Hindi Natakkar

Author(s): Jaynath
Publisher: Atmaram and Sons
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/010195/1

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hindI nATakakAra jayanAtha nalina' mAtmArAma eNDa saMsa, dillI

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hindustAnI ekeDemI, pustakAlaya ilAhAbAda 12.0806 varga saMkhyA... pustaka saMkhyA.........jayahi krama saMkhyA..........4.30..........

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- - - hindI nATakakAra (hindI-nATaka aura usake unnAyakoM kI kalA tathA kRtiyo kA gambhIra vizlepaNa) lekhaka pro0 jayanAtha 'nalina', ema. e. prAdhyApaka sa. dha. kAlija, ambAlA kaiNTa 1652 AtmArAma eNDa saMsa pustaka-vikretA tathA prakAzaka kAzmIrI geTa, dillI 6

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prakAzaka rAmalAla purI AtmArAma eNDa saMsa kAzmIrI geTa, dillii| 1652 mUlya pAMca rupaye mudraka zyAmakumAra garga hindI priMTiMga presa, zivAznama, kvInsa roDa, dillI /

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pAloka 'hindI nATakakAra' pahale kevala hindI-nATaka-samIkSA ke rUpa meM hI prakaTa ho rahI thii| pANDulipi presa meM jAne ke bAda aneka sAthiyoM ne sujhAva bhI diye aura mAMga bhI kI, nATya-kalA aura usake vikAsa kA vivecana bhI pustaka meM rahe / unakI mA~ga kA uttara denA anivArya ho gyaa| pustaka meM nATaka ke vikAsa aura mahatva kA vivecana kara diyA gayA aura hindI-nATakoM ke vikAsa aura abhAva kI bhI samIkSA kara dI gaI; para nATya-kalA aura tattvoM ko nahIM chuyA gayA / anya samIkSakoM ke samAna saMkSipta meM tattva ginAne se koI lAbha nahIM, jaba taka unakA maulika aura navIna dRSTikoNa se vistRta vivecana na kiyA jAya / usakI AvazyakatA isa pustaka meM nahIM aura na itanA sthAna hI hai| isake atirikta, kilI bhI nATakakAra ke nATakoM kI samIkSA par3hakara nATya-kalA ke siddhAnta pAThaka svayaM bhI sthira kara sakatA hai| nATaka ke janma, mahatva, vikAsa Adi para jo bhI kucha kahA gayA hai, vaha svataMtra vicAra para AdhArita hai| kevala ginatI ginAne ke lie hI abhAva yA bhAva ke kAraNa prastuta nahIM kiye gae aura na paramparA se prApta samIkSAsampatti kA uttarAdhikAra kI taraha upayoga kiyA gayA / kalA ke rUpa meM nATaka aura hindI-nATaka kA vikAsa diyA gayA hai, vikAsa ke nAma para itihAsa nahIM / prAyaH samIkSakoM ne itihAsa ko hI vikAsa ke nAma para prastuta kara diyA hai| isa pustaka meM pAThakoM ko bhrana meM na par3anA pdd'egaa| 'Aloka' meM nATaka-saMbaMdhI unhIM viyayoM para vicAra kiyA gayA hai, jo atyanta Avazyaka samajhe gae, jinakA sambandha hindI-nATakoM kI samIkSA se hai| una sabhI bAtoM ko, jo anAvazyaka haiM, sAdhAraNa haiM, yA vizeSa mahattva nahIM rakhatIM, chor3a diyA gayA hai / 'zrA noka' ke antargata grAye nATakIya vivecana meM maulikatA, navIna dRSTikoNa anAbhibhUna cintana kA hI anurodha merI lekhanI kA rahA haiusa anurodha-pUrti kI ceSTA bhI kI gaI hai|

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hindI nATakakAra nATaka kA janma nATaka utanA hI prAcIna hai, jitanA mAnava-jIvana / dharAtala para mAnava kA avataraNa bhI eka nATakIya ghaTanA hI samajhiye / bhAratIya grAstika darzana ke anusAra paramAtmA ne pRthvI kI racanA karake eka dina aneka yuvaka aura yuvatiyoM ko janma de diyaa| vikAsavAda ke anusAra vanamAnusa vikasita hote-hote manuSya bana gyaa| donoM hI vicArAnusAra mAnava kA janma kautUhalapUrNa nATakIya ghaTanA hai| mAnava-janma ke sAtha hI nATaka kA udaya huaa| nizcaya hI 'vikasita yA likhita rUpa meM nhiiN| para vaha apane Adi maulika rUpa meM mAnava ke sAtha hI avatarita ho gayA thaa| mAnava-jIvana-vikAsa ke sAtha hI kadama-se-kadama milAte hue nATaka bhI vikasita hotA gayA aura Aja vaha atyanta unnata rUpa meM hameM prApta hai| purAtana jaMgalI aherI jIvana meM nATaka ke maulika rUpa kI hama kalpanA kara sakate haiN| eka aherI, dina-bhara ke parizrama se thakA, apanI guphA meM baiThA mAMsa bhUna rahA hai| sahasA bAva ke samAna bhayaMkara aura sIMgadhArI vilakSaNa pazu guphA ke bhItara ghusakara vana-kapAtI dahAr3a mArakara aherI para jhapaTanA hai| zIghratA se sa~bhala aherI apane patthara ke zastra uThAtA yA tIra-kamAna saMbhAlanA hai aura jyoM hI kamAna para tIra tAnatA hai ki vaha vicitra pazu nAliyA~ ya jAkara khilakhilAkara ha~sa par3atA hai| aherI bhauM bakkA-mA nAkatA hai aura vaha pazu 'ho-ho' karate hue kahatA hai,ahA Dara gae saradAra ! aherI ko taya mAnnuma hotA hai ki yaha vaha par3ausI yuvaka hai,jo pAsa hI eka guphA meM rahatA hai / yaha ghaTanA eka kalpanA-mAtra hai, isameM sandeha nahIM; para mAnava ke zramabhya jaMgalI jIvana meM na jAne aisI kitanI nATakIya ghaTanAe hotI rahI hogii| kautUhala pUrNa anAzitatA, jo nATaka kI prANa hai, sabhya jIvana se adhika jaMgalI jIvana meM milegii| uparokta kalpita ghaTanA meM nATaka ke sabhI tattva apane prAdi rUpa meM zrA jAte haiN| bAgha kA rUpa dharane vAle usa yuvaka kA guphA meM sahamA praveza kautUhalapUrNa ghaTanA hai| yaha kathAvastu kA hI eka rUpa hai| ghaTanAe hI kathA-mAlA kI kaliyA~ haiM-kathA kI zRGkhalA kI kar3iyA~ haiN| yuvaka aura aherI do pAtra haiN| donoM ke caritroM kA paricaya bhI hame mila jAtA hai / zraherI ko bhayabhIta karane, hasAne khilakhilAne meM abhinaya-tattva pA jAtA hai| yuvaka aura aherI ke muMha se jo zabda nikalate haiM, ve kathopakathana yA saMvAda kA zrAdi rUpa

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Aloka hamAre sAmane upasthita karate haiN| rasa yA uddezya kI dRSTi se adbhuta yA hAsya hameM mila jAtA hai| hamArA vizvAsa hai ki aisI-aisI aneka nATakIya ghaTanAe mAnava-jIvana meM pahale AI,nRtya inake pazcAt-bhale hI nRtya se nATaka ko vikasita karake vartamAna rUpa taka pahu~cAne meM sahAyatA milI ho, para maulika rUpa meM nATaka manuSya ke jIvana meM pahale prAyA, nRtya bAda meM / sAmAjika rUpa me nRtya vikasita ho gayA, nATaka bahuta bAda meM huyA / nATaka kA Adi rUpa Aja bhI jaMgalI jIvana meM dekhA jA sakatA hai| jaMgalI jIvana meM pracalita nRtya nATaka kA hI Adi rUpa hai| jaMgalo nAcoM meM nRtya ke tatvoM kI apekSA nATakIya tattva hI adhika mileNge| jaMgalI pazuoM ko khAla, sIMga, haDDiyA~, pakSiyoM ke paMkha, samudrI kaur3iyA~, ghoMghe aAdi dhAraNa karake vilakSaNa veza banA,zikAra kI taiyArI, pazuoM se yuddha, pArasparika AkramaNa, abhimAna, palAyana zrAdi unake nAca ke mukhya viSaya hote haiN| inameM apekSAkRta nATakIya tattva adhika haiN| nATaka kA mUla hamArI mAnasika pravRttiyoM meM hai| tabhI to hama jaMgalI asabhya jIvana se lekara sabhya vaijJAnika jIvana taka meM nATaka kA prAdurbhAva aura vikAsa pAte haiN| nATaka kA avikasita Adi rUpa bhI aura atyanta vikAmita aAdhunika svarUpa bhI hamArI prAkRtika pravRtiyoM kA hI sAkAra rUpa hai| adhika-se-adhika sabhya banakara vijJAna-pradhAna jIvana ho jAne para bhI ve mAnasika maulika pravRttiyA~ aparivartita rheNgii| apanI zakti, adhikAra, upabhoga aura Ananda-sImA bar3hAnA mAnava kI maulika pravRtti hai| manuSya jo hai usase adhika honA cAhatA hai| jo vaha nahIM hai, vaha bananA cAhatA hai| ise virATa banane yA Atma-vistAra kI pravRtti kahate hai| manuSya asIma kI zrora paga bar3hAne kA mahattvAkAkSApUrNa prayatna karatA rahatA hai| yaha virATa banane kI pravRtti hai / zaMkarAcArya kA advatavAda aura kRSNa kA virATa rUpa isI pravRtti kI dArzanika vyAkhyA hai| isI pravRtti ne nATaka ko janma diyA hai| Adi jaMgalI jIvana meM manuSya apane se itara prANiyoM-zera, bAgha, hAthI, mRga, baila, bakarA, bher3iyA-kA rUpa dhAraNa karake apanI pravRtti ko santuSTa karatA rhaa| kucha samaya ho jAne para vaha kalpita bhUta-preta, devI-devatAoM kA rUpa dhAraNa karake Atma-vistAra kI abhilApA kI pyAsa bujhAtA rhaa| sAmAjika aura rASTrIya jIvana kA prArambha hone para vIra yoddhA noM, mahApuruSoM, rAjA-mahArAjAoM Adi kA rUpa dhAraNa karake aAnanda pAtA rhaa| isa aAtma-vistAra kI pravRtti, yA jo nahIM hai

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hindI nATakakAra vaha banane kI icchA kA rUpa, hama bAlakoM meM dekha sakate haiN| kaI choTI-choTI bAlikAoM ko hamane mUche lagAkara aura bAlakoM ko lar3akI kA veza dhAraNa karake abhinaya karate dekhA hai| ___ aAtma-vistAra kI pravRtti ko santuSTa karane ke lie, hama vaha banate haiM, jo hama nahIM hai| taba hameM usa vyakti-jaisA hI vyavahAra karanA par3atA hai, vaisI hI veza-bhUSA dhAraNa karanI par3atI hai, usI prakAra bolanA-cAlanA bhI par3atA hai| hama pUrNa rUpa se anukaraNa karane kA prayatna karate haiM / binA nakala yA anukaraNa kiye, hama vaise nahIM mAlUma ho skte| 'virATa' kI kAmanA yA zrAtma-vistAra kI pravRtti hI anukaraNa kI pravRtti ko janma detI hai| yaha pravRtti svatantra bhI mAnI jAtI hai| kaI choTe-choTe bAlaka apane bUr3he bAbA kI taraha nAka para cazmA rakhakara unakI taraha pagar3I lapeTa kara unakA hukkA gur3agur3Ane kA abhinaya karate dekhe gae haiM aura yadi acAnaka mA~ ne dekha liyA aura pUchA, 'kyoM re kukkU, yaha kyA ?" to uttara milatA hai, "maiM kukkU nahIM hU~, maiM to bAbAjI huuN|" anukaraNa kI pravRtti meM bhI nATaka kA mUla hai| abhinetA gaNa jaba nAyaka, nAyikA Adi kA rUpa dhAraNa karake abhinaya karate haiM,vaha anukaraNa nATaka ko janma dene vAlI tIsarI pravRtti hai Atma-prakAzana kI manuSya na asaphalatA, nirAzA, vedanA, viyoga Adi kA bhAra saha sakatA hai aura na saphalatA, saMyoga, AzA, Ananda Adi kI gudagudI ko ho saMbhAla pAtA hai| dukha kahane se ghaTatA aura sukha bar3hatA hai| manuSya apane duHkha-sukha dUsaroM para prakaTa karanA cAhatA hai| AtmAbhivyakti yA Atma-prakAzana kI pravRtti use aisA karane ko vivaza karatI hai / duHkha-sukha ke Avega meM manuSya bar3A bhAvuka bana jAtA hai / bhAvAveza meM vANI vAcAla banegI hI-use alaukika abhivyaMjanA-zakti milegii| nATaka ke saMvAda aura abhinaya-tattva kA isI se vizeSa vikAsa ho jaaygaa| ____ nATaka ko janma dene vAlI sarvaprathama pravRtti hai prAtma-vistAra yA virATa banane kI / isI se prerita hokara manuSya anukaraNa karatA hai / isI se prerita hokara Atma-prakAzana yA AtmAbhivyakti kI pravRtti utpanna hotI hai| apanA duHkha-sukha, AzA-nirAzA anyoM para prakaTa karake bhI manapya zrAtma-vistAra hI karatA hai / sukha-duHkha donoM ke bhogane vAloM kI saMkhyA bar3ha jAtI hai| isalie nATaka ko janma dene vAlI pramukha pravRtti prAtma-vistAra kI hI mAnI jaaygii| anakaraNa kI nhiiN|

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Aloka samAja, jAti yA rASTra-rakSA kI bhAvanA ko bhI bahuta-se samIkSakoM ne nATaka ko janma dene vAlI pravRttiyoM meM mAnA hai| para rASTra-rakSA kI bhAvanA bahuta bAda meM vikasita huii| nATaka kA janma sAmAjikatA yA rASTrIyatA ke vikAsa se pahale hI ho cukA thA, apane Adi aura avikasita rUpa meM / sAtha meM Adi nATakoM meM aisI kucha bhAvanA kA vizeSa paricaya nahIM milatA / hA~, samAja yA jAti-rakSA kI bhAvanA ne nATaka ke vikAsa-vistAra meM avazya yoga diyaa| nATaka kI jananI ke rUpa meM ise nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| Upara kI tInoM pravRttiyoM kI tRpti meM itihAsa, purANa, rASTra, samAja, jAti Adi kI rakSA svataH ho hI jaaygii| sAmAjika rUpa meM nRtya saba kalAoM se pahale prArambha huaa| prArambhika rUpa meM nRtya eka uchala-kUda hI rahA hogaa| jaMgalI pazuoM kI khAla or3hakara, sira meM sIMga lagAkara bAloM meM vibhinna prakAra ke paMkha khoMsakara zarIra ko raGgabiraMgA banAkara pAsa-par3osa ke loga ekatra hojAyA karate aura Aga ke cAroM ora cakrAkAra ghUmakara uchala-kUdakara Ananda manA liyA karate hoNge| kullU , kaoNMgahA, tibbata, bhUTAna Adi ke sudUra parvatIya konoM meM aba bhI ye nAca dekhane ko milate haiN| dhIre-dhIre manuSya sabhya banatA gyaa| ina utsavoM kA rUpa bhI badalatA gayA / pazuoM ke sthAna para pUrvajoM kA rUpa dhAraNa karake, unake jIvana kI ghaTanAoM ko bhI inameM sammilita kara liyA gayA / vIra-pUjA ke bAda devapUjA prArambha haI / devatAyoM ke jIvana-sambandhI nAca hone lge| samaya ke sAtha-sAtha ina natyoM meM bhI vikAsa hotA gyaa| prArambhika avasthA meM pazuoM kA rUpa dhAraNa karake nAca prArambha hue| kucha kAla bAda inameM gItoM kA samAveza huA / vIra-pUjA prArambha hone para inameM gItoM ke sAtha unake jIvana kI ghaTanAeM bhI sammilita kara lI gii| kucha kAla bAda unake kalpita saMvAda bhI jor3a liye gae / nRtya, gAna, ghaTanA ke sAtha jaba bhI saMvAdoM kA samAveza humA, tabhI nATaka kA janma ho gayA / jisa prakAra jaMgalI nRtya nATaka ke rUpa meM vikasita huaA, usI prakAra jaMgalI pazuoM kA vikAsa devatAoM ke rUpa meM ho gyaa| sabhI dezoM ke aneka devatA pazu ke samAna nATaka taba astitva meM pAyA, jaba samAja kA nirmANa ho cukA thaa| dharma eka saMsthA bana gayA thaa| nATaka kA sAkAra rUpa-abhinaya, caritra, saMvAda, anukaraNa-cora-pUjA aura dharmotsava ke kAraNa hI astitva meM paayaa| bhayaMkara pazu kA vadha karane, bhISaNa bAgha se bhir3a jAne, geMDe kA zikAra karane

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hindI nATakakAra Adi vIratApUrNa kArya-kalApoM ke kAraNa koI pUrvaja pUjya banatA thaa| vIrapUjA ke bAda deva-pUjA prArambha huI / ve bhI vIratA ke kAraNa hI pUjya bane / tabhI hinduoM ke sabhI avatAra prAyaH vIratA ke pratIka haiN| bhArata meM nRsiMhAvatAra, varAha-lIlA ke zrAdi ke DhaMga ke svA~goM, rAsalIlA yA rAmalIlA ke samAna utsavoM meM nATaka kA janma huA aura yUnAna meM Doyonisasa devatA ke anukaraNa meM kiye gae nRtyoM se usI svAbhAvika krama se nRtyoM meM gItoM kA samAveza, kucha kAla bAda jIvana kI ghaTanAoM kA mela phira saMvAdoM kA yoga / saphalatAoM ke utsavoM, Rtu-paryo, dhArmika anuSThAnoM, phasala zrAdi ke boye jAne yA pakane, vijaya Adi ke avasaroM para kiye nAca-gAnoM se nATaka ko gati milI / nATaka ke vikAsa meM dharma aura vIra-pUjA kA vizeSa hAtha hai| isIlie hara deza meM prArambhika nATakoM para dharma kA bahuta prabhAva hai| nATaka kA mahattva lalita kalAoM meM kAvya ko sarvazreSTha mAnA gayA hai| bhAvoM kI prAnupAtika saghanatA; adhikatA aura prabhAva ke sthAyitva ke kAraNa yaha nirNaya kiyA gayA hai| AdhAra yA sAdhana jitanA bhI choTA hotA jAya aura rasa jitanA bhI adhika, kalA bhI utanI hI zreSTha mAnI jAtI hai| isakA artha huA bAhya sAkAra AdhAra kI kama se-kama AvazyakatA ho / aura adhikase-adhika Ananda sAmAjika pA ske| yaha bAta kisI sImA taka sahI hai, pUrNarUpeNa nhiiN| jisa kalA se adhika se adhika rasAnubhUti ho, vahI sarva zreSTha hai| rasa-vicAra mukhya hai AdhAra gauNa / kAvya se anya kalAoM kI apekSA adhika aAnanda milatA hai-rasAnubhUti hotI hai, aura prabhAva bhI cira kAla taka rahatA hai| isIlie vaha sarvazreSTha kalA hai| ___ kAvyoM-zravya aura dRzya-meM nATaka zreSTha hai| muktaka, gIti, prabandha Adi kAvya par3hane yA sunane se itanI tIvra rasAnubhUti nahIM ho sakatI, jitanI nATaka dekhane se / kAvyakAroM ko zabdoM dvArA bhAvoM kA bimba khar3A karanA par3atA hai| jaba taka hamArI A~khoM meM kisI bhAva vizeSa kA citra aGkita na ho jAya, hama aAnanda nahIM le sakate / zabdoM dvArA kavi cAhe jitanA pratibhAvAna ho, vaisA yathArtha bimba upasthita nahIM kara sakatA, jaisA nATaka meM abhinetAoM dvArA kiyA jA sakatA hai| mUrta kA prabhAva amUrta ke prabhAva se adhika sthAyI hogA hI / nATaka meM sAmAjika saba-kucha sAmane hote hue dekhatA hai|

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Aloka zravya kAvya meM use adhikatara citra apanI kalpanA se nirmita karane par3ate haiN| yadi jIvana meM karuNA, prema, krodha, ghRNA aAdi ke rUpa usane dekhe hI nahIM, to vaha ina rUpoM kI kalpanA kara hI kaise sakegA ? nATaka meM to saba-kucha sAmane hotA hai| pUrva jJAna ke AdhAra kI usa meM AvazyakatA nahIM, balki vaha to nayA jJAna detA hai| ___rasAnubhUti kA artha hai apanA astitva bhUla kara tanmaya ho jAnA / zrAzraya se sAmAjika apanA tAdAtmya sthApita kara le| yaha tabhI hogA, jaba hamArI jJAnendriyA~ eka sthAna para kendrita ho jAyaM / nATaka meM yahI hotA hai / kAna, A~kha, mana, buddhi sabhI ekAgra hokara rasAnanda lete haiN| jaba hama abhinaya hote dekhate haiM, to tana-badana kI sudhi nahIM rhtii| sabhI bhAvoM, bhAvanAoM aura mAnasika avasthAoM kA rUpa hamAre sAmane aAtA hai| aise aneka udAharaNa haiM, jaba khalanAyaka kI duSTatA se uttejita hokara sAmAjika use gAliyA~ taka dete haiN| eka bAra Izvara candra vidyAsAgara ne to khalanAyaka ko apanI khar3AU~ pheMka mArI thii| nATaka dekhate samaya tAliyA~ pITanA, ha~sate-ha~sate loTa-poTa ho jAnA, jaya-jayakAra karanA, A~sU bahAnA Adi sAdhAraNa bAta hai| rasa kI yaha avasthA anya kalAoM ke dvArA upasthita karanA kaThina hai| nATaka meM sabhI kalAoM kA ucita samanvaya ho jAtA hai| nATaka lekhaka kI vibhinna kalAoM kA jJAna aura sarvatomukhI pratibhA kA saccA pramANa hai| nATaka sAmAjikoM ko sabhI lalita kalAoM kA varadAna bhI hai| sAmAjika isameM sabhI kucha pA jAtA hai / kevala kalAeM hI nahIM, anya zAstroM vijJAnoM kA samAveza bhI isameM ho jAtA hai| rAjya-prAsAda, mandira, durga, kuTIra, Azrama zrAdi ke dRzya upasthita kie jAte haiM / maTha, mandira, prAsAda Adi ma aneka mUrtiyA~ upasthita kI jAtI haiN| aneka prakAra ke paTa laTakAe jAte haiM / abhinetA vibhinna kAloM aura avasaroM ke vastra dhAraNa karate haiN| nRtya aura saMgItanATaka kA Avazyaka aMga hai hI / abhinetA pAtroM ke bhAvoM aura vyavahAroM kA vAsta vika rUpa upasthita karate haiM / isa prakAra nATaka meM sthApatya, mUrti, saMgIta, citra, nRtya Adi kalAzroM aura manovijJAna, samAja-zAstra, vastra-vijJAna zrAdi kA bhI samAveza ho jAtA hai| nRtya se adhika unnata kalA nATaka hai / nRtya meM bhAvo kA abhinaya hotA hai; ve rasa kI koTi taka nahIM pahuMcate / nATaka kA abhinaya rasa kI koTi ko pahu~catA hai / nRtya se hI nATaka vikasita huA / isalie nRtya se nATaka zreSTha honA hI caahie| saMgIta meM bhI rasa kI tanmayatA prApta hotI hai| zabda,

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hindI nATakakAra svara-tAla, gAyaka saMgIta kA AdhAra haiN| isameM kAnoM ke dvArA mana ko Ananda milatA hai / para saMgIta bhI nATaka ke samAna rasa nahIM de paataa| saMgIta meM kAnoM kI ekAgratA rahatI hai, nATaka meM nayana, mana, buddhi, citta sabhI kI / saMgIta meM bhAvoM kA sAkAra rUpa kabhI upasthita nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| ___ nATaka na kevala zravyakAvya (gIti-prabandha, muktaka) aura saMgIta kI tulanA meM vizeSa mahattvapUrNa haiM, zrAkhyAyikA ( upanyAsa, galpa ) kI apekSA bhI zreSTha hai| nibaMdha, zabda-citra Adi kAvya ke anya gadya rUpoM se to isakI tulanA karanI hI vyartha hai| kAvya ke ina gadya-rUpoM meM to kAvya ke sampUrNa guNa zrA hI nahIM skte| inameM rasAnubhUti bhI bahuta hI kSINa mAtrA meM hotI hai| hamArA apanA vicAra hai, inameM bhAvodaya kI sthiti rahatI hai, na kI tanmayatA prApta ho hI nahIM sktii| ina vividha gadya-kAvyoM se manoraM na ho sakatA hai-manoraMjana rasa kI tanmayatA upasthita nahIM kara sakatA / vaha to mAnasika gudagudI kI hI sthiti-mAtra hai| inase bhAvoM meM gatizIlatA no pAtI hai, DubA dene vAlI gahanatA nahIM pAtI / nATaka kI rasAnubhUti kA iname zatAMza bhI AbhAsa nahIM miltaa| ___upanyAsa gadya-kAvya kA bahuta hI svastha, saphala, svatantra rUpa hai / nATaka aura upanyAsa ke tatva samAna haiN| aMga samAna hote hue bhI rUpa meM antara hai-zrAkAra aura zarIra meM bhinnatA hai| upanyAsa meM lekhaka bahuta-kucha svatantra hai| usakI kalA-sImAeM atyanta vistRta aura svacchanda haiN| vaha svayaM usameM apanI ora se saba-kucha kaha sakatA hai vaha saMkucita bandhanoM meM rahakara racanA nahIM krtaa| nATaka meM bilakula ulTA hai| nATakakAra apanI ora se varNana nahIM kara sktaa| jo kucha bhI use kahanA hai, apane pAtroM ke dvArA hI vaha kahalA sakatA hai| caritra-citraNa, kathA vastu, vAtAvaraNa, saMvAda, rasa sabhI tattvoM kA samAveza nATaka meM pAtroM ke dvArA hotA hai / upanyAsa meM aigA nahIM, taba upanyAsakAra kI sImAe kitanI sarala ho gii| isalie nATakanirmANa meM kalpapa-pratibhA kI adhika AvazyakatA hai, upanyAsa-racanA meM itanI nahIM / nATaka tabhI bhASAoM meM upanyAsoM se kama hI likhe jAte haiN| ___upanyAsa aura nATaka ke rUpa, AkAra aura zarIra bilakula bhinna ho jAte haiN| aura rUpa bhinna hone se rasa-sAdhana bhI bhinna ho jAte haiN| nATaka meM abhinaya ke dvArA aura upanyAsa meM varNana ke dvArA rasa-siddhi hotI hai| nATaka dRzya ho jAtA hai aura upanyAsa pAThya yA zravya / upanyAsa ko kamare

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Aloka meM baiTha par3hakara bhI aAnanda mila sakatA hai, nATaka ko paDhakara nahIM, abhinIta dekhakara aAnanda milatA hai| prAnanda-sAdhana bhinna hone se rasa kI mAtrA aura saghanatA meM bhI antara par3a jAtA hai| upanyAsa meM itanA aAnanda nahIM mila sakatA, jitanA nATaka meM milegaa| upanyAsakAra cAhe jitanA kalApratibhA sampanna ho, phira bhI bhASA bhAvoM ko mUrta rUpa dene meM pUrNa saphala ho hI nahIM sakatI,jitanA abhinaya ho sakatA hai-abhinaya meM to bhAva svayaM mUrtimAna hokara sAmane khar3e hote haiM / isake atirikta upanyAsa kA aAnanda eka sAtha dasa-bIsa vyakti se adhika nahIM le sakate, yathA meM to eka hI (pAThaka) le sakatA hai, para nATaka meM saikar3oM vyakti eka sAtha hI samAna zrAnanda le sakate haiN| upanyAsa kyoMki pAThaya kAvya hai usameM saba-kucha bhUtakAlIna lagatA hai, mana pIche maoNgane meM kucha-na-kucha AnAkAnI karegA hI / nATaka bhUta kA ho yA bhaviSya kA, vartamAna meM hotA hai / sabhI ghaTanAe, caritra, kArya-vyApAra sAmane hotA hai / putaliyoM ke sAmane hotI huI ghaTanAoM meM mana adhika lagatA hai / isameM sabhI indriyA~ kendrita ho jAtI haiN| isalie upanyAsa kI apekSA nATaka adhika priya haiM. par3hane meM nahIM, abhinIta hote dekhane ma / nATaka lokatAMtrika kalA hai, isalie isakA mahattva sabhI kalAnoM se adhika hai| yaha janatA kI dharohara hai-usake prAnanda kA prAdhAra bhii| anya kalAoM kA aAnanda vahI uThA sakatA hai, jisako usa kalA kA zAstrIya jJAna ho / zravya yA pAvya kAvya meM vahI rasAnubhUti kara sakegA, jo bhApA, alaMkAra, chanda Adi kA paMDita nahIM to jAnakAra avazya ho| nATaka ke atirikta, sabhI kalAe vyaktigata ruci, sAdhanA, sAdhana aura pratibhA kI vastu haiN| A~khoM ke sAmane sabhI kucha hote dekhakara hara eka darzaka isameM Ananda letA hai| isameM isalie bhI prAyaH sabhI ruciyoM, pratibhA aura jJAna ke vyakti zrAnanda le sakate haiM, kyoMki bodha karAne vAlI sabhI indriyA~ rasa-prodha meM eka-dUsare kI sahAyatA karatI haiM / nATaka meM sabhI prakAra ke vyaktiyoM kA sahayoga hotA hai aura sabhI prakAra ke pAtroM kA abhinaya / nATaka ke nirmANa meM bhI prAyaH sabhI prakAra ke kalAvidoM kI sahAyatA apekSita hai / citrakAra, rUpakAra ( Aike up num), saMgItajJa, nRtya-vizArada se lekara bar3haI, darjI, svarNakAra, raMgane vAle naka kI AvazyakatA rahatI hai| isalie nATaka eka sAmAjika tathA lokatAMtrika bharatamuni ne nATaka ko sabhI kAnyoM meM zreSTha mAnA hai-'kAvyeSu nATaka

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12 hindI nATakakAra ramyam / ' ise paMcama veda bhI kahA jAtA hai| Astika hinduoM kI AsthAnusAra veda bhagavAn kI vANI hai| veda ke samAna hI nATaka ko batAnA usake alaukika mahattva ko prakaTa karatA hai / veda ko kathA meM bhale hI aneka vyakti na jAyaM, para nATaka meM prAyaH sabhI puruSa jAte haiM-ve bar3I tanmayatA se isake abhinaya kA Ananda lete haiN| bharatamuni ne to yahA~ taka mAnA hai ki yoga,karma, sAre-zAstra aura samasta zilpoM kA nATaka meM samAveza hai / nATaka ke dvArA deza kI sAMskRtika paramparA kI rakSA hotI hai| itihAsa, purANa, sabhyatA kA vikAsa sabhI kucha nATaka ke dvArA jItA-jAgatA hamArI A~khoM ke sAmane upasthita hotA rahatA hai| nATaka kA vikAsa vizva-bhara ke mAnava kI prAdi vAsanA, sahaja prakRti, maulika pravRtti, duHkhasukha kI bhAvanA aura anubhUti samAna haiN| samasta vizva meM mAnava-jIvana kA vikAsa samAna paristhitiyoM meM samAna rUpa meM hI huA / kalA, sabhyatA, saMskRti ke vikAsa ke itihAsa meM hama adhika antara nahIM pAte / samAja-saMsthA ne bhI yugoM kI ghATiyoM meM hokara samAna DhaMga para hI unnati kI / dharAtala ke vibhinna bhAgoM meM nATaka kA udaya aura vikAsa bhI samAna rUpa aura rIti se huaa| ___sabhI dezoM meM vIra-pUjAoM, devArcanotsavoM Rtu-paryo, dhArmika anuSThAnoM se nATaka kA udaya huA / vIra-pUjA sabhI jAtiyoM aura dezoM kI prAcInatama paramparA hai| pUrvajoM ke zrAddha-divasa para unakI AtmA ko prasanna karane, unase saphalatA kA varadAna aura sAhasa kI preraNA pAne ke lie nAca-gAnoM kA zrAyojana prAka-aitihAsika prathA hai / nRtya-gAna meM unake jIvana kI ghaTanAeM bhI sammilita kI jAne lagI aura kucha kAla bAda saMvAdoM kA bhI samAveza ho gyaa| yahI krama devArcana meM rahA / devArcana bhI vIra-pUjA kA hI rUpa hai| prAyaH sabhI jAtiyoM ke devatA vIra rasa-pradhAna haiN| saMvAda aura jIvana-ghaTanAoM kA samAveza hote hI nATaka astitva meM yA jAtA hai| usameM kathAvastu, caritra-citraNa, saMvAda, rasa-uddezya, abhinaya-sabhI tattva upasthita ho jAte haiN| haiN| nRtya-gAna jaba vikasita hokara nATakIya rUpa dhAraNa karane lage, unameM uparokta sabhI nATakIya tattva upasthita rahane lgeNge| bhAratIya mahAvata anuSThAna' . meM kumAriyoM ke nRtya-gAna aura prakAzAta vaizya, zUdroM ke jhagar3e meM nATakIya tattva bIja rUpa meM mila jAte haiN| yUnAna meM duHkhAnta nATakoM kA prArambha DAyonisasa ke anukaraNa para kiye

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Aloka gae nRtyoM se hotA hai| DAyonisasa kA utsava zota kI mRtyu aura basantArambha ke upalakSa meM manAyA jAtA thaa| bhArata meM bhI isa prakAra ke nRtya-gAnapradhAna svA~goM ne nATaka ke vikAsa meM sahayoga avazya diyA hogaa| mAnava ne jaMgalI asabhya avasthA meM pazuoM ke cehare lagAkara nRtya-gAna prArambha kie the / dhIre-dhIre ina pazuoM ne-vizeSa zakti ke pratIka hone ke kAraNa -devatAoM kA rUpa dhAraNa kara liyaa| DAyonisasa, nRsiMha, gaNeza, bArAha meM pazu aura mAnava donoM mila jAte haiN| bhArata meM pracalita nRsiMhAvatAra, bArAha-lIlA Adi ne bhI nATaka ke Adi rUpa ko gati dI hogI / yUnAnI duHkhAnta nATakoM kA vikAsa DAyonisasa ke gItoM se huaa| yUtAna meM eskilasa, sophoklIja, yUropiDIsa prasiddha duHkhAnta nATaka-lekhaka hue / ___Rtu-paryoM para kiye gae utsavoM aura svA~goM meM bhI nATaka kA Adi rUpa milatA hai| cIna, yUnAna, bhArata, maiksiko sabhI dezoM meM basanta Rtu meM aAnandotsava manAe jAte haiN| yaha samaya phasaloM ke pakane kA hotA hai| prakRti meM bhI ullAsa Ananda umar3atA hai| cIna meM nATakoM kA prArambha aura vikAsa basantotsavoM ke upalakSa meM kiye gae hAsya-pradhAna svA~goM se huA hai| bhArata meM bhI holI ke svA~ga apane hAsya aura azlIla manovinoda ke lie vikhyAta haiM / azlIla svA~goM meM yUnAna meM hAsya nATaka udaya hue| inameM rAjakIya, paurANika aura aitihAsika puruSoM kI khillI ur3AI jAtI hai aura azlIla abhinaya rahatA hai| yUnAnI nATaka ke vikAsa meM jitanA kArya ina hAsya-nATakoM ne kiyA utanA duHkhAnta nATakoM (DAyonisa ke gItoM) ne nahIM / hAsya-nATakoM meM abhinaya, caritra-citraNa, kathAvastu, rasa, saMvAda Adi tatva duHkhAnta nATakoMse adhika svastha aura nATakocita hote the| inameM azlIlatA bahuta rahatI thii| prAkaaitihAsika kAlona lekhaka modisa, machapana, TaoNlinasa ne inakI azlIlatA kama kI / mineNDara ne to yUnAnI nATya-kalA meM yugAntara upasthita kara diyaa| usane abhinaya ko svAbhAvikatA kI ora bar3hAyA-vaha nATaka ko vAstavika jIvana ke nikaTa laayaa| dhArmika utsavoM, Rtu-paryoM ke avasaroM para kiye gae nRtya-gIta se nATaka vikAsa-patha-para prerita huaa| mahArASTra meM Aja bhI paurANika dhArmika nATakoM kA rUpa dekhane ko mila jAtA hai| ise 'lalita' kahate haiM / zRGgAra-hAsyapradhAna laukika prAcIna nATaka bhI vahA~ pracalita haiN| ye 'tamAzA' kahalAte haiM / vidarbha meM yahI hAsya-zRGgAra pradhAna laukika nATaka 'DiMDhAra' kahalAtA hai| nAmilanADa meM bhI kAmana paNDigai' nATaka kA prAcIna rUpa hai / isakA viSaya

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hindI nATakakAra hai kAma-dahana / yaha gIta-nATaka hai| yaha kRSakoM dvArA basanta meM khelA jAtA hai aura pATha-ATha rAta taka calatA hai| isa prakAra prAyaH sabhI dazA meM samAna rIti aura rUpa se nATakoM kA vikAsa huA / nATaka ko vikAsa-patha para prerita karane vAlI do mukhya dhArAe spaSTa haiM-dhArmika rAsalIlA zrAdi ke DhaMga ke nAca-gAnoM se pUrNa nATaka aura hAsya-zRGgAra se pUrNa laukika nATaka / ye nATaka phasaloM ke pakane, boye jAne, saphalatA-prApti, saphalatA kI kAmanA, basantAgamana, varSArambha Adi ke avasara para khele jAyA karate the| bhArata meM 'indradhvaja' aura yUropa meM 'me pola' (may-pole) Rtu-parva hI haiN| indradhvaja ke upalakSa meM 'tripura-dAha' aura 'samudra-manthana' nATaka khele jAne kI kalA bhI bhAratIya sAhitya meM AtI hai| yUnAna para roma vAloM kI vijaya ke bAda yUnAnI sabhyatA ne roma ko bahuta prabhAvita kiyaa| yUnAnI nATaka bhI vahA~ phuNce| roma meM bhI nATaka race aura khele jAne lge| sinekA vahA~ kA prasiddha nATakakAra huaaa| para roma jAkara nATaka kA vikAsa nahIM ghora patana huaaa| raMgamaMca para utpIr3ana atyAcAra Adi ke bhayaMkara dRzya hI nahIM dikhAne jAne lage ; mRtyu ke dazyoM meM dAsoM kA vadha bhI kiyA jAne lgaa| dRzyoM meM azlIlatatA bhI bahuta bar3ha gaI / isane vahA~ nATaka kA vinAza kara diyA / samaya kI gati ke sAtha-sAthanATaka bhI vikasita hotA gayA / samaya pAkara vaha eka svatantra kalA bana gyaa| nATaka ne jaba yathArtha aura svatantra rUpa grahaNa kiyA, jaba isakA bacapana thA, isa para dharma kA bar3A prabhAva rahA / usIke saMrakSaNa meM nATaka kA pAlana-poSaNa huaa| prArambha meM IsA tathA anya IsAI santoM ke jIvana-sambandhI nATaka hI race jAte rhe| inameM santoM ke Azcaryajanaka kArya, naitika aura dhArmika zikSA dene vAlI ghaTanAe rahatI thIM / ye rahasya aura jAdUpUrNa nATaka (Mistry and Miracle Plays)kahalAte the| yUnAnI nATakoM kA abhinaya khule maidAna meM huA karatA thaa| vitAna tAnakara yA paTa laTakAkara raMgamaMca nahIM banAyA jAtA thaa| paTa parivartana se vibhinna dRzyoM kA vibhAjana nahIM hotA thaa| do bhinna dRzyoM yA aMkoM ke bIca sAmUhika gAna gAkara antara yA vibhAjana prakaTa kiyA jAtA thaa| abhinetA apane mukhoM ko vibhinna prakAra ke ceharoM yA nakAboM se Dhake rahate the| lambAI bar3hAne ke lie ve U~cI er3I ke jUte bhI pahanate the| eka nATaka kaI rAta taka bhI calatA thaa| abhinaya meM bhAva-pradarzana ko avakAza kahA~-mukha para prakaTa hone vAle bhAvoM kA prazna hI nahIM utthtaa|

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15 Aloka uchala-kUda, cillAnA, aMgoM kA sakriya saMcAlana hI isa yuga ke abhinaya kI vizeSatA thI / bhArata meM hI svA~ga Adi meM mukhoM para cehare lagAye jAte haiN| khUba uchalanA-kUdanA aura dahAr3anA inakI vizeSatA hai| bhArata meM yUnAna se bahuta samaya pahale nATaka kA janma aura vikAsa ho gayA thaa| IsA se cAra sau varSa pUrva yahA~ bhAsa-jaise pratibhAzAlI kalAkAra ke teraha nATaka prasUta ho cuke the| bhAsa ke samakAlIna pazcimI nATakakAra itane sundara kalApUrNa, vikasita, jIvana kI vividhatA se mukta nATaka nahIM likha sake bhArata aura yUropa-donoM hI bhU-khaNDoM meM nATaka para dharma kA prabhAva rahA hai| bhAsa ke teraha nATakoM meM se sAta mahAbhArata, do rAmAyaNa, do itihAsa aura do samAja ke kathAnakoM ke AdhAra para likhe gae haiN| kAlidAsa ke 'vikramorvazIya' aura 'abhijJAna zAkuntala' para bhI paralokavAda kA bahuta prabhAva hai| azvaghoSa kA 'sAre putra-prakaraNa' aura anya donoM nATaka bauddha-dharmasambandhI haiN| bhavabhUti kA 'uttara-rAma-caritra' aura 'mahAvIra-caritra' rAmAyaNa se kathA lekara likhe ge| dharma kA prabhAva hote hue bhI bhAratavarSa meM sAmAjika jIvana ko citrita karane kA prayatna prArambha se hI huaa| bhAsa kA 'cArudatta' isakA pramANa hai| bhArata meM nATaka para dharma kA aAtaMka nahIM, prabhAva rahA--- use preraNA milii| kAlidAsa ke yuga meM yUropa meM eka bhI aimA pratibhAzAlI nATakakAra nahIM huzrA, jisakI tulanA kAlidAsa se kI jA sake / bhavabhUti ke viSaya meM bhI yahI kahA jA sakatA hai| 'abhijJAna zAkuntala' aura 'uttara rAma-caritra' donoM ho vizva-sAhitya kI mahAn vibhUtiyA~ haiN| ina donoM mahAkaviyoM ke dvArA bhAratIya nATaya-kalA vikAsa ke zikhara para ArUr3ha huI / inake nATakoM meM caritracitraNa, abhinaya, rasa, kathAnaka, kArya vyApAra zrAdi sabhI nATakIya tattvoM kA vikAsa milatA hai / kalA kI dRSTi se kAlidAsa ke 'zAkuntala' ke samAna usa yuga meM eka nATaka yUropa meM nahIM racA jA sakA / bhArata meM gyArahavIM zatAbdI taka saMskRta-nATaka-paramparA calatI rhii| bArahavIM zatAbdI kA prathama saMskRta nATaka sAhitya ke patana kA abhizApa liye shraayaa| jaba yUropa meM nATaka unnati ke patha para agrasara huA, bhAratIya nATya-sAhitya vinAza-nidrA kI goda meM besudha ho cukA thaa| yUropa meM renesA~-yuga meM nATakoM se dharma kA aAtaMka kama ho gyaa| isameM prAcIna navIna kA manohara sAmaJjasya dekhane ko milatA hai| prema-kathAe nATakoM meM zrAne lagIM; para abhijAta-kula ke strI-puruSoM kA citraNa ho inameM

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16 hindI nATakakAra rahatA thaa| duHkhAnta-sukhAnta bhAvoM kA mizraNa bhI nATakoM meM rahane lgaa| duHkhAnta-sukhAnta kA bheda kana huA / sukhAnta nATakoM meM bhI karuNA Adi kI ghaTanAe rakhI jAne lagI, mRtyu dikhAnA sukhAnta nATakoM meM varjita hI rahA / kucha dina bAda yaha bhI pasanda kiyA jAne lgaa| nATakakalA kI dRSTi se bhI vikasita huaa| caritroM meM gAmbhIrya aayaa| abhinaya meM svAbhAvikatA bddh'ii| rahasya, vismaya, jAdU Adi kI bAteM kama huii| paraloka kA prabhAva aura alaukikatA kI prAsthA isa yuga meM bhI barAbara rahI, vaha Age calakara zeksa. pIyara kI racanAtroM ko bhI prabhAvita karatI rhii| bhArata meM bhI isa yuga meM acche nATaka likhe jAte rahe, para kisI navIna pravRtti, AsthA, kalA kI unnati yA parivartana ke darzana yahA~ nahIM hue / duHkhAnta nATakoM kA yahA~ janma hI nahIM huA, vikAsa kI bAta hI kyA; sukhAnta nATaka hI likhe jAte raheeka nizcita namUne ke Adarza aura TaikanIka para karuNA se zrota prota nATaka bhI sukhAnta hI rahe / alaukika vAtAvaraNa bhI unameM rahatA rahA / ___ madhya yuga bhAratIya nATaka ke patana aura yUropIya nATaka ke carama vikAsa kA kAla hai| bArahavIM zatAbdI meM yahA~ nATaka likhane banda ho ge| isake bAda saMskRta-nATaka kA utthAna yA punarjIvana nahIM huaa| isa madhya yuga meM yUropIya nATaka meM krAnti upasthita ho gii| kalA kI carama unnati huii| nATaka jIvana ke adhika nikaTa A gyaa| mAnasika aura bhautika saMgharSa nATakoM meM vizeSa mAtrA meM rahane lgaa| cAritrika gahanatA, gambhIratA, antadvandva nATaka ke prANa bana ge| TaikanIka bhI kucha sarala ho gyaa| isa yuga meM yUropa-bhara meM prekSa-gRha nirmita hue| rAjya kI ora se nATya kalA ko bar3A protsAhana milA / abhinaya meM svAbhAvikatA AI / sukhAnta nATakoM meM karuNA se ota-prota dRzya bhI dikhAe jAne lge| renesA-yuga ke nATakoM se adhika sukha-duHkha kA zrAnupAtika mizraNa isa yuga meM huaa| bhayaMkara aAtaMkapUrNa, romAMcakArI ghaTanAe bhI raMgamaMca para dikhAI jAne lgiiN| mRtyu dikhAnA bhI varjita na rhaa| paraloka kA prabhAva isa yuga ke nATakoM meM bhI barAbara rhaa| bhAgya kA hAtha mAnava-vinAza yA nirmANa meM bahuta samajhA jAtA rhaa| zeksapIyara ke prAyaH sabhI nATakoM meM bhAgya yA deva kA prabhAva spaSTa hai| isI yuga meM vizva-vikhyAta amara kalAkAra zeksapIyara kA udaya huaa| usane apanI pratibhA se aneka amara racanAe prasUta kI / prakhyAta nATakakAra kArenIla resIna, geTe, zilara, vikTarahya go, mauliyara isI yuga meM avatarita hue| isameM sandeha nahIM ki yaha kAla yUropIya nATeka kA

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Aloka svarNa yuga hai, to bhI isameM padyAtmaka saMvAda aura svagata kI asvAbhAvikatA banI rhii| nAyaka-nAyikA zrAdi bhI abhijAta kula ke rhe| dharma aura purANa ko tyAgakara kathAvastu itihAsa se lI jAne lgii| unnIsavIM zatAbdI kA antima caraNa nATaka ke itihAsa meM navIna jAgaraNa aura jIvana lekara AyA / yUropIya nATya-sAhitya meM TI0 DaglyU0 rAbarTasana ne apane 'sosAyaTI' 'kAsTa' aura 'zrAvarsa' se navayuga upasthita kara diyaa| bhArata meM bhI navayuga ne aMgar3AI lI aura yahA~ bhI sAhitya meM navIna prayoga prArambha hue| para nATakIya jAgaraNa yahA~ bIsavIM zatAbdI ke prathama caraNa se hotA hai| rAbarTasana ke kucha dina bAda hI ibsana ( san 18281606 I.) ne nATaka meM yugAntara upasthita kara diyaa| nATaka ke Adarza badala gae / sAmAjika naitikatA, zIla, paramparA zrAdi kI navIna paribhASAe sAmane aaii| kalA meM navIna parivartana hue / svAbhAvikatA (abhinaya, vezabhUSA, saMvAda, caritra ) kA adhikAdhika samAveza hone lgaa| ibsana ke prabhAva se pA~ca bAteM sAmane aaii| -itihAsa kI mamatA tyAgakara lekhaka vartamAna samAja se apane nATaka ke lie viSaya cunane lagA / dUra na jAkara apane nikaTa kI dainika samasyAeM kalAkAra sulajhAne meM adhika tatparatA dikhAI / 2-nATaka ke pAtra sampattizAlI ucca-kulotpanna, rAjA, sAmanta zrAdi ma rahakara sAdhAraNa samAja ke vyakti rahane lge| unake jIvana kA citraNa karane aura unakI dainika samasyAeM sulajhAne meM kalA kI saphalatA mAnane lgaa| 3-vyaktigata saMgharSa kama huaa| samAja ke prati vidroha kI bhAvanA utpanna huii| samAja ke asvAthyakara bandhana-niyama zrAdi kI avajJA kI tIvra bhAvanA nATakoM meM dikhAI dene lgii| purAne zrAdarza upekSita ho gae / 4-bAharI saMgharSa kI apekSA vicAroM kA saMgharSa pAtroM meM adhika dikhAyA gyaa| mAnasika uthala-puthala antardvandva aura caritra kI vibhinnatA ko mahattva diyA jAne lgaa| 5-svagata-kathana kama hue / nATakIya nirdeza vistRta rahane lage / abhimaya ke upayukta nATakoM ko banAe kA prayatna hone lagA ? kalA, jIvana, vicAra, abhinaya Adi sabhI meM svAbhAvikatA pAne lagI / raMgamaMca sarala banane lgaa| mATaka bhI raMgamaMca ke upayukta likhe jAne lge| jArja barnarDazA, gAsavardI pAdi isama se bahuta prabhAvita hue / ibsana ko kalA ne nATaka meM yathArthavAda kI pratiSThA kii| isakI prati

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hindI nATakakAra kiyA yUropa meM sAtha hI sAtha cala rahI hai / maiTaraliMka kA prAdhyAtmika prabhAva bhI kama nahIM isake nATaka anyokti-pradhAna hote hai| inameM prAdhyAtmika samasyAoM kA citraNa aura sulajhAva rahatA hai| bIsavIM zatAbdI bhArata meM bhI nATakoM kA navIna yuga lekara AI / baMgalA meM dvijendralAla rAya ne atyanta kalApUrNa nATaka likhe / inake pAtroM meM prAtmasaMgharSa kI vizeSatA hai / hindI meM prasAda jI ne nATaka meM prANa-pratiSThA kii| ibpana aura zA ke yathArthavAda ko Adarza mAnakara lakSmInArAyaNa mizra ne aneka maulika nATakoM kI racanA kii| ___marAThI sAhitya meM devala aura kolhaTakara ne kramazaH 'zAradA' aura 'mUkanAyaka' likhakara marAThI sAhitya kA gaurava bddh'aayaa| zrI khADilakara aura zrI bhaDakarI ke 'kIcaka vadha' aura 'ekaca pyAlA' kI marAThI sAhitya meM bar3I dhUma hai| zrI bhA0 vi0 karerakara kA 'sattece gulAma' aura zrI prA0 ke0 atre kA 'laignAcI ber3I' bhI vikhyAta nATaka hai / tAmila sAhitya meM bhI nATaka vikAsa kI aora haiN| zrI vI0 ko sUryanArAyaNa zAstrI kA 'mAnavijayam' aura 50 sambandha mudAliyara kA 'lIlAvatI sulocanA' prasiddha racanAe hai| telagU sAhitya meM zrI emanacaralA gopAlarAva kA 'hiraNyAkazyapa' aura 'vizvantara' nATaka-kalA kI dRSTi se atyanta saphala kRtiyA~ haiN| ___ baMgAlI, marAThI meM to apanA raMgamaMca bhI hai| tAmila nADa meM bhI raMgamaMca vikasita ho gayA hai| hindI meM apanA raMgamaMca abhI nahIM hai| para idhara kucha dinoM se hindI-nATakoM kA abhinaya vibhinna kalA-maNDala karate rahate haiN| lakSaNoM se lagatA hai, yahA~ bhI apanA raMgamaMca zIghra unnata hogaa| nATakoM kA vargIkaraNa bhAratIya sAhitya-zAstra meM nATaka kA uddezya prAnanda mAnA hai, jaisA ki hamAre yahA~ nATaka kI utpatti kI kAlpanika kathA se prakaTa hai| isalie yahA~ aise hI nATakoM kI racanA huI, jinakA anta saphalatA aura sukha meM hai| yUnAna meM aise nATakoM kA prArambha pahale huA, jinameM bhaya,aAtaMka, karuNA,duHkha, asaphalatA Adi ke dRzya adhika rahatethe aura jinakA aMta bhI duHkha meM hotA thaa| DAyonisasa ke anukaraNa para jo gIta-nRtya-nATaka hote the, ve karuNAjanaka yA duHkhAnta (Tragedy)kahalAte the| pazcimI sAhitya-samIkSakoM ne nATakoM ke do varga kiye-duHkhAnta aura sukhAnta / bhArata meM kyoMki nATaka kA prayojana bilakula bhinna thA ataH vikAsa bhI bhinna aura maulika DhaMga para huA, yahA~

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Aloka duHkhAnta nATaka likhe hI nahIM ge| yUropa meM zuddha rUpa meM donoM prakAra ke nATakoM kI racanA huI / hindI-nATaka apane janma-kAla se hI pAzcAtya samRddha nATaka-sAhitya se ghaniSTha paricaya meM zrA gayA, isalie hamAre yahA~ donoM prakAra ke nATaka to likhe hI gae, maulika prayoga bhI hue / 'prasAda' ne apane nATakoM kI racanA vizeSa DhaMga se kii| unake adhikatara nATaka na zuddha rUpa se duHkhAnta kI zreNI meM rakhe jA sakate haiM, na sukhAnta kI / nATakoM ke anta ko dRSTi meM rakhate hue unake nATakoM ko naye varga meM rakhA jAyagA, jise prasAdAnta yA prazAnta kahanA cAhie / aba hama nATakoM kA vargIkaraNa karate hue unake tIna varga mAnate haiMduHkhAnta, sukhAnta aura prasAdAnta / duHkhAnta kA artha hai, jisakA 'anta duHkhameM ho| duHkhAnta nATakoM kI paramparA yunAnI nATakoM se clii| DAyonisasa nAmaka devatA ke jIvana kI karuNa, duHkhajanaka jIvana-ghaTanAoM ko lekara vahA~ gIta-nRtya huA karate the| inako TrejeDI kahA jAtA thaa| yaha ( Tragedy ) zabda yUnAnI 'TragAMsa' zabda se banA hai, jisakA artha bakarA hotA hai| DAyonisasa kA dhar3a bakare ke samAna mAnA jAtA hai| isake anukaraNa meM gAye gae ye bakarA-gIta vedanA aura karuNA se bhare hone ke kAraNa duHkhAnta nATaka kahalAne lage / duHkhAnta kA artha parihAsa-varjita gambhIra nATaka bhI liyA jAtA thA / anta cAhe saphalatA meM ho, para nATaka kI gambhIratA banAye rakhane ke lie usameM karuNA, bhAva, aAtaMka, pIr3A, atyAcAra zrAdi ke dRzya bhI rakhe jAyA karate the / arastU ne jo TrejeDI kI paribhASA dI thI, usameM gAmbhIrya tathA hAsyavarjana kA hI bhAva thaa| bAda meM usameM mRtyu kA samAveza bhI ho gyaa| ___ duHkhAnta kA yaha zartha na samajhanA cAhie ki kisI kI mRtyu, jIvana pIr3A yA vedanApUrNa dikhAne se nATaka duHkhAnta bana jAtA hai| yadi kisI cora, DAkU, zrAta tAyI tathA hatyAre kA kaSTapUrNa jIvana aura usakI mRtyu bhI nATaka meM ho, to bhI vaha duHkhAnta nahIM ho sakatA / antima prabhAva ke anusAra hI isakI paribhASA karanA ucita hai / kisI saccaritra, paropakArI, dezabhakta vyakti kI mRtyu vedanApUrNa jIvana-ghaTanAe, jIvana-bhara pratikUla paristhitiyoM se yuddha karate rahane para bhI anta meM bhArI amaphalatA yadi nATaka meM varNita ho to vaha duHkhAnta kahalA sakatA hai| usakA antima aura sthAyI prabhAva karuNA hI hogA / darzaka chalakatI palakeM aura karuNAhata mana liye prekSA-gRha se bAhara AyagA / duHkhAnta nATaka meM sad pAtra, nAyaka-nAyikA-sabhI bar3e-se-bar3A kaSTa

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hindI nATakakAra gambhIratA se sahana karate haiM, ro-cillAkara nahIM darzaka kI saMvedanA pIr3ita pAtra se barAbara bar3hatI jAtI hai| zeksapiyara ke hemaleTa, jUliyasa sIjara, romiyo jUlieTa, mekabetha amara duHkhAnta racanAeM haiN| hindI meM 'dAhara', 'svapnabhaMga', 'sindUra kI holI' isI varga meM AyaMge / sukha-saphalatA meM anta hone vAle nATaka sukhAnta kahalAte haiM / aisA nahIM, ki sukhAnta nATaka meM duHkha, pIr3A, karuNA, atyAcAra kI ghaTanAeM hotI hI nahIM / inameM karuNA aura duHkha kI ghaTanAeM AtI haiM, para anta inakA sukha yA saphalatA meM hotA hai| darzaka sukha, zrAnanda, utsAha se bharA hRdaya lekara uThatA hai / vaha prasannatA kI sphUrti lekara ghara jAtA hai / 'zakuntalA' meM bhI bIca meM zakuntalA kA karuNa jIvana citrita hai| duSyanta bhI viyoga-vihvala hokara oN kI jhar3I lagAtA hai, para isakA anta zakuntalA duSyanta-milana meM hotA hai / isalie yaha sukhAnta nATaka hai / sukhAnta nATaka meM nAyaka-nAyikA Adi saba vighna-bAdhAoM aura utpIr3ana- duHkhoM se pAra nikalakara saphalatA pAte haiN| aise bhI sukhAnta nATaka ho sakate haiM, jinameM duHkha aura karuNA kI ghaTanAe hI na hoM / zeksapiyara ke 'marceNTa, oNoNva venisa' aura hindI ke 'zapatha', 'candragupta maurya', 'rAja- mukuTa', 'uddhAra', 'vatsarAja', 'vidyAsundara' tathA 'zivAsAdhanA' sukhAnta nATaka haiM / prasAdAnta yA prazAnta naTakoM meM sukha-duHkha kA ucita anupAta meM vilakSaNa mizraNa rahatA hai / prasAdAnta nATaka kA prabhAva maMgalakArI yA zAnti - rasapUrNa hotA hai / isa prakAra ke nATakoM meM nAyaka-nAyikA bhayaMkara vedanAeM sahate aura mahAn tyAga karate haiM / unakI karuNA aura vedanA dekhakara sAmAjika sisakasisaka uThate haiM / tyAgI, vIra, paropakArI pAtroM yA nAyaka-nAyikA kI mRtyu bhI ho sakatI hai, para ina saba duHkhada ghaTanAoM se vizva-maMgala kA udaya hotA hai / sAmAjika kA karuNA-vihvala hRdaya santoSa kI sA~sa letA hai| darzaka kI bhIgI putaliyoM meM bhI ujjvala bhaviSya kA citra camaka uThatA hai / prazAMta yA prasAdAnta nATakoM kA prabhAva sukhAnta aura duHkhAnta donoM se kahIM svastha aura sthAyI hotA hai / prasAdAnta nATaka ke sukha-duHkha mAnava-kalyANa meM samA jAte haiM / ina nATakoM meM manoraMjana aura karuNA se pare vizva maMgalakA darzana pratiSThita kiyA jAtA hai| isaprakAra ke nATaka karuNA aura muskAna kI lar3iyoM ko jor3ane vAlI kar3I haiN| 'prasAda' ke 'skandagupta', 'ajAtazatru' tathA 'dhruvasvAminI', udayazaMkara bhaTTa ke 'mukti-patha' aura 'vikramAditya', 'premI' ke 'viSa pAna' aura

