Jain Darshan Chintan Anuchintan

Author(s): Ramjee Singh
Publisher: Jain Vishva Bharati
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/003097/1

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jaina darzana : cintana-anucintana DaoN. rAmajI siMha

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liinHni : jhinn-nin DaoN0 rAmajI siMha

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prathama saMskaraNa : akTUbara, 1993 mUlya : sATha rupaye/prakAzaka : jaina vizva bhAratI, lADanUM, nAgaura (rAjasthAna)/ mudraka : jaina vizva bhAratI presa, lADanUM-341306 / JAINDARSHAN : CHINTAN-ANUCHINTAN Dr. Ramjee Singh Rs.60.00

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ArzIvacana "jaina-darzana : cintana-anucintana" nAma pustaka ke pratipAdya viSaya kI svayaM sUcanA de rahA hai / jaina darzana bhAratIya sImA meM vikasita huA isalie kahA jA sakatA hai---yaha bhAratIya darzana hai| isameM prANI jagat aura paudgalika jagat kA sambhavataH sarvAdhika cintana huA hai| isa dRSTi se ise vizva-darzana kahA jA sakatA hai| anekAMta meM vizva-darzana kI samasta samasyAoM para vicAra kiyA gayA hai| usakA pratinidhi vAkya hai : jAvaiyA vayaNapahA tAvaiyA ceva hu~ti nayavAyA (sanmati tarka) kisI bhI deza aura kisI bhI kAla meM kisI bhI vyakti ke dvArA kiyA gayA vicAra satyAMza hai, isa svIkRti ne anekAMta ko vizva-darzana ke siMhAsana para AsIna kiyA hai| mere sampradAya meM Ao, tumhArI siddhi hogI, isa avadhAraNA ko hAsyAspada batAkara bhagavAn mahAvIra ne satya ko sampradAya se bahuta UMcA sthAna diyA hai| svayaM satya kI khoja karo aura sabake sAtha maitrI karo----isa sUtra vAkya ne darzana ko vaijJAnika dRSTikoNa diyA hai| DaoN. rAmajIsiMha adhyayanazIla aura ciMtanazIla vyakti haiM / unhoMne darzana aura vijJAna kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana bhI kiyA hai| prastuta pustaka unake cintana aura vaijJAnika adhyayana kA svayaM sAkSya hai| dvaita aura advaita kI samasyA para unhoMne vistAra se likhA hai / ekAMta dRSTi se dvaita aura advaitadonoM kI pratiSThA karanA abhrAMta nahIM ho sktaa| anekAMta dRSTi se vicAra karane para yaha pramANita hotA hai ki sarvathA dvaita aura sarvathA advaita ke lie koI avakAza nahIM hai| acetana cetana se sarvathA bhinna nahIM hai aura cetana acetana se sarvathA bhinna nahIM hai| unameM sAmAnya guNa adhika haiM, vizeSa guNa svalpa haiM / sAmAnya guNa unake advaita ko pratiSThita karate haiM aura vizeSa guNa unake dvaita kI pratiSThA karate haiM / prastuta pustaka meM pratipAdya viSayoM kA anekAMta dRSTi se mUlyAMkana karanA nitAMta apekSita hai| DaoN0 rAmajIsiMha ne jaina vidvAnoM kI kamI aura jaina vidvAnoM ko taiyAra karane kI vedanA aura yojanA kA jo prakalpa prastuta kiyA hai, usa para dArzanika jagat ko aura vizeSataH jaina samAja ko gambhIra ciMtana karanA cAhie / unakA cintana hai-'yaha zubha lakSaNa hai ki sadiyoM ke bAda jaina

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cAra vidyA aura ahiMsA kI saMskRti kI Ara AkarSaNa bar3ha rahA ha lAkana sAthasAtha yaha durbhAgya hai ki jaina-vidyA ke vidvAnoM kI Aja bar3I kamI hai / ataH sAmAnya rUpa se bhAratIya samAja kA aura vizeSa rUpa se jaina samAja kA yaha dAyitva hai ki jaina - vidyA, prAkRta, anekAMta aura ahiMsA Adi ke vidvAnoM ko taiyAra kie jAye / do varSoM meM 4-5 vidvAn bhI taiyAra kiye jA sakeM to sArthakatA siddha hogI / jaina kendroM meM jaina vizva bhAratI apane vidvAnoM ko bhejakara eka sAMkRtika krAMti kA zrIgaNeza kre| yahI nahIM jaina vizvabhAratI vizvavidyAlaya isa stara kA bane tAki dUsare- dUsare dezoM ke vidyArthI bhI yahAM A sakeM / prazikSaNa aura prayoga ko bhI yahAM prAthamikatA milanI cAhie tAki eka AdhyAtmika vaijJAnika vyaktitva ke nirmANa kI yaha kAryazAlA bana jAye / isalie jaina vizva bhAratI vizvavidyAlaya ke lAbha-hAni kA talapaTa varSa ora mahIne kA nahIM, kama se kama eka zatAbdI kA bananA cAhie / ' AkAra meM choTI kintu prakAra meM bRhat pustaka jaina darzana ke aneka pArzvoM aura paripArzvo kI jAnakArI dene meM upayogI banegI, yaha kahane meM koI atizayokti nahIM hai / AcArya tulasI yuvAcArya mahAprajJa

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apanI bAta jaina dRSTi prArambha se hI antarmukha rahI hai| yahI isakI zakti bhI hai, yahI isakI kamI bhI rahI hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki Adhunika yuga meM bhI jainadarzana para koI prAmANika kintu sAtha-sAtha samIkSAtmaka graMtha kA praNayana nahIM huA hai| rASTrabhASA meM to sva. mahendra kumAra nyAyAcArya ke "jaina darzana' meM jo kamiyAM rahI haiM, unheM bhI pUrNa karane kA prayAsa nahIM huA hai| pravacanoM ke saMkalana darzana ke mUlagraMtha nahIM ho sakate / jaina-jIvana dRSTi para zraddhA ke kAraNa vigata 30 varSoM se jaina-darzana se thor3A bahuta sambandha rahA hai / lekina zraddhA evaM vaicArika mUlyAMkana meM mujhe kabhI virodha nahIM dIkhA / jaise, mujhe anekAMta-dRSTi apanI jIvana-dRSTi lagatI hai kyoMki yaha ahiMsonmukha dRSTi hai| lekina anekAMta sthApanA ke liye jo zAstrIya tarka diye gaye haiM, vahIM sthira rahanA sRjanAtmakatA ko khaMDita karanA hai / usI taraha vyaktigata ahiMsA ke sAtha "saMracanAtmaka yA sAmAjika ahiMsA ke binA ahiMsA-vicAra nirjIva rahegA / aparigraha vyaktigata-dharma se kahIM adhika sAmAjika dharma hai| sarvajJatA-siddhi ke liye zAstrIya pramANa ko pUrNavirAma mAna lene se vicAra kA vikAsa krama rukegaa| merA mAnanA hai ki jaina-darzana kA vikAsa avaruddha-sA ho gayA hai / jaba taka purAnI sthApanAoM ke liye naye tarka yA unake yuktiyukta khaMDana kA sAhasa nahIM hogA, sRjanAtmaka sAhitya kA AvirbhAva nahIM hogaa| abhI to tulanAtmaka evaM samIkSAtmaka sAhitya kA bhI abhAva hai| isa pustaka ke lekha phaile samaya meM likhe gaye haiM, phira bhI prayAsa rahA hai ki zraddhA ko zakti mile, bauddhikatA khaMDita na ho aura thor3I bahuta sRjanAtmakatA bhI A jaae| maiM jaina vizvabhAratI parivAra evaM presa kA bahuta RNI hUM ki ina pRSThoM ko chApakara unheM prakAza meM lAyA / / parama pUjya yuvAcArya mahAprajJa ne ise chapane ke yogya mAnA, ise maiM unakA AzIrvAda mAnatA huuN| rAmajI siMha, kulapati, jaina vizva bhAratI saMsthAna, lADanUM (rAja.)

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anukrama im w w 41 47 79 90 * jJAna evaM pramANa 1. jJAna kI sImAyeM aura sarvajJatA kI sambhAvanAyeM 2. jaina-nyAya meM hetu-lakSaNa : eka anucintana 3. Agama kA gaMgAvataraNa 0 tattva-dRSTi 4. jaina-darzana kA vaiziSTya 5. yuktyanuzAsana kA sarvodaya-tIrtha 6. jaina-darzana meM advaitavAdI pravRttiyAM 7. jaina dharma meM AstikatA ke tattva * vyavahAra-dRSTi : ahiMsA aura aparigraha 8. Adhunika yuga evaM aparigraha 9. antarrASTrIya samasyAeM evaM AyAro 10. mAnava samAja evaM ahiMsA 11. aparigraha ke binA ahiMsA asambhava 12. nirAmiSa AhAra kA darzana 13. nirAmiSa AhAra aura paryAvaraNa 0 samAja evaM saMskRti 14. samanvaya kI sAdhanA meM jaina-saMskRti kA yogadAna 15. vijJAna aura adhyAtma kA samanvaya 13. janatantra aura ahiMsA 17. mahAvIra aura gAMdhI 0 jaina vizvabhAratI kA nakha-zikha-darpaNa 18. jaina vizvabhAratI kI varNamAlA 19. jaina vizvabhAratI : ahiMsA kI pratidhvani 20. jaina vizvabhAratI banAma jaina vizvabhAratI 0 pariziSTa 110 113 122 129 138 157 167 174 180-189

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khaNDa-1 jJAna evaM pramANa

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jJAna kI sImAyeM aura sarvajJatA kI saMbhAvanAyeM 1. jJAna vistAra : eka mAnavIya AkAMkSA yaha ThIka hai ki Adhunika vicAraka sarvajJatA kI mAnyatA yA saMbhAvanAoM para vicAra karanA to dUra rahA ise aMdhavizvAsa para AdhArita atyanta apraur3ha ciMtana se udbhUta upahAsa evaM parihAsa kA viSaya mAnate haiM, dUsarI ora isake samarthaka unhIM nirjIva yuktiyoM kA ni:sAra punarAvartana kara rahe haiM jinakA paramparAgata buddhivAda ke itihAsa meM cAhe jo bhI mUlya rahA ho Aja ke vaijJAnika jagat meM koI vizeSa mahattva nahIM rahA hai, phira bhI yadi sarvajJatA kA vicAra mAnavIya AkAMkSAoM para AdhArita hai to yaha eka samasyA ke rUpa meM hamAre sAmane prastuta hai hii| saMbhavata: mAnavIya jJAna kA vikAsa mAnavIya sabhyatA ke vikAsa kA bhI mApadaMDa rahA hai kyoMki "hamAre jJAnAntargata satya kA mUlya na kevala satya ke hamAre saiddhAMtika parijJAna ke liye mahattvapUrNa hai balki isakA sambandha vibhinna kSetroM meM hamAre vyaktigata jIvana evaM AcaraNa se bhI rahA hai| isIliye mAnava sRSTi ke Arambha se hI apane jJAna kI sImA ke vistAra ke liye prayatnazIla rahA hai| isIliye to jJAna kevala jJAna ke liye hI nahIM balki jIvana aura jovana-saMgharSa ke Avazyaka upakaraNa ke rUpa meM bhI rahA hai / bhAratIya pramANa-zAstra ke itihAsa meM pramANa-saMkhyA ko kramika abhivRddhi bhI jJAna-vistAra kI isI mAnavIya ceSTA kI ora eka gabhita saMketa hai| isI prakAra jJAna aura vijJAna ke kSetra meM uttarottara vistRta abhikrama mAnavIya antarAla kI jJAna-vistAra kI asIma bubhukSA evaM pipAsA pramANita karatA hai| saMkSepa meM, hama yaha nivedana kara sakate haiM ki jJAna ke vistAra kA yaha nirantara prayAsa eka zAzvata mAnavIya AkAMkSA yA eka AdhArabhUta pravRtti ke rUpa meM rahA hai| 2. vyavadhAna aura vikAra jahAM eka ora mAnava apane jJAna vikAsa ke liye isa prakAra abAdha 1. Gustava Weigel and Arthur G. Madden : ' Knowledge : Its Values and Limits." Englewood Cliffs., 1991, Preface. 2. cArvAka-pratyakSa; vaizeSika-pratyakSa tathA anumAna; sAMkhya-bauddha-pratyakSa, anumAna zabda; nyAya-pratyakSa, anumAna, upamAna zabda; mImAMsA-pratyakSa,

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jainadarzana : cintana-anucintana gati se apanA upakrama kara rahA hai, dUsarI ora ajJAna aura saMzaya ke rUpa meM kucha pratigAmI vRttiyAM bhI dRSTigocara ho rahI haiN| anubhavavAda jahAM indriya kI sImA kA ullaMghana nitAnta niSiddha mAnatA hai vahAM buddhivAda mAnavIya mastiSka kI lakSmaNa rekhA meM hI Abaddha hai-jo nitAnta avihita to hai hI, sAtha-sAtha isameM uccatara jJAna ke gavAkSoM kI bhI upekSA hai| isIlie yadi eka saMzayavAda aura ajJeyavAda ko janma detA hai to dUsare se jJAna meM jdd't| evaM apragatizIlatA kA doSa utpanna hotA hai / bhAratIya saMzayavAdI saMjaya ko isalie "kAyara buddhivAdI" kI hIna saMjJA se vibhUSita kiyA gayA hai kyoMki mAnavIya citta kI nirNayabhUmi para sArvatrika anizcayatA ke kAraNa bauddhika jar3atA evaM nirNaya-hInatA ko prazraya milatA hai|' ajJAnavAda hamAre jJAna ke liye pUrvanizcita sImAoM kA nirdhAraNa hI nahIM karatA balki jJAna ke viSaya meM manovijJAna kI bhrAnta dhAraNA ke kAraNa jJAna kI samasta saMbhAvanAoM ko hI tilAMjali de detA hai| 3. jJAna kI sImAyeM : samasyAyeM aura samAdhAna jJAna kI sImA kI samasyA bhayAnaka rUpa se vivAdAspada haiN| vijJAna ke camatkAra se prabhAvita vyaktiyoM kI sImAoM ke nirdhAraNa kI ceSTA hI eka paramparAgata bhrAmaka dharmasApekSI dArzanika vicAradhArA kA pariNAma dIkhatA hai, aura Aja ke vaijJAnika yuga meM jabaki kisI bhI tattva ko na sthira hI mAnA jA sakatA hai na tattvajJAna ko pUrNatayA nizcita evaM satya, tattva jJAna kI sImAoM kA nizcita nirdhAraNa hI asaMbhava lagatA hai|"" 'sarvajJa' zabda kA prayoga mAtra paramparAgata evaM aMdhavizvAsa-pUrNa kahA jAtA hai| mArksavAdI dvandvAtmaka bhautikavAda se prabhAvita vicAraka eka ora yadi 'asIma' yA 'aMtima-jJAna' kI kalpanA ko mithyAtva batAtA hai to dUsarI ora ajJAna ke aMdhakAra ko naSTa karane ke liye satata yatnazIla rahane kI AzAvAdI preraNA pradAna karatA hai / jJAna mAnava kI pravRtti evaM samAja ke sambandhoM ke aitihAsika vikAsa kA satata unmukha siddhAnta hai| prakRti kA koI rahasya aisA nahIM anumAna, upamAna, zabda, arthApatti; vedAnta-pratyakSa, anumAna, upamAna, zabda, arthApatti evaM anupalabdhi : Adi purANoM meM pramANa mAne gaye haiN| 1. Barua, B.M. A History of Pre-Buddhistic Indian Philo. sophy, Cal. Univ. 1921, pp. 330-1. 2. Ladd, L.T : Knowledge, Life and Reality, Yale Uni. 1918, pp. 100-1. 3. DA0 ajita kumAra sinhA kRta nibandha "jJAna kI sImAyeM"-dArzanika traimAsika, aktUbara, 1963, pR0 234 /

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jJAna kI sImAyeM aura sarvajJatA kI saMbhAvanAyeM jisakI vyAkhyA nahIM ho sakatI / zrutiparaka pramANavAdI vicAraka mAtrAtmaka yA prakArAtmaka dRSTiyoM se to jJAna kI sImA svIkAra karate haiM kintu mUlyAtmaka dRSTi se sarvajJatA kI saMbhAvanA para jora dete haiM / udAharaNa svarUpa, upaniSadoM meM "jahAM sarvajJAna kI bAta kahI gayI hai vahAM mAtrA kI dRSTi se nahIM mUlya kI dRSTi se kahI gayI hai| sarvajJAna kA artha hai tattvajJAna / "3 avadhAraNAtmaka vizleSaNavAdI dRSTikoNa se jJAna ko sImA ke prazna kA artha hai kucha paribhASita ajJeya kSetra ko svIkAra krnaa| ajJeya cintya evaM acintya donoM ho sakatA hai / ata: "jJAna kI sImA kA prazna vyakti yA samAja kI, athavA vAstavika yA saMbhAvya sImA kA prazna nahIM hai, aura na aitihAsika vikAsa-krama kA hai, yaha ajJeyatA kA prazna hai| jaina dArzanika jisa samaya AtmA ke antargata anantacatuSTaya ko svIkAra kara "ananta jJAna" ko svIkAra kara letA hai, usI samaya jJAna kI sImAoM kA nirAkaraNa ho jAtA hai / aindriyika jJAna kI sImA avazya mAnI gayI hai kintu vaha to parokSa jJAna mAnA gayA hai, pratyakSa jJAna meM jJAna kI koI bhI sImA nahIM hai| ataH jaina darzana aindriyika stara para jJAna kI sImA ko svIkAra karatA huA bhI anubhava se utpanna avazyambhAvI saMzayavAda evaM ajJeyavAda se bacatA hai / ataH yahAM vAstavavAda evaM AdarzavAda donoM kA samanvaya hai| jJAna kA starabheda kevala bhAratIya pramANazAstra ko hI svIkArya nahIM balki anya vicArakoM ko bhI hai / jJAnAtmaka dRSTikoNa sarvavyApaka hai, isIliye hamAre jJAna kI sImA vastutaH hamAre dvArA hI nirdhArita hotI hai| jJAnAtmaka cetanA to sImita hai hI kyoMki hama apane sAmane asaMkhya dRzyamAna tattvoM meM se kisI 1. DA0 dhIrendra kRta nibaMdha "jJAna-mImAMsA kI naI vyAkhyA' dArzanika traimAsika, aktUbara, 1963, pR0 226 / / 2. DA0 ramAkAMta tripAThI kRta nibaMdha "jJAna kI sImAyeM'-dArzanika - traimAsika, aktUbara, 1963-64, pR0 222 / 3. vahI, pR0 212 / 4. yazadeva zalya kRta AlocanA "jJAna kI sImAyeM"-dArzanika traimAsika, apraila, 1964, pR0 10-2 / 5. Gustava Weigel and Arthur Madden : Knowledge : Its Value and Limits, Cliffs, 1961 p. 29. Five levels of knowledge. 6. A. Sinclair : The conditions of knowing, Routledge and ___Kegan Paul, Lond. 1951, p. 13.

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jainadarzana : cintana-anucintana eka para hI socate haiN| jo bhI ho, jJAna to sApekSa evaM sImita hai hii| lekina jJAna kI yaha sImA isake prAmANya evaM prakRSTatA, paridhi-caitanya evaM isake anumAna kI satyatA kI apekSA se hai| ye sImAyeM vigata tIna dazaka pUrva Aja kI apekSA atyanta saMkucita thiiN| saMkSepa meM, mAnavIya jJAna kA satya ke sAtha dhIre-dhIre adhika nikaTa sambandha ho rahA hai| isIliye siddhAnna rUpa se yaha svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai ki sabhI saMbhAvya jJAna mAnavIya sImA evaM zakti ke antargata hai|' 4. sarvajJatva kA artha (ka) vyutpatti pANini 'sarvajJa' zabda kI vyutpatti "igupadha-jJA-prI-kiraH kaH'4 sUtra se hai| "vAcaspatyam"5 ne sarvajJatA kA artha "sarvaM jAnAti" se jor3ate hue isase sUcita hone vAle pAMca arthoM kA saMketa kiyA hai| monAira eNDa monAira viliyamsa ne bhI prAcIna sAhitya meM sarvajJatA sambandhI lagabhaga tIsa avataraNoM ko uddhRta kiyA hai| "zabda kalpadruma'' meM sarvajJatA ke tIna artha aura diye gaye haiM yathA zivi, buddha aura viSNu / priMsipala Apte kRta "saMskRta koSa"" kA vicAra "vAcaspatyam" se hI milatA hai| saMskRta "sarvajJatA" kA pAlI paryAya "savva rANutA" yA "savvarANu" hai kyoMki pAlI vyAkaraNa 8. Saswitha, "Principles of Thinking" in Proceedings of International Philosophical Congress, Brussels Vol. II, 1953 p. 59. 2. Ladd, G.T. Knowledge, Life & Reality, Yale Univ., 1918, p. 100. 3. S:arles, H.L. "The Revolt Against Epistemology", in Proceedings of International Philosophical Congress, Brussels, 1953, Vol. II, P. 73. (zrI aravinda ke lAipha DivAina se uddht)| 4. aSTAdhyAyI, 3-1-135 / 5. tarka-vAcaspati tArAnAtha bhaTTAcArya kRta, caukhambA, vArANasI, 1962, __ bhAga-6, pR0 5258 / 6. Sanskrita-English Dictionary, Oxford, 1956 p. 1185. 7. rAjA sara rAdhAkAnta deva sampAdita, motIlAla banArasIdAsa, dillI, 1961, bhAga 5, pR0 303 / 5. P.K. Gode & G.C. Karve (Edited), Prasad Prakashana, Poona, 1959, p. 1656. S. (Ed.) Rhys Davids T.W. & Stede William, Pali Text Society, 1921, pp. 139-40.

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jJAna kI sImAyeM aura sarvajJatA kI saMbhAvanAyeM ke anusAra yadi karma se pare "A" dhAtu Ave to "kR" pratyaya hotA hai, jaise "jAnAti iti savvarANu' / " arddha mAgadhI koSameM bhI sarvajJatA kA 'arddhamAgadhI' paryAya pAlI se milatA julatA hai| prAkRta-mahAkoSa "abhidhAna rAjendraH" meM sarvajJatA kA prAkRta paryAya "sabbaJa" yA "savvarANu" kevala jJAna ke artha meM prayukta hai|' vahAM isake do artha batAye gaye haiM-sAmAnya (sarvajJa) aura vizeSa (sabhI dravyoM ko paryAyoM sahita jaannaa)| artha vizleSaNa "sarvajJatA' zabda kA yadi vastu vAcakatA ke artha meM vyavahAra ho to isakA artha hai "saMkhyAtmaka, parimANAtmaka dRSTi se sabhI vastuoM kA jJAna / " guNavAcakatA ke artha meM 'sarvajJatA' kA artha sAra tattvoM kA parijJAna hogaa| kintu "sAra tattvoM kA parijJAna' bhI do arthoM meM prayukta ho sakatA haitattvajJatA aura mArgajJatA yA dhrmjnytaa| mImAMsaka 'sarvajJatA' zabda ke pAMca arthoM ko batalAte hue inameM se kisI ke sAtha bhI apanA virodha nahIM batAte, yathA (ka) sarvajJa zabda kA jJAna, (kha) isa nazvara jagat ke samasta padArthoM kA jJAna, (ga) sAra tattvoM kA jJAna, (gha) apane dRSTikoNa evaM apanI paramparA ke anusAra carama tattvoM kA parijJAna, (Ga) sabhI jJeya evaM prameyoM kA jJAna / mImAMsaka to kevala dharmajJatA ke artha meM prayukta daivI yA mAnuSI sarvajJatA kA virodha nahIM karate haiM kyoMki dharma ke viSaya meM veda kA hI ekamAtra adhikAra svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| sarvajJatA zabda kA artha taba taka pUrNarUpa se spaSTa nahIM hogA jaba taka hama yaha bhI vicAra nahIM kara leM ki sarvajJa hai kauna ? sarvajJa yA to koI alaukika vyakti yA devatA hogA yA koI laukika / alaukika puruSa yA devatA meM bhI eka ora to parama puruSa bhagavAna kI sarvajJatA kA varNana milatA hai, dUsarI ora kisI deva vizeSa yA paigambara vizeSa kI carcA rahatI hai| phira laukika sarvajJatA kI bhI mukhyatayA tIna zreNiyAM ho sakatI haiM-mAnavIya, yogI aura mAnavetara / 5. bhAratIya darzana meM sarvajJa-vicAra kI bhUmikAyeM bhAratIya darzana ke itihAsa meM sarvajJa-vicAra ke mukhyataH tIna virodhI rahe haiM--vaidika mImAMsaka (jo anya sabhI arthoM meM sarvajJatA ko bhale hI svIkAra kareM kintu dharmajJatA ke artha meM svIkAra nahIM karate), bhautikavAdI, cArvAka evaM saMzaya evaM ajnyaanvaadii| bAkI sabane sarvajJatA ke vicAra ko svIkAra 1. jagadIza kAzyapa kRta pAli mahAvyAkaraNa, sAranAtha, 1940, pR0 62 / 2. muni ratanalAla (sa.) livir3I, 1932, bhAga-4, pR0 692 / / 3. vijaya rAjendrasUri (saM.) bhAga-6, pR0 585 / 4. zAMtirakSita kRta tattvasaMgraha-kArikA 3128-3133 (kumArila ke vacana)

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jainadarzana : cintana-anucintana kiyA hai jisakI prAyaH chaH bhUmikAyeM ho sakatI haiM :(ka) vedoM kI prArthanAtmaka bhUmikA yahAM deva-sarvajJatva kA siddhAnta svIkAra kara devatAoM kI prazaMsAtmaka prArthanAyeM prastuta kI gayI haiN| sampUrNa vedoM meM 'sarvajJa' yA 'sarvajJatva' zabda eka bAra bhI prayukta nahIM hue haiM kintu inake aneka payAya, jaiseH vizvavedas', vizvavit', vizvAnividvAn, sarvavit Adi' Aye haiN| (kha) upaniSadoM kI mAtmajJatA kI bhUmikA upaniSad-darzana kA mUla tattva AtmA hai ataH sarvajJa kA artha AtmajJa mAnA gayA hai| "mAtmAna viddhi hI isakA mUlamaMtra hai| 120 upaniSadoM meM 31 bAra sarvajJatA zabda prayukta huA hai| (ga) dharma zAstrAntargata dharmazatA kI bhUmikA smRtiyoM evaM purANoM meM hI nahIM mahAbhArata evaM rAmAyaNa meM bhI dharmajJatA kA mahattva batAyA gayA hai| ina zAstroM meM sarvajJatA kA artha prAyaH dharma ke sabhI sUkSma tattvoM kA jJAna hai| sAtha-sAtha yaha deva-sarvajJatA kA bhI varNana hai / jainAgamoM meM bhI kahIM-kahIM 'sarvajJatA' evaM 'dharmajJatA' eka hI artha meM prayukta huA hai / prajJAkAra gupta ne bhI sugata ko sarvajJa evaM dharmajJa donoM mAnA hai jisakA zAMtarakSita ne bhI samarthana kiyA hai| (ba) buddhivAdI bhUmikA bauddhoM meM zAMtarakSita evaM prajJAkara gupta tathA jainoM meM umAsvAmI, siddhasena divAkara, samantabhadra, pUjyapAda, akalaMka deva, abhayadeva sUri, haribhadra, 1. Rgveda 1/21/1; sAmaveda 1/1/3 / 2. atharvaveda 1/13/4, Rgveda 10/91/3 / 3. Rgveda 9/4/85, 10/112/2 / 4. bhatharvaveda 7, I. 11 / 5. jAtavedas-atharva. 1/7/2; 1/7/5; 1/8/2; 2/128; 2/292 Adi, sahasrAkSa-atharva 2/28/3; sAmaveda 3/1/1, yajurveda 39/9, vizvacakSu-Rgveda 10/81/3, vizvadraSTA:-atharva 9/107/4 / 6. bRhadAraNyaka 4/5/6 / 7 chAndogya 7/1/1; 6/1/1-3; bRhad 3/7/1; muMDaka 1/1/39 / 8. mahAbhArata-zAMtiparva 55/11 se aage| 9. SaDkhaMDAgama sUtra 78 (amarAvatI prakAzana) / 10. pramANavAtikAlaMkAra pR0 329 / 11. tattva-saMgraha-kA. 3329 /

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jJAna kI sImAyeM aura sarvajJatA kI saMbhAvanAyeM vidyAnanda, mANikyananda, anantavIrya prabhAcaMdra, hemacaMdra, vAdidevasiMha sUri, mallisena, dharmabhUSaNa, yazovijaya Adi aneka vidvAnoM ne sarvajJatA kI siddhi ke lie pramANa diye haiN| mImAMsakoM ke dvArA khaMDana evaM jaina-bauddha dArzanikoM ke dvArA pratyuttara bhAratIya buddhivAda kA eka ujjvala adhyAya hai| hAM, isameM sAmpradAyika pratiyogitA kA bhAva bhI kama nahIM hai| (ba) zraddhA evaM buddhi ko samanvayavAcI bhUmikA jainoM ne Agama evaM tarka, hRdaya evaM mastiSka donoM kA samanvaya karate hue sarvajJatA kI mAnyatA ko eka dhArmika evaM tAkika AvazyakatA ke rUpa meM mahasUsa kiyA hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra kI sarvajJatA jaina dharma ke liye zraddhA svarUpa svIkArya hai lekina mAnavIya sarvajJatA kI saMbhAvanA ke liye vizuddha buddhivAdI tarka prastuta kiye gaye haiM / (cha) yogazAstra kI bhUmikA nyAya-vaizeSika, sAMkhya-yoga, taMtra-sahitya Adi meM hama yoga-zAstra kI carcA pAte haiM jisameM yaugika niyamoM se siddhiyoM kI prApti batAyI gayI hai| nyAya-vaizeSika ne to alaukika pratyakSa kI carcA kI hai lekina pataMjali ne sarvajJatA kI spaSTa carcA kI hai| Adhunika parAmanovidyA kA bhI isa ora saMketa sAragarbhita hai|' 6. zAstrIya pramANoM ke AdhAra para sarvajJa-siddhi mImAMsakoM ne zAstrAntargata SaDa pramANoM ke bala para sarvajJabhAva kI siddhi kA prabala prayAsa kiyA hai kintu jaina dArzanikoM ne bhI usI sUkSmatA ke sAtha khaMDana kara sarvajJa siddhi kI hai jisakA vizeSa vyavasthita evaM vizada vivecana aSTasahasrI, nyAyakumudacaMdra, evaM prameya-kamala-mArtaNDa ina tIna jaina-nyAya ke granthoM meM huA hai / ataH mImAMsA kA pUrva pakSa evaM jainoM kA uttara pakSa avalokanIya haiM / (ka) pratyakSa pramANa pratyakSa atIndriyajJAna kA viSaya nahIM hai aura vaha kevala sambaddha, vartamAna evaM pratiniyata rUpAdigocara hotA hai| jainoM kA kahanA hai ki yogI 1. tarka kaumudI pR0 9; vizvanAtha kA bhASA pariccheda' adhikaraNa 3; padArtha dharma saMgraha pR0 195 / 2. yogasUtra 1.2; 3.49; 4.29 / 3. je0bI0 rAina, jI0ena0ema0 TIrala, eca0eca0 prAisa, cArlsa, riceTa, ____TIcanara, vesTa, meyara Adi ke nAma prakhyAta haiN| 4. mImAMsA zloka vAtika sUtra 2 pR0 81; tattva-saMgraha-kA. 3186 /

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jainadarzana : cintana-anucintana pratyakSa sarvajJatA kA yA to kvacit kadAcita bAdhaka hogA yA sarvatra sarvadA bAdhaka hogA / yadi kvacita kadAcit bAdhaka mAneM to isameM jainoM ko koI Apatti nahIM kyoMki ve bhI yaha nahIM kahate ki sarvajJatA kA jJAna sadA sarvadA rahatA hai, kintu yadi yogI pratyakSa ko sadA sarvadA bAdhaka mAna leM to yaha sadA sarvadA jAnane vAlA to svayaM hI sarvajJa hogaa| sAdhAraNa prAdezika jJAna se sakala dezavartI jJAna, yAnI sarvajJatA kA khaMDana, nahIM ho sakatA / ' pratyakSa kI nivRtti se yadi usakA abhAva siddha kareM (kyoMki svapna meM bhI hama sarvajJa ko nahIM dekhate) to yaha galata hogA, kyoMki pratyakSa sarvajJatA ke jJAna kA na to kAraNa hai na vyApaka hai / pratyakSa ke abhAva meM bhI vastu rahatA hai aura pratyakSa kI nivRtti se bhI vastu vidyamAna rahatA hai| phira mImAMsakoM ko yaha pUchA jA sakatA hai ki sarvajJatAbhAva kevala apane pratyakSa kI nivRtti se siddha karate haiM yA sabhI ke pratyakSa se ? yadi kevala apane pratyakSa kI nivRtti se hI siddha karate haiM to yaha galata hogA kyoMki jina sUkSma, antarita yA dUrastha vastuoM kA bhI hameM pratyakSa nahIM hotA hai ve bhI cIjeM rahatI haiN| kintu ve yadi saba ke pratyakSa kI nivRtti se isako siddha karate haiM to yaha "saba' ke pratyakSa ko jAnane vAlA svayaM sarvajJa hogaa| (kha) anumAna __ mImAMsakoM ke anusAra sarvajJatva kI siddhi anumAna se bhI saMbhava nahIM kyoMki liMga-liMgI avinAbhAva sambandha nhiiN| sarvajJa ke sAtha svabhAva yA kAryahetu, donoM asiddha haiM / sarvajJa kA kisI ke sAtha kArya nahIM par3atA / ataH anumAna pramANa bhI lAgU nahIM hogaa| __ jaina dArzanika vikalpa-paddhati se tarka uThAte hue pUchate haiM ki mImAMsaka sarvajJa kI "asattA" siddha karanA cAhate haiM yA usakI "asrvjnytaa"| yadi sarvajJa kI asattA siddha karanA cAhate haiM to ve anupalambha, viruddha-vidhi aura vaktRtva inhIM tInoM ko apanA hetu mAneMge / aba yadi anupalambha hetu mAnA jAya to yaha kArya va kAraNa yA vyApaka sambandhI hogaa| phira yaha anupalambha yA to sva-sambandhI hogA yA srv-smbndhii| mAnA ki yaha sva-sambandhI hai to vaha nivizeSaNa hogA yA savizeSaNa / yadi nivizeSaNa mAnA gayA to sarvajJabhAva siddha nahIM hogA kyoMki sAmAnya pratyakSa se para-citta kA jJAna 1. nyAya kumudacandra bhAga-1, pR0 89 / 2. tattva-saMgraha-kArikA 3271-3 / 3. tattva-saMgraha pR0 831 / 4. syAdvAda ratnAkara 382 / 5. tattva-saMgraha pR0 850 /

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jJAna kI sImAyeM aura sarvajJatA kI saMbhAvanAyeM 11 saMbhava nahIM, ataH dUsare ke citta kA abhAva ho jAegA / yadi savizeSaNa mAnA jAe to isameM sarvatra sarvadA sarvajJAbhAva siddha ho jAegA lekina isa taraha sarvajJa sarvadA sarvajJAbhAva siddha karane vAlA svayaM hI sarvajJa hogA / lekina yadi anupalambha sva-sambandhI na hokara | sarva-sambandhI ho to bhI yahI doSa uTheMge / saba kI sarvajJa siddhi kA abhAva to svayaM sarvajJatA hai / ' " kAryabhAva" se bhI sarvajJAbhAva siddha nahIM ho sakatA kyoMki dharmAdi azeSa padArthoM ke pratipAdaka Agama to usake kAryarUpI dekhe hI jAte haiN| hAM mImAMsaka Agama kI apauruSeyatA kA siddhAnta mAnate haiM jise jainoM ne khaMDana kiyA hai / vyApakAbhAva se sarvajJAbhAva siddha karanA bhI ThIka nahIM kyoMki sarvajJa kA vyApaka " sarvasAkSAt - kAritvaM" hai, "sarvArtha parijJAna" nahIM / " AtmA kA sakala padArthoM ko grahaNa karane kA svabhAva hai aura pratibandhaka kAraNoM ke kSaya ho jAne se sarvajJatA sahaja saMbhava hai / aba viruddha - vidhi ( sAkSAt yA paramparA virodha ) se bhI sarvajJabhAva saMbhava nahIM / pahale hama sAkSAt virodha ko lete haiM to vaha virodha yadi kvacit kadAcit hai to isake sarvajJAbhAva kI siddhi nahIM hotI aura yadi sarvajJa sarvadA virodha ho to sarvajJatA svayaM siddha ho jAtI hai / paramparA virodha yA to sarvajJa ke vyApaka yA kAraNa yA kArya ke sAtha hogA / yadi virodha vyApaka kA hai to vaha yA to macit kadAcit hogA yA sarvatra sarvadA kA virodha hogA / isameM bhI uparyukta tarka lAgU hoNge| lekina virodha yadi kAraNa kA ho aura vaha kvacit kadAcit ho to usameM sarvajJa sarvadA kA virodha nahIM kintu yadi sarvajJa sarvadA virodha mAneM to yaha asaMbhava hai kyoMki sarvajJatA kA kAraNa hai jJAnAvaraNAdi karmoM kA kSaya aura isakA virodha hai isakA kSaya nahIM honA, to yaha kisI AtmA meM to raha hI sakatA hai lekina sabhI meM nahIM / kArya virodha bhI siddha nahIM hogA kyoMki sarvajJa kA kArya virodha jAnane vAlA koI AtmajJa hI hogA aura vaha ekAdha sthAna para hI isake kArya kA virodha dekha sakatA hai, sarvajJa nahIM / vaktRtvAdi hetu ke kAraNa bhI sarvajJAbhAva siddha nahIM ho sakatA / yadi .... 1. nyAya kumudacandra bhAga - 1, pR0 81 / prameya kamala mArttaNDa pR0 253-254 / 2. prameya ratnamAlA pR0 54 / syAdvAda ratnAkara pR0 370 / prameya kamala mArttaNDa pR0 70 / 3. tattva - saMgraha pR0 853; syAdvAda ratnAkara pR0 382 / 4. nyAya kumudacandra bhAga - 1, pR0 93 /

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12 jainadarzana : cintana - anucintana koI kahe ki vaktA hone ke kAraNa hI koI sarvajJa nahIM hai to yaha svavacana virodha hai / jisa taraha sarvajJa kI asattA siddha karane meM svavacana virodha hai usI prakAra sarvajJatA siddha karane meM bhI hai kyoMki jo yaha kahegA ki saba asarvajJa haiM, vaha to svayaM sarvajJa siddha ho jAyegA / vaktA pramANa - virodhI, pramANa - saMgata yA sAmAnya tIna prakAra ke mAne jAte haiM / yadi pramANa virodhI vaktA ko mAneM to yaha asiddha hogA kyoMki sarvajJa bhagavAn asatya vacana nahIM kara sakate / ' yadi pramANa-saMgata mAneM to sarvajJa bhI mAnanA hogA kyoMki asarvajJa hI pramANa-viruddha bolegA / sAmAnya vaktA mAnane se hetu anaikAntika ho jAyagA / yadi koI kahe ki sabhI puruSa asarvajJa haiM to phira koI sarvajJa bacA hI nahIM / vipakSa se vyatireka siddha nahIM hotA isIliye niSedha kA prazna hI nirarthaka hai / hAM, rathyAprabha meM asarvajJatva evaM vaktRtva donoM guNoM kA samAveza kara vyatireka banA liyA jAe taba punaH svavacana virodha hogA, kyoMki saba puruSoM kI asarvajJatA meM to rathyAprabha bhI zAmila thA / saMkSepa meM, vaktRtva hetu se sarvajJatAbhAva siddha hone para vyatireka siddha hogA aura vyatireka siddha hone para asarvajJatva kI siddhi / isa taraha cakraka doSa hogA / " yadi hama kaheM ki saba ko sarvajJa anupalambha hai to isameM bhI sabake viSaya meM jo jAnegA vaha sarvajJa siddha hogA / jaiminI kahate haiM ki atIndriya jJAna aura usakA dhAraka koI nahIM hai kyoMki vaha AkAza- kusuma kI taraha anupalabdha hai / lekina yaha kisako anupalabdha hai, laukika ko yA anya kisI ko ? aura yaha anupalabdhi kisa hetu se hai ? - sattA se, puruSatva se yA vaktRtA se ? lekina ina tInoM hetuoM ko hama veda meM bhI lagA sakate haiM kyoMki vedArthaka koI bhI upalabdha nahIM hai / lekina yaha sthiti mImAMsakoM ke liye apriya hogI / ataH yadi vedArtha kI sattA mAnate haiM to sarvajJa ko bhI mAnanA hI par3egA / jisa taraha prathama sarvajJa kA prazna pUchA jA sakatA hai usI prakAra prathama vedArthajJa kI bhI carcA uThAyI jA sakatI hai / (ga) upamAna mImAMsakoM kA kahanA hai ki upamAna se bhI sarvajJa kI siddhi saMbhava nahIM / kyoMki upamAna ke lie sAdRzya cAhie aura sarvajJa ke sadRza pratyakSa meM koI milatA hI nahIM, aura jaba usakI pratIti nahIM hai to usake sAdRzya 1. nyAya kumudacandra bhAga - 1, pR093, tulanA prameya kamala mArttaNDa pR0 73; sanmati TIkA pR0 45, syAdvAda ratnAkara pR0 384, prameya ratnamAlA 57 / 2. nyAya kumudacandra bhAga - 1, pR0 93; tulanA - nyAya vinizcaya pR0 553 / 3. tattva - saMgraha pR0 831 /

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jJAna kI sImAyeM aura sarvajJatA kI saMbhAvanAyeM 13 kI pratIti kahAM se hogI ? isake uttara meM jaina dArzanika isI tarka ko ulaTa kara kahate haiM ki upamAna meM se sarvajJatAbhAva siddha nahIM ho sakatA kyoMki sarvajJa ke sAdRzya kA kahIM abhAva dikhAI nahIM par3atA, ataH usakA abhAva bhI asiddha hI rahegA / " "sarvajJa ke sAdRzya" kI bAta karane vAle ko yaha samajhanA cAhie ki sarvajJa kA vaiziSTya usake zarIra meM nahIM balki usakI AtmA meM hai, ataH zArIrika sAdRzya kI bAta se sarvajJAbhAva ko pramANita karanA hAsyAspada hai / (gha) Agama mImAMsaka Agama pramANa se sarvajJatva kI asiddhi karate hue kahate haiM ki Agama yA to nitya hogA yA anitya / yadi hama nitya Agama (veda) ko mAneM to usameM sarvajJatva - siddhi ke lie vacana nahIM / phira nitya Agama ko bhI anAdi yA sAdi mAnA jA sakatA hai / yadi hama anAdi nitya Agama ko sarvajJa-siddhi kA hetu banAyeM to yaha galata hogA, kyoMki anAdi Agama se Adi sarvajJa kI siddhi kaise hogI kyoMki sarvajJa to anekoM haiM ? aura yadi nitya Agama ko sAdi mAnA jAya to nityatva se sAditva kA Atma-virodha hai / phira anitya Atma kI bAta rahI, jo yA to sarvajJa-praNIta hogA yA asarvajJa-praNIta / yadi sarvajJa-praNIta Agama se siddha kareM to anyonyAzraya doSa hogA aura yadi sarvajJa Agama ko hI pramANa mAna lete haiM to phira mere hI vacana ko pramANa kyoM nahIM mAna lete, kyoMki apramANita Agama evaM mere vacana meM koI antara nahIM hai? (ca) arthApatti arthApatti se bhI sarvajJa kI siddhi nahIM ho sakatI kyoMki isake lie dIkhanA cAhie, kintu aisA koI. ataH anyathA - upapatti se sarvajJa - sarvajJa siddhi pR0 136 ; prameya kisI bhI kArya ko sarvajJa ke binA anupapanna bhI kArya nahIM jo sarvajJa ke binA nahIM hotA, 1. tattva-saMgraha pR0 838; tulanA - bRhata pR0 265 / 2. nyAya kumudacandra bhAga - 1, pR0 94 / 3. mImAMsA - zloka vArtika, nyAya ratnAkara vyAkhyA pR0 82; tattva - saMgraha kArikA 3187 / 4. " hiraNyagarbha pravRtya sa sarvavit sa lokavit" - yaha vacana " arthavAda" hai --- nyAya-sUtra 2/1/64; nyAya - bhASya pR0 156, artha saMgraha - dekhiyetattvArtha zloka vArtika pR0 45; sanmati TIkA pR0 96 / syAdvAda ratnAkara pR0 364, zAstravati samuccaya TIkA pR0 49 / 5. nyAya kumudacandra bhAga 1, pR0 95 prameya kamala mArttaNDa pR0 264 / 6. tattva - saMgraha - kA. 3218 /

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14 jainadarzana : cintana - anucintana - siddhi nahIM hotI / hAM, koI aisA kaha sakate haiM ki sarvajJa ke binA dharmopadeza saMbhava nahIM / ' lekina upadeza dene kA kAraNa sarvajJatA nahIM balki sampradAya vizeSa ke vistAra kA vyAmoha hai / phira upadeza yA to vyAmoha pUrvaka hogaa| yA samyak jJAna pUrvaka / yadi prathama koTi kA upadeza rahA to usakA ko mUlya nahIM, jaise svapracArI vyakti kI vaktRtA kA koI artha nahIM hai / kintu yadi upadeza samyak jJAna pUrvaka mAneM to jaisA manu ne vedajJAna ke AdhAra para diyA hai, to ThIka hai lekina buddhAdi vaisA upadeza nahIM de sakate kyoMki ve vedajJAna pUrvaka upadeza nahIM krte| isakA pramANa hai ki yadi ve vedajJAna pUrvaka upadeza karate to loga unake upadezoM para usI prakAra AcaraNa karate jisa prakAra manu ke upadezoM kA karate haiM / ataH una logoM kA upadeza vyAmoha pUrvaka hI huA 12 mImAMsakoM ke uparyukta AropoM ke uttara meM jaina dArzanikoM kA kahanA hai ki arthApatti ke dvArA bhI sarvajJa kA abhAva siddha nahIM ho sakatA' kyoMki SaD pramANoM ke dvArA jAne gaye arthoM meM hI arthApatti kI pratIti hotI hai / veda kI pramANatA sarvajJa hone para hI siddha hogI kyoMki guNavAna vaktA ke abhAva meM vacana meM pramANatA nahIM dekhI jAtI / abhAva mImAMsakoM kA kahanA hai ki abhAva se to kevala abhAva hI siddha hogA / phira bhI yadi hama mAna leM ki sarvajJa hai to vaha samasta kAla kI cIjoM ko apane-apane rUpa se jAnegA yA vartamAna rUpa se ? yadi apane-apane rUpa se jAneM (bhUta ko bhUta, bhaviSyat ko bhaviSyat) to vartamAna meM pratyakSa huA nahIM kahA jAegA, kyoMki vastu kA viSaya vartamAna nahIM hai / jo vastu kA viSaya vartamAna nahIM hai vaha pratyakSa nahIM balki smaraNa, kalpanA Adi hogA / yadi vaha vartamAna rUpa se sabako jAnatA hai to usakA jJAna bhrAnti ho jAegA kyoMki anyathA sthita rUpa se padArtha ko mAnegA yAni bhUta aura bhaviSyat ko vartamAna rUpa se jAnegA, jaise dvicandramA kA jJAna hotA hai / " phira " yahAM para sat hai"- ' - isa vastu ke jJAna meM vastu sattA kI taraha se prArabhAva yA pradhvaMsAbhAva pratibhAsita hote haiM yA nahIM ? yadi pratibhAsita 1. tattva-saMgraha kA 3223,3224,3228 / 2. prameya kamala mArttaNDa pR0 250 / 3. tattva - saMgraha - kA. pR0 849; AptaparIkSA - kA. 102; syAdvAda ratnAkara pR0 388, prameya kamala mArttaNDa 265 / 4. nyAya kumudacandra bhAga - 1, pR0 88 5. nyAya kumudacandra bhAga - 1, pR0 88 prameya kamala mArttaNDa pR0 250 / prameya kamala mArttaNDa pR0 250 /

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jJAna kI sImAyeM aura sarvajJatA kI saMbhAvanAyeM hote haiM to yugapata yA krama se ? yadi yugpata mAnA jAe to galata hogA, kyoMki janma-maraNa eka sAtha asaMbhava hai| jo vastu jisa rUpa meM pratibhAsita hotA hai usakA usI rUpa se vyavahAra hotA hai, jaise nIlI vastu kA nIlarUpa se / ata: sarvajJa yadi prAgbhAva (atIta) aura pradhvaMsAbhAva (anAgata) donoM ko yugapata dekhatA hai to yaha galata hai| cUMki donoM kA eka sAtha rahanA saMbhava nahIM / ataH yugapat abhAva nahIM hogaa| phira donoM kI pratIti krama se bhI nahIM ho sakatI kyoMki atIta aura anAgata kabhI parisamApta hogA hI nahIM, ataH usakI sarvajJatA ho hI nahIM skegii| ___ jaina dArzanika uparyukta bAtoM se sahamata nahIM haiN| inakA kahanA hai ki abhAva vahIM hotA hai jahAM pramANa-paMcaka kI nivRtti hotI hai| phira yaha abhAva do prakAra kA hogA-prasajya pratiSedha yA paryudAsa / ' prathama meM Atyantika niSedha hai, dUsare meM sApekSa niSedha / aba yadi prasajya-pratiSedha abhAva se sarvajJAbhAva siddha karanA cAheM to usameM atyantAbhAva avastu rUpa hotA hai| ataH usase sarvajJAbhAva siddha nahIM ho sktaa| kintu yadi paryudAsa abhAva se sarvajJAbhAva siddha kareM to eka ke niSedha se kisI kA sadbhAva karanA hogA / isameM paMca-pramANoM ke dvArA abhAva ke kathana hone para bhI bhAva rUpa vastu hI vAcya hotI hai| phira isa paryudAsa pakSa meM bhI do hetu ho sakate haiM-pramANapaMcaka-rahita yA any| yadi prathama svIkAra kareM to usameM bhI do vikalpa ho sakate haiM--sarvathA-pramANa-paMcaka-rahita yA niSedhya-viSaya-sambandhI pramANapaMcaka-rahita / yadi prathama vikalpa mAneM to vaha prameya kI siddhi kahAM se karegA kyoMki pramANa ke binA prameya siddha nahIM hotaa| yadi aisA ho to pramANa kI kalpanA hI vyartha ho jaae| kintu yadi dUsare vikalpa ko leM to vaha AtmA ApakI hai yA saba kI ? yadi apanI mAneM to paracitta ke sAtha usakA mela nahIM, yadi saba kI mAneM to sarvajJa ho jaaegaa| isI taraha niSedhya sarvajJa se bhinna jo anya jJAna alpajJa hogA yadi usako mAneMge to phira isa anya jJAna ke dvArA kvacit kadAcit sarvajJa kA niSedha kareMge yA sarvatra sarvadA sarvajJa kA niSedha kareMge? yadi prathama pakSa mAneM to isameM kisI kA virodha nahIM; yadi dvitIya pakSa mAneM to sarvajJatA kI svataH siddhi ho jAtI hai| 1. tattva-saMgraha-kA. 3248,3249,3250 / 2. nyAya kumudacandra bhAga-1, pR0 89 / prameya kamala mArtaNDa pR0 250-1 / 3. nyAya kumudacandra bhAga-1, pR0 96 / / 4. tattva-saMgraha-kA. pR0 850; mImAMsA --zlokavAtika, abhAva pariccheda zloka 1; zloka 27 / 5. nyAya kumudacandra-bhAga 1, pR0 96-97 aura prameya kamala mArtaNDa para 265-68 /

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jainadarzana : cintana-anucintana 6. sarvajJatva-vicAra para Aropa evaM unakI samIkSA ___ sarvajJatA-sambandhI jJAna-yuddha vastutaH bauddhika prakharatA kA eka adbhuta adhyAya hai jisameM mImAMsaka, jaina evaM bauddha saba kA yoga rahA hai| hama yahAM para kucha thor3e AropoM para vicAra kreNge| (ka) sarvajJatA kI prakRti sambandhI Aropa (a) yadi sarvajJatA kA artha sabhI vastuoM kA Rmika jJAna hai to yaha asaMbhava hai kyoMki saMsAra kI samasta vastuoM kA kAla kI apekSA kabhI lopa nahIM ho sakatA, isaliye jJAna sarvadA apUrNa hI rhegaa| uttara -"kevala-jJAna" kramika nahIM yugapat hotA hai, ataeva aisI koI kaThinAI nhiiN| ___ (A) yadi sarvajJa kA jJAna yugapat hogA to nimnalikhita kaThinAiyAM hoMgI : (1) yugapat jJAna hone se sarvajJa virodhI vastuoM kI anubhUti eka hI jJAnAnubhUti se kareMge jo sarvathA asaMgata hai| ataH yugapat bhI nahIM hogaa| jaina dArzanikoM kA kahanA hai ki tarkataH cAhe yaha kitanA hI asaMgata dIkhatA ho kintu vyavahArataH hama eka hI sAtha nibir3a aMdhakAra meM prakAza kI kiraNa dekhate haiN| kAle bAdaloM ke bIca vidyut dIkhatA hai| ataH do virodhI cIjeM eka sAtha dIkhanA saMgata hai| (2) yugapat jJAna sambandhI dUsarI Apatti yaha hai ki yadi sarvajJa kevala jJAna dvArA eka kSaNa meM hI samasta bhUta bhaviSyat ko dekha letA hai to phira usake liye kisI vastu kA jJAna honA bAkI nahIM rahatA, ataeva vaha to acetana jaisA ho jAyagA, cUMki aba use kucha jAnanA hai hI nhiiN| kintu yaha Aropa tabhI sahI hotA hai jaba sarvajJa kA pratyakSa evaM samasta saMsAra donoM kA tatkSaNa vinAza ho jAtA hai / vastutaH ye donoM to cirasthAyI (3) sarvajJa cUMki rAgadveSAdi kA sAkSAtkAra karatA hai ataeva vaha svayaM rAgadveSa pUrNa ho jAegA aura usakI vItarAga kI sthiti samApta ho 1. prameya kamala-mArtaNDa pR0 254 / 2. prameya kamala mArtaNDa-pR0 259 / 3. prameya kamala mArtaNDa-pR0 254 / tatvasaMgraha kArikA-3247 se 3261 taka meM sAmata aura yojJamA (mImAMsakoM kI yuktiyAM varNita haiN)| 4. AuTa lAinsa Apha jainijma-mohanalAla mehatA pR0 101; prameya pR0 254 / 5. prameya kamala mArtaNDa-254, tatvasaMgraha kA 3315 /

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jJAna kI sImAyeM aura sarvajJatA kI sabhAvanAyeM jaaegii| kintu yaha Aropa bhI sahI nahIM hai| rAgAdi hamAre manovikAra se utpanna hote haiM, ye AtmA ke guNa nhiiN| phira Asakti aura Asakti kA jJAna alaga hai| jisa prakAra madya ke lAbha-hAni Adi ko jAnane vAlA svabhAvataH madyapI nahIM ho jAtA usI prakAra rAgAdi kA jJAna ho jAne se hI rAgAsakta nahIM ho jaataa| isI taraha sarvajJa ko sabhI azuci padArthoM ko jAna lene se hI rasAsvAdana kA doSa nahIM lgtaa| phira sarvajJa kA jJAna to atIndriya hotA hai|' indriya se jaba sambandha nahIM to phira indriyAsakti kaise hogI ? khaira, yogAcAra to bAhya-saMsAra kA astitva hI samApta kara ina saba jhaMjhaToM se chuTTI le lete haiN| (4) yadi sarvajJatA kA artha akhila vastu paryAyoM kA jJAna (jo kaThina hai) na rakha kara kevala pradhAna bhUta vastuoM kA jJAna mAnA jAya to isameM bhI eka kaThinAI hogI; jaise kinhIM pradhAna vastuoM se apradhAna vastuoM kA bheda taba taka nahIM kiyA jA sakatA jaba taka hama saMsAra ko samasta vastuoM kA parijJAna nahIM kara leM aura samasta vastuoM ke parijJAna kI bhISaNatA se bacane ke liye kevala pradhAna vastuoM kA jJAna apekSita samajhA gayA thaa| ataH yahAM bhI kaThinAI ho gayI hai| (5) yadi sarvajJatA ke jJAna meM anAdi aura ananta jhalakate haiM to unakI anAditA yA anantatA nahIM raha paatii| isake uttara meM yaha kahA jAegA ki jo padArtha jaise haiM vaise hI jJAna meM pratibhAsita hote haiN| kisI ke svabhAva ko anyathA nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, na anya rUpa meM vaha kevala jJAna kA viSaya hogaa| (6) yadi sarvajJatA ke jJAna meM atIta evaM anAgata (jinakI vartamAna meM sattA nahIM hai) kA bodha hotA hai to isakA artha huA ki kevalajJAna meM asat vastu kA bodha hone se vaha viparyaya evaM vibhrama pUrNa hai| kintu yaha Aropa lagAne vAle bhUla jAte haiM ki atIta kI vastuoM kI atIta meM vahI sattA hai jo vartamAna kAlika vastuoM kI hai| isI taraha bhaviSya ke viSaya meM kahA jA sakatA hai| (7) kintu yadi atIta aura anAgata vartamAna rUpa se anubhUta hote haiM to phira vartamAna kA anubhava mAnanA caahiye| kintu isake viSaya meM to pahale hI kahA jA cukA hai ki atIta kA vartamAna meM atIta rUpeNa aura 1. tattvasaMgraha -kA. 3318-9; tattvasaMgraha kA. 3381-89 / 2. prameya kamala mArtaNDa pR0 254-255 / 3. vahI pR0 254-255 /

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jainadarzana : cintana-anucintana anAgata rUpeNa anubhava kiyA jAtA hai| karmAdi kSaya hone ke kAraNa kevala jJAna ko deza kAla kI bAdhA nahIM rahatI hai| (kha) vaktRtva sambandhI Aropa (1) mImAMsaka arhanta ko isaliye sarvajJa nahIM mAnate ki vaha vaktA hai| aura rathyAputra kI taraha sAdhAraNa vykti| kintu vaktRtva evaM sarvajJatva meM koI virodha nahIM / jJAna kI vRddhi ke sAtha-sAtha vaktRtva kI prakarSatA isako siddha karatI hai / ataH yaha Aropa galata mAnanA caahiye| (2) cUMki vaktRtva kA sambandha vivakSA se hai, ataH vItarAga arhanta meM vaktRtva nahIM ho sakatA / kintu uttara meM yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki vaktRtva evaM vivakSA meM avinAbhAva sambandha nahIM hai kyoMki suSupta yA mUcchita vyakti meM vivakSA kA abhAva hone para bhI vacana kI pravRtti dRSTigocara hotI hai aura viparIta mUrkha evaM maMda buddhi meM kitanI bhI vivakSA rahane para vaktRtA nahIM aatii| (3) arhanta ke vacana pramANa nahIM ho sakate kyoMki arhanta buddhAdi kI taraha eka vyakti hai| isake uttara meM itanA hI kahanA paryApta hogA ki vItarAga vyakti ke vacana hI yathArtha mAne jAte haiN| dUsare to jhUTha bhI bola sakate haiN| (ga) anya yauktika Aropa evaM uttara (1) cUMki hameM kisI bhI pramANa se sarvajJa upalabdha nahIM hotA ataH anupalambha hone se usakA abhAva mAna lenA caahiye| isako to sabase pahale mAnA nahIM jA sakatA kyoMki SaT pramANoM ke AdhAra para sarvajJa kI siddhi kI hai / phira yaha anupalambha kisako mAnA jAya-apane ko yA sabako ? yadi prazna-kartA yA saMzaya-kartA ko yaha anupalambha hai to koI bAta nhiiN| duniyA meM unake dvArA anupalabdha asaMkhya padArthoM kA astitva hai| lekina yadi saMzayakartA yaha kahate haiM ki "saba ko sarvajJa kA anupalambha hai ' to yaha saba ke jJAnoM ko jAnane vAlA sarvajJa hI hogA, asarvajJa nhiiN| ataH sarvAnupalambha asiddha 1. mImAMsA zlokavArtika, codanA sUtra, zloka 158 / 2. syAdvAda siddhi sampAdaka-darabArIlAla, mA. ca. di. granthamAlA pR0 29, __ jaina-darzana pa0 309-310 / / 3. mImAMsA zloka vArtika-co. sUtra-zloka 161 / 4. vahI, pR0 29-30; jaina darzana pR0 310 / 5. syAdvAda siddhi pR0 30; arhatsarvajJa siddhiH zloka 16,17,18 / 6. jaina darzana pR0 310-311 /

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jJAna kI sImAyeM aura sarvajJatA kI saMbhAvanAyeM (2) yaha kahA jAtA hai ki samasta saMsAra meM hama eka bhI sarvajJa nahIM dekhate / kintu hamArA ajJAna hamArA pramANa nahIM bana sktaa| yaha to vaisA hI huA ki hama kaheM ki jaimini Adi vedoM kA marma nahIM jAnate the kyoMki abhI hama unake jaisA vyakti nahIM dekhate / ' (3) Agama varNita sAdhanoM se yadi sarvajJatA prApta hotI hai aura phira sarvajJa ke dvArA Agama kahA jAtA hai, to donoM parasparAzrita hone se asiddha haiN| isakA uttara hogA-'sarvajJa Agama kA kAraka hai| prakRti sarvajJa kA kAraNa pUrva sarvajJa ke dvArA pratipAdita AgamArtha ke AcaraNa se utpanna hotA hai aura pUrva sarvajJa kA jJAna tatpUrva sarvajJa ke dvArA pratipAdita AgamArtha ke AcaraNa se| isa taraha donoM kA bIjAMkura sambandha hai| puruSa apanA vikAsa kara jaba sarvajJa ho sakatA hai to usI ke guNoM se vacanoM meM pramANatA aayegii|' (4) yadi sarvajJa ko dharmI banAkara bhAvAtmaka hetu diyA jAe to asiddha ho jAte haiM, yadi abhAvAtmaka hetu dete haiM to viruddha ho jAyeMge aura yadi donoM sarvajJa ke dharma haiM to anaikAntika ho jaayeNge| vastutaH yaha zaMkA hI galata hai| hama sarvajJa ko nahIM "kazcidAtmA'' ko dharmI banAte haiM, ataH ye sAre doSa nahIM lagate / udAharaNArtha, hama kahate haiM..-"koI AtmA sarvajJa hogA / kyoMki pUrNa jJAna AtmA kA bhAva hai aura usake pratibandhaka karmAdikSaya se haTa sakate haiN| (5) sarvajJa ke sAdhaka evaM bAdhaka donoM pramANa nahIM milate, ataH saMzaya svAbhAvika hai / uparyukta carcA ke AdhAra para yaha galata hai| sarvajJa kA trikAla evaM triloka meM abhAva kauna batA sakatA hai ? jo svayaM sarvajJa hai / ataH jo yaha kahe ki koI bhI sarvajJa nahIM hai, isakA artha hai ki kama se kama vaha avazya sarvajJa hai kyoMki usane saba ko dekhA hai| 8. sarvajJatA siddhi ke kucha pramANa : jaina graMthoM para AdhArita zAstrIya pramANoM ke atirikta vibhinna jaina dArzanikoM ne sarvajJa-siddhi ke kucha apane-apane maulika pramANa upasthita kiye haiM, hama unhIM kA vivecana kreNge| (ka) AtmA kA svabhAva : ananta jJAna jIva svAbhAvika avasthA meM ananta catuSTaya ko prApta rahatA hai kintu jJAnAvaraNIya karmoM ke kAraNa karma-pudgala prabhAva se isakA ananta jJAna AvRtta 1. vahI, pR0 312-313; syAdvAda siddhi pR0 29 / / 2. jaina darzana pR0 312, syAdvAda siddhi pR0 30 / 3. jaina darzana pR0 313-314, nyAyAvatAra sUtra vArtika pR0 51 / 4. jaina darzana pR0 314 /

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jainadarzana : cintana-anucintana ho jAtA hai| kintu jisa prakAra megha haTane mAtra se hI sUrya kA avicchinna prakAza milatA hai usI prakAra jJAnAvaraNIya karmoM ke prakSaya hone se hI jIva ko saba vastuoM kA jJAna spaSTa ho jAtA hai| svAmI vidyAnanda ne haribhadra kRta yoga bindu' se isa viSaya kA eka mahattvapUrNa zloka "jJo jJeyekathamajJaH" uddhRta kara usakI tArkika vivecanA kara sarvajJa siddhi kI hai| akalaMka ne bhI nyAya-vinizcaya' meM isI taraha kI anya rocaka upamAyeM dI haiN| hAM, bauddhoM kA anAtmavAdI pUrvAgraha isa tarka ko svIkAra karane meM bAdhaka hogaa| unake anusAra sarvajJatA ke jJAna meM vizva kA anAtma rUpa-jJAna honA cAhiye kyoMki sattA ko to bauddha anAtma rUpa mAnate haiN| kamalazIla ne zAMta rakSita kI tatsambandhI kArikA para bhASya karate hue sarvajJatA ko pramANita mAnakara anAtmavAda ko pratiSThita karanA cAhA jaba jaina dArzanika AtmavAda para hI sarvajJatA pratiSThita karate haiM / akalaMka pUchate haiM ki jabaki ajJAnAvaraNa haTa jAtA hai to phira jAnane ko raha hI kyA jAtA hai ?' (kha) samantabhadra kA anumeyatva-pramANa svAmI samantabhadra ne sarvajJatA kI siddhi isa anumAna se kI hai-- sUkSma, antarita aura dUravartI padArtha kisI ke pratyakSa haiM kyoMki ve anumAna se jAne jAte haiM, jaise agni Adi / nyAya dIpikAkAra dharmabhUSaNa' isakI vyAkhyA karate hue kahate haiM ki yahAM "pratyakSa" kA artha "pratyakSa jJAna ke viSaya" vivakSita hai kyoMki viSayI (jJAna) ke dharma (jAnanA) kA viSaya meM upacAra hotA hai / sUkSmAdi atIndriya padArtha cUMki hama loga anumAna se jAnate haiM ataeva ve kisI ke pratyakSa bhI haiM aura jisake pratyakSa haiM vahI sarvajJa haiN| kumArila pratyakSa ko indriya-janyatA para bala dekara kahate haiM ki unakA jaba pratyakSa hI Avazyaka hai to anumeyatva kI pUrvakalpanA vyartha hai / akalaMka isake uttara meM kahate haiM ki anumAna kA vahI viSaya hai jo pratyakSa kA viSaya ho 1. aSTa sAhasrI pR0 50 / 2. yoga bindu zloka 431 jJo jJeye kathamajJaH syAdasati pratibandhane / 3. nyAya-vinizcaya-vivaraNam-dvitIya bhAga-sampA. mahendrakumAra, jJAna pITha bhAga-2, pR0 294 nyAya vi. 3/79, maleri maNi viddha:-Adi / 4. tattvasaMgraha-3337, 3338 / 5. tattvasaMgraha-3340 / 6. nyAya vinizcaya-kArikA 465 / 7. Apta mImAMsA kArikA 5 / 8. nyAya dIpikA pR0 41, 42 / 9. mImAMsA darzana 1.1.4 /

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jJAna kI sImAyeM aura sarvajJatA kI saMbhAvanAyeM cukA hai| cUMki IzvarAdika sarvajJa nahIM hai isaliye dUra antarita padArtha arhanta ke paramArtha pratyakSa hai, kyoMki prameya hai| isa taraha hama dekhate haiM ki akalaMka sarvaprathama anumeyatva ke badale prameyatva setu lAyA / (ga) jyotirjJAna visaMvAda jisa prakAra jyotiSa zAstra nakSatroM evaM sUrya yA candra grahaNoM ke viSaya meM nizcita jJAna detA hai usase hama yaha anumAna kara sakate haiM ki binA indriya vastu samparka ke bhI jJAna saMbhava hai| isI prakAra prazna-vidyA yA IkSaNI vidyA se atIndriya padArthoM kA jJAna hotA hai usI prakAra sarvajJa kA jJAna atIndriya padArthoM kA bhAsaka hotA hai / yaha bhaTTa akalaMka kI pramukha yukti hai| (gha) sunizcita saMbhavad bAdhaka pramANa akalaMka ne isa hetu kA sarvajJa siddhi ke liye prayoga kara ise sabase bar3A pramANa mAnA hai ki isakI sattA meM koI bAdhaka pramANa nahIM hai|' isI ko saMketa kara svAmI vidyAnaMda ne kahA ki yadi chaH pramANoM se sarvajJa siddha ho to use kauna roka sakatA hai ? AcArya hemacandra ne mI 'bAdhakAbhAvAcca" kahakara isako samarthita kiyA hai / prabhAcandra ne chahoM pramANoM se sarvajJa siddha kara dikhAyA hai| (ca) prajAtizaya-pramANa jJAna kA tAratamya hI sarvajJa ke astitva kA bIja hai| jJAna kA bhI mAtrA bheda hotA hai jisakI pUrNAhuti sarvajJatA meM hogii| sukhalAlajI isa pramANa kA mUla yoga-sUtra meM mAnate haiM jise phira nyAya-vaizeSika-bauddha-jaina Adi ne liyaa| kintu mImAMsakoM kA kahanA hai ki jJAna cAhe jitanA bhI 1. Apta parIkSA-kA 246 / 2. nyAya-vinizcaya kA. 414 / siddha vinizcaya TIkA pR0 413 / syAdvAda maMjarI zloka 26 / tulanA-tattvasaMgrada kA-3166 / AptaparIkSA kA. 3. nyAya vinizcaya pravacana prastAva kA. 19 / 4. Apta parIkSA-kArikA 93; mImAMsA zloka vArtika 4.5.84 / 5. pramANa-mImAMsA 1.1.17 / 6. prameya kamala mArtaNDa pR0 247 se 266; nyAya kumudacandra-bhAga 1, pR0 ___86 se 97 / 7. pramANa-mImAMsA 1.1.16; syAdvAda maMjarI (TIkA) zloka 17 / 8. darzana aura ciMtana pR0 428 / 9. pataMjali kA yoga sUtra "tatra niratizaya sarvajJa bIjam' 1/25 /

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jaina darzana : cintana - anucintana 22 vikasita ho, usakI apanI sImA to hai hI / cAhe hamArA netra kitanI hI prakRSTatA kyoM na prApta kara le lekina isakA artha yaha nahIM ki hama usase zabda kA anubhava kara sakeM / ' buddhi, pratibhA Adi se jo bhI atizayavAn dekhe gaye haiM ve nyUnAdhika rUpa se atizayavAn haiM na ki atIndriya padArthoM ko dekhane se / ' eka zAstra ke jJAna meM bar3e atizaya dekhe jAte haiM lekina dUsare zAstra kA jJAna unheM prApta nahIM hotA / mImAMsaka pUchate haiM ki jo 15 phITa kUda sakatA hai usake viSaya meM 15 mIla kUdane kI kalpanA kara leM to yaha tarka kI TAMga tor3anA hogA / ' kintu mImAMsaka yaha bhUla jAte haiM ki sarvajJatA kA jJAna indriya jJAna kI prakarSatA nahIM balki atIndriya jJAna kI prApti meM hai / kevala jJAna to ananta hotA hI hai / jaina paramparA meM isa yukti kA prathama pratipAdana mallavAdI " kiyA, phira yazovijaya' Adi ne isakA upayoga kiyA / (cha) aMza aMzI pramANa AcArya vIrasena' ne "jayadhavalA" meM sarvajJatA kI siddhi aMza - aMzI nyAya se kI hai / jisa prakAra parvata ke eka aMza ko dekhane se pUrNa parvata kA vyavahArataH pratyakSa mAnA jAtA hai, usI taraha mati jJAnAdi avayavoM ko dekhakara avayavI rUpa kevala jJAna svasaMvedana se hotA hai / AtmA kA svAbhAvika kevala jJAna yahAM matijJAnAdi rUpa meM prakaTa hotA hai / " 6. sarvajJatA kI saMbhAvanA : eka prayAsa (ka) vijJAna ke AdarzoM meM sarvajJatA kI saMbhAvanA vijJAna vizva kA suvyavasthita kramabaddha jJAna hai / isakA uddezya ajJAna 1. tattvasaMgraha - kA. 3160-61 / 2 . vahI, kA. 3161-62 / 3. vahI, kA. 3160 / 3165 / 4. vahI, kA. 5. vahI, kA. 3168 / 6. vahI, kA. 3318-9 / 7. darzana aura ciMtana pR0 429 / 8. jJAna bindu prakaraNa pR0 19 / aSTazatI - kA. 9. jaina darzana pR0 308-9 / jayadhavalA - Arapatra 866, 3; nyAya - vinizcaya pR0 465 / aSTa sahasrI pR0 50 / 10. tulanA -- Our phenomenal knowledge suggests a noumenal as a necessity of thought -- rAdhAkRSNan - iMDiyana philAsaphI bhAga 1, pR0 509 /

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jJAna kI sImAyeM aura sarvajJatA kI saMbhAvanAyeM 23 aura anizcayatA ko dUra kara sRSTi kI saMzliSTatAoM ko samajhanA hI hai / isake jJAna kI koI sImA nahIM / yaha ThIka hai ki rUr3hivAdI darzana-paramparA kI taraha yaha satya ke viSaya meM aMtima nirNaya nahIM denA cAhatA, kintu isakA Adarza sRSTi ke samasta rahasyoM kA bhedana karanA hI hai / ataH yaha sarvajJatA kI eka svastha evaM sudRr3ha parikalpanA para pratiSThita hai / yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki AkAMkSA, uddezya yA Adarza kA satya evaM tathya ke sAtha avinAbhAva saMbandha sAmAnyataH nahIM hotA hai; lekina hama ise cAhe bilkula satya bhale hI nahIM mAneM kintu isakI saMbhAvanA ko to, cAhe jitane bhI aMza meM, svIkAra kara hI sakate haiM / Akhira jJAna-vijJAna kA vistAra bhI isI krama se huA hai / (kha) parAmanovidyA meM sarvajJatA kI saMbhAvanA pAtaMjala yoga sUtra" meM evaM anya yoga-granthoM meM sarvajJatA kI sthiti ko satya mAnA gayA hai / yogazAstra' ke anusAra sarvajJatA saMyama, viveka Adi se prApya hai / yogI - jJAna ke liye yaha saMbhava hai| khaira, yaha to purAnI bAteM haiM / parAmanovidyA kI adyatana bhUmikA meM jaba atIndriya pratyakSa ( kleyaravoyeMsa, TelIpethI, kleyarabhADiyeMsa Adi = indriyetara jJAna tathA prAgjJAna Adi ) sambandhI sahasroM saphala anusaMdhAna ho cuke haiM to isase sarvajJatA kI saMbhAvanA bahuta hada taka svata: siddha ho jAtI hai / (ga) dhArmika anubhUti meM sarvajJatA kI saMbhAvanA "dharma - manovijJAna' ne bhI dhArmika anubhUti ko svIkAra kiyA hai jo nizcita rUpa se indriya anubhUti se bahuta bhinna hai / dhArmika rahasyAnubhUti kI bAta to aura hI hai jahAM vicAra aura vastu jagat ekAkAra hokara jJAna-jagata meM eka vilakSaNa sRjanAtmaka adhyAya prArambha karatA hai / yaha jJAna akATya rasa evaM nirbAdha hotA hai / isIliye to dhArmika paigambara sarvajJa mAne gaye haiM / ata: dhArmika-AdhyAtmika anubhUti meM sarvajJatA kA amiTa saMketa hai / (gha) nirapekSavAda meM sarvajJatA kI saMbhAvanA 3 nirapekSavAdI darzanoM meM sarvajJatA kA bIja antarnihita hai / jaise upaniSad meM, jahAM AtmA ko sarvocca sattA mAnA gayA hai, vahAM usakA jJAna hI saba kA jJAna karA degA / isIliye to kahA gayA hai " yaH Atmavit sa sarvavit / advaita vedAnta meM, jahAM brahma ko carama sattA svIkAra kiyA gayA 1. yoga sUtra 3.50 ; 3.14; 3.16; 3.44; 3.34. 2. rAdhAkRSNan kRta Idealistic View of Life pR0 84, dekhiye Counter attack from the East, by C. E. M. Joad, 79-801 3. kauzItikI 4.19 / 4. bRhad 3.7.1; 4.5.6; prazna 4.10-11 /

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jainadarzana : cintana-anucintana hai, usakA jJAna hI sarvajJatA hai; yoM sarvajJatA to "prAjJa' sthiti meM hI ho 'jAtI hai / sarvocca sattA kA jJAna sarvajJatA se hI saMbhava hai| jJAna evaM satya sAtha-sAtha calate haiN| sarvocca sattA ke jJAna meM sarvajJatA pratiphalita hogI hii| sarvocca sattA ke bAhara to kucha bhI nahIM hai, ataH isake jJAna meM saba kA jJAna samAhita hai| (ca) jJAna kI sarva saMgrAhakatA meM sarvajJatA kI saMbhAvanA jJAna ke antargata saba kucha hai kyoMki isakI prakRti sarva saMgrAhakatA hai|' ataH jJAna kI sImA vastutaH hamArI apanI sImAyeM haiM, isIliye to isakA kramazaH vikAsa hotA hI rahA hai| mAnavIya jJAna se pare padArtha ajJAta raha sakate haiM lekina ajJeya nahIM kyoMki ajJAna ko bhI ajJAta rUpa se jAnanA jJAna hI hai / isIliye saMzayavAda aura ajJeyavAda ke liye koI guMjAiza nhiiN| pratyakSa kI sImA jJAna kI sImA nahIM hai, isIliye jisakA prAtyakSika prAmANya nahIM huA to usakA prAmANya hogA hI nahIM, yaha bhrAnta dhAraNA hai / apane jJAna ke viSaya meM koI bhI sImA bAMdhanA jJAna ke uccatara gavAkSoMkalpanA, ciMtana, karttavyAnubhUti, bauddhika evaM saundaryAnubhUti Adi kI upekSA kara apane ko hI jhuThalAnA hai| 10. upasaMhAra sarvajJatA kA vicAra hameM aMdhavizvAsa pUrNa evaM rUr3higata isaliye dRSTigocara hotA hai ki hama meM jJAna kI svanirmita, saMkucita evaM paramparA se pratiSThita sImAoM ke ullaMghana ke bauddhika sAhasa kA abhAva hai| hama jJAna ke prastuta evaM pracalita gavAkSoM se hI vizva kI samasta vyUha racanA dekhane ke abhyasta ho gaye haiM / svabhAvataH hama sarvajJatA ke svarga dvAra taka pahuMcane se vacita raha jAte haiM / kintu hameM mAnanA cAhiye ki hamAre jJAna ko mAnya sAdhanoM kI sacamuca apanI nirIha sImAyeM hai| lekina ajJAta ajJeya nahIM raha sakatA, jaba taka hama svayaM ajJAna ke ananta aMdhakAra meM apanI vivazatAoM meM hI Abaddha rahane kA nizcaya na kara leN| jyoM-jyoM mAnava jJAna kI apanI zakti kA vikAsa karatA jAegA, ajJAna evaM ajJAta ke AvaraNa bhI svayaM dUra hote jAyeMge / ataH maulika rUpa se, jJAna kI sampUrNa saMbhAvanAyeM, upalabdha yA 1. Angus Sincliar, The Condition of Knowing, Lond. 1957, p. 13. 2. G.T Ladd : Knowledge, Life & Reality, New Haven, 1918, p. 98.

