Jain Darshan Me Dravya Gun Paryaya ki Avadharna

Author(s): Sagarmal Jain
Publisher: L D Indology Ahmedabad
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/032751/1

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jainadarzana meM dravya, guNa aura paryAya kI avadhAraNA L. D. Series : 151 General Editor : Jitendra B. Shah Sagarmal Jain bhAratIya sAvadhAmA L. D. INSTITUTE OF INDOLOGY AHMEDABAD 380 009

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lAlabhAI dalapatabhAI bhAratIya saMskRti graMthamAlA : 151 (munizrI puNyavijayajI vyAkhyAnamAlA - 2009) jainadarzana meM dravya, guNa aura paryAya kI avadhAraNA sAgaramala jaina bhAratIya va saMskAra vidhAma lAlabhAI dalapatabhAI bhAratIya saMskRti vidyAmaMdira ahamadAbAda 380009 2011

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Dravya Guna Paryaay ki avadharana by Sagarmal Jain General Editor J. B. Shah Published by Dr. J. B. Shah Director L. D. Institute of Indology Ahmedabad 3580 009 (India) Phone : (079) 26302463 Fax: 26307326 Idindology@gmail.com (c) L. D. Institute of Indology Copies 500 Price : Rs. 150.00 ISBN 81-85857-33-4 Printed by Navprabhat Printing Press 9, Punaji Industrial Estate, Nr. Shanidev Temple, Dudheshwar, Ahmedabad 380 004

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prakAzakIya lAlabhAI dalapatabhAI bhAratIya saMskRti vidyAmaMdira (L. D. Institute of Indology, Ahmedabad) ke preraNAdAtA, jainadarzana evaM Agama sAhitya ke prakAMDa vidvAn tathA aneka hastaprata - saMgrahoM ke saMrakSaka Agama prabhAkara munizrI puNyavijayajI kI puNyasmRti meM saMsthAna dvArA prativarSa eka vyAkhyAnamAlA kA Ayojana kiyA jAtA hai / prastuta vyAkhyAnamAlA ke antargata bhAratIya sAhitya evaM saMskRti ke marmajJa vidvAn ko tIna vyAkhyAnoM ke lie Amantrita kiyA jAtA hai / isa zreNI meM san 2009 meM jainadarzana ke marmajJa vidvAn pro. sAgaramalajI jaina ko vyAkhyAna hetu Amantrita kiyA gayA thA / unhoMne jainadarzana ke bahucarcita viSaya dravya-guNa-paryAya para vyAkhyAna die the| jainadarzana meM dravya-guNa-paryAya kI carcA Agamika kAla se hI hotI A rahI hai / yadyapi dravya evaM guNa zabda bhAratIya darzanoM meM ati pracalita haiM tathApi pratyeka darzana meM dravya ke svarUpa ke viSayameM vaimatya hai / dravya nitya hai yA anitya ? dravya meM guNa svataH hI rahate hai yA Agantuka haiM unake bIca paraspara kyA sambandha haiM ? paryAya kA kyA svarupa hai ? ina tInoM kA paraspara kyA sambandha hai ? ina sabhI viSayoM para jaina dArzanikoM ne paryApta ciMtana kiyA hai| upAdhyAya yazovijayajIne "dravyaguNa-paryAyano rAsa nAmaka" eka grantha kI tathA usa para svopajJa vRtti kI racanA bhI kI hai / isa sabakA vartamAna sandarbha meM cintana Avazyaka thA, DaoN. sAgaramalajI jaina ne adyAvadhi sabhI darzana ke pramukha siddhAntoM kI jainadarzana ke sAtha samAlocanA karate hue dravya-guNa-paryAya kI vicAraNA kI hai / una vyAkhyAnoM ko pustakarUpa meM prakAzita kiyA jA rahA hai| prastuta vyAkhyAna meM jainadarzana meM dravya kA svarUpa, anekAntAtmaka dravya, guNaparyAya ke saMbaMdha Adi viSayoM para ciMtana kiyA gayA hai| bhAratIya darzana ke jijJAsuoM ko prastuta graMtha upayogI hogA aisI hameM zraddhA hai| pustaka prakAzana meM sahayogI sabhI mitroM ko dhanyavAda detA huuN| gurupUrNimA, 15 julAI, 2011 jitendra bI. zAha

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viSayAnukramaNikA 3 1. jainadarzana meM sattA kA svarUpa 2. sat kA svarUpa 3. sat yA dravya ke parivartanazIla yA aparivartanazIla pakSa kI samIkSA 4. paMca astikAya aura SadravyoM kI avadhAraNA Sadravya 6. AtmA kA astitva 7. ekAtmavAda kI samIkSA 8. AtmA ke bheda 9. jaivika AdhAra para prANiyoM kA vargIkaraNa 10. gatiyoM ke AdhAra para jIvoM kA vargIkaraNa 11. AtmA kI amaratA 12. AtmA kI nityAnityAtmakatA 13. AtmA kI amaratA aura punarjanma 14. dharma dravya 15. adharma dravya 16. AkAza dravya 17. pudgala dravya 18. skandhoM ke prakAra 19. skandha ke nirmANa kI prakriyA 20. kAla dravya 21. kAlacakra 22. SadravyoM kA pArasparika sahasambandha 23. jaDa aura cetana kA pArasparika sahayoga 24. dravya yA sat kI anekAntadRSTi 25. dravya aura guNa 26. guNa kA svarupa 27. dravya aura guNa kA bhedAbheda 28. guNoM ke prakAra 29. paryAya 30. jaina tattvamImAMsA kI aitihAsika vikAsayAtrA

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jainadarzana meM dravya, guNa aura paryAya kI avadhAraNA

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jainadarzana meM dravya, guNa aura paryAya kI avadhAraNA jainadarzana meM sattA kA svarUpa : jaina Agama sAhitya evaM usakI vyAkhyAoM meM varNita viSayavastu ko mukhya rUpa se jina cAra vibhAgoM meM vargIkRta kiyA gayA hai, ve anuyoga kahe jAte haiN| anuyoga cAra haiM- 1. dravyAnuyoga, 2. gaNitAnuyoga, 3. caraNakaraNAnuyoga aura 4. dharmakathAnuyoga / ina cAra anuyogoM meM se jisa anuyoga keantargata vizva ke mUlabhUta ghaTakoM ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM vivecana kiyA jAtA hai, use dravyAnuyoga kahate haiM / khagola-bhUgola sabandhI vivecana gaNitAnuyoga ke antargata AtA hai, jaba ki AcAra sambandhI vidhi-niSedhoM kA vivecana caraNakaraNAnuyoga ke antargata hotA hai aura dharma evaM naitikatA meM AsthA ko dRr3ha karane hetu sadAcArI, satpuruSoM ke jo AkhyAnaka (kathAnaka) prastuta kiye jAte haiM, ve dharmakathAnuyoga keantargata Ate haiN| ___ isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki ina cAra anuyogoM meM dravyAnuyoga kA sambandha tAttvika yA dArzanika cintana se hai| jahA~ taka hamAre dArzanika cintana kA prazna hai, Aja hama use tIna bhAgoM meM vibhAjita karate haiM- 1. tattva-mImAMsA, 2. jJAna-mImAMsA aura 3. AcAra-mImAMsA / ina tInoM meM se tattva-mImAMsA dravyAnuyoga ke antargata AtI hai| jahA~ taka tattva-mImAMsA kA sambandha hai, usake pramukha kArya jagat ke mUlabhUta ghaTakoM, upAdAnoM yA padArthoM aura unake kAryoM kI vivecanA karanA hai| tattva-mImAMsA kA Arambha tabhI huA hogA, jaba mAnava meM jagat ke svarUpa aura usake mUlabhUta upAdAna yA ghaTakoM ko jAnane kI jijJAsA prasphuTita huI hogI tathA usane apane aura apane pariveza ke sandarbha meM cintana kiyA hogaa| isI cintana ke dvArA tattvamImAMsA kA prAdurbhAva huA hogaa| "maiM kauna hU~"?, "kahA~ se AyA hU~"?, "yaha jagata kyA hai"?, "yaha kina niyamoM se niyantrita evaM saMcAlita hotA hai" inhIM praznoM ke samAdhAna hetu vibhinna darzanoM aura unakI tattva-viSayaka gaveSaNAoM kA janma huaa| jaina-paramparA meM bhI usake prathama evaM prAcInatama Agama grantha AcArAGgA

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jainadarzana meM dravya, guNa aura paryAya kI avadhAraNA prArambha bhI isI cintana se hotA hai ki "maiM kauna hU~?, kahA~ se AyA hU~?, isa zarIra kA parityAga karane para kahA~ jAU~gA (AcArAMga 1/1/1) / " vastutaH ye aise prazna haiM, jinase dArzanika cintana kA vikAsa hotA hai aura tattva-mImAMsA kA AvirbhAva hotA hai| tattva-mImAMsA vastutaH vizva-vyAkhyA kA eka prayAsa hai| isameM jagat ke mUlabhUta upAdAnoM tathA unake kAryoM kA vivecana vibhinna dRSTikoNoM se kiyA jAtA hai| vizva ke mUlabhUta ghaTaka, jo apane astitva ke liye kisI anya ghaTaka para Azrita nahIM haiM tathA jo kabhI bhI apane sva-svarUpa kA parityAga nahIM karate haiM, ve sat yA dravya kahalAte haiN| isa prakAra vizva ke tAttvika AdhAra yA mUlabhUta upAdAna hI sat yA dravya kahe jAte haiM aura jo ina dravyoM kA vivecana karatA hai, vahI dravyAnuyoga hai| vizva ke sandarbha meM jainoM kA dRSTikoNa yaha hai ki yaha vizva akRtrima hai ('logo akiTTimo khalu' mUlAcAra, gAthA 7/2) / isa loka kA koI nirmAtA yA sRSTikartA nahIM hai| ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya meM bhI loka ko zAzvata batAyA gayA hai| usameM kahA gayA hai ki yaha loka anAdikAla se hai aura anantakAla taka rhegaa| RSibhASita ke anusAra loka kI zAzvatatA ke isa siddhAnta kA pratipAdana bhagavAn pArzvanAtha ne kiyA thaa| Age calakara bhagavatIsUtra meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ne bhI isI siddhAnta kA anumodana kiyA / jainadarzana loka ko, jo akRtrima aura zAzvata mAnatA hai usakA tAtparya yaha hai ki loka kA koI racayitA evaM niyAmaka nahIM hai, vaha svAbhAvika hai aura anAdikAla se calA A rahA hai, kintu jainAgamoM meM loka ko zAzvata kahane kA tAtparya kadApi yaha nahIM hai ki usameM koI parivartana nahIM hotA hai| vizva ke sandarbha meM jaina cintaka jisa nityatA ko svIkAra karate haiM, vaha nityatA kUTastha nityatA nahIM, apitu pariNAmI nityatA hai, arthAt ve vizva ko parivartanazIla mAnakara bhI pravAha yA prakriyA kI apekSA se nitya yA zAzvata kahate haiN| bhagavatIsUtra' meM loka ke svarUpa kI carcA karate hue loka ko paMcAstikAya rUpa kahA gayA hai / jaina-darzana meM isa vizva ke mUlabhUta upAdAna pA~ca astikAya dravya haiM-1. jIva (cetana tattva), 2. pudgala (bhautika tattva), 3. dharma (gati kA niyAmaka tattva), 4. adharma (sthiti kA niyAmaka tattva) aura 5. AkAza (sthAna yA avakAza denevAlA tattva) / jJAtavya hai ki yahA~ kAla ko svatantra dravya nahIM mAnA gayA hai| yadyapi paravartI jaina vicArakoM ne kAla ko bhI vizva ke parivartana ke maulika kAraNa ke rUpa meM yA vizva meM hone vAle parivartanoM ke 1. bhagavatIsUtra (lADanUM) 5/218

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jainadarzana meM dravya, guNa aura paryAya kI avadhAraNA niyAmaka tattva ke rUpa meM svatantra dravya mAnA hai| isakI vistRta carcA Age SadravyoM ke prasaMga meM kI jaayegii| vizva ke mUlabhUta upAdAnoM ko dravya athavA sat ke rUpa meM vivecita kiyA jAtA hai| dravya athavA sat vaha hai jo apane Apa meM paripUrNa, svatantra aura vizva kA maulika ghaTaka hai| jaina paramparA meM sAmAnyatayA sat, tattva, paramArtha, dravya, svabhAva, para-apara, dhyeya, zuddha aura parama ina sabhI ko ekArthaka yA paryAyavAcI mAnA gayA hai| bRhadnayacakra meM kahA gayA hai : tataM taha paramaTuM davvasahAyaM taheva paramaparaM / dheyaM suddhaM paramaM eyaTThA huMti abhihANA // -bRhadnayacakra, 411 jainAgamoM meM vizva ke mUlabhUta ghaTakoM ke lie astikAya, tattva aura dravya zabdoM kA prayoga milatA hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM hameM tattva aura dravya ke, sthAnAMgare meM astikAya aura samavAyAMga meM padArtha ke tathA RSibhAsita, samavAyAMga aura bhagavatI' meM astikAya ke ullekha milate haiN| kunda-kunda ne artha, padArtha, tattva, dravya aura astikAya-ina sabhI zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA hai| isase yaha jJAta hotA hai ki Agamayuga meM vizva ke mUlabhUta ghaTakoM ke lie astikAya, tattva, dravya aura padArtha zabdoM kA prayoga hotA thA / 'sat' zabda kA prayoga Agama yuga meM nahIM huaa| umAsvAti hI aise AcArya haiM, jinhoMne Agamika dravya, tattva aura astikAya zabdoM ke sAtha-sAtha dravya ke lakSaNa ke rUpa meM 'sat' zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai| vaise astikAya zabda prAcIna aura jaina-darzana kA apanA viziSTa paribhASika zabda hai| yaha apane artha kI dRSTi se sat ke nikaTa hai, kyoMki donoM hI astitva lakSaNa ke hI sUcaka haiN| tattva, dravya aura padArtha zabda ke prayoga sAMkhya aura nyAya-vaizeSika darzanoM meM bhI milate haiN| tattvArthasUtra (5/29) meM umAsvAti ne bhI dravya aura sat donoM ko abhinna batAyA hai| yahA~ hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhiye ki sat, paramArtha, parama tattva aura dravya sAmAnya dRSTi se paryAyavAcI hote hue bhI vizeSa dRSTi evaM apane vyutpattilabhya artha kI dRSTi se bhinna-bhinna haiN| veda, upaniSad 1. uttarAdhyayanasUtra 28/14, 28/6 2. (a) sthAnAMga 4/99, (ba) samavAyAMga pra. 90, 91 RSibhASita 31 4. samavAyAMga 5/8, 5. bhagavatIsUtra 5/218

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jainadarzana meM dravya, guNa aura paryAya kI avadhAraNA aura unase vikasita vedAnta darzana kI vibhinna dArzanika dhArAoM meM sat zabda pramukha rahA hai| Rgveda meM spaSTa ullekha hai ki "ekaM sad viprA bahudhA vadanti" arthAt sat (parama tattva) eka hI hai-vipra (vidvAn) use aneka rUpa se kahate haiN| kintu dUsarI ora svatantra cintana ke AdhAra para vikasita darzana paramparAoM meM, vizeSarUpa se vaizeSika darzana meM dravya zabda pramukha rahA hai / jJAtavya hai ki vyutpattiparaka artha kI dRSTi se sat zabda astitva kA athavA prakArAntara se nityatA yA aparivartanazIlatA kA evaM dravya zabda parivartanazIlatA kA sUcaka hai| sAMkhyoM evaM naiyAyikoM ne isake lie tattva zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai / yadyapi yahA~ yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhiye ki nyAyasUtra ke bhASyakAra ne pramANa Adi 16 tattvoM ke lie sat zabda kA prayoga bhI kiyA hai, phira bhI itanA spaSTa hai ki nyAya aura vaizeSika darzana meM kramazaH tattva, padArtha aura dravya zabda hI adhika pracalita rahe haiN| sAMkhya darzana bhI prakRti aura puruSa ina donoM ko tathA inase utpanna buddhi, ahaMkAra, pA~ca jJAnendriyoM, pA~ca karmendriyoM, paJca tanmAtrAoM aura paJca mahAbhUtoM ko tattva hI kahatA hai| isa prakAra svatantra cintana ke AdhAra para vikasita ina darzana-paramparAoM meM tattva, padArtha, artha aura dravya zabda paryAyavAcI rUpa meM prayukta hote haiM, kintu inameM apane tAtparya ko lekara bhinnatA bhI mAnI gayI haiN| tattva zabda sabase adhika vyApaka hai; usameM padArtha aura dravya bhI samAhita haiN| nyAya darzana meM jina tattvoM ko mAnA gayA hai unameM dravya kA ullekha prameya keantargata huA hai| vaizeSikasUtra meM dravya, guNa, karma, sAmAnya, vizeSa aura samavAya-ye SaT padArtha aura prakArAntara se abhAva ko milAkara sAta padArtha kahe jAte haiN| inameM bhI dravya, guNa aura karma ina tIna kI hI artha saMjJA hai| ataH siddha hotA hai ki artha kI vyApakatA kI dRSTi se tattva kI apekSA padArtha aura padArtha kI apekSA dravya adhika saMkucita hai| tattvoM meM padArtha kA aura padArthoM meM dravya kA samAveza hotA hai| sat zabda kA isase bhI adhika vyApaka artha meM prayoga kiyA gayA hai| vastutaH jo bhI astitvavAn hai, vaha sat ke antargata A jAtA hai| ataH sat zabda, tattva, padArtha, dravya Adi zabdoM kI apekSA bhI adhika vyApaka artha kA sUcaka hai| uparyukta vivecana se eka niSkarSa yaha bhI nikAlA jA sakatA hai ki jo darzanadhArAe~ abhedavAda kI ora agrasara huIM, unameM 'sat' zabda kI pramukhatA rahI, jaba ki jo dhArAe~ bhedavAda kI ora agrasara huIM, unameM 'dravya' zabda kI pramukhatA rhii| 1. Rgveda 1/164/49

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jainadarzana meM dravya, guNa aura paryAya kI avadhAraNA sarvArthasiddhimAnya pATha ke anusAra tattvArtha meM umAsvAti ne 'sat dravyalakSaNaM' kahakara donoM meM abheda sthApita kiyA hai phira bhI hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhiye ki jahA~ 'sat' zabda eka sAmAnya aparivartanazIla sattA kA sUcaka hai vahA~ 'dravya' zabda vizeSa parivartanazIla sattA kA sUcaka hai| jaina AgamoM ke TIkAkAra abhayadevasUri ne aura unake pUrva tattvArthabhASya (1/35) meM 'umAsvAti' ne 'sarvaM ekaM sad vizeSAt' kahakara sat zabda se sabhI dravyoM ke sAmAnya lakSaNa astitva ko sUcita kiyA hai| ataH yaha spaSTa hai ki sat zabda abheda yA sAmAnya kA sUcaka hai aura dravya zabda vizeSa kaa| yahA~ hameM yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA cAhiye ki jaina dArzanikoM kI dRSTi meM sat aura dravya zabda meM tAdAtmya sambandha hai| sattA kI apekSA ve abhinna haiM; unheM eka dUsare se alaga nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| kyoMki sat arthAt astitva ke binA dravya bhI nahIM ho sakatA hai| dUsarI ora dravya (sattA-vizeSa) ke binA sat kI tathA sat ke binA dravya kI aura dravya ke binA astitva kI sattA nahIM ho sakatI hai| astitva yA sattA kI apekSA se to sat aura dravya donoM abhinna haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki umAsvAti ne sat ko dravya kA lakSaNa kahA thaa| spaSTa hai ki lakSaNa aura lakSita bhinna-bhinna nahIM hote haiN| vastutaH sat aura dravya donoM meM inake vyutpattiparaka artha kI apekSA se hI bheda hai, astitva yA sattA kI apekSA se bheda nahIM hai| hama unameM kevala vicAra kI apekSA se bheda kara sakate haiM, sattA kI apekSA se nhiiN| sat aura dravya anyonyAzrita haiM, phira bhI vaicArika stara para hameM yaha mAnanA hogA ki sat eka aisA lakSaNa hai jo vibhinna dravyoM meM abheda kI sthApanA karatA hai, kintu hameM yaha bhI dhyAna rakhanA cAhiye ki sat dravya kA ekamAtra lakSaNa nahIM hai| dravya meM astitva ke atirikta anya lakSaNa bhI haiM, jo eka dravya ko dUsare se pRthak karate haiN| astitva lakSaNa kI apekSA se sabhI dravya eka haiM kintu anya lakSaNoM kI apekSA se ve eka-dUsare se pRthak bhI haiN| jaise cetanA lakSaNa jIva aura ajIva meM bheda karatA hai| dravya meM sat lakSaNa kI apekSA se abheda aura anya lakSaNoM se bheda mAnanA, yahI jaina-darzana kI anekAntika dRSTi kI vizeSatA hai / ardhamAgadhI Agama sthAnAMga aura samavAyAMga meM jahA~ abheda-dRSTi ke AdhAra para jIva dravya ko eka kahA gayA hai, vahIM uttarAdhyayana ke 36veM adhyAya meM bheda-dRSTi se jIva dravya meM bhI bheda kiye gaye haiN| jahA~ taka jaina dArzanikoM kA prazna hai, ve sat aura dravya donoM hI zabdoM ko na kevala svIkAra 1. tattvArthasUtra 5/29 2. (a) sthAnAMga 1/1 (ba), samavAyAMga 1/1

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jainadarzana meM dravya, guNa aura paryAya kI avadhAraNA karate haiM, apitu unako eka-dUsare se samanvita bhI karate haiN| vyutpatti kI dRSTi se sat zabda sattA ke aparivartanazIla pakSa ko aura dravya zabda parivartanazIla pakSa ko spaSTa karatA hai| kyoMki dravya zabda kI vyutpatti karate hue-'dravati iti dravyam' kahakara hI use paribhASita kiyA jAtA hai| jainAcAryoM ne sat ko dravya kA lakSaNa kahakara dravya ke pariNAmI nitya hone kI hI puSTi kI hai| tattvArthasUtra meM bhI umAsvAti ne 'sat dravya lakSaNam' kahakara sattA ko pariNAmI nitya mAnane ke anekAntika dRSTikoNa ko hI prastuta kiyA hai| yahA~ hama sarvaprathama sat ke svarUpa kA vizleSaNa kareMge, usake bAda dravyoM kI carcA kreNge| sat kA svarUpa: jaisA ki hamane pUrva meM sUcita kiyA hai ki jaina dArzanikoM ne sat, tattva aura dravya ina tInoM ko paryAyavAcI mAnA hai, kintu inake zAbdika artha kI dRSTi se ina tInoM meM antara hai| sat vaha sAmAnya lakSaNa hai, jo sabhI dravyoM aura tattvoM meM pAyA jAtA hai evaM dravyoM ke bheda meM bhI abheda ko pradhAnatA detA hai| jahA~ taka tattva kA prazna hai, vaha bheda aura abheda donoM ko athavA sAmAnya aura vizeSa donoM ko svIkAra karatA hai| sat meM koI bheda nahIM kiyA jAtA, jaba ki tattva meM bheda kiyA jAtA hai| jaina AcAryoM ne tattvoM kI carcA ke prasaMga para na kevala jar3a aura cetana dravyoM arthAt jIva aura ajIva dravyoM kI carcA kI, apitu Asrava, saMvara Adi dvArA unake pArasparika sambandhoM kI bhI carcA kI hai| tattva kI dRSTi se na kevala jIva aura ajIva meM bheda mAnA gayA apitu jIvoM meM bhI paraspara bheda mAnA gayA, vahIM dUsarI ora Asrava, bandha Adi ke prasaMga meM unake tAdAtmya yA abheda ko bhI svIkAra kiyA gyaa| kintu jahA~ taka 'dravya' zabda kA prazna hai vaha sAmAnya hote hue bhI dravyoM kI lakSaNagat vizeSatAoM ke AdhAra para unameM bheda karatA hai| 'sat' zabda sAmAnyAtmaka hai, tattva zabda sAmAnya-vizeSa ubhayAtmaka hai aura dravya vizeSAtmaka hai / punaH sat zabda sattA ke aparivartanazIla pakSa kA, dravya zabda parivartanazIla pakSa kA aura tattva zabda ubhaya-pakSa kA sUcaka hai| jainoM kI nayoM kI pAribhASika zabdAvalI meM kaheM to sat zabda saMgrahanaya kA, tattva naigamanaya kA aura dravya zabda vyavahAranaya kA sUcaka hai| cUki jaina-darzana bheda, bhedAbheda aura abheda tInoM ko svIkAra karatA hai, ataH usane apane cintana meM ina tInoM ko sthAna diyA hai| yadyapi apane vyutpattiparaka artha kI dRSTi se sat zabda sattA keaparivartanazIla, sAmAnya evaM abhedAtmaka pakSa kA sUcaka hai aura dravya zabda, parivartanazIla, vizeSa evaM bhedAtmaka pakSa kA sUcaka hai| kintu jainadharma ke anekAntavAda ke siddhAnta kI apekSA se sat athavA dravya ko ekAnta parivartanazIla, vizeSa yA bhedAtmaka nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| sat yA dravya ke svarUpa ko lekara bhAratIya dArzanikoM meM mataikya nahIM hai| koI use

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jainadarzana meM dravya, guNa aura paryAya kI avadhAraNA aparivartanazIla mAnatA hai, to koI use parivartanazIla, koI use eka kahatA hai, to koI aneka, koI use jar3a kahatA hai, to koI use cetana / vastutaH sat, paramatattva yA paramArtha ke svarUpa sambandhI ina vibhinna dRSTikoNoM ke mUla meM pramukharUpa se tIna prazna rahe haiN| prathama prazna usake ekatva athavA anekatva kA hai| dUsare prazna kA sambandha usake parivartanazIla yA aparivartazIla hone se hai| tIsare prazna kA vivecya usake cit yA acit hone se hai| jJAtavya hai ki adhikAMza bhAratIya darzanoM ne cit-acit, jar3a-cetana yA jIva-ajIva donoM tattvoM yA dravyoM ko svIkAra kiyA hai ataH yaha prazna adhika carcita nahIM banA, phira bhI ina saba praznoM kediye gaye uttaroM kepariNAmasvarUpa bhAratIya cintana meM sat yA dravya ke svarUpa meM vividhatA A gyii| sat yA dravya ke parivartanazIla yA aparivartanazIla pakSa kI samIkSA : sat yA dravya ke parivartanazIla athavA aparivartanazIla svarUpa ke sambandha meM do ativAdI avadhAraNAe~ haiM / eka dhAraNA yaha hai ki sat nirvikAra evaM avyaya hai| trikAla meM usameM koI parivartana nahIM hotA / ina vicArakoM kA kahanA hai ki jo parivartita hotA hai, vaha sat nahIM ho sktaa| parivartana kA artha hI hai ki pUrva avasthA kI samApti aura navIna avasthA kA grahaNa / ina dArzanikoM kA kahanA hai ki jisameM utpAda evaM vyaya kI prakriyA ho, use sat nahIM kahA jA sktaa| jo avasthAntara ko prApta ho use sat kaise kahA jAye? isa siddhAnta ke virodha meM jo siddhAnta astitva meM AyA vaha sat yA dravya kI parivartanazIlatA kA siddhAnta hai| ina vicArakoM ke anusAra parivartanazIlatA yA arthakriyAkAritva kI sAmarthya hI dravya yA sat kA lakSaNa hai| jo gatizIla nahIM hai, dUsare zabdoM meM jo arthakriyAkAritva kI zakti se hIna hai, use dravya yA sat nahIM kahA jA sktaa| jahA~ taka bhAratIya dArzanika cintana kA prazna hai, kucha aupaniSadika cintaka aura zaMkara kA advaita vedAnta sattA keaparivartanazIla hone ke siddhAnta ke prabala samarthaka haiM / AcArya zaMkara ke anusAra parama sattA nirvikAra aura avyaya hai| vaha utpAda aura vyaya donoM se rahita hai| isake viparIta dUsarA siddhAnta bauddha-dArzanikoM kA hai| ve sabhI ekamata se svIkAra karate haiM, ki sat yA sattA kA lakSaNa arthakriyAkAritva hai| utpatti aura vinAza kI prakriyA se pRthak koI vastu yA sattA nahIM ho sakatI / jahA~ taka bhAratIya cintakoM meM sAMkhya darzanikoM kA prazna hai ve cit tattva yA puruSa ko aparivartanazIla yA kUTasthanitya mAnate haiM kintu unakI dRSTi meM prakRti kUTasthanitya nahIM hai, vaha parivartanazIla tattva hai| isa prakAra sAMkhya dArzanika puruSa ko aparivartanazIla mAnate haiM aura prakRti ko parivartanazIla mAnate haiN|

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jainadarzana meM dravya, guNa aura paryAya kI avadhAraNA vastutaH sattA ko nirvikAra aura avyaya mAnane meM sabase bar3I bAdhA yaha hai ki usake anusAra jagat ko mithyA yA asat hI mAnanA hotA hai, kyoMki hamArI anubhUti kA jagat to parivartanazIla hai, isameM kucha bhI aisA pratIta nahIM hotA jo parivartana se rahita ho / na kevala vyakti aura samAja, apitu bhautika padArtha bhI pratikSaNa badalate rahate haiN| sattA ko nirvikAra aura avyaya mAnane kA artha hai, jagat kI anubhUtigata vividhatA ko nakAranA aura koI bhI vicAraka anubhavAtmaka parivartanazIlatA ko nakAra nahIM sktaa| cAhe AcArya zaMkara kitane hI jora se isa bAta ko rakheM ki nirvikAra brahma hI satya hai aura parivartanazIla jagat mithyA hai,kintu Anubhavika stara para koI bhI vicAraka ise svIkAra nahIM kara skegaa| anubhUti kestara para jo parivartanazIlatA kI anubhUti hai, use kabhI bhI nakArA nahIM jA sktaa| yadi sattA trikAla meM avikArI aura aparivartanazIla ho, to phira vaiyaktika jIvoM yA AtmAoM ke bandhana aura mukti kI vyAkhyA bhI arthahIna ho jaayegii| dharma aura naitikatA, donoM kA hI una darzanoM meM koI sthAna nahIM hai, jo sattA ko apariNAmI mAnate haiN| jaise jIvana meM bAlyAvasthA, yuvAvasthA aura praur3hAvasthA AtI hai, usI prakAra sattA meM bhI parivartana ghaTita hote haiN| Aja kA hamAre anubhava kA vizva vaha nahIM hai, jo hajAra varSa pUrva thA, usameM pratikSaNa parivartana ghaTita hote haiN| na kevala jagat meM, apitu hamAre vaiyaktika jIvana meM bhI parivartana ghaTita hote rahate haiM, ataH astitva yA sattA ke sambandha meM aparivartanazIlatA kI avadhAraNA samIcIna nahIM hai| isake viparIta yadi sat ko kSaNika yA parivartanazIla mAnA jAtA hai to bhI karmaphala yA naitika uttaradAyitva kI vyAkhyA sambhava nahIM hotii| yadi pratyeka kSaNa svatantra hai, to phira hama naitika uttaradAyitva kI vyAkhyA nahIM kara skte| yadi vyakti athavA vastu apane pUrva kSaNa kI apekSA uttara kSaNa meM pUrNataH badala jAtI hai, to phira hama kisI ko, pUrva meM kie gaye corI Adi kAryoM ke lie kaise uttaradAyI banA pAyeMge? ___ saiddhAntika dRSTi se jaina dArzanikoM kA isa dhAraNA ke viparIta yaha kahanA hai ki utpatti ke binA nAza aura nAza ke binA utpatti sambhava nahIM hai, dUsare zabdoM meM pUrva-paryAya ke nAza ke binA uttara-paryAya kI utpatti sambhava nahIM hai, kintu utpatti aura nAza donoM kA Azraya koI vastutva honA caahiye| ekAnta nitya vastutva yA dravya meM parivartana sambhava nahIM hai aura yadi padArthoM ko ekAnta kSaNika mAnA jAye, to parivartita kauna hotA hai, yaha nahIM batAyA jA sakatA / AcArya samantabhadra AptamImAMsA meM isa dRSTikoNa kI samAlocanA karate hue kahate haiM ki "ekAnta kSaNikavAda meM pretyabhAva arthAt punarjanma asambhava hogA aura pretyabhAva keabhAva meM puNya-pApa ke pratiphala aura bandhana-mukti kI avadhAraNAyeM bhI sambhava nahIM hoNgii| punaH ekAnta kSaNikavAda meM pratyabhijJA bhI sambhava nahIM aura pratyabhijJA ke abhAva meM kAryArambha hI nahIM hogA,

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jainadarzana meM dravya, guNa aura paryAya kI avadhAraNA phira phala kahA~ se? isa prakAra isameM bandhana-mukti, punarjanma ko koI sthAna nahIM hai| "yuktyAnuzAsAna" meM kahA gayA hai ki kSaNikavAda saMvRtti satya ke rUpa meM bhI bandhana-mukti Adi kI sthApanA nahIM kara sakatA, kyoMki usakI dRSTi meM paramArtha yA sat niHsvabhAva hai| yadi paramArtha ni:svabhAva hai to phira vyavahAra kA vidhAna kaise hogA? AcArya hemacandra ne 'anyayogavyavacchedikA' meM kSaNikavAda para pA~ca AkSepa lagAye haiM- 1. kRta-praNAza, 2. akRta-bhoga, 3. bhava-bhaMga, 4. pramokSa-bhaMga aura 5. smRti-bhNg| yadi koI nitya sattA hI nahIM hai aura pratyeka sattA kSaNajIvI hai to phira vyakti dvArA kiye gaye karmoM kA phalabhoga kaise sambhava hogA, kyoMki phalabhoga ke lie kartRtvakAla aura bhoktRtvakAla meM usI vyakti kA honA Avazyaka hai, anyathA kArya kauna karegA aura phala kauna bhogegA? vastutaH ekAnta kSaNikavAda meM adhyayana koI aura karegA, parIkSA koI aura degA, usakA pramANa-patra kisI aura ko milegA, usa pramANa-patra ke AdhAra para naukarI koI anya vyakti prApta karegA aura jo vetana milegA vaha kisI anya ko| isI prakAra RNa koI anya vyakti legA aura usakA bhugatAna kisI anya vyakti ko karanA hogaa| yaha satya hai ki bauddhadarzana meM sattA ke anitya evaM kSaNika svarUpa para adhika bala diyA gayA hai| yaha bhI satya hai ki bhagavAn buddha sat ko eka prakriyA (Process) ke rUpa meM dekhate haiN| unakI dRSTi meM vizva mAtra eka prakriyA (parivartanazIlatA) hai, usa prakriyA se pRthak koI kartA nahIM hai| isI prakAra prakriyA se alaga koI sattA nahIM hai, kintu hameM smaraNa rakhanA cAhiye ki bauddhadarzana ke ina mantavyoM kA Azaya ekAnta kSaNikavAda yA ucchedavAda nahIM hai| AlocakoM ne use ucchedavAda samajhakara, jo AlocanA prastuta kI hai, cAhe vaha ucchedavAda ke sandarbha meM saMgata ho, kintu bauddhadarzana ke sambandha meM nitAnta asaMgata hai| buddha sat ke parivartanazIla pakSa para bala dete haiM, kintu isa AdhAra para unheM ucchedavAda kA samarthaka nahIM kahA jA sktaa| buddha ke isa kathana kA ki "kriyA hai, kartA nahIM" kA Azaya yaha nahIM hai, ki ve kartA yA kriyAzIla tattva kA niSedha karate haiN| unake isa kathana kA tAtparya mAtra itanA hI hai ki kriyA se bhinna kartA nahIM hai| sattA aura parivartana meM pUrNa tAdAtmya hai| sattA se bhinna parivartana aura parivartana se bhinna sattA kI sthiti nahIM hai| parivartana aura parivartanazIla sattA anyonyAzrita haiM, dUsare zabdoM meM ve sApekSa haiM, nirapekSa nahIM / vastutaH bauddhadarzana kA sattA sambandhI yaha dRSTikoNa jaina-darzana se utanA dUra nahIM hai jitanA mAnA gayA hai| bauddhadarzana meM parama tattva sattA ko anuccheda aura azAzvata kahA gayA hai arthAt ve na use ekAnta anitya mAnate haiM aura na ekAnta nitya / vaha na anitya hai aura na nitya hai, jaba ki jaina dArzanikoM ne use nityAnitya 1. AptamImAMsA 41 2. yuktyAnuzAsana, kSaNikavAdasamIkSA prakaraNa 3. syAdvAdamaMjarI kArikA 18 kI TIkA