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Aloka 'rakSA-bandhana' prasAdAnta nATaka haiN| uddezya kI dRSTi se hI vargIkaraNa meM rasa kA samAveza bhI ho jAtA hai| kucha samIkSaka kathA ko lekara vargIkaraNa karate haiM--aitihAsika, paurANika-sAmAjika, samasyA-pradhAna / aitihAsika bhI samasyA-pradhAna ho sakatA hai, paurANika bhii| aitihAsika-paurANika sAmAjika bhI ho sakate haiM / 'dhra vasvAminI' aitihAsika hote hue sAmAjika bhI hai aura samasyA-pradhAna bhI / isalie yaha vargIkaraNa vaijJAnika nahIM jNctaa| . ___ nATaka ke sampUrNa viSaya, Adarza aura AsthA ko dRSTi meM rakhakara bhI vargIkaraNa aneka vidvAn karate haiN| kucha nATaka aise hote haiM, jinameM Adarza caritra aura jIvana citrita rahate haiN| vaise caritra cAhe saMsAra meM mile nahIM, para vaise hI, yaha kAmanA una nATakoM meM rahatI hai| 'hai' kA Agraha nahIM, 'cAhie' kA Agraha unameM zAsana karatA hai / ve AdarzavAdI varga meM Ate haiN| kucha aise bhI nATaka hote haiM, jinameM yathArtha jIvana kA citraNa rahatA hai| manuSya kA bhauMDe-se-bhauMDA rUpa unameM milegA / caritroM meM pApa-puNya bhI usI mAtrA meM hai, jisameM vAstavika jIvana pAyA jAtA hai| aise nATaka yathArthavAdI varga meM gine jAte haiN| aura kucha aise hote haiM, jinameM prAcIna paramparA, zIla, niyama zrAdi bhaMga karake svacchanda patha apanAyA jAtA hai| inameM kalpanA kI pradhAnatA tathA romAncakara aura vismayajanaka tatvoM kA adhika samAveza hotA hai| inheM svacchandatAvAdI yA romAMcavAdI varga meM ginA jAtA hai| para yaha vargIkaraNa bhI yuktiyukta aura vaijJAnika nhiiN| bhArata meM duHkhAnta nATaka hahane nATakoM ke tIna varga kiye haiM-dukhAnta, sukhAnta aura prasAdAnta / bhAratIya sAhitya meM sukhAnta aura prasAdAnta nATakoM kI racanA huI-duHkhAnta nATaka likhane kA prayatna nahIM huaa| saMskRta meM jitane nATaka likhe gae, sabhI sukhAnta / 'urubhaMga' meM duryodhana kI mRtyu avazya dikhAI gaI hai, para vaha bhI duHkhAnta nahIM kahA jA sktaa| duryodhana kI mRtyu dekhakara zAyada hI hI kisI ko duHkha ho / usase sAmAjika sukha hI anubhava kreNge| 'uttara rAmacarita' karuNA se ota-prota hone para bhI duHkhAnta nahIM kahalA sktaa| rAma aura sItA kA milana ho jAtA hai| azrabhIgI palakoM meM muskAna camaka uThatI hai| nATaka kA anta sukha meM hai| bhAratIya sAhitya kI sahasroM varSa kI paramparA meM eka bhI duHkhAnta nATaka na honA, sacamuca vismaya-janaka hai

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hindI nATakakAra aura sAhitya kI mA~ga kI bhArI upekSA bhI / ___ saMskRta-sAhitya kI apanI prAsthAe, jIvana ke prati apanA : dRSTikoNa aura sAhitya-siddhAnta bhI bhinna haiN| jisa samaya saMskRta nATaka likhe jAte rahe, samAja kI avasthA Aja kI avasthA se bilakula bhinna thI / jIvana kI ulajhana bharI samasyAe una dinoM isa prakAra nahIM ghere thiiN| usa yuga meM sAhitya para aAnandavAdI darzana kA prabhAva honA Avazyaka rhaa| aisA nahIM ki abhAva, pIr3A, vedanA yA viyoga jIvana meM thA nhiiN| saba-kucha thA; para sAhitya meM Ane ke lie nahIM / una dinoM sAhitya jIvana se alaga alaukika zrAnanda kA sAdhana banA huA thaa| Aja kI avasthA bilakula bhinna hai| sAhitya kI prAcIna zrAsthAe badala cukI haiN| purAne vizvAsoM kI buniyAdeM khokhalI ho cukI haiN| pIr3Avihvala pahalU bhI jIvana kI yathArthatA hai| sAhitya jIvana kI vyAkhyA hI nahIM, jIvana kA yathArtha rUpa banatA jA rahA hai / aAnanda kI kalpita pAralaukika aAzA kA bhulAvA tyAgakara kalAkAra vartamAna ke A~suoM ko bahuta mahattva detA hai to bhI Ajakala hindI meM duHkhAnta nATakoM kA abhAva hI hai| spaSTa hai ki hindI-sAhitya bhI pUrNa rUpase jIvanakA sAhitya nahIM bana paayaa| sukhAnta yA prasAdAnta nATakoM kI hindI meM kAphI saMkhyA mila jaaygii| 'prasAda' jI ke adhikatara nATaka to prasAdAnta zreNI meM Ate hI haiM, anya lekhakoM ne bhI isa prakAra ke nATaka likhane meM ruci dikhAI / udayazaMkara bhaTTa ke 'vikramAditya', 'muktipatha' tathA 'zaka-vijaya' isI varga meM gine jAyaMge / 'premI' kA 'viSa-pAna' bhI duHkhAnta se adhika prazAnta yA prasAdAnta hI hai| sukhAnta nATakoM ko saMkhyA to saikar3oM taka pahu~catI hai / duHkhAnta nATaka na hone ke hI samAna haiN| duHkhAnta nATaka likhane kI nIMva bhAratendu-kAla meM hI par3a cukI thii| bhararatendu kA 'nIladevI' duHkhAnta hI hai| 'raNadhIra prema mohinI' bhI usI yuga meM likhA gayA, para vaha bhI khokhalI nIMva kA patthara banakara raha gayA / prasAda-yuga meM eka bhI duHkhAnta nATaka nahIM racA gayA / prasAdottara kAla navIna TaikanIka, navIna vicAra-dhArA aura svAdhIna kalA lekara aAyA, para du:khAnta nATaka-racanA kI dRSTi se yaha yuga bhI bhArI abhAva kI pUrti na kara skaa| isa yuga meM bhI koI mahAn duHkhAnta nATaka kisI lekhaka kI pratibhA prastuta na kara sakI / zeksapiyara ke 'hemaleTa', 'romiyojUlieTa' tathA 'juliyasa sIjara' ke samAna kyA hamAre pAsa eka bhI nATaka hai| ina tIsa varSoM meM kevala tIna-cAra duHkhAnta nATakoM ko hindI utpanna kara sakI / kalAkI

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Aloka dRSTi se ve bhI adhika sabala nhiiN| 'dAhara' to TaikanIka kI dRSTi se pUrNataH asaphala hai| 'svapna-bhaMga' aura 'sindUra kI holI' bhI doSoM se mukta nhiiN| abhAva ke kAraNa aura samIkSA bhAratIya sAhitya meM isa abhAva ke aneka kAraNa bhI prastuta kiye jAte haiM, jo prAyaH sabhI samIkSaka aAja taka doharAte cale A rahe haiN| lagatA hai, kisI eka samIkSaka ne do-cAra kAraNa kalpita kara DAle aura purakhoM kI sampatti ke samAna sabhI paravartI samIkSaka unakA uttarAdhikAra bhogate cale zrA rahe haiN| una kAraNoM meM 'abhAva' kI vakAlata bhI kI gaI dikhAI detI hai aura gaurava kA bhAva bhI prakaTa hotA hai / spaSTa hai, yaha abhAva abhI taka na samIkSaka kI dRSTi meM sAhitya kI nirdhanatA hai, na nATakakAra kI dRSTi meM gaurvhiintaa| taba duHkhAnta nATaka-racanA kI ora dhyAna hI kyoM jAya ? ___ duHkhAnta nATakoM ke abhAva ke kAraNa prAyaH ye diye jAte haiM.-1 bhAratIya sAhitya meM kAvya kA prayojana alaukika aAnanda mAnA gayA hai| mRtyu, rAjaviplava, satpuruSoM kI pIr3A, karuNA zrAdi dikhAnA varjita hai| isa prakAra ke dRzyoM se sAmAjika laukikatA anubhava kareMge aura isase nATaka ke Ananda meM bAdhA par3atI hai / 2-nATaka Adi meM karuNAjanaka dRzya aura duHkhAnta jIvana dekhakara hamAre mana meM kRtrima karuNA utpanna hogI / isase hamArI svAbhAvika yA prakRti-pradAna karuNA kA hrAsa ho jaaygaa| hama anya logoM ko pIr3ita dekhane ke zrAdI ho jAyaMge / hamAre mana meM saMvedanA jAgrata nahIM hogii| 3.rAta-dina jIvana meM hama pIr3A aura karuNA dekhate haiM / nATaka meM sukha ko bhUlanA cAhate haiM / nATaka kA uddezya janaraMjana yA aAnanda hai, jaisA ki bharata ke nATya-zAstra meM nATaka kI utpatti kI kathA se prakaTa hai / 4-jIvana ke prati bhAratIya dRSTikoNa sukhamaya hai / vaha ise sukhamaya dekhanA cAhatA hai| hamAre yahA~, isalie janma-divasa ke utsava manAe jAte haiM, mRtyu-divasa para zokasammelana nahIM hote / 5-satpuruSoM para kaSTa par3ate devakara hameM IzvarIya nyAya meM sandeha hone lagatA hai| kahIM aisA na ho ki ina duHkhAnta nATakoM ko dekhakara sAmAjika Izvara ke astitva meM hI AsthA na rakhane lge| 'zrAnandavAda' bhAratIya jIvana kA vizeSa aMga hai, isame sandeha nahIM / jIvana-darzana ke prabhAva kA pariNAma sAhitya meM avazya milegaa| pahalA, tIsarA, aura cauthA kAraNa 'zrAnandavAda' ke antargata A jAte haiN| isakA prabhAva sAhitya ke sabhI kSetroM meM par3anA anivArya hai / duHkhAnta nATakoM ke prabhAva kA

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hindI nATakakAra bahuta-kucha uttaradAyitva jIvana ke prati sukhamaya dRSTikoNa para DAlA jA sakatA hai| para sarvadA bhAratIya jIvana meM prAnandavAdI darzaka kA hI prabhAva mahIM rahA / bauddha darzana meM to AnandavAda kA tiraskAra hai| krunn| yauddha darzana ko aAtmA hai / karuNA ke dvArA hI prAtmA nirvANa-patha para agrasara hotI hai| bauddha darzana kA prabhAva bhAratIya jIvana para kama to nahIM rahA / prabhAva ke anupAta ko dekheM to Aja bhI bhAratIya jIvana meM vizva ke prati virAgapUrNa dRSTikoNa hI adhika milegaa| zrAnandavAdI dRSTikoNa bhI pUrNa rUpa se duHkhAnta nATakoM ke abhAva ke lie uttaradAyI nhiiN| __ dUsarA aura pA~cavA~ kAraNa samIkSakoM kI kalpanA kI kasarata hai| yadi duHkhAnta nATaka dekhanese hRdayameM kRtrima karuNA utpanna hogI to sukhAnta nATaka dekhane se rati, utsAha, krodha, hAsa tathA vismaya bhI kRtrima hI hoNge| kRtrima bhAvodaya yA bhAvottejana meM rasAnubhUti ho hI nahIM sktii| phira pAlIkika Ananda yA brahmAnanda kA sahodara (anuja yA agraja jo bhI ho) kahA~ se prApta hogA ? taba to rasa-saddhAnta avaijJAnika huA / aura jisa prakAra nATaka meM karuNA, vedanA, duHkhAnta jIvana dekhakara hama Ado ho jAyaMge, dukhI manuSya ko dekhakara hamAre hRdaya meM dayA, saMvedanA karuNA utpanna na hogI, usI prakAra kyA rati utsAha, hAsa, vismaya Adi ke dRzya dekhakara bhI hama zrAdI nahIM ho jAyaMge ? kisI vIra kI utsAhapUrNa vIroktiyA~ sunakara usako vijaya meM hameM zrAnanda na hogA-utsAha na hogA, kisI adbhuta kArya ko dekhakara vismaya na hogA, kisI adbhuta kArya kI bAtoM para ha~sI na pAyagI / taba sukhAnta nATaka kI bhI kyA AvazyakatA ? IzvarIya nyAya para sandeha hone kI bAta to aura bhI hAsyAspada hai| jaba eka manuSya jIvana meM dekhatA hai ki eka sajjana, sadAcArI, paropakArI para kaSTa para-kaSTa pAte haiM-gAMdhI-jaise santa golI se mAra die jAne haiM-zaMkara aura dayAnanda ko bhI viSa diyA jAtA hai taba usako IzvarIya nyAya meM zrAsthA raha jAyagI ? yadi jIvana meM satya hote hue vaha dekhatA hai ki aneka bhale AdamiyoM kA jIvana vedanA meM hI vyatIta hotA hai, taba usakI bhAvanA para coTa nahIM pahu~catI ? nATaka meM to phira bhI bacAva hai-vaha yathArtha nahIM, rUpaka hai-abhinaya hai / kRtrima karuNA ke siddhAntAnusAra nATeka kRtrima hai| dUsarA aura pA~cavA~ kAraNa kevala saMkhyA bar3hAne ke lie hI hai, inameM tathya kucha bhI nhiiN| bhAratIya sAhitya meM duHkhAnta nATaka na likhe jAne ke kAraNa kucha aura bhI

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25 Aloka haiN| hamAre bivAra meM isakA pramukha kAraNa hai, sAhitya ko jIvana se dUra kI vastu samajhanA / sAhitya kA prayojana aura Adarza hI hamAre yahA~ bhinna rahA hai / prAcIna bhArata meM sAhitya jIvana ko yathArtha vyAkhyA nahIM bana sakAkisI aAdarza kA ho citraNa karatA rahA / ya pArtha jIvana-citraNa karane kI prAra paga bar3hAyA hI nahIM gyaa| jIvana kyA hai.' kI aura Ti na karake, kyA ho' kI hI cintA sAhityakAroM ko rahI / yathArtha jIna meM dupa, nirAzA, vedanA, asaphalatA bhI haiM aura saphalatA,vAzA-mukha bhI / bAniya kAraSTikoNa kAjI hone ke kAraNa vaha jIvana kA mukhI pahala hI apanA skaa| ___nATaka janatA kI sampatti bana sakanA thA : para aisA huyA kahA~ ? janatA kI vastu na hone se usameM bahu-maMgyaka janajIrana kI bAta 'yAtI kama sakatI thI ? bahusaMkhyaka manuSyoM kA jIvana pratyeka yuga meM karuNA -lAvita aura vedanAhata rahA hai| tulanAtmaka rUpa meM alpasaMpaka manuSya hI munI rahI hai| sAhitya-nATaka bhI-yahA~ bahasaMmyakoM kI dharohara nahIM bnaa| jaya bahasaMkhyakoM kA jIvana usameM kaise pA sakatA ? ___ nATaka Adi kI racanA yA to sampabhiyAna rAjA -mahArAjAmro manoraMjana ke lie hotI thI yA unake prazraya meM rahakara / bhadhoSa, kAnidAsa,bhavabhUti Adi prasiddha nATarakAroM ne rAjyAzraya meM rahakara bhI apanI kRtiyoM kI racanA kii| prAcIna prekSAgRha bhI adhikatara rAjA-mahAgAnoM ne nirmita karAye / spaSTa hai. unhIM ke manoraMjana ke lie unameM nATaka abhinIta bhI hote the / vaibhavazAlI manuSyoM kA jIvana sukhI thA ---unakA jIvana citrita kiyA jAnA svAbhAvika bhI hai| una sampattivAna rAmAnoM ko kyA par3I ki karuyAvyAkula jIzrama ke citra dekhakara apane mumba-vilAsa meM bayA-bhara bhI bAdhA ddaale| pAzraya dAtAoM kI ruci dugvAnta nATakoM kI ora kabhI hotI na thI, phira kinake lie isa prakAra ke nATaka likhe jAte? kahA jA sakatA hai, nATaka janatA kI sampatti hai| zUdroM taka ko isameM zrAnanda lene kA adhikAra hai / nATaka kI utpAna kI kahAnI meM bhI yaha prakaTa hai / unako prAnanda dene ke lie manA ne cAroM do se cAra tasya lekara isa paMcama veda kI racanA kii| na to isa kahAnI meM hI, aura na nATaka ke vikAsa aura itihAsa meM hI yaha siddha hotA hai ki nATaka jana-sAdhAraNa ke lie likhe gae yA abhinIna hapa / ho, nATaka ke janma kI kahAnI aura vikAsa se zUdoM ke prati dayAdAna kI svIkRti mitra hotI hai, adhikAra kI bAta nahIM / yadi nATaka sambAdhAraNa kI vastu honA,nI usameM

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26 hindI nATakakAra jana-jIvana kA citraNa rhtaa| pUre saMskRta sAhitya meM kevala zUdraka kA eka 'mRcchakaTika' na hotA, saikar3oM aise nATaka race gae hote| dukhAnta nATakoM ke prabhAva kA kAraNa bhAratIya jIvana-darzana kA palAyanavAda bhI hai / yathArtha se mukha mor3anA - kAlpanika paraloka meM zrAnanda ke lie bhaTakanA bhAratIya jIvana kA vizeSa darzana hai / isalie sAhitya, kAvya, kalA sabameM paraloka kA bhulAvA avazya jor3a diyA gayA / jIvana kI yathArtha vedanAoM, viphalatAoM kaTutAoM aura kaThoratAoM kI ora se A~kha mIcakara, kAlpanika jIvana kI madhuratAoM, saphalatAoM, vaibhava aura zrAnanda kI ora hI dhyAna diyA gayA / parimANa meM huA-sukhI jIvana kA citraNa, zrAnanda-ullAsa kA sAhitya-nirmANa / jIvana ke karuNa pakSa kI upekSA kI gii| taba yahA~ duHkhAnta nATakoM kI sRSTi kaise hotI ? kahA jA sakatA hai, hindI-sAhitya to jana-jIvana ke zratyanta nikaTa hai| jana-jIvana kA citraNa bhI isameM hai / AdarzavAda bhI isase kabhI kA palAyana kara cukA / rAjA-raIsoM ke lie yaha likhA bhI nahIM jA rhaa| taba hindI meM duHkhAnta nATaka kyoM nahIM ? sAhitya ke anya aMga janatA kI cIja hai, isameM sandeha nahIM, para nATaka abhI taka janatA kI vastu nhiiN| kitane pAThaka haiM arrai ke ? kina nagaroM meM kina nATakoM kA abhinaya kiyA jAtA hai ? nATakoM kI khapata kitanI hai ? -nahIM ke barAbara / ye janatA ke lie jikhe bhI nahIM jA rahe / Aja rAjAoM-mahArAjAoM ke lie na sahI, korsa meM lagane jie adhikatara nATaka likhe jA raheM haiN| korsa meM lage nATakoM kI bikrI bhI hai| nATakAra to kama-se-kama Aja bhI svatantra nahIM / zrAzrayadAtA kA nAma badalA hai / pahale rAjA-mahArAjA the, Aja vizvavidyAlaya - zikSA vibhAga hai ? janatA meM ruci kahA~ ? paidA bhI kahA~ kI jAtI hai ? lekhakoM ko jIvita rahanA hai jIvita rakhane vAle zikSA vibhAga haiM- vizvavidyAlaya haiM / prasAdottara kAla ke adhikatara nATakakAra nATakIya pratibhA ke bala para nahIM, pAThyakrama meM svIkRta hone ke lie nATaka likhakara nATakakAra bane haiN| isa kAla ke adhikatara nATakoM meM jana-jIvana kI jhA~kI pAnA asambhava hai| inameM yathArtha jIvana kA citraNa nahIM, zikSA vibhAga ke niyamopa niyamoM kI mA~ga aura zikSA samiti ke sadasyoM kI ruci kA vinamra uttara hI milegA | itihAsa kA moha bhI abhI hindI nATakakAra ko burI taraha daboce haiM / apane itihAsa kI upekSA, aparAdha hai; para vartamAna jIvana kI upekSA zrAtmaghAta hai / kevala itihAsa se cipaTe rahanA, jar3atA hai / yahI jar3atA hindI

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Aloka nATakakAra ko prAntakti kiye hai / duHkhAnta nATaka likhane ke lie nATakIya digya pratibhA apekSita hai, vaha abhI kisI nATakakAra meM prakaTa nahIM huii| talavAreM calavAnA, ghor3e daur3AnA, deza kA nAma le-lekara gaurava kA bakhAna karanA kaThina nahIM, kaThina hai eka larka, majadura, kisAna, adhyApaka ke karuNa jIvana se sAmAjikoM ko oNnu proM meM yAnA / kaThina kAma meM hAtha kyoM DAlA jAya-asaphalatA kA khatarA / aisA hI kAma kyoM na cunA jAya, jisameM saphajatA kI gAraNTI ho| hindI-nATaka-vikAsa __hindI-nATaka-paramparA, anUdita aura maulika donoM rUpoM meM, saMskRtanATakoM ke prabhAva aura preraNA se prArambha huii| jodhapura ke mahArAja jasavantasiMha ne saMskRta se vrajabhASA meM 'prabodha-candrodaya' kA anuvAda, saMvat 1700 vi0 meM kiyA / isake pacAsa varSa bAda rIvA-nareza vizvanAthasiMha ne 'aAnanda raghunandana' likhA / ye donoM racanAeM hindI meM sarva prathama anUdita aura maulika nATaka haiN| bhAratendu harizcandra zrApane pitA gopAlacandra-racita 'nahuSa' ko sarva prathama nATaka mAnate haiN| isameM pAtroM ke praveza-sthAna prAdi kA niyama pAlana hA hai| 'nahapa' sarva prathama nATaka bhI mAnA jAya, to bhI usase nATakIya paramparA nahIM clii| ___hindI-nATaka-paramparA kA prArambha anuvAdoMse hI huA / rAjA la ghamaNasiMha ne sambat 16 16 vi0 meM 'abhijJAna zAkuntala' kA hindI-anuvAda kiyaa| isake pA~ca-chaH varSa bAda bhAratendu jI ne saMskRta se 'ratnAvalI' kA anuvAda aura "galA se 'vidyAsundara' kA rUpAntara prastuta kiyaa| isake bAda unake 'pAkhaNDa-viDambana', 'dhanabjaya-vijaya', 'kapUra-maMjarI', 'mudrArAkSasa'-anUdita; 'candrAvalI', 'bhArata-jananI', bhArata-durdazA', 'nIladevI', 'vaidikI hiMsAhiMsA na bhavati', 'satI pratApa', 'viSasya viSamauSadham'---maulika aura 'satyaharizcandra'-rUpAntarita nATakoM kA udaya huaa| bhAratendu jI kI sarva prathama maulika racanA 'vaidika hiMsA, hiMsA na bhavati' hai| isakI racanA-sambat 1930 vi0 meM huii| __bhAratendu-yuga meM aura bhI lekhakoM ne nATeka likhe / 'bhArata-saubhAgya' (premaghana ), 'tiriyA tela hamIra haTha caDhe na dUjo bAra' (pratApanarAyaNa mizra), 'mahArAnI padmAvatI' tathA 'mahArANA pratApa' ( rAdhAkRSNadAsa ), 'raNadhIra prema mohinI' (zrInivAsadAsa), 'praNayanI-praNaya' aura 'mayaMka-maMjarI' (kizorIlAla

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28 hindI nATakakAra gosvAmI) 'kAma-kandalA' aura 'mAdhavAnala' (zAligrAma ) nATaka bhI bhAratenduyuga meM prasUta hue / ina nATakoM ke nAma ho se inake vibhinna viSaya prakaTa haiN| mAlUma hotA hai, bhAratendu-yuga meM lekhakoM kA dhyAna rASTrIya, sAmAjika aura dhArmika sabhI viSayoM para jAne lagA thaa| ___ bhAratendu jI kI pratibhA ne apane yuga ke sabhI lekhakoM ko prerita aura prabhAvita kiyA / unhoMne vibhinna kSetroM se kathAnaka lekara aneka prakAra ke nATaka likhe / bhAratendu kI divya lekhanI se paurANika, aitihAsika, sAmAjika, rASTrIya, sabhI prakAra ke nATaka prasUta hue / zRGgAra, vIra, hAsya, karuNA zrAdi aneka rasoM kA unakI racanAoM meM samAveza hai| yahI bAta bhAratendu-kAla ke anya nATakoM para bhI lAgU hotI hai / premavana, pratApanArAyaNa mizra, aura rAdhAkRSNa dAsa ke nATaka rASTrIya varga meM prAyaMge aura zeSa mAmAjika meM / isa yuga ke sabhI nATakoM para saMskRta-zailI kA prabhAva hai / bhAratendu jI bhI saMskRta ke prabhAva se mukta nahIM, yadyapi unhoMne apanI svAdhIna nATyapratibhA kA bhI paryApta paricaya diyA thaa| nAndI-pATha, maMgalAcaraNa, bharatavAkya, prastAvanA Adi isa kAla meM adhikatara nATakoM meM pAye jAte haiN| bhASA ke sambandha meM eka niyama-sA svIkRta mAlUma hotA hai ki gadya kI bhASA khar3I bolI aura padya kI brajabhASA rahanI cAhie / padyAtmaka saMvAdo kI mana ukatA dene vAlI bharamAra hai| svagata-bhASaNa bhI bahuta haiN| 'sajjAda-sambula' aura 'samasAda sausana' ne bhI isa yuga meM raTyAti pAI; inakI bhASA urdU se bahuta hI adhika prabhAvita hai| isa yuga ke nATaka prAcIna paripATI para hI likhe gae; para unameM navInatA kI ora bar3hane kI zrAkulatA avazya pAI jAtI hai / dharma kA AtaMka ghaTatA dIkhatA hai| nATaka svAdhIna hone kI becainI liye samAja aura itihAsa kA AliMgana karatA huzrA pAyA jAtA hai| vyaMgya kA vizeSa puTa bhI unameM diyA jAne lagA thaa| khar3I bolI kA prabhAva bar3hatA mAlUma hotA hai aura urdU ke zabdoM kA bedhar3aka prayoga karake bhASA ko adhika svAdhIna banAne kA prayatna bhI prakaTa hotA hai| isa yuga meM caritra-citraNa kA vikAsa nahIM ho pAyA / Antarika saMvarSa bahuta kama nATakoM meM milegaa| bAharI sakriyatA vizeSa rUpa meM pAI jAI hai, zrAntarika dvandva kI ghuTana aura saghanatA nahIM miltii| ___ bhAratendu ke bAda se aura 'prasAda' ke pUrva taka hindI-nATakoM kA saMkrAnti kAla rahA / isa yuga meM nATakoM kI pragati to huI hI nahIM, durgati avazya huI / anuvAdoM kI vaha bAr3ha AI ki maulika nATakoM kI ora kisI

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Aloka kA dhyAna hI na gayA | saMskRta, ba~galA, aMgrejI sabhI bhASAoM se anuvAda kA Dhera lagA diyA gayA / ba~galA se ravIndranAtha aura dvijendralAla rAya, aMgrejI se zeksapiyara, saMskRta se bhavabhUti zrAdi kI racanAoM ke anuvAdoM kI hor3a sI laga gii| rUpanArAyaNa pANDeya, lAlA sItArAma, satyanArAyaNa kaviratna zrAdi ne anuvAda ke kSetra meM bar3A kAma kiyaa| isa kAla meM jo maulika nATaka likhe gae, ve kisI rUpa meM bhI naI bAta paidA nahIM kara sake, kevala bhASA adhika ma~jI huI hone lagI aura brajabhASA padyoM se bhI prasthAna kara gaI / 'durgAvato', 'candragupta', 'kRSNArjuna yuddha', 'candrahAsa' - sabhI nATaka harizcadra yuga ke nATakoM ke samAna haiN| isa yuga meM zrAgA hazra, nArAyaNaprasAda betAba, rAdhezyAma kathAvAcaka, harikRSNa jauhara Adi ne raMgamaMca ke lie hindI nATaka prastuta kiye / zrasvAbhAvikatA aura kalAhInatA inameM khaTekane vAle mukhya doSa haiM / kAntikA yA sandhi-kAla ke bAda prasAda-yuga zrAtA hai / prasAda-yuga hindI nATakoM ke itihAsa meM utthAna yA svarNa yuga hai / isI yuga meM 'prasAda' ne bhAratI ke maMdira meM nATakoM kI divya bheMTa cddh'aaii| nATaka ko svastha, sAhityika, kalApUrNa, svAbhAvika maulika aura svAdhIna rUpa dene kA sarvaprathama zreya prasAda kI pratibhA ko hI hai / prasAda yuga meM hindI-nATaka-kalA, zailI, TekanIka Adi kI dRSTi se pUrNa vikAsa ko pahu~cA / nATaka dharma ke AtaMka se svAdhIna huA / yadyapi paurANika nATaka bhI likhe jAte rahe; para dhArmika aura paurANika kathAnakoM kA sthAna aitihAsika, sAmAjika yA rASTrIya kathAnakoM ne liyA / prasAda ke 'ajAtazatru', 'skandagupta', 'candragupta maurya', 'dhra vasvAminI' isI yuga meM prakAzita hue / 'durgAvatI' ( badarInAtha bhaTTa), 'pratApa pratijJA' (milinda), 'mahAtmA IsA' (umra), 'vikramAdivya' (udayazaMkara bhaTTa), tathA 'harSa' (govindadAsa) zrAdi aneka aitihAsika nAka isI yuga meM likhe gae / isa yuga meM hindI nATaka saMskRta ke prabhAva se pUrNataH mukta ho gayA / 'janmejaya kA nAgayajJa' aura 'ajAtazatra' para avazya kucha halkA-sA prabhAva hai / inameM padyAtmaka saMvAda bhI hai aura maMgalAcaraNa tathA bharatavAkya jaise stuti aura zrAzIrvacana bhI / inake pazcAt likhe gae nATaka zuddha maulika rUpa upasthita karate haiM / aMka tathA dRzyoM kA vibhAjana sIdhA-sAdA aMgrejI DhaMga kA hai| bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya paddhati kA svAbhAvika sahaja sAmaMjasya bhI isa yuga ke nATakoM meM huA / svagata kama hote-hote vilIna ho gayA /

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30 hindI nATakakAra padyAtmaka saMvAda bilakula samApta hue / avasaropayukta gItoM kA calana bddh'aa| saMvAda svAbhAvika, aura sajIva rasAnukUla aura nATakocita tikhe ge| aneka anubhava aura prayogoM ke pazcAt 'prasAda' kI nATya kalA meM vikAsa hotA gayA / kramazaH unakA dRzya-vidhAna saralatA kI ora bar3hA hai| 'prasAda' jI dvArA isa yuga meM kalA tathA TekanIka ke kSetra meM navIna prayoga bhI kiye gae / eka-eka aMka ko laghunATikAe bhI prasAda ne likhIM / hindI meM ekAMkI kA janma prasAda-yuga meM hI huA / 'dhra vasvAminI' abhinaya kI dRSTi se atyanta saphala racanA hai| isameM tIna aMka haiM aura pratyeka aMka hI dRzyanATya-kalA meM yaha navIna prayoga samajhanA caahie| prasAdottarakAla meM iso TaikanIka ko lakSmInArAyaNa mizra ne aura bhI vikasita karake Age bddh'aayaa| caritra-citraNa kI ora lekhakoM kA vizeSa dhyAna jAne lagA / 'pramAda' ke sabhI nATaka zrAdarzavAdIvarga meM prAyaMge; para unameM caritroM kA udghATana bhI bahuta saphalatA se huA hai / bAhya aura aAntarika donoM saMgharSoM kI prAga meM tapate, tilamilAte, cItkAra karate, girate-saMbhalate pAtra isa yuga ke nATakoM meM pAye jAte hai / rASTra-nirmANa ke naze meM cUra cANakya bhI apane hRdaya kI becainIbharI dhar3akana sunAtA hai| apanA vakSa cIra dikhAnA hai / candragupta aura kalyANI ke caritroM meM bhI utAra-car3hAva hai| skandagupta, devasenA, vijayA, anantadevI, bhaTArka Adi meM to caritra kA pUrNa vikAsa aura svAbhAvikatA lakSita hai / 'vikramAditya' kA bhI isa dRSTi se ullekha kiyA jA sakatA hai| isa yuga ke sabhI nATakoM meM caritra-vikAsa ke paryApta lakSaNa mila jaayNge| 'prasAda' ke bhI kucha nATakoM ko sammilita karate hue, isa yuga ke nATakoM meM abhinaya tatva kA bhI vikApa dekhane meM AtA hai| kArya-vyApAra nATaka kI jAna hai-abhinaya kA eka mukhya aNg| prasAda-yuga ke nATakoM meM kAryavyApAra kAphI mAtrA meM milatA hai / raMgamaMca aura mAhitya kA mela karAne kI bhora bhI sajagatA pAI jAtI hai| 'dayAnanda', 'mahAtmA IsA', 'varamAlA', 'pratApa-pratijJA', 'rAja-mukuTa', 'dhra vasvAminI' Adi meM donoM vizeSatAeM mileNgii| deza kI vibhinna sAmAjika tathA rASTrIya AvazyakatAoM kI ora bhI isa yuga ke nATakoM kA dhyAna hai| ve apane deza kI mA~ga ke prati sajaga hai| aneka nATakoM meM isa mA~ga kA uttara bhI hai| rASTrIya bhAvanA kI sabhI nATakoM meM spaSTa chApa hai / 'mahAtmA IsA' bhI isase achUtA nahIM / 'prasAda' ke sabhI nATaka rASTrIya gaurava ke prakAza-stambha haiN| anya lekhakoM ke nATaka bhI yuga kI isa cetanA se ota-prota hai| 'dhra vasvAminI' dvArA sAmAjika samasyA

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Aloka kA ila bhI prastAnane kA saphala prayatna hai / isameM 'dhra vasvAminI' ke adhikAzamAnala jahIna pati samrATa rAmagupta ko mArakara usakA choTA bhAI candragutIya samrATa banatA hai| dhra va svAminI devI dharmaguru dvArA sAlAsoSita kI jAtI hai| donoM kA vivAha dharma-sammata ThaharAyA jAtA hai| spaSTa hai, yaha yuga jIvana kI samasyAoM ke prati bhI saceta thaa| prasAda-yuga ke bAda hindI-nATakoM kA navayuga zrArambha hotA hai| ise prasAdottarakAla kahA jAtA hai / isa yuga me una sabhI prayogoM kA vikasita rUpa hama dekhane haiM, jo 'prasAda' ne kiye the| isa yuga meM unakI preraNA kA prabhAva bhI aneka nATakakAroM para spaSTa hai / 'prasAda' ke prabhAva se bhI isa yuga meM mukti pAne kA svastha prayatna huaa| aitihAsika nATakoM kI dhArA barAbara bahatI rahI / rASTrIya cetanA isa yuga ke nATakoM meM aura bhI sabala hokara zrAI / maurya-gupta-kAlIna itihAsa kA avalamba tyAgakara rAjapUta aura mugalakAlIna itihAsa kI ora adhika dhyAna gyaa| hindU-muslima ekatA, deza-bhakti, balidAna-bhAvanA isa yuga ke nATakoM meM vizeSa rUpa se dekhane ko milatI hai| premI ke sabhI nATaka rAjapUta aura mugalakAlIna itihAsa kI kathAoM para likhe ge| paurANika nATaka bhI likhe jAte rahe; para premI ke 'rakSA-bandhana', 'zivA sAdhanA', 'pratizodha' tathA 'svapna bhaMga' ne janatA kA dhyAna bahuta AkarSita kiyA / isa yuga meM ullekhanIya bAta yaha huI ki nATakakAroM kA dhyAna prAcIna se haTakara vartamAna para adhika gayA / vartamAna jIvana kI dainika, Arthika, sAmAjika samasyAoM ko vicAra-pradhAna DhaMga para sulajhAne meM nATakakAra pravRtta hue / rAjA-mahArAoM ko dhatA batAkara majadUra-kisAna, klarka, adhyApaka,vyApArI, sudhAraka, netA, vakIla, DaoNkTara Adi ko nATakoM meM nAyaka zrAdi kA sthAna milaa| isa yugake pramukha pragatizIla nATakopara ibsana, zA tathA gAlsavardI kA prabhAva spaSTa lakSita hotA hai| nATaka kAlpanika jIvana se haTakara yathArtha kI bhUmi para paayaa| pAtra, caritra-citraNa, bhASA, veza-bhUSA-sabhI meM yathArtha citraNa kI abhiruci isa yuga kI vizeSa pravRtti hai| ___yathArthavAdI pragatizIla samasyA-pradhAna nATaka likhane kA sarva prathama zreya zrI laghamInArAyaNa mizra ko hai| 'rAjayoga', 'rAkSasa kA maMdira', 'saMnyAsI', 'mukti kA rahasya' tathA pindUra kI holI' likhakara inhoMne hindI meM naI dhArA prArambha kii| 'rAkSama kA maMdira' 'saMnyAsI' meM unmukta prema kI vakAlata hai| yathArbha ke caraNoM para mukta rUpa se cumbanoM kI varSA kI gaI hai|

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32 hindI nATakakAra 'sindUra kI holI' aura 'mukti kA rahasya' meM bahuta sundara manovaijJAnika DhaMga se aparAdha svIkAra karake pApa mukti kA mArga prazasta kiyA gayA hai / -taMtra, milegI / nArI samasyA ko bhI sulajhAne kI zrAkulatA ina nATakoM lI gaI haiM 'saMnyAsI' meM bhArata aura eziyA kI dAsatA kI samasyA mizra jI ke nATaka vicAra - pradhAna haiM, phira bhI ve bhAvukatA se pIchA nahIM chur3A sake / 'chAyA', 'bandhana', 'aparAdhI', 'duvidhA', 'vikAsa', 'sevA-patha', 'aMgUra haiM kI beTI' aura 'kamalA' isI varga ke nATaka 1 prasAdottara kAla meM TaikanIka kI ora bhI vizeSa dhyAna diyA gayA / kalA sAhityikatA ke sAtha hI nATakoM ko abhinaya ke yogya banAne kI cintA bhI lekhakoM ne kI / lakSmInArAyaNa mizra ne prAyaH sabhI nATakoM meM tIna aMka rakhe / aMka hI dRzya haiM / nATakoM se vibhinna dRzyoM kI adala-badala unhoMne dUra kI / yadyapi kaI nATakoM meM unhoMne kAphI gar3abar3a bhI kI / dRzya badale, para dRzya saMkhyA na dekara, paTa- parivartana ke dvArA dRzya badalA gyaa| bAda ke nATakoM meM zuddha rUpa meM tIna zraGka tIna dRzya banakara aae| inake nATakoM meM gItoM kI paramparA bhI vilIna ho gaI / inake tIna kI nATakoM kA zrabhinaya saphalatA aura saralatA se ho sakatA hai / 'premI' ne TaikanIka meM navInatA utpanna nahIM kI, para unake prAyaH sabhI nATakoM kA zrabhinaya kiyA jA cukA hai / isa yuga ke nATakoM meM saMkatjana-traya kA bhI bahuta dhyAna rakhA gayA hai / zrI lakSmInArAyaNa mizra ne isa siddhAnta kA sabase adhika saphalatA aura AsthA ke sAtha pAlana kiyA hai / unake adhikatara nATakoM kI kathA kA samaya eka-do dina se adhika nahIM / kArya, samaya, sthAna tInoM kI ekatA sindUra kI holI', 'mukti kA rahasya' aura 'rAjayoga' meM saphala rUpa meM milegI / anya kakAroM ne bhI isa siddhAnta kA pAlana karane koceSTA kii| nATakoM kA zrAkAra bhI choTA rahane lagA / tIna-cAra aGka meM nATaka pUrNa ho jAtA hai / usakA abhinaya bhI DhAI ghaNTe se adhika samaya nahIM letaa| 'premI' ke nATaka choTe haiM, para unake kathAnaka varSoM kA samaya lene vAle haiM isalie unameM saMkalana - zraya kA siddhAnta pAlana na ho sakA / prasAdottara kAla hindI nATakoM kI samRddhi kA samaya hai| isa yuga neka nATakoM ke pAThyakrama meM zrA jAne ke kAraNa hindI aneka nATakakAra utpanna ho ge| aura ina skUlI nATakakAroM ke hAthoM nATakoM kI miTTI bhI kama kharAba nahIM huI / isa yuga kI dena aura bhI hai| ekAMkI tathA reDiyo nATaka likhane meM isa

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Aloka 3 yuga meM prazaMsanIya prayatna huzrA / ekAMkI nATakoM ke aneka saMgraha bhI prakAzita hote rahate haiM, rAmakumAra varmA, bhagavatIcaraNa varmA, viSNu prabhAkara, udayazaMkara bhaTTa, upendranAtha azka, govindadAsa, bhuvanezvaraprasAda tathA jagadIzacandra mAthura zrAdi ne aneka ekAMkI-saMkalana prakAzita kiye / reDiyo-nATaka likhane meM viSNu prabhAkara, harizcandra khannA, azka, tathA rAmakumAra varmA ke nAmoM kA ullekha kiyA jA sakatA hai / hindI-raMgamaMca apanA svataMtra raMgamaMca sthApita karane meM hindI-nATaka abhI taka asaphala hI rahe haiN| bhAratendu ne pratyeka kSetra meM hindI ko pratiSThita karane kA pratyatma kiyA, parantu raMgamaMca vaha bhI sthApita na kara ske| saMvat 1618 meM zrI zItalAprasAda-likhita 'jAnakI maMgala' kA abhinaya banArasa thiyeTarsa meM huA thaa| bhAratendu kA 'satya haricandra' baliyA aura kAnapura meM khelA gyaa| kAnapura me 'raNadhIra prema mohinI' bhI raMgamaMca para lAyA gyaa| idhara-udhara bhAratendu tathA unake samakAlIna lekhakoM ke nATaka yadA-kadA khele jAte rahe. para ina se hindI-raMgamaMca kI pratiSThA nahIM huii| prasAda-yuga se pUrva, saMkrAnti kAla meM, deza-bhara meM vyavasAyI nATakamaNDaliyoM kI dhUma thii| vikToriyA thiyeTrikala, elaDa thiyeTrIkala, nyUelaphraDa, ela ka jaiNDriyA, impIriyala , jubalI, lAiTa zrAva iNDiyA, tathA bhArata-bhyAkula zrAdi aneka kampaniyA~ deza-bhara meM ghUma-ghUmakara nATaka dikhAtI phiratI thiiN| ye kampaniyAM adhikatara urdU nATakoM kA abhinaya karatI thiiN| inake abhinaya meM uchala-kUda, cillAnA, hAsya meM azlIlatA, veza-bhUSA meM buddhi-hInatA, vAtAvaraNa meM anaitihAsikatA aura avasara-hInatA rahatI thii| saMvAdoM meM zerabAjI kA bar3A jora thaa| ina nATaka-maNDaliyoM ke kAraNa janatA kI ruci dUSita huI / urdU kA Adhipatya raMgamaMca para ho gyaa| navIna prayoga kA koI avasara na rahA aura yadi kucha prayatna hindI-sevA ke joza meM kiyA bhI gayA to vaha saphala na ho skaa| ina nATaka-maNDaliyoM ne itanA avazya kiyA ki hindI ke bhI kucha nATaka yatra-tatra khele| rAdhezyAma kathAvAcaka ke 'vIra abhimanyu', zravaNa kumAra', 'Izvara-bhakti' tathA 'paramabhakta prahalAda', nArAyaNaprasAda 'betAba' ke 'mahAbhArata' tathA 'rAmAyaNa',zrAgA hazrake 'sUradAsa', 'gaMgA zrautaraNa' aura sItA vanavAsa' kI bar3I dhUma rhii| rAdheyAma jI ke nATaka hindI-pradhAna hote the| 'betAba' ke

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34 hindI nATakakAra hindustAnI kA prabhAva liye hue / hazra donoM bhASAe-hindI-uda-likhane meM siddhahasta the / ina tona nATakakAroM ne vizeSa rUpa se hindI ko pArasomaMca para adhiSThita kiyaa| hindI-nATaka bhI vizeSa rUpase dhArmika tathA paurANika, abhinIta kiye jAne lage / janatA meM bhI unake dekhane kI ruci bddhii| betAba ke 'mahAbhArata' aura rAdhezyAma ke 'abhimanyu' ne to kampanI ko lAkhoM rupayA kamAkara diyaa| itanA kucha hone para bhI hindI kA raGgamaMca sthApita na ho sakA / ye vyavasAyo nATaka-maNDaliyA~ bhI urdU-pradhAna hI rhiiN| sinemA ke Agamana ne ina kampaniyoM ko samApti kara dii| thor3e- bahuta jo hindI-nATaka kabhI-kabhI dekhane ko mila jAyA karate the, ve bhI lupta ho gae / prasAda-yuga se hindI meM aneka acche ka tApUrNa sAhityika nATaka likhe jA rahe haiM; para raMgamaMca kI ora abhI bhI kisI kA saceSTa dhyAna nahIM hai| nATakakAra na to isa bAta ko ciMtA karate haiM ki nATaka abhineya ho, aura na isa bAta kA dhyAna ki raMgamaMca kI sthApanA kA yatna kiyA jAya / kucha dina se skUla-kAlejoM meM nATaka khele jAne kI ruci bahuta baDha rahI hai / sAhityika nATakoM kA abhinaya bhI vidyArthI karate rahate haiN| 'premI' ke 'rakSA-baMdhana', 'svapna-bhaMga' tathA 'baMdhana' kA aneka avasaroM para abhinaya kiyA jA cukA hai| rAmakumAra varmA ke ekAMkI nATakoM kA bhI abhinaya huA hai / kaI kAlejoM meM yadA-kadA aura sAhitya-sammelanoM ke avasara para 'prasAda' jI ke nATakoM kA bhI abhinaya huA hai / yaha saba-kucha hote hue bhI abhI taka hindI-raMgamaMca kI sthApanA nahIM ho sakI / ___ jaba taka raMgamaMca ke abhAva ke kAraNa dUra nahIM kiye jAne. hindI-raMgamaMca sthApita nahIM ho sktaa| ye vyaktigata, bikhare hue prayatna kabhI bhI hameM svastha aura saphala raMgamaMca nahIM de sakate / raMgamaMca ke abhAva ke nimna kAraNa ho sakate haiM : jina prAntoM-uttara pradeza, bihAra, madhyabhArata, madhyapradeza, pUrvI paMjAbameM hindI kA vikAsa huA, una prAMtoM meM saMgIta, nRtya tathA, abhinaya ko mAmA jika rUpa me hIna samajhA jAtA rahA hai| isalie na to zikSita logoM ne ina kalAoM meM ruci dikhAI, aura na abhinaya ke lie yuvaka-yuvatiyoM raMgamaMca para Aye / hindI jisa kSetra meM janmI aura jahA~ nATakakAra utpanna hue, vaha kSetra sAmAjika rUpa meM bhI pichar3A rahA hai| pardA-prathA ne yuvatiyoM ko abhinaya aAdi meM bhAga nahIM lene diyaa|

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Aloka 25 nATakakAroM ne kabhI isakI cintA na kI ki unake nATaka abhinaya-yogya bane / aneka nATakakAra aise haiM, jo raMgamaMca ke viSaya meM bilakula kAre haiN| unakA jJAna paTa-parivartana, praveza aura prasthAna taka hI sImita hai| pAThya viSaya meM niyata hone ke kAraNa aneka nATaka gauravAnvita haiN| taba lekhaka ko cintA kyoM hone lagI ki usake nATaka raMgamaMca ke upayukta hoN| jaba taka nATaka kevala korsa meM lagavAne ke lie hI likhe jAyaMge, taba taka na raMgamaMca ke svapna dekhie, na acche nATaka likhe jAne ke| abhI taka bhI raMgamaMca yA abhinaya-kalA ke saMbaMdha meM eka bhI pustaka hindI meM nahIM / yadi kucha utsAhI yuvaka yA zaukiyA nATaka-samAja abhinaya kA Ayojana bhI kareM to unako nirdeza prApta honA bhI durlabha hai / jaisA kucha huA, muMha raMgakara uchala-kUda kara lii| ___abhI taka hindI meM 'nATya-zAstra' ke DhaMga ko koI pustaka nhiiN| jisameM parde, rUpa-dhAraNa, prakAza-prabhAva, nepathya-gAna, veza-bhUSA Adi kA vivecana mila ske| ___ nATaka-lekhana-kalA para bhI abhI taka eka bhI pustaka nahIM niklii| jo kucha ho rahA hai abhyAsa, pratibhA, anukaraNa, preraNA ke bala para / lekhana-kalA para pustakeM par3hane se koI vyakti lekhaka nahIM bana sakatA, para pratibhAzAlI ko patha-pradarzana avazya milatA hai| aneka vidvAn samIkSakoM ne pArasI-nATaka-kampaniyoM ke astitva ko bhI hindI-raMgamaMca ke vikasita hone meM bAdhA ginAyA hai| koI-koI zrAlocaka muslima prabhAva ko bhI raMgamaMca ke abhAva kA kAraNa mAnate haiM, para zrAja na to ve nATaka-kampaniyA~ haiM, na muslima saMskRti kA prabhAva aura zAsana kA AtaMka, taba bhI raMgamaMca kahA~ nirmita ho gayA ? svAdhIna hue pA~ca varSa ho gae, abhI taka kisI nagara meM bhI hindI-raMgamaMca yA nATya-samAja ke nirmANa kI bAta hamane nahIM sunii| spaSTa hai, ye kAraNa kevala kAraNa ginAne kI dhuna-mAtra haiM / mukhya kAraNa vahI haiM, jo hamane upasthita kie haiN| ___ jaba taka samAja kI manovRci nahIM badalatI aura una sabhI zrabhAvoM aura doSoM ko dUra nahIM kiyA jAtA, kabhI bhI raMgamaMca kI sthApanA nahIM ho sktii| prastuta pustaka hindI ke nATakakAra' meM hindI ke prAyaH sabhI nATakoM kI samIkSA kA prayatna rahA / jina nATakakAroM ne apanA vizeSa sthAna banA liyA hai aura racanAe bhI bhaneka kI haiM, unakI kRtiyoM kI samIkSA vizeSa rUpa se kI gaI hai| eka-do

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36 hindI nATakakAra racanA prastuta karane vAle kalAkAra ke vikAsa bhI nirNaya duSkara kArya haiN| hA~ jisake 5-6 nATaka prApta hoM, usakI kalA kA svarUpa kucha-na-kucha sthira avazya ho jAtA hai| ho sakatA hai, bhaviSya meM vaha koI zrAzAtAta racanA prastuta kara deM / para aisA kama hI hotA hai / jina nATakakAroM kI racanAoM kI samIkSA vistRta rUpa meM kI gaI hai, unakI kalA sthira ho cukI haiN| jina lekhakoM ne saMkhyA kI dRSTi se kama nATaka likhe haiM yA jinakI kalA kA rUpa sthira nahIM ho pAyA, unakI racanAyoM kI samIkSA saMkSepa meM kI gaI hai| unakI kalA ke vikAsa ke lie abhI patha khulA hai| bhaviSya meM ve yadi nATaka likhanA jArI rakheM to unameM aura bhI unnata vikasita aura kalApUrNa noToM kI kI jA sakatI hai / hindI-nATakoM meM raMgamaMcIya nATakoM kA bhI apanA sthAna hai| unakI upekSA karanA bhArI anyAya aura ahita hai / ragamaMcIya nATakoM ne pArasI-raMgamaMtra para hindI kI pratiSThA karane meM prazaMsanIya kArya kiyA / janatA meM hindI nATakoM ke lie ruci utpanna kii| unase kisI sImA taka hindI-pracAra ko bhI gati milI | raMgamaMcIya nATakoM ne bhI hindI ke prati apanA kartavya pAlana kiyA / unakA bhI vivecana isa pustaka meM kiyA gayA hai / unakI samIkSA itanI fattRta aura tAsvika nahIM kI gaI, jitanI sAhityika nATakoM kii| isakI zrAvazyakatA bhI nahIM thI / vaha aitihAsika aura paricayAtmaka hI adhika hai / nATakakAroM kA krama aitihAsika dRSTikoNa se hI rakhA gayA hai, zreSThatA ke vicAra se nahIM / hara eka nATakakAra kI racanAoM kI samIkSA apane meM svataMtra hai / nAtmaka dRSTikoNa kI jAna-bUjhakara upekSA kI gaI hai| tulanAtmaka samAcA hindI meM hI nahIM, kisI bhI bhASA meM khataranAka uttaradAyitva hai aura vizeSakara vartamAna lekhakoM kI tulanA karanA to bhArI Apatti ko nimaMtraNa denA hai| hindI nATaka kA sampUrNa rUpa meM vikAsa vivecana na karake, pratyeka nAkaTakAra ke vikAsa kI svataMtra rUpa meM samIkSA kI gaI hai / saba nATakakAroM kI racanAoM kI samIkSA par3hakara tulanA pAThaka svayaM bhI kara sakatA hai / isa bAta kA saceSTa pAlana huA hai ki lekhanI kisI se abhibhUta na ho, kisI se udAsIna na ho, kisI se zraddhAvanata bhI na ho| isa bAta kA pUrApUrA prayatna rahA hai ki samIkSAdhIna lekhaka kI kalA kA yathArtha vivecana kiyA jAya / usako sahI rUpa meM pAThaka ke sAmane lAyA jAya / nATya- siddhAMtoM kI kasauTI para unako kasA jAya aura apane prayoga pariNAma binA chipAva

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Aloka durAva ke pAThaka ke sAmane rakha die jAyaM / phira bhI truTiyoM kI jimmedArI se merI lekhanI bhAgegI nahIM / apanI truTiyA~ jAnane ke lie yaha sadA vinIta mana se prastuta rhegii| kisI bhI sujhAva kA yaha sadhanyavAda svAgata kregii| sanAtana dharma kAleja, ambAlA kaiMTa / jayanAtha 'nalina?