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jJAna kI sImAyeM aura sarvajJatA kI saMbhAvanAyeM 25 anupalabdha mAnavIya jJAna kI zakti kI sImAoM meM hI Abaddha hai| Aja jJAna ke navIna upakaraNoM kA AviSkaraNa atyanta apekSita hai| isake liye navIna AkAMkSA evaM nayI dizA cAhiye jisase jJAnamImAMsA kI pracalita jIrNazIrNa mAnyatAoM meM eka AdhArabhUta parivartana ho sake / 1. Soli R. abbles, His article "Higher Modes of Congnition of Instrument of Knowledge'' in Proceedings of International Philosophical Congress (Brussels 1953), p. 72.

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jaina-nyAya meM hetu-lakSaNa : eka anucintana 1. bhAratIya nyAya-paramparA meM anumAna kA vikAsa krama lipibaddha mUla bhAratIya vaidika vAGamaya, vizeSakara Rgveda Adi meM "anumAna" yA isake paryAyavAcI zabda nahIM milate haiM kintu upaniSadsAhitya meM "vAkyovAkyam" zabda AtA hai jise anumAna kA pUrva saMskaraNa kahA jA sakatA hai| brahmabindu upaniSada' meM anumAna ke aMgoM jaise "hetu" aura "dRSTAMta", maitrAyaNI' meM "anumIyate" aura subAlopaniSada meM "nyAya" zabda AyA hai| chAndogya ke zAMkarabhASya meM "vAkyovAkyam" kA artha "tarkazAstra" diyA gayA hai| prAcIna bauddha pAlI grantha brahmajAlasutta' meM "tI" evaM 'tarka' zabda prayukta hue haiM, jo vitaMDAvAda ke lie AyA hai / nyAya sUtra' meM nyAyabhASya meM tarkoM ko anumAna nahIM balki usakA anugrAhaka mAnA gayA hai| ughotakara' ne tarka, hetu, nyAya, anvIkSA Adi ko anumAnArthaka hI mAnA hai / bhImAcArya ne nyAya-koza' meM "tarka" zabda arthoM meM "AnvIkSikI vidyA" aura "anumAna" artha diyA hai| bAlmIki rAmAyaNa" meM AnvIkSikI kA prayoga huA hai jabaki mahAbhArata" meM "AnvIkSikI" ke alAvA hetu, hetuka, "tarka vidyA" jaise zabdoM kA bhI prayoga pAyA jAtA hai| kahIM bhArata meM 'AnvIkSikI" ko parA-vidyA'2 ke rUpa meM to kahIM mokSa ke 1. chAMdogya, 7 / 1 / 2 2. brahma bindu upaniSad, nirNaya sAgara presa, bahI 1932 zloka-9 3. maitrAyaNI upaniSad, ni0 sA0 pre0 bambaI, 1932, 5 // 1 4. subAlopaniSad, ni0 sA0 pre0 bambaI, 1932, khaMDa-2 5. brahmajAla sUtra, 1332 sampA0 rAyasa DeviDa 6. nyAya sUtra (gautama), 11113, 1 / 1140 7. nyAya-bhASya (vAtsAyana), 1 / 113, 1 / 1 / 40 8. nyAya vAttika, 111140 9. nyAya koza, bambaI, prAcya vidyA saMzodhana maMdira, 1928, pR0 321 10. bAlmIkIya rAmAyaNa, ayodhyA0, 100138,39 11. mahAbhArata, zAMti parva, 210 / 22, 18046 12. vahI, 315134

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jaina-nyAya meM hetu-lakSaNa : eka anucintana 27 lie sarvAdhika upayogI mAnA gayA hai|' hAM eka jagaha zAstra zravaNa ke anadhikAriyoM ko "hetuduSTa" kahA hai kintu nArada ko paMcAvayavayukta vAkya ke guNa-doSoM kA vettA aura "anumAna vibhAga vit' kahA gayA hai| kauTilya ne ise vibhinna yuktiyoM ke balAbala kA Azreya Adi mAnA hai| manusmRti meM "tarka" aura "tI" ke sAtha-sAtha "hetuka", "AnvIkSikI" aura "hetuzAstra" zabda kA ullekha kiyA hai / prAcIna jaina-paramparA meM SaTalAMDAgama meM "hetuvAda", sthAnAMgasUtra' meM "hetu" bhagavatI sUtra meM "anumAna aura anuyogasUtra meM anumAna ke vibhinna prabhedoM kI carcA hai| isa taraha hameM mAnanA cAhie ki jainAgamoM meM bhI "anumAna' kI paraMparA vidyamAna hai jo paravartI kAla meM saMvaddhita aura pallavita huI hai| bhAratIya anumAna kevala kAryakaraNa rUpa bauddhika vyAyAma hI nahIM, balki niHzreyasa kA bhI sAdhana hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki bhAratIya anumAnaparamparA kA jitanA vivecana tarka granthoM meM pAyA jAtA hai, lagabhaga utanA hI dharmazAstra, darzanazAstra evaM purANa granthoM meM bhI hai| 2. jaina paramparA meM anumAna SoDAgama meM zruta ke nAmoM meM eka nAma "hetuvAda" bhI mAnA gayA hai jise AcArya vIrasena ne "hetu dvArA tatsambaddha anya vastu kA jJAna' kahA hai, ataH ise hetuvAda, hetuvidyA, tarkazAstra yA yuktizAstra yA anumAnazAstra kahA gayA hai| isIlie svAmI samantabhadra ne anumAna zAstra ko yuktyanuzAsana kA nAma dekara isI nAma se eka svatantra grantha kI racanA kara 1. vahI, 318 / 35 2. vahI, anuzAsana parva, 134 / 17 3. vahI, sabhAparva, 51528 4. arthazAstra, vidyA samuddheza, 111 5. bhUtabali puSpadantakRta, SaTkhaMDAgama, 5 // 5 // 51 6. sthAnAMga sUtra, saMpA0 kanhaiyAlAla, vyAvara saMskaraNa, vi0 saM0 2010, pR0 309,390 7. bhagavatI sUtra, saMpA0 kanhaiyAlAla, kalakattA, 5 / 3 / 191-82 8. anuyoga sUtra, mUla suttANi, saMpA0 kanhaiyAlAla, byAvara saMskaraNa, vi0 ___ saM0 2010, pR0 539 9. nyAya bhASya (vAtsyAyana), 1 / 11 pR0 11 10. SaTkhaMDAgama, 5 // 5 // 51 11. yuktyanuzAsana, dillI, vIra sevA maMdira pR0 48 sthAnAMga sUtra, pR0 309-310

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28 jainadarzana : cintana - anucintana dI hai / sthAnAMga sUtra' - meM " hetu " zabda prayukta hai jisakA prayoga pramANasAmAnya tathA anumAna ke pramukha aMga hetu donoM arthoM meM prayukta huA hai / hetu ke cAra bheda batAe gae haiM / ' bhagavatI-sUtra' meM cAra pramANa meM anumAna ko sthAna diyA gayA hai / anuyoga sUtra meM anumAna ke tIna bheda ( pravvavaM, sesavaM, dvisAmbhai) mAne gae haiM jisake anekAneka bheda-prabheda haiM / kAlabheda se bhI anumAna ke tIna bheda mAne gae haiM, jo pAribhASika nahIM abhidhAmUlaka haiM / yaha ThIka hai ki vAtsyAyana kA vargIkaraNa evaM svarUpa vyAkhyA anuyogadvAra kI vyAkhyA se adhika puSTa aura vyavasthita hai, lekina isase anuyogadvAra kI prAcInatA to siddha ho hI jAtI hai| anumAna ke avayavoM ke bAre meM AgamoM meM to koI kathana upalabdha nahIM haiM kintu tattvArtha sUtra' meM pakSa hetu evaM dRSTAMta kA ullekha hai / samantabhadra", pUjyavAda', aura siddhasena divAkara ne bhI inhIM tIna avayavoM kA nirdeza kiyA hai / bhadravAhu ne pAMca prakAra se avayavoM kI carcA kI hai (yathA, tIna, pAMca, dasa ) lekina yaha vAtsAyanAdi ke dazAvayava se bhinna hai | jaina paramparA meM anumAna kA tArkika vikAsa samantabhadra se Arambha mAnanA cAhie, jisameM sAdhya, sAdhana, pakSa, udAharaNa, avinAbhAva Adi kA nirdeza hai / siddhasena ke nyAyAvatAra meM anumAna kA svarUpa, bheda, lakSaNa, pakSa kA svarUpa, hetu ke tathopapatti aura anyathAnupapatti kA nirdeza, dRSTAMta, vyApti, hetu Adi kA pratipAdana hai / akalaMka ke nyAya-vivecana ne hI "akalaMkanyAya" kA pravartana kara diyA jisameM nyAya - vinizcaya, laghIyastraya, siddhi vinizcaya Adi jaina nyAya ke mahattvapUrNa grantha haiM / haribhadra, vidyAnandi, mANikyanandi, prabhAcaMdra, abhayadeva, devasUri, kaMdara.ja, hemacaMdra, dharmabhUSaNa, yazovijaya Adi pramukha haiM / 1. dharmabhUSaNa, nyAya dIpikA, dillI vIra sevA maMdira, pR0 95-99 2. mANikyanandi, parIkSAmukham - 3157-58 3. bhagavatI sUtra, 5 / 3 pR0 191-92 4. anuyogadvAra sUtra, vahI, pR0539 5. vahI, pR0 541-542 6. tattvArtha sUtra, 1015,6,7 7. Apta mImAMsA, 5, 17, 18, yuktyanuzAsana, 53 8. sarvArthasiddhi, 10 / 5,6,7 9. nyAyAvatAra, 13, 14, 17, 18, 19 10. dazavaikAlika niyukti, gAthA, 49-137

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jaina - nyAya meM hetu - lakSaNa : eka anucintana 3. jaina nyAya meM hetu kA svarUpa hetu anumAna kA AdhAra stambha hai| hetu vihIna anumAna anumAna nahIM, kalpanA hai / kintu yakSa prazna hai ki hetu kA svarUpa kyA hai ? vibhinna dArzanikoM ne hetu ke eka lakSaNa se lekara dvi, tri, catuH, paMca, SaD aura sapta lakSaNa taka bhI mAne haiM / akSapAda ne sAdhya ko siddha karane vAle sAdhana ko hetu kahA hai / vAtsAyana ne bhASya meM spaSTIkaraNa karate hue sAdhya ( pakSa ) aura sAdharmya udAharaNa ( sapakSa ) meM dharma (sAdhana) ke sadbhAva tathA vaidharmya udAharaNa ( vipakSa ) meM usake asadbhAva kA pratisaMdhAna kara sAdhya ko siddha karane vAlA sAdhana hI hetu hai / udyotakara ne bhI nyAya - sUtra evaM bhASya donoM kA samarthana hI kiyA hai / (ka) dvilakSaNa- trilakSaNa gotama, vAtsyAyana aura udyotakara ne hetu ko dvilakSaNa- trilakSaNa mAnA hai / nyAyavartika meM udyotakara ne pratisaMdhAna kA artha sAdhya meM vyApakatva aura udAharaNa meM saMbhava kahA hai jisase hetu dvilakSaNa- trilakSaNa prApta hotA hai / jaba udAharaNa ke sAtha sAdharmya hai to vipakSa ko svIkAra na karane se dvilakSaNa hetu hotA hai / hetu kA sAdhya meM vyApaka, udAharaNa meM vidyamAna aura anudAharaNa meM avidyamAna honA cAhie aisA karane se trilakSaNa hetu hotA hai / gautama ke " trividham sUtram kI vyAkhyA karate hue udyotakara ne hetu ko prasiddha, sat aura asaMdigdha kahakara prasiddha se pakSa meM vyApaka, sat se sajAtIya meM rahane vAlA aura asaMdigdha se sajAtIya avinAbhAvi batAkara hetu ko trilakSaNa siddha kiyA hai / AraMbha meM hetu ko isase yaha pratIta hotA hai ki nyAya - paraMparA meM dvilakSaNa aura trilakSaNa mAnA gayA hai / prazastapAda ne kAzyapa kI do kArikAoM ke anusAra liMga aura aliMga kA svarUpa batAte hue hetu ko trilakSaNa mAnA hai / yaha kAzyapa hI kaNAda kA nAmAMtara hai / isa prakAra gautama se bhI pUrva hetu kA trilakSaNa siddhAMta hama vaizeSika meM pAte haiM jisakI vizada vyAkhyA prazastapAda ne kI hai / sAMkhya kArikA kI mAThara vRtti' aura 1. gautama, nyAya sUtra, 111 34, 35 udAharaNa - sAdharmyAt sAdhanaM hetuH / tathA vaidharmyAt / 2. vAtsyAyana, nyAya bhASya, 111 / 34-35 3. udyotakara, nyAya vArttika, 1 1 34, pR0 119 29 4. prazastapAda bhASya, caukhaMbhA saMskRta sirIja, vArANasI, 1923, pR0 100 5. sAMkhya kArikA ( Izvara kRSNa ), mAThara vRtti, cau0 saM0 sirIja, vArANasI, 1917, kA0 5

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30 jainadarzana : cintana-anucintana bauddha tArkikoM meM zaMkara svAmI, dharmakIti' Adi ne bhI hetu ko trilakSaNa mAnA hai| yaha ThIka hai ki hetu ke trilakSaNa kI carcA jitanI sUkSmatA se bauddhoM ne kI, utanI dUsaroM ne nahIM kI kintu isakI mAnyatA vaizeSika, Adya nyAya aura sAMkhya meM bhI rahI hai| vAcaspati mizra ke anusAra bauddhoM ke hetutrilakSaNa kI mAnyatA saMbhavataH vasubandhu aura diGnAga se Arambha huI hai| hetu kA caturlakSaNa aura paMcalakSaNa nyAya paraMparA meM hetu ke dvilakSaNa-vilakSaNa svarUpa ke alAve caturlakSaNa' ko pragalbha rUpa se svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| vAcaspati ke anusAra kevalAnvayI aura kevalavyatirekI do hetu caturlakSaNa haiM tathA eka hetu anvaya vyatirekI paMcalakSaNa haiN| kintu jayanta bhaTTa ne hetu ko paMcalamaNa hI mAnA hai isalie unake anusAra kevalAnvayI hetu hai hI nhiiN| zaMkara mizra ne vaizeSika sUtropaskAra meM hetu meM anvayavyatirekI meM pAMca evaM kevalavyatirekI meM cAra hetuoM ko svIkAra kiyA hai / jayantI ne yaha mAnakara ki cUMki gautama ne pAMca hetvAbhAsoM kA pratipAdana kiyA hai ataH hetu bhI pAMca hoNge|' vaizeSika sUtra evaM bhASya" tathA bauddhoM meM zaMkara svAmI evaM dharmakItti" 1. zaMkara svAmI, nyAya praveza, bar3audA : oriyaMTala insTIcyUTa, 1920, pR0 1 2. dharmakIti, nyAya bindu, vArANasI, co0 saM0 si0, dvitIya-saMskaraNa, 1954, pR0 22-23 dharmakIti, hetu bindu, var3audA : oriyaMTala saMskRta sirIja, 1949, pR0 52 3. zAtarakSita, tattva saMgraha, bar3audA, janarala lAibrerI, 1926 pR0 1362 4. nyAya vAttika tAtparya TIkA, vArANasI : yau0 saM0 si0, 1925, 1 / 1 / 35 pR0 289 5. udyotakara, nyAyavAttika, 11115 pR0 46 caturlakSaNa paMcalakSaNAya anumAnamiti / vAcaspati mizra, nyAya vAttika tAtparya TIkA, 11115, pR0 174 6. jayanta bhaTTa, nyAyakalikA, saM0 gaMgAnAtha jhA, pR0 14 7. vaizeSika sUtropaskAra, vArANasI, caukhaMbhA, 10923, pR0 97 8. jayanta bhaTTa, nyAya kalikA, pR0 14 9. vaizeSika sUtra, 3 / 1 / 15 10. prazastapAda bhASya, pR0 100 11. nyAya praveza, pR0 3 12. pramANavAttika, ilAhAbAda, kitAba mahala, 1943, 1117

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jaina-nyAya meM hetu-lakSaNa : eka anucintana ne bhI hetu ke tIna lakSaNoM ko mAnya kara tIna hetvAbhAsoM kA nirAkaraNa batAyA hai| hAM, jayanta bhaTTa aura vAcaspati mizra ne jaina tArkikoM ke anusAra hetu ke eka lakSaNa avinAbhAva ke mahattva evaM anivAryatA ko svIkAra kara use paMcalakSaNoM meM samApta mAnA hai|' vAcaspati ke anusAra to hetu ke eka lakSaNa avinAbhAva ke dvArA hI hetu ke paMcalakSaNa siddha ho jAte haiN| isa taraha hama kaha sakate haiM ki nyAya-paramparA meM hetu ke dvilakSaNa, trilakSaNa, caturlakSaNa evaM paMcalakSaNa-ye cAra mAnyatAeM rahI haiM kintu paMcalakSaNa kI mAnyatA uttarakAla meM adhika rhii| mImAMsaka vidvAn zAlikAnAtha' ne vilakSaNa hetu batAyA hai para unakA vilakSaNa (niyata sambandhaka darzana sambaMdha niyama smaraNa aura abAdhita viSayatva) dUsaroM se bhinna hai| hetu ke SaDlakSaNa prAcIna naiyAyikoM ne jJApamAna hetu ko aura bhATTamImAMsakoM ne jJAnatA ko anumati meM kAraNa kahA hai| dharmakItti aura aryara' ne bhI isI kA ullekha kiyA hai| dharmakItti ne naiyAyikoM aura mImAMsakoM kI kisI mAnyatA ke AdhAra para hetu kA SaDlakSaNa' svIkAra kiyA hai, yadyapi isakI mAnyatA na naiyAyikoM ke yahAM upalabdha hai na mImAMsakoM ke yahAM / hetu ke saptalakSaNa vAdirAja' ne hetu kI saptalakSaNa mAnyatA (anyathAnupapannatva, 2. jJAtatva, 3. abAdhita viSayatva, 4. asatpratipakSatva, 5-7 pakSadharmatvAdi, para tIna ) kI samIkSA kI hai kintu isakA srota nahIM batAyA hai| jaina darzana meM hetu-lakSaNa svAmI samantabhadra ne AptamImAMsA meM sUtra rUpa se hetu kA "aviro1. dekhie, jayanta bhaTTa, nyAya kalikA, 2, vAyaspati mizra, nyAyavAttika tAtparyaTIkA, 11115, pR0 17 2. zAlikA nAtha mizra, prakaraNa patrikA, vArANasI, kAzI hindU vizva vidyAlaya, 1965 pR0 122 / 3. vizvanAtha paMcAnana, siddhAMta muktAvalI, bambaI, gujarAtI presa, 1923, kA0 67, pR0 50 4. dharmakIrti, hetu bindu, pR0 68 5. aryara, hetu bindu TIkA, bar3audA, oriyaMTala insTIcyUTa, 1949, pR0 205 6. dharmakItti, hetu bindu, pR0 68 SaDalakSaNo heturityapare 1 7. vAdirAja, nyAya vinizcaya vivaraNa, vArANasI, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, vi0 1082, 2 / 155, pR0 178-80 8. samanta bhadra, Apta mImAMsA, anu0 jugala kizora mukhtyAra, dillI, vIra sevA maMdira, 1967, kA0 106

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jainadarzana : cintana-anucintana dhataH" siddhAMta ko pratipAdita kiyA hai jise aaMkalaMka' ne spaSTa kara eka lakSaNa hetu mAnA hai / vidyAnanda svAmI ne ise hetu prakAzaka lakSaNa mAnA hai / pAtrasvAmI ne hetu kA eka mAtra lakSaNa 'anyathAnupapannatva'' to mAnA aura trilakSaNa kI AlocanA kI hai jise zAMtarakSita ne apanI pustaka meM spaSTa hI ullekha kiyA hai| pAtrasvAmI ke mata kA ullekha anantavIrya, paravartI siddhasena,' aMkalaMka, kumAra nandi, vIrasena,' vidyAnanda, Adi jaina tAkikoM ne kiyA hai, ataH isakA vivecana apekSita hai| pAtrasvAmI ke grantha "trilakSaNa kadarthana" nAmaka mahattvapUrNa grantha kI racanA huI lekina vaha anupalabdha hai, hAlAMki isakA ullekha anantavIrya ne kiyA hai| pAtrasvAmI ke anusAra jisameM anyathAnupapannatva nahIM haiM, vaha hetu nahIM hai, cAhe rUpya rahe yA nhiiN| anyathAnupapannatva ke sadbhAva se gamakatA aura asadbhAva se agamakatA hotI hai| kumAranandi' ne bhI isIlie anyavAnupapattirUpa eka lakSaNa ko hI hetu mAnA hai| siddhasena ne hetu ko sAdhyAvinAbhAvI kahakara anyathAnupapannatva kA paryAya prakaTa kiyaa| aMkalaMka ne "prakRtAbhAvedanupapannaM sAdhanaM"1deg evaM "liMgAtsAdhyAvinAbhAvAbhinibodhaikalakSaNAt1 kahakara isakA samarthana karate hue vilakSaNoM ko anupayogI batAyA hai / dharmakItti ne bhI avinAbhAva ko svIkAra kiyA hai para ve use pakSadharmatvAdi tIna rUpoM tathA svabhAva, kArya aura anupalabdhi ina tIna hetu bhedoM meM 1. akalaMka, aSTazatI, bambaI, seTha rAmacaMdra nAthA raMga, 1918, kA0 106 pR0 289 2. vidyAnanda, aSTa sahasrI kA0 106, pR0 289 3. zAMtarakSita, tattva saMgraha, kA 1364-1379 4. anantavIrya, siddhi vinizcaya TIkA, kAzI, bhAratIya jJAna pITha, 6 / 2 pR0 371-62 5. samantabhadra, nyAyAvatAra, kA0 21 6. akalaMka, nyAya vinizcaya, kA0 2 / 154,155, pR0 177 (bhAratIya jJAnapITha, vArANasI) 7. kumAranandi, pramANa parIkSA, sanAtana jaina granthamAlA, pR0 72 8. vIrasena, SaTkhaMDAgama TIkA, dhavalA, 5 / 5 / 51, 5 / 5 / 43 9. vidyAnanda, pramANa parIkSA, sanAtana jaina granthamAlA, pR0 62 10. kumAranandi, pramANa parIkSA, pR0 72, anyathAnupapannatvaM hetorlakSaNAmI ritam / 11. siddhasena, nyAyAvatAra, kA0 22 12. akalaMka, nyAyavinizcaya, kA0 269, pramANa saMgraha, kA0 21

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jaina - nyAya meM hetu - lakSaNa : eka anucintana 33 hI sImita mAnate / ' aMkalaMka ne dharmakIti kI AlocanA karate hue batAyA hai ki kitane hI hetu aise haiM jinameM na pakSa dharmatvAdi hai na ve una tIna hetuoM kehI antargata haiM, para unameM avinAbhAva pAyA jAtA hai / " udAharaNa svarUpa, "bhaviSyat pratipadyeta zakaTaM kRttikodayAt / " yahAM kRttikA kA udaya hetu pakSa zakaTa meM nahIM rahatA, ataH usameM pakSadharmatva nahIM hai / isI prakAra kRttikA kA udaya zakaTodaya kA na svabhAva hai aura na kArya / upalambha rUpa hone se usake anupalambha hone kA prazna hI nahIM utthtaa| isalie kevala avinAbhAva ke dvArA vaha apane uttaravartI zakaTodaya kA gamaka hai / ' isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki hetu kA trilakSaNa - siddhAMta nirdoSa nahIM hai / isake viparIta avinAbhAva eka aisA vyApaka evaM avyabhicArI lakSaNa hai jo samasta sat hetuoM meM pAyA jAtA hai, tathA asad hetuoM meM nahIM / isIlie akalaMka ne pAtra kesarI ke "anyathAnupapannatvaM" siddhAMta ko apanAkara use hI hetu kA avyabhicArI aura pradhAna lakSaNa kahA hai| sabako pakSa banA lene para sapakSa kA abhAva hone se sapakSatva nahIM hai, ataH avinAbhAva tAdAtmya aura tadutpatti sambaMdhoM se niyaMtrita nahIM hai, balki ve avinAbhAva se niyaMtrita haiM / AcArya vIrasena ne bhI sAdhyAvinAbhAvI aura anyathAnupapattyekalakSaNa se yukta batalAyA hai tathA pakSadharmatvAdi ko hetu lakSaNa mAnane meM ativyApti aura avyApti donoM doSa batAe haiM / jaise "yaha bhUmi samatala hai kyoMki bhUmi hai, samatala rUpa se prasiddha bhUbhAga kI taraha / " isake viparIta aneka hetu aise haiM jo trilakSaNa nahIM hai para anyathAnupapatti mAtra ke sadbhAva ke gamaka haiM, jaise sadbhAva " rohiNI udita hogI, kyoMki kRtikA kA udaya anyathA nahIM ho sakatA / " isakA tarka hai - " idamantareNa idamanupapannam / " jisakA paryAyavAcI hogA-"anyathAnupapannatvama / " vidyAnaMda' ne akele anyathAnupapatti ke se hI tInoM doSoM (viruddha, asiddha, anaikAMtika) kA nirAkaraNa ho jAyegA / jahAM ye tInoM doSa raheMge, vahAM anyathAnupapatti hogI nahIM / jo hetu anyathA upapanna hai yA sAdhyAbhAva ke sAtha rahatA hai yA sAdhyAbhAva meM bhI vidyamAna rahatA hai vaha anyathAnupapanna kaise kahA jA sakatA hai| ataH jaba eka anyathA nupapannatva lakSaNa se una tInoM doSoM kA parihAra ho jAtA hai to phira usake nirAkaraNa ke lie hetu ke tIna lakSaNoM ko mAnane kI jarUrata hI nahIM hai / 1. akalaMka, laghIyastraya, kA0 12 2. 3. dharmakItti hetu bindu, pR0 54 4. akalaMka, laghIyastraya, kA0 13, 14 5. abhaya candra sUri, laghIyastraya tAtparyavRtti, mANivyayaM grantha pR0 33 nyAyavinizcaya, kA0 370, 371

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jainadarzana : cintana-anucintana isalie jaba avinAbhAvI hetu ke prayoga aura pratyakSAviruddha sAdhya ke nirdeza se tInoM doSoM ke sAtha bAdhita viSaya aura satyatipakSa hetu doSoM kA bhI nirAsa ho jAtA hai, ataH usake nirAkaraNa ke lie udyotakara, jayaMta, vAcaspati Adi naiyAyikoM dvArA samarpita pAMca hetu lakSaNa ko mAnanA hI vyartha haiM / jahAM anyathAnupapannatva hai, vahAM pAMca rUpa rahakara bhI kucha nahIM kara sakatA--- anyathAnupapannatvaM savaiH kiM paMcami kRtam / nAnyathAnupapannatvaM rUpA ki paMcami kRtam // ' vAdirAja ne bhI "sahastra meM sau" nyAya ke anusAra trairUpya-samIkSA ko isI paMcarUpa samIkSA meM vilIna kara diyA hai| vAdIbhasiMha ke anusAra to jathopapatti hI anyathAnupapatti hai aura ve use hI aMtApti mAnate hue hetu kA svarUpa svIkAra karate haiM / mANikyanaMdi ke anusAra jisakA sAdhyAvinAbhAva nizcita hai, use hetu kahA jAegA jo sAdhya kA gaNaka hogaa| unhoMne avinAbhAva kA niyAmaka bauddhoM kI taraha tadutpatti aura tAdAtmya ko na batalAkara sahabhAva niyama aura kramabhAvaniyama ko batAyA hai kyoMki jinameM tadutpatti aura tAdAtmya nahIM hai unameM bhI kramabhAva niyama athavA sahabhAva niyama ke rahane se avinAbhAva pratiSThita hotA hai aura usake balapara hetu sAdhya kA anumApaka hotA hai| jaise bharaNi aura kRttikodaya meM na tadutpatti hai na tAdAtmya kintu unameM kramabhAva niyama hone se avinAbhAva hai| jaina tAkikoM meM uparyukta ke alAve prabhAcaMdra, anativIrya, abhayadeva, devasUri, hemacaMdra," dharmabhUSaNa, yazovijaya," cArukItti,4 Adi vidvAnoM ne hetu ke 1. vIrasena, SaTkhaMDAgama TIkA, dhavalA, 5 // 5 // 5, pR0 287 2. vidyAnanda, pramANaparIkSA, pR0 62 3. vahI, pR0 72 4. vAdirAja, nyAya vinizcaya vivaraNa, kAzI, bhAratIya jJAna pITha, 2 / 174, pR0 210 5. vAdibha siMha, syAdvAda siddhi, mA0 di0 jaina grantha mAlA, 4-78,79 6. mANikyanandi, parIkSAmukham sUtra, 4 / 82-83,84,87-88 7. prabhAcandra, prameyakamala mArtaNDa, bambaI, nirNaya sAgara presa, 1115 8. ana tivIrya, prameyaratnamAlA, caukhaMbhA saM0si0, 1111, pR0 142-44 9. abhaya deva, sanmati prakaraNa TIkA, gujarAta vidyApITha ahamadAbAda 10. devasUri, pramANanayatattvAlokAlaMkAra, arhata prabhAkara, pUnA, 3 / 11 11. hemacaMdra, pramANa mImAMsA, siMdhI jaina granthamAlA, 112,9,10 12. dharmabhUSaNa, nyAyadIpikA, pR0 83 13. yazovijaya, jaina tarkabhASA, siMdhI jaina granthamAlA, pR0 12 14. cArukIti, prameyaratnAlaMkAra, maisUra, 3 / 15

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jaina-nyAya meM hetu-lakSaNa : eka anucintana trairUpya evaM paMcarUpya kI vivecanA ke pazcAt anyathAnupapatti ko hI hetu kA asAdhAraNa evaM pradhAna lakSaNa bata yA hai| jaba hetu ko anyathAnupapanna kahA jAegA to vaha sAdhya ke sAtha avazya rahegA, usake binA vaha utpanna hI nahIM hogA aura na sAdhyAbhAva ke sAtha rhegaa| isa taraha vividha doSa-asiddha, viruddha evaM anaikAMtika kA parihAra ho jaaygaa| isakA samAna-balazAlI koI pratipakSa hetu bhI sambhava nahIM hai ataH hetu kA pAMcavA rUpa bhI vyartha hai| isI taraha SaDalakSaNa hetu (jJAtRtva) ko bhI pRthak mAnanA Avazyaka hai kyoMki hetu jJAta hI nahIM, avinAbhAvI rUpa se nizcita hokara hI sAdhya kA anumApaka hotA hai jo hetu ke lie prAthamika zarte haiN| isI taraha vivakSitaka saMkhyatva kA kathana bhI jo asatpratipakSatva rUpa hai, anAvazyaka hai kyoMki avinAbhAvI hetu ke pratipakSI kisI dvitIya hetu kI saMbhAvanA nahIM hai jo prakRta hetu kI vivakSita eka saMkhyA kA vighaTana kara sake / ataH vivakSitaika saMkhyatva asatpratipakSatva svarUpa bhI anAvazyaka hai| karNagomi ne rohiNI ke udaya kA anumAna karAne vAle kRttikodaya hetu meM kAla yA AkAza ko pakSa pakSadharmatva ghaTAne kA prayAsa kiyA hai kintu vidyAnaMda ne kahA ki isa prakAra paramparAzrita pakSa banAkara pakSadharmatva hI siddha karane se to pRthivI ko pakSa banAkara mahAna saMgata dhUma se samudra meM bhI kAla AkAza aura pRthivI Adi ko apekSA pakSadharmatva ghaTAyA jA sakegA aura isa taraha koI vyabhicArI hetu apakSa dharma na rhegaa| upasaMhAra jaina darzana ne hetu-svarUpa meM dvilakSaNa se lekara SaD, sapta lakSaNoM ko adhyApta tathA ativyApta dikhAte hue unheM hetu-lakSaNa nahIM mAnA hai| unhoMne hetu kA eka hI lakSaNa mAnA hai--avinAbhAva yA anyathAnupapannatva / kintu isapara saralIkaraNa kA doSa lagAyA jA sakatA hai lekina jisa prakAra hetu ke eka-eka bhrAMta svarUpa kA khaMDana kara use nirarthaka batAyA gayA hai, isase inako tArkika pratibhA evaM sUkSmatA kA paricaya milatA hai| jaba anyathAnupapanna yA avinAbhAva ke nahIM rahane para hama kisI ke hetu nahIM mAna sakate, to phira use hI mAnanA anivArya hai| phira dvilakSaNAdi nahIM mAnane se koI hAni bhI to nahIM hai to phira unheM mAnanA vyartha evaM nirarthaka hai / 1. mANikyanandi, parIkSAmukha, 3 / 15 sAdhyAvinAbhAvitvena nizcito hetuH / _

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Agama kA gaMgAvataraNa jisa prakAra kailAza sthita bhagavAn ziva kI jaTAoM meM ulajhI gaMgA ko pRthvI para lAne kA zreya bhAgIratha ko hai, usI prakAra Adhunika yuga meM pAThAntaroM, bhASya, TIkA evaM cUrNi Adi meM ulajhe jainAgamoM ko zabda sUcI, saMskRta chAyA aura yahAM taka ki hindI anuvAda ke sAtha saMpAdana sacamuca Agama kA gaMgAvataraNa hI hai / terApaMtha ke navama AcAryazrI tulasI dharma-cakra pravartana ke liye jaba mahArASTra meM ghUma rahe the to pUnA ke pAsa manasara nAmaka eka choTI jagaha meM "dharmadUta" nAmaka eka patrikA dekhI jisameM bauddhoM ke vizAla tripiTaka ke punaH saMpAdana kA samAcAra thaa| AcAryazrI ne eka ora to bauddhoM ke bhAgya ko sarAhA lekina dUsarI ora coTa lagI ki jaina samAja kitanA abhAgA hai ki usane AgamoM ko maMdiroM evaM jaina granthAgAroM kI kAlakoTharI meM kaida rakhA hai ! phira socA ve svayaM hI isa gurutara dAyitva ko kyoM nahIM uThAveM / apane parama sahayogI evaM ziSya muni nathamalajI se parAmarza karake auraMgAbAda meM vi0saM0 2011 kI caitra sudI trayodazI bhagavAna, mahAvIra jayantI ke avasara para AgamoM ke hindI anuvAda evaM saMpAdana kI ghoSaNA kara dii| isake pUrva inheM saMpAdana kA koI anubhava nahIM thA, isaliye ghoSaNA karane meM unheM kAphI saMkoca bhI huA lekina yaha to puruSArtha kI parIkSA thii| phira unhoMne socA ki jainoM ke vibhinna sampradAyoM ke sAdhuoM aura AcAryoM se sahayoga bhI liyA jAye, tAki yaha saboM ko mAnya ho| isI krama meM apane AgarA pravAsa meM unhoMne zrI amara munijI se parAmarza kiyA lekina unhoMne isa kArya ko durUha dustara btaayaa| phira jaina vidyA ke pramukha AcArya evaM vidvAn paM0 sukhalAlajI, paM0 becaradAsa, paM0 dalasukha mAlavaNiyA Adi se samparka kiyA lekina saboM se prAyaH nirutsAhapUrNa aura rUkhe uttara mile / asala meM una vidvAnoM ne Agama ke avagAhana kI gaMbhIratA evaM durUhatA kA anubhava kiyA thaa| bhalA jisakI cUrNiyAM udAra vidvAn agastya siMha sthavira evaM jinadAsa mahattara kI hoM, jinakI vAcanA meM bhadrabAhu, skandila, nAgArjuna evaM devaddhigaNI ne pustakArUr3ha kiyA ho, usakI punarvAcanA yA TIkA Adi isa samaya koI kara sakegA, yaha kalpanA ke bAhara bAteM thIM / devaddhigaNI kSamA zramaNa ke pazcAt Agama meM koI saMzodhana, parivartana evaM parivarddhana nahIM huA, isIliye to prasiddha jarmana vidvAn DaoN0 rautha ne Agama kI isa saMpAdana kI yojanA ke viSaya meM sunA to AcArya tulasI se kahA ki isameM kama-se-kama

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Agama kA gaMgAvataraNa 37 100 varSa lageMge, lekina jo kucha kAma unheM dikhAyA gayA to unhoMne itanA hI kahA-"AcAryajI ! Apako koI devatA hI madada kara rahe haiN| yoM bhI dekhA jAya to lagabhaga Agama bhASya kA kAma AcArya tulasI 37 varSoM se kara hI rahe haiN| __ Agama saMpAdana meM AcArya tulasI kI dIrghadRSTi thii| unhoMne isake lie tIna zarte rakhI haiM--jo saMbhavataH sArasvata-yajJa kI sAdhanA hI hai| 1. isa pratyeka kArya meM koI vetana-bhogI kAryakartA nahIM hogaa| sabhI kAryakartA avaitanika hoNge| 2. yaha kArya pUrNataH asAmpradAyika dRSTi se kiyA jAyegA tAki jainoM __ke sabhI saMpradAyoM ko eka sAmAnya ho sake / 3. jo kArya hogA vaha itanA gaMbhIra evaM Thosa hogA ki use "apUrva" __ kahA jA ske| auraMgAbAda meM mahAvIra jayantI meM ghoSaNA ke usI sAla ke cAturmAsa meM ujjaina meM AgamoM kI zabda sUcI ke nirmANa kA kAryArambha huA, sAtha-sAtha hindI anuvAda evaM saMskRta chAyA kA bhI kAma calane lgaa| sUtra kA artha mUlasparzI rakhane ke lie vyAkhyA granthoM kI apekSA mUla AgamoM kA AdhAra adhika liyA gyaa| lakSya yaha rahA ki AgamoM ke dvArA AgamoM kI vyAkhyA ho kyoMki Agama paraspara avaguMThita haiM / vizeSa artha yadi kahIM sUjhe to TippaNiyoM meM spaSTa kiye gaye kAlakrama ke anusAra artha bheda kaise huA yaha bhI batAyA gayA hai| vaidika aura bauddha sAhitya se tulanA bhI kI gayI hai| maulika artha ke avagAhana meM taTastha dRSTi rakhI gayI hai| paramparA-bheda ke sthaloM ko TippaNI meM spaSTa kiyA gyaa| Agama sAhitya ke saMkalana kI cAra pramukha vAcanAyeM huI haiN| pahalI vAcanA vIra-nirvANa kI dUsarI zatAbdI meM pATalIputra meM 12 varSa ke duSkAla svarUpa aura zramaNa saMgha chinna-bhinna hone ke kAraNa zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu ne dii| dUsarI vAcanA vIra nirvANa 827 aura 840 ke madhya meM punaH bhISaNa dubhikSa ke kAraNa zramaNa-saMgha ke chinna-bhinna hone se skaMdilAcArya kI adhyakSatA meM mathurA meM huI jo mAthurI vAcanA kahI jAtI hai| tIsarI vAcanA bhI vIra-nirvANa ke 827-840 madhya meM vallabhI meM AcArya nAgArjuna kI adhyakSatA meM huii| isaliye ise nAgArjunIya vAcana kahA jAtA hai / veya kI vAcanA vIra nirvANa kI 10 vIM zatAbdI meM 980-993 varSa meM vallabhI meM hI devaddhigaNI kSamAzramaNa kI adhyakSatA meM huii| isake pazcAt saMzodhana, parivarddhana yA vAcanA yA saMpAdana kA mahattara kArya AcArya tulasI, yuvAcArya evaM unake sAdhu-saMtoM kI sAmUhika sAdhanA kA hI pratiphala hai| isa saMpAdana kArya meM sabake pahalA kArya thA saMzodhita pATha saMskaraNa

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38 jainadarzana : cintana-anucintana taiyAra karanA, phira usakI saMskRta chAyA aura hindI anuvAda denaa| pAda TippaNa to itane prazasta haiM ki koI inakI prAmANikatA para prazna uThA hI nahIM skte| ___ Agama saMpAdana kA kArya bhAratIya vidyA ke kSetra meM na veda kA huA hai na tripiTaka kaa| veda ke kaI saMskaraNa nikale haiM, kucha bhASya bhI haiM, Arya samAja ne kisI taraha kA hindI anuvAda bhI upasthita kiyA hai kintu eka jagaha veda ke vibhinna pAThoM kA kArya abhI ho nahIM pAyA hai| bhikSu jagadIza kAzyapa ne pAlI saMsthAna se sampUrNa tripiTaka kA prakAzana jarUra karAyA hai lekina usake sAtha saMpAdana, saMskRta evaM hindI chAyA Adi Adi kA kArya bAkI hai| AcArya tulasI ne eka hI sAtha ye sAre kAma kara liye| ataH yaha sacamuca apUrva kArya huaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki paM0 sukhalAla saMghavI, paM0 becaradAsa, paM0 dalasukha mAlavaNiyA, zrI jinavijayajI mahArAja Adi ke mAnasa evaM hRdaya meM AcArya tulasI ke isa Agama kArya ke prati prazasti ke bhAva jage jo pahale upahAsa evaM upekSA ke the| isa Agama kArya ke dvArA unhoMne na kevala apane terApaMtha samAja kA balki sampUrNa jaina samAja ko gauravAnvita kiyaa| AcArya tulasI dvArA Agama kA uddhAra vastutaH rAma dvArA ahilyA kA hI uddhAra jaisA kArya hai| dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki ise sAmpradAyika saMkIrNatA se bhI alaga rakhane kI koziza kI gayI hai| apane sampradAya ke bhI mata diye haiM, lekina dUsare sampradAyoM ke matoM ko bhI usI jagaha batA diyA gayA hai| vaidika evaM bauddha granthoM ke bhI tulanAtmaka uddharaNa pAda-TippaNa meM itane prabhUta haiM ki saMpAdanakAra ke vaiduSya se abhibhUta honA svAbhAvika hai / tIsarI bAta hai ki Agama jo aba-taka durUha hokara prAkRta rUpI ziva kI jaTAoM meM ulajhA huA thA use pratyeka zabda ke artha, saMskRta chAyA aura sabase adhika hindI anuvAda dekara janamAnasa kI pahuMca ke andara kara diyA gayA hai| jisa prakAra gosvAmI tulasIdAsa ne zrI rAmacarita mAnasa kI racanA saMskRta ke badale jana bhASA hindI meM kI, AcArya tulasI ne bhI ise karor3oMkaror3a hindI bhASA bhASiyoM ke liye sulabha kara diyaa| eka mahattva ko bAta yaha hai ki mUla se unhoMne saboM kA paricaya karA diyaa| mUla Agama ke chapa jAne se aba jaina tattva jJAna evaM jainAcAra ke viSaya meM bhrAMtiyAM hone kI kama guMjAiza hai| isase sAmpradAyika vibheda bhI ghaTane cAhiye / digambara-zvetAmbara, sthAnakavAsI-maMdira mArgI Adi ke bheda Agama meM nahIM haiM ataH ina bhedoM ko bhulA kara mUla ko pakar3anA caahiye| jaina dharma kA mUla hai ahiMsA, anekAnta evaM aparigraha / karmakAMDa Adi to bAhya AvaraNa haiN|

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khaNDa-2 tattva-dRSTi

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jaina-darzana kA vaiziSTya kisI bhI dArzanika vicAra kA mahattva isa bAta meM honA cAhiye ki vaha prakRta vAstavika samasyAoM para binA kisI pUrvAgraha ke vicAra kare / bhAratIya dArzanika paramparA meM zabda pramANa kA prAmukhya isa prakAra ke dArzanika mahattva ko kucha kama hI kara detA hai| lagatA hai ki kisI vicAradhArA kI rUparekhA to zabda pramANa kara detA hai aura tattva darzana kevala use vikasita karatA hai| lekina isake viparIta jaina dArzanika paramparA meM aisA pratIta hotA hai ki sApha sleTa para likha rahA ho / dArzanika dRSTi ke vikAsa ke lie paramparA-nirmita pUrvAgrahoM se mukta svataMtra vicAradhArA kA nirmANa eka mahattva rakhatA hai| jaina dRSTi meM bhI zabda pramANa hai lekina yaha jaina dRSTi kA anugAmI hai, purogAmI nhiiN| isa prakAra jaina darzana kI svAyattatA parilakSita hotI hai / isIliye lokatattva nirNaya meM haribhadra ne kahA hai : "pakSapAta na me vIre na rAgAdi kapilAdiSu / yuktimadvavacanaM yasya tasya kArya:parigrahaH / / zruti yA Agama kA jitanA hI adhika bojha hogA, darzana kI tejasvitA utanI hI kama hogii| __ jaina darzana kA vaiziSTya eka dUsare artha meM bhI hai, vaha hai darzana ke artha meM / darzana kA artha hai dRSTi-dRzyate iti anena darzanam / kisI bhI tattva ke parIkSaNa meM hamArI dRSTi hamArI ruci, paristhiti yA adhikAritA para nirbhara karatI hai / isa artha meM darzana vyakti ke dRSTibheda se prabhAvita hogA / dRSTibheda se darzana bheda hotA hI hai| kisI bhI tattva ke viSaya meM koI bhI tAttvika dRSTi aikAntika honA ucita nahIM hai kyoMki tattva anaikAntika hai"anantadharmAtmakaM vastu"-pratyeka tattva bhaneka-rUpAtmaka hai| isIliye koI eka aura aikAntika dRSTi se una sabo kA eka sAtha tAttvika pratipAdana nahIM kara sktaa| bhAratIya darzana meM, vaidika darzana meM advaita-daSTi, bauddha darzana meM vibhajyavAdI dRSTi, lokAyata-darzana meM maulika dRSTi hai| ye sabhI dRSTiyAM aikAntika haiM / kintu jaina dRSTi anekAMtika hai| isI satya ko Rgveda meM bhI mukharita kiyA gayA hai "eka sadviprAH bahudhA vadanti" yoM eka prakAra se bauddha evaM advaita darzanoM ne sattA ke stara mAnakara

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jainadarzana : cintana - anucintana prakArAntara se anekAMta dRSTi ko svIkAra kiyA hai| jaise mAdhyatmika bauddhoM ne paramArtha, lokasaMvRti aura alokasaMvRti tIna avasthAyeM mAnI haiN| jisa zaMkarAcArya ne brahmasUtra ke " naikasmin asaMbhavAt " sUtra ke bhASya meM anekAntavAda syAdvAda para prakhara prahAra kiyA hai, vahI svayaM tattvajJAna ke kSetra meM paramArtha, vyavahAra evaM pratibhAsa- satya kI tIna avasthAyeM mAnakara syAdvAda- dRSTi kA adhika se adhika prayoga karane vAlA citaka siddha huA / Adhunika yuga meM AinsTIna kA sApekSavAda aura DelarepI jaise dArzanikoM kA dvAdazabhaMgI dRSTikoNa hamAre sAmane hai / isa dRSTi se jainoM kI anekAMta dRSTi darzana kI sabase nirdoSa vidhA hai, jo kisI aikAntika dRSTi - vizeSa se Abaddha nahIM hai / 42 isa anekAMtavAda kI bhUmikA sAmya dRSTi meM hai / sAmya-dRSTi kA jaina paramparA meM vahI mahattva hai jo brAhmaNa paramparA meM brahma kA hai / zramaNa dharma kI prANabhUta sAmya bhAvanA ( sAmAiya - sAmAyika) kA prathama sthAna hai jo AcArAMga sUtra kahalAtA hai aura jisameM bhagavAn mahAvIra ke AcAravicAra kA sIdhA evaM spaSTa pratibimba dikhAI par3atA hai / yaha dhArmika jIvana svIkAra karane kI gAyatrI hai / jaba gRhastha yA tyAgI kahatA hai" karemi bhaMte sAmAiyaM / " isake dUsare sUtra meM sAvadyayoga hai jisameM pApa vyApAra ke tyAga kA saMkalpa hai / yaha sAmya dRSTi vicAra evaM AcAra donoM meM prakaTa huI hai / vicAra meM sAmyadRSTi se hI anekAMtavAda kA AvirbhAva huA / kevala apanI dRSTi ko pUrNa evaM antima satya mAnakara usa para Agraha rakhanA sAmyadRSTi ke liye ghAtaka hai / isaliye yaha mAnA gayA hai ki dUsaroM kI dRSTi kA utanA hI Adara karanA cAhiye jitanA apanI dRSTi kA / yahI sAmya dRSTi anekAMta kI bhUmikA hai / isI se bhASA pradhAna syAdvAda evaM vicArapradhAna nayavAda kA kamaza: vikAsa huA hai / jainetara dArzanika bhI anekAMta bhAvanA ko svIkAra karate haiM lekina jaina darzana kI yahI vizeSatA hai ki anekAMta kA svataMtra zAsana hI raca DAlA / jaina darzana kA bAhya- Abhyantara, sthUla sUkSma saba AcAra sAmyadRSTi mUlaka ahiMsA ke Asa-pAsa hI nirmita huA hai| jina AcAra ke dvArA ahiMsA kI rakSA yA puSTi na hotI ho, aise kisI bhI AcAra ko jaina paramparA mAnyatA nahIM detii| isaliye ahiMsA ko yahAM itanA vyApaka eva gambhIra batAyA gayA / ahiMsA kevala mAnava-dharma ke rUpa meM nahIM balki mAnavatera yAnI pazu-pakSI, kITa-pataMga aura vanaspati tathA jaivIya Adi sUkSmAtisUkSma jIvoM kI hiMsA se Atmaupamya kI bhAvanA dvArA nivRtta hone ke lie kahA gayA hai / vicAra jagata kA anekAMta hI naitika jagat meM ahiMsA ko pratiSThita karatA hai / ata. jahAM anya darzanoM meM dUsaroM ke matoM ke khaNDana para jyAdA

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jaina-darzana kA vaiziSTya jora diyA gayA hai, vahAM jaina darzana kA mukhya dhyeya anekAMta siddhAMta ke AdhAra para vastusthiti mUlaka vibhinna matoM kA samanvaya karanA rahA hai| asala meM bauddhika stara para isa siddhAMta ko mAna lene se manuSya ke naitika aura laukika vyavahAra meM eka mahattvapUrNa parivartana honA avazyambhAvI hai| vicAra meM anekAMta kI pratiSThA se jIvana meM saMkIrNatA yA zAstrArtha meM apanI vijaya ke liye chala, jalpa, vitarADA kI pravRttiyAM na honA samanvaya evaM sAdhya kI pavitratA ke sAtha sAdhana kI pavitratA kAbha va aayegaa| Aja vizva meM jAti, dharma, sampradAyoM evaM vicAra-dhArAoM kA itanA vaividhya hai ki yadi eka vyApaka mAnavIya dRSTi se anekAMta mUlaka samanvaya kI dRSTi nahIM rakhI jAyegI to phira sAmAjika jIvana duHkhamaya ho jAyegA / anekAnta dRSTi AcAra sAdhanA meM ahiMsA, samAja-sAdhanA meM samanvaya aura dharma sAdhanA meM sarva-dharma sadbhAva ke jIvana mUlya ko sthApita kregii| ataH anekAMta korA darzana nahIM hai, vaha sAdhanA hai / ekAMgI Agraha rAga-dveSa se prarita hote haiM / jaise-jaise rAga-dveSa kSINa hotA hai, vaise-vaise anekAMta dRSTi vikasita hotI hai aura jaise-jaise anekAnta dRSTi vikasita hotI hai, vaise-vaise rAga-dveSa kSINa hotA hai / darzana satya kA sAkSAtkAra hai / rAga-dveSa meM phailA vyakti satya kA sAkSAtkAra kara hI nahIM sakatA / darzana satya kI upalabdhi ke liye hai| manuSya apanI rAgAtmaka pravRttiyoM ke kAraNa satya se kama AkarSita huA aura usake AkarSaNa kA kendra satya ke badale satya kA saMsthAna yAnI sampradAya bana gayA / sampradAya ne satya para itane AvaraNa DAle ki dharma kI surakSA ke liye adharma, ahiMsA kI surakSA ke liye hiMsA aura satya kI surakSA ke liye asatya kA AcaraNa varjita nahIM rahA / lekina jaina darzana satya ko jAnane ke liye anekAMta dRSTi aura anekAMta dRSTi pAne ke liye rAga-dveSa kSaya ke AdhyAtmika jIvana para jora detA hai| __ isIliye tattva kI sthApanA ke liye tarka ko eka sApekSa Alambana mAnA gayA hai / apane abhyupagama kI sthApanA aura parakIya abhyupagama ke liye tarka usI sImA taka ho jinase para-pakSa ko mAnasika AghAta na lge| apane vicAra kI puSTi apane liye nahIM balki ahiMsA kI puSTi ke liye hai| ahiMsA kA khaMDana kara dUsare ke abhyupagama kA khaNDana karanA vAstava meM apanA abhyupagama khaNDana karanA hai / ata: jaina darzana eka darzana nahIM, darzanoM kA samuccaya hai / ananta dRSTiyoM se saha-astitva ko mAnyatA dene vAlA eka darzana nahIM ho sktaa| __jaina darzana ko bahudhA nAstika kaha diyA jAtA hai kyoMki "nAstiko vedanindakaH" : nyAya; tathA kartA-saMhartA rUpa se Izvara jaisI svataMtra sattA ko asvIkAra karanA donoM jaina darzana meM lAgU hotA hai| kintu

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44 jainadarzana : cintana-anucintana pANinI ke "asti-nAsti diSTaMmatiH" ke anusAra jaina darzana ko haragija nAstika nahIM kahA jA sakatA, kyoMki yaha indriyAtIta tathya yAnI paraloka kI sattA ko mAnanevAlA hai| jaina darzana kartA-dhartA-hartA rUpI Izvara ko to svIkAra nahIM karatA hai lekina isake anusAra pratyeka jIva apanI sRSTi kA Apa hI kartA hai| tAttvika dRSTi se pratyeka jIva meM Izvara bhAva hai jo mukti ke samaya prakaTa hotA hai| yogazAstra sammata Izvara bhI mAtra upAsya hai, kartA, saMhartA nahIM hai| __ AstikatA ko yadi vizva kI zAzvata naitika vyavasthA ke rUpa meM liyA jAya to jaina darzana kI AstikatA para koI aMgulI nahIM uThA sakatA kyoMki isa zAzvata naitika vyavasthA meM ise dRr3ha vizvAsa hai ! jaina darzana meM isa jagata ko anAdi mAnA gayA hai| ananta sattva anAdi kAla se anAdikAla taka kSaNa-kSaNa viparivartamAna hokara apanI mUladhArA meM pravAhita hotA hai kyoMki unake pazcAt saMyoga evaM viyoma se yaha sRSTicakra svayaM saMcAlita hai| kisI eka buddhimAna ne baiThakara asaMkhya kAryakAraNa bhAva aura ananta svarUpoM kI kalpanA kI ho aura vaha apanI icchA se jagat kA niyaMtraNa karatA ho, yaha vastutaH sthiti ke pratikUla to hai hI anubhavagamya bhI nahIM hai| vizva apane pArasparika kAryakAraNa bhAvoM se svayaM suvyavasthita aura sunizcita hai| jaina dArzanika vAGmaya ke vikAsakrama ko cAra yugoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai-Agama, anekAMtasthApanA, pramANazAstra vyavasthA evaM navIna nyAya yuga / yugoM ke lakSaNa nAma se hI suspaSTa haiN| kAla maryAdA kA nirdhAraNa isa samaya hamArA abhISTa nahIM hai, yoM isameM matabheda bhI haiM / jaina tattva vicAra kI prAcInatA meM saMdeha to nahIM hI hai, isakI svataMtratA bhI isa bAta se siddha hai ki jaba upaniSadoM meM anya zAstroM ke bIja milate haiM lekina jaina tattva vicAra ke bIja nahIM milate / itanA hI nahIM, bhagavAn mahAvIra pratipAdita AgamoM meM jo karmavicAra hai mArgaNA aura guNasthAna, jIvoM kI gati evaM agati, loka-vyavasthA evaM racanA, jar3a-paramANu pudgaloM kI vargaNA aura pudgala skandha, dravya evaM navatattva kA jo vyavasthita vicAra hai, una saboM ko dekhate huye yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki jaina tattva vicAra dhArA bhagavAn mahAvIra se bhI pUrva kaI pIr3hiyoM kI adhyAtmonmukha sArasvata sAdhanA kA pratiphala hai aura isa dhArA kA upaniSad pratipAdita aneka matoM se pArthakya hai, ataH isakA svAtaMtrya svayaMsiddha hai| jaina darzana kA anekAMtavAda bhagavAn mahAvIra kI vizeSa dena hai / isI ke bAda hone vAle jaina dArzanika ne jaina tattva vicAra ko hI anekAMtavAda ke nAma se pratipAdita karate hue bhagavAn mahAvIra ko usakA upadezaka btaayaa| vicAra ke vikAsakrama aura purAtana itihAsa ke

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jainadarzana kA vaiziSTya cintana se spaSTa dikhatA hai ki anekAnta dRSTi kA mUla bhagavAna se bhI purAnA hai, hAM vaha anekAMta kA vyavasthita rUpa mahAvIra se pUrvavartI jaina yA jainetara sAhitya meM nahIM milatA hai, bhale hI usake bIja vaidika, bauddha evaM jaina sabhI paramparAoM meM nyUnAdhika upalabdha hoN| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne anekAMta dRSTi ko apane jIvana meM utArA thA aura usake bAda hI dUsaroM ko isakA upadeza diyA thaa| usameM anubhava evaM tapa kA bala hai, bhale hI tarkavAda yA khaNDana maMDana kA jaTila jAla nahIM ho| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke anugAmI AcAryoM meM prajJA evaM tyAga to thA lekina spaSTa jIvana ho utanA anubhava aura tapa nahIM thA / isIliye vAda, jalpa evaM vitarADA kA bhI sahArA liyaa| isa khaNDana, maMDana, sthApana, pracAra ke do hajAra varSoM meM mahAvIra ke ziSyoM ne anekAMta dRSTi viSayaka itanA graMtha samUha banA DAlA / isa krama meM samantabhadra aura siddhasena, haribhadra aura akalaMka, vidyAnanda aura prabhAcandra, abhayadeva aura vApipavezI, hemacandra evaM yazovijaya jI jaise pracaMDa vicArakoM ne anekAMta dRSTi ke bAre meM jo likhA vaha bhAratIya dArzanika sAhitya kI amUlya nidhi hai / sabase mahattvapUrNa to yaha tathya hai ki anekAnta dRSTi kA prabhAmaMDala asAdhAraNa hai / vAdarAyaNa jaise sUtrakAroM ne usakA khaNDana karane ke lie sUtra raca DAle aura bAda meM usa sUtra ke bhASyakAroM ne bhASyoM kI racanAyeM kii| vasubandhu, diGnAga, dharmakIrti aura zAMtarakSita jaise prabhAvazAlI bauddha vidvAnoM ne anekAMtavAda kI pUrI AlocanA kI, phira jaina vidvAnoM ne una AkSepoM ke uttara diye| isa pracaNDa saMgharSaNa ke pariNAmasvarUpa anekAMta dRSTi kA tarkabaddha vikAsa huA aura usakA prabhAva bhI anya sampradAyoM ke vidvAnoM para pdd'aa| rAmAnuja ne anekAnta dRSTi se viziSTa dvaitavAda kA bhaura vallabha ne zuddhAdvaitavAda kA khaNDana kiyaa| __anekAMta yuga ke pazcAt pramANazAstra vyavasthA yuga AtA hai / jisa prakAra asaMga-basubandhu ne bauddha vijJAnavAda kI sthApanA kI kintu pramANa-zAstra kI racanA evaM sthApanA kA kArya to diGnAga ne kiyA, jisake uttara meM prazastapAda, udyotakara, kumArila siddhasena, mallavAdo, siMhagaNi, pUjyapAda, samantabhadra, Izvara sena, aviddhakarNa Adi ne apane apane darzana meM pramANazAstra kA samarthana kiyA tathA diGnAga ne, TIkAkAra dharmakIrti aura unake ziSya arcaka, udyotakara, zAMtarakSita, prajJAkara gupta Adi hue aura dUsarI ora boddhetara dArzanikoM meM prabhAkara, umbeka, vyomaziva, jayaMta, sumati, pAtrasvAmI, maMDana Adi hue jinhoMne bauddha pakSa kA khaNDana kiyaa| isI vicAra-saMgharSa ke cAra zatAbdikAla meM haribhadra, akalaMka, vidyAnandi, anantakIrti, zAkaTAyana, anantavIrya, mANikyanandi, siddharSi, abhayadeva, prabhAcandra, vAdirAja, jinezvara, candraprabha, anantavIrya, vAdidevasUri, hemacandra, malliSeNa, zAntA

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jainadarzana : cintana-anucintana cArya, ratnaputra siMha, vyAghrazizu, rAmacandra sUri, dharmabhUSaNa, rAjazekhara, somatilaka Adi aneka jaina naiyAyika hue / phira vi. terahavIM sadI meM gaMgeza upAdhyAya kI pratibhA ne navya nyAya kA yuga prArambha kiyaa| yaha itanA mahattvapUrNa huA ki binA isa navya nyAya kI zailI meM pravINa hue koI dArzanika sabhI darzanoM ke vikAsa kA pAragAmI nahIM ho sktaa| kintu jaina darzana ina pAMca zatAbdiyoM meM dArzanika vikAsa se vaMcita rahA aura isa zailI ko na apanAne ke kAraNa apariSkRta raha gyaa| 16vIM zatAbdI meM yazovijaya ne saMvat 1699 meM isa abhAva ko pUrNa kiyA aura anekAMta-vyavasthA nAmaka svataMtra grantha navyanyAya kI zailI meM jaina darzana ko praveza dilaayaa| phira yazasvat sAgara (saM0 1656), vimaladAsa, AcArya vijayanemi evaM unake ziSyagaNa hue| lekina jaina darzana ke vikAsakrama meM koI naye vicAra kA sRjana nahIM ho sakA / yaha bhAratIya cintana dhArA kI durbalatA hai ki hama meM atIta ke prati atyanta moha rahatA hai| vaidika darzana meM veda-vedAnta se lekara vivekAnanda, bauddha darzana meM bhagavAna buddha se lekara nava bauddha cintana aura jaina darzana meM bhagavAna mahAvIra se lekara Aja taka dArzanika kSetra meM koI navIna cintana khar3A nahIM ho sakA hai| paM0 sukhalAla saMghavI ne 1949-51 taka "jaina sAhitya kI pragati" kI samIkSA karate hue likhA hai ki hamArI cirakAlIna saMghazakti isaliye kAryakSama sAvita nahIM hotI ki usameM navadRSTi kA prANa spandana nahIM hai|"

