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________________ - zrImatI zAntidevI jaina [ema0 e0, "vizArada', prabhAkara] tIrthaMkaroM ko dharma-dezanA loka bhASA meM hotI hai, jise aAja hama 'pAgama' ke nAma se jAnate haiN| prAgamoM kI bhASA ardhamAgadhI kiMvA prAkRta kA vizAla sAhitya na kevala dhArmika dRSTi se bhI kintu bhASA-vijJAna kI dRSTi se bhI atyanta mahatva rakhatA hai| thro--0--0-0-- 000000000000 000000000000 ---0--0-0--0--0--0--0--0--0--0--0-0--0-0-0--oS jaina Agama aura prAkRta : bhASA-vijJAna ke pariprekSya meM eka parizIlana wwe MAN .... UMTAS M ....... 2 MARATHI TITMENT ..:: vicAra aura bhASA bhASA vicAra-saMvahana kA mAdhyama hai| mahApuruSoM yA mahAn sAdhakoM ke apane lie to yaha apekSita nahIM hotA ki unake sattva-saMbhRta vicAra vAgAtmaka yA zAbdika rUpa leM kyoMki AtmA-zAnti-zabda, jo anAtma hai, para avasthita nahIM hai / vaha to AtmAlocana, antarmanthana, sparUpa pariNati evaM svabhAva-vihAra para AdhRta hai / para, yaha bhI mahApuruSoM ke lie unake Atma-sukha kA abhivarddhaka hai, jo zAzvata satya unheM upalabdha huA, saMsAra ke anya prANI bhI, jo duHkhAkrAnta haiM-use AtmasAt kareM, duHkhoM se chUTeM, unakI taraha ve bhI sukhI baneM / yaha karuNA kA nirmala srota vAgdhArA ke rUpa . meM phUTa par3atA hai, jo Age calakara eka zAzvata sAhitya kA rUpa le letA hai| loka-kalyANa-hetu loka-bhASA meM dharma-dezanA unake vicAroM se jana-jana, prANI mAtra lAbhAnvita hoM, sabakI una taka sIdhI pahu~ca ho, kisI dUsare ke mAdhyama se nahIM, svayaM sahaja bhAva se ve una (vicAroM) ko AtmasAt kara pAe~, isI hetu tIrthaMkaroM kI dharma-dezanA lokabhASA meM hotI hai, usa bhASA meM jo jana-jana kI hai-jise sAdhAraNataH (usa kSetra kA) hara koI vyakti binA kisI kaThinAI ke samajha sake / isIlie kahA gayA hai bAlastrIvRddhamUrkhANAM, nRNAM cAritrakAMkSiNAm / anugrahArthaM tattvajJa':, siddhAntaH prAkRtaH kRtaH // " isakA pAThAntara yoM bhI hai bAlastrI-manda-mUrkhANAM, naNAM cAritrakAMkSiNAm / anugrahArthaM sarvajJaH, siddhAntaH prAkRte kRtaH // arthAt bAlaka, mahilAeM, vRddha, anapar3ha-saba, jo sat cAritrya-sad AcAra-sad dharma kI AkAMkSA rakhate haiM, para anugraha karane ke hetu tattvajJoM yA sarvajJoM ne prAkRta bhASA meM dharma-siddhAnta kA upadeza kiyA / isa yuga ke antima upadeza, dharma-tIrtha ke saMsthApaka, caubIsaveM tIrthaMkara bhagavAna mahAvIra the / isa samaya jo Agama yA ArSa vAGmaya ke rUpa meM sAhitya upalabdha hai, vaha unhIM kI dharma-dezanA kA pratIka hai / bhagavAn mahAvIra jo bhI bole athavA unake mukha se jo bhI zabdAtmaka yA dhvanyAtmaka udgAra nikale, ve prAkRta--arddhamAgadhI prAkRta meM pariNata hue, zrotRgaNa una / vicAroM) se abhiprerita hue, udbodhita hue| (bhagavAna ke pramukha ziSya gaNadharoM ne unheM grathita kiyA / unakA antataH jitanA jo saMkalana ho sakA, vahI Aja kA (arddhamAgadhI) Agama-vAGmaya hai| CateOMEN
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________________ 424 | pUjya pravartaka zrI ambAlAlajI mahArAja-abhinandana grantha 000000000000 000000000000 NA VEEN IML C.. . U mmy ......2 MINS KUMARITY NATALIKA prazasti kI bhASA meM yahA~ taka kahA gayA hai ki bhagavAna dvArA arddhamAgadhI meM abhivyakta udgAroM ko manuSyoM ke sAtha-sAtha devatA bhI sunate the, pazu-pakSI bhI sunate the, samajhate the| kyoMki ve bhinna-bhinna bhASAbhASiyoM ke apanIapanI bhASAoM ke pudgaloM meM pariNata ho jAte the| yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki arddhamAgadhI Arya bhASA hai / devatA isI meM bolate haiN| isa sambandha meM hameM yahA~ vicAra nahI karanA hai / ataeva kevala saMketa mAtra kiyA gayA hai| vizeSataH mASAvijJAna yA bhASA-zAstra ke aitihAsika pariprekSya meM hama yahA~ saMkSepa meM prAkRta para vicAra kreNge| Arya bhASA parivAra aura prAkRta vigata zatAbdI se saMsAra ke vibhinna dezoM ke vizvavidyAlayoM tathA vidyA kendroM meM bhinna-bhinna bhASAoM ke vaijJAnika dRSTi se samIkSAtmaka adhyayana kA vizeSa krama calA hai, jise bhASA-vijJAna yA bhASA-zAstra (Linguistics) kahA jAtA hai / vaise dekhA jAe to hamAre deza ke lie yaha koI sarvathA navIna viSaya nahIM hai| vyutpatti-zAstra ke mahAn paNDita yAska, jinakA samaya IsA pUrva AThavIM zatAbdI mAnA jAtA hai, dvArA racita nirukta nAmaka vyutpatti zAstrIya grantha se prakaTa hai ki deza meM isa viSaya para vyavasthita rUpa meM adhyayana calatA thA / nirukta vizva-vAGmaya meM vyutpatti zAstra-sambandhI prathama grantha hai| yAska ne apane grantha meM agrAyaNa, audumbarAyaNa, aurNanAbha, gAlava, carma zirA, zAkaTAyana tathA zAkalya Adi apane prAgvartI tathA samasAmayika vyutpatti zAstra va vyAkaraNa ke vidvAnoM kI carcA kI hai, jisase adhyayana kI isa zAkhA kI aura adhika prAcInatA siddha hotI hai / yAska ne apane isa grantha meM 1268 vyutpattiyA~ upasthita kI haiM, jinameM saikar3oM bahuta hI vijJAna sammata evaM yukti pUrNa haiM / astu-para, yaha adhyayana-krama Age nahIM calA, avaruddha ho gayA, pichalI zatAbdI meM jarmanI va iGgalaiNDa Adi pAzcAtya dezoM ke katipaya vidvAnoM ne prastuta viSaya para vizeSa rUpa se kArya kiyA, jinameM vizapa kAlDavela, jAna bImsa DI0 Trampa, esa0 eca0 kelAga, hArnalI, sara jArja griyarsana, Tarnara, jUla blAka Adi vizeSa prasiddha haiN| DaoN0 sara rAmakRSNa maMDArakara pahale bhAratIya haiM, jinhoMne AdhunikatA ke sandarbha meM bhASA-vijJAna para kArya kiyaa| isase pUrva prAcya-pratIcya bhASAoM ke tulanAtmaka evaM bhASA-zAstrIya adhyayana ke sandarbha meM jinase vizeSa preraNA prApta huI, unameM sara viliyama jonsa kA nAma bahuta vikhyAta hai, ve kalakattA meM bhArata ke sarvocca nyAyAlaya ke mukhya nyAyAdhIza the| vidyA-vyasanI the| laiTina, grIka, gAthika Adi prAcIna pAzcAtya bhASAoM ke bahuta acche vidvAna the| hindU laoN ke nirmANa ke prasaMga meM unhoMne saMskRta par3hane kA nizcaya kiyaa| bar3I kaThinAI thI, koI bhAratIya paNDita taiyAra nahIM hotA thA / antataH bar3I kaThinatA se eka vidvAn milA, jisake sarvathA anukUla rahate hue viliyama