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4 . 6. udayazaMkara bhaTTa [172 -167 racanAoM kA kAla-krama 173, itihAsa aura kalpanA 173. dhArmika saMgharSa 175, samAja-citraNa 78, pAtra-caritra-citraNa 180, kalA kA vikAsa 186, abhineyatA 163 / 7. seTha, govindadAma [168-215] racanAoM kA kAla-krama 166, samAja aura mamamyAe 166, pAtra ----- caritra-citraNa 201, kalA kA vikAsa 207, abhineyatA 213 / 8. upendranAtha 'azka' : nATakoM kA kAla-krama 216, samAja kI samasyA 217, hAsya aura . vyaMgya 216, pAtra-caritra-citraNa 220, kalA kA vikAsa 223, abhineyatA 225 / 6. pRthvInAtha zarmA [228-235] samAja kI samasyA 228, pAtra-caritra-citraNa, 226, kalA kA vikAsa 232, abhineyatA 234 / / 10. vRndAvanalAla varmA racanAoM kA kAla-krama 237, itihAsa aura kalpanA 237, samAja aura samasyA 238, pAtra-caritra-citraNa 240, kalA kA vikAsa. 242 / . 11. bhAratendu-maNDala 12. saMkrAnti kAla 248-252] badrInAtha bhaTTa 248, sudarzana 250, gaMgAprasAda zrIvAstava 251 / 13. phuTakara . [254-257 ] becana zarmA 'ugra' 253, jagannAthaprasAda 'milinda 254, candragupta vidyAlaMkAra 256 / 14. raMgamaMcoya nATakakAra [258-267 ] mAdhava zukla 258, aAgA hazra kAzmIrI 258, rAdhezyAma kathAvAcaka 256, nArAyaNaprasAda 'betAba' 261, haridAsa mANika 262, mAkhanalAla caturvedI 263, jamanAdAsa meharA 263,durgAdAbha gupta 265, AnandaprasAda khatrI, 266, zivarAmadAsa gupta 266 /

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bhAratendu harizcandra bhAratendu harizcandra hindI meM nayA sandeza lekara aae| rItikAlIna avasAda-DUbI nizA ke andhakAra meM hindI U~gha rahI thii| aise samaya eka aisI pratibhAzAlI vibhUti kI zrAvazyakatA thI, jo use jagAkara naye mArga para agrasara kare / naI zikSA, pazcimI sAhitya aura vicAra-dhArA kA prabhAva janatA para par3a rahA thA-usake vicAroM meM gatizIla parivartana A rahA thA, para hindI-pAhitya jIvana se bahuta dUra jA par3A thaa| bhAratendu ne use jIvana ke sAtha milAyA / unhoMne sAhitya ko nayA jIvana diyA, naI gati dI, aura hAtha meM svayaM prakAza-jagamaga mazAla lekara use naye mArga para calAyAnaI dizA kI ora modd'aa| unakI pratibhA ke mAnasarovara se vANI kI nirmala, svaccha aura gatizIla maMdAkinI baha nikalI, jisane sAhitya ke pratyeka kSetra ko sIMcA-jo vibhinna dhArAoM meM baha clii| ___ bhASA kA unhoMne saMskAra kiyA, navIna bhAvoM kI saMjIvanI use dI, kalA ke vibhinna rUpoM meM usakA nikharA aura sArthaka prayoga kiyaa| vaha vartamAna hindI-gadya ke pravartaka ke rUpa meM prakaTa hue / bhAratendujI ne zailI kI ora bhI dhyAna diyA / tathya-nirUpaNa kI gambhIra aura zrAvezamayI sazakta zailiyoM kI bhI pratiSThA kii| __ aAdhunika gadya-paramparA kA pravartana bhAratendujI ke nATakoM se hotA hai| bhAratendu se pUrva hindI meM nATaka the hI nahIM, yaha hI pahale maulika aura smaraNIya nATakakAra hue / nATakoM ke rUpa meM bhAratendujI kI bheMTa apane aura prasAda se pUrva kAla taka advitIya hai| bhAratendu ne apane nATakoM dvArA bahumukhI sRjana kiyA / deza-bhakti kI soI zrAga ko jagAyA, naI zikSA ke svastha rUpa ko apanAyA / sAhitya, zailI, bhASA sabhI kI anupama racanA kii| bhAratendu ne maulika prahasana tathA nATaka bhI likhe aura anya bhASAoM

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42 hindI ke nATakakAra I se sundara anuvAda bhI kiye / unake anuvAda bahuta hI saphala haiM aura maulika nATakoM kA sA zrAnanda unameM AtA hai / unakI racanAoM ko maulika aura anuvAda kI zreNI meM isa prakAra bA~TA jAtA hai maulika - vaidikI hiMsA hiMsA na bhavati viSasya viSamauSadham andhera nagarI (ye tInoM vyaMgya pradhAna); bhArata-durdazA, nIladevI, prema-joginI, candrAva aura satI pratApa (apUrNa) anUdita - vidyAsundara, satya * harizcandra, bhArata - jananI ( tInoM ba~galA se ); pAkhaMDa - viDaMbana, dhanaMjaya-vijaya, mudrArAkSasa, ratnAvalI ( cAroM saMskRta se ); karpUra maMjarI ( prAkRta se ) tathA durlabha bandhu ( aMgrejI meM ) / satya harizcandra, vidyA sundara, bhArata - jananI -- ina tInoM nATakoM ke viSaya meM matabheda hai / zrAcArya rAmacandra zukla inako anUdita mAnate haiM aura bAbU vrajaratnadAsa maulika | para hama inakI bhI samIkSA kreNge| racanAoM kA kAla - krama 1 vidyAsundara 2 -- ratnAvalI 3 - pravAsa nATaka 4 - pAkhaMDa viDaMbana 5 - vaidiko hiMsA, hiMsA na bhavati 6 - dhanaMjaya vijaya 7- mudrArAkSasa 5- satya harizcandra - premayoginI 10 - viSasya viSamauSadham 11 - kapUra maMjarI 12 - candrAvalI 13 - bhArata durdazA 14 - bhArata - jananI 15 - nIladevI 16 - durlabha bandhu 17 - aMdhera nagarI 18 -nATaka 16 - satI pratApa saMvata 1625 vi0 1625 "1 1621 " 1626 1630 1630 13 1631.32 57 33 33 1632 1632 " 1633 1633 1633 11 1633 1634 33 1637 22 1637 " 1638 1640 1641 " 13 13 13 39 33

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bhAratendu harizcandra nATakoM kI pRSThabhUmi harizcandra ke nATakoM kI preraNA hai navIna jAgaraNa kI jyoti / unhoMne dekhA, deza meM nayA jAgaraNa ho rahA hai| naI zikSA aura pazcimI vicAroM kA prakAza phailatA jA rahA hai, hama bahuta pichar3e hue haiM / hindI kI vANI naye svaroM ke prati mUka hai / hindI-sAhitya naI cetanA se zUnya hai / unakA hRdaya tilamilA uThA / deza kI hInAvasthA dekhakara unakI deza-bhakti chaTapaTA utthii| yahI deza-bhakti unakI pratibhA ke lie preraka nirdeza banI-yahI deza-bhakti unake lie nizcita patha banI aura yahI deza bhakti unake sAhitya kI prANa bnii| deza-bhakti kI bhAvanA se hI sabala preraNA pAkara bhAratendu ne apane nATaka, kAvya, itihAsa Adi kI racanA kI / isa deza-bhakti ke vibhinna rUpa unakI racanAoM meM milate haiN| kahIM deza ke prAcIna gaurava ke rUpa meM to kahIM hindU-saMskRti ke prati mamatA ke rUpa meM, kahIM samAja-sudhAra ke rUpa meM to kahIM pAkhaNDa-khaNDana ke rUpa meM; aura kahIM bhagavat-bhakti ke rUpa meM to kahIM prama ke rUpa meN| deza-prema se Akula, nava-nirmANa ke utsAha se prerita, janmabhUmi kI sevA se gadgad aura hinduoM kI hInAvasthA se Ahata bhAratendu ne itihAsa, purANa, aura vartamAna jIvana ke vividha kSetroM se apane nATakoM ke lie kathAnaka aura pAtra cune / kathAnaka aura pAtroM kI dRSTi se unake nATaka tIna prakAra ke haiM--paurANika, aitihAsika, kAlpanika yA vartamAna jIvana-sambandhI / rasa kI dRSTi se vIra, zRGgAra, hAsya, karuNA unake nATakoM meM pAye jAte haiN| phala kI dRSTi se, sukhAnta tathA duHkhAnta donoM prakAra ke nATaka unhoMne likhe haiN| 'satya harizcandra paurANika, karuNa tathA vIra rasapUrNa sukhAnta nATaka hai aura 'nIladevI' aitihAsika vIra rasapUrNa sukhAnta nATaka hai / yadyapi bahutoM ne ise duHkhAnta likhA hai / 'vaidikI hiMsA, hiMsA na bhavati', 'aMdhera nagarI', viSasya viSamauSadham vyaMgya-nATikAe haiN| inameM hAsya kA acchA yoga hai| 'prema yoginI' sAmAjika vyaMga aura 'candrAvalI' prema-pradhAna kalpanA-rUpaka haiN| bhAratendu bAbU harizcandra ne jIvana ke hara kSetra se apane nATakoM kI sAmagrI ekatra kI aura unameM jIvana kI vividhatA kA bhI citraNa kiyaa| bhAratendu kI pratibhA saMkucita kSetra meM ba~dhI nahIM thI-usakA vistAra mAnava kI jIvana-dharatI para bahuta dUra-dUra taka thaa| unakI pratibhA, kalA aura kalpanA kI sImAe bahuta udAra thIM / jIvana-sAmagrI ke cunAva meM bhAratendu jI ne apanI kalA ko pUrNa svAdhIna rUpa se khilane dene kA bar3A dhyAna rakhA hai|

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44 hindI ke nATakakAra eka ora to vaha prAcIna bhAratIya bhakti meM vihvala prema rUpakoM kI racanA karate haiM, dUsarI ora prAcInatA kI khillI ur3Ate haiM / yahI navIna prAcIna kA samanvaya unakI kalA kI vizeSatA hai / deza-prema kI preraNA deza-prema kI bhAvanA sarvavyApaka rUpa meM, bhAratendu jI kI adhikatara kRtiyoM meM sajaga hai| deza-prema bhAratendu jI kI kalA ke lie sazakta, jyotimaya aura amara preraNA banA / bhArata kI bhakti ke pAvana uddezya ko lekara unhoMne aneka pustakoM kI racanA kI - bhAratendu jI ne apanI lekhanI se deza-bhara meM rASTrIyatA kA maMgala-maMtra phUMkA 'bhArata - jananI', 'bhArata-durdazA', 'nIla devI' 'viSasya viSamauSadham' Adi meM unakI deza bhakti barasAtI nadI ke samAna umar3a calI hai I 'bhArata - jananI' meM bhArata kI dayanIya dazA kA bahuta hI karuNAjanaka aura hRdaya vidAraka citra unhoMne khIMcA hai : bhayo ghora a~dhiyAra cahU~ disi tA ma~ha badana chipAe / niralaja pare khoi grApunapI jAgatahU na jagAe || kahA kare ita rahikai aba jiya tAsoM yaha vicArA | chor3i mUr3ha ina kaha~ aceta hama jAta jaladhi ke pArA // kahakara bhArata-lakSmI calI jAtI hai / 'samudra ke pAra' aMgreja bhAratIya dhana-vaibhava ko una dinoM Dhokara le jAte the / deza dIna-hIna hotA jAtA thA / kitanI bebasI thI / " eka vera to bhalA apane mana meM vicAroM, niravalaMbA, zoka-sAgara-magnA, abhAginI apanI jananI kI duravasthA ko eka bAra to A~kheM khola ke dekho" bhArata mAtA ke ye zabda vAstava meM bhAratendu ke hRdaya ke hI udbodhana udgAra hai| aMta meM bhArata mAtA sabako dhIraja dete hue samajhAtI hai, "he pyAre vatsagaNa ! aba bhI uTho aura dhairya ke utsAha aura aikya ke upadezoM ko mana meM rakhakara isa dukhiyA ke duHkha dUra karane meM tana-mana se tatpara ho / " 'bhArata jananI' meM bhArata kI duravasthA kI bahuta dvAvaka tasvIra khIMcI gaI hai| 'bhArata durdazA' meM pratIta gaurava kI camakadAra smRti hai, A~sU bharA vartamAna hai aura bhaviSya nirmANa kI bhavya preraNA hai| isameM bhAratendu kA bhArata - prema karuNA kI saritA ke rUpa meM umar3a calA hai: -- zrAzA kI kiraNa ke rUpa meM milamilA bhI uThA hai / bhArata, durdaiva, durdazA, satyAnAza, nirlajjatA,

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45 bhAratendu harizcandra madirA, andhakAra, roga Adi pAtroM kA nirmANa karake bhArata kI durdazA kA citra isameM khIMcA gayA hai| ____ "bhArata durdaiva-hA~, to tuma hindustAna meM jApro aura jisameM hamArA hita ho, so karo basa, 'bahuta bujhAya tumhahiM kahA kahau~, parama catura maiM jAnata ahau~ / aMdhakAra- bahuta acchA, mai calA / basa jAte hI dekhie, kyA karatA huuN|" aMdhakAra bhArata meM prAtA hai| bhArata-durdazA kA prathama gIta hI usakI karuNa avasthA kA citra upasthita kara detA hai "yAvahu~ saba milikai rokhu bhArata bhaaii| hA hA ! bhArata-durdazA na dekhI jAI / " 'viSasya viSamauSadham' bhI deza-sevA kI preraNA se hI likhA gayA hai| bar3audA-nareza malhArarAva gAyakavAr3a ko gaddI se utAre jAne ke viSaya meM, isameM karArA vyaMgya hai| anyAyI, atyAcArI, ayogya zAsaka malhArarAva kI isameM tIkhI majAka ur3AI gaI hai / deza meM jaba aise kukarmI ayogya zAsaka hoM, to deza rasAtala ko na jAya, to kyA ho| ___'nIla devI' meM bhAratIya nArI ke parAkrama aura vIra karma kA Adarza citraNa hai / isakI bhUmikA meM lekhaka svayaM kahatA hai, "isase yaha zaMkA kisI ko na ho ki maiM svapna meM bhI yaha icchA karatA hU~ ki ina gaurAMgI strI-samUha kI bhA~ti hamArI kula-lakSmIgaNa bhI lajjA ko tilAMjali dekara apane pati ke sAtha ghUmeM; kintu aura bAtoM meM jisa bhA~ti aMgrejI striyA~ sAvadhAna hotI hai, par3hI-likhI hotI hai| ghara kA kAma-kAja sa~bhAlatI hai, apane saMtAnagaNa ko zikSA detI hai, apanA svatva pahacAnatI hai. apanI jAti aura apane deza kI sampatti aura vipatti ko samajhAtI hai, usameM sahAyatA detI haiM. aura itane samunnata manuSya jIvana ko vyartha gRhadAsya aura kalaha meM hI nahI khotIM, usI bhA~ti hamAre gRha devatA bhI vartamAna hInAvasthA ko ullaMghana karake kucha unnati prApta kareM, yahI lAlasA hai|" ___ bhAratendu kI bhUmikA se unake deza-prema aura samAjotthAna kI utkaTa lAlasA kA spaSTa pramANa milatA hai| bhAratendu kI rASTrIyatA aAdhunika rASTrIyatA na thI, unakI deza-bhakti yA rASTrIyatA hindutva-pradhAna thI-bhUSaNa kI rASTrIyatA thii| usa yuga kI yahI mAMga bhI thI / 'nIladevI' meM dezabhakti se prerita bIratA ke bhAva bhI hai aura deza kI nirAzAvasthA para chalakate

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46 hindI ke nATakakAra azru bhii| sUryadeva bandIgRha meM lohe ke eka pIMjare meM mUrchita par3A hai aura eka devatA zrAkara gAtA hai : "saba bhA~ti deva pratikUla hoi ehi nAsA / aba tajahu vIravara bhArata kI saba prAsA // aba sukha-sUraja ko udaya nahI ita hai / so dina phira ita aba sapanehU~ nahi aihaiM / / svAdhInapano bala dhIraja sabahiM saM haiM / maMgalamaya bhArata-bhuva masAna jaihai // nirAzA kI saghana a~dherI meM dama ghuTane lagatA hai| hRdaya meM becainI tar3apane lagatI hai | " kumAra ! Apa aisI bAta kaheMge ki zoka me mati vikala ho rahI hai to bhAratavarSa kisakA mu~ha dekhegA ! isa zoka kA uttara hama prazrudhArA se na dekara kRpANa dhArA se deMge / " rAjapUta ke ina utsAha umaMga bhare vIrocita vacanoM se dezodvAra kI kitanI ba~dhatI hai| anta meM vahI hotA hai| nIla devI apane pati kI mRtyu kA pratizodha lene ke lie eka gAyikA banakara abaduzzarIpha ke darabAra meM jAtI hai aura avasara pAkara siMhanI ke samAna usa pAmara kI chAtI para car3hakara apanI kRpANa se usakA kalejA cIra DAlatI hai / aisI vIra, nirbhaya, pratibhAzAlI, nIvinipuNa nAriyoM kI AvazyakatA bhAratavarSa ko sadA rhegii| bhAratendu kA deza-prema kitanI hI dhArAoM meM bahatA hai / para usI deza prema kI dhArA meM bRTiza zAsana kI prazaMsA kI kIcar3a bhI kahIM-kahIM dekhane ko mila jAtI hai / patA nahIM, usa yuga kI yaha kauna-sI zrAvazyakatA thI ? hAsya-vyaMgya bhAratendujI rasa-siddha sAhitya nirmAtA the / prema kI svaccha dhArA unakI lekhanI se prasUta huI, karuNA kI badalI banakara unakA hRdaya barasA zRGgAra kI rasa-bhIgI picakAriyA~ unake hAthoM se chUTI aura hAsya kI gudagudI-bharI phulajhar3iyA~ bhI bhAratendujI ne chor3IM / hAsya-vyaMgya ke vaha siddhahasta lekhaka the / 'vaidikI hiMsA, hiMsA na bhavati' aura 'andhera nagarI' meM loTa-poTa kara dene vAlA hAsya hai / inameM unhoMne samAja aura vyakti para mIThA, manoranjaka aura tIkhA vyaMgya kiyA hai / 'viSasya viSamauSadham ' bhI ucca koTi kI vyaMgyaracanA hai|

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bhAratendu harizcandra 'vaidikI hiMsA, hiMsA na bhavati' meM mAMsa-madirA-bhakSakoM para bahuta sundara, madhura, para sAtha hI gaharA nyaMgya-prahAra hai| kisa prakAra durvyasanI apanI AbhiSa-lolupa jihvA ko tRpta karane ke lie zAstroM aura dharma ke pramANa diyA karate haiM, yaha isa prahasana meM spaSTa hai| isakA nAyaka hai gRddharAja-mAMsa bhanI / maMtrI, purohita, vidUSaka sabho mAMsa, madirA aura maithuna taka kA pratipAdana karate haiM / smRti, bhAgavata, devI, devatA-sabake pramANa mAMsa-bhakSaNa ke samarthana meM juTA die jAte haiN| anta meM mAMsa-bhakSI gaddharAja, purohita, mantrI Adi ko yama, jo daNDa detA hai, usameM bhI eka prakAra kA hAsya he / duSToM ke daMDita hone para sAmAjika prANI avazya Ananda anubhava karate aura ha~sate haiN| ___ "bar3he jAiyo ! koTina lavA baTera ke nAzaka, veda dharma prakAzaka, maMtra se zuddha karake bakarA khAne vAle, dUsare ke mAMsa se apanA mAMsa bar3hAne vAle, sahita sakala samAja zrI gRddharAja mahArAjAdhirAja / " prahasana ke prArambha meM yaha prazasti bahuta upayukta aura hAsyapUrNa hai| "ehi asAra saMsAra me cAra vastu hai sAra / jUmA madirA mAMsa aru nArI-saMga-vihAra / / " purohita ke ye zabda karAre vyaMgya se zrota-prota haiN| zrAzIrvacana kahate hue dUsare aMka meM vidUSaka praveza karatA hai : "he brAhmaNa logo ! tumhAre mukha meM sarasvatI haMsa sahita vAsa kare aura usakI pUcha mukha meM na attke| he purohita, nitya devI ke sAmane bakarA marAyA karo aura prasAda khAyA kro|" ___yaha AzIrvacana hAsya kA bahuta hI bar3hiyA namUnA hai / 'sarasvatI haMsasahita vAsa kare aura usakI pUcha mukha meM na aTake / ' meM bahuta acchA vyaMgya hai / arthAt-juma 'haMsa' ko bhI khA jAno, jo tumhArI iSTa devI sarasvatI kA vAhana hai| "kaNThI tor3o mAlA tor3o gagA dehu bhaaii| are madirA pIyo khAya ke macharI...... bakarA jAhu cvaaii|" 'andhera nagarI' bahuta acchA prahasana hai| yaha eka aise rAjA ke caritra kA vyaMgyAtmaka citra hai, jisake rAja meM saba vastu Take sera bikatI hai . "aMdhera nagarI anabUjha rAjA Take sera bhAjI Take sera khAjA / /

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hindI ke nATakakAra ___isa nagarI meM saba dhAna bAIsa pamerI bikate hai| nyAya kI prAzA hI kyA ? jaisA mana AyA rAjA ne nyAya kara diyA / cAhe gurujI ke lie mAlapUrA pAye, yA cele ke lie canA-cabenA, saba Take ser|" / ___ hAsya-vyaMgya kI racanAoM ke atirikta anya nATakoM meM bhI hAsya kA paryApta puTa pAyA jAtA hai| 'nIla devI' yoM to vIra rasa pradhAna nATaka hai, jahA~-tahA~ karuNA kI jhar3I bhI isameM lagatI hai, para hAsya isa nATaka meM bhI saphala rUpa meM AyA hai| 'nIla devI' kA cauthA dRzya eka sarAya kA hai| sarAya hAsya ke lie upayukta sthAna hai / sarAya kI mAlika yA prabaMdha karane vAlI bhaTiyArina musalamAnI sAhitya aura sabhyatA meM majAka kA sAdhana samajhI jAtI hai, yadyapi bhaTiyArA-zailI kA hAsya ziSTa nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| bhAratIya sAhitya meM usakA mahatva nhiiN| 'nIla devI' nATaka meM musalamAnI sabhyatA kA digdarzana Avazyaka hai| __pIkadAnaalI, caparagaTTa aura bhaTiyArina isa dRzya ke pAtra haiN| tInoM hI hAsya ke pratIka / caparagaTTa kahatA hai : "sunA hai, ve loga lar3ane jaayNge| maine kahA, jAna thor3e hI bhArI par3I hai| yahA~ to sadA bhAgatoM ke prAge mAratoM ke pIche / jabAna kI tega ke kahiye to dasa hajAra hAtha maaruuN|" ___ kAyara aura Darapoka sadA se hAsya ke Alambana rahe haiN| unakI kAyaratA aura bhIrutA sAmAjikoM ko haMsAtI rahI hai| ye bhI donoM kAyara-yuddha-bhIru haiN| donoM kA gAnA bhI suniye : 'pikadAno caparagaTTa hai basa nAma hamArA ika muphta kA khAnA hai, sadA kAma hmaaraa| umarA jo kaheM rAta to hama cA~da dikhA deM, rahatA hai khuzAmada se bharA jAma hamArA / / jara dIna hai, kurAna hai, ImA~ hai, nabI hai, z2ara hI merA allAha hai, jara rAma hmaaraa|' caritroM ke anurUpa yaha gAnA avazya hAsya kI utpatti kregaa| 'nIla devI' meM pAgala ke rUpa meM basanta kA abhinaya bhI bahuta hAsyotpAdaka hai / vaha bar3abar3Ate hue maidAna meM AtA hai : "mAra mAra-maNDa kA baNDa kA saNDa kA khaNDa-dhUpa-chA~ha, canA motI, agahana-pUsa-mAgha, kapar3A-lattA, camAra mAra mAra--iMTa kI A~kha meM hAthI kA bAna-bandara kI thailI kI kamAna ! mAra-mAra"

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bhAratendu harizcandra 46 isameM bhASA aura abhinaya donoM meM hAsya hai / pAgaloM ke pralApa para kauna nahIM ha~satA / 'vaidikI hiMsA hiMsA na bhavati' aura 'viSasya viSamauSadham' vyaMgyapradhAna racanA haiM / inameM to jahA~-tahA~ vyaMgya kI tIkhI bauchAreM mileMgI hI, 'prema yoginI' meM bhI vyaMgya ke acche chIMTe ur3Aye gae haiM : 1 "dhanadAsa - to mahArAja ke kabau samarpana kie ho ki nAhIM ? banitAdAsa -- kauna cIja ? dhanadAsa - are koI cauMkAlI ThallI mAvar3I pAmalI apane ghara vAlI / vanitAdAsa - are bhAI gosAiyana para to sasurI saba Apa bhaharAI par3a thIM / pavitra ho ke vAste hama kA pahu~caive / dhanadAsa -- ina sabana kA bhAga baDA teja hai / mAlo lUTeM mehararuvo lUTeM / " Upara vaiSNava-paramparA aura paddhatiyoM para karArI coTa kI gaI hai / 'premayoginI' kA kAzI-varNana bhI kama hAsyAspada nahIM / "dekhI tumarI kAsI logo dekhI tumarI kAsI, jahA~ birAjai bizvanAtha vizvezvara jI avinAsI / AdhI kAsI mATa bha~DeriyA brAhmana zrI saMnyAsI, AdhI kAsI raMDI muDI rA~Da khAnagI khAsI / loga nikamme bhaMgI gaMjar3a lucce bevisvAsI, mahA AlasI jhUThe zohade ve phikare vadamAsI / X X X amIra saba jhUThe pro nindaka kareM ghAta visvAsI, sipArasI Dara, pukane siTTU boleM bAta prakAsI / mailI galI bharI katavArana sar3I camArana pAsI, nIce nala se badabU ubalai mAno naraka caurAsI / ' hAsya meM suruci kI rakSA karanA bahuta bar3I saphalatA hai / bhAratendu ke hAsya meM azlIlatA yA bhauMDApana nahIM Ane pAyA hai, yaha prasannatA kI bAta hai / para inake hAsya meM kahIM-kahIM vIbhatsa rasa kI chAyA spaSTa dRSTigocara hotI hai| mAMsa-madirA - matsya Adi ke bhakSaNa ke viSaya meM hAsya likhane meM vIbhatsatA ko nahIM bacAyA jA sakatA : "balidAna vAloM kA kUda-kUda kara bakarA kATanA, bakaroM kA tar3apatA aura cillAnA, madirA ke ghar3oM kI zobhA yora bIca meM homa kA kuNDa, usameM mAMsa

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hindI ke nATakakAra kA caTA-caTAkara jalanA aura usameM cirA~hina kI sugaMdha niklnaa...|" yaha varNana hAsya utpanna na karake, vIbhatsa hI utpanna kregaa| .. rAjA zivaprasAda sitArehinda para vyaktigata kAraNoM se unakA vyaMgya karanA bhI ThIka nahIM: "sarakAra aMgreja ke rAjya meM jo una logoM ke cittAnusAra udAratA karatA hai usako 'sTAra Apha iNDiyA' kI upAdhi milatI hai|"-yh vyaMgya zivaprasAda ke Upara hI hai| vyaktigata kAraNoM se kisI para vyaMgya karanA kalA kA durupayoga hai| prama kA svarUpa bhAratendu rasika, sukavi aura premI jIva the| prema-paddhati ke viSaya meM unake 'candrAvalI' tathA 'vidyA sundara' nATakoM ko upasthita kiyA jA sakatA hai| prema prAyaH cAra prakAra kA hotA hai-(1) vivAha ke pazcAt vikasita hone vAlA, jaise rAmAyaNa kA prema / sItA aura rAma kA prema vivAha ke bAda se prArambha hokara vana-jIvana meM vikasita huyaa| yaha svAbhAvika, zuddha, sAtvika tathA svaccha hai / (2) vivAha se pUrva utpanna hone vAlA aura vivAha jisakA pariNAma hotA hai, jaise zakuntalA, vikramorvazI kA prema yA Ajakala kI laghu-kathAoM meM varNita prema / (3) rAjAoM ke mahaloM-udyAnoM meM panapane vAlA prema, aura (4) guNa-zravaNa, citra-darzana, svapna Adi meM bheMTa hone se utpanna prema; jaise prema-gAthAoM-padmAvata, mRgAvatI, madhumAlatI zrAdi kA / _ vidyA sundara' kA prema cauthe prakAra kA prema hai| hIrA mAlina ke dvArA vidyA apane hone vAle pati ke rUpa-guNa ko sunate hI prema meM tar3apane lagatI hai aura paramparA ke anusAra viyoga meM chaTapaTAto huI gAne lagatI hai : "car3hAvata mo pai kAma kamAna vedhata hai jiya mAri-mAri ke tAni sravana lagi baan|" mAlina bhI vidyA ke pUrvAnurAga ko jAnakara kahatI hai : "vAha ! vAha ! yaha anurAga hama nahIM jAnatI thiiN|" ___ eka sthAna para vidyA mAlina se kahatI hai : 'maiM to use (sundara ko) usI dina vara cukI, jisa dina usakA Agamana sunA aura usI dina use tana-mana-dhana de cukI, jisa dina usakA darzana huaa|" * 'vidyA sundara' kA prema suphI DhaGga kA pUrvAnurAga hI hai, yahI prema meM parivartita ho jAtA hai| anta meM vivAha isa prema kA sukhada pariNAma hotA

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bhAratendu harizcandra hai| 'vidyA sundara' kA prema bahuta halkA raha gayA hai, isameM sUfiyoM ke premajaisI saghanatA, tar3apa aura viraha-vyathA nahIM A pAI hai| prema-siddhAnta kA pratipAdana karane ke lie bhAratendu ne 'candrAvalI' kI racanA ko| isameM kRSNa ke prati candrAvalI kA prema dikhAyA gayA hai| candrAvalI braja kI hA, usI yuga ko eka gopikA hai, jo kRSNa ke prema meM pAgala rahatI hai| kula-maryAdA tyAgakara vaha kRSNa ke pIche dIvAnI hai, yahI isa nATaka meM dikhAyA gayA hai| isameM presa kI paddhati vahI hai, jo kRSNopAsaka bhaktoM ne rakhI hai| na isameM maryAdA hai, na loka-lAja aura na kula-dharma kA bhaya / "dekho duSTa ko merA hAtha chur3Akara bhAga gayA, aba na jAne kahA~ khar3A baMsI bajA rahA hai / are chaliyA kahA~ chipA hai ? bola, bola, ki jIte jI na bolegaa|" aise aneka pralApa candrAvalI ke muMha se jaba-taba nikalate rahate haiN| aneka sthaloM para usake prema kI tanmayatA bhI prakaTa hotI haicandrAvalI ke saghana viraha ke citra bahuta prabhAvazAlI banakara Ae haiM : "A~kheM bahuta pyAsI ho rahI hai / inako rUpa-sudhA kaba pilAyoge? pyAre, beno kI laTa baeNdha gaI hai inheM kaba sulajhAyoge ? ( rotI hai ) nAtha ! ina A~suoM ko tumhAre binA koI poMchane vAlA nahIM hai|" para kula milAkara prabhAva kA dhyAna kareM to yaha prema sivA abhinaya ke aura kucha mAlUma nahIM hotaa| bhakti ke nAma para vAsanA kI umar3atI nadI, isa prema meM dekhI jAtI hai| kRSNa jaba yoginI ke veza meM Ate haiM aura candrAvalI ko patA lagatA hai, (lalitA ke kahane para) to vahI vAsanA-vihvalatA, kAma-caMcalatA aura zArIrika tar3apa kI tRpti ke atirikta kucha nahIM mAlUma hotaa| candrAvalI unmAdAvasthA meM kRSNa ke gale se lipaTa jAtI hai aura kahatI hai : "piya tohi rAkhaugI bhujana meM bA~dhi / " / _ 'pApako A~khoM meM A~sU dekhakara mujhase dhIraja na dharA jaaygaa|" kaha kara candrAvalI phira kRSNa ko gale lagA letI hai aura isake bAda vizAkhA aura lalitA ke anurodha se donoM gala bA~hI DAlakara baiTha jAte haiN| isa UTapaTA~ga prema-pradarzana kA kyA uddezya hai, kyA artha, kucha bhI samajhanA kaThina hai / bAra-bAra AliMgana bAra-bAra bhujAoM meM kasanA aura gale laganAlagAnA ----yahI isameM prema kA anta batAyA gayA hai| kitane hI sthaloM para vAsanA kI udvignatA hai, kAma kI chaTapaTAhaTa hai aura bhoga kI becainI hai| "aima bAdaloM ko dekha kauna lAja kI cAdara ragba sakatI hai aura kaise pativrata

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hindI ke nATakakAra kA pAlana kara sakatI hai / " meM 'candrAvalI' nATaka ke vAsanA-janya prema kI jhalaka hai| candrAvalI prema kA eka bhaddA pradarzana hai| bhakti ke nAma para prema kI bhaddI aura asvAbhAvika khilavAr3a jo rItikAlIna kavitA meM huI, usI kA ziSTa rUpa 'candrAvalI' hai / / sivA 'satya harizcandra' aura 'nIla devI' ke bhAratendu kI prema pratiSThA meM na kahIM paristhitiyoM kI mA~ga hai, na kartavya kA anurodha aura na hI jIvana kI svAbhAvika pukAra kA vAstavika uttara / basa, prema ke nAma para rotI hai, ha~satI hai, mUrchita hotI hai, pIr3ita hotI hai, chaTapaTAtI hai, saba-kucha karatI hai premikA; para saba be-buniyAda-nirAdhAra aura nirarthaka ! pAtra-caritra-vikAsa bhAratendu ke prahasana aura nyaMgya-racanAoM para vikAsa, pAtra yA caritra-citraNa kI dRSTi se vicAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| 'vaidikI hiMsA, hiMsA na bhavati', 'viSasya viSamauSadham' tathA 'aMdhera nagarI' meM jo pAtra Aye haiM, ve ekAMgI yA ikaraMge haiN| hAsya meM manovaijJAnika vikAsa kI AzA nahIM kI jA sktii| 'bhArata-jananI' 'bhArata-durdazA' Adi ke viSaya meM bhI yahI samajhanA cAhie / ye bhAva-rUpaka haiN| bhAva-rUpakoM ke pAtra kitanA bhI prayatna karane para mAnava-jIvana kI antardazAoM ko prakaTa karane meM asaphala ho rheNge| unameM jIvana kI raMgIniyA~ nahIM bharI jA sktiiN| 'vidyA sundara' 'nIla devI', 'satya harizcandra' aura 'candrAvalI' ke hI caritra-vikAsa para vicAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| ___ bhAratendu ke nATakoM ke pAtra bhAratIya zAstrIya paddhati ke anusAra hI nirmita hue haiN| vizeSa vyakti meM aise guNoM kI pratiSThA karanA, jo sarva sAdhAraNa ke hRdaya meM rasAnubhUti jagA sake, bhAratIya zAstrIya dRSTi se zreSTha caritracitraNa mAnA jAtA hai| hamAre yahA~ rasa kA sAdhAraNIkaraNa hI lekhaka kI sabase bar3I saphalatA hai| harizcandra ke pAtra bhI zrAdarza caritra haiN| 'vidyAsundara' kI vidyA eka pratiSThita rAjakulotpanna nAyikA aura sundara nAyaka hai| sundara dhIra lalita nAyaka kahA jA sakatA hai| 'candrAvalI' ke kRSNa bhI dhIra lalita nAyaka haiN| 'nIla devI' kA nAyaka sUrya deva dhIrodAtta nAyaka hai aura amIra abaduzzarIpha zaTha nAyaka / isameM zaTha nAyaka ke sabhI guNa haiM / 'satya harizcandra' kA nAyaka harizcandra dhIra prazAnta hai ina nAyakoM meM ve sabhI-zIla, dhairya, ahaGkAra-hInatA, vIratA, nirbhayatA, kSamAzIlatA, madhuratA, saundarya, kulInatA, kartavya-parAyaNatA, nyAyapriyatA prAdi--guNa

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53 bhAratendu harizcandra pAe jAte haiN| prArambha se anta taka divya guNoM se sampanna ye loga haiN| isake viparIta 'nIla devI' kA pratinAyaka bhI sabhI duSTa guNoM se yukta hai| vidyA, zevyA (tArA), nIla devI, candrAvalI Adi nAriyA~ bhI sadguNoM se yukta haiN| ye sabhI bhAratIya nArItva ke AdarzoM ke vibhinna rUpa haiM / vidyA ekaniSTha premikA dharyazAjI, zIlavatI, viduSI, paMDitA, vinodI yuvatI hai| zevyA ( harizcandra kI . patnI / aAdarza pativratA, dhairyazIlA, kaSTasahiSNu, sevAparAyaNa, pati ko cira sahacarI aura mAtRtva tathA patnItva kI zrAdarza pratimA hai / nIla devI eka vIrAMganA kSatrANI hai| buddhimatI, nirbhaya, sabalA nIla devI durgA ke samAna AtatAyI zatra kA kalekA cIra DAlatI hai / candrAvatI bhI Adarza premikA hai / prema jisake jIvana kI sA~seM haiMprema jisake hRdaya kI dhar3akana hai| sabhI nArI-pAtra eka vizeSa varga kA pratinidhitva karate haiM-sabhI eka vizeSa prAdarza ke rUpa ko upasthita karate haiN| adhikatara puruSa aura strI-donoM hI pAtra ekaraMgI haiN| isa ekaraMgI caritra-citraNa meM lekhaka ko kucha bhI kaThinatA nahIM pdd'tii| Atma-saMgharSa, antadvandva yA manovaijJAnika parivartana kA svAbhAvika citraNa karanA hI caritra-citraNa ko sarvazreSTha saphalatA hai| bhAratendu ke nATakoM ke pAtra eka vizeSa prakAra ke kSetra se cune gae haiM, isalie unase aAdhunika caritracitraNa kI kalA kI aAzA nahIM karanI cAhie; to bhI unhoMne antadvandva dikhAne kA prayAsa avazya kiyA hai| usa yuga ke anusAra yaha kama prazaMsanIya nahIM / vidyA kA pitA pratijJA ke viSaya meM socatA hai : "jo maiM aisA jAnatA to apanI kanyA ko aisI kar3I pratijJA na karane detA, para aba to use miTA bhI nahIM sktaa|" ina zabdoM se usake mana kI DA~vADola sthiti kA patA calatA hai| vidyA svayaM eka sthAna para kahatI hai : "guNasindhu rAjA ke putra yahIM haiM aura nizcaya binA to vivAha bhI nahIM ho sakatA, isase merA mana duvidhe meM par3A hai|" / 'candrAvalI' meM yadyapi caritra ke vibhinna guNoM kA vistAra asambhava hai, kevala prema kA hI ekarasa rAga usa meM baja rahA hai to bhI lekhaka ne candrAvalI ke hRdaya kA udghATana karane kA prayatna kiyA avazya hai : "kisase kahU~ aura kyA kahU~, kyoM kahU~, kauna sune aura sune bhI to kauna samajhe hA !" ke isa ucchvAsa meM usake prema kI vyagratA aura nirAza hokara mana meM ghumar3ane vAlI udAsIna pIr3A kA acchA citraNa hai / "jhUThe ! jhaThe ! jhUThe hI nahIM, varaMca vizvAsa-ghAtaka kyoM itanI chAtI Thoka aura hAtha uThA-uThA kara logoM

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hindI ke nATakakAra ko vizvAsa diyA ? Apa hI saba marate, cAhe jahannuma meM par3ate, aura usa para turrA yaha hai ki kisI ko cAhe kitanA bhI dukhI dekheM Apako kucha ghRNA to AtI hI nhiiN|"-ismeN candrAvalI ke hRdaya kA roSabharA upAlambha, nirAzAbharI vedanA, aura prema kI phaTakAra hai| ___ 'nIla devI' meM amIra pAgala, caparagaha pIkadAna alI zrAdi ke caritroM kA bhI bhalA citraNa huaA hai / _ 'satya harizcandra' meM harizcandra jaba zamazAna meM paharA de rahe haiM, taba unake hRdaya kI avasthA dekhie : ___"vidhanA ne isa dukha para bhI viyoga diyaa| hA ! yaha varSA aura yaha dukha ! harizcandra kA to aisA kaThina kalejA hai ki saba sahegA: para jisane sapane meM bhI dukha nahIM dekhA, vaha mahArAnI kisa dazA ma hogii| hA devI ! tumane aise hI bhAgyahIna se sneha kiyA hai jisake sAtha madA dukha-hI sUnI rAta aura maraghaTa kA sannATA, varSA kI Rtu -aise meM apane priyajanoM kA viyoga satAtA hI hai / duvidhA ke bhaMvara meM Dolate hue harizcandra ke citta kI avasthA usake isa kathana se hI prakaTa hai : "nArAyaNa ! nArAyaNa ! mere makha se kyA nikala gayA ? devatA usakI rakSA kreN| (bAI AMkha kA phar3akanA dikhAkara) isI samaya meM yaha mahA apazakuna kyoM huA? (dAhinI bhujA kA phar3akanA dikhAkara) are ! aura sAtha hI maMgala zakuna bhI ! na jAne kyA honahAra hai vA aba kyA honahAra hai ? jo honA thA mo ho cukA / aba isame bar3hakara aura kauna dazA hogI ? aba kevala maraNa mAtra bAkI hai| icchA to nahIM ki satya chUTane aura dIna hone ke pahale hI garIra chaTe, kyoki isa duSTa citta kA kyA ThikAnA hai| para vaza kyA hai ?" rohitAzva kA zava liye tArA ko vaha pahacAna letA hai| yahA~ usakI manovyathA kI sImA TUTa jAtI hai / hRdaya tilamilA uThatA hai aura vaha kartavya aura bhAvanA ke dvandva kI cakkI meM pisa jAtA hai,---"hA vaz2a hRdaya itane para bhI tu kyoM nahIM phaTatA ? are netro aba aura kyA dekhanA bAkI hai ki tuma aba bhI khule ho ? . . . . . isase pUrva ki kisI se sAmanA ho, prANa tyAga karanA hI uttama bAta hai| (per3a ke pAsa jAkara phAMsI dene yogya DAlI khIMcakara usameM dupaTTA bA~dhatA hai) dhairya / maiMne apane jAna saba acchA hI kiyA (dupaTTe kI phA~sI gale meM lagAnA cAhatA hai ki eka sAtha cauMkakara) govinda ! govinda ! yaha maiMne kyA adharma anartha vicArA ! bhalA munaH dAsa

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55 bhAratendu harizcandra ko apane zarIra para kyA adhikAra thA ki maiMne prANa tyAga karanA cAhA !" ___'satya harizcandra' ke maraghaTa kA dRzya caritra-citraNa kI dRSTi se bahuta U~cI coTI para pahu~cA dikhAI detA hai| kalA kA vikAsa ___bhAratendu se pahale hindI meM nATakoM kA abhAva thA / kevala do nATaka bhAratendu ke pUrva likhe gae-giridharadAsa kA 'nahuSa' aura mahArAja vizvanAtha siMha kA 'aAnanda raghunandana' / yadyapi bhAratendu-yuga meM ba~galA-nATakoM kI paryApta racanA ho cukI thI aura bhAratendu kA baMgalA-sAhitya se paricaya bhI khUba thA; to bhI bhAratendu jI ne na ba~galA-nATya-kalA ho ko pUrNa rUpa se apanAyA aura na saMskRta-nATya-kalA kA hI pUrI taraha pAlana kiyaa| kahanA cAhie ki bhAratIya nATya-zAstra ke bandhanoM ke jhamele meM na par3akara aura sAtha hI pazcimI kalA kA aMdhAnukaraNa na karake unhoMne svAdhInatA se likhanA prArambha kiyA aura navIna patha kA nirmANa kiyaa| ___ bhAratendu ke sAmane hindI-nATaka na the, isalie unakI kalA ko hama vartamAna vikasita nATya-siddhAntoM kI kasauTI para parakhanA ucita nahIM samajhate / unake nATakoM meM aneka bhaddI bhUleM haiM; isameM sandeha nahIM; phira bhI unhoMne nATaka-racanA kA dvAra kholA aura apane yuga ke anusAra bahuta acche nATaka likhe / ___ saMskRta-nATakoM ke samAna hI bhAratendu bAbU ke lagabhaga sabhI nATakoM meM prastAvanA aura bharatavAkya haiN| 'satya harizcandra', 'candrAvalI', 'vaidikI hiMsA, hiMsA na bhavati', 'viSasya viSamauSadham', 'bhArata jananI' Adi meM nAMdI-pATha, prastAvanA, bharata-vAkya Adi sabhI diye gae haiN| aMkoM kA vibhAjana kahIM-kahIM saMskRta ke samAna hI hai| 'candrAvalI' meM prastAvanA ke bAda viSkambhaka, jisameM zukadeva aura nArada candrAvalo ke prema ke viSaya meM bAteM karate haiM, diyA gayA hai / 'candrAvalI' meM dUsare aMka ke bAda aMkAvatAra bhI kiyA gayA hai| saMskRta-nATakoM ke samAna hI svagata kI bharamAra aura padyAtmaka saMvAda bhI unake sabhI nATakoM meM haiN| 'satya harizcandra' ke prathama aMka meM nArada aura indra paraspara vArtAlApa karate-karate bIca-bIca meM svagata-bhASaNa bhI karane lagate haiN| tIsare aMka meM mahArAja harizcandra kAzI meM ghUmate hue kAzI aura gaMgA-varNana meM tIna pRSTha kA svagata-bhASaNa kara DAlate haiN| zmazAna meM to isase bhI adhika kamAla karate haiM-pUre 6 pRSTha kA svagata-bhASaNa unake mukha se karAyA gayA hai|

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56 hindI ke nATakakAra nATakIya anurodha ke binA hI aneka sthaloM para prakRti-varNana bhI aneka nATakoM meM hai| 'candrAvalI' meM jamanA-varNana yA bAdaloM kI chaTA kA varNana aura 'satya harizcandra' meM kAzI kI zobhA aura gaMgA kA varNana kevala varNana ke lie hI hai: "nava ujjala jala-dhAra hAra hIraka-sI sohati, bica-bica chaharati bUda madhya muktA mani-pohati / lola lahara lahi pavana eka pai ika imi Avata, jimi nara ganamana vividha manoratha karata miTAvata / subhaga svarga-sopAna sarasi sabake mana bhAvata, darasana majjana pAna tribidha bhaya dUra bhagAbata / " gaMgA ke lambe-caur3e varNana kA nATakIya anurodha yA aAgraha se koI sambandha nahIM, kevala bhAratendu harizcandra kI kAzI-bhakti kI hI mA~ga ke kAraNa yaha anATakIya prasaMga nATaka meM jor3A gayA hai| prema yoginI' ke tIsare garbhIka meM sudhAkara dvArA kAzI kA jo varNana karAyA gayA hai, vaha lagabhaga sAta pRSTha taka calatA hai| na usakA kimI nATakIya viSaya se saMbaMdha hai, na usakI aavshyktaa| __ saMskRta nATya-zAstra kI sarala kalA ke sAtha bhAratendu jI ne pazcimI kalA kA sundara aura samayocita sAmaMjasya kiyaa| 'nIladevI' kA zyavidhAna pazcimI zailI kA hai| nATaka kI pUrNa kathA dasa dRzyoM meM kaha dI gaI hai| 'vidyA sundara' meM tIna aMka haiM aura tInoM aMkoM meM kramaza: cAra, tIna aura tIna garbhIka / ye gIka vAstava meM dRzya ke hI paryAya haiN| yaha dRzya-vidhAna bhI pazcimI DhaMga kA hai| ina donoM nATakoM meM na to nAndI-pATha hai, na prastAvanA aura na bharata-vAkya hii| 'nIladevI' 'vaidikI hiMsA, hiMsA na bhavati' tathA 'bhArata jananI' meM to svagata kA vyavahAra itanA kama huA hai ki harizcandra kI pratibhA kI prazaMsA karanI par3atI hai| isa prasvAbhAvikatA ko unhoMne samajhA thA, aisA mAlUma hotA hai| racanA-krama me 'bhArata jananI' aura 'nIladevI' haiM bhI bAda ke nATaka / bhAratIya dRSTi se caritra-citraNa kA mahatva kama hai, zrAdarza aura rama. nirUpaNa kA adhika / pazcimI dRSTi se kArya-vyApAra, caritra-citraNa, aura saMgharSa zrAvazyaka hai / bhAratendujI ne donoM dRSTiyoM ke anusAra nATaka limbane kA prayatna kiyA / candrAvalI Adarza premikA aura kRSNa prAdarza prama ke AdhAra hai| harizcandra Adarza dAnI haiN| nIladevI zrAdarza vIrAMganA, amIra abuzzarIphakhA~

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bhAratendu harizcandra zaThanAyaka aura sUryadeva dhIrodAtta nAyaka hai| bhAratIya dRSTi se rasa kA sAdhAraNIkaraNa ho jAtA hai| rasa kI anubhUti yA sAdhAraNIkaraNa tabhI hotA hai jaba koI vizeSa pAtra-nAyaka, zaThanAyaka, nAyikA-hamAre rasa kA pAlambana banatA hai| yaha tabhI ho sakatA hai, jaba nAyaka sAmAjikoM kA zrAdarza ho / __ vartamAna jIvana ke saMgharSa aura caritra-vaicitrya ke citra to bhAratendu ke nATakoM meM milane asambhava haiM, para unhoMne antardvandva dikhAne kA prayAsa avazya kiyA hai / 'satya harizcandra' meM zmazAna meM khar3e harizcandra ke hRdaya kI avasthA dekhI jA sakatI hai, "isake pUrva ki kisI se sAmanA ho, prANa tyAga karanA hI uttama bAta hai (per3a ke pAsa jAkara phA~sI dene yogya DAlI khIMcakara ) dharma ! maine apane jAne saba acchA hI kiyA... ... .. majhe kSamA karanA / ( dupaTTe kI phA~sI gale meM lagAnA cAhatA hai ki eka sAtha cauMkakara ) govinda ! govinda ! yaha maiMne kyA adharma anartha vicArA ! bhalA mujha dAsa ko apane zarIra para kyA adhikAra thA ki maine prANa tyAga karanA cAhA / " __ caritra ke chipe guNoM ko bhI 'nIla devI' meM prakaTa karane kA acchA prayatna hai| ___"amIra ( khUba ghUra-cUra kara svagata)-hAya ! hAya ! isako dekhakara merA dila bilakula hAtha se jAtA rahA / jisa taraha ho, Aja hI ise kAbU meM lAnA jarUrI hai| ( prakaTa ) vallAha ! tumhAre gAne ne mujhe be-akhtiyAra kara diyA hai / " ___kArya-vyApAra aura guNa-samaSTi kI dRSTi se 'satya harizcandra' bhAratendu kA sarvazreSTha nATaka hai| dvitIya nATaka 'nIladevI' hI mAnA jaaygaa| 'satya harizcandra' meM kathA tejI se Age bar3hatI hai aura vizvAmitra bar3I sazakta gati se apane kArya meM pravRtta hai| 'nIladevI' meM bhI anya nATakoM kI apekSA adhika kArya-vyApAra ke darzana hote haiM / kama-se-kama do ghaTanAeM to nATakIya kautUhala vismaya aura anAzitatA ko bahuta saphalatA se prakaTa karatI haiMpahalI sUryadeva ke par3Ava para amIra kA aAkramaNa aura nIladevI kA gAyikA-rUpa meM amIra abduzzarIfa kA badha krnaa| ___bhAratendu ke mATakoM ke guNoM kI apekSA, doSa adhika spaSTa haiM aura ve saMkhyA meM bhI adhika haiM / saMskRta aura pazcimI nATya-kalA kA sAmaMjasya to unhoMne avazya kiyA; para unameM se kisI ko bhI samajhA bahuta kama / "candrAvalI' aura 'prema yoginI' unakI kalA ke bhaddapana aura asaphalatA

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hindI ke nATakakAra ke zrAdarza namUne haiN| viSkambhaka meM, prArambha meM hI, zuka-nArada-sambAda meM candrAvalI ke prema kI carcA; para bAda meM inakA nATaka meM hI patA nhiiN| isI prakAra tIsare aGka meM tAlAba ke kinAre mAdhavI, candrakAntA, vilAsinI, vallabhA, kAminI Adi kahA~ se A ttpkiiN| na pahale aura na bAda meM hI inakA patA calA / yaha dRzya bhI bahuta bhaddA aura lambA hai-sthAna kI dRSTi se / viSkambhaka kA viSaya prastAvanA meM honA cAhie thaa| prastAvanA meM bhAratendu apanA hI guNa-gAna karane meM lage rhe| prastAvanA meM sUtradhAra kahatA hai| "yaha dekho merA pyArA choTA bhAI zukadeva banakara raMgazAlA meM AtA hai|" yaha hAsyAspada hai| 'prema joginI' meM to nATakIyatA hai hI nhiiN| pAtra taka be-silasile haiN| hara garbhAGka meM naye pAtra A dhamakate haiN| pichaloM kA patA nahIM cltaa| kathopakathana kI dRSTi se 'nIladevI' doSa-mukta hai, zeSa sabhI nATaka sadoSa haiN| 'candrAvalI' meM dUsare aGka meM candrAvalI kA cAra pRSTha kA svagata, tIsare aGka meM candrAvalI kA cAra pRSTha kA aura cauthe meM lalitA kA tIna pRSTha kA jamanA-varNana-svagata-bhadda doSa hI mAne jAyaMge / isI prakAra 'satya harizcandra' meM harizcandra dvArA gaMgA-varNana / 'candrAvalI' kA anta kRSNa-milana meM ho jAnA cAhie thA, do-tIna pRSTha aura bar3hAkara nATaka ko aura bhI sadoSa kara diyA gyaa| harizcandra kI bhASA rasapUrNa aura avasaropayogI hai| bhASA meM nATakIya sazaktatA bhI hai aura pravAha bhI / viSaya ke anusAra bhI vaha apanA kaTu-madhu rUpa dhAraNa karatI hai| prema ke prasaMga meM bhASA madhura, bhAvukatA-bharI, sarala aura rasa-DUbI hotI hai aura vIratA pradarzaka sthala para custa aura gatizIla / pAtroM ke anurUpa bhI vaha apanA colA badalatI hai| 'nIla devI' meM bhASA kA svaccha, sundara, zuddha aura vyApaka svarUpa milatA hai-musalamAna pAtra urdU bolate dikhAI dete haiM aura hindU-pAtra hindii| ___"kuphaphAra saba dAkhile dojakha hoMge aura paigambara Akhirula jamA sallallAha alle husallama kI dIna tamAma rue jamIna para phaila jaaygaa|" yaha urdU kA namUnA hai| yaha eka doSa bhI ho sakatA hai| abhineyatA nATaka kA abhinayopayukta honA, usake pracAra tathA jIvana-vistAra ke lie bahuta bar3A guNa hai / nATakIya paribhASA ke anusAra yaha eka prANavAna

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bhAratendu harizcandra 56 tattva bhI hai / sabhI guNa hone para bhI yadi nATaka abhinaya kI dRSTi se asaphala rahA to vaha paThanIya vizeSatA taka hI rahegA, sAmAjikoM meM na adhika pracAra pAyagA, na usase nATakIya ruci hI prerita ho sakegI / harizcandra ke nATakoM ko jaba hama isa kasauTI para kasate haiM to unake nATaka adhika mAtrA meM abhinaya ke upayukta Thaharate haiM / bhAratendu ke jIvana kAla meM bhI 'satya harizcandra' kA aneka bAra abhinaya kiyA gayA aura ke pazcAt bhI / raMgamaMca ke upayukta hone na hone meM dRzya - vidhAna hI anivArya aura pramukha tatva hai, zeSa bhASA, padyAtmakatA, kArya-vyApAra, caritra-citraNa, saMgharSa Adigau / yadi dRzya-vidhAna ThIka huA to nATaka kA abhinaya ho zravazya sakatA hai, usakA prabhAva par3e yA na par3e- rasa - siddhi ho yA na ho / dRzyavidhAna ke pazcAt kArya - vyApAra, kathA kI tIvratA aura caritra citraNa kI bArI AtI hai| ye sabhI tattva ucita mAtrA meM hue, to nATaka kA saphala aura rasa-sAdhaka abhinaya ho jAyagA / bhAratendu ke sabhI nATakoM kA dRzya-vidhAna bahuta sarala hai / 'vidyA sundara' meM tIna aMka haiM aura pratyeka meM cAra, tIna aura tIna ke krama se garbhaka yA dRzya / pahalA "ka vardhamAna kA rAjabhavana, vardhamAna kA udyAna, hIrA mAlina kA ghara tathA vidyA (vardhamAna kI rAjakumArI) kA bhavana | dUsarA aMka-vidyA kA bhavana, vidyA kA bhavana, vidyA kA bhavana / tIsarA aMkarAjamArga, vidyA kA bhavana, rAja bhavana / ina tInoM aMkoM ke nirmANa meM tanika bhI kaThinAI nahIM / isa nATaka meM kautUhala bhI hai-- - zracAnaka suraMga se sundara kA prakaTa honA vidyA ke bhavana meM / 'vaidikI hiMsA, hiMsA na bhavati' meM cAra aMka hai - aMka hI dRzya haiM / isase sarala to dRzya-vidhAna ho hI nahIM sakatA / yaha prahasana hai, isalie sAmAjika isameM pUrNa rasAnubhUti kareMge / 'andhera nagarI' aura 'bhArata durdazA' meM bhI 6 zraMka haiM / zraMka hI dRzya haiN| inakA nirmANa to saralatA aura sAdagI meM Adarza hai / 'nIla devI' meM nau dRzya haiM-- himagiri kA zikhara - apsarAtroM kA gAna, yuddha kA DerA - aba duzzarIpha kA darabAra, pahAr3a kI tarAI - sUryadeva - nIladevI kA darabAra, sarAyaH caparagahU pIkadAnI kI bAtacIta, sUryadeva ke Dere kA bAharI bhAga, baduzzarIpha kA khemA, kaidakhAnA - sUryadeva eka piMjare meM banda, maidAna, sUryadeva kA DerA aura abaduzzarIpha kA darabAra / dRzyoM ke krama ko dekhane se spaSTa mAlUma hotA hai ki yaha vidhAna bahuta hI sarala hai / eka hI dRzya se kaI kA bhI kAma kiyA jA sakatA hai| yuddha ke Dere yA par3hAva kA dRzya tanika

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30 hindI ke nATakakAra sA parivartana karake sUryadeva aura abaduzzarIpha meM se kisI kA bhI sthAna banAyA jA sakatA hai| . prabhAva kI dRSTi se 'nIladevI' 'satya harizcandra' ke pazcAt pAtA hai| isake sabhI dRzya bahuta saMkSipta, prabhAvazAlI, upayukta aura custa haiN| pahale tIna ko chor3akara sabhI dRzya bar3e prANavAna haiN| nATakIya dRSTi se yaha bhAratendu kA sarvazreSTha nATaka kahalA sakatA hai| cauthA dRzya ha~sAte-hasAte loTa-poTa kara detA hai| pA~cave meM kautUhala, jijJAsA aura anAzitatA bahuta acchI mAtrA meM haiN| sAtavA~ dRzya karuNA aura nirAzA kI andherI phailA detA hai| AThaveM meM karuNA aura nirAzA aura bhI saghana ho jAtI hai-rAjA sUrya deva kI mauta kA samAcAra milatA hai| naveM meM phira sAhasa aura vIratA kA dRzya sAmane AtA hai| dasavA~ dazya atyanta saphala aura samaSTi rUpa meM amiTa prabhAva DAlane vAlA hai| amIra abaduzzarIpha kA vadha nIladevI usake sIne para car3hakara karatI hai| aMtima dRzya meM nATaka ke sabhI guNa A gae haiN| abhinaya kI dRSTi se 'candrAvalI' bahuna bhaddI, asaphala aura nirAzAjanaka racanA hai / isameM viSkambhaka aura prastAvanA nirarthaka haiN| tIsarA aMka nirmANa kI dRSTi se truTipUrNa hai| saMvAda asvAbhAvika aura bahuta lambe haiN| na isameM kArya vyApAra hai, na koI uddazya / bhASA bhI be-ThikAne-kahIM vrajabhASA to kahIM khar3I bolI kA prayoga gadya-saMvAdoM meM bhI karAyA gayA hai| . saMvAda bar3e-bar3e, prema-pralApa ke atirikta kucha nahIM, jo na kathAnaka ko hI bar3hAte haiM / na koI cAritrika guNa hI prakaTa karate haiN| ___ viSasya viSamauSadham' bhANDa hai, jo abhinaya se koI saMbaMdha hI nahIM rakhatA / eka vyakti khar3A-khar3A bakatA rahe, kisa zrotA meM itanA dhIraja hai ki isa bakavAsa ko sunatA rahe / 'bhArata jananI' ekAMkI hai| abhinaya kI dRSTi se usameM raMgamaMca-sambandhI koI doSa nhiiN| vaise vaha Ajakala abhinIta kiyA jAya to kisI kAma kA nahIM samajhA jaaygaa| pratIka rUpakoM kA abhinaya kabhI bhI prabhAvazAlI nahIM ho sakatA / bhAva aura bhAvanAoM ko vyakti mAnakara sAmAjika usameM zrAnanda nahIM le sktaa| abhinaya kI dRSTi se padyAtmaka saMvAda aura svagata kA doSa to bhAratendu ke prAyaH sabhI nATakoM meM milatA hai| yaha usa yuga kA calana thaa| Aja kala inako nikAlA jA sakatA hai| - abhineyatA para vicAra karate hue eka-do choTI-moTI bAtoM kA bhI dhyAna rakhA jAtA hai| abhinaya meM avasara ke anusAra bhASA honI caahie|

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bhAratendu harizcandra 61 bhASA kI dRSTi se harizcandra ne Adhunika gadya kA pravartana kiyA hai| unakA gadya nATakoM meM hI nikharA hai / pAtra, sthiti, caritra, bhAva zrAdi ke anurUpa hI bhASA bhAratendu jI ne likhI hai / yahA~ taka ki musalamAna pAtroM se urdU kA prayoga karAyA hai / vIra, karuNa, zRGgAra, hAsya sabhI ke anurUpa bhASA likhane meM harizcandra ne prazaMsanIya saphalatA pAI / kahIM-kahIM bhAratendu jI ne raMgamaMca -sambandhI nirdeza bhI diye haiM- " eka TUTe devAlaya kI sahana meM eka mailI sAr3I pahane bAla khole bhAratajananI nidrita-sI baiThI hai, bhArata - santAna idhara-udhara so rahe haiM / bhAratasarasvatI AtI hai / sapheda candrajota chor3I jAya, gAtI huI, ThumarI / " abhinetA meM nATaka ke AkAra kA bhI vicAra kiyA jAtA hai| nATaka bahuta bar3A huA, to usakA abhinaya na ho skegaa| sAmAjika tathA abhinetA donoM hI thaka jAyaMge / isa dRSTi se harizcandra ke sabhI nATaka choTe haiN| kisI ke bhI abhinaya meM Der3ha ghaNTe se adhika samaya nahIM laga sakatA | 'nIladevI' aura 'vaidikI hiMsA, hiMsA na bhavati' 40-40 pRSThoM ke hI haiM aura 'vidyA sundara' 60 pRSTha kA / kArya-vyApAra aura atadvandva bhI bhAratendu ke nATakoM meM kisI-na-kisI rUpa meM pAyA hI jAtA hai / 'nIladevI', 'satya harizcandra' tathA 'vidyA sundara meM yaha ucita mAtrA meM AyA hai /