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yuktyanuzAsana kA sarvodaya-tIrtha sarvodaya kI bhAvanA cAhe jitanI prAcIna aura vyApaka kyoM na ho Adhunika yuga meM yaha zabda gAMdhI vicAra se jur3a gayA hai| merI jAnakArI meM saMskRta ke prAmANika zabdakoSoM meM bhI isa zabda kA ullekha nahIM hai / lekina jaina dArzanika vAGamaya ke siMhAvalokana se yaha patA calatA hai ki Agama yuga ke bAda hI anekAMta-sthApanA yuga meM siddha sArasvata svAmI samaMtabhadra ne apanI pustaka 'yuktyanuzAsana' meM 'sarvodaya tIrtha' kA prayoga kiyA hai-- sarvAntavattadguNamukhyakalpa sarvAntazUnyaM ca mitho'napekSam / sarvApadAmantakaraM nirantaM sarvodayaM tIrthamidaM tavaiva // 62 // yahAM sarvodaya-tIrtha, vicAra-tIrtha ke rUpa meM prayukta huA hai / yahI dharmatIrtha bhI hai| yahI jaina tattva jJAna kA marma hai / lekina sarvodaya-tIrtha anekAMtAtmaka zAsana ke rUpa meM vyavahata huA hai| anekAMta vicAra hI jaina darzana, dharma aura saMskRti kA prANa hai / yaha bhagavAna mahAvIra se bhI purAnA hai| jaina anuzruti ke anusAra bhagavAna mahAvIra ne apane pUrvavartI tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha ke hI tattva-ciMtana kA pracAra kiyA, svayaM apanA koI svataMtra aura navIna vicArataMtra nahIM rkhaa| yahI nahIM, bhagavAn pArzvanAtha ne ariSTanemi kI paramparA kA pAlana kiyA aura ariSTanemi ne prAgaitihAsika kAla ke tIrthaMkara naminAtha ke vicAra-tattva ko apnaayaa| isI taraha hama prathama tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva taka pahuMca jAte haiM jahAM hameM veda se lekara upaniSad taka sampUrNa dArzanika sAhitya kA mUla srota milatA hai / ataH jaina citana evaM tattvajJAna ke pIche bhagavAna mahAvIra se pUrva bhI aneka pIr3hiyoM ke parizrama evaM sAdhanA kA phala jIva-ajIva bhedopabheda, mokSa, karmazAstra, lokaracanA, paramANuoM kI vargaNAoM Adi ke praznoM para bhagavAna mahAvIra ne prAcIna jaina paramparAoM ko svIkAra kiyA lekina jIva-paramANa kA saMbaMdha nirUpaNa Adi ke praznoM para unhoMne eka navIna dArzanika dRSTi pradAna kI jo unakA sabase mahattvapUrNa avadAna hai| hameM yaha mAlUma honA cAhiye ki eka AdhArabhUta pRSThabhUmi hotI hai| zAMkara mata meM 'advaitadRSTi', bauddha mata meM vibhajya dRSTi, jaina vicAra meM anekAMta dRSTi, hIgela meM dvandvadRSTi, mArksa kI Arthika aura phrAyaDa kI kAma

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48 jainadarzana : cintana-anucintana dRSTi hai / ina darzanoM meM tAttvika vicAraNA athavA AcAra-vyavahAra cAhe jo bhI hoM, ve saba apanI-apanI AdhAra dRSTi ko dhyAna meM rakhakara hI calate haiN| yahI unakI apanI viziSTatA yA kasauTI hotI hai / yaha ThIka hai ki sabhI mahAn puruSoM ke jIvana kA lakSya satyAnveSaNa hotA hai phira bhI satyanirUpaNa kI apanI-apanI paddhati hotI hai / jaina darzana kI yaha dRSTi anekAMtAtmaka hai jise yuktyanuzAsana meM sarvodaya-tIrtha kahA gayA haiN| / jahAM anekAMtadRSTi jaina darzana kA prANa aura jaina saMskRti kA hRdaya hai, vahAM jainetara darzanoM kA bhI anekAMta kaI arthoM meM Azraya dekhA jAtA hai| AcArya zAntirakSita ne yaha spaSTa kiyA hai ki jainoM ke alAvA mImAMsaka aura sAMkhya darzanoM meM bhI anekAMtadRSTi kA avalambana kiyA gayA hai| yaha ThIka hai ki mImAMsA aura sAMkhya-yoga darzanoM meM bhI anekAMta vicAra jaina granthoM kI bhAMti spaSTa nahIM ho sakA aura na utanA vyApaka hI hai| advaitavedAnta ne bhI jisa prakAra paramArtha, vyavahAra evaM pratibhAsa ke sApekSavAda kA pratiSThApana kiyA hai, usI prakAra mAdhyamika bauddhoM ne bhI paramArtha, lokasaMvRtti aura alokasaMvRti nAma se satya kI tIna avasthAoM kA varNana kiyA hai / saMkSepa meM pratyeka vicAra kisI dRSTi se kisI avasthA meM satya hai| zAyada inhIM kAraNoM se zaMkara ko sopAnavAdI bhI kahA gayA hai| jAgRta, svapna aura suSupti bhI isI sApekSavAda kA saMketa karate haiN| prakhyAta nirapekSavAdI braiDale bhI svIkAra karate haiM ki pratyeka bhrAMti meM satya kA yatkicit aMza rahatA hai| eka tamila lokokti meM kahA gayA hai-"dRSTe kimapi loke'smin na nirdoSaM na nirgunnm"| isakA artha hotA hai ki apane dRSTi bindu ke sAtha hI anya dRSTibindu bhI haiN| yaha tabhI saMbhava hai jaba hamAre hRdaya meM sahAnubhUti kI bhAvanA ho jo dayA yA karuNA nahIM, balki dUsare kI bhAvanAoM meM praveza karake use samajhane kA prayAsa hai| satyAnveSI vaidika RSi dIrghatamA vizva ke mUla kAraNa evaM svarUpa kA anveSaNa karate hue aneka prazna kara anta meM yaha kaha dete haiM--ekaM sa viprAH bahudhA vadanti / " dIrghatamA ke isa udgAra meM mAnava svabhAva kI vizeSatA svarUpa samanvayazIlatA kA darzana hotA hai jisakA zAstrIya rUpa hI anekAMtavAda meM parilakSita hotA hai / nAsadIya sUkta (X.120) meM 'sat' evaM 'asat' jaise sabhI matavAdoM kA samanvaya hai| isI prakAza bhagavAna buddha ne madhyama mArga ke avalambana ke lie 'pratItyasamutpAda' kA upadeza kiyaa| (saMyukta nikAya, XII.35.2; aMguttara nikAya, 3) vibhajyavAda / zAzvatavAda evaM ucchedavAda donoM ko chor3akara madhyama mArga kA upadeza detA hai| (saMyukta nikAya, XII. 17; XII. 24) / jisa prakAra upaniSadoM ne AtmavAda evaM brahmavAda kI parAkASThA ke sAtha

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yuktyanuzAsana kA sarvodaya tIrtha 49 AtmA aura brahma ko neti, neti dvArA avaktavya evaM sabhI vizeSaNoM se pare batAyA hai, (mAMDUkya VI. bRhad, VI 5.15) usI prakAra tathAgata buddha ne bhI AtmA ke viSaya meM upaniSadoM se bilkula viparIta mAnyatA rakhate hue bhI use avyAkRta mAnA hai| jisa prakAra upaniSada ne paramatatva ko avaktavya mAnate hue bhI aneka prakAra se AtmA kA varNana kiyA, usI prakAra buddha ne lokasaMjJA, lokanirukti, loka vyavahAra evaM loka prajJapti kA Azraya lekara "maiM pahale thA, nahIM thA, aisA nahIM," "maiM bhaviSya meM hoUMgA, nahIM hoUMgA, aisA nahIM, "maiM aba nahIM hUM aisA nahIM''-aisI bhASA kA vyavahAra karate the| (dIghanikAya, poTTa-pAda sutta 9) / manuSya svabhAva samanvayazIla to hai hI kintu sambhavataH kaI kAraNoM se jaba isa svabhAva kA AvirbhAva ThIka se nahIM ho pAtA hai to dArzanikoM meM vivAda dekhA jAtA hai evaM phira pUrvAgraha ke kAraNa virodha prakaTa hotA hai| isIliye bhagavAna buddha ko praznoM kA uttara "avyAkRta" kaha kara denA par3A / lekina isakA artha yaha nahIM ki samanvaya kA tattva unhoMne upekSita kara diyaa| siMha senApati ke sAtha buddha kA saMvAda unakI samanvayazIlatA ko suspaSTa karatA hai jahAM buddha kahate haiM- "maiM kuzala saMskAra ko akriyA kA upadeza detA hUM, ata: maiM akriyAvAdI hUM aura akuzala saMskAra kI kriyA pasanda hai, ataH maiM usakA upadeza detA hUM, isaliye maiM kriyAvAdI bhI hUM, (vinaya piTaka, mahAvagga, VI. 31) / isa samanvaya prakRti kA pradarzana bhagavAna buddha ne anyatra dArzanika kSetra meM sambhavataH nahIM kiyA aura catuHsatya ke upadeza meM apanA prANa-prakAzana kiyaa| yahI kAraNa thA ki unhoMne zAzvatavAda, ucchedavAda Adi sambandhita sabhI praznoM kA uttara niSedhAtmaka diyA / bhagavAna mahAvIra veda-upaniSad evaM buddha kI isa samanvaya-sAdhanA ko Age bar3hAte hue kahate haiM-"karma kA kartA AtmA svayaM hai, 'para' nahIM hai aura na sva-parobhaya hai|" (aMguttaranikAya 193,179) jisane karma kiyA vahI usakA bhoktA hai aisA mAnane meM aikAntika zAzvatavAda kI Apatti bhI nahIM hai aura jisa avasthA meM karma kA phala bhogA jAtA hai tathA bhoktRtva avasthA se karma kartRtva avasthA kA bheda hone para aikAntika ucchedavAda kI Apatti isalie nahIM AtI ki bheda hote hue bhI jIva dravya donoM avasthA meM eka hI taraha maujUda rahatA hai / vibhajyavAda kA AdhAra hai vibhAga karake uttara denaa| isake anusAra virodhI bAtoM ko svIkAra eka sAmAnya meM karake usI eka ko vibhakta karake donoM vibhAgoM meM do virodhI dharmoM ko saMgata batAnA hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne vibhajyavAda kA kSetra vyApaka karane kI dRSTi se virodhI dharmoM ko eka hI kAla meM aura eka hI vyakti meM apekSAbheda se ghaTAyA hai| isI kAraNa mahAvIra kA vibhajyavAda anekAntavAda yA syAdvAda huaa| isa

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jainadarzana : cintana-anucintana dRSTi se hama anekAMtavAda ko vibhajyavAda kA hI bikasita rUpa mAna sakate haiM / bhagavAn buddha do virodhI vAdoM ko dekhakara usase bacane ke lie apanA tIsarA mArga--"madhyama mArga' mAnate haiN| bhagavAn buddha virodhI-tattvoM ko asvIkAra karate haiM kintu mahAvIra una donoM virodhI tattvoM kA samanvaya karake apane naye mArga anekAMtavAda kI pratiSThA karate haiN| bhagavAn buddha ne avyAkRta praznoM (majjhimanikAya, sutta-6) ko tIna praznoM meM samAhita kara una para vicAra kiyA hai-(1) loka kI nityatAanityatA arthAta sAntatA-nirantatA (2) jIva-zarIra kA bhedAbheda (3) jIva kI nityatA-anityatA arthAt tathAgata kI maraNottara sthiti / / prathama prazna kA ullekha hama bhagavatI sUtra (2/1; 9/6) evaM sUtrakRtAMga (1/4/6) Adi meM, dvitIya prazna kA bhagavatI sUtra (13/4/495 17/2; AcArAMga 170; saMyukta nikAya 12/35) meM evaM tRtIya prazna kA AcArAMga (1/5/6; bhagavatI 12/5/452; 7/2/253) Adi meM pAte haiN| loka kI nityatA-anityatA ke viSaya meM buddha ne unheM avyAkRta batAyA kyoMki ve kisI bAda meM par3a jAne ke bhaya se niSedhAtmaka uttara dete the lekina mahAvIra ne spaSTa batAyA ki loka dravya kI apekSA se sAnta kyoMki saMkhyA meM eka hai kintu paryAyoM kI apekSA se ananta hai / (bhagavatI sUtra 2/1 90; 9.38.7) / usI prakAra jIva-zarIra ke bhedAbheda prazna ko hala kiyA gayA hai (bhagavatI sUtra 13/7/495; 14.4.514; 10/2 aadi)| cArvAka zarIra ko AtmA mAnatA thA aura upaniSad AtmA ko zarIra se bhinna / buddha ne donoM matoM ko doSapUrNa mAnate hue nairAtmavAda kA siddhAMta diyA aura donoM kA samanvaya nahIM kara sake / lekina bhagavAna mahAvIra ne jIva-zarIra ke viSaya meM bhedAbheda rUpa se samanvaya kiyaa| yadi AtmA zarIra se bilkula abhinna mAnA jAyagA to zarIra bhasma ho jAne para AtmA kA bhI nAza mAnA jAyagA / phira usa sthiti meM paraloka sambhava nahIM hogA aura kRta praNAza doSa hogaa| yadi AtmA ko zarIra se bhinna mAnA jAegA to phira kAyakRta karmoM kA phala bhI nahIM milanA cAhiye / ataH akRtAgama doSa kI utpatti hotI hai| hamane dekhA ki ina praznoM ko jahAM buddha avyAkRta batA dete haiM, vahIM mahAvIra anekAMtAtmaka dRSTi se inakA samAdhAna dete haiM / (majjhima nikAya savya sutta 2, bhagavatI 12/5/452; 7/2/273; 7/3/279; 9/6/387; 1/4/42) / yaha ThIka hai ki buddha evaM mahAvIra donoM ekAMzavAdI nahIM balki vibhajyavAdI the (majjhima nikAya, sUtra 99) / donoM ke vibhajyavAda kI tulanA karake gaNadhara gautama ne kahA ki jahAM bhagavAna buddha ne niSedhAtmaka yA yo kaheM ki avyAkRta-dRSTi apanAyI, vahAM bhagavAna mahAvIra

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yuktyanuzAsana kA sarvodaya tIrtha ne samanvaya kI virATa ceSTA meM anekAMta kI jayapatAkA phhraayii| kahA jAtA hai ki kevalajJAna hone ke pUrva bhagavAna mahAvIra ko jina dasa mahAsvapnoM ke darzana hue, unameM tIsarA svapna citra-vicitra thA / usakA pratIkAtmaka artha hai ki bhagavAna kA upadeza bhI citra-vicitra yAnI anaikAMtika hai| saMkSepa meM yaha anekAMta dRSTi jaina vicAra ke mUla meM hai aura yahI isakA sarvodaya tIrtha bhI hai / anekAMta dRSTi ke mUla meM do tattva haiM- 1. pUrNatA aura 2. yathArthatA / jo pUrNa hai aura pUrNa hokara bhI yathArtha rUpa meM pratIta hotA hai, vahI satya kahalAtA hai / parantu pUrNa rUpa se trikAlabAdhita yathArtha kA darzana durlabha hai aura yadi ho bhI jAya, to usakA prakAzana durlabha hai| deza, kAla, paristhiti, bhASA aura zailI Adi anivArya bheda ke kAraNa bheda kA dikhAyI denA anivArya hai / phira sAdhAraNa manuSya kI bAta hI kyA ? sAdhAraNa manuSyoM meM yathArthavAdI hokara bhI apUrNadarzI hote haiN| aba eka sthiti AtI "yadi apUrNa aura dUsare se virodhI hokara bhI dUsare kA darzana satya hai; apUrNa aura dUsare se virodhI hokara bhI yadi apanA darzana satya hai|" to donoM ko nyAya kaise mila sakatA hai ? merI samajha meM isI samasyA ke samAdhAna ke liye anekAMta dRSTi kA AviSkaraNa kiyA gayA jisakI mukhya bAteM nimna prakAra kI haiM(ka) rAga aura dvaSajanya saMskAroM se Upara uThakara tejasvI madhyastha bhAva rkhnaa| (kha) jaba taka isa prakAra ke taTastha evaM madhyastha bhAva kA pUrNa vikAsa na ho taba taka usa lakSya kI ora dhyAna rakhakara kevala satya kI jijJAsA rkhnaa| (ga) virodhI pakSa ke prati Adara rakhakara usake bhI satyAMza ko grahaNa krnaa| (gha) apane yA virodhI ke pakSa meM jahAM jo ThIka jaMce unakA samanvaya krnaa| isa prakAra anekAMta dRSTi ke dvArA hama eka nayI "samAja-mImAMsA" aura naye "samAja-tarka' ke AviSkAra kI ora bar3ha sakate haiM aura usake dvArA samAja meM samanvaya lAyA jA sakatA hai| yaha saptabhaMgI aura naya ke upakaraNoM se honA cAhie / yaha ThIka hai ki cUMki dArzanika aura AdhyAtmika sAdhanA meM hI anekAMta dRSTi AyI isaliye unhIM kSetroM meM ina upakaraNoM ke upayoga hue kintu aba samAja-sAdhanA meM inake prayoga ko Age bar3hAnA caahiye| yahI anekAMta kA phalitavAda yA vyAvahArika upayoga mAnA jAyegA / yahI hai jIvita anekAMta / anekAMta dRSTi kevala tattva jJAna taka hI

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jainadarzana : cintana-anucintana sImita nahIM rahanI cAhiye / vastutaH anekAMta eka jIvana-darzana hai| yaha saba dizAoM se, saba ora se khulA eka mAnasa cakSa hai| jJAna, vicAra aura AcaraNa kisI bhI kSetra meM yaha na kevala saMkIrNa dRSTi kA niSedha karatA hai balki adhika se adhika dRSTikoNoM ko sahAnubhUti ke sAtha AtmasAt karane kA prayAsa hai| isI taraha vizva ke sambandha meM sAmAnya gAminI aura vizeSagAminI do bhinna dRSTiyoM meM samanvaya ho sakatA hai| yoM donoM vAda anta meM zUnyatA tathA svAnubhavagamyatA taka pahuMce / yoM donoM ke lakSya bhinna hone ke kAraNa ve donoM paraspara TakarAte hue dIkhate haiM / usI prakAra bhedavAda-abhedavAda ke anekAMta dRSTikoNa se hI satkAryavAda evaM asatkAryavAda kA janma huaa| isI prakAra sadvAda-asadvAda, nirvacanIya-anivarcanIyavAda, hetu-ahetuvAda Adi ke dvaMdvoM kA bhI anekAMta dRSTi se samavanya kiyA jA sakatA hai / yadi hama pUchate ki "ina saba meM kyA koI tathyAMza nahIM hai yA hai," yA "kisIkisI meM tathyAMza hai yA sabhI pUrNa satya haiM" aura antarmukha hokara vicAra kareM to virodhoM kA bhI samAdhAna ho jAyagA / yahI dRSTi anekAMta dRSTi hai| jisameM jisa hada taka satyAMza hai, use svIkAra kara sabhI satyAMzoM ko vicArasUtra meM pirokara eka avirodhI mAlA banAyI jA sakatI hai| ataH anekAMta prakAza meM hameM yaha samajhanA hogA ki pratIti cAhe abhedagAminI ho yA bhedagAminI, nirvacanIya yA anirvacanIya, hetuvAdI yA ahetuvAdI sabhI vAstavika haiM / pratyeka pratIti kI vAstavikatA usake apane viSaya taka to hai hI para jaba vaha viruddha dikhAI dene vAlI dUsarI pratIti ke viSaya kI ayathArthatA dikhAne lagatI hai to vaha khuda bhI avAstavika bana jAtI hai isaliye ve donoM sthAnoM para raha kara avirodhI bhAva se prakAzita kara sakeM aura ve saba milakara vastu kA pUrNa svarUpa prakAzita karane ke kAraNa pramANa mAnI jA sakeM yahI anekAMta dRSTi hai| isa samanvaya vicAra ke bala para yaha samajhAyA hai ki sad-dvata aura sad-advaita ke bIca koI virodha nahIM kyoMki vastu kA pUrNa rUpa hI abheda aura bheda yA sAmAnya aura vizeSAtmaka hI hai| eka mAtra sAmAnya ke samaya sat kA artha advata hai, kintu jaba vizva ko guNadharma kRta bhedoM meM vibhAjita kiyA jAtA hai to vaha aneka hai, jise hama sata kaha sakate haiN| yAnI kAla, deza tathA deza-kAlAtIta sAmAnya vizeSa ke uparyukta advaita-dvata se Age bar3hakara kAlika sAmAnya vizeSa ke sUcaka nityatvavAda aura kSaNikatvavAda bhI haiM / bhale donoM meM bAhara se virodha mAlama par3ate haiM, lekina haiM nahIM / jaba hama kisI tattva ko tInoM kAloM meM akhaMDa rUpa anAdi-ananta rUpa se dekheMge to akhaMDa pravAha se Adi-anta rahita hone se nitya hogA, parantu ise jaba kAla paryanta sthAyI aisA parimita rUpa hI najara AtA hai, to sAdi aura sAnta hai, aura vivakSita kAla jaba

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yuktyanuzAsana kA sarvodaya tIrtha bahuta choTA hotA hai to vaha kSaNa ke barAbara hone se kSaNika kahalAtA hai / koI vakSa kA jIvana-vyApAra mUla se lekara phala taka meM kAlakrama se hone vAlI boja, aMkura, skaMdha, zAkhA-pratizAkhA, patra, puSpa se lekara phala Adi vividha avasthAoM meM hokara hI pravAhita aura pUrNa hotA hai| isI vRkSa ko hama akhaMDa rUpa se yA khaMDa rUpa se samajha sakate haiM aura donoM hI satya evaM yathArtha haiM / ataH ekamAtra nityatva yA anityatva ko vAstavika kaha kara dUsare virodhI aMza ko avAstavika kahanA hI nitya-anityavAdoM kI Takkara kA bIja hai, jise anekAMta dRSTi haTAtI hai / isI taraha anekAMta dRSTi anirvacanIyatva aura nirvacanIyatvavAda kI pArasparika Takkara ko bhI miTAtI hai / isI taraha bhAvarUpatA aura abhAvarUpatA, hetuvAda-ahetuvAda, satkAryavAda aura asatkAryavAda, paramANuvAda-puMjavAda Adi bAhyarUpa se virodhI vicAroM ke virodha kA bhI parihAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| isa prakAra nirdoSa samanvaya madhyasthabhAva se hotA hai aura isake liye hI anekAMtavAda ke Asa-pAsa nayavAda aura bhaMgavAda Apa hI Apa phalita ho jAte haiM / kevala jJAna ko upayogI mAnakara usake Azraya se pravRtta hone vAlI vicAra-dhArA nAmaka jJAna naya hai aura kevala kriyA ke Azraya se pravRtta hone vAlI vicAradhArA kriyA-naya hai / naya aneka aura aparimita haiM, ataH vizva kA pUrNa darzana-anekAMta bhI nissIma hai| isI taraha bhinna-bhinna apekSAoM; dRSTikoNoM yA manovRttiyoM se jo eka hI tattva ke nAnA darzana phalita hote haiM, unhIM ke AdhAra para bhaMgavAda kI sRSTi khar3I hotI hai / do dIkha par3ane vAle virodhI vicAradhArAoM kA isase samanvaya kiyA jAtA hai| sapta bhaMgI kA AdhAra nayavAda kintu dhyeya samanvaya arthAt anekAMta koTi kA vyApaka darzana karAnA hai| kintu akhaNDa aura sajIva sarvAMza satya ko apanAne kI bhAvanA ko hama inakAra nahIM kara sakate haiN| anekAMtavAda bhale hI jainoM ke nAma se calatA hai lekina yaha bhAvanA aneka jagahoM meM Adara evaM zraddhA hI nahIM balki buddhi aura tarka se bhI apanAI gaI hai| Rgveda meM "ekaM sadviprA bahudhA vadanti' (Rgveda, 1-164-46 yA upaniSad meM "tadejati tannajati taddUre tadvantike" (Iza-5) Adi kahakara "viruddha dharmAzrayatva'' ko svIkAra kiyA hI gayA hai| sukarAta meM bhI hama jJAna-ajJAna ke sApekSavAda kA anUThA darzana pAte haiM ve jaba kahate haiM- 'maiM ajJAnI hUM kyoMki maiM yaha jAnatA hUM ki maiM ajJa huuN| dUsare jJAnI nahIM haiM kyoMki ve nahIM jAnate haiM ki ve ajJa haiN|" sukarAta ke ziSya aphalAtUM ne kahA ki bhautika padArtha sampUrNa sat aura asat ke bIca ke arddha sat jagata meM rahate haiN| jIvana meM anubhava aura tarka kI bhinna-bhinna dRSTiyAM hotI haiN| bhinnatA tarka meM hai, jIvana meM nhiiN| krose ne kahA hai ki do bhinna kalpanAyeM eka dUsare ke

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54 jainadarzana : cintana-anucintana sAtha bhinna hone para bhI mila sakatI haiM / ciMtana evaM karma bhinna haiM, kintu virodhI nhiiN| zIta-uSNa, patalA-moTA, UMcA-nIcA-Adi dvaMdvoM meM vibhAjana rekhA nahIM hai jahAM para eka samApta hokara dUsarA Arambha hotA ho| eka hI jala bhinna sthiti meM uSNa yA zIta kahA jA sakatA hai| eka roTI ko dUsare kI apekSA moTI yA patalI donoM hI kahI jA sakatI hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki "yuktyanuzAsana" meM sarvodaya-tIrtha ko anekAtmaka batAte hue sAmAnya-vizeSa, dravya-paryAya, vidhi-niSedha, eka-aneka, Adi azeSa dharmoM ko usameM samAhita batAyA gayA hai| isameM eka dharma mukhya hai to dUsarA dharma gauNa hai| usameM asaMgati athavA virodha ke lie koI avakAza nahIM hai / jo vicAra pArasparika apekSA kA pratipAdana nahIM karatA, vaha sarvAnta zUnya mAnA jAtA hai jisameM kisI bhI dharma kA astitva nahIM bana sakatA aura na usake dvArA padArtha-vyavasthA hI ThIka baiTha sakatI hai| ataH yA anekAMta yA sarvAntavAna zAsana hI sabhI du:khoM kA anta karane vAlA hai aura yahI AtmA ke pUrNa abhyudaya kA sAdhaka hai / anekAMta sabhI nirapekSa nayoM yA durnayoM kA anta karane vAlA hai / jo nirapekSa hai, vahI mithyA-darzana hai, vahI ekAMtavAda rUpa hai| sarvodaya kA mUlAdhAra samAnatA hai / vastusvAtaMtrya aura samAnatA, ye do prabala dIpa-stambha haiM, vastu kA svarUpa anekAntAtmaka hai / pratyeka vastu aneka guNoM aura dharmoM se yukta hai| anekAMta zabda 'aneka' aura 'anta' do zabdoM se milakara banA hai / aneka kA artha hotA hai--eka se adhika / eka se adhika do bhI ho sakatA hai aura ananta bhI / do aura ananta ke bIca bhaneka artha sambhava haiM / 'anta' kA artha hai dharma yA guNa / pratyeka vastu meM ananta guNa vidyamAna haiM / vastutaH anantaguNAtmaka vastu hI anekAMta hai| kintu jahAM aneka kA artha do liyA jAyagA vahAM anta kA artha dharma hogA / taba yaha artha hogA-paraspara viruddha pratIta hone vAle do dharmoM kA eka hI vastu meM honA anekAMta hai| yahAM eka prazna uThatA hai ki yadyapi jaina darzana anekAntavAdI kahA jAtA hai tathApi yadi use sarvathA anekAMtavAdI mAneM to yaha bhI to ekAnta ho jAyagA / ataH anekAnta meM bhI anekAnta ko svIkAra karanA hogaa| jaina darzana na sarvathA ekAntavAda ko mAnatA hai na sarvathA anekAMtavAda ko| yahI anekAnta meM anekAMta hai---- anekAntopyanekAMtaH pramANanayasAdhanaH / anekAMtaH pramANAcce tadekAnto'pitAnnayAt // svayaMbhUstotra // 103 // yAnI sarvAMzagrAhI pramANa kI apekSA se vastu anekAMta svarUpa hai evaM aMzagrAhI naya kI apekSA se vastu ekAMta rUpa hai| yAnI vaha kathaMcit ekAnta

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ghuktyanuzAsana kA sarvodaya tIrtha vAdI / aura kathaMcit anekAMtavAdI hai| ekAnta aura anekAMta bhI kramazaH samyak evaM mithyA do prakAra ke hote haiM / nirapekSa naya mithyA ekAnta hai aura sApekSa naya samyak ekAnta hai, tathA sApekSa nayoM kA samUha (arthAt zruta pramANa) samyak anekAMta aura nirapekSa nayoM kA samUha mithyA anekAMta (arthAt pramANAbhAsa) hai| kahA bhI hai "jaM vatthu ageyantaM, eyaMtaM taM pi hodi savizeSaM / suyaNANeNa Naehi ya, NiravekkhaM dIsade Naiva // ' ____ kArtikeyAnuprekSA, gAthA-231 rAjavArtika (1/6) meM akalaMka kahate haiM ki 'yadi anekAnta ko anekAnta hI mAnA jAya aura ekAnta kA sarvathA lopa kiyA jAya to samyaka ekAnta ke abhAva meM, zAkhAdi ke abhAva meM vRkSa ke abhAva kI taraha, tatsamudAya rUpa anekAMta kA bhI abhAva ho jAyagA / ataH yadi ekAnta hI svIkAra kara liyA jAye to phira avinAbhAvI itara dhamoM kA lopa hone para prakRta zeSa kA bhI lopa hone se sarva lopa kA prasaMga prApta hogaa|' sabhyaka ekAMta naya hai aura samyaka anekAnta pramANa / anekAMtavAda sarva-nayAtmaka hai| jisa prakAra bikhare hue motiyoM ko eka mAlA meM piro dene se eka sundara hAra bana jAtA hai, usI prakAra bhinna-bhinna nayoM ko syAdvAd rUpI suta meM piro dene se sampUrNa naya zruta pramANa kahe jAte haiM -- (syAdvAda maMjarI, zloka-30) / paramAgama ke bIjasvarUpa anekAMta meM sampUrNa nayoM (samyak ekAMtoM kA vikAsa hai| usameM ekAMtoM ke virodha ko samApta karane kI sAmarthya hai------ 'paramAgasya bIjaM niSiddhajAtyandhasindhuravidhAnam, sakalanayavilasitAnAM virodhamathanaM namAmyanekAntam / / -puruSArtha-siTyupAya (amRtacandra) saMkSepa meM jaise vibhinna andhoM ko hAthI vibhinna apekSA se vibhinna rUpa meM dikhAI par3ate haiM, kintu aMza rUpa se satya hai, pUrNa rUpa se nahIM / ataH hama paraspara vibhinna virodhI dharmoM kA samanvaya biThA sakate haiN| hAM, yaha dhyAna rakhanA cAhiye ki pratyeka vastu aneka paraspara virodhI dharma-yugaloM kA piNDa hai tathApi bastu meM sambhAvyamAna paraspara virodhI dharma hI pAye haiM, asambhAvya nhiiN| anyathA AtmA meM nityatva-anityatvAdi ke samAna vetanaacetanatva dharmoM kI sammAvanA kA prasaMga AyegA / (dhavalA 1-1-1-11) yaha durbhAgya hai ki anekAnta aura syAdvAda ke nirdoSa evaM samanvayakArI tattva jJAna ko bhAratIya manISA ke kucha zreSThatama vyaktiyoM ne galata samajha liyA / brahmasUtra meM "naikasmin saMbhavAt' (2/2/33) kA bhASya karate hue zaMkarAcArya likhate haiM ki 'eka vastu meM paraspara virodhI aneka dharmoM kA nivAsa asambhava hai|'' zaMkarAcArya zAyada yaha bhUla jAte haiM ki apekSA bheda

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56 jainadarzana : cintana - anucintana se yadi unakA paramArtha aura vyavahAra alaga-alaga satya ho sakatA hai to usI prakAra apekSAbheda se eka hI nara siMha eka bhAga se nara hokara bhI dvitIya bhAga kI apekSA se siMha hai| eka hI dhUpadAna agni se saMyukta hokara bhI pakar3ane vAle bhAga meM ThaNDI evaM agni-bhAga meM uSNa hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki ma. ma. phaNibhUSaNa adhikArI evaM DaoN. gaMgAnAtha jhA jaise vidvAnoM ko kahanA par3A hai ki " isa siddhAMta meM bahuta kucha aisA hai jise vedAnta ke AcAryoM ne nahIM samajhA "yadi ve jaina dharma ke mUla graMthoM se dekhane kA kaSTa uThAte to jaina dharma kA virodha karane kI koI bAta nahIM milatI / " ise ma. ma. adhikArI anyAya evaM akSamya mAnate haiM / DaoN. rAdhAkRSNan kA yaha samajhanA ki anekAMtasyAdvAda se hameM kevala ApekSika arddha satya kA hI jJAna ho sakatA hai, hama pUrNa satya ko nahIM jAna sakate / dUsare zabdoM meM yaha hameM arddha satyoM ke pAsa lAkara paTaka detA hai, aura inhIM arddha-satyoM ko pUrNa satya mAna lene kI preraNA karatA hai / parantu kevala nizcita anizcita arddha-satyoM ko milAkara eka sAtha rakha dene se vaha pUrNa satya nahIM kahA jA sakatA / "- - kucha pUrvAgraha se bharA hai | anekAMta arddha-satya ko haragija pUrNa satya mAnane kI preraNA nahIM detA balki arddha-satyoM kA samanvaya karane kA prayAsa karatA hai / pramANavArtika ( 3 / 180-4) meM dharmakIrti ke anusAra tattva ekAnta rUpa hI ho sakatA hai, kyoMki yadi sabhI tattvoM ko ubhaya rUpa yAnI sva-para rUpa mAnA jAya to padArthoM kA vaiziSTya samApta ho jAyagA / vastutaH dharmakIrti bhUla jAte haiM ki do dravyoM meM eka jAtIyatA hone para svarUpa kI bhinnatA aura vizeSatA hotI hI hai / dravya aura paryAya meM bhI bheda hai hI / dharmakIrti ke ziSya prajJAkara gupta pramANavArtikAlaMkAra pR. 142) evaM hetu bindu ke TIkAkAra arcaTa (TIkA pR. 146 ) bhI utpAda-vyaya- dhrauvyAtmaka pariNAmavAda meM dUSaNa pAte haiM aura yaha mAnate haiM ki jaba vyaya hogA to sattva kaise hogA ? bauddhAcArya saMbhavataH bhUla jAte haiM ki pratyeka svalakSaNa paraspara bhinna hai, eka dUsare rUpa nahIM haiM / ataH rUpasvalakSaNatvela asti hai aura rasAdi svalakSaNatvena nAsti hai, anyathA rUpa aura rasa milakara eka ho jAyeMge / zAtarakSita ( tattva saMgraha ) ne " syAdvAda - parIkSA" nAmaka eka svatantra hI prakaraNa meM anekAMta ke ubhayAtmakatAvAda para prahAra kiyA / dharmakIrti ke TIkAkAra karNakagomi ne yaha mahasUsa kiyA ki 'jainoM kA yaha darzana nahIM hai ki sarva sarvAtmaka hai yA sarvA sarvAtmaka nahIM hai / " ataH prakRta dUSaNa nahIM hai / vijJaptimAtratA siddhi (2/2) meM bhI anekAMta para "do dharma eka dharma meM asiddha hai" kA dUSaNa lagAnA vyartha hai kyoMki pratIti ke bala se hI ubhayAtmakatA siddha hotI hai / tattvoplavasiMha ke lekhaka jayarAzi bhaTTa bhale hI anekAMta kA khaMDana karate haiM lekina jaba ve kahate haiM ki vastu na nitya hai, na

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yuktyanuzAsana kA sarvodaya tIrtha anitya, na ubhaya aura na avAcya, to prakArAntara se ekAntavAda kA khaMDana evaM anekAMtavAda kA samarthana karate haiN| prazastapAda bhASya ke TIkAkAra zrI vyomaziva bhI isameM "virodha dharma doSa" evaM anekAMta meM bhI anekAMta mAnane meM anavasthA doSa dekhate haiM / brahmasUtra ke bhASyakAra bhAskara bhaTTa bhI virodha aura anavadhAraNa dopa dekhate haiN| yaha Azcarya hai ki bhAskara svayaM apane siddhAMtoM meM jagaha-jagaha para bhedAbhedAtmaka tattva kA samarthana karate haiM kintu anekAMtavAda kA khaMDana karate haiM / vijJAnabhikSa (brahmasUtra ke vijJAnAmRta bhASya, 2/2/33) meM Apatti uThAte hue kahate haiM ki "prakAra bheda ke binA do viruddha dharma eka sAtha nahIM raha sakate / " kintu anekAMta-vyavasthA meM apekSAbheda ko svIkAra kiyA hI gayA hai to prakAra bheda ko asvIkAra kahAM karatA hai ? zrIkaMTha (zrI kaMTha bhASya brahmasUtra, 2/2/33) bhale hI purAnI virodha vAlI dalIla duharAte haiM lekina unake ziSya appaya dIkSita to dezakAla aura svarUpa Adi apekSAbheda se aneka dharma svIkAra karanA acchA mAnate haiN| aphasosa yahI hai ki ve kahate haiM - "syAdvAdI binA apekSA ke hI saba dharma mAnate haiN|' yaha nitAnta mithyA Aropa hai| zrI rAmAnujAcArya bhI usI prakAra apekSA bheda ke AviSkAraka jaina AcAryoM ko apekSA bheda, upAdhibheda yA prakAra bheda kA upadeza dete haiN| (vedAMtadIpa, pR. 111-12) / vallabhAcArza bhI virodha dUSaNa upasthita karate haiM lekina mAnate haiM ki "viruddha dharma brahma meM hI pramANita ho sakatA hai|" (aNu bhASya 2/2/2/33) nimbArkAcArya svayaM bhedAbhedavAdo hokara anekAMta meM sattva aura asattva dharmoM ko virodha doSa dete haiM / (nimbArka bhASya, brahmasUtra, 2/2/33) / vAstava meM aneka dRSTiyoM se vastu svarUpa kA vicAra karanA na kevala jaina kI apitu bhAratIya darzana kI paramparA rahI hai / Rgveda ke "eka sadviprAH bahudhA vadanti'' (Rgveda 2/3/23,46) ke pIche yahI abhiprAya hai| buddha vibhajyavAdI the ata: praznoM kA uttara anekAMzika rUpa se dete the---"assato lokottikho poTpAda mayA anekasiko.... ...." dIrghanikAya, poTThapAda sutt)| brahmasUtra meM AcArya Azmarathya aura auDulomi (1/4/20-21) kA bhedAbheda kA mata AtA hai / svayaM zaMkarAcArya ne apane bhASya (2/3/6) meM bhedAbhedavAdI bhartR prapaJca ke mata kA khaMDana kiyA hai| sAMkhya kAraNa rUpa se prakRti ko eka pariNAma rUpa se aneka mAnate hI haiN| yogazAstra bhI isI taraha anekAMtarUpAtmaka pariNAmavAda ko mAnatA hai / (yoga bhASya/vyAsa bhaassy)| 1/4/33 / mImAMsaka kumArila bhI AtmavAda meM AtmA kA vyAvRtti aura anugama ubhaya rUpa se samarthana karate haiM / (mImAMsA zloka vArtika, 28) / AcArya hemacaMdra ne ThIka hI likhA hai ki jJAna ke anekAkAra mAnane vAle samajhadAra bauddhoM aura aneka AkAra vAle eka citra rUpa ko mAnane vAle naiyAyika aura vaizeSika ko

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58 jainadarzana : cintana-anucintana to anekAMta kA haragija pratikSepa nahIM karanA cAhiye / phira tIna guNoM vAlI prakRti ko mAnane vAle sAMkhya ko to aura bhI virodha nahIM karanA cAhiye / (vItarAga, stotra, 8/8-10) / ___ jainAcArya akalaMka deva ne syAdvAda-anekAMtavAda para saMzaya, virodha, vaiyadhikaraNa, saMkara, vyatikara, anavasthA, apratipatti aura abhAva ina ATha dUSaNoM kA parihAra (aSTazatI, aSTasahasrI evaM pramANa saMgraha) meM kiyA hai / virodha doSa hI mukhya hai jise hama dekha cuke haiM / saMzaya doSa lagAnA galata hai jaba donoM dharmoM kI apane dRSTikorgoM se sarvathA nizcita pratIti hotI hai / saMkara doSa to taba hotA jaba jisa dRSTikoNa se sthiti mAnI jAtI hai, usI se utpAda aura vyaya bhI mAne jAte / lekina donoM kI apekSAyeM judI-judI hai / vyatikara doSa to paraspara viSayAgamana se hotA hai| kintu jaba apekSA meM nizcita hai, dharmoM meM bheda hai to paraspara viSayAgamana kA prazna hI nahIM uThatA hai / usI taraha vaiyadhikaraNa doSa bhI nahIM lagAyA jA sakatA kyoMki sabhI dharma eka hI AdhAra meM pratIta hote haiM / eka AdhAra meM hone se ve eka nahIM ho sakate jaise eka hI AkAza pradeza rUpa AdhAra meM jIva, pudgala Adi SaT dravyoM kI sattA pAyI jAtI hai| phira anavasthA doSa kA bhI prasaMga nahIM A sakatA kyoMki dharma meM anya dharma nahIM mAne jAte balki vastu trayAtmaka mAnI jAtI hai| isI taraha dharmoM ko eka rUpa mAnane se ekAtitva kA prasaMga nahIM uThanA cAhie kyoMki vastu anekAta rUpa haiM aura samyak ekAnta aura anekAMta kA koI virodha nahIM / jisa samaya unmAda ko utpAda rUpa se asti aura vyaya rUpa se nAsti kaheMge usa samaya utpAda dharma na rahakara dharmI bana jAyagA / dharma-dharmibhAva sApekSa haiM / phira jaba vastu loka vyavahAra tathA pramANa se nirbAdha pratIti kA viSaya ho rahI hai to use anavadhAraNAtmaka avyavasthita yA apratIta kahanA bhI galata hai / aura jaba pratIta hai taba abhAva to ho hI nahIM sktaa| mujhe bhI lagatA hai ki Aja kA yuga dharma samanvaya hai| samanvaya hI sarvodaya kA mUlAdhAra hai| kintu jaba taka hama vastu ke svarUpa para vicAra karane ke lie anekAMta dRSTi nahI rakha pAyeMge, hama samanvaya kI dizA meM Age bhI nahIM bar3ha paayeNge| bhAratIya saMskRti hI samanvaya kI saMskRti hai| yahI vizva ko bhAratIya saMskRti kI dena hai| jAti, dharma, bhASA, sampradAya Adi kI vividhatAoM ke bIca bhAratIya manISiyoM ne samanvaya kiyA hai| samanvaya kA eka hI vikalpa hai--saMgharSa, aura saMgharSa kA pariNAma satyAnAza hai / ataH jise svAmI samantabhadra ne sarvodaya-tIrtha kahA hai, use hama samanvaya tIrtha bhI kaha sakate haiM /

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jainadarzana meM advaitavAdI pravRttiyAM avidyA-baMdha hetu adhyAtma bhAratIya cintanadhArA kA mUla tattva rahA hai| satya kA sandhAna evaM adhyAtma kA Aloka prApta karanA hI yahAM kI vizeSatA rahI hai| isIlie to vaidika prArthanA hai--asatomAdgamaya, tamaso mA jyotigamaya, mRtyaumA'mRtaMgamaya / janma-maraNa evaM punarjanma kI prakriyA hI bhava-baMdhana hai / ataH isa prakriyA kI parisamApti hI parinirvANa yA mokSa hai|' satya-darzana hI mokSa-darzana hai / ataH ajJAna hI baMdhana kA kAraNa hai| yahI hamArA avataraNa yA apakarSa hai| isIlie mokSa ke lie jJAna anivArya hai| advaita vedAnta ke bIjAMkUra upaniSadoM meM bhI vidyamAna haiM, jahAM avidyA ko vibhrama evaM saMsArAsakti kahA gayA hai| mAyA brahmAMza-zakti hai jisase nAnAtva kA AvirbhAva hotA hai| yadi mAyA saMsAra kA kAraNa hai to avidyA hI hameM usase Asakta rakhatI hai| gaur3apAda ne bhI mAyA ko brahmAMDa-vibhrama tathA avidyA ko tadjanita jIvagata-bhrama mAnA hai| zaMkarAcArya bhI mAyA ko samaSTigata tathA avidyA ko vyaSTigata ajJAna kI vyAkhyA ke lie svIkAra karate haiM / cAhe jo bhI ho, mokSa hI parama puruSArtha hai jo mAtra jJAna se hI ajita ho sakatA hai.--yathA, jJAnAt eva tu kaivalyam / Rte jJAnAnna muktiH / bAdarAyaNa kA bhI yahI sunizcita mata hai.--"puruSArtho'tazabdAditi bAdarAyaNaH / upaniSad ne bhI isI kA samarthana kiyA hai-"taratizokamAtmavit / / jJAtvA devaM mucyate sarvapAdauH / "brahmavidA prApti paramaratai / ''" svayaM zaMkara ke ziSya padmapAda ne bhI mokSa ko mithyAjJAna kA abhAva kahA hai| yaha antadRSTi tathA jIvana evaM jagat ke prati yaha abhinava dRSTikoNa mokSa kI 1. bha0mI0 2/51; kaTha0. 1/3/7-8 / 2. Malkani, G.R., Vedantic Epistimology p-3. 3. vedavacana / 4. bra0sU0 zaM0bhA0 3/4/1. 5. chAndo0 3/4-1 / 6. muMDa 3/2,9 / 7. taitti0 2/9; chAndo0 6/14, 8/7; bRha0 4/5/6 se 15; zveta 5/13 /

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60 jainadarzana : cintana - anucintana sAdhanA nahIM, svayaM mokSa hI hai / ' duHkha kA kAraNa kevala vibhrama evaM mithyAjJAna hI hai / " jainadarzana meM bhI avidyA ko mithyAtva kahA gayA hai| tamisrA aMta hone para hI jJAnodaya hotA haiM / ataH jJAna-mArga hI nirvANa mArga hai / jainadarzana ne bhI triratnaM meM samyak jJAna kA samAveza kiyA hI haiN| jIva yA AtmA svabhAvata: pUrNa hai, jisameM anantajJAna, anantadarzana, anantavIrya evaM anantasukha vidyamAna hai / yaha svayaM bhAsvara hai kintu karma pudgala rUpI megha evaM kuhAMse bhI to lage hue haiM / jisa samaya meva haTa jAeMge, sUrya kA Aloka phaila jAyegA / vastutaH AtmA ke zuddha svarUpa kI anabhijJatA hI hameM sAMsArika baMdhanoM meM jakar3a detI hai | ataH samyak jJAna aura tattva-jJAna saboM ke lie paramAvazyaka hai / yahAM jainamata evaM vedAnta dRSTi meM mUlataH koI pArthakya nahIM hai / mokSa kA svarUpa mokSa hI mAnava jIvana kA carama lakSya hai / cArvAka ko chor3akara sabhI bhAratIya dArzanika mokSa ko hI parama puruSArtha mAnate haiM / kintu mokSa ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM do vibhinna vicAra haiM-- bhAvAtmaka evaM abhAvAtmaka / * naiyAyika, sAMkhya, yoga aura pUrva mImAMsA' ke anusAra yadyapi muktAvasthA Atyantika dukhAbhAva hai, phira bhI ise bhAvAtmaka kahA jA sakatA hai| (yaha 4 1. rAdhAkRSNan ---iNDiyana philAsaphI 2. zaM0 bhA0 2 / 3 / 46 ; chAndo0 8 / A0pU0 538, dekheM sAM0kA0 44; 2 / 3, ta0saM0 8.1.3 u0dhya0sU0 21/19, 23/43, 28 / 20, sthA0sU0 2/2 | nyA0 bhA0 4 / 2 /1 pra0 51 44, sAM0 kau0 44; u0sU0 mA0 pR0 3. ta0sU0 1 / 1 ; ta0a0sU0 10 / 1 ; dra0saM0 40 candraprabhacarit pR0 538 ; 9 / 293 saM 0 kA 0 sA0 1/47 ( saMsAra aura mukti ) / - bhAga-2 pR0 637 / aura 5 ta0sU0 bhA0 pR0 72 ; dharmazarmAbhyudayam 21/161; pra0sA0 11 / 81 pra0sA0 kI bhUmikA sa0sA0 4. tulanA mA0vR0 pR0 197 ( prapaMca pravRtti) bhAvAtmaka vyAkhyArtha dekheMvi0ma0 ( buddhaghoSa ) 8 / 247 ; 16 / 64; 16 / 37 16 / 7190; 373, 0 ma0ni0 57 / 5. nyA0yA0 1 / 1 / 21, nyA0maM0 pR0 508 ( bhAvAtmaka vyAkhyArtha dekheM- nA0saM0 200 / 6. sAM0kA0 67; sAM0ta0 kau0 67 / 7. yo0 bhA0 4 / 30 / 8. zlo0 vA0 107; ta0lo0 156 /

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jainadarzana meM advaita kI pravRttiyAM vicAra sarvasammata nahIM haiN| kintu jaina' evaM vedAnta ke anusAra mokSAvasthA dvividha varadAna haiM / prathamataH sAre klezoM kA kSaya ho jAtA hai, tatpazcAt sakriya Ananda yA sukha kI prApti hotI hai| kAraNa, AtmA meM ananta jJAna darzanAdi hai / ata: yaha svAbhAvika hai| kintu yahAM eka kaThinAI hai| yadi mokSa adhyAtma sAdhanA kA phala hai to yaha nitya nahIM ho sakatA / aura yadi isa sAdhanA se prApta nahIM hotA to isakI prApti anyathA saMbhava nahIM / vedAnta isa samasyA kA samAdhAna detA hai| advaita vedAnta ke anusAra muktAtmA brahma ke sAtha abheda ko prApta kara letA hai| yaha kisI apUrNa kI prApti nahIM balki 'prAptasya prApti:' hI hai| isIlie upaniSadoM ne "tattvabhavasi" nahIM pratyuta "tattvamasi'2 kA hI upadeza kiyA hai| caMki brahma sata evaM cit ke atirikta Ananda rUpa bhI hai ata: jIva bhI AnandarUpa' ho jAtA hai, jaba vaha jJAna prApti kara letA hai| jJAna evaM sukha eka hI hai| ataH mukti duHkha nirodha ke atirikta vizuddha Ananda bhI hai| maMDana ke anusAra bhI kevala dukhAbhAva hI Ananda nahIM hai kyoMki duHkha aura sukha kI anubhUti sAtha-sAtha bhI saMbhava hai| jaise zItala jalAzaya meM sthita lekina apane sira ko bAhara rakhane vAlA vyakti agnisvarUpa bhagavAna bhAskara kI tapta kiraNoM kI dAhakatA aura jalAzaya kI zItalatA eka sAtha anubhava kara sakatA hai| AtmA kA svarUpa baMdhana evaM mokSa kA vicAra to Atma-vicAra se hI pratiphalita hotA hai| kyoMki Atma-baMdhana aura mokSa yA satyAsatya sabase pahale se hI vartamAna hai| usakA astitva svayaMsiddha hai aura yaha saMzaya ke pare bhI hai kyoMki yaha saMzayAtmA ke saMzaya meM bhI apanA astitva dikhalAtA hai / aparokSAnubhUti AdhArita isakA jJAna pramANa nirapekSa mAnanA caahie| yaha AdhArabhUta mAnyatA hai / tattvadRSTi se AtmA kA astitva hI usakI nityapUrNatA Adi kA pramANa hai / yahAM taka to jaina evaM advaita vedAnta meM sAmya hai| 1. sa0sA0 10 / 4 / 2. chAndo0 3. taiti0 3 / 8, 217 / 4. prasA0 1159-60 / 5. Ramchandran N. The Concept of Mukti in Ind. Phil. (Pro. of Ind. Phil. page 194. 6. zaM0bhA0 2 / 37; chAndo0 87.12, taiti0 2 / 1-7 7. Iza0 1; zaM0bhA0 11114

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jainadarzana : cintana-anucintana phira jaina evaM advaita donoM ke anusAra AtmA ko caitanyasvarUpa mAnA gayA hai / jabaki ajJAna ke kAraNa AtmA kI dehAsakti hI baMdhana hai to AtmA avazyameva abhautika hai / AtmA abAdhita evaM abAdhya nivizeSa sattA mAtra hai jo saba sthitiyoM meM vidyamAna hai|' jisa kSaNa hama AtmA ke niSedha kA prayAsa karate haiM, usI kSaNa hama isakA ajJAta rUpeNa bhAva kara dete haiM / yaha vizuddha sattA hI vizuddha caitanya hai / ataH AtmA caitanya ke atirikta aura kucha nahIM hai| hAM yaha caitanya kSaNasthAna vijJAna-pravAha nahIM hai| yaha sAmAnya aura nitya caitanya hai| yaha nivizeSa-caitanya jJAtA, jJeya evaM jJAna ke abheda se bilakula vizuddha , ananta, bahirAtma evaM pUrNa jJAna hai| jaina dRSkioNa se jIva bhI eka dravya yA sattA hai, jo satya hai aura astitvavAna hai| yahI nahIM vedAnta kI taraha yahAM bhI jIva kA sabase pramukha lakSaNa cetanA yA upayoga mAnA gayA hai| yahI nahIM donoM meM AtmA kA varNana nitya, zuddha, buddha, mukta, satya, paramAnanda Adi kahakara kiyA gayA hai / ' AtmA aura paramAtmA sAMsArika jIva kA jo varNana zaMkara dvArA kiyA jAtA hai, vaha jaina mata ke bilakula samAnAntara hai / jainamata meM AtmA ke vividha rUpoM kA varNana hai--sva samaya (paramAtmA) tathA para samaya (jiivaatmaa)| sva samaya hI upaniSad ke paramAtmA yA vedAnta ke brahma kI taraha hai| zaMkarAcArya paramasattA brahma ko paramAtmA kahate haiN| balki unake lie to paramAtmA aura 'brahma' paryAyavAcI zabda haiM / jIvAtmA aura paramAtmA ke tAdAtmya kA siddhAnta upaniSad aura darzana meM samAna hai| yahAM yaha dhyAna dene kI bAta hai ki kundakunda evaM zaMkara donoM hI jIvAtmA aura paramAtmA kI ekatA prakaTa karane ke lie "advaita' zabda kA vyavahAra karate haiN| jIvAtmA hI kartA, bhoktA 1. zaM0bhA0 2 / 1 / 11; bhagI0 2 / 13 2. advaita makaraMda 11-13 3. sa0si0sA0saM0 1218-41; zaM0bhA0 3 / 2 / 16, vizvanAtha muktAvalI 4. viveka cUr3AmaNi pR0 239 5. pa0pra0 3 / 9, pra0sA0 2 / 90; pa0kA0sa0 1127; pra0saM0 2 6. tulanA-vedAntasAra (sadAnanda) 171 (nikhilAnanda anuvAda), saM0sA0 1137, 8 / 14; tasU0 2 / 8 7. sa0 sA0 pR0 1,2 8. sa0 sA0 kI bhUmikA pR0 152

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janadarzana meM advaita kI pravRttiyAM aura duHkhabhogI hai / ' upAdhiyukta AtmA hI karttA, sukhabhoktA evaM duHkhabhoktA hai, jisase paramAtmA mukta hai| zrI yogIndra kA "paramAtma- prakAza" sacamuca eka pratyayavAdI vicAra samupasthita karatA hai kyoMki ve kahate haiM- "AtmA pratyak hai parA nahIM / " paramAtmA hI zAnti, sukha aura Ananda hai / trividha AtmA ke sambandha meM yogIndra, kundakunda, pUjyapAda, guNabhadra, amRtacaMdrAdi saba ekamata haiM / usI taraha jainetara sAhitya meM vizeSakara upaniSadoM ke "paMcakoSa" ke siddhAMta meM bhI aisA saMketa milatA hai / antataH ye tInoM eka hI haiN|" AtmA caitanya evaM amUrta ke atirikta aura kucha nahIM hai aura paramAtmA bhI ananta darzana, jJAna evaM Ananda hI haiM / ataH AtmA hI paramAtmA hai / kevala karmabandhana ke kAraNa hI paramAtmA ko AtmA mAnA gyaa| yogIndra ke paramAtmA ko AdhyAtmika vikAsa meM zIrSastha sthAna prApta hai, jo karttA - karma se bhI pare hai / yadyapi yaha vicAra thor3A bhinna vidyamAna hai / phira bhI yaha asvIkAra nahIM hI karanA hogA ki donoM meM itanA sAmya rahate hue bhI hama upaniSadoM ke udAtta advaitI aura sarvezvara sarvavAdI bhAvanA ke vaibhava kA jainamata meM abhAva pAte haiM / jainoM ke aneka jIvavAda kA siddhAnta pratyakSa hI advaita ke anukUla nahIM dIkhatA hai / anya jaina mUlagranthoM yA jainamata ke anusAra dravya ke siddhAnta se par3atA hai / dravya vizvarUpa meM zAzvata bhAva evaM ananta rUpa meM jAtigata dRSTi se dravya eka hai, jo sabhI vastuoM ke mUla meM hai / yahI vibhinna paryAyoM meM apane ko abhivyakta karatA hai / jo sattA se abhinna hai, vahI dravya hai, jo 'dru' dhAtu se nikalA hai aura jisakA artha hotA hai " dravita honA " / yaha sattA yA satta se abhinna hai / " yahI satya hai / kundakunda to yahAM taka kahate haiM ki utpAda aura vyaya paryAyoM kA hotA hai dravya kA nahIM / dravya to nitya aura avikRta hai / " umAsvAmI ne dravya yA sattA kI paribhASA sat se 1. bRha0 4 / 3 / 12; taMtti0 3 / 5; zaM0 bhA0 2/3/33 2. zaM0 bhA0 1/3/19 3. pra0 sA0 kI bhUmikA - ( Detailed summary of Pravachana Sara) 4. taitti0 2 / 1.5 5. Mysticism in Maharastra - P. 326. 6. sa0 sa0 1-1; pra0 pra0 (bhUmikA); dra0 saM0 - 3, 12 : paM0 kA sa0 1 / 16; gomaTTasAra ( jIva kAMDa ) - 141 / 2 7. paM0 kA sa0 - 1/8 8. pra0 sA0-1 9. Upara - 10 63

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jainadarzana : cintana-anucintana dI hai| satya hI sattA hai, aura sattA hI satya hai, yA satya hI sat yA astitva hai| ataH astitva hI sattA aura sattA hI astitva hai| balki yaha kahanA ThIka hogA ki cUMki sabhI kA astitva hai, ataH sabhI eka hI haiN| sthAnAMga sUtra bhI "ege sAye, ege loye" kahakara isakA samarthana karatA hai / ataH hama isa taraha apane ko upaniSad yA vedAnta ke AdhyAtmika advaitavAda ke bilakula samIpa pAte haiN| ___ halAMki yaha sahI hai ki uparyukta bAtoM ke bAvajUda bhI jainoM kA dvaita ke prati pakSapAta unheM sattA meM bhI bhautika evaM caitanya sattA kA asaMgata bheda karane ko bAdhya karatA hai / satya satya hai, yathArtha yathArtha hai / yaha svayaM pUrNa hai| yahAM usa stara para kartA evaM karma kA koI bheda nahIM hai| kintu isa prakAra ke sarvavyApI sattA kA vicAra kevala cidAtmaka hI ho sakatA hai| ataH apraur3hatA ke kAraNa jaina sUtroM meM isa pratIyamAna dvaita kA nirAkaraNa nahIM kara sake aura jIva dravya evaM ajIva dravya kA bheda kara diyA / yadyapi kundakunda, umAsvAtI aiseaise antaravartI vicArakoM meM isa prakAra kA prAtyakSika antara nahIM miltaa| ataH aMta meM jainamata ko advaita siddhAnta svIkAra karanA hI hogaa| yadyapi jIva aura ajIva kA bilakula virodhI svabhAva hai, phira bhI isa virodha ke antarbhUta eka ekatA hai jise hama virodhoM kA sAmaMjasya kaheMge / mAtra jIva yA ajIva, cetana yA jar3a vastu zUnya vicAra hai / vastutaH ye donoM eka hI dhAtu ke do khaNDa haiN| yaha vaha vAstavika sAmAnya hai jisameM eka hI sattA sAtha-sAtha saMyukta aura viyukta donoM hai / yahI anekatA meM ekatA yA bheda meM abhedatva hai| - yogIndra aura kundakunda AtmA aura paramAtmA kA abhinnatva hI batAte haiM / 'dravya saMgraha' ke praNetA nemicaMdajI kA bhI yahI bicAra hai ki jIva kA bheda yA kartRtva kevala vyavahAra kI dRSTi se satya hai / ' aneka jIvavAda eka sApekSa vicAra hai jo hameM taba prApta hotA hai jaba hama saMvedanA anubhUti evaM baMdhana kA vicAra karane laga jAte haiN| sacamuca manovaijJAnika stara para to jIvoM kI anekatA asvIkAra karane kI koI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| svayaM zaMkarAcArya bhI jAgRtAvasthA yA vyAvahArika dRSTi se use asvIkAra nahIM. 1. ta0 a0 sU0-5/29 2. ta0 sU0 bhA0--1/35 3. sthA0 sU0-1/1; 1/4 4. rAdhAkRSNan- iMDiyana philAsaphI-pahalA bhAga--pR0 339 5. dra0 saM0-35.8 6. rAdhAkRSNan-(upara) bhA0-1 pR. 339

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65 jainadarzana meM advaita kI pravRttiyAM karate / kintu darzana meM hama kevala manovaijJAnika yA anubhavagamya vyAvahArika jagat kA hI vicAra nahIM krte| yahAM hama tarka kA bhI upayoga karate haiM aura tarka ko asaMgatiyoM se asaMtoSa hai| sAmAnya vyAvahArika anubhUtiyoM ke vizleSaNa karane meM prathama hameM anekavAda evaM sApekSavAda ke dazana hote haiM, aura jainamata isake avazyaMbhAvI pariNAma ko prApta kie binA kevala isI se apane ko saMtuSTa kara letA hai| anekavAda yA vyavahAragata vAstavikatA se kisI ko koI vivAda nahIM, kiMtu yaha pAramArthika satya nahIM ho sakatA jisa taraha sasIma meM hI asIma kA artha abhipreta hai, usI prakAra hama eka nirapekSa parama tattva ke binA sApekSatA kI mAnyatA kadApi sthira nahIM rakha sakate haiN| isa taraha hama mUlarUpa se jaina evaM advaita darzanoM meM atyadhika sAmya pAte haiM / pro0 cakravartI ne isakA eka adbhuta pramANa diyA hai| unhoMne kahA hai ki jisa samaya zaMkara AtmA ke sambandha meM galata siddhAMta kA vivecana karate haiM usa samaya ve bauddha, sAMkhya, yoga, vaizeSika, pAzupata Adi kA nAma lete haiM lekina Azcarya kI bAta hai ki ukta sUcI meM jainamata kA ullekha nahIM karate / zAyada yaha samajhakara ki jaina darzana meM vedAMta kI taraha hI jIvAtmAparamAtmA kA aikya batAyA gayA hai / ___ ata: zaMkarAcArya jainamata ke bilakula samIpa haiN| brahmasUtra ke anya bhASyakAroM kI taraha zaMkarAcArya yaha nahIM mAnate ki avidyAgrasita jIva eka hI hai / antaHkaraNa se baddha pratyagAtmA athavA kUTastha aura vizuddha cetanA hI brahma hai, jo aneka jIva-sA pratIta hotA hai| yaha vicAra anya vedAntiyoM meM pracalita eka jIvavAda ke pratikUla hai| aneka jIvavAdiyoM kI bhI aneka yuktiyAM haiM / unake anusAra jIva aneka haiM, aura jagatbhrama sAmAnya rUpa se sthAyI nahIM hai| kintu pratyeka jIva apane lie svayaM bhrama kI sRSTi karatA hai| isI se isa "dRSTivAda' kA siddhAMta phalita hotA hai, jisake anusAra vijJAna (cetanA) hI vastu kI sRSTi karatA hai, yahI nahIM varan vijJAna ke atirikta vastu hai hI nhiiN|" upaniSadoM meM bhI AtmA aura jIva meM bheda kiyA gayA hai| ataH eka jIvavAda siddhAMta to svayaM upaniSad evaM brahmasUtra ke viruddha hI par3atA hai| 1. hirayaMnnA-AuTa lAinsa Apha iMDiyana philaoNsaphI-pR0 171 2. pro0 cakravartI-saM0 sA0 kI bhUmikA P.LLX; zaM0 bhA0 1/1 3. rAdhAkRSNan -(Upara jaisA)-bhA0 2 pR0 610 / 4. dAsagupta-hisTrI Apha iMDiyana philAsaphI-bhAga 1; pR0 417 5. Upara jaisA-pR0 478 6. bR0 4/3/21; 4/3/35; zve0 4/6; 1/9 / 7. bra0 sU0 2/1/32; 2/1/33

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jainadarzana : cintana-anucintana naya yA dRSTikoNa kA siddhAMta . hama dekhate haiM ki kisI vastu ke viSaya meM eka yA aneka kahanA isa para nirbhara karatA hai ki hama kisa dRSTikoNa se kaha rahe haiN| zaMkarAcArya bhI kahate haiM ki yadyapi devadatta eka hI vyakti hai, phira bhI vibhinna dRSTikoNoM se vaha tapa puruSa, veda vizArada brAhmaNa, udAra, bAlaka, yuvA, vRddha, pitA, putra, pautra, bhrAtA, jamAtA Adi zabdoM se bhI ghoSita ho sakatA hai| yaha jaina syAdvAda yA astinAstivAda se bahuta milatA hai| yahAM taka ki upaniSadoM meM isakI ora saMketa milatA hai ki satya hamAre jJAna kI vibhinna avasthAoM meM vibhinna rUpoM meM prakaTa hotA hai| yaha naya bheda yA dRSTikoNa bheda, zaMkara vedAMta evaM jainamata meM sAmAnya rUpa meM vartamAna hai| zaMkarAcArya svayaM byAvahArika sattA se pAramArthika sattA ko alaga karate haiN| vyAvahArika dRSTikoNa vyavahAra jagat taka hI upayogI evaM anivArya hai| jaise eka anArya kevala anArya kI bhASA ke mAdhyama se hI samajha sakatA hai, usI taraha vyAvahArika jIvoM ko pAramArthika tattvoM kA jJAna vyAvahArika dRSTikoNa se hI ho sakatA hai| kiMtu spaSTataH apane meM yaha apUrNa hai| ata: hameM Upara uThanA apekSita hai isalie kundakunda sabhI samasyAoM para ina donoM dRSTikoNoM se vicAra karate haiN| astu ve anubhava jagata kA vizleSaNa vyavahAranaya se karate haiM tathA pAramArthika jagat kA vicAra nizcaya naya se karate haiN| ataH apekSAkRta avikasita vicAra kA vikasita vicAra ke lie atikramaNa kadAcita isakI upekSA nahIM hai| ise aphalAMtU', spInojA', hIgela', jemsa' bargasAM, Adi dArzanikoM ne pazcima meM tathA veda, upaniSad,12 - 1. cakravartI-sa0 sA0 kI bhUmikA - LLIX 2. rAdhAkRSNan--iMDiyanaphilAsaphI, bhAga-1 pR0 299 3. sa0 sA0 1/9 4. cakravartI--sa0 sA0 kI bhUmikA CLI 5. maikaTegarTa---Hegelian Cosmology-II pR0 292 6.Cp. Perception and knowledge 7. Imagination, Reason. Intuition --Ethics. Vol-II 29 8. maikaTegarTa-Upara jaisA-II pR0 292 9. Institutional and Personal Religion. 10. Intellect and Intution. 11. Rgveda-10/129/9.2 12. mu0 1/45.

