thA tathA dharma netA hI vAstava meM lokanetA kA patha pradarzana karatA thA / yadi rAjanaitika netA niraMkuza ho jAya aura dharmanetA kA sambala use prApta na ho, to rAjya kI vyavasthA acchI nahIM ho sakatI / rAjanaitika vyavasthA : rAjA ko zaktizAlI honA cAhiye / zakti ke tIna bheda batAe gae haiN| mantrazakti ko jJAnabala, prabhuzakti ko koza aura senAbala evaM utsAhazakti ko vikrama bala kahate haiM / ina zaktiyoM se yukta rAjA zreSTha hotA hai / rAjA ko sadaiva apanI zakti bar3hAne ke lie prayatnazIla rahanA cAhiye / sainyazakti rAjya kI sAta prakRtiyoM meM se eka hai| senA chaH prakAra kI batAyI gayI hai / apane rAjya vistAra aura prajA para apanA prabhutva sthApita karane ke lie cAra upAyoM kA Azraya lenA par3atA hai / ina cAra upAyoM meM sAma sarvottama, bheda madhyama, dAma adhama aura daNDa kaSTatama hai| binA dravya kI hAni ke upAya rahita kArya ke siddha ho jAne ke kAraNa sAma atyanta uttama mAnA gayA hai| kulInoM, kRtajJoM, udAra caritravAloM evaM medhAviyoM ke sAtha sAma kA vyavahAra karanA cAhiye / sAma kA artha hai, vacana cAturya se apane meM vaza krnaa| tumhAre samAna merA koI mitra nahIM, yaha mitra viSayaka sAma hai| hameM aura tumheM milakara zatru kA sAmanA karanA hai, eka dUsare kI sahAyatA karanI hai, yaha zatruviSayaka sAma hai| jo zatru sAma upAya ke dvArA vaza na ho use bheda dvArA vaza meM karanA cAhiye / bheda kA artha hai, zatru ko kisI anya zatru se lar3Akara usakI zakti kSINa kara denA / sAma meM

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170 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana svayaM milane kA prayatna kiyA jAtA hai, para bheda meM phUTa DAlakara AdhInatA svIkAra karAnI par3atI hai| tIsarA upAya dAna yA dAma hai| dhana dekara yA anya koI bhautika vastu dekara zatru ko prasanna karanA dAma upAya hai| dAma upAya dvArA lobhI rAjA sahaja adhIna ho jAtA hai| ataH bhUmi, dravya, kanyA evaM abhaya dAna dvArA zatru ko anukUla banAnA dAma nAmaka upAya hai| jahA~ sAma, dAma aura bheda ye tInoM upAya niSphala ho jAte haiM, vahA~ daNDa upAya vyavahAra meM lAnA par3atA hai| daNDa upAya kA prayoga karane ke pUrva apanI zakti aura bala kA vicAra kara lenA Avazyaka hai| daNDa kA prayoga zakti hIna para hI kiyA jA sakatA hai, sabala para nhiiN| isa prakAra ukta cAra upAyoM dvArA zatru aura mitroM ko apane adhIna banAnA caahiye| uparyukta varNIta cAroM upAya prAcIna kAla se Aja taka ke samasta rAjanIti vizAradoM ke dvArA apane-apane tarIke se apanAye jAte rahe haiN| rAjya kI sattA bala para nirbhara karatI hai| bala chaH prakAra ke mAne gaye haiM - 1. zArIrika bala 2. Atmika bala 3. sainya bala 4. astra bala 5. buddhi bala 6. Ayu bala jisa rAjA ke pAsa nIti aura sainyabala hotA hai, usake pAsa lakSmI svayameva calI AtI hai| uparyukta chahoM baloM meM sainya bala sabase mahattvapUrNa hai| zastroM evaM astroM se susajjita manuSyoM ke samudAya ko senA kahA jAtA hai| senA ke mUlataH do bhAga haiM - svagamA aura anygmaa| svagamA ke antargata padAtisenA tathA anyagamA ke antargata ratha, azva evaM gaja Adi vAhanoM para calane vAlI senA A jAtI hai| adhikAMzataH isa caturaMgINI senA kA hI ullekha milatA hai, kiMtu bharata cakravartI kI senA ko paDga kahA hai| ina SaDgoM kA varNana karate hue likhA hai - hastisenA, azvasenA, rathasenA, padAti senA, devasenA aura vidyAdhara senA- ye cha: prakAra kI cakravartI kI senA thii| senA ke Age daNDaratna tathA usake pIche cakraratna calatA thaa| yaha daNDa ratna Adhunika TeMka hai, jo mArga sApha karatA huA senA ko Age bar3hane ke lie protsAhita karatA thaa| mArga meM Ane vAlI Ubar3akhAbar3a bhUmi ko samatala banAtA thA tathA Ane vAlI vighnabAdhAoM ko dUra karatA thaa| sainika sAmagrI Dhone ke lie azvatara evaM uSTra Adi aneka vAhana rahate the| senA kI upayogitA yuddha meM hI hotI hai| ataH yaha jAnanA Avazyaka hai, ki prArambhika kAla meM jahA~ mAnava ati sarala prakRti kA thA, kyA taba bhI yuddha hote the aura kyoM hote the? yuddha ke mukhya rUpa se tIna kAraNa hote haiM -

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sAmAjika, rAjanaitika va sAMskRtika vikAsa para prabhAva 171 1. sAmrAjya vistAra kI lAlasA kI pUrti hetu / 2. AtmAbhimAna kI rakSA hetu / 3. nArI - svayaMvara yA anya kisI avasara para nArI ke lie yuddha honA / yuddha cAhe kisI bhI kAraNa se ho kiMtu yuddha meM niyamoM kA ullaMghana nahIM hotA thaa| sAma, dAma, daNDa aura bheda se kisI prakAra yuddha ko TAlane kA prayAsa karate the| yuddha karane vAle vijigISuoM ke lie yaha niyama pracalita thA, ki zatru yadi zaktizAlI na ho to usake sAtha yuddha cher3a denA cAhiye / guptacaroM tathA dUtoM ke dvArA vipakSI rAjA kI zakti kA pahale se patA lagA liyA jAtA thA, aura usI ke anurUpa mantripariSad kI salAha se yuddha karane athavA na karane kA nirNaya liyA jAtA thA / yuddha kI AcAra saMhitA para bhI jaina ahiMsA kA prabhAva thA / isI bhAvanA se prerita hokara ki senA kA anAvazyaka vinAza na ho, donoM hI pakSa vAle paraspara meM hI dvandva yuddha karake vijaya kA nirNaya kara lete the / bharata aura bAhubali ne sainyayuddha ko rokakara Apasa meM hI mallayuddha, jalayuddha aura dRSTiyuddha kiyA / isa prakAra yuddha kI AcAra saMhitA dharma nIti para avalambita thI / Arthika vicAra evaM Arthika samRddhi : arthazAstra eka sAmAjika vijJAna hai, jisameM manuSya kI Arthika kriyAoM - utpAdana, upabhoga, vinimaya aura vitaraNa kA adhyayana kiyA jAtA hai| jise mudrArUpa mApadaNDa meM mApA jA sake arthAt arthazAstra meM bhautika kalyANa kA adhyayana kiyA jAtA hai| AditIrthaMkara RSabhadeva ne isI arthazAstra kI zikSA apane putra bharata ko dI thI / dhana kamAnA, arjita dhana kA rakSaNa karanA, punaH usakA saMvarddhana karanA aura yogya pAtroM ko dAna denA Adi bAtoM ko arthazAstra ke antargata rakhA gayA hai| manuSya ko durlabhatA aura abhAva kA nirantara sAmanA karanA par3atA hai| arjana ke sAdhana bhI sImiti haiM, ataeva anivAryatA ke AdhAra para AvazyakatAoM kI prAthamikatA evaM unakI pUrti ke lie sImita sAdhanoM kA santulita rUpa meM prayoga karanA Arthika siddhAnta hai| sAdhanoM kI nirdoSatA evaM sadoSatA se hI sAdhya bhI nirdoSa evaM sadoSa hotA hai| ataeva AjIvikA ke lie prApta sAdhanoM kA nirdoSa rUpa meM vyavahAra karanA bhArata meM zreyaskara samajhA gayA hai| Arthika kriyAoM kA prArambha upabhoga yA upayogitA se hotA hai aura unakI samApti bhI unhIM donoM se hotI hai / mUlataH Arthika kriyAoM kA janma manuSya kI AvazyakatAoM se hotA hai, jinakI pUrti atyanta Avazyaka hai / AvazyakatAe~ zArIrika evaM mAnasika vedanA utpanna karatI hai, jisase baicenI utpanna hotI hai aura baicenI ke kAraNa manuSya kA jIvana vizrRMkhalita ho jAtA hai| isI kAraNa upayogitA mahattvapUrNa hai| yaha upayogitA, upabhoga yA utpAdana kI samAnArthaka hai / jaba upayogitA pUrNa ho jAtI hai to santuSTi prApta hotI hai / manuSya ke duHkha kA kAraNa bhautikatA ke

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172 jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana prati mAnasika vRtti kA atyadhika rAga athavA dvaiSayukta ho jAnA hai / ye rAga aura dveSa jaba santulana kI sthiti ko prApta hote haiM, tabhI vyakti ko parama santoSa upalabdha hotA hai aura parama zAnti milatI hai| icchAe~ ananta haiM aura pUrti ke sAdhana atyalpa | ataeva samasta icchAoM kI pUrti to asambhava hai| aisI sthiti meM adhika tIvra AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti hI nyAyopAtta dhana se karanI cAhiye / arthazAstra kA niyama hai, ki sImita sAdhanoM ko vibhinna AvazyakatAoM para isa prakAra vyaya karanA cAhiye, jisase adhikatama santuSTi prApta ho sake / AvazyakatAoM kI tIvratA hI unakI prAthamikatA kA nirdhAraNa karatI hai / sAmAnyataH AvazyakatAoM ko pA~ca bhAgoM meM bA~TA jA sakatA hai : 1. jIvana rakSaNa AvazyakatAe~ / 2. nipuNatA rakSaka AvazyakatAe~ / 3. pratiSThA rakSaka AvazyakatAe~ / 4. ArAma sambandhI AvazyakatAe~ / 5. vilAsitA sambandhI AvazyakatAe~ / isa vargIkaraNa kI prathama tIna AvazyakatAoM kA antarbhAva anivArya AvazyakatAoM meM kiyA jA sakatA hai| I Arthika siddhAntoM ke anusAra dharma Arthika pragati meM bAdhaka mAnA gayA hai| kiMtu jaina darzana meM artha ke sAtha dharma kA samanvaya karane kA nirdeza diyA gayA hai| jo vyakti aisA karatA hai, vaha Arthika samRddhi ke sAtha AdhyAtmika samRddhi ko bhI prApta kara letA hai| dharmabuddhi pUrvaka iSTArtha kI pUrti - kAmanAoM kI pUrti karanI cAhiye / kAmanAoM kI pUrti kA sAdhana artha hai aura arthArjana ke lie zrama evaM pUMjI kA vinimaya karanA Avazyaka hai| dhanArjana karane vAle ke lie saMsAra meM koI bhI akaraNIya kArya nahIM hai| jo utpAdana meM lagA huA hai, vaha vyakti apane samasta sAdhanoM kA upayoga kara pUrI zakti ke sAtha dhanArjana karatA hai / utpAdaka kA viveka arthazAstra kI dRSTi se yahI hai, ki vaha utpatti ke sAdhanoM kA adhikAdhika upabhoga kara dhana upArjana kare, lekina saMcaya na kre| isa siddhAnta ke anusAra arthavyavasthA ko sudRr3ha karane kA saMketa prApta hotA hai| isameM sandeha nahIM, ki laukika dRSTi se Arthika samRddhi atyadhika apekSita hai| jaina darzana meM isa samRddhi ko sakalajana upabhogya banAne ke lie aparigraha evaM saMyama ke siddhAnta kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai / dharma vRkSa phala artha ko hI mAnA gayA hai / icchAoM kI pUrti usa phala kA rasa hai / prAcIna bhArata meM arthavyavasthA kI surakSA ke lie saMyukta parivAra praNAlI pracalita thii| saMyukta parivAra meM mAtA-pitA, putra-pautra, bhAI-bandhu Adi aneka sadasya nivAsa karate the| parivAra ke sabala, nirbala, yogya, ayogya, bacce, bUr3he sabhI sadasyoM

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sAmAjika, rAjanaitika va sAMskRtika vikAsa para prabhAva * 173 kA bharaNa poSaNa hotA thaa| isa saMyukta parivAra praNAlI kA phala yaha thA, ki aneka sthAnoM para hone vAlA vyaya bhAra eka hI jagaha hotA thA, jisase Arthika bacata hotI thii| saMyukta parivAra meM zrama vibhAjana meM bhI suvidhA hotI thI, jisase parivAra kI Arthika sthiti to sabala hotI hI thI, sAmAjika surakSA bhI prApta hotI thii| kRSi ke kSetra meM saMyukta parivAra kI adhika upayogitA thii| Aja jisa cakabandI kI vyavasthA ke lie prayAsa kiyA jA rahA hai, vaha cakabandI saMyukta parivAra meM svataH hI sampAdita ho jAtI thii| khetoM kA itanA adhika upavibhAjana nahIM huA thA, jisase kRSi vyavasthA para prabhAva pdd'e| eka vyakti kI pramukhatA ke kAraNa anuzAsana ke sAtha Arthika surakSA evaM Arthika sabalatA bhI sampAdita thii| sadasyoM meM pArasparika asantoSa aura manamuTAva na hone ke kAraNa sahakAritA kI bhAvanA pramukha rUpa meM rahatI thI, jisase kRSi aura udyoga ke kAryoM meM saphalatA prApta hotI thii| prArambha se hI bhArata kA Arthika saMgaThana grAmoM para nirbhara thaa| bar3e gA~va meM pA~ca sau aura choTe gA~va meM kama se kama sau ghara hote the| kRSaka kAphI samRddha hote the| kRSakoM ke sAtha dukAnadAra, nAI, darjI, dhobI, lohAra, camAra, vaidya, paNDita Adi sabhI prakAra ke vyakti nivAsa karate the| ye sabhI pezevara vyakti apane-apane peze ke anusAra kArya kara gA~va kI AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti karate the| gA~voM meM dhAna ke kheta sadaiva lahalahAte rahate the| pazuoM ke lie ghAsa aura unake pIne ke lie jala kI bhI kamI nahIM rahatI thii| gA~va kI pradhAna AvazyakatAe~ nimnalikhita thI - 1. peyjl| 2. anna utpaadn| 3. ghAsa aura bhUse ke utpaadn| 4. jIvanopayogI vastra evaM gur3a, masAlA Adi upayogI padArthoM ke vyvsaay| 5. pshupaaln| prAcIna grAmya vyavasthA ke sandarbha meM ullikhita hai, ki gA~voM meM upabhoga yogya ye samasta vastue~ upalabdha ho jAtI thii| ataH grAmya jIvana paryApta sampanna, Atmanirbhara, sahayogI aura janatantrIya thaa| usa samaya gA~voM meM AtmanirbharatA kA eka pramukha kAraNa yaha thA ki usa kAla meM AvAgamana ke sAdhana atyadhika sImita the| grAmINa samasyAoM evaM kAryoM kA prabandhana grAma ke pradhAna ke dvArA hotA thaa| pazupAlana kI prathA hone se dUdha dahI Adi padArtha to upalabdha hote hI the aura sAtha hI Una kI prApti bhI hotI thI, jisase UnI kapar3e, kambala Adi gA~voM meM taiyAra kiye jAte the| kapAsa kI khetI prAyaH pratyeka gA~va meM hotI thI, jisase vastra sambandhI Atma nirbharatA bhI AdipurANa ke gA~voM meM vidyamAna thii| ikSurasa kA upayoga kaI rUpoM meM kiyA jAtA thaa| gur3a, rAba Adi svAdiSTa padArtha banate hI the, para khIra bhI ikSurasa se banAyI jAtI thii| ataH pratyeka gA~va kA A

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174 jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana kRSaka jIvana samRddha aura sampanna thaa| nAgarika jIvana kI arthavyavasthA bhI samRddha thI / vyavasAya kA pUrNatayA pracAra thA, unnata aTTAlikAe~, nAnA prakAra ke vastrAbhUSaNa evaM vividha prakAra ke bhogopabhoga ke padArtha jIvana meM Ananda aura umaMga kA sRjana karate the / isase spaSTa hai, ki nagaroM kI arthavyavasthA bahuta hI samRddha thI / tAtkAlika samRddhi kA varNana karate hue usa samaya logoM dvArA dhAraNa kiye jAne vAle AbhUSaNoM evaM gamanAgamana ke lie prayukta vAhanoM Adi kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai|" usa samaya loga maNikuNDala, mudrikA, hAra yaSTi, kaTaka, keyUra, aMgada, tulAkoTika, kaNThikA, cUr3Aratna, muktAdAma, kAJcI, uttaMsa, cUr3AmaNi, maNihAra, ratnakuNDala, hAralatA, kaNThAbharaNa, nakSatra, mAlahAra, vijayachandahAra, makarAkRti kuNDala Adi aneka prakAra ke AbhUSaNa dhAraNa karate the / ina AbhUSaNoM ke adhyayana se bhArata kI tAtkAlika samRddhi kA pUrNa citra upalabdha hotA hai| vAhana ke hetu prayukta hone vAle gaja, azva, ratha Adi bhI samRddha jIvana kA citra prastuta karate haiM / bharata cakravartI ke sandarbha meM aisA ullekha milatA hai, ki unheM aSTasiddhiyA~ evaM navanidhiyA~ prApta thiiN| aNimA, laghimA, mahimA, garimA, prApti, prakAmya, Izvaratva, vazitva Adi aSTa siddhiyA~ haiM / bhautika dRSTi se sukha samRddhi ke sabhI sAdhana unheM upalabdha the / bharata cakravartI ko aSTa siddhiyoM ke sAtha caudaha ratna evaM nava nidhiyA~ bhI prApta the| caudaha ratnoM kI sahAyatA se unheM sabhI prakAra kI bhogopabhoga kI sAmagrI prApta thI / nidhiyoM kA Adhunika dRSTi se adhyayana karane para aisA pratIta hotA hai, ki ye nidhiyA~ zilpazAlAe~ (Factories) thI / kAla nAmaka nidhi meM grantha mudraNa yA grantha lekhana kA kArya hotA thA / sAtha hI vAdya bhI isI zilpazAlA dvArA utpanna kiye jAte the / mahAkAla nidhi zilpazAlA meM vividha prakAra ke Ayuddha taiyAra kie jAte the / naisarpya nidhi meM zayyA, Asana evaM bhavanoM ke upakaraNa taiyAra kiye jAte the| bhavana banAne kA kArya bhI isI zilpazAlA dvArA sampanna hotA thA / vibhinna prakAra ke dhAnyoM evaM rasoM kI utpatti pANDukA nidhi udyoga vyavasAya dvArA sampanna hotI thI / padma nidhi nAmaka vyavasAya kendra se rezamI evaM sUtI vastra taiyAra hote the / divyAbharaNa evaM dhAtu sambandhI kArya piGgala nAmaka vyavasAya kendra meM sampanna kiye jAte the / mANava nidhi udyoga gRha se zastroM kI prApti hotI thI / pradakSiNAvarta nAmaka udyogazAlA meM suvarNa taiyAra kiyA jAtA thaa| zaMkha nAmaka udyogazAlA meM svarNa kI saphAI kara use zuddha rUpa meM upasthita kiyA jAtA thaa| sarvaratna nAmaka udyogazAlA meM nIla, padmarAga, marakatamaNi, mANikya Adi vibhinna prakAra kI maNiyoM ko khAna se nikAlakara unheM susaMskRta rUpa meM upasthita karane kA kArya karatI thI / isa prakAra bharata cakravartI ke yahA~ nava prakAra udyogazAlAe~ thI / nidhi kA samAjazAstrIya artha udyogazAlA hai, kyoMki nidhiyoM ke jina kAryoM kA varNana huA hai, ve sabhI kArya udyoga zAlAoM dvArA hI sampanna kiye jA

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sAmAjika, rAjanaitika va sAMskRtika vikAsa para prabhAva * 175 sakate haiN| isa prakAra sundaravezabhUSA, alaMkRta paridhAna evaM gajAzvAdi vAhana Arthika santulana ke paricAyaka haiN| dhana ko mAnava kalyANa kA sAdhana mAnA gayA hai| kalyANa se sukha, Ananda aura santuSTi kA bodha hotA hai| jisakA anubhava manuSya ko kisI vastu kI prApti ke bAda athavA usake upabhoga ke anantara mana aura mastiSka meM hotA hai| dhana se prApta sukha alaukika yA AdhyAtmika nahIM hai| isako hama bhautika sukha (Material Pleasure) athavA kalyANa kaha sakate haiN| samAja kalyANa kI dRSTi se dhana ko Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| saMdarbha sUcI: prajAnAM jIvanopAyamanAnmanavo mtaaH| AryANAM kulasaMstyAyakRteH kulakarA ime kulAnAM dhAraNAdete matAH kuladharA iti / yugAdi puruSAH proktAyugAdau prbhaavissnnvH|| - AdipurANa, 3/211-212 AdipurANa, 3/223-237 AdipurANa,16/186 vahI, 38/45 vahI,38/46-47 AdipurANa,38/43 7. tattrANe niyuktAnAM vRtaM vaH pnycdyoditm| taccedaM kulamatyAtma prjaanaamnupaalnm| samaJjasatvaM cetyavamuddiSTaM paJcabhedabhAk // vahI, 42/3-4 AdipurANa parva, 16/184-186 DaoN. nemicanda zAstrI-AdipurANa meM bhArata, pra. zrI gaNezaprasAda varNI granthamAlA, 1/128 DumarAva bAga, assI, vArANasI - 5, pR0 150 10. AdipurANa, 38/104-112 AdipurANa,38/117-120 12. vahI,38/122 13. tattvArtharAjavArtika TIkA, a.7, sUtra 28, vaartik| 14. yuktito varaNavidhAnabhagnidevadvijasAkSikaM ca pANigrahaNaM vivaahH| - nIti vAkyAmRta, vivAha samuddeza, sUtra 3 15. AdipurANa, 26/4 16. vahI, 15/164 17. vahI, 17/181 18. AdipurANa, 2/31,32,33 19. vahI,2/34,35,36,37 20. AdipurANa, 16/98 21. vahI,16/103-104 11.

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176 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana 25. 27. 22. AdipurANa, 15/137 23. bhagavatI sUtra,8/5/3 24. jJAtA dharma kathA, 1/8/39 jJAtA dharmakathAMga 8/1869 26. uttarAdhyayana sUtra, adhyAya 9, pR. 273 A. hastImala jI dazavaikAlika TIkA 2, pR. 117, uttarA, 8/18-19 28. vahI adhyAya,2 29. Patterns of Culture 1934: Ruth Benedict, Page 46 30. CulturalModels in Language and Thoughts 1987, P.4 31. labdhisAra mUla,6/64 32. tattvArtha sUtra,1/11 33. Peep into Jainism-Khubchand,JainPage. 11 34. jaina darzana : ciMtana anuciMtana : rAma jI siMha, pR. 137 35. vahI, pR. 170 36. AdipurANa, 16/97-102 37. AdipurANa 16/105-107 38. AdipurANa,16/108 39. AdipurANa, 16/118-125 40. vahI, 2/48 41. AdipurANa,34/134 vahI, 1/21 43. vahI, 16/114 44. jimmara (hainarisana) philAsaphIz2a oNpha iNDiyA 1951, nyUyArka pR. 181-182 45. lAMga hArTa (e.eca.),hampIruinsa 1917 madrAsa, pR. 27 46. Avazyaka niyukti : gAthA 194 47. vahI,gAthA 198 48. triSaSTi zalAkA, purisa carita, 1/2/925-932 49. sthAnAMgavRtti,7/3/557 50. sthAnAMgavRtti,7/3/557 51. Avazyaka niyukti : gAthA, 2/7 52. Avazyaka niyukti, malayagiri vRtti, 199/2 53. AdipurANa,6/196 54. AdipurANa,29/7 55. AdipurANa, 16/168 56. AdipurANa,26/49 57. AdipurANa,38/198 58. AdipurANa,37/73-74 42.

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jaina dArzanika siddhAnta vizva kI samasta gatividhiyA~ vicAramUlaka yA vicAra prerita hotI haiN| sabhI kArya cintana se prasUta aura phalita hote haiN| cintana kI pariSkRtatA aura vyApakatA se darzana udbhUta hote haiN| samIkSita zrRMkhalAbaddha vicAroM ko hI darzana kahate haiN| darzana vizva ke rahasyoM kI tijorI ko kholane kI kuMjI hai| isa saMsAra ke rahasyoM ko jAnane ke lie aneka manISiyoM ne cintana kiyA aura karate haiN| unake cintana saritA ke pravAha se aneka darzana udbhUta hue| pratyeka darzana kI apanI vizaSTi mAnyatAe~, svataMtra vicAraNA tathA apane alaga vidhi-vidhAna hote haiN| unhIM vicAroM ke manthana ke dvArA nikale makkhana ko dArzanika siddhAnta kaha sakate haiM, jo darzana kI apanI vicAra dRSTi ke dharAtala para nirmita hote haiN| dArzanika siddhAnta pratyeka darzana kA sAra yA AdhAra kahA jA sakatA hai| jaina darzana ne aise do prasUna nipajAe haiM, jo mAnava jIvana kI bagiyA ko surabhita karane ke sAtha-sAtha use zreya banAne vAle haiN| ye do prasUna jaina darzana ke anupama, anamola dArzanika siddhAnta haiM - 1. karma siddhAnta aura 2. anekaantvaad| jaina darzana vastuvAdI hai| yaha anubhava se prArambha karatA hai, phira anubhava ke bauddhika vizleSaNa se niSkarSa nikalatA hai| taba usa bauddhika stara ko sAkSAta anubhava yA kevalajJAna ke stara taka le jAtA hai| isa prakAra sabhI dArzanika samasyAoM kA samAdhAna Atma sAkSAtkAra yA kevalajJAna ke dvArA hI vivecita karatA hai| isI sAkSAt anubhava ke dvArA hI kevalajJAnI tIrthaMkaroM ne AtmA ko kendra-bindu batalAyA hai aura Atma kartRtvavAda kA siddhAnta pratipAdita kiyA hai| AdhyAtmika dharAtala para zreya rUpa meM AtmA kI uccatA ko pratiSThita kiyA hai| usake karma-svAtaMtrya ko svIkAra karake apane jIvana kA nirmAtA evaM vighaTanakartA svayaM AtmA ko hI mAnA hai| jaina darzana ne sazakta svara meM Atma-kartRtva kI svataMtratA kA pratipAdana karate hue karma-siddhAnta ko pratiSThita kiyA hai| yaha karma-siddhAnta sarvathA maulika evaM vaijJAnika hai| karma-siddhAnta ko anya darzanoM ne bhI svIkAra kiyA hai, lekina use IzvarAdhIna mAna liyA hai| jisase mAnava meM udAsInatA AtI hai tathA karma meM sajagatA nahIM rhtii| jabaki jaina darzana meM kahA gayA hai 'appA kattA vikattAya suhANaya duhaanny|"

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178 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana arthAt AtmA hI apane sukha-duHkha kI kartA evaM vikartA hai| AtmA svayaM jo acche-bure karma karatI hai, vaha unhIM kA phala bhogatI hai| koI bhI anya zakti usameM koI hastakSepa nahIM kara sktii| kevala manuSya hI nahIM, varan pratyeka jIva apanA bhAgya nirmAtA svayaM hai| isa prakAra jaina dharma ne jIva ko aneka kAryoM (karmoM), soca-vicAra ke lie svataMtra svIkAra kiyA hai| lekina yaha svAyattatA anya jIvoM kI svataMtratA ko bAdhita nahIM kara sktii| isIlie kevalajJAniyoM ne chadmastha jIvoM ko anya jIvoM ke vicAroM ko bhI svIkArane va sammAna dene ko kahA hai| isake lie jaina darzana ne anekAntavAda ke siddhAnta kA pratipAdana karake samanvaya ko protsAhana diyA hai| vastu aneka dharmA hai| eka dravya meM aneka guNa hote haiN| chadmastha jIva eka sAtha vastu ke sAre guNoM ko nahIM jAna skte| ataH eka hI vastu ke sandarbha meM aneka vicAra utpanna hote haiN| sabhI ko apane jJAna kI sImAoM tathA dUsare ke jJAna kI saMbhAvanAoM ko svIkAra karanA cAhiye, kyoMki sabhI kA jJAna ekAMgI hotA hai| ataH anekAntavAda ke siddhAnta kA pratipAdana karake jaina darzana ne jIvoM ke jJAna kI sImAoM ko prakaTa karake unameM satyAMza ko svIkAra kiyA hai| cUMki unakA jJAna ekAMgI hotA hai, ataH pUrNa satya to ho nahIM sktaa| pUrNatA kA jJAna to kevalajJAnI ko hI ho sakatA hai| ataH anekAntavAda vyavahAra kA siddhAnta hai, samanvaya aura satya kI vivakSA kA siddhAnta hai| ataH yahA~ hama krama se karmasiddhAnta aura anekAntavAda, ina do dArzanika siddhAntoM ko vistAra se jAneMge, jo vizva ko jaina darzana kA anamola upahAra hai| karma siddhAnta : bhAratIya dArzanika cintana meM karmavAda kA mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai| sukha-duHkha evaM anya prakAra ke sAMsArika vaicitrya ke kAraNa kI khoja karate hue bhAratIya cintakoM ne karma-siddhAnta kA anveSaNa kiyaa| DaoN. hajArI prasAda dvivedI ke anusAra, "karmaphala kA siddhAnta bhAratavarSa kI apanI vizeSatA hai| punarjanma kA siddhAnta khojane kA prayatna anyAnya dezoM ke manISiyoM meM bhI pAyA jA sakatA hai, parantu aisA karmaphala kA siddhAnta aura kahIM bhI nahIM miltaa|" suprasiddha prAcya vidyA vizArada kItha ne san 1909 kI raoNyala eziyATika sosAyaTI kI patrikA meM eka bahuta hI vicArapUrNa lekha likhA thaa| usameM ve likhate haiM-"bhAratIyoM ke karmabandhana kA siddhAnta nizcaya hI advitIya hai| saMsAra kI samasta jAtiyoM se unheM yaha siddhAnta alaga kara detA hai| jo koI bhI bhAratIya dharma aura sAhitya ko jAnanA cAhatA hai, vaha yaha ukta siddhAnta ko jAne binA agrasara nahIM ho sktaa| karma kA svarUpa : AtmA ke sambandha meM vibhinna dArzanikoM kI vibhinna

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jaina dArzanika siddhAnta * 179 dhAraNAe~ hone se karma ke svarUpa vivecana meM bhI vibhinnatA honA svAbhAvika hai| tathApi karmavAda bhArata kI samasta dArzanika evaM naitika vicAradhArAoM meM vidyamAna hai| sabhI darzanoM meM zabdoM kA antara hone para bhI usake AdhArabhUta bhAva meM prAyaH samAnatA hai| jaina dArzanikoM ne jise karmavAda kahA hai, use vedAnta darzana ne avidyA, prakati tathA mAyA kahA hai| bauddha darzana ne use vAsanA aura avijJapti kahA hai| sAMkhya va yoga darzana use Azaya aura kleza kahate haiN| nyAya aura vaizeSika darzana ne use dharmAdharma saMskAra aura adRSTa kahA hai| mImAMsakoM ne use apUrva kahA hai| ___ karma ke lie vibhinna vicArakoM ne bhinna-bhinna nAma prayukta kiye haiM, usI prakAra karma ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM bhI sabhI meM mata-vaibhinya hai| bauddha darzana cittagata vAsanA ko karma mAnatA hai| vAsanA hI kArya kAraNa bhAva ke rUpa meM sukha-duHkha kA hetu banatI hai| bhagavAna buddha ne kahA hai-"kammA punabbhavo hotI? karma se punarbhava hotA hai- janma-maraNa kI paramparA calatI hai| vaidika dhAraNA meM pratipAdita hai___yAdRzaM kriyate karma, tAdRzaM labhyate phalaM-' jaisA karma kiyA jAtA hai, vaisA hI phala milatA hai| mahAbhArata meM ullekha hai, ki "jaise hajAroM gAyoM meM bhI bachar3A apanI mA~ ke pAsa pahu~ca jAtA hai, vaise hI pUrvakRta karma apane karttA kA anugamana karate haiN|'" rAma caritamAnasa meM gosvAmI tulasIdAsa jI ne karma ko hI sRSTi kA maulika tatva mAnA hai| unhoMne kahA hai "karma pradhAna vizva kari rAkhA, jo jasa karahi tasu phala caakhaa|' nyAya darzana adRSTa (karma) ko AtmA kA guNa mAnatA hai aura usakA phala Izvara ke mAdhyama se AtmA ko prApta hotA hai| sAMkhya darzana karma ko prakRti kA vikAra mAnatA hai| acchI-burI pravRttiyoM kA prakRti para saMskAra par3atA hai, usa prakRtigata saMskAra se hI karmoM ke phala prApta hote haiN| mImAMsaka yajJa Adi kriyAoM ko hI karma mAnate haiN| paurANika mAnyatAnusAra vrata niyamAdi dhArmika anuSThAna karma hai| vaiyAkaraNoM kI dRSTi se karttA jise apanI kriyA ke dvArA prApta karanA cAhatA hai, vaha karma hai| gItA. upaniSad Adi ne acche-bure kAryoM ko karma kahA hai| gItA meM kahA hai___"terA karma karane mAtra meM adhikAra hove, phala meM kabhI nhiiN| tU karmaphala meM Asakta bhI mata ho tathA terI karma na karane meM bhI prIti na hove|'' jaina darzana meM karma kI avadhAraNA sabase alaga hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra karma saMskAra mAtra nahIM hai, varan eka svatantra tatva hai| mithyAtva, avrata, pramAda, kaSAya aura yoga se jIva ke dvArA jo kiyA jAtA hai, vaha karma hai| arthAt AtmA kI rAgadveSAtmaka kriyA se AkAza pradezoM meM sthita anantAnanta karma yogya sUkSma pudgala cumbaka kI taraha AkRSTa hokara Atma pradezoM ke sAtha baddha ho jAte haiM, ve karma haiN| jaise garma loha piNDa pAnI meM rakhane para cAroM ora ke pAnI ko khIMcatA hai, vaise hI

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180 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana AtmA bhI rAga-dveSa ke vazIbhUta hokara karma vargaNA ko apanI ora khIMcatI hai| karma vargaNA eka prakAra kI sUkSma raja hai, jise sarvajJa yA avadhijJAnI hI jAna sakate haiN| isa prakAra karmavAda kisI na kisI rUpa meM bhArata kI samasta dArzanika evaM naitika vicAradhArAoM meM vidyamAna hai, tathApi isakA jo suvikasita rUpa jaina paramparA meM upalabdha hotA hai, vaha anyatra upalabdha nahIM hotaa| karmavAda jaina vicAradhArA evaM AcAra paramparA kA anupama avicchedya aMga hai| ataH yahA~ hama jaina darzana dvArA pratipAdita 'karma siddhAnta' kA sAMgopAMga vivecana kreNge| karma-siddhAnta : jaina darzana kA karmavAda nitAMta maulika hai, sAtha hI bar3A vaijJAnika bhI hai| jaina vAGmaya meM karmavAda para mArmika evaM vizad vivecana huA hai| karma-svarUpa, karma prakRti, karma sthiti, karma zakti, karma-bheda, karma bandha ke hetu evaM karma mokSa kI prakriyA Adi para aneka svataMtra grantha likhe gaye haiN| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke abhimata meM karma kA artha hai-'AtmA kI sat-asat prakRti se AkRSTa hokara karma rUpa meM pariNata hone vAlA pudgala smuuh|" AtmA ke do prakAra haiM-mukta evaM bddh| jo AtmAe~ karmoM se sarvathA mukta haiM, ve svabhAva meM sthita haiN| ve sarvadA ke lie samasta bandhanoM se mukta ho cukI haiN| janma-mRtyu ke cakra se bAhara nikala cukI haiN| mukta AtmAoM meM koI bheda nahIM hai| ve saba svarUpataH eka samAna haiN| unake karmoM ke samasta AvaraNa haTa cuke haiM, ve pUrNataH nirAvaraNa haiN| unakA koI rUpa-raMga nahIM hai, na koI liMga hai-"unheM koI upamA nahIM dI jA sakatI hai|" ve eka arUpa sattA haiN| unake svarUpa ko koI bhASA nahIM batA sktii| koI zabda usa vizAlatA ko bAMdha nahIM skte| vahA~ taka pahu~cate-pahu~cate saba svara niHzabda ho jAte haiM, vyartha ho jAte haiN| parama AtmAeM paripUrNa, niHsaMga aura nirlepa haiN| apane svabhAva meM nirata haiN| ekadama jyotirmaya aura zAzvata sukha meM avasthita haiN| ve ajara-amara bana cukI hai| unake lie kucha bhI karaNIya zeSa nahIM rahA hai| ve kRta-kRtya haiM, siddha haiN| hara AtmA kA sAdhya usa sahajAvasthA taka pahu~canA hai| karmabaddha AtmAoM kI sthiti bar3I viSama aura dayanIya hai| unheM caturgati-rUpa saMsAra meM paribhramaNa karanA par3atA hai| aneka rUpa-yoni ke sAtha anubandha karanA hotA hai|" anukUla-pratikUla nAnA rUpa sparzoM kA prati saMvedana karanA par3atA hai|" taraha-taraha ke sukhoM evaM duHkhoM kI anubhUti karanI par3atI hai| karma ke saMyoga se jIva mUDha, dukhI aura bahuta vedanA vAle bana jAte haiN| unheM apane kRta karmoM se naraka aura tiryaMca yoniyoM meM bhArI kaSTa uThAne par3ate haiN|" jIva kI vibhinna pariNatiyA~ karmoM ke AdhAra para hotI haiN| maulika rUpa se jIva zuddha hai, eka svarUpa vAlA hai, cinmaya hai, kintu karma AvaraNa ke kAraNa usakI vividha dazAe~ ho jAtI haiN| usI se use aneka kaSTa sahana karane par3ate haiN| svarNa dUsare

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jaina dArzanika siddhAnta 181 aNuoM ke sAhacarya se vikRta bana jAtA hai| apane rUpa ko vismRta kara dUsare hI rUpa ko dhAraNa kara letA hai, usI prakAra karma ke saMyoga se AtmA bhI vicitra bana jAtI hai, naTa kI taraha naye-naye rUpa banAtI hai| taraha-taraha ke abhinaya karatI hai| lekina jaba vaha karma ke kArAgRha se mukta ho jAtI hai, taba usakA rUpa apratima ho jAtA hai / AtmA kI jitanI avasthAe~ hotI haiM, ve saba karmajanya haiN| karmodaya aura karmakSayopazama se hI use vibhinna prakAra kI sAmagrI milatI hai| zubha karma ke udaya se jIva ko sitAre ke samAna camakatA jIvana, madhu sA madhura vyaktitva milatA hai aura azubha karma ke udaya se namaka ke samAna kar3avA jIvana, patthara sA nisteja vyaktitva milatA hai / karmoM ke AdhAra para prANI vizAla vaibhava aura pracura aizvarya kA svAmI banatA hai, aura karmoM ke AdhAra para hI hIna, dIna, ghara-ghara bhIkha mAMgane vAlA bhikhamaMgA banatA hai| karma se hI svastha, suDaula, sundara aura AkarSaka zarIra prApta hotA hai aura usase hI ghRNAspada tana kI prApti hotI hai / vidvatA, vAgmitA, gAyakatA, svabhAva - madhuratA Adi sadguNa karma - kSayopazama aura karmodaya se milate haiN| vaise hI mUr3hatA, maMdatA aura prakRti - caMDatA bhI karmoM ke dvArA hI milatI hai / vyakti samrATa bhI karma se banatA hai aura dAsa bhI karma se hI banatA hai / jIva ko samasta sukha-duHkha usake svayaM ke hI pUrvakRta karmoM ke phalasvarUpa milate haiN| jaina darzana kA yaha spaSTa udghoSa hai, ki jo bhI sukha - duHkha prApta ho rahA hai, usakA nirmAtA AtmA svayaM hI hai| AtmA jaisA karma karegA, vaisA hI use phala bhoganA pdd'egaa|" jIva ne jo karma bA~dhA hai use isa janma meM athavA AgAmI janmoM meM bhoganA hI par3atA hai|" AtmA ke sAtha karma paramANuoM kA sambandha honA, nIra-kSIravat ekameka ho jAnA karma-bandha hai / " karma se baMdhA huA jIva apane karmAnusAra hI jIvana prApta karatA hai| karma ke bheda : jaina darzana meM karma do prakAra ke kahe gaye haiM- 1. dravya karma aura 2. bhAva karma / sAMsArika jIva kA rAgadveSamaya vaibhAvika pariNAma bhAvakarma haiM aura una vaibhAvika pariNAmoM se AtmA meM jo kArmaNa vargaNA ke pudgala sarvAtmanA cipakate haiM, ve dravya karma haiM / dUsare zabdoM meM Atma prakRti ke dvArA AkRSTa paramANu grahaNa bhAva karma hai tathA jIva kA AcaraNa dravya karma hai| AcaraNa ke sambandha meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ne kahA hai-'"manuSya janma se nahIM, karma se brAhmaNa hotA hai, karma se kSatriya hotA hai, karma se hI vaizya hotA hai aura karma se hI zUdra hotA hai|"" jaise ki samatA ke AcaraNa se zramaNa hotA hai, brahmacarya kI sAdhanA se brAhmaNa hotA hai, jJAna kI ArAdhanA - manana se muni hotA hai aura tapazcaraNa se tApasa hotA hai|" jo mUla karma AcAra se zUnya hotA hai aura bAhya kriyA karatA hai, vaha tadvAna nahIM ho pAtA hai / "sira mUMDa lene se koI

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182 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana zramaNa nahIM hotA, U~ kA jApa karane se koI brAhmaNa nahIM hotA, kevala araNyavAsa se koI muni aura kuza kA cIvara pahanane se koI tApasa nahIM hotaa|'''' tAtparya yaha hai, ki bhAva ke binA dravya karma pAkhaNDa hogA, mahatvahIna hogaa| dravya karma aura bhAva karma meM nimitta-naimittika rUpa dvimukha kArya kAraNa bhAva sambandha hai| dravyakarma kArya hai aura bhAva karma kAraNa hai| yaha kArya kAraNa bhAva murgI aura aNDe ke kArya kAraNa bhAva sadRza hai| murgI se aNDA utpanna hotA hai, ataH murgI kAraNa hai aura aNDA kArya hai| isI prakAra aNDe se murgI utpanna hotI hai, ataeva aNDA kAraNa aura murgI kArya hai| isa prakAra donoM kArya aura donoM hI kAraNa hai| ataH yaha jijJAsA vyakta kI jAe, ki pahale murgI thI yA aNDA? to isakA samAdhAna nahIM' kiyA jA sakatA; kyoMki samutpanna karatI hai| ataH donoM meM kArya-kAraNa bhAva spaSTa hai| unameM paurvoparya bhAva nahIM batalAyA jA sktaa| saMtati kI dRSTi se unakA pArasparika kArya kAraNa bhAva anAdi hai| vaise hI dravya aura bhAva karma kA kArya kAraNa bhAva saMbaMdha saMtati kI apekSA se anAdi hai| donoM eka dUsare ke utpanna hone meM nimitta hai| draSTA aura bhAva karma kA kArya kAraNa bhAva nimitta-naimittika rUpa hai, na ki upAdAnopAdeya ruup| jaise miTTI kA eka piNDa ghar3e Adi kA upAdAna kAraNa hai, kintu kumbhakAra rUpI nimitta ke abhAva meM vaha ghaTa nahIM banatA, vaise hI kArmaNa vargaNA ke pudgaloM meM karmarUpa meM pariNata hone kI zakti hai, isalie pudgala dravya karma kA upAdAna kAraNa hai, kintu jIva meM bhAva karma kI sattA kA abhAva ho to pudgala dravya karma meM pariNata nahIM ho sktaa| ataH dravya karma bhAva karma kA nimitta kAraNa hai aura bhAva karma bhI dravya karma kA nimitta kAraNa hai| anyAnya dArzanikoM ne bhI dravya aura bhAva karma ko vividha nAmoM se svIkAra kiyA hai| karma kA astitva (prAmANya ) : karma ke astitva kA puSTa pramANa saMsAra kI vicitratA aura viSamatA hai| loka kA vaicitrya aura vaiSamya karma janita hai| saba jIva svabhAvataH samAna hone para bhI unameM manuSya, pazu, pakSI, kITa, pataMga Adi ke rUpa meM jo mahAn antara dikhAI par3atA hai, isakA kyA kAraNa hai? kevala mAnava jagata ko hI leM, to bhI koI nirdhana hai, koI dhanavAna hai| koI svastha hai, koI biimaar| koI ajJa hai, koI vijJa hai| koI nirbala to koI sabala hai| koI sundara hai, to koI kurUpa hai| koI sukhI hai, koI duHkhI hai| koI gaganacumbI aTTAlikAoM meM rahatA hai, to koI ghAsaphUsa kI TUTI-phUTI jhoMpar3iyoM meN| koI meve miSThAnna khAtA hai, to koI bhUkha se tar3apa rahA hai| ye saba vaicitrya karma sattA ko pramANita karate haiN| karmoM ke anusAra hI saMyoga aura viyoga kA yaha nATaka raMgIna khela dikhatA hai| viSamatA aura bheda kI samasyA aura bhI adhika prakhara hokara Azcaryacakita taba

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jaina dArzanika siddhAnta * 183 karatI hai, jaba samAna sAdhana aura samAna paristhiti hone para bhI phala meM vaiSamya AtA hai| eka hI ghara meM eka hI mAtA ke do putroM meM se eka rAjA banatA hai, dUsarA caukIdAra banatA hai| eka guru ke samIpa eka samAna vAtAvaraNa meM tulya-bhAva aura vAtsalya meM adhyayana karane vAle ziSyoM meM se eka talasparzI jJAnI bana jAtA hai aura dUsarA mati maMda hI raha jAtA hai| sAmAnya ghara meM janmA vyakti vaibhavazAlI lakSmIpati bana jAtA hai aura siMhAsanArur3ha zAsaka dIna-daridra bana jAtA hai, jaise saddAma husain| ina saba parivartanoM, viSamatAoM kA mUla kAraNa kyA hai? yaha eka jvalaMta prazna hai| bhArata ke mananazIla manISiyoM ne isa prazna kA uttara dete hue kahA hai-viSamatA aura vividhatA kA mUla karma hai| karma se hI vividhatA aura viSamatA utpanna hotI hai| jaina darzana kI taraha bauddha darzana, nyAya darzana, vedAnta darzana prabhRti bhI karma ko hI jIva kI vividha avasthAoM kA kAraNa mAnate haiN| yaha sarvamAnya siddhAnta hai, ki jaisA bIja hogA, vaisA hI vRkSa hogaa| jaisA ki nyAya darzana ke mata meM karma ko hI zarIra va indriyoM kI utpatti kA kAraNa batAyA hai| paramANu saMyoga ke kAraNa sRSTi kA kAraNa bhI karma hai| sAMkhya darzana ke anusAra karmoM ke kAraNa prakRti meM vividhatA A jAtI hai, "karma nimitta yogAccaM, karma vaicitryAtsu sRSTi vaicitryam cidavasAnA, bhuktistatakarmoja ttvaat| arthAt cetana dvArA arjita karmoM se bhogoM kI prApti aura samApti para, AtmA ko karmoM kA karttA evaM karmoM ko bhogotpAdaka batAyA hai| isa prakAra sarvatra vizva meM vyApta vicitratA evaM vividhatA hI karma ke astitva kA pramANa hai| sau TaMca svarNa meM koI bheda nahIM hotA, kintu vijAtIya tatvoM ke sammizraNa ke kAraNa usameM bheda hotA hai| vaise hI nizcaya dRSTi se AtmAe~ eka haiM, kintu jo vividhatA aura bheda hai, vaha karma rUpI vijAtIya tatva ke kAraNa se hai| karma kI paudgalikatA : karma ko kucha dArzanika AtmA kA guNa mAnate haiM, jaise nyAya drshn| kucha dArzanika karma ko saMskAra aura vAsanA rUpa mAnate haiM, jaise sAMkhya evaM bauddha drshn| jaina darzana isake viparIta karma ko paudgalika mAnatA hai| karma AtmA kA guNa nahIM varan AtmaguNoM kA vighAtaka hai| parataMtra banAne vAlA aura duHkhoM kA kAraNa hai| yaha tathya hai, ki 'jisa vastu kA jo guNa hai, vaha usakA vighAtaka nahIM hotaa| karma AtmA kA vighAtaka hai| ataH AtmA kA guNa nahIM ho sktaa| karma paudgalika na hotA, to vaha AtmA kI parAdhInatA kA kAraNa nahIM ho sakatA thaa|' ___jaina darzana kI dRSTi se dravya karma paudgalika hai| pudgala mUrta hI hotA hai| usameM rUpa, rasa, gandha aura sparza-ye cAra guNa hote haiN| jisakA kAraNa paudgalika hotA hai| jaise kapAsa bhautika hai, to usase banane vAlA vastra bhI bhautika hI hogaa| jaise kArya se kAraNa kA anumAna kiyA jAtA hai, vaise hI kAraNa se kArya kA anumAna bhI kiyA jA sakatA hai| zarIra Adi kArya paudgalika evaM mUrta haiM, ata: usakA kAraNa

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184* jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana karma bhI paudgalika aura mUrta hI honA caahie| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne to karma kI paribhASA hI isa prakAra dI hai, "Atma pravRtyAkRSTA stat prAyogya pudgalAH karma"2 arthAt Atma pariNAmoM se va yogoM kI pravRtti se AkRSTa Atma sambaddha pudgala samUha hI karma hai| ataH spaSTa hai, ki karma paudgalika haiN| mUrta aura amUrta kA saMbaMdha kaise : AtmA aura karma donoM anAdi haiN| karma saMtati kA AtmA ke sAtha anAdi kAla se saMbaMdha hai| yadyapi karma mUrta aura jar3atA svabhAva vAlA hai, AtmA amUrta aura caitanya svabhAvI hai| phira bhI anAdi kAla se inakA sambandha calA A rahA hai, jaise svarNa aura miTTI kA, tila aura tela kA tathA araNI aura Aga kA sambandha anAdikAlIna hai| inakI koI Adi nahIM hai, vaise hI jIva ke sAtha paramparA svarUpa karmoM ke saMbaMdha kI bhI koI Adi nahIM hai| pratipala pratikSaNa saMsArI jIva navIna karma bA~dhatA rahatA hai| ye jitane karma-pudgala AtmA se cipakate haiM, ve saba avadhi sahita hote haiN| koI bhI eka karma anAdikAla se AtmA ke sAtha ghula-milakara nahIM rhtaa| sArAMza yaha hai, ki AtmA se karmoM kA sambandha pravAha rUpa se anAdi aura bhinna-bhinna vyakti rUpa se sAdi hai| tarka zAstra kA yaha eka niyama hai, ki jo anAdi hotA hai usakA kabhI anta nahIM hotaa| yaha hama jAnate haiM, ki AtmAeM anAdikAlIna karmabandhana tor3akara mukta hotI hai| yahA~ prazna yaha uThatA hai, ki anAdi sambandha kA anta kaise hotA hai? isakA samAdhAna ina zabdoM meM hI ho cukA hai, ki AtmA aura karma kA sambandha pravAha rUpa se anAdi hai, na ki vyktishH| ataH anAdikAlIna karmoM kA anta hotA hai| tapa aura saMyama ke dvArA naye karmoM kA pravAha rukatA hai, saMcita karma naSTa hote haiM aura AtmA mukta bana jAtA hai| acetana evaM rUpI karma pudgala cetana evaM arUpI AtmA se kaise saMbaMdha karate haiM? isakA uttara hai, ki madirA aura klorophArma kA prabhAva amUrta cetanA Adi guNoM para pratyakSa dekhA jAtA hai, vaise hI amUrta AtmA para mUrta karma kA prabhAva par3atA hai|" isakA dUsarA samAdhAna yaha hai, ki anantakAla se AtmA karma se sambaddha hone ke kAraNa svabhAvataH amUrta hote hue bhI saMsArI avasthA meM mUrta bhI mAnI jAtI hai|" karma kA sambandha isa koTi kI AtmAoM se hI hotA hai| jo AtmAe~ sarvathA karmamukta ho jAtI hai, unase phira karma sambaddha nahIM ho skte| pUrvakarma se baMdhA huA jIva hI naye karmoM kA baMdhana karatA hai| yahA~ yaha prazna uThatA hai, ki AtmA ke pahale-pahala karma kaise lage? kintu jaba hama AtmA aura karma kI pahala nikAla hI nahIM sakate kyoMki unakA prArambha hai hI nahIM taba unakA zrIgaNeza kaise batAe~? isakA samAdhAna yahI hai, ki AtmA aura karma kA saMbaMdha apazcAnupUrvI hai| arthAta vaha sambandha na to pIche hai, na phle|

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jaina dArzanika siddhAnta 185 yadi karmoM se pahale AtmA ko mAneM to phira usake karma lagane kA koI kAraNa nahIM banatA / karmoM ko bhI AtmA se pahale nahIM mAna sakate, kyoMki ve karttA ke binA ho nahIM skte| AtmA ke binA unakA kiyA jAnA sarvathA asaMbhava hai / ina donoM kA eka sAtha utpanna honA bhI ayoktika hai / pahale to inheM utpanna karane vAlA hI nahIM / dUsare meM kalpanA kareM, ki yadi Izvara ko inakA utpAdaka mAna leM, to bhI yaha samasyA nahIM sulajhatI / pratyuta itanI vikaTa samasyAe~ hamAre samakSa A khar3I hotI haiM, ki unakA hala nahIM nikAlA jA sakatA / sat se asat aura asat se sat kI utpatti nahIM ho sakatI, yaha eka sarvamAnya siddhAnta hai / Izvara ne sat kA rUpAntaraNa bhI kyoM kiyA evaM kyA se kyA kiyA? pahale kyA thA, bAda meM kyA kiyA? isakA koI bhI santoSajanaka samAdhAna nahIM nikalA / ataH inakA anAdi apazcAnupUrvI sambandha hI saMgata evaM yuktiyukta hai| yahA~ isI prakAra kA eka prazna aura uThatA hai, ki AtmA aura karma ina donoM meM adhika zakti sampanna kauna hai? samAdhAna hai - AtmA bhI balavAna hai aura karma bhI balavAna hai| AtmA meM bhI ananta zakti hai aura karma meM bhI ananta zakti hai / inakI sthiti zataraMja ke khela ke samAna hai| kabhI jIva kAla Adi labdhiyoM kI anukUlatA hone para karmoM ko pachAr3a detA hai aura kabhI karmoM kI bahulatA hone para jIva unase daba jAtA hai| karma bAhya dRSTi se balavAna pratIta hote haiM, kiMtu antardRSTi se AtmA hI balavAna hai, kyoMki karma kA karttA AtmA hai, vaha makar3I kI taraha karmoM kA jAla bichAkara svayaM usameM ulajhatA hai / yaha AtmA kI hI vibhAva pariNati hai / karma pudgala svayaM kucha nahIM kara skte| jaba taka AtmA rAga-dveSAdi rUpa se vibhAva pariNamana na kare to karma-pudgala AtmA ke sAtha nahIM cipakate / karma cAhe kitane bhI zaktizAlI hoM, kaisI bhI bAhya vastuoM evaM paristhitiyoM kA saMyoga ho, lekina jaba taka AtmA meM caMcalatA nahIM ho, vibhAva pariNamana na ho, to use bAMdha nahIM skte| ataH AtmA adhika zakti sampanna hai / vaha cAhe to baMdhe hue karmoM ko kATa bhI sakatA hai aura navIna karmoM ke Agamana ko roka bhI sakatA hai| jaise laukika dRSTi se patthara kaThora hai, phira bhI tarala pAnI patthara ke bhI Tukar3e-Tukar3e kara detA hai| kaThora vizAla caTTAnoM meM bhI cheda kara detA hai / vaise hI AtmA kI zakti karma se adhika hai / AtmA ko jaba taka apanI virATa cetanA zakti kA jJAna nahIM hotA, taba taka vaha bhI karmoM ko apane se adhika zaktimAna samajhakara unase dabA rahatA hai| jJAna hone para unase mukta ho jAtA hai / isa sambandha meM paMcAdhyAyI meM kahA gayA hai - 'jIva aura karma donoM pRthakpRthak haiM, ina donoM ko paraspara bandhanabaddha karane vAlI cumbaka patthara dvArA AkarSita ho

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186 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana jAne vAlI lohe kI sUI kI taraha vibhAva bhAva kI zakti hai| dravya karma jIva ke jJAnAdi svabhAvoM ke vikAra kA kAraNa hotA hai aura jIva kA rAgadveSa kaSAyAdi vaibhAvika bhAva dravya karma ke Asrava kA kAraNa hotA hai| Azaya yaha hai, ki AtmA ke vaibhAvika bhAvoM ke nimitta se pRthak bhUta kArmaNa-pudgala jJAnAvaraNIyAdi karma rUpa meM pariNata ho jAte haiN| aisI sthiti meM jIva (AtmA) aura karma-pudgala donoM hI azuddha ho jAte haiM, ve apane zuddha rUpa meM nahIM rahate haiN| jaba taka AtmA meM karmabandha kA kAraNa vidyamAna rahatA hai, taba kArmaNa zarIra ke dvArA karma pudgala AtmA ke sAtha sambandha kara sakate haiM, anyathA nhiiN| yadyapi mukta AtmAe~ bhI pudgala vyApta AkAza meM sthita haiM, kintu una AtmAoM meM karmabandha ke kAraNoM kA atyantAbhAva hai, isalie pudgala vahA~ rahate hue bhI unmukta AtmAoM se sambandha nahIM kara sakate aura binA sambandha ke ve AtmA kA kucha bhI nahIM kara skte| jo pudgala Atma pravRtti dvArA grahaNa nahIM kie jAte, yoM hI loka meM phaile hue haiM, unameM phaladAna kI zakti nahIM hotii| saMsArI AtmAoM meM karmabandha kA kAraNa vidyamAna hotA hai, ataH karma pudgala AtmA ke dvArA grahaNa kie jAte haiM tathA una pudgaloM ke sAtha AtmA kA ekI bhAva hone se unameM phala dene kI zakti A jAtI hai aura ve yathA samaya apanA phala dekara AtmA se alaga ho jAte haiN| ataH AtmA aura karma ke sambandha kA hetu AtmA kI tadnukUla pravRti hI hai| jaina darzana jIva aura karma ke sambandhoM ko pravAha rUpa se anAdi mAnatA hai| gommaTasAra meM kahA hai - "jisa prakAra suvarNa aura pASANa yadyapi bhinna-bhinna vastu hai, tathApi inakA sambandha (pravAharUpa se) anAdi mAnA jAtA hai, ye naye nahIM mile haiN| isI prakAra jIva aura karma kA sambandha anAdi hai| paMcAstikAya meM jIva aura karma kA anAdi saMbaMdha 'jIva-pudgala-karmacakra' dvArA siddha kiyA gayA hai - "jo saMsAra meM sthita (janma-maraNa ke cakra meM par3A huA) jIva hai, usake rAgadveSa (kaSAya) rUpa pariNAma avazya hote haiN| una pariNAmoM se nae karma ba~dhate haiN| una karmoM se nAnA gatiyoM meM janma lenA par3atA hai| janma se zarIra hotA hai| zarIra meM indriyA~ hotI hai| indriyoM se viSayoM kA grahaNa, viSayoM ke grahaNavaza manojJa-amanojJa para rAga-dveSa pariNAma hote haiN| isa prakAra saMsAra cakra meM par3e hue jIva ke bhAvoM se karma aura karma se bhAva hote rahate haiN| yaha pravAha abhavya jIva kI apekSA se anAdi-ananta aura bhavya jIva kI apekSA se anAdi-sAnta hai|"34 isa prakAra AtmA ke sAtha karma va anAdi sambandha pravAha rUpa se hai, vaiyaktika rUpa se nahIM, kyoMki sabhI karma avadhi sa. heta hote haiN| karma-pudgaloM meM koI eka bhI aisA nahIM, jo anAdi kAla se AtmA ke sAtha lagA huA ho| karma sabase utkRSTa rUpa se 70 kor3Akor3a sAgara taka AtmA ke sAtha sambandhita raha sakatA hai, usase adhika

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jaina dArzanika siddhAnta * 187 nhiiN| isalie AtmA kI mukti hone meM koI Apatti nahIM, yadi vaha prayAsa kre| karma aura usakA phala : sAMsArika jIva jo vividha prakAra ke karmoM kA bandhana karate haiM, unheM vipAka kI dRSTi se bhAratIya cintakoM ne do bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA hai, zubha aura azubha, puNya aura pApa athavA kuzala aura akushl| ina do bhedoM kA ullekha jaina darzana, bauddha darzana, sAMkhya darzana, yoga darzana, nyAya darzana, vaizeSika darzana aura upaniSad Adi sabhI ne kiyA hai| jisa karma ke phala ko prANi anukUla anubhava karatA hai, vaha puNya hai aura jisa karma ke phala ko prANI pratikUla anubhava karatA hai, vaha pApa hai| puNya ke phala kI sabhI icchA karate haiM, kiMtu pApa ke phala kI koI icchA nahIM krtaa| icchA na karane para bhI usake vipAka se bacA nahIM jA sktaa| jIva ne jo karma bAMdhA hai, use isa janma meM yA AgAmI janmoM meM bhoganA hI par3atA hai| kRta karmoM kA phala bhoge binA AtmA kA chuTakArA nahIM ho sktaa|' bhagavAna mahAvIra ke jIvana prasaMgoM se bhI yaha bAta spaSTa hai, ki unheM sAdhanAkAla meM jo romAMcakArI kaSTa sahane par3e the, unakA mUla kAraNa pUrvakRta karma hI the| jaina darzana kA yaha spaSTa udghoSa hai, ki jo bhI sukha aura duHkha prApta ho rahA hai, isakA nirmAtA AtmA svayaM hI hai| AtmA jaisA karma karegA vaisA hI use phala bhoganA pdd'egaa| karma phala ke isa vivecana se yaha prazna uThatA hai, ki AtmA svatantra hai yA karma ke AdhIna? isakA samAdhAna jaina darzana isa prakAra karatA hai, ki karma kI mukhyataH do avasthAe~ bAtayI gaI haiM - baMdha (grahaNa) aura udaya (phl)| karma ko bA~dhane meM jIva svataMtra hai, phala bhoga meM karma ke adhIna hai| jisa prakAra koI vyakti vRkSa para car3hatA hai, vaha car3hane meM svatantra hai apanI icchAnusAra car3ha sakatA hai, kintu asAvadhAnIvaza gira jAe to vaha girane meM svataMtra nahIM hai| vaha icchA se giranA nahIM cAhatA tathApi gira jAtA hai, ataH girane meM paratantra hai| isI prakAra bhaMga pIne meM vyakti svataMtra hai, kintu usakA pariNAma bhogane meM paratantra hai| usakI icchA na hote hue bhI bhaMga apanA camatkAra dikhalAegI hii| usakI icchA kA phira koI mUlya nhiiN| jaisA ki gItA meM bhI kahA gayA hai - "karmaNyevAdhikAraste mA phalesu kadAcana mA karma phala heturbhurmA te saMgo'stva krmnni|10 arthAt terA karma karane mAtra meM adhikAra hai, phala meM kabhI nhiiN| tU karma phala meM Asakta mata ho, vaha karmAnusAra usake kAraNa ke anurUpa hI prApta hogaa| uparyukta kathana kA yaha tAtparya nahIM hai, ki baddha karmoM ke vipAka meM AtmA kucha bhI parivartana nahIM kara sktaa| jaise bhaMga ke naze kI virodhI vastu ke sevana se bhaMga kA nazA nahIM car3hatA athavA nAmamAtra ko car3hAtA hai| usI prakAra adhyayavasAyoM ke dvArA pUrvabaddha karma ke vipAka ko manda bhI kiyA jA sakatA hai aura naSTa bhI kiyA jA

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188 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana sakatA hai| usa avasthA meM karma, pradezoM se udita hokara hI nirjINa ho jAte haiM / usakI kAlika maryAdA (sthitikAla ) ko kama karake zIghra udaya meM bhI lAyA jA sakatA hai| niyata kAla se pUrva karmoM ko udaya meM le AnA 'udIraNA' kahalAtA hai / " 1 'pAtaMjala yoga' bhASya meM bhI adRSTa janya vedanIya karma kI tIna gatiyA~ nirupita kI haiN| unameM se eka gati yaha hai - " kaI karma binA phala die hI prAyazcita Adi ke dvArA naSTa ho jAte haiN|" ise jaina pAribhASika zabdoM meM pradezodaya kahA hai| karmabandha sahetuka hai| jaba taka karma bandha kA kAraNa vidyamAna rahatA hai, taba taka karma baMdhatA jAtA hai aura apanA phala dene kI avadhi pUrNa hone para alaga ho jAtA hai| jaba AtmA karma bandha kA dvAra roka detI hai, karma bandha ke kAraNa bhUta Azrava kA nirodha kara detI hai, usa samaya karma baMdha rUka jAtA hai| 12 jo karma pahale ke baMdhe hue hote haiM, ve udaya meM Akara naSTa ho jAte haiM yA udIraNA se udaya meM lAkara naSTa kara diye jAte haiM aura taba AtmA kI mukti ho jAtI hai / taba isa prasaMga meM eka zaMkA utpanna hotI hai, ki karma to paudgalika hai, jar3a hai, ve svayaM yathocita phala kaise de sakate haiM? yaha sahI hai, ki karma pudgala yaha nahIM jAnate haiM, ki amuka AtmA ne yaha kAma kiyA hai, ataH use yaha phala diyA jaae| parantu AtmA kI kriyA ke dvArA jo zubhAzubha pudgala AkRSTa hote haiM, usake saMyoga se AtmA kI vaisI hI pariNati ho jAtI hai, jisase AtmA ko usake karmAnusAra phala mila jAtA hai| jaise saiMkar3oM gAyoM ke jhuNDa meM bachar3A apanI mA~ (gAya) ko DhU~r3ha letA hai, vaise karma pudgala bhI apane kartA AtmA taka pahu~ca hI jAte haiN| Aja parAkASThA para pahu~ce bhautika vijJAna ke yuga meM to ise samajhanA bahuta hI sahaja hai| saba jar3a vastuoM kA saMcAlana oNTomeTika hotA hai, ThIka samaya para ThIka jagaha para bama phaTate haiN| binA cAlaka ke vAhana bama barasAkara vApasa apane sthAna para nizcita avadhi meM pahu~ca jAte haiN| aMtarikSa meM Aropita yaMtra apane Apa dharatI para sUcanA bhejate haiN| jar3a pudgala jar3a para to svataH asara karate hI haiM, para ve caitanya para bhI asara DAlate haiN| jar3a pudgala bar3I kSamatA se cetanA ko prabhAvita karate haiN| jaise zarAba kA nazA hote hI cetanA apanA hoza kho detI hai| pUrNa cetanA bhI jaba klorophaoNrma sUMgha letA hai, to nizcetana sA bana jAtA hai| yahA~ vivecya viSaya yaha hai, ki jar3a zarAba yaha nahIM jAnatI, ki usase vyakti behoza hotA hai aura use kise behoza karanA hai| lekina jo vyakti usakA sevana karatA hai, vaha usI ko behoza karatI hai, kisI anya ko nahIM, yadyapi vaha usa vyakti ko jAnatI nahIM hai / isI prakAra karma bhI jisa AtmA dvArA kie jAte haiM, usI ko phalita hote haiM, anya ko nahIM / tAtparya yaha hai, ki jar3a meM bhI apanA

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jaina dArzanika siddhAnta * 189 artha-kriyA-kAritva hotA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM aisA bhI kahA jA sakatA hai, ki jaise pathya bhojana Arogya denA nahIM jAnatA aura davA roga miTAnA nahIM jAnatI, phira bhI pathya bhojana se svAsthya lAbha hotA hai aura auSadhi sevana se roga miTatA hai| bAhya rUpa se grahaNa kie hue pudgaloM kA jaba itanA asara hotA hai, to Antarika pravRtti se gRhita karma pudgaloM kA AtmA para asara hone meM sandeha kaisA? ucita sAdhanoM ke sahayoga se viSa aura auSadhi ke prabhAva aura zakti meM parivartana kiyA jA sakatA hai| vaise hI tapasyA Adi sAdhanoM se karma kI phala dene kI zakti meM bhI parivartana kiyA jA sakatA hai| adhika sthiti ke evaM tIvra phala dene vAle karma meM bhI unakI sthiti aura phala dene kI zakti meM apavartanA ke dvArA nyUnatA kI jA sakatI hai| pratyeka AtmA (jIva) sukha cAhatA hai, duHkha nhiiN| to phira vaha pApa kA phala svayaM kyoM bhoge? isa para itanA hI kahanA paryApta hogA, ki sukha-duHkha AtmA ke puNya-pApa ke anusAra hI milate haiM, na ki icchaanusaar| yadi cAhane ke anusAra mile taba to karma koI cIja nhiiN| jo kucha icchA kI, vahI mila gyaa| aisI hAlata meM to basa icchA hI sAra hai, cAhe use cintAmaNI kaheM, cAhe klpvRkss| yadi karma koI vastu hai, to usake anusAra hI phala milegaa| acche karma kA acchA phala hogA, bure kA burA / buddhi karmAnusAriNI - isa choTe se vAkya se yaha viSaya aura bhI adhika spaSTa ho jAtA hai| jaisA karma hotA hai, vaisI hI buddhi ho jAtI hai| jaisI buddhi hotI hai, vaisA hI kAma kiyA jAtA hai aura vaisA hI phala milatA hai| ataeva karma kA phala bhogane meM kisI nyAyAdhIza kI jarurata nhiiN| karma bandha ke sAtha hI phala dAna ke sAmarthya kA bhI bandhana ho jAtA hai| karmabandha ke samaya cAra prakAra ke bandha hote haiM - 1. prakRti bandha : baddha karma AtmA ke kauna se guNa ko AvRta kregaa| 2. sthiti bandha : kitane samaya taka usakA bandhana rhegaa| 3. anubhAga bandha : karma kisa rUpa meM udaya AyegA - sAmAnya yA viziSTa / 4. pradeza bandha : dala saMcaya saghana hogA yA virl|" ina cAra prakAroM se karma kI phaladAna kSamatA bhI bandha ke sAtha hI nizcita ho jAtI hai| karma-bandha hone ke uparAnta andara eka prakriyA calatI rahatI hai, vaha samaya para saba kucha sampanna kara detI hai| bIja bone ke bAda Upara to kucha dikhAI nahIM par3atA, kintu bhItara eka pravAha pravAhita hotA hai aura samaya para saba AvaraNoM ko haTAkara bIja aMkurita ho jAtA hai| jisa prakAra ke karmoM kA bandha huA hotA hai, unake anurUpa hI unakA phala milatA hai|

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190 jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana Izvara aura karmavAda : jaina darzana kA spaSTa mantavya hai, ki jIva jaisA karma karatA hai, vaisA hI use phala prApta hotA hai|" nyAya darzana" kI taraha vaha karmaphala kA niyantA Izvara ko nahIM maantaa| karma paramANuoM meM jIvAtmA ke sambandha se eka viziSTa pariNAma samutpanna hotA hai| jisase vaha dravya kSetra, kAla, bhAva, bhava, gati, sthiti, prabhRti udaya ke anukUla sAmagrI se vipAka - pradarzana meM samartha hokara AtmA ke saMskAroM ko malIna karatA hai|" usase unakA phalopabhoga hotA hai| jIva ke kie gae pApa karmoM kA paripAka pApakArI hI hotA hai tathA kalyANa karmoM kA vipAka kalyANakArI hI hotA hai / kampyUTara yA kelkuleTara jaisI gaNita karane vAlI mazIna jar3a hone para bhI aMka ginane meM bhUla nahIM krtii| vaise hI karma bhI jar3a hone para bhI phala dene meM bhUla nahIM karatA, usake lie Izvara ko niyantA mAnane kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai / Izvara vahI phala pradAna karegA jaise jIva ke karma hoNge| karma ke viparIta vaha kucha bhI dene meM samartha nahIM hogA / isa prakAra eka ora Izvara ko sarvazaktimAna mAnanA aura dUsarI ora use aNumAtra bhI parivartana kA adhikAra na denA, vastutaH Izvara kI sattA kA upahAsa hai / isase yaha bhI siddha hotA hai, ki karma kI zakti Izvara se bhI adhika hai aura Izvara bhI usake adhina hI kArya karatA hai| dUsarI dRSTi se karma meM bhI kucha karane kI zakti ko asvIkAra karanA hogA / yadi vaha Izvara ke sahAre hI apanA phala de sakatA hai| isa prakAra donoM eka dUsare ke adhina ho jaaeNge| isase to yahI zreSTha hai, ki svayaM karma ko hI apanA phaladAtA svIkAra kara liyA jaae| yadi pratyeka kArya kA saMcAlaka Izvara ho, to jIvoM ko sukha-duHkha dene meM Izvara ke Upara pakSapAtI hone kA doSa AtA hai / jo jIva sukhI haiM, una para Izvara kA prema hai aura jo duHkhI haiM, una para Izvara kA dveSa hai| aise Izvara kI AtmA rAga-dvepa se malina hai, ataH hama aise Izvara ko paramAtmA kaise mAneM? yadi sRSTi utpanna karane vAlI kisI zakti ko mAneM, to usakA kartA athavA svAmI bhI kisI ko mAnanA par3egA aura phira usakA svAmI / isa prakAra eka ke bAda eka aise svAmiyoM kI katAra laga jAyegI, jo ananta taka calI jAegI, phira bhI svAmI kA anta nahIM dikhegaa| Izvara ko karttA mAna lene se puruSArtha ke lie koI sthAna nahIM raha jaataa| jaisI karttA ke jacI vaisI sRSTi kara ddaalii| jaina darzana ke anusAra AtmA hI apane karmoM kA kartA hai aura sukha - duHkha kA bhoktA hai| paramAtmA rAgadveSa se rahita hai, use saMsAra se matalaba hI kyA ? vaidika darzanoM kA yaha mantavya hai, ki AtmA sarvazaktimAna Izvara ke hAtha kI kaThaputalI hai / usameM svayaM kucha bhI kArya karane kI kSamatA nahIM hai / svarga aura naraka meM bhejane vAlA, sukha aura duHkha ko dene vAlA Izvara hai / Izvara kI preraNA se hI jIva

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jaina dArzanika siddhAnta * 191 svarga aura naraka meM jAtA hai| jaina darzana ke karma-siddhAnta ne prastuta kathA kA khaNDana karate hue kahA hai, ki Izvara kisI kA utthAna aura patana karane vAlA nahIM hai| vaha to vItarAga hai| AtmA hI apanA utthAna aura patana karatA hai| jaba AtmA svabhAva dazA meM ramaNa karatA hai, taba utthAna karatA hai aura jaba vibhAva dazA meM ramaNa karatA hai, taba usakA patana hotA hai| vibhAva dazA meM ramaNa karane vAlA AtmA hI vaitaraNI nadI aura kUTa zAlmalI vRkSa hai aura svabhAva dazA meM ramaNa karane vAlA AtmA kAmadhenu aura nandana vana hai| jaina darzana kA yaha spaSTa udghoSa hai, ki jo bhI sukha-duHkha prApta ho rahA hai, usakA nirmAtA AtmA svayaM hI hai| jaisA AtmA karma karegA vaisA hI use phala bhoganA pdd'egaa|' vaidika aura bauddha darzana kI bhAMti vaha karma ke saMvibhAga meM vizvAsa nahIM krtaa| vizvAsa hI nahIM, apitu usa vicAradhArA kA khaNDana karatA hai| eka vyakti kA karma dUsare vyakti se vibhakta nahIM kiyA jAegA, to puruSArtha aura sAdhanA kA mUlya hI kyA hai? pApa-puNya karegA koI aura bhogegA koI aur| yaha siddhAnta yuktiyukta nahIM hai| karmavAda kA siddhAnta jIvana meM AzA, utsAha aura sphUrti kA saMcAra karatA hai| usa para pUrNa vizvAsa hone ke bAda nirAzA, anutsAha aura Alasya to raha nahIM skte| sukha-duHkha ke jhoMke AtmA ko vicalita nahIM kara skte| karmavAda ke anusAra vikAsa kI carama sImA ko prApta AtmA hI Izvara hai, paramAtmA hai| hamArI zaktiyA~ karmoM se AvRta haiM, avikasita haiN| lekina Atmabala se adhyavasAya se karma kA AvaraNa dUra ho sakatA hai aura ina zaktiyoM kA vikAsa kiyA jA sakatA hai| vikAsa ke sarvocca zikhara para pahu~ca kara hama paramAtmA svarUpa ko bhI prApta kara sakate haiN| pratyeka bhavya AtmA prayAsa karake paramAtmA bana sakatI hai| karma baMdha ke kAraNa : jIva ke sAtha karma kA pravAha rUpa se anAdi sambandha hai, kintu karma kina kAraNoM se baMdhate haiM, yaha eka sahaja jijJAsA hai| gautama svAmI ne prazna kiyA - bhagavAn jIva karma bandha kaise karatA hai? bhagavAna ne uttara diyA - gautama! jJAnAvaraNIya karma ke tIvra udaya se darzanAvaraNIya karma kA tIvra udaya hotA hai| darzanAvaraNIya karma ke tIvra udaya se darzana moha kA udaya hotA hai| darzana moha ke tIvra udaya se mithyAtva kA udaya hotA hai| mithyAtva ke tIvra udaya se jIva ATha prakAra ke karmoM ko bA~dhatA hai| sthAnAMga, samavAyAMga meM tathA umAsvAti ne karma karmabandha ke kAraNa pA~ca AsravoM ko batAyA hai - mithyAtva, avirati, pramAda, kaSAya aura yog| saMkSepa dRSTi se karmabaMdha ke do kAraNa haiM - kaSAya va yog| karma baMdha ke cAra bheda haiM - prakRti, sthiti, anubhAga aura prdesh| inameM prakRti

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192 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana aura pradeza kA baMdha yoga se hotA hai| sthiti va anubhAga kA baMdha kaSAya se hotA hai| saMkSepa meM kaSAya hI karma baMdha kA mukhya hetu hai| kaSAya ke abhAva meM sAmparAyika karma kA baMdha nahIM hotaa| dasaveM guNasthAna taka donoM kAraNa rahate haiM, ataH vahA~ taka sAmparAyika bandha hotA hai| kaSAya aura yoga se hone vAlA baMdha sAmparAyika baMdha kahalAtA hai| gamanAgamana Adi kriyAoM se jo karma baMdha hotA hai, vaha IryApathika baMdha kahalAtA hai| vistAra se kaSAya ke cAra bheda haiM - krodha, mAna, mAyA va lobh| saMkSepa meM kaSAya ke do bheda haiM - rAga aura dvess|" rAga aura dveSa meM una cAroM kA samAveza ho jAtA hai| rAga meM mAyA aura lobha tathA dveSa meM krodha aura mAna kA samAveza hotA hai| rAga aura dveSa ke dvArA hI aSTa vidha karmoM kA bandhana hotA hai| ataH rAga dveSa ko hI bhAva karma mAnA hai| rAga-dveSa kA mUla moha hI hai| karma bandhana vastu aura nimitta se nahIM Atma-adhyavasAya se, rAgadveSAtmaka saMkalpa se hotA hai|' bhAva karma ke binA naye karmoM kA baMdha nahIM hotaa| karmoM kA bandhana mUlataH Atma pariNamoM ke AdhAra para hotA hai, para vastu pratyayika aNu mAtra bhI bandhana nahIM hotaa| dUsare kitane bhI nimitta mila jAe~, Atma bhAva jaba taka uttejita nahIM hote karma baMdha nahIM hotaa| AtmabhAva una nimittoM se prabhAvita hote haiM, rAga-dveSa utpanna hotA hai, tabhI bandhana kI kriyA phalita hotI hai| nimittoM meM AtmA nirapekSa raha jAe, kisI prakAra kI koI caMcalatA na ho to usake karma-bandhana nahIM hotaa| jaina darzana kI taraha hI bauddha darzana ne bhI karmabaMdhana kA kAraNa mithyAjJAna athavA moha mAnA hai| nyAya darzana kA bhI yahI mantavya hai, ki mithyAjJAna hI moha hai| prastuta moha kevala tattvajJAna kI anutpatti rUpa nahIM hai, apitu zarIra, indriya, mana, vedanA, buddhi ye anAtma hone para bhI inameM "maiM hI hU~'' aisA jJAna mithyA jJAna aura moha hai| yahI karma bandha kA kAraNa hai| vaizeSika darzana bhI prakRta kathana kA samarthana karatA hai| sAMkhya darzana bhI baMdha kA kAraNa viparyAsa mAnatA hai aura viparyAsa hI mithyAjJAna hai| yoga darzana kleza ko baMdha kA kAraNa mAnatA hai aura kleza kA kAraNa avidyA hai| upaniSad, bhagavadgItA aura brahmasUtra meM bhI avidyA ko hI baMdha kA kAraNa mAnA hai| AcArya kundakunda ne bhI 'samayasAra' meM vaidika darzanoM kI taraha 'ajJAna' ko hI bandha kA pradhAna evaM sabala kAraNa mAnA hai| unhoMne spaSTa kahA hai, ki "jJAna hI mokSa kA hetu hai aura ajJAna hI bandha kA hetu hai| isa jagata meM prakRtiyoM ke sAtha yaha (pragaTa) bandha hotA hai, vaha vAstava meM ajJAna kI hI gahana mahimA sphurita hotI hai| isa prakAra jaina darzana tathA anya darzanoM meM karma bandha ke kAraNoM meM zabda bheda tathA prakriyA bheda hote hue bhI mukhya rUpa se mithyAtva yA ajJAna ko sabhI ne svIkAra

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jaina dArzanika siddhAnta * 193 kiyA hai| karma kA kArya : karma kA mukhya kArya hai - AtmA ko saMsAra meM Abaddha rkhnaa| jaba taka.karmabaMdha kI paramparA kA pravAha pravAhamAna rahatA hai, taba taka AtmA mukta nahIM ho sktaa| yaha karma kA sAmAnya karma hai| vizeSa rUpa se dekhA jAe to bhinna-bhinna karmoM ke bhinna-bhinna kArya haiM, jitane karma haiM, utane hI kArya haiN| jaina karmazAstra kI dRSTi se karma kI ATha mUla prakRtiyA~ haiM, jo prANI ko vibhinna prakAra ke anukUla evaM pratikUla phala pradAna karatI haiN| unake nAma ye haiM - 1. jJAnAvaraNa karma, 2. darzanAvaraNa karma, 3. vedanIya karma, 4. mohanIya karma, 5. Ayukarma, 6. nAma karma, 7. gotra karma va 8. antarAya krm| ina ATha karma prakRtiyoM ke bhI do avAntara bheda haiN| inameM cAra ghAtI karma hai aura cAra aghAtI karma haiN| 1. jJAnAvaraNa, 2. darzanAvaraNa, 3. mohanIya aura 4. antarAya ye cAra ghAtI karma haiN| 1. vedanIya, 2. Ayu, 3. nAma aura 4. gotra ye cAra aghAtI karma __jo karma AtmA se baMdhakara usake svarUpa kA yA usake svAbhAvika guNoM kA ghAta karate haiM, ve ghAtI karma haiN| inakI anubhAga zakti kA sIdhA prabhAva AtmA ke jJAna Adi guNoM para hotA hai| inase guNa vikAsa avaruddha hotA hai, jaise bAdala sahasra razmi sUrya ke camacamAte prakAza ko AcchAdita kara detA hai, usakI razmiyoM ko bAhara nahIM Ane detA vaise hI ghAtI karma AtmA ke mukhya guNa 1. ananta jJAna, 2. ananta darzana, 3. ananta sukha, 4. ananta vIrya guNoM ko prakaTa nahIM hone detaa|' darzanAvaraNIya karma AtmA ke ananta darzana zakti ke prAdurbhAva ko rokatA hai| jJAnAvaraNIya karma jIva kI ananta jJAna zakti ko prakaTa nahIM hone detaa| mohanIya karma AtmA ke samyak zraddhA aura samyak cAritra guNa kA avarodha karatA hai, jisase AtmA ko ananta sukha prApta nahIM hotaa| antarAya karma AtmA kI anantavIrya zakti Adi kA pratighAta karatA hai, jisase AtmA apanI ananta virATa zakti kA vikAsa nahIM kara paataa| isa prakAra ghAtI karma AtmA ke vibhinna guNoM kA ghAta karate haiN| jo karma AtmA ke jina guNa kA ghAta nahIM karate varan kevala AtmA ke prati jIvI guNoM kA ghAta karate haiM, ve aghAtI karma haiN| aghAtI karmoM kA sIdhA sambandha paudgalika dravyoM se hotA hai, inakI anubhAga zakti jIva ke guNoM para sIdhA prabhAva DAlatI hai| aghAtI karmoM ke udaya se AtmA kA paudgalika dravyoM se saMbaMdha jur3atA hai| jisase AtmA 'amUrtopi mUrta iva' rahatI hai| use zarIra ke kArAgRha meM baddha rahanA par3atA hai| jo AtmA ke guNa 1. avyAbAdhasukha, 2. aTala avagAhanA, 3. amUrtikatva tathA agurulaghutva bhAva ko prakaTa nahIM hone dete haiN| nAma karma AtmA kI arupI avasthA ko AvRta karatA hai| vedanIya karma AtmA ke avyAbAdha sukha ko Acchanna

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194 jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana karatA hai| AyuSya karma AtmA kI aTala avagAhanA zAzvata sthiratA ko nahIM rahane detaa| gotra karma AtmA ke aguru laghu bhAva ko rokatA hai| isa prakAra aghAtI karma apanA prabhAva dikhAte haiM / jaba ghAtI karma naSTa ho jAte haiM, taba AtmA kevalajJAna kevala darzana kA dhAraka arihanta bana jAtA hai / " aura jaba aghAtI karma naSTa ho jAte haiM, taba videha, siddha, buddha aura mukta ho jAtA hai|" karma-bheda (aSTa karma) : zubha aura azubha pravRtti ke dvArA AkRSTa aura sambandhita hokara jo pudgala AtmA ke svarUpa ko AvRtta karate haiM, vikRta karate haiM aura zubhAzubha phala ke kAraNa banate haiM (zubhAzubha rupa se udaya meM Ate haiM) AtmA dvarA gRhita una pudgaloM kA nAma hai-karma / yadyapi ye pudgala eka rUpa haiM, phira bhI ye jisa AtmaguNa ko AvRta, vikRta yA prabhAvita karate haiM, usake anusAra hI una pudgaloM kA nAma ho jAtA hai 1 AtmA ke guNa ATha haiM 1. kevalajJAna, 2. kevaladarzana, 3. ananta sukha, 4. kSAyika- samyaktva, 5. aTala avagAhanA, 6. amUrtikapana, 7 agurulaghupana aura 8 lbdhi| ataH ina ATha AtmaguNoM ko AvRtta karane vAle karma bhI ATha hai / " AtmA ke mokSa (mukti) ke lie ina aSTa karmoM ko bhalIbhA~ti samajhanA Avazyaka hai| 1. jJAnAvaraNIya karma : jIva caitanyamaya hai / upayoga usakA lakSaNa hai / * upayoga zabda jJAna aura darzana kA saMgrAhaka hai / " jJAna sAkAropayoga hai aura darzana nirAkAropayoga hai| jisase jAti guNa, kriyA Adi vizeSa dharmoM kA bodha hotA hai, vaha jJAnopayoga hai aura jisase sAmAnya dharma arthAt sattA mAtra kA bodha hotA hai, vaha darzanopayoga hai / " jisa karma ke prabhAva se jJAnopayoga AcchAdita rahatA hai, vaha jJAnAvaraNa karma haiN| jaise netroM para kapar3e kI paTTI lagA dene se netrajJAna avaruddha ho jAtA hai, vaise hI jJAnAvaraNa karma ke prabhAva se AtmA kI samasta padArthoM ko samyak prakAra se jAnane kI jyotirmaya jJAna zakti AcchAdita ho jAtI hai / - jJAnAvaraNIyakarma pA~ca prakAra ke hote haiM 1. matijJAnAvaraNa, 2. zruta jJAnAvaraNa 3. avadhijJAnAvaraNa, 4. manaH paryAya jJAnAvaraNa tathA 5. kevalajJAnAvaraNa 12 matijJAnAvaraNa karma indriyoM tathA mana se hone vAle jJAna kA nirodha karatA hai / zruta jJAnAvaraNa karma zabda aura artha kI paryAlocanA se hone vAle jJAna ko AcchAdita karatA hai| avadhijJAnAvaraNa karma indriya aura mana kI sahAyatA ke binA hone vAle rUpI padArthoM ke maryAdita pratyakSa jJAna ko avaruddha karatA hai / manaH paryAyajJAnAvaraNa karma indriya tathA mana kI sahAyatA ke binA saMjJI jIvoM ke manogata bhAvoM ko jAnane vAle jJAna ko acchAdita karatA hai / kevalajJAnAvaraNa karma sarva dravyoM aura paryAyoM ko yugapat pratyakSa jAnane vAle jJAna ko AvRta karatA hai /

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jaina dArzanika siddhAnta 195 1 jJAnAvaraNIya karma kI uttara prakRtiyA~ sarvaghAtI aura dezaghAtI rUpa se do prakAra kI haiN|" jo prakRti svAghAtya jJAnaguNa kA pUrNatayA ghAta kare vaha sarvaghAti hai tathA jo svaghAtya jJAnaguNa kA AMzika ghAta kare, vaha dezaghAtI karma haiN| matijJAnAvaraNa, zruta jJAnAvaraNa, avadhi jJAnAvaraNa ye cAra deza ghAtI karma haiM tathA kevalajJAnAvaraNa karma sarvaghAtI hai| sarvaghAtI kahane kA tAtparya prabalatama AvaraNa kI apekSA se hai kevalajJAnAvaraNIya karma sarvaghAtI hone para bhI AtmA ke jJAnaguNa ko sarvathA AvRta nahIM karatA, parantu kevalajJAna kA sarvathA nirodha karatA hai / nigodastha jIvoM meM utkaTa jJAnAvaraNIya karma kA udaya rahatA hai| jaise ghanaghora ghaTAoM se sUrya ke pUrNataH AcchAdita hone para bhI usakI prabhA kA kucha aMza anAvRta rahatA hai, jisase dina aura rAta kA vibhAga pratIta hotA hai, vaise hI jJAna kA anantavAM bhAga nitya anAvRta rahatA hai|" jaise ghanaghora ghaTAoM ko vidirNa karake sUrya kI prabhA bhUmaNDala para AtI hai, para sabhI makAnoM para usakI prabhA eka samAna nahIM giratI, makAnoM kI banAvaTa ke anusAra manda aura mandatara aura mandatama giratI hai, vaise hI jJAna kI prabhA matijJAnAvaraNa Adi ke udaya ke tAratamya ke anusAra manda, mandatara aura mandatama hotI hai| jJAna pUrNa rUpa se tirohita kabhI nahIM hotaa| yadi aisA ho jAe to jIva ajIva ho jaae| isa karma kI sthiti adhikatama tIsa koTA - koTi sAgaropama aura nyUnatama antarmuhUta kI hai|" 2. darzanAvaraNa karma : padArthoM kI vizeSatA ko grahaNa kie binA kevala unake sAmAnya dharma kA bodha karanA darzanopayoga hai| jisa karma ke prabhAva se darzanopayoga AcchAdita ho jAtA hai, vaha darzanAvaraNIya karma hai / darzana guNa ke sImita hone para jJAnopalabdhi kA dvAra manda ho jAtA hai| isa karma kI tulanA zAsaka ke usa dvArapAla se kI gaI hai, jo zAsaka se kisI vyakti ko milane meM bAdhA upasthita karatA hai / dvArapAla kI AjJA ke binA vyakti zAsaka se nahIM mila sakatA, vaise hI darzanAvaraNa karma vastuoM ke sAmAnyabodha ko rokatA hai / padArthoM ko dekhane meM bAdhA DAlatA hai| darzanAvaraNa karma kI nau uttara prakRtiyA~ haiM. 1. cakSu darzanAvaraNa, 2. acakSu darzanAvaraNa, 3. avadhi darzanAvaraNa, 4. kevala darzanAvaraNa, 5. nidrA, 6. nidrAnidrA, 7. pracalA, 8. pracalA pracalA va 9. styanarddhi 17 1 cakSu darzanAvaraNa karma netroM dvArA hone vAle sAmAnya bodha ko AvRta karatA hai avadhi darzanAvaraNa karma indriya aura mana kI sahAyatA ke binA AtmA ko rUpI dravyoM kA jo sAmAnyabodha hotA hai, use AcchAdita karatA hai / kevala darzanAvaraNa karma sarvadravya aura paryAyoM ke yugapat hone vAle sAmAnya avabodha ko AvRta karatA hai| nidrA karma vaha hai, jisase supta prANI sukha se jAga sake, aisI halkI nidrA utpanna ho / nidrA - nidrA karma se aisI nIMda utpanna hotI hai, jisase supta prANI kaThinAI se jAga

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196 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana ske| pracalA karma se aisI nIMda utpanna hotI hai, ki khar3e-khar3e aura baiThe-baiThe aaye| pracalA pracalA karma se calate-calate nidrAvasthA meM sampanna kare, vaisI pragAr3hatama niiNd| darzanAvaraNa karma bhI dezaghAtI aura sarvaghAtI rUpa se do prakAra kA hai| cakSu, acakSu, avadhidarzanAvaraNa deza ghAtI haiM aura zeSa chaha prakRtiyA~ sarvaghAtI hai| sarvaghAtI prakRtiyoM meM kevala darzanAvaraNa pramukha hai| darzanAvaraNa karma kA pUrNa kSaya hone para jIva kI ananta darzana zakti prakaTa hotI hai, vaha kevala darzana kA dhAraka banatA hai| jaba usakA kSayopazama hotA hai, taba cakSu darzana, acakSu darzana aura avadhi darzana prakaTa hotA hai| darzanAvaraNa karma kI nyUnatama sthiti antarmuhUta kI tathA utkRSTa sthiti to koTAkoTi sAgaropama kI hai|" 3. vedanIya karma : AtmA ke avyAbAdha guNa ko AvRta karane vAlA karma vedanIya karma hai| vedanIya karma se AtmA ko sukha-duHkha kA anubhava hotA hai| usake do bheda haiM - 1. sAtA vedanIya aura 2. asAtA vedniiy| sAtAvedanIya karma se jIva ko bhautika sukhoM kI upalabdhi hotI hai tathA asAtA vedanIya karma se mAnasika yA zArIrika duHkha prApta hotA hai|" vedanIya karma madhu se lipta talavAra kI dhAra ke samAna hai| talavAra kI dhAra para lipta madhu ko cATane ke samAna sAtAvedanIya hai aura jIbha kaTa jAne ke samAna asAtAvedanIya hai| sAtAvedanIya karma ATha prakAra ke hote haiM - manojJa zabda, manojJa rUpa, manojJa gandha, manojJa rasa, manojJa sparza, sukhita mana, sukhita vANI, sukhita kAya jisase prApta ho| inake viparIta phala vAle asAtA vedanIya karma hote haiN| vedanIya karma kI jaghanya sthiti uttarAdhyayana aura prajJApanA meM antamuhUrta kI batAI gaI hai| bhagavatI sUtra meM do samaya kI kahI gaI hai| ina donoM meM virodha nahIM samajhanA cAhiye kyoMki muhUrta ke andara kA samaya antamuhUrta kahalAtA hai| do samaya ko antamuhUrta kahane meM koI visaMgati nahIM hai| vaha jaghanya antamuhUrta haiN| kintu tattvArtha sUtra tathA anya kaI granthoM meM bAraha muhUrta kI pratipAdita kI gaI hai| utkRSTa sthiti sarvatra bIsa koTAkoTi sAgara kI hai| ____4. mohanIya karma : jo AtmA meM mUDhatA utpanna kare vaha mohanIya hai| ATha karmoM meM yaha sabase adhika zaktizAlI hai| yaha AtmA ke vItarAga bhAva-zuddha-svarUpa ko vikRta karatA hai, jisase AtmA rAga dveSa Adi vikAroM se grasta hotA hai| mohanIya karma ke udaya se jIva ko tattva-atattva kA bheda-vijJAna nahIM ho paataa| vaha saMsAra ke vikAroM meM ulajha jAtA hai| ise apanA svarUpa jJAna bhI nahIM rhtaa| jaise madirApAna se vyakti paravaza ho jAtA hai, use apane tathA para ke svarUpa kA jJAna nahIM rahatA, vaha hitAhita ke viveka se vihina ho jAtA hai, vaisI hI sthiti mohanIya karma ke udaya se ho jAtI hai|

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jaina dArzanika siddhAnta 197 mohanIya karma do prakAra kA hotA hai - 1. darzana mohanIya aura 2. cAritra mohniiy|" yahA~ darzana kA artha tattvArtha zraddhAna rUpa Atma guNa hai| jaise madirApAna se buddhi mUrcchita ho jAtI hai vaise hI darzanamohanIya karma ke udaya se AtmA kA viveka lupta ho jAtA hai| vaha dharma ko adharma aura adharma ko dharma mAnatA hai / darzana mohanIya karma tIna prakAra kA hai 1. samyaktva mohanIya - jo karma samyaktva kA prakaTa honA to nahIM roka sakatA, lekina aupazamika aura kSAyika samyagdarzana ko utpanna nahIM hone detaa| 2. mithyAtva mohanIya - jo karma tattva meM zraddhA utpanna nahIM hone detA aura viparIta zraddhA utpanna karatA hai 1 3. mizra mohanIya- jo karma tattva zraddhA meM asamaMjasa kI sthiti utpanna karatA hai| inameM mithyAtva mohanIya sarvaghAtI hai aura zeSa do dezaghAtI haiN| mohanIya karma kA dvitIya bheda cAritra mohanIya hai / yaha karma AtmA ke cAritraguNa ko utpanna nahIM hone detA hai|" cAritra mohanIya ke bhI do bheda haiM 1. kaSAya mohanIya, 2. nokaSAya mohniiy| kaSAya mohanIya ke 16 bheda haiM aura no kaSAya mohanIya ke sAta athavA nau bheda haiN| " 101 kaSAya mohanIya : kaSAya zabda kaSa aura Aya se banA hai| kaSa- saMsAra, Aya-lAbha, jisase saMsAra arthAt bhava bhramaNa kI abhivRddhi ho vaha kaSAya hai / krodha, mAna, mAyA va lobha ke rUpa meM vaha cAra prakAra kA hai| ye cAra bhI anantAnubandhI, apratyAkhyAnAvaraNa, pratyAkhyAnAvaraNa aura saMjvalana ye cAra-cAra prakAra ke haiN| isa prakAra kaSAya mohanIya ke solaha bheda haiM / isake udaya se prANI meM krodhAdi kaSAya utpanna hote haiN| anantAnubaMdhI catuSka ke prabhAva se jIva ananta kAla taka saMsAra bhramaNa karatA hai| yaha kaSAya samyaktva kA vighAtaka hai / apratyAkhyAnI catuSka ke prabhAva se dezavirati rUpa zrAvaka dharma kI prApti nahIM hotI / pratyAkhyAnAvaraNIya catuSka ke udaya se sarvavirati rUpa zramaNa dharma kI prApti nahIM hotii| saMjvalana kaSAya ke prabhAva se zramaNa yathAkhyAta cAritra prApta nahIM kara sktaa| 2 102 anantAnubandhI catuSka kI sthiti yAvajjIvana kI, apratyAkhyAnI catuSka kI cAra mAha kI aura saMjvalana kaSAya kI sthiti eka pakSa kI hai 103 jina kA udaya kaSAyoM ke sAtha hotA hai yA jo kaSAyoM ko uttejita karate haiM, ve no kaSAya hai| inheM akaSAya bhI kahate haiM / no kaSAya yA akaSAya kA tAtparya kaSAya kA abhAva nahIM, varan ISat kaSAya hai| nau kaSAya ke no bheda haiN| 1. hAsya, 2. rati, -

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198 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana 3. arati, 4. bhaya, 5. zoka, 6. jugupsA, 7. striveda, 8. puruSaveda va 9. npuNskved| isa prakAra cAritramohanIya kI paccIsa prakRtiyoM meM se saMjvalana kaSAya catuSka aura no kaSAya ye aghAtI haiM aura zeSa bAraha prakRti sarvaghAtI haiN| mohanIya karma kI sthiti jaghanya antarmuhUta kI hai aura utkRSTa sattara koTAkoTI sAgara kI hai| 5. AyuSa karma : jIvoM ke jIvana avadhi kA niyAmaka karma AyuSya karma hai| isa karma ke astItva se prANI jIvita rahatA hai aura kSaya hone para mRtyu kA AliMgana karatA hai| AyuSya karma kA kArya sukha-daHkha denA nahIM hai, apitu niyata avadhi taka kisI eka bhava meM jIva ko roke rakhanA hai| Ayu karma kI cAra prakRtiyA~ haiM - 1. narakAyu, 2. tiryaMJcAyu, 3. manuSyAyu, 4. devaayu|" Ayu do rUpoM meM upalabdha hotI hai apavartanIya aura anpvrtniiy| bAhya nimittoM se Ayu kA kama honA apavartana hai| lekina Ayu kama ho jAne kA abhiprAya yaha nahIM, ki Ayu karma kA kucha bhAga binA bhoge hI naSTa ho jAtA hai| isakA abhiprAya yaha hai, ki Ayu karma ke jo pradeza dhIre-dhIre bahuta samaya meM bhoge jAne vAle the, ve saba alpakAla meM antamuhUrta meM hI bhoga lie jAte haiN| loka vyavahAra meM isI ko akAla mRtyu kahate haiN| Ayukarma kI sthiti jaghanya antarmuhurta kI aura utkRSTa tetIsa sAgaropama kI hai| bhagavatI sUtra meM utkRSTa sthiti pUrvakoTi tribhAga uparAnta tetIsa sAgaropama varSa kahI hai| 6. nAma karma : jisa karma se jIva gati Adi paryAyoM ke anubhava karane ke lie bAdhya ho, vaha nAma karma hai| arthAt jisa karma se jIva meM gati Adi bheda utpanna ho, dehAdi kI bhinnatA kA kAraNa ho athavA jisase gatyantara jaise pariNamana hoM, vaha nAma karma hai| yaha karma zarIra, aMgopAMga, indriya, AkRti, zarIra gaThana, yaza, apayaza Adi kA nirmAtA hai| nAmakarma ke bhI mukhya do bheda haiM - zubha aura ashubh|'' azubha nAma pApa rUpa hai tathA zubhanAma puNya rUpa haiN| nAmakarma kI madhyama rUpa se bayAlIsa uttara prakRtiyA~ bhI hotI haiN| ve isa prakAra haiM - 1. gati nAma : janma sambandhI vividhatA kA nimitta karma / isake cAra upabheda haiM- (i) naraka gatinAma, (ii) tiryaMJca gatinAma, (iii) manuSya gatinAma, (iv) devgtinaam| 2. jAtinAma : ekendriya se lekara paMcedriyatva taka kA anubhava karAne vAlA krm| isake pA~ca bheda haiM - (i) ekendriya jAtinAma, (ii) dvindriya jAtinAma, (iii) trindriya jAtinAma, (iv) caturindriya jAtinAma, (v)

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jaina dArzanika siddhAnta 199 paMcendriya jAtinAma / 3. zarIra nAma : audArika zarIra Adi kA nirmANa karane vAlA karma / isake pA~ca bheda haiM- (i) audArika zarIranAma, (ii) vaikriyaka zarIranAma, (iii) taijasa zarIranAma, (iv) kArmaNa zarIranAma | 4. zarIra aMgopAMga nAma : zarIra ke avayavoM tathA pratyavayavoM kA nimitta bhUta karma / isake tIna bheda haiM (i) audArika zarIra aMgopAMganAma, (ii) vaikriyaka zarIra aMgopAMga nAma, (iii) AhAraka zarIra aMgopAMga nAma / taijasa aura kArmaNa zarIra ke avayava nahIM hote / 5. zarIra bandhana nAma: pUrva meM grahaNa kie hue tathA vartamAna meM grahaNa kie jAne vAle zarIra pudgaloM ke paraspara sambandha kA nimitta bhUta karma / isake pA~ca bheda haiM - (i) audArika zarIra bandhana nAma, (ii) vaikriya zarIra bandhana nAma, (iii) AhAraka zarIra bandhana nAma, (iv) taijasa zarIra bandhana nAma, (v) kArmaNa zarIra bandhana nAma / 6. zarIra saMghAtana nAma: zarIra ke dvArA pUrvagRhIta aura gramANa pudgaloM kI yathocita vyavasthA karane vAlA karma / isake pA~ca bheda haiM (i) audArika zarIra saMghAtana nAma, (ii) vaikriya zarIra saMghAtana nAma, (iii) AhAraka zarIra saMghAtana nAma, (iv) taijasa zarIra saMghAtana nAma, (v) kArmaNa zarIra saMghAtana nAma / 7. saMhanana nAma : jisake udaya se asthibandha kI viziSTa racanA ho / isake cha: bheda haiM- (i) vajraRSabhanArAca saMhanana nAma (ii) RSabhanArAca saMhanana nAma (iii) nArAca saMhanana nAma (iv) ardhanArAca saMhanana nAma (v) kIlikA- saMhanana nAma (vi) sevArta saMhanana nAma / 8. saMsthAna nAma: zarIra kI vividha AkRtiyoM kA jisake udaya se nirmANa ho| isake bhI chaH bheda haiM- (i) samacaturastra saMsthAna (ii) nyagrodha parimaNDala saMsthAna (iii) sAdi saMsthAna nAma (iv) vAmana saMsthAna nAma (v) kubja saMsthAna nAma (vi) huNDa saMsthAna nAma / 9. varNa nAma : isa karma ke udaya se zarIra meM raMga kA nirmANa hotA hai| isake bhI pA~ca bheda haiM- (i) kRSNa varNa nAma (ii) nIla varNa nAma (iii) lohita varNa nAma (iv) hAridra varNa nAma (v) zveta varNa nAma / I 10. gandha nAma : isa karma ke udaya se zarIra ke gandha para prabhAva par3atA hai isake do bheda haiM- (i) surabhigandhanAma (ii) durabhigandhanAma / 11. rasa nAma : isa karma ke udaya se zarIra ke rasa para prabhAva par3atA hai| isake pA~ca bheda haiM- (i) tiktarasa nAma (ii) kaTurasa nAma (iii) kaSAyarasa nAma

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200 jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana (iv) amlarasa nAma (v) madhurarasa nAma / 12. sparza nAma : isa karma ke udaya se zarIra ke sparza para prabhAva par3atA hai| isake ATha bheda haiM- (i) karkaza sparza nAma (ii) mRdu sparza nAma (iii) guru sparza nAma (iv) laghu sparza nAma (v) snigdha sparza nAma (vi) rUkSa sparza nAma (vii) zIta sparza nAma (viii) uSNa sparza nAma / 13. aguru laghunAma : jisake udaya se zarIra atyanta guru yA atyanta laghu pariNAma ko na pAkara agurulaghu rUpa meM pariNata hotA hai / 14. upaghAta nAma : isa karma ke udaya se jIva vikRta bane hue apane avayavoM sekleza pAtA hai / jaise prati jihvA, coradanta, rasaulI Adi / 15. parAghAta nAma : isa karma ke udaya se jIva apane darzana aura vANI se hI pratipakSI aura prativAdI ko parAjita kara detA hai / 16. anupUrvI nAma : janmAntara meM jAte hue jIva ko AkAza praveza kI zreNI ke anusAra niyata sthAna taka gamana karAne vAlA karma / isake bhI cAra bheda haiM- (i) naraka anupUrvI nAma (ii) tiryaMca anupUrvI nAma (iii) manuSya anupUrvI nAma (iv) deva anupUrvI nAma / 17. ucchavAsa nAma: isake udaya se jIva zvAsocchavAsa grahaNa karatA hai / 18. Atapa nAma : isa karma ke udaya se anuSNa zarIra meM se uSNa prakAza nikalatA hai| isakA udaya sUryamaNDala ke ekendriya jIvoM meM hotA hai / unakA zarIra zIta hotA hai, lekina prakAza uSNa hotA hai| 19. udyota nAma : isake udaya se zarIra zItaprakAza maya hotA hai / deva ke uttara vaikriya zarIra meM se, labdhidhArI muni ke vaikriya zarIra se tathA cA~da, nakSatra, tArAgaNoM meM se nikalane vAlA zIta prakAza / 20. vihAyogati nAma: isake udaya se prazasta aura aprazasta gati hotI hai / isake do bheda haiM (i) prazasta vihAyogati nAma, (ii) aprazasta vihAyogati nAma / yahA~ gati kA artha calanA haiM / 1 21. trasa nAma jisa karma ke udaya se gamana karane kI zakti prApta ho / : -- 22. sthAvara nAma : jisa karma ke udaya se icchApUrvaka gati na hokara sthiratA prApta hotI hai| 23. sUkSma nAma : jisa karma ke udaya se jIva ko carma cakSuoM se agocara sUkSma zarIra prApta ho / 24. bAdara nAma : jisa karma ke udaya se jIva ko carma cakSu gocara sthUla zarIra prApta ho / 25. paryApta nAma : jisa karma ke udaya se jIva svayogya prAptiyA~ pUrNa kare /

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jaina dArzanika siddhAnta 201 26. aparyApta nAma : jisa karma ke udaya se jIva svayogya paryAptiyA~ pUrNa na kara sake / 27. sAdhAraNa zarIra nAma : jisa karma ke udaya se ananta jIvoM ko eka hI sAdhAraNa zarIra prApta ho 28. pratyeka zarIra nAma : jisa karma ke udaya se jIvoM ko bhinna-bhinna zarIra prApta hotA haiM / 29. sthira nAma : jisa karma ke udaya se haDDI dA~ta Adi sthira avayavoM kI prApti ho / 30. asthira nAma : jisa karma ke udaya se jihvA Adi asthira avayava prApta ho / 31. zubha nAma jisa karma ke udaya hone se nAbhi ke Upara ke avayava prazasta ho / 32. azubha nAma : jisa karma ke udaya se nAbhi ke nIce ke avayava azubha hote haiN| 33. zubhaga nAma jisa karma ke udaya se kisI bhI prakAra kA upakAra na karane para bhI aura sambandha na hone para bhI jIva sabake mana ko priya lage / - 34. durbhaga nAma : jisa karma ke udaya se upakAra karane para aura sambandha hone para bhI apriya lage / 35. susvara nAma : jisake udaya se jIva kA svara zrotA ke hRdaya meM prIti utpanna kare / 36. duHsavara nAma : jisa karma ke udaya se jIva kA svara aprItikara ho / 37. Adeya nAma : jisa karma ke udaya se jIva kA vacana bahumAnya ho / 38. anAdeya nAma : jisa karma ke udaya se yuktipUrNa vacana bhI amAnya ho / 39. yaza: kIrtinAma : jisa karma ke udaya se jIva ko yaza aura kIrti prApta ho / 40. ayazaH kIrtinAma : jisa karma ke udaya se jIva ko apayaza aura apakIrti prApta ho / 41. nirmANa nAma : jisa karma ke udaya se zarIra ke aMga-pratyaMga vyavasthita ho / 42. tIrthaMkara nAma : jisa karma ke udaya se dharma tIrtha kI sthApanA karane kI zakti prApta ho / nAma karma kI alpatama sthiti ATha muhurta tathA utkRSTa sthiti koTAkoTI sAgaropama kI hai| 3 113 7. gotra karma : jisa karma ke udaya se jIva uccAvaca kahalAtA hai, vaha gotrakarma

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202 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana haiN|" yaha karma kumhAra ke ghar3oM ke samAna hai| kumhAra aneka prakAra ke ghar3oM kA nirmANa karatA hai| unameM se kitane hI ghar3e aise hote haiM, jinheM loga kalaza banAkara akSata, candana Adi se sajAte haiM aura kitane hI aise hote haiM, jo madirA rakhane ke kAma meM Ate haiM aura isa kAraNa nimna mAne jAte haiN| usI prakAra jisa karma ke kAraNa jIva kA vyaktitva ucca athavA nimna banatA hai, vaha gotra karma kahalAtA hai| isa karma ke do mukhya bheda haiM - 1. ucca gotra karma : jisa karma ke udaya se prANI loka pratiSThita kula Adi meM janma grahaNa karatA hai| vaha deza, jAti, kula, sthAna, mAna, satkAra, aizvarya prabhRti viSayaka utkarSa kA kAraNa hai| 2. nIca gotra karma : jisa karma ke udaya se prANI kA janma apratiSThita evaM asaMskArI kula meM hotA hai| yaha karma cANDAla, naTa, vyAdha, pAridhi, matsya bandhaka, dAsa Adi bhAvoM kA kAraNa hai| ucca gotra karma ke ATha upabheda haiM - (i) jAti ucca gotra, (ii) kula ucca gotra, (iii) bala ucca gotra, (iv) rupa ucca gotra, (v) tapa uccagotra, (vi) zruta uccagotra, (vii) lAbha ucca gotra, (viii) aizvarya ucca gotra yahA~ jAnane yogya hai, ki mAtRpakSa ko jAti tathA pitR pakSa ko kula kahA jAtA hai| nIca gotra karma ke bhI ATha upabheda haiM" - (i) jAti nIcagotra - mAtR pakSIya viziSTatA ke abhAva kA kaarnn| (ii) kula nIca gotra - pitR pakSIya viziSTatA ke abhAva kA kAraNa / (iii) bala nIcagotra - bala vihInatA kA kaarnn| (iv) tapa nIcagotra - tapa vihInatA kA kaarnn| (v) rupa nIcagotra - rupa vihInatA kA kAraNa / (vi) zruta nIca gotra - zruta vihInatA kA kaarnn| (vii) lAbha nIca gotra - lAbha vihInatA kA kaarnn| (viii) aizvarya nIcagotra - aizvarya vihInatA kA kaarnn| gotra karma kI jaghanya sthiti ATha mUhUrta aura utkRSTa sthiti bIsa koTA-koTI sAgaropama kI hai| 8. antarAya karma : jisa karma ke udaya se dene, lene meM tathA eka bAra yA aneka bAra bhAgane aura sAmarthya prApta karane meM avarodha upasthita ho, vaha antarAya karma hai|" yaha karma rAjA ke usa bhaNDArI kI bhA~ti hai, jo rAjAjJA ke uparAnta bhI dAna dene meM AnAkAnI karatA hai, vighna DAlatA hai, vaise hI yaha karma dAna, lAbha, bhoga, upabhoga aura vIrya meM bAdhA upasthita karatA hai| antarAya karma kI pA~ca uttara prakRtiyA~ haiM - (i) dAna-antarAya karma : isa karma ke udaya se jIvanadAna nahIM de sktaa|

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jaina dArzanika siddhAnta * 203 (ii) lAbha antarAya karma : isa karma ke udaya se paryApta sAmagrI upalabdha hone para bhI, jisake kAraNa abhISTa vastu kI prApti na ho| (iii) bhoga antarAya karma : jo vastu eka bAra bhogI jAe vaha bhoga hai| jaise khAdya-peya aadi| isa karma ke udaya se bhogya padArtha sAmane hone para bhI bhoge nahIM jA skte| jaise-peTa kharAba hone para sarasa bhojana taiyAra hone para bhI khAyA nahIM jA sktaa| (iv) upabhoga antarAya karma : jo vastu bAra-bAra bhogI jA sake vaha upabhoga hai, jaise vstraabhuussnn| isa karma ke udaya se paryApta upabhogya sAmagrI upalabdha hone para bhI unheM bhogA nahIM jA sktaa| (v)vIrya antarAya karma : jisake udaya se sAmarthya kA prayoga nahIM kiyA jA sake aura jisake prabhAva se jIva ke utthAna, karma, bala, vIrya aura puruSAkAra parAkrama kSINa hote haiN| antarAya karma do prakAra kA hai - 1. pratyutpanna vinAzI antarAya karma : jisake udaya se prApta vastu kA vinAza hotA hai| 2. vihita-AgAmI patha antarAya karma : bhaviSya meM prApta hone vAlI vastu kI prApti kA avrodhk| antarAyakarma kI jaghanya sthiti antarmuhurta aura utkRSTa sthiti tIsa koTAkoTI sAgaropama kI hai| jisa prakAra tUmbA svabhAvataH jala kI sataha para tairatA hai, usI prakAra jIva svabhAvataH urdhvagatizIla hai, lekina mRtikAlipta tUMbA jaise jala meM nIce jAtA hai, vaise hI karmoM se Abaddha AtmA kI adhogati hotI hai| vaha bhI nIce jAtI hai| karma-bandha ke kAraNa - karmabandha mukhya rupa se pA~ca AsravoM ke kAraNa hotA hai| karmabandhana se bacane ke lie inheM jAnanA ati Avazyaka hai| ye pA~ca Asrava nimnalikhita haiM 1. mithyAtva - "tatvArtha zraddhAnaM samyagdarzanaM" : viparIta zraddhA karanA mithyAtva hai| yaha samyagdarzana ke viparIta yA viruddha artha vAlA hotA hai| arthAt yathArtha rUpa se padArthoM ke zraddhAna , nizcaya karane kI ruci samyagdarzana hai" evaM padArthoM ke ayathArtha zraddhAna ko mithyAdarzana kahate haiN| yaha ayathArtha zraddhAna do prakAra se hotA hai- 1. vastuviSayaka yathArtha zraddhAna kA abhAva aura 2. vastu kA ayathArtha shrddhaan| jaise tIrthaMkaroM dvArA kathita sacce mokSamArga meM zraddhA na honA yA sudeva, sadguru va sudharma meM zraddhA na honA mithyAtva kA prathama sopAna hai| ajJAniyoM dvArA kalpita mokSa mArga meM ruci honA va kudeva, kuguru va kudharma para zraddhA

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204 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana rakhanA mithyAtva kA dvitIya sopAna hai| mithyAtva AtmA kA sabase bar3A zatru hai| mithyAtvI jIva to Asravamukta hone kA puruSArtha bhI nahIM kara sakatA hai| kyoMki usakA koI bhI prayAsa use galata dizA meM hI le jaaegaa| 2. avirati : "hiMsanRtasteyA brahma parigrahabhyo virativratam"" : arthAt hiMsA, asatya, corI, maithuna aura parigraha Adi se virata hone ko vrata kahate haiN| ina pApoM ke tyAga kI pratijJA na ho, yaha avirati kahalAtA hai| kadAcita vartamAna meM hiMsAdi pApa kriyA nahIM kI jA rahI ho, phira bhI yadi yaha na karane kI pratijJA na kI ho, to yaha avirati hai| isase karmabaMdha hotA hai| pApa kA tyAga na karane kA tAtparya hai, ki pApa ke prati apekSA hai, rAga hai| 3. pramAda : pramAda kA artha hai- AtmA ko apane caitanya sparUpa kI vismRti honA tathA Atmazuddhi ke prati anutsAha honaa| pramAda se AtmA kI jAgarukatA samApta ho jAtI hai| AdhyAtmika akarmaNyatA evaM Alasya kI sthiti bana jAtI hai| AcAra meM zithilatA A jAtI hai| mada, viSaya, kaSAya, nidrA aura vikathA ye pA~ca pramAda haiN| usI prakAra rAga, dveSa, ajJAnatA, zaMkA, bhrama, vismaraNa, mana, vacana, kAyA kA duSpraNidhAna aura dharma meM anAdara, anutsAha ye bhI ATha pramAda haiN| yadi ye pramAda chor3a deM, to jIva apramatta mahAmuni bana jAtA hai| 4. kaSAya : jo AtmaguNoM ko kaSe- naSTa kare athavA jo janmamaraNa rupI saMsAra ko bar3hAveM, unheM kaSAya kahate haiN| kaSAya mukhyataH cAra haiM- krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobh| ina kaSAyoM ko uttejita yA prerita karane vAle tatvoM ko nokaSAya kahA jAtA hai| ye nau haiM- hAsya, rati, arati, bhaya, zoka, duguMchA, strIveda, puruSaveda tathA npuNskved| mithyAtva, avirati aura pramAda ye tInoM kapAya ke udaya se hI niSpanna hote haiN| ina tInoM AsravoM ke samApta ho jAne para bhI kaSAya se karma paramANuoM kA Agamana hotA rahatA hai| kaSAya ke samApta ho jAne para kevala yoga se puNyabandha hotA rahatA hai| 5. yoga : vAcaspati ne yoga kI vyAkhyA karate hue likhA hai, ki "kAya vAGmanaH krmyogH|" arthAta mana vacana kAyA ke vyApAra pravRtti arthAt sakriyatA ko yoga kahate hai| audArikAdi vargaNa yogya pudgaloM ke dvArA pravartamAna hone vAle yogoM ko kAya yoga kahate hai| matijJAnAvarNa, akSara- zrutavarNAdi karmoM ke kSayopazama se Antarika (bhAva) vAglabdha utpanna hote hI AtmA ke dvArA vacanavargaNA ke mAdhyama se jo bhASA prayukta hotI hai, use vacana yoga kahate haiN| nau indriya janma matijJAnAvarNI ke kSayopazama se mana ke pariNAmoM se AtmA ke jo pravRtti hotI hai, use manayoga kahate haiN| ye tInoM yoga Asrava kahe gae haiN| kyoMki inase karmabandha hotA hai| jaise

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jaina dArzanika siddhAnta * 205 jalAzaya meM pAnI kA Agamana nAlI, jharane Adi kisI strota se hotA hai, isI prakAra karmoM kA Agamana yoga naimittika hone se inako Asrava kahate haiN| yoga kevala dravya karma hai| yoga ke nimitta se Agamita karma do samaya se adhika nahIM rahate haiN| ataH jaba taka aSTa karmoM kA kSaya nahIM hotA taba taka yoga nimitta se karma Ate haiM, aura do samaya se svataH hI cale jAtI haiN| ye iryApathika karma kahalAte haiN| inase karmabandha nahIM hotaa| jaba yoga ke sAtha kaSAya kA saMyoga hotA hai tabhI karmabandha hotA hai| niSkarSa yaha hai, ki yoga kevala karma pudgaloM ko lAne vAlA saMvAhaka hai, kaSAya unheM uttejita karake AtmA ke sAtha bAMdha dete haiN| dravyakarma (yoga) eka prakAra kA IMdhana hai aura bhAva karma (kaSAya) Aga hai| IMdhana ekatra kara diyA jAe, lekina Aga prajvalita na ho to IMdhana kucha nahIM kara sktaa| IMdhana tabhI Aga ko bar3hAtA hai, jabaki Aga jala rahI ho| arthAta yoga ke sAtha kaSAya kA saMyoga ho tabhI karmabandha hotA hai|" isa prakAra mithyAtva se lekara yoga paryaMta se pA~coM Asrava samasta karma-bandhana ke kAraNa haiN| jIvoM kI samasta kriyAoM ko inameM samAhita kiyA gayA hai| kiMtu sAdhAraNa buddhivAle vyakti inheM hRdayaMgama nahIM kara skte| ataH jJAnAvaraNAdi jo ATha karma haiM, una samasta karmoM ke bandhana ke pRthaka-pRthaka kAraNoM kA vivecana AgamoM meM kiyA gayA hai, jo isa prakAra hai 1. jJAnAvaraNI karma bandha ke kAraNa- jJAnAvaraNIya karma bandha ke chaH kAraNa tatvArtha sUtra meM batAe gae haiM "tatpradoSa nihnava mAtsaryamantarAyAsAdanopaghAtA jJAna darzanAvaraNayoH" arthAt tat pradoSa, ninhava, matsara, antarAya, AzAtanA aura upaghAta Asrava jJAnAvaraNa va darzanAvaraNa karma ke bandha hetu haiN| (i) jJAna pradoSa- samyagjJAna athavA jJAnI kI nindA karanA unake doSa nikAlanA tathA unase pratikUlatA rkhnaa| (ii) jJAna nihnava- jJAnI tathA jJAna ke sAdhanoM kA apalopana krnaa| jJAnadAtA guru ke nAma ko chupAnA, unake viruddha jJAna kA pracAra karanA, jJAna ke sAdhana pustaka Adi hote hue bhI kahanA, ki nahIM hai aadi| (iii) jJAna-mAtsarya - jJAna tathA jJAnI ke prati IrSyA-dveSa rkhnaa| (iv) jJAna-antarAya - kisI ke jJAna prApti meM bAdhA pahu~cAnA, antarAya DAlanA, pustaka Adi jJAna ke sAdhanoM ko chupA denaa| jJAna-AzAtanA - jJAnI yA jJAna ke sAdhanoM kI avahelanA karanA, apamAna karanA, unakI avinaya AzAtanA hai| jJAnI ko duHkhI karanA, pustakeM jalA denA, phAr3a denA, phaiMka denA Adi ceSTAe~ bhI jJAnAsAdana haiN|

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206 jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana (vi) jJAna - visaMvAda ( upaghAta ) - jJAna ke sAdhanoM ko naSTa karanA / jJAnI ke vacanoM meM visaMvAda karanA yA virodha dikhAnA / apane mithyAmata ko satya siddha karane kA prayAsa karanA jJAna upaghAta hai / 2. darzanAvaraNIya karmabandha ke kAraNa : darzanAvaraNIya karmabandha ke bhI ye chaH kAraNa haiM (i) darzana- pradoSa samyagdarzana athavA darzanI kI nindA karanA, doSa nikAlanA, aura unake darzana se pratikUlatA rkhnaa| (ii) darzana - nihnava darzana yA samyagdRSTi kA apalopana karanA unakA nAma chupAnA aura unake viruddha darzana kA pracAra karanA / 1 (iii) darzana - mAtsarya - samyagdarzana evaM samyagdRSTi ke prati IrSyA dveSa rakhanA / (vi) darzanAntarAya - samyagdRSTi banane meM antarAya (bAdhA) ddaalnaa| (v) darzana - azAtana samyagdarzanI va darzana kI avahelanA karanA, apamAna karanA / (vi) darzana upaghAta - samyagdarzana va darzana ke vacanoM kA virodha karanA, visaMvAda karanA tathA mithyAdarzana ko pratiSThita karane kA prayAsa karanA / 3. vedanIya - karmabandha ke kAraNa : vedanIya karma do prakAra ke hote haiM1. sAtA vedanIya 2 asaataavedniiy| donoM prakAra ke karma-bandhana ke chaH-chaH kAraNa batAe gae haiM - 1. sAtAvedanIya karma-bandha ke kAraNa "" 'bhUta - vratyAnukampA - dAnaM sarAga-saMyamAdi-yogaH kSAntiH zocamiti savedyasya / ' 19129 arthAta bhUtAnukampA vratI anukampA, dAna, sarAga saMyama, kSamA aura zoca sAtAvedanIya karmabandha ke kAraNa haiN| (i) bhUtAnukampA - cAroM gatiyoM ke samasta jIvoM para dayA bhAva rakhanA / jaisA ki bhagavatI sUtra meM likhA hai, ki prANiyoM para anukampA rakhane se bhUtoM (vanaspati kAyika jIvoM) para anukampA karane se, jIvoM (paMcendriya jIvoM) para anukampA karane se tathA satvoM (sthAvara jIvoM) para anukampA karane se aura bahuta se prANa bhUta, jIvoM, satvoM ko dukha na dene se, zoka na karane se, na rulAne se, na mArane-pITane se aura na paritApita karane se jIva sAtAvedanIya karmabandha karate haiM / 130 (ii) vratI - anukampA - jina vyaktiyoM ne vrata niyama Adi grahaNa kie haiMjo sarvavirata sAdhuvarga haiM athavA deza virata zrAvaka varga haiM, unheM sahayoga denA, unakI sevA - suzruSA karanA, unake prati zraddhAbhAva rakhanA, unheM

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jaina dArzanika siddhAnta * 207 AhArapAnI kI sAtA pahu~cAnA, jisase ve AtmasAdhanA meM dRr3ha raha skeN| (iii) dAna- niSkAma bhAva se vinamratA pUrvaka AhAra dAna, auSadhadAna, jJAnadAna aura abhaya dAna denA dAna hai| (iv) sarAga-saMyamAdi yoga- isake antargata cAra bAteM samAviSTa haiM1. sarAga saMyama- sAdhuvarga kA rAgabhAva yukta sNym| saMyamAsaMyama- zrAvaka varga kA dharma, jisameM saMyama aura asaMyama kA milAjulA rupa ho| akAma nirjarA- vaha nirjarA, jisameM paravazatA se anicchA se, bhayAdi prerita hokara tapa, tyAga yA kaSTa sahana kiyA jaae| bAla tapa - tatvajJAna se rahita mithyAjJAna yA ajJAna se prerita kAyAkaSTa Adi tp| ina cAroM kA mana-vacana-kAyA ke yoga se sampRkta honaa| (v) zAnti- kaSAya para vijaya prApta karake kSamA, sahanazIlatA va sahiSNutA ko dhAraNa krnaa| (vi) zauca- pavitratA arthAt nirlobha se Antarika bhAvanAtmaka shuddhi| uparyukta kAraNoM ke viparIta karma se asAtAvedanIya karma-bandha hote haiM ye bhI cha: "duHkha-zoka-tApAkrandana-vadha-parivedanAnyatma-parobhaya sthaanysvedysy|137 1. duHkha - bhaya yA pIr3A kA anubhava honaa| 2. zoka- iSTa vastu yA vyakti ke viyoga aura aniSTa vastu yA vyakti ke saMyoga hone para cintA, kSobha, vyagratA honaa| 3. tApa- nindA, apamAna Adi se mana meM saMtApa honaa| 4. Akrandana- duHkha, bhaya, viparIta paristhiti se pIr3ita hokara ronA, cillanA, vilApa krnaa| 5. vadha- para prANa, bhUta, jIva, satvoM ko pIr3ita karanA, tAr3anA, mAranA pITanA, kaTU-vacana bolanA, vadha karanA aadi| 6. parivedana- gir3agir3AnA, dInatA pradarzita karanA, AMsU bahAkara apanI hInatA prakaTa krnaa| ina 6 kAraNoM se asAtA vedanIya karmabandha hotA hai, ina kriyAyoM kI tIvratA mandatA ke anusAra inake 12 prakAra ho jAte haiN| ___4. mohanIya karma-bandha ke kAraNa : sAmAnya tathA mohanIya karmabandha cha: kAraNoM se hotA hai- 1. tIvra krodha 2. tIvramAna, 3. tIvramAyA, 4. tIvralobha, 5. tIvradarzana moha (aviveka) 6. tIvra cAritra moha (azubhAcaraNa), tIvra mithyAtva Adi

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208 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana kaSAyoM kI pravRtti se mohanIya karma baMdhate haiN| isI prakAra hAsya, rati-arati Adi tIvra nokaSAya bhI mohanIya karma-bandha ke kAraNa haiN| 5. AyuSya karmabandha ke kAraNa : tatvArtha sUtra meM kahA gayA hai- zIla aura vratoM se rahita honA cAroM prakAra ke AyuSya kA sAmAnya bandha hetu hai| vrata kA artha hai- ahiMsA, satya Adi pA~ca niyama tathA zIla kA artha hai- vratoM kI puSTi ke lie tIna guNavrata va cAra zikSAvratoM kA paaln| isake atirikta sthAnAMga sUtra va tatvArtha sUtra donoM meM hI devaAyu, manuSya Ayu, tiryaMca Ayu evaM narakAyu ke bandha hone ke pRthakapRthaka kAraNoM kA vivecana kiyA hai1. naraka Ayu bandha ke kAraNa- 1. mahA Arambha, 2. mahAparigraha, 3. paMcendriyavadha aura mAMsAhAra ina cAra kAraNoM se naraka Ayu kA bandha hotA hai| 2. tiryaMca Ayu bandha ke kAraNa- 1. mAyA karanA, 2. gUDha mAyA karanA, 3. asatyavacana bolanA tathA 4. kUTa mApa tola karanA Adi kAraNoM se jIva tiryaMca Ayu kA bandha karatA hai| 3. manuSya Ayu bandha ke kAraNa- 1. sarala prakRti honA 2. prakRti vinIta honA 3. dayA ke pariNAma 4. IrSyA na karanA Adi kAraNoM se manuSya Ayu kA bandha hotA hai| 4. deva Ayu bandha ke kAraNa- deva Ayu kA bandha bhI cAra kAraNoM se hotA hai1. sarAga saMyama : sAdhu dvArA rAga yukta saMyama kA pAlana krnaa| 2. saMyamA saMyama : zrAvaka caryA kA pAlana karanA saMyama aura asaMyama kI mizrita avasthA 3. bAla tapasyA : ajJAnI yA mithyAtvI kI tpsyaa| 4. akAma nirjarA tapa : mokSa kI icchA ke binA kI jAne vAlI tpsyaa| 6. nAma karma bandha ke kAraNa : nAma karma bandha zubha tathA azubha rupa se do prakAra se hotA hai| donoM kA bandha cAra-cAra kAraNoM se hotA hai - zubha nAma karma bandha ke kAraNa : 1. kAyA kI saralatA : zarIra ke dvArA koI kapaTa pUrNa pravRtti na krnaa| 2. bhAva kI saralatA : manobhAvoM ko chala-kapaTa se dUra rkhnaa| 3. bhASA kI saralatA : bolate samaya kapaTa kA Azraya na lenaa| 4. avisaMvAdana yoga : mana-vacana -kAyA ke vyApAroM meM ekarupatA honaa| uparyukta kAraNoM se zubha nAma karma kA bandha hotA hai| isake viparIta kAyA, bhAva va bhASA kI kuTilatA se tathA visaMvAdana yoga se azubha nAma karma kA bandha hotA hai| tIrthaMkara nAma karma bandha ke kAraNa : tIrthaMkara nAmakarma bandha ke 20 kAraNa

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jaina dArzanika siddhAnta * 209 batAe gae haiM - 1-7arihanta, siddha, pravacana, guru, sthavira, bahuzruta aura tapasvI, ina sabakI bhakti, guNagAna tathA sevA krnaa| 8. nirantara jJAna meM upayoga rkhnaa| 9. niraticAra samyaktva kI ArAdhanA krnaa| 10. aticAra doSa rahita jJAnAdi vinaya kA sevana krnaa| 11. nirdoSa Avazyaka kriyAe~ krnaa| 12. mUlaguNa tathA uttara guNoM meM aticAra na lgaanaa| 13. sadA saMvega bhAva aura zubha dhyAna meM lage rhnaa| 14. tapasyA krnaa| 15. supAtradAna denaa| 16. dazavidha vaiyAvRtya (sevA) krnaa| 17. gurudeva ko samAdhi prApta ho, aise kArya krnaa| 18. nayA-nayA jJAna siikhnaa| 19. zruta kI bhakti bahumAna krnaa| 20. pravacana kI prabhAvanA krnaa| 7. gotra karma bandha ke kAraNa : gotra karma bandha ke ATha kAraNa haiM - 1. jAti, 2. kula, 3. bala, 4. rupa, 5. tapa, 6. zruta (jJAna), 7. lAbha, 8. aizvarya inakA madaahaMkAra karanA nIca gotra bandha ke kAraNa hai|" isa prakAra gotra karmabandha kA mUla kAraNa nirahaMkAratA evaM ahaMkAratA hai| isake atirikta tatvArtha sUtra meM paranindA, AtmaprazaMsA, dUsare ke sadguNoM kA AcchAdana aura svayaM ke sadguNoM kA prakAzana nIca gotra ke bandha hetu haiM tathA isake viparIta cAroM guNa uccagotra bandha ke kAraNa haiN| 8. antarAya karma bandha ke kAraNa : antarAya karma bandha ke mukhyataH pA~ca kAraNa batAe gae haiM - 1. dAna, 2. lAbha, 3. bhoga, 4. upabhoga, 5. vIrya (utsAha yA sAmarthya) ina sabameM bAdhA DAlane se antarAya karma kA bandha hotA hai|" 'vighnakaraNamantarAyasya' arthAt zubha kAryoM meM vighna ddaalnaa| antarAya karma bandha kA kAraNa hai| isa prakAra se jina karmoM kA AtmA ne bandha kara liyA hai, ve avazya hI udaya meM Ate haiM aura apanA phala dete haiN| kintu anukUla nimitta kAraNa na ho to bahuta se karma- pradezoM se hI udaya meM Akara phala diye binA hI pRthak ho jAte haiN| jaba taka phala dene kA samaya nahIM AtA taba taka baddha karmoM ke phala kI anubhUti nahIM hotii| karmoM ke udaya meM Ane para hI unake phala kA anubhava hotA hai| bandha aura udaya ke bIca kA kAla abAdhA kAla kahalAtA hai| baMdhe hue karma yadi zubha hote haiM, to una

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210 jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana karmoM kA vipAka sukhamaya hotA hai| baMdhe hue karma yadi azubha hote haiM, to udaya meM Ane para una karmoM kA vipAka duHkhamaya hotA hai / gaNadhara gautama ne mahAvIra se pUchA- bhagavana anya yUthaka isa prakAra kahate haiM, ki 'saba jIva evaMbhUta vedanA (jaisA karma bAMdhA hai, vaise hI) bhogate haiM'- yaha kisa prakAra hai? mahAvIra ne kahA- gautama anya yUthika jo isa prakAra kahate haiM, vaha mithyA hai| maiM isa prakAra kahatA hU~, ki kaI jIva evaMbhUta vedanA bhogate haiM, aura kaI anaevaMbhUta vedanA bhI bhogate haiM / "" sthAnAMga meM caturbhaMgI haiM 1. eka karma zubha hai aura usakA vipAka bhI zubha hai, 2. eka karma zubha hai, kintu vipAka azubha hai, 3. eka karma azubha hai, kintu usakA vipAka zubha hai, 4. eka karma azubha hai aura usakA vipAka bhI azubha hai| 12 jijJAsA hotI hai, ki usakA mUla kAraNa kyA hai? jaina karma siddhAMta isakA samAdhAna karatA hai, ki isakA kAraNa karma kI vibhinna avasthAe~ haiM / mukhya rUpa se inheM gyAraha bhedoM meM vibhakta kiyA jA sakatA hai 1. bandha, 2. sattA, 3. udvartana - utkarSa, 4. apavartana - apakarSa, 5. saMkramaNa, 6. udaya, 7. udIraNA, 8. upazamana, 9. nidhatti, 10. nikAcita va 11. abAdhAkAla / - 1. bandha : AtmA ke sAtha karma pudgaloM kA sambandha honA, nIra-kSIravat eka meka ho jAnA bandha hai / 43 gommaTasAra meM bhI karmoM ke sambandha ko bandha kahA gayA hai| " SaTdarzana samuccaya meM bhI isI Azaya se milatA-julatA lakSaNa diyA gayA hai - zubhaazubhakarmoM kA grahaNa karanA hI karmoM kA bandha iSTa hai / " 145 niSkarSa yaha hai, ki jaba AtmA ke pradezoM se pudgaladravya ke karma yogya paramANu mila jAte haiM, taba AtmA kA apanA svarUpa aura zakti vikRta ho jAtI hai / vaha apanI zakti ke anurUpa kArya karane meM svataMtra nahIM rahatI, yahI usakA bandha hai / jIva ke asaMkhya pradeza haiM / mithyAtva, avrata, pramAda, kaSAya aura yoga ke nimitta se jIva ke asaMkhyAta pradezoM meM kampanna paidA hotA hai / isa kampana ke phalasvarUpa jisa kSetra meM Atma pradeza haiM, usa kSetra meM vidyamAna anantAnanta karmayogya pudgala jIva ke eka-eka pradeza ke sAtha cipaka jAte haiM / sakaSAya hone se jIva pradezoM ke sAtha ina karma pudgaloM kA isa prakAra cipaka jAnA (bandha jAnA) hI bandha kahalAtA hai|" isa prakAra AtmapradezoM ke sAtha bandha ko prApta kArmaNa vargaNA ke pudgala hI karma kahalAte haiM / isa saMsAra meM aisA koI sthAna nahIM jahA~ karma vargaNA ke pudgala na ho| prANI kAyika, mAnasika evaM vAcika pravRtti karatA hai aura kaSAya ke uttApa se uttapta hotA hai / ataH vaha karmayogya pudgaloM ko sarvadizAoM se grahaNa karatA hai| jIva ke karmabandha cAra prakAra se hotA hai 1. prakRti, 2. sthiti, 3. anubhava evaM 4. pradeza / 7 147 1 1. prakRti-baMdha : yogoM kI pravRtti dvArA grahaNa kie gae karma paramANu jJAna ko AvRta karanA, darzana ko Acchanna karanA, sukha-duHkha kA anubhava karAnA Adi vibhinna