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: 2 : jayazaMkara 'prasAda' prasAda kA vyaktitva navajAgaraNa ke maMgala prabhAta meM bhAratendu kI pratibhA kiraNa prakAza kA sandeza dekara samaya hI vilIna ho gaI / sAhitya meM phira zithilatA aura jar3atA kA andhakAra chA gayA, yadyapi zraneka sAhitya sraSTA apanI pratibhA se kucha-na-kucha prakAza pradAna karate hI rahe / jAgaraNa kI goda meM prasAda jI laukika pratibhA liye divya prakAza piNDa ke samAna prakaTa hue| prasAda ne sAhitya ke hara kSetra meM - sudUra konoM taka ko prakAzita kiyA / unakA mahAn vyaktitva hindI sAhitya meM varadAna ke samAna udita huA / prasAdajI bhAratIya sAMskRtika jAgaraNa ke devadUta the / unake vyaktitva meM bauddhoM kI karuNA, zrAryoM kA zrAnandavAda aura brAhmaNoM kA teja thA / bhAratIya atIta ke ananya uddhAraka aura upAsaka 'prasAda' ke hRdaya meM Arya-saMskRti ke prati agAdha mamatA thI / usa pratIta saMskRti meM unako mAnavatA kA mahAn darzana huA thA aura unakA dRr3ha vizvAsa thA ki yahI sAMskRtika utthAna bhAratIya jIvana ko divya banA sakatA hai--usameM prANapratiSThA kara sakatA hai- - sazakta gati lA sakatA hai| hamArI yahI saMskRtijisameM tyAga kA gaurava hai, vijaya kI zakti hai, karuNA kI taralatA hai aura kSamA kI zranukampA hai - pazcimI sabhyatA kI cakAcauMdha ko roka sakatI hai| dI saMskRti kA prasAdajI kalpanA ke koSa aura pratibhA ke akhaNDa bhaNDAra the / unhoMne apanI pratibhA se atIta kI moTI-moTI durbhedya taddoM uddhAra kiyA / apanI raMgIna kalpanA kA raMga car3hA, usa saMskRti ke alabhya - amUlya ratnoM ko vizva ke pArakhiyoM ke sAmane rkhaa| yahI saMskRti unake nATakoM, kavitAoM, kahAniyoM, nibaMdhoM Adi meM sajaga hokara aaii| bhASA ko unhoMne navIna rUpa diyA, bhAvoM ko naye sA~ce meM DhAlA, kalA kA abhinava

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jayazaMkara prasAda' zRGgAra kiyA aura alaMkAroM kA abhUtapUrva DhaMga se prayoga kiyaa| prAcInatA ko navIna jIvana diyA-navIna prANa diye / kahAnI, upanyAsa, kavitA, 'nATaka, nibaMdha, purAttatva, itihAsa-sabhI kSetroM meM unhoMne alaukika kArya kiyA / aura sabhI aora sAMskRtika cetanA prasAda ko prerita kara rahI hai| nATakoM kA kAla-krama 1-sajjana san 1910-11 2--kalyANI-pariNaya 1912 3-karuNAlaya 4-prAyazcitta 5-rAjyazrI 6-vizAkha 1621 7-ajAtazatru 1922 8-kAmanA (prakAzita 1627) 1623-24 hai-janmejaya kA nAgayajJa 1926 10-skandagupta 1628 11-eka ghUTa 1626 12-candragupta 13-dhruvasvAminI sAMskRtika cetanA sAMskRtika cetanA prasAda ke sabhI nATakoM kI prANa hai-yahI unake lie sabala preraNA hai| prasAda ke hRdaya meM bhAratIya saMskRti ko punaH pratiSThA karane ke lie tIbra zrAkulatA hai| isI kI jAdUbharI preraNA pAkara prasAda ne purAtattva kI khoja kI aura dabe ratnoM ko nikaalaa| isI bhAratIya zrAlokamayI tejasvI saMskRti ke raMga-biraMge citra prasAdajI ne apane nATakoM meM diye haiN| prasAdajI kI putaliyoM ne dekhA ki bhAratIya saMskRti pada-dalita ho rahI hai| usI kI goda meM, usI kA amRta-jaisA dUdha pIkara pale bhAratIya usakA tiraskAra kara rahe haiM aura videzI sabhyatA ke pIche pAgala ho rahe haiN| unakI palakoM meM mamatA ke A~sU chalaka Ae / prathama cAra ekAMkI haiN| 'eka ghUTa' aura 'kAmanA' bhAva-rUpaka hai aura zeSa sabhI aitihAsika nATaka /

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hindI ke nATakakAra zrArya-saMskRti kI upekSita avasthA dekhakara prasAdajI ne 'kAmanA' kI racanA kI / 'kAmanA' hamArI bholI vAtsalyamayI madhura mAnavatApUrNa saMskRti hai aura 'saMtoSa' usakA pati - prAdhAra aura uddezya hai / 'phUloM kA dvIpa' usakA pyArA deza hai| videzI 'vilAsa' 'kAmanA' ko pathabhraSTa karane ke lie bhautika sabhyatA kI cakAcauMdha use dikhAtA hai / svarNa kA mUlya bar3hatA hai - 'kAmanA' bhulAve meM Akara 'santoSa' se dUra hotI jAtI hai aura phira deza meM azAnti, anAcAra aura madirA-pAna kA daura daurA hotA haiphira sukha kahA~ / 'kAmanA' rUpaka pazcimI sabhyatA dvArA lAye gae vilAsa at dearer tasvIra hai / isa rUpaka meM pramAdajo ne hamAro saMskRti ke karuNa vinAza aura prasanna uddhAra kA manohara citra khIMcA hai| saMskRti ke vinAza kA vaha vyathita citra 'santoSa' ke zabdoM meM dekhiye - -64 " ve ( yuvaka ) zikAra aura juA, madirA aura vilAsitA ke dAsa hokara garva se chAtI phulAe ghUmate haiM / kahate haiM, hama dhIre-dhIre sabhya ho rahe hai / " kAmanA ne bhI dekhA ki "aba kyA deza meM dhanavAna aura nirdhana, zAsakoM kA tIvra teja, dInoM kI vinamra dayanIya dAsatA, sainika bala kA pracaNDa pratApa, kisAnoM kI bhAravAhI pazu kI-sI parAdhInatA, U~ca aura nIca, abhijAta aura barbara sabhI kucha to hai / saba kucha sonA aura madirA ke bala para cala rahA hai / " isI saMskRti kI patanAvasthA kA citra 'skanda gupta' meM bhI dekhie / eka sainika kahatA hai ... "hA~, yavanoM se udhAralI huI sabhyatA nAma kI vilAsitA ke pIche Arya jAti usI taraha par3I hai, jaise kulavadhU ko chor3a koI nAgarika vezyA caraNoM meM / jAtIya jIvana ke nirvANonmukha dIpa kA yaha dRzya hai / " Upara ke uddharaNoM meM prasAda kI vaha vyathA baja rahI hai, jo unheM apanI saMskRti ke patana para hotI thI / isa jarjara saMskRti ko prANavAna kaise banAyA jAya- isako kaise punarjIvita kiyA jAya, yahI prasAda kI zrAkAMkSA kA sabala anurodha hai / prasAda jI ne Arya-saMskRti kA mahAn aura anupama rUpa upasthita karane ke lie, usake divya guNoM ke svastha pakSa ko vizva ke sAmane rkhaa| mAnavatA kA bhavya rUpa hI ise vizva kI A~khoM meM gauravazAlI banA sakatA hai / yahI prasAdajI ne upasthita kiyA / 'janmejaya kA nAgayajJa' meM zrArya saMskRti ko sabala pairoM para khar3A karane kA eka prayAsa hai / usameM nAgoM kA damana kara

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jayazaMkara 'prasAda' janmejaya ne AryarASTra ko sabala banAyA aura saMskRti kI eka dhuMdhalI jhA~kI dikhAI / 'ajAta zatra' meM gautama ke rUpa meM vahI Arya-saMskRti karuNA kI mamatAlu mUrti banakara kSamA, sneha, sahAnubhUti, saMvedanA kA sandeza dete hue prakaTa huii| gautama kahate haiM-"bhUmaNDala para sneha kA, karuNA kA, kSamA kA , zAsana phailaayo| prAriNa- mAtra meM sahAnubhUti ko vistRta karo / " yahI mAnavatA kA vAstavika rUpa hai aura yahI hamArI mahAn saMskRti kI sA~sa hai| ..... "vizva ke kalyANa meM agrasara ho / asaMkhya dukhI jIvoM ko hamArI sevA kI AvazyakatA hai| isa dukha-samudra meM kUda pdd'o| yadi eka bhI rote hue hRdaya ko tumane ha~sA diyA, to saikar3oM svarga tumhAre antara meM vikasita hoNge|" -[ gautama, 'ajAtazatru' meM ] ___ isI saMskRti kA mahAn sandeza hamAre pUrvaja jIvana-draSTA RSi yuga-yuga se dete A rahe haiN| zAMti kA vaha zItala chAyAdAra vRkSa unhoMne dharatI para lagAyA hai, jahA~ bhautika zrAtapa-tApa se jhulasA mAnava sukha aura surakSA kA vizvAsa pAtA hai| ___ isI mAnavatA kI preraNA ke mahAn vizvAsa ko zrAtmA meM vikasita karake hamAre RSi vizva-kalyANa-cintana meM lIna nirbhaya ho pazu-bala kI bhartsanA karate haiN| vizva-vijetA kA dambha liye sikandara jaba dANDyAyana ke sAmane aAtA hai, taba dANDyAyana kahatA hai "jaya-ghoSa tumhAre cAraNa kreNge| hatyA, rakta-pAta aura agnikANDa ke upakaraNa juTAne meM mujhe aAnanda nahIM / vijaya-tRSNA kA anta parAbhava meM hotA hai, alakSendra / " jisake khaDga kI camaka se bar3e-bar3e sAmrAjyoM ke paira lar3akhar3A gae, vahI sikandara eka vRkSa kI chAyA meM baiThe nagna RSi kI bhartsanA sunakara kyA sanna na raha gayA hogaa| jo itanI kharI bAta kaha sakatA hai, usakI saMskRti meM koI dinya guNa avazya hai, jisakA use avalamba hai-bharosA hai| rakta-pAta aura agni-kANDa kI nindA karane vAle kI saMskRti kitanI kSamAzIla honI cAhie-kitanI zaraNAgata-rakSaka honI cAhie ! skandagupta ke dvArA diyA gayA AzvAsana kitanA manohara hai-''kevala sandhi-niyama se hI hama loga bAdhya nahIM haiM, zaraNAgata kI rakSA karanA bhI kSatriya kA dharma hai|" aura isa

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hindI ke nATakakAra dharma ko hamane kitanI ho bAra viSa ke bUMTa pIkara bhI surakSita rakhA hai| itihAsa isa bAta kA sAkSI hai| kSamA hamArI kSamatA hai| 'candragupta' meM yaha kSamA bhI kitanI gauravazAlI hai| _ 'senApati, rakta kA badalA ! isa nRzaMsa ne nirIha janatA kA akAraNa vadha kiyA hai-pratizodha !"-[ eka sainika ] __ "Thaharo mAlava vIro, Thaharo ! yaha bhI eka pratizodha hai / yaha bhArata ke Upara eka RNa thA-parvatezvara ke prati udAratA dikhAne kA yaha pratyuttara hai|" ____ kahakara siMharaNa turanta sikandara ko mukta kara detA hai| yaha kSamA, yaha kRtajJatA, yaha pratizodha itihAsa ke lie spardhA kI vastu hai| Arya-saMskRti kA yaha divya rUpa sAmane rakhakara prasAda jI ne hamArI A~khoM ko navIna prakAza diyA-unhoMne usa gauravazAlI patha kA nirmANa kiyA, jisake lie hama saikar3oM varSoM se bhaTaka rahe the / prasAda jI ne brAhmaNa zAzvata dharma kI jhA~kI dikhAI aura sAtha hI kSAtra-dharma ke dedIpyamAna bala kA rUpa bhI upasthita kiyaa| unakA yaha kArya bhAratIya sAhitya-nirmANa meM mahAn siddhi hai-gauravamaya saphalatA hai| aitihAsikatA saMskRti prANa hai aura atIta kA gauravazAlI vaibhavapUrNa itihAsa usakA svastha zarIra / atIta kI prArya-saMskRti kI pratiSThA ke lie prasAdajI ne bhAratIya itihAsa ko cunA / itihAsa kI sabala buniyAdoM para unhoMne saMskRti kA bhavya bhavana nirmANa kiyaa| prasAdajI ko apane pUrvajoM ke itihAsa para vizvAsapUrNa garva thA-usase unheM moha thaa| prasAdajI ke ( 'eka cUMTa' aura 'kAmanA' ko chor3akara ) sabhI nATaka bhAratIya itihAsa ke camakate rasna haiM / prasAdajI ne bhArata kA vaha itihAsa liyA hai, jaba Arya-sabhyatAsaMskRti aura zakti vaibhava-zaila ke sarvocca zikhara para AsIna thI / prasAda ke nATakoM kA aitihAsika kAla bhAratIya parAkrama kA camakatA yuga hai / AryasAmrAjya-vistAra kA vaha samaya thA / videzI AkramaNakAriyoM ko parAjita karake bhAratIya gaurava kA abhiSeka karane kA avasara thaa| hamArA rAjanItika prabhutva vyApaka thaa| vyApAra-vyavasAya, kalA-kauzala, sAhitya-sRjana Adi sabhI dRSTiyoM se vaha kAla 'svarNa-yuga' thaa| prasAdajI ke nATakoM kA samaya bhArata-yuddha ( mahAbhArata ) ke bAda se

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67 jayazaMkara 'prasAda' prArambha hokara samrATa harSa taka pAtA hai| aitihAsika dRSTi se 'Arya-svarNayuga' kA AbhAsa 'janmejaya kA nAgayajJa' se hone lagatA hai| 'ajAta zatra' meM sAmrAjya-vistAra ke prayatna ke rUpa meM yaha spaSTa hotA huA dIkhatA hai| 'candrapta ' meM samasta bhArata meM magadha ke Arya sAmrAjya kA vistAra ho jAtA hai| parAjaya svIkAra kara selyUkasa ko apanI putrI kA vivAha bhAratIya samrAT candragupta se karanA par3atA hai| 'dhra vasvAminI' meM videzI hUNoM ke netA kA vadha karake rAmagupta-jaise kloba ko mArga se haTAkara candragupta samrAT banatA hai aura 'skandagupta' meM bhArata para AkramaNa karane vAle hUNoM kA nAza karake gupta-sAmrAjya ko surakSita aura sabala banA diyA jAtA haigupta sAmrAjya kA uddhAra videzI AtatAyiyoM ke hAthoM se kara liyA jAtA hai| bauddhakAla (ajAtazatra ) maurya-kAla ( candragupta) guptakAla (dhruva svAminI' aura 'skandagapta' ) vardhanakAla ( 'rAjya-zrI' ) sabhI prasAda jI ke nATakoM meM A jAte haiN| ___prasAda ke nATakoM ke nAyaka itihAsa ke vizva-vikhyAta puruSa haiN| 'janmejaya kA nAgayajJa' kA nAyaka janmejaya mahAbhArata-kAla ke bAda bhArata kA zAsaka bnaa| yaha parIkSita kA sabase bar3A putra thA-zratasena, ugrasena, bhAmasena tIna isake choTe bhAI the| isane nAgajAti se bhayaMkara yuddha kiyA aura nAgoM ko naSTa karake sudRr3ha zrArya-rAjya kI sthApanA kii| yaha nATaka zuddha aitihAsika hote hue bhI paurANika bhI ginA jA sakatA hai| ___ 'ajAtazatra' se 'dhra vasvAminI' taka sabhI nATaka zuddha aitihAsika haiN| unake prasiddha pAtra itihAsa kI goda meM prakAza-stambha ke samAna khar3e haiN| 'ajAta zatra' kA biMbasAra* zizunAga vaMzIya samrAT thA / vaha buddha ke __ *ajAtazatru ke pitA bimbasAra aura candragupta maurya ke putra bindusAra ko eka mAnakara DaoNkTara somanAtha gupta ne apanI aitihAsika nA samajho kA Azcaryajanaka paricaya diyA hai / candragupta maurya ko gautama buddha kA samakAlIna batAkara to aura bhI kamAla kara diyA / unhoMne itihAsa kI marammata yahIM taka nahI kIazoka aura ajAtazatru ko eka hI vyakti banA DAlA ! 'hindI nATakasAhitya kA itihAsa' meM pRSTha 164 para Apa likhate hai, "bimbasAra (bindusAra) inhIM samrAT candragupta kA putra thA, jo unake pazcAt magadha kA samrAT banA / gautama buddha ke samakAlIna ina samrATa ke samaya meM, jisa SaDyantra kI yojanAeM ho rahI thIM,.. .. "usI aitihAsika sAmagrI ko ajAtazatra kA AdhAra

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68 hindI ke nATakakAra jIvana-kAla ( 567 se 480 I0 pUrva ) meM hI magadha para zAsana karatA thaa| rAjagaha ( rAjagRha ) usakI rAjadhAnI thii| usane kauzala kI rAjakumArI kozaladevI, licchavI vaMza kI rAjakumArI chalanA, paMjAba kI rAjakumArI kSemA se vivAha kiyA / chalanA se zrajAtazatra kA janma huA gautama, bimbasAra, ajAtazatru, prasenajita ( kozala- nareza ) viruddhaka, padmAvatI, AmrapAlI udayana sabhI itihAsa prasiddha vyakti haiM / aura isameM varNita ghaTanAeM - AmrapAlI dvArA buddha ko bhojana karAnA, kozala- magadha kA yuddha, prasenajita kA viruddhaka se virodha Adi bhI itihAsaparicita ghaTanAeM haiM | 'candra gupta' ke cANakya, candragupta, nanda, rAkSasa, parvatezvara, sikandara, selyUkasa, AmbhI, dANDyAyana - sabhI aitihAsika vyakti haiM / chUdrakoM aura sikandara kA yuddha aura sikandara kA burI taraha ghAyala honA, yUnAnI itihAsa taka meM milatA hai / dANDyAyana - sikandara kI bheMTa aura dANDyAyana ( daNDamisa) dvArA sikandara kA phaTakArA jAnA bhI itihAsa kA satya hai / candragupta selyUkasa kA yuddha ( 305 I0 pUrva ) bhI satya ghaTanA hai / aura kArneliyA - candragupta-vivAha bhI itihAsa mAnatA hai / itihAsa ke dvArA yaha bhI siddha ho cukA hai ki candragupta kSatriya thA / gorakhapura ke uttara-pUrva meM mauryoM kA eka prajAtaMtra rAjya thA - usI maurya-kSatriya - zAkhA meM candragupta kA janma pippalI kAnana meM huA thA / 'dhra vasvAminI' aura 'skandagupta' gupta kAla ke nATaka hai| samrAT samudragupta ke bAda unakA putra rAmagupta samrAT banA / vaha kAyara aura vilAsI thA / 'dhruvasvAminI' usI kI patnI -- gupta - kula kI rAjya lakSmI thI / rAmagupta kI kAyaratA kA lAbha uThAkara zakarAja khiMgila ne dha vasvAminI kI 7 banAyA gayA hai / ' "ajAtazatru kyA azoka kA hI dUsarA nAma thA ? pariNAma to yahI nikalanA cAhie ki azoka zrIra ajAtazatru donoM eka hI vyakti haiM / " itihAsa kA sAdhAraNa vidyArthI bhI jAnatA hai ki gautama buddha aura candragupta meM lagabhaga 250, ajAtazatru aura azoka meM 300, tathA bimbasAra ( ajAtazatru kA pitA ) aura bindusAra ( azoka kA pitA ) meM 300 varSa kA antara hai / yaha sarvamAnya tathya hai / para sarvamAnya tathya ko svIkAra karane meM gupta jI kI vilakSaNa khoja kI zAna bhalA kyA rahatI /

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jayazaMkara prasAda mAMga kI / rAmagupta dvArA dhra vasvAminI khiMgila kI bheMTa kara dI gaI / apane kula kI mAna-rakSA ke lie candragupta, (rAmagupta kA choTA bhAI) dhra vasvAminI ke veza meM khiMgila ke zivira meM gayA aura usane usakA vadha kara diyA / sabhI senAnAyakoM aura saradAroM ne candragupta ko samrATa banAyA aura rAmagupta ko mAra ddaalaa| candragupta (dvitIya) ko patnI dhruvasvAmino se kumAragupta aura govindagupta do putra hue| kumAragupta niyamAnusAra samrATa banA / kumAraguptake bhI do putra hue-eka skandagupta aura dUsarA puragupta / skandagupta niyamAnusAra yuvarAja banAyA gayA / ____ 'bhra vasvAminI' aura 'skandagupta' meM gupta-vaMza ke sAmrAjya-kAla kA itihAsa hai| ina donoM nATakoM ke sabhI vyakti itihAsa meM prasiddha hai| baMgAla se saurASTra taka aura dakSiNa meM maisora taka gupta sAmrAjya kA vistAra thaa| ___rAjyazrI' meM harSavardhana aura rAjyavardhana ke zAsana-kAla kA itihAsa hai| isameM varNita bhI sabhI ghaTanAeM aitihAsika haiN| harSa dvArA dharma-sabhA kI yojanA, rAjyavardhana kA gaur3a-nareza narendragupta dvArA vadha, harSa kA pulakezina se yuddha zrAdi itihAsa kI sAkSI haiN| - jahA~ taka ho sakA hai, prasAdajI ne ghaTanAtroM aura caritroM kI naI kalpanA kama hI kI hai-unakA rUpa zuddha aitihAsika rakhane kI ceSTA kI hai, phira bhI nATakoM ko saphala banAne aura rasa-niSpatti ke lie kalpanA se kAma avazya liyA gayA hai| __ kevala itihAsa ko jyoM-kA-tyoM hI rakhakara unhoMne bhramoM ko satya siddha karane kA prayatna nahIM kiyaa| itihAsa aura purAtattva kI gambhIra khoja bhI unhoMne kii| ajAtazatra , candragupta, dhra va svAminI, skandagupta, rAjyazrI . Adi kI bhUmikAe isakI sAkSI haiN| yUnAnI itihAsoM kI galtI se candragupta ko zudra mAnane kI nAsamajhI abhI taka kI jA rahI thI, vaha prasAdajI ne dUra kI 'candragupta' kI vizAla bhUmikA meM candragupta ko sabala pramANoM aura khojoM dvArA kSatriya siddha kiyA aura nanda ko zUdra / rAjyazrI, vizAkha, ajAtazatra, janamejaya kA nAgayajJa, dhru vasvAminI-sabhI kA, jo aitihAsika paricaya prasAda jI ne diyA hai, usase unakI gambhIra itihAsacetanA kA patA calatA hai / jAtaka, purANa, yUnAnI itihAsa, cInI yAtrI suenasAMga ke varNana Adi sabhI meM se unhoMne apane pramANoM ke lie sAmagrI ta prastukI hai / isa prakAra prasAda jI ne do prakAra se itihAsa kI sevA kii|

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hindI ke nATakakAra eka to prAcIna itihAsa sAmane rakhA, dUsare navIna khojeM bhI kI aura saccA itihAsa apane nATakoM dvArA prastuta karane kA stutya prayatna kiyA / rASTrIya jAgaraNa samaya kI mUrchAbharI goda meM be-sudha-vismRti ke khaNDaharoM meM chipe hamAre jarjara sAMskRtika Aloka-maMdira kA hI punarnirmANa prasAdajI ne nahIM kiyA, usameM rASTrIya prANavAna jIvana kI bhavya pratiSThA bhI kI / videzI rAjanItika prabhutva se AtaMkita bhAratIya hRdaya ko zakti aura surakSA kA avalamba dekara Azvasta kiyA-prAtma-bala kA vizvAsa dilaayaa| pazcimI sabhyatA ke prakAza se cauMdhiyAI patha-bhUlI A~khoM ko zItala paza-pradarzaka Aloka diyA-dIna bhAva se jarjara jIvana ko sazakta gati dii| vijaya-mada meM cUra pazu-bala para garvita pazcimI sabhyatA kI bAr3ha ko rokane ke lie prasAda ke atirikta kisI bhI anya lekhaka ke nATaka samartha aura saphala bA~dha nahIM bana sake / prasAda kI rASTrIyatA meM gauravazAlI vijaya kA ullAsa hai| usameM bhAratIya zakti, zaurya, sevA, kSamA, balidAna-sabhI kI raMgIna kiraNeM hamAre atIta ke citroM ko camakAtI haiN| vaha hamAre vaibhava aura videzI AtatAyiyoM-aAkramaNakAriyoM ke parAbhava kI kahAnI hai| paradezI vijetAoM ke dambha ko cunautIpUrNa uttara hai / 'skandagupta' meM bandhuvarmA kahatA hai-"tumhAre zastra ne barbara hUNoM ko batA diyA hai ki raNa-vidyA kevala nRzaMsatA nahIM hai| jinake AtaMka se prAja vizva-vikhyAta rUma sAmrAjya pAdAkrAnta hai, unheM tumhArA lohA mAnanA hogA aura tumhAre pairoM ke nIce dabe kaNTha se unheM svIkAra karanA hogA ki bhAratIya * durjaya-vIra haiN|" ___ yahI vaha zakti aura zaurya hai, jisase pratyeka bhAratIya ke prANoM meM sabala vizvAsa jAgatA aura videzI AkramaNakArI kA kalejA kaoNpatA hai| yaha vaha khaDga hai, jisakI chAyA meM pratyeka dezavAsI, surakSA kA vizvAsa karatA hai| prasAda ke pratyeka nATaka meM Arya-rASTra ko saMghaTita, surakSita, sazaka aura mahAn banAne kA saphala prayanna hai| 'janmejaya kA nAgayajJa' se lekara aMtima nATaka 'dhruvasvAminI' taka sabhI rASTrIya bhAvanAtroM se protaprota haiN| 'candragupta' aura 'skandagapta' meM yaha rASTrIyatA caramAvasthA para pahu~ca ananta balidAnoM ko goda meM liye vaibhava ke zikhara para AsIna hai|

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jayazaMkara 'prasAda' 71 'candragupta' 'dhruvasvAminI' aura 'skandagupta' meM bhAratIya rASTra para videzI AkramaNa hue haiM - aise hI samaya rASTrIyatA camakatI hai| / 'candragupta' kI ghaTanAoM ko bhI prasAda ne apanI divya pratibhA kI sAna para car3hAkara naI AbhA pradAna kI hai| nanda dvArA cANakya kA apamAna vyaktigata nahIM, eka rASTrIya ghaTanA hai / cANakya cAhatA hai, sikandara ke viruddha nanda parvatezvara kI sahAyatA kre| vaha kahatA hai - ' 'yavana AkramaNakArI bauddha aura brAhmaNa kA bheda na rakheMge / " eka anya sthAna para vaha siMharaNa se kahatA hai - " mAlava aura mAgadha ko bhUlakara jaba tuma AryAvarta kA nAma loge tabhI vaha (Atma-sammAna ) milegA / " aura yahI ekatA kI bhAvanA cANakya ne jagA dI siMharaNa ke lie samasta AryAvarta apanA deza ho gayA / takSazilA ke patana para usakA hRdaya vidIrNa hone lagA / vaha kahatA "merA deza mAlava hI nahIM, gAMdhAra bhI hai-- samasta AryAvarta hai / " cANakya kI nirmala- preraNA ne sabhI zrAryAvarta ko eka jhaNDe ke tale ekatra kara diyA / samasta AryAvarta sabakA huA kSudraka, mAlava, paMcanada, dhe sabhI gaNarAjya ApasI bheda-bhAva bhUlakara zrAryAvarta ke svastha zraMga bane / zrArya yuvaka-yuvatiyoM ke prANa pukAra uThe / alakA ke gIta meM rASTra bola uThA himAdri tuGga zrRGga se, prabuddha zuddha bhAratI / svayaM prabhA samujjvalA, pukAratI | svataMtratA amartya vIra putra ho prazasta puNya-paMtha hai, 'skandagupta' meM prasAda kI rASTrIya bhAvanA aura bhI ujjvala, tI prANavAna aura tyAgamayI hokara AI hai| skandagupta ke samaya TiDDIdala ke samAna hUNoM kI bAr3ha bhAratIya rASTra kI sukha-samRddhi aura zAnti ko bahA le jAne ke lie A rahI thii| isameM adhika-se-adhika kaSTa - sahiSNutA, deza - sevA aura nisvA' balidAna ke camaka citra haiM / tyAga, dRr3ha pratijJa soca lo, bar3he calo bar3he calo / bandhuvarmA kA mahAna tyAga - mAlava-rAjya ko skandagupta ke caraNoM meM samarpaNa kara denA, ha~sate-ha~sate apanA balidAna karanA, rASTra-yajJa meM gaurava - ' pUrNAhuti hai / skandagupta, devasenA, parNadatta, mAtRgupta, bandhuvarmA sabhI deza bhakti kI dIpa zikhA se AliMgana karane ke lie zrAkula ho Age bar3ha

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72 hindI ke nATakakAra rahe haiN| sabhI ko eka-kevala eka-pAgalapana hai, kisI prakAra rASTra kA uddhAra ho| sAmrAjya skandagupta kI nijI sampatti nahIM hai| eka nahIM, sau skandagupta usa para nichAvara haiN| aura skandagupta bhI apane adhikAra ke lie nahIM, rASTra ke lie lar3a rahA hai| vaha kahatA hai-'merA svatva na ho, mujhe adhikAra kI AvazyakatA nhiiN| yaha nIti aura sadAcAroM kA mahAn pAzrayavRkSa-gupta sAmrAjya-harA-bharA rahe aura koI bhI isakA upayukta rakSaka ho|" ___ yadi aisA mahAn sAmrAjya sukha-zAnti aura samRddhi kA bhaNDAra naSTa hone lage to hRdaya kyoM na Tukar3e-Tukar3e ho jAya / aise vizAla sAmrAjya ke tanika bhI aniSTa kI AzaMkA se hRdaya kaoNpa utthegaa| mAtRgapta ke zabdoM meM hara eka bhArata-nivAsI kI vyathA baja uThagI- "a'slaya-sindhu meM zeSa-payaMkazAyI suSuptinAtha jAgeMge, sindhu meM halacala hogI, ratnAkara se ratna-rAjiyA~ AryAvarta kI velA-bhUmi para nichAvara hoNgii| udbodhana ke gIta gAye, hRdaya ke uddhAra sunAye parantu pAsA palaTakara bhI na palaTA / " mAtRgupta ke ina zabdoM meM vartamAna bhArata kI saikar3oM krAntiyoM kI beyamI chaTapaTA rahI hai| para jisa deza meM devasenA-jaisI tapasvinI bAlAe hoM, jo deza kI sevA ke lie bhIkha taka mA~ga sakatI haiM, apanI kAmanAoM ko kucalakara AryAvarta ke uddhAra ke lie apane ko bhasma kara sakatI haiM, vaha deza sadA svAdhIna rahegA / jisa deza meM bandhuvarmA, bhImavarmA, mAtRgupta-jaise yuvaka hoM, vahI kabhI paddalita nahIM ho sktaa| . prasAda ke sabhI nATaka parAdhInatA kI andhakAramayI nizA meM prakAzapiNDa ke samAna jyotimAna haiN| ina nATakoM ke sabhI pAtroM ke prANoM meM balidAna kA ullAsa, rASTra-nirmANa kA saMkalpa aura inake prayannoM meM saphalatA kA gaurava hai| prasAda kA kavi prasAdajI maulika rUpa meM kavi the| unakI madhuveSTita bhAvanA, indradhanuSI kalpanA aura romAMca-gadgad anubhUti milakara unake hRdaya ke sajaga aura svastha kavi kA nirmANa karatI hai| prasAdajI kA kavi unake nATakoM meM atyanta sajaga aura saceSTa hI nahIM, apane adhikAra kA anucita upabhoga karatA huA bhI pAyA jAtA hai| prasAdajI ke sabhI nATakoM meM, jahA~ bhI dekhiye, unakI kavi-kalpanA ke raMgIna paMkhoM kI chAyA meM unakA nATakakAra dava-sA

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jayazaMkara 'prasAda' gayA hai jahA~ bhI avasara milA hai, na bhI milA to khoja liyA gayA, vahIM prasAdajI ke kavi ne madhu ur3ela diyA hai-unakI bhAvukatA se bharI svara-laharI cahaka uThI hai| 'nATaka kAvya hai, usakA racayitA kavi-taba kavi kI jhA~kI hara-eka nATaka meM spaSTa hogI hI'--isa rUpa meM hI kevala prasAdajI nahIM prakaTa hue, balki nATaka meM avasara aura sthAna nikAlakara unhoMne apane kavi ko upasthita kiyaa| prasAdajI kA kavitA-prema unake nATakoM meM do rUpa meM prakaTa huA hai| eka to jahA~-tahA~ nATakIya anurodha aura AvazyakatA ke binA hI bhAvocchavAsa kI vaSTi aura dUsare gItoM kI arucikara pravRtti ke rUpa meM / kathAnaka se alaga sthiti kI mA~ga ke binA aura nATakIya anurodha ke viruddha pAtroM ke zroThoM se gadyakAvya kI rasa-dhArAeM jahA~-tahA~ phisalatI dIkhatI haiN| ___ "amRta ke sarovara meM svarNa-kamala khila rahA thA, bhramara vaMzI bajA rahA thA, parAga kI cahala-pahala thii| sabere sUrya kI kiraNeM use cUmane ko lauTatI thIM sandhyA meM zItala cA~danI use apanI cAdara se Dhaka detI thii|" "usa himAlaya ke Upara 'prabhAta-sUrya kI sunahalI prabhA se pAlokita prabhA kA pole pokharAja-kA-sA eka mahala thA, usI se navanIta kI putalI jhA~kakara vizva ko dekhatI thii| vaha hima kI zItalatA se susaMgaThita thii| sunahalI kiraNoM ko jalana huii| tapta hokara mahala ko galA diyaa| putalI ! usakA maMgala ho, hamAre azru kI zItalatA use surakSita rakhe / kalpanA kI bhASA ke paMkha gira jAte hai-mauna nIr3a meM nivAsa karane do|" ____Upara diye gae donoM saMvAda mAtRgupta ke kAvyamaya pralApa-mAtra haiN| kevala kAvya-pravRtti ko ye bhale hI santuSTa kareM, nATaka meM inakA kucha bhI mahattva nhiiN| nATaka ke saMvAda aspaSTa rahasyavAdI gadya-kAvya ke Tukar3e nahIM hote| isI prakAra devasenA kA kathana bhI "vaha akele apane saurabha kI tAna se dakSiNa pavana meM kampa utpanna karatA hai, kaliyoM ko caTakAkara, tAlI bajAkara, jhUma-jhUmakara nAcatA hai| apanA nRtya, apanA saMgIta, vaha svayaM dekhatA hai, sunatA hai|" ___ 'candragupta' meM bhI aneka sthaloM para isI prakAra ke kAvyocchvAsa bikhare par3e haiN| suvAsinI, mAlavikA, kalyANI zrAdi kI vANI se aneka sthaloM

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hindI ke nATakakAra para rasa-varSA ho rahI hai / suvAsinI kArneliyA se kahatI hai - "akasmAt jIvana-kAnana meM eka rAkA rajanI kI chAyA meM chipakara madhura vasanta ghusa AtA hai| zarIra kI saba kyAriyAM harI-bharI ho jAtI haiN| sauMdarya kA kokila 'kauna ?' kahakara sabako rokane-Tokane lagatA hai. pukArane lagatA hai / rAjakumArI, phira usI meM prema kA mukula laga jAtA hai| AMsU-bharI smRtiyA~ makaraMda-sI usameM chipI rahatI haiN|" lekhaka kI yaha madhu-siMcana-pravRtti hI hai, isameM nATaka kA anurodha kama hai| mAnA jA sakatA hai ki kArne liyA ke hRdaya meM candragupta ke prati prema ko jagAne ke lie hI yaha kahalAyA gayA hai| para isa nATakIya sthiti ko khoja lAne meM bhI lekhaka ko usake kavi ne hI prerita kiyA hai| kavi kA dUsarA rUpa gItoM kI bahulatA lekara pAyA hai| prasAda jI kI yaha pravRtti kaI nATakoM meM to bahuta bojhala ho gaI hai / lagatA hai, jaise philmoM meM 8-10 gIta rakhane Avazyaka samajhe jAte haiM yA samaya-kusamaya gAne kA roga pAtroM meM pAyA jAtA hai, yahI gAne kI bahulatA kI pravRtti prasAda jI meM hai / 'ajAtazatra' meM to yaha pravRtti bahuta hI asvAbhAvika rUpa meM AI hai| vAsavI, gautama, udayana, padmAvatI, zyAmA, jIvaka, viruddhaka-sabhI pagoM taka meM bolate haiN| saMskRta aura pArasI sTeja ke nATakoM meM yaha roga bahuta thaa| kabhIkabhI kyA, adhikatara, jo bAta gadya meM eka pAtra kahatA thA, vahI paNa meM bhI dohraataa| 'ajAtazatra' meM 21, 'janamejaya kA nAgayajJa' meM haiM, 'skandagupta' meM 16, 'candragupta' meM 11, 'kAmanA' meM 7, 'rAjya-zrI' meM 7 gAne diye gae haiN| nATakIya maryAdA ke anusAra gAnoM kI itanI bharamAra bar3I bomala hai| inase kathAvastu meM bhI bAdhA par3atI hai, kArya-jyApAra bhI zithila hotA hai| adhika gItoM se nATakIya abhinaya meM doSa hI utpanna hotA hai| 'skanda gapta' 'candragupta' 'ajAtazatra' meM jise bhI dekho, gAne lagatA hai| 'skanda. gupta' kI devasenA ko to jaise roga ho gAne kaa| sambhavata: pAThaka yA darzaka kI manovatti ko pahacAnakara hI bandhuvarmA usase kahatA hai, 'deva senA tujhe bhI gAne kA vicitra roga hai|' / gAne kI isa pravatti ko dekhakara aisA lagatA hai ki eka pAtra ko gAte dekhakara pratyeka pAtra prasAdajI se rUThate hue kaha rahA ho-"hama se bhI gava iye na, koI hama kyA gA nahIM sakate ! vAha, use tIna gAne, aura mujhe eka bhI

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75 jayazaMkara prasAda nhiiN|" aura prasAda jI musakarAkara eka gAnA, use bhI de dete hoN| isa prakAra sabhI kI bArI A gii| para aneka gAne bahuta upayukta, samaya aura paristhiti ke anurodha ke kAraNa haiM / 'candragupta' meM nanda ke sammukha suvAsinI ke gIta ( 'tuma kanaka kiraNa ke...' ) aura 'Aja isa yauvana ke...' sthAna aura samaya ke anusAra haiM / kalyANI kA gIta ( sudhA-sIkara se nahalA do ) bhI ThIka hai| 'candragupta' meM sabase upayukta aura nATakIya mAMga ko pUrA karane vAlA gIta hai alakA kA, jise gAte hue vaha rASTra meM prANa phUMka rahI hai| usakA yaha gIta-(himAdri tuGga zrRGga para .....:') saba dRSTiyoM se uccakoTi kA hai| isI prakAra 'skandagupta' ke 'mA~jhI sAhasa hai kheloge ?' 'dhUpa chA~ha ke khela sadRza saba jIvana bItA jAtA hai|' bhI upayukta gIta hai| para sabase upayukta gIta hai antima-'pAha vedanA milI vidAI !' yaha gIta dhuMdhale nirAza vAtAvaraNa meM sisakiyA~ bhare svara bikharA jAtA hai / darzaka yA pAThaka kI dhar3akana meM kitanI hI dera taka yaha gIta nATaka kA antima prabhAva chor3ane ke lie bahuta hI saphala hai| prasAdajI ke gItoM meM unakI rahasyavAdI bhAvanA ke hI citra haiM, isalie ve prAyaH nATaka se svatantra haiN| racanA-krama se hI chAyAvAdI prabhAva kI dhArA bhI spaSTa hotI . jAtI hai| 'ajAtazatra' aura 'nAgayajJa' meM yaha atyanta aspaSTa aura kSINa hai| 'ajAtazatra' meM zyAmA ke gIta 'bahuta chipAyA uphana par3A aba sa~bhAlane kA samaya nahIM hai' aura 'amRta ho jAyagA viSa bhI pilA do hAtha se apane' meM chAyAvAdI zailI kA kSINa AbhAsa-mAtra hai| 'nAgayajJa' meM suramA kA yaha gIta, 'barasa par3A azru-jala hamArA mAna pravAsI hRdaya huA' bhI eka zrAbhAsa-mAtra hI detA hai| inakI racanA-kAla ke samaya taka prasAdajI chAyAvAdI prayoga hI kara rahe the, vaha svayaM spaSTa na the| samaya ke sAtha vaha bhI apane bhAva-prakAzana meM spaSTa hote gae, nATakoM ke gItoM meM bhI spaSTa chAyAvAda AtA gyaa| 'skandagupta' tathA 'candragupta' meM unake gIta nATakIya AvazyakatA na hokara, rahasyavAdI muktaka kAvya kA rUpa dhAraNa kara baiThe, yadyapi unakA prasaMgAnusAra mahattva bhI thor3A-bahuta hai hii| na cher3anA usa atIta smRti se khice hue bIna-tAra kokila /

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76 hindI ke nATakakAra karuNa rAginI tar3apa uThegI sunA na aisI pukAra kokila / bharA nainoM meM mana meM rUpa / kisI chaliyA kA amala anUpa / ' xxx umar3a kara calI bhigone Aja, tumhArA nizcala aMcala chora / nayana-jala-dhArA, re pratikUla, dekha le tU phirakara isa aora Upara diye gae 'skanda gapta' ke tInoM gIta zailI ke rUpa meM hI nahIM bhAva aura artha ke anusAra bhI chAyAvAdI haiN| dUsarA gIta to pUrA rahasyavAdI darzana se ota-prota hai : nikala mata bAhara durbala aAha, lagegA tujhe ha~sI kA zIta / bikharI kiraNa alaka vyAkula ho birasa vadana para cintA-lekha / sudhA-sIkara se nahalA do / 'candragupta' ke Upara diye gae gItoM meM bhI nATakIya anurodha, prasaMga yA AvazyakatA adhika nahIM hai| prasAda ke nATakoM ke bahuta-se gIta to gIna nahIM, chAyAvAdI pAThya kavitAe haiN| inake bahuta-se gItoM ko nATakoM me nikAlakara kisI saMgraha-pustaka meM rakha diyA jAya, taba bhI unamme vahI rasa prApta ho jAyagA, jo anya muktakoM se hotA hai| ___ nATakoM ke bahusaMkhyaka gIta prasAda ke kavi kI preraNA hai, unakI bhAvukatA kI mA~ga haiM, unakI raMgIna kalpanA kA hI anurodha-mAtra haiN| prema kA svarUpa prasAda ke nATaka zRGgAra-sampanna vIra-rasa pradhAna haiN| prema kI preraNA pAkara deza ke dIvAne yuddha bhUmi meM zatru zraoM ko lalakArate haiM, yuddha meM tIcaNa khaDgoM ke zrAghAtoM se kSata-vikSata nirAzA ke zrAtapa tApa se murajhAye vora prema kI madhu

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jayazaMkara 'prasAda' zItala chAyA meM zrAkara vizrAma lete haiN| prasAda ke nATakoM meM prema eka anupama avalamba hai-do hRdayoM ke bIca prema kI nirmala, zItala, gadgad aura AkulatA-bharI dhArA baha rahI hai| yahI Ahata jIvana ko harA-bharA kiye hai-saMgharSa kI jalana bharI dharatI para yahI eka basanta hai| prasAda kA prema prathama darzana meM hI ho jAtA hai| raGgIna putaliyA~ jaba zrAkara kAtara anunaya-bharI bhAvuka palakoM meM acAnaka maukatI haiM to hRdayadhar3akana ko gavAhI meM prema kA AdAna-pradAna hotA hai| sabhI nATakoM meM prema kA udaya isI rUpa-darzana,-madhu-pAna se prArambha hotA hai| candralekhAvizAkha, bAjiga-ajAtazatra , maNimAlA-janamejaya, vijayA-skandagupta, kArneliyA-candragupta, alakA-siMharaNa zrAdi sabhI kA prema prathama darzana meM hI hotA hai| kauzala ke bandIgRha meM ajAta ko bAjirA dekhatI hai| usa para mugdha ho jAtI hai / ajAta bhI usako apanA hRdaya de DAlatA hai aura usakA vidrohI hRdaya abhibhUta ho jAtA hai| bAjirA Atma-samarpaNa kara detI hai-"taba prANanAtha, maiM apanA sarvasva tumheM samarpaNa karatI huuN|" isI prakAra zatra -kanyA ke rUpa-guNa para janamejaya bhI mohita hotA hai / tapovana meM janamejaya kI bheMTa nAga-kanyA maNi-mAlA se hotI hai| donoM paraspara mugdha ho jAte haiN| zatratA bhUlakara prema kA aMkura uga uThatA hai / janamejaya kahatA hai| "kintu mai to tuma-sI nAgakumArI kI prajA honA bhI acchA samajhatA huuN|" janamejaya ke cale jAne para maNi-mAlA bhI apanA prema vyakta karatI hai___"aisI udAratA-vyaMjaka mUrti, aisA tejomaya mukha-maNDala ! yaha to zatrutA karane kI vastu nahIM hai |.........kintu yahA~ to antaHkaraNa meM eka taraha kI gudagudI hone laga gii|" yaha gadagudI usI prema kI karavaTa hai-usI kI mIThImIThI dhar3akana hai| avantI-durga meM skandagupta ko dekhakara vijayA kahatI hai-"grahA kaisI bhayAnaka aura sundara mUrti hai / " aura skandagupta bhI usakI lAvaNya-pagI mUrti apane hRdaya meM pratiSThita kara letA hai| candragapta-kArneliyA kA prema bhI isI prakAra kA hai aura alakA tathA saharaNa kA bhii| philipasa balAt kArneliyA kA hAtha cUmanA cAhatA hai| sahasA candragupta prakaTa hokara kArneliyA kI rakSA karatA hai / donoM ke cale jAne para kArneliyA kahatI hai-"eka ghaTanA ho gaI, philipasa ne vinatI kI use bhUla jAne kI, kintu usa ghaTanA se kisI aura kA bhI sambandha hai, use kaise bhUla jaauuN|" alakA bhI siMharaNa kI

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hindI ke nATakakAra nirbhayatA para mugdha hokara kahatI hai- "isa vanya nirbhara ke samAna svaccha aura svacchanda hRdaya meM kitanA balavAna vega hai yaha avajJA bhI spRhaNIya hai|" prathama darzana ke prema ke do bhinna pariNAma hote haiN| eka to vaha pUrNa vikasita saphala dAmpatya jIvana ke rUpa meM, dUsarA-virodhI rUpa dhAraNa karane jAkara asaphala nirAzApUrNa duHkha aura pazcattAApa ke rUpa meM anta pAtA hai| __rUpa para mugdha huA hRdaya mAMsala sauMdarya aura bhare hue yauvana ke bhItara kucha aura bhI cAhatA hai-vaha bhItarI sauMdarya ke upabhoga kI kAmanA, jahA~ pUrNa huI, prema aura bhI divya, alaukika, tyAgazIla balidAnamaya aura saghana bana jAtA hai / yaha prema abhyaMtara ke sauMdarya kI zItala madhu chAyA meM, paristhitiyoM ke nirdeza-prakAza ke pada-cihnoM para Age bar3hatA jAtA hai aura pUrNa sauMdaryamaya svarUpa dhAraNa karake Adarza ke zikhara para prArUda hotA hai| vIratA, nirbhayatA, deza-bhakti, dayA, karuNA, paraduHkha-kAtaratA Adi sabhI ucca mAnavI guNoM se yukta prema hI bar3hakara dAmpatya rUpa meM saphala hotA hai| spaSTa lagatA hai ki lekhaka saba guNoM se yukta rUpa-yauvana se utpanna prema ko hI vAstavika prema samajhatA hai / kevala bAharI sauMdarya aura rUpa-yauvana ke pralobhana meM vAsanA-janya prema ko asaphala prema mAnatA hai| pahale prakAra kA prema alakA-siMharaNa, candragupta-kArneliyA, dhra vasvAminI-candragupta, maNimAlAjanamejaya, bAjirA-ajAta zatra Adi meM vikasita hokara saphala huA / dusare prakAra kA prema, jo ki vAsanAjanya hai, kevala bAhya rUpa-sauMdarya ke upabhoga kI lAlasA se hI utpanna huA hai, vijayA kA svandagupta se, aura viruddhaka kA mallikA se hai| svaccha aura nirmala prakAra kA bhI eka anya prema prasAda ke nATakoM meM rasa-srota banakara kathAvastu kI vana-bhUmi ko sIMca rahA hai-aneka pAna-pAdapa usa divya prema kI vedanAbharI gudagudI meM sihara-sihara uTha rahe haiN| vaha bacapana kA prema jo bar3hakara uddAma vega dhAraNa karatA hai aura atRpti ke jhulasate zilA-khaNDoM se sira paTaka-paTaka raha jAtA hai| bacapana kI svaccha gaMgAjala-sI krIr3Ae, jaba yauvana kI vyAkula smRtiyA~ banatI haiM, to hRdaya chaTapaTA uThatA hai-yaha nirAza prema sabase adhika karuNa aura becaina kara dene vAlA hai| jisa prema kA biravA zaizava se ugate-ugate javAnI taka Ate-pAte phUloM se lada gayA hai, vaha atRpti kI Aga meM jhulasa jAya, to jIvana meM eka gaharA aMdherA na chA jaaygaa|

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jayazaMkara 'prasAda' 76 prema ke isa atRpta rUpa ko upasthita karane meM prasAda dvitIya haiM / kalyANI aura candragupta, devasenA aura skandagupta, suvAsinI aura cANakya kA prema isI prakAra kA hai / vijayA ke prema meM bhI bhISaNa atRpti hI hai / isa bAta ko kitane hRdaya sahana kara sakane meM samartha hote haiM - bahuta kama ! kalyANI zrAtma-hatyA karatI hai / mAlavikA apane premI ke lie prANa de DAlatI hai / kalyANI aura mAlavikA donoM hI apane divya aura darda bhare balidAna se nATaka meM eka karuNa aura vedanA-vihvala ucchvAsa chor3a jAtI haiM 1 isa atRpta prema kA vikAsa deva senA aura skandagupta ke caritroM meM pUrNa parAkASThA ko pahu~ca gayA hai / "hRdaya kI komala kalpanA, so jA ! jIvana meM jisakI sambhAvanA nahIM, jise dvAra para Aye hue lauTA diyA thA, usake lie pukAra macAnA kyA tere lie koI acchI bAta hai ? Aja jIvana ke bhAvI sukha, AzA aura prAkAMkSAsabase maiM vidA letI hU~ ! ina zabdoM meM jaise devasenA kI jIvana-bhara kI zrAkAMkSA cItkAra kara rahI hai / apane dvArA pAle gae, apane A~suoM se sIMce gae apane madhu se hI pose gae prema ko apane hI nirdaya pairoM se kucala denA - jIvana kI kitanI bar3I niSThuratA hai / skandagupta kahatA hai--"jIvana ke zeSa dina, karma ke avasAda meM bace hue hama dukhI loga eka dUsare kA mu~ha dekhakara kATa leMge / isa nandana kI vasantazrI isa amarAvatI kI zacI, isa svarga kI lakSmI tuma calI jAo - aisA mai kisa mukha se kahU~ / aura kisa vajra kaThora hRdaya se tumheM rokUM ? deva senA | deva senA / tuma jAo / " "hata bhAgya skandagupta akelA skanda, proha / " deva senA bolI- -" kaSTa hRdaya kI kasauTI hai, tapasyA agni hai / samrAT yadi itanA bhI na kara sake to kyA ! saba kSaNika sukhoM kA aMta hai / jisameM sukhoM kA aMta na ho, isalie sukha karanA hI na caahie| mere isa jIvana ke devatA ! aura usa jIvana ke prApya ! kSamA / " isa aMtima dRzya se jo pAThaka yA darzaka ke mana para karuNA kI eka badalI ghira jAtI hai, jisameM kAmanA kI bijalI tar3apa jAtI hai, vedanA ke sisaka par3ate haiM / atRpta prema kA yaha mahAn zrAdhyAtmika rUpa hai / prasAda ke atRpta prema kA ThIka yaha rUpa hai-- dina-bhara kI yAtrA se

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hindI ke nATakakAra kSata-vikSata, caTTAnoM se chila - chilakara pagoM meM par3e chAloM se grAhata, zrAtapatApa se tRSAtura sUkhe kaNTha, nirbala tana se eka pathika parvata ke caraNoM para baiThA hai aura parvata zikhara se eka tIvra karanA apanI goda meM zItala madhura liye jaise usakI ora daur3A zrA rahA hai / jyoM hI vaha pAsa zrAtA hai, zrAkula hokara vaha yAtrI pAnI pIne ko nIce jhukatA hai, jharanA sUkha jAtA hai 1 dArzanika vicAra dhArA To svastha mizraNa hI nahIM bhI naye siddhAnta sAmane prasAdajI ne Arya tathA bauddha darzanoM kA gahana adhyayana kiyA thA / unhoMne ina donoM darzanoM ke siddhAntoM kA maMthana karake kevala naye darzana kA svarUpa hI sthApita nahIM kiyA, donoM kA sAra le kiyA, balki mAnava-jIvana kA gahana adhyayana karake rkhe| jIvana ko hRdaya aura mastiSka kI putaliyoM se par3hA aura usakA dArzanika svarUpa apane nATakoM meM upasthita kiyaa| prasAda jI jIvana ke mahAn dRSTA the-- jIvana ko unhoMne samajhA thA - usake tIkhe-mIThe rasa ko bhI unhoMne ziva ke samAna pAna kiyA thA / jIvana ke cipa ko pokara unhoMne mAnava jIvana ko sudhA pradAna kI thI - jIvana kI yathArthatA ke rUpa meM / prasAdajI kI dArzanikatA kA prabhAva unake aneka pAtroM meM pAyA jAtA hai / unake nATaka bhI usa yuga ke haiM, jisa yuga meM bauddha aura brAhmaNa-darzana kA milana-saMgharSa ho rahA thA / isalie unake prAyaH pratyeka nATaka meM pramukha pAtra dArzanika ke rUpa meM jIvana kI gutthiyA~ sulajhAte hue pAye jAte haiM / 'ajAta zatru ' ' meM bisAra eka vairAgyapUrNa hRdaya se hI vizva-jIvana kA rasa-pAna karatA hai / gautama jIvana kI do pratiyoM ke bIca 'madhyamapratipadA' kI pagaDaNDI khojate hue dekhe jAte haiM / rAga aura virAga ke madhya gautama kI karuNA kI dhArA bahatI hai / 'janamejaya kA nAgayajJa' meM vyAsa bhI eka dArzanika jIvanopadezaka ke rUpa meM Ate haiM / janamejaya bhI dArzanika bhAgyavAdI aura karmayogI ke rUpa meM AtA hai / skandagupta bhI vairAgapUrNa rAga liye adhikAra kA bhoga karatA dekhA jAtA hai--'" adhikAra sukha kitanA mAdaka aura sArahIna ha / " aura "vaibhava kI jitanI kar3iyA TUTatI hai, utanA hI manuSya baMdhanoM se chUTatA hai aura tumhArI ora agrasara hotA hai|" 'candragupta' meM dANDyAyana aura cANakya bhI gahare dArzanika hai--donoM brAhmaNa darzana ke AcArya aura pracAraka haiM dAkhyAyana vizva ke zrAkarSaNa se udAsIna usa parama jyoti ke AbhAsa kI jaba taba carcA kiyA karatA hai----

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jayazaMkara 'prasAda' "bhUmA kA sukha aura usakI mahattA kA jisako AbhAsa-mAtra ho jAtA hai, usako ye nazvara camakIle pradarzana abhibhUta nahIM kara sakate / " cANakya bhI vizva kI nissAratA kA sAkSI hai-"samajhadArI pAne para yauvana calA jAtA hai, jaba taka mAlA gUthI jAtI hai, phUla murajhA jAte haiN|" devasenA bhI apane ghAyala ucchvAsa meM vizva ke prati vairAgyapUrNa dRSTikoNa upasthita karatI hai"saba kSaNika sukhoM kA anta hai| jisameM sukhoM kA anta na ho, isalie sukha karanA hI na caahie|" jIvana ke prati yaha udAsIna virAgapUrNa dRSTikoNa manuSya ko bhAgyavAdI banA detA hai / lagatA hai, lekhaka ko prakRti yA kisI anya zakti ke sarvopari svecchApUrNa svAdhIna cakra-saMcAlana meM AsthA avazya thii| usake pratyeka nATaka meM niyati kA niyaMtraNa mAnate hue pAtra pAye jAte haiM, yadyapi koI bhI pAtra deva yA bhAgya meM vizvAsa karake niSkriya nahIM bnaa|| rAjyazrI kahatI hai- "para jIvana ! prAha ! jitanI saoNsa calatI haiM. ve to calakara hI rukeNgii|" 'ajAtazatru' meM biMbasAra bhI bhAgya kI pradhAnatA svIkAra karatA hai-- 'prakRti use (manuSya ko) aMdhakAra kI guphA meM le jAkara usako zAMtimaya, rahasyapUrNa bhAgya kA ciTThA samajhAne kA prayatna karatI hai, kintu vaha kaba mAnatA hai|" janamejaya bhI kahatA hai"kintu manuSya prakRti kA anucara aura niyati kA dAsa hai| kyA vaha karma karane meM svataMtra hai ?" ye sabhI pAtra manuSya ke Upara prakRti, niyati yA kisI niyaMtraNa zakti kA vizvAsa karate haiM, manuSya pUrNa svatantra nahIM hai| . para isa niyativAda kA bahuta vizada, sarvopari aura zaktizAlI rUpa 'skandagupta' aura 'candragupta' meM AyA hai| ina donoM nATakoM meM karma kA tIvra rUpa prakaTa hai, prayatna aura sazaktatA kA ina donoM nATakoM meM lekhaka ne bar3A hI vizada rUpa upasthita kiyA hai| inameM bhI niyati kI pukAra karanA lekhaka kI gahana AsthA prakaTa karatA hai| skanda gupta kahatA hai-"cetanA kahatI hai ki tU rAjA hai aura antara meM jaise koI kahatA hai ki tU khilaunA hai-usI khilADI baTapatrazAyI bAlaka ke hAthoM kA khilonA hai|" 'candragupta' meM-niyati samrAToM se bhI prabala hai (shkttaar)| to niyati kucha adRSTa kA sRjana karane jA rahI hai (siMharaNa ) / vartamAna bhArata kI niyati mere hRdaya para jalada-paTala me bijalI ke samAna nAca uThI hai (caannky)| niyati khela na khelanA (candragupta) niyati sundarI kI bhAvoM meM bala par3ane lage haiN| (cANakya ) skandagupta, candragupta, siMharaNa-jaise vIra