jomsa ne saMskRta kA gambhIra adhyayana kiyA / pAzcAtya bhASAoM ke vizeSajJa ve the hI, unakI vidvattA nikhara gii| unhoMne purAnI pazcimI aura pUrvI bhASAoM ke tulanAtmaka tathA samIkSAtmaka adhyayana-anusandhAna ke pariNAmasvarUpa aise saikar3oM zabda khoja nikAle, jo sahasroM mIloM kI dUrI para avasthita laiTina, grIka tathA saMskRta ke pArasparika sAmya yA sAdRzya ke dyotaka the| apanI anavarata gaveSaNA se prasUta tathyoM ke AdhAra yA unhoMne udghoSita kiyA ki jahA~ taka ve anumAna karate haiM, saMskRta, laiTina, grIka, gAthika, kAlTika tathA purAnI phArasI Adi pazcimI evaM pUrva bhASAoM ke vyAkaraNa, zabda, dhAtu, vAkya-racanA Adi meM isa prakAra kA sAmya hai ki inakA mUla yA Adi srota eka honA caahie| sara viliyama jonsa kA kArya vidvAnoM ke lie vAstava meM bar3A preraNAprada siddha huaa| bhASA-vijJAna kA adhyayana aura vikasita hotA gyaa| isameM saMskRta-bhASA bar3I sahAyaka siddha huI / apane gambhIra adhyayana-anveSaNa ke pariNAmasvarUpa vidvAn isa niSkarSa para pahuMce ki saMsAra meM sahasroM kI saMkhyAoM meM prasUta bhASAoM ke apane-apane bhinna-bhinna parivAra haiM / mukhyataH eka hI srota se ekAdhika bhASAeM nikalIM, uttarottara unakI saMsthAe~ vistAra pAtI gaIM, parivartita hote-hote unakA rUpa itanA badala gayA ki Aja sAdhAraNata: unheM sarvathA bhinna aura asambaddha mAnA jAtA hai para, sUkSmatA tathA gaharAI se khoja karane para yaha tathya ajJAta nahIM rahatA ki una mASAoM ke antaratama meM dhvani, zabda, pada-nirmANa, vAkya-racanA, vyutpatti Adi kI dRSTi se bar3A sAmya hai / isI gaveSaNA ke pariNAma-svarUpa Aja asandigdha rUpa se yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki paricaya kI laiTina, grIka, jarmana, aMgrejI Adi bhASAoM DesLa Hinducation.intomotion ForRivateesonaliseDily
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________________ jaina Agama aura prAkRta : bhASA-vijJAna ke pariprekSya meM eka parizIlana | 425 000000000000 000000000000 SURES Sawal ALTRA ... ... KARI UMIHIT tathA madhya pUrva kI purAnI phArasI, pUrva kI saMskRta, prAkRta, apabhraza, hindI, paMjAbI, baMgalA, ur3iyA, maithilI, asamiyA, gujarAtI tathA marAThI Adi bhASAoM kA eka hI parivAra hai, jise bhAropIya kahA jAtA hai / isakA abhiprAya yaha hai ki kabhI inakA kendrabhUta srota eka yA samAna rahA thA, jisakA ina bhASAoM ke rUpa meM Aja hama vaividhya dekha rahe haiM / tabhI to samudroM pAra ke vyavadhAna ke bAvajUda hama unake bhItara eka Azcarya kara samarasavAhitA pAte haiM / isa sandarbha meM hama kevala eka udAharaNa upasthita kara rahe haiM-saMskRta kA pitR zabda grIka meM peTara (Pater) laiTina meM bhI peTara (Pater), phArasI meM peTara va aMgrejI meM phAdara (Father) dUsarI ora isI deza meM prasUta, prasRta evaM pracalita kannar3a, tamila, telagU, malayAlama, tulu, kuDAgu, ToDA, koMDa, kurUkha, kolAmI, brAhuI, Adi bhASAoM se saMskRta Adi kA vaisA sAbhya nahIM hai kyoMki ye (tamila Adi) draviDa-parivAra kI bhASAe~ haiN| yahI bAta isa deza ke katipaya bhItarI va sImAvartI bhAgoM meM pracalita muDA bhASAoM ke sambandha meM hai, jo Agneya parivAra kI haiN| bhAropIya parivAra kI eka zAkhA Arya-parivAra hai, jisakA kSetra madhya eziyA se lekara IrAna, aphagAnistAna, pAkistAna, samagra uttarI bhArata tathA baMgalAdeza taka phailA huA hai / prAkRta isI zAkhA--Arya-parivAra kI bhASA hai| prAkRta kA udgama sAdhAraNatayA yaha mAnyatA rahI hai ki prAkRta kI utpatti saMskRta se hai| suprasiddha vidvAn AcArya hemacandra ne apane dvArA racita vyAkaraNa siddhahaima zabdAnuzAsana ke aSTama adhyAya ke prArambha meM, jo unake vyAkaraNa kA prAkRta sambandhI aMza hai, prAkRta kI prakRtiyA~ udbhava ke viSaya meM likhA hai-"prakRtiH saMskRtaM, tatra bhavaM tata AgataM vA prAkRtam' arthAt prAkRta kI prakRti-udgama-srota saMskRta hai / prAkRta-candrikA, SaDbhASA-candrikA, prAkRta-saMjIvanI Adi meM isI saraNi kA anusaraNa kiyA gayA hai / isI prakAra dazarUpaka (siMhadevagaNiracita) tathA vAgbhaTAlaMkAra kI TIkA meM bhI vivecana huA hai| prAcIna vidvAnoM meM suprasiddha alaMkAra zAstrI zrI nami sAdhu Adi kucha aise vidvAn haiM, jo uparyukta mantavya se sahamata nahIM haiM / ve prAkRta ko kisI bhASA se udgata na mAnakara use anya bhASAoM kA udgama-srota mAnate haiN| zrI nami sAdhu ne prAkRta zabda kI bar3I sundara vyAkhyA kI hai| ve / likhate haiM-"prAk kRtam-pUrva kRtam = prAkRtam, bAlamahilAdi subodham, sakala bhASA nibandhanabhUtaM vacana mucyate / " arthAt isa bhASA kA nAma prAkRta isalie hai ki pahale se--bahuta pahale se-ati prAcIna kAla se yaha calI A rahI hai| ise bAlaka, striyA~ Adi sabhI saralatA se samajha sakate haiM / yaha saba bhASAoM kA mUla yA AdhAra hai| ve Age likhate haiM-"megha nirmukta jalamivaika-svarUpaM tadeva vibhedAnApnoti / " arthAt bAdala se chUTA huA jala vastutaH eka svarUpa hotA huA bhI jahA~-jahA~ giratA hai, tadanusAra aneka rUpoM meM parivartita ho jAtA hai / vahI bAta isa bhASA ke lie hai| nami sAdhu Age isI saMdarbha meM saMskRta kI bhI carcA karate haiM / ve likhate haiM-"pANinyAdi-vyAkaraNodita zabda lakSaNena saMskaraNAt saMskRtamucyate / " arthAt pANini Adi dvArA racita vyAkaraNoM ke niyamoM se parimArjita yA saMskAra yukta hokara vaha (prAkRta) saMskRta kahalAtI hai| uparyukta varNana ke anusAra prAcIna vidvAnoM ke do prakAra ke abhimata haiM / hemacandra kA nirUpaNa : samIkSA AcArya hemacandra ne prAkRta kI prakRti yA udbhava-utsa ke sambandha meM jo likhA, usake pIche unakA sUkSma abhiprAya kyA thA, isa para vicAra karanA hogaa| hemacandra jaina paramparA ke AcArya the| jaina AgamoM meM AsthAvAna the| ve aisA kaise kaha sakate the ki prAkRta saMskRta se udbhUta hai| kyoMki jaina zAstra aisA nahIM mAnate / una (hemacandra) dvArA praNIta kAvyAnuzAsana va (usa para) svopajJa TIkA kA jo uddharaNa pIche TippaNI meM diyA gayA hai, usase jaina paramparA kA abhimata spaSTa hai| / Pu/ valISTRATAKA NONY