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jaina dArzanika siddhAnta * 211 aSTa karma pravRtiyoM ke rUpa meM pariNata hote haiN| ise hI prakRti baMdha kahate haiN| AtmA ke sAtha baddha hone se pUrva kArmaNa vargaNA ke jo pudgala ekarUpa the, baddha hone ke sAtha hI unameM nAnA prakAra ke svabhAva utpanna ho jAte haiN| arthAt karmoM kI vividha prakRtiyoM jJAnAvaraNIya, darzanAvaraNIya, vedanIya, mohanIya, AyuSya, nAma, gotra, antarAya Adi kI utpatti ko Agamika bhASA meM prakRti bandha kahate haiM / 10 ____ 2. pradeza bandha : AtmA ke asaMkhyAta pradeza hote haiM, una asaMkhya pradezoM meM se eka-eka pradeza para anantAnanta karma pradezoM kA bandha honA pradeza bandha hai| pradeza bandha yogoM kI caMcalatA meM taratamatA anusAra nyUnAdhika hotA hai| yogoM kI pravRtti manda hogI to paramANuoM kI saMkhyA bhI kama hogI tathA yogoM kI pravRtti tIvra hogI to jIva dvArA grahaNa kie jAne vAle karma pudgaloM kI saMkhyA bhI adhika hogii| arthAt karma baMdha adhika prabala hogaa| isa prakAra Atma pradezoM aura karma pudgaloM ke pradezoM kA sambandha pradeza bandha hai| 3. sthiti baMdha : prakRti baMdha tathA pradeza baMdha ye donoM kevala yogoM kI pravRti se hI hote haiN| kintu yogoM ke sAtha kaSAya kI jo pravRtti hotI hai, usase AtmA ke sAtha baMdhe karma pudgaloM meM kAlika maryAdA nirmita hotI hai| yaha kAla maryAdA hI Agamika bhASA meM sthiti baMdha kahalAtA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM AtmA ke dvArA grahaNa kI gaI jJAnAvaraNa Adi karma pudgaloM kI rAzi kitane kAla taka Atma pradezoM meM rahegI pazcAta udaya meM AyegI aura apanA phala degI, usakI yaha maryAdA sthiti bandha hai| sAmAnya rUpa se vaha sthiti do prakAra batAyI gayI hai - utkRSTa sthiti aura jaghanya sthiti| utkRSTa sthiti kA artha hai - prApta zarIra yA bhava meM sthita rahane kA adhikatama kaal| jaghanya sthiti kA artha hai kama se kama kAla taka zarIra yA bhava meM avasthita rhnaa| sabhI ATha karmoM kI utkRSTa evaM jaghanya sthiti unake sAtha saMyukta kaSAyoM kI nyUnAdhikatA ke AdhAra para nirdhArita hotI hai| anantAnubandhI krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha, apratyAkhyAnAvaraNa kaSAya catuSka, pratyAkhyAnAvaraNa kaSAya catuSka tathA saMjvalana kaSAya catuSka ina cAroM kaSAya catuSkoM meM se jinakA karma ke sAtha saMyoga hotA hai, usI prakAra se karma kA sthiti baMdha hotA hai| anantAnubaMdhI catuSka kI sthiti yAvajIvana kI, apratyAkhyAnI catuSka kI eka varSa kI, pratyAkhyAnI catuSka kI cAra mAha kI aura saMjvalana kaSAya kI sthiti eka pakSa kI hai| ___4. anubhAga baMdha : anubhAga kA artha hai phaladAna shkti| 'vipAko'nubhAvaH, sa ythaanaam| __niyamasAra meM isa prakAra vivecana kiyA gayA hai, ki zubhAzubha karma kI nirjarA ke samaya sukha-duHkha rUpa phala dene kI zakti vAlA bandha anubhAga bandha hai|" mUlAcAra

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212 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana meM kahA hai-jJAnAvaraNIyAdi karmoM kA jo kaSAyAdi-pariNAma janita zubha athavA azubha rasa hai, vaha anubhAga bandha hai| anubhAga bandha do prakAra ke hote haiM - tIvra tathA mnd| ye donoM prakAra ke anubhAga bandha zubha prakRtiyoM meM bhI hote haiM aura azubha prakRtiyoM meM bhii| saMklezapariNAmoM se azubha prakRtiyoM meM tIvra anubhAga bandha hotA hai tathA zubha bhAvoM se zubha prakRtiyoM meM tIvra anubhAga bandha hotA hai| isI prakAra zubha bhAvoM se azubha prakRtiyoM meM manda anubhAga bandha hotA hai aura saMklezabhAvoM se zubha prakRtiyoM meM manda anubhAga bandha hotA hai| isa prakAra kaSAyoM kI taratamatA se vipAka nirdhArita hotA hai| sthiti baMdha tathA anubhAga baMdha meM yogoM ke sAtha kaSAya kI pravRtti hone se ye saMsAra abhivRddhi ke kAraNa haiN| 2. sattA : Abaddha karma apanA phala pradAna karake jaba taka AtmA se pRthak nahIM ho jAte, taba taka ve AtmA se hI sambaddha rahate haiN| AtmA meM karma kI sattA kA vidyamAna honA hI sattA kahA jAtA hai| arthAt karma kA bandha hone se phalodaya taka ve AtmA meM vidyamAna rahate haiM, use hI jaina dArzanika sattA kahate haiN| 3. udvartana-utkarSa : AtmA ke sAtha Abaddha karma kI sthiti aura anubhAga baMdha tatkAlIna pariNAmoM meM pravAhamAna kaSAya kI tIvra evaM maMda dhArA ke anurUpa hotA hai| usake pazcAt kI sthiti vizeSa ke kAraNa usa sthiti evaM rasa meM vRddhi honA udvartanautkarSa hai| arthAt baddha karma ke maryAdA kAla evaM phala meM vRddhi honaa| ___4. apavartana apakarSa : pUrvabaddha karma kI sthiti aura anubhAga ko kAlAntara meM navIna karmabandha karate samaya nyUna kara denA apavartana-apakarSa haiN| arthAt baddha karma kI kAla maryAdA va phala ko kama kara denaa| isa prakAra udvartana utkarSa se apavartanaapakarSa, bilkula viparIta hai| udvartana aura apavartana ke niyama yaha pratipAdita karate haiM, ki Abaddha karma kI sthiti aura anubhAga ekAntataH niyata nahIM hai, unameM adhyavasAyoM kI prabalatA se parivartana bhI ho sakatA hai| kabhI-kabhI aisA hotA hai, ki prANI azubha karma kA baMdha karake zubha kArya meM pravRtta ho jAtA hai| usakA asara pUrvabaddha azubha karmoM para par3atA hai, jisase usa lambI kAla maryAdA aura vipAka zakti meM nyUnatA ho jAtI hai| isI prakAra pUrva meM zreSTha kArya karake pazcAt nikRSTa kArya karane se pUrvabaddha puNya karma kI sthiti evaM anubhAga meM mandatA A jAtI hai| sArAMza yaha hai ki, saMsAra ko ghaTAne bar3hAne kA AdhAra pUrvakRta karma kI apekSA vartamAna adhyavasAyoM para vizeSa nirbhara karatA hai| ___5. saMkramaNa : eka prakAra ke karma-paramANuoM kI sthiti kA kisI dUsare prakAra ke karma-paramANuoM kI sthiti ke rUpa meM parivartita ho jAne kI prakriyA ko saMkramaNa kahate haiN| saMkramaNa ke cAra prakAra haiM- 1. prakRtti saMkramaNa 2. sthiti saMkramaNa

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jaina dArzanika siddhAnta * 213 3. anubhAga saMkramaNa 4. pradeza sNkrmnn| ___isa prakAra ke saMkramaNa kI kucha nizcita maryAdAe~ haiN| udaya meM Ane para pratyeka karma apanI mUla prakRti ke anusAra hI phala pradAna karate haiN| unakI mUla prakRti meM koI parivartana nahIM hotA hai| kintu uttara prakRtiyA~ parivartanIya hotI haiN| eka karma kI uttara prakRti usI karma kI anya uttara prakRti ke rUpa meM parivartita ho sakatI hai| jaise matijJAnAvaraNa karma zrutajJAnAvaraNa karma ke rupa meM pariNata ho sakatA hai| phira usakA phala bhI zruta-jJAnAvaraNa ke rupa meM hI hogaa| kintu uttara prakRtiyoM meM bhI kitanI hI prakRtiyA~ aisI haiM, jo sajAtIya hote hue bhI saMkramaNa nahIM karatI jaise- darzana mohanIya aura cAritra mohniiy| darzanamohanIya cAritramohanIya ke rupa meM tathA cAritra mohanIya darzana mohanIya ke rupa meM saMkramaNa nahIM krte| isI prakAra samyaktva vedanIya aura mithyAtva vedanIya uttara prakRtiyoM kA bhI paraspara saMkramaNa nahIM hotaa| AyuSya kI uttara prakRtiyoM kA bhI paraspara saMkramaNa nahIM hotaa| jaise nAraka AyuSya tiryaMca AyuSya ke rupa meM yA anya AyuSya ke rupa meM nahIM badala sktii| isI prakAra anya AyuSya bhii| 6. udaya : baddha karma kA phaladAna udaya hai| yadi karma apanA phala dekara nijIrNa ho jAe to phalodaya kahate haiN| aura phala ko die binA hI naSTa ho jAe to pradezodaya kahA jAtA hai| 7. udIraNA : niyata samaya se pUrva karma kA udaya meM AnA udIraNA hai| jaise samaya ke pUrva hI prayatna se Ama Adi phala pakAye jAte haiM, vaise hI sAdhanA se Abaddha karma kA niyata samaya se pUrva bhoga kara kSaya kiyA jA sakatA hai| sAmAnyataH yaha niyama hai, ki jisa karma kA udaya hotA hai, usI ke sajAtIya karma kI udIraNA hotI hai| 8. upazamana : karmoM ke vidyamAna rahate hue bhI udaya meM Ane ke lie unheM akSama banA denA upazama hai| arthAt karma kI vaha avasthA, jisameM udaya athavA udIraNA saMbhava nahIM, kiMtu urdvatana, apavartana aura saMkramaNa kI saMbhAvanA ho vaha upazamana hai| jaise aMgAre ko rAkha se isa prakAra AcchAdita kara denA, jisase vaha apanA kArya na kara ske| vaise hI upazamana kriyA se karma ko isa prakAra dabA denA, jisase vaha apanA phala nahIM de ske| kintu jaise AvaraNa ke haTate hI aMgAre jalAne lagate haiM, vaise hI upazama bhAva ke dUra hote hI upazAnta karma udaya meM Akara apanA phala denA prArambha kara dete haiN| 9. nidhatti : jisameM karmoM kA udaya va saMkramaNa na ho sake kintu udvavartana apavartana kI saMbhAvanA ho vaha nidhatti hai| jo karmabandhana gAr3hA ho, jise tor3ane meM tIvra tapa tIvra zuddha pariNAma, prAyazcita Adi kA puruSArtha karanA par3e, use nidhatta karmabandha samajhanA caahie| yaha cAra prakAra ke haiN| 1. prakRti nidhatta 2. sthiti nidhatta 3. anubhAga nidhatta tathA 4. pradeza nidhtt|

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214* jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana 10. nikAcita : jisameM udvartana-apavartana, saMkramaNa evaM udIraNA ina cAroM avasthAoM kA abhAva ho vaha nikAcita karma hai| nidhatta kie hue naye karmoM kA aisA sudRr3ha bandha ho jAnA jisase ve eka-dUsare se pRthak na ho sakeM, jisameM koI kAraNa kucha bhI parivartana na kara sake arthAt karma jisa rUpa meM baMdhe haiM, unheM usI rUpa meM bhogane par3eM, aise karma ko 'nikAcita' kahate haiN| nikAcita karmoM kI nirjarA bhoge binA nahIM hotii| yaha bhI 1. prakRti, 2. sthiti, 3. anubhAga evaM 4. pradeza rUpa se cAra prakAra ke haiN| 11. abAdhAkAla : karma baMdhane ke pazcAt eka nizcita samaya taka kisI prakAra phala na dene kI avasthA kA nAma abAdhA kAla hai| AbAdhAkAla ko jAnane kI vidhi isa prakAra hai, ki jisa karma kI sthiti jitane sAgaropama kI hai, utane hI sau varSa kA usakA abAdhAkAla hotA hai| jaise jJAnAvaraNIya karma kI sthiti tIsa koTAkoTi sAgaropama kI hai, to AbAdhAkAla tIsa sau (tIna hajAra) varSa kA hai| bhagavatI sUtra meM aSTa karma prakRtiyoM kA abAdhAkAla batAyA hai|" tathA prajJApanA meM aSTa karma kI uttara prakRtiyoM kA bhI abAdhAkAla batAyA gayA hai| jaina karma sAhitya meM ina karmoM kI avasthAoM evaM prakriyAoM kA jaisA vizeSaNa hai, vaisA anya dArzanikoM ke sAhitya meM dRSTigocara nahIM hotaa| hA~, yoga-darzana meM niyata vipAkI, aniyata vipAkI aura AvApagamana ke rUpa meM karma kI trividhA dazA kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| niyata vipAkI karma kA artha hai-jo niyata samaya para apanA phala pradAna karake naSTa ho jAtA hai| aniyata vipAkI karma kA artha hai - jo karma binA phala die hI AtmA se pRthak ho jAte haiM aura AvApagamana karma kA artha hai - eka karma kA dUsare meM mila jaanaa|" yogadarzana kI ina trividha avasthAoM kI tulanA kramazaH nikAcita, pradezodaya aura saMkramaNa ke sAtha kI jA sakatI hai| karma-vipAka ke AdhAra : jaina darzana meM kisI bhI kArya kI utpatti ke lie karma aura udyoga ye do hI nahIM, apitu pA~ca kAraNa mAne gaye haiM - 1. kAla, 2. svabhAva, 3. karma, 4. puruSArtha aura 5. niyti| cU~ki jIvana kA pratyeka kArya jIva ke apane hI pUrvakRta karmoM kA phala hotA hai| kiMtu karma-phala kI prApti svataH nahIM hotI, varan anya tattvoM ke sahayoga se hI karma apanA phala pradAna karate haiN| ataH ye pA~coM tattva (kAraNa) jAnane yogya haiM 1. kAla : puruSArtha, bhAgya yA svabhAva koI bhI kAla ke binA kArya nahIM kara sktaa| zubhAzubha karmoM kA phala turanta hI nahIM milatA, apitu kAlAMtara meM niyata samaya para hI milatA hai| eka navajAta zizu ko bolanA yA calanA sikhAne ke lie cAhe kitanA hI prayatna kiyA jAe, vaha janmate hI bolanA va calanA nahIM sIkha sktaa| vaha kAla yA samaya pAkara hI siikhegaa| rogI ko davA pIte hI ArAma nahIM milatA,

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jaina dArzanika siddhAnta * 215 samaya lagatA hai| Ama kI guThalI meM mahAvRkSa ke rUpa meM pariNata hone tathA hajAroM Ama utpanna karane kA svabhAva hai, parantu phira bhI use bone ke sAtha hI phala nahIM lagate, eka nizcita kAla pAkara hI vRkSa vikasita hokara phala pradAna karatA hai| isa prakAra pratyeka vastu ko utpanna karane vAlA, sthira karane vAlA, saMhAra karane vAlA, saMyoga meM viyoga aura viyoga meM saMyoga karane vAlA kAla hI hai| 2. svabhAva : pratyeka vastu kA apanA-apanA svabhAva hotA hai| usI ke anurUpa usameM pariNamana hotA hai| satarka kA zubha phala milatA hai, bure karma kA burA phala milatA hai| yaha karma ke svabhAva para nirbhara karatA hai| Ama kI guThalI meM aMkurita hokara vRkSa banane kA svabhAva hai| ataH mAlI kA puruSArtha kAma AtA hai, mAlika kA bhAgya phala detA hai aura kAla ke bala se aMkura Adi banate haiN| babUla kabhI Ama utpanna nahIM kara sakatA hai| 3. karma : pratyeka jIva kA jIvana svayaM usI ke karmoM dvArA nirmita hotA hai| eka hI mAM ke do bacce haiM -eka sundara va buddhimAna tathA dUsarA kurupa evaM mUrkha / aisA kyoM? kAla, puruSArtha, svabhAva ye donoM meM the, phira bheda kyoM? eka hI mA~-bApa kA raja aura vIrya eka hI garbha se utpanna eka hI vAtAvaraNa, phira antara kaisA? yaha saba karma kA prabhAva hai| jisa jIva ne pUrva janma meM acche karma kie, usako acche saMyoga prApta hue aura jisane bure karma kie usako pratikUla saMyoga mile| 4. puruSArtha : saMsAra meM paribhramaNa karAne vAlA karma hai, kintu mukta karAne kI sAmarthya karma meM nahIM hai| mukti prApta karane meM puruSArtha kI sattA calatI hai| pUrva janma ke acche udyoga aura zubha karmoM kA bandha hone para bhI vartamAna ke udyoga ke binA pUrva saMcita zubha karma bhI iSTa phala nahIM de skte| usake lie puruSArtha Avazyaka hai| ATA, pAnI aura Aga saba taiyAra hone para bhI bhAgya-bharose baiThe rahane se bhojana nahIM bntaa| parosA huA bhojana bhI binA hAtha calAe mu~ha meM nahIM jaaegaa| vartamAna meM puruSArtha kie binA koI kAma nahIM ho sakatA hai| niyati kA nirmAtA bhI puruSArtha hI hai, kiMtu nirmANa ke pazcAt vaha pUrNa svataMtra hai| phira puruSArtha kA usa para bilkula bhI jora nahIM cltaa| 5. niyati : nikAcita bandha vAle karma samUha niyati hai| jo karma Avazyaka rUpa se bhoganA par3e, jisakI sthiti athavA vipAka meM kucha bhI parivartana nahIM kiyA jA ske| usa karma ke bandhana ko nikAcita baMdha kahate haiN| jisa kArya kA phala tadnukUla puruSArtha se viparIta dizA meM jAe, usako niyati kA kArya mAnanA caahiye| puruSArtha sirpha niyati ke samakSa niSphala hotA hai| isa prakAra kisI bhI karma kA phala prApta karane ke lie ina pA~ca kAraNoM kI AvazyakatA hotI hai|

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216 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana karma bandhana se mukti kA upAya : bhAratIya darzana meM karma baMdha aura usake kAraNoM ke vivecana ke sAtha hI una karmoM se mukta hone ke sAdhanoM kA pratipAdana bhI kiyA gayA hai| AtmA nitya navIna karmoM kA bandhana karatA hai tathA purAne karmoM ko bhoga kara naSTa karatA hai| aisA koI samaya nahIM hai, jabaki jIva karma na bA~dhatA ho| taba prazna uThatA hai, ki vaha karmoM se mukta kaise hogA? uttara hai - tapa aura sAdhanA se| jaise khAna meM sonA aura miTTI donoM ekameka hote haiM, kintu tApa Adi ke dvArA jaise unheM alagaalaga kara diyA jAtA hai, vaise hI AtmA aura karmoM ko bhI samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna aura samyagcAritra rUpa ratnatraya se pRthak kiyA jA sakatA hai| jaina darzana ne nyAya-vaizeSika, sAMkhya, vedAnta, mahAyAna (bauddha) kI bhAMti ekAntarUpa se jJAna ko pramukhatA nahIM dI hai aura na ekAntarUpa se mImAMsaka darzana kI taraha kriyA-kANDa para hI bala diyA hai| kintu jJAna aura kriyA ina donoM ke samanvaya ko hI mokSa mArga mAnA hai| cAritrayukta alpajJAna hI mokSa kA hetu hai aura virAT jJAna bhI yadi cAritra rahita hai, to mokSa kA kAraNa nahIM hai| arthAt samyagjJAna evaM samyagcAritra mokSa ke hetu haiN| jahA~ ye donoM haiM vahA~ samyagdarzana avazya hotA hai| jaina AgamoM meM jJAna, darzana, cAritra aura tapa ko mokSa mArga ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai| jaina darzana meM isI mokSamArga ko ratnatraya bhI kahA hai| baddha karmoM se mukta hone ke lie sarvaprathama sAdhaka saMvara kI sAdhanA se navIna karmoM ke Agamana ko rokatA hai| AcArya hemacandra ke zabdoM meM - "jisa prakAra caurAhe para sthita bahudvAra vAle gRha meM dvAra baMda na hone para nizcaya hI raja praviSTa hotI hai aura cikanAI ke yoga se vahIM cipaka jAtI hai| yadi dvAra baMda ho to raja praviSTa nahIM hotI aura na cipakatI hai, vaise hI yogAdi AsravoM ko sarvataH avaruddha kara dene para saMvRta jIva ke pradezoM meM karma dravya kA praveza nahIM hotaa|' jisa prakAra tAlAba meM sarvadvAroM se jala kA praveza hotA hai, para dvAroM ko pratiruddha kara dene para thor3A bhI jala praviSTa nahIM hotA, vaise hI yogAdi AsravoM ko sarvataH avaruddha kara dene para saMvRtta jIva ke pradezoM meM karma dravya kA praveza nahIM hotaa| jisa prakAra naukA meM chidroM se jala praveza pAtA hai aura chidroM ko roka dene para thor3A bhI jala praviSTa nahIM hotaa| vaise hI yogAdi AsravoM ko sarvataH avaruddha kara dene para saMvRta jIva ke pradezoM meM karma dravya kA praveza nahIM hotaa| isa prakAra sAdhaka saMvara ke dvArA Agantuka karmoM ko rokane ke sAtha-sAtha nirjarA kI sAdhanA se pUrva saMcita karmoM kA kSaya karatA hai| karmoM kA eka deza se AtmA se chUTanA nirjarA hai| jaba AtmA sampUrNa karmoM ko sarvato bhAvena naSTa kara detA hai, taba vaha siddha, buddha aura mukta ho jAtA hai| jaba AtmA eka bAra pUrNa rUpa se karmoM se vimukta ho jAtA hai, to phira vaha kabhI karmabaddha nahIM hotaa| kyoMki usa avasthA meM

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jaina dArzanika siddhAnta * 217 karma bandha ke kAraNoM kA sarvathA abhAva ho jAtA hai| jaise bIja jala jAne para usase punaH aMkura kI utpatti nahIM hotI, vaise hI karma rUpI bIja ke sampUrNa jala jAne para saMsAra rUpI aMkura kI utpatti nahIM hotii| isase spaSTa hai, ki jo AtmA karmoM se baMdhA ho vaha unase mukta bhI ho sakatA hai| karmavAda eka apUrva dena : karmavAda kA siddhAnta bhAratIya darzana kI aura vizeSa rUpa se jaina darzana kI vizva ko eka apUrva aura alaukika dena hai| mAnava jIvana vighna-bAdhA, duHkha aura vipattiyoM se bharA huA hai| inase mana caMcala ho jAtA hai, mAnava ghabarA jAtA hai| vyakti bAhya nimitta kAraNoM ko duHkha kA pradhAna kAraNa samajhakara unhIM ko kosatA hai| aisI jaTila paristhiti meM karmavAda kA siddhAnta hI unakA sahI mArga prazasta kara sakatA hai| usakA prathama ghoSa hai - AtmA apane bhAgya kA nirmAtA svayaM hai| sukha-duHkha usI ke kie hue karmoM kA phala hai| koI bhI bAharI zakti kisI bhI jIva ko sukha duHkha nahIM de sktii| vaha to sirpha nimitta mAtra bana sakatI hai| isa vizvAsa ke dRr3ha hone para AtmA duHkha aura vipatti ke samaya ghabarAtI nahIM varan dhairyapUrvaka sAmanA karatI hai| isa prakAra karmavAda hameM nirAzA se bacAtA hai, duHkha sahane kI zakti detA hai aura mana ko zAMta evaM sthira rakhakara pratikUla paristhitiyoM kA sAmanA karane kI zakti pradAna karatA hai| isa siddhAnta ne mAnava ko anukUla aura pratikUla paristhiti meM dIpaka kI lau kI taraha nahIM, apitu dhruva kI taraha aTala rahane kI prareNA dI hai| jana-jana ke mana meM se zvAnavRtti ko haTAkara siMhavRtti jAgRta kI hai| karmavAda kI mahattA ke sambandha meM DaoNkTara meksamUlara ne kahA hai - ___ 'yaha to nizcita hai, ki karma mata kA asara manuSya jIvana para behada huA hai| yadi kisI manuSya ko yaha mAlUma par3e, ki vartamAna aparAdha ke sivAya bhI mujhako jo kucha bhoganA par3atA hai, vaha mere pUrva janma ke karma kA hI phala hai, to vaha purAne karja ko cukAne vAle manuSya kI taraha zAnta bhAva se usa kaSTa ko sahana kara legA aura vaha manuSya itanA bhI jAnatA ho, ki sahanazIlatA se purAnA karja cukAyA jA sakatA hai tathA usI se bhaviSya ke lie nidhi kI samRddhi ekatra kI jA sakatI hai, to usako bhalAI ke rAste para calane kI preraNA apane Apa hI hogii| acchA yA burA koI bhI karma naSTa nahIM hotA, yaha nItizAstra kA mata aura padArtha zAstra kA balasaMrakSaNa sambandhI mata samAna hI hai| donoM matoM kA Azaya itanA hI hai, ki kisI kA nAza nahIM hotaa| kisI bhI nItizikSA ke astItva ke sambandha meM kitanI hI zaMkA kyoM na ho para yaha nirvivAda siddha hai, ki karmamata sabase adhika jagaha mAnA jAtA hai| usase lAkhoM manuSyoM ke kaSTa kama hue haiM aura usI mata se manuSyoM ko vartamAna saMkaTa jhelane kI zakti paidA karane tathA bhaviSya jIvana ko sudhArane meM uttejana milA hai|163

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218* jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana isa prakAra jaina darzana kA karmavAda kA siddhAnta adbhUta, ananya aura aparAjeya hai| isa vaijJAnika yuga meM bhI yaha eka cirantana jyoti ke rUpa meM mAnava-mAtra ke patha ko Alokita kara sakatA hai| anekAntavAda : dArzanika jagat ko jaina darzana kI maulika evaM asAdhAraNa dena hai, usameM anekAntavAda kA siddhAnta sarvopari hai| anekAntavAda jaina darzana kI eka vilakSaNa sUjha hai, jo vAstavika satya kA sAkSAtkAra karane meM sahAyaka hai| yaha jaina darzana kI ciMtana dhArA kA mUla srota hai, jaina darzana kA hRdaya hai| jaina vAGgamaya kA eka bhI vAkya aisA nahIM, jisameM anekAntavAda kA prANa tattva na rahA ho| AcArya siddhasena divAkara ne apane sanmati prakaraNa grantha meM anekAntavAda ko namaskAra karate hue use tribhuvana kA, akhila brahmANDa kA guru kahA hai| anekAnta ke binA saMsAra kA koI bhI vyavahAra kabhI ThIka rUpa se siddha nahIM ho sakatA hai| .. sAMkhya darzana kA pUrNa vikAsa prakRti aura puruSavAda meM huA hai| vedAnta darzana kA utkRSTa vikAsa cid advaita meM huA hai| bauddha darzana kA mahAn vikAsa vijJAnavAda meM huA hai| vaise hI jaina darzana kA carama vikAsa anekAntavAda evaM syAdavAda meM huA hai| anekAnta kA pratipAdaka vAda syAdvAda kahalAtA hai| syAdvAda pada meM do zabda haiM - syAt aura vaad| 'syAt' zabda tiGanta pada jaisA pratIta hotA hai, kintu vAstava meM yaha eka avyaya hai, jo 'kathaMcita, kisI apekSA se, amuka dRSTi se' isa artha kA dyotaka hai| vAda zabda kA artha siddhAnta, mata yA pratipAdana karanA hotA hai| isa prakAra syAdavAda pada kA artha huA sApekSa-siddhAnta, apekSAvAda, kathaMcitvAda yA vaha siddhAnta jo vividha dRSTi binduoM se vastutattva kA nirIkSaNaparIkSaNa karatA hai| yaha sarvavidita satya hai, ki pratyeka vastu ananta dharmAtmaka hai, usake asaMkhya pahalU haiN| aisI paristhiti meM kisI eka zabda dvArA kisI eka dharma ke kathana se vastu kA samagra svarUpa pratipAdita nahIM hotaa| taba samagra svarUpa ke prAmANika pratipAdana ke lie eka hI mArga hai, ki vastu ke kisI eka dharma ko mukhya rUpa se kahA jAye aura zeSa dharmoM ko gauNa rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA jaae| vastutaH anekAnta dRSTi virAT vastu tattva ko jAnane kA yahI mArga apanAtI hai, jo vivakSita dharma ko jAnakara bhI anya dharmoM kA niSedha nahIM karatI, varan unheM gauNa yA avivakSita kara detI hai| isa prakAra anekAnta dvArA vastu kA koI bhI aMza - hI chUTatA hai, mukhya-gauNa bhAva se vastu kA saMpUrNa vivecana ho jAtA hai| sAmAnyatayA anekAntavAda aura syAdvAda ko paryAyavAcI mAna liyA jAtA hai| kiMtu sUkSma dRSTi se vicAra karane para yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai, ki donoM meM pratipAdya

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jaina dArzanika siddhAnta * 219 pratipAdaka saMbaMdha hai| isa virATa ananta dharmAtmaka vastu ko svayaM jAnane kI paddhatianekAnta dRSTi hai| isI jJAna ko dUsaroM ko samajhAne kI zabda-prayoga kI praNAlI syAdvAda hai| arthAt anekAntAtmaka vastu ko bhASA dvArA pratipAdita karane vAlA siddhAMta syAvAda kahalAtA hai| isa prakAra syAdavAda zruta hai aura anekAntavAda vastugata tattva hai| AcArya samanta bhadra ne use spaSTa kiyA hai - 'syAdvAda aura kevala jJAna donoM hI vastutattva ke prakAzaka haiN| bheda itanA hI hai, ki kevalajJAna vastu kA sAkSAt jJAna karAtA hai, jabaki syAdvAda zruta hone se asAkSAt jJAna karAtA hai|" padArtha meM vyApta vividha guNa, dharmoM ko jAnanA utanA kaThina nahIM hai, jitanA ki zabdoM ke dvArA unakA kathana karanA, kyoMki eka jJAna aneka dharmoM ko eka sAtha jAna to sakatA hai, kintu eka zabda eka samaya meM una sabhI dharmoM kA kathana nahIM kara sakatA hai| vaha eka samaya meM vastu ke kisI eka hI dharma kA AMzika kathana kregaa| isa prakAra jisa dharma kI vacana prayoga ke samaya vivakSA hotI hai, vaha dharma mukhya aura dUsare dharma gauNa kahalAte haiN| vaktA ke vacana vyavahAra ke dRSTikoNoM ko samajhane meM zrotA ko koI viparyAsa na ho, yahI syAdavavAda kA Azaya hai| arthAt syAdvAda bhASA kI aisI zailI hai, jo vastu ke svarUpa ko nirdoSa rUpa se vivecita karatI hai| sva tathA para ke vicAroM, mantavyoM, vacanoM tathA kAryoM meM tanmUlaka vibhinna apekSAoM yA dRSTikoNoM kA dhyAna rakhate hue vastu kA apekSA vizeSa se kathana karane kI paddhati syAdvAda hai| AcArya hemacandra ne ise bahuta acchI taraha samajhAyA hai| syAdavAda dRSTi vividha apekSAoM se eka hI vastu meM nityatA, anityatA, sadRzatA, visadRzatA, vAcyatA, avAcyatA, sattA, asattA Adi paraspara viruddha se pratIta hone vAle dharmoM kA avirodha pratipAdana karake unakA sundara evaM buddhi saMgata samanvaya prastuta karatI hai| syAdvAda viziSTa bhASA paddhati : syAdvAda sunaya kA nirupaNa karane vAlI viziSTa bhASA paddhati hai| 'syAt' zabda yaha nizcita rUpa se batAtA hai, ki 'vastu kevala isI dharma vAlI hI nahIM hai, usameM isake atirikta bhI aneka dharma samAna hai|' vastu ke avivakSita guNadharmoM ke astitva kI rakSA 'syAt' zabda karatA hai| 'rupavAna ghaTaH' meM syAt zabda 'rupavAna' ke sAtha nahIM juTatA, kyoMki rUpa ke astItva kI sUcanA to 'rupavAna' zabda svayaM hI de rahA hai, kintu anya avivakSita zeSa dharmoM ke sAtha usakA anvaya hai| vaha 'rupavAna' ko pUre ghar3e para adhikAra jamAne se rokatA hai aura sApha kaha detA hai, ki ghar3A bahuta bar3A hai, isameM ananta dharma hai| rUpa bhI usameM se eka hai| yadyapi rUpa kI vivakSA hone se abhI rUpa hamArI dRSTi meM mukhya hai aura vahI zabda ke dvArA vAcya bana rahA hai| lekina rasa kI vivakSA hone para vaha gauNa sthAna para

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220 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana A jAyegA aura rasa pradhAna bana jaaegaa| isa prakAra samasta zabda gauNa mukhya bhAva se anekAnta artha ke pratipAdaka haiN| isI satya kA udghATana 'syAt' zabda sadaiva karatA rahatA hai| "syAt' eka sajaga praharI hai, jo uccarita dharma ko idhara-udhara nahIM jAne detaa| vaha avivakSita dharmoM ke adhikAra kA saMrakSaka hai| isalie jo loga syAt kA rupavAna ke sAtha anvaya karake aura usakA zAyada, saMbhavataH athavA kadAcita artha karake ghar3e meM rupa kI sthiti ko bhI saMdigdha banAnA cAhate haiM, ve vastutaH pramAda bhrama meM haiN| isI prakAra 'syAdasti ghaTaH' vAkya meM 'asti' yaha astitva aMza ghaTa meM sunizcita rUpa se vidyamAna hai| 'syAt' zabda usa astitva kI sthiti kamajora nahIM bnaataa| varan usakI vAstavika AMzika sthiti kI sUcanA dekara anya nAsti Adi dharmoM ke gauNa sadbhAva kA pratinidhitva karatA hai| use Dara hai, ki kahIM asti nAma kA dharma, jise zabda se uccArita hone ke kAraNa pramukhatA milI hai, pUrI vastu para hI adhikAra na kara le, anya nAsti Adi dharmoM kA sthAna samApta hI na kara de| isa bhaya kA kAraNa hai, ki prAcIna kAla se 'nitya hI hai' 'anitya hI hai' Adi AdhikArika prakRti ke aMzavAkyoM ne vastu para pUrNa adhikAra jamAkara anadhikAra ceSTA kI hai aura jagata meM aneka prakAra se vitaNDA aura saMgharSa utpanna kiye haiN| isake phalasvarUpa padArtha ke sAtha to anyAya huA hI hai| sAtha hI isa vAda-prativAda ne aneka kumatavAdoM kI sRSTi karake ahaMkAra, hiMsA, saMgharSa, anudAratA, asahiSNutA Adi se vizva ko azAnta aura saMgharSapUrNa hiMsA jvAlA meM paTaka diyA hai| 'syAt' zabda vAkya ke usa jahara ko nikAla detA hai, jisase ahaMkAra kA sRjana hotA hai| 'syAt' zabda eka ora eka nizcita apekSA se jahA~ astitva dharma kI sthiti sudRr3ha aura sahetuka banAtA hai, vahA~ vaha usakI usa sarvahArA pravRtti ko bhI naSTa karatA hai, jisase vaha kisI vastu kA saMpUrNa svarUpa banane kA dAvA kre| 'syAt' zabda eka aisI aMjana zalAkA hai, jo dRSTAoM kI dRSTi ko vikRta nahIM hone detI, vaha use pUrNadarzI tathA nirmala banAtI hai| isa avivakSita saMrakSaka, dRSTiviSApahArI, sacetaka praharI, ahiMsA aura satya ke pratIka, jIvanta nyAyarUpa, zabda ko sudhAmaya karane vAle tathA sunizcita apekSAdyotaka 'syAt' zabda ke svarUpa ke sAtha hamAre dArzanikoM ne nyAya to kiyA hI nahIM, kintu usake svarUpa kA 'zAyada, sambhava aura kadAcit' jaise bhraSTa paryAyoM se vikRta karane kA azobhana prayAsa kiyA hai aura Aja taka kiyA jA rahA hai| virodha-parihAra : sarvAdhika thothA tarka to yaha diyA jAtA hai, ki ghar3A jaba asti hai, to nAsti kaise ho sakatA hai? yaha to pratyakSa virodha hai| lekina thor3A sA gaharAI se socane para spaSTa ho jAtA hai, ki ghar3A kevala ghar3A hI to hai, kapar3A to nahIM, Tebala to nhiiN| tAtparya yaha hai, ki vaha ghaTa se bhinna ananta padArthoM rUpa nahIM hai|

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jaina dArzanika siddhAnta * 221 to yaha kathana galata kaise ho sakatA hai, ki ghar3A apane svarUpa se asti hai tathA svabhinna pararUpoM se nAsti hai| isa prakAra ghar3e meM ananta para rUpa kI apekSA se nAstitva hai, anyathA duniyA meM koI zakti aisI nahIM jo ghar3e ko kapar3A banane se roka sktii| yaha nAstitva dharma hI ghar3e ko ghar3e ke rUpa meM kAyama rakhatA hai| isI nAsti dharma kI sUcanA 'asti' ke prayoga kAla meM 'syAta' zabda detA hai| isI prakAra 'ghar3A samagra bhAva se eka hokara bhI apane rUpa rasa, gandha, sparza, choTA, baDA, halakA, bhArI Adi ananta guNa aura dharmoM kI dRSTi se aneka rUpoM meM dikhAI detA hai yA nahIM?' yadi aneka rUpa meM dikhAI detA hai, to yaha kathana galata kaise ho sakatA hai, ki ghar3A dravya rUpa se eka hokara bhI apane guNa dharma aura zakti Adi kI dRSTi se aneka hai| isa prakAra jaba pratyakSa se vastu meM aneka virodhI dharmoM kA spaSTa pratibhAsa hotA hai| vastu svayaM ananta virodhI dharmoM kA avirodhI krIr3A sthala hai| taba manuSya ko apanI dRSTi aura buddhi kI sImAoM ko svIkAra karate hue, vastu ke svarUpa ko vikRta rUpa meM dekhane tathA saMzaya aura virodha utpanna karane kI dhRSTatA nahIM karanI caahiye| isake lie usa mahAn 'syAt' zabda ko, jo vastu ke isa pUrNa rUpa kI jhA~kI sApekSa bhAva se batAtA hai, use svIkAra kara lenA caahiye| yahI eka sAdhana hai, jo jIva kI dRSTi ko nirmala aura vizAla banAkara ananta dharmAtmaka vizva ko samajhAne meM sakSama hai| ekAntavAda kI sthiti : kisI bhI vastu ke kisI eka hI pakSa se usake svarUpa ke viSaya meM nirNaya karanA ekAntavAda hai| anya darzanakAroM ne ananta dharmAtmaka vastu ke eka-eka dharma ko pakar3akara use hI samagra vastu mAna lene kI bhUla kI hai| jaise bauddha darzana vastu kI kSaNika paryAya ko hI samagra vastu mAna letA hai aura vastu ke dravyAtmaka nitya pakSa ko sarvathA asvIkAra karatA hai| vedAnta evaM sAMkhya darzana vastu ko sarvathA nitya-kUTastha mAnakara usakI kSaNika paryAyoM kA sarvathA niSedha karate haiN| nyAya-vaizeSika darzana yadyapi vastu meM nityatva aura anityatva donoM ko mAnate haiM, tathApi ve kisI vastu ko sarvathA nitya tathA kisI vastu ko sarvathA anitya mAnate haiN| sAtha hI ve padArtha ke nityatva aura anityatva ko padArtha se bhinna mAnate haiN| jabaki vaha vastu kA tAdAtmya svarUpa hai| ye darzanakAra paraspara virodhI evaM ekAMgI mata lekara paraspara vivAda karate haiN| unakA yaha vivAda andhagaja nyAya kI bhA~ti hai| sAta andhe vyaktiyoM ne hAthI ke paira, pU~cha, sa~Da, peTa Adi eka-eka avayava ko pakar3akara usake anusAra hI hAthI kA alaga-alaga rUpa se pratipAdana kiyA hai| eka kahane lagA hAthI mUsala jaisA hai, koI kahane lagA hAthI khaMbhe jaisA hai, koI kahane lagA rassI jaisA hai, koI kahane lagA Dhola jaisA hai| koI bhI dUsare kI bAta ko svIkAra karane ke lie taiyAra nahIM huaa| saba apanI-apanI bAta para ar3e rahe-jhagar3ate

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222* jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana rahe aura apane Apako hI sahI mAnate rhe| eka netra vAle vyakti ne una sabakI bAteM sunI aura bolA bhAiyoM Apa sabane hAthI ke eka-eka avayava ko pakar3akara vaisA hI hAthI samajha liyA hai| arthAt Apa sabakA jJAna AMzika satya hai| vAstava meM hAthI kA sahI svarUpa taba banatA hai, jabaki Apa sabakI bAtoM ko jor3a diyA jAe aura Apa saba eka dUsare kI bAta se sahamata hoN| eka-eka avayava alaga-alaga rahakara zarIra nahIM kahA jA sktaa| pUre avayava saMyukta rahakara hI zarIra kI saMjJA pAte haiN| vaise hI Apa saba logoM kA saMyukta kathana hI hAthI kA sahI rUpa hai| pRthak-pRthak rUpa se sabhI kathana mithyA haiN| alaga-alaga aMza vastu kA samagra svarUpa nahIM hai, apitu aMzoM kA samanvita svarUpa hI vastu hai| yaha samanvita dRSTi hI anekAnta athavA syAvAda hai| isa dRSTi se dekhane para khaNDita aura ekAMgI vastu ke sthAna para hameM sarvAMgINa paripUrNa vastu dRSTigocara hone lagatI hai| anekAnta dRSTi virodha kA zamana karane vAlI hai, isI kAraNa vaha pUrNa satya taka le jAtI hai| anekAntavAda kI isa viziSTatA ko hRdayaMgama karake hI jaina dArzanikoM ne use apane vicAra kA mUlAdhAra banAyA hai| jainAcAryoM ne apanI samanvayAtmaka udAra bhAvanA kA paricaya dete hue kahA hai - ekAnta vastugata dharma nahIM, varan buddhigata kalpanA hai| jaba buddhi zuddha hotI hai, to ekAnta kA nAma-nizAna nahIM rhtaa| dArzanikoM kI bhI samasta dRSTiyA~ anekAnta dRSTi meM usI prakAra vilIna ho jAtI hai, jaise vibhinna dizAoM se Ane vAlI saritAe~ sAgara meM ekAkAra ho jAtI hai| prasiddha vidvAn upAdhyAya yazovijayajI ke zabdoM meM kahA jA sakatA hai - 'saccA anekAntavAdI kisI bhI darzana se dveSa nahIM kara sktaa| vaha ekanayAtmaka darzanoM ko isa prakAra vAtsalya kI dRSTi se dekhatA hai, jaise koI pitA apane putroM ko dekhatA hai| anekAntavAdI na kisI ko nyUna aura na kisI ko adhika samajhatA hai-usakA sabake prati samabhAva hotA hai| vAstava meM saccA zAstrajJa kahalAne kA adhikArI vahI hai, jo anekAntavAda kA avalambana lekara samasta darzanoM para samabhAva rakhatA ho| madhyasthabhAva rahane para zAstra ke eka pada kA jJAna bhI saphala hai, anyathA koTi-koTi zAstroM ko par3ha lene para bhI koI lAbha nhiiN| ___ataeva ekAnta ke gandale pokhara se dUra rahakara anekAnta ke zItala svaccha sarovara meM avagAhana karanA hI ucita hai| syAdvAda kA udAra dRSTikoNa apanAne se samasta darzanoM kA sahaja hI samanvaya sAdhA jA sakatA hai| anya darzanoM para anekAnta kA prabhAva : anekAntavAda satya kA paryAyavAcI darzana hai| yadyapi katipaya bhAratIya dArzanikoM ne apanI ekAnta vicAradhArA kA samarthana karate hue anekAntavAda kA virodha bhI kiyA hai| phira bhI yaha niHsandeha kahA jA sakatA hai, ki sabhI bhAratIya darzanoM para usakI chApa nyUnAdhika rUpa meM aMkita huI hai|

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jaina dArzanika siddhAnta * 223 vAstava meM yaha itanA tarkayukta aura buddhi saMgata siddhAnta hai, ki isakI sarvathA upekSA saMbhava hI nahIM hai| saiddhAntika rUpa meM ise svIkAra na karane vAle bhI vyavahAra meM isase achUte nahIM raha ske| sarvaprathama to Rgveda ke nAsAdIya sUkta meM syAdvAda AbhAsita hotA hai| ukta sUkta ke RSi ke samakSa do mata the| koI jagata ke Adi kAraNa ko sat kahate the, to dUsare asat / isa prakAra RSi ke sAmane jaba samanvaya kI sAmagrI upasthita huI to unhoMne kaha diyA vaha sat bhI nahIM asat bhI nhiiN| unakA yaha niSedha-mukha uttara bhI eka pakSa meM pariNata ho gyaa| isa prakAra sat, asat aura anubhaya ye tIna pakSa to Rgveda jitane prAcIna siddha hote haiN| upaniSadoM meM AtmA yA brahma ko hI parama tatva mAna karake Antara-bAhya sabhI vastuoM ko usI kA prapaMca mAnane kI pravRtti dRSTigocara hotI hai| arthAt aneka virodhoM kI bhUmi brahma yA AtmA hI bnii| phalasparupa AtmA, brahma, athavA brahmarupa vizva ko RSiyoM ne aneka virodhI dharmoM se alaMkRta kiyaa| kintu jaba una virodhoM ke tArkika samanvaya meM bhI unheM pUrNa saMtoSa na huA, taba use vacanAgocara, avaktavya, avyadezya batAkara anubhavaagamya kaha diyaa| "aNoraNIyAn mahatomahIyAn " (kaTho0 1.2.20. zvetA. 3.20) "saMyuktametat kSaramakSaraM ca vyakaktAvyaktaM bharate vishvmiishH|" anIzazcAtmA (zvetA. 1.8) sadasadvareNyam (muNDako. 2.2.1) ityAdi upaniSadavAkyoM meM do virodhI dharmoM kA svIkAra kisI eka hI dharmI meM apekSA bheda se kiyA gayA hai, yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai| isI prakAra IzAvAsyopaniSada meM AtmA ke sambandha meM kahA gayA hai- tade jati tannai jati tad dUre, tadantike tadantarasya sarvasya tad sarvasyAsya bAhyaH / "' arthAt AtmA calatI bhI hai aura nahIM bhI calatI hai, dUra bhI hai aura samIpa bhI hai, vaha sabake antargata bhI hai, bAhara bhI hai| ye udgAra syAdvAda se hI prabhAvita haiN| zaMkarAcArya evaM rAmAnujAcArya bhale hI eka vastu meM aneka dharmoM kA astItva asambhava kahakara syAdvAda kA virodha karate haiM, kintu jaba ve apane mantavya kA nirupaNa karate haiM, to unheM bhI ananyagatyA syAdvAda kA AdhAra lenA hI par3atA hai| brahma ke para aura sAtha hI apara rupa kI kalpanA meM anekAnta kA prabhAva spaSTa hai| unhoMne satya kI paramArtha satya, vyavahAra satya aura pratibhAsa satya ke rupa meM jo vyAkhyA kI hai, usase anekAnta kI hI puSTi hotI hai| ve kahate haiM- dRSTaM kimapi loke'smina na nirdoSaM na nirguNam / arthAta isa loka meM dikhAI dene vAlI koI bhI vastu na nirdoSa hai aura na nirguNa hai| tAtparya yaha hai, ki pratyeka vastu meM kisI apekSA se doSa hai, to kisI apekSA se guNa bhI haiN| yaha apekSAvAda anekAntavAda kA rupa nahIM to kyA hai?

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224 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana svAmI dayAnanda sarasvatI se pUchA gayA- Apa vidvAna haiM yA avidvAna? svAmI jI ne kahA- 'dArzanika kSetra meM vidvAna aura vyApArika kSetra meM avidvaan|' yaha anekAntavAda nahIM, to kyA hai? buddha kA vibhajyavAda bhI to eka prakAra kA anekAnta hI hai| unakA madhyama mArga bhI anekAnta se pratiphalita vAda hI hai| sAMkhya eka hI prakRti ko satoguNa, tamoguNa tathA rajoguNamayI mAnakara anekAnta ko hI aMgIkAra karate haiN| pAzcAtya dArzanika pleTo Adi ne samasta vizvavartI padArthoM ko sat aura asat ina do meM samAviSTa karake samanvaya kI mahattA batalAte hue jagata kI vividhatA siddha kI hai| AinsTIna kA sApekSa siddhAnta syAdvAda kI vicAradhArA kA anusaraNa karatA hai| uparyukta udAharaNoM se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai, ki anekAntavAda eka aisA vyApaka dRSTikoNa hai, ki dArzanika jagata meM usakI upekSA nahIM kI jA sktii| kisI na kisI rUpa meM pratyeka darzana ko usakA Azraya lenA hI par3atA hai| ekAntavAda banAma anekAntavAda : anyAnya ekAMtika vicAra aura unake lie rur3ha kadAgraha, durAgraha Adi vibhinna dArzanikoM ne apane-apane dRSTikoNoM se prastuta kie haiN| ve apane dRSTikoNoM ko apanI-apanI samartha yuktiyoM, pramANoM dvArA spaSTa bhI karate haiN| kiMtu dUsare ke dRSTikoNoM ko samajhane aura unakA samanvaya karane kA prayAsa nahIM kara pAte haiN| lekina syAvAda ina ekAntika dRSTikoNoM ko samajhane kA prayatna karAne ke sAtha-sAtha samanvaya kA mArga bhI darzAtA hai| syAdvAda ne apanI 'saptabhaMgAtmaka' kathana praNAlI ke mAdhyama se eka aisI abhinava vicAra evaM vAg vyavahAra kI zailI vyakta kI hai, ki prAmANikatA kA stara bhI nirdhArita ho jAtA hai| 'vastu anekAnta rupa hai' yaha bAta thor3A gambhIra vicAra karate hI anubhava meM A jAtI hai, aura yaha bhI pratibhAsita hone lagatA hai, ki hamAre kSudrajJAna ne vastu ke virATa svarUpa ke sAtha khilavAr3a kiyA hai| padArtha bhAvarupa bhI aura abhAvarupa bhI hai| yadi sarvathA bhAvarupa mAnA jAe to prAgbhAva pradhvaMsAbhAva, anyonyA bhAva aura atyantAbhAva ina cAra abhAvoM kA lopa ho jAne se paryAyeM bhI anAdi, ananta aura sarvasaMkara rupa ho jaayeNgii| tathA eka dravya dUsare dravya rupa hokara pratiniyata dravya vyavasthA ko hI samApta kara degaa| prAgbhAva na mAnane para vastu anAdi, pradhvaMsAbhAva na mAnane para ananta, anyonyA bhAva na mAnane para sarvAtmaka aura atyantAbhAva ko svIkAra na karane para svarupahIna ho jaaegii| ataH ye abhAva sarvathA bhAvAtmaka vastu meM na hokara vastu ko kathaMcit bhASA bhAvAtmaka mAnane para hI siddha ho sakate haiN| vastu meM inakI siddhi isa

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jaina dArzanika siddhAnta * 225 prakAra ho sakatI hai __ 1. prAgbhAva : koI bhI kArya apanI utpatti se pUrva 'asat' hotA hai| vaha apane yogya kAraNoM se utpanna hotA hai| kArya kA utpatti ke pahale na honA hI prAgbhAva kahalAtA hai| yaha abhAva bhAvAntara rupa paryAya se paryAyAntara rupa hotA hai| yaha to nizcita hI hai, kisI prakAra dravya kI utpatti nahIM hotI hai| dravya to anAdi, ananta hai| unakI saMkhyA na kama hotI hai aura na adhik| utpAda dravya kA na hokara paryAya kA hotA hai| dravya apane dravya rupa se kAraNa hotA hai aura paryAya rupa se kaary| jo paryAya utpanna hone jA rahA hai, vaha utpatti ke pahale paryAya rUpa meM to nahIM hai, ataH usakA jo yaha abhAva hai vahI prAgbhAva hai| yaha prAgbhAva pUrNa paryAya rUpa meM hotA hai, ataH ghar3A paryAya jaba taka utpanna nahIM huA, taba taka vaha asat hai, aura jisa miTTI dravya se vaha utpanna hone vAlI hai, usa dravya kI ghaTa se pahale kI paryAya ghaTa kA prAgbhAva kahI jAtI hai| yAni vahI paryAya naSTa hokara ghaTa banatI hai| ataH vaha paryAya ghaTa kA prAgbhAva hai| isa prakAra pUrva paryAya hI uttara paryAya kA prAgbhAva hai| santAna paramparA se yaha prAgbhAva anAdi bhI kahA jA sakatA hai| jaise pUrva paryAya kA prAgbhAva tatpUrva paryAya hai tathA tatpUrva paryAya kA prAgbhAva usase bhI pUrva kI paryAya hogaa| isa prakAra saMtatikrama kI dRSTi se yaha anAdi hotA hai| prAgbhAva kArya-paryAya kA mAnA jAtA hai| yadi kArya paryAya kA prAgbhAva na mAnA jAye to kArya paryAya (vartamAna paryAya) mAnanA anAdi ho jAegA aura dravya meM trikAlavartI sabhI paryAyoM kA eka kAla meM prakaTa sadbhAva mAnanA hogA, jo sarvathA anubhava-viruddha hai| 2. pradhvaMsAbhAva : dravya kA vinAza nahIM hotA hai, varan paryAya kA hotA hai| ataH kAraNa paryAya kA nAza kArya paryAyarupa meM hotA hai| kAraNa naSTa hokara kArya banatA hai| koI bhI vinAza sarvathA bhAva rupa na hokara uttara paryAya rUpa hotA hai| jaise ghaTa paryAya naSTa hokara kapAla-paryAya rupa banatI hai, ataH ghaTa kA vinAza kapAla rupa hI phalita hotA hai| isakA artha yaha huA, ki pUrva paryAya kA vinAza uttara paryAya kI utpatti rUpa hotA hai| yadi pradhvaMsAbhAva na mAnA jAe to sabhI paryAyeM ananta ho jAegI, yAnI vartamAna kSaNa meM anAdi kAla se aba taka huI sabhI paryAyoM kA sadbhAva anubhava meM AnA cAhie, jo ki asaMbhava hai| vartamAna meM to eka hI paryAya anubhava meM AtI hai| ___ yaha zaMkA bhI nirmUla hai, ki 'ghaTa' kA vinAza yadi kapAla rupa hai, to kapAla kA vinAza hone para yAnI ghar3e ke vinAza kA nAza hone para phira se ghar3e kI utpatti ho jAnI caahie| kyoMki vinAza kA vinAza to sadbhAva rupa hotA hai| isakA hetu yaha hai, ki kAraNa kA upamardana karake to kArya utpanna hotA hai, parantu kArya kA upamardana hone para upAdeya kI utpatti hI sarvajana siddha hai|

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226 jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana prAgbhAva va pradhvaMsAbhAva meM aMtara : prAgbhAva aura pradhvaMsAbhAva meM upAdAnaupAdeya bhAva hai| arthAt prAgbhAva pUrva paryAya hai aura pradhvaMsAbhAva uttaraparyAya / prAgbhAva kA nAza karake pradhvaMsa utpanna hotA hai, para pradhvaMsa kA nAza karake prAgbhAva punarujjIvita nahIM ho sktaa| jo naSTa huA, vaha naSTa huA / nAza ananta hai| jo paryAya gayI vaha anantakAla ke lie gaI, phira vaha vApasa nahIM A sakatI hai / 'yadatItamatItameva tat' yaha dhruva niyama hai| yadi pradhvaMsAbhAva nahIM mAnA jAtA hai, to koI bhI paryAya naSTa nahIM hogI, sabhI paryAyeM ananta ho jAegI, ataH pradhvaMsAbhAva pratiniyata padArtha-vyavasthA ke lie nitAnta Avazyaka hai / 3. itaretarAbhAva (anyonyAbhAva ) : eka paryAya kA dUsarI paryAya meM jo abhAva hai, vaha itaretarAbhAva hai / ise anyonyAbhAva bhI kahate haiM / svabhAvAntara se svabhAva kI vyAvRtti ko anyonyAbhAva kahate haiM / pratyeka padArtha ke apane - apane svabhAva nizcita haiM / eka svabhAva dUsare svabhAva rUpa nahIM hotA / yaha to svabhAvoM kI pratiniyatatA hai, vahI anyonyAbhAva hai| isameM eka dravya kI paryAyoM kA paraspara meM jo abhAva hai, vahI anyonyAbhAva phalita hotA hai| jaise ghaTa kA paTa meM aura paTa kA ghaTa meM vartamAna kAlika abhAva / kAlAntara meM ghaTa ke paramANu miTTI, kapAsa aura tantu banakara paTa paryAya ko dhAraNa kara sakate haiN| para vartamAna meM to ghaTa paTa nahIM ho sakatA hai| yaha jo vartamAna kAlIna paraspara vyAvRtti hai, yahI anyonyA bhAva hai| prAgbhAva aura pradhvaMsAbhAva se anyonyAbhAva kA kArya nahIM calAyA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki jisake abhAva meM niyama se kArya kI utpatti ho, vaha prArabhAva aura jisake hone para niyama se kAraNa kA nAza hotA hai, vaha pradhvaMsAbhAva kahalAtA hai| lekina anyonyAbhAva ke abhAva yA bhAva se kAryotpatti yA vinAza kA koI sambandha nahIM hai / vaha to vartamAna paryAyoM ke pratiniyata svarUpa kI vyavasthA karatA hai, ki ve eka dUsare rUpa nahIM hai| yadi yaha anyonyAbhAva nahIM mAnA jAtA to koI bhI pratiniyata paryAya sarvAtmaka ho jAegI, yAnI saba sarvAtmaka ho jAe~ge / prAgbhAva, pradhvaMsAbhAva tathA anyonyAbhAva ina tInoM abhAvoM kA nirmANa eka dravyagata paryAyoM ke AdhAra para hotA hai arthAt ye abhAva eka dravya kI vartamAna kAlIna paryAyoM ke AdhAra para ghaTita hotA hai| jabaki atyantAbhAva do dravyoM ke bIca ghaTita hotA hai| 4. atyantAbhAva : eka dravya kA dUsare dravya meM jo traikAlika abhAva hai, use atyantAbhAva kahate haiM / jaise jJAna kA AtmA meM samavAya hai, usakA samavAya kabhI bhI pudgala meM nahIM ho sakatA yaha atyantAbhAva kahalAtA hai / anyonyAbhAva vartamAnakAlIna hotA hai aura eka svabhAva ko dUsare svabhAva se AvRtta karanA hI usakA lakSya hotA hai / lekina atyantAbhAva na mAnA jAe to kisI bhI dravya kA koI asAdhAraNa svarUpa nahIM

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jaina dArzanika siddhAnta 227 raha jaaegaa| sabhI dravya sarvarUpa ho jAeMge arthAt ekarUpa ho jAeMge / atyaMtAbhAva ke kAraNa hI eka dravya dUsare dravya rUpa nahIM ho pAtA hai / dravya cAhe sajAtIya hai yA vijAtIya unakA apanA-apanA akhaNDa svarUpa hotA hai| eka dravya dUsare meM kabhI bhI aisA vilIna nahIM hotA, jisase usakI sattA hI samApta ho jaae| isa prakAra ye prAgbhAva Adi cAra abhAva bhI anya dharmoM kI bhA~ti hI vastugata anya dharma hai| ataH prakArAntara se vastu ke guNa hone se ye bhAva rUpa hI haiN| inakA lopa hone para arthAt padArthoM ko sarvathA bhAvAtmaka mAnane para vastu meM uparyukta doSa A jAte haiM / ataH vastu bhAvarUpa bhI hai tathA abhAvarUpa bhI / vastu ko bhAvAtmaka mAnane para hI ina abhAvoM kA yathArtha Azaya phalita hotA hai / ataH vastu bhAvAbhAvAtmaka hai| abhAva vastu kA eka aMza hai| lekina ekAnta vAdI dRSTikoNa se yadi vastu ko sarvathA abhAvAtmaka hI mAnA jAe to sarvathA zUnya hogA / taba abhAva ke sAdhaka jJAna aura vacana rUpa pramANa kA bhI abhAva hone se 'abhAvAtmaka tattva' kI svayaM kaise pratIti hogI? tathA para ko kaise samajhAyA jAegA? svapratipatti kA sAdhana hai, bodha tathA para pratipatti kA upAya hai, vacana / ina donoM ke abhAva meM svapakSa kA sAdhana aura para pakSa kA dUSaNa kaise ho sakegA? ataeva sarvathA abhAva mAnanA to ekAntavAdiyoM ke lie bhI saMbhava nahIM hai aura avAcyaikAnta to avAcya hone se hI ayukta hai| pratyeka isa prakAra vicAra karane para loka kA pratyeka padArtha bhAvAtmaka pratIta hotA hai / 'vastu kathaMcita svadravya kSetra, kAla aura bhAva kI apekSA se astItva-bhAva rUpa hai aura kathaMcit para dravya, kSetra, kAla aura bhAva kI apekSA se abhAvarUpa hai| isa prakAra pratyeka vastu meM apekSA bheda se vidhi - niSedha donoM dharma vidyamAna haiM / ataH svarUpa kI apekSA se bhAvavAdI kA kathana, ki vastu bhAvAtmaka hai, satya hai aura para rUpa kI apekSA se abhAvavAdI kA kathana, ki vastu abhAvAtmaka hai - satya hogaa| kiMtu yaha Avazyaka hai, ki donoM apanA-apanA ekAntAgraha chor3akara paraspara eka dUsare kA dRSTikoNa samajheM aura svIkAra kareM tabhI pUrNa satya banatA hai| isa prakAra svarUpamaya honA hI padArtha mAtra kI anekAntAtmakatA ko siddha kara detA hai| yahA~ taka to padArtha kI sAmAnya sthiti kA vivecana huA / aba pratyeka dravya kI dRSTi se dekheM, to padArtha meM sat-asat, nitya - anitya, sAmAnya- vizeSa, ekaaneka, bheda-abheda Adi ananta guNa haiM / inake AdhAra para pRthak-pRthak rUpa se padArtha ke syAdvAda rUpa kA parIkSaNa kreNge| I 1. sadasadAtmaka tattva : pratyeka dravya kA apanA asAdhAraNa svarUpa hotA hai / kisI bhI dravya ko nitAnta sat athavA nitAnta asat nahIM kahA jA sakatA / syAdvAda dRSTi ke anusAra pratyeka padArtha sadasadAtmaka hai / 'dravya, kSetra, kAla aura bhAva ye cAroM catuSTaya kahalAte haiM / pratyeka vastu

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228 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana svacatuSTaya kI apekSA astittvavAna hai aura paracatuSTaya kI apekSA nAstirUpa hai|" jaise ghaTa svadravya-kSetra-kAla aura bhAva se sat hai, astitvavAna hai, kintu vaha usameM paTa rUpa paradravya-kSetra kAla-bhAva se asat hai arthAt usameM paTa kA nAstirUpa dharma hai| yadi aisA na mAnA jAe to eka hI vastu vizvarUpa ho jaaegii| jisa vastu meM jisa dharma kA abhAva nahIM hotA vaha vastu tadpa hotI hai| yadi ghaTa meM paTa kA abhAva na mAnA jAe to ghaTa paTa rUpa ho jaaegaa| yadi svarUpa catuSTaya kI bhA~ti pararUpa catuSTaya se bhI sata mAna liyA jAe to sva para meM bheda na rahakara sabako sarvAtmakatA prApta ho jaaegii| isI prakAra yadi para rUpa ke samAna svarUpa se bhI vaha asat ho to abhAvAtmakatA kA prasaMga prApta hotA hai| ataH pratyeka vastu meM astitva aura nAstitva sahaja hI ghaTita hote hai| jo loga astitva aura nAstitva ko virodhI dharma mAnakara eka hI vastu meM donoM kA samanvaya asaMbhava mAnate haiM, ve yaha bhUla jAte haiM, ki eka hI apekSA se astitva aura nAstitva kA vidhAna kiyA jAe, tabhI unameM virodha hotA hai| vibhinna apekSAoM se vidhAna karane meM koI virodha nahIM hotaa| kisI vyakti ke sambandha meM yaha kahanA, ki yaha bhAratIya hai,pAzcAtya nahIM hai, vidvAna hai, mUrkha nahIM hai| yaha asti-nAsti sUcaka hote hue bhI paraspara viruddha nahIM hai| yaha vidhAna na kevala tarka saMgata hai, apitu vyavahAra saMgata bhI hai| hama pratidina isI prakAra kA vyavahAra karate haiN| isake binA kisI vastu kA nizcayAtmaka jJAna nahIM ho sktaa| yaha pustaka hai' aisA nizcaya to tabhI saMbhava hai jaba hama yaha jAna leM, ki yaha pustaka ke atirikta kucha nahIM hai| ataH loka vyavasthA ke lie pratyeka padArtha ko svarUpa se sat aura pararUpa se asat mAnanA hI ucita hai| saMsAra kA koI bhI padArtha isa sadsadAtmaka niyama kA apavAda nahIM ho sktaa| 2. nityAnityatA : anekAntavAdI dRSTikoNa se pratyeka vastu nityAnitya hai| dravya aura paryAya milakara hI vastu kahalAte haiN| paryAyoM ke abhAva meM dravya kA aura dravya ke abhAva meM paryAya kA koI astItva saMbhava nahIM hai| cUMki dravya nitya aura paryAya anitya athavA parivartanazIla hotI hai| ataH pratyeka vastu nityAnitya hai| yahA~ dravya aura paryAya pRthak-pRthak do vastue~ nahIM hai| unameM vastugata koI bheda nahIM hai, kevala vivakSA bheda hai| anekAnta darzana ke anusAra pratyeka sat padArtha utpAda-vyayadhrauvyAtmaka hai arthAt paryAya se utpanna aura vinaSTa hotA huA bhI dravya se dhruva hai| koI bhI vastu isakA apavAda nahIM hai| ___ dravya kI utpatti ke sambandha meM pariNAmavAda, ArambhavAda aura samUhavAda Adi aneka vicAra haiN| usake vinAza ke sambandha meM bhI rUpAntaravAda, vicchedavAda Adi aneka abhimata haiN| sAMkhya darzana pariNAmavAdI hai, vaha kArya ko apane kAraNa meM sat

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jaina dArzanika siddhAnta * 229 mAnatA hai| inake satkAryavAda ke anusAra jo asat hai, usakI utpatti nahIM hotI aura jo sat hai, usakA vinAza nahIM hotA, apitu kevala rUpAntara hotA hai| utpatti kA tAtparya hai - sat kI abhivyakti aura vinAza kA tAtparya hai-sat kI avykti| nyAyavaizeSika darzana ArambhavAdI hai| vaha kArya ko apane kAraNa meM sat nahIM maantaa| inake asatkAryavAda ke anusAra asat kI utpatti hotI hai aura sat kA vinAza hotA hai| isalie naiyAyika Izvara ko kUTastha nitya aura dIpaka ko sarvathA anitya mAnate haiN| bauddhadarzana ke anusAra sthUla dravya sUkSma avayavoM kA samUha hai tathA dravya kSaNavinazvara hai| unake vicArAnusAra kucha bhI sthiti nahIM hai| jo darzana ekAnta nityavAda ko mAnate haiM, ve bhI jo hamAre pratyakSa haiM, usa parivartana kI apekSA nahIM kara sakate aura jo darzana ekAnta anityavAda ko mAnate haiM, ve bhI jo hamAre pratyakSa haiM, usa sthiti kI apekSA nahIM kara skte| isIlie hI naiyAyikoM ne dRzya vastuoM ko anitya mAnakara unake parivartana kI vivakSA kI aura bauddhoM ne santati mAnakara unake pravAha kI vivecanA kii| Adhunika vaijJAnika rUpAntaravAda ke siddhAnta ko eka mata se svIkAra karate haiN| jaise eka momabattI hai, jalAne para kucha hI kSaNoM meM usakA pUrNa nAza ho jAtA hai| prayogoM ke dvArA yaha siddha kiyA jA cukA hai ki momabattI ke nAza hone para anya vastuoM kI utpatti hotI hai| ___vaijJAnika anusaMdhAna ke dvArA yaha siddha ho cukA hai, ki pudgala zakti meM aura zakti pudgala meM parivartita ho sakatI hai| sApekSavAda kI dRSTi se pudgala ke sthAyitva ke niyama va zakti ke sthAyitva ke niyama ko eka hI niyama meM samAviSTa kara denA caahiye| usakI saMjJA pudgala aura zakti ke sthAyitva kA niyama isa prakAra kara denA caahiye| syAdvAda kI dRSTi se sat kabhI vinaSTa nahIM hotA aura asat kI kabhI utpatti nahIM hotii| aisI koI sthiti nahIM jisake sAtha utpAda aura vinAza na rahA ho arthAt jinakI pRSThabhUmi meM sthiti hai, unakA utpAda aura vinAza avazya hotA hai| sabhI dravya ubhaya-svabhAvI haiN| unake svabhAva kI vivecanA eka hI prakAra se nahIM ho sktii| asat kI utpatti nahIM hotI aura sat kA kabhI nAza nahIM hotaa| isa dravya nayAtmaka siddhAnta se dravyoM kI hI vivecanA ho sakatI hai, paryAyoM kI nhiiN| unakI vivecanAasat kI utpatti aura sat kA vinAza hotA hai - isa paryAyanayAtmaka siddhAnta ke dvArA hI kI jA sakatI hai| ina donoM ko eka zabda meM pariNAmI nityavAda athavA nityAnityavAda kahA jA sakatA hai| isameM sthAyitva aura parivartana kI sApekSa rUpa se vivecanA hai| __ isa vizva meM aisA dravya nahIM hai, jo sarvathA dhruva ho aura aisA bhI dravya nahIM hai, jo sarvathA paritarvanazIla hI ho| yadi dravya ko sarvathA nitya mAnA jAtA hai, to usameM

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230 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana kisI bhI prakAra ke pariNamana kI saMbhAvanA nahIM hone se koI arthakriyA nahIM ho sakegI aura arthakriyAzUnya hone se puNya-pApa, bandha-mokSa, lena-dena Adi samasta vyavasthAe~ naSTa ho jaaegii| yadi padArtha eka jaisA kUTastha nitya rahatA hai, to jaga ke pratikSaNa ke parivartana asaMbhava ho jAeMge aura yadi padArtha ko sarvathA vinAzI mAnA jAtA hai, to pUrva paryAya kA uttara paryAya ke sAtha koI vAstavika sambandha na hone ke kAraNa lena-dena, bandha-mokSa, smaraNa, pratyabhijJAna Adi vyavahAra ucchinna ho jaayeNge| jo kartA hai, usake bhogane kA krama hI nahIM rhegaa| nitya pakSa meM kartRtva nahIM banatA,to anitya pakSa meM karane vAlA koI aura bhogane vAlA koI aura hogaa| upAdAnaupAdeyabhAva mUlaka kAryakAraNa bhAva bhI isa pakSa meM nahIM bana sktaa| ataH samasta loka-paraloka tathA kAryakAraNa bhAva Adi kI suvyavasthA ke lie padArthoM meM parivartana ke sAtha hI sAtha usakI maulikatA aura anAdi ananta rUpa dravyatva kA AdhArabhUta dhruvatva bhI svIkAra karanA hI caahiye| dhruvatva ko svIkAra kie binA dravya kI maulikatA surakSita nahIM raha sktii| ataH pratyeka dravya apanI anAdi-ananta dhArA meM pratikSaNa sadRza, visadRza, alpasadRza, arddhasadRza, Adi aneka rupa pariNamana karatA huA bhI kabhI samApta nahIM hotA, usakA samUla uccheda yA vinAza nahIM hotaa| AtmA ko mokSa ho jAne para bhI usakA vinAza nahIM hotA varan vaha apane zuddhatama svarupa meM sthira ho jAtA hai| usa samaya usameM vaibhAvika pariNamana nahIM hokara dravyagata utpAda-vyaya svarupa ke kAraNa svabhAvabhata sadRza pariNamana sadaiva hotA rahatA hai| kabhI bhI yaha pariNamana cakra rukatA nahIM hai aura na kabhI koI dravya samApta ho sakatA hai| arthAt parivartana sthAyI meM hotA hai aura sthAyI vahI ho sakatA hai, jisameM parivartana ho| sArAMza yaha hai, ki niSkriyatA aura sakriyatA, sthiratA aura gatizIlatA kA jo sahaja samanvita rupa hai, use hI dravya kahA gayA hai| jaisA ki vaijJAnikoM ke anusAra aNu kI racanA tIna prakAra ke kaNoM se hotI hai- 1. proTona, 2. ilekTrona, 3. nyuuttron| dhanAtmaka kaNa proTona hai, yaha paramANu kA madhyabindu hotA hai| RNAtmaka kaNa ilekTrona hai| yaha dhanANu ke cAroM ora parikramA karate haiN| udAsIna kaNa nyUTrona hai| isI prakAra apane kendra meM pratyeka dravya dhruva, sthira aura niSkriya hai| usake cAroM aura paryAya parivartana kI eka zrRMkhalA hai| hara samaya koI eka paryAya usakI hogI hii| vartamAna meM jo paryAya hai, vaha atIta kI paryAya kA vinAza karake astitva meM AI hai aura uttara paryAya ko utpanna karake svayaM naSTa ho jaaegii| vastutaH pUrva kA vinAza aura uttara kA utpAda do cIjeM nahIM hai, varan eka hI karaNa se utpanna hone ke kAraNa pUrva vinAza hI uttarotpAda haiN| 'jo naSTa hotA hai, vahI utpanna hotA hai aura vahI dhruva hai|' yaha kathana sunane meM to prakaTa virodha lagatA hai, kiMtu vastu sthiti yahI hai jaise, ki hama svayaM

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jaina dArzanika siddhAnta * 231 apanI bAla, yuvA, vRddha Adi avasthAoM meM parivartita ho rahe haiM, phira bhI hamArA eka aisA astItva to hai hI jo ina saba parivartanoM meM hamArI ekarUpatA rakhatA hai| arthAt vyakti kA sthAyI astItva hI usameM avasthA parivartana ko dhAraNa karatA hai| ataeva yaha pUrNatayA siddha hai, ki pratyeka sacetana-acetana padArtha pariNAmI nitya hai, pratikSaNa nityAnityAtmaka hai, utpAda-vyaya-dhrovyAtmaka rUpa trilakSaNa vAlA hai| 3. bhedAbhedAtmaka tattva : syAdvAda ke anusAra dravya aura paryAya, guNa aura guNI, avayava aura avayavI, kArya aura kAraNa, kartA aura kriyA, vAcya aura vAcaka Adi meM na to sarvathA bheda hai aura na sarvathA abheda hii| ye paraspara kathaMcita bhinna hai aura kathaMcita abhinn| inameM sarvathA bheda mAnane se guNa-guNIbhAva Adi nahIM bana skte| sarvathA abheda mAnane para bhI yaha guNa hai aura yaha guNI, yaha vyavahAra nahIM ho sktaa| yadi guNa guNI se sarvathA bhinna hai, to amuka guNa kA amuka guNI se hI niyata sambandha kaise kiyA jA sakatA hai? avayavI Adi avayavoM se sarvathA bhinna hai, to eka avayavI apane avayavoM meM sarvAtmanA rahatA hai yA eka deza se? yadi pUrNa rUpa se to jitane avayava haiM, utane hI avayavI mAnanA hogaa| yadi eka deza se to jitane avayava haiM, utane pradeza usa avayavI ke svIkAra karane hoNge| isa prakAra sarvathA bheda aura abheda mAnane para aneka dopa upasthita hote haiN| ataH tattva ko kathaMcita bhedAbhedAtmaka hI mAnanA caahiye| jo dravya hai, vahI abheda hai aura jo guNa aura paryAya hai, vahI bhed| do pRthak siddha dravyoM meM jisa prakAra abheda kAlpanika haiM, usI prakAra eka dravya kA apane guNa paryAyoM se bheda mAnanA bhI sirpha samajhane aura samajhAne ke lie hai| pratyeka akhaNDa tattva yA dravya ko vyavahAra meM utArane ke lie usakA aneka dharmoM ke AkAra ke rUpa meM varNana kiyA jAtA hai| usa dravya ko chor3akara dharmoM kI svataMtra sattA nahIM hai| tathA guNa, paryAya ko chor3akara dravya kA bhI koI svatantra astItva nahIM hai| isa prakAra dravya sAmAnya ke apane guNa-paryAyoM ke sAtha bhedAbhedAtmakatA kI vyAkhyA karane ke pazcAt do bhinna dravyoM ke saMbaMdha meM hama isa syAdavAda dRSTi kA parikSaNa kreNge| jaina darzana ne chaH dravya mAne haiM, jIva, pudgala, dharma, adharma, AkAza aura kaal| inameM se dharma, adharma, AkAza aura kAla ye cAra dravya to sadaiva svarUpa pariNamana hI karate haiN| ataH paraspara saMbaMdha kA prazna hI nahIM uThatA hai| kiMtu jIva tathA pudgala dravya svarUpa pariNamana bhI karate haiM, kiMtu inameM vibhAva pariNamana bhI hotA hai| ataH AtmA aura zarIra ke saMbaMdha meM yaha prazna uThatA hai, ki ye paraspara bhinna hai athavA abhinn| isa saMbaMdha meM vividha mantavya hamAre samakSa haiN| cArvAka darzana AtmA ko zarIra se bhinna svIkAra nahIM karatA hai| vaha jar3a se hI cetana kI utpatti mAnatA hai aura zarIra kA vinAza hone para AtmA kA bhI vinAza ho jAnA svIkAra karatA hai| aneka darzana

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232 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana AtmA kA zarIra se ekAnta bhinnatva bhI svIkAra karate haiN| jaina darzana isa samasyA kA samAdhAna bhI apanI syAdvAda dRSTi se hI karatA hai| unake anusAra AtmA kathaMcita zarIra se bhinna bhI hai aura abhinna bhI hai| AtmA ko zarIra se bhinna tattva na mAnA jAe aura donoM kA ekatva svIkAra kiyA jAe to zarIra ke nAza ke sAtha AtmA kA bhI nAza mAnanA hogA aura usa sthiti meM punarjanma evaM mukti kI kalpanA nirAdhAra ho jaaegii| kintu yukti aura Agama Adi pramANoM se punarjanma Adi kI siddhi hotI hai, ataH AtmA ko zarIra se pRthak mAnanA samIcIna hai| sAtha hI anAdi kAla se jIva zarIra ke sAtha hI rahA huA hai aura vaha karma zarIra ke mAdhyama se hI karatA hai tathA kRtakarmoM kA phalopabhoga bhI zarIra ke dvArA hI hotA hai| zarIra para prahAra hotA hai, to duHkha kI anubhUti AtmA ko hotI hai| jaise devadatta para prahAra kiyA jAe to jinadatta ko duHkhAnubhava nahIM hotA, kyoMki devadatta ke zarIra se jinadatta kI AtmA bhinna hai| isI prakAra yadi devadatta kI AtmA devadatta ke zarIra se bhI sarvathA bhinna ho to use bhI duHkha kA anubhava nahIM honA caahiye| isase spaSTa ho jAtA hai, ki jaise devadatta ke zarIra aura jinadatta kI AtmA meM bheda hai, vaisA bheda devadatta ke zarIra aura devadatta kI AtmA meM nahIM hai| yahI deha aura AtmA kA abheda hai| arthAt AtmA aura zarIra meM bhI bhedAbhedAtmaka saMbaMdha hai| 4. ekAnekAtmaka tattva : sattA eka hai yA aneka? isake sandarbha meM bhI syAdvAda kA mantavya samanvayAtmaka hI hai| arthAt vastu yA sattA eka bhI hai aura aneka bhI hai| samasta padArtha sat sAmAnya kI dRSTi se to eka hI hai aura dravyoM ke pRthak-pRthak svarUpa bheda se aneka rUpa hai| yadi ina sabako eka (advaita) mAna liyA jAe, to pratyakSa dRSTa kAryakAraNa kA bheda lupta ho jAegA, kyoMki eka hI svayaM utpAdya aura utpAdaka donoM hI bana sakatA hai| utpAdya aura utpAdaka donoM alagaalaga hote haiN| isI prakAra yadi vastu sarvathA eka ho to paryAyoM aura guNoM kA unameM anusyuta rahane vAle eka dravya ke samudAya ke rUpa meM sAdharmya aura pratyayabhAva Adi kucha nahIM bana skeNge| ataeva donoM ekAntoM kA samuccaya hI vastu hai| vastu ko sarvathA eka yA aneka mAnanA saMbhava hI nahIM hai| do dravya vyavahAra ke lie hI eka kahe jA sakate haiM, kintu vastutaH do pRthak svataMtra siddha dravya eka sattA vAle nahIM ho skte| pudgala dravya ke aneka aNu jaba skandha avasthA ko prApta hote haiM, taba unakA aisA rAsAyanika mizraNa hotA hai, jisase ye eka nizcita kAla taka eka sattAka jaise ho jAte haiN| aisI dazA meM hameM pratyeka dravya kA vicAra karate samaya dravya dRSTi se use eka mAnanA hogA aura guNa tathA paryAyoM kI dRSTi se anek| eka hI manuSya jIva apanI bAla, yuvA, vRddha Adi avasthAoM kI dRSTi se aneka rUpa se anubhava meM AtA hai| dravya apanI guNa aura paryAyoM se, saMjJA, saMkhyA, lakSaNa, prayojana

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jaina dArzanika siddhAnta * 233 Adi kI apekSA bhinna hokara bhI cUMki dravya se pRthak guNa aura paryAyoM kI sattA nahIM pAI jAtI yA prayatna karane para bhI hama dravya se guNa paryAyoM kA vivecana-pRthakkaraNa nahIM kara sakate, ataH ve abhinna sat sAmAnya kI dRSTi se samasta dravyoM ko eka kahA jA sakatA hai aura apane-apane vyaktitva kI dRSTi se pRthak arthAt anek| isa prakAra samagra vizva anekAtmaka hote hue bhI vyavahArArtha saMgrahanaya kI dRSTi se eka kahA jAtA hai| eka dravya apane guNa aura paryAyoM kI dRSTi se anekAtmaka hai| eka hI AtmA harSa-viSAda, sukha-duHkha, jJAna Adi aneka rUpoM se anubhava meM AtA hai| dravya kA lakSaNa anvayarUpa hai, jabaki paryAya vyatirekarUpa hotI hai| dravya kI saMkhyA eka hai aura paryAyoM kI aneka / dravya kA prayojana anvaya jJAna hai aura paryAya kA prayojana hai, vyatireka jnyaan| paryAyeM pratikSaNa utpanna hotI haiM aura naSTa hotI hai aura dravya anAdi ananta hai| isa prakAra eka hokara bhI dravya aneka rUpoM meM pratItisiddha hai, taba usameM virodha, saMzaya Adi dUSaNoM ko avakAza nahIM hai| usa prakAra dravyArthika naya se padArtha kA ekatva siddha hai aura paryAyArthika naya se padArtha aneka rUpa bhI hai| 5. sAmAnya-vizeSa : sAmAnya aura vizeSa padArtha ke dharma haiN| dharma dharmI ko chor3akara nahIM rahate aura dharmI dharmoM ke binA nahIM rhtaa| jaina darzana isa saMbaMdha meM bhI syAdvAda dRSTi ke anurUpa hI padArtha ko sAmAnya-vizeSAtmaka mAnatA hai| jaba hama 'go' zabda kA uccAraNa karate haiM, to usase gotva sAmAnya kA bodha hotA hai sAtha hI kAlI-pIlI Adi vizeSa dharmayukta gauoM kA bhI bodha hotA hai| sAmAnya aura vizeSa padArtha meM tAdAtmya rUpa se vidyamAna rahate haiN| ye padArtha ke guNa haiM, paraspara sApekSa haiM, arthAt sAmAnya ko chor3akara vizeSa tathA vizeSa ko chor3akara sAmAnya kahIM nahIM pAyA jAtA hai| ye donoM hI pRthak pRthak AkAzakusuma kI taraha asat hai| bauddha darzana vizeSa ko hI svIkAra karatA hai| vaha sAmAnya tatva kA sarvathA apalApa karatA hai| vaha kahatA hai, ki vizeSa hI kAryakArI hotA hai, vizeSa hI padArtha kA svarupa hai| gau kI alaga-alaga paryAyoM ke atirikta gautva sAmAnya alaga koI vastu nahIM haiN| gotva dUdha nahIM detA yA bhAra vahana nahIM krtaa| artha kriyAkAritva vizeSa dharma meM hI pAyA jAtA hai, ataeva vahI vAstavika hai| sAmAnyavAdI vedAnta aura sAMkhya vizeSa kA tiraskAra karate hue sAmAnya ko hI tAtvika mAnate haiN| unakA mantavya hai, ki jagata meM dRSTigocara hone vAle vividha padArthoM meM eka hI tatva rahA huA hai| jaise bartanoM kI vividha AkRtiyoM meM miTTI tatva eka hI hai| jaise bulabulA, taraMga, himakaNa, osa Adi jala kI alaga-alaga paryAyeM hote hue bhI usameM jala tatva eka hI hai| jagat meM pratIta hone vAle ghaTa-paTAdi padArtha saba eka hI parabrahma kI paryAya haiM- brahma hI paramatatva hai, anya kucha bhI nahIM hai| yaha advaita vAdiyoM kA mata hai| sAMkhya darzana vizva ko prakRti rupa mAnakara sAmAnya tatva ko hI

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234 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana svIkAra karatA hai| naiyAyika-vaizeSika sAmAnya vizeSa donoM tatvoM ko svIkAra karate haiM, parantu ve padArtha se inako sarvathA bhinna mAnate haiM aura samavAya sambandha se padArtha meM saMbaMdhita honA mAnate haiN| uparyukta tInoM dRSTikoNa ekAntavAdI haiN| yadi hama vastu meM kisI eka dharma ko hI svIkAra kareM, to vyavahArika jIvana meM hI vastuoM kA yathArtha jJAna nahIM ho paaegaa| yadi hama vastu meM sAmAnya dharma ko na mAnakara vizeSa ko hI mAneM to gAya ko gAya aura hAthI ko hAthI ke rupa meM pRthak-pRthak kaise jAneMge? yadi gAya meM gotva aura hasti meM hastitva ko svIkAra na kareM to donoM ko ekarupa hI mAnanA hogA jo, ki nahIM hai| isI prakAra yadi vizeSa ko na mAne aura kevala sAmAnya ko hI mAneM, taba bhI vastu kA yathArtha jJAna saMbhava nahIM hai| jaise-manuSyatva, sAmAnya ke AdhAra para hama manuSya ko dekhakara yaha to jAna sakate hai, ki yaha manuSya hai, lekina yaha jAnanA saMbhava nahIM ki yaha rAma hai, athavA zyAma? jaisA ki do hamazakla vyaktiyoM ke saMdarbha meM adhikAMzataH ho jAtA hai| vyakti ko vyaktizaH pahacAnane ke lie usake gore, kAle, choTe, lambe Adi vizeSa dharmoM ko bhI svIkAra karanA Avazyaka hai| ataH syAdvAda samanvayAtmaka dRSTikoNa ko apanAte hue vastu ko sAmAnya vizeSAtmaka mAnatA hai aura yahI yukti yukta bhI hai| isa prakAra syAdvAda ke anusAra anyAnya ekAntika dRSTikoNoM ke lie bhI usI prakAra samanvayAtmaka dRSTikoNa apanAnA caahiye| ekAntavAdiyoM ko apane ekAntika AgrahoM ko chor3akara dUsare kI dRSTi ko bhI samajhanA va apanAnA caahiye| syAdvAda ne apanI syAtamUlaka kathana praNAlI ke dvArA una sabhI upasthita saMgharSoM kA zamana kiyA hai, jo samanvaya ke abhAva meM paraspara virodhI banakara viSAkta ciMtana kA vAtAvaraNa nirmita kara rahe the| ekAntika vicAradhArAoM ke sandarbha meM syAvAda kA spaSTa kathana hai, ki bhAva-abhAva, eka-aneka, nitya-anitya, sat-asat Adi jo bhI dRSTi bheda athavA vaicArika saMgharSa hai, ve sarvathA mAnane se duSTa yA virodhI hote haiM aura syAt, kathaMcita, apekSA vizeSa se mAnane para puSTa hote haiM- vastu svarupa evaM sadvicAroM kA poSaNa karate haiM, ataeva jaina darzana meM ina ekAMtika dRSTiyoM kA tiraskAra nahIM kiyA gayA hai, varan unheM naya ke rupa meM svIkAra kiyA hai| jo apane dRSTikoNa ko vyakta karate hue bhI dUsare kI dRSTi kI upekSA nahIM karate haiN| isake lie hI syAt zabda kA prayoga karate haiN| syAvAda nirapekSa naya praNAlI ko mithyA aura sApekSanayoM ko samyak batAtA hai| arthAt ise sApekSatA kA siddhAnta bhI kaha sakate haiN| isI sApekSatA ko vacana praNAlI meM vyakta karane ke lie jaina darzana meM sapta bhaMgInaya kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai, jisase vastu meM pratyeka dharma kI saMgati ekadama nirvivAda ho ske|

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jaina dArzanika siddhAnta * 235 sapta bhaMgInaya : ananta dharmAtmaka vastu ko samyak bhASA meM syAdvAda ke dvArA hI pratipAdita kiyA jA sakatA hai| syAdvAda kA prayojana yaha pratipAdita karanA hai, ki pratyeka dharma apane virodhI dharma ke sAtha vastu meM rahatA hai| sat-asat aura eka-aneka paraspara avinAbhAvI hai, yaha sthApita karane ke lie pramANAvirodhI vidhi-pratiSedha kI kalpanA karanA saptabhaMgInaya hai| eka prakAra se syAdvAda kA prAyogika svarUpa hI saptabhaMgInaya hai| prasiddha tArkika vAdideva sUri ne sapta bhaMgInaya kI paribhASA isa prakAra kI hai "ekatra vastunyekaika dharma payenuyogavazAda virodhena vyastayoH smstyoshc| vidhiniSedhayoH kalpanA syAtkArAMkita: saptadhAvAkya prayogaH sptbhnggii||'' __ arthAt eka hI vastu meM kisI eka niyata dharma-sambandhI prazna ko lekara aviruddha rupa se alaga yA sammilita vidhi-niSedha kI kalpanA dvArA 'syAt' pada se yukta sAta prakAra kA vacana prayoga 'saptabhaMgI' hai| isa bhAratabhUmi meM vizva ke sambandha se sat, asat, ubhaya aura anubhaya ye cAra pakSa vaidikakAla se vicAra koTi meM rahe haiM / "sadaiva somyedamagra AsIta, asadevedamagra aasiit|" Adi vAkya jagata ke sambandha meM sat aura asat rupa se paraspara virodhI do kalpanAoM ko spaSTa upasthita kara rahe haiN| to vahIM sat aura asat isa ubhayarupatA kA tathA ina avyaktavAda aura saMjaya ke ajJAnavAda meM inhI cAra pakSoM ke darzana hote haiN| usa samaya kA vAtAvaraNa hI aisA thA, ki pratyeka vastu kA svarupa sat, asat, ubhaya aura anubhaya ina cAra koTiyoM se vicArA jAtA thaa| jaina tatvadRSTAoM ne vastu ke virATa rupa ko dekhA aura batAyA, ki vastu ke ananta dharmamaya svarupasAgara meM ye cAra koTiyA~ to kyA, aisI ananta koTiyA~ laharA rahI haiN| apunarukta bhaMga sAta haiM : jaina darzana ke dvArA apane syAdvAda siddhAnta ko prAyogika vacana-zailI sapta bhaMgInaya ke rUpa meM pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai| yahA~ aneka vidvAnoM ko Apatti hotI hai, ki bhaMga sAta hI kyoM hote haiM? isa prazna kA eka samAdhAna to yaha, ki tIna vastuoM ke gaNita ke niyama ke anusAra apunarukta bhaMga sAta hI ho sakate haiN| dUsarA samAdhAna hai, ki prazna sAta prakAra ke hote haiN| prazna sAta prakAra ke kyoM hAte haiM? isakA uttara hai, ki jijJAsA sAta prakAra kI hotI hai| jijJAsA sAta prakAra kI kyoM hotI hai? isakA uttara hai, ki saMzaya sAta prakAra ke hI hote haiN| saMzaya sAta prakAra ke kyoM hote haiM? isakA javAba hai, ki vastu ke dharma hI sAta prakAra ke haiN| tAtparya yaha hai, ki sapta bhaMgInaya meM manuSya-svabhAva kI tarka mUlaka pravRtti kA gaharAI se anveSaNa karake vaijJAnika AdhAra se yaha nizcaya kiyA gayA hai, ki Aja jo 'sat, asat, ubhaya aura anubhaya' adi cAra koTiyA~ tattva vicAra ke kSetra meM pracalita haiM, unakA adhika se adhika vikAsa sAta rUpa meM hI sambhava ho sakatA hai| satya to

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236 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana trikAlAbAdhita hotA hai, ataH tarka janya praznoM kI adhikatama saMbhAvanA karake hI saptabhaMgI kI prakriyA se usakA samAdhAna kiyA gayA hai| jaise sauMTha, miraca aura pIpala ke pratyeka-pratyeka tIna svAda aura dvisaMyogI tIna (sauMTha-miraca, sauMTha-pIpala aura miraca pIpala) tathA eka trisaMyogI (soMTha-miraca-pIpala milAkara) isa taraha apunarukta svAda sAta hI ho sakate haiN| usI prakAra sat, asat aura avaktavya ke apunarukta bhaMga sAta hI ho sakate haiN| ye sAtoM prakAra ke apunarukta dharma pratyeka vastu meM vidyamAna haiN| yahA~ yaha bAta khAsa taura se dhyAna rakhane kI hai, ki eka-eka dharma ko kendra meM rakhakara usake pratipakSI virodhI dharma ke sAtha vastu ke vAstavika rUpa yA zabda kI asAmarthya janya avaktavyatA ko milAkara sAta bhaMgoM yA sAta dharmoM kI kalpanA hotI hai| aise asaMkhya sAta-sAta bhaMga pratyeka dharma kI apekSA se vastu meM sambhava hai| isalie vastu ko sapta dharmA na kahakara ananta dharmA yA anekAntAtmaka kahA gayA hai| jaba hama astitva dharma kA vicAra karate haiM, to astItva viSayaka sAta bhaMga banate haiM aura jaba nityatva dharma kI vivecanA karate haiM, to nityatva ko kendra meM rakhakara sAta bhaMga banate haiN| isa prakAra asaMkhya sAta-sAta bhaMga vastu meM saMbhava hote haiN| sapta-bhaMgI : saMsAra meM pratyeka vastu ananta dharmAtmaka hai| una ananta dharmoM meM se pratyeka dharma kI ThIka-ThIka saMgati biThalAne ke lie vidhi, niSedha adi kI vivakSA se sAta bhaMga hote haiN| yahI sapta bhaMgI hai| zvetAmbara Agama granthoM meM yadyapi kaNThokta rUpa meM 'siya atthi siya Natthi siya avattavvA' rUpa tIna bhaMgoM ke nAma milate haiM, para bhagavatI sUtra meM jo AtmA kA varNana AyA hai, usameM spaSTa rUpa se sAtoM bhaMgoM kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai|" A. kundakunda ne paMcAstikAya" meM sAta bhaMgoM ke nAma ginAkara 'saptabhaMga' zabda kA bhI prayoga kiyA hai| isameM antara itanA hI hai, ki bhagavatI sUtra meM tathA vizeSAvazyaka bhASya' meM avaktavya ko tIsarA bhaMga mAnA hai| jabaki kundakundAcArya ne use paMcAstikAya meM cauthA bhaMga mAnakara bhI pravacanasAra meM tIsare nambara para rakhA hai| uttarakAlIna digambara zvetAmbara tarka granthoM meM isa bhaMga kA donoM hI krama se ullekha milatA hai| saptabhaMgI ke ye sAta bhaMga pratyeka dharma para ghaTita hote hai| yahA~ samajhane ke lie hama sattA dharma ke dvArA unakA ullekha karate haiN| ve nimnalikhita 1. syAd asti : svakIya dravya, kSetra, kAla aura bhAva se pratyeka vastu kA astitva hai| jaise 'syAd, asti ghaTaH' isa kathana kA tAtparya hai, ki ghar3A svacatuSTaya se astitvavAna hai| para catuSTaya kI apekSA se nhiiN| arthAt ghar3A dravya se miTTI kA banA hai, kSetra meM jodhapura meM banA hai, kAla se zarada Rtu meM banA hai aura bhAva se kAle raMga kA hai| ghar3A uparyukta catuSTaya rUpa se sattAvAna hai, anya catuSTaya rUpa se nAsti hai|

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jaina dArzanika siddhAnta * 237 181 yadi aisA na mAnA jAe to usa ghaTa ke svarUpa hAni kA prasaMga utpanna hotA hai| isalie kahA jAtA hai, ki 'sarva asti rUpeNa para rUpeNa nAsti c|' pratyeka padArtha svarUpa se hI astItva vAlA hai, pararUpa se nAstitva bhAva vAlA hai| syAd asti kA tAtparya hai, ki ghaTa kisI eka apekSA (svacatuSTaya) se hI sat hai, sabhI apekSAoM se nhiiN| 2. syAda nAsti : parakIya dravya, kSetra, kAla aura bhAva se pratyeka vastu kA astitva nahIM hai| 'jaise syAd nAsti ghttH|' isakA tAtparya hai, ki ghaTa kA nAstitva ghaTa bhinna yAvata para padArthoM ke dravyAdi catuSTaya kI apekSA se hai, kyoMki ghaTa meM tathA para padArthoM meM bheda kI pratIti pramANa siddha hai| prathama bhaMga meM svarUpa se sattA kA pratipAdana hai, jabaki isa bhaMga meM para rUpa se nAstitva kA kathana hai| padArtha meM paTa dravya-kSetra-kAla-bhAva kI dRSTi se yadi nAstitva na mAnA to vaha paTa rUpa se bhI sat ho jaaegaa| kyoMki jisa vastu meM jisakA nAstitva nahIM hotA vaha vastu tadpa ho jAtI hai| isa nyAya se eka hI vastu sarvarUpa banane kI aniSTApatti prApta hogii| ataH pratyeka padArtha meM astitva ke sAtha nAstitva bhI rahA haA hai| vidyAnaMdI ke anusAra'sattA kA niSedha, svabhinna ananta para kI apekSA se hai| yadi para kI apekSA ke samAna sva kI apekSA se bhI astitva kA niSedha mAnA jAye to ghaTa niHsvarUpa ho jaaegaa| yadi niHsvarUpatA ko svIkAra kareM to sarva zUnyatA kA doSa A jaaegaa| ataH dvitIya bhaMga para rUpa se hI padArtha ke nAstitva ko batAtA hai|' 3. syAd avaktavya : jaba vastu ke asti nAsti dAnoM svarUpa yugapat vikasita hote haiM, to koI aisA zabda nahIM hai, jo donoM ko mukhya bhAva se eka sAtha kaha ske| ataH vastu ko avaktavya kaha diyA jAtA hai| jaise 'syAd avaktavya ghttH|' isakA tAtparya hai, ki zabda kI zakti sImita hai| ghaTa kI vaktavyatA yugapat meM nahIM krama meM hI sambhava hai| astitva nAstikatva kA yugapat vAcaka koI bhI zabda nahIM hai, isalie vidhi niSedha kA yugapatva avaktavya hai| kintu yaha dhyAna rakhanA cAhiye, ki vaha avaktavya sarvadA sarvatobhAvena nahIM hai| yadi isa prakAra mAnA jAegA to ekAnta avaktavya kA doSa paidA hogA, jo mithyA hone se mAnya nahIM hai| aisI sthiti meM hama ghaTa ko ghaTa zabda se yA kisI anya zabda se yahA~ taka ki avaktavya zabda se bhI nahIM kaha skeNge| vastu kA zabda dvArA pratipAdana karanA asaMbhava ho jAegA aura vAcya vAcaka bhAva kI kalpanA ko koI sthAna hI na rahegA, isalie syAt avaktavya bhaMga sUcita karatA hai, ki vidhi niSedha kA yugapatva asti yA nAsti zabda se avaktavya hai, kintu vaha avaktavyatA sarvathA nahIM hai, avaktavya zabda se to vaha yugapatva vaktavya hI hai| Age ke cAra bhaMga saMyogaja haiM aura ve ina tIna bhaMgoM kI kramika vivakSA para sAmUhika dRSTi rahane para banate haiN| 4. syAd asti-nAsti : svakIya aura parakIya dravya, kSetra, kAla, bhAva se

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238 jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana vastu hai aura nahIM bhI hai / isa bhaMga meM astinAsti ubhaya rUpa ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai / jaise - 'syAd asti nAsti ghaTaH' arthAt prathama kSaNa meM svacatuSTaya tathA dvitIya kSaNa meM paracatuSTaya kA kramika rUpa se pratipAdana tathA donoM samayoM para sAmUhika dRSTi hone para ghaTa ubhayAtmaka hai| prathama aura dvitIya bhaMga meM vidhi aura niSedha kA pRthakpRthak pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| lekina isa bhaMga meM svacatuSTaya kI apekSA se sattA kA aura para catuSTaya kI apekSA se asattA kA eka sAtha kramika kathana kiyA gayA hai| 5. syAd asti - 3 - avaktavya : vastu svacatuSTaya kI apekSA se sat hote hue bhI eka sAtha sva-para catuSTaya se avaktavya hai / jaise 'syAd asti avaktavyo ghaTa:' isakA tAtparya hai, ki prathama kSaNa meM svacatuSTaya kI apekSA se ghaTa kA astItva hai aura dvitIya kSaNa meM yugapat sva- para catuSTaya rUpa se ghaTa avaktavya hai aura donoM samayoM para sAmUhika dRSTi hone para ghaTa syAd asti avaktavya hai / arthAt isa bhaMga meM prathama astitva ko tathA pazcAt avaktavya kA kramika rUpa se pratipAdana kiyA hai| 6. syAd nAsti avaktavyaM : para catuSTaya se asat hote hue bhI eka sAtha sva para catuSTaya se avaktavya hai / jaise 'syAdnAsti avaktavyo ghaTa:' isakA tAtparya hai, ki prathama kSaNa meM para catuSTaya kI apekSA se ghaTa nAsti hai aura dvitIya kSaNa meM yugapata svapara catuSTaya se ghaTa avaktavyatA kI kramika vivakSA aura donoM samayoM para sAmUhika dRSTi hone para ghaTa syAta nAsti avaktavya hai / arthAt isa bhaMga meM prathama ghaTa ke nAstitva tathA pazcAt usakI avaktavyatA kA kramika pratipAdana kiyA hai| 7. syAd asti-nAsti-avaktavya : svacatuSTaya se sat para catuSTaya se asat hote hue bhI eka sAtha sva- para catuSTaya se avaktavya hai / jaise 'syAd asti nAsti avaktavyo ghaTaH' yahA~ isa prakAra kathana kiyA gayA hai| prathama samaya meM svacatuSTaya ke astittva kI dvitIya samaya meM para catuSTaya ke nAstitva kI aura tRtIya samaya meM yugapat sva-para catuSTaya rUpa avaktavya kI vivakSA hone para aura tInoM samayoM para sAmUhika dRSTi hone para ghaTAdi vastu syAd - asti nAsti - avaktavya rUpa saptama bhaMga kA viSaya hotI haiN| isa prakAra cauthe se sAtaveM taka ke bhaMgoM kI sRSTi saMyogaja hai aura vaha saMbhava dharmoM ke apunarUkta astItva kI vivecanA karatI hai / 'syAt' zabda kA prayoga : saptabhaMgI ke pratyeka bhaMga meM svadharma mukhya hotA hai aura zeSa dharma gauNa hote haiM / isI gauNa mukhya vivakSA kA sUcaka 'syAt' zabda hai| vaktA aura zrotA yadi zabda-zakti aura vastu svarUpa ke vivecana meM kuzala hai, to 'syAt ' zabda ke prayoga kA koI niyama nahIM hai| usake binA prayoga ke bhI vastu kA sApekSa anekAntadyotana siddha ho jAtA hai| jaise 'ahama asmi' ina do padoM meM eka kA prayoga hone para dUsare kA artha svataH gamyamAna ho jAtA hai, phira bhI spaSTatA ke lie donoM kA 182

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jaina dArzanika siddhAnta 239 I prayoga kiyA jAtA hai / usI prakAra 'syAt ' pada kA prayoga bhI spaSTatA aura bhrAnti nivAraNa ke lie karanA ucita hai| saMsAra meM samajhadAroM kI apekSA nAsamajhoM kI saMkhyA hI ausata darje adhika rahatI AI hai / ataH sarvatra 'syAt' pada kA prayoga karanA hI rAjamArga hai| anya darzanoM meM bhaMga yojanA : syAdasti avaktavya Adi tIna bhaMga paramata kI apekSA isa taraha lagAye jAte haiM / advaitavAdiyoM kA sanmAtra tattva asti hokara bhI avaktavya hai, kyoMki kevala sAmAnya vacanoM meM vacanoM kI pravRtti nahIM hotI / bauddhoM kA anyApoha nAstirUpa hokara bhI avaktavya hai, kyoMki zabda ke dvArA mAtra anya kA apoha karane se kisI vidhi rUpa vastu kA bodha nahIM ho sakegA / vaizeSika ke svatantra sAmAnya aura vizeSa asti nAsti sAmAnya vizeSa rUpa hokara bhI avaktavya hai- zabda ke vAcya nahIM ho sakate, kyoMki donoM ko svatantra mAnane para unameM sAmAnya- vizeSa bhAva nahIM ho sakatA / sarvathA bhinna sAmAnya aura vizeSa meM zabda kI pravRtti nahIM hotI aura na unase koI arthakriyA hI ho sakatI hai| sakalA deza aura vikalA deza : zruta jJAna ke do upayoga haiM - eka syAdvAd aura dUsarA naya / syAdvAda sakalAdeza rUpa hotA hai aura naya vikalA deza / sakalAdeza ko pramANa tathA vikalAdeza ko naya kahate haiM / saptabhaMgI jaba sakalAdezI hote haiM, taba pramANa aura jaba vikalAdezI hote haiM, taba naya kahe jAte haiM / isa prakAra saptabhaMgI bhI pramANa saptabhaMgI aura naya saptabhaMgI rUpa se vibhAjita ho jAte haiM / eka dharma ke dvArA samasta vastu ko akhaMDa rUpa se grahaNa karane vAlA sakalAdeza hai tathA usI dharma ko pradhAna tathA zeSa dharmoM ko gauNa karane vAlA vikalAdeza hai / syAdavAda anekAntAtmaka artha ko grahaNa karatA hai| jaise jIva kahane se jJAna, darzana Adi asAdhAraNa guNa vAle satva prameyatvAdi sAdhAraNa svabhAva vAle tathA amUrtatva, asaMkhyAta pradezitva Adi sAdhAraNa asAdhAraNa dharmazAlI jIva kA samagra bhAva se grahaNa ho jAtA hai| isameM sabhI dharma eka rUpa se grahIta hote haiM, ataH gauNa mukhya vyavasthA antarlIna ho jAtI hai / vikalAdezI naya eka dharma kA mukhya rUpa se kathana karatA hai| jaise- 'jJo jIvaH', kahane se jIva ke jJAna guNa kA mukhyatA se bodha hotA hai, zeSa dharmoM kA gauNa rUpa se usI ke garbha meM pratibhAsa hotA hai / vikalA arthAt eka dharma kA mukhya rUpa se jJAna karAne ke kAraNa hI yaha vAkya vikalA deza yA naya kahA jAtA hai| vikalAdezI vAkya meM bhI 'syAt pada' kA prayoga hotA hai| jo vizeSa dharmoM kI gauNatA arthAt unakA astItva mAtra sUcita karatA hai| isIlie 'syAt' padalAMchita naya samyaknaya kahalAtA hai / nayavAda : nayavAda ko syAdvAda kA eka stambha kahanA cAhiye / syAdvAda jina vibhinna dRSTikoNoM kA abhivyaMjaka hai, ve dRSTikoNa jaina paribhASA meM naya nAma se

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240 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana abhihita hote haiN| pratyeka vastu ananta dharmAtmaka hai| vastu ke una ananta dharmoM meM se kisI eka dharma kA bodhaka abhiprAya yA jJAna naya kahalAtA hai| pramANa vastu ke aneka dharmoM kA grAhaka hotA hai aura naya eka dharma kaa| kintu eka dharma ko grahaNa karatA huA bhI naya dUsare dharmoM kA na niSedha karatA hai aura na vidhAna hI karatA hai| niSedha karane para vaha durnaya ho jAtA hai| vidhAna karane para pramANa kI koTi meM parigaNita ho jAtA hai| naya pramANa aura apramANa donoM se bhinna pramANa kA eka aMza hai, jaise samudra kA aMza na samudra hai, na asamudra hai, varan samudrAMza hai / naya kA grAhya bhI vastvaMza hI hotA hai| vizva ke sabhI ekAntavAdI darzana eka hI naya ko apane vicAra kA AdhAra banAte haiN| unakA dRSTikoNa ekAMgI hotA hai, ve bhUla jAte haiM, ki dUsare dRSTikoNa se virodhI pratIta hone vAle vicAra bhI saMgata ho sakate haiN| isI kAraNa ve ekAMgI dRSTikoNa ko prastuta karate haiM aura vastu ke samagra svarUpa ko sparza nahIM kara paate| ve sampUrNa satya ke jJAna se vaMcita raha jAte haiN| nayavAda aneka dRSTikoNoM se vastu ko jAnane kI kalA sikhalAtA hai| ___bauddha darzana vastu ke anityatva dharma ko svIkAra karake dravya kI apekSA pAye jAne vAle nityatva dharma kA niSedha karatA hai| sAMkhya darzana nityatva ko aMgIkAra karake paryAya kI dRSTi se vidyamAna anityatva dharma kA apalApa karatA hai| isa prakAra ye donoM darzana apane-apane ekAnta pakSa ke prati AgrahazIla hokara eka-dUsare ko mithyAtvI kahane ke kAraNa ve svayaM mithyAvAdI bana jAte haiN| yadi ve dUsaroM ko saccA mAnate to ve svayaM bhI sacce ho jAte, kyoMki vastu meM dravyataH nityatva aura paryAyataH anityatva dharma rahatA hai| isa prakAra nayavAda dvaita-advaita, nizcaya-vyavahAra, jJAna-kriyA, kAla-svabhAvaniyati yadRcchA-puruSArtha Adi vAdoM kA sundara aura samIcIna samanvaya karatA hai| nayavAda durAgraha ko dUra karake dRSTi ko vizAlatA aura hRdaya ko udAratA pradAna karatA hai| vaha vastu ke vividha rUpoM kA vizleSaNa hamAre samakSa prastuta karatA hai| AcArya samantabhadra ne kahA hai - 'he jinendra! jisa prakAra vividha rasoM dvArA susaMskRta loha svarNa Adi dhAtu pauSTikatA aura svAsthya Adi abhISTa phala pradAna karatI haiM, usI prakAra 'syAt' pada se aMkita Apake naya manovAMchita phala ke pradAtA haiM, ataeva hitaiSI Arya puruSa Apako namaskAra karate haiN|' pratyeka padArtha meM utpAda-vyaya dhrauvya kI prakriyA nirantara cAlU hai| svarNapiNDa se eka kalAkAra ghaTa banAtA hai| phira usa svarNaghaTa ko tor3akara mukuTa banAtA hai| yahA~ prathama piNDa ke vinAza se ghaTa kI au. ghaTa ke vinAza se mukuTa kI utpatti hotI hai, magara svarNa dravya saba avasthAoM meM vidyamAna rahatA hai| yaha dravya se nityatA aura paryAya se anityatA hai| isa udAharaNa se vastu kI sAmAnya vizeSAtmakatA bhI pramANita ho

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jaina dArzanika siddhAnta * 241 jAtI hai| pratyeka vastu ke do mukhya aMza haiM - dravya aura pryaay| ataeva dravya ko pradhAna rUpa se grahaNa karane vAlA dRSTikoNa dravyArthika naya aura paryAya ko grahaNa karane vAlA paryAyArthika naya kahalAtA hai| yadyapi vastugata ananta dharmoM ko grahaNa karane vAle abhiprAya bhI ananta hote haiM aura isa kAraNa nayoM kI saMkhyA kA avadhAraNa nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, tathApi una saba kA samAveza dravyArthika aura paryAyArthika, ina do nayoM meM hI ho jAtA hai| jisa dRSTikoNa meM dravya kI pradhAnatA ho vaha dravyArthika naya kahalAtA hai aura jisameM paryAya kI mukhyatA ho vaha paryAyArthika naya hai| bhrama - nivAraNa : saptabhaMgI siddhAnta ke viSaya meM katipaya pAzcAtya aura kucha bhAratIya vidvAnoM meM galata dhAraNAe~ haiN| unakA vivecana evaM nirAkaraNa kiyA jAnA Avazyaka hai| prAcIna jaina AgamoM meM saptabhaMgI ke bIja upalabdha hote haiN| AcArya kundakunda ne kucha hI bhaMgoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| kintu inake pazcAt vartI AcArya samantabhadra, siddhasena, akalaMka, vidyAnanda, hemacandra, vAdideva, Adi ne usakA spaSTa aura vistRta vivecana kiyA hai| isa pratipAdana krama ko kucha vidvAnoM ne syAvAda yA saptabhaMgI kA vikAsa krama samajha liyA hai, kintu tathya yaha hai, ki jaina tattvajJAna sarvajJa mUlaka hai| sarvajJa sarvadarzI tIrthaMkaroM ke jJAna meM jo tattva pratibhAsita hotA hai, usI ko unake pradhAna ziSya zabda-baddha karate haiM aura phira unake ziSya praziSya usake eka-eka aMga kA AdhAra lekara yuga kI paristhiti ke anusAra vibhinna granthoM kI racanA karate haiN| isa prakAra tattva vivecana kA krama Age bar3hAtA hai| isa vivecana krama ko tattva kA vikAsa krama samajha lenA yuktisaMgata nahIM hai| isa yuga meM prathama tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva hue haiN| unhoMne jo upadeza kiyA, vahI unake pazcAt hone vAle teIsa tIrthaMkaroM ne kiyaa| vahI upadeza kAlakrama se unake anuyAyI vibhinna AcAryoM dvArA jaina sAhitya meM lipibaddha kiyA gayA hai| kisI bhI viSaya kA saMkSipta yA vistRta vivecana usake lekhaka kI saMkSepa ruci athavA vistAra ruci para nirbhara karatA hai| isake atirikta yuga kI vicAradhArA bhI use prabhAvita karatI hai| vizeSa rUpa se dArzanika kSetra meM aisA bhI hotA hai, ki koI lekhaka jaba kisI viSaya ke grantha kI racanA karatA hai, to apane samaya taka ke virodhI vicAroM kA usameM ullekha karatA hai aura apane dRSTikoNa ke anusAra unakA nirAkaraNa bhI karatA hai| jaina dArzanika sAhitya meM bhI yaha pravRtti spaSTa dRSTigocara hotI hai| isa pratipAdana krama ko yadi koI mUla tattva kA vikAsa krama samajha leM, to yaha usakI bhUla hI kahI jaaegii| amerikI vidvAn arci. je. bahna isI bhUla ke zikAra hue haiN| unhoMne syAdvAda

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242 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana ke nirupaNa krama ko syAdvAda kA vikAsa krama samajha liyA hai| eka bhUla aneka bhUloM kI sRSTi kara detI hai| jaba unhoMne syAdvAda ke vikAsa krama kI bhrAnta kalpanA kI to dUsarI bhUla yaha ho gaI, ki ve saptabhaMgI ko bauddhoM ke catuSkoTi niSedha kA anukaraNa athavA vikAsa samajhane lage, yadyapi una donoM meM bahuta adhika antara hai| sarvaprathama to itihAsa dvArA pramANita isa tathya ko dhyAna meM rakhanA cAhiye, ki jaina dharma bauddha dharma se bahuta prAcIna hai| mahAtmA buddha se pUrva teisa tIrthaMkara ho cuke the| teisaveM tIrthaMkara bhagavAna pArzvanAtha unase lagabhaga 250 varSa pUrva hue the| unhoMne syAdavAda siddhAnta kA nirupaNa kiyA thaa| saMjaya belaTThiputta jo buddha ke pUrvavartI haiM, unhoMne syAdavAda ko ThIka taraha na samajhakara saMzayavAda kI prarUpaNA kI thii| isase yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai, ki syAvAda siddhAnta kA buddha se pahale hI astitva thaa| aisI sthiti meM yaha samajhanA, ki saptabhaMgI siddhAnta bauddhoM ke catuSkoTi pratiSedha kA vikasita rUpAntara hai, nirAdhAra hai| catuSkoTi pratiSedha kA siddhAnta to buddha ke bhI bAda meM pracalita huA hai| isake atirikta saptabhaMgI aura catuSkoTi pratiSedha ke Azaya meM bahuta antara hai| bauddhoM kA catuSkoTi pratiSedha isa prakAra haiM - 1. vastu hai, aisA nahIM hai| 2. vastu nahIM hai, aisA bhI nahIM hai| 3. vastu hai aura nahIM hai, aisA bhI nahIM hai| 4. vastu hai aura nahIM hai, aisA nahIM hai, yaha bhI nahIM hai| saptabhaMgI ke svarUpa kA vivecana pahale kiyA jA cukA hai| saptabhaMgI meM aura prastuta catuSkoTi pratiSedha meM vastutaH koI samAnatA nahIM hai| saptabhaMgI meM vastu ke astitva aura nAstitva Adi kA pratipAdana hai, jabaki isa pratiSedha meM astitva ko koI sthAna nahIM hai, kevala nAstitva kA hI nirupaNa pAyA jAtA hai| sapta bhaMgI meM jo astitva aura nAstitva kA vidhAna hai, vaha svacatuSTaya aura paracatuSTaya ke AdhAra para hai aura kSaNa-kSaNa meM hone vAlA hamArA anubhava usakA samarthana karatA hai| saptabhaMgI ke anusAra manuSya-manuSya hai, pazu-pakSI Adi manuSyetara nahIM hai| kintu catuSkoTi pratiSedha kA kahanA hai, ki manuSya manuSya nahIM hai, manuSyetara bhI nahIM hai, ubhayarUpa bhI nahIM hai aura anubhaya rUpa bhI nahIM hai| vaha kucha bhI nahIM hai aura vaha kucha bhI nahIM hai, aisA bhI nahIM hai| isa prakAra yahA~ na koI apekSAbheda hai aura na astitva kA koI sthAna hI hai| saptabhaMgI meM padArthoM ke astitva se inkAra nahIM kiyA gayA hai, sirpha usake svarUpa ko niyatatA pradarzita karane ke lie yaha dikhalAyA gayA hai, ki vaha pararUpa meM nahIM hai| saptabhaMgI hameM sataraMgI puSpoM se suzobhita vicAra vATikA meM vihAra karAtA hai, to bauddhoM kA niSedhavAda padArthoM ke astItva ko asvIkAra karake zUnya ke ghora ekAnta andhakAra meM le jAtA hai| anubhava usako koI AdhAra pradAna nahIM karatA hai| ataeva

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jaina dArzanika siddhAnta 243 yaha spaSTa hai, ki saptabhaMgI kA bauddhoM ke catuSkoTi niSedha ke sAtha lezamAtra bhI sarokAra nahIM hai / syAdvAda saMzaya vAda nahIM hai : jaina darzana kI yaha mAnyatA hai, ki pratyeka padArtha ananta dharmAtmaka hai / ananta dharmAtmakatA ke binA kisI padArtha ke astitva kI kalpanA hI sambhava nahIM hai / kintu eka sAtha ananta dharmoM kA nirvacana nahIM ho sakatA / dUsare dharmoM kA vidhAna aura niSedha na karate hue kisI eka dharma kA vidhAna karanA hI syAdvAda haiN| anekAnta vAcya aura syAdvAda vAcaka hai / amuka apekSA se ghaTa sat hI hai aura amuka apekSA se ghaTa asat hI hai, yaha syAdvAda hai| isameM yaha pradarzita kiyA gayA hai, ki svacatuSTaya se ghaTa kI sattA nizcita hai aura paracatuSTaya se ghaTa kI asattA nizcita hai| isa kathana meM saMzaya ko koI sthAna nahIM hai| kintu 'syAt' zabda ke prayoga ko dekhakara, syAdavAda kI gaharAI meM na utarane vAle kucha loga, yaha bhramapUrNa dhAraNA banA lete haiM, ki syAdvAda anizcaya kI prarUpaNA karatA hai| vastutaH 'syAt' zabda kA artha na zAyada hai, na sambhavataH hai aura na kadAcit jaisA hI hai| vaha to eka sunizcita sApekSa dRSTikoNa kA dyotaka hai| pro. baladeva upAdhyAya ne likhA hai - 'anekAntavAda saMzayavAda nahIM hai / parantu ve use 'saMbhavataH ' ke artha meM prayukta karanA cAhate haiM, magara yaha bhI saMgata nahIM hai|' - zaMkarAcArya ne apane bhASya meM syAdavAda ko saMzayavAda kahakara jo bhrAnta dhAraNA utpanna kI thI, usakI paramparA aba bhI bahuta aMzoM meM cala rahI hai / kintu pro. phaNibhUSaNa adhikArI ne AcArya zaMkara kI dhAraNA ke sambandha meM likhA hai, ki 'jaina dharma ke syAdavAda siddhAnta ko jitanA galata samajhA gayA hai, utanA anya kisI bhI siddhAnta ko nhiiN|' yahA~ taka ki zaMkarAcArya bhI isa doSa se mukta nahIM hai| unhoMne bhI isa siddhAnta ke prati anyAya hI kiyA hai| yaha bAta alpajJa puruSoM ke lie kSamya ho sakatI thI, kintu yadi mujhe kahane kA adhikAra hai, to maiM bhArata ke isa mahAn vidvAna ke lie to akSamya hI kahU~gA, yadyapi maiM isa maharSi ko atIva Adara kI dRSTi se dekhatA huuN| aisA jAna par3atA hai, ki unhoMne isa dharma ke darzanazAstra ke mUlagranthoM ke adhyayana kI paravAha nahIM kii|' spaSTa hai, ki syAdvAda saMzayavAda nahIM hai| sabhI darzana kisI na kisI rupa meM ise svIkAra karate hue bhI isakA nAma lene meM hicakate haiM / pAzcAtya vidvAna thAmasa kA yaha kathana ThIka hI hai ki, ' syAdvAda siddhAnta bar3A gambhIra hai| yaha vastu kI bhinna-bhinna sthitiyoM para acchA prakAza DAlatA hai| syAdvAda kA siddhAnta dArzanika jagata meM bahuta U~cA siddhAnta mAnA gayA hai / vastutaH syAdvAda satyajJAna kI kuJjI hai| dArzanika kSetra meM syAdvAda ko samrATa kA rupa diyA gayA hai / syAd zabda ko eka praharI ke rupa meM svIkAra karanA cAhiye, jo uccArita dharma

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244 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana ko idhara-udhara nahIM jAne detA hai| yaha avivakSita dharmoM kA saMrakSaka hai, saMzayAdi zatruoM kA saMrodhaka va bhinna dArzanikoM kA saMpoSaka hai|' jina dArzanikoM kI bhASA syAdvAda anugata hai, unheM koI bhI darzana bhramajAla ke cakra meM nahIM pha~sA sakatA hai| virodha kA nirAkaraNa : zaMkarAcArya ne apane zAMkarabhASya meM syAdvAda ke nirasana kA prayatna karate hue yaha bhI kahA hai -zIta aura uSNa kI taraha eka dharmI meM paraspara virodhI satva aura asatva Adi dharmoM kA eka sAtha samAveza nahIM ho sktaa| kintu syAdvAda ke svarUpa ko jisane samajha liyA hai, usake samakSa yaha Aropa hAsyAspada hI ThaharatA hai| AcArya se yadi prazna kiyA gayA hotA - 'Apa kauna hai?' to ve uttara dete - 'maiM saMnyAsI hU~' punaH prazna kiyA jAtA - 'Apa gRhastha haiM yA nahIM?' to ve kahate 'maiM gRhastha nahIM huuN|' aba tIsarA prazna unase yaha kiyA jAtA - Apa 'hU~' bhI aura nahIM hU~ bhI kahate haiM, isa paraspara virodhI kathana kA AdhAra kyA hai? taba AcArya ko ananyagatvA yahI kahanA par3atA- saMnyAsAzrama kI apekSA hU~, gRhasthAzrama kI apekSA nahIM hU~, isa prakAra apekSAbheda ke kAraNa mere uttaroM meM virodha nahIM hai| basa, yahI uttara syAdvAda hai| satva aura asatva dharma yadi eka hI apekSA se svIkAra kie jAe~, to paraspara virodhI hote haiM, kintu svarUpa se satva aura pararUpa se asatva svIkAra karane meM kisI prakAra kA virodha nahIM hai, jaise-maiM saMnyAsI hU~ aura saMnyAsI nahIM hU~, yaha kahanA viruddha hai, kintu maiM saMnyAsI hU~, gRhastha nahIM hU~, aisA kahane meM koI virodha nahIM hai| saMdarbha sUcI : 1. uttarAdhyayana sUtra - sudharmAsvAmI, 20/37 2. azoka ke phUla - bhArata varSa kI sAMskRtika samasyA, pRSTha 67 3. vahI, pRSTha 6 dIrgha nikAya vibhAga, pRSTha 426 __ yathA dhenu saha zreSu vatso yAti sva maatrN| tathA pUrvakRtaM karma kartAra manugacchati // mahAbhArata, zAntiparva 181, 16 karmaNyevAdhikAraste mAphalesu kdaacn| mA karma phala heturbhurmA, te saMgo'stva krmnni||giitaa, 2/47 7. Atma pravRtyAkRSTA stat prayogya pudgalAH karma / jaina siddhAnta dIpikA, 4/1 8. uvamANa vijae, aMga suttANi 1, pRSTha 48 9. satve sarANiyaTTati, aMga suttANi 1, pRSTha 48 10. aruvI sattA, aMga suttANi 1, pRSTha 48 77. aNega ruvAo joNIo sandhei, AyAro, pRSTha 6

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jaina dArzanika siddhAnta * 245 12. viruSaruve phAse paDise vedei, AyAro, pRSTha 6 13. uttarAdhyayana sUtra, 3/6 14. vahI,4/4 15. sthAnAMga sUtra, 1/77 16. vahI, 1/4/98 17. uttarAdhyayana sUtra 25/31 18. vahI,25/30 19. vahI,25/29 20. karmajaM loka vaicitryaM, abhidharma koSa 4/1, rAjendra sUri 21. bhagavatI sUtra, 12/5 22. kammuNA uvAhA jAyai / AcArAMga sUtra, 1/3/1 23. nyAya darzana,3,1,37,3/2/69 24. sAMkhya darzana - sAMkhya pravacana bhASya - vijJAnabhikSu, 6-41,6-44 25. (i) karmagrantha, 1/35-36, (ii) karma grantha,5/21 26. paMcAstikAya, 134 27. jaina siddhAnta dIpikA, 4/1 28. sthAnAMga, 1/4/9 TIkA 29. uttarAdhyayana,25/45 30. vizeSAvazyaka bhASya, gA. 1636 31. tatvArtha sarvArthasiddhi, 2/7/161 32. (i) ayaskAntopalAkRSTa-sUcIvat tadvayoH pRthak / asti zaktirvibhAvAkhyA, mithobandhAdhikAriNI / / 45 / / (ii) jIva-bhAva-vikArasya, hetuH syAdrvyakarmatat / tadvetustadvikArazca yathA pratyupakArakaH / / 109 // paMcAdhyAyI, 2 adhyAya 33. jIvaMgANaM aNAi-saMbaMdho, kaNayovale malaM vA tANatthitaM sayaM siddha / gommaTasAra, (ka.) 2/3 34. paMcAstikAya saMgraha, gA. 128,129, 130 35. pIsayara koDi-koDi nAme goe sattarI mohe ||krmgrnth,5/26 36. sthAnAMga sUtra,77, bhagavatI sUtra 37. uttarAdhyayana sUtra,4/3 38. uttarAdhyayana sUtra,4/4 39. vizeSAvazyaka bhASya, 1/93 40. zrI madabhAgavadagItA.2/47 41. bhagavatI sUtra, sudharmAsvAmI,1/3/116, pR. 166,1/1/27 42. samayasAra kundakundAcArya, saMvara adhikAra, gAthA, 191 43. bhagavatI sUtra sudharmAsvAmI, pra. jaina priM pre. sailAnA, 1/1/10, pR. 48

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246 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana 44. sucinnA kammA, sucinnA phalA, ducinnAkammA, ducinnA phlaa| - aupapAtika sUtra, 56 45. cauvhei baMdhe pannate taM jahA pagai baMdhe Thii baMdhe aNubhAga baMdhe paesa bNdhe|sthaanaaNg, 4/3/296 46. uttarAdhyayana sUtra, 20/36 47. nyAyadarzana,4/1 48. bhagavatI sUtra,7-10 49. prajJApanA sUtra, pR. 23 50. mahAbhArata, vana parva,30/28 51. uttarAdhyayana, 20/36 52. prajJApanA, 3/1 sUtra, 1667 a. madhukara muni 53. sthAnAMga,4/8 54. samavAyAMga, samavAya,5 55. tattvArthasUtra, 8/1 56. vahI,8/4 57. vahI,6/5 58. sUtrakRtAMga 6/26, sthAnAMga sUtra, 4/1/251, 59. uttarAdhyayana sUtra, 32/7, 60. sthAnAMga sUtra 2/2 61. Naya vatthu do, dubaMdho, ajjha va sANeNa baMdhotyi-samayasAra, 265 62. aNumitto vina baMdho, vara vatpu paccao bhnnio|oghniyukti,gaathaa 5 63. (i) saMyukta nikAya, 36/8,43/7/3,45/5/10, 21/3/9 (ii) bauddha dharmadarzana, pRSTha 245 64. duHkha-janma-pravRtti-doSa mithyAjJAnAnAmuttarottottarApAye tadantarA pAyAdapakarma // nyAyasUtra, 1/1/2 tattvajJAnanniH shreysm| tattvajJAnamAtmasAkSAtkAra iha vivkssitH| tasyaiva sarvAMgeNa mithyAjJAnonmUlana-kSamatvAt / / - vaizeSika sUtra, prazasta pAdabhASya pRSTha 538 66. (i) jJAnena cApavargo viparyayAdiSyate bandhaH / sAMkhyakArikA, 54 (ii) jJAnAnmuktiH, bandho viparyayAt / sAMkhyadarzana,3/24-25 (iii) sAMkhyakArikA,44,47,48 67. (i) yoga darzana, 2/314 ___(ii) tasya heturavidyA, tadabhAvAt saMyoga bhAvo, tadRzeH kaivlym|-yogdrshn,2/24-25 68. (i) jJAnA jJAne mokSa-baMdha-hetu niyama yati... samayasAra, gA. 153 ttiikaa| (ii) tathA'pyasyAsau syAdiha kila bandhaH prkRtibhiH|| sakhalvajJAnasya sphurati mahimA ko'pi gahanaH / / samayasAra, 395/195 69. uttarAdhyayana sUtra, 33/2-3 70. paMcAdhyAyI,2/998 71. vahI,2/999

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72. vahI, 2/1000 73. tattvArthasAra, amRtacandra, 8/22 74. kaSAya pAhur3a, 1/1, 1/70 75. tattvArthasAra amRtacandra, 8/39-40 76. tattvArtha sUtra, 10/1, tatvArtha sAra, amRtacandra 8 / 25 77. tattvArthasUtra umAsvAti, 10/5 78. prajJApanA sUtra, 21/1/299 79. uttarAdhyayana sUtra, 28/10 80. niyamasAra, 10 81. tattvArthasUtra, 2/9 82. pramANanaya tattvAloka, 2/7 83. uttarAdhyayana sUtra, 33/4 84. sthAnAMga sUtra, 2/4/105 85. (i) naMdIsUtra, 43, ThANAMga, 2/4/105 TIkA (ii) uttarAdhyayana sUtra, 33/19-20 86. sthAnAMga, 2/4/105 TIkA 87. uttarAdhyayana sUtra, 33 / 5 - 6, tattvArtha sUtra, 88. ThANAMga, 2/4/105 33/19-20 89. uttarAdhyayana sUtra, 90. uttarAdhyayana sUtra, 33/7 91. tattvArtha sUtra, 8/8 92. sthAnAMga sUtra, 8 / 488 93. uttarAdhyayana sUtra, 33/19-20 94. prajJApanA sUtra, 23/2/21-29 95. bhagavatI sUtra, 6/3 96. tattvArthasUtra, 8/19 97. uttarAdhyayana sUtra, 33/8 98. vahI, 33/9 99. paMcAdhyAyI, 21/6 100. uttarAdhyayana sUtra, 33/10 101. vahI, 33/11 102. tattvArthasUtra, 8/10 bhASya 103. prathama karma grantha, gA0 18 104. sthanAMga, 2/4/105 TIkA 105. uttarAdhyayana sUtra, 33/21 106. tattvArtha sUtra, 8/11, uttarAdhyayana sUtra, 1,8/8 33/12 jaina dArzanika siddhAnta * 247

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2248 jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana 107. tattvArtha sUtra, 2/52 108. uttarAdhyayana sUtra, 33/22 109. bhagavatI sUtra, 6/3 110. sthAnAMga sUtra,2/4/105 TIkA 111. uttarAdhyayana sUtra, 33 / 13 112. tattvArtha sUtra, 8/12 113. uttarAdhyayana sUtra, 33/23 114. prajJApanA sUtra, 23/1/288 TIkA 115. uttarAdhyayana sUtra, 33/14 116. vahI, 33/14 117. prajJApanA sUtra, 23/1/292,23/2/293 118. uttarAdhyayana sUtra, 33/23 119. paMcAdhyAyI, 2/1007 120. uttarAdhyayana sUtra, 33/19 121. (i) uttarAdhyayana sUtra, 28/15 (ii) tattvArtha sUtra, 1/2 122. tattvArtha sUtra, 7/1 123. kammaM kaso bhavovA, kasamAto siM kasAyato / kasamAya yaMti va jatto gamayaMti kasAyati // vizeSAvazyaka bhASya, 1227 124. tattvArtha sUtra, 8/10 125. vahI, 6/1 126. vahI, 6/2 127. (i) dhavalA, pu0 13/5-5/82 (ii) tattvArtha vArtika, 8/2/9 128. tattvArtha sUtra, 6/11 129. vahI, 6/13 130. bhagavatI sUtra, 7/3, sU0 286 131. tattvArtha sUtra, 6/12 132. bhagavatI sUtra, 7/6/286 133. vahI, 8/9/351 134. niHzIla vratatvaM ca sarveSAm / tattvArtha sUtra, 6/19 135. (i) bhagavatI sUtra, 8/3 (ii) tattvArtha sUtra, 6/21-22 136. (i) jJAtA sUtra, 5/1 (ii) Avazyaka niryukti, 1/9/11 137. (i) bhagavatI sUtra, 8/5/351

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jaina dArzanika siddhAnta * 249 (ii) tattvArtha sUtra,8/13 (iii) karma graMtha, 1/60 138. tattvArtha sUtra, 6/24-25 139. (i) dANaMtarAeNaM, lAbhaMtarAeNaM, bhogaMtarAeNaM, uvabhogaMtazaeNaM vIriyaMtarAeNaM, aMtarAekammAsarIrappayoga baMdhe / bhagavatI sUtra,8/9/351 (ii) dANe lAbheya bhogeya, uvabhoge vIrie thaa| paMcavihamaMtarAyaM,samAseNa viyaahiNyN||- uttarAdhyayana,33/15 (iii) prajJApanAsUtra, pada 23/2/293 140. tattvArtha sUtra,6/26 141. bhagavatI sUtra,5/5 142. sthAnAMga sUtra,4/4/312 143. (i) baMdhastu karma pudgalAnAM viziSTa zakti prinnaamenaa'vsthaanaam| - paMcAstikAya, 148 (ii) sthAnAMga sUtra, 1/4/9 (iii) bandhaH AtmakarmaNoratyanta saMzleSaH / uttarAdhyayana sUtra, ni.zA.vR. 4 144. kammANaM saMbaMdho bNdho|- gommaTasAra, karmakANDa, 438 145. zubhAzubhAnAM grahaNaM karmaNAM bandha iSyate / SaDdarzanasamuccaya, pRSTha 47 146. sakaSAyatvAt karmaNo yogyAn pudgalAbhAdatte, sambandhaH / - tattvArtha sUtra, 8/2 147. prakRti sthityanubhAva pradezAstAdvidhayaH // tatvArtha,8/4 148. tatvArtha sUtra,8/5 149. (i) pradezAH karmapudgalAH jIva-pradezeSvotaprotAH pradrUpa karma prdeshkrm| bhagavatI sUtra, vRtti 1/4/40 (ii) sarvArthasiddhi,8/3/379 (iii) kaSAyapAhur3a, 2/212 (iv) tattvArthasUtra, 8/25 150. (i) karma grantha,5/85 __(ii) svopAttasyAyuSa udayAttasmin bhave zarIreNa sahA'vasthAnaM sthitiH| - sarvArthasiddhi, 8/3/379 151. karma grantha, 1/18 152. tattvArtha sUtra 8/21-22 153. zubhAzubha-karmaNAM nirjarA samaye sukha-duHkha-phaladAna-zakti yukto hynubhaagbndhH| niyamasAra, tA. vR.40 154. kammANaM jodu raso ajjhavasANa-jANido suha asuho vA baMdho so aNubhAgo... / mUlAcAra, 1240 155. karma grantha,5/63 156. bhagavatI sUtra,1/1/1/1-6 pra.saM. byAvara 157. bhagavatI sUtra, 2/3

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250 jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana 158. prajJApanA sUtra, 23/2/21-29 159. yogazAstra, vyAsa bhASya, 2/13 160. uttarAdhyayana sUtra, 28 / 2-3 161. navatatva sAhitya saMgraha, sapta tattva prakaraNam 118-122, hemacandrasUri 162. tattvArtha sUtra, 1/4 163. darzana aura cintana, dvitIya khaNDa, pRSTha 216 164. sanmati prakaraNa kuNDa - siddhasena divAkara, 3/69 165. paMcAstikAya TIkA - zrI amRtacandra, pRSTha 296 166. laghIyastrayaakalaMkadeva, pR0 62 167. AptamImAMsA, 105 168. anyayogavyavaccheda dvAtriMzikA - hemacandra, 2/25 169. sanmati prakaraNa kuNDa 3 /75, siddhasena divAkara 170. jJAnasAra - u0 yazovijaya 171. IzAvAsyopaniSad, 5 172. AptamImAMsA, zloka 15 173. tattvArtha sUtra, a. 5 174. A Text book of Inorganic chemistry by J. R. Parting - N. P. 15 175. pramANa naya tatvAvaloka, vAdidevasUri 4/14 176. syAdavAda maMjarI, kA0 23 kI TIkA 177. bhagavatI sUtra, 12/10/469 178. paMcAstikAya, gA0 14 179 vizeSAvazyaka bhASya, gA0 2-32 180. pravacana sAra, kundakundAcArya, gA0 23 181. tattvArtha zloka vArtika, 1/6/52 182. (i) nyAya vinizcaya, loka 454 (ii) aSTa sahastrI, pRSTha 139 183. bhagavatI sUtra, 7/2/773 184. mAdhyamika kArikA, nAgArjuna 185 zAMkara bhASya - zaMkarAcArya

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jJAna mImAMsA (pramANa mImAMsA) mAnava vyaktitva ke vikAsa kI dizA meM jJAna kA sarvAdhika mahatva hai| mAnava jIvana kI saphalatA usake jJAna kI mAtrA para avalaMbita hotI hai| jJAna ke abhAva meM to manuSya ko manuSya hI nahIM kahA jA sktaa| bauddhika evaM Atmika jJAna mAnava ko vikAsa kI U~cAiyoM para pahu~cAtA hai| lekina indriya jJAna to pratyeka jIva ke astitva kI prathama AvazyakatA hai| jJAna kI mAnava jIvana meM bahuta ahaM bhUmikA hai, ataH manISiyoM aura dArzanikoM ne jJAna kA vizad vivecana kiyA hai| jJAna kyA hai? jJAna kaise utpanna hotA hai? jJAna prApti ke sAdhana kyA haiM? kyA samasta prApta jJAna yathArtha hotA hai? jJAna kitane prakAra kA hotA hai? Adi-Adi aneka jJAna saMbaMdhI praznoM kA anveSaNa jJAna mImAMsA ke antargata kiyA jAtA hai| jJAna kA zAbdika artha hai, jaannaa| jAnanA AtmA kA guNa hai| arthAta jJAna AtmA kA guNa hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra jJAna 'sva-AbhAsi' hai| jJAna kA svarupa jJAna hai, yaha jAnane ke lie artha prAkaTya (artha bodha) kI apekSA nahIM hai| 1. jJAna prameya hI nahIM varan svayaM pramANa bhI hai| 2. jJAna acetana nahIM jaDa prakRti kA vikAra nahIM varan AtmA kA guNa hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra padArtha kA paribodha yA adhigama pramANa aura naya ke dvArA hotA hai, jaisA ki tatvArthasUtra meM kahA hai : " pramANa nayairadhigamaH arthAt prAmaNa aura naya ke dvArA tatvoM kA adhigama karane ke lie pramANa aura naya upAyabhUta haiN| isalie samasta bhAratIya dArzanikoM ne pramANa ko sarvAdhika mahatva diyA hai| pramANa se hI prameya kA prAmANika paribodha hotA hai| pramANa ke binA prameya kI siddhi nahIM ho sktii| __ AdhyAtma aura darzana ke cintakoM ne samasta vizva ke Akalana aura saMkalana kI dRSTi se pramAtA-pramANa aura prameya kI tripuTI ko svIkAra kiyA hai| isI kA dUsarA rupa jJAtA-jJAna aura jJeya kI tripuTI hai| isa tripuTI meM vizva ke samasta tatvoM aura darzanoM kA samAveza ho jAtA hai| isa tripuTI ko kendrabindu mAnakara hI bharatIya darzanazAstroM kI racanA huI aura unakA uttarottara vikAsa hotA rahA hai| vizva meM jo ghaTaka pramAtA hai-jJAtA hai, vaha eka mAtra cetana tatva hai, jo jIva kahA jAtA hai| jo