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10 jainadarzana meM dravya, guNa aura paryAya kI avadhAraNA kahA hai, kintu donoM paramparAoM kA yaha antara niSedhAtmaka athavA svIkArAtmaka bhASA-zailI kA antara hai| buddha aura mahAvIra ke kathana kA mUla eka-dUsare se utanA bhinna nahIM hai, jitanA ki hama use mAna lete haiN| bhagavAn buddha kA sattA ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM yathArtha mantavya kyA thA, isakI vistRta carcA hamane "jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana bhAga-1 (pR. 192-194) meM kI hai, icchuka pAThaka use vahA~ dekha sakate haiM / sattA ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM prastuta vivecanA kA mUla uddezya mAtra itanA hai ki sattA ke sambandha meM ekAnta abhedavAda aura ekAnta bhedavAda bhI unheM mAnya nahIM haiN| __ jaina dArzanikoM ke anusAra sattA sAmAnya-vizeSAtmaka yA bhedAbhedAtmaka hai| vaha eka bhI hai aura aneka bhI / ve bheda meM abheda aura abheda meM bheda ko svIkAra karate haiN| dUsare zabdoM meM ve anekatA meM ekatA aura ekatA meM anekatA kA darzana karate haiN| mAnavatA kI apekSA manuSyajAti eka hai, kintu deza-bheda, varNa-bheda, varga-bheda yA vyakti-bheda kI apekSA vaha aneka hai| jaina dArzanikoM ke anusAra ekatA meM anekatA aura anekatA meM ekatA anusyUta hai| yahI kAraNa thA ki jaina dArzanikoM ne dravyoM kI carcA karate hue jIva-dravya aura pudgagala-dravya ko svarUpataH pariNAmI-nitya mAnA aura dharma, adharma aura AkAza meM svataH aparivartanazIlatA (niSkriyatA) aura jIva aura pudgala ke nimitta se 'parivartanazIlatA' ko mAnA / kintu jahA~ taka sAmAnyatayA dravya kA prazna hai, use svarUpataH parivartanazIla hI maanaa| sambhavataH yahI mUla kAraNa thA ki jIva, pudgala, aura kAla ko sakriya tathA dharma, adharma aura AkAza ko niSkriya dravya kahA gyaa| paMca astikAya aura SadravyoM kI avadhAraNA : jainadarzana meM 'dravya' ke vargIkaraNa kA eka AdhAra astikAya aura anAstikAya kI avadhAraNA bhI hai| SadravyoM meM dharma, adharma, AkAza, pudgala aura jIva ye pA~ca astikAya mAne gaye haiM, jaba ki kAla ko anAstikAya mAnA gayA hai| adhikAMza jaina dArzanikoM ke anusAra kAla kA astitva to hai, kintu usakA pRthak kAyatva nahIM hai, ataH use astikAya ke varga meM nahIM rakhA jA sakatA hai| kucha zvetAmbara AcAryoM ne to kAla ko svatantra dravya mAnane ke sambandha meM bhI Apatti uThAI hai, unhoMne kAla ko paryAya rUpa hI mAnA, kintu yaha eka bhinna viSaya hai, isakI carcA hama Age kreNge| astikAya kA tAtparya : sarvaprathama to hamAre sAmane mUla prazna yaha hai ki astikAya kI isa avadhAraNA kA tAtparya kyA hai ? vyutpatti kI dRSTi se 'astikAya' do zabdoM ke mela se banA hai- asti+kaay| 'asti' kA artha hai sattA yA astitva aura 'kAya' kA artha hai zarIra, arthAt jo zarIra-rUpa se astitvavAn hai

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jainadarzana meM dravya, guNa aura paryAya kI avadhAraNA vaha astikAya hai| kintu yahA~ 'kAya' (zarIra) zabda bhautika zarIra ke artha meM prayukta nahIM hai, jaisA ki jana-sAdhAraNa samajhatA hai| kyoMki paMca-astikAyoM meM pudgala ko chor3akara zeSa cAra to amUrta haiM, ataH yaha mAnanA hogA ki yahA~ kAya zabda kA prayoga lAkSaNika artha meM hI huA hai| paMcAstikAya kI TIkA meM kAyatva zabda kA artha spaSTa karate hue kahA gayA hai- "kAyatvamAkhyaM sAvayavatvam" arthAt kAyatva kA tAtparya sAvayavatva hai / jo avayavI dravya haiM ve astikAya haiM aura jo niravayavI dravya haiM ve anAstikAya haiN| avayavI kA artha hai aMgoM se yukta / dUsare zabdoM meM jisameM vibhinna aMga, aMza yA hisse (pArTa) haiM, vaha astikAya hai| yadyapi yahA~ yaha zaMkA uThAI jA sakatI hai ki akhaNDa dravyoM meM aMza yA avayava kI kalpanA kahA~ taka yukti-saMgata hogI? jainadarzana ke paMca astikAyoM meM se dharma, adharma aura AkAza ko sAvayavI hone kA kyA tAtparya hai ? punazca, kAyatva kA artha sAvayavatva mAnane meM eka kaThinAI yaha bhI hai ki paramANu to avibhAjya, niraMza aura niravayavI haiM, to kyA ve astikAya nahIM haiM ! jaba ki jainadarzana ke anusAra to paramANu ko bhI astikAya mAnA gayA hai| prathama prazna kA jaina dArzanikoM kA pratyuttara yaha hogA ki yadyapi dharma, adharma aura AkAza avibhAjya evaM akhaNDa dravya haiM, kintu kSetra kI apekSA se dharma aura adharma lokavyApI haiM tathA AkAza lokAlokavyApI hai, ataH kSetra kI dRSTi se inameM sAvayavatva kI avadhAraNA yA vibhAga kI kalpanA kI jA sakatI hai| yadyapi yaha kevala vaicArika stara para kI gaI kalpanA yA vibhAjana hai| dUsare prazna kA pratyuttara yaha hogA ki yadyapi paramANu svayaM meM niraMza, avibhAjya aura niravayava haiM, ataH svayaM to kAyarUpa nahIM haiM, kintu ve hI paramANu-skandha banakara kAyatva yA sAvayavatva ko dhAraNa kara lete haiN| ataH upacAra se unameM bhI kAyatva kA sadbhAva mAnanA cAhiye / punaH paramANu meM bhI dUsare paramANu ko sthAna dene kI avagAhana zakti hai, ataH usameM kAyatva kA sadbhAva hai| jaina dArzanikoM ne astikAya aura anAstikAya ke vargIkaraNa kA eka AdhAra bahupradezatva bhI mAnA hai| jo bahupradezI dravya haiM, ve astikAya haiM aura jo eka pradezI dravya haiM, ve anAstikAya haiM / astikAya aura anAstikAya kI avadhAraNA meM isa AdhAra ko svIkAra kara lene para bhI pUrvokta kaThinAIyA~ banI rahatI haiN| prathama to dharma, adharma aura AkAza ye tInoM sva-dravya apekSA se to apradezI haiM, kyoMki akhaNDa haiM / punaH paramANu pudgala bhI eka pradezI haiM / vyAkhyAprajJaptisUtra meM use apradezI bhI kahA gayA hai| kyA inheM astikAya nahIM kahA jAyegA? yahA~ bhI jaina dArzanikoM kA saMbhAvita pratyuttara vahI hogA jo ki pUrva prasaMga meM diyA gayA hai; dharma, adharma aura AkAza meM bahupradezatva dravyApekSA se nahIM, apitu kSetra kI apekSA se hai| dravyasaMgraha meM kahA gayA hai 1. paMcAstikAya gAthA 5 kI TIkA

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jainadarzana meM dravya, guNa aura paryAya kI avadhAraNA jAvadiyaM AyAsaM avibhAgI puggalANuvaThThaddhaM / taM khu padesaM jANe savvANuTThANadANarihaM // dravyasaMgraha, 29 pro. jI. Ara. jaina bhI likhate haiM- Pradesa is the unit of space occupied by one indivisible atom of matter. arthAt pradeza AkAza kI vaha sabase choTI ikAI hai, jo eka pudgala paramANu gheratA hai| vistAravAn hone kA artha hai, kSetra meM prasArita honaa| kSetra apekSA se hI dharma aura adharma ko asaMkhya pradezI aura AkAza ko ananta pradezI kahA gayA hai, ataH unameM bhI upacAra se kAyatva kI avadhAraNA kI jA sakatI hai| pudgala kA jo bahupradezIpana hai vaha paramANu kI apekSA se na hokara skandha kI apekSA se hai| isIlie pudgala ko astikAya kahA gayA hai na ki paramANu ko| paramANu to svayaM pudgala kA eka aMza yA prakAra mAtra hai| punaH pratyeka pudgala paramANu meM ananta pudgala paramANuoM keavagAhana arthAt apane meM samAhita karane kI zakti hai-isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki pudgala paramANu meM pradeza-pracayatva hai cAhe vaha kitanA hI sUkSma kyoM na ho| jaina AcAryoM ne spaSTataH yaha mAnA hai ki jisa AkAza pradeza meM eka pudgala paramANu rahatA hai, usI meM ananta pudgala paramANu samAhita ho jAte haiM; ataH paramANu ko bhI astikAya mAnA jA sakatA hai| vastutaH isa prasaMga meM kAyatva kA artha vistArayukta honA hI hai| jo dravya vistAravAn haiM, ve astikAya haiM aura jo vistAra rahita haiM, ve anAstikAya haiN| vistAra kI yaha avadhAraNA kSetra kI avadhAraNA para Azrita hai| vastutaH kAyatva ke artha ke spaSTIkaraNa meM sAvayavatva evaM sapradezatva kI jo avadhAraNAe~ prastuta kI gaI haiM, ve sabhI kSetra ke avagAhana kI saMkalpanA se saMbandhita haiN| vistAra kA tAtparya hai kSetra kA avagAhana / jo dravya jitane kSetra kA avagAhana karatA hai, vahI usakA vistAra pradezapracayatva yA kAyatva hai| vistAra kA pracaya do prakAra kA mAnA gayA hai-Urdhva pracaya aura tiryak prcy| Adhunika zabdAvalI meM inheM kramazaH Urdhva ko ekarekhIya vistAra (Lingitudinal Extension) aura tiryak ko bahuAyAmI vistAra (Multidimensional Extension) kahA jA sakatA hai| astikAya kI avadhAraNA meM pracaya yA vistAra ko jisa artha meM grahaNa kiyA jAtA hai, vaha bahuAyAmI vistAra hai na ki Urdhva ekarekhIya vistAra / jaina dArzanikoM ne kevala unhIM dravyoM ko astikAya kahA hai, jinakA tiryak pracaya yA bahuAyAmI vistAra hai| kAla meM kevala Urdhva-pracaya yA eka-AyAmI vistAra hai, ataH use astikAya nahIM mAnA gayA hai| yadyapi pro. jI. Ara. jaina ne kAla ko eka-AyAmI (Mono-dimensional ) aura zeSa ko dvi-AyAmI (Twodimensional) mAnA hai kintu merI dRSTi meM zeSa dravya tri-AyAmI haiM, kyoMki ve skandharUpa haiM, ataH unameM lambAI, cauDAI aura moTAI ke rUpa meM tIna AyAma hote haiN| ataH kahA jA sakatA hai ki jina dravyoM meM tri-AyAmI vistAra hai, ve hI astikAya dravya haiN| yahA~ yaha prazna uThAyA jA sakatA hai ki kAla bhI lokavyApI hai phira use astikAya kyoM nahIM mAnA gayA? isakA pratyuttara yaha hai ki yadyapi lokAkAza ke pratyeka pradeza para kAlANu sthita

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jainadarzana meM dravya, guNa aura paryAya kI avadhAraNA haiM, kintu pratyeka kAlANu (Time grains) apane Apa meM eka svatantra dravya hai, ve paraspara nirapekSa haiM, arthAt unake skandha nahIM banate haiN| skandha ke abhAva meM unameM pradeza pracayatva kI kalpanA sambhava nahIM hai, ata: ve astikAya dravya nahIM haiN| kAla-dravya ko astikAya isalie nahIM kahA gayA usameM svarUpataH aura upacArataH-donoM hI prakAra ke pradeza pracayatva kI kalpanA kA abhAva hai| ___ yadyapi pAzcAtya dArzanika dekArta ne pudgala (Matter) kA guNa vistAra (Extension) mAnA hai, kintu jainadarzana kI vizeSatA to yaha hai ki vaha AtmA, dharma, adharma aura AkAza jaise amUrta-dravyoM meM bhI vistAra kI avadhAraNA ko svIkAra karatA hai| inake vistAravAn (kAyatva se yukta) hone kA artha hai, ve dik (Space) meM prasArita yA vyApta haiN| dharma evaM adharma to eka mahAskandha ke rUpa meM saMparNa lokAkAza kesImita asaMkhya pradezI kSetra meM prasArita yA vyApta hai| AkAza to svataH hI ananta pradeza hokara loka evaM aloka meM vistArita hai, ataH isameM bhI kAyatva kI avadhAraNA sambhava hai| jahA~ taka AtmA kA prazna hai, dekArta usameM 'vistAra' ko svIkAra nahIM karatA hai, kintu jainadarzana use vistArayukta mAnatA hai| kyoMki AtmA jisa zarIra ko apanA AvAsa banAtA hai, usameM vaha samagrataH vyApta ho jAtA hai| hama yaha nahIM kaha sakate haiM ki zarIra ke amuka bhAga meM AtmA hai aura amuka bhAga meM nahIM hai, vaha apane cetanA lakSaNa se saMpUrNa zarIra ko vyApta karatA hai| ataH usameM vistAra hai, vaha astikAya hai| hameM isa bhrAnti ko nikAla denA cAhiye ki kevala mUrta-dravya kA hI vistAra hotA hai, amUrta kA nhiiN| Adhunika vijJAna ne yaha siddha kara diyA hai ki amUrta-dravya kA vistAra hotA hai| vastutaH amUrta-dravya ke vistAra kI kalpanA usake lakSaNoM yA kAryoM (Functions) ke AdhAra para kI jA sakatI hai, jaise dharma-dravya kA kArya gati ko sambhava banAnA hai, vaha gati kA mAdhyama mAnA gayA hai| ataH jahA~-jahA~ gati hai yA gati sambhava hai, vahA~-vahA~ dharma-dravya kI upasthiti evaM vistAra hai yaha mAnA jA sakatA hai| isa prakAra hama isa niSkarSa para pahu~ca sakate haiM ki kisI dravya ko astikAya kahane kA tAtparya yaha hai ki vaha dravya dik meM prasArita hai yA prasAraNa kI kSamatA se yukta hai| vistAra kI upasthiti meM hI pradeza pracayatva tathA sAvayavatA kI siddhi hotI hai| ataH jina dravyoM meM vistAra yA prasAra kA lakSaNa hai, ve astikAya haiN| aba eka prazna yaha zeSa rahatA hai ki kAla ko astikAya kyoM nahIM mAnA jA sakatA? yadyapi anAdi bhUta se lekara ananta bhaviSya taka kAla ke vistAra kA anubhava kiyA jA sakatA hai, kintu phira bhI usameM kAyatva kA AropaNa sambhava nahIM hai| kyoMki kAla kA pratyeka ghaTaka apanI svatantra aura pRthak sattA rakhatA hai| jainadarzana kI pAramparika paribhASA meM kAlANuoM meM snigdha evaM rukSa guNa kA abhAva hone kekAraNa unakA koI skandha yA saMghAta nahIM bana sakatA hai| yadi unake skandha kI parikalpanA bhI kara lI jAye to paryAya-samaya kI siddhi nahIM hotI hai| punaH kAla ke

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14 jainadarzana meM dravya, guNa aura paryAya kI avadhAraNA vartanA lakSaNa kI siddhi kevala vartamAna meM hI hotI hai aura vartamAna atyanta sUkSma hai| ataH kAla meM vistAra (pradeza pracayatva) nahIM mAnA jA sakatA aura isalie vaha astikAya bhI nahIM hai| astikAyoM ke pradeza pracayatva kA alpabahutva : ___ jJAtavya hai ki sabhI astikAya dravyoM kA vistAra-kSetra samAna nahIM hai, usameM bhinnatAe~ haiN| jahA~ AkAza kA vistAra-kSetra loka aura aloka donoM haiM vahA~ dharma-dravya aura adharma-dravya kevala loka taka hI sImita haiN| pudgala piNDoM evaM jIva kA vistAra-kSetra usakedvArA gRhIta zarIra ke AkAra para nirbhara karatA hai| isa prakAra dharma, adharma, AkAza, pudgala aura jIva astikAya hote hue bhI unakA vistAra-kSetra yA kAyAtva samAna nahIM hai| jaina dArzanikoM ne unameM pradeza dRSTi se bhinnatA spaSTa kI hai| bhagavatIsUtra' meM batAyA gayA hai ki dharma-dravya aura adharma-dravya ke pradeza anya dravyoM kI apekSA sabase kama hai / ve loka AkAza taka (Within the limits of universe) sImita haiM aura asaMkhya pradezI haiN| AkAza kI pradeza saMkhyA ina donoM kI apekSA ananta guNA adhika mAnI gayI hai| AkAza ananta pradezI hai, kyoMki vaha sasIma loka (Finite universe) taka sImita nahIM hai| usakA vistAra Aloka meM bhI hai| punaH AkAza kI apekSA samagrataH jIva dravya ke pradeza anantaguNA adhika hai, kyoMki prathama to yaha ki jahA~ dharma, adharma aura AkAza ekala-dravya haiM vahA~ jIva ananta-dravya haiM kyoMki jIva ananta haiN| punaH pratyeka jIva ke asaMkhya pradeza haiN| pratyeka jIva meM apane AtmapradezoM se saMpUrNa loka ko vyApta karane kI kSamatA hai| jIva-dravya ke pradezoM kI apekSA bhI pudgala-dravya kepradeza ananta guNA adhika haiM, kyoMki pratyeka jIva ke sAtha ananta karma-pudgala saMyojita haiN| yadyapi kAla kI pradeza-saMkhyA pudgala kI apekSA bhI ananta guNI mAnI gayI, kyoMki pratyeka jIva aura pudgala-dravya kI vartamAna, anAdi bhUta aura ananta bhaviSya kI dRSTi se ananta paryAyeM hotI haiM, ataH kAla kI pradeza-saMkhyA sarvAdhika honI cAhiye, phira bhI kAlANuoM kA samAveza pudgala-dravya ke pradezoM meM hone kI vajaha se astikAya meM pudgala-dravya ke pradezoM kI saMkhyA hI sarvAdhika mAnI gaI hai| isa samagra vivecana se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki astikAya kI avadhAraNA aura dravya kI avadhAraNA ke varNya-viSaya samAna hai| mAtra kAla ko hI anAstikAya kahA gayA hai| zeSa pA~ca astikAyoM meM jIva, pudgala, dharma, adharma aura AkAza ko dravya bhI mAnA gayA hai| vAstavikatA to yaha hai ki paJca astikAyoM kI avadhAraNA meM 'kAla' ko jor3akara jaina dArzanikoM ne SadravyoM kI avadhAraNA nizcita kI hai| Sadravya : yaha eka sunizcita tathya hai ki prArambha meM jaina-darzana meM paJca astikAya kI avadhAraNA hI thii| apane itihAsa kI dRSTi se yaha avadhAraNA pArzvayugIna thii| 'isibhAsiyAI' kepArzva nAmaka ikatIsaveM adhyAya meM pArzva kejagat sambandhI dRSTikoNa kA prastutIkaraNa karate hue vizva ke mUla ghaTakoM kerUpa meM 1. bhagavatIsUtra 11/10/100-103

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jainadarzana meM dravya, guNa aura paryAya kI avadhAraNA paMcastikAyoM kA ullekha huA hai| bhagavatIsUtra meM mahAvIra ne pArzva kI isI avadhAraNA kA poSaNa karate hue yaha mAnA thA ki loka paMcAstikAyarUpa hai / yaha spaSTa hai ki prAcIna kAla meM jaina-darzana meM kAla ko svatantra tattva nahIM mAnA gayA thaa| use jIva evaM pudgala kI paryAya ke rUpa meM hI vyAkhyAyita kiyA jAtA thaa| prAcIna stara ke AgamoM meM uttarAdhyayana (28/7) hI eka aisA Agama hai jahA~ kAla ko sarvaprathama eka svatantra dravya rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| yaha spaSTa hai ki jaina-paramparA meM umAsvAti ka kAla taka, kAla svatantra dravya hai yA nahIM, isa prazna ko lekara matabheda thaa| isa prakAra jaina AcAryoM meM tRtIya-caturtha zatAbdI taka kAla ko svatantra dravya mAnane ke sambandha meM do prakAra kI vicAradhArAe~ cala rahI thiiN| kucha vicAraka kAla ko svatantra dravya nahIM mAnate the| tattvArthasUtra kA bhASyamAna pATha 'kAlazcetyeke kA nirdeza karatA hai| isase bhI yaha siddha hotA hai ki kucha vicAraka kAla ko bhI svatantra dravya mAnane lage the| lagatA hai ki lagabhaga pA~cavI zatAbdI meM Akara kAla ko svatantra dravya ke rUpa meM svIkAra kara liyA gayA thA aura yahI kAraNa thA ki sarvArthasiddhikAra ne 'kAlazcetyeke sUtra ke sthAna para 'kAlazca' isa sUtra ko mAnya kiyA thaa| jaba zvetAmbara aura digambara donoM hI paramparAoM meM kAla ko eka svatantra dravya mAna liyA gayA, to jahA~ astikAya aura dravya zabdoM kevAcya viSayoM meM eka antara A gyaa| astikAya keantargata jIva, dharma, adharma, AkAza aura pudgala ye pA~ca hI dravya mAne gaye, vahA~ dravya kI avadhAraNA ke antargata jIva, dharma, adharma, AkAza, pudgala aura kAla ye Sadravya mAne gye| vastutaH astikAya kI avadhAraNA jaina-paramparA kI apanI maulika aura prAcIna avadhAraNA thii| use jaba vaizeSika darzana kI dravya kI avadhAraNA ke sAtha svIkRta kiyA gayA, to prArambha meM to pA~ca astikAyoM ko hI dravya mAnA gayA kintu jaba kAla ko eka svatantra dravya ke rUpa meM mAnyatA prApta ho gaI to dravyoM kI saMkhyA pAca se bar3hakara chaha ho gaI / cUki AgamoM meM kahIM bhI astikAya varga ke antargata kAla kI gaNanA nahIM thI, ataH kAla ko anAstikAya varga meM rakhA gayA aura yaha mAna liyA ki kAla jIva aura pudgala ke parivartanoM kA nimitta hai aura kAlANu tiryak pradeza pracayatva se rahita hai ataH vaha anAstikAya hai| isa prakAra dravyoM ke vargIkaraNa meM sarvaprathama do prakAra ke varga bane- 1. astikAya dravya aura 2. anAstikAya dravya / astikAya dravyoM kevarga keantargata jIva, dharma, adharma AkAza aura pudgala ina pA~ca dravyoM ko rakhA gayA aura anAstikAya varga keantargata kAla ko rakhA gyaa| Age calakara dravyoM ke vargIkaraNa kA AdhAra cetanA-lakSaNa aura mUrtatA-lakSaNa ko bhI mAnA gayA / cetanA-lakSaNa kI dRSTi se jIva ko cetana dravya aura zeSa pAca-dharma, adharma, AkAza, pudgala aura kAla ko acetana dravya kahA gyaa| isI prakAra mUrtatva-lakSaNa kI apekSA se pudgala ko mUrta dravya aura zeSa pAca-jIva, dharma, adharma, AkAza aura kAla ko amUrta-dravya mAnA gyaa| isa prakAra dravyoM ke vargIkaraNa kI tIna zailiyA astitva meM AIM, jinheM hama agale pRSTha para sAraNiyoM ke AdhAra para spaSTatayA samajha sakate haiM: 1. bhagavatIsUtra 13/4/55

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16 jainadarzana meM dravya, guNa aura paryAya kI avadhAraNA 1. astikAya kI avadhAraNA ke AdhAra para : dravya (a) astikAya dravya (ba) anAstikAya dravya kAla 1. jIva 2. dharma 3. adharma 4. AkAza 5. pudgala 2. mUrtatA lakSaNa ke AdhAra para : dravya amUrta dravya mUrta dravya pudgala 1. jIva 2. dharma 3. adharma 4. AkAza 5. kAla 3. cetana-acetana lakSaNa ke AdhAra para : dravya acetana dravya cetana dravya 1. dharma 2. adharma 3. AkAza 4. kAla 5. pudgala 6. jIva dravyoM ke uparyukta vargIkaraNa ke pazcAt ina SadravyoM ke svarUpa aura lakSaNa para bhI vicAra kara lenA Avazyaka hai| jIva dravya : jIva dravya ko astikAya varga ke antargata rakhA jAtA hai| jIva dravya kA lakSaNa upayogayA cetanA ko mAnA gayA hai| isalie ise cetanadravya bhI kahA jAtA hai| upayoga yA cetanA ke do prakAroM kI carcA hI AgamoM meM milatI hai-nirAkAra upayoga aura sAkAra upayoga / ina donoM ko kramazaH darzana aura jJAna kahA jAtA hai| nirAkAra upayoga ko vastu ke sAmAnya svarUpa ko grahaNa karane kekAraNa darzana kahA jAtA hai aura sAkAra upayoga ko vastu ke viziSTa svarUpa kA grahaNa karane kekAraNa jJAna kahA jAtA hai| jIva dravya ke sandarbha meM jainadarzana kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki jIva dravya ko eka akhaNDa dravya na mAnakara aneka dravya mAnatA hai| usake anusAra pratyeka jIva kI svatantra sattA hai aura vizva meM jIvoM kI saMkhyA ananta hai| isa prakAra saMkSepa meM jIva astikAya, cetana, arUpI aura aneka dravya haiN|

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jainadarzana meM dravya, guNa aura paryAya kI avadhAraNA AtmA kA astitva : - jaina-darzana meM pratyeka jIva yA AtmA ko eka svatantra tattva yA dravya mAnA gayA hai| jahA~ taka hamAre AdhyAtmika jIvana kA prazna hai AtmA ke astitva para zaMkA karake Age bar3hanA asambhava hai| jainadarzana meM AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI pahalI zarta AtmavizvAsa hai| vizeSAvazyakabhASya ke gaNadharavAda meM AtmA ke astitva ko siddha karane ke lie nimna tarka prastuta kiye gaye haiM (1) jIva kA astitva jIva zabda se hI siddha hai, kyoMki asat kI koI sArthaka saMjJA hI nahIM bntii| (2) jIva hai yA nahIM, yaha socanA mAtra hI jIva kI sattA ko siddha karatA hai| devadatta jaisA sacetana prANI hI yaha soca sakatA hai ki vaha staMbha hai yA puruSa / (3) zarIra sthita jo yaha socatA hai ki "maiM nahIM hU~" vahI to jIva hai| jIva keatirikta saMzayakartA anya koI nahIM hai| yadi AtmA hI na ho to aisI kalpanA kA prAdurbhAva hI kaise ho ki 'maiM hU~ yA nahIM hU~ ? jo niSedha kara rahA hai vaha svayaM hI AtmA hai| saMzaya ke lie kisI aise tattva ke astitva kI anivAryatA hai jo usakA AdhAra ho / binA adhiSThAna ke koI vicAra yA cintana sambhava nahIM ho sktaa| saMzaya kA adhiSThAna koI na koI avazya honA cAhie / bhagavAna mahAvIra gautama se kahate haiM, he gautama ! yadi koI saMzayakartA hI nahIM hai to "maiM hU~" yA "nahIM hU~" yaha saMzaya kahA~ se utpanna hotA hai ? yadi tuma svayaM apane hI viSaya meM saMdeha kara sakate ho to phira kisameM saMzaya na hogaa| kyoMki saMzaya Adi jitanI bhI mAnasika aura bauddhika kriyAe~ haiM, ve saba AtmA ke kAraNa hI haiN| jahA~ saMzaya hotA hai, vahA~ AtmA kA astitva avazya svIkAranA par3atA hai| vastutaH jo pratyakSa anubhava se siddha hai, use siddha karane ke lie kisI anya pramANa kI AvazyakatA nhiiN| AtmA svayaM siddha hai, kyoMki usI ke AdhAra para saMzayAdi utpanna hote haiN| sukha-duHkhAdi ko siddha karane ke lie bhI kisI anya pramANa kI AvazyakatA nhiiN| ye saba AtmapUrvaka hI ho sakate haiN| AcArAMga sUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki jisake dvArA jAnA jAtA hai, vahI to AtmA hai|' AcArya zaMkara brahmasUtrabhASya meM aise hI tarka dete hue kahate haiM ki jo nirasana kara rahA hai vahI to usakA svarUpa hai| AtmA ke astitva ke lie svataH bodha ko AcArya zaMkara bhI eka prabala tarka ke rUpa meM svIkAra karate haiN| ve kahate haiM ki sabhI ko AtmA ke astitva meM bharapUra vizvAsa hai, koI bhI aisA nahIM hai jo yaha socatA ho ki "maiM nahIM huuN"| anyatra zaMkara spaSTa rUpa se 1. vizeSAvazyaka bhASya, 1575 3. jainadarzana, pR. 154 5 brahmasUtra, zaMkara bhASya, 3/1/7 2. vahI, 1571 4. AcArAMga sUtra, 1/5/5/166 6. vahI, 1/1/2

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18 jainadarzana meM dravya, guNa aura paryAya kI avadhAraNA yaha bhI kahate haiM ki bodha se sattA ko aura sattA se bodha ko pRthak nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| yadi hameM AtmA kA svataH bodha hotA hai to usakI sattA nirvivAda hai| pAzcAtya vicAraka dekArta ne bhI isI tarka ke AdhAra para AtmA keastitva ko siddha kiyA hai| vaha kahatA hai ki sabhI ke astitva meM saMdeha kiyA jA sakatA hai, parantu saMdehakartA ke astitva meM saMdeha karanA to sambhava nahIM hai, saMdeha kA astitva saMdeha se pare hai| saMdeha karanA vicAra karanA hai aura vicAraka keabhAva meM vicAra nahIM ho sktaa| 'maiM vicAra karatA hU~', ataH 'maiM hU~' / isa prakAra dekArta ke anusAra bhI AtmA kA astitva svayaM-siddha hai| AtmA amUrta hai, ataH usako usa rUpa meM to nahIM jAna sakate jaise paTa Adi vastuoM kA indriya pratyakSa ke rUpa meM jJAna hotA hai| lekina itane mAtra se usakA niSedha nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| jaina AcAryoM ne isake lie guNa aura guNI kA tarka diyA hai| ghaTa Adi jina vastuoM ko hama jAnate haiM, unakA bhI yarthAtha bodha pratyakSa nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki hameM jinakA bodha pratyakSa hotA hai, vaha ghaTa ke rUpAdi guNoM kA pratyakSa hai| lekina ghaTa mAtra rUpa nahIM hai, vaha to aneka guNoM kA samUha hai jinheM hama nahIM jAnate, rUpa (AkAra) to unameM se eka guNa hai| jaba rUpaguNa ke pratyakSIkaraNa ko ghaTa kA pratyakSIkaraNa mAna lete haiM aura hameM koI saMzaya nahIM hotA, to phira jJAnaguNa se AtmA kA pratyakSa kyoM nahIM mAna lete| Adhunika vaijJAnika bhI aneka tattvoM kA vAstavika bodha pratyakSa se nahIM kara pAte haiM jaise Ithara; phira bhI kAryoM keAdhAra para unakA astitva mAnate haiM evaM unakesvarUpa kA vivecana bhI karate haiN| phira AtmA ke cetanAtmaka kAryoM ke AdhAra para usake astitva ko kyoM na svIkAra kiyA jAye ? vastutaH AtmA yA cetanA ke astitva kA prazna mahattvapUrNa hote hue bhI vivAda kA viSaya nahIM hai| bhAratIya cintakoM meM cArvAka evaM bauddha tathA pAzcAtya cintakoM meM hyUma, jemsa Adi vicAraka AtmA kA niSedha karate haiN| vastutaH unakA niSedha AtmA ke astitva kA niSedha nahIM, varan usakI nityatA kA niSedha hai| ve AtmA ko eka svatantra maulika tattva mAnane kA niSedha karate haiN| bauddha anAtmavAda kI pratisthApanA meM AtmA (cetanA) kA niSedha nahIM karate, varan usakI nityatA kA niSedha karate haiN| hyUma bhI anubhUti se bhinna kisI svatantra Atma-tattva kA hI niSedha karate haiN| udyotakara kA 'nyAyavArtika' meM 1. vahI, 3/2/21; tulanA kIjie-AcArAMga 1/5/5 2. pazcimI darzana, pR. 106 vizeSAvazyakabhASya, 1558