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________________ 426 | pUjya pravartaka zrI ambAlAlajI mahArAja-abhinandana grantha 000000000000 000000000000 Omp> pUNa C ... AUTIYA gaharAI se socane para aisA pratIta hotA hai ki hemacandra ke kahane kA Azaya, jaisA bAhya rUpa meM dRSTigata hotA hai, nahIM thaa| unake samaya meM prAkRta loka-mASA nahIM rahI thii| kyoMki prAkRta-udbhUta apabhraMza se utpanna gujarAtI, marAThI, paMjAbI, brajabhASA, avadhI, bhojapurI, maithilI, magahI, baMgalA, ur3iyA, asamiyA Adi Adhunika bhASAe~ loka (jana-jana dvArA prayujya) bhASAoM ke rUpa meM astitva meM A cukI thiiN| prAkRta kA svatantra paThana-pAThana avaruddha ho gayA thaa| usake adhyayana kA mAdhyama saMskRta bana cukI thI / adhikAMzataH pAThaka prAkRta ko samajhane ke lie saMskRta-chAyA kA avalambana lene lage the| aisA kaise aura kyoM huA? yaha eka svatantra vicAra kA viSaya hai, jisa para yahA~ kucha kahane kA avakAza nahIM hai / saMskRta ke AdhAra para prAkRta ke samajhe jAne va par3e jAne ke krama ke pracalana ke kAraNa hI hemacandra ne saMskRta ko prAkRta kI prakRti batalAyA ho, aisA bahuta saMbhava lagatA hai| arthAt ve saMskRta ke prAtipadika tathA kriyA rUpoM ke AdhAra para prAkRta-rUpa samajhAnA cAhate the| aisA lagatA hai ki hemacandra ke uttaravartI prAkRta-vaiyAkaraNa hemacandra ke isa sUkSma bhAva ko yathAvat rUpa meM AtmasAt nahIM kara pAye / kevala usake bAhya kalevara ko dekha ve prAkRta kI saMskRta-mUlakatA kA AkhyAna karate gaye / yaha eka DharrA jaisA ho gyaa| saMskRta arthAt saMskAra yukta saMskRta kA artha hI saMskAra ko huI, zuddha kI huI yA parimAjita kI huI bhASA hai / saMskAra, zodhana yA mArjana usI bhASA kA hotA hai, jo loka-bhASA ho, vyAkaraNa Adi kI dRSTi se jo apariniSThita ho| ye bAteM apane loka-bhASA-kAla meM prAkRta meM thIM, saMskRta meM nhiiN| saMskRta jaisI pariniSThita, suvyavasthita tathA vyAkaraNa-nibaddha bhASA se, prAkRta jaisI jana-bhASA, jo kabhI eka bolI (Dialect) ke rUpa meM thI, kaise udbhUta ho sakatI hai ? bhASA vaijJAnika dRSTi se anveSaNa karane para yaha tathya spaSTa hotA hai ki saMskRta to svayaM kisI loka-bhASA kA (jise hama prAkRta kA hI koI rUpa mAneM to asaMgata nahIM hogA) pariSkRta rUpa hai / bhAratIya Arya bhASAe~ : bhASA vaijJAnika vibhAjana Arya zabda kA Azaya, vyApakatA, Arya zabda se saMjita jAtIya logoM kA mUla nivAsa-sthAna, bAhara se Agamana yA anAgamana-Adi viSayoM para bhAratIya evaM pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne aneka dRSTiyoM se vicAra kiyA hai, vividha prakAra kI sthApanAeM kI haiN| phira bhI yaha viSaya aba taka vivAdoM se sarvathA mukta hokara 'itthaMbhUta' sthiti taka nahIM pahu~ca pAyA hai / yahA~ isa para carcA karanA viSayAntara hogA / svIkRta mAnyatA ke upasthApana pUrvaka hama yahA~ Arya bhASAoM ke sandarbha meM kucha carcA kreNge| bhASA zAstriyoM ne bhAratIya Arya bhASAoM kA kAlika dRSTi se nimnAMkita rUpa meM vibhAjana kiyA hai(1) prAcIna bhAratIya Arya (Early Indo Aryan) bhASA-kAla / (2) madhyakAlIna bhAratIya Arya (Middle Indo Aryan) bhASA-kAla / (3) Adhunika bhAratIya Arya (Later Indo Aryan) bhASA-kAla / vidvAnoM ne prAcIna Arya bhASAoM kA samaya 1500 I0 pUrva se 500 I0 pUrva taka, madhyakAlIna Arya bhASAoM kA samaya 500 I0 pUrva se 1000 I0 taka tathA Adhunika Arya bhASAoM kA samaya 1000 I0 se 20 vIM zatI taka svIkAra kiyA hai| isa vibhAjana ke prathama vibhAga meM bhASA vaijJAnikoM ne vaidika saMskRta aura laukika saMskRta ko liyA hai / vaidika saMskRta ko chandas bhI kahA jAtA hai / vedoM meM tathA tatsambaddha brAhmaNa, AraNyaka va upaniSad Adi granthoM meM usakA prayoga huA hai / laukika saMskRta kA likhita rUpa hameM vAlmIki rAmAyaNa aura mahAbhArata se prApta hotA hai| dvitIya vibhAga meM zilAlekhI prAkRta, pAli, mAgadhI, arddhamAgadhI, zaurasenI, paizAcI, mahArASTrI Adi prAkRteM tathA apabhraMza ko grahaNa kiyA gayA hai| / tRtIya vibhAga meM apabhraMza-niHsRta Adhunika bhASAeM svIkAra kI gaI haiN| VIE 2000 dodaUK 00000
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________________ Ja jaina Agama aura prAkRta bhASA vijJAna ke pariprekSya meM eka parizIlana | 427 hameM vizeSarUpa se dvitIya vibhAga - madhyakAlIna bhAratIya Arya bhASA kAla ke sandarbha meM vicAra karanA hai, jise prAkRta-kAla bhI kahA jAtA hai| ise bhI tIna bhAgoM meM bA~TA gayA hai (1) prathama prAkRta-kAla ( Early Middle Indo Aryan ) (2) dvitIya prAkRta-kAla ( Middle Middle Indo Aryan ) (3) tRtIya prAkRta-kAla (Later Middle Indo Aryan ) prathama prAkRta-kAla meM pAli aura zilAlekhI prAkRtoM, dvitIya prAkRta kAla meM mAgadhI, arddhamAgadhI, zaurasenI, paizAcI Adi sAhityika (jo Age calakara loka bhASA se sAhityika bhASA ke rUpa meM parivartita ho gaI thIM) prAkRtoM tathA tRtIya prAkRta-kAla meM apabhraMzoM kA svIkAra kiyA gayA hai / AlocanA uparyukta kAla vibhAjana meM prAkRtoM ko vaidika va laukika saMskRta ke pazcAt rakhA hai| jaisAki pahale saMketita huA hai, prAcInakAla se hI eka mAnyatA rahI hai ki prAkRta saMskRta se nikalI hai / aneka vidvAnoM kA aba bhI aisA hI abhimata hai / Arya bhASAoM kA yaha jo kAla vibhAjana huA hai, isa para isa mAnyatA kI chApa hai / yaha Alocya hai / vaidika saMskRta kA kAna laukika saMskRta se pahale kA hai| vaidika saMskRta eka vyAkaraNaniSTha sAhityika bhASA hai / yadyapi isake vyAkaraNa sambandhI bandhana laukika saMskRta kI tulanA meM apekSAkRta kama haiM, phira bhI vaha unase mukta nahIM hai / vaidika saMskRta kabhI jana-sAdhAraNa kI bolacAla kI bhASA rahI ho, yaha sambhava nahIM jAna par3atA / taba sahaja hI yaha anumAna hotA hai ki vaidika saMskRta ke samaya meM aura usase bhI pUrva isa deza meM aisI loka bhASAe~ yA boliya avazya rahI haiM, jina dvArA janatA kA vyavahAra calatA thA / una boliyoM ko hama prAcIna starIya prAkRteM kaha sakate haiM / inakA samaya anumAnataH 2000 I0 pUrva se 700 I0 pUrva taka kA mAnA jA sakatA hai| sara jArja griyarsana ne bhI isa aura kucha iMgita kiyA hai| unhoMne una loka bhASAoM ke lie Primary Prakritas (prAthamika