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252 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana ghaTaka acetana rupa haiM, ve jJAtA nahIM ho sakate, ve jJeya hai, prameya hai| pramAtA jisa sAdhana se prameya ko jAnatA hai, vaha pramANa hai| pramAtA ne jJAna rupa pramANa dvArA prameya kA zAstra meM pramANa para bahuta vistRta aura vyApaka vicAra kiyA hai| naiyAyika, vaizeSika, sAMkhya, mImAMsA, vedAnta, bauddha, cArvAka aura jaina Adi sabhI darzanoM ne apane-apane DhaMga se pramANa para alaga-alaga cintana prastuta kiyA hai| jaina tatvajJAna meM pramANa ke viSaya meM vipula sAhitya kI racanA huI hai| jainAcAryoM kA pramANa kI mImAMsA meM bahuta mahatvapUrNa yogadAna rahA hai| jJAna kI utpatti : jJAna, jJAtA aura jJeya ke paraspara saMyoga se prakAzita hotA hai| jJeya aura jJAna donoM svataMtra haiN| jJeya hai- dravya, guNa aura pryaay| jJAna AtmA kA guNa hai| na to jJeya se jJAna utpanna hotA hai aura na jJAna se jnyey| hama jAne yA na jAne phira bhI padArtha apane rupa meM avasthita haiN| yadi ve hamAre jJAna kI hI upaja hoM to unakI asattA meM unheM jAnane kA hamArA prayatna hI kyoM hogA? hama adRSTa vastu kI kalpanA hI nahIM kara skte| padArtha jJAna ke viSaya bane athavA na bane, phira bhI hamArA jJAna hamArI AtmA meM avasthita hai| yadi hamArA jJAna padArtha kI upaja ho to vaha padArtha kA hI dharma hogaa| hamAre sAtha usakA tAdAtmya nahIM ho skegaa| vastusthiti yaha hai, ki hama padArtha ko jAnate haiM, taba jJAna utpanna nahIM hotA varan vaha usakA prayoga hai, prakAza hai| jJAna yA jAnane kI kSamatA hamameM vikasita rahatI hai| kiMtu jJAna kI AvRtta dazA meM hama padArtha ko mAdhyama ke binA jAna nahIM skte| hamAre zArIrika indriya aura mana acetana haiN| inase padArtha kA sambandha yA sAmipya hotA hai, taba ve hamAre jJAna ko pravRtta karate haiM aura jJeya jAna lie jAte haiN| jaise- mitra ko dekhakara prema umar3a AyA- yaha prema kI utpatti nahIM , usakI pravRtti hai| yahI sthiti jJAna kI hai| viSaya ke sAmane Ane para vaha use grahaNa kara letA hai| yaha pravRtti mAtra hai| jitanI jJAna kI kSamatA hotI hai, usake anusAra hI vaha jAnane meM sakSama hotA hai| hamArA jJAna indriya aura mana ke mAdhyama se hI jJeya ko jAnatA hai| indriyoM kI zakti sImita hai| ve apane-apane viSayoM ko mana ke sAtha sambandha sthApita karake hI jAna sakatI haiN| mana kA sambandha eka sAtha eka hI indriya se hotA hai| isIlie eka kAla meM eka padArtha ke eka hI paryAya(rupa) ko jAnA jA sakatA hai| isalie jJAna ko jJeyAkAra mAnane kI bhI AvazyakatA nahIM hotii| yaha sImA AvRta jJAna ke lie hai| anAvRta jJAna se eka sAtha sabhI padArtha jAne jA sakate haiN| sahaja tarka hogA, ki eka sAtha sabhI ko jAnane kA tAtparya hai, kisI ko bhI nahIM jaannaa| jise jAnanA hai, use hI na jAnA jAe aura sabake saba jAne jAe~ to vyavahAra kaise calegA? ye jJAna kA sAMkarya hai|

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jJAna mImAMsA (pramANa mImAMsA)* 253 jaina darzana meM isakA samAdhAna isa prakAra kiyA hai, ki padArtha apane-apane rupa meM hai, ve saMkara nahIM bnte| ananta padArtha haiM aura jJAna ke paryAya bhI ananta haiN| ananta ke dvArA ananta kA grahaNa hotA hai, yaha sAMkarya nahIM hai|' bhASA meM eka sAtha eka hI jJeya ke nirupaNa kI kSamatA hai| usake dvArA aneka jJeya ke nirupaNa kI mAnyatA ko saMkara kahA jA sakatA hai, kintu jJAna kI sthiti usase sarvathA bhinna hai| isalie jJAna kI ananta paryAyoM ke dvArA ananta jJeyoM ko jAnane meM koI bAdhA nahIM aatii| viSaya ke sthUla rupa yA vartamAna paryAya kA jJAna hameM indriyoM se milatA hai, usake sUkSma rupa yA bhUta aura bhAvI paryAyoM kI jAnakArI mana se milatI hai| indriyoM meM kalpanA, saMkalana aura niSkarSa kA jJAna nahIM hotaa| mana do yA unase adhika bodhoM ko milAkara kalpanA kara sakatA hai| aneka anubhavoM ko jor3a sakatA hai aura unake niSkarSa nikAla sakatA hai| isalie yaha satya nahIM hai, ki jJAna viSaya se utpanna hotA hai yA usake AkAra kA hI hotA hai| indriya kA jJAna bAharI viSaya se hI prApta hotA hai aura usake binA bhii| jJAna aura jJeya kA viSaya-viSayI bhAva saMbaMdha hai| jaina matAnusAra1. jJAna artha meM praviSTa nahIM hotA, artha jJAna meM praviSTa nahIM hotaa| 2. jJAna arthAkAra nahIM hai| 3. artha se utpanna nahIM hai| 4. artha rupa nahIM hai- tAtparya yaha hai, ki inameM pUrNa abheda nahIM hai| pramAtA jJAna-svabhAva hotA hai, isalie vaha viSayI hai| artha jJeya-svabhAva hotA hai, isalie vaha viSaya hai| donoM svataMtra haiM, phira bhI jJAna meM artha ko jAnane kI aura artha meM jJAna ke dvArA jAne jA sakane kI kSamatA hai| vahI donoM ke kathaMcita abheda kA hetu hai| jJAna ke bheda- jJAna do prakAra kA hotA hai1. yathArtha jJAna yA pramANa evaM 2. ayathArtha jJAna yA smaarop| samyak nirNAyaka jJAna yathArtha hotA hai| jisa jJAna meM saMzaya, viparyAsa, anadhyavasAya na ho, vaha jJAna dArzanika dRSTikoNa se yathArtha jJAna mAnA jAtA hai| isake viparIta jo jJAna saMzaya, viparyaya Adi samAropoM se yukta ho, sarpa ko rassI samajhane ke samAna viparIta bodha rupa hai yA anirNAyaka ho use dArzanika dRSTi se ayathArtha jJAna athavA mithyAjJAna kahate haiN| pramANa : yathArtha jJAna pramANa hai| jJAna aura pramANa kA vyApya-vyApaka kA sambandha hai| jJAna vyApaka hai aura pramANa vyaapy| vastu kA saMzaya Adi se rahita jo nizcita jJAna hotA hai, vaha pramANa hai|

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254 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana _ 'samyagjJAnAtmakaM tatra prmaannmupvrnnitm|" tatvArthasAra meM AcArya amRta candra ne pramANa aura nayoM meM pramANa ko samyagjJAnarupa kahA hai arthAt samIcIna jJAna ko pramANa kahate haiN| jo vastu jaisI hai, usako vaise hI jAnanA pramANa hai| pramANa ke sAmAnya lakSaNa meM kisI kI Apatti nahIM hai| vivAda kA viSaya karaNa banatA hai| nyAya darzana ne artha kI upalabdhi ke sAdhana ko pramANa mAnA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM pramANa (jJAna) ke sAdhakatama karaNa ko pramANa kahA hai| ___ 'pramAyAH karaNaM pramANaM"" arthAt pramA kA karaNa hI pramANa hai| karaNa kA artha hai, saadhktm| eka artha kI siddhi meM aneka sahayogI hote hai, kiMtu ve saba karaNa nahIM khlaate| phala kI siddhi meM jisakA vyApAra-adhyavasAya hotA hai| vaha karaNa kahalAtA hai| kalama banAne meM hAtha aura cAkU donoM calate haiM, kiMtu karaNa cAkU hI hogaa| kalama kATane kA nikaTatama sambandha cAkU se hai, hAtha se usake baad| isalie hAtha sAdhaka aura cAkU sAdhakatama khlaaegaa| yaha darzana indriya aura padArtha ke sambandha rupa sannikarSa ko jJAna meM sAdhakatama mAnatA hai aura use pramANa batAtA hai| vaizeSika darzana bhI sannikarSa ko pramANa mAnatA hai| lekina jaina darzana ne spaSTa rupa se sannikarSa kI pramANatA kA khaNDana kiyA hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra jJAna eka cetana kriyA hai, ataH usakA sAdhakatama karaNa bhI jJAna hI ho sakatA hai| sannikarSa pramANa kA sAdhakatama karaNa nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki vaha acetana hai| jo acetana hotA hai, vaha jJAna kA sAdhakatama karaNa nahIM ho sakatA, jaise ghaTAdi jar3a pdaarth| sannikarSa jar3a hai ataeva vaha sAdhakatama karaNa aura pramANa nahIM ho sktaa| sannikarSa jJAna meM sahakArI karaNa ho sakatA hai, sAdhakatama karaNa nhiiN|" isI prakAra bauddha sArupya aura yogyatA ko karaNa mAnate haiN| bauddha darzana ne nirvikalpaka jJAna ko pramANa mAnA hai| nirvikalpaka jJAna vaha hai. jisameM padArtha kI sattA mAtra kA bodha hotA hai, usake nAma, jAti Adi vizeSa kA jJAna nahIM hotaa| jaina darzana isa nirvikalpaka jJAna kI pramANatA ko svIkAra nahIM krtaa| usake anusAra jo jJAna vyavasAyAtmaka arthAt nizcayAtmaka hotA hai, vahI pramANa hai| sattA mAtra ko grahaNa karane vAlA nirvikalpaka jJAna aura avagraha se pUrva hone vAlA darzana (avyakta bodha) pramANa nahIM hai, kyoMki unase padArtha ke svarupa kA nizcaya nahIM hotA hai| jJAna mAtra pramANa nahIM hai, apitu jo jJAna vyavasAyAtmaka hotA hai, vahI pramANa kI koTi meM AtA hai| yadi jJAna mAtra ko pramANa mAnA jAye to viparyaya, saMzaya aura anadhyavasAya ko bhI pramANa kahanA hogA, kyoMki jJAna to inameM bhI hai, cAhe vaha anirNita, viparIta va saMkita ho| viparIta jJAna kI pramANatA ke niSedha ke lie hI jJAna

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jJAna mImAMsA (pramANa mImAMsA) * 255 ko vyavasAyAtmaka evaM nizcayAtmaka kahA gayA hai| caraka meM vAdamArga padoM meM eka svataMtra vyavasAya pada hai| "atha vyavasAya:- vyavasAyo nAma nizcayaH13 siddhasena se lekara sabhI jaina tArkikoM ne pramANa ko svapara vyavasAyi mAnA hai| vArtikakAra zAntyAcArya ne nyAyAvatAragata avabhAsa zabda kA artha karate hue kahA hai, ki "avabhAso vyavasAyo na tu grahaNa mAtrakam 14 akalaMkadeva Adi sabhI tArkikoM ne pramANa lakSaNa meM vyavasAya pada ko sthAna diyA hai aura pramANa ko vyavasAyAtmaka" mAnA hai| yaha koI Akasmika bAta nahIM hai| nyAyasUtra meM pratyakSa ko vyavasAyAtmaka kahA hai| sAMkhyAkArikA meM bhI pratyakSa ko adhyavasAyarupa kahA hai| isI prakAra jaina AgamoM meM bhI pramANa ko vyavasAya zabda se paribhASita kiyA gayA hai| jaisA ki tatvArthasAra meM kahA hai "samyagjJAnaM puna: svArtha vyavasAyAtmakaM viduH|"10 arthAt jo svapara kA vyavasAyAtmaka jJAna hai, use samyagjJAna kahate haiN| isa prakAra jaina darzana usI jJAna ko pramANa mAnatA hai, jo svayaM ko bhI jAne aura sva se bhinna para padArtha ko bhI jaane| na kevala jAne apitu nizcayAtmaka aura yathArtha rupa meM jAne / pramANa kI upayogitA yaha hai, ki vaha upAdeya, heya aura upekSaNiya ThIka-ThIka DhaMga se jaaneN| heya-upAdeya evaM upekSaNiya kA yaha viveka tabhI saMbhava hai, jaba use jJAna rupa mAnA jaaye| yadi pramANa ko jJAnarupa mAnakara ajJAnarupa mAnA jAegA, to vaha heyaupAdeya kA samyak viveka nahIM kara sakegA aura usa dazA meM pramANa kI koI sArtha katA yA upayogitA tabhI hai, jaba vaha heya-upAdeya kA viveka aura sva-para kA samyak parijJAna kara sake / jaisA ki AcArya siddhasena ne pramANa kA lakSaNa batAyA hai "pramANaM svaparAbhAsi jJAnaM baadhvivrjitm|'' arthAt sva aura para ko prakAzita karane vAlA abAdhita jJAna pramANa hai| pramANa-catuSTaya siddhi : pramANa ke lakSaNa meM kahA gayA hai, ki vaha sva-para ko jAnane vAlA hotA hai| sva kA artha hai jJAna aura para kA artha hai- padArtha / jo jJAna apane svayaM ko aura ghaTa-paTAdi padArtha ko jAnatA hai, pramANa hai| jaisA ki vAdideva sUri pramANa kA svarupa batAte haiM "sva para vyavasAyi jJAnaM prmaannm||1 arthAt sva aura para ko nizcita rupa se jAnane vAlA jJAna pramANa kahalAtA hai| jainAcAryoM ne pramANa ke lakSaNa meM sva-para zabda kA ullekha vizeSa prayojana ko lekara kiyA hai| vaha prayojana hai- zUnyavAdI bauddhoM aura jJAnAdvaitavAdI vedAnta darzana kI mAnyatAoM ko nirasta krnaa|

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256 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana zUnyAvAdI bauddha ghaTapaTAdi bAhya padArthoM ko aura jJAna ko bhI svIkAra nahIM krtaa| vaha kahatA hai, ki saMsAra meM na to koI bAhya padArtha hai aura na bAhya padArthoM ko jAnane vAlA jJAna hI hai| na koI pramAtA hai, na koI prmey| na pramANa hai aura na pramiti hai| pramAtA-prameya-pramANa aura pramiti se sarvathA rahita kevala zUnyatA hI saba kucha hai aura kucha nahIM hai| jo pramAtA-prameya-pramANa-pramiti Adi kahe jAte haiM, vAstava meM ve saba mithyA haiM, kAlpanika haiN| zUnyatA hI vAstavika hai, yaha zUnyavAdI bauddha kA mantavya hai| vijJAnavAdI bauddha kahatA hai, ki ghaTapaTAdi bAhya padArtha vAstavika nahIM hai| ye saba jJAna kI hI vividha paryAya haiM, ataeva jJAna hI tatva hai, bAhya ghaTa-paTAdi padArtha jo pratIta hote haiM, ve mithyA haiN| vedAnta darzana bhI bAhya-padArtha ko mithyA kahatA hai| usake anusAra 'brahma satyaM jaganmithyA"' kevala parabrahma hI vAstavika hai aura zeSa sArA jagat mithyA hai| uparyukta dhAraNAoM ko khaNDita karane ke lie jaina darzana ne pramANa ke lakSaNa meM 'sva-para' zabda kA ullekha kiyA hai| isake dvArA yaha pratipAdita kiyA hai, ki vizva meM jJAna bhI hai, jJeya bhI hai| pramANa-prameya-pramAtA-pramiti Adi vAstavika tatva haiN| ye kAlpanika nahIM haiM, apitu satya haiN| jJAna bhI sat hai, jJeya bhI sat, jJAtA bhI sat hai, jJAna kA phala bhI sat hai| pramANa-prameya-pramAtA-pramiti rUpa tattva catuSTayI pAramArthika hai, kAlpanika nahIM hai| isa jaina siddhAnta ko pratipAdita karane hetu pramANa ke lakSaNa 'sva-para' zabda kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| isakA artha hai, ki pramANa apane ko bhI jAnatA hai aura para padArtha ko bhI jAnatA hai| jaina darzana sammata pramANa ke lakSaNoM meM pramANa ke vibhinna svarUpa ko lakSyagata rakhakara vibhinna dRSTikoNa vyakta kie gae haiN| ve sabhI apane-apane sthAna para sahI hai, tathApi pramANa kA sarvamAnya evaM paryApta lakSaNa hai, nizcayAtmaka jJAna athavA samyak nirnny| __ AcArya hemacandra ne pramANa ko adhika pariSkRta rupa meM paribhASita kiyA hai "samyagartha nirNayaH prmaannm|120 arthAt artha kA samyaka nirNaya pramANa hai| padArtha jaisA hai, use usI rupa meM jaannaa| saMzaya, vipayarya evaM anadhyavasAya rahita nizcayAtmaka evaM vyavasAyAtmaka jJAna hI samyaka jJAna hai, jo pramANarupa hai| pramANa ke dvArA jo sAdhA jAya niSpanna kiyA jAya vaha pramANa kA phala hai|" sabhI pramANoM kA sAkSAt phala hotA hai, ajJAna kI nivRtti / pratyakSa, parokSa Adi sabhI jJAnoM kA sAkSAt phala ajJAna kA haTa jAnA hI hai| ajJAna nivRtti rupa sAkSAt phala ke phala ko paramparA phala kahate haiM, kyoMki yaha ajJAna nivRtti se utpanna hotA hai| paramparA phala saba jJAnoM kA samAna nahIM hai| kevalajJAna kA paramparA phala udAsInatA hai| isake atirikta zeSa pramANoM kA paramparA phala samAna hai| grAhya padArthoM ko grahaNa karane kA bhAva, tyAjya padArthoM ko tyAgane kA

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jJAna mImAMsA (pramANa mImAMsA) * 257 bhAva aura upekSaNIya padArthoM para upekSA karane kA bhAva honA pratyakSa, parokSa Adi pramANoM kA paramparA phala hai|' pramANa tabhI saphala hotA hai, jaba usake dvArA ukta prayojana siddha hote hoN| yaha tabhI saMbhava ho sakatA hai, jaba pramANa ko jJAnarUpa svIkAra kiyA jaay| isalie jaina darzana ne samyagjJAna, yathArtha jJAna ko pramANa kA lakSaNa mAnA jaba jJAna hI pramANa hai aura pramANa jJAnarUpa hai, to jJAna aura pramANa meM kyA antara hai? samAdhAna yaha hai, ki jJAna vyApaka hai aura pramANa vyApta hai| donoM meM vyAptavyApaka bhAva sambandha hai| jJAna yathArtha aura ayathArtha donoM prakAra kA hotA hai| samyagjJAna yathArtha jJAna hai aura saMzaya viparyayAdi ayathArtha jJAna hai| pramANa to yathArtha jJAna rUpa hI hotA hai| ataeva samasta jainAcAryoM ne pramANa ke lakSaNa meM yathArtha jJAnasamyagjJAna kI anivAryatA pratipAdita kI hai| jJAna mImAMsA kA pramANa mImAMsA se svAtaMtrya : jaina AgamoM meM jJAna mImAMsA ke antargata paMca jJAna kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| AgamoM meM jJAna carcA ke sAtha anya darzanoM meM prasiddha pramANa carcA kA koI sambandha yA samanvaya sthApita nahIM kiyA gayA hai| ina jJAnoM meM hI samyaktva aura mithyAtva ke bheda ke dvArA jainAgamikoM ne vahI prayojana siddha kiyA hai, jo dUsaroM ne pramANa aura apramANa ke vibhAga ke dvArA siddha kiyA hai| arthAt AgamikoM ne pramANa yA apramANa aise vizeSaNa die binA hI prathama ke tInoM jJAnoM meM ajJAna-viparyaya-mithyAtva tathA samyaktva donoM hI saMbhAvanA mAnI hai aura antima do meM ekAnta samyaktva hI batalAyA hai| isa prakAra jJAnoM ko pramANa yA apramANa na kaha karake bhI una vizeSaNoM kA prayojana to niSpanna kara hI diyA hai| jaina dArzanika anya darzanoM meM pracalita pramANa-apramANa carcA se anabhijJa nahIM the| kintu ve usa carcA ko apanI maulika aura svatantra jJAna carcA se pRthak hI rakhate the| jaba AgamoM meM jJAna kA varNana AtA hai, taba pramANoM yA apramANoM se una jJAnoM kA kyA sambandha hai, use batAne kA prayAsa nahIM kiyA hai| isI prakAra pramANa mImAMsA meM kisI pramANa ko jJAna kahate hue bhI Agama vivecita pA~ca jJAnoM kA samAveza aura samanvaya usameM kisa prakAra hai, yaha bhI nahIM batAyA hai, isase phalita yahI hotA hai, ki Agama vettAoM ne jJAna mImAMsA evaM pramANa mImAMsA kA samanvaya karane kA prayAsa nahIM kiyA- donoM ko pRthak-pRthak hI rakhA hai| jJAna mImAMsA ke vikAsa kI bhUmikAe~ : jaina paramparA meM paMca jJAna carcA bhagavAna mahAvIra se pUrva bhI hotI thii| isakA pramANa rAja praznIya sUtra meM hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne apane mukha se atIta meM hone vAle kezIkumAra zramaNa kA vRttAnta rAja praznIya meM kahA hai| zAstrakAra ne kezIkumAra zramaNa ke mukha se nimna vAkya kahalAyA hai: "evaM khupaesI amhaM samaNANaM niggaMthANaM paMcavihe nANe paNNate-taMjahA AbhiNibohiyanANe suyanANe ohiNANe maNapajjavaNANe kevlnnaanne|"25

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258 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana isa vAkya se spaSTa phalita hotA hai, ki kama se kama ukta Agama ke saMkalanakartA ke mata se pUrva bhI zramaNoM meM paMcajJAna kI mAnyatA thI, jo nirmUla bhI nahIM hai| uttarAdhyayana ke 23veM adhyayana se yaha spaSTa hai, ki bhagavAna mahAvIra ne AcAra viSayaka kucha saMzodhanoM ke atirikta tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha dvArA pratipAdita tattvajJAna meM saMzodhana nahIM kiyaa| yadi mahAvIra ne tattvajJAna meM bhI kucha naI saMkalpanAe~ pratipAdita kI hotI to unakA nirUpaNa bhI AgamoM meM avazya hI hotaa| ___AgamoM meM pA~ca jJAnoM ke bhedopabhedoM kA jo varNana hai, jIva mArgaNAoM meM pA~ca jJAnoM kI jo ghaTanA varNita hai tathA pUrvagata meM jJAnoM kA svatantra nirupaNa karane vAlA jo jJAna pravAda pUrva hai, ina sabase yahI phalita hotA hai, ki paMcajJAna kI carcA bhagavAna mahAvIra ne nayI prAraMbha nahIM kI hai, varan pUrva paramparA jo calI A rahI thI, usI kA navIna rUpa se pravartana kiyA hai| isa jJAna mImAMsA ke vikAsa krama ko samajhane ke lie Agama meM hameM unakI tIna bhUmikAe~ spaSTa dikhAI detI haiM - 1. prathama bhUmikA meM jJAnoM ko pA~ca bhedoM meM hI vibhakta kiyA gayA hai| 2. dvitIya bhUmikA meM jJAnoM ko pratyakSa aura parokSa aise do bhedoM meM vibhakta karake pA~ca jJAnoM meM se mati aura zruta ko parokSAntargata aura zeSa avadhi, manaH paryAya aura kevalajJAna kA pratyakSa meM antarnihita kiyA gayA hai| isa bhUmikA meM lokAnusaraNa karake idriya janya pratyakSa ko arthAt indriyajamati ko pratyakSa meM sthAna nahIM diyA hai, kintu jaina siddhAnta ke anusAra jo jJAna Atma mAtra sApekSa hai, unheM hI pratyakSa meM sthAna diyA gayA hai| jo jJAna AtmA ke atirikta anya sAdhanoM kI bhI apekSA rakhate haiM, unakA samAveza parokSa meM kiyA gayA hai| yahI kAraNa hai, ki indriya janya jJAna jise jainetara sabhI dArzanikoM ne pratyakSa kahA hai, jaina AgamikoM ne use pratyakSa ke antargata nahIM mAnA hai| 3. tRtIya bhUmikA meM indriya janya jJAnoM ko pratyakSa aura parokSa ubhaya meM sthAna diyA gayA hai| isa bhUmikA meM lokAnusaraNa spaSTa hai| prathama bhUmikA ke anusAra jJAna kA varNana hameM bhagavatI sUtra meM milatA hai| usake anusAra jJAna ko nimnalikhita sArINI ke rUpa meM vibhakta kiyA jA sakatA hai jJAna / Abhinibodhika zruta avadhi manaHparyAya kevala IhA avAya avagraha dhAraNa dhAraNA

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jJAna mImAMsA (pramANa mImAMsA) 259 sUtrakAra ne Age kA varNana rAjapraznIya se pUrNa karane kI sUcanA dI hai aura rAjapraznIya" ko dekhane se jJAta hotA hai, ki usameM pUrvovata karake zeSa kI pUrti nandI sUtra se kara lene kI sUcanA dI hai| sAra yahI hai, ki zeSa varNana nandI ke anusAra hote hue bhI antara yaha hai, ki isa bhUmikA meM nandIsUtra ke prAraMbha meM kathita pratyakSa aura parokSa bhedoM kA jikra taka nahIM hai| dUsarI bAta yaha hai, ki nandI kI taraha isameM Abhinibodha jJAna ke zrutaniHsRta aura azruta niHsRta aise do bhedoM ko bhI sthAna nahIM hai| isase yahI kahA jA sakatA hai, ki yaha varNana prAcIna bhUmikA kA hai| 2. dvitIya bhUmikA kA vivecana sthAnAMga gata jJAna carcA meM milatA hai / usameM jJAna ko pratyakSa aura parokSa aise do bhedoM meM vibhakta karake unhIM do meM paMca jJAnoM kI yojanA kI gaI hai|" yaha prAthamika bhUmikA kA vikAsa hai, jo isa sArINI meM spaSTa rUpa se parilakSita hai - kevala avadhi + pratyakSa + jJAna + nokevala manaHparyAya F bhavapratyayika kSAyopazamika Rjumati vipulamati arthAvagraha vyaMjanAvagraha arthAvagraha vyaMjanAvagraha Avazyaka vyatirikta parokSa abhi nibodhika 7 F zrutaniHsRta azrutaniHsRta aMga praviSTa aMgabAhya Avazyaka V kAlika zrutajJAna + utkAlika uparyukta AdhAra para hI umAsvAti ne bhI pramANoM ko pratyakSa aura parokSa meM vibhakta karake unhIM do meM pA~ca jJAnoM kA samAveza kiyA hai| . 1 pazcAtavartI jaina tArkikoM ne pratyakSa ke do bheda batAe haiN| vikala aura skl|" kevala kA artha to hai - sarvasakala aura nokevala kA artha hotA hai, asrvvikl| ataeva tArkikoM ke ukta vargIkaraNa ko mUla sthAnAMga, jitanA to purAnA mAnanA hI cAhiye / yahA~ eka bAta aura bhI dhyAna dene yogya hai / sthAnAMga meM zruta niHsRta ke bhedarUpa se vyaMjanAvagraha aura arthAvagraha ye do batAe haiM / vastutaH vahA~ isa prakAra kahanA cAhiye thA

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260 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana zruta niHsRta avagraha IhA avAya dhAraNA vyaMjanAvagraha arthAvagraha lekina sthAnAMga meM dvitIya sthAnaka kA prakaraNa hone se do-do bAteM ginanA cAhiye, aisA samajhakara avagraha, IhA Adi cAra bhedoM ko chor3akara sIdhe avagraha ke do bheda hI ginAye gae haiN| eka anya bAta kI ora bhI dhyAna denA Avazyaka hai| azrutaniHsRta ke bheda rUpa se bhI vyaJjanAvagraha aura arthAvagraha batAyA hai, jabaki vahA~ bhI TIkAkAra ke mata se nimnalikhita vargIkaraNa honA cAhiye - azruta niHsRta indriyajanya anindriyajanya avagraha IhA avAya dhAraNA autpattikI vainayikI karmajA pAriNAmikI vyaMjanAvagraha arthAvagraha autpattikI Adi cAra buddhiyA~ mAnasa hone se unameM vyaMjanAvagraha kA saMbhava nhiiN| ataeva mUla sUtrakAra kA kathana indriyajanya azruta niHsRta kI apekSA se dvitIya sthAnaka ke anukUla huA hai, yaha TIkAkAra kA spaSTIkaraNa hai| lekina yahA~ prazna hai, ki kyA azruta niHsRta meM autpattikI Adi ke atirikta indrayaja jJAnoM kA samAveza sAdhAra hai? tathA kyA Abhinibodhika ke zruta niHsRta aura azrutaniHsRta ye bheda prAcIna hai? arthAt kyA aisA bheda prathama bhUmikA ke samaya hotA thA? nandIsUtra jo, ki mAtra jJAna kI hI vistRta carcA karane ke lie banA hai, usameM zruta niHsRta mati ke hI avagraha Adi cAra bheda haiM aura azruta niHsRta ke bhedarUpa se cAra buddhiyoM ko ginA diyA gayA hai| usameM indriyaja azruta niHsRta ko koI sthAna nahIM hai| ataeva TIkAkAra kA spaSTIkaraNa, ki azrutaniHsRta ke ve do bheda indriyaja azrutaniHsRta kI apekSA se samajhanA cAhiye, nandIsUtrAnukUla nahIM, varan kalpita hai| matijJAna ke zrutaniHsRta aura azrutaniHsRta aise do bheda bhI prAcIna nhiiN| digambarIya

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jJAna mImAMsA (pramANa mImAMsA) * 261 vAGmaya meM mati ke aise do bheda karane kI prathA nahIM hai| Avazyaka niyukti ke jJAna varNana meM bhI mati ke una donoM bhedoM ko sthAna nahIM diyA gayA hai| AcArya umAsvAti ne tattvArthasUtra meM bhI una donoM bhedoM kA ullekha nahIM kiyA hai| yadyapi svayaM nandIkAra ne nandI meM mati ke zrutaniHsRta aura azrutaniHsRta ye do bheda to kie haiM, tathApi matijJAna ko purAnI paramparA ke anusAra aThAIsa bheda vAlA hI kahA hai| usase yahI sUcita hotA hai, ki autpattikI Adi buddhiyoM kA mati meM samAviSTa karane ke lie hI unhoMne mati ke do bheda to kie, lekina prAcIna paramparA meM mati meM unakA sthAna na hone se nandIkAra ne use aThAIsa bheda bhinna kahA hai| anyathA una cAra buddhiyoM ko milAne se to vaha battIsa bheda bhinna ho jAtA hai| 3. tRtIya bhUmikA nandIsUtragata jJAnacarcA meM vyakta hotI hai vaha isa prakAra hai - "jJAna paJcavidhaM prajJaptaM, tadyathA- 1. AbhinibodhikajJAnaM, 2. zrutajJAnaM, 3. avadhijJAnaM, 4. manaHparyavajJAnaM, 5. kevalajJAna / / sU. 1 // " "taM samAsao duvihaM paNNattaM, taMjahA- paMccakkhaM ca parokkhaM c|" sU. 2 jJAna Abhinibodhika zruta avadhi mana:paryAya kevalajJAna pratyakSa ___parokSa indriya pratyakSa nauindriya pratyakSa abhinibodhaka zruta zruta niHsRta azruta niHsRta 1. zrotendriya pra. 1. avadhi 2. cakSurindriya pra. 2. manaHparyAya 3. ghANendriya pra. 3. kevalajJAna 4. jihvendriya pra. 5. sparzandriya pra. avagraha IhA 1. autpattikI 2. vainayikI 3. karmajA 4. pAriNAmikI avAya dhAraNA vyaMjanAvagraha arthAvagraha uparyukta sArINI ko dekhane se jJAta hotA hai, ki isameM sarvaprathama jJAna ko pA~ca bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai| saMkSepa meM unhIM pA~ca ko pratyakSa aura parokSa aise do pramANoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai| sthAnAMga sUtra meM vizeSatA yaha hai, ki isameM indriya janya matijJAnoM kA sthAna pratyakSa aura parokSa donoM meM hai| jainetara sabhI darzanoM meM

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262 jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana indriyajanya jJAnoM ko parokSa nahIM, apitu pratyakSa mAnA hai / indriya jJAna ko pratyakSa meM sthAna dekara usa laukika mata kA samanvaya karanA bhI nandIkAra ko abhipreta thA / AcArya jinabhadra ne isa samanvaya ko lakSya meM rakhakara hI spaSTIkaraNa kiyA hai, ki vastutaH indriya pratyakSa ko sAMvyAvahArika pratyakSa kahanA cAhiye / arthAt loka vyavahAra ke anurodha se hI indriyaja mati ko pratyakSa kahA gayA hai| vastutaH vaha parokSa hI hai| kyoMki pratyakSa - koTi meM paramArthataH AtmamAtra sApekSa aise avadhi, mana:paryaya aura kevala ye tIna hI haiN| ataH isa bhUmikA meM jJAnoM kA pratyakSa parokSatva vyavahAra isa prakAra sthira huA hai 1. avadhi, manaH paryAya aura kevala jJAna pAramArthika pratyakSa haiM 2. zruta parokSa jJAna hI hai| 3. indriya janya bhatijJAna pAramArthika dRSTi se parokSa hai aura vyAvahArika dRSTi se pratyakSa hai| 1 4. manojanya matijJAna parokSa hI hai / AcArya akalaMka ne tathA tadanusArI anya jainAcAryoM ne pratyakSa ke sAMvyAvahArika aura pAramArthika aise jo bheda kie haiM, jo unakI nayI sUjha nahIM hai| varan unakA mUla nandI sUtra aura usake jinabhadrakRta spaSTIkaraNa meM hai|" nandIsUtra, sthAnAMga sUtra evaM anya aneka prAcIna Agamika sAhitya se jaina darzana kA jJAna viSayaka vivecana anya darzanoM se sarvathA pRthak va advitIya hai| jaina AgamoM meM advaitavAdiyoM kI taraha jagata ko vastu aura avastu mAyA meM to vibhakta nahIM kiyA hai, kintu saMsAra kI pratyeka vastu meM svabhAva aura vibhAva sannihita hai, yaha pratipAdita kiyA hai / vastu kA nirapekSa jo rUpa hai, vaha svabhAva hai, jaise AtmA kA caitanya, jJAna, sukha Adi aura pudgala kI jdd'taa| kisI bhI kAla meM AtmA jJAna yA cetanA rahita nahIM hotI aura pudgala meM jar3atA bhI trikAlAbAdhita hai| vastu kA jo parasApekSarUpa hai, vaha vibhAva hai, jaise AtmA kA manuSyatva, devatva Adi aura pudgala kA zarIra rUpa pariNAma / manuSya ko hama na to kevala AtmA hI kaha sakate haiM, na kevala pudgala hI / isI prakAra zarIra bhI kevala pudgala rUpa nahIM kahA jA sktaa| AtmA kA manuSya rUpa honA bhI parasApekSa hai aura pudgala rUpa aura zarIrarUpa honA bhI parasApekSa hai / ataH AtmA kA manuSya rUpa aura pudgala kA zarIra rUpa ye donoM hI AtmA aura pudgala ke vibhAva haiN| jaina darzana yaha pratipAdita nahIM karatA, ki svabhAva hI satya hai aura vibhAva mithyA hai| unake mata meM vikalAbAdhita vastu hI satya hai, aisA ekAnta nahIM hai / pratyeka vastu cAhe apane vibhAva meM sthita ho yA svabhAva meM, satya hai| tadviSayaka hamArA jJAna mithyA ho sakatA hai, jabaki hama svabhAva ko vibhAva samajheM yA vibhAva ko svabhAva /

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jJAna mImAMsA (pramANa mImAMsA) * 263 tat meM atat kA jJAna hone para hI jJAna meM mithyAtva kI saMbhAvanA rahatI hai| vijJAnavAdI bauddhoM ne pratyakSa jJAna ko vastugrAhaka aura sAkSAtkArAtmaka tathA itara jJAnoM ko avastugrAhaka, bhrAmaka, aspaSTa aura asAkSAtkArAtmaka mAnA hai| jainAgamoM meM indriya-nirapekSa evaM kevala AtmasApekSa jJAna ko hI sAkSArAtmaka pratyakSa kahA hai aura indriya sApekSa jJAnoM ko asAkSAtkArAtmaka aura parokSa mAnA gayA hai| jaina dRSTi se pratyakSa hI vastu ke svabhAva aura vibhAva kA sAkSAtkAra kara sakatA hai aura vastu kA vibhAva se pRthak jo svabhAva hai, usakA spaSTa patA lagA sakatA hai / indriya sApekSa jJAna meM yaha kabhI saMbhava nahIM, ki vaha kisI vastu kA sAkSAtkAra kara sake aura kisI vastu ke svabhAva ko vibhAva se pRthak kara usako spaSTa jAna sake, lekina isakA matalaba jaina matAnusAra yaha kabhI nahIM, ki indriya sApekSa jJAna bhrama hai| vijJAnavAdI bauddhoM ne to parokSa jJAnoM ko avastu grAhaka hone se bhrama kahA hai, kintu jainAcAryoM ne vaisA nahIM maanaa| kyoMki unake mata meM vibhAva bhI vastu kA pariNAma hai| ataeva vaha bhI vastu kA eka rUpa hai| ataH usakA grAhaka jJAna bhrama nahIM kahA jA sktaa| vaha aspaSTa ho sakatA hai, sAkSAtkAra rUpa na bhI ho, taba bhI vastu sparzI to hai hii| uparyukta siddhAnta kA pratipAdana prAcIna kAla ke AgamoM se lekara aba taka ke jaina sAhitya meM avicchinna rUpa se hotA calA AyA hai| jaina AgamoM meM pramANacarcA : jaina AgamoM meM pramANa mImAMsA kA vivecana jJAna se pRthak svataMtra rUpa se kiyA gayA hai| adhikAMzataH AgamoM meM pramANa carcA ke prasaMga meM naiyAyikAdi sammata cAra pramANoM kA ullekha milatA hai| kahIM-kahIM tIna pramANoM kA bhI ullekha hai| bhagavatI sUtra meM gautama svAmI bhagavAna mahAvIra se pUchate haiM, ki jaise kevalajJAnI aMtakara yA aMtima zarIrI ko jAnate haiM, vaise hI kyA chadmastha bhI jAnate haiM? usake uttara meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ne kahA ki - "goyamA No tiNaTe smtte| soccA jANaMti pAsati pamANato vaa| se kiM taM soccA? kevalissa vA kevalisAvayassa vA kevalisAviyAe vA kevaliuvAsagassa vA kevaliuvAsiyAe vAse taM soccaa| se kiM taM pramANaM? pamANe cauvihe paNNate-taMjahA paccakkhe aNumANe ovamme Agame jahA aNuoga dvAre tata NeyavvaM pmaannN|"7 uparyukta kathana meM spaSTa hai, ki pA~coM jJAnoM ke AdhAra para uttara na dekara mukhyarUpa se pramANa kI dRSTi se uttara diyA gayA hai| 'soccA' pada se zrutajJAna ko liyA jAe, to vikalpa se anya jJAnoM ko lekara uttara diyA jA sakatA thaa| lekina aisA na karake para darzanoM meM prasiddha pramANoM ke AdhAra para uttara diyA gayA hai| yaha sUcita karatA hai, ki jainetara darzanoM meM prasiddha pramANoM se zAstrakAra anabhijJa nahIM the aura ve

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264 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana svasammata jJAnoM kI taraha pramANoM ko bhI jJapti meM svataMtra sAdhana mAnate the| sthAnAMga sUtra meM pramANa zabda ke sthAna para hetu zabda kA prayoga bhI milatA hai| jJapti ke sAdhana bhUta hone se pratyakSAdi ko hetu zabda se vyavahata karane meM aucityabhaMga bhI nahIM hai| jaise - ___ "ahavA he U cauvihe paNNate, taMjahA paccakkhe aNumANe ovamme aagme|138 caraka saMhitA meM bhI pramANoM kA nirdeza hetu zabda se huA hai - "atha hetuH - hetu rnAma upalabdhikAraNaM tat pratyakSamanumAna maittihymaupmymiti| ebhihaitubhiryadupalabhyate tat tatvamiti // """ upAya hRdaya meM bhI cAra pramANoM ko hetu kahA gayA hai| sthAnAMga meM aitihya ke sthAna meM Agama kintu caraka saMhitA meM aitihya ko Agama hI kahA hai| ataeva donoM meM koI antara nahIM "aiticaM nAmAptopadezo vedAdiH140 anyatra jaina nikSepa paddhati ke anusAra pramANa ke cAra bheda bhI dikhAe gae haiN| "cauvihe pamANe pannatte taMjahA-davvappamANe khettappamANe, kAlappamANe, bhaavppmaanne|1 uparyukta sUtra meM pramANa zabda kA ati vistRta artha lekara hI usa ke cAra bhedoM kA parigaNana kiyA gayA hai| spaSTa hai, ki isameM dUsare dArzanikoM kI taraha kevala prameya sAdhaka tIna, cAra yA chaha Adi pramANoM kA samovaza nahIM hai, apitu vyAkaraNa koSAdi se siddha pramANa zabda ke yAvat arthoM kA samAveza karane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai| sAMkhyAdi sammata tIna pramANa mAnane kI paramparA kA bhI pracalana jaina darzana meM pAyA jAtA hai| prastuta sUtra meM tIna prakAra ke vyavasAya kA ullekha isI bAta ko vyakta karatA hai "tivihe vavasAe paNNatte taMjahA-paccakkhe paccatite annmaamie||143 isa sUtra kI vyAkhyA karate hue abhayadeva ne likhA hai, ki - "vyavasAyo nizcayaH saca pratyakSaH-avadhimana:-paryayakevalAkhyaH, pratyayAt indriyAnindriyalakSaNAt nimittAjAtaH prAtyayikaH, sAdhyam agnyA dikam anugacchati-sAdhyAbhAve na bhavati yo dhUmAdi hetuH so'nugAmI tato jAtam anugAmikam-anumAnam tadrUpo vyavasAya AnugAmika eveti| athavA pratyakSaH svayaMdarzanalakSaNaH, prAtyayika:-Aptavacana prabhavaH, tRtiiystthaiveti| spaSTa hai, ki uparyukta sUtra kI vyAkhyA meM abhayadeva ne vikalpa kie haiN| arthAt unako ekatara artha kA nizcaya nahIM thaa| vastutaH pratyakSa zabda se sAMvyAvahArika aura pAramArthika donoM pratyakSa, pratyayita zabda se anumAna aura AnugAmika zabda se Agama,

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jJAna mImAMsA (pramANa mImAMsA) * 265 sUtrakAra ko abhipreta mAne jAe~, to siddhasena sammata tIna pramANoM kA mUla ukta sUtra meM mila jAtA hai| siddhasena ne nyAya paramparA sammata cAra pramANoM ke sthAna meM sAMkhyAdi sammata tIna hI pratyakSa, anumAna aura Agama ko mAnA hai| AcArya haribhadra ko bhI ye hI tIna pramANa mAnya hai| aisA pratIta hotA hai, ki caraka saMhitA meM kaI paramparAe~ mila gaI haiM, kyoMki kahIM to usameM cAra pramANoM kA varNana hai, kahIM tIna kA aura vikalpa se kahIM do kA bhI svIkAra pAyA jAtA hai| aisA hone kA kAraNa yaha hai, ki caraka saMhitA kisI eka vyakti kI racanA na hokara kAlakrama se saMzodhana aura parivardhana hote hote yaha rUpa banA hai| yaha bAta agrasArINI se spaSTa ho jAtI hai caraka saMhitA : sUtra sthAna a.11 Aptopadeza pratyakSa anumAna yukti vimAna sthAna a. 4 Aptopadeza pratyakSa anumAna x vimAna sthAna a. 8 (aitihya) Aptopadeza pratyakSa anumAna aupamya vimAna sthAna a. 8 pratyakSa anumAna x vimAna sthAna a. 8 pratyakSa anumAna x yahI sthiti anya jaina AgamoM kI hai| usameM bhI cAra aura tIna pramANoM kI paramparAoM ne sthAna pAyA hai| sthAnAMga ke ukta sUtra se bhI pA~ca jJAnoM se pramANoM kA pArthakya siddha hotA hI hai| kyoMki vyavasAya ko pAMca jJAnoM se saMbaddha na kara pramANoM se saMbaddha kiyA hai| jaise vAdidevasUri likhate haiM "svapara vyavasAyi jJAnaM prmaannm| arthAt sva aura para kA nizcayAtmaka jJAna hI pramANa hai| usI prakAra anya aneka vidvAnoM siddhasena divAkara, umAsvAti, hemacandrasUri Adi ne vyavasAyAtmaka jJAna ko pramANa mAnA hai, jisakA vistRta vivecana hama pUrva meM pramANa ke svarupa meM kara cuke isa prakAra AgamoM meM jJAna aura pramANa kA sarvathA samanvaya nahIM huA hai, yaha nahIM kahA jA sktaa| uparyukta tIna prAcIna bhUmikAoM meM asamanvaya hote hue bhI anuyoga dvAra se yaha spaSTa hai, ki bAda meM jainAcAryoM ne jJAna aura pramANa kA samanvaya karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| lekina yaha paMcajJAnoM kA samanvaya spaSTa rupa se nahIM hai, varan aspaSTa rupa se hI hai| isa samanvaya kA prathama darzana anuyogadvAra meM hI hotA hai| nyAya darzana sammata cAra pramANoM kA jJAna meM samAveza karane kA prayatna anuyoga meM hI hai| lekina yaha prayAsa jaina dRSTi ko pUrNatayA lakSya meM rakhakara nahIM huA hai| ataH bAda meM AcAryoM ne isa prazna ko phira se sulajhAne kA prayatna kiyA aura vaha isalie saphala

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266 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana huA, ki usameM jaina Agama ke maulika paMcajJAnoM ko AdharabhUta mAnakara hI jaina dRSTi se pramANoM kA vicAra kiyA gayA hai| sthAnAMga sUtra meM pramANoM ke dravyAdi cAra bheda jo kie gae haiM, unakA vivecana pUrva meM ho cukA hai| jaina vyAkhyA paddhati kA vistAra se varNana karane vAlA grantha anuyoga dvAra sUtra hai| usake adhyayana se jJAta hotA hai, ki pramANa ke dravyAdi cAra bheda karane kI prathA jainoM kI vyAkhyApaddhati mUlaka hai| zabda ke vyAkaraNa ko vAdi prasiddha sabhI saMbhAvita arthoM kA samAveza karake, vyApaka artha meM anuyogadvAra ke racayitA ne pramANa zabda prayukta kiyA hai, jo agrasArINI se jJAta ho jAtA hai - anuyogadvAra pramANa upakrama upakrama nikSepa nikSepa anugama naya AnupUrvI nAma pramANa vaktavyatA adhikAra samavatAra" naya saMkhyA jIvake ajIvake jJAna darzana cAritra pratyakSa pratyakSa anumAna anumAna aupamya Agama aupamya Agama pratyakSa indriya pratyakSa nau indriya pratyakSa nau indriya pratyakSa zrotrendriya pra. cakSurindriya pra. ghrANendriya pra. jihvendriya pra. sparzendriya pra. avadhijJAna pratyakSa manaHparyayajJAna pra. kevalajJAna pra.

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jJAna mImAMsA (pramANa mImAMsA) * 267 anumAna pUrvavat zeSavat dRSTasAdharmyavat kAryeNa kAraNena guNena avayavena AzrayeNa sAmAnyadRSTa vizeSa dRSTa atItakAla grahaNa pratyutpannakAla grahaNa anAgatakAla grahaNa aupamya sAdhaPpanIta vaidhopanIta vaidhopanIta kiJcitsAdhopanIta prAyaHsAdhopanIta sarvasAdhopanIta kiJcitvaidharmya prAya:vaidyarmya sarvavaidyarmya Agama laukika lokottara veda rAmAyaNa mahAbhArata AcArAMga Adi 12 aMga uparyukta sArINiyoM ke antargata jaina Agama sammata pramANa evaM pramANa ke samasta prakAra evaM prakArAntara bhedoM kA saMpUrNa vivecana ho jAtA hai| anuyoga dvAra meM prAraMbha meM hI jJAna ke pA~ca bheda batAe haiM - 1. Abhinibodhika, 2. zruta, 3. avadhi, 4. manaHparyaya va 5. kevalajJAna / pramANa ke vivecana ke prasaMga meM prApta to yaha thA, ki anuyogadvAra ke saMkalanakartA unhIM pA~ca jJAnoM ko jJAna pramANa ke bhedarUpa se batA dete| lekina aisA na karake unhoMne naiyAyika sammata cAra pramANoM ko hI jJAna pramANa ke bheda rUpa se batA diyA hai| aisA karake unhoMne yaha sUcita kiyA hai, ki dUsare dArzanika jina pratyakSAdi cAra pramANoM ko mAnate haiM, vastutaH ve jJAnAtmaka haiM aura AtmA ke guNa haiN| isa samanvaya se yaha bhI phalita ho jAtA hai, ki ajJAnAtmaka sannikarSa indriya Adi padArtha pramANa nahIM ho skte| ataeva hama dekhate haiM, ki siddhasena se lekara

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268 jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana pramANa vivecaka sabhI jaina dArzanikoM ne pramANa ke lakSaNa meM jJAna pada ko avazya sthAna diyA hai| itanA hote hue bhI jaina sammata pAMca jJAnoM meM cAra pramANa kA spaSTa samanvaya karane kA prayatna anuyogadvAra ke karttA ne nahIM kiyA hai| arthAt yahA~ bhI pramANa carcA aura paMcajJAna carcA kA pRthakkaraNa hI siddha hai| zAstrakAra ne yadi paMcajJAnoM meM pramANoM ko samanvita karane kA prayatna kiyA hotA, to unake mata se anumAna aura upamAna pramANa kisa jJAna meM samAviSTa hai, yaha aspaSTa nahIM rahatA / yaha bAta nIce ke samIkaraNa se prApta hotI hai - jJAna pramANa : 1. a) indriyajamati ba) manojanyamati zruta avadhi mana:paryaya kevala pratyakSa 0 Agama pratyakSa pratyakSa pratyakSa anumAna upamAna 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 0 7. 0 uparyukta sAraNI se spaSTa hai, ki jJAna pakSa meM manojanya mati ko kaunasA pramANa kahA jAe tathA pramANa pakSa meM anumAna aura upamAna ko kaunasA jJAna kahA jAe - yaha bAta anuyogadvAra meM spaSTa nahIM kI gaI hai| vastutaH dekheM to jaina jJAna prakriyA ke anusAra manojanyamati jo ki parokSajJAna hai, vaha anuyoga ke pramANa varNana meM samAveza nahIM pAtA / nyAyAdika zAstra ke anusAra mAnasa jJAna do prakAra kA hai, pratyakSa aura parokSa / sukha-duHkhAdi ko viSaya karane vAlA mAnasa jJAna pratyakSa kahalAtA hai aura anumAna, upamAna Adi mAnasa jJAna parokSa kahalAtA haiM / ataeva manojanyamati jo, ki jainoM ke matAnusAra parokSa jJAna hai, usameM anumAna aura upamAna ko antarbhUta kara diyA jAya, to ucita hI hai| isa prakAra pA~ca jJAnoM kA cAra pramANoM meM samanvaya ghaTita ho sakatA hai / yadi yaha abhiprAya zAstrakAra kA bhI hai, to kahanA hogA ki para- prasiddha cAra pramANoM kA paMcajJAnoM ke sAtha samanvaya karane kI aspaSTa sUcanA anuyogadvAra se milatI hai| lekina jaina dRSTikoNa se pramANa vibhAga aura usakA paMcajJAnoM meM spaSTa samanvaya karane kA zreya to umAsvAti ko hI hai / umAsvAti ne pA~ca jJAnoM ko do pramANoM meM vibhakta kiyA hai| prathama ke do jJAna parokSa pramANa hai, zeSa tIna jJAna pratyakSa pramANa haiM / 957 " tat pramANe / AdyeparokSam / prtykssmnyt|' isa samanvaya ko hama isa prakAra samajha sakate haiM

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jJAna mImAMsA (pramANa mImAMsA)* 269 jJAna pratyakSa pramANa parokSa pramANa avadhijJAna manaHparyayajJAna kevalajJAna matijJAna zrutajJAna isa prakAra yadyapi Agama pazcAta kAla meM jaina dArzanikoM ne jaina dRSTi se pramANa vibhAga kiyA hai| tathApi prAcIna AgamoM meM pramANa vicAra jaina dRSTi se svataMtra rUpa se nahIM kiyA gayA hai| apitu usa kAla prasiddha anya dArzanikoM ke pramANa vicAroM kA saMgraha mAtra kiyA hai| prAcIna kAla meM pramANa bheda ke saMdarbha meM aneka paramparAe~ prasiddha rhiiN| unameM se tIna aura cAra bhedoM kA nirdeza Agama meM milatA hai, jo pUrvokta vivaraNa se spaSTa hai| aisA hone kA kAraNa yaha hai, ki pramANa vivecana meM niSNAta prAcIna naiyAyikoM ne pramANa ke cAra bhedoM ko hI svIkAra kiyA hai| unhIM kA anukaraNa caraka aura bauddhoM ne bhI kiyA hai| isI kA anukaraNa jainAgamoM meM bhI huA hai| pramANa ke tIna bheda mAnane kI paraMparA bhI prAcIna hai| isakA anukaraNa sAMkhya, caraka aura bauddhoM meM huA hai| yahI paramparA sthAnAMgasUtra ke antargata surakSita hai| yogAcAra bauddhoM ne to dignAga ke sudhAra ko arthAt pramANa ke do bheda kI paramparA ko bhI nahIM mAnA hai aura dignAga ke bAda bhI apanI tIna pramANa kI paramparA ko hI mAnya rakhA hai, jo ki sthiramati kI madhyAnta TIkA se spaSTa hotA hai| uparyukta vivecana ko hama agrasArINI ke dvArA acchI taraha samajha sakate haiN| zAstra pramANa 1. anuyoga dvAra sutra pratyakSa anumAna upamAna Agama bhagavatI sUtra pratyakSa anumAna Agama 3. sthAnAMga sUtra pratyakSa anumAna upamAna Agama 4. caraka saMhitA pratyakSa anumAna upamAna Agama nyAya sUtra pratyakSa anumAna upamAna Agama vigrahavyAvartanI pratyakSa anumAna upamAna Agama upAyahadaya pratyakSa anumAna upamAna Agama sAMkhyakArikA pratyakSa anumAna Agama 9. yogAcAra bhUmizAstra pratyakSa Agama 10. abhidharmasaMgItizAstra / pratyakSa anumAna Agama 11. vijJaptimAtratAsiddhi pratyakSa anumAna Agama 12. madhyAnta vibhAgavRtti pratyakSa anumAna Agama 13. vaizeSika sUtra pratyakSa anumAna 2. upamAna 5. anumAna xxx xxx

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270 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana X X X X 14. prazastapAda pratyakSa anumAna 15. dignAga pratyakSa anumAna anumAna x x 16. dharmakIrti pratyakSa anumAna 17. cArvAka pratyakSa isa prakAra samasta bhAratIya darzanoM meM naiyAyikAdi sammata cAra pramANoM ko hI svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| kacha ne unhIM meM se tIna athavA do pramANoM ko hI svIkAra kiyA hai| yadyapi jaina dArzanika vivecana meM pratyakSa aura parokSa do pramANoM ko svIkAra karake jaina dRSTi se unakA maulika vivecana kiyA gayA hai| tathApi AgamikoM ne jJAna mImAMsA ko hI mahatva dekara paMcajJAnoM kA hI viziSTa vivecana kiyA hai tathA pramANa mImAMsA ko pRthak hI rakhakara naiyAyikAdi sammata cAra pramANoM ko svIkAra kara liyA hai| pramANa carcA va jJAna carcA meM koI samanvaya sthApita nahIM kiyA hai| paMcajJAnoM meM hI samyaktva aura mithyAtva ke bheda ke dvArA jainAgamikoM ne vahI prayojana siddha kiyA hai, jo dUsare darzanoM meM pramANa aura apramANa ke vibhAga ke dvArA siddha kiyA hai| arthAt jaina darzana meM pramANa yA apramANa jaise vizeSaNoM ko prayukta kie binA hI prathama tIna jJAnoM meM ajJAna-viparyaya-mithyAtva kI tathA samyaktva kI saMbhAvanA mAnI hai tathA antima do meM ekAnta samyaktva hI batAyA hai| isa prakAra jJAnoM ko pramANa yA apramANa na kaha karake bhI una vizeSaNoM kA prayojana to dUsarI taraha se niSpanna kara hI diyA hai| tAtparya yaha hai, ki jo jJAna hama prApta karate haiM tathA jina sAdhanoM ke dvArA prApta karate haiM, ve donoM hI satya haiM yA nahIM? unakI satyatA kI kasauTI kyA hai? pramANa kI prAmANikatA athavA satyatA kA AdhAra kyA hai? yaha jAnanA Avazyaka hai| prAmANya kA niyAmaka tattva (pramANyavAda) : pramANa kA pramANatva kyA hai? pramANa satya hotA hai, isameM koI dvaidha nahIM, phira bhI satya kI kasauTI vibhinna dArzanikoM ne bhinna-bhinna mAnI hai| jaina matAnusAra jJAna kI satyatA yA prAmANya kA niyAmaka tattva hai-ythaarthy| yathArthya kA artha hai-jJAna kI tathya yA vastu ke sAtha sNgti| prameya padArtha jaisA hai, use vaisA hI jAnanA pramANa kA prAmANya hai| vAdideva sUri ne kahA hai - "jJAnasya prameyA vyabhicAritvaM prmaannym| taditaratva praamaannym|| arthAt prameya se avyabhicArI honA athavA prameya jaisA hai, use vaisA hI jAnanA, yahI jJAna kI pramANatA hai| isake viparIta prameya jaisA nahIM hai, vaisA jAnanA aprmaanntaa| prameya ke sAtha jJAna kI saMgati ho, vaha satya jJAna hai tathA prameya ke sAtha jJAna kI saMgati na ho vaha asatya jJAna hai| abAdhitva, aprasiddha arthakhyApana yA apUrva artha prApaNa, avisaMvAditA, yA saMvAdI pravRtti, pravRtti sAmarthya yA kriyAtmaka upayogitA- ye satya kI kasauTiyAM haiM, jo bhinna-bhinna dArzanikoM dvArA svIkRta aura nirAkRta hotI rahI hai|

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jJAna mImAMsA (pramANa mImAMsA) * 271 AcArya vidyAnanda abAdhitatva bAdhaka pramANa ke abhAva yA kathanoM ko pArasparika sAmaMjasya ko prAmANya kA niyAmaka mAnate haiN| AcArya akalaMka, bauddha aura mImAMsaka aprasiddha artha khyApana arthAt ajJAna artha ke jJApana ko prAmANya kA niyAmaka tattva mAnate haiN| saMvAdI pravRtti aura pravRtti sAmarthya - ina donoM kA vyavahAra sarva-sammata hai| kiMtu ye pramANya ke mukhya niyAmaka nahIM bana skte| saMvAdaka jJAna prameyAvyabhicArI jJAna kI bhAMti vyApaka nahIM hai| pratyeka nirNaya meM tathya ke sAtha jJAna kI saMgati apekSita hotI hai, vaise saMvAdaka jJAna pratyakSa nirNaya meM apekSita nahIM hotaa| vaha kadAcita hI satya ko prakAza meM lAtA hai| pravRtti sAmarthya artha-siddhi kA dUsarA rUpa hai| jJAna taba taka satya nahIM hotA, jaba taka vaha phaladAyaka pariNAmoM dvArA prAmANika nahIM bana jaataa| yaha bhI sarvAdhika satya nahIM hai| isake binA bhI tathya ke sAtha jJAna kI saMgati hotI hai| yaha satya kI kasauTI banatA hai, isalie yaha amAnya bhI nahIM hai| pramANatA aura apramANatA kA yaha bheda bAhya padArthoM kI apekSA se samajhanA caahiye| pratyeka jJAna apane svarUpa ko vAstavika hI jAnatA hai| ataH svarUpa kI apekSA sabhI jJAna pramANa hote haiN| bAhya padArthoM kI apekSA koI jJAna pramANa hotA hai, koI aprmaann| prAmANya aura aprAmANya kI utpatti : jaina darzana ke anusAra prAmANya evaM aprAmANya donoM kI utpatti parataH hotI hai| jaisA ki vAdideva sUri likhate haiM - ___tadubhayamutpattau parata eva00 jJAna kI utpatti meM prAmANya aura aprAmANya donoM para nimitta se hote haiN| jJAnotpAdaka sAmagrI meM milane vAle guNa aura doSa kramazaH prAmANya aura aprAmANya ke nimitta banate haiN| nirvizeSaNa sAmagrI se yadi ye donoM utpanna hote to inheM svataH mAnA jAtA, kiMtu aisA hotA nhiiN| ye donoM savizeSaNa sAmagrI se utpanna hote haiM, jaise guNavata sAmagrI se prAmANya aura doSavat sAmagrI se apraamaanny| artha kA pariccheda pramANa aura apramANa donoM meM hotA hai| kiMtu apramANa (saMzaya-viparyaya) meM artha pariccheda yathArtha nahIM hotA hai| pramANa meM vaha yathArtha hotA hai| ayathArtha pariccheda kI bhAMti yathArthapariccheda bhI sahetuka hotA hai| doSa miTa jAe, mAtra isase yathArthatA nahIM aatii| vaha taba AtI hai, jaba guNa usake kAraNa bne| jo kAraNa banegA vaha 'para' hI hogaa| ataH prAmANya aura aprAmANya donoM hI vizeSa sthiti sApekSa hai, isalie inakI utpatti parataH hotI hai| prAmANya nizcaya : pramANya nizcaya svataH tathA parataH do prakAra se hotA hai, jaisA ki hemacandrAcArya likhate haiM 'prAmANya nizcayaH svataH prtovaa|| jina kAraNoM ke dvArA jJAna kI pramANikatA kA nizcaya hotA hai, arthAt prameya ko nizcayAtmaka rUpa se jAnA jAtA hai, ve svataH aura parataH do prakAra se jAne jAte haiN|

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272 jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana pramANa utpatti kI dRSTi se to parataH hI hotA hai lakina jJapti kI dRSTi se prAmANya svataH aura parataH do prakAra kA hotA hai, jaisA ki vAdideva sUri likhate haiM 'jJaptau tu svataH paratazca' - 963 jaina matAnusAra prAmANya nizcaya do prakAra se hotA hai - 1. svataH prAmANya nizcaya, 2. parataH prAmANya nizcaya / 1. svataH prAmANya nizcaya : prameya kA jJAna hone ke sAtha hI usakI satyatA yA prAmANikatA kA bhI nizcaya ho jAe, to vaha svataH prAmANya hai| jina kAraNoM se prameya jJAna hotA hai, unhIM se yadi usakI pramANikatA kA nizcaya ho jAe to vaha svataH pramANya hai| viSaya (jJeya) kI paricita dazA meM jJAna svataH prAmANya hotA hai / jisameM prathama jJAna kI pramANikatA jAnane ke lie anya vizeSa kAraNoM kI AvazyakatA nahIM hotii| jaise- guru apane ziSya ko pratidina dekhate haiM, to apane ziSya ko dekhate hI 'vaha rAma hai' aisA nizcayAtmaka jJAna ho jAtA hai / yaha svataH prAmANya hai| 2. parataH prAmANya nizcaya : vastu kA jJAna hone ke sAtha-sAtha usakI prAmANikatA kA jJAna na ho, taba dUsarI kAraNa sAmagrI se saMvAdaka pratyaya se usakA nizcaya kiyA jAtA hai, yaha parataH nizcaya hai / jina kAraNoM se prameya kA jJAna ho, unase anya vizeSa kAraNoM ke dvArA jaba usa jJAna kI prAmANikatA jAnI jAtI hai, vaha parataH prAmANya hai| viSaya (jJeya) kI aparicita dazA meM prAmANya kA nizcaya parataH hotA hai| jaise - eka bAlaka jisane zera ke bAre meM sunA to bahuta hai, lekina kabhI dekhA nahIM / jaba vaha cir3iyAghara meM pahalI bAra zera ko dekhatA hai, to vaha yaha nizcita rUpa se nahIM jAnatA hai, ki yahI zera hai / vaha apane pitA se pUchatA hai, ki yaha kaunasA jAnavara hai yA kyA yaha zera hai? taba usake jJAna kI prAmANikatA parakAraNa (pitA) ke dvArA siddha hotI hai, ataH yaha parataH prAmANya hai / yaha vizeSa kAraNa sAmagrI do prakAra kI hotI hai 1. saMvAdaka pramANa evaM 2. bAdhaka pramANa kA abhaav| saMvAdaka pramANa prameya kI vidyamAnatA ko siddha karatA hai tathA usakI vidyamAnatA ko bAdhita karane vAle kAraNoM kA abhAva / prAmANya ke isa samasta vivecana ko hama nimna cArTa ke dvArA saralatA se samajha sakate haiM - prAmANya aprAmANya ut ttiparataH I prAmANya jJa. pta (nizcaya) svataH parataH saMvAdaka pramANa abAdhaka pramANa

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jJAna mImAMsA (pramANa mImAMsA) * 273 prAmANyavAda ke sandarbha meM vibhinna dArzanikoM meM matabheda pAye jAte haiN| mImAMsaka pramANya kI utpatti jJapti svataH aura aprAmANya kI parataH mAnate haiN| nyAyadarzana meM prAmANya-aprAmANya donoM ko parataH hI mAnA gayA hai| sAMkhya darzana meM prAmANyaaprAmANya donoM svataH hI mAne gaye haiN| bauddha darzana meM prAmANya-aprAmANya donoM ko avasthA vizeSa meM svataH aura avasthA vizeSa meM parataH mAnA gayA hai| isa prakAra isa viSaya ko lekara dArzanikoM meM vicAra bheda calA A rahA hai| ayathArtha jJAna yA samAropa : jJAna satya va prAmANika ho to pramANa athavA yathArtha jJAna kahA jAtA hai| isake viparIta jo jJAna prAmANaki nahIM hotA, use ayathArtha jJAna kahate haiN| vAdideva sUri ne aprAmANika jJAna ko samAropa kahA hai "atasmiMstadadhyavasAyaH smaaropH| sa viparyaya saMzayAnadhyavasAya bhedAt traidhaa||4 arthAt atadpa vastu kA tadrUpa jJAna ho jAnA yA jo vastu jaisI nahIM hai, vaisI jAnanA samAropa kahalAtA hai| samAropa meM vastu kA samyak nirNaya nahIM hotA hai, isIlie vaha ayathArtha jJAna hai| yaha tIna prakAra kA hotA hai- 1. viparyaya, 2. saMzaya, 3. andhyvsaay| yaha usI prakAra hai, jaise eka rassI ke sambandha meM cAra vyaktiyoM ke jJAna ke cAra rupa haiM 1. yaha rassI hai| - yathArtha jnyaan| 2. yaha sA~pa hai| - viparyaya jnyaan| 3. yaha rassI hai yA sA~pa hai? - sNshy| 4. rassI ko dekhakara bhI anyamanaskatA ke kAraNa grahaNa nahIM karatA hai andhyvsaay| 1. viparyaya ___ "virItaika koTi niSTana viparyaya:165 arthAt eka viparItaM dharma kA nizcaya honA viparyaya-jJAna kahalAtA hai| jaise rassI ke sthAna para sA~pa kA jJAna honaa| viparyaya nizcayAtmaka jJAna hotA hai, kiMtu yaha nizcaya jJeya padArtha ke vAstavika svarupa ke sthAna para kisI anya rupa kA hotA hai| jitanI nirapekSa ekAnta dRSTiyA~ hotI haiM, ve saba viparyaya kI koTi meM AtI haiN| padArtha apanI guNAtmaka sattA kI dRSTi se nitya haiM aura avasthAbheda kI dRSTi se anitya isalie usakA samaSTirupa banatA hai- padArtha nitya bhI hai aura anitya bhii| yaha samyaka jJAna hai| isake viparIta padArtha ko ekAnta nitya athavA ekAnta anitya mAnanA viparyaya jJAna hai, samyakajJAna nhiiN|

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274* jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana padArtha naSTa nahIM hotA, yaha pramANa siddha hai| usakA rupAntara hotA hai, yaha pratyakSa siddha hai| viparIta jJAna ke sambandha meM vibhinna darzanoM meM vibhinna dhAraNAe~ haiM- sAMkhya, yoga aura mImAMsaka (prabhAkara) ise vivekAkhyAti yA akhyAti , vedAnta anirvacanIya khyAti", bauddha (yogAcAra) AtmakhyAti naiyAyika vaizeSika viparIta khyAti yA anyathA khyAti aura cArvAka akhyAti yA nirAvalambana kahate haiN| jaina dRSTi ke anusAra yaha 'sat-asat khyAti' hai| rassI meM pratIta hone vAlA sA~pa svarUpataH sat aura rassI ke rupa meM asat hai| jJAna ke sAdhanoM kI vikala dazA meM sat kA asat ke rupa meM grahaNa hotA hai, yaha 'sadsat khyAti' hai| ___2. saMzaya : jJeya vastu kI dUrI, aMdherA, pramAda, vyAmoha Adi jo viparyaya ke kAraNa banate haiM, ve hI saMzaya ke kAraNa haiN| donoM ke hetu samAna hote hue bhI donoM ke svarupa meM bahuta antara hai| viparyaya meM jahA~ sat meM asat kA nirNaya hotA hai, vahA~ saMzaya meM sat yA asat kisI kA bhI nirNaya nahIM hotaa| AcArya hemacandra saMzaya kI paribhASA isa prakAra likhate haiM "anubhayatrobhaya koTisparzI pratyayaH sNshyH| 70 sAdhaka evaM bAdhaka donoM pramANoM ke abhAva se, anizcita aneka aMzoM ko chUne vAlA jJAna saMzaya kahalAtA hai| saMzaya jJAna kI eka calAyamAna avasthA hai| vaha 'yaha yA vaha' ke ghere ko tor3a nahIM sktaa| usake sAre vikalpa anirNAyaka hote haiN| eka sapheda cAra paira aura sIMga vAle prANI ke dUra se dekhate hI mana meM vikalpa AtA haiyaha gAya hai athavA gavaya? nirNAyaka vikalpa saMzaya nahIM hotA, yaha hameM yAda rakhanA hogaa| padArtha ke bAre meM jaina darzana do vikalpa rakhatA hai-'padArtha nitya bhI hai aura anitya bhii|' yaha saMzaya nahIM hai| saMzaya yA anirNAyaka vikalpa vaha hotA hai, jahA~ padArtha ke eka dharma ke bAre meM do vikalpa hote haiN| aneka dharmAtmaka vastu ke aneka dharmoM para hone vAle aneka vikalpa isalie nirNAyaka hote haiM, ki unakI kalpanA AdhArazUnya nahIM hotii| syAdvAda ke prAmANika vikalpa (bhaMga) saMzayavAda nahIM hai| 3. anadhyavasAya : "kimityA locana mAtra mndhyvsaayH|" anadhyavasAya Alocana mAtra hotA hai| are kyA hai? isa prakAra kA atyaMta sAmAnya jJAna honA anadhyavasAya hai| jaise mArga meM calate-calate kisI tinake kA sparza huaa| sparza huA yaha jAna liyA, kiMtu kisa vastu kA huA yaha nahIM jAna paae| isa jJAna kI Alocana meM hI parisamApti ho jAtI hai, koI nirNaya nahIM nikltaa| isameM vastu ke svarupa kA anyathA grahaNa nahIM hai, isalie yaha viparyaya nahIM hai| yaha vizeSa

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jJAna mImAMsA (pramANa mImAMsA)* 275 kA ullekha nahIM karatA, isalie yaha saMzaya se bhI bhinna hai| saMzaya meM vyakti kA ullekha hotA hai| anadhyavasAya jAti sAmAnya viSayaka hai| isameM sparza kisakA hai, prameya kA nAmollekha nahIM hotaa| anadhyavasAya vAstava meM ayathArtha nahIM hai, apUrNa hai| vastu jaisI hai, use viparIta nahIM jAnatA, varan usI rupa meM jAnane meM akSama hai| isalie ise ayathArtha jJAna kI koTi meM rakhA hai| anadhyavasAya ayathArtha jJAna usI dazA meM hotA hai, jabaki yaha Alecana mAtra raha jAtA hai| yadi yaha Age baDhe to avagraha ke antargata A jaaegaa| ___ayathArtha jJAna ke hetu : eka hI pramAtA kA jJAna kabhI pramANa bana jAtA hai aura kabhI apramANa, yaha kyoM? jaina dRSTi meM isakA samAdhAna yaha hai, ki yaha sAmagrI ke doSa se hotA hai| pramAtA kA jJAna nirAvaraNa hone para aisI sthiti nahIM bntii| usakA jJAna apramANa nahIM hotaa| yaha sthiti usake sAvaraNa jJAna kI dazA meM banatI hai| jJAna kI sAmagrI do prakAra kI hotI hai- 1. Antarika aura 2. baahy| Antarika sAmagrI hai, pramAtA ke jJAnAvaraNa kA vily| anAvaraNa ke tAratamya ke anapAta meM jAnane kI nyanAdhika zakti hotI hai| jAna ke do kama haiM-1 Atma pratyakSa evaM 2. Atma prokss| ___Atma pratyakSa jitanI yogyatA vikasita hone para jAnane ke lie bAhya sAmagrI kI apekSA nahIM hotii| Atma parokSa jJAna kI dazA meM bAhya sAmagrI kA mahatvapUrNa sthAna hotA hai| indriya aura mana ke dvArA hone vAlA jJAna bAhya sAmagrI sApekSa hotA hai| paudgalika indriyA~, paudgalika mana, Aloka, ucita sAmIpya yA dUratva, dig, deza, kAla Adi bAhya sAmagrI ke aMga haiN| __ayathArtha jJAna ke nimitta pramAtA aura bAhya sAmagrI donoM hai| AvaraNa vilaya manda hotA hai aura bAhya sAmagrI doSapUrNa hotI hai, taba ayathArtha jJAna hotA hai| AvaraNa vilaya kI mandatA meM bAhUya sAmagrI kI sthiti mahatvapUrNa hotI hai| usase jJAna kI sthiAti meM parivartana AtA hai| tAtparya yaha hai, ki ayathArtha jJAna kA nimitti jJAna moha hai aura jJAna moha kA kAraNa doSapUrNa sAmagrI hai| parokSajJAna dazA meM cetanA kA vikAsa hone para bhI adRSTa sAmagrI ke abhAva meM yathArtha bodha nahIM hotaa| artha bodha jJAna kI yogyatA se nahIM hotA, apitu usake vyApAra se hotA hai| siddhAnta kI bhASA meM labdhi (jJAnAvaraNa vilaya janya Atma yogyatA) zuddha hotA hai| usakA upayoga zuddha yA azuddha donoM prakAra kA hotA hai| doSapUrNa jJAna sAmagrI jJAnAvaraNa ke udaya kA nimitta banatI hai| jJAnAvaraNa ke udaya se pramAtA mUr3ha bana jAtA hai| yahI kAraNa hai, ki vaha jJAnakArya meM pravRtta hone para bhI jJeya kI yathArthatA ko nahIM jAna paataa| saMzaya aura viparyaya ke kAla meM pramAtA jo jAnatA hai, vaha jJAnAvaraNa kA pariNAma nahIM, apitu vaha yathArtha jJAna nahIM jAna pAtA, vaha ajJAna jJAnAvaraNa kA

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276 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana pariNAma hai| samAropa jJAna meM ajJAna (yathArtha jJAna kA abhAva) kI mukhyatA hotI hai, isalie mukhyavRtti se use jJAnAvaraNa ke udaya kA pariNAma kahA jAtA hai| ayathArtha jJAna ke do prakAra : ayathArtha jJAna do prakAra kA hotA hai- 1. AdhyAtmika va 2. vyaavhaarik| AdhyAtmika viparyaya ko mithyAtva aura AdhyAtmika saMzaya ko mizra-moha kahA jAtA hai| inakA udbhava AtmA kI moha dazA se hotA hai| inase zraddhA vikRta hotI hai| vyAvahArika saMzaya aura viparyaya kA nAma hai 'smaarop'|' yaha jJAnAvaraNa ke udaya se hotA hai| isase jJAna yathArtha nahIM hotaa| prathama pakSa dRSTi moha hai aura dUsarA pakSa jJAna moha / dRSTi moha mithyA dRSTi ke hI hotA hai| jJAna moha samyak dRSTi aura mithyA dRSTi donoM ke hotA hai| dRSTi moha mithyAtva hai, ajJAna nhiiN| mithyAtva moha janita hotA hai| ajJAna (mithyAdRSTi kA jJAna) jJAnAvaraNa vilaya (kSayopazama) janita hotA hai| zraddhA kA viparyaya mithyAtva se hotA hai, ajJAna se nhiiN| jisa prakAra mithyAtva samyak zraddhA kA viparyaya hai, vaise ajJAna jJAna kA viparyaya nahIM hai| jJAna aura ajJAna meM svarUpa bheda nahIM, apitu adhikArI bheda hai| samyagdRSTi kA jJAna jJAna kahalAtA hai aura mithyAdRSTi kA jJAna ajnyaan|' mithyAdRSTi kA jJAna mithyAtva-sahacarita hotA hai, isalie use ajJAna kI saMjJA dI jAtI hai| samyagdRSTi kA jJAna mithyAtva sahacarita nahIM hotA hai. isalie usakI saMjJA jJAna rahatI hai| tIna ajJAna-mati, zruta aura vibhaMga tathA tIna jJAna mati, zruta, aura avadhi- ye viparyaya nahIM hai| ina donoM trikoM kI kSAyopazamikatA (jJAnAvaraNa-vilayajanya yogyatA) meM dvirupatA nahIM hai| donoM meM mithyAtva ke astitva va anastitva kA hI antara hai| ___ mithyA dRSTi meM mithyA darzana aura samyagdarzana donoM hote haiM, phira bhI vaha mithyA dRSTi samyagmithyA dRSTi nahIM bntaa| vaha bhUmikA isase U~cI hai| mizradRSTi vyakti ko kevala eka tattva yA tattvAMza meM sandeha hotA hai| mithyA dRSTi kA sabhI tattvoM meM viparyaya ho sakatA hai| mizra-dRSTi tattva ke prati saMzayita dazA hai aura mithyAdRSTi viparIta sNjnyaan| saMzayita dazA meM atattva kA abhiniveza nahIM hotA aura viparIta saMjJAna meM vaha hotA hai| ataH isakA pahalI bhUmikA kA adhikArI aMzataH samyagdarzanI hote hue bhI tIsarI bhUmikA ke adhikArI kI bhA~ti samyagmithyA-dRSTi nahIM khlaataa| mithyAdRSTi ke sAtha samyagdarzana kA ullekha nahIM hotaa| yaha usake dRSTi viparyaya kI pradhAnatA kA pariNAma hai, kiMtu isakA yaha artha nahIM, ki usameM samyagdarzana kA aMza nahIM hotaa|

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jJAna mImAMsA (pramANa mImAMsA) 277 samyagdarzana kA aMza hone para bhI vaha samyagdRSTi isalie nahIM kahalAtA, ki usake dRSTi - moha kA apekSita vijaya nahIM hotA / uparyukta vivecana se nimnalikhita niSkarSa nikAle jA sakate haiM - - 1. tAtvika viparyaya dRSTimoha aura vyAvahArika viparyaya jJAnAvaraNa ke udaya kA pariNAma hai| 2. ajJAna mAtra jJAna kA viparyaya nahIM, tAtvika vipratipatti athavA dRSTimohodaya-saMvalita ajJAna hI jJAna kA viparyaya nahIM hotA / 3. mithyA dRSTi kA ajJAna mAtra dRSTi moha saMvalita nahIM hotA / isa prakAra ayathArtha jJAna ko vividha rUpoM meM vibhinna dRSTikoNoM se vicAra karane ke pazcAt hama yathArtha jJAna (pramANa) ke vibhinna bhedoM kA vistRta vivecana kreNge| pramANa kI saMkhyA para to hama pUrva meM adhyayana kara hI cuke haiM, aba unake svarUpa kA vivecana kreNge| pramANa vivecana : jaina darzana ke anusAra jJAna kevala AtmA kA vikAsa hai / pramANa padArtha ke prati jJAna kA sahI vyApAra hai| jJAna AtmaniSTha hai / pramANa kA sambandha antarjagata aura bahirjagata donoM se haiM / bahirjagata kI yathArtha ghaTanAoM ko antarjagata taka pahu~cAe, yahI pramANa kA jJAna hai / bahirjagata ke prati jJAna kA vyApAra eka sA nahIM hotA / jJAna kA vikAsa prabala hotA hai, taba vaha bAhya sAdhana kI sahAyatA ke binA hI viSaya ko jAna letA hai| jJAna kA vikAsa kama hotA hai, taba bAhya sAdhana kA sahArA lenA par3atA hai| yahI pramANa bheda kA AdhAra banatA hai / pramANa ke bhedoM ke sandarbha meM vibhinna darzanoM meM unakI bhinna-bhinna saMkhyA mAnI gaI hai| nAstika cArvAka kevala eka pratyakSa pramANa ko mAnate haiM / vaizeSika do - pratyakSa aura anumAna, sAMkhya tIna pratyakSa, anumAna aura zabda, naiyAyika cAra pratyakSa, anumAna, zabda aura upamAna, mImAMsaka (prabhAkara) pA~ca pratyakSa, anumAna, zabda, upamAna aura arthApatti, bhaTTa mImAMsA va vedAnta chaha- pratyakSa, anumAna, zabda, upamAna, arthAt aura abhaav| paurANika inake atirikta sambhava, etihya, prAtima pramANa aura mAnate haiM / jaina do pramANa mAnate haiM- pratyakSa aura parokSa / 1. pratyakSa : padArtha ko jo sahAyatA nirapekSa hokara grahaNa karatA hai, vaha pratyakSa pramANa hai| 2. parokSa : jo sahAyatA sApekSa hokara padArtha ko grahaNa karatA hai, vaha parokSa pramANa hai| isa prakAra pramANa ke mukhya do bheda haiM pratyakSa aura parokSa / pratyakSa ke do bheda hote haiM- vyavahAra pratyakSa aura paramArtha pratyakSa / vyavahAra pratyakSa ke cAra bheda haiM avagraha, IhA, avAya aura dhAraNA / paramArtha pratyakSa ke tIna bheda haiM - avadhi, manaH paryAya -

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278 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana va kevljnyaan| parokSa pramANa ke pA~ca bheda haiM-smRti, pratyabhijJAna, tarka, anumAna aura aagm| isa samasta vibhAjana ko agra sArINI dvArA sahaja rUpa se samajhA jA sakatA jJAna AvRta dazA anAvRta dazA asAkSAta grAhI sAkSAtagrAhI sAkSAtgrAhI mati kevalajJAna yathArtha ayathArtha yathArtha ayathArtha yathArtha 1 parokSa saMvyAvahArika pratyakSa Agama zabda parokSa pratyakSa avagraha IhA avAya dhAraNA smRti pratyabhijJAna tarka anumAna pramANa vAkyanayavAkya pratyakSa pramANa : prAcIna kAla se pramANa ke pratyakSa aura parokSa ye do bheda nirvivAda rUpa se svIkRta rahe haiN| jaisA ki hemacaMdra sUri likhate haiM - "pramANaM dvidhaa| pratyakSa parokSaM c| jaina darzana ne pratyakSa aura parokSa pramANa ko maulika rUpa se paribhASita kiyA hai| vAdi devasUri ne spaSTa jJAna ko pratyakSa kahA hai| "spaSTaM prtykss|"32 jainAgamoM meM Atma mAtra sApekSa jJAna ko pratyakSa kahate hai aura jina jJAnoM meM indriya, mana aura prakAza Adi para sAdhanoM kI apekSA hotI hai, ve parokSa haiN| AcArya kundakunda ne unheM paribhASita karate hue likhA hai - "jaM parado viNNANaM taM tu parokkhaM ti bhnnidmddhesu| jadi kevaleNa NAdaM havadi hi jIveNa paccakkhaM // 183 __ arthAt para ke dvArA hone vAlA jo padArtha sambandhI vijJAna hai, vaha to parokSa kahA gayA hai, yadi mAtra jIva ke dvArA hI jAnA jAe, to vaha jJAna pratyakSa hai| pratyeka vastu apane pariNamana meM svayaM upAdAna hotA hai| jitane paranimittaka pariNamana hai, ve saba

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jJAna mImAMsA (pramANa mImAMsA)*279 vyavahAramUlaka hai| jo mAtra svajanya haiM, ve hI paramArtha hai aura nizcayanaya ke viSaya haiN| pratyakSa aura parokSa ke vibhAjana meM bhI yahI dRSTi kAma kara rahI hai aura usake nirvAha ke lie 'akSa' zabda kA artha AtmA kiyA gayA hai| AtmasAkSAtkAra ko pratyakSa kI koTi meM sirpha jaina darzana ne hI rakhA hai| sAdhAraNatayA pratyakSa zabda ko indriya-pratyakSa ke rUpa meM hI prayukta kiyA hai| ataH jaina darzana meM pratyakSa pramANa ke do bheda batAe gae haiM - 1. indriya yA sAMvyAvahArika pratyakSa, 2. noindriya yA pAramArthika prtykss| vyavahAra naya se indriya jJAna ko pratyakSa pramANa ke antargata rakhA gayA hai| nizcayanaya yA pAramArthika daSTi se to AtmA ke sAkSAta jJAna ko hI pratyakSa pramANa mAnA gayA hai| isake antargata 1. avadhijJAna 2. manaHparyayajJAna aura 3. kevalajJAna ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| jaina darzana ke atirikta anya darzanoM meM indriya jJAna ko hI pratyakSa pramANa kahA gayA hai| vaizeSika sUtra meM laukika aura alaukika donoM prakAra ke pratyakSa kI vyAkhyA dI gaI hai| lekina nyAya darzana aura mImAMsA darzana meM laukika pratyakSa kI hI vyAkhyA dI gaI hai| laukika pratyakSa kI vyAkhyA meM dArzanikoM ne pradhAna rUpa se bahirindriya janya jJAnoM ko lakSya meM rakhA hai, aisA pratIta hotA hai| nyAyasUtra, vaizeSika sUtra aura mImAMsAdarzana kI laukika pratyakSa kI vyAkhyA meM sarvatra indriya janya jJAna ko hI pratyakSa kahA hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra indriya janya jJAnoM ko parokSa jJAna kahA jAtA hai| Atma mAtra sApekSa jJAna ko hI pratyakSa kahA jAtA hai| mati aura zruta donoM jJAna indriya aura mana kI apekSA rakhane vAle hone se parokSa samajhane cAhiye aura avadhi Adi tInoM jJAna Atmika yogyatA se utpanna hone se prtykss| indriya tathA manojanya matijJAna ko kahIMkahIM pUrvokta nyAyazAstra ke lakSaNAnusAra laukika dRSTi kI apekSA se pratyakSa kahA gayA hai| nandIsUtra meM jo indriya janya jJAna ko pratyakSa kahA gayA hai, vaha bhI parasiddhAnta kA anusaraNa karake hI kahA hai| ___tatvArtha sUtra meM mati jJAna kI mati, smRti, saMjJA, cintA aura abhinibodha ina zabdoM ko paryAyavAcI kahA hai| __ "matiH smati: saMjJA cintaa'bhinibodhitynrthaantrm| 186 jo jJAna indriya aura mana se utpanna hotA hai, arthAt vartamAna viSayaka ho use mati kahate haiN| pahale anubhava kI huI vastu kA smaraNa smRti hai, isalie vaha atIta viSayaka hai| pahale anubhava kI huI aura vartamAna meM anubhava kI jAne vAlI vastu kI ekatA kA tAlamela saMjJA yA pratyabhijJAna hai, isalie vaha atIta aura vartamAna ubhayaviSayaka hai| cintAbhAvI vastu kI vicAraNA (cintana) hai, isalie vaha anAgata viSayaka hai|

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280 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana isa prakAra se to mati, smRti, saMjJA aura cintA paryAyavAcI zabda na hokara pRthak-pRthak lagate haiN| kiMtu viSaya bheda aura kucha nimitta bheda hone para bhI mati, smRti, saMjJA aura cintA jJAna kA antaraMga kAraNa jo matijJAnAvaraNIya karma kA kSayopazama hai, vahI sAmAnyarUpa se yahA~ parilakSita hai| isI abhiprAya se yahA~ mati Adi zabdoM ko ekArthaka kahA hai| matijJAnAvaraNIya karma ke kSayopazama se hone vAle saba prakAra ke jJAnoM ke lie eka sAmAnya zabda abhinibodha ko prayukta kiyA gayA hai| mati Adi kSayopazamajanya vizeSa jJAnoM ke lie hai| 1. sAMvyAvahArika pratyakSa : sAMvyavahAra pratyakSa pA~ca indriyoM aura mana ina chaha kAraNoM se utpanna hotA hai| arthAt matijJAna ko hI sAMvyavahAra pratyakSa kahA gayA hai| sAMvyavahAra pratyakSa do prakAra kA kahA gayA hai - 1. indriya sAMvyavahAra pratyakSa va 2. anindriya sAMvyavahAra prtykss| "tatrAdyaM dvividhamindriyanibandhanamanindriyanibandhanaM c| indriya sAMvyavahAra pratyakSa sparzana, rasanA, ghrANa, cakSu aura karNa-ina pA~ca indriyoM kI sahAyatA se utpanna hotA hai| anindriya sAMvyavahAra pratyakSa kevala mana se utpanna hotA hai| indriyoM kI prApyakArikA-aprApyakAritA : indriyoM meM cakSu aura mana aprApyakArI hai arthAt ye padArtha ko prApta kie binA hI dUra se hI usakA jJAna kara lete haiN| sparzana, rasanA aura ghrANa ye tIna indriyA~ padArthoM se sambaddha hokara unheM jAnatI hai| kAna zabda ko spRSTa hone para sunatA hai| sparzanAdi tIna indriyA~ padArthoM ke sambaddhakAla meM unase spRSTa bhI hotI hai aura baddha bhii| baddha kA artha hai - indriyoM meM alpakAlika vikAra prinnti| jaise-atyanta ThaNDe pAnI meM hAtha DAlane se vaha itanA ThiThura jAtA hai, ki usase dUsarA sparza zIghra gRhIta nahIM hotaa| kisI teja garama padArtha ko khA lene para rasanA bhI vikRta hotI huI dekhI jAtI hai| lekina kAna se kisI bhI prakAra ke zabda sunane para aisA koI vikAra anubhava meM nahIM aataa| sannikarSa vicAra : naiyAyikAdi cakSa kA bhI padArtha ke sAtha sannikarSa mAnate haiN| unakA kahanA hai, ki cakSu taijasa padArtha hai| usakI kiraNeM nikalakara padArthoM se sambandha karatI hai aura taba cakSu ke dvArA padArtha kA jJAna hotA hai| cakSu cU~ki padArtha ke rUpa rasa Adi guNoM meM se kevala rUpa ko hI prakAzita karate haiM, ataH vaha dIpaka kI taraha taijasa hai| mana vyApaka AtmA se saMyukta hotA hai| aura AtmA jagata ke samasta padArthoM se saMyukta hai, ataH mana kisI bhI bAhya padArtha ko saMyukta saMyoga Adi sambandhoM se jAnatA hai| mana sukha kA sAkSAtkAra saMyukta samavAya sambandha se karatA hai| ataH mana aura cakSu donoM aprApyakArI hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra cakSu kA padArtha ke sAtha sannikarSa siddha nahIM hotaa| isake

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jJAna mImAMsA (pramANa mImAMsA)* 281 lie nimnalikhita tarka die gae haiM - 1. yadi cakSu prApyakArI hai, to use svayaM meM lage hue aMjana ko dekha lenA caahiye| 2. yadi cakSu prApyakArI hai, to vaha sparzana indriya kI taraha samIpavartI vRkSa kI zAkhA aura dUravartI candramA ko eka sAtha nahIM dekha sktii| 3. yaha koI Avazyaka nahIM hai, ki jo kAraNa vaha padArtha se saMyukta hokara hI apanA kAma kre| cumbaka dUra se hI lohe ko khIMca letA hai| 4. cakSu abhraka, kA~sya aura sphaTika Adi se vyavahita padArthoM ke rUpa ko bhI dekha letI hai, jabaki prApyakArI sparzanAdi indriyA~ unake sparza Adi ko nahIM jAna sktii| cakSu ko tejodravya kahanA bhI pratIti viruddha hai, kyoMki eka to tejodravya, svataMtra dravya nahIM hai, dUsare uSNa sparza aura bhAskara (sUrya) rUpa isameM nahIM pAyA jaataa| cakSu ko prApyakArI mAnane para padArtha meM dUra aura nikaTa vyavahAra nahIM ho sktaa| isI prakAra saMzaya aura viparyaya jJAna bhI nahIM ho skeNge| Aja kA vijJAna mAnatA hai, ki A~kha eka prakAra kA kemarA hai| usameM padArthoM kI kiraNeM pratibimbita hotI hai| kiraNoM ke pratibimba par3ane se jJAna tantu ubuddha hote haiM aura phira cakSu una padArthoM ko dekhate haiN| cakSu meM Ae hue pratibimba kA kArya kevala cetanA ko ubuddha karanA hai| vaha svayaM dikhAI nahIM detaa| isa praNAlI meM yaha bAta to spaSTa hai, ki cakSu kI yogya deza meM sthita padArtha ke pratibimba par3ane kI kriyA to kevala baTana ko dabAne kI kriyA ke samAna hai, jo vidyuta zakti ko pravAhita kara detA hai| ataH isa prakriyA se jainoM ke cakSu ko aprApyakArI mAnane ke vicAra meM koI bAdhA upasthita nahIM hotii| zrotra aprApyakArI nahIM : bauddha zrauta ko bhI aprApyakArI mAnate haiN| unakA vicAra hai, ki zabda bhI dUra se hI sunA jAtA hai| ve cakSu aura mana ke sAtha zrotra ke bhI aprApyakArI hone kA spaSTa nirdeza karate haiN| yadi zrotra prApyakArI hotA to zabda meM dUra aura nikaTa vyavahAra nahIM honA caahiye| kintu jaba zrotra kAna meM ghuse hue macchara ke zabda ko suna letA hai, to aprApyakArI nahIM ho sktaa| prApyakArI ghrANa indriya ke viSayabhUta gandha meM bhI kamala kI gandha dUra hai, mAlatI kI gandha pAsa hai, ityAdi vyavahAra dekhA jAtA hai| yadi cakSu kI taraha zrotra bhI aprApyakArI hai, to jaise rUpa meM dizA aura deza kA saMzaya nahIM hotA, usI prakAra zabda meM bhI nahIM honA cAhiye thA, kintu zabda meM yaha kisa dizA se zabda AyA hai?' isa prakAra kA saMzaya dekhA jAtA hai| ataH zrotra ko bhI sparzanAdi indriyoM kI taraha prApyakArI hI mAnanA caahiye| jaba zabda vAtAvaraNa meM utpanna hotA huA kramazaH kAna ke bhItara pahu~catA hai, tabhI sunAI detA F6

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282 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana IhA dhAraNA zrotra avagraha ihA hai| zrotra kA zabdotpatti ke sthAna meM pahu~canA to nitAnta bAdhita hai| mati jJAna kA utpattikrama : matijJAna ke cAra bheda haiM - avagraha, IhA, avAya va dhaarnnaa| umAsvAti ne isa prakAra se vivecana kiyA hai - "avagrahehAvAya dhaarnnaa:|197 indriya janya aura manojanya pratyeka matijJAna ke cAra-cAra bheda haiN| ataeva pA~ca indriyoM aura eka mana ina chahoM ke avagraha Adi cAra-cAra bheda ginAne se matijJAna ke caubIsa bheda hote haiN| unake nAma isa prakAra haiM - indriyA~ matijJAna ke bheda 1. sparzana avagraha avAya 2. rasanA avagraha IhA avAya dhAraNA ghrANa avagraha avAya dhAraNA avagraha avAya dhAraNA 5. cakSu avAya dhAraNA mana avagraha avAya dhAraNA avagraha Adi cAroM bhedoM ke lakSaNa : 1. avagraha : indriyoM dvArA svaviSayI padArthoM kA nAma, jAti Adi kI vizeSa kalpanA se rahita sAmAnya mAtra kA jJAna avagraha hai| jaise-gahana andhakAra meM kucha chU jAne para yaha jJAna honA, ki yaha kucha hai| isa jJAna meM yaha nahIM mAlUma hotA ki kisa, vastu kA sparza huA hai, isalie vaha avyakta jJAna avagraha hai| 2. IhA : avagraha ke dvArA grahaNa kie hue sAmAnya viSaya ko vizeSa rUpa se nizcita karane ke lie, jo vicAraNA hotI hai, vaha IhA hai| jaise - yaha rassI kA sparza hai yA sA~pa kA, yaha saMzaya hone para aisI vicAraNA hai, ki yaha rassI kA sparza hI honA cAhiye, kyoMki yadi sA~pa hotA to itanA sakhta AghAta hone para phuphakAre binA nahIM rhtaa| yahI vicAraNA sambhAvanA yA IhA hai| 3. avAya : IhA ke dvArA grahaNa kiye hue vizeSa kA kucha adhika avadhAna (ekAgratApUrvaka nizcaya) avAya hai| jaise kucha kAla taka socane aura jA~ca karane para nizcaya hI jAnA, ki yaha sA~pa kA sparza nahIM, rassI kA hI hai, ise avAya kahate haiN| 4. dhAraNA : avAya rUpa nizcaya cha kAla taka kAyama rahatA hai, phira mana ke viSayAntara meM cale jAne se vaha nizcaya lupta to ho jAtA hai, para aisA saMskAra chor3a jAtA hai, ki Age kabhI yogya nimitta milane para usa

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jJAna mImAMsA (pramANa mImAMsA) * 283 nizcita viSaya kA smaraNa ho AtA hai| isa nizcaya kI satata dhArA, tajjanya saMskAra aura saMskAra janya smaraNa-yaha mati vyApAra dhAraNA kahalAtA hai| avagrahAdi jJAna kI utpatti sahetuka hai| ina cAroM kI utpatti isI nirdiSTa nizcita krama meM hI hotI hai| ye cAroM jJAna matijJAna kI utpatti kA kramika vikAsa hai, bhinna-bhinna rUpa nahIM! avagraha, IhA, avAya tathA dhAraNA yadi prameya kA yathArtha nizcaya karAte haiM, to pramANa haiM anyathA apramANa kyoMki pramANa kA artha hai, jo vastu jaisI pratibhAsita hotI hai, usakA usI rUpa meM milnaa| avagrahAdi ke bheda : pA~ca indriyA~ aura mana ina cha: sAdhanoM se hone vAle matijJAna ke avagraha IhA Adi rUpa meM jo caubIsa bheda kahe gaye haiM, ve kSayopazama aura viSaya kI vividhatA se bAraha-bAraha prakAra ke hote haiN| umAsvAti ne unakA vivecana isa prakAra kiyA hai "bahubahuvidhakSiprAnizritAsaMdigdha dhruvANAM setraannaam||170 arthAt bahu, bahuvidha, kSipra, aniHsRta, asaMdigdha, dhruva aura inase itara (pratipakSI sahita) bAraha bheda avagrahAdi se hote haiN| ina bAraha-bAraha bhedoM ko hama agrasArINI se adhika spaSTa rUpa se samajha sakate haiM - __ bAraha bheda matijJAna ke cAra utpattikrama 1. bahugrAhI avagrahAdi 6 bheda IhAdi 6 bheda avAyAdi 6 bheda dhAraNAdi 6 bheda 2. alpagrAhI avagrahAdi 6 bheda IhAdi 6 bheda avAyAdi 6 bheda dhAraNAdi 6 bheda 3. bahuvidhagrAhI avagrahAdi 6 bheda IhAdi 6 bheda avAyAdi 6 bheda dhAraNAdi 6 bheda 4. ekavidhagrAhI avagrahAdi 6 bheda IhAdi 6 bheda avAyAdi 6 bheda dhAraNAdi 6 bheda 5. kSipragrAhI avagrahAdi 6 bheda IhAdi 6 bheda avAyAdi 6 bheda dhAraNAdi 6 bheda 6. akSipragrAhI avagrahAdi 6 bheda IhAdi 6 bheda avAyAdi 6 bheda dhAraNAdi 6 bheda 7. anizritagrAhI avagrahAdi 6 bheda IhAdi 6 bheda avAyAdi 6 bheda dhAraNAdi 6 bheda 8. nizritagrAhI avagrahAdi 6 bheda IhAdi 6 bheda avAyAdi 6 bheda dhAraNAdi 6 bheda 9. asaMdigdhagrAhI avagrahAdi 6 bheda IhAdi 6 bheda avAyAdi 6 bheda dhAraNAdi 6 bheda 10.saMdigdhagrAhI avagrahAdi 6 bheda IhAdi 6 bheda avAyAdi 6 bheda dhAraNAdi 6 bheda 11.dhruvagrAhI avagrahAdi 6 bheda IhAdi 6 bheda avAyAdi 6 bheda dhAraNAdi 6 bheda 12.adhruvagrAhI avagrahAdi 6 bheda IhAdi 6 bheda avAyAdi 6 bheda dhAraNAdi 6 bheda uparyukta bAraha bhedoM kA artha jAnanA Avazyaka hai, jo isa prakAra hai|| 1-2. bahu va alpa : bahu kA artha hai- aneka aura alpa kA artha hai- ek| jaise-do yA do se adhika pustakoM ko jAnane vAle avagraha, IhA Adi cAroM kramabhAvI matijJAna bahugrAhI avagraha, bahugrAhiNI IhA, bahugrAhI avAya aura bahugrAhiNI dhAraNA kahalAte haiM aura eka pustaka ko jAnane

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284* jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana vAle alpagrAhI avagraha, alpagrAhiNI IhA, alpagrAhI avAya aura alpagrAhiNI dhAraNA kahalAte haiN| 3-4. bahuvidha.va ekavidha : bahuvidha arthAt aneka prakAra se aura ekavidha arthAt eka prakAra se| jaise AkAra-prakAra, rUpa-raMga yA moTAI Adi meM vividhatA rakhane vAlI pustakoM ko jAnane vAle ukta cAroM jJAna krama se bahuvidha grAhI avagraha, bahuvidha grAhiNI IhA, bahuvidha grAhI avAya, bahuvidha grAhiNI dhAraNA kahalAte haiN| AkAra-prakAra, rUpa raMga tathA moTAI Adi meM eka hI prakAra kI pustakoM ko jAnane vAle ve jJAna ekavidha grAhI avagraha, eka vidhagrAhiNI IhA, ekavidha grAhI avAya tathA ekavidha grAhiNI dhAraNA Adi kahalAte haiN| bahu tathA alpa kA abhiprAya prameya kI saMkhyA se hai aura bahuvidha tathA ekavidha kA abhiprAya prakAra, kisma yA jAti kI saMkhyA se hai| 5-6. kSipragrAhI va akSipragrAhI : zIghra jAnane vAle cAroM matijJAna kSipragrAhI avagraha Adi aura vilaMba se jAnane vAle akSipragrAhI avagraha Adi kahalAte haiN| dekhA jAtA hai, ki indriya viSaya Adi saba bAhya sAmagrI tulya hone para bhI mAtra kSayopazama kI paTutA ke kAraNa eka manuSya usa viSaya kA jJAna jaldI prApta kara letA hai aura kSayopazama kI mandatA ke kAraNa dusarA manuSya dera se prApta kara pAtA hai| 7-8. anizrita grAhI va nizrita grAhI : anizrita arthAt liMga apramita (hetu dvArA asiddha) aura nizrita kA artha hai, liMga pramita vstu| jaisepUrva meM zIta kI anubhUti, komala aura snigdha sparza rUpa liMga se vartamAna meM jUhI ke phUloM ko jAnane vAle ukta cAroM jJAna krama se nizritagrAhI (saliMga grAhI) avagraha Adi aura ukta liMga ke binA hI una phUloM ko jAnane vAle anizritagrAhI (aliMga grAhI) avagraha Adi kahalAte haiN| anizrita aura nizrita zabda kA yahI artha nandIsUtra kI TIkA meM bhI hai, lekina isake atirikta dUsarA artha bhI usa TIkA meM zrI malayagirI ne batalAyA hai, jaise paradharmoM se mizrita grahaNa nizritAvagraha aura paradharmoM se anizrita grahaNa anizritAvagraha hai|" digambara granthoM meM 'aniHsRta' pATha hai, tadnusAra unameM artha kiyA gayA hai, ki sampUrNatayA AvirbhUta pudgaloM kA grahaNa 'niHsRtAvagraha' aura sampUrNatayA nahIM AvirbhUta pudgaloM kA grahaNa aniHsRtAvagraha hai| 9-10. asaMdigdhagrAhI va saMdigdhagrAhI : asaMdigdha arthAt nizcita va saMdigdha

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jJAna mImAMsA (pramANa mImAMsA) 285 arthAt anishcit| jaise yaha candana kA hI sparza hai, phUla kA nhiiN| isa prakAra se sparza ko nizcita rUpa se jAnane vAle uparyukta cAroM jJAna nizcitagrAhI avagrAhAdi kahalAte haiM / yaha candana kA sparza hogA yA phUla kA, kyoMki donoM zItala hote haiM - isa prakAra se vizeSa kI anupalabdhi ke samaya hone vAle saMdeha yukta cAroM jJAna anizcitagrAhI avagraha Adi kahalAte haiM / digambara graMthoM meM asaMdigdha ke sthAna para 'anukta' pATha hai / tadnusAra unameM artha kiyA gayA hai, ki eka hI varNa nikalane para pUrNa anuccarita zabda ko abhiprAya mAtra se jAna lenA, ki Apa amuka zabda bolane vAle haiM, anuktAvagraha hai / athavA svara kA saMcAraNa karane se pahale hI vINA Adi vAditra kI dhvanimAtra se jAna lenA, ki Apa amuka svara nikAlane vAle haiM, anuktAvagraha hai| isake viparIta uktAvagraha hai| zvetAmbara grantha naMdIsUtra meM asaMdigdha aisA ekamAtra pATha hai / usakI TIkA meM usakA artha Upara likhe anusAra hI hai / " lekina tattvArtha bhASya kI vRtti meM anukta pATha bhI hai| usakA artha rAjavArtika ke anusAra hai / lekina vRttikAra ne likhA hai, ki anukta pATha rakhane se isakA artha kevala zabda viSaya avagraha Adi para hI lAgU hotA hai, sparza viSaya avagraha Adi para nhiiN| isa apUrNatA ke kAraNa anya AcAryoM ne asaMdigdha pATha hI rakhA hai| 11- 12. dhruvagrAhI va adhruvagrAhI : dhruva kA artha hai, avazyaMbhAvI aura adhruva kA artha kadAcid bhAvI / yaha dekhA gayA hai, ki indriya aura viSaya kA sambandha tathA manoyoga rUpa sAmagrI samAna hone para bhI eka manuSya usa viSaya ko jAna hI letA hai aura dUsarA use kabhI jAna pAtA hai, kabhI nahIM / sAmagrI hone para viSaya ko jAnane vAle ukta cAroM jJAna dhruvagrAhI avagraha Adi kahalAte haiN| sAmagrI hone para bhI kSayopazama kI mandatA ke kAraNa viSaya ko kabhI grahaNa karane vAle aura kabhI na grahaNa karane vAle ukta cAroM jJAna adhruvagrAhI avagraha Adi kahalAte haiM / uparyukta bAraha bhedoM meM se bahu, alpa, bahuvidha aura ekavidha se cAra bheda viSaya kI vividhatA para avalambita hai, zeSa ATha bheda kSayopazama kI vividhatA para AdhArita hai / pA~ca indriyA~ aura mana ina chaH bhedoM ke sAtha avagraha Adi ke cAra - cAra bhedoM kA guNA karane se caubIsa aura bahu, alpa Adi ukta bAraha prakAroM ke sAtha caubIsa kA guNA karane se do sau aTThAsI (288) bheda hue / sAmAnyarUpa se matijJAna kA viSaya : umAsvAti tattvArtha sUtra meM matijJAna

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286 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana avagrahAdi ke sAmAnya viSaya ke sandarbha meM likhate haiM - __"arthsy| arthAt avagraha, IhA, avAya, dhAraNA ye cAroM matijJAna artha (vastu) ko grahaNa karate haiN| dravya aura paryAya ko vastu kahate haiM, isakA dUsarA nAma artha bhI hai| avagrahAdi jJAna mukhya rUpa se paryAya ko hI grahaNa karate haiM, saMpUrNa dravya ko nhiiN| dravya ko ve paryAya dvArA hI jAnate haiM, kyoMki indriya aura mana kA mukhya viSaya paryAya hI hai| paryAya dravya kA eka aMza hai| isalie avagraha, IhA Adi dvArA jaba indriyA~ aura mana apane-apane viSayabhUta paryAya ko jAnate haiM, taba ve usa paryAya rUpa se dravya ko aMzataH hI jAnate haiN| kyoMki dravya ko chor3akara paryAya nahIM rahatA aura dravya bhI paryAya rahita nahIM hotaa| jaise netra kA viSaya rUpa, saMsthAna (AkAra) Adi hai, jo pudgala dravya kI paryAya vizeSa hai| netra Amraphala Adi ko grahaNa karatA hai, isakA tAtparya yahI hai, ki vaha usake raMgarUpa tathA AkAra vizeSa ko jAnatA hai| rUpa aura AkAra vizeSa Ama se bhinna nahIM hai, isalie sthUla dRSTi se yaha kahA jAtA hai, ki netra se Ama dekhA gayA, lekina yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhiye, ki usane mAtra netra se saMpUrNa Ama ko grahaNa nahIM kiyA, kyoMki Ama meM to rUpa aura saMsthAna ke atirikta sparza, rasa, gandha Adi aneka paryAya haiM, jinako jAnane meM netra asamartha haiN| isI prakAra sparza, rasanA aura ghrANa indriyA~ jaba garama-garama jalebI Adi vastu ko grahaNa karatI hai, taba ve kramazaH usa vastu ke uSNa sparza, madhuratA aura sugandha rUpa paryAya ko hI jAnatI hai| koI bhI indriya vastu ke saMpUrNa paryAyoM ko nahIM jAna sktii| kAna bhI bhASAtmaka pudgala ke dhvanirUpa paryAya ko hI grahaNa karatA hai, anya paryAyoM ko nhiiN| mana bhI kisI viSaya ke amuka aMza kA hI vicAra karatA hai| vaha eka sAtha saMpUrNa aMzoM kA vicAra karane meM asamartha hai| isase yaha siddha hai, ki indriya janya aura manojanya avagraha, IhA Adi cAroM jJAna paryAya ko hI mukhya rUpa se viSaya karate haiM aura dravya ko ve paryAya dvArA hI jAnate haiN| avagraha ke bheda : nandI sUtra meM zruta nizrita avagraha ke do bheda batAe gae haiM - arthAvagraha aura vyNjnaavgrh| ___ "uggahe duvihe paNNate, taM jahA atthuggahe ya vaMjaNuggahe y||"" 1. vyaMjanAvagraha : vyaMjanAvagraha cAra prakAra kA hai 1. zrotrendriya vyaMjanAvagraha, 2. ghrANendriya vyaMjanAvagraha, 3. rasanendriya vyaMjanAvagraha, 4. sparzendriya vyaMjanAvagraha / ' zrotra Adi pA~ca upakaraNendriyoM kA zabda, gandha Adi pudgaloM ke sAtha sambandha hone ko vyaJjanA kahate haiN| usa sambandha se zabda Adi padArthoM kA jo avyakta jJAna hotA hai, vaha vyaJjanAvagraha kahalAtA hai| athavA indriyoM se prApta zabda Adi dravyoM kA aspaSTa jJAna bhI vyaJjanAvagraha kahalAtA hai| arthAt zabda Adi ke sAtha upakaraNendriya ke sambandha kSaNa se lekara arthAvagraha se pUrva taka jo supta pramatta yA mUrcchita puruSa kI

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jJAna mImAMsA (pramANa mImAMsA ) *287 taraha kevala zabda, gaMdha, rasa aura sparza kucha hai, aisA jo avyakta jJAna hotA hai, vaha vyaJjanAvagraha hai / cakSu aura mana rUpa Adi se sambandha kiye binA hI jJAna karate haiM, ataH inase vyaJjanAvagraha nahIM hotA hai / ataH vyaJjanAvagraha ke cAra hI prakAra hai / 100 2. arthAvagraha : arthAvagraha chaH prakAra kA kahA gayA hai| 1. zrotrendriya arthAvagraha, 2. cakSundriya arthAvagraha, 3. ghrANendriya arthAvagraha, 4. rasanendriya arthAvagraha, 5. sparzendriya arthAvagraha 6. noindriya ( mana ) arthAvagraha / pA~ca indriya aura mana se padArthoM ke sAmAnya jJAna karane ko arthAvagraha kahate haiM, jo Azraya ke bheda se chaH prakAra kA hai| jaise mArga meM jaldI se calate hue kucha dikhAI par3atA hai, to darzaka yahI kahatA hai, ki maiMne kucha dekhA thA, ise arthAvagraha kahate haiM I arthAvagraha do prakAra kA mAnA gayA hai - vyAvahArika aura naizcayika / bahu, alpa Adi bAraha bheda prAyaH vyAvahArika arthAvagraha ke hI haiM, naizcayika ke nahIM / naizcayika arthAvagraha meM jAti-guNa-kriyA se rahita sAmAnya mAtra pratibhAsita hotA hai, isalie usameM alpa-bahu Adi vizeSoM kA grahaNa saMbhava nahIM hai| jo arthAvagraha sarvaprathama sAmAnya mAtra ko grahaNa karatA hai, vaha naizcayika hai aura jisa-jisa vizeSagrAhI avAya jJAna ke pazcAt anyAnya vizeSoM kI jijJAsA aura avAya hote rahate haiM, ve sAmAnya vizeSagrAhI avAya jJAna vyAvahArika arthAvagraha hai / jisake bAda anya vizeSoM kI jijJAsA na ho, vaha avAya jJAna naizcayika arthAvagraha hai / sabhI indriyoM aura mana kA svabhAva samAna nahIM hai, isalie unake dvArA hone vAlI jJAna dhArA ke AvirbhAva kA krama bhI samAna nahIM hotA / yaha krama do prakAra kA hai mandakrama aura paTukrama | mandakrama meM indriya ke sAtha grAhya viSaya kA saMyoga hone para hI jJAna dhArA kA AvirbhAva hotA hai, jisakA prathama aMza avyaktatama, avyaktatara rupa vyaJjanAvagraha nAmaka jJAna, dUsarA aMza arthAvagraha rUpa jJAna aura carama aMza smRti rUpa dhAraNA jJAna hai / isake viparIta paTukrama meM upakaraNendriya aura viSaya ke saMga kI apekSA nahIM hai / dUra dUratara hone para bhI yogya sannidhAna mAtra se indriya usa viSaya ko grahaNa kara letI hai aura grahaNa hote hI usa viSaya kA usa indriya dvArA prArambha meM arthAvagraha rUpa sAmAnya jJAna utpanna hotA hai| isake bAda kramazaH IhA, avAya Adi jJAna vyApAra pUrvokta mandakrama kI taraha hI pravRtta hotA hai / sArAMza yaha hai, ki paTukrama meM indriya ke sAtha grAhya viSaya kA saMyoga hue binA hI jJAna dhArA kA AvirbhAva hotA hai, jisakA prathama aMza arthAvagraha aura carama aMza smRti rUpa dhAraNa jJAna hai| 2. pAramArthika pratyakSa : 99101 "pAramArthikaM punrutpttaavaatmmaatraapekssm||' arthAt jo jJAna AtmA se hI utpanna hotA hai, use pAramArthika pratyakSa kahate haiM /

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288 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana pAramArthika pratyakSa saMpUrNa rUpa se vizad jJAna hotA hai| indriya aura mana ke vyApAra kI usameM AvazyakatA nahIM hotii| arthAt yaha jJAna parApekSI nahIM hotaa| AgamoM meM pAramArthika pratyakSa ko noindriya pratyakSa kahA gayA hai| nandIsUtra evaM anuyogadvAra donoM meM hI noindriya pratyakSa ko tIna prakAra kA kahA gayA hai - avadhijJAna, manaHparyavajJAna va kevljnyaan| pravacanasAra meM to pAramArthika pratyakSa ko hI pratyakSa pramANa kI koTI meM rakhA gayA hai, indriya pratyakSa ko parokSa jJAna kahA gayA hai| vAdidevasUri ne pAramArthika pratyakSa ko do prakAra kA kahA hai - sakala pratyakSa aura vikala prtykss| kevalajJAna ko sakala pratyakSa kI zreNI meM rakhA gayA hai, kevala jJAna kA tAtparya hai, sarvajJatA, saMpUrNa jnyaan| vikala pratyakSa ke antargata avadhijJAna aura manaHparyayajJAna ko rakhA hai, kyoMki ye donoM hI AMzika jJAna hai| donoM hI apanI-apanI sImAoM meM bandhe hote haiN| 1. avadhijJAna : avadhijJAnAvaraNa karma ke kSayopazama se utpanna hone vAlA, bhavapratyaya tathA guNapratyaya, rUpI dravyoM ko jAnane vAlA jJAna avadhijJAna kahAlAtA hai| yaha AtmAdi arUpI dravyoM ko jAnane meM sakSama nahIM hai| yadyapi yaha sUkSma rUpa se eka paramANu ko bhI jAna sakatA hai| cU~ki isakI apanI dravya, kSetra, kAla aura bhAva kI maryAdA nizcita hai aura yaha nIce kI tarapha adhika viSaya ko jAnatA hai, ataH avadhijJAna kahA jAtA hai| avadhijJAna do prakAra kA hotA hai - bhava pratyaya aura guNa prtyy| ___ jo avadhijJAna janma se hI prakaTa hotA hai, use bhava pratyayika kahate haiN| yaha devoM aura nArakiyoM ko hI hotA hai| jisake AvirbhAva ke lie vrata, niyama Adi guNoM kA anuSThAna kiyA jAtA hai, use guNa pratyaya athavA kSayopazama janya avadhijJAna kahate haiN| manuSya aura tiryaMcoM ke guNa pratyaya avadhijJAna hotA hai| guNa pratyaya evaM bhava pratyaya avadhijJAna kA bheda isa prakAra kA hotA hai, ki jaise pakSiyoM meM AkAza meM ur3ane kI kSamatA va jJAna janma se hI hotA hai, jabaki manuSya AkAza meM nahIM ur3a sakatA, jaba taka ki vaha vimAna Adi kA sahArA na le| guNa pratyayika avadhijJAna ke chaH bheda haiM-AnugAmika, anAnugAmika, vardhamAna, hIyamAna, pratipAti evaM aprtipaati| nandIsUtra meM isakA vistRta vivecana kiyA gayA "ahavA guNapaDivannassa aNagArassa ohinANaM samuppajjai, taM samAsao chavvihaM paNNattaM, taMjahA-ANugAmiyaM 1, aNANugAmiyaM 2, vaDDamANayaM 3, hIyamANayaM 4, paDivAyaM 5, appaDivAiyaM 6110 1. AnugAmika : jo avadhijJAna apane utpattikSetra ko chor3akara dUsarI jagaha cale jAne para bhI kAyama rahatA hai, use AnugAmika kahate haiN| AnugAmika avadhijJAna

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jJAna mImAMsA (pramANa mImAMsA) * 289 do prakAra kA hai - aMtagata aura mdhygt| aMtagata avadhijJAna tIna prakAra kA kahA gayA hai - 1. purato'ntagata, 2. mArgato'ntagata, 3. paarshvto'ntgt| a. purato'ntagata avadhijJAna beTarI kI taraha Age ke pradeza ko prakAzita karate hue sAtha calatA hai| ba. mArgato'ntagata avadhijJAna bagala ke padArthoM kA jJAna karAte hue calatA hai| sa. pArzvato'ntagata jJAna piche calane vAlA hotA hai| madhyagata avadhijJAna jJAtA ko cAroM aura ke padArthoM kA jJAna karAte hue calatA 2. anAnugAmika : jo avadhijJAna apane utpatti sthAna ko chor3a dene para kAyama nahIM rahatA, sAtha nahIM calatA vaha anAnugAmika hotA hai| ____3. vardhamAna : jo avidhajJAna utpatti kAla meM alpaviSaya hone para bhI pariNAma-zuddhi ke bar3hate jAne se kramazaH adhikAdhika viSayaka hotA jAtA hai, use vardhamAna kahate hai| jaise-diyAsalAI yA araNi-Adi se utpanna Aga kI cinagArI bahuta choTI hote hue bhI adhikAdhika sUkhe IMdhana ko pAkara kramazaH bar3hatI jAtI hai| 4. hIyamAna : jo avadhijJAna utpatti ke samaya adhika viSayaka hone para bhI pariNAma zuddhi kama hote jAne se kramazaH alpa-alpa viSayaka hotA jAtA hai, use hIyamAna kahate haiN| jaise parimita dAhya vastuoM meM lagI huI Aga nayA IMdhana na milane se kramazaH ghaTatI jAtI hai| 5. pratipAti : jo avadhijJAna janmAntara hone para bhI AtmA meM kAyama rahatA hai yA kevalajJAna kI utpatti taka athavA Ajanma banA rahatA hai, use pratipAti kahate haiN| jaise jIva ke aneka zubha-azubha karma saMskAra dUsare janma meM bhI sAtha jAte haiM yA Ajanma rahate haiN| 6. apratipAti : jalataraGga kI taraha jo avadhijJAna kabhI ghaTatA hai, kabhI bar3hatA hai, kabhI AvirbhUta hotA hai aura kabhI tirohita hotA hai, use apratipAti kahate yadyapi tIrthaMkara mAtra ko athavA kisI anya manuSya ko bhI avadhijJAna janma se prApta hotA hai, tathApi use guNa pratyayika hI samajhanA caahiye| kyoMki yogya guNa na hone para avadhijJAna Ajanma nahIM rahatA, jaise ki deva yA narakagati meM rahatA hai| 2. mana:paryaya jJAna : "maNapajavanANaM puNa, jnnmnnpriciNtiatthpaagddnnN| mANusakhittanibaddhaM, guNapaccaiaM crittvo|| se taM mnnpjjvnaannN||"13 arthAt manaHparyayajJAna sabhI jIvoM ke mana meM soce hue artha ko prakaTa karane

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290 jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana vAlA hai aura manuSya kSetra meM sImita tathA cAritrayukta sAdhu ke kSayopazama guNa se utpanna hone vAlA hai| mana vAle (saMjJI) prANI kisI bhI vastu yA padArtha kA cintana mana dvArA karate haiN| ciMtanIya vastu ke bheda ke anusAra cintana meM pravRtta mana bhinna-bhinna AkRtiyoM ko dhAraNa karatA rahatA hai / ve AkRtiyA~ hI mana ke paryAya haiM aura una mAnasika AkRtiyoM ko sAkSAt jAnane vAlA jJAna manaHparyaya hai / isa jJAna se cintanazIla mana kI AkRtiyA~ jAnI jAtI hai, lekina cintanIya vastue~ nahIM jAnI jA sakatI / vastuoM ko bAda meM mana:paryaya jJAna vAlA anumAna ke dvArA hI jAna sakatA hai| jaise manasa zAstrI kisI kA ceharA yA hAva bhAva dekhakara usa vyakti ke manobhAvoM tathA sAmarthya kA jJAna anumAna se karatA hai, vaise hI mana:paryaya jJAnI mana:paryaya jJAna se kisI ke mana kI AkRtiyoM ko pratyakSa dekhakara bAda meM abhyAsavaza anumAna kara letA hai, ki yaha vyakti amuka vastu ke cintana ke samaya Avazyaka hone vAlI amuka-amuka prakAra kI AkRtiyoM se yukta hai| mana:paryaya jJAna ke do bheda haiM- eka Rjumati aura dUsarA vipulamati / " jo viSaya ko sAmAnya rUpa se jAnatA hai, vaha Rjumati mana:paryaya jJAna hai aura jo vizeSa rUpa se jAnatA hai, vaha vipulamati mana:paryaya jJAna hai / Rjumati ko sAmAnya grAhI kahane kA abhiprAya yaha hai, ki vaha vizeSoM ko jAnatA to hai, kintu vipulamati ke jitane spaSTa rUpa se vizeSoM ko nahIM jAnatA / Rjumati kI apekSA vipulamati manaH paryaya jJAna vizuddhatara hotA hai, kyoMki vaha sUkSmatara aura adhika vizeSoM ko sphuTatayA jAna sakatA hai| isake atirikta donoM meM yaha bhI antara hai, ki Rjumati utpanna hone ke bAda kadAcit naSTa bhI ho jAtA hai| lekina vipulamati kevalajJAna kI prApti paryaMta banA hI rahatA hai| mana:paryaya jJAna bhI indriya aura mana kI sahAyatA ke binA hI hotA hai| dUsare kA mana to isameM kevala Alambana par3atA hai| mana:paryaya jJAna dUsare ke mana meM Ane vAle vicAroM ko arthAt vicAra karane vAlI mana kI paryAyoM ko sAkSAt jAnatA hai aura usake anusAra bAhya padArthoM ko anumAna se jAnatA hai / mana:paryaya jJAna prakRSTa cAritra vAle sAdhu ko hI hotA hai / isakA viSaya avadhijJAna se anantavA~ bhAga sUkSma hotA hai| isakA kSetra manuSya loka ke barAbara hai| avadhijJAna va mana:paryaya jJAna meM antara : avadhi aura mana:paryaya donoM pAramArthika vikAla (apUrNa) pratyakSa rUpa se samAna haiM tathApi donoM meM kaI prakAra kA antara hai, jaisA ki umAsvAti ullekha karate haiM haiN| "vizuddhikSetrasvAmi viSayebhyo'badhi manaH paryAyayoH // '''' arthAt vizuddhi, kSetra, svAmI aura viSaya meM avadhijJAna se mana:paryaya jJAna vizeSa

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jJAna mImAMsA (pramANa mImAMsA ) *291 1. manaH paryAya jJAna avadhijJAna kI apekSA apane viSaya ko adhika spaSTa rUpa se jAnatA hai, isalie usase vizuddhatara hai / 2. kSetra se avadhijJAna kA kSetra aMgula ke asaMkhyAtaveM bhAga se lekara sampUrNa loka taka hai aura manaH paryayajJAna kA kSetra mAnuSottara parvata paryaMta hI hai / 3. avadhijJAna ke svAmI cAroM gati vAle jIva ho sakate haiM, lekina mana:paryaya jJAna ke svAmI kevala saMyata manuSya hI ho sakate haiM / 4. avadhijJAna kA viSaya katipaya paryAya sahita rupIdravya hai, kintu manaH paryayajJAna kA viSaya to kevala usakA anantavA~ bhAga hai, mAtra manodravya hai / mana:paryayajJAna meM avadhijJAna kI apekSA viSaya kama hone para bhI vaha adhika vizuddha hotA hai| vizuddhi kA AdhAra viSaya kI nyUnAdhikatA nahIM hai, viSayagata nyUnAdhika sUkSmatAoM ko jAnanA hai 1 kevalajJAna : samasta jJAnAvaraNa ke samUla nAza hone para prakaTa hone vAlA nirAvaraNa jJAna kevalajJAna hai| AcArya kundakunda ne kevalajJAna kA svarUpa batAte hue use sukha rUpa kahA hai "jAdaM sayaM samaMta NANamaNaMtatthavitthaDaM vimalaM / rahidaM tu oggahAdihiM suhaM ti egaMtiyaM bhaNi daM // ,,115 arthAt apane Apa hI utpanna samaMta ( sarva pradezoM se jAnatA huA), ananta padArthoM meM vistRta, vimala aura avagrahAdi se rahita aisA jJAna ekAntika (akelA) sukha hai, aisA sarvajJadeva ne kahA hai / kevalajJAna AtmamAtra sApekSa hotA hai arthAt AtmA ke dvArA hI AtmA ko hI sva-para jJAna rUpa se jAnatA hai / yaha kevala arthAt akelA yA saMpUrNa hotA hai / isa jJAna ke prakaTa hote hI samasta kSAyopazamika jJAna vilIna ho jAtA hai| jisa prakAra sUrya ke udita hote hI usake prakAza meM saMpUrNa tArAmaNDala vilIna ho jAtA hai| yaha samasta dravyoM kI trikAlavartI sabhI paryAyoM ko jAnatA hai tathA atindriya hotA hai / yaha saMpUrNa rUpa se nirmila hotA hai| ise siddha karane kI mUla yukti yaha hai, ki AtmA jaba jJAna svabhAva hai aura AvaraNa ke kAraNa isakA yaha jJAna svabhAva khaMDa-khaMDa karake prakaTa hotA hai, taba saMpUrNa AvaraNa ke haTa jAne para jJAna ko apane pUrNa rUpa meM prakAzamAna honA hI caahiye| jaise agni kA svabhAva hai, jalAne kA yadi koI pratibandha na ho to agni IMdhana ko jalAyegI hii| usI prakAra jJAna svabhAva AtmA para se pratibandhakoM ke haTa jAne para jagata ke samasta padArthoM ko jAnegA hii| jo padArtha kisI jJAna ke jJeya haiM, kisI na kisI ke pratyakSa avazya hote haiM / jaise parvatIya agni Adi aneka anumAna usa nirAvaraNa jJAna kI siddhi ke lie die jAte haiM / kevalajJAna ko AgamoM meM isa prakAra se paribhASita kiyA gayA hai, ki "jeege

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292 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana jANai, se savve jANai'"'' arthAt jo eka AtmA ko jAnatA hai, vaha saba padArthoM ko jAnatA hai| nizcayanaya se kevalajJAna kA tAtparya hai, AtmasvarUpa ko jAnanA, lekina vyavahAranaya se kevalajJAna ko sarvajJatA ke artha meM prayukta kiyA jAtA hai| anantaparyAya vAle eka dravya ko saMpUrNa rUpa se jAnane kA artha sarvajJatA hI ho jAtA hai| jaba taka eka Atma dravya kI saMpUrNa paryAyoM ko jAnatA hai, to vaha AtmajJa hone ke sAtha hI sarvajJa bhI ho jAtA hai| arthAt kevalajJAna ko sarvajJatA aura AtmajJatA do pRthak-pRthak rUpoM meM vyAkhyAyita karanA, do bhinna dRSTiyoM se cintana karanA hai| vAstava meM donoM eka hI sikke ke do pahalU haiM, jo eka sAtha kevalajJAna meM antarbhUta hote haiN| jaisA ki pravacanasAra meM likhA hai - "tikkAlaNiccavisamaM sayalaM savvatthasaMbhavaM cittN| jugavaM jANadi joNhaM aho hi NANassa mAhappaM / '' arthAt tInoM kAla meM sadA viSama sarva kSetra ke aneka prakAra ke samasta padArthoM ko jinadeva kA jJAtA (kevalajJAna) eka sAtha jAnatA hai| aho! jJAna kA maahaatmy| ___ yaha gAthA kevalajJAna kI sarvajJatA ke mahattva ko prakaTa karatI hai| kevalajJAnI sarvajJa hotA hai| pA~coM jJAnoM ke grAhya viSayaH mati Adi cAroM jJAna kitane hI vizuddha hoM, kintu ve cetanAzakti ke apUrNa vikasita rUpa hone se eka vastu ke bhI samagra bhAvoM ko jAnane meM asamartha haiN| ina sabhI jJAnoM ke antargata kisI bhI dravya kI kucha hI paryAyoM ko jAnA jA sakatA hai, saMpUrNa paryAyoM ko nhiiN| tattvArtha sUtra meM inake grAhya viSaya isa prakAra kahe gae haiM - ___ 'matizrutayonirbandhaH srvdrvyessvsrvpryaayessu|"18 arthAt matijJAna aura zrutajJAna kI pravRtti (grAhyatA) sarva paryAya rahita arthAt parimita paryAyoM se yukta saba dravyoM meM hotI hai| "rupissbvdheH||"119 avadhi jJAna kI pravRtti sarva paryAya rahita kevala rUpI (mUrta) dravyoM meM hotI hai| "tadananta bhAge mana: pryaaysy|"120 manaHparyAya kI grAhyatA usa rUpI dravya ke sarva paryAya rahita anantaveM bhAga meM hotI hai| ___ "sarvadravya paryAyeSu kevlsy|"127 kevalajJAna kI grAhyatA sabhI dravyoM kI sabhI paryAyoM meM hotI hai| jo jJAna kisI eka vastu ke sampUrNa bhAvoM ko jAna sakatA hai, vaha samasta vastuoM ke sampUrNa bhAvoM ko bhI grahaNa kara sakatA hai| vahI jJAna pUrNa jJAna kahalAtA hai, usI ko kevalajJAna kahate haiN| yaha jJAna cetanA zakti ke sampUrNa vikAsa ke samaya prakaTa hotA hai| ataH

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jJAna mImAMsA (pramANa mImAMsA) * 293 isake apUrNatAjanya bheda-prabheda nahIM hai| koI bhI vastu yA bhAva aisA nahIM hai, jo usake dvArA pratyakSa na jAnA jA ske| isIlie kevalajJAna kI pravRtti saba dravyoM aura saba paryAyoM meM mAnI gaI hai| __eka AtmA meM eka sAtha pAye jAne vAle jJAna : "ekAdIni bhAjyAni yugapadekasminnA cturyH|122 arthAt eka AtmA meM eka samaya eka sAtha eka jJAna se yAvat cAra jJAna aniyata rUpa se hote haiN| kisI AtmA meM eka sAtha eka, kisI meM do, kisI meM tIna aura kisI meM cAra jJAna taka saMbhava hai, para pA~coM jJAna eka sAtha kisI meM nahIM hote| jaba eka jJAna hotA hai, taba kevalajJAna hI hotA hai, kyoMki paripUrNa hone se koI anya apUrNa jJAna sambhava hI nahIM hai| jaba do jJAna hote haiM, taba mati aura zruta jJAna hote haiN| kyoMki pA~ca jJAnoM meM se ye hI do jJAna sahacArI haiN| zeSa tInoM jJAna eka dUsare ko chor3akara bhI raha sakate haiN| jaba tIna jJAna hote haiM taba mati, zruta tathA avadhi yA manaHparyAya jJAna hote haiN| tIna jJAna apUrNa avasthA meM hI ho sakate haiN| cAhe avadhijJAna ho athavA manaH paryAya jJAna mati aura zruta donoM to avazya hI hote haiN| jaba cAra jJAna hote haiM taba mati zruta, avadhi aura manaHparyAya jJAna hote haiM, kyoMki ye hI cAroM jJAna apUrNa avasthA bhAvI hone se eka sAtha ho sakate haiN| kevalajJAna kA anya kisI jJAna ke sAtha sAhacarya nahIM hai, kyoMki vaha pUrNa avasthA bhAvI hai aura zeSa sabhI jJAna apUrNa avasthAbhAvI haiN| pUrNatA tathA apUrNatA donoM avasthAe~ Apasa meM virodhI hone se eka sAtha AtmA meM nahIM hotii| do, tIna yA cAra jJAnoM ko eka sAtha zakti kI apekSA se sambhava kahA gayA hai, pravRtti kI apekSA se nhiiN| mati aura zruta do jJAna vAlA yA avadhi sahita tIna jJAna vAlA koI AtmA jisa samaya matijJAna ke dvArA kisI viSaya ko jAnane meM pravRtta ho, usa samaya vaha apane meM zruta kI zakti yA avadhijJAna kI zakti hone para bhI usakA upayoga karake usake viSayoM ko nahIM jAna sktaa| isI prakAra vaha zrutajJAna kI pravRtti ke samaya mati yA avadhi kI zakti ko bhI kAma meM nahIM le sakatA hai| yahI bAta mana:paryAya kI zakti ke viSaya meM hai| sArAMza yaha hai, ki AtmA meM eka sAtha adhika se adhika cAra jJAna zaktiyA~ ho, taba bhI eka samaya meM koI eka hI zakti jAnane kA kArya karatI hai| anya zaktiyA~ niSkriya rahatI haiN| kevalajJAna ke samaya mati Adi cAroM jJAna nahIM hote| yaha siddhAnta sAmAnya hai| yadi hote bhI haiM, to jisa prakAra sUrya prakAza meM graha-nakSatra kA prakAza chupa jAtA hai, usI prakAra kevalajJAna ke prakAza meM anya prakAra ke jJAna tirohita ho jAte hai|

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294 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana isa prakAra jaina darzana meM Atma-sApekSa jJAna ko, jo indriya va mana kI apekSA rahita hotA hai, mukhya pratyakSa yA pAramArthika pratyakSa mAnA hai| jo jJAna indriya aura mana kI apekSA se hotA hai, vaha parokSa jJAna hai| isa indriya pratyakSa ko sAMvyAvahArika pratyakSa bhI kahA gayA hai| paramArtha dRSTi se to AtmamAtra sApekSa avadhi, manaHparyAya aura kevalajJAna-ye tIna hI pAramArthika pratyakSa haiN| jaina darzana kI pratyakSa kI paribhASA nirAlI hai| isameM spaSTaM pratyakSaM' kahA gayA hai| jo jJAna anumAnAdi parokSa jJAna kI sApekSa se adhika niyata deza, kAla aura AkAra rUpa meM pracuratara vizeSoM ko grahaNa karatA hai, vaha spaSTa jJAna hai| ise vizad jJAna bhI kahA jAtA hai| jisa prakAra anumAnAdi jJAna apanI utpatti meM liMga jJAna, vyApti smaraNa Adi kI apekSA rakhate haiM, usa prakAra pratyakSa apanI utpatti meM anya kisI jJAna kI apekSA nahIM rkhtaa| parokSa jJAna : jaina darzana sammata parokSa jJAna kI vyAkhyA bhI anya saba darzanoM se vilakSaNa hai| loka meM indriya vyApAra se sahita jJAna ko pratyakSa kahA jAtA hai aura indriya vyApAra se rahita jJAna ko parokSa kahA jAtA hai| isake viparIta jaina darzana indriya vyApAra sahita jJAna ko parokSa aura indriya vyApAra rahita jJAna ko pratyakSa kahatA hai| indriyoM ko para dravya kahA hai / kundakundAcArya likhate haiM - "jaM parado viNNANaM taM tu parokkhaM ti bhnnidmtthesu||"123 arthAt para ke dvArA hone vAlA jo padArtha sambandhi vijJAna hai, vaha to parokSa kahA gayA hai| AgamoM meM mati aura zruta jJAna ko parokSa aura smRti saMjJA, cintA aura Abhinibodha ko matijJAna kA hI paryAya kahA thaa| ataH Agama meM sAmAnya rUpa se smRti saMjJA (pratyabhijJAna), cintA (tarka), Abhinibodha (anumAna) aura zruta (Agama) inheM parokSa mAnane kA spaSTa mArga nirdiSTa thA hii| kevala matijJAna (indriya aura mana se utpanna hone vAlA pratyakSa) ko parokSa mAnane para loka virodha kA prasaMga thA, jise sAMvyAvahArika pratyakSa mAnakara hala kara liyA gayA thaa| AcArya hemacandra aura vAdideva sUri ne parokSa pramANa kI navIna paribhASA isa prakAra kI hai| unhoMne kramazaH "avizadaH prokssm|"30 tathA "aspaSTaM prokssm|" kahakara siddhAnta pakSa kA lokapakSa ke sAtha samanvaya kiyA hai| akalaMkadeva ne rAjavArtika meM anumAna Adi jJAnoM ko svapratipatti ke samaya anakSara zruta aura parapratipattikAla meM akSarazruta kahate haiN| unhoMne laghIyastra (kArikA 7) meM smRti, pratyabhijJAna, cintA aura Abhinibodha ko manomati batAyA hai| kArikA 10 meM mati, smRti Adi jJAnoM ko zabda yojanA ke pahale sAMvyAvahArika pratyakSa aura zabda yojanA hone para unhIM jJAnoM ko zruta kahA hai| isa prakAra sAmAnya rUpa se matijJAna ko parokSa kI sImA meM Ane para bhI usake eka aMza-mati ko sAMvyAvahArika pratyakSa

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jJAna mImAMsA (pramANa mImAMsA)* 295 kahane kI aura zeSa smRti Adi jJAnoM ko parokSa kahane kI bhedaka rekhA kyA ho sakatI hai? isakA samAdhAna parokSa ke lakSaNa se hI ho jAtA hai| avizad jJAna arthAt aspaSTa jJAna ko hI parokSa kahate haiN| vizadatA kA artha hai jJAnAntara nirpeksstaa| jo jJAna apanI utpatti meM kisI dUsare jJAna kI apekSA rakhatA ho arthAt jisameM jJAnAntara kA vyavadhAna ho, vaha jJAna vizad hai| ____ pA~ca indriya aura mana ke vyApAra se utpanna hone vAle indriya pratyakSa aura anindriya pratyakSa cU~ki kevala indriya vyApAra se utpanna hote haiM anya kisI jJAnAntara kI apekSA nahIM rakhate, isalie aMzataH vizad hone se pratyakSa haiM, jabaki smaraNa apanI utpatti meM pUrvAnubhAva kI, pratyabhijJAna apanI utpatti meM smaraNa aura pratyakSa kI, tarka apanI utpatti meM smaraNa, pratyakSa aura pratyabhijJAna kI, anumAna apanI utpatti meM liGga darzana aura vyApti smaraNa kI tathA zruta apanI utpatti meM zabda zravaNa aura saMketa smaraNa kI apekSA rakhate haiM, ataH ye saba jJAnAntara sApekSa hone ke kAraNa avizad hai aura parokSa haiN| yadyapi IhA, avAya aura dhAraNA jJAna apanI utpatti meM pUrva-pUrva pratIti kI apekSA rakhate haiM tathApi ye jJAna navIna-navIna indriya vyApAra se utpanna hote haiM aura eka hI padArtha kI vizeSa avasthAoM ko viSaya karane vAle haiM, ataH kisI bhinna viSayaka jJAna se vyavahita nahIM hone ke kAraNa sAMvyAvahArika pratyakSa hI hai| eka hI jJAna dUsaredusare indriya vyApAroM se avagraha Adi atizayoM ko prApta karatA huA anubhava meM AtA hai, ataH jJAnAntara kA avyavadhAna yahA~ siddha ho jAtA hai| cArvAka ke parokSa pramANa na mAnane kI AlocanA : cArvAka pratyakSa pramANa se bhinna kisI anya parokSa pramANa kI sattA nahIM maantaa| pramANa kA lakSaNa avisaMvAda karake usane yaha batAyA hai, ki indriya pratyakSa ke sivAya anya jJAna sarvathA avisaMvAdI nahIM hote| anumAnAdi pramANa bahuta kucha saMbhAvanA para calate haiM aura aisA kahane kA kAraNa yaha hai, ki deza kAla aura AkAra ke bheda se pratyeka padArtha kI ananta zaktiyA~ aura abhivyaktiyA~ hotI haiN| unameM avyabhicArI avinAbhAva kA DhUMr3ha lenA atyaMta kaThina hai| jo A~vale yahA~ kasAyarasa vAle dekhe jAte haiM, ve dezAntara aura kAlAntara meM dravyAntara kA sambandha hone para mIThe rasa vAle bhI ho sakate haiN| kahIM-kahIM dhUma sA~pa kI bAmI meM se nikalatA huA dekhA jAtA hai| ataH anumAna kA zata pratizata avisaMvAdI honA asambhava bAta hai| yahI bAta smaraNAdi pramANoM ke sambandha meM hai| jaina dArzanika cArvAka ke isa mata kA khaNDana karate hue kahate haiM, ki anumAna pramANa ko mAne binA pramANa aura pramANAbhAsa kA viveka bhI nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| avisaMvAda ke AdhAra para amuka jJAnoM meM pramANatA kI vyavasthA karanA aura amuka jJAnoM ko avisaMvAda ke abhAva meM apramANa kahanA bhI to anumAna hI hai| dUsare kI