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jainadarzana meM advaita kI pravRttiyAM bauddha, jaina aura vedAMtiyoM ne pUrva meM samarthana kiyA hai| prasiddha upaniSad vyAkhyAtA DAisana ne ThIka hI kahA hai, ki aparAvidyA vyAvahArika tattvajJAna hai, jo avidyA evaM jIvajanya svAbhAvika vAstavavAda se prakaTa hotA hai| ataH vyAvahArika evaM pAramArthika dRSTikoNoM kA bheda kevala vedAnta aura jaina mata meM hI nahIM upaniSad ora bauddhamata meM bhI ekasA hai| sarvajJatA-vicAra hamArA prAtibhAsika jJAna hI tAttvika jJAna kI ora saMketa karatA hai jo iMdriya-gamya pramANoM ke pare hai| anubhava jJAna kI spaSTa apUrNatA kA vicAra karake hI jaina aura advaita vedAMta ne tattvajJAna prApti kA dUsarA hI sAdhana DhUMDhA hai / mati-zruta avadhi aura manaHparyaya se bhI saMtuSTa nahIM hokara jainAcAryoM ne "kevalajJAna" yA 'sarvajJatA' kA saMdhAna kiyA hai, jise hama atIndriya aparokSAnubhUti kI parAkASThA hI maaneNge| jahAM jIva sampUrNa paryAyoM ke sahita sabhI dravyoM ko jAna letA hai| sarvajJatA meM anabhijJatA kA abhAva hai|' sarvajJa ke lie jIva aura jJAna samavyApI hai| hAM yaha jJAna sAkSAta, sadyaH evaM saMzayahIna hotA hai| usI ko advaita vedAMta anubhUti, anubhava, sAkSAtkAra, samyakajJAna, yA samyak-darzana' kI saMjJA detA hai| sarvajJatA caitanyarUpa jJAna-taMtra kA zIrSa-bindu hai|" yaha caitanyamaya jIva ke svAbhAvika caitanya kI pUrNa abhivyakti hai, jisakA AvirbhAva sampUrNa upAdhiyoM ke Atyantika kSaya hone para hI hotA hai, aura jise hama vizuddha anubhavAtIta 1. ina rIlI0 ithIksa bhA0 9 pR0 849; bhAga 10 pR0 592 2. sa0 sA0-67 3. si0 laM0 sa0-1 4. Deussen P. System of Vedanta-pR0 100 5. rAdhAkRSNan-Upara, bhAga-2; pR0 509 6. mehatA-AuTa lAinsa oNpha jaina philAsaphI-pR0 99 7. ta0 sUtra (A ni0) 77 /10 8. ta0 sU0 bhA0-1/31 9. zaM0 bhA0-1/2/8 10. zaM0 bhA0 1/3/13 11. mehatA Upara-pR0 102

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68 jainadarzana : cintana-anucintana upalabdhi yA "tat" kheNge|' jaina sAhitya sarvajJatA-viSayaka sAhitya se paripUrNa hai| sarvajJatva-siddhi ke anekoM pramANa haiN| anubhava evaM vyavahAra bhI jJAnakrama aura isake vikAsa meM sarvajJatA kA saMketa detA hai| isalie hemacaMdra bhI kahate haiM ki sarvajJatA kA pramANa jJAna ke kramika vikAsa kI avazyaMbhAvI aMtima pariNati hai| "ananta dharmAtmaka vastu"-kA tattvajJAna bhI kisI asAdhAraNa jJAna kI hI apekSA rakhatA hai| buddhi pratibhA evaM vaiyaktika mAnasika viSamatAeM bhI sarvajJatA kI ora saMketa karatI hai| dhArmika evaM udAtta rahasyAnubhUti bhI sarvajJatA ko siddha karatI hai / tArkika dRSTikoNa bhI usake anukUla hI hai kyoMki hemacaMdra ke anusAra sarvajJatA ke viruddha koI prakaraNa nahIM hai| anta meM hama yahI kaha sakate haiM ki vedAMta jise niSedhAtmaka rUpa se upasthita karatA hai, use hI jaina-darzana bhAvAtmaka rUpa se pratipAdita karatA haiM / ataH vedAMta jahAM avidyA ke sAtha duHkha ko sambaddha karatA hai, vahAM jainamata sarvajJatA ke sAtha sukha pratipAdita karatA hai| vedAMta jIva ko brahma se vilIna kara avidyA kA aMta karatA hai vahAM jaina darzana ke anusAra vyaSTi hI samaSTi bana jAtA hai| jaina matAnusAra pratyeka sattA kA sambandha vizva kI samasta sattAoM se hai / koI vastu bilakula asambaddha yA svataMtra nahIM hai| ataH kisI eka vastu kA sarvAGgINa jJAna akhila vastuoM kA sampUrNa jJAna hai| jaikobI' ne usI prasaMga meM eka jaina sUtra kA uddharaNa diyA hai, vaha hai-"jo kisI eka ko jAna letA hai, vaha sabako jAna letA hai, aura jo saboM ko jAna jAtA hai vahI saboM ko pUrNa rUpa se jAnatA hai|" yahAM antajJAna yA AtmajJAna yA AtmasAkSAtkAra kI parAkASThA hai / yaha atIndriya jJAna hai jisakA AvirbhAva sabhI 1. upara 99, rAdhAkRSNan Upara-bhAga-2, pR0 55 2. aSTazatI, nyAya vinizcaya, 361, 2 SaDakhaMDAgama-22/78 pra0 kA0 mAM-254-60; paMca namaskAra maMtra-4/10-20 jayadhavalA-pR0 66 A0 sU0-2/3/30 A0 ni0 127, bhartRhari 2/30-32 3. pra0 mI0 (TATiyA evaM mukharjI)-pR0 30 4. Upara-pR0 34 5. pra0 sA0 kI bhUmikA 6. Studies in Jaina Philosophy (Tatia)P-70 7. jaina sUtra 2 pR0 34 8. tulanA-A0 sU0 1/3/4

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jainadarzana meM advaita kI pravRttiyAM upAdhiyoM ke kSaya hone para hI hotA hai|' yahAM taka hameM eka viziSTa sApekSatAvAda kA darzana hotA hai| kisI sarvajJa ko syAdvAda kI sImAeM maryAdita nahIM krtiiN| jIva svabhAvataH sarvajJa hai| isameM jJAnAndha karane vAlA moha kA AvaraNa uTha jAtA hai / ataH sApekSatAvAda ke siddhAMta meM bhI nirapekSa brahma kI kalpanA nihita hai| vibhinna nayoM dvArA upalabdha jJAna kA yogAMka mAtra hI hameM parama satya ko nahIM batalA sakatA hai / satya una saba pahaluoM kA avyavasthita yoga nahIM balki samanvayazIla samUha hai| DA0 rAja mahodaya kA vicAra hai ki jainoM kA sApekSatAvAda jJAna sApekSatAvAda hai| jahAM sattA hai, usakA svabhAva bhI nizcita hai, hAM use hama dUsarI taraha se bhI samajha sakate haiN| kintu sarvajJa ke lie sApekSa nahIM balki nirapekSa evaM anIpAdhika jJAna hogaa| ataH sApekSavAda kI pariNati nirapekSavAda meM nizcita hI hai| kisI kSaNa hama kevalI ke aparokSAnubhUti ko svIkAra kara lete haiM, to hamAre sAmane asIma nirapekSa advaita A hI jAtA hai| 7. kAraNavAda ___ jaina tattva jJAnAnukUla hI kundakunda kAraNa-kArya kI abhinnatA kA anusaraNa karate hue 'cetana se cetana' aura 'acetana se acetana' kI sRSTi kA siddhAMta pratipAdita karate haiN| phira sarva sattAdhiSThAna brahma meM vizvAsa karane vAlA advaita vedAMta bhI kAraNa-kArya abhinnatva hI mAnatA hai| jainamata meM yadyapi jIva aura ajIva paraspara virodhI haiM, phira bhI uccatara sattA-jagat meM unake virodha kA zamana ho jAtA hai| jisa taraha machaliyoM se pUrNa sarovara aura vRkSoM se pUrNa udyAna bhI jIvanta dIkhatA hai, usI prakAra ajIva bhI jIvita dIkhatA hai| jaina jagata meM koI bhI vastu zuSka, mRta, jIvahIna nahIM hai|' isa dRSTi se bhI advaita jainamata ke samIpa hI par3atA hai| 1. tulanA -50 mu0 2/10; ta0 a0 sU0 10/1; nyAyA0 27; dra0 kA0 1/1 pramANanaya tatvAlokAlaMkAra--11-19; sthA0 sU0-226; dra0 saM0-5; rAja0 praznIya-165 2. The Review of Metaphysics. vol. VII No. 4. June 1954 p-107 3. upara pR0-697 4. rAdhAkRSNan--iMDiyana philAsaphI, bhAga-1 pR0 340 5. sa0 sA0 kI bhUmikA-CLVII 6. rAdhAkRSNan-I0 phi0 bhAga-1, pR0 334

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jainadarzana : cintana-anucintana 8. upasaMhAra vyavahAra aura svabhAva se bhinna tattva bhI sarvathA eka dUsare ke viruddha yA eka dUsare se alaga nahIM raha skte| yahAM to samasta vizva kI eka sattA hai jo dravyarUpa meM guNa evaM paryAyoM ko apane meM samaveta karatA hai| vastutaH jaina darzana hameM eka akhaMDa vizva kI hI kalpanA detA hai| saboM kI sattA hai, ataH saba eka hI hai| sthAnAMga sUtra meM bhI "ege Ae ege loe" kahakara isakI puSTi kI gayI hai| kiMtu abhAgyavaza jaina tattva jJAna ko isa dizA meM nahIM bar3hane diyA gyaa| rAdhAkRSNana ne kahA hai ki jainoM kA anekavAdI yathArthavAda apane meM eka mahAna asaMgati hai jisakI pUrNatA advaita meM anivArya hai| cUMki jIva evaM ajIva anyonyAzrita haiM, ataH yaha dvaita aMta meM advaita meM pariNata hogA hii| khaira jo bhI ho, cAhe jainamata ko advaita meM pariNata kiyA jA sakatA hai yA nahIM kintu yaha to nizcita hai ki janamata meM advaitavAdI pravRttiyAM haiN| 90. a0 sa0 pR0 113 91. mukharjI (satakArI)-The Jaina Philosophy of Non-absotus tion, p-301.2 92. ta0 sU0 bhA0-1135 93. sthA0 sU0 1/1, 1/4 94. mukharjI (Upara) pR0 302 95. rAdhAkRSNan (Upara)-pR0 340 96. hiriyannA (Upara)--172 97. saMketa-sUcI A0 ni-Avazyaka niyukti A0 sU0-AcArAMga sUtra a0 sa0-aSTa sahasrI bha0 gI0-bhagavadagItA bra0 sU0-~-brahma sUtra bR0-bRhadAraNyaka upaniSad chAndo0 --chAndogya zveta0-zvetAzvatara Iza-IzAvAsya kaTha --kaThopaniSad taiti0-taitirIyopaniSad

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jainadarzana kI advaita kI pravRttiyAM mA0-mAMDUkyopaniSad muMDa-muMDUka ma0ni0-maMjhima nikAya dra0 saM0-dravya saMgraha i0 A0 I0--Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics (Hastings) mA0 vR0-mAdhyamika vRtti nyA0 maM0-nyAya maMjarI nyA0 bhA0-nyAya bhASya pra0 pra0-paramAtma-prakAza pra0 sA0-pravacana sAra paM0 kA0 sA0-paMcAstikAya sAra pa0 mu0-parIkSAmukham pra0 kA0 mA0-prameyakamalamArtaNDa R0-Rgveda sa0 sA0--samaya-sAra saM0 si0-sarvArtha siddhi sAM0 kau0-sAMkhya tattva kaumudI sAM0 kA0-sAMkhya kArikA zlo0 vA0-zloka-vArtika saM0 si0 sA0 saM0-sarva siddhAMta sAra saMgraha zaM0 bhA0-zAMkara bhASya si0 le0 saM0-siddhantaleza saMgraha ta0 sU0-tattvArtha sUtra ta0 A0 sU0-tattvArthAdhigam sUtra ta0 sU0 bhA0-tattvArthasUtra bhASya u0 sU0-uttarAdhyayana sUtra vi0 ma-vizuddhi magga yo0 bhA0-yoga bhASya u-udAna

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jaina dharma meM AstikatA ke tattva katA" hai jaina dharma meM astikatA ke tattva haiM yA nahIM, isake pUrva hameM "AstikA artha jAna lenA caahiye| manu ke anusAra "nAstiko veda nindakaH / " jo veda ko AptamAnakara use nitya aura apaurUSeya mAnakara use parama satya mAna letA hai use Astika kahate haiM / isa dRSTi se darzana kahe jAyaMge, cAhe sAMkhya aura mImAMsA kI taraha kyoM na hoM / kintu pANini kI paribhASA adhika jAtI hai jisake anusAra jo paraloka meM vizvAsa karatA isake viparIta hai, vaha nAstika / isa dRSTi se cArvAka ko ke alAvA jaina aura bauddha darzana bhI Astika mAne jAyaMge unakA vizvAsa hai / paraloka kA karmavAda ke sAtha anusyUta sambandha hai | haribhadra ne SaD-darzana samuccaya meM pANini kI paribhASA meM kiMcit saMzodhana karake nAstika use batAyA hai jo AtmA ke astitva meM vizvAsa nahIM karatA hai / isa dRSTi se bhI kevala lokAyata darzana hI nAstika mAnA jAegA, hAM bauddhoM ke anAtmavAda ke kAraNa kucha zaMkA ho sakatI, hAlAMki ve bhI paMca-skandha ko svIkAra karate hI haiM / lekina jana sAdhAraNa Astika kA artha IzvaravAdI aura nAstika kA nirIzvaravAdI lagAte haiM / isa dRSTi se bhale hI jainadarzana para ThIka se vicAra karanA Avazyaka hai / SaD-darzana hI Astika ve nirIzvaravAdI hI zAstra sammata mAnI vaha Astika, jo chor3akara SaD-darzana kyoMki karmaphala meM IzvaravAda meM IzvaravAda ko janmamAtra ke pratinimitta mAnakara use karttA, dharttA ora harttA ke alAvA sarvajJa, sarvazaktimAna, sarvavyApaka Adi vibhUtiyoM se vibhUSita mAnA gayA hai / yAnI isa loka meM jo sthAna prabhusattA sampanna rAjA kA hai, vahI paraloka meM paramezvara kA hai| vaha anAdikAla se kleza, karma, karmaphala aura vAsanAoM se sarvathA achUtA hai / usakA aizvaryaM avinAzI hai / isaliye jaba saMsAra meM ananta jar3a aura cetana padArtha, anAdikAla se svataMtra siddha haiM, jaba Izvara ne bhI asat se kisI bhI eka sat padArtha ko utpanna nahIM kiyA, taba eka sarvAdhiSThAtA Izvara mAnane kI jarUrata hI kyA hai ? Apta-parIkSA meM kahA hI gayA hai-- na spRSTaH karmabhiH zAzvad vizva dRzvAsti kazcana / tasyAnupAya siddhasya sarvathA'nupapattitaH // aisA Izvara mAnane meM janoM ko kaI kaThinAiyAM haiN| yadi Izvara sarvazaktimAna evaM karUNAvAn donoM hai to phira saMsAra meM duHkha kyoM hai ? adRSTa kA

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jainadharma meM AstikatA ke tattva 73 nAma lenA vyartha hai kyoMki adRSTa ko bhI to Izvara hI utpanna karatA hai / anAdikAla se jar3a aura cetana padArtha apane utpAda-vyaya-dhrauvya rUpa svabhAva ke kAraNa sApekSa hokara svayaM pariNamana karate haiM / isake liye kisI bhadhiSThAtA evaM niyaMtraka kI jarUrata hI kyA hai ? nitya eka aura samartha Izvara se samasta kramabhAvI kArya yugapat utpanna ho jAne cAhiye / sahakArI kAraNa bhI to Izvara ko hI utpanna karatA hai| sarva vyApaka Izvara meM to kriyA bhI nahIM ho sktii| usakI icchAzakti aura jJAnazakti bhI nitya haiM, ataH krama se kArya honA kathamapi saMbhava nahIM hai / jagat-uddhAra ke liye yadi IzvarAzrita rahA jAe to mAnavIya puruSArtha evaM sadAcaraNa bhI vyartha ho jAtA hai| yadi sRSTi ko prayojanahIna mAneM to phira yaha niruddezya evaM pAgalapana jaisA kArya hai / syAdvAdamaMjarI evaM prameya kamala mArtaNDa meM IzvaravAda kA khaMDana karane ke liye anekoM tarka diye gaye haiN| Izvara kA na to pratyakSa hotA hai na anumAna se hI usako jAna sakate haiN| nyAya kA yaha kathana ki cUMki "hara vastu kA kartA hotA hai, isaliye isa saMsAra kA bhI kartA hogA", nyAya-saMgata nahIM hai kyoMki AkAza jaise vastu ko nyAya nitya to mAnatA hai kintu kisI se utpanna nahIM mAnatA ! phira yadi Izvara azarIrI hai to kisI cIja ko kaise utpanna kara sakatA hai ? Izvara ke jina guNoM kA bhI ullekha hai, ve bhI asaMgati utpanna karate haiM / jaise Izvara ko sarvazaktimAna kahA jAtA hai| isa dRSTi se ve sabhI vastuoM ke utpanna kartA mAne jAyeMge kintu dainika jIvana meM dekhate haiM ki bahuta sAre padArtha jaise ghara, bartana Adi mAnava-kRta haiM, Izvara-kRta nhiiN| yaha kahanA ki Izvara sRSTi kI aneka yojanAoM ko samanvita karatA hai, koI khAsa artha nahIM rkhtaa| saMsAra meM bhI aneka mAnava milana apane-apane kAryoM meM eka vizeSa kArya ke liye sAmaMjasya paidA karate haiN| phira Izvara ko sarvathA pUrNa mAna lene kA artha hai ki ve kabhI apUrNa the jo Aja pUrNa hue| lekina cUMki jaina-darzana sraSTA Izvara ko nahIM mAnatA hai isaliye isako nAstika mAna lenA galata hogA / asala meM jaina dharma Izvara meM vizvAsa karatA hai, bhale hI usake Izvaratva kI kalpanA bhinna hai| vizva ke vaividhya kI vyAkhyA karate hue jaina-darzana kAla, svabhAva, niyama, karma aura udyama nAmaka paMca tatvoM ke saMyoga ko svIkAra karatA hai| inhI tatvoM ke vibhinna saMyoga se devatva prakaTa hotA hai jise paMca-parameSThi kahA gayA hai| jaina darzana pratyeka AtmA ko apanI svataMtra sattA ke sAtha mukta hone kI kalpanA karatA hai / ye mukta jIva hI jaina-dharma ke Izvara haiN| inhIM meM se kucha muktAtmAoM ko jinhoMne saMsAra ko mukti-mArga batalAyA hai, jainadharma tIrthakara mAnatA hai| cUMki vaha cAra ghAtiya karmoM kA nAza kara detA hai, isaliye use arihaMta

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74 jainadarzana : cintana-anucintana kahate haiM aura cUMki vaha karmarUpa zatruoM ko jIta letA hai, use "jina" bhI kahate haiM / inheM arhata bhI kahA jAtA hai aura ye ananta catuSTaya prApta hote haiM / arhanta karmabala se sarvathA mukta nahIM hote kintu siddha usase sarvathA mukta hote haiM / isase unakA pada ahaMta se UMcA hotA hai phira bhI siddhoM ke bAda ahaMtoM ko namaskAra kiyA jAtA hai-Namo arihaMtANa, Namo siddhANaM / itihAsa isakA sAkSI hai ki jaba kRSNa-bhaktoM ne jaina dharmAvalambana kiyA to 22 veM tIrthaMkara ariSTanemi ko kRSNa kA rUpa mAnA gyaa| isI taraha aneka hindU devI-devatAoM kA jaina-dharma meM anupraveza huA / isIliye Aja bhI jainoM ke bIca vaiSNava aura gaira-vaiSNava do bhAga haiM / jaina siddha aura arhata kI usI prakAra pUjA karate haiM jisa prakAra Izvara kI arcanA aura upAsanA hotI hai / isaliye yadyapi jagata-sraSTA Izvara kA yahAM abhAva hai phira bhI na to upAsanA aura bhakti-bhAvanA kA abhAva hai na usake karmakANDoM kA? ahaMtoM aura siddhoM kI vibhUtiyoM se mAnava preraNA prApta karatA huA mokSamArga meM Age bar3hatA hai / jaina-dharma meM upAsanA dayA aura kSamA ke liye nahIM balki antaH zuddhi evaM preraNA ke liye hai| jo karma ke akATya-niyama meM vizvAsa karegA, vaha anukampAvAda ko kaise mAnegA ? karma kA phala to milanA hI hai| isa dAyitva se use koI chuTakArA nahIM dilA sktaa| vAstava meM jaina-dharma svAvalambana kA dharma hai / prArthanA koI prazasti nahIM jisase kucha lAbha mila sake, yaha to mokSa-sAdhanA kA mArga hai| __ jaina darzana kI AstikatA kA eka aura bhI AyAma hai / AstikavAda ke cAra aMga hote haiM-'AtmavAda, lokavAda, karmavAda aura kriyAvAda', AyA bAI, loyAbAI, kammAbAI, kiriyAbAI / " jaina-darzana ina cAroM tatvoM ko svIkAra karatA hai, ataH ise Astika mAnanA caahiye| asala meM jaina-dharma bahirmukha na hokara antarmukha hai / isaliye bAhya-jagat yA maMdira meM bhagavAna ko nahIM khojtaa| bhagavAna to ghaTa-ghaTa kA vAsI hai| pratyeka jIva yA AtmA Izvara hai| svAbhAvika svarUpa meM to pratyeka jIva ananta catuSTaya ko prApta hai hI / yaha ThIka hai ki karma-pudgala ke prabhAva se usakI devI zaktiyoM kA vikAsa nahIM ho pAtA / lekina jyoMhI vaha saMvara aura nirjara ke bAda jIva apane svAbhAvika svarUpa meM A jAtA hai to vaha ananta catuSTaya ko prApta ho jAtA hai / hama tIrthakara yA arhata, siddha Adi kI pUjA isaliye nahIM karate haiM ki hama unase binA karma kiye kucha prApta kara sakate haiM balki isaliye ki unhoMne pUrNatA prApta kara lI hai| ataH ve jIvaMta Adarza haiM / unase hameM pUrNatA prApti yA Atma sAkSAtkAra ke liye mArga-darzana milatA hai| preraNA unakI kintu puruSArtha jIva kA hI hogaa| ata: jainoM kI AstikatA kI bhitti "AtmavAda" para khar3I hai / upaniSad bhI to yahI kahatI hai -

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jainadharma meM AstikatA ke tattva 75 "AtmA vA are draSTavyaH zrotavyo mantavyo nididhyaasitvyH|" jo AtmA ko jAna letA hai vaha sabako jAna letA hai| 'AtmanivijJAte sarvamidaM vijJAtaM bhavati / " AtmA kA astitva hI sabase mUlyavAna hai-"Atmanastu kAmAya sarva priyaM bhavati / '

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khaNDa-2 vyavahAra-dRSTi : ahiMsA aura aparigraha

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Adhunika yuga evaM aparigraha aNubrata anuzAstA AcArya tulasI ke samakSa maiMne apanI eka jijJAsA rakhI thI ki kyA kAraNa hai ki jisa bihAra pradeza meM karUNAmUrti bhagavAna buddha kA dharmacakra pravartana evaM ahiMsA ke avatAra bhagavAna mahAvIra hI nahIM balki jaina-dharma ke kama se kama 24 meM 22 tIrthaMkaroM kA AvirbhAva huA thA, jahAM priyadarzI azoka samrATa ne ahiMsA ke AdhAra para hI rAjya vyavasthA saMcAlana kA prayoga kiyA, vahAM Aja deza meM sarvAdhika hiMsA vyApta hai ? Adhunika samaya meM bhI satya aura ahiMsA ke pujArI mahAtmA gAMdhI ne campAraNa ko hI satyAgraha kA kSetra cunA evaM bhUdAna-grAmadAna-yajJa rUpI ahiMsAtmaka krAMti ke purohita saMta vinobA bhAve ne apane abhiyAna meM sarvAdhika samaya bihAra pradeza ko hI diyA aura abhI-abhI hAla meM lokanAyaka jayaprakAza nArAyaNa ne bhI ahiMsA ke AdhAra para hI saMpUrNa krAMti ke abhiyAna ke dvArA lokataMtra kA saphala punarAvartana kiyA / kintu durbhAgya hai ki isI bihAra meM anumAna ke anusAra lagabhaga 50 lAkha avaidha Agneya astra maujUda haiM, yahIM para belachI meM harijanoM ko jalAyA gayA, bhAgalapura meM svayaM pulisa ne kathita aparAdhiyoM kA aMdhAkaraNa kiyA, vizvavidyAlaya parisara meM adhyApaka evaM vidyArthiyoM kI hatyAyeM huIM, jAtigata unmAda meM saikar3oM jAneM gaI, jaba sAmpradAyika ubhAr3a AyA to bhI rAMcI-bhAgalapura-jamazedapura Adi meM hajAroM lAzeM girI, grAmINa hiMsA kA dRzya to aura bhI bhayAvaha hai / naksalI lAla senA aura bhUmi senA kI pratidvandvitA ne to ise hatyAoM kA pradeza banA diyaa| rAjya kI hiMsA bhI kisI se kama nhiiN| abhI hAla meM aravala meM to bihAra kI pulisa ne gAMva kI eka sabhA para andhAdhuMdha goliyAM calAkara dUsarA jaliyAnavAlA bAga kA dRzya hI upasthita kara diyaa| / AcAryazrI ke saMketa se yuvAcArya mahAprajJa ne carcA prArambha karate hue 'sUyagaDo' nAmaka prasiddha jainAgama ke prathama adhyayana (par3hamaM ajjhayaNaM) samaya (samae) ke prathama uddezaka (par3hamau uddeso) ke prArambha se sudharmA-saMvAda ko upasthita kiyA 1. AmeTa (udayapura) rAjasthAna /

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80 jainadarzana : cintana-anucintana citamaMtamacitaM vA parigijha kisAmavi / arANaM vA aNujANAi evaM dukkhA Na muccaI // ' sudharmA ne kahA-"jo manuSya cetana yA acetana padArthoM meM tanika bhI parigraha-buddhi rakhatA hai aura dUsaroM ke parigraha kA anumodana karatA hai, vaha dukha se mukta nahIM ho sktaa|" hiMsA kA kAraNa parigraha hai| karmabaMdha ke mukhya hetu do haiM-AraMbha aura parigraha, rAga-dveSa, moha Adi bhI karma-baMdha ke hetu haiM kintu ve bhI AraMbha aura parigraha ke binA nahIM hote| ina donoM meM bhI parigraha gurutara kAraNa hai| parigraha ke liye hI AraMbha kiyA jAtA hai| jaMbU ne Arya sudharmA se pUchA-"bhagavAna mahAvIra kI vANI meM baMdhana kyA hai aura use kaise tor3A jA sakatA hai ? sudharmA ne uttara diyA--"parigraha baMdhana hai| baMdhana kA hetu hai-mamatva / "3 prANAtipAta Adi pAMca AzraboM meM bhI parigraha ko gurutara mAnA gayA hai jisase virati kI jAtI hai|' cUrNikAra ne use vaira kahA hai| hiMsA karanA, hiMsA karavAnA aura hiMsA karane vAle kA anumodana karanA-ye tInoM galata haiN| parigraha ke liye hiMsA hotI hai / jahAM parigraha hai vahAM hiMsA kA honA nizcita hai, isaliye parigraha aura hiMsA-ye donoM paraspara saMbaMdhita haiN| ye eka hI vastra ke do AMcala haiM / ye donoM baMdhana ke kAraNa haiM / yadyapi rAga aura dveSa bhI baMdhana ke kAraNa haiM, kintu ve bhI parigraha aura hiMsA se uttejita hote haiM, isaliye parigraha aura hiMsA bandhana ke pArzvavartI kAraNa bana jAte haiM / Agama meM aparigraha ko atyadhika mahatva diyA gayA hai kyoMki isakI mAnyatA ke anusAra 'jIva' parigraha se nirmita hiMsA karatA hai, asatya bolatA hai, corI karatA hai, maithuna kA sevana karatA hai aura atyadhika mUrchA karatA hai|' saMpUrNa parigraha se mukta, zItIbhUta, prasannacitta zramaNa jaisA mukti sukha pAtA 2. sUyagaDo 1 (sampA.) yuvAcArya mahAprajJa, jaina vizva bhAratI, lADanUM, 1984, 1,1,2 3. vahI, 1,1,2-3 4. vahI, 1,1,4 5. cUNi, pR0 21, 22-'Arambha-parigraho bandha hetu' pANAtivAtAdi AsavANaM pariggahI guruvatarI tti kAtuM teNa puvvaM pariggaho vucyati / 6 cUNi, pR0 22-virajyate yena tadvaram / 7. samaNAsutaM, sarvasevA saMgha, vArANasI, gAthA-140, pR0 45, saMganirmita mArai , bhaNai alIaM karaii caukhirka / saivai maihuNa murcha, apparimANaM kuNai jIvo / /

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Adhunika yuga evaM aparigraha hai, vaisA sukha cakravartI ko bhI nahIM miltaa|' parigraha-tyAga se indriyAM vaza meM hotI haiM / saMgraha karanA bhItara rahane vAle lobha kI jhalaka hai| parigraha do prakAra kA hai-Abhyantara aura bAhya / Abhyantara parigraha ke 14 bheda haiM evaM bAhya parigraha ke 10 bheda haiM / 5 sajIva yA nirjIva svalpa vastu kA bhI jo parigraha rakhatA hai athavA dUsare ko usakI anujJA detA hai vaha duHkha se mukta nahIM hotA hai| isakA artha hai ki parigraha meM mamatA aura Asakti hai| "mUrchA parigraha hai"--aisA kahA gayA hai| mUcchI~ kA artha hai kisI bhI vastu meM apanatva kA anubhava karanA yA use apanI mAlikI samajhanA / yaha mamatA yA apanatva kI bhAvanA rAgavaza hotA hai| phira usake arjana, saMcaya evaM saMgrahaNa ke liye vaha niraMtara prayatnazIla rahatA hai / ina bAhya padArthoM ke Upara svAmitva sthApita karane ke liye aura aisA karake apane rASTravAsiyoM kI sukha-suvidhA bar3hAne ke liye rASTroM ke bIca yuddha hote haiM / vyApAra-vistAra kI pratiyogitA evaM apane utpAdita vastuoM kI bikrI ke liye bAjAroM kI khoja aura hor3a hI Aja ke vizva kI sabase durdAnta samasyA hai| saMkSepa meM ina saba pravRttiyoM kI taha meM mUcrchA hI kAma karatI hai| jaina dArzanikoM ne bar3I hI sUkSmatA se aparigraha vrata ke aticAroM ko rakhA hai tAki vyAvahArika jIvana meM aparigraha kI sAdhanA meM vyakti ko dizAnirdeza mila sake / kSetravAstu, hiraNya-suvarNa, dhana-dhAnya, dAsI-dAsa, evaM kupya-bhAMDa ke pramANoM kA atikrama / ye saba parigraha-parimANa vrata ke pAMca aticAra haiN| aticAra ke sAtha-sAtha apanI grahavata kI bhAvanAoM kI vyAkhyA meM bhI jaina ciMtakoM ne sparza, rasa, gaMdha, varNa evaM zabda ke prati rAga-dveSa varNana kI bAta rakhI hai| jaina darzana ke atirikta bhI aparigraha kA mahattva bhAratIya ciMtana meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| veda-upaniSad meM "tena tyaktena bhuMjIthAH" evaM "mA kasya svid dhanam"" kahakara parigraha-tyAga kA mArga prazasta kiyA gayA hai / asala meM kAma, krodha aura lobha ko naraka kA dvAra batAyA gayA 1. vahI, gAthA-145, pR0 46 / 2. bhagavatI arAdhanA, (zivakoTI AcArya, solApura, 1935, gA-1118 3. dazavakAlika, 6/19 4. bhagavatI arAdhanA (zivakoTI AcArya), gA-1118 5. vahI, gAthA-1119 6. samaNasutaM, gAthA-141 / 7. umAsvAmI, tatvArtha sUtra, Tha,17 ; mUrchA parigrahaH 8. IzAvAsyopaniSad zloka-1,

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82 jainadarzana : cintana-anucintana hai|' lobha para gadA prahAra ke liye hI aparigraha vrata kI parikalpanA hai / aparigraha ko bhAvAtmaka zabdAvalI meM hama saMtoSa bhI kaha sakate haiM jisakA mahattva zAstroM meM paryApta rUpa se varNita hai| yogazAstra' ne apane paMca yamoM meM yadi aparigraha ko sthAna diyA hai to niyamoM meM saMtoSa kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai / bauddha paMcazIla evaM manu smRti meM spaSTata: aparigraha kA ullekha nahIM hai kintu "asteya" ko donoM ne mAnA hai| jisakI hameM Aja AvazyakatA nahIM hai use bhaviSya kI ciMtA se saMgraha kara rakhanA hI parigraha hai| Izvara meM akhaMDa AsthA rakhane vAlA parigrahI ho nahIM sakatA kyoMki usakI mAnyatA hai ki jisa Izvara ne janma diyA hai, jo Aja hamArI jIvana rakSA kara rahA hai, bhaviSya meM bhI vahI hamArA saMrakSaNa karegA / jisa vastu kI jaba saccI AvazyakatA hogI taba vaha avazya prApta ho jAyegI / isaliye use saMgraha ke prapaMca meM par3ane kI AvazyakatA nhiiN| yaha hai saccI AstikatA aura naitika niyamoM meM vizvAsa / kintu isakA artha puruSArthahInatA se paripUrNa bhAgyavAda nahIM hotA hai| jo zaktimAna hote hue bhI zrama nahIM karatA usakI AvazyakatAeM paramezvara yoM hI pUrI nahIM kara detA / parizrama karane kI jise icchA nahIM, jo use musIbata samajhatA hai, usake andara to yaha vizvAsa hI nahIM jama sakatA ki bhagavAna sabakI AvazyakatAeM pUrI karane vAlA hai| vastutaH vaha to apanI parigraha-zakti para hI bharosA rakhatA hai| phira bauddha evaM jaina to zramaNasaMskRti kI dhArAyeM haiM jo Atma-puruSArtha ke dharma haiM, inameM to Izvara jaise alaukika tatva ke prati paramukhApekSI hone kI bhI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| phira isakA yaha bhI artha nahIM ki samAja meM rahakara aparigrahI-vratI apane pAsa AyI huI vastuoM ko kahIM rAste meM pheMka de yA kharAba hone de| vaha apane ko una vastuoM kA rakSaka samajhe aura unakI pUrI hiphAjata rakhe, vaha pala bhara bhI apane ko una vastuoM kA mAlika na mAne / ataH jinheM unase kAma lene kI AvazyakatA ho unheM unakA istemAla karane dene meM bAdhaka na ho| 1. zrImadbhagavadgItA, 16, 21 trividhaM narakasyedaM dvAraM nAzanamAtmanaH / kAma krodhastathA lobhastasmAdetattrayaMtyajet // zrImadbhAgavata mahApurANa, 7, 11, 8-12---saMtoSaH samadRka sevA / 2. yogasUtra, 2, 30 / 3. ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya evaM mAdaka dravya niSedha / 4. manu smRti ghRti kSamA damo'steyaM zauryamindriyanigrahaH 7-92 5. mazruvAlA, ki0 gha0, gAMdhI vicAra dohana, dillI : sastA sAhitya maMDala, dasavAM saMskaraNa, 1968, pR0 20-21 /

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Adhunika yuga evaM aparigraha 83 apane yA bAla-ba -baccoM ke kAma Ane ke khyAla se eka cithar3A bhI baTora rakhatA hai aura dUsare ke jarUrata kI hote hue bhI istemAla nahIM karane detA vaha parigrahI hai / saMkSepa meM parigraha yA aparigraha eka bhAvanA hai / saMpattivAna bhI yadi apane ko saMpatti kA TrasTI mAnatA hai to vaha aparigrahI hai evaM akiMcana vyakti bhI lobha meM phaMsA hai to vaha parigrahI hai / ataH parigraha tRSNA aura lobha hai, aparigraha saMtoSa aura tyAga kI vRtti hai / aparigraha kevala vyaktigata naitika sadguNa hI nahIM hai, isakA sAmAjika AdhAra bhI hai / sarvaprathama to saMgraha vyakti se hI nahIM samaSTi se hI saMbhava hai / yadi samAja asahayoga kare to vyakti saMpatti kA saMgraha karanA to dUra rahA, usakA arjana karane meM bhI akSama rahegA / zAyada isI ko dhyAna meM rakhakara mArksa ne kahA hai ki pUMjI eka sAmAjika zakti hai / ( Capital is a social power) dUsarI tarapha parigraha ke kAraNa sAmAjika viSamatA bar3hatI hai aura phira usase irSyA-dveSa, kalaha Adi utpanna hote haiM / yahI kAraNa hai ki dharmAcAyoM ne dAna ko pratiSThita kiyA hai / islAma meM jakAta isAI dharma meM cairiTI evaM hiMdU dharma meM dAna kI mahimA hai / zaMkarAcArya ne to "dAnaM saMvibhAgaH " kaha hI diyA hai jisakA AdhAra lekara vinovA jI ne "bhUdAna, saMpattidAna, jIvana dAna Adi kI paramparA calAyI hai / "sabai bhUmi gopAla kI " yA " saMpatti saba raghupati ke AhI" jaba kahA jAtA hai to aparigraha - dharma paripuSTa hotA / kevala jamIna evaM jAyadAda hI nahIM hamArA jIvana bhI apane liye nahIM balki samAja ke liye hai / yahI bhAvanA lekara vinobAjI evaM jayaprakAzajI ne "jIvana dAna" kA abhiyAna prArambha kiyA thA jo aparigraha - vrata kI parAkASThA hai / gAMdhIjI kA TrasTIzipa yA vinobAjI kI vizvastavRti kA siddhAMta bhI aparigraha vrata kI sAmAjika sAdhanA hai / jisa samAja meM aparigraha vrata kA pratipAlana hogA, vahAM pUMjIvAda kI samasyA hI nahIM rahegI aura phira usake saMgharSa Adi ke prazna hI nirarthaka hoMge / kintu yadi samAja meM vyaktigata parigraha bar3hegA to viSamatA bhI bar3hegI, zoSaNa bhI hogA aura phira varga saMgharSa yA raktima saMgharSa anivArya hai / AdhyAtmika dRSTi bhI aparigraha ke pakSa meM hai / jaba sabhI saMpatti Izvara kI hai to use kevala apanA samajhanA Izvara -droha hai / isIliye upaniSad tyAga ke pazcAt bhoga - " tena tyaktena bhuMjIthA: " aura gItA meM "yajJArthAtkarmaNo" kA Adeza detI hai / bAibila meM to kahA hI gayA hai ki " sUI kI cheda se eka OMTa kA nikala jAnA saMbhava hai kintu parigrahI vyakti Izvara ke pAsa haragija nahIM pahuMca sakatA / " islAma meM bhI parigraha 1. gItA, 3,9 /

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84 jainadarzana : cintana-anucintana kI paryApta bhartsanA hai|' manovaijJAnika rUpa se bhI yadi hama vicAra kareM to parigrahI-vyakti jitanI surakSA kA anubhava karatA hai usase adhika asurakSA kA hI anubhava karatA hai| usakI saMpatti para coroM-DakaitoM aura asAmAjika tattvoM ke alAve samAja ke akiMcana logoM kI AMkheM lagI rahatI haiN| phira saMpatti ke apaharaNa se vyakti ko Akroza bhI hotA hai aura kabhI to dhanazoka", "putrazoka" se bhI bar3ha kara hotA hai| sabase bar3I bAta to yaha hai ki parigraha kI koI sImA nahIM hotI evaM usameM sadA eka cirantana atRpti kI bhAvanA rahatI hai| yaha eka kaSTakAraka prasaMga hotA hai| ataH parigraha se manovaijJAnika sukha bhI prApta nahIM hotA hai| jisa prakAra ahiMsA kA vaicArika AdhAra anAgraha yA anekAMta dRSTi hai, usI prakAra isakA sAmAjika AdhAra anAsakti yA aparigraha hai| vyaktigata jIvana meM hama jise anAsakti kahate haiM, sAmAjika jIvana meM vahI aparigraha ho jAtA hai| asala meM dekhA jAe to aparigraha, asteya aura bahuta hada taka brahmacartha vrata bhI anAsakti ke hI vyAvahArika rUpa haiN| vyaktigata jIvana meM Asakti do rUpoM meM abhivyakta hotI hai-parigraha-bhAva evaM bhoga-bhAvanA, jinake vazIbhUta hokara vaha dUsaroM ke adhikAra kI vastuoM kA apaharaNa karatA hai / isa prakAra Asakti bAhyataH, tIna rUpoM meM hotI hai(1) apaharaNa yA zoSaNa, (2) AvazyakatA se adhika parigraha yA saMgraha aura (3) bhoga / kevala hatyA yA raktapAta hI hiMsA nahIM hai, parigraha bhI hiMsA hI hai kyoMki binA hiMsA (zoSaNa) ke saMgraha asaMbhava hai| saMgraha ke dvArA dUsaroM ke hita kA hanana hotA hai aura isa rUpa meM parigraha hiMsA hai| aparigraha bAhya-anAsakti hai, anAzakti AMtarika aparigraha hai| isI prakAra samAja yA rASTra kI saMgraha evaM zoSaNa-vRtti ne mAnava jAti ko apAra kaSToM meM DAlA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki jaina paramparA ne samavibhAga aura samavitaraNa ko sAmAjika evaM AdhyAtmika sAdhanA kA Avazyaka aMga mAnA hai| anAsakti kI bhAvanA ko mUrta rUpa dene ke liye gRhastha jIvana meM parigraha aura zramaNa jIvana meM parigraha ke sAtha tyAga ke nirdeza haiN| digambaratva zAyada Atyantika aparigrahI jIvana kA sajIva pramANa hai| uttarAdhyayana sUtra ke anusAra samagra jAgatika dukhoM kA mUla kAraNa tRSNA hai| jisakI tRSNA samApta ho jAtI 1. kurAna zarIpha, 34, 35; 34; 46-50; 35,1; 35; 5-6; 35, 10; 35, 19-22; 27-28; 32 / 2. uttarAdhyayana sUtra, 17, 11; praznavyAkaraNa sUtra, 2, 3 /

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Adhunika yuga evaM aparigraha 85 hai usakA moha samApta ho jAtA hai aura jisakA moha miTa jAtA hai usake duHkha bhI miTa jAte haiN|' tRSNA asIma hai aura bhautika sAdhana sImita haiM / ataH sImita sAdhanoM se asImita tRSNA kI pUrti ho nahIM sktii| tRSNA hI parigraha kA mUla hai| Asakti hI parigraha hai| Asakti kI hI dUsarI saMjJA lobha hai aura lobha sadguNoM kA vinAzaka hai| isa anAsakti ko bauddha evaM vaidika paraMparAoM ne bhI svIkAra kiyA hai / gItA to anAsakti-yoga kA kAvya hai hii| gItA ke anusAra Asakti ke kAraNa hI manuSya kAma, bhoga kI pUrti ke liye anyAyapUrvaka dhana-saMcaya kI cAha karatA hai / saMkSepa meM apaharaNa, zoSaNa evaM saMgraha Adi kI vRttiyoM ke mUla meM Asakti hI haiM / isIliye gItA meM Asakti aura lobha ko naraka kA dvAra kahA hai| isIliye gItA anAsakta yA niSkAma karma kA upadeza detI hai| bhagavAna buddha kI dRSTi meM bhI tRSNA hI duHkha hai| Asakti hI baMdhana hai| jo bhI dukha hotA hai vaha saba tRSNA ke kAraNa hI hotA hai| Asakti kA kSaya hI dukhoM kA kSaya hai| jo vyakti tRSNA ko vaza meM kara letA hai usake dukha usI prakAra samApta ho jAte haiM jaise kamala patra para rahA huA jala bindu zIghra hI samApta ho jAtA hai / tRSNA se du:kha vaise hI bar3hate haiM, jisa prakAra khetoM meM vIraNa ghAsa gar3hatI rahatI hai / " yoM to bauddha darzana meM mukhya rUpa se bhava tRSNA, vibhava tRSNA aura kAma tRSNA haiM lekina saba bheda-upabheda milAkara tRSNA ke 18 bheda mAne gaye haiM / buddha kI dRSTi meM bhI parigraha ke mUla meM bhI yahI tRSNA yA Asakti hai / yaha dhyAna dene kI bAta hai ki jahAM jaina, bauddha evaM vaidika paraMparAoM ne anAsakti ko vyaktigata jIvana kA sarvamAnya mUlya svIkAra kiyA hai, vahAM 1. uttarAdhyayana sUtra, 32, 8 / 2. uttarAdhyayana sUtra, 8, 38 / 3. dazavaikAlika sUtra, 6, 21 / 4. vahI, 8, 38 / 5. gItA, 17, 12 / 6. gItA, 16, 16 / 7. saMyukta nikAya, 2, 12, 66; 1, 1,65 / 8. sUta nipAta, 68, 5 / 9. vahI, 38, 57 / 10. dhammapada, 336 / 11. vahI, 186 / 12. mahAmiddesapAli, 1, 11, 107 /

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jainadarzana : cintana-anucintana jaina paraMparA ne anAsakti kI bAhya abhivyakti aparigraha ko bhI vyaktigata tathA sAmAjika jIvana-dharma mAnA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki mamatva-visarjana ke sAtha saMpadA-visarjana para bhI jaina vicAradhArA jora detA hai jabaki vaidika paraMparA meM anAsakta vRtti ke liye parigraha tyAga Avazyaka nahIM / janaka pUrNa anAsakta hote hue bhI rAjakAja saMbhAlate the lekina jaina paraMparA kA bharata pUrNa anAsakti ke Ate hI rAjakAja chor3akara muni bana jAtA hai| bauddha paraMparA vaidika evaM jaina paraMparA ke madhya meM hai kyoMki jahAM jaina dharma ne muni jIvana parigraha ke liye pUrNa tyAga aura gRhasthoM ke liye parigraha-parisImana kI bAta kI hai, vahAM bauddha dharma ne kevala bhikSu ke liye hI svarNa-rajata rUpa parigraha tyAga kI avadhAraNA prastuta kI hai| gRhasthoM ke liye parigraha-parisImana kA prazna bhI nahIM uThAyA gayA hai| ___ asala meM aparigraha kA prazna kevala vaiyaktika nahIM, sAmAjika bhI hai / Aja isakI rASTrIya evaM jAgatika prAsAMgikatA bhI hai| parigraha, saMgraha aura visarjana sabhI sIdhe-sIdhe samAja jIvana ko prabhAvita karate haiN| yadi arjana sAmAjika-Arthika pragati ko prabhAvita karatA hai to sagraha Arthika samavitaraNa ko| isI ke viparIta visarjana kI vRtti loka kalyANa ko prabhAvita karatI hai / ata: parigraha-aparigraha ke prazna pUrI taraha sAmAjika prazna haiM / aparigraha kA siddhAMta vastutaH anucita arjana, anaitika sauMgraha para gadA prahAra hai / arjana aura saMgraha apane Apa meM burA nahIM lekina jaba inakA AdhAra zoSaNa evaM viSamatA ho jAtA hai to phira yaha samAja ke liye jahara bana jAtA hai / anyAyapUrNa arjana evaM zoSaNa ghArita saMgraha hI Arthika saMgharSo ko janma detA hai| kyoMki eka tarapha aniyaMtrita upabhoga, vaibhava kA vIbhatsa pradarzana aura dUsarI ora karuNa akiMcanatA ko nRtya hotA hai, samAja meM saMpadA kI viSamatA bar3hI hai| phira to varga-saMgharSa anivArya ho jAtA hai aura sAmAjika suvyavasthA evaM zAMti divAsvapna ho jAtI hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki mArksavAda utpAdana ke sAdhana evaM svAmitva ko hI nahIM usake upabhoga evaM vitaraNa ko sAmAjika vyavasthA meM Abaddha karate haiM, kintu mArksavAda kA samaSTigata aparigraha rAjadaMDa ke AdhAra para calatA hai isaliye use kaI prakAra ke niraMkuza vyavasthA lAdane par3ate haiM / samAjavAda jaba taka upara se lAdA jAtA rahegA usase saMgInoM kI sAyA evaM tAnAzAhI kA saMbala cAhiye / vAstava meM samAjavAda kevala rAjya hI nahIM, yaha eka samAja-vyavasthA aura usase bhI adhika eka jIvana-paddhati hai| isaliye yadi samAjavAda ko maMgalakArI bananA hai to phira vyaktigata jIvana meM bhI aparigraha kA mUlya svIkAra karanA hogaa| lekina mArksavAdI samAjavAda kA AdhAra-tattva dvandvAtmaka bhautika

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87 Adhunika yuga evaM aparigraha vAda hai aura bhautikavAdI jIvana mUlyoM ke pariprekSya meM saMbhavataH tRSNA aura Asakti para vijaya saMbhava nahIM hai kyoMki jaba AvazyakatA kI vRdvi kI pUrti ke rAga meM hI rata rahanA mAnava jIvana kA lakSya hai to aparigraha Adi kI bhAvanA unake liye eka dArzanika visaMgati hogii| zAyada mArksavAda abhAva aura akiMcanatA nivAraNa kI pAvana bhAvanA se prabhAvita hokara yaha bhUla jAtA hai ki bhautika sukha bhoga evaM bhAvazyakatAoM kI sImA nahIM hai| lobha se lobha bar3hatA jAtA hai| kAma bhoga se kAmatRpta nahIM hotA hai| yayAti vRddhAvasthA meM javAnI prApta kara bhI tRpta nahIM hue balki kAma tIvratara hotA gyaa| jisa prakAra agni meM ghI DAlane se agni zAnta nahIM hotI hai, usI prakAra bhautika sukhopabhoga se zAMti evaM tRpti nahIM milatI hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki sukarAta ne kahA thA hama yadi sukha cAhate haiM to hameM nirNaya karanA hogA ki hama kitanI cIjoM ke binA apanA kAma calA sakate haiM--(How many things we can do without ?) upamogaktAvAdI saMskRti ke viruddha Aja pAzcAtya jagat meM bhI eka abhiyAna cala rahA hai jaba svaicchika sAdagI eka jIvana-paddhati ke rUpa meM apanAyI jA rahI hai| isa sadI ke pAMcaveM dazaka meM yaha Andolana zuru huA thA aura Aja kama se kama 50 lAkha amarIkI nAgarika tar3aka-bhar3aka kI jindagI ko chor3a svaicchika rUpa se sAdagI ko apanA cuke haiM / Aja ke asImita Arthika vikAsa ko zaMkA kI dRSTi meM dekhane lage haiN| zAyada ve samajha rahe haiM ki asImita DhaMga se bar3hatI huI upabhoktA saMskRti kA bojha hamArI yaha dharatI saMbhAla nahIM skegii|' TAlasTAya ne apanI kahAnI-(How Much Land Does a Man Require ?.) ke mAdhyama se batAne kA prayatna karate haiM ki vyakti asIma tRSNA ke pIche bhale hI pAgala hokara apane jIvana kI bAjI lagA detA hai kintu anta meM usake zava ko daphanAne bhara ke liye hI bhU-bhAga usake upayoga meM AtA hai| kisI vastu ke prati Asakti hone se usa vastu ke vichoha meM dukha kA anubhava hotA hai parantu Asakti nahIM hone para duHkha nahIM hotA hai| yaha bhrAnta dhAraNA hai ki sukha bAharI vastuoM meM hai| manuSya kI Asakti aura AkAMkSA jisa vastu ke liye saMgraha hI hotI hai, usako pAne ke liye ciMtA, baicainI Adi hotI hai kintu jaise hI vaha use prApta kara letA hai, tatkAla usase bhinna anya vastu pAne kI icchA ho jAtI hai| isa prakAra icchAoM kA krama calatA rahatA hai / pratyeka prANI kI AzA (icchA) kA gaDDhA itanA bar3A hotA hai ki usako bharane ke liye sAre saMsAra ke samasta padArtha bhI 1. Handerson, C., to "Learning to Live Frugally", Span, New Delhi, July, 1979. p.15.

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88 jainadarzana : cintana-anucintana thor3e hote haiM...''AzAgataH pratiprANe yatra vizvapaNUpamam / " zeksapiyara ne ThIka hI kahA hai ki 'isa saMsAra meM sabase bar3A bhrama yaha hai ki paisA hI hameM sukhI banA sakatA hai| svarNa to manuSya kI AtmA ke liye sabase gahita viSa hai|" duryodhana ne bhI apane mAmA zakuni se kahA thA ki "sonA agni ke samAna camakadAra to hotA hai parantu agni se bhI adhika jalana paidA karatA hai, kyoMki agni to chUne para hI jalAtI hai jabaki yudhiSThira ke pAsa bheMTa meM prApta sone ko dekhakara mujhe jalana paidA hotI hai|" sacce sukha kA srota AtmA ke bhItara hai-saMtoSa meM hai, aparigraha meM hai-"jaba Ave saMtoSa dhana, saba dhana bhUri samAna / " asala meM Asakti aura aparigraha hameM baMdhana meM DAlatA hai| Asakti kI jananI hI moha yA mUrchA hai| vAhya parigraha mAnasika parigraha (Asakti) se saMbhava nahIM hai| phira parigraha hiMsA ko janma detA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne aparigraha vrata para isaliye vizeSa bala diyA ki ve jAnate the ki Arthika viSamatA aura Avazyaka vastuoM kA anucita saMgraha sAmAjika jIvana ko vighaTita kara dene vAlA hai| dhana kA sImAMkana svastha samAja-nirmANa ke liye anivArya hai| dhana sAmAjika vyavasthA kA AdhAra hotA hai aura usake kucha hAthoM meM sImita hone se samabhAva kA sampUrNa vikAsa nahIM ho pAtA hai / jIvanopayogI vastuoM ke saMgraha se samAja meM abhAva kI sthiti paidA karatA hai| pUMjIvAda kA yahI antarvirodha hai / sAmrAjya lipsA kI bhAvanA ke pIche bhI parigraha kI bhAvanA hai| yaha durbhAgya hai ki Aja jaba mAnavatA kA lagabhaga tRtIyAMza bhAga bhUkha evaM abhAva se trasta hai, vahIM dUsarI ora vaibhava aura vilAsa kA pragalbha pradarzana hotA hai / saMyukta rASTra amarIkA meM annAdi ke dAma nahIM gire, isake liye karor3oM mana anna naSTa kara diye jAte haiM / dUdha ke dAma nahIM gire, isake liye lAkhoM gAyeM kATa dI jAtI haiN| yaha saba sAMskRtika vikRti hai jisake kAraNa vizva zAMti aura vizva bhrAtRtva ko khatarA hotA hai| .. isaliye aparigraha kA vicAra aura AcAra kevala paramArtha-sAdhanA kA viSaya nahIM, yaha to vyaktigata jIvana ke sacce sukha evaM svastha samAjasaMracanA ke liye Avazyaka hai| pUMjIvAda vyaktigata parigrahavAda hai to sAmyavAda bhI rAjya kA parigrahavAda hai / hameM ina donoM se pare kisI svastha sAmAjika saMracanA ke viSaya ke socanA cAhiye / merI vinamra rAya meM gAMdhIjI kA TrasTIzipa kA vicAra hameM eka dizA nirdeza de sakatA hai jahAM vyaktigata svAmitva evaM rAjya ke svAmitva donoM kA nirAkaraNa kiyA jAtA hai| sAtha Bombay, 1. Amrtchandra, Purusartha Siddhupayaya, Raichandra Jain Mala, p.111.

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Adhunika yuga evaM aparigraha sAtha TrasTIzipa kI bhAvanA aura yojanA samAja-kalyANa ke liye hI hai| asaMtoSa aura adhikAra lipsA vaiyaktika jIvana kI azAMti ke vyakta nidAna haiM / bhoga aura lobha kI adamya kAmanA vizva ke samasta padAthoM ko jIvana yajJa ke liye haviSya banA rahI hai| sAmAjika jIvana meM yaha vyakta hai / yaha durbhAgya hai ki bIsavIM sadI meM jo deza jitanA zaktizAlI, dhanavAna aura zikSita hai, vaha utanA hI adhika zoSaNa, utpIr3ana aura saMgraha karane para tulA huA hai / usI sthiti meM vizva zAMti para khatarA bar3hatA hI jA rahA hai / ataH aparigraha vizva zAnti kA rakSA kavaca evaM samAjavAda kA sthAyI AdhAratattva hai|

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antarrASTrIya samasyAeM evaM AyAro jAgatika samasyAoM ke ciMtana kA svarUpa evaM usakI anivAryatA Aja vijJAna ne hameM jAti, dharma aura rASTra kI sImAoM se Upara uThakara antarASTrIya samasyAoM para ciMtana karane ke liye bAdhya kara diyA hai kyoMki isI para hamArA astitva aura bhaviSya nirbhara karatA hai / jAgatika ciMtana ke liye / jaisA pAla velarI ne kahA hai, hameM kisI taMtra se pratibaddha hone kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai / hameM to unmukta hokara jijJAsA karanI cAhie evaM sAhasa pUrvaka yaha kahanA cAhiye ki prazna pariprazna ke pare kucha nahIM hai / ' prasiddha dArzanika evaM manovaijJAnika sI0 jI0 yuga ne bhI hameM sAvadhAna karate hue kahA hai ki hama sabhI eka hI prakAra ke pUrvAgrahoM evaM pUrva mAnyatAoM se bandhe hue haiM / isaliye jo vartamAna ke prati pUrNa niSThAvAna hai aura atIta ke AgrahoM se mukta hai, vahI Adhunika vizva kI samasyAoM ke sambandha meM ciMtana kA avadAna de sakatA hai / kintu aisA vahI karegA jisakI cetanA adhikAdhika vyApaka evaM gahana hogI / isI ko heDAigara-- ( Heidgger ) ne tAttvika yA vAstavika ciMtana (Essential thinking) evaM kRSNAmUrti (J. samagra dRSTi (Total seeing ) kahA hai / mahAnAza ke hamArA astitva hI samyak ciMtana aura samyak jIvana para nirbhara hai / kArla jAsparsa (Karl Jasper ) ne ThIka hI kahA hai ki Aja hameM aNu-vama ke pralayakArI khataroM kI cunautiyoM kA sAmanA karane ke liye upayukta evaM samartha eka navIna rAjanIti kI apekSA hai / " phrAyaDa' ke vicAroM meM yaha azAMti udvignatA aura duHkha mAnava ne isaliye pAyA hai ki usane prAkRtika zaktiyoM para niyantraNa kiyA aura Aja vaha mAnava jAti ke uccheda ke liye taiyAra hai / inhIM kAraNoM se Aja cAhe dharma kA kSetra ho athavA rAjanIti kA, sAhitya kA ho yA saMskRti kA, jAgatika ciMtana kI prasava vedanA suspaSTa hai / vicAra ke dharAtala para vyaktigata dharma (Personal Religion) ke badale Krishnamurti) ne kagAra para upasthita 14 1. rephlevazapsa Ana da varlDa TUDe, (anu) epha skArpha, laMdana, 1951, pR0 7 2. sAiklojIvala rephlekazansa, (sampA0 ) jai0 jaiko bI, nyUyArka, 1953 3. da phyUcara Apha menakAiDa, (anu0 ) I0 bI0 4. sivilAijezansa eNDa iTsa DisakaTenTa, ela0 ezaTana, zikAgo, 1961 phrAyaDa, nyUyArka, 1962 pR0 92

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antarrASTrIya samasyAeM evaM AyAro vizva dharma (Universal Religion) sAmpradAyika dharma (Communal Religion) ke badale mAnava dharma (Religion of Man) yA nIti-dharma (Ethical Religion) kI AMkAkSA prabala ho rahI hai kintu yaha virodhAbhAsa hai ki vyavahAra meM dhArmika kaTTaratAvAda evaM dhArmika mUla pramANavAda (Religions Funda-menatalism) kA jora bar3hA hai| rAjanIti ke kSetra meM Aja rASTrIya saMprabhutA ke siddhAMta ke badale "vizva-sarakAra" evaM "eka vizva" (One world) kI bAteM khUba cala rahI haiN| sAmyavAda ho yA zAMtivAda, saba sArvabhauma honA cAhatA hai kiMtu vyavahAra meM saMkIrNa aura ugra rASTravAda kA darzana ho rahA hai| akhaMDa antarrASTrIyatA kA vicAra rakhane vAlA sAmyavAda svayaM bhrAtRyuddha kA zikAra ho gayA hai / usI prakAra Arthika kSetra meM Aja "vizva-arthavyavasthA" (World Economic Order) anivArya mAnA jAne lagA hai kintu pratyakSa vyavahAra meM eka rUpa se rASTra kA dUsare dvArA zoSaNa aura bhI adhika saMgaThita evaM gaMbhIra ho rahA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki bIsavIM sadI kA vizva sampannatA ke madhya akiMcanatA, jJAna-vijJAna meM mahattara vikAsa ke sAtha-sAtha ajJAna aura azikSA ke prabhUta aMdhakAra kA zikAra bana gayA hai / zAyada hamArI khaMDita sabhyatA kI yahI pahacAna hai| prathama vizvayuddha ke mAtra 20-21 varSoM ke bAda dvitIya vizvayuddha kI vinAza lIlA prArambha ho gayI jisakI kSaNika atyanta niSThura pUrNAhuti hirozimA-nAgAzAkI ke romAMcakArI narasaMhAra se huI aura aNubama nirmANa kI adamya pipAsA jitanI hI sArvabhauma hotI jA rahI hai, mAnava sabhyatA ke astitva nAza kI saMbhAvanA utanI hI bar3hatI jA rahI hai| isaliye niHzastrIkaraNa kI aMtahIna vArtA meM apane ko phaMsA kara samasyA ke samAdhAna kI ora bar3hane kA mithyA Atma-toSa hama prApta kara lete haiN| asala meM hama roga ke lakSaNa ko hI usakA kAraNa samajha lete haiM aura vAstavika kAraNa DhUMDhane kA prayAsa nahIM karate / rAjanItika samAdhAna kUTanIti ke kRtrima dharAtala para hone ke kAraNa na kevala ayathArtha ho jAtA hai balki usameM virodhAbhAsa bhI bahuta adhika rahatA hai| rAjanetA-samasyAoM ke tAtkAlika evaM satahI samAdhAna kI sImAoM ko lAMgha kara vizva kI AdhArabhUta evaM krAMtikArI punarracanA kI ora agrasara hone kA sAhasa nahIM kara sakate / yaha bhI hamArA eka aMdhavizvAsa hai ki hiMsA kevala astra-zastroM ke prayoga, hatyA aura raktapAta meM hI nihita hai| hiMsA kI jar3eM to hamArI sAmAjika-Arthika-rAjanItika vyavasthA meM nihita hai| saMkSepa meM siddhAntahIna rAjanIti , saMkIrNa rASTravAda, mikiyAvilI antarrASTrIya kUTanIti, zoSaNa evaM munAphA kendrita arthanIti viSamatA mUlaka samAja-racanA, hiMsA-pravaNa zikSA nIti ye saba hiMsA kI jananI haiN| ata : mUla samasyA hai ki jaba taka

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jainadarzana : cintana-anucintana ahiMsA ke AdhAra para mAnava-saMbaMdhoM aura mAnava-saMgaThanoM ko sthApita nahIM kiyA jAyagA taba taka hiMsA kI jar3e samApta nahIM hoNgii| vyakti hI mAnavasamAja kI ikAI hai| yaha usI ke mastiSka kI cAla hai ki vaha hiMsaka samAja-vyavasthA kA nirmANa karatA hai| isaliye ahiMsaka-samAja-vyavasthA ke nirmANa ke liye yaha Avazyaka hai, ahisaka mAnava-mastiSka kA nirmANa 2. samasyA kA mUlAdhAra : ___ "AyAro" vAstava meM "Atma-jijJAsA" se AraMbha hotA hai, jo dUsare zabdoM meM yA "mAnava-jijJAsA" kA paryAya hai| Atma-jijJAsA hI AcArazAstra kA AdhArabhUta tattva hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne jisa ahiMsAtmaka samAja racanA kA svapna dekhA evaM jisa ahiMsaka jIvana-zailI kA nirUpaNa kiyA, usakI AdhAra AtmA hai / AtmA ke spaSTa rUpa kA bodha hone para hI ahiMsAtmaka AcAra nIti meM AsthA ho sakatI haiN| isaliye "AcArAMga' ke AraMbha meM hI' "AtmA kA astitva" sthApita kiyA gayA hai| "maiM kauna hUM' (ko'ham) yadi Atma-jijJAsA kA sUcaka hai to "maiM vaha (AtmA) hUM" (so'ham) yaha usakA samAdhAna hai| prathama pada meM apane astitva kI jijJAsA hai aura dUsare pada meM usakA pratyakSa bodha hai| anAtmavAdI bhI "AtmA' ko bhale nahIM svIkAra kareM, kiMtu AtmarUpa cetanA se inakAra nahIM krte| cetana kI kriyA pratyakSa hai, ataH usakI asvIkRti se bhI prakArAntara se usake astitva kI svIkRti ho jAtI hai| 'hAM, usake traikAlika astitva ke viSaya meM matabheda rahA hai| jo bhI ho, Aja kI mUla samasyA hai-AtmA ko jAnanA; cAhe vaha jJAna-cetanA ho yA anubhv-cetnaa| prasiddha dArzanika evaM manovaijJAnika sI0 jI0 yuga ne bhI--"AtmAnusaMdhAna kI dizA meM Adhunika mAnava" (Modern Man in Search of a Sool) kI avadhAraNA puSTa kI hai| mAnava hI jAgatika samasyAoM kA kendra hai, vahI samAja ko ikAI hai| yadi usake mAnasa kA pariSkAra ho jAya to samasyAyeM hI nahIM uThegI / hiMsA yA ahiMsA donoM kA hI adhiSThAna mAnava-mastiSka aura usakI cetanA hai / yUnesko ke ghoSaNA patra meM ThIka hI kahA gayA hai ki yadi yuddha meM vyUharacanA evaM yojanA mAnava-mastiSka se hI hotI hai ataH zAMti kI pratirakSA kA nirmANa bhI mAnava-mana se hI hogaa| lekina hamArA durbhAgya hai ki hama mAnava aura mAnava kI cetanA ko pUrI taraha samajhane kA prayAsa nahIM karate ki (ka) mAnava kahAM se AyA hai ? 1. AyAro, 1/1 2. vahI, 1/4

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antarrASTrIya samasyAeM evaM AyAro 93 (kha) mAnava kA gantavya kyA hai ? (ga) mAnava kA atIta kyA hogA ? (gha) usakA bhaviSya kyA hogA? "maiM AtmA hUM" yaha atIta aura vartamAna kA saMkalanAtmaka jJAna hai| zarIra ahaMkAra zUnya hai| usameM jo ahaMkAra hai, jaise- "maiM karatA hUM" "maiMne kiyA" aura "maiM karUMgA", vahI AtmA (cetana) kA lakSaNa hai| AtmA apane svarUpa meM amUrta hai / vaha iMdriyoM ke dvArA nahIM jAnA jA sakatA hai, vaha zarIra ke mAdhyama se hI jAnA jAtA hai| jaise AtmA kA astitva hai, vaise loka kA astitva hai| ataH AtmA aura loka, donoM pAramArthika sattAeM haiM / zarIra-taMtra karma se saMcAlita hotA hai / karma-taMtra kriyA se saMcAlita hotA hai| ataH isa saMsAra kI vividhatA kA mUla hetu kriyA hai| jIva meM jaba taka prakaMpana, spandana, kSobha aura vividha bhAvoM kA pariNamana hotA hai, taba taka vaha karma-paramANuoM se bandhatA rahatA hai / jaba vaha karma-paramANuoM se baddha hotA hai, taba taka vaha nAnA yoniyoM meM anusaMcaraNa karatA hai| isa loka meM apanI AtmA jaisI aneka AtmAeM haiM aura pudgala dravya bhI haiM / anya AtmAoM ke prati apane vyavahAra kA saMyama karanA ahiMsA kA mUlAdhAra hai| isa taraha ahiMsA ke mukhya cAra AdhAra hai-AtmavAda, lokavAda, karmavAda, aura kriyAvAda / __ ahiMsA ke do svarUpa haiM -sUkSma aura bAhya / pravRtti kA mukhya strota antaHkaraNa hai / vaha prajJA se saMcAlita hotA hai| usake niyAmaka tattva do haiM -moha aura nirmoha / moha se niyaMtrita prajJA asatya hotI hai, nirmoha se satya / jisakI prajJA satya hotI hai, vaha zarIra vANI aura bhAva se Rju tathA kathanI aura karanI meM samAna hotA hai / isa prakAra satya prajJA se saMcAlita aMtaHkaraNa hI hiMsA aura viSaya se virakta ho sakatA hai| koI bhI sAdhaka kevala bAhyAcAra se hiMsA aura viSaya se virata nahIM ho sktaa| pUrNa satya prajJA yukta antaHkaraNa se hI vaha unase virakta ho sakatA hai / isa dRSTi se vicAra kareM to yaha lagegA ki jaba taka antara meM mahiMsA pratiSThita nahIM kareMge taba taka jAgatika hiMsA kA nirAkaraNa asaMbhava hai| yuddha kI yojanAyeM mAnava-mastiSka meM hI banatI haiM ataH zAMti kI pratirakSA bhI bhI mAnava mana se taiyAra hoMgI / AtmA kA saccA jJAna hI hiMsA se hameM virata kara sakatA hai / "AyAro" ne isaliye hiMsA-viveka para gaMbhIra ciMtana kiyA 1. AyAro 1/5 2. vahI, 1/175 3. vahI, 1/31-34, 54-62, 85-89, 114-117, 176-177, 2.46

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94 jainadarzana : cintana-anucintana hai, evaM ahiMsA kI sUkSmatama vivecanA kI hai| lekina "AyAro" ahiMsA-siddhAMta ko kevala vyaktigata AcAra taka hI sImita nahIM karatA, use vaha sAmAjika-dharma ke rUpa meM pratiSThita karatA hai| yuddha, zastrIkaraNa yA siddhAMtahIna rAjanIti koI alaga-alaga tattva nahIM hai, ina saboM ke mUla meM hiMsA hai| Aja zastra kI zakti aura vyavahAra meM pravaMcanA kA itadA bAhulya ho gayA hai ki sAmAjika jIvana meM hiMsA isakA avazyambhAvI pariNAma hai| yadi hiMsA mAtra vyaktigata AcAra rahatA hai to "aparigraha" para AyAro' kA itanA jora nahIM rahatA / AyAro ke anusAra "jisake pAsa parigraha nahIM haiM, usI muni ne patha ko dekhA hai aparigraha ahiMsA kA sAmAjika pahalU hai| bhUmi aura ghara meM mamatva rakhane vAle kucha (avidyAvAn) puruSoM ko samRddhi se pUrNa jIvana priya hotA hai| AyAro ne parigraha ko pApa karma (pAvakamma)5 batAyA hai| mamatva-visarjana ko hI viveka aura karma kI upazAMti batAyA gayA hai| parigraha kA artha hI mUccha! yA saMsAra ke prati Asakti / jinheM kAma bhogoM ke prati Asakti hogI, parigraha ke ve zikAra hoMge hI aura jahAM parigraha hai, vahIM hiMsA kA janma hogA / aparigraha ko yadi hama gaharAI se samajhe to parigraha arthAsakti hai evaM saMyama hInatA hai| jahAM Asakti hai, vahIM mUrchA hai, vahIM parigraha hai aura jahAM parigraha hai, vahIM hiMsA hai| parigrahI manuSya, alpa yA bahuta, sUkSma yA sthUla sacit yA acit vastu kA parigrahaNa karate haiN| ve ina vastuoM meM mUrchA rakhane ke kAraNa hI parigrahI haiM / Asakti anekoM taraha kI hotI haiM dehAsakti, kAmasakti, arthAsakti prabhutvAsakti Adi / asala meM jo viSaya hai, vaha saMsAra hai aura jo saMsAra hai, vaha viSaya hai| viSayArthI puruSa mahAna paritApa se pramatta hokara vAsa karatA hai| "merI mAtA" "merA pitA" "merA svajana" "merA sahavAsI", "mere pracura upakaraNa", bhojana, vastra Adi meM Asakta puruSa 1. vahI, 4/1-11, 12-26, 5/99-103, 8/17-20 2. vahI, 5/31-38, 8/32-33, 1/57-74, 148-186 3. vahI, 2/157 4. vahI, 2/57 5. vahI, 2/149 6. vahI, 2/154 7. vahI, 22/155 8. vahI, 5/31,5/39 9. vahI, 5/31. 10. vahI, 2/1

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antarrASTrIya samasyAeM evaM AyAro 95 pramatta hokara unake sAtha vAsa karatA hai / ' anAsakti loka vijaya kA mArga hai / " aura kuzala puruSoM ko isameM lipta nahIM hone kI salAha hai| Aja jaba aMtarrASTrIya paristhiti kI ora hama nihArate haiM to yaha "maiM" aura "merA" ke prati Asakti hI vigraha ke mUla kAraNa pratIta hote haiM / apanI jAti, sampradAya, nasla evaM rASTra ke prati Asakti hI vigraha ke kAraNa haiM / lekina anAsakti eka dina meM nahIM A sakatI hameM anAsakti ke lie AhAra kI anAsakti aura karma kI anAsakti kA abhyAsa karanA hogA / kAma durlaghya hai / Asakta puruSa uttarottara kAmoM ke pIche cakkara lagA rahA hai / isake viparIta anAsakta puruSa arati ko sahana nahIM krtaa| vaha zabda, rUpa, gaMdha aura sparza ko sahana karatA hai, unake prati rAga-dveSa pUrNa mana kA nirmANa nahIM karatA hai | bhagavAna mahAvIra kI sAdhanA ke mukhya cAra aMga the-- isameM apramAda ahiMsA, aparigraha aura anAsakti evaM apramAda maulika AdhAra haiM - yAnI niraMtara jAgate rahanA / apramAda kA prathamasUtra hai - saMpikkhae appagamappaeNa AtmA se AtmA ko dekho / Atma-darzana kA artha hI hai, ananya darzana / ' vAsanA aura kaSAya ( krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha) ye AtmA se alaga (anya ) haiM, ataH AtmA ko ananya rUpa se hI jAnanA samyak jJAna hai, isako dekhanA hI samyag darzana hai, isameM ramaNa karanA hI samyak cAritra hai / apramAda kA dUsarA sUtra hai, vartamAna meM jInA / jo atIta kI smRti aura bhaviSya kI kalpanA meM khoyA rahatA hai, vaha vartamAna meM nahIM raha sakatA / isakA artha huA ki jo vyakti eka kriyA karatA hai kiMtu jaba usakA mana dUsarI kriyA meM daur3atA hai, taba vaha vartamAna ke prati jAgarUka nahIM raha pAtA hai / ataH jo AtmA ke svarUpa ko jAnatA hai, vaha pramAda nahIM karatA hai / " vaha bAhya jagat ko apanI AtmA ke samAna dekhatA hai / " jahAM tadAtmya hai, vahAM droha saMbhava hI 1. vahI, 2 / 2-3 2. vahI, 2/46 3. vahI, 2/48 4. vahI, 2 / 104-112 5. kahI, 2 / 121 6. vahI, 2 / 126 7. vahI, 2/160, 2/161 8. dazavaikAlika cUlikA, 2/11 9. AyAro, 2/173 10. vahI, 3 / 51 11. vahI, 3/52