prAkU) zabda kA vyavahAra kiyA hai| isase yaha anumeya hai ki ye jo loka bhASAe~ (boliyA~) yA prathama starIya prAkRteM vaidika saMskRta yA chandas se pUrva se hI calI A rahI thIM, unhIM meM se, phira jaba apekSita huA, kisI eka jana-bhASA bolI yA prAkRta ke AdhAra para vaidika saMskRta kA gaThana huA ho, jo vastutaH eka sAhityika bhASA hai / bolI aura bhASA meM mukhyatayA yahI antara hai, bolI kA sAhityika dRSTi se koI nizcita rUpa nahIM hotA kyoMki vaha sAdhAraNataH bolacAla ke hI prayoga meM AtI hai / jaba lekhana meM, sAhitya-sarjana meM koI bolI prayukta hone lagatI hai to usakA kalevara badala jAtA hai / usameM pariniSThitatA A jAtI hai tAki vaha tatsambaddha vibhinna sthAnoM meM ekarUpatA lie raha sake / vaidika saMskRta isI prakAra kI bhASA hai| yadi tulanAtmaka dRSTi se dekhA jAe to prAkRta kI nikaTatA laukika saMskRta kI apekSA vaidika saMskRta ke sAtha adhika hai | isa yuga ke mahAn prAkRta vaiyAkaraNa, jarmana vidvAn DaoN0 Ara0 pizala ( R. Pischel) ke vaidika saMskRta tathA prAkRta ke katipaya aise sadRza rUpa apane vyAkaraNa meM tulanAtmaka dRSTi se uddhRta kiye haiM, jinase uparyukta tathya puSTa hotA hai / isa vivecana se yaha spaSTa hai ki sAdhAraNataH bhASA vaijJAnika jina prAkRtoM ko madhyakAlIna Arya bhASAkAla meM rakhate haiM, ve dvitIya stara kI prAkRteM haiM / prathama stara kI prAkRteM, jinakI Upara carcA kI hai, kA koI bhI rUpa Aja upalabdha nahIM hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki aneka bhASA-zAstriyoM kA unakI aura vizeSa dhyAna nahI gyaa| para, yaha, avismaraNIya hai ki vaidika saMskRta kA astitva hI isa tathya kA sarvAdhika sAdhaka pramANa hai / aba hama saMkSepa meM isa madhyakAlIna Arya bhASA kAla kI yA dvitIya stara kI prAkRtoM para saMkSepa meM vicAra kareMge / pAli pAli isa ( madhyakAlIna Arya bhASA) kAla kI mukhya bhASA hai| isakA samaya I0 pUrva 5vIM zatI se prathama Mhagyalikhitasce Cat oooooooooo00 000000000000 400000000 Prem 5.5 cmfaly.org
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________________ 428 | pUjya pravartaka zrI ambAlAlajI mahArAja-abhinandana grantha 000000000000 000000000000 yA dvitIya IsavI zatI mAnA jAtA hai / vastuta: yaha mAgadhI prAkRta hai, jisameM bhagavAna buddha ne upadeza kiyaa| pAli isakA pazcAdvartI nAma hai, jisake sambandha meM vidvAnoM ne aneka prakAra kI kalpanAe~ kI haiM / kaiyoM ne ise paMkti (paMkti> panti > patti > paTTi > palli > pAli), kaiyoM ne palli (palli>pAli), kaiyoM ne prAkRta (prAkRta > pAkaTa> pAUDa> pAUla > pAli), kaiyoM ne prAleya (prAleya> pAleya > pAli) kaiyoM ne pATha (pAli meM Tha kA la ho jAtA hai ataH pATha> pAla> pAla > pAli), kaiyoM ne prakaTa (prakaTa>pAUDa>pAUla>pAli), kaiyoM ne pATali (pATali> pAali >pAli) tathA kaiyoM ne pariyAya (pariyAya)>paliyAya >pAliyAya >pAli) ko isakA mUla mAnA hai / isa mata ke puraskartA pAli ke suprasiddha vidvAn bauddha bhikSu zrI jagadIza kAzyapa haiM, jise (isa mata ko) sarvAdhika mAnyatA prApta hai| bhagavAna buddha ke vacana (upadeza) tripiTaka ke rUpa meM pAli meM surakSita haiM / zilAlekhI prAkRta __ madhyakAlIna bhAratIya Arya bhASA-kAla ke prathama yuga meM pAli ke sAtha zilAlekhI prAkRteM bhI lI gaI haiM / ye azokIya prAkRta bhI kahI jAtI haiM / samrATa azoka ke aneka Adeza-lekha lAToM, caTTAnoM Adi para utkIrNa haiM / isI kAraNa unameM prayukta prAkRtoM ko zilAlekhI prAkRteM kahA jAtA hai / azoka kI bhAvanA thI ki usake vibhinna pradezavAsI prajAjana usake vicAroM se avagata hoM, lAbhAnvita hoM ataH eka hI lekha bhinna-bhinna pradezoM meM pracalita bhinna-bhinna prAkRtoM ke prabhAva ke kAraNa kucha-kucha bhinnatA liye hue hai| svasaBA ... WARNING LHIPRIK prAkRteM Mon madhyakAlIna bhAratIya Arya bhASA-kAla kA dUsarA bhAga una prAkRtoM kA hai, jinakA samaya IsavI san ke prArambha se 500I0 taka mAnA jAtA hai| kucha vidvAnoM ne isakA thor3e bhinna prakAra se bhI spaSTIkaraNa kiyA hai| unake anusAra-pAli aura zilAlekhI prAkRta kA samaya chaThI zatI IsavI pUrva se dUsarI zatI IsavI pUrva taka tathA sAhityika prAkRtoM kA samaya dUsarI IsavI zatI se chaThI zatI taka kA hai| do sau IsavI pUrva se do sau IsavI san taka kA-cAra zatAbdiyoM kA samaya bIca meM AtA hai| ise prAkRtoM ke saMkrAnti-kAla ke nAma se abhihita kiyA gayA hai| isa saMkrAnti-kAla kI prAkRta sambandhI sAmagrI tIna rUpoM meM prApta haiM-(1) azvaghoSa ke nATakoM kI prAkRta, (2) dhammapada kI prAkRta tathA (3) niya praakRt| saMkrAnti-kAla ke rUpa meM jo yaha sthApanA kI jAtI hai, adhyayana kI dRSTi se yadyapi kucha upayogI ho sakatI hai para, vAstava meM yaha koI pRthak kAla siddha nahIM hotaa| yaha madhyakAlIna Arya bhASA-kAla ke dvitIya yuga meM hI A jAtA hai| paricaya kI dRSTi se uparyukta prAkRtoM para saMkSepa meM kucha prakAza DAlanA Avazyaka hai azvaghoSa ke nATakoM kI prAkRta azvaghoSa prathama zatI ke eka vidvAn bauddha bhikSu the / saMskRta-kAvya-racanAkAroM meM unakA prAcInatA kI dRSTi se atyanta mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai / buddha caritam, saundaranandam saMjJaka kAvyoM ke atirikta unhoMne saMskRta meM do nATaka bhI likhe / ina nATakoM kI khaNDita pratiyAM madhya eziyA meM prApta huI haiN| saMskRta-nATakoM meM AbhijAtya vargIya-ucca kulIna pAtroM kI mASA jahA~ saMskRta hotI hai, vahA~ jana-sAdhAraNa-lokajanIna pAtroM kI bhASA prAkRteM hotI haiM / azvaghoSa ke ina nATakoM meM prayukta prAkRteM purAnI mAgadhI, purAnI zaurasenI tathA purAnI arddhamAgadhI haiM / saMbhavataH azvaghoSa ve prathama nATakakAra haiM, jinhoMne nATakoM meM sAmAnya pAtroM ke lie prAkRtoM kA prayoga Arambha kiyaa| azvaghoSa ke ina nATakoM kA jarmana vidvAn lyUDarsa ne saMpAdana kiyA hai| dhammapada kI prAkRta madhya eziyA sthita khotAna nAmaka sthAna meM kharoTThI lipi meM san 1862 meM kucha lekha prApta hue / prAptakartA AV mEducationainamational For Davet Reconelise.ch www.jainelibrantino