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296 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana buddhi kA jJAna anumAna ke binA nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki buddhi kA indriyoM dvArA pratyakSa asambhava hai| vaha to vyApAra, vacana prayoga Adi kAryoM ko dekhakara hI anumita hotI hai| jina kArya kAraNa bhAvoM yA avinAbhAvoM kA hama nirNaya na kara sakeM athavA jinameM vyabhicAra dekhA jAe unase hone vAlA anumAna bhale hI bhrAnta ho jAe, lekina avyabhicArI kAryakAraNa bhAva Adi ke AdhAra se hone vAlA anumAna apanI sImA meM visaMvAdI nahIM ho sktaa| paraloka Adi ke niSedha ke lie bhI cArvAka ko anumAna kI hI zaraNa lenI par3atI hai| vAmI se nikalane vAlI bhApa aura agni se utpanna hone vAle dhue~ meM viveka nahIM kara sakatA to pramAtA kA aparAdha hai, anumAna kA nhiiN| yadi sImita kSetra meM padArthoM ke sunizcita kArya-kAraNa-bhAva na biThAye jA sakeM, to jagat kA samasta vyavahAra hI naSTa ho jaaegaa| yaha ThIka hai, ki jo anumAna Adi visaMvAdI nikala jAe~ unheM anumAnAbhAsa kahA jA sakatA hai, para isase nirdiSTa avinAbhAva ke AdhAra se hone vAlA anumAna kabhI mithyA nahIM ho sktaa| yaha to pramAtA kI kuzalatA para nirbhara karatA hai, ki vaha padArthoM ke kitane aura kaise sUkSma yA sthUla kAryakAraNa bhAva ko jAnatA hai| Apta ke vAkya kI pramANatA hameM vyavahAra ke lie mAnanI hI par3atI hai, anyathA samasta sAMsArika vyavahAra chinna-bhinna ho jaaeNge| manuSya ke jJAna kI koI sImA nahIM hai, ataH apanI maryAdA meM parokSa jJAna bhI avisaMvAdI hone se pramANa hI haiN| yaha khulA rAstA hai, ki jo jJAna jisa aMza meM visaMvAdI ho unheM usa aMza meM pramANa mAnA jaae| ataH cArvAka kA parokSa jJAna ko pramANa na mAnanA sarvathA anucita hai| parokSa pramANa ke bheda : jaina darzana meM parokSa pramANa ke pA~ca bheda batAe gae haiM - "smaraNa pratyabhijJAnatarkAnamAnAgama bhedatastat pnycprkaarm||12 1. smaraNa, 2. pratyabhijJAna, 3. tarka, 4. anumAna evaM 5. aagm| 1. smaraNa : "tatra saMskAra prabodhasambhUtaM, anubhUtArthaviSayaM, tadityAkAraM vedanaM smrnnm|" arthAt saMskAra (dhAraNA) ke jAgRta hone se utpanna hone vAlA, pahale jAne hue padArtha ko jAnane vAlA, 'vaha' isa AkAra vAlA jJAna smaraNa hai| jaise vaha tIrthaMkara kA bimba hai| yaha jJAna atItakAlIna padArtha ko viSaya karatA hai| isameM 'tat' zabda kA ullekha avazya hotA hai| yadyapi smaraNa kA viSayabhUta padArtha sAmane nahIM hai, phira bhI vaha hamAre pUrva anubhava kA viSaya to thA hI aura usa anubhava kA dRr3ha saMskAra hameM sAdRzya Adi aneka nimittoM se usa padArtha ko mana meM jhalakA detA hai| isa smaraNa kI badaulata hI jagata ke samasta lena-dena Adi vyavahAra cala rahe haiN| vyApti smaraNa ke binA anumAna aura saMketa smaraNa ke binA kisI prakAra ke zabda kA prayoga hI nahIM ho

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jJAna mImAMsA (pramANa mImAMsA ) *297 sktaa| guru-ziSyAdi sambandha, pitA-putrabhAva tathA anya aneka prakAra prema, ghRNA, karuNA Adi mUlaka samasta jIvana vyavahAra smaraNa ke hI AbhArI haiN| saMskRti, sabhyatA aura itihAsa kI paramparA smaraNa ke sUtra se hI hama taka AyI hai| smRti ko apramANa kahane kA mUla kAraNa usakA 'gRhItagrAhI honA' batAyA jAtA hai| usakI anubhava paratantratA pramANa vyavahAra meM bAdhaka banatI hai| anubhava jisa padArtha ko jisa rUpa meM jAnatA hai, smRti usase adhika ko nahIM jAnatI aura na hI usake kisI naye aMza kA hI bodha karatI hai / vaha pUrvAnubhava kI maryAdA meM hI sImita hai, balki kabhI-kabhI to anubhava se kama kI hI smRti hotI hai / vaidika paramparA meM smRti ko svataMtra pramANa na mAnane kA eka hI kAraNa hai, ki manusmRti aura yAjJAvalkya Adi smRtiyA~ puruSa vizeSa ke dvArA racI gaI haiM / yadi eka bhI jagaha unakA prAmANya svIkAra kara liyA jAtA hai, to veda kI apauruSeyatA aura usake dharma viSayaka nibaudha antima prAmANya samApta ho jAtA hai| ataH smRtiyA~ vahIM taka pramANa haiM, jahA~ taka ve zruti kA anugamana karatI haiM / arthAt zruti svataH pramANa hai aura smRtiyoM meM pramANatA kI chAyA zrutimUlaka hone se hI par3a rahI hai| isa prakAra jaba eka bAra smRtiyoM meM zruti paratantratA ke kAraNa svataH prAmANya niSiddha huA, taba anya vyAvahArika smRtiyoM meM usa paratantratA kI chAyA anubhavAdhIna hone ke kAraNa barAbara cAlU rahI aura yaha vyavasthA huI, ki jo smRtiyA~ pUrvAnubhava kA anugamana karatI haiM, ve hI pramANa haiM, anubhava ke bAhara kI smRtiyA~ pramANa nahIM ho sakatI arthAt smRtiyA~ satya hokara bhI anumAna kI pramANatA ke bala para hI avisaMvAdinI siddha ho pAtI haiM, apane bala para nahIM / 130 bhaTTa jayaMta ne smRti kI apramANatA kA kAraNa gRhIta - grAhitva na batAkara usakA artha se utpanna na honA batAyA hai, kintu jaba artha kI jJAna mAtra ke prati kAraNatA hI siddha nahIM hai, taba artha janyatA ko pramANatA kA AdhAra nahIM banAyA jA sktaa| pramANatA kA AdhAra to avisaMvAdI hI ho sakatA hai / gRhIta - grAhI jJAna bhI yadi apane viSaya meM avisaMvAdI hai, to usakI pramANatA surakSita hai| yadi artha janyatA ke abhAva meM smRti apramANa hotI hai, to atIta aura anAgata ko viSaya karane vAle anumAna bhI pramANa nahIM ho skeNge| jaina darzana ke atirikta anya kisI bhI darzana ne smRti ko svatantra pramANa nahIM mAnA hai| jabaki jagata ke samasta vyavahAra smRti kI pramANatA aura avisaMvAda para hI cala rahe haiM, taba ve use pramANa kahane kA sAhasa to nahIM kara sakate, kiMtu pramA kA vyavahAra smRti-bhinna jJAna meM karanA cAhate haiM / dhAraNA nAmaka anubhava padArtha ko 'idam' rUpa se jAnatA hai, jabaki saMskAra hone vAlI smRti usI padArtha ko 'tat' rUpa se jAnatI hai| ataH use ekAnta rUpa se gRhIta grAhiNI bhI nahIM kaha sakate haiN| pramANA

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298 jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana ke do hI AdhAra haiM-avisaMvAdI honA tathA samAropa kA vyavaccheda karanA / smRti, zabda vyavahAra aura jagata ke samasta vyavahAra nirmUla ho jaayeNge| hA~, jisa-jisa smRti meM visaMvAda ho use apramANa yA smRtyAbhAsa kahane kA mArga khulA huA hai| vismaraNa, saMzaya aura viparyAya rUpI samAropa kA nirAkaraNa smRti ke dvArA hotA hI hai / ataH isa avisaMvAdI jJAna kI pramANatA ko parokSa rUpa se svIkAra karanA hI hogaa| anubhava paratantra hone ke kAraNa vaha parokSa to kahI jA sakatI hai, lekina apramANa nahIM / pramANatA yA apramANatA kA AdhAra anubhava svAtantraya nahIM hai| anubhUta artha ko vipaya karane ke kAraNa bhI use apramANa nahIM kahA jA sakatA / anyathA anubhUta agni ko viSaya karane vAlA anumAna bhI pramANa nahIM ho sakegA / ataH smRti pramANa hai, kyoMki vaha svaviSaya meM avisaMvAdinI hai| 2. pratyabhijJAna : "darzanasmaraNasambhavaM tadevedaM tatsadRzaM tadvilakSaNaM tatpratiyogItyAdisaGkalanaM pratijJAnam / / 3 vartamAna ke pratyakSa aura atIta ke smaraNa se hone vAlA saMkalanAtmaka jJAna pratyabhijJAna hai| yaha saMkalana ekatva sAdRzya, vaisAdRzya, pratiyogI, ApekSika Adi aneka prakAra kA hotA hai| vartamAna kA pratyakSa karake usake atIta kA smaraNa hone para 'yaha vahI hai' isa prakAra kA jo mAnasika ekatva saMkalana hotA hai, vahI ekatva pratyabhijJAna hai| isI prakAra 'gavaya gAya sadRza hotA hai|' isa vAkya ko sunakara koI vana meM jAtA hai aura sAmane gAya jaise pazu ko dekhakara usa vAkya kA smaraNa karatA hai aura phira mana meM nizcaya karatA hai, ki vaha gavaya hai| isa prakAra kA sAdRzya viSayaka saMkalana sAdRzya pratyabhijJAna hai / 'bhaiMsa gAya se vilakSaNa hotI hai|' isa prakAra ke vAkya ko sunakara, jisa bAr3e meM gAya aura bhaiMsa donoM hoM, vahA~ jAne vAlA manuSya gAya se vilakSaNa pazu ko dekhakara ukta vAkya ko smaraNa karatA hai aura nizcaya karatA hai, ki yaha bhaiMsa hai| yaha vaisAdRzya viSayaka saMkalana vaisAdRzya pratyabhijJAna hai| isI prakAra apane samIpavartI makAna ke pratyakSa ke bAda dUravartI parvata ko dekhane para pUrva kA smaraNa karake jo 'yaha isase dUra hai|' isa prakAra kA ApekSika jJAna hotA hai, vaha ApekSika pratyabhijJAna hai| zAkhAdi vAlA vRkSa hotA hai, eka sIMga vAlA geMDA hotA hai, chaha paira vAlA bhramara hotA hai, Adi paricAyaka zabdoM ko sunakara vyakti ko una padArthoM ko dekhane para aura pUrvokta paricaya vAkyoM ko smaraNa kara jo 'yaha vRkSa hai, yaha geMDA hai, yaha bhramara hai, Adi jJAna utpanna hote haiM, ve saba apane viSaya meM avisaMvAdI aura samAropa ke vyavacchedaka hone se pramANa hai|' pratyabhijJAna ke viSaya meM dArzanika matabheda : bauddha padArtha ko kSaNika mAnate haiN| unake anusAra ekatva vAstavika nahIM hai| 'yaha vahI hai' isa vAkya meM 'saH vaha'

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jJAna mImAMsA (pramANa mImAMsA)* 299 yaha aMza smaraNa hai aura 'ayaM-vahI' aMza pratyakSa hai| isa taraha ve bauddha isa ekatva pratIti meM do svataMtra jJAna mAnakara pratyabhijJAna ke astItva ko svIkAra nahIM krte| kintu jaba yaha bAta nizcita hai, ki pratyakSa kevala vartamAna ko viSaya karatA hai aura smaraNa kevala atIta ko, taba ina donoM sImita aura niyata viSaya vAle jJAnoM dvArA atIta aura vartamAna do paryAyoM meM rahane vAlA ekatva kaise jAnA jA sakatA hai? yadi ekatva kA sarvathA apalApa kiyA jAtA hai, to baddha kI mukti, RNa kI vasUlI Adi jagata vyavahAra saba ucchinna ho jaaeNge| 'yaha vahI hai' isa jJAna ko yadi bauddha darzana vikalpa kI koTi meM DAlatA hai, to use hI pratyabhijJAna mAnane meM koI Apatti nahIM honI cAhiye, kintu yaha vikalpa avisaMvAdI hone se svataMtra pramANa hogaa| pratyabhijJAna ko asvIkAra karane para anumAna kI pravRtti nahIM ho sktii| jisa vyakti ne pahale agni aura dhUma ke kArya-kAraNa bhAva ko grahaNa kiyA hai, vahI vyakti jaba pUrva dhUma ke sadRza anya dhUma dekhatA hai, taba grahIta kArya kA smaraNa hone para anumAna kara pAtA hai| yahA~ ekatva aura sadRzatva donoM pratyabhijJAnoM kI AvazyakatA hai, kyoMki bhinna vyakti ko vilakSaNa padArtha ke dekhane para anumAna nahIM ho sktaa| bauddhoM kA kathana hai, ki ekatva pratIti rUpa pratyabhijJAna bhrAnta hotA hai| jaisekaTa kara phira uge hue nakha-kezAdi meM yaha vahI nakha hai, yaha vahI keza hai, yaha ekatva pratIti bhrAnta hai, ataeva pratyabhijJAna nahIM hai| bauddhoM kA ukta kathana yathArtha nahIM hai| nakha-kezAdi se pratyabhijJAna bhrAnta hone se saba pratyabhijJAna bhrAnta hI hote haiM, yaha nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| timira rogI ko do candramAoM kA jJAna hotA hai, usakA yaha pratyakSa pramANa bhrAnta hai, to itane mAtra se kyA saba pratyakSoM ko bhrAnta mAnA jA sakatA hai? kadApi nhiiN| jaise dvicanda jJAna pratyakSAbhAsa haiM, vaise hI nakhakezAdi kA ekatva jJAna pratyabhijJAnAbhAsa hai, parantu 'yaha vahI ghaTa hai' ityAdi dravya mUlaka ekatva pratIti ko bhrAnta nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| ataH pratyabhijJAna ko pramANa mAnanA caahiye| naiyAyika, vaizeSika aura mImAMsaka ekatva viSayaka pratyabhijJAna ko svIkAra to karate haiM, parantu ve ise pratyakSa pramANa ke antargata mAna lete haiN| ve ise svataMtra parokSa pramANa ke rUpa meM svIkAra nahIM krte| unakA yaha mantavya ucita nahIM hai, kyoMki pratyakSa kA viSaya kevala vartamAna ko grahaNa karanA hai aura smaraNa kevala atIta paryAya ko grahaNa karatA hai, parantu pratyabhijJAna aisA pramANa hai, jo ubhaya paryAyavartI ekatvAdi ko grahaNa karane vAlA saMkalanAtmaka jJAna hai| isa saMkalana ko grahaNa karanA pratyakSa kA viSaya nahIM ho sktaa| ataeva pratyabhijJAna ko svataMtra pramANa mAnanA caahiye| naiyAyika evaM mImAMsaka sAdRzya jJAna ko grahaNa karane vAlA upamAna mAnaka svataMtra pramANa mAnate haiN| lekina yaha ucita nahIM hai| yadi sAdRzya ko grahaNa karane vAlA

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300 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana alaga pramANa mAnA jAtA hai, to vilakSaNatA ko grahaNa karane vAlA bhI alaga pramANa mAnanA pdd'egaa| isI taraha dUratva, uccatva, nimnatva, hasvatva aura dIrghatva ko grahaNa karane vAlA bhI alaga pramANa mAnanA pdd'egaa| isa taraha pramANoM kI saMkhyA na jAne kahA~ taka phuNcegii| sAdRzya-vaisAdRzya Adi jJAnoM kA samAveza pratyabhijJAna meM ho jAtA hai, ataeva upamAna ko alaga pramANa nahIM mAnanA cAhiye, vaha pratyabhijJAna hI hai| 3. tarka : ___"upalambhAnupalambha nimittaM vyAptijJAnam uhH|"17 AcArya hemacandra ke anusAra vyApti ke jJAna ko tarka kahate haiN| sAdhya aura sAdhana ke sArvakAlika, sArvadezika aura sArvavaiyaktika avinAbhAva sambandha ko vyApti kahate haiN| avinAbhAva arthAt sAdhya ke binA sAdhana kA na honA, sAdhana kA sAdhya ke hone para hI honA, abhAva meM bilkula nahIM honA, isa niyama ko sarvopasaMhAra rUpa se grahaNa karanA tarka hai| sarvaprathama vyakti kArya aura kAraNa kA pratyakSa karatA hai aura unake bAra-bAra pratyakSa hone para vaha usake anvaya sambandha kI bhUmikA kI ora jhukatA hai| phira sAdhya ke abhAva meM sAdhana kA abhAva dekhakara vyatireka ke nizcaya ke dvArA usa anvaya jJAna ko nizcayAtmaka rUpa detA hai| jaise kisI vyakti ne sarvaprathama rasoIghara meM agni dekhI tathA agni se utpanna hotA huA dhuMA bhI dekhA, phira kisI tAlAba meM agni ke abhAva meM dhue~ kA bhI abhAva dekhaa| phira rasoIghara meM agni se dhuMA nikalatA huA dekhakara vaha nizcaya karatA hai, ki agni kAraNa hai aura dhuMA kArya hai| yaha upalambha-anupalambha nimittaka sarvopasaMhAra karane vAlA vicAra tarka hai| isameM pratyakSa, smaraNa aura sAdRzya pratyabhijJAna kAraNa hote haiN| ina sabakI pRSThabhUmi para 'jahA~-jahA~, jaba-jaba dhUma hotA hai, vahA~-vahA~, taba-taba agni avazya hotI hai| isa prakAra kA eka mAnasika vikalpa utpanna hotA hai, jise Uha yA tarka kahate haiN| kevala pratyakSa ke viSayabhUta prameyoM meM bhI anvaya aura vyatireka ke dvArA avinAbhAva kA nizcaya karanA tarka kA kArya hai| isIlie upalambha aura anupalambha zabda se sAdhya aura sAdhana kA sadbhAva pratyakSa aura abhAva pratyakSa hI nahIM liyA jAtA hai, apitu sAdhya aura sAdhana kA dRr3hatara sadbhAva nizcaya aura abhAva nizcaya liyA jAtA hai| vaha nizcaya cAhe pratyakSa se ho yA pratyakSAtirikta anya pramANoM se| tarka ke viSaya meM dArzanika matabheda : mImAMsaka tarka ko vicArAtmaka jJAna vyApAra mAnate haiM aura usake lie 'Uha' zabda kA prayoga karate haiN| lekina use pramANa ke antargata sammilita nahIM krte| unakA mantavya hai, ki tarka svayaM pramANa na hokara kisI pramANa kA sahAyaka ho sakatA hai| nyAya darzana meM tarka ko 16 padArthoM meM ginAyA gayA hai, tadapi use pramANa nahIM mAnA hai| unakA kahanA hai, ki tarka tattvajJAna ke lie upayogI hai aura pramANoM kA

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jJAna mImAMsA (pramANa mImAMsA) * 301 anugrAhaka hai, lekina svayaM pramANa nahIM hai| bauddha tarka rUpa vikalpAtmaka jJAna ko vyApti kA grAhaka mAnate haiM, kintu vaha pratyakSa pRSThabhAvI hone se pratyakSa ke dvArA gRhIta artha ko viSaya karane vAlA eka vikalpa hai, ataH pramANa nahIM hai| __jaina darzana kA mantavya hai, ki tarka apane viSaya meM avisaMvAdI hone ke kAraNa svayaM pramANa hai| jo svayaM pramANa na ho, vaha pramANoM kA anugrAhaka kaise ho sakatA hai? apramANa se na to prAmaNa ke viSaya kA vivecana ho sakatA hai, na parizodhana hii| jisa tarka meM visaMvAda ho use tarkAbhAsa kahA jA sakatA hai, parantu avisaMvAdI tarka ko bhI pramANa se bahirbhUta rakhanA ucita nahIM ho sktaa| saMsAra meM jahA~ kahIM jaba kabhI dhuMA hai, vaha saba agni ke hone para hI hotA hai, agni ke abhAva meM nahIM hotaa| yaha sArvatrika aura sArvakAlika bodha na to indriya pratyakSa kara sakatA hai, na sukhAdi kA saMvedaka mAnasa pratyakSa hii| indriya pratyakSa kA viSaya niyata hai aura vartamAna mAlika hai| mAnasa pratyakSa vizada hai aura vyApti jJAna avizada hai, ataH mAnasa pratyakSa vyApti kA grahaNa nahIM kara sktaa| anumAna se vyApti kA grahaNa isalie nahIM ho sakatA, ki svayaM anumAna kI utpatti vyApti ke adhIna hai| tarka ko pramANa na mAnane para anumAna bhI pramANa nahIM ho skegaa| jisa vyApti jJAna ke bala para sudRr3ha anumAna kI imArata khar3I kI jA rahI hai, usa vyApti jJAna ko apramANa kahanA yA use pramANa se bAhara rakhanA kaise ucita ho sakatA hai| yogI pratyakSa dvArA vyApti grahaNa kI bAta nirarthaka hai, kyoMki jo yogI hai, use vyApti grahaNa karane kA koI prayojana hI nahIM hai, vaha to pratyakSa se hI samasta sAdhya sAdhana bhUta padArthoM ko jAna letA hai| bauddhoM ne vikalpAtmaka hone se tarka ko apramANa mAnA hai, parantu vikalpAtmaka to anumAna bhI hai, use to bauddhoM ne bhI pramANa mAnA hai| jisa prakAra anumAna vikalpa hokara bhI pramANa hai-usI taraha vikalpa rUpa tarka ko bhI pramANa mAnanA caahiye| tarka apane viSaya meM saMvAdI hai aura saMzaya, viparyaya, anadhyavasAya rUpa samAropa kA vyavacchedaka hai, ataH vaha pramANa hai| anumAna : __ "sAdhanAtsAdhyavijJAnam anumaanm||133 arthAt sAdhana se sAdhya ke jJAna ko anumAna kahate haiN| liMga grahaNa aura vyApti-smaraNa ke pIche hone vAlA jJAna anumAna kahalAtA hai| yaha jJAna avizadaspaSTa hone se parokSa hai, parantu apane viSaya meM saMzaya-viparyaya, anadhyavasAya Adi samAropoM kA nirAkaraNa karane ke kAraNa pramANa hai| sAdhana se sAdhya kA niyata jJAna avinAbhAva ke bala se hI hotA hai| sarvaprathama sAdhana ko dekhakara pUrvagRhIta avinAbhAva

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302 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana kA smaraNa hotA hai, tadantara sAdhya kA jJAna hotA hai, yaha mAnasa jJAna hai| avinAbhAva hI anumAna kI mUla dhUrI hai| sahabhAva-niyama aura kramabhAva niyama ko avinAbhAva kahate haiN| sahabhAvI rUpa rasa Adi tathA vRkSa aura ziMzapA Adi vyApya-vyApaka bhUta padArthoM meM sahabhAva niyama hotA hai| niyata pUrvavartI aura uttaravartI kRtikodaya aura zAkaTodaya meM tathA kAryakAraNabhUta agni aura dhUma Adi meM kramabhAva niyama hotA hai| avinAbhAva ke bala tAdAtmya aura tadutpatti (kArya-kAraNa bhAva) se hI niyaMtrita nahIM kara sakate, kyoMki jinameM tAdAtmya nahIM hai, aise rUpa se rasa kA anumAna hotA hai tathA jinameM kArya kAraNa nahIM hai, aise kRtikodaya ko dekhakara eka muhUrta bAda hone vAle zakaTodaya kA anumAna kiyA jAtA hai| arthAt avinAbhAva tAdAtmya aura tadutpatti taka hI sImita nahIM hai| jinameM paraspara tAdAtmya aura tadutpatti sambandha nahIM bhI hai, una padArthoM meM niyata pUrvottara bhAva yAnI kramabhAva hone para tathA niyata sahabhAva hone para bhI anumAna ho sakatA hai| sAdhana : __"nizcitAnyathAnupatyeka lakSaNo hetuH||134 arthAt anyathAnupapatti rUpa se nizcita honA yahI sAdhana athavA hetu kA ekamAtra lakSaNa hai| anyathAnupapatti, avinAbhAva aura vyApti ye saba ekArthaka zabda hai| ataH jisakA sAdhya ke sAtha avinAbhAva nizcita hai, use sAdhana kahate haiN| sAdhya : __ "apratItamanirAkRtamabhIpsitaM saadhym||"15 jise siddha karanA ho, vaha sAdhya kahalAtA hai| sAdhya ko apratIta, anirAkRta aura abhipsita kahA hai| jo prativAdI ko svIkRta na ho, jisameM zaMkA ho, yaha batAne ke lie sAdhya ko aprasiddha yA apratIta kahA hai| jo pratyakSa Adi pramANoM se bAdhita hone ke kAraNa siddha karane yogya hai, yaha batAne ke lie sAdhya ko zakya yA anirAkRta kahA hai| jo vAdI ko siddha nahIM hai, vaha sAdhya nahIM ho sakatA, yaha batAne ke lie sAdhya ko 'abhipsita' athavA abhipreta kahA hai, jo vAdI ko iSTa ho, vahI vastu sAdhya hotI hai| anumAna ke bheda : jaina darzana meM anumAna ke tIna bheda batAe gae haiM - pUrvavat, zeSavat aura dRSTa saadhrmyvt| jaisA ki anuyogadvAra sUtra meM anumAna kA svarUpa kahA __"aNumANe tivihe pnnnntte| taM.-puvvavaM sesavaM divsaahmmvN|136 prAcIna caraka, nyAya, bauddha aura sAMkhya ne bhI anumAna ke tIna bheda hI batAe haiN| unameM se prathama do to vahI haiM, jo anuyogadvAra meM hai, lekina antima bheda kA nAma

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jJAna mImAMsA (pramANa mImAMsA) 303 anuyoga kI taraha dRSTa sAdharmyavat na hokara sAmAnyatodRSTa hai / 1 anuyogadvAra meM anumAna ke svArtha aura parArtha aise do bheda nahIM kie gae haiM anumAna ko ina do bhedoM meM vibhakta karane kI paramparA bAda kI hai| nyAyasUtra aura usake bhASya taka yaha svArtha aura parArtha aise bheda karane kI paramparA pracalita nahIM thI / bauddha meM dignAga se pahale maitreya, asaMga aura vasubandhu ke granthoM meM bhI vaha nahIM dekhI jaatii| sarvaprathama bauddhoM meM dignAga ke pramANa sammuccaya meM aura vaidikoM meM prazastapAda ke bhASya meM hI svArtha-parArtha bhedoM kA ullekha milatA hai / bAda ke jaina dArzanikoM ne anuyogadvAra svIkRta uparyukta tIna bhedoM kI paramparA kA khaNDana bhI kiyA hai| 1. pUrvavat : pUrvavat kI vyAkhyA karate hue anuyogadvAra meM kahA hai, ki pUrva paricita kisI liMga ke dvArA pUrva paricita vastu kA pratyabhijJAna karanA pUrvavat anumAna hai| jaise mAtA bAlyakAla meM guma hue aura yuvA hokara vApasa lauTe apane putra ko kisI pUrva nizcita cihna se pahacAnatI hai, ki yahI merA putra hai|" - upAya hRdaya nAmaka bauddha grantha meM bhI pUrvavat kA vaisA udAharaNa hai| "yathA SaGgali sapiDakamUrdhAnaM bAlaM dRSTavA pazcAt vRddhaM bahuzrutaM devadattaM dRSTavA SaDaGgali-smaraNAt soyamiti puurvvt||' 11138 upAyahRdaya ke bAda ke granthoM meM pUrvavat ke anya do prakAra ke udAharaNa milate haiN| ukta udAharaNa chor3ane kA kAraNa yahI hai, ki ukta udAharaNa sUcita jJAna vastutaH pratyabhijJAna hai / ataeva pratyabhijJAna aura anumAna ke viSaya meM jabase dArzanikoM ne bheda karanA prArambha kiyA hai, taba se pUrvavat kA udAharaNa badalanA Avazyaka ho gyaa| isase yaha bhI kahA jA sakatA hai, ki anuyogadvAra meM jo vivecana hai, vaha prAcIna paramparAnusArI hai| pUrva kA artha hotA hai-kaarnn| kisI ne kAraNa ko sAdhya mAnakara kArya se kAraNa ke anumAna ko pUrvavat kahA hai| kisI ne kAraNa ko sAdhana mAnakara kAraNa se kArya ke anumAna ko pUrvavat kahA hai| kintu prAcIna kAla meM pUrvavat se pratyabhijJAna hI samajhI jAtI thI, yaha anuyogadvAra aura upAya hRdaya se spaSTa hai| 2. zeSavat : zeSavat anumAna ke lie jaina darzana meM pA~ca prakAra ke hetuoM ko anumApaka batAyA gayA hai| yathA - '"se kiM taM sesavaM? sesavaM paMcavihaM paNNattaM taM jahA kajjeNaM kAraNeNaM guNeNaM avayaveNaM AsaeNaM / ' ,,139 1. kAryeNa : kArya se kAraNa kA anumAna karanA / jaise zabda se zaMkha kA, tAr3ana se bhairI kA, kekAyita se mayUra kA / 2. kAraNen : kAraNa se kArya kA anumAna karanA / isake udAharaNa meM anumAna prayoga kI vyAkhyA to nahIM hai, kintu kahA hai, ki tantu paTa kA kAraNa hai,

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304 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana paTa tantu kA kAraNa nahIM, mRtpiNDa ghaTa kA kAraNa hai, ghaTa mRtpiNDa kA kAraNa nhiiN| isa prakAra jo kAraNa hai, use hetu banAkara kArya kA anumAna kara lenA cAhiye, yaha sUcita kiyA gayA hai| 3. guNena : guNa se guNI kA anumAna krnaa| jaise gandha se puSpa kA, rasa se lavaNa kA, sparza se vastra kA, AsvAda se madirA kaa| 4. avayavena : avayava se avayavI kA anumAna krnaa| jaise hAthI dA~ta se hAthI kA, paMkha se mayUra kA, khura se azva kA, nakha se vyAghra kA, do paira se manuSya kA, cAra paira se gau Adi kA, cur3I sahita bAhu se mahilA kA, baddha parikaratA se yoddhA kA, dhAnya ke eka kaNa se droNa-pAka kA aura eka gAthA se kavi kaa| 5. AzrayeNa : Azrita vastu se anumAna krnaa| jaise dhUma se agni kA, balAkA se pAnI kA, bhrama vikAra se vRSTi kA aura zIla samAcAra se kulaputra kA anumAna hotA hai| isa prakAra prAcIna jaina darzana meM zeSavat anumAna ke uparyukta pA~ca bheda svIkAra kie gae haiN| 3. dRSTasAdharmyavat : anuyoga dvAra meM dRSTa sAdharmyavat ke do bheda kie gae haiM - 1. sAmAnya dRSTa aura vizeSa dRSTa / yathA - __"se kiM taM diTThasAhammavaM? diDhasAhammavaM duvihaM pnnnntN| taM jahA-sAmannadiTuM c| visesadiTuM c||140 1. sAmAnya dRSTa sAdharmyavat : kisI eka vastu ko dekhakara kisI vizeSa meM tatsAdharmya kA jJAna karanA, sAmAnyadRSTa hai| udAharaNa - jaisA eka puruSa vizeSa hai, vaise hI aneka puruSa bhI haiN| jaise aneka puruSa haiM, vaisA hI eka puruSa bhI hai| jaisA eka karSApaNa hai, aneka karSApaNa bhI vaise hI hai| jaise aneka karSApaNa haiM, eka bhI vaisA hI 2. vizeSadRSTa sAdharmyavat : vizeSa dRSTa sAdharmyavat vaha hai, jo aneka vastuoM meM se kisI eka ko pRthak karake usake vaiziSTya kA pratyabhijJAna karatA hai| zAstrakAra ne isa anumAna ko bhI puruSa aura karSApaNa ke dRSTAMta se spaSTa kiyA hai| jaise koI eka puruSa bahuta se puruSoM ke bIca meM se pUrvadRSTa puruSa kA pratyabhijJAna karatA hai, ki yaha vahI puruSa hai yA usI prakAra karSApaNa kA pratyabhijJAna karatA hai, taba usakA vaha jJAna vizeSa dRSTa sAdharmyavat anumAna hai| anuyogadvAra meM dRSTasAdharmyavat ke jo do bheda kie gae haiM, unameM prathama to upamAna se aura dUsarA pratyabhijJAna se bhinna pratIta nahIM hotaa| anuyogadvAra, mAThara aura

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jJAna mImAMsA (pramANa mImAMsA)* 305 gaur3apAda ne siddhAntataH sAmAnyatodRSTa kA lakSaNa eka hI prakAra kA mAnA hai, kiMtu inake udAharaNa pRthak-pRthak haiN| kAla ke AdhAra para anumAna ke bheda : anumAna grahaNakAla kI dRSTi se tIna prakAra kA hotA hai, use bhI zAstrakAroM ne batAyA hai - 1. atItakAlagrahaNa, 2. pratyutpanna kAlagrahaNa tathA 3. anAgata kaalgrhnn| 1. atItakAla grahaNa : vanoM meM ugI huI ghAsa, dhAnyoM se paripUrNa pRthvI kuMDa, sarovara, nadI aura bar3e-bar3e tAlAboM ko jala se saMpUrita dekhakara yaha anumAna karanA, ki yahA~ acchI vRSTi huI hai| yaha atItakAlagrahaNa sAdharmyavat anumAna hai| 2. pratyutpannakAla grahaNa : bhikSAcaryA meM sAdhu ko gRhasthoM se vizeSa pracura AhAra-pAnI prApta karate hue dekhakara anumAna kiyA jAe ki yahA~ subhikSa hai| yaha pratyutpannakAla grahaNa anumAna hai| 3. anAgata kAla-grahaNa : AkAza kI nirmalatA, parvatoM kA kAlA dikhAI denA, bijalI sahita meghoM kI garjanA, anukUla pavana aura saMdhyA kI gAr3ha lAlimA, vAruNa-ArdA, mAhendra-rohiNI Adi nakSatroM meM hone vAle athavA anya prazasta utpAtaulkApAta yA digdAhAdi ko dekhakara anumAna karanA ki acchI vRSTi hogii| ise anAgata kAla grahaNa vizeSTadRSTa sAdharmyavat anumAna kahate haiN| uparyukta lakSaNoM kA viparyaya dekhane meM Ave to tInoM kAloM ke grahaNa meM bhI viparyaya ho jAtA hai| arthAt atIta-kuvRSTi kA vartamAna durbhikSa kA aura anAgata kuvRSTi kA anumAna hotA hai, yaha bhI anuyogadvAra meM saudAharaNa dikhAyA gayA hai| kAlabheda se tIna prakAra kA anumAna hotA hai, isa mata ko caraka ne bhI svIkAra kiyA hai| anuyogadvAra gata atItakAlagrahaNa aura anAgata kAlagrahaNa ke donoM udAharaNa mAThara meM pUrvavat ke udAharaNa rUpa se nirdiSTa hai, jabaki svayaM anuyoga meM nabha-vikAra se vRSTi ke anumAna ko zeSavat mAnA hai tathA nyAyabhASyakAra ne nadIpUra se bhUtavRSTi ke anumAna ko zeSavat mAnA hai| anumAna ke avayava : anumAna prayoga yA nyAya vAkya ke kitane avayava hone cAhiye, isa viSaya meM mUla AgamoM meM kucha nahIM kahA gayA hai| kintu AcArya bhadrabAhu ne dazavaikAlika niyukti meM anumAnacaryA meM nyAyavAkya ke avayavoM kI carcA kI hai| yadyapi saMkhyA kI gaNanA meM unhoMne pA~ca aura daza avayava hone kI bAta kahI hai, lekina anyatra unhoMne mAtra udAharaNa yA hetu aura udAharaNa se bhI arthasiddhi hone kI bAta kahI hai| daza avayavoM ko bhI unhoMne do prakAra se ginAyA hai| isa prakAra bhadrabAhu ke mata meM anumAna vAkya ke do, tIna, pA~ca, daza itane avayava hote haiN| prAcIna vAdazAstra kA adhyayana karane se jJAta hotA hai, ki prArambha meM kisI sAdhya kI siddhi meM hetu kI apekSA dRSTAnta kI sahAyatA adhikAMzataH lI jAtI rahI

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306 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana hogii| yahI kAraNa hai, ki bAda meM jaba hetu kA svarUpa vyApti ke kAraNa nizcita huA aura hetu se hI mukhya rUpa se sAdhya siddhi mAnI jAne lagI tathA hetu ke sahAyaka rUpa se hI dRSTAnta yA udAharaNa kA upayoga mAnya rahA, taba kevala dRSTAnta ke bala se kI jAne vAlI sAdhya siddhi ko jAvyuttaroM meM samAviSTa kiyA jAne lgaa| yaha sthiti nyAyasUtra meM spaSTa hai| ataeva mAtra udAharaNa se sAdhyasiddhi hone kI bhadrabAhu kI bAta kisI prAcIna paramparA kI ora saMketa karatI hai, yaha mAnanA caahiye| AcArya maitraiya ne anumAna ke pratijJA, hetu aura dRSTAnta ye tIna avayava mAne haiN| bhadrabAhu ne bhI unhIM tInoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| mAThara aura dignAga ne bhI pakSa, hetu aura dRSTAnta ye tIna hI avayava mAne haiM aura pAMca avayavoM kA matAntara rUpa se ullekha kiyA hai| pA~ca avayavoM meM do paramparAe~ haiN| eka mAThara nirdiSTa aura prazastapAda sammata tathA dUsarI nyAyasUtrAdi sammata / bhadrabAhu ne pA~ca avayavoM meM nyAya sUtra kI paramparA kA hI anugamana kiyA hai| parantu daza avayavoM ke viSaya meM bhadrabAhu kA svAtantrya spaSTa hai| nyAyabhASyakAra ne bhI daza avayavoM kA ullekha kiyA hai, kintu bhadrabAhu nirdiSTa donoM daza prakAra se vAtsyAyana ke daza prakAra bhinna hai| isa prakAra nyAyavAkya ke daza avayavoM kI tIna paramparAe~ siddha hotI hai| yaha agrasAriNI se spaSTa hai - cArTa 1 maitreya mAThara dignAga prazastapAda nyAyasUtra nyAyabhASya 10 pratijJA pratijJA pratijJA pratijJA apadeza hetu dRSTAnta dRSTAnta dRSTAnta nidarzana udAharaNa udAharaNa anusaMdhAna upanaya upanaya pratyAmnAya nigamana nigamana jijJAsA saMzaya zakyaprApti prayojana ! pakSa pakSa pakSa saMzayavyudAsa

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2 1 1 pratijJA 1 2 udAharaNa 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 jJAna mImAMsA (pramANa mImAMsA) 307 cArTa 2 bhadrabAhu praNIta anumAna ke vibhinna avayava paramparAe~ 3 | pratijJA hetu udAharaNa 5 1 pratijJA 1 hetu dRSTAMta J upasaMhAra nigamana 10 1 pratijJA | pratijJAvizuddhi 1 hetu 1 hetuvizuddhi 1 dRSTAnta | dRSTAntavizuddhi | upasaMhAra | nigamana | nigamana vizuddhi 10 1 pratijJA 1 pratijJAvibhakti 1 hetu 99143 "nizcitAnyathAnupapatyekalakSaNo hetuH // 49 | hetuvibhakti 1 vipakSa 1 upasaMhAravizuddhi AzaMkA 1 pratiSedha J dRSTAMta 1 tatpratizedha | nigamana jaina tArkikoM kA mantavya hai, ki ziSyoM ko samajhAne ke lie zAstra paddhati meM yogyatA bheda se do, tIna, cAra, aura pA~ca yA isase bhI adhika avayava mAna sakate haiM, kintu vAda kathA meM jahA~ vidvAnoM kA adhikAra hai, pratijJA aura hetu ye do hI avayava paryApta hai| pratijJA kA prayoga kie binA sAdhya dharma ke AdhAra meM sandeha banA raha sakatA hai| binA pratijJA ke kisI kI siddhi ke lie hetu diyA jAtA hai| pakSadharmatva pradarzana dvArA pratijJA ko mAna karake bhI bauddha kA usase inkAra karanA ati buddhimattA (matimaMdatA) hai| pakSa vacana rUpa pratijJA aura sAdhana vacana rUpa hetu ina do avayavoM se artha kA bodha ho jAtA hai, to dRSTAnta, upanaya, nigamana vAda kathA meM vyartha hai| hetu kA svarUpa :

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308 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana arthAt sAdhya ke binA nizcita rUpa se na honA, yaha eka lakSaNa jisameM pAyA jAe, vaha hetu hai / hetu prayoga ke do bheda kahe gae haiM - tathopapatti aura anyathAnupapatti / sAdhya ke hone para hI hetu kA honA tathopatti aura sAdhya ke abhAva meM hetu kA abhAva honA, anyathAnupapatti hai jaise eka pAkazAlA agnivAlI hai, kyoMki agni ke hone para hI dhUma ho sakatA hai, yA kyoMki agni ke binA dhUma nahIM ho sktaa| tathopapatti aura anyathAnupapatti meM se kisI eka kA prayoga karane se hI sAdhya kA jJAna ho sakatA hai, ataH eka hI jagaha donoM kA prayoga karanA vyartha hai| avinAbhAva, anyathAnupapatti, vyApti se ekArthavAcaka zabda hai| sthAnAMgasUtra meM hetu ke cAra bheda batAe gae haiM - 1. aisA vidhirUpa hetu, jisakA sAdhya vidhirUpa ho| 2. aisA vidhirUpa hetu, jisakA sAdhya niSedharUpa ho| 3. aisA niSedharUpa hetu, jisakA sAdhya vidhirUpa ho| 4. aisA niSedharUpa hetu, jisakA sAdhya niSedharUpa ho| sthAnAMga sUtra meM ullikhita ina hetuoM ke sAtha vaizeSika sUtragata hetuoM kI tulanA ho sakatI haisthAnAMga vaizeSika sUtra hetu sAdhya hetu sAdhya 1. vidhi vidhi 1. saMyogI samavAyI, ekArtha samavAyI* bhUto bhUtasya 2. vidhi niSedha 2. bhUtama bhUtasya 3. niSedha 3. abhUtam bhUtasya 4. niSedha niSedha 4. kAraNabhAvAt kAryAbhAvat pazcAtavartI bauddha aura jaina dArzanikoM ne hetuoM ko jo upalabdhi aura anupalabdhi aise do prakAroM meM vibhakta kiyA hai, usake mUla meM vaizeSika sUtra aura sthAnAMga nirdiSTa paramparA ho to, Azcarya nhiiN| hetu kA svarUpa vibhinna vAdiyoM ne aneka prakAra se mAnA hai| naiyAyika pakSa dharmatva, sapakSatva, vipakSa vyAvRtti, abAdhita viSayatva aura asatpratipakSatva-isa prakAra paMcarUpa vAlA hetu mAnate haiM / hetu kA pakSa meM rahanA, sapakSa meM rahanA, vipakSa meM na pAyA jAnA, pratyakSAdi se sAdhya kA bAdhita na honA aura tulya bala vAle pratipakSI hetu kA na honA-ye pA~ca bAteM naiyAyika darzana ke anusAra pratyeka sad hetu meM pAyA jAnA nitAnta Avazyaka hai| ise vaizeSika darzana ne bhI svIkAra kiyA hai| bauddha pakSa dharmatva, sapakSasatva aura vipakSa vyAvRtti rUpa tIna lakSaNa vAlA hetu mAnate haiN| vidhi

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jJAna mImAMsA (pramANa mImAMsA) * 309 jaina dArzanikoM ne anyathAnupapati yA avinAbhAva ko hetu kA prANa mAnA hai| sapakSa satva isalie Avazyaka nahIM hai, ki sapakSa meM rahane yA na rahane se hetutA meM koI antara nahIM aataa| kevala vyatirekI hetu sapakSa meM nahIM rahatA phira bhI samyaghetu hai| pakSa dharmatva bhI Avazyaka nahIM hai, kyoMki aneka hetu aise haiM, jo pakSa meM nahIM pAye jAte haiN| jaise rohiNI nakSatra muhUrta ke bAda udita hogA, kyoMki abhI kRtikA kA udaya hai| yahA~ kRtikA kA udaya rUpa hetu rohiNI rUpa pakSa meM nahIM rahatA tadapi avinAbhAvI hone se samyag hetu hai| ataH kevala vipakSa vyAvRtti hI hetu kI AtmA hai| isake abhAva meM vaha hetu hI nahIM raha sktaa| jisakA avinAbhAva nizcita hai, usake sAdhya meM pratyakSAdi pramANoM se bAdhA nahIM A sakatI aura usakA tulya balazAlI pratipakSI hetu sambhava hI nahIM hai| anyathAnupapatti ke abhAva meM pA~ca lakSaNa aura trilakSaNa ke hone para hetu samyaghetu nahIM hotaa| jaise- garbhastha maitra tanaya kAlA hogA, kyoMki vaha kSetra tanaya hai, usake anya putroM kI trh| yahA~ vilakSaNAdi pAye jAte haiM, parantu anyathAnupapatti na hone ke kAraNa vaha hetu sahI nahIM hotaa| jahA~ anyathAnupapatti nahIM hai, vahA~ trilakSaNa aura pA~ca lakSaNa hone ke kAraNa vaha hetu sahI nahIM hotaa| jahA~ anyathAnupapatti hai, vahA~ trilakSaNa aura pA~ca lakSaNa na hone para bhI hetu sahI hotA hai| ataeva kahA gayA hai - ___ jahA~ anyathAnupapatti hai, vahA~ trilakSaNAdi mAnane se kyA lAbha? aura jahA~ anyathAnupapatti nahIM hai, vahA~ bhI trairupya mAnane se kyA lAbha? ataH anyathAnupapannatva hI hetu kA ekamAtra lakSaNa hai| hetuoM ke prakAra aura unake bheda-prabheda kA bahuta vistAra anumAna ko pramANa ke rUpa meM cArvAka darzana ke atirikta anya sabhI darzanoM meM svIkAra kiyA hai| cArvAka pratyakSavAdI hI hai| ataH vaha anumAna ko pramANa nahIM maantaa| parantu use apanI bAta ko siddha karane ke lie anumAna kA sahArA lenA hI par3atA hai| yadi vaha aisA na kare, to usakA pakSa siddha nahIM ho paataa| yA to use mauna rahanA par3egA yA anumAna kA Azraya lenA pdd'egaa| isake atirikta usake pAsa koI vikalpa nahIM hai| isa prakAra anumAna kI pramANatA ko svIkAra karanA anivArya hai| 3. aupamya pramANa : sadRzatA ke AdhAra para vastu ko grahaNa karanA upamAna hai| anuyogadvAra sUtra meM aupamya pramANa ko do prakAra kA kahA gayA hai - sAdhopanIta aura vaidhopniit| "ovamme duvihe pnnnntte| taM jahA-sAhammovaNIte ya vehmmovnniitey|"57 1. sAdhopanIta : samAna guNa dharma ke AdhAra para tulya padArthoM kI upamA dI jAtI hai, use sAdhopanIta kahate haiN| yaha tIna prakAra kA hotA hai - 1. kiJcitasAdhopanIta, 2. prAyaH sAdhopanIta aura 3. sarva saadhopniit|

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310 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana 1. kiJcita sAdhopanIta : isameM do padArthoM meM kucha-kucha samAnatA ke AdhAra para upamA dI jAtI hai| jaise-jaisA maMdara (meru) parvata hai, vaisA hI sarSapa (sarasoM) hai aura jaisA sarSapa hai, vaisA hI maMdara hai| jaisA AdityasUrya hai vaisA khadyota-juganU hai aura jaisA khadyota-juganU hai vaisA hI Aditya-sUrya hai| jaisA candramA hai, vaisA kuMda puSpa hai aura jaisA kuMda puSpa hai, vaisA cndrmaa| yaha kiMcitsAdhopanIta hai| 2. prAyaH sAdhopanIta : prAyaH sAdhopanIta apekSAkRta adhika vyApaka hai| isameM upameya aura upamAna padArthagata samAnatA adhika hotI hai| jaise-jaisI gAya hai, vaisA gavaya hotA hai aura jaisA gavaya hai, vaisI gAya hai| 3. sarvasAdhopanIta : kisI padArtha yA vyakti kI svayaM usI se upamA dI jAtI hai, use sarvasAdhopanIta kahA jAtA hai| jaise-arihaMta ne arihaMta jaisA hI kiyA, cakravartI ne cakravartI jaisA hI kiyA, sAdhu ne sAdhu jaisA hI kiyaa| 2. vaidhopanIta upamAna pramANa : vaidhopanIta vilakSaNatA kA bodha karatA hai| kisI eka padArtha ko anya se pRthak rUpa meM banAtA hai| isake bhI tIna prakAra haiM - 1. kiMcitvaidhopanIta, 2. prAyaH vaidhopanIta, 3. srvvaidhopniit| 1. kiMcitvaidhopanIta : kisI dharma vizeSa kI vilakSaNatA prakaTa karane ko kiMcitvaidhopanIta kahate haiN| jaise-jaisA zabalA gAya (citakabarI gAya) kA bachar3A hotA hai, vaisA bahulA gAya (ekaraMgavAlI) kA bachar3A nhiiN| jaisA bAhuleya hai, vaisA zAbaleya nhiiN| 2. prAyaH vaidhopanIta : adhikAMza rUpa meM aneka avayavagata visadRzatA prakaTa karane ko vaidhopanIta kahate haiN| yathA-jaisA vAyasa (kauA) hai, vaisA pAyasa (khIra) nahIM hotA aura jaisA pAyasa hotA hai, vaisA vAyasa nhiiN| 3. sarvavaidhopanIta : jisameM kisI bhI prakAra kI sajAtIyatA na ho, use sarvavaidhopanIta kahate haiN| yadyapi sarvavaidharmya meM upamA nahIM hotI, isameM bhI usI kI upamA usI ko dI jAtI hai| sarvasAdhopanIta meM zubha guNoM kI upamA hotI hai tathA azubha yA durguNoM kI upamA sarvavaidhopanIta meM dI jAtI hai| jaise-cANDAla ne cANDAla jaisA hI kiyA, dAsa ne dAsa jaisA hI kiyaa| uparyukta upamAna pramANa kI tulanA hama nyAyasUtra se kara sakate haiN| nyAyasUtra meM upamAna parIkSA meM pUrvapakSa meM kahA gayA hai, ki atyanta prAyaH aura eka deza se jahA~ sAdharmya ho, vahA~ upamAna pramANa nahIM ho sakatA hai, ityaadi| yaha pUrvapakSa anuyogadvAragata sAdhopamAna ke tIna bheda kI kisI pUrva paramparA ko lakSya meM rakhakara

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jJAna mImAMsA (pramANa mImAMsA)* 311 hI kiyA gayA hai, yaha ukta sUtra kI vyAkhyA dekhane se spaSTa ho jAtA hai| isase phalita yaha hotA hai, ki anuyoga kA upamAna varNana kisI prAcIna paramparAnusArI hai| anuyoga ke isa vivecana ko hama nimnalikhita sArINI se samajha sakate haiM : upamAna pramANa sAdhApanIta vaidhopanIta kiMcitsAdhopanIta prAyaHsAdhopanIta sarvasAdhopanIta kiMcit prAyaH sarva 4. Agama pramANa ( zruta) : matijJAna ke pazcAt parokSa jJAna ke rUpa meM zruta jJAna kA varNana milatA hai| parokSa pramANa meM smRti, pratyabhijJAna, tarka aura anumAna matijJAna kI paryAyeM haiM, jo matijJAnAvaraNa karma ke kSayopazama se prakaTa hotI hai| zrutajJAnAvaraNa karma ke kSayopazama se jo zruta prakaTa hotA hai, usakA varNana siddhAntaAgama granthoM meM bhagavAna mahAvIra kI pavitra vANI ke rUpa meM pAyA jAtA hai| tIrthaMkara jisa artha ko apanI divya dhvani se prakAzita karate haiM, usakA dvAdazAMgarUpa meM grathana gaNadharoM ke dvArA kiyA jAtA hai| yaha zruta aMgapraviSTa kahA jAtA hai| jo zruta anya ziSya-praziSyoM dvArA racA jAtA hai, vaha aMga bAhya zruta hai| anuyogadvAra meM agAma ke do bheda kie gae haiM : laukika tathA lokottr| 1. laukika Agama : isake antargata jainettara zAstroM kA samAveza kiyA gayA hai| jaise mahAbhArata, rAmAyaNa, veda Adi tathA 72 kalA zAstroM kA samAveza bhI usI meM kiyA hai| 2. lokottara Agama : isake antargata jaina zAstroM ko rakhA gayA hai| laukika AgamoM ke viSaya meM kahA gayA hai, ki ajJAnI mithyAdRSTi jIvoM ne apane svacchanda mati-vikalpoM se banAe haiN| kintu lokottara-jaina Agama ke viSaya meM kahA hai, ki ve sarvajJa aura sarvadarzI puruSoM ne banAe haiN| jaina darzana meM zruta pramANa ke nAma se inhIM dvAdazAMga aura dvAdazAMgAnusArI anya zAstroM ko Agama yA zruta kI maryAdA meM liyA jAtA hai| isake mUlakartA tIrthaMkara hai aura uttara kartA unake sAkSAt ziSya gaNadhara tathA uttarottara kartA prazipya Adi AcArya paramparA hai| isa vyAkhyA meM Agama pramANa yA zruta vaidika paramparA ke 'zruti' zabda kI taraha amuka granthoM taka hI sImita raha jAtA hai| dvAdazAMgI ke antargata AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, sthAnAMga, samavAyAMga, vyAkhyA prajJapti, jJAtA dharmakathA, upAsakAdhyayana, aMtakRtadazAMga, anuttaropapAdika dazA, praznavyAkaraNa, vipAkasUtra aura dRSTivAda ye bAraha bheda haiN| aMga bAhya zruta, vipAka sUtra aura dRSTivAda ye bAraha bheda haiN| aMgabAhya zruta kAlika, utkAlika Adi ke bheda se aneka prakAra kA kahA hai|

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312 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana lokottara Agama ke bheda eka anya prakAra se bhI kie gae haiM : AtmAgama, anantarAgama aura prmpraagm| athavA prakArAntara se lokottarika Agama aura tIna prakAra kA hai - sUtrAgama, arthAgama aura tdubhyaagm| sUtra aura artha kI apekSA se Agama vicAra kiyA jAtA hai, kyoMki yaha mAnA jAtA hai, ki tIrthaMkara artha kA upadeza karate haiM, jabaki gaNadhara usI AdhAra se sUtra kI racanA karate haiN| ataeva artharUpa Agama svayaM tIrthaMkara ke lie AtmAgama hai aura sUtrarUpa Agama gaNadharoM ke lie AtmAgama hai| artha kA mUla upadeza tIrthaMkara kA hone se gaNadhara ke lie vaha AtmAgama nahIM, kintu gaNadharoM ko hI sAkSAt lakSya karake artha kA upadeza diyA gayA hai| ataeva arthAgama gaNadhara ke lie anantarAgama hai| gaNadhara ziSyoM ke lie artharUpa Agama paramparAgama hai, kyoMki tIrthaMkara se gaNadharoM ko prApta huA aura gaNadharoM se ziSyoM ko| sUtrarUpa Agama gaNadhara ziSyoM ke lie anantarAgama hai, kyoMki sUtroM kA upadeza gaNadharoM se sAkSAt unako milA hai| gaNadhara ziSyoM ke bAda meM hone vAle AcAryoM ke lie sUtra aura artha ubhayarUpa Agama paramparAgama hI hai AtmAgama anantArAgama paramparAgama tIrthaMkara arthAgama gaNadhara sUtrAgama arthAgama gaNadhara-ziSya sUtrAgama arthAgama gaNadhara-praziSyAdi arthAgama, sUtrAgama (tadubhayAgama) anuyogadvAra meM vivecita Agama pramANa ko nimnalikhita sAraNI ke dvArA samajha sakate haiM - Agama pramANa X X xx laukika Agama veda, rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata lokottara Agama caturdazapUrva, dvAdazAMga sUtrAgama arthAgama tadubhayAgama AtmAgama anantarAgama paramparAgama AtmAgama anantarAgama paramparAgama AtmAgama anantarAgama paramparAgama

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jJAna mImAMsA (pramANa mImAMsA) 313 mImAMsakoM ke atirikta sabhI dArzanikoM ne Agama ko pauruSeya hI mAnA hai aura sabhI ne apane apane iSTa puruSa ko hI Apta mAnakara anya ko anApta siddha karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| antataH sabhI ko dUsaroM ke sAmane Agama kA pramANya anumAna aura yukti se Agamokta bAtoM kI saMgati dikhAkara sthApita karanA hI par3atA hai| yahI kAraNa hai, ki niryuktikAra ne Agama ko svayaM siddha mAnakara bhI hetu aura udAharaNa kI AvazyakatA Agamokta bAtoM kI siddhi ke lie svIkAra kI hai. - " jiNavayaNaM siddhaM ceva bhaNNae katthaI udAharaNaM / Asajja usoyAraM heU vi kahiMci bhaNejjA // ' 91155 AgamarUpa se kisa puruSa kA zAstra pramANa mAnA jAe, isa viSaya meM jainoM ne jo mata Agamika kAla meM sthira kiyA hai, use bhI batA denA Avazyaka hai / sarvadA yaha to | saMbhava nahIM, ki tIrthaMkara ( pravartaka) aura unake gaNadhara maujUda rahe aura zaMkA sthAnoM kA samAdhAna karate rhe| isI AvazyakatA se hI unake atirikta puruSoM ko bhI pramANa mAnane kI paramparA ne janma liyaa| gaNadhara praNIta AcArAMga Adi aMgazAstroM ke atirikta sthavira praNIta anya zAstra bhI Agama ke antargata svIkArya hokara aMga bAhya rUpa se pramANa mAne jAne lage : "sutaM gaNadhara kathidaM taheva patteyabuddhakathidaM ca / sudakevaliNA kathidaM abhiNNadAsa putvakathidaM ca // ' 99756 isa gAthA ke anusAra gaNadhara kathita ke atirikta pratyekabuddha, zrutakevalI aura dazapUrvI ke dvArA kathita bhI sUtra Agama meM antarbhUta hai| pratyekabuddha sarvajJa hone se unakA vacana pramANa hai| jaina paramparA ke anusAra aMga bAhya granthoM kI racanA sthavira karate haiM / aise sthavira do prakAra ke hote haiM / sampUrNa zrutajJAnI aura kama se kama dazapUrvI / saMpUrNa zrutajJAnI ko caturdazapUrvI zrutakevalI kahate haiM / zrutakevalI gaNadhara praNIta saMpUrNa dvAdazAMgI rUpa jinAgama ke artha aura sUtra ke viSaya meM nipuNa hote haiM / ataeva unakI aisI yogyatA mAnya hai, ki ve jo kucha kaheMge yA likheMge usakA dvAdazAMgI rUpa jinAgama ke sAtha kucha bhI virodha ho nahIM sktaa| jinokta viSayoM kA saMkSepa yA vistAra karake tatkAlIna samAja ke anukUla grantha racanA karanA hI unakA prayojana hotA hai, ataeva saMgha ne aise granthoM ko sahaja hI meM jinAgamAntargata kara liyA hai, inakA prAmANya svatantra bhAva se nahIM kintu gaNadhara praNIta Agama ke sAtha avisaMvAda ke kAraNa hai| kAlakrama se jaina saMgha meM vIra ni0 170 varSa ke bAda zrutakevalI kA bhI abhAva ho gayA aura kevala dazapUrvadhara hI raha gae, taba unakI vizeSa yogyatA ko dhyAna meM rakha kara jaina saMgha ne dazapUrvadhara - grathita mUlyoM ko bhI Agama meM zAmila kara liyaa| ina graMthoM kA bhI prAmANya svatantra bhAva se nahIM, kintu gaNadharapraNIta Agama ke sAtha avirodhamUlaka hai|

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314* jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana jainoM kI mAnyatA hai, ki caturdazapUrvadhara ve hI sAdhaka ho sakate haiM, jinameM niyamataH samyagdarzana hotA hai| ataeva unake granthoM meM Agama virodhI bAtoM kI saMbhAvanA hI nahIM hai| pazcAtkAla meM aise kaI Adeza jinakA samarthana kisI zAstra se nahIM hotA, kintu jo sthaviroM ne apanI pratibhA ke bala se kisI viSaya meM dI huI sammati mAtra haiM, unakA samAveza bhI aMgabAhya Agama meM kara liyA gayA hai| itanA hI nahIM kucha muktakoM ko bhI usI meM pradhAna prApta hai| aba taka Agama ke prAmANya-aprAmANya kA jo vicAra kiyA hai, vaha vaktA kI dRSTi se| arthAt kisa vaktA ke vacana ko vyavahAra meM sarvathA pramANa mAnA jaae| Agama ke prAmANya yA aprAmANya kA eka dUsarI dRSTi se bhI arthAt zrotA kI dRSTi se bhI AgamoM meM vicAra huA hai, use bhI batA denA Avazyaka hai| __zabda to nirjIva hai aura sabhI sAMketika artha ke pratipAdana kI yogyatA rakhate haiN| ataeva sarvArthika bhI haiN| aisI sthiti meM nizcaya dRSTi se vicAra karane para zabda kA prAmANya jaisA mImAMsaka mAnatA hai, svataH nahIM varan prayoktA ke guNa ke kAraNa siddha hotA hai| itanA hI nahIM balki zrotA yA pAThaka ke kAraNa bhI pramANya yA aprAmANya kA nirNaya karanA par3atA hai| ataeva yaha Avazyaka ho jAtA hai, ki vaktA aura zrotA donoM kI dRSTi se Agama ke prAmANya kA vicAra kiyA jaae| zAstra kI racanA niSprayojana nahIM varan zrotA ko abhyudaya aura niHzreyasa mArga kA pradarzana karane kI dRSTi se hI hai, yaha sarvasammata hai| kintu zAstra kI upakArakatA yA anupakArakatA mAtra zabdoM para nirbhara na hokara zrotA kI yogyatA para bhI nirbhara hai| yahI kAraNa hai, ki eka hI zAstravacana ke nAnA aura paraspara virodhI artha nikAlakara dArzanika loga nAnA matavAda khar3e kara dete haiN| eka bhagavadgItA yA eka hI brahmasUtra kitane virodhI vAdoM kA mUla banA huA hai| ataH zrotA kI dRSTi se kisI eka grantha ko niyamataH samyak yA mithyA kahanA yA kisI eka grantha ko hI Agama kahanA, nizcaya dRSTi se bhramajanaka hai| yahI socakara mUla dhyeya mukti kI pUrti meM sahAyaka aise sabhI zAstroM ko jainAcAryoM ne samyak yA pramANa mAnA hai| yahI vyApaka dRSTi bindu AdhyAtmika dRSTi se jaina paramparA meM pAyA jAtA hai| isa dRSTi ke anusAra vedAdi saba zAstra jainoM ko mAnya hai| jisa jIva kI zraddhA samyak hai, usake sAmane koI bhI zAstra A jAe vaha usakA upayoga mokSa mArga ko prazasta banAne meM hI kregaa| ataeva usake lie saba zAstra pramANika hai, samyak hai| kintu jisa jIva kI zraddhA hI viparIta hai yAnI jise mukti kI kAmanA hI nahIM, usake lie vedAdi to kyA tathAkathita jainAgama bhI mithyA hai, aprAmaNa hai| isa dRSTi bindu meM satya kA Agraha hai, sAmpradAyika kadAgraha nhiiN|

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jJAna mImAMsA (pramANa mImAMsA)* 315 pArzvakAlIna zrata : jaina AgamoM meM jahA~ kahIM bhI anagAra dharma svIkAra karane kI bAta hai,vahA~ yA to yaha kahA gayA hai, ki vaha sAmAyika Adi 11 aMga par3hatA hai yA caturdaza pUrva par3hatA hai| __zAstroM meM yaha spaSTa rUpa se kahA gayA hai, ki AcArAMga Adi 11 aMgoM kI racanA mahAvIra ke anugAmI gaNadharoM ne kii| bhagavatIsUtra meM aneka jagaha mahAvIra ke mukha se kahalAyA gayA hai, ki amuka vastu puruSAdAyanIya pArzvanAtha ne kahI hai, jisako maiM bhI kahatA hU~ aura jaba hama yaha bhI dekhate haiM, ki mahAvIra kA tattvajJAna vahI hai, jo pArzvapatyika paramparA se calA AtA hai, taba hameM 'pUrva' zabda kA artha samajhane meM koI kaThinAI nahIM aatii| 'pUrva' zruta kA artha spaSTatayA yahI hai, ki jo zruta mahAvIra ke pUrva se pArzvapatyika paramparA dvArA calA A rahA thA aura jo kisI na kisI rUpa meM mahAvIra ko bhI prApta huaa| DaoN. yAkobI kA bhI aisA hI mata hai| __ jaina zruta ke mukhya viSaya navatattva, paMcAstikAya, AtmA aura karma kA saMbaMdha, usake kAraNa, usakI nivRtti ke upAya, karma kA svarUpa Adi hai| inhIM viSayoM kA mahAvIra aura unake ziSyoM ne saMkSepa se vistAra aura vistAra se saMkSepa kara bhale hI kahA ho, para ve saba viSaya pArzvapatyika paramparA ke pUrvazruta meM kisI na kisI rUpa se nirupita the, isa viSaya meM koI saMdeha nhiiN| eka bhI sthAna para mahAvIra athavA unake ziSyoM meM se kisI ne bhI aisA nahIM kahA, ki mahAvIra kA zruta apUrva arthAt sarvathA navIna hai| caudahapUrva ke viSayoM kI evaM unake bheda-prabhedoM kI, jo TUTI-phUTI jAnakArI naMdIsUtra tathA dhavalA' meM milatI hai| usakA AcArAMga Adi 11 aMgoM meM tathA anya upAMga Adi zAstroM meM pratipAdita viSayoM ke sAtha milAna karane para isameM saMdeha nahIM rahatA, ki jaina paramparA ke AcAra-vicAra viSayaka mukhya praznoM kI carcA pArzvapatyika paramparA ke pUrvazruta aura mahAvIra kI paramparA ke dvAdazAMga zruta meM samAna hI hai| kalpasUtra meM varNana hai, ki mahAvIra ke saMgha meM 300 zramaNa 14 pUrva ke dhAraka the| aba taka ke isa vizrUSaNa ke anusAra nimnalikhita niSkarSa nikalate haiM : 1. pArzvakAlIna paramparA kA pUrva zruta mahAvIra ko kisI na kisI rUpa meM avazya prApta huA tathA usI meM pratipAdita viSayoM para AcArAMga Adi granthoM kI pRthaka-pRthak manISIyoM dvArA racanA kI gii| 2. mahAvIra zAsita saMgha meM pUrvazruta aura AcArAMga Adi zruta donoM kI bahuta pratiSThA rahI hai| inheM adhika pramANita evaM zreSTha mAnA jAtA rahA hai| isI kAraNa digambara tathA zvetAmbara donoM hI paramparAoM ke sAhitya meM AcAryoM kA aisA prayatna rahA hai, ki ve apane-apane karma viSayaka tathA jJAna Adi viSayaka itara purAtana granthoM kA sambandha usa viSaya ke pUrva nAmaka grantha se jor3ate haiN| donoM paramparAoM ke varNana se itanA nizcita rUpa se jJAta ho

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316* jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana jAtA hai, ki sArI nirgrantha paramparA apane vartamAna zruta kA mUla pUrva meM mAnatI AyI hai| 3. pUrvazruta meM jisa-jisa deza kAla kA evaM jina-jina vyaktiyoM ke jIvana kA pratibimba thA, usase AcArAMga Adi para pratibimba paDA, yaha svAbhAvika hai| phira bhI AcAra, tattvajJAna evaM pramANazAstra ke mukhya praznoM ke svarUpa meM donoM meM koI vizeSa antara nahIM pdd'aa| isa prakAra jaina darzana ke antargata pramANa sambandhI cintana kA vivecana karane ke pazcAt yaha to bhalIbhA~ti jJAta ho jAtA hai, ki vaha kitanA pramANika evaM tarka saMgata hai| jaina darzana meM tattva yA vastu ko jAnane ke lie zAstrakAroM ne do sAdhana batAe haiM - pramANa aura ny| pramANoM kA sampUrNa vivecana karane ke pazcAt hama nayavAda kA vivecana kreNge| nayavAda : naya paddhati jaina darzana kI pUrNatayA maulika vicAra zailI hai| anya darzanoM meM kahIM naya viSayaka cintana dRSTigocara nahIM hotA hai| anya samasta darzana apanI-apanI ekadezIya vicAradhArA ko hI paripUrNa mAnakara usakA samarthana karate haiM, jabaki jaina darzana vastu ke ananta dharmAtmaka svarUpa ko dRSTigata rakhakara usake vividha rUpoM ko vibhinna dRSTikoNoM se prastuta karatA hai| jaina dRSTi paraspara viruddha pratIta hone vAle vicAroM meM avirodha kA bIja khojakara unameM samanvaya sthApita karatI hai| jaina darzana kI anekAnta dRSTi, vibhinna vAdiyoM kI paramparA viruddha mAnyatAoM ko alaga-alaga naya kI ekAMgI dRSTi ke rUpa meM svIkRti dekara AMzika satya ke rUpa meM unheM mAnyatA pradAna karatI hai| dArzanika jagata ke vivAdoM ko sulajhAne kI vilakSaNa evaM adbhuta zakti jaina darzana kI anekAnta dRSTi aura naya-paddhati meM samAhita hai| khaNDa-khaNDa meM vibhakta satya ko jaina darzana kI anekAnta dRSTi eka akhaNDa satya kA, paripUrNa satya kA svarUpa pradAna karatI hai| "anekAntAtmakaM vastu, gocara: srvsNvidaam| ekadeza viziSTo'rtho, nayasya viSayo mtH||12 arthAt pramANa dvArA ananta dharmAtmaka vastu ke sarva saMvedI jJAna ko grahaNa kiyA jAtA hai| una ananta dharmoM meM se kisI eka viziSTa dharma ko jAnane vAlA jJAna naya kahalAtA hai| naya jaba vastu ke eka dharma ko jAnatA hai, taba zeSa rahe hue dharma bhI vastu meM vidyamAna to rahate hI haiM, kiMtu unheM gauNa kara diyA jAtA hai| isa prakAra sirpha eka dharma ko mukhya karake use jAnane vAlA jJAna naya hai| pramANa vastu ke pUrva rUpa ko grahaNa karatA hai aura naya pramANa dvArA gRhIta vastu ke eka aMza ko jAnatA hai| pramANa jJAna vastu ko samagra bhAva se grahaNa karatA hai, usameM aMza vibhAjana karane kI ora lakSya nahIM hotaa| jaise - 'yaha ghar3A hai|' isa jJAna meM

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jJAna mImAMsA (pramANa mImAMsA)* 317 pramANa ghar3e ko akhaNDa bhAva se usake rUpa, rasa, gaMdha, sparza Adi ananta guNoM kA vibhAga na karake pUrNa rUpa se jAnatA hai, jabaki naya usakA vibhAjana karake 'rUpavAna ghaTa' 'rasavAna ghaTa' Adi rUpa meM use apane-apane abhiprAya ke anusAra jAnatA hai| pramANa aura naya donoM jJAnAtmaka paryAyeM haiN| jaba jJAtA kI sakala (sampUrNa padArtha) ko grahaNa karane kI dRSTi hotI hai, taba usakA jJAna pramANa hotA hai aura jaba usI pramANa se gRhita vastu ko khaMDazaH grahaNa karane kA abhiprAya hotA hai, taba vaha aMzagrAhI abhiprAya naya kahalAtA hai| pramANa ko sakalAdezI aura naya ko vikalAdezI mAnA jAtA hai| naya pramANa se bhinna hai, to prazna yaha uThatA hai, ki naya pramANa hai yA apramANa? isa prazna kA uttara diyA gayA hai, ki naya na to pramANa hai, na hI apramANa varan naya pramANa kA eka aMza hai| pramANa isalie nahIM hai, kyoMki vaha aMzagrAhI hai aura apramANa isalie nahIM hai, kyoMki vaha jJAnarUpa hai| ataH naya ko pramANa kA aMza mAnA jAtA hai| jaise samudra meM se eka ghar3A jala bhara liyA jAe, to vaha ghaTa kA jala na to samudra hai, kyoMki taba zeSa samudra kA jala asamudra ho jAegA aura na hI use asamudra kahA jA sakatA hai kyoMki vaha jala samudra meM se liyA gayA hai| ataH use samudra kA aMza kheNge| yahA~ prazna uThatA hai, ki jaina darzana ne zruta jJAna ko pUrNa pramANa ke rUpa meM svIkAra karane ke pazcAt aMza jJAna ke rUpa meM nayavAda ke rUpa meM aMzajJAna ko svataMtra rUpa se pRthak rUpa se vivecana kI kyA AvazyakatA hai? isakA samAdhAna isa prakAra kiyA gayA hai, ki vicAra kA utpatti krama aura usase hone vAlI pravRtti kI dRSTi se naya nirupaNa zruta pramANa se pRthak hotA hai| kisI bhI viSaya kA vicAra aMza se utpanna hotA huA anukrama se pUrNatA ke pariNAma ko prApta hotA hai| jisa krama se vicAra utpanna hotA hai, usI krama se tattvabodha kA varNana honA cAhiye aura aisA hone se svayam naya nirupaNa zruta pramANa se pRthak ho jaaegaa| cAhe jitanA pUrNa jJAna ho parantu usakA upayoga vyavahAra pravRtti meM kramazaH hogA isI se sampUrNa vicArAtmaka zruta kI apekSA aMza vicArAtmaka nirupaNa pRthak honA caahiye| nayAbhAsa : "svAbhipretAdazAditarAMzApalApI punrnyaabhaasH|13 arthAt apane abhISTa aMza ke atirikta anya aMzoM kA apalApa karane vAlA naya nayAbhAsa hai| naya ko sunaya tathA nayAbhAsa ko durnaya bhI kahA hai| sunaya apane aMza ko mukhya rUpa se grahaNa karate hue, anya aMzoM ko gauNa rakhatA hai, kintu usakI apekSA avazya rakhatA hai, unakA tiraskAra kabhI nahIM karatA hai| jaise-sat dharma ko leM, to pramANa 'sat' ko grahaNa karatA hai| naya 'syAt sat' ko grahaNa karatA hai| durnaya yA

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318 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana nayAbhAsa 'sadaiva' aisA avadhAraNa kara anya kA tiraskAra karatA hai| niSkarSa yaha hai, ki sApekSatA hI naya kA prANa hai| inake dvArA samasta vAda-vivAda samApta ho jAte haiN| jabaki durnaya hI vividha darzanoM ke paraspara vAda-vivAda kA kAraNa hotA hai| kyoMki manuSya kI jJAnavRtti samAna rUpa se adhUrI hotI hai, phira bhI svayaM ke mata ke aMzAtmaka jJAna ko paripUrNa mAnakara anya matoM kA sarvathA niSedha karane kI pravRtti hI vivAda kA kAraNa hai| yaha nayAbhAsa athavA durnaya hai| isI se satya jJAna ke dvAra banda ho jAte haiN| jabaki nayavAda satyajJAna kI ora agrasara hone kI prathama sIr3hI hai| naya ke mUla do bheda : "sa vyAsasamAsAbhyAM dri prkaar:|164 arthAt naya do prakAra kA hai, vyAsanaya aura smaasny| vistAra rUpa naya vyAsanaya kahalAtA hai aura saMkSeparUpa naya samAsanaya kahalAtA hai| naya ke yadi vistAra se bheda kie jAe~, to vaha ananta hoMge, kyoMki vastu meM ananta dharma haiN| ataH svabhAvataH eka-eka dharma ko grahaNa karane vAle abhiprAya bhI ananta hoMge, bhale hI unake vAcaka pRthak-pRthak zabda na mileM, lekina jitane zabda hai, utane abhiprAya to avazya hI hote haiN| isalie kahA gayA hai- "jitane prakAra ke vacana haiM yA jitane zabda haiM, utane hI naya hai|' ataeva vyAsanaya ke bhedoM kI saMkhyA nirdhArita nahIM kI jA sktii| samAsanaya ke bheda-prabhedoM ko hama sAriNI dvArA samajha sakate haiN| samAsanaya dravyArthikanaya paryAyArthikanaya negama saMgraha vyavahAra samabhirur3ha evaMbhUta RjusUtra zabda ___ jJAnanaya rthanaya zabdanaya uparyukta sAriNI ke dvArA jaina darzana sammata naya ke samasta bheda-prabhedoM kA vargIkaraNa ho jAtA hai| vastutaH naya bhedoM kI saMkhyA ke lie eka paramparA nahIM hai| sAmAnyatayA sAta bhedoM ke pratipAdana kI bAhulyatA hai| yathA- naigama, saMgraha, vyavahAra, RjusUtra, zabda, samabhiruDha, evNbhuut| yaha amnAya zvetAmbarIya, digambarIya granthoM meM prakhyAta rUpa se pracalita hai, parantu kahIM-kahIM chaH, pA~ca, cAra, do Adi bhedoM kI vyAkhyA bhI milatI hai| siddhasena divAkara kI prarupaNA naigamanaya ko chor3akara zeSa cha: nayoM kI hai aura umAsvAti pA~ca naya kA pratipAdana karate haiM - "naigmsNgrhvyvhaarrjusuutrshbdaanyaaH|"

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jJAna mImAMsA (pramANa mImAMsA) 319 vizeSAvazyaka bhASya meM sAta, chaH, pA~ca, cAra aura do bhedoM kA ullekha milatA hai aura pratyeka naya ke sau-sau bheda bhI kahe haiN| ratnAkara tathA naya pradIpAdi granthoM meM milatA hai| inakA vistRta vivecana syAdvAda samAsanaya : saMkSeparupanaya samAsanaya kahalAtA hai, yaha do prakAra kA hai dravyArthika naya aura paryAyArthika naya / 1. dravyArthika naya : vastu meM svarupataH abheda hai, vaha akhaNDa hai aura apane meM eka aura maulika hai| yaha abheda grAhiNI dRSTi dravya dRSTi kahI jAtI hai / dravya ko mukhya rUpa se grahaNa karane vAle naya dravyArthika kahalAte haiM / jaise- sone ke kaMgana, hAra Adi meM usake AkAra kI apekSA usake mUla dravya sone ko hI dekheM, to yaha dravyArthika naya hai| 2. paryAyArthika naya : eka hI dravya ko vyavahAra meM guNa, paryAya aura dharmoM ke dvArA aneka rUpa meM grahaNa kiyA jAtA hai| yaha bheda grAhiNI dRSTi paryAya dRSTi kahI jAtI hai| paryAya ko mukhya rUpa se grahaNa karane vAle naya ko paryAyArthika naya kahate haiM / jaise- sone ke kaMgana, dvAra Adi meM sone kI apekSA usakI AkRti kaMgana athavA dvAra ke rUpa meM unheM grahaNa karanA paryAyArthika naya hai| dravyArthika naya tIna prakAra ke kahe gae haiM- naigamanaya, saMgrahanaya aura vyavahAra naya / paryAyArthika naya cAra prakAra ke kahe gae haiM RjusUtranaya, zabdanaya, samabhirur3hanaya evaM evaMbhUtanaya / jagat meM Thosa aura maulika astitva yadyapi dravya kA hai aura vahI paramArtha se artha kahA jAtA hai, tadapi jagat vyavahAra kevala paramArtha artha se nahIM calatA / ataeva vyavahAra ke lie padArthoM kA nikSepa kiyA jAtA hai| nAma, sthApanA, dravya aura bhAva- -ye cAra nikSepa hai / nAma zabdAtmaka artha kA artha hai / sthApanA jJAna ke AkAroM kA AdhAra / dravya aura bhAva artha kA AdhAra hai| isa prakAra jaba pratyeka padArtha ko artha, zabda aura jJAna ke AkAroM meM bA~Tate haiM, to inake grAhaka jJAna bhI svabhAvataH tIna zreNiyoM meM baMTa jAte haiM-jJAna (saMkalpa) naya, arthanaya aura shbdny| kucha vyavahAra kevala saMkalpa ke bala se calate haiM, ve jJAnAzrayI hote haiM, unameM artha ke tathAbhUta hone kI cintA nahIM hotii| jaise Aja mahAvIra jayantI hai / artha AdhAra se calane vAle vyavahAra meM ekAnta abhedavAdI vedAntI, ekAnta bhedavAdI bauddha aura bhedobheda ko svataMtra mAnane vAle naiyAyika vaizeSikAdi haiN| zabda bheda se artha bheda mAnane vAle naya zabdanaya hai| ina sabhI prakAra ke vyavahAroM ke samanvaya ke lie jaina paramparA ne naya paddhati svIkAra kI hai / naya kA artha hai- abhiprAya, dRSTi, vivakSA yA apekSA / -

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320 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana jJAnanaya, arthanaya aura zabdanaya meM se jJAnanaya kA samAveza, saMkalpamAtra grAhI naigamanaya meM hotA hai| arthAzrita abheda vyavahAra kA saMgrahanaya meM, bhedAbheda vyavahAra kA vyavahAra naya meM, ekAnta bhedavAdI bauddha kA RjUsUtra naya meM samAveza ho jAtA hai| kAla, kAraka, saMkhyA, upasarga Adi ke bheda se arthabheda mAnane vAlI dRSTi kA samAveza zabdanaya meM hotA hai| paryAyavAcI zabdoM meM arthabheda mAnane vAlI dRSTi kA samabhiruDha naya meM antarbhAva hotA hai| jisa samaya artha kriyA pariNata ho tabhI vaha artha hai-isa dRSTi kA samAveza evaMbhUta naya meM hotA hai| nayoM kA abhiprAya ekAntatA kI nivRtti ke sAtha saMdeza kA grahaNa karanA hai| naigama naya jJAnanaya hai, saMgraha-vyavahAra-RjusUtra-arthanaya hai aura zabda, samabhirur3ha evaMbhUta naya zabdanaya hai| isa prakAra jJAnAzrayI, arthAzrayI aura zabdAzrayI samasta vyavahAroM kA samanvaya ina sAta nayoM meM kiyA gayA hai| sAta mUla naya : nayoM ke mUlataH sarvasammata 7 bheda batAe gae haiM - naigama, saMgraha, vyavahAra, RjusUtra, zabda, samabhiruDha aura evNbhuut| __ 1. naigamanaya : saMkalpa mAtra ko grahaNa karane vAlA naigamanaya hai| jaise koI puruSa daravAjA banAne ke lie lakar3I kATane jaMgala jA rahA hai, use koI pUchatA hai, ki kahA~ jA rahe ho? vaha uttara detA hai, ki daravAjA lene jA rahA huuN| yahA~ daravAjA banAne ke saMkalpa meM hI 'daravAjA' kA vyavahAra kiyA gayA hai| saMkalpa sat meM bhI hotA hai aura asat meM bhii| isa naigamanaya kI paridhi meM anekoM aupacArika vyavahAra bhI Ate haiN| jaise Aja mahAvIra jayantI hai, cUlhA jala rahA hai, yaha rAstA kahA~ jA rahA hai? ye saba aupacArika vyavahAra hai, kyoMki mahAvIra to lagabhaga DhAI hajAra varSa pahale janme the, cUlhA nahIM jalatA hai, lakar3I jalatI hai, rAstA nahIM jAtA hai, pathika jAte haiN| parantu naigama naya kI dRSTi meM ye sAre aupacArika kathana satya hai| nigama zabda kA artha hai, janapada athavA graamaadi| jisa janapada kI janatA meM jo zabda jisa artha ke lie niyata hai, vahA~ para usa zabda aura artha ke sambandha ko jAnanA naigamanaya hai| zabdoM ke jitane aura jaise artha loka meM mAne jAte haiM, unako mAnane kI dRSTi naigamanaya hai| naigamanaya dharma aura dharmI donoM ko grahaNa karatA hai| saMkSepa meM do paryAyoM kI, do dravyoM kI tathA dravya aura paryAya kI pradhAna evaM gauNa bhAva se vivakSA karane vAle naya ko naigamanaya kahate haiN| naigama ke do bheda haiM - sarvagrAhI aura deshgraahii| sAmAnya aMza kA AdhAra lekara prayukta hone vAle naya ko sarvagrAhI naigamanaya kahate haiN| jaise-yaha ghaTa hai| vizeSa aMza kA Azraya lekara prayukta hone vAle naya ko dezagrAhI naigama naya kahate haiN| jaise yaha ghaTa cA~dI yA sone kA hai| eka anya apekSA se naigamanaya ke tIna bheda kie gae haiM - bhUta naigamanaya, bhAvI naigamanaya aura vartamAna naigmny| atItakAla kA vartamAnakAla meM saMkalpa bhUta naigamanaya hai| jaise-yaha kahanA ki 'Aja mahAvIra jayantI hai|' yahA~ Aja kA artha hai, vartamAna

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jJAna mImAMsA (pramANa mImAMsA) * 321 divasa parantu usameM saMkalpa DhAI hajAra varSa pahale ke dina kA kiyA gayA hai| bhaviSya kA vartamAna meM saMkalpa karanA, bhAvI naigamanaya hai| jaise-arihanta ko siddha khnaa| yahA~ bhaviSya meM hone vAlI siddha paryAya ko vartamAna meM kaha diyA gayA hai| jisa kArya ko prArambha kara diyA gayA ho, parantu vaha abhI taka pUrNa nahIM huA ho, phira bhI use pUrNa kaha denA, vartamAna naigamanaya hai| jaise-bambaI jAne ke lie ghara se ravAnA hue vyakti ke viSaya meM pUchane para yaha kahanA, ki 'vaha bambaI gayA hai|' yadyapi abhI vaha vyakti sthAnIya sTezana para hI hai yA mArga meM hI hai| isa prakAra naigamanaya ke vividha rupoM kA ullekha prAcIna granthoM meM upalabdha hotA hai| naigamAbhAsa : avayava-avayavI, guNa-gaNI, kriyA-kriyAvAna Adi ko sarvathA bhinna mAnanA naigamAbhAsa hai, kyoMki guNa-guNI se pRthak apanI sattA nahIM rakhatA aura na guNoM kI apekSA karake guNI hI apanA astitva banAye rakha sakatA hai| ataH inameM kathaJcita tAdAtmya sambandha mAnanA hI ucita hai| isI taraha avayava-avayavI, sAmAnya-vizeSa Adi meM bhI kathaMcita tAdAtmya sambandha hI ghaTita ho sakatA hai| yadi guNa Adi guNI se sarvathA bhinna svataMtra padArtha ho to unameM guNa-guNI sambandha nahIM bana sktaa| ataH vaizeSika darzana kA guNa Adi guNI se sarvathA bhinna svataMtra padArtha mAnanA naigamAbhAsa kA udAharaNa hai| isI prakAra sAMkhya kA jJAna aura sukha Adi kA AtmA se sarvathA bhinna mAnanA naigamAbhAsa hai| 2. saMgrahanaya : vastu ke dravyatva Adi sAmAnya dharmoM ko grahaNa karane vAlA vicAra saMgrahanaya hai| jaise-jIva ke kathana se naraka, tIryaMca, manuSya, deva aura siddha sabakA grahaNa ho jAtA hai| saMgrahanaya eka zabda ke dvArA aneka padArthoM ko bhI grahaNa karatA hai| jaise-kisI vyakti ne apane naukara se kahA - 'dAtuna laao|' dAtuna zabda ko sunakara vaha sevaka kevala dAtuna hI nahIM varana sAtha meM jIbhI, pAnI kA lauTA, hAtha mu~ha pauchane kA tauliyA Adi sAmagrI bhI lAtA hai| yahA~ dAtuna kahane mAtra se tatsambandhI saba sAmagrI kA saMgraha ho gayA hai| saMgrahanaya ke do bheda haiM - para saMgraha aura apara sNgrh| sattAmAtra ko grahaNa karane vAlA naya para saMgrahanaya kahalAtA hai| jaise sArA vizva eka hai, kyoMki saba meM sat pAyA jAtA hai| ise mahAsAmAnya bhI kahate haiN| ___jIva-ajIva Adi avAntara sAmAnya ko grahaNa karane vAlA aura aneka bhedoM kI apekSA karane vAlA apara saMgrahanaya hai| jaise-jIva kahane se saba jIvoM kA grahaNa to huA, parantu ajIvAdi kA grahaNa nahIM ho skaa| saMgrahanaya meM abheda kI pradhAnatA rahatI hai| para saMgraha meM sat rUpa se samasta padArthoM kA saMgraha kiyA jAtA hai tathA apara saMgraha meM eka dravya rUpa se samasta paryAyoM kA dravya rUpa se samasta dravyoM kA guNarUpa se

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322 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana samasta guNoM kA gotva rUpa se samasta gAyoM kA manuSyatva rUpa se samasta manuSyoM ityAdi kA saMgraha kiyA jAtA hai| saMgrahAbhAsa : vedAnta darzana kA advaitavAda saMgrahAbhAsa hai, kyoMki isameM bheda kA sarvathA nirAkaraNa kiyA gayA hai| saMgraha naya meM abheda mukhya hone para bhI bheda kA nirAkaraNa nahIM kiyA jAtA hai| vaha gauNa avazya ho jAtA hai, parantu usake astItva se inkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| saMgrahanaya kI upayogitA abheda vyavahAra ke lie hai, vastu sthiti kA lopa karane ke lie nhiiN| ____3. vyavahAranaya : saMgrahanaya dvArA saMgrahIta artha meM vidhipUrvaka, avisaMvAdI aura vastusthitimUlaka bheda karanA vyavahAranaya hai| laukika vyavahAra ke anusAra vibhAga karane vAle vicAra ko vyavahAranaya kahate haiN| jaise-jo sat hai, vaha dravya aura paryAyarUpa hai| jo dravya hai, usake jIva Adi chaha bheda haiM, jo paryAya haiM usake do bheda haiM, kramabhAvI aura shbhaavii| jo jIva haiM, unake aneka bheda haiM, jaise saMsArI aura mukta, muktoM meM bhI aneka mukta aadi| yaha naya sAmAnya ko gauNa karake vizeSa ko hI grahaNa karatA hai| kyoMki loka meM ghaTa Adi vizeSa padArtha ko jala dhAraNa Adi kriyAoM ke yogya dekhe jAte haiM, sAmAnya meM arthakriyA nahIM hotii| gotva se dUdha prApta nahIM hotaa| rogI ko auSadhi do, itanA mAtra kahane se kAma nahIM calatA, auSadhi kA nAma aura Asevana kI vidhi Adi batAne se samAdhAna hotA hai| vyavahAranaya ke binA kisI bhI vastu kA samagratayA nirNaya nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| ataeva vyavahAranaya bhI apane sthAna para mahattvapUrNa hai| jaise koyala pA~coM varNoM vAlI hai|' yaha kathana nizcayanaya kI dRSTi se satya hai, phira bhI koyala kA nirNaya nahIM ho pAtA kyoMki usameM pA~coM varNa dRSTigocara nahIM hote| jabaki nizcayAtmaka vyavahAra naya usakA nirNaya karAtA hai, ki 'koyala kAlI hai|' kAlepana kI pradhAnatA se yaha kathana satya hai, kintu gauNarUpa meM pA~coM varNa pAye jAte haiN| yaha suspaSTa hai| vyavahAra naya ke do bheda haiM - sAmAnya bhedaka aura vizeSa bhedk| sAmAnya saMgraha meM bheda karane vAle naya ko sAmAnya bhedaka vyavahAranaya kahate haiN| jaise-dravya ke do bheda jIva aura ajiiv| vizeSa saMgraha meM bheda karane vAle naya ko vizeSa bhedaka vyavahAra naya kahate haiN| jaise-jIva ke cAra bheda naraka, tiryaMca, manuSya aura dev| jo bheda apane nijI maulika ekatva kI apekSA rakhatA hai, vaha vyavahAra hai aura abheda kA sarvathA tiraskAra karane vAlA vyavahArAbhAsa hai| vaizeSika kI pratItiviruddha dravyAdi bheda kalpanA vyahavahArAbhAsa meM AtI hai| ___4. RjusUtranaya : vartamAna kSaNa meM hone vAlI paryAya ko mukhya rUpa se grahaNa karane vAle naya ko RjusUtra kahate haiN| jaise 'maiM sukhI huuN|' yahA~ sukha paryAya vartamAna samaya meM hai| RjusUtranaya vartamAna kSaNa sthAyI sukhAdi paryAya ko pradhAna rUpa se grahaNa

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jJAna mImAMsA (pramANa mImAMsA) * 323 karatA hai, parantu isa paryAya kI AdhArabhUta AtmA ko gauNa mAnatA hai| yaha naya bhUta aura bhAvI paryAya ko nahIM maantaa| kevala vartamAna paryAya ko hI svIkAra karatA hai| isa naya kI dRSTi meM nitya aura sthUla koI cIja nahIM hai| kSaNika paryAya aura sUkSma ko hI yaha svIkAra karatA hai| isa naya kI sUkSma vizeSaka dRSTi meM bhojanapAna Adi aneka samaya sAdhya koI bhI kriyAe~ nahIM bana sakatI kyoMki eka kSaNa meM to ve kriyAe~ hotI nahIM aura vartamAna kA atIta-anAgata se koI sambandha ise svIkAra nahIM hai| jisa dravya ke mAdhyama se pUrva aura uttara paryAyoM meM sambandha juTAtA hai, usa mAdhyama kA astitva hI ise svIkArya nhiiN| itanA saba hote hue bhI yaha naya dravya kA apalApa nahIM krtaa| vaha paryAya kI mukhyatA mAnatA hai aura dravya ko gauNa mAnatA hai| yadi vaha dravya kA sarvathA apalApa karatA hai, to RjusUtrAbhAsa bana jAtA hai| bauddhadarzana sarvathA dravya kA apalApa karatA hai, ataH vaha RjusUtrAbhAsa kA udAharaNa hai| 5. zabdanaya : kAla, kAraka, liMga, saMkhyA, puruSa, upasarga Adi ke bheda se zabdoM meM arthabheda mAnane vAlA naya, zabdanaya kahalAtA hai| jaise-merU thA, meru hai aura merU hogaa| uparyukta udAharaNa meM zabdanaya bhUta, vartamAna evaM bhaviSyatkAla ke bheda se meru parvata ko bhI tIna rUpoM meM grahaNa karatA hai| vartamAna kA meru aura hai, atIta kA meru aura thA aura bhaviSyat kA meru anya hI hogaa| kAla paryAya kI dRSTi se yaha bheda hai| isI prakAra 'ghaTa ko karatA hai|' tathA 'ghaTa kiyA jAtA hai|' yahA~ kAraka ke bheda se zabdanaya ghaTa meM bheda karatA hai| isI prakAra liMga, saMkhyA, puruSa, upasarga ke bheda se bhI zabdanaya bheda ko svIkAra karatA hai| isa naya kI dRSTi se zabda bheda se artha bheda hotA hI hai| jo zabda ke bheda se artha ke bheda ko, mukhya rUpa se grahaNa karatA hai, vaha zabda naya hai| lekina jo kAla-kArakAdi bheda se una zabdoM ko sarvathA bhinna hI mAnatA hai, unameM kisI prakAra ke abheda sambandha ko nahIM mAnatA hai, vaha zabda nayAbhAsa hai| jaisemeru thA. meru hai aura meru hogaa| ityAdi bhinna kAla vAcaka zabda sarvathA bhinna padArthoM kA kathana karate haiM, kyoMki ve bhinna kAla vAcaka zabda hai, jaise bhinna padArthoM kA kathana karane vAle dUsare bhinna kAlIna zabda arthAt agacchata, bhaviSyati aura paThati aadi| kAla kA bheda hone se paryAya kA bheda hotA hai, phira bhI dravya eka vastu banA rahatA hai| zabdanaya paryAya dRSTi vAlA hai, ataH vaha bhinna-bhinna paryAyoM ko hI svIkAra karatA hai, dravya ko gauNa karake usakI upekSA karatA hai| parantu zabdanayAbhAsa vibhinna kAloM meM anugata rahane vAle dravya kA sarvathA niSedha karatA hai| 6. samabhirur3hanaya : paryAyavAcaka zabdoM meM nirukti ke bheda se artha kA bheda mAnane vAlA samabhirUr3ha naya kahalAtA hai| zabda naya to artha bheda vahIM mAnatA hai, jahA~ liMga Adi kA bheda hotA hai, kintu samabhirUDhanaya kI dRSTi meM pratyeka zabda kA artha alaga-alaga hI hotA hai, bhale hI ve zabda paryAyavAcI hoM aura uname liMgAdi kA bheda

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324 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana na bhI ho| jaise-indra aura purandara zabda paryAyavAcI haiM, ataH zabdanaya kI dRSTi se inakA eka hI artha hai, parantu samabhirur3hanaya ke mata meM unake alaga-alaga artha haiN| 'indra' zabda se aizvaryazAlI kA bodha hotA hai, jabaki 'purandara' se 'nagara ke vinAzaka' kA bodha hotA hai| paryAyavAcI zabdoM meM sarvathA-ekAnta rUpa se bheda mAnanA aura abheda kA sarvathA niSedha karanA samabhirUr3ha nayAbhAsa hai| 7. evaMbhUtanaya : padArtha jisa samaya apanI artha kriyA meM pravRtta ho, usI samaya use usa zabda kA vAcya mAnanA cAhiye-aisI nizcaya dRSTi vAlA naya evaMbhUtanaya hai| samabhiruDhanaya indranAdi kriyA ke hone yA na hone para bhI indra ko 'indra' zabda kA vAcya mAna letA hai, parantu evaMbhUtanaya indra ko 'indra' zabda kA vAcya tabhI mAnatA hai, jabaki vaha indana kriyA meM upayogapUrvaka pravRtta ho rahA ho, anyathA nhiiN| isa naya kI dRSTi ghaTa tabhI ghaTa kahA jA sakatA hai, jaba vaha ghaTa kI artha kriyA jala dhAraNa kara rahA ho| khAlI ghaTa ko ghaTa nahIM kahA jA sktaa| nyAyAdhIza jaba nyAyAlaya meM kursI para baiThakara nyAya karatA hai, tabhI vaha nyAyAdhIza kahA jA sakatA hai, anya samaya meM nhiiN| ekAntataH artha kriyA pariNata padArtha ko hI usa zabda kA vAcya mAnanA anyathA sarvathA apalApa karanA evaM bhUtanayAbhAsa hai| isa prakAra dArzanika dRSTikoNa se ina sAta prakAra ke nayoM ko pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai, jinake antargata prAyaH samasta nayoM kA samAveza ho jAtA hai| nizcayanaya aura vyavahAra naya : AdhyAtmika dRSTikoNa se naya ke do bheda pratipAdita kie gae haiM - nizcaya naya aura vyavahAra ny| kundakundAcArya ne samayasAra meM inako bahuta acchI taraha se vizUSita kiyA hai - "vavahAro bhUdattho bhUdattho desido du suddhnno| bhUdatthamassido khalu sammAdiTThI havadi jiivo||1s arthAt vyavahAranaya abhUtArtha hai aura zuddhanaya bhUtArtha hai, aisA samyagdRSTi jina ne batAyA hai, jo jIva bhUtArtha kA Azraya letA hai, vaha jIva nizcaya se samyagdRSTi hai| nizcayanaya : jo naya vastu ke mUla vAstavika svarUpa ko batAtA hai, use nizcayanaya kahate haiN| nizcayanaya ko hI zuddhanaya kahA gayA hai| zuddhanaya kA upadeza virala hI milatA hai| AcArya kundakunda ne zuddhanaya kA phala mokSa jAnakara usakA pradhAnatA se vivecana kiyA hai| zuddhanaya bhUtArtha hai, satyArtha hai, isakA Azraya lene se jIva samyagdRSTi ho sakatA hai| ise jAne binA AtmA kA jJAna-zraddhAna rUpa nizcaya samyaktva nahIM ho sktaa| jo zuddhanaya taka pahu~cakara zraddhAvAna hue tathA pUrNa jJAna cAritravAna ho gaye unheM to zuddha kA upadeza karane vAlA zuddhanaya hI jAnane yogya hai|" "Navi hodi appamatto Na pamatto jANago du jo bhaavo| evaM bhaNaMti suddhaM NAdo jo so du so cev||"

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jJAna mImAMsA (pramANa mImAMsA) 325 arthAt jo jJAyaka bhAva hai, vaha apramatta bhI nahIM aura pramatta bhI nahIM hai, isa prakAra ise zuddha kahate haiM aura jo jJAyaka rUpa se jJAta huA vaha to vahI hai, anya koI nahIM / jJAnI ke cAritra, darzana, jJAna- yaha tIna bhAva vyavahAra se kahe jAte haiM, nizcaya se jJAna bhI nahIM hai, darzana bhI nahIM hai, cAritra bhI nahIM hai, jJAnI to eka zuddha jJAyaka hI hai| zuddhanaya se kevala eka AtmA hI hai| zuddhanaya kA viSaya abheda ekarUpa vastu hai / jaise-sone ke kaMgana, hAra, aMgUThI Adi sabhI meM mUla dravya sonA hai / ataH nizcaya naya se eka sonA hI satya hai, bhUtArtha hai / isa prakAra nizcayanaya hI paramArtha hai, zreya hai / lekina paramArtha taka pahu~cane kA mArga vyavahAranaya hI hai / jo jIva upakrama bhAva meM arthAt zraddhA tathA jJAna, cAritra ke pUrNa bhAva ko nahIM pahu~ca sake haiM, sAdhaka avasthA meM hI sthita haiM, ve vyavahAranaya dvArA hI upadeza karane yogya hai| ataH vyavahAranaya ko jAnanA bhI Avazyaka hai| vyavahAranaya : jo naya dUsare padArthoM ke nimitta se vastu kA svarUpa batalAtA hai, use vyavahAranaya kahate haiM / vyavahAranaya ko yadyapi abhUtArtha kahA gayA hai, kyoMki vaha mokSa nahIM hai| lekina yahI jIvana vyavahAra kA AdhAra hai tathA mokSa mArga kA avalambana hai| jaise anArya jana ko anArya bhASA ke binA kisI bhI vastu kA svarUpa grahaNa karane ke lie, koI samartha nahIM hai, usI prakAra vyavahAra ke binA paramArtha kA upadeza denA azakya hai|"" kuMdakuMdAcArya ne vyavahAranaya kI upayogitA isa prakAra batAyI hai : 172 "vavahArio puNa Nao doNNi vi liMgANibhaNadi mokkhapahe / NicchayaNao Na icchadi mokkhapahe savvaliMgANi // "" 73 arthAt vyavahAranaya donoM liMgoM ko (muniliMga aura gRhasthaliMga) mokSa mArga kahatA hai / nizcayanaya kisI liMga ko mokSa mArga nahIM mAnatA hai / nizcayanaya se to kevala jJAyaka bhAva hI mokSa hai / lekina vyavahAra meM to zramaNa aura zramaNopAsaka yA zrAvaka ke bheda se do prakAra ke dravyaliMga mokSamArga haiM, jina para calakara jIva nizcayanaya taka pahu~ca sakatA hai| vyavahAranaya ke AdhAra para hI sAmAnya jIvana vyavahAra calatA hai / yadyapi vyavahAra naya vastu svarUpa ko dUsare rUpa meM batalAtA hai, tadapi vaha mithyA nahIM hai / kyoMki jisa apekSA se athavA jisa rUpa se vaha vastu ko viSaya karatA hai, vaha vastu usa rUpa meM bhI upalabdha hotI hai / jaise- hama kahate haiM, 'ghI kA ghar3A' isa vAkya se vastu ke asalI svarUpa kA jJAna to nahIM hotA, yaha nahIM jJAta hotA hai, ki ghar3A miTTI kA hai yA pItala kA yA anya kisI vastu kA hai / isalie ise nizcayanaya nahIM kaha skte| lekina usa vAkya se itanA avazya jJAta ho jAtA hai, ki isa ghar3e meM ghI rakhA jAtA hai| jisameM ghI rakhA jAtA hai, use ghI kA ghar3A kahate haiM / vyavahAranaya se yaha

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326 jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana kathana satya hai aura isI AdhAra para vyavahAranaya bhI satya hai, mithyA nahIM / vyavahAranaya mithyA taba hotA hai, jaba usake viSaya ko anyathA mAna liyA jAya / yadi koI 'ghI kA ghar3A' isa vAkya kA artha yaha samajhe, ki ghar3A ghI kA banA huA hai, to vaha satya aura pramANabhUta nahIM hogaa| kahIM bhI ghI se ghar3A banatA nahIM hai, varan ghar3A ghI kA AdhAra mAtra rahatA hai, jaba taka vyavahAranaya apane vyAvahArika satya para sthira hai, taba taka use mithyA nahIM kahA jA sktaa| vyavahAranaya ke do bheda : 1. sadbhUta vyavahAranaya, 2. asadbhUta vyavahAranaya 1 eka vastu meM guNa-guNI ke bheda se bheda ko viSaya karane vAlA sadbhUta vyavahAra naya hai| isake bhI do bheda haiM- upacarita sadbhUta vyavahAranaya aura anupacarita sadbhUta vyavahAraya / sopAdhika guNa guNI meM bheda grahaNa karane vAlA upacarita sadbhUta vyavahAra na hai / nirupAdhika guNa-guNI meM bheda grahaNa karane vAlA anupacarita sadbhUta vyavahAra naya haiM, jaise jIva kA matijJAna - zrutajJAna Adi loka meM vyavahAra hotA hai / kevalajJAna rUpa nirupAdhika guNa se yukta kevalI kI AtmA yA vItarAga AtmA kA kevalajJAna yaha prayoga anupacarita sadbhuta vyavahAranaya hai / asadbhUta vyavahAranaya ke bhI do bheda haiM- prathama upacarita asadbhUta vyavahAranaya tathA dUsarA anupacarita asadbhUta vyavahAranaya / sambandha se sahita vastu meM sambandha ko viSaya karane vAlA naya upacarita asadbhUta vyavahAra hai / jaise - devadatta kA dhana / yahA~ devadatta kA dhana ke sAtha sambandha mAnA gayA hai, parantu vAstava meM vaha kalpita hone se upacarita hai / sambandha se rahita vastu meM sambandha ko viSaya karane vAlA naya anupacarita asadbhUta vyavahAra hai / jaise 'ghI kA ghar3A laao|' isa vAkya meM ghRta aura ghaTa kA sambandha upacarita nahIM hai, kyoMki ghaTa meM ghI bharA hai yA bharA thaa| ghI kA ghar3A (ghI se nirmita ghar3A) vAstava meM hotA nahIM hai, ataH vaha asadbhUta vyavahAranaya hai / anuyogadvAra sUtra meM anta meM mokSa kA kAraNa hone se samasta naya adhyayana kA vicAra jJAnanaya aura kriyAnaya kI apekSA se kiyA gayA hai| isake dvArA hI naya nirupaNa kI sArthakatA ko siddha kiyA gayA hai "NAyammi gihiyavve agihiyavvagmi ceva atthammi / jaiyavvameva iha jo uvaeso so nao nAma // savvesiM pi nayANaM bahuvihavattavvayaM nisAmettA / taM savvanayavisuddhaM jaM caraNaguNaTThio sAhU // ' arthAt ina nayoM ke dvArA heya aura upAdeya artha kA jJAna prApta karake tadnukUla pravRtti karanI hI cAhiye / isa prakAra kA jo upadeza hai, vaha (jJAna) naya kahalAtA hai| 11174

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jJAna mImAMsA (pramANa mImAMsA) * 327 ina sabhI nayoM kI paraspara viruddha vaktavyatA ko sunakara samasta nayoM se vizuddha samyaktva, cAritra aura jJAna guNa meM sthita hone vAlA sAdhu (mokSa sAdhaka) ho sakatA kisI padArtha ke vAstavika svarUpa ko jAnanA jJAnanaya hai| jJAnanaya se prApta bodha ke anusAra jIvana meM use utAranA kriyAnaya hai| jJAna pradhAnanaya ko bhAvanaya tathA zabda pradhAnanaya ko dravyanaya kahate haiN| kriyA se rahita jJAna niSphala hai tathA jJAna se rahita kriyA bhI kArya sAdhaka nahIM hai| jaise-anna Adi kA jJAna hone para bhI bhakSaNa kI kriyA ke abhAva meM udara poSaNa nahIM hotaa| jaise-aMdhA aura laMgar3A milakara apane gantavya para pahu~ca sakate haiM, lekina pRthak-pRthak donoM hI apane lakSya taka nahIM pahu~ca skte| ataeva jJAna va kriyA ke samucita samanvaya se hI siddhi prApti ho sakatI hai| nizcayanaya kA pratipAdana bhagavAna mahAvIra ne hI kiyA thaa| usase pUrva pracalita pArzva paramparA meM vyavahAranaya kA hI pracalana thaa| ___ adhyAtma jagata meM bhI nizcayanaya aura vyavahAranaya ko lekara bahuta matabheda dRSTigocara hote haiM, parantu yaha nayoM ke svarUpa ko yathArtha rUpa meM na apanAne kA pariNAma hai| nizcayanaya kI dRSTi sAdhya ko suspaSTa karane ke lie hai| vaha sAdhaka ko usakA parama lakSya batAtI hai| jabaki usa sAdhya ko prApta karane ke lie vyavahAranaya kA avalambana lenA Avazyaka hai / vyavahAra se hI ve sAdhana nisRta hote haiM, jo sAdhaka ko apane parama lakSya taka le jA sakate haiN| satya ananta pahaluoM vAlA hai, use kisI eka pahalU se nahIM samajhA jA sakatA hai| ekAMgI dRSTi vastu ko sahI rUpa meM dekhane meM asamartha hai| isalie jaina darzana ne nayoM kA vivecana kiyA hai| "ubhayanaya virodha dhvaMsini syAtpadAMke jinavacArI ramaMte ye svayaM vAMtamohAH / sapadi samayasAraM te paraM jyotiruccai ranavamanayapakSAkSuNNamIkSata ev||"75 arthAt nizcaya aura vyavahAra ina donoM nayoM ke viSaya bheda se paraspara virodha hai, usa virodha kA nAza karane vAlA 'syAta' pada se cihnita jo jina bhagavAna kA vacana hai, usameM ye puruSa ramate haiM, ve apane Apa hI mithyAtva karma ke udaya kA vamana karake isa atizaya rUpa parama jyoti prakAzamAna zuddha AtmA ko tatkAla hI dekhate haiN| vaha samayasAra rUpa zuddha AtmA navIna utpanna nahIM huA, apitu pahale karmoM se AcchAdita thA, so vaha pragaTa vyaktirUpa ho gayA hai| vaha sarvathA ekAntarUpa kunaya ke pakSa se khaNDita nahIM hotA, nirbAdha hai|

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328 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana isa prakAra jaina darzana ke nayavAda ko sahI rUpa se samajha lene para samasta vivAdoM kA samAdhAna ho jAtA hai| nayavAda kI yahI upayogitA hai| anAgraha hI syAdvAdarUpa anekAnta hai aura usakI AdhArazilA hai nyvaad| nayavAda meM ananta dharmoM ke akhaNDa piNDa rUpa vastu ke kisI eka dharma ko pradhAnatA dekara kathana kiyA jAtA hai| usa samaya vastu meM zeSa dharma vidyamAna to rahate haiM, lekina ve gauNa ho jAte haiN| isa prakAra satya ke eka aMza kA grahaNa karane vAlA jJAna hI naya hai| nayoM dvArA pradarzita satyAMza aura pramANa dvArA pradarzita akhaNDa satya milakara hI vastu ke vAstavika aura sampUrNa svarUpa ke bodhaka hote haiN| nayavAda jaina darzana kA maulika evaM vilakSaNa siddhAnta hai| saMdarbha sUcI : 1. syAdvAda maMjarI - malliSeNasUri kArikA 12 2. vahI, kArikA 15 3. tattvArthasUtra 1/6, umAsvAti pravacanasAra-AcArya kundakunda, gAthA 27 vahI, 35 6. vahI, 29 7. vahI, 21 8. vahI, 28 9. sthAnAMga sUtra 2/1/71 10. tattvArtha sAra-amRtacandra, adhikAra 1, gAthA 15 11. nyAyasUtra - maharSi gautama, 1/1/2 12. tattvArthasAra, amRtacandra, 1/15 kI TIkA 13. caraka saMhitA, caraka, vimAna sthAna, 8/47 14. nyAyAvatAra TippaNa, pR. 148-151, siddhasena divAkara 15. caraka saMhitA, caraka vimAna sthAna, a. 4, 8/84 16. tattvArthasAra : AcArya amRtacaMdra, 1/18 17. nyAyAvatAra, siddhasena divAkara, gAthA 1 18. pramANanaya tattvAloka, vAdidevasUiri, 1/2 19. brahmasUtra kA zAMkara bhASya, zaMkarAcArya 2/1/9 20. pramANa mImAMsA, AcArya hemacandra, sUtra 2 21. pramANa naya tattvAloka, vAdideva sUri 6/1 22. tatrAnantaryeNa sarvapramANAnAmajJAnanivRttiH phalam // 3 // pramANa naya tattvAloka, vAdidevasUri, 6/3

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23. pramANa naya tattvAloka, vAdidevasUri 6/4 24. zeSa pramANAnAM punarupAdAna hAnopekSAbuddhayaH // 5 // pramANa naya tattvAloka, vAdidevasUri 6/5 jJAna mImAMsA (pramANa mImAMsA) 329 25. rAjapraznIyasUtra, sUtra 165 26. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 23 / 33 27. bhagavatI sUtra, 88/2/317 28. rAjapraznIya, sUtra 165 29. sthAnAMgasUtra sUtra, sUtra 71 30. tattvArthasUtra, umAsvAti, 1/10 - 12 31. pramANanaya tattvAloka, vAdidevasUri 2/19 32. "evaM aTThAvIsaivihassa abhinibohiyanANassa" nandIsUtra, 35 33. sthAnAMga meM ye do bheda milate haiM, kintu vaha nandI sUtra se prabhAvita ho to koI Azcarya nahIM / sthAnAMga sUtra 34. nandI sUtra, devarddhigaNi, sUtra 1 - 5, 26, 36 35. eganteNaM parokkhaM tiMgiyamohAiyaM ca paccakkhaM / indriyamaNo bhavaM jaM taM saM vavahAra paJcakkhaM // vizeSAvazyaka 95, isakI svopajJavRtti / 36. pravacanasAra, kundakundAcArya, gAthA 58 37. bhagavatI sUtra, 5/3/191-192 38. sthAnAMgasUtra, sU0 338 39. caraka saMhitA, caraka, vimAnasthAna 8/33 40. caraka saMhita, caraka, 8/41 41. sthAnAMga sUtra, sUtra 258 42. caraka saMhitA, caraka, vimAna sthAna 8/84 43. sthanAMga sUtra, sUtra 185 44. sanmatiTIkA, abhayadevasUri, pR. 520 45. nyAyavatAraH, siddhasena divAkara, sUtra 4 46. anekAnta ja0TI0, haribhadrasUri, pR0 142, 215 47. pramANa naya tattvAloka, vAdidevasUri, sU0 2 48. anuyogadvAra sUtra, AryarakSita sthavira, sU0 75 49. vahI, 92 50. vahI, 313 51. vahI, 427 52. vahI, 428, 435, 436 53. vahI, 437, 438, 439 54. vahI, 440 55. vahI, 458

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330 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana 56. vahI, 467 57. tattvArthasUtra, vAcaka umAsvAti, 1/10, 11, 12 58. Pr-Dinnaga Buddhist Texts : Intro. P. XVII 59. pramANa naya tattvAloka, vAdidevasUri 1/18 60. vahI, 1/19 61. pramANanayatattva ratnAvatArikA, yazovijaya 1/20 62. pramANa mImAMsA, hemacandrasUri 1/8 63. pramANa naya tattvAloka, vAdidevasUri 1/19 64. vahI, 1/7, 8 65. vahI 1/9 66. rassI meM sA~pa kA jJAna hotA hai, vaha vAstava meM jJAna dvaya kA mizrita rUpa hai| rassI kA pratyakSa aura sA~pa kI smRti / dRSTA indriya Adi ke doSa se pratyakSa aura smRti viveka bheda ko bhUla jAtA hai, yahI akhyAti yA vivekAkhyAti hai| 67. rassI meM sA~pa kA jJAna hotA hai, vaha sat bhI nahIM hai, asat bhI nahIM hai, isalie anirvacanIya sadsat vilakSaNa hai| vedAntI kisI bhI jJAna ko nirviSaya nahIM mAnate, isalie inakI dhAraNA hai, ki bhramajJAna meM eka aisA padArtha utpanna hotA hai, jisake bAre meM kucha kahA nahIM jA sktaa| 68. jJAna rUpa Antarika padArtha kI bAhya rUpa meM pratIti hotI hai, yAnI mAnasika vijJAna hI bAhara sarpAkAra meM pariNata ho jAtA hai, yaha AtmakhyAti hai| 69. dRSTA indriya Adi ke doSa vaza rassI meM pUrvAnubhUta sA~pa ke guNoM kA samAropa karatA hai, isalie use rassI sarpAkAra dikhane lagatI hai| isa prakAra rassI kA sA~pa ke rUpa meM jo grahaNa hotA hai, vaha viparIta khyAti hai| 70. pramANamImAMsA, AcArya hemacaMdra, 1/5 71. pramANa nayatattvAloka, vAdideva sUri 1/13 72. prajJApanA sUtra, zyAmAcArya 23/1/1667 73. vahI, 23/1/1667 74. pramANanayatattvaratnAvatArikA, yazovijaya 1/7/8 75. prajJApanA sUtra, zyAmAcArya, 23/1/1679 76. vahI, 23/1/1667 77. anuyogadvAra, AryarakSita, sUtra 126 78. nandIsUtra, devarddhigaNi, sUtra 25 79. anuyogadvAra, AryarakSita, sU. 126 80. jaina siddhAnta dIpikA, 8/4 81. pramANa mImAMsA, hemacandrasUri 1/9, 10 82. pramANa naya tattvAloka, vAdidevasUri, 2/2 83. pravacanasAra, kundakundAcArya, gAthA 58

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jJAna mImAMsA (pramANa mImAMsA) * 331 4. sarvArthasiddhi, pUjyapAdasvAmI, pR. 59 35. paradavvaM te akkhA Neva sahAvotti appaNo bhaNidA uvaladdhaM tehi kadhaM paccakkhaM appaNo hodi / pravacanasAra, gA. 57 36. tattvArthasUtra, umAsvAti, 1/13 37. pramANanaya tattvAloka, vAdidevasUri 2/5 18. Avazyaka niyukti, bhadrabAhu, gA. 5 39. tattvArtha sUtra, umAsvAti, 1/15 17. vahI, 1/16 91. nandIsUtra, malayagirI TIkA, pR. 183 32.. tattvArthasUtra, rAjavArtika TIkA 1/16 33. vahI 1/16 4. nandIsUtra, malayagirI TIkA, pR. 183 25. tattvArthasUtra, umAsvAti, 1/17 6. pravacanasAra, kundakundAcArya, gAthA 57 37. nandIsUtra, devarddhigaNi, sUtra 27 98. vahI, 28 99. tattvArthasUtra, umAsvAti, 2/17 100. naMdIsUtra, devarddhigaNi, sU. 29 101. pramANanaya tattvAloka, vAdidevasUri 2/18 102. no iMdiyapaccakkhaM tivihaM paNNattaM, taMjahA-ohinANapaccakkhaM 1, maNapajavanANa paccakkhaM ____2, kevalanANapaccakkhaM 31 - nandIsUtra, devarddhigaNi, 5 103. NoiMdiya paccakkhe tivihe pN.| taM - ohiNANapackkhe, maNapajjavaNANa paccakkhe, kevlnnaannpcckkhe| se taM nnoidiypcckkhe| se taM pcckkhe| - anuyogadvAra sUtra, AryarakSita, sU0 439 104. pravacanasAra, kundakundAcArya, gAthA 54 1 105. pramANa-naya-tattvAloka, vAdidevasUri, 2/19 106. vahI, 2/21 107. nandIsUtra, devarddhigaNi, sUtra 6 108. vahI,7 109. vahI, 8 110. vahI,9 / 111. vahI, 10 112. vahI 11-15 tattvArthasUtra, umAsvAti, 1/21-23 113. nandIsUtra, devarddhigaNi, sUtra 18, gAthA 65 114. Rju vipulamati manaH paryayaH / tattvArthasUtra, umAsvAti 1/24

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332 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana 115. pravacanasAra, kundakundAcArya, sUtra 59 116. AcArAMgasUtra, 1/23 117. pravacanasAra, kundakundAcArya, 51 118. tattvArthasUtra, umAsvAti, 1/27 119. vahI, 1/28 120. vahI, 1/29 121. vahI, 1/30 122. vahI, 1/31 123. pravacanasAra, kundakundAcArya, gAthA 58 124. 'Adye parokSam', tattvArthasUtra, umAsvAti, 1/10 125. matiH smRtiH saMjJA cintA'bhinibodha ityanarthAntaram // tattvArthasUtra, umAsvAti, 1/13 126. pramANa mImAMsA, hemacandrAcArya, 1/2/1 127. pramANanaya tattvAloka, vAdidevasUri, 3/1 128. pramANanaya tattvAloka, vAdidevasUri, 3/2 129. vahI, 3/3 130. nyAyamaMjarI, bhaTTajayaMta, pR. 23 131. pramANa mImAMsA, AcArya hemacandra, 1/2/4 132. vahI, 1/2/5 133. vahI, 1/2/7 134. pramANa naya tattvAloka, vAdidevasUri, 3/11 135. vacahI, 3/14 136. anuyogadvAra sUtra, AryarakSita, 440 137. vahI, 441 138. upAyahadaya, nAgArjuna, pR. 13 139. anuyogadvAra sUtra, AryarakSita, sU. 442 140. vahI, 448 141. vahI, 451-453 142. dazavaikAlikaniyukti, bhadrabAhu, gAthA 49, 50, 89-92, 137 143. pramANanaya tattvAloka, vAdideva sUri, 3/11 144. vahI, 3/30-31 145. sthAnAMga sUtra 4/3/504 146. vaizeSika sUtra, vAtsyAyana, 3/1/9 147. vahI, 3/1/13 148. vahI, 3/1/12 149. vahI, 3/1/11 150. vahI, 1/2/1

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151. anuyogadvAra sUtra, AryarakSita, sU0 458 152. vahI, 458-466 153. vahI, 467 154. vahI 470 155. dazavaikAlika niryukti, bhadrabAhu, sU0 49 156. mUlAcAra, vaTTakerAcArya, 5/80 157. naMdIsUtra, vijayadAnasUri saMzodhita cUrNi, pR0 111 jJAna mImAMsA (pramANa mImAMsA) 333 158. jainasUtrAz2a, DaoN. harmana jaikobI, prastAvanA, pR0 44 159. nandIsUtra, vijayadAna sUri saMzodhita cUrNi, pR0 109 160. SaTkhaNDAgama (dhavalATIkA) pu0 1, puSpadanta, pR0 114 161. jaina sUtrAz2a, bhAga 1, ( kalpasUtra 5 ) - DaoN. harmana jaikobI, pR0 268 162. nyAyAvatAraH, siddhasena divAkara, sU0 29 163. pramANanaya tattvAloka, vAdidevasUri 7/2 164. vahI, 7/3 165. vahI 7/5-45 166. tattvArtha sUtra, vAcakaumAsvAti, 1/34 167. vizeSAvazyaka bhASya, gAthA 2264-67 168. samayasAra, kundakundAcArya, gAthA 11 169. suddho suddhAdeso NAdavvo paramabhAvadarisIhiM / - samayasAra, kundakundAcArya, gAthA 12 170. samayasAra, kundakundAcArya, gAthA 6 171. vahI, 12 172. vahI, 8 173. vahI, 414 174. anuyogadvAra sUtra, Arya rakSita, gAthA 606 175. samayasAra TIkA (AtmakhyAti), amRtacandrAcArya, gAthA 4

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tattva mImAMsA vizva ke bAhya aura Antarika svarupa ke saMbaMdha meM tathA usake sAmAnya evaM vyApaka niyamoM ke sambandha meM jo tAtvika dRSTi se vicAra kie jAte haiM, unako tatva mImAMsA ke antargata rakhA jAtA hai| vicAra karanA mAnava-svabhAva hai, ataeva pratyeka deza meM nivAsa karane vAlI pratyeka prakAra kI mAnava prajA meM isa prakAra ke vicAra alpa yA adhika mAtrA meM udbhUta hote hI haiN| mAnava jaba prakRti kI goda meM AyA taba yaha vizva adbhuta aura camatkArI vastuoM tathA ghaTanAoM se paripUrNa eka apratima kRti ke rupa meM usake samakSa prastuta thaa| eka ora sUrya, candra aura agaNita tArAmaMDala tathA dUsarI ora samudra, parvata, vizAla nadI pravAha, megha garjanAeM aura vidyuta camatkAroM ne mAnava kI jijiviSA ko jAgrata kiyaa| jyoM-jyoM mAnava kA bauddhika vikAsa huA, vaha ina vividhatAoM evaM AzcaryoM se paripUrNa sthUla bAhya jagata ke sUkSma cintana meM pravRtta huaa| mAnava-mastiSka ke bAhya vizva ke gUDha tathA atisUkSma svarupa ke viSaya meM aura unake sAmAnya niyamoM ke viSaya meM vividha prazna uThane lge| jaise ki yaha adbhuta vividhatAoM se paripUrNa jagata kahA~ se AyA? kisane isakA nirmANa kiyA? manuSya svayaM kahA~ se AyA hai aura kahA~ jAegA? ye saba cira sthAyI aura zAzvata hai athavA nazvara hai? aadi-aadi| ina praznoM kI utpatti hI tatvajJAna ke udbhava kA prathama sopAna hai| pUrvI tathA pazcimI tatvajJAna kI prakRti kI tulanA:- bhaugolika, sAMskRtika evaM dArzanika abhiruciyoM kI samAnatA evaM asamAnatA ke AdhAra para darzana ko do bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA jAtA hai| bhAratIya athavA pUrvI darzana tathA pAzcAtya athavA pazcimI darzana kA tatvajJAna kevala jagata, jIva aura Izvara ke svarupa cintana meM hI pUrNa nahIM hotA, apitu unameM cAritra kA vicAra bhI sammilita hotA hai| alpa yA adhika aMza pratyeka tatvajJAna apane meM jIvana zodhana kI vividha mImAMsA kA samAveza karatA hai| phira bhI pUrvI tathA pAzcAtya tatva jJAna ke vikAsa meM thor3I bhinnatA bhI hai| grIka tatva cintana kA prAraMbha kevala vizva ke svarupa saMbaMdhI praznoM se hotA hai| Age jAkara krizciyeniTI ke sAtha isakA saMbaMdha hone para isameM jIvana zodhana kA bhI prazna samAviSTa hotA hai| isake viparIta bhAratIya athavA Arya tatvajJAna ke itihAsa meM yaha vizeSatA hai, ki isakA prAraMbha hI jIvana zodhana ke prazna se hotA hai| tatvajJAna kI

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tattva mImAMsA * 335 vaidika, bauddha aura jaina ina tIna mukhya zAkhAoM meM samAna rIti se vizva-cintana ke sAtha hI jIvana-zodhana kA cintana saMkalita hai| pAzcAtya darzana meM nItidarzana ke antargata naitika mAnadaNDoM ke AdhAra para jIvana zodhana ko sammilita kiyA jAtA hai| jIvana-zodhana darzana kA eka aMza mAtra hotA hai, darzana kA uddezya athavA pariNati nhiiN| jabaki koI bhI pUrvI darzana aisA nahIM, ki jo kevala vizva cintana karake hI saMtoSa dhAraNa karatA ho / pratyeka mukhya yA zAkhArupa pUrvI darzana jagata, jIvana aura Izvara saMbaMdhI apane viziSTa vicAra dikhalA karake aMta meM jIvana-zodhana kI prakriyA dikhalA kara hI apane dArzanika vivecana ko pUrNa karatA hai| tAtparya yaha hai, ki pUrvI darzanoM meM unakA saMpUrNa darzana hI jIvana-zodhana ke prazna ke girda pallavita hotA hai| isIlie hama pUrvI darzanoM meM pratyeka darzana ke mUla grantha meM prAraMbha meM mokSa kA uddezya aura aMta meM usakA hI upasaMhAra dekhate haiN| jaise ki vedAntasAra meM prAraMbha "akhaMDaM saccidAnandamavAGmAnasagocaram, AtmAnamakhilAdhAramAzraye bhiissttsiddhye|" samApti - "vimuktazca vimucyate ityAdi zruteH'" sAMkhyakArikA meM - prAraMbha - "duHkhatrayAbhidhAtAjjijJAsA tadapaghAtake haito|" samApti - aikAntika mAtyantamubhayaM kaivlyaamaapnoti| jaina darzana meM : prAraMbha - 'nibbANa seTThA jaha savva dhmmaa|" sUtrakRtAMga a6 samApti - 'samyagdarzana-jJAna-cAritrANi mokssmaargH|" tattvArtha 1/1 isa prakAra samasta pUrvI darzanoM meM jIvana zodhana evaM muktilAbha ke lakSya ko samAna rUpa se svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| jabaki pAzcAtya darzanoM meM Avazyaka rUpa se mokSa tattva ko sammilita nahIM kiyA gayA hai| jIvana-zodhana kA vicAra bhI naitika darzana kA aMza mAtra hai| pUrvI darzanoM kI bhA~ti vahA~ saMpUrNa darzana arthAta tattvajJAna, pramANa zAstra Adi darzana kI sabhI zAkhAoM kA vikAsa jIvana-zodha ke nimitta se na hokara kevala manavIya jijJAsA ke phalasvarUpa huA hai| pAzcAtya darzanoM meM tattva ciMtana kA vikAsa bhI jagata ke maulika svarUpa tathA usake AdhArabhUta tattvoM ko jAnane kI jijJAsA ke phalasvarUpa huA hai| jabaki pUrvI darzanoM ke antargata AtmA ke mUla svarUpa ko saMpUrNa rUpa se jAnane evaM usako prApta karane ke uddezya se tattvajJAna kA vikAsa huA hai| bhAratIya (pUrvI) darzana meM tattva-vicAra kA svarUpa : bhAratIya darzana AdhyAtmika ciMtana se ota-prota hai| kintu mAnava jisa bhautika jagata meM rahatA hai,

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336 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana usase pare jAkara nahIM varan vahIM se usakA dArzanika ciMtana prArambha hotA hai, jisakI antima pariNati bhautika jagata se pare ho sakatI hai| mAnava mastiSka ne vizva ke svarUpa ko vividha AyAmoM se jAnane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| isakA sAkSI Rgveda se lekara upaniSad aura bAda kA samasta dArzanika sUtra aura TIkA sAhitya hai| inake atirikta jaina aura bauddha darzana bhI isI bAta kA pramANa hai| Rgveda ke dIrghatamA RSi vizva ke mUla kAraNa aura svarUpa kI khoja meM lIna hokara prazna karate haiM, ki isa vizva kI utpatti kaise huI hai, ise kauna jAnatA hai? koI aisA jo jAnakAra se pUchakara patA lagAve? vaha phira kahate haiM, ki maiM to nahIM jAnatA, kiMtu khoja meM idhara-udhara vicaratA hU~, to vacana ke dvArA satya ke darzana hote haiN| khoja karate dIrghatamA ne anta meM kaha diyA ki, "ekaM sadviprA bahudhA vdnti|" sat to eka hI hai, kintu vidvAn usakA varNana kaI prakAra se karate haiN| arthAt eka hI tattva ke viSaya meM nAnA prakAra se vivecana kiyA gayA hai| dIrghatamA ke isa udgAra meM hI manuSya svabhAva kI usa vizeSatA kA hameM darzana hotA hai, jise hama samanvayazIlatA kahate haiN| isI samanvayazIlatA kA zAstrIya rUpa jaina darzana sammata syAdvAda yA anekAntavAda hai| nAsAdIya sUkta ke eka RSi jagata ke Adi kAraNa rUpa usa parama gaMbhIra tattva ko jaba na sat kahanA cAhate haiM aura na asat / taba yaha nahIM samajhanA cAhiye ki, vaha RSi ajJAnI yA saMzayavAdI the, apitu itanA hI samajhanA cAhiye, ki RSi ke pAsa usa parama tattva ke prakAzana ke lie upayukta zabda na the| zabda kI itanI zakti nahIM hai, ki vaha parama tattva ko saMpUrNa rUpa se prAkAzita kara ske| isalie RSi ne kaha diyA, ki usa samaya na sat thA na asat / zabda-zakti kI isa maryAdA ke svIkAra meM se hI syAdvAda kA aura asvIkAra meM se hI ekAntavAdoM kA janma hotA hai| vizva ke kAraNa kI jijJAsA meM se aneka virodhI matavAda utpanna hue| jagata kA mUla kAraNa kyA hai? vaha sat hai aura asat? sat hai to puruSa hai yA puruSatara-jala, vAyu, agni, AkAza Adi meM se koI eka hai yA phira sabhI? / pratyeka darzana apane-apane dRSTikoNa se ina tattvamImAMsIya samasyAoM kA samAdhAna karane kA prayAsa karatA hai| vibhinna dArzanika apanI bauddhika va AdhyAtmika pahu~ca ke anurUpa hI vibhinna rUpoM meM paramasattA kA vivecana karate haiN| usI paramasattA ke AdhAra para hI saMpUrNa dRSTi kA vivecana karate haiN| kucha dArzanika eka hI paramasattA meM vizvAsa karate haiM, yathA advaitavedAntI ekamAtra brahma ko hI mUla sattA mAnate haiN| kucha darzanoM meM anekAtmaka sattA kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai, to koI do paramasattAoM yathA jar3a va cetana meM vizvAsa karate haiM, jaise sAMkhya darzana / isake atirikta svarUpa kI dRSTi se kucha dArzanika sattA ko parivartanazIla mAnate haiM, to kucha kUTastha nitya hI mAnate haiN|

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tattva mImAMsA * 337 uparyukta matoM meM sattA ke svarUpa kA vivecana ekAntika rUpa se hI kiyA gayA hai| jaina darzana meM sattA kA svarUpa samanvayAtmaka hai, jo unake anekAntavAda para AdhArita hai| jaina tattva vicAra kI prAcInatA : vaidika aura bauddha dArzanika pUrva bhUmikA ke pazcAt jaina darzana ke tattva vicAroM kA vivecana kreNge| cU~ki jainadarzana kisI eka dArzanika dvArA praNIta nahIM hai| varan jaina anuzruti ke anusAra 24 tIrthaMkara jaina darzana ke praNetA hai| pratyeka tIrthaMkara apane samaya meM paramparA se cale A rahe dArzanika siddhAntoM ko hI apane kAlAnusAra navIna rUpa se pratipAdita karate rahe haiN| yadyapi sabhI ke dvArA praNIta dArzanika paramparA eka sI hI hotI hai| pratyeka tIrthaMkara apane se pUrva hue tIrthaMkara dvArA pratipAdita paramparA ko hI punarutthita karate haiN| phira bhI vaha sarvathA maulika hI hotA hai, kyoMki pratyeka tIrthaMkara apane AtmajJAna ke dvArA samasta viSayoM ko jAnate haiM, kevalajJAna ke rUpa meM aura usa svajJAna ko pratipAdita karate haiN| pUrva ke tIrthaMkaroM ke dvArA pratipAdita jJAna ko zruti dvArA jAnakara usakA pracAra nahIM krte| cU~ki kevala jJAna athavA AtmajJAna saMpUrNa jJAna hai, usakA svarUpa eka hI hai| ataH dIrghakAlIna antarAla ke bAvajUda sabhI tIrthaMkaroM ne eka hI dArzanika paramparA ko pratipAdita kiyA hai| isa prakAra saMpUrNa jaina darzana kI bhA~ti hI jaina tattva-vicAra bhI bhagavAna mahAvIra ke pUrva se hI vidyamAna the| jaina anuzruti ke anusAra bhagavAna mahAvIra ne kisI naye tattva darzana kA pratipAdana nahIM kiyA thA varan unase 250 varSa pahale hone vAle tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha ke tattva vicAra kA hI pracAra kiyA hai| bhagavAna pArzvanAtha dvArA prarupita AcAra paramparA meM to bhagavAna mahAvIra ne kucha parivartana kie, jisakA jJAna hameM AgamoM se hI hotA hai| kiMtu pArzvanAtha ke tattvajJAna se unakA koI matabheda jainAgamoM meM bhI nahIM batAyA gayA hai| isase yaha siddha ho jAtA hai, ki jaina tattva vicAra ke mUla tattva pArzvanAtha jitane to purAne avazya hai| jaina anuzruti to ise isase bhI Age le jAtI hai| usake anusAra apane se pahale hue zrI kRSNa ke samakAlIna tIrthaMkara ariSTanemi ne prAgaitihAsika kAla meM hone vAle naminAtha kI paramparA ko svIkAra kiyaa| isa prakAra vaha anazruti hameM RSabhadeva jo ki bharata cakravartI ke pitA the, taka pahu~cA detI hai| vartamAna veda se lekara upaniSad paryaMta saMpUrNa sAhitya kA mUla srota RSabhadeva praNIta jaina tattva-vicAra meM hI hai| isa jaina anuzruti ke prAmANya ko aitihAsika dRSTi se siddha karanA saMbhava nahIM hai, kyoMki madhyakAlIna tIrthaMkaroM kA saMpUrNa vivecana hameM prApta nahIM hotA hai| phira bhI RSabhadeva kI prAmANikatA to vedoM evaM purAtAtvika AdhAroM para siddha ho hI cukI hai| ataH anuzruti pratipAdita jaina tattva vicAra kI prAcInatA meM saMdeha kA koI sthAna nahIM hai| jaina tattva vicAra kI svataMtratA isI se siddha hai, ki upaniSadoM meM anya darzana-zAstra

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338 jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana ke bIja milate haiM, jabaki jaina tattvavicAra ke bIja nahIM milte| isa prakAra jaina darzana kA upaniSad - pratipAdita aneka matoM se pArthakya aura svAtaMtrya svayaMsiddha hai / jaina darzana meM tattva-mImAMsA ( dravya- vicAra ) : tattva athavA dravya kA bodha jIvana kI prakriyA kA mUlabhUta aMga hai / zramaNa saMskRti meM tatva nirupaNa kA uddezya mAtra jijJAsA pUrti nahIM hai, varan cAritra lAbha hai| isa jJAnadhArA kA upayoga, sAdhaka Atmavizuddhi ke lie aura pratibandhaka tattvoM ke uccheda ke lie karatA hai / jaina dharma vaijJAnika dharma hai / usakA sAhitya nigUr3ha vaijJAnika mImAMsA prastuta karatA hai| dravya vyavasthA jaina vijJAna kA vilakSaNa AviSkAra hai| Adhunika vaijJAnika anusaMdhAna jaina vijJAna ke akATya tathyoM kI satyatA ko pramANita karatA jA rahA hai| jaina tattvajJAna aura Adhunika vijJAna kI samatAe~ aneka bAra vidvAnoM ke vismaya kA viSaya bana jAtI hai| bhautika sAdhanoM dvArA tattva anveSaNa karane vAle vaijJAnikoM se AtmajJAnI mahAtmA kahIM Age bhI bar3ha gaye, yahI to Atma sAkSAtkAra karane vAle divya draSTAoM kA camatkAra haiM 1 jahA~ donoM ke tattva nirupaNa meM bahuta kucha sAmya hai, vahIM se donoM ke uddezya meM bahuta bar3A vaiSamya bhI hai| jaina dharma ke anusAra tattvajJAna mukti lAbha kA eka anivArya sAdhana hai, jabaki vijJAna kA lakSya vijJAna hI hai / arthAt vijJAna kA anveSaNa kevala yaha jAnane ke lie hotA hai, ki vaha parama tattva athavA paramasattA kyA hai, jisake AdhAra para yaha vividha rupAtmaka sRSTi saMracita hai, avasthita hai aura gatimAna hai| - loka vyavasthA kA AdhAra ( sattA kA svarUpa ) : jaina darzana meM isa loka vyavasthA ke maulika AdhAra athavA paramasattA ko dravya kahA gayA hai| aba prazna uThatA hai, ki 'dravya kyA hai?' dravya zabda dravya dhAtu se niSpanna hai, jisakA artha hai, dravita honA, pravAhita honA saMsAra ke samasta padArtha utpanna hote haiM, samaya pAkara naSTa hote haiM, phira bhI unakA pravAha satata gati se calatA hI rahatA hai| isa prakAra sattA kA svarUpa utpAda, vyaya tathA dhrauvyAtmaka kahA gayA hai|" utpanna honA, naSTa honA evaM apane mUla svarUpa meM dhruva rahanA, yahI dravya hai| '"davvaM sallakkhaNiyaM uppAda vvaya dhuvattasaMjutaM / guNapajjayAsayaM vA jaMtaM bhaNNaMti savvaNhU // ' 9977 arthAt jo sat lakSaNa vAlA hai, jo utpAda - vyaya - dhrauvya saMyukta hai athavA jo guNa paryAyoM kA Azraya hai, use sarvajJa dravya kahate haiM / samasta dravyoM kA eka sAmAnya lakSaNa sat hai / sat astitva kA sUcaka hai aura astItva svabhAva ko hI sattA kahate haiM / isa prakAra astitva sAmAnya kI dRSTi se saba dravya eka ho jAte haiM / arthAt jagata kI eka hI mUla sattA hai aura vaha dravya hai / pratyeka dravya kI sAmAnya sattA usI dravya meM vidyamAna rahatI hai / sattA aura dravya pRthak-pRthak