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96 jainadarzana : cintana-anucintana nahIM hai| Aja vizva kI do pramukha samasyAoM meM mahAzaktiyoM ke bIca bar3hate hue saMgharSa aura vikasita evaM vikAsazIla dezoM ke bIca bar3hatI huI viSamatA ko hI yadi hama mAna leM to isakA nirAkaraNa ahiMsA aura aparigraha ke AcaraNa se hI saMbhava hai / "AyAro" mukhya rUpa se AcAra zAstra hai / bhagavAna mahAvIra ne AcAra kA nirUpaNa vyApaka artha meM kiyA hai| unake anusAra AcAra ke pAMca prakAra hai--jJAna, darzana, caritra, tapa aura vIrya isa nirUpaNa ke anusAra AcAra jJAna, darzana aura caritra sabako sparza karatA hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ke AcAra darzana kA mAdhAra samatA hai| isaliye samatvadarzI pApa nahIM krtaa|' vAstava meM rAga-dveSa rahita karma hI AcAra hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne vIratA mUlaka AcAra kA apane pravacana evaM jIvana donoM meM pratipAdana kiyA hai| vastutaH ve samatA ke zAstA the| unhoMne samatA ke zAsana dvArA jIvana ke rUpAntaraNa kI dizA dI hai| aMtarrASTrIya pariveza meM yadi hama vicAra kareM to rAjanainika kSetra meM prabhutva-vistAra aura Arthika kSetra meM dUsare ke zoSaNa kI kImata para apane arthataMtra kA prasAra jAgatika samasyA kI jar3a meM hai| zastrIkaraNa to lakSya hai, mUlakAraNa to uparyukta hI hai| unake nirAkaraNa ke liye hameM Aja zAMti yA samAjavAda ke pravacana kI AvazyakatA nahIM balki ahiMsA aura aparigraha ke AcaraNa kI AvazyakatA hai| jAgatika saMkaTa mUlata : AcaraNa kA saMkaTa hai hama sabhI jAnate haiM ki zastrIkaraNa yA hiMsA mAnava droha hai, phira bhI use AcaraNa meM nahIM lA pAte / hama sabhI samajhate haiM ki kisI kA zoSaNa karanA galata hai, phira bhI AcaraNa meM zoSaNa AtA hai| rAmAyaNakAla meM jo samasyA rAvaNa kI thI, mahAbhArata kAla meM duryodhana kI thI, vahI samasyA Aja jAgatika kSetra meM amarIkA ke rASTrapati yA rUsa ke rASTrapati kI hI nahIM saboM kI hai| hama acchI taraha jAnate haiM ki kyA acchA hai, lekina usakA AcaraNa nahIM karate aura jAnate haiM ki kyA kharAba hai, usase apane ko vaMcita nahIM karate / AcArAMga vicAra evaM AcAra ke isI dvaita ko miTAne kA eka prayAsa hai|

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mAnava samAja evaM ahiMsA 1. prazna, pariprazna aura bodha : bihAra kI padayAtrA meM jaba maiMne AcArya vinobA se yaha prazna kiyA ki "kyA mAnava samAja kA saMgaThana ahiMsA ke AdhAra para saMbhava hai ?" to unhoMne isake uttara meM mujhase hI pUchA, "kyA mAnava samAja kA saMgaThana hiMsA ke AdhAra para bhI saMbhava hai ?" phira spaSTa karate hue unhoMne kahA "ApakA mUla prazna hI vAstava meM ulaTA hai / yadi Apa aisA prazna karate ki "kyA bAgha, siMha, bher3iye adi hiMsra pazuoM kA saMgaThana ahiMsA ke AdhAra para saMbhava haiM to bahasa kI bhI guMjAiza thii|" isakA artha yaha huA ki vinobA sadRza vicAraka manuSya ko svabhAva se sAdhu mAna baiThe haiM / lekina "manuSya svabhAva se sAdhu hai"- yaha eka Adarza vAkya bhI ho sakatA hai aura yathArtha vAkya bhii| jo bhI ho, mAnava-svabhAva kA prazna mAnava-zAstra kA mUla prazna to hai hI, prastuta viSaya kA bhI AdhAra-prazna hai / mAnava-svabhAva kI hamArI kalpanA yA dhAraNA hamAre jIvana darzana ko prabhAvita karatI hai| itihAsa isa bAta kA sAkSI hai ki jaba yahUdI vicAradhArA ne mAnava ko Izvara ko pratimA mAna liyA to usase kevala yahUdI jIvana-darzana hI prabhAvita nahIM huA balki yahUdI darzana se prabhAvita IsAI evaM bahuta hada taka islAmI matavAda bhI prabhAvita hue the / isI prakAra Atma-tatva kI kalpanA ne bhAratIya-darzana ko eka nayI mor3a hI de dI hai| usI taraha mAnava-svabhAva ke prati naitika evaM sAmAjika Agraha se cIna ke tAo aura bauddha dharma ko eka nayI vAstavikatA milI hai| saMkSepa meM hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki mAnava-svabhAva kA prazna kevala samAja-darzana kA hI prANa-tattva nahIM hai, yaha sampUrNa darzana kA bhI AdhAra tattva hai| darzana kA vAstavika artha jIvana-darzana hI mAnA jAnA cAhie aura jIvanadarzana kA merudaMDa mAnava-prakRti kA adhyayana hai / darzana ke samasta zRMgAra mAnava kendrita hoMge satya evaM mUlya bhI mAnava ke sandarbha meM hI sArthaka hoNge| 2. mAnava svabhAva : prazna kA prANatatva : durbhAgya se 'mAnava-svabhAva' ke viSaya meM hama prAya: sabhI virATa dArzanika paramparAoM meM taTastha vaijJAnika vRtti se kiye gaye vizleSaNa kA ! nitAnta abhAva hI pAte haiM / isa sambandha meM dArzanikoM kI dRSTi mukhyataH AdarzamUlaka aura AdhyAtmika rahI hai| vibhinna darzanoM kI vibhinna paramparAyeM

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98 jainadarzana : cintana-anucintana haiM / yUnAnI darzana kA prayojana manuSya ko buddhimAna banAnA thA jabaki cInI paramparA mAnava ko nItimAna banAne para jora detI hai| bhAratIya paramparA meM darzana kA eka vizeSa prayojana rahA hai, vaha hai jIva aura brahma kA sAkSAtkAra, jise mokSa bhI kahA jAtA hai / yahUdI vicAraka mAnava ko yaha avagata karAnA cAhate haiM ki Izvara bhI mAnava-kalyANa meM abhiruci rakhatA hai / isaliye jahAM yUnAnI darzana meM Adarza bhAnava ko vidyAnurAgI, cInI paramrA meM AcAravAn sAdhu, bhAratIya dRSTi meM Atmatatva mAnA gayA hai vahAM yahUdI vicArakoM ne Adarza mAnava ko bhagavAna kI pratimA svIkAra kara usake jIvana meM Adarza sadguNoM kA samAveza kiyA hai / lekina Adarza mAnava cAhe jaisA bhI kalpita kiyA gayA ho, yathArtha-mAnava ke vAstavika svarUpa kA adhyayana paramAvazyaka hai / nIti zAstra kA itihAsa isa bAta kA sAkSI hai ki vinA kisI daivI yA IzvarIya guNoM kA Aropa kiye bhI mAnava-prakRti ke AdhAra para AcArazAstra kA nirmANa kiyA gayA hai / mAnava-svabhAva kA sthUla artha hai usakA manodaihika svarUpa / sophisToM evaM kucha aMza meM sukarAta ko chor3a kara yUnAnI vicAraka prAyaH mAnava ke isa manodaihika svarUpa kA niSpakSa vaijJAnika adhyayana karane ke badale eka navIna jIvana-darzana ke vikAsa kI prakriyA meM saMlagna the| kintu, cUMki mAnava samAja meM rahatA hai, aura yaha mAnava-samAja bhI to virATa vizva kA hI aMzamAtra hai, isaliye jagata ko samajhane ke anveSaNa krama meM hI mAnava-prakRti kA bhI adhyayana huA / ata: mAnava-svabhAva kI koI svatantra carcA apekSita nahIM samajhI gyii| yahUdI vicArakoM ne mAnava ko vizva kI vizAlatA meM vilIna to nahIM kiyA kintu use Izvara-aMza mAnakara usake manodaihika pakSa ke adhyayana ke sAtha usI prakAra anyAya kiyA / cInI ciMtanadhArA meM prAk-kanphyUziyasa vicArakoM ne mAnava ko deva aMza mAnakara usameM devatva kA Aropa karate hue usake svabhAva ko naitika udghoSita kiyA kintu mahAtmA kanphyUziyasa kI yathArthavAditA ne mAnava-prakRti meM sAmAjika-tatva kA Aropa karate hue vyavahAra meM use Atma-kendrita evaM vyaktivAdI bnaayaa| bhAratIya paramparA meM upaniSad-tatvajJAna ne paMcakoSa ke anusAra mAnava-prakRti ke AdhyAtmika-manodaihika pakSa kI ora saMketa kiyA hai| kintu bauddha vicArakoM ne paMca-skandha ke AdhAra para kucha dUsarI hI kalpanA kI hai| mImAMsA-darzana ke anusAra mAnava-svabhAva kA sAra karma hai / (karmamayaM purussH)| saMkSepa meM, upaniSad, sAMkhya, yoga evaM vedAnta ke anusAra mAnava AdhyAtmikamanodaihika tatva hai jabaki nyAya-vaizeSika-mImAMsA ke anusAra mAnava ko mUlataH kevala manodaihika tatva hI mAnA gayA hai, kyoMki AtmA meM pUrNa ajJAna evaM acetanA hI hai / isa taraha hama dekhate haiM ki bhAratIya ciMtanadhArA meM mUlataH mAnava ko Atma-tatva mAnA gayA hai cAhe Atma-tatva ke svarUpa ke

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mAnava samAja evaM ahiMsA 99 viSaya meM bhale hI vibhinna vicAra kyoM na hoN| isI taraha dArzanika jijJAsA kA paryavasAna dhArmika jIvana-darzana meM hotA hai| AdhyAtmika vicAraka prAyaH mAnava ko svabhAva se doSa-mukta mAnate haiM, kyoMki jIvAtmA paramAtmA se yA to abhinna hai, jaisA vedAnta yA upaniSad meM mAnA gayA hai, yA phira jIvAtmA ko paramAtmA kA hI eka aMza mAna liyA gayA hai| yadi hama sAmAnya dArzanika dRSTi se vicAra kareM to satkAryavAda kA Alambana lekara hama kaha sakate haiM ki yadi mAnava-svabhAva meM acchAiyAM antanihita nahIM haiM to phira acchAiyoM kA svapna dekhanA hI vyartha hai| Ex nihil nihil fit na sate vidyate bhAvo na bhAve vidyate sataH / yadi mAnava ko svabhAva se hI duSTa mAna liyA jAya to usake zikSaNa evaM pariSkaraNa kI sampUrNa prakriyA hI vyartha siddha hogii| yahIM hama manovijJAna kA sahArA lekara maikaDUgala ke AtmarakSAtmaka mUlya pravRtti ke siddhAnta kI carcA ke krama meM yaha kaha sakate haiM ki cUMki kalaha, pRthakkatva saMgraha Adi kI mUla pravRttiyAM janmajAta haiM isaliye mAnava kI janmajAta sAdhutA pramANita nahIM hotI / lekina jahAM isa jIrNa-zIrNa manovijJAna ke mUla-pravRtti ke siddhAMta ke anusAra hama manuSya meM janmajAta kalaha-vRtti kA Aropa karate haiM vahAM zAyada hama saMghAtmaka-mUlyapravRtti, dAmpatya milana, zizu--rakSaNa, Atma-damana Adi ko mAnava vRttiyoM ko bhUla jAte haiM / Aja to manovijJAna kI phrAyaDottara bhUmikA meM mAnavasvabhAva ko duSTa mAnane kA bhI koI Agraha nahIM haiN| nava-phrAyaDavAdI manovaijJAnika manovizleSaNa ko jIvazAstra kI bhUmikA para punargaThana karane ke liye cintita haiN| eDalara kI "jIvana zailI" evaM yuga ke jAtIya acetana ke antargana Atma-rakSaNa evaM 'kAma vRtti' ke badale manovizleSaNa jagat Aja manuSya kI sAmAjika-sAMskRtika vRttiyoM meM apanA samAdhAna DhUMr3hane kA prayAsa kara rahA hai / isIliye to DArvina ke jisa vikAsavAda antargata "astitva-saMgharSa" se Avirbhata "yogyatama kI rakSA' Adi kI duhAI dekara mAnava-svabhAva ko duSTa pramANita kiyA jAtA hai usI DArvina ne nIti-bala ko zarIra-bala' evaM buddhi bala donoM se hI zreSTha mAnA hai| udAharaNa dete hue usane kahA hai ki jo jAtiyAM anItivAn thIM ve Aja nAmazeSa ho gayI haiM / soDama eva gamorA kA Aja nAmanizAM nhiiN| jo yUnAna kamI pauruSa ke buddhi vaibhava kA samrATa thA java usane nIti kA parityAga kiyA to usakI buddhi hI usakA duzmana ho gyii| yaha ThIka hai ki hirA vilaTasa hIgala, DAvina, mArsa Adi vicArakoM ne saMgharSa ko hI vikAsa kI harakata mAnA hai, lekina jisa mArksa ne vargasaMgharSa kA eka samagra jIvana-darzana rakhate hue dvandva ko vicAra-vikAsa kA hI

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jainadarzana : cintana-anucintana nahIM apitu prAthamika-vikAsa kA bhI sUtra mAnA usako bhI zAyada mAnava ke antarnihita saMbhAvya sadaguNoM meM aTUTa vizvAsa thaa| mArsa ne zAyada Izvara ko bhI isaliye asvIkAra kiyA ki use yaha vizvAsa thA ki yadi paristhitiyAM anukUla banA dI jAeM to isa pRthvI para hI svarga kA sAmrAjya sthApita ho sakatA hai / yadi use manuSya kI antarnihita divyatA meM vizvAsa nahIM rahatA ho, phira usake pariSkAra ke sAre krAMtikArI prayAsa saiddhAntika rUpa se nirarthaka hoMge hI, vyAvahArika rUpa se bhI asaphala hoNge| isIliye yA to hameM yaha svIkAra kara lenA hogA ki yadi manuSya svabhAva se duSTa hai to phira koI bhI vaicArika krAMti saMbhava nhiiN| svabhAva to vaha hotA hai jo nitya aura nirapavAda hotA hai, jisakA nirAkaraNa nahIM ho sakatA / yadi manuSya svabhAva se duSTa hotA to usakA nirAkaraNa bhI nahIM hotA / ataH yadi hama mArsa ke anusAra varga-saMgharSa ke AdhAra para manuSya-svabhAva meM saMgharSa ko eka avazyambhAvI prakriyA bhI svIkAra kara leM to prazna uThatA hai ki phira mArksa svayaM isa saMgharSa kA nirAkaraNa kyoM karanA cAhate haiM ? Aja samAja ke andara corI, baTamArI, lar3AI, daMge, hatyA, Adi jaba hotI haiM to hamArA prayAsa unakA nirAkaraNa karane kA hotA haiM / yadi yahI hamArA svabhAva hotA to hama inake nirAkaraNa kA kyoM prayatna karate ? hama apane sAmAnya dainika anubhava meM bhI yaha dekhate haiM ki hameM krUra karmoM se svAbhAvika rUpa se kaSTa hotA hai / ina saba bAtoM se yaha pratIta hotA hai ki hamArI sampUrNa sAmAjika-rAjanaitika-sAMskRtika vyavasthA kA mUlAdhAra mAnava ko svabhAva se acch| mAna lene para TikA huA hai| rAjya zAstra ke vikAsa krama meM saMsadIya-janatantra-praNAlI kI AdhArazilA mAnava-svabhAva kI sAdhutA ke vizvAsa para hI TikI huI hai / svastha janataMtra sAmAnya manuSya ke viveka evaM sadvicAra para to Azrita hai hI sAtha-sAtha virodhI-daloM kI niSThA evaM AsthA meM vizvAsa bhI isakA eka pramukha AdhAra stambha hai / purAtatva vijJAna ke prAgaitihAsika dhvaMsAvazeSoM ke anveSaNoM se bhI yaha patA calA hai ki usa samaya bhI sAmAjika jIvana thA tathA usa samaya AtmarakSA Adi ke zastrAstra nahIM the| mAnava-zarIra kI racanA zAkAhArI prANiyoM jaisI hI hai, isase bhI jIvana-nirvAha ke krama meM prakaTa duSTatA kI saMbhAvanA atyalpa ho jAtI hai / yUnesko ke tatvAdhAna meM mAnava svabhAva kI khojoM ke AdhAra para pro. mAMTegyU ne yaha batAyA hai ki mAnava janma se AkramaNa yA apaharaNa karane Adi ke durbhAva lekara janma nahIM letA / jisa durbhAva ko Aja hama mAnavasvabhAva meM Aropita karate haiM vaha vAstavika artha meM usakA janmajAta svabhAva nahI balki vAtAvaraNa se arjita vibhAvamAtra (Acquired habit) hai / isIliye to vidhizAstra jaise parivartana vimukha' sthiti-sthApaka zAstra ke antargata

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mAnava samAja evaM ahiMsA 101 prAyaH sarvasAmAnya rUpa se aparAdhiyoM ko doSI mAna lene kI apekSA nidoSa mAna liyA jAtA hai, jise hama (Benefit of doubt) kahate haiM / yaha kucha aura nahIM balki mAnava-svabhAva kI sAdhutA meM AsthA kI abhivyakti hai / mAnavIya saMskRti ke vikAsa kA itihAsa, aura vizeSakara mAnavIya kalyANa ke nimitta vijJAna kA anupama yogadAna manuSya ke antanihita sadguNoM meM vizvAsa vyakta karatA hai / AcArazAstra kI AdhArazilA bhI Atma-svAtaMtrya ke sAtha-sAtha vyakti ke viveka para hI sthira hai| naitikatA kA nirdhAraNa karane vAlI hamArI aicchika kriyAyeM hamArI vivekabuddhi para hI Azrita haiN| dharma zAstra kI dhAraNA bhI mAnava-svabhAva kI AdhArabhUta sAdhutA para hI TikI huI hai / jIvana-darzana ke dRSTikrama meM bhI manuSya ko svabhAvataH duSTa mAna lene meM nikhila mAnava jAti kA apamAna to hai hI nirAzAvAda bhI isameM kamAla kA haiM / isIlie yadi mAnava-svabhAva kI duSTatA kI hama vastusthiti svIkAra kara bhI leM to hamArA yaha jIvana-siddhAnta yA jIvana-darzana kadApi nahIM ho sktaa| 3. mAnava samAja : vikAsa evaM upalabdhi : mAnavIya AcAra saMhitA kI prayogazAlA kA sarvazreSTha AviSkAra zAyada parArthavAda hI mAnA jAyagA / parArthabAda ke mUlAdhAra mAnava-viveka evaM mAnava sAmya kI bhAvanA hI hai / mAnavIya---ciMtana kI dizA sadaiva hI usakI saMkucita paridhi se khIMca kara bAhara le jAne kA upakrama karatI rahI hai / yadi aisA nahIM huA rahatA to zAyada sAhitya, saMskRti, kalA Adi kA bhI vikAsa kuMThita hI rahatA, AdhyAtmika cetanA to mRtaprAya rahatI hii| prAkRtika niyama evaM vastusthiti ne mAnava para prabhAva to bahuta hI DAlA haiM kintu anta meM yaha mAnavIya AkAMkSAoM ke sammukha parAjita hI huA hai / isakA mUla kAraNa yaha hai ki vastusthiti jIvana-siddhAnta nahIM bana sakatI / vAstava meM vastusthiti kI siddhAnta kI ora pragati hI saMskRti hai| dUsare zabdoM meM "dUsare ke jIvana meM zAmila honA aura dUsare ko apane jIvana meM zAmila karanA hI saMskRti hai|" ata: saMskRti jindagI kI yaha sAjhedArI, yaha zirakata yaha tahajIba yA kalcara hai / aura yahI to parArthavAda bhI hai isakA artha yaha huA ki bhAratIya saMskRti ke vikAsa-krama meM uttarottara saumya se saumvatara yA sundara se sundaratara kI parArthavAdI prakriyA hI parilakSita hotI haiM / isIlie to prANizAstra ke krAntikArI pravartaka DArvina ne yadi Survival of the fittest kA prAkRtika-siddhAMta upasthita kiyA to paravartI prANIvijJAna ke adhikArI juliyana haksale ne fitting the unfit to survive (jo akSama haiM, unheM sakSama banAne) kA vicAra rakhA / yAnI hama Live up on

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102 jainadarzana : cintana-anucintana others "dUsaroM ko khAkara jIo' kI sthiti se Live and Let live (jIo aura jIne do) kI avasthA meM Akara usameM Live for others (dUsaroM ke liye jio) kI bhavya avasthA meM jAne ko udyata haiM / vastutaH samAja vyakti ke kevala bhautika astitva ke liye hI Avaz yaka nahIM hai balki samAja kA vidhAna bhI mAnava-svabhAva ke anukUla hai| yahAM ke loga bhI jIne dete haiM / vAtsalya evaM dAmpatya ke atirikta mAnava-svabhAva ke antargata sAmAjikatA kI bhAvanA ko dekhakara hI arastu ne manuSya ko sAmAjika jIva mAnA hai| kAMTa ne isI ko(Unsociable Sociableness of man)batAyA hai / phrAyaDa ne isI (ambivalence) ko spaSTa karate hue kahA hai-"jisake sAtha hama zAnti se nahIM jI sakate, kintu jisake binA hama jI hI nahIM skte"| kintu jisake binA hama jI hI nahIM sakate" / mUla pravRtti ke siddhAnta sthApaka manovaijJAnika maikDUgala, Dremara, Tensala Adi ne bhI samUha-pravRtti (Instinct of Gregariousness) ko mAnA hai / samAja vyaktigata kalyANa ke liye kitanA Avazyaka hai yaha batAne kI AvazyakatA nhiiN| isakA eka sthUla pramANa yaha bhI hai ki Aja samAjavAda kA Andolana jAgatika rUpa dhAraNa kara dinodina bar3ha hI rahA hai| vibhinna samAja-zAstriyoM ke anusAra isI sAmAjikatA kI bhAvanA ko Dremara ne (Worthwhileness) gamaplovica ne (Syngenism) kUlI ne svayaM-anubhava, gIDigasa ne jAtIya cetanA tathA lIbAna ne sAmUhika mana Adi kahA hai| mAnavIya sabhyatA ke vikAsa-krama meM kramazaH jaMgala mAnavasamAja, barbara mAnava-samAja aura sabhya mAnava samAja AyA hai aura sabhya mAnava-samAja bhI kramazaH dAsatA, sAmantavAdI evaM pUMjIvAdI yugoM ko pAra karatA huA samAjavAdI mAnava samAja ke yuga A gayA hai / je. sI. kumArappA nahodaya ne sabhyatA ke parArthavAdI itihAsa krama ko pAMca avasthAoM meM dikhAyA hai| pahale parAzrayI-avasthA (Predatory) hai jisakA pratIka byAghra hai, jo dUsaroM ko khAkara jItA hai| phira taskara-samAja (Parasitic) banA, jisakA pratIka bandara thaa| ina donoM avasthAoM meM binA kisI zrama ke bhoga (Consumption without production) kA niyama thA / tIsarI avasthA meM udyogI (Enterprising) samAja banA jisakA pratIka pakSI thA, jisane apane ghosale Adi banAne kA zramayukta jIvana vidhAna banAyA / cauthI avasthA kA pratIka madhumakkhI hai jisakA zrama kevala apane lie hI nahIM balki sampUrNa samAja ke liye bhI hotA hai anta meM hama sevA-yuga (Service stage)meM Ate haiM jahAM hamArA jIvana mAtA kI taraha dUsaroM ke liye hI samarmita hai| hama dekhate haiM ki mAnava-samAja ke vikAsakrama meM uttarottara ahiMsA kA adhikAdhika samAveza aura hiMsA kA kramika nirAkarakaNa hotA gayA hai / samAja evaM rAjya kI utpatti sambandhI siddhAntoM meM "zakti siddhAnta" ko

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mAnava samAja evaM ahiMsA 103 ko chor3akara samAja-saMgaThana meM prAyaH saboM ne prema evaM prasaMvidA ko hI apanAyA ahiMsA : vivecana aura vistAra : (ka) abhAvAtmaka zabdAvalI kyoM ? "ahiMsA' pada dekhane meM bhale hI abhAvAtmaka hai lekina yathArtha meM yaha bhAvAtmaka pada hI hai| yoM to vaizeSika darzana meM "abhAva" ko bhI eka padArtha hI mAnA gayA hai lekina braiDale jaise pratyayavAdI vicAraka pUrNa rUpa se abhAva kA astitva nahIM mAnate / dUsarA tarka hama yaha bhI de sakate haiM ki "hiMsA" aura "ahiMsA" ye donoM vyAghAtaka pada haiM, ata: eka ke astitva mAtra se bhI isake viparIta vyAghAtaka pada kA sahaja hI arthabodha hotA hai| tIsarA eka aura kAraNa ho sakatA hai / "ahiMsA" ko dharma mAnakara upaniSad, zruti, smRti tathA bauddha evaM jaina vADmaya meM pratiSThita sthAna milA hai tathA mahAvIra ne to "ahiMsA paramodharma:' kahakara isako pUrNa pratiSThita kara diyA hai / eka kAraNa yaha bhI ho sakatA hai ki cUMki ahiMsA kA bhAvAtmaka artha prema batAyA jAtA hai aura prema zabda cUMki anekArthaka evaM aspaSTa hone ke sAtha-sAtha kaI guNoM kA samAveza karatA hai jisameM se kevala eka guNa ahiMsA hai, isaliye "ahiMsA' pada ko hI svIkAra kiyA gayA hai / ahiMsA ko chor3akara prema zabda ko isalie svIkAra nahIM kiyA gayA hai ki 'prema' zabda AvazyakatA se adhika vyApaka hai| (kha) ahiMsA kI bhAvAtmaka vyAkhyA:----ahiMsA kI bhAvAtmaka vyAkhyA ke krama meM ise sakriya-prema (active love) kahA gayA hai| jaise "mA hisyAt sarvabhUtAni" jaise niSedhAtmaka zrutivacanoM kA bhAvAtmaka artha hogA--- ':sarvabhUta hite ratAH' ahiMsA kI sarvAMgINa evaM sanAtana pratiSThA ke liye mana, vacana aura karma-trividha ahiMsA kI paripUrNa sAdhanA Avazyaka hai / isake isake liye eka navIna-darzana, eka navIna tatvajJAna cAhiye / hama bar3I vinamratA ke sAtha kahanA cAheMge ki ahiMsA kA AdhArabhUta tatvajJAna anekAnta darzana haiM / anekAnta dRSTi kA avalambana hI vastuta: mAnasika ahiMsA hai| vastu jagat kI saMzliSTatA evaM anantatA tathA mAnava mastiSka kI svIya svalpajJatA ko dhyAna meM rakhate huye apanI eka kSudra dRSTi kA ahaMkAra aura Agraha tathA anya dRSTi kI apekSA se eka hiMsaka mAnasika AgrahavAda kA AvirbhAva hotA hai / vicAra jaba kisI aMdha Agraha para ArUr3ha ho jAtA hai to matavAda bana jAtA hai / hamAre sabhI aMdhavizvAsa kisI na kisI pakSapAtapUrNa dRSTi vizeSa kI Asakti kA hI pratiphala haiN| isIliye vyAvahArika ahiMsA ke liye sabhI prakAra ke durAgrahapUrNa vaicArika sAmrAjyavAda evaM atikramaNa kA parityAga paramAvazyaka hai| niSkarSa yaha ki apane ko sadA-sarvadA sahI

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104 jainadarzana : cintana-anucintana evaM dUsaroM ko anivArya rUpa se galata mAna lene se bar3hakara hiMsA kI koI dUsarI majabUta jar3a nahI ho sktii| yahIM bAhya hiMsA kA bIja hai / isaliye apane siddhAMta meM himAlaya kI taraha dRr3ha rahane vAle vizvavaMdya bApU ne barAbara kahA hai "maiM svabhAva se hI samanvayavAdI hUM; kyoMki kevala maiM hI saccA hUM aisA mujhe kabhI vizvAsa nahIM hotaa|" sacamuca jisa vyakti meM apane aMza-jJAna yA alpajJAna kA bhAna jagA huA hotA hai vaha namratA se pada-pada para kahatA haiM hai ki "aisA honA bhI saMbhava hai|" isIliye sukarAta ne bhI kahA thA ki "maiM jAnatA hUM ki maiM ajJAnI huuN|" pleToM ne bhI isa bhautika padArtha ko "sata" evaM "asat" ke bIca mAnA hai / pUrNa jJAna to zAyada kisI ko honA bhI saMbhava nahIM / sarvaM sarva na jAnAti, sarvajJaH nAsti kazcan / isIliye hamArA vyaktigata jJAna, jise hama aMza jJAna yA opinion kaheMge, vaha saMbhAvanA viSayaka vizvAsa hI kahA jaaygaa| isIlie to zaMkara evaM braiDale ko bhI mAnanA par3A thA ki mAyA yA bhrAnti bhI satya hai kyoMki pratyeka bhrAMti meM satya kA yatkicita aMza to rahatA hI hai / (Every sweet hast its sour, every evil good)sampUrNa satya kA sAkSAtkAra mAnava sAmarthya ke bAhara hai| isIliye hameM apane dRSTikoNa ke sAtha anya dRSTikoNa bhI haiM, aisA jAnanA aura mAnanA cAhiye / yaha tabhI ho sakatA hai jaba hama usakI bhAvanAoM ke sAtha sahAnubhUti evaM sahRdayatA dvArA apane mana meM usakI punarutpatti ke dvArA unako samajhe / jIvana eka sIdhI sar3aka nahIM hai| isIlie yahAM apane para Agraha ke badale virodhiyoM ko samajhane kA prayAsa apekSita hai / manuSya yadi svabhAva se duSTa nahIM hai ho mukhya prazna dRSTikoNa kA hai| samajha ke abhAva meM hI sAre kalaha hote haiM / ataH vicAra-saMgharSa meM anekAnta dRSTi ke dvArA hI sthAyI virAma saMbhava hai| isa taraha hama dekhate haiM ki ahiMsA eka vicAra-paddhati hai, eka jIvana-dRSTi hai / yaha saba dizAoM se, saba ora se khulA eka mAnasacakSu hai / anekAnta koI kalpanA nahIM balki yathArthatA kA jIvita siddhAnta hai / vaha to kisI bhI viSaya ko kevala saMkIrNa dRSTi se dekhane kA niSedha karatA hai| mAnasika aura bauddhika ahiMsA kI sAdhanA jaba paripUrNa ho jAyagI to svataH hI vAcanika ahiMsA A jAyagI / vAcanika ahiMsA ke liye kevala yahI Avazyaka nahIM hai ki mithyAtva, kaThoratA, vyaMgya evaM saMpralApa kA hI hama parityAga kareM balki usakI bhAva zailI bhI aisI honI cAhie jisase ki aMdhAgraha yA durAgraha kI dhvani nahIM nikale / jaina vicArakoM ne ahiMsaka avadhAraNAtmaka yojanA ke anveSaNa-krama meM syAdvAda kA siddhAMta pratipAdita kiyA hai / hama bhale hI syAdvAda ke sabhI zAstrIya evaM prAvidhika pahaluoM se sahamata nahIM bhI hoM lekina usakI antargata vicAra-sahiSNutA evaM dUsaroM ke

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mAnava samAja evaM ahiMsA 105 dRSTikoNa ke prati vAstavika samAdAra kI bhAvanA se to hoMge hii| "syAdvAda" zabda meM syAt eka aisA praharI hai jo zabda kI maryAdA ko saMtulita rakhatA haiM / "syAda" kA artha 'zAyada', 'saMbhavataH' yA 'kadAcit' nahIM balki 'kathaMcit' yA 'apekSita' hogA, yAnI avivakSita dharmoM kA astitva bhI vastu meM dyotita hotA hai| yAnI, kevala hamArA mAnasa aura ciMtana hI anaikAMtika nahIM rahe balki hamArI vANI bhI ekAMza pratipAdikA na raha kara anekAMta bhAva ko prakaTa karate rheN| isa taraha hamane dekhA ki ahiMsA kevala vyavahAragata hI nahIM, mAnasika evaM vAcanika bhI hai, jo syAdvAda kI nirdoSa evaM ahiMsaka bhASA zailI se bahuta hada taka saMbhava bhI hai| (ga) ahiMsA kI samagra vyAkhyA:-lekina ahiMsA kA yaha kAyika, mAnasika evaM vAcika rUpa se vividha prayoga kevala vaiyaktika jIvana sAdhanA meM yA jIvana ke kisI eka kSetra meM hI sImita nahIM rhegaa| jIvana kA sampUrNa kSetra hI ahiMsA kI raMgazAlA hogI / ahiMsA kA anveSaNa mAnavIya samyatA kI zAyada sabase bar3I upalabdhi hai| prema hI isakA Adi, madhya evaM anta hai| yadi hama kucha gaharAI se vicAra kareM to yaha patA lagegA ki ahiMsA kA anveSaNa vastutaH satya kA hI anveSaNa hai| satya kA sampUrNa trikAla bAdhita svarUpa meM darzana honA to kaThina hai hI, usakA satyApana to aura bhI kaThina hai / isa prakAra apUrNa satyadarzI mAnava ke ciMtana meM deza-kAla-paristhiti, bhASA, usakI manodazA Adi kA prabhAva patar3A hai| astu, isa sthiti meM samanvayAtmaka prajJA evaM mithyAbhimAna kA parityAga hI ahiMsaka jIvana-darzana ko janma detA hai / yaha jIvana kI anivAryatA bhI hai| ___ yadi hama pArivArika jIvana se vivecana Arambha kareM to hama yahAM sakriya prema evaM pArasparika tyAga kA bilakula sajIva udAharaNa milegA / mAM kI mamatA evaM pitA ke pyAra meM hama vastuta: ahiMsA ko mUrttamAna dekhate haiN| ___ sAmAjika-jIvana meM apane vyaktigata nirakuza AvegoM ko maryAdita evaM vivekapUrNa niyamana evaM niyaMtraNa ke dvArA samAja ko saMtulita rakhane kI uttarottara abhyudayavAn kriyA ko hI ahiMsA kahate hai / jIvita ahiMsA kI preraNA niSedha nahIM balki sarvamaMgalakara pArasparika tyAga hI hai lekina samAja ke Adarza saMtulana ke lie sAmAjika-sAmya anivArya hai / ata: jAti, sattA, sampatti Adi ke AdhAra para sthApita sAmAjika vaiSamya vastutaH hiMsA hai| Arthika kSetra meM vyaktigata svAmitva kI bhAvanA hI hiMsaka bhAvanA hai / pradho ne bhI kahA hai : Property is theft. gItA ne batAyA haiH tyakta sarva parigrahaH / isakA artha huA ki vyaktigata svAmitva kA nirAkaraNa karane karanA eka ahiMsaka vidhAna hai| usI prakAra sAmAjika-jIvana meM varNabheda yA ukca-nIca kA bhAva

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106 . jainadarzana : cintana-anucintana rakhanA sAmAjika-hiMsA kA sthUla rUpa hai / dhArmika kSetra meM ahiMsA kI bhAvanA "sarvadharma samabhAba'' meM hI A kara sAkAra ho sakatI hai / vicAra jaba dhArmika AgrahavAda para ArUr3ha ho jAtA hai to vaha sampradAya banakara asahiSNu evaM hiMsaka ho jAtA hai| sAhitya evaM saMskRti ke kSetra meM ahiMsA kI bhAvanA eka udAra evaM jIvanonmukha dRSTi rakhatI hai / sAhitya ke kSetra meM ahiMsA aneka vastuoM kA, aneka rIti se prAcIna evaM navIna jJAna saMcita karane ke lie prerita karatIhai / ahiMsaka saMskRti anivAryata: sAmAjika saMskRti hogii| zAyada yaha duharAnA Avazyaka nahIM hogA ki ahiMsaka saMskRti kA AdhAra zoSaNa ho hI nahIM sakatA / yahAM maiM bahuta vinamratA ke sAtha kahatA cAhUMgA ki zoSaNa ke AdhAra para nirmita bar3e bar3e kalAtmaka rAjaprAsAda yA kalA ko ti bhale hI vizuddha kalA kI dRSTi se uttama hoM lekina ve ahiMsaka saMskRti ke pratIka nahIM ho sakate / rASTrIya sandarbha meM kramazaH niraMkuza rAjasattA ke badale janataMtra kI ora vizva mAnasa kI pravRtti ahiMsA kI ora eka zaktizAlo kadama hai / sacce janataMtra kA AdhAra kabhI bhI hiMsA nahIM ho sakatA / yahAM bahumata kA rAjya ke lie bhale hI ho lekina alpamata Adara rahatA hai / IsA ne kahA "apane zatruoM ko pyAra karo" aura janataMtra kahatA hai alpamata kA Adara kro| aMtarrASTrIya rAjanIti meM antarrATrIya kAnUna, antarrASTrIya nyAyAlaya, antarrASTrIya saMgaThanoM kA uttarottara vikAsa evaM unakI mAnyatAeM bar3hatI huI ahiMsA kA hI saMketa hai / Aja to sAmyavAdI rUsa bhI "yuddha kI anivAryatA" meM vizvAsa chor3akara rAjanaitika saha-astitva kA pratipAdana kara rahA hai / usI taraha vizva sarakAra kI aura mAnava kI uttarottara var3hatI huI AkAMkSAyeM bhI vizvavyApinI ahiMsA kI bhAvanA kA samarthana karatI haiM / maiM mArksa evaM gAMdhI ke vicAroM meM prApya rAjya zAsana ke vilayana kI kalpanA pAtA hUM, zAsana ke sAtha hiMsA kA anusyUta sambandha ho jAtA hai| . daMDa zAstra evaM daMDa vidhAna ke kSetra meM bhI hama ahiMsA kI ora spaSTa kadama pAte haiM / yoM to daMDa kA AdhAra hI hiMsA hai, kintu Aja sabhyatA ke hI nAma para bahuta se dezoM meM prANadaNDa to uThAyA jA rahA hai sAtha-sAtha daMDa ko kama se kama nRzaMsa evaM krUra banAne kA bhI prayAsa ho rahA hai / usI taraha aparAdhI bAlakoM ke lie jelakhAne ke badale sudhArAtmaka pAThazAlAoM kI vyavasthA ho rahI hai| zikSA zAstra ke naye AyAma meM bhI daMDa evaM hiMsA eka barbaratA mAnI gayI hai / zikSA kA vAstavika artha hai-antanihita guNoM kI abhivyakti, jo jabardastI yA daMDavidhAna ke dvArA saMbhava nahIM / ataH hama yaha vizvAsa pUrvaka kaha sakate haiM ki saccI zikSA hI nahIM, koI bhI zikSA ahiMsaka hI ho. sakatI hai /

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mAnava samAja evaM ahiMsA 107 5. ahiMsA kI zava parIkSA : eka vizleSaNa : yaha eka sAdhAraNa bAta sI ho gayI hai ki loga ahiMsA ko eka sundara siddhAMta, eka saumya Adarza to svIvAra kara lete haiM lekina ise avyAvahArika mAna lete haiN| (ka) ahiMsA eka aisI zakti hai jisakA upayoga bacce se bUr3he, bImAra se svastha aura dhanI se garIba saba kara sakate haiN| ataH yaha pratikAra kA hiMsA se adhika prabhAvakara sAdhana hai / (kha) yaha socanA bhI galata hai ki ahiMsaka pratikAra kevala vyaktigata jIvana ke liye upayukta hai, lekina sAmAjika jIvana meM yaha bilakula arthahIna hai / vastuta: gAMdhI evaM vinobA kI sAmUhika ahiMsA evaM satyAgraha ke prayoga ke bAda yaha Aropa nirAdhAra mAnA jAyegA hii| (ga) ahiMsaka pratikAra hI pratikAra kA sarvotama sAdhana hai, isase hI hiMsA kA maulika evaM Atyantika nirAkaraNa saMbhava hai| hiMsaka pratikAra meM pratihiMsA evaM pratikriyA kA cakra akhaMDa rUpa se calatA hI rahatA hai, jisameM anyAyI ke nAza se tAtkAlika samAdhAna to ho jAtA hai lekina anyathA kA samUloccheda saMbhava nahIM hotA / ahiMsaka senAnI, dhyAna, japa, yoga meM magna vyartha evaM niSkriya tatvajJAnI nahIM hotA, vaha to saccA puruSArthI banakara avirAmarUpa se anyAya ke viruddha prANapana se sakriya evaM sajIva rahatA hai / isa yuddha meM kevala usakA zarIra evaM mastiSka hI nahIM balki usakI sampUrNa AtmA bhI yuddharata rahatI hai| (ca) hiMsaka yuddha meM vijaya meM bhI bhaviSya meM parAjaya kI AzaMkA banI rahatI hai, lekina ahiMsaka yuddha meM parAjaya hotI hI nahIM aura vijaya meM eka saumyatA evaM nizcitatA virAjamAna rahatI hai| (cha) ahiMsA koi pratikAra nahIM balki kSamA kI parAkASThA hai, jisake liye akhaMDa nirbhayatA evaM apAra vIratA cAhiye / ahiMsA kAyaroM kA yuddha kauzala nahIM hai / kAyaratA se to hiMsA hI zreyaskara hai| (ja) hiMsA kI apanI sImAye haiM / hiMsA ke dvArA yadi koI sundara kArya bhI hotA hai, lekina hiMsA ke dvArA jo ahita hai vaha cirasthAyI raha jAtA hai / itihAsa isa bAta kA sAkSI hai ki hiMsA kA upayoga karane vAle svayaM hiMsA kI lapeTa meM jala jAte haiN| (jha) ahiMsA ke viSaya meM hamArI yaha dhAraNA bhrAnta hai ki yaha samaya-sAdhaka prakriyA hai / vastuta: ahiMsA apanA kAma sUkSmatA se adRza hokara karatI hai, lekina tIvratA kama nahIM rahatI / ahiMsA kA AkramaNa

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108 jainadarzana : cintana-anucintana amogha hotA hai, isIliye bApU ne kahA hai ki yaha sabase drutagAmI prakriyA hai, kyoMki isakI saphalatA nissaMzaya hai / (Ta) sabase aMta meM, hama yaha kaheMge ki mAnavIya sabhyatA ke vikAsa ke isa sopAna para hamAre liye barbaratA zobhA nahIM detI / ahiMsaka yuddha meM mAnavIyatA aura bhI prakhara hotI hai| hiMsaka yuddha to vastutaH matsya nyAya hai, jisakI hama itanI nindA karate haiN| (Tha) bAhya AkramaNoM ke saMdarbho meM ahiMsA kI niSphalatA siddha karane kA prayAsa zAyada ahiMsA kI kasauTI hogI / isa sambandha meM hama kevala kalpanA hI kara sakate haiM, cUMki Aja taka koI bhI rASTra ahiMsaka hokara kisI AkramaNa kA sAmanA karane ke lie prastuta nahIM huA hai : niHzastra evaM ahiMsaka rASTra kI to alaga bAta hai, Aja hama dekhate haiM ki kucha hada taka zAMtivAdI evaM taTastha rASTra ke kAraNa hI cInI AkramaNa ke saMdarbha meM bhArata ko vizva ke rASTroM kI sahAnubhUti milI hai| isaliye to svargIya DA. rAjendra prasAda ne vizvazAMti ke lie ekapakSIya niHzastrIkaraNa kA sujhAva diyA thaa| nizcaya hI sacamuca meM niHzastra evaM niSpakSa rASTra kI rakSA ke liye Aja vizvamAnasa bana cukA hai| upasaMhAra (ka) vizvazAMti : ANavika astroM ke nitya navIna zodhana parizodhana se Aja mAnavatA AkrAnta bhale hI hai, lekina yaha hameM mAnanA hogA ki Aja zastroM kA sAMskRtika mUlya to naSTa ho hI gayA hai, yuddha kA gatitatva bhI samApta ho cukA hai| sAMskRtika mUlya tabhI taka thA jaba yaha apekSAkRta AMzika vinAza ke sAdhana svarUpa prabhutva prApti kA upakaraNa thaa| kintu jaba isameM sarvanAza kI mUrta sambhAvanA prakaTa ho gayI hai to isakA mUlya hI samApta ho gayA hai| isalie niHzastrIkaraNa eka anivAryatA bana gayI hai / yuddha kI anivAryatA meM vizvAsa karane vAlA sAmyavAdI cIna bhI Aja aNuastroM ke parIkSaNa ke AMzika nirodha kA isaliye virodha karatA hai ki AMzika parIkSaNa DhakosalA hai. vAstava meM sampUrNa parIkSaNa banda ho / yAni, Aja yuddha samarthaka asabhya evaM asAMskRtika to mAnA jAyagA hI vaha vizva mAnasa meM aparAdhI bhI hogaa| cAhe yaha prakRti kA vyaMga hI kyoM na ho, cAhe ise niyativAda hI kyoM na kaheM, Aja niHzastrIkaraNa evaM vizvayuddha nirodha mAnavatA ke liye aparihArya bana gayA hai / (kha) vizva sarakAra : rASTrIya saMprabhutA ke AMzika samarpaNa kI prakriyA usI samaya prArambha ho gayI jabase ugra evaM saMkucita rASTravAda ke garbha se

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mAnava samAja evaM ahiMsA 109 phAsisTa evaM nAjIvAda kA prAdurbhAva huA / saMkucita rASTravAda se dUsare rASTra evaM vizvazAMti ko khatarA to rahatA hI hai, svayaM usa rASTra ke nAgarikoM kI surakSA, svataMtratA evaM sukha kA koi bharosA nahIM / Aja antarrASTrIyatA koI svapna nahIM balki nityaprati vikasita yathArtha hai| rASTrIya saMprabhutA kI kaThora jaMjIreM bhI DhIlI par3atI jA rahI haiN| rAjyavAda kI var3hatI haI duHzaMkAoM se AkrAntA Aja kI vicAraNA akhaMDa prabhusattA ke sidAMta ko cunautI de cukI hai| maikAivara mahodaya ne to saMprabhutA meM sannihita rAjya kI isa sarvazaktimAna sattA ko akuzalatA kA paryAyavAcI batAyA haiM tathA lAskI, kela Adi vicAraka Arthika samudAyoM kI samAna saMprabhutA meM vizvAsa karane lage haiM / geTela ne saMprabhutA ke prati isa virodha ko rUr3hivAdI vaidhAnikavAda ke viruddha sAmayika prativAda mAnA haiN| isalie to Aja kevala 'antarrASTrIya nyAyAlaya" hI nahIM balki "saMyukta rASTrasaMgha" ke rUpa meM vizva-sarakAra kI nIMva par3a cukI hai / Aja na to rAhula kI "bAIsavIM sadI" evaM na bainDala vilkI kA "vana varlDa' hI svapna pratIta hotA hai|

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aparigraha ke binA ahiMsA asaMbhava hiMsA mArIca kI taraha bar3A ho chaliyA hotA haiM / hama bhI sthUla hiMsA ko hI hiMsA mAna lete haiM / isa kAraNa ahiMsA bhI kevala bAhya-AcaraNa kA nirjIva karmakAMDa banatA jA rahA hai / Aja vizva ke stara para ahiMsA kI anUgaMja sarvAdhika hai / sAdhu-saMta to hamezA se ahiMsA kI bAteM karate rahe haiM lekina aba to rAjapuruSa evaM rAjanaitika bhI zAMti aura ahiMsA kA japa karate nahIM thakate / bhArata meM to kama kintu pAzcAtya dezoM meM zAMti ke Upara patrapatrikAoM evaM pustakoM kA bAhulya hai| zAMti-goSThI, zAMti-kUca, zAMti ke lie pradarzanoM evaM sammelanoM kA to tAMtA lagA rahatA hai| bhAratIya mAnasa zAMti ke isa upakrama kI AvazyakatA nahIM samajhatA kyoMki zAMti kA rakta svataH usakI dhamaniyoM meM pravAhita hotA rahA hai| isIliye vaha ahiMsA ke nAma para sthUla hiMsA aura choTe-choTe bhUta dayA ke kAryoM para bala detA hai| nirAmiSa AhAra hamArI saMskRti kA aMga hai, jaise sAmiSa AhAra pAzcAtya dezoM kI saMskRti bana gayI hai| hama sthUla hiMsA jaise mArapITa, khUna-kharAbA se bhI paraheja karate haiM / ahiMsA aura jIva-dayA ke nAma para cIMTI ko conI khilAte haiM, prakAza meM choTe jIvoM kI hatyA na ho jAya, usake lie sUryAsta ke pUrva taka bhojanAdi karane ko paramparA ko mAnate haiM / phira bhI hamAre jana-jIvana meM hiMsA ne surasA kA rUpa dhAraNa kara liyA hai aura AtaMkavAda kI goda meM nazaMsa krUratA aura pAzavikatA kA vIbhatsa abhinaya ho rahA hai / asala meM hama hisA kI jar3oM taka pahuMcane kA sAhasa nahIM juTA pA rahe haiM / hiMsA zUnya se udabhUta nahIM hotI hai, vaha to hamAre antarmana ke saMtrAsa, ghuTana aura vidveSa Adi se paidA hotI hai| lekina hamArA atamana bhI svabhAvataH duSTa nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai kyoMki isameM nikhila mAnava-jAti kA apamAna to hai hI, nirAzAvAda bhI prasphuTa ho jAtA hai| manuSya ko svabhAvataH acchA mAna lene se eka jaTila samasyA utpanna hogI ki vaha phira burA kyoM ho jAtA hai ? zAyada isameM vyavasthA aura paristhiti kA doSa hai| isIliye to kahA jAtA hai ki acchAI prAkRtika evaM svAbhAvika hai, burAI kI vajaha hotI hai / muhabbata yoM hI ho jAtI hai adAvata ke liye vajaheM hotI haiM / to hamArI samAja-vyavasthA aura artha-vyavasthA hI hiMsA-pramukha ho jAtI hai, isalie hiMsA kA parivAra-niyojana nahIM ho pAtA / viSamatA

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aparigraha ke binA ahiMsA asaMbhava 111 ke kAraNa samAja sacamuca samAja nahIM raha pAtA / jahAM samatA hotI hai, vahI "samAja" hai-samaM ajaMti jnaaH| samAja kA yaha AdhAra tatva "samatva" jahAM jisa anupAta meM bhaMga hotA hai usakA saMtulana bigar3a jAtA hai, phira hiMsA kA prajanana prArambha hotA hai / merI tuccha dRSTi meM hiMsA kI jar3a meM viSamatA to hai hI aura viSamatA meM mUla hai-Arthika viSamatA "arthasya puruSo daaso| artha-vaiSamya ke kAraNa sAmAjika vaiSamya bar3hatA hai / asala meM artha bhagavAna para hAvI ho jAte haiM / artha Aja kevala rAjanIti ko hI nahIM dharma ko bhI niyaMtrita karatA hai aura dharma ke nAma para Aja dharma-pITha pUMjIvAda ke gar3ha bana rahe haiM / dharma jo nirabhra sAtvikatA kA pratIka honA cAhiye, Aja vahAM bhI vaibhava kA vIbhatsa pradarzana, alaMkaraNa aura vilAsa bar3ha rahe haiN| bhagavAna rajanIza, maharSi maheza yogI, popapAla yA zaMkarAcArya Adi dharmaguruoM ke pITha kisI bhI sAmaMta yA rAjadarabAra ke ADambara se kama nahIM / saMbhava hai vyaktigata rUpa se ve sarala evaM sAdA jIvana hI vyatIta karate haiM / yahI kAraNa hai ki sAdagI evaM aparigraha para dharma ke upadezoM" ko gRhastha evaM zrAvakoM ne apane jIvana meM bhulA diyA aura lAkhoMkaror3oM-araboM kI sampatti ke svAmI banakara bhI una sAdhu-saMta mahAtmAoM ke nikaTastha bhakta bane rahe / parigraha ke pApa mukti ke liye thor3A bahuta dAna yA visarjana kara prAyazcitta bhI ho gayA evaM dAnI bhI kahalA gaye / lekina samAja kI jar3a meM artha-viSamatA kA jahara ghulatA hI gyaa| bhAratIya-manISIyoM ne isa khatare ko samajha liyA thA / isIlie sAdhu-saMta aura mahAtmA svarUpa samAja ke brAhmaNoM ko sarvocca sthAna to diyA lekina sattA sampatti donoM se ekadama dUra rahate kA vidhAna banA diyA / brAhmaNo aparigrahI" "nItivacana" meM "paradravyeSu loSTravat" evaM saMta vinobA ne "kAMcana-mukti" jaise kaThora vrata kA prayoga kiyaa| jahAM "zrama kA AvAsa hai, vahIM "Azrama' hai-isI ko Azrama kahanA sArthaka hogaa| isa satya ko bhagavAna RSabhadeva se lekara bhagavAna mahAvIra taka ne AtmAnubhUti kI thI aura anAgArI ke sAtha-sAtha lajjA-nivAraNa kI granthi se bhI mukta hokara vastra kA bhI parityAga kara diyA / aparigraha kI sAdhanA kA unake jIvana meM padArtha-pATha milatA haiN|| "sUyagaDo" ke bilakula prArambha meM hI vArtAlApa ke krama meM batAyA gayA hai ki "hiMsA kA kAraNa hai parigraha" / tatvArtha sUtra meM parigraha ko mUrchA kahA hai--'mUrchA parigrahaH" mUrchA eka prakAra kI Asakti hai / dhana kI Asakti kA kAraNa hai ki hama mAnate haiM ki dhana se sukha mila sakatA hai / lekina hama jAnate haiM ki sukha to saMtoSa aura saMyama se milatA hai / yamarAja ne jaba naciketA ko "bahunpazu hasti hiraNyaM azvAn' kA pralobhana diyA to

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112 janadarzana : cintana-anucintana naciketA ne hAtha jor3akara kaha diyA "na vittena tarpaNIyoM manuSyo" yAjJavalkya ne jaba maitreyI ko sampatti denI cAhI to usane pUchA "ky| yaha lekara mujhe sukha milegA ? aura jaba yAjJavalkya ne uttara diyA--"nahIM to kaha uThI-'ye nAhaM nAmRtAsyAM kimahaM tena kuryAma" "jisako lekara mujhe sukha nahIM milegA, vaha lekara hI maiM kyA karUMgI? isIliye kahA gayA hai-- godhana gajadhana bAjidhana aura ratanadhana khAna / jaba AyA saMtoSa dhana saba dhana bhUri samAna // phira bhI hamArI mUrchA itanI pracaMDa hai ki hama "sukha" ko bali dekara sampatti saMgraha meM lage haiM / ataH hameM mahAvIra priya nahIM, hamAre liye to baiMka baileMsa hI mahAvIra hai| hamArI isI mUrchA ne samAja ko hiMsA pravaNa banA diyaa| sAmyavAda isI rahasya ko samajhakara Age bar3hA aura itanI jaldI itanA camatkAra kara paayaa| saccA sAmyavAda vyaktigata sampatti ko svIkAra hI nahIM karatA / isa dRSTi se saccA sAmyavAda bhagavAna mahAvIra ke adhika nikaTa hai / bhagavAna pUjA aura caMdana se nahIM AcaraNa se prasanna hote haiN| jisa arthavyavasthA meM vyaktigata svAmitva nahIM rahe, sabhI vyakti ko jIvikA kA adhikAra ho, vyaktigata munAphe ke liye upabhoktAoM evaM zramikoM kA zoSaNa nahIM ho tathA ausata logoM kI AmadanI meM aMtara kama se kama ho, vahIM vyavasthA ahiMsA ko sthAyitva pradAna kara sakatI haiN| ahiMsA ke liye ahiMsaka artha vyavasthA evaM ahiMsaka rAja-vyavasthA aura ahiMsaka-samAja evaM zikSaNavyavasthA bhI cAhiye / lekina artha mUla meM hai / isalie aparigraha ke binA ahiMsA kI sAdhanA eka divAsvapna hai| yadi hatyA, khUna hiMsA hai to Arthika zoSaNa, Arthika vaiSamya kI vRddhi ko bhI hiMsA hI samajhiye / yuddha meM hiMsA bhI hai unmAda bhI hai, aniyaMtrita saMpatti saMgraha meM hiMsA hai aura mUrchA bhii| dharma-puruSoM ne vyakti kI mUrchA dUra karane ke liye anavarata prayatna kiye, mArksa jora sAmyavAda ne artha vyavasthA se parigraha dUra karane kA yatna kiyA / vyakti to samAja kI IkAI hai / usakI mUrchA yadi dUra nahIM huI to sAmyavAda ko saMgInoM kI chAyA meM rahanA hogaa| isalie vyakti evaM samAja, adhyAtma evaM sAmyavAda kA samanvaya Avazyaka hai /

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nirAmiSa AhAra kA darzana jisa prakAra zaMkarAcArya ne "brahma" aura "mAyA" tathA DraDale ne AbhAsa aura sat (Apperance and Reality) kA vicAra-bheda tattvamImAMsA ke stara para kiyA hai usI prakAra hameM ahiMsA, aparigraha yA nirAmiSa AhAra Adi sAmAjika AdarzoM kI vivecanA karake inake yathArtha aura pASaMDa kA vibheda adhika gaMbhIratA se samajhanA caahiye| arthazAstra meM grezama ke niyamAnusAra jisa prakAra khoTe sikke sacce sikke ko bAjAra se bhagA dene meM samartha ho jAte haiM, usI prakAra ahiMsA aura nirAmiSa AhAra Adi kI avadhAraNAoM ke viSaya meM unakA bAhya aura sthUla hI prabala ho jAte haiM aura unakI AtmA aura vAstavikatA gauNa ho jAtI hai| nirAmiSa AhAra ke bhI do rUpa haiM-sthUla evaM sUkSma / sthUla dRSTi se to nirAmiSa AhAra kA itanA hI artha hai ki maaNsaahaar-tyaag| lekina isakA sUkSma artha itanA hI nahIM hai ki hama AhAra meM AmiSa-bhojana kA tyAga to kareM lekina hamAre mana meM amaitrI kA bhAva ho, hamAre vyavahAra meM zoSaNa pratiSThita ho aura hamAre vacana meM darpa aura kaTatA ho| jisa prakAra eka ora coMTI ko cInI khilAnA yA machaliyoM ko tAlAba meM dAnA denA tathA dUsarI ora behicaka munAphAkhorI, jamAkhorI aura zoSaNa karanA ahiMsA kA parihAsa hai, usI prakAra eka tarapha nirAmiSa AhAra kA vrata lenA aura dUsarI tarapha prapaMca vizvAsaghAta aura viSamatA meM lage rahanA yaha pASaMDa hai| nirAmiSa AhAra kA darzana hai-maitrI bhAva / "satveSu maitrI guNiSu pramoda kilaSTeSu jIveSu kRpA paratve / mAdhyastha bhAva viparIta vRtto sadA mamAtmA vidadhAtu deva // " svAmIraMganAthAnanda ne ThIka hI kahA hai ki bhArata meM hAla ke kaI zatAbdiyoM meM nirAmiSa AhAra saiddhAntika AsthA aura vizvAsa se jyAdA AnuvaMzika evaM pArivArika pracalana ke rUpa haiM, isaliye nirAmiSa AhAra ke sAtha-sAtha anya prANiyoM evaM mAnavoM ke prati atyadhika krUratA kA vyavahAra bhI calatA hai| yaha Atma-virodha hai / isake nirAkaraNa ke liye nirAmiSa AhAra jaba taka jIvana kA mUlya nahIM bana jAegA aura jaba taka yaha naitika aura AdhyAtmika jAgaraNa kA srota nahIM hogA, balki nirAmiSa AhAra eka karmakAMDa banakara raha jaayegaa| vinobAjI ke anusAra nirAmiSa AhAra to bhAratIya brahmavidyA kA vizva ko zreSTha avadAna hai / bhale hI isakA mUlya abhI prakaTa nahIM ho

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114 jainadarzana : cintana-anucintana lekina jaise-jaise mAnava-sabhyatA kA vikAsa hotA jAyegA, isakA mahattva aura bhI adhika prakaTa hotA jAyegA / asala meM nirAmiSa AhAra kA vikAsa mAnava ke vikAsa aura usakI pUrNatA tathA mAnava ke dhArmika aura AdhyAtmika ekatA kI dizA meM bar3hate hue caraNa haiM / rAghavendra svAmI maTha ke zrI sujayendra tIrtha ne kahA hai ki sAtvika hone ke liye sAttvika bhojana apekSita hai aura usake liye nirAmiSa AhAra Avazyaka hai| mAnava vyaktitva se yadi hameM pAzavikatA kA nirmUlana karanA hai to hameM apane AhAra ke liye dUsare prANI ke jIvana lene kA moha chor3anA hogaa| nirAmiSa AhAra kevala AhAra kI hI eka zailI nahIM yaha jIvana kI bhI zailI hai jisakA AdhAra hai ki hama isa pRthvI para Izvara kRta prANiyoM se prema kareM evaM unheM manasA, vAcA, karmaNA kisI prakAra kA kaSTa nahIM pahaMcAyeM / isaliye nirAmiSa AhAra kevala zarIra ko hI nahIM balki mana aura hRdaya ko vizAla udAra evaM prAMjala karatA hai| hama loga jIne ke liye bhojana karate haiM, bhojana ke liye nahIM jIte haiN| ataH AhAra eka sAdhana hai, sAdhya nahIM / isI dRSTi se hameM vaise AhAra kA varaNa karanA cAhiye jo hameM poSaNa dene ke sAtha-sAtha apane vAtAvaraNa se ekAtma kara sake / nirAmiSa AhAra vastutaH hameM usa Adima sabhyatA aura saMskRti kI yAda dilAtA hai jisa samaya hama AkheTa yuga meM jIte the, jisa samaya anna, bAgavAnI, phalamUla Adi kI khetI kA vikAsa nahIM huA thaa| yadyapi jIvazAstra kI dRSTi se manuSya bhI pazu-jagat kA hI eka prANI hai phira bhI usameM buddhi aura hRdayagata sukomala saMvedanAoM kA itanA vikAsa huA hai ki usakA pazu-svabhAva saMyamita aura damita ho jAtA hai| isakI yahI karuNA use apane AhAra ke liye dUsare prANI kA prANa nahIM lene ke liye preraNA detA hai / isaliye nirAmiSa AhAra kevala bhojana-vijJAna nahIM balki mAnava-vijJAna aura saMskRti-vijJAna bhI hai| ___ mAnava meM ananta krUratA ke sAtha aparimita karUNA kI saMbhAvanAyeM haiN| vaha vikRta hokara vizva kA sabase adhika barbara evaM nRzaMsa prANI ho sakatA hai aura susaMskRta hokara karUNA kI pratimUrti bana sakatA hai| yahI hai-prakRti, vikRti evaM saMskRti / AhAra to jIvana ke liye Avazyaka hai kintu hama cAhe kisI prakAra kA AhAra grahaNa kareM, mRtyuMjayI nahIM bana sakate / kintu hamameM aisA bhI kucha tattva hai jo zAzvata, ciraMtana aura sanAtana hai| jise Atma-tattva kahA gayA hai| yaha Atmatattva hamAre AhAra para AdhArita nahIM hai / phira yaha hamAre Upara nirbhara hai ki hama kisa prakAra kA AhAra grahaNa kreN| yahAM hameM saMkalpa svAtaMtrya aura kriyA svAtaMtrya hai| isa taraha yahAM tatva-mImAMsA evaM AcAra-mImAMsA donoM kA samarthana liyA jA sakatA hai / (1) tatva mImAMsIya AdhAra :-yadi hama vizva ke samasta prANiyoM

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nirAmiSa AhAra kA darzana 115 kI ekatA (Unity of life) ke vicAra ko svIkAra kareM to hameM yaha mAnanA hogA ki hameM jaise jIne kA adhikAra hai usI prakAra anya prANiyoM ko bhI jIne kA prAkRtika adhikAra hai| advaita vedAnta kI dRSTi to kAphI UMcI hai jahAM "tattvamasi' evaM "ahaM brahmAsmi' ke siddhAnta ke anusAra brahma evaM jIva kI pUrNa ekatA hai| usa dRSTi se kisI prANI kA vadha vastutaH apanA hI vadha hai| advaita ke pazcAt yadi hama viziSTA dvaita aura IzvaravAda ke dharAtala para Akara soceM to, jIva Izvara kA aMza hai, isaliye vaha utanA hI pavitra hai jitanA Izvara / hara jIva meM jaba Izvara kA AvAsa hai to phira jIva-vadha Izvara-droha hai / jainazAstra ke anusAra bhI yaha vizva hI jIvamaya hai| jisa prakAra Astika mAnasa-"hamameM tumameM khar3aga khaMbha meM vyApta rAma sabameM" yA "IzAvAsya midaM sarvam' kA siddhAnta prastuta karatA hai| jaina tattva mImAMsA ke anusAra bhI ekendriya, dvIndrIya Adi hI nahIM sUkSmatama jIva jise nigoda kahate haiM usase sRSTi avyApta hai / to phira vanaspati, phala-mUla AhAra karane vAle apane ko ahiMsaka kaise kaha sakate haiM ? hamAre zvAsa-prazvAsa meM aneka sUkSma jIva cale jAte haiM, jala meM sUkSma jIva pAye jAte haiM aura sara jagadIza candra vasu ke anusAra to vanaspati jagat bhI jIva-jagat hI hai| vAstava meM ise hama aparihArya hiMsA kaha sakate haiM / sabhyatA ne hameM mAnuSa-bhakSI se pazu bhakSI aura Aja nirAmiSa bhojI banAyA hai / manuSya, pazu-pakSI evaM anya prANiyoM ke liye ciMtA aura AtaMka se bhare isa paramANu yuga meM hameM apane antara kI pravRttiyoM kA avagAhana karanAhogA kyoMki hamArA antara hI hamAre bAhya kA nirmANa karatA hai| mAnava ke bhogya-padArthoM ke vikAsa kA avagAhana bhI anyanta rocaka hai ki hamane kisa prakAra AkheTa yuga se nirAmiSa AhAra yuga taka kI yAtrA kI hai| yaha ThIka hai ki nirAmiSa AhAra kA jIvana darzana evaM prArUpa navInatama hai jisane paramparAgata bhojana ke tattvajJAna ko hI cunautI de DAlI hai| aura prANI ke prati zraddhA pradarzita kara hI mAnava kA AdhyAtmika punarjanma hotA hai / sabhI AdhyAtmika vikAsa ke liye nirAmiSa jIvana-paddhati isaliye bhI apekSita hai ki adhyAtma-jagat meM sabhI prANiyoM kA sthAna hai / AdhyAtmikatA vyaktigata aura sArvadezika cetanA kA guNa hai jisake mAdhyama se vyaktigata cetanA sArvadezika cetanA se ekAtma hotI hai| isase hama sabhI prANiyoM ke prati svataH saMvedanazIla ho jAte haiM / kintu nirAmiSa AhAra kA bhI garva karanA aura AmiSa bhojiyoM se apane ko zreSTha pramANita karane kA prayAsa isake mahattva ko kama kara detA hai| isIliye kevala nirAmiSa AhAra hI AdhyAtmikatA ke liye paryApta nahIM hai balki nirAmiSa AhAra se prApta samagra prANiyoM ke prati prema kA jIvana-darzana jise hama sAttvikatA kahate haiM, Avazyaka hai / sattvaguNa nirmala hone ke kAraNa prakAza karane vAlA, anAmaya

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116 jainadarzana : cintana-anucintana (nirvikAra), hotA hai isaliye usase sukha prApta hotA hai (gItA 14/6,9, 17,18,19) zrI aravinda ke anusAra AhAra ke prati atyadhika Asakti, AturatA evaM svAda-lobha hI isako mahattva detA hai| yogI isa Asakti para vijaya prApta karake kevala zarIra rakSA ke liye AhAra grahaNa karatA hai / isa AhAra-Asakti para vijaya pAne ke liye usa samagra ciraMtana cetanA ke prati sacetana honA hogA aura phira mano-jagat se Atma yA adhyAtma-jagat meM praveza kreNge| zrI ramaNa maharSi ne bhI mana meM sAttvika pravRttiyAM jAgRta karane ke liye sAttvika AhAra para bala diyA hai jisake bAda hI hama AtmajJAna kI ora abhimukha ho sakate haiN| 2. dhArmika AdhAra isAI dharma ke saMta thAmasa ekvInAsa ke viSaya meM kahA jAtA hai ki unhoMne duniyA ke anya sabhI prANI manuSya ke upayoga ke liye sRjita mAne haiM kyoMki kevala manuSya meM AtmA hai, anya prANiyoM meM nahIM / kintu unake pravacana 12.10 meM kahA gayA hai "eka dharmapriya vyakti apane pazuoM kI ciMtA rakhatA hai|" phira isAiyA (Book of Isaiah) spaSTa kahatA hai-"jo eka baila kI hatyA karatA hai mAno vaha manuSya kI hI hatyA karatA hai jenesisa (Genesis 1:29)meM AkarSaka DhaMga se kahA gayA hai "maiMne vanaspati Adi diye haiM aura vRkSa meM phala hai jo kisI prANI ke mAMsa ke badale hI hai|" pratyeka dharmaguruoM ne prANa-siddhAMta ko dhyAna meM rakhakara prema evaM karuNA kI bAteM kahIM haiM / Aja to aneka musalamAna bhI halAla kI krUratA se vyathita hokara usakA pAlana nahIM karate / bauddha dharma ke anusAra mahAkarUNA ke nirmANa se hI bodhicitta taiyAra hotA hai jo nirvANa yA bodhisattva ke liye Avazyaka hai| bhagavAna buddha ke paMcazIla meM ahiMsA ko prAthamikatA hai hii| laMkAvatAra sUtra meM sundara DhaMga se kahA gayA hai ki manuSya yA pazu sabhI prANI eka hI parivAra ke sadasya haiN| bhagavAna buddha ne to yahAM taka kahA ki yadi mAMsa khAnA hai to khAo kintu dharma evaM Izvara ko isameM mata ghsiitto| saMta tiruvalluvara ne tirukurala ke do adhyAyoM ke 10-10 sUktiyoM meM jIva-hiMsA evaM mAMsa-bhakSaNa kA niSedha kiyA hai| hindU dharma meM veda-upaniSad gItA Adi sabhI jagaha sAtvika jIvana evaM sAttvika AhAra ke nimitta nirAmiSa-bhojana kA mahattva batAyA gayA hai| chAndogya upaniSad meM "Azraddhau sattva zuddhiH" gItA meM "sattvaM sukhe sajayati," (14/9)evaM manusmRti meM dharma ke cAroM vargoM ke dharma meM ahiMsA (10/63) ko mahattva diyA hI hai / jaina dharma meM to ahiMsA kI parAkASThA hI hai / asala meM jo dharma naitika mUlyoM se vilaga hai, vaha vyartha hai aura nyAya