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________________ jaina Agama aura prAkRta : bhASA-vijJAna ke pariprekSya meM eka parizIlana | 426 000000000000 000000000000 HOTO ANNA AILE ... ... PROGRA phrAnsa ke paryaTaka dudha ila da rAM the / katipaya bhAratIya tathA pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne una lekhoM para kArya kiyA / antataH yaha pramANita huA ki vaha prAkRta meM likhA huA dhammapada hai| bhArata ke madhya-bhAga tathA pUrva-bhAga meM taba prAyaH brAhmI lipi kA pracalana thA aura uttara-pazcimI bhArata tathA madhya pUrva eziyA ke kucha bhAgoM meM kharoSThI lipi pracalita thii| kharoSThI lipi meM likhA huA hone se yaha prAkRta-dhammapada kharoSThI dhammapada bhI kahA jAtA hai| isakA samaya IsA kI dUsarI zatI mAnA jAtA hai| isameM jo prAkRta prayukta hai, bhArata ke pazcimottara pradeza se sambaddha pratIta hotI hai| niya prAkRta niya eka pradeza kA nAma hai, jo cInI turkistAna ke antargata hai / vahA~ I0 san 1600-1914 ke madhya kharoSThI lipi meM kucha lekha mile / prAptakartA oNrela sTena nAmaka vidvAn the| aneka vidvAnoM ne ina lekhoM kA bArIkI se adhyayana kiyA / antataH suprasiddha bhASA-zAstrI zrI TI0 baro ne inakA bhASAtmaka dRSTi se gambhIra parizIlana karane ke pazcAt inheM prAkRta-lekha btaayaa| inameM prayukta prAkRta bhI prAyaH bhArata ke pazcimottara-pradeza se sambaddha jAna par3atI hai| lekha prApti ke sthAna ke AdhAra para isakI prasiddhi 'niya prAkRta' ke nAma se huI / isakA samaya I0 tIsarI zatI mAnA jAtA hai| isa krama meM aba ve prAkRteM AtI haiM, jinameM arddha mAgadhI zaurasenI Adi haiN| hama arddhamAgadhI para vizeSa rUpa se vicAra kareMge / zvetAmbara, jaina-Agama, jo arddhamAgadhI meM saMgrathita haiM madhyakAlIna Arya-bhASA-kAla kI eka amUlya sAhitya-nidhi hai| arddha mAgadhI arddhamAgadhI zabda kI vyAkhyA do prakAra se kI jAtI hai / zUrasena-pradeza (mathurA-vrajabhUmi se lekara pazcimI uttara-pradeza kA kAphI bhAga) meM zaurasenI prAkRta tathA magadha-pradeza meM mAgadhI prAkRta kA pracalana thaa| pUrva bhArata ke usa bhAga kI bhASA, jo mAgadhI aura zaurasenI bhASI kSetroM ke bIca kI thI AddhamAgadhI kahalAI / eka vyAkhyA to yaha hai / dUsarI vyAkhyA ke anusAra vaha bhASA jisameM mAgadhI ke Adhe lakSaNa milate the, arddhamAgadhI ke nAma se abhihita huI / mAgadhI ke mukhya tIna lakSaNa haiM 1. mAgadhI meM tAlavya za mUrdhanya Sa aura dantya sa-tInoM ke sthAna para yA sarvatra tAlavya za kA prayoga hotA hai| 2. ra ke sthAna para la hotA hai| 3. akArAnta zabdoM kI prathamA vibhakti ke eka vacana kA pratyaya e hotA hai| mAgadhI ke ye tIna lakSaNa addhamAgadhI meM pUre ghaTita nahIM hote, Adhe ghaTita hote haiM / jaise1. addhamAgadhI meM tAlavya za kA prayoga nahIM hotaa| 2. ra ke sthAna para la kA kahIM-kahIM prayoga hotA hai| 3. akArAnta zabdoM kI prathamA vibhakti ke ekavacana meM prAyaH e pratyaya prayukta hotA hai| yoM 'e' ke prayoga kI prAyaH pUrI tathA la ke prayoga kI AdhI vyApakatA addhamAgadhI meM hai / arthAt mAgadhI ke tIna lakSaNoM kA lagabhaga arddha aMza isa para lAgU hotA hai isalie isakI saMjJA arddhamAgadhI huii| sAmAnyata: arddhamAgadhI kI nimnAMkita pahacAna hai 1. isameM tAlavya za, mUrdhanya Sa tathA dantya sa-tInoM ke lie kevala dantya sa kA hI prayoga hotA hai / zaurasenI tathA mahArASTrI meM bhI aisA hI hai| 2. dantya varNa arthAt tavarga Adi mUrdhanya varNa Tavarga Adi ke rUpa meM prApta hote haiN| 3. dUsarI prAkRtoM meM prAyaH svaroM ke madhyavartI sparza (kavarga se pavarga taka ke ) varNa lupta ho jAte haiM-vahA~ arddhamAgadhI meM prAya: 'ya' zruti prApta hotI hai| 4. saptamI vibhakti-adhikaraNa kAraka meM isameM e aura mmi ke sivAya aMsi pratyaya kA bhI prayoga pAyA jAtA hai| IMAL 2. dantya va - -... S. R:
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________________ 430| pUjya pravartaka zrI ambAlAlajI mahArAja-abhinandana grantha yaha sAmAnyata: prAkRtoM kA tathA tadantargata arddhamAgadhI kA bhASA-vaijJAnika nirUpaNa hai / yahI arddhamAgadhI zvetAmbara AgamoM kI bhASA hai / para, AgamoM kA jo rUpa hameM prApta hai, usakA saMkalana zatAbdiyoM pazcAt kA hai| usa sambandha meM yathA sthAna carcA kreNge| 000000000000 000000000000 eka prazna : eka samAdhAna mahAvIra tathA buddha samasAmayika the, donoM kA prAyaH samAna kSetra meM viharaNa huA phira donoM kI bhASA meM antara kyoM hai ? yaha eka prazna hai / buddha mAgadhI meM bole aura mahAvIra arddhamAgadhI meM / vistAra meM na jAkara bahuta saMkSepa meM kucha tathyoM kI yahA~ carcA kara rahe haiN| buddha kozala ke rAjakumAra the| unakA kArya-kSetra mukhyata: magadha aura videha thA / kauzala meM pracalita jana-bhASA magadha aura videha meM sAdhAraNa logoM dvArA saralatA va sahajatA se samajhI jA sake, yaha kama saMbhava rahA hogA / ataH buddha ko mAgadhI, jo magadha sAmrAjya kI kendrIya bhASA hone se usa samaya bahusammata bhASA thI, magadha aura videha meM to vaha samajhI hI jAtI thI, kauzala Adi meM bhI use adhika na sahI, sAdhAraNatayA loga saMbhavataH samajha sakate rahe hoM, apanAne kI AvazyakatA par3I ho / mahAvIra ke lie yaha bAta nahIM thii| ve videha ke rAjakumAra the / jo bhASA vahA~ pracalita thI, vaha magadha, videha Adi meM samajhI hI jAtI thI ataH unheM yaha apekSita nahIM lagA ho ki ve magadha kI kendrIya bhASA ko svIkAra kreN| jaina AgamoM kA parigaThana hamAre deza meM prAcIna kAla se zAstroM ko kaNThastha rakhane kI paramparA rahI hai / vedoM ko jo zruti kahA jAtA hai, vaha isI bhAva kA dyotaka hai / arthAt unheM guru-mukha se sunakara yAda rakhA jAtA thaa| bauddha piTakoM aura jaina AgamoM kI bhI yahI sthiti hai / Age calakara bauddha tathA jaita vidvAnoM ko yaha apekSita pratIta huA ki zAstroM kA krama va rUpa Adi suvyavasthita kiye jAe~ tAki unakI paramparAeM akSuNNa raheM / bauddha piTakoM kI saMgItiyA~ aura jaina AgamoM kI vAcanAe~ isakA pratiphala hai| bauddha piTakoM kI mukhyataH kramazaH tIna saMgItiyA~ huI, yadyapi samaya kA antara hai para, jaina AgamoM kI bhI tIna vAcanAe~ huii| prathama vAcanA jaina AgamoM kI