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tattva mImAMsA* 339 nahIM hai, unameM bAhya saMbaMdha nahIM hai| aisA kabhI nahIM hai, ki astitva bichI huI cAdara kI taraha eka akhaNDa cIja ho aura usa para baiThe hue manuSyoM kI taraha saba dravya hoM jo usa sattA sAmAnya ko svIkAra karate hue bhI usase pRthak hai| dravya tathA sattA to sUrya evaM usake prakAza ke samAna hai| koI bhI dravya sattA vihina na to kabhI huA hai, na hI hai aura na hI hogA, kyoMki sattA dravya kA svabhAva hai| jo sattAvihIna hai, vaha dravya hI nahIM hai, jaise vaMdhyAputra / isa prakAra sattA ke rUpa meM dravya ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| yadyapi samasta dravya pRthak-pRthak astittvamAna hai, kintu astitva sAmAnya kI dRSTi se arthAt sabhI dravyoM meM eka hI prakAra kI sattA hone se saba dravya eka tathA unakI sattA bhI eka kahI gaI hai|" dravya pratikSaNa pariNamana karatA hai| vaha eka paryAya rUpa se naSTa hokara anya paryAya rUpa meM utpanna hotA hai, phira bhI apane mUla svarUpa meM dhruva hI rahatA hai| yahA~ eka bAta dhyAna dene yogya hai, ki kisI bhAva arthAt sat kA AtyAMtika vinAza nahIM hotA aura na hI kisI abhAva arthAt asat kA utpAda hotA hai| sabhI dravya apane guNa aura paryAya rUpa se utpAda, vyaya karate rahate haiN| loka meM jitane sata (dravya) haiM, ve traikAlika sata haiN| unakI saMkhyA meM parivartana nahIM hotaa| unakI guNa-paryAyoM meM parivartana avazyambhAvI hai, usakA koI apavAda nahIM ho sktaa| ___ dravya ke isa utpAda-vyaya dhrauvyAtmaka svarupa ko eka udAharaNa ke dvArA bahuta acchI taraha samajhA jA sakatA hai| jaise eka svarNakAra eka svarNakaMgana ko galAkara usase svarNahAra banAtA hai| taba hAra kI utpatti hotI hai, kaMgana kA nAza hotA hai tathA donoM hI avasthAoM meM mUla tatva svarNa sthira rupa se vidyamAna rahatA hai| ___tAtparya yaha hai, ki utpatti aura vinAza kI avirata gatizIla dhArA meM bhI padArtha kA mUla sthayI rahatA hai| isI jJAna ko bhagavAna mahAvIra ne 'mAtRkA tripadI" kahA hai| ina tIna aMzoM kA samanvaya honA hI sat kA lakSaNa hai| isa asIma aura ananta vizva kA kaNa-kaNa tInoM aMzoM se samanvita hai, jisameM yaha tInoM aMza nahIM, aisI vastu kI sattA saMbhava nahIM hai| ___hama jise vastu kahate haiM, usameM tIna aMza vidyamAna hote haiM- dravya, guNa aura pryaay|" vastu kA nitya aMza dravya hai, sahabhAvI aMza guNa hai tathA kramabhAvI aMza paryAya hai| eka udAharaNa dvArA ina tInoM kA svarupa samajheM- jIva dravya hai, usakA sadA vidyamAna rahane vAlA jJAna, caitanya guNa hai aura manuSya, pazu, kITa, pataMga Adi dazAe~ paryAya haiM / yaha tInoM aMza sadaiva paraspara anusyUta rahate haiM aura vastu kahalAte haiM / saMkSepa meM dravya vaha hai, jo guNa aura paryAya se yukta ho, athavA jo utpAda aura vinAza se yukta hokara bhI apane mUla svabhAva kA tyAga na karane ke kAraNa dhruva ho| vastuoM meM pAyI jAne vAlI bhinnatA do prakAra kI hotI hai-'anyatvarupa' tathA

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340 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana 'pRthkrup'| dUdha aura dahI kI bhinnatA anyatva rupa aura kAgaja tathA kalama kI bhinnatA pRthakatva rupa hai| dUdha aura dahI ke paryAya meM antara hai, magara mUla dravya-pradezoM meM nahIM, jabaki kAgaja aura kalama ke pradeza mUlataH pRthak-pRthak haiN| manuSya bAlaka hai, yuvA hai, vRddha hai| ina dazAoM meM anyatva to hai, kintu pRthakatva nahIM, kyoMki ina tIna avasthAoM meM mUlataH manuSya eka hI hai| dravya, guNa aura paryAya meM bhI pRthakatva rupa bhinnatA nahIM haiN| dravya kI vaha anAdinidhana zaktiyA~ jo dravya meM vyApta hokara vartamAna rahatI hai, guNa kahalAtI haiM, aura utpanna-vinaSTa hone vAle vividha pariNAma 'paryAya' kahalAte haiN| ina donoM kA samUha dravya kahalAtA hai| maulika evaM tAtvika dRSTi se vizva kA vizeSaNa kiyA jAe, to do dravya upalabdha hote haiM- cetana aura jdd'|" katipaya dArzanika jagata ke mUla meM eka mAtra caitanyamaya tatva kI sattA aMgIkAra karate haiM, to dUsare eka mAtra jar3a tatva kii| lekina jaina darzana na advaitavAdI haiM, aura na anaatmvaadii| ataeva vaha donoM tatvoM ke svatantra astitva ko svIkAra karatA hai| jar3a tatva meM itanI vividhatA aura vyApakatA hai, ki use samajhane ke lie thor3e pRthakkraNa kI AvazyakatA hotI hai| ataH usako pAMca bhAgoM meM vibhakta kara diyA gayA hai| jIva ke sAtha una pA~ca prakAra ke ajIvoM kI gaNanA karane se sat padArthoM athavA dravyoM kI saMkhyA chaha ho jAtI hai, jo nimnalikhita hai- 1. jIva, 2. pudgala, 3. dharmAstikAya, 4. adharmAstikAya, 5. AkAza, 6. kaal| yaha samagra carAcara loka inhIM SadravyoM kA prapaMca hai| inake atirikta anya kucha bhI nahIM hai| dravya nitya hai, ataeva loka bhI nitya hai| usakA kisI bhI bhautika lokottara zakti dvArA nirmANa nahIM kiyA gayA hai| unake kAraNoM se samaya-samaya para usameM parivartana huA karate haiM, kintu mUla-dravyoM kA na nAza hotA hai aura na utpAda hii| isI kAraNa jaina dharma aneka paramAtmA (mukta-AtmAoM) kI sattA svIkAra karatA huA bhI unheM sRSTi kartA nahIM maantaa| jIva, pudgala Adi ko dravya kahane kA kAraNa, unakA vividha pariNAmoM se dravita honA hai| pariNAma yA paryAya ke binA dravya nahIM rahatA aura binA dravya ke padArtha kA astitva nahIM hotaa| pariNamanoM ke prakAra : dravya (sat) ke pariNAma do prakAra ke hote haiM- eka svabhAvAtmaka aura dUsarA vibhAva rup| dharmadravya, adharmadravya, AkAzadravya aura ananta kAlANudravya ye sadA zuddha svabhAva rupa pariNamana karate haiN| inameM pUrva paryAya naSTa hokara bhI jo nayI uttara paryAya utpanna hotI hai, vaha sadRza aura svabhavAtmaka hI hotA hai, usameM vilakSaNatA nahIM aatii| pratyeka dravya meM eka 'agurulaghu' guNa yA zakti hai, jisake kAraNa dravya kI samatulA banI rahatI hai, vaha na to guru hotA hai aura na lghu|

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tattva mImAMsA* 341 yaha guNa dravya kI nijarupa meM sthira-maulikatA kAyama rakhatA hai| isI guNa meM ananta bhAga vRddhi Adi SaDguNI hAni-vRddhi hotI rahatI hai, jisase ye dravya apane dhauvyAtmaka pariNAmI svabhAva ko dhAraNa karate haiM aura kabhI apane dravyatva ko nahIM choddte| inameM kabhI bhI vibhAva yA vilakSaNa pariNamana nahIM hotA aura na kahane yogya koI aisA pharka AtA hai, jisase prathama kSaNa ke pariNamana se dvitIya kSaNa ke pariNamana kA bheda batAyA jA ske| jaba hama eka sat- pudgala paramANu meM pratikSaNa parivartana ko usake skandhAdi kAryoM dvArA jAnate haiM, eka sat-AtmA meM jJAnAdi guNoM ke parivartana ko svayaM anubhava karate haiM tathA dRzya vizva meM sat kI utpAda, vyaya, dhrauvyazIlatA pramANasiddha hai, taba loka ke kisI bhI sat ko utpAdAdi se rahita hone kI kalpanA nahIM kI jA sktii| isa prakAra loka meM ananta sat svayaM apane svabhAva ke kAraNa paraspara nimitta naimittika banakara pratikSaNa parivartita hote haiN| unameM paraspara kArya kAraNa bhAva bhI banate haiN| bAhya aura AbhyAntara sAmagrI ke anusAra samasta kArya utpanna hote aura naSTa hote haiN| pratyeka dravya apane meM paripUrNa aura svataMtra hai| vaha apane guNa aura paryAya kA svAmI hai aura apanI paryAyoM kA aadhaar| eka dravya dUsare dravya meM koI nayA pariNamana nahIM lA sktaa| jaisA ki samayasAra meM kundakundAcArya ne likhA hai", ki ___ 'aNNadavieNa aNNadavvassaNo kIrade gunnuppaado| tamhA du savvadavvA uppajante shaavenn||' arthAta- eka dravya dUsare dravya meM koI bhI guNotpAda nahIM kara sktaa| sabhI dravya apane-apane svabhAva se utpanna hote haiN| yaha vizva jo SaDdravyoM se nirmita hai, vaha ina dravyoM ke guNoM kI AsthAoM ke nirantara parivartana se hI parivartanazIla dikhAI detA hai| ina dravyoM meM se dharma, adharma, AkAza evaM kAla ye cAra dravya sadaiva zuddha avasthA meM hI pAye jAte haiM, inake pariNamana sadaiva eka se hote haiM, unameM bAharI prabhAva nahIM AtA, kyoMki inameM vaibhAvika zakti nahIM hai| zuddha jIvoM meM bhI vaibhAvika zakti kA sadA svAbhAvika pariNamana hI hotA hai| kintu jIva aura pudgala kI mizra yA azuddha avasthA ke kAraNa hI saMsAra, duHkha, bandhana evaM mokSa hote haiM tathA isalie inakI vyAkhyA kI AvazyakatA utpanna huii| vibhinna darzanoM ne bhinna-bhinna prakAra se jIva aura pudgala ke saMbaMdhoM evaM sambandhaviccheda ke siddhAnta pratipAdita kie haiN| jaina darzana ke anusAra saMsArI jIva tathA pudgala dravya meM vaibhAvikI zakti hotI hai| ataH ye svabhAva tathA vibhAva donoM prakAra se pariNamana karate haiN| vibhAva pariNamana kA tAtparya yaha nahIM hai, ki eka dravya ke pariNamana dUsare sajAtIya yA vijAtIya dravya rupa ho jAe aura apanI paryAya paramparA kA ullaMghana kara jAe, varan sirpha itanA hI,

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342 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana ki jisa prakAra kI sAmagrI jisa samaya upasthita hotI hai, usakI zakti kI taratamatA se vaise-vaise upAdAna badalatA jAtA hai| nimitta bhUta sAmagrI kisI sarvathA asadbhUta pariNamana ko usa dravya meM nahIM laatii| kintu usa dravya ke jo zakya-saMbhAvya pariNamana haiM, unhIM meM se usa paryAya se hone vAlA amuka pariNamana utpanna ho jAtA hai| jaise pratyeka pudgala aNu meM samAna rupa se pudgala janya yAvat pariNamanoM kI yogyatA hai| pratyeka aNu apanI skandha avasthA meM kapar3A bana sakatA hai, sonA bana sakatA hai, ghar3A bana sakatA hai aura patthara bana sakatA hai tathA taila ke AkAra kA ho sakatA hai| parantu lAkha prayatna karane para bhI patthara rupa pudgala se taila nahIM nikala sakatA, yadyapi taila pudgala kI hI paryAya hai| lekina jaba patthara skandha ke pudgalANu khirakara miTTI meM mila jAe~ aura khAda banakara taila ke paudhe meM pahu~cakara tila bIja bana jAe~ to usase taila nikala sakatA hai| tAtparya yaha hai, ki pudgalANuoM meM samAna zakti hone para bhI vizeSa skandhoM se sAkSAt unhIM kAryoM kA vikAsa ho sakatA hai, jo usa paryAya se zakya hoM aura jinakI nimitta sAmagrI upasthita ho| ataH saMsArI jIva aura pudgaloM kI sthiti usa moma jaisI hai, jise saMbhava sAMcoM meM DhAlA jA sakatA hai aura jo vibhinna sA~coM meM Dhalate jAte haiN| "tabhAvaH prinnaamH| arthAt usa sat kA usI rupa meM honA, apanI sImA meM hI pratikSaNa paryAya rupa se pravAhamAna honA hI pariNAma hai| jaina darzana ne isI AdhAra para jagata kI parivartanazIlatA kI samucita vyAkhyA kI hai| sattA ko na to bauddha dArzanikoM kI bhA~ti sarvathA kSaNika hI mAnA hai aura na advaita-vedAntiyoM aura upaniSad vAdiyoM kI bhA~ti sarvathA nitya hii| yadi vastu ko sarvathA nitya mAneM to kramabhAvI bhAvoM kA abhAva hone se vikAra (pariNAma, parivartana)kA abhAva ho jAtA aura jagata parivartanazIla nahIM sthira hotaa| isake viparIta yadi vastu sarvathA kSaNika hotI, to pratyabhijJAna arthAt 'jo vastu pahale pratyakSa huI vaha vahI vastu hai|' isa jJAna kA abhAva ho jaataa| isase dhArAvAhikatA samApta ho jAtI aura jJAna asaMbhava ho jaataa| isa prakAra sattA meM utpAda-vyaya-dhruvatA ke lakSaNa kI tArkika yuktiyuktatA ko spaSTa kiyA hai tathA upaniSadoM evaM bauddha darzana donoM ke ekAntika matoM kA khaNDana kiyA hai| jaina darzana meM sattA ko utpAda-vyaya-dhrauvyAtmikA kahakara usakI pariNAmI nityatA svIkAra kI hai| dravya kI dRSTi se sattA ko eka kahA hai, jo samasta vizva meM samasta padArthoM meM vyApta hai, ananta paryAyamaya hai tathA sAtha hI sapratipakSa hai| arthAt sattA niraMkuza nahIM hai, varan usakA bhI viruddha pakSa vidyamAna hai| sattA ko "sappaDivakkhA" kahakara sattA kA nirupaNa niSedha vidhi se kiyA hai| arthAt yadi sattA ke abhAva kA astitva kahIM hai, to vaha bhI sattArupa hI hogA, kyoMki astitva to apane Apa meM hI sattA ko nihita karatA hai| jaise kisI dravya ko usakI samagratA meM

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tattva mImAMsA * 343 jAnane ke lie usa dravya kI sattA ko usake svacatuSTaya ke sadbhAva ke rupa meM jAnA jA sakatA hai| isa prakAra sapratipakSa hone ke kAraNa sattA dvividha kahI gaI hai- 1. mahAsattA (sAdRzyAstitva), 2. avAntara sattA (svarupAstitva) dravyArthika dRSTi se sattA ko mahAsattA kahA gayA hai, jisakI vyAkhyA samasta dravyoM ke sAmAnya svarupa kI dRSTi se kI gaI hai| paryAyArthika dRSTi se sattA ko avAntara sattA kahA gayA hai, jisake antargata viziSTa dravya kI dRSTi se sattA kI vyAkhyA kI jAtI hai| sattA kI sapratipakSatA kA kathana vyavahAranaya se hI kiyA gayA hai| nizcayanaya se to sattA eka hI hai| yahA~ sattA ke vivecana meM anekAntavAda zailI kA saMketa milatA hai| sApekSa dRSTi se hI sattA ko sapratipakSa kahA gayA hai| sattA ke sapratipakSa svarupa ko dvandvAtmaka kahA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki donoM hI sattAe~ eka dUsare ke virodha yA niSedha ko abhivyakta karatI haiM, ise isa prakAra se samajhAyA gayA hai1. mahAsattA avAntara sattArupa se asattA hai aura avAntara sattA mahAsattA rupa se asattA hai| 2. mahAsattA utpAda-vyaya-dhrauvya aise tIna lakSaNa vAlI hai aura avAntara sattA tInoM hI saMdarbha meM eka lakSaNA hone se atrilakSaNA hai| 3. mahAsattA samasta padArtha samUha meM eka sat rupa meM hI vidyamAna hai, jabaki avAntara sattA pratyeka vastu kI alaga-alaga hone se aneka hai| 4. sata svarupa mahAsattA samasta padArthoM meM vidyamAna haiM, jabaki pratyeka vastu kA viziSTa svarupa bhinna hotA hai, ataH usa vastu kI avAntara sattA usI meM sImita hotI hai, anya vastuoM meM nahIM pAyI jAtI hai| 5. mahAsattA samasta vizva meM sattA rupa se vidyamAna hone se savizvarupA hai, jabaki avAntara sattA viziSTa vastu taka hI sImita hotI hai| 6. mahAsattA sabhI paryAyoM meM sthita hone se ananta paryAyamaya hai, jabaki pratyeka paryAya kI avAntara sattA usa eka paryAyamaya hI hai| isa prakAra yaha sAmAnya vizeSAtmaka sattA sapratipakSa hai, jo sattA kI kUTastha nityatA kA khaNDana karake pariNAmI nityatA kA pratipAdana karatI hai| isa prakAra samagra rupa se isa jagata vyavasthA meM kucha bAteM niyata haiM, jinakA ullaMghana koI nahIM kara sakatA hai| yathA1. yaha niyata hai, ki jagata meM jitane sat haiM, unameM koI nayA sat utpanna nahIM ho sakatA aura na maujUdA sat kA samUla vinAza hI ho sakatA hai| ve sat haiM- ananta cetana, ananta pudgalANu, eka AkAza, eka dharmadravya, eka adharmadravya aura asaMkhya kaaldrvy| inakI saMkhyA meM na to eka kI vRddhi

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344*jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana hotI hai aura na eka kI kamI hI / anAdikAla se itane hI dravya the, haiM aura anantakAla taka rheNge| 2. pratyeka dravya apane nija svabhAva ke kAraNa purAnI paryAya ko chor3atA hai, naI ko grahaNa karatA hai aura apane pravAhI satva kI anuvRtti rakhatA hai| cAhe vaha zuddha ho yA azuddha, isa parivartana cakra se achUtA nahIM raha sakatA / koI bhI kisI bhI padArtha ke utpAda aura vyayarupa isa parivartana ko roka nahIM sakatA aura na itanA vilakSaNa pariNamana hI kara sakatA hai, ki vaha apane satva ko hI samApta kara de aura sarvathA ucchinna ho jaae| 3. koI bhI dravya kisI sajAtIya yA vijAtIya dravyAntara rupa se pariNamana nahIM kara sktaa| eka cetana na to acetana ho sakatA hai aura na cetAnAntara hI / vaha cetana 'taccettana' hI rahegA aura vaha acetana ' tadacetana' hI / 4. jisa prakAra do yA aneka acetana pudgala paramANu milakara eka saMyukta samAna skandharupa paryAya utpanna kara lete haiM, usa taraha se cetana milakara saMyukta paryAya utpanna nahIM kara sakate, pratyeka cetana kA sadA svatantra pariNamana rhegaa| 5. pratyeka dravya kI apanI mUla dravya- pa-zaktiyA~ aura yogyatAe~ samAna rupa se sunizcita hai, unameM hera-phera nahIM ho sktaa| koI naI zakti kAraNAntara se aisI nahIM A sakatI, jisakA astitva dravya meM na ho| isI taraha koI vidyamAna zakti sarvathA vinaSTa nahIM ho sakatI / 6. dravyagata zaktiyoM ke samAna hone para bhI amuka cetana yA acetana meM sthUlaparyAya-sambandhI amuka yogyatAe~ bhI niyata haiM / unameM jisakI sAmagrI mila jAtI hai, usakA vikAsa ho jAtA hai| jaise ki pratyeka pudgalANu meM pudgala kI sabhI dravya yogyAtAe~ rahane para bhI miTTI ke pudgala hI sAkSAt ghar3A bana sakate haiM, kaMkar3oM ke pudgala nahIM, tantu ke pudgala hI sAkSAt kapar3A bana sakate haiM, miTTI ke pudgala nahIM / yadyapi ghar3A aura kapar3A donoM hI pudgala kI paryAyeM haiN| hA~, kAlAntara meM paramparA se badalate hue miTTI ke pudgala bhI kapar3A bana sakate haiM, aura tantu ke pudgala bhI ghdd'aa| tAtparya yaha hai, ki- saMsArI jIva aura pudgaloM kI mUlataH samAna zaktiyA~ hone para bhI viziSTa sthUla paryAya meM vizeSa zaktiyA~ hI sAkSAt vikasita ho sakatI haiN| zeSa zaktiyA~ bAhya sAmagrI milane para bhI tatkAla vikasita nahIM ho sakatI / 7. yaha niyata hai, ki kisI dravya kI usa sthUla paryAya meM jitanI paryAyayogyatAe~ hai, unameM se hI jisa-jisakI anukUla sAmagrI milatI hai, usausakA vikAsa hotA hai, zeSa paryAya yogyatAe~ dravya kI mUla yogyatAoM kI

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tattva mImAMsA * 345 taraha sadbhAva meM hI rahatI hai| 8. yaha bhI niyata hai, ki- agale kSaNa meM jisa prakAra kI sAmagrI upasthita hogI, dravya kA pariNamana usase prabhAvita hogaa| sAmagrI ke antargata jo bhI dravya haiM, unake pariNamana bhI isa dravya se prabhAvita hoNge| jaise ki oNksijana ke paramANu ko yadi hAiDrojana kA nimitta nahIM milatA to vaha oNksijana ke rupa meM hI pariNamana karatA hai, kiMtu yadi hAiDrojana kA nimitta mila jAtA hai, to donoM kA hI jala rupa se parivartana ho jAtA hai| tAtparya yaha hai, ki pudgala aura saMsArI jIvoM ke pariNamana apanI tatkAlIna sAmagrI ke anusAra paraspara prabhAvita hote rahate haiN| kintu kevala yahI anizcita hai, ki agale kSaNa meM kisakA kyA pariNAma hogA? kaunasI paryAya kA vikAsa hogA? yA kisa prakAra kI sAmagrI upasthita hogI? yaha paristhiti aura yogAyoga para nirbhara karatA hai| yaha nizcita hai. ki koI bhI dravya apanI hI vividha paryAyoM meM pariNamana karatA hai| kisI anya dravya kI paryAya rupa pariNamana nahIM krtaa| jaise jIva jIva kI hI vividha paryAyoM jaise- manuSya, gAya, batakha Adi rUpa se pariNamana karatA hai, vastra yA ghaTa rupa se kabhI bhI jIva kA pariNamana nahIM hogaa| isI prakAra pudgala pudgala kI hI vividha paryAyoM jaise- vastra, tantu Adi rupa pariNamana karegA, manuSya, pazu Adi jIva paryAyoM ke rupa meM nhiiN| isa prakAra jaina darzana meM sAmAnya rupa se sattA ke pariNAmI nitya svarupa ko pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai| aba usake vizoSAtmaka svarupa kA adhyayana bhI Avazyaka Sadravya- nirupaNa : jaina darzana ne loka meM samasta padArthoM ko dravyAnusAra cha: vargoM meM vibhAjita kiyA hai- jIva, pudgala, dharma, adharma, AkAza aura kaal| ina cha: dravyoM meM se pratyeka dravya zeSa se pUrNataH bhinna haiM aura usakI svatantra sattA hai| dravya kI sattA kA paricAyaka usakA catuSTaya hai aura yaha catuSTaya hI usakI sImA nirdhArita karatA hai| sva-catuSTaya yA svadravya-kSetra-kAla-bhAva se pare yadi kisI dravya kI sattA hai, to vaha para dravya hai, jo svadravya se nitAnta bhinna hai| yadyapi ye dravya eka dUsare meM praveza karate haiM, eka dUsare ko avakAza dete haiM tathA paraspara dUdha-pAnI kI taraha mila jAte haiM, phira bhI ve kabhI bhI apane svabhAva ko nahIM choddte| paMcAstikAya-nirupaNa : jaina darzana ne samasta dravyoM ko bahupradezI astitva vAle tathA eka pradezI astitva vAle dravyoM meM vargIkRta kiyA hai| bahupradezI dravyoM ko pradeza pacaya hone se kAyavat kAya kahA jAtA hai| jIva, pudgala, dharma, adharma tathA AkAza dravya kAyavat astitva ke kAraNa paMcAstikAya kahalAte haiN| kAladravya eka

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346 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana pradezI hone se astikAya nahIM hai| paMcAstikAya astitva se niyata, ananyamaya tathA aNu-mahAna hai|" arthAt paryAyArthika naya se utpAda-vyaya-dhrauvyamayI sAmAnya-vizeSa sattA meM apane se kadAcita bhinna hone ke kAraNa astitva meM niyata haiN| dravyArthika naya se svayaMsat hone ke kAraNa ve astitva se ananya hai| aNumahAna kahane kA tAtparya hai, ki pradeza meM bar3e arthAt aneka pradezI hai| paMcAstikAya cAhe dravya rupa meM ho athavA zakti apekSA se ho aneka pradezI hote haiN| pudgala yadyapi aNurupa bhI hotA hai, kiMtu zakti kI apekSA se skandha rupa yA aneka pradezI bhI hotA hai| anya cAra dravya dravyarupa se hI aneka pradezI hote haiN| paMcAstikAya sahita kAladravya rupa se Sadravya ke sAmAnya svarupa ko jAnane ke pazcAt aba unake pRthaka-pRthak vizeSa svarupa ko samajhanA bhI Avazyaka hai| jIva dravyAstikAya : AtmA ke svarupa ke saMbaMdha meM dArzanikoM meM matabheda pAye jAte haiN| koI AtmA ko sarvavyApaka mAnate haiM, to koI aNurupa mAnate haiM, koI use svadeha pramANa batalAte haiN| koI AtmA ko aMguSTha mAtra mAnate haiN| koI AtmA ko nitya mAnate haiM, to koI anity| koI AtmA ko kartA aura bhokta mAnate haiM, to koI akartA mAnate haiN| jaina darzana ke anusAra AtmA upayogamaya, pariNAmI, nitya, amUrta, kartA, sAkSAt, bhoktA, svadeha parimANa, asaMkhyAta pradezI, paudgalika adRSTavAna hai| 'nANaM ca daMsaNaM ceva carittaM ca tavo thaa| vIriaM upaogo ya eyaM jIvassa lkkhnnN||20 jJAna, darzana, cAritra, tapa, vIrya aura upayoga- jIva ke lakSaNa haiN| jIva kA asAdhAraNa guNa, jisake kAraNa yaha anya dravyoM se pRthak siddha hotA hai| vaha cetanA (upayoga) hai| upayoga kA artha hai, bodharupa vyaapaar| upayoga do prakAra kA hai - jJAnopayoga tathA drshnaapyog| jJAnopayoga ko sAkAra upayoga kahA jAtA hai tathA darzanopayoga ko anAkAra upyog| sAkAra upayoga ke ATha bheda haiM-- 1. matijJAna, 2. zrutajJAna, 3. avadhijJAna, 4. manaH paryaya jJAna, 5. kevala jJAna, 6. mati-ajJAna, 7. zruta ajJAna va 8. vibhaMga jnyaan| anAkAra upayoga ke cAra bheda haiM- 1. cakSu darzana, 2. acakSu darzana, 3. avadhi darzana, 4. kevala drshn| netra janya sAmAnya bodha ko cakSu darzana kahate haiN|' netra ke atirikta anya kisI indriya yA mana se hone vAlA sAmAnya bodha acakSu darzana, 3. avadhi labdhi se mUrta padArthoM kA sAmAnya bodha avadhi darzana, 4. kevala labdhi se samasta padArthoM kA sAmAnya bodha kevala darzana hai| isa prakAra upayoga ke kula bAraha bheda jisa samaya caitanya 'svayaM' se bhinna kisI zreya ko jAnatA hai, usa samaya vaha

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tattva mImAMsA 347 'jJAna' kahalAtA hai| jaba caitanya mAtra caitanyAkAra rahatA hai, taba 'darzana' kahalAtA hai / dUsare zabdoM meM jo bodha grAhya vastu ko sAmAnya rupa se jAnane vAlA hotA hai, vaha anAkAropayoga hai| ise darzana yA nirvikalpaka bodha kahate haiM / jo bodha grAhya vastu ko vizeSa rupa se jAnane vAlA hotA hai, vaha sAkAropayoga hai| ise jJAna yA savikalpaka bodha kahA jAtA hai| upayoga ke ukta bAraha bhedoM meM se kevalajJAna aura kevaladarzana pUrNa vikasita cetana zakti ke vyApAra haiM aura zeSa apUrNa vikasita cetanA ke vyApAra haiM / kevalajJAna aura kevaladarzana rupa se upayoga bheda mAnane kA kAraNa kevala grAhya viSaya kI dvirupatA hai / arthAt pratyeka viSaya sAmAnya aura vizeSa rupa se ubhayasvabhAvI hai, isalie usako jAnane vAlA cetanA vyApAra bhI jJAna aura darzana ke rupa meM do prakAra kA hotA hai / cetanA zakti saba jIvoM meM samAna hone para bhI upayoga meM antara pAyA jAtA hai| upayoga kI yaha vividhatA bAhya - abhyAntara kAraNoM para AdhArita hai / viSaya bheda, indriyAdi sAdhanoM kA bheda, dezakAla bheda Adi bAhya-sAmagrI kI vividhatA hai aura AvaraNa kI tIvratA - mandatA kA tAratamya Antarika sAmagrI kI vividhatA hai| isa sAmagrI kI vividhatA se hI upayoga kI vividhatA A jAtI hai| phira bhI upayoga jIva kA aisA asAdhAraNa dharma hai, jo sabhI jIvoM meM pAyA jAtA hai| I pariNAmI nitya- jaina darzana meM AtmA ko pariNAmI nitya mAnA gayA hai| AtmA na to sarvathA nitya hai aura na sarvathA anitya / vaha Atma dravya kI apekSA nitya hai, to usakI vividha paryAyoM kI apekSA anitya hai / vividha paryAyoM meM hone vAle parivartanoM ke bAvajUda bhI Atmatatva dhrauvya hai| isake viparIta sAMkhya aura vedAnta darzana AtmA ko kUTastha nitya mAnate hai aura usameM koI pariNamana nahIM maante| ve jJAna, sukha, duHkhAdi pariNAmoM ko prakRti yA avidyA mAnate haiN| vaizaiSika aura naiyAyika AtmA ko ekAnta nitya (apariNAmI ) mAnate haiM / mImAMsaka bhI lagabhaga aisA hI mAnate haiM / ina sabase viparIta mAnyatA hai, bauddha darzana kI / bauddha darzana AtmA ko ekAnta kSaNika mAnatA hai / vaha AtmAdi padArtha ko niranvaya pariNAmoM kA pravAha mAtra mAnatA hai| I jaina darzana ina sabakA khaNDana karate hue kahatA hai, ki AtmA ko sarvathA nitya yA sarvathA anitya mAnane para usameM artha kriyA ghaTita nahIM ho sakatI / bandha-mokSa, Asrava-saMvara Adi koI vyavahAra saMgata nahIM ho skte| ataH AtmA ko ekAnta nitya yA ekAnta anitya na mAnakara pariNAmI nitya hI mAnanA caahie| aisA mAnane para hI sAre AdhyAtmika aura laukika vyavahAra sArthaka mAne jA sakate haiN| amUrta : jIva ko amUrta kahA gayA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra kahate haiM, ki 'he gautama jIva indriyoM ke dvArA nahIM jAnA jA sakatA, kyoMki vaha amUrta hai| amUrta hone se vaha nitya bhI hai| 22

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348 jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana 'jIva na dIrgha hai, na laghu hai, na gola hai, na trikoNa hai, na caukora hai, na parimaNDala hai / vaha na kAlA, na nIlA, na pIlA, na lAla aura na hI sapheda hai| vaha na sugandha yukta hai aura na durgandha yukta / vaha na tIkhA hai, na kasailA hai, na khaTTA hai, aura na mIThA hai| vaha na karkaza hai, na mRdu, na bhArI hai, na halkA, na ThaNDA, na garma, na cikanA, na rukhA hai| vaha kAyavAn nahIM hai, janma dharmA nahIM hai, niHsaMga hai, vaha na strI, na puruSa, na napuMsaka hai| vaha parijJA vAlA hai ( kevala darzana), saMjJA (kevala jJAna), vAlA hai| vaha upamA se atIta hai, vaha arupI (amUrta) sattA hai, vaha padAtIta ( zabdAtIta) hai| vaha na zabda hai, na rupa hai, na gandha hai, na rasa hai, aura na sparza hai|' isalie vaha indriyagrAhya nahIM hai| isa prakAra dravyArthika naya se to AtmA pudgala ke samasta guNoM se rahita hai / ataH apane zuddha svarupa kI dRSTi se to AtmA arupI aura amUrta haiM / kintu paryAyArthika naya se saMsAra - pariNata jIva paudgalika paryAyoM se saMyukta kahA gayA hai| jIva kA vartamAna vikAsa aura jIvana jina AhAra, zarIra, indriya, zvAsocchavAsa, bhASA aura mana paryAptiyoM ke sahAre hotA hai, ve saba paudgalika haiM / mumukSu jIva ko apane zuddha svarupa ko pAne ke lie jo sAdhanA karanI hotI hai, usake lie bhI use zarIrAdi paudgalika paryAyoM kA avalambana lenA par3atA hai| isa prakAra dIrghakAlIna saMsarga kI apekSA se jIva ko rupI bhI mAnA gayA hai| zarIrAdi kI kriyAe~ bhI jIva ke saMsarga se hI ho sakatI hai, anyathA nahIM / nirjIva zarIra Adi meM svayaM kriyA nahIM ho sakatI hai| isa prakAra cirakAla se jIva tathA pudgala eka dUsare ko prabhAvita karate haiM, tathA eka dUsare se saMyukta haiN| isa apekSA se zarIrAdi kI paudgalika kriyAoM ko AtmA kI paryAya bhI mAnA gayA hai, jaisA ki bhagavatI sUtra meM kahA gayA hai| " bhagavana! prANAtipAta, mRSAvAda, yAvat mithyAdarzanazalya viveka, autpattikI yAvat pariNAmikI buddhi, avagraha yAvat dhAraNA, utthAna-karma-bala-vIrya, puruSAkAra, parAkrama, nairAyikatva yAvat vaimAnikatva, jJAnAvaraNIya yAvat antarAya, kRSNa lezyA yAvat zukla lezyA, cakSudarzana Adi 4. matijJAna yAvat vibhaMga jJAna, AhArAdi saMjJA, audArikAdi zarIra, manoyogAdi yoga, sAkAropayoga anAkAropayoga tathA anya isa prakAra kI paryAyeM kyA AtmA kI paryAya kahI jA sakatI hai? hA~ gautama! ve saba paryAyeM AtmA kI hai, AtmA ke atirikta aisA pariNamana nahIM hotA hai| isa prakAra AtmA apane zuddha maulika rupa meM amUrtika ( arupI ) hai tathA paryAyArthika naya se paudgalika saMsarga ke kAraNa kathaJcita rupI bhI hai| svadeha parimANatva : jIva asaMkhyAta pradeza vAlA hai| cU~ki usakA anAdikAla se sUkSma kArmaNa zarIra se sambandha hai, ataH vaha karmodaya se prApta zarIra ke AkAra ke

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tattva mImAMsA 349 anusAra choTe- bar3e AkAra ko dhAraNa karatA hai| jisa jIva kA jitanA choTA yA bar3A zarIra hai, usa sAre zarIra meM AtmA ke asaMkhyAta pradeza vyApta rahate haiM / Atma pradezoM meM dIpaka kI prabhA ke samAna saMkoca yA vistAra kA guNa rahA huA hai / jaise dIpaka kI prabhA abhI kamare meM vyApta hai, usa dIpaka para yadi bar3e bartana kA AvaraNa DAla diyA jAye, to vaha prabhA bartana ke andara hI simaTa jaaegii| yadi bartana haTA liyA jAe, to vaha phira pUre kamare meM phaila jAtI hai| isI taraha Atma pradeza, saba jIvoM ke barAbara hone para bhI ve hAthI meM hAthI zarIra pramANa aura cIMTI meM cIMTI zarIra pramANa ho jAte haiM / jaina darzana ke anusAra AtmA zarIra rupa meM na hokara bhI svadeha parimANa hai / yaha sAmAnya sA niyama hai, ki jisa dravya ke guNa jahA~ pAye jAte haiM, usakA sadbhAva vahIM hotA hai, anyatra nahIM / jaise jahA~ ghaTAdi ke rupAdi guNa pAye jAte haiM, vahIM ghaTAdi kA astitva pAyA jAtA hai, anyatra nahIM / vaise hI AtmA ke jJAnAdi guNa zarIra ke bAhara nahIM dekhe jAte / jahA~ guNa nahIM hai, vahA~ guNI nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| ataH AtmA svadeha parimANa hai, svadeha se bAhara usakA astitva nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| vaidika darzanoM meM prAyaH AtmA ko amUrtta aura vyApaka svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| upaniSad meM AtmA ke sarvagata aura vyApaka hone kA jahA~ ullekha hai, vahA~ usake aMguSThamAtra tathA aNurupa hone kA bhI kathana haiN| ina donoM hI virodhI matoM kA jaina darzana ne khaNDana kiyA hai| eka hI vyApaka AtmA se eka hI samaya meM pRthak-pRthak jIvoM kI pRthak-pRthak anubhUtiyoM kI yukti yuktatA ko pramANita nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| tathA use aNu mAtra mAnane para eka hI samaya meM eka zarIra ke vibhinna aMgoM meM hone vAlI pRthak- pRthak anubhUtiyoM kA yuktipUrNa vivecana nahIM ho sktaa| ataH AtmA ko svadeha parimANa mAnanA hI aucitya pUrNa hai| isase donoM hI samasyAoM kA samAdhAna ho jAtA hai / karttA aura bhoktA : jaina darzana ke anusAra AtmA karmoM kA karttA hai tathA apane kie karmoM ke phala kA bhoktA bhI hai| jaisA ki Agama meM kahA gayA hai 44 appA kattA vikattA ya duhANaya suhaanny| appA mitta mamittaM ca dupaTThio supaTThio | "25 arthAt AtmA sukha aura duHkhoM kA karttA aura usake phala kA bhoktA hai| zubha meM pravRtta apanI AtmA apanI mitra hai, tathA duHkha meM pravRtta apanI AtmA apanI zatru hai| isa nirantara pariNAmI jagata meM pratyeka padArtha kA pariNamana cakra prApta sAmagrI se prabhAvita hokara aura anya ko prabhAvita karake pratikSaNa cala rahA hai| AtmA kI koI bhI kriyA cAhe vaha mana se vicArAtmaka ho, yA vacana vyavahAra rUpa ho, yA zarIra kI pravRtti rupa ho, apane kArmaNa zarIra meM aura Asa-pAsa ke vAtAvaraNa meM nizcita asara DAlatI hai| ataH jisa jIva ke dvArA jaise karma kie jAte haiM, unhIM ke pratiphaloM kA

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350 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana vaha jIva bhoktA hotA hai| sAMkhya kI taraha vaha akartA aura apariNAmI nahIM hai aura na prakRtti ke dvArA kie gae karmoM kA bhoktA hii| yadi AtmA karttA nahIM hai, to niSkriya AtmA karmaphala bhogane kI kriyA kaise kara sakatA hai| kartA koI aura ho tathA bhoktA koI aura ho, to yaha siddhAMta tarka saMgata bhI pratIta nahIM hotaa| ataH jaina darzana ne AtmA ko karttA aura bhoktA donoM hI mAnA hai| AtmA adRSTavAna hai : saMsArI AtmAe~ anAdikAla se kArmaNa vargaNAoM ke sambaddha hai| AtmA ke dvArA kie gae zubhAzubha karma adRSTa kA nirmANa karate haiM / usa adRSTa ke kAraNa hI AtmA ko zubhAzubha phala kI prApti hotI hai| hAni-lAbha, jIvana-maraNa, yaza-apayaza Adi acche-bure saba pariNAma adRSTa ke adhIna hote haiN| jagata meM pAyA jAne vAlA vaiSamya aura vaicitrya adRSTa karma ke nimitta se hI hai| pratyeka saMsAravartI AtmA apane adRSTa se baMdhA huA hai, yadyapi vaha adRSTa bhI usI ke dvArA nirmita kiyA gayA hai| jIva ko zubhAzubha phala dene vAlI koI Izvara jaisI sattA nahIM hai, varan usakA svayaM kA nirmita adRSTa hai| isIlie saMsAravartI AtmA ko paudgalika adRSTavAna kahA gayA hai| manuSya apanI kriyAoM se jitane gahare yA uthale saMskAra, prabhAva aura vAtAvaraNa apanI AtmA para DAlatA hai, usI ke tAratamya se jIvoM kA iSTAniSTa cakra calatA hai| tatkAla kisI kArya kA ThIka kArya-kAraNa bhAva hamArI samajha meM na bhI Ae, para koI bhI kArya akAraNa nahIM ho sakatA, yaha eka aTala siddhAnta hai| isI taraha jIvana aura maraNa ke krama meM bhI kucha hamAre purAne saMskAra aura kucha saMskAra prerita pravRttiyA~ tathA loka kA jIvana-vyApAra saba milakara kAraNa banate haiN| isa prakAra se spaSTa hai, ki saMsArI AtmAe~ kArmANa-pudgaloM se kitanA adhika prabhAvita hai, isIlie jIvoM ko podgalika adRSTavAna kahA gayA hai| isa prakAra jIva dravya upayogamaya, pariNAmI nitya, amUrta, karttA, bhoktA, svadeha parimANa, asaMkhyAt pradezI tathA paudgalika adRSTavAna Adi guNoM se yukta hai| jIvoM ke bheda : loka meM ananta jIva haiN| ve saba svabhAvataH samAna zaktiyoM ke dhAraka haiM, kintu karmoM evaM AvaraNoM ne unameM anekarupatA utpanna kara dI hai| usake AdhAra para mukhyataH jIva ke do bheda batAe gae haiM- mukta aura saMsArI jiiv| jo jIva karma-bandhanoM se baMdhe hue nAnA yoniyoM se zarIra dhAraNa karake janmamaraNa rupa se saMsaraNa kara rahe haiM, ve saMsArI jIva kahalAte haiN| jo samasta karma-saMskAroM se chUTakara apane zuddha caitanya svarupa meM avasthita haiM tathA svarupa ramaNa meM lIna haiM, ve siddha yA mukta kahalAte haiN| mukta (siddha) jIva : jaba saMsArI jIva samasta karma-klezoM se aura sAMsArika upAdhiyoM se chUTa jAtA hai, taba vaha apane svabhAva se Urdhvagamana karatA huA lokAgra

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tattva mImAMsA * 351 bhAga meM jAkara sthita ho jAtA hai| jIva kA sahaja svabhAva urdhvagamana karane kA hai| karmoM ke bhAra se bhArI hokara hI vaha adhogamana yA tiryaka gamana karatA hai| jaba karmoM kA saMbaMdha nahIM rahatA hai, taba vaha apanI svAbhAvika urdhvagati karatA hai| samasta zarIra ke bandhanoM ko toDakara lokAgra meM jA pahu~catA hai aura vahIM anantakAla taka zuddha caitanya svarupa meM pariNamana karatA hai| yadyapi jIva kA svabhAva Upara kI ora gati karane kA hai, kintu gati meM sahAyaka dharmastikAya cUMki loka ke antima bhAga taka hI hai, ataH jIva kI gati lokAgra taka hI hotI hai, Age nhiiN| ___ siddhoM ke ATha guNa : siddha bhagavAna meM mukhya rupa se ATha guNa batAe gae haiM 1. samagra jJAnAvaraNIya karma kA kSaya hone se ananta kevalajJAna guNa prakaTa hotA 2. samagra darzanAvaraNIya karma ke kSaya se ananta kevala darzana guNa prakaTa hotA hai| 3. vedanIya karma ke samUla kSaya hone se nirAbAdha guNa prakaTa hotA hai| 4. do prakAra ke mohanIya karma ke naSTa hone se kSAyika-samyaktva-svarUparamaNa rUpa kSAyika cAritra prakaTa hotA hai| 5. cAroM prakAra ke AyuSya karma kA kSaya hone se ajara-amara guNa prakaTa hotA hai| 6. zubha-azubha nAma karma ke kSaya se amUrtatva guNa prakaTa hotA hai| 7. do prakAra ke gautra karma ke kSINa hone se apalakSaNa rahitatva guNa prakaTa hotA hai| 8. pA~ca prakAra ke antarAya karma ke kSaya se ananta zaktimatva guNa prakaTa hotA hai| siddha samasta prakAra kI paudgalika paryAyoM se atIta haiN| ataH unameM na varNa hai, na gandha hai, na rasa hai, na sparza hai| na unakA koI saMsthAna yA AkAra hai| na vahA~ zarIra hai, na kisI prakAra kA saMga hai, na veda hai, na lezyA hai| vahA~ zabdoM kI gati bhI nahIM hai| siddha paramAtmA kA varNana karane meM koI zabda samartha nahIM hai, koI tarka vahA~ taka nahIM pahu~catA, buddhi usako grahaNa nahIM kara sktii| kevala saMpUrNa jJAnamaya AtmA hI siddhAvasthA meM hai| siddha jIva avyAbAdha, zAzvata, nirupama sukha kI anubhUti karate hue anantakAla taka svarUpa pariNamana meM nirata rahate haiN| jaise jyoti meM jyoti milatI hai, isI taraha eka meM aneka aura aneka meM eka siddha virAjamAna rahate haiN| siddha avasthA meM AtmA, AtmA ko, AtmA dvArA AtmA ke lie AtmA meM se AtmA meM jAnatA hai| yahA~ dravya aura guNa eka rUpa ho jAte haiN| siddha kisI kAraNa se utpanna nahIM hote, ataH

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352 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana kisI ke kArya nahIM hai aura ve kisI anya kArya ko utpanna nahIM karate, isalie ve kisI ke kAraNa bhI nahIM hai| siddha bhAvakarma va dravyakarma donoM karmoM kA kSaya hone para svayaM apane ko siddha rUpa se utpanna karate haiM, anya kucha bhI utpanna nahIM krte| arthAt siddha kAraNa kArya saMbaMdha se pare hai| saMsArI jIva : jo jIva karma bandhanoM se bandhe hue nAnA yoniyoM meM zarIra dhAraNa karake janma-maraNa rUpa se saMsaraNa kara rahe haiM, ve saMsArI jIva kahalAte haiN| paryAyavizeSa kI bhinnatA ko lekara usake kaI apekSAoM se vividha bheda kie jAte haiN| vividha paryAyoM kI dRSTi se jIva eka, do, tIna, cAra, pA~ca, chaH prakAra kA bhI hai, caudaha prakAra kA bhI hai, aura pA~ca sau traisaTha prakAra kA bhI hai| yahA~ pRthak-pRthak paryAyoM ke AdhAra se hI jIvoM ke prakArAntara kA vivecana kiyA jA rahA hai| 1. gati : saMsArI jIva jina-jina avasthAoM meM nirantara gamana (bhramaNa) karatA hai, ve gati kahalAtI hai| gati cAra hai- naraka gati, tiryaMca gati, manuSya gati aura devgti| gati ke AdhAra se jIva 4 prakAra ke hote haiM / pRthvI ke nIce sAta naraka haiM, unameM jo jIva nivAsa karate haiM, ve nArakI kahalAte haiM / svargoM meM jo jIva nivAsa karate haiM, ve deva kahalAte haiN| jo naraka aura svarga ke bIca madhyaloka meM nivAsa karate haiM tathA jinhoMne manuSya yoni meM janma pAyA hai, ve manuSya haiN| deva, nArakI tathA manuSya ko chor3a jitane saMsArI jIva haiM, ve saba tiryaMca kahalAte haiN| apekSA vizeSa se nAraka ke 14, tiryaMca ke 48, manuSya ke 303 aura deva ke 118 bheda milakara jIva ke 563 bheda hote haiN| 2. indriya : jIvoM ko jo artha grahaNa (jJAna) meM sahAyaka hotI haiM, ve indriyA~ kahI jAtI haiN| jaina darzana meM pA~ca indriyA~ svIkAra kI gaI haiM - 1. sparzana, 2. rasanA, 3. ghrANa, 4. cakSu aura 5 zrotra / indriya kI apekSA se jIva pA~ca prakAra ke hote haiM - ekendriya, dvindriya, trIndriya, caturindriya aura pNcendriy| indriyoM kI gaNanA meM inakA krama apanA vizeSa mahattva rakhatA hai| indriya kI apekSA se jIvoM kA anya prakAra se bhI vargIkaraNa kiyA gayA hai| isa apekSA se jIva do prakAra ke hote haiM - trasa aura sthaavr| jinheM sirpha eka sparzana indriya hI prApta hai, ve sthAvara jIva hote haiN| jinako do, tIna, cAra tathA pA~ca indriyA~ prApta haiM, ve trasa jIva kahalAte haiN| jina jIvoM ko sirpha eka sparzana indriya prApta hai, unameM caitanya kI mAtrA svalpatama hai| ataeva sAdhAraNa logoM ne hI nahIM, adhikAMza tattva cintakoM ne bhI unake jIvatva ko svIkAra nahIM kiyaa| jaina darzana ke anusAra tAratamya hone para bhI ekendriya sthAvara-jIvoM meM cetanA ke sampUrNa vikAra upalabdha hote haiN| unameM caitanya, sukhaduHkhAnubhUti, janmamaraNa, krodha, kaSAya saMjJA Adi vidyamAna hai, jinase unake jIvatva

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tattvamImAMsA 353 kA samarthana hotA hai| aise jIva pA~ca prakAra ke hote haiM / " 1. pRthvIkAya : miTTI - kaMkara Adi pRthvIkAyika jIvoM ke zarIra kA piNDa hai / 2. jalakAya : jala bhI jalakAyika jIvoM ke zarIra kA piNDa hai / 3. apakAya: agni agnikAyika jIvoM ke zarIra kA piNDa hai / 4. vAyukAya : vAyu vAyukAyika jIvoM ke zarIra kA piNDa hai| 5. vanaspatikAya : vanaspati, per3a-paudhe, phala-phUla Adi sabhI vanaspati kAyika jIva haiN| 6. sakAya : dvindriya, trindriya caturindriya, paMcendriya sabhI jIva trasa jIvoM kI zreNI meM Ate haiN| ekendriya jIvoM meM kevala sparzana indriya hI hotI hai| 1. dvindriya jIva : dvindriya jIva ve haiM, jinake sparzana evaM rasanA do indriyA~ hotI haiM / jaise, zaMkha, laTa Adi / 2. trIndriya jIva : trindriya jIva ve haiM, jinake sparzana, rasanA evaM ghrANa tIna indriyA~ hotI haiM, jaise cIMTI Adi / 3. caturindriya jIva : caturindriya jIva ve haiM, jinake prathama cAra indriyA~ sparzana, rasanA, ghrANa evaM cakSu hote haiM / jaise bhauMrA Adi / 4. paMcendriya jIva : paMcendriya jIva ve hote haiM, jinake pA~coM indriyA~ sparzana, rasanA, ghrANa, cakSu tathA zrotra hotI haiN| manuSya, sarpa, nevalA, pazu-pakSI Adi sabhI paMcendriya jIva hI haiN| indriyoM ke dvArA sabhI jIva apane-apane yogya sparza, rasa, gaMdha, rUpa zabda Adi kA jJAna karate haiN| isa prakAra indriyoM kI apekSA se jIvoM ke 5 bheda hote haiM tathA kAya kI apekSA se 6 bheda hote haiN| 3. veda : veda kI apekSA se jIva tIna prakAra ke hote haiM / 1. strI veda, 2. puruSa veda tathA 3. napuMsaka veda / ye tInoM veda dravya aura bhAva kI apekSA se do-do prakAra ke hote haiN| dravya veda se tAtparya liMga ke bAhya cinha se hai tathA bhAva veda kA tAtparya kAma-bhoga kI abhilASA se hai| 1. strI veda : strI kI pahicAna kA sAdhana dravya strI veda hotA hai tathA puruSa ke saMsarga kI abhilASA bhAva - strI veda hai / 2. puruSa veda : jisa cihna se puruSa kI pahicAna hotI hai, vaha dravya puruSa veda hai aura strI ke saMsarga sukha kI abhilASA bhAva - - puruSaveda hai| 3. napuMsaka veda : jisameM kucha strI veda tathA kucha puruSa veda ke cihna hoM vaha dravya napuMsaka veda aura strI-puruSa donoM ke saMsarga kI kAmanA bhAva-napuMsaka

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354 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana veda hai| nArakI jIva tathA samUrcchana janma vAle jIva napuMsaka veda vAle hote haiN| devoM meM strI tathA puruSa veda hI hotA hai, napuMsaka veda nahIM hotA hai| zeSa samasta saMsArI prANI tInoM vedoM vAle ho sakate haiN| samasta saMsArI prANIyoM meM ina tInoM veda meM se eka veda avazya hotA hai| kevala siddha jIva hI veda-rahita hote haiN| ____4. janma : janma kI apekSA se bhI jIva tIna prakAra kA hotA hai| sabhI saMsArI jIvoM kA janma hotA hai, ye janma tIna prakAra se hote haiM- 1. samUrchana, 2. garbha tathA 3. upapAta dvaaraa| 1. garbha : garbha dvArA jIva tIna prakAra se janma lete haiM :- jarAyuja, aNDaja tathA potj| 1. jarAyuja : garbha veSTana ke sAtha jo prANI utpanna hote haiM, ve jarAyuja kahalAte haiM, jaise manuSya, gAya aadi| 2. aNDaja : aNDe se paidA hone vAle jIva aNDaja kahalAte haiN| jaise sAMpa, mora, cir3iyA aadi| 3. potaja : jo kisI prakAra ke AvaraNa se veSTita na hokara hI janma lete haiM, ve potaja jIva kahalAte haiN| jaise hAthI, nevalA, zazaka, cUhA aadi| 2. upapAta janma : svarga tathA naraka meM deva tathA nArakiyoM ke janma ke lie niyata sthAna vizeSa upapAta kahA jAtA hai| deva tathA nArakiyoM kA upapAta janma hotA hai| kyoMki ve upapAta kSetra meM sthita vaikriya pudgaloM ko zarIra ke lie grahaNa karate haiN| ina do janmoM se atirikta janma vAle samasta prANiyoM kA janma samUrchana janma kahalAtA 5. bhAva : bhAva kI apekSA se jIva pA~ca prakAra ke hote haiN| AtmA ke sabhI paryAya kisI eka bhI avasthA vAle nahIM pAye jAte haiN| kucha paryAya kisI eka avasthA meM haiM, to dUsare kucha paryAya kisI dUsarI avasthA meN| paryAyoM kI ve bhinna-bhinna avasthAe~ bhAva kahalAtI haiN| AtmA ke paryAya adhika se adhika pA~ca bhAva vAle hote haiM, jo nimna likhita haiM - 1. aupazamika, 2. kSAyika, 3. kSayopazamika, 4. auyika va 5. paarinnaamik| 1. aupazamika bhAva : aupazamika bhAva vaha hai, jo karma ke upazama se paidA __ hotA hai| upazama eka prakAra kI Atma zuddhi hai, jo karma kA udaya bilkula ruka jAne para vaisI hI hotI hai, jaisI kacarA nIce baiTha jAne para jala meM svacchatA hotI hai| 2. kSAyika bhAva : kSAyika bhAva vaha hai, jo karma ke kSaya se utpanna hotA hai, kSaya AtmA kI vaha parama vizuddhi hai, jo karma kA sambandha pUrNa rUpa se chUTa

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tattvamImAMsA 355 jAne para vaise hI prakaTa hotI hai, jaise jala meM se kacarA bAhara nikAla lene para jala pUrNa rUpa se svaccha ho jAtA hai / 3. kSAyopazamika bhAva : kSAyopazamika bhAva karma ke kSaya tathA upazama donoM se paidA hotA hai| yaha bhI eka prakAra kI Atmika zuddhi hai, jo karma ke eka aMza kA kSaya hone para prakaTa hotI / yaha vizuddhi vaisI hI mizrita hai, jaise vastra ko dhone para usa para par3e koI dAga ke kucha halkA ho jAne para bhI kucha raha jAtA hai| 4. audayika bhAva : audayika bhAva vaha hai, ki jo karma ke udaya se utpanna hotA hai / udaya eka prakAra kI Atmika malinatA hai, jo karma ke vipAkAnubhava se vaise hI hotI hai, jaise mala ke mila jAne para jala gaMdA ho jAtA hai| 5. pAriNAmika bhAva : pAriNAmika bhAva dravya kA vaha bhAva hai, jo dravya kA svabhAva rUpa se pariNamana hotA hai / yaha svabhAva pariNamana AtmA kI siddha avasthA meM hotA hai| ye hI pA~ca bhAva AtmA ke svarUpa hai arthAt saMsArI yA mukta koI bhI AtmA ho, isake sabhI paryAya ukta pA~coM bhAvoM meM se kisI na kisI bhAva vAle avazya hoNge| 2 6. lezyA : lezyA kI apekSA se jIva chaH prakAra ke hote haiN| krodha, mAna, mAyA tathA lobha rUpa kaSAyoM ke sadbhAva mana, vacana tathA kAya kI pravRtti ko prerita karane vAle Atma pariNAma lezyA kahalAte haiM / lezyA audayika bhAva haiM, jo karma ke udaya hone para hI hotI hai| AtmA ke bhAva asaMkhya ho sakate haiM, isa dRSTi se lezyAe~ bhI asaMkhya haiM, kintu vyavahAra ke lie unako mukhya rUpa se chaha bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai| ve chaha bhAga nimna prakAra haiM 1. kRSNa lezyA, 2. nIla lezyA, 3. kApota lezyA, 4. tejolezyA, 5. padmalezyA, 6. zukla lezyA / kaSAya kI tIvratA ke kAraNa ati malina Atma pariNAma kRSNa lezyA hai| kaSAya kI kucha alpatA ho jAne se malina Atma pariNAma nIla lezyA hai / kApota lezyA meM pariNAmoM kI malinatA nIla lezyA kI apekSA aura bhI kama hotI hai| isI prakAra tejas, padma aura zukla lezyA meM malinatA kI mAtrA apekSAkRta alpa se alpatara hotI calI jAtI haiN| 7. zarIra : jIva ke kriyA karane ke sAdhana ko zarIra kahate haiM / saMsArI jIvoM ke pA~ca prakAra ke zarIra hote haiM- audArika, vaikriya, AhAraka, taijasa aura kArmaNa / 1. audArika zarIra : jo zarIra udAra (sthUla) hoM, jo jalAyA jA sake, jisakA chedana bhedana ho sake, vaha audArika zarIra kahalAtA hai /

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356 jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana 2. vaikriya zarIra : jo zarIra choTA-bar3A, moTA-patalA, eka athavA a rUpa meM vividha prakAra kI vikriyA kara sake, vaha vaikriya zarIra hai| 3. Aharaka zarIra : jo zarIra kevala kisI vizeSa RddhidhArI ( caturdazapUrvI) muniyoM dvArA racA jA sake, vaha AhAraka zarIra kahalAtA hai / 4. taijasa zarIra : jo zarIra tejomaya hone ke kAraNa grahaNa kie gae AhAra Adi ke paripAka kA hetu aura dIpti kA nimitta ho, vaha tejasa zarIra hai| 5. kArmaNa zarIra : kSaNa-pratikSaNa grahaNa kiyA jAne vAlA karma kA samUha hI kArmaNa zarIra kahalAtA hai / taijasa aura kArmaNa zarIra pratyeka saMsArI jIva ke hote haiM / audArika zarIra kevala deva tathA nArakiyoM ke hotA hai / AhAraka zarIra kA nirmANa vizeSa RddhidhArI muni hI kara sakate haiN| jaba kabhI caturdazapUrva pAThI muni ko kisI sUkSma viSaya meM saMdeha ho jAtA hai aura jaba sarvajJa kA sannidhAna nahIM hotA, taba ve apanA saMdeha nivAraNa karane ke lie audArika zarIra se kSetrAMtara meM jAnA asaMbhava samajhakara apanI viziSTa Rddhi kA prayoga karate hue jo hasta pramANa choTe zarIra kA nirmANa karate haiM, vaha AhAraka zarIra kahalAtA hai|" isa prakAra zarIra kI apekSA se jIva pA~ca prakAra ke hote haiN| 8. caudaha bhUtagrAma bheda: jIvoM ke bhedoM kA isase bhI sUkSma vivecana jaina sUtroM meM hai| samavAyAMga" meM caudaha bhUtagrAma ( jIvoM ke samUha ) kahe gae haiM ye bheda jIvoM ke paryAptaka tathA aparyAptaka, sUkSma tathA bAdara (sthUla) evaM saMjJI tathA asaMjJI rUpa ko dhyAna meM rakhakara kie gae haiN| paryAptaka jIva unheM kahate haiM, jo janma se pUrva zarIrAdi chaha paryAptiyoM ko pUrNa kara lete haiM / jo ina paryAptiyoM ko pUrNa kie binA mRtyu ko prApta ho jAte haiM, ve aparyAptaka kahalAte haiM / ekendriya jIvoM meM sUkSma tathA bAdara bheda hote haiN| zeSa jIvoM ke kevala sthUla hone ke kAraNa unameM sUkSma bheda nahIM pAyA jaataa| paMcendriya jIva do prakAra ke haiM- asaMjJI tathA saMjJI / asaMjJI jIvoM ke mana nahIM hotA aura saMjJI jIvoM ke mana hotA hai| mana kA sadbhAva kevala paMcendriya prANiyoM meM hI hai| ataH saMjJI - asaMjJI kA bheda bhI kevala unhIM meM hai / isa prakAra se ye kula caudaha bhUta grAma nimnalikhita haiM 1. sUkSma aparyAptaka ekendriya 2. sUkSma paryAptaka ekendriya 3. bAdara aparyAptaka ekendriya 4. bAdara paryAptaka ekendriya 5. aparyAptaka dvIndriya 6. paryApta dvIndriya

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tattva mImAMsA * 357 7. aparyAptaka trindriya 8. paryAptaka trindriya 9. aparyAptaka caturindriya 10. paryAptaka caturindriya 11. asaMjJI aparyAptaka paMcendriya 12. asaMjJI paryAptaka paMcendriya 13. saMjJI aparyAptaka paMcendriya 14. saMjJI paryAptaka paMcendriya yahA~ yaha bhI dRSTavya hai, ki jaina darzana jIva bahutvavAdI hai| vaha pratyeka jIva kI svataMtra sattA svIkAra karatA hai| sthAnAMga meM kahA gayA hai, ki pratyeka zarIra ke anusAra eka jIva hai| jIvoM kI bhinna-bhinna avasthAoM ko dekhakara sAMkhya ne bhI 'puruSa' kI anekatA ko svIkAra kiyA hai|" isa prakAra jIva dravya saMsArI aura mukta do prakAroM meM vibhAjita hokara bhI mUla rUpa se samAna guNa aura zakti vAlA hai| 2. pudgalAstikAya - pudgala dravya kA sAmAnya lakSaNa hai - rUpa, rasa, gandha aura sparza se yukta honaa| jo dravya skaMdha avasthA meM pUraNa arthAt anya-anya paramANuoM se milanA aura galana arthAt kucha paramANuoM kA bichur3anA, isa taraha upacaya aura apacaya ko prApta hotA hai, vaha pudgala kahalAtA hai| samasta dRzya jagat isa pudgala kA hI vistAra hai| mUla dRSTi se pudgala dravya paramANu rUpa hI hai| aneka paramANuoM se milakara jo skandha banatA hai, vaha saMyukta dravya hai| skandha paryAya skandhAntargata sabhI pudgala-paramANuoM kI saMyukta paryAya hai| ve pudgala-paramANu jaba taka apanI baMdha zakti se zithila yA nibir3a rUpa meM eka-dUsare se juTe rahate haiM, taba taka skandha kahe jAte haiN| ina skandhoM kA nirmANa aura bikharAva paramANuoM kI baMdhazakti aura dezazakti ke kAraNa hotA hai| pudgala dravya ke cAra bheda hote haiM -1. skandha, 2. skandhadeza, 3. skandha pradeza, 4. prmaannu| pudgala piNDAtmaka sampUrNa vastu ko skandha kahate haiM, jo anantAnanta paramANuoM ke saMyoga se banatA hai| skandha ke Adhe ko skandha deza kahate haiM aura skandha deza ke Adhe ko skandha pradeza kahate haiN| isa prakAra vibhAjana karate hue aMtataH jo avibhAgI aMza prApta hotA hai, use paramANu kahate haiN| paramANu : paramANu avibhAjya, eka, zAzvata, azabda, mUrta rupa se utpanna hone vAlA tathA mUrta skandha rupa pRthvI, jala, agni, vAyu kA samAna kAraNa bhI hai| vaha pariNamanazIla nitya skandhoM kA nirmANa karane vAlA hai, kAla tathA saMkhyA ko

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358 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana vibhAjita karane vAlA hai| paramANu skandha ke bhItara hai, kintu dravya hai| paramANu ke aMza na hone kA kathana dravya kI apekSA se hI kiyA gayA hai| paryAya rupa meM to usake bhI aMzo kI kalpanA kI gaI hai, kyoMki eka hI paramANu meM varNa, rasa, gandha Adi aneka paryAya haiM aura ve sabhI usa dravya ke bhAvarupa aMza haiN| isalie eka paramANu ke bhI aneka bhAva paramANu mAne jAte haiN| pratyeka paramANu meM svabhAva se eka rasa, eka rupa, eka gandha aura do sparza hote haiN| lAla, pIlA, nIlA, sapheda aura kAlA ina pAMca rupoM meM se koI eka rupa paramANu meM hotA hai, jo badalatA bhI rahatA hai| tItA, kaDuvA, kaSAyalA, khaTTA, aura mIThA ina pA~ca rasoM meM se koI eka rasa paramANuoM meM hotA hai, jo parivartita bhI hotA rahatA hai| sugandha aura durgandha ina do gandhoM meM se koI eka gandha paramANu meM avazya hotI hai| zIta aura uSNa meM se eka, snigdha aura rukSa meM se eka isa prakAra koI do sparza pratyeka paramANu meM avazya hote hai| zeSa mRdu, karkaza, guru aura laghu ye cAra sparza skandha avasthA ke haiN| paramANu avasthA meM ye nahIM hote haiN| yaha eka pradezI hotA hai| yaha skandhoM kA kAraNa bhI hai aura skandhoM ke bheda se utpanna hone ke kAraNa unakA kArya bhI hai| pudgala kI paramANu avasthA svAbhAvika paryAya hai aura skandha avasthA vibhAva-paryAya hai| paramANu svayaM azabda hote hue bhI zabda kA kAraNa hai| zabda skandhoM ke paraspara sparza se utpanna hote haiM tathA skandha paramANu dala kA saMghAta hai| isa prakAra zabda pudgala skandha paryAya ke rupa meM niyata rUpa se utpanna hotA hai| zabda kI utpatti AkAza se nahIM hotI, apitu bhASA vargaNA ke skandhoM se hotI hai| AkAza amUrta dravya hai, ataH usakA guNa bhI amUrta honA caahie| indriyA~ mUrta haiM, tathA mUrta padArthoM kA hI jJAna karAne meM sakSama haiN| ataH zrotrendriya dvArA grahaNa kiyA jAne vAlA zabda pudgalAtmaka siddha hotA hai| zabda ke do bheda haiM 1. prAyogika : manuSyAdi ke prayoga se utpanna hone vAlA zabda prAyogika hai| 2. vaizrAsika : meghAdi se utpanna hone vAlA zabda vaizrAsika hai| paramANu do prakAra ke hote haiM - sUkSma aura vyvhaarik| sUkSma paramANu sthApya hai arthAt vyAkhyA ke ayogy| anantAnanta sUkSma paramANuoM ke samudAyoM ke sammilana se eka vyAvahArika paramANu hotA hai| jo tIkSNa se tIkSNa zastra se bhI chedana-bhedana ko prApta nahIM hotA hai, use kevalajJAniyoM ne vyAvahArika paramANu kahA hai| paramANu dvayaNuka, tryaNuka Adi skandhoM kA kAraNa hotA hai, kintu usakA koI kAraNa nahIM hotaa| vaha sUkSma aura nitya hotA hai| usake dvArA niSpanna kAryoM se hI usakI pahacAna hotI hai| abhavyarAzi se anantaguNA adhika aura siddha rAzi se anantaveM bhAga kama paramANuoM kA jo skandha banatA hai| vahI jIva dvArA grahaNa karane

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tattvamImAMsA 359 yogya hotA hai| skaMdha : eka se adhika paramANuoM ke saMyoga se skaMdha banatA hai| do paramANuoM ke milane se dvipradezI skandha, dvayaNuka, tIna paramANuoM ke milane se tripradezI skaMdha tryaNuka yAvat saMkhyAt paramANuoM ke milane se saMkhyAta pradezI skaMdha asaMkhyAta paramANuoM ke milane se asaMkhyAta pradezI skaMdha aura ananta paramANuoM ke milane se ananta pradezI skaMdha banatA hai / ina skandhoM meM bheda hone se nyUnatA hotI hai aura saMyoga hone se vRddhi hotI hai| isa prakAra pudgaloM meM bheda aura saMghAta hote rahate haiM / ataH pudgala dravya ke skandha anya dravyoM kI taraha niyata rUpa nahIM hai| pudgala tathA anya dravyoM meM antara yaha hai, ki pudgala ke pradeza apane skandha se pRthak ho sakate haiM, lekina anya cAra dravyoM ke pradeza apane-apane skandha se alaga nahIM ho sakate kyoMki pudgala ke atirikta anya dravya amUrta hai| amUrta kA svabhAva khaNDita na honA hai| pudgala dravya mUrta hai / mUrta ke vibhAga ho sakate haiM / saMzleSa dvArA milane kI tathA vizleSa ke dvArA alaga hone kI zakti mUrta dravya meM hotI hai| isI antara ke kAraNa pudgala skandha ke choTe-bar3e sabhI aMzoM ko avayava kahate haiM / avayava arthAt alaga hone vAlA aMza / tInoM lokoM kI racanA jina skandhoM se milakara huI hai, ve skaMdha pariNamana kI apekSA se chaH prakAra ke batAe gae haiM? 1. ati bAdara - bAdara (sthUla-sthUla) : jo skaMdha do khaNDa karane para punaH na mila sakeM, ve lakar3I, patthara, parvata Adi atisthUla-sthUla haiM / 2. bAdara (sthUla ) : jo skandha khaNDita hone para bhI apane-Apa mila jAve, ve sthUla skandha hai, jaise jala, dUdha, ghI Adi / 3. bAdara - sUkSma : jo skandha dikhane meM to sthUla hoM, lekina chedane bhedane aura grahaNa karane meM na Ave, ve chAyA, prakAza, andhakAra, cA~danI Adi bAdarasUkSma skaMdha haiM 1 4. sUkSma - bAdara : jo cakSurindriya se agrAhya hone se kAraNa sUkSma kintu anya indriyoM dvArA grAhya ho / arthAt jo sUkSma hone para bhI paMcendriya dvArA sthUla rUpa se anubhava kI jA sake, ve pA~coM indriyoM ke viSaya sparza, rasa, gandha, varNa tathA zabda sUkSma-bAdara skaMdha haiM / 5. sUkSma : jo sUkSma hone ke kAraNa indriyoM se grahaNa na kiye jA sakeM, ve karma vargaNA Adi sUkSma skandha haiN| 6. sUkSma-sUkSma : karma vargaNA se bhI choTe dvayaNuka skandha taka pudgala dravya sUkSma-sUkSma haiN| jaina darzana ke anusAra vItarAga atIndriya sukha ke anubhava se rahita jIvoM kI upabhogya paMcendriya viSaya, pA~ca indriyA~, pA~ca zarIra, mana, aSTa karma tathA anya bhI jo

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360 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana kucha mUrta padArtha hoM, ve sabhI pudgala haiM / ___ eka hI pudgala maulika hai : pudgaloM ke aneka prakAra se bhinna-bhinna rUpa meM pariNamana hote rahate haiN| ataH pudgaloM ke anantAnanta bheda haiN| tathApi sabhI meM maulika rUpa se eka hI pudgala dravya hai| Adhunika vijJAna ne pahale 92 maulika tattva (Elements) khoje the| unhoMne inake vajana aura zakti ke aMza nizcita kie the| maulika tattva kA artha hotA hai - 'eka tattva kA dUsare rUpa na honaa|' parantu Age zodhakArya se aba eka eTama (Atom) hI mUla tattva baca gayA hai| yahI eTama apane meM cAroM ora gatizIla ilekTrona aura proTona kI saMkhyA ke bheda se oNksIjana, hAiDrojana, cA~dI, sonA, lohA, tA~bA, yUreniyama, reDiyama Adi avasthAoM ko dhAraNa kara letA hai| oNksIjana ke amuka ilekTrona yA proTona ko tor3ane yA milAne para vahI hAiDrojana bana jAtA hai| isa taraha oNksIjana aura hAiDrojana do maulika na hokara eka tattva kI avasthA vizeSa hI siddha hote haiN| mUlatattva kevala (Atom) paramANu hai| yaha mUla tattva vijJAna ne aba khojA hai, jise jaina dArzanikoM ne sadiyoM pahale jAna liyA thA aura eka hI mUla tattva pudgala paramANu kA pratipAdana kiyA thaa| pudgala ke kArya : pudgaloM ke vibhinna prakAra se pariNamana hote haiM, ataeva unake kArya bhI aneka prakAra ke haiN| yaha saba zabda, AkRti, prakAza, garmI, chAyA, andhakAra Adi kA parivahana tIvra gatizIla pudgala skandhoM ke dvArA hI ho rahA hai| paramANu bama kI vinAzaka zakti aura hAiDrojana bama kI mahApralaya zakti se hama pudgala paramANu kI ananta zaktiyoM kA kucha anumAna lagA sakate haiN| eka dUsare ke sAtha ba~dhanA, sUkSmatA, sthUlatA, caukoNa, SaTkoNa Adi vividha AkRtiyA~, suhAvanI cA~danI, maMgalamaya uSA kI lAlI Adi sabhI kucha pudgala skaMdhoM kI paryAyeM haiN| nirantara gatizIla aura utpAda-vyaya-dhrauvyAtmaka pariNamana vAle anantAnanta paramANuoM ke paraspara saMyoga aura vibhAga se kucha naisargika aura kucha prAyogika pariNamana isa vizva ke raMgamaMca para pratikSaNa ho rahe haiN| yaha saba kucha mAyA yA avidyA nahIM hai, Thosa satya hai| svapna kI taraha kAlpanika nahIM hai| apitu apane meM vAstavika astitva rakhane vAle padArtha haiN| vijJAna ne eTama meM jina ilekTrona aura proTona ko avirAma gati se cakkara lagAte rakhA hai, vaha sUkSma yA atisUkSma pudgala skandha meM ba~dhe hue paramANuoM kA hI gaticakra hai| saba apane-apane krama se jaba jaisI kAraNa sAmagrI pA lete haiM, vaisA pariNamana karate hue apanI ananta yAtrA kara rahe haiN| manuSya kI kitanI sI zakti! vaha kahA~ taka ina pariNAmoM ko prabhAvita kara sakatA hai| hA~, jahA~ taka apanI sUjhabUjha aura zakti ke anusAra vaha yantroM ke dvArA inheM prabhAvita aura niyantrita kara sakatA thA, vahA~ taka usane kiyA bhI hai| pudgala kA niyantraNa paudgalika sAdhanoM se hI ho sakatA hai aura ve sAdhana bhI pariNamanazIla haiN| ataH hameM

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tattva mImAMsA * 361 dravya kI mUla sthiti ke AdhAra se hI vizvavyavasthA ke AdhArabhUta tattvoM ko jAnane kA prayAsa karanA caahiye| jaina darzana ke anusAra pudgala zabda jar3a padArtha ke artha meM rUr3ha hai| bauddha darzana meM pudgala zabda jIva ke artha meM prayukta huA hai| jaina darzana meM aisA nahIM hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra pratyeka mUrta vastu samAna rUpa se rUpa, rasa, gandha, sparza yukta haiN| vaizeSika Adi darzanoM meM pRthvI ko caturguNa, jala ko gandha rahita triguNa, teja ko gandha-rasa rahita dviguNa aura vAyu ko kevala sparza guNa yukta mAnA gayA hai| mana ko bhI unhoMne sparzAdi cAroM guNa yukta nahIM mAnA hai| unakA niSedha karate hue jaina darzana yaha batAtA hai, ki jitanI bhI mUrta vastue~ haiM, ve saba sparza, rasa, gandha, varNa vAlI haiN| mana bhI pudgalamaya hone ke kAraNa sparzAdi guNa vAlA hai| varNa, gandha, rasa, sparza ke kramazaH pA~ca, do, pA~ca aura ATha bheda haiN| ina bIsa bhedoM meM bhI pratyeka ke saMkhyAta, asaMkhyAta aura anantabheda taratama bhAva se hote haiN| jaise mRdutva eka guNa hai, para pratyeka vastu kI mRdutA meM kucha na kucha taratamatA hotI hai| isa tAratamya ke kAraNa usake saMkhyAta, asaMkhyAta aura ananta bheda ho jAte haiN| isa prakAra pudgala dravya kI ananta paryAyeM haiM, una sabakA vivecana sambhava nahIM hai| yahA~ kucha aisI pudgala paryAyoM kA vivecana kareMge, jinako anya dArzanika pudgala paryAya nahIM mAnate, kintu ve sabhI vAstava meM paudgalika paryAyeM hI haiN| 1. zabda : jaina darzana ne zabda ko bhASA vargaNA ke pudgaloM kA eka viziSTa prakAra ke pariNAma ke rUpa meM pratipAdita kiyA hai| vaizeSika aura naiyAyika Adi darzanoM ne zabda ko AkAza kA guNa mAnA hai| AkAza amUrta hai, isalie usakA guNa bhI amUrta honA caahiye| parantu zabda to paudgalika hai, vaha AkAza kA guNa kaise ho sakatA hai? zabda kI paudgalikatA Aja vijJAna ke dvArA bhI siddha ho cukI hai| reDiyo aura grAmophona Adi vividha yantroM se zabda ko pakar3akara aura use iSTa sthAna meM bhejakara usakI paudgalikatA prayoga siddha kara dI hai| yaha zabda pudgala ke dvArA grahaNa kiyA jAtA hai, pudgala se dhAraNa kiyA jAtA hai, pudgaloM se rUkatA hai, pudgaloM ko rokatA hai, pudgala karNa Adi ke pardo ko phAr3a detA hai aura paudgalika vAtAvaraNa meM anukampana paidA karatA hai, ataH paudgalika hai| skandhoM ke paraspara saMyoga, saMgharSaNa aura vibhAga se zabda utpanna hote haiN| jihvA aura tAlu Adi ke saMyoga se nAnA prakAra ke bhASAtmaka prAyogika zabda utpanna hote haiN| isake utpAdaka upAdAna kAraNa tathA sthUla nimitta kAraNa donoM hI paudgalika haiN| zabda do prakAra ke hote haiM - 1. prayogaja : jo zabda AtmA ke prayatna se utpanna hotA hai, vaha prayogaja hai| 2. vaizrasika : jo prayatna ke binA hI prAkRtika rUpa se skaMdhoM ke gharSaNa se utpanna hotA hai, vaha vaizrAsika haiM, jaise megha kI garjanA aadi|

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362 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana / prayogaja zabda chaH prakAra ke hote haiM - 1. bhASA : manuSyAdi kI vyakta aura pazu-pakSiyoM kI avyakta aisI aneka vidha bhASAe~ haiN| 2. tata : camar3e se lipaTe hue vAdyoM kA zabda jaise-Dhola, mRdaMga aadi| 3. vitata : tAra vAle vINA, sAraMgI Adi vAdyoM kA shbd| 4. ghana : jhAlara ghaMTe Adi kA zabda 5. zuSira : phUMkakara bajAye jAne vAle zaMkhAdi kA shbd| 6. saMgharSa : gharSaNa se utpanna zabda jaise-lakaDI Adi ke gharSa kA shbd| 2. chAyA : prakAza para AvaraNa A jAne se chAyA hotI hai| isake do prakAra haiM - 1. darpaNa Adi svaccha padArthoM meM sApha-sApha dikhAI dene vAlA bimba aura 2. asvaccha vastuoM para par3ane vAlI parachAI pratibimba rUpa chAyA hai| chAyA padagaloM kA kArya hai - prakAza kA abhAva mAtra nahIM hai, jaisA ki naiyAyikAdi darzana mAnate haiN| ___ 3. tama : andhakAra bhI pudgaloM kA kArya hai| yaha prakAza kA abhAva mAtra nahIM hai, apitu kRSNavarNAdi vAle pudgaloM kA piNDa hai| naiyAyikAdi darzana tama ko prakAza kA abhAva mAtra mAnate haiN| unakA khaNDana isa vidhAna dvArA hotA hai| 4. Atapa-udyota : sUrya Adi kA uSNa prakAza Atapa hai aura candramaNi khadyota Adi kA zItala prakAza udyota hai| yadyapi vijJAna prakAza, garmI aura zabda ko bhI abhI kevala zakti hI mAnatA hai| lekina ye kevala zaktiyA~ nahIM hai, kyoMki zaktiyA~ nirAzraya nahIM raha sktiiN| ve to kisI na kisI AdhAra meM hI raheMgI aura unakA AdhAra hai - yaha pudgala drvy| prakAza aura garmI ke skandha eka pradeza se sudUra deza taka jAte hue apane vega (Force) ke anusAra vAtAvaraNa ko prakAzamaya aura garma banAte hue jAte haiN| yoM to jaba pratyeka paramANu gatizIla hai aura utpAda-vyaya svabhAva ke kAraNa pratikSaNa nUtana paryAyoM ko dhAraNa kara rahA hai, taba zabda, prakAza aura garmI ko inhIM paramANuoM kI paryAya mAnane meM hI vastu svarUpa kA saMrakSaNa raha pAtA hai| __5. pRthvI Adi svataMtra dravya nahIM : naiyAyika vaizeSika pRthvI ke paramANuoM meM rupa, rasa, gandha aura sparza Adi cAroM guNa, jala ke paramANuoM meM rUpa, rasa aura sparza ye tIna guNa, agni ke paramANuoM meM rUpa aura sparza ye do guNa aura vAyu meM kevala sparza isa prakAra guNa bheda mAnakara cAroM ko svataMtra dravya mAnate haiN| kintu jaba pratyakSa se sIpa meM par3A huA jala, pArthiva motI bana jAtA hai| pArthiva lakar3I agni bana jAtI hai| pArthiva hima pighalakara jala bana jAtA hai aura oNksIjana va hAiDrojana donoM vAyu milakara jala bana jAtI hai| taba inameM paraspara guNa bheda kRta jAti bheda mAnakara pRthak dravyatva kaise siddha ho sakatA hai| jaina darzana ne pahale se hI samasta paramANuoM kA paraspara pariNamana dekhakara eka hI pudgala dravya svIkAra kiyA hai| yaha to ho sakatA hai,

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tattva mImAMsA * 363 ki avasthA vizeSa meM koI guNa prakaTa hoM aura koI aprktt| jaise agni meM rasa aprakaTa raha sakatA hai| isa prakAra jina do padArthoM kA eka-dUsare ke rUpa meM pariNamana ho jAtA hai, ve donoM pRthak jAtIya dravya nahIM ho skte| isIlie Aja ke vijJAna ko apane prayogoM se usI eka jAtika aNuvAda para AnA par3A hai| 6. bheda : skandha rUpa meM pariNata pudgalapiNDa kA vibhAga honA bheda hai| isake pA~ca prakAra haiM1. Atkarika : cIre yA khode jAne para hone vAlA lakar3I yA patthara kA bhedn| 2. cauNika : kaNa-kaNa rUpa meM cUrNa ho jAnA, jaise sattU, ATA aadi| 3. khaNDa : Tukar3e-Tukar3a hokara TUTa jAnA, jaise ghar3e ke kpaalaadi| 4. pratara : parate yA taheM nikAlanA jaise abhraka, bhojyapatra aadi| 5. anutaTa : chAla nikAlanA-jaise bA~sa, Ikha aadi| 7. saMsthAna : saMsthAna do prakAra kA hai -itthaMtva aura anitthNtv| jisa AkAra kI kisI ke sAtha tulanA kI jA sake vaha itthaMtva hai aura jisakI tulanA na kI jA sake vaha anitthaMtva haiN| megha Adi kA saMsthAna anitthaMtva hai, kyoM aniyatAkAra hone se kisI eka prakAra se usakA nirupaNa nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| anya padArthoM kA saMsthAna itthaMtva rUpa hai, jaise geMda, siMghAr3A Adi gola, trikoNa, dIrgha, parimaNDala (valayAkAra) Adi rUpa meM itthaMtva rUpa saMsthAna ke aneka bheda haiN| 8. sthUlatva-sUkSmatva : inake do-do bheda haiM, antya aura aapekssikaa| jo sUkSmatva yA sthUlatva apekSA-bheda se ghaTita na hoveM antya aura jo apekSAbheda se ghaTita hoveM ApekSika haiN| paramANaoM kA sakSmatva tathA acita mahAskaMdha kA sthalatva antya haiM, kyoMki paramANuoM se adhika sUkSma aura koI nahIM hai| acitta mahAskandha se sthUlatara koI nahIM hai isalie ye donoM antya haiM, madhyavartI skandhoM meM sUkSmatva-sthUlatva ApekSika hai, jaise A~vale kA sUkSmatva aura bilva A~vale se bar3A hai ataH sthUla hai| lekina vahI A~valA bera kI apekSA sthUla hai aura vahI bilva kI apekSA se sUkSma hai| 9. snigdhatva aura rukSatva : ye donoM sparza vizeSa haiN| ye pariNamana kI taratamatA ke kAraNa aneka prakAra ke hote haiN| taratamatA yahA~ taka hotI hai, ki nikRSTa snigdhatva aura nikRSTa rukSatva tathA utkRSTa snigdhatva aura utkRSTa rukSatva ke bIca anantAnanta aMzoM kA antara rahatA hai| sabase nikRSTa aMza ko jaghanya kahate haiN| sabase adhika aMza ko utkRSTa kahate haiM, zeSa saba madhyama aMza hai| ___ 10. baMdha : pudgaloM ke pArasparika saMbaMdha ko bandha kahate haiN| yaha bandha do prakAra se hotA hai - 1. prAyogika bandha tathA 2. vaisrasika bndh| jIva aura zarIra kA

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364 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana sambandha tathA lAkha aura lakar3I kA sambandha prayatna sApekSa hone se prAyogika bandha hai| bijalI, megha, indradhanuSa Adi kA paudgalika saMzleSa prayatna nirapekSa hone se vaizrasika bandha hai| pudgala-paramANuoM meM pAye jAne vAle svAbhAvika snigdhatA aura rukSatA ke kAraNa hI unameM paraspara baMdha hotA hai, jisake dvArA skandhoM kI utpatti hotI hai| snigdha aura rukSa avayavoM kA bandha do prakAra kA hotA hai - sadRza aura visdRsh| snigdha kA snigdha ke sAtha tathA rukSa kA rukSa ke sAtha bandha honA sadRza bandha hai aura snigdha kA rukSa ke sAtha saMbaMdha honA visadRza bandha hai| bandha ke kucha vizeSa niyama aura apavAda haiN| jaghanya aMza vAle snigdha aura rukSa avayavoM kA bandha nahIM hotaa| samAna aMza vAle snigdha kA snigdha ke sAtha aura rukSa kA rukSa ke sAtha baMdha nahIM hotaa| do aMza adhika vAle Adi avayavoM kA hI bandha hotA hai| sadRza-visadRza baMdha meM jo adhikAMza hotA hai, vaha hI nAza ko apane rUpa meM badala detA hai| jaise- pAMca aMza snigdhatva tIna aMza rUkSatva ko snigdhatva meM badala detA hai| rUkSatva adhika ho to vaha snigdhatva ko rUkSatva meM badala detA hai| visadRza baMdha meM samAMza hone para koI bhI eka sama dUsare sama ko apane rUpa meM pariNata kara letA hai| arthAt dravya, kSetra, kAla aura bhAva ke anusAra kabhI snigdhatva rUkSatva ko snigdhatva meM badala detA hai, kabhI rUkSatva snigdhatva ko rUkSatva meM badala detA hai| samAMza meM sadRza bandha to hotA hI nahIM, visadRza bandha hI hotA hai| isa prakAra se pudgala paramANuoM ke bandha kI prakriyA ke phalasvarupa hI vividha prakAra ke skandhoM kA nirmANa hotA hai| jaina granthoM meM pudgala dravyoM kI jina-karmavargaNA, nokarmavargaNA, AhAra vargaNA, bhASA vargaNA Adi rUpa se 23 prakAra kI vargaNAoM kA varNana milatA hai, ve sabhI svatantra dravya nahIM haiN| eka hI pudgala jAtIya skandhoM meM ye vibhinna prakAra ke pariNamana, vibhinna samAgrI ke anusAra vibhinna paristhitiyoM meM bana jAte haiN| saMkSepa meM vItarAga atIndriya sukha ke anubhava se rahita jIvoM kI upabhogya paMcendriya viSaya, pA~ca indriyA~, pA~ca zarIra, mana, aSTa karma tathA anya bhI jo kucha mUrta padArtha hoM ve sabhI pudgala haiN| 3. dharmAstikAyaH dharmAstikAya ko cetanA zUnya hone ke kAraNa ajIva dravya ke antargata rakhA gayA hai| dharmAstikAya sparza, gandha, rasa aura varNa guNoM se rahita hone ke kAraNa amUrta svabhAva vAlA dravya hai, isIlie azabda haiN| samasta lokAkAza meM vyAta hokara rahane se lokavyApI asaMkhya pradezI haiN| lokAkAza se bAhara isakI sattA nahIM hai| ayutasiddha pradeza ke kAraNa sampUrNa lokAkAza meM dharmAstikAya kA akhaNDa avagAhana hai| isI kAraNa use paMcAstikAya meM sRSTa kahA gayA hai| dharmAstikAya aguru laghu, guNa, aMza rupa se sadaiva pariNamita hotA hai| vaha nitya hai, kAraNabhUta hai tathA svayaM kArya nahIM hai| dharmAstikAya ko gati kriyA yukta kahA gayA hai| jisa prakAra jala machaliyoM ke gamana meM sahAyaka hotA hai, usI prakAra dharmadravya

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tattva mImAMsA* 365 jIva tathA pudgaloM ke gamana meM udAsIna avinAbhAvI sahAya mAtra hai| gati meM sahAyaka tatva hone se hI dharmAstikAya ko gati kriyA yukta kahA gayA hai| yaha svayaM gamana na karate hue bhI gamana meM sahAyaka hotA hai| jIva karma, nokarma pudgaloM ke bAhya nimitta se sakriya hai| ye donoM svayaM gati karate haiM, dharmAstikAya usI prakAra sahAya mAtra hai, jaise jIvoM ke gamanAgamana ke lie pRthvI sahAyaka hai| jo bhI gati rUpa halana- calanAtmaka pravRttiyA~ haiM, ve saba dharmAstikAya ke astitva meM hI saMbhava haiN| dharmAstikAya kI siddhi : jaina darzana ke atirikta anya kisI bhI darzanakAra ne dharmAstikAya ke astitva ko svIkAra nahIM kiyA hai| ataeva dharmAstikAya ke astitva ko pramANita karane ke lie jo pramANa die gae haiM, ve isa prakAra haiM jaina darzana ne gatizIla jIva aura pudgaloM kI gati ko niyamita karane vAle niyAmaka tatva ke rupa meM dharmAstikAya ke astitva ko svIkAra kiyA hai| yadi aise kisI niyAmaka tatva ko na mAnA jAya to isa vizva kA niyata saMsthAna ghaTita nahIM ho sktaa| jar3a aura cetana dravya kI gatizIlatA anubhavasiddha hai| yadi ve ananta AkAza meM cale jAveM to isa vizva kA niyata saMsthAna kabhI sAmAnya rUpa se eka sA dikhAI nahIM degaa| kyoMki ikAI rUpa meM ananta pudgala aura ananta jIva ananta AkAza meM berokaToka saMcAra ke kAraNa isa taraha alaga-alaga ho jAyeMge, ki unakA milanA aura niyata sRSTi ke rUpa meM dikhAI denA asaMbhava ho jaayegaa| isalie jaina darzana ne jIva aura pudgaloM kI sahaja gatizIlatA ko niyamita karane vAlA niyAmaka tattva dharmAstikAya mAnA hai| isa prakAra sthiti maryAdA ke niyAmaka ke rUpa meM adharmAstikAya ko svIkAra kiyA hai| dharma-adharma dravyoM kA yaha kArya AkAza dravya ke mAnane se siddha nahIM ho sktaa| kyoMki AkAza dravya ananta aura akhaNDa hone se jar3a tathA cetana dravyoM ko apane meM sarvatra gati, sthiti karane se roka nahIM sktaa| isI prakAra dRzyAdRzya vizva ke saMsthAna kI anupapatti banI rhegii| isalie dharma-adharma dravyoM ko AkAza se bhinna evaM svataMtra mAnanA nyAya saMgata evaM tarka sammata hai| jabaki jar3a aura cetana svayaM gatizIla hai, taba maryAdita AkAza kSetra meM unakI gati apane svabhAvavaza nahIM mAnI jA sakatI, unake lie kisI niyAmaka kI AvazyakatA hai| isIlie gati aura sthiti ke niyAmaka ke rUpa meM jaina darzana ne kramazaH dharmAstikAya tathA adharmAstikAya ke astitva ko mAnA hai| dharma dravya aura ithara ( Ether ) : jaina darzana ke atirikta anya kisI bhAratIya-darzana meM gatizala evaM sthita hone vAle padArthoM kI gati aura sthiti meM sahAyaka dharma aura adharma dravya ko svIkAra nahIM kiyA gayA hai| lekina vijJAna ne aisA hI kucha svIkAra kiyA hai| vaijJAnikoM ne jaba bhautika padArthoM kA gaharAI se anveSaNa kiyA, taba ve socane

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366 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana lage, ki sUrya, candra, grahoM evaM tAroM ke madhya meM jo bahuta lambA caur3A zUnya kSetra khAlI par3A hai, usameM se hokara prakAza kiraNeM (Ray of Light) eka sthAna se dUsare sthAna kI dUrI ko kisa mAdhyama (Medium) se pUrA karatI hai| prakAza (Light) bhAravAna padArtha hai, ataH yaha kadApi saMbhava nahIM ho sakatA, ki binA kisI mAdhyama ke vaha svataH hI eka sthAna se dUsare sthAna taka pahu~ca jaae| isa samasyA ke utpanna hone para mAdhyama ko DhU~Dha nikAlane kA prayAsa prArambha huA aura isa anveSaNa ke pariNAmasvarUpa vaijJAnikoM ne (Light) prakAza kI gati meM ithara (Ether) ko mAdhyama svIkAra kiyaa| jisa prakAra jaina darzana ne gati meM dharmadravya ko sahAyaka mAnA, usI prakAra vijJAna ne Ether ko prakAza kI gati meM mAdhyama (Medium of Motion for light) svIkAra kiyA hai| gati meM sahAyaka hone para bhI jaina darzana dvArA mAnya dharma aura vijJAna dvArA svIkRta ithara ke svarUpa meM kucha bhinnatA bhI hai| sarva prathama ithara ko vaijJAnika abhautika nahIM, bhautika padArtha mAnate the| usameM vizeSa prakAra aura parimANa meM lacaka evaM ghanatA bhI hai| isa lacaka evaM ghanatA kA pariNAma bhI batAyA jAtA thA, parantu vaha sandeha se pare nahIM thaa| bIsavIM zatAbdI meM isa sambandha meM jo vaijJAnika anveSaNa hue usane vaijJAnikoM kI purAnI paribhASAoM ko badala diyA hai| AinsaTIna ke sApekSavAda (Theory of relaticity) ke anusAra ithara (Ether) abhautika (Non Moterial Non Atomic) hai, loka meM vyApta hai, nahIM dekhA jA sakane vAlA eka akhaNDa dravya jo anya bhautika dravyoM (Material Substance) se bhinna hai| eDavina eDasara (Eduin Edser) ne apanI pustaka Light meM likhA hai - ithara kisa prakAra kA thA? isake sambandha meM turanta kaThinAyA~ parilakSita hone lgiiN| kyoMki yaha siddha ho cukA thA - 1. ithara saba gaisoM se patalA hai - Tinner than the thinest gas 2. phaulAda se bhI adhika saghana hai - More rigid than steel. 3. sarvatra nitAnta eka sA hai - Absolutely the same every where. 4. bhAra-zUnya hai - Absolutely weightless. 5. kisI par3ausI ilekTrona ke nikaTa zIze se bhI adhika bhArI hai - In the neighbourhood of any electron cmmensely heavier than lead. dharma dravya aura ithara kI tulanA karate hue pro. jI.Ara. jaina, ema.sI. ne apanI pustaka meM likhA hai - 'yaha prAmANita ho cukA hai, ki jaina dArzanika aura Adhunika vaijJanika dvArA yahA~ taka pUrNataH ekamata hai, ki dharma dravya yA vijJAna dvArA mAnya ithara abhautika, apAramANika, avibhAjya, akhaNDa, arupa, AkAza ke samAna vyAptagati

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tattva mImAMsA * 367 kA anivArya mAdhyama aura apane Apa meM sthita hai|' 'Thus it is proved that science and Jain Physics agree absolutely so for as they call Dharm (Ether) non material, nonatomic, non discreet, continuous, co-extensive with space, indivisible and as a necessary medium for motion and one which does not it self move." isa prakAra vicAra karane para yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai, ki jIva aura pudgala (Matter) jo gatizIla hai, unakI gati meM sahAyaka dravya avazya hai| jisa prakAra sabhI dravyoM ko sthAna yA AkAza dene vAlA AkAza dravya hai, usI prakAra gati kA mAdhyama bhI eka dravya hai| use jaina AgamoM meM dharma-dravya kahA hai aura vaijJAnika use ithara kahate haiN| ithara yA dharma dravya ke abhAva meM koI bhI padArtha bhale hI vaha jar3a ho yA cetana, gati nahIM kara sktaa| 4. adharmAstikAya : jIva aura pudgaloM kI sthiti meM sahAyaka hone vAlA tattva adharmAstikAya kahA jAtA hai| jaise vRkSa kI chAyA pathika ke Thaharane meM nimitta kAraNa hotI hai, isI taraha adharmAstikAya jIva va pudgaloM kI sthiti meM sahAyaka hotA hai| adharmAstikAya sthiti meM preraka nahIM hai, apitu upakAraka-sahAyamAtra hai| sthiti kA niyAmaka tattva hone se usakA astitva siddha hotA hai| jo bhI sthiti rUpa bhAva hai, ve saba adharmAstikAya ke hone para hI hote haiN| dharma tathA adharma donoM dravya hI loka aura aloka kA vibhAjana karate haiN| loka meM ina donoM kI upasthiti se hI pudgala va jIvoM kA gamana aura sthiti hote haiN| aloka meM ina donoM kI anupasthiti ke kAraNa hI anya koI bhI dravya kA gamanAgamana yA sthiti saMbhava nahIM hai| adharmAstikAya ke asaMkhyAta pradeza haiN| yaha sampUrNa lokAkAza vyApI hai| dharmAstikAya kI taraha yaha eka akhaNDa avibhAjya ikAI hai| isake bhI tIna bheda haiM - skandha, deza aura prdesh| dravya, kSetra. kAla. bhAva aura gaNa kI apekSA isake pA~ca bheda haiN| adharmAstikAya dravya se eka hai, kSetra se sampUrNa loka vyApI hai, kAla se anAdi-ananta hai, bhAva se rUpa, rasa, gandha, sparza se rahita hai aura guNa se jIva aura pudgaloM kI sthiti meM sahAyaka hai| adharma dravya (Medium of rest for soul and matter ) : jaina vicAraka prasaMga ke anusAra yaha prazna karate haiM, ki aNu-paramANu (Atoms) eka sAtha milakara saMsAra meM loka (Universe) meM hI mahAskandha kA nirmANa kyoM karate haiM? ve mahAskandha se pare bikharakara ananta AkAza (Infinite Space)athavA alokaAkAza meM kyoM nahIM jAte? isase yaha spaSTa hotA hai, ki loka AkAza (Finite Space) ke Age saMsAra (niverse) nahIM hai| vAstavika satya yaha hai, ki loka kA nirmANa sthAyI hai|

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368 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana isalie loka kramabaddha yA niyamabaddha hai| usameM anya dravyoM kI upasthiti isa bAta kA saMketa hai, ki unameM paraspara saMgharSa nahIM hai athavA ve eka dUsare ke avarodhaka nahIM haiM, jo isa bAta kA pramANa detA hai, ki loka kA DhA~cA sthAyI hai| yaha eka saiddhAntika sartaya tathya hai, ki loka ke madhya meM gatizIla aNu dravya kI zakti ke siddhAnta se Abaddha haiN| yaha dravya-zakti gatimAna aNu ko saMsAra meM hI roke rakhatI hai, bAhara nahIM jAne detii| isa zakti yA dravya (Substance) ko adharma dravya (Medium of rest for soul and matter) kahA gayA hai| ___ adharma dravya aura gurutvAkarSaNa (Gravitation)- vaijJAnikoM kI yaha jijJAsA, ki padArtha kisa zakti se AkarSita hokara pRthvI kI ora Ate haiM aura gRha, nakSatra evaM tAre Adi kisa AkarSaNa ke kAraNa sUrya ke cAroM ora ghUmate haiN| yaha AkarSaNa-zakti (Cementry force) kyA hai? isa anveSaNa ke pariNAma svarUpa jo samAdhAna sAmane AyA hai, use vijJAna meM Theory of Gravitation gurutvAkarSaNa kA siddhAnta mAnA gayA hai| nyUTana ne Letters to Bentlsy pustaka meM isake sambandha meM likhA hai - "padArthoM ke lie gurutva AkarSaNa Avazyaka evaM svAbhAvika yA antarvartI zakti hai|........ gurutvAkarSaNa kucha sthira aura nizcala sAdhanoM kA mAdhyama hai, jo nizcita niyamoM se Abaddha hai| ye sAdhana bhautika haiM yA abhautika, yaha maiM pAThakoM ke vicAra vimarza ke lie chor3a detA huuN|'' nyUTana yaha nizcaya nahIM kara pAyA thA, ki yaha zakti abhautika hai athavA bhautika hai| parantu padArthoM ke nIce girane, Thaharane evaM candra Adi kA pRthvI ke cAroM ora cakkara lagAne Adi meM gurutvAkarSaNa ko vaha mAdhyama svIkAra karatA hai| vaijJAnikoM ke anusAra brahmANDa kI sthiratA (Stability of Macroscopic) kA kAraNa gurutvAkarSaNa kI zakti hai| isa para vaijJAnikoM ne padArthoM meM hone vAlI sthiratA evaM pArasparika AkarSaNa ke lie thyorI oNpha greviTezana (Theory of gravitation) ko svIkAra kiyaa| pahale ve use bhautika mAnate the, lekina bAda meM use (Non Material) abhautika svIkAra kiyA hai| nyUTana use Active Force to mAnatA thA, kintu sAtha hI use Invisible agency adRzya yA AkAra rahita sAdhana mAnatA thaa| isake bAda AinsTIna ne gurutvAkarSaNa ko AkAra rahita aura niSkriya sAdhana mAnA hai| Invisible ke sAtha Inactive ko jor3akara AinsTIna gurutvAkarSaNa ke siddhAnta kI mAnyatA ko jaina darzana dvArA mAnya adharma dravya kI vyAkhyA ke nikaTa le Aye haiN| pro. jI.Ara. jaina ke zabdoM meM jaina darzana dvArA adharma dravya ke sambandha meM pratipAdita siddhAnta kI vijaya hai, ki vijJAna (Science) ne vizva kI sthiratA meM adRzya evaM niSkriya gurutvAkarSaNa (Gravitation) kI zakti kI upasthiti ko svIkAra kara liyA hai athavA use sthiratA meM mAdhyama ke rUpa meM svayaMsiddha pramANa mAna

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tattva mImAMsA * 369 liyA hai| AinsTIna ke pUrva ke vaijJAnika gurutvAkarSaNa ke siddhAnta ko sakriya sAdhana mAnate the| isa mAnyatA ko AinsTIna ne pUrNataH badala diyA hai| athavA use niSkriya sAdhana mAna liyA hai| aba gurutvAkarSaNa ko padArthoM ke sthira hone meM sahAyaka yA upakArI kAraNa athavA mAdhyama (Aweiliary Cause) mAna liyA gayA aura use niSkriya adRzya evaM AkAra rahita maanaa| 5. AkAzAstikAya : AkAza dravya ke astitva ko sabhI dArzanikoM ne svIkAra kiyA hai| AkAza kA lakSaNa hai - "AkAzasyAvagAha:10 arthAt AkAza kA lakSaNa hai, avagAha pradAna karanA-sthAna denaa| isa loka meM samasta jIvoM, pudgaloM, dharma, adharma tathA kAla dravyoM ko AkAza hI avagAhana pradAna karatA hai| AkAza akhaNDa, niSkriya, cetanA rahita amUrtadravya hai| AkAza anya saba dravyoM ko AdhAra pradAna karatA hai, lekina vaha svayaM svapratiSTha hai| dravya, kSetra, kAla, bhAva aura guNa kI apekSA se AkAzAstikAya ke pA~ca bheda haiN| dravya se AkAza eka ikAI hai, kSetra se vaha loka-aloka meM sarvatra vyApta hai, kAla se Adi anta rahita hai, bhAva se rUpa-rasa-gandha-sparza-varNa rahita hai aura guNa se avagAhanA svabhAva vAlA hai arthAt anya saba dravyoM ko avakAza detA hai| AkAza ke ananta pradeza haiN| yaha sarvavyApaka hai| isake do bheda haiM - lokAkAza aura alokaakaash| 1. lokAkAza : ananta AkAza ke madhya bhAga meM caudaha rajjU U~cA puruSAkAra loka ke, usa kSetra ko lokAkAza kahate haiN| jisa AkAza khaNDa meM dharma-adharma, jIva, pudgala, kAla va AkAza Adi dravya vidyamAna hai, vaha lokAkAza kahA jAtA hai| astikAyoM ke AdhAra-Adheya kA sambandha kA vicAra lokAkAza ko lekara hI kiyA gayA hai| dharma aura adharma ye donoM astikAya aise akhaNDa skandha haiM, jo sampUrNa lokAkAza meM sthita haiN| vastutaH akhaNDa AkAza ke loka-aloka kI kalpanA bhI dharma-adharma dravyoM ke sambandha ke kAraNa hI hai| jahA~ dharma-adharma dravyoM kA sambandha na ho vahA~ aloka aura jahA~ inakA sambandha ho vaha loka hai| lokAkAza asaMkhyAta pradezoM meM hai| 2. alokAkAza : alokAkAza ananta pradezI hai| jahA~ kevala AkAza hI AkAza hai| alokAkAza meM anya kisI dravya kI upasthiti nahIM hotii| cU~ki dharmAstikAya adharmAstikAya loka taka hI sImita hai| ataH jIva aura pudgala Adi kA bhI alokAkAza meM gamana athavA sthiti saMbhava nahIM hai| arthAt alokAkAza kevala AkAza mAtra hai|

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370 jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana AkAza ananta : jaina darzana kI AkAza dravya kI avadhAraNa bhI vijJAna sammata hai| vijJAna ke anusAra AkAza (Space) eka zuddha dravya hai| usameM na to varNa hai, na gaMdha hai, na rasa hai, na sparza hai| jaina darzana ne AkAza ko do bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA hai - loka- AkAza aura aloka AkAza / loka AkAza sImita aura sAnta hai aura aloka AkAza asIma evaM ananta hai| gaNita-vijJAna meM niSNAta H. Ward bhI isa vicAra ko svIkAra karate hue likhate haiM- " sampUrNa padArtha sampUrNa AkAza kI eka sImA meM rahate haiM, isalie vizva sAnta hai| isase yaha svIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, ki jisa sImA meM padArtha rahate hai, usake Age AkAza nahIM hai| lekina yaha sampUrNa AkAza isa prakAra ghumAvadAra (karvaDa) hai, ki prakAza kI eka kiraNa AkAza kI eka sIdhI rekhA meM lambe samaya taka yAtrA karane ke pazcAt punaH apane bindu para A jaayegii| gaNitajJoM kA anumAna hai, ki prakAza kI eka kiraNa ko AkAza ke isa cakkara ko pUrA karane meM dasa Triliyana varSa se kama nahIM lgte| isase yaha pramANita hotA hai, ki AkAza sasIma hai, sAnta hai / " isI pustaka meM vArDa ne Age likhA hai, ki yaha pUrNataH akathanIya, acintanIya (Inconceiable) hai, ki koI bhI khagola vidyA nipuNa vyakti AkAza kI sImA (Boundary of Space) ko lAMghakara kUda sake aura dekha sake, ki vahA~ AkAza nahIM hai / isalie gaNitajJa yaha nizcaya nahIM kara pAye, ki AkAza sAnta hai yA ananta / arthAt H. Ward kA kahanA hai, ki jaba hama yaha kahate haiM, ki (Space is Finite ) to isakA yaha artha nahIM hai, ki isa vizva meM jisa sImita AkAza kA hama anubhava karate haiM, usake Age vaha hai hI nahIM / hama itanA hI kaha sakate haiM, ki vizva kI jo sImA hameM jJAta hai, usake Age AkAza kA jo bhAga hai, vaha ajJAta hai / 18 isa sambandha meM AinsTIna ke siddhAnta ko svIkAra karane vAle mahAn vaijJAnika pro. ejiMgaTana " ne likhA hai, ki maiM socatA hU~, ki vicAraka do praznoM ke sAtha AkAza ke sambandha meM kalpanA karate hai / It there an end to space? kyA AkAza eka anta hai? If space cames to an end, what is beyond the end ? yadi AkAza kA eka anta hai, to kyA yaha anta sImA meM Abaddha hai? isa sambandha meM vaijJAnikoM kI eka mAnyatA yaha hai, ki There is no end but space beyond space for every. AkAza kA koI anta nahIM hai, AkAza sadaiva AkAza kI sImA meM Abaddha hai / sApekSavAda siddhAnta ke pUrva yaha mAnyatA thI, ki AkAza ananta hai| lekina koI bhI vyakti ananta AkAza ko prApta nahIM kara pAtA / isa bhautika jagata meM hamArA sambandha sImita AkAza se hI hotA hai, ananta se nahIM / isa sambandha meM AinsTIna kA siddhAnta yaha hai, ki Is space infinite or does it came to an end? kyA AkAza ananta hai yA kyA yaha anta ko prApta hotA hai? isakA uttara usane

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tattva mImAMsA * 371 jaina darzana kI taraha sApekSa dRSTi se diyA hai| usane kahA, ki vaha na ekAnta rUpa se ananta hai aura na sAnta hai| AkAza sasIma hai, lekina usakA koI anta bhI nahIM hai| AkAza sasIma hai, lekina sImA se Abaddha nahIM hai| vijJAna kA yaha siddhAnta jaina darzana dvArA mAnya loka-AkAza aura aloka-AkAza ke nikaTa hai| kyoMki lokaAkAza eka sImA meM Abaddha hai, usakA anta bhI hai, parantu aloka AkAza kI koI sImA nahIM hai-vaha antarahita hai, ananta hai| dharma, adharma va AkAza ye tInoM dravya vyavahAranaya se eka kSetrAvagAhI, asaMkhyAta pradezI kahe gae haiN| phira bhI apane-apane svarupa kI apekSA se arthAt svacatuSTaya kI apekSA se dharma, adharma va AkAza ye tInoM dravya bhI bhinna-bhinna hI haiN| 6. kAla dravyaH kAla dravya astitvavAna hone para bhI eka pradezI hone ke kAraNa 'kAya' nahIM kahalAtA, ataH kAla dravya ko astikAya nahIM mAnA jAtA hai| kAla dravya meM vartanA, hetutva, amUrtatva, acetanatva guNa pAye jAte haiN| jaisA ki tatvArtha sUtra meM kahA hai "vartanA pariNAma: kriyA paratvAparatve ca kaalsy| arthAt vartanA, pariNAma, kriyA, paratva aura aparatva ye kAla ke upakAra haiN| apane apane paryAya kI utpatti meM svayameva pravartamAna dharmAstikAya Adi dravyoM ko nimitta rupa se preraNA karanA vartanA hai| svarupa kA tyAga kie binA pUrva paryAya ko chor3akara uttara paryAya ko dhAraNa karanA pariNAma hai| aisA pariNAma jIva meM jJAnAdi tathA krodhAdirupa, pudgala meM nIla-pItAdi rUpa aura dharmAstikAyAdi zeSa dravyoM meM aguru laghu guNa kI hAni vRddhi rUpa hai| parispanda ko gati kahA jAtA hai| jyeSThatva ko paratva aura kaniSThatva ko aparatva kahA jAtA hai| ina sabakA nimitta hetu kAla hI hai| kAla ke do bheda kie gae haiM- 1. vyavahAra kAla tathA 2. nizcaya kaal| jIva aura pudgaloM ke pariNAma se samayAdi rUpa meM utpanna hone vAlA kAla vyavahAra kAla hai| vyavahAra kAla kSaNabhaMgura hai| samaya, nimiSa, kAla, ghar3I, dina-rAta, mAsa, Rtu, ayana, varSa Adi saMkhyAta kAla vyavahAra kAla kahA jAtA hai| vyavahAra paradravya pariNamana sApekSa hai, ataH yaha parAdhIna hai| nizcayakAla avinAzI hai| nizcayakAla paMcavarNa, paMcarasa sahita, do gandha aura aSTa sparza rahita, aguru laghu, amUrta aura vartanA lakSaNa vAlA hai| kAla kI svabhAva paryAya hone se yaha svAdhIna hai| palya, sAgara Adi asaMkhyAta yA ananta kAla ko nizcayakAla kahA jAtA hai| anya dravyoM ke pariNamana meM bAhya nimitta kAraNa kAlANu rUpa nizcayakAla dravya hai| jisa prakAra svayaM paribhramaNazIla kumhAra ke cAka kI gati meM AdhArabhUta kIlI nimitta hotI hai, usI prakAra samasta dravyoM kI pariNati meM kAla dravya nimitta hai|

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372 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana bhagavatI sUtra (vyAkhyA prajJapti) meM vyavahAra kAla ke viSaya meM nimna prakAra se vistRta vivaraNa milatA hai| AkAza ke eka pradeza meM sthita pudgala paramANu maMda gati se jitanI dera meM usa pradeza meM lage hue pAsa ke dUsare pradeza para pahu~catA hai, use 'samaya' kahate haiN| asaMkhyAta samayoM kA samudAya eka 'AvalikA' kahalAtA hai| asaMkhyAta AvalikAoM kA eka 'ucchavAsa' aura utanI hI AvalikAoM kA eka niHzvAsa hotA hai| sazakta aura niroga manuSya ke eka 'zvAsocchavAsa' ko 'prANa' kahate haiN| isa prakAra ke sAta prANoM kA eka stoka, sAta stokoM kA eka lava aura 77 lavoM kA eka muhUrta hotA hai| isa prakAra eka muhUrta meM 3773 zvAsocchavAsa hote haiN| 30 muhUrtoM kA eka ahorAtra 'rAta-dina', 15 ahorAtra kA eka pakSa, do pakSa kA eka mAsa, do mAsa kI eka Rtu, tIna RtuoM kA eka ayana, do ayana kA eka saMvatsara 'varSa' tathA pA~ca saMvatsara kA eka yuga hotA hai| aupamika kAla do prakAra kA hotA hai- palyopama aura saagropm| palyopama : eka yojana (cAra kosa) pramANa laMbA caur3A aura gaharA eka palya (gaDDhA) lUMsa-ThUsa kara bAlAgroM (jisakA dUsarA aNu na ho sake, aise bAla) se bharA jAe usa palya meM se sau-sau varSa ke antara se eka-eka bAlAgra nikAlA jAe aura isa prakAra jitane kAla meM vaha palya khAlI ho jAe utane ko eka palyopama kahate haiN| sAgaropama : dasa koTAkoTi (eka karor3a guNA eka karor3a) palyopamoM kA eka sAgaropama hotA hai| kAla ke anya chaha bheda kie gae haiM- 1. supamA-suSamA, 2. suSamA, 3. suSamaduSamA, 4. duSama-suSamA, 5. duHSamA, 6. duHssm-dussmaa| ___cAra koTA koTi sAgaropama kA suSama suSama kAla hai| tIna koTA koTi sAgaropama kA suSamA kAla hai| do koTA koTi sAgaropama kA supama duHpamA kAla hotA hai| bayAlIsa hajAra varSa kama eka koTA koTi sAgaropama kA duHpamA supamA kAla hotA hai| ikkIsa hajAra-ikkIsa hajAra varSa kA hI duSamA, duHpamA-duHpamA kAlA hotA hai| ina hAsonmukha chahakAloM ke samudAya ko avasarpiNI kahate haiN| isI prakAra duHpamAduSamA se lekara suSama-suSamA taka kA vikAsonmukha kAla utparpiNI kahalAtA hai| isa prakAra dasa koTAkoTi sAgaropama utsarpiNI kAla tathA dasa koTA koTi sAgaropama hI avasarpiNI kAla hotA hai| yahA~ eka samasyA uThAyI jAtI hai, ki kAla dravya to lokAkAza meM hI upasthita hai, phira AlokAkAza meM pariNamana kisa nimitta se hotA hai? isa prazna kA jainAcAryoM ne yaha uttara diyA hai, ki jisa prakAra laTakatI huI lambI rassI ko yA kumhAra ke cAka ko eka sthAna se hilAne para bhI sarvatra calana hotA hai aura jisa prakAra sarpadaMza zarIra ke eka hI bhAga meM hone para bhI saMpUrNa zarIra para usakA prabhAva

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tattvamImAMsA 373 hotA hai, usI prakAra kAla dravya lokAkAza meM hI hone para bhI sAre AkAza meM pariNamana hotA hai, kyoMki AkAza akhaNDa eka dravya hai / kAla dravya ko paDdravyoM ke pariNamana kA nimitta kahA gayA hai, kintu vaha svayaM apane pariNamana kA nimitta kaise ho sakatA hai? isakA uttara yaha hai, ki jaise AkAza ko AkAza kA hI AdhAra hai, sUrya sva-para prakAzaka hai, koI anya use prakAzita nahIM karatA, usI prakAra kAla bhI sva-para pariNamana meM nimitta hai| dharma aura adharma dravya kI taraha vaha lokAkAzavyApI eka dravya nahIM hai, kyoMki pratyeka AkAza pradeza para samaya bheda ise aneka dravya mAne binA nahIM bana sktaa| laMkA aura kurukSetra meM dina-rAta Adi kA pRthak-pRthak vyavahAra tat sthAnoM ke kAla bheda ke kAraNa hI hotA hai / eka akhaNDa dravya mAnane para kAla bheda nahIM ho sakatA / yaha kAla bheda kA AdhAra vyavahAra kAla hai / vaidika darzanoM meM kAla ke sambandha meM do mukhya pakSa haiM- nyAya-vaizeSika darzana kAla ko sarvavyApI svataMtra aura eka dravya mAnate haiM / sAMkhya, yoga tathA vedAnta Adi darzana kAla ko sarvavyApI, svataMtra dravya na mAnakara use prakRti puruSa (jar3a-cetana) kA hI rUpa mAnate haiN| bauddha darzana ke anusAra kAla nAmaka koI svataMtra dravya nahIM hai, vaha kevala laukika dRSTi vAloM kI vyavahAra nirvAha ke lie kSaNAnukrama ke viSaya meM kI huI kalpanA mAtra hai| aba taka vijJAna bhI kAla ko dizA kI taraha kAlpanika mAnate haiM, vAstavika nahIM / uparyukta vivecana va AgamoM meM ullikhita tathyoM para vicAra karane se yaha niSkarSa nikAlA jA sakatA hai, ki nizcayanaya kI dRSTi se kAla ko svatantra dravya kahA jAtA hai| jabaki vyavahAra kAla vyAvahArika upayogitAnusAra kalpita hai / nizcaya aura vyavahAra dRSTi ke samanvaya se tatva kA nirNaya karanA cAhie / isa prakAra jIva, pudgala, dharma, adharma, AkAza aura kAla ye chaH dravya anAdisiddha maulika dravya haiN| sabakA eka hI sAmAnya lakSaNa hai- utpAda-vyaya- dhrauvyayuktatA / isa lakSaNa kA apavAda koI bhI dravya kabhI nahIM ho sakatA / dravya cAhe zuddha ho yA azuddha, ve isa sAmAnya lakSaNa se hara samaya saMyukta rahate haiM / jaina darzana kI dRSTi meM hI ekamAtra maulika padArtha haiM, zeSa guNa, karma, sAmAnya, samavAya Adi usI dravya kI paryAyeM haiM, svataMtra padArtha nahIM haiN| dravya nava tatva-vivecana : vizva vyavasthA kI dRSTi se yaha vizva SaTdravya maya hai, parantu mumukSu ko jisa tatvajJAna kI AvazyakatA mukti ke lie hai, ve padArtha nau haiN| jaina darzana meM AtmA ke vAstavika svarupa ko abhivyakta karane tathA usameM zraddhAna utpanna karane ke uddezya se nava-padArthoM kA vizad vivecana kiyA hai| cU~ki samasta padArthoM ke vAstavika svarUpa kA jJAna hone para hI jIva Atma dravya ko para se pUrNatayA bhinna evaM

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374 jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana vilakSaNa jAna pAtA hai| jaisA ki pravacanasAra meM kahA gayA hai, ki 'saccA zramaNa vahI hai, jise apane AtmA meM ekAgratA prApta ho / ekAgratA use hI prApta hotI hai, jisane padArthoM kA nizcaya kiyA ho / ' jIva tathA ajIva do mUla padArtha haiM tathA jIva aura pudgala ke saMyoga pariNAma se utpanna hone vAle sAta anya padArtha puNya, pApa, Asrava, saMvara, nirjarA, baMdha aura mokSa haiN| isa prakAra ye nau padArtha haiN|" isa saMsAra meM jIva tathA ajIva donoM eka sAtha rahate haiN| mithyA dRSTi jIva isa bheda ko nahIM jAna pAte haiN| ve AtmA ko na jAnate hue para ko AtmA kahate haiM / koI adhyavasAya ko, koI karma ko, koI naukarma ko hI AtmA mAnate haiN| unheM nizcaya se paramArthavAdI nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| ajJAnI jana AtmA ke asAdhAraNa lakSaNa ko na jAnane ke kAraNa hI para ko bhI AtmA kahate haiM / ajJAniyoM ko pratibodhanArtha caitanya svabhAva rUpa jIva ko sabhI para bhAvoM se bhinna kahA gayA hai, jo ki bhedajJAniyoM kA anubhava gocara hai| mAtra vyavahAra se hI nahIM varan nizcayanaya se nava padArthoM ko jAnane evaM usameM zraddhAna ko hI samyagdarzana kahate haiM / mithyAdarzana ke nivRta hone para, nava padArthoM ke samyagdarzana se jo avabodha prApta hotA hai, use samyagjJAna kahate haiM / jo samyagjJAna prApta karake svatva meM rahatA huA indriya aura mana ke viSayabhUta padArthoM ke prati nirvikAra jJAna svabhAva vAlA samabhAva hotA hai, vahI samyagcAritra hai tathA mokSa kA kAraNa bhUta hai / ataH mokSamArga ke prathama do aMga samyagdarzana va samyagjJAna ke viSayabhUta nava padArthoM kA nizcayanaya se jJAna Avazyaka hai / jIvaH jisameM cetanA - upayoga zakti pAI jAtI hai, vaha jIva tattva hai| yaha anAdi, ananta, zAzvata tattva hai / yaha svayaM siddha hai| na ise kisI ne banAyA hai aura na kisI dvArA kabhI isakA nAza ho sakatA hai| yaha sadA jIvita rahane se jIva kahalAtA hai / cetanA isakA mukhya lakSaNa batAyA gayA hai| jaise - 'upayogo lakSaNam' - tattvArthasUtra 'uvaoga lakkhaNe jIve' - bhagavatI zataka" 'jIvo uvaoga lakkhaNo' - uttarAdhyayana" cetanA AtmA kA mukhya guNa hai / yaha mukhya guNa usase kabhI bhI pRthak nahIM ho sakatA / jaise agni kA guNa uSNatA yA prakAzakatA usase kisI bhI sthiti meM alaga nahIM ho sakate usI prakAra AtmA kA cetanA guNa kabhI usase vilaga nahIM ho sakatA / sUrya kA prakAza sUrya se alaga nahIM ho sakatA / usa para cAhe jitane ghane meghoM kA AvaraNa A jAe, usakI prakAzakatA nyUnAdhika rUpa meM banI rahatI hai, jisase dinarAta kA antara dRSTigocara hotA hai| isI prakAra jIva kA caitanya svarUpa cAhe jitanA jJAnAvaraNAdi karmoM se AvRta ho jAe, usakA koI na koI aMza khulA hI rahatA hai,

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tattva mImAMsA * 375 jisake kAraNa jIva-ajIva kA bheda hotA hai| yaha jIva tattva hI AdhyAtmika jagata ke raMga-maMca kA mukhya pAtra hai| yahI vibhAva meM pariNata hokara jar3a karmoM se baMdhatA hai aura yahI apane puruSArtha dvArA mukta hotA hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra AtmA upayogamaya, pariNAmI, nitya, amUrta, kartA, sAkSAt, bhoktA, svadeha parimANa, asaMkhyAta pradezI, paudgalika adRSTavAna haiN| __ 'nANaM ca daMsaNaM ceva carittaM ca tavo thaa| vIriaM uvaogo ya eyaM jIvassa lakkhaNaM // 1 arthAt jJAna, darzana, cAritra, tapa, vIrya aura upayoga jIva ke lakSaNa haiN| advaita vedAnta va sAMkhya darzana meM bhI AtmA ko caitanya svarUpa kahA gayA hai| rAmAnujAcArya bhI cetanA ko AtmA kA Avazyaka guNa mAnate haiN| isake viparIta nyAyavaizeSika cetanA ko AtmA kA Agantuka guNa mAnate haiM, svarUpa guNa nhiiN| cArvAka darzana to cetanA ko zarIra kA hI guNa mAnate haiM tathA Atma tattva kA niSedha hI karate the jIva kI siddhi : cArvAka darzana AtmA ko svIkAra nahIM karatA hai| ataH AtmA ke astItva ko siddha karane ke lie vividha pramANa die gae haiN| lekina isase pUrva cArvAka ke bhUtavAdI darzana kA khaNDana kiyA gayA hai| caitanya bhUtoM kA guNa nahIM hai : cArvAka darzana mAnatA hai, ki pRthvI jala, agni aura vAyu rUpa bhUta catuSTaya kI viziSTa rAsAyanika prakriyA se zarIra meM caitanya kI utpatti ho jAtI hai| lekina yaha mata nitAnta mithyA hai, caitanya, cetanA zakti kA hI pariNAma ho sakatA hai, kisI jar3a vastu kA nhiiN| jaise bAlu meM snigdhatA nahIM hotI, to usake samudAya se snigdhatA guNa vAlA tela nahIM nikala sktaa| vaise hI bhUtoM meM pRthak-pRthak caitanya na hone se unake samudAya se caitanya kI abhivyakti nahIM ho sktii| ___ yadi caitanya ko bhUtoM kA guNa mAnA jAe, to kisI kA maraNa nahIM honA cAhiye, kyoMki mRta zarIra meM bhI paMca bhUtoM kA astItva hotA hai| ve paMcabhUta vahA~ kAyAkAra rUpa meM haiM, parantu vahA~ caitanya nahIM dekhA jAtA, jisase yaha siddha hotA hai, ki caitanya bhUtoM kA guNa nahIM hai| phira bhI jIvoM meM cetanA dekhI jAtI hai, ataH yaha siddha hotA hai, ki caitanya AtmA kA dharma hai| caitanya guNa ke pratyakSa hone se AtmA svayaMsiddha hai, kyoMki guNa aura guNI kathaMcita abhinna hai| AtmA kI pratyakSa se siddhi : AtmA kI siddhi meM svAnubhUti sabase Thosa pramANa hai| pratyeka vyakti ko apane astitva kI anubhUti hotI hai| sabhI yaha anubhava karate haiM, ki 'maiM huuN'| 'maiM sukhI hU~' athavA 'maiM duHkhI hU~' aisA svasaMvedana pratyeka prANI ko hotA hai| koI bhI jar3a padArtha aisI anubhUti nahIM kara sktaa| yaha svasaMvedana cetana

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376 *jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana tattva meM hI pAyA jAtA hai| cetanA AtmA kA guNa hai, ataeva AtmA ke cetanA guNa kA pratyakSa anubhava hone se AtmA ke astitva kI siddhi pratyakSa pramANa se ho jAtI hai| saMsAra meM pratipakSI do tattvoM kA pAyA jAnA pratyakSa pramANa siddha hai / jaise sukhaduHkha, bandha-mokSa, dhanI - nirdhana, jJAnI - ajJAnI, cara-acara, kSara-akSara aadi| jar3a pudgaloM kA astItva sarva mAnya hai| unakA pratipakSI tattva bhI honA caahiye| jo jar3a acetana tattvoM kA pratipakSI tattva hai, vahI cetanAzIla jIva yA AtmA hai| anumAna se Atmasiddhi : 1. AtmA kA astitva hai, kyoMki isakA asAdhAraNa guNa caitanya dekhA jAtA hai / jisakA asAdhAraNa guNa dekhA jAtA hai, usakA astitva avazya hotA hai / jaise cakSurindriya / cakSu sUkSma hone se sAkSAt dikhAI nahIM detI, kintu anya indriyoM se na hone vAle rUpa vijJAna ko utpanna karane kI zakti se usakA anumAna hotA hai| vaise hI AtmA kA bhUtoM meM na pAye jAne vAle caitanya guNa ko dekhakara anumAna kiyA jAtA hai I 2. AtmA hai, kyoMki samasta indriyoM kA saMkalanAtmaka jJAna dekhA jAtA hai| 'maiMne zabda, rUpa, rasa, gandha aura sparza ko jAnA' yaha saMkalanAtmaka jJAna saba viSayoM ko jAnane vAle eka AtmA ko mAne binA nahIM ho sktaa| indriyoM ke dvArA aisA nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki pratyeka indriya apane ekaeka viSaya ko hI jAnatI hai| jaise AMkha rUpa ko grahaNa kara sakatI hai, zabda, rasAdi ko nahIM / sparzanendriya sparza ko grahaNa kara sakatI hai, rUpAdi ko nahIM / ataH indriyoM dvArA gRhita saba arthoM ko eka sAtha grahaNa karane vAlA eka AtmA avazya mAnanA caahiye| jaise pA~ca khir3akiyoM vAle makAna meM baiThakara pA~coM khir3akiyoM dvArA dikhAI dene vAle padArthoM kA jJAtA eka jinadatta hai / usI prakAra pA~ca indriya rUpI khir3akiyoM vAle zarIra rUpI makAna meM baiThakara AtmA bhinna-bhinna viSayoM ko jAnatA hai / upamAna : indriyA~ svayaM padArtha ko jAnane vAlI nahIM haiN| ve to sAdhana mAtra hai| jaise khir3akiyA~ svayaM padArthoM ko dekhane vAlI nahIM hai| ve to kevala mAdhyama haiM / indriya ke cale jAne para bhI parvAnubhUta padArtha kA smaraNa hotA hai| yaha smaraNa AtmA ko binA kaise ho sakatA hai| jisane padArtha kA pahale anubhava kiyA hai, usako hI kAlAntara meM usakA smaraNa ho sakatA hai / devadatta ke dekhe hue padArtha ko yajJadatta smaraNa nahIM kara sktaa| ataH isase siddha hotA hai, ki netra dvArA pahale dekhe hue padArtha ko netra ke cale jAne ke bAda smaraNa karane vAlA eka hI AtmA avazya honA cAhiye / Agama : AgamoM meM AtmA ke astitva ko svIkAra kiyA gayA 1 AgamavANI vizvasanIya vyaktiyoM ke vacana haiM / AgamAnusAra katipaya prANiyoM ko yaha

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tattva mImAMsA * 377 bhI jJAta hotA hai, ki merI AtmA bhavAntara meM anusaMcaraNa karane vAlI hai, jo ina dizAoM-anudizAoM meM karmAnusAra saMcaraNa karatI hai| jo saba dizAoM aura vidizAoM meM gamanAgamana karatI haiM, vahI AtmA hai| vahI maiM huuN| ataH AtmA kA astitva pramANita hotA hai| ___ arthApatti : jisake binA jo padArtha anupapanna hai, use dekhakara usa padArtha kI kalpanA karanA arthApatti pramANa hai| jaise Upara pahAr3a para huI varSA ke binA girI nadI meM bAr3ha sambhava nahIM hai, to giri-nadI meM AI huI bAr3ha ko dekhakara pahAr3a para huI varSA kA bodha honA arthApatti pramANa hai| AtmA ke binA harSa, zoka, icchA, prayatna, sukhaduHkha Adi bhAvoM kI anupapatti hai| ye bhAva spaSTatayA pratibhAsita hote haiM, ataeva ve AtmA ke astitva ko siddha karate haiN| inake atirikta adhyavasAya icchA, saMkalpa zakti aura bhAvanAe~ kevala bhautika mastiSka kI upaja nahIM kahI jA sktii| kyoMki kisI bhI bhautika yantra meM svayaM calane, TUTane para svayaM ko sudhArane aura apane sajAtIya ko utpanna karane kI kSamatA nahIM dekhI jaatii| avasthA ke anusAra bar3hanA, ghAva kA apane Apa bhara jAnA, jIrNa ho jAnA Adi aisI avasthAe~ haiM, jinakA samAdhAna kevala bhautikatA se nahIM ho sktaa| hajAroM prakAra ke yantroM kA AviSkAra jagat ke vibhinna kArya-kAraNa bhAvoM ko sthira karanA, gaNita-jyotipa-sAhitya-vijJAna sambandhI taraha-taraha kI naI-naI sthApanAe~ kisI caitanyazAlI dravya kA hI kArya ho sakatA hai| koI jar3a tattva ye kriyAe~ nahIM kara sktaa| uparyukta bAteM AtmA ke astitva ko prabalatA ke sAtha pramANita karatI hai| isa prakAra pratyakSa, anumAna, upamAna, Agama aura arthApatti rUpa pramANa paJcaka tathA anya anubhavoM se bhI AtmA sarva pramANa siddha pramAtA hai| AtmA ke sandarbha meM kucha Adhunika vicArakoM ke mata bhI aba sakArAtmaka rUpa me adhika milane lage haiM - vaijJAnika maikaDUgala - kahate haiM, ki "hama isa bAta ko mAnane ke lie bAdhya haiM, ki kathita mAnasika ceSTAoM kA koI svatantra astItva nahIM hai, varan ye eka hI padArtha yA mUlatattva kI avasthAe~ vizeSa haiN| hamako yaha padArtha amUrtika mAnanA hogaa| kyoMki yahI padArtha manuSya ke sampUrNa jJAna kA AdhAra hai, isalie isa padArtha ko manuSya kI AtmA kaha sakate haiN|'' ___ pro. alabarTa AiMsTIna - "merA vizvAsa hai, ki sArI prakRti meM cetanA kAma kara rahI hai|" je.e. thaoNmasana - pRthvI para jIvana kaise prAraMbha huA? isakA vijJAna ke pAsa koI uttara nahIM hai| 'di greTa DijAina' eka pustaka hai, jisameM vizva ke pramukha vaijJAnikoM ne apanI

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378 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana sAmUhika rAya dI hai - "yaha jagat binA ruha kI mazIna nahIM hai| ittaphAka se yoM hI nahIM bana gayA hai| jar3a ke paiMde ke pIche eka dimAga, eka cetanA zakti kAma kara rahI hai, cAhe usakA kucha bhI nAma kyoM na rkheN|" sAMisa eNDa rilIjana - "jar3avAda ke jitane bhI mata gata bIsa varSoM meM rakhe gae haiM, ve saba AtmavAda para AdhArita haiM, vahI vijJAna kA antima vizvAsa hai|'' kucha samaya pUrva vaijJAnika kSetra meM kisI sImA taka yaha phaizana thA, ki cetanA ke sambandha meM apane ko ajJAta kahe, parantu Aja bhI vyakti apanI ajJAnatA para garva kare, use burA samajhA jAtA hai aura usa para aMgulI uThAI jAtI hai, aba pahale vAlA dRSTikoNa nahIM hai| isakA zreya vijJAna ko hai| uparyukta pramANoM ke AdhAra para yaha kahA jA sakatA hai, ki vijJAna dhIre-dhIre AtmavAdI banatA jA rahA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM yaha kahA jA sakatA hai, ki AtmA ke astitva ke sambandha meM darzana va vijJAna eka hote jA rahe haiN| jIva ke bheda : jIva do prakAra ke kahe gae haiM - saMsArI evaM siddh| siddha deha rahita hote haiM tathA apane zuddha AtmasvarUpa arthAt svacatuSTaya meM pariNamana karate haiN| isake viparIta saMsArI jIva dehayukta hote haiN| ataH vizuddha hote haiM, kyoMki ve vyavahAra se ajIva tatvoM va bhAvoM se sambandhita hote haiN| ina varNAdika bhAvoM ke sAtha jIva kA sambandha yadyapi dUdha aura pAnI kA eka kSetrAvagAha rUpa saMyoga sambandha hai| svalakSaNa bhUta upayoga guNa ke dvArA vyApta hone se AtmA sabhI dravyoM se yukta pratIta hotA hai, kintu ve usa jIva ke nahIM hai| jaisA agni kA uSNatA ke sAtha tAdAtmya saMbaMdha hai, vaisA varNAdi ke sAtha jIva kA saMbaMdha nahIM hai| __ jIva ke sparza, rasa, gaMdha, varNa nahIM hai, zarIra saMsthAna, sahanana nahIM hai, rAga-dvepa va moha nahIM hai, pratyaya karma, naukarma nahIM hai, varga, vargaNA, sparzaka nahIM haiM, adhyAtma sthAna, anubhAga sthAna, yoga sthAna, baMdha sthAna, udaya sthAna, mArgaNA sthAna, sthiti baMdha sthAna, saMkleza sthAna, vizuddha sthAna, saMyama labdhi sthAna nahIM hai aura na hI jIva ke jIva sthAna va guNasthAna hI haiM, kyoMki ye pudgala ke pariNAma haiN| yaha niyama hai, ki jo vastu jisakA pariNAma hotI hai, vaha usI rUpa hotI hai| ataH ve varNAdika jo pudgala ke pariNAma haiM, pudgala rUpa hI hai, unheM jIva mAnanA nyAyocita nahIM hai| varNAdika se lekara guNasthAna paryaMta ke ye bhAva vyavahAranaya se jIva ke haiM, parantu nizcayanaya se koI bhI jIva ke nahIM hai| ye sabhI bhAva AtmA se bhinna haiM, isalie paramArtha se antaHkaraNa meM avalokana karane vAle jIva ko ye saba bhAva nahIM dikhate, kevala eka Atma tattva hI dikhAI detA hai| varNAdika bhAva saMsAra sthita jIvoM ke hote haiM, saMsAra se mukta hue jIvoM ke varNAdika koI bhI nahIM hai| arthAt saMsArastha jIva pudgala se saMyukta hone ke kAraNa hI pudgala ke varNAdika bhAva jIva para Aropita ho

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tattva mImAMsA * 379 jAte haiM, yadyapi jIva kA unake sAtha tAdAtmya nahIM hotaa| yadi ina bhAvoM ko nizcaya se jIva kA mAna liyA jAe, taba to jIva aura ajIva meM koI bheda hI nahIM raha jaaegaa| AtmA ke kartRtva aura bhoktRtva ke sambandha meM jainoM kA mantavya isa prakAra hai, ki nizcaya se AtmA AtmA ko hI karatA hai tathA AtmA AtmA ko hI bhogatA hai| ajJAna dazA meM bhI AtmA jisa zubha-azubha bhAva ko karatA hai, nizcaya se vaha usakA karttA hotA hai aura vaha bhAva usa AtmA kA karma hotA hai tathA vahI AtmA usa bhAva kA bhoktA hotA hai| zubha azubha donoM bhAva AtmA ke ajJAnamaya bhAva haiM, jo vAstava meM Atma svabhAva se bhinna haiM, kintu Adi kAla ajJAna ke kAraNa jIva unheM svakIya mAnatA hai| isa prakAra ajJAna dazA meM bhI jIva apane hI kRta karma kA bhoktA ho sakatA hai, apane hI zubha-azubha bhAvoM kA kartA ho sakatA hai, para dravya kA kartA aura bhoktA nahIM ho sktaa| yadyapi paramArtha se to jIva zubha-azubha bhAvoM kA bhI kartA aura bhoktA nahIM hai| yahA~ azuddha upAdAna kI apekSA se hI use unakA kartA aura bhoktA kahA gayA hai| kintu parabhAva kA karttA to vaha kadApi nahIM ho sktaa| arthAt pudgala karma kA kartA to vaha kadApi nahIM ho sktaa| arthAt pudgala karma kA karttA va bhoktA jIva nahIM hai, yadyapi vyavahAra se kabhI-kabhI aisA kathana bhI kiyA jAtA hai| kintu nizcayanaya se yaha kadApi svIkArya nahIM hai| saMsArI jIva do prakAra ke hote haiM - bhavya aura abhvy| jo jIva mukta hokara bhaviSya meM mokSa jAne kI yogyatA rakhate haiM, ve bhavya jIva hai tathA jinameM zuddha svarUpa kI upalabdhi kI zakti kA asadbhAva hai, unheM abhavya kahA jAtA hai| yahA~ prazna uThatA hai, ki yaha kaise saMbhava hai, ki kucha jIva dravya apane svabhAva ko hI prApta nahIM kara sakate? isake uttara meM kahA gayA hai, ki jisa prakAra striyoM meM prajanana kSamatA hotI hai, kintu kucha striyoM meM isakA abhAva hotA hai, usI prakAra kucha jIvoM meM zuddha avasthA kI prApti kI kSamatA nahIM hotI hai| AtmA tIna prakAra ke hote haiM - bahirAtmA, antarAtmA aura prmaatmaa| jo zarIra Adi para padArthoM ko apanA rupa mAnakara unakI hI priyabhoga sAmagrI meM Asakta haiM, ve bahirmukha jIva bahirAtmA haiN| jinheM sva-para viveka yA bheda vijJAna utpanna ho gayA hai, jinakI zarIra Adi bAhya padArthoM se Atma dRSTi haTa gaI hai, ve samyagdRSTi antarAtmA hai| jo samasta karmamala kalaMkoM se rahita hokara zuddha cinmAtra svarUpa meM magna haiM, ve paramAtmA haiN| saMsArI AtmA hI apane svarUpa kA yathArtha parijJAna kara, antardRSTi ho kramazaH paramAtmA bana jAtA hai| ataH Atmadharma kI prApti yA bandhana-mukti ke lie Atmatattva kA parijJAna nitAnta Avazyaka hai| 2. ajIva : jisa prakAra mokSa prApti ke lie Atmatattva kA jJAna Avazyaka hai, usI prakAra jisa ajIva ke sambandha se AtmA vikRta hotA hai, usameM vibhAva pariNati

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380 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana hotI hai, vaha bandhana meM par3atA hai, usa ajIva tattva ke jJAna kI bhI AvazyakatA hai| jIva tattva kA pratipakSI ajIva tattva hai| isameM cetanA zakti kA sarvathA abhAva hai| jisameM upayoga na ho, jAnane kI zakti na ho, vaha jar3a padArtha ajIva kahalAtA hai| ajIva jIva kA virodhI bhAvAtmaka bhAva hai, vaha sarvathA abhAvAtmaka nahIM hai| yaha cetanArahita, akartA, abhoktA, anAdi, ananta, sadA zAzvata tattva hai| yaha sadAkAla nirjIva rahane se ajIva kahalAtA hai| ___ ajIva tattva mUlataH do prakAra kA hai - 1. rUpI ajIva tathA 2. arUpI ajiiv| rUpI ajIva to ekamAtra pudgala dravya evaM usakI paryAyeM haiN| arUpI ajIva ke cAra bheda haiM - 1. dharma, 2. adharma, 3. AkAza tathA 4. kaal| ye cAra dravya varNAdi rahita hone se arUpI ajIva hai| ina cAra arUpI ajIvoM kA sAmAnya jJAna jIva aura ajIva ke bhedajJAna ke rUpa meM eka kar3I avazya hai, phira bhI inase jIvoM kA koI bhalA-burA nahIM hotA hai| pudgala dravya kA kiMcita vizeSa jJAna Avazyaka hai, kyoMki pudgala hI jIva ke bandhana kA nimitta hai| ___ jIva pudgala ke saMyoga se bandhana meM par3atA hai| ajIva pudgala paryAyoM ke prati rAga-dveSa va moha ke kAraNa hI saMsAra bhramaNa karatA hai| jIva ajJAnavaza pudgala paryAyoM ko apanA jAnatA hai| vyavahAra meM jo pudgala paryAya jIva kI jAnI jAtI haiM, ve vAstava meM jIva nahIM hai, kyoMki pudgala svayaM ajIva hai| ataH usakI paryAyeM bhI ajIva hI haiN| zarIra, indriyA~, varNa, rUpa, rasa, gandha-sparza Adi pudgala paryAyeM bhI ajIva hI haiN| rAga-dveSa-moha Adi paudgalika moha karma ke pariNAma haiN| mithyAtva, avirati, kapAya, yoga rUpa jo pratyaya haiM, ve karma-bandhana ke nimitta hone se Asrava kahe jAte haiN| ye bhI pudgala ke hI pariNAma vizeSa haiN| jJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa, vedanIya, mohanIya, Ayu, nAma, gautra va antarAya rUpa jo ATha karma haiM, pudgala pariNAma haiN| jo karma phala dekara Atma pradezoM se pRthak ho gae haiM yA jo abhI karma rUpa meM pariNata nahIM hue haiM, aise chaha paryApti yogya aura tIna zarIra ke yogya vastubhUta jo nokarma haiM, ve bhI pudgala pariNAma haiN| ___ karma paramANuoM kA samUha rUpa spardhaka, varga, varga kA samUha rUpa vargaNA tathA vargaNA kA samUha rUpa spardhaka Adi sabhI pudgala pariNAma hone se ajIva haiN| vizuddha caitanya pariNAma se bhinna jo sva-para meM ekatva ke adhyAsa se AdhyAtmika sthAna jAne jAte haiM, vaha bhI pudgala pariNAma ke hone ke kAraNa ajIva hI haiN| bhinna-bhinna prakRtiyoM ke isa pariNAma rUpa anubhAga sthAna, mana, vacana, kAya vargaNA ke nimitta se Atma pradeza meM hone vAle spanda, rUpa yoga sthAna bhI ajIva hai| AtmA ke karma pudgala ke Asrava se jo baMdha sthAna hai tathA prArabdha karmoM kI phala pradAyI avasthA rUpa jo udaya sthAna hai, ve sabhI ajIva haiN|

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tattva mImAMsA * 381 gati, indriya, kAya, yoga, veda, kaSAya, jJAna, saMyama, darzana, lezyA, bhavyatva, samyaktva, saMjJitva aura AhAra bheda se jo caudaha prakAra ke mArgaNA sthAna haiM, sabhI ajIva haiN| AtmA jitane kAla taka karma paramANuoM se baddha rahatA hai, vaha kAla kI sImA rUpa sthiti bandha sthAna bhI ajIva hI hai| rAga-dveSa Adi kaSAyoM ke tIvra udaya rUpa saMkleza sthAna tathA kaSAya-zamana rUpa vizuddha sthAna bhI ajIva haiN| bAdara ekendriya, sUkSma ekendriya, dvindrIya, trIndriya, caturindriya, saMjJI paMcendriya va asaMjJI paMcendriya ina sAta ke paryAptaka aura aparyAptaka ke bheda se caudaha jIva sthAna hote haiM. ye jIva sthAna bhI jIva na hokara ajIva hI hAte haiN| mithyA dRSTi, sAsAdana-samadRSTi, samyagmithyA dRSTi, asaMyata samyagdRSTi, saMyatAsaMyata, pramatta saMyata, apramattasaMyata, apUrva karaNa upazamaka tathA kSapaka, sUkSma sAMparAya-upazamaka tathA kSapaka upazAnta kaSAya, kSINa kapAya, sayogI kevalI aura ayogI kevalI the| jo jIva ke caudaha guNasthAna haiM, ve bhI vastutaH ajIva hI haiN| ___ zarIra, mana, indriyA~, zvAsocchavAsa aura vacana Adi saba pudgala pariNAma hI hai| jisameM zarIra to cetana ke saMsarga se cetanAyamAna ho rahA hai| jagat meM rUpa, rasa, gandha aura sparza vAle yAvat padArtha podgalika haiN| pRthvI, jala, vAyu, agni sabhI paudagalika haiN| zabda, prakAza, chAyA, andhakAra, sardI-garmI sabhI pudagala skandhoM kI avasthAe~ haiN| mumukSu ke lie zarIra kI paudgalikatA kA jJAna to isalie atyanta Avazyaka hai, ki usake jIvana kI Asakti kA kendra vahI hai| yadyapi vartamAna meM AtmA kA 99 pratizata vikAsa aura prakAza zarIra ke mAdhyama se hI sambhava hai| zarIra ke puoM ke bigar3ate hI vartamAna jJAna vikAsa rUka jAtA hai, aura zarIra ke nAza hone para vartamAna zaktiyA~ prAyaH samApta ho jAtI haiM, phira bhI AtmA kA apanA svatantra astitva tela-battI se bhinna jyoti kI taraha hai hii| zarIra kA aNu-aNu jisakI zakti se saMcAlita aura cetanAyamAna ho rahA hai, vaha antaHjyoti dUsarI hI hai| yaha AtmA apane sUkSma kArmaNa zarIra ke anusAra vartamAna sthUla zarIra ke naSTa ho jAne para dUsare sthUla zarIra ko dhAraNa karatA hai| Aja to AtmA ke sAtvika, rAjasa aura tAmasa sabhI prakAra ke vicAra aura saMskAra kArmaNa zarIra aura prApta sthUla zarIra ke anusAra hI vikasita ho rahe haiN| ataH mumukSu ke lie isa zarIra-pudgala kI prakRti kA parijJAna atyaMta Avazyaka hai, jisase vaha isakA upayoga AtmA ke vikAsa meM kara sake, hAsa meM nhiiN| yadi AhAra-vihAra uttejaka hotA hai, to kitanA hI pavitra vicAra karane kA prayAsa kiyA jAye, lekina saphalatA nahIM mila sktii| isalie bure saMskAra aura vicAroM kA zamana karane ke lie yA kSINa karane ke lie unake prabala nimittabhUta zarIra kI sthiti Adi kA parijJAna karanA hI hogaa| jina para padArthoM se AtmA ko virakta honA hai aura jinheM para samajha kara unakI chInA jhapaTI kI dvandva dazA se Upara uThAnA hai

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382 jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana aura unake parigraha aura saMgraha meM hI jIvana ke bahu bhAva ko naSTa nahIM karanA hai| varan usa para ko para samajha kara hI jIva aura ajIva kA bhedajJAna prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| isI Azaya se ajIva tattva kA vistRta vivecana kiyA gayA hai| 3. puNya : puNya ko jaina darzana meM svataMtra tattva ke rUpa meM sthAna diyA hai| vaise to jo kucha vizva meM hai, vaha saba jIva aura ajIva tattva meM samAhita ho jAtA hai, jaisA ki Agama meM kahA gayA hai| 965 "jamatthiNaM loge taM savvaM duSao AraM, taMjahA, jIvacceva ajIvAcceva / ' arthAt samasta loka meM jo kucha bhI sat hai, vaha saba do tattvoM meM samAviSTa ho jAtA hai - jIva aura ajIva / aisA kathana saMgraha naya kI dRSTi se kiyA gayA hai| lekina mumukSu jIvoM ko mokSa mArga kA jJAna karAne kI apekSA se hI nava tattva rUpa se tattvoM kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai / isa prakAra jIva- ajIva ke sAtha hI puNya-pApa Azrava, saMvara, nirjarA, baMdha aura mokSa ko bhI jaina darzana meM tattva kI saMjJA dI gaI hai| jaina darzana sammata navatattvoM meM se tIsarA tattva puNya hai / jo AtmA ko zubha karatA hai athavA use pavitra banAtA hai, vaha zubha karma puNya hai| sArI zubha pravRttiyA~ aura zubha prakRtiyA~ puNya ke antargata samAviSTa ho jAtI haiN| sAkSAta yA paramparA se puNya AtmA ke lie upakAraka hai| yahA~ taka ki tIrthaMkaratva kI prApti kA kAraNa bhI tIrthaMkara nAma karma nAmaka puNya - prakRti hai / jisa prakAra sAMsArika sukha ke sAdhanabhUta bhojana, vastra, aura AvAsa Adi padArthoM ko prApta karane meM pahale kucha kaSTa uThAnA par3atA hai, kintu bAda meM lambe samaya taka unase sukha milatA hai| isa prakAra puNya upArjana karane meM prathama to kaSTa uThAnA par3atA hai, kintu bAda meM lambe samaya taka unase sukha milatA hai| puNya upArjana karanA sarala nahIM hai| pudgaloM kI mamatA tyAge binA, guNajJa hue binA, yogoM ko zubha kAryoM meM lagAe binA, dUsaroM ke duHkha ko apanA duHkha mAnakara use dUra karane kI bhAvanA aura pravRtti kie binA puNya kA upArjana nahIM hotA hai / puNya ke nava-prakAra : puNya upArjana karane ke lie zAstrakAra ne nava - prakAra batAe haiM- jaisA ki Agama meM kahA gayA hai - 'nava vihe putre paNNatte taM jahA - anna punne 1, pANapunne 2, vatthapunne 3, leNa punne 4, sayaNapunne 5, maNa punne 6, vai pune 7, kAya punne 8, namokkAra puNe 9 / ' arthAt puNya nimnalikhita nau prakAra kA kahA gayA hai - 765 - 1. annapuNe : nisvArtha bhAva se anna dAna karane se jo puNya bandha hotA hai, vaha anna puNya hai- usameM vidhi dravya-deya vastu, dAtA aura pAtra lene vAle ke vaiziSTya se puNya-bandha meM viziSTatA AtI hai|

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tattvamImAMsA 383 2. pANapuNNe : pAnI kA dAna karane se jo puNya - prakRti kA baMdha hotA hai, vaha pAna puNya 1 3. vatthapuNe : vastroM kA dAna karane se jo puNya kA baMdha hotA hai, vaha vastra puNya hai| 4. layaNapuNNe : makAna Adi sthAna kA dAna karane se jo puNya prakRti kA baMdha hotA hai, vaha layaNa puNya hai| 5. sayaNa puNe 3 pATa-pATalA, bichaunA Adi saMstAraka dene se jo puNya baMdha hotA hai, vaha sayaNa puNya hai| 6. maNapuNNe : mana se dUsaroM kI, guNI janoM kI, bhalAI cAhane se guNiyoM ke prati tuSTi - pramoda bhAvanA rakhane se mana puNya hotA hai / 7. vai puNNe : vacanoM dvArA guNI janoM kA kIrtana karane se, unakI prazaMsA karane se tathA hita-mita priya vacana bolane se vacana puNya hotA hai / 8. kAya puNNe : zarIra dvArA dUsaroM kI sevA karane se, anya jIvoM ko sAtA pahu~cAne se, parAyA duHkha dUra karane se guNIjanoM kI sevA-suzruSA, purvapAsanA karane se jo puNya prakRti kA bandha hotA hai, vaha kAya puNya haiM 1 9. namokkAra puNNe : yogya pAtra ko namaskAra karane se sabake sAtha vinamra vyavahAra karane se jo puNya - prakRti kA baMdha hotA hai, vaha namaskAra puNya hai| uparyukta nau prakAra kA puNya karate samaya zubha bhAvapUrvaka paudgalika padArthoM para se mamatA utAranI par3atI hai, parizrama bhI karanA par3atA hai, kintu puNya kA phala prApta hone para dIrgha samaya taka ArAma evaM sukha kI prApti hotI hai tathA zuddha dharma kI ArAdhanA kA suavasara prApta hotA hai / puNya ke cAra prakAra: puNya kA phala sukha mAnA gayA hai, parantu loka vyavahAra meM dekhA jAtA hai, ki aneka puNya karma karane vAle vyakti duHkhI dekhe jAte haiM aura aneka pApakarma karane vAle vyakti - laukika samRddhi se paripUrNa dekhe jAte haiM / isa visaMvAda kA kyA kAraNa hai ? isa prazna kA samAdhAna karate hue jainAcAryoM ne pApa-puNya ke cAra prakAra batAe haiM 1. puNyAnubaMdhI - puNya, 2. pApAnubaMdhI puNya, 3. pApAnubaMdhI pApa, 4. puNyAnubaMdhI pApa / 1. puNyAnubaMdhI puNya : jisa puNyaM ke kAraNa se vartamAna meM bhI zubha sAmagrI prApta huI hai aura Age ke lie bhI jisa puNya se adhika zubha sAmagrI prApta hone vAlI hai, vaha puNyAnubaMdhI puNya hai| jaise kisI vyakti pUrvopArjita puNya prakRti se manuSya bhava meM acchI sAmagrI prApta kI aura AgAmI bhava meM devagati rUpa aura bhI adhika acchI sAmagrI prApta karane vAlA haiM, to vaha puNya AgAmI zubhAnubhAva kA kAraNa hone se puNyAnubaMdhI

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384 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana puNya kahA jAtA hai| 2. pApAnubaMdhI puNya : pUrvopArjita puNya prakRti ke kAraNa vartamAna meM to zubha sAmagrI prApta huI ho, kintu apane acche vartamAna bhava se asaddharma kA AcaraNa kara Age narakAdika bhava meM jAtA hai, to vaha pApAnubaMdhI puNya hai| 3. pApAnubaMdhI pApa : pUrvopArjita azubha karma se vartamAna bhava meM bhI tiryaMca Adi azubha anubhAva kI prApti jisase huI ho, tathA jo AgAmI bhava meM bhI narakAdi azubhatara anubhava kI prApti kA nimitta bane vaha karma pApAnubaMdhI pApa hai| 4. puNyAnubaMdhI pApa : jisase pUrvopArjita azubha karma ke kAraNa se vartamAna meM azubha anubhAva kA anubhava jisase ho, lekina vartamAna meM azubha anubhAva kA anubhava karake vaha saddharma kA AcaraNa karatA huA AgAmI bhava ke lie zubha anubhAva kI bhUmikA taiyAra karatA hai, vaha puNyAnubaMdhI pApa kahA jAtA hai| isase yahI niSkarSa nikalatA hai, ki manuSya ko sadaiva zuddha sAdhya ke lie bhI puNyAnubaMdhI puNya kA hI AcaraNa karanA caahiye| kyoMki isake mAdhyama se nara nazvaraamara-nirvANa evaM avinazvara svarUpa ko prApta kara sakatA hai| jJAna vRddha zruta sthaviroM kI samyak upAsanA ke kAraNa prApta vizuddha Agama ke jJAna dvArA jisakA citta nirmala ho gayA hai, vahI vyakti puNyAnubaMdhI puNya kA anuSThAna kara sakatA hai| cittaratna kI nirmalatA hI abhyAntara dhana kahA jAtA hai| jisakA nirmala citta rUpI ratna doSoM ke dvArA curA liyA gayA ho, usake lie kevala vipattiyA~ hI bacI rahatI haiN| saba jIvoM para dayA karanA, vairAgyabhAva dhAraNa karanA (rAga-dveSa rahitatA) vidhipUrvaka guru kI upAsanA karanA, niraticAra vratoM kA pAlana karanA Adi puNyAnubaMdhI puNyabaMdha ke upAya haiN| puNya kI 42 prakRtiyA~ : puNya kA pUrvokta anna puNNe Adi nau prakAra se baMdha hotA hai aura nimnokta 42 zubha prakRtiyoM ke rUpa meM puNya kA phala prApta hotA hai| ina 42 zubhakarma prakRtiyoM ko hI puNya prakRti ke rUpa meM pahacAnA jAtA haiM - 1. sAtA vedanIya, 2. uccagautra, 3. manuSyagati, 4. manuSyAnupUrvI, 5. devagati, 6. devAnupUrvI, 7. paMcendriya jAti, 8. audArika zarIra, 9. vaikriyaka zarIra, 10. AhAraka zarIra, 11. taijasa zarIra, 12. kArmaNa zarIra, 13. audArika aMgopAMga, 14. vaikriyaka aMgopAMga, 15. AhAraka aMgopAMga, 16. vajra RSabhanArAca saMhanana, 17. samacaturasra saMsthAna, 18. zubha varNa, 19. zubha gaMdha, 20. zubha rasa, 21. zubha sparza, 22. aguru laghutva, 23. parAghAta nAma, 24. ucchavAsa nAma, 25. Atapa nAma, 26. udyota nAma, 27. zubha vihAyogati (calane kI gati), 28. zubha nirmANanAma, 29. trasa nAma, 30. bAdara nAma, 31. paryApta nAma, 32. pratyeka nAma, 33. sthira nAma, 34. zubha nAma, 35. subhaga nAma, 36.