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82 hindI ke nATakakAra karmayogI, rASTra-nirmAtA bhI niyati-sundarI kI bhavoM ke baloM ko ginate hue pAye jAte haiN| prasAda kA yaha niyativAda unakI sabhI racanAoM meM spaSTa hai| para niyativAda kisI bhI pAtra kI pragati meM ror3A nahIM banatA, kisI ke bhI khaulate rakta ko ThaNDA nahIM kara pAtA, kisI ko bhI niSphala-prayatna udyoga-zithila nahIM banAtA-sabhI pAtra niyati kI zakti mAnate hue bhI saceSTa haiM-karma-rata haiN| niyativAda aura karmayoga kA prasAda ne sundara sAmaMjasya kara diyA hai / aura niyati kevala paramparAgata kahane kI bAta hI raha gaI hai| janamejaya saceSTa hai / "pAlasya mujhe akarmaNya nahIM banA sakatA" kahakara vaha nAgajAti kA AtaMka miTAne meM sannaddha hotA hai| candragapta 'maraNa se bhI adhika bhayAnaka ko AliMgana karane ke lie prastuta hai|" aura skandagupta AryAvarta ko hUNoM ke aAtaMka se mukta karake hI dama letA hai| cANakya AryAvarta meM navIna rASTra kA nirmANa kara detA hai| kyoMki 'prasAda' kI dArzanikatA kisI sudUra-manuSya kI pahuMca se dUra svarga ke pIche pAgala ho, isa dharatI kI upekSA nahIM karatI / usakA skandagupta vizvAsa karatA hai --- "isI pRthvI ko svarga honA hai, isI para devatAoM kA nivAsa hogA, vizvaniyaMtA kA aisA hI uddezya mujhe vidita hotA hai|" maMgala aura amaMgala kA dvaMdva sadA hotA rahatA hai, aisA lekhaka kA vicAra hai| usane do viparIta caritroM vAle pAtroM ke saMgharSa meM aisA prakaTa kiyA hai, para anta meM maMgala kI vijaya hotI hai aura azubha ke bhI zubha banane kA mArga khulatA hai, aisI lekhaka kI AsthA hai| rAjyazrI aura vikaTaghoSa, devasenA aura vijayA, prapaMcabuddhi aura skandagapta, alakA aura prAmbhIka rAmagupta aura candragupta (dhruvasvAminI meM) kA saMgharSa spaSTa hai| para anta meM rAjyazrI, devasenA, skandagupta, alakA, candragupta kI vijaya dikhAkara legvaka ne maMgala ke udaya kA sUtrapAta kiyA hai| sAtha hI azubha aura patita ko apane sudhAra kA avasara dekara lekhaka ne kalyANa ke devatA kI pratiSThA kI hai| zubha-azubha, maMgala-amaMgala, sundara-asundara ke saMgharSa aura anta meM unake sAmaMjasya meM lekhaka ne vizva-kalyANa kI jhA~kI divAI hai| devasenA kahatI hai-"pavitratA kI mApa hai malinatA, sukha kA pAlocaka hai duHkha, puNya kI kasauTI hai paap|" bauddha darzana ke anusAra vizva se udAsIna rahakara isakA upabhoga karanA aura dharA para karuNA kI varSA karanA hI mAnava-jIvana kA sabase bar3A hita

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jayazaMkara 'prasAda' 83 | buddha kI karuNA aura samyakatA kA prabhAva nATakoM meM spaSTa hai / 'prasAda' kI kalA para bhI isakA prabhAva hai / vizva maMgala meM hI saba nATakoM kA prAyaH anta hotA hai aura adhikatara nATakoM meM vizva kalyANa ke lie kiye balidAna eka karuNa ucchvAsa chor3a jAte haiM / karuNA aura vairAgya ke donoM taToM ke bIca mAnava-maMgala kI sudhA saritA pravAhita hotI hai / 'ajAtazatra', 'skandagupta' aura 'candragupta' meM duHkha ke sAtha yaha kalyANa- bhAvanA yA prazAnta jIvana-darzana kI maMdAkinI dekhI jA sakatI hai / inhIM vibhinna AsthAoM, vizvAsoM, vicAroM aura bhAvanAoM se milakara 'prasAda' jI kI dArzanikatA kI pratiSThA nATakoM meM huI / pAtra : caritra - vikAsa / 'prasAda' ke prAyaH sabhI nATaka aitihAsika haiM / pAtra bhI itihAsa prasiddha vyakti haiM, kAlpanika kama itihAsa ke yathArtha vyakti hone ke kAraNa unameM apanI kalpanA se adhika raMga nahIM bharA jA sktaa| isameM sandeha nahIM ki 'prasAda' ne pAtroM ke caritroM ko prANavAna tathA raMgIna banAne aura jIvana kI yathArtha dharatI para lAne ke lie apanI kalpanA ke adhikAra kA bhI ucita upayoga kiyA hai / 'prasAda' ke sabhI nAyaka bhAratIya nAyaka ke guNoM se yukta haiM / harSa ajAtazatra u, janamejaya, skandagupta, aura candragupta maurya) candragupta (gupta vaMzIya ) dhIrodAtta nAyaka haiN| ye vinIta, madhura, vIra, tyAgI, tejasvI dhArmika, yuvA, nirbhaya, dhIra, nyAyI, sthira, priyaMvada, abhijAta, dakSa aura buddhimAna haiM / pratinAyaka dhIrodAtta svabhAva vAle haiN| bhaki, rAkSasa, grAmbhIka, rAmagupta, takSaka yadi ahaMkArI, chalI, prapaMcI, pracaNDa, vIra, nirbhaya, capala, mAyAvI tathA Atma - zlAghA se yukta bhAratIya zAstra kI dRSTi se nAyaka, upanAyaka tathA pratinAyaka eka vizeSa varga kI hI zreNI meM zrAte haiM / yahI bAta nAyikAoM ke viSaya meM bhI kahI jA sakatI hai / bhAratIya 'sAdhAraNIkaraNa' ke siddhAntAnusAra nAyaka yA pratinAyaka vizeSa guNoM se yukta hogA, tabhI rasAnubhUti ho skegii| eka ora to 'prasAda' ke caritroM ke nirmANa meM 'sAdhAraNIkaraNa' kA siddhAnta lAgU hotA hai, dUsarI ora unameM 'vyakti-vaicitrya' vAlA pazcimI siddhAnta bhI pAyA jAtA hai / 'prasAda' ke nAyaka vIratA ke zrAdarza, tyAga ke anupama udAharaNa aura kaSTa - sahiSNutA kI mUrtiyA~ haiM / unakI talavAroM kI bijalI kauMdhatI hai - zatru zra ke kalejoM ke pAra unake khaDga ho jAte haiN| mAnava-jIvana kI saghana andhakArA

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84 hindI ke nATakakAra vRta nizA meM ve prakAza stambha ke samAna khar3e musakarAte rAstA dikhAne haiN| bar3ese bar3A tyAga ve deza ke lie-- Arya mAna-maryAdA ke lie karate haiM / yavanoM ko pavitra AryAvarta se nikAla deza ko svAdhIna karate haiM / bandhuvarmA se vIra aura nispRha tyAgI, candragupta-se rASTrodvAraka, skanda se vairAgyapUrNa mamatAlu, cANakya-se kaThora, tyAgI, karmaniSTha aura niSkAma caritroM kA citraNa, prasAda kI lekhanI kI gauravapUrNa saphalatA hai / 'prasAda' ke pAtroM meM dUsare chora kI bhI eka zreNI hai - ve bhI vizeSa varga Tata karate haiM / vikaTaghoSa, prapaMcabuddhi, rAmagupta, bhaTArka, zrAmbhIka, takSaka Adi hamArI ghRNA ke pAtra haiM / duSTatA inakI nasa-nasa -- chala-kapaTa aura zaThatA udAharaNa haiN| duSTa varga ke pAtra bhI ekAMgI haiM / ye bhI bhAratIya siddhAntAnusAra rasa ke 'sAdhAraNIkaraNa' meM hI sahAyaka hote haiN| jaise tIsarI prakAra ke pAtra manuSyoM ke sAdhAraNa doSa-gaNoM se yukta haiM, zarvanAga Adi / 8. meM bhAratIya siddhAnta kA kaThoratA se pAlana karate hue bhI 'prasAda' ke sabhI pAtra bhAva saMgharSa yA zrantardvandva kI laharoM meM DA~vADola hote pAye jAte haiM / ve prAcIna saMskRta nATakoM ke pAtroM ke samAna devatva yA dAnavatva ke pratIka nahIM / ve dharatI ke yathArtha mAnava hai / 'prasAda' ke haraeka pAtra ke hRdaya meM dvandva kA tUphAna uThatA rahatA hai-ve pASANa-pratimAe nahIM haiN| unameM mAnavoM kI nirbalatAe' bhI haiM / isalie 'prasAda' ke caritra-citraNa se vyakti-vaividhya vAlA samIkSA-siddhAnta bhI siddha ho jAtA hai| biMvasAra bandIgRha se jaya mukta kiyA jAtA hai to usake hRdaya kI prasannatA aura kautUhala, zranAzita sammAna aura zrajAtazatru kA pyAra prakaTa hotA hai / "to zIghra calo (uThakara gira par3atA hai) 7 ho itanA sukha eka sAtha meM sahana na kara sakUMgA / tuma bahuta bilamba karake zrAye ( kA~patA hai ) " - se yaha spaSTa hai / | "yaha sAmrAjya kA bojha kisa lie? hRdaya meM prazAnti, rAjya meM azAnti, parivAra meM prazAnti / kevala mere astitva se mAlUma hotA hai ki saba kI - vizva bhara kI zAMti rajanI kA meM hI dhUmaketu haiM, koI bhI mere hRdaya kA AliMgana karake na ro sakatA hai, na to ha~sa sakatA hai| taba bhI vijayAM oha !" ye skandagupta ke mana meM uThane vAlA tUphAna hai| jisake bANoM se yavana-senAe N prANa lekara bhAgatI haiM, jo mauta se bhI lar3a sakatA hai, usakA hRdaya kitanA jarjara hai /

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jayazaMkara 'prasAda' 85 "maiM - pravizvAsa, kUTacakra aura chalanAtroM kA kaMkAla, kaThoratA kA kendra ! to Aha ! isa vizva meM merA koI suhRda nahIM hai ? ..... "aura thI eka kSINa rekhA, vaha jIvana paTa se dhula calI hai / dhula jAne dU~ ? suvAsinI-na-ma-na vaha koI nahIM / " cANakya ke zabda usa, cANakya ke, jisane hRdaya kI madhu bhAvanA ko apane hI vajra- kaThora pairoM se kucala diyA, usake Ahata hRdaya kA cItkAra farai rahe haiN| yahI bAta candragupta ke caritra meM bhI pUrI utaratI hai / "saMgharSa ! yuddha dekhanA cAho to merA hRdaya phAr3akara dekho mAlavikA ! AzA aura nirAzA kA yuddha, bhAvoM kA prabhAvoM se dvandva ! ... dekho, maiM daridra hU~ ki nahIM, tumase merA koI rahasya gopanIya nahIM / ' prasAda ke caritroM meM jahA~ sazakta vIronmAda hai, tyAga kA ullAsa hai, vijaya kA utsAha hai, vahA~ vedanA-vihvala ucchavAsa bhI hai-- prabhAva kI becainI bhI hai| kauna kahatA hai, ve sacce mAnava nahIM ? 'prasAda' jI ne apane hRdaya kI samasta komalatA, kalpanA kI raMgInI bhAvanA kI snigdhatA aura kalA kI saphalatA nArI caritroM ke bhavya nirmANa meM prayukta kI hai / puruSa buddhi, kaThoratA, yuddha-vIratA, pauruSa aura karma ke pratIka haiM to nArI bhAvukatA, bhAvanA, sevA, tyAga, maryAdA, AsthA aura zrAtmAbhimAna kI pratimAeM / prasAda kI kavi-tUlikA ne nArI ke atyanta manohara citra utAre haiM / vAsavI-aisI pati-parAyaNa, tyAgI, vAtsalyamayI, rAjya-zrI- aisI saundarya zIlA aura tapasvinI, dha vasvAminI-aisI gauravazIlA, alakA jaisI jyotipUrNa zaktimatI, kalyANI aura mAlavikA - aisI AtmatyAgI free aura premamugdha aura devasenA - aisI premAbhimAnI tyAgI, sevAparAyaNa, zrAtmasaMyamI, karuNAmayI nArI 'prasAda' kI lekhanI se prasUta kA zakti kI divya razmi, jidhara bhI jAtI hai, dezabhakti aura rASTra sevA ke rAga se prerita kara detI hai / vaha sahasroM yuvakoM kI preraka zakti - aneka kartavya-bhraSTa vyaktiyoM kA avalamba hai / mAlavikA kA caritra spardhA kA viSaya hai / apane niSkAma balidAna ke samaya vaha kitanI ullasita hai, jaise sohAga rAta manAne jA rahI ho - prANoM meM kitanI mAdakatA hai ! kalyANI bhI prema kA eka Ahata ucchvAsa hai - jo samaya kI niSThura caTTAna se sira TakarAkara raha jAtI hai / devasenA 'prasAda' kI nArI kA zrAdarza, atRpta prema kI pyAsI pukAra ke

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86 hindI ke nATakakAra samAna chaTapaTAkara vaha antardhyAna ho jAtI hai| rASTra ke lie bhIgva taka mA~ganA; bar3e-se-bar3A kaSTa sahanA, pyAra kI karuNa vedanA kI tar3apa ko dila kI dhar3akana meM hI dabAye rahanA-nArI-jIvana kA eka vivaza cItkAra hai ! usI cItkAra kI pratimUrti hai devasenA ! devasenA eka karuNA bhIgI siharana ke samAna hai, jo nATaka meM eka nIra-bharI badalI banakara pAtI hai| dUsare prakAra ke nArI-caritra pratinAyikAoM ke rUpa meM nATakoM meM pAye haiN| zaktimatI, chalanA, suramA, anantadevI, vijayA nArI kI dUsarI tasvIreM haiM / ye sabhI rAjanIti ke dA~va-peMcoM meM par3I SaDyantrakArI nAriyoM haiM / rAjanIti ke chala-kapaTa meM par3akara ye apanA nArItva kho detI hai| mahatvAkAMkSA kI A~dhI inheM vinAza ke patha para le jAtI hai aura ye nArItva kA bhayaMkara aura azreyaskara rUpa dhAraNa karatI haiN| para lekhaka nArI ke prati AsthAvAna hai, vaha unako isa aprAkRta vinAzakArI aura kapaTI rUpa meM nahIM dekhanA cAhatA ina sabhI kA sudhAra vaha kara detA hai| sabhI pazcAttApa kI Aga meM tapakara bhalI nArI kI zreNI meM A jAtI haiN| ___ "mujhe bhI mahArAnI (daNDa dIjie), strI kI maryAdA ! karuNA kI devI ! rAjyazrI, mujhe bhI daNDa / " suramA isa prakAra apane kiye para pachatA letI hai| ___ "daNDanAyaka, mere zAsaka, kyoM na usI samaya zIla aura vinaya ke niyama bhaMga ke aparAdha meM Apane mujhe daNDa diyA ? kSamA karake-sahana karake jo Apane isa pariNAma kI yantraNA ke garta meM mujhe DAla diyA hai, vaha maiM mAMga cukI aba mujhe ubaariye|" chalanA apane karmoM kI kaTutA ko isa prakAra dho DAlatI hai| __vijayA Atma-ghAta karake svayaM bhI apanA aura apane karmoM kA aMta kara letI hai| anaMtadevI ko skandagupta kSamA kara detA hai / vaha bhI apane duSkarmoM ke lie pachatAtI hai / nArI kI maryAdA-rakSA kA yaha bhI eka mArga hai, jisakA avalambana 'prasAda' ne liyA hai| eka tIsarA varga bhI nArI-caritra kA 'prasAda' ke nATakoM meM pAyA jAtA hai, vaha hai yathArthavAdI nArI kA / jaise jayamAlA, kamalA, rAma Adi / isake atirikta bAjirA aura maNimAlA jaisI mugdha-manA bholI dulahaneM bhI prasAda ke nATakoM meM hai| 'prasAda' jI ne apane nATakoM meM strI-puruSa ke vibhinna rUpa upasthita kiye haiN| sabhI apane-apo rUpoM meM apane-apane kSetroM meM aura apane-apane kArya-kalApoM meM jAnadAra haiM-yathArtha ke adhika nikaTa haiN| sabhI svatantra vyaktitva vAle haiM-sabhI gatizIla haiN|

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jayazaMkara 'prasAda' kalA kA vikAsa 'prasAda' kI nATya-kalA kA pUrNa aura prazaMsanIya vikAsa 'skandagupta', 'candragupta' aura 'dhra vasvAminI' meM pAyA jAtA hai / 'rAjyazrI' unakI prathama racanA hote hue bhI anya pichalI racanAoM se acchI hai| 'vizAkha' 'ajAtazatru' tathA 'janamejaya kA nAgayajJa' prayoga-yuga kI racanAe haiN| inameM 'prasAda' kI kalA kucha bhI sthira nahIM raha paatii| nATakakAra jaise apanI kaoNpatI kalama ko nizcita nATaka-kalA ke siddhAntoM meM bA~dhane kI ceSTA meM hai| ina nATakoM para saMskRta aura usa yuga kI pArasI nATakamaNDaliyoM kI nATyakalA kA prabhAva spaSTa hai| parantu vaha svataMtra bhI hai aura apanI nijI kalA aura vizeSatAoM se adhika sampanna hai / ' svagata aura padyAtmaka saMvAdoM ko hama saMskRta kA bhI prabhAva mAna sakate haiM aura usa samaya kI nATya-kalA kA bhii| prasAda jI ke sabhI nATaka svagata se pUrNa haiM / yaha svagata aMtima tIna nATakoM-candragupta, skandagapta dhra vasvAminI-meM bha6 rUpa meM nahIM aayaa| 'rAjyazrI' meM suramA devagupta ke sammukha hI svagata bhASaNa karatI hai aura devagupta bhI suramA ke sAmane hI / devagupta nikaTa khar3A hai| suramA (svagata) kahatI hai-"yaha kaisA vilakSaNa puruSa hai ! uttara dete bhI nahIM banatA, kyA karU~ ?' 'janamejaya kA nAga yajJa' me pahale aMka, dUsare dRzya meM uttaGka svagata-bhASaNa karate hue praveza karatA hai| yaha svagata bhI bilakula asvAbhAvika hai| 'ajAtazatra' meM prathama aMka, pA~caveM dRzya meM mAgadhI svagata bhASaNa karate hue praveza karatI hai| isI prakAra chaThe 6zya meM jiivk| tIsare aMka, narve dRzya meM biMbasAra bhI lambe svagata ke sAtha prakaTa hotA hai| viruddhaka, zyAmA, bAjirA ke bhI svagata kathanoM se nATaka bobha isa svagata kA bhaddA rUpa dhIre-dhIre 'skandagupta' 'candragupta' aura 'dhra va svAminI' meM kucha svAbhAvika bana gayA hai| svagatoM kI saMkhyA bhI bahuta hI kama ho gaI hai| inameM svagatoM kA rUpa bahuta zrAvezAtmaka sthiti, manovaijJAnika paristhiti yA kisI bhArI udvega ko prakaTa karane kA sAdhana bana gayA hai| 'skandagupta' ke prathama aGka, prathama dRzya meM skandagupta svagatabhASaNa karate hue prakaTa hotA hai / para yaha na to lambA bhASaNa hai, na asvAbhAvika nATakIya sthiti ke anukUla hai| kintu mAtRgupta ke svagata pAgala ke pratApa hI mAlUma hote haiN| tRtIya aMka ke dUsare dRzya meM bhI skandagupta svagata-bhASaNa karate hue hI prakaTa huA hai| yaha yadyapi lambA hai to bhI atyanta

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hindI ke nATakakAra ubharA AvezapUrNa hRdaya kI A~dhI aura dvandva ko prakaTa karane vAlA hai / abhinetA yadi saphala kalAkAra ho to isase bahuta prabhAva utpanna kara sakatA hai / pA~caveM zraMka, pahale dRzya meM mudgala ke svagata bhASaNa ke viSaya meM bhI yahI samajhanA cAhie / 'candragupta' ke prathama aMka ke tIsare dRzya meM dvatIya aMka ke pahale dRzya meM kArneliyA, caturtha zraMka ke pA~caveM dRzya meM candragupta kA svagata ke sAtha prakaTa honA bhI asvAbhAvika nahIM / ina svagatoM meM ekAnta bhAva-prakAzana aura apane hRdaya kI chaTapaTAtI sthiti ko prakaTa karane kA svAbhAvika prayatna hai / para kucha svagata bhASaNa AkSepa ke zikAra ho sakate haiM / prathama ke tRtIya dRzya ke anta meM, prathama ta ke sAtaveM dRzya ke prArambha na tathA tRtIya zrama ke chaThe dRzya meM cANakya ke svagata bhASaNa lambe haiM, yahI inakA doSa hai| tRtIya ke chaThe dRzya kA svagata bhASaNa vAstava meM adhika bar3A hai, zeSa do to abhinetA kI yogyatA se bahuta sundara bana sakate haiN| lambe bhASaNoM meM abhinaya bahuta uccakoTi kA cAhie, nahIM to ve prabhAvahIna aura ukatA dene vAle ho jAyeMge / padyoM kI sabhI nATakoM meM bharamAra hai, para isa padyAtmakatA kA bhaddA rUpa tators kathopakathana ! 'vizAkhA' aura 'zrajAtazatra' meM isakI bharamAra hai / 'vizAkha' meM vizAkha, premAnanda, naradeva, candralekhA, aura 'zrajAtazatru' meM vAsavI, gautama, udayana, padmAvatI, zyAmA, jIvaka, virudvaka sabhI pAtra padyoM meM bAteM karate haiM / yaha padyAtmaka vArtAlApa anya nATakoM meM bilakula banda kara diyA gayA hai| Arambha meM bharatavAkya ke DhaMga ke zrAzIrvacana bhI 'prasAda' ke nATakoM meM pAye jAte haiM / 'rAjyazrI' ke anta meM saba milakara vizva kI maMgala kAmanA karate haiM / 'janamejaya kA nAga yajJa' meM bhI nepathya meM, jaya ho, usakI jisane apanA vizvarUpa vistAra kiyA, gAna gAyA jAnA bhI bharata vAkya ko hI prakaTa karatA hai 'kAmanA' meM bhI bharata vAkya samaveta gAna ke rUpa meM kahA gayA hai anya nATakoM meM skandagupta, candragupta, dhruvasvAminI meM bharata vAkya kA bilakula lopa ho gayA hai| dhIre-dhIre 'prasAda' jI kI kalama nizcita nATya niyamoM kA pAlana karatI gaI - unakI kalA kramazaH nikharatI gaI aura vaha asvAbhAvika anAvazyaka nATakIya anurodha-virodhI bAtoM ko tyAgate cale gae / caritra citraNa kI ora unakA dhyAna Arambha se hI rahA / 'zrajAtazatru' 'rAjyazrI' 'janamejaya kA 1

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jayazaMkara 'prasAda' nAgayajJa' Adi meM bAharI saMvarSa ke sAtha bhItarI saMgharSa bhI ucita mAtrA meM pAyA jAtA hai| dhIre-dhIre nATakIya kArya-vyApAra, vyakti-vaicitrya nATakIya dRzyoM kA saphala vidhAna bhI unake nATakoM meM AtA gyaa| prasAda kI vikasita kalA ne apanA navIna rUpa dhAraNa kiyaa| pazcimI aura bhAratIya nATya-kalA ke saphala, sundara aura ucita sAmajasya se 'prasAda' ne prasAdAnta kalA kI sthApanA hindI meM kii| 'prasAda' ke nATakoM kI kathAvastu, rasa, nAyaka, pratinAyaka, zIla zrAdi bhAratIya nAvya-zAstra kI paribhASA ke anukUla haiM, dasarI ora inameM pazcimI zailI kA bhI pAribhASika rUpa mila jAtA hai| kathAnakoM meM sandhiyA~ arthaprakRtiyA~, patAkA aura prakarI kathAvastu bhI pAI jAtI hai aura pazcimI DhaGga se unakA vikAsa pA~ca vibhAgoM meM bhI kiyA jA sakatA hai| prasAda ke prAyaH sabhI nAyaka bhAratIya dhIrodAtta nAyaka ke guNoM se sampanna haiN| skandagupta, candragupta maurya, janamejaya, candragupta Adi vIra, madhura, dhairyazAlI, vinIta tyAgI, sthira, kSamAvAna, dakSa, zuci, priyaMvada, svAbhimAnI, Atma-zlAghA se zUnya, yuvA, utsAhI, tejasvI dhArmika abhijAta-kulotpanna haiN| pratinAyaka pracaNDa, mAyAvI, vIra, chalI, ahaGkArI, aAtma-prazaMsAyukta, capala hone se dhIroddhata haiN| ___eka aora to bhAratIya rasa-siddhAnta ke anusAra inase sAdhAraNIkaraNa ho jAtA hai, dUsarI ora pazcimI samIkSAnusAra prasAda ke nAyaka-nAyikAoM meM kI bhI udvignatA hone se 'bhyakti-vaicitrya' ke niyama para ye antardvandva khare utarate haiN| candragupta, cANakya , devasenA, skandagupa. bimbasAra sabhI dvandva ke bhaMvara meM cakkara kATate haiM-caritra kI vibhinnatA kI taraMgoM meM Alor3ita hote haiN| anya sAdhAraNa pAtroM meM to vyakti ke vaicitrya yA caritra-utthAna-patana kI raMgInI vizeSa mAtrA meM pAI jAtI hai| vijayA, zarvanAga, bhaTArka, AmbhIka ajAta zatra Adi meM yaha spaSTa hai| bhAratIya dRSTikoNa se nATaka meM rasa kI pradhAnatA honI cAhie aura pazcimI dRSTi se saMgharSa aura kArya-vyApAra kI / 'prasAda' ke nATakoM meM vIra rasa pradhAna aura zRGgAra sahAyaka rUpa meM AtA hai / apanI preyasI kI musakAna-bharI A~khoM meM A~kheM DAlakara vIra sadA se yuddha-bhUmi meM bar3e-bar3e balidAna karate rahe haiM, yaha jIvana kI vAstavikatA hai / rasa kA pUrNa nirvAha nATakoM meM huA hai| sAtha hI saMgharSa aura kArya-vyApAra bhI ina nATakoM meM saphala mAtrA meM hai| skanda, candra, candragupta, aura dhra va-svAminI meM to 'prasAda' kI yaha sAma

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60 hindI nATakakAra jasya-kalA bahuta hI saphala huI hai| tInoM nATaka jIvana ke bATora saMgharSa me bhare haiN| prAmbhIka-alakA, bhaTArka-skandagupta, vijayA devasenA, vikaTaghoparAjya zrI aura rAmagupta candragupna Adi saMgharSa nAka meM raTa haiN| nATakIya kArya-vyApAra ko tIvratA dene vAlI ghaTanAe nATakoM meM bharI par3I haiN| devasenA ke vadha ke samaya mAtRgupta kA yAgamana, avannI durga ke patana ke samaya skandagupta kA prakaTa honA, devakI kI rakSA ke lie bhI turanta phanda. gupta kA pahu~canA Adi nATakIya ghaTanAe haiN| inakA cunAva, darzakoM ke dhar3akate hRdaya ko anAzita rUpa se avalamba milanA nATakIya ghaTanA kI sabase bar3I saphalatA hotI hai-graho ina ghaTanAoM meM hotA hai| isI prakAra candragupta' meM aneka anAzita ghaTanAe hai / jaise kArneliyA kI rakSA ke lie candragupana kA praveza parvanezvara ko prAnma-ghAta karane me cANakya dvArA rokA jAnA, nandragupta ke pAsa bhI hue bAdha kA glyUkasa dvArA mArA jAnA. zrAdi ghaTanAe nATakIya kArya-vyApAra ko tIvra karane vAlI haiN| bhAratIya dRSTikoNa ke anusAra rajanaMca para yuddha, mRtyu gAdi ke dRzya dikhAnA vati hai| Atma-ghAta bhI bhAratIya darzana ke anumAra bhISaNa pApa samajhA jAtA hai| para 'prasAda' jI ne inako svAdhInatA pUrvaka digvAyA hai, yaha pazcima kA hI prabhAva hai| 'dhra vasvAminI' meM zakagaja aura gamagupta kA vadha, 'candragupta' meM nanda aura parvate vara kA vadha aura kalyANI kA Atma-ghAta aura 'skandagupta' meM vijaya kI prAnma-hatyA --- sabhI ko sagamaMca para dikhAyA gayA hai / yuddha to hara nATaka meM raMgamaMca para hI hotA hai| manakA kucha dina ke lie parvatezvara kI premikA hone kA abhinaya karatI hai, yaha bhI pazcimI rASTrIyatA kI preraNA se nirmita cAritrika guNa hai| 'prasAda' ke nATakoM kA prArambha aura anta usakI vizeSa kalA kA paricAyaka hai| sabhI nATakoM kA prArambha prabhAvazAlI aura kalApUrNa hai| 'ajAtazatra' ke prArambha meM hI ajAtazatra lubdhaka ko phaTakAranA hai- to phi." maiM tumhArI camar3I udher3atA huuN| samudra lA to kodaa|" darzakoM ke sAmane ajAtazatra aAtaMkakArI ke rUpa meM AtA hai --umakA caritra spaSTa ho jAtA hai| 'candragupta' meM prathama dRzya meM hI prAryAvarta kI jarjara avasthA kA patA cala jAtA hai| siMharaNa ke zabdoM meM -- "prAvita kA bhaviSya likhane ke lie kucakra aura pratAraNA kI lekhanI aura masi prastuta ho rahI hai |......bhyaanH visphoTa hogA / " isameM sabhI pramukha pAtroM kA paricaya darzaka ko mila jAtA hai| alakA, prAmbhIka, siMharaNa, candragupta, cANakpa, sabhI upasthita haiN| saMgharSa

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jayazaMkara prasAda 11 bhI spaSTa ho jAtA hai| yahI bAta 'skandagupta' meM bhI hai| skandagupta kA dArzanika vIra caritra prathama dRzya meM hI patA cala jAtA hai| ___ 'prasAda' ke nATakoM kA anta maulika DhaGga se hotA hai / na to duHkhAnta, aura na sukhAnta hii| samIkSakoM ne isa prakAra ke nATakoM ko 'prasAdAnta' yA 'prazAnta' kahA hai / 'ajAtazatra' meM bimbamAra lar3akhaDAkara giratA hai| usakI mRtyu kA yaha saMketa hai aura ina zoka-vihvala kSaNoM meM bhagavAn gautama kA praveza hotA hai| vizva-kalyANa kI zAnta aura karuNa mUrti zoka ke A~sU poMcha detI hai| 'candragupta' meM rASTra kA nirmANa hotA hai| para kalyANI kI mRtyu ho cukatI hai, jise candragupta ne bhI zaizava se prema kiyA thaa| suvAsinI kA bhI tyAga cANakya kara detA hai| para rASTra videzI yavana-aAtaMka se nirbhaya kara diyA jAtA hai| 'skandagupta' meM bhI devasenA aura skandagupta kA bichoha ho jAtA hai-unakI kAmanA atRpta hI raha jAtI hai, para bhArata svAdhIna hai| _ 'prasAda' ke nATakoM meM karuNA kI eka sadhana badalI chA jAtI hai| 'skandagupta' meM yaha sabase adhika bhIgI, azru-chala-chala aura vedanA-caMcala hokara pAI hai / yahI tyAga aura vizva-kalyANa kA rUpa 'prasAdAnta' zailI banakara pAyA hai| karuNA aura tyAga ke do kUloM meM maMgala kI dhArA bahatI hai-yahI bauddha aura Arya darzana se nirmita 'prasAda' kI kalA hai / abhineyatA abhinaya ke viSaya meM 'prasAda' jI kA mata thA, "nATakoM ke lie raMgamaMca kI racanA honI cAhie, na ki raMgamaMca ke lie nATaka likhe jAne caahieN|" isalie 'prasAda' jI ke nATakoM meM raMgamaMca-sambandhI truTiyA~ paryApta saMkhyA meM haiN| 'prasAda' jI ne raMgamaMca kI sahuliyata kA bahuta hI kama dhyAna rakhA hai| abhinaya ke sambandha meM 'prasAda' jI ke nATakoM meM kaI doSoM kA saMketa aAlocaka karate haiM-"nATaka bahuna bar3e haiM / kathopakathana bahuta lambe haiM : bhASA kaThina hai| svagatoM kI bharamAra hai| kAvyAtmakatA aura gItoM kA bAhalya hai / dRzya-vidhAna bhI abhinayocita nahIM / isalie 'prasAda' ke nATakoM kA abhinaya nahIM ho sakatA / " ina AkSepoM kA uttara dete hue kahA jA sakatA hai- "AkSepa sabhI nATakoM para lAgU nahI hote / 'candagupta' ko chor3akara sabhI nATaka choTe haiM, DhAI ghaNTe se adhika samaya abhinaya meM nahIM laga sktaa|' 'ajAtazatru / 130,

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hindI ke nATakakAra 'rAjyazrI' 65, 'janmejaya kA nAgayajJa' 107, 'skandagupta' 160 aura 'candragupta' 210 pRSThoM ke nATaka haiM / 'dhra vasvAminI' 80 pRSTha kA ho hai| 'candragupta' ke atirikta kisI para bhI lambAI kA AkSepa nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| padyAtmaka saMvAda nikAle jA sakate haiN| gIta kama kiye jA sakate haiN| 'svagata' asvAbhAvika rUpa meM kevala 'vizAkha', 'rAjyazrI' aura 'ajAtazatra' meM hI Aye haiN| skandagupta' meM kevala eka svagata asvAbhAvika aura anAvazyaka hai| inako nikAla dene se nATaka kI prAsmA ko tanika bhI Thesa nahIM phuNctii| bhASA-sanbandhI AkSepa bhI jitanA 'skandagupta' aura 'candragupta' para hI lAgU hotA hai, anya nATakoM para utanA nahIM / 'ajAtazatru' meM 21 padya haiN| inako nikAla dene para isakI lambAI lagabhaga 100 pRSTha hI raha jAtI hai| bhASA-sambandhI doSa aimA mukhya doSa nahIM ki nATakoM kA abhinaya hI na kiyA jA sake-yahI hogA na, ki sAdhAraNa apar3ha loga use na dekha skeNge| taba vaha zikSitoM ke lie hI abhinaya kiyA jA sakatA hai| pArasI-kampaniyoM kI ud kauna samajhatA thA, bhAja bhI 'minarvA' ke citroM kI phArasImaya urdU kauna samajhatA hai, phira bhI darzaka jAte haiM--kevala abhinaya ke kaarnn| ____ abhinaya kA sambandha Upara dI gaI bAtoM se avazya hai, para sabase adhika sambandha hai dRzya-vidhAna se / dRzya-vidhAna yadi galata hai, to cAhe jitanI sarala bhASA ho, cAhe jitane kama gAne hoM, cAhe jitane saMkSipta saMvAda hoM aura cAhe jitane choTe nATaka hoM, abhinaya asambhava hai| 'ajAtazatru' ke pahale aGka meM dRzya-vidhAna-sambandhI koI doSa nhiiN| dUsarA aGka bhI nirdoSa hai| isameM pahalA dRzya-ajAtazatra kI rAja-sabhA, dUsarA-patha, tIsarA-upavana rAja-sabhA ke Age kA paTa girAkara patha dikhAyA jA sakatA hai, taba taka rAja-sabhA kA sAmAna haTAkara vATikA kA dRzya banAyA jA sakatA hai| tosare aGka meM thor3I-sI kaThinAI par3egI, jise dUra karane ke lie koI bhArI maMcakalA apekSita nhiiN| 'janmejaya kA nAgayajJa' kI abhinaya-samasyA bhI sulajhAnA sarala hai| pahale aGka kA dRzya vidhAna yoM hai-1 kAnana, 2 gurukula, 3 rAja-sabhA, 4 patha, 5 kAnana, 6 gurukula, 7 kAnana / pahalA zraGka nirmANa karane meM koI kaThinatA nahIM / isI prakAra dUsarA aGka bhI hai| tIsarA aGka bhI sarala hai| 'rAjyazrI', 'ajAtazatru', 'nAgayajJa' tInoM nATaka abhinaya ke yogya banAye

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jayazaMkara 'prasAda' 63 jA sakate haiM aura inakI bhAvanA, kathA, caritra-citraNa, kArya-vyApAra kisI ko tanika bhI Thesa na pahu~cAkara / / ___'dhra vasvAminI' abhinaya kI dRSTi se prasAda kA sarvazreSTha nATaka hai| ye tIna aGka kA nATaka hai-pratyeka aGka meM eka-eka dRzya / saMkalanatraya kA isameM sabase adhika nirvAha huA hai| isameM kArya-vyApAra tIvra hai, kathApravAha saMbaddha-saMgaThita hai| isakA dRzya-vidhAna atyanta sarala hai| tIna paradoM se kAma cala jAtA hai| ghaTanAeM bar3I tIvratA se ghaTatI haiM / saMgharSa-vicAroM aura ghaTanAoM kA-bar3I tIvratA se hotA calatA hai| isa nATaka ke abhinaya meM pAThaka kI jijJAsA, kautUhala, tanmayatA aura rucipUrNa AkarSaNa anta taka bane rahate haiM aura ve anta meM hI zAnta hote haiN| 'dhra vasvAminI' meM 'prasAda' ne abhineyatA kA bahuta dhyAna rakhA hai| nATaka kahIM bhI zithila nahIM, kahIM bhI nirbala nahIM, kahIM bhI virala nahIM / nATaka meM kevala tIna akka hI, tIna dRzya hI hone ke kAraNa inake nirmANa meM tanika bhI kaThinatA nahIM hotI / aGkAnta meM yavanikA kA patana hotA hai aura jo samaya yavanikA uThane taka milatA hai, usameM vizAla se-vizAla dRzya kI racanA ho sakatI hai| 'skandagupta' 'prasAda' jI kA sarvazreSTha nATaka hai| kArya-vyApAra, caritracitraNa, kathAnaka, gati, vAtAvaraNa, nATakIya-zailI Adi sabhI dRSTiyoM se yaha sabhI nATakoM se acchA hai / 'prasAda' jI svayaM isase santuSTa the / isakA abhinaya samiSTa rUpa meM bahuta hI prabhAvazAlI, rasapUrNa aura raMjanakArI ho sakatA hai| para isake dRzya-vidhAna ko 'dhruva-svAminI' ke samAna saphala nahIM kahA jA sktaa| isameM maMca-nirdezaka ko paryApta parizrama karanA pdd'egaa| prathama aGka kA dRzya-vidhAna hai-1-ujjayinI meM skandhAvAra, 2-kusumapura meM kumAragupta kI pariSad, 3-ananta devI kA susajjita prakoSTha, 4antaHpura kA dvAra; 5-patha aura 6-avantI kA durg| isameM pahale do dRzyoM kA Age-pIche nirmANa karanA bahuta kaThina hai| donoM vizAla dRzya haiN| donoM ke bIca koI dRzya honA cAhie thA, jisase pahale dRzya kA sAmAna haTAne aura dUsare dRzya ko sajAne kA samaya mila jaataa| tIsarA, cauthA, pA~cavA~ chaThA-sabhI dRzya ThIka haiM / pahalA dRzya kevala kucha sainikoM aura paharedAroM ko khar3A karake skandhAvAra banAyA jA sakatA hai / zeSa sabhI dRzya bahuta hI sarala haiN| dUsare aGka meM koI kaThinatA nahIM / tIsarA aGka bhI ThIka hai--kSiprA-taTa 2-bandI-gRha, 3-avantikA kA eka bhAga, 4-patha aura 5-raaj-sbhaa| tIsare aura pA~caveM dRzya ke bIca meM pardA DAlakara dRzya nirmANa kA samaya mila jAtA

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64 hindI ke nATakakAra hai | aaor hai / usake dRzya isa prakAra haiM 1 - prakoSTha me vijayA aura ananta devI, 2-bhaTArka kA zivira, 3- nyAyAdhikaraNa (kazmIra), 4 - patha, 5-catuSpada, 6 - patha aura 7 - kuTI / dUsarA aura tIsarA dRzya Age pIche hone se gar3abar3a paidA kareMge | inako idhara-udhara kiyA jA sakatA hai| zeSa ThIka haiN| pA~cavA~ aGka bhI abhinaya ko dRSTi se ThIka likhA gayA hai / 'skandagupta' ko abhinIta kiyA jA sakatA hai, isase aisI kaThinAI upasthita nahIM hogI, jo raMga maMca-nirmANa karane meM gar3abar3a paidA kare / abhinaya kI dRSTi se 'candragupta' nATaka sabase nirAzAjanaka aura sa phala hai / dUsarA - zrantima nATaka hote hue bhI 'prasAda' jI ne isameM abhineyatA kA tanika bhI dhyAna nahIM rkhaa| lambAI meM bhI sabase bar3A, kathopakathana bhI lambe aura gAne bhI 11 - sabhI doSoM se pUrNa / isakA dRzya vidhAna sabhI nATakoM se adhika truTipUrNa aura asaphala hai / pahale aka meM pahalA dRzya hai takSazilA kA gurukula, dUsarA hai magadha ke samrAT kA vilAsa bhavana, tIsarA hai pATaliputra kA eka bhagna kuTIra aura cauthA patha, pA~cacoM nanda kI rAja sabhA | gurukula kA pahalA dRzya bhavya aura vizAla dikhAnA par3egA / vAtAvaraNa utpanna karane ke lie bhAratIya saMskRti kA citra isameM upasthita karanA par3egA, sthAna caahie| isake bAda hI magadha kA vilAsa bhavana mA vizAla dRzya hai / zRGgAra sajAvaTa bhI apekSita hai / pahale dRzya kA pardA girate hI turanta khulanA caahie| itanI dera meM sAmAna ghaTAnA kaThina hai| gurukula ke pIche bilAla-bhavana banAnA par3egA aura usake pIche bhagna kuTIra | vilAmabhavana kA paTa banda karake phira pIche kA dRzya - kuTIra zIghra hI dikhAnA hai / donoM dRzyoM ke bIca itanA samaya nahIM ki vilAsa bhavana kI sAmagrI haTAI jA ske| isake atirikta maMca para itanA sthAna kahA~ ki tInoM dazyoM kA sAtha nirmANa kiyA jA ske| dUsare aGka kA bhI yahI hAla hai / usameM yuddhakSetra kA dikhAyA jAnA bharata muni kI bhI zakti se bAhara hai| maMca para sasainya selyUkasa aura parvatezvara kA praveza, yuddha Adi dikhAyA jAnA asambhava Xin / 'prasAda' ke anya nATakoM meM jo nATakIya gaNa-kArya - vyApAra, nATakIya ghaTanAoM kI pakar3a, kautUhala, rasAnubhUti, saMgharSa, nATakoM kA prArambha aura anta--'candragupta' meM bhI haiM; para dRzya-vidhAna truTipUrNa hai - isakA zrabhi asambhava hai / anya nATakoM kI abhineyatA kA vivecana karate hue prasAda ke nATakIya guNa bhI avazya sahAyaka hoMge /

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jayazaMkara 'prasAda' samAja kI samasyA 'prasAda' ke nATakoM meM aneka bAteM haiM, jinakA saMkSipta varNana karanA zrAvazyaka hai / saMskRti-pradhAna nATaka hote hue bhI 'prasAda' jI kI dRSTi jIvana kI samasyAoM kI ora bhI thI / sambhava hai, asamaya hI usakA dehAvasAna na huA hotA to ve jIvana kI vibhinna samasyAoM ko lete / 'dhra vasvAminI' aitihAsika, rASTrIya, sAMskRtika nATaka hote bhI samasyA - nATaka hai / mAnava ne jaba se vivAha nAma kI saMsthA kA pravartana kiyA hai, taba se Aja taka yaha jIvana kI ulajhana bharI sarvavyApaka samasyA banA hai / samaya-samaya para aneka yugadRSTAoM ne isameM saMzodhana kie haiM, Age bhaviSya meM bhI ye hote raheMge / 'dhruvasvAminI' meM isI gambhIra samasyA ko liyA gayA hai / dhruvasvAminI gupta sAmrAjya kI lakSmo hai aura usakA pati hai rAmagupta - - eka bhIru, kAyara, klIva aura yogya usa pati ke sAtha vaha vivAda - dharma kA kaba taka pAlana kareM, yaha usake sAmane eka duvidhA bharA prazna hai / dhruvasvAminI aura rAmagupta kA vivAha asama aura rAkSasa vivAha hai / vaha samAja aura vyakti ke maMgala kA vinAzaka aura kalyANa kA ghAtaka hai| rAmagupta kI klIvatA aura bhIrutA sImA ko lA~gha jAtI hai / vaha AjJA detA hai, "jAgro tumako jAnA pdd'egaa| tuma upahAra kI vastu ho / Aja maiM tumheM kisI ko denA cAhatA hU~ / " jo manuSya itanA patita ho ki apanI patnI kI bhI zakarAja khiMgila ko bheMTa kara de, usako pati rahane kA adhikAra nahIM | dhruvasvAminI kI rakSA ke lie apane kula kI maryAdA ke lie candragupta khiMgila ke Dere meM jAkara usakA vadha karatA hai / isase pUrva paristhitiyoM ke vaza dhruvasvAminI devI aura candragupta kA prema vikasita ho cukA thaa| nATaka meM donoM kA vivAha karAyA gayA hai aura dharmAdhikArI vyavasthA detA hai - " maiM spaSTa kahatA hU~ ki dharmazAstra rAmagupta se dhruvasvAminI ke mokSa kI prAjJA detA hai / " isa nATaka meM dUsarI samasyA hai rAjA kI / yadi vaha ayogya ho to use rAjya - siMhAsana se utAra denA cAhie / 65 hAsya 'prasAda' ke nATakoM meM hAsya kA prAyaH abhAva hI hai / kAraNa hai, usa yuga kA vAtAvaraNa / gambhIra, sAMskRtika, yuddha-sambandhI vAtAvaraNa meM hAsya ko kama sthAna rahatA hai / 'prasAda' jI ke nATaka uthala-puthala aura sAMskRtika, saMgharSa ke yuga ke haiM / aise yuga meM hAsa-parihAsa ke lie kama hI avasara zrA

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16 hindI ke nATakakAra haiN| isake atirikta, vaisA hAsya jaisA ki pArasI-maNDaliyoM ke nATakoM meM calatA thA, hAsyAspada hai| to bhI 'prasAda' jI ne kahIM-kahIM vinoda-sthala juTAne kA prayatna kiyA hai / kahIM to 'prasAda'jI ne hAsya kI yojanA kisI pAtra ke dvArA hI kara dI hai| jaise mahApiMgala, ('vizAkha' meM ) kAzyapa ('janmejaya kA nAga yajJa' meM) madhuka ('rAjyazrI' meM) aura kahIM nayA pAtra-nirmANa karake arthAt vidUSaka ke dvArA jaise basantaka (ajAta zatra' meM) aura mudgaja ('skandagupta meM) ke dvArA / kahIM-kahIM pArasparika vinoda ke rUpa meM jaise kumAragupta, dhAtusena, pRthvIsena kA vArtAlApa / para prasAda meM hAsya na ke barAbara hai| vartamAna kA citraNa 'prasAda' ke nATakoM meM vartamAna yuga ke bhI camakate citra milate haiN| nATaka ve hI amara hote haiM, jo bhUta aura bhaviSya kI zRGkhalA ko vartamAna kI kar3I se jor3a deN| 'prasAda' ke prAyaH sabhI nATakoM meM yaha guNa haiN| 'dhra vasvAminI' to sampUrNa rUpa meM vartamAna kA citra hai / 'candragupta' aura 'skandagupta' to AdhunikatA se bhare par3e haiN| alakA kA alakha jagAnA, vartamAna rASTrIya AMdolana meM nAriyoM ke bhAga ko spaSTa karatA hai : "AkramaNakArI brAhmaNa, aura bauddha kA bheda na rakhege" meM hindU musalamAna-ekatA kI jhalaka hai| "mAlava aura mAgadha ko bhUlakara jaba tuma AryAvarta kA nAma loge tabhI vaha Atma-sammAna milegaa|" ye hamArI prAntIyatA kA citra hai| 'skandagupta' bhI rASTrIya bhArata kA hI rUpa hai| "merA deza mAlavatI nahIM takSazilA bhI hai, samasta AryAvarta hai|" meM akhaNDa bhArata kI bhAvanA hai| "anna para adhikAra hai bhUkhoM kA aura dhana para adhikAra hai deza kaa|' samAjavAdI vicAra-dhArA kA prakAzaka hai| __ 'skanda gupta' meM caitya ke pAsa jo bauddhoM aura brAhmaNoM kA saMgharSa hai vaha nATakIya AvazyakatAoM ko itanA pUrA nahIM karatA, jitanA hindU-musalima jhagar3oM kA rUpa sAmane rakhatA hai| 'mUrkha janatA dharma kI proTa meM nacAI jA rahI hai|' videzI zAsakoM dvArA baratI gaI bheda-nIti kA bhaNDA-phor3a karatA hai / hindu-musalamAnoM ko lar3Akara aMgreja apanA ullU sIdhA karate rahe hai| kalpanA kA yoga ' yadyapi 'prasAda' jI ke nATaka aitihAsika haiM, to bhI unameM kalpanA kA paryApta bhAga pAyA jAtA hai| apanI tIkSNa kalpanA-zakti se 'prasAda' jI ne

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jayazaMkara 'prasAda' kahIM to nATakoM kI kathA kI TUTI zRGkhalA jor3I hai aura kahIM rasAnubhUti ko tIvra kiyA hai / inhIM do rUpoM meM 'prasAda' jI ne apanI kalpanA se kAma liyA hai| 'ajAtazatra' meM mAgadhI aura zyAmAvatI eka kara dI gaI haiN| zailendra aura viruddhaka ko bhI eka pAtra banA diyA gayA hai| bhaTArka aura ananta devI kA sambandha isakI dRSTi se hI kiyA gayA hai| mAlava meM ujjayinI ko skandagupta kI rAjadhAnI banAnA bhI kAlpanika hai| bhImavarmA tathA bandhuvarmA kA bhAI honA bhI abhI taka itihAsa nahIM maantaa| zarvanAga, cakrapAlita bhI kAlpanika pAtra haiN| 'candragupta' meM takSazilA meM candragupta aura cANakya kA sambandha bhI itihAsa-sammata nhiiN| candragupta mAlavoM aura kSudrakoM kA sammilita senApati banA thA, itihAsa meM yaha bAta nahIM miltii| mAlavikA vijayA, devasenA, jayamAlA, maMdAkinI, alakA Adi sabhI kAlpanika pAtra haiN| cANakya kA kArAvAsa philipsa candragupta kA dvandva yuddha, dANDyAyana kI bhaviSya-vANI zrAdi kalpita hI haiN| itanA dhyAna rakhanA cAhie ki prasAda jI kI kalpanA ne itihAsa ke DhA~ce meM madhura spandamaya prANa hI DAle haiM usakA rUpa bigAr3A nhiiN| koI aisI kalpanA bhI nahIM ki jisase itihAsa kA koI anartha ho jAya /

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: 3 : govindavallabha panta paNDita govinda vallabha panta hindI ke purAne kheve ke pratibhAzAlI aura saphala nATakakAra haiN| pantajI prasAda yuga meM apane kaI saphala aura sundara nATaka lekara hindI meM Aye | Apane sundara kahAniyA~ bhI likhIM; para ApakI pratibhA nATakakAra ke rUpa meM hI adhika vikasita huI aura camakI bhI / aisA nahIM lagatA ki pantajI ke nATakoM meM preraNA kI koI eka vizeSa dhArA baha rahI hai / 'prasAda' ne jisa prakAra bhAratIya saMskRti kI mahAnatA se anuprANita hokara bhAratIya rASTrIyatA kA sazakta aura unnata rUpa apane nATakoM meM rakhA, yA 'premI' ne jisa prakAra vartamAna bhAratIya rASTrIya saMgharSa se prerita hokara apane nATakoM ke dvArA bhAratIya ekatA kI mazAla jalAI aura balidAna kA patha prakAzita kiyA, pantajI ke nATakoM meM usa prakAra kI kisI vizeSa preraNA kA Agraha dikhAI nahIM detA / pantajI ke nATakoM kI preraNA hai kalA kA anurodha yA nATaka-nirmANa-kAmanA kA Agraha | pantajI ne apane nATakoM ke lie kathAnakoM kA cunAva kisI eka hI kSetra se nahIM kiyA / purANa - itihAsa aura vartamAna jIvana sabhI kSetroM se unhoMne apane kathAnaka aura pAtra liye / 'varamAlA' paurANika kathA lekara likhA gayA / 'rAjamukuTa' aura 'antaHpura kA chiTTa' aitihAsika nATaka hai / 'aGgara kI beTI' vartamAna jIvana kI kahAnI hai| isameM madirApAna karane se jina sAmAjika aura mAnavI aparAdhoM kA janma hotA hai, ve bhalI prakAra dikhAye gae haiN| isase prakaTa hotA hai ki pantajI meM vibhinna jIvana kathAko nATakIya rUpa dene kI pUrNa kSamatA hai / ghaTanAoM ko nATakIya rUpa dene meM pantajI atyanta saphala kalAkAra haiM 1 unake nATakoM meM kautUhala, AkasmikatA, jijJAsA zrAdi ke lie paryApta sAmagrI rahatI hai / vAtAvaraNa upasthita karane meM bhI vaha pada haiN| pantajI ke nATaka abhinetA kI dRSTi se bhI saphala rahate haiM / kathA meM ulajhana prAyaH nahIM

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govindavallabha panta 66. rahatI+vaha sIdhe aura sarala mArga para tIvra gati se bahatI calatI hai| panta jI para hindI-nATakakAroM kA prabhAva bhale hI na par3A ho, para pArasIkampaniyoM ke raMgamaMcI nATakoM kA thor3A bahuta prabhAva avazya par3A mAlUma hotA hai| phira bhI unake nATakoM meM unakI apanI maulikatA hai aura apane DhaMga para unakA vikAsa huA hai / unake nATakoM kA racanA-krama isa prakAra hai: racanAoM kA kAla-krama kaMjasa kI khopar3I 1623 varamAlA 1925 rAja-mukuTa 1635 aGgara kI beTI antaHpurakA chidra sindUra-bindI ajJAta yayAti itihAsa aura kalpanA . 'rAja-mukuTa' aura 'antaHpura kA chidra' donoM nATaka aitihAsika nATaka haiM / 'rAja-mukuTa' meM mahArANA sA~gA ke putra mevAr3a ke hone vAle rANA udayasiMha kI dhAya pannA ke tyAga kI kahAnI hai| pannA dhAya ne banavIra ke hiMsaka hAthoM se apane eka-mAtra putra kA vadha karA liyA aura udayasiMha. kI rakSA kii| yaha kahAnI rAjasthAniyoM hI nahIM samasta bhAratIyoM kI vANI para hai- bhArata-prasiddha hai : 'TADa kA rAjasthAna' meM bhI yahI kathA dI gaI hai| banavIra ke atyAcAra aura usakI hatyArI mahattvAkAMkSA, usake anAcAra aura prajA-pIr3ana kI kahAniyA~ bhI rAjasthAna jAnatA hai| pannA, vikrama, banavIra aura udayasiMha-sabhI prasiddha aitihAsika pAtra haiN| vikrama aura udayasiMha bhAI the, vikrama sA~gA kI choTI rAnI javAharabAI se utpanna hue the aura udayasiMha bar3I rAnI karmavatI se / udaya siMha bAlaka thA, isalie vikramasiMha ko hI rANA banA diyA gayA thaa| usakA vilAsa aura kAyaratA bhI itihAsa kI jAnakArI meM hai| 'premI jI ke "rakSA-bandhana' meM bhI vikrama aura udaya siMha-donoM haiN| vikrama ke siMhAsana cyuta hone kI ghaTanA bhI 'rakSA-bandhana' meM hai para vikrama tathA karmacandra kA banavIra dvArA vadha, udayasiMha kA bahAdurasiMha dvArA pakar3A jAnA, balidAna kara kAlI ko bheMTa karane

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100 hindI ke nATakkAra kI koziza, zrAdi kAlpanika ghaTanAe lagatI haiN| inameM nATakIyatA lAne, caritra tathA kathA ke vikAsa ke lie hI rakhA gayA hai, inase itihAsa kI bahuta bar3I hAni bhI nahIM hotI / eka bAta isa bar3e nATaka meM khaTakatI hai-udayasiMha kI mA~ karmavatI kA abhAva / zItala senI ke viSaya meM bhI itihAsa mauna hai, para isase nATaka meM bahuta jAna A gaI hai-nArI-caritra kA yaha bahuta sabala rUpa hai / kalpita ghaTanAe yA caritra itihAsa kA adhika virodha nahIM krte| 'antaHpura kA chidra' meM pUrNa aitihAsikatA kA nirvAha kiyA gayA hai| vatsarAja udayana kI do rAniyA~ thIM-padmAvatI aura mAgaMdhI yA mAgaMdhini / donoM meM paraspara bar3I spardhA thii| bauddha-itihAsa una donoM ke saMgharSa kA sAkSI hai| devadatta gautama kA pratispardhI thaa| vaha kAzI, kauzAmbI, magadha Adi meM gautama ke prabhAva ko kama karane kA jI-jAna se prayatna karatA rahatA thaa| padmAvatI buddha kI upAsikA thI aura mAgaMdhI devadatta kii| mAgaMdhI rAjamahala meM bhI gautama kA prabhAva kama karane, padmAvatI ko nIcA dikhAne aura use hAni pahu~cAne kI satata ceSTA karatI rahatI thii| vatsarAja udayana padmAvatI ko adhika prema karatA thaa| vaha apane samaya kA bahuta prabhAvazAlI rAjA aura prasiddha kalAkAra thaa| mAgaMdhI ne padmAvatI ke viruddha aneka SaDyantra race, para ve sabhI niSphala gye| eka bAra devadatta jaba kauzAmbI kI ora A rahA thA, eka tAlAba meM pAnI pIne ke lie ghusate hue usakI mRtyu ho gii| mAgaMdhI apane SaDyantroM meM niSphala rahI aura devadatta kI mRtyu se vaha nirAza ho gii| __ vatsarAja ko lekara hindo meM kaI nATaka likhe gae / sabhI meM padmAvatI aura mAgaMdhI ke saMgharSa kI ora thor3A-bahuta saMketa hai / 'ajAtazatru' (prasAda) 'vatsarAja' (lakSmInArAyaNa mizra) meM vatsarAja udayana ke caritra aura prabhAva kA citra upasthita kiyA gayA hai| 'antaHpura kA chidra' ke pAtra--udayana padmAvatI, mAgaMdhinI, amitAbha-aitihAsika vyakti haiN| aMta meM udayana bhI bauddha dharmAvalambI ho gayA thA, yaha bhI prAcIya itihAsa meM milatA hai, jo isa nATaka meM dikhAyA gayA hai| hA~, mAgaMdhinI kI mRtyu kaise huI, isakA kama patA calatA hai| / samAja kI samasyA pantajI ne vistRta jIvana-kSetra aura vibhinna aitihApika kAla ke nATaka likhe / vartamAna jIvana-kSetra se jo kathAnaka aura caritra panta jI ne liye