pahalI vAcanA antima zruta-kevalI AcArya bhadrabAhu ke ziSya AcArya sthUlabhadra ke samaya meM pATaliputra meM huii| tatkAlIna dvAdazavarSIya duSkAla ke kAraNa aneka zrutadhara sAdhu divaMgata ho gaye the| jo thor3e-bahuta bace hue the, ve idhara-udhara bikhare hue the| yaha bhaya thA ki zru ta-paramparA kahIM vicchinna na ho jAe ataH durbhikSa kI samApti ke pazcAt isakI AyojanA kI gii| isameM dRSTivAda ke atirikta gyAraha aMgoM kA saMkalana huaa| dRSTivAda ke saMkalana kA prayatna to huA para usameM pUrNa saphalatA nahIM mila skii| isa dvAdazavarSIya duSkAla kA samaya vIra nirvANa ke 160 varSa pazcAt arthAt lagabhaga I0 pUrva 367 varSa mAnA jAtA hai / taba uttara bhArata meM candragupta maurya kA rAjya thaa| samaya kA tAratamya biThAne ke lie yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki AcArya sthUlabhadra kA divaMgamana vIra nirvANa ke 216 varSa pazcAt mAnA jAtA hai / dvitIya vAcanA lagabhaga I0 pUrva 367 varSa gupta maurya kA rAjya thaa| samaya kA hai ki AcArya sthUlabhadra kA dUsarI vAcanA kA samaya vIra nirvANa ke 827 varSa yA 840 varSa pazcAt tadanusAra IsavI san 300 yA 313 mAnA jAtA hai| yaha vAcanA Arya skandila ke netRtva meM mathurA meM huii| isa vAcanA ke sAtha bhI dubhikSa kA sambandha jur3A hai / bhayAnaka akAla ke kAraNa bhikSA milanA durlabha ho gyaa| vijJa sAdhu bahuta kama raha gaye the| Agama chinna-bhinna hone lge| isa duSkAla ke pazcAt Ayojita sammelana meM upasthita sAdhuoM ne apanI smRti ke anusAra Agama saMkalita kiye / mathurA meM hone ke kAraNa ise mAthurI vAcanA kahA jAtA hai| lagabhaga isI samaya saurASTra ke valabhI nAmaka nagara meM eka aura sAdhu-sammelana huA / Agama saMkalita hue| OURS pa RESTITUTE aamerecauseey
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________________ jaina Agama aura prAkRta : bhASA-vijJAna ke pariprekSya meM eka parizIlana | 431 000000000000 000000000000 isakA netRtva zrI nAgArjuna sUri ne kiyaa| ataH ise nAgArjunI vAcanA kahA jAtA hai / valabhI meM hone se prathama valabhIvAcanA bhI kahA jAtA hai| mAthurI aura nAgArjunI vAcanA meM Agama-sUtroM kA pRthak-pRthak saMkalana huA / paraspara kahIM-kahIM pATha-bheda bhI raha gayA / saMyoga aisA banA ki vAcanA ke pazcAt Arya skandila aura nAgArjuna sUri kA paraspara milana nahIM ho sakA / isalie vAcanA-bheda jaisA thA, banA raha gyaa| tRtIya yA antima vAcanA bhagavAna mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke 680 varSa bAda yA kaiyoM ke mata meM 663 varSa ke anantara tadanusAra IsavI san 453 yA 466 meM valabhI meM eka sAdhu-sammelana kA Ayojana huaa| isake adhinetA devaddhigaNI kSamAzramaNa the / Agama vyavasthita rUpa se punaH saMkalita kara lipibaddha kiye jAe~, yaha sammelana kA uddezya thaa| kyoMki logoM kI smRti pahale jitanI nahIM raha gaI thii| isalie bhaya hotA jA rahA thA ki yadi smRti ke sahAre rahA jAyegA to zAyada hama paramparA-prApta zruta kho baittheNge| ise tRtIya yA antima vAcanA aura valabhI kI dvitIya vAcanA kahA jAtA hai| AgamoM kA saMkalana huA / ve lipibaddha kiye gaye / vahI saMkalana zvetAmbara jaina AgamoM ke rUpa meM Aja prApta hai| digambara-mAnyatA digambara jaina zrutAMgoM ke nAma Adi to prAyaH zvetAmbaroM ke samAna hI mAnate haiM / para unake anusAra Agamazruta kA sarvathA viccheda ho gyaa| digambaroM dvArA SaTkhaNDAgama-sAhitya Agama-zruta kI taraha hI samAhata hai| SaTkhaNDAgama kI racanA AcArya bhUtabali aura puSpadanta dvArA kI gaI, jinakA samaya IsA kI prathama-dvitIya zatI ke Asa-pAsa mAnA jAtA hai| SaTkhaNDAgama kI bhASA zaurasainI prAkRta hai, ise jaina zaurasenI kahA jAtA hai kyoMki isa para arddha mAgadhI kI chApa hai / digambara AcAryoM dvArA aura bhI jo dhArmika sAhitya racA gayA, vaha (jaise AcArya kunda-kunda ke samayasAra, pravacana sAra, paJcAstikAya Adi grantha tathA isI taraha anyAnya AcAryoM kI kRtiyA~ prAyaH isI (zaurasenI prAkRta) meM hai| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki uttara bhArata meM zUrasena-pradeza digambara jainoM kA mukhya kendra rahA thA ataH vahIM kI prAkRta ko digambara-AcAryoM va lekhakoM ne dhArmika bhASA ke rUpa meM svIkAra kara liyaa| isI kA yaha pariNAma thA ki dravir3a-bhASA-parivAra ke kSetra-dakSiNa deza ke digambara-AcAryoM ne bhI dhArmika granthoM kI racanA zaurasenI meM hI kI, jabaki unakI mAtRbhASAeM tamila, kannar3a yA telagU Adi thii| zaurasenI ke sAtha kucha dhArmika pAvitrya kA bhAva jur3a gayA thaa| mahAn lekhaka AcArya kunda-kunda, jinheM digambara-paramparA meM zraddhAspadatA kI koTi meM Arya jambU ke bAda sarvAtizAyI ginA jAtA hai, ve (tamila dezotpanna) dAkSiNAtya hI the| Agama : rUpa : bhASA :prAmANikatA prazna uThanA svAbhAvika hai, 2500 varSa pUrva jo zruta astitva meM AyA, antata: lagabhaga eka sahasra varSa pazcAt jisakA saMkalana huA aura lekhana bhI; udbhava aura lekhana kI madhyavartI avadhi meM Agama-zrata meM kyA kucha bhI parivartana nahIM AyA, bhagavAna mahAvIra ke anantara jaina-dharma kevala bihAra yA usake Asa-pAsa ke kSetroM meM hI nahIM rahA, vaha bhArata ke dUra-dUra ke pradezoM meM phailatA gayA, jahAM pracalita bhASAe~ bhinna thiiN| isake atirikta aneka bhinna-bhinna pradezoM ke loga zramaNa-dharma meM pravajita hue, jinakI mAtRbhASAeM bhinna-bhinna thIM, phira yaha kaise saMbhava hai ki unake mAdhyama se Age bar3hatA Agamika vAkpravAha usI rUpa meM sthira raha sakA, jaisA bhagavAna mahAvIra ke samaya meM thaa| kisI apekSA se bAta to ThIka hai, koI bhI bhASA-zAstrIya vidvAn yaha kahane kA sAhasa nahIM kara sakatA ki AgamoM kA Aja ThIka akSarazaH vahI rUpa hai, jo unake udbhava-kAla meM thA / para yaha tathya bhI kama mahattvapUrNa nahIM hai ki zabda-prAmANya meM sarvAdhika AsthA aura abhiruci hone ke kAraNa isa ora sabhI zramaNoM kA prabala jhukAva rahA ki Agamika zabdAvalI meM jarA bhI parivartana na ho|