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tattva mImAMsA * 385 susvaranAma, 37. Adeya nAma, 38. yazokirti nAma, 39. devAyu, 40. manuSyAyu, 41. tiryaMcAyu aura42. tIrthaMkara naam|" / uparyukta puNya kI 42 prakRtiyoM meM paMcendriya jAti, manuSya zarIra, vajra RSabha nArAca saMhanana Adi mokSa kI sAmagrI sammilita hai| antarAya karma kSayopazama sahita puNya ke binA yaha sAmagrI nahIM milatI aura isa sAmagrI ke binA mokSa kI prApti nahIM ho sktii| ataeva viveka ke sAtha puNya tattva kA svarUpa samajhakara usako yathocita rUpa se grahaNa karanA caahiye| puNya kI heya-jJeya upAdeyatA - puNya tattva ko gaharAI se samajhanA cAhiye, kyoMki yaha mokSamArga prazasta karatA hai| yaha aisA tattva hai, jo vividha bhUmikAoM meM upAdeya-jJeya aura heya bana jAtA hai| cAritra (sarva-virati) prApti kI bhUmikAoM meM puNya tattva upAdeya hai, kyoMki paMcendriyatva, manuSyabhava, AryakSetra Adi saMyama grahaNa kI sAmagrI puNya ke binA prApta nahIM hotii| jaba taka puNya kA sahArA nahIM liyA jAtA, taba taka yaha sAmagrI prApta nahIM hotii| isa sAmagrI ke abhAva meM saMyama kI prApti nahIM ho sktii| sarva virati rUpa cAritra svIkAra karane ke pazcAt saMyamAvasthA meM puNya tattva jJeya evaM upAdeya hai, heya nhiiN| cAritra kI pUrNatA hone para arthAt caudahaveM guNasthAna meM vaha heya ho jAtA hai| kyoMki zarIra ko chor3e binA mokSa kI prApti nahIM hotii| saba karma-prakRtiyoM ke sarvathA kSaya hone para hI mokSa kI prApti ho sakatI hai| jisa prakAra samudra ke eka kinAre se dUsare kinAre para jAne ke lie jahAja para car3hanA Avazyaka hai aura kinAre pahu~cakara usakA tyAga karanA bhI Avazyaka hai| donoM kA avalambana lie binA pAra pahu~canA sambhava nahIM hai| isI prakAra prAthamika bhUmikA meM puNya tattva ko apanAnA Avazyaka hai aura Atma-vikAsa kI carama sImA ke nikaTa pahu~cane para use chor3a denA bhI Avazyaka hai| jahAja meM baiThe hue vyakti ke lie vaha jJeya hai aura upAdeya hai, heya nhiiN| saMsAra rUpI samudra ke pAra hone ke lie puNya rUpI pota (jahAja) kI AvazyakatA hai, kintu caudahaveM guNasthAna meM pahu~cane ke pazcAt mokSarUpI nagara kI prApti ke samaya puNya heya ho jAtA hai| jo vyakti yA jo samudAya vizeSa isa bhUmikA ke bheda ko samajhe binA pahale se hI puNya ko heya samajhakara tyAga detA hai usakI vahI dazA hotI hai, jo kinAre pahu~cane se pahale hI jahAja ko chor3a detA hai| bIca meM jahAja ko tyAga dene vAlA samudra meM DUbatA hai aura puNya ko tyAga dene vAlA saMsAra-samudra meM DUbatA hai| jo pakSa puNya ko ekAntataH heya batalAtA hai, kyoMki puNya bhI pApa kI hI bhA~ti bandhana kA dhAraka hai aura mokSa ke lie to bandhana kA sarvathA abhAva hI zreya hai, vaha puNya ko nahIM jaane| aise loga sIdhe hI chalAMga mArakara lakSya prApti kI bAta karate haiM, bIca ke sAdhana athavA mArga ke bAre meM socate hI nhiiN| unake anusAra to tIrthaMkara

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386 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana nAmakarma bhI tyAjya hI hogaa| lekina vastutaH jaba taka mokSa sannikaTa nahIM hai, taba taka puNya karma Adarane yogya hai| zAstroM meM sthAna-sthAna para puNya kI mahimA prakaTa kI gaI hai| terahaveM guNasthAna taka puNya prakRti rahatI aura baMdhatI hai| sArAMza yaha hai, ki puNya ke viSaya meM ekAnta pakSa grahaNa karanA ucita nahIM hai| jo tattva sarvocca sthiti para pahu~cate samaya chor3ane yogya hotA hai, use prAthamika aura mAdhyamika stara para hI chor3ane yogya mAna lenA kadApi saMgata nahIM hai| mokSa prApti kI sthiti meM puNya tattva svayaMmeva chUTa jAtA hai, use chor3ane kI AvazyakatA nahIM pdd'tii| ataH sarvocca sthiti ke pUrva taka puNya upAdeya, AdaraNIya va grAhya hai, yadyapi vaha antima lakSya nahIM hai| 4. pApa tattva : puNya kA pratipakSI tattva pApa hai| pApa zabda kI vyutpatti karate hue sthAnAMga sUtra kI TIkA meM kahA gayA hai, ki jo AtmA ko jAla meM phaMsAve athavA AtmA ko girAve athavA AtmA ke Anandarasa ko sukhAve, vaha pApa hai| saMsAra meM jo kucha bhI azubha hai, vaha saba pApa aura usake phala meM samAviSTa ho jAtA hai| jaina darzana meM pApa tattva kA bhI svatantra astitva svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| vaha kevala puNya kA abhAva nahIM hai| karma ke zubha-azubha rUpa se do bheda hai| zubha karma puNya rUpa haiM aura azubha karma pApa rUpa haiM / zubha phala sukhAdi kA kAraNa puNya hai aura azubha phala dukhAdi kA kAraNa pApa hai| saMsAra meM duHkha Adi azubha kArya dRSTigocara hote haiM, unakA koI kAraNa honA cAhiye, kyoMki ve kArya haiN| jo kArya hotA hai, usakA koI kAraNa avazya hotA hai, jaise aMkura kA kAraNa biij| jo duHkhAdi azubha phala kA kAraNa hai, vahI pApa karma hai| kahA jA sakatA hai, ki aniSTa saMyoga aura iSTa viyoga rUpa dRSTa kAraNoM ko chor3akara pApa rUpI adRSTa kAraNa kI kalpanA karanA nirarthaka hai| kiMtu yaha kathana yukti saMgata nahIM hai, kyoMki iSTa kAraNa rUpa bAhya sAdhanoM kI tulyatA hone para bhI phala meM vaicitrya dekhA jAtA hai| do vyaktiyoM ko samAna sAdhana sAmagrI prApta hone para bhI phala meM antara dekhA jAtA hai| eka vyakti sAdhanoM kI samAnatA ke bAvajUda saphalatA prApta karatA hai aura dUsarA asaphala ho jAtA hai| ataH tulya sAmagrI ke sadbhAva meM hone vAlA phalabheda kisI adRSTa kAraNa kI sattA ko siddha karatA hai| azubha duHkhAdi phala kA jo bIja (kAraNa) hai, vahI pApa tattva hai| puNya-pApa ko lekara cintakoM meM kaI prakAra ke mata pAye jAte haiN| koI kahatA hai, ki puNya hI ekamAtra tattva hai, pApa nhiiN| koI kahatA hai, ki pApa hI tattva hai, puNya nhiiN| koI kahate haiM, ki puNya-pApa alaga-alaga nahIM haiM, parantu puNya-pApa nAmaka eka hI vastu hai| koI kahate haiM, ki ye alaga-alaga sukha-duHkha ke kAraNa haiM, ataeva donoM svatantra tattva hai| koI kahate haiM, ki kArya kA mUla se hI koI astitva nahIM hai, kyoMki yaha sArA jagata vyavahAra svabhAva siddha hai| ina taraha-taraha ke vikalpoM se jIvoM meM saMzaya kI sthiti utpanna ho jAtI hai| ataH AgamoM meM yathArtha vikalpa kA vivecana

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tattva mImAMsA * 387 kiyA gayA hai| AgamAnusAra puNya aura pApa donoM svataMtra tattva hai, kyoMki donoM ke phala bhinnabhinna hI hote haiN| puNya kA phala sukha hai aura pApa kA phala duHkha hai| ye donoM bhinna phala vAle haiM, ataeva ye donoM pRthak-pRthak tattva haiN| yaha caturtha vikalpa hI yathArtha pratyeka prANI dvArA arjita pApa bhinna prakAra kA hone se pApa ke ananta bheda ho sakate haiN| phira bhI pApa ke aThAraha bhedoM ke nAma isa prakAra haiN| pApa ke bhedaH 1. prANAtipAta, 2. mRSAvAda, 3. adattAdAna, 4. maithuna, 5. parigraha, 6. krodha, 7. mAna, 8. mAyA, 9. lobha, 10. rAga, 11. dveSa, 12. kalaha, 13. abhyAkhyAna, 14. paizunya, 15. para-parivAda, 16. rati-arati, 17. mAyA-mRSAvAda, 18. mithyaadrshnshly| ye aThAraha mukhya pApa haiN| inake sevana karane se AtmA bhArI hotI hai aura adhogati meM jAtI hai| ina aThAraha mukhya pApoM aura anya sAmAnya pApoM kA phala jIva ko 82 pApa-prakRtiyoM ke rUpa meM bhoganA par3atA hai| pApa kI 82 prakRtiyoM ke nAma isa prakAra haiM - ____ pApa kI 82 prakRtiyA~ : 1. matijJAnAvaraNIya, 2. zrutajJAnAvaraNIya, 3. avadhijJAnAvaraNIya, 4. manaHparyAya jJAnAvaraNIya, 5. kevalajJAnAvaraNIya, 6. dAnAntarAya, 7. lAbhAntarAya, 8. bhogAntarAya, 9. upabhogAntarAya, 10. vIryAntarAya, 11. nidrA, 12. nidrAnidrA, 13. pracalA, 14. pracalA-pracalA, 15. satyAnagRddhi, 16. cakSudarzanAvaraNa, 17. acakSudarzanAvaraNa, 18. avadhi darzanAvaraNa, 19. kevaladarzanAvaraNa, 20. asAtAvedanIya, 21. nIcagotra, 22. mithyAtva mohanIya, 23. sthAvara, 24. sUkSma, 25. aparyApta, 26. sAdhAraNa, 27. asthira, 28. azubha, 29. durbhaga, 30. dusvara, 31. anAdeya, 32. ayazokIrti, 33. narakagati, 34. narakAyu, 35. narakAnupUrvI, 36. anantAnubandhIkrodha, 37. anantAnubaMdhI mAna, 38. anantAnubaMdhI mAyA, 39. anantAnubaMdhI lobha, 40. apratyAkhyAna krodha, 41. apratyAkhyAna mAna, 42. apratyAkhyAna mAyA, 43. apratyAkhyAna lobha, 44. pratyAkhyAna krodha, 45. pratyAkhyAna mAna, 46. pratyAkhyAna mAyA, 47. pratyAkhyAna lobha, 48. saMjvalana krodha, 49. saMjvalana mAna, 50. saMjvalana mAyA, 51. saMjvalana lobha, 52. hAsya, 53. rati, 54. arati, 55. bhaya, 56. zoka, 57. jugupsA, 58. strIveda, 59. puruSaveda, 60. napuMsakaveda, 61. tiryaMcagati, 62. tiryaMcAnupUrvI, 63. ekendriya jAti, 64. beindriya jAti, 65. trIndriya jAti, 66. caturindra jAti, 67. azubha vihAyogati, 68. upaghAta, 69. azubhavarNa, 70. azubha gaMdha, 71. azubha rasa, 72. azubha sparza, 73. RSabhanArAcasaMhanana, 74. nArAcasaMhanana, 75. ardhanArAca saMhanana, 76. kIlaka saMhanana, 77. sevArta saMhanana, 78. nyUgrodha parimaNDala

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388 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana saMsthAna, 79. sAdi saMsthAna, 80. vAmana saMsthAna, 81. kubja saMsthAna aura 82. huNDa saMsthAna / uparyukta bayAsI prakAra se pApa ke phala ko bhoganA par3atA haiM I yahA~ eka zaMkA ho sakatI hai, ki puNya kI prakRtiyA~ 42 aura pApa kI prakRtiyA~ 82 batAI hai| donoM milAkara 124 hotI haiM, jabaki karmabaMdha yogya prakatiyA~ 120 hI batAI gaI hai| isakA samAdhAna yaha hai, ki varNa, gaMdha, rasa va sparza ye cAra prakRtiyA~ baMdhAdhikAra meM sAmAnya rUpa se batAyI gaI haiN| lekina puNya prakRtiyoM meM zubha rUpa se tathA pApa prakRtiyoM meM azubha rUpa se inakA pRthak pRthak rUpa se varNana kiyA gayA hai| tAtparya yaha hai, ki baMdha to zubhAzubha meM eka kA hI hotA hai| yA to zubhavarNAdi kA hotA hai yA azubha kA / isalie baMdha yogya prakRtiyoM meM cAra prakRtiyoM kA hI grahaNa kiyA hai, ATha kA nahIM / ataeva baMdha yogya prakRtiyA~ 120 hI hai| pApa prakRtiyoM ko jAnakara inakA tyAga karanA cAhiye / pApa tattva heya haiN| isake pariNAma ati kaTu hote haiM / ataH Atma kalyANa ke lie jIva ko sadaiva pApa prakRtiyoM se bacanA cAhiye / 5. Asrava : jisake dvArA karma AtmA meM praveza karate haiM, vaha Asrava hai arthAt karmabandha ke hetu Asrava / Asrava ke dvAra pA~ca kahe gae haiM 1. mithyAtva, 2. avirati, 3. pramAda, 4. kaSAya va 5. yog| ye pA~ca bandha ke kAraNa haiM, ataH inheM Asrava - pratyaya bhI kahate haiM / jIva meM padArthoM kI yathArthatA ke prati zraddhAna nahIM honA mithyAdarzana hai| hiMsAdi pApoM ke tyAga rUpa vrata kA abhAva avirati hai / dharma ke prati azraddhA ke kAraNa dharmAcaraNa Alasya pramAda hai| krodha, mAna, mAyA tathA lobha AtmA ko duHkha dene ke kAraNa kaSAya kahe gaye haiM / " mana, vacana tathA kAyA kI pravRtti yoga hai|' AtmA pratikSaNa mithyAdarzanAdi ke dvArA karma kA AkarSaNa karatA rahatA hai / Asrava do prakAra se hotA hai bhAvAsrava tathA dravyAsrava / jina bhAvoM se karmoM kA Asrava hotA hai, unheM bhAvAsrava kahate haiM aura karmadravya kA AnA dravyAsrava kahalAtA hai| pudgaloM meM karmatva paryAya kA vikAsa honA bhI dravyAsrava kahA jAtA hai| AtmapradezoM taka unakA AnA bhI dravyAsrava hai / yadyapi inhIM mithyAtva Adi bhAvoM ko bhAvabandha kahA hai, parantu prathama kSaNabhAvI ye bhAva cU~ki karmoM ko khIMcane kI sAkSAt kAraNabhUta yoga kriyA meM nimitta hote haiM, ataH bhAvAsrava jaisA tIvra, manda aura madhyama hotA hai, tajjanya AtmapradezoM kA parispanda arthAt yoga kriyA se karma bhI vaise hI Ate haiM aura Atma pradezoM se bandhate haiM / - mithyAtvAdi pudgala pariNAmoM meM jJAnAvaraNAdi karmoM ke AsravaNa kA jo nimitta hai, usakA bhI nimitta kAraNa rAga-dveSa- moha Adi jIva ke ajJAnamaya bhAva hai| ataH pudgala pariNAmoM ke Asrava ke nimitta bhUta hone se rAgAdi bhAva hI nizcaya se Ava

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tattva mImAMsA * 389 haiN| rAgAdi bhAva cidvikAra kahe jAte haiM, jo ajJAnI jIvoM meM hI hote haiN| ataH ajJAnI jIva ke hI rAga-dveSa moha rUpa Asrava hote haiN| samyagdRSTi jIva ke rAgAdi bhAvAsrava nahIM hote| ataH unake AsravoM se hone vAle bandhana bhI nahIM hote| samyagdRSTi jIva navIna karmoM ko nahIM bA~dhatA hai tathA sattA meM vidyamAna pUrvabaddha karmoM ko jAnatA mAtra hai| jJAnI jIva ke rAgAdi bhAvAsrava kA abhAva ho jAtA hai tathA dravyAsrava to jJAnI ke svayameva hI bhinna hI hai, kyoMki dravyAsrava pudgala pariNAma hai aura jJAnI caitanya svarupa hotA hai| jJAnI ke pUrvabaddha dravyAsrava miTTI ke Dhele ke samAna hai, jo mAtra kArmANa zarIra ke sAtha hI baMdhe hue haiM, jIva ke sAtha nhiiN| ataH zarIra ke naSTa hote hI vaha pUrNa mukta ho jAtA hai| isa prakAra ke samyagjJAnI ke mAtra yoga se hone vAlA Asrava IryApatha Asrava kahalAtA hai, jo kaSAya se sambaddha na hone ke kAraNa Age bandhana nahIM kraataa| isake viparIta ajJAnI jIvoM ke jo kaSAyAnuraMjita yoga se hone vAlA sAmparAyika Asrava hotA hai, jo bandha kA hetu banakara saMsAra kI vRddhi karatA hai| para bhava meM zarIrAdi ke prApti ke lie Ayu karma kA Asrava vartamAna Ayu ke tribhAga meM hotA hai| zeSa sAta karmoM kA Asrava prati samaya hotA rahatA hai| sAmparAyika Asrava do prakAra ke kahe gae haiM --pUNyAsrava tathA paapaatrv| 1. puNyAsrava : prazasta rAga, anukampA, pariNati tathA citta kI akaluSatA __ Adi pariNAmoM se puNya kA Asrava hotA hai| 2. pApAsrava : adhika pramAdavAlI caryA, kaluSatA, viSayoM ke prati Asikta, para ko kaSTa pahu~cAne aura para ko apazabda bolane se pApa kA Asrava hotA hai| Asrava ke 42 bheda : Asrava ke indriya, kaSAya, avrata, kriyA aura yoga - ye pA~ca mUla bheda haiN| inake kramazaH pA~ca, cAra, pA~ca, paccIsa aura tIna bheda haiN| ye saba milakara Asrava ke 42 bheda ho jAte haiN| 1. pA~ca indriyoM ke Asrava : pA~ca indriyoM ko yahA~ Asrava kahA gayA hai| isakA abhiprAya yaha hai, ki idriyoM dvArA grAhya zabda, rUpa, rasa, gandha aura sparza meM rAga-dveSa rUpa pravRtti karane se jo karma kA Asrava hotA hai, vaha indriya Asrava hai| svarUpa mAtra se to koI indriya karmabandha kA kAraNa nahIM hotI aura na indriyoM kI rAgadveSa rahita pravRtti hI karma baMdha kA kAraNa hotI hai| jaise-zrotrendriya kA svabhAva hai, ki vaha zabda ko grahaNa kre| yaha to saMbhava nahIM, ki zrotrendriya zabdoM ko grahaNa hI na kre| zrotrendriya dvArA grahaNa kiye jAne vAle manojJa aura amanojJa zabdoM meM rAga bhAva aura dveSa karane se hI zrotrendriya-Asrava hotA hai| aisA hI anya indriyoM ke sambadha meM bhI hotA the

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390 jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana 2. kaSAya- Asrava: krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha ye cAra kaSAya haiM, jinake dvArA jIva karmoM kA Asrava karatA hai| 3. avrata-Asrava : 1. prANAtipAta, 2. mRSAvAda, 3. adattAdAna, 4. maithuna, 5. parigraha ye pA~ca avrata haiM / inake nimitta se hone vAlA karmabandhana avrata Asrava hai / 4. 25 kriyA AsravaH jisase karma kA Asrava hotA hai, aisI pravRtti ko kriyA kahate haiM / kriyAe~ do prakAra kI kahI gaI hai- jIva kriyA aura ajIva kriyA / yahA~ kriyA zabda kA artha vyApAra hai / arthAt jIva ke dvArA jo kiyA jAya, vaha jIva kriyA hai| karmarupa se pariNAma ajIva - pudgala dvArA jo kI jAya, vaha ajIva kriyA hai / jIva kriyA ke do bheda haiM- samyaktva kriyA aura mithyAtva kriyA / tattva zraddhAna rUpa samyaktva jIva-vyApAra hone se jIva kriyA hai / isI taraha atatva zraddhAna rUpa mithyAtva bhI jIva vyApAra hone se jIva kriyA hai / athavA samyagdarzana ke hone para jo kriyAe~ hotI haiM, vaha samyaktva kriyA hai aura mithyAdarzana ke hone para jo kriyAe~ hotI haiM, vaha mithyAtva kriyA hai / ajIva kriyA ke do bheda haiM IryApathika kriyA aura sAmparAyika kriyA / kevala yoga ke nimitta se upazAnta moha Adi gyArahaveM se lekara terahaveM guNasthAnavartI jIvoM ke ajIva pudgala rAzi karma kA sAtA vedanIya ke rUpa meM pariNata honA IryApathika kriyA hai| yahA~ jIva vyApAra rUpa hone para bhI ajIva kI pradhAna rUpa se vivakSA hone se ajIva kriyA kahI jAtI hai| IryApathika kriyA do prakAra kI hai - badhyamAna aura vedymaan| yaha prathama samaya meM ba~dhatI hai aura dvitIya samaya meM isakA vedana hotA hai| yaha baddha - spaSTa, vedita aura nirjIrNa hokara tIsare samaya meM akarma rUpa ho jAtI hai| IryApatha kriyA eka prakAra kI hI hai aura sAmparAyika kriyA 24 prakAra kI haiN| isa prakAra 25 kriyAe~ haiN| sAmparAyika kriyAoM ke 24 bheda isa prakAra haiM : 1. kAyikI kriyA : duSTa bhAva se yukta hokara prayatna karanA, ayatanApUrvaka kAya kI pravRtti karanA, vrata niyamAdi kA pAlana na karake Arambhajanaka kAmoM meM laganA kAyikI kriyA hai / 2. AdhikaraNikI kriyA : talavAra, bandUka Adi zAstroM kA saMgraha yA prayoga karane se athavA inakA nirmANa karane yA karavAne se tathA kaThora durvacana bolakara jhagar3A paidA karane se lagane vAlI kriyA AdhikaraNikI kriyA hai / 3. prAdveSikI : IrSyA-dveSa ke nimitta se lagane vAlI kriyA ko prAdveSikI kriyA kahate haiM / 4. pAritApanikI : hAtha yA lakar3I Adi se kisI ko tAr3ita karake yA karavA ke kisI ko duHkha pahu~cAne se pAritApanikI kriyA lagatI hai| 5. prANAtipAtikI kriyAH jIvoM ke dasa prakAra ke prANoM kA hanana karane se

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tattva mImAMsA * 391 yA AtmahatyA karane se prANAtipAtikI kriyA lagatI hai| 6. AraMbhikI : SaTkAya ke jIvoM kA upamardana-chedana-bhedana Adi karane se lagane vAlI kriyA AraMbhikI kriyA hai| 7. parigrahikI : sacitta yA acitta parigraha rakhane se lagane vAlI kriyA parigrahIkI hai| dhana, dhAnya, dvipada, caupada Adi parigraha kA tyAga yA maryAdA na karane se yaha kriyA lagatI hai| 8. mAyA-pravyayA : svayaM ke athavA dUsaroM ke prati kapaTa yA dhUrtatA karane se lagane vAlI kriyA ko mAyA pravyayA kahate haiN| 9. apratyAkhyAna-pravyayA : jIva-ajIva Adi bhogopabhoga kI samasta vastuoM ke lie jaba taka vrata niyama, tyAga, pratyAkhyAna yA virati na karane se lagane vAlI kriyA apratyAkhyAna-pravyayA kriyA hai| 10. mithyAdarzana-pravyayA : tattva azraddhAna, tattva kI viparIta prarupaNA athavA tattva ke svarUpa se use nyUnAdhika samajhanA Adi mithyAdarzana ke kAraNa lagane vAlI kriyA mithyAdarzana pravyayA hai| 11. dRSTikA kriyA : jIva-ajIva rUpa kisI bhI ramaNIya vastu ko rAga dRSTi se dekhane se lagane vAlI kriyA athavA kisI darzanIya vastu ko dekhane jAne ke nimitta se lagane vAlI kriyA dRSTikA kriyA hai| 12. spRSTikA : sacitta va acitta kisI bhI vastu ko rAga bhAva se sparza karane se lagane vAlI kriyA ko spRSTikA kriyA kahate haiN| rAga-dveSa kI bhAvanA ko lekara prazna pUchane se lagane vAlI kriyA spRSTikA kriyA haiN| 13. prAtItyikI : jIva yA ajIva rUpa kisI bAhya vastu ke nimitta se jo rAga-dveSa kI utpatti hotI hai, usase lagane vAlI kriyA prAtItyikI kriyA 14. sAmAntopanipAtikI kriyA : janasamUha kI prazaMsA prApta karane ke lie jIva tathA ajIva kisI bhI saMgrahaNIya aura darzanIya sAvadya vastuoM kA saMgraha karanA aura una vastuoM kI darzakoM ke dvArA prazaMsA kie jAne para prasanna honA sAmantopanipAtikI kriyA hai| 15. sAhasthiyA (svahastikI) kriyA : apane hAtha meM kisI zikArI jIva ko lekara usake dvArA kisI jIva ko mArane tathA talavAra, patthara Adi kisI bhI nirjIva vastu ke dvArA bhI kisI jIva ko mArane se jo kriyA lagatI hai, vaha svahastikI kriyA hai| 16. naisRSTikI: kisI jIvAjIvAdi vastu ko nirdayatApUrvaka aura ayatanApUrvaka phaiMkane yA paTakane se lagane vAlI kriyA naisRSTikI kriyA hai| athavA pApakArI pravRtti ke lie anumati denA bhI naisRSTi kI kriyA hai|

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392 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana 17. AjJApanikA : kisI ko AjJA dene athavA AjJA dekara koI bhI sacitta acitta vastu maMgavAne se AjJApanikA kriyA lagatI hai| 18. vaidAraNikA : jIva-ajIva kisI bhI vastu ke vidAraNa se, cIrane-phAr3ane se lagane vAlI kriyA ko vaidAraNikA kriyA kahate haiN| anya ke pApoM ko prakAzita karane se lagane vAlI kriyA ko bhI vidAraNa-kriyA kahate hai| 19. anAbhoga-pratyayA : ajJAna yA asAvadhAnI se kArya karane para lagane vAlI kriyA ko anAbhoga pratyayA kriyA kahate haiN| 20. anavakAMkSA pratyayA : jinokta karttavya-vidhiyoM meM pramAda ke kAraNa anAdara bhAva rakhane se lagane vAlI kriyA ko anavakAMkSA-pratyayA kriyA kahate haiN| 21. prema pratyayA : rAga rUpa, mAyA evaM lobha se lagane vAlI kriyA ko pejjavattiyA kahate haiN| isake do bheda haiM - mAyA karane se lagane vAlI kriyA __ aura lobha karane se lagane vAlI kriyaa| 22. dveSa pratyayA : dveSa rUpa krodha aura mAna se lagane vAlI kriyA ko dveSa pratyayA kahate haiN| 23. prayoga kriyA : ayatanA ke sAtha gamana karanA, AkuMcana prasAraNa karanA Adi zArIrika ceSTAoM se lagane vAlI kriyA ko prayoga kriyA kahate haiN| 24. samudAna kriyA : tInoM yogoM dvArA jo karmoM kA upAdAna hotA hai, vaha samudAna yA samAdAna kriyA hai| samudAviyA kriyA kA bahupracalita artha hai-bahuta se logoM dvArA eka sAtha eka kriyA kA kiyA jAnA aura usake nimitta se sabako eka sarIkhI kriyA kA laganA tathA sabako eka sAtha usakA pariNAma bhI bhugtaanaa| jaise TolI banAkara khelanA, kampanI banAkara sAvadha vyavasAya krnaa| isa prakAra ukta caubIsa kriyAe~ sAmparAyika Asrava kI nimittabhUta haiN| 25. IryApatha kriyA : paccIsavIM kriyA IryApatha kriyA hai, jo kaSAya rahita AtmAoM ko kevala yoga ke nimitta se lagatI hai| 3. yoga sambandhI Asrava : mana, vacana aura kAyA kI pravRtti dvArA jo tIna prakAra se karmoM kA Asrava hotA hai, vaha yogAsrava hai| isa prakAra 5 indriyoM ke Asrava, 4 kaSAyoM ke Asrava 5 avrata sambandhI Asrava, 25 kriyA Asrava tathA 3 yoga Asrava kula 42 Asrava hote haiN| 6. saMvara : karmoM ke AstravaNa ko rokanA hI saMvara hai| AtmA se saMbaddha hone ke lie jina Asrava dvAroM se karmoM kA Agamana hotA hai, una dvAroM kA nirodha kara denA saMvara kahalAtA hai| jise sabhI dravyoM ke prati rAga, dveSa yA moha nahIM hai, jo indriya

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tattva mImAMsA* 393 kaSAya aura saMjJAoM kA nigraha karatA hai, aise sukha-duHkha ke prati samabhAva vAle ke zubha-azubha karma kA Asrava nahIM hotA hai| jo sarvathA nivRtta AcaraNa karatA hai, usake vAstava meM puNya aura pApa nahIM hote, jisase usake zubhAzubha bhAva dvArA hone vAle karmoM kA saMvara hotA hai| arthAt saMvara rAga-dveSa Adi Asrava ko rokakara AgAmI karmoM ke Agamana ko roka detA hai| saMvara Asrava kA virodhI hai| Asrava anAdikAlIna ajJAna ke kAraNa hotA hai, ataH anAdi hai| isa anAdi Asrava kA anta pA~ca Asrava dvAroM 1. mithyAtva, 2. avirati, 3. pramAda, 4. kaSAya evaM 5. yoga, ke niSedha dvArA hI saMbhava hai| isa prakAra se Asrava nirodha kA prayAsa jIva tabhI kara sakatA hai, jabaki use tattva kA samyagjJAna ho, AtmA tathA anAtmA kA bheda jJAna ho| zuddha AtmA ko jAnatA huA jIva zuddha AtmA ko hI prApta karatA hai tathA azuddha AtmA ko jAnatA huA jIva azuddha AtmA ko hI prApta karatA hai| jIva upayoga lakSaNa vAlA hai| ataH jIva ke lie upayoga tathA anya bhAvoM meM bheda ko jAnanA Avazyaka hai| upayoga upayoga meM hI hai, krodhAdi meM koI upayoga nahIM hai, nizcaya se krodha meM hI krodha hai, upayoga meM krodha nahIM hai, ATha prakAra ke karma tathA zarIra rUpa nokarma meM upayoga nahIM hai tathA upayoga meM karma tathA nokarma nahIM hai| isa prakAra kA samyagjJAna jaba jIva ko ho jAtA hai, taba vaha zuddhopayoga meM sthita ho jAtA hai tathA vibhAva pariNamana kA abhAva rUpa saMvara ho jAtA hai| arthAt jIva jJAna cetanya rUpa ko dhAraNa karake rAga-dveSa-moha Adi AsravoM ko bheda vijJAna rUpI tIkSNa chainI se pRthak kara apane zuddha svarUpa meM sthita ho jAtA hai| jIva ko tattvoM kA samyagjJAna ho jAne para hI vaha samyagcAritra ko apanAkara vyavahAra meM Asrava nirodha karake saMvara karatA hai| samyagjJAnI apane mana, vacana aura kAya kI kriyAoM ko AtmonmukhI banAtA hai| cuMki mana, vacana aura kAya kI pravRtti ko sarvathA rokanA to saMbhava nahIM hai| zArIrika AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti ke lie AhAra karanA, malamUtra kA visarjana karanA, calanA-phiranA, bolanA, rakhanA, uThAnA Adi kriyAe~ karanA hI par3atI hai| ataH jitane aMzoM meM mana, vacana aura kAya kI kriyAoM kA nirodha hai, utane aMza ko gupti kahate haiN| gupti arthAt rkssaa| mana, vacana aura kAya kI akuzala pravRttiyoM se rakSA krnaa| yaha gupti hI saMvaraNa kA sAkSAt kAraNa hai| gupti ke atirikta samiti, dharma, anuprekSA, parISaha jaya aura cAritra Adi se bhI saMvara hotA hai| samiti Adi meM jitanA nivRtti kA aMza hotA hai, utanA saMvara kA kAraNa hotA hai aura pravRtti kA aMza zubha bandha kA hetu hotA hai| bhedajJAnI apane AcaraNa ko adhika nivRtti paraka banA sakatA hai| samiti : samiti arthAt samyak pravRtti, sAvadhAnI se kArya krnaa| samiti pA~ca prakAra kI hai| 1. IryA samiti-cAra hAtha Age dekhakara clnaa| 2. bhASA samiti -

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394 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana hita-mita-priya vacana bolnaa| 3. eSaNA samiti - vidhi pUrvaka nirdoSa AhAra lenaa| 4. AdAna-nikSepaNa samiti - dekha-zodha karake kisI vastu ko rakhanA, utthaanaa| 5. utsarga samiti- dekha-zodhakara nirjantu sthAna para malamUtrAdi kA visarjana krnaa| dharma : Atma svarUpa kI ora le jAne vAle aura samAja ko saMdhAraNa karane vAle vicAra aura pravRtiyA~ dharma haiN| dharma daza haiN| 1. kSAnti : kSamA arthAt krodha kA tyAga karake sahanazIla bnnaa| 2. mukti : zucitA, pavitratA tathA nirlobhatA hI mukti hai| 3. Arjava : saralatA arthAt mana, vacana va kAya kI kuTilatA kA tyaag| 4. mArdava : citta meM mRdutA tathA bAhya vyavahAra meM namratA hI mArdava hai| 5. lAghava (AkiMcanya) : bAhya tathA AbhyAntara padArthoM ke prati mamatva evaM parigraha kA tyaag| 6. sama : prAmANikatA, vizvAsa, paripAlana, tathya aura spaSTa bhaassnn| 7. saMyama : indriy-vijy| pA~coM indriyoM kI viSaya-kapAya meM pravRtti ko niyaMtrita rkhnaa| 8. tapa : icchaa-nirodh| mana kI tRSNAoM ko rokakara prAyazcita, vinaya tathA vaiyAvRtya (sevA) meM cittavRtti ko saMlagna krnaa| upavAsa, ekAsana, kAyakleza, mauna, ekAntavAsa Adi bAhya tapa hai| 9. tyAga : vastuoM ke prati Asakti bhAva kA tyAga karake dAna Adi denaa| 10. brahmacarya : bAhya kAma bhogoM se apanA citta haTAkara brahma arthAt AtmA meM ramaNa krnaa| anuprekSA : sadvicAra, uttama bhAvanAe~ aura Atmacintana anuprekSA hai| jagat kI anityatA, azaraNatA, saMsAra kA svarUpa, AtmA kA akelA hI phala bhoganA, deha kI bhinnatA aura usakI apavitratA rAgAdi bhAvoM kI heyatA, sadAcAra kI upAdeyatA, loka svarUpa kA cintana aura bodhi kI durlabhatA Adi kA bAra-bAra vicAra karake citta ko susaMskArI banAnA, jisase vaha dvandva dazA meM samatAbhAva rakha ske| ye bhAvanAe~ citta ko Asrava kI ora se haTAkara saMvara kI tarapha jhukAtI haiN| pariSaha jaya : sAdhaka kA svIkRta dharma mArga se calita na hone, sthira rahane aura karmabandhana ke kSaya ke lie jo sthitiyA~ samabhAva pUrvaka sahana karane yogya hai, use pariSaha kahate haiN| jaise bhUkha, pyAsa, sardI-garmI, macchara, calane phirane meM kaMkar3a-kAMTe Adi kI bAdhAe~, vadha, Akroza Adi bAdhAoM ko zAnti se sahanA caahie| cira tapasyA karane para bhI saphalatA prApta na hone para tapa ke prati anAdara bhAva nahIM honA cAhie tathA saphalatA milane para garvita nahIM honA caahie| kisI ke satkAra-puraskAra meM harSa aura apamAna meM kheda nahIM karanA, bhikSA bhojana karate hue bhI AtmA meM dInatA

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tattva mImAMsA* 395 nahIM Ane denA Adi pariSahoM ke jaya se cAritra meM dRDha niSThA hotI hai aura karmoM kA Asrava rUkakara saMvara hotA hai| cAritra : ahiMsA, satya, acaurya, brahmacarya aura aparigraha kA sampUrNa paripAlana karanA pUrNa cAritra hai| cAritra ke sAmAyika Adi aneka bheda haiN| sAmAyika-samasta pApa kriyAoM kA tyAga aura samatAbhAva kI aaraadhnaa| chedopasthApanA- vratoM meM dUSaNa laga jAne para doSa kA parihAra kara punaH vratoM meM sthira honaa| parihAra vizuddhi- isa cAritra ke dhAraka vyakti ke zarIra meM itanA halkApana A jAtA hai, ki sarvatra gamana Adi pravRttiyA~ karane para bhI usake zarIra se jIvoM kI virAdhanA hiMsA nahIM hotii| sUkSmasamparAya -samasta krodhAdi kaSAyoM kA nAza hone para bace hue sUkSma lobha ke nAza kI taiyArI karanA / yathAkhyAta - samasta kaSAyoM ke kSaya hone para jIvanmukta vyakti kA pUrNa AtmasvarUpa meM vicaraNa krnaa| isa prakAra gupti, samiti, dharma, anuprekSA, parISaha jaya aura cAritra se karmazatru ke Ane ke dvAra banda ho jAte haiN| karmoM ke nirodha se nokarma kA nirodha aura nokarma ke nirodha se saMsAra kA abhAva rUpa saMvara hotA hai| 7. nirjarA : pUrvabaddha karmoM kA prayAsa pUrvaka kSaya karanA nirjarA hai| yoga aura saMvara se yukta jo jIva bahuvidha tapa karatA hai, vaha Atma jJAna meM nizcala rUpa se sthita hotA hai, vaha niyama se aneka karmoM kI nirjarA karatA hai| nirjarA saMvara pUrvaka hI hotI hai| gupti Adi se sarvataH saMvRta vyakti Age Ane vAle karmoM ke Asrava ko to roka hI detA hai, sAtha hI pUrvabaddha karmoM kI nirjarA karake kramazaH mokSa ko prApta karatA hai| nirjarA do prakAra se hotI hai-eka aupakramika yA avipAka nirjarA aura dUsarI anaupakramika yA savipAka nirjraa| tapa Adi sAdhanAoM ke dvArA karmoM ko balAt udaya meM lAkara binA phala diye jhar3A denA avipAka nirjarA hai| svAbhAvika krama se prati samaya karmoM kA phala dekara jhar3ate jAnA savipAka nirjarA hai| yaha savipAka nirjarA prati samaya hara prANI ke hotI hI rahatI hai| isameM purAne karmoM kI jagaha nUtana karma lete jAte haiN| gupti, samiti aura khAsakara tapa rUpI agni se karmoM ko phala dene ke pahale hI bhasma kara denA avipAka yA aupakramika nirjarA hai| karmoM kI gati Tala hI nahIM sktii| yaha ekAnta niyama nahIM hai| Akhira karma hai kyA? apane purAne saMskAra hI vastutaH karma haiN| yadi AtmA meM puruSArtha hai aura vaha sAdhanA kare, to kSaNa mAtra meM purAnI vAsanAe~ kSINa ho sakatI haiN| "nAbhuktaM kSIyate karma klpkottishtairpi|" arthAt saikar3oM kalpakAla bIta jAne para bhI binA bhoge karmoM kA nAza nahIM ho sktaa| yaha mata sAdhAraNa prANiyoM ke lAgU hotA hai| lekina jo Atma puruSArthI sAdhaka haiM, unakI dhyAna rUpI agni to kSaNamAtra meM samasta karmoM ko bhasma kara sakatI hai

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396* jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana " dhyAnAgniH sarva karmANi bhasmasAtkurute kSaNAt " aise aneka mahAtmA hue haiM, jinhoMne apanI sAdhanA kA itanA bala prApta kara liyA thA, ki sAdhu dIkSA lete hI, unheM kevalya kI prApti ho gaI thI / purAnI vAsanAoM aura rAga-dveSa tathA moha ke kusaMskAroM ko naSTa karane kA ekamAtra mukhya sAdhana hai - 'dhyAna' arthAt citta kI vRttiyoM kA nirodha karake use ekAgra karanA / dhyAna ke mAdhyama se caitanya svabhAvI, tInoM kAloM meM sthira rahane vAle Atma tattva meM rAga-dveSa rUpa kaSAyoM kA abhAva hone para zuddha svarUpa kI vRddhi hI nirjarA tattva hai / nirjarA tapa se hotI hai| lekina samyagjJAna ke abhAva meM kaSAyoM ke rahate jo tapa kiyA jAtA hai, vaha bAlatapa kahA jAtA hai tathA nirjarA meM sahAyaka nahIM hotA hai / kintu samyagjJAna ke hone para kaSAya ke abhAva meM hone vAlI pariNAmoM kI zuddhatA hI vAstavika tapa hai| isI akaSAya rUpa tapa se nirjarA hotI haiM, jo do prakAra kI kahI gaI hai- dravya nirjarA tathA bhAva nirjarA / jise sva- para viveka rUpa se samyagjJAna ho jAtA hai, vaha cetana tathA acetana dravyoM kA indriyoM dvArA jo upabhoga karatA hai, vaha saba nirjarA kA hI nimitta hotA hai| rAgAdi kaSAyoM se yukta mithyAdRSTi jIvoM ke lie yahI upabhoga baMdha kA kAraNa hotA hai / yadyapi pUrva karmoM ke bhoga dvArA unakI to nirjarA hotI hai, kintu bhoga meM Asakti hone ke kAraNa mithyAdRSTi ke navIna karmoM kA bandha ho jAtA hai| lekina rAgAdi ke abhAva ke kAraNa jJAnI ke lie vaha dravya nirjarA hotI hai| arthAt samyagdRSTi jIva ke karma vipAka avasthA Ane para apanA phala dekara samApta ho jAte haiM va Asakti bhAva na hone se navIna bandhana kA kAraNa nahIM banate haiM / pUrvabaddha karmoM ke udaya meM Ane para dravya ke upabhoga se jIva meM sukha yA duHkha ke bhAva niyama se utpanna hote haiN| mithyAdRSTi jIvoM ke pUrva karmoM kI nirjarA ke sAthasAtha navIna bandha bhI hotA rahatA hai / kintu samyagdRSTi jIva ke rAgAdi kaSAyoM ke abhAva meM AgAmI bandha hue binA hI bhAva nirjarA hotI hai| isa prakAra jJAna kI mahimA hai, jisake kAraNa jIva karmoM kA bhoga karatA huA bhI karmoM ko nahIM bA~dhatA hai| jaise vaidya viSa kA sevana karatA huA bhI nahIM maratA hai, usI prakAra jJAnI AtmA pudgala karma kA bhoktA banakara bhI navIna karmoM ko nahIM bA~dhatA hai / isa prakAra jJAnI kI samasta vrata tapAdi kI kriyAe~ icchA rahita hotI haiN| ataH vaha unake phala ko prApta nahIM karatA hai tathA karma nirjarA karake zuddhAtma svarUpa ko prApta karatA hai| tAtparya yaha hai, ki rAga-dveSa moha Adi kaSAyoM se mukta hokara hI jIva karmoM kI nirjarA kara sakatA hai| samyagdarzana hote hI nirjarA prArambha ho jAtI hai| svapara viveka rUpa samyak darzana hone para rAgAdi svataH hI lupta ho jAte haiM / phalataH viSayoM ko bhogate hue bhI jIva karma bandha nahIM karatA hai, tathA bhoga ke mAdhyama se

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tattva mImAMsA * 397 prArabdha karmoM kI nirjarA karatA hai tathA samyagdaSTi jIva ke saMcIyamAna karmoM kA saMvara ho jAtA hai| prArabdha karmoM kI bhoga ke dvArA hI nirjarA ho jAtI hai tathA saMcita karmoM kI nirjarA vrata-tapAdi se hotI hai| vedAnta darzana meM bhI nirjarA yA karmakSaya kA pratipAdana kucha isI rUpa meM huA hai| saMpUrNa karmoM kI nirjarA hone para jIva mokSa ko prApta kara letA hai| 8. baMdha : baMdha hI saMsAra kA kAraNa hai| jIva jo karma bAMdhatA hai, unhIM ke phala bhogane ke lie saMsAra meM punaH punaH janma letA hai| do padArthoM ke viziSTa sambandha ko bandha kahate haiM, jisase unameM dUdha-pAnI kI taraha tAdAtmya ho jAtA hai| jaba AtmA zubhAzubha bhAva rupa se vibhAva pariNamana karatA hai, to vaha usa bhAva ke nimitta se vividha pudgala karmoM se baddha ho jAtA hai| ajJAnI jIvoM meM utpanna hone vAle rAga-dveSa moha Adi bhAvoM kA nimitta pAkara karmANuoM kA Atma pradezoM ke sAtha dUdha-pAnI ke samAna tAdAtmya ho jAnA hI baMdha hai|' jIva kA karmANuoM ke sAtha baMdha hone kA bahiraMga kAraNa mana-vacana-kAya janita yoga hai aura antaraMga kAraNa rAga-dveSa-moha se yukta Atma pariNAma hai| kapAya-pariNata AtmA karma-yogya pudgaloM ko grahaNa karatA hai| isa anAdi kAlIna karma-pudgaloM ke sambandha ke kAraNa svabhAvataH amUrta AtmA mUrtavat ho jAtA hai| ataH vaha mUrta karma-dalikoM ko grahaNa karatA hai| jaise dIpaka battI ke dvArA tela ko grahaNa kara apanI uSNatA dvArA use jvAlA meM pariNata karatA hai vaise hI AtmA kApAyika vikAra dvArA karmayogya pudgaloM ko grahaNa kara letA hai tathA unheM karma rUpa meM pariNata kara letA hai| Atma-pradezoM ke sAtha karma-pudgaloM kA yaha sambandha hI bandha kahalAtA hai| jaise koI vyakti zarIra para tela lagAkara akhAr3e kI miTTI meM loTatA hai, to usake zarIra para miTTI cipaka jAtI hai, usI taraha kaSAya Adi vikAroM kI cikanAI ke kAraNa karma-pudgala AtmA ke sAtha cipaka jAte haiM, baMdha jAte haiN| karma aura AtmA kA yaha saMbaMdha sarpa kaMcukIvat Upara-Upara se hI spRSTa nahIM hotA varan dUdha-pAnI kI taraha tAdAtmya rUpa baMdha hotA hai| jaise tapta lohe ke piNDa meM aNu-aNu meM agnikA praveza ho jAtA hai, isI prakAra tapta ghI yA tela meM chor3I huI pUr3I saba ora se taila ko grahaNa karatI hai, usI prakAra AtmA svakSetrAvagAha karmapudgaloM ko kaSAyAdi kAraNoM se sarvAtma pradezoM se grahaNa karatA hai| karma-bandha ke pA~ca hetu kahe gae haiM- 1. mithyAtva, 2. avariti, 3. pramAda, 4. kaSAya aura 5. yog| kahIM-kahIM kaSAya ora yoga ko hI karmabandha kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai| isa kathana meM mithyAtva, avirati aura pramAda ko kaSAya ke antargata samAviSTa kara liyA jAtA hai, kyoMki ye kaSAya ke svarUpa se bhinna nahIM hai| kahIM mithyAtva, avirati, kaSAya aura yoga, ye cAra karmabandha ke kAraNa kahe gae haiN| yahA~ pramAda kA

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398 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana avirati meM samAveza kara diyA gyaa| bhinna-bhinna apekSAoM se bandha ke kAraNoM kI saMkhyA meM antara hote hue bhI tAtvika dRSTi se koI antara nahIM hai| kaSAya aura yoga, ina do hetuoM ke kathana kI paramparA kisI eka hI karma meM sambhAvita cAra aMzoM ke kAraNa kA pRthakkaraNa karane ke lie hai| pratyeka karma-bandha meM cAra aMzoM kA nirmANa hotA hai- 1. prakRti, 2. sthiti, 3. anubhAga aura prdesh| ina cAra aMzoM meM se prakRti aura pradeza baMdha kA hetu yoga hotA hai tathA sthiti evaM anubhAga baMdha kA hetu kaSAya hotA hai| isa dRSTi se kaSAya evaM yoga ko baMdha kA hetu kahA gayA hai| nizcaya dRSTi se to mana-vacana-kAya janita yoga bhI baMdha kA kAraNa nahIM hai, varan rAgAdi bhAva hI baMdha kA kAraNa hai| rAgAdi se mukta samyagdRSTi jIva ke bandha nahIM hote| lekina mithyA-dRSTi jIva ke upayoga meM rAgAdi bhAva hone se usake karmoM kA AsravaNa rUpa bandha hotA hai| rAgAdi se yukta hokara jIva vividha ceSTAe~ karatA huA usI prakAra karma bandhana ko prApta karatA hai, jisa prakAra zarIra para tela malA huA vyakti miTTI meM vyAyAmAdi karatA hai, taba miTTI se lipta ho jAtA hai| phira tela rahita hokara vahI vyakti miTTI meM vyAyAmAdi karatA hai, taba usase lipta nahIM hotA, isI prakAra rAga rahita upayoga hone para jIva vividha karma karatA huA bhI bandhana ko prApta nahIM karatA hai| arthAt kaSAya hI bandha kA mUla kAraNa hai| jIva meM zubha athavA azubha karmoM ke prati utpanna huA mithyA ahaMkAra hI bandha kA kAraNa hai| ise adhyavasAya kahate haiN| koI bhI jIva vAstava meM parajIva kA kucha bhI bhalA yA burA nahIM kara sakatA hai| anya jIvoM ke apane karmoM ke udaya se hI unheM mRtyu athavA jIvana milatA hai, lekina mithyA-dRSTi jIva kA yaha bhAva ki 'maiMne use maaraa|' athavA 'maiMne use jIvana dAna diyaa|' aisA mithyA ahaMkAra hI zubha athavA azubha karmoM kA bandhana karatA hai| prANAtipAta (hiMsA), mRSAvAda (asatya), adattAdAna (corI), maithuna va parigraha viSayaka kiyA gayA adhyavasAya (mithyA-ahaMkAra) pApa kA bandha karAtA hai| isake viparIta paMca mahAvrata rUpa ahiMsA, satya, acaurya, brahmacarya, evaM aparigraha viSayaka kiye gae adhyavasAya se puNya kA bandha hotA hai| bandha do prakAra ke hote haiM- 1. bhAva bandha tathA 2. dravya bNdh| jisa rAga-dveSa moha Adi vikArI bhAvoM se jIva ke jo bhAva hote haiM, una bhAvoM ke dvArA pariNamana karatA huA jIva bhAva bandha karatA hai| phira unhIM kaSAyoM ke kAraNa jaba karma-pudgaloM kA AtmapradezoM se sambandha hotA hai, vaha dravya bandha kahalAtA hai| pratyeka karma-baMdha meM cAra aMzoM kA nirmANa hotA hai- prakRti baMdha, anubhAga baMdha sthiti baMdha aura pradeza bNdh| ye cAra hI baMdha ke bheda haiN| jaise gAya Adi ke dvArA khAI huI ghAsa Adi vastue~ jaba dUdha ke rUpa meM pariNata hotI hai, taba usameM madhuratA kA

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tattva mImAMsA * 399 svabhAva paidA hotA hai, vaha svabhAva amuka samaya taka usI rUpa meM rahegA, aisI kAla maryAdA nirmita hotI hai, madhuratA meM tIvratA yA mandatA Adi vizeSatAe~ bhI hotI haiM aura usa banane vAle dUdha kI mAtrA bhI nyUnAdhika hotI hai| isa prakAra jIva dvArA gRhita evaM baddha karma-pudgaloM meM cAra aMzoM kA nirmANa hotA hai| 1. prakRti baMdhaH karma-pudgaloM meM alaga-alaga svabhAva kA utpanna honA prakRtibaMdha hai| jaise methI ke laDDa kapha-vikAroM ko dUra karate haiM, kAlI-mirca Adi kA banA laDDU pitta ko dUra karatA hai, ur3ada kA laDDu pauSTikatA detA hai| isI prakAra karmapudgaloM meM alaga-alaga svabhAva kA paidA honA prakRti baMdha kahalAtA hai| jaise jJanAvaraNIya karma meM jJAna ko AvRta karane kA, darzanAvaraNIya meM darzana ko rokane kA, vedanIya meM sukha-duHkha dene kA, mohanIya meM samyaktva evaM cAritra ko rokane kA, Ayu meM niyata bhava ko roka rakhane kA, nAma meM vividha AkRtiyA~ racane kA, gautra meM U~cInIcI avasthAe~ banane kA aura antarAya meM jIva kI zakti ko rokane kA svabhAva prakRtibaMdha hai| 2. sthiti baMdha : jaise koI modaka do cAra dina taka TikatA hai (usI rUpa meM banA rahatA hai, phira kharAba ho jAtA hai), koI modaka saptAha taka, koI pakSa taka aura koI mAsa bhara taka Tika sakatA hai| usI prakAra jIva ke dvArA jo zubhAzubha karmapudgala grahaNa kie gae haiM, ve amuka kAla taka apane svabhAva ko kAyama rakhate hue jIva pradezoM ke sAtha bandhe raheMge, usake bAda ve zubha yA azubha rUpa meM udita (phalita) hoMge, isa prakAra se karmoM kA nizcita kAla taka ke lie jIva ke sAtha baMdha jAnAsthiti baMdha hai| jaise jJAnAvaraNIya karma kI jaghanya sthiti antarmurhata aura utkRSTa tIsa koTA-koTI sAgaropama kI hai| 3. anubhAga-baMdha : kucha karma tIvra rasa se bandhate hai tathA kucha manda rasa se| zubhAzubha kArya karate samaya jIva kI jitanI tIvra yA manda pravRtti hotI hai, usI ke anurUpa karma baMdhate aura unameM phala dene kI vaisI hI zakti hotI hai mRdu-kaTu, tiivrmnd| jaise koI phala madhura rasa vAlA hotA hai, koI kaTu rasa vAlA, koI khaTTA, isI prakAra karma-pudgaloM meM zubha yA azubha, tIvra yA maMda rasa kA paidA honA anubhAga bandha kahalAtA hai|" 4. pradeza baMdha : bhinna-bhinna karma-vargaNAoM meM paramANuoM kI saMkhyA kA nyUnAdhika honA pradeza baMdha hai| jIva dvArA grahaNa kie jAne para bhinna-bhinna svabhAva meM pariNata hone vAlI karma-pudgala rAzi svabhAvAnusAra amuka-amuka parimANa meM baMTa jAtI hai, yaha parimANa vibhAga hI pradeza baMdha kahalAtA hai| jaise-eka vyakti kA vajana 50 kilo hai, anya kisI kA 45 kilo hai| isI prakAra baMdhane vAle karma pudgaloM ke parimANa meM nyUnAdhikatA hotI hai, use hI pradeza bandha kahate haiN| cUMki jIva saMkhyAta

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400 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana paramANuoM se bane hue karma pudgaloM ko grahaNa nahIM karatA, apitu ananta paramANu vAle skandha ko grahaNa karatA hai| isa prakAra karmoM meM alaga-alaga svabhAva ko prakRtibaMdha, kAlamaryAdA ko sthiti baMdha, rasa ko anubhAga baMdha aura karma pudgaloM ke samUha ko pradeza bandha kahate baMdha ke ina cAra prakAroM meM se prakRti baMdha aura pradeza bandha yoga ke Azrita haiN| yoga ke taratama bhAva para prakRti evaM pradeza baMdha kA taratamabhAva avalambita hai| sthiti baMdha aura anubhAga baMdha kA AdhAra kaSAya hai, kyoMki kaSAyoM kI tIvratA yA mandatA para hI sthiti aura anubhAga bandha kI nyUnAdhikatA avalambita hai| kaSAya yadi maMda hai, to karma kI sthiti aura anubhAga bhI maMda raheMge aura yadi kaSAya tIvra hoMge to karma kI sthiti dIrgha aura anubhAga bhI tIvra hogaa| isa prakAra rAgAdi rUpa vibhAva pariNamana se jIva bandha karatA hai tathA vItarAgatA ko dhAraNa karake jo samyagdRSTi bana jAtA hai, vahI mokSa prApta karatA hai| 9. mokSa : baMdha kA sarvathA abhAva hI mokSa hai| jaina sAdhanA kI sampUrNa saphalatA siddhi evaM mukti kI prApti meM sannihita hai| mokSa prApta karanA hI sAdhakoM kA sarvotkRSTa sAdhya hai| yahI sarvottama puruSArtha hai| samasta japa-tapa-yama-niyama-dhyAna Adi mokSa ke lie hI kie jAte haiN| samasta sAdhakoM evaM mumukSuoM kA ekamAtra lakSyabindu mokSa hI hai| mokSa AtmA kA pUrNa vikAsa hai aura AtyAntika rUpa se duHkha mukti hai| saMsAravartI AtmA anAdikAla se karma rUpI maila se usI prakAra malina hai, jisa prakAra miTTI meM rahA huA sonaa| jisa prakAra mRtikA se mizrita svarNa ko kSAra, puTa aura agni ke samparka se viziSTa prayoga se miTTI se alaga kiyA jA sakatA hai, use zuddha svarNa kA rUpa diyA jA sakatA hai| isI prakAra karmamizrita AtmA ko saMvara, nirjarA aura tapa ke viziSTa prayoga dvArA nirmala banAyA jA sakatA hai| isa prakAra nirmala banI huI AtmA apane zuddha svarUpa-ananta jJAna, ananta darzana, ananta sukha aura ananta vIrya ko prApta karake lokAgra para sthiti siddhazilA para virAjita hokara siddha, buddha aura mukta ho jAtI hai| samasta karmoM kA kSaya hI mokSa hai| mithyAtva, kaSAya Adi baMdha ke hetuoM kA sarvathA abhAva tathA nirjarA se pUrvabaddha samasta karmoM kA AtyAMtika kSaya hI mokSa hai| arthAt karma pudgaloM kA AtmA se viyoga hI mokSa hai| jaba taka navIna karma Ate raheMge, taba taka karma kA AtyaMtika kSaya saMbhava nahIM ho sktaa| navIna karmoM kA Asrava (Agamana) saMvara dvArA rukatA hai aura pUrvabaddha karma nirjarA dvArA kSINa hote haiN| isa prakAra saMvara tathA nirjarA pUrvaka saMpUrNa karmoM kA kSaya hone para hI mokSa hotA hai|

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tattva mImAMsA * 401 karmakSaya kI zrRMkhalA meM sarvaprathama mohanIya karma kSINa hotA hai aura usake kSINa hone ke antarmurhata bAda jJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa aura antarAya ina tIna karmoM kA bhI kSaya ho jAtA hai| isa prakAra cAra ghAti karmoM kA kSaya hone para kevalajJAna, kevaladarzana prakaTa hotA hai aura AtmA sarvajJa-sarvadarzI bana jAtI hai| phira sabhI vedanIya Adi cAra aghAti karma atyanta virala rUpa meM vidyamAna rahate haiM, jinake kAraNa mokSa nahIM hotaa| jaba ina aghAti karmoM kA bhI kSaya hotA hai, tabhI mokSa hotA hai aura taba yaha janma maraNa kA cakra samApta ho jAtA hai| ___ mokSa do prakAra ke kahe gae haiM - dravya mokSa tathA bhAva mokss| paudgalika karmoM ke AtyAMtika nAza kI taraha karma sApekSa kitane hI bhAvoM kA nAza bhI mokSa prApti ke pUrva Avazyaka hai| aupazamika, kSAyopazamika, audayika aura katipaya pAriNAmika bhAvoM kA nAza hone para mokSa hotA hai| cU~ki samyagjJAnI ke Asrava ke hetu rAga-dveSamoha Adi bhAvoM kA abhAva hone se Asrava bhAva kA abhAva hotA hai| Asrava ke abhAva se karmabaMdha kA abhAva hotA hai| karma bandha kA abhAva hone tathA baddha karmoM kI nirantara anAsakta bhoga se nirjarA hone se jIva bhAva-mokSa ko prApta karatA hai| advaita vedAnta kI jIvanmukti isI prakAra kI mAnI gaI hai| bhAva mokSa kI avasthA meM jIva sarvajJa, sarvadarzI, avyAbAdha-indriya kriyAoM se pare ananta Anandamaya sthiti meM hotA hai| bhAva mokSa-dravya mokSa kA hetu bhUta hai| cAra ghAtiya karmoM kA kSaya karake jIva bhAva mokSa ko prApta karatA hai| jo jIva saMvara maya hotA huA sarva karmoM kI nirjarA karatA huA vedanIya, Ayu, nAma-gautra Adi cAra aghAtiya karmoM kA bhI kSaya karake bhava ko chor3atA hai, use dravya mokSa kahate haiN| dravya mokSa vedAnta darzana meM pratipAdita videha mukti ke samakakSa hai| dravya-mokSa pUrNa mukti hai| lekina isa mokSa avasthA meM bhI samasta karmoM kA hI nAza hotA hai, samasta bhAvoM kA nAza nahIM hotaa| jaise pAriNAmika bhAvoM meM bhavyatva kA nAza hotA hai, lekina jIvatva, astitva Adi pAriNAmika bhAva mokSa avasthA meM bhI vidyamAna rahate haiN| kSAyika bhAva karmasApekSa hone para bhI mokSa meM unakA abhAva nahIM hotA, isalie kSAyika samyaktva, kSAyika cAritra, kSAyika vIrya, kSAyika sukha Adi bhAva mokSa meM bane rahate haiN| mokSa mArga : mokSa hI pratyeka jIva ke lie parama upAdeya sAdhya tatva hai| isa mokSa kI prApti ke lie ratnatrayI rUpa mokSamArga kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| ratnatrayI kA artha hai- samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna tathA samyagcAritra / isa ratnatrayI meM AtmA ke samagra AdhyAtma guNoM kA samAveza ho jAtA hai, Atmika zaktiyoM kI abhivyakti ke lie isa ratnatrayI kI sAdhanA hI sampUrNa sAdhanA hai| bhAvoM athavA padArthoM kA zraddhAna samyagdarzana hai aura unakA jJAna samyagjJAna hai tathA paMcendriya ke viSayoM ke prati vartatA

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402 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana huA AtmA kA samabhAva hI samyagcAritra hai| vastutaH ratnatraya AtmA kI hI vividha avasthAe~ haiN| samyagdarzana: Atma svarUpa kI pratIti, AtmasvarUpa kA vizvAsa aura Atma svarUpa, vItarAga evaM vItarAga-prarUpita tatvoM para saccI zraddhA evaM dRr3ha vizvAsa honA hI samyagdarzana hai| mithyAtva aura anantAnubaMdhI kaSAya ke abhAva meM hI samyagdarzana sambhava hai| jar3a aura cetana meM, sva aura para meM, AtmA aura pudgala meM bheda vijJAna karanA Adi samyagdarzana kA kArya hai| jIva aura ajIva dravya tatva haiM aura zeSa sabhI paryAya tatva haiN| para dravyoM aura paryAyoM se bhinna nija AtmA hI parama upAdeya tatva hai| nija AtmA ko chor3akara zeSa sabhI tatva mAtra jJeya hI haiN| ve na to heya haiM na hI upAdeya hI varan mAtra jAnane yogya hI haiN| jo dravya-guNa-paryAya se apanI AtmA ko jAnatA hai, usakA darzana moha naSTa ho jAtA hai aura samyagdarzana ko prApta karatA hai| mokSamArga meM sarva prathama sthAna samyagdarzana ko hI diyA gayA hai, kyoMki samyagdarzana ke abhAva meM jJAna va cAritra meM samyaktva asambhava hai| samyaktva ke abhAva meM jJAna va cAritra mokSa ke mArga nahIM bana skte| samyagjJAna : samyagdarzana yukta jJAna hI samyagjJAna hai| yahA~ samyak kA artha loka pracalita satya nahIM hai, apitu AtmAnubhUti se prApta samyaktva kI upasthiti se hai| samyaktva yukta samyagjJAna hai| isake viparIta samyaktva rahita saMzaya, viparyaya tathA anadhyavasAya yukta jJAna mithyAjJAna hotA hai| jJAna pAMca prakAra kA kahA gayA hai- mati, zruta, avadhi, manaHparyaya aura kevala jnyaan| inameM manaH paryaya aura kevala jJAna pUrNa rUpa se antarima rUpa se AtmA meM prakaTa hote haiM, ataH ye donoM samyagjJAna hI hote haiN| mati, zruta tathA avadhijJAna bAhya kAraNa janya hone ke kAraNa samyak bhI ho sakate haiM tathA mithyA bhI ho sakate haiN| ataH vizuddha rUpa se samyagjJAna do hI hai- manaH paryaya aura kevala jnyaan| ___manaH paryaya jJAna vaha jJAna hai, jisake dvArA dUsare jIvoM ke mana kI bAta kA sahI sahI jJAna prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| kevalajJAna atIndriya evaM sAkSAt jJAna hai, jisake dvArA mUrta, amUrta, cetana-acetana dravyoM kA sva kA tathA samasta kA yugapata jJAna prApta hotA hai| kevalajJAna pUrNa rUpa se samyaktvayukta hotA hai, jisameM sabhI padArthoM kA anekAntika jJAna yugapata rUpa se prApta hotA hai| isa prakAra samyagdarzana ke phalasvarUpa utpanna huA bheda-vijJAna samyagjJAna kA janaka hai| nava-padArthoM kA samyak avabodha, jIva-ajIva kA bheda-vijJAna pUrvaka jJAna hI samyagjJAna hai| samyagjJAna meM paradravyoM ko jAnanA itanA mahatvapUrNa nahIM haiM, jitanA ki Atmatatva kaa| samyagjJAna kA mUla jJeya to para se vibhakta tathA sva se avibhakta AtmA hI hai| jaba taka jJAna parabhAvoM se chUTakara AtmA meM na laga jAve, taba taka bheda-vijJAna

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tattvamImAMsA 403 kI upAsanA nirantara karanI cAhiye, jisase samyagjJAna kI prApti ho ske| samyagjJAna kI utpatti Agama ke sevana, yukti ke avalambana, paramparA guru ke upadeza evaM AtmA ke anubhava se hotI hai tathA samyagjJAna ke dvArA jAnA gayA vastu kA anekAtmaka samyak svarUpa syAdavAda zailI meM abhivyakta hotA hai / ' jIva ke cAritra meM samyaktva tabhI A sakatA hai, jabaki vaha samyagdarzana tathA samyagjJAna ko prApta kara letA hai| Atma tatva ke jJAna rUpa antaraMga meM hone vAlA paramabodha hI samyagjJAna hai| samyagcAritra : samyagdarzana tathA samyagjJAna samyagcAritra ke pUrva sopAna hai tathA samyagcAritra meM hI inakI sArthakatA hai| moha, rAga-dveSa Adi vikArI pariNAmoM se rahitaM AtmA kA pariNAma hI sAmyabhAva hai aura vahI samyagcAritra hai / cAritra ke do bheda kie gae haiM- samyakvAcAraNa cAritra aura saMyamAcaraNa caaritr| mana, vacana, kAya se zaMkAdi doSoM ko dUra kara niHzaMkAdi guNoM sahita jJAna yukta AcaraNa karane vAle kA samyakvAcaraNa cAritra hotA hai / saMyamAcaraNa cAritra samyaktvAcaraNa cAritra pUrvaka hI hotA hai / saMyamAcaraNa cAritra do prakAra kA kahA gayA hai- sAgAra aura anAgAra / parigraha sahita zrAvaka sAgAra cAritra kA dhAraka hotA hai / vaha zrAvaka pAMca aNuvrata, tIna guNavrata aura cAra zikSAvrata isa prakAra bAraha vratoM kA dhAraka hotA hai| aparigrahI muni ke anAgAra cAritra hotA hai| muni ke pA~ca indriyoM kA saMvara, pA~ca mahAvrata, pA~ca vratoM kI paccIsa kriyAe~, pAMca samiti aura tIna gupti ke sadbhAva hone para anAgAra saMyamAcaraNa hotA hai| yahA~ cAritra kA artha kevala bAhya kriyAe~ hI nahIM hai| bAhya kriyAoM kA AcaraNa samyaktvarahita to anantakAla se aura ananta prakAra se kiyA gayA, lekina usase lakSya kI pUrti nahIM hotI / AdhyAtmasAdhanA meM samyaktvayukta bAhya kriyAe~ yathAvasara upayogI evaM sahAyaka to hotI haiM, kintu vahI saba kucha nahIM hai / bAhya kriyAoM meM upayogarahita AtmA kA cAritra dravya caritra kahA gayA hai aura upayoga sahita svarUpa meM ramaNatA ke sAtha bhAva cAritra kahA gayA hai| jIvana ke vikAsa ke lie dravya aura bhAva donoM kI AvazyakatA hotI hai| lekina mokSa ke lie bhAva hI aparihArya hai| yadi bhAva hai, to dravya mUlyavAna hotA hai, kintu bhAvazUnya dravya kA vizeSa mahatva nahIM hai| isI prakAra dravya ke abhAva meM kevala bhAva bhI utanA mahatvapUrNa nahIM raha jaataa| arthAt cAritra samyaktvayukta hI mokSa taka le jAtA hai / cAritra samyak ho isake lie samyagdarzana evaM samyagjJAna kA honA Avazyaka hai / isa prakAra samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna evaM samyagcAritra rUpa ratnatraya sammilita rUpa se hI mokSa ko pratiphalita kara sakate haiN| tInoM ko saMyukta rUpa se dhAraNa karane vAlA jIva hI nija AtmA kI prApti rUpa mokSa ko prApta karatA hai| lekina samyagdarzana

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404 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana jJAna-cAritra kI prApti sahaja hI nahIM hotii| bandhana meM par3I huI AtmA ko vikAsa kI una UMcAiyoM ko chUne ke lie vikAsa kI eka lambI prakriyA meM se gujaranA par3atA hai| isa karma kSaya kI prakriyA ke guNasthAna kahA gayA hai| ye guNasthAna 14 batAe gae haiM, jinase hokara AtmA ratnatraya rUpa se mokSa ko prApta karatA hai| guNasthAna (karma kSaya kI prakriyA ): mokSa prApta karane ke lie AtmA ko caudaha sopAna car3hane par3ate haiM, jinheM guNasthAna kahate haiN| ye guNasthAna Atma vikAsa kA eka sunizcita krama hai| avikasita yA sarvathA adha:patita AtmA kI avasthA prathama bhUmikA (guNasthAna) hai| isameM AtmA ke prabalatama zatru moha kI zakti bar3I sazakta hotI hai aura AtmA kI AdhyAtmika sthiti bilkula kSINa hotI hai| isa guNasthAna meM AtmA pararUpa ko svarUpa samajhakara usI ko pAne ke lie lAlAyita rahatA hai| mithyAdRSTi ke kAraNa rAga-dveSa meM jakar3A rahatA hai| isa prathama guNasthAna meM AtmA bhautika utkarSa kitanA hI kara le, lekina usakI pravRtti tAtvika lakSya se sarvathA zUnya hotI hai| yaha bhUmikA bahirAtma bhAva yA mithyA darzana kI hai| isa bhUmikA ke sabhI jIva bhI eka sI sthiti ke nahIM hote| unameM bhI moha dazA kI taratamatA pAI jAtI hai| koI moha kI gAr3hatama avasthA meM hote haiM, koI gAr3hatara sthiti meM aura kucha isase bhI kama mohAsakta hote haiN| giri-nadI-pASANa nyAya se jAnate ajAnate jaba bhI jIva para moha kA prabhAva kama hone lagatA hai, taba vaha vikAsa kI ora agrasara ho jAtA hai aura tIvratama rAga-dveSa ko kucha manda karatA haA moha kI prathama zakti darzanamoha ko samApta karane yogya Atmabala prApta kara letA hai| isa dvitIya guNasthAna ko granthibheda kahA jAtA hai| granthibheda kA kArya baDA viSama hai| rAga-dveSa kI tIvratama viSa-granthi eka bAra zithila ho jAe, to darzana moha ko zithila hone meM dera nahIM lgtii| darzana moha kI zithilatA ke pazcAta cAritra moha kI zithilatA kA mArga svayameva khula jAtA hai| lekina isake lie eka AdhyAtmika yuddha hotA hai| isameM eka tarapha rAga-dveSa apane pUrNa bala kA prayoga karate haiM aura dUsarI ora vikAsonmukha AtmA apane vIrya-bala kA prayoga karatA hai| kaI bAra yaha yuddha anirNIta hI rahatA hai, kabhI moha prabala hokara vijayI hotA hai aura kabhI AtmA apane prabala paurUSa bala se rAga-dveSa kI granthi ko zithila kara vijaya lAbha prApta karatA hai| AtmA kA yaha rAga-dveSa se rahita hone kA prayatna karaNa kahalAtA hai| karaNa tIna prakAra ke haiM- 1. yathA pravRtti karaNa, 2. apUrva karaNa aura 3. anivRtti krnn| anantakAla se duHkha sahate-sahate AtmA komala evaM snehila bana jAtA hai| usa pariNAma zuddhi ke kAraNa jIva Ayukarma ke atirikta zeSa sAta karmoM kI sthiti

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tattva mImAMsA * 405 palyopama ke asaMkhyAtaveM bhAga kama eka kor3A-kor3I sAgaropama jitanI kara detA hai| ise hI yathA pravRttikaraNa kahate haiN| isa karaNa vAlA jIva granthideza ko prApta kara letA hai, kintu use bheda nahIM sktaa| apUrva karaNa usa adhyavasAya ko kahate haiM, jisake dvArA bhavya jIva rAga-dveSa kI durbhedya granthi ko tor3a dete haiN| apUrva karaNa dvArA rAga-dveSa kI granthi tor3ane ke pazcAt jIva ke pariNAma adhika zuddha ho jAte haiM aura vaha samyaktva kI prApti kara letA hai, ise hI anivRttikaraNa kahate haiN| isa prakAra apUrvakaraNa evaM anavRittikaraNa dvArA AtmA meM itanA vIryollAsa prakaTa ho jAtA hai, ki vaha darzana moha para vijaya prApta kara letA hai| darzana moha ko jItate hI prathama guNasthAna mithyAtva kI samApti ho jAtI hai| AtmA ko pahalI bAra samyaktva prApta ho jAtA hai| yaha avasthA tRtIya guNasthAna kI hai| samyagdRSTi ko svarUpa darzana ho jAtA hai| isa dazA ko antarAtma bhAva kahate haiN| AtmA ke isa vikAsa krama ke caturtha guNasthAna meM samyagdarzana ke dvArA svarUpa darzana ho jAne ke pazcAt jIva svarUpa lAbha ke lie lAlAyita ho jAtA hai| isa avasthA meM AtmA AdhyAtmika zAnti kA anubhava karatA hai| pA~cave guNasthAna meM AtmA dezavirati cAritra ko prApta karatA hai| cU~ki darzana moha ke pazcAt cAritra moha ko kSINa karane para hI svarUpa lAbha hotA hai| isa cAritra moha ko aMzata: zithila karanA hI dezavirati hai| dezavirati kI prApti ke pazcAt jaba AtmA cAritra moha ko adhikAMza meM zithila karake pahale kI apekSA adhika svarUpa sthiratA evaM svarUpa-lAbha prApta karane kI ceSTA karatA hai| isa prayatna meM saphala hone para vaha sarvavirati rUpa chaThe guNasthAna meM pahu~ca jAtA hai| isameM kabhI-kabhI thor3I bahuta mAtrA meM pramAda A jAtA hai| vikAsonmukha AtmA isa pramAda ko bhI saha nahIM pAtA aura vaha pramAda kA tyAga karatA hai| yaha apramatta saMyata nAmaka sAtavA~ guNasthAna hai| sAtaveM guNasthAna meM pahu~cane para eka ora apramAdajanya utkRSTa sukha kA anubhava AtmA ko usa sthiti meM bane rahane ke lie prerita karatA hai aura dUsarI ora pramAdajanya pUrva vAsanAe~ use apanI ora AkarSita karatI hai| isa dvandvayuddha meM AtmA kabhI pramAda kI tandrA meM aura kabhI apramAda kI jAgRti meM aneka bAra AtA jAtA hai| yadi isameM AtmA apanA cAritra bala vizeSa prakAzita karatA hai, to vaha apramatta avasthA prApta kara letA hai| arthAt AtmA aisI taiyArI kara letA hai jisase moha para vijaya prApta kara ske| yaha AThavA~ guNasthAna hai| isameM apUrva Atmazuddhi ho jAtI hai aura pA~ca apUrva zaktiyA~ AtmA ko prApta ho jAtI hai jinake kAraNa vaha - 1. apUrva sthiti ghAta, 2.

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406 jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana apUrva rasaghAta, 3. guNazreNI, 4. guNa saMkramaNa, 5. apUrva sthiti baMdha karatA hai / ina pA~ca apUrva bAtoM ke kAraNa AtmA kI vizuddhi bahuta bar3ha jAtI hai| isa AThaveM guNasthAna se Age bar3hane vAlI AtmAe~ do zreNiyoM meM vibhakta ho jAtI hai eka upazama zreNI vAlI tathA dUsarI kSapaka zreNI vAlI / upazama zreNI vAle jIva cAritra moha kI prakRtiyoM ko upazAnta karate hue gyArahaveM guNasthAna taka pahu~cate haiN| lekina vahA~ dabAyA huA moha punaH zaktizAlI ho jAtA hai aura Antarika yuddha meM thake hue upazama zreNI vAlI AtmAoM ko nIce girA detA hai| yaha gyArahavA~ guNasthAna adyaH patana kA sthAna haiM, kyoMki use pAne vAlA AtmA Age na baDhakara eka bAra to avazya giratA hai / AThaveM guNasthAna se Age kSapaka zreNI car3hane vAle jIva cAritramoha kI prakRtiyoM ko kSINa karate hue nauve aura dasaveM guNasthAna meM pahu~cate haiM aura vahA~ se sIdhe bArahaveM guNasthAna meM cale jAte haiM, isa guNasthAna meM mohakarma sarvathA nirmUla ho jAtA hai| isake pazcAt AtmA nIce nahIM giratA apitu Upara hI car3hatA hai| upazama zreNI se girane vAlA jIva cAhe prathama guNasthAna taka hI kyoM na calA jAe, para usakI vaha girI huI sthiti kAyama nahIM rahatI / kabhI na kabhI vaha dugune utsAha se taiyAra hokara moha kA sAmanA karatA hai aura kSapaka zreNI kI yogyatA prApta kara moha kA sarvathA kSaya kara detA hai 1 mokSa prApti meM mukhya rUpa se moha hI bAdhaka hai| moha kA sarvathA nAza hote hI anya jJAnAvaraNIya, darzanAvaraNIya aura antarAya rUpa ghAti karma usI prakAra naSTa ho jAte haiM, jaise pradhAna senApati ke mAre jAne para sainika hathiyAra DAla dete haiN| ghAtikarmoM ke naSTa hote hI AtmA paramAtmabhAva kA pUrNa AdhyAtmika sAmrAjya pAkara niratizaya kevalajJAna, kevaladarzana, yathAkhyAta cAritra evaM anirvacanIya saha Ananda ko prApta kara letA hai| jaise pUrNimA kI rAtri meM nirabhracandra kI sampUrNa kalAe~ prakAzamAna hotI haiM, vaise hI usa samaya AtmA kI cetanA Adi samasta zaktiyA~ pUrNa vikasita ho jAtI haiM / yaha sayogI kevalI nAmaka terahavA~ guNasthAna hai / isa guNasthAna meM cirakAla taka rahane ke pazcAt AtmA dagdharajju ke samAna zeSa aghAtikarmoM kA kSaya karane ke lie sUkSma kriyA pratipAtI zukla dhyAna rUpa pavana kA Azraya lekara mAnasika, vAcika aura kAyika vyApAroM ko sarvathA roka detA hai| yahI AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI parAkASThA rUpa caudahavA~ guNasthAna hai| isameM AtmA samucchinna kriyA apratipAtI zukla dhyAna dvArA sumeru kI taraha niSprakampa sthiti prApta karake anta meM zarIra ko tyAgakara lokottara mokSa sthAna ko prApta kara letA hai| yahI pUrNa kRtakRtyatA hai, yahI parama puruSArtha kI antima siddhi hai| isa prakAra jIva samyagdarzana - jJAna - cAritra rUpa ratnatrayI kA avalambana lekara

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tattva mImAMsA 407 AtmA ke kramika vikAsa rUpI guNasthAnoM ko prApta karate hue hI anta meM mokSa ko prApta kara sakatA hai| mokSa prApti ke sAdhana ko jAnane ke pazcAt usake svarUpa ko bhI jAnanA caahiye| mukta AtmA zarIra rahita hai, ataeva zarIra sambandhI kisI bhI prakAra kI upAdhi vahA~ nahIM hai| vahA~ janma nahIM, jarA nahIM, maraNa nahIM, bhaya nahIM, roga nahIM, zoka nahIM, duHkha nahIM, dAridra nahIM, karma nahIM, kAyA nahIM, moha nahIM, mAyA nahIM, cAkara nahIM, ThAkara nahIM, bhUkha nahIM, tRSA nahIM, rUpa nahIM, rasa nahIM, gaMdha nahIM, sparza nahIM, vaha na choTA hai, na bar3A hai, na gola hai, na caurasa hai, na trikoNa hai, na strI hai, na puruSa hai, na napuMsaka hai| varan vaha jJAtA hai, parijJAtA hai, vaha jIvaghana hai, jJAna ghana aura Ananda ghana hai / muktAtmA kI sthiti kA zabdoM dvArA varNana nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki zabda kI vahA~ gati nahIM hai, tarka vahA~ taka nahIM daur3atA, kalpanA vahA~ taka nahIM ur3atI aura buddhi vahA~ taka nahIM phuNctii| vaha dazA gUMge ke gur3a kI taraha anubhava gamya hai| jaisA ki vedAnta meM brahma ke svarUpa kA varNana neti neti kahakara kiyA hai, vaisA hI kucha muktAtmA kA svarUpa hai| muktAtmA ananta darzana, ananta jJAna, ananta cAritra, ananta sukha, aTala avagahanA vAle, amUrta, agurulaghu aura anantavIrya vAle haiM / ve jyoti meM jyoti kI taraha eka dUsare meM samAe hue haiN| paudgalika sukha-duHkhoM se atIta hokara ananta Atmika avyAbAdha sukhoM kA nirantara anubhava karate haiM / isa prakAra AtmA kA para padArthoM se asambaddha hokara svarUpa ko prApta kara lenA tathA sadAkAla svarUpa pariNamana karanA hI mokSa hai| uparyukta vivecita nava tattvoM meM jIva aura ajIva dravya tattva hai, zeSa sabhI sAta padArtha paryAya tattva haiM? para dravyoM aura paryAya tattvoM se bhinna AtmA parama upAdeya tattva haiN| saMvara, nirjarA aura mokSa Adi Atma svarUpa kI prApti meM sAdhaka tattva hone ke kAraNa hI upAdeya kahe gae haiN| saMvara, nirjarA eka deza se zuddha hone ke kAraNa eka deza se hI upAdeya hai tathA mokSa pUrNataH zuddha hone ke kAraNa pUrNa upAdeya hai / nija AtmA ke atirikta zeSa sabhI tattva mAtra jAnane yogya hI haiM / mAtra Atma tattva hI prApta karane yogya zreya tattva haiN| loka kA svarUpa : tatva mImAMsA ke antargata jaina darzana ne maulika tattvoM ke sAtha-sAtha isa carAcara jagata kA bhI vivecana kiyA hai| kisI bhI saMskRti ke vikAsa meM usakI prAkRtika evaM bhaugolika paristhitiyoM kA mahatvapUrNa sthAna hotA hai / ataH kisI bhI deza ke samAja, saMskRti, rAjanIti, arthanIti, rahana-sahana, AcAra-vicAra evaM sukha-samRddhi kA yathArtha jJAna prApta karane ke lie una bhaugolika dazAoM ko

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408 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana jAnanA Avazyaka hai, jinameM unakA vikAsa huaa| jaina darzana meM saMpUrNa jagata ke vistAra kA jo nakzA hameM milatA hai, usakA moTe taura para adhyayana karanA Avazyaka hai| jaina darzana meM jagata ke svarUpa evaM vistAra kA nirUpaNa anya darzanoM kI apekSA bhinna rUpa se kiyA gayA hai| yadyapi kucha sthAnoM para samAnatA bhI parilakSita hotI hai| jaina darzana meM jo lokasvarUpa kA vivecana huA hai, usake adhyayana ke pazcAt hI hama tulanAtmaka adhyayana kreNge| jaina darzana meM yaha jagata akRtrima, nitya aura pralaya se rahita mAnA gayA hai| Adi purANa meM jagata kI AkRti donoM paira phailAkara aura kamara para donoM hAtha rakhakara khar3e hue puruSa ke samAna batAyI gaI hai|" (pariziSTa 7) yaha jagata apane Apa banA huA hai aura ananta AkAza ke ThIka madhya meM sthita hai| yaha utpatti, sthiti aura nAzamAna paryAyoM vAle dravyoM se bharA huA hai| ghanodadhi, dhanavAta aura tanuvAta ina tIna prakAra ke vistRta vAtavalayoM se ghirA huA hai| ina vAtavalayoM ke kAraNa yaha loka rassiyoM se bane hue chIMke ke tulya pratIta hotA hai| loka ke tIna bhAga haiM- adholoka, madhyaloka aura urdhvlok| adholoka vettAsana ke samAna nIce vistRta aura Upara saMkIrNa haiN| madhya loka jhallarI (jhAlara) ke samAna sabhI ora se vistRta hai tathA urdhvaloka mRdaMga ke samAna bIca meM caur3A tathA donoM bhAgoM meM saMkIrNa hai| madhyaloka ke madhya meM jambUdvIpa hai, jo lavaNa samudra se ghirA huA hai| lavaNasamudra ke cAroM ora ghAtakI khaNDa nAmaka mahAdvIpa sthalI kA AkAra gola hai aura isake bIca meM nAbhi ke samAna sumeru parvata hai| yaha meru eka lAkha yojana vistAra vAlA hai| eka hajAra yojana to pRthvItala ke nIce hai aura zeSa ninyAnave hajAra yojana pRthvItala ke Upara hai| meru yA sumeru ke Upara urdhvaloka, meru se nIce adholoka aura meru kI jar3a se coTI paryanta madhyaloka hai| ghAtakI khaNDa ko kAlodadhi samudra veSTita kie hue hai| anantara puSkaravara dvIpa, puSkaravara-samudra Adi asaMkhyAta dvIpa samudra hai| puSkaravara dvIpa ke madhya meM mAnaSottara parvata hai, jisase isa dvIpa ke do bhAga hote haiN| ataH jambUdvIpa, ghAtakIkhaNDa aura puSkarArddha dvIpa manuSya kSetra kahA gayA hai| tAtparya yaha hai, ki DhAI dvIpa aura do samudra manuSya kSetra ke antargata haiN| (pariziSTa-8) AThaveM nandIzvara dvIpa meM atyanta svaccha jala se paripUrNa nandottarA Adi vApikAe~ haiM, jinakA jala Adi tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva ke rAjyAbhiSeka ke samaya vyavahAra meM lAyA gayA thaa| kSIra samudra, nandIzvara samudra tathA svayaMbhUramaNa samudra kA jala bhI svarNa kalazoM meM bharakara rAjyAbhiSeka ke lie lAyA gayA thaa| isa dvIpa kA vistAra tiresaTha karor3a caurAsI lAkha yojana batAyA gayA hai| nandIzvara dvIpa kI bAhya paridhi do

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tattva mImAMsA 409 1 hajAra bahattara karor3a, taiMsIsa lAkha, cauvana hajAra, eka sau nabbe yojana evaM Abhyantara paridhi eka hajAra chattIsa karor3a, bAraha lAkha, do hajAra, sAta sau yojana gahare haiM / ye sabhI parvata caurAsI hajAra yojana U~ce itane hI caur3e aura eka hajAra yojana gahare haiN| ye sabhI parvata r3hola kI AkRti aura kRSNa varNa ke haiN| pUrva dizA ke aJjana giri va pUrvAdi cAroM dizAoM meM nandA, nandavatI, nandotarA aura nandI ghoSA ye cAra vApikAe~, dakSiNa vizva ke aJjanagiri kI pUrvAdika cAroM dizAoM vijayA, vaijayantI, jayantI aura aparAjitA ye cAra vApikAe~, pazcima dizA ke aJjana giri kI pUrvAdi cAroM dizAoM meM kramazaH azokA, suprabuddhA, kumudA aura puNDarikiNI evaM uttara dizA meM aJjanagiri kI pUrvAdi cAroM dizAoM meM kramazaH suprabhaMkarA, sumanA, AnandA evaM sudarzanA ye cAra vApikAe~ avasthita haiM / ina solaha vApikAoM ke madhya meM eka-eka sahasra yojana gahare, daza - daza sahasra yojana caur3e, lambe tathA U~ce solaha dadhimukha evaM vApikAoM ke bAhyakoNoM meM sthita battIsa ratikara parvata haiM / ina vApikAoM ke cAroM ora azoka vana, saptaparNavana, campaka vana aura Amravana hai / pratyeka parvata para ekaeka caityAlaya rahane se aJjanagiri sambandhi cAra, dadhimukha sambandhI solaha aura ratikara sambandhI battIsa, isa prakAra kula bAvana caityAlaya haiN| ye samasta caityAlaya pUrvAbhimukha, sau yojana lambe, pacAsa yojana caur3e pacahattara yojana U~ce haiN|" nandIzvara dvIpa - samudra se Age aruNadvIpa - aruNasAgara, aruNodbhAsadvIpaaruNodbhAsa- sAgara, kuNDalavaradvIpa - kuNDalavara sAgara, zaMkhavara dvIpa - zaMkhavara sAgara, rucakavara-dvIpa-rucakavara sAgara haiM / bhujaMgavaradvIpa - bhujaMgavarasAgara, kuzavaradvIpa - kuzavara sAgara aura kroJcavaradvIpa - krauJcavarasAgara hai / ina solaha dvIpa sAgaroM ke pazcAt manaHzIla, haritAla, sindUra, zyAmaka, aJjanahiMgalaka, rupavara, suvarNavara, vajravara, vairDsavara, nAgavara, bhUtavara, yakSavara, devavara aura induvara nAmaka dvIpa - sAgaroM kA nirdeza milatA hai| sabase anta meM svayaMbhUramaNa dvIpa tathA svayaMbhUramaNa sAgara hai|" lavaNa samudra, kAlodadhi aura svayaMbhUramaNa ina tIna samudroM ke atirikta anya samudroM meM magara, matsya Adi jalacara jIva nahIM hai / " jambUdvIpa ke antargata SaTkulAcala, sAta kSetra aura gaMgA, sindhu Adi caudaha nadiyA~ varNita hai / " bharata hemavata, hari, videha, ramyaka, hairaNyaka aura airAvata ye sAta kSetra tathA himavanta, mahAhimavanta, niSadya, nIla, rukamI aura zikharI ye cha: kulAcala haiN| kSetroM meM bharata kSetra kI sthiti sabase dakSiNa meM tathA airAvata kSetra kI sabase uttara meM mAnI gaI hai| prathama cAra kSetroM kA vistAra kramazaH uttarottara dugunA hai aura zeSa kSetra vistAra pUrva ke kSetroM ke tulya haiM / tAtparya yaha hai, ki ramyaka kSetra kA vistAra hari ke tulya hairaNyavata kA haimavata ke tulya aura airAvata kA bhArata ke samAna hai| isI prakAra kulAcaloM meM prathama tIna kA vistAra antima tIna ke tulya hai / arthAt himavanta zikharI

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410 jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana ke samAna, mahAhimavanta rukmI ke samAna aura nIla niSedha ke samAna hai| kSetra aura kulAcala dviguNita vistAra vAle haiN| vaidika darzana meM varNita bhUgola ke sAtha tulanAtmaka samIkSA : viSNu purANa, matsyapurANa, vAyupurANa aura brahmANDapurANa Adi purANoM meM saptadvIpa aura saptasAgara vasundharA kA varNana AyA hai| mahAbhArata meM teraha dvIpoM kA ullekha milatA hai| yaha varNana jaina darzana kI apekSA bahuta bhinna hai / viSNu purANa meM jambUdvIpa, plakSadvIpa zAlmaladvIpa, kuzadvIpa, krauMJcadvIpa, zAkadvIpa aura puSkaradvIpa ke nAma Aye haiN|" ye dvIpa vaNa, ikSu, surA, ghRta, dadhi, dugdha aura madhura jala ke sAta samudroM se ghire hue haiN| ye dvIpa aura samudra golAkAra haiM aura kramazaH eka dUsare se dviguNita haiN| dvIpAvarodhaka valayAkAra samudroM kA vistAra dvIpoM ke samAna hai / arthAt jambUdvIpa kA vistAra lavaNa samudra ke samAna, plakSadvIpa kA ikSu samudra ke samAna, zAlmaladvIpa kA surA samudra ke samAna zAka dvIpa kA dugdha samudra ke samAna aura puSkara dvIpa kA madhura jala samudra ke samAna hai| jaina mAnyatAnusAra pratipAdita asaMkhyAta dvIpa samudroM meM jambUdvIpa, krauMcadvIpa aura puSkara dvIpa ke nAma vaidika darzana meM sarvatra Aye haiM / samudroM ke varNana - prasaMga meM viSNupurANa meM jala ke svAda ke AdhAra para sAta samudra batalAye gaye haiM / jaina paramparA meM asaMkhyAta samudroM ko jala ke svAda ke AdhAra para sAta hI vargoM meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai| lavaNa samudra ke jala kA svAda lavaNa ke samAna, vAruNIvara samudra ke jala kA svAda surA ke samAna, ghRtavara samudra ke jala kA svAda ghRta ke samAna, kSIravara samudra ke jala kA svAda dugdha ke samAna, kAlodadhi tathA svayaMbhUramaNa samudra ke jala kA svAda zubha svaccha jala ke samAna aura puSkaravara samudra ke jala kA svAda madhura jala ke samAna hai / " isa prakAra 1. lavaNa, 2. surA, 3. ghRta, 4. dugdha, 5. zubhodaka, 6. ikSu aura 7. madhura jala ina sAta vargoM meM samasta samudra vibhakta haiM | viSNupurANa meM 'dadhi' kA ullekha hai, jaina paramparA meM isI ko zubhodaka kahA gayA hai| ataH jala ke svAda kI dRSTi se sAta prakAra kA vargIkaraNa donoM hI paramparAoM meM pAyA jAtA hai| viSNupurANa meM zAlmalI dvIpa kA kathana AyA hai| harivaMzapurANa meM meru parvata ke dakSiNa-pazcima - nairRtya koNa meM sItodA nadI ke dUsare taTa para viSadhAcala ke samIpa rajatamaya zAlmalI batAyA gayA hai| jambU sthala kI samAnatA rakhane vAle isI zAlmalI sthala meM zAlmalI vRkSa hai|" yaha vRkSa pRthvIkAya hai / aisA lagatA hai, ki isa zAlmalI sthala ko hI zAlmalI dvIpa kahA gayA hai| jisa prakAra vaidika mAnyatA meM antima dvIpa puSkaravara mAnA gayA hai, usI prakAra jaina mAnyatA meM manuSyaloka kA sImAnta yahI puSkarArddha hai| manuSyaloka kI sImA mAnakara hI vaidika mAnyatAoM meM dvIpoM kA kathana kiyA gayA hai| jambUdvIpa, ghAtakI

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tattva mImAMsA*411 khaNDa aura puSkarArddha dvIpa ke antargata hI sAtoM dvIpa samAviSTa ho jAte haiN| yadyapi krauJca dvIpa kA nAma donoM hI mAnyatAoM meM samAna rUpa se AyA hai, para sthAna nirdeza kI dRSTi se donoM meM bhinnatA hai| bauddha paramparA meM kevala cAra dvIpa hI mAne gaye haiN| ve mAnate haiM, ki samudra meM eka golAkAra sone kI thAlI para svarNa bharA sumerugiri sthiti hai| sumeru ke cAroM ora sAta parvata aura sAta khaNDa haiN| una sAta svarNamaya parvatoM ke bAhara kSIra sAgara hai aura sAgara meM 1. kuru, 2. godAna, 3. videha aura 4. jambU nAmaka cAra dvIpa avasthita haiN|" ina dvIpoM ke atirikta choTe-choTe do hajAra dvIpa aura bhI pAye gaye haiN| jambUdvIpaH jaina paramparA meM jambUdvIpa kA vizeSa mahatva hai| jambUvRkSa ke kAraNa isa dvIpa kA nAma jambUdvIpa pdd'aa| isakA AkAra gola hai aura madhya meM nAbhi ke samAna meru parvata sthita hai| isa dvIpa kA vistAra eka lAkha yojana aura paridhi tIna lAkha solaha hajAra do sau sattAisa yojana tIna koSa eka sau aTThAIsa dhanuSa sADhe teraha aMgula batAI gayI hai| jambUdvIpa kA ghanAkAra kSetra sAta sau nabbe karor3a chappana lAkha caurAnave hajAra eka sau pacAsa yojana hai| jambUdvIpa ke antargata devakuru aura uttara kuru nAmaka do bhoga bhUmiyA~ batalAyI gaI haiN| uttarakuru kI sthiti sItodA nadI ke taTa para hai| yahA~ dharaNI nAma kA sarovara hai| yahA~ ke nivAsI maMgalAvatI nAmaka vizAla bhavana meM sabhAe~ karate haiN| inakI icchAoM aura samasta AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti kalpavRkSoM se hotI hai| vahA~ dasa prakAra ke kalpavRkSa, vastra, AbhUSaNa, vAdya, bhojana Adi samasta padArtha pradAna karate haiN| yahA~ ke manuSya svabhAva se komala aura bhadra pariNAmI hote haiM / akAla mRtyu yahA~ nahIM hotii| pUrNa Ayu samApta karake svarga prApta karate haiN| tulanAtmaka samIkSA : uttara kuru kA ullekha mahAbhArata, viSNupurANa, vAmanapurANa, brahmANDa purANa Adi granthoM meM bhI milatA hai| mahAbhArata ke anusAra uttarakuru meru ke uttara meM sthita hai| jo bAlukArNava ke samIpa hai aura jahA~ himavanta ko pAra kara pahuMcate haiN| meru ke pUrva meM sItA aura pazcima meM vaMkSu nadIyA~ pravAhita hotI haiN| rAmAyaNa aura mahAbhArata ke mata meM yaha sthAna maNimaya aura kAJcana kI bAlukA ke samIpa haiN| yahA~ hIraka, vaiDUrya aura padmarAga ke jaise ramaNIya bhUkhaNDa haiN| yahA~ kAmaphalaprada vRkSa samasta manorathoM ko pUrNa karane vAle haiN| kSIrI nAmaka vRkSa se kSIra TapakatA hai aura phala ke garbha meM vastra aura AbhUSaNa utpanna hote haiN| yahA~ kI puSkariNI paMkazUnya evaM manorama hai| cakravAka-cakravAkI ke samAna dampattI eka kAla meM janma le samabhAva se vRddhigata hote haiN| ve ekAdaza sahasravarSa paryanta jIvita rahate haiM aura eka

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412 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana dUsare ko kabhI nahIM chodd'te| marane para bhAruNDa pakSI unheM uThAkara giridarI meM pheMka dete uttarakuru kI sthiti mahAbhArata meM sumeru se uttara aura nIla parvata ke dakSiNa pArzva meM mAnI hai| rAjataraMgiNI meM batAyA gayA hai, ki kAzmIra rAja lalitAditya ke kamboja, bhUHkhAra, darada, strIrAjya Adi ko jIta lene para uttara kuruvAsiyoM ne bhaya se parvata pradeza kA Azraya liyaa| isa kathana se yaha jJAta hotA hai, ki uttara kuru kI sthiti strI rAjya ke bAda hai| strI rAjya gandhamAdana se uttara pazcima pratIta hotA hai, jisakA vartamAna sthAna tibbata kA pazcimAMza hai| harivaMzapurANa meM nIla aura sumeru ke madhya meM uttara kuru kI sthiti mAnI gayI hai| tathA niSadya aura sumeru me madhya meM devakuru kii| ataH jaina darzana meM varNita uttara kuru yArakanda yA jaraphzAM nadI ke taTa para honA caahiye| jaina, bauddha aura vaidika tInoM hI mAnyatAoM ke AdhAra para uttarakuru meM bhogabhUmi siddha hotI hai| dIghanikAya ke ATAnATiyasutta meM batAyA gayA hai, ki utara kuruvAsI vyaktigata sampatti nahIM rakhate the| inheM apane jIvana nirvAha ke lie parizrama nahIM karanA par3atA aura anAja apane Apa utpanna hotA hai| vahA~ ke manuSyoM kA jIvana nizcinta aura sukhamaya hai|" aMguttara nikAya aura majjhima nikAya kI aTTakathAoM meM batAyA gayA hai, ki uttarakuru meM kalpavRkSa hai| kapparukha jo eka kalpaparyanta rahatA hai| eka anya vivaraNa ke anusAra isa deza ke nivAsiyoM ke ghara nahIM hote aura ve bhUmi para zayana karate hai| isI kAraNa ve bhUmisayA bhUmi para zayana karane vAle kahalAte haiN| sampatti kA parigraha vahA~ nahIM hai| vyakti nirlobha vRtti ke niyatAyuSka hote haiN| isa prakAra yaha vidita hotA hai, ki jaina darzana ke uttarakuru bhogabhUmi ke sambandha meM jo rahana-sahana kI vyavasthA darzAyI gayI hai, vahI bauddhAgama meM bhI pAyI jAtI hai tathA vAlmIki rAmAyaNa evaM mahAbhArata meM bhI bhogabhUmi kI sthiti kA aisA hI varNana kiyA gayA hai| vastutaH tInoM paramparAoM meM uttarakuru meM bhogabhUmi mAnI gayI hai| bharata kSetra : jaina paramparA meM bharatakSetra kA vyavahAra usI artha meM kiyA gayA hai, jisa artha meM bauddha paramparA meM jambUdvIpa kA vyavahAra pAyA jAtA hai| AdipurANa meM bharatakSetra ko himavanta ke dakSiNa aura pUrvI-pazcimI samudroM ke bIca sthita mAnA hai| __isa kSetra meM sukauzala,avantI, puNDra, azmaka, kuru, kAzI, kaliMga, aGga, vaGga, suhya, samudraka, kAzmIra, uzInara, Anarta, vatsa, paMcAla, mAlava, dazArNa, kaccha, magadha, vidarbha, kurujaMgala, karahATa, mahArASTra, saurASTra, AbhIra, koMkaNa, vanavAsa, AMdhra, karNATaka, kauzala, cola, kerala, dAsa, abhisAra, sauvira, zUrasena, aparAntaka, videha, sindhu, gAndhAra, yavana, cedi, pallava, kamboja, AraTTa, vAlhIka, turuSka, zaka aura kaikaya dezoM kI racanA mAnI gayI hai| bharata cakravartI ke dvArA vijita dezoM ke varNana

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tattva mImAMsA* 413 meM uparyukta janapadoM kA ullekha AyA hai| gA~voM ke samudAya ko janapada kahA hai| janapadoM ko eka-dUsare se pRthak karane vAlI nadI, parvatoM kI prAkRtika sImAe~ thiiN| bauddha sAhitya meM aMga, magadha, kAzI, kauzala, vajja, malla, ceti, vatsa, kuru, pAMcAla, matsya, sUrasena, azmaka, avantI, gandhAra, aura kamboja ina solaha janapadoM ke nAma milate haiN| vRhatkalpasUtra bhASya meM magadha, aMga, vaMga, kaliMga, kAzI, kozala, kuru, kuzArta, pA~cAla, jaMgala, saurASTra, videha, vatsa, zADilya, malaya, matsya, varaNA, dazArNa, cedi, sindhusauvIra, zUrasena, bhaMgi, vaTTA, kuNAla, lAr3ha aura kaikaya ardha ina sADhe pacIsa Arya dezoM kA ullekha milatA hai| isa prakAra jaina darzana ne isa sRSTi ke maulika tattvoM ke vivecana ke sAtha-sAtha isa jagata kI bhaugolika saMracanA kA bhI saMpUrNa vivecana kiyA hai| saMdarbha sacI 1. vedAnta sAra- zro. 1 2. vahI - antima bhoka 3. sAMkhyakArikA- maharSi kapila - thoka 1 4. vahI -maharSi kapila- antima zoka 5. sUtra kRtAMga - sudharmA svAmI - a. 6/ gA. 1 6. tatvArtha sUtra-- hemacandrasUri - 1/6 7. Rgveda - 1/164/4 8. vahI- 1/164/37 9. vahI- 1/164/46 10. utpAda-vyaya dhrauvya yuktaM sat -tatvArtha sUtra- hemacandra - 5/30 11. paMcAstikAya saMgraha - kundakundAcArya- gA. 10 12. pravacana sAra - kundakudAcArya- gA. 5 13. mAuyANuyoge, upannevA, vigaye vA dhuvevaa| -sthAnAMga, sthA. 10 14. uttarAdhyayana sUtra- sudharmAsvAmI- a. 28 gA. 6 15. jIvadavvAya, ajIva dvvaay| - anuyogadvAra- sU. 141 16. samayasAra- kundakundAcArya- gA. 372 . 17. tatvArtha sUtra- umAsvAtI- 5/42 18. paMcAstikAya saMgraha- kundakundAcArya- gA. 8 19. vahI- gA. 4 20. uttarAdhyayanasUtra- sudharmAsvAmI - a. 28 sU. 11 21. bhagavatI sUtra- 2/10 22. uttarAdhyayanasUtra- sudharmAsvAmI- 14/19 23. AcArAMga sUtra-5/6/176

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414 jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana bhagavatI sUtra - 20/3/665 uttarAdhyayana sUtra- 20/37 24. 25. 26. 27. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. (i) saMsAriNo muktAzca - tatvArtha sUtra - 2 / 10 (ii) duvihA savvajIvA paNNattA taMjahA- siddhAceva, asiddhAceva / - sthAnAMga sUtra2/1/101 (iii) saMsAra samAvannagAceva asaMsAra samAvannA gAceva / - sthAnAMga sUtra - 2/1/57 savve sarA niyati, takkA tattha navijjai, maI tattha na gahiyA, oe apaiTThANassa kheyantre / - AcArAMga sUtra- 1/5/6 28. 29. 30. samavAyAMga sUtra - sU0 156 31. sthAnAMgasUtra - 85/543 32. vahI - 85/537 33. sthAnAMga sUtra- 2/1/267 vahI - 5/1/364 51. 52. (i) samavAyAMga sUtra - 6 (ii) sthanAMga sUtra - 504 samavAyAMga sUtra - 152 vahI - 14 sthAnAMga sUtra 17 sAMkhyakArikA - kapila RSi - kA0 18 ( puruSa bahutvaM siddham) tatvArtha sUtra - umAsvAti - 5 / 23 paMcAstikAya - kundakundAcArya - gA0 74-75 vahI - kundakundAcArya - gA0 79 bhagavatI sUtra - 16/8 paMcAstikAya saMgraha - kundakundAcArya - gA. 76 vahI - kundakundAcArya - gA0 83 nUtana aura prAktana sRSTi vijJAna- pro0 jI0Ara0 jaina evaM ema0 sI0 jaina pR0 31 amara bhAratI (patrikA) - julAI 1979 tatvArtha sUtra - umAsvAti 5/18 Exploring the Universe, by H. ward. P. 16 Same, P. 266 The nature of the Physical world : by Pr. Edington, P.g. 80 amara bhAratI, navambara 1978 paMcAstikAya - kundakundAcArya - gA0 102 tatvArtha sUtra - umAsvAtI - a0 5 sU0 22 53. vyAkhyA prajJapti (abhayadeva vRtti) 67 / 246, pR0 500 se 502 54. zramaNa bhagavAna mahAvIra, pR 85-89

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tattva mImAMsA* 415 55. (i) sthAnAMga sUtra - sthAna 1, sU. 665 (ii) paMcAstikAya saMgraha - kundakundAcArya - gA. 108 56. tatvArtha sUtra - umAsvAtI - 2/8 57. bhagavatI zataka - 2/10 58. uttarAdhyayana sUtra - a. 28, gA. 10 59. vahI - a. 28, gA. 11 60. AcArAMga sUtra - u. 1-2 61. phijiyolojikala sAikolojI - maikaDUgala 1 62. di maoNrDana rivyU, kalakattA, julAI 1936 63. iMTroDakzana TU sAiMsa, je.e. thaoNmasana, pR. 142 64. samayasAra -kundakundAcArya, gA0 83 65. ThANAMga sUtra, dvitIya sthAna, sUtra 1 66. vahI, sthAna 9, sUtra 676 67. sthAnAMga TIkA, sthAna 1, pR. 15 68. sthAnAMga sUtra, sU. 70 69. vahI, sU. 166 70. vahI, sU. 48 71. vahIM, sU. 124 72. samayasAra-kundakundAcArya, gA. 183 73. sthAnAMga sUtra, 1/4/98 74. tattvArthasUtra 8/1 75. sthAnAMga sUtra, 4/3/296 76. oghaniyukti, gA. 5 77. samayasAra, gA. 262 78. vahI, gA. 282 79. tattvArtha sUtra, 8/4 80. karma grantha, 5/85 81. vahI, 5/63 82. sarvArthasiddhi, 8/3/379, bhagavatI sUtra vRtti 1/4/40 83. vaizAkhasthaH kaTInyastahastaH syAdyAdRzaH pumaan| tAdRzaM loka saMsthAnam // AdipurANa, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI, prathama saM. 4/42 84. vahIM 4/43 85. vAtarajjubhirAnaddho lokastisRbhirAzikham // vahI, 4/44 zikyarivA tataiH - vahI, 4/43 86. vahI, 4/41 87. vahI, 4/48

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416 jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana 88. harivaMzapurANa, bhAratIya jJAnapITha kAzI, san 1662, 5/586-591 89. AdipurANa, 16/214 90. koTIzataM triSaSTayagrabhazItizcaturuttarAH / lakSA nandIzvaradvIpo vistaNau varNito jinaiH // SaT trizacca sahasraM ca koTiyo niyatAni ca / dvAdazaiva sahasrede tathA sapta zatAni c|| aSTotsedha caturvyAsagAha tridvAra bhAsvarAH / te dvipadyAzadAbhAnti nandIzvara jinAlayaH // - harivaMzapurANa, jJAnapITha saM0 5/647, 648, 678, 682 aruNaM navamaM dvIpa sAgarodraruNaka saMzakaH / aruNod bhAsanAmAna maruNodbhAsa sAgaraH // kuNDalava dadhiH / ........ tataH zaMkhavara dvIpaM sazaMkhavara sAgaraH // svayaMbhUramaNAbhikhyau srvaantyaudviisssaagrau|| * vahI (harivaMzapurANa), 5/617, 618, 626 - 91. 92. jalayarajIvA lavaNe kAle yaMtimasayaMbhUramaNe y| kammamahIpaDIbaddheNa hi sese jalayarA jIvA / AdipurANa, 4/49 trilokasAra, gA0 320 93. 94. jambU, plakSAdvayau dvIpo zAlmalazcAparo dvijaH / kuzaH krauJcastathA zAkaH puSkarazcaiva saptamaH // viSNupurANa, 2/5 95. harivaMzapurANa, 5/628,629, trilokasAra, gA0 319 96. dakSiNA parato meroH sItodAyastaTe pare / niSadhasya samIpasthaM rAjataM zAlmalI sthala // jambUsthala same tatra zAlmalI vRkSa iSyate / vaktavyA tasya niHzeSA jambUvRkSasya varNanA // - harivaMzapurANa, 5 / 187-188 97. Ray chaudhory, H. C. - Studies in Indian Antiquities, 66 P.T. 5 98. harivaMzapurANa, 5/4-5 99. vahI, 5/6-7 100. mArkaNDeya purANa kA sAMskRtika adhyayana, DaoN. vAsudeva agravAla, pR0 139 101. mahAbhArata bhISmaparva a0 7, vAlmikI rAmAyaNa, kiSkiMdhA kANDa 43 sarga 102. strIrAjyadevAstasyAgre vIkSyakampAdi vikriyAm / dvyaajjaampaadvaan|| rAja0 ga0 4 / 175 - 31, hindI vizvakoSa tRtIya bhAga, uttarAkuruzabda, To 208 103. nIlamandara madhyasthA uttarAH kurabo matAH sthitAstu devakuravaH sumeru niSadyAntare // harivaMzapurANa, 5/167 104. buddhakAlIna bhAratIya bhUgola, hindI sAhitya sammelana, prayAga, 105. therI gAthA - aTThakathA, pR0 187-188 106. AdipurANa, 16/152-156 107. aMguttara nikAya, pAliTeksTa sosAyaTI, pahalI jilda, pR0 213 108. vRhatkalpasUtra bhASya - vRtti 3263, 3275, 32891 uttarAkuravo'vista saMo 2018 -

Page #419
tamImAMsA 417 turkaraya(r)taoutaold : : 140 List kg 24% - ghera -- - * 2 - - TER -- 2- 2 a fina: MEY: ' | | _ ke che, ]s sdha", 1 hovaE = hAyaW: eTTo . =1 d]1e0%---- 8 tA . jhoka - varSi nAran a - B D F SAka jau 8 ka 1 5 savAre riTaloDI pakaDAS Eii mA DAvaloka la00 ru, LET T S TT 400 rAju T uta radeza 1400 pakSeche: STgAravAcaka na 1 ts || S T CA LEvapaka 12TTTTTT]1i che : TBza. - he che IT TH-rwa 1800.yojana 6o : - - gusamahs saT 116 10' TIT T T Teo baTITU0 IrAkarApa Avazao | ET : 5 13 loka 1 - 1 1llA 17: : : ! vilupriya lAgI 7 21 nI ka "ii JIT 400 ET) kAMprata bajAramAM | *TTER TE:2 ratnaprabhodayaH sapta nArakAH : 400 10. : adholoka: zima no ||al: : passaS TET TAT 99 N CATEss 1 e naDa nI tamAma ne maLI che ] = sad. / TEAM A Ed 1 0 4 yet'sava para gamana Eia B.TTTT F 1555 " , ucI che : M T TT DR. B. 98a 1 2TEL masA paNa mAMgatI ne !: Page #420
418 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana chaha lezyAoM para jAmuna phala khAne ke icchuka chaha puruSoM kA dRSTAMta | murdarzana seTha kA vRttAnta- parva tithi meM pauSadhopavAsa karake mauna vrata dhAraNa karane vAle sudarzana seTha ko abhayA rAnI naukaroM kI mArphata koI chaha AdamI jAmuna ke vRkSa ke pAsa gye| eka ne kahA- 'ise le aaii| apanI icchA prakaTa kii| seTha maunavratI aura zIlavAn hone se mUla se kaatto|' dUsarA bolA- 'moTI DAliyAM kaatto|' tIsarA bolI- bolA nhiiN| rAnI kI kAmabhoga kI icchA pUrNa na huI to vaha cillAne 'choTI choTI DAliyA~ kaatto|' cauthe ne kahA- 'gucche tor3a lo|' | lagI daur3o, daur3o vaha puruSa merA zIlabhaMga karanA cAhatA hai| sipAhI pA~cavA bolA- 'pake jAmuna tor3a lo|' chaThe ne kahA- 'dharatI para par3e daur3e aaye| seTha ko pakar3a kara rAjA dadhivAhana ke sAmane le gye| phala khA lo|' rAjA ke pUchane para bhI seTha ke mauna rahane se rAjA ne use aparAdhI sAra- adhyavasAya ke anusAra karmabandha hotA hai, ataH karmabandha | smjhaa| zUli para car3hAne kA hukma de diyaa| para zIla ke prabhAva se devA karate vicAra kro| ne zUli kA siMhAsana banA diyaa| rAjA aura prajA ko Azcarya huaa| seTa kA khUba satkAra kiyA gyaa| THS DEHRAN - 26-DR ~ Wakhe Kaa phhCUHD .. IANSMmme L ranA (perc) hjlis Sparror yuvg P nana Raveey Ai/ resi MARATHI . 7 MALIS uhik rum inyms SHASTRI JHits % 3A kAlAMdhi(rAma) CHRISss RECT WAN arrogrJL H127uonazoDakara lokasvabhAva bhAvanA- kamara para hAtha rakha kara khar3e hue puruSa kI bharata rAjA, marudevI mAtA ko hAthI para biThalA kara RSabhadeva AkRti ke samAna 14 rAjU loka haiN| usake bIcoM bIca 14 rAjU lambI bhagavAn kI vandanA karane gye| bharata rAjA ne kahA- dAdIjI, dekho aura eka rAjU caur3I trasanAr3I hai usameM trasajIva utpanna hote haiN| nIce apane putra kI Rddhi! vaha duHkhI nahIM hai| Apa zoka na kreN| tatpazcAt sAta rAjU loka meM 7 naraka bhUmiyA~ haiN| nAbhi ke sthAna para manuSya kSetra marudevI mAtA anyatva bhAvanA bhAkara, kevalajJAna prApta karake mokSa (DhAI dvIpa) hai usake Upara saudharmAdi bAraha deva loka haiN| gale ke sthAna pdhaarauN| para 9 graiveyaka haiN| usake Upara madhya bhAga meM golAkAra sarvArtha-siddhi tathA usake cAroM aura trikoNakAra vijaya Adi cAra vimAna haiN| unake Upara siddhazilA aura aloka ko sparza karake siddha bhagavAn haiN|

Page #421
nIti mImAMsA samAja kI rAjanaitika, Arthika evaM sAmAjika vyavasthA kA svarUpa usakI naitikatA se prabhAvita yA nirdhArita hotA hai| yadi samAja hiMsA, corI Adi burAiyoM se mukta ho, to vahA~ ke logoM meM nirbhayatA, prema aura vizvAsa kI bhAvanA rahatI hai| rASTra meM cAroM ora amana-caina, Arthika samRddhi evaM khuzahAlI kA vAtAvaraNa rahatA hai| mAnava ke vyaktitva kA vikAsa sazakta evaM suyogya nAgarika ke rUpa meM hotA hai| phalasvarUpa eka sudRr3ha samAja evaM rASTra kA nirmANa hotA hai| naitikatA samAja kI buniyAda hai, AdhArazilA hai| isa naitikatA yA nIti kA mAnadaNDa kyA hai? isakI sahaja paribhASA eka manISI ne isa prakAra kI hai - ___ "jaM icchasi appaNato jaM ca na icchasi appnnto| __ taM iccha parassa vi ettiyagaM jinnsaasnnN|" arthAt jo tuma apane lie acchA samajhate ho, tumheM jo priya hai, vahI tuma dUsaroM ke lie bhI soco aura karo, jo tumheM apane lie apriya lagatA hai, vaha dUsaroM ke lie bhI mata karo - dharmazAstra (jinazAsana) kA yahI, itanA hI rahasya hai, sAra hai| AcArya ne eka sUtra meM samasta nitizAstra kA mUla AdhAra, siddhAnta aura kendra bindu de diyA hai| jIvana vyavahAra kA eka suspaSTa mAnadaNDa nirUpita kara diyA hai| zrI jemsa setha nitizAstra ko isa prakAra paribhASita karate haiM - "zubha ke vijJAna ke rUpa meM vaha (nItizAstra) Adarza aura cAhiye kA sarvotkRSTa vijJAna hai|" vastutaH eka 'nizcita zubha Adarza' aura vibhinna prakAra ke 'cAhiye' hI mAnava kI nirNaya kSamatA aura kartavya zakti, kArya karane kI dizA kA nirdezana karate haiM, usakI dizA ko nizcita karate haiN| zubha nirNaya lene kI kSamatA pratyeka vyakti meM samAna nahIM hotii| kucha hI vyakti aise hote haiM, jo samayAnukUla ucita aura nItisammata nirNaya le pAte haiN| aise loga antaHprajJA ke dhanI hote haiN| lekina sabhI kI antaHprajJA itanI vikasita nahIM hotI, ki ve paristhitiyoM kA sahI vizleSaNa karake sahI nirNaya le skeN| samAja meM aise sAmAnya vyaktiyoM kI saMkhyA hI adhika hai| ye sAmAnya vyakti kucha antaHprajJA se, kucha anubhava, kucha zAstra ke jJAna aura kucha guru ke nirdezana se nirNaya lene meM sakSama ho pAte N

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420 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana isalie nirNaya ke AdhArabhUta tattvoM aura mAnadaNDoM kA jJAna pratyeka vyakti ke lie Avazyaka hai| isa jJAna se usakI nirNaya kSamatA jAgRta hotI hai aura bar3hatI hai| isa prakriyA meM nItizAstra kA adhyayana bahuta hI lAbhaprada aura upayogI hai| yaha manuSya ko sahI samaya para sahI nirNaya lene meM sakSama banAtA hai| jo manuSya sahI samaya para sahI nirNaya lekara aura use sahI DhaMga se amala meM le Ate haiN| ve jIvana yAtrA meM saphala hote haiM, unakA jIvana yazasvI hotA hai| vastutaH nItizAstra eka vicArazIlatA hai, pArasparika vyavahAroM kA AdhAra hai| vyaktigata, pArivArika, sAmAjika, rAjanItika, rASTrIya jIvana meM jo paraspara vyavahAra hote haiM, unake kucha nizcita mAnadaNDa hote haiN| una mAnadaNDoM ke AdhAra para hI ucita-anucita kA nirNaya evaM karaNIya kAryoM kA bhI nizcaya hotA hai| ina mAnadaNDoM ko nizcita karane kA kArya nItizAstra karatA hai| ataH jIvana ke pratyeka kSetra meM saphalatA ke lie nItizAstra kA jJAna anivArya hai| nItizAstra kA udgama evaM vikAsa : isa dharA para nItizAstra ke udgama aura vikAsa ko hama do bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kara sakate haiM- 1. pAzcAtya nItizAstra aura 2. bhAratIya niitishaastr| ____ 1. pAzcAtya nItizAstra : pAzcAtya nItizAstra kA udgama sukarAta se mAnA jAtA hai| inakA samaya IsA pUrva chaThI zatAbdI kA hai| apane naitika vicAroM kA prasAra karane para unheM mRtyudaNDa diyA gyaa| apane antima samaya meM sukarAta ne apane mitra krAiSTo ko tIna siddhAnta die - 1. kisI ko hAni na phuNcaanaa| 2. apane vAyadoM kA pAlana krnaa| 3. mAtA-pitA tathA zikSakoM kA sammAna krnaa| ina tIna siddhAntoM ko hI pAzcAtya nItizAstra kA AdhAra kahA jA sakatA hai| usake pazcAta pleTo ne nIti ko samAja kA samanvayakArI tattva yA vidhi svIkAra kiyA tathA nIti ke sAtha nyAya ko bhI paribhASita kiyaa| taduparAnta IsA kI solahavIM satrahavIM zatAbdI ke pazcAt zaoNpenahAvara, kAMTa, spinojA Adi ne nIti sambandhI siddhAMta die| isa aitihAsika vivecana se spaSTa hai, ki pAzcAtya nItizAstra kA jitanA bhI vikAsa dikhAI detA hai, vaha saba Adhunika kAla meM hI huA hai, usakA koI vizeSa sudRr3ha prAcIna AdhAra dRSTigocara nahIM hotaa| 2. bhAratIya nItizAstra : prAcInakAla se hI bhArata meM saMskRti kI do dhArAe~ calI A rahI hai - 1. zramaNa saMskRti tathA 2. vaidika sNskRti| bhagavAna pArzvanAtha ke