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jainadarzana meM dravya, guNa aura paryAya kI avadhAraNA __19 yaha kahanA samucita jAna par3atA hai ki AtmA ke astitva ke viSaya meM dArzanikoM meM sAmAnyataH koI vivAda hI nahIM hai, yadi vivAda hai to usakA sambandha AtmA ke vizeSa svarUpa se hai (na ki usake astitva se)| svarUpa kI dRSTi se koI zarIra ko hI AtmA mAnatA hai, koI buddhi ko, koI indriya yA mana ko, aura koI vijJAna-saMghAta ko AtmA samajhatA hai| kucha aise bhI vyakti haiM jo ina sabase pRthak svatantra Atma-tattva keastitva ko svIkAra karate haiN| jainadarzana, nyAya-vaizeSika darzana, sAMkhya-yoga darzana aura vedAnta AtmA ko svatantra dravya ke rUpa meM svIkAra karate haiN| AtmA eka maulika tattva : AtmA eka maulika tattva hai athavA anya kisI tattva se utpanna huA hai, yaha prazna bhI mahattvapUrNa hai| sabhI darzana yaha mAnate haiM ki saMsAra Atma aura anAtma kA saMyoga hai, lekina inameM mUla tattva kyA hai? yaha vivAda kA viSaya hai| isa sambandha meM cAra pramukha dhAraNAe~ haiM- 1. mUla tattva jar3a hai, jaise cArvAka, 2. mUla tattva cetana hai aura usI kI apekSA se jar3a kI sattA mAnI jA sakatI hai| bauddha vijJAnavAda, zAMkara vedAnta tathA barkale isa mata kA pratipAdana karate haiN| 3. kucha vicAraka aise bhI haiM jinhoMne parama tattva ko eka mAnate hue bhI use jar3a-cetana ubhayarUpa svIkAra kiyA aura donoM ko hI usakA paryAya mAnA / gItA, rAmAnuja aura spinojA isa mata kA pratipAdana karate haiN| 4. kucha vicAraka jar3a aura cetana donoM ko hI parama tattva mAnate haiM aura unake svatantra astitva meM vizvAsa karate haiN| sAMkhya, jaina aura dekArta isa dhAraNA meM vizvAsa karate haiN| jaina vicAraka spaSTa rUpa se kahate haiM ki kabhI bhI jar3a se cetana kI utpatti nahIM hotii| sUtrakRtAMga kI TIkA meM isa mAnyatA kA nirAkaraNa kiyA gayA hai| zIlAMkAcArya kahate haiM ki "bhUta samudAya svatantradharmI hai, usakA guNa caitanya nahIM hai, kyoMki pRthvI Adi bhUtoM keanya pRthak-pRthak guNa haiM, anya guNoM vAle padArthoM se yA unakesamUha se bhI kisI apUrva (navIna) guNa kI utpatti nahIM ho sakatI, jaise rukSa bAlukA kaNoM ke samudAya meM snigdha tela kI utpatti nahIM hotii| ataH caitanya AtmA kA hI guNa ho sakatA hai, bhUtoM kA nahIM / jar3a bhUtoM se cetana AtmA kI utpatti nahIM ho sktii|"2 zarIra bhI jJAnAdi caitanya guNoM kA kAraNa nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki zarIra bhautika tattvoM kA kArya hai aura bhautika tattva cetanAzUnya haiN| jaba bhUtoM meM hI caitanya-guNa nahIM hai to unake kArya meM caitanya-guNa kahA~ se AyegA? pratyeka kArya, kAraNa meM avyakta rUpa se rahatA hai| jaba vaha kAraNa kAryarUpa meM pariNata hotA hai, taba vaha zakti rUpa rahA huA kArya vyakta rUpa meM sAmane A jAtA hai| jaba bhautika tattvoM meM cetanA nahIM hai, taba yaha kaise sambhava hai ki zarIra caitanya guNa vAlA ho jAye? 1. nyAyavArtika, pR. 366 (Atma-mImAMsA pR. 2 para uddhRta) 2. sUtrakRtAGga TIkA, 1/1/8

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20 jainadarzana meM dravya, guNa aura paryAya kI avadhAraNA yadi cetanA pratyeka bhautika tattva meM nahIM hai to una tattvoM kesaMyoga se bhI vaha utpanna nahIM ho sktii| reNu ke pratyeka kaNa meM na rahane vAlA tela, reNukaNoM ke saMyoga se utpanna nahIM ho sktaa| ataH yaha kahanA yukti-saMgata nahIM ki caitanya cAra mahAbhUtoM ke viziSTa saMyoga se utpanna hotA hai| gItA bhI kahatI hai ki asat kA prAdurbhava nahIM hotA aura sat kA vinAza nahIM hotA hai| yadi caitanya bhUtoM meM nahIM hai to vaha unake saMyoga se nirmita zarIra meM bhI nahIM ho sakatA / zarIra meM caitanya kI upalabdhi hotI hai; ataH usakA kAraNa zarIra nahIM, AtmA hai| AtmA kI jar3a se bhinnatA siddha karane ke lie zIlAMkAcArya eka dUsarI yukti prastuta karate hue kahate haiM ki "pA~coM indriyoM ke viSaya alagaalaga haiM, pratyeka indriya apane viSaya kA hI jJAna karatI hai| jaba pA~coM indriyoM ke viSaya alagaalaga haiM, pratyeka indriya apane viSaya kA hI jJAna karatI hai, taba pA~coM indriyoM ke viSayoM kA ekatrIbhUta rUpa meM jJAna karanevAlA anya koI avazya hai aura vaha AtmA hai|"3 isI sambandha meM zaMkara kI bhI eka yukti hai, jisake sambandha meM pro. e. sI. mukharjI ne apanI pustaka 'necara oNpha selpha' meM paryApta prakAza DAlA hai| zaMkara pUchate haiM ki bhautikavAdiyoM keanusAra bhUtoM se utpanna honevAlI vaha cetanA una bhautika tattvoM kI pratyakSakartA hogI yA unakA hI eka guNa hogii| prathama sthiti meM yadi cetanA bhautika tattvoM ke guNoM kI pratyakSakartA hogI, to vaha unase pratyutpanna nahIM hogii| dUsare yaha kahanA bhI hAsyAspada hogA ki bhautika guNa apane hI guNoM ko jJAna kI viSaya-vastu banAte haiN| yaha mAnanA ki cetanA bhautika padArthoM kA hI eka guNa hai, unase hI pratyutpanna hai aura una bhautika padArthoM ko hI apane jJAna kA viSaya banAtI hai, utanA hI hAsyAspada hai, jitanA yaha mAnanA ki Aga apane ko hI jalAtI hai athavA naTa apane hI kandhoM para car3ha sakatA hai| isa prakAra zaMkara kA niSkarSa bhI yahI hai ki cetanA (AtmA) bhautika tattvoM se vyatirikta aura jJAnasvarUpa hai| AkSepa evaM nirAkaraNa : ___ sAmAnya rUpa se jaina vicAraNA meM AtmA yA jIva ko apaudgalika, vizuddha caitanya evaM jar3a se bhinna svatantra tattva yA dravya mAnA jAtA hai| lekina anya dArzanikoM kA AkSepa hai ki jainadarzana ke vicAra meM jIva kA svarUpa bahuta kucha paudgalika bana gayA hai| yaha AkSepa ajaina dArzanikoM kA hI nahIM, aneka jaina cintakoM kA bhI hai aura usake lie Agamika AdhAroM para kucha 1. jainadarzana, pR. 157 2. gItA, 2/16 3. sUtrakRtAGga TIkA 1/1/8 4. dI necara oNpha selpha, pR. 141-143

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jainadarzana meM dravya, guNa aura paryAya kI avadhAraNA tarka bhI prastuta kiye gaye haiN| paM. jugalakizora mukhtAra isa viSaya meM rahe hue pArasparika virodha ko 1. jIva yadi paudgalika nahIM hai to usameM saukSmya-sthaulya athavA saMkoca-vistAra kriyA aura pradeza parispaMdana kaise bana sakate haiM ? jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra saukSmya-sthaulya ko pudgala kI paryAya mAnA hai| 2. jIva keapaudgalika hone para AtmA meM paudgalika padArthoM kA pratibimbita honA bhI kaise bana sakatA hai? kyoMki pratibimba kA grAhaka pudgala hI hotA hai| jaina vicAraNA meM jJAna kI utpatti padArthoM keAtmA meM pratibimbita hone se hI mAnI gayI hai| 3. apaudgalika aura amUrtika jIvAtmA paudgalika evaM mUrtika karmoM ke sAtha baddha hokara vikArI kaise bana sakatA hai? (isa prakAra ke bandha kA koI dRSTAnta bhI upalabdha nahIM hai) svarNa aura pASANa ke anAdibandha kA, jo dRSTAnta diyA jAtA hai, vaha viSama dRSTAnta hai aura eka prakAra se svarNasthAnIya jIva kA paudgalika honA hI sUcita karatA hai| 4. rAgAdika ko paudgalika kahA gayA hai aura rAgAdika jIva ke pariNAma haiM-binA jIva keunakA astitva nhiiN| (yadi jIva paudgalika nahIM hai to rAgAdika paudgalika kaise siddha ho sakeMge?) isake sivAya apaudgalika jIvAtmA meM kRSNa, nIlAdi lezyAe~ kaise bana sakatI haiM ? jainadarzana jar3a aura cetana ke dvaita ko aura unakI svatantra sattA ko svIkAra karatA hai| vaha sabhI prakAra ke advaitavAda kA virodha karatA hai, cAhe vaha zaMkara kA AdhyAtmika advaitavAda ho athavA cArvAk evaM pAzcAtya bhautika vaijJAnikoM kA bhautikavAda ho / lekina isa saiddhAntika mAnyatA se uparyukta zaMkAoM kA samAdhAna nahIM hotaa| isake lie hameM jIva ke svarUpa ko usa sandarbha meM dekhanA hogA, jisameM uparyukta zaMkAe~ prastuta kI gayI haiN| prathamataH saMkoca-vistAra tathA usake AdhAra para honevAle saukSamya evaM sthaulya tathA bandhana aura rAgAdi bhAva kA honA, sabhI baddha jIvAtmAoM yA hamAre vartamAna sImita vyaktitva ke kAraNa haiN| jahA~ taka sImita vyaktitva yA baddha jIvAtmA kA prazna hai, vaha ekAnta rUpa se na to bhautika hai aura na abhautik| jaina cintaka muni nathamalajI inhIM praznoM kA samAdhAna karate hue likhate haiM ki "merI mAnyatA yaha hai ki hamArA vartamAna vyaktitva na sarvathA paudgalika hai aura na sarvathA apaudglik| yadi use paudgalika mAneM to usameM caitanya nahIM ho sakatA aura use sarvathA apaudgalika mAneM to usameM saMkoca-vistAra, prakAzamaya anubhava, UrdhvagauravadharmitA, rAgAdi janya kaSAya evaM lezyAe~ nahIM ho sakate / maiM jahA~ taka samajha sakA hU~, koI zarIradhArI jIva apaudgalika nahIM hai| jaina AcAryoM ne usame saMkoca-vistAra tathA bandhana Adi mAne haiM, apaudgalikatA usakI antima pariNati hai, jo zarIra-mukti se pahale kabhI prApta nahIM hotii|" 1. taTa do pravAha eka, pR. 54

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jainadarzana meM dravya, guNa aura paryAya kI avadhAraNA muni jI ke isa kathana ko adhika spaSTa rUpa meM yoM kahA jA sakatA hai ki jIva keapaudgalika svarUpa kI upalabdhi mokSa hai| jainadarzana kA lakSya isI apaudgalika svarUpa kI upalabdhi hai| jIva kI apaudgalikatA Adarza hai, eka jAgatika tathya nahIM hai| AtmA aura zarIra meM sambandha : bhagavAna mahAvIra kesammukha yaha prazna upasthita kiyA gayA ki "bhagavAn ! jIva vahI hai, jo zarIra hai yA jIva bhinna hai aura zarIra bhinna hai?" bhagavAna mahAvIra ne uttara diyA-"he gautama ! jIva zarIra bhI hai aura zarIra se bhinna bhI hai| isa prakAra mahAvIra ne AtmA aura deha ke madhya bhinnatva aura ekatva donoM ko svIkAra kiyaa| AcArya kundakunda ne bhI AtmA aura zarIra ke ekatva aura bhinnatva ko lekara yahI vicAra prakaTa kiye haiN| AcArya kundakunda kA kathana hai ki vyAvahArika dRSTi se AtmA aura deha eka hI haiM lekina nizciya dRSTi se AtmA aura deha kadApi eka nahIM ho skte| vastutaH AtmA aura zarIra meM ekatva mAne binA stuti, vaMdana, sevA Adi aneka naitika AcaraNa kI kriyAe~ sambhava nahIM / dUsarI ora AtmA aura deha meM bhinnatA mAne binA AsaktinAza aura bhedavijJAna kI saMbhAvanA nahIM ho sakatI / naitika aura dhArmika sAdhanA kI dRSTi se AtmA kA zarIra se ekatva aura anekatva donoM apekSita haiN| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne ekAntika vAdoM ko chor3akara anekAnta dRSTi ko svIkAra kiyA aura donoM vAdoM kA samanvaya kiyaa| unhoMne kahA ki AtmA aura zarIra kathaMcit bhinna haiM aura kathaMcit abhinna haiN| AtmA pariNAmI hai : ___ jainadarzana AtmA ko pariNAmI mAnatA hai, jaba ki sAMkhya evaM zaMkara vedAnta AtmA ko apariNAmI (kUTastha) mAnate haiN| buddhake samakAlIna vicAraka pUrNakAzyapa bhI AtmA ko apariNAmI mAnate the| AtmA ko apariNAmI (kUTastha) mAnane kA tAtparya yaha hai ki AtmA meM koI vikAra, parivartana, sthityantara nahIM hotaa| jaina AcAra granthoM meM yaha vacana bahutAyata se upalabdha hote hai ki AtmA kartA hai| uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki AtmA hI apane sukhoM aura duHkhoM kA kartA aura bhoktA hai| yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki sira kATane vAlA zatru bhI utanA apakAra nahIM karatA, jitanA durAcaraNa meM pravRtta apanI AtmA karatI hai| ___ yahI nahIM, sUtrakRtAMga meM AtmA ko akartA mAnanevAle logoM kI AlocanA karate hue spaSTa rUpa meM kahA gayA hai-"kucha dUsare (loga) to dhRSTatApUrvaka kahate haiM ki karanA, karAnA Adi kriyA AtmA nahIM karatA, vaha to akartA hai| ina vAdiyoM ko satya jJAna kA patA nahIM aura na unheM dharma kA hI bhAna hai| 1. bhagavatI sUtra 13/1/495 2. samayasAra, 27 3. uttarAdhyayana sUtra, 20/37 4. vahI, 20/48 5. sUtrakRtAMga sUtra, 1/1/13-21

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jainadarzana meM dravya, guNa aura paryAya kI avadhAraNA uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM zarIra ko nAva aura AtmA ko nAvika kahakara jIva para bhautika karmoM ke kartRtva kA uttaradAyitva DAlA gayA hai| AtmA bhoktA hai: yadi AtmA ko kartA mAnanA Avazyaka hai to use bhoktA bhI mAnanA pdd'egaa| kyoMki jo karmoM kA kartA hai, use hI unake phaloM kA bhoga bhI karanA cAhie / jaise AtmA kA kartRtva karma pudgaloM ke nimitta se sambhava hai, vaise hI AtmA kA bhoktRtva bhI karma pudgaloM ke nimitta se hI sambhava hai| kartRtva aura bhoktRtva donoM hI zarIrayukta baddhAtmA meM pAye jAte haiM, muktAtmA meM nhiiN| bhoktRtva vedanIya karma ke kAraNa hI sambhava hai| jaina-darzana AtmA kA bhoktRtvaguNa bhI sApekSa dRSTi se zarIrayukta baddhAtmA meM svIkAra karatA hai| 1. vyAvahArika dRSTi se zarIrayukta baddhAtmA bhoktA hai| 2. azuddhanizcayanaya yA paryAya dRSTi se AtmA apanI mAnasika anubhUtiyoM yA manobhAvoM kA vedaka hai| 3. paramArtha dRSTi se AtmA bhoktA aura vedaka nahIM, mAtra sAkSIsvarUpa hai|2 ___AtmA kA bhoktRtva karma aura unake pratiphala ke saMyoga ke lie Avazyaka hai| jo kartA hai, vaha anivArya rUpa se unake phaloM ko bhoktA bhI hai anyathA karma aura usake phalabhoga meM anivArya sambandha siddha nahIM ho skegaa| aisI sthiti meM naitikatA kA koI artha hI nahIM raha jaayegaa| ata: yaha mAnanA hogA ki AtmA bhoktA hai, lekina AtmA kA bhoktA honA baddhAtmA yA sazarIrI ke lie hI samucita hai| muktAtmA bhoktA nahIM hai, vaha to mAtra sAkSIsvarUpa yA draSTA hotA hai| AtmA svadeha parimANa hai : yadyapi jaina vicAraNA meM AtmA ko rUpa, rasa, gandha, varNa, sparza Adi se vivarjita kahA gayA hai, tathApi AtmA ko zarIrAkAra svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| AtmA ke AkAra ke sambandha meM pramukha rUpa se do dRSTiyA~ haiM- eka ke anusAra AtmA vibhu (sarvavyApI) hai, dUsarI ke anusAra aNu hai| sAMkhya, nyAya evaM advaita vedAnta AtmA ko vibhu mAnate haiM aura rAmAnuja aNu mAnate haiN| jainadarzana isa sambandha meM madhyastha dRSTi apanAtA hai| usake anusAra AtmA aNu bhI hai aura vibhu bhI hai| vaha sUkSma hai to itanA hai ki eka AkAza pradeza keanantaveM bhAga meM samA sakatA hai aura vibhu hai to itanA hai ki samagra loka ko bhI vyApta kara sakatA hai| jaina-darzana AtmA meM saMkoca vistAra ko svIkAra 1. uttarAdhyayana sUtra, 23/73, tulanA kIjie-kaThopaniSada, 1/3/3 2. samayasAra, 81-92 3. kramazaH nigoda evaM kevalI samudghAta kI avasthA meN|

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24 jainadarzana meM dravya, guNa aura paryAya kI avadhAraNA karatA hai aura isa AdhAra para AtmA ko svadeha-pariNAma mAnatA hai| jaise dIpaka kA prakAza choTe kamare meM rahane para choTe kamare ko aura bar3e kamare meM rahane para bar3e kamare ko prakAzita karatA hai, vaise hI AtmA bhI jisa deha meM rahatA hai use caitanyAbhibhUta kara detA hai| AtmA ke vibhutva kI samIkSA : 1. yadi AtmA vibhu (sarvavyApaka) hai to vaha dUsare zarIroM meM bhI hogA, phira una zarIroM ke karmoM ke lie uttaradAyI hogaa| yadi yaha mAnA jAye ki AtmA dUsare zarIroM meM nahIM hai, to phira sarvavyApaka nahIM hogaa| 2. yadi AtmA vibhu hai, to dUsare zarIroM meM honevAle sukha-duHkha ke bhoga se kaise baca sakegA? 3. vibhu AtmA ke siddhAnta meM kauna AtmA kisa zarIra kA niyAmaka hai, yaha batAnA kaThina hai| vastutaH naitika aura dhArmika jIvana ke lie pratyeka zarIra meM eka AtmA kA siddhAnta hI saMgata ho sakatA hai, tAki usa zarIra ke karmoM ke AdhAra para use uttaradAyI ThaharAyA jA ske| 4. AtmA kI sarva vyApakatA kA siddhAnta anekAtmavAda ke sAtha kathamapi saMgata nahIM ho sktaa| sAtha hI anekAtmavAda ke abhAva meM naitika jIvana kI saMgata vyAkhyA sambhava nahIM hai| ___ punaH AtmA ko aNu bhI nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai kyoMki aNu AtmA zarIra ke eka bhAga meM hogA, ataH sampUrNa cetanAyukta nahIM hogaa| ataH AtmA ko zarIra-vyApI mAnanA hI ucita hai| AtmAe~ aneka haiM : ___AtmA eka hai yA aneka yaha dArzinika dRSTi se vivAda kA viSaya rahA hai| jainadarzana ke anusAra AtmAe~ aneka haiM aura pratyeka zarIra kI AtmA bhinna hai| yadi AtmA ko eka mAnA jAtA hai to naitika dRSTi se aneka samasyAe~ utpanna ho jAtI haiN| ekAtmavAda kI samIkSA : 1. AtmA ko eka mAnane para sabhI jIvoM kI mukti aura bandhana eka sAtha hoNge| itanA hI nahIM, sabhI zarIradhAriyoM ke naitika vikAsa evaM patana kI vibhinna avasthAe~ bhI yugapad hoNgii| lekina aisA to dikhatA nhiiN| saba prANiyoM kA AdhyAtmika evaM naitika vikAsa kA stara alaga-alaga hai| yaha bhI mAnA jAtA hai ki aneka vyakti mukta ho cuke haiM aura aneka abhI bandhana meM haiN| ataH AtmAe~ eka nahIM aneka haiN| 2. AtmA ko eka mAnane para vaiyaktika-naitika prayAsoM kA mUlya samApta ho jaayegaa| yadi AtmA eka hI hai to vyaktigata prayAsoM evaM kriyAoM se na to usakI mukti sambhava hogI aura na vaha bandhana meM hI jaayegaa|

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jainadarzana meM dravya, guNa aura paryAya kI avadhAraNA 3. AtmA ke eka mAnane para naitika uttaradAyitva tathA tajjanita puraskAra aura daNDa kI samApta ho jAtI hai aura vaiyaktikatA ke abhAva meM naitika vikAsa, naitika uttaradAyitva aura puruSArtha Adi naitika pratyayoM kA koI artha nahIM raha jaataa| isaliye vizeSAvazyakabhASya meM kahA gayA hai ki sukha-duHkha, janma-maraNa, bandhana-mukti Adi ke saMtoSaprada samAdhAna ke lie aneka AtmAoM kI svatantra sattA mAnanA Avazyaka hai| sAMkhyakArikA meM bhI janma-maraNa, indriyoM kI vibhinnatAoM, pratyeka vyakti kI alaga-alaga pravRtti aura svabhAva tathA naitika vikAsa kI vibhinnatA keAdhAroM para AtmA kI anekatA siddha kI gayI hai| anekAtmavAda kI naitika kaThinAI : anekAtmavAda naitika jIvana ke lie vaiyaktikatA kA pratyaya to prastuta kara detA hai, tathApi aneka AtmAe~ mAnane para bhI kucha naitika kaThinAiyA~ utpanna ho jAtI haiN| ina naitika kaThinAiyoM meM pramukhatama yaha hai ki naitikatA kA samagra prayAsa jisa 'ahaM' ke visarjana ke lie hai usI 'ahaM' (vaiyaktikatA) ko hI yaha AdhArabhUta banA detA hai| anekAtmavAda meM 'ahaM' kabhI bhI pUrNatayA visarjita nahIM ho sktaa| isI 'ahaM' se rAga aura Asakti kA janma hotA hai| punaH 'ahaM' bhI tRSNA kA hI eka rUpa hai, 'maiM' kA bhAva bhI bandhana hI hai| jainadarzana kA niSkarSa : jainadarzana meM isa samasyA kA bhI anekAnta dRSTi se sundara hala prastuta kiyA gayA hai| usake anusAra AtmA eka bhI hai aura aneka bhii| samavAyAMga aura sthAnAMgasUtra meM use eka bhI kahA gayA hai| dravyApekSA se eka hai aura paryAyApekSA se aneka, jaise sindhu kA jala na eka hai aura na anekA vaha jalarAzi kI dRSTi se eka hai aura jala-binduoM kI dRSTi se aneka bhii| samasta jala-bindu apanA svatantra astitva rakhate hue usa jala-rAzi se abhinna hI hai| usI prakAra ananta cetana AtmAe~ apanA svatantra astitva rakhate hue bhI apane cetanA svabhAva ke kAraNa eka cetana Atmadravya hI haiN| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne isa prazna kA samAdhAna bar3e sundara DhaMga se TIkAkAroM ke pahale hI kara 1. vizeSAvazyaka bhASya, 1582 3. samavAyAMga, 1/1; sthAnAMgasUtra, 1/1 4. bhagavatIsUtra, 2/1; samavAyAMga TIkA, 1/1

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26 jainadarzana meM dravya, guNa aura paryAya kI avadhAraNA diyA thaa| ve somila nAmaka brAhmaNa ko apanA dRSTikoNa spaSTa karate hue kahate haiM- "he somila ! dravyadRSTi se maiM eka hU~, jJAna aura darzana rUpa do paryAyoM kI pradhAnatA se maiM do huuN| kabhI nyUnAdhika nahIM honevAle Atma-pradezoM kI dRSTi se maiM akSaya hU~, avyaya hU~, avasthita huuN| tInoM kAloM meM badalate rahane vAle upayoga svabhAva kI dRSTi se maiM aneka huuN|" ___ isa prakAra bhagavAn mahAvIra jahA~ eka ora dravyadRSTi (Substantianl view) se AtmA ke ekatva kA pratipAdana karate haiM, vahIM dUsarI ora paryAyArthika dRSTi se eka hI jIvAtmA meM cetana paryAyoM ke pravAha ke rUpa se aneka vyaktitvoM kI saMkalpanA ko bhI svIkAra kara zaMkara keadvaitavAda aura bauddha ke kSaNika AtmavAda kI khAI ko pATane kI koziza karate haiN| jaina vicAraka AtmAoM meM guNAtmaka antara nahIM mAnate haiN| lekina vicAra kI dizA meM kevala sAmAnyadRSTi se kAma nahIM calatA, vizeSadRSTi kA bhI apanA sthAna hai| sAmAnya aura vizeSa ke rUpa meM vicAra kI do dRSTiyA haiM aura donoM kA apanA mahattva hai| mahAsAgara kI jala-rAzi sAmAnyadRSTi se eka hai, lekina vizeSadRSTi se vahI jala-rAzi aneka jalabinduoM kA samUha pratIta hotI hai| yahI bAta AtmA ke viSaya meM bhI hai| cetana-paryAyoM kI vizeSadRSTi se AtmAe~ aneka haiM aura cetanA dravya kI dRSTi se AtmA eka bhI hai| apanI parivartanazIla caitasika avasthAoM ke AdhAra para hama svayaM bhI eka sthira ikAI na hokara pravAhazIla ikAI haiN| jainadarzana yaha mAnatA hai ki AtmA kA caritra yA vyaktitva parivartanazIla hai, vaha dezakAlagata paristhitayoM meM badalatA rahatA hai, phira bhI vahI rahatA hai| hamAre vyaktitva banate aura bigar3ate rahate haiM phira bhI ve hamAre hI aMga haiM; isa AdhAra para hama unake lie uttaradAyI bane rahate haiN| isa prakAra jainadarzana abheda meM bheda, ekatva meM anekatva kI dhAraNA ko sthAna dekara dharma aura naitikatA kelie Thosa AdhAra prastuta karatA hai| jainadarzana jinheM jIva kI paryAya avasthAoM kI dhArA kahatA hai, bauddhadarzana use citta-pravAha kahatA hai| jisa prakAra jainadarzana meM pratyeka jIva alaga hai, usI prakAra bauddhadarzana meM pratyeka cittapravAha alaga hai| jaise bauddhadarzana ke vijJAnavAda meM AlayavijJAna hai, vaise jainadarzana meM Atma-dravya hai; yadyapi hameM ina saba meM rahe hue tAttvika antara ko vismRta nahIM karanA cAhie / AtmA ke bheda: jainadarzana aneka AtmAoM kI sattA ko svIkAra karatA hai| itanA hI nahIM, vaha pratyeka AtmA kI vibhinna avasthAoM ke AdhAra para usakebhI bheda karatA hai| jaina AgamoM meM vibhinna pakSoM kI apekSA se AtmA ke ATha bheda kie gaye haiM 1. 2. bhagavatIsUtra, 1/8/10 bhagavatIsUtra 12/10/467

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jainadarzana meM dravya, guNa aura paryAya kI avadhAraNA 1. dravyAtmA - AtmA kA tAttvika svarUpa / . 2. kaSAyAtmA - krodha, mAna, mAyA Adi kaSAyoM yA manovegoM se yukta cetanA kI avsthaa| 3. yogAtmA - zarIra se yukta hone para cetanA kI kAyika, vAcika aura mAnasika kriyAoM kI avsthaa| 4. upayogAtmA - AtmA kI jJAnAtmaka aura anubhUtyAtmaka zaktiyA~ / vaha AtmA kA cetanAtmaka vyApAra hai| 5. jJAnAtmA - cetanA kI viveka aura tarka kI shkti| 6. darzanAtmA - cetanA kI anubhavAtmaka avasthA / 7. caritrAtmA - cetanA kI kriyAtmaka zakti / 8. vIryAtmA - cetanA kI puruSArtha-zakti / uparyukta ATha prakAroM meM dravyAtmA, upayogAtmA, jJAnAtmA aura darzanAtmA ye cAra tAttvika AtmA ke svarUpa ke hI dyotaka hai, zeSa cAra kaSAyAtmA, yogAtmA, caritrAtmA aura vIryAtmA ye cAroM AtmA ke anubhavAdhArita svarUpa ke nirdezaka haiN| tAttvika AtmA dravya kI apekSA se nitya hotI hai yadyapi usameM jJAnAdi kI paryAyeM rahatI haiN| anubhavAdhArita AtmA cetanA kI zarIra se yukta avasthA hai| yaha parivartanazIla evaM vikArayukta hotI hai| AtmA ke bandhana kA prazna bhI isI anubhavAdhArita AtmA se sambandhita hai| vibhinna darzanoM meM Atma-siddhAnta kesandarbha meM, jo pArasparika virodha dikhAI detA hai, vaha AtmA ke ina do pakSoM meM kisI pakSa-vizeSa para bala dene kekAraNa hotA hai| bhAratIya paramparA meM bauddhadarzana ne AtmA ke anubhavAdhArita parivartanazIla pakSa para adhika bala diyA, jaba ki sAMkhya aura zaMkara vedAnta ne AtmA ke tAttvika svarUpa para hI apanI dRSTi kendrita kI jainadarzana donoM hI pakSoM ko svIkAra kara unake bIca samanvaya kA kArya karatA hai| viveka kSamatA kI dRSTi se AtmAe~ do prakAra kI mAnI gaI haiM- 1. samanaska, 2. amanaskA samanaska AtmAe~ ve haiM, jinheM viveka-kSamatA se yukta mana upalabdha hai aura amanaska AtmAe~ ve haiM, jinheM aisA viveka-kSamatA se yukta mana upalabdha nahIM hai| jahA~ taka naitika jIvana ke kSetra kA prazna hai, samanaska AtmAe~ hI naitika sAdhya kI upalabdhi kara sakatI haiM, kyoMki viveka-kSamatA se yukta mana kI upalabdhi hone para hI AtmA meM zubhAzubha kA viveka karane kI kSamatA hotI hai, sAtha hI isI viveka-buddhi ke AdhAra para ve vAsanAoM kA saMyamana bhI kara sakatI haiN| jina AtmAoM meM aisI viveka-kSamatA kA abhAva hai, unameM saMyama kI kSamatA kA bhI abhAva hotA hai, isalie ve naitika pragati bhI nahIM kara sakatIM / naitika jIvana ke lie AtmA meM viveka aura saMyama donoM kA honA

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28 jainadarzana meM dravya, guNa aura paryAya kI avadhAraNA Avazyaka hai aura vaha kevala paMcendriya jIvoM meM bhI unhIM meM sambhava hai, jo samanaska haiN| yahA~ jaivika AdhAra para bhI AtmA ke vargIkaraNa para vicAra apekSita hai, kyoMki jainadharma kA ahiMsA-siddhAnta bahuta kucha usI para nirbhara hai| jaivika AdhAra para prANiyoM kA vargIkaraNa : jIva trasa sthAvara paMcendriya caturindriya trIndriya dvIndriya pRthvIkAya apkAya tejaskAya vAyukAya vanaspatikAya jaivika dRSTi se jaina-paramparA meM dasa prANazaktiyA~ mAnI gayI haiN| sthAvara ekendriya jIvoM meM cAra zaktiyA~ hotI haiM- 1. sparza-anubhava zakti, 2. zArIrika zakti, 3. jIvana (Ayu) zakti aura 4. zvasana zakti / dvIndriya jIvoM meM ina cAra zaktiyoM ke atirikta svAda aura vANI kI zakti bhI hotI hai| trIndriya jIvoM me sUghane kI zakti bhI hotI hai| caturindriya jIvoM meM ina sAta zaktiyoM keatirikta dekhane kI sAmarthya bhI hotI hai| paMcendriya amanaska jIvoM me ina ATha zaktiyoM ke sAtha-sAtha zravaNazakti bhI hotI hai aura samanaska paMcendriya jIvoM meM inake atirikta manaHzakti bhI hotI hai| isa prakAra jainadarzana meM kula dasa jaivika-zaktiyA yA prANazaktiyA mAnI gayI haiN| hiMsA-ahiMsA ke alpatva aura bahutatva Adi kA vicAra inhIM jaivika-zaktiyoM kI dRSTi se kiyA jAtA hai| jitanI adhika prANazaktiyoM se yukta jIva (prANI) kI hiMsA kI jAtI hai, vaha utanI hI bhayaMkara samajhI jAtI hai| gatiyoM ke AdhAra para jIvoM kA vargIkaraNa : jaina-paramparA meM gatiyoM ke AdhAra para jIva cAra prakAra ke mAne gae haiM- 1. deva, 2. manuSya, 3. pazu (tiryaMca) aura 4. naark| jahA~ taka zakti aura kSamatA kA prazna hai, deva kA sthAna manuSya se UcA mAnA gayA hai| lekina jahA~ taka naitika sAdhanA kI bAta hai jaina-paramparA manuSya-janma ko hI sarvazreSTha mAnatI hai| usake anusAra mAnava-jIvana hI aisA jIvana hai jisase mukti yA naitika pUrNatA prApta kI jA sakatI hai| jaina-paramparA keanusAra kevala manuSya hI siddha ho sakatA hai, anya koI nhiiN| bauddha-paramparA meM bhI uparyukta cAroM jAtiyA~ svIkRta rahI haiM, lekina unameM deva aura manuSya donoM meM hI mukta hone kI kSamatA ko mAna liyA gayA hai| bauddha-paramparA ke anusAra eka deva bhI mAnava-janma grahaNa kiye binA hI deva-gati

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jainadarzana meM dravya, guNa aura paryAya kI avadhAraNA se hI nirvANa lAbha kara sakatA hai, jaba ki jaina-paramparA ke anusAra kevala manuSya hI nirvANa kA adhikArI hai| isa prakAra jaina-paramparA mAnava-janma ko carama mUlyavAna banA detI hai| AtmA kI amaratA : AtmA kI amaratA kA prazna naitikatA kI dRSTi se atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai| pAzcAtya vicAraka kANTa AtmA kI amaratA ko naitika-jIvana kI saMgata vyAkhyA ke lie Avazyaka mAnate haiN| bhAratIya AcAradarzanoM ke prAcIna yuga meM AtmA kI amaratA kA siddhAnta vivAda kA viSaya rahA hai| usa yuga meM yaha prazna AtmA kI nityatA evaM anityatA ke rUpa meM athavA zAzvatavAda aura ucchedavAda ke rUpa meM bahucarcita rahA hai| vastutaH Atma-astitva ko dArzanikoM meM itanA vivAda nahIM hai| vivAda kA viSaya hai AtmA kI nityatA yA anityatA yaha viSaya tattvajJAna kI apekSA bhI naitika darzana se adhika sambandhita hai| jaina vicArakoM ne naitika vyavasthA ko pramukha mAnakara, usakeAdhAra para hI nityatA aura anityatA kI samasyA kA hala khojane kI koziza kii| ataH yaha dekhanA bhI upayogI hogA ki AtmA ko nitya athavA anitya mAnane para naitika dRSTi se kauna-sI kaThinAIyA~ utpanna hotI haiN| AtmA kI nityAnityAtmakatA : jaina vicArakoM ne saMsAra aura mokSa kI upapatti ke lie na to nitya-AtmavAda ko upayukta samajhA aura na anitya-AtmavAda ko / ekAnta nityavAda aura ekAnta anityavAda donoM hI sadoSa haiN| AcArya hemacandra donoM ko naitika darzana kI dRSTi se anupayukta batAte hue likhate haiM, yadi AtmA ko ekAnta nitya mAneM to isakA artha hogA ki AtmA meM avasthAnAntara athavA sthityantara nahIM hotA / yadi ise mAna liyA jAye to sukha-duHkha, zubha-azubha Adi bhinna-bhinna avasthAe~ AtmA meM ghaTita nahIM hoNgii| phira sthityantara yA bhinna-bhinna pariNAmoM, zubhAzubha bhavoM kI zakyatA na hone se puNya-pApa kI vibhinna vRttiyA~ evaM pravRttiyA~ bhI sambhava nahIM hoMgI, na bandhana aura mokSa kI utpatti hI sambhava hogii| kyoMki vahA~ eka kSaNa ke paryAya ne jo kArya kiyA thA, usakA phala dUsare kSaNa keparyAya ko milegA, kyoMki vahA~ una satata parivartanazIla paryAyoM ke madhya koI anusyUta eka sthAyI tattva (dravya) nahIM hai, ataH yaha kahA jA sakegA ki jisane kiyA thA use phala nahIM milA aura jisane nahIM kiyA thA use phala milA, arthAt naitika karma siddhAnta kI dRSTi se akRtAgama aura kRtapraNAza kA doSa hogaa| ataH AtmA ko nitya mAnakara bhI satat parivartanazIla (anitya) mAnA jAye to usameM zubhAzubha Adi vibhinna bhAvoM kI sthiti mAnane ke sAtha hI usake phaloM kA bhavAntara meM bhoga bhI sambhava ho skegaa| isa prakAra jainadarzana sApekSa rUpa se AtmA ko nitya aura anitya donoM hI svIkAra karatA hai| 1. vItarAgastotra, 8/2-3