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________________ 432 | pUjya pravartaka zrI ambAlAlajI mahArAja-abhinandana grantha 000000000000 000000000000 Corte HERBERGC 4... ___AgamoM kI zabda-saMracanA kA adhikAMzataH yaha prakAra hai-gaNadhara gautama tIrthaMkara mahAvIra se jijJAsA karate haiM, mahAvIra uttara dete haiN| Age jambU sudharmA se prazna karate haiM, sudharmA samAdhAna karate haiM para, ve apanI samAdhAyaka zabdAvalI kA tAMtA tIrthaGkara mahAvIra kI vANI se jor3ate haiM arthAt unake uttara kI bhASA kucha isa prakAra kI banatI hai ki yahI prazna gautama dvArA pUche jAne para bhagavAna mahAvIra ne isakA isa prakAra uttara diyA thA / tIrthaMkarabhASitA yA ArSatA kA sambandha zabda-samuccaya ke sAtha sadA banA rahe, aisA bhAva rahane kI dhvani isase nikalatI hai, jisase uparyukta tathya samarthita hotA hai| Agama-pATha ke paramparA-srota ke sambandha meM eka bAta aura jJAtavya hai / jaina-zAstroM ke anusAra AcArya AgamoM kI artha-vAcanA dete haiM arthAt ve Agama pAThagata artha-Azaya kA vizleSaNa-vivecana kara usakA bhAva antevAsiyoM ko hRdayaMgama karAte haiM / upAdhyAya sUtra-vAcanA dete haiM, jisakA tAtparya yaha hai ki sUtroM ke pAThoccAraNa kI zuddhatA, spaSTatA, vizadatA, aparivartyatA yA sthiratA banAye rakhane ke hetu upAdhyAya pAramparika tathA zabdazAstrIya dRSTi se antevAsI zramaNoM ko mUla pATha kA sAMgopAMga zikSaNa dete haiN| anuyoga dvAra sUtra meM 'Agamata: dravyAvazyaka' ke sandarbha meM pAThana yA vAcana kA vivecana karate hue tatsambandhI vizeSatAoM para prakAza DAlA gayA hai, jisase pratIta hotA hai ki pATha kI eka akSuNNa tathA sthira paramparA jaina-zramaNoM meM rahI hai / Agama-pATha ko yathAvat banAye rakhane meM isase bar3I sahAyatA milI hai| Agama-gAthAoM kA uccAraNa kara denA mAtra pATha yA vAcana nahIM hai / anuyoga dvAra sUtra meM pada ke zikSita, sthita, jita, mita, parijita, nAmasama, doSasama, ahInAkSara, anatyakSara, avyAviddhAkSara, askhalita, amilita, avyatyAdaMDita, pratipUrNa, pratipUrNa ghoSa tathA kaNThoSThavipramukta-ye solaha vizeSaNa diye gaye haiN| ina sabake vizleSaNa kA yahA~ avakAza nahIM hai| isa sAre vivecana kA tAtparya yahI hai ki Agama-vAGmaya kA zAbdika rUpa yathAvat rahe, isa ora prAcInakAla se hI atyadhika jAgarUkatA baratI jAtI rahI hai| . itanA saba hote hue bhI yaha nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki AgamoM ke zAbdika rUpa meM kiJcit mAtra bhI parivartana nahIM huaa| yadi aisA hotA to AcArAMga va sUtrakRtAMga meM prayukta bhASA ke samakakSa yA sadRza bhASA kA hI prayoga anya aMga, upAMga Adi granthoM meM bhI hotA / para, vaisA nahIM hai| thor3I hI sahI bhASAtmaka bhinnatA hai, jo kAlika stara-bheda para AghRta hai| isase yaha siddha hotA hai ki AgamoM meM zAbdika yA bhASAtmaka kucha na kucha parivartana huA hI hai para, uparyukta atyadhika jAgarUkatA ke kAraNa vaha apekSAkRta kama huA hai, jisase Agama Aja bhI apane mUla rUpa se itane dUra nahIM kahe jA sakate, jisase unakI maulikatA vyAhata ho| mahArASTrI meM racanAe~ prAkRta meM prabandha-kAvya, AkhyAyikA, carita-kathA Adi jo sAhitya racA gayA, vaha mahArASTrI (prAkRta) meM hai / DaoN0 sukumAra sena, DaoN. manamohana ghoSa Adi bhAratIya bhASA vaijJAnika mahArASTrI ko zaurasenI kA uttaravartI vikasita rUpa mAnate haiN| mahArASTrI meM vyaJjana-lopa tathA ya zruti kI pradhAnatA hai| jisase zleSa, yamaka Adi pada-saundarya pradhAna, anekArthaka racanAeM bar3I sugamatA aura utkRSTatA se sAdhya haiN| mahArATrI kA sAhitya bahuta samRddha hai / mahAkavi hAla kI gAhAsattasaI (gAthA-saptazatI), pravarasena kA rAvaNavaho (rAvaNavadhaH) yA setubandha, jayavallabha kA vajjAlagga (vrajyAlagna), haribhadra kI samarAiccakahA (samarAditya-kathA), udyotana kI kuvalayamAlA Adi isa bhASA kI amara kRtiyAM haiN| tRtIya prAkRtakAla yA apabhraMzakAla prAkRtoM kA vikAsa apabhraMzoM ke rUpa meM huA / inakA samaya 700 IsavI se 1000 IsavI taka mAnA jAtA hai| apabhra'zoM ke bhI prAqatoM kI taraha aneka bheda the| unameM nAgara, upanAgara evaM vrAyar3a mukhya the / avahaTTa, avahattha, ava haMsa Adi isake paryAya haiN| inakA saMskRta rUpa apabhraSTa yA apabhraMza hai / yahA~ eka bAta aura dhyAna dene yogya hai / jaba koI bolI sAhityika rUpa le letI hai, tadanusAra vyavasthita tathA pariniSThita ho jAtI hai, taba usakA bolacAla meM prayoga nahIM METARAN A VIR M.DO Lain Education Interational For Private Personal use only www.iainelibrary.org
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________________ jaina Agama aura prAkRta : bhASA-vijJAna ke pariprekSya meM eka parizIlana | 433 000000000000 000000000000 S pAgA TRAISE MITHILI S Rang AUNTIRTILY INDIAN rahatA / phalata: loka-vyavahAra hetu eka naI bolI kA udbhava hotA hai, jisameM saralIkRta, sarva sugama zabdoM kA prayoga hone lagatA hai| vyAkaraNa-zuddhatA kA sthAna vahA~ gauNa hotA hai, bhAvajJApana kA mukhya / isa prakAra navodbhuta boliyoM yA prAktana boliyoM ke jana-jana dvArA vyAhriyamANa ye sarala evaM subodhya zabda, jo ukta sAhityika bhASA ke vyAkaraNa se asiddha hote haiM, paNDitoM dvArA vikRta, azuddha, bhraSTa, apabhraSTa yA apabhraMza yukta mAne jAte haiN| aise zabdoM ke prayoga meM doSa taka kahA gayA hai| mahAbhASya kA eka prasaMga hai / vyAkaraNa ke prayojanoM ke vizleSaNa ke sandarbha meM kahA gayA hai ki vaha zabdoM kA zuddha prayoga sikhAtI hai| usI prasaMga meM zabdoM ke zuddha prayoga para vizeSa bala dete hue kahA hai "zabdoM ke prayoga meM nipuNa vyakti vyavahAra karate samaya zabdoM kA yathAvat rUpeNa zuddha prayoga karatA hai| vAk-yoga arthAt zabda aura artha ke sambandha ko jAnane vAlA vaha vyakti paraloka meM ananta jaya, aparisIma saubhAgya prApta karatA hai| jo vyavahAra meM apazabdoM kA prayoga karatA hai, vaha doSa-pApa kA bhAgI hotA hai| aisA kyoM? isalie ki jo zabdoM ko jAnatA hai, vaha apazabdoM ko bhI jAnatA hai / jaise zabdoM ke jAnane meM dharma hai, vaise hI apazabdoM ke jAnane meM adharma hai, apazabda bahuta haiM, zabda thor3e haiN|" Age apazabdoM ke udAharaNa dete hue mahAbhASyakAra ne kahA hai "eka-eka zabda ke bahuta se