Page #102
101 govindavallabha panta unake dvArA unhoMne sAmAjika samasyAoM kA hala upasthita karane kA bhI prayAsa kiyA-bhale hI unake nATakoM meM jIvana kI atyanta ulamana bharI, gahana aura manovaijJAnika samasyAoM kA sulajhAva na ho, jaisA lakSmInArAyaNa mizra ke nATakoM yA 'premI' ke 'chAyA' nATaka meM hai| unhoMne aisI sAmAjika samasyAoM ko avazya chuA hai, jinase samAja meM aneka aparAdha anaitika karma aura dAmpatya jIvana kI sukha-zAnti ke vinAza kI sRSTi hotI hai| aise durvyasanoM kI tasvIra unhoMne khIMcI hai, jinase ghara ujar3a jAte haiM, jIvana naSTa ho jAte haiM, svAsthya kA nAza ho jAtA hai| ___ 'aGga ra kI beTI' meM madirA-pAna se khaNDahara bane eka sukhI jIvana kA ghAyala citra upasthita kiyA gayA hai / mohanadAsa zarAba pIne ke durvyasana kA zikAra ho cukA hai| vaha apanI samasta sampatti naSTa kara detA hai aura apanI patnI kAminI ke AbhUSaNa bhI chIna-chIna kara beca detA hai| ghara meM kaMgAlI kA aAtaMka hai, azAnti kA rAjya, kalaha kA daura-daurA aura dukha-daridratA kA prakopa rAta-dina rahatA hai| "aura zAyada usa patnI se adhika duHkhinI koI nahIM, jisakA pati zarAbI hai|" zarAba kA abhizApa kAminI ke kathita zabdoM meM bola rahA hai aura harihara bhI eka akhabAra kI riporTa par3hakara sunAtA hai, "saMsAra meM jitane pAgala hai, unameM se pichattara fI sadI loga zarAba Adi nazIlI cIjoM ke istemAla se hue hai|" ___ mohanadAsa apanI aurata ke sira para botala mArakara use be-sudha karake usake AbhUSaNa chInakara calA jAtA hai| ghara meM Aga laga jAtI hai| naze meM cUra mohanadAsa kI jeba se mAdhava AbhUSaNa curA letA hai aura isI ghaTanA ko lekara mohanadAsa aura mAdhava meM pistaula cala jAtI hai| vaha pakar3a liyA jAtA hai| ghaTanA-krama se bhI lekhaka ne zarAba kI burAiyA~ dikhAne kA prayatna kiyA hai aura sAtha hI madirA pIne kI burI Adata chur3Ane kA DhaMga bhI batA diyA hai / mohanadAsa ko banavArI bAbA eka hoTala meM naukara karA detA hai| bindu usakI mainejara hai aura vinodacandra (kAminI) usakI mAlika / mohanadAsa ko pratidina thor3I-thor3I zarAba dI jAtI hai aura usameM bhI anupAta ke hisAba se pratidina pAnI milAyA jAtA hai| isa prakAra usase zarAba pIne kI zrAdata chur3A dI jAtI hai / jo vyakti itane abala mana ke haiM ki ekadama zarAba nahIM chor3a sakate, dhIre-dhIre ve bhI isa burI zrAphata se baca sakate haiN| isI nATaka meM philmI jIvana ke Upara bhI eka saMketAtmaka prakAza DAlA gayA hai| kisa prakAra philmI cakAcauMdha se patha-bhraSTa hokara Adhunika mahilAe

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102 hindI ke nATakakAra udhara pAgala huI daur3a rahI haiM, graha bhI isameM spaSTa hai| vindu para, Adhunika zikSA pAkara, philmI abhinetrI banane kA qhabta burI taraha savAra hai| sAdhana kisa prakAra aAzAe dilAtA hai, vaha jIvana kinanA gandA hai-zarAba pInA jahA~ zrAvazyaka hai, lAja-zarma ko dhatA batAnA anivArya-yaha bhI 'aGga ra kI beTI' meM dikhAyA gayA hai| isa philmI cakAcauMdha meM par3akara Aja bhI aneka mahilAeM vahA~ jAkara rupayA kamAne kI dhuna meM apanA ghara ujAr3a letI haiN| vaise yaha koI itanI bar3I samasyA na sahI, para aneka jIvanoM ke lie usane bhI tabAhI lAI hai| 'rAjamukuTa' yadyapi aitihAsika nATaka hai, to bhI usameM eka gambhIra samasyA kI ora dhyAna dilAyA gayA hai| yadi rAjA nIti-hIna, durAcArI, anAcArI, prajA-pIr3aka aura azakta ho to use haTA denA caahie| usake viruddha vidroha karanA aparAdha nahIM, zubha kArya hai-dharma hai| vikrama mevAr3a kA anAcArI aura vilAsI rAjA hai use rAjya-siMhAsana se utArane ke lie mA~ga karate hue eka saradAra kahatA hai, "vikrama sihAsana se utAra diyA jAya' aura karmacandra, jayasiMha tathA anya saradAra use gaddI se utAra kara kArAgAra meM DAla dete haiN| aise deza meM, jahA~ rAjA ko paramezvara kA aMza samajhA jAtA hai, vahA~ use rAjya-cyuta karake kArAgAra meM DAla denA bahuna bar3I bAta hai aura isakA mahattva to zrAja aura bhI bar3ha gayA hai, jaba Az2Ada bhArata meM anAcAra aura bhraSTAcAra kA bola-bAlA hai; janatA anna ko tarasatI hai, jIvana ko kevala thAme bhara rakhane kI vastupa itanI mahaMgI hotI jAtI haiM ki Age kyA hogA, kucha bhI patA nhiiN| sindUra-bindI' meM bhI dAmpatya jIvana kI bahuta jvalanta samasyA lI gaI hai| hama hindU-samAja meM rAta-dina aisI ghaTanAe dekhate haiM ki eka hindU lar3akI kahIM kisI kI dhUrtatA kA zikAra huI, samAja se vaha bahiSkRta kara dI gaI aura usake lie na pani, na bhAI aura na pitA ke dila meM sthAna hai, aura na ghara meM hI / pariNAma hotA hai, vaha yA to bAjAroM kI zobhA bar3hAtI hai yA kisI anya sampradAya kI zaraNa meM jAtI hai| zrAja bhI pAkistAna se AI aneka lar3akiyA~ kaimpoM meM par3I haiM, para unase vivAha karake samAja meM svastha jIvana bitAne ko bahuta kama loga taiyAra haiN| kumAra aura vijaya kA milana isa samasyA kA sulajhAva upasthita karatA hai| pAtra--caritra-citraNa jIvana ke jitane vistRta aura vibhinna kSetroM se nATakoM ke kathAnaka liye

Page #104
govindavallabha panta 103 jAyaMge, pAtroM aura unake caritroM meM bhI utanI hI vibhinnatA milegii| paMta jI ne bhI apane nATakoM ke kathAnaka vibhinna kSetroM aura kAloM se liye haiM / 'rAja- mukuTa' aura 'zranta: pura kA chidra' aitihAsika nATaka haiM, 'aMgUra kI beTI' aura 'sindUra - bindI' sAmAjika aura 'varamAlA' paurANika / inake paurAfur aura aitihAsika nATakoM meM pAtra bhAratIya nATya zAstra kI kasauTI para kasakara parakhe jAne ucita haiM aura sAmAjika nATakoM ke pAtra Adhunika samIkSA. zailI kI kasauTI para kase jAne cAhie / 7 'varamAlA' ke nAyaka-nAyikA - avIkSita aura vaizAlinI bhAratIya dRSTikoNa se eka vizeSa varga kA pratinidhitva karate haiM / inake caritra se isakA sAdhAraNIkaraNa ho jAtA hai / avIkSita dhIrodAtta nAyaka hai / vaha vIra yoddhA, sundara, Akhedapriya, nirbhaya, vijayI, sadAcArI ekaniSTha hai / vaizAlinI ko ur3Akara le jAnA aura vizAla zatru senA se yuddha karanA usakI vIratA aura nirbhayatA kA pramANa hai / vaizAlinI ke atirikta kisI anya nArI kI usane kabhI kAmanA hI na kI / vaizAlinI bhI ekaniSTha premikA hai / sundara zIlavatI, pati-parAyaNa, tapasvinI, kaSTa-sahiSNu, mugdhamanA aura svapna meM bhI vIkSita kI hI kAmanA karane vAlI nArI hai| donoM hI caritroM meM utAracar3hAva adhika nahIM pAyA jAtA / caritra ke vicitra guNa, jo Adhunika samIkSA ke AdhArabhUta mApadaNDa haiM, inameM milane asambhava haiM / bhAratIya paribhASA ke anusAra guNa - hI guNa iname milate haiM, hA~, ghRNA prema meM kisa prakAra badala jAtI hai, yaha donoM meM hI dekhA jA sakatA hai / yahI ekarUpatA udayana aura padmAvatI ke caritroM meM milatI hai / udayana dhIra lalita nAyaka hai / padmAvatI pativratA dharmaparAyaNA, sundara, zIlavatI zrAdarza patnI hai | udayana ke caritra meM thor3A-sA sandeha tanika parivartana lA detA hai, vaha bhI bahuta alpa samaya ke lie| ina donoM kA hI caritra pradarza hai / bhAratIya nAyaka-nAyikA ke paribhASika sA~ce DhalA huA / vINAvAdana, aizvarya, vilAsa, prema-yahI ina donoM ke jIvana kA Adarza hai / ranta donoM hI buddha kI zaraNa meM zAMti pAte haiM / inake caritra meM bhI vizeSa parivartana yA grantadvandva nahIM hai| hA~, mAgaMdhinI avazya eka sabala IrSyAlu caritra hai usakA vikAsa bahuta hI acchA huA hai / 'rAjamukuTa' meM pannA yadyapi rAjakulotpanna nahIM; phira bhI usakA caritra Adarza kI zreNI meM hI AyagA / 'aMgUra kI beTI' kI vindu aura kAminI Adhunika jIvana ke pAtra hote hue bhI zrAdarza hI haiM-- ekaniSTha pati-parAyaNa / /

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104 hindI ke nATakakAra zaThanAyakoM ke caritra kI durjanatA, dhUrtatA aura pApa ke dUsare chora ko jisa prakAra nAyaka sadaguNoM kI khAna hai, usI prakAra zarvanAyaka duguNoM kI kIcar3a bhare nAle / 'varamAlA' meM rAkSasa ko zaThanAyaka ke rUpa meM samajhanA cAhie / nAyikA ko utpIr3ita karane ke prayatna meM vaha nAyaka ke dvArA mAra diyA jAtA hai / 'rAja-mukuTa' meM banavIra zaThanAyaka hai| vaha nIca, dhUrta, vizvAsa-ghAtI, prabala, atyAcArI, hatyArA, hRdaya-hIna, nirdaya, pApI-sabhI kucha hai| 'aGga ra ko beTI' kA zaThanAyaka mAdhava bhI chala-kapaTa, vizvAsa-ghAta, dhokhA, dhUrtatA, asatya-bhASaNa, jAlasAjI-sabhI prakAra ke nIca karma karatA hai / mohanadAsa kI jeba se hAra curAnA, pratibhA ko dhokhA dete rahanA, kitane hI logoM kA dhana har3apa kara jAnA--yahI usakA kAma hai / sAmAjika nATakoM meM bhI, pAtra prAyaH eka raMge haiM-unake caritra meM vikAsa ke lakSaNa asika nhiiN| jaisA ki kahA gayA, paMtajI ke nATakoM ke pAtroM meM caritra kI vicitratA, ghuTana, parivartanazIlatA, antarvedanA-Atma-maMthana aura saMgharSa adhika mAtrA meM nahIM mileMge / abhinaya kA bahuta adhika dhyAna rakhane ke kAraNa yaha caritracitraNa gahana na ho skaa| para aisI bAta nahIM ki ve sabhI kama sayala, asvAbhAvika yA vyaktitva-hIna hai| unameM svAbhAvikatA kA paryApta vikAsa hai, ve jAnadAra hai, nijI vyaktitva bhI liye hue haiM aura rAga-dveSa kI uthalaputhala se prabhAvita aura gatizIla bhI haiN| lekhaka ne aisI paristhiti bhI upasthita kara dI hai jisase caritroM meM parivartana AyA hai unakA vikAsa huzrA hai aura ve adhika vAstavika manupya bana gae haiN| ___'varamAlA' kI vaizAlinI apane upavana meM Aye pravIkSita meM kahatI hai "tuma tInoM loka jIta sakate ho, para mere hRdaya kA zatAMza bhI nahIM" aura vaha usase ghRNA bhI karatI hai| "tuma mujhase prema nahIM karatI ?" avIkSita ne pUchA / "prema karatI hU~, lekina tumase nahIM, tumhArI ghRNA se / " vaizAlinI bolI / vaizAlinI apane premI pravIkSita se ghRNA karatI hai| para jaba zatrusenA akelA pAkara avIkSita para AkramaNa karatI hai, to vaha apanI kaTAra use dete hue kahatI hai, "uTho, lo yaha kaTAra lo, aba mujhe prAtma-hatyA karane kI koI AvazyakatA nhiiN| jAo, zatruoM kA saMhAra kro| merA prema tumhArA sahAyaka ho|" ghRNA kA prema meM badala jAnA paristhiti ke anusAra bahuta hI svAbhAvika huzrA hai|

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govindavallabha panta 105 isI kA prakAra parivartana avIkSita ke caritra meM bhI AtA hai| pahale vaha vaizAlinI ko pyAra karatA hai, usakA haraNa karatA hai / para dhIre-dhIre jyoM-jyoM vaizAlilI meM usakI sevA-zuzraSA karate hue prema kA vikAsa hotA jAtA hai, usameM eka manovaijJAnika parivartana hotA jAtA hai aura aMta meM jaba usakA pitA karaMghama, vaizAlinI ke pitA vizAla kI senA ko parAsta karake usake sAtha zravIkSita ke pAsa pAtA hai, to usake hRdaya meM apanI kAyaratA kI dainya bhAvanA jora pakar3a jAtI hai| vaha kahatA hai, "nahIM pitAjI, dhRSTatA kSamA ho / meM vIra kula-kalaMka hU~-svayaM strI hU~ / strI kA strI ke sAtha kaise vivAha ho saratA hai ? jo pratijJA vaizAlinI ke grahaNa se prArambha huI thI, vaha Aja mere Ajanma AvivAhita rahane para samApta huii| yahI merI kAyaratA kA prAyazcitta hai|" isI prakAra kA cAritrika parivartana udayana ke caritra meM bhI pAyA jAtA hai| udayana padmAvatI ko apane hRdaya meM pratiSThita kiye haiN| padmAvatI ke caraNa taka kI gati usake sabase priya gIta ke sAtha milakara smRti-maMdira meM hara samaya upasthita rahatI hai| mAMgadhinI jaba udayana ko padmAvatI ke viruddha bhar3akAtI hai to vaha kaha detA hai, "mere isa madhura gIta meM tumhAre meM sabhI svara vivAdI haiN|" para dhIre-dhIre usake hRdaya meM sandeha kA saoNpa vAsa karane lagatA hai| mAMgadhinI kI dhUrtatA se usakA hRdaya badala jAtA hai| use padmAvatI ke caritra para bhI sandeha hone lagatA hai / hastIskaMdha vINA se jaba sA~pa nikalatA hai, mAgaMdhinI use bahakA detI hai ki yaha padmAvatI ne rakhA hai aura usake hRdaya meM usake tathA amitAbha ke prati ghRNA utpanna ho jAtI hai / vaha padmAvatI kA vadha karane ke lie vANa chor3atA hai| vANa cUka jAtA hai to padmAvatI samajhatI hai, use kSamA kara diyA gayA / taba udayana apane hRdaya kI ghRNA yakaTa karatA hai, "yaha tIra chaTane ke pazcAt yadi mere hRdaya kI jvAlA zItala par3a jaaygii|" aura vaha padmAvatI ko phira lakSya karake tIra chor3atA hai| itane hI meM mAlina zrAkara sArA rahasya khola detI hai| amitAbha bhI tora liye upasthita hote haiM aura donoM usake caraNoM meM nata mastaka ho jAte haiM caritra-vikAsa kI dRSTi se 'rAjamukuTa' sabase kamajora nATaka hai / talavAroM kI jhanajhanAhaTa meM, sAmantI zaurya ke joza meM, mAroM-mAroM kI pukAra aura uchala-kUda meM caritra kA vikAsa ho hI nahIM paayaa| hA~, zItala senA kA caritra ullekhanIya hai|

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106 hindI ke nATakakAra panta jI ke nATakoM ke nArI-pAtroM ko do zreNiyoM meM vibhAjita kiyA jA sakatA hai-eka to komala aura dUsare kaThora / komala yA sukumAra hRdaya kI nArI haiM vaizAlinI, vindu, kAmino, padmA; aura kaThora hRdaya kI zItala senI tathA mAgaMdhinI / komala nArI bhAratIya nArItva ke sabhI Adarza guNoM se pUrNa hai / prema, mamatA, dayA, ekaniSThatA, patiparAyaNatA, Atma-samarpaNa, niSkAma bhAvanA, sevA, tyAga aura karuNA kI vaha pAvana pratimA hai| kaThora nArI vinAza, IrSyA, dveSa, pratizodha, mahattvAkAMkSA, nirdayatA, SaDyantrakArI, buddhi, chala-kapaTa, dhUrtatA Adi vRttiyoM se dhahakatI huI hai / sukumAratA nArItra kA eka pahalU hai aura kaThoratA dUsarA pahalU / donoM hI pantajI ke nArI caritroM meM mileMge / komala nArI zItala , mRdula, manda pravAha meM bahane vAlI nadI hai aura kaThora nArI tIvra gati, prANavAna, bAda meM ubalatI sazakta pravAha meM daur3atI ndii| vaizAlinI avIkSita ke prati kitanI upekSApUrNa hai, usase ghRNA taka karatI hai, para jaba naka avIkSita para AkramaNa karatA hai, to usakA sajaga nArItva zithila nahIM rahatA, vaha turanta karuNA meM pighalakara aura vIra bhAva se utsAhita hokara nakra kA eka tIra se vadha kara DAlatI hai aura jaba vaizAlinI ke pitA kI senA usa para AkramaNa karatI hai, to usakI dayA prema meM badala jAtI hai / vaizAlinI apane zabdoM meM hI jaise prema aura dayA kI paribhASA kara detI hai, "nArI jise pyAra karatI hai, usa para dayA bhI karatI hai| jisa para dayA karatI hai, use pyAra bhI karatI hai|" vaizAlinI ke caritra meM ekaniSThatA aura prAtma-samarpaNa kI bhAvanA parAkASThA taka pahu~cI huI hai| usameM ve sabhI guNa haiM, jo bhAratIya paurANika nArI meM rahe haiM / na avIkSita ko ghRNA se use santApa hai, na usakI upekSA se apamAna kI bhAvanA usameM jagatI hai| na vaha apane patha se DaoNvADhola hotI hai aura na usake caritra meM koI pratikriyA hI utpanna hotI hai| vaha apanI dAsI se kahatI hai, "yadi isa jIvana meM use na pA sakU~gI to usakI pASANa-pratimA kA hI Ajanma pUjana kruuNgii|" ina zabdoM meM jaise usane nArItva kI vyAkhyA kara dI hai| 'aMgUra kI beTI' kI vindu aura kAminI bhI isI koTi kI haiN| bindu ke yaha guNa yadyapi usake caritra se prakaTa nahIM hote to bhI vaha vinAyaka kI ekaniSTha premikA aura patnI hai / kAminI ke caritra se to spaSTa hI hai| use usakA pati mohanadAsa pITatA aura kaSTa detA hai, to bhI vaha aniSTa nahIM

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govindavallabha panta 107 socatI / anta meM vinodacandra ke rUpa meM usakI rakSA karatI hai, use mukaddame se bacAtI hai aura usakI madirA-pAna kI Adata bhI dhIre-dhIre chur3A detI hai / mohanadAsa ke prati usake hRdaya meM na kabhI roSa hotA hai, na ghRNA / sadA usake sukha kI kAmanA aura rakSA kI ceSTA vaha karatI hai| padmAvatI bhI isa dizA meM zrAdarza hai| udayana kI icchA hI usakI icchA hai, usakI prasannatA hI usakI prasannatA / "svAmI kI icchA aura usakI pUrNatA ke bIca meM merA kucha bhI astitva na ho / ' meM usakA Atma-visarjana baja rahA hai| jaba mAgaMdhinI ke SaDyantra ke kAraNa udayana usase ruSTa hokara usakA vadha kara DAlanA cAhatA hai, to yaha svecchA se marane ko prastuta hote hue kahatI hai, "maiM prati mAvat acala hokara isa chidra ko apane aga se Dhaka lUgI ki lakSya-bhraSTa na ho|" __'rAjamukuTa' kI zItala senI aura 'antaHpura kA chidra' kI mAgaMdhinI kaThora nArI ke sabala aura atyanta prANavAna caritra haiN| lekhaka ne unake aise hone kA kAraNa bhI batA diyA hai / vikrama dvArA zItala senI kI upekSA aura amitAbha dvArA mAgaMdhinI kA tiraskAra--usase vivAha na krnaa| "apane vaMza ko yAda kara nIca dAsI' vikrama ke ye zabda zItala seno ko pratizodha ke patha para pahu~cA dete haiN| aura amitAbha kA bar3hatA huzrA prabhAva padmAvatI dvArA usakI prazaMsA mAgaMdhinI ke hRdaya meM dabI Aga ko dahakA detA hai| donoM hI vinAza aura pratizodha ke patha para bar3ha calatI haiN| zItala senI meM rAja mAtA banane kI mahattvAkAMkSA jAga jAtI hai| vaha SaDyantra racatI hai| raNajIta se milakara banavIra kI hatyA karane kA abhinaya karA, use vikrama ke viruddha kara detI hai / banavIra ko bhar3akAte hue kahatI hai, "tuma para mAtA kA kucha bhI RNa na rahe, jAgro isI prakAra vikrama kI khoja kro| usI ne tumhArI mAtA ko vezyA kahA hai| usa abhimAna-bhare mastaka ko dhar3a se alaga kro|" zotala senI ke hRdaya meM rakta kI pyAsa aura hatyA kI kAmanA itanI bar3ha jAtI hai ki vaha pAgala-sI rahatI hai, vadha aura vinAza dekhane ke lie / 'nyAya aura nAte kA kucha bhI sambandha nhiiN| vikrama kA vadha karo aura rakta sUkhane se pahale usI kaTAra se udy---|" zItala senI kI AkAMkSA vikrama aura pannA ke lar3ake kI hatyA aura mevAr3a meM vinAza kA khela khelane se tRpta hotI hai| eka nArI kaise hatyA, aparAdha, vinAza kI sRSTi karatI hai, yaha zItala senI ke caritra se spaSTa hai|

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108 hindI ke nATakakAra mAgaMdhinI kA caritra bhI zItalasenI ke samAna hI dvaSa-prajvalita, IrSyA-uttejita, ghRNA se jarjara hai| eka nArI apane tiraskAra kA pratizodha lene ke lie kyA kucha kara sakatI hai, yaha mAgaMdhinI batAtI hai| mAgaMdhinI apane tiraskAra ko smaraNa karake kahatI hai, "isa nirdhana kI kanyA ko vatsarAja ke bhavana meM sthAna isIlie milA ki rUpa kI pahalI hAra bhUla skuu| padmAvatI, tuma na bhUlane dogI ! isa saMnyAsI se jitanA dUra jAnA cAhatI hai, vaha utanA hI nikaTa khar3A dikhAI detA hai........siddhArtha ke sAtha padmAvatI bhI hai........ taba eka hI upAya se ye donoM bAdhAeM dUra hoN|" aura mAgaMdhinI ne abhitAbha tathA padmAvatI donoM ke viruddha hI udayana ko bhttkaayaa| donoM ko hI udayana dvArA daNDa dilAne-mRtyu-daNDa dilAne kA prayatna kiyaa| ____ mAgaMdhinI pratizodha ke naze meM nArItva ke pavitra kartavya ko bhUla gii| usane SaDyantra racane prArambha kiye / usane yaha prakaTa kiyA ki chidra se padmAvatI abhitAbha ko dekhA karatI hai-vaha abhitAbha ko isa bhavana meM bhI lAnA cAhatI hai| usa para prAkarSita hai| usane mAlina ko apanA hAra utkoca meM de, usake sAtha milakara SaDyantra kiyaa| eka sarpa ma~gAyA aura use hastIskaMdha vINA meM rakha diyaa| jaba vaha sarpa udayana dvArA vINA bajAye jAte hue bAhara nikalA to udayana ko batAyA ki kisa prakAra panAvato use mAranA cAhatI hai / mAgaMdhinI aise samaya prema kA kaMsA abhinaya karatI hai, "mujhe apane jIvana kI cintA nahIM, usakA tyAga karake bhI Apako rakSA karU~gI, ise vaha nahIM jaantii| zilA dUra hogI, to maiM apanI muSTikA se isakA viSa bharA mAthA kucala duuNgii|" apane kRtrima caritra se udayana ko prabhAvita karake mAgaMdhinI ne apanI icchA prakaTa kI "to abhI kucha bhI kSati nahIM huii| rAja-patha ke aparAdhI (abhitAbha) ko bhI daNDa mile aura rAja-bhavana kA doSa bhI na chuutte|" isI eka kAmanA-pUrti ke lie mArgadhinI ne kyA kucha nahIM kiyA; para vaha pUrNa na ho sakI, sarpa dvArA usI kI mRtyu ho gii| mAgaMdhinI itihAsa kI goda meM eka nArI kA aMgAra bharA vinAzaka caritra chor3a gii| kalA kA vikAsa panta jI kI nATaka likhane kI kalA apane rUpa meM vikasita huii| saMskRtanATya-kalA kA prabhAva unako kalA para spaSTa hai / pazcimI zailI aura TekanIka ko unhoMne bahuta svastha rUpa meM apanAyA hai| pArasI-raMgamaMca kA bhI prabhAva

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govindavallabha panta 106 unake nATakoM para dikhAI detA hai-saba kalAoM ko milAkara unhoMne nATyaracanA kI / unako kalA meM sabase adhika tattva hai abhineyatA kaa| raMgamaMca kA pantajI ne bahuta adhika dhyAna rakhA hai| vAtAvaraNa upasthita karane meM bhI vaha khUba paTu haiM / abhineyatA kI adhikatA ke kAraNa 'caritra-citraNa' tattva kucha nirbala par3a gayA hai| ____ saMskRta-nATakoM ke samAna unake adhikatara nATakoM meM maMgalAcaraNa hai| 'varamAlA' ke prathama dRzya meM vaizAlinI raMgamaMca para gAtI hue AtI hai| yaha gIta maMgalAcaraNa kA hI rUpa hai : "hoM zUla paga ke komala kusuma-rAzi, ___ karake sumana ko saphala prabhu bnaao|" vizva-maMgala kI kAmanA kA hI rUpa hai / rAjamukuTa' meM bhI 'maMgalamaya maMgala kara" kahakara maMgalAcaraNa kiyA gayA hai| 'antapura kA chidra' meM bhI nATaka prArambha hone se pahale nATaka ke saba pAtra milakara Iza-vaMdanA karate haiM: "karma-vaza hove cacala kAla, dizA kA miTa jAve bhrama-jAla / vidu meM virATa kA laya ho, vijaya meM chipI parAjaya ho|" 'aMgUra kI beTI' Adhunika sAmAjika jIvana kA samasyA-nATaka hote bhI maMgalAcaraNa se nahIM bacA / kAminI sandhyA ko ghara meM prakAza karate hue jo gIta gAtI hai, vaha maMgalAcaraNa hI hai / vaha gAtI hai zyAma caraNa kamala-caraNa zaraNa hU~ tumhArI tuma dayAlu meM anAtha, pakar3a gaho aAja hAtha, tArI tumane ahilyA, dropadI ubaarii| maMgalAcaraNa ke atirikta kahIM-kahIM bhArata-vAkya ke bhI darzana ho jAte haiN| 'rAja-mukuTa' ke anta meM udayasiMha kA rAja-tilaka hote samaya bAlikAeM nRtya karatI huI gAtI hai : "cirajIvI rAja rahe rAjan / prajA sukhI hove suveza meM, phaile kavitA-kathA deza meM,

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hindI ke nATakakAra sajjana par3eM na kabhI kleza meM, nirmala au' nirbhaya hove mana / ' isa bharata-vAkya se nATaka samApta hotA hai| saMskRta-nATakoM ke samAna hI inake nATaka svagata-bhASaNoM se bharapUra haiN| 'varamAlA' ke prathama aMka ke prathama dRzya meM vaizAlinI gAtI huI AtI hai aura lagabhaga Der3ha pRSTha kA svagata-bhASaNa kara DAlatI hai| tIsare dRzya meM avIkSita ke nadI naTa para jAne para vaha svagata-bhASaNa karatI hai| tIsare aMka kA prathama dRzya bhI vaizAlinI ke gAne aura svagata se prArambha hotA hai| isa svagata kA bhaddA rUpa to 'varamAlA' ke tIsare aMka ke pRSTha 11 meM milatA hai| vaizAlinI jhAr3I meM chipI hai aura avIkSita vismaya se idhara-udhara dekha rahA hai, use khojane ke lie| vaizAlinI (svagata]-vahI haiM, yaha to vahI hai / kyA aAja tapasyA saphala avIkSita-koI uttara nahIM / kauna ho tuma ? yadi isa loka kI nahIM ho, merI bhASA nahIM samajhatI, to mere saketa ko samajho, aura apane saMketa se mujhe samajhAyo ki tuma kauna ho ? prakaTa hono devI ! vaizAlinI [ svagata ]-nahIM abhI na prakaTa houuNgii| kintu kaise isa umar3atI huI AkAMkSA ko dabAU~ ? ___avIkSita -yadi mujhase bhaya karatI ho, to samajho, mai tumhArA zatru nahIM huuN| yadi para puruSa jAnakara lajjA karatI ho, to Ar3a se hI apanA paricaya do| koI uttara nahIM detA, kyA sundarI sacamuca kahIM calI gaI ? vaizAlinI [ svagata ]-aba nahIM rahA jaataa| [ pAr3a se hI ucca svara se ] tuma kise khoja rahe ho ?" / ____ 'rAja-mukuTa' meM svagata bahuta-kucha kama ho gayA hai, to bhI eka-do sthaloM para vaha apane asvAbhAvika aura bhadda rUpa meM hI pAyA hai| raNajIta-mai jayasiMha ko maMtrI pada dene ke bilakula hI viruddha haiM, kyoMki unakI saMvedanA mahArAnA banavIra ke sAtha aba kucha bhI nahIM / unheM yaha prAsana na diyA jAnA cAhie, vaha svayaM bhI ise na leNge| ___ zItala senI-unake na lene para avazya hI yaha kisI dUsare adhikArI kA ho| raNajIta [ svagata ]-vaha adhikArI zrImAn raNajIta haiN|" 'aMgUra kI beTI' meM svagata kI yaha pravRtti prAyaH lupta ho gaI hai| pUre nATaka meM eka do svagata ho haiM / 'aMta:pura kA chidra' meM svagata ke roga kA

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govindavallabha panta 111 daura phira jora pakar3atA huA dikhAI detA hai| yadyapi isameM aise svagata nahIM haiM ki pratipakSI ke sammukha hI svagata ke dvArA prakaTa na karane vAle vicAra prakaTa kara diye jAyaM, jaise 'varamAlA' aura rAjamukuTa' meM / to bhI svagatoM kI kama bharamAra isameM nhiiN| prathama aGka kA prathama dRzya padmAvatI, dUsarA mAgaMdhinI, dUsare aGka kA pahalA dRzya udayana, dUsarA sampUrNa dRzya padmAvatI, tIsare aGka kA pahalA dRzya mAgaMdhinI, dUsarA padmAvatI, tIsarA udayana tathA cauthA padmAvatI ke svagata-bhASaNa se prArambha hotA hai| isa nATaka meM kula 6 dRzya haiM, jinameM 8 dRzyoM kA prArambha svagata se hI hotA hai| yaha nATaka panta kI kAphI praur3ha avasthA kA hai, phira bhI svagata kI asvAbhAvikatA unakI samajha meM na A skii| ___ kArya-vyApAra aura nATakIya AkasmikatA utpanna karake paMtajI darzakoM ko romAMcita karane kI vilakSaNa zakti rakhate haiN| nATakoM kI kathA-vastu sIdhI-sAdI sarala gati se calate hue bhI atyanta tIvra hotI hai| inake kathAnakoM meM ulajhana bharI ghaTanAeM nahIM hotI, to bhI vismayajanaka apratyAzita ghaTanAe' utpanna karake paMtajI bahuta hI gaharA prabhAva darzakoM yA pAThakoM para DAlate haiN| nATakIya ghaTanAoM kI parakha aura pakar3a karane meM paMtajI ne apane pratyeka nATaka meM prazaMsanIya pratibhA kA paricaya diyA hai| ___'varamAlA' ke prathama aMka kA dUsarA dRzya darzakoM ko Azcarya meM DAla detA hai / sahasA avokSita dvArA vaizAlinI kA haraNa / tIsarA dRzya to kArya-vyApAra kautUhala aura AkasmikatA meM abhUtabhUrva hai| nadI-taTa para nakra dvArA avIkSita ko nigalane kI ceSTA aura kSipratA se vaizAlinI dvArA usakA vadha nATakIya romAMca kI sRSTi karatA hai| avIkSita ke lauTane para kucha vArtAlApa ke bAda aisI sthiti utpanna hotI hai ki vaizAlinI apanI chAtI meM kaTAra bhoMkane ko udyata hotI hai, avIkSita rokane ke lie Age bar3hatA hai aura acAnaka avIkSita ko eka tIra aAkara lagatA hai / isake bAda hI kSipratA se kaI tIra avIkSita ko lagate haiN| vaha ghAyala hokara gira jAtA hai| vaha sassta dRzya vismaya, bhaya, aAzA-nirAzA se sAmAjikoM kA hRdaya bhara detA hai / yaha samasta dRzya kArya-vyApAra kI dRSTi se advitIya hai| . ___ tIsare aMka kA tIsarA dRzya bhI isI prakAra kI romAMcakArI ghaTanAvalI se pUrNa hai / rAkSasa kA vaizAlinI kI ora bar3hanA aura ThIka avasara para avIkSita ke tIra se pAhata hokara dharAzAyI honA bhayAkula dhar3akana aura saphalatA kI zAnti se pUrNa hai|

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112 hindI ke nATakakAra 'rAjamukuTa' ke prathama aMka kA prathama dRzya bhI isI prakAra kArya-vyApAra aura nATakIya kautUhala se pUrNa hai / vikrama kI sabhA meM sahasA prajAjanoM kA praveza raMga meM bhaMga kara detA hai| karmacanda kA praveza, vikrama dvArA usa para vAra, kSipratA se jayasiMha kA vikrama para AkramaNa aura turanta banavIra kA apanI talavAra para usakA vAra rokanA-yaha saba nATaka ke upayukta vAtAvaraNa aura kArya-vyApAra ko upasthita karatA hai| dUsare aura tIsare aMka kA pA~cavA~ dRzya bhI bahuta sabala hai / 'aGga ra kI beTI' meM kArya-vyApAra 'rAjamukuTa'-jaisA bhale hI na ho, para usakI kathA yA ghaTanAe zithila nahIM haiN| unameM bhI sphUrti hai aura nATakakAra ne unameM kAphI gatizIlatA bhara dI hai| banavArI bAbA kA nAcate-gAte praveza, pratimA kA nRtya-caMcala cAla aura saMgItavihvala vANI se prakaTa honA, dUsare aMka ke dUsare dRzya ke anta meM mAdhava aura mohana kA saMgharSa mohanadAsa mAdhava kI jeba se pistaula nikAlatA hai| mAdhava para nizAnA lagAtA hai| mAdhava usake hAtha ko ghumAtA hai / mohanadAsa ke sira para kurSI mAratA hai| pistaula chUTatA hai| pulisa AtI hai| kArya-vyApAra meM isase bahuta adhika gati A jAtI hai / 'antaHpura kA chidra' meM ghaTanAoM meM adhika kArya-vyApAra nahIM, para caritroM meM avazya hai| usameM adhika uchala-kUda ko zrAvazyakatA bhI nhiiN| vaha caritra-pradhAna nATaka hone se mAnasika kArya-vyApAra usameM kAphI hai| paMtajI apane nATakoM meM rahasya-granthi bhI rakhane haiN| yaha kathAnaka, pAtra tathA caritra sabhI meM hotI hai| isase kathA meM darzaka AkarSaka banA rahatA hai, pAtroM meM jijJAsA rahatI hai aura caritroM ke prati kautUhala jAgRta rahatA hai / yaha kabhI to pAtroM ke bIca rahatA hai aura kabhI pAtroM aura sAmAjikoM ke bIca / isa rahasya-sajana' kA pantajI ne apane sabhI nATakoM upayoga kiyA hai| yaha rahasya 'varamAlA' ke tIsare aMka ke tIsare dRzya meM hai| vaizAlinI aura avIkSita paraspara eka dUsare ko nahIM pahacAnate / sAmAjika unheM pahacAnate haiM / anta meM donoM eka-dUsare ko jAna jAte haiN| rAja-mukuTa' meM udayasiMha ko bhI sAmAjika to pahacAnate haiM-para nATaka ke anya pAtra nahIM pahacAnate / yaha rahasya-granthi 'aMgUra kI beTI' meM sabase acche rUpa meM pAI hai| vinodacandra ko vinAyaka aura mohanadAsa nahIM pahacAna pAte / pAThaka aura darzaka bhI bhrama meM par3a sakate haiM, yadi usakA rUpa (mekapa) saphalatApUrvaka bharA jAya / rahasya khulane para nizcaya hI darzaka zrAnanda-caMcala ho tAliyA~ bjaayNge|

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govindavallabha panta 113 'antaHpura kA chidra' meM yaha rahasya-granthi ghaTanA ke rUpa meM AI hai| hastI-skandha vINA meM sarpa rakhatI hai mAgaMdhinI, para vaha isakA doSa mar3hatI hai padmAvatI ke sira / udayana bhI padmAvatI ko hI doSI samajhatA hai| yaha rahasya darzakoM aura pAtroM ke bIca nahIM, pAtroM ke bIca hai / udayana ke lie hai / anta meM mAlina ke dvArA sUcanA diye jAne para rahasyodghATana ho jAtA hai| isI prakAra kI rahaspa-graMthiyA~ nATakIya kalA kI anivArya tatva haiN| yaha tattva paMtajI ke nATakoM meM paryApta mAtrA meM hai| pAtroM kA caritra-vikAsa nATaka kA sabase Avazyaka tattva hai| yahA~ caritra-vikAsa kI AlocanA na karake, caritra-citraNa ko zailI yA usakI kalA para hI vicAra ho sakatA hai| caritra-prakAzana kA DhaMga bhI lekhaka kA apanA hotA hai| caritra-citraNa kaI prakAra se kiyA jA sakatA hai-anya pAtroM ke dvArA, kriyA yA karma ke dvArA, ghaTanA ke dvArA aura svagata ke dvArA / paMta jI ne svagata kI hI zailI apanAI hai| inake nATakoM ke prAyaH sabhI pAtra apane duHkha aura duvidhA, ghRNA aura prema, rAga aura virakti, vinAzakArI aura upakArI guNoM kA prakAzana prAya: svagata ke dvArA hI karate haiM / yaha zailI caritra-citraNa kI zreSTha zailI nahIM khlaatii| karma yA anya pAtroM dvArA caritra-citraNa zreSTha hotA hai, isa DhaMga ko paMtajI ne apane nATakoM meM bahuta kama apanAyA hai| varamAlA' meM avIkSita aura vaizAlinI donoM hI apane mana kI sthiti prAyaH svagatoM ke dvArA hI rakhate haiN| 'rAja-mukuTa' meM zItala rAnI eka aMgAra-bharA caritra hai| vaha bhI svagata ke dvArA hI apane ko prakaTa karatI hai "saMgrAmasiMha kA vaMza miTA diyA-kisane banavIra ne / banavIra kisakA sAdhana hai ? merA / mujhe yaha kauna nacA rahI hai ? mere manorAjya meM rahane vAlI AkAMkSA ! AkAkSA, terI tRpti na hogI kyA ?" 'antaHpura kA chidra' meM padmAvatI kI amitAbha ke prati bhakti aura mAgaMdhinI kI IrSyA svataH hI prakaTa hai| paMta jI kI nATya-kalA para, jaisA ki kahA gayA hai, pArasI-raMgamaMca kA prabhAva bhI hai| philmI-prabhAva bhI lakSita hotA hai| 'varamAlA' ke tIsare aMka ke prathama dRzya ke tInoM upadRzya philmI-kalA ke dyotaka haiN| svapna raMgamaMca para nahIM dikhAyA jA sakatA, philma meM bar3I saralatA se dikhAyA jA sakatA hai|

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114 hindI ke nATakakAra 'rAjamukuTa' meM bAraha gAne haiN| gAnoM kI yaha bharamAra pArasI-sTeja ko hI dena hai| pahale aMka, dUsare dRzya meM zItalamenI kA gAnA "apamAna kI Aga mere mana meM jAga rI jAga' bAla khule, be-sudha-be-sudha pannA kA apane putra kA zava lekara gAte hue zrAnA "tuma jAgo lAla nizA bItI tuma jIvana de jIte raNa ko meM viSa ke ghuTa piye jItI / " vijaya-garvitA zItalasenI gAtI huI AtI hai "tU nAca madhura mati se prati hiMse, he rakta-raMginI capale caMcala paga se yati se / " Adi pArasI-raMgamaMca kA hI prema hai / pArasI-raMgamaMca para maraNa, yuddha, rasoI, hAthApAI, sar3aka, jaMgala-sabhI jagaha jo gAnoM kI asvAbhAvika bharamAra ko, vahI rAjamukuTa' meM prakaTa hotI hai| bacce kI lAza goda meM hai aura galebAjI ho rahI hai| paMtajI ke nATakoM meM uddezya kI dRSTi se IzvarIya nyAya (1Poetic jus tice) kI pratiSThA bhI nilatI hai| isalie unake nATaka sugvAnta haiN| 'varamAlA' meM avIkSita-vaizAlinI-milana, rAjamukuTa' meM banavIra kI parAjaya aura udayasiMha kA rAjyArohaNa, 'aMgUra kI beTI' meM mAdhava kA nadI meM gira kara maranA aura mohanadAsa-kAminI aura vinAyaka-vindu-milana, 'anta: pura kA chidra' meM mAgaMdhinI kI mRtyu aura udayana-pamA kA puna: prema-sambandha, 'sindUra bindI' kumAra-vijayA kA punarmilana zrAdi nATakoM ko sukhAMta banA dete haiM aura IzvarIya nyAya kA pramANa bhI de dete haiN| paMtajI ke nATakoM kI bhASA sarala, subodha gatizIla bhAvapUrNa aura avasarocita hai| saMvAda prAyaH saMkSipta haiN| pUre nATaka meM eka-do sthala hI aise Aye haiM, jahA~ saMvAda lambe ho gae haiM, zeSa sabhI sthaloM para sphUrtimaya aura choTe-choTe vAkyoM meM saMkSipta saMvAda hai| 'aMgUra kI beTI' meM eka-do sthaloM para aMgrejI vAkyoM kA bhI prayoga hai| nATakIya nirdeza bhI bahuta samajhadArI aura caritra tathA abhinaya ko dhyAna meM rakhakara diye gae haiN|

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govindavallabha panta 115 bhASA aura caritroM para kahIM-kahIM romANTika prabhAva bhI lakSita hotA hai| 'varamAlA' meM vaizAlinI aura avIkSita aura 'anta:pura kA chidra' meM padmAvatI ke caritra aura saMvAda donoM hI romANTika prabhAva se yukta haiN| abhineyatA paMtajI ke prAya: sabhI nATaka bar3I saphalatA se abhinIta kiye jA sakate haiN| abhinaya kI dRSTi se yadi vicAra kareM to sambhavataH zrApake nATaka hindI ke anya sabhI nATakoM se adhika abhinaya-guNa-pampanna haiN| raMgamaMca kA Apake nATakoM meM pUrA-pUrA dhyAna rakhA gayA hai-yadyapi eka-do sthaloM para abhinaya asambhava bhI hai, ve sthala nATakIya kalA se pUrNa na hokara philmI prabhAva se adhika prerita haiN| ___ varamAlA, rAjamukuTa, aMgUra kI beTI, anta:pura kA chidra zrAdi sabhI nATakoM meM tIna-tIna aMka haiN| AkAra meM bhI ve abhinayocita haiN| paMtajI ke kisI bhI nATaka ke abhinaya meM DhAI ghaNTe se adhika samaya nahIM laga sktaa| nATakoM kA dRzya-vidhAna bhI paMtajI kI abhinaya-kalA-sampanna pratibhA kA paricaya detA hai| bahuta kama sthala aise mileMge, jahA~ dRzya-nirmANa meM kaThinatA upasthita ho| 'varamAlA' kA dRzya-vidhAna bar3A sarala hai| do dRzya lagAtAra sAtha-sAtha aise nahIM Aye, jinake banAne meM bahuta-sA samaya lage yA jo itanA sthAna ghera leM ki tIsarA dRzya banAne meM kaThinatA upasthita ho| pahale aMka kA pahalA dRzya hai vATikA kA, jisameM vaizAlinI aura avIkSita-donoM kA paricaya karA diyA gayA hai| dUsarA dRzya hai svayaMvaramaNDapa kA, jisameM avIkSita zIghratA se vaizAlinI kA haraNa karatA hai| isa dRzya meM kevala kArya-nyApAra hai| tIsarA dRzya hai vana kA, aura cauthA rAjaprAsAda kaa| maNDapa aura rAja-prAsAda ke bIca meM vana kA dRzya DAlakara donoM ke banAne kA samaya mila jAtA hai| __ 'rAjamukuTa' meM prathama aGka kA prathama dRzya hai-mahArANA vikrama kA vilAsa-bhavana, dUsarA banavIra kA mahala, tIsarA cittaur3a kA maMdira, cauthA banavIra kA mahala / pahale dRzya ko hI kucha parivartita karake dUsarA banAyA jA sakatA hai aura tIsarA dRzya inake pIche ke parde meM banAyA jA sakatA hai| dUsare dRzya kA pardA girAkara sAmAna haTAne meM do minaTa se adhika nahIM lgeNge| ___ 'rAjamukuTa' meM do vizAla dRzyoM ke bIca meM samaya kA antara rakhA gayA hai| dUsare aGka kA antima dRzya guphA meM kAlI ke maMdira kA hai aura

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116 hindI ke nATakakAra tIsare aGka kA prathama zya kamala mIra kA darabAra / donoM hI dRzya prAgepIche haiM aura vAtAvaraNa kI dRSTi se bar3e bhii| para aMka parivartana ke kAraNa inake nirmANa ke lie kAphI samaya mila jAtA hai| __'aMgUra kI beTI' meM to koI kaThinAI upasthita hI nahIM ho sktii| sabhI dRzya sAdhAraNa aura sarala haiN| hoTala kA kamarA, mainejara kA zrAphisa, baiThaka, pArka Adi ke dRzya isameM haiN| adhikatara dRzya cAra-pA~ca kusiyA~ aura eka meja DAlakara banAye jA sakate haiN| ___ 'anta:pura kA chidra' abhinaya kI dRSTi se sarvazreSTha nATaka kahA jA sakatA hai| isakA dRzya-vidhAna paMtajI ke sabhI nATakoM se sarala haiN| pahale aMka kA pahalA dRzya hai-mahArAnI padmAvatI kA susajjita kakSa, dUsarAudayana ke mahala kA prAMgaNa pahalA dRzya dUsare parde ke pIche banAyA jAyagA aura vaha samApta hote hI pardA girAkara usake Age mAgaMdhinI gAte hue praveza kregii| dUsarA dRzya upasthita ho jaaygaa| dUsarA aMka; prathama dRzyaudayana kA vilAsa-bhavana, dUsarA-padmAvatI kA kakSa, tIsarA-padmAvatI ke kakSa kA bAharI bhAga / pahale kucha parivartana karake zIghra dUsarA banAyA jA sakatA hai| tIsare meM kucha bhI karanA nahIM hai| tIsarA dhaka; pahalA dRzyarAja-bhavana ke pAsa kA udyAna, dUsarA rAja-bhavana kA bAhya deza, tIsarAudayana kA vilAsa-bhavana, cauthA-padmAvatI kA kakSa sabhI dRzya atyanta sarala haiN| ___ sabhI nATakoM kI dRzyAvalI nirmANa aura abhinaya kI dRSTi se atyanta sarala aura nATakocita hote hue bhI kahIM-kahIM philmI DhaGga ke dRzya bhI panta jI ne raca DAle haiN| 'varamAlA' ke tIsare pakSa ke prathama dRzya meM tIna upazya diye gae haiM / ye tInoM dRzya svapnAvasthA ke haiN| inameM vaizAlinI aura avIkSita sazarIra upasthita hokara vArtAlApa karate haiN| anta meM nirAza hokara vaizAlinI Atma-hatyA karanA cAhatI hai, avIkSita use rokatA hai| anta meM eka rAkSasa zrAtA hai / vaizAlinI jAgatI hai| philma meM to ye upadRzya dikhAe jA sakate haiM, para nATaka meM inakA dikhAyA jAnA asambhava hai| manovaijJAnika dRSTikoNa se to ye bar3e upayogI haiM, nATakIya yA abhinaya kI dRSTi se asambhava / ___ isI prakAra 'aMgUra kI beTI' ke dUsare aGka kA sAtavA~ dRzya bhI asaMbhava hai / nirjana vana meM eka sar3aka jo eka nadI ke Upara bane pula se hokara jAtI hai| pula TUTA hai| sar3aka kA rAstA eka laTTha se roka diyA gayA hai| eka

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govindavallabha panta 117 lAlaTena bhI TaeNgI hai / eka gadhA aAkara laTTha se kamara ragar3atA hai| lAlaTena bujha jAtI hai| mAdhava aura pratimA moTara para car3he Ate haiM aura moTara laTTha ko toDakara pula ke nIce nadI meM gira jAtI hai-yaha dRzya itanA vistRta aura vizAla hai ki isakA nirmANa asambhava hai / sAtha hI raMgamaMca para sar3akanadI pula dikhAnA aura moTara daur3ate AnA aura usakA nadI meM giranA kyA kisI bhI avasthA meM dikhAyA jA sakatA hai ? ina eka do truTiyoM ko chor3akara zeSa dRzya-vidhAna abhinayopayukta hai| ____aAkasmikatA bhI abhinaya ke lie eka anivArya tattva hai| akasmAt yA apratyAzita kisI ghaTanA kA honA abhinaya meM jAna DAla detA hai / darzakoM meM eka vilakSaNa kautUhala kI sRSTi karatA hai| panta jI ke nATakoM meM AkasmikatA ke pracura mAtrA meM darzana hote haiN| 'varamAlA' ke prathama aGka kA dUsarA dRzya darzakoM ko Azcaryacakita kara detA hai, jaba avIkSita sahasA vaizAlinI kA haraNa karake le jAtA hai| isI aGka ke tIsare dRzya meM nepathya meM avIkSita kA nAke dvArA pakar3A jAnA aura vaizAlinI dvArA zIghratA se usakA vadha karanA bhI nATakIkatA se pUrNa ghaTanA hai / isI dRzya meM Age zatra - senA kA AkramaNa bhI sAmAjikoM ke hRdaya kI dhar3akana ko bar3hA detA hai| tIsare aGka kA tIsarA dRzya bhI kautUhala, AkasmikatA, akasmAt aura anAzaMkitatA kA praur3ha udAharaNa hai| vaizAlinI ko eka rAkSasa pakar3anA cAhatA hai / sAmAjika dhar3akate hRdaya se yaha saba dekhate haiN| vaha Age bar3hatA jAtA hai, darzakoM ko hRdaya dhar3akana bhI bar3hatI jAtI hai| aura jyoM hI vaha vaizAlinI ko AliMgana karane ke lie Age bar3hatA hai, avIkSita kA tIra usakA kAma tamAma kara detA hai| nizcaya hI isa samaya darzaka ullAsa se uchala par3ate haiM aura unake Ananda ke sAgara meM bAr3ha zrA jAtI hai| _ 'rAja-mukuTa' kA to prathama dRzya hI nATakIyatA se pUrNa hai| pardA khulate hI prathama dRzya kArya-vyApAra aura apratyAzita ghaTanAoM se pUrNa hai| vikrama madirA-pAna me masta hai| nepathya meM ra rakSA kI pukAra hotI hai| eka duHkhinI kA praveza, use dhakke dekara bAhara nikAlanA aura prajAjanoM kA darabAra meM ghusa aanaa| talavAreM nikala pAtI haiM / jayasiMha kA pAkara apane pitA kI rakSA ke lie vikrama para vAra karanA aura zIghratA se banavIra kA pAkara usakA vAra apanI talavAra para rokanA-pUrA dRzya romAMcakArI hai| darzaka sahamI-sahamI dhar3akana se dekhate rahate haiN| dUsare aMka ke tIsare dRzya kA antima bhAga bhI romAMca kara dene vAlA hai| isI aMka kA pAMcavA~

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hindI ke nATakakAra dRzya bhI apUrva hai / bahAdurasiMha udayasiMha kI bali denA cAhatA hai aura usI kA diyA tAbIja udaya ke prANa bacAtA hai| ___'aMgUra kI beTI' meM bhI yaha nATakIya tattva paryApta mAtrA meM haiN| pahale aGka kA tIsarA dRzya raMgamaMca kI dRSTi se bahuta acchA hai| rAyala hoTala meM mAdhava kA kamarA-mAdhava pratibhA kA paricaya mohanadAsa aura vindu se karAtA hai| pratibhA ko eka pardai ke pIche chipA rakhatA hai aura eka-do-tIna kahakara tAlI bajAte hue parde kI DorI paira se khIMcatA hai| pardA haTatA hai, pratibhA nAcatI-gAtI sAmane AtI hai| darzakoM ke lie, aise dRzya atyanta AkarSaNa ke kAraNa hote haiN| dUsare aMka kA dUsarA dRzya bhI atyanta romAMcakArI aura kautUhala-vardhaka hai| mohanadAsa aura mAdhava meM hAthApAI hotI hai, pistaula tana jAtA hai| nATakIya dRSTi se yaha dRzya bhI bahuta tIvra gativAna aura kArya-vyApAra pUrNa hai| ____ 'antaHpura kA chidra' meM nATakIya tattva kI kamI nhiiN| prAkasmikatA, kautUhala, apratyAzita ghaTanAoM kA isameM paryApta samAveza hai / udayana kA vINA bajAnA aura padmAvatI kA nRtya-caMcala caraNoM se darzakoM ke sAmane AnA, mAgaMdhinI dvArA vINA meM sarpa rakhanA, sarpa kA bAhara zrAkara udayana dvArA bajAI jAtI vINA sunanA, mAgaMdhinI kA sarpa dvArA kATA jAnA, amitAbha kA sahasA udayana kA vANa liye praviSTa honA nATakIya ghaTanAeM haiN| kautUhala kA sRjana aura usakI zAMti bhI abhinaya ke lie Avazyaka hai| pantajI kautUhala utpanna karane meM paTu haiM / kautUhala janaka gA~Tha kathAnaka yA caritroM meM lagAnA aura anta meM use kholanA, abhinaya meM cAra cA~da lagA detA hai| inake sabhI nATakoM meM kautUhalaparaka aisI granthiyA~ milegii| 'rAja-mukuTa' meM udaya siMha bahuta samaya taka pannA kA lar3akA candana banA rahatA hai / 'aMgUra kI beTI' meM pAtroM meM yaha bhUla bahuta hI kautUhalavardhaka hai / kAminI kI jalakara mRtyu ho gaI, aisA samajha liyA jAtA hai| vindu kA prema vinoda se ho gayA hai, yaha bhrama vinAyaka ko vindu se nArAja rakhatA hai / anta meM bheda khulatA hai ki vinoda aura kAminI eka hI haiM, to vilakSaNa adbhuta rasa kI anubhUti hotI hai-kautUhala kI zAMti ho jAtI hai| 'ataHpura kA chidra' meM mAgaMdhinI kI mRtyu se mAlUma hotA hai ki sarpa uptI ne rakhA thA vINA meM to udayana kA bhrama dUra ho jAtA hai| 'varamAlA' ke anta meM bhI vaizAlinI kA avIkSita pahacAna letA hai| aise nATakIya rahasya panta jI ke prAyaH sabhI nATakoM meM hai|

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govindavallabha panta 116 pAtroM ko kama saMkhyA honA yA pAtroM kI bhIr3a na honA bhI abhinaya meM bar3A sahAyaka hotA hai| isa dRSTi se bhI pantajI ke sabhI nATaka abhinaya ke upayukta Thaharate haiN| 'varamAlA' meM 4-5, rAjamukuTa meM kula choTe-bar3e 16-17 'aMgUra kI beTI' meM 8-10, 'antapura kA chidra' meM 5 pAtra haiN| 'rAjamukaTa' meM adhika pAtra haiM, para pramukha usameM bhI 10-12 se adhika nhiiN| ___ caritra kI svAbhAvikatA aura utthAna-patana bhI abhinaya meM prANapratiSThA karate haiN| yadyapi pantajI ke nATakoM meM caritroM meM prasAda' aura 'premI' ke caritroM ke samAna bebasI, aAkulatA, zakti aura gahanatA nahIM aura na lakSmInArAyaNa mizra ke caritroM-jaisA vyakti-vaicitrya hai, to bhI abhinaya ke lie unameM kAphI jAna hai| 'rAja-mukuTa' ke sabhI caritra prANavAna aura jIvita haiM / 'antaHpura kA chidra' meM mAgaMdhinI meM bhI nArI-dvaSa kA bahuta vikAsa dekhA jA sakatA hai| 'varamAlA' meM vaizAlinI aura avIkSita ke caritroM meM nATakIya parivartana milatA hai| ___ panta jI kI bhASA bhI abhinaya ke atyanta upayukta hai| bhASA sarala, subodha bhAvukatA bharI sazakta aura pAtrocita hai| pantajI ke sambAdoM kI sabase bar3I vizeSatA hai-unakI saMkSiptatA aura gtishiiltaa| saMvAdoM kA choTA honA abhinaya ke lie bahuta bar3A guNa samajhA jAnA cAhie / 'antaHpura kA chidra' se eka udAharaNa denA ucita hogA "udayana ( sAzcarya )-rahasya aura viSa ? / mAgaMdhinI-hA~, balki donoM milakara viSAkta rahasya / udayana ( mAgaMdhinI kI ora baDhakara )-kahA~ ? mAMgadhinI-rAjarAnI padmAvatI ke kakSa meM udayana-tumane apanI A~khoM se dekhA / mAMgadhinI-hA~, maiM use sUrya ke Aloka meM dikhA bhI sakatI huuN| udayana-mujhe bhI mAMgadhinI-hA~ mahArAja kevala Apa hI ko to, nitya sandhyAsamaya / udayana-merA dhairya chuTa gayA hai| Aja hI dikhA sakatI ho ? abhI samajhA sakatI ho?'' hara eka nATaka meM eka-do sthaloM ko chor3akara, sabhI avasaroM para saMvAda saMkSipta aura upayukta haiN| abhineyatA kA pantajI ne itanA dhyAna rakhA hai ki, unake nATakoM para pArasI-raMgamaMca kA prabhAva bhI par3A hai| panta jI meM