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30 jainadarzana meM dravya, guNa aura paryAya kI avadhAraNA uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki AtmA amUrta hone ke kAraNa nitya hai| bhagavatIsUtra meM bhI jIva ko anAdi, anidhana, avinAzI, akSaya dhruva aura nitya kahA gayA hai| lekina ina saba sthAnoM para nityatA kA artha pariNAmI nityatA hI samajhanA caahie| bhagavatIsUtra evaM vizeSAvazyakabhASya meM isa bAta ko spaSTa kara diyA gayA hai| bhagavatIsUtra meM bhagavAn mahAvIra ne gautama ke prazna kA uttara dete hue AtmA ko zAzvata aura azAzvata donoM kahA hai'bhagavAn ! jIva zAzvata hai yA azAzvata ?' 'gautama ! jIva zAzvata (nitya) bhI hai aura azAzvata (anitya) bhI!' 'bhagavan ! yaha kaise kahA gayA ki jIva nitya bhI hai aura anitya bhI?!' 'gautama ! dravya kI apekSA se nitya hai, bhAva (paryAya) kI apekSA se anitya !'3 ___ AtmA-dravya (sattA) kI apekSA se nitya hai arthAt AtmA na to kabhI anAtma (jar3a) se utpanna hotI hai na kisI bhI avasthA meM apane cetanA lakSaNa ko chor3akara jar3a banatI hai| isI dRSTi se use nitya kahA jAtA hai lekina AtmA kI mAnasika avasthAe~ parivartita hotI rahatI haiM, ataH isa apekSA se use anitya kahA gayA hai| Adhunika darzana kI bhASA meM jainadarzana ke anusAra tAttvika AtmA nitya hai aura anubhavAdhArita AtmA anitya hai| jisa prakAra svarNAbhUSaNa svarNa kI dRSTi se nitya aura AbhUSaNa kI dRSTi se anitya haiM, usI prakAra AtmA tattva kI dRSTi se nitya evaM vicAroM aura bhAvoM kI dRSTi se anitya hai| jamAlI ke sAtha hue praznottara meM bhagavAn mahAvIra ne apane isa dRSTikoNa ko spaSTa kara diyA hai ki ve kisa apekSA se jIva ko nitya mAnate haiM aura kisa apekSA se anitya / bhagavAn mahAvIra kahate haiM- "he jamAlI. jIva zAzvata hai tInoM kAloM meM aisA koI samaya nahIM hai jaba yaha jIva (AtmA) nahIM thA, nahIM hai, athavA nahIM hogaa| isI apekSA se yaha jIvAtmA, nitya, dhruva, zAzvata, akSaya aura avyaya hai| he jamAlI, jIva azAzvata hai, kyoMki nAraka marakara tiryaMca hotA hai, tiryaMca marakara manuSya hotA hai, manuSya mara kara deva hotA hai| isa prakAra ina nAnA rUpoM yA paryAyoM ko prApta karane ke kAraNa use anitya kahA jAtA hai|"4 naitika vicAraNA kI dRSTi se AtmA ko nityAnitya (pariNAmI-nitya) mAnanA hI samucita hai / naitikatA kI dhAraNA meM jo virodhAbhAsa hai, usakA nirAkaraNa kevala pariNAmI nitya AtmAvAda meM hI sambhava hai| naitikatA kA virodhAbhAna yaha hai ki 1. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 14/19 2. bhagavatIsUtra, 9/6/3/87 3. vahI, 7/2/273 4. vahI, 9/6/387; 1/4/42

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3i jainadarzana meM dravya, guNa aura paryAya kI avadhAraNA jahA~ naitikatA ke Adarza ke rUpa meM jisa mokSa-tattva kI vivakSA hai use nitya, zAzvata, aparivartanazIla, sadaiva samarUpa meM sthita, nirvikAra honA cAhie anyathA punaH bandhana evaM patana kI sambhAvanAe uTha khar3I hoMgI, vahIM dUsarI ora naitikatA kI vyAkhyA ke lie jisa Atma-tattva kI vivakSA hai use kartA, bhoktA, vedaka evaM parivartanazIla honA cAhie anyathA karma aura unake pratiphala aura sAdhanA kI vibhinna avasthAoM kI taratamatA kI upapatti nahIM hogii| jaina vicArakoM ne isa virodhAbhAsa kI samasyA ke nirAkaraNa kA prayAsa kiyA hai| prathamataH unhoMne ekAnta nityAtmavAda aura anityAtmavAda ke doSoM ko spaSTa kara unakA nirAkaraNa kiyA, phira yaha batAyA hai ki virodhAbhAsa to vahIM hotA hai jahA~ ekAnta kA Agraha hotA hai, jaba vibhinna dRSTiyoM se nityatA aura anityatA kA kathana kiyA jAtA hai, to usameM koI virodhAbhAsa nahIM rahatA hai| jainadarzana AtmA ko paryAyArthika dRSTi (vyavahAranaya) kI apekSA se anitya tathA dravyArthika dRSTi (nizcayanaya) kI apekSA se nitya mAnakara apanI AtmA sambandhI avadhAraNA kA pratipAdana karatA hai| AtmA kI amaratA aura punarjanma : __ AtmA kI amaratA ke sAtha punarjanma kA pratyaya jur3A huA hai| bhAratIya darzanoM meM cArvAka ko chor3akara zeSa sabhI darzana punarjanma ke siddhAnta ko svIkAra karate haiN| jaba AtmA ko amara mAna liyA jAtA hai, to punarjanma bhI svIkAra karanA hI hogaa| gItA kahatI hai- "jisa prakAra manuSya vastroM ke jIrNa ho jAne para unakA parityAga kara naye vastra grahaNa karatA rahatA hai, vaise hI AtmA bhI jIrNa zarIra ko chor3akara nayA zarIra grahaNa karatI rahatI hai|" na kevala gItA meM, varan bauddhadarzana meM bhI isI Azaya kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| DaoN. rAmAnaMda tivArI punarjanma ke pakSa meM likhate haiM ki "eka-janma ke siddhAnta ke anusAra cirantana AtmA aura nazvara zarIra kA sambandha eka kAlavizeSa meM Arambha hokara eka kAla-vizeSa meM hI anta ho jAtA hai, kintu cirantana kI kAlika sambandha anyAya (tarka-viruddha) hai aura isa (eka-janma ke siddhAnta se usakA koI samAdhAna nahIM hai-punarjanma kA siddhAnta jIvana kI eka nyAyasaMgata aura naitika vyAkhyA denA cAhatA hai| eka-janma siddhAnta ke anusAra janmakAla meM bhAgyodayoM ke bheda ko akAraNa evaM saMyogajanya mAnanA hogaa|"2 DaoN. mohanalAla mehatA karma siddhAnta keAdhAra para punarjanma ke siddhAnta kA samarthana karate haiN| unake zabdoM meM-"karma siddhAnta anivArya rUpa se punarjanma ke pratyaya se saMlagna hai, pUrNa vikasita punarjanma siddhAnta ke abhAva meM karma siddhAnta arthazUnya hai|"3 AcAradarzana ke kSetra meM yadyapi 1. gItA, 2/22; tulanA kareM-thera gAthA, 1/38/688 2. zaMkara kA AcAradarzana. pR. 68 3. jaina sAikaoNlaoNjI, pR. 268

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32 jainadarzana meM dravya, guNa aura paryAya kI avadhAraNA punarjanma siddhAnta aura karma siddhAnta eka-dUsare ke ati nikaTa haiM, phira bhI dhArmika kSetra meM vikasita kucha AcAradarzanoM ne karma siddhAnta ko svIkAra karate hue bhI punarjanma ko svIkAra nahIM kiyA hai| kaTTara pAzcAtya nirIzvaravAdI dArzanika nitze ne karma-zakti aura punarjanma para jo vicAra vyakta kiye haiM, ve mahattvapUrNa haiN| ve likhate haiM- "karma-zakti ke jo hamezA rUpAntara huA karate haiM, ve maryAdita hai tathA kAla ananta hai| isalie kahanA par3atA hai ki jo nAmarUpa eka bAra ho cuke haiM, vahI phira Age yathApUrva kabhI na kabhI avazya utpanna hote hI haiN|"1 __IsAI aura islAma AcAradarzana yaha to mAnate haiM ki vyakti apane naitika zubhAzubha kRtyoM kA phala anivArya rUpa se prApta karatA hai aura yadi vaha apane kRtyoM ke phaloM ko isa jIvana meM pUrNatayA nahIM bhoga pAtA hai to maraNa ke bAda unakA phala bhogatA hai, lekina phira bhI ve punarjanma ko svIkAra nahIM karate haiN| unakI mAnyatA ke anusAra, vyakti ko sRSTi ke anta meM apane kRtyoM kI zubhAzubhatA ke anusAra hamezA ke lie svarga yA kisI nizcita samaya ke lie naraka meM bheja diyA jAtA hai, vahA~ vyakti apane kRtyoM kA phala bhogatA rahatA haiN| isa prakAra ve karma siddhAnta ko mAnate hue bhI punarjanma ko svIkAra nahIM karate haiN| ___jo vicAraNAe~ karma siddhAnta ko svIkAra karane para bhI punarjanma ko nahIM mAnatI haiM, ve isa tathya kI vyAkhyA karane meM samartha nahIM ho pAtI haiM ki vartamAna jIvana meM, jo naisargika vaiSamya hai, usakA kAraNa kyA hai ? kyoM eka prANI saMpanna evaM pratiSThita kula meM janma letA hai athavA janmanA aindrika evaM bauddhika kSamatA se yukta hotA hai aura kyoM dUsarA daridra evaM hIna kula meM janma letA hai aura janmanA hInendriya evaM bauddhika dRSTi se pichar3A huA hotA hai? kyoM eka prANI ko manuSya-zarIra milatA hai aura dUsare ko pazu-zarIra milatA hai? yadi isakA kAraNa IzvarecchA hai to Izvara anyAyI siddha hotA hai| dUsare, vyakti apanI akSamatAoM aura unake kAraNa utpanna anaitika kRtyoM ke liye uttaradAyI kisa prakAra hogA? vaiyaktika vibhinnatAe~ IzvarecchA kA pariNAma nahIM, varan vyakti ke apane kRtyoM kA pariNAma haiM / vartamAna jIvana meM jo bhI kSamatA evaM avasaroM kI suvidhA use anupalabdha hai aura jinake phalasvarUpa use naitika vikAsa kA avasara prApta nahIM hotA hai unakA kAraNa bhI vaha svayaM hI hai aura usakA uttaradAyitva bhI usI para hai| naitika vikAsa kevala eka janma kI sAdhanA kA pariNAma nahIM hai, varana usake pIche janmajanmAntara kI sAdhanA hotI hai| punarjanma kA siddhAnta prANI ko naitika vikAsa hetu ananta avasara pradAna karatA hai| braiDale naitika pUrNatA kI upalabdhi ko ananta prakriyA mAnate haiN| yadi naitikatA 1. gItA rahasya, pR. 268 2. ethikala sTaDIja, pR. 313

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jainadarzana meM dravya, guNa aura paryAya kI avadhAraNA AtmapUrNatA evaM Atma-sAkSAtkAra kI dizA meM satata prakriyA hai to phira binA punarjanma ke isa vikAsa kI dizA meM Age kaise bar3hA jA sakatA hai ? gItA meM bhI naitika pUrNatA kI upalabdhi ke lie aneka janmoM kI sAdhanA Avazyaka mAnI gayI hai| DaoN. TATiyA bhI likhate haiM ki yadi "AdhyAtmika pUrNatA (mukti) eka tathya hai to usake sAkSAtkAra ke lie aneka janma Avazyaka haiN|"2 sAtha hI AtmA ke bandhana ke kAraNoM kI vyAkhyA ke lie punarjanma kI dhAraNA ko svIkAra karanA hogA, kyoMki vartamAna bandhana kI avasthA kA kAraNa bhUtakAlIna jIvana meM hI khojA jA sakatA hai| ___ jo darzana punarjanma ko svIkAra nahIM karate, ve vyakti ke sAtha samucita nyAya nahIM krte| aparAdha ke lie daNDa Avazyaka hai, lekina isakA artha yaha to nahIM ki vikAsa yA sudhAra kA avasara hI samApta kara diyA jAye / jainadarzana isa siddhAnta ko svIkAra karake vyakti ko naitika vikAsa ke avasara pradAna karatA hai tathA apane ko eka pragatizIla darzana siddha karatA hai| punarjanma kI dhAraNA daNDa ke sadhAravAdI siddhAnta kA samarthana karatI hai. jaba ki punarjanma ko nahIM mAnane vAlI naitika vicAraNAe~ daNDa ke badalA lene ke siddhAnta kA samarthana karatI haiM, jo ki vartamAna yuga meM eka paramparAgata kintu anucita dhAraNA hai / punarjanma ke viruddha yaha bhI tarka diyA jAtA hai ki yadi vahI AtmA (cetanA) punarjanma grahaNa karatI hai, to phira use pUrvajanmoM kI smRti kyoM nahIM rahatI hai| smRti ke abhAva meM punarjanma ko kisa AdhAra para mAnA jAye ? lekina yaha tarka ucita nahIM hai, kyoMki hama aksara dekhate haiM ki hameM apane vartamAna jIvana kI aneka ghaTanAoM kI bhI smRti nahIM rahatI / yadi hama vartamAna jIvana ke vismarita bhAga ko asvIkAra nahIM karate haiM to phira kevala smaraNa ke abhAva meM pUrvajanmoM ko kaise asvIkAra kara sakate haiM / vastutaH jisa prakAra hamAre vartamAna jIvana kI aneka ghaTanAe~ acetana stara para rahatI haiM, vaise hI pUrvajanmoM kI ghaTanAe~ bhI acetana stara para banI rahatI haiM aura viziSTa avasaroM para cetanA ke stara para bhI vyakta ho jAtI haiN| yaha bhI tarka diyA jAtA hai ki hameM apane jina kRtyoM kI smRti nahIM hai, hama kyoM unake pratiphala kA bhoga kareM? lekina yaha tarka bhI samucita nahIM hai| isase kyA pharka par3atA hai ki hameM apane karmoM kI smRti hai yA nahIM? yadi hamane unheM kiyA hai to unakA phala bhoganA hI hogA / yadi koI vyakti itanA adhika 1. gItA, 6/45 2. sTaDIja ina jaina philaoNsaoNphI, pR. 221

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34 jainadarzana meM dravya, guNa aura paryAya kI avadhAraNA madyapAna kara le ki naze meM use apane kie hue madyapAna kI smRti bhI na rahe, lekina isase kyA vaha usake naze se baca sakatA hai? jo kiyA hai, usakA bhoga anivArya hai, cAhe usakI smRti ho yA na ho| jaina cintakoM ne isalie karma siddhAnta kI svIkRti ke sAtha-sAtha AtmA kI amaratA aura punarjanma ke siddhAnta ko svIkAra kiyA hai| jaina vicAraNA yaha svIkAra karatI hai ki prANiyoM meM kSamatA evaM avasaroM kI suvidhA Adi kA jo janmanA naisargika vaiSamya hai, usakA kAraNa prANI ke apane hI pUrvajanmoM ke kRtya haiN| saMkSepa meM vaMzAnugata evaM naisargika vaiSamya pUrvajanmoM ke zubhAzubha kRtyoM kA phala hai| yahI nahIM, varan anukUla evaM pratikUla pariveza kI upalabdhi bhI zubhAzubha kRtyoM kA phala hai| sthAnAMgasUtra meM bhUta, vartamAna aura bhAvI janmoM meM zubhAzubha karmoM ke phala-sambandha kI dRSTi se ATha vikalpa mAne gaye haiM- 1. vartamAna janma ke azubha karma vartamAna janma meM hI phala deveM / 2. vartamAna janma ke azubha karma bhAvi janmoM meM phala deveM / 3. bhUtakAlIna janmoM ke azubha karma vartamAna janma meM hI phala deveM / 4. bhUtakAlIna janmoM ke azubha karma bhAvI janmoM meM phala deveM / 5. vartamAna janma ke zubha karma vartamAna janma meM phala deveM / 6. vartamAna janma ke zubha karma bhAvI janmoM meM phala deveM / 7. bhUtakAlIna janmoM ke zubha karma vartamAna janma meM phala deveM / 8. bhUtakAlIna janmoM kezubha karma bhAvI janmoM meM phala deveN| ___ isa prakAra jainadarzana meM vartamAna jIvana kA sambandha bhUtakAlIna evaM bhAvI janmoM se mAnA gayA hai| jainadarzana ke anusAra cAra prakAra kI yoniyA haiM- 1. deva (svargIya jIvana), 2. manuSya, 3. tiryaMca (vAnaspatika evaM pazu jIvana) aura 4. nAraka (nArakIya jIvana) prANI apane zubhAzubha karmoM ke anusAra ina yoniyoM meM janma letA hai| yadi vaha zubha karma karatA hai to deva aura manuSya ke rUpa meM janma letA hai aura azubha karma karatA hai to pazu gati yA nArakIya gati prApta karatA hai| manuSya mara kara pazu bhI ho sakatA hai aura deva bhii| prANI jIvana meM kyA hogA yaha usake vartamAna jIvana keAcaraNa para nirbhara karatA hai| isa prakAra jainadarzana karma siddhAnta ke AdhAra para Atma-dravya ko pariNAmI nitya mAnatA hai| dharma dravya : dharma dravya kI isa carcA ke prasaMga meM sarvaprathama hameM yaha spaSTa rUpa se jAna lenA cAhie ki yahA~ 'dharma' zabda kA artha vaha nahIM hai jise sAmAnyatayA grahaNa kiyA jAtA hai| yahA~ 'dharma' zabda na to svabhAva kA vAcaka hai, na kartavya kA aura na sAdhanA yA upAsanA ke vizeSa prakAra kA, apitu ise 1. jaina sAikaoNlaoNjI, pR. 175 2. sthAnAMgasUtra, 8/2

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jainadarzana meM dravya, guNa aura paryAya kI avadhAraNA - 35 jIva va pudgala kI gati ke sahAyaka tattva ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| jo jIva aura pudgala kI gati ke mAdhyama kA kArya karatA hai, use dharma dravya kahA jAtA hai| jisa prakAra machalI kI gati jala ke mAdhyama se hI sambhava hotI hai athavA jaise vidhuta-dhArA usake cAlaka dravya tAra Adi ke mAdhyama se hI prabhAvita hotI hai, usI prakAra jIva aura pudgala vizva meM prasArita dharma dravya ke mAdhyama se hI gati karate haiN| isakA prasAra kSetra loka taka sImita hai| aloka meM dharma dravya kA abhAva hai| isIlie usameM jIva aura pudgala kI gati sambhava nahIM hotI aura yahI kAraNa hai ki use aloka kahA jAtA hai| aloka kA tAtparya hai ki jisameM jIva aura pudgala kA abhAva ho / dharma dravya aura akhaNDa dravya hai| jahA~ jIvAtmAe~ aneka mAnI gaI haiM vahA~ dharma dravya eka hI hai| loka taka sImita hone ke kAraNa ise ananta na mAnakara sImita hI mAnA gayA hai| loka cAhe kitanA hI vistRta kyoM na ho vaha asIma na hokara sasIma hai aura sasIma loka meM vyApta hone ke kAraNa dharma dravya ko AkAza ke samAna ananta pradezI na mAnakara asaMkhya pradezI mAnanA hI upayukta hai| yahA~ yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki dharma dravya kI yaha vyAkhyA kucha vicArakoM kI dRSTi meM paravartI kAlIna hai| adharma dravya : adharma dravya bhI astikAya varga ke antargata AtA hai| isakA bhI vistArakSetra yA pradezapracayatva lokavyApI hai| aloka meM isakA astitva nahIM hai| adharma dravya kA lakSaNa yA kArya jIva aura pudgala kI sthiti meM sahAyaka honA mAnA gayA hai| paramparAgata udAharaNa ke rUpa meM yaha kahA jAtA hai ki jisa prakAra vRkSa kI chAyA pathika ke vizrAma meM sahAyaka hotI usI prakAra adharma dravya jIva aura pudgala kI avasthiti meM sahAyaka hotA hai| jahA~ dharma dravya gati kA mAdhyama (cAlaka) hai, vahA~ adharma dravya gati kA kucAlaka hai ataH use sthiti kA mAdhyama kahA gayA hai| yadi adharma dravya nahIM hotA, to jIva va pudgala kI gati kA niyamana asambhava ho jAtA aura ve ananta AkAza meM bikhara jAte / jisa prakAra vaijJAnikadRSTi se gurutvAkarSaNa AkAza meM sthita pudgala piNDoM ko niyantrita karatA hai, usI prakAra adharma dravya bhI jIva va pudgala kI gati kA niyamana kara use virAma detA hai| saMkhyA kI dRSTi se adharma dravya ko eka aura akhaNDa dravya mAnA gayA hai| pradeza-pracayatva kI dRSTi se isakA vistArakSetra loka taka sImita hone ke kAraNa ise asaMkhya pradezI mAnA jAtA hai, phira bhI vaha eka akhaNDa dravya hai, kyoMki usakA vikhaNDana sambhava nahIM hai| dharma aura adharma dravyoM meM deza-pradeza Adi kI kalpanA mAtra vaicArika stara para hI hotI hai|

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36 jainadarzana meM dravya, guNa aura paryAya kI avadhAraNA AkAza dravya : AkAza dravya bhI astikAya varga ke antargata hI AtA hai, kintu jahA~ dharma aura adharma dravyoM kA vistAra kSetra lokavyApI hai, vahA~ AkAza kA vistAra kSetra loka aura aloka donoM hai| AkAza kA lakSaNa 'avagAhana' hai| vaha jIva aura ajIva dravyoM ko sthAna pradAna karatA hai| loka ko bhI apane meM samAhita karane ke kAraNa AkAza kA vistAra kSetra loka ke bAhara bhI mAnanA Avazyaka hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki jaina AcArya AkAza ke do vibhAga karate haiM- lokAkAza aura alokAkAza / vizva meM jo rikta sthAna hai vaha lokAkAza hai aura isa vizva se bAhara jo rikta sthAna hai vaha alokAkAza hai| loka kI koI sImA ho sakatI hai kintu aloka kI koI sImA nahIM haivaha ananta hai| cUMki AkAza loka aura aloka donoM meM hai; isalie vaha ananta pradezI hai| saMkhyA kI dRSTi se AkAza ko bhI eka aura akhaNDa dravya mAnA gayA hai| usake deza-pradeza Adi kI kalpanA bhI kevala vaicArika stara taka hI sambhava hai| vastutaH AkAza meM kisI prakAra kA vibhAjana kara pAnA sambhava nahIM hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki use akhaNDa dravya kahA jAtA hai| jaina AcAryoM kI avadhAraNA hai ki jinheM hama sAmAnyatayA Thosa piNDa samajhate haiM unameM bhI AkAza arthAt rikta sthAna hotA hai| eka pudgala paramANu meM bhI dUsare ananta pudgala paramANuoM ko apane meM samAviSTa karane kI zakti tabhI sambhava ho sakatI hai, jaba ki unameM vipula mAtrA meM rikta sthAna yA AkAza ho| ataH mUrta dravyoM meM bhI AkAza to nihita hI rahatA hai| lakar3I meM jaba hama kIla Thokate haiM to vaha vastutaH usameM nihita rikta sthAna meM hI samAhita hotI hai| isakA tAtparya hai ki usameM bhI AkAza hai| paramparAgata udAharaNa ke rUpa meM yaha kahA jAtA hai ki dUdha yA jala ke bhare hue glAsa meM yadi dhIre-dhIre zakkara yA namaka DAlA jAye to vaha usameM samAviSTa ho jAtA hai| isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki dUdha yA jala se bhare hue glAsa meM bhI rikta sthAna arthAt AkAza thaa| vaijJAnikoM ne bhI yaha mAna liyA hai ki pratyeka paramANu meM paryApta rUpa se rikta sthAna hotA hai| ataH AkAza ko lokAlokavyApI, eka aura akhaNDa dravya mAnane meM koI bAdhA nahIM AtI hai| pudgala-dravya pudgala ko bhI astikAya dravya mAnA gayA hai| yaha mUrta aura acetana dravya hai| pudgala kA lakSaNa zabda, gandha, rasa, sparza Adi mAnA jAtA hai| jaina AcAryoM ne halkApana, bhArIpana, prakAza, aMdhakAra, chAyA, Atapa Adi ko bhI pudgala kA lakSaNa mAnA hai| jahA~ dharma, adharma aura AkAza eka dravya mAne gaye haiM vahA~ pudgala aneka dravya haiN| jaina AcAryoM ne pratyeka paramANu ko eka svatantra dravya ikAI mAnA hai| vastutaH pudgala dravya samasta dRzya jagat kA mUlabhUta ghaTaka hai| 1. sTaDIja ina jaina philaoNsaoNphI, pR. 221

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37 jainadarzana meM dravya, guNa aura paryAya kI avadhAraNA yaha dRzya jagat pudgala ke hI vibhinna saMyogoM kA vistAra hai| aneka pudgala paramANu milakara skandha kI racanA karate haiM aura ina skandhoM se hI milakara dRzya jagat kI sabhI vastuyeM nirmita hotI haiN| navIna skandhoM ke nirmANa aura pUrva nirmita skandhoM ke saMgaThana aura vighaTana kI prakriyA ke mAdhyama se hI dRzya jagat meM parivartana ghaTita hote haiM aura vibhinna vastue~ aura padArtha astitva meM Ate haiN| __ jaina AcAryoM ne pudgala ko skandha aura paramANu ina do rUpoM meM vivecita kiyA hai| vibhinna paramANuoM ke saMyoga se hI skandha banate haiM yA skandha TUTakara skandha banate haiN| phira bhI itanA spaSTa hai ki pudgala dravya kA antima ghaTaka paramANu hI hai| pratyeka paramANu meM svabhAva se eka rasa, eka rUpa, eka gandha aura zIta-uSNa yA snigdha-rukSa meM se koI do sparza pAye jAte haiN| __ jaina AgamoM meM varNa pA~ca mAne gaye haiM lAla, pIlA, nIlA, sapheda aura kAlA; gandha do haiMsugandha aura durgandha; rasa pA~ca hai-rikta, kaTu, kasailA, khaTTA aura mIThA; aura isI prakAra sparza ATha mAne gaye haiM- zIta aura uSNa, snigdha aura rukSa, mRdu aura karkaza, halkA aura bhArI / svatantra paramANu meM antima cAra sparza nahIM hote haiN| ye cAra sparza tabhI sambhava hote haiM jaba paramANuoM se skandhoM kI racanA hotI hai aura tabhI unameM mRdu, kaThora, halkeaura bhArI guNa bhI prakaTa ho jAte haiM / paramANu eka pradezI hotA hai jaba ki skandha meM do yA do se adhika asaMkhya pradeza bhI ho sakate haiN| skandha, skandha-deza, skandhapradeza aura paramANu ye cAra pudgala dravya ke vibhAga haiN| inameM paramANu niravayava hai, Agama meM use Adi, madhya aura anta se rahita batAyA gayA hai isake viparIta skandha meM Adi aura anta hote haiN| na kevala bhautika vastue~ apitu zarIra, indriyA~ aura mana bhI skandhoM kA hI khela hai| skandhoM ke prakAra : jainadarzana meM skandhoM ke nimna 6 prakAra mAne gaye haiM: 1. sthUla-sthUla-isa varga ke antargata vizva ke samasta Thosa padArtha Ate haiN| isa varga ke skandhoM kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki chinna-bhinna hone para milane meM asamartha hote haiM, jaise-ptthr|| 2. sthUla-jo skandha chinna-bhinna hone para svayaM Apasa meM mila jAte haiM ve sthUla skandha kahe jAte haiN| isake antargata vizva ke tarala dravya Ate haiM, jaise-pAnI, tela aadi| 3. sthUla-sUkSma-jo pudgala skandha chinna-bhinna nahIM kiye jA sakate hoM athavA jinakA grahaNa yA lAnA-le jAnA sambhava nahIM ho, kintu jo cakSu indriya ke yA anubhUti ke viSaya hoM ve sthUla-sUkSma yA bAdara-sUkSma kahe jAte haiM, jaise-prakAza, chAyA, andhakAra Adi /

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38 jainadarzana meM dravya, guNa aura paryAya kI avadhAraNA 4. sUkSma-sthUla-jo viSaya dikhAI nahIM dete haiM kintu hamArI aindrika anubhUti ke viSaya banate haiM, jaise-sugandha, zabda Adi / Adhunika vijJAna kI dRSTi se vidyuta dhArA kA pravAha aura adRzya, kintu anubhUta gaisa bhI isa varga ke antargata AtI hai| jaina AcAryoM ne dhvani-taraMga Adi ko bhI isI varga ke antargata mAnA hai| vartamAna yuga meM ilekTraoNnika mAdhyamoM dvArA jo citra Adi kA sampreSaNa kiyA jAtA hai, use bhI hama isI varga ke antargata rakha sakate haiN| 5. sUkSma-jo skandha yA pudgala indriya ke mAdhyama se grahaNa nahIM kiye jA sakate hoM kintu jinake pariNAma yA kArya anubhUti ke viSaya hote haiM, to ve isa varga keantargata Ate haiN| jainAcAryoM ne karmavargaNA, jo-jo jIvoM ke bandhana kA kAraNa hai, ko isI varga meM mAnA hai| isI prakAra manovargaNA Adi bhI isI varga ke haiN| 6. ati sUkSma-dvayaNuka Adi se utpanna choTe-skandha yA paramANu ati sUkSma mAne gaye haiN| skandha ke nirmANa kI prakriyA : skandha kI racanA do prakAra se hotI hai-eka ora bar3e-bar3e skandhoM ke TUTane se yA choTechoTe skandhoM ke saMyoga se navIna skandha banate haiM, to dUsarI ora paramANuoM meM nihita svAbhAvika snigdhatA aura rukSatA ke kAraNa paraspara bandha hotA hai, jisase skandhoM kI racanA hotI hai| isalie yaha kahA gayA hai ki saMghAta aura bheda se skandha kI racanA hotI hai| saMghAta kA tAtparya ekatrita honA aura bheda kA tAtparya TUTanA hai| kisa prakAra se paramANuoM ke paraspara milane se skandha Adi kI racanA hotI hai, isa prazna para jainAcAryoM ne vistRta carcA kI hai kintu vistArabhaya se use yahA~ varNita karanA sambhava nahIM hai| isa hetu icchuka pAThaka tattvArthasUtra ke pA~caveM adhyAya kI TIkAoM kA avalokana kreN| isa sambandha me zvetAmbara aura digambara paramparA meM matabheda bhI hai| jainAcAryoM kI yaha vizeSatA rahI hai ki unhoMne aMdhakAra, prakAza, chAyA, zabda, garmI Adi ko pudgala dravya kA hI paryAya mAnA hai| isa dRSTi se jainadarzana kA pudgala vicAra Adhunika vijJAna ke bahuta adhika nikaTa hai| jainadharma kI hI aisI aneka mAnyatAyeM haiM, jo kucha varSoM taka avaijJAnika va pUrNataH kAlpanika lagatI thIM, kintu Aja vijJAna se pramANita ho rahI haiN| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM prakAza, aMdhakAra, tApa, chAyA aura zabda Adi paudgalika haiN| pUrva meM jaina AgamoM kI isa mAnyatA para koI vizvAsa nahIM karatA thA, kintu Aja unakI paudgalikatA siddha ho cukI hai| jaina AgamoM kA yaha kathana hai ki zabda na kevala paudgalika hai, apitu vaha dhvani rUpa meM uccarita hokara lokAnta taka kI yAtrA karatA hai| isa tathya ko kala taka koI bhI svIkAra nahIM karatA thA, kintu Adhunika vaijJAnika khojoM ne

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jainadarzana meM dravya, guNa aura paryAya kI avadhAraNA aba isa tathya ko siddha kara diyA hai ki pratyeka dhvani uccArita hone ke bAda apanI yAtrA prArambha kara detI hai aura usakI yaha yAtrA, cAhe atyanta kSINa rUpa meM hI kyoM na ho, lokAnta taka hotI hai| jainoM kI kevalajJAnI yA avadhijJAnI sambandhI yaha avadhAraNA hai ki ve carma-cakSu ke dvArA gRhIta nahIM ho rahe dUrastha viSayoM kA sIdhA pratyakSIkaraNa kara lete haiM kucha varSoM pUrva taka yaha saba kapola kalpanA hI lagatI thI, kintu Aja jaba TelIvijana kA aviSkAra ho cukA hai, taba yaha bAta bahuta Azcaryajanaka nahIM rahI hai| jisa prakAra se dhvani kI yAtrA hotI hai usI prakAra pratyeka bhautika piNDa se prakAzakiraNeM parAvartita hotI haiM aura ve bhI dhvani ke samAna hI loka meM apanI yAtrA karatI haiM tathA pratyeka vastu yA ghaTanA kA citra vizva meM saMpreSita kara detI haiN| Aja yadi mAnava mastiSka meM TelIvijana seTa kI hI taraha citroM ko grahaNa karane kA sAmarthya vikasita ho jAye, to dUrastha padArthoM evaM ghaTanAoM ke hastemalakavat jJAna meM koI bAdhA nahIM rahegI, kyoMki pratyeka padArtha se prakAza va chAyA ke rUpa meM jo kiraNeM parAvartita ho rahI haiM, ve to hama sabake pAsa pahu~ca hI rahI haiN| Aja yadi hamAre caitanya mastiSka kI grahaNazakti vikasita ho jAye to dUrastha viSayoM kA jJAna asambhava nahIM hai| isase yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki prAcIna dhArmika kahe jAne vAle sAhitya meM bhI bahuta kucha aisA hai, jo yA to Aja vijJAna sammata siddha ho cukA hai athavA jisake vijJAna sammata siddha hone kI saMbhAvanA pUrNataH nirasta nahIM huI hai| aneka Agama vacana yA sUtra aise haiM, jo kala taka avaijJAnika pratIta hote the, Aja vaijJAnika siddha ho rahe haiN| mAtra itanA hI nahIM, ina sUtroM kI vaijJAnika jJAna ke prakAza meM jo vyAkhyA kI gayI, vaha adhika samIcIna pratIta hotI hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM paramANuoM ke pArasparika bandhana se skandha ke nirmANa ko samajhAne hetu tattvArthasUtra ke pAMcaveM adhyAya kA eka sUtra AtA hai'snigdharukSatvAt bndhH|' isameM snigdha aura rukSa paramANuoM ke eka-dUsare se jur3akara skandha banAne kI bAta kahI gayI hai| sAmAnya rUpa se isakI vyAkhyA yaha kahakara hI kI jAtI thI ki snigdha (cikane) evaM rukSa (khuradure) paramANuoM meM bandha hotA hai, kintu Aja hama isa sUtra kI vaijJAnika vyAkhyA karate haiM ki snigdha arthAt dhanAtmaka vidyut se Avezita evaM rukSa arthAt RNAtmaka vidyut se Avezita sUkSma-kaNa jainadarzana kI bhASA meM paramANu milakara skandha (Molecule) kA nirmANa karate hoM, to tattvArthasUtra kA yaha sUtra adhika vijJAna sammata pratIta hotA hai| jahA~ taka bhautika tattva ke astitva evaM svarUpa kA prazna hai vaijJAnikoM evaM jaina AcAryoM meM adhika matabheda nahIM hai| paramANu yA pudgala kaNoM meM jisa ananta zakti kA nirdeza jaina AcAryoM ne kiyA thA, vaha aba Adhunika vaijJAnika anveSaNoM se siddha ho rahA hai| Adhunika vaijJAnika isa