apabhraMza arthAt apabhraSTa (bigar3ate hue) rUpa haiN| jaise gauH ke lie gAvI, goNI, gotA, gopotalikA Adi aneka apabhraMza haiN|" mahAbhASyakAra ke kathana se spaSTa hai ki vyAkaraNa-pariSkRta bhASA ke sAtha-sAtha jana-sAdhAraNa meM prasRta lokabhASA ke aneka rUpa unake samakSa the, jinameM prayujyamAna zabdoM kA zuddha bhASA-saMskRta meM prayoga na karane kI ora unakA vizeSa rUpa se saMketa hai| isa sandarbha meM bhASA vaijJAnika dRSTi se cintana kA prakAra dUsarA hai| vahA~ pariniSThita, vyAkaraNa kI sImAoM se paribaddha bhASA se udgata jana-bhASA, jisameM jana-sAdhAraNa kI suvidhA ke hetu asaMzliSTa tathA saralIkRta zabda prayukta hote haiM, vikRti nahIM kahI jAtI, bhASA-vaijJAnikoM ke zabdoM meM vaha pichalI bhASA kI vikAsAvasthA hai / bhASA-jagat meM yaha vikAsa-krama anavarata calatA rahatA hai, jisakI apanI upayogitA hai| astu-uparyukta vivecana se spaSTa hai ki apabhraMza zabda AryabhASA-kAla ke prAcIna yuga meM bhI prayoga meM AtA rahA hai para, vaha bhASA-vizeSa ke artha meM nahIM thaa| vaha una zabdoM ke artha meM thA, jo paMDitoM kI dRSTi se vikRta tathA bhraSTa the aura bhASAvaijJAnikoM kI dRSTi se vikasita / yahA~ madhyakAlIna AryabhASA-kAla ke vivecana meM prayukta apabhraMza zabda jaisA ki pahale saMketa kiyA gayA hai, una bhASAoM ke lie hai, jo vibhinna prAkRtoM ke uttaravartI vikasita rUpa liye hue thiiN| Age calakara apabhraMza meM pracura parimANa meM loka-sAhitya racA gyaa| AcArya hemacandra ne apane prAkRta-vyAkaraNa meM prAkRta (mahArASTrI), mAgadhI, arddhamAgadhI (ArSa), zaurasenI, paizAcI, cUlikA paizAcI-ina prAkRta bhedoM ke sAtha apabhraMza ko bhI prAkRta kA eka bheda mAnate hue vivecana kiyA hai| vizeSataH apabhraza ke ve udAharaNa, jo hemacandra ne upasthita kiye haiM, aneka apekSAoM se mahattvapUrNa haiM / hemacandra jisa pradeza meM the, vaha nAgara-apabhraMza kA kSetra rahA thaa| nAgara kA apabhraMzoM meM viziSTa sthAna hai| . apabhraMzoM ke sAtha madhyakAlIna AryabhASA-kAla parisamApta ho jAtA hai| vikAsa-krama ke naisargika niyama ke anusAra vibhinna apabhraMza Adhunika bhASAoM ke rUpa meM pariNata ho jAte haiM / prAkRta-vAGamaya : parizIlana : mahattva prAkRta-sAhitya, vizeSata: arddhamAgadhI AgamoM ke rUpa meM saMgrathita prAkRta-vAGmaya ke adhyayana kA kevala jainasiddhAnta jJAna kI dRSTi se hI nahIM, aneka dRSTiyoM se asAdhAraNa mahattva hai| isa prAcIna bhASA kA itanA virATa aura vipula sAhitya aura kisI bhI rUpa meM kahIM bhI upalabdha nahIM hai / sahasrAbdiyoM pUrva kA bhAratIya loka-jIvana, sAmAjika paramparAe~, dhArmika mAnyatAe~, cintana-dhArAe~, vyApAra-vyavasAya, kRSi, kalA, vANijya, rAjanIti, adhyAtma-sAdhanA TAITH THANKavita
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________________ 434 | pUjya pravartaka zrI ambAlAla jI mahArAja-abhinandana grantha 000000000000 000000000000 kI vibhinna paddhatiyA~ Adi aneka aise sandarbha haiM, jinake vyApaka evaM tulanAtmaka jJAna ke dRSTikoNa se isa vAGmaya kA parizIlana nitAnta upayogI hai| bhASAzAstrIya adhyayana tathA madhyakAlIna Arya-bhASAoM ke antima rUpa apabhraza se vikasita Adhunika AryabhASAoM ke vyApaka va talasparzI jJAna kI dRSTi se bhI prAkRtoM kA adhyayana atyanta upayogI hai, Avazyaka hai| suprasiddha vidvAn sva0 DaoN0 vAsudevazaraNa agravAla ne likhA hai ......"prAkRta kA jJAna kevala purAnI hindI ko samajhane ke lie hI nahIM pratyuta purAnI rAjasthAnI, purAnI gujarAtI, purAnI marAThI, purAnI baMgalA, purAnI maithilI ke sAhitya ko samajhane ke lie bhI eka anupama AdhAra hai / vAstava meM prAkRta kA jJAna madhyakAlIna Arya-bhASA parivAra kI sabhI bhASAoM ko samajhane meM eka-sA uyogI hai / " 2 kheda ke sAtha likhanA par3atA hai ki hamAre deza meM prAkRtoM ke adhyayana kI paramparA ke uttarottara kSINa hote jAne ke kAraNa jJAna ke kSetra meM bhASAtmaka sUkSma parizIlana kA pakSa apekSAkRta durbala ho gyaa| Aja isa ora adhyayana ke kSetra meM kucha cetanA dRSTigocara ho rahI hai| vaha uttarottara pragatizIla tathA vikasita banatI jAe, yaha sarvathA vAJchanIya hai| LATIL ...... pahA LATION C ... OM 1 dazavakAlika vRtti, pR0 203 2 akRtrimasvAdupadAM, paramArthAbhidhAyinIm / sarvabhASA pariNatAM, janIM vAcamupAsmahe / / -(AcArya hemacandra racita kAvyAnuzAsana prathama kArikA) --kAvyAnuzAsana kI alaMkAra cUr3AmaNi nAmaka svopajJa TIkA meM isa kArikA kI vyAkhyA ke antargata-akRtrimANi asaMskRtAni, ataeva svAdUni mandadhiyAmapi pezalAni padAni yasyAmiti vigrahaH |..."tthaa suranara tirazcA vicitrAsu bhASAsu pariNatAM tanmayatAM gatAM sarvabhASA pariNatAtra / eka rUpA'pi hi bhagavato'rdhamAgadhI bhASA vArida vimuktavArivad AzrayAnurUpatayA pariNamati / isI prasaMga meM nimnAMkita prAcIna zloka bhI uddhRta kiyA gayA hai devA devI narA nArI, zabarAzcApi zAbarIm / tiryaJco'pi hi tairazrcI, menire bhagavad giram // 3 ArisavayaNe siddhaM devANaM addhamAgahA vaannii| 4 Comparative grammar of the Prakrit languages, Page 4 5 maMgalaM bhagavAn vIro, maMgalaM gautamo gaNI / maMgalaM kundakundAryo, jainadharmastu maMgalam / / anuyogadvAra sUtra 16 yastu prayuGakta kRzalo vizeSe, zabdAn yathAvad vyavahAra kAle / so'nantamApnoti jayaM paratra, vAgyogavid duSyati cApazabdaiH / / kaH ? vAgyogavideva ! kRta etat ? yo hi zabdAjAnAtyapazabdAnapyaso jAnAti / yathaiva hi zabdajJAne dharmaH, evamapa zabdajJAne'pyadharmaH, athavA bhUyAn dharmaH prApnoti / bhUyAMso'pazabdAH, alpIyAMsa: zabdA iti |-mhaabhaassy prathama Ahnika pRSTha 7-8 8 ekaikasya hi zabdasya bahavo'pabhrazAH / tadyathA-godityasya zabdasya gAvI goNI gotA gopotaliketyeva mAdayo'pabhraMzaH / -mahAbhASya prathama Ahlika pRSTha 8 ......the knowledge of Prakrit in an ambrosia for understanding not only the oldHindi literature but also the literature in Old-Rajasthani, Old-Gujarati, Old-Marathi, OldBengali, Old-Maithili etc., and in fact for all the languages of the Middle Indo-Aryan group. -pAia sadda mahaNNavo kI prastAvanA, pRSTha I HANDRA 208 CouncRDA ToROOR marg