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nIti mImAMsA * 421 nirvANa ke pazcAt zramaNa saMskRti do upadhArAoM meM vibhAjita ho gaI - jaina tathA bauddh| isa prakAra bhAratIya saMskRti kI tIna dhArAe~ ho gaI - 1. jaina saMskRti, 2. bauddha saMskRti aura 3. vaidika sNskRti| cUMki bauddha saMskRti navIna hai, ataH nItizAstra kA udgama hameM do hI saMskRtiyoM meM jAnanA hai- 1. vaidika saMskRti tathA 2. jaina sNskRti| 1. vaidika saMskRti : vaidika saMskRti kA Adi grantha Rgveda hai| vahIM se vaidika paramparA kA jJAna prArambha hotA hai| isake atirikta yajurveda, sAmaveda aura atharvaveda ye tIna veda aura hai| veda pramukha rUpa se prArthanA grantha hai| aise mantra bahuta kama haiM, jinakA nIti se sIdhA sambandha jor3A jA ske| phira bhI kucha maMtra mila jAte haiM, jaise "maiM jhUTha se satya kI ora jAtA huuN| vedoM ke pazcAt vaidika paramparA meM brAhmaNa aura upaniSad pramukha grantha mAne jAte haiN| upaniSadoM meM nIti saMbaMdhI aneka sUtra milate haiN| pazcAtvartI sAhitya meM smRtiyoM meM AcAra, vyavahAra aura prAyazcita kA varNana hai| yadyapi 18 smRtiyA~ haiM, lekina unameM pramukha haiM manusmR evaM dvitIya sthAna hai yAjJavalkya smRti kaa| nArI kI garImA ko prakaTa karate hue manusmRti meM kahA hai -- "yatra nAryastu pUjyante, ramante tatra devtaaH|" arthAt jisa kula meM striyoM kA sammAna hotA hai, vahA~ devatAoM kA nivAsa rahatA hai| isI prakAra rAjA ke kartavyoM ke sandarbha meM rAjanIti kUTanIti kA varNana hai - ___ "bakavaccintayedarthAn,siMhavacca praakrmet| vRkavAccAvalumpyeta zazavacca vinissptet||" arthAt rAjA kA kartavya hai, ki bagule ke samAna zatru kA dhana lene kI cintA kare, siMha ke samAna parAkramI bane, bher3iye ke samAna avasara dekhakara zatru ko mAre aura (viparIta) avasara hone para kharagoza kI taraha cupacApa nikala jaae| inake pazcAt rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata Adi mahAkAvyoM aura purANoM meM bhI nIti saMbaMdhI aneka sUkta milate haiN| Adarza putra, Adarza patnI, Adarza bhAI, Adarza sevaka, Adarza rAjya Adi kA sundara varNana milatA hai| mahAvIra ke pazcAt kAla meM to aneka nIti graMthoM kI pRthak se racanA huI hai| jaise-zukranIti, viduranIti aadi| isa prakAra vaidika nItizAstra kA udgama bhI kAphI prAcIna hai| lekina jaina nIti vyavasthA usase bhI pUrva adhika vyavasthita evaM vikasita rUpa meM vidyamAna thii|

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422 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana jaina saMskRti : bhArata kI tInoM pramukha vicAradhArAoM (jaina, bauddha aura vaidika) ne mAnavIya unnati aura vikAsa ke sandarbha meM eka aisA yuga svIkAra kiyA hai, jabaki mAnava ko apanI AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti ke lie kisI prakAra kA zrama nahIM karanA par3atA thaa| usakI sabhI icchAe~ aura AvazyakatAe~ kalpavRkSoM se hI pUrNa ho jAtI thiiN| isa yuga ko sabhI ne bhoga yuga kahA hai| jaina vicAradhArA ne isa bhoga yuga ko tIna kAloM (AroM) meM vibhakta kiyaa| prathama va dvitIya Are meM kalpavRkSoM kI pracuratA thii| lekina tRtIya Are ke anta meM kalpavRkSoM kI nyUnatA hone lgii| upalabdha sAdhanoM se mAnava kI AvazyakatAe~ pUrI nahIM hotI thIM aura unameM vastuoM ke lie saMgharSa hone lgaa| isa saMgharSa ko niyaMtrita karane ke lie jo niyama kulakaroM (kula yA kabIle ke pramukha) ne nirdhArita kie, ve jaina dRSTi se nIti ke prathama siddhAnta the| prAraMbha meM ve tIna prakAra ke the - 1. hAkAra nIti : prathama kulakara vimalavAhana ne yaha 'zabda-pratAr3anA' kA daNDa nirdhArita kiyaa| _ 'ha ityadhikSepArthastasya karaNaM haakaarH|" arthAt jo vyakti niyama ko tor3atA usase kahA jAtA 'hA! tumane yaha kyA kiyA?' isase vaha vyakti lajjita ho jaataa| 2. mAkAra nIti : jaba hAkAra nIti prabhAvahIna hone lagI, to tIsare kulakara yazasvI ne 'mAkAra' daNDanIti kA pracalana kiyA, jisakA abhiprAya thA-aisA kArya mata kro| jaisAki sthAnAMga vatti meM ullekha hai "mA ityasya niSedhArthasya karaNaM abhidhAnaM maakaarH| 3. dhikkAra nIti : uparyukta donoM nItiyoM ke bAvajUda avyavasthA va saMgharSa bar3hate jA rahe the| ataH pA~cave kulakara prasenajIta ne dhikkAra nIti kA pracalana kiyA aparAdhI se kahA jAtA-dhikkAra hai, tumane aisA kArya kiyaa| usa yuga meM mAnava kA svabhAva sarala aura komala thaa| ataH unake lie dhikkAra zabda hI daNDa ke rUpa meM kAphI thaa| isa prakAra jaina dRSTi se yaha nIti kA prArambha thA, jo tIsare Are ke antima caraNa meM, isa yuga ke medhAvI puruSoM-kulakaroM dvArA mAnava samAja para lAgU kI gaI thii| vAstavika rUpa meM isake pazcAt vizva ke prathama kuzala prazAsaka, nIti aura dharma-pravartaka ke rUpa meM RSabhadeva jI jAne ge| ve prathama rAjA, prathama kevalI evaM prathama tIrthaMkara the| unake samaya se hI karmayuga kA prAraMbha huaa| kalA-kauzala, jJAnavijJAna aura asi, masi va kRSi kA prAraMbha bhagavAna RSabhadeva jI ne hI kiyaa| mAnava ko karma karane kI zikSA dii| sarvaprathama rAjanIti, nyAya, daNDanIti Adi ke niyama

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nIti mImAMsA * 423 nhoMne hI nizcita kie| ___ hAkAra, mAkAra tathA dhikkAra nIti ke atirikta RSabhadeva jI ne cAra NDanItiyA~ aura nirdhArita kI - 1. paribhASa : kucha samaya ke lie aparAdhI ko AkrozapUrNa zabdoM meM ___ najarabanda rahane kA daNDa denaa| 2. maNDala baMdha : sImita kSetra meM rahane kA daNDa denaa| 3. cAraka : bandIgRha meM banda karane kA daNDa denaa| 4. chaviccheda : aMgopAMgoM ke chedana kA daNDa denaa| samAja meM varNa-vyavasthA kA sUtrapAta bhI RSabhadeva jI ne hI kiyaa| unhoMne hI sAma-dAma-daNDa-bheda rAjanIti kI ye cAra nItiyA~ aura inake siddhAMta nirdhArita kie| jaba ve sAdhanA mArga para jAne lage, to unhoMne uttarAdhikAra kI nIti banAkara apanA saMpUrNa sAmrAjya apane 100 putroM meM bA~Ta diyA, jisase rAjya ke lie bhAiyoM meM saMgharSa na ho| kevalajJAna prApta karane ke pazcAt unhoMne dharma-dharmanIti-ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya, aparigraha Adi kA marma btaayaa| sAdhu (zramaNa) aura zrAvaka (gRhastha) ke dharma aura nIti ko smjhaayaa| isa prakAra karma nIti ke pazcAt dharmanIti kA vikAsa huaa| isalie Avazyaka cUrNi meM kahA gayA hai - "NItIo usabhasAmimmi ceva uppnnaao|"12 arthAt RSabhasvAmI sabhI prakAra kI nItiyoM ke Adi puraskartA the| yaha mata sirpha jaina vidvAnoM kA hI nahIM apitu vaidika darzana kA bhI hai| zrImadbhAgavat meM bhI inheM nIti aura dharma ke saMsthApaka ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai|" bhagavAna RSabhadeva kA kAla atyadhika prAcIna hai| varSoM meM isakI gaNanA nahIM kI jA sakatI, lekina unake dvArA nirdhArita nIti ke niyama samaya pravAha se yugoM taka calate rhe| ___ bhagavAna RSabhadeva prathama tIrthaMkara the| kAlAntara meM 23 tIrthaMkara aura hue| una sabhI ne apane-apane samayAnusAra dharma-nIti niyamoM kA pravartana kiyaa| vartamAna kAla meM 5vIM zatI IsApUrva meM hue caubIsaveM tIrthaMkara bhagavAna mahAvIra dvArA pravartita dharmanIti niyama hI pracalita haiN| ve apane yuga ke apratima vyaktitva the| unhoMne pazuvadha, hiMsaka yajJa Adi tathA usa yuga meM pracalita mithyA vizvAsoM, varNa vyavasthA kI jaTilatA, dAsa jaisI ghRNita prathA kI nIMva hilAkara mAnava kI zreSThatA sthApita kI, strI jAti kA gaurava punaH sthApita kiyA aura nIti ke sArvabhauma siddhAnta nirdhArita kiye|

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424 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana nItizAstra kI paribhASA : vyAvahArika jIvana kI rIr3ha nIti hai| jisa prakAra binA nIMva ke makAna kI racanA nahIM ho sakatI, vaise hI nIti dharma kA AdhAra hai| ataH pratyeka dharma-pravartaka, dharmopadezaka aura dharmasudhAraka ne dharma ke sAtha nIti kA bhI upadeza diyA, janasAdhAraNa ko naitika jIvana jIne kI preraNA dii| prAcInatama jaina granthoM ke parizIlana se yaha jJAta hotA hai, ki bhagavAna RSabhadeva ke samaya meM rAjanIti va samAjanIti ke vyApaka rUpa meM hI nIti zabda prayukta huA hai| bAda meM nIti zabda ko maryAdA, vyavasthA aura sAmAjika niyamoM ke artha meM samajhA jAne lagA - "nIti maadaayaam| ___ zabda koSa ke anusAra - "nirdezana, prabandha, AcaraNa, cAla-calana, kAryakrama, zAlInatA, vyavahAra-kuzalatA, yojanA, upAya, AcArazAstra Adi sabhI nIti zabda se jAne jA sakate haiN|" zukranIti meM kahA gayA hai - "nItizAstra sabhI kA upajIka hai, lokasthiti kA vyavasthApaka hai| isalie dharma, artha, kAma aura mokSa kA pradAyaka hai|'' isI meM Age kahA gayA hai - "nIti ke binA loka vyavahAra asambhava hai|'' ___ pAzcAtya dArzanika maikenjI ke anusAra - "nItizAstra sat aura zubha kA adhyayana hai| ___ setha nItizAstra ko zubha ke vijJAna ke rUpa meM 'Adarza' aura 'cAhiye' kA sarvotkRSTa vijJAna mAnatA hai|" kANTa ne 'kartavya ke lie kartavya kA siddhAnta' prastuta kiyaa| unake anusAra zubhatva hI ekamAtra zubha hai| bhAratIya evaM pAzcAtya sabhI nIti cintakoM ne sat aura zubha ko nItizAstra kA AdhAra va lakSya mAnA hai| laukika rIti-rivAjoM kA pAlana, kartavya-akartavya Adi jitanI bhI bAteM haiM, ve saba sat aura zubha kA sahacarI mAtra hai - 'cAhiye' bhI usa sat-zubha kI prApti meM sahAyaka banate haiN| dUsare zabdoM meM samAja ko svastha evaM saMtulita patha para agrasara karane evaM vyakti ko preya tathA zreya kI ucita rIti se prApti karAne ke lie jina vidhi athavA niSedhamUlaka vaiyaktika aura sAmAjika niyamoM kA vidhAna deza, kAla aura pAtra ke sandarbha meM kiyA jAtA hai, vaha nIti hai aura una niyamoM kA saMkalana nItizAstra kahalAtA hai| dazavaikAlika sUtra meM kahA hai - "soccA jANai kallANaM, soccA jANai paavgN|120 arthAt isa nyAya mArga ko sunakara, par3hakara, jAnakara hI mAnava kalyANa athavA

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nIti mImAMsA * 425 zubha ko jAnatA, pahacAnatA hai| saMkSepa meM yaha jIvana kA niyAmaka vijJAna hai aura yaha vicAra samagra rUpa se sabhI nIti vicArakoM ko iSTa hai| jaina nIti-mimAMsA : ___"samyagdarzana jJAna cAritrANi mokSa maargH|1 arthAt Astika darzanoM kA parama aura carama lakSya mokSa prApti hai| jaina darzana ne mokSa prApti ke lie uparyukta triratna rUpa mArga prazasta kiyA hai| samyagdarzana aura samyagjJAna hone para bhI jaba taka samyagcAritra kI parAkASThA nahIM hotI, taba taka mokSa nahIM hotaa| samyagjJAna kA saMbaMdha jJAna se hai, samyagdarzana kA saMbaMdha zraddhA se sahI (samyak) ko jAnane aura usa para zraddhA karane ke pazcAt usa para AcaraNa karane se hI mokSa prApti ho sakatI hai| AcAra ko hI jaina darzana meM cAritra kahA hai| cAritra kA artha hai, saMyama, vAsanAoM tathA bhoga vilAsoM kA tyAga, indriyoM kA nigraha, azubha pravRtti kI nivRtti aura zubha pravRtti kI sviikRti| yaha cAritra rUpa upAsanA kA mArga atyanta kaThina hai| jaisAki AcArAMga sUtra meM kahA hai - "paNayA vIrA mhaaviihiN| arthAt yahI mArga (nyAya nIti kA mArga) dhruva hai| kintu isa para calanA kaThina hai| vIra, saMkalpa ke dhanI, pApa se dUra rahane vAle pavitra mAnava hI eka siddhi patha para cala sakate haiN| cAritra pAlana kI upAsakoM kI kSamatAe~ samAna nahIM hotii| ataH cAritra dharma do prakAra kA kahA gayA hai- 1. AgAra cAritra tathA 2. anagAra caaritr| jaisA ki ThANAMga sUtra meM kahA hai - "caritta dhamme duvihe paNNatte taM jahA-AgAra caritta dhamme ceva aNagAra caritta dhmmecev|123 AgAra dharma meM gRhastha ke pAlana karane yogya niyamoM kA nirdeza kiyA gayA hai| jabaki anagAra dharma sarvavirati rUpa saba prakAra ke sAvadyayogoM se sarvathA virata honA 1. anagAra cAritra dharma ( zramaNa dharma ) : anagAra dharma ko svIkAra karane vAlA sAdhaka pratijJA karatA hai - "karemi bhaMte! sAmAiyaM sAvajaM jogaM paccakkhAmi jAvajjIvAe tivihaM tiviheNaM, maNeNaM, vAyAe, kAeNaM, na karemi na kAravemi, karaMtaMpi annaM na samaNujANAmi, tassa bhaMte! paDikka mAmi niMdAmi garihAmi appANaM vosiraami| 4 arthAt bhagavAna maiM sarva sAvadha yoga pratyAkhyAna rUpa sAmAyika ko aMgIkAra karatA hU~, jIvana paryanta ke lie tIna karaNa, tIna yoga se niyamoM kA pAlana kruuNgaa|

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426 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana tIna karaNa-karanA, karAnA, anumodana krnaa| tIna yoga - mana, vacana aura krm| arthAt saMpUrNa rUpa se burAiyoM kA tyAga karatA huuN| maiM apane pUrva pApoM kA pratikramaNa karatA hU~, usakI guru sAkSI se nindA karatA hU~, Atma sAkSI se gardA karatA huuN| maiM apanI pApayukta AtmA ko chor3atA huuN| yahI anagAra cAritra kA sUkSma svarUpa hai| jo kisI prakAra ke AgAra (apavAda) se rahita hai| jo sAMsArika bandhanoM se pRthak rahakara AdhyAtma sAdhanA dvArA antarmukhI jIvana vyatIta karate haiM, ve anagAra haiN| tIrthaMkara bhagavAna indriya nigraha karane vAle, mukti ke yogya aura azubha yoga ke tyAgI sAdhu kA cAra nAmoM se varNana karate haiM- 1. mAhana, 2. zramaNa, 3. bhikSu aura 4. nirgrnth| jaisA ki sUtra kRtAMga meM ullekha "ahAha bhagavaM evaM se daMte davie, vosaTTakAe tti vacce mAhaNettivA, samaNettivA, bhikkhuttivA, niggaMthettivA, taM no bUhi mhaagunnii| 1. mAhana : jo samasta pApoM se virata ho cukA hai, kisI se rAga-dveSa nahIM karatA, kalaha nahIM karatA, kisI ko jhUThA doSa nahIM lagAtA, kisI kI niMdA nahIM karatA, saMyama meM aprIti tathA asaMyama meM prIti nahIM karatA, jhUTha nahIM bolatA aura mithyA-darzana-zalya se alaga rahatA hai, jo pA~ca samitiyoM yukta hai, jJAnAdi guNoM se yukta hai, sadA jitendriya hai, kisI prakAra krodha nahIM karatA aura mAna nahIM karatA vaha mAhana kahalAtA hai| 2. zramaNa : jo sAdhu pUrvokta guNoM se yukta hai, use zramaNa bhI kahanA caahiye| sAtha hI zramaNa vaha hai, jo zarIra meM Asakta na ho, kisI bhI sAMsArika phala kI kAmanA na kare, hiMsA, mRSAvAda, maithuna aura parigraha na kare, krodha, mAna, mAya aura lobha tathA rAga-dveSa na kare, isI prakAra jina-jina bAtoM se isa loka aura paraloka meM hAni dikhatI hai tathA jo AtmA ke dveSa ke kAraNa haiM, una saba karma bandhana ke kAraNoM se jo pahale hI nivRtta hai tathA jo indriya jayI, mukti jAne yogya aura zarIra kI Asakti se rahita hai, use zramaNa kahanA caahiye| 3. bhikSu : zramaNa ke jo guNa kahe haiM, ve saba bhikSu meM hone caahiye| unake atirikta jo abhimAnI nahIM hai, vinIta hai, namra hai, indriyoM ko aura mana ko vaza meM rakhatA hai, muktigamana ke yogya guNoM se yukta hai, zarIra mamatA kA tyAgI hai, nAnA prakAra ke parISahoM aura upasargoM ko sahana karatA hai, AdhyAtma yoga se zuddhacAritra vAlA hai, usa sAdhu ko bhikSu kahanA caahiye|" 4. nirgrantha : nirgrantha meM uparyukta guNa hone ke sAtha hI jo rAgadveSa se rahita hokara rahatA hai, AtmA ke ekatva ko jAnatA hai, vastu ke yathArtha svarUpa kA jJAtA hai, jisane Azrava dvAroM ko roka diyA hai, jo binA prayojana apane zarIra kI kriyA nahIM

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nIti mImAMsA 427 karatA, samitiyoM se yukta hai, zatru-mitra para samabhAva rakhatA hai, jo AtmA ke sacce svarUpa ko jAnatA hai, jo samasta padArthoM ke svarUpa ko jAnatA hai, jisane saMsAra ke srota ko cheda DAlA hai, jo pUjA-satkAra aura lAbha kI icchA nahIM karatA, jo dharma kA artha jAnatA hai, dharmajJa hai, jitendriya, mukti yogya aura zarIra mamatA ke tyAgI haiM, use nirgratha kahanA cAhiye / jaisA ki pravacanasAra meM bhI kahA hai vrata, samiti, indriyarodha, loca, Avazyaka acelapanA, asnAna, bhUmi zayana, adaMta dhAvana, khar3e-khar3e bhojana aura eka bAra AhAra-ye vAstava meM zramaNoM ke mUla-guNa jinavaroM ne kahe haiM, unameM pramatta hotA huA zramaNa chedopasthApaka hotA hai|" AgamoM meM sAdhu kA saMpUrNa vivecana karane ke lie, usake 27 guNa batAe gae haiM / sAdhu ke sattAI guNa - 1-5. paccIsa bhAvanAoM ke sAtha pA~ca mahAvratoM kA pAlana karanA / 6-10. pA~ca indriyoM kA saMvara karanA-viSayoM se nivRtti karanA / 11-14. cAra kaSAyoM se nivRtta honA / 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. mana samAdhAraNIyA arthAt mana ko vaza meM karake dharma mArga meM lagAnA / vacaH samAdhAraNIyA arthAt prayojana hone para parimita aura satya vANI bolanA / kAya samAdhAraNIyA arthAt zarIra kI capalatA ko rokanA / bhAvasatya-antaHkaraNa ke bhAvoM ko nirmala karake dharma dhyAna aura zukla dhyAna meM jor3anA / karaNa sacce - karaNa sattarI ke sattara boloM se yukta ho tathA sAdhu ke lie jisa-jisa samaya jo jo kriyAe~ karane kA vidhAna zAstra meM kiyA gayA hai, unheM usI samaya karanA / joga sacce mana, vacana aura kAya ke yogoM kI satyatA va saralatA rakhe / sAdhu tIna vastuoM se sampanna ho / yathA jJAnasampanna arthAt mati jJAna, zrutajJAna, aMga, upAMga, pUrva Adi jisa kAla meM jitanA zruta vidyamAna ho, usakA utsAha ke sAtha adhyayana kre| vAcanA, pRcchanA, parivartanA Adi karake jJAna ko dRr3ha kare aura yathAyogya dUsaroM ko jJAna dekara jJAna kI vRddhi kre| sAdhu samyagdarzana se sampanna ho arthAt deva Adi kA bhayAnaka upasarga Ane para bhI samyaktva se calita na ho / zaMkA, kAMkSA Adi 21-23. sampannatie -

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428 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana doSoM ko TAlakara nirmala samyaktva kA pAlana kre| sAdhu caritra sampanna bhI ho arthAt sAmAyika chedopasthApanA, parihAra vizuddhi, sUkSma samparAya aura yathAkhyAta caritra meM se yathAsaMbhava ko dhAraNa kre| (isa kAla meM prathama do cAritra hI pAle jA sakate haiN|) khaMtI - kSamAyukta ho| saMvega - sadA vairAgyavAna ho| saMsAra ke samasta saMyogoM ko indrajAla ke samAna kalpita aura svapna ke samAna kSaNika samajhakara saMsAra se bhayabhIta rahanA saMvega kahalAtA hai| veyaNasamahi AsANiyA - kSudhA, tRSNA Adi 22 pariSaha utpanna hoM, to samabhAva se unheM sahana krnaa| maraNaMtiyasamahi AsaNiyA arthAt mAraNAntika kaSTa Ane para bhI aura mRtyu ke avasara para tanika bhI bhayabhIta na honaa| varan samAdhimaraNa se Ayu pUrNa krnaa| ye haiM - sAdhu ke 27 gunn| digambara graMtha mUlAcAra meM muni ke 28 guNa batAe gae haiM - "paMcaya mahatvayAiM samidIo paMca jinnvroditttthaa| paMceviMdiyarohA chappi ya AvAsayA loo|| 2 / / Accela kamaNhANaM khidisayaNamadaMtaghaMsaNaM cev| ThidibhoyaNebhattaM mUla guNA aTThavIsA du|| 3 // 123 arthAt pA~ca mahAvrata (ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya aura aparigraha), jinavara kara upadezI huI pA~ca samitiyA~ (IryA samiti, bhASA samiti, eSaNA samiti, AdAnanikSepaNa samiti, mUtra viSThAdika kA zuddha bhUmi meM kSepaNa arthAt pratiSThApana samiti) pA~ca indriyoM kA nirodha (cakSu, kAna, nAka, jIbha, sparzana) ina pA~ca indriyoM ke viSayoM kA nirodha krnaa| chaha Avazyaka (sAmAyika, caturvizatistava, vaMdanA, pratikramaNa, pratyAkhyAna, kAyotsarga), loca, Acelakya, asnAna, pRthvIzayana, adaMtagharSaNa, sthiti bhojana, eka bhukti-ye jaina sAdhuoM ke aTThAIsa mUla guNa haiN| uparyukta mUla aTThAIsa guNa aise vyavasthita niyama haiM, jo mumukSu ko nirvikArI aura yogI banA dete haiN| yaha muni dazA hI sAkSAt mokSa kA kAraNa hai| ina guNoM ke abhAva meM koI jaina sAdhu nahIM ho sktaa| jaina muni ke AcArya, upAdhyAya aura sAdhu rUpa tIna bhedoM ke anusAra unake kartavya meM bheda haiN| 1. AcArya : sAdhu ke guNoM ke atirikta sarvakAla sambandhI AcAra ko jAnakara svayaM tadvat AcaraNa kare tathA dUsaroM se karAve, jaina dharma kA upadeza dekara mumukSuoM kA saMgraha kare aura unakI sAra-saMbhAla rkhe|

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nIti mImAMsA 429 2. upAdhyAya : upAdhyAya kA kArya sAdhu karma ke sAtha-sAtha jaina zAstroM kA paThana-pAThana karanA haiM 1 3. sAdhu : jo mAtra uparyukta guNoM ko pAlatA huA jJAna-dhyAna meM lIna rahatA hai, vaha sAdhu hai| isa prakAra jaina muni apane kartavya ke anusAra hI jIvana yApana karate haiM / yaha muni dharma hI zramaNa dharma yA anagAra dharma hai / ataH yahA~ hama zramaNa dharma ke mUlabhUta tattvoM kA vistRta vivecana kreNge| 1. mahAvrata : zramaNa dharma kI AdhArazIlA mahAvrata hai| mahAvratoM kI anupAlanA aura unakA niraticAra anuzIlana zramaNa ke lie atyanta Avazyaka hai / ahiMsA, satya, asteya, aparigraha, brahmacarya Adi ye pA~ca mahAvrata kahe gaye haiM / " prathama tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva ke kAla se lekara mahAvIra ke samaya taka kA AcAravicAra kA adhyayana karane para mAnavIya svabhAva ke bhinna-bhinna rUpa dikhAI dete haiM / kAla prabhAva ke anurUpa hI mahAvratoM kA pravartana kiyA gayA hai| bhagavAna RSabhadeva ke kAla meM mAnava ati sarala svabhAvI evaM jar3abuddhi thA / ataH niyamoM kA pUrNa vizeSaNa Avazyaka thA / isI prakAra mahAvIra ke kAla meM mAnava vakra svabhAvI evaM jar3abuddhi hone ke kAraNa niyamoM kA vistAra se vizleSaNa karanA Avazyaka thaa| ataH bhagavAna RSabhadeva aura mahAvIra svAmI donoM hI tIrthaMkaroM ne pA~ca mahAvratoM kA pravartana kiyA / madhya ke zeSa 22 tIrthaMkaroM ke kAla meM mAnava sarala svabhAvI evaM prAjJa arthAt sUkSma buddhi kA thA, ataH unameM viSaya ko sahaja grahaNa karane evaM AcaraNa karane kI pravRtti thI / ataH una bAIsa tIrthaMkaroM ne cAra mahAvratoM kA hI pratipAdana kiyA tathA pAMcaveM mahAvrata brahmacarya ko aparigraha meM hI antarnihita rakhA gyaa| jaisA ki pArzvanAtha ke cAturyAma dharma se jJAta hotA hai / uttarAdhyayana sUtra ke kezI - gautama saMvAda meM isa bAta ko spaSTa kiyA gayA hai| pArzvanAtha se pUrva ke 21 tIrthaMkaroM ke samaya bhI isI cAturyAma dharma kA pravartana kiyA gayA thaa| vartamAna kAla meM anugamanIya pA~ca mahAvrata nimnalikhita haiM - 1. sarva prANAtipAta viramaNa vrata (ahiMsA) : hiMsA kA sarva prakAra se saMpUrNa tyAga karanA hI sarva prANAtipAta viramaNa vrata hai / zramaNa isa vrata ko dhAraNa karate hue yaha pratijJA karate haiM, ki maiM samasta prANAtipAta kA tyAga karatA hU~ / AjIvana tIna karaNa, tIna yoga se samasta jIvoM, cAhe vaha sUkSma ho yA bAdara, trasa ho yA sthAvara, maiM svayaM kisI ke prANoM kA hanana nahIM karU~gA, dUsaroM se nahIM karAU~gA aura prANAtipAta karate hue anya kisI jIva ko acchA nahIM samajha~gA / bhUtakAla meM kiye gae prANAtipAta ke lie maiM pazcAtApa (pratikramaNa ) karatA hU~, usakI nindA karatA hU~, ga karatA hU~ aura usa pApayukta AtmA ko chor3atA huuN| isa prakAra he ! bhagavAna maiM saba

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430 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana prakAra ke prANAtipAta viramaNa vrata ko aMgIkAra karatA huuN| isa vrata ke nirdoSa pAlana ke lie vaha sAvadhAnI se gamana karate haiM, mana, vacana, kAyA ke prayoga meM bahuta sAvadhAna rahate haiM tathA AhAra-pAnI ko bahuta dekhabhAla kara grahaNa karate haiN|" 2. sarva mRSAvAda viramaNa vrata (satya) : samasta prakAra ke asatya (mRSAvAda) kA pUrNa rUpa se tyAga hI sarvamRSAvAda viramaNa vrata hai| mRSAvAda cAra prakAra kA kahA gayA hai - 1. sadbhAva pratiSedha : jo vastu hai, usake viSaya meM kahanA nahIM hai| 2. asadbhAva-udbhAvana : jo nahIM hai, use kahanA ki yaha hai| 3. ardhAntara : eka vastu ko dUsarI khnaa| jaise gAya ko ghor3A khnaa| 4. gardA : satya hone para bhI jo para pIr3AkArI ho, aisA vacana bolanA, gardA asatya hai| isa mahAvrata ko dhAraNa karate hue zramaNa yaha pratijJA karate haiM, ki maiM sarva prakAra ke mRSAvAda kA pratyAkhyAna karatA huuN| AjIvana tIna karaNa, tIna yoga se mana, vacana, kAyA se, krodha se yA lobha se, bhaya se yA haMsI se maiM svayaM asatya nahIM bolUMgA, dUsaroM se asatya nahIM bulavAU~gA tathA asatya bolane vAle kA anumodana bhI nahIM kruuNgaa| bhaMte! maiM atIta ke mRSAvAda se nivRta hotA hU~, usakI nindA tathA gardA karatA hU~ aura AtmA kA vyutsarga karatA huuN| 3. sarva adattAdAna viramaNa vrata (acaurya) : kisI ke dvArA na dI huI vastu ko grahaNa karane kA saMpUrNa tyAga karanA sarva adattAdAna viramaNa vrata hai| sthAnAMga sUtra kI TIkA meM cAra prakAra ke adatta kahe gae haiM 1. svAmI adatta : jo vastu usake mAlika dvArA na dI gaI ho| 2. jIva adatta : svAmI ke dvArA diye jAne para bhI svayaM jIva kI svIkRti yA icchA na ho| jaise mAtA-pitA dvArA putra ko sAdhu ko de die jAne para bhI svayaM putra kI icchA na ho| 3. tIrthaMkara adatta : tIrthaMkara ne jisa AcaraNa kI anumati na dI ho| 4. guru adatta : tIrthaMkara dvArA anujJAta hone para bhI yadi guru kI AjJA na ho to use grahaNa karanA guru adatta hai| isa prakAra tIrthaMkara aura guru kI AjJA ke viparIta AcaraNa karanA, apane manobhAvoM ko chupAnA bhI adattAdAna hai| isa tIsare mahAvrata ko aMgIkAra karate hue zramaNa pratijJA karate haiM, ki bhaMte! maiM sarva prakAra ke adattAdAna kA tyAga karatA huuN| AjIvana tIna karaNa, tIna yoga se-mana, vacana, kAyA se, gA~va meM, nagara meM yA araNya meM kahIM bhI alpa yA bahuta, sUkSma yA sthUla, sacitta yA acitta, kisI bhI adatta vastu ko maiM svayaM grahaNa nahIM karUMgA, dUsaroM

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nIti mImAMsA* 431 se grahaNa nahIM karAU~gA tathA adatta vastu grahaNa karane vAle kA anumodana bhI nahIM kruuNgaa| maiM atIta ke adattAdAna se nivRtta hotA hU~, usakI nindA evaM gardA karatA hU~ aura AtmA kA vyutsarga karatA huuN|" isa vrata ke nirdoSa pAlana ke lie vaha bhikSA meM prApta bhojana AcArya ko dikhAkara sevana karatA hai| jIvanopayogI vastuoM ko parimita mAtrA meM sevana karatA hai, jIvanopayogI vastuoM ko parimita mAtrA meM tathA bahuta kama bAra yAcanA karatA hai| 4. sarva maithuna viramaNa vrata (brahmacarya) : deva, manuSya tathA tiryaMca sambandhI maithuna kA jIvana paryaMta tyAga karanA sarva maithuna viramaNa vrata hai| isa mahAvrata ko dhAraNa karate hue zramaNa pratijJA karate haiM, ki bhaMte! maiM saba prakAra ke maithuna kA pratyAkhyAna karatA huuN| AjIvana tIna karaNa, tIna yoga se mana, vacana, kAyA se deva, manuSya va tIryaMca sambandhI maithuna kA maiM svayaM sevana nahIM karUMgA, dUsaroM se sevana nahIM karAU~gA tathA sevana karane vAloM kA anumodana bhI nahIM kruuNgaa| maiM atIta ke maithuna sevana se nivRta hotA hU~, usakI nindA va gardA karatA hU~ tathA AtmA kA vyutsarga karatA huuN|" brahmacarya vrata kI yaha mahApratijJA samasta AdhyAtmika sAdhanAoM kA mUla hai| vaidika, bauddha tathA jaina sabhI paramparAoM meM brahmacarya ko sabhI vratoM meM viziSTa aura bar3A mAnA gayA hai| jaina paramparA meM isa vrata ke nirdoSa pAlana ke lie nava vidha brahmacarya gupti kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai| ye navavAr3a isa prakAra haiM - 1. strI janAkIrNa sthAna kA parityAga krnaa| 2. manorama strI kathA kA tyAga krnaa| 3. striyoM se paricaya na karanA, unake Asana para na baitthnaa| 4. striyoM ke aMgopAMga na nihaarnaa| 5. striyoM ke zabda-gIta Adi na sunnaa| 6. bhukta bhogoM kA smaraNa na krnaa| 7. sarasa bhakta pAna arthAt sarasa bhojana kA tyAga krnaa| 8. atimAtrA meM bhojana na krnaa| 9. svayaM ke zarIra kA zrRMgAra na krnaa| prathama tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva tathA antima mahAvIra ke kAla meM hI isa vrata kA pRthak se pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| zeSa 22 tIrthaMkaroM ne strI ko parigraha rUpa mAnakara, brahmacarya vrata ko parigraha parimANa vrata meM hI sammilita kara diyA thaa| 5. sarva parigraha viramaNa vrata (aparigraha) : samasta padArthoM meM mamatvabhAva kA sarvathA parityAga hI sarvaparigraha viramaNa vrata hai| isa pAMcaveM mahAvrata ko aMgIkAra karate hue zramaNa yaha pratijJA karate haiM, ki bhaMte! maiM sarva parigraha kA pratyAkhyAna karatA huuN| AjIvana tIna karaNa, tIna yoga se mana, vacana, kAyA se, gA~va meM, nagara meM yA araNya meM

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432 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana alpa yA bahuta, sUkSma yA sthUla, sacitta yA acitta-kisI bhI parigraha kA grahaNa maiM svayaM nahIM karU~gA, dUsaroM se grahaNa nahIM karAU~gA, aura parigraha kA grahaNa karane vAloM kA anumodana nahIM kruuNgaa| maiM atIta ke parigraha se nivRtta hotA hU~, usakI nindA va gardA karatA hU~ aura AtmA kA vyutsarga karatA huuN| zAstrakAroM ne parigraha ke do bheda kahe haiM - bAhya parigraha tathA AbhyAntara prigrh| 1. bAhya parigraha : bAhya parigraha nau prakAra kA kahA gayA hai - "dhanaM dhAnyaM svarNa rupya, kupyAni kSetra vaastunii| dvipapAccatuSpAcceti syurnava bAhyAH prigrhaaH|| arthAt dhana, dhAnya, sonA, cA~dI, kupya, kSetra, vAstu, dvipada aura catuSpada ye nau bAhya parigraha hai| 2. AbhyAntara parigraha : zvetAmbara evaM digambara donoM hI paramparAoM meM abhyAntara parigraha ke 14 bheda kahe gae haiM - rAga, dveSa, krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha, mithyAdarzana, hAsya, rati, arati, bhaya, zoka, jugupsA aura ved| uparyukta sabhI bAhya evaM AbhyAMtara parigrahoM ke prati mamatva bhAva na rakhanA hI saccA aparigraha hai| zramaNa saMyama kI sAdhanA ke lie vastra-pAtra, rajoharaNa Adi sAmagrI rakhate haiM, lekina unake prati mamatva bhAva yA Asakti nahIM rkhte| ataH aparigrahI hote haiN| isa mahAvrata ke nirdoSa pAlana ke lie vaha manohara zabda, rUpa, rasa, gaMdha tathA sparza meM Asakti kA pUrNa tyAga karatA hai| isa prakAra paMcamahAvratoM kA jo anagAra yathAzruta, yathAkalpa, yathAmArga bhalIbhA~ti pAlana karatA hai, vaha sarva karmabandhanoM se mukta hotA huA apane carama lakSya ko prApta kara letA hai| ina mahAvratoM kI rakSA ke lie pA~ca samiti, tIna gupti rUpa ATha pravacana mAtA tathA vibhinna bhAvanAoM kA nirupaNa kiyA gayA hai| 2. aSTa pravacana mAtAe~ : pA~ca samiti evaM tIna gapti milakara aSTa pravacana mAtA kahalAtI hai| kyoMki mAtA kI taraha hI ye zramaNa ke lie hitakArI hotI haiM tathA unake saMyama ko paripuSTa karatI hai| zramaNa jIvana kI Avazyaka kriyAoM meM sAvadhAnI pUrvaka pravRtti karanA samiti hai| kAyika, vAcika tathA mAnasika kriyA kA sabhI prakAra se nigraha karanA gupti hai| gupti meM atikriyA kA niSedha tathA samiti meM satkriyA kA pravartana mukhya hai| tIna gupti : ___ "smygyognigrhoguptiH| 46 __ arthAt samyaga rUpa se yoganigraha ko gupti kahate haiN| mana, vacana tathA kAyA kI pravRttiyoM rUpa yogoM ko jJAna aura zraddhApUrvaka prazasta rUpa se jo nigraha kiyA jAe vahI

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nIti mImAMsA * 433 gupti rUpa saMvara hai| gupti ke tIna bheda kahe gae haiM - 1. manogupti, 2. vacana gupti aura 3. kAya gupti| ___ 1. manogupti : mana kI rAgAdi azubha bhAvoM se nivRtti ko manogupti kahate haiN| uttarAdhyayana meM kahA hai - "saMrambhe-samArambhe Arambhe ya taheva y| maNaM pavattamANaM tu niyatteja jayaM jii||47 bure saMkalpoM kA vicAra karanA mAnasika saMrambha hai| una bure saMkalpoM kI pUrti hetu upAya socanA yA usake sAdhanoM kA uccATanAdi kA cintana karanA mAnasika samAraMbha hai| bure saMkalpa aura bure upAyoM dvArA usa duSTa saMkalpa kI pUrti hetu mana kI pariNati ko banA lenA mAnasika AraMbha hai| isa prakAra mAnasika saMrambha, samArambha aura AraMbha se mana ko haTA lenA-manogupti hai| 2. vacanagupti : aise vacana, jinase azubha kArya ho, usa vacana meM pravRtta na honA hI vacanagupti hai| saba prakAra ke vacanoM kA parihAra karake mauna rahanA vacana gupti hai| asatya, karkaza, kaThora, marmabhedI, klezakArI, para-nindyarUpa Atma-prazaMsA rUpa athavA vikathA rUpa vacana na bolanA zramaNa ke lie vacana gupti hai| 3. kAya gupti : zarIra kI kriyAoM kI nivRtti ke athavA zarIra ke mamatva ke tyAga yA nizcalatA ko kAyagupti kahate haiN| uThanA, baiThanA, khar3e honA, sonA Adi saba kriyAoM ko yatanA pUrvaka karanA, jisase kisI ko koI hAni yA kSati na ho| samyak cAritra kI ArAdhanA ke lie sAdhu ko gupti aura samiti kA pAlana karanA Avazyaka hotA hai| 2. samiti : "sam ekIbhAvena itiH pravRttiH zobhanaka pariNAmasya cessttetyrthH|" arthAt eka niSThA ke sAtha kI jAne vAlI zubha pravRttiyoM ko samiti kahate haiN| isake antargata AcaraNa karane yogya una kriyAoM kA ullekha hai, jo sAdhu ke saMyama pAlana karane ke lie Avazyaka hai| samiti ke pA~ca bheda haiM - __ "iryA bhASA eSaNAdAna nikSepotsargAH smitiyH| 48 arthAt iryA, bhASA, eSaNA, AdAna, nikSepa aura utsarga yaha pA~ca bheda samiti ke 1. iryA samiti : gati sambandhi jAgarUkatA evaM yatanApUrvaka calanA iryA samiti hai| arthAt calate samaya jIva hiMsA na ho yaha sAdhu ke lie dhyAna rakhanA Avazyaka hai| jaina dharma meM sAdhuoM ke AvAgamana ko ahiMsaka banAye rakhane ke lie vividha niyamoM kA nirdeza kiyA gayA hai| jaise - / 1. Alambana zuddhi : sAdhu ko akAraNa AvAgamana nahIM karanA caahie| jJAna

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434 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana kI vRddhi ke lie darzana kI vRddhi tathA surakSA ke lie tathA cAritra pAlana ke lie AvAgamana Avazyaka hai, kyoMki eka sthAna para rahane se usa sthAna se sAdhu ko lagAva ho sakatA hai| zArIrika bAdhAoM kI nivRtti (mala-mUtra tyAga) ke lie jAnA bhI caritrAlaMbana meM hI AtA hai| 2. mArga zuddhi : sAdhu ko aise mArga se vihAra karanA cAhiye, jahA~ se AvAgamana calatA huA ho, isase jIva hiMsA bhI nahIM hotI va svayaM kI surakSA bhI rahatI hai| duSkara mArga se jAnA sAdhu ke lie varjita hai| 3. kAla zuddhi : sAdhu ko dina meM hI vicaraNa karanA caahiye| rAtri meM vicaraNa karane se jIva hiMsA ho sakatI hai| rAtri meM zArIrika nivRtti ke lie jAnA ho to dina meM dekhe hue rAste meM rajoharaNa se rAste ko sApha karate hue calanA hotA hai, jisase jIva hiMsA na ho : 4. yatanAzuddhi : dhyAna pUrvaka calanA yatanA zuddhi hai| isake cAra bheda haiM - a. dravya : nIcI dRSTi rakhakara clnaa| ba. kSetra : deha pramANa bhUmi dekhate hue clnaa| sa. kAla : rAtri meM pramArjana (rAstA sApha) karate hue clnaa| da. bhAva : mArga meM calate samaya anya vicAroM ko haTAkara calane se hiMsA kI sambhAvanA nahIM rahatI hai| sAdhu ko mArga meM calate hue agralikhita dasa kArya nahIM karane caahie| 1. zabda : vArtAlApa krnaa| 2. rUpa : ramaNIya vastue~, khela tamAze, zRMgAra Adi dekhnaa| 3. rasa : rasoM kA svAda krnaa| 4. gaMdha : sugaMdhita vastue~ suuNghnaa| 5. sparza : zIta, uSNa yA mRdu sparzoM meM citta lgaanaa| 6. vAcana : paThana krnaa| 7. pRcchA : prazna krnaa| 8. parivartanA : par3he hue kI AvRtti krnaa| 9. anuprekSA : cintana krnaa| 10. dharma kathA : upadeza denaa| iryA samiti ke calate hue zramaNa se koI jIva hiMsA ho jAe, to vaha doSI nahIM mAnA jAtA, kyoMki vaha apanI tarapha se ahiMsA kA pAlana kara rahA thaa| jo IryA samiti se nahIM calate, unase hiMsA ho yA na ho, kintu unheM doSa lagatA hai| 2. bhASA samiti : sAdhu jIvana meM gamanAgamana ke pazcAt dUsarI Avazyaka kriyA bolane kI yA bhASA kI hai| mauna rahanA gupti hai| viveka pUrvaka satya, hita-mita

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nIti mImAMsA* 435 evaM asaMdigdha bhASaNa karanA bhASA samiti hai| sAdhu ko kyA bolanA cAhiye, kyA nahIM bolanA cAhiye yaha bhASA samiti ke antargata AtA hai| uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM bhASA samiti ke viSaya meM kahA hai - krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha, hAsya, mana makhaurya (vAcAlatA) aura vikathAoM meM udAsIna rahanA, ina ATha sthAnoM ko tyAga kara, buddhimAna sAdhu samaya para niravadya aura parimita bhASA bole arthAt uparokta krodhAdi doSoM ko choDakara samaya para hita-mita aura pApa rahita nirdoSa bhASA bole| sAdhu ko cAhiye, ki vaha sadA atizaya zAnta aura vAcAlatA rahita, kama bolane vAlA ho tathA AcAryAdi ke samIpa mokSa artha vAle AgamoM ko sIkhe aura nirarthaka mokSa artha se rahita jyotiSa, vaidyaka tathA strI kathAdi kA tyAga kre| sthAnAMga sUtra meM pratimAdhArI anagAra ko cAra bhASAoM kA prayoga kalpatA hai, aisA ullekha hai| 1. yAcanI bhASA : vastra pAtrAdi kI yAcanA ke lie bolnaa| 2. pracchanI bhASA : sUtra kA artha aura mArga Adi pUchane ke lie bolnaa| 3. anujJApanI bhASA : sthAna Adi kI AjJA lene ke lie bolnaa| 4. prazravyAkaraNI bhASA : pUche gaye prazna kA uttara dene ke lie bolnaa| bhASA cAra prakAra kI kahI gaI hai - 1. satya bhASA : yathArtha bolnaa| 2. mRSA bhASA : ayathArtha yA asatya mizrita bolnaa| 3. satya-mRSA bhASA : satya-asatya mizrita bhASA bolnaa| 4. asatyA mRSA bhASA : vyavahAra bhASA bolanA (jisameM satya-asatya kA vyavahAra na ho|) isa prakAra sAdhu ko madhura, hitakArI, parimita, prayojana yogya, garva rahita, tuccha na ho, buddhi se vicAra kara vacana bolane caahiye| 3. eSaNA samiti : eSaNA samiti meM sAdhu ko bhikSA kisa prakAra grahaNa karanI cAhiye, isakA vivecana hai| uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM kahA hai - AhAra, upadhi aura zayyA kI, gaveSaNaisaNA aura grahaNaiSaNA tathA paribhogaiSaNA ye pratyeka kI, jo tIna-tIna eSaNAe~ haiM, unakI vizuddhi ko arthAt gaveSaNa, grahaNa aura grAsa (paribhoga) sambandhI doSoM se adUSita ataeva vizuddha AhAra, pAnI, rajoharaNa, mukhavastrikA Adi upadhi aura zayyA, pATa, pATalAdi kA grahaNa karanA eSaNA samiti hai|' isa prakAra eSaNA samiti ke tIna bheda haiM : 1. gaveSaNA : sAdhu ke lie madhukarI (bhikSA) vRtti kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| jisa prakAra phUloM meM bhramara apanA nirvAha karate haiM, usI prakAra sAdhu grahasthoM dvArA svayaM ke lie banAe hue AhArAdi kI bhikSA grahaNa kareMge, jisase kisI jIva ko kaSTa na ho| bhikSA ke lie nikalane para AhAra ke nirNaya ke lie jina niyamoM kA

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436 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana pAlana karanA va jina doSoM se bacanA-sAdhu ke lie Avazyaka hai, use gaveSaNA kahate haiN| 2. grahaNeSaNA : sAdhu AhAra Adi ko grahaNa karate samaya jina niyamoM kA pAlana karatA hai va doSoM se bacatA hai, use grahaNeSaNA kahate haiN| ___3. paribhogeSaNA : mile hue AhArAdi kA upabhoga karate hue sAdhu ko jinajina niyamoM kA pAlana karanA cAhiye aura jina doSoM se bacanA cAhiye, use paribhogeSaNA kahate haiN| isa bhikSAcaryA meM 42 doSoM kI saMbhAvanA batAyI jAtI hai| bhikSA ke 42 doSa meM se 16 udgama doSa, 16 utpAdana doSa aura 10 eSaNA ke doSa batAe gae haiN| bhikSA dete samaya gRhastha dvArA lagane vAle doSoM ko udgama doSa kahate haiN| sAdhu tathA zrAvaka dvArA lagane vAle doSoM ko eSaNA doSa kahate haiN| pA~ca AhAra upabhoga ke doSa haiN| ina 47 AhAra doSoM se bacanA sAdhu ke lie Avazyaka hai, jo agralikhita haiM - 1.solaha udgama doSa : 1. AdhA-karma : kisI vizeSa sAdhu ko mana meM rakhakara usake nimitta bhojana bnaanaa| aisA AhAra sevana karane se, nimantraNa svIkAra karane se, aisA AhAra karane vAle ke sAtha rahane se va usakI prazaMsA karane se bhI doSa lagatA hai| 2. auddezika : sAmAnya yAcakoM ke lie AhAra taiyAra karanA yA yAcaka ke lie alaga nikAlakara rakhanA varjita hai| 3. pUtikarma : zuddha AhAra meM AdhA karma kA aMza milA bhojn| 4. mizrajAta : apane va sAdhu ke lie eka sAtha pakAyA huA aahaar| 5. sthApanA : sAdhu ko dene ke lie bhojana alaga nikAlakara rkhnaa| 6. prAbhRtikA : sAdhuoM ke Agama ko sunakara vivAhAdi avasaroM ko Age pIche sarakAnA, jisase sAdha ko bhojana mila ske| 7. prAduSkaraNa : aMdhere meM rakhe bhojana ko dIpaka jalAkara sAdhu ko denaa| 8. krIta : sAdhu ke lie kharIda kara denaa| 9. prAmitya : udhAra lAyA huA AhAra denaa| 10. parivartita : sAdhu ke lie adala-badala kI huI vastu denaa| 11. abhihata : sAdhu ke nimitta vastu ko anyatra le jAkara denaa| 12. udabhinna : lepa Adi dvArA banda kI huI vastu kholakara denaa| 13. mAlApahata : adhika U~cA yA pahu~ca se dUra rakhA AhAra utAra kara denaa| 14. Accheya : nirbala vyakti se chInakara sAdhu ko AhAra denaa| 15. anisRSTa : vastu ke eka se adhika svAmI hone para sabakI icchA ke

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nIti mImAMsA * 437 binA sAdhu ko denaa| 16. adhyavapUraka : sAdhuoM kA Agamana sunakara apane bhojana meM adhika sAmagrI milAkara bhojana banAnA va denaa| 2. utpAdana ke doSa : sAdhu dvArA lagane vAle 16 doSa isa prakAra haiM - 1. dhAtrIkarma : bacce ko khela-khilAkara yA goda meM lekara AhAra prApta krnaa| 2. dUtI karma : gRhastha kA saMdeza eka sthAna se dUsare sthAna para pahu~cA kara AhAra lenaa| 3. nimitta : gRhastha ko zubha, azubha, bhUta-bhaviSya batAkara AhAra lenaa| 4. AjIva : apanI jAti kula kI vizeSatA batAkara AhAra lenaa| 5. vanIpaka : gRhastha jisakA bhakta ho, usakI prazaMsA karake yA dInatA dikhAkara AhAra lenaa| 6. cikitsA : auSadhi batAkara yA vaidyagiri karake AhAra lenaa| 7. krodha : tapa kA prabhAva yA zApa kA bhaya dikhAkara krodhita hokara AhAra lenaa| 8. mAna : svayaM ko tejasvI, pratApI batAkara AhAra lenaa| 9. mAyA : kapaTa karake yA vibhinna vezabhUSA pahanakara AhAra lenaa| 10. lobha : AhAra lolupa banakara bhaTakate hue AhAra lenaa| 11. pUrva pazcAt saMstava : AhAra karane se pUrva yA pazcAt dene vAle kI prazaMsA krnaa| 12. vidyA : strI rupa devatA se adhiSThita jayAdi se siddha hone vAlI akSaroM kI racanA vizeSa ko vidyA kahate haiM, aisI vidyA kA prayoga karake AhAra lenaa| 13. mantra : puruSa rupa devatA se adhiSThita aisI akSara racanA jo pATha mAtra se siddha ho jAye, use mantra kahate haiN| aise mantra ke prayoga se AhAra lenaa| 14. cUrNa : adRzya karane vAle surameM (aMjana) Adi kA prayoga karake AhAra lenaa| 15. yoga : siddhiyA~ batAkara AhAra lenaa| 16. mUla karma : garbha-stambha, garbhAdhAna, garbhapAta Adi ke lie auSadhi dekara AhAra lenaa| 3. grahaNa eSaNA ke dasa doSa" : sAdhu va gRhastha donoM ke dvArA lagane vAle bhojana ke doSa 10 prakAra ke haiM - 1. zaMkita : vizeSa sAdhu ke nimitta bane hone kI zaMkA hone para bhI bhojana

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438 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana ko grahaNa krnaa| 2. bhakSita : sacitta pAnI, pRthvI, vanaspati se bane bhojana ko lenaa| 3. nikSipta : pRthvI, pAnI, tejavAyu, vanaspati yA jIvoM para rakhA bhojana lenaa| 4. pihita : jo AhAra sacitta phaloM se DhakA ho| 5. sAharIya : jisa pAtra meM akalpanIya vastu par3I ho, usameM se AhAra lenaa| 6. dAyaka : bAlaka, andhA va garbhavatI se AhAra lenaa| 7. unmizra : acita ke sAtha sacita milA AhAra lenaa| 8. apariNata : jo AhAra pUrA pakA na ho| 9. litta : akalpanIya yA garhita vastu se bhare hue hAthoM se diyA aahaar| 10. chardita : ghI TapakatA huA yA giratA huA bhojana lenaa| paribhogeSaNA : bhojana karate samaya pUrA-pUrA viveka rakhanA paribhogeSaNA hai| isake pA~ca doSa haiM - 1. aMgAra doSa : AhAra ko Asakti ke sAtha khaanaa| 2. dhUma doSa : amanojJa AhAra kI prApti para dene vAle kI nindA yA krodha krnaa| 3. saMyojanA doSa : svAda vRddhi ke lie vastue~ milAkara khaanaa| 4. pramANAtireka : bhUkha se adhika mAtrA meM khaanaa| 32 kaura se adhika AhAra karanA doSa hai| ATha kaura kA AhAra karanA alpAhAra hai| 12 kaura kA AhAra apArdha unodarI hai| 16 kaura kA AhAra ardha unodarI hai| 24 kaura kA AhAra unodarI (bhUkha se kama khAnA) hai| kaura kA AhAra nimbU jitanA kahA gayA hai| 5. pAnaiSaNA : sAdhu ko sAmAnya kaccA pAnI pInA varjita hai| jaina sAdhu ko ubAlakara ThaNDA kiyA huA pAnI arthAt jIvoM se rahita pAnI lenA caahiye| sAdhu ucita (nirdoSa) pAnI ko vidhi pUrvaka grahaNa karate haiN| sAdhu ke lie 21 prakAra kA pAnI kalpanIya batAyA hai - 1. utpedika : ATe se lipta bartana kA dhovana paanii| 2. saMsakemi - ubalI huI sabjI ko zItala jala se dhoe jAne para taiyAra huA jl| 3. cAvaloM kA dhovn| 4. tila kA dhovn| 5. tuSa kA dhovn| 6. jau kA dhovn| 7. ubale cAvaloM kA paanii-osaamn|

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8. kAMjI ke bartanoM ko dhoyA pAnI yA chAcha ke Upara kA pAnI / 9. imalI kA pAnI / 10. Ama kA pAnI / 11. ambADaka kA paanii| 12. bijore kA pAnI / 13. dAkha kA pAnI / 14. kabITa kA pAnI / 15. anAroM kA pAnI / 16. khajUra kA pAnI / 17. nAriyala kA paanii| nIti mImAMsA 439 18. kaira kA dhoyA paanii| 19. baira kA dhovana / 20. A~vale kA dhovana / 21. garama pAnI tathA anya isI prakAra kA pAnI va gur3a ke ghar3e ko dhoyA pAnI grahaNa karane yogya batAyA gayA hai| " vastraiSaNA : vastraiSaNA ke antargata sAdhu ko dhyAna rakhanA hotA hai, ki vaha kaisA vastra dhAraNa va grahaNa kara sakatA hai| sAdhu 1. Una kA, 2. rezama kA, 3. san kA, 4. tAr3apatra kA banA, 5. kapAsa kA banA vastra pahana sakatA hai| kevala zveta vastra hI pahana sakatA hai| sAdhu ko sundaratA ke lie na vastra ko dhonA cAhiye na raMganA caahiye| jIvoM kI utpatti ko rokane ke lie vastroM ko dhonA cAhiye va prAsuka va nirdoSa (jIva rahita) bhUmi para sukhAnA cAhiye / sAdhu ke lie kama se kama vastra rakhane kA vidhAna hai / jo sAdhu baliSTha hoM, unheM eka hI vastra rakhanA cAhiye / zArIrika sthiti ke anusAra adhika bhI rakha sakate haiN| sAdhviyoM ke lie cAra vastroM kA vidhAna hai / sAdhu ko 72 hAtha vastra va sAdhvI ko 96 hAtha vastra rakhane kA niyama hai| digambara sAdhu vastra nahIM rakhate, sAdhviyA~ rakhatI hai| pAtreSaNA : sAdhu ko tIna prakAra ke pAtra rakhane kI anumati hai 1. tum pAtra, 2. kASTha kA pAtra, 3. miTTI kA pAtra / " zayyaiSaNA : jaina sAdhu bihArI ( calane vAlA) hotA hai| caumAse ke cAra mahIne ke atirikta vaha eka sthAna para adhika samaya nahIM Thaharate haiM / sAdhu ko kaise sthAna meM ThaharanA cAhiye / kisa prakAra AjJA lenI cAhiye Adi niyama zayyaiSaNA meM Ate haiM / AcArAMga sUtra meM ullekha hai, ki dharmazAlA, luhAra kI karmazAlA, devakula, sabhAe~, pyAU, dukAna, godAma, pAna zAlAe~, cUnA banAne kA sthAna, kArakhAne, zmazAna

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440 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana bhUmi meM bane makAna, zUnyagRha, pahAr3a, guphA Adi sthAna jahA~ gRhastha nahIM rahate hoM, vahA~ sAdhu Thahara sakatA hai| sAdhu ke nimitta banAe makAna meM use nahIM ThaharanA caahiye| anya eSaNIya vastue~ : sAdhu jIvana meM AhAra, pAnI aura sthAna ke atirikta anya vastae~ bhI upayogI hotI hai, jo mukhyataH nimnalikhita haiM : 1. rajoharaNa : sthAna sApha karane kA sAdhana hai| 2. mukha-vastrikA : bIsa aMgula lambe aura solaha aMgula cauDe vastra ko ATha puTa karake mu~ha para lagAyA jAtA hai| isase vANI ke pudgaloM dvArA tathA uSNa vAyu se hone vAlI vAyukAya kI hiMsA kA bacAva hotA hai| 3. cola paTTaka 4. AhArAdi ke lie pAtra 5. vastra 6. kambala 7. Asana 8. pAda poMchanA 9. zayyA (sthAna) 10. saMthArA (bichAne kA garma kapar3A) 11. pITha bAjauTa 12. phalaka bar3A sone ke kAma Ane vAlA paatt| 13. pAtra baMdha 14. pAtra ke nIce bichAne kA vastra 15. pAtra kesarikA (pramArjanI) 16. paTala-pAtra Dhakane vAlA vastra 17. gorachaka - pAtra sApha karane kA vastra 18. rajAstrANa [pAtra lapeTane vAlA vastra] 19. daMDa - vRddhAvasthA yA Asakti meM sahAre hetu| 20. laghunIti paraThane kA pAtra zaucAdi ke prayoga kA pAtra jo sAdhu jitanI kama sAmagrI apane sAtha rakhatA hai, vaha utanA hI nirmala caritra vAlA sAdhu mAnA jAtA hai| ___4. AdAna-nikSepa samiti : AdAna nikSepa samiti ke antargata ogha upadhi aura aupagrahika upadhi, ina donoM prakAra kI upadhi tathA bhaMDopakaraNa ko grahaNa karatA huA aura rakhatA huA, muni isa vidhi kA prayoga kre| samitivanta sAdhu sadaiva, yatanApUrvaka, A~khoM se dekhakara aura pramArjana karake, donoM prakAra kI upadhi ko grahaNa kare, tathA rkhe| jo sadaiva rakhI jAtI hai, vaha ogha upadhi kahalAtI hai| jaise

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nIti mImAMsA* 441 rajoharaNa, vastra-pAtra aadi| jo saMyama rakSArtha thor3e samaya ke lie grahaNa kI jAtI hai, vaha 'aupagrahika' upadhi kahalAtI hai| yathA-pATa-pATalA, zayyA aadi| __kisI sUkSma yA sthUla jIva kI hiMsA na ho, isalie isameM vastuoM kI pratilekhanA ke 25 prakAra batAe gae haiM, ki kisa prakAra vastroM kI saba tahoM ko kholakara dekhanA cAhiye ki, jIva to paidA nahIM ho ge| jo vastue~ kama kAma meM AtI haiM, unakI pratilekhanA karanA adhika Avazyaka hotA hai| AdAna-nikSepa samiti ke cAra bheda haiM : 1. dravya se : vastuoM ko yatanApUrvaka grahaNa kareM aura dhyAna pUrvaka rkheN| 2. kSetra se : apanI vastuoM ko gRhastha ke ghara rakhakara vihAra na kreN| 3. kAla se : prAtaHkAla aura sAMyakAla donoM samaya vastra-pAtrAdi kI pratilekhanA kareM va mana ko usI meM lgaaveN| 4. bhAva se : upakaraNoM para mamatva na rakhate hue upayoga pUrvaka grahaNa kareM aura rkheN| 5. paristhApanikA samiti : tyAgane yogya mala-mUtra, khaMkharA, nAka kA maila, zarIra kA maila, na khAne yogya AhAra, jIrNa vastrAdi upadhi, mRta zarIra athavA isI prakAra kI anya koI vastu jo paraThane yogya ho, ina sabako yatanApUrvaka dasa vizeSaNoM vAlesthaNDila meM paraThe, ise hI paristhApanikA samiti kahate haiN| pariSaha-jaya : zrI sudharmA svAmI apane ziSya jambUsvAmI se kahate haiM, ki he AyuSman jambU! kAzyapa gotrIya, zramaNa bhagavAn mahAvIra svAmI ne bAIsa parISaha kahe haiM, jinheM sunakara unake svarUpa ko jAnakara, paricita hokara aura jItakara, sAdhu bhikSAcaryA meM jAte hue, una parISahoM ke upasthita hone para, saMyama se vicalita na hove| karma bandhana ke kSaya ke lie jo jo sthiti samabhAvapUrvaka sahana karane yogya hai, use pariSaha kahate haiN| pariSaha sAdhu kI kasauTI hai| inako sahana karake jo mokSamArga se calAyamAna nahIM hotA, vaha apane karmoM kI nirjarA karatA huA, apanA kalyANa karatA hai| ye pariSaha nimnalikhita haiM : 1. digiMchA (kSudhA) parISaha : bhUkha se zarIra ke pIr3ita hone para bhI, saMyama bala vAle, tapasvI sAdhu phalAdi kA svayaM chedana nahIM kare, dUsaroM se chedana nahIM karavAve, anna Adi svayaM na pakAve, dUsaroM se na pkvaave| kSudhA parISaha se zarIra atyaMta kRza evaM durbala ho jAe, to bhI, AhAra-pAnI kI maryAdA ko jAnane vAlA sAdhu, mana meM dInatA kA bhAva na lAtA huA dRr3hatA ke sAtha saMyama mArga meM vicare, navakoTi se vizuddha AhAra hI grahaNa kre| 2. pipAsA parISaha : pipAsA arthAt pyAsa sahana krnaa| pyAsa se pIr3ita

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442 jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana hone para bhI anAcAra virata saMyamI sAdhu kadApi sacita jala kA sevana na kare, apitu agni Adi ke saMyoga se prAsuka bane hue pAnI kI eSaNA ke lie vicare 168 3. zIta parISaha : zItakAla meM ThaMDa lage to zIta evaM vAyu se bacAne vAle makAna Adi mere pAsa nahIM haiM aura na mere pAsa zarIra kI rakSA karane vAle vastra-kambala Adi haiM, isalie maiM to agni kA sevana kara lU~, isa prakAra sAdhu sevana karanA to dUra vicAra bhI na kre| zIta se bacane ke lie eka sthana se dUsare sthAna para bhI na jAve / 4. uSNa parISaha : Agabhokta maryAdA kA anusaraNa karane vAlA sAdhu uSNa sparza yA garmI se atyanta pIr3ita hone para bhI snAna kI abhilApA na kare, zarIra ko jala se na bhigove aura apane zarIra para paMkhe Adi se havA nahIM kare / " 5. daMzamazaka parISaha : mahAmuni daMzamazaka pariSaha se pIr3ita hote hue bhI krodhita na ho| mAMsa aura rakta ko cUsate hue DA~sa - macchara Adi jIvoM ko mAre nahIM aura na hI unheM kaSTa pahu~cAve tathA unheM roka kara antarAya bhI na kare aura mana se bhI una para dveSa na kare, apitu samabhAva rkheN|" 1 6. acela parISaha : sAdhu ko vastroM ke prati moha nahIM honA cAhiye / vastroM ke jIrNa ho jAne para maiM vastra rahita ho jAU~gA, isa prakAra athavA vastra sahita ho jAU~gA, sAdhu isa prakAra vicAra na kre|" 7. arati parISaha : grAmAnugrAma vihAra karate hue gRhatyAgI, parigraha rahita sAdhu ke mana meM yadi kabhI arati (saMyama meM aruci) utpanna ho to, usa arati parISaha ko sahana kare tathA saMyama meM aruci nahIM laave|" 8. strI parISaha : isa saMsAra meM jo striyA~ haiM, ve puruSoM ke lie saMga rUpa Asakti kA kAraNa haiM / ina striyoM ko jisa sAdhu ne jJaparijJA se tyAjya samajhakara pratyAkhyAna parijJA se chor3a diyA hai, usa sAdhu kA sAdhutva saphala hai / ' 74 9. caryA parISaha : sAdhu gRhasthiyoM kI nezrAya rahita hokara apratibaddha vihAra kre| parigraha arthAt kisI bhI sthAna meM mamatva bhAva kataI nahIM rakhe, gRhasthoM se sambandha na rakhatA huA ghara rahita hokara vihAra karatA rhe|" 10. naiSedhikI parISaha : pApa karmoM kI evaM gamanAdi kriyA kI nivRtti rUpa niSedha jisakA prayojana ho vaha naiSedhikI hai| svAdhyAya athavA kAyotsarga ke lie zmazAna yA ekAkI sthAna meM rahe hue muni ko bhayaMkara upasarga Ane para bhI bhayabhIta nahIM honA cAhiye aura na hI udvigna hokara dUsare

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nIti mImAMsA * 443 sthAna para jAnA cAhiye tathA na apane aMgoM ko vikRta karake dUsaroM ko bhayabhIta karanA caahiye| 11. zayyA parISaha : zIta-tapAdi ke parISaha ko sahana karane meM samartha tapasvI sAdhu ko yadi strI, pazu Adi se rahita sthAna, U~cI-nIcI (anukUlapratikUla) zayyA mile to harSa viSAda na karatA huA saMyama dharma kI maryAdA kA ullaMghana na kare, kyoMki yaha acchA hai, yaha burA hai, isa prakAra pApa dRSTi rakhane vAlA sAdhu, saMyama kI maryAdA kA ullaMghana kara zithilAcArI ho jAtA hai|" 12. Akroza : koI vyakti sAdhu ko gAlI deve, bure vacana kaha kara usakA apamAna kare, to usa para krodha nahIM kare, kyoMki aisA karane se vaha ajJAniyoM sarIkhA ho jAtA hai, isalie sAdhu krodha na kre| 13. vadha parISaha : yadi koI duSTa anArya puruSa sAdhu ko mAre, to sAdhu usa para krodha na kare / mana se bhI usa para dveSa na lAve, 'kSamA utkRSTa dharma hai|' aisA jAnakara, sAdhu kSamA, mArdava Adi dasa vidha yati dharma kA vicAra karake pAlana kre| 14. yAcanA parISaha : bhikSA se nirvAha karane vAle sAdhu kA jIvana nizcaya hI bar3A kaThina hai, kyoMki use sabhI AhAra-upakaraNa Adi vastu sadA mA~gane para hI milatI hai, binA mA~ge koI bhI vastu nahIM milatI hai| sAdhu isa prakAra vicAra bhI na kare, ki bhikSA mA~gane se to gRhastha jIvana hI acchA 15. alAbha parISaha : sAdhu ko bhojana taiyAra ho jAne para hI gRhasthoM ke yahA~ AhAra kI gaveSaNA ke lie nikalanA caahiye| AhAra mile athavA na mile yA alpa mile to use kheda nahIM karanA caahiye|" mujhe Aja AhAra nahIM milA to kala mila jAegA, jo sAdhu AhAra prApta na hone para isa prakAra vicAra kare, dInabhAva nahIM lAtA, use alAbha parISaha nahIM satAtA 16. roga parISaha : yadi sAdhu zvAsa, kAsa Adi solaha prakAra ke rogoM meM se kisI prakAra kI vedanA se pIr3ita ho, vaha use svakRta karma kA phala jAnakara dInatA rahita hokara apanI buddhi ko sthita kare aura roga se pIr3ita hone para samabhAva pUrvaka use sahana kre| kisI prakAra kI sAvadha cikitsA na kare, na kraave| 17. tRNa-sparza parISaha : tapasvI muni ko tRNoM para sote hue zarIra meM pIr3A hotI hai| atyanta dhUpa par3ane se aura tRNoM ke sparza se atyadhika vedanA

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444 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana hotI hai, usa samaya sAdhu ko isa prakAra vicAra karanA cAhiye, ki isa AtmA ne narakAdi durgatiyoM meM jo vedanA sahI hai, usake sAmane yaha tRNa janya vedanA to kucha nahIM hai| ataH pIr3A ko samabhAva se sahanA caahiye| darbhAdijanya ghAva vAle jinakalpI muni vastra-kambala Adi kA sevana nahIM krte| 18. maila parISaha : snAna parityAga rUpa maryAdA meM rahane vAle muni grISma Rtu meM athavA anya Rtu meM paritApa se hone vAle pasIne se athavA maila se yA raja se zarIra lipta ho jAye to bhI sukha ke lie dInatA nahIM dikhaave| jIvana paryaMta snAna kA tyAga karake maila parISaha ko sahana kre| 19. satkAra-puraskAra parISaha : jo sAdhu svatIrthI yA anyatIrthI rAjA Adi dvArA kiye gaye namaskAra, satkAra, sammAna tathA bhikSA ke lie nimaMtraNa Adi kA sevana karate haiM, unakI sAdhu cAhanA nahIM kare aura unakI prazaMsA bhI nahIM kre| dUsaroM kA satkAra, sammAnAdi utkarSa dekha kara IrSyAlu bhI nahIM bne| 20. prajJA parISaha : sAdhu ko jJAna kA abhimAna nahIM karanA caahiye| jJAna kA abhimAna karane se kiye hue ajJAna phala dene vAle karma udaya meM AveMge, isa prakAra karma-vipAka ko jAnakara apanI AtmA ko AzvAsana denA cAhiye aura samabhAva pUrvaka prajJA parISaha ko sahana karanA caahiye| 21. ajJAna parISaha : sAdhu ko avadhi Adi pratyakSa jJAnoM kI prApti na hone para bhI apane muni dharma aMgIkAra karane para Atma glAni nahIM honI cAhiye, ki jo maiM abhI taka sAkSAt spaSTa rUpa se kalyANakArI, dharma ke svarUpa ko aura pApa ke svarUpa ko bhI nahIM jAna sakA hU~, to phira merA maithuna Adi se nivRtta honA aura samyak prakAra se AzravoM kA nirodha karanA vyartha hI hai| isa prakAra sAdhu kabhI vicAra nahIM kare, apitu jJAnAvaraNIya karma kA kSaya karane kA prayatna kre|" 22. darzana parISaha : sAdhu ko sarvajJa jinadeva ke dvArA kahe gae vacanoM ko pUrNa zraddhA se mAnanA cAhiye, unakI upekSA nahIM karanI caahiye| rAgadveSa ko jItane vAle sarvajJa jinadeva bhUtakAla meM hue haiM, vartamAna kAla meM mahA videha kSetra meM sarvajJa jinadeva haiM tathA bhaviSya meM hoMge, isa prakAra una sarvajJa jinadevoM kA astitva batAne vAle logoM ne jhUTha kahA hai athavA bhUtabhaviSyat-vartamAna kAla ke jina devoM ne svarga Adi paraloka batAyA hai, vaha jhUTha kahA hai -isa prakAra sAdhu vicAra nahIM kare aura pUrNa zraddhA se viparIta parasthitiyoM meM bhI dharma meM dRr3ha rahe / yahI darzana parIpaha hai|

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nIti mImAMsA 445 ina bAIsa parISahoM meM se koI bhI parISaha upasthita hone para sAdhu unako dRr3hatApUrvaka sahana kare, yahI sAdhu kI Adarza AcAra saMhitA hai / 4. samAcArI : zramaNa saMgha ke lie dasa prakAra kI samAcArI kA vidhAna hai| samAcArI ke antargata sAdhu ke AcAra ko sAtvika va saMyamita banAne ke lie nirdeza hote haiN| mukhya rUpa se guru ke prati ziSyoM ke ziSTAcAra evaM Adara ko samAcArI meM nirdeSita kiyA gayA hai| 1. AvazyakI: muni upAzraya se bAhara jAte samaya guru se AjJA lekara jAe, ki Avazyaka kArya ke lie jA rahA huuN| yaha AvazyakI hai| 2. naiSedhikI : kArya se nivRtta hokara Ane para guru se kahe, ki maiM nivRtta ho cukA huuN| yaha naiSedhikI hai| 3. ApRcchA : apanA kArya karane kI anumati lenA / 4. pratipRcchA : dUsaroM kA kArya karane kI anumati lenA, pratipRcchA hai| 5. chandanA : bhikSA meM lAe AhAra ke lie sAdharmika sAdhuoM ko AmaMtrita karanA chaMdanA hai| 6. icchAkAra : kArya karane kI icchA jatAnA, jaise-Apa kaheM, to maiM ApakA kArya karU~? ise icchAkAra kahate haiM / 7. mithyAkAra : bhUla ho jAne para svayaM kI AlocanA karanA mithyAkAra hai / 8. tathAkAra : AcArya ke Adeza ko jyoM kA tyoM svIkAra karanA tathAkAra hai| 9. abhyutthAna : AcArya yadi gurujanoM ke Ane para khar3e honA sammAna karanA, abhyutthAna hai| 10. upasampadA : jJAna Adi kI prApti ke lie guru ke samIpa vinIta bhAva se rahanA athavA dUsare sAdhu gaNoM meM jAnA upasampadA hai / yaha dazavidha samAcArI ziSya kA guru ke prati kartavya yA AcAra hai / " 5. dinacaryA : AgamoM meM sAdhu kI dinacaryA ko moTe taura para cAra bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA hai- dina ke prathama prahara meM svAdhyAya kare, dUsare meM dhyAna, tIsare meM bhikSAcaryA aura cauthe meM phira svAdhyAya kare / isI prakAra rAtri ke prathama prahara meM svAdhyAya kare dUsare meM dhyAna, tIsare meM nIMda le aura cauthe meM phira svAdhyAya kare / " apara rAtri meM uThakara AtmAlocanA va dharma jAgarikA karanA yaha caryA kA pahalA aMga hai / svAdhyAya, dhyAna Adi ke pazcAt Avazyaka karma karanA / Avazyaka : avazya karaNIya karma chaha haiM - 1. sAmAyika : samabhAva kA abhyAsa, usakI pratijJA kA punarAvartana |

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446 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana 2. caturviMzatava : caubIsa tIrthaMkaroM kI stuti| 3. vandanA : AcArya kI dshvrt-vndnaa| 4. pratikramaNa : kRta doSoM kI aalocnaa| 5. kAyotsarga : kAyA kA stharIkaraNa-sthira cintn| 6. pratyAkhyAna : tyAga krnaa| ina Avazyaka kAryoM se nivRtta hokara sUryodaya hote-hote muni bhANDa-upakaraNoM kA pratilekhana kare, unheM dekhe| usake pazcAt hAtha-jor3akara guru se pUche-maiM kyA karU~? Apa mujhe AjJA deN| taba AcArya yadi sevA meM lagAe to aglAna bhAva se sevA kare aura yadi svAdhyAya meM lagAe to svAdhyAya kre| dinacaryA ke pramukha aMga haiM-svAdhyAya aura dhyaan| yaha muni kI jAgarukatA pUrNa jIvana caryA hai| 6. pA~ca cAritra - AtmA kA zuddhAvasthA meM sthira rahanA saMyama yA cAritra hai| pariNAmoM kI vizuddhi ke tAratamya (nyUnAdhikatA) kI apekSA se saMyama ke 5 bheda haiN|' 1. sAmAyika : samabhAva meM sthira rahane ke lie samasta sAvadha (sadoSa) pravRttiyoM kA tyAga karanA sAmAyika hai| 2. chedopasthApanA : prathama choTI dIkSA lene ke bAda viziSTa zruta kA abhyAsa kara cukane para vizeSa zuddhi ke nimitta jo jIvana paryaMta ke lie punaH dIkSA lI jAtI hai athavA dIkSA meM doSa utpanna ho jAne para usakA cheda kara phira navIna rUpa meM jo dIkSA kA AropaNa kiyA jAtA hai, vaha chedopasthApanA hai| 3. parihAra vizuddhi : jisameM viziSTa prakAra ke tapa pradhAna AcAra kA pAlana kiyA jAtA hai, vaha parihAra vizuddhi hai| 4. sUkSma-samparAya : jisameM krodhAdi kaSAyoM kA udaya to nahIM hotA, kevala lobha kA aMza ati sUkSma rUpa meM rahatA hai, vaha sUkSma samparAya hai| 5. yathAkhyAta : jisameM kisI bhI kaSAya kA udaya bilkula nahIM rahatA, vaha yathAkhyAta arthAt vItarAga saMyama hai| 7. tapa : vAsanAoM ko kSINa karane tathA samucita AdhyAtmika bala kI sAdhanA ke lie zarIra, indriyoM aura mana ko jina-jina upAyoM se tapAyA jAtA hai, ve sabhI tapa hai| tapa do prakAra ke hote haiM - 1. bAhya tapa tathA 2. AbhyAntara tp|" __ 1. bAhya tapa : jisa tapa ke dvArA zarIra evaM indriyoM ko niyaMtrita karane kA prayAsa kiyA jAtA hai, use bAhya tapa kahate haiN| ye bAhya tapa chaH prakAra ke hote haiM - 1. anazana : maryAdita samaya taka yA jIvana ke anta taka saba prakAra ke bhojana-pAna kA tyAga karanA anazana hai| 2. unodarI : apanI bhUkha se kama khAnA unodarI tapa hai| 3. vRtti-saMkSepa : vividha bhojya padArthoM ke sevana ke lobha ko kama karanA

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nIti mImAMsA * 447 arthAt sImita prakAra kI bhojya sAmagrI kA upabhoga karanA hI vRtti saMkSepa 4. rasa parityAga : tela, ghI, dUdha, dahI, mIThA Adi pA~ca padArthoM ko vigaya athavA rasa kahA gayA hai| ataH ina vigaya rasoM kA sevana na karanA hI rasa parityAga hai| 5. kAya kleza : dharma sAdhanA ke vividha Asana Adi ke dvArA samabhAva pUrvaka zArIrika kaSTa sahana karanA kAyakleza hai| kAyakleza ke sAta bheda 1. sthAnAyatika : zarIra bhUmi para pUrNa rUpa se phailA denaa| 2. utkaTukAsanika : ukaDU baitthnaa| 3. pratimA sthAyI : pratimA (mUrti) kI taraha nizcala rhnaa| 4. vIrAsanika : siMhAsana para baiThe hue ke samAna Asana lgaanaa| 5. naiSedhika : pairoM ko barAbara karake rkhnaa| 6. daMDAyatika : daMDa kI taraha deha ko phailaanaa| 7. lagaNDazAyI : isa prakAra sonA ki pITha pRthvI ko na chue| 6. pratisaMlInatA : viSayoM va kaSAyoM se AtmA ko bacAne ke lie bAdhA rahita ekAnta sthAna me rahanA prati saMlInatA hai| 2. Abhyantara tapa : jina tapoM meM mAnasika kriyA kI pradhAnatA hotI hai, mana ke bhAvoM ko zuddha karane kA prayAsa kiyA jAtA hai aura jo mukhya rUpa se bAharI dravyoM kI apekSA na rakhane ke kAraNa dUsaroM ko na dikha sake, ve AbhyAntara tapa haiN| ye AbhyAntara tapa bhI chaH prakAra kA hotA hai| 1. prAyazcita : prAyazcita ke dvArA dhAraNa kie hue vratoM meM hue pramAda janita doSoM kA zodhana kiyA jAtA hai| kie gae aparAdhoM ko svIkAra karake svayaM meM sudhAra kara punaH nirmala cAritra kA pAlana kiyA jAtA hai| ataH ise bhI tapa kahA gayA hai| prAyazcita ke dasa bheda haiM - 1. AlocanA, 2. pratikramaNa, 3. tadubhaya, 4. viveka, 5. vyutsarga, 6. tapa, 7. cheda, 8. mUla, 9. anavasthita tathA 10. paaraanycit|" __ guru ke samakSa zuddha bhAva se apane aparAdha ko prakaTa kara denA AlocanA hai| kie gae aparAdha ke lie daMDa grahaNa karake usase nivRtta honA tathA bhaviSya meM aparAdha na ho aisI pratijJA karanA pratikramaNa hai| eka hI aparAdha ke lie AlocanA tathA pratikramaNa donoM karanA tadubhaya hai| bhojana karate samaya azuddha, akalpanIya, tIna prahara se adhika rakhA huA AhAra mile, to use paraTha denA yA tyAga denA viveka prAyazcita hai| kAyotsarga karanA arthAt ekAgratApUrvaka zarIra aura vacana ke vyApAroM ko chor3a denA vyutsarga hai| upavAsa, AyaMbila anazanAdi bAhya tapa karanA tapa hai| kAraNavaza

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448 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana jAnabUjhakara kucha samaya ke lie saMyama meM apavAda mArga kA sevana karane para pAle hue saMyama meM se kucha dina yA mahInoM ko kama karanA cheda prAyazcita hai| jAna bUjhakara paMcamahAvratoM meM se kisI kA khaNDana karane para navIna dIkSA denA mUla prAyazcita hai| krUratApUrvaka apane yA dUsare para kaThora ghAtaka prahAra karane vAle ko sampradAya se pRthak rakhakara ghora tapa karAyA jAe aura phira navIna dIkSA dI jAe, to vaha anavasthita prAyazcita kahalAtA hai| zAstra viruddha prarupaNA karane vAle aura sAdhvI ke vrata ko bhaMga karane vAle kA veSa parivartana karAkara chaha mAsa se bAraha varSa taka sampradAya se bAhara rakhakara ghora tapa karavAkara, gAMva-gAMva ghumAkara phira navIna dIkSA denA, pArAJcita prAyazcita kahalAtA hai| antima donoM prAyazcita isa kAla meM nahIM diye jAte haiN| niyamasAra meM kahA hai, ki vrata, samiti, zIla aura saMyama kA jo pariNAma tathA indriyoM ke rokane kA jo bhAva hai, usakA nAma prAyazcita hai| 2. vinaya : nizcaya se vinaya samAdhi cAra prakAra kI hotI hai, jaise ki - jisa guru se vidyA sIkhI ho, unako paramopakArI jAnakara, jaba ve anuzAsita karate hoM taba unakI zikSA ko sunanA, sadA sevA-zuzruSA karanA evaM unakI AjJA sunane kI icchA rkhnaa| guru kI AjJA sunakara bhalI prakAra usakA artha samajhanA, isake bAda guru kI AjJA kA pUrNa rUpa se pAlana karanA evaM zruta jJAna kI ArAdhanA krnaa| abhimAna na karanA evaM Atma prazaMsA na krnaa| arthAt guru Adi jyeSTha muniyoM, vayovRddhoM va guNavRddhoM kA yathocita satkAra sammAna karanA vinaya tapa kahalAtA hai|" vinayatapa ke sAta bheda haiM 1. jJAna vinaya, 2. darzana vinaya, 3. cAritra vinaya, 4. manovinaya, 5. vacana vinaya, 6. kAya vinaya, 7. lokavyavahAra viny| namratApUrvaka samyaka jJAna prApta karanA, jJAna vinaya hai| tattva kI yathArtha pratItirUpa samyagdarzana se vicalita na honA darzana vinaya hai| sAmAyikAdi cAritra meM citta kA samAdhAna rakhanA cAritra vinaya hai| uparyukta tInoM prakAra ke vinayoM kA manavacana-kAya pUrvaka vinaya karanA kramazaH manovinaya, vacanavinaya tathA kAyavinaya hai| apane se jJAna-darzana-cAritra meM Age bar3he hue evaM gurujanoM kA Adara karanA loka vyavahAra vinaya hai| 3. vaiyAvRtya : apane Apako kAma meM lagAkara, sevya puruSoM ke lie AhAra, vastra, pAtra, auSadhopacAra Adi Avazyaka yogya sAdhana juTAnA, paira dabAnA tathA yathAyogya sevA karanA vaiyAvRtya tapa hai| isake 10 bheda haiN|" 1. AcArya vaiyAvRtya 2. upAdhyAya vaiyAvRtya 3. sthavira vaiyAvRtya 4. tapasvI vaiyAvRtya 5. glAna (rogI) vaiyAvRtya 6. zaikSa vaiyAvRtya 7. kula vaiyAvRtya 8. gaNa vaiyAvRtya 9. saMgha vaiyAvRtya 10. sAdharmika vaiyAvRtya

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nIti mImAMsA * 449 4. svAdhyAya : jJAna prApti ke lie Agama Adi kA vividha prakAra se adhyayana karanA svAdhyAya hai| isake pA~ca bheda haiM anuprekSA, 5. dharmakathA / deg2 1. vAcanA, 2. pRcchanA, 3. parivartanA, 4. 102 - 1. vAcanA : sUtra yA grantha kA artha sahita pATha karanA vAcanA hai| 2. pRcchanA : zaMkA dUra karane ke lie athavA vizeSa nirNaya ke lie pUchanA pRcchanA hai / 3. parivartanA : par3he hue pATha kI uccAraNa zuddhi pUrvaka AvRtti karanA parivartanA hai / 4. anuprekSA: Agama pATha yA usake artha para vizeSa ciMtana karanA anuprekSA hai / 5. dharma kathA : jAnI huI vastu kA rahasya samajhanA udAharaNa dekara vyAkhyA karanA yA dharmopadeza denA dharma kathA hai / 5. dhyAna : eka viSaya meM antaHkaraNa kI vRtti ko TikAnA - sthApita karanA dhyAna hai| isake cAra bheda haiN| 1. Arta dhyAna, 2. raudra dhyAna, 3. dharma dhyAna, 4. zukla dhyAna / 103 1. ArtadhyAna : duHkha se pIr3ita hone para barAbara zoka, vilApa Adi karanA, cintAgrasta ho jAnA ArtadhyAna hai / 2. raudra dhyAna : hiMsAdi pApoM ko kriyAnvita karane kA vicAra, krodha karanA dhyAna hai| 3. dharma dhyAna : dharma ke sambandha meM vividha prakAra se cintana karanA dharma dhyAna hai / 4. zukla dhyAna ATha prakAra ke karmamala se rahita AtmA evaM AtmA se sambandhita jJAnAdi guNoM, zaktiyoM Adi kA zuddha cintana karanA zukla dhyAna hai| ina cAroM meM se prArambha ke do dhyAna saMsAra ke kAraNa hone se heya tathA antima do mukti ke kAraNa hone se upAdeya haiN| 6. utsarga : bAhya tathA AbhyAntara upAdhi (granthi) kA tyAga karanA utsarga hai| dhana, dhAnya, makAna, kSetrAdi vastue~ bAhya upAdhi hai / tathA krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha Adi manovikAra AbhyAntara upAdhi hai / 104 8. varSAvAsa : varSAkAla meM sAdhu kI AcAra saMhitA kA kalpasUtra meM pRthak se vivecana kiyA gayA hai| jisa prakAra bhagavAn mahAvIra bIsa rAtri sahita eka mAsa vyatIta hone para arthAt ASAr3hI cAturmAsI se pacAsa dina vyatIta hone para varSAvAsa rhe| usI prakAra se zramaNoM ko varSAvAsa meM rahanA kalpatA hai / isa samaya se pUrva bhI

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450 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana varSAvAsa rahanA kalpatA hai (ucita hai), kintu pacAsavIM rAtri kA ullaMghana karanA ucita nahIM hai, usase pUrva hI varSAvAsa kara lenA caahiye| varSAvAsa meM rahe hue nirgrantha aura nirgranthiniyoM ko sabhI ora se pA~ca koSa taka avagraha ko svIkAra kara rahanA kalpatA hai| pAnI se gIlA huA hAtha jaba taka na sUkhe, taba taka bhI avagraha meM rahanA ucita hai aura bahuta samaya taka bhI avagraha meM rahanA kalpatA hai, lekina avagraha se bAhara rahanA nahIM kalpatA hai tathA unheM cAroM ora pA~ca kosa taka bhikSAcaryA ke lie jAnA kalpatA hai aura pIche lauTanA kalpatA hai|" varSAvAsa meM rahe hue nirgrantha aura nirgranthiniyA~, hRSTa-puSTa evaM svastha ho, balavAna hoM unako ina nau rasa vikRtiyoM kA bAra-bAra sevana karanA nahIM kalpatA - 1, kSIra (dUdha), 2. dahI, 3. makkhana, 4. ghRta, 5. tela, 6. gur3a, 7. madhu, 8. madya va 9. maaNs| __ varSAvAsa meM rahe hue nirgrantha yA nirgranthiniyoM ko unake zarIra para se pAnI giratA ho yA unakA zarIra gilA ho to azana, pAna, khAdima aura svAdima ko khAnA nahIM klptaa| zarIra meM sAta bhAga snehAyatana batAe gae haiM arthAt zarIra meM sAta bhAga aise haiM, jahA~ para pAnI Tika sakatA hai, jaise 1. donoM hAtha, 2. dono hAthoM ke rekhAe~, 3. nAkhUna, 4. nAkhUna ke agrabhAga, 5. donoM bhauMhe, 6. nIce kA oSTha arthAt dADhI, 7. Upara kA oSTha arthAt puuNche| jaba nigraMtha aura nigraMthiniyoM ko aisA jJAta ho, ki aba mere zarIra meM pAnI kA Ardrapana bilkula nahIM hai, to unako azana, pAna, khAdima aura svAdima kA AhAra karanA kalpatA hai| sabhI chadmastha nigraMtha yA nirgrathinI ko samyak prakAra se punaH-punaH ye ATha sUkSma jAnane yogya, dekhane yogya aura sAvadhAnIpUrvaka pratilekhanA karane yogya haiN| ye ATha sUkSma isa prakAra haiM - 1. prANa sUkSma, 2. panaka sUkSma, 3. bIja sUkSma, 4. harita sUkSma, 5. puSpa sUkSma, 6. aNDa sUkSma, 7. layana sUkSma, 8. sneha suukssm|" varSAvAsa meM rahe hue bhikSu ko AhAra-pAnI ke lie jAnA ho, kisI prakAra kI cikitsA karavAnI ho, vihAra bhUmi yA vicArabhUmi kI ora jAnA ho athavA koI tapa karanA athavA anya koI bhI apanI icchita kriyA karanI ho, to pahale garujanoM kI AjJA prApta karake hI, unheM kucha bhI karanA kalpatA hai anyathA nhiiN| varSAvAsa meM rahe hue nirgranthoM evaM nirgranthiniyoM ko sira para gAya ke roma jitane bhI keza hoM to isa prakAra paryuSaNa ke pazcAt usa rAtri ko ullaMghana karanA nahIM klptaa| arthAt paryuSaNa se pahale hI keza luMcana kara lenA caahiye| hAthoM se noMca kara bAloM ko nikAlanA keza loca hai| sabhI tIrthaMkara pravrajyA

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nIti mImAMsA* 451 grahaNa karate samaya apane hAtha se paMcamuSThi loca karate haiN| yaha paramparA bhagavAna RSabhadeva se calI A rahI hai| loca ugratapa hai, kaSTa sahiSNutA kI bar3I bhArI kasauTI hai| loca karane se nirlepatA, pazcAt karma varjana, puraH karma varjanA, kaSTa sahiSNutA ye cAra guNa prApta hote haiN|" loca karane ke kAraNa isa prakAra batAe gaye haiM - 1. keza hone se apakAya ke jIvoM kI hiMsA hotI hai| 2. bhIgane se juAM utpanna hotI haiN| 3. khujalAtA huA zramaNa usakA hanana kara detA hai| 4. khujalAne se sira meM nakhakSata ho jAte haiN| uparyukta kAraNoM ko dhyAna meM rakhakara muni ko apane kezoM ko hAthoM se loca karanA hI zreyaskara kahA hai| varSAvAsa meM rahe hue nirgrantha-nirgranthiniyoM ko paryuSaNa ke pazcAt-adhikaraNa yukta kalaha-vivAdayukta vANI bolanA nahIM kalpatA hai| yadi aisA kaTukleza utpanna huA ho to paraspara kSamAyAcanA kara lenI caahiye| gurujana bhI choTe zramaNoM se kSamAyAcanA kara leN| nizcaya se zramaNa dharma kA sAra upazama-kSamA hI hai|" 1. jinakalpI sAdhu kI caryA (maryAdA) : jinendradeva ne muniyoM ke jinakalpa aura sthavirakalpa aise do bheda kahe haiN| jo uttama saMhananadhArI haiM, unake jinakalpa hotA hai| vartamAna kaliyuga meM jinakalpI sAdhu nahIM hote, kyoMki paMcama Are meM uttama saMhanana kA abhAva hotA hai, hIna saMhanana hI hotA hai| ataH vartamAna meM sthavira kalpI sAdhu hI hote haiN| sthavira kalpa isa prakAra batAyA hai, ki pA~ca prakAra ke vastroM kA tyAga karanA, akiMcanavRtti dhAraNa karanA aura pratilekhana picchikA grahaNa krnaa| isake atirikta zramaNa ke jo 28 guNa pUrva meM batAe gae haiM, ve sabhI sthavira kalpI sAdhuoM meM hone caahiye| jinakalpI sAdhuoM ko hI ekala vihArI svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| unakI vizeSatA batAte hue kahA gayA hai, ki tapa, sUtra, satya, ekatvabhAva, uttama saMhanana aura dhairya ina sabase paripUrNa dIkSA aura Agama meM balI muni hI ekala vihArI ho sakatA hai|" jinakalpa ko svIkAra karane vAlA zramaNa jisa grAma meM mAsa kalpa karatA hai, vahA~ chaha bhAgoM kI kalpanA karatA hai| jisa bhAga meM eka dina meM bhikSA caryA kara lI gaI ho, vahA~ phira yaha sAtaveM dina hI bhikSAcaryA karatA hai| bhikSAcaryA karanA athavA eka grAma se dUsare grAma meM jAnA yaha tRtIya pauruSI meM hI karatA hai| jahA~ caturtha pauruSI A jAtI hai, vaha vahIM Thahara jAtA hai, anyatra nahIM jAtA hai| pUrvokta do eSaNAoM ke abhigraha se alepakRta leparahita jisakA lepa na lage aise bhakta-pAna ko grahaNa karatA hai| eSaNAdi viSaya ke binA kisI ke bhI sAtha bAta nahIM karate haiN| eka bastI meM

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452 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana adhika se adhika sAta jinakalpI sAdhu raha sakate haiM, to bhI ve paraspara saMbhASaNa nahIM karate haiN| jo bhI upasarga yA pariSaha A jAe, to use sahana karate haiN| roga meM ye kisI bhI prakAra kI cikitsA nahIM karAte haiN| varan jaise bhI ho sahana karate haiN| jinakalpI sAdhu apavAda mArga kA sevana nahIM karate haiN| dasa prakAra kI samAcArI meM se pA~ca prakAra kI samAcArI ina jina kalpiyoM kI hai| vaha isa prakAra hai - 1. AprAcchanna, 2. mithyAkAra, 3. AvazyakI, 4. naiSedhikI, 5. gRhasthopasaMpadA - gRhastha kI AjJA lekara utrnaa-baitthnaa| jinakalpI sAdhuoM kA zrutajJAna jaghanya kI apekSA navama pUrva kI tRtIya AcAra vastu taka utkRSTa kI apekSA bhinna dazapUrva taka hI sImita rahA karatA hai, saMpUrNa nhiiN|" inakA zArIrika saMhanana vajra RSabha nArAca nAmaka hai aura mAnasika saMhanana vajra kuDya-vajra kI dIvAra ke tulya dhairya hai arthAt inakA dhairya vajra bhitti ke samAna abhedya hotA hai aura vahI inakA mAnasika bala hai|" kSetra kI apekSA se inakI sthiti aneka prakAra kI hai| inakA 15 karmabhUmiyoM meM hI janma hotA hai| ataH inakI sthiti, janma evaM sadbhAva kI apekSA 15 karmabhUmiyoM meM hI mAnI jAtI hai| kAla kI apekSA-utsarpiNI kAla va avasarpiNI kAla meM janma kI apekSA se tRtIya va caturtha Are meM hI unakI sthiti mAnI gaI hai| cAritra kI apekSA se jo pratipadyamAna cAritrI hai, unako sAmAyika evaM chedopasthApanIya cAritra meM sthita mAnanA cAhiye, kyoMki jo madhyama tIrthaMkara evaM videha kSetra meM rahe hue tIrthaMkara ke tIrtha meM rahane vAle haiM, ve sAmAyika cAritra meM evaM jo prathama evaM carama tIrthaMkara ke tIrthavartI haiM, ve chedopasthApanIya cAritra meM sthita rahate haiN| jo pratipanna cAritri haiM, unakI sthiti upazama zreNI meM sUkSmasaMparAya evaM yathAkhyAta cAritra meM hotI hai| tIrtha kI apekSA jinakalpiyoM kI sthiti niyama se tIrtha meM hI hotI hai, tIrtha ke vyavacchinna hone para nhiiN|" jinakalpiyoM kA kalpa dasa prakAra kA hai - 1. Acelakya, 2. auddezikI , 3. zayyAtara piMDatyAga, 4. rAjapiMDatyAga, 5. kRtikarma, 6. mahAvrata, 7. jyeSThatA, 8. pratikramaNa, 9. mAsakalpa, 10. paryuSaNa klp|" ina kalpoM meM madhyama tIrthaMkara ke tIrthavartI sAdhuoM ke cAra kalpa avasthita hote haiM, niyama se pAlanIya hote haiM, ve cAra ye hote haiM - 1. zayyAtara piMDatyAga, 2. kRtikarma, 3. mahAvrata, 4. puruSa jyesstthtaa| zeSa 6 kalpa unake lie anavasthita the| prathama tIrthaMkara evaM antima tIrthaMkara ke tIrtha meM rahane vAle jo sAdhu haiM, unake lie to 10 prakAra kA kalpa avasthita hI hai arthAt avazya pAlane yogya hai| Acelakya kA tAtparya hai, ki vastrAdi parigraha se rahita honaa| jinakalpI sAdhu vastrAdi parigraha kA pUrNa tyAga karate haiN| sthavira kalpiyoM ke lie vastroM ko dhAraNa

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nIti mImAMsA * 453 karane kA ullekha AcArAMga sUtra va vRhatkalpasUtra Adi AgamoM meM hai|'' prathama va antima tIrthaMkara ke tIrthavartI sAdhuoM ke to pramANopeta tathA svalpamUlya vAle zveta | vastroM ke paridhAna karane kA hI niyama hai, jise bhI ve kevala dharmabuddhi se hI grahaNa karate haiM, mUrchApariNAma yA Asakti bhAva se nahIM, ataH vastroM ke sadbhAva meM bhI inameM acelakatA hI hai| lekina madhyama tIrthaMkaroM ke tIrthavartI sAdhuoM ke lie acelakatA anavasthita hai| unheM lAla-pIle Adi raMgIna tathA mahAmUlyavAle vastroM ke tyAga kA koI niyama nahIM hai, kyoMki ve mamatA, Asakti se rahita hI hote haiN| muniyoM ke uddezya se taiyAra kie gae bhojana-pAna Adi kA tyAga karanA auddezikI hai| jahA~ munijana zayyAdi piNDa grahaNa kareM, ThahareM, vahA~ bhojana grahaNa na kareM, yaha zayyAtara piNDa tyAga hai| rAjAoM ke yahA~ ati svAdiSTa bhojana ko grahaNa na kareM, yaha rAjapiNDa tyAga hai| chaha AvazyakoM kA pAlana karanA tathA gurujanoM kA vinaya karanA hI kRtikarma hai| pA~ca mahAvratoM kA pAlana karanA hI mahAvrata hai| muni, AcArya Adi jo jJAna evaM caryA meM zreSTha haiM, ve AryikA Adi se bhI tathA mahArAjA, cakravartI Adi se bhI hara prakAra se jyeSThaguNa se yukta hote haiN| sAta prakAra ke pratikramaNa karake Atma bhAva meM ramaNa krnaa| pratikramaNa dvArA apane dvArA kI gaI galatiyoM kI AlocanA karake unameM sudhAra krnaa| pratyeka Rtu meM eka mAha taka eka sthAna para rahanA mAsakalpa hai| paryuSaNa kalpa, varSA Rtu meM cAra mAha taka eka hI sthAna para rahanA isa prakAra sthitikalpa ke daza bhedoM kA jinakalpI sAdhu pAlana karate haiN| jisa liMga se jinakalpI sAdhu cAritra dhAraNa karate haiM, vaha cAra prakAra kA kahA gayA hai - nagnatva (acelakatA), loca, zarIra saMskAra hInatA aura picchikaa| 10. anagArI saMllekhanA : prANAntakArI upasarga ke Ane para, anna-pAnI kI prApti na ho aisA durbhikSa par3ane para, nirantara tapasyA karane se, ativRddhAvasthA ke kAraNa athavA kisI asAdhya roga ho jAne se zarIra ke atyanta hI jIrNa ho jAne para jaba prANa bacane kI koI AzA na ho athavA kisI nimitta jJAna athavA deva ke dvArA apanI Ayu kA antima samaya jAnakara sAdhu ko anazana karake zarIra ko kRza karane ke sAtha-sAtha viSayoM aura kapAyoM ko kaza karanA saMllekhanA hai| saMllekhanA grahaNa ke lie kisI AcArya yA guru athavA gItArtha bar3e sAdhu kI anumati lekara hI zramaNa sarvaprathama apane samasta sAthI zramaNoM se, phira saMgha se va 84 lAkha jIvayoni se apane pUrvakRta aparAdhoM ke lie kSamAyAcanA karatA hai| isake bAda vaha azana, pAna, khAdima tathA svAdima rUpa cAra prakAra ke AhAra kA jIvana paryaMta tyAga kara detA hai| saMllekhanA grahaNa karane vAle sAdhu ke lie Avazyaka hai, ki vaha saMllekhanA ke aticAroM (doSoM) se dUra rahakara apane vrata kA nirdoSa pAlana kre|

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454 jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana saMllekhanA vrata ke pA~ca aticAra kahe gae haiN| 24 1. ihalogAsaMsappaoge : maiM mara kara kisI zreSThI Adi ke rUpa meM janma lU~ yA pracura sukhabhoga ke sAdhana prApta hoM, aisI icchA karanA / 2. paralogAsaMsappaoge : maiM marakara devatA Adi ke rUpa meM janma luuN| mujhe devaloka ke sukha mile, isa prakAra kI phalAkAMkSA karanA / 3. jIviyAsaMsappaoge : merI jindagI bahuta laMbI cale, jisase maiM logoM se milane vAlI prazaMsA lUTa lU~ yA mere kuTumbI janoM ko mAlAmAla karatA jAU~, isa prakAra adhika jIne kI Asakti karanA / 4. maraNAsaMsappaoge : jaldI mauta A jAe to isa duHkha se piMDa chUTa jAe, isa prakAra kI maraNAkAMkSA karanA / 5. kAmabhogAsaMsappaoge : maiM mAnavIya yA divya kAmabhogoM ko pAlU~ yA bhoga lU~, aisI AkAMkSA karanA / saMllekhanA vratI sAdhu pUrvokta prakAra se azana, pAna kA, 18 pApasthAnoM kA, cAroM kaSAyoM kA pUrNa tyAga kara vairAgyamaya evaM Atma jAgaraNa meM sAvadhAna zramaNa sthavira zramaNoM ke nikaTa 11 aMgoM kA svAdhyAya karatA rahatA hai / Atma dhyAna karate karate anta zAntipUrvaka mRtyu kA AliMgana kara letA hai| yahA~ eka bAta spaSTa karanA cAhU~gI ki saMllekhanA AtmaghAta nahIM hai| AtmaghAta vyakti duHkhI nirAza hokara raudradhyAna athavA ArtadhyAna meM karatA hai, vaha apanA jIvana aura maraNa donoM hI nindanIya banA detA hai| jabaki saMllekhanA maraNa dharma dhyAna va zukla dhyAna meM avasthita hokara sAdhaka sahaja, svAbhavika rUpa se Ane vAlI mRtyu ko AnandapUrvaka, zAntipUrvaka svIkAra karatA hai, usakA svAgata karatA hai / anta meM sAdhaka apanA jIvana aura mRtyu donoM hI saMllekhanA maraNa ke dvArA saphala, pUjanIya aura anukaraNIya banA detA hai / digambara - zvetAmbara sampradAya meM mAnyatA - bheda - jaina samudAya mukhya rUpa se do sampradAyoM meM baMTA hai- digambara sampradAya aura zvetAmbara sampradAya / sAhityika bhASA meM digambara kA artha hai, vastra jisakA AkAza hai tathA zvetAmbara kA artha hai, jisakA vastra zveta hai / ina sampradAyoM meM jo bheda hai vaha tAtvika dRSTi se nahIM hai, balki vyAvahArika dRSTi se adhika hai| donoM sampradAyoM meM dharma aura darzana ke bAre meM koI matabheda nahIM hai / sAdhuoM ke vastroM, unakI dinacaryA, unake bhojana grahaNa karane ke tarIkoM, vratoM, upavAsoM, tyauhAroM meM antara hai| prArambha meM yaha antara kevala sAdhuoM taka hI sImita thA, lekina aba jaina samudAya ke sAmAjika jIvana meM bhI kucha antara prakaTa hone lagA hai| digambara aura zvetAmbara donoM hI sampradAyoM ke upalabdha sAhitya ke AdhAra para

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nIti mImAMsA * 455 yaha patA calatA hai, ki vikrama kI dUsarI zatAbdI meM vizAla jaina saMgha spaSTa rUpa se do bhAgoM meM vibhAjita ho gayA thaa| jisakA mUla kAraNa sAdhuoM kA paridhAna thaa| digambara aura zvetAmbara donoM hI jaina dharma ke mUla siddhAntoM ko eka rUpa se svIkAra karate haiM, phira bhI bahuta sI mUlabhUta bAtoM meM unakA siddhAnta matabheda haiN| digambara aura zvetAmbara samudAyoM meM nimna mukhya bAtoM para matabheda haiM - 1. digambara sampradAya vizvAsa karatA hai, ki eka sAdhu jo apanI sampatti rakhatA hai, vastra pahanatA hai, vaha mokSa ko prApta nahIM kara sakatA hai| lekina zvetAmbara sampradAya mAnatA hai, ki mokSa yA mukti kI prApti ke lie pUrNa nagnatA Avazyaka nahIM hai| (acelakatA kA prasaMga) 2. digambara sampradAya strI mukti kA niSedha karatA hai, phalasvarUpa 19veM tIrthaMkara mallinAtha kA strI honA svIkAra nahIM krtaa| dUsarI tarapha zvetAmbara sampradAya yaha mAnatA hai, ki strI ko apane jIvana meM nirvANa yA mukti prApta ho sakatI hai| 3. tIsarA antara AhAra kA hai, digambara loga pUrNataH sAdhu kI Arhata avasthA hone ke bAda unako kevalI bhagavAna kahate haiN| arhat avasthA meM sAdhu meM anantadarzana, ananta jJAna prakaTa hotA hai| yaha avasthA prApta hone para vaha kisI prakAra kI indriyoM kA upabhoga nahIM karate, unakA jJAna kevalajJAna kahalAtA hai| digambara loga yaha mAnate haiM, ki kevalajJAna prApta hone ke bAda AhAra kI AvazyakatA nahIM hotI, lekina zvetAmbara isa sthiti ke bAda bhI AhAra ko Avazyaka mAnate haiN| 4. digambara mAnate haiM, ki mahAvIra kA garbhApaharaNa nahIM huaa| ve yaha nahIM mAnate ki brAhmaNa strI devAnandA ke garbha se nikAla kara kSatriya strI trizalA ke garbha meM mahAvIra ke jIvana kA AropaNa huaa| lekina zvetAmbara isa tathya ko mAnate haiN| 5. digambara sampradAya mAnatA hai, ki prAcIna pavitra jaina dharma grantha pUrNataH samApta ho cuke haiM tathA zvetAmbara jaina vidhAna ko asvIkara karatA hai| zvetAmbara 11 aMga svIkAra karate haiN| 6. digambara mAnate haiM, ki mahAvIra ne kabhI vivAha nahIM kiyA thA, lekina zvetAmbara kahate haiM, ki mahAvIra kA vivAha yazodA se huA thA tathA unakI eka putrI bhI thI, jisakA nAma annaujA yA priyadarzanA thaa| 7. zvetAmbara mAnate haiM, ki unnIsaveM tIrthaMkara mallinAtha strI the kiMtu digambara unheM puruSa mAnate haiN| 8. digambara mAnate haiM, ki tIrthaMkara nagna, AbhUSaNa rahita tathA A~kheM nIce kie

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456 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana hue hone cAhiye, jabaki zvetAmbara ise Avazyaka nahIM maante| 9. digambara sAdhu eka hI ghara meM bhikSA grahaNa kara lete haiM, jabaki zvetAmbara sAdhu aneka gharoM se thor3A-thor3A grahaNa karate haiN| 10. zvetAmbara marudevI kA hAthI para car3he hue hI mokSagAmI honA mAnate haiM, jabaki digambara ise svIkAra nahIM krte| 11. digambara dIkSA ke samaya tIrthaMkara ke kandhe para devadUSya vastra kA honA svIkAra nahIM karate haiM, jabaki zvetAmbara aisA mAnate haiN| 12. digambara nahIM mAnate haiM, ki mahAvIra ko tejolezyA se upasarga huA, __jabaki zvetAmbara aisA mAnate haiN| 13. digambara muni zUdra ke ghara se AhAra nahIM lete, jabaki zvetAmbara ke lie aisA Avazyaka nahIM hai| 14. digambara bharata cakravartI kA apane bhavana meM kevalajJAna honA svIkAra nahIM karate haiM, kiMtu zvetAmbara karate hai| 15. digambara zUdra mukti aura gRhastha veza meM mukti ko nahIM mAnate, jabaki zvetAmbara aisI koI mAnyatA nahIM rakhate haiN| isa prakAra digambara aura zvetAmbara sampradAya meM uparyukta mUlabhUta dhArmika mAnyatAoM meM matabheda hai| jaina darzana ke bAre meM donoM sampradAya eka mata hai| anIzvaravAda, AtmavAda, karmavAda tathA nirvANa ye jaina mata ke pramukha siddhAnta haiM, jinameM donoM sampradAya pUrNa rUpa se vizvAsa karate haiN| jaina sAdhuoM kI jIvanacaryA meM donoM sampradAyoM meM mahattvapUrNa antara hai| digambara sAdhu nirvastra avasthA meM rahate haiM, bhojana ke lie svayaM zrAvaka ke ghara jAkara bhojana grahaNa karate haiN| khar3e-khar3e hAthoM ko pAtra banAkara bhojana grahaNa karate haiM, jamIna para bhojana gira jAne para sAdhu AhAra grahaNa nahIM karate haiN| dina meM eka bAra AhAra grahaNa karate haiM lekina zvetAmbara sAdhu zveta vastra dhAraNa karate haiM tathA bhojana zrAvaka ke ghara se bhikSA ke rUpa meM lAkara apane upAsare meM grahaNa karate haiN| pAtroM kA prayoga karate haiN| donoM samaya bhI bhojana grahaNa kara sakate haiN| ___ bhagavAna mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke pazcAt sAdhuoM kI smRti ke AdhAra para gyAraha aMgoM kA saMkalana karake unheM vyavasthita kiyA gyaa| ina AgamoM ko digambara sampradAya nahIM maantaa| 2. sAgAra dharma ( zrAvaka caryA ) : sAgAra dharma meM gRhastha ke pAlana karane yogya niyamoM kA nirdeza diyA gayA hai| yaha jIvana kI sarala evaM choTI pagaDaNDI hai| gRhastha jIvana meM parivAra, samAja tathA rASTra kA uttaradAyitva kA bhI nirvAha karanA hotA hai| ataH vyakti akhaNDa satya, ahiMsA rUpa sAdhu dharma kA pAlana karane meM asamartha hone ke

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nIti mImAMsA* 457 kAraNa unakA eka deza se pAlana karate hue upAsaka dharma ko svIkAra karatA hai| sAgAra cAritra rUpa gRhastha dharma choTA hai, aNu hai, kiMtu vaha hIna evaM nindanIya nahIM hai, varan use bhI mokSamArga kahA gayA hai| isa sAgAra dharma kA pAlana karane vAle vyakti ko zrAvaka kahate haiN| use gRhastha, upAsaka, dezavirata Adi nAmoM se bhI jAnA jAtA hai| zraddhApUrvaka nirgrantha pravacana zravaNa karane se zrAvaka zramaNa kI upAsanA ke kAraNa zramaNopAsaka evaM vratoM kA ekadeza se pAlana karane ke kAraNa aNuvratI kahalAtA hai| zrAvaka zabda se nimnalikhita lakSaNa dhvanita hote haiM - zrA - zraddhAvAna, va - viveka, ka - kriyaa| __ arthAt zrAvaka zraddhApUrvaka AMzika rUpa se sAvadha yogoM kA tyAga kara kriyAvAna rahatA huA vivekapUrvaka jIvana yApana karatA hai| Atma sAdhanA meM bhI tatpara rahatA hai| 12 gRhI dharma 11 pratimA tathA apazcima mAraNAntika saMllekhanA, isa prakAra kula 24 prakAra kA zrAvaka dharma haiN| gRhI dharma : ina vratoM kA pAlana zrAvaka gRha meM rahakara hI karatA hai, ataH inheM gRhI dharma kahA hai| zvetAmbara paramparA ke anusAra pA~ca aNuvrata mUla guNa rUpa tathA sAta zIlavrata uttaraguNa rUpa haiN| isa prakAra zrAvaka ke 12 dharma hI kahe gae haiN| jabaki digambara paramparA meM zrAvakoM ke mUlaguNa 8 aura uttara guNa 12 mAne jAte haiN| sarvaprathama inakA ullekha svAmI samantabhadra ne ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra meM kiyA hai| paravartI sabhI digambarAcAryoM ne inakA ullekha kiyA hai| ___ sAgAra dharmAmRta meM zrAvaka kI paribhASA karate hue likhA hai, ki jo deva, dharma, mantra, auSadhi, AhAra Adi kisI bhI kArya ke lie jIva ghAta nahIM karatA, nyAyapUrvaka AjIvikA karatA huA zrAvaka ke bAraha vratoM kA aura gyAhara pratimAoM kA AcaraNa karatA hai, use caryA kA AcaraNa karane vAlA naiSThika zrAvaka kahate haiN| isI prakAra tattvArtha sUtra meM umAsvAtI ne AgAra dharma kA vivecana karate hue likhA hai, ki AgArI aNuvratadhArI hotA hai| ve digvrata, dezavrata, anarthadaNDa, sAmAyika, pauSadhopavAsa, upabhoga paribhoga, parimANa aura atithi saMvibhAga vratoM se sampanna hote haiN| mAraNAntika saMllekhanA ke ArAdhaka bhI hote haiN|" digambara paramparA ke adhikAMza zAstroM meM ATha mUla guNoM meM pA~ca to aNuvrata hI mAne gaye haiN| sAtha meM madya, mAMsa aura madirA sevana ke niSedha rUpa tIna mUla guNa aura kahe gae haiN| lekina pA~ca aNuvrata, tIna guNavata, cAra zikSAvrata, ye saMyama ke AcaraNa haiN|" ye vivecana kundakundAcArya ke cAritra pAhur3a meM milatA hai| ataH mukhya rUpa se donoM hI paramparAoM meM zrAvaka ke 12 vratoM va 11 pratimAoM kA hI ullekha hai| aNuvrata : aNu kA artha hai, lghu| cU~ki aNuvrata mahAvratoM kI apekSA laghu haiM, ataH inheM aNuvrata kahA hai| zrAvaka gRhastha hone ke kAraNa hiMsAdi mahAvratoM kA saMpUrNa

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458 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana rUpa se pAlana nahIM kara skte| ataH una vratoM ko zrAvaka AMzika rUpa meM hI dhAraNa karate haiM, jinheM aNuvrata kahate haiN| aNuvrata pA~ca prakAra ke hai - 1. sthUla prANAtipAta viramaNa vrata : zrAvaka dvArA grahaNa kie gae ahiMsA aNuvrata kA svarUpa isa prakAra se hai, ki "maiM jIvana paryaMta mana, vacana, kAya se sthUla hiMsA na karU~gA aura na kisI dvArA kraauuNgaa|"31 jaina dharma meM kriyA kI apekSA bhavanA kI pradhAnatA hai| ataH kisI prANI kA jIvana samApta kara denA hI hiMsA nahIM hai, apitu anya prANI ke jIva saMrakSaNa ke prati hRdaya meM asad bhAvanA paidA honA hI hiMsA hai| zrAvaka bhI ahiMsA rASTroM kI Antarika zAsana praNAlI meM AmUla parivartana tathA sAmAjika evaM Arthika vyavasthAoM meM saMzodhana kI ora saMketa karatI hai| ahiMsA aNuvrata kA dhAraka zrAvaka jahA~ manuSya mAtra ke prati pragAr3ha sneha evaM sahAyatA kI bhAvanA se ota-prota rahatA hai, vahA~ vaha pazu jAti ke prati bhI atyanta sahAnubhUtipUrNa hotA hai| zrAvaka apane vratoM kA nirdoSa rUpa se pAlana kara sake isake lie pratyeka vrata ke pA~ca-pA~ca aticAra batAe gae haiN| zrAvaka ke jo kArya vrata meM dUSaNa lagAte haiM, ve aticAra kahalAte haiN| ahiMsA aNuvrata ke pA~ca aticAra nimnalikhita haiM 1. baMdha (baMdhana) : pazuoM ko kaThora bandhanoM se bA~dhanA 2. vahe (vadha): unako lAThI Adi se piittnaa| 3. chavicchee (chavicheda) : unake nAsikA Adi aMgoM ko chednaa| 4. aibhAra (atibhAra) : unake Upara atibhAra laadnaa| 5. bhattapANavicchee ( bhaktapAna viccheda) : unako yathAsamaya va pUrNa bhojana va pAnI na denaa| zrAvakoM ko ina aticAroM se bacanA caahiye| 2. sthUla mRSAvAda viramaNavrata (satya ) : satya aNuvratadhArI zrAvaka jIvana bhara ke lie do karaNa va tIna yoga se sthUla mRSAvAda kA tyAga kara detA hai arthAt vaha mana, vacana tathA kAyA se kisI prakAra kA jhUTha na svayaM bolatA hai aura na kisI anya se bulavAtA hai| isa vrata ke nirdoSa pAlana ke lie bhI pA~ca aticAra batAe gae haiM - 1. sahasabhakkhANe (sahasA abhyAkhyAna) : binA soce-samajhe kisI bhI bAta ko khnaa| 2. rahasabhakkhANe (rahasyAbhyAkhyAna) : kisI kA rahasya prakaTa kara denaa| 3. sadAramaMtabhee (svadAramaMtrabheda) : apanI strI kI gupta bAtoM ko prakaTa kara denaa| 4. mosovaese (mRSAupadeza) : jhUThA upadeza denaa|

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nIti mImAMsA * 459 5. kUDalehakaraNe (kUTa lekhakaraNa) : jhUThA lekha (dasatAveja) yA jhUThe bahIkhAte likhnaa| 34 ina pA~coM aticAroM ko tyAgakara hI sAdhaka apane vrata kA samucita rUpa se pAlana kara sakatA hai| 3. sthUla - adattAdAna viramaNa vrata : acaurya kA sAdhAraNa artha corI nahIM karanA hai, kiMtu isakA tAtvika artha yaha hai, ki pratyeka vyakti ko dUsare ke adhikAroM para AghAta nahIM karanA caahiye| zrAvaka mana, vacana tathA kAyA se jIvana paryaMta isa prakAra kI corI karane tathA kisI anya ke dvArA karavAne ke tyAga kI pratijJA karatA hai|" isa vrata ke pA~ca aticAra nimnalikhita haiM 1. tenAhaDe (stenahata): corI dvArA lAI huI vastu ko grahaNa krnaa| 2. takkarapaoge (taskara prayoga): corI kA upAya sAdhana btaanaa| 3. viruddharajjAikamme (viruddha rAjyAtikrama) : rAjya ke viruddha kArya krnaa| 4. kUDatulakUDamANe (kUTatulAkuTamAna) : vastu ke becane, kharIdane ke pramANoM (tarAju, bATa Adi) ko kama-baDha rkhnaa| 5. tappaDiruvagavavahAre (tatprati rupaka vyavahAra) : adhika mUlya vAlI vastu meM usake samAna kama mUlya vAlI vastu ko milAkara becnaa|" ina uparyukta aticAroM kA tyAga karake hI zrAvaka samucita rUpa se acaurya aNuvrata kA pAlana kara sakatA hai| 4. svadAra saMtoSa (brahmacarya) : zrAvaka apanI pariNItA strI se hI pUrNa saMtoSa rakhakara anya striyoM ke mana, vacana tathA kArya se jIvana paryaMta maithuna sevana karane tathA karavAne kA tyAga svadAra saMtoSa vrata hai|" zrAvaka apanI strI ke prati bhI ati kAmukatA ke tyAga kI pratijJA karatA hai| svadAra saMtoSa ke pA~ca aticAra nimnalikhita 1. ittariya pariggahiyAgamaNe : dhanAdi dekara kucha samaya ke lie rakhI huI strI se vyabhicAra krnaa| 2. apariggahiyAgamaNe : vidhivata vivAha na huA ho usake sAtha vyabhicAra krnaa| 3. anaMgakrIr3A : kAma sevana se bhinna aMgoM ke dvArA kAma sevn| 4. paravivAha karaNe : apanI saMtAna ko chor3akara anya logoM ke vivAha krvaanaa| 5. kAmabhogAttivvAbhilAse : kAma bhoga kI tIvra abhilASA krnaa| uparyukta pA~coM aticAroM kA tyAga karake hI sAdhaka svadAra saMtoSa vrata kA

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460 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana pAlana kara sakatA hai| 5. parigraha parimANa vrata : parigraha bhI eka bahuta bar3A pApa hai| sAmAjika viSamatA, saMgharSa, kalaha evaM azAMti kA pradhAna kAraNa parigrahavAda hI hai| ataH sva aura para kI zAMti ke lie amaryAdita svArthavRtti evaM saMgraha buddhi para niyaMtraNa rakhanA Avazyaka hai| azAMti kA kAraNa parigraha nahIM parigraha kI icchA hai| ataH icchA ko maryAdita karanA hI vAstavika parigraha parimANa hai| zrAvaka ko parigraha meM Asakti bhAva kA tyAga karane kA prayAsa karanA caahiye| isa vrata kA pAlana karane ke lie zrAvaka ko jIvana meM upayoga lI jAne vAlI samasta vastu kI sImA nirdhAraNa karake usase adhika mAtrA meM una vastuoM kA upayoga nahIM karanA caahiye|" isa vrata ke samyak pAlana ke lie zrAvaka ko nimnalikhita pA~ca aticAroM kA tyAga karanA caahiye| 1. kheta-vatthu pamANAikamme (kSetra vastu pramANAtikramaNa) : jIvana paryaMta ke lie kie gae kSetra tathA vastuoM ke pramANa ko bar3hA lenaa| 2. hiraNNasuvaNNapamANAikamme (hiraNyasuvarNa pramANAtikramaNa) : sone cA~dI ke pramANa ko baDhA lenaa| 3. duppaya cauppaya pamANAikamme (dvipada catuSpada pramANAtikramaNa) : dopAye aura caupAye prANiyoM sambandhI pramANa ko bar3hA lenaa| 4. dhaNa-dhanna pamANAikamme (dhana dhAnya pramANAtikramaNa) : dhana dhAnya ke pramANa ko bar3hA lenaa| 5. kuviya pamANAikamme (kupya pramANAtikramaNa) : gRha sAmagrI ke pramANa ko bar3hA lenaa| 2. guNavrata : aNuvratoM ke vikAsa ke lie guNavratoM kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai| guNavrata ke dvArA aNuvratoM kI maryAdA ko aura adhika saMkucita kiyA jAtA hai| guNavrata aNuvratoM ko sarva dravya, kAla, kSetra aura bhAva se maryAdita karate haiN| 3 guNa vratoM kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai, jo nimnalikhita haiM - 1. dizA parimANa vrata, 2. upabhoga paribhoga parimANa vrata, 3. anarthadaNDa viramaNa vrt| 1. dizA parimANa vrata : mukhya dizAe~ tIna haiM - 1. urdhva (U~cI) dizA, 2. adho (nIcI) dizA aura 3. tirthI dishaa| tirkI dizA ke cAra prakAra haiM - 1. pUrva, 2. pazcima, 3. uttara aura 4. dkssinn| cAra tirkI dizAoM ke sandhi sthaloM ko vidizA kahate haiM, ve bhI cAra haiM- 1. agnikoNa, 2. vAyavyakoNa, 3. IzAnakoNa, 4. naiRtyakoNa / isa prakAra dasa dizAe~ ho jAtI haiN| vistArapUrvaka dizAoM kI saMkhyA 18 mAnI gaI haiM - 4 dizAe~, 4. vidizAe~, 8. AMtare tathA UrdhvadizA aura adhodishaa| zrAvaka sabhI dizAoM meM gamanAgamana kI sImA nirdhArita karake usa se Age na jAne kA pratyAkhyAna karatA hai| mukhya tIna dizAoM ke sadarbha meM hI parimANa kA

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nIti mImAMsA * 461 vivecana kiyA gayA hai| isa vrata ke pA~ca aticAra nimnalikhita haiM: - 1. Urdhva dizA parimANAtikramaNa : Urdhva dizA meM jo gamanAgamana kI kSetra kI maryAdA rakhI ho usakA ullaMghana krnaa| 2. adhodizA parimANAtikramaNa : nIcI dizA meM jo gamanAgamana kI kSetra __kI maryAdA rakhI ho, usakA ullaMghana krnaa| 3. tiryagdizAparimANAtikramaNa : 4 dizAoM aura 4 vidizAoM meM jitane kSetra kI maryAdA rakhI ho, usakA atikramaNa krnaa| 4. kSetravRddhi : sabhI dizAoM meM jitane kSetra kI maryAdA rakhI ho, use aura bar3hAkara gamanAgamana krnaa| 5. smRtibhraMza : jitane kSetra kI maryAdA kI ho usakA smaraNa na rakhakara, saMdeha vaza maryAdA ko todd'naa| ina pA~coM aticAroM kA pUrNa tyAga karake hI zrAvaka apane vrata kA upayukta prakAra se pAlana kara sakatA hai| isa vrata kA lakSya yahI hai, ki zrAvaka ke eka nizcita sImA se bAhara jAkara asatya, hiMsA Adi pApAcaraNa kA pUrNa tyAga ho| 2. upabhoga paribhoga parimANa vrata : jo vastu eka bAra hI prayoga meM lI jAtI hai, use upabhoga kahate haiM, jaise-bhojana-pAnI aadi| jo vastu punaH-punaH kAma AtI hai, vaha paribhoga kahalAtI hai, jaise- zayyA, vastra aadi| upabhoga-paribhoga meM Ane vAlI vastuoM kI maryAdA ko nizcita karanA upabhoga-paribhoga parimANa vrata hai| upabhoga paribhoga ke do bheda haiM - 1. bhojana tathA 2. krm| isa vrata kA uddezya jIvana kI anna-vastrAdi vastuoM tathA unakI prApti ke lie kie jAne vAle pratidina ke vyAvasAyika kAryoM kA AvazyakatA se adhika svIkAra nahIM karanA hai| arthAt zrAvaka pratyeka upabhoga-paribhoga kI vastu ko nizcita mAtrA taka prayoga meM lene kA pratyAkhyAna karatA hai| bhojana meM bAhya tathA AbhyAntara donoM prakAra ke samasta bhoga yogya padArthoM kA antarbhAva ho jAtA hai| bhojana sambandhi aticAra pA~ca haiN| 1. sacittAhAra : pRthvI, jala tathA vanaspati kAya vAle jIva zarIroM kA sacetana rUpa meM bhakSaNa krnaa| 2. sacitta paDibaddhAhAre : bIja, guThalI Adi sacetana vastu sahita phalAdi kA bhakSaNa krnaa| 3. apakva AhAra : agni para pakAe binA hI kacce zAka Adi kA bhakSaNa krnaa| 4. duSpakva AhAra : jo vastu acchI taraha se pakAI na ho usakA sevana krnaa|

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462 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana 5. tucchauSadhi sevana : jo vastu khAne ke kama kAma Ae tathA usase adhika __mAtrA meM bAhara pheMkI jAe, aisI vastu kA sevana karanA, jaise sItAphala aadi| pandraha karmAdAna : karma sambandhI aticAra 15 batAe gae haiN| zrAvaka mahApApapUrNa niSiddha vyavasAyoM ko jAnakara unakA sarvathA tyAga karatA hai| ve niSiddha vyavasAya karmAdAna kahalAte haiN| 1. agni karma : agni saMbaMdhI vyApAra, jaise - koyalA banAnA, IMTeM banAnA ___ aadi| 2. vana karma : vanaspati saMbaMdhI vyApAra, jaise vRkSa kATanA, ghAsa kATanA aadi| 3. zakaTa karma : vAhana saMbaMdhI vyApAra, jaise - gAr3I, moTara, tA~gA Adi vAhana banAnA yA becnaa| 4. bhATa karma : vAhana, makAna Adi kirAye para denaa| 5. sphoTa karma : bhUmi phor3ane kA vyApAra, jaise khAne khudavAnA, nahareM banavAnA, makAna banAne kA vyavasAya / 6. danta-vANijya : hAthI dA~ta Adi kA vyaapaar| 7. lAkSA vANijya : lAkha Adi kA vyaapaar| 8. rasa vANijya : madirA Adi kA vyApAra / 9. keza vANijya : bAloM va bAla vAle prANiyoM kA vyApAra / 10. viSa vANijya : jaharIle padArtha tathA hiMsA astra-zastroM kA vyaapaar| 11. yantra pIr3ana karma : yaMtroM dvArA tilAdi dravyoM ko perane kA vyvsaay| 12. nirlocchana karma : prANiyoM ko chedane, kATane kA vyvsaay| 13. dAvAgnidAna karma : jaMgala, kheta Adi meM Aga lagAne kA kaary| 14. sara dahatalAya zoSaNatA karma : sarovara, jhIla, tAlAba Adi ko sukhAne kA kaary| 15. asItajana poSaNatA karma : kulaTA striyoM ke poSaNa, hiMsaka prANiyoM kA pAlana, samAja virodhI tattvoM kA saMrakSaNa aadi| ye pandraha karmAdAna rUpa pandraha vyavasAya zrAvaka ke lie mana-vacana-kAyA se kRta-kArita anumodita rUpa se sarvathA tyAjya hai| 3. anartha daMDa - viramaNa vrata : niSprayojana pApAcaraNa anarthadaNDa hai| manuSya yadi apane jIvana ko vivekazUnya evaM pramatta rakhatA hai, to binA prayojana bhI hiMsAdi kara baiThatA hai| zrAvaka isa anarthadaNDa se virakta rahatA hai| anarthadaNDa ke cAra bheda haiM 1. apadhyAnAcarita : azubha dhyAna pUrvaka kiyA gayA AcaraNa apadhyAnAcarita

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nIti mImAMsA 463 2. pramAdAcarita : pramAdapUrvaka kiyA gayA AcaraNa pramAdAcarita hai| pramAda kA tAtparya hai, Alasya, asAvadhAnI / isI pramAda ke kAraNa hI adhikAMza durghaTanA rUpa hiMsA hotI hai| arthAt pramAdAcarita kA samyak prakAra se pratyAkhyAna karake usase bacA jAe, to adhikAMza durghaTanAoM se bacA jA sakatA hai| 3. hiMsra pradAna : hiMsAdi pApakarmoM meM sahAyaka zAstroM ko denA hiMsrapradAna hai| 4. pApakarmopadeza : pApa kArya karane ke lie prerita karanA upadeza denA, pApa karmopadeza hai| vratI zrAvaka ina cAra prakAra ke tathA anya bhI vyartha pApapUrNa kAryoM kA tyAgI hotA hai| isa vrata ke nimnalikhita pA~ca aticAra haiM 46 1. kandarpa : kAmotpAdaka vArtAlApa karanA / -majAka karanA / 2. kukkuie : zarIra ke avayavoM kI kuceSTAoM dvArA ha~sI-ma 3. maukharya : dhRSTatApUrvaka asatya evaM asambaddha pralApa karanA, bar3hA-car3hA kara bAteM karanA / 4. saMyuktAdhikaraNa : binA AvazyakatA ke hiMsaka sAdhanoM ko saMyukta rakhanA / jaise-bandUkala kAratUsa, ukhala- mUsala Adi / 5. upabhoga paribhogAtirikta : upabhoga- paribhoga kI sAmagrI ko AvazyakatA se adhika mAtrA meM saMgrahIta karake rakhanA / jaise bhojana, vastra Adi / ina pA~coM aticAroM kA tyAga karake anarthadaNDa viramaNa vrata kA samyak prakAra se pAlana karane se manuSya kI mAnasika, vAcika evaM kAyika sabhI pravRttiyA~ vizuddha hotI haiN| - zikSAvrata : zikSA kA artha abhyAsa hai| jaise vidyArthI punaH punaH abhyAsa karatA hai, usI prakAra zrAvaka ko jina vratoM kA punaH punaH abhyAsa karanA cAhiye una vratoM ko zikSAvrata kahate haiM / aNuvrata aura guNavrata jIvana meM eka hI bAra jIvana paryaMta ke lie grahaNa kie jAte haiM, lekina zikSAvrata bAra-bAra grahaNa kie jAte haiM, kyoMki ve kucha samaya ke lie hI hote haiM / ye zikSAvrata 4 batAye gae haiM jo nimnalikhita haiM- 1. sAmAyika, 2. dezAvakAsika, 3. pauSadhopavAsa, 4. atithi saMvibhAga / " 147 1. sAmAyika : sAmAyika kA artha hai samabhAva / jIvana-maraNa meM, lAbhaalAbha meM, saMyoga-viyoga meM, mitra- zatru meM tathA sukha-duHkha Adi meM samabhAva honA sAmAyika nAma kA vrata hai|148 paM. AzAdhara jI sAmAyika kA vivecana isa prakAra karate haiM- " rAga-dveSAdi se AkrAMta na hone vAle aya-jJAna ko samAya kahate hai / " isa taraha ke jJAna meM anubhava rUpa jo pravRtti hotI hai, usako hI sAmAyika kahate haiM / sAmAyika kA hI dUsarA nAma sAmya bhI hai| prazasta aura aprazasta nAma sthApanA Adi ke viSaya meM krama se rAgadveSa na karanA isI ko sAmya kahate haiN| zrAvaka ko sAmAyika karane ke

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464 jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana lie kisI ekAnta nirbAdha sthAna meM Asana bichAkara alpavastra dhAraNa karake kama se kama 48 minaTa taka, saMpUrNa sAvadya vyApAroM kA tyAga kara sAMsArika pravRttiyoM se alaga hokara apanI yogyatAnusAra adhyayana, cintana Adi dvArA AtmA kA dhyAna karanA caahie| sAmAyika karate samaya zrAvaka bhI zramaNa jaisA hI ho jAtA hai| zrAvaka ko pratidina eka sAmAyika to avazya karanI caahiye| isa vrata ke pA~ca aticAra haiN| - 1. manaH duSpraNidhAna : sAmAyika ke kAla meM mana se ahitakara evaM bAhya vicAra karanA / 2. vacana duSpraNidhAna : sAmAyika ke kAla meM vacana se kaThora evaM doSapUrNa vacanoM kA prayoga karanA / 3. kAya duSpraNidhAna : sAmAyika ke samaya hiMsAdi pApakarma karanA / 150 4. smRtyakaraNa : sAmAyika na karanA yA lI huI sAmAyika ko bhUla jaanaa| 5. anavasthitatA : sAmAyika ko nizcita vidhi se na karanA / ' zrAvaka ko pUrNa satarkatA rakhate hue uparyukta aticAroM se bacAnA cAhiye / 2. dezAvakAzika vrata : deza kA artha hai kSetra / eka niyata kSetra meM nizcita avadhi ke lie apane Apako sImita rakhanA dezAvakAzika vrata hai| isa vrata meM zrAvaka mana, vacana va karma tInoM se kSetra kI maryAdA karatA hai / ataH sImita kSetra ke bAhara kI vastuoM kA bhI upabhoga nahIM kara pAtA hai / arthAt dezAvakAzika vrata meM kSetra sImA nirdhAraNa se upabhoga sAmagrI kI sImA bhI svataH hI saMkSipta ho jAtI hai|" isa vrata ke bhI pA~ca aticAra haiM / 152 1. Anayana prayoga : maryAdita kSetra ke bAhara kI vastu maMgavAnA / 2. preSya prayoga : maryAdita kSetra ke bAhara vastu bhejanA / 3. zabdAnupAta : maryAdita kSetra ke bAhara ke 4. rupAnupAta : maryAdita kSetra se bAhara ke vyakti ko zabda karake bulAnA / manuSya ko apanA rUpa dikhAkara bulAnA / 5. bAhya pudgala prakSepa : miTTI, patthara Adi pheMkakara maryAdita pradeza se bAhara ke manuSya se koI kArya karAnA / 3. pauSadhopavAsa : pauSadhopavAsa Atma abhyudaya kI sarvottama sAdhanA hai| eka rAta-dina ke lie sacitta vastuoM kA, zastra kA, pApa vyApAra kA, bhojana-pAna, zarIra zrRMgAra tathA abrahmacarya kA tyAga karanA pauSadhavrata hai / pauSadhavratadhArI kI sthiti sAdhu jaisI hI hotI hai| zrAvaka bhI dharmAcArya ke pAsa athavA dharmasthAna meM hI rahakara isa vrata ko dhAraNa karatA hai / pauSadha meM gRhasthocitta vastra nahIM pahanate, palaMga Adi para nahIM sote aura snAna bhI nahIM karate haiM / sAMsArika prapaMcoM se sarvathA alaga rahakara ekAnta meM svAdhyAya, dhyAna tathA Atmacintana Adi karate hue jIvana ko pavitra banAnA hI isa

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nIti mImAMsA* 465 vrata kA uddezya hai| isa vrata ke pA~ca aticAra haiN|53 1. apratilekhita-duSpratilekhita zayyA saMstAraka : zaiyyA-saMstAraka (bichaunA) ko binA dekhe bhAle yA asAvadhAnIpUrvaka dekhakara krnaa|| 2. apramArjita-duSpramArjita zayyA saMstAraka : binA jhAr3a-poMcha kie athavA asAvadhAnIpUrvaka jhAr3apoMcha karake zayyA lgaanaa| 3. apratilekhita-duSpratilekhita uccAra prastravaNa bhUmi : mala-mUtra tyAgane ke sthAna kA nirIkSaNa na karanA athavA acchI taraha se na krnaa| 4. apramArjita-daSpramArjita uccAra prastravaNa bhUmi : mala-mUtra tyAgane ke sthAna ko binA sApha kie athavA upayukta prakAra se binA sApha kie upayoga krnaa| 5. pauSadhopavAsa-samyaganupAlanA : pauSadhopavAsa kA samyak prakAra se pAlana na krnaa| 4. atithi saMvibhAgavata : atithi saMvibhAga vrata meM sevA, dAna, karuNA aura paramArtha kI bhAvanA hI pramukha rUpa se hai| yahA~ atithi zabda kA prayoga mukhya rUpa se paMca mahAvratadhArI paMca samiti-tIna gupti ke ArAdhaka zramaNa-zramaNiyoM ke lie hI huA hai| isa prakAra atithi ko zraddhAbhAvanA se vibhora hokara atyaMta sammAna ke sAtha unake lie kalpanIya eSaNIya, grAhya, nirdoSa AhAra, vastra, pAtra, kambala, pAdapoMchana, pITha phalaka-paTTA, zayyA saMstAraka, auSadha, bhaiSaja prabhRti jIvana nirvAha ke lie Avazyaka padArthoM ko dekhakara pratilAbhita krnaa| zrAvaka ne jo apane lie AhAra Adi kA nirmANa kiyA hai yA anya sAdhana prApta kie haiM, unameM se aiSaNA samiti se yukta nispRha zramaNa-zramaNiyoM ko kalpanIya evaM grAhya AhAra Adi dene ke lie vibhAga karanA atithi saMvibhAga hai|" isa vrata ke nimnalikhita pA~ca aticAra haiN| 1. sacitta nikSepaNa : sAdhu ko deya vastu sacitta patra, puSpa Adi para rakha denaa| 2. sacitta pidhAna : sAdhu ko dene yogya vastu sacetana patra, puSpa Adi se Dhaka denaa| 3. kAlAtikrama : sAdhu ke bhikSArtha bhojana kAla kA ullaMghana kara denaa| 4. paravyapadeza : bhikSA ke lie apane ghara Ae sAdhu ko apanI vastu ko anya kI batAkara lauTA denaa| 5. mAtsarya : IrSyA va ahaMkAra kI bhAvanA se dAna denaa| zrAvaka ko atyaMta udAra honA caahiye| koI bhI atithi (sAdhu-sAdhvI) dvAra se khAlI nirAza na lauTe, yaha zrAvaka ko dhyAna rakhanA caahiye| isa prakAra zrAvaka ko ina bAraha vratoM kA niraticAra pAlana karanA caahiye| ina