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40 jainadarzana meM dravya, guNa aura paryAya kI avadhAraNA tathya ko siddha kara cuke haiM ki eka paramANu kA visphoTa bhI kitanI adhika zakti kA sRjana kara sakatA hai| vaise bhI bhautika piNDa yA pudgala kI avadhAraNA aisI hai, jisa meM vaijJAnikoM evaM jaina vicArakoM meM koI adhika matabheda nahIM dekhA jaataa| paramANuoM ke dvArA skandha (Molecule) kI racanA kA jaina siddhAnta kitanA vaijJAnika hai, isakI carcA hama pUrva meM kara cuke haiN| vijJAna jise paramANu kahatA thA, vaha aba TUTa cukA hai| vAstavikatA to yaha hai ki jisakA vibhAjana nahIM ho sake vahI bhautika paramANu hai| isa prakAra Aja hama dekhate haiM ki vijJAna kA tathAkathita paramANu khaNDita ho cukA hai, jaba ki jainadarzana kA paramANu abhI vaijJAnikoM kI pakar3a meM A hI nahIM pAyA hai| vastutaH jainadarzana meM jise paramANu kahA jAtA hai, use Adhunika vaijJAnikoM ne kvArka nAma diyA hai| Aja bhI ve usakI khoja meM lage hue haiN| samakAlIna bhautikIvidoM kI kvArka kI paribhASA yaha hai ki jo vizva kA saralatama aura antima ghaTaka hai, vahI kvArka hai| Aja bhI kvArka ko pUrNataH vyAkhyAyita karane meM vaijJAnika saphala nahIM ho pAye haiN| Adhunika vijJAna prAcIna avadhAraNAoM ko sampuSTa karane meM kisa prakAra sahAyaka huA hai, usakA eka udAharaNa yaha hai ki jaina tattvamImAMsA meM eka ora yaha avadhAraNA rahI hai ki eka pudgala paramANu jitanI jagaha gheratA hai-vaha eka AkAza pradeza kahalAtA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM mAnyatA yaha hai ki eka AkAza pradeza meM eka paramANu hI raha sakatA hai, kintu dUsarI ora AgamoM meM yaha bhI ullekha hai ki eka AkAza pradeza meM ananta pudgala paramANu samA sakate haiM / isa virodhAbhAsa kA sIdhA samAdhAna hamAre pAsa nahIM thaa| lekina vijJAna ne yaha siddha kara diyA hai ki vizva meM kucha aise Thosa dravya haiM jinakA eka varga iMca kA vajana lagabhaga 8 sau Tana hotA hai| isase yaha bhI phalita hotA hai kiM jinheM hama Thosa samajhate haiM, ve vastutaH kitane pole haiN| ataH sUkSma avagAhanazakti ke kAraNa yaha sambhava hai ki eka hI AkAza pradeza meM ananta paramANu bhI samAhita ho jaayeN| kAla dravya: ___kAla dravya ko anAstikAya varga ke antargata mAnA gayA hai| jaisA ki hama pUrva meM sUcita kara cuke haiM-Agamika yuga taka jainaparamparA meM kAla ko svatantra dravya mAnane ke sandarbha meM paryApta matabheda thA / AvazyakacUrNi (bhAga-1, pR. 340-341) meM kAla ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM nimna tIna matoM kA ullekha huA hai- 1. kucha vicAraka kAla ko svatantra dravya na mAnakara paryAya rUpa mAnate haiN| 2. kucha vicAraka use guNa mAnate haiM / 3. kucha vicAraka use svatantra dravya mAnate haiN| zvetAmbara paramparA meM sAtavIM zatI taka kAla ke sambandha meM ukta tInoM vicAradhArAe~ pracalita rahIM aura 1. tattvArthasUtra, 8/11 2. jainadarzana aura Adhunika vijJAna ke sambandhoM kI vistRta vivecanA ke lie dekheM- (a) zramaNa, akTubara-disambara, 1992, pR. 1-12 (ba) Cosmology : Old and New by G. R. Jain

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jainadarzana meM dravya, guNa aura paryAya kI avadhAraNA zvetAmbara AcArya apanI-apanI mAnyatAnusAra unameM se kisI eka kA poSaNa karate rahe, jaba ki digambara AcAryoM ne eka mata se kAla ko svatantra dravya mAnA / jo vicAraka kAla ko svatantra dravya nahIM mAnate the, unakA tarka yaha thA ki yadi dharma, adharma, AkAza, pudgala aura jIva dravya apanIapanI paryAyoM (vibhinna avasthAoM) meM svataH hI parivartita hote rahate haiM to phira kAla ko svatantra dravya mAnane kI kyA AvazyakatA hai? Agama meM bhI jaba bhagavAn mahAvIra se yaha pUchA gayA ki kAla kyA hai, to unhoMne uttara meM kahA ki kAla jIva-ajIvamaya hai; arthAt jIva aura ajIva kI paryAyeM hI kAla haiN| vizeSAvazyakabhASya meM kahA gayA hai ki vartanA arthAt pariNamana yA parivartana se bhinna koI kAla dravya nahIM hai| isa prakAra jIva aura AjIva kI parivartanazIla paryAya ko hI kAla kahA gayA hai| kahIM-kahIM kAla ko paryAya-dravya kahA gayA hai| ina saba vivaraNoM se aisA pratIta hotA hai ki kAla koI svatantra dravya nahIM hai, cUMki Agama meM jIva-kAla aura ajIva-kAla aise kAla ke do vargoM ke ullekha milate haiM, ataH kucha jaina vicArakoM ne yaha mAnA ki jIva aura ajIva dravyoM kI paryAyoM se pRthak kAla dravya kA svatantra astitva nahIM haiN| prAcIna stara ke AgamoM meM sarvaprathama uttarAdhyayanasUtra' meM kAla kA svatantra dravya ke rUpa meM ullekha pAyA jAtA hai| jaisA ki hama pUrva meM saMketa kara cuke haiM ki na kevala umAsvAti ke yuga taka arthAt IsA kI tRtIya-caturtha zatAbdI taka apitu cUrNikAla arthAt IsA kI sAtavIM sadI taka kAla svatantra dravya hai yA nahIM-isa prazna para jaina dArzanikoM meM matabheda thaa| isalie tattvArthasUtra ke bhASyamAna pATha meM umAsvAti ko yaha ullekha karanA par3A ki kucha vicAraka kAla ko bhI dravya mAnate haiM (kAlazcetyake tattvArthasUtra 5/38) / isakA phalitArtha yaha bhI hai, ki usa yuga meM kucha jaina dArzanika kAla ko svatantra dravya nahIM mAnate the| unake anusAra sarva dravyoM kI jo paryAyeM haiM, ve hI kAla haiN| isa mAnyatA ke virodha meM dUsare pakSa ke dvArA yaha kahA gayA ki anya dravyoM kI paryAyoM se pRthak kAla svatantra dravya hai, kyoMki kisI bhI padArtha meM bAhya nimitta arthAt anya dravya ke upakAra ke binA svataH hI pariNamana sambhava nahIM hotaa| jaise jJAna AtmA kA svalakSaNa hai, kintu jJAnarUpa paryAyeM to apane jJeya viSaya para hI nirbhara karatI haiN| AtmA ko jJAna tabhI ho sakatA hai jaba jJAna ke viSaya arthAt jJeya vastu-tattva kI svatantra sattA ho / ataH anya sabhI dravyoM ke pariNamana ke lie kisI bAhya nimitta ko mAnanA Avazyaka hai| sabhI dravyoM meM paryAya parivartana kSamatA Avazyaka hai, cAhe sabhI dravyoM meM paryAya parivartana kI kSamatA svataH ho, kintu unake nimitta kAraNa ke rUpa meM kAla dravya ko svatantra dravya mAnanA Avazyaka hai| yadi kAla ko svatantra dravya nahIM mAnA jAyegA to padArthoM ke pariNamana (paryAya parivartana) kA koI nimitta kAraNa nahIM hogaa| pariNamana ke nimitta kAraNa ke abhAva meM paryAyoM kA abhAva hogA aura paryAyoM 1. uttarAdhyayanasUtra 28/7-8

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jainadarzana meM dravya, guNa aura paryAya kI avadhAraNA se abhAva meM dravya kA bhI abhAva ho jAyegA, kyoMki dravya kA astitva bhI paryAyoM se pRthak nahIM hai| isa prakAra sarvazUnyatA kA prasaMga A jaayegaa| ataH paryAya parivartana (pariNamana) ke nimitta kAraNa ke rUpa meM kAla ko svatantra tattva mAnane vAle dArzanikoM ke isa tarka ke virodha meM yaha prazna uThAyA gayA hai ki yadi anya dravyoM kepariNamana (paryAya parivartana) ke hetu ke rUpa meM kAla nAmaka svatantra dravya kA mAnanA Avazyaka hai, to phira alokAkAza meM honevAle paryAya parivartana kA hetu (nimitta kAraNa) kyA hai? kyoMki alokAkAza meM to Agama meM kAla dravya kA abhAva mAnA gayA hai, yadi usameM kAladravya ke abhAva meM paryAya parivartana saMbhava hai, to phira lokAkAza meM bhI anya dravyoM ke paryAya parivartana hetu kAla ko svatantra dravya mAnanA Avazyaka nahIM hai| punaH alokAkAza meM kAla ke abhAva meM yadi paryAya parivartana nahIM mAnoge to phira paryAya parivartana ke abhAva meM AkAza dravya meM dravya kA sAmAnya lakSaNa 'utpAda-vyaya-dhrauvya' siddha nahIM ho sakegA aura yadi alokAkAza meM paryAya parivartana mAnA jAtA hai to usa paryAya parivartana kA nimitta kAla to nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki usakA vahA~ abhAva hai| isa tarka ke pratyuttara meM kAla ko svatantra dravya mAnane vAle AcAryoM kA pratyuttara yaha hai ki AkAza eka akhaNDa dravya hai, usameM alokAkAza evaM lokAkAza aise jo do bheda kie jAte haiM, ve mAtra aupacArika haiN| lokAkAza meM kAla dravya ke nimitta se hone vAlA paryAya parivartana saMpUrNa AkAza dravya kA hI paryAya parivartana hai| alokAkAza aura lokAkAza donoM AkAza dravya ke hI aMza haiM, ve eka-dUsare se pRthak nahIM haiN| kisI bhI dravya ke eka aMza meM honevAlA parivartana saMpUrNa dravya kA parivartana mAnA jAtA hai, ataH lokAkAza meM jo paryAya parivartana hotA hai, vaha alokAkAza para bhI ghaTita hotA hai aura lokAkAza meM paryAya parivartana kAla dravya ke nimitta se hotA hai| ataH lokAkAza aura alokAkAza donoM ke paryAya parivartana kA nimitta kAla dravya hI hai| jJAtavya hai ki lagabhaga sAtavIM zatAbdI se kAla kA svatantra dravya honA sarvamAnya ho gyaa| jaina dArzanikoM ne kAla ko acetana, amUrta (arUpI) tathA anastikAya dravya kahA hai| isakA kArya yA lakSaNa vartanA mAnA gayA hai| vibhinna dravyoM meM jo paryAya parivartana hotA hai, usakA nimitta kAraNa kAla dravya hotA hai| yadyapi usa paryAya-pariNamana kA upAdAna-kAraNa to svayaM vaha dravya hI hotA hai, jisa prakAra dharma-dravya jIva, pudgala Adi kI svataH prasUta gati kA nimitta karaNa hai yA jisa prakAra bAlyAvasthA, yuvAvasthA aura vRddhAvasthA prANI kI apanI zArIrika saMracanA ke pariNAmasvarUpa hI ghaTita hotI hai, phira bhI unameM nimitta kAraNa ke rUpa meM kAla bhI apanA kArya karatA hai| jainAcAryoM ne kAla, svabhAva, niyati, puruSArtha, saMyoga Adi jisa kAraNa-paMcaka kI carcA kI hai, unameM kAla ko bhI eka mahattvapUrNa ghaTaka mAnA gayA hai| jaina dArzanika sAhitya meM kAla dravya

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jainadarzana meM dravya, guNa aura paryAya kI avadhAraNA kI carcA aneka prakAra se kI gaI hai| sarvaprathama vyavahArakAla aura nizcayakAla; aise kAla ke do vibhAga kiye gaye haiN| anya dravyoM kI vartanA yA pariNamana kI zakti hI dravyakAla yA nizcayakAla hai| vyavahArakAla ko samaya, AvalikA, pakSa, mAsa, Rtu, ayana, saMvatsara Adi rUpa kahA gayA hai| saMsAra meM bhUta, bhaviSya aura vartamAna sambandhI jo kAla vyavahAra hai, vaha bhI isI se hotA hai| jainaparamparA meM vyavahAra kAla kA AdhAra sUrya kI gati hI mAnI gaI hai, sAtha hI yaha bhI mAnA gayA hai ki yaha vyavahAra manuSya kSetra taka hI sImita hai| devaloka Adi meM isakA vyavahAra manuSya kSetra kI apekSA se hI hai| manuSya-kSetra meM hI samaya, AvalikA, ghaTikA, prahara, rAta-dina, pakSa, mAsa, Rtu, ayana, saMvatsara, avasarpiNI, utsarpiNI Adi kA vyavahAra hotA hai| vyaktiyoM meM bAlaka, yuvA aura vRddha athavA nUtana, jIrNa Adi kA jo vyavahAra dekhA jAtA hai vaha saba bhI kAla ke hI kAraNa hai, vAsanAkAla, zikSAkAla, dIkSAkAla Adi kI apekSA se bhI kAla ke aneka bheda kiye jAte haiM, kintu vistAra bhaya se una sabakI carcA yahA~ apekSita nahIM hai| isI prakAra karma siddhAnta ke sandarbha meM pratyeka karma prakRti ke sattA-kAla Adi kI bhI carcA jainAgamoM meM milatI hai| ___ saMkhyA kI dRSTi se adhikAMza jaina AcAryoM ne kAla dravya ko eka nahIM, apitu aneka mAnA hai| unakA kahanA hai ki dharma, adharma, AkAza kI taraha kAla eka aura akhaNDa dravya nahIM ho sktaa| kAladravya aneka haiM, kyoMki eka hI samaya meM vibhinna vyaktiyoM meM vibhinna paryAyeM yA avasthAeM hotI haiM, ataH unakA nimitta kAraNa eka hI kAla nahIM ho sakatA / ataH kAla dravya ko aneka yA asaMkhyAta dravya mAnanA hogaa| punaH pratyeka padArtha kI bhUta, bhaviSya kI apekSA se ananta paryAeM hotI hai aura una ananta paryAyoM ke nimitta ananta kAlANu hoMge, ataH kAlANu ananta mAne gaye haiN| yahA~ yaha prazna utpanna hotA hai ki kAla dravya ko asaMkhya kahA gayA, kintu kAlANu ananta mAne gaye aisA kyoM ? isakA uttara yaha hai ki kAla dravya lokAkAza taka sImita hai aura usakI isa sImitatA kI apekSA se use ananta dravya na kahakara asaMkhyAta (sasIma) dravya kahA gyaa| kintu jIva ananta haiM aura una ananta jIvoM kI bhUta, bhaviSya kI ananta paryAyeM hotI haiM, una ananta paryAyoM meM pratyeka kA nimitta eka kAlANu hotA hai, ataH kAlANu ananta mAne gye| sAmAnya avadhAraNA yaha hai ki pratyeka Atma-pradeza, pudgala-paramANu aura AkAza-pradeza para ratnoM kI rAzi ke samAna kAlANu sthita rahate haiM- ataH kAlANu ananta haiN| rAjavArtika Adi digambara paramparA ke granthoM meM kAlANuoM ko anyonya praveza se rahita pRthak-pRthak asaMcita dazA meM lokAkAza meM sthita mAnA gayA hai| kintu kucha zvetAmbara AcAryoM ne isa mata kA virodha karate hue yaha bhI mAnA hai ki kAla 1. tattvArthasUtra 5

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jainadarzana meM dravya, guNa aura paryAya kI avadhAraNA dravya eka evaM lokavyApI hai, vaha aNurUpa nahIM hai| kintu aisI sthiti meM kAla meM bhI pradeza-pracayatva mAnanA hogA aura pradeza-pracayatva mAnane para vaha bhI astikAya varga ke antargata A jaayegaa| isake uttara meM yaha kahA gayA ki tiryak-pracayatva kA abhAva hone se kAla anAstikAya hai| Urdhvapracayatva evaM tiryak-pracayatva kI carcA hama pUrva meM astikAya kI carcA ke antargata kara cuke haiN| sUkSmatA kI apekSA se kAlANuoM kI apekSA AkAza pradeza aura AkAza pradeza kI apekSA pudgala paramANu adhika sUkSma mAne gaye haiN| kyoMki eka hI AkAza pradeza meM ananta pudgala paramANu hone kI apekSA AkAza pradeza sthUla hai aura AkAza pradeza kI apekSA kAlANu sthUla haiN| saMkSepa meM kAla dravya meM vartanA hetutva ke sAtha-sAtha acetanatva, amUrttatva, sUkSmatva Adi sAmAnya guNa bhI mAne gaye haiN| isI prakAra utpAda, vyaya aura dhrauvya lakSaNa jo anya dravya meM haiM, ve bhI kAla dravya meM pAye jAte haiN| kAla dravya meM yadi utpAda-vyaya lakSaNa nahIM rahe to vaha aparivartanazIla dravya hogA aura jo svataH aparivartanazIla ho vaha dUsaroM ke parivartana meM nimitta nahIM ho skegaa| kintu kAladravya kA viziSTa lakSaNa to usakA vartanA nAmaka guNa hI hai jisake mAdhyama se vaha anya sabhI dravyoM ke paryAya parivartana meM nimitta kA kAraNa banakara kArya karatA hai| punaH yadi kAla dravya meM dhrauvyatva kA abhAva mAneMge to usakA dravyatva samApta ho jaayegaa| ataH use svatantra dravya mAnane para usameM utpAda-vyaya ke sAtha-sAtha dhrauvyatva bhI mAnanA hogaa| kAlacakra: - ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya meM kAla kI carcA utsarpiNI kAla aura avasarpiNI kAla ke rUpa meM bhI upalabdha hotI hai| inameM pratyeka ke chaha-chaha vibhAga kiye jAte haiM, jinheM Are kahA jAtA hai| ye chaha Are nimna haiM- 1. suSamA-suSamA, 2. suSamA, 3. suSamA-duSamA, 4. duSamA-suSamA, 5. duSamA aura 6. dussmaa-dussmaa| utsarpiNI kAla meM inakA krama viparIta hotA hai| jainoM kI kAlacakra kI yaha kalpanA bauddha aura hindu kAlacakra kI kalpanA se bhinna hai| kintu ina sabhI meM isa bAta ko lekara samAnatA hai ki ina sabhI meM kAlacakra ke vibhAjana kA AdhAra sukha-duHkha evaM manuSya ke naitika evaM AdhyAtmika vikAsa ko banAyA hai| jainoM ke anusAra utsarpiNI kAla meM kramazaH vikAsa aura avasarpiNI kAla meM kramazaH patana hotA hai| jJAtavya hai ki kAlacakra kA yaha pravartana jaMbUdvIpa Adi ke bharata kSetra Adi kucha vibhAgoM meM hI hotA hai| isa prakAra pA~ca astikAya dravyoM evaM eka anAstikAya dravya kA vivecana karane ke pazcAt yahA~ AtmA, pudgala Adi dravyoM ke pArasparika sambandha ko samajhanA Avazyaka hai|

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jainadarzana meM dravya, guNa aura paryAya kI avadhAraNA SadravyoM kA pArasparika sahasambandha : ___SaT dravyoM meM jIva, pudgala aura kAla sakriya haiM tathA dharma, adharma aura AkAza niSkriya haiM, phira bhI ye sakriya dravyoM ke sahayogI avazya haiM / dharma dravya jIva aura pudgala kI gati meM sahayogI hai to adharma dravya jIva aura pudgala kI avasthiti yA sthiratA meM sahayogI hai| AkAza kA kArya jIva aura pudgala ko sthAna denA hai to kAladravya kA kArya unake parivartana meM sahayogI honA hai| pudgala kA kArya jahA~ eka ora bhautika jagat kI sarjanA hai to dUsarI ora jIva ke zarIra, indriya, mana Adi ke nirmANa meM aura anya sarjanAtmaka kAryoM meM sahayogI honA hai, jaba ki jIva dravya kA kArya paraspara eka-dUsare kA sahayoga karanA hai| isI bAta ko tattvArthasUtra meM 'parasparIgrahojIvAnAm' kahakara abhivyakta kiyA gayA hai / jar3a aura cetana kA pArasparika sahayoga : ___ jainadarzana kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki vaha na kevala jar3a aura cetana dravyoM kI svatantra sattA ko svIkAra karatA hai, apitu yaha bhI mAnatA hai ki saMsAra dazA meM jIva aura pudgala eka-dUsare kA sahayoga karate haiM, ve paraspara sApekSa haiM, nirapekSa nahIM haiN| dUsare zabdoM meM apanI sattA kI apekSA ve nirapekSa haiM, kintu sAMsArika astitva meM ve paraspara sApekSa haiM aura eka-dUsare se prabhAvita hote bhI haiM aura eka-dUsare ko prabhAvita bhI karate haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki jainadarzana meM zarIra aura cetanA, dravya karma aura bhAvakarma, dravyamana aura bhAvamana, dravyendriya aura bhAvendriya kA eka-dUsare se prabhAvita honA aura prabhAvita karanA mAnA gayA hai| ___ saMsAra-dazA meM koI bhI jIva binA zarIra ke nahIM hotA hai aura zarIra kisI bhI prakAra kA ho, vaha eka paudgalika saMracanA hai, isI prakAra dravyendriyA~ tathA dravyamana bhI paudgalika saMracanA hai| saMsAra-dazA meM jIva jina karmoM se baddha mAnA jAtA hai, ve bhI paudgalika saMracanAe~ hI haiN| dravyakarma aura unase nirmita zarIra, dravya indriya aura dravya mana hamAre manobhAvoM ko prabhAvita karate haiM, pariNAmataH zArIrika, vAcika aura mAnasika pravRttiyA~, jinheM zAstrIya bhASA meM 'yoga' kahA gayA hai, janma letI haiM -phira manobhAvoM ke kaSAya athavA rAga-dveSa se saMzliSTa hone para naye dravyakarmoM kA bandha hotA hai| phira una dravyakarmoM kI vipAka dazA meM manobhAva banate haiM aura isa prakAra jIva kA saMsAra-cakra pravAhamAna banA rahatA hai| dravyakarmajanya ye manobhAva hI dravyalezyAoM kI saMracanA karate haiN| dravyalezyA se manobhAva banate haiM aura manobhAvoM se dravyalezyA banatI hai| isI prakAra dravyakarma se bhAvakarma kA aura bhAvakarma se dravyakarma kA bhI pArasparika sahasambandha hai|

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46 jainadarzana meM dravya, guNa aura paryAya kI avadhAraNA dravya yA sat kI anekAntadRSTi : sat ke sambandha meM ekAnta parivartanazIlatA kA yA bhedavAdI dRSTikoNa aura ekAnta aparivartanazIlatA kA yA abhedavAdI (advaitavAdI) dRSTikoNa ina donoM meM se kisI eka ko apanAne para na to vyavahAra jagat kI vyAkhyA sambhava hai na dharma aura naitikatA kA koI sthAna hai| yahI kAraNa thA ki AcAramArgIya paramparA ke pratinidhi bhagavAn mahAvIra evaM bhagavAn buddha ne unakA parityAga Avazyaka smjhaa| bhagavAna mahAvIra kI vizeSatA yaha rahI ki unhoMne na kevala ekAnta zAzvatavAda kA aura ekAnta ucchedavAda kA parityAga kiyA, apitu apanI anekAtmavAdI aura samanvayavAdI paramparA ke anusAra una donoM vicAradhArAoM meM sAmaMjasya sthApita kiyA / paramparAgata dRSTi se yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki bhagavAn mahAvIra ne kevala "upanei vA, vigamai vA, dhuvei vA" isa tripadI kA upadeza diyA thaa| samasta jaina dArzanika vAGmaya kA vikAsa isI tripadI ke AdhAra para huA hai| paramArtha yA sat ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM bhagavAna mahAvIra kA uparyukta kathana hI jainadarzana kA kendrIya tattva hai| isa siddhAnta ke anusAra utpati, vinAza aura dhrauvya ye tInoM hI sat ke lakSaNa haiN| tattvArtha sUtra meM umAsvAti ne sat ko paribhASita karate hue kahA hai ki sat utpAda, vyaya aura dhrauvyAtmaka hai| (tattvArtha, 5/29) utpAda aura vyaya sat keparivartanazIla pakSa ko batAte haiM to dhrauvya usakeavinAzI pakSa ko| sat kA dhrauvya guNa usakI paryAyoM kI utpatti evaM vinAza kA AdhAra hai, unakemadhya yojaka kar3I hai| vinAza ke lie utpatti aura utpatti ke lie vinAza Avazyaka hai, kintu utpatti aura vinAza donoM ke lie kisI aise AdhArabhUta tattva kI AvazyakatA hotI hai, jisameM utpatti aura vinAza kI ye prakriyAyeM ghaTita hotI hoM / yadi hama dhrauvya pakSa ko asvIkAra kareMge to utpatti aura vinAza paraspara asambandhita ho jAyeMge aura sattA aneka evaM asambandhita kSaNajIvI tattvoM meM vibhakta ho jAyegI, ina paraspara asambandhita kSaNika sattAoM kI avadhAraNA se vyaktitva kI ekAtmakatA kA hI viccheda ho jAyegA, jisake abhAva meM naitika uttaradAyitva aura karmaphalavyavasthA hI arthavihIna ho jaayegii| isI prakAra ekAnta dhrauvyatA ko svIkAra karane para bhI isa jagat meM cala rahe utpatti aura vinAza ke krama ko samajhAyA nahIM jA sakegA / jainadarzana meM sat ke hI isa aparivartanazIla pakSa ko dravya aura guNa tathA parivartanazIla pakSa ko paryAya kahA jAtA hai| dravya aura guNa : jaina-paramparA meM sat aura dravya ko paryAyavAcI mAnA gayA hai| mAtra yahI nahIM, usameM sat ke sthAna para 'tattva' yA 'dravya' ina do zabdoM kA hI prayoga dekhA gayA hai| jo astikAya haiM, ve dravya hI

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jainadarzana meM dravya, guNa aura paryAya kI avadhAraNA haiN| sarvaprathama dravya kI paribhASA uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM hai| usameM 'guNAnAM Asavo davvo' (28/6) kahakara guNoM ke Azraya sthala ko dravya kahA gayA hai, isa paribhASA meM dravya kA sambandha guNoM se mAnA gayA hai, kintu isake pUrva gAthA meM yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki dravya, guNa aura paryAya sabhI ko jAnane vAlA jJAna hai (uttarAdhyayanasUtra 28/5) / usameM yaha bhI mAnA gayA hai ki guNa dravya ke Azrita rahate haiM aura paryAya guNa aura dravya-donoM ke Azrita rahatI haiN| isa paribhASA kA tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra karane para hama yaha pAte haiM ki isameM dravya, guNa aura paryAya meM Azraya-AzrayI sambandha mAnA gayA hai| yaha paribhASA bhedavAdI nyAya aura vaizeSika darzana ke nikaTa hai| dravya kI dUsarI paribhASA 'guNAnAM samUho davvo' ke rUpa meM bhI kI gayI hai| isa paribhASA kA samarthana tattvArthasUtra kI 'sarvArthasiddhi' nAmaka TIkA (5/2/pR. 267/4) meM AcArya pUjyapAda ne kiyA hai| isameM dravya ko 'guNoM kA samudAya' kahA gayA hai, jahA~ prathama paribhASA dravya aura guNa meM Azraya-AzrayI sambandha ke dvArA bheda kA saMketa karatI hai, yaha paribhASA vaizeSika sUtrakAra maharSi kaNAda ke adhika nikaTa hai, vahA~ yaha dUsarI paribhASA bauddha-paramparA ke dravya-lakSaNa ke adhika samIpa pratIta hotI hai, kyoMki dUsarI paribhASA ke anusAra guNoM se pRthak dravya kA koI astvi nahIM mAnA gayA / isa dvitIya paribhASA meM guNoM ke samudAya yA skandha ko hI dravya kahA gayA hai| yaha paribhASA guNoM se pRthak dravya kI sattA na mAnakara guNoM ke samudAya ko hI dravya mAna letI hai| isa prakAra yadyapi ye donoM hI paribhASAyeM jaina cintanadhArA meM hI vikasita haiM, kintu eka para vaizeSika-darzana kA aura dUsarI para bauddha-darzana kA prabhAva hai| ye donoM paribhASAyeM jaina-darzana kI anekAMtika dRSTi kA pUrNa paricaya nahIM detIM, kyoMki eka meM dravya aura guNa meM bheda mAnA gayA hai to dUsarI meM abheda, jaba ki jaina dRSTikoNa bheda-abheda mUlaka hai| umAsvAti ketattvArthasUtra ke sarvArthasiddhamAnya pATha meM 'sat dravyalakSaNaM' (5/29) kahakara sat ko dravya kA lakSaNa batAyA hai| isa paribhASA se yaha phalita hotA hai ki dravya kA mukhya lakSaNa astitva hai| jo astivAn hai, vahI dravya hai| isI AdhAra para yaha kahA gayA hai ki jo trikAla meM apane svabhAva kA parityAga na kare use hI sat yA dravya kahA jA sakatA hai| tattvArthasUtra (5/29) meM umAsvAti ne eka ora dravya kA lakSaNa sat batAyA to dUsarI ora sat ko utpAda-vyaya-dhrauvyAtmaka batAyA / ataH dravya ko bhI utpAda-vyaya-dhrauvyAtmaka kahA jA sakatA hai| sAtha hI umAsvAti ne tattvArthasUtra (5/38) meM dravya ko paribhASita karate hue use guNa, paryAya se yukta bhI kahA hai| AcArya kundakundane 'paMcAstikAyasAra' aura 'pravacanasAra' meM inhIM donoM lakSaNoM ko milAkara dravya ko paribhASita kiyA hai| paMcAstikAyasAra' (10) meM ve kahate haiM ki 'dravya sat lakSaNa vAlA hai|' isI paribhASA ko aura spaSTa karate hue pravacanasAra (95-96) meM ve kahate haiM "jo aparityakta svabhAva vAlA utpAda-vyaya aura dhrauvya se yukta guNa paryAya sahita hai use dravya kahA

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48 jainadarzana meM dravya, guNa aura paryAya kI avadhAraNA jAtA hai| "kundakunda ne dravya kI paribhASA ke sandarbha meM umAsvAti ke sabhI lakSaNoM ko svIkAra kara liyA hai| tattvArthasUtrakAra umAsvAti kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki unhoMne 'guNa paryAyavat dravya' kahakara jainadarzana ke bheda-abhedavAda ko puSTa kiyA hai| yadyapi tattvArthasUtra meM dravya kI yaha paribhASA bhI vaizeSika sUtra ke 'dravyaguNakarmabhyo'rthAntaram sa sattA' (1/2/8) nAmaka sUtra ke nikaTa hI siddha hotI hai| umAsvAti ne isa sUtra meM karma ke sthAna para paryAya ko rakha diyA hai| jainadarzana ke sat sambandhI siddhAnta kI carcA meM hama yaha spaSTa kara cuke haiM ki dravya yA sattA parivartanazIla hokara bhI nitya hai| pariNamana yaha dravya kA AdhArabhUta lakSaNa hai, kintu isakI prakriyA meM dravya apane svarUpa kA parityAga bhI nahIM karatA hai| sva-svarUpa kA parityAga kiye binA vibhinna avasthAoM ko dhAraNa karane ke kAraNa hI dravya ko nitya kahA jAtA hai, kintu pratikSaNa utpanna honevAlI aura naSTa honevAlI paryAyoM kI apekSA se use anitya kahA jAtA hai| use isa prakAra bhI samajhAyA jA sakatA hai ki mRttikA apane sva-jAtIya dharma kA parityAga kiye binA ghaTa Adi ko utpanna karatI hai| ghaTa kI utpatti meM piNDa kA vinAza hotA hai aura jaba taka piNDa vinaSTa nahIM hotA taba taka ghaTa utpanna nahIM hotA, kintu isa utpAda aura vyaya meM bhI mRttikA-lakSaNa yathAvat banA rahatA hai| vastutaH koI bhI dravya apane sva-lakSaNa, sva-svabhAva athavA sva-jAtIya dharma kA parityAga nahIM karatA hai| dravya apane guNa yA sva-lakSaNa kI apekSA se nitya hotA hai, kyoMki sva-lakSaNa kA tyAga sambhava nahIM hai| yaha sva-lakSaNa hI vastu kA nitya pakSa hotA hai| isa sva-lakSaNa kA tyAga kiye binA vastu jina vibhinna avasthAoM ko prApta hotI hai, yaha paryAya kahalAtI haiN| yaha parivartanazIla paryAya hI dravya kA anitya pakSa hai| isa prakAra hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki dravya apane sva-lakSaNa yA guNa kI apekSA se nitya aura apanI paryAya kI apekSA se anitya kahA jAtA hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM jIvadravya apane caitanya guNa kA kabhI parityAga nahIM karatA, kintu apane cetanA lakSaNa kA parityAga kie binA vaha deva, manuSya, pazu ina vibhinna yoniyoM ko athavA bAlaka, yuvA, vRddha Adi avasthAoM ko prApta hotA hai| jina guNoM kA parityAga nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, ve hI guNa vastu ke sva-lakSaNa kahe jAte haiN| jina guNoM athavA avasthAoM kA parityAga kiyA jA sakatA hai, ve paryAya kahalAtI haiN| paryAya badalatI rahatI haiM, kintu guNa vahI banA rahatA hai| ye paryAya bhI do prakAra kI kahI gayI haiM- 1. svabhAva paryAya aura 2. vibhAva paryAya / jo paryAya yA avasthAe~ sva-lakSaNa ke nimitta se hotI haiM ve svabhAva-paryAya kahalAtI haiM aura jo anya nimitta se hotI haiM ve vibhAva-paryAya kahalAtI haiN| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM jJAna aura darzana (pratyakSIkaraNa) sambandhI vibhinna anubhUtiparaka avasthAyeM AtmA kI svabhAva paryAya haiN| kyoMki ye AtmA ke sva-lakSaNa 'upayoga' se phalita hotI haiM, jaba ki krodha Adi kaSAya