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120 hindI ke nATakakAra nATakIya ghaTanA kI pakar3a kI apUrva pratibhA hai, kautUhala jagAne kI anupama kSamatA hai aura romAMcakArI vAtAvaraNa ko upasthita karane kI kalA hai| ghaTanAoM ko gatizIlatA dene kI zakti hai-abhinaya-kalA kI unheM khUba parakha hai| abhinaya kI dRSTi se unake sabhI nATaka saphala haiN|

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harikRSNa premI' 'premI' kA sAhityika aura bhautika vyaktitva atyanta bholA, madhura, AkarSaka aura svaccha hai / usake vyaktitva meM mUrtimAna kavi kA darzana hotA hai| premI ne vyakti aura kalAkAra, donoM ke rUpa meM vizva ko pyAra kiyA haiusase milane vAle kaTu-madhu rasa ke cUTa vaha bhAvukatA-bharI putaliyoM aura musakAte oThoM se pI gayA hai| premI ke kavi kI nAr3iyoM meM prema kI madhura vedanA kI kampana bajatI hai, usake hRdaya meM mAnavatA kI dhar3akana bolatI hai / kavi ke rUpa meM-eka mugdha-mana zizu ke samAna samasta sRSTi ke phUlapattoM ko aAkula hokara cUma lene ke lie-vaha sAhitya meM aayaa| usake nATakoM meM usakA bholA kavi jahA~-tahA~ jhA~katA milegaa| para kahIM bhI anadhikAra aAtaMka sthApita nahIM krtaa| premI ne jIvana kI jalatI caTTAna para baiThakara samAja kI upekSA kI lapaToM meM khelate hue abhAvoM kA viSa bhI piyA hai--bebasI kI vedanA kA garala bhI vaha pacA gayA hai aura pyAra kI madirA bhI usane pI hai-mamatA ke pAlane meM bhI vaha jhUlatA rahA hai| inhIM viparItatAoM aura viSamatAoM ke sammilana se hI 'pramI' ke vyaktitva kA nirmANa huA hai| garala pIkara vaha aura bhI amara huaA hai-abhAvoM ne use aura zaktizAlI banAyA hai| . patrakAra ke rUpa meM premI ne sAhitya-jagat meM A~kheM kholI, kavi ke rUpa meM vaha kizora huzrA aura nATakakAra ke rUpa meM usameM javAnI zrAI / kavi ke rUpa meM A~khoM meM', 'ananta ke patha para', 'pratimA', 'agni-gAna', 'rUpa-darzana' 'vandanA ke bola' Adi premI kI zreSTha racanAe haiN| nATakakAra ke rUpa meM usane eka darjana nATaka likhe haiN| eka ora to usake svaroM meM pyAsa kI chaTa. paTAhaTa hai aura tRpti kA santoSa hai aura dUsarI ora usakI vANI ke ekaeka kampana meM cinagAriyA~ haiM-usake svara-svara meM vizva ke aziva, amaMgala

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122 hindI ke nATakakAra aura asundara ko rAkha kara dene ke lie betAbI se lapalapAtI jvAlA kI lapaTeM haiN| ___ gAMdhI-yuga ke sAhitya meM premI' kI racanAoM kA viziSTa sthAna hai| hamAre rASTrIya Andolana ko itihAsa-sammata sAhityika preraNA dene meM premI' ke nATakoM kA kArya kisI bhI rASTrIya netA se kama nahIM / sAhitya kI vANI kabhI mUka nahIM hotI, netAoM kI bhautika vANI mUka ho jAtI hai| bhAratIya rASTrIya ekatA aura sabalatA ke lie hameM premI' ke nATaka sadA mArga dikhAte rheNge| racanAoM kA kAla-krama svarNa-vihAna pAtAla-vijaya rakSA-bandhana zivA-sAdhanA pratizodha Ahuti svapna bhaMga chAyA bandhana maMdira (ekAMkI) .wwwwww 0 GG mitra 1941 1942 1645 1941 viSa-pAna uddhAra zapatha preraNA kI pRSThabhUmi jaba premI' kI lekhanI kalA-sRjana ke lie sajaga huI zrata bhAratIya mahAn rASTra dAsatA kI zRGkhalA tor3ane ke lie saMgharSa kara rahA thaa| usakI kalpanA ne jyoM hI jIvana ke raMga pahacAnane kI ceSTA kI, usane dekhA deza ke dIvAne sira para kaphana bA~dhakara khUna kI raMgInI se rASTra ke A~gana meM balidAna ke mahAn yajJa ke lie cauka pUra rahe haiM / deza kA aAkAza rASTrIya aAndolana ke umaMga-bhare kolAhala se gUMja rahA hai / gA~dhI jI ke netRtva meM bhArata kA dUr3hA aura

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harikRSNa 'premI' 123 javAna rakta apane janma-siddha adhikAra ke lie prAkula ho rahA hai| adhikAra kI mA~ga meM apane ko adhikArI pramANita karane kA nirmANakArI kArya deza ko karanA hai-sammilita saMgharSa / aura hindU-musalima-ekatA usa sammilita saMgharSa kI zakti hai| jisa deza-bhakti ne hindutva kA rUpa dhAraNa karake bhAratendu ko prerita kiyA ; jo Arya-sAMskRtika cetanA ke rUpa meM prasAda kI rASTrIya preraNA banI, usI rASTrIya utthAna kI bhAvanA ne 'premI' ko hindU-musalimaekatA kA colA pahanakara prakAza dikhaayaa| para kevala hindU-musalima ekatA hI, 'premI' ke nATakoM meM nahIM, unameM vaha saba-kucha bhI hai, jo rASTrIya, sAmA. jika aura vaiyaktika jIvana ke lie anivArya hai| __ eka ora to yuga kI mAMga ne 'premI' ko prerita kiyA, dUsarI ora usake jIvana kI apanI paristhitiyoM ne bhI usako idhara modd'aa| premI' kA vyaktigata jIvana aneka viSama paristhitiyoM kI dama ghoTane vAlI taMga ghATiyoM se hokara kabhI samatala meM AyA hai, kabhI acAnaka phira bahuta nIce DhAla para dulaka par3A hai| aisI viparIta paristhitiyoM meM, jahA~ nizcaya kA avalamba na ho, samatala para calate rahane kA bharosA na ho, aura na ho jIvana-yAtrA se thake mana ko kSaNa-bhara vizrAma; vahA~ yA to manuSya ghora zRGgArikatA kI zaraNa meM jAtA hai yA Adarza kI chAyA meM zAnti pAtA hai| premI kI apanI paristhitiyoM ne bhI usako eka Adarza kI ora mor3a diyaa| vaha rASTrIya zrAdarza usake lie avalamba bana gayA / apane jIvana kI bebasI meM premI ne samasta rASTra kI bebasI aura pIr3A kI jhA~kI pAI / apane ko usane sampUrNa samAja kA sajaga, spaSTa aura sampUrNa pratinidhi mAnakara una bhISaNa abhAvoM aura vivazatAoM, aArthika viSamatAoM aura kisI vizeSa varga ko dI gaI zoSaNa kI riyAyatoM kA nirAkaraNa rASTrIya svAdhInatA meM pAne kA prayatna kiyaa| yadyapi yaha nirAkaraNa eka chalanA hI hai, to bhI premI ke ghAyala mana ko eka Adarza kA avalamba mila gyaa| usI avalamba ko lekara vaha nATakIya kSetra meM bahuta svastha lekhanI lekara Age bddh'e| premI jI kI nATakIya preraNA ko pRSThabhUmi hai--rASTrIya Adarza : eka naitikatA / premI jI ke sabhI nATakoM meM sAmantI yuga, jaba mugala sAmrAjya bhArata meM sthApita thA, balidAna aura deza-bhakti kA saMgIta banakara bola rahA hai| aitihAsika kathAoM meM premI ne gAMdhIvAdI rASTrIya Adarza kI prANapratiSThA kI hai| gAMdhIvAda kA prabhAva prAyaH unake sabhI nATakoM meM spaSTa hai-yahI gAMdhIvAdI rASTrIyatA kA Adarza premI ke nATakoM kI preraNA hai| usake yuga

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124 hindI ke nATakakAra aura jIvana kI Akula sajagatA usakI preraNA kI pRSThabhUmi hai| itihAsa aura kalpanA 'svarNa-vihAna', 'chAyA' aura 'bandhana' ko chor3a kara premI jI ke sabhI nATaka aitihAsika haiN| sabhI nATakoM kI kathAvastu bhAratIya muslima-kAla ke itihAsa para AdhArita hai| aitihAsika kAla-krama kI dRSTi se leM to 'mitra', 'uddhAra', 'rakSA-bandhana', 'pratizodha', 'svapna-bhaMga', tathA zivA-sAdhanA' kI mAlA bnegii| kalpanA kA upayoga karate hue bhI premIjI ne apane nATakoM meM itihAsa kI maryAdA kI pUrI rakSA kI hai| kalAkAra ke adhikAra ke upabhoga ke ahaM meM Akara unhoMne itihAsa kA na to galA hI dabAyA hai, aura na kalpanA ke AtaMka ko hI itihAsa para chAne diyA hai| itihAsa ke satya kI rakSA karate hue premI jI ne navIna jIvana-nirmANa kA mArga dikhAyA hai aura apanI bAta saphalatA pUrvaka kaha dI hai| yadi hama kevala videziyoM dvArA svArtha-prerita managaDhanta itihAsa kI gavAhI meM premI jI ke nATakoM kI parIkSA kareMge to bhArI bhUla hogii| itihAsa kevala vaha hI nahIM hai, itihAsa rAjasthAna kI jana-vANI meM bhI apane yathArtha rUpa meM bola rahA hai / jana-vANI aura aitihAsika pANDitya donoM ke AdhAra para premI jI ne apane nATakoM ke lie kathA-sAmagrI aura pAtra cune haiM / 'rakSA-bandhana' kI kathA-cittaur3a para bahAdurazAha kA zrAkramaNa itihAsa kI A~khoM dekhI ghaTanA hai| karmavatI dvArA humAyU~ ko rAkhI bhejanA aura usakA cittaur3a kI rakSA ke lie pahu~canA 'TADa ke rAjasthAna' meM bhI atyanta sammAna ke sAtha varNita hai / karmavatI, javAharabAI, zyAmA, udayasiMha, humAyU, bahAdura zAha, vikramAditya zrAdi sabhI itihAsa-prasiddha pAtra haiN| cittaur3a ke jauhara kI kahAnI jana-mana meM zrAja bhI jIvita hai| ____ 'zivA-sAdhanA' kI sabhI pramukha ghaTanAeM itihAsa ke prakAza meM camakatI haiM / aphajalakhA~ kA zivAjI ke dvArA mArA jAnA, pUnA para zivAjI kA aAkramaNa-zAistAkhA~ kA khir3akI ke rAste se bhAganA, jayasiMha dvArA zivAjI ko dillI lAyA jAnA, aura miThAI ke Tokare meM baiThakara zivAjI kA bacakara nikala jAnA--sabhI ghaTanAeM itihAsa ke choTe-ple-choTe vidyArthI kI bhI bAla-sakhAtroM ke samAna paricita haiN| siMhagar3ha kI vijaya ke samaya tAnAjI mAlasure kA balidAna Aja bhI mahArASTra meM kahAvata bana gayA hai-"siMha gelA, gar3ha aAlA / " samartha guru rAmadAsa aura mAtA jIjAbAI ke caritra mahA

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harikRSNa 'premI' 125 rASTra kI preraNA rahe haiM / zivAjI dvArA kI gaI zAsana-vyavasthA bhI itihAsasammata hai / para yadi mahAkavi bhUSaNa kA sambandha bhI zivAjI se nATaka meM dikhA diyA jAtA to lekhaka kI 'kavi-kalpanA kI aitihAsika dena' bar3I mahattvapUrNa ho jaatii| 'mitra' kI pramukha ghaTanA, jaisalamera para alAuddIna kI car3hAI, bhI itihAsa kI sacAI hai| para ratnasiMha dvArA apane putra girisiMha kA mahabUba khA~ (dillI kA senApati-ratnasiMha kA mitra ) ko diyA jAnA, jisase vaha surakSita rahe, kahA~ taka itihAsa kI bAta hai, kahanA kaThina hai| 'uddhAra' kI kathA aura caritra bhI aitihAsika haiN| hamIra kI vIratA, cittaur3a kA uddhAra rAjasthAna ke itihAsa kI vikhyAta ghaTanA hai| 'svapna-bhaGga' kI kathA tathA caritra, kucha ko chor3akara, pUrva itihAsaprasiddha haiN| zAhajahA~, auraGgajeba, dArA, nAdira, jasavantasiMha, jayasiMha, rozanArA, jahA~bArA-sabhI ke caritra aura vyaktitva cira-paricita haiM / dArA aura usake putra sipara zikoha kA badha itihAsa kI A~sU aura vedanA meM DUbI . ghaTanAeM haiN| chatrasAla hAr3A kA dArA kI ora se yuddha karate hue maranA bhI prasiddha hai| rozanArA kA auraGgajeba ke prati prema prasiddha hai hii| ye donoM bahaneM apane bhAiyoM kI preraNA haiN| premI jI ne jisa itihAsa-yuga ko apanI kathAvastu kA AdhAra banAyA hai, vaha na to prAcIna itihAsa ke samAna alikhita aura kAlpanika hI hai, aura na dhuMdhalA / muslima-kAla kA itihAsa aneka lekhakoM dvArA likhA gayA hai| antara itanA ho sakatA hai ki kisI muslima zAsaka ke kisI kArya ko eka lekhaka eka raGga meM dekhe, dUsarA anya raGga meM, para ghaTanAvalI kA jor3a-tor3a yA tor3a-maror3a nahIM pAyA jaaygaa| itihAsa kI AtmA kI rakSA karate hue bhI premI jI ne apanI kalpanA ke upayoga kA adhikAra nahIM chodd'aa| itihAsa ke kaThora aura nIrasa bandhana unhoMne prAyaH tor3a die haiM / bandhana tor3ane kI tIvratA meM eka do AghAta bhI yadi itihAsa ko laga gae hoM, to bhI asambhava nahIM / premI jI ne rasa ko sabala aura vyApaka banAne ke lie hI kalpanA se kAma liyA hai| isakA upayoga navIna anaitihAsika pAtroM tathA ghaTanAoM kA nirmANa karane meM kiyA gayA hai| rakSA-bandhana' ke dhanadAsa, maujIrAma, cAraNI, mAyA, zAhazekha zrauliyA aise hI pAtra haiM / ina sabhI pAtroM ke caritroM aura saMvAdoM se inake nirmANa kA mahattva spaSTa ho jAtA hai / dhanadAsa, maujIrAma, mAyA to hAsya utpanna karane ke lie aura auliyA naitikatA kA upadeza dene ke lie hI

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126 hindI ke nATakakAra nATaka meM upasthita kiye gae haiN| 'zivA sAdhanA' kI akAbAI 'rakSA bandhana' kI cAraNI hI hai / 'mitra' meM tANDavI kA bhI yahI sthAna hai / hA~, vaha adhika sazakta hokara avazya AI hai / 'mitra' kA mahAkAla bhI kalpita pAtra hai / 'zivA - sAdhanA' meM unakI kalpanA sambhavataH itihAsa kA adhikAra chInane ke lie macala par3I hai| isameM 'premI' ne kAlpanika ghaTanAoM kA bhI nirmANa kara liyA hai| aphajala khA~ apanI patniyoM kA vadha karake zivAjI se bheMTa karane gayA, yaha ghaTanA hamane itihAsa meM nahIM pddh'ii| aphajalakhA~ apane samaya kA bahuta bar3A vIra aura talavAra kA khilAr3I thA / usane aneka yuddha bhI jIte the; para vaha itanA jAlima aura mUrkha bhI thA yaha lekhaka kI kalpanA hI jAna par3atI hai / zivAjI ke pitA zAhajI kA bIjApura ke bAdazAha dvArA dIvAra meM cunavAyA jAnA bhI aisI hI kalpita ghaTanA hai / zivAjI ke prati jebunnisA kA prema parAjita manovRtti kI tuSTi mAtra dI | hamAre vicAra meM * aisI durUha kalpanAeM aitihAsika nATakoM meM ucita nahIM vINA aura prakAza bhI nirmita pAtra haiM, para unase nATaka meM hai / ve anaitihAsika hote hue bhI nATakIya mahattva ko bar3hAte hI haiM, ghaTAte nahIM / 1 / 'svapna bhaMga' ke vRddhi avazya huI deza-prema kA svarUpa 'svapna bhaMga' kI bhUmikA meM premI jI likhate haiM: "mene apane nATakoM dvArA rASTrIya ekatA ke bhAva paidA karane kA yatna kiyA hai| mere ina laghu yatnoM ko rASTrIya yajJa meM kyA sthAna milegA, yaha maiM nahIM jAnatA / " premI jI ke nATakoM meM deza-prema sarvopari tattva / sabhI nATakoM meM dezaprema saba bhAvoM se adhika sajaga aura gatizIla | yaha deza-prema sArvadezika prema to sacce arthoM nahIM kahA jA sakatA, para usakA pratIka yaha avazya hai / hara eka nATaka kI zrAtmA meM deza-prema kI dhArA balidAna ke sAgara kI ora bar3hatI saMkalpa-jaisI sudRr3ha gati se daur3atI calI jA rahI hai / 'premI' ke nATakoM kI pukAra hai, zrAtatAyiyoM - zrAkramaNakAriyoM se apanI janma bhUmi kI prANa dekara bhI rakSA kro| lagatA hai, jaise apanI janma-dharA ke cAroM ora zatru zroM kI senAeM hiMsaka jIbha lapalapAtI huI TiDDI dala ke samAna ghira AI haiM-- zAnti aura sukha ke choTe-se dharA - khaNDa ko nigalane ke lie lolupa tUphAna bar3hA calA thA rahA hai aura macAna para car3hakara jaise khatare kA Dhola bajAkara sabako ekatra kiyA jA rahA hai I

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127 harikRSNa 'premI' 'rakSA-baMdhana' kI zyAmA, jo mevAr3a ke rAja-vaMza se ghRNA karatI thI, cAraNI ke dvArA prabodhana pAkara kahatI hai, "tuma saca kahatI ho, deza sarvopari hai, sarvazreSTha hai / hamAre du:khoM kI kSudra saritAeM usake kaSTa aura saMkaTa ke mahAsamudra meM DUba jAnI cAhieM / " mevAr3a kI rakSA ke lie karmavatI, javAharabAI, bAghasiMha, arjunasiMha sabhI tatpara haiM--sabhI balidAna-patha kI aora pAgala paravAnoM ke samAna bar3hate jA rahe haiM / zyAmA, mAyA, cAraNI gA~va-gA~va meM ghUmakara deza-bhakti kA alakha jagA rahI haiN| mevAr3a ke kaNa-kaNa meM gUMja rahA hai'jaya jaya jaya mevAr3a mahAn / ' aura 'vIro samara-bhUmi meM jaao|' aura taba taka na samara-bhUmi meM hI koI jA sakatA hai, na mevAr3a ko hI mahAn banA sakatA hai, jaba taka ki karmavatI ke ina zabdoM ko na samajha le, "jaba taka hama apane vyaktitva ko, sukha-duHkha aura mAnApamAna ko, deza ke mAnApamAna meM nimagna na kara deMge, taba taka usake gaurava kI rakSA asambhava hai, taba taka hama manuSya kahalAne yogya nahIM ho skte|" __ 'zivA-sAdhanA' zivAjI kI svAdhInatA kI sAdhanA kA hI mUrta rUpa hai / mahArASTra ko vaha paradesiyoM kI phaulAdI dAsatA se mukta karatA hai| rAmasiMha jaba use samajhAtA hai ki mugaloM kI adhInatA svIkAra kara lo to vaha kahatA hai, "tuma hI kaho, deza ke sAtha vizvAsa-ghAta kaise karU~gA ?" mahArASTra ko svAdhIna karanA hI nahIM, use bhaviSya meM bhI svAdhIna aura surakSita rakhane kI cintA use lagI rahatI hai, "jaba taka puNya-bhUmi zatruoM ke astitva se zUnya na ho jAya, taba taka svarAjya kI sImA kA vistAra vyartha hai|" . mahArASTra kI svAdhInatA ke lie bAjI prabhu, tAnAjI mAlasure tathA bAjI pAsalakara-jaise vIroM ne balidAna diyA hai / unhoMne deza ko sarvopari samajhA hai| _ 'mitra' aura 'uddhAra' meM bhI deza ke lie hRdaya meM pAgalapana liye, mastaka meM mara miTane kI sAdha liye, aura karmoM meM balidAna kI camaka liye aneka pAtra milate haiN| sujAnasiMha ko vilAsI, ayogya aura AlasI hone ke kAraNa usI kA pitA ajayasiMha yuvarAja pada se vaMcita kara detA hai / sujAna bhI mevAr3a ke gaurava ke lie, cittaur3a ke uddhAra ke lie hamIra ko vaha pada saharSa pradAna kara detA hai / durgA aura sudhIrA mevAr3a ke gA~va-gA~va meM ghUmakara sainika-preraNA pradAna karatI haiN| hamIra apanI vIratA aura pauruSa se cittaur3a kA uddhAra kara

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128 hindI ke nATakakAra letA hai- 'uddhAra' meM bhI deza bhakti ke mastAne aura gauravapUrNa svara sunAI de rahe haiM "hara jubA~ para eka nArA, hai hamArA deza pyArA / Aga kI saMtAna, hama Darate nahIM, jAna dete haiM, magara marate nahIM, isa gulAmI se sulaha karate nahIM, hama kadama ha~sa-ha~sa bar3hAte mRtyu kA pAkara izArA / " 'uddhAra' meM bhI vahI sandeza hai, vahI preraNA hai, vahI prakAza hai| rAjapUta itane vIra, nirbhaya, sazakta aura yoddhA hote hue bhI apane dambhapUrNa vaMzAbhimAna aura kula-gaurava kI zAna meM mAre ge| deza ko bhI unhoMne pIche DAla diyA / 'uddhAra' ne unako nayA jIvana - prakAza diyA hai| hamIra kahatA hai, " Apako vaMzAbhimAna ke atireka ne patha bhraSTa kara diyA thA, kintu hameM jAnanA cAhie deza to jAti, vaMza aura sabhI sAMsArika vastunoM se U~cA hai / usakI mAna-rakSA ke lie hameM samasta kA balidAna karanA cAhie / " deza kA yathArtha artha samajhAne kI sthAna-sthAna para lekhaka ne ceSTA kI hai / zuddha vyaktigata pauruSa aura vIratA kA pradarzana deza sevA nahIM hai, jaisA ki rAjapUtoM ne samajha rakhA thA, balki use sarvopari samajhakara apanI vyaktigata Harrier kA laya hI deza kI saccI bhakti hai / yahI yathArtha deza-bhakti jaba hamAre prANoM meM jAgegI, tabhI akhaNta bhAratIyatA kA jJAna hameM ho sakegA / premIjI kI deza-bhakti yA rASTrIyatA kA dUsarA pakSa hai - samasta bhAratIyatA kI bhAvanA aura isakA svarUpa haiM, hindU-muslima aikya / premI ne apanI sAmaMjasya - kuzala pratibhA, itihAsa-sammata jJAna aura mAnava hitaiSI kalpanA ke dvArA sAmpradAyika ekatA kA mahAn citraNa kiyA hai / yaha premI ke hI vizAla hRdaya aura udAra mastiSka kA kAma hai ki usane hindU-muslima-vizeSa ke tUphAnI samudra meM se mAnava-prema, dhArmika sahiSNutA, sAmpradAyika sahayoga bandhutva ke amara ratna nikAlakara bhAratIya samAja ko prakAza dikhAyA / cittaur3a kA nAma hI hindU-muslima-virodha kA pratIka samajhA jAtA rahA hai / usI citaur3a ko premI ne donoM ke prema kI gA~Tha banA diyA / kyA yaha mahAn udbhAvanA nahIM ? sacamuca, yaha kArya rASTrIya tIya itihAsa meM dvitIya hai / rAjanItika svArtha ko sAmrAjya- lolupatA ko, dRSTikoNa se bhAra

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harikRSNa 'premI 126 vyaktigata mahattvAkAMkSA ko premI ne usake naMge rUpa meM rakhA-use dharma kI cAdara or3hakara na Ane diyA / dharma ko dharma ke pavitra aAsana para hI pratiSThita rahane diyaa| chala-kapaTa ko dharma kA rUpa dhAraNa na karane diyaa| yaha kArya vAstava meM vizAla nirmANa kArI hai| 'rakSA-bandhana' meM karmavatI-sA~gA kI patnI karmavatI kA cittaur3a ke zatra bAbara ke putra humAyU~ ko bhAI banAnA aura rAkhI bhejanA, vizva-itihAsa meM divya ghaTanA hai| yaha ghaTanA hI donoM sampradAyoM ko ekatA ke sUtra meM bA~dhane ke lie paryApta hai| humAya ne bhI yaha pramANita kara diyA ki vaha eka saccA insAna hai| dhArmika ekatA yA sahiSNutA ke lie pArasparika sahayoga aura mAnavatA kA pradarzana jAdU ke samAna hai| zaraNAgata ko zaraNa denA, bhAratIya sAMskRtika paramparA hI nahIM mAnavatA kA mahAn Adarza bhI hai| vikramAditya mevAr3a meM cA~dakhA~ ko zaraNa detA hai aura yahI bahAnA bahAdurazAha ko mevAr3a para AkramaNa karane kA mila jAtA hai| ___ ekatA ke lie dharma kI sahiSNutA Avazyaka hai| humAyU~ apane senApati se kahatA hai, "hinduoM ke avatAroM ne aura tumhAre paigambara ne eka hI rAstA dikhAyA hai / kurAna zarIpha meM sApha likhA hai ki hamane hara giroha ke lie ibAdata kA eka khAsa rAstA mukarrara kara diyA hai, jisa para vaha amala karatA hai, isalie isa para jhagar3A na kro|" zAha zekha auliyA bhI bahAdurazAha ko samaya-samaya para dharma kA vAstavika prakAza dikhAtA rahatA hai| vaha bhI donoM dharmoM kA samAna sammAna karane kA upadeza detA hai| cittaur3a se adhika zivAjI kA nAma musalamAnoM ko bhar3akAne vAlA hai| durbhAgya se aise caritroM ko svArthiyoM ne sAmpradAyika raMga meM bhI khUba raMgA hai| aise nAyaka ko lekara nATaka likhanA aura dhArmika kaTTaratA, vidvaSa aura virodha ko bacA jAnA hI eka bahuta bar3I saphalatA samajhI jAnI cAhie, sAmpradAyika sadbhAvanA kI pratiSThA karanA to aura bhI duruha kArya hai / phira bhI premI jI kI kalama ne dRr3hatA se apanI bAta kI Ana rakhI aura kahIM bhI sAmpradAyika gaMdha nATaka meM na zrAne dii| zivAjI ko itihAsa kA mahAn insAna citrita kiyA-sAmpradAyika dvaSa se achuutaa| aise nirmala aura camakIle caritroM ko pAkara hI isa aA~dhI-tUphAna se bharI dhArmika kaTTaratA kI kAlI rAta meM prakAza mila sakatA hai| kisI bhI muslima nArI ke sammAna kA roma zrI zivAjI ke rAja meM koI nahIM chU paayaa| jaba bhI kurAna zarIpha hAtha lagI, use zrAdara pUrvaka kisI musalamAna ke pAsa pahu~cA diyA gyaa| kisI ne bhI

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130 hindI ke nATakakAra masajida kI eka IMTa taka bhI na hilAI / zivAjI apanI sAdhanA ke viSaya meM kahatA hai, kintu svarAjya yadi hinduoM taka hI sImita raha gayA. to merI sAdhanA adhUrI raha jaaygii| maiM bIjApura aura dillI kI bAdazAhata kI jar3a ukhAr3a pheMkanA cAhatA hU~, vaha isalie nahIM ki ve muslima rAjya hai, balki isalie ki ve AtatAyI haiM, ekataMtra hai, lokamata ko kucalakara calane vAle hai|" zivAjI eka anya sthAna para kahatA hai, "sarva sAdhAraNa kI svataMtratA kI sAdhanA karane vAle ke hRdaya meM dhArmika asahiSNutA kyoM ?" ___ hindU-muslima ekatA ke lie 'svapna-bhaMga' meM dArA kI mRtyu mahAn balidAna hai| 'svapna-bhaMga' meM Adi se aMta taka zaitAna aura khudA kA yuddha hai-mAnavatA aura dAnavatA kA saMgharSa hai aura bhArata ke bhaviSya ke lie yaha abhizApa kitanA ghAtaka hai ki dArA kA svapna pUrA na ho sakA / dArA kA caritra eka dinya Aloka-jagamaga mAnava-prema aura udAratA kA citra hai| rAjya use nahIM cAhie, tAja use nahIM cAhie, vaibhava use nahIM caahie| vaha to cAhatA hai kevala bhAratIya rASTra kI ekatA-bandhutva kI pratiSThA / para svapna to svapna hI rahatA hai / karor3oM bhAratIyoM ke A~suoM kI pAvasajhar3I ke bIca yaha manohara svapna bhaMga ho gayA-gAMdhI kA bhI balidAna dArA ke balidAna kA sahapaMthI banA : "aAja eka mahAn svapna bhaMga ho gayA / kyA rASTrIya ekatA ke lie eka mahAtmA kA balidAna vyartha jAyagA? kyA dArA kA svapna sadA svapna ho banA rahegA? kyA bhArata kI bhAvo pIr3hiyA~ isa mahAn balidAna ko bhUla jAyaMgI?" prakAza dvArA kiyA gayA yaha prazna Aja samasta rASTra ke sAmane hai| pAtra-caritra-citraNa premI jI ke nATakoM kA nirmANa aise yuga meM huA jaba sAmAjika aura rAjanItika rUpa meM bhAratIya janatA vinAzaka rUr3hiyo aura videzI zAsana se saMgharSa kara rahI thii| yaha yuga nIti aura zrAdarza kI AsthA kA thaa| saMgharSa ke samaya Adarza aura nIti kA kaThora pAlana karanA Avazyaka-sA ho jAtA hai / sAtha hI jisa yuga ke yaha nATaka haiM, vaha yuga bhI hindU-muslima-saMgharSa kA thaa| vaha bhAratIya itihAsa kA sAmantI yuga thA / Avazyaka aura upayogI zaurya ke sAtha hI zaurya-pradarzana bhI usa yuga kI vizeSatA hai| yaha yuga nyakti-pradhAna thA / vyakti-pUjA kI bhAvanA honA anivArya ho jAtA hai / vyakti-pUjA hogI, to vyakti meM zrAdarza kI sthApanA ho hI jaaygii| inhIM

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harikRSNa 'premI' 131 paristhitiyoM ke prakAza meM premI jI ke nATakoM ke pAtroM kA adhyayana karanA pdd'egaa| sabhI nATakoM-'rakSAbandhana', 'zivA-sAdhanA', 'mitra', 'pratizodha' 'uddhAra'-ke nAyaka bhAratIya nATya-zAstra kI dRSTi se dhIrodAtta haiM / sabhI apane-apane bhU-khaNDa ke nivAsiyoM ke Adarza haiN| prAyaH una sabhI nAyakoM meM samAna guNa pAye jAte haiN| janma-bhUmi kI bhakti, vIratApUrNa ahaM, kula-vaMza kA abhimAna, sAmantI garva, balidAna kI bhAvanA nirbhayatA aura kSamA Adi guNa kisI-na-kisI rUpa meM sabhI meM pAye jAte haiN| hindU nAyakoM meM dharma kA bhI garva milatA hai aura musalamAna pAtroM meM islAma kA abhimAna bhI pAyA jAtA hai| para lekhaka kI pratibhA ne dharma kA unjvala rUpa bhI upasthita kiyA hai / 'mitra' meM ratnasiMha kahatA hai, "karmayogI bhagavAn kRSNa ke vaMzaja jaisalamera kA rAja-vaMza bhaviSya ke prati aA~khe mUdakara nahIM raha sktaa| . vaha vinAza ke sAtha lohA lene ko pratyeka kSaNa prastuta rhegaa|" isI sAmantI kulAbhimAna ko zyAmA prakaTa karatI hai, "vaha (vijayasiMha) sIsaudiyA-vaMza meM utpanna hokara bhI mevAr3a ke rAja-mahaloM ko chor3akara jaMgaloM raha rahA hai / kisalie? jAnatI ho ? Apake thothe vaMzAbhimAna aura samAja ke anyAya ke kaarnn|" ___"vIratA, sAhasa, tyAga, aura balidAnoM kI gaurava-gAthAoM se paripUrNa mevAr3a-rAjavaMza ke vaMzaja hone kA jJAna hamAre ko kyA hAni pahuMcAtA ?"durgA pUchatI hai| ___"rAjakumAratva kA mAna hamAre meM uccatA kI bhAvanA bhara detA aura use pratyeka dehAtI strI-puruSa ko AtmIya mAnanA kaThina ho jaataa|" sudhIrA kahatI hai| 'uddhAra' ke isa kathopakathana se bhI sAmantI kulInatA ke abhimAna kA citra sAmane A jAtA hai / 'uddhAra' premI jI kA bahuta bAda kA nATaka hai, isalie isameM yaha sAmantI vaMzAbhimAna kama ho gayA hai| jana-mata kA mAna bar3hatA gayA hai| sAmantazAhI kisAnoM-nirdhanoM Adi ke nikaTa AtI gaI hai aura prajAtaMtra kI bhAvanA bhI spaSTa hotI gaI hai| ___ sabhI aitihAsika nATakoM ke nAyakoM meM Adarza guNa haiN| ve asAdhAraNa manuSya haiM / 'rakSA-bandhana' kA nAyaka humAyU~ Adarza puruSa hai| nIti, dharma, mAnavatA, dayA, udAratA kA vaha avatAra hai| apane rAjya aura vyatigata surakSA ko khatare meM DAlakara bhI vaha karmavatI kI rAkhI svIkAra kara letA hai| "hameM duniyA kI hara kisma kI taMgadilI ke khilApha jihAda karanA cAhie /

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132 hindI ke nATakakAra hamArA kAma bhAI ke gale para churI calAnA nahIM; bhAI ko gale lagAnA hai, bhAI ko hI nahIM duzmana kA bhI gale lagAnA hai / " humAyU~ ke yaha zabda eka udAramanA, sacce mAnava ke bhAvodgAra haiM / 'zivA-sAdhanA' ke zivAjI bhI apane guNoM ke kAraNa Adarza caritravAna, para-dharma-sahiSNu aura dhIra vIra- gambhIra vyakti haiM, unheM na rUpa kI cakAcauMdha AkarSita karatI hai na saundarya-bhoga kI kAmanA patha-bhraSTa / maulAnA ahamada kI putra-vadhU ko dekhakara vaha kahate haiM, "tumhAre rUpa kI cakAcauMdha se merI A~khoM ne nayA prakAza pAyA hai / kitanA bhalA kitanA divya ! yaha saundarya to pUjane kI vastu hai mA~ ! usako bhautika rUpa to mohita karatA hI nahIM, rAmasiMha ke dvArA diyA gayA rAjanItika pralobhana bhI nahIM DigA sakatA / naitikatA zivAjI ke jIvana kI parama AsthA hai, "netA mRtyu ke bAda bhI deza kA netRtva karatA hai, kintu usakA naitika patana usake grAndolana kA sarvanAza kara detA hai / naitika patana ke Age mRtyu kI koI hastI nahIM / " vIratA, nirbhayatA, zaurya, dhIratA, cAturI, netRtva ko zakti zrAdi guNoM se pUrNa 'uddhAra' kA nAyaka hamIra bhI hai / usake caritra meM lekhaka ke vartamAna vicAroM kA bhI prabhAva spaSTa hai / 'vidhavA-vivAha' kA vyAvahArika samarthana usake caritra meM nayA raMga hai / munja kA sira kATa lAnA, kamalA se vivAda, cittaur3a kA uddhAra usake udAtta guNoM kA paricAyaka hai / naitika AdarzoM kA apane caritroM meM lekhaka ne itanA adhika dhyAna rakhA hai ki nATaka meM naitikatA ke upadeza dene vAle pAtroM kA nirmANa kiyA haicaritroM para paharedAra baiThA die haiM / 'zivA sAdhanA' meM guru rAmadAsa, 'rakSAbaMdhana' meM zAha zekha auliyA, 'uddAra' meM sudhIrA nIti-dharma aura saccaritratA kA pratyakSa upadeza dete pAe jAte haiM / 'svapna bhaMga' meM parokSa rUpa se pIra miyA~ mIra dvArA ke patha-pradarzaka haiM / nAyakoM ke samAna nAyikAeM bhI zrAdarza nArI haiN| karmavatI, vIrAMganA, nirbhaya, zrAtma-tyAgI, dUradarzI, ucca-kalotpanna kSatrANI hai / mAnavIya truTiyA~ usameM nahIM hai / 'uddhAra' kI kamalA bhI mugdha, deza-bhakta, dUradarzI, sarala citta vIra nArI hai| 'svapna bhaMga' kI nAdirA Adarza patnI haiN| sItA ke samAna apane pati dArA ke sukha-duHkha meM sAtha dene vAlI / udAramanA, sahiSNu, sevA parAyaNa, ekaniSTha- sabhI kucha hai / kiraNamayI ('mitra' meM) bhI karmavatI kI hI pratichAyA hai| vizva vizruta kSatriya-nArI ke sabhI guNoM se yukta /

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harikRSNa 'premI' 133 nAyaka tathA khalanAyaka sabhI eka vizeSa varga ke pAtra haiN| zaThanAyaka adhikatara unhIM saba guNoM se yukta haiM, jo bhAratIya sAhitya-zAstra meM mAne gae haiM / zaTha nAyikAoM ke viSaya meM bhI yahI samajhanA caahie| yaha bAta kevala nAyaka aura pratinAyaka ke viSaya meM hI nahIM; sabhI sad aura asad pAtroM ke viSaya meM lAgU hotI hai / pAtra kevala vizeSa varga ke hone ke kAraNa mAnavIya manovaijJAnika antadvandva se zUnya haiN| sagharSa kI tIvratA aura kArya kI vyastatA meM antadvandva ko samaya bhI nahIM milatA, yaha ThIka hai, to bhI mAnavIya hRdaya meM spandana to honA Avazyaka hai| 'premI' jI ne avasara milane para vibhinna pAtroM ke hRdaya kI dhar3akana ko bhI pAThaka ke sAmane rakhane kA prayatna kiyA hai: ___ "auraMgajeba, tU kidhara jA rahA hai / ajAba ke kAle samundara meM jindagI ko nAva baha par3I hai| jahA~pArA tUne kyA kahA-dillI kI saltanata meM bhI Aga lagA hU~, yaha bhI zAhajahA~ kI nizAnI hai| saca hai, mere az2Aba daraasala isa saltanata ko le dduubeNge|" hatyAoM aura nirbhayatAoM se khelane vAlA pASANa-hRdaya auraMgajeba bhI 'zivA-sAdhanA' meM apane karmoM para samaya milane para socatA hai; para jo paga vinAza kI tarapha bar3ha calA, vaha rukA nhiiN| aura jo zivAjI, mauta se khelatA thA, kAla kI karAla mUrti dekhakara musakAtA thA, bhayaMkara-se-bhayaMkara paristhiti kA kasakara AliMgana karatA thA, vahI jIjAbAI kI mRtyu para kitanA hatAza ho gayA : "aAja mA~ ke svargavAsa ko pUre cAra mAsa ho ge| phira bhI mere hRdaya kA ghAva jarA bhI nahIM bhraa| mujhe rAjya jaMjAla jAna par3atA hai aura aizvarya abhizApa / pujhase aba yaha sahana nahIM hogaa|" caritra-citraNa kI dRSTi se 'rakSA-bandhana' kA vikramAditya aura 'uddhAra' kA sujAnasiMha premI ke puruSa caritra-citraNa ke sarvazreSTha udAharaNa haiM, ina donoM meM mAnavIya kamiyA~ haiM aura mAnavIya divya guNa bhI haiN| donoM kA caritra prAyaH samAna-sA hai| donoM hI nUpuroM kI rununa-jhanuna aura pyAliyoM meM DUbe sAmane Ate haiN| donoM hI jana-sammati ke sAmane sira jhukAkara rAja-mukuTa tyAga dete haiM aura donoM hI Adarza vIratA, tyAga, deza-bhakti, zaurya aura nirbhayatA kA paricaya dete haiM, "ve gorA-bAdala kI AtmAeM mujhe zApa de rahI hai / svarga meM devI padminI ha~sa rahI hai, unakI vyaMgamayI musakAna mAno kaha rahI hai, isase striyAM hI acchI / abhizApa, glAni, ghRNA aura apayaza ke bojha se dabA huaA jIvana meM kaba taka ho sakU~gA ? mai mevAr3a kA mahArANA thA-aba

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134 hindI ke nATakakAra to rAha kA bhikhArI hU~ - para usase bhI adhika dukhI huuN| aba to calA nahIM jAtA / ( eka per3a ke nIce baiThatA hai ) hAya cittaur3a kA na jAne kyA huA ? " - vikrama kI mAnasa kathA spaSTa hai / caritra-citraNa kI dRSTi se 'svapna bhaMga' premI jI kA sarvazreSTha nATaka hai / isameM sabhI caritroM kA vikAsa svAbhAvika aura vistRta huA hai 1 premI ke kisI bhI anya nATaka meM caritroM kA udghATana itanA sundara nahIM / auraMgajeba, rozanArA, jahA~nArA, dArA, nAdirA, prakAza - sabhI meM caritra - vikAsa uttama hai / isa nATaka meM premI ne caritroM ke bAharI cole ko tyAgakara unake antara se praveza kiyA hai / auraMgajeba kaTTara, niraMkuza, nirdaya, nirmala, kaThora, vIra, dhUrta, nirbhaya yoddhA hai / sahRdayatA yA bhAvukatA kI dhar3akana usake hRdaya meM kabhI bajatI nahIM / samrAT banane kI mahattvAkAMkSA usase usake bhAiyoM kA vadha karA detI hai / pitA ko vaha pAnI taka ke lie tarasAtA hai / vaha dAnava hai - eka durdamanIya zaitAna ImAna kA colA pahanakara usake hRdaya meM jar3a jamAe hai / phira bhI jaba vaha mahattvAkAMkSA ke ghaTATopa se mukta kSaNoM meM zrAtA hai, jaba kapaTa kI bhIr3a-bhAr3a se vaha nikalatA hai, taba usake hRdaya kI duvidhApUrNa sthiti kA citra sAmane A jAtA hai, "saMsAra meM saba prANiyoM ke sneha se vaMcita auraMgaz2eba ! tujhe bahana rozanArA ke atirikta aura bhI koI pyAra karatA hai ? nahIM ! rozanArA kA sneha marubhUmi meM jalate hue mere jala-hIna jIvana kA eka mAtra sarovara hai / vaha kayAmata se bhI teja lar3akI - vaha talavAra se bhI adhika tIkhI dhAra vAlI lar3akI - vaha bijalI se bhI adhika jyotita AkhoM vAlI lar3akI - prAja auraMgajeba ko sarvanAza kI prAga lagAne ko kaha rahI hai / maiM maMtra-mugdha sA~pa kI taraha usa saperina ke izAre jo vaha kahegI, vahI karU~gA / " para nAcU~gA / qayAmata se jyAdA teja lar3akI, vaha talavAra se bhI jyAdA tIkhI dhAravAlI lar3akI, vaha bijalI se bhI adhika jyotita zrA~khoM vAlI laDakI - jo AgarA meM baiThI huI rAjanaitika tUphAna kA saMcAlana karatI rahatI hai, vinAza se khelatI hai cinagAriyoM se krIr3A karatI hai, rAjanItika SaDyaMtroM ke jAla bunatI hai, vaha bhI kabhI-kabhI apane komala nArItva ko pahacAnatI hai - apane hRdaya kI sukumAra bhAvanA ko samajhane kA yatna karatI hai / usake hRdaya kA citra usake hI zabdoM meM spaSTa hotA hai - "IrSyA kI A~dhI meM ur3akara maiM kahA~ A gaI huuN| maiM nArI hU~ / nArI kA astitva prema

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harikRSNa 'premI 135 karane ke lie hai, saMsAra ko sneha ke nirmala jharane meM snAna karAne ke lie hai| mai apanA svAbhAvika dharma chor3akara hiMsA kA khela khelane calI huuN| koI dila meM bAra-bAra kahatA hai, 'rozanaArA jarA soca ! Age kadama baDhAne ke pahale usake pariNAmoM para vicAra kr'|" nArI-pAtroM meM rakSA-bandhana' kI zyAmA eka dinya caritra hai| isakA citraNa karane meM premI jI ne atyanta kauzala pradarzita kiyA hai| zyAmA mevAr3I vaMzAbhimAna kI zikAra, sAmaMtI nyAya ke pairoM tale kucalI huI abalA aura samAja-bahiSkRta eka nyathA-vihvala nArI hai| zyAmA ke ye zabda usake roSabhare nArItva ko pragaTa karate haiM, "deza-bhakti ke aMdha unmAda ne, nyAya ke niSThura abhimAna ne, eka dila kI harI-bharI bastI ko jalatA huA marupradeza banA diyA / icchA hotI hai, coTa khAI huI nAgina kI bhA~ti phuphakArakara sampUrNa mevAr3a ko Dasa luu|" zyAmA ke hRdaya kI ghRNA, roSa aura krodha sAmane AI huI cAraNI para bhI barasa par3ate haiM aura vaha kahatI hai, "cAraNI tuma merI A~khoM ke sAmane se haTa jaao|" aura vaha phira mevAr3a ke dambha aura hRdayahIna vIratA ke abhimAna para vyaMgya karatI hai| para vaha apane hRdaya kA roSa dabAkara apane putra ko mevAr3a ke lie yuddha karane kI preraNA detI hai| sadA apane ko ekAnta svAbhimAna ke sAtha mevAr3a ke rAja-mahaloM se alaga rakhatI hai| usake caritra kA yaha guNa spardhA ke yogya hai| vaha apane svAbhimAna ko javAharabAI para pragaTa karatI hai, "calo beTA, mevAr3a ke mahaloM ke gahoM para nahIM, mevAr3a kI dhUla para hI tumhArA vAstavika Asana hai / " zthAmA ke caritra meM tIkhA vyaMgya vyaktitva kA ahaM, roSa, ghRNA, niSkAma bhakta kA-sA abhimAna sajaga hai| dArA, zAhajahA~ aura nAdirA duvidhApUrNa sthiti, mAnasika halacala, AzAnirAzA, andhakAra aura prakAza ke yathArtha mUrtimAna rUpa hai / 'chAyA' meM bhI premI' jI ne caritra-citraNa kA acchA kauzala dikhAyA hai| kaI nATakoM meM samAnAntara caritra bhI dRSTigocara hote haiN| rakSA-dhandhana' kI cAraNI aura 'zivAsAdhanA' kI akAbAI eka hI haiN| garu rAmadAsa aura zAha zekha zrauliyA bhI samAna caritra haiM / sujAna aura vikramAditya meM bhI vizeSa antara najara nahIM paataa| aitihAsika nATakoM ke caritroM meM raMga bharate hue premI'jI ne bhAratIya rasasiddhAnta kA bahuta dhyAna rakhA hai| 'sAdhAraNIkaraNa' ke anusAra hI adhikatara caritroM kA nirmANa kiyA hai, yadyapi jIvana ke utthAna-patana, mAnasa kA

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136 hindI ke nATakakAra dvandva aura bhAva saMgharSa bhI samAna aura ucita anupAta meM milatA hai / para vartamAna jIvana se sambandha rakhane vAle nATakoM ke caritra-nirmANa meM "yakti afrase' kA svarUpa spaSTa hai / 'bandhana' meM prakAza kA caritra isakA udAharaNa kahA jA sakatA hai / vaha zarAbI hai - zikArI hai; para usake hRdaya mAnavatA kA sAgara umar3atA huA dikhAI detA hai / lakSmaNa ko dasa rupaye de jAtA hai, use apane bApa kI tijaurI kI cAbI de detA hai ki vahA~ se rupayA curA lAve / lakSmaNa jaba pistaula dAgakara bhAga jAtA hai aura rAyabahAdura khajAncIrAma ghAyala hokara giratA hai to vaha usa AkramaNa kA aparAdha apane Upara le letA hai / prakAza kA caritra vismayajanaka ulajhana aura abhUtapUrva vilakSaNatA se bharA hai / 'premI' ne prakAza ke nirmANa meM prazaMsanIya kalA kA paricaya diyA hai / isameM sabase bar3I vilakSaNa manovaijJAnika bAta premI ne rakhI hai| adhikatara loga apane kaSToM, aparAdhoM yA asaphalatAoM ko bhUlane ke lie zarAba pInA Arambha kara dete haiM, para prakAza apanI mAnavatA ko dabAne ke lie - mAnava-prema, dayA, dAkSiNya, karuNA Adi ko bhUlane ke lie zarAba pIne lagatA hai / yadi vaha ina saba bhAvanAoM ko jAgRta rakhatA hai to apane pitA ke zoSaNa kA virodha use karanA par3atA hai / hoza meM rahakara virodha nahIM karatA to mAnavatA se giratA hai - svayaM hI aparAdhI banatA hai / virodha karatA hai to pitA ke mArga me kA~TA banatA hai / isIlie zarAba aura zikAra kA nazA usane apane sira car3hAyA / para anta meM mAnavatA kI vijaya huI | use zarAba chor3anI pdd'ii| pitA ke ghAtaka kA rUpa bhI dhAraNa karanA pdd'aa| prakAza hindI ke nATakoM kA divya aura vilakSaNa caritra hai / 'chAyA' bhI vartamAna jIvana kA citra haiM / usake sabhI caritra vartamAna samAja ke jIvita prANI haiN| chAyA, mAyA, rajanI, prakAza zrAdi sabhI yathArtha - vAdI caritra haiM / mAyA rAta ko nasIba banakara apane rUpa kA bAjAra lagAtI hai, para usake hRdaya meM mAnavIya guNoM kI bahuta bar3I nidhi jamA hai / chAyA eka gauravazAlinI zrAsthAvAna patnI hai, jo apane pati prakAza kI mAnasika durbalatA kA bhI mAna karatI hai / rajanI anekoM lAMchanoM se yukta hote hue bhI eka jyoti hai / 'chAyA' aura 'bandhana' donoM nATakoM meM caritracitraNa meM premI jI ne 'vyakti - vaicitrya' ke yUropIya siddhAnta ko saphalatApUrvaka sAkAra rUpa meM upasthita kara diyA hai /

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harikRSNa 'premI' 137 kalA kA vikAsa premIjI pratibhAzAlI nATakakAra haiN| unake pAsa sajaga kalA, gatizIla kalpanA aura eka sughara surucipUrNa racanA-kauzala hai| nATaka ke kSetra meM hindI kA mastaka unhoMne U~cA kiyA hai / premIjI kI prArambhika racanA dekhakara hI unakI kalA para bharosA hotA hai| unakI kRtiyoM ke racanA-krama ko dekhakara unakI nATya-kalA kA sahaja svAbhAvika vikAsa kA lekhA-jokhA sAmane zrA jAtA hai| 'svarNa-vihAna' unakI sarva prathama racanA hai / yaha padya-nATikA hai| isameM unakI kalA kI vikAsa kI ora AkulatA dikhAI detI hai| ise hama gadya-nATakoM kI bhA~ti kalA kI kasauTI para nahIM kaseMge / isa dizA meM 'pAtAla-vijaya' ko prathama mAnakara ho premI kI kalA aura usake ujjvala vikAsa kI bAta kaheMge / premI ne jaba nATaka likhane prArambha kie, prasAda ke kaI nATaka nikala cuke the| idhara nATaka-maNDaliyA~ bhI uttara bhArata meM abhinaya karatI ghUma rahI thiiN| abhinaya-nATakoM kI khAsI dhUma thI / premI jI ke sAmane aneka nATakoM truTiyA~ bhI thIM aura guNa bhI the / nATakoM kA abhinaya nagara ke rahane vAle aneka bAra dekha cuke the / inhIM saba paristhitiyoM se premI ne, apanI kalA kA zRGgAra karate samaya, pUrA lAbha uThAyA / sAhitya, kalA aura abhinaya kA madhura sAmaMjasya premI kI kalA meM svata: ho gyaa| premI jI kisI se bhI prabhAvita nahIM hue, para lAbha sabase uThA liyaa| unhoMne apanI svAdhIna kalA kA nirmANa kiyaa| premI kI kalA saMskRta nATya-kalA ke sabhI bandhanoM se mukta hai, vartamAna svAbhAvika aura svastha kalA ke sabhI guNoM se yukta hai| svagata-bhASaNa kA bhaddA pradarzana premI jI ne kahIM nahIM kiyaa| jyoM-jyoM unakI kalA kA vikAsa hotA gayA ve svagata kama-se-kama karate cale ge| 'rakSA-bandhana' unakA dUsarA nATaka hote hue bhI atyanta vikasita kalA kA namUnA hai / pUre nATaka meM kevala cAra svagata haiM / zyAmA kA eka, ' karmavatI ke do, vikramAditya kA eka-aura sabhI atyanta svAbhAvika aura Avazyaka haiN| unake hRdaya kI ghumar3atI vyathA ko prakaTa karane vAle aura unake cAritrika guNa kA udghATana karane vAle / 'zivA-sAdhanA' meM bhI kevala pA~ca svagata haiN| auraMgajeba, jaMbunnisA, jayasiMha aura guru rAmadAsa ke| jebunnisA kA prema kevala svagatocchvAsa dvArA hI prakaTa kiyA jA sakatA hai| auraMgajeba ke caritra ke lie bhI svagata Avazyaka hai-usakA antardvandva prakaTa karane se lie 'chAyA' meM bhI kevala cAra aura 'uddhAra' taka Ate-Ate 'svagata' samApta

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138 hindo ke nATakakAra hI kara diyA gyaa| 'udvAra' meM eka bhI svagata nahIM hai / 'mitra' meM bhI na ke barAbara hI samajhie / 'svapna-bhaMga' ko chor3akara vicAra kareM to bahuta acchA vikAsa isameM lekhaka kA rahA / para 'svapna-bhaMga' premI kA chaThA nATaka haibIca kI kar3I / to bhI isameM svagata kI arucikara, asvAbhAvika aura anAvazyaka bharamAra hai / yaha nATaka bhAvocchavAsa se pUrNa hai, zAyada isIlie bhI svagatoM kI bhIr3a laga gaI, yA jina dinoM vaha likhA gayA, lekhaka kI mAnasika avasthA ThIka nahIM thI / isa nATaka meM lagabhaga Der3ha darjana svagata haiM aura yaha bhI nahIM ki bahuta aAveza yA uttejanA ko avasthA meM-cA~da, tAja, bAdala, tAre Adi ko dekhakara svagata cala rahA hai| auraMgajeba, dArA, zAhajahA~, rozanArA, jahA~bArA, prakAza hI nahIM mAlina aura sainika taka svagata-pralApa kA adhikAra nahIM chor3anA caahte| ___ kArya-vyApAra kI dRSTi se premI ke sabhI nATaka zreSTha haiM-'svapna-bhaMga' ko chor3akara / 'rakSA-bandhana' kA prathama dRzya hI bar3A romAMcakArI nATakIya, aura akasmAt kA namUnA hai / zRGgAra meM raudra kA zAnadAra mizraNa ! dUsare aMka kA sAtavA~ dRzya kArya-vyApAra aura gatizIlatA meM zrAdarza hai| prabhAva kI dRSTi se isameM vIratA, zaurya, vAtsalya kA manohara citra hai| aneka dRzya sphUrtimaya aura gatizIlatA se pUrNa haiN| 'zivA-sAdhanA' kArya-vyApAra aura ghaTanAvalI meM anya sabhI nATakoM se Age hai / kahAnI ghaTanAoM kI sIr3hiyoM para tIvratA se caraNa rakhakara bhAgI calI jAtI hai| sabhI ghaTanAe sTeja para hI ghaTatI haiM / zAistA kA bhAganA, aphajalakhA~ kA vadha, zAhajI kA dIvAra meM cunA jAnA, kaI eka yuddha-sabhI meM romAMcakArI prabhAva aura gatizIlatA hai| isameM choTe-choTe dRzyoM meM bhI bar3I tIvratA hai jaise jahA~pArA kaTAra kA lekara auraGgajeba ko mArane jAnA / 'uddhAra' meM bhI prazaMsanIya kArya-vyApAra pAyA jAtA hai| sujAnasiMha kI nRtya-sabhA meM ajayasiMha kA praveza 'rakSA-bandhana' ke prathama dRzya kA romAMcaka vAtAvaraNa upasthita kara detA hai| hamIra kA bhare darabAra meM muJja kA kaTA sira liye praveza, ajaya siMha kA viSa dvArA vadha, tIsare aMka ke tIsare dRzya meM kamalA kA praveza vizeSa nATakIya mahattva rakhate haiN| sabhI nATakoM meM akasmAt kautUhala, romAMca, anAzitatA kA ucita samAveza hai| kArya-vyApAra kI dRSTi se 'svapna-bhaMga' sabase zithila nATaka hai| isameM ghaTanAeM kevala pAtroM ke muMha se sUcita kI jAtI haiM sAmane raMgamaMca para nahIM ghaTatI, yaha nATaka kA sabase bar3A doSa hai| kevala eka do dRzya meM hI kucha gatizIlatA milatI hai, jaise pahale aMka ke chaThe dRzya :7 sahasA jahA~ArA kA praveza /