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nirAmiSa AhAra kA darzana 117 evaM karUNA kI mAMga hai ki hama apane AhAra ke liye kisI prANI kI jAna na leM / hama apane AdhyAtmika jIva evaM anya prANiyoM ko apanA AkheTa mAnaleM-yaha dharma nahIM ho sakatA / jaba eka prANI ko zUlI para car3hAyA jAtA hai to sampUrNa sRSTi hI zUlI para car3hatI hai| mAMsAhAra meM ghRNA evaM yuddha ke bIja chipe haiM / yadi hama pUche ki Akhira "pazu kisa liye bane ?" to kyA hama yaha nahIM kaha sakate ki "manuSya kisake liye haiM ?" jo vedoM meM mAMsAhAra siddha karanA cAhate haiM ve bhUla jAte haiM ki "yasmin sarvANi bhUtAni Atmaiva bhUta vijAntA" (yajurveda 40/7) "mitrasya mA cakSuSA sarvANi bhUtAni samIkSantAm", "mA hiMsehi puruSam" (yajurveda, 16/3) "imaM mA hiMsera dvipAdaM pazu" (yajurveda 12/46)," "are gohA narAH badho vo astu" (Rgveda 8/56/17), 1/1 11/10), "yathA mAMsaM yathA sUrA yathA yakSAH abhidevane (atharva, 1/6/70) Adi ko bhI dekhA jAya to bhrama nirasana ho jAya / 3. naitika AdhAra dharma aura naitikatA eka hI sikke ke do pahala haiN| phira bhI zAstroM evaM jIrNa-zIrNa dhArmika paramparAoM meM yadi kahIM mAMsAhAra ko prazraya bhI mila jAtA hai to usakA nirAkaraNa hama naitika dRSTi se kara sakate haiN| isaliye rAjagopAlAcArI apanI maulika zailI meM nirAmiSa AhAra ke liye koI AhAra-vijJAna athavA svAsthya-vijJAna kI ora se tarka denA hI bhUla mAnate haiM / unakA to kahanA hai ki ise hameM vizuddha naitika AdhAra para dekhanA cAhiye jahAM krUratA kI jagaha karUNA, ghRNA ke sthAna para dayA, kurUpatA ke badale sundaratA kA vidhAna hai| gAMdhIjI kA bhI kahanA hai ki nirAmiSa AhAra pArIra ko puSTa karatA hai yA nahIM, isase adhika mahattva isako denA cAhiye ki yaha naitika zakti kA saMvarddhana karatA hai / ahiMsA ke vrata ko apane AhAra ke liye parityAga karanA ho to anaitikatA hai| nirAmiSa AhAra pratyakSa rUpa se hamAre bhAvoM-saMvegoM para niyamana karanA sikhAtA hai / nirAmiSa AhAra ahiMsA kA hI AyAma hai / jaba kucha loga kahate haiM ki sRSTi meM eka vyApaka AhAra-cakra hai / eka prANI dUsare prANI ko apanA AhAra banAtA hai / isa tarka kA khaMDana karate hue prAcIna yUnAnI dArzanika paithAgorasa kahate haiM"bAgha evaM siMha ke liye AkheTa unakI prakRti hai kintu manuSyoM ke liye yaha vilAsitA aura aparAdha hai / "saMskRti kA prathama Adeza hai ki" tuma krUra mata bano / saMskRti kI sarvottama naitikatA to yahI hai ki hama jo apane liye dUsaroM se vyavahAra kI apekSA rakhate haiM, vahI hama dUsaroM ke liye bhI kareM / " thAmasa nyUTana ne kahA hai ki pazuoM ke prati krUratA kevala mUrkhatA hI nahIM yaha Izvara kA apamAna hai / rAbarTa iMgarazola ne kahA hai ki yadi hama kisI ke

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118 jainadarzana : cintana-anucintana vicAroM ko badalanA cAhate haiM to hameM usake zarIra ko pariSkRta karanA hogaa| mAMsAhAra manuSya ke liye anivArya nahIM hai, yahI isake naitika AdhAra ke liye paryApta hai / manuSya paramparA evaM Adata ke kAraNa abhI mAMsAhAra karatA hai jisakA aba vikalpa hai / yaha saMbhava hai ki hajAroM hajAroM varSa pUrva kRSi Adi kA AviSkAra nahIM huA hogA tomanuSya bhale hI AkheTa para rahatA ho lekina aba to mAMsAhAra usakI anivAryatA nahIM balki usakI vilAsitA hai / Aja to pRthvI ke kisI kone meM jahAM khetI bAr3I kA abhAva ho, vahAM bhI yAtAyAta ke druta sAdhanoM se paryApta anna bhejA jA sakatA hai| anna kA utpAdana bhI manuSya kI AvazyakatAoM ko pUrNa kara sakatA hai| yadi anivAryatA rahatI to naitikatA kA prazna nahIM AtA kintu jahAM svataMtrecchA hai to hamAre Upara nirbhara hai ki hama krUra baneM yA karUNAvAna baneM / hiMsA evaM prANiyoM ke pratAr3anA ke bIca anusyUta sambandha hai aura isase yuddha kA bhI saMbaMdha hai / vinavuDarIDa ne apanI pustaka "mAnava jAti kA bhaviSya'' meM likhA hai ki mAMsAhAriyoM ke viSaya meM AnevAlI pIr3hI usI prakAra se heya dRSTi se dekhegI jisa prakAra hama manuSya bhakSI yuga ko dekhate haiM / DIna iMga ne to kahA hI hai ki unnIsavIM sadI kA yaha sabase bar3A AviSkAra hai ki manuSya evaM pazu eka hI parivAra ke haiM ataH pazuoM ke prati bhI hamArA naitika dAyitva hai / 4. mAMsAhAra aura saundarya bodha __ mAMsAhAra aura saundarya bodha mAno Atma-virodhAtmaka zabda hai| sauMdarya jIvana aura jIvanadAna meM hai, prANa-hatyA meM nhiiN| jIvana prakRti hai, jIvana kA nAza vikRti mAnanA cAhiye / isaliye to sauMdarya bodha kI dRSTi se mAMsAhAra kurUpatA hai, vikRti hai| udAharaNa ke taura para kisI kalAtmaka sauSTava se saje bhavana meM praveza kareM jahAM phUla-pattiyAM parihAsa kara rahe hoM, evaM cir3iyAM Adi cahaka rahI hoM, vahIM yadi bhojana kI meja para pazu-pakSiyoM ke mAMsa evaM haDDiyAM, thAliyoM meM dIkha par3eM to vahAM kA sArA sauMdarya hI kSatavikSata ho jAtA hai / gurUdeva ne usI samaya mAMsAhAra tyAga karane kA saMkalpa le liyA thA jaba vadha karane ke liye ghora anicchA se le jAyA jAne vAlA pazu-badhikoM ke paMje se bhAga nikalA kintu phira use pakar3a lAyA gyaa| "stanacyuta bhIta pazu kraMdana" se hI mahAkavi kI AtmA jhaMkRta ho gyii| niyati kA kaisA vyaMga hai ki jaba koI pazu yA pakSI mara jAtA hai to hamArA svAbhAvika ciMtana yahI hotA hai ki use jaldI apane pAsa se haTAkara daphanA deM kintu mAre gaye pazuoM ke mAMsa pakAkara hama kaI dinoM taka phrIja meM rakhakara khAte rahate haiM / zAyada yaha kurUpatA kI parAkASThA hai| TAlasTAya ne apane saMsmaraNAtmaka nibaMdhoM meM apane nirAmiSa hone ke sambandha meM likhA hai ki

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nirAmiSa AhAra kA darzana hama mAMsAhAra ke dvArA apanI antanihita ananta sahAnubhUti evaM karUNA Adi kI AdhyAtmika zaktiyoM ko kSINa karate haiM aura vyartha hI krUratA kA prazikSaNa lete haiM / kisI prANI ko kaSTa nahIM denA, yaha mAnaba kI svAbhAvika vRtti hai kintu mAMsAhAra isa vRtti ko kuMThita karatI hai / merI veba (golDana eroja) ne ThIka hI kahA hai ki sauMdarya to sampUrNa prakRti meM hai, kevala mAMsa ke bAjAroM meM nahIM / DA. eca. ke loga ne kahA hai ki yaha ajIba bAta hai ki koI mRta pazu se hama ghRNA karate haiM kintu bUcar3a kI dUkAna meM marA huA pazu apane bhojana ke liye zauka se kharIdate haiN| prAcIna bhAratIya RSiyoM ke atirikta yUnAna ke saMta dArzanika sukarAta ne yaha batAyA thA ki gaNataMtra kA Adarza kisa taraha anyAya evaM hiMsA se grasita ho jAyegA yadi hama anAvazyaka jIvana-sAdhanA meM lgeN| mAMsAhAra bhI anAvazyaka hI hai| apalAtU (427347 IsA pUrva) saMta basIla (320-379 I0 pUrva), saMta jeroma (340-420 IsAbda), saMta agastIna (354-430), cero sthoma (346-406) aura kaviyoM sAhityakAroM meM saimyula Telara kolarija, lauMgapelo, milTana, kUpara, zeksapiyara, zelI, varDasvartha, romAM rolA, jArja barnArDazA, maiMTara liMka Adi ne jo karUNA mUlaka gIta gAye haiM, ve sauMdarya bodha kI dRSTi se mAMsAhAra kA varjana karate haiN| yUnAnI dArzanika (pithAgorasa) 570-470 I0 pU0) ne 19-20 varSa kI avasthA meM hI mAMsAhAra tyAga diyA jisake phalasvarUpa kama sone para bhI unakA zarIra svastha, buddhi prAMjala evaM AtmA meM sAttvikatA evaM zAMti rhii| 5. Arthika AdhAra phuDa enDa nyUTrIzana borDa kI rASTrIya zodha pariSad ne yaha siddha kiyA hai ki mAMsAhAra vAle vyaktiyoM ko nirAmiSa vyaktiyoM kI tulanA meM chaH gunI adhika jamIna caahiye| mAMsAhAra ke liye pazuoM ko cArA ugAne ke liye Aja kama se kama 300,000,000 ekar3a acchI jamIna para koI paidAvAra nahIM hotii| mAMsa ke niryAta kI tAtkAlika artha lolupatA ke pIche dUravartI vipannatA bhI jhAMkatI rahatI hai| Aja bhI anna upajAkara hI hama bhArata varSa meM apanA khAdya saMkaTa dUra kara pAye haiM na ki mAMsAhAra se / aneka zodhoM se yaha pramANita ho cukA hai ki kRSi, phala-phUla Adi ke saMvarddhana se hI hama deza kI khAdya samasyA kA hala kara sakate haiM / isa saMdarbha meM mejara janarala maikkarIzana, DaoN. Ayaka roDa, DA. vI. ena. paTavardhana, DA. eca. e. pI. Adi ke prAmANika zodha hamAre mArgadarzaka haiN| ataH yaha to hamArI sAmAjika Arthika anivAryatA hai|

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jainadarzana : cintana-anucintana 6. svAsthya vijJAna kI dRSTi sthAnAbhAva se isa vaijJAnika satya ke viSaya meM hama itanA hI kaha sakate haiM ki hamAre zarIra evaM pAcana yaMtra kI banAvaTa mAMsAhAra ke upayukta nahIM haiM / mAMsAhAra se prAyaH yakSmA, TAiphAyaDa bukhAra Adi aneka rogoM kA saMkramaNa ho jAtA hai / prAkRtika jIvana ke liye to mAMsAhAra Avazyaka to nahIM hI hai, sulabha pAcana Adi kI dRSTi se yaha bAdhaka bhI hai| tulanAtmaka zarIra racanAzAstra kI dRSTi se bhI nirAmiSa AhAra upayogI hai| Ayurveda evaM prAkRtika cikitsA meM to isIliye mAMsAhAra kA niSedha hai| phira svAsthya kI kalpanA zArIrika, mAnasika evaM AdhyAtmika tInoM hai / nirAmiSa AhAra aura vizeSa kara sAtvika AhAra se zarIra svastha, mana prasanna evaM hRdaya zuddha rahatA hai / mAMsAhAra ke sAtha-sAtha dhIre-dhIre madyapAna Adi kA bhI abhyAsa hone lagatA hai| mAMsAhAra uttejanA paidA karatA hai evaM usameM Alasya bhI / udAharaNa svarUpa jo prANI mAMsAhArI haiM ve jaldI thakate haiM, jabaki jo nirAmiSa pazu jaise hAthI, UMTa, ghor3e Adi kAphI majabUta hote __ jaba hama pazu evaM mAnava svAsthya ke vyApaka saMdarbha meM vicAra karate haiM to hameM yaha mAnanA hogA ki mAnava-kalyANa meM pazuoM kA bhI yogadAna hai / AvazyakatA isa bAta kI hai ki donoM ke bIca saMtulita sambandha sthApita kiyA jAya / manuSya, pazu evaM paryAvaraNa ke sAmaMjasyapUrNa sambandha na kevala mAnavasvAsthya ke liye balki usake mAnasika evaM sAmAjika svAsthya ke liye bhI Avazyaka hai / hRdaya roga-Ayoga ne yaha anuzaMsA dI hai ki hRdaya roga se bacane ke liye zuddha pauSTika nirAmiSa bhojana anukUla hai / sAmiSa bhojiyoM ke bIca kaiMsara apekSAkRta adhika hotA hai| sabase khataranAka bAta hai ki mAMsAhAra ke mAdhyama se pazu kA roga manuSyoM meM A jAtA haiM / mRta pazu kA mAMsa pAcana zakti para adhika kAma detA hai / vadha ke samaya pazu kA bhaya, cintA, udvignatA Akroza Adi usake rakta-srAva ko prabhAvita karate haiM aura unase hama bhI prabhAvita hote haiM / zarIra racanA zAstra yaha batAtA hai ki mAnava zarIra mAMsAhArI pazuoM kI taraha nahIM hai| isakI aMtar3iyA apekSAkRta bahuta lambI hotI haiM / Adamasmitha (veltha Apha nezana) ne nirAmiSa bhojana ko sarvAdhika svAsthya prada batAyA hai| 7. nirAmiSa AhAra aura vizvazAnti prakRti, pazu-pakSI aura mAnavoM ke bIca eka atisambandha hai| ina lInoM kI samagratA jaba chinna-bhinna kI jAtI hai to vyavadhAna hotA hai| isase imeM karUNA aura sahAnubhUti kA padArtha pATha prApta hotA hai| jaba hama eka pazu

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nirAmiSa AhAra kA darzana 121 pakSI kI jAna bhI lenA galata samajheMge to hameM mAnavIya hiMsA meM to aura bhI saMkoca honA cAhiye / isase mana meM bhI zAnti milatI hai aura jaba mana meM zAnti hogI to bAhara bhI zAMti kA vAtAvaraNa bnegaa| vijJAna ne zarIra ko bhale tRpta kiyA ho lekina mana azAMta hai evaM AtmA pyAsI hai| nirAmiSa AhAra hamAre mAnasika tanAva ko dUra karane kI dizA meM upayogI hai / jaba taka hama mAnasika tanAva se mukta nahIM hoMge, hama zAnti kA svapna nahIM dekha sakate / yadi yuddha kI yojanA hamAre mastiSka meM banatI hai to zAMti kI racanA bhI hamAre mastiSka meM hogii| nirAmiSa AhAra zAnti ke jIvanadarzana para AdhArita hai / Aja vizvazAMti isaliye mRga marIcikA ho rahI hai ki hama cAhate haiM zAnti lekina Ayojana karate haiM yuddha kaa| mAMsAhAra bhI prakRti meM nirdoSa, mUka evaM nirbala pazuoM ke Upara mAnavoM kA krUra yuddha hI hai| yahI bhAvanA jaba Upara hotI hai to vaha mAnava-yuddha kA rUpa dhAraNa kara letA hai / ahiMsA kI bhAvanA hI nirAmiSa AhAra kA tattva-darzana hai| ahiMsA mAtA kI goda ke samAna samasta prANiyoM ko abhaya pradAna karane vAlI hai, isa zabda kI madhuratA ke svAda se hI prANiyoM ke paraspara vaira bhAva kA upazama hotA hai, usase hRdaya ko zAMti milatI hai phira vizvazAnti saMbhava ho jA sakatI hai| aMtaH zAntiH bahizAMtiH /

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nirAmiSa AhAra aura paryAvaraNa yaha durbhAgya hai ki "nirAmiSa AhAra' ko hama kisI "dhArmika niSThA" yA "bhUtadayA" Adi kI bhAvanA se jor3akara hI dekhate haiN| vastutaH nirAmiSa-AhAra mAtra AhAra kA prazna nahIM, yaha eka jIvanazailI kA pratIka hai / isameM saundarya bodha bhI hai, evaM adhyAtma kA AdhAra bhii| svAsthya kI dRSTi se yaha adhika upayukta hai to isake balavatI Arthika AdhAra bhI haiM / lekina isakI sarvAdhika nikaTatA kA sambandha paryAvaraNa evaM paryAvaraNa zAstra se hai / Aja paryAvaraNa kI samasyA mAnava-astitva ke liye sabase bar3I cunautI hai yadi tulanAtmaka dRSTi se kahA jAya to paramANu bama se mAnavatA ko jitanA khatarA hai, usakI apekSA paryAvaraNa vinAza se saikar3oM gunA adhika saMkaTa hai / isaliye paryAvaraNa ke prati cintA kAphI bar3hI hai| yaha cintA dinoM-dina thor3I bahuta mAnavIya bhI hotI jA rahI hai| paryAvaraNa kA sambandha hamArI saMskRti, paramparA, sAhitya evaM kalA, arthanIti, samAja se hI nahIM balki hamAre pUre astitva se hai| bhopAlakANDa to pradUSaNa niyaMtraNa ke anuttaradAyitva kI parAkASThA hai| kintu paryAvaraNa vinAza ke aneka sUkSma evaM adRzya prakriyAoM meM hamArI pUrI upekSA karatI huI hamArI prAkRtika saMpadA luTatI jA rahI haiM / hara sAla bhArata meM 10 lAkha hekTeyara jaMgala naSTa ho rahe haiM, jIvanadAyinI nadiyoM ke udgama sthala parvata mAlAoM ko naSTabhraSTa kiyA jA rahA hai, nadiyoM ke jala bar3e-bar3e bAMdhoM meM kaida kiye jA rahe haiM / Arthika unnati evaM vaijJAnika prabandha ke nAma para vana, cArAgAha, nadI, tAlAba Adi kA saMgaThita rUpa se durUpayoga kiyA jA rahA hai| jaba taka samAja apanI prAkRtika saMpadA ke sAtha apane sambandha phira se paribhASita nahIM karegA aura usase jur3e loga prakRti kI sAra-saMbhAla phira se apane hAthoM meM nahIM leMge, taba taka usakI rakSA asaMbhava hai / lekina paryAvaraNa-saMrakSaNa ke liye eka vizeSa sAmAjika-saMskRti evaM eka viziSTa jIvana-paddhati Avazyaka hai| mUla prazna hai ki manuSya kA prakRti se kaisA sambandha hogA ? kyA hama usake sAtha maMtrI kA sambandha rakheMge yA usake sAtha saMgharSa kara usakA zoSaNa karate raheMge ? santa va. bekara (kanADA) ne jo "vRkSa-pUjaka" kahe jAte the, kahA ki maiM vRkSa kI isaliye pUjA karatA hUM ki usameM mujhe jIva kA darzana hotA hai| Aja duniyA meM

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nirAmiSa AhAra aura paryAvaraNa 123 itanI paratI bhUmi nahIM hai ki hama usase pazuoM ko khilA sakeM aura phira unhIM pazuoM ko khAkara jiiyeN| harItimA pRthvI kA AvaraNa yA tvacA ke samAna hai / vizva ke tIsa biliyana ekar3a bhUmi meM se 9 viliyana registAna bana cuke haiN| jisakA artha hai lagabhaga eka tihAI bhUmi nirvastra yA tvacA vihIna lahu-luhAna hai / jisa manuSya ke zarIra kA eka tihAI camar3A udher3a diyA gayA ho, usakI mRtyu anivArya hai / usI prakAra vRkSoM evaM vanoM ke rUpa meM pRthvI kI eka tihAI camar3I udher3I jA cukI hai isIliye usakA aMta nikaTa hai| Aja prakRti evaM manuSya ke bIca kA saMgharSa vinAza ke kagAra para pahuMca cukA hai| rAsAyanika dravyoM ne kIr3e-makor3e ko vinaSTa kara ddaalaa| kheta-khalihAna, bAga-bagIce, jaMgala, sabjI evaM phala Adi sabhI cIjoM para kITanAzaka davAoM kA itanA chir3akAva huA hai ki sampUrNa prANI jagat kA hI uccheda hotA jA rahA hai| pradUSaNa ke madhya meM hama jI rahe haiN| pRthvI ko hamane rAsAyanika urvarakoM se nirjIva kara diyA hai, vAyu bhI pradUSita ho cukI hai, jala, bhojana Adi saba cIjeM pradUSita to haiM hii| audyogika pratiSThAnoM se jo viSAkta dravya bAhara Ate haiM, unase vanaspati evaM prANI-jagat pralayakArI vinAza ke mukha meM jA rahA hai| paryAvaraNa ke jAgatika saMkaTa kA sAmanA karane ke liye yaha Avazyaka ho gayA hai hama jIva-jagat ke saMrakSaNa para dhyAna deN| nirAmiSa AhAra ahiMsA-bhAvanA kI hI abhivyakti hai jo jIva aura jIvana ke prati Adara evaM niSThA kA bhAva hai| nirAmiSa AhAra kA naisargika jIvana se svataH sambandha ho jAtA hai / jisa prakAra nirAmiSa jIvanadarzana "jIo aura jIne do' kI bhAvanA para AdhArita hai usI prakAra paryAvaraNa bhI isa darzana para Azrita hai| prakRti meM anekAneka jIva evaM udbhija haiM / hameM prakRti ke sAdhanoM kA itanI nirdayatA se upayoga nahIM karanA cAhiye ki paryAvaraNa kI kSati ho| prakRti, mAtA kI taraha itanI udAra hai ki vaha hamArI saccI AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti kara detI hai, hAM hamAre bhoga kI adamya lAlasA ko vaha bhale nahIM pUrA kare yA use pUrA karane meM paryAvaraNa ko kSati pahuMce / prakRti meM manuSya, pazu-pakSI evaM vanaspati kA eka aTUTa sambandha hai| mAnava hI apane lobha-lAlaca ke liye isa saMtulana ko bigAr3a detA hai| pazu evaM mAnava kA sAnnidhya saMskRti kA paramparAgata zAzvata satya hai| pazu-pakSI mAnava ko kevala utpAdana evaM bhojana prApti meM hI nahIM balki kaI prakAra ke manovaijJAnika manoraMjana Adi bhI pradAna karate haiN| donoM ke bIca eka saMtulita sambandha rakhanA eka jaivika AvazyakatA hai| akhila amarIkI svAsthya saMgaThana

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124 jainadarzana : cintana-anucintana bhI mAnava, pazu evaM paryAvaraNa ke bIca sAmaMjasyapUrNa sahaastitva banAne evaM use kAyama rakhane kA prayatna kara rahA hai| [dekhiye per3oM acA kA lekha"e bailensDa rilezanazipa'' 'varlDa kAnphresa Ana ahiMsA, enImala proTekzana enDa hayUmaina nyUTrIzana, pR0 7-10] isI kAMphreMsa meM jeDaneka bhatyAsa (lekhaenimalsa enDa maina, vahI, pR0 1-7) meM bhI yahI darzAyA hai ki mAnava-svAsthya evaM kalyANa bahuta kucha pazuoM para AdhArita hai| zrI esa0 ema0 jaina ne apane lekha (phAresTa phAra phuDa enDa DevalapameMTa' pR0 12-18, vahI) meM yaha siddha kiyA hai ki jaMgaloM ke kaTa jAne se bhU-kSaraNa hotA hai, miTTI meM namaka kA prAdhAnya hone se vaha anuvarraka hotI hai / 7000 hajAra varSa pUrva eziyA mAinara evaM mizra meM sabhyatA AyI kintu jaMgaloM ke vinAza ke kAraNa vaha registAna meM parivartita ho gyii|" vizva svAsthya saMgaThana kI "vizva svAsthya' nAmaka patrikA meM bhI mAnava evaM pazu ke bIca sAmaMjasyapUrNa sambandha mAnava-svAsthya evaM paryAvaraNa saMrakSaNa ke liye bhI jarUrI hai / (vahI, pR0 23-24) Arthika dRSTi se bhI nirAmiSa AhAra evaM paryAvaraNa kA atyanta ghaniSTha sambandha hai / yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki yadi pazuoM ko khAyA nahIM jAe to pazuoM kI tAdAda atyadhika ho jAegI aura manuSya ko hI bhUkhA rahanA hogaa| yaha ThIka hai ki Aja manuSya apane svArtha ke liyo apanI AvazyakatAoM se bahuta adhika mAMsa dene vAle pazuoM ko pAlate haiM jinase prakRti kA vinAza hotA hai| yaha samajhanA cAhiye ki jitanI jamIna kI bhojana ke liye eka manuSya ko AvazyakatA hotI hai, usase kahIM adhika jamIna eka jAnavara ko cAhiye / ausata DhaMga se eka nirAmiSa AhArI vyakti ko yadi 1 ekar3a jamIna kI jarUrata hotI hai to mAMsAhArI ko 6 ekar3a, kyoMki vaha to pazuoM kA mAMsa khAtA hai aura pazu-pAlana ke liye manuSya kI apekSA kahIM adhika jamIna caahiye| isa dRSTi se khAdya saMkaTa evaM bar3hatI AbAdI kI samasyAoM ke samAdhAna ke liye nirAmiSa AhAra para vicAra jarUrI hai| manuSya kI dIrghakAlIna bhalAI ke liye paryAvaraNa kI rakSA Avazyaka hai / "dImaka se lekara zera taka sabhI binA kisI ko coTa pahuMcAye jIne kA gura jAnate haiN| inhIM kI taraha loga bhI apane nikaTatama paryAvaraNa se jur3akara binA use nukasAna pahuMcAye jIne kI kalA jAnate rahe haiM / " (hamArA-paryAvaraNa dillI : gAMdhI zAMti pratiSThAna, 1988, pR0 225) mAMsAhAra ne bhI isa santulana ko bigAr3A hai / yaha kahanA ki jAnavaroM ke mAMsa se proTona milatA hai isaliye usakA bhakSaNa ho, galata hai| poSaNa zAstrI aba isa bAta para sahamata ho gaye haiM ki vanaspati aura jAnavaroM se prApta proTIna meM koI bheda nahIM hai / usase asvastha jAnavaroM ke mAMsa bhakSaNa kA kuprabhAva hamAre snAyu

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nirAmiSa AhAra aura paryAvaraNa 125 taMtra para bhI par3atA hai| mRtyu pUrva tathA matyu ke samaya jAnavara bhAvanAtmaka tanAva ke caramotkarSa para hote haiN| ina jAnavaroM ke mAMsa ko tanAva kAraka hAramona, laikTika amlatayA Taiksika vyakta padArthoM se yukta rakta milatA rahatA hai jisase ki pakAye gaye mAMsa meM surucipUrNa sugaMdha kA nirmANa hotA hai / asala meM mAnava aura prakRti ke bIca kA sambandha itanA nAjuka hai ki hama vanaspati pazu-pakSI-mAnava ko alaga-alaga kara saMtulana nahIM rakha sakate haiN| nirAmiSa AhAra kevala jaivika hI nahIM sAmAjika-Arthika anivAryatA hai| dakSiNa eziyA evaM kendrIya amerikA kI ghanI AbAdI vAle ilAkoM meM nirAmiSa AhAra hI ekamAtra upAya raha gayA hai kyoMki jAnavaroM ko rakhane ke liye jyAdA jamIna kI jarUrata hogii| (DaoN0 subrahmaNyaM, kA lekha 1991 vizva nirAmiSa kAMgresa, 1967, pR0229) phira mAMsAhAra kI pravRtti bar3hane para yAMtrika kRSi ko protsAhana milegA aura yAMtrika kRSi kA artha hai DIjala-mobila kI khapata aura usase vAyu-pradUSaNa / yahI nahIM jaba yAMtrika kRSi hogI to rAsAyanika khAda aura phira kIr3e mArane ke liye taraha-taraha ke rAsAyanika evaM jaharIlI davAoM kA prayoga na kevala vAtAvaraNa ko pradUSita karegA balki usa jamIna para upajane vAle dhana-dhAnya, phala-phUloM saba ko viSAkta kara deNge| phira to hajAroM-hajAroM meMr3haka mareMge, anaginata miTTI ke kIr3e-makor3e samApta ho jAyaMge jo kisI na kisI rUpa meM prakRti saMtulana meM sahAyaka hote haiM / mRta jAnavaroM kA mAMsa aksara bhojana meM viSAktIkaraNa paidA karatA hai / viSAkta bhojana kA tIna cauthAI hissA pazu-AhAra meM pAye jAne vAle jIvANuoM ke kAraNa dUSita hotA hai| sAlonelA ke kucha jIvANu pramukha rUpa se bhojana ko viSAkta karane ke liye jimmedAra hote haiM jo jaldI marate nahIM / yaha durbhAgya ki bAta hai ki mAMsAhAra ke kAraNa idhara jaba vizva kI AdhI AbAdI annAbhAva se bhUkhI rahatI hai, udhara vizva ke anna kA AdhA bhAga jAnavaroM ko khilAyA jAtA hai ki unakA mAMsa bhojana ke liye prApta ho ske| rASTrIya zodha pariSad kI khAdya evaM poSaNa samiti ne hisAba karake yaha batAyA hai ki per3a-paudhe vAlI phasala ke liye hameM nizcita kailarI-zakti prApti ke liye jitanI bhUmi cAhiye, pazuoM kA mAMsa prApta karane ke liye usase chaH gunI cAhiye / jAnavaroM ko carane ke liye jo phasala lagAye jAte haiM, unheM turanta ukhAr3anA par3atA hai yA unheM mavezI cara jAte haiM, jabaki yadi vahAM vRkSAdi lagAye jAyeM to jamIna bacegI aura jaldI kharAba nahIM hogii| isa prakAra bhI mAMsAhAra paryAvaraNa kA saMkaTa paidA karatA hai / jAnavara ke mAMsa ke lobha meM hama jamIna kA kSaraNa karate haiM evaM vRkSAdi nahIM lagAkara pRthvI ko registAna banAne ke duScakra meM phaMsate haiM /

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jainadarzana : cintana - anucintana upasaMhAraH -- dalAIlAmA ne kahA ki apanI jihvA ke svAda ke liye nirdoSa prANiyoM kA badha sacamuca eka sAMskRtika aparAdha hai / hara prANI ko apanI jAna pyArI hotI hai / phira mAMsAhAra ke binA bhI to manuSya jIvita raha hI sakatA hai / jisa dina khir3akI se eka murgI ko pakar3ane vAle se jAna bacAne ke liye betaraha parezAna hokara bhAgate dekhA, gurudeva kI karUNA jAgRta huI aura usI dina se ve nirAmiSa AhArI bana gaye / jArja banArDazA ke anusAra AdhyAtmika manovRtti kA vyakti kabhI bhI mare hue prANiyoM kA mAMsa nahIM khAegA kyoMki isake binA bhI usake jIvana kI rakSA kI jA sakatI hai| ataH vaijJAnika, Arthika, naitika, AdhyAtmika evaM sauMdarya bodha dRSTiyoM se nirAmiSa AhAra zreyaskara hai / bhaviSya bhI nirAmiSa AhAra kA hI hai kyoMki pRthvI kI pAMca araba janasaMkhyA ko hama jisa bhojana para pAla raheM haiM, vaha saMbhava nahIM / bar3hatI huI mAnava AbAdI yadi mAMsAhAra kI ora adhika pravRtta hogI to pazuoM ke liye adhika jagaha cAhiye / Adamasmitha ne apanI prakhyAta pustaka "veltha Apha nezansa" meM kahA thA ki pazuoM ko khilA pilAkara unheM apane bhojana ke liye taiyAra karanA atyanta anupayogI hai / mAMsAhAra para pRthvI kI itanI AbAdI ko adhika dinoM taka pAlana karanA muzkila hai / 126 nirAmiSa AhAra mAnava ko nisarga se jor3atA hai isIliye nisarga kI rakSA bhI isase jur3I huI hai / manuSyoM kA AhAra jitanA hI adhika kanda, phala, mUla, zAka-sabjI para AdhArita hogA, paryAvaraNa kA saMkaTa kama hotA jaaegaa| sabhyatA ke nAma para jaba-jaba aura jahAM-jahAM hamane prakRti para atyAcAra kiye haiM, usa sabhyatA kA nAmonizAna miTa gayA hai / pRthvI marUbhUmi meM parivartita ho gayI / varSA rUTha jAtI hai / bhUmi kSaraNa hone lagatI hai aura mAnava-astiva kA saMkaTa bar3ha jAtA hai /

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khaNDa-4 samAja evaM saMskRti

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samanvaya kI sAdhanA meM jaina-saMskRti kA yogadAna samanvaya bhAratIya saMskRti kI sarvocca sAdhanA rahI hai / gurudeva ravIndra nAtha ne bhArata ko mAnava-saMskRtiyoM kA sAgara kahA hai aura isa puNya-tIrtha meM mAtA ke maMgalaghaTa ko bhara dene ke lie saboM kA AhvAna kiyA hai / sAdhanA jitanI hI zreSTha hotI hai, usakI yaMtraNA utanI hI dussaha hotI hai| isalie bhArata ko isa samanvaya-sAdhanA ke hetu samaya-samaya para apAra yaMtraNA sahanI par3I hai / lagatA hai, samanvayarUpI amRta prApta karane ke lie garala pAna karanA hI hotA hai| __ zAyada, samanvaya hamArI saMskRti kI anivAryatA hai / hamArA rUpa-raMga bhASA-veza-bhUSA, rasma-rivAja, dhArmika AsthA aura vizvAsa Adi kabhI bhI eka jaisA nahIM rhaa| AryoM evaM anAryoM ke bIca saMgharSa calane ke bAda hI hamArI jIvana-paddhati ne nirNaya kiyA hogA ki samanvaya hI mAnava-jIvana kA mAdarza ho sakatA hai / phira to AryoM evaM dravir3oM ke saMyoga se eka bhavya bhAratIya saMskRti kA nirmANa huaa| isI taraha paura aura jAnapada saMskRtiyoM ke sAtha utkRSTa AraNyaka-saMskRti kA bhI hama para prabhAva par3A / araNya ke sAtha sambandha hone se vRkSa, vanaspati kA guNadharma mAlUma hone para AhAra aura Arogya meM prAkRtika vastuoM kA upayoga bddh'aa| candra kiraNoM ke vanaspati para hone vAle prabhAvoM kA sUkSma adhyayana aura pazu tathA manuSyoM ke bIca mUlabhUta ekatA kI ora dhyAna bhI gayA aura anubhava huA ki sarvatra eka hI caitanya hai| zAyada, yahIM para hameM ahiMsA kA sAkSAtkAra huaa| mAMsAhAra kA parityAga kara hamane pazu-jagat aura mAnava-jagata ke bIca samanvaya kI dizA meM eka prabhAvakArI kadama bar3hAyA hai / isakA artha yaha nahIM ki samAja meM eka varga ke dvArA dUsare kA zoSaNa banda ho gayA yA brAhmaNoM aura kSatriyoM ke bIca yuddha hue hI nahIM yA yajJa ke nAma para pazuoM kI bali nahIM huii| lekina logoM kA samanvaya svabhAva prema sahayoga, kSamA aura sahiSNutA kA hI rahA / sAma, dAma, bheda aura upekSA Adi bhAjamAne ke bAda hI daMDa kA prayoga hotA thaa| AkramaNakArI zakazIthiyana, gurjara, pratihAra Adi ko bhI hamane apanI saMskRti meM samAveza kara liyA / hamane kisI deza ke bhU-bhAga ko jItane ke lie kabhI AkramaNa nahIM kiyaa| AkramaNakAriyoM ko bhI bAra-bAra kSamA kiyaa| hamAre yahAM jitane yuddha hue ve prAyaH antara-antara ke hue, jinameM rAjAoM ke IrSyA-dveSa, lobha aura mahattvAkAMkSA ke bIca saMgharSa thaa| samAja kA bahuta bar3A bhAga to achUtA

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130 jainadarzana : cintana-anucintana hI raha jAtA thaa| kabhI-kabhI do bar3I-bar3I senAoM ko yUddhAgni meM jhoMkane ke badale donoM pakSoM ke do pradhAna vIroM ke bIca hI dvandva-yuddha se vijaya-parAjaya kA nipaTArA karA liyA jAtA thA / bhIma-jarAsaMgha ke bIca isI prakAra ke dvandva yuddha se do jAtiyoM kA vigraha baca gayA / saMkSepa meM, bhAratIya saMskRti ne vigraha TAlakara samanvaya kI sAdhanA ke aneka prayatna kie haiN| deva-nirmANa kI prayogazAlA meM bhI bahudevavAda ke antargata asaMkhya devoM kA jala-thala-nabha ke anusAra vargIkaraNa, "trimUrti" evaM "vizvedevA" kI kalpanA aura phira "ekadeva prajApati" evaM "vizvakarmA' kA sRjana aura aMta meM "eka sadviprA bahudhA vadanti" kahakara advaita taka pahuMcanA hI samanvaya-sAdhanA kI parAkASThA hai / Adya zaMkarAcArya ne paMcAyatana-pUjA meM sabhI devI-devatAoM kI pUjA kA antarbhAva kara tathA pIche madhyayugIna saMtoM ne sarva-dharma samabhAva kI bhAvanA ko upasthita kara vastutaH Atmaupamya bhAva yA vizvAtmaikya bhAva prakaTa kiyA hai / aura to aura, bhAratIya saMskRti meM isI prakAra veda aura Izvara tathA AtmA kI sattA ko spaSTa asvIkAra karane vAle bhagavAn buddha ko tathA jaina dharma ke janmadAtA bhagavAn RSabhadeva ko avatAra (zrImadbhAgavata, 5 / 2-6 aSTama avatAra) ke rUpa meM svIkAra karanA samanvaya-sAdhanA ko dizA meM hI eka udAtta prayAsa hai| lekina bhAratIya saMskRti ko to bhagavAn RSabhadeva ne mAno samaya kA samagra-darzana hI pradAna kara diyaa| samasta AtmAoM ko svataMtra paripUrNa aura akhaMDa maulika dravya mAnakara apanI taraha samasta jagat ke prANiyoM ko jIvita rahane kA samAna adhikAra svIkAra karanA hI ahiMsA ke sarvodayI svarUpa kI zikSA hai / vicAra ke kSetra meM ahiMsA ko mAnasarUpa meM pratiSThita karane ke lie anekAMta AyA jo vastu-vicAra ke kSetra meM dRSTi kI ekAMgitA aura saMkIrNatA se utpanna hone vAle matabhedoM ko haTAkara mAnasa-samanvaya utpanna hotA hai jisase vItarAga citta kI udbhAvanA ke lie anukUlatA paidA hotI hai| isI taraha vacana kI nirdoSa tathA anekAMta ko abhivyakta karanevAlI bhASAzailI ke rUpa meM syAdvAda vAcanika-samanvaya kI sAdhanA kI hI abhiyaMtraNA hai, jahAM svavAcya ko pradhAnatA detA huA anya aMzoM kI upekSA nahIM hotii| isIlie to dharmatIrthaMkaroM kI syAdvAdI ke rUpa meM stuti kI jAtI dharmatIrthakarebhyo'stu syAdvAdibhyo namonamaH / RSabhAdi mahAvIrAntebhyaH svAtmopalabdhaye // laghIyastrIya zloka 1 ahiMsA kI sAdhanA bhAratIya-saMskRti ke lie naI nahIM hai lekina jaina saMskRti ne ahiMsA ko ni:zreyasa ke sAdhanoM meM ise sabase pramukha mAnakara isakA

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samanvaya kI sAdhanA meM jaina-saMskRti kA yogadAna 131 mahattva bar3hA diyA / mImAMsA Adi vaidika darzanoM meM hiMsA pradhAna yajJa yAgAdikarma ko sAdhana mAnakara ahiMsA kI upekSA kara dI gayI thI / zramaNa-saMskRti sAdhya ke sAtha sAdhana kI zucitA para bhI jora detI thI isIlie brAhmaNa aura zramaNa saMskRtiyoM ke paraspara zAzvata virodha para pataMjali ko apane mahAbhASya meM " ahi-nakula" aura "go-vyAghra" kI upamAyeM denI pdd'iiN| khaira, yaha jaina saMskRti kI ahiMsA - bhAvanA kA hI prabhAva hai ki brAhmaNa paramparA meM yajJIya hiMsA kA samarthana kevala paramparAgata carcA kA viSaya mAtra raha gayA hai lekina loka vyavahAra meM yajJIya - hiMsA prAyaH lupta hokara "sarvabhUtahite ratAH " ke mUlya para avasthita rahI / RSabhadeva ke samAna hI kapila aura pataMjali dvArA jisa "Atmaupamya" bhAvanA tathA tanmUlaka ahiMsA-dharma kI pratiSThA kA poSaNa huA hai usameM advitIya samAnatA hai / brAhmaNa-saMskRti ne tapa dvArA aura zramaNa saMskRti ne citta-zuddhi dvArA sAmyasiddhi mUlaka ahiMsA kI pratiSThA kI hai / isIlie brAhmaNa-purANoM meM RSabhadeva kA ugra tapasvI ke rUpa meM tathA jaina vAGmaya meM kapila kA atyadhika ullekha hai / isa prakAra sAmya siddhi mUlaka ahiMsA ko samanvaya dharma ke rUpa meM donoM ne svIkAra kiyA hai jisa zAkhA ne sAmya-siddhi ke lie aparigraha para adhika jora diyA hai| parivAra taka ke baMdhana ko ahiMsA yA pUrNa sAmya kI siddhi ke lie vyavadhAna mAnA, vahI nirgrantha nAma se prasiddha huI / inhIM ke pravartaka neminAtha evaM pArzvanAtha hue| asala meM pUrNa prANabhUta sAmya vRddhi hI ahiMsA kA AdhAra hai / jaina zruta rUpa meM dvAdazAMgI yA caturdazapUrva meM "sAmAiya" (sAmayika ) kA sthAna prathama hai jo AcArAMga sUtra kahalAtA hai / isameM sAmya-siddhi ke lie sama, zama aura zrama para bala diyA jAtA hai / jisa prakAra saMdhyA vaMdana brAhmaNa paramparA kA Avazyaka aMga hai usI prakAra jaina paramparA meM gRhastha evaM tyAgI saboM ke lie cha: Avazyaka karma haiM jinameM mukhya "sAmAiya" hai - "sAmAiya" hai-- karemi bhaMte sAmAiyaM / " sAtavIM sadI meM suprasaddhi jaina vidvAn jina bhadragaNI ne "sAmAiya" kI pratiSThA ke lie " vizeSAvazyaka bhASya" nAmaka graMtha likhakara dharma ke aMgabhUta zraddhA, jJAna aura caritra-tInoM ko hI 'sAmAiya" batAyA / brAhmaNa-paramparA meM bhI sAmyadRSTi ke pratIka ko "brahma" kahakara sAmyamUlaka AcAra-vicAra ko brahmacarya kahA hai / bauddha paramparA meM maitrI muditA, karuNAdi bhAvanAoM ko hI brahma vicAra mAnA gayA hai| dhammapada (bAhmaNavagga - 26) evaM mahAbhArata ke zAntiparva kI taraha jaina (uttarAdhyayana, 25) meM samatva karane vAle zramaNa ko hI brAhmaNa kahakara zramaNa aura brAhmaNa ke bIca samanvaya karane kI ceSTA kI gayI hai / yaha sAmyaya-dRSTi hI jaina saMskRti kA hRdaya hai jo vicAra - vANI aura

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132 jainadarzana : cintana-anucintana vyavahAra meM abhivyakta karane kI koziza kI gayI hai| vyavahAra-sAmya :-jaina saMskRti kA saba AcAra-vyavahAra sAmyadaSTi mUlaka ahiMsA ke pAsa hI nirmita huA hai| manuSya, pazu-pakSI kITa-pataMga hI nahIM, vanaspati aura pArthiva jalIya Adi sUkSmAtisUkSma prANiyoM taka kI hiMsA se Atmaupamya yA prANabhUta ahiMsA bhAvanA ko coTa pahuMcatI hai| isIkI vyavasthA ke lie jaina paramparA meM cAra vidhAyeM phalita huI haiM, jinake AdhAra para hI jJAna prApta kara hama AcAra kI ahiMsA sAdha sakate haiM ---Atma-mImAMsA, karma-mImAMsA, caritra-mImAMsA evaM loka-mImAMsA / (ka) Atma mImAMsA-AtmA kA vicAra jaina darzana meM upaniSad vedAnta ke brahma kI taraha hI sarvagrAhI hai| jIva-samAnatA ke saiddhAntika tAttvika vivecana ko jIvana-vyavahAra meM yathAsaMbhava utAranA hI ahiMsA hai / sRSTi ke kaNa-kaNa meM AbhA vyApta hai to phira hiMsA kA sthAna hI kahAM hai ? yadi samAnatA kI anubhUti hI nahIM ho to phira sAmya kA siddhAMta hI jhUThA hai| AcArAMga meM kahA hI gayA hai ki "jaise tuma apane duHkha kA anubhava karate ho, vaisA hI para-duHkha kA anubhava kro|" upaniSad aura vedAnta bhI ahiMsA kA samarthana advaita ke AdhAra para karatA hai kyoMki sAre jIva brahma ke rUpa haiN| sarvaM khalu idaM brahma ! IzAvAsyamidaM sarvam / "tattvamasi, ahaM brahmAsmi' to khaira advaita kI parAkASThA hai| lekina viziSTAdvaita meM bhI jIva Izvara kA hI aMza hai / advaita-paramparA jIva-bheda ko mithyA mAnakara ahiMsA kA udbodhana karatI hai / jaina paramparA meM jIvAtmA kA vAstavika bheda svIkAra kara bhI tAttvika rUpa se saboM ko eka mAnakara ahiMsA-dharma ko pratiSThita kiyA jAtA hai| (kha) karma mImAMsA-prazna hai jaba tAttvika rUpa se saba jIva samAna haiM to phira unameM viSamatA kyoM hai ? isa prazna ke uttara ke lie hI karmavAda lAyA gayA hai| jaisA karma hogA vaisA phala milegA / vartamAna kA nirmANa atIta ke AdhAra para tathA anAgata kA nirdhAraNa vartamAna ke AdhAra para hogA / yahI kAryakAraNavAda bhI hai| yahI pUrvajanma evaM punarjanma kA AdhAra hai| apane evaM parAye kI vAstavika pratIti na honA hI jaina dRSTi se darzana-moha hai jise sAMkhya-bauddha-advaita paramparA meM avidyA yA ajJAna kahA gayA hai| yadyapi rAgadveSa hI hiMsA ke preraka haiM lekina sabakA yahI ajJAna yA avidyA yA darzana-moha hai / AtmA jaba apane svarUpa ko samajha nahIM pAtA hai to vaha rAga-dveSa ke kAraNa hiMsA karatA hai| (ga) caritra mImAMsA-caritra kA uddezya AtmA ko karma se mukta karanA hai| karma aura AtmA kA sambandha anAdi hai hI para vyaktigata rUpa se yaha sambandha sAdi aura sAnta sA hai / AtmA ke sAtha karma ke prathama sambandha

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samanvaya kI sAdhanA meM jaina-saMskRti kA yogadAna kA prazna vyartha hai / jaina paramparA kI taraha hI use nyAya-vaizeSika-sAMkhya-yogavedAnta-bauddha saboM ne mAna liyA hai| brahma ke sAtha mAyA, AtmA ke sAtha avidyA kA sambandha anAdi hai / sarvathA karmamukti se hI AtmA kA pUrNa zuddha rUpa prakaTa hotA hai| sarvathA karma chUTa jAne se AtmA kA bhAsvara evaM zuddha svarUpa prakaTa ho jAtA hai evaM rAga-dveSa jar3a se mukta ho jAtA hai / isa taraha cAritrya kA kArya vaiSamya ke kAraNoM ko dUra karanA hai jo saMvara, nirjarA Adi haiM / AdhyAtmika jIvana kA vikAsa antara cAritra ke vikAsa-krama para nirbhara hai / jaina paramparA meM caudaha guNasthAna meM bahirAtmA, antarAtmA aura paramAtmA tIna kAya haiM / aMtima bhUmikA meM rAgadveSa kA uccheda ho jAtA hai aura ahiMsA tathA vItarAgatva prakaTa hotA hai / (gha) loka-mImAMsA :-jaina paramparA meM cetana aura acetana ke paraspara prabhAva kA hI yaha saMsAra hai| jaina paraMparA nyAya-vaizeSika kI taraha paramANuvAdI hai kiMtu isakA paramANu nyAya-vaizeSika kI taraha kUTastha nahIM balki sAMkhya kI taraha pariNAmI hai| eka hI prakAra ke paramANu se saba taraha kI cIjeM banatI haiM aura vaha itanA sUkSma hai ki sAMkhya kI prakRti kI taraha avyakta ho jAtA hai| jaina paraMparA kA anaMta paramANuvAda prAcIna sAMkhya sammata puruSa bahuttva rUpa prakRti bahuttvavAda se bahuta dUra nahIM hai| jaina paraMparA sAMkhya-yoga-mImAMsA kI taraha loka-pravAha ko anAdi anaMta mAnatI hai| yAnI kartA, saMhartA rUpa se Izvara jaisI sattA ko nahIM mAnA gayA hai| pratyeka jIva apanI-apanI sRSTi kA Apa hI kartA aura apanA hI muktidAtA hai / isa taraha tAttvika dRSTi se pratyeka jIva meM Izvara bhAva hai / 2. vicAra meM sAmya : anekAnta : jaina paraMparA vicAroM kI satyalakSI saMgraha hone ke kAraNa kisI bhI vicAra saraNI kI upekSA nahIM karanA cAhatI hai| yahI kAraNa hai vicAra vikAsa ke lie saMgrahanaya rUpa se brahmAdvaita vicAra ne bhI sthAna prApta kiyA hai| isI taraha RjusUtranaya rUpa se bauddha kSaNikavAda tathA vaibhASika, sautrAntika, vijJAnavAda aura zUnyavAda-ina cAroM prasiddha bauddha zAkhAoM kA saMgraha huaa| saMkSepa meM anekAMta-dRSTi itanI sarva-saMgrAhaka hai ki isameM samanvaya kI apUrva kSamatA hai| yahI usakA hRdaya hai / jaina paraMparA meM satya prakAzana kI zailI kA hI nAma anekAMta hai| anekAMta ke mUla meM do tattva haiM--pUrNatA aura yathArthatA / jo pUrNa hai aura pUrNa hokara bhI yathArtha rUpa pratIta hotA hai, vahI satya kahalAtA hai| eka to vastu svarUpa itanA saMzliSTa hai ki usakA bhI kAlabAdhita jJAna saMbhava nahIM aura yadi ho bhI jAya to usakA kathana karanA

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138 jaina darzana : cintana - anucintana kaThina hai / hama apanI dRSTi se yathArtha kA varNana kara sakate haiM lekina vaha apUrNa hI hogA / ataH satyadarziyoM meM bhI bheda to hoMge hI kyoMki ve saba apUrNa haiM / isalie rAga-dveSa se mukta hokara tejasvI madhyastha bhAva rakhakara niraMtara jijJAsA karate jAnA evaM virodhI pakSoM para Adara pUrvaka vicAra karanA tathA apane pakSa kI bhI tIvra samAlocaka dRSTi rakhanA aura aMta meM apanI prajJA se virodhoM kA samanvaya karanA evaM jahAM apanI bhUla ho vahAM mithyAbhimAna parityAga kara Age bar3hanA cAhie / anekAMta se do siddhAMta phalita hue - nayavAda aura saptabhaMgI / vicAra kI vibhinna paddhatiyoM ko samanvaya karane kA kAma nayavAda karatA hai aura kisI vastu ke viSaya meM pracalita virodhI kathanoM kA samanvaya saptabhaMgI kA kAma hai / lekina durbhAgya hai ki udAratA kI parAkASThA para pahuMcakara satya ko prakAzita karane vAle isa anekAMta darzana ko bhI jainetara vidvAnoM ne sAmpradAyika svarUpa meM grahaNa kara use khaMDana karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai / bAdarAyaNa ne to "naikasmin asaMbhavAt" (212/33) sUtra kI racanA kara DAlI, jisa para zaMkara, rAmAnuja se lekara DA0 rAdhAkRSNana evaM paM0 baladeva upAdhyAya taka vedAMta ke AcAryoM ne digbhramita bhASya kara DAle / phira to vasubandhu, diGnAga, dharmakIrti, prajJAkara gupta, arcaTa, zAMtirakSita Adi prabhAvazAlI bauddhoM ne bhI anekAMtavAda para nirmama prahAra kiyA hai| phira to jaina vicArakoM ko AtmarakSA ke lie unakA sAmanA karanA hI thA / isI taraha eka pracaMDa vicAra-saMgharSa kA janma huA aura anekAMta dRSTi kA tarkabaddha vikAsa huA / lekina khaMDana-maMDana ke bAvajUda bhI anekAMta dRSTi kA bhAratIya saMskRti para vyApaka prabhAva par3A / jaina - virodhI prakhara AcArya rAmAnuja ne mAyAvAda ke virodha meM bhale hI upaniSad kA sahArA liyA lekina viziSTAdvaita ke nirUpaNa meM anekAMta - dRSTi kA upayoga kiyA / brahma cit bhI hai, acit bhI aisA soca vastutaH anekAMta dRSTi kA hI paricAyaka hai | puSTimArga ke puraskartA vallabha ne zuddhAdvaita meM aura nimbArka ne dvaitAdvaita meM dvaita aura advaita donoM kA samanvaya kiyA--yaha bhI samanvayakAriNI anekAnta dRSTi hI hai / yoM to veda-upaniSad kI bhI vivecanA kI jAya to unake vacanoM ko samajhAne ke lie anekAMta - dRSTi kA hI sahArA milegA / nAsadIya sUkta meM jagata ke kAraNa ko "na sat, na asat" kahA gayA hai / zAyada zabda meM itanI zakti nahIM ki usa paramatattva ko prakAzita kara sake / kahIM para asat se sat kI sRSTi banane kI bAta hai " - sadeva somyedamagra AsIta - chAndogya 6 / 2 IzAvAsya meM to isa parama tattva varNana meM 'tadejati tannaijati, tadUre tadvanti ke " adi kahakara aura bhI spaSTa kiyA gayA hai / pippalAdaRSi ke anusAra prajApati se sRSTi huI ( praznopaniSad 1 / 3 / 13), kisI ke anusAra jala, kisI

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samanvaya kI sAdhanA meM jaina-saMskRti kA yogadAna 135 ke anusAra vAyu, agni, AkAza, prANa ko vizva kA mUla kAraNa mAnA gayA hai / (bRhadAraNyaka 55 1, chAndogya, 83, kaTha, 21519 chAndogya 1/9/1, 1 / 11 / 5 aadi| ina saboM kA artha hai ki vizva ke kAraNa kI jijJAsA se aneka matavAdoM kA prAdurbhAva huA jisakA spaSTa saMketa veda-upaniSad meM milatA hai / matoM ke isa jaMjAla ko bhI samanvaya karane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai mAno jaise sabhI nadiyAM samudra meM vilIna ho jAtI haiMudadhAdiva sarvasindhavaH samudIrNAstvayi sarvadRSTayaH / na ca tAsu bhavAnudIkSyate pravibhaktAsu saritsvivodadhiH // - siddhasenadvAtriMzikA, 4 / 15 buddha ke vibhajyavAda aura madhyama pratipadA ke siddhAMta para bhI hama anekAMta dRSTi kA sparza pAte haiM jaba ati ke madhya meM rahane kA Adeza milatA hai / zAzvatavAda aura ucchedavAda, Adi dvandvoM ke bIca samanvaya kiyA gayA hai / bhagavAn buddha dvArA loka saMjJA, loka Asakti, loka vyavahAra eka loka-prajJapti kA Azraya lene kA spaSTa saMketa hai / buddha ne kahA hai - he mANavaka ! maiM yahAM vibhajyavAdI hUM, ekAMzavAdI nahIM / " ( majjhimanikAya - sutta 99 ) / bhagavAn buddha kA vibhajyavAda kucha maryAdita kSetra meM thA kiMtu mahAvIra kA kSetra vyApaka thA / isI kAraNa vibhajyavAdI hote hue bhI bauddha darzana anekAMta kI ora kAphI agrasara huA hai / mahAvIra ne vibhajyavAda kA kSetra vyApaka banAyA hai| evaM virodhI dharmoM ke aneka aMtoM ko eka hI kAla meM aura eka hI vyakti meM apekSAbheda se ghaTAyA hai / isI kAraNa vibhajyavAda kA artha anekAMtavAda yA syAdvAda huA / virodhI dharmoM ko svIkAra karanA vibhajyavAda kA mUlAdhAra hai| jaba ki tiryag aura UrdhvatA donoM prakAra ke sAmAnyoM ke paryAyoM meM virodhI dharmoM kA svIkAra karanA anekAMtavAda kA mUlAdhAra hai / ata: isa dRSTi se anekAMtavAda vibhajyavAda kA hI vikasita rUpa hai / buddha kI samanvaya - bhAvanA siMha senApati ke saMvAda se spaSTa hotI hai jaba unhoMne apane ko "akriyAvAdI aura kriyAvAdI" donoM batAyA / ( vinaya piTaka, mahAvagga - 6 / 31) vyavahAra meM anekAMta kA upayoga nahIM hone kA pariNAma hai hiMsA kA vistAra | anekAMta aura usakI AdhArabhUta ahiMsA kA hI pariNAma hai ki jaina anya kaI dharmoM kI taraha kabhI bhI vistAravAdI nahIM banA / jJAna, vicAra, AcaraNa aura vANI ke kisI bhI eka viSaya ko kevala saMkIrNa dRSTi kI apekSA aneka dRSTiyoM se aura adhika se adhika mArmika rIti se vicArane aura AcaraNa karane kA jaina-saMskRti ne Agraha rakkhA hai / vastutaH anekAMta jaina - saMskRti kI jIvana-paddhati hai jo sabhI dizAoM se khulA eka usake Age-pIche, bhItara-bAhara sarvatra hI satya kA prabhAva hai / mAnasa - cakSu hai / ataH yaha koI

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jainadarzana : cintana-anucintana kalpanA nahIM paraMtu satyasiddha tattvajJAna hai| jIvita anekAMta pustakoM meM nahIM, jIvana meM milegA jaba hama dUsare viSayoM ko saba ora se taTastha rUpa se dekhane, vicArane aura apanAne ke lie prerita hoNge| vicAroM kI jitanI taTasthatA, spaSTatA, nispRhatA adhika hogI, anekAMta kA bala utanA hI adhika hogaa| hameM yaha socanA cAhie ki samanvaya jIvana kI eka anivArya vivazatA hai / lekina binA samajha-bUjhe yA dUsaroM kI dekhA-dekhI se lAyA jAne vAlA anekAMta na to tejasvI hogA, na usameM prANa hI hogaa| ataH hameM mAnasa ahiMsA ke rUpa meM bhanekAMta ko svIkAra kara samanvaya kI sAdhanA ko tejasvI banAnA caahie| vizva kA vicAra karane vAlI do paraspara bhinna dRSTiyAM haiM-eka hai sAmAnyagAminI dRSTi, dUsarI hai vizeSagAminI dRSTi / sAmAnyagAminI dRSTi zurU meM to sAre vizva meM samAnatA dekhatI hai aura dhIre-dhIre abheda kI ora jhukate-jhukate ekatA kI bhUmikA para AtI hai, jabaki vizeSagAminI dRSTi kevala vibheda hI vibheda dekhatI hai / bhedavAda-abhedavAda, sadvAda-asadvAda, nirvacanIyavAda-anirvacanIyavAda, hetuvAda-ahetuvAda Adi kA samanvaya anekAMta-dRSTi se saMbhava hai| pratyeka yuktivAda amuka-amuka dRSTi se amuka -amuka sImA taka apane ko satya mAnatA hai| isa prakAra se sabhI yuktivAda vAstavika haiM, hAM apanI-apanI apekSA se / yadyapi vaidika darzana ke nyAya-vaizeSika, sAMkhya-yoga, vedAMta aura bauddha-darzana meM kisI eka vastu ke vividha dRSTiyoM se nirUpaNa kI paddhati tathA aneka pakSoM ke samanvaya kI dRSTi hai, kiMtu unameM pratyeka pahalU para saMbhAvita samagra dRSTi biMduoM se eka mAtra samanvaya meM hI vicAra kI paripUrNatA mAnane kA dRr3ha Agraha jaina-paraMparA kI apanI vizeSatA hai| isalie syAdvAda ko vizvavijetA niSkaMTaka rAjA kahA gayA hai| "evaM vijayini niSkaMTake syAdvAdamahAnarende / " Rgveda kA vacana "eka sad viprA bahudhA vadanti" (11164 / 46) vastutaH samanvayakArI anekAMta kA bIja vAkya hai| jo bhI ho, hameM mAnanA hogA ki jaina-darzana ne prameya kA svarUpa utpAda, vyaya aura dhrauvya yAnI vilakSaNA pariNAmavAda ko mAnakara tattvamImAMsA ke kSetra meM eka viziSTa samanvayavAda upasthita kiyA hai| yahI nahIM AcAra-pradhAna jaina dharma ne tattva jJAna kA upayoga bhI AcAra-zuddhi ke lie hI kiyA hai| isI lie tarka jaise zuSka zAstra kA upayoga bhI jainAcAryoM ne samanvaya ke lie kiyA hai / dArzanika saMgharSa evaM vAda-vivAda ke yuga meM bhI samatA, udAratA maura samanvaya-dRSTi kI jaina tAkika paraMparA meM adbhuta abhivyakti milatI hai| hemacaMdra ne kahA hai bhavabIjAMkurajananA rAgAdyAH kSayamupAgatA yasya / brahmA vA viSNurvA haro vA jinovA namastasmai //

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samanvaya kI sAdhanA meM jaina-saMskRti kA yogadAna 137 137 haribhadra to aura bhI adhika pragalbha dIkhate haiM pakSapAto na me vIro na dvaSaH kapilAdiSu / yuktimadvacanaM yasya tasya kAryaparigrahaH / / asat meM jaba vastu sthiti kI anantadharmAtmakatA, mAnavIya jJAna kI dukhada sImAyeM, zabda kA atyalpa sAmarthya tathA abhiprAya kI vividhatA kA jaba vicAra karate haiM to usakA nirUpaNa karanA koI sAmAnya kArya nhiiN| isI liye jainoM ne AcAra meM ahiMsA, vicAra meM anekAMta, vAdAdi meM syAdvAda tathA samAja meM aparigraha----ye cAra staMbha mAne jina para unakA sarvodayI bhavya prAsAda khar3A hai / jaina darzana kI bhAratIya darzana ko yahI dena hai ki isane vastu ke virAT svarUpa ko sApekSa dRSTikoNoM se dekhanA sikhAyA, sAvadhAnI pUrvaka sApekSa bhAva se bolanA sikhAyA aura hara jIva ko jIne kA samAna adhikAra mAnA, saboM ke sAtha ahiMsA kA vyavahAra sikhAyA tathA samAja meM samatA ke lie aparigraha btaayaa|

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vijJAna aura adhyAtma kA samanvaya vijJAna aura adhyAtma ke viSaya meM sAmAnya manobhAva yahI hai ki vijJAna ke dvArA hameM bAhya jagat kA aura adhyAtma ke dvArA antarjagat kA jJAna prApta hotA hai / lekina vijJAna kI samyaka dRSTi to yahI hai ki 'vijJAna' kA artha hai "viziSTa jJAna', isaliye isameM bAhya jagat evaM antarjagat donoM kA jJAna abhinihita hai / asala meM mUla meM hai 'vaijJAnika -dRSTi', jisameM hama suvyavasthita evaM kramabaddha avagAhana evaM dohana karate haiM / vijJAna ne bAhya jagata ke rahasyoM ke bhedana meM jitanA samaya aura zakti dI hai, utanA antastattva kI khoja meM nahIM diyA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki mAnava-prakRti kA bahulAMza abhI bhI gahana andhakAra meM hai| zAyada vijJAna apane utkarSa kI cakAcauMdha meM yaha bhUla gayA thA ki mAnava kArya-siddhi ke liye bhale hI anekoM upayukta sAdhanoM kI khoja karatA rahA hai lekina eka bhI sAdhana svayaM manuSya ke samAna nahIM hai| mAnavatulyaM naikamapi sAdhanam / mAnava parama puruSArtha hai| yUnAnI dArzanika proTAgorasa ne to kahA hI thA---Man is the measure of all things. vyAsa ne bhI kahA -"na hi zreSThataraM kiMcit mAnuSAt / " TilahArDa (The Phenomenon of Man), haksale (Man in the Modern World), elaksisa kairala (Man the Unknowing), yuMga (Modern Man in Search of Soul) evaM mArksa Adi Adhunika vidvAnoM ne mAnava kI bhUmikA aura mahattva avagAhana karane para atyadhika jora diyA hai| phira bhI hama vijJAna-viruddha nahIM ho sakate / jo vijJAna-viruddha hai, vaha jJAna nahIM, ajJAna aura andhavizvAsa hai / jo vijJAna-viruddha hai, vaha tarka-viruddha hai aura tarkaviruddha hama ho nahIM skte| jo tarka nahIM karatA hai, vaha andhavizvAsa aura rUr3hiyoM meM jakar3A huA hai, jo tarka nahIM kara sakatA hai vaha mUrkha hai aura jo tarka karane kA sAhasa nahIM karatA vaha dAsa-vRtti kA vyakti hai / isIliye jo vijJAna yA tarka-viruddha hai, usake liye kahIM koI avasara nahIM hai| vaha asatya evaM bhrama hai| kintu kucha cIjeM aisI haiM jo tarka-viruddha nahIM haiM lekina tarka se pare haiN| isaliye jo tarka se pare hai, vaha na to vijJAna-viruddha hai na tarkaviruddha / isI taraha jo vijJAna se pare hai, vaha tarka-viruddha yA jJAna-viruddha nahIM hai| isakA sabase bar3A udAharaNa to yaha hai ki vijJAna evaM tarka kI upayogitA evaM mahattva ke prati AsthA aura vizvAsa svayaM vijJAna evaM tarka se Upara hai| sabhI bAteM tarkAdhArita honI caahiye| sabhI vijJAna sammata hone

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vijJAna aura adhyAtma kA samanvaya cAhiye, yaha to eka prakAra kA dhArmika vizvAsa jaisA hI hai| isa tathya ko hAijanavarga ne apanI pustaka (Physics and Beyond, Encounters and Conversations, Harper end Row, 1971) meM acchI taraha pratipAdita kiyA hai| DA0 renara jAnasana jaise vizva vikhyAta padArtha vaijJAnika ne yaha spaSTa kara diyA ki pAzcAtya jagat meM pracalita vaijJAnika bhautikavAda kI mAnyatAeM Aja utanI vizvasanIya nahIM rahIM kyoMki garbhAzaya meM jIva-vikAsa aura smRti Adi ke tathyoM kI saMtoSaprada vyAkhyA nahIM ho pAtI hai| reDiyodharmitA kI sakriyatA evaM prakAza puMja meM vyavadhAna Adi kI bAteM isako siddha karatI haiM / unhoMne to batAyA ki sabhI prakAra kI prAkRtika ghaTanAoM meM kisI prakAra kI cetanA parilakSita hotI hai (Behind all the phenomena of Nature, psychical fields are in existence) vijJAna koI gavAkSahIna-jagata yA paripUrNa-tattva nahIM hai| isIliye Aja "parAmanovidyA" se prApta anusaMdhAnoM ko bhI dhyAna se dekhanA cAhiye jisa para pichale 50 varSoM meM bar3e-bar3e vaijJAnika-manovaijJAnikoM ne anveSaNa evaM prayoga kiye haiN| isa sambandha meM rAina, soela, kairiMgaTana , Terila, marphI Adi ke nAma draSTavya haiM jinhoMne iMdriyetara pratyakSa (Extra-Sensory Perception) jaise avadhi-jJAna (clairvoyance or clairaudience), manaHparyaya (Telepathy) Adi ke anekoM prayoga pradarzita kiye haiN| inameM iMdriyoM kI snAvayika-mAMsapezIyavyavasthA ke binA bhI jJAna prApta hotA hai| isake atirikta viziSTa puruSoM kI rahasyAnubhUtiyoM kI bhI vyAkhyA karane meM vijJAna ke prastuta upakaraNa akSama rahate haiN| vijJAna aura adhyAtma kA dvandva dhIre-dhIre samApta ho rahA hai| vijJAna ne 18 vIM zatAbdI padArthoM kI ekatA (Unity of Matter) sthApita karane meM lagAyI aura unnIsavIM sadI meM zaktiyoM kI ekatA (Unity of Energy) sthApita karane kA upakrama huaa| bIsavIM sadI ke pUrvArddha meM jaba paramANu ke vidyut-kiraNoM kA vikhaMDana-kArya sampanna huA to padArtha aura zakti (Matter and Energy) kI ekatA sthApita ho gayI hai| jIvana aura ajIvana, jar3a aura cetana kI sImA-bhUmi para abhI taka andhakAra ke AvaraNa par3e hue haiN| hAM, yaha sImA-rekhA itanI kSINa ho gayI hai ki kevala proToplAjma kI banAvaTa meM sikur3a gayI hai / aba to kRtrima garbhAdhAna evaM "parakhanalI zizu" ke prayogoM ne isa vibhAjana rekhA ko aura bhI kSINa kara diyA hai| cetana aura acetana kI sImAntaka rekhA ko samApta karane kA puruSArtha eka navIna vizva-darzana kI prasava pIr3A hai| lenina ke samaya hI vidya t-kaNa ke AviSkaraNa ke kAraNa Thosa evaM