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jainadarzana meM dravya, guNa aura paryAya kI avadhAraNA bhAva karma ke nimitta se yA dUsaroM ke nimitta se hote haiM, ataH ve vibhAva paryAya haiN| phira bhI itanA nizcita hai ki ina guNoM aura paryAyoM kA adhiSThAna yA upAdAna to dravya hI hai| dravya, guNa aura paryAyoM se abhinna haiM, ve paraspara sApekSa haiN| guNa kA svarUpa : dravya ko guNa aura paryAyoM kA AdhAra mAnA gayA hai| vastutaH guNa dravya ke svabhAva yA sva-lakSaNa hote haiM / tattvArthasUtra meM umAsvAti ne 'dravyAzrayanirguNA guNAH' (5/40) kaha kara yaha batAyA hai ki guNa dravya meM rahate haiM, parantu ve svayaM nirguNa hote haiN| guNa nirguNa hote haiM yaha paribhASA sAmAnyatayA Atma-virodhI sI lagatI hai| kintu isa paribhASA kI mUlabhUta dRSTi yaha hai ki yadi hama guNa kA bhI guNa mAneMge to phira anavasthAdoSa kA prasaMga AyegA / Agamika dRSTi se guNa kI paribhASA isa rUpa meM kI gayI hai ki guNa dravya kA vidhAna hai yAni usakA sva-lakSaNa hai, jaba ki paryAya dravya kA vikAra hai| guNa bhI dravya ke samAna hI avinAzI hai| jisa dravya kA jo guNa hai, vaha usameM sadaiva rahatA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM yaha kaha sakate haiM ki dravya kA jo avinAzI lakSaNa hai athavA dravya jisakA parityAga nahIM kara sakatA hai, vahI guNa hai| guNa vastu kI sahabhAvI vizeSatAoM kA sUcaka hai| ve vizeSatAe~ yA lakSaNa jinake AdhAra para eka dravya ko dUsare dravya se alaga kiyA jA sakatA hai, ve viziSTa guNa kahe jAte haiN| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM dharma-dravya kA lakSaNa gati meM sahAyaka honA hai| adharma-dravya kA lakSaNa sthiti meM sahAyaka honA hai| jo sabhI dravyoM kA avagAhana karatA hai, unheM sthAna detA hai, vaha AkAza kahA jAtA hai| isI prakAra parivartana kAla kA lakSaNa hai aura upayoga jIva kA lakSaNa hai| ataH guNa ve haiM, jinake AdhAra para hama kisI dravya ko pahacAnate haiM aura usakA anya dravya se pRthaktva sthApita karate haiN| uttarAdhyayanasUtra (28/11-12) meM jIva aura pudgala ke aneka lakSaNoM kA bhI citraNa huA hai| usameM jJAna, darzana, cAritra, tapa, vIrya evaM upayoga-ye jIva keviziSTa lakSaNa batAye gaye haiM aura zabda, prakAza, aMdhakAra, prabhA, chAyA, Atapa, varNa, gandha, rasa, sparza Adi ko pudgala kA viziSTa lakSaNa kahA gayA hai, kintu astitva guNa jIva aura pudgala donoM meM pAyA jAtA hai, vaha dravyoM kA sAmAnya lakSaNa yA guNa hai| jJAtavya hai ki dravya aura guNa vicAra ke stara para hI alaga-alaga mAne gaye haiM, lekina astitva kI dRSTi se ve pRthakpRthak sattAe~ nahIM haiN| guNoM ke sandarbha meM hameM yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki kucha guNa viziSTa hote haiM, jo kucha hI dravyoM meM pAye jAte haiN| jaise-astitva lakSaNa sAmAnya hai jo sabhI dravyoM meM pAyA jAtA hai, kintu cetanA nAmaka guNa vizeSa hai; ajIva dravya meM usakA abhAva hotA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM kucha

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50 jainadarzana meM dravya, guNa aura paryAya kI avadhAraNA guNa sAmAnya aura kucha viziSTa hote haiN| sAmAnya guNoM keAdhAra para jAti yA varga kI pahacAna hotI hai| ve dravya yA vastuoM kA ekatva pratipAdita karate haiM, jaba ki viziSTa guNa eka dravya kA dUsare se antara sthApita karate haiN| guNoM ke sandarbha meM carcA karate hue hameM yaha bhI dhyAna rakhanA cAhie ki aneka guNa sahabhAvI rUpa se eka hI dravya meM rahate haiN| isalie jainadarzana meM vastu ko 'ananta dharmAtmaka' kahA gayA hai| guNoM ke sambandha meM eka anya vizeSatA hai ki ve dravya vizeSa kI vibhinna paryAyoM meM bhI bane rahate haiN| dravya aura guNa kA bhedAbheda : koI bhI dravya guNa se rahita nahIM hotA / dravya aura guNa kA vibhAjana mAtra vaicArika stara para kiyA jAtA hai, sattA ke stara para nahIM / guNa se rahita hokara na to dravya kI koI sattA hotI hai na dravya se rahita guNa kI / ataH sattA ke stara para guNa aura dravya meM abheda hai, jaba ki vaicArika stara para donoM meM bheda kiyA jA sakatA hai| jaisA ki hamane pUrva meM sUcita kiyA hai ki dravya aura guNa anyonyAzrita haiN| dravya ke binA guNa kA astitva nahIM hai aura guNa ke binA dravya kA astitva nahIM hai| tattvArthasUtra (5/40) meM guNa kI paribhASA dete hue kahA gayA hai ki "sva-guNa ko chor3akara jinakA anya koI guNa nahIM hotA arthAt jo nirguNa hai vahI guNa hai|" dravya aura guNa ke pArasparika sambandha ko lekara jaina-paramparA meM hameM tIna prakAra ke sandarbha prApta hote haiN| Agama ganthoM meM dravya aura guNa meM Azraya-AzrayI bhAva mAnA gayA hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra (28/6) meM dravya ko guNa kA Azraya-sthAna mAnA gayA hai / uttarAdhyayana sUtrakAra ke anusAra guNa dravya meM rahate haiM arthAt dravya guNoM kA Azraya sthala haiM kintu yahA~ Apatti yaha ho sakatI hai ki jaba dravya aura guNa kI bhinna-bhinna sattA hI nahIM hai, to unameM Azraya-AzrayI bhAva kisI prakAra hogA? vastutaH dravya aura guNa ke sambandha ko lekara kiyA gayA yaha vivecana mUlataH vaizeSika-paramparA ke prabhAva kA pariNAma hai| jainoM ke anusAra siddhAntataH Azraya-AzrayI bhAva unhIM do tattvoM meM ho sakatA hai jo eka-dUsare se pRthak sattA rakhate haiN| isI tathya ko dhyAna meM rakhakara pUjyapAda Adi kucha AcAryoM ne 'guNANAM samUho davvo' athavA 'guNasamudAyo dravyamiti' kahakara dravya ko guNoM kA saMghAta mAnA hai| jaba dravya aura guNa kI alaga-alaga sattA hI mAnya nahIM hai, to vahA~ unake tAdAtmya ke atirikta anya koI sambandha mAnane kA prazna hI nahIM uThatA hai| anya koI sambandha mAnane kA tAtparya yaha hai ki ve eka-dUsare se pRthak hokara apanA astitva rakhate haiN| kintu yaha dRSTikoNa bauddha avadhAraNA se prabhAvita hai| yaha saMghAtavAda kA hI eka rUpa hai, jaba ki jaina-paramparA saMghAtavAda ko svIkAra nahIM karatI hai| vastutaH dravya ke sAtha guNa aura

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'51 jainadarzana meM dravya, guNa aura paryAya kI avadhAraNA paryAya ke sambandha ko lekara tattvArthasUtrakAra ne jo dravya kI paribhASA dI hai vaha adhika ucita jAna par3atI hai| tattvArthasatkAra ke anusAra jo guNa aura paryAyoM se yukta hai, vahI dravya hai| vaicArika stara para to guNa dravya se bhinna haiM aura usa dRSTi se unameM Azraya-AzrayI bhAva bhI dekhA jAtA hai kintu astitva ke stara para dravya aura guNa eka-dUsare se pRthak (vivikta) satAe~ nahIM haiN| ata: unameM tAdAtmya bhI hai| isa prakAra guNa aura dravya meM kathaMcit tAdAtmya sambandha hai| DaoN. mahendrakumAra nyAyAcArya jainadarzana (pR. 144) meM likhate haiM ki guNa se dravya ko pRthak nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, isalie ve dravya se abhinna haiN| kintu prayojana Adi bheda se unakA vibhinna rUpa se nirUpaNa kiyA jA sakatA hai, ataH ve bhinna bhI haiN| "eka hI pudgala paramANu meM yugapat rUpa se rUpa, rasa, gandha Adi aneka guNa rahate haiN| anubhUti ke stara para eka guNa na kevala dUsare guNa se bhinna hai apitu usa stara para vaha dravya se bhI bhinna kalpita kiyA jA sakatA hai| punaH guNa apanI pUrvaparyAya ko chor3akara uttaraparyAya ko dhAraNa karatA hai aura isa prakAra vaha parivartita hotA rahatA hai, kintu usameM yaha paryAya parivartana dravya se bhinna hokara nahIM hotaa| paryAyoM meM honevAle parivartanoM ke bIca jo eka avicchinnatA kA niyAmaka tattva hai, vahI dravya hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM eka pudgala ke rUpa, rasa, gandha aura sparza ke guNa badalate rahate haiM aura usa guNa parivartana ke pariNAmasvarUpa usakI paryAya bhI badalatI rahatI hai| pratyeka dravya meM prati samaya svAbhAvikaguNa-kRta aura vaibhAvikaguNa-kRta arthAt paryAyakRta utpAda aura vyaya hote rahate haiN| yaha saba usa dravya kI sampatti yA svarUpa hai| isalie dravya ko utpAda-vyaya aura dhrauvyAtmaka kahA jAtA hai| dravya ke sAtha-sAtha usake guNoM meM bhI utpAda-vyaya hotA rahatA hai| jIva kA guNa cetanA hai, usameM pRthak hone para jIva jIva nahIM rahegA, phira bhI jIva kI cetana anubhUtiyA~ sthira nahIM rahatI haiM, ve prati kSaNa badalatI rahatI haiM, ataH guNoM meM bhI utpAda-vyaya hotA rahatA hai| punaH vastu kA sva-lakSaNa kabhI badalatA nahIM hai ataH guNa meM dhrauvyatva pakSa bhI hai| ataH guNa bhI dravya ke samAna utpAda, vyaya aura dhrauvya lakSaNa yukta hai| guNoM ke prakAra : jainadarzana meM sattA ko ananta dharmAtmaka (ananta guNAtmaka) mAnA gayA hai- vastu ke guNadharma do prakAra ke haiM- bhAvAtmaka guNadharma aura abhAvAtmaka guNadharma / bhAvAtmaka (vidhAyaka) guNoM yA dharmoM kI apekSA bhI abhAvAtmaka guNadharmoM kI saMkhyA to ananta hotI hai| eka vastu ko vaha vastu hone ke lie usameM anya vastu aura usake guNadharmoM kA abhAva honA Avazyaka hai| eka manuSya ko 'vaha' hone ke lie usakA carAcara vizva kI ananta vastuoM evaM vyaktiyoM se bhinna honA arthAt usameM unakA abhAva honA Avazyaka hai| sthUla udAharaNa ke lie 'sAgaramala' ko sAgaramala 1. uttarAdhyayanasUtra 28-13 AAHI

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52 jainadarzana meM dravya, guNa aura paryAya kI avadhAraNA hone ke lie sthUla jagat ke 6 araba vyaktiyoM se, asaMkhyAt kITa-pataMgoM se lekara pazuoM se tathA vizva kI ananta jar3a vastuoM se bhinna honA Avazyaka hai, arthAt unake viziSTa guNadharmoM kA abhAva honA bhI Avazyaka hai| kucha sAmAnya guNoM kI apekSA bhI viziSTa guNadharma to aneka hote hI haiN| isI dRSTi se jainadharma meM vastu ko ananta-dharmAtmaka kahA gayA hai, dUsare vyakta guNoM kI apekSA se bhI avyakta yA gauNa guNadharma kahIM adhika hote hai| eka kacce Amraphala meM sapheda aura hare raMga, khaTTe svAda rUpa vyakta guNoM kI apekSA bhI avyakta guNoM kI dRSTi se pA~coM varNa, donoM gaMdha, pA~coM svAda, AThoM sparza Adi bhI vyakta rUpa se rahe hue haiN| bhAvAtmaka aura abhAvAtmaka tathA vyakta aura avyakta guNadharmoM kI carcA ke atirikta bhI aneka ajJAta guNadharmoM kI saMkhyA kA nirdhAraNa to ati kaThina hai| phira bhI sAmAnya aura vizeSa guNadharmoM kI apekSA se jaina granthoM meM SaT dravyoM ke kucha viziSTa guNadharmoM kI carcA bhI milatI hai| astitva aisA guNa hai, jo sabhI dravyoM meM pAyA jAtA hai| vistAra nAmaka guNadharma kAla, dravya aura paramANu ko chor3akara zeSa sabhI meM pAyA jAtA hai| cetanA nAmaka guNadharma jIvadravya yA jIvoM meM tathA jar3atA nAmaka guNadharma jIva ko chor3akara zeSa pA~coM dravyoM meM pAyA jAtA hai / gati meM sahAyaka honA dharma-dravya kA guNa hai aura sthiti meM sahAyaka honA adharmadravya kA guNa hai| kAla kA sAmAnya guNa parivartanazIlatA hai-paratva aura aparatva, alpavayaskadIrghavayaska, (choTA-baDA) nayA-purAnA Adi kAla ke guNa haiN| uttarAdhyayana meM pudgala ke viziSTa guNoM kI carcA karate hue kahA gayA hai- pA~ca varNa, pA~ca svAda, do gaMdha, ATha sparza, zabda, aMdhakAra, prakAza, Atapa, chAyA Adi pudgala ke guNa hai| paryAya: jaina dArzanikoM ke anusAra dravya meM ghaTita honevAle vibhinna parivartana hI paryAya kahalAte haiN| pratyeka dravya prati samaya eka viziSTa avasthA ko prApta hotA rahatA hai| apane pUrva kSaNa kI avasthA kA tyAga karatA hai aura eka nUtana viziSTa avasthA ko prApta hotA hai| inheM hI paryAya kahA jAtA hai| jisa prakAra jalatI huI dIpazikhA meM pratikSaNa jalane vAlA tela badalatA rahatA hai, usI prakAra pratyeka dravya satat rUpa se parivartana yA pariNamana ko prApta hotA rahatA hai, dIpaka kI lau kA tela aura battI pratikSaNa badalatI rahatI hai, phira bhI dIpaka yathAvat jalatA rahatA hai| dravya meM hone vAlA yaha parivartana yA pariNamana hI usakI paryAya hai| eka vyakti janma letA hai, bAlaka se kizora aura kizora se yuvaka, yuvaka se praur3ha aura praur3ha se vRddhAvasthA ko prApta hotA hai| janma se lekara mRtyu kAla taka pratyeka vyakti ke deha kI zArIrika saMracanA meM tathA vicAra aura anubhUti kI caitasika saMracanA meM parivartana hote rahate haiN| usameM pratikSaNa honevAle ina parivartanoM ke dvArA vaha jo bhinna-bhinna avasthAyeM

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jainadarzana meM dravya, guNa aura paryAya kI avadhAraNA prApta karatA hai, ve hI paryAya haiN| jJAtavya hai ki 'paryAya' jainadarzana kA viziSTa zabda hai| jainadarzana ke atirikta anya kisI bhI bhAratIya darzana meM paryAya kI yaha avadhAraNA anupasthita hai| yahA~ hameM yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki bAlyAvasthA se yuvAvasthA aura yuvAvasthA se vRddhAvasthA kI yAtrA koI aisI ghaTanA nahIM hai, jo eka hI kSaNa meM ghaTita ho jAtI hai| balki yaha saba kramika rUpa se ghaTita hotI rahatI hai, hameM usakA patA hI nahIM cltaa| yaha prati samaya honevAlA parivartana hI paryAya hai| paryAya zabda kA sAmAnya artha 'avasthA' vizeSa hai|| ___ dArzanika jagat meM paryAya kA, jo artha prasiddha huA hai, usase Agama meM vaha kiMcit bhinna artha meM prayoga huA hai| dArzanika granthoM meM dravya ke kramabhAvI pariNAma ko paryAya kahA gayA hai tathA sahabhAvI pariNAma ko guNa tathA guNa evaM paryAya se yukta padArtha ko dravya kahA gayA hai| vahA~ para eka hI dravya yA vastu kI vibhinna paryAyoM kI carcA hai| Agama meM paryAya kA nirUpaNa dravya ke kramabhAvI pariNamana ke rUpa meM nahIM huA hai| Agama meM to eka padArtha jitanI avasthAoM ko prApta hotA hai, unheM usa padArtha kI paryAya kahA gayA hai| yathA jIva kI paryAya haiM- nAraka, deva, manuSya, tiryaMca, siddha Adi / paryAya dravya kI bhI hotI hai aura guNa kI bhI hotI hai / guNoM kI paryAya kA ullekha anuyogadvArasUtra meM isa prakAra huA hai- "ekaguNakAlA, dviguNakAlA yAvat anntgunnkaalaa|" kAle guNa kI ananta paryAya hotI haiN| isI prakAra nIle, pIle, lAla evaM sapheda vargoM kI paryAya bhI ananta hotI haiM / varNa kI bhA~ti gandha, rasa, sparza ke bhedoM kI bhI eka guNa se lekara anantaguNa taka paryAya hotI haiM / uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM ekatva, pRthaktva, saMkhyA, saMsthAna, saMyoga aura vibhAga ko paryAya kA lakSaNa kahA hai| eka paryAya kA dUsarI paryAya ke sAtha dravya kI dRSTi se ekatva (tAdAtmya) hotA hai, paryAya kI dRSTi se donoM paryAya eka-dUsare se pRthaka hotI haiM / saMkhyA ke AdhAra para bhI paryAyoM meM bheda hotA hai| isI prakAra saMsthAna arthAt AkRti kI dRSTi se bhI paryAya-bheda hotA hai| jisa paryAya kA saMyoga (utpAda) hotA hai, usakA viyoga (vinAza) bhI nizcita rUpa se hotA hai| koI bhI dravya kabhI bhI paryAya se rahita nahIM hotaa| kintu paryAya sthira bhI nahIM rahatI hai, vaha prati samaya parivartita hotI rahatI hai| jaina dArzanikoM ne paryAya-parivartana kI ina ghaTanAoM ko dravya meM hone vAle utpAda aura vyaya ke mAdhyama se spaSTa kiyA hai| dravya meM pratikSaNa pUrva paryAya kA nAza yA vyaya tathA uttaraparyAya kA utpAda hotA rahatA hai| utpAda aura vyaya kI ghaTanA jisake Azrita yA jisameM ghaTita hotI hai yA jo parivartita hotA hai, vahI dravya hai| jainadarzana ke anusAra dravya evaM paryAya meM kathaMcit tAdAtmya isa artha meM hai ki paryAya se rahita hokara dravya kA koI astitva hI nahIM hai| dravya kI paryAya badalate rahane para bhI dravya meM eka kSaNa ke lie bhI aisA nahIM hotA ki vaha paryAya se rahita ho / na to paryAyoM se pRthak hokara dravya kA apanA astitva

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54 jainadarzana meM dravya, guNa aura paryAya kI avadhAraNA hotA hai aura na dravya se pRthak paryAyeM hI hotI haiM / sattAtmaka stara para dravya aura paryAya alagaalaga sattAe~ nahIM haiN| ve tattvataH abhinna haiN| kintu dravya ke bane rahane para bhI paryAyoM kI utpatti aura vinAza kA krama ghaTita hotA rahatA hai| yadi paryAya utpanna hotI hai aura vinaSTa hotI hai to use dravya se kathaMcit bhinna bhI mAnanA hogaa| jisa prakAra bAlyAvasthA, yuvAvasthA aura vRddhAvasthA vyakti se pRthak kahIM nahIM dekhI jAtIM; ve vyakti meM hI ghaTita hotI haiM aura vyakti se abhinna hotI haiM kintu eka hI vyakti meM bAlyAvasthA kA vinAza aura yuvAvasthA kI prApti dekhI jAtI hai| ataH apane vinAza aura utpatti kI dRSTi se ve paryAyeM vyakti se pRthak bhI kahI jA sakatI haiM / vaicArika stara para pratyeka paryAya dravya se bhinnatA rakhatI hai| saMkSepa meM tAttvika stara para yA sattA kI dRSTi se hama dravya aura paryAya ko alaga-alaga nahIM kara sakate, ataH ve abhinna haiM, kintu, yaha abhinnatA vartamAna kAlika paryAyoM kI haiM, bhUta evaM bhAvI paryAyoM kI nhii| kintu vaicArika stara para dravya aura paryAya ko paraspara pRthak mAnA jA sakatA hai kyoMki paryAya utpanna hotI haiM aura naSTa hotI haiM, jaba ki dravya banA rahatA hai; ataH vaha dravya se bhinna bhI hai| jaina AcAryoM ke anusAra dravya aura paryAya kI yaha kathaMcit abhinnatA, kathaMcit bhinnatA vastu ke anekAntika svarUpa kI paricAyaka hai| vastu svarUpa aura paryAya : paryAya kI avadhAraNA jainadarzana kI eka viziSTa avadhAraNA hai| jainadarzana kA kendrIya siddhAnta anekAntavAda hai| kintu anekAnta kA AdhAra paryAya kI avadhAraNA hai| sAmAnyatayA paryAya zabda pari+AyaH se niSpanna hai| merI dRSTi meM jo parivartana ko prApta hotI hai, vahI paryAya hai| rAjavAtika ke sUtra (1/33/1/95/6) 'pari samantAdAyaH paryAyaH', ke anusAra jo sarva ora se navInatA ko prApta hotI hai, vahI paryAya hai| yaha honA (becoming) hai| vaha sattA kI parivartanazIlatA kI yA sat ke bahuAyAmI (Multi dimensional) hone kI sUcaka hai| vaha yaha batAtI hai ki astitva prati samaya pariNamana yA parivartana ko prApta hotA hai isalie yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki jo svabhAva yA vibhAva rUpa pariNamana karatI hai, vahI paryAya hai| jainadarzana meM astitva yA sat ko utpAda-vyaya-dhrauvyAtmaka yA pariNAmI nitya mAnA gayA hai| dravya meM utpAda-vyaya kA jo satat pravAha hai, vahI paryAya hai aura jo ina parivartanoM meM svasvabhAva se cyuta nahIM hotA hai, vahI dravya hai| anya zabdoM meM kaheM to astitva meM jo arthakriyAkAritva hai, gatyAtmakatA hai, pariNAmIpanA yA parivartanazIlatA hai, vahI paryAya hai| paryAya astitva kI kriyAzIlatA kI sUcaka hai| vaha parivartanoM ke sAtatya kI avasthA hai| astitva yA dravya dik aura kAla meM jina bhinna-bhinna avasthAoM ko prApta hotA rahatA hai, jaina-darzana ke anusAra yahI avasthAe~ paryAya haiM athavA sattA kA parivartanazIla pakSa paryAya

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jainadarzana meM dravya, guNa aura paryAya kI avadhAraNA hai / buddha ke isa kathana kA ki 'kriyA hai, kartA nahIM' kA Azaya yaha nahIM hai ki ve kisI kriyAzIlatattva kA niSedha karate haiN| unake isa kathana kA tAtparya mAtra itanA hI hai ki kriyA se bhinna kartA nahIM hai| sattA aura parivartana meM pUrNa tAdAtmya hai| sattA se bhinna parivartana aura parivartana se bhinna sattA kI sthiti nahIM hai| parivartana aura parivartanazIla anyonyAzrita haiM, dUsare zabdoM meM ve sApekSa haiM, nirapekSa nahIM / vastutaH bauddhadarzana kA sat sambandhI yaha dRSTikoNa jainadarzana kI paryAya kI avadhAraNA se utanA dUra nahIM hai, jitanA mAnA gayA hai| bauddhadarzana meM sattA ko anuccheda aura azAzvat kahA gayA hai arthAt ve bhI na use ekAnta anitya mAnate haiM aura na ekAnta nity| vaha na anitya hai aura na nitya haiM jaba ki jaina dArzanikoM ne use nityAnitya kahA hai, kintu donoM paramparAoM kA yaha antara niSedhAtmaka athavA svIkArAtmaka bhASA-zailI kA antara hai| buddha aura mahAvIra ke kathana kA mUla utsa eka-dUsare se utanA bhinna nahIM hai jitanA ki hama use mAna lete haiM / sat ko avyaya yA aparivartanazIla mAnane kA ekAnta pakSa aura sat ko parivartanazIla yA kSaNika mAnane kA ekAnta pakSa jaina aura bauddha vicArakoM ko svIkArya nahIM rahA hai| donoM meM mAtra antara yaha hai ki bhagavAna mahAvIra ne jahA~ astitva ke utpAda-vyaya pakSa arthAt paryAya pakSa ke sAtha-sAtha dhrauvyapakSa ko bhI svIkRti pradAna kI hai; vahA~ bhagavAn buddha ne astitva ke parivartanazIla pakSa para hI adhika bala diyA / bauddhadarzana kI astittva kI vyAkhyA jainadarzana kI paryAya kI avadhAraNA keati nikaTa hai| bauddhoM ne paryAya arthAt arthakriyAkAritva kI zakti ko hI astitva mAna liyA / bauddhadarzana ne parivartanazIlatA aura astittva meM tAdAtmya mAnA aura kahA ki parivartanazIlatA hI astitva hai (Becoming is real) / jaina-darzana ne bhI dravya (Being) aura paryAya (Becoming) arthAt 'astitva' aura 'hone' meM tAdAtmya to mAnA kintu, tAdAtmya ke sAtha-sAtha donoM ke svatantra astitva ko bhI svIkAra kiyA arthAt unameM bhedAbheda mAnA / sat ke sambandha meM ekAnta parivartanazIlatA kA dRSTikoNa aura ekAnta aparivartanazIlatA kA dRSTikoNa ina donoM meM se kisI eka ko apanAne para na to vyavahAra jagat kI vyAkhyA sambhava hai na dharma aura naitikatA kA koI sthAna saMbhava hai| yahI kAraNa thA ki AcAramArgIya paramparA ke pratinidhi bhagavAn mahAvIra evaM bhagavAn buddha ne unakA parityAga Avazyaka samajhA / bhagavAna mahAvIra kI vizeSatA yaha rahI ki unhoMne na kevala ekAnta zAzvatavAda kA aura ekAnta ucchedavAda kA parityAga kiyA, apitu apanI anekAntavAdI aura samanvayavAdI paramparA ke anusAra una donoM vicAradhArAoM meM sAmaMjasya sthApita kiyA / paramparAgata dRSTi se yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki bhagavAn mahAvIra ne kevala 'upanei vA, vigamei vA, dhuvei vA' isa tripadI kA upadeza diyA thaa| samasta jaina dArzanika vAGmaya kA vikAsa usI tripadI ke AdhAra para huA hai| paramArtha yA sat ke svarUpa ke

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56 jainadarzana meM dravya, guNa aura paryAya kI avadhAraNA sambandha meM bhagavAna mahAvIra kA yaha uparyukta kathana hI jainadarzana kA kendrIya tattva hai aura yahI usakI paryAya kI avadhAraNA kA AdhAra bhI hai| ise hama pUrva meM spaSTa kara cuke haiN| __ isa siddhAnta ke anusAra utpatti, vinAza aura dhrauvya ye tInoM hI sat ke lakSaNa haiN| tattvArthasUtra meM umAsvAti ne sat ko paribhASita karate hue kahA hai ki sat utpAd-vyaya aura dhrauvyAtmaka hai (tattvArtha, 5/21), utpAda aura vyaya sat ke parivartanazIla pakSa yA paryAya ko batAte haiM, to dhrauvya usakeavinAzI pakSa yA dravya ko| sat kA dhrauvya guNa usake utpatti evaM vinAza kA yA paryAya parivartana kA AdhAra hai, vibhinna paryAyoM ke madhya yojaka kaDI hai| yaha satya hai ki vinAza ke lie utpatti aura utpatti kelie vinAza Avazyaka hai, kintu utpatti aura vinAza donoM ke lie kisI aise AdhArabhUta tattva kI AvazyakatA hotI hai, jisameM utpatti aura vinAza kI prakriyAyeM ghaTita hotI haiN| yadi hama dravyarUpI dhrauvya pakSa ko asvIkAra kareMge to utpatti aura vinAza rUpa paryAyeM paraspara asambandhita ho jAyeMgI aura sattA aneka kSaNika evaM asambandhita kSaNajIvI tattvoM meM vibhakta ho jAyegI / ina paraspara asambandhita kSaNika sattAoM kI avadhAraNA se vyaktitva kI ekAtmakatA kA hI viccheda ho jAyegA, jisake abhAva meM naitika uttaradAyitva aura karmaphala vyavasthA hI arthahIna ho jaayegii| isI prakAra ekAnta dhrauvyatA yA kUTastha nitya dravya ko svIkAra karane para bhI isa jagat meM cala rahe utpatti aura vinAza rUpa paryAya parivartana ke krama ko samajhAyA nahIM jA sktaa| jainadarzana meM sat ke aparivartanazIla pakSa ko dravya aura guNa tathA parivartanazIla pakSa ko paryAya kahA jAtA hai| agrima pRSThoM meM hama dravya, guNa aura paryAya ke saha sambandha ke bAre meM carcA kreNge| dravya aura paryAya kA sahasambandha : ___ hama yaha pUrva meM sUcita kara cuke haiM ki jaina-paramparA meM sat aura dravya ko paryAyavAcI mAnA gayA hai| mAtra yahI nahIM, usameM sat ke sthAna para dravya hI pramukha rahA hai| AgamoM meM sat ke sthAna para dravya haiN| ina donoM zabdoM meM bhI dravya zabda mukhyataH anya paramparAoM ke prabhAva se jainadarzana meM AyA hai, usakA apanA mUla zabda to astikAya hI hai| isameM 'asti' zabda sattA ke zAzvata pakSa kA aura kAya zabda azAzvata pakSa kA sUcaka mAnA jA sakatA hai| vaise sattA ko kAya zabda se sUcita karane kI paramparA zramaNa-dhArA ke prakrudhakAtyAyana Adi anya dArzanikoM meM bhI rahI hai| bhagavatIsUtra meM hai ki "davvaTThAe siya sAsayA pajjavaTThAe siya asAsayA" arthAt astitva ko dravya kI

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jainadarzana meM dravya, guNa aura paryAya kI avadhAraNA apekSA se zAzvata aura paryAya kI apekSA se azAzvata (anitya) kahA gayA hai| isa tathya ko adhika spaSTatA pUrvaka citrita karate hue sanmatitarka ke AcArya siddhasena divAkara likhate haiM upajaMti cayaMti vA bhAvA niyameNa pajjavanayassa / davvaTThiyassa savvaM sayA aNuppanna aviNaTuM // sanmatitarka 5/11 arthAt paryAya kI apekSA se astitva yA vastu utpanna hotI hai aura vinaSTa hotI hai, kintu dravya kI apekSA se vastu na to utpanna hotI hai aura na vinaSTa hotI hai| umAsvAti ke tattvArthasUtra ke sarvArthasiddhimAnya pATha meM 'sat dravyalakSaNaM' (4/21) kahakara sat ko dravya kA lakSaNa batAyA hai| isa paribhASA se yaha phalita hotA hai ki dravya kA mukhya lakSaNa astitva hai| jo astitvavAna hai, vahI dravya hai| kintu yahA~ hameM yaha bhI dhyAna rakhanA hotA hai ki dravya zabda kA vyutpattiparaka artha to 'drUyate iti dravya' ke AdhAra para utpAda-vyaya rUpa astitva ko hI siddha karatA hai| isI AdhAra para yaha kahA gayA hai, ki jo trikAla meM pariNamana karate hue bhI apane sva svabhAva kA pUrNataH parityAga na kare use hI sat yA dravya kahA hai| isa prakAra tattvArthasUtra (5/29) meM umAsvAti ne eka ora dravya kA lakSaNa sat batAyA to dUsarI ora sat ko utpAda-vyaya-dhrauvyAtmaka kahA hai| sAtha hI umAsvAti ne tattvArthasUtra (5/38) meM dravya ko paribhASita karate hue use guNa, paryAya se yukta bhI kahA hai| AcArya kundakunda ne paMcAstikAyasAra aura pravacanasAra meM inhIM donoM lakSaNoM ko milAkara dravya ko pAribhASita kiyA hai| paMcAstikAyasAra (10) meM ve kahate haiM dravya sat lakSaNa vAlA hai| isI paribhASA ko aura spaSTa karate hue pravacanasAra (15-96) meM ve kahate haiM, jo aparityakta svabhAva vAlA utpAda-vyaya aura dhrauvya se yukta tathA guNa-paryAya sahita hai, use dravya kahA jAtA hai| isa prakAra kundakundane dravya kI paribhASA ke sandarbha meM umAsvAti ke sabhI lakSaNoM ko svIkAra kara liyA hai aura dravya tathA paryAya ke sahasambandha aura unakI sApekSatA ko spaSTa kara diyA hai| tattvArthasUtrakAra umAsvAti kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki unhoMne guNaparyAyavat dravya kahakara jainadarzana ke bheda-abhedavAda ko puSTa kiyA hai| yadyapi tattvArthasUtra meM dravya kI yaha paribhASA bhI vaizeSikasUtra ke 'dravyaguNakarmabhyo'rthAntaraM sattA' (1/2/8) nAmaka sUtra kenikaTa hI siddha hotI hai| umAsvAti ne isa sUtra meM karma ke sthAna para paryAya ko rakha diyA hai| jainadarzana ke sat sambandhI siddhAnta kI carcA meM hama yaha spaSTa kara cuke haiM ki dravya yA sattA parivartanazIla hokara bhI nitya hai| isI tathya ko mImAMsA darzana meM bhI isa rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai : varddhamAnakabhaMge ca, rucakaH kriyate yadA / tadApUrvArthinaH zokaH prItizcAyyuttarArthinaH // 21 //