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466 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana vratoM ko dhAraNa karane ke pazcAt zrAvaka kI sAdhanAcaryA kA Age kA sopAna hai pratimA dhAraNa karane kaa| 4. pratimA : pratimA kA artha hai - zrAvaka kI viziSTa sAdhanA paddhati, vizeSa pratijJA, vrata va tapa aadi| zrAvaka dharma sthAna meM jAkara aNuvratoM evaM zikSAvratoM ke atirikta jina pratijJAoM ko vizaSTa rUpa se dhAraNa karatA hai, unheM pratimA kahA gayA hai| pratimAe~ vahI zrAvaka grahaNa karatA hai, jise navatattva kA samyak jJAna hotA hai, tabhI vaha pratimAoM kA samyak prakAra se pAlana kara sakatA hai| zrAvaka kI ye pratimAe~ 11 batAyI gayI haiM, jo isa prakAra haiN|" 1. darzana pratimA ___2. vrata pratimA 3. sAmAyika pratimA 4. pauSadha pratimA 5. kAyotsarga pratimA 6. abrahmavarjana pratimA 7. sacittAhAra varjana pratimA 8. svayamArambha varjana pratimA 9. preSyArambhavarjana pratimA 10. * uddiSTa bhakta varjana pratimA 11. zramaNa bhUta prtimaa| prathama pratimA kA kAla eka mAha hai, dvitIya pratimA kA kAla do mAha hai, isa prakAra eka-eka pratimA eka-eka mAha adhika taka bar3hatI jAtI hai| aMtima gyArahavIM pratimA kA kAla gyAraha mAha hai| isa prakAra samasta pratimAoM kA pUrA kAla pA~ca varSa chaha mAha hotA hai| pratyeka pratimA ke dhAraNa se pahale upAsaka ke dvArA usase pahale kI pratimA kA yathAkAla yathAniyama abhyAsa kara liyA jAnA Avazyaka hai| arthAt pratyeka pratimA meM usakI pUrva pratimA ke guNa sAtha meM vidyamAna hone caahiye| yaha uttarottara zrAvakaguNoM ke vikAsa ke sopAna hai| 1. darzana pratimA : jIva, ajIva, Azrava, baMdha, saMvara, nirjarA, mokSa, puNya evaM pApa rupa nava padArthoM para yathArtha zraddhA honA samyagdarzana hai| jaba zrAvaka zuddha samyagdarzana kA niraticAra pAlana karatA hai tathA paMca parameSTi rUpa paMcaguru kI zaraNa meM samyak zraddhA se nata hotA hai, vahI darzana pratimA kahI jAtI hai|" 2. vrata pratimA : darzana pratimA kA pUrNa abhyAsa kara lene ke bAda aticAra rahita pA~ca aNuvratoM tathA sAta zikSAvratoM ke pAlana kI pratijJA karanA vrata pratimA hai| isa pratimA meM zrAvaka meM kSamA, dayA, sahanazIlatA Adi mAnavIya sadguNoM kA vikAsa hone lagatA hai| 3. sAmAyika pratimA : darzana tathA vrata pratimA se yukta zrAvaka prAtaH madhyAhna tathA sAMya, jo sAmAyika karatA hai, vaha sAmAyika pratimA hai| mana ko ekAgra kara bAhya abhyAMtara parigraha kA tyAga kara kucha nizcita samaya (48

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nIti mImAMsA* 467 minaTa) taka AtmA tathA paramAtmA kA dhyAna karanA va jIvana meM samabhAva kA AcaraNa karanA sAmAyika kahalAtA hai| digambara paramparA ke anusAra sAmAyika pratimAdhArI zrAvaka ko yathAjAta nagna hokara sAmAyika karanI caahiye| 4. pauSadha-pratimA : uparyukta tIna pratimAoM se yukta zrAvaka pratyeka aSTamI aura caturdazI ko 48 ghaMTe taka AhAra-pAnI kA pUrNa tyAga kara dharmAcaraNa meM samaya vyatIta karatA hai, use pauSadhapratimA kahA jAtA hai| 5. kAyotsarga pratimA : pUrva kI samasta pratimAoM kA pAlana karatA huA jo zrAvaka kevala dina meM hI bhojana karatA hai, DhIle vastra pahanatA hai tathA pauSadhopavAsa meM ekarAtri meM kAyotsarga pratimA kA pAlana karatA hai| zrAvaka pratimA kI taraha Asana meM sthira hokara triloka pUjya jIta kaSAya 'jina' kA dhyAna karatA hai, athavA Atma doSoM ko naSTa karane vAle kisI anya tattva kA dhyAna karatA hai, vaha paMcama pratimAdhArI hai| 6. abrahmavarjana pratimA : uparyukta pA~ca pratimAoM ke pUrNa pAlana ke bAda sAMsArika kAma bhogoM se mukti pA lenA abrahmavarjana pratimA hai| ise dhAraNa karane vAlA zrAvaka zRMgArapUrNa carcA, striyoM se atiparicaya tathA apane zarIra kI sajAvaTa Adi se dUra rahatA hai| striyoM ke aMgopAMgoM ko nihAratA nahIM hai| kAmotpAdaka vIbhatsa bhAvoM kA pUrNa tyAga kara detA hai| 7. sacittAhAravarjana pratimA : pUrva pratimAoM ke abhyAsa pUrvaka zrAvaka kanda, mUla, phala, zAka sabjI, puSpa Adi sacitta vastuoM ke bhakSaNa kA tyAga karatA hai, yaha sacittAhAravarjana pratimA hai| 8. svayamArambhavarjana pratimA : pUrva pratimAoM kA pAlana karatA huA zrAvaka ghara meM sadoSa kArya ke svayaM na karane kA niyama lenA, svayamArambhavarjana pratimA hai| AvazyakatA par3ane para anya vyakti ke dvArA gRhakArya karAyA jA sakatA hai| 9. parArambhavarjana pratimA : zrAvaka dUsare vyaktiyoM ke dvArA bhI sadoSa gRhakAryoM ko na karAne kA jo niyama letA hai, vaha parArambhavarjana pratimA hai| 10. uddiSTa bhakta varjana pratimA : isa pratimA ko dhAraNa karane vAlA zrAvaka apane nimitta se bane hue bhojana kA bhI tyAga kara detA hai| ataH saMpUrNa Arambha parigraha kA tyAga kara detA hai| sira kA muMDana karA detA hai| kisI vastu ke bAre meM pUche jAne para bhI jAnatA hai, to batAtA hai, anyathA nahIM bolatA hai| 11. zramaNa bhUta pratimA : gyArahavIM pratimA meM zrAvaka pUrva kI daza pratimAoM

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468 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana kA pAlana karate hue anta meM zramaNa rUpa jIvana ko apanA letA hai| apane sira ko pUrA muMDA letA hai| vaha zramaNaveza tathA upakaraNoM ko dhAraNa kara saMyama kA pAlana karatA huA sAdhu jaisA jIvana vyatIta karatA hai| ise hI zramaNabhUta pratimA kahate haiN|" ina pratimAoM ke pAlana kA uddezya zrAvaka ke dvArA dhIre-dhIre zramaNa avasthA ko prApta karanA hai| jaisA ki gyArahavIM pratimA ke nAma se hI jJAta hotA hai| isa prakAra kI 11 pratimAoM ko digambara evaM zvetAmbara donoM hI paramparAoM meM samAna rUpa se pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai, jo ki zrAvaka ko carama lakSya kI ora le jAtI haiN| 5. zrAvaka pada kA adhikAra : jaina dharma meM zrAvaka hone ke lie kucha Avazyaka zarte batAyI gaI haiN| pratyeka gRhastha zrAvaka nahIM kahalA sakatA, varan viziSTa vratoM ko aMgIkAra karane vAlA gRhastha hI zrAvaka kahalAtA hai| jaina paramparA ke anusAra zrAvaka banane kI yogyatA prApta karane ke lie sarvaprathama sAta durvyasanoM kA tyAga karanA Avazyaka hai, jo ye haiM -1. juA khelanA, 2. mAMsAhAra, 3. madirApAna, 4. vezyAgamana, 5. zikAra, 6. corI aura 7. prstriigmn|" ye sAtoM hI kuvyasana jIvana ko adhaHpatana kI ora le jAte haiN| inameM se kisI bhI eka vyasana meM pha~sA huA manuSya, prAyaH sabhI vyasanoM kA zikAra ho jAtA hai| inameM se kisI bhI vyasana kA sevana na karane vAlA hI zrAvaka banane kA pAtra hotA hai| zrAvaka ke 21 guNa : jaina zAstroM meM zrAvaka kI 21 vizeSatAoM (guNoM) kA vivecana milatA hai - 1. udAra hRdayI 2. yazavanta 3. saumya prakRti vAlA 4. lokapriya 5. akrUra prakRti vAlA 6. pApabhIru 7. dharma ke prati zraddhAvAna 8. catura 9. lajjAvAna 10. dayAzIla 11. madhyastha vRttivAlA 12. gambhIra 13. guNAnurAgI 14. dharmopadezaka 15. nyAyI 16. zuddha vicAraka 17. maryAdita vyavahAra karane vAlA 18. vinayazIla 19. kRtajJa 20. paropakArI 21. satkArya meM dkss| ina guNoM kA dhAraka zrAvaka nizcita rUpa se apane jIvana nirmANa ke sAtha samAja aura rASTra kA bhI utthAna karatA hai|

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nIti mImAMsA * 469 6. zrAvaka ke 14 niyama : zrAvaka ke parigraha ko sImita karane ke lie 14 niyama batAe gae haiM, jinakI maryAdA zrAvaka pratidina nizcita karatA hai| inase usakI pravRttiyA~ niyaMtrita hotI haiM tathA jIvana anuzAsita banatA hai| ye caudaha niyama nimnalikhita hai|" 1. sacitta : pratidina anna, phala, pAnI Adi ke rUpa meM jitanI sacitta vastuoM kA sevana karate haiM, unakI maryAdA nizcita krnaa| 2. dravya : khAne pIne sambandhI vastuoM kI maryAdA krnaa| 3. vigaya : ghI, tela, dUdha, dahI, gur3a aura miThAI kI maryAdA krnaa| 4. paNNI : jUte-moje, khar3AU, cappala Adi paira meM pahanI jAne vAlI vastuoM kI maryAdA krnaa| 5. vastra : pratidina pahane jAne vAle vastroM kI maryAdA krnaa| 6. kusuma : phUla, itra Adi sugaMdhita padArthoM kI maryAdA krnaa| 7. vAhana : savArI Adi kI maryAdA krnaa| 8. zayana : zaiyyA va sthAna kI maryAdA krnaa| 9. vilepana : kesara, candana, tela Adi lepa kie jAne vAle padArthoM kI maryAdA krnaa| 10. brahmacarya : maithuna sevana kI maryAdA krnaa| 11. dizA : jitanI dizAoM meM yAtAyAta va AvAgamana kI jo bhI pravRttiyA~ kI jAtI haiM, unakI maryAdA krnaa| 12. snAna : snAna va jala kI maryAdA krnaa| 13. bhakta : azana, pAna, khAdima-svAdima kI maryAdA krnaa| 14. tAmbUla : pAna, supArI, cUrNa Adi mukhAvAsa kI maryAdA krnaa| 7. zrAvaka kI dinacaryA-rAtricaryA : zrAvaka kA jIvana dharmamaya vrata niyamoM se baMdhA huA evaM zIla sadAcAra se mahakatA huA honA caahiye| gRhastha jIvana ke yogya Avazyaka kriyAoM se paripUrNa honA caahiye| zrAvaka rAta do ghar3I athavA Der3ha ghaMTA zeSa rahe taba vistAra chor3e, uThate hI namaskAra maMtra kA jApa kre| phira AtmadhyAna, AtmanirIkSaNa kare ki maiM kauna hU~? kahA~ se AyA hU~? kyA kara rahA hU~? kahA~ jAU~gA? maiMne yahA~ Akara kyA khoyA? kyA pAyA? aadi| aisA cintana karane se preraNA milatI hai| usake pazcAt sAmAyika pratikramaNa Adi kre| mahAn santa satiyoM, tIrthaMkaroM Adi kA smaraNa karake bhAvavandana kre| guru mahArAja hoM, to unake pAsa jAkara vaMdana kre| kama se kama navakArasI kre| bAda meM vyAkhyAna zravaNa kre| isake pazcAt parimita jala se snAna kare niyamapUrvaka bhojana kre| bAda meM

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470 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana ImAnadArI evaM prAmANikatApUrvaka jIvana nirvAha ke lie artha-cintA kre| sAyaMkAla sUryAsta se pUrva hI bhojana-pAna se nivRtta ho jaave| isake bAda guru mahArAja ke pAsa baiThakara tattvacarcA kre| parijanoM ke sAtha dharma carcA kare, mahApuruSoM ke caritra kA smaraNa kre| tatpazcAt viSaya vikAra uttejita na ho, aisA ciMtana kre| 8. zrAvaka ke tIna manoratha : zrAvaka rAtri meM nidrA lene se pUrva viSayoM ko jItane ke lie vicAra kare, ki1. jina dharma ke sAtha dAsatva mile to bhI acchA hai, kiMtu dharma se rahita cakravartIpana bhI nahIM caahiye| 2. kaba maiM saMvegI, vairAgyavAna gItArtha guru ke caraNoM meM saMsAra kA tyAga kara dIkSA grahaNa karU~gA? 3. mere andara aisI zakti kaba jAegI, ki maiM ugra tapazcaryA karatA huA, zmazAna Adi meM jAkara vidhi pUrvaka kAyotsarga karU~gA?" 9. zrAvaka ke tIna karma : 1. asikarma : talavAra, bandUka, cAkU Adi zastroM kI saMkhyA rakhakara niyama krnaa| 2. masi karma : kAgaja, kalama, davAta Adi kA pramANa krnaa| 3. kRSi karma : kheta, bagIcA Adi kA pramANa krnaa| 10. zrAvaka ke parva kRtya : zrAvakoM ke lie jaina dharma kI dRSTi se kucha dhArmika parva Ate haiM, jo nimnalikhita haiM kalyANaka tithika kRtya : aSTamI, caturdazI Adi tathA kalyANaka tithiyoM (tIrthaMkaroM ke janma, dIkSA evaM nirvANa divasa) para upavAsa pauSadha Adi kreN| pauSadha upavAsa na ho sake to AyaMbila, ekAsana Adi yathAzakti kreN| sAmAyika, pratikramaNa, caityavaMdana, supAtradAna, devapUjA, guru bhakti Adi avazya kreN| brahmacarya kA pAlana kreN| AraMbha-samArambha kA tyAga kreN| 2. cAturmAsika kRtya : cAturmAsa meM jIvotpatti adhika hotI hai| ataH jIvotpatti adhika ho, aisI vastue~ na khaaeN| abhigraha dhAraNa kareM, dina meM tIna bAra jala chAneM / yathAzakti upadhyAna tapa pratibhA vahana kreN| 3. akSaya tRtIyA : akSaya tRtIyA kA sambandha Adya tIrthaMkara bhagavAna RSabhadeva se hai| unhoMne vaizAkha sudI tRtIyA ke dina bAraha mahInoM kI tapasyA kA IkSurasa se pAraNA kiyaa| isalie use IkSutRtIyA athavA akSaya tRtIyA kahate haiN| 4. paryuSaNa va dasalakSaNa parva : paryuSaNa parva ArAdhanA kA parva hai| bhAdra badI

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nIti mImAMsA* 471 12 yA 13 se bhAdrasudI 4 yA 5 taka yaha parva manAyA jAtA hai| isameM tapasyA, dhyAna, svAdhyAya Adi Atmazodhaka pravRttiyoM kI ArAdhanA kI jAtI hai| isakA antima dina saMvatsarI kahalAtA hai| varSa bhara kI bhUloM ke lie kSamA denA aura kSamA lenA isakI svayaMbhUta vizeSatA hai| yaha parva maitrI va ujjavalatA kA saMdezavAhaka hai| __ digambara paramparA meM bhAdrazuklA paMcamI se caturdazI taka dasalakSaNa parva manAyA jAtA hai, isameM pratidina kSamA Adi dasa dharmoM meM se eka-eka dharma kI ArAdhanA kI jAtI hai| isalie ise dasa lakSaNa parva kahate haiN| 5. mahAvIra jayantI : mahAvIra jayaMtI caitra zuklA 13 ko bhagavAna mahAvIra ke janma divasa ke rUpa meM manAyI jAtI hai| 6. dIpAvalI : dIpAvalI kA sambandha mahAvIra bhagavAna ke nirvANa se hai| kArtika amAvasyA ko bhagavAna mahAvIra kA nirvANa huA thaa| usa samaya devoM ne aura rAjAoM ne prakAza kiyA thaa| usI kA anusaraNa vartamAna meM dIpa jalAkara kiyA jAtA hai| 11. janma-karttavya : zrAvaka ko apane jIvana meM nimna karttavyoM ko eka bAra avazya AcaraNa karanA caahiye| 1. jina mandira bnvaanaa| 2. jina pratimA ko sthApana krnaa| 3. putra-putrI ko mahotsavapUrvaka dIkSA dilvaanaa| 4. sAdhu-sAdhvI ke AcArya, upAdhyAya gaNipada tathA pravartinI pada kA mahotsava krnaa| 5. pauSadhazAlA kA nirmANa krnaa| 12. saMllekhanA maraNa : saMllekhanA zabda kA artha hai, zarIra tathA kaSAya ko kSINa krnaa| maraNa kAla meM azana-pAna kA kramazaH sarvathA tyAga kara zarIra ko tathA nirantara AtmopAsanA meM lIna rahakara krodhAdi kaSAyoM ko kSINa karanA anta meM zAntipUrvaka mRtyu kA AliMgana karanA saMllekhanA maraNa kahalAtA hai| saMllekhanA ke saMdarbha meM AcArya samantabhadra ne likhA hai, ki zrAvaka bAraha vratoM kA vidhivat pAlana karake anta meM upasarga, durbhikSa, jarA, roga Adi niSpratikAra Apatti ke A jAne para apane dharma kI rakSA ke lie saMllekhanA ko dhAraNa kre|" zrAvaka ko bhI zramaNa ke dvArA tyAjya saMllekhanA ke pA~ca aticAroM ko tyAganA caahiye| jinakA zramaNAcAra meM vistRta ullekha kiyA jA cukA hai- 1. ihalogA saMsappaoge, 2. paralogA saMsappaoge, 3. jIviyAsaMsappaoge, 4. maraNAsaMsappaoge, 5. kaambhogaasNsppoge|"

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472* jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana zrAvaka ko kisI bhI pratiphala kI icchA ke binA, kevala dharma kI rakSArtha hI saMllekhanA dhAraNa karanI caahiye| tathApi jo vyakti jIvana paryanta zrAvaka ke vratoM kA nirdoSa pAlana karatA hai tathA anta meM saMllekhanA dhAraNa kara zAntipUrvaka mRtyu ko prApta hotA hai, vaha AgAmI janma meM nizcita rUpa se mahARddhi se yukta devaloka athavA kisI acche sthAna meM hI janma letA hai| jaina darzana meM nIti saMbaMdhI niyamoM kA bahuta hI vizad vivecana kiyA gayA hai| naitika niyamAnusAra jIvana jIne meM hI jIvana kI saphalatA hai| ye naitika niyama eka sudRr3ha sAmAjika vyavasthA kA nirmANa karate haiM, jisameM sabhI loga, dhanavAna yA nirdhana apane Apako sukhI anubhava kara sakate haiN| ataH yaha kahanA atizayoktipUrNa na hogA, ki jaina darzana dvArA pratipAdita nIti vyavasthA ko vyavahAra meM pUrNa rUpa se apanA liyA jAe, to niHsaMdeha eka Adarza sAmAjika vyavasthA kI sthApanA hogI tathA mAnava apane uccatama AdhyAtmika lakSya ko bhI sahaja hI prApta kara skegaa| saMdarbha sUcI : 1. vRhatkalpabhASya gAthA 4584 As the science of the good, it is the science par excellence of the 'ideal' and 'ought'. - nItizAstra-DaoN. vAtsyAyayana, pR. 4 pavAeNaM pavAyaM naannejaa| 'saha sammuiyAe, para vaagrnnennN|' 'annesiMvA antie soccaa|' AcArAMga sUtra, a. amolaka RSi zruska. 1/5/6/2 pAzcAtya niitishaastr| DaoN. rAmanAtha zarmA, pR. 1 'A moralising note...... is otherwise quite foreign to Rigveda, the Rigveda is every thing but a text book of morals.' - A History of Indian Literature, Vol. I, 1927, P 115 yajurveda, 1/5 sthAnAMgasUtra vRtti, sudharmAsvAmI, abhayadevasUri, 399 vahI 399 jambIdvIpa prajJapti - vakSaskAra, sUtra 14 10. sthAnAMgasUtra, sudharmAsvAmI 7/66 11. triSaSTizalAkAcaritra, 1/2/959 12. AvazyakacUrNi 156 13. zrImadbhAgavat 5/5/28/563 14. abhidhAna rAjendrakoSa, bhAga - 4, rAjendra sUri jI, pR. 2/52 15. saMskRta-hindI koSa-ApTe, dekheM nItizabda 16. 'sarvopajIvakaM lokasthiti kRnnIti zAstrakaM /

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nIti mImAMsA * 473 21. tapAsA 23. dharmArthakAmamUlaM hi smRtaM mokSapradaM yataH // ' zukranIti 1/2 17. sarvalokavyavahAra sthitirnItyA binA nahi / zukranIti 1/11 18. Ethics may be defired as the study of what is right or good in conduct. Mackenzie, J.S.: Amanual of Ethics P. 1 uddhRta DaoN. rAmanAtha zarmA : nItizAstra kI rUparekhA, pR. 3 19. As the science of the good, it is the science par excellence of the 'Ideal' and the 'ought' ---- seth, J.A. : Study of Eghical Principles; p 37 uddhRta - jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana : devendramuni, pR. 75 20. dazavaikAlika sUtra, zayyambhavasvAmI 4/11 tattvArthasUtra, vAcaka umAsvAti 1/1 22. AcArAMgasUtra, sudharmAvAmI 1/3/20 ThANAMgasUtra, sudharmAsvAmI 2/1/109 24. dazavakAlika sUtra, zayyambhavasvAmI 4/7 25. mUlAcAra, vaTkerAcArya, 2/39 sUtrakRtAMga, sudharmAsvAmI 1/16 27. vahI 16/1 28. vahI 16/2 29. vahI 16/3 vahI 16/4 31. pravacanasAra, caraNAnuyoga cUlikA, gA. 208-209 jainatattva prakAza, amolaka RSijI, pR. 265 33. mUlAcAra, A. vaTTakara , mUlaguNa adhikAra, gA. 2, 3 ahiMsA viradI saccaM adattaparivajjaNaM ca baMbhaM c| saMgavimuttI ya tahA mahavvayA paMca paNNattA / mUlAcAra, gA. 4 uttarAdhyayanasUtra, sudharmAsvAmI, 23/26-27 dazakAlika sUtra, zayyambhavasvAmI, 4/8 AcArAMgasUtra, 2/15/777 AcArAMgasUtra, sudharmAsvAmI 2/15/778 dazavaikAlikasUtra, zayyambhavasvAmI, 4/9 39. vahI 4/10 40. AcArAMgasUtra, sudharmAsvAmI 2/15/783 41. dazavaikAlika sUtra, zayyambhavasvAmI 4/11 42. uttarAdhyayana sUtra, sudharmAsvAmI 16/11, 14 43. dazavaikAlika sUtra, zayyambhavasvAmI 4/12 yogazAstra. AcAryahemacandra 2-115 kI vRtti

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474 jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana AcArAMga, sudharmAsvAmI, 2/15/790-791 tattvArthasUtra, vAcaka umAsvAti, 9/4 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. sthAnAMga TIkA, sudharmAsvAmI, abhayadevasUri sthA0 5-3 kI TIkA tattvArthasUtra, umAsvAti 9/5 uttarAdhyayanasUtra, sudharmAsvAmI, 24 / 9, 10 NisaMte siyA'maharI, buddhANaM aMtie sayA / aTThajuttANi sikhijjA, NiraTThANi uvajjae // - uttarAdhyayana sUtra 1/8 paDimA paDivaNNassa NaM aNagArassa kappaMti cattAri bhAsAo bhAsittAe, taMjahAjAyaNI, pucchaNI, aNuNNavaNI, puTThassa vAgaraNI // 22 cattAri bhAsA jAtA paNNatA taMjahA - saccamegaM bhAsajjAyaM, vIyaM mosaM, taiyaM, saccamosaM, cautthaM asaccamosaM / sthAnAMgasUtra 4/1/22, 23 gavesaNAe gahaNeya, paribhogesaNA ya jA / AhArovahi sejjAe, e e tiNi visohae / uttarAdhyayana sUtra 24/11 vayaM ca vittiM labbhAmo, Na ya koi uvahammai / ahAgaDesurIyaMte, pupphesu bhamarA jahA // dazavaikAlika sUtra 1/4 ugamuppANaM par3hane, bIe sohejja esaNaM / paribhoyammi caukkaM, visohejja jAyaM jaI // - uttarAdhyayana sUtra 24/12 mUlAcAra - vaTTakerAcArya, 6 atha piNDazuddhi adhikAra, gA0 422, 423, vaTTakera mUlAcAra, vaTTakerAcArya, gA0 445, 446 mUlAcAra, vaTTakerAcArya, gA0 462 vyavahAra sUtra uddezaka 8/17, pra0 zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara AcArAMga sUtra, zru. skaM0 2/10/7/369-370 dazavaikAlika sUtra, 5/1/88, 92 par3ha gahaNaM bIe dharaNaM pagayaM tu davvavattheNaM / emeva hoi pAyaM bhAve pAyaM tu guNadhArI / Avazyaka sU0, zru0 ska0 2, sU0 315 lAuyapAyaM vA dArupAyaMvA maTTiyApAyaM vA / AcArAMga sUtra, zru0 skaM0 2/6/1/588 AcArAMga sUtra, dvitIya zruta skaMdha, 11 /2 / 10, sudharmAsvAmI - anu0 amolakaRSijI prazna vyAkaraNa sUtra, zrutaskandha, 2/3, 5 ohovahovaggahiyaM, bhaMDayaM duvihaM muNI / giNhato NikkhivaMtoya, pauMjejja imaM vihiM // 13 // cakkhusA paDilehittA, pamajjejja jayaM jii| Aie NikkhivejjAvA, duhao vi samie syaa||14|| u.sU0, 24/13-14 uccAraM pAsavaNaM, khelaM siMghANa - jalliyaM / AhAraM uvahiM dehaM, aNNaM vApi tahAvihaM // 30, 24/15 uttarAdhyayana sUtra, sudharmAsvAmI ao 2 prArambha digiMchA parigae dehe, tavassI bhikkhU thAmavaM / chiMdeNa chiMdAvae, Na pae Na payavae // u0sU0, 2/2

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nIti mImAMsA* 475 71. 68. tao puTTho pivAsAe, duguMchI ljjsNje| sIodagaM Na sevejA, viyaDassesaNaM care / u.sU., 2/4 69. Name NivAraNaM atthi, chavittANaM Na vijji| ahaM tu aggiM sevAmi, ii bhikkhUNa ciMtae / u.sU., 2/7 70. uNhAhitatto mehAvI, siNANaM No vi ptthe| gAyaM Na parisiMcejA, Na vIejjA ya appayaM // u.sU., 2/9 Na saMtase Na vArijjA. maNaMpiNo pose| uvehe No haNe pANe, bhuMjate maMsa-soNiyaM // u.sU., 2/11 pari juNNehiM vatthehiM, hokkhAmi tti acele| aduvA sacelae hokkhaM, ii bhikkhU NaciMtae / u.sU., 2/12 gAmANugAmaM rIyaMtaM, anngaarmkiNcnnN| araI aNuppavisejjA, taM titikkhe parIsahaM / u.sU., 2/14 saMgo esa maNussANaM, jAo logammi ithio| jassa eyA pariNNAyA, sukaDaM tassa sAmaNNaM / u.sU., 2/16 75. asamANo care bhikkhU, Neva kujjA prigghN| asaMsatto gihatthehiM, aNike o parivvae / u.sU., 2/19 76. tatthA se ciTThamANassa, uvsggaabhidhaare| saMkAbhio Na gacchejjA, uThThittA aNNamAsaNaM / / UsU0, 2/21 77. uccAvayAhiM siMjAhiM, tavassI bhikkhU thaamvN| NAivelaM vihaNNijjA, pAvadiTThi vihaNNai // u.sU., 2/22 78. akkosejjA pare bhikkhu, NatesiM pddisNjle| sariso hoi bAlANaM, tamhA bhikkhU Na saMjale / u.sU., 2/24 hao Na saMjale bhikkhU, maNaM pinnpose| titikkhaM paramaM NaccA, bhikkhU dhammaM viciMtae // u.sU0, 2/26 goyaraggapaviTThassa, pANI Ne suppsaare| seo agAravAsutti, ii bhikkhUNa ciMtae / u.sU., 2/29 paresu ghAsa-mesejjA, bhoyaNe prinnitttthie| laddhe piMDe aladdhevA, NANutappejja paMDie / u.sU., 2/30 NaccA uppaiyaM dukkhaM, veyaNAe duhtttthie| adINo ThAvae paNNaM, puTTho tatthaDahiyAsae / u.sU., 2/32 Ayavassa NivAeNaM, aulA havai veynnaa| evaM NaccA Na sevaMti, taMtujaM tnntjjiyaa| u.sU., 2/35 84. kiliNNagAe mehAvI, paMkeNa va raeNa vaa| priMsuvA pariyAveNaM, sAyaM No paridevae / u.sU., 2/36 85. abhivAyaNamabbhuTTANaM, sAmI kujjA nnimNtnnN| je tAiM paDisevaMti, Na tesiM pIhae muNI // u.sU., 2/38

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476 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana 86. aha pacchA uijati, kammA'NANa phalA kddaa| evamassAsi appANaM, NaccA kammavivAgayaM / u.sU., 2/41 87. NiraGkagammi virao, mehuNAo susNvuddo| jo sakkhaM NAbhijANAmi, dhammaM kallANa-pAvagaM // u.sU., 2/42 88. abhUjiNA asthi jiNA aduvA vi bhavissai / bhusaM te evamAhaMsu, ii bhikkhUNaM ciMtae / u.sU., 2/45 89.i) icchA-micchAkAro tadhAkAro va AsiA nnisihii| ApucchA chaMdaNa saNimaMtaNAya uvsNpaa|| - mUlAcAra, vaTkerAcArya, samAcArAdhikAra, gAthA 125 ii) uttarAdhyayana sUtra 26 u.sU. 2/2-7 90. par3hamaM porisi sajjhAyaM, bIyaM jhANaM jhiyaayii| taiyAe bhikkhAyariyaM, puNo cautthIi sajjhAyaM // usU0, 26/12 91. paDhasaM porisI sajjhAyaM, bIyaM jhANaM jhiyaayii| taiyAe NiddamokkhaM tu, cautthI bhujo vi sajjhAyaM / / u.sU.. 26/18 92. i) sAmAiyacauvIsatthava vaMdaNayaM pddikkmnnN| paccakkhANaM ca tahA kAosaggo havadi chttttho| mUlAcAra, 7/5-6 _ii) pravacanasAra - kundakundAcArya, gA. 207-209 taka 93. paMcavidhe saMjame paNNatte, taM jahA-samAiyasaMjame, chedovaTThAvaNiyasaMjame, parihAra visuddhisaMjame, suhuma-saMparAgasaMjame, ahakkhAyacaritta sNjme|| - sthAnAMgasUtra, paMcamasthAna, u. 2, gA. 139 94. (i) samavAyAMga, 61, (ii) nirmAyaM caratastapastadubhayaM bAhyaM tathA abhyAntaraM, Sor3hA'trA'nazanAdi bAhyamitarata Sodvaiva cetuMcaret / / anagAra dharmAmRta, paM. AzAdhara, 7/4 95. aNasaNa avamodariyaM rasa paricAo yavutti priskhaa| kAyassavi paritAvo vivitta sayaNAsaNaM chaTuM / / - mUlAcAra, gA. 346, paMcAcArAdhikAra . chavvihe abbhaMtarie tave paNNatte, taMjahA-pAyacchitta, viNao veyAvaccaM, sajjhAo, jhANaM, viusggo| sthAnAMga sUtra, sthAna 6, sUtra 66 97. pAyacchitaM viNao vejjAvaccaM taheva sajjhAyaM / jhAANaM viDassaggo abbhatarao tavo eso // - mUlAcAra, paMcAcArAdhikAra, gA. 360, vaTkerAcArya 98. vadasamidisilasaMjama pariNAmo karaNaNiggaho bhaavo| so havadi pAyachittaM aNavarayaM ceva kaayvvo|| - niyamasAra, sU. 113, kundakundAcArya 99.i) cauvvihA khalu viNayasamAhI bhavai, taMjahA - 1. aNusAsijjatosussUsai, 2. samma saMpaDivajjai, 3. veyamArAhayai, 4. Naya bhavai attasaMpaggahie // - dazavaikAlika sUtrazayyambhava svAmI, 9/4/2 abbhuTThANaM gahaNaM uvAsaNaM posaNaM ca skkaar| aMjalikaraNaM paNamaM, bhaNidamiha guNAdhiANANaM hi // pravacanasAra-caraNAnuyoga sUcaka cUlikA, gA. 262 ii)

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nIti mImAMsA 477 100. sattavihe viNae paNNatte, taM jahA - NANaviNae / daMsaNaviNae, carittaviNae maNaviNae, vaiviNae, kAyaviNAe, logovayAraviNae // - sthAnAMgasUtra, sthAna 7 sU0 130 101. AyariyamAIe, veyAvaccammi dasavihe / AsevaNaM jahAthAmaM, veyAvaccaM tamAhiMya // U0sU0, 30/33 sthAnAMga 465 102. i) ii)pariyaTNAya vAyaNa padicchaNANupehaNAya dhmmkhaa| thudimaMgalasaMjutto paMcaviho hoi sajjhAo // mUlAcAra vaTTakera, gAthA 393 103. aTTaruvANi vajjittA, jhAejjAsusamAhie / dhamma-sukkAI jhANAI, jhANaM taM tu buhAvae // u0sU0, 30 / 35 104. sayaNAsaNAThANe vA, u bhikkhUNa vAvare / kAyassa viussaggo, chaTTho so parikittao // u0sU0, 30/36 105. teNaM kAleNaM teNaM samaeNaM samaNe bhagavaM mahAvIre vAsANaM savIsairAe mAse viikkaMte vAsAvAsaM pajjosavei // kalpasUtra 224, pra0 prAkRta bhAratI, jayapura 106. aMtarA vi ya se kappai pajjosavittae, no se kappaitaM rayaNi uvAyaNAvittae / kalpasUtra, sU0 231, le. bhadrabAhu, pra0 prAkRta bhAratI, jayapura 107. kalpasUtra, A. bhadrabAhu, sU0 232-233 108. vAsAvAsaM pajjovaviyANaM no kappati niggaMthANa vA niggaMthINA vA haTThANaM AroggANaM valiyasarIrANaM imAo nava rasavigaIo abhikkhaNaM 2 AhArittae taMjahA khIraM, dahiM, navaNIyaM, sappiM, tillaM, guDaM, mahuM, majjaM, maMsaM / vahI - 237 109. kalpasUtra, A. bhadrabAhu, sU0 263-265 110. vahI, 284 111. i) dazavaikAlika, haribhadrIya vRtti, pR0 28-29 ii)naiH saGkayADayAcanADahiMsAduHkhabhyAsAya nAgnyavat / hastenotpATanaM zmazrumUrdhajAnAM yatermatam // anagAra dharmAmRta, paM0 AzAdharajI 9/97 112. kalpasUtra, A. bhadrabAhu, sU0 285-286 113. duvihojiNehiM kahio jiNakappo taha ya thvirkppoy| so jiNakappo utto uttama saMhaNaNa dhArissa // - bhAvasaMgraha, devasenAcArya, gA0 19 thavira kappo vi kahio aNayArANaM jiNeNa so eso / paMcaccelaccAo akiMcaNaMttaM ca paDilihaNaM // bhAvasaMgraha - devasenAcArya, gA0 124 115. tvsuttsttegttbhaavsNghddnndhidismggoy| 114. paviAAgamabalio eyavihArI aNuNNado // - mUlAcAra, samAcArAdhikAra, gAthA 194 116. uppaNammiya vAhI siraveyaNa kukkhiveyaNaM ceva / AdhiyAsiMti sudhidiyA kAyatigiMchaM Na icchaMti // -mUlAcAra, vaTTakerAcArya, ana bhAvanA0, sU. 841 117. jiNakappo'Nucarijjai nocchinnotti bhaNie puNo bhaNai / tadasattassocchijjara vucchijjai kiM samatthassa ? - vizeSAvazyaka bhASya, bhAga-2, gA0 2554, pra0 divya darzana TrasTa, muMbaI /

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478*jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana 118. uttamadhiisaMghayaNA puvvavido'tisaiNo sayAkAlaM / jiNakappiyAvikappaM kayaparikammA pavajjaMti // - vizeSAvazyaka bhASya, bhAga 2, gA0 2591 119. te jai jiNavayaNAo pavajjasi, pavajjatosa chinnotti / atthittikahaM pamANaM kahavucchinto tti na pamANe? vizeSAvazyaka bhASya, gA0 2592, saMjayatiya- kevali-sijjhaNAya jaMbummi bucchiNNA / vizeSAvazyaka bhASya, gA0 2593 120. accelavakuddesiyasejjAharAyacapiMDa kidiyammaM / vada jeTTa paDikkamaNaM mAsaM pajjo samaNakappo // mUlAcAra, samayasArAdhikAra, sU0 911 121. kappai niggaMthANa vA niggaMthINa vA imAI paMca vatthAI dhArittae vA pariharittA evA, taMjahA 1. jaMgie, 2. bhaMgie, 3. sANae, 4. pottae, 5. tirIDapaTTe nAmaM paMcame / vRhatkalpasUtra, u0 2, sU0 29 122. accelakkaM loco vosaTTasarIradA ya paDilihaNaM / aiso hu liMgakappo caduvvidho hodi NAyavvo / mUlAcAra, vaTkera, gA0 910, samayasAra 123. upasarge durbhikSe jarasirujAyAJca niH pratIkAre / dharmAya tanuvimocanamAhuH saMlekhanAmAryAH // ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra - samantabhadra, gA0 122 124. i) jIviyaM nAbhikaMkhejjA, maraNaM no vi patthae / duhao vina sajjijjA, jIvie maraNe tahA // AcArAMgasUtra, anu. amolaka RSi zru0 skaM0 1 a0 8, u0 8, gA0 4 ii) upAsaka dazAMka-abhayadevasUri vRtti - gA0 1, 6 pRSTha 18 125. kalpasUtra 1/1 126. dezayamaghnakaSAyakSayopazamatAratamyavazataH syAt / darzanikAdyekAdazAvazo naiSThikaH sulezyataraH // sAgAradharmAmRta, paM0 AzAdhara, 3/1 127. annuvrtogaarii| 15 digdezAnarthadaNDaviratisAmAyika poSadhopavAsopabhoga paribhoga parimANA tithi saMvibhAga vrata sampannazca // 16 mAraNAntikI saMlekhanAM joSitA // 17 - tattvArtha sUtra, umAsvAti, 7/15-17 128. madyamAMsamadhu tyAgaiH sahANuvratapaMcakam / aSTaumUlaguNAnAhurgahiNAM shrmnnottmaaH|| ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, samantabhadra, 3 / 20 129. paMcavaNuvvayAiM guNavvayAiM havaMti tahatiNNi sikkhAvaya cattAri ya saMjamacaraNaM ca sAyAraM // cAritra pAhuDa, kundakundAcArya, gA0 23 130. paMcANuvvayA paNNattA, taMjahA - thulAo pANAivAyAo veramaNaM, thulAo musAvAyAo veramaNaM, thUlAo adiNNAdANAo veramaNaM, sadArasaMtose, icchAparimANe // sthAnAMgasUtra, zrI sudharmAsvAmI, paMcamasthAna, 1/2 131. thUlagaM pANAvAiyaM paccakkhAi, jAvajjIvAe, duvihaM, tiviheNaM, nakaremi na kAravemi, maNasA vayasA kAyasA / upAsakadazAMga, sudharmAsvAmI, 1/13 132. taMjahA - baMdhe, vahe, chavicchee, aibhare, bhatta pANa vicchee| vahI, 1/45 133. thUlagaM musAvAyaM paccakkhAi, jAvajjIvAe duvihaM tiviheNaM nakaremi na kAravemi, maNasAvayasA kAyasA // vahI, 1/14

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nIti mImAMsA* 479 134. taMjahA-sahasabhakkhANe, rahasabhakkhANe, sadAramaMtabhee, mosovaese, kuuddlehkrnne| vahI, 1/46 135. thUlagaM adiNNAdANaM paccakkhAi, jAvajjIvAe duvihaM, tiviheNaM, na karemi, na kAravemi, maNasA vayasA kAyasA / vahI 1/15 136. taMjahA-tenAhaDe, takkarappaoge, viruddharajjAikkame, kUDatulakUDamANe, tappaDiruvagavavahAre / vahI, 1/47 137. j)sadArasaMtosie parimANaM karei, nannattha ekkAe sivanaMdAe bhAriyAe, avasesaM savvaM mehuNavihiM paccakkhAmi / / upAsakadazAMga , 1/16 ii) na tu paradArAn gacchati, na parAna gamayati ca paapbhiiteryt| sA paradAra nivRttiH svadAra santoSa naamaapi|| ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, samantabhadra, bhoka 59 138. taMjahA-ittariyApariggahiyAgamaNe, apariggahiyAgamaNe, aNaMga krIDA, paravivAhakaraNe, kAmabhogAttivvAbhilAse / vahI, 1/48 139. upAsaka dazAMga, 1/17 140. taMjahA khetavatthupamANAikkame, hiraNNa-suvaNNa pamANAikkame, dupaya-caupaya pamANAikkame, dhaNa-dhanna pamANAikkame, kuviypmaannaaikkme| vahI, 1/49 141. i)tattvArthasUtra, 7/16, ii) "digvratamanarthadaNDavrataM ca bhogopabhoga primaannm| anuvRMhaNAdruNAnAmA khyAti guNavratAnyAyAH // ' ratnakaraNDazrAvakAcAra, samantabhadra svAmI, 3/21 142. taMjahA-uDhadisipamANAikkame, ahodisipamANAikame, tiriyadisi pamANAikkame, khettavuDDhI, saiaMtaraddhA / / upAsakadazAMga, a. 1 sU. 50 143. upAsaka dazAMga sUtra, 1/22-42 144. vahI, 1/51 145. cauvvihaM aNaTThAdaMDaM pcckkhaai| taMjahA-avajjhANAyariyaM, pamAyAyariyaM, hiMsappayANaM, pAvakammovaese / / vahI, 1/43 146.i) taMjahA-kaMdappe, kukkuie, moharie, saMjuttAhigaraNe, uvbhog-pribhaagaairitte| upAsakadazAMkasUtra, 1/52 ii) asamIkSyAdhikaraNaM bhoganArthakyameva c| tathA kandarpakautkucya maukharyApi ca paJcate // tattvArthasAra, amRtacandrasUri, 4/93 147. "dezAvakAzikaM vA sAmAyikaM proSadhopavAso vaa| vaiyAvRtyaM zikSAvratAni catvAri ziSTAni // ' ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, samantabhadra, 4/1 148. jIvidamaraNe lAbhAlAbhe saMjoya vippogey| baMdhurisuhadukkhAdisu samadA sAmAiyaM NAma / / mUlAcAra, a. 1, mUlaguNAdhikAra, gA. 23, le. vaTkerAcArya 149. rAgAdyabAdhabodhaH syAt smaayosminnirucyte| bhavaM sAmAyikaM sAmyaM nAmAdau satya'satyapi // anagAra dharmAmRta, paM. AzAdhara 8/19 150. taMjahA-maNaduppaNihANe, vayaduppaNihANe, kAyaduppaNihANe, sAmAiyassa saiakaraNayA,

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480 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana sAmAiyassa aNavaTThiyassa krnnyaa| uttarAdhyayana sUtra, sudharmAsvAmI, 1/53 151. sImAntAnAM parataH sthUletara, paMca pApa tyaagaat| dezAvakAzikena ca mahAvratAni prasAdhyante / ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, AcArya samantabhadra, 4/5, pra. mANikacandra di. jaina graMthamAlA smiti| 152. desAvagAsiyassa samaNovAsaeNaM paMca aiyArA....., taMjahA-ANavaNappaoge, pesavaNappaoge, saddANuvAe, ruvANuvAe, bahiyA poggaalpkkheve| uttarAdhyayana sUtra, 1/54, sudharmAsvAmI 153. posahovaNasassa paMca aiyArA....., taMjahA-appaDilehiya-duppaDilehiyasijjAsaMthAre, appamajjiya-duppamajjiyasijjAsaMthAre, appaDilehiya-duppaDilehiya uccAra pAsavaNabhUmi, appamajjiya-duppamajjiya uccAra pAsavaNabhUmi, posahovacAsassa samma annnnupaalnnyaa| u.da., 1/55, sudharmAsvAmI 154. dAnaM vaiyAvRtyaM dharmAya tapodhanAya gunnnidhye| anapekSito pacAropakriyama gRhAya vibhavena / ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, samantabhadrasvAmI, 4/21 155. ahAsaMvibhAgassa paMca aiyArA....., taMjahA sacitta nikkheNayA, sacittapehaNayA, kAlAikkame, paravavaese, mcchriyaa| uttarAdhyayana sUtra, 1/56, sudharmAsvAmI 156. paMcaNuvvaya dhArittamaNa iyAraM vaesu pddibNdho| vayaNA tadaNa iyArA vaya paDimA suppasiddhanti // pratimAviMzatikA - haribhadrasUri 10/5 157.i) samavAyAMga, 11/1 ___ii) ekkArasa uvAsaga paDimAo paNNattAo taMjahA- 1 daMsaNa paDimA, 2 vaya paDimA, 3 sAmAiya paDimA, 4 posaha paDimA, 5 kAusagga paDimA, 6 baMbhacera paDimA, 7 sacitta pariNNAya paDimA, 8 AraMbha pariNNAya paDimA, 9 pesapariNNAya paDimA, 10 uddiTThabhattapariNNAya paDimA, 11 samaNabhUya paDimA // dazAzrutaskaMdha, 6/1-2 158. zrAvaka padAni devairekAdaza dezitAni yeSu khlu| svaguNAH pUrvaguNaiH sahasaMtiSThante kramavivRddhAH / ratnakaraNDazrAvakAcAra, samantabhadra, 5/15 159. samyagdarzana zuddhaH saMsAra zarIra bhoga nirvinnnnH| paMcagurucaraNazaraNo darzanikastatvapathagRhyaH / / ratnakaraNDazrAvakAcAra, samantabhadra, a. 5/16 160. niratikramaNamaNuvratapaJcakamapi zIlasaptakaM caapi| dhArayate niH zalyo yo'rthI vratinA mato vratikaH / / vahI, 5/17 161. ahAvarA cautthA uvAsaga paDimA...... seNaM sAmayimaM desAvagAsiyaM sammaM aNupAlitta bhavai / / dazAzrutaskaMdha, 6/6 162. caturAvarttatritayazcatuH praNAmaH sthito ythaajaatH| sAmAyiko dviniSadyastriyogazuddha strisandhyamabhivandI // ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, 5/18 163. parvadineSu caturdhvapi mAse mAse svazaktimani guhy| proSadhaniyamavidhAyI praNadhiparaH proSadhAnasanaH // vahI, 5/19 164. ahAvarA paMcamA uvAsaNapaDimA..... seNaM egarAiyaM kA usagga paDimaM sammaM aNupAlittA bhvi||

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nIti mImAMsA * 481 165. malabaNiM malayoniM galanmalaM pUtigandhi biibhtsN| pazyannaGgamanaGgA dviramati yo brahmacArI saH / ratnakaraNDazrAvakAcAra, samantabhadra, 5/22 166. mUla phala zAka zAkhAkarIra kanda prasUna bIjAni / nAmAni yo'tti so'yaM sacitta virato dayAmUrtiH // vahI, 5/20 167. ahAvarA aTThamA uvAsagA paDimA.... AraMbhe se pariNAe bhvi| pesAraMbhe sa apariNNAe bhavai // da.zru skaM0, 6/10 168. ahAvarA navamA uvAsaga paDimA.... pesAraMbhe se pariNAe bhavai / da.zru. skaM. 6/11 169. ahAvarA dasamA uvAsaga paDimA.... jAva uddiTThabhatte se pariNNAe bhv|| se NaM khuramuMDaevA, sihAdhAra evA, tassa NaM AbhATThassa vA samAbhATThassa vA kappaMti duve bhAsAo bhAsittae, taMjahA - 1. jANavAjANaM, 2. ajANaMvAnojANaM / vahI, 6/12 170. gRhato munivanamitvA gurupakaNDe vratAni parigRhya / bhaikSyAzanastapasyannutkRSTazcelakhaNDa dharaH // ra. ka. zrA., samantabhadra, 5/26 171. sAgAra dharmAmRta - paM. AzAdhara, 3/17 dyUtaM ca mAMsaM ca surA cavezyA pAparddhicauryA prdaarsevaaH| etAni saptavyasanAni loke pApAdhike puMsikarAH bhavaMti // ratnakaraMDazrAvakAcAraH samantabhadra, sU. 116 172. pravacanasAro dvAra, dvAra 238 173. sacitta-davva-vigai, uvaahnn-tNbol-vtth-kusumesu| vAhaNa-sayaNa-vilevaNa-baMbha disi-hANa-bhatesu // saMbodha prakaraNa, zrAvakAdhikAra, habhidrasUri gA. 121 174. samaNeNa sAvaeNa ya, avassa kAyavvayaM havai jmhaa| ante aho-nisassa ya, tamhA AvassayaM nAma / Avazyaka vRtti, gA. 2, pR. 53 175. ThANAMgasUtra, sudharmAsvAmi 3/4/210 176. upasarge, durbhikSe jarasi rujAyAM ca niH prtiikaare| dharmAya tanuvimocana mAhuH sallekhanAmAryAH // ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, samantabhad, paMcama adhikAra, gA. 1 177. upAsaka dazAMga sUtra, 1/57

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upasaMhAra mAnava sadiyoM se apane astitva evaM vikAsa ke itihAsa ko jAnane kA prayAsa karatA rahA hai| pratyeka deza aura dharma kA apanA itihAsa hotA hai| itihAsa tathyoM kA saMkalana mAtra nahIM hai, apitu samAja aura kAla vizeSa ke pariprekSya meM utthAna aura patana, vikAsa aura avanati, sAmAjika saMracanA va saMgaThana kI pRSThabhUmi ko prastuta karatA hai| vastutaH dharma-darzana kA itihAsa samAja kA hI itihAsa hotA hai, kyoMki dharma dhArmikoM ke naitika AcAra aura AdarzoM meM hI parilakSita hotA hai, jo unakI sAmAjika mAnyatAoM va paramparAoM ke anurupa hI hote haiN| dharma ke itihAsa kA eka prayojana kAla-vizeSa meM vizeSa dhArmika samudAya kI sAmAjika aura naitika vyavasthA ko bhI samajhanA hai| bhAratIya samAja meM vyakti va samUha ke jIvana kI sabhI pramukha avasthAe~ dhArmika AdhAra para niyojita rahI hai| jAti, parivAra, naitika jIvana, Arthika saMsthAe~, mAnyatAe~, vizvAsa ityAdi sabhI saMsthAtmaka va sAmAjika sambandhoM meM dhArmika mAnyatAe~, anuSThAna va vidhiyA~ jIvana ko niyantrita va samAyojita karatI hai| dharma kA sambandha pratyeka vyakti se kisI na kisI rUpa meM rahatA hai, kyoMki dharma vyakti ke jIvana ke sarvAMgINa pakSoM se jur3A rahatA hai| ataH usake AdhAra para sAmAnya AcAra, AcaraNa, vicAra ko adhika sArthaka rupa se samajhA jA sakatA hai| dharma kA aitihAsika pariprekSya meM vidhivata rupa se adhyayana karane kA prayAsa bahuta kama hI huA hai| buddhijIvI prAyaH aitihAsika pakSa kI apekSA usake dArzanika pakSa ko hI ujAgara karane meM adhika abhiruci rakhate haiN| jabaki dharma ke mAdhyama se samAja ko samajhane kI prakriyA jJAna ke kSetra meM eka mahatvapUrNa vidhA hai| mAnavazAstriyoM ne AdivAsI samAja ke adhyayana meM isa vidhA kA prayoga kiyA hai, lekina anya vikasita jaTila samAjoM meM isa vidhA ke AdhAra para adhyayana nagaNya hai| eka aise dharma-darzana kA aitihAsika anveSaNa kiyA jAnA to Avazyaka hai, jo mAnava saMskRti va sabhyatA ke vikAsa meM sahAyaka hI nahIM rahA hai varan jo usakA udgama strota kahA jA sakatA hai| jo mAnava saMskRti kA Adya-praNetA rahA hai, itane mahatvapUrNa dharma darzana ko bhI Aja apanI prAcInatA ke pramANa dene par3ate haiN| isakA kAraNa darzana ke aitihAsika pakSa kI ora upekSA bhAva hI pratIta hotA hai| jabaki vaha

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upasaMhAra * 483 dharma-darzana sadiyoM se Aja taka pravartamAna hai| jI hA~, maiM jaina dharma-darzana ke sandarbha meM hI kaha rahI hU~, jisakI prAcInatA ko vividha pramANoM dvArA isa zodha kArya meM pramANita kiyA hai| jaina dharma-darzana eka ati prAcIna dharma hai, yaha to sarvavidita ho gayA hai| bhArata ko AryAvarta evaM ahiMsA pradhAna deza kahA jAtA hai| isase siddha hotA hai, ki bhArata meM jaina dharma kA mahatvapUrNa sthAna rahA hai| vaidika kAla se pUrva jaina dharma kA astitva svayaM veda purANoM ke dvArA pramANita ho cukA hai| jaise yajurveda meM likhA hai, 'U~ namo arhantoM Rssbho'| jisakA artha hai, aha~ta RSabhadeva ko namaskAra ho| isa prakAra ke aneka pramANa pUrva meM die jA cuke haiN| isa prArambhika dharma-darzana ne mAnava ko kisa prakAra saMskArita kiyA aura Aja yaha apane maulika rupa meM kitanA upAdeya hai? anta meM isI tathya ko ujAgara karane kA prayAsa kara rahI huuN| jaina dharma-darzana kA mAnava saMskRti ke vikAsa meM yogadAnaH saMskRti ke vikAsa kA kSetra yA AdhAra mAnava jIvana hai| mAnavettara prANiyoM kA saMskRti meM koI prayojana nahIM hai| unakI eka nizcita rUr3ha jIvana praNAlI hai| prApta kA bhoga karanA hI unake jIvana kI prakriyA hai| usa prakriyA meM navInatA lAnA yA parivartana karanA unakI kSamatA se pare hai| mAnava hI apane jIvana ko sundara, susaMskRta banA sakatA hai| mAnava meM hI vaha kSamatA hai, jo nara se nArAyaNa bana sake, mAnava se mahAmAnava ke pada para pahu~ca ske| saMskRti usa sundara saritA ke samAna hai, jo apane svacchanda bhAva se nirantara pravAhita hotI rahatI hai| yadi saritA ke pravAha ko bA~dha diyA jAe to vaha saritA nahIM raha jaaegii| isI prakAra saMskRti eka vyApaka tattva hai| use zabdoM kI sImA meM bA~dha dene para usakI pravAhazIlatA kA nidarzana nahI ho sktaa| use vizeSaNoM dvArA hI vyakta kiyA jA sakatA hai| saMskRti mAnava ke bhUta, vartamAna va bhAvI jIvana kA sarvAMgINa svarupa hai, jIvana kI prANavAyu hai, preraka zakti hai, jIvana jIne kI kalA hai| saMskRti kA prANatatva hai- satat pravAha shiiltaa| saMskRti vicAra, Adarza bhAvanA aura saMskAra pravAha kA vaha saMgaThita evaM susthita saMsthAna hai, jo mAnava ko apane pUrvajoM se uttarAdhikAra ke rUpa meM prApta hotA rahatA hai| isa uttarAdhikAra ko do bhAgoM meM bA~TA jA sakatA hai- bhautika aura AdhyAtmika / bhautika saMskRti ko sabhyatA bhI kahate haiN| isameM bhavana vasana. vAhana Adi usa samasta bhautika sAmagrI aura sAdhanoM kA samAveza kiyA jA sakatA hai, jisakA mAnava samAja ne apane zrama se nirmANa kiyA hai| AdhyAtmika saMskRti meM AcAra, vicAra, vijJAna aura saMskAra kA samAveza hogaa| sabhyatA evaM saMskRti parasparAzrita haiM, lekina samAnArthaka nhiiN| sabhyatA pradarzana hai aura saMskRti antara darzana hai| saMskRti kA kendra bindu AtmA hai, jisakI prApti ke lie

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484 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana saMskRti meM dharma, darzana, kalA, vijJAna Adi sabhI tatvoM kA pUrNa sAmaMjasya hotA hai| __ jaina dharma-darzana ne mAnava saMskRti ko vikasita kiyaa| prathama tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva jI isa mAnava saMskRti ke sUtradhAra bne| unake pUrva Adi sabhyatA atyanta sarala aura sahaja thii| kisI prakAra kI kauTumbika vyavasthA na hone se koI uttaradAyitva nahIM thaa| yugaliyoM kA jIvana thA, bhogamUlaka jIvana vyavasthA thI, kalpavRkSoM ke AdhAra para jIvana calatA thaa| prakRti aura mAnavIya tatvoM kA yaha aise saMmizraNa kA yuga thA, jahA~ dharma sAdhanA, pApa-puNya, U~ca-nIca Adi dvandvAtmaka pravRttiyoM kA astitva nahIM thaa| karma aura karttavya kI bhAvanA suSupta thii| loga na khetI karate the, na vyvsaay| kAlacakra ke prabhAva se Age calakara prakRti hAsonmukhI hone lgii| jaise-jaise prAkRtika sAdhana kama hone lage, logoM meM kalpavRkSoM ko lekara chInA-jhapaTI hone lgii| isase asurakSA kI sthiti utpanna ho gayI, phalataH surakSA evaM sahayoga kA AhvAna kiyA gyaa| isase sAmUhika vyavasthA pratiphalita huI, jise jaina sAhitya meM 'kula' nAma diyA gayA aura jinhoMne isa vyavasthA kA zrI gaNeza kiyA, unheM kulakara kahA gyaa| aise 14 kulakara hue| pratyeka kulakara ne vyavasthA ko gati pradAna kii| inake samaya taka vibhAjana kI vyavasthA ke sAtha-sAtha sAmAnya daNDa-vyavasthA kA bhI prArambha ho cukA thaa| bhagavAna RSabhadeva ke jIvana krama ne mAnava sabhyatA evaM saMskRti ko eka nayA mor3a diyaa| unhoMne eka Adarza rAjA ke rUpa meM bhogamUlaka saMskRti ke sthAna para karmamUlaka saMskRti kI pratiSThA kii| per3a-paudhoM para nirbhara rahane vAle logoM ko khetI karanA sikhaayaa| Atma zakti se anabhijJa rahane vAle logoM ko akSara, lipi, kalA aura vijJAna kA jJAna dekara puruSArthI bnaayaa| daivavAda ke sthAna para puruSArthavAda kI mAnyatA ko sampuSTa kiyaa| anyAya aura atyAcAra ke viruddha lar3ane ke lie hAthoM meM bala diyaa| jar3a saMskRti ko karma kI gati dI, cetanAzUnya jIvana ko sAmAjikatA kA bodha aura sAmUhikatA kA svara diyaa| pArivArika jIvana ko sazakta bnaayaa| sarvaprathama vivAha prathA kA samArambha kiyaa| kalA kauzala aura udyoga-dhandhoM kI vyavasthA kara niSkriya jIvana-yApana kI praNAlI ko sakriya aura sakSama bnaayaa| RSabhadeva jI ne hI sAmAjika vyavasthA kA jJAna logoM ko diyaa| jina kAmadhandhoM ke binA usa samaya vaiyaktika aura sAmAjika jIvana zakya nahIM thA aura Aja bhI jo zakya nahIM ho sakatA, ve sAre unhoMne sikhaae| usa vakta kI paristhiti va samajha ke anusAra hI unhoMne logoM ko khetI dvArA anAja paidA karane, anAja pakAne, usake lie AvazyakatAnusAra bartana banAne, rahane ke lie makAna taiyAra karane, vastra nirmANa Adi jIvanopayogI zilpa kI zikSA dii| AdivAsI bhAratIya jAti kA nirmANa, gaThana, racanA tathA tantrIkaraNa karanA

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upasaMhAra * 485 AsAna kAma nahIM thaa| RSabhadeva jI ne hI varNa-vyavasthA ko prAraMbha kiyaa| vaNika, kSatriya, va zUdra kI sthApanA kii| unhoMne spRzyAspRzya bheda ke binA asi, masi aura kRSi arthAt svarakSA, lekhana aura khetI kA jJAna diyaa| karma ke AdhAra para hI varNa nirdhAraNa hotA thaa| eka vaNika-putra kSatriya ho sakatA thaa| isa prakAra mAnava ko kalpavRkSoM kI adhInatA se mukta kara use svayaM apane bhAgya kA nirmAtA bnaayaa| isa prakAra jaina dharma darzana ke prathama praNetA ne rAjya va samAja vyavasthA ko sthApita karake mAnava jIvana ko sarasa, ziSTa evaM vyavahAra yogya bnaayaa| isake pazcAt unhoMne hI sarvaprathama Atma tatva kI prApti kA prayAsa kiyA aura use prApta kara jaina dharma darzana kA pravartana kiyaa| caitra kRSNA aSTamI ke dina bhagavAna RSabhadeva jI cAra hajAra puruSoM ke sAtha devadRSya vastra lekara cAra maSThi se kezaluMcana karake maMDita hokara anagAra dazA ko svIkAra karate haiN| bhagavAna ne cAra hajAra sAdhakoM ko apane hAtha se pravrajyA pradAna nahIM kI, kintu unhoMne svayaM hI bhagavAna kA anukaraNa kara svayaM luMcana Adi kriyAe~ kii| zramaNa banane ke pazcAta RSabhadeva jI akhaNDa maunavratI banakara ekAMta-zAMta sthAna meM dhyAnastha hokara rahane lge| ve anAsakta bhAva se amlAnacitta se bhikSA ke lie nagara-grAmoM meM paribhramaNa krte| lekina bhikSA vidhi se anabhijJa loga, unheM bhojana ke sthAna para rAjya, dhana, kanyAeM Adi bheMTa karane kA prayAsa karate aura ve lauTa jaate| pUre eka saMvatsara ke pazcAta bAhubalI ke putra somaprabha rAjA ke putra zreyAMsa kumAra ne bhakti vibhora hRdaya se tAjA AyA huA ikSurasa bhagavAna ko pradAna kiyaa| vizuddha AhAra jAnakara bhagavAna ne use grahaNa kiyaa| isa prakAra sarvaprathama ikSurasa pAna karane ke kAraNa ve kAzyapa nAma se bhI vizruta hue| vaizAkha zuklA tRtIyA ko ikSurasa se varSItapa kA pAraNA huaa| ataH vaha tRtIyA 'ikSu tRtIyA' yA akSaya tRtIyA ke nAma se prasiddha cUMki bhagavAna maunastha the| ataH ve cAra hajAra anugAmI sAdhaka bhUkha-pyAsa se saMtapta hokara kisI dizA nirdeza ke abhAva meM samrATa bharata ke bhaya se punaH gRhastha na banakara vatkaladhArI tApasa bana gye| bhagavAna RSabhadeva jI ne dIkSA ke pazcAt apanI AtmA ko eka hajAra varSa taka bhAvita karate hue phAlguna kRSNa ekAdazI ko ananta kevala darzana, kevala jJAna ko prApta kiyaa| usase ve samasta lokAloka ke bhAva ko jAnane lge| tabhI unhoMne prathama pravacana dekara jana-jana ko udbodhita kiyaa| use zravaNa kara samrATa bharata ke pA~ca sau putroM aura sAta sau pautroM ne tathA brAhmI Adi ne dIkSA grahaNa kii| bharata Adi ne zrAvaka vrata grahaNa kie| isa prakAra zramaNa, zramaNI, zrAvaka, zrAvikA rUpa caturvidha tIrtha kI sthApanA karake ve sarvaprathama tIrthaMkara bne| zramaNa dharma ke lie paMca mahAvrata aura gRhastha

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486 jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana dharma ke lie dvAdaza vratoM kI prarUpaNA kI / isIlie bhagavAna RSabhadevajI ko dharma kA mukha kahA hai| isa prakAra mAnava kI bhautika va AdhyAtmika donoM hI pakSoM kA prArambhika unnayana bhagavAna RSabhadevajI ne hI kiyA / unhoMne jahA~ eka ora vana sabhyatA meM jIne vAle mAnava ko nagara sabhyatA kA jJAna diyA, vahIM unheM bhautika sAdhanoM kI nazvaratA kA jJAna dekara Atma-sAdhanA hetu bhI udbodhita kiyaa| unake batAe Atma-sAdhanA ke mArga para calane vAle anaginata pathikoM ne mokSa sukha ko prApta kiyaa| dUsarI ora nagara-sabhyatA ke nirmANa meM juTA mAnava dhIre-dhIre samRddhi kA svAmI ho gayA aura saMskRti kA vAhaka bhii| isa vikAsa krama se pratIta hotA hai, ki RSabhadeva jI kI preraNA aura tatkAlIna mAnava kA puruSArtha hI siMdhu sabhyatA (jo prAcInatama nagara sabhyatA thI) ke nirmANa kI AdhArazilA rahA hogaa| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke jIvana darzana kI pUrva paramparA meM RSabhadeva jI ke atirikta bIca ke 22 tIrthaMkaroM ke cintana aura sAdhanA kA bhI mahatvapUrNa yoga rahA hai| RSabhadeva jI ke bAda ke tIrthaMkara bhI mAnava saMskRti ke vibhinna kAloM se jur3e hue haiN| tIsare tIrthaMkara saMbhavanAtha jI kA kAla siMdhu sabhyatA ke vikAsa kA kAla mAnA jA sakatA hai| DaoN. jyoti prasAda jaina ne apane grantha 'bhAratIya itihAsa- eka dRSTi' meM isa prakAra kI kucha samAnatAoM kA saMketa kiyA hai| - sindhu ghATI meM prApta avazeSoM ke AdhAra para aisA pratIta hotA hai, ki usake puraskartA prAcIna vidyAdhara jAti ke loga the / unake dhArmika mArgadarzaka madhya-pradeza ke ve mAnavaMzI mUla Arya the, jo zramaNa-saMskRti ke upAsaka the| saMbhavanAtha kA vizeSa cinha azva hai aura sindhu deza cirakAla taka apane saindhava azvoM ke lie prasiddha rahA hai| mauryakAla taka siMdhu meM eka sambhUtaka janapada aura sAMbhava (saMbUja) jAti ke loga vidyamAna the, jo bahuta sambhava hai, ki sambhavanAtha tIrthaMkara kI paramparA se sambandhita rahe hoM / isI prakAra sindhu sabhyatA meM nAgaphaNa ke chatra se yukta kalAkRtiyA~ bhI prApta huI haiM, jo sAtaveM tIrthaMkara supArzva kI ho sakatI haiN| inakA cinha svAstika hai aura tatkAlIna sindhu ghATI meM svAstika eka atyanta lokapriya cinha rahA hai| isa prakAra jaina itihAsa meM caubIsa tIrthaMkaroM kI paramparA mithyA nahIM hai| usakA apanA aitihAsika evaM AdhyAtmika mahatva hai / lekina aneka mahatvapUrNa tathya kAla ke garta meM dabe par3e haiN| mAnava saMskRti ke sAtha-sAtha zramaNa saMskRti ke isa tAlamela ke kAraNa bhAratIya mahApuruSoM kA sambandha eka dUsare se banA rahA hai| cAhe ve zramaNa paramparA ke hoM, athavA vaidika paramparA ke / bIsaveM tIrthaMkara muni suvrata svAmI kA samaya rAmAyaNa

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upasaMhAra *487 kA ghaTanA kAla mAnA jAtA hai| rAma kI kathA ke prasaMga meM inakA vivaraNa bhI milatA hai| 21veM tIrthaMkara nami mithilA ke rAjA the| inheM hindU purANoM meM bhI rAjA janaka kA pUrvaja svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| nami kI anAsakta vRtti mithilA meM janaka meM pAyI jAtI hai| inake vaMza evaM pradeza ko 'videha' kahe jAne kA sambhavataH yahI kAraNa hai| bAisaveM tIrthaMkara neminAtha kA itihAsa kRSNa-balarAma ke kathA prasaMgoM se jur3A huA hai| neminAtha kI saMsAra se virakti meM jIvamAtra ke prati karUNA pradhAna kAraNa rahI hai| jinazAsana meM unakA mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai| inhoMne prANImAtra se maitrIbhAva bar3hAyA. mAMsAhAra va pazuvadha kA ghora virodha kiyA, aura usa samaya se saba banda bhI karavA diyaa| 23veM tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha kI paramparA to bhagavAna mahAvIra ke samaya bhI vidyamAna thii| pArzvanAtha kI jIvana sAdhanA ne buddha Adi ko bahuta prabhAvita kiyaa| pArzvanAtha ne bhI ahiMsA kA bahuta prasAra kiyA, jo tatkAlIna samAja kI parama AvazyakatA thii| unhoMne samAja meM pAkhaNDa ke prati phaile andhavizvAsa ko khaNDita kiyaa| IsA pUrva chaThI zatAbdI kI dhArmika krAnti kI pRSThabhUmi bhagavAna pArzvanAtha ke samaya se hI spaSTa hone lagI thI, bhagavAna mahAvIra ne jisakA pUrNa vikAsa kiyaa| mAnava saMskRti jo patana ke garta meM jA rahI thI, mahAvIra ne eka bAra phira usake punarutthAna meM sahAyatA kii| samAja ko punaH duSpravRttiyoM se mukta kiyaa| isa prakAra jaina dharma-darzana mAnava saMskRti kA pravartaka hI nahIM hai, varana isake lambe itihAsa meM aneka bAra isI jaina-darzana ne punaH-punaH sahArA dekara prazasta mArga dvArA isa mAnava saMskRti kA punarutthAna kiyA hai| 2. bhAratIya saMskRti va darzana meM jaina darzana kI bhUmikA: saMskRti vastutaH sArvadezika va sArvabhaumika hotI hai| lekina usameM kinhI vizeSa guNa-dharmoM yA dezapradezoM kI apekSA se usakA usa rUpa meM mukhyatA se kathana hone lagatA hai| deza bheda kI dRSTi se mAnava aneka haiM aura unakI aneka saMskRtiyA~ haiN| lekina yaha vividhatA vibhAjaka nahIM, apitu samanvaya, sahakAra, sahayoga aura saha astitva kA sundara guladastA hai| jaise gaMgA ke aneka nAma haiM, para nAmoM kI vibhinnatA se gaMgAjala meM antara nahIM aataa| vaha Adi se aMta taka apane nirmala pravAha rUpa se eka hai| yahI bAta saMskRti ke lie bhI hai, nAmakaraNa usakI gatizIlatA ke avarodhaka nahIM hai, varan usakI zrI vRddhi karane vAle hI haiN| bhAratIya saMskRti ke uccaraNa se bhArata deza kI saMskRti kA jJAna hotA hai| lekina bhAratIya saMskRti kA zAbdika artha hotA hai- prakAza ke mArga kA anusaraNa karane se prApta hone vAlI saMskAra smpnntaa| bhA- prakAza aura prakAza ke mArga kA 'rata'- dattacitta hokara anusaraNa karanA, bhArata kA vAcya hai| usase prApta hone vAlI saMskAra sampannatA kA nAma bhAratIya saMskRti hai| isa saMskAra-sampannatA prApti ke tIna

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488 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana sUtra haiM- dayatAM, dIyatAM, daamytaam| isameM samagra bhAratIya saMskRti kA sAra A gayA hai| jahA~ dayA, dAna aura damana (mana, indriyoM kA nigraha) hai, vahIM bhAratIya saMskRti hai| bhArata ke jana mana meM dayA, dAna aura damana kI UrjA bharI huI hai| prANimAtra ke prati dayA karo, mukta bhAva se dAna do aura apane mana ke vikalpoM kA damana karo, yahI bhAratIya saMskRti kA svara hai| vedoM ne isI ko gAyA hai, piTakoM meM isI ko dhyAyA hai, aura AgamoM meM bhI sarvatra isI kI chAyA hai| apane mUlarUpa meM bhAratIya saMskRti eka hokara bhI dhArA rUpa meM aneka hai| veda, buddha aura jina rUpa se vaha tIna dhArAoM meM pravAhita hai| veda dAna kA, buddha dayA kA, aura jina damana kA pratIka hai| veda mArga se pravAhita dhArA vaidika saMskRti, piTaka se bahane vAlI dhArA bauddha saMskRti aura Agama mArga para agrasara dhArA jaina saMskRti hai| manovikAroM ko damita karane vAlA vijetA hI jina hotA hai aura jina kI saMskRti hI vastutaH jaina saMskRti hai| bhAratIya saMskRti do dhArAoM meM nihita hai- brAhmaNa saMskRti vistAravAdI, pravRttivAdI hai| zramaNa saMyama kA sAdhaka hai, nivRttivAdI hai| bhAratIya saMskRti meM mAnava ke cAra puruSArtha svIkAra kie gae haiM- dharma, artha, kAma aura mokSa / brAhmaNa saMskRti meM prathama tIna puruSArthoM para adhika bala diyA gayA hai, jabaki zramaNa saMskRti meM antima puruSArtha mokSa ko hI parama zreya mAnA gayA hai| jaina saMskRti kisI varga, sampradAya yA vyakti vizeSa kI saMskRti nahIM hai| pratyuta mAnava jAti ke cintana se vikasita AdhyAtmikatA kA pravAha hai| isakI pratyeka pravRtti meM anAsakti, ahiMsA aura aparigraha kA Adarza dRSTigata hotA hai| jar3atA , pramAda, kadAgraha, aMdhavizvAsa aura ADambara kA jaina saMskRti meM koI sthAna nahIM hai| vyakti ko svavikAsa karane aura parAzrayatA se mukta karane ke lie AtmavizvAsa paidA karane kA zreya jaina saMskRti ko hI hai| jaina saMskRti meM nihita udyata bhAvanA kA pratinidhitva to isakA nAma hI karatA hai| jaina tIrthaMkaroM ne apane nAma para dharma kA nAmakaraNa nahIM kiyaa| jaina zabda bAda kA hai| isakA prAcIna nAma zramaNa, aha~ta aura nigraMtha dharma rahA hai| zramaNa zabda samabhAva, zramazIlatA evaM vRttiyoM ke upazamana kA paricAyaka hai| aha~t zabda bhI guNa vAcaka hai, jisane pUrNa yogyatA, pUrNatA prApta kara lI hai, vaha hai- aha~t / jo saba prakAra kI granthiyoM se mukta ho gayA hai, vaha nirgrantha hai| jinhoMne rAga dveSa rUpa-zatru arthAt Antarika vikAroM para vijaya prApta kara lI hai, ve jina kahe gaye haiM aura unake anuyAyI jain| isa prakAra jaina dharma kisI vizeSa vyakti sampradAya yA jAti kA paricAyaka na hokara udAtta jIvana AdarzoM aura sArvajanIna bhAvoM kA pratIka hai, jinameM saMsAra ke sabhI prANiyoM ke prati AtmoddhAraka maitrI bhAva nihita hai|

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upasaMhAra *489 saMpUrNa bhAratIya saMskRti tyAga aura sarvabhUtadayA se otaprota hai, lekina jitanA bala jaina saMskRti ne isa para diyA hai aura jitanI gati kI hai vaha vilakSaNa hai| jaina saMskRti kI pramukha vizeSatA aura saMsAra ko sabase bar3I dena ahiMsA hai| jaina darzana ne hI sarvaprathama yaha udbodhana diyA, ki prANImAtra jIvita rahane kI kAmanA karatA hai, ataH prANImAtra kI rakSA kro| vadha sabhI ko apriya lagatA hai aura jInA sabako priya lagatA hai| ataH jaina darzana ne vedAnuyAyiyoM ke dharma ke nAma para kI jAne vAlI hiMsA kA kar3A virodha kiyaa| yajJa ke nAma para kI gaI hiMsA adharma hai| saccA yajJa AtmA ko pavitra banAne meM hai| isake lie krodha kI bali dIjiye, mAna ko mAriye, mAyA ko kATiye aura lobha kA unmUlana kIjiye / dharma ke isa ahiMsAmaya rUpa ne saMskRti ko atyanta sUkSma aura vistRta banA diyA / use jana rakSA (mAnava samudAya) taka sImita na rakhakara samasta prANiyoM kI surakSA kA dAyitva sauMpa diyaa| yaha janataMtra se bhI Age prANataMtra kI vyavasthA kA sundara udAharaNa hai / jaina darzana ne sAMskRtika viSamatA ke viruddha apanI AvAja bulanda kI / varNAzrama vyavasthA kI vikRti kA zuddhikaraNa kiyaa| janma ke Adhara para uccatA aura nIcatA kA nirNaya karane vAle ThekedAroM ko mu~ha tor3a javAba diyA / vyaktitva kA mAnadaNDa karma ko batAyA / harikezI cANDAla tathA savAlaputta kumbhakAra ko bhI AcaraNa kI pavitratA ke kAraNa Atma-sAdhakoM meM gauravapUrNa sthAna diyaa| apamAnita aura acala sampattivata mAnI jAne vAlI nArI ke prati Atma-sammAna aura gaurava kI bhAvanA jagAI / use dharma-granthoM ko par3hane kA hI adhikAra nahIM diyA varan AtmA ke carama vikAsa mokSa kI bhI adhikAriNI mAnA / zvetAmbara paramparA ke anusAra isa yuga meM sarvaprathama mokSa jAne vAlI bhagavAna RSabhadeva jI kI mAtA marudevI hI thii| nArI ko abalA aura zaktihIna nahIM samajhA gayA / usakI AtmA meM bhI utanI hI zakti saMbhAvanA mAnI gaI hai jitanI puruSa meM / nArI ko dabbU, AtmabhIru aura sAdhanA kSetra meM bAdhaka nahIM mAnA gyaa| use sAdhanA meM patita puruSa ko upadeza dekara saMyama-patha para lAne vAlI preraka zakti ke rUpa meM dekhA gyaa| rAjula ne saMyama se patita rathanemi ko udbodhana dekara apanI Atmazakti kA hI paricaya nahIM diyA, varana tatvajJAna kA vAstavika svarUpa bhI smjhaayaa| jaina saMskRti ne bhArata meM sAMskRtika samanvaya aura ekatA kI bhAvanA ko bhI balavatI banAyA hai| yaha samanvaya vicAra aura AcAra donoM kSetroM meM dekhane ko milatA hai / vicAra samanvaya ke rUpa meM anekAnta darzana kA pratipAdana kiyA hai| AcAra samanvaya kI dizA meM zramaNa dharma tathA gRhastha dharma kI vyavasthA dI hai| jJAna aura kriyA kA, pravRtti aura nivRtti kA sundara sAmaMjasya kiyA gayA hai| sAMskRtika ekatA ke saMrakSaNa evaM saMvarddhana meM jaina darzana kA mahatvapUrNa yogadAna

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490 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana hai| usane sampradAyavAda, jAtivAda, prAMtIyatAvAda Adi sabhI matabhedoM ko bhulAkara rASTra-devatA ko bar3I udAra aura Adara kI dRSTi se dekhA hai| pratyeka dharma ke vikasita hone ke kucha viziSTa kSetra hote haiN| unhIM dAyaroM meM vaha dharma bandhA rahatA hai| lekina jaina dharma isa dRSTi se kisI janapada yA prAnta vizepa meM baMdhA nahIM rhaa| bhArata ke kisI eka bhAga vizeSa meM isakI zraddhA, sAdhanA aura cintana kA kSetra nahIM rahA varan saMpUrNa rASTra meM isake bIja aMkurita, pallavita, puSpita hae tathA saMpUrNa rASTra meM isakI saurabha phailI hai| dharma kA pracAra karane vAle tIrthaMkaroM ke janmabhUmi, dIkSAsthalI, tapobhUmi, nirvANasthalI Adi bhinna-bhinna rahe haiN| jaise bhagavAna mahAvIra videha (uttara bihAra) meM utpanna hue to unakA sAdhanA kSetra va nirvANa sthala magadha (dakSiNa bihAra) rhaa| teisaveM tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha kA janama to vArANasI meM huA aura unakA nirvANa sthala banA smmedshikhr| prathama tIrthaMkara bhagavAna RSabhadeva ayodhyA meM janme lekina unakI tapobhUmi rahI kailAza prvt| bhagavAna ariSTanemi kA karma va dharma kSetra rahA sauraassttrgujraat| bhUmigata sImA kI dRSTi se jaina dharma darzana sampUrNa rASTra meM phailaa| dakSiNa bhArata ke zravaNabelagolA va kArakala Adi sthAnoM para sthita bAhubalI ke pratIka Aja bhI isa rASTrIya cetanA ke pratIka haiN| jainoM kI yaha sAMskRtika ekatA bhUmigata hI nahIM rhii| varana bhASA aura sAhitya meM bhI samanvaya kA sundara citraNa darzita hotA hai| jaina dArzanikoM ne saMskRta ko hI nahIM anya sabhI pracalita janapadIya bhASAoM ko apanA kara unheM samucita sammAna diyaa| jahA~-jahA~ bhI ve gaye, vahA~-vahA~ kI bhASAoM ko cAhe ve Arya parivAra kI hoM athavA dravir3a parivAra kI- apane upadeza aura sAhitya kA mAdhyama bnaayaa| isI udAra pravRtti ke kAraNa madhyayugIna vibhinna janapadIya bhASAoM ke mUla rUpa surakSita raha sake haiN| Aja jaba bhASA ke nAma para vivAda aura matabheda haiM, taba aise samaya meM jaina saMskRti kI yaha udAra dRSTi stutya hI nahIM, anukaraNIya bhI hai| sAhityika samanvaya kI dRSTi se tIrthaMkaroM ke atirikta rAma aura kRSNa jaise lokapriya caritra nAyakoM ko bhI jaina sAhityakAroM ne sammAna kA sthAna diyaa| isake atirikta rAvaNa Adi aneka aise vyakti jo anyatra upekSA evaM ghRNA ke pAtra bane haiM, unheM bhI jaina sAhitya meM ucita sammAna milA hai| unake bhI guNoM ko ujAgara kiyA hai| yahI kAraNa hai, ki vAsudeva ke zatruoM ko bhI prati vAsudeva kA ucca pada diyaa| nAgayakSa Adi ko bhI anArya na mAnakara tIrthaMkaroM kA rakSaka mAnA hai| aura unheM devAlayoM meM sthAna diyA hai| kaI jainettara saMskRta evaM DiMgala granthoM kI lokabhASAoM meM TIkAe~ likhakara bhI jaina vidvAnoM ne isa sAMskRtika vinimaya ko protsAhana diyA hai| jaina darzana meM saguNa-nirguNa ke vivAda ko bhI nirmUla batAte hue donoM hI dhArAoM ko sAdhanA ke do sopAnoM ke rUpa meM pratiSThita karake donoM kA adbhuta

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upasaMhAra * 491 samanvaya kiyA hai| nirAkAra AtmA (siddha) aura sAkAra rUpa (arihanta) ke svarUpa meM ekatA ke darzana hote haiN| paMca parameSThI namaskAra mahAmaMtra (namo arihaMtANaM, namo siddhANaM, namo AyariyANaM, namo uvajjhAyANaM, namo loe savva sAhUNaM) meM eka hI maMgalAcaraNa meM isa prakAra kA samabhAva anyatra dekhane ko nahIM miltaa| yaha samanvaya bhAvanA anupama udAratA kI pratIka hai| paMca-parameSThI namaskAra mahAmaMtra kisI vaiyaktika niSThA kA pratipAdaka na hokara guNaniSThA kA pratipAdana karatA hai| isameM jaina dharma ke sarvAdhika pUjanIya, vandanIya 24 tIrthaMkaroM meM se kisI kA nAma nahIM hai| vyakti vizeSa ko namaskAra na karake guNoM ko namana kiyA gayA hai| isase yaha mahAmaMtra sArvabhaumika, sArvakAlika, sArvajanIna rUpa meM pratiSThita hai| jo krodha, ahaMkAra, Asakti Adi vikAroM se mukta ho gaye haiM, una arihantoM ko namaskAra hai| jinhoMne sAdhanA kA sarvocca lakSya prApta kara liyA hai, una siddhoM ko namaskAra hai| jo zuddha AcAra kA Adarza haiM, una AcAryoM ko namaskAra hai, jo svayaM jJAnI banakara vidyAdAna meM kuzala haiM, una upadhyAyoM ko namaskAra hai aura jo sAdhanA ke zuddha mArga para gatizIla haiM, vizva ke una sabhI sAdhuoM ko namaskAra hai| isa prakAra vaiyaktika pUjA kI apekSA guNa-pUjA ko mahatva dene se ArAdhya ke nAma para kisI bhI vyartha ke vivAda kI saMbhAvanA hI nahIM raha jAtI hai| jaina sAhityakAroM ne navIna kAvya vidhAoM ko vikasita kiyA aura gadya ke rUpa meM bhI kaI navIna rUpoM kI sRSTi kii| jaise gurvAvalI, paTTAvalI, utpattigrantha, daphtarabahI, aitihAsika TippaNa, graMtha-prazasti, bavalikA davAvaita, silokA, bAlAva bodha, bAta aadi| ye nirmANa isalie bhI mahatvapUrNa haiM, kyoMki usake dvArA hindI gadya kA prAcIna aitihAsika vikAsa spaSTa hotA hai| hindI ke prAcIna aitihAsika aura kalAtmaka gadya meM ina kAvya rUpoM kI dena mahatvapUrNa haiN| pratyeka saMskRti ke do rUpa hote haiM - Antara aura bAhya / bAhya rUpa ko to sabhI vyakti cakSu, karNa Adi bAhya indriyoM se jAna sakate haiM, kintu Antara rUpa kA anubhava to use jIvana meM tanmaya karane vAlA hI jAnatA hai aura dUsare to usake vyavahAra aura vAtAvaraNa para par3ane vAle prabhAva se anumAna lagAte haiM yA prabhAvita hote haiN| jaina saMskRti ko vizad rUpa se samajhane ke lie isI prakAra ke do rUpoM kA vicAra karanA hai| isakA Antara rUpa nivRtti paraka aura bAhya rUpa pravRtti paraka hai| nivRtti kA artha kartavya vimukhatA, akarmaNyatA yA puruSArtha hInatA nahIM hai| nivRtti ko sAdhAraNa taura para tyAga ke rUpa meM jAnA jAtA hai aura tyAga hI jaina saMskRti kA Antara rUpa hai| nivRtti kisase lenA, tyAga kisakA karanA hai? isake lie jaina saMskRti meM spaSTa batAyA hai, ki vaha pravRtti karo jisase yaha janama-maraNa-punarjanma kA cakra samApta ho jaae| janma maraNa ke pramukha kAraNa rAga-dveSa hai| inake dvArA prANimAtra

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492 jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana krodhAdi kaSAyoM, hiMsAdi pApakAryoM meM rata rahatA hai / manuSya icchAoM kA dAsa banakara pApa puNya ke cakkara meM bhaTakatA rahatA hai / ataH isako rokane ke lie nivRtti kI sAdhanA kI jAnI cAhiye / jyoM-jyoM manuSya sAMsArika bandhanoM rAgadveSa Adi se nivRtta hotA jAyegA, vaise-vaise hI janma maraNa kA bandhana bhI zithila hokara sarvathA kSaya ho jAyegA / nivRti kA mArga apanAne se do kArya hote haiM 1. duHkhotpatti ke bhAvI kAraNoM kA nirodha aura 2. vidyamAna kAraNoM ko naSTa krnaa| pahale rUpa meM una kAraNoM para pratibandha lagAne kA lakSya rahatA hai, jo vartamAna meM adRzya rUpa se hamArI mAnasika kriyAoM dvArA hokara bhaviSya meM phaladAyI banate haiN| dUsare meM una kAraNoM kA kSaya karane kA prayAsa hotA hai, jo atIta ke kAryoM se kAraNa rUpa banakara vartamAna meM duHkhotpatti kara rahe haiM / bhAvI kAraNoM kI roka ke lie ahiMsA aura vartamAna kAraNoM ke kSaya ke lie saMyama tapa sAdhana haiM / isa tripadI ke samanvaya dvArA nivRtti kA phalitArtha prApta hotA hai / isI ko zramaNa saMskRti ne dharma kahA hai- 'dhammo ..... ahiMsA saMjamo tavo / ' jaina saMskRti kA yaha nivRtti paraka Antara rUpa vyakti aura samAja kA Avazyaka aMga hai| Atmadarzana kI bhAvanA pratyeka vyakti meM chipI hai aura usake lie svayaM prayatna bhI karatA hai / kASAyika pravRttiyoM se nivRtta honA hI Atmadarzana (sAkSAtkAra) kA mArga hai / yadyapi Antarika vAsanAoM se vAsanAoM para vijaya pAkara sarvadA nivRtta honA kaThina hai, lekina asambhava nahIM hai| jo AtmA kA nigraha kara lete haiM, ve apane Apa para saMyama kara sakate haiM, ve dhIre-dhIre unase nivRtta hokara sukha evaM Ananda kA anubhava bhI kara sakate haiM / - nivRtti ke sambandha meM yadi bhAratIya darzanoM kI samIkSA kareM to pratyeka darzana ne AtmasAkSAtkara ke lie nivRtti ko mukhyatA dI hai| karmakANDI mImAMsakoM ke atirikta sabhI vaidika aura avaidika darzana nivRtti ke upadeSTA haiM / jaina aura bauddha saMskRtiyA~ to mUlataH nivRtti paraka haiM hI, kintu vaidika samajhe jAne vAle nyAyavaizeSika, sAMkhya yoga aura aupaniSad darzanoM kI AdhArazilA bhI nivRtti mUlaka hai / unhoMne Atma sAkSAtkAra ke lie pravRttimUlaka dharma ko heya batAkara AtmajJAna aura tatsambandhI vyavahAra ko upAdeya batAyA hai aura usI ke dvArA punarjanma se nirata honA sambhava mAnate haiN| jaina saMskRti kA nivRtti paraka Antara rUpa anubhavagamya hai| isakA spaSTa darzana zramaNa varga meM kiyA jA sakatA hai, jo tapa, tyAga saMyama kI sAdhanA ke lie aihika bhogoM aura deha se mamatva tyAga karate haiN| janatA unheM zraddhA se sira jhukAtI hai| itanA hI nahIM, sAdhAraNa jana svayaM akiMcana anagAra kA mArga anusaraNa karane meM apane jIvana kI kRtArthatA mAnate haiM /

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upasaMhAra 493 jaina saMskRti kI isI nivRtti pradhAnatA ke kAraNa sAmAnyataH logoM meM yaha bhrAnti pAyI jAtI hai, ki jaina dharma ne saMsAra ko duHkhamUlaka batAkara nirAzAvAda ko janma diyA hai| saMyama aura virAga kI adhikatA para bala dekara mAnava kI anurAga bhAvanA aura kalA prema ko kuMThita kiyA hai| lekina yaha bhrAMti nirmUla hai| isa saMskRti ke saMvAhakoM ne AcAra vrata, niyama, kalA, sAhitya, sthApatya Adi ke rUpa meM bAhya rUpa ko bhI ujAgara kiyA hai| yaha ThIka hai, ki jaina dharma ne saMsAra ko duHkhamUlaka mAnA, lekina kisalie? akhaNDa Ananda kI prApti ke lie, zAzvata sukha kI upalabdhi ke lie| yadi jaina dharma saMsAra ko duHkhapUrNa mAnakara hI ruka jAtA, sukha prApti kI khoja nahIM karatA, usake lie sAdhanA-mArga kI vyavasthA nahIM detA, to hama use nirazAvAdI kaha sakate the, para usameM to mAnava ko mahAtmA banAne kI, nara se nArAyaNa banAne kI, AtmA ko paramAtmA banAne kI AsthA kA bIja chipA huA hai / daivavAda ke nAma para apane ko asahAya aura nirbala samajhane vAle logoM ko kisane Atma jAgRti kA sandeza diyA? kisane usake hRdaya meM chipe hue puruSArtha ko jagAyA? kisane use apane bhAgya kA vidhAtA banAyA? jaina dharma kI yaha vicAradhArA yugoM bAda Aja bhI buddhi jIviyoM kI dharohara bana rahI hai, saMskRti ko vaijJAnika dRSTi pradAna kara rahI hai| jaina darzana kevala nivRttimUlaka hI nahIM hai, varan pravRtti ko, jIvana ke vidhAna pakSa ko bhI usane mahattva diyA hai| isa dharma-darzana ke upadeSTA tIrthaMkara laukikaalaukika vaibhava ke pratIka hai| daihika dRSTi se ve anantabala, ananta sauMdarya aura ananta parAkrama ke dhanI hote haiM / indrAdi milakara unake paMca kalyANaka mahotsavoM kA Ayojana karate haiN| upadeza dene ke unake sthAna (samavasaraNa) kalAkRtiyoM se alaMkRta hote haiN| jaina dharma ne jo nivRttimUlaka bAteM kahI hai, ve kevala ucchRMkhalatA aura asaMyama ko rokane ke lie hI hai / jaina saMskRti kI kalAtmaka dena bhI apane Apa meM mahatvapUrNa sthAna rakhatI hai vAstukalA ke kSetra meM vizAlakAya kalAtmaka maMdira meruparvata kI racanA, naMdIzvara dvIpa va samavasaraNa kI racanA, mAnastambha, caitya, stUpa Adi ullekhanIya hai| mUrtikalA meM vibhinna tIrthaMkaroM kI mUrtiyoM ko dekhA jA sakatA hai| citrakalA meM bhitti citra, tAr3apatrIya citra, kASTha citra, lipi citra, vastra para citra Azcarya meM DAlane vAle haiM / isa prakAra sAhitya, saMgIta, kalA, sthApatya ke rUpa meM jaina saMskRti kA jo rUpa dikhatA hai, vaha bhI kAphI gauravapUrNa hai| jaina saMskRti kI viziSTatA yaha hai, ki isameM kalA ko mAtra kalA ke lie nahIM, sAhitya, saMgIta Adi ko kevala manoraMjana ke lie hI nahIM, varan inako bhI mAnasika ekAgratA, antarlInatA, bhaktirasa kI anubhUti evaM paramAtma svarUpa ke sAtha tadAkAratA ke lie hI svIkAra karatI hai / saMskRti ke bAhya svarUpa kA vikAsa, antara svarUpa ko puSTa karane ke lie mAnA hai| yahA~ deha kA 1

Page #496
494 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana poSaNa pahalavAnI ke lie nahIM, varan sAdhanA aura tapazcaryA ke lie kiyA jAtA hai| isI prakAra sAhitya, saMgIta Adi kA vikAsa bhI Atma vikAsa kI dRSTi se hI huA hai| isa prakAra nivRtti aura pravRtti kA samanvaya karake jaina darzana ne saMskRti ko lacIlA banAyA hai| usakI kaThoratA ko kalA kI bAMha dI hai, to komalatA ko saMyama kI zakti isalie vaha Aja bhI jIvaMta hai| AryoM ke Agamana ke pUrva bhI bhArata meM nivRtti paraka dharma kA pracAra thaa| ina nivRttivAdiyoM ko vedoM meM 'vrAtya' zabda se sambodhita kiyA gayA hai| vrAtya kA artha hai, tapa, tyAga, dhyAna, anAsakti Adi vratoM kA anusaraNa karane vaale| inakI yaha nivRti mUlaka vRtti itanI sabala thI, ki pravRtti anugAmI Arya bhI inase AkarSita hue aura zanaiH-zanaiH unhoMne bhI AcAra vicAra mulaka bAtoM ko apanI pravRtti kA aMga banA liyaa| saMbhavataH tatkAlIna AryoM meM, upaniSadoM aura usake uttaravartI sAhitya meM nivRtti kI pradhAnatA ke spaSTa darzana hote haiN| jaina darzana ke anusAra AtmavidyA ke prathama pravartaka bhagavAna RSabha haiN| ve prathama rAjA, prathama jina, prathama kevalI, prathama tIrthaMkara aura prathama dharma-cakravartI the| brahmavidyA yA AtmavidyA avaidika zabda haiN| bauddha, jaina Adi vibhinna brAhmaNa virodhI mata-matAntaroM kA vikAsa Atma vettA kSatriyoM kI badaulata hI saMbhava ho skaa| kyoMki AdhyAtma vidyA kI paramparA bahuta prAcIna rahI hai, saMbhavataH veda racanA se pahale bhI rahI hai| usake puraskartA kSatriya the| brAhmaNa purANa bhI isa bAta kA samarthana karate haiM, ki bhagavAna RSabha kSatriyoM ke pUrvaja haiN| unhoMne sudUra kSitija meM AdhyAtma vidyA kA upadeza diyA thaa| vastutaH kSatriya paramparA Rgveda kAla se pUrvavartI hai| upaniSad-kAla meM kSatriya brAhmaNoM kA pada chIna lene ko udyata nahIM the, pratyuta brAhmaNoM ko AtmavidyA kA jJAna de rahe the| jaisA ki ema. vinTaraniTja ne likhA hai, 'upaniSadoM meM to aura kabhI-kabhI brAhmaNoM meM bhI aise kitane hI sthala Ate haiM, jahA~ darzana anucintana ke usa yuga pravAha meM kSatriyoM kI bhAratIya saMskRti ko dena svataH siddha ho jAtI hai|" vartamAna yuga meM jaina saMskRti kI upAdeyatA : jaina darzana vizva ke prAcInatama darzanoM meM se haiN| anya kaI darzana kAla pravAha meM vilIna ho gye| lekina jaina darzana kI avicchinna dhArA Aja bhI avilarUpa se pravAhamAna hai aura usameM nihita jIvana mUlyoM ke vAcaka pratinidhi caturvidha saMgha- zramaNa, zramaNI, zrAvaka, zrAvikA rUpa se vidyamAna hai| isase yaha spaSTa hai, ki jaina darzana meM aise sArvamataika, sArvakAlika tatva haiM, jo sadiyoM pUrva bhI itane hI mahatvapUrNa the aura Aja ke vaijJAnika yuga meM bhI utane hI prAsaMgika va mahatvapUrNa hai|

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upasaMhAra * 495 Adhunika jIvana aura sabhyatA kA vikAsa jisa prakAra se huA hai, usane dharma ke sAtha jur3e hue pratigAmI mUlyoM ko jhakajhora diyA hai| phalasvarUpa dharma-darzana atIta kA vyAkhyAna aura bhaviSya kI svapnadarzI kalpanA mAtra samajhA jAne lagA hai| jJAna - vijJAna ke stara para, jo Adhunika jIvana dRSTi vikasita huI hai, usake sAtha dharma kA koI tAlamela nahIM hai, lekina aisI soca aura samajha bhrAmaka hai| isa bhrama nivAraNa ke lie AdhunikatA aura dharma-darzana ke svarUpa ko sahI pariprekSya meM samajhanA Avazyaka AdhunikatA ko do rUpoM meM samajhA jA sakatA hai| eka to samaya sApekSa prakriyA ke rUpa meM aura dUsarA vibhinna prabhAvoM se utpanna cetanA ke rUpa meN| prathama rUpa meM AdhunikatA kAlavAcI hai, jo parivartana aura vikAsa kI sAraNiyoM ko pAra kara kAla-pravAha ke sAtha Age bar3hatI hai| isa sthiti meM hara Agantuka kSaNa apane pUrvavartI kSaNa kI apekSA Adhunika hogA aura isa prakriyA meM paramparA AdhunikatA se jur3I rahegI, usase kaTakara ekadama alaga nahIM hogii| dUsare rUpa meM AdhunikatA bhAvavAcI hai, vibhinna prabhAvoM se utpanna cetanA rUpa hai| isakA sambandha mUlyavattA se hai| Adhunika kAla-khaNDa meM rahate hue bhI kaI bAra vyakti isa mUlya paraka cetanA ko grahaNa nahIM kara paataa| jaina darzana meM yaha cetanA samAnatA, svatantratA, zramaniSThA, indriya jaya, AtmasaMyama, Antarika vItarAgatA, lokakalyANa, vaicArika audArya, vizvamaitrI, svAvalambana, Atma jAgRti, karttavya parAyaNatA, AtmAnuzAsana, anAsakti jaise mUlyoM se jur3I huI hai, yahI mUlyavattA jaina darzana kI Adhunika dRSTivattA hai| AdhunikatA ke isa sandarbha meM dharma sampradAya yA mata banakara nahIM rhtaa| vaha Atma jayatA yA AtmasvabhAva kA paryAya bana jAtA hai| sabhyatA kA vikAsa indriya sukha aura viSaya-sevana kI ora adhikAdhika hone se AtmA apane svabhAva meM sthita na hokara vibhAvAbhimukha hotI jA rahI hai / phalasvarUpa Aja saMsAra meM cAroM tarapha hiMsA, tanAva aura viSamatA kA vAtAvaraNa banA huA hai| viSamatA se samatA, duHkha se sukha aura azAnti se zAnti kI ora bar3hane kA mArga dharmamUlaka hI ho sakatA hai| lekina vartamAna kAla meM sabase bar3A saMkaTa yahI hai, ki vyakti dharma ko apanA mUla svabhAva na mAnakara, use mukhauTA mAnane lage haiN| dharma yA darzana mukhauTA taba banatA hai, jaba vaha AcaraNa meM pratiphalita nahIM hotaa| siddhAnta aura vyavahAra kA bar3hatA huA antara vyakti ko andara hI andara khokhalA banAtA rahatA hai| jaba dharma apane hI dArzanika siddhAntoM se haTakara lIka pITane vAlI rUr3hi mAtra bana jAtA hai taba dharma ke prati arUci hone lagatI hai| loga use aphImI nazA aura na jAne kyA-kyA kahane laga jAte hai- yaha sahI hai, ki isa dharmonmAda meM bar3e-bar3e atyAcAra hue haiN| vidharmiyoM ko jhUThA hI nahIM ThaharAyA gayA, varan unheM prANAntaka yAtanAe~ bhI dI

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496 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana giiN| jahA~ dharma ke nAma para aise atyAcAra hote haiM, dharma ke nAma para sAmAjika U~canIca ke vibhinna stara kAyama kie jAte hoM, dharma ke nAma para bhagavAna ke prAMgaNa meM na jAne, unheM chUne na chUne kI prarUpaNA kI jAtI ho, vaha dharma nizcaya hI eka prakAra kI aphIma hai| usake sevana se nazA hI AtA hai| AtmadazA kI koI pahacAna nahIM hotii| dharma ke nAma para panapane vAlI isa vikRti ko dekhakara hI mArksa ne dharma ko aphIma khaa| lekina saccA dharma nazA nahIM hai, varan vaha to naze ko dUra kara Atma-dazA ko zuddha aura nirmala banAne vAlA hai, suSupta cetanA ko jAgRta karane vAlA hai, jJAna aura AcaraNa ke dvaita ko miTAne vAlA hai| dharma ke do AdhAra haiM- 1. cirantana aura 2. saamyik| donoM eka dUsare ke pUraka haiN| cirantana AdhAra Atma-guNoM se sambandhita hai aura sAmayika AdhAra sama-sAmayika paristhitiyoM kA pariNAma haiN| deza aura kAla ke anusAra yaha parivartita hotA rahatA hai| grAma dharma, nagara dharma, rASTra dharma, saMgha dharma sAmayika AdhAra para apanA rUpa khar3A karate haiM aura cirantana AdhAra se preraNA va zakti lekara jIvana tathA samAja ko saMtulita, saMyamita karate haiN| donoM AdhAroM ko dravya, kSetra, kAla aura bhAva ke anusAra yathAyogya sthAna aura mahattva detA hai| AdhunikatA aura vaijJAnika yuga dharma ke lie anukUla nahIM hai yA ve dharma ke virodhI haiM, aisI vicAradhArA nirA bhrama utpanna karatI hai| vAstava meM AdhunikatA hI dharma kI kasauTI hai| dharma andhavizvAsa yA avasaravAditA nahIM hai| kaI loka sammata jIvana Adarza milakara hI dharma kA rUpa khar3A karate haiN| usameM jo avAMchanIya rur3hi tattva praveza kara jAte haiM, AdhunikatA unakA virodha karatI hai| AdhunikatA kA dharma ke kendrIya jIvana tattvoM se koI virodha nahIM hai| Aja ke isa tejaraphtAra yuga meM sabase bar3I AvazyakatA isa bAta kI hI hai, dharma ke kendriya jIvana tattva yathA indriya nigraha, maMtrI, karuNA, prema, sevA, sahakAra, svAvalambana, tapa, saMyama, paropakAra Adi surakSita rheN| __ vartamAna yuga bauddhika vizleSaNa aura tarka jAla kA yuga hai| vaha zraddhA aura AsthA ke AdhAra para Tike hue zAzvata AdarzoM ko mahattva na dekara una mUlyoM tathA tathyoM ko mahattva detA hai, jo prayoga aura parIkSaNa kI kasauTI para khare utarate haiN| vaha atIta jIvI vizvAsoM aura anAgata Adarza kalpanAoM meM na vicara kara, vartamAna jIvana kI kaThoratAoM aura vidrUpatAoM se saMgharSa karane meM apane puruSArtha kA jauhara dikhAtA hai| vaha indriyoM aura mana dvArA pratyakSIkRta satya tathA bhautika jagat kI sthiti va avagAhanA meM vizvAsa karatA hai| trikAlavAhI satyanirupaNa, paraloka sambandhI rahasyAtmakatA va IzvaravAditA ko nakAratA hai| vijJAna kA cintana Izvara jaisI kisI aisI alaukika zakti meM vizvAsa nahIM karatA jo vyakti ke sukha-duHkha kI niyAmaka

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upasaMhAra * 497 ho aura na aise chAyAloka meM vizvAsa karatA hai, jo isa pRthvI loka se pare ananta sukhoM kI krIr3A bhUmi hai| dUsare zabdoM meM vijJAna yaha svIkAra nahIM karatA, ki mAnava ko koI dUsarI zakti sukhI yA duHkhI banAtI hai| cUMki tathAkathita dhArmika paramparAeM manuSya ke sukha duHkha ke lie svayaM manuSya ko nahIM, varan Izvara nAma kI kisI anya zakti ko uttaradAyI ThaharAtI rahI hai, isalie vijJAna ne dharma kA virodha karanA prArambha kara diyaa| bhautikavAda ke isa yuga meM bAhya bhautika sAdhana-sAmagrI kA bahulatA se anveSaNa huA hai| lekina ye bhautika sukha-suvidhAe~ va sAdhana bhI manuSya ko kisI santoSa janaka sAdhya kI ora le jAne meM sakSama nahIM rhe| phalasvarUpa mAnava punaH apane atIta meM kucha khojane ko prerita huA, jahA~ kama sAdhanoM ke bAvajUda adhika santuSTi evaM paripUrNatA kA jIvana thaa| isa jAgaraNa meM sAMskRtika dharohara kA punarmUlyAMkana hone lgaa| dharma-darzanoM meM nihita tathyoM aura AdarzoM kI samasAmayika sandarbho meM vyAkhyA hone lgii| jarmanI ke prAcya vidyA vizAradoM kI dRSTi bhArata kI isa mUlyavAna dhArmika sAMskRtika, AdhyAtmika nidhi kI ora gii| maiksamUlara aura haramana jaikobI jaise vidvAnoM ke nAma isa dizA meM vizeSa ullekhanIya haiN| jaba jaina darzana se vidvAnoM kA samparka huA aura unhoMne apane adhyayana se yaha jAnA, ki Izvara aura paraloka ko pare rakhakara bhI dharma-sAdhanA kA ciMtana aura abhyAsa kiyA jA sakatA hai, to unheM dhArmika siddhAnta tathyapUrNa lge| jaina darzana kI isa mAnyatA meM unakI vizeSa dilacaspI paidA huI, ki Izvara sRSTi kA kartA nahIM hai| SadravyoM ke saMyoga se sRSTi kI racanA svataH hotI calatI hai| yaha eka gatizIla prakriyA hai| isa dRSTi se sRSTi kA na Adi hai na aMta hai| yaha anAdi ananta hai| isI prakAra jIvoM ko sukha-duHkha koI parokSa sattA nahIM detI hai| jIva ke svakRta karmoM se hI use sukha-duHkha milate haiN| jIva kisI anya zakti athavA Izvara para nirbhara nahIM hai| isa prakAra jaina darzana meM Atma-nirbharatA para sarvAdhika bala diyA gayA hai| sRSTi racanA aura Izvaratva ke rUpa meM apane puruSArthaparAkrama ke bala para mAnava cetanA ke carama-vikAsa (cetanA ke urvIkaraNa) ke siddhAnta ne dharma aura vijJAna ke antara ko kama kara diyaa| Adhunika vicAraka dharma aura vijJAna ko eka dUsare ke virodhI na mAnakara pUraka mAnane lage haiN| donoM kI paddhati aura prakriyA meM antara hote hue bhI unake lakSya meM samAnatA hai| jaina darzana ne dharma ko kisI mata yA sampradAya se na jor3akara manuSya kI vRttiyoM se jor3A aura kSamA, saralatA, vinamratA, satya, nirlobhatA, tyAga saMyama, tapa, brahmacarya Adi kI paripAlanA ko dharma khaa| jo vyakti dharma kI isa rUpa se sAdhanA karatA hai, vaha devatA se bhI mahAn hai| vaha devatA ko namana nahIM karatA, varan devatA use namana karate haiN|

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498 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana isa prakAra jaina dharma ne sAdhanA ke kendra meM manuSya ko pratiSThita kiyaa| manuSya apane puruSArtha dvArA apanI vikRtiyoM para vijaya prApta kara apanI cetanA kA sarvopari vikAsa kara sakatA hai| mAnava mana kI vikRtiyA~ haiM- krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobh| inheM kaSAya kahA gayA hai| ina kaSAyoM kI jar3a haiM- mAnava icchA yA kaamnaa| ye icchAe~ kaSAyoM meM rUpAntarita hotI rahatI hai, jisase cetanA kA vikAsa sambhava nahIM ho paataa| phalataH AtmA kI jJAna-darzana cAritra va sukha kI zaktiyA~ dabI huI rahatI hai| sAdhaka apanI sAdhanA dvArA kAmanAoM para niyantraNa karake Atma anuzAsana dvArA apanI Atma zaktiyoM ko pUrNa rUpa se jAgRta aura vikasita kara sakatA hai| cetanA kI isa pUrNa vikasita avasthA ko hI kevalajJAna tathA mokSa kahA hai| yahI vAstavika svatantratA hai| isa svatantratA kI prApti ke lie manuSya kisI alaukika zakti athavA sattA para nirbhara nahIM hai| vaha svayaM isa avasthA ko prApta karane meM sakSama aura svataMtra hai| jaina darzana meM isa avasthA ko prApta karane kI prakriyA ko jJAna, darzana, cAritra aura tapa kI samyak ArAdhanA dvArA AtmA ke sAtha lage hue karmoM ko kSaya karane kI sAdhanA kahA hai| vartamAna yuga meM sikyularijma (Secularism) ke jo vicAra ubhare haiM, ve jaina darzana ke dharma ke vicAra se paryApta mela khAte haiN| sikyularijma kI bhAvanA hai, sabhI dharmoM ke prati Adara aura smmaan| dharma ke nAma para kisI ko U~cA nIcA na smjhnaa| dUsare zabdoM meM sampradAyAtIta honaa| jaina darzana meM dharma kI jo vyAkhyA hai, vaha sampradAyAtIta dharma kI vyAkhyA hai| isameM sampradAya kI apekSA dharma ko jIvana kI eka kalA ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA hai| isa dRSTi se jaina dharma kA ciMtana sArvajanIna, sarvajanopayogI tathA sarvodayI hai| jaina darzana meM dharma ke do bheda kie haiN| anagAra dharma arthAt, muni dharma aura AgAra dharma arthAt gRhastha dhrm| muni dharma vaha dharma hai,jisameM sAdhaka tIna karaNa, tIna yoga se hiMsA, jhUTha, corI, maithuna aura parigraha kA AjIvana tyAga karatA hai, arthAt muni isa pApakarmoM ko mana, vacana aura kAyA se na karatA hai. na dasaroM se karavAtA hai aura na jo karate haiM unako protsAhita karate haiN| vaha paMca mahAvrata (ahiMsA, satya, acaurya, brahmacarya, aura aparigraha) dhArI hotA hai| gRhastha dharma vaha dharma hai, jisameM sAdhaka mahAvratoM kI bajAya aNuvratoM ko dhAraNa karatA hai| vaha apanI zakti va sAmarthya ke anusAra sthUla rUpa se hiMsA, jhUTha, corI, kuzIla aura parigraha kA tyAga karatA hai| gRhastha dharma ke Age kI sIr3hI hai- anagAra dhrm| gRhastha dharma ke niyama arthAt bAraha vrata eka prakAra se kisI bhI deza ke Adarza nAgarika kI AcAra saMhitA hai| ___ jaina darzana kI krAMtikArI vicAradhArA ne dharma kI Ar3a meM yajJoM meM dI jAne vAlI pazubali kA sakhta virodha kiyaa| dharma ke atirikta bhI mUka pazuoM ke vadha ko rokane ke yathAsaMbhava prayAsa kie| mAMsAhAra kA niSedha kara pazuvadha kI pravRtti para roka

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upasaMhAra * 499 lgaaii| ariSTanemi ne mUka pazuoM kI hiMsA ko rokane ke lie svayaM ke vivAha taka kA tyAga kara diyaa| dazavaikAlika meM kahA hai, savve jIvA vi icchaMti, jIviuM na mrijjiuN|' arthAt sabhI jIva jInA cAhate hai, maranA koI nahIM caahtaa| manuSya dvArA manuSya ke zoSaNa ko samApta karane ke lie dAsa prathA kA bhI ghora virodha kiyaa| jaina darzana meM hI zUdroM evaM striyoM ko bhI sabhI prakAra ke dhArmika adhikAra die| unheM apane saMgha meM dIkSita kiyA barAbarI kA sthAna diyaa| jAtivAda kA khaNDana karake yaha udghoSa kiyA, ki kisI jAti vizeSa meM janma lene mAtra se hI vyakti U~cA athavA nIcA nahIM ho jAtA hai, varan vyakti apane karmoM se mahAna banatA hai| jaina darzana ne mAnavIya mUlyoM evaM Atmika sadguNoM ke vikAsa ko adhika mahatva diyA hai| jaisA ki uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM kahA hai, 'samatAbhAva dhAraNa karane se koI zramaNa hotA hai, brahmacarya pAlana karane meM brAhmaNa hotA hai, jJAna kI ArAdhanA karane se muni hotA hai aura tapasyA karane se tapasvI hotA hai|' arthAt zUdra kula meM janmA vyakti bhI brAhmaNa ke karma karake brAhmaNa bana sakatA hai| jaina darzana ke AdyapraNetA bhagavAna RSabhadeva ne bhI isI Azaya se jAti prathA prArambha kI thI aura bhagavAna mahAvIra ne bhI yahI udghoSa bulaMda kiyaa| jaina darzana dvArA pratipAdi dharma, samAja vyavasthA Adi yugoM-yugoM ke bAda Aja . bhI upayogI aura prAsaMgika haiN| mAnava sabhyatA ke vikAsa krama meM vaijJAnika yuga ke isa daura ne bhautika vikAsa kI carama sImAoM ko chU liyA hai| mAnava antarikSa taka pahu~ca gayA hai| vijJAna ne aisI-aisI khojeM kI haiM, ki manuSya eka sthAna para baiThA-baiThA sAre vizva ko jAna sakatA hai, kahIM se bhI kisI se bAta kara sakatA hai| bahuta kama samaya meM lambI dUriyA~ taya kara sakatA hai| lekina isa bhautika upakaraNoM ke vikAsa ne mAnava kI kSamatAoM ko kama kara diyaa| vyakti ke AtmavizvAsa meM kamI A gyii| samaya aura sthAna kI dUrI para vijaya pAkara bhI manuSya apane pArasparika sambandhoM meM adhika dUrI aura tanAva mahasUsa karane lagA hai| Aja usake cAroM ora vibhinna prakAra kI samasyAe~ mu~ha bAe khar3I haiN| vibhinna Arthika aura rAjanaitika cintakoM ne jo vicAra die haiM, usase laukika samRddhi kA kSitija to vistRta huA hai, lekina Atmika zAMti saMkucita ho gyii| hiMsA, jhUTha, corI, asaMyama aura parigraha kI samasyA pahale se kahIM adhika jaTila aura sUkSma banI hai| jIvana adhika azAMta saMtrasta aura kuMThita ho gayA hai| aisI sthiti meM manuSya ke jIvana meM zAMti, sukha aura saMtuSTi lAne ke lie jaina darzana mArga prazasta karatA hai| jaina dharma ke siddhAntoM ko jIvana meM, vyavahAra meM apanAne se jIvana svataH hI sahaja, sarala evaM sukhamaya ho jaaegaa|

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500 jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana saMdarbha sUcI 1. 2. 3. 4. vahI, gA0 339 5. dhammANaM kAsavo muNhuN| uttarAdhyayana, 25, gA0 16 vRddhAraNyaka upaniSad, 5/2/3 6. 7. vAyupurANa pUrvArddha, 33/50 8. 9. prAcIna bhAratIya sAhitya, prathama bhAga, prathama khaNDa, pR. 183 dazavaikAlika sUtra, 6/10 10. uttarAdhyayana sUtra, 25/32 - kalpasUtra-bhadrabAhu, (devendra muni), a0 2, gA0 195 Avazyaka niryukti, gA0 337 vahI, gA. 342-345

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saMdarbha grantha 1. atharvaveda saMhitA 2. anagAra dharmAmRta 3. anuyoga dvAra sUtra 4. abhidhAna rAjendra koSa (1-7) 5. aSTa pAhur3a 6. AcArAMga sUtra 7. AdipurANa : rAma zarmA AcArya, caukhambhA vidyA bhavana, vArANasI, 1971 : paM. AzAdhara, mANikyacandra jaina graMthamAlA samiti, bambaI, vi.ni.saM. 2034 : Arya rakSita, Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, 1987 : AcArya rAjendra sUri, abhidhAna rAjendra kAryAlaya, ratalAma (ma.pra.), 1991 : kundakundAcArya, zrI zAntivIra jaina saMsthAna, zrI mahAvIrajI, rAjasthAna, vI.ni.saM. 2502 : sudharmA svAmI, a. amolaka RSi, jaina amolaka jJAna prakAzana, dhUliyA (mahArASTra), 1980 : jinasenAcArya, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, vArANasI,1951 .: nemicaMda zAstrI, varNI jaina granthamAlA, vArANasI, 1968 : A. vidyAnanda, jaina grantha ratnAkara kAryAlaya, bambaI 1904 : A. samantabhadra, Agamodaya samiti, bambaI, vi.saM. 2501 : A0 vidyAnanda, Agamodaya samiti, bambaI, 1984 : A. bhadrabAhu, Agamodaya, samiti, bambaI, 1981 : bhadrabAhu svAmI, Agamodaya samiti, bambaI, 1917 gItA presa, gorakhapura, 1976 A. guNabhadra, pannAlAla, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, dillI, vI.ni. 2024 8. Adi purANa meM pratipAdita bhArata 9. Apta parIkSA 10. Apta mImAMsA 11. Avazyaka cUrNi 12. Avazyaka niyukti 13. Avazyaka sUtra 14. IzAvAzyopaniSad 15. uttarapurANa

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502 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana 16. uttara bhArata meM jaina dharma : sevA maMdira, rAvaTI, jodhapura, 1990 17. uttarAdhyayana sUtra : sudharmAsvAmI, zrI akhila bhAratIya sAdhumArgI jaina saMskRti rakSaka saMgha, byAvara, 1978 18. upAsaka dazAMga sUtra : sudharmA svAmI, zrI akhila bhAratIya sAdhumArgI jaina saMskRti saMgha, byAvara, 1980 19. upAya hRdaya : nAgArjuna, pAli prakAzana maNDala, bihAra, 1975 20. aitareyopaniSad : gItA presa, gorakhapura, vi.saM. 2001 21. aitihAsika kAla ke tIna tIrthaMkara : AcArya hastImalajI, jaina itihAsa samiti, lAla bhavana, jayapura, 1978 22. aupapAtika sUtra : abhayadeva sUri kI TIkA sahita, Agamodaya samiti, bambaI, 1916 23. aMguttara nikAya : rAhula sAMskRtyAyana, mahAbodhi sabhA, sAranAtha,1960 24. aMtagar3a dazAMga sUtra zrI akhila bhAratIya sAdhumArgI jaina saMskRti rakSaka saMgha, byAvara, 1981 25. Rgveda saMhitA (1-4) : rAma zarmA AcArya, saMskRti saMsthAna, barelI,1972 26. kaThopaniSad : gItA presa, gorakhapura, 1982 27. karma grantha bhAga (1-5) : devendra sUri, zrI jaina dharma prasAraka, bhAvanagara, 1917 28. kalpa sUtra : bhadrabAhu, a. zrI AnandasAgara sUrijI, zrI Ananda jJAna maMdira, sailAnA, ma.pra., 1976 29. kalpasUtra kI prastAvanA : devendramuni, zrI amara jaina Agama zodha saMsthAna, gar3ha sivAnA, 1980 30. kalpasUtra subodhika TIkA : vinaya vijaya gaNi, devacanda lAlabhAI, bambaI, 1923 31. kAmpila kalpa : saM. pro. ke.DI. vAjapeyI, pra. hajArI mala bA~ThiyA, kAmpilapura tIrtha vikAsa pariSad, zakkara paTTI,nAgapura, 1980 32. kumArapAla caritra : jayasiMha sUri, ena.esa.pI. bombe, 1926 33. kenopaniSad : gItA presa, gorakhapura, 1930 34. gommaTasAra : puSpadanta evaM bhUtabali, pra. nemIcaMda paramazruta prabhAvaka maNDala,bambaI, 1985 35. caraka saMhitA : caraka, caukhambhA vidyAbhavana, vArANasI, 1977

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saMdarbha grantha *503 36. cAra tIrthaMkara : zrI sukhalAla jI saMghavI, zrI jaina saMskRti saMzodhana maNDala, banArasa, 1953 37. chAndogya upaniSad : gItA presa, gorakhapura, vi.saM. 2023 38. jambUdvIpa prajJapti : amolaka RSi, jaina amolaka jJAna prakAzana, dhUliyA, vi.saM. 2446 39. jiNadhammo : AcArya nAneza, zrI samatA sAhitya prakAzana TrasTa, indaura-ujjaina, 1980 40. jIvAbhigama : madhukara muni, Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, 1983 jaina Agama meM nArI : DaoN. komala jaina, pra. padmajA prakAzana, devAsa (ma.pra.),1986 jaina aitihAsika nAmAvalI paM. nemicandra yati, sukharAja saMkhalecA, Ahora, 1926 43. jaina kAnUna berisTara caMcalarAya, digambara jaina mahAsabhA, bombe,1984 44. jaina tatva prakAza amolaka RSi, jaina amolaka jJAna prakAzana, dhUliyA, 1968 45. jaina darzana : ciMtana anuciMtana DaoN. rAmajI siMha, jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanUM, 1993 46. jaina darzana kA AdikAla dalasukha mAlavaNiyA, ela.DI. insTITyUTa, ahamadAbAda, 1980 47. jaina darzana va saMskRti kA itihAsa bhAgacanda bhAskara, nAgapura vidyApITha, 1977 48. jaina dharma kA prAcIna itihAsa (bhAga 1-2) : balabhadra, kezarIcanda cAvalavAle, dillI, vI.ni. 2500 49. jaina dharma kA maulika itihAsa ( bhAga 1-2) : AcArya hastImalajI, jaina itihAsa samiti, jayapura (rAja.), 1981 50. jaina dharma kA saMkSipta itihAsa : tejasiMha gaur3a, jayadhvaja prakAzana samiti, madrAsa, 1980 51. jaina dharma kI prAcInatA : bAla gaMgAdhara tilaka, a.bhA.disaMgha, caurAsI, mathurA, 1904 52. jaina patra-patrikAe~ tIrthaMkara vizeSAMka : saM. nemicanda, iMdaura 1977 53. jaina mandiroM kI prAcInatA va muni jJAna sundara, ratna prabhAkara phalaudI, mathurA kA kaMkAlI TIlA 1994 54. jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa : zrI nAthUrAma premI, hemacandra modI, hindI grantha ratnAkara kAryAlaya, bambaI, 1940 55. jaina vidyA kA sAMskRtika avadAna : rAmacandra dvivedI, Adarza sAhitya saMgha, curU,rAjasthAna, 1976

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504 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana 56. jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa para : jugala kizora mukhtAra, vIra sevA mandira, vizad prakAza dillI, 1956 57. tattvArthavArtika (sabhASya) : akalaMkadeva, zrI ratnaprabhAkara jJAna puSpamAlA phalaudI, vI.ni. 2044 58. tattvArthasAra : amRtacandra, mANikyacanda di. jaina granthamAlA, bambaI, 1970 59. tattvArtha sUtra : umAsvAti. sakhalAla saMghavI. pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1952 60. tiloyapaNNati : yati vRSabhasena, jIvarAja granthamAlA, solApura, 1999 tIrthaMkara mahAvIra va unakA sarvodaya tIrtha : paM. hukamacanda bhArilla, jayapura priMTarsa, 1999 62. tIrthaMkaroM kA lekhA : akhila bhAratIya sAdhumArgI saMgha, sailAna, vI.ni. 2045 63. tIrtha darzana (bhAga 1 va 2) zrI mahAvIra jaina kalyANa saMgha, madrAsa, 1980 64. taitiriya upaniSad : gItA presa, gorakhapura, vi.saM. 2026 65. dazavaikAlika niyukti : bhadrabAhu, Agamodaya samiti, bambaI, 1935 66. dazavaikAlika sUtra : zayyaMbhavasvAmI, Agamodaya samiti, bambaI, 1918 67. dazAzrutaskaMdha : bhadrabAhu, Agamodaya samiti, bambaI, 1935 68. darzanasAra : devasenAcArya, jaina sAhitya prakAzana dillI, 1985 69. digambaratva aura digambara muni : kAmatA prasAda jaina, A.di. jaina zAstrArtha, aMbAlA, 1932 70. dIrgha nikAya : rAhula sAMskRtyAyana, mahAbodhI sabhA sAranAtha,banArasa,1965 71. devasena kA darzanasAra : nAthUrAma premI, bambaI, 1918 72. dhammapadaM : rAhula sAMskRtyAyana, mahAbodhI sabhA sAranAtha,banArasa, 1965 73. nandIsUtra : devardvigaNi, pra. motIlAla mUthA, satArA sITI,1918 74. navatattva sAhitya saMgraha : hemacandrasUri, saM. udaya vijaya gaNi, jaina eDavokeTa sabhA, ahamadAbAda, 1922 75. niyamasAra : kundakundAcArya, zrI digambara jaina svAdhyAya maMdira TrasTa,sonagar3ha,saurASTra,1974 76. nirayAvaliyA sUtra TIkA sahita : candrasUri, Agamodaya samiti, bombe, 1922

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saMdarbha grantha *505 77. nItizAstra kI ruparekhA 78. nyAyamaMjarI : DaoN. rAmanAtha zarmA, dillI prakAzana, 1984 : jayaMta bhaTTa, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, vArANasI, 1970 79. nyAya vinizcaya vivaraNa 80. nyAyAvatAra 81. 2500 varSoM meM bhagavAna mahAvIra kI vizva ko dena 82. paTTAvalI samuccaya 83. padmapurANa 84. pariziSTa parvaNa 85. purAtana prabandha saMgraha 86. puruSArthasiddhayupAya 87. paMcAdhyAyI : AcArya vAdirAja, bhAratIya jJAnapITha prakAzana, kAzI, vI.ni. 2484 : siddhasena divAkara, AgamoddhAraka graMthamAlA, kapar3agaMja, vI.ni. 2024 : saM. dezabhUSaNajI, munnIdevI, dariyAgaMja, dillI vi.ni. 2500 : muni darzana, vIramagAma 1933 : saM. rAmazarmA AcArya, saMskRti saMsthAna, barelI, 1971 : AcArya hemacandra, zrI jaina dharma pracAraka sabhA, bhAvanagara, 1917 : muni jina vijaya, ema.je.jI.ema. kalakattA 1936 amRtacaMdrAcArya, paramazruta prabhAvanA maMDala, bambaI, 1986 paM. saranArAma jaina, di. jaina dharma pracAraka pustakAlaya,sahAranapura, 1986 : kundakundAcArya, zrI vItarAga sat sAhitya prasAraka TrasTa bhAvanagara, saurASTra, 1994 : hemacandrasUri, pra. sarasvatI pustaka bhaNDAra, ahamadAbAda, 1939 : yazovijayajI, Agamodaya samiti bambaI, 1965 : vAdideva sUri, zrI tilokaratna sthA. jaina dhArmika parIkSA borDa, pAtharDI, 1989 : akalaMkadeva, Agamodaya samiti, bambaI, 1939 : kundakundAcArya, zrI mahAvIra prasAda sAMgAkA pATanI, kizanagar3ha, rAjasthAna, 1986 : nemicandra sUri, zA. mohanalAla goviMdajI, pAlItANA, 1979 sudharmA svAmI, a madhukara muni, Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, 1983 88. paMcAstikAya saMgraha 89. pramANa mImAMsA 90. pramANanaya tatvaratnAvatArikA 91. pramANanaya tatvAvaloka 92. pramANa saMgraha 93. pravacanasAra 94. pravacana sAroddhara 95. prazna vyAkaraNa sUtra

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506 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana 96. prajJApanA sUtra 97. prAcIna bhArata 98. bAraha aNuvekkhA 99. brahmapurANa 100. brahmasUtra 101. brahmasUtra zAMkara bhASya sahita 102. bhagavatI sUtra 103. bhagavAna ariSTanemi aura karma yogI zrIkRSNa 104. bhagavAna RSabhadeva aura unakI lokavyApI mAnyatA 105. bhagavAna pArzvanAtha eka samIkSAtmaka adhyayana 106. bhagavAna pArzvanAtha kI paramparA kA itihAsa prathama bhAga 107. bhagavAna buddha : zyAmAcArya, Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara,1986 : oma prakAza prasAda, pustakamahala, dillI prakAzana, 1980 : kundakundAcArya, kundakunda bhAratI, dillI, 1975 : ilahAbAda, hindI sAhitya sammelana prayAga, 1972 : bAdarAyaNa, caukhambhA vidyAbhavana vANasI, 1980 : zaMkarAcArya, caukhambhA vidyAbhavana, __ vArANasI,1976 : sudharmAsvAmI, Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, 1980 : devendra muni zAstrI, zrI tAraka guru jaina granthAlaya,rAjasthAna, 1971 : kAmatA prasAda jaina AcArya bhikSu smRti graMtha, prakAzana, 1982 : devendra muni zAstrI, zrI vardhamAna zve. sthA jaina zrAvaka saMgha pUnA, 1970 : muni jJAna sundara, zrI ratna prabhAkara jJAna puSpamAlA, phalaudI, 1943 : dharmAnanda kauzAmbI, hindI grantha ratnAkara, bambaI,1960 : devendra muni zAstrI, zrI tAraka guru jaina granthAlaya,rAjasthAna, 1983 : kAmatAprasAda jaina, AcArya bhikSu smRti graMtha prakAzana, 1975 : DaoN. jyoti prasAda jaina, bhAratIya jJAna pITha, kAzI, 1980 : jyoti prasAda jaina, jaina sAhitya va kalA saMgoSThI, AgarA 1965 : paM. baladeva upAdhyAya, zAradA mandira, vArANasI, 1960 : zrI harindrabhUSaNa jaina, vIra nirvANa bhAratI, meraTha, 1973 108. bhagavAna mahAvIra eka anuzIlana 109. bhagavAna mahAvIra aura buddha 110. bhAratIya itihAsa : eka dRSTi 111. bhAratIya jaina sAhitya saMsada 112. bhAratIya darzana 113. bhAratIya saMskRti aura zramaNa paramparA

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saMdarbha grantha * 507 114. bhAratIya saMskRti kI do dhArAe~ 115. bhAva saMgraha 116. majjhima nikAya 117. matsya purANa 118. madhya eziyA kA itihAsa 119. manusmRti 120. mahApurANa 121. mahAbhArata 122. mallinAtha caritram 123. mArkaNDeya purANa 124. mANDUkya upaniSada 125. mAdhyamika kArikA 126. muNDakopaniSada 127. mUlAcAra : indracanda, sanmati jJAnapITha, AgarA, 1949 : devasenAcArya, bhAratIya jJAnapITha prakAzana, dillI,1985 : rAhula sAMkRtyAyana, mahAbodhi sabhA, sAranAtha, 1933 : ilAhAbAda, hindI sAhitya sammelana prayAga, 1971 : rAhula sAMkRtyAyana, pAli prakAzana maNDala bihAra, 1930 : paM. kAzInAtha vAjapeyI, bAbU baijanAtha prasAda bukaselara, banArasa, 1932 : puSpadanta, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, dillI, vi.saM. 2036 vedavyAsa, gItA presa gorakhapura, 1930 vinayacandra sUri, banArasa, 1912 nAgazarmA siMha, nAga pablikezana dillI, 1971 caukhambhA vidyAbhavana, vArANasI, 1995 nAgArjuna, mahAbodhi sabhA, sAranAtha, 1965 caukhambhA vidyAbhavana, vArANasI, 1995 vaTTakerAcArya, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, banArasa, vI ni0 2484 sAtavalekara saMskaraNa.vi.saM.1984 : maharSi dayAnanda sarasvatI, dayAnanda saMsthAna, dillI, 1930 : rAma zarmA AcArya, saMskRti saMsthAna, barelI, 1960 : hemacandrasUri, zrI jaina dharma pracAraka sabhA, bhAvanagara, 1985 : vyAsa bhASya, caukhambhA vidyAbhavana, vArANasI, vi.saM. 2027 : samantabhadra, mANikyacandra di. jaina granthamAlA, bambaI, vI.ni. 2513 : kalhaNa, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, dillI, 1965 amolaka RSi, rAjA bahAdura lAlA sukhadeva sahAyajI, haidarAbAda, vi.saM. 2442 TI.Ara. kRSNAcArya, bambaI, gItA presa, gorakhapura, vi.saM. 2717 128. yajurveda 129. yajurveda, sAmaveda, atharvaveda 130. yoga vAziSTha 131. yogazAstra 132. yogazAstra (pAtaJjala) 133. ratnakaraNDazrAvakAcAra 134. rAjataraMgiNI 135. rAja praznIyasUtra 136. rAmAyaNa

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508 * jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana 137. laghIyastraya 138. vipAkasUtra 139. vizeSAvazyaka bhASya 140. viSNupurANa 141. vaizeSika sUtra 142. vRhatkalpasUtra (malayagirIvRtti) 143. vRhadAraNya upaniSad 144. vyavahArasUtra 145. sanmati prakaraNa kuNDa 146. samayasAra (amRtacaMdra kI AtmakhyAti TIkA sahita) 147. samavAyAMga sUtra : akalaMkadeva, Agamodaya samiti, bambaI, 1972 : vRtti abhayadeva, saM0 esa.sI. modI, pUnA, pra0 vhI. jai. caukasI, ahamadAbAda, 1935 : jinabhadra gaNi kSamA-zramaNa, divya darzana TrasTa, muMbaI, 1912 : ilAhAbAda, hindI sAhitya sammelana, prayAga, 1951 : vAtsyAyayana, caukhambhA vidyAbhavana, vArANasI, 1969 : malayagirI, jaina AtmAnanda sabhA, bhAvanagara, 1933 : caukhambhA vidyAbhavana, vArANasI, 1990 : bhadrabAhu, Agama prakAzana samiti, bambaI, 1932 : siddhasena divAkara, Agamodaya samiti, bambaI, 1932 : kundakundAcArya, paM. ToDaramala smAraka TrasTa, jayapura, 1980 : a. madhukara muni, Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, 1966 : A. pUjyapAda, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, vArANasI, 1985 : rAmadhArI siMha dinakara, rAjapAla eNDa sansa, kazmIrIgeTa, dillI-1956 : devendramuni zAstrI, Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, 1967 : paM. AzAdhara, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, vArANasI, vI ni0 2034 : caukhambhA vidyAbhavana, vArANasI, 1971 Izvara kRSNa, motIlAla banArasIdAsa, 1971 : vijJAnabhikSu, gItApresa, gorakhapura, 1977 : vRtti zIlAMkAcArya, Agamodaya samiti, bambaI, 1917 : ilAhAbAda hindI sAhitya sammelana, prayAga, 1971 148. sarvArthasiddhi 149. saMskRti ke cAra adhyAya 150. saMskRti ke aMcala meM 151. sAgAra dharmAmRta 152. sAmaveda saMhitA 153. sAMkhyakArikA 154. sAMkhya pravacana bhASya 155. sUtrakRtAMga 156. skaMdha purANa

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saMdarbha grantha * 509 157. sthAnAMga sUtra 158. syAdavAda maMjarI 159. zArIrika bhASya 160. SaTakhaNDAgama 161. SaDdarzana samuccaya 162. zrImadbhAgavad gItA 163. zrImadbhAgavata purANa 164. zrI zAntinAtha purANam : sudharmA svAmI, Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, 1981 malliSeNa sUri, paramazruta prabhAvaka ma., bambaI, 1910 zaMkarAcArya, caukhambhA vidyAbhavana, vArANasI, 1976 puSpadanta (dhavalA TIkA) vIrasena, amarAvatI, 1943 : ma. rAjazekharasUri, dharmAbhyudaya maMtrAlaya, vArANasI, 1893 : gItApresa, gorakhapura, 177 : vedavyAsa, gItApresa, gorakhapura, 1918 : mahAkavi asaga, jaina saMskRti saMgha, solApura, 1974 : jinasena, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, dillI, 1930 : rAdhAkumuda mukarjI, rAjakamala prakAzana, dillI, 1984 : hemacandra, jaina dharma pracAraka sabhA, bhAvanagara, 1908 : sudharmA svAmI, Agamodaya samiti, bambaI, 1920 : yazovijaya, hindI sAhitya, kAryAlaya AbUroDa, vi.saM. 2038 165. harivaMzapurANa 166. hindU sabhyatA 167. triSaSTi -zalAkA-puruSa caritra 168. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 169. jJAnasAra : M. Winternitz, Calcutta, 1993 1. A History of Indian Literature, Vol. II : S. Dasgupta, Cambridge 2. A History of Indian Philosophy Part-I 3. Ancient India : R.C. Mazumdar, Cambridge, 1980 4. Apigraphica Indica, Vol. II : Dr. Fuharar, London, 1927 5. Comparative Religion : A. C. Banquet, Carresll, London, 1975 6. Constructive sarvey of upnishadic : R.D. Ranade, Oriental Book philosophy Agency, Poona, 1917

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510 jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa evaM darzana 7. Der Jainisms 8. Early Jainism 9. Eight Upnishads 10. Encyclopaedia Britanica 11. Ethics of Hindus 12. Harrappa and Jainism 13. History of Culture of Indian People, Vol. I (Vedic Age) 14. History of Literature of Jainism 15. Indian Anti. IX 16. Indian Philosophy, Vol. I & II 17. Jainism in Budhist Litrature 18. Jain Sutras 19. Political History of Ancient India 20. Philosophy of India 21. Religion & Culture of Jains 22. Sources of Indian Tradition : H. Glasenapp, Berlin, 1925 : K.K. Dixit, L.D. Inst; Ahemdabad, 1966 Shri Aurobindo, Shri Aurobindo Ashram, 1953 : Whooler, London, 1913 : S.K. Maitra, University of Calcutta, 1957 : Jyoti Prasad Jain, T.R. Ram Chandra, 1986 : Editor R.S. Mazumdar, Cambridge, 1930 : U.D. Bardia, Bombay, 1909 : Harmon Jacobi, Motilal Banarsi Das, 1944 : S.Radha Krishnan, George Allen & Unwin ltd., London, 1938 : Bhagchand Jain, Alok Prakashan, Nagapur, 1972 : Dr. Harmon Jacobi, Motilal Banarasidas, 1944 : N.C. Raychodhary, Delhi Publication, 1978 : Zimmer Edition by campbell, London, 1953 : Dr. Jyoti Prasad, Bhartiya Gyan Pitha, Delhi, 1975 : Bary, The Odorede Oxford University Press, 1958

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HGfP4 * 511 23. Studies in Jainism : Dr. Hermon Jacobi, Motilal Banarsidas, 1983 24. The heart of Jainism : Mrs. Sindair Stevention, Oxford University, 1915 25. The Principal of Upnishadas : Dr. S. Radha Krishnan, G.A&V. Itd. London, 1953 26. The Story of Civilization : Will deaurent, New York, 1935

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DaoN. mInAkSI DAgA pati : zrI narendra DAgA zikSA : ema.e. (darzana zAstra); ema.phila.; pIeca.DI. lekhana : 1. AcArya kundakunda ke darzana parama sattA kA svarUpa 2. bhagavAna mahAvIra evaM unase kA jaina dharma, darzana evaM saMstha 3. vividha patrikAoM meM a lekha prakAzita prakAzana : 1. jaina darzana (viziSTa saMdarbha 2010 sammAna : 1. prathama puraskAra, zAMkara veda pratiyogitA 2. praNavAnanda puraskAra, (1989 3. praNavAnanda puraskAra, (1990 4. kharatara gaccha samAja meM lekhi sammAna (2013) samparka : DaoN. mInAkSI DAgA 201, vIra durgAdAsa nagara, pAlI (rAjasthAna) 306 401 mobAila : 098291 18675

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ase 110. ISBN: 978-81-86103-07-4 9117 8 8 1861110'3 07411 800.00