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140 jainadarzana : cintana-anucintana sthAna gherane vAle paramANu kI avadhAraNA dhvasta ho gayI thI to logoM ko lagA ki bhautikavAda kI jar3a hI kaTa gayI / lenina ne spaSTIkaraNa kiyA thA ki dArzanika maiTara kA usa maiTara se koI tAlluka nahIM jo sthAna gheratA hai yA jisakA vajana hai / dArzanika maiTara to eka saMpratyaya (concept) hai jisakA artha hai ki mAnava cetanA ke bAhara vastu kI svataMtra sthiti / yaha sthiti mUla meM taraMgamaya hai yA Thosa, isakA dArzanika maiTara se bahuta matalaba nhiiN| apanI pustaka (Materialism and Empirio Criticism Page-84) meM lenina ne spaSTa kahA hai ki jJAna kI pragati ke krama meM 'maiTara' kA jo bhI rUpa prastuta hogA, dArzanika maiTaravAdI use hI svIkAra kreNge| zrI araviMda ne isI ko dUsare zabdoM meM kahA ki maiTara indriya jJAna se pare hai / sAMkhya ke pradhAna kI taraha yaha mUla-tattva bhI saMpratyaya rUpa hI hai| zrI aravinda ke anusAra Aja hama aisI jagaha para pahuMca gaye haiM, jahAM mUla tattva aura mUla zakti ke rUpa meM kevala kAlpanika vibheda raha gayA hai| lAipha DivAina, bhAga-1 pR0-67 ke anusAra yoM to prAcIna kAla se adhyAtma citana meM jar3a-cetana ke advaita kI bhAvanA nikalatI thI kintu usa yuga ke vijJAna kI avikasita dhArA meM yaha zakti nahIM thI ki isake lie dRr3ha AdhAra mila sake, isIliye "ekamevAdvitIyam, eko'haMdvitIyonAsti', 'lA ilAhilillAha' Adi sUcaka advaita-ciMtana vidyA-vilAsa yA gagana-vihAra hI siddha hue, bhale hI kucheka RSiyoM evaM muniyoM ne aparokSAnubhUti ke mAdhyama se isako vyaktigata jIvana meM anubhava kiyA ho / Aja bhI jar3a-cetana kI ekatA vijJAna ne sudRr3ha bhUmi para sthApita nahIM kI hai, lekina jisake liye pichale do hajAra varSoM se dArzanika aura vaijJAnika prayatna karate hue dRzyamAna anekatAoM ke bIca ekatA kI sthApanA kara rahe the, Aja Adhunika vijJAna ne use kAphI saphala kara diyA hai| prasiddha vaijJAnika e. ena. vhAiTahaiDa kahatA hai-"apane cAroM ora jisa duniyA ko hama dekhate haiM usakA mAnasika jagat se sambandha hama jitanA samajhate haiM usase kahIM jyAdA hai|" isI ko lenina apanI vyAkhyA se aura bhI ujAgara karate hai ki "maiTara kI maulika banAvaTa meM hI cetanA kA mUla tattva milA huA hai|" yUjena viganara ne bhI kahA hai ki do prakAra ke tattva hote haiM-"apanI cetanA kA satya' aura isake atirikta jo satya hai / (Existence of My Consciousness and existence of others' Consciousness) lekina ye donoM nirapekSa evaM svataMtra nahIM balki sApekSa haiN| sabakucha abhisAMjJika yA sAMpratyayika hai|" sIrila hirIzelavuDa ne spaSTa kahA- "antastatva ko asvIkRti apanI tAtkAlika pratyakSAnubhUti aura usake astittva kI asvIkRti hai|" maiksabIna ne isIliye saiddhAMtika padArtha vijJAna ko vAstavika darzana kahA hai| nyUTana-AinsTIna kI koTi ke padArtha vaijJAnika nIlsa bora ne mANvika bhautikI (Atomic Physics)

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vijJAna aura adhyAtma kA samanvaya "1 ke antargata pUrakatA kA siddhAMta ( Principle of complementarity) prastuta kiyA hai jise jApAnI padArtha - vaijJAnika yUkAbA ne samarthana karate hue kahA hai ki jApAna meM hama arastu ke nirapekSa tarkazAstra se prabhAvita nahIM haiM / zrI aravinda ne to ise aura bhI spaSTa kiyA ki " antastattva kA hI eka rUpa maiTara hai / " lAipha DivAina, bhAga - 2 pR0 453 ) zrI mAM ne isIliye darda se kahA hai - jise Izvara ne milAyA, eka kiyA hai, kyoM use manuSya alaga karanA cAhatA hai / " baTreMDa rasela ke anusAra " mAnasa aura maiTara kA antara kAlpanika hai / ' kvAnTama mekAniksa (Quantum Mechanics) ke vijJAtA pI. e. ema. DirAka ne kahA hai "prakRti ke AdhArabhUta siddhAMta bhI jagat ko utane paricAlita nahIM karate haiM jitanA ve dIkhate haiM / " adhyAtma kI bhASA meM jar3a-cetana ke isI advaita ko "sarvaM khalu idaM brahma", "IzAvAsyamidaM sarvaM " yA "sIyarAmamaya saba jagajAnI" Adi uktiyoM se spaSTa kiyA gayA hai / jaba saba kucha 'brahma' yA 'Izvara' hai to phira cit-acit, jar3a-cetana kA bheda hI kyA hogA ? jemsa jInsa (Mysterious Universe), eDiMgaTana Adi samakAlIna vaijJAnika vijJAna meM pratyayavAdI pravRttiyoM kA samAveza dekhate haiM / eka dUsarI dRSTi se bhI vijJAna aura adhyAtma kA samanvaya dekhA jA sakatA hai / vijJAna sRSTi ke niyamoM kA anusaMdhAna karatA hai aura kahatA hai ki prakRti apane niyamoM se Abaddha hai / binA kAraNa ke koI kArya nahIM hotA hai / isI ko adhyAtma 'Rta' yA "dharma" kI saMjJA detA hai| binA niyama ke Izvara bhI koI kArya nahIM karate -- "RtaM ca satyaM cAbhIddhAttapasodhyajAyat / " vijJAna ko yadi usake maulika artha "jJAna" ke artha meM samajheM to bAhya jagat kA aura mAnava-svabhAva ( antargat ) kA jJAna donoM kA samAveza hai / vijJAna kI aDiga gaveSaNA aura vaijJAnika vRtti yA vaijJAnika dRSTikoNa kA vikAsa ho, jisameM mAnava - prakRti kA adhyayana bhI zAmila ho, to mAnavatA kA saMkaTa dUra ho sakatA hai / Aja adhyAtma kI vaijJAnika khoja kI AvazyakatA hai / citta-saMzodhana (Psychic Research) bhale hI adhyAtma-tattva ke anveSaNoM meM eka gavAkSa kA kAma kare kintu vinobAjI ise AdhyAtmika nahIM mAnate / vaha sAinsa hI hai / citta bhI maiTara (dravya) ke antargata hai kintu Atma-tattva usase bhinna hai / ataH citta-saMzodhana AtmajJAna nahIM mAnA jAyegA / isI taraha adhyAtma meM pretavidyA ( Spiritism ) kA bhI samanvaya nahIM honA cAhie / jisa cIja kA bhalA yA burA upayoga ho sakatA hai, vaha adhyAtma nahIM hai / vaha to bhautika vizva kA eka hissA hai| caitasika zakti (Psychic Powers ) yA preta zakti (Spiritism ) kA sadupayoga yA durupayoga donoM ho sakatA hai ataH ve bhautika zaktiyAM haiM / asala meM adhyAtma mUlabhUta zraddhA hai aura usakI kucha niSThAeM haiM / sarva 141

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142 jainadarzana : cintana - anucintana prathama "nirapekSa naitika mUlyoM meM zraddhA" (Faith in the absolute values ) adhyAtma kI niSThA hai / zAzvata naitika mUlyoM ko mAnane se saba taraha ke lAbha haiM, use tor3ane se saba jagaha hAni hai / naitika mUlyoM meM avasaravAditA naitikatA ko to kamajora karatI hI hai, adhyAtma ko bhI kalaMkita karatI hai / dUsarI AdhyAtmika niSThA hai-- mRtyu ke bAda bhI jIvana kI akhaMDatA ko svIkAra karanA / mRtyu se jIvana khaMDita nahIM hotA - cAhe vaha sUkSma rUpa meM rahe yA sthUla rUpa meM, nirAkAra yA sAkAra, dehadhArI yA dehavihIna / jIvana akhaMDa hai| jaba padArtha yA UrjA anazvara hai to AtmA kI amaratA bhI svataH siddha hai / janma maraNa se AtmA para prabhAva nahIM par3atA / vAsAMsi jIrNAni yathA vihAya / adhyAtma kI tIsarI niSThA hai- "prANimAtra kI ekatA aura pavitratA / " jaba saba prANiyoM meM kisI na kisI rUpa meM caitasika-kendra hai, phira usakI ekatA aura pavitratA meM vizvAsa karanA adhyAtma kI pahacAna hai / adhyAtma kI ater AdhAra - froThA hai, vizva meM vyavasthA aura buddhi ke prati AsthA | isI kA artha hai, Izvara kA nAma denA yA paramezvara para zraddhA | adhyAtma kI pAMcavI zraddhA hai ki mAnava-jIvana meM pUrNatA kA anubhava ho sakatA hai / bhale hI pUrNa mAnava hamane nahIM dekhe lekina mAnava kI pUrNatA meM vizvAsa rakhanA eka AdhyAtmika niSThA hai / I adhyAtmavAdiyoM kA doSa yahI hai ki unake anusAra " adhyAtma-jJAna" pUrNa ho cukA hai / usameM aba kisI taraha kI pragati zeSa nahIM rahI / vijJAna ke doSa anubhava se sudhAre jAte haiM / TAlomI kA doSa koparanikasa evaM nyUTana kA AiMsTIna ne sudhArA / usI prakAra adhyAtma jagat meM praviSTa doSoM kA nirAkaraNa honA cAhie / durbhAgya se adhyAtma-sAdhanA ke nAma para svArtha Upara A gayA hai / zrImadbhAgavata meM prahlAda ne nRsiMha bhagavAna se kaha diyA thA - " bahudhA deva aura muni apanI hI mukti kI kAmanA karate aura vijana araNya meM maunAdi ke AdhAra se mukti le mukti kA AbhAsa kara lete / lekina maiM ina dInajanoM ko chor3a akelA mukta honA nahIM cAhatA / " saMkSepa meM jisa prakAra 'merA ghara' 'merA putra' Adi apane sthUla svArthavAda haiM, usI prakAra adhyAtma-jagat meM " apanI mukti" kI bAta kahanA vadatovyAghAta hai, kyoMki "maiM" kA lopa hI mukti kA sAdhana hai / yadi isa sAdhana para eka kA hI Adhipatya rakhate haiM to "maiM" dRr3ha hotA hai aura dUsare sabhI ajJAnI raha jAte haiM / saMkSepa meM vyaktigata-mukti kI kalpanA kA pariSkAra karanA hogA / "maiM" kI jagaha " hama " ko lAnA hogA / isI ko "sarvamukti", "bodhisattva" yA "sAmUhika mukti" kI kalpanA kahate haiM / yadi " ahaMtA" yA " mamatA " kA tyAga hI mokSa hai to yaha svAbhAvika hai / sAMkhya meM bhI isI kI sAdhanA ke lie 'nAsti', 'nA me' aura "na ahaM" Adi uktiyAM batAyI gayI haiM / ataH

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vijJAna aura adhyAtma kA samanvaya 143 sAdhanA ke nAma para svArtha calAnA AdhyAtmikatA nahIM hai / vyaktigata rUpa se siddhi prApti bhI eka prakAra kA pUMjIvAda hI hai / 'merA dhana', 'merI vidyA' "merI sAdhanA' yA "merI mukti' bhI vyaktivAda ke hI pratIka haiM / 'merI sAdhanA', yA 'merI mukti'-- ye saba eka hI koTi kA samAdhAna hai| bhAratIya adhyAtma kI viziSTa pratibhA ko vaijJAnika dRSTi se ujAgara karanA Avazyaka hai| rAmAnujAcArya ne apane gurumaMtra ko jaga jAhira karane ke lie khuda naraka bhogA thaa| jJAnadeva, caitanya evaM anya madhyayugIna saMta brahmavidyA ko striyoM, zUdroM, baccoM aura sAdhAraNa se sAdhAraNa janatA ke bIca bAMTate rhe| bhAratIya adhyAtma kI mukhya vizeSatA hai ki 'mana' ko mukta kreN| Aja vijJAna ne sRSTi ke bAharI hAtha se kAma Arambha kiyA hai, phira bhI andara kI ora bhI vaha dhIre-dhIre jAne kA prayatna karegA aura use anubhUti evaM prayoga kI kucha nayI paddhatiyAM khojanI hoNgii| iMdriyoM para AdhArita pracalita paddhatiyoM evaM aindriyika anubhUtiyoM se taba kAma nahIM calegA / hama indriyoM ke dvArA jo sparza, ghrANa Adi anubhava karate haiM, phira bhI yahI vaha tattva nahIM hai| tattva dravya-nirapekSa (immaterial) nahIM hai, parantu dravya se bhinna jarUra hai| isa artha meM drabya (matter) bhI tAtvika (substantial) ho jAtI hai| isa taraha drabya aura citta (Matter and Mind) donoM do nahIM raha jAte haiN| donoM para eka dUsare kA prabhAva par3atA hai / isIlie kauna pramukha aura kauna gauNa Adi sArI carcA bilakula nimnastarIya ho jAtI haiM / basa, koI eka tattva hai, jo citta aura dravya donoM se , pare hai| ___ adhyAtma aura vijJAna donoM manuSya kI AdhArabhUta preraNA evaM AkAMkSAoM kI abhivyaktiyAM haiN| "vijJAna ke binA adhyAtma paMgu hai to adhyAtma ke binA vijJAna aMdhA hai / "- aisA AinsTIna ne kahA thA / yahI kAraNa thA ki jJAna-vijJAna pAraMgata nAradamuni ko bhI sanatkumAra ke yahAM adhyAtma kA jJAna prApta karane ke lie jAnA par3A thaa| nArada kI isa nirIhatA para hI zaMkarAcArya ne kahA thA--"sarvavijJAna-sAdhana-zakti-sampannasya api nAradasya devarSi zreyo na babhUva / " yAnI vijJAna bhautika sukha-samRddhi to de sakatA hai lekina Atmika Ananda, mAnasika zAMti aura zreya adhyAtma se hI milegaa| yamarAja ne bhI naciketA ko preya aura zreya kA viveka batAyA thA / kAmAyanI meM prasAda jI ne mAnava jIvana kI isI viDambanA ko ujAgara karate hue likhA hai jJAna dUra kucha, kriyA bhinna hai, icchA kyoM pUrI ho mana kI ? eka dUsare se na mila sake, yaha viDambanA hai jIvana kii| vijJAna prakRti evaM sRSTi ke niyamoM kA anusaMdhAna to karatA hai lekina

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jainadarzana : cintana-anucintana yaha nahIM jAnatA hai ki ye niyama prakRti meM kahAM se Ae ? isI ko khojanA adhyAtma hai / IzAvAsya upaniSad meM RSi kahatA hai "vaha hai tabhI to saMcarita yaha prANa hai| jo kara rahA krIr3A prakRti kI goda meM / / " vijJAna yaha to kahatA hai mastiSka meM vidyut-taraMgoM ke mAdhyama se hama par3hate aura samajhate haiM lekina vijJAna yaha nahIM batA pAtA ki una taraMgoM se hama vahI paktiyAM kyoM par3hate haiM ? vijJAna sRSTi kA vidhAyaka svarUpa to batA detA hai lekina mAnava jIvana kA lakSya (ought) kyA ho, yaha nahIM kaha sakatA / isake lie to adhyAtma kI zaraNa meM jAnA hI hogaa| baTTaiNDa rasela ne ThIka hI kahA hai ki "hama apane lakSyoM evaM naitika AdarzoM ke lie koI vaijJAnika AdhAra nahIM de skte|" isaliye adhyAtma kA saMyoga Avazyaka hai| zuddha bhautikavAda kI aMtima pariNati vyakti aura mAnava jIvana meM vyarthatA evaM nagaNyatA paidA karanA hai / usI prakAra aMdha adhyAtma dRzyamAna ke mithyApana ko itanA khIMca letA hai ki hama mAyAvAda meM phaMsa kara kAlpanika aura arthahIna hone lagate haiM / "sukha kI khoja" mAnava-jIvana kI sImAhIna bhUkha evaM atRpta pyAsa hai / sukha kI asIma tRSNA hI zakti kI khoja kA bhI rahasya hai / rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata Aja ke vizva meM mahAzaktiyoM kI uddAma bhoga lipsA para Azrita nRzaMsa lIlA ke hI udAharaNa haiN| Aja to punaH 63 hajAra varSoM ke bAda hama punaH mahAbhArata ke yuga meM A gae haiM "kara meM vijJAna aura dimAga meM hai kUTanIti, mAraka aNu astroM kA karatA nirmANa hai| pAkara varadAna are, bhasmAsura Aja banA, mAnava ko hiMsA kI zakti kA gumAna hai / " isIlie Aja vijJAna aura adhyAtma kA samanvaya mAnava-sRSTi ke lie aparihArya ho gayA hai / 1963 meM paTanA meM Ayojita "adhyAtma aura vijJAna" para Ayojita parisaMvAda ko apane saMdeza meM rASTrapati DA. rAjendraprasAda ne kahA thA--"vijJAna aura adhyAtma ke samanvaya ke binA mAnavatA ke vinAza kA saccA khatarA pahuMca cukA hai|" paM0 neharU ne to kahA-vizva kA bhaviSya vijJAna kI pragati para adhikAdhika nirbhara hotA jA rahA hai| kintu adhyAtma ke mArgadarzana ke binA mAnavatA pralayaMkArI durghaTanA kA zikAra ho jAtI hai| isIlie "adhyAtma aura vijJAna ke samanvaya ke sambandha meM ciMtana aura manana kevala bhArata ke lie hI nahIM varan sampUrNa vizva-mAnavatA ke lie Avazyaka hai"---aisA dArzanika rASTrapati DA0 rAdhAkRSNan ne kahA / zrI aravinda Azrama kI mAtAjI ne vedanA se kahA-"vijJAna aura adhyAtma ko vibhAjita mata kro| donoM eka dUsare ke pUraka haiN| donoM kA eka hI

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vijJAna aura adhyAtma kA samanvaya 145 gantavya hai-~-bhagavattA kI prApti / eka hI antara hai ki vijJAna binA jAne usa dizA meM bar3hatA hai jabaki adhyAtma cetanayukta hokara usI dizA meM bar3ha rahA hai|" donoM ke mUla meM mAnava ke prati anaMta karuNA hai| isIlie lenina ne cetAvanI dI thI ki "vaijJAnika gaNita kI gaganacumbI ur3Ana meM usa tarAja ko bhUla jAte haiM jisa para se ve ur3e the|" zrI aravinda ne bhI isI ko dUsare zabdoM meM kahA- "AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI coTiyoM para yadi hama mAnavadharAtala ko bhUla jAyaM to hama kabhI bhI satya ko nahIM pakar3a skeNge| (lAipha DivAina, bhAga-1, pR0 45) / sAMkhya yA dekArta ne jar3a aura cetana kA dvata khar3A kara avyakta pRthakkaraNa paidA kiyA thA, jabaki mAdhyamika zUnyavAda Adi ne rakta aura mAMsa, padArtha aura vastu ko chor3akara satya kI jhAMkI pAne kA bhale prayAsa kiyA lekina vaha bhI avyakta pRthakkaraNa kA hI prayAsa siddha huaa| bhautikavAda aura adhyAtmavAda donoM apane Apa meM pRthakkaraNa ke udAharaNa haiN| isIliye zrI aravinda ne Denial of the Materialist aura Refusal of the Ascetic ke bIca madhyama-mArga cunaa| vijJAna aura adhyAtma kA samanvaya isa prakAra ke kisI kRtrima dvaita ko svIkAra nahIM kara sakatA hai / jIvana kI sampUrNatA ke lie Avazyaka sAre mUlya na kevala vijJAna se prApta ho sakate haiM, na ki kevala vijJAnetara zAstroM yAnI sAhitya evaM kalA se / komalatA, dayA, karuNA, AtmIyatA aura prema jaise mUlya vijJAna se nahIM, adhyAtma se niHsRta hoNge| lekina jisa prakAra zakti ke binA ziva-svarUpa haiM, usI prakAra vijJAna ke binA adhyAtma bhI paMgu hogaa| ata: Aja saskRtisaMgama kI AvazyakatA hai jahAM vijJAna aura adhyAtma kI samanvaya-sAdhanA hI mAnava-sAdhanA kA paryAya hogii| zuddha adhyAtma rAga-dveSa se vimukti hai aura zuddha vijJAna meM rAga-dveSa kA sthAna hI nahIM ho sktaa| ataH adhyAtma aura vijJAna donoM hI satya kA saMdhAna haiM / satya na to prAcI ke hAtha bikA hai, na pratIcI ke hAtha / satya para na to sukarAta kA svAdhikAra hai na zaMkara kA, na nyUTana kA ekAdhikAra hai na AinsTIna kA / vaijJAnika niSThA rAgadveSa-vimukti kI hI sAdhanA hai| rAgadveSa vimukti vairAgya ke lie jitanI Avazyaka hai, usase adhika svastha jIvana ke lie bhii| akSobhavRtti dhAraNa kie hama tanAvapUrNa jIvana se trANa nahIM pA sakate haiM tathA adhyAtma mAnavajIvana kI eka vaijJAnika AvazyakatA hai aura vijJAna adhyAtma ko zakti detA hai|

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janataMtra aura ahiMsA 1- mUlya-nirUpaNa pracalita arthoM meM janataMtra bhale hI eka prakAra kI prazAsanika vyavasthA ke rUpa meM mAnA jAtA ho, lekina vyApaka artha meM vaha samAja kA eka svarUpavizeSa evaM sarvopari jIvana kI eka vizeSa paddhati hai| prazna kevala vyavasthA kA nahIM mUlya kA hai| isI prakAra ahiMsA kevala nirAmiSa AhAra yA prANivadhavarjana hI nahIM, vaha to antastala kA agAdha evaM ananta prema hai, jahAM spardhA ke sthAna para sahayoga aura pratidvandvitA ke badale prema ko jIvana-mUlya ke rUpa meM svIkRti hai| hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki lokataMtra aura ahiMsA ke ye mAnavIya mUlya kise mAnya nahIM ? kintu prazna kevala mAnyatA kA nahIM mAnane kA hai| bhAvanA kA nahIM, AcaraNa kA hai / bAhya se adhika aMtara kA, karma se adhika mahattva AtmA kA mAnanA hI hogaa| isake binA hamAre bar3e-se-bar3e karma itihAsa ke dvArA bhulA die jaayeNge| ataH ina mUlyoM ko mana evaM bhAvanA meM dRr3ha rakhakara inake anubaMdha evaM saMdarbha ko, sthiti aura paristhiti ko, hama jaba taka AdhyAtmikatA ke saMskAra-pariSkAra se mUlya-parivartana kA navavidhAna pradAna nahIM kara deM, hama na sacce janataMtra ko aura na saccI ahiMsA ko lA skeNge| jo janataMtra jana-mana se alaga nirjIva janagaNanA ke aMkagaNita se kAma calAtA hai, vaha svayaM apanI rakSA ke lie hI bAra-bAra daMDazakti yAnI pulisa evaM phauja ke sAmane asahAya ho kara azrupAta karatA rahatA hai / isaliye sacce janataMtra ke lie kevala saMkhyAbala nahIM, dharmabala aura Atmabala cAhiye / mahattva mata kA nahIM, vizvAsa kA hai; gaNanA kA nahIM, zraddhA evaM AsthA kA hai / zakti jisase kAma hogA, vaha sparddhA evaM saMgharSa se dahakatI aura bhabhakatI huI nahIM hogI, use to antastala kI sahiSNutA, sneha evaM sevA kI snigdhatA evaM hRdaya kI madhuratA cAhie / usI prakAra ahiMsA bhI koI rUpa yA kRtya nahIM, vaha to eka bhAvanA hai, mUlya kI saMjJA hai| manuSya meM pazutA kI pratyeka parAjaya ko, yuddha kI nRzaMsatA ke bIca pratyeka niyamana aura niyaMtraNa ko, rASTroM ke bIca avazyaMbhAvI yuddha kI bhAvanA ke sthAna para eka avazyaMbhAvI vizva-vyavasthA ko evaM ANavika zaktisampanna dAruNa hiMsaka upakaraNoM ke pralayaMkArI pradarzana ke madhya zAMti kI pyAsa aura tar3apa ko ahiMsA kahate haiN| hiMsA kI udyAma dhArA ke bIca mAnava-cetanA meM ahiMsA

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janataMtra aura adhyAtma 147 ko antaHsalilA sarasvatI svarUpa hiMsA ko AtmaghAtaka evaM ahiMsA ko anivArya batA rahI hai| lagatA hai itihAsa ke garbha-se hiMsA nahI, ahiMsA nikala rahI hai aura saMhAra ke bIca bhI jIvana apanA nirmANa nikAla rahA 2. janataMtra aura ahiMsA : mAnava-sApekSa prazna cAhe janataMtra kA ho yA ahiMsA kA, ye saba mAnava-sApekSa haiN| yAnI ye saba prazna mAnava ke prazna haiM aura mAnava ke lie hI haiM / mAnava hI parama mUlya hai / mAnava-pratiSThA aura mAnavIya niSThA ko bhulA kara janataMtra zrIhIna evaM ahiMsA zaktihIna dIkha rahI hai / yahAM prazna yaha hai ki bhautikavAdI ciMtanadhArA ne vijJAna kI pratiSThA ke bala para mAnava-sApekSa ina gaMbhIra praznoM ko mAnava-nirapekSa kara diyA hai| phala yaha huA ki hamane ina praznoM ke mUla meM nihita mAnava-niSThA evaM mAnavIya prayojana ko hI bhulA diyA hai| mAnava-sammAna evaM mAnava-kalyANa ko bhUla kara hama lokazAhI evaM tAnAzAhI, hiMsA yA ahiMsA kA vivAda hI kyA kara sakeMge? isaliye jaba taka janatAMtrika rAjya-paddhati aura ahiMsAtmaka jIvana-paddhati kA anubaMdha mAnavIya maMgala evaM mAnavIya pratiSThA ke sAtha nahIM baiThegA, ye sAre vicAra-vimarza kRtrima hoNge| rAjya-vyavasthA yA saMvidhAna kA DhAMcA cAhe kitanA bhI sundara kyoM na ho, pratyakSa vyavahAra meM vaha vyakti kI sajjanatA evaM asajjanatA para hI AdhArita hai| usI prakAra ahiMsA kI saphalatA yA viphalatA kI kuMjI vyakti kI zuddhatA evaM azuddhatA ke pAsa hI hai| rAjya-vyavasthA yA samAjavyavasthA ke zAstra-zuddha gaNitazAstra to kyA, vyAvahArika gaNitazAstra ke samAna bhI nahIM haiN| zuddha gaNitazAstra vicAra-sRSTi meM aura vyAvahArika gaNitazAstra jar3a bhautika sRSTi meM vicaraNa karatA hai, kintu, rAjya evaM samAjazAstra kA vistAra evaM vyApAra mAnava kI cetana sRSTi meM hai, jahAM usakI bhAvanA evaM yojanA, sthiti evaM paristhiti, nIti evaM mUlya, Adarza evaM AkAMkSA-~~-ina saboM kA prabhAva par3atA hai| isalie janataMtra evaM ahiMsA ke sambandha-nirUpaNa meM mAnava aura mAnavIya saMdarbha ko bhulAyA nahIM jA sakatA hai| 3. janataMtra aura ahiMsA : mAnavIya sabhyatA ke vikAsa-krama meM rAjyataMtra se janataMtra kA vikAsa vastuta: mAnavIya sabhyatA kA hI vikAsa-krama hai| kabhI nirbala kI hAra aura prabala kI jIta hI hamArA niyama thA / yadi sRSTi meM eka hI manuSya hotA, to zAyada hAra aura jIta kA prazna hI nirarthaka ho jaataa| kiMtu, yahAM to mAnava-visphoTa kI samasyA hai| ataH hamAre sAmane prazna hai "sRSTikA kitanA aura kaise upayoga ho ?" yahI

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148 jainadarzana : cintana-anucintana prazna mAnava-samUhoM kI vyavasthA kA prazna hai-mAnava-samUha ko kabhI dhanI-garIba ke kAraNa varNa, brAhmaNa-zUdrAdi ke nAma para varNa ke kAlpanika evaM kRtrima AdhAra para vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai| kiMtu mAnava-samUha kI vyavasthA vibhAjana ke sahI AdhAra, mAnava kI buddhi aura zakti (jise hama sAmarthya kaha sakate haiM) ke AdhAra para nahIM ho skii| ataH mUla prazna hai ki yaha sAmarthya kisake hAtha meM rahe ? eka samartha vyakti sabake lie kare yA aneka loga mila kara yA phira saba mila kara kareM ? yahI tIna vikalpa to haiN| eka vyakti ke dvArA kI jAnevAlI vyavasthA meM usase adhika usakI vaMza-paramparA se adhika niraMkuzatA, ahaM-pramANa evaM dAyitvahInatA kI saMbhAvanA rahatI hai; alpAyatanapaddhati meM vyavasthA ke cAhe jitane bhI svarUpa kyoM na hoM, usameM kendravAda, hiMsA vAda evaM yaMtravAda ko prazraya milatA hai| kucha logoM ke nAma para bahusaMkhyAyatana paddhati bhI zastra-dhAraNa meM nipuNa alpasaMkhya-sainyazakti para hI antatogatvA avalambita hotI hai / phala yaha hotA hai ki vAstavika evaM jIvananiSTha janataMtra kA vikAsa ho hI nahIM pAtA hai| janatA kabhI bhI vAdaniSTha yA paddhatiniSTha nahIM hotI, vaha to jIvananiSTha hotI hai| vAda tattvajJAna se nikalate haiM, paddhatiyAM vyavahAra se milatI haiM / janamAnasa kA eka hI prayAsa hotA hai ki jIvana sucAru DhaMga se cale / jIvananiSThA kA eka hI artha hai AkRtrimatA aura vyavahAra meM sarvavyApakatA / akRtrima jIvananiSThAeM bhale hI tAtkAlika dRSTi se baddhiSNu evaM gatizIla hoM, kiMtu antatogatvA usakA vega manda ho jAtA hai / usI prakAra yadi jIvananiSThAeM sarvavyApaka nahIM huIM, to phira paraspara-virodha ke saMgharSa meM hI ve samApta ho jaaeNgii| phira zakti evaM sAmarthya kahAM se Aye ? isaliye janataMtra evaM ahiMsA kI jIvananiSThAoM meM jaba taka sarvavyApaka sarvamaMgalakArI bhAvanA nahIM jur3egI, taba taka usake prati saboM kA sahaja sampUrNa sahakAra bhI prApta nahIM hogaa| jo janataMtra jitanA hI adhika vyApaka, vyavasthita evaM utsuka hogA, vaha utanA hI adhika jIvananiSTha evaM ahiMsA ke samIpa hogaa| ahiMsA ko kevala AkAra hI nahIM, prakAra yA jIvana-sAmagrI bhI caahie| 4. janataMtra aura ahiMsA ko samAna mAnyatAeM (ka) mAnava-vyaktitva kI pratiSThA : vyakti kA vyaktitva hI carama mUlya hai / isaliye mAnavIya pratiSThA apane-Apa meM atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai| yahI mAnavIya pratiSThA janataMtra aura ahiMsA kI AdhArazilA hai / vyakti kA vyaktitva mAnavatA kI pavitra dharohara hai| usake sAtha kisI bhI prakAra kA khilavAr3a hiMsA bhI hai aura janataMtra-virodhI bhii| yaha koI saMkIrNa vyaktivAda nahIM, apitu sAdhutva samunnata pragatizIla evaM vyApaka vyaktivAda hai, jisameM svArtha ke sthAna para sevA, pRthakatva ke badale bhrAtRtva evaM bhoga ke sthAna para tyAga

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janataMtra aura ahiMsA 149 kA vicAra AtA hai / isaliye janataMtra evaM ahiMsA jIvana ke vyaktigata mUlya hI nahIM, ve navIna samAja-dharma ke AcAra haiM / ahiMsA yA janatantra pratyeka vyakti kA mUlya mAnatA hai, pratyeka vyakti kI pratiSThA ko svIkAra karatA hai, jahAM hara vyakti apane bhAgya kA nirmAtA mAnA jAtA hai / isa sAmyabhAvanA ko hI rAjanIti meM hama niyama kA rAjya ( Rule of law) aura samAjanIti meM ahiMsA kahate haiM / (kha) mAnava - viveka meM AsthA : jaba vyakti hI carama mUlya hai aura vahI apane saubhAgya evaM durbhAgya kA nirNaya karane kA adhikArI hai, to usake viveka meM AsthA rakhanI hI hogI / mAnava-viveka meM anAsthA vastutaH kisI bhI prakAra ke zikSaNa aura prazikSaNa, saMskAra aura pariSkAra ko nirarthaka aura asambhava siddha kara detI hai / janataMtra yadi vicAra - parivartana evaM mata - parivartana kI prakriyA hai, to isake lie mAnava - viveka para AsthA rakhanI hI hogI / isake lie hameM vicAra svAtantrya ko apanAnA hI hogA, jisake abhAva meM cetanAzUnya janatA tAnAzAhI kA mArga prazasta karatI hai / isaliye mAnavIya viveka evaM mAnavasvAtantrya para kiye gaye pratyeka prahAra apane Apa meM janataMtra kI hatyA kA duSprayatna to hai hI sAtha-hI-sAtha yaha bhayaMkara hiMsA bhI | viveka meM AsthA zAstra ke sthAna para niyama evaM kAnUna meM vizvAsa hai aura antatogatvA yaha hiMsA meM AsthA hai / (ga) mAnavIya karuNA : janatantra evaM ahiMsA donoM isa mAne meM karuNA para AdhArita haiM ki ahiMsA prema kA paryAya aura janatantra ke antarnihita bahujana hitAya bahujana sukhAya kI udAtta kalpanA hai / vastutaH sampUrNa mAnavatA kA eka AbaMTita bhrAtRtva hI janatantra evaM ahiMsA kA AdhAra hai aura yahI to karuNA bhI hai / (gha) abhaya : vicAra - svAtaMtrya evaM janataMtra ke lie jisa prakAra nirbhayatA Avazyaka hai, usI prakAra saccI ahiMsA bhI abhaya bhAvanA ke binA asambhava hai / lekina, apavAdasvarUpa yaha nirbhayatA vyakti vizeSa ko sabhI paristhitiyoM meM bhale hI prApta ho jAe, lekina sAmAnya vyakti Arthika, sAmAjika evaM rAjanaitika bhaya se AkrAMta rahatA hai| isaliye jaba taka hama mAnava ko abhAva, anyAya aura zoSaNa se mukta nahIM kara sakeMge, nirbhayatA eka divAsvapna hogI / bhayAkrAMta janataMtra janatantra kA makhaula hai aura bhayAkula ahiMsA to ahiMsA hai hI nahIM / (ca) samanvaya : samanvaya sRSTi kA aura sahakAra samAja kA niyama hai / janatAMtrika dRSTi vastutaH Agraha ke sthAna para anAgraha, virodha kI jagaha samanvaya evaM saMgharSa ke sthAna para sahakAra aura saMtulana ke lie nirantara

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150 jainadarzana : cintana-anucintana ceSTA karatA hai| usI prakAra ahiMsAtmaka dRSTi bhI svataH siddha niSpakSa nyAyAdhIza kI bhAMti sadA-sarvadA satya ke samasta pakSoM kA samanvaya karatI haI anekAtmaka hotI hai| isaliye janatAMtrika evaM ahiMsAtmaka jIvanadarzana saMgharSa ke sthAna para samanvaya evaM virodha ke sthAna para sahakAra ko apanA jIvana-mUlya svIkAra karatA hai| samanvaya jIvana kI sAdhanA hai, samAja kI rIr3ha hai aura vizva-racanA kA sudRr3ha AdhAra hai| samanvaya kA vicAra Aja ke yuga kI mAMga hai| janatantra evaM ahiMsA kA samasta vikAsa vastutaH samanvaya kI paddhati se hI huA hai / yahI usakI mukhya zakti bhI hai| 5. janataMtra evaM ahiMsA : sambandha-nirUpaNa cAhe hama saba apane ko eka Izvara kI saMtAna mAne yA eka mAnavaparivAra ke sadasya mAneM, hama samAna haiN| ataH hamArA samAna adhikAra evaM samAna kartavya bhI hai| yahAM eka dUsare ke prati hiMsaka vyavahAra, zoSaNa evaM utpIr3ana usa pavitra niyama kA khaMDana hai| usI ke khaMDana se samAja meM asaMtulana, saMgharSa evaM astavyastatA AtI hai| yahI ahiMsA kI bhAvanA hai aura janatantra usI ahiMsA-bhAvanA kA vyavahAra-dharma (applied religion) hai, jo prazAsana ke kSetra meM abhivyakta hotA hai| usI prakAra janataMtra kI AdhAra, samatA aura svataMtratA, ahiMsA kI bhAvanA ko gaMbhIratama abhivyakti hai / ataH janatantra evaM ahiMsA eka dUsare ke pUraka evaM rakta-sambandhoM se Abaddha haiN| jahAM janatA ke dvArA janatA kA janatA ke lie prazAsana kI bar3I jora-jabardastI kI kalpanA hI vyartha hai / jitanI jyAdA jora-jabardastI yA hiMsA hogI, utanA hI kama janataMtra hogaa| lekina, yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki Aja kI janatAMtrika sarakAroM meM bhI hiMsA phUTatI aura bhabhakatI rahatI hai| aisA kyoM ? usakA artha itanA hI hai ki janatAMtrika sarakAreM vAstavika rUpa meM janataMtra kI bhAvanA para khar3I haiM hI nahIM yAnI inakA AdhAra janatA kA svayaM-sphUrta saMyata sahakAra nahIM, balki prakaTa evaM aprakaTa hiMsA hai / jo prazAsana Arthika-sAmAjika viSamatA para aura zoSaNa para avalambita ho, use hiMsA kA sahArA lenA hI hogA ! viSamatA hiMsA hai aura zoSaNa bhI hiMsA hai| sAmAjika aura Arthika anyAya evaM bahuspardhAvAda kI rAjanaitika bhUloM para avyavasthita tathAkathita zAMtipUrNa janataMtra hiMsA kA pratimAna rUpa hI hai| Aja kA janatAntrika rAjya bhI hiMsA kA hI eka saMgaThita rUpa hai| vyakti meM to AtmA hotI hai, lekina rAjya to AtmavihIna jar3a-yaMtra mAtra hai| pracalita prajAtaMtra sarvAyatana kA dikhAvA karane vAlI rAjya-paddhati vastutaH hiMsA para hI Azrita hai; kyoMki inameM kendrIkaraNa, yantra-pUjA, zastraniSThA aura zoSaNa kA samAveza hai| isalie janataMtra usI hadataka pUrNa yA apUrNa hai, jisa hada taka usameM

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janataMtra aura ahiMsA 151 ahiMsA yA hiMsA hai| janataMtra kA itihAsa isa bAta kA sAkSI rahA hai ki janatantra ke vikAsa-krama meM hiMsA ke dvArA samAja-niyaMtraNa kramazaH kSINa par3ate gaye haiM evaM unake sthAna para ahiMsaka paddhatiyoM kA AviSkAra huA hai| isIliye to jaba eka saccA janataMtravAdI apanI samatA aura apanI adhikAra-prApti ke lie bhI yahI kahatA hai ki vaha apane adhikAra kI prApti ke lie bhI hiMsA kA sahArA nahIM legA, to phira janataMtra evaM ahiMsA ke bIca kI dUrI hI prAyaH samApta ho jAtI hai| phira vicAra-parivartana kI susaMskRta evaM zAMtipUrNa janatAMtrika prakriyA pArasparika bhaya, avizvAsa evaM hiMsA ke vAtAvaraNa meM sambhava nahIM hai| pArasparika vicAra-vinimaya jo janataMtra ke mUla meM hai, pArasparika sadbhAva evaM zAMti ke vAtAvaraNa meM hI sambhava hai| ataH janatAMtrika prakriyA ke sAmAnya saMcAlana ke lie bhI ahiMsA eka anivAryatA hai| sAtha-sAtha ahiMsA kA yaha mArga hai ki apane virodhiyoM kA mata-parivartana premapUrvaka aura prajAtAMtrika paddhati se hI kre| isalie prajAtaMtra ko hama ahiMsA kA paryAya nahIM bhI svIkAra kareM, to bhI yaha to mAnA hI jAegA ki janatAMtrika paddhati meM vicAra-vinimaya, vicAra-pracAra aura vimukta-nirvAcana, janataMtra ko hiMsA se adhika dUra evaM ahiMsA ke atyadhika samIpa upasthita karatA hai| sacce arthoM meM ahiMsaka banane ke lie janatAMtrika bananA nyUnatama zarta hai aura sacce rUpa meM janatAMtrika dRSTi ke lie ahiMsaka dRSTi Avazyaka hai| hiMsA se janataMtra kA mela baiTha nahIM sakatA; kyoMki hiMsA jahAM daNDazakti meM vizvAsa karatI hai, vahAM janataMtra vicArazakti meM AsthA rakhatA hai| hiMsA vyaktigata svataMtratA kA zatru hai, janataMtra kI sArI buniyAda usI para hai| hiMsA voTa meM nahIM, coTa meM vizvAsa karatI hai / janataMtra ke lie voTa yA janamata hI sAra-sarvasva hai / hiMsA, niyama evaM kAnUna kA niSedha hai, janataMtra kA AcAra hI niyama kA rAjya (Rule of Law) hai / asala bAta to yaha hai ki hiMsA meM janamata kI upekSA hai, lekina janataMtra meM to sAmAnya jana-icchA kI hI saMprabhutA hai / hAM, yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki ajanatAMtrika prazAsanoM se bhI janatA kA sahakAra milatA hai, lekina vaha to kevala daMDabhaya se hI hotA hai| isalie vaha asthAyI hotA hai / jIvananiSTha janataMtra meM janatA svecchApUrvaka evaM jJAnapUrvaka sahakAra karatI hai; kyoMki usameM bhaya nahIM, balki sAmAjika dAyitva kI bhAvanA rahatI hai / hiMsaka upAyoM ke prayoga kI yaha svAbhAvika pratikriyA hai ki usameM virodha yA virodhiyoM ko dabAkara unakA nAza karake khatama kara diyA jaae| isa sthiti meM vaiyaktika svataMtratA kI rakSA kI bAta hI nirAdhAra hai| phira jisa prakAra hiMsA ke sAtha vyaktigata svataMtratA kA mela nahIM baiThatA, usI prakAra lokataMtra

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152 jainadarzana : cintana - anucintana bhI ke eka anivArya aMga samatA kA bhI mela hiMsA se nahIM baiThatA / hiMsAzakti kisI vizeSa vyakti yA dala yA guTa ke adhIna rahatI hai, jisameM svAbhAvika vikAsa kI prakriyA kuNThita ho jAtI hai| sacce lokataMtra meM to saboM ko samAna rUpa se hI bar3hane kA avasara milatA hai| phira jisa prakAra usakA svataMtratA, samatA se baira hai, usI prakAra bhrAtRtva se usakA virodha hai / ahiMsA prema ar adhiSThAna hai / yahI paraspara vizvAsa evaM svecchayA sahakAra hai / lekina, hiMsaka paddhati meM bhrAtRtva ke sthAna para dAsatA, vizvAsa kI jagaha avizvAsa evaM anuzAsana kI jagaha dabAva hai / hiMsA se pratiphalita AtaMkavAda meM bandhutA aura bhrAtRtva svAhA ho jAtA hai / ataH hama kaha sakate haiM ki jitanI hiMsA hogI, utanI hI kamI svataMtratA, samatA evaM bhrAtRtva meM hogI --- jo janataMtra ke mUla meM hai / 6. janataMtra aura hiMsA isa yuga kI zAyada yaha sabase bar3I pahelI hai ki jisa janataMtra kI buniyAda hI ahiMsA ho, use svayaM apanI AtmarakSA ke lie bhISaNa daNDavidhAna evaM ghanaghora vinAzakArI yuddha ke AyudhoM kA nirmANa karanA par3atA hai / cAhe vaha videzI AkramaNa ho yA AMtarika surakSA yA prazAsana ke anya kAryakalApa, sabhI daMDazakti evaM hiMsAzakti para Azrita dIkhate haiM / zAyada yaha socA jAtA ho ki cUMki abhI taka pUrNa prajAtaMtra prakaTa nahIM huA hai, ataH hiMsA kA sarvathA nirmUlana bhI saMbhava nahIM, isalie AMtarika surakSA ke lie pulisa evaM daMDa - vidhAna tathA saMbhAvya vaidezika AkramaNa ke lie susajjita sainyazakti kA vidhAna karanA par3atA hai / isa dRSTi se janataMtra niraMkuza tAnAzAhI evaM nirdvandva arAjakatA ke bIca kI cIja hai / yaha ThIka hai ki jisa prazAsana meM jitanA hI kama zAsana hogA, vaha utanA hI adhika acchA hogA / lekina, isakA artha arAjakatA nahIM / arAjakatA kabhI bhI janataMtra kA vikalpa nahIM mAnI jA sakatI, lekina yaha to mAnanA hI hogA ki jo janataMtra jitanA hI adhika sahI hogA, usameM usI ke anupAta se utanA hI adhika anuzAsana evaM utanA hI kama zAsana yA dabAva hogA / jaba janazakti durbala ho jAtI hai, sajjanatA udAsIna ho jAtI hai, to phira durjanoM ke pratikAra kI sArI jimmevArI rAjyazakti para hI A jAtI hai aura usa samaya usakA sAmanA hiMsA se karane ke atirikta aura kucha sUjha nahIM pdd'taa| lekina jaba jana, sajjana evaM mahAjana sabhI apanI zakti ko saMgaThita kara leM, to phira ahiMsA se bhI mukAbalA karanA AsAna ho jAtA hai / lekina, isa mukAbalA karane meM eka bAta adhika mahattva kI hai - durjana se adhika durjanatA kI jar3a aura usake kAraNoM ke hI nirmUlana kA avasara rahatA hai / mukhya prazna hai ki sainika zakti evaM nAgarika zakti ke saMgharSa se nAgarika zakti kI jaya honI caahie| isake binA lokataMtra

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janataMtra aura ahiMsA 153 hamezA asurakSita evaM daNDazakti kA dAsa banA rhegaa| yaha bhI ThIka hai ki samAja kA pratyeka vyakti ahiMsA ko svIkAra nahIM karegA, kintu samAja kA rakSaNa, samAja kI vyavasthA, samAja kA santulana evaM sabase adhika to samAja kI zAMti ahiMsA para hI kAyama raha sakatI hai| hiMsA ke nirmUlana ke lie hameM hiMsA kI jar3oM ko dekhanA hogaa| Arthika anyAya evaM sAmAjika viSamatA tathA vibhinna prakAra ke rAjanItika dAvapeMca evaM prapaMca vAstava meM prakaTa hiMsA ke hI bIja haiN| isalie Aja to aparAdha ke lie jelakhAne se adhika sudhAra-pAThazAlA, daMDa-vidhAna se adhika manovijJAna ko mahattva diyA jA rahA hai| samAja meM vyApta aparAdha vastutaH hamAre antanihita anyAya kA visphoTa hai, ataH hameM nirjIva nyAya evaM daMDa-vidhAna se adhika sAmAjika evaM Arthika nyAya ko dekhanA hai / phira bhI itane para bhI yadi azAMti evaM aparAdha hote hI hoM, to unase jUjhane ke lie ahiMsaka nAgarika zakti kA saMgaThana Avazyaka hai| janataMtra ke lie zAyada sabase bar3A durbhAgya yaha rahA hai ki janataMtra Aja taka vizva-zAMti kA kavaca aura kuNDala nahIM bana sakA hai / isake viparIta hamArA itihAsa isakA sAkSI hai ki kitane hI janatAMtrika deza mAnavatA kI chAtI para kutsita-se-kutsita sAmrAjyavAda, gahita-se-gahita pUMjIvAda aura bIbhatsa-se-bIbhatsa zastravAda lAdane ke kalaMka se baca nahIM sakate haiM / janatAMtrika dezoM kI videza nItiyoM meM bhI yuddha kA vahI unmAda hai, jo tAnAzAhI hukUmatoM meM hai| isalie merI to apanI mAnyatA hai ki sAmrAjya-vistAra evaM zoSaNa ke sAtha prajAtaMtra kA mela nahIM hai| ___ eka aura prazna hai-kyA ahiMsA para adhiSThita rAjya-paddhati apane ko bacA sakegI? yahAM hama itanA hI kaha denA cAheMge ki itihAsa se Aja taka rAjya-paddhati ko sthAyI banAne ke lie hiMsA ke hI sabhI prayoga kie gae haiM, kintu zAyada hI kevala hiMsA ke bala para koI rAjya-paddhati TikI ho / jo hiMsAtmaka paddhatiyAM TikI haiM yA Tika sakI haiM, ve lokamata kI zakti kA kisI na kisI rUpa meM sahArA pA kara hii| phira bhI hamAre mAnasa para hiMsA kI kucha aisI gaharI pakar3a hai ki hajAroM bAra asaphala hone ke bAda bhI usakI saphalatA meM hamArI zraddhA banI huI hai| ata: ahiMsA ke lie yaha niSedhAtmaka pramANa huA ki hiMsA kI koI paddhati Aja taka Tiko nahIM rahI hiMsAzakti para rAjyazakti kA adhiSThAna eka gaMbhIra prazna upasthita karatA hai| hiMsA se hiMsA nikalatI hai| eka rASTra jitanI hiMsA karegA, dUsarA usase adhika karegA aura tIsarA usase bhI adhika / aisA karate-karate hama saMkula yuddha (Total War) taka pahuMca jaaeNge| yAnI hiMsA-nIti yadi

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154 jainadarzana : cintana-anucintana vyApaka hotI gaI, to hama satyAnAza para svataH pahuMca hI jaaeNge| phira isa paramANu-yuga meM yuddha yA saMkula yuddha kA Ayojana to kyA carcA bhI kitanI AtmaghAtI evaM anuttaradAyitvapUrNa hai, yaha sahaja hI anumAna kiyA jA sakatA hai ! ataH, hamAre sAmane aba to do hI rAste haiM--karanA ho to aNu-astrazastra se susajjita saMkula yuddha kareM yA phira yuddha karanA hI chor3a deN| yUropa ke parAkramI evaM prayogI manuSyoM ne tIsarA koI rAstA rahane diyA hI nahIM / isake viparIta ahiMsA meM nirantara vikAsa kA avasara rhegaa| isIlie ahiMsA kA rASTravyApI prayoga vyaktigata prayoga se adhika sulabha hogA; kyoMki vyaktigata mAmale meM Aveza, krodha aura pAgalapana kI bhale hI guMjAiza hai, lekina isa aNu-yuga meM rASTrIya yuddha meM dIvAnepana kI guMjAiza nahIM hai| isa dRSTi se akelA bhI ahiMsaka rASTra sarvathA surakSita rahegA / jo rASTra dUsaroM kA zoSaNa nahIM karegA, jahAM zramaniSTha svAvalambI samAja hogA, jahAM kI prajA ko sAmAjika aura Arthika nyAya milate raheMge, jahAM vizva bhara ke lie maitrI rahegI, saMkaTa ke samaya dUsare rASTroM kI sevA kI taiyArI rahegI, yadAkadA saMgharSa meM kisI niSpakSa rASTra kI madhyasthatA ke lie tatparatA rahegI aura antima sthiti meM AkramaNa ke sAtha akhaNDa asahayoga evaM ahiMsAtmaka pratikAra karane kI taiyArI rahegI--aise rASTra ke prati duniyA bhara meM sahAnubhUti kA vajra nirmANa ho jaaegaa| isalie kisI rASTra ke ahiMsAvAdI banane para usake sthAyitva ke viSaya meM sandeha sacamuca kalpanA-zakti ke abhAva kA dyotaka hai| hiMsA kI vedI para jitanI bhI AhutiyAM car3hAnI par3atI haiM aura unake badale jo lAbha aba taka mAnavatA ko milA hai, vaha hamAre mastiSka meM hiMsA kI saphalatA ke viSaya meM sandeha prakaTa kara detA hai| isake viparIta yadi utanA hI balidAna hama ahiMsA ke lie karane ko tatpara ho jAeM, to hameM kama lAbha hogA--yaha ciMtana kI durbalatA hai| lekina, hama to hiMsA ke lie bhArI-se-bhArI balidAna ko bhI kama mAnate haiM aura ahiMsA ke lie alpabalidAna yA abalidAna kI kalpanA kara lete haiN| vAstava meM yaha anyAya hai| vIroM kI ahiMsA para adhiSThita samAja yA rAjya-vyavasthA meM arAjakatA evaM vaidezika AkramaNa kA bhaya hamAre ciMtana kI durbalatA hai| 7. janataMtra evaM ahiMsaka pratikAra : janataMtra ke saMdarbha meM yaha kahA jAtA hai ki cUMki yaha jana pratinidhiyoM ke dvArA sArA kArobAra calAtA hai, prazAsana vidhAyikA ke prati jimmevAra rahatA hai, vyaktigata adhikAroM evaM nyAya kI surakSA ke lie svatantra evaM niSpakSa nyAyapAlikA, janamata kI abhivyakti ke lie Avadhika nirvAcana, matagaNanAdi prakriyAoM kA vidhAna hai, jisameM vicAra-pracAra kA paryApta avasara rahatA hai, isalie vahAM ahiMsaka pratirodha vastutaH nirarthaka hai / isa prakAra ke cintakoM ke mAnasa meM sambhavataH saMvaidhAnika

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janataMtra aura ahiMsA 155 prajAtAMtrika prazAsana kA koI dUsarA vikalpa nahIM dIkhatA / ataH isake pratikAra evaM pratirodha kA prazna hI vyartha hai| lekina sarvaprathama to pracalita janataMtra hI doSamaya hai, jahAM 'jana' ke nAma para 'pakSa', evaM pakSa ke nAma para pakSa ke kucha tAnAzAha prapaMca evaM paise kI mAyA raca kara gaddI para baiThe raha sakate haiN| phira bahusaMkhyakoM kA krUra bahumata vastutaH alpasaMkhyakoM ko upekSita, anAdRta evaM adhikAravihIna kara detA hai| sabase bar3I bAta to yaha hai ki lokataMtra kA adhiSThAna bhI lokazakti meM nahIM, varan daMDazakti kI pratIka pulisa evaM sainyazakti meM hai| isalie jisa lokazAhI meM lazkara kA sthAna ho, vahAM ahiMsaka pratirodha yA satyAgraha kA sthAna nahIM hogA--yaha bAta samajha meM nahIM A sktii| jaba janataMtra kI pozAka meM tAnAzAhI kA nagna nRtya ho, vahAM janatA kI AkAMkSAoM kI pUrti ke lie apekSita evaM anivArya samAja-parivartana ke lie yadi hama ahiMsaka vikalpa kA anveSaNa nahIM kareMge, to yA to hama hiMsA-pratihiMsA kI Aga meM bhasma ho jAeMge yA phira samAja-parivartana ke dvAra hI sadA ke lie banda ho jaaeNge| phira to lokatantra bhI nahIM rhegaa| phira Aja jaba rAjyazakti kA dinAnudina vistAra ho rahA hai, jaba rAjya kI kAlI yA ujalI chAyA parivAra, prArthanA, pAThazAlA evaM raMgazAlA para bhI par3a rahI hai, aura phira sattA-prApti kI hor3a meM paise kI thailI evaM guTabAjoM kI kalAbAjiyAM kAmayAba ho rahI haiM tathA usa para bhI naukarazAhI evaM lAla phItAzAhI majabUta hotI jA rahI haiM, to janataMtra kA kevala nirjIva DhAMcA khar3A karane se janataMtra nahIM bcegaa| isalie janataMtra parivAra evaM prANarakSaNa ke lie bhI satyAgraha kI saMjIvanI caahie| jaba lokazAhI janatA kA dAmana pakar3a kara sAmAjika pratiSThA prApta karatI hai, kintu dUsarI ora mattA meM bane rahane ke lie pulisa evaM phauja kI goliyoM para hI vizvAsa rakhatI hai, jaba sAmAjika-Arthika nyAya-prApti ke lie koI bhI vaidhAnika upAya ke lie avasara hI nahIM rahate haiM; jaba Ama cunAvoM se janamata ke phaisale ke kAraNa rASTrIya samajha-bUjha kuNThita-sI ho jAtI hai, to usa samaya anyAya ke prati AtmasamarpaNa yA khUnI pravRtti-ina donoM ke bIca eka mAtra vikalpa satyAgraha kA rahatA hai / isa prakAra kA ahiMsaka pratikAra, isa prakAra kI savinaya avajJA, isa prakAra ke anyAya ke lie dUsaroM ko kaSTa die binA svayaM kaSTa-sahana pratyeka nAgarika kA janmasiddha adhikAra hai| isako kucalanA vastuta: antarAtmA kI AvAja ko kucalanA hai| isalie satyAgraha vAstava meM sarjanAtmaka evaM sAhasika nAgarikatA kA prazikSaNa tathA anyAya ke pratikAra kA rakSA-kavaca hai| satyAgraha-yuddha meM pratiyuddha yA paraspara saMgharSa kA sthAna nahIM; kyoMki yaha sattA-prApti ke lie nahIM, sattA ko zuddha karane aura usakA sadupayoga karAne ke lie hotA hai| usI prakAra satyAgraha se arAjakatA ko

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156 jainadarzana : cintana - anucintana bhI prazraya nahIM mila sakatA / duSTa hetu se kiyA gayA satyAgraha na to ahiMsaka hai, na prajAtaMtra meM isakA koI sthAna hai / vAstava meM vaha satyAgraha hai hI nahIM, vaha to durAgraha hai /

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mahAvIra aura gAMdhI mahAvIra aura gAMdhI bhale hI do zarIra, lekina eka mana aura eka AtmA the / ve donoM hI eka dhAtu ke do khaMDa the| merI adanA akala meM to mahAvIra paccIsa sau varSa ke pUrva gAMdhI aura gAMdhI bIsavIM zatAbdI ke mahAvIra the / yadi hama AvatAravAda ko mAneM to bhagavAna mahAvIra isa yuga meM gAMdhI ke rUpa meM avatarita hue---saMbhavAmi yuge yuge| maiM to vinamratA pUrvaka kahUMgA ki gAMdhI jaina dharma ke 25 veM tIrthakara the / mahAvIra aura gAMdhI itihAsa-puruSa hI nahIM kAla puruSa the / na mahAvIra kSatriya the, na bApU vaizya, na mahAvIra vaizAlI ke the, na gAMdhI gujarAta ke / isalie mahAvIra ko jaina aura gAMdhI ko hindU mAnanA bhI nirarthaka hai / mahAvIra aura gAMdhI kevala vyakti hI nahIM apitu vicAra bhI the / vicAra jaba kisI vyakti kI maryAdA meM baMdha jAtA hai to vaha vAda bana jAtA hai, vicAra jaba kisI dhArmika Agraha para savAra hotA hai to sampradAya ho jAtA hai / mahAvIra aura gAMdhI kI sabase bar3I vizeSatA thI ki unake vicAroM meM jakar3ana nahIM thI, vacana meM Agraha nahIM thA, vyavahAra meM Asakti nahIM thii| asala meM donoM ne dharma ke bAhya kalevara ko gauNa, kintu dharma cetanA para jyAdA bala diyaa| jaina-dharma, isI kAraNa bauddha, islAma aura isAIyata kI taraha dharma-vistAra meM nahIM gayA, gAMdhI ne bhI kisI ko hindU dharma meM dAkhila karane kA lAbha nahIM rakhA / donoM ne dharma ke vistAra meM nahIM, apitu isakI gaharAI meM dilacaspI dikhAI evaM dharma-cetanA ko paripuSTa kiyA / dharma-cetanA ke mukhya do hI lakSaNa haiM, jo vedavyAsa ne aThArahI purANa ke sAra-sarvasva rakhA thA-"paropakArAya purAyAya pApAya parapIr3anam" jaina paramparA kI aitihAsika bhUmikA evaM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke samasta siddhAMtoM kA sAra-sarvasva inhIM do siddhAMtoM para AdhArita hai / lekina dharma-cetanA ke ye do bhAva-tanva--"paropakAra ko purAya mAnanA aura paraupakAra ko pApa samajhanA"-zUnya meM avasthita nahIM rahate / dezakAla kI AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti ke nimitta dharma-cetanA ke donoM tattva vyaktigata evaM sAmAjika jIvana meM mUrtamAna hone caahie| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke samaya bhI samAja meM UMca-nIca ke jAtibheda, aspRzyatA, nArI-upekSA, karmakAMDa aura yajJIya-hiMsA Adi, dharma ke UparI kalevaroM ne mahAvIra kI dhArmika cetanA ko cunautI dI thI aura unhoMne unheM svIkAra karate hue una durguNoM ke viruddha jehAda cher3a kara dhArmika cetanA ko paripuSTa

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158 jainadarzana : cintana - anucintana kiyA / ThIka gAMdhI ne bhI apane samaya meM usI sUtra ko pakar3akara janAndolana kiyA / dhArmika cetanA maMda par3ate hI loga mahAvIra kI pravRtti ke yogya nahIM raha sake / loga siddhAMta meM nArI - uddhAra kI bAta karate rahe kintu vyavahAra meM abalApana ke poSaka rahe, UMca-nIca aura chuAchUta dUra karane kI ghoSaNA bhI hotI rahI, dUsarI tarapha jAtivAda brAhmaNa paramparA ke prabhAva se baca nahIM sake / yajJa kI hiMsA jarUra kama huI, lekina parigraha ke kAraNa zoSaNa kI hiMsA bhabhakatI rahI / aparigraha ke nAma para aparigraha kA karmakAMDa AyA, loga naMge paira ghUme, muMha para kapar3e Dhake, lekina sampatti kA saMgraha aura parigraha udyAma rIti se calatA rahA / dIrgha paratantratA ke kAraNa bhI dharma - cetanA azakta hotI gaI aura dharma sampradAya ke choTe-choTe gharauMde banane lage, dharma ke nimitta adharma kA poSaNa nivRtti ke nAma para niSkriyatA, satya, ahiMsA, brahmacarya, aparigraha Adi udAtta jIvanamUlyoM ke Upara azraddhA hone lagI / logoM ne soca liyA ki siddhAMta aura vyavahAra jagat alaga-alaga haiM / aisI hI dAruNa paristhitiyoM meM mahAtmA gAMdhI kA AvirbhAva huA / unhoMne sAhasapUrvaka rAjanIti ke sAtha adhyAtma ko, saMgharSa ke sAtha ahiMsA ko aura jIvana vyavahAra ke sAtha aparigraha ko jor3ane kI bAta nirbhIkatApUrva rakhI / pahale to unheM sarvapradarzI aura avyAvahArika banAyA lekina jaise-jaise karmavIra gAMdhI eka se eka sAmAjika rAjanaitika abhiyAna cher3akara saphala hote gae sArI dizAyeM unake zrIcaraNoM meM jhukatI giiN| unakA vyaktigata jIvana yadi "satya ke sAtha prayoga" rahA to unakA sampUrNa asahayoga evaM satyAgraha Andolana bhagavAn mahAvIra kI dharma cetanA kA " ahiMsA ke sAtha prayoga " mAnanA cAhie | satya ahiMsA kI sArvabhaumika aura sAmAjika kAryakSamatA para se logoM kA avizvAsa uThane lagA / jaina samAja meM satya aura ahiMsA ke prati janmasiddha Adara thA hI, vaha mUrchita jarUra thI / gAMdhI ne usakI mUrcchA ko dUra kara diyA / phira jaina samAja garva se udghoSa karane lagA - " ahiMsA paramodharmaH / abhI taka ahiMsA durbalatA kA pratIka thI, gAMdhI ne use virAT rUpa dekara zaktimAn banA diyA / / jaina samAja ne nara-nArI kI samAnatA kI bAteM jarUra rakhI, hinduoM ne to bar3hakara nArI ko devI kaha diyA-- "yatra nAryastu pUjyate ramaMte tatra devatA", lekina vyavahAra meM parityakA lAcArakumArI hI sAdhvI banatI thI, lekina gAMdhI ne batAyA ki saccA bala to zarIra bala nahIM Atmabala hai, usa dRSTi se yadi nArI abalA hai to puruSa bhI nirbala hai| jahAM taka dayA, sahAnubhUti, tyAga Adi kA prazna hai, usa dizA meM to nArI puruSoM se Age haiM / isalie gAMdhI ne nArI ko sAmAjika pratiSThA dekara use sacamuca devI banAyA jaina samAja ko bhI isase nava-jIvana milA aura sAdhvI ko lagA ki unakA jIvana zreSTha hai /

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mahAvIra aura gAMdhI bApU ne vivAhita brahmacarya ke Adarza ko vyavahAra meM lAkara jainasamAja ke AdarzoM ko sArthakatA pradAna kii| prAcIna kAla meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke samaya meM isa prakAra kI dampatti ke brahmacarya kI kathA sunate haiM lekina gAMdhI ne apane jIvana meM isakA prayoga kara dhArmika cetanA ko paripuSTa kiyaa| gAMdhI ke lie brahmacarya kevala Adarza nahIM, vizuddha vyavahAra thA / jIvana ke antima samaya meM bhI unhoMne svayaM apane Upara brahmacarya ke prayoga kiye aura yaha siddha kiyA ki vyakti kitanI UMcAI taka jA sakatA hai| sabase sundara bAta to yaha ki gAMdhI ne nivRtti aura pravRtti kA sumela usI prakAra sAdhA jisa prakAra mahAvIra ne bhI bhikSu aura gRhastha donoM ke lie jaina dharma meM pratiSThA pUrvaka rahane kA avasara pradAna kiyA / gRhastha bhI sundara sevaka ho sakatA hai, vaha bhI Adarza jaina ho sakatA hai aura bhikSu kA jIvana bhI samAjasevA ke binA apUrNa rhegaa| mahattva bhikSuveza kA nahIM, niSkAmasevA kA hai| kaSAya vastra to pratIka hai ki hama apane antara ke kaSAyoM se chuTTI pA leM to bhikSu evaM sAdhvI kI sArthakatA samAja-sevA meM hai aura samAja-sevA kA soSThava niSkAma evaM nispRha bhAvanA meM hai| sevA karane kA ahaMkAra to burA hai hI, bhikSu banakara usakA abhimAna to aura bhI burA hai| jaina paramparA ko anekAMta tattvajJAna aura usake vAcanika saMyaMtra syAdvAda para gaurava honA hI cAhie / vastutaH ahiMsA kI sAdhanA ke lie isase behatara kisI yaMtra kA Aja taka kahIM AviSkAra nahIM huaa| bhAvanA tmaka ahiMsA kA pATha to IsA, buddha Adi sabhI dharma-pravartakoM evaM mahApuruSoM ne diyaa| lekina manasA-vAcA karmaNa-ahiMsA kA vyAvahArika vijJAna anekAMtasyAdavAda meM hI pAyA gayA hai / anekAMta-bhAvanA vastutaH vicAra ke kSetra meM ahiMsA kA anupraveza hai / syAdavAda to ahiMsA kI nirdoSa vAcanika zailI hai jaba vastu ke ananta dharma haiM aura manuSya kA jJAna sImita hai to mAnava yaha kaise kaha sakatA hai ki vaha jo jAnatA hai, vahI sahI hai| yahI kAraNa thA ki bhagavAna mahAvIra apane pravacana meM syAdavAda kA sahArA lekara hara pravacana ke pUrva 'syAt' kA prayoga karate the| kintu bhagavAna mahAvIra ne anekAMta syAdavAda ko jisa prakAra loka-vyavahAra meM prayogakara use sarvaloka hitakAraka banAyA, use dharma-cetanA kA praveza maMda hote hI jaina samAja ne use bhulA diyaa| isake viparIta anekAMta ke nAma para bhaMga jAla aura ekAntika kadAgraha ke jhagar3e meM phaMse rhe| unheM patA nahIM rahA ki anekAMta kevala zastrIya siddhAMta yA tarkajAla nahIM balki dainaMdina jIvana aura samAja kI bemela pravRttiyoM ke saMgharSa ko samAdhAna karane kA eka anokhAyaMtra hai| bhaMgajAla aura vAdavijaya to anekAMta kA bAharI kalevara hai, usakI AtmA nahIM / jIvana ke hara kSetroM meM virodhI kA samanvaya aura kaTutA tathA saMgharSa kA parihAra hI asalI

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jainadarzana : cintana-anucintana anekAMta hai| gAMdhI ne anekAMta kI AtmA ko pahacAnA aura jIvana ke hara kSetra meM samanvaya kI virAT ceSTA kii| paMjIvAda aura samAjavAda yA yoM kaheM parigraha aura aparigrahavAda kA samanvaya unhoMne apane TrasTizipa ke siddhAMta meM jisa kauzala se kiyA, vaha apUrva hai / jhagar3A amIra se nahIM, usakI amIrI se hai / yadi vaha bhAmAzAha eva seTha jamanAlAla bajAja kI taraha use janatA kA dharohara mAnatA hai to apanI apUrva buddhi kA samAja ko lAbha detA hai to isameM kyA harja hai / sArvajanika kSetroM meM jo udyoga cale Aja anAtha bacce kI taraha upekSita aura anAdata haiM kyoMki use koI apanA nahIM samajhatA / rAjanIti meM bhI unhoMne rAjya-zakti ke sAtha jana-zakti ko jor3ane kA saMdeza diyaa| dharma ke kSetra meM sarva-dharma samabhAva to anekAMta kA vyAvahArika pATha hai / bhASA ke kSetra meM bhI unhoMne milI-julI hindustAnI kI jo vakAlata kI Aja.vaha mAnalI jAtI to saMskRta niSTha hindI ke bojhila svarUpa se na dakSiNa vAle katarAte na urdU vAle dvitIya rAjabhASA kI mAMga karate / saMkSepa meM gAMdhI ne apane jIvana meM anekAMta ko utaaraa| hAM, unhoMne barAbara vinamratAvaza kahA ki unakA anekAMta syAdavAda vidvAnoM kA nahIM, eka sAmAnya janatA kA hai / unakI isa yukti meM eka ora unakI vinamratA kI parAkASThA hai dUsarI ora sAmpradAyika vRtti se vAda-vijaya aura bhaMgajAla kA hI anekAMta mAnane para chipA huA vyaMga / mahAvIra ne paMca mahAvratoM ke sAtha aNuvratoM ke upadeza diye| gAMdhI nitya prati aikAdazavata kI prArthanA hI nahIM sAdhanA karate rahe / mahAvIra ne satya ko dharma kA mUla mAnA, gAMdhI kA sampUrNa jIvana hI "satya ke sAtha prayoga" hai| mahAvIra ne ahiMsA ko parama dharma batAyA, gAMdhI kA sampUrNa jIvana unakI samAja-sAdhanA, unakA satyAgraha unake Arthika rAjanaitika abhiyAna ahiMsA para AdhArita haiN| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne ahiMsA ko vyaktigata jIvana meM sUkSmatA pUrvaka lAne para jitanA jora diyA, utanA pahale aura bAda meM bhI kisI ne nahIM diyA / ahiMsA ko saMgaThita kara ise sAmUhika jIvana meM dAkhila kara diyA-yaha hai gAMdhI kA anokhA aavisskaar| mahAvIra ne brahmacarya ko adhyAtma ke lie sarvoparI mAnA, gAMdhI ne use gRhastha jIvana meM apanA kara sarva sulabha banA diyA / brahmacarya kI sAdhanA lie samAja kA parityAga Avazyaka nahIM, vaha to gArhasthya jIvana meM bhI sAdhA jA sakatA hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne nirvastra hokara aparigraha kA Atyantika padArtha pATha diyA. gAMdhI ne arddhanagna rahakara bhArata kI duHkhI janatA ke sAtha AtmIyatA prApta kI, aparigraha to sAdhA hI / yahI kAraNa hai ki maiM gAMdhI ko vartamAna yuga kA mahAvIra mAnatA huuN| apanI Atma kathA ke antima vAkya meM gA~dhI ne jo likhA hai, usase spaSTa hotA hai ki gAMdhI vaiSNava kula meM jaina hokara paidA hue aura 30 janavarI ko mahAvIra ahiMsA kA pracAra karate hue zahIda hue !