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58 jainadarzana meM dravya, guNa aura paryAya kI avadhAraNA hemArthinastumAdhyasthyaM tasmAdvastu trayAtmakam / notpAdasthitibhaMgAnAmabhAvesanmati trayam // 22 // na nAzena vinA zoko, notpAdena vinAsukham / sthityAvinA na mAdhyasthyaM tena sAmAnya nityatA // 23 // mImAMsAzlokavArtika pR-61 arthAt varddhamAnaka (bAjUbanda) ko tor3akara rucaka (hAra) banAne meM varddhamAnaka ko cAhanevAle ko zoka, rucaka cAhane vAle ko harSa aura svarNa cAhane vAle ko na harSa aura na zoka hotA hai| usakA to mAdhyastha bhAva rahatA hai| isase siddha hotA hai ki vastu yA sattA utpAda bhaMga aura sthiti rUpa hotI hai kyoMki nAza ke abhAva meM zoka, utpAda ke abhAva meM sukha (harSa) aura sthiti ke abhAva meM mAdhyastha bhAva nahIM ho sakatA hai| isase yahI siddha hotA hai ki mImAMsA darzana bhI jainadarzana ke samAna hI, vastu ko utpAda-vyaya-dhrauvyAtmaka mAnatA hai| pariNamana yA parivartana (paryAya) yaha dravya kA AdhArabhUta lakSaNa hai kintu isa prakriyA meM dravya apane mUla svarUpa kA pUrNataH parityAga nahIM karatA hai| sva svarUpa kA parityAga kiye binA vibhinna avasthAoM ko dhAraNa karane se hI dravya ko nitya kahA jAtA hai| kintu pratikSaNa utpanna honevAlI aura naSTa honevAlI paryAyoM kI apekSA se use anitya bhI kahA jAtA hai| use isa prakAra bhI samajhAyA jAtA hai ki mRttikA apane sva-jAtIya dharma kA parityAga kiye binA ghaTa Adi ko utpanna karatI hai| ghaTa kI utpatti meM piNDa paryAya kA vinAza hotA hai| jaba taka piNDa paryAya naSTa nahIM hotI, taba taka ghaTa utpanna nahIM hotA; kintu isa utpAda aura vyaya meM bhI mRttikA lakSaNa dravya yathAvat banA rahatA hai| vastutaH koI bhI dravya apane sva-lakSaNa, lakSaNa kI apekSA se nitya hotA hai, kyoMki sva-lakSaNa kA tyAga sambhava nahIM hai| ataH yaha svalakSaNa hI vastu kA nitya pakSa hotA hai, use hI dravya kahate haiN| sva-lakSaNa kA tyAga kiye binA vastu jina vibhinna avasthAoM ko prApta hotI hai, ve paryAya kahalAtI haiN| ye parivartanazIla paryAyeM hI dravya kA anitya pakSa hai; ataH dravya aura paryAya anyonyAzrita haiN| aura apanI paryAya kI apekSA se anitya kahA jAtA hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM jIva dravya apane caitanya guNa kA kabhI parityAga nahIM karatA, kintu apane cetanA lakSaNa kA parityAga kiye binA vaha deva, manuSya, pazu ina vibhinna yoniyoM ko athavA bAlaka, yuvA, vRddha Adi avasthAoM ko prApta hotA hai ise hama pUrva meM bhI kaha cuke haiN| jina guNoM kA parityAga nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai, ve hI guNa

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59 jainadarzana meM dravya, guNa aura paryAya kI avadhAraNA svalakSaNa kahe jAte haiN| yaha svalakSaNa hI dravya svarUpa hai| jina guNoM kA parityAga kiyA jA sakatA hai, ve dravya yA guNa kI paryAyeM bhI do prakAra kI kahI gayI haiM- 1. svabhAva paryAya aura 2. vibhAva paryAya/jo paryAya yA avasthAyeM sva-lakSaNa ke nimitta se hotI hai, ve svabhAva paryAya kahalAtI haiM aura jo anya nimitta se hotI haiM, ve vibhAva paryAya kahalAtI haiN| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM jJAna aura darzana (pratyakSIkaraNa) sambandhI vibhinna anubhUtiparaka avasthAyeM AtmA kI svabhAva paryAya haiN| kyoMki ve AtmA ke sva-lakSaNa upayoga se phalita hotI haiM, jaba ki krodha Adi kaSAya bhAva karma ke nimitta se yA dUsaroM ke nimitta se hotI haiM, ataH ve vibhAva paryAya haiN| phira bhI itanA nizcita hai ki ina guNoM aura paryAyoM kA adhiSThAna yA upAdAna to dravya svayaM hI hai| dravya, guNa aura paryAyoM se abhinna hai, ataH dravya, guNa aura paryAya- tInoM paraspara sApekSa haiN| ___ AcArya siddhasena divAkara ne sanmatitarkaprakaraNa meM spaSTa rUpa se kahA hai, dravya se rahita guNa aura paryAya kI sattA nahIM hai| sAtha hI guNa aura paryAya se rahita dravya kI bhI sattA nahIM hai| davve pajjava viuaMdavva viuttA pajjavA natthi / uppAdaTThii bhaMgA hadi daviya lakkhaNaM eyaM // -sanmatitarka 12 arthAt dravya, guNa aura paryAya meM tAdAtmya hai, kintu isakA artha yaha bhI nahIM hai ki dravya, guNa aura paryAya kI svatantra sattA nahIM hai| yaha satya hai ki astittva kI apekSA se unameM tAdAtmya hai kintu vicAra kI apekSA se ve pRthak-pRthak haiN| hama unheM alaga-alaga kara nahIM sakate, kintu una para alaga-alaga vicAra sambhava hai| bAlyAvasthA, yuvAvasthA yA bur3hApA vyakti se pRthak apanI sattA nahIM rakhate haiM phira bhI ye tInoM avasthAe~ eka-dUsare se bhinna haiN| yahI sthiti dravya, guNa aura paryAya kI hai| guNa aura paryAya kA sahasambandha : dravya ko guNa aura paryAyoM kA AdhAra mAnA gayA hai / vastutaH guNa dravya ke svabhAva yA sva-lakSaNa hote haiM / tattvArthasUtra meM umAsvAti ne 'dravyAzrayA nirguNA guNAH'(5/40) kahakara yaha batAyA hai ki guNa dravya meM rahate haiM, para ve svayaM nirguNa hote haiM / guNa nirguNa hote haiM yaha paribhASA sAmAnyatayA Atma-virodhI sI lagatI kintu isa paribhASA kI mUlabhUta dRSTi yaha hai ki yadi hama guNa kA bhI guNa mAneMge to phira anavasthA doSa kA prasaMga AyegA, yaha bAta pUrva meM bhI spaSTa kara cuke haiM / Agamika dRSTi se guNa kI paribhASA isa rUpa meM kI gayI hai ki guNa dravya kA vidhAna hai yAni usakA sva-lakSaNa hai jaba ki paryAya dravya kA vikAra hai| guNa bhI dravya ke samAna hI avinAzI hai| jisa dravya kA jo guNa hai vaha usameM sadaiva rahatA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki dravya kA jo avinAzI

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60 jainadarzana meM dravya, guNa aura paryAya kI avadhAraNA lakSaNa hai athavA dravya jisakA parityAga nahIM kara sakatA hai, vahI guNa hai| guNa vastu kI sahabhAvI avasthAoM yA paryAyoM kA sUcaka hai| phira bhI guNa kI ye avasthAyeM arthAt guNa-paryAyeM badalatI rahatI hai| dravya ke samAna guNoM kI paryAyeM bhI hotI haiM, jo guNa kI bhI parivartanazIlatA ko sUcita karatI haiN| jIva meM cetanA kI avasthAe~ rUpI paryAyeM badalatI hai, phira bhI cetanA guNa banA rahatA hai| - ve vizeSatAe~ yA lakSaNa jinake AdhAra para eka dravya dUsare dravya se alaga kiyA jA sakatA hai ve viziSTa guNa kahe jAte haiN| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM dharma-dravya kA lakSaNa gati meM sahAyaka honA hai| adharma-dravya kA lakSaNa sthiti meM sahAyaka honA hai| jo sabhI dravyoM kA avagAhana karatA hai, unheM sthAna detA hai, vaha AkAza kahA jAtA hai| isI prakAra parivartana kAla kA aura upayoga jIva kA lakSaNa hai / ataH guNa ve haiM jinake AdhAra para hama kisI dravya ko pahacAnate haiM aura usakA anya dravya se pRthaktva sthApita karate haiN| uttarAdhyayana (28/11-12) meM jIva aura pudgala ke aneka lakSaNoM kA bhI citraNa huA hai| usameM jJAna, darzana, cAritra, tapa, vIrya, evaM upayoga ye jIva ke lakSaNa batAye gaye haiM aura zabda, prakAza, aMdhakAra, prabhA, chAyA, Atapa, varNa, gandha, rasa, sparza Adi ko pudgala kA lakSaNa kahA gayA hai| lekina astitva kI dRSTi se ina guNoM kI pRthak-pRthak satAe~ nahIM hai| guNoM kesandarbha meM hameM yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki kucha guNa sAmAnya hote haiM aura ve sabhI dravyoM meM pAye jAte haiM aura cetanA Adi kucha guNa viziSTa hote haiN| cetanA guNa kevala jIva dravya meM pAyA jAtA haiM, ajIva dravya meM usakA abhAva hotA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM kucha guNa sAmAnya aura kucha guNa viziSTa hote haiN| sAmAnya guNoM ke AdhAra para jAti yA varga kI pahacAna hotI hai| ve dravya yA vastuoM kA ekatva pratipAdita karate haiM, jaba ki viziSTa guNa kA eka dravya kA dUsare se antara sthApita karate haiN| guNoM ke sandarbha meM carcA karate hue hameM yaha bhI dhyAna rakhanA cAhie ki aneka guNa sahabhAvI rUpa se eka hI dravya meM rahate haiN| isIlie jainadarzana meM vastu ko anantadharmAtmaka kahA gayA hai| ina vizeSa guNoM kI eka anya vizeSatA yaha bhI hai ki ve dravya vizeSa kI vibhinna paryAyoM meM bhI bane rahate haiN| jIvoM kI cetanA paryAya badalatI rahatI hai, phira bhI parivartanazIla cetanA paryAyoM meM cetanA guNa aura jIva dravya banA rahatA hai| koI bhI dravya guNa, evaM paryAya se rahita nahIM hotaa| dravya, guNa aura paryAya kA vibhAjana mAtra vaicArika stara para kiyA jAtA hai, sattA ke stara para nhiiN| paryAya se rahita hokara na to dravya kI koI sattA hotI hai aura na dravya se rahita paryAya kii| ataH sattA ke stara para paryAya aura dravya meM abheda hai, jaba ki vaicArika stara para donoM meM bheda kiyA jA sakatA hai| paryAya ke prakAra : (ka) jIva paryAya aura ajIva paryAya :

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jainadarzana meM dravya, guNa aura paryAya kI avadhAraNA paryAyoM ke prakAroM kI Agamika AdhAroM para carcA karate hue dravyAnuyoga (pR. 38) meM upAdhyAya zrI kanhaiyAlAla jI ma. sA. 'kamala' likhate haiM ki prajJApanAsUtra meM paryAya ke do bheda pratipAdita haiM- 1. jIva paryAya aura 2. ajIva paryAya / ye donoM prakAra kI paryAyeM ananta hotI haiN| jIva paryAya kisa prakAra ananta hotI hai, isakA samAdhAna karate hue kahA gayA hai ki nairayika, bhavanapati, vANavyantara, jyotiSka, vaimAnika, pRthvIkAyika, apkAyika, tejaskAyika, vAyukAyika, dvIndriya, vendriya, caturendraya, tiryaMcayonika aura manuSya se sabhI jIva asaMkhyAt haiM, kintu vanaspatikAyika aura siddha jIva to ananta haiM, isalie jIva paryAyeM ananta haiN| isI prakAra ajIva pudgala Adi rUpa haiM, punaH pudgala skandha, deza, pradeza aura paramANu rUpa hotA hai, sAtha hI usameM varNa, gandha, rUpa aura sparza guNa hote haiM, phira inake bhI aneka avAntara bheda hote haiM, sAtha hI pratyeka guNa ke bhI aneka aMza (Degrees) hote haiM, ataH ina vibhinna aMzoM aura unake vibhinna saMyogoM kI apekSA se pudgala Adi ajIva dravyoM kI bhI ananta paryAyeM hotI haiN| jinakA vistRta vivecana prajJAnapAsUtra ke paryAya pada meM kiyA gayA hai| (kha) arthaparyAya aura vyaMjanaparyAya : punaH paryAya do prakAra kI hotI haiM- 1. arthaparyAya aura 2. vyaMjanaparyAya / eka hI padArtha kI pratikSaNa parivartita honevAlI kramabhAvI paryAyoM ko arthaparyAya kahate haiM tathA padArtha kI, usake vibhinna prakAroM evaM bhedoM meM jo paryAya hotI hai use vyaMjanaparyAya kahate haiN| arthaparyAya sUkSma evaM vyaMjanaparyAya gayA hai aura guNaparyAya ko hI arthaparyAya bhI kahA gayA hai| dravyaparyAya aura guNaparyAya kI carcA hama pUrva meM kara cuke haiN| yahA~ svAbhAvika rUpa se yaha prazna utpanna hotA hai ki yadi vyaMjanaparyAya hI dravyaparyAya aura arthaparyAya hI guNaparyAya hai, to phira inheM pRthak-pRthak kyoM batAyA gayA hai; isakA uttara yaha hai ki pravAha kI apekSA se vyaMjanaparyAya cirakAlika hotI hai, jaise jIva kI cetanaparyAya sadaiva banI rahatI hai cAhe cetana avasthAe~ badalatI raheM, isake viparIta arthaparyAya guNoM aura unake aneka aMzoM kI apekSA se prati samaya badalatI rahatI hai| vyaMjanaparyAya sAmAnya hai, jaise jIvoM kI cetanA paryAyeM, jo sabhI jIvoM meM aura sabhI kAloM meM pAI jAtI haiN| ve dravya kI sahabhAvI paryAyeM haiM aura arthaparyAya vizeSa haiM jaise kisI vyakti vizeSa kI kAla vizeSa meM hone vAlI krodha Adi kI kramika avasthAe~, ataH arthaparyAya kramabhAvI haiM, ve kramika rUpa se kAla-krama meM ghaTita hotI rahatI haiM ataH kAlakRta bheda ke AdhAra para unheM dravyaparyAya aura guNaparyAya se pRthak kahA gayA hai| (ga) UrdhvaparyAya aura tiryakaparyAya : paryAya ko Urdhva paryAya evaM tiryak paryAya ke rUpa meM bhI vargIkRta kiyA jA sakatA hai| jaise bhUta, bhaviSya aura vartamAna keaneka manuSyoM kI apekSA se manuSyoM kI jo ananta paryAyeM hotI haiM ve

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62 jainadarzana meM dravya, guNa aura paryAya kI avadhAraNA tiryak paryAya kahI jAtI haiN| jaba ki eka hI manuSya ke trikAla meM pratikSaNa hone vAle paryAya pariNamana ko Urdhva paryAya kahA jAtA hai| tiryak abheda meM bheda grAhI hai aura Urdhva paryAya bheda meM abhedagrAhI hai| yadyapi paryAya dRSTi bhedagrAhI hI hotI hai, phira bhI apekSA bheda se yA upacAra se yaha kahA gayA hai| dUsare rUpa meM tiryak paryAya dravya-sAmAnya ke dik gata bheda kA grahaNa karatI hai aura Urdhva paryAya dravya-vizeSa ke kAlagata bhedoM ko| (gha) svabhAva paryAya aura vibhAva paryAya : dravya meM apane nija svabhAva kI jo paryAya utpanna hotI haiM, ve svabhAva paryAya kahI jAtI haiM aura para ke nimitta se jo paryAyeM utpanna hotI haiM, ve vibhAva paryAya hotI haiN| jaise karma ke nimitta se AtmA ke jo krodhAdi kaSAya rUpa pariNamana haiM, ve vibhAva paryAya haiM aura AtmA yA kevalI kA jJAtA-dRSTA bhAva svabhAva paryAya hai| jIvita zarIra pudgala kI vibhAva paryAya hai aura varNa, gandha Adi pudgala kI svabhAva paryAya haiN| jJAtavya hai ki dharma, adharma, AkAza tathA kAla kI vibhAva paryAya nahIM hai kyoMki ye svabhAvataH niSkriya dravya haiN| ghaTAkAza, maThAkAza Adi ko upacAra se AkAza kI vibhAva paryAya kahA jA sakatA hai, kintu yathArtha se nahIM, kyoMki AkAza akhaNDadravya hai, usameM bheda upacAra se mAne jA sakate haiN| (Ga) sajAtIya aura vijAtIya dravya paryAya : sajAtIya dravyoM ke paraspara milane se jo paryAya utpanna hotI haiM, ve sajAtIya dravya paryAya haiM jaise samAna varNa, gandha, rasa, sparza Adi-Adi se banA skandha / isase bhinna vijAtIya paryAya haiN| (ca) kAraNa zuddha paryAya aura kArya zuddha paryAya : svabhAva paryAya ke antargata do prakAra kI paryAya hotI haiM kAraNa zuddha paryAya aura kArya zuddha paryAya / paryAyoM meM paraspara kAraNa-kArya bhAva hotA hai| jo svabhAva paryAya kAraNa rUpa hotI haiM, ve kAraNa zuddha paryAya haiM aura jo svabhAva paryAya kArya rUpa hotI haiM ve kArya zuddha paryAya haiM, kintu yaha kathana sApekSa rUpa meM samajhanA cAhie, kyoMki jo paryAya kisI kA kAraNa hai, vahI dUsarI kA kArya bhI ho sakatI hai| isI krama meM vibhAva paryAyoM ko bhI kArya azuddha paryAya yA kAraNa-azuddha-paryAya bhI mAnA jA sakatA hai| (cha) sahabhAvI paryAya aura kramabhAvI paryAya : ___ jaba kisI dravya meM yA guNa meM aneka paryAyeM eka sAtha hotI haiM, to ve sahabhAvI paryAya kahI jAtI hai, jaise pudgala dravya meM varNa, gandha, rasa Adi rUpa paryAyoM kA eka sAtha honA / kAla kI

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63 jainadarzana meM dravya, guNa aura paryAya kI avadhAraNA apekSA se jina paryAyoM meM krama pAyA jAtA hai ve krama bhAvI paryAya haiN| jaise bAlyAvasthA, yuvAvasthA aura vRddhaavsthaa| (ja) sAmAnya paryAya aura vizeSa paryAya : vaise to sabhI paryAyeM vizeSa hI haiM kintu aneka dravyoM kI jo samarUpa paryAyeM haiM, unheM sAmAnya paryAya bhI kahA jA sakatA hai, jaise aneka jIvoM kA manuSya paryAya meM honaa| ___ jJAtavya hai ki paryAyoM meM na kevala mAtrAtmaka arthAt saMkhyA aura aMzoM (Degrees) kI apekSA se bheda hotA hai, apitu guNoM kI apekSA se bhI bheda hote haiN| mAtrA kI apekSA se eka aMza kAlA, do aMza kAlA, ananta aMza kAlA Adi bheda hote haiM jaba ki guNAtmaka dRSTi se kAlA, lAla, zveta Adi athavA khaTTA mIThA Adi athavA manuSya, pazu, nAraka, devatA Adi bheda hote haiN| guNa aura paryAya kI vAstavikatA kA prazna : ___ jo dArzanika sattA aura guNa meM abhinnatA yA tAdAtmya ke pratipAdaka haiM aura jo parama sattA ko tattvataH advaita mAnate haiM, ve guNa aura paryAya ko vAstavika nahIM, apitu pratibhAsika mAnate haiN| unakA kahanA hai ki rUpa, rasa, gandha, sparza, Adi guNoM kI parama sattA se pRthak koI sattA hI nahIM hai; ye mAtra pratItiyA~ haiN| anubhava ke stara para jinakA utpAda yA vyaya hai arthAt jo parivartanazIla hai, vaha sat nahIM hai, mAtra pratibhAsa hai| unake anusAra paramANu bhI eka aisA avibhAgI padArtha hai, jo vibhinna indriyoM dvArA rUpAdi vibhinna guNoM kI pratIti karAtA hai, kintu vastutaH usameM ina guNoM kI koI sattA nahIM hotI hai| ina dArzanikoM kI mAnyatA yaha hai ki rUpa, rasa, gandha, sparza Adi kI anubhUti hamAre mana para nirbhara karatI hai| ataH ve vastu ke sambandha meM hamAre manovikalpa hI haiN| unakI koI vAstavika sattA nahIM hai| yadi hamArI indriyoM kI saMracanA bhinna prakAra kI hotI hai to unase hameM jo saMvedanA hotI vaha bhI bhinna prakAra kI hotii| yadi saMsAra ke sabhI prANiyoM kI AMkhoM kI saMracanA meM raMga-andhatA hotI to ve saMsAra kI sabhI vastuoM ko kevala zveta-zyAma rUpa meM hI dekhate aura unheM anya raMgoM kA koI bodha nahIM hotaa| lAlAdi raMgoM ke astitva kA vicAra hI nahIM hotaa| jisa prakAra indradhanuSa ke raMga mAtra pratIti haiM, vAstavika nahIM, athavA jisa prakAra hamAre svapna kI vastue~ mAtra manokalpanAe~ haiM, usI prakAra guNa aura paryAya bhI mAtra pratibhAsa haiN| citta-vikalpa haiM, vAstavika nahIM haiN| kintu jaina dArzanika anya vastuvAdI dArzanikoM (Realist) ke samAna dravya ke sAtha-sAtha

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jainadarzana meM dravya, guNa aura paryAya kI avadhAraNA guNa aura paryAya ko bhI yathArtha/vAstavika mAnate haiN| unake anusAra pratIti aura pratyaya yathArtha ke hI hote haiM, jo ayathArtha ho usakA koI pratyaya (Idea) yA pratIti hI nahIM ho sakatI hai| AkAzakusuma yA parI Adi kI ayathArtha kalpanAe~ bhI do yathArtha anubhUtiyoM kA caittasika stara para kiyA gayA mizraNa mAtra hai| svapna bhI yathArtha anubhUtiyoM aura unake caitasika stara para kiye gaye mizraNoM se hI nirmita hote haiM, janmAndha ko kabhI raMgoM ke koI svapna nahIM hote haiM / ataH ayathArtha kI koI pratIti nahIM ho sakatI hai| jainoM ke anusAra anubhUti kA pratyeka viSaya apanI vAstavika sattA rakhatA hai| isase na kevala dravya, apitu guNa aura paryAya bhI vAstavika (Real) siddha hote haiN| dravya, guNa evaM paryAya kI sattA kI isa vAstavikatA ke kAraNa hI prAcIna jaina AcAryoM ne sattA ko astikAya kahA thA / ataH utpAda-vyaya dharmA hokara bhI paryAyeM pratibhAsa na hokara vAstavika haiN| kramabaddha paryAya : paryAyoM ke sambandha meM jo eka mahattvapUrNa prazna ina dinoM bahucarcita hai, vaha hai paryAyoM kI kramabaddhatA / yaha to sarvamAnya hai ki paryAyeM sahabhAvI aura kramabhAvI hotI haiM, kintu paryAyeM kramabaddha hI haiM, yaha vivAda kA viSaya hai| paryAyeM krama se ghaTita hotI haiM, kintu isa AdhAra para yaha mAna lenA ki paryAyoM ke hone kA yaha krama bhI pUrva niyata hai, to phira puruSArtha ke lie koI avakAza nahIM raha jAtA hai| paryAyoM ko kramabaddha mAnane kA mukhya AdhAra jainadarzana meM pracalita sarvajJatA kI avadhAraNA hai| jaba eka bAra yaha mAna liyA jAtA hai ki sarvajJa yA kevalI sabhI dravyoM kI sarva paryAyoM ko jAnatA hai, to isakA artha hai ki sarvajJa ke jJAna meM sabhI dravyoM kI sarva paryAyeM kramabaddha aura niyata haiM, unameM kisI bhI prakAra kA parivartana sambhava nahIM hai arthAt bhavitavyatA ko puruSArtha ke mAdhyama se badalane kI saMbhAvanA nahIM hai| jisakA jaisA paryAya pariNamana honA hai, vaha vaisA hI hogaa| isa avadhAraNA kA eka acchA pakSa yaha hai ki ise mAna lene para vyakti bhUta aura bhAvI ke sambandha meM vyartha ke saMkalpa-vikalpa se mukta raha kara samabhAva meM raha sakatA hai; dUsare usameM kartRvya kA mithyA ahaMkAra bhI nahIM hotA hai| kintu isakA durbala pakSa yaha hai ki isameM puruSArtha ke lie avakAza nahIM rahatA hai aura vyakti ke pAsa apane bhaviSya ko saMvArane hetu prayatnoM kA avakAza bhI nahIM raha jAtA hai| kramabaddha paryAya kI avadhAraNA niyativAda kI samarthaka hai, ataH isameM naitika uttaradAyitva bhI samApta ho jAtA hai| yadi vyakti apanI svatantra icchA-zakti se kucha bhI anyathA nahIM kara sakatA hai, to use kisI bhI acche-bure karma ke lie uttaradAyI nahIM banAyA jA sktaa| yadyapi isa siddhAnta ke samarthaka jainadarzana ke paMcakAraNasamavAya ke siddhAnta ke AdhAra para puruSArtha kI saMbhAvanA se inakAra nahIM karate haiN| kintu yadi unake anusAra puruSArtha bhI niyata hai aura

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jainadarzana meM dravya, guNa aura paryAya kI avadhAraNA vyakti saMkalpa svAtantrya keAdhAra para anyathA kucha karane meM samartha nahIM haiM, to use puruSArtha kahanA bhI ucita nahIM hai aura yadi puruSArtha niyata hai to phira vaha niyati se bhinna nahIM hai| kramabaddha paryAya kI avadhAraNA meM vyakti niyati kA dAsa banakara raha jAtA hai| cAhe paMcakAraNasamavAya ke AdhAra para kArya meM puruSArtha Adi anya kAraNa ghaTakoM kI sattA mAna bhI lI jAye to bhI ve niyata hI hogeM ataH kramabaddha paryAya kI avadhAraNA niyativAda se bhinna nahIM hogii| niyativAda vyakti ko saMkalpavikalpa se aura kartRtva ke ahaMkAra se dUra rakhakara citta samAdhi to detA hai, kintu usameM naitika uttaradAyitva aura sAdhanAtmaka puruSArtha kelie koI guMjAiza nahIM hai| yadi kramabaddha paryAya kI avadhAraNA vAle pakSa kI ora se yaha kahA jAye ki jo asarvajJa hai, vaha apane bhAvI ko nahIM jAnatA hai ataH use puruSArtha karanA caahie| kintu isa kathana ko eka sujhAva mAtra kahA jAtA hai, isake pIche saiddhAntika bala nahIM hai| yadi sarvajJa ke jJAna meM merI samasta bhAvI paryAya niyata haiM, to phira puruSArtha karane kA kyA artha raha jAtA hai aura jaisA ki pUrva meM kahA gayA hai yadi puruSArtha kI paryAyeM bhI niyata haiM to phira usake lie preraNA kA kyA artha hai ? kramabaddha paryAya kI avadhAraNA ke pakSa meM sarvajJatA kI avadhAraNA ke atirikta eka anya tarka kArya-kAraNa vyavasthA yA karma siddhAnta kI kaThora vyAkhyA ke AdhAra para bhI diyA jAtA hai| yadi kArya-kAraNa vyavasthA yA karma siddhAnta ko apane kaThora artha meM liyA jAtA hai to phira isa vyavasthA ke adhIna bhI sabhI paryAyeM niyata hI siddha hoNgii| yahA~ yaha dhyAna rakhanA cAhie ki sarvajJatA kA jo artha paravartI jaina AcAryoM ne liyA hai, usakA aisA artha prAcIna kAla meM nahIM thaa| usa samaya sarvajJa kA artha dharmajJa thA yA adhika se adhika tAtkAlika sabhI dArzanika mAnyatAoM kA jJAna thaa| bhagavatIsUtra kI yaha avadhAraNA ki "kevalI siya jANaI siya Na jANaI" se bhI sarvajJatA kA yaha artha ki sarvajJa sabhI dravyoM kI traikAlika paryAyoM ko jAnatA hai, khaNDita ho jAtA hai| AcArya kundakunda ne to spaSTa kahA hai ki nizcaya naya se sarvajJa AtmajJa hotA hai, sarvajJa sabhI dravyoM kI sabhI paryAyoM ko jAnatA hai, yaha mAtra vyavahAra kathana hai aura vyavahAra abhUtArtha hai| isa sambandha meM paM. sukhalAlajI, DaoN. nagIna je. zAha aura maiMne vistAra se carcA kI hai, yahA~ usa carcA ko doharAnA Avazyaka nahIM hai| punaH jaina karma siddhAnta meM karmavipAka meM udIraNA, saMkramaNa, apavartana aura udvartana Adi kI jo avadhAraNAe~ haiM, ve karma vyavasthA meM puruSArtha kI saMbhAvanAe~ spaSTa kara detI haiN| punaH yadi mahAvIra ko kramabaddhaparyAya kI avadhAraNA mAnya hotI to phira gozAlaka ke niyativAda ke sthAna para puruSArthavAda kI sthApanA ve kyoM karate ? jahA~ taka merI jAnakArI hai na to bhagavatI, prajJApanA Adi zvetAmbara mAnya AgamoM meM aura na SaTkhaNDAgama, kasAyapAhuDa Adi digambara

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66 jainadarzana meM dravya, guNa aura paryAya kI avadhAraNA AgAmoM meM tathA kundakunda ke granthoM meM kahIM kramabaddha paryAya kI spaSTa avadhAraNA hai| phira bhI kramabaddha paryAya ke sambandha meM DaoN. hukamacaMdra jI bhArilla kA jo grantha hai vaha darzana jagat meM isa viSaya para likhA gayA eka mahattvapUrNa grantha hai| isa sambandha meM matavaibhinnya apanI jagaha hai, kintu paryAyoM kI kramabaddhatA ke samarthana meM sarvajJatA ko AdhAra mAna kara dI gaI unakI yuktiyA~ apanA mahattva rakhatI haiN| vistAra bhaya se isa sambandha meM gahana carcA meM na jAkara apane vaktavya ko yahIM virAma denA cAhU~gA aura vidvAnoM se apekSA karU~gA ki paryAya ke sambandha meM uThAye gaye ina praznoM para jainadarzana ke pariprekSya meM apanA cintana prastuta kreN| kramabaddha paryAya kA yadi hama yaha artha lete haiM ki paryAya krama se ghaTita hotI rahatI haiM arthAt eka paryAya ke pazcAt dUsarI paryAya hotI hai to usase kisI kA virodha nahIM hai, kintu ve kramabaddha paryAya pUrva niyata haiM, aisA mAneM to usakA bhagavAna mahAvIra ke puruSArthavAda, jaina karma siddhAnta yA paravartI AcAryoM ke paMcakAraNa samavAya kesiddhAnta se virodha hotA hai; ataH kramabaddha paryAyoM kI pUrva niyatatA mAnya nahIM ho sakatI hai| jIvadravya aura pudgaladravya kI saMyoga-viyoga janya paryAyeM aura navatattva : ____ dravya, guNa aura paryAya ke sahasambandha kI isa carcA meM nava yA sAta tattvoM ke vivecana ko chor3A nahIM jA sakatA hai, kyoMki SadravyoM meM jIvadravya aura pudgaladravya ke pArasparika saMyogaviyoga rUpa paryAyoM kI isa carcA meM sapta yA nava tattvoM kI carcA karanA Avazyaka hai| sAta yA nau tattvoM meM mukhya dravya do haiM-jIva aura pudgala; zeSa saba ina do dravyoM ke saMyoga-viyoga rUpa paryAyeM haiN| pudgala dravya ke pA~caveM vibhAga keantargata kArmaNavargaNA rUpa sUkSma pudgala dravya ke samUha kA AtmA kI ora Agamana yA AkarSita hone ko hI Azrava kahA jAtA hai aura usakA jIvadravya ke sAtha saMyoga ho jAne ko bandha kahate haiN| isI prakAra pudgala dravya kA AtmA kI ora AkarSaNa (AnA) ruka jAnA saMvara aura jIvadravya tathA pudgala kA pRthak-pRthak ho jAnA nirjarA hai| phira AtmA kI pudgala dravya ke pUrNa viyoga rUpa zuddhAvasthA ko mokSa kahate haiM-jIva aura pudgala (ajIva) ye do hI tattva mUla haiM unameM Azrava, bandha, saMvara, nirjarA aura mokSa-ina pA~ca tattvoM ko milAne para kula sAta tattva hote haiM / punaH zubha keAzrava, bandha aura vipAka ko puNya tattva aura azubha ke Azrava, bandha aura vipAka ko pApa tattva kahate haiM isa prakAra jIva, ajIva, Azrava, puNya-pApa, saMvara, bandha, nirjarA aura mokSa-ye nava tattva hote haiN| inameM jIva aura pudgala (ajIva) ko chor3akara zeSa sabhI unake saMyoga-viyoga rUpa paryAyeM haiM- paryAya kI isa carcA meM sapta yA nava tattvoM kI yaha carcA bhI samAhita ho jAtI hai| na kevala sapta yA nau tattvoM kI yaha avadhAraNA hI

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jainadarzana meM dravya, guNa aura paryAya kI avadhAraNA paryAya kI avadhAraNA para AdhArita hai, apitu jaina karma-siddhAnta aura chaha lezyA kI avadhAraNA bhI paryAya kI avadhAraNA para avalambita hai| isI prakAra guNasthAna, jIvasthAna, mArgaNAsthAna, SaTjIva nikAya, zarIra, indriyA aura mana bhI jIvadravya aura pudgala dravya ke saMyoga-viyoga para hI AdhArita haiN| ataH ina sabhI ke dravya evaM bhAva aise do pakSa hote haiN| vastutaH ye sabhI Atma-dravya kI pudgala ke sAtha saMyoga yA viyoga janya paryAyeM hI haiN| adhika kyA kaheM bandhana aura mukti bhI Atma paryAyeM hI haiM / dravyaguNa aura paryAya kI isa carcA meM ina sabhI pakSoM kI carcA ko vistArabhaya ke kAraNa samAhita kara pAnA sambhava nahIM hai| ataH ise yahIM virAma denA ucita hogaa| ___ Age ina sabhI avadhAraNAoM kA jainadarzana meM kisa krama se vikAsa huA isakI carcA kara isa Alekha ko virAma degeN| jaina tattvamImAMsA kI aitihAsika vikAsayAtrA : dravya, guNa aura paryAya kI avadhAraNA eka tattvamImAMsIya avadhAraNA haiM; ataH yahA~ jaina tattvamImAMsA ke aitihAsika vikAsakrama ko samajha lenA bhI Avazyaka hai| jainadharma mUlataH AcAra pradhAna hai, usameM tattvamImAMsIya avadhAraNAoM kA vikAsa bhI AcAramImAMsA ke pariprekSya meM hI huA hai| usakI tattvamImAMsIya avadhAraNAoM meM mukhyataH paMcAstikAya, Sadravya aura sapta tattvoM kI avadhAraNA pramukha haiM / paramparA kI dRSTi se to ye sabhI avadhAraNAyeM apane mUla rUpa meM sarvajJa praNIta aura sArvakAlika mAnI gaI haiM, kintu sAhityika sAkSyoM kI dRSTi se vidvAnoM ne inakA vikAsa bhI kAlakrama meM mAnA hai| astikAya kI avadhAraNA : vizva ke mUlabhUta ghaTakoM ke rUpa meM paMcAstikAyoM kI avadhAraNA jainadarzana kI apanI maulika vicAraNA hai, paMcAstikAyoM kA ullekha AcArAMga meM to anupalabdha hai, kintu RSibhASita I. pU. AThavIM sadI ke pArzva ke adhyayana meM pArzva kI mAnyatAoM ke rUpa meM paMcAstikAya kA varNana hai| isase phalita hotA hai ki yaha avadhAraNA kama se kama pArzvakAlIna (I.pU. AThavIM zatI) to hai hii| bhagavAna mahAvIra kI paramparA meM bhagavatIsUtra meM sarvaprathama hameM isakA ullekha milatA hai| jainadarzana meM astikAya kA tAtparya vistArayukta-astivAna dravya se hai| jIva, dharma, adharma, AkAza aura pudgala ko astikAya mAnA gayA hai| I. san kI tIsarI zatI se dasavIM zatI ke madhya isa avadhAraNA meM koI vizeSa parivartana nahIM dekhA jAtA hai, mAtra SaDdravyoM kI avadhAraNA ke vikAsa ke sAtha-sAtha kAla ko anAstikAya dravya ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| itanA spaSTa hai ki I. san kI tIsarI-cauthI

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68 jainadarzana meM dravya, guNa aura paryAya kI avadhAraNA zatI taka arthAt tattvArthasUtra kI racanA ke pUrva yaha vivAda prArambha ho gayA thA ki kAla ko svatantra dravya mAnA jAye yA nhiiN| vizeSAvazyakabhASya ke kAla taka arthAt IsA kI sAtavIM zatI taka kAla ko svatantra dravya ke rUpa meM svIkAra karane ke sambandha meM matabheda thaa| kucha jaina dArzanika kAla ko svatantra dravya mAnate the aura kucha use svatantra dravya nahIM mAnate the, kintu bAda meM zvetAmbara evaM digambara donoM paramparAoM meM astikAya aura SadravyoM kI avadhAraNAoM kA samanvaya karate hue kAla ko anAstikAya dravya ke rUpa meM svatantra dravya svIkAra kara liyA gyaa| ___ yaha spaSTa hai ki astikAya kI avadhAraNA jainoM kI maulika avadhAraNA hai| kisI anya darzana meM isakI upasthiti ke saMketa nahIM milte| merI dRSTi meM prAcIna kAla meM astikAya kA tAtparya mAtra astitva rakhane vAlI sattA thA, kintu Age calakara jaba astikAya aura anAstikAya aise do prakAra ke dravya mAne gaye to astikAya kA tAtparya AkAza meM vistAra yukta dravya se mAnA gayA / pAramparika bhASA meM astikAya ko bahupradezI dravya bhI kahA gayA hai, jisakA tAtparya yaha hai ki jo dravya AkAza kSetra meM vistarita hai, vahI 'astikAya' hai| paMcAstikAya : jainadarzana meM vartamAna kAla meM jo SaDdravya kI avadhAraNA hai, usakA vikAsa isI paMcAstikAya kI avadhAraNA se hI huA hai| paMcAstikAya meM kAla ko jor3akara lagabhaga prathama-dvitIya zatI meM SaDdravyoM kI avadhAraNA nirmita huI hai| jahAM taka paMcAstikAya kI avadhAraNA kA prazna hai, vaha nizcita hI prAcIna hai, kyoMki usakA prAcInatama ullekha hameM 'isibhAsiyAI' ke pArzva nAmaka adhyayana meM milatA hai| RSibhASita kI prAcInatA nirvivAda hai| paM. dalasukhabhAI kA yaha kathana hai ki paMcAstikAya kI avadhAraNA paravartI kAla meM banI haiM- itanA hI satya hai ki bhagavAna mahAvIra kI paramparA meM AcArAMga aura sUtrakRtAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha ke racanAkAla taka isa avadhAraNA kA ullekha nahIM hai, kyoMki mUla meM yaha avadhAraNA pArkhApatyoM kI thii| jaba pArzva ke anuyAyiyoM ko bhagavAna mahAvIra ke saMgha meM samAhita kara liyA gayA, to usake sAtha hI pArzva kI aneka mAnyatAe~ bhI bhagavAna mahAvIra kI paramparA meM svIkRta kI gyiiN| isI krama meM yaha avadhAraNA mahAvIra kI paramparA meM spaSTa rUpa se mAnya huii| bhagavatIsUtra meM sarvaprathama yaha kahA gayA ki loka-dharma, adharma, AkAza, jIva aura pudgala rUpa hai| RSibhAsita meM to mAtra pA~ca astikAya haiM- itanA hI nirdeza hai, unake nAmoM kA bhI ullekha nahIM hai| cAhe RSibhASita ke kAla meM paMcAstikAya ke nAma nirdhArita ho bhI cuke hoM, kintu phira bhI unake svarUpa ke viSaya meM vahAM koI bhI sUcanA nahIM milatI hai| yaha bhI spaSTa hai ki dharmaadharma Adi paMca astikAyoM kA jo artha Aja hai, vaha kAlakrama meM vikasita huA hai| bhagavatIsUtra

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jainadarzana meM dravya, guNa aura paryAya kI avadhAraNA meM hI hameM aise do sandarbha milate haiM jinameM yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki prAcInakAla meM dharma-astikAya aura adharma-astikAya kA artha gati aura sthiti meM sahAyaka dravya nahIM thaa| bhagavatIsUtra ke hI bIsaveM zataka meM dharmAstikAya ke jo paryAyavAcI diye gaye haiM, unameM aTThAraha pApasthAnoM se virati, pA~ca samiti aura tIna guptiyoM ke pAlana ko hI dharmAstikAya kahA gayA hai| isI prakAra prAcInakAla meM aThAraha pApasthAnoM ke sevana ko tathA pA~ca samitiyoM aura tIna guptiyoM kA paripAlana nahIM karane ko hI adharmAstikAya kahA jAtA thaa| isa kAla taka dharma aura adharma ko astikAya mAnane kA artha dharma aura adharma kI sattA ko svIkAra karanA thaa| isI krama meM bhagavatIsUtra ke solahaveM zataka meM bhI yaha prazna uThAyA gayA ki lokAnta meM khar3A hokara koI deva Aloka meM apanA hAtha hilA sakatA hai yA nahIM ? isakA na kevala nakArAtmaka uttara diyA gayA, apitu yaha bhI kahA gayA ki gati kI saMbhAvanA jIva aura pudgala meM hai aura Aloka meM jIva aura pudgala kA abhAva hone se aisA sambhava nahIM hai| yadi usa samaya dharmAstikAya ko gati kA mAdhyama mAnA gayA hotA to pudgala kA abhAva hone para vaha vahA~ aisA nahIM kara sakatA, isa prakAra ke uttara ke sthAna para dharmAstikAya ke abhAva ke kAraNa vaha aisA nahIM kara sakatA, yaha kahA jAtA, kyoMki tattvArthasUtra meM mukta AtmA ke Aloka meM gati na hone kA kAraNa Aloka meM dharmAstikAya kA abhAva hI batAyA gayA hai| ataH yaha spaSTa hai ki dharmAstikAya gati meM sahAyaka dravya hai aura adharmAstikAya sthiti meM sahAyaka dravya hai-yaha avadhAraNA eka paravartI ghaTanA hai, phira bhI itanA nizcita hai ki tattvArthasUtra ke racanAkAla taka arthAt tRtIya zatAbdI ke uttarArdha aura caturtha zatAbdI ke pUrvArdhameM yaha avadhAraNA astitva meM A gaI thii| bhagavatI Adi meM jo pUrva sandarbha nirdiSTa kie gae haiM unase yaha spaSTa hai ki prAcIna kAla arthAt I. pU. tIsarI-cauthI zatI meM dharmAstikAya aura adharmAstikAya kA artha dharma aura adharma kI avadhAraNAe~ hI thiiN| navatattva kI avadhAraNA : paMcAstikAya aura SaTjIvanikAya kI avadhAraNA ke samAna hI navatattvoM kI avadhAraNA bhI jaina paramparA kI apanI maulika evaM prAcInatama avadhAraNA hai| isa avadhAraNA ke mUla bIja AcArAMga jaise prAcInatama Agama meM bhI milate haiN| usameM sukRta-duSkRta, kalyANa-pApa, sAdhuasAdhu, siddhi (mokSa), asiddhi (bandhana) Adi ke astitva ko mAnane vAlI vicAradhArAoM ke ullekha haiN| ina ullekhoM meM Asrava-saMvara, puNya-pApa tathA bandhana-mukti kenirdeza chipe hue haiM, vaise AcArAMga sUtra meM jIva-ajIva, puNya-pApa, Astrava-saMvara, bandha, nirjarA aura mokSa- aise nava tattvoM ke ullekha prakIrNa rUpa meM milate haiM, kintu eka sAtha ye nau tattva haiM- aisA ullekha usameM nahIM hai|

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70 jainadarzana meM dravya, guNa aura paryAya kI avadhAraNA sUtrakRtAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha meM asti aura nAsti kI koTiyoM kI carcA huI hai| usameM jinheM asti kahanA cAhie, unakA nirdeza bhI hai| usake anusAra jina tattvoM ko asti kahanA cAhie, ve nimna haiM-loka, aloka, jIva, ajIva, dharma, adharma, bandha, mokSa, puNya, pApa, Asrava, saMvara, vedanA, nirjarA, kriyA, akriyA, krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha, prema, dveSa, caturaMta saMsAra, deva, devI, siddhi, asiddhi, siddhanijasthAna, sAdhu, asAdhu, kalyANa aura paap| isa vistRta sUcI kA saMkoca sUtrakRtAMga ke dvitIya zrutaskandha ke dvitIya adhyayana meM huA hai| jahA~ jIva-ajIva, puNya-pApa, Asrava-saMvara, vedanA-nirjarA, kriyA-adhikaraNa, bandha aura mokSa kA ullekha hai| paM. dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA kA mAnanA hai ki isameM se vedanA, kriyA aura adhikaraNa ko nikAlakara Age nau tattvoM kI avadhAraNA banI hogI jisakA nirdeza hameM samavAyAMga (9) aura uttarAdhyayana (28/14) meM milatA hai| unhIM nau tattvoM meM se Age calakara IsA kI tIsarIcauthI zatAbdI meM umAsvAti ne puNya aura pApa ko Asrava ke antargata vargIkRta karake sAta tattvoM kI avadhAraNA prastuta kii| ina sAta athavA nau tattvoM kI carcA hameM paravartI sabhI zvetAmbara aura digambara AcAryoM ke granthoM meM milatI hai| isase yaha spaSTa hai ki jainoM meM sAta tattvoM kI avadhAraNA bhI paMcaastikAya kI avadhAraNA ke pazcAt hI eka kAla-krama meM lagabhaga IsA kI tIsarI-caturthI zatI meM astitva meM AyI hai| sAtavIM se dasavIM zatAbdI ke kAla meM ina avadhAraNAoM ke sandarbha meM, jo parivartana huA, vaha yaha ki unheM samyak prakAra se vyAkhyAyita kiyA gayA aura unake bheda-prabheda kI vistRta carcA kI gayI hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jainadarzana meM paMcAstikAya, SaDdravya, sAta yA nau tattva aura SaDjIva nikAya kI avadhAraNA kA jo vikAsa huA hai usake mUla meM bhI jIva aura pudgala dravya hI mukhya haiM, kyoMki ye jIva ke karma pudgaloM ke sAtha sambandha ko sUcita karate haiN| karma pudgaloM kA jIva kI ora AnA Asrava hai, jo puNya yA pApa rUpa hotA hai| jIva ke sAtha karma pudgaloM kA saMzliSTa honA bandha hai| karma pudgaloM kA Agamana rukanA saMvara hai aura unakA AtmA yA jIva se alaga honA nirjarA hai| anta meM karma pudgaloM kA AtmA se pUrNataH vilaga ho jAnA mokSa hai| itanA nizcita hai ki jaina AcAryoM ne paMcAstikAya kI avadhAraNA kA anya darzana-paramparAoM meM vikasita dravya kI avadhAraNA se samanvaya karake SaDdravyoM kI avadhAraNA kA vikAsa kiyaa| agrima paMktiyoM meM hama yaha dekhane kA prayatna kareMge ki SaDdravyoM kI avadhAraNA kA aura vizeSa rUpa se dravya kI paribhASA ko lekara jainadarzana meM kaise vikAsa huA hai? dravya kI avadhAraNA:

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jainadarzana meM dravya, guNa aura paryAya kI avadhAraNA vizva ke mUlabhUta ghaTaka ko hI sat yA dravya kahA jAtA hai| prAcIna bhAratIya paramparA meM jise sat kahA jAtA thA, vahI Age calakara dravya ke rUpa meM mAnA gyaa| jinhoMne vizva ke mUla ghaTaka ko eka, advaya aura aparivartanazIla mAnA, unhoMne sat zabda kA hI adhika prayoga kiyaa| bhAratIya cintana meM vedAnta meM sat zabda kA prayoga huA, jaba ki usakI svatantra dhArAoM yathA-nyAya, vaizeSika Adi meM dravya aura padArtha zabda adhika pracalana meM rahe, kyoMki dravya zabda svataH hI parivartanazIlatA kA sUcaka hai| jahA~ taka jainadarzana kA prazna hai AcArAMga meM daviya (dravita) zabda kA prayoga to upalabdha hotA hai kintu apane isa pAribhASika artha meM nahIM hai, apitu dravita ke artha meM hai| dravya zabda kA prayoga prAcIna stara ke AgamoM meM sarvaprathama uttarAdhyayana meM milatA hai| uttarAdhyayana ke 28 veM adhyayana meM dravya kA vivecana hai, kintu isakA yaha aura anya kucha adhyayana apekSAkRta paravartI mAne jAte haiN| isameM na kevala dravya zabda kA prayoga huA hai, apitu dravya, guNa aura paryAya ke pArasparika sambandha ko bhI spaSTa karane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai| usameM dravya ko guNoM kA Azrayasthala mAnA gayA hai| merI dRSTi meM uttarAdhyayana kI dravya kI vaha paribhASA nyAya-vaizeSika darzana se prabhAvita lagatI hai| pUjyapAda devanandI ne pA~cavIM zatAbdI meM apanI tattvArthasUtra kI sarvArthasiddhi nAmaka TIkA meM guNoM ke samudAya ko hI dravya kahA haiM / isameM dravya aura guNa kI abhinnatA para adhika bala diyA gayA hai| kintu pUjyapAda kI sarvArthasiddhi meM uddhRta yaha cintana bauddhoM ke paMca skandhavAda se prabhAvita hai| ___ yadyapi yaha avadhAraNA pUjyapAda kI sarvArthasiddhi meM hI sarvaprathama milatI hai, kintu unhoMne "guNanAM samUho davvo" isa vAkyAMza ko uddhRta kiyA hai| ataH yaha avadhAraNA pAcavIM zatI se pUrva kI hai| dravya kI paribhASA ke sambandha meM 'dravya guNoM kA AzrayasthAna' hai aura 'dravya guNoM kA samUha hai'- ye donoM hI avadhAraNAe~ merI dRSTi meM tIsarI zatI se pUrva kI haiN| isa sambandha meM jainoM kI anekAntika dRSTi se kI gayI sarvaprathama paribhASA hameM IsA kI caturtha zatI ke prArambha meM tattvArthasUtra meM milatI hai| jahA~ dravya ko guNa aura paryAyayukta kahA gayA hai| isa prakAra dravya kI paribhASA ke sandarbha meM anekAntika dRSTi kA prayoga sarvaprathama tattvArthasUtra meM milatA hai| Sadravya : yaha to spaSTa kara cuke haiM ki SadravyoM kI avadhAraNA kA vikAsa paMcAstikAya kI avadhAraNA se hI huA hai| lagabhaga prathama-dvitIya zatAbdI meM hI paMcAstikAyoM ke sAtha kAla ko bhI svatantra dravya mAnakara SadravyoM kI avadhAraNA nirmita huii| yadyapi kAla svatantra dravya hai yA nahIM? isa prazna para lagabhaga IsA kI tIsarI zatAbdI se lekara sAtavIM zatAbdI taka yaha vivAda calatA rahA hai jisake saMketa hameM tattvArthasUtra ke bhASya mAnya pATha se lekara vizeSAvazyakabhASya taka keaneka

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72 jainadarzana meM dravya, guNa aura paryAya kI avadhAraNA granthoM meM milate haiN| kintu aisA lagatA hai ki sAtavIM zatAbdI ke pazcAt yaha vivAda samApta ho gayA aura zvetAmbara aura digambara donoM paramparAoM meM SadravyoM kI mAnyatA pUrNataH sthira ho gii| usake pazcAt usameM kahIM koI parivartana nahIM huaa| ye Sadravya nimna haiM-dharma, adharma, AkAza, jIva, pudgala aura kAla / Age calakara ina SadravyoM kA vargIkaraNa astikAya-anAstikAya, cetana-acetana athavA mUrta-amUrta ke rUpa meM kiyA jAne lgaa| astikAya aura anAstikAya dravyoM kI apekSA se dharma-adharma, AkAza, jIva aura pudgala-ina pA~ca ko astikAya aura kAla ko anAstikAya dravya mAnA gyaa| cetana-acetana dravyoM kI apekSA se dharma, adharma, AkAza, pudgala aura kAla ko acetana dravya aura jIva ko cetana dravya mAnA gayA hai| mUrta aura amUrta dravyoM kI apekSA se jIva, dharma, adharma, AkAza aura kAla ko amUrta dravya aura pudgala ko mUrta dravya mAnA gayA hai| jaisA ki hama pUrva meM kaha cuke haiM ki vidvAnoM ne bhI yaha mAnA hai ki jainadarzana meM dravya kI avadhAraNA kA vikAsa nyAya-vaizeSika darzana se prabhAvita hai| jainAcAryoM ne vaizeSika darzana kI dravya kI avadhAraNA ko apanI paMcAstikAya kI avadhAraNA se samanvita kiyA hai| ataH jahA~ vaizeSika darzana meM nau dravya mAne gaye the vahA~ jainoM ne paMcAstikAya ke sAtha kAla ko jor3akara mAtra cha: dravya hI svIkAra kie| inameM bhI jIva (AtmA), AkAza aura kAla-ye tIna dravya donoM hI paramparAoM meM svIkRta rhe| paMcamahAbhUtoM, jinheM vaizeSika darzana meM dravya mAnA gayA hai, meM AkAza ko chor3akara zeSa pRthvI, ap (jala), teja (agni) aura maruta (vAyu) ina cAra dravyoM ko jainoM ne svIkAra nahIM kiyA, inake sthAna para unhoMne pA~ca astikAyoM meM se dharma, adharma aura pudgala aise anya tIna dravya nizcita kie| yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki jahA~ anya paramparAoM meM pRthvI, ap, vAyu aura agni ina cAroM ko jar3a mAnA gayA thA, vahA~ jainoM ne inheM cetana maanaa| isa prakAra spaSTa hai ki jainadarzana kI SaDdravya kI avadhAraNA apane Apa meM maulika hI hai| anya darzana paramparA se usakA AMzika sAmya hI dekhA jAtA hai / isakA mUla kAraNa yaha hai ki unhoMne isa avadhAraNA kA vikAsa apanI maulika paMcAstikAya kI avadhAraNA se kiyA hai| isameM se jIvadravya ke bhedoM kI carcA meM SaTjIva nikAya kA vikAsa huA hai| pRthvI, ap, agni aura vAyu ko cetana tattva mAnanA, yaha bhI jainoM kI vizeSatA hai| jIvadravya kA pudgala se kisa prakAra kA sambandha hai ise bhI jainAcAryoM ne spaSTa kiyaa| isI AdhAra para hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki paMcAstikAya se Sadravya aura SadravyoM meM jIva aura ajIva ke sambandha ke AdhAra para nau tattvoM kI kalpanA sthira huI hai| paMcAstikAya, Sadravya aura sAta yA nava tattvoM meM jIvAstikAya, jIvadravya yA jIvatattva samAhita hI thA; ataH usake prakAroM kI carcA meM SaTjIva nikAya kI avadhAraNA bnii|

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73 jainadarzana meM dravya, guNa aura paryAya kI avadhAraNA SaTjIvanikAya kI avadhAraNA : paMcAstikAya ke sAtha-sAtha SaTjIvanikAya kI carcA bhI prAcIna granthoM meM upalabdha hai| jJAtavya hai ki paMcAstikAya meM jIvAstikAya ke vibhAga ke rUpa meM SaTjIvanikAya kI yaha avadhAraNA vikasita huI hai| SaTjIvanikAya nimna haiM-pRthvIkAya, apakAya, vAyukAya, tejakAya, vanaspatikAya aura trskaay| pRthvI Adi kelie 'kAya' zabda kA prayoga prAcIna hai| dIghanikAya meM ajitakezakambalina ke mata ko prastuta karate hue-pRthvIkAya, apakAya, tejaskAya aura vAyukAya kA ullekha huA hai| usI grantha meM pakudhakaccAyana ke mata ke sandarbha meM pRthvI, apa, tejasa, vAyu, sukha, duHkha aura jIva-ina sAta kAyoM kI carcA hai| isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki pRthvI, apa Adi kelie kAya saMjJA anya zramaNa paramparAoM meM pracalita thI / kAya zabda eka ora zarIra kA vAcaka hai to dUsarI ora samUha yA skandha kA bhI vAcaka hai| yadyapi kAya kauna-kauna se aura kitane haiM isa prazna ko lekara unameM paraspara matabheda the| ajitakezakambalina pRthvI, apa, tejas aura vAyu ina cAra mahAbhUtoM ko kAya kahatA thA, to pakudhakaccAyana ina cAra ke sAtha sukha, duHkha aura jIva ina tIna ko sammilita kara sAta kAya mAnate the| jainoM kI sthiti inase bhinna thI-ve jIva, dharma, adharma, AkAza aura pudgala-ina pA~ca ko kAya mAnate the, kintu itanA nizcita hai ki unameM paMca astikAya aura SaTjIvanikAya kI avadhAraNA lagabhaga I. pU. chaTI-pA~cavI zatI meM astitva meM thii| kyoMki AcArAMga evaM sUtrakRtAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha meM ina SaTjIvanikAyoM kA aura RSibhAsita ke pArzva adhyayana meM paMca astikAyoM kA spaSTa ullekha hai| ina sabhI granthoM ko sabhI vidvAnoM ne I. pU. pA~cavIM-cauthI zatI kA aura pAlI tripiTaka ke prAcIna aMzoM kA samakAlIna mAnA hai| ho sakatA hai ki ye avadhAraNAyeM kramazaH pArzva aura mahAvIrakAlIna hoM / jJAtavya hai ki paMcAstikAya kI avadhAraNA mUlataH pArzva kI paramparA kI rahI hai- jise loka kI vyAkhyA ke sandarbha meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ne pArzva kI avadhAraNAoM ko svIkAra kiyA thA, jisakA ullekha bhagavatIsUtra meM hai, ataH isI krama meM unhoMne pArzva kI paMcAstikAya kI avadhAraNA ko bhI mAnyatA dI hogii| ataH maiM paM. dalasukhabhAI mAlavANiyA~ ke isa kathana se sahamata nahIM hU~ ki paMcAstikAya kI paramparA kA vikAsa bAda meM huaa| hA~, itanA avazya satya hai ki bhagavAna mahAvIra kI paramparA meM pArzva kI paramparA sammilita ho jAne para jo dArzanika avadhAraNAyeM bhagavAna mahAvIra kI paramparA meM mAnya huIM unameM paMcAstikAya kI avadhAraNA bhI thii| ataH cAhe paMcAstikAya kI avadhAraNA mahAvIra kI paramparA meM AcArAMga aura sUtrakRtAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha kI racanA ke bAda sarvaprathama bhagavatI meM mAnya huI ho, kintu vaha hai pArzvakAlIna /

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74 jainadarzana meM dravya, guNa aura paryAya kI avadhAraNA yahA~ hamArI vivecya SaTjIvanikAya kI avadhAraNA hai, jo nizcita hI mahAvIrakAlIna to hai hI aura usake bhI pUrva kI ho sakatI hai, kyoMki isakI carcA AcArAMga ke prathama adhyayana meM hai| itanA bhI nizcita satya hai ki na kevala vanaspati aura anya jIva-jantu sajIva haiM apitu pRthvI, ap, teja aura vAyu bhI sajIva haiN| yaha avadhAraNA spaSTa rUpa se jainoM kI rahI hai sAMkhya, nyAya-vaizeSika Adi prAcIna darzana-dhArAoM meM inheM paMcamahAbhUtoM ke rUpa meM jar3a hI mAnA gayA thA- jaba ki jainoM meM inheM cetana, sajIva mAnane kI paramparA rahI hai| paMcamahAbhUtoM meM mAtra AkAza hI aisA hai, jise jaina paramparA bhI anya darzana paramparAoM ke samAna ajIva (jar3a) mAnatI hai| yahI kAraNa thA ki AkAza kI gaNanA paMcAstikAya meM to kI gaI kintu SaTjIvanikAya meM nhiiN| jaba ki pRthvI, apa, teja aura vAyu ko SaTjIvanikAya ke antargata mAnA gyaa| yahA~ yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki jaina paramparA meM pRthvI, jala Adi ke Azrita jIva rahate haiM, itanA hI na mAnakara yaha bhI mAnA gayA hai ki ye svayaM jIva haiM, yadyapi inakI jIvarUpatA isa artha meM hai ki ye jaba kisI bhI jIvita zarIra kA aMga hote haiM, sajIva hote haiM, jaise hamArI haDDiyoM meM rahA huA cUnA, khUna meM rahA huA lohatattva yA zarIra meM rahA huA agni, vAyu, yA jala tattva / ataH jainadharma kI sAdhanA meM aura vizeSa rUpa se jaina muni AcAra meM inakI hiMsA se bacane ke nirdeza diye gaye haiN| jaina AcAra meM ahiMsA ke paripAlana meM jo sUkSmatA aura ativAditA AyI hai, usakA mUla kAraNa yaha SaTjIvanikAya kI avadhAraNA hai| yaha svAbhAvika thA ki jaba pRthvI, pAnI, vAyu Adi ko sajIva mAna liyA gayA to ahiMsA ke paripAlana ke liye inakI hiMsA se bacanA Avazyaka ho gyaa| yaha spaSTa hai ki SaTjIvanikAya kI avadhAraNA jainadarzana kI prAcInatama avadhAraNA hai| prAcIna kAla se lekara yaha Aja taka yathAvat rUpa se mAnya hai| tIsarI zatAbdI se IsA kI dasavIM zatAbdI ke madhya isa avadhAraNA meM vargIkaraNa sambandhI kucha mahattvapUrNa muddoM ko chor3akara anya koI maulika parivartana huA ho, yaha mAnanA kaThina hai| itanA spaSTa hai ki AcArAMga ke bAda sUtrakRtAMga ke dvitIya zrutaskandha kI jIva sambandhI avadhAraNA meM kucha vikAsa avazya huA hai| paM. dalasukhabhAI mAlavANiyA ke anusAra jIvoM kI utpatti kisa-kisa yoni meM hotI hai, jaba ve eka zarIra ko chor3akara dUsarA zarIra grahaNa karate hai, to apane janma sthAna meM kisa prakAra AhAra grahaNa karate haiM, isakA vivaraNa sUtrakRtAMga ke AhAra-parijJA nAmaka dvitIya zrutaskandha ke adhyayana meM hai| yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki usameM jIvoM ke eka prakAra ko 'anusyUta' kahA jAtA hai| sambhavataH isI se Age jainoM meM anantakAya ora pratyeka vanaspati kI avadhAraNAoM kA vikAsa huA ho / do, tIna aura cAra indriyoM vAle jIvoM meM kisa varga meM kauna se jIva haiM, yaha bhI paravartIkAla meM hI nizcita huaa| phira bhI bhagavatI, jIvAjIvAbhigama, prajJApanA ke kAla taka arthAt I. kI tIsarI zatAbdI taka yaha avadhAraNA

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75 jainadarzana meM dravya, guNa aura paryAya kI avadhAraNA vikasita ho cukI thI, kyoMki prajJApanA ke kAla meM indriya, AhAra aura paryApti Adi ke sandarbha meM vistRta vicAra hone lagA thaa| __IsavI san kI tIsarI zatAbdI ke bAda SaTjIvanikAya meM trasa aura sthAvara ke vargIkaraNa ko lekara eka mahattvapUrNa parivartana aayaa| AcArAMga se lekara tattvArthasUtra ke kAla taka pRthvI, apa aura vanaspati ko sthAvara mAnA gayA thA, jaba ki agni, vAyu aura dvIndriya Adi jIvoM ko trasa kahA jAtA thaa| uttarAdhyayana kA antima adhyAya, jIvAbhigamasUtra, kundakunda kA paMcAstikAya aura umAsvAti kA tattvArthasUtra spaSTa rUpa se pRthvI, apa aura vanaspati ko sthAvara aura agni, vAyu aura dvIndriya Adi ko trasa mAnate haiN| dvIndriya Adi ko trasa mAnane kI paramparA to thI hI, ataH Age calakara sabhI ekendriya jIvoM ko sthAvara mAnane kI paramparA kA vikAsa huaa| yadyapi kaThinAI yaha thI ki agni aura vAyu meM spaSTataH gatizIlatA dekhe jAne para unheM sthAvara kaise mAnA jAye? prAcIna AgamoM meM jahA~ pA~ca ekendraya jIvoM ke sAtha-sAtha trasa kA ullekha hai vahA~ use trasa aura sthAvara kA vargIkaraNa nahIM mAnanA cAhiye, anyathA eka hI Agama meM antarvirodha mAnanA par3egA, jo samucita nahIM hai| isa samasyA kA mUla kAraNa yaha thA ki dvIndriya Adi jIvoM ko basa nAma se abhihita kiyA jAtA thA- ataH kAlAntara meM yaha mAnA gayA ki dvIndriya se bhinna sabhI ekendriya sthAvara haiN| isa carcA ke AdhAra para itanA to mAnanA hogA ki lagabhaga chaThI zatAbdI ke pazcAt hI trasa aura sthAvara ke vargIkaraNa kI dhAraNA meM parivartana huA hai tathA Age calakara zvetAmbara aura digambara donoM paramparAoM meM paMca sthAvara kI avadhAraNA dRDhIbhUta ho gyii| yahA~ yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki jaba vAyu aura agni ko trasa mAnA jAtA thA, taba dvIndriyAdi trasoM ke lie udAra (urAla) trasa zabda kA prayoga hotA thA tathA vAyu aura agni ko gatizIlatA kI apekSA se trasa mAnA jAtA thaa| vAyu kI gatizIlatA spaSTa thii| ataH sarvaprathama use trasa kahA gyaa| bAda meM sUkSma avalokana se jJAta huA ki agni bhI IMdhana ke sahAre dhIre-dhIre gati karatI huI phailatI jAtI hai| ataH use bhI trasa kahA gyaa| jala kI gati kevala bhUmi ke DhalAna ke kAraNa hotI hai, svataH nhiiN| ataH use pRthvI evaM vanaspati ke samAna sthAvara hI mAnA gyaa| kintu vAyu aura agni meM svataH gati hone se unheM trasa mAnA gyaa| punaH jaba Age calakara dvIndriya Adi ko hI trasa aura sabhI ekendriya jIvoM ko sthAvara mAna liyA gayA to- pUrva Agamika vacanoM se saMgati biThAne kA prazna aayaa| ataH zvetAmbara paramparA meM yaha mAnA gayA ki labdhi kI apekSA se to vAyu evaM agni sthAvara haiM, kintu gati kI apekSA se unheM trasa kahA gayA hai| digambara paramparA meM dhavalA TIkA (10 vIM zatI) meM isakA samAdhAna yaha kaha kara diyA gayA ki vAyu evaM agni ko sthAvara kahe jAne kA AdhAra unakI gatizIlatA na hokara sthAvara nAmakarma kA udaya hai| digambara paramparA meM hI kundakunda

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jainadarzana meM dravya, guNa aura paryAya kI avadhAraNA ke paMcAstikAya ke TIkAkAra jayasenAcArya ne yaha samanvaya nizcaya aura vyavahAra ke AdhAra para kiyaa| ve likhate haiM- pRthvI, apa aura vanaspati ye tIna sthAvara nAmakarma ke udaya se sthAvara kahe jAte haiM, kintu vAyu aura agni paMca sthAvara meM vargIkRta kiye jAte hue bhI calana kriyA dikhAI dene se vyavahAra se trasa kahe jAte haiN| vastutaH yaha saba prAcIna aura paravartI granthoM meM jo mAnyatA bheda A gayA thA usase saMgati baiThAne kA eka prayatna thaa| jahA~ taka jIvoM ke vividha vargIkaraNoM kA prazna hai, nizcaya hai ki ye saba vargIkaraNa I. san kI dUsarI-tIsarI zatI se lekara dasavIM zatI taka kI kAlAvadhi meM sthira hue haiN| isa kAla meM jIvasthAna, mArgaNAsthAna, guNasthAna Adi avadhAraNAoM kA vikAsa huA hai| bhagavatI jaise prAcIna AgamoM meM jahA~ ina viSayoM kI carcA hai vahA~ prajJApanA Adi aMgabAhya granthoM kA nirdeza huA hai| isase spaSTa hai ki ye vicAraNAe~ IsA kI prathama-dvitIya zatI ke bAda hI vikasita huiiN| aisA lagatA hai ki prathama aMgabAhya AgamoM meM unakA saMkalana kiyA gayA hai aura phira mAthurI evaM vallabhI vAcanAoM ke samaya unheM aMga AgamoM meM samAviSTa kara inakI vistRta vivecanA ko dekhane ke lie tad-tad granthoM kA nirdeza kara diyA gyaa| isa prakAra jaina sAhityika sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki jaina tattvamImAMsA kA vikAsa kAlakrama meM huA hai| yadyapi paramparAgata mAnyatA jainadarzana ko sarvajJa praNIta mAnane ke kAraNa isa aitihAsika vikAsakrama ko asvIkAra karatI hai| isa prakAra isa Alekha meM jo vividha samasyAe~ uThAI gaI haiM, vidvAnoM se apekSA haiM ki ve ise Age gati deNge|

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lAlabhAI dalapatabhAI bhAratIya saMskRti vidyAmandira meM Ayojita viziSTa vyAkhyAnoM ke prakAzanoM kI sUcI (1) The Central Philosophy of Jainism (Anekanta-Vada) Prof. Bimal Krishna Matilal, L. D. Series - 79, (1981) 30.00 (2) Facets of Jaina Religiousness in Comparative Light Prof. L. M. Joshi, L. D. Series - 85, (1981) 35.00 (3) Haribhadra's Yoga Works and Phychosynthesis Dr. S. M. Desai, L. D. Series - 94, (1983) 30.00 (4) Abhidha (Eng.) Prof. Tapasvi Nandi, L. D. Series - 131, (2002) 120.00 (5) pANinIya vyAkaraNa - tantra, artha aura sambhASaNa sandarbha pro. vasaMtakumAra bhaTTa, lA. da. graMthamAlA - 135, (2003) 65.00 (6) jaina darzana meM dravya, guNa aura paryAya kI avadhAraNA pro. sAgaramala jaina, munizrI puNyavijayajI smRti vyAkhyAnamAlA 2009, lA. da. graMthamAlA - 151 (2011) 150.00 lA. da. bhAratIya saMskRti vidyAmandira dvArA Ayojita vyAkhyAna zreNI (1) zreSThIzrI kasturabhAI lAlabhAI vyAkhyAnamAlA (2) munizrI puNyavijayajI smRti vyAkhyAnamAlA (3) lAlabhAI dalapatabhAI vyAkhyAnamAlA (4) pro. vI. ema. zAha smRti vyAkhyAnamAlA