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khaNDa-5 jaina vizva bhAratI kA nakha zikhadarpaNa

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jaina vizvabhAratI kI varNamAlA jisa prakAra varNa ke binA zabda, zabda ke binA vAkya, vAkya ke binA chaMda kA vidhAna nahIM hotA hai, usI prakAra mahAna se mahAnatama uddezyoM kI sAdhanA nyUnatama "AcAra-saMhitA" ke binA asambhava ho jAtI hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, nIMva ke patthara ke binA mahala ke gumbada aura kaMgUroM kI kalpanA divAsvapna hotI hai, yathArtha nhiiN| jisa prakAra varNamAlA kisI bhI vyAkaraNa kA AdhAra aura Arambha-tattva hai usI prakAra kisI bhI saMsthA ke uddezyoM ke kAryAnvayana ke lie usakI varNamAlA pahale taya karanI cAhie, anyathA bahuta sAre prayatna niSphala hote haiM, digbhrama to hotA hI hai| jaina vizvabhAratI vizvavidyAlaya koI dharmasaMgha nahIM hai, yaha sArasvatasAdhanA kA tIrtha hai| satya kI sAdhanA aura satya kA anusaMdhAna hI isakA abhISTa hai-vande saccaM / satya na to prAcI ke hAtha bikA hai, na pratIcI ke hAtha / isa para na sukarAta kA svAdhikAra hai, na zaMkara kA sarvAdhikAra / AcArya haribhadra ke zabdoM meM yahAM na mahAvIra ke lie hI rAga hai, na kapila ke lie dveSa "pakSapAta na meM vIro na rAgAdi kapilAdiSu / " sArasvata-sAdhanA isa dRSTi se dharma-sAdhanA bhI hai aura bhagavat-sAdhanA bhI, kyoMki yaha satya kI sAdhanA hai / yaha na kisI vyakti kI maryAdA meM kaida ho sakatA hai, na kisI sampradAya yA kisI grantha ke khUTe se baMdha sakatA hai| asala meM sArasvata-sAdhanA gaMgA kI sadApravAhinI avirala jaladhArA hai jise kisI granthi se bAMdhanA sAkSAt sarasvatI kA apamAna hai / jisa taraha baMdhuA majadUra kI asmitA nahIM hotI usI prakAra baMdhA huA jJAna jJAna nahIM, pracArataMtra hai| isalie to kahA gayA hai-"sA vidyA yA vimuktye|" lekina jo svayaM mukta nahIM ho vaha mukti kA mArga kaise prazasta karegA ? isalie bhAratI kI sAdhanA vyakti aura sampradAya Adi se mukta honI cAhie / vicAra jaba kisI vyakti kI maryAdA meM kaida ho jAtA hai to vaha vAda bana jAtA hai, vicAra jaba kisI dhArmika Agraha para savAra hotA hai, to vaha sampradAya bana jAtA hai. vicAra jaba kisI dharmasaMgha yA rAjataMtra kI dAsI bana jAtA hai to vaha nisteja aura nivIrya ho jAtA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki AcArya tulasI ne dharmasaMgha ke sarvocca anuzAstA rahate hue bhI "jaina vizvabhAratI saMsthAna'' ko dharmasaMgha se svataMtra rakkhA / avazya hI ve vizvavidyAlaya ke bhI anuzAstA ke rUpa meM isako naitika aura AdhyAtmika mArga-darzana dete raheMge kintu saMsthA kI svAyattatA hI isakA

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164 jainadarzana : cintana-anucintana kItti-stambha hogA / naitika aura AdhyAtmika saMsparza ke binA jisa prakAra Aja kI rAjanIti jahara se bhI jyAdA khataranAka ho gayI hai usI prakAra naitika aura AdhyAtmika tattva ke binA hamArI zikSA bandhyA hokara bhI vyabhicAriNI bana gayI hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki zikSA hamArI anekAneka sAmAjika aura rASTrIya samasyAoM ke samAdhAna ke badale svayaM eka samasyA bana gayI hai| zikSaNa saMsthAeM sAMskRtika dRSTi se zmazAna banate jA rahe haiN| karma ke binA jJAna yA AcAra ke binA vicAra, vyartha haiN| durbhAgya hai ki hamAre deza meM dharma-nirapekSatA kA itanA ajIrNa ho gayA ki hamane dharma-zikSA ko zikSaNa-vyavasthA se hI pUrI taraha alaga kara diyA hai| hAlAMki saMsada ne sva0 DA0 prakAza kI adhyakSatA meM "naitika aura AdhyAtmika zikSA ko zikSaNa vyavasthA meM samAveza karane ke lie eka vijJa samiti kA gaThana kiyA thA kiMtu usakI saMstutiyoM kI ekAMta upekSA huii| Aja vizvavidyAlaya parisara meM vyApta asaMtoSa evaM uchRkhalatA, maryAdA kA apakSaya khatare kI ghaMTI bajA rahA hai| isalie jisa prakAra pANinI ke sUtroM kI racanA ziva ke DamarU ke ninAda se mAnI jAtI hai usI prakAra jaina vizvabhAratI kI varNamAlA kA nirmANa anuzAstA AcArya tulasI ke naitika aura AdhyAtmika mArgadarzana ke Aloka meM hogaa| maMtra evaM tantra hara dharma kA apanA eka saMdeza hotA hai / islAma ne bhrAtRtva, IsAiyata ne karuNA hindutva ne tyAga kA maMtra diyA to jaina-dharma aura darzana kA mUlamaMtra ahiMsA kI sAdhanA hai| kintu AcaraNa meM ahiMsA taba taka pratiphalita nahIM ho sakatI jaba taka vicAra meM anekAMta aura vyavahAra meM aparigraha kI siddhi nahIM ho sktii| isalie anekAMta, aparigraha evaM ahiMsA kI triveNI kI sAdhanA hI jaina vizvabhAratI kA maMtra hogaa| isI ke anurUpa paraspara ke AdhAra para sahamati sarvAnumati vizvAsa aura sarvasammati ke AdhAra para hI nirNaya isakA taMtra-vidhAna hogaa| AcAra saMhitA vicAra nirguNa ho sakatA hai lekina AcAra to saguNa hI hogaa| nyUnatama AcAra-saMhitA ke binA saMsAra kI koI vyavasthA Tika nahIM sakatI phira "vizvabhAratI' jaisI garimAmayI saMsthA kI to apanI AcAra-saMhitA honI hI caahie| yahI isakA paricaya-patra hogaa| isa saMsthA ke vidyArthI hoM yA adhyApaka yA adhikArI saboM ke lie isake AdarzoM ke anurUpa kintu vyAvahArikatA ke Aloka meM eka AcAra-saMhitA honI caahie| saumya vyavahAra evaM mRdula ziSTAcAra, Agraha mukta vicAra pravartana, vaicArika udAratA

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jaina vizvabhAratI kI varNamAlA 165 aura AlocanAoM ke prati asIma sahiSNutA kA sthAna denA hogaa| sAdA jIvana aura ucca vicAra ke lie kama se kama, sAdI pozAka, parisara meM vyasana-mukti aura AhAra-zuddhi kI maryAdA to honI hI caahie| isI prakAra varga-vyavasthA meM Asana-paddhati evaM alpAdhika svAvalambana ko aMjAma dene se vAtAvaraNa meM bhAratIyatA kA mUlya diikhegaa| bhavana evaM upaskara kevala chAtra-adhyApaka evaM adhikArI hI nahIM apitu jaina vizva bhAratI ke bhavana-vAstukalA evaM upaskara ke prAvadhAna meM bhI bhAratIyatA parilakSita honI cAhie / bhavana evaM upaskara meM tar3aka-bhar3aka nahIM hokara usameM sAdagI evaM kalAtmakatA honI caahie| prAkRtika vAyu evaM prakAza nirbAdha rUpa se mila sake / bhavana kabUtara khAne kI taraha na hokara unmukta hoM tAki kRtrima vAyu evaM prakAza kI kama se kama AvazyakatA ho| bhavana ke Asa-pAsa paryApta harItimA evaM phala-phUla ke udyAna hone cAhie / isa sthiti meM gurudeva ke samaya ke vizvabhAratI (zAMti niketana) ko Adarza rUpa meM sAmane rakhanA caahie| pAThyakrama : adhyApana, prazikSaNa, prayoga evaM zodha pAThyakrama kI samagra vidhAoM jaise adhyApana, prazikSaNa, prayoga evaM zodha meM anekAMta, aparigraha evaM ahiMsA kI trayo para dhyAna kendrita karanA caahie| cAhe vaha sAhitya ho yA samAja-vijJAna yA jIvana-vijJAna, hara viSaya meM isa trayI kI vyApakatA aura gahanatA ko ujAgara karanA cAhie tAki isa kSetra meM hama nayA adhyAya jor3a skeN| phira jaina vizvabhAratI ko sampUrNa deza ko apanA parisara mAnanA caahie| isake lie yahAM patrAcAra vyavasthA aura unmukta vizvavidyAlaya ke rUpa kA bhI vikAsa karanA hogaa| kalakattA, baMbaI, dillI Adi mahAnagaroM meM isakI parIkSAeM Ayojita kara isako janamAnasa meM vyApaka banAnA hogaa| ahiMsA ke prazikSaNa-zivira adhika se adhika lagAne hoMge evaM uttIrNa vidyArthiyoM ko pramANa-patra bhI denA caahie| yahI nahIM pazcimI evaM vyaya sAdhya zArIrika kheloM kI jagaha Asana, prANAyAma, sUrya namaskAra, prekSAdhyAna, kAyotsarga Adi ko adhika prAdhAnya diyA jAnA caahie| samAja-samparka evaM samAja-sevA- (Extension) Aja ke vizvavidyAlaya prAya: samAja aura sAmAjika samasyAoM se kaTe hue rahate haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki ve samAja ko sAMskRtika aura naitika netRtva pradAna karane meM akSama rahate haiN| vizvavidyAlaya Ayoga ne adhyApana, zodha, prazikSaNa ke sAtha-sAtha samAja-samparka evaM samAja-sevA ko bhI pAThya

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166 jaina darzana : cintana - anucintana krama ke Avazyaka aMga banAne kA nirdeza diyA hai / jaise karma ko jJAna se vilaga kara diyA gayA hai, usI prakAra zikSaNa ko bhI samAja se alaga kara diyA gayA hai / jaina vizvabhAratI isako ujAgara karanA cAhegA / isake lie hara pAThyakrama ke sAtha kucha avadhi taka samAja - samparka evaM sevA kArya ko aMga banAnA hogA | lADanUM ko to apanA prema kSetra banAkara yadA-kadA svaccha lADanUM, nazAmukta-lADanUM Adi ko abhiyAna meM zAmila karanA hogA tAki samAja ko ahasAsa ho sake ki jaina vizvabhAratI hamArI hai / isI prakAra kama se kama bhArata ke pramukha mahAnagaroM meM jaina vizvabhAratI mitra- maNDala (Friends of Jain Vishva - Bharati ) nAmaka saMsthA kA nirmANa karanA cAhie jisake mAdhyama se jaina vizvabhAratI ke uddezyoM, kAryoM evaM isakI samasyAoM se unheM paricita karAnA caahie| isase yahAM deza ke sabhI bhAgoM se chAtra-chAtrAeM adhyayana evaM zodha ke lie Ane lageMge evaM dAtAoM ko apanI sahAyatA kI sArthakatA kA bhI avabodha hogA / isI taraha jaina vizvabhAratI mitra - maNDala kI hama videzoM meM bhI sthApanA karake vahAM ke bhAratIya aura jaina samAja ko eka bauddhika evaM naitika netRtva pradAna kara sakate haiM / kisI rASTra kI mahAnatA kA eka mApadaMDa hai ki usake vidyApITha kitane mahAn haiM / prAcIna bhArata meM takSazilA, nAlandA aura vikramazilA vizvavidyAlaya the / durbhAgya se jaina dharma apanI antarmukhI sAdhanA ke cAritra ke kAraNa isa dizA meM vizvavidyAlaya jaise saMsthAna kI pratiSThA kara nahIM sakA yoM Adhunika samaya meM syAdvAda vidyAlaya, pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama Adi chiTapuTa kaI sundara prayatna haiM / yaha zreya AcArya tulasI ko hai ki inhoMne jaina vizvabhAratI kA svapna sAkAra kara eka bar3e abhAva kI pUrti kI / samasta jaina samAja to isake lie kRtArtha hogA hI, bhAratIya vidyApremiyoM ke lie yaha eka devI evaM divya upahAra hogA / bhAratIya saMskRti meM mukhya tIna dhArAeM haiM --- lokAyata, vaidika evaM zramaNa / vaidika dhArA ke vAGmaya kI sAdhanA pratyakSa hai, vistAra ke kAraNa bauddha-vidyA kI sAdhanA ke bhI bhArata evaM vizva meM aneka kendra haiM lekina jaina vidyA mUlataH apane hI sAdhakoM ke puruSArtha se sampanna hotA rahA hai / isalie zuddha sArasvata - sAdhanA evaM bhAratIyatA kI samagra bhAvanA ko dRr3ha karane ke lie bhI jaina vizvabhAratI apekSita hai / ise hameM na sAmpradAyikatA se jor3anA cAhie, na karmakAMDa se, yaha to svastha jIvana darzana kI sAdhanA kA eka sAtvika kendra hogA /

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jaina vizvabhAratI : ahiMsA kI pratidhvani jaina vizvabhAratI ko mAnya vizvavidyAlaya kA darjA milate hI isake pAThyakrama, adhyApaka aura adhyetAoM ke viSaya meM kucha kama para isake sthApatya, bhavana-nirmANa aura isakI sAja-sajjA para adhika carcA hone lagI / merA zurU se mAnanA rahA hai ki jaina vizva bhAratI ko jaina-saMskRti ke pratIka rUpa meM vikasita honA cAhiye / yuvAcArya jI ne ise aura bhI pariSkRta karate hue kahA- "yahAM saba cIjoM meM ahiMsA kI pratidhvani honI cAhiye / " jaina saMskRti ke do rUpa haiM---bAhya aura Antarika / bAhya rUpa meM isake zAstra, bhASA, sthApatya, mandira evaM mUrti-vidhAna, upAsanA ke prakAra aura upakaraNa, samAja ke khAna-pAna ke niyama, utsava, tyohAra Adi haiN| lekina bAhya aMgoM ke hote hue bhI jaina-saMskRti kA hRdaya nahIM hai, to ve saba niSprANa haiM / jaina-saMskRti kA hRdaya kevala jaina samAja yA jAti meM hI sabhbhava hai, aisI bAta nhiiN| jaina kahalAnevAloM meM bhI jaina saMskRti kI AMtarika yogyatA nahIM ho sakatI hai aura jainetara vyaktiyoM meM bhI vaha sambhava hai| asala meM saMskRti kI AtmA itanI vyApaka aura svataMtra hotI hai ki use deza, kAla, jAta-pAMta, bhASA aura rIti-rivAjoM meM hI sImita nahIM kara sakate / jaina saMskRti kA hRdaya nivartaka-dharma hai, yahI usakI saccI dharma-cetanA hai / isa Antarika svarUpa kA sAkSAt Akalana to sirpha usI kA hotA hai jo ise apane jIvana meM tanmaya kara leM, jo aise jIvana bitAne vAle purUSoM ke vyavahAroM se tathA Asa-pAsa ke vAtAvaraNa para par3ane vAle prabhAvoM se hI sambhava hai| lokAyata yA cArvAka matavAdI kevala maujUdA janma kA hI vicAra karate haiM / ve vartamAna jIvana se pare kisI anya sukha kI kalpanA se na prerita hote haiM na usake sAdhanoM kI khoja meM samaya bitAnA samucita samajhate haiN| unakI dRSTi meM artha aura kAma-yahI do purUSArtha haiN| dUsarA varga jIvanagata sukha ko sAdhya mAnatA hai para dharmAnuSThAnoM kI AkAMkSA rakhatA hai| prAcIna IrAnI jaratha ttI dharma evaM karma ko hI mImAMsA-darzana Adi aise hI pravartaka dharma mAne gaye haiM / pravartaka dharma samAjagAmI hotA hai jisameM pratyeka vyakti ko samAja meM rahakara hI aihika jIvana se sambandhita sAmAjika kartavya evaM pAralaukika jIvana se sambandha rakhanevAle dhArmika kartavyoM ke pAlana karane kA vidhAna rahatA hai|

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168 jainadarzana : cintana-anucintana inake viparIta nivartaka-dharma lokAntara evaM janmAntara ke sAtha janmacakra ke AdhAra Atma-tatva ko to mAnatA hai lekina janmAntara se prApya ucca, uccatara aura cirasthAyI sukha se saMtuSTa nahIM hotaa| vaha aise sukha kI khoja meM rahatA hai jo eka bAra prApta hone para kabhI naSTa na ho| yahI mokSa kI kalpanA haiM jo svarga yA apavarga se Age hai / isa dRSTi se na kevala bauddha evaM jaina balki upaniSad, vedAnta, nyAya vaizeSika evaM sAMkhya-yoga bhI nivartaka-dharma para hI avasthita haiN| pravartaka dharma jahAM samAjagAmI hai, nivartaka-dharma vyaktigAmI hai jo Atma-sAkSAtkAra kI utkRSTa kRti meM se utpanna hone ke kAraNa Atma-tatva ke Upara citana, manana aura nididhyAsana ke liye prerita karatA hai| gRhasthAzrama bhI isake liye abhISTa nahIM jabaki pravartaka-dharma usake ullaMghana kI kalpanA nahIM karatA / saMkSepa meM nivartaka-dharma ke nimnalikhita vicAra evaM AcAra haiM1. Atmazuddhi 2. Atma-zuddhi ke mArga meM bAdhaka AdhyAtmika moha, avidyA aura tRSNA kA mUloccheda 3. AdhyAtmika jJAna 4. AdhyAtmika anubhUti prApta manuSyoM ke vacanoM kA pramANa 5. janmanA jAti prathA ke khilApha yogyatA evaM gurupada kI kasauTI ko AdhyAtmika jIvana-zuddhi mAnanA / 6. madya-mAMsa kA sAmAjika jIvana meM niSedha / brAhmaNa-paramparA ke mUla meM "brahma" hai jabaki zramaNa-paramparA samatA, zamana aura zrama ke Asa-pAsa vikasita huii| brAhmaNa-paramparA meM stuti, prArthanA aura yajJa-yAgAdi karma kA mahatva hai, jisa kAraNa purohita varga kA abhyudaya huA aura samAjapurUSa kA mukha "brAhmaNa" ko mAnA gayA, jabaki zramaNa, dharma, jAti, varNa, liMga kA bheda nahIM mAnakara saba ko samAna rUpa se satkarma evaM dharma kA adhikArI mAnatA haiN| zramaNa dharma aihika evaM pAralaukika abhyudaya ko sarvathA heya mAnakara niHzreyasa ko ekamAtra upAdeya mAnatA hai isaliye sAdhya kI taraha sAdhanagata sAmya para bhI utanA hI jora detA hai| niHzreyasa ke sAdhanoM meM mukhya hai-ahiMsA / kisI bhI prANI ko kisI bhI prakAra se kaSTa nahIM pahuMcAnA hI ahisA hai / lekina ahiMsA kI bhAvanA ke sAtha-sAtha tapa aura tyAga kI bhAvanA anivArya rUpa se grathita hai, jisake dvArA Atmazuddhi yA sAmya pUrNatayA siddha hogaa| asala meM rAgadveSa Adi malina vRtiyoM para vijaya pAnA hI mukhya sAdhya hai| isa sAdhya kI siddhi jisa ahiMsA, jisa tapa, yA jisa tyAga se na ho sake vaha AdhyAtmika dRSTi se anupayogI hai| zramaNa-dharma kI mUlabhUta bhAvanA sAmya-dRSTi hI hai / ataH sAmya dRSTi mUlaka aura sAmya dRSTi poSaka jo AcAra-vicAra ho ve saba "sAmAika' haiM / jisa prakAra vaidika paramparA meM gAyatrI sabake liye Avazyaka hai, usI

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jaina vizva bhAratI : ahiMsA kI pratidhvani 169 prakAra jaina paramparA meM "sAmAiya" haiN| isaliye jaba-jaba zrAvaka dhArmika jIvana svIkAra karatA hai taba-taba vaha "karemi bhaMte sAmAiya" aisI pratijJA karatA hai| "sAmAiya" karane kA artha hai, samatA yA samabhAva ko svIkAra krnaa| yahI sAmya-dRSTi gItA meM bhI hai ---"samatvaM yoga ucyate / " "sukha-duHkha samekRtvA lAbhAlAbhau jayA jayo / " vastuta: yaha sAmya-bhAvanA citta-zuddhi, sthitaprajJatA yA vItarAgatA kA hI phala hogaa| yaha sAmyadRSTi AcAra evaM vicAra donoM meM abhivyakta ho sakatI hai| jaina dharma kA bAhyaAbhyantara, sthUla-sUkSma sabhI AcAra sAmya-dRSTi mUlaka ahiMsA ke kendra ke Asa-pAsa hI nirmita huA hai / jisa AcAra aura vicAra ke dvArA ahiMsA kI dRSTi evaM rakSA na hotI ho aise kisI bhI AcAra ko jaina paramparA mAnya nahIM rakhatI / ahiMsA jaba vicAra-kSetra meM AtI hai to use hama anekAMta dRSTi kahate haiM aura jaba vAcika dRSTi se vicAra karate haiM to vaha syAdvAda-dRSTi kahalAtI haiN| to sAmya ke liye mUla prazna hai ahiMsA kI prtisstthaa| cAhe vaha AtmavidyA ke dvArA ho yA karma-vidyA ke dvArA yA cAritra-vidyA yA lokavidyA AtmavidyA kahatI hai ki yadi jIvana vyavahAra meM sAmya kA anubhava nahIM ho to Atma-sAmya korA siddhAnta mAtra hai| jaise hama apane dukha kA anubhava karate haiM, vaisA hI para-dukha kA bhI anubhava karanA hai / yadi dUsaroM ke dukha kA AtmIya dukha rUpa se saMvedana na ho to ahiMsA siddha bhI nahIM hotI / upaniSad evaM vedAnta ahiMsA kA samarthana samAnatA ke siddhAnta para nahIM balki advaita ke AdhAra para karate haiM / unake anusAra sabhI jIva zuddha brahma hI haiN| jIvoM kA pArasparika bheda vAstavika na hokara avidyAmUlaka hai| ataH anya ke dukha ko apanA dukha samajha lenA cAhiye / unake anusAra yaha abhinnatA kA bhAva hI ahiMsA kI jananI hai| ___ karma-vidyA ke anusAra bhI yadi vicAra kareM to ajJAna aura rAgadveSa hI karma hai / ajJAna ke kAraNa jo-jo vicAra paidA hote haiM, vahI to rAga-dveSa haiM jo hiMsA ke preraka haiN| ata: hiMsA kA asalI jar3a ajJAna hI hai / apane parAye kI vAstavika pratIti na honA ajJAna yA darzanamoha haiM / yadi hama yaha jAna leM ki hara prANI meM eka hI Atma-tatva hai to phira hiMsA kA prazna hI nahIM utthegaa| dUsarA koI hai hI nahIM, ataH dUsare kA aniSTa apanAnA hI aniSTa karanA hai / sabhI Atma-vAdI darzanoM meM yaha Ama sahamati hai| cAritra kA kArya bhI jIvanagata vaiSamya ke kAraNoM ko dUra karanA hai| AdhyAtmika jIvana kI utkrAMti cAritra ke vikAsakrama para avalambita hai| bahirAtmA meM AtmajJAna kA udaya nahIM hotA hai, usase Upara AtmajJAna kA udaya to hotA hai, lekina rAga-dveSa kAyama rahate haiN| tIsarI bhUmikA paramAtmA

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170 jainadarzana : cintana-anucintana kI haiM jahAM rAga-dveSa kA uccheda evaM vItarAgatva prakaTa hotA haiM / ___ loka-vidyA ke anusAra jIva aura ajIva yA jar3a aura cetana do tattva hai / saMsAra kAla meM cetana ke Upara ekamAtra jar3a (parAmaNu puMja pudgala) haiM / cetana tattva kI sahaja zaktiyAM asIma haiM kintu jar3a aura cetana ke pArasparika prabhAva kSetra hI loka haiM aura usase chuTakArA pAnA hI lokAnta hai| Atmatattva para karma-pudgala kA prabhAva hI Azrava haiM jo baMdhana kA kAraNa haiN| yahAM bhI rAga-dveSa evaM kaSAyoM se mukta honA hI hai| yahI vItarAgatva hai| saMkSepa meM jaina-ciMtana kA sAra sarvasva rAga-dvaSa se Upara uThanA hai, yahI usakI sAmya dRSTi hai| yahI usakA vItarAgatva hai| hiMsA, asatya, corI, parigraha Adi doSoM se binA bace sadaguNoM meM pravRtti ho hI nahIM sakatI aura sadguNa-poSaka pravRttiyoM ko binA jIvana meM sthAna diye hiMsA Adi se bace rahanA asambhava hai| hiMsA ko dUra karanA ho to prema aura Atmaupamya ke sadguNa ko jIvana meM sthAna dete jAeM / ahiMsA kI jIvana-sAdhanA Atmaupamya bhAvanA vikasita kiye binA aura ahiMsA kA samAja-dharma aparigraha kI sAdhanA ke binA asambhava hai| ataH "ahiMsA paramodharmaH" ke pUrva "aparigraha paramodharma' kI sAdhanA Avazyaka hai / ahiMsaka jIvana zailI meM vaibhava ke vIbhatsa pradarzana aura vilAsa kA bAhulya eka asaMgati hai| isaliye to AcArya zrI tulasI kA jIvana maMtra hai---"saMyamaHkhalu jIvanam / ' jisa prakAra zarIra ke binA prANa kI sthiti asambhava hai, vaise hI dharma-zarIra ke binA dharma-prANa kI sthiti bhI kaSTamaya hai / jaina-saMskRti kA dharma-zarIra bhI saMgha-racanA, vAr3amaya, tIrtha, mandira, zilpa sthApatya, upAsanAvidhi, Adi anekoM rUpa meM vidyamAna hai| ina saba meM ahiMsA kI pratidhvani honI caahiye| isaliye jaina vizvabhAratI ko mAnya vizvavidyAlaya banane kI ghoSaNA ke utsAha meM jaba yahAM pAMca sitAre hoTaloM kI taraha atithi-bhavana, prazAsakIya yA pATha-bhavana nirmANa karane evaM tadanurUpa usakI sAja-sajjA juTAne ko socA jAtA hai to lagatA hai ki hamane jaina-saMskRti ke pratIka jaina vizvabhAratI kI AtmA kA darzana nahIM kiyA hai| jaina vizvabhAratI kA apanA darzana hai aura usake anurUpa hI isakI sthApanA sudUra rAjasthAna jaise maru-pradeza meM kI gayI hai jo jilA yA anumaMDala kA bhI mukhyAlaya nahIM hai / AcArya zrI tulasI cAhate to dillI, bambaI, madrAsa, kalakattA Adi kisI mahAnagara meM isakI sthApanA kara sakate the| zAyada vahAM kaI taraha kI suvidhAeM bhI hotiiN| lekina unhoMne isake liye eka choTe se gAMva ko cunA, jaise gurudeva ne zAnti-niketana, zrI aravinda ne pAMDicerI, maharSi zraddhAnanda ne haridvAra ke gurukula kAMgar3I ko zikSA kA kendra cunA thaa| Aja ke nagara evaM mahAnagara

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jaina vizvabhAratI : ahiMsA kI pratidhvani 171 parigraha evaM vilAsa ke pratIka haiN| vahAM ahiMsA kI jIvana-zailI vikasita karanA kAphI kaThina hai / ahiMsA ke vikAsa ke liye parigraha kA pariveza aura ahiMsA ke lie parikara Avazyaka haiM / aparigrahIpariveza ke lie prAkRtika pariveza evaM paryAvaraNa saMtulana para adhika dhyAna rakhanA hogA / Ane vAle samaya meM usa saMkaTa ke sAtha jala kA bhI saMkaTa hone vAlA hai / jaba perisa jaise raMgIna zahara ke pAsa gAMdhI ke ziSya lAMjA - DI - vAstA eka gAMva meM Azrama jIvana calA sakate haiM to jaina vizvabhAratI ke lie yaha kaThina nahIM hai / saura UrjA kA marUpradeza meM bAhulya hai hI, kyoM nahIM hama saura UrjA ko yahAM vikasita kara rASTra ko dizA deM ? isI taraha bAyogaisa, gobara gaisa ke bhI prayoga ho sakate haiM / bar3e-bar3e UMce evaM kabUtarakhAne vAle makAnoM kI apekSA sadA prakAza, vAyu milane vAle, udyAnoM evaM per3a-paudhoM meM Dhake araNya kI kI goda meM jaina vizvabhAratI ko dekhanA kitanA sundara hogA jahAM pakSiyoM ke kalarava hote raheMge / mAnava aura mAnavetara kA yaha saMdhi-sthala hogA / Aja bar3e baMgaloM evaM UMcI-UMcI aTTAlikAoM meM jala kA atyadhika vyaya hotA hai, kyoMki phlaza - paddhati ke paravAnoM meM tathA Taba - sisTama ke guzalakhAnoM meM kAphI pAnI cAhiye / hameM na kevala AhAra meM nirAmiSa hone kA Agraha rakhanA cAhiyeM balki snAnaghara evaM zaucAlaya Adi ke nirmANa meM bhI aMdhAdhuMdha jalakharca ko rokanA cAhiye / bhavana-nirmANa, jahAM taka sambhava ho eka tala kA sAdA, prakAza evaM vAyu ke lie khulA aura majabUtI lie hue kama se kama kharca kA honA cAhiye jisameM Asa-pAsa kI vastuoM evaM kArIgaroM kA adhika upayoga ho / yahAM pIne ko thor3e kharca hone vAle pAnI kA hara bUMda kA per3a-paudhoM kI siMcAI ke lie upayoga honA cAhiye / bhar3akIle kImatI aura zAnadAra upakaraNoM ke badale sAde taraha kI cIjeM rheN| jahAM taka varga meM vidyArthiyoM evaM adhyApakoM ke baiThane kA prazna hai, grAmodyoga kI banI caTAI evaM kATha ke pATha Deska ho / yahI kulapati se lekara anya prazAsanika daphtaroM meM rahe / isase lAkhoM rUpaye kI bacata hogI aura pharnIcara bar3hAne kI pratiyogitA para svataH eka baMdhana lgegaa| jIvana meM sAdagI evaM svAvalambI vRtti AegI / daphtara ke anivArya kAryoM ko chor3a parAvalambI vRtti ko bar3hAvA dene ke lie vizvavidyAlaya kA sTApha kisI kA gharelU naukara nahIM hogaa| jahAM taka hogA loga apanA kAma svayaM kareMge / chAtrAvAsoM meM apane kakSoM kI saphAI chAtra - chAtrA svayaM kareMge / bhojanoparAnta apane bartanoM kI saphAI bhI karane meM kyA harja hai ? isase Azrama jIvana meM ahiMsA kI pratidhvani mila sakegI / daMDa vidhAna to hogA nahIM / vidyArthiyoM kA eka saMsada hogA jisase ve karttavya - vibhAjana ke AdhAra para apane dAyitva saMbhAleMge / dAsa evaM sAmaMtI

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172 jainadarzana : cintana-anucintana paramparA ke badale maitrI, pramoda, karUNA, mAdhyastha Adi para AdhArita pArivArika prema, anaupacArika evaM vinamra vyavahAra yahAM ke mUlAcAra hoNge| yadyapi vizvavidyAlaya kA koI apanA gaNaveza nahIM hogA phira bhI vastroM kI sAdagI, svacchatA para jora diyA jAegA / jApAna kI taraha daphtara yA varga yA apane kakSa meM bhI jUte-cappaloM ke sAtha praveza nahIM hogA tAki svacchatA banI rahe / jamIna meM khule pairoM se calane kI kucha to Adata ho, svaccha svAsthya kI dRSTi se bhI yaha ThIka hai| hamezA moje evaM jUtoM meM pairoM ko giraphtAra rakhane kI jarUrata hI kyA hai ? vizvavidyAlaya kI svAyattatA kA samucita Adara honA cAhiye / svataMtratA meM ahiMsA hai, parataMtratA evaM damana meM hiMsA / gurudeva ravIndranAtha ne gAyA hai ki "he prabho hameM usa deza meM le calo jahAM saMkIrNatAoM se hamArA mana mukta ho aura hamArA sira UMcA ho| svAyattatA ke binA vizvavidyAlaya eka bauddhika marUsthala hai jahAM sRjana avaruddha ho jAtA hai / zikSA jaba sattA yA sampatti kI dAsI bana jAtI hai to vaha nisteja va nirjIva ho jAtI hai| paMtha, sampradAya yA matavAda kA baMdhana bhI baMdhana hI hotaa| svataMtra hokara apane vicAroM kI abhivyakti kA yahAM pUrNa avasara denA hI ahiMsA devI kI ArAdhanA hai / yahI to anekAMta hai / satya ke aneka rUpa evaM AyAma hote haiM / lekina vicAra kI svataMtratA evaM vividhatA se AcaraNa kI pavitratA evaM saMsthAgata mAnya AcAra saMhitA kA koI virodha nhiiN| adhyApakoM evaM anya sevakoM kI sevA saMhitA kA Adara bhI honA cAhiye lekina saMsthA kI AcAra-saMhitA kA anupAlana bhii| jaina vizvabhAratI vastutaH ahiMsA-pITha ke rUpa meM vikasita hogii| bhAratIya saMskRti kA vizva-saMskRti ko yahI avadAna hai / prasiddha itihAsakAra arnalDa TAyanabI zAyada bhAratIya AdhyAtmika dharohara ko saMketa karate hue kahate haiM ki "mAnavatA ke isa abhUtapUrva saMkaTa ke samaya bhArata kA adhyAtma aura isakI ahiMsA hI ekamAtra vikalpa hai|" jaina vizvabhAratI adhyAtma ko vijJAna se evaM ahiMsA ko manovijJAna se jor3akara eka nayI dizA degA / nobala puraskAra vijetA aleksisa kairela ne jisa "mAnava-vijJAna kI apanI pustaka 'maina da ananona" meM carcA kI hai, jaina vizvabhAratI use "jIvanavijJAna" evaM sAdhana svarUpa "prekSAdhyAna" ke rUpa meM vikasita karane ko pratibaddha hai / ahiMsA kI sAdhanA aura usake prayoga kI dizA meM sAMskRtika netRtva karanA isakA mukhya prayojana hogaa| ahiMsA ke lie vizva meM jitane prayoga ho rahe haiM, unakA samanvaya evaM usase sahayoga karanA isakA abhISTa hogA / zAMti ke Upara yahAM Ayojita pichale do antarrASTrIya sammelanoM se aisA AtmavizvAsa jagA bhI hai| Agama evaM prAkRta-saMskRta vAGmaya ke

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jaina vizvabhAratI : ahiMsA kI pratidhvani 173 avagAhana ke sAtha vizva meM ahiMsA-saMskRti kA mela biThAkara use samunnata karate jAnA hogaa| yahAM se nikalI ahiMsA kI pratidhvani jAgatika rUpa meM vyApta ho ske| -

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jaina vizvabhAratI banAma jaina vizvabhAratI jisa samaya Aja se 22 varSa pUrva AcArya tulasI ne lADanUM jaise eka choTI tahasIla meM "jaina vizvabhAratI" kI sthApanA kI thI, usa samaya unakI bhI kalpanA nahIM thI ki yaha "jaina-bhAratI" eka dina "vizvabhAratI" bana jAegI / AcArya zrI ke zabdoM meM zAyada yahI isakI niyati thii|" isalie yaha asambhava sambhava ho sakA aura unakA akalpita svapna bhI sAkAra huaa| gaMgotrI meM gaMgA ko dekhakara kauna kalpanA karegA ki gaMgAsAgara pahuMcate-pahuMcate gaMgA kA yaha virATa rUpa ho jAyagA ? jisa prakAra nadI kI niyati hai ki vaha samudra kI ora bar3hatI jAtI hai, usI prakAra choTI sI jaina vizvabhAratI kI bhI yahI niyati thI ki use vartamAna nAlandA aura takSazilA banane kA dAyitva lenA hogA "yathA nadInAM bahavo ambuvegaaH| samudramevAbhimukhA dravanti // jaina vizvabhAratI kA vizvavidyAlayIya AyAma vastutaH isakA virATa rUpa hai| mAnya vizvavidyAlaya bhale vaidhAnika dRSTi se pRthaka aura svataMtra saMsthA ke rUpa meM ho-lekina vAstavika aura bhAvanAtmaka rUpa se donoM eka hI parivAra haiM / ata: donoM meM pArthakya kA darzana hI doSamUlaka hai / dUsarI dRSTi se bhI vicAra kareM to "jaina vizvabhAratI" mAta-saMsthA hai aura "jaina vizvabhAratI mAnya vizvavidyAlaya" isakA mAnasa-putra hai / ataH vizvavidyAlaya kI pragati aura samRddhi mAtR-saMsthA ke lie gauravamaya sukha kA viSaya hogaa| zAstra meM kahA hI jAtA hai--"pitA putra se parAjaya cAhatA hai, guru ziSya se parAjaya cAhatA hai|" ___ "putrAt iccheta parAjayam / ziSyAt iccheta parAjayam / " jisa vizvavidyAlaya-zizu ko jaina vizvabhAratI mAtA ne janma diyA usakA lAlana-pAlana, usakA vaibhava aura usakA akSaya sukha bhI usakA abhISTa hai / zizu-saMsthA bhI mAtA ke prati apanA Adara evaM kartavyabodha yadi vismRta karegA to yaha kRtaghnatA hogii| bAta rahI mAtA ke vyavahAra kii| mAtA pratidAna kI AkAMkSA nahIM rakhatI, vaha to kevala balidAna aura Atma-balidAna hI jAnatI hai| saMtAna abodha hokara kabhI mAM kI upekSA kara bhI sakatI hai lekina mAM to kucha anyathA soca bhI nahIM sakatI hai--

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175 jaina vizvabhAratI banAma jaina vizvabhAratI "mAtA na kumAtA ho sktii| ho putra kuputra bhale koI / " jaina vizvabhAratI mAtRtva kI mahattama adhikAriNI hai / isaliye mAtasaMsthA ke dvArA vizvavidyAlaya ke saMvidhAna nirmANa ke samaya isa bAta kA paryApta dhyAna rakhA gayA hai ki vizvavidyAlaya ke sabhI nikAyoM meM mAtR-saMsthA kI paryApta chAyA rahe / vizvavidyAlaya kA saMvidhAna to aisA banAyA gayA hai ki vizvavidyAlaya ke nikAya vastutaH sarakAra evaM vizvavidyAlaya anudAna AyogoM ke anivArya pratinidhitva ko chor3a vastutaH mAtR-saMsthA ke hI pratinidhi haiM / vizvavidyAlaya ke sarvocca padAdhikArI kulAdhipati vastutaH mAtR-saMsthA dvArA hI anuzAstA ke parAmarza se manonIta hoNge| vizvavidyAlaya ke pradhAna kAryakArI padAdhikArI kulapati ke manonayana karane vAle cAra sadasyoM meM tIna to mAtR-saMsthA se hI sambaddha haiM ataH kulapati kA manonayana bhI mAtRsaMsthA ke hI kuzala hAthoM meM hai / ziSTa pariSad (sIneTa) ho yA prabandha maMDala (siMDIkeTa), vidyA pariSad (ekeDamika kAunsila) yA vitta samiti, yojanA samiti ho yA cayana samiti sabhI meM mAtR-saMsthA ke pratinidhiyoM kA itanA pragalbha varcasva hai ki unheM kisI prakAra kI duzaMkA yA du:citA ke liye guMjAiza hI nahIM hai| isakA artha yaha nahIM ki jaina vizvabhAratI vizvavidyAlaya kI svAyattatA nahIM hogii| svAyattatA ke abhAva meM vizvavidyAlaya nirjIva evaM nisteja rahegA / vizvavidyAlaya kI zaizavAvasthA meM mAtR-saMsthA kI mamatA hI isakI surakSA kI sarvottama gAraMTI hai| Aja to vittIya saMkaTa ke kAraNa sabhI vizvavidyAlaya daridratA kA duHkha bhoga rahe haiN| ovara DrAphTa evaM bilaMbita bhugatAna vizvavidyAlayoM meM eka Ama bAta ho gayI hai| isa sandarbha meM mAtasaMsthA dvArA vizvavidyAlaya ke sampUrNa vyaya kA dAyitva svIkAra karanA eka durlabha suyoga to hai hI, eka ghoSita varadAna bhI hai| nirmANa evaM dainaMdina ke kharcoM kI cintA se rahita hokara hI AcArya zrI tulasI kI yaha AdhyAtmika aura sArasvata saMtAna unake sapanoM ko sAkAra karane meM samartha hogii| mahAna dArzanika DA. rAdhAkRSNana ne apane grantha rAja "bhAratIya darzana" kA prAraMbha karate hue prathama avismaraNIya paMkti meM kahA hI thA- "ciMtanazIla mastiSka ke prasphuTana, kalA evaM vijJAna ke vikAsa kI pahalI zarta hai ki eka sthAyI samAja vyavasthA ho jahAM surakSA aura avakAza kA avasara ho|" - asurakSA aura abhAva ke kAraNa jIvana-saMgrAma kI kaThoratA se jUjhate rahane para sRjana bhI sambhava nahIM hai| yahI kAraNa thA ki prAcIna bhAratIya AcAryagaNa apanI AjIvikA kI ciMtA se mukta rahakara samAja ko zikSA kA durlabha dAna diyA karate the / samAja unheM jIvikA kI ciMtA se kevala mukta hI nahIM rakhatA thA balki unheM sarvocca sammAna bhI diyA karatA thaa| veda ne kahA hI hai--"brAhmaNo

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176 jainadarzana : cintana-anucintana mukhamAsId" / asala meM sRjana eka mahAn AdhyAtmika kArya hai jisake liye antaHpreraNA aura antapreraNA ke liye svataMtratA paramAvazyaka hai| gurudeva ne isIliye to jaganniyantA se prArthanA kI thI- "he prabho, mujhe vahAM le calo jahAM mana svataMtra hai / aura svAbhimAna se hamArA sira UMcA ho"| saMkSepa meM sArasvata-sAdhanA na to daMDa-bhaya se saMbhava hai, na lAbha-hAni ke saMkIrNa vaNik vRtti se / yaha to mAnava kI svatantra aura sRjana vRtti kI abhivyakti jaina vizvabhAratI kI kalpanA hI eka sarjanAtmaka vRtti hai| yaha koI suniyojita kalpanA ke AdhAra para nahIM banI hai| eka hI ciMtana thA ki marusthala meM kalpavRkSa kI kAmanA / mAnasarovara meM to saba kucha sambhava hai kintu marusthala meM isakI kalpanA advitIya hai| ataH isakA prAraMbha bhI apUrva hai aura isakA Adarza "jaina vidyA ke nAlandA-takSazilA kA nirmANa karanA bhI advitIya hai| jaina vizvabhAratI meM aisA bhautika aura AdhyAtmika AkarSaNa ho ki isa marusthala meM bhI loga yahAM Ane se nahIM ghabar3AyeM / isaliye vizvavidyAlaya ko patrAcAra-pAThyakrama evaM prasAra kAryakramoM ke dvArA vyApaka karanA hogA / vizvavidyAlaya ko pArzva aura vizeSakara grAmINa janatA se jor3anA hogA tAki ise zAzvata poSaNa milatA rhe| kArya cirajIvi taba hotA hai jaba usameM janatA kA sahabhAga evaM sahayogitA hotI hai / ___ yaha zubha lakSaNa hai ki sadiyoM ke bAda jaina-vidyA aura ahiMsA kI saMskRti kI ora AkarSaNa bar3ha rahA hai lekina sAtha-sAtha yaha durbhAgya hai ki jaina-vidyA ke vidvAnoM kI Aja bar3I kamI hai| ataH sAmAnya rUpa se bhAratIya samAja kA aura vizeSa rUpa se jaina samAja kA yaha dAyitva hai ki jaina vidyA, prAkRta, anekAMta aura ahiMsA Adi ke vidvAnoM ko taiyAra kiyA jAya / do varSoM meM 4-5 vidvAna bhI taiyAra kiye jA sakeM to sArthakatA siddha hogii| jaina kendroM meM jaina vizvabhAratI apane vidvAnoM ko bhejakara eka sAMskRtika-krAMti kA zrIgaNeza kre| yahI nahIM jaina vizvabhAratI vizvavidyAlaya isa stara kA bane tAki dUsare-dUsare dezoM ke vidyArthI bhI yahAM A skeN| prazikSaNa aura prayoga ko bhI yahAM prAthamikatA milanI hI cAhiye tAki eka AdhyAtmika vaijJAnika vyaktitva ke nirmANa kI yaha kAryazAlA bana jAya / isaliye jaina vizvabhAratI vizvavidyAlaya ke lAbha-hAni kA talapaTa varSa aura mahIne kA nahIM, kama se kama eka zatAbdI kA bananA caahiye| zAMti zodha, aparigraha vijJAna, jIvana vijJAna aura prekSAdhyAna ko lekara to jaina vizvabhAratI antarASTrIya kSetra meM saphalatA pUrvaka jA sakatA hai| jaina vizvabhAratI ke nirmANa meM jaina samAja haragija halke DhaMga se nahIM soce / yadi yaha niyati thI ki jaina vizvabhAratI bane to yaha bhI niyati hai ki jaina vizvabhAratI eka udAharaNa bana jAye / yaha

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jaina vizvabhAratI banAma jaina vizvabhAratI 177 AcArya tulasI kI AkAMkSA hai| isaliye mAtR-saMsthA ko yadi apanA sarvasva bhI samarpaNa karanA par3e to kare kyoMki jainavidyA kI sArasvata-sAdhanA karanA hI isakA uddezya thaa| dharmasaMgha ke dhArmika kAryakalApoM ke liye to aneka saMsthAyeM haiM hI-terApaMthI mahAsabhA, terApaMthI yuvA maMDala, terApaMthI mahilA maMDala / yahI kAraNa hai ki jaina vizvabhAratI ke uddezya evaM kAryakramoM ke vyavasthApana aura isake saMvidhAna meM bhI kahIM pAMthika aura terApaMtha ke sAmpradAyika manobhAva yA zabda ke darzana nahIM / ataH yaha mAnanA cAhiye ki jaina vizvabhAratI ko vizvavidyAlaya svarUpa pradAna karane meM jaina vizvabhAratI kA apanA mUla uddezya pUrA hotA hai| ataH isake saMvarddhana aura saMskAra meM adhikAdhika udAratA aura vAtsalyamaya tyAga apanA hI kartavya pAlana hai| hAM vizvavidyAlaya kI apanI sImAyeM haiM / yaha baccoM se lekara mAdhyamika stara taka pAThyakrama ko apane dvArA saMcAlita nahIM kara sktaa| ataH mAtR-saMsthA ko prAthamika zikSA kA dAyitva rakhanA hI hogaa| isase vizvavidyAlaya ko lAbha hogA aura use yahAM se supAtra vidyArthI abAdha rUpa se milate raheMge / isI prakAra mumukSu bahanoM, sAdhusAdhviyoM, zramaNa evaM zramaNiyoM kI zikSA tathA nayI-pIr3hI evaM dezabhara meM meM jaina-dharma kI parIkSAoM evaM jJAnazAlAoM ke prabandha meM mAtR-saMsthA apanA dAyitva pUrvavat nibhAtI rhegii| ye sabhI pUraka kArya haiN| jaina vizvabhAratI vizvavidyAlaya kA kSetra jaina-vidyA aura ahiMsA ke kSetra meM ucca zikSA kA hai jisameM adhyApana, zodha, prazikSaNa aura prasAra-kArya mukhya haiN| isaliye mAtR-saMsthA ne vizvavidyAlaya ke jimme ucca zikSA ke sambarddhana aura Avazyaka upakaraNa, jaise anekAMta zodhapITha (pustakAlaya), zodhaprakAzana, adhyAtma-nIDam (jIvana vijJAna evaM prekSAdhyAna kI prayogazAlA) ke samasta saMsAdhana evaM kAryakartAoM ko sauMpa diyaa| unake bhavana bhale hI abhI mAtR-saMsthA ke svatvAdhikAra meM hoM lekina aniyatakAla ke liye upayoga kA adhikAra to mAtA ne apanI saMtAna ko diyA hI hai| yahI nahIM, pAramArthika zikSaNa saMsthA ko bahanoM ke liye jo divya "amRtAyana" bhavana kA nirmANa huA thA mAtR-saMsthA use apane zizu vizvavidyAlaya ko usameM rakhakara amRtasukha kA Ananda de rahI hai| mAno mAM apane navajAta zizu ko apanI goda meM rakhakara use chAtI se lagAye hue ho| jaba vizvavidyAlaya ke liye svataMtra parisara ke liye turaMta bhUmi prApta hone meM kaThinAI dIkhI to mAtR-saMsthA ke eka samartha evaM yuvA adhikArI ne kahA ki kyoM na hama pustakAlaya, kalA-pradarzanI, adhyAtma nIDam evaM amRtAyana ke upayoga ke sAtha una bhavanoM ko sthAyI rUpa se vizvavidyAlaya ko dekara cintAmukta ho jAya / samAja phira navIna evaM "nava-amRtAyana' kA nirmANa kara legaa| ve bhavana nahIM bhI mileM lekina bhAva to bhavana se bar3A hai| isI

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178 jainadarzana : cintana-amucintana prakAra vizvavidyAlaya ko sArvabhauma ahiMsA aura jainavidyA ke jAgatika pracAraprasAra kA bhI guru gaMbhIra bhAra lenA hI hogA, jisameM aNuvibhA Adi saMsthAoM kA sahayoga apekSita hai / vigata varSoM meM jaina vizvabhAratI evaM aNuvibhA ke saMyukta tatvAvadhAna meM jo do antarASTrIya sammelana hue, usa dizA meM suvyavasthita kArya karanA bAkI hai| isaliye vizvavidyAlaya ne anekAMta iMTaranezanala nAmaka eka videza-samparka vibhAga kA bhI gaThana kiyA hai| Agamaadhyayana ke ananta jJAna ke prakAzana evaM anuvAda ke liye "prakAzana evaM anuvAda prabhAga" bhI banAyA jA cukA hai| vizvavidyAlaya jainavidyA ko vyApaka evaM lokapriya banAne ke liye tIna mAha kA eka samekita pramANa-patra pAThyakrama bhI cAla kregaa| jisameM jIvana-vijJAna ke adhyayana ke sAtha-sAtha kisI eka udyoga kA zikSaNa, saMskAra nirmANa evaM samAja sevA kI takanIka Adi sikhAne ke prayatna hoNge| isa dRSTi se kampyUTara kendra meM bhI kapmyUTara pAThyakrama calAnA adhika upayogI hogaa| abhI to vizvavidyAlaya kA zrI gaNeza hI huA hai / mAtra cAra vibhAga haiM / lekina yahI isakA pUrNavirAma nahIM samajhanA cAhiye / vizva meM naye-naye jJAna-vijJAna sAmane A rahe haiM / UrjA kA apAra saMkaTa sAmane hai| ata: UrjA ke naye strota ke rUpa meM sauraUrjA kI khoja rAjasthAna ke vizAla marU pradeza meM bar3A anukUla evaM rASTra upayogI hogaa| phira paryAvaraNa zAstra bhI Aja kA sabase sArthaka evaM upayogI vijJAna hai| usake adhyayana evaM zodha ke viSaya meM socanA cAhiye / udyoga evaM vyApAra ke kSetra meM "vyApAra-prabandhana" kA jJAna bhI atyanta Avazyaka hai / zikSaka-prazikSaNa pAThyakrama kI to AvazyakatA hogI hii| isa prakAra jaina vizvabhAratI ke sAmane ananta saMbhAvanAyeM haiM aura usake liye ise samartha banAnA mAtR-saMsthA kA vizeSa dAyitva hai| mAtA zizu ko mAtra janma dekara asahAya chor3a de to zizu baca nahIM sktaa| mAtA jisa prakAra samartha hone taka apane zizu kA prANapana se pAlana-poSaNa karatI hai aura jaba taka bacatI hai usake liye ArzIvAda evaM zubhaiSaNAyeM detI rahatI hai, usI prakAra mAtR-saMsthA ko bhI vizvavidyAlaya-zizu ke liye saMkalpa karanA hogaa| vizvavidyAlaya kI mAnyatA AcAryazrI ke virAT vyaktitva ke prabhAva se huI hai| varnA abhI to vizvavidyAlaya kA svarUpa bhI nahIM khar3A ho pAyA hai / mAtR-saMsthA kA hI samasta vaibhava isakA vaibhava mAnA gayA aura AcAryazrI kA isase jur3Ava isakI sabase bar3I sampatti / isIliye vizvavidyAlaya anudAna Ayoga evaM bhArata sarakAra se itanI jaldI svIkRti mila paayii| ___ yaha na kevala terApaMtha samAja balki sampUrNa samAja ke liye eka alabhya evaM aitihAsika sAMskRtika suyoga hai jisa para bhAratIya sAMskRtika manISA ko

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jaina vizvabhAratI banAma jaina vizvabhAratI 179 bhI garva karanA cAhiye / vaidika evaM bauddha vidyApITha evaM vizvavidyAlaya ke rUpa meM takSazilA, vikramazilA, nAlandA Adi ke udAharaNa to haiM lekina kisI jaina vidyA ke vizvavidyAlaya kA yaha prathama darzana hai| ataH na kevala mAtRsaMsthA ko varan samasta jaina samAja ko isa sArasvata yajJa meM mahAna se mahAna tyAga kA puNya lenA cAhiye / vizvavidyAlaya kA parisara hI jaina jIvana dRSTi evaM jaina saMskRti kA darpaNa bane / isake sthApatya meM jaina jIvana darzana aMkita hove / yahI nahIM vizvavidyAlaya ke prabandhana, prakAzana, sAja-sajjA meM haragija zAna-zaukata yA vaibhava kA vIbhatsa pradarzana na hone pAve, balki vahAM saralatA, ahiMsA aura aparigraha kA padArtha pATha mile| adhyApaka evaM vidyArthiyoM ko jaina honA hI abhISTa nahIM hai lekina ve saba jaina vicAra kI jAgatika prAsAMgikatA evaM yuga sArthakatA to sIkhakara avazya jAye / jaina vicAra ko mAtra eka sAmpradAyika vicAra yA kisI dharma-saMgha kA vicAra mAnanA anyAya hai| yaha to nikhila mAnava jAti kI zAzvata dharohara hai| ahiMsA to Aja mAnavatA kA bhaviSya hai / parigraha-bhAvanA se ahiMsA kI sAdhanA ho nahIM sakatI, aura aparigraha vItarAgatA ke abhyAsa ke binA sambhava nhiiN| sAmayikI aura pratikramaNa, vrata aura tapa, nirAmiSa evaM divA-bhojana Adi mUla-dharma kI sahAyikA haiM, lakSya to anekAMta-ahiMsA ke Adarza aura mokSa kI sAdhanA hai / jaina vizvavidyAlaya isI satya kI sAdhanA kI yajJazAlA hai| satya na to prAcI kA hotA hai, na pratIcI kaa| satya para na bhagavAn mahAvIra kA ekAdhikAra hai na buddha kA / satya hI saccA adhyAtma hai jo akhaMDita evaM akhaMDanIya hai| vidyA vahI hai jo satya kA darzana karAve / vizvavidyAlaya vahI hai jo hameM kSudratA aura saMkIrNatA se mukta kare-"sA vidyA yA vimuktye"| "vijjA caraNaM pmokkho|" bhagavAn mahAvIra svayaM sambuddha the-buddha bhI the, siddha aura mukta bhii|

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pariziSTa anubhavavAda-2 ajJeyavAda-2,3 ananta catuSTaya-3,74 ananta jJAna-3, 60 anumAna-4,10 arddhamAgadhI-7 abhidhAna rAjendra koSa-7 akalaMka-8,20,21,28,32,33, 34, 35 abhayadeva-8,34,45 amRtAyana-177 anantavIrya-9,32,34 alaukika pratyakSa-9 aSTasahasrI-9 atIndriyajJAna-9,12,17,20,67 avinAbhAva-10,18 / anupalambha-10,12,18 anekAnta-12,19,53,130 anitya -13 anAdi-13,17,44 anyonyAzraya doSa-13 arthApatti -13,14 anupanna-13 abhAva-14,15 azuci-17 anAgata-17,18 asat-17,104 arhanta-17 anAtmavAdI-20 anumeya-20,21 atizaya-22 zeya-3,24 anuyogasUtra-28 abhayadeva-28 anvayavyatirekI--30 anekavAda-65 anArya-66,129 aphalAtUM-53,66 aparAvidyA-67 avidyA-59,67,68 avadhijJAna-67,139 anubhavAtIta-67 antarjJAna-68 apauruSeya-72 adRSTa-73 azarIrI-73 arihaMta-73 ariSTanemi-47,74 anukampAvAda-74 aNuvrata-79,160 amuzAstA-79,163 anivarcanIya-52 avyabhicArI-33 asad -33 anyathAnupapatti-35 avyApta-34

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pariziSTa 151 ativyApta-34 amara muni ---36 agastya siMha-36 apUrva-37 anekAntika-42,42,44,45 agati-44 avaktavya-49 akriyAvAdI-49 avyAkRta-49,50 anekAMtavAda-50 akRtAgama-50 annataguNAtmaka-54 avinAbhAvI-55 amRtacandra-55 anavasthAdoSa-58 anavadhAraNAtmaka-58 anantadarzana-60 ananta vIrya 60 anantasukha-60 aparokSAnubhUti-61 amUrta-63,93 anujJA-~81 aparigraha-81 aticAra-81 asteya-82 anAsakti-84 ahiMsA-93 apramAda-95 arthazAstra--113 anAmaya-115 arabinda-116,145 avatAra-130 anantadharmAtmaka-137 antarAtmA-155 AdarzavAda-3 ApTe-6 AtmA -8,15,19,49 AtmajJa-8 Agama-9,44 AptamImAMsA-31 Astika-72 Azrava-80 AinsTIna-42 AcArAMga--50,131 AyAro-92 AbhAsa-113 AnuvAMzika-113 AkheTayuga-114 AyakaroDa-119 Adamasmitha-120 Arya--129 AraNyaka-129 Atmaupamya-131 Arthara jI madAna-1,3 islAma-~-97,164 IkSaNI vidyA--21 IsAI --- 97,164 upaniSad-8,26 udyotakara-34 ucchedavAda-48 upayoga-62 upabhoktAvAda-8 upazAMti-94 upaskara-165 ekalakSaNa-29 ekasarakAra-91

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182 ekendriya-115 ekvInasa-116 esa. ema. jaina-124 e. sikleyara-3 RjusUtra naya-133 Rta-141 RSabhadeva-47 Rgdeva-26 kamalazIla-20 karma-pudgala-19 kaNAda-29 karma-146 karmavAda-72 kathaMcit--54 karmabandhana-63 kanphyUziyasa-98 kapila-165 kAryakAraNavAda-132 kAmatRSNA---85 kArla jAspara-90 kArtikeyAnuprekSA-55 kAma--- 47 krAMti-79 kriyAvAdI-49 kumArila-20 kRtapraNAza-50 kumAranandi-32 kundakunda-62, 64 kUTastha-65,133 krose-53 kendravAda-148 kevala vyatirekI-30 jainadarzana : cintana-anucintana kevalajJAna-67,17,22 kauTilya-27 kaTala-138 kleyara loyeMsa-23 kleyara mADiyesa-23 gAMdhI--157 gavAkSa-2,24 graMthi-163 gaMgAnAla-56 grezama-113 gustAva vejala-1 guNasthAna-44 gautama-29 catu:satya-49 caturdazapUrva-131 cAturmAsa-37 cetanA-62 caturlakSaNa-30 caitanyasvarUpa-~62 cakraka doSa-12 citta-11 cArlsa-9 catuSTaya-19 cArUkIti--34 cUrNi-37 jI. ema. tIrala-9 jaimini-19 jIva-20,68,44,60,98,115 jayantabhaTTa-30,31 jIvAtmA-65 jemsa-66 jaikobi-68

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pariziSTa 183 jina--74 jayaMta--34 jaina-nyAya-9 jI. vI. rAIna-9 jagadIza kAzyapa-38 jar3a-44 jayarAzi bhaTTa-...56 jIvavAda-64 jAgRtAvasthA-64 jakAta-83 jayaprakAza-83 je0 kRSNamUrti --~90 je. sI. kumArappA-102 jenesisa--116 janapada-129 jarAsaMgha-130 jemsajInsa-141 jinabhadragaNI-131 janataMtra--146 trikAla-19 vilakSaNa-29,30,31 136 trilakSaNakadarthana-32 trairUSya--33,35 tripiTaka-38 trayAtmaka-58 triratna--60 trimUrti-.130 trayI-165 jJAna-1 jJeya-7,62 jJAnAvaraNIya-20 jJa namImAMsA-25 jJAtA-62 tattvajJAna-2 taMtra-~9 tarka-9 tatvArthasUtra-28 tIrthaMkara-73 terApaMtha-36 tulasI-36 tIrtha-47 tamisrA-60 tAo-97 taskara samAja--102 tirukurala-116 takSazilA-166 tathAgata-50 dalasukha mAlavaNiyA--36 devasUri-34 dvandvAtmaka-2 dRzyamAn-3 dazAvayava-28 'diGanAga-30,45 dRSTivAda-65 dveSa-80 devaddhigaNI-36,37 dvandadRSTi-47 dravya-~-62 dravyasaMgraha-64 dvindriya-115 dvAdazAMgI-131 dvaitAdvaita-134 dekArta-145 dharmabhUSaNa--9,20,28

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184 jainadarzana : cintana-anucintana dharmakIrti -30,31,32 dhrauvya --56 dharmatIrthaMkara-130 nyAya ---9 nyAyakumudacaMdra -9 nivRtti-10 nivizeSaNa-10 nitya --13 nyAyavinizcaya-20,28 nyAyadIpikA-20 nirvAdha -23 nirapekSa-23 nyAyasUtra-26 nyAyakoza---26 nyAyAvatAra -28 nirapekSa-69,55 nAstika-72 nirjarA-74,132 nathamala-36 nairAtmavAda-50 naya--51 nayavAda-53,135 nivizeSa--62 niSkAma karma--85 nItidharma----91 nitya--100 nigoda ---115 niHzreyasa - 130,168 nirgrantha-131 nIlsa bora--140 nirAkAra--142 nArada----143 naciketA-143 neharU-144 nyUTana-145 niyama kA rAjya-149 nAlandA---166 nivartaka-168 pipAsA--1 parokSa-3 pratyakSa--3 pramANazAstra--3 pANi ni-6,44 prAkRta mahAkoSa--7 paryAya-7 parijJAna-7 . prameya-7 paigAmbara-7,23 purANa-8 prajJAkaragupta-8 pUjyapAda-8,28 prabhAcaMdra---9 patajali---9,23 parAmanovidyA ----9,23,139 prameyakamalamArtaNDa-9 prAdezika jJAna -10 puruSa-12 prAgbhAva---14,15 pradhvaMsAbhAva-14,15 paryudAsa-15 prabhAcaMdra---21,28 prAjJa-24 parAvidyA--26 pragalbha-30 paMcalakSaNa-30,31 pAtrasvAmI-32

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pariziSTa 185 pAramArthika satya-65 pratyagAtmA-65 prAtibhAsikajJAna-67 paMca tatva-73 paMca parameSThi-73 parigraha -80,82 prANAtipAta---80 pAtrakesarI-33 prabhAcaMda-34,45 pUrvAgraha-41,42 pramANa-41 paramArtha-42 pratimAsa-42 paramANu-44,93,140 pudgala-44 pratItyasamutpAda-48 paramatatva--49 paryAya-50 paramANuvAda--53 puruSArtha siddhayupAya--55 pramANavArtika-56 prakRta dUSaNa- 56 prakRti-68,133 paramasattA-62 paMcakoza-63,98 paramezvara-82 pApakarma-94 parArthavAda-101 parAzrayI-102 pleTo-104 popa pAla-111 paMcazIla-116 paithA gorasa-117 peDro acA-124 paura-129 pratihAra-129 paMca yatana-130 paramAtmA-133 prajApati-134 proTogorasa ----138 proToplAjma-139 prahlAda-142 paramamUlya-147 purANa-157 phaNibhUSaNa adhikArI-56 bodhisatva-116 bodhicitta-116 buddhivAda-1 bubhukSA-1 bI. ema. barumA-2 brahma-23,49,113 breDale ---48,103 brahmasUtra-55 binovA-83 bAibila---83 brahmavidyA-113 bI. ena. paTavardhana-119 banArDazA-126 bahudevavAda--130 brAhmaNa-131 bahirAtmA-133 bahutvavAda-133 bAdarAyaNa-134 barTenDa rasela-141 /

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186 jainadarzana : cintana-anucintana bahuspardhAvAda-150 brahmacarya-160 bhadrabAhu-28,36,37 bhagavatI sUtra-27,28,50 bhAgIratha-36 bhASya-36 38 bhUtadayA-122 bhavatRSNA-85 bheda-129 bhIma-130 bhAmAzAha-160 bhrAtRtva-164 mahAvrata-160 mahAvIra-157 mUrchA-158,81,80 maivasabIna--140 mAyAvAda-134 mahAbhArata-131 manusmRti-116,27 merI beva-118 mAnava dharma-91 .mArksa-99 maikDUgala-102 mahezayogI-111 mokSa-59,47 mAyA-59 mati-67. manaHparyaya-67 moha-69 mahAprajJa-79 mamatva---80. maithuna-80 mANikyanandi-34 mathurA-37 mArgaNA-44 majjhimanikAya-50 manu-14 madyapi-17 matijJAna-22 mallavAdI--23 monAira viliyamsa-6 mAnuSI-7 mAnavetara-7 mahAbhArata-8 mANikyanandi-9 mallisena--9 TIcanara-9 TelIpaithI-23 TIkA-36 TAlsTAya-87,118 TrasTIzipa-88,160 Tensala-102 TAiphAiDa-120 Taiksika-125 TilahArDa-138 Terila-139 TAlomI-142 DA. prakAza-164 DIna iMga-118 Dremara-102 DelarepI-142 DA. rAjendraprasAda-144 DA. rAjU-69 DAisana-67 terApaMthI-177

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pariziSTa 187 yazovijaya-9,13,22,28,34,45 yogAcAra-17 yoga-bindu-20 yoga-sUtra-21,22 yuvAcArya-79,37,167 yuga-138 yuktyAnuzAsana-47 yama--82 yahUdI-97 yUnAnI darzana-98 yaMtravAda-148 rAjabhASA-160 rAina-139 reDiyodharmitA-139 renara jAnasana-139 rAmAnuja-134 rAbarTa iMgarazola-117 rAja gopAlAcArI--117 rAhula-109 rajanIza-111 ramaNamaharSi--116 rAdhAkRSNan-56 rotha-36 rAga-80 rAga-dveSa-16 rathyAprabha-12 rAmAyaNa-8 lADa. ela. TI.-2 laghIyastraya-28 lokataMtra-79,146 lokAyata-41,166 lokasaMvRti---42 loka-44,93 laikTika amla-125 lenina-139,145 lAipha-DivAina-140 lokazAhI-147 lADanUM-147 vaiSNava-160 vikramazilA-166,179 vedavyAsa-157 vyavahAra dharma-150 varNa-148 vhAiTaheDa-140 vadatovyAghAta-142 vaibhASika-133 vijJAnavAda-133 vibhajyavAda-135,44,50 vizvedevA-130 vina vuDarIDa-118 va. bekara--122 viziSTAdvaita-115 vibhAva-100 vizvadharma-91 vizvasarakAra-91 viveka-94 vibhavatRSNA-85 vijJAna-62 vyaSTigata ajJAna-59 vyomaziva-57 vargaNA--44 vidyAnaMda-45,35,9 vasubandhu----45 vyavahAra-42 vAcaspati-34 vAdirAja-34,31

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188 jainadarzana : cintana-anucintana vAdimasiMha-34 votarAgatA-178 vaiSNava-74 vargasA-66 vAtsAyana-28,29 vItarAga-18 veda-19 vyAmoha ---14 vyatireka-12 vaktRtva-10 virUkavidhi-10 vesTa-9 vAdidevasiMhasUri-9 vizvavit-8 vizvavedas-8 vAcaspatyam-6 vizleSaNavAdI-3 vAstavavAda-3 zabda kalpadruma--5 zAMtarakSita-8,20,32,45 zaMkara mizra-30 zItIbhUta-80 zaMkarAcArya---43,111,113 zAzvatavAda-49,135 zAzvata-63 zUnyavAda-133,145 saMskRtakoza-6 sarvavit---8 smRti-8 sakaladezavartIjJAna-10 savizeSaNa-10 sakala-11 suSupta-18 samantabhadra-20 sukhalAla-21,36 sRSTi-23 sagrAhakatA-24 saMzayavAda-24 sthAnAMgasUtra-27,28 samantabhadra-27,28,31 siddhasena divAkara--28,32 sApekSavAda-65 spInojA-66 sahakArI kAraNa-73 siddha-74 saMvara--74,132 sampradAya-79 skaMdila-37 sattA - 1 sAvadyayoga-42 syAdvAda-42,49,55,130 skaMdha-44 sarvodaya-47,54 sUtrakRtAMga-50 saMyukta nikAya-50 sAnta--50,132 saptabhaMgI-51,53 satkAryavAda-52 sukarAta-53 svalakSaNa-56 saMzayadoSa-58 sarvodayatIrtha-58 samanvaya tIrtha-58 samaSTigata-59 samyakjJAna-60,95 saMzayAtmA-61

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pariziSTa .62 svasamaya samaya- -62 sarvavAdI - 63 samavibhAga - 84 samavitaraNa 84 samagradRSTi - 90 sAmpradAyika dharma -91 -- sAmyavAda- 91 samyak cAritra - 95 samyak darzana- 95 sophisTa- :-98 samUha pravRtti - 102 sevAyuga - 102 sakriya prema - 103 sukarAta - 103, 119,163 sat-- 104,113 saMpralApa - 104 svAmI raMganAthAnanda - 113 sujayendratIrthaM - 114 saMta tiruvalluvara -116 sAlonelA --- 125 sAma - 129 sAdi - 132 satyalakSI - 133 sautrAntika - 133 saMpratyaya - 140 sIrila - 140 sanatkumAra - 143 hiMsAvAda - 148 samanvaya - 149 saMprabhutA - 151 samatA - 152 saMkulayuddha - 153, 154 satyAgraha - 155 sAdhvI - 156 saguNa - 164 zruti - 3 - 80,131,166 zramaNa -- 80 zrutakevalI - 37 hemacandra - 9, 21,28,34,45 hetudRSTa-- 27 hetvAbhAsa - 30, 31 hI gela - 66,47 haribhadra --- 45, 163 hirAkliTasa - 99 hAramona - 125 haksale - 138 hAIjanavarga - 139 hirIzelavuDa - 140 hiMsAvAda - - 148 hindutva - 164 189

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