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harikRSNa 'premI' 136 pAtroM kI saMkhyA aura unake caritra kA vikAsa bhI nATya-kalA kA mahatvapUrNa aMga hai| racanA-krama se jyoM-jyoM premI jI Age bar3he haiM, pAtroM kI saMkhyA to kama hotI gaI hai, unakA cAritrika vikAsa adhika hotA gayA hai| 'rakSA-bandhana' meM 15 puruSa tathA 5 striyA~ haiN| 'zivA-sAdhanA' meM 34 puruSa 6 striyA~ / 'svapna bhaMga' meM 7-8 puruSa aura 5 striyA~ / 'chAyA' meM 6 puruSa aura 3 striyA~ / 'mitra' meM 8 puruSa aura 1 striyA~ tathA 'uddhAra' meM haiM puruSa aura 3 striyA~ / pAtroM kI saMkhyA kI dRSTi se 'zivA-sAdhanA' meM hI adhika bhIr3a-bhAr3a hai| yaha dRzya-vidhAna kI dRSTi se bhI doSapUrNa hai| zeSa sabhI nATaka pAtroM kI saMkhyA kI dRSTi se ThIka hai| caritroM kA vikAsa 'rakSA-bandhana' meM bahuta acchA hai| zrAzcarya hotA hai ki premI jI kA yaha prArambhika nATaka hote hue bhI hara dRSTi se itanA uccakoTi kA hai| vikramAditya zyAmA-donoM caritra-vikAsa kI dRSTi se atyanta saphala haiN| bhAratIya dRSTikoNa se karmavatI, bAghasiMha, javAharabAI, humAyU~ mahAn caritra haiN| premI jI kA caritra-vikAsa sthUla se sUkSma kI ora hotA gayA hai| bAharI lapaka-jhapaka, daur3a-dhUpa kama hotI gaI aura hRdaya kI sUkSma vRttiyoM kA citraNa bar3hatA gayA hai| yadi isakA grApha banAyA jAya to caritra-vikAsa kI pahalI U~cI mInAra hogI rakSA bandhana', dUsarI 'svapna-bhaMga', tIsarI 'chaayaa'| ina sabase UMcI hogI 'svapna-bhaMga' kI mInAra / 'rakSA-bandhana' aura 'svapana-bhaMga' ke bIca kI rekhA DhIlI par3I-sI diikhegii| isI prakAra 'svapna-bhaMga' aura 'chAyA' ke bIca kI rekhA bhI kucha DhIlI mAlUma hogii| ___ 'rakSA-bandhana' kA uccakoTi kA caritra-citraNa 'zivA-sAdhanA' aura 'pratizodha' meM nirbala par3a gayA hai aura 'mitra' tathA 'uddhAra' kA caritracitraNa bhI nIce utara pAyA hai| 'chAyA' meM nArI aura puruSa donoM hI apane-apane yathArtha rUpa meM Aye haiM / rUpa-tRpti, jo ki kAma kI bhUkha kA hI eka pahalU hai, isa nATaka meM jIvana ke ghAva para marahama banakara AI hai / 'svapna-bhaMga' caritra-vikAsa kI dRSTi se sarvazreSTha nATaka hai| aitihAsika hote hue bhI isameM premI jI ne caritra kA udghA na karane meM kamAla kI saphalatA pAI hai| rozanArA eka tUphAnI nArI; zAhajahA~ eka asthira citta duvidhA kI bhaMvara meM phaMsA pitA, dArA aAzA-nirAzA, bhAgya aura pauruSa, A~sU aura aizvarya kA devatA, jahA~pArA eka vyathita ucchavAsa ko ghAyala

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140 hindI ke nATakakAra kampana -- sabakA caritra raMgIna citroM ke samAna spaSTa hai / auraMgajeba kA caritrodghATana karane meM bhI lekhaka ne sUkSma kalpanA aura antarbhedI dRSTi kA prazaMsanIya paricaya diyA hai / premI jI ne apane sabhI nATakoM meM vAtAvaraNa kA bhI pUrA dhyAna rakhA hai-- vAtAvaraNa sambandhI dRzyoM se nATakIya lAbha uThAyA hai / - 'rakSA-bandhana' meM pahale aMka kA chaThA dRzya rAjapUtI saMskRti kA sahI vAtAvaraNa upasthita karatA hai| rAkhI kA parva kSatriyoM kA balidAna - parva hai / 'zivA-sAdhanA' kA prathama dRzya bhavAnI ke maMdira kA hai, yaha bhI vAtAvaraNa kI dRSTi se bahuta saphala aura Avazyaka hai / 'svapna bhaMga' meM tAja ke pAsa kA dRzya vAtAvaraNa ii nahIM upasthita karatA, nATaka kA uddezya bhI ghoSita kara detA hai / bhAvanA aura kalA kA avatAra tAja hindU-musalima ekatA aura hai / 'uddhAra' ke tIsare zraMka ke cauthe dRzya meM bhI durgA kI mUrti ke sAmane cittaur3a ke uddhAra kI pratijJA kI jAtI hai / aise dRzyoM kA upayoga kI dRSTi se bahuta hai / 'chAyA' meM sthAna aura samaya kA cunAva bahuta hI acchA huA hai / kalA kA pratIka prema jI kI kalA ke viSaya meM eka bAta aura bar3e ubhare hue rUpa meM sAmane zrAtI hai / vaha hai gItoM kA prayoga / adhikatara nATakoM meM dRzya kA Arambha hI gIta se hotA hai / 'rakSA bandhana' ke pahale aMka kA dUsarA, tathA chaThA aura tIsare aMka kA cauthA, 'zivA-sAdhanA' ke pahale aMka kA chaThA, dUsare aMka kA pahalA, tIsare aMka kA dUsarA, cauthe zraMka kA pahalA, cauthA aura pA~cavA~; 'uddhAra' ke pahale zraMka kA dUsarA, dUsare aMka kA pahalA, AThavA~ aura tIsare kA dUsarA dRzya gIta se hI Arambha hote haiM / yaha pravRtti 'svapana-bhaMga' meM carama sImA ko pahu~ca gaI hai / pahale aMka kA pahalA, dUsarA, cauthA, pA~cavA~ dUsare zraMka kA pahalA, pA~cavA~ chaThA; tIsare aMka kA pahalA aura sAtavA~ dRzya gIta se hI zrArambha hotA hai| isameM vINA kA kAma kevala 'gIta gAkara dRzya ko prArambha karanA hI mAlUma hotA hai / isa nATaka meM kula teraha gIta haiM, jinameM 6 gIta kevala dRzya prArambha karane ke lie hI haiM / isameM sandeha nahIM ki gIta se dRzya prArambha karanA kahIM-kahIM bahuta cchA hotA hai / isase darzakoM ko zrAkarSita kiyA jAtA hai; para hara dRzya ke Arambha meM gIta rakhanA bahuta U~cI kalA nhiiN| gItoM meM vibhinna chanda hone cAhie | para 'zivA sAdhanA' aura 'svapna bhaMga' donoM meM chandoM kA parivartana bahuta kama hai /

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141 harikRSNa 'premI' bhASA kI dRSTi se kucha bhI kahanA vyartha hai| premI kI bhASA nATakocita, bhAvamayI, spaSTa, custa, prabhAvazAlI aura svaccha hai / aisI nirdoSa aura bhalI bhASA kama hI loga likha pAte haiM / sAdagI aura zakti donoM guNa bhASA meM honA lekhaka kI bahuta bar3I saphalatA hai-yaha premI meM pUrNa rUpa se hai| premI jI ke vikAsa kI yAtrA kA hI Upara digdarzana karAyA gayA hai| abhI ve aneka nATaka bheMTa kareMge, pUrA mUlyAMkana to abhI kiyA hI nahIM jA sktaa| para jo-kucha sAmane haiM, usI ke AdhAra para ve hindI ke gauravazAlI kalAkAra haiN| premI jI apane nATakoM kI racanA karate samaya isa bAta kA pUrA-pUrA dhyAna rakhate haiM ki unake nATaka abhinIta ho skeN| 'svapna-bhaMga' kI bhUmikA meM vaha likhate haiM, "maiMne ina nATakoM meM bhAva diye haiM, kalA dI hai yA nahIM, yaha kalAvid dekheM-mujhe dekhane kI phursata nhiiN| hA~, itanA prayatna to maiM karatA hU~ ki nATaka raMgamaMca ke upayukta raheM, jana-sAdhAraNa kI pahu~ca ke bAhara na hoM aura unameM rasAnubhUti kA abhAva na ho|" / abhineyatA premI jI ke nATakoM meM sAhitya aura abhinaya-kalA-donoM kA prazaMsanIya sAmaMjasya hai| hindI ke anya pratibhAzAlI vikhyAta nATakakAroM kI apekSA premI jI ne apane nATakoM meM abhinaya kA adhika dhyAna rakhA hai| premI jI ke sabhI zreSTha nATakoM kA aneka sthAnoM para abyavasAyI nATya-maNDaloM dvArA saphalatApUrvaka abhinaya ho cukA hai / 'rakSA-bandhana', 'svapna-bhaMga', 'chAyA', 'bandhana' aura 'uddhAra' abhinaya kI dRSTi se bhI utane hI zreSTha haiM jitane ve sAhityika dRSTi se / 'rakSA-bandhana', 'chAyA', 'svapna-bhaMga', 'bandhana', 'mitra' tathA 'uddhAra'--sabhI meM tIna-tIna aMka haiM / kevala 'zivA-sAdhanA' cAra aMkoM kA hai| koI bhI nATaka adhika lambA nahIM-kisI kA bhI abhinaya DhAI ghaMTe se adhika dera taka nahIM jA sktaa| ___sabhI nATakoM kA dRzya-vidhAna bahuta hI sarala aura nATakocita hai| 'rakSA-bandhana' ke prathama aMka kA dRzya-vidhAna hai-1. cittaur3a ke mahArANA vikramAditya kA bhavana, 2. mevAr3a ke vana kI pagaDaNDI, 3. rAja-bhavana kI vATikA, 4, mANDU kA rAjamahala-bahAdurazAha aura mallakhA~, 5. mahArANA vikramAditya kA rAjabhavana tathA 6. cittaur3a kA bhItarI bhaag| ina dRzyoM meM cauthA tathA pA~cavA~ ho bar3e dRzya haiM, jo Age-pIche haiN| cauthe dRzya kA thor3AsA sAmAna haTAkara turanta pA~cavA~ banAyA jA sakatA hai yA eka sAtha hI cauthe

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142 hindI ke nATakakAra ke pIche pA~cavA~ banAyA jA sakatA hai aura cauthA samAta hoo hI usakA sAmAna haTAkara pA~caveM dRzya kA paradA uThA diyA jA sakatA hai| dUsarA tathA tIsarA aMka to itane sarala haiM ki inake sambandha meM kucha kahane kI AvazyakatA hI nhiiN| tIsare aMka kA 5 vA tathA 7 vA~ dRzya bar3e haiM aura prabhAvazAlI bhI / ve donoM eka hI dRzya haiN| pA~caveM se hI sAtaveM kA kAma liyA jA sakatA hai| ___'chAyA' tathA 'bandhana' ke dRzya-vidhAna to raMgamaMca kI saralatA aura sAdagI ke Adarza udAharaNa haiN| do saiTsa meM nATaka pUrA ho jAtA hai| eka madhyavargIya gRhastha kA makAna tathA dUsarA eka gA~va kI jhoNpdd'ii| zeSa sabhI dRzya nadI, bAga, jaMgala Adi ke haiM, jinake nirmANa kI AvazyakatA nahIM, paradoM se bhI kAma cala sakatA hai| 'bandhana' meM bhI do TaiTa cAhie-eka 'dhanI kA goSThI-bhavana' tathA dUsarA garIba kA makAna / ' zeSa sabhI dRzya bAharI haiN| ___ nATakIya abhinaya sampannatA kI dRSTi se premI jI kA 'uddhAra' bahuta hI ucca koTi kA nATaka hai / isameM raMga sUcanAe yA nirdeza bhI vistRta, zreSTha, abhinayopayukta, lAbhaprada aura vAtAvaraNa ko upasthita karane vAle haiN| 'udAra ke jaise nirdeza kisI anya nATaka meM nhiiN| ina nidezoM se vastra rUpa-sampAdana ( Make-up ) tathA abhinetA ke cunAva meM pUrI-pUrI sahAyatA milatI hai 'uddhAra' kA dRzya-vidhAna bhI atyanta upayukta, sarala tathA nATakIya hai / pahalA aka isa prakAra hai-1. eka kheta, 2. rAja-bATikA, 3. rAjamahala kA eka kakSa, 4. rAja-vATikA, 5. eka jhoMpar3I, 6. pahAr3a kI talahaTI, 7. rAja-darabAra / ina sAtoM dRzyoM meM koI bhI dRzya aisA nahIM jo agale dRzya ke nirmANa meM bAdhaka ho| choTe-se-choTe nirmANa yogya dRzya ke pahale aisA dRzya hai, jise banAne kI AvazyakatA hI nhiiN| dUsarA tathA tIsarA aMka bhI isI prakAra hai / rAja-bhavana se pahale jaMgala yA vATikA ke dRzya haiM, jisase rAja-bhavana ke dRzya banAne ke lie paryApta samaya mila jAtA hai| abhinaya saphala banAne meM kArya-vyApAra, kautUhala, jijJAsA aura akasmAt yA anAzita ghaTanAoM kA bhI bar3A mahatva hai / zrArambha aura anta bhI prabhAvotpAdaka honA cAhie / 'rakSA-bandhana' kA prathama dRzya hI isakI saphalatA kI ghoSaNA kara detA hai / sahasA bAghasiMha kA praveza aura dhanadAsa kI kamara para lAta lagAnA, javAhara bAI kA zrAnA aura vikramAditya ko phaTakAra

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harikRSNa 'premI' 143 batAnA, karmavatI aura udayasiMha kA bhI upasthita honA-nATakIya ka jA ko carama saphalatA hai| yaha kArya-vyApAra, anAzitatA, akasmAt tathA prabhAva kI dRSTi se mahAn dRzya hai / pahale aMka kA chaThA dRzya rAjapUta saMskRti kA bhavya rUpa upasthita karatA hai| dUsare aMka kA sAtavA~ dRzya kArya-cyApAra aura nATakIya gatizIlatA kA bhavya udAharaNa hai| _ 'rakSA-bandhana' kA anta bhI bahuta hI prabhAvazAlI hai| vaha eka ora to A~khoM meM bebasI kI badalI barasAne vAlA aura dUsarI ora mastaka ko gaurava se camakAne vAlA hai| 'chAyA' aura 'bandhana' apane viSayAnukUla gatizIlatA aura pravAha lekara cale haiN| 'chAyA' kA antima dRzya vidya t ke samAna sahasA putaliyoM ke sAmane mAnava ko prakAza dene vAlI chAyA ko mahAn rUpa meM upasthita karatA hai / kavi ke jIvana kA citra hI hai 'chAyA', isalie isakA prArambha kAvya aura kalA kI carcA se hotA hai / chAyA kA pahale aMka kA cauthA dRzya, dUsare aMka kA tIsarA-pA~cavA~ aura nATaka kA antima dRzya bhavya haiN| ____ 'udvAra' bhI aisI prabhAvazAlI aura nATaka meM sahasA romAMca khar3e kara dene vAlI ghaTanAmoM se sampanna hai| pahale dRzya meM hamIra ke hRdaya meM sudhIrA eka kautUhala utpanna kara detI hai usakI utpatti ke sambandha meM / tIsarA dRzya (aMka pahalA) ThIka 'rakSA-bandhana' ke prathama dRzya ke hI samAna hai| sujAna ke raMga meM bhaMga yahA~ ajayasiMha ke dvArA hotA hai| sAtaveM dRzya meM mahArANA ke darabAra meM hamIra ke dvArA muJja kA kaTA sira lekara praveza eka romAMcakArI ghaTanA hai / 'uddhAra' kA bhI prathama aura antima dRzya atyanta prabhAvotpAdaka hai / 'uddhAra' premI jI ke 'rakSA-bandhana' kI jor3a kA nATaka hai| 'uddhAra', 'chAyA', 'bandhana' aura 'mitra' Adi-sabhI meM 12-13 se adhika pAtra nahIM / 'rakSA-bandhana' meM azyaya lagabhaga bIsa pAtra haiM para kaI kA to bahuta thor3A hI kAma hai / __bhASA zrAdi kI dRSTi se to kucha kahanA hI vyartha hai| premIjI kI bhASA nATakocita, pAtrocita aura paristhiti ke anukUla hotI hai| vaha svaccha prabhAvazAlI, bhAvamayI, calatI huI, custa aura cubhatI huI hai-sarvathA abhinaya ke upyukt| abhinaya kA dhyAna rakhate hue bhI premIjI ke kaI nATakoM meM raMgamaMcasambandhI truTiyA~ haiN| 'zivA-sAdhanA' ko isake pramANa meM upasthita kiyA jA sakatA hai / zivA-sAdhanA' meM pAtroM kI khAsI bhIr3a hai| puruSa haiM cauMtIsa aura striyA~ haiM nau / sipAhI sahelI kI inameM ginatI nhiiN| isa

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144 hindI ke nATakakAra nATaka kA dRzya-vidhAna bhI sadoSa hai| kahAnI AgarA, dillI, bIjApura, rAmagar3ha, jaMjIrA dvIpa, pUnA, sitArA meM phailI par3I hai| prathama aGka kA tIsarA dRzya hai bIjApura kA kilA, jisameM zAhajI ko eka dIvAra meM cunA jA rahA hai| cauthA dRzya hai-rAmagar3ha meM zivAjI kA moro paMta se parAmarza / pahale dRzya kA paTa-parivartana karate hI usakI IMTe Adi haTAne ke lie samaya nahIM mila sktaa| rAmagar3ha meM parAmarza ke samaya zivAjI kA kucha to prabhAvazAlI ThATa dikhAnA hI cAhie / vAtAvaraNa upasthita karane ke lie dRzya vizAla banAnA hI cAhie / tIsare aGka kI dRzyAvalI dekhie-dUsarA dRzya, pUnA ke mahala meM zAistAkhA~ / tIsarA dRzya, AgarA kA dIvAne khAsa / ye donoM dRzya vizAla haiN| Age pIche inakA nirmANa kama kaThinAI upasthita nahIM krtaa| vaise gatizIlatA kI dRSTi se 'zivA-sAdhanA' bahuta saphala hai| abhinaya kI dRSTi se 'svapna-bhaMga' bhI nirbala hai| pahalA akka-pahalA dRzya dArA kA mahala, dUsarA dRzya tAja ke sAmane kA cabUtarA / donoM dRzyoM kA nirmANa asambhava hai| tIsarA dRzya auraMgAbAda kA raaj-mhl| isameM svagatoM kI bhI arucikara bharamAra hai| mAlina, auraMgajeba, dArA, nAdirA, prakAza sabhI ko roga hai svagata-bhASaNa kA aura so bhI koI uttejita avasthA meM nahIM, cA~da, tAre, tAja kA varNana taka karane meN| kArya-vyApAra kI dRSTi se koI bhI ghaTanA raMgamaMca para nahIM hotI, balki koI pAtra usakI sUcanA detA hai| varNana karane se to rasAnubhUti nahIM ho sktii| na usakA rUpaka hI khar3A ho sakatA hai| ghaTanAeM ghaTatI nahIM, kevala sUcita kI jAtI haiM, yaha nATaka kA doSa hai| samAja aura mAnava kI samasyA premIjI ne aitihAsika nATakoM kI hI vizeSa prakAra se racanA kI-eka bar3I saMkhyA meM aitihAsika nATakoM kI maNiyoM kA jagamaga hAra banAkara hindIvANI ko bheMTa kiyaa| unameM apanI lekhanI se jIvana ke yathArthavAdI citra utAre hI nahIM jA sakate / deza-prema, balidAna, kisI aAdarza ke pIche dIvAnA rahanA hI jIvana kI pUrNa tasvIra nahIM hai| aitihAsika nATakoM meM caritra ke bhItarI paratoM ko kholakara jIvana ke prabhAvoM kA yathArtha rUpa unameM rakhA hI nahIM jA sktaa| unameM paramparAgata aneka bandhanoM kI taMga pagaDaNDI para hI pratibhA ko valanA par3atA hai| samAja aura mAnava kI yathArtha tasvIra dene ke lie bhI premI jI ne saiphala ceSTA kI hai vaha ceSTA hI nahIM, gauravazAlI liddha bhI hai / mAnava aura samAja ke caritra kA udghATana karane ke lie premI

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harikRSNa 'premI' 145 ne 'chAyA' aura 'bandhana' do nATakoM kI racanA kii| premI ne 'chAyA' meM eka prasiddha kavi kI samAja aura rASTra dvArA upekSita sthiti kA marmabhedI citra upasthita kiyA hai| samAja aura vyakti ke jIvana-vikAsa ke ghuna-zoSaNa-kA isameM naMgA rUpa hai| vyakti ke ke antara kI bebasI, jIvana ke abhAva aura bAharI pAkhaNDa evaM kRtrima rUpa kA isameM hAhAkAra karatA huA citra hai / kavi prakAza, jisakI kavitAoM kI eka-eka kar3I para janatA unmAda-caMcala ho tAliyA~ bajAtI hai, jisakI kavitAeM rASTra kI nasoM meM prANoM kA rakta saMcAlita kara detI haiM. usakI patnI kahIM usase dUra AgarA ke kisI gA~va meM par3I hai-usakI jhoMpar3I ke dIpaka meM tela bhI nahIM hai; para kise cintA ! prakAza se paisA vasUla karane vAle kurkiyA~ lA rahe haiM-"rupaye vAloM ke dila nahIM hotaa| jina logoM ke ghara meM lAkhoM rupaye par3e haiM, ve bhI do dina kI mauhalata nahIM dete, eka paise kI bhI chUTa nahIM dete|" mAyA, jo rAta ko nasIma banakara, apane bhAiyoM ko kAleja kI zikSA aura pitA ke zAnadAra vilAsI jIvana kA krama jArI rakhane ke lie apanA rUpa becatI hai, rezama kI rAmanAmI se Dhake samAja kA yathArtha rUpa sAmane rakhatI hai-"udhara dekho, usa palaMga kI sapheda cAdara para isa nagara ke na jAne kitane raIsa yuvaka aura bUr3he bho prapane hRdaya kI kAlimA bikharA gae hai|" / chAyA, prakAza kI patnI ke ye preraka aura bar3e-se-bar3e zAstra se bhI adhika mAnava-hitaiSI zabda, "rupaye ko apane sira para na car3hane do manuSyo !- rupaye ko manuSya kA sukha na chInane do manuSyo ! rupaye ko manuSya kA apamAna na karane do manuSyo !" sAmyavAda kA sAra nikAlakara rakha dete haiN| ye Arthika buniyAda para naye samAja kA bhavana-nirmANa karane kA bhavya sandeza dete haiM aura vaha patita jIvana ko utthAna-mArga para agrasara karane kA bhI divya zrAdeza detI hai, "pAnI ko hAtha pakar3a uThAnA sIkho, usake mukha para apayaza kI kAlimA potakara nIce girAnA nahIM / " 'chAyA' meM mAnava ke Arthika aura sAmAjika donoM ho prakAra ke jIvana ke utthAna kI ceSTA hai / isameM premI jI ne 'mAnava' ko 'sAdhya' yA 'uddezya' kerUpa meM dekhA hai, anya nATakoM meM vaha sAdhana-mAtra hai| isameM anya nATakoM kI apekSA caritra-vikAsa bhI atyanta saphala aura prazaMsanIya hai| 'chAyA' meM pAhata upekSita mAnava ko Azraya dene ke lie 'kAma' kA AdhAra pradAna karane kI bhI jhA~kI hai| isameM kAma-samasyA ko liyA gayA hai, yaha to nahIM

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hindI ke nATakakAra kahA jA sakatA, usake jIvana meM kitanA mahattva hai, isakA saMketa avazya hai| mAyA eka rUpa bebane vAlI yuvatI hai, phira bhI usake mAnavIya guNoM para mastaka nata hotA hai / jyotsnA pati ke AtaMka kI chAyA meM apane rUpa kA lAbha uThAtI hai- donoM nArI hI prakAza ke bujhate dIpaka meM sneha DhAla sakI aura unhoMne usakI rakSA kii| chAyA AsthA, zraddhA aura zrAtma-vizvAsa kI pratimA hai / isa nATaka meM premI jI paristhiti kI capeToM se zrAhata manuSya ke ghAvoM para sahAnubhUti kA zItala-amRta aAlepa lagAte hue milate haiN| __ 'chAyA' meM Arthika zoSaNa aura viSamatA kA jo ghAtaka svarUpa vyakti ke jIvana kA rakta cUmate hue dikhAyA gayA hai, 'bandhana' meM vaha aura bhI atyanta vyApaka banakara AyA hai-yaha sAmAjika abhizApa banakara upasthita huA hai| viSamatA kA bahuta hI bhayaMkara rUpa nATaka meM upasthita kiyA gayA hai / paise ke bala para nArI kA satItva bhI kharIdA jA sakatA hai, yaha eka kaidI ke vArtAlApa se spaSTa hai| Arthika viSamatA samAja kI sabase kaThina aura ulajhanabharI samasyA hai| vizva ke bar3e-bar3e artha-zAstra-vizArada ise hala karane meM sira khapA rahe haiM-sAmyavAda kA AvibhAva bhI isI kI dena hai| premI jI ne 'baMdhana' meM isI zrArthika zoSaNa kA citra upasthita kiyA hai-isI viSamatA kI cakkI meM pisate hue samAja kI karAhoM ko kalA kI bA~surI ke suroM meM unhoMne bharA hai / sAmAjika jIvana kI Arthika samasyA ko sulajhAne kA prayAsa hI 'baMdhana' kA pramukha uddezya hai| mila-mAlika aura majUra kA saMgharSa isa nATaka kI kathAvastu hai| ' khajAMcIrAma mila kA mAlika hai| sabhI zoSaka mAlikoM ke samAna vaha bhI majUroM kI mAMga pUrI nahIM karanA cAhatA / yuddha ke kAraNa kharca bar3ha gayA hai, vaha na to unakA vetana bar3hAtA hai, aura na ma~hagAI bhattA zrAdi hI detA hai| majUra vivaza hokara har3atAla kara dete haiM aura lAThI-cArja zrAdi hotA hai / mohana (majUroM kA netA) kI samajhadArI se saMgharSa calatA rahatA hai| gA~dhIvAdI yuga meM yaha nATaka likhA gayA hai, isalie gAMdhI-darzana kA AdhAra hI samasyA ke hala karane kA sAdhana banAyA gayA hai| saralA kahatI hai, "satyAgraha zatru kA nAza yA nukasAna nahIM karatA / vaha to usakI marI huI AtmA ko jIvita karatA hai / majadUroM kA kaSTa sahana eka dina rAyasAhaba (khajAMcIrAma) ke hRdaya ma prema kA samudra laharA degaa|" ___ samasyA kA hala gAMdhIvAdI tarIkoM se kiyA gayA hai| manUroM ke kaSTasahana aura ahiMsAtmaka rahane tathA mohana ke zrAdarza caritra, usake abhUtapUrva

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harikRSNa 'premI' prAtma-tyAga aura ahiMsAtmaka netRtva ke kAraNa rAyasAhaba khajAMcIrAma kA hRdaya parivartita ho jAtA hai| sAtha hI prakAza dvArA pitA kI jAna lene kA prayatna bhI usake dimAga ko badalane meM sahAyaka hotA hai| majUroM kI sabhI mAMgeM mAna lI jAtI haiN| mAlika-majUra meM mela ho jAtA hai| khacAMcIrAma kahatA hai, "aAja maiM saba-kucha de DAlanA cAhatA huuN| lakSmaNa, yaha tuma logoM kA hI to rupayA hai, jo hamane apanI tijauriyoM meM kaida kara rakhA hai| lakSmI ko hamane kaida karanA cAhA lekina vaha hamArI kaida meM khuza nahIM hai| vaha mukta honA cAhatI hai| jaba taka vaha mukta na hogI, saMsAra meM mAra-kATa, hiMsA banI rahegI.....'mohana bAbU ne mujhe nayA janma diyA hai|" ___ Arthika viSamatA hI U~ca-nIca kI buniyAda hai| viSamatA dUra huI to mAnava sabhI barAbara / yaha bAta lekhaka ne mohana aura mAlatI ( khajAMcIrAma kI putrI ) ke vivAha se iGgita kara dI hai| vartamAna kA citraNa ___ 'chAyA' aura 'bandhana' meM to vartamAna jIvana ke sAmAjika aura vaiyaktika citra haiM hI, unake anya aitihAsika nATakoM meM bhI vartamAna bola rahA hai| purAtana aura navIna kA svastha saMgama, jisa racanA meM nahIM hogA, bhUta tathA vartamAna kA sAmaMjasya jisameM na hogA, vaha hamAre bhaviSya kA bhI nirmANa nahIM kara sakatI, yaha nirvivAda hai| premIjI ke nATakoM kI preraNA hai vartamAna / vartamAna kA nirmANa hI unakA uddezya hai, vartamAna sAdhya hai, bhUta sAdhana / unameM vartamAna aneka rUpoM meM sajaga aura sakriya dikhAI detA hai| rASTrIyatA-deza-bhakti unake sabhI nATakoM meM vyApta hai| sAmantI yuga yadyapi samasta bhAratIya bhAvanA kA yuga nahIM; phira bhI apanI janmabhUmi, choTA-sA deza bhI pratIka rUpa meM samasta bhArata kI bhakti kI preraNA banakara AyA hai| hindU-musalima-ekatA bhI vartamAna rASTrIya pukAra kA hI sajaga uttara hai| sAmpradAyika sahiSNunA gAMdhIjI ke jIvana kI vizeSa sAdhanA rahI hai| usI sAdhanA ko premIjI ne apane nATakoM meM siddhi ke rUpa meM upasthita kara diyA hai| karmavatI kA humAyU~ ko rAkhI bhejanA aura use bhAI banAnA aura humAyU~ kA cittaur3a kI rakSA ke lie pAnA hI donoM sampradAyoM kI ekatA kI saphalatA kA dyotaka hai| 'rakSA-bandhana' meM sAmpradAyika ekatA kA svapna sAkAra bana gayA hai| 'svapna-bhaMga', 'zivA-sAdhanA', 'rakSA-bandhana' aura 'mitra' Adi sabhI nATakoM meM sAmpradAyikatA ke bhAva haiN| yaha rASTrIya Andolana kA hI prabhAva hai ki 'zivA sAdhanA' meM sthAna-sthAna

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hindI ke nATakakAra para 'krAnti'-'krAnti' kI pukAra hai| 'svarAjya'-'svarAjya' kI gUMja hai| zivAjI kahatA hai, "mere zeSa jIvana kI eka mAtra sAdhanA hogI, bhAratavarSa ko svatantra karanA, daridratA kI jar3a khodanA, U~ca-nIca kI bhAvanA aura dhArmika tathA sAmAjika asahiSNutA kA aMta karanA sAmAjika tathA rAjanItika donoM prakAra kI krAnti krnaa|" ___ 'svapna-bhaMga' meM dArA kahatA hai, "maiM dhanI-nirdhana vidvAn-pravidvAn, aura choTe-bar3e kA bheda miTAnA cAhatA hU~ ki saMsAra eka majadUra ke putra kI mRtyu kA duHkha bhI utanA hI anubhava kare, jitanA ki vaha zAhajahA~ kI patnI kI mRtyu kA karatA hai|" dArA ke ye zabda eka samAjavAdI vicAroM ke yuvaka ke hI jAna par3ate haiN| ___ vartamAna kA citraNa sabase adhika hameM 'uddhAra' meM milatA hai| "svatantratA pratyeka vyakti kA janma-siddha adhikAra hai|" 'jisa' zAsana meM janatA kI AvAja nahIM sunI jAtI, 'usake' niyamoM ko bhaMga karanA janatA kA kartavya ho jAtA hai|" "hameM kisI vyakti, deza yA saMskRti ke viruddha bhAvanA nahIM bharanI caahie|"--ye paMktiyA~ gAMdhIjI ke vicAroM kI hI pratidhvaniyA~ haiN| 'uddhAra' meM sAmAjika AndolanoM kA bhI spaSTa prabhAva hai| vidhavA-vivAha AryasamAja ke pracAra kA vizeSa aMga thaa| isa yuga meM vidhavA-vivAha burA bhI nahIM samajhA jaataa| isI vidhavA-vivAha kA samarthana hamIra ke zabdoM meM dekhiye, "dudhamuhI bacciyoM kA vivAha kara denA aura unake vidhavA ho jAne para unheM sabhI sukhoM se vaMcita rakhanA, ise tuma samAja kI maryAdA kahatI ho ? nahIM kamalA, yaha ghora atyAcAra hai| hameM samAja ke pAkhaNDoM ke viruddha vidroha karanA hai|" vartamAna yuga meM dharma-sambandhI vicAroM meM bhI bahuta parivartana huA hai| ina vicAroM kA AbhAsa 'zivA-sAdhanA' meM samartha guru rAmadAsa ke upadezoM meM dekhA jA sakatA hai : "kevala karatAla aura mRdaMga-dhvani se bhUkhe rASTra kA peTa nahIM bharA karatA, kevala tulasI kI mAlA se zAnti prApta nahIM hotii| deza kI Arthika sthiti sudhAranA sarvaprathama kartavya hai aura vaha taba taka nahIM sudharatI jaba taka deza parAdhIna---parataMtra hai|" prajAtaMtrIya vicAra bhI bahuta-se nATakoM meM bikhare milate haiN| U~ca nIca kI bhAvanA kA tiraskAra, mAnava-samAnatA, kRSaka-majUroM ke prati prema bhI jahA~-tahA~ pAyA jAtA hai|

Page #150
harikRSNa 'premI' hAsya kA samAveza premI jI ke nATakoM kI pRSThabhUmi yuddha kAla kI hai - sabhI meM muslimakAla ke bhArata kI sthiti kA citraNa hai / yuddha ke samaya hAsya kama hI sUjhatA hai, para sainikoM ke rAta-dina ke yuddha aura vyastatA ke jIvana meM hAsya hotA avazya hai -- aura kAphI mastiyoM se bharA / hara nATaka meM hAsya ho hI, yaha zrAvazyaka nahIM; para usase nATakIya mahattva bar3ha zravazya jAtA hai / 146 premI jI ne hAsya yA vinoda kI sRSTi vidUSaka ko asvAbhAvika rUpa meM sthAna na dekara, kisI pAtra kA nirmANa karake kI hai / 'rakSA bandhana' meM dhanadAsa hAsya kA acchA zrAlambana hai / dhana ho usakA saba kucha hai, isI ko prakAzita karane meM vaha khAsA hAsya utpanna kara detA hai / rAjanIti aura peTa kA sambandha batAte hue vaha kahatA hai-- " are bar3A peTa na ho to gAliyA~, badanAmiyA~, apamAna aura jUtiyA~ aura ina sabake sAtha-sAtha duniyA bhara kI sampatti aura jamAne bhara kA prabhutva kahA~ haz2ama ho ? jo inheM hajama nahI kara sakatA, usakA bApa bhI sAta pIr3hiyoM taka saphala rAjanItijJa nahIM ho sakatA / " isI dRzya meM dhanadAsa kI kamara para bAghasiMha kI lAteM par3atI haiM, yaha ghaTanA bhI hAsya utpanna karegI, dhanadAsa ke prati karuNA nahIM / 'rakSA bandhana' kA dUsare ka kA prathama dRzya bhI dhanadAsa ke lie hai - isameM bhI hAsyotpAdaka vAtAvaraNa hai / apanI patnI se dhanadAsa kahatA hai, "maiM kyA bevakUphoM kI taraha marU~gA ! mahInA do mahInA tumhAre ina komala hAthoM se sevA na karAI, haririyoM ko zarmAne vAlI ina bar3I-bar3I prA~khoM meM prA~sU na dekhe to marane kA majA hI kyA AyA ? yaha bhI koI maranA hai ki talavAra lagI aura sira dhar3a se alaga / " tIsare kA pahalA aura chaThA dRzya hAsya-vinoda se pUrNa hai / 'uddhAra' meM bhI jAla kA caritra bahuta vinodI hai / vaha apane ha~sor3a svabhAva se kamalA ke vaidhavyapUrNa dhu~dhale jIvana meM muskAna kI kiraNeM bikharAtA rahatA hai " kamalA kauna-sI bAta kAkA jI ? jAla---- - pahale muha mIThA karA, pIche batAU~gA / kamalA --- UhU~, pahale bAta batAiye / jAla - UhU~, pahale mu~ha mIThA karA / kamalA --- mIThA khAne se peTa meM kIr3e par3a jAte haiM /

Page #151
hindI ke nATakakAra jAla-mIThI bAta sunane se ha~sa-ha~sa kara peTa phaTa jAtA hai|" Upara ke prasaMga meM surucipUrNa aura sarala-vinoda hai / jahA~ bhI kamalA aura jAla milate haiM prasaMga vinoda kI ora baha nikalatA hai| kamalA kA udAsa jIvana kSaNa-bhara ko musakAna kI jyoti pAkara khila uThatA hai| ___ 'bandhana' meM bhI hAsya ke acche choTe pheMke gae haiN| choTe-choTe bAlaka rAyabahAdura khajAncIrAma kI nakaleM utArate haiN| hAsya kA acchA masAlA juTa jAtA hai "cauthA-- itanI jagaha yoM hI ghera rakhI hai na / pahalA-nahIM, eka kamare meM seTha sAhaba kI TA~geM rahatI haiM, eka meM sira, eka meM hAtha / dUsarA-to kyA inake Tukar3e-Tukar3e ho jAte haiM aura phira jur3a jAyA karate haiM ? tIsarA-zAyada unakA jAdU kA zarIra hai| cauthA-yaha rAvaNa kI santAna haiM rAvaNa kii|" eka agale dRzya meM bAlaka seTha jI kA janma-divasa manAne kI nakala karate haiN| vaha eka guDDA banAkara use seTha batAte haiM aura janma-divasa para ekatra hone vAle raIsa aura kotavAla banakara nakala karate haiN| 'janma-divasa guDDe kA prAja' isa gAne meM bhI hAsya kI paryApta sAmagrI hai| zapatha' meM bhI premI jI ne gudagudI bhare hAsya kI sthiti juTAne meM khUba saphalatA pAI hai / ujjayinI kI eka madhuzAlA kA dRzya hai| zarAbiyoM kI bahaka sadA se hAsya kA pAlambana rahI hai| 'zapatha' meM bhI madhuzAlA kA dRzya darzakoM ko hAsya-vibhora kara detA hai| zarAbiyoM ke UTa-paTaoNga tarka-vitarka, unakI be-sira-paira kI bAta-cIta, unake zAstra-jJAna aura sAhitya-carcA kA hAsya-gadgad citra upasthita kara diyA gayA hai| ApasI bahasa meM do madyapa zora karane lagate haiN| kolAhala sunakara madhuzAlA kA svAmI zrAtA hai "madhuzAlA kA svAmI-yaha kolAhala kaisA ? jayadeva-kolAhala ! kolAhala ! bhaiyA kolAhala kisa vastu kI saMjJA hai ? dharmadasA--kolAhala hAlAhala kA bhAI hai| madhu0-basa cullU meM ullU ho ge| dharmadAsa-tuma manuSyoM ko ullU banAne kA vyavasAya karate ho / acchA to saba prakAzita dIpoM ko vujhA do /

Page #152
151 harikRSNa premI' jayadeva-hA~, bujhA do aura AkAza se candramA ko bhI haTA do| madhu0-vayoM ? dharmadAsa-andhakAra hone para tuma dikhAI par3e to hama samajheMge ki hama ullU haiM aura nahIM dikhe to samajheMge tuma ullU ho| madhu0 -acchA bAbA, ullU meM hI hU~ / aba to ghara jaano|" isa pUre dRzya meM ha~sAte-ha~sAte loTa-poTa kara dene kI zakti hai| hAsya ke samAveza se 'premI' jI ke nATaka bar3e jAnadAra bana gae haiM aura unase darzakoM ko kAphI rasAnubhUti hotI hai|

Page #153
lakSmInArAyaNa mizra bIsavIM zatAbdI jIvana kI naI ulajhaneM lekara AI / atIta kI apekSA vartamAna ne sajaga sAhityakoM aura vicArakoM kA dhyAna apanI ora adhika AkarSita kiyaa| phalasvarUpa yUropa meM prAcIna aitihAsika yA kAlpanika nATakoM kI pratikriyA prArambha huI / atIta ke kAlpanika prAsAdoM meM zaraNa lene kI apekSA vicAraka lekhakoM ne vartamAna ke yathArtha jIvana ke jIrNa-jarjara bhavanoM kI marammata karanA hI adhika zreyaskara smjhaa| yUropa meM ibsana, sTUNDa, zaoN zrAdi vicArakoM ne nATakoM kI pravRtti hI badala dI / sAmAjika . samasyA-nATakoM kI racanA hone lgii| ina mahAn kalAkAra vicArakoM kA prabhAva bhAratIya sAhitya para bhI pdd'aa| hindI bhI naye prakAza se muMha kaise phera letI / hindo meM bhI samasyA-nATaka likhe jAne prArambha hone lge| yoM to 'prasAda' jI ne aitihAsika zrAdhAra lekara 'dhra va svAminI' likhA thaa| vaha bhI nArI aura zAsana kI samasyAoM kA hala hai| para samAja kI navIna jIvana-sambandhI masyAoM ko vizAla rUpa meM liyA zrI lakSmI nArAyaNa mizra ne / hindI meM vartamAna samAja ke yathArtha jIvana kI ulamanabharI samasyAoM ko lekara nATaka likhane kA sarva-prathama zreya lakSmInArAyaNa mizra ko hai| mizra jI ne hindI-nATakoM meM eka navIna vicAra-paddhati ko janma diyA hai| TaikanIka bhI zrApane navIna dI hai aura bhAvukatA se bahuta-kucha pIchA chur3Akara nATaka-sAhitya ko vicAra-prAdhAnya kI ora modd'aa| 'prasAda' jisa prakAra atIta bhAratIya guNa-gaurava ke gAyaka haiM, premI madhyakAlIna sAmantI yuga ke zaurya aura zakti ke citare haiM, usI prakAra lakSmInArAyaNa mizra vartamAna kI samasyAoM ko sulajhAne kA prayAsa karane vAle prathama vicAraka haiN| yadyapi mizra jI ne 'azoka' aura 'vatsarAja' do aitihAsika nATaka bhI likhe haiM, para zrApa hindI meM samasyA-nATaka-racayitA ke nAma se hI smaraNa kiye jAyaMge / zailI, prakAra, (TaikanIka ) uddezya aura kalA-kuzalatA-sabhI

Page #154
lakSmInArAyaNa mizra 153 dRSTiyoM se Apa pazcima se prabhAvita hI nahIM, usakA anukaraNa karane vAle haiM / samAja ke stambha saMnyAsI rAkSasa kA maMdira mukti kA rahasya rAjayoga sindUra kI holI zrAdhI rAta azoka garur3a dhvaja nArada kI vINA gur3iyA kA ghara vatsarAja racanAoM kA kAla - krama san 1902 I0 (anuvAda) 1631 1631 1632, 1634 1634, 1637, 1636 33 w ,, 17 " " dd d. " "" " ,, 1650, buddhivAda kA pravartana lakSmInArAyaNa mizra buddhivAdI kalAkAra haiN| apane nATakoM dvArA buddhivAda ke AdhAra para samAja aura vyakti kI samasyAoM kA sulajhAva upasthita karane kI ImAnadAra ceSTA inhoMne kI hai / nATakoM meM calI AtI purAnI kAlpanika bhA katA ko Apane tyAga diyA hai| korI bhAvukatA ko zrApane kevala anargala aura vyartha batAyA hai / 'mukti kI rahasya' meM dI gaI kaiphiyata, 'maiM buddhivAdI kyoM hU~' meM zrApa likhate haiM, " lekhaka kI sabase bar3I cIja usakI bhAvukatA nahIM, usakI ImAnadArI hai - vaha sAdhaka hai, dalAla nahIM / ...... hamAre adhikAMza lekhaka jindagI kI ora se A~kheM banda karake kalpanA aura bhAvukatA kA moha paidA kara, jisa naye jagat kA nirmANa kara rahe haiM, usameM jindagI kI dhar3akana nahIM hai / manuSya kA rakta-mAMsa bhI nahIM milatA / zAyada moma ke ra~ge putaloM se lekhaka jo cAhatA hai, karAtA hai lekhaka jaba cAhatA hai, ha~sa detA hai, ro detA hai, vyAkhyAna dene lagatA hai- - yA prema karane lagatA hai-- usakI apanI koI sattA nahIM / kalpanA kA jIva kalpanA se Age nahIM bar3hatA / " korI kAlpanika bhAvukatA kA tiraskAra karake mizra jI ne buddhivAda ko

Page #155
hindI ke nATakakAra apanAyA hai| vaha mAnate haiM ki bhAvukatA yA kalpanA se vyakti yA samAja kA na to nirmANa hI ho sakatA hai, na usakA hita ho| na bhAvukatA kI phulajhar3iyoM meM mAnava kA prAkRtika jIvana vikasita ho sakatA hai aura na usakA svAsthya hI kAyama raha sakatA hai / jo loga buddhivAda ko hAnikara samajhate haiM aura kevala zraddhA aura bhAvukatA ke sahAre jIvana calAnA cAhate haiM ve bhrama meM haiN| vaha likhate haiM, "buddhivAda kisI taraha kA ho, kisI koTi kA ho, samAja yA sAhitya kI hAni nahI kara sktaa| buddhivAda meM zUgara-koTeDa kunaina kI vyavasthA hai hI nahIM / vaha to tIkSNa satya hai / usakA ghAva gaharA to hotA hai, lekina aMga-bhaMga karane ke lie nahIM, mavAda nikAlane ke lie, hamArI prasupta cetanA ko jagAkara hamAre bhItara navIna jIvana-navIna sphUrti paidA karane ke lie|" __ kucha loga kahate haiM ki buddhivAda para AdhArita tarka kI yAtrA kA chora kahA~ hotA hai, yaha koI nahIM batA sktaa| tarka kiye jAie, aneka bAteM anizcita hI raha jAtI hai / kabhI bhI kevala buddhivAda ke sahAre kisI pariNAma kI pakar3a nahIM ho sakatI / buddhivAda hI Age calakara avizvAsa aura saMdehavAda kA rUpa dhAraNa kara letA hai / isake uttara meM mizra jI ne kahA hai, "merA apanA vizvAsa to yaha hai ki buddhivAda svataH ananta vizvAsa hai| isameM bhrama aura mithyA ko sthAna nahIM / " isameM sandeha nahIM ki buddhivAda kA virodha ' prakAza kI avahelanA karake andhakAra meM jAne ke samAna hai| para kevala prajvalita Aga ko hI yadi A~khoM kA dRzyAdhAra banAyA jAya to nizcita hI A~kheM apanA prakAza kho baitthegii| ____ jIvana kI samasta samasyAeM sulajhAne ke lie buddhivAda hI eka-nAtra zrAdhAra hai, aisI lekhaka kI AsthA hai| apane nATakoM meM aneka sthAnoM para pAtroM se yaha unhoMne kahalAyA bhI hai| sindUra kI holI' meM manoramA lekhaka ke samAna hI ananta vizvAsa ke sAtha kahatI hai, "saMsAra kI samasyAeM, jinake lie Ajakala itanA zora macA hai, tarAjU ke palar3e para nahIM sulajhAI jA sakatI, ve paidA huI haiM buddhi se aura unakA uttara bhI buddhi hI se milegaa|'' __ lekhaka ke buddhivAda kI vijaya sabase adhika 'mukti kA rahasya' meM pAI jAtI hai| 'rAja yoga' meM bhI buddhivAda ke dvArA prema samasyA kA santoSajanaka hala hai| yadyapi ina donoM nATakoM meM bhI bhAvukatA yA samAja-saMskAra se lekhaka apanA pIchA nahIM chur3A skaa| umAzaMkara se vidA hote hue zrAzAdevI ke saMvAda korI bhAvukatA ke sivA kucha nhiiN| tribhuvana nAtha se samajhautA buddhi

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lakSmInArAyaNa mizra vAdI Atma-santoSa hai hI, isameM nArI kA zrAtma-samarpaNa bhI hai / isa AtmasamarpaNa meM samAja-saMskAra kA sabala Adeza hai| isameM nArI kI yaha bhAvanA ki 'eka vyakti se jaba usakA zArIrika sambandha ho gayA to vaha usakI ho gaI, aura ke lie pavitra na rahI,' bhI kAma kara rahI hai / hama jAnate haiM, itihAsa meM aneka aisI managaDhanta kahAniyA~ haiM, jinameM eka nArI kisI puruSa ke paMje meM phaMsakara usI kI ho gaI hai| kyA AzA devI kA zrAtma-samarpaNa isI prakAra kA nahIM ? 'rAjayoga' kA buddhivAda kucha adhika sabala aura vizvasanIya hai| narendra campA kA tyAga kara detA hai vaha yadi bhAvukatA meM hI par3A rahatA to usakA jIvana bhI naSTa hotA aura campA aura zatra sUdana ke jIvana-vinAza kI bhI AzaMkA ho sakatI thii| tIna jIvanoM ke naSTa karane kI apekSA yahI acchA hai ki tInoM apanA-apanA svastha jIvana bitAyaM / campA ko samajhAte hue narendra kahatA hai, "maiMne yaha veza kevala isalie banAyA hai ki maiM tumheM samajhA hU~, tumhAre rAste se haTa jAU~ / tuma nayA utsAha aura naye jIvana-bala se jIvana prArambha kro| strI-puruSa kA sambandha kisI AdhyAtmika AdhAra para nahIM, nitAMta bhautika hai / use aura bhI AkarSaka, sammohaka aura vinAzaka banAne ke lie AdhyAtmika raMga car3hAyA jAtA hai|" ___ Age vaha aura bhI samajhAtA hai, "pralaya to ho cukI / aba to phira sRSTi ho rahI hai| isameM rukAvaTa na ddaalo| ise hone do / hA~, hone do / hamArA'.. hama saba logoM kA nayA janma ho, naI paristhiti aura naI jagaha meM hama loga isa taraha mileM, jaise pahale-pahala mila rahe hoN| nArI-samasyA prastAvoM aura taba taka nahIM sulajhAI jA sakatI jaba taka ki strI svayaM apanA hRdaya vyAkhyAnoM se na badale / 'basa isI kSaNa-isI kSaNa tumheM apanA hRdaya badala denA hogA / nahIM to phira tumhAre lie koI AzA nahIM aura tumhArA asaMyama hama hama saba ko le dduubegaa|" ____ buddhivAda ke dvArA jina samasyAoM ko mizra jI ne sulajhAnA cAhA hai, unakA aisA samAdhAna nahIM ho pAtA ki mastiSka mAna le aura tarka niruttara ho jAya / galtI to ghaTanAoM ke cunAva aura paristhiti meM hai| yaha bAta to samajha meM zrAtI hai ki A~suoM aura ucchvAsoM meM jIvana naSTa na karake samAja kA svastha sadasya banAnA hI zreyaskara hai| prema-gAthAoM kI bhAvu katA hAsyAspada hI nahIM, mUrkhatA bhI hai -nATakoM meM samasyA adhika gambhIra aura ulajhana

Page #157
156 hindI ke nATakakAra bharI haiM, unakA sulajhAva bhI sabala aura buddhigamya honA caahie| yaha mizra jI kara nahIM paae| vivAha para AdhyAtmika AvaraNa car3hAkara bhI hama nahIM dekhate, na hI ise kisI dhArmika yA agale jIvana ke sambandha se hama jor3ane ke lie Akula haiM, para isameM vyakti-svAtantrya ko hama mukhya sthAna dete haiN| prazna hai, vyakti prAkRtika rUpa meM svAdhIna rahe, yA samAja use aneka bandhanoM kI zRGkhalA meM bA~dhakara zrAtma-santoSa kA nazA pilAkara rakhe / 'mukti kA rahasya' aura 'rAjayoga' kI hI bAta lIjie / 'rAjayoga' meM campA apanI icchA ke viruddha zatra sUdana ko de dI gaI / samAja kA yaha adhikAra-upabhoga hI rhaa| aba yadi isI prakAra mA~-bApa yA samAja kI icchA para kisI ko bhI kisI ke gale mar3ha diyA jAya, to kyA samasyA kA hala yahI hai ki vaha paristhiti se samajhautA karake zrAtma-santoSa kare ? taba to samasyAeM sulajhane ke sthAna meM aura bhI ulajhegI aura vyakti kA vinAza hI hogaa| vivAha, jo Aja itanA dUSita hI nahIM, eka sAmAjika aparAdha bhI bana gayA hai, isIlie to lar3akhar3A rahA hai, ki isane vyakti kI svAdhInatA ko cara liyA hai| yahI bAta 'mukti kA rahasya' meM bhI hai| AzAdevI umAzaMkara ko pyAra karatI hai aura use prApta karane ke lie usane umAzaMkara kI patnI ko viSa dekara mArane kA bhI jaghanya kArya kiyaa| vahIM tribhuvananAtha ke dvArA upabhoga kI jAtI hai| isI vizvAsa para sambhavataH vaha usake zarIra kA istemAla karatA hai ki aba yaha umAzaMkara ke kAma kI nahIM rhii| zrAzAdevI tribhuvana ko hI apanA pati banA letI hai| isase to yahI tAtparya nikalA ki vivaza karake, chala-kapaTa se kisI bhI nArI kA upabhoga karane se vaha upabhoktA ko milatI jaaygii| ___ donoM prakAra ke aise sulajhAvoM se to samasyA aura bhI ulajhegI hii| nArI kI pavitratA kA vaha vizvAsa banA hI rahegA, jise bigAr3akara eka nArI anya ke kAma kI na rhegii| isakA pramANa sAmane hai| pAkistAna se AI hindU-lar3akiyoM ke sAtha, koI vivAha karane ko taiyAra nahIM hotaa| ve apavitra samajhI jAtI haiN| hA~, yadi yaha mizra jI dikhAte ki g2alatI se vivazatA ke kAraNa AzAdevI dhArmika paribhASAnusAra bhraSTa ho gaI aura yaha jAnane para bhI umAzaMkara use svIkAra kara lete haiM, taba samasyA kA sahI hala hotA / yaha zAyada adhika buddhi-sammata aura vyakti tathA samAja ke nirmANa meM adhika sahAyaka hotA / para kisI bhI mATaka meM vaha aisA koI hala upasthita nahIM

Page #158
lakSmInArAyaNa mizra kara sake, sabhI meM bebasa paristhiti kI svIkRti yA Atma-samarpaNa hI hai| 'sindUra kI holI' meM bhI yadi buddhivAda ke dvArA manojazaMkara yaha jAnate hue bhI ki murArIlAla ne usake bApa kA vadha kiyA, candrakalA ko svIkAra karatA to zAyada samasyA ke sulajhAva kA divya udAharaNa hotaa| __saMvAdoM meM samasyAoM kI vivecanA hai, unake hala karane ke lie tarka diye gae haiN| para na to zarata ke 'zeSa prazna' ko kamala-jaise buddhivAdI pAtra hI mizra jI nirmita kara sake aura na tarka hI aise de sake ki pAThaka abhibhUta ho jAyaM / na to inake pAtroM meM, na ghaTanAoM meM aura buddhivAda meM hI 'mahAn' ke darzana hote haiN| mahAn vyaktitva ke binA buddhivAda icchita prabhAva DAlane meM asamartha rhegaa| aise sthala adhika nahIM, jahA~ pAThaka kA hRdaya aura mastiSka mizrajI ke buddhivAda ke caraNoM meM vizvAsa ke sAtha Atma-samarpaNa kara de| pAtroM kA mAnasika stara bahata UcA nahIM ho paayaa| na hI unakI vANI meM vaha camaka AI aura na itanI zakti ki hameM unakI bAta mAnanI hI pdd'e| para mizrajI kA prayatna atyanta prazaMsanIya kahA jAyagA, unhoMne buddhivAda kA dvAra to hindI meM kholA-naI dizA meM kadama to bar3hAyA aura saphalatA ke sAtha / samAja aura samasyA sAmAjika samparka, sabhyatA ke vikAsa, pazcimIya rASTroM ke rAjanItika prabhutva aura vyaktigata jIvana meM aneka ulajhaneM utpanna hone ke kAraNa vizva ke mAnava ke sAmane aneka samasyAeM upasthita hotI calI jA rahI haiN| mAnava-jIvana kA jaba se isa dharatI para udaya huA, usake sAmane nitya naI samasyAe pAtI rahI haiM aura vaha unako sulajhAne kA prayatna karatA rahA hai / para zrAja jisa rUpa meM ye samasyAeM mAnava ko parezAna kara rahI haiM, ula rUpa meM pahale kabhI nahIM karatI rahIM / mizrajI ne apane nATakoM dvArA ina samasyAoM kA hala upasthita karane kA prazaMsanIya prayatna kiyA hai / 'saMnyAsI,' 'rAkSasa kA mandira', 'mukti kA rahasya', 'rAjayoga', 'pAdhI rAta', 'sindUra kI holI'sabhI nATakoM meM kisI-na-kisI samasyA kA sulajhAva diyA gayA hai| racanA-krama se mizra jI jyoM-jyoM Age bar3he haiM, samasyA kA svarUpa rAjanItika se sAmAjika aura sAmAjika se vaiyaktika hotA gayA hai| vyakti hI vAstava meM cirantana satya hai aura vyakti meM hai nArI vizeSa rUpa se / 'saMnyAsI' meM bhI yadyapi kAma-samasyA ko liyA gayA hai, para usa meM

Page #159
158 hindI ke nATakakAra mukhya hai rAjanItika samasyA / jisa yuga meM 'saMnyAsI' kA janma huA, bhArata meM aMgrejI zAsana thA-eziyA meM pazcimI rAjanItika prabhutva thA aura eziyA bhItara-hI-bhItara akulA rahA thaa| isalie eziyA ke uddhAra ke lie una dinoM eziyAyI-saMgha-nirmANa kI khAsI dhUma thii| aneka bhAratIya lAlA haradayAla, rAjA mahendrapratApa, rAsabihArI ghoSa Adi amarIkA, cIna, jApAna zrAdi meM bhAratIya svAdhInatA ke lie prayatnazIla the / 'saMnyAsI' meM vizvakAMta aura ahamada milakara kAbula meM eziyAyI-saMgha kI nIMva DAlate haiN| eziyA ko rAjanItika dAsatA se mukta karane ke lie / 'rAkSasa kA maMdira' meM sAmAjika samasyA-vezyA-sudhAra-nATaka kI pramukha bhAva-dhArA hai / rAmalAla apanI sabhI sampatti vezyA-sudhAra ke lie de jAtA hai| munIzvara aura azagarI mAtR-maMdira-bhavana kI sthApanA karate haiM-yaha premacanda ke 'sevA-sadana' kA hI dUsarA namUnA hai| vizeSatA itanI hai ki isameM cumbana aura AliMganoM kA * dAna khUba diyA gayA hai| ___ ina do bRhad rAjanItika aura sAmAjika samasyAoM ke sAtha hI apane nATakoM meM mizra jI ne jIvana kI anya choTI-choTI bAteM bhI citrita kara dI haiM / ve choTI hote hue bhI samAja kI aAvazyaka aura buniyAdI samasyAeM haiM, jina para samAja kA bhavana khar3A hai-unakA hala na kiyA gayA to yaha bhavana lar3akhar3Akara gira jaaygaa| samAja ke usa ghuna ko nATakoM meM dikhAyA gayA hai, jo dhIre-dhIre hamAre jIvana kA svAsthya chalanI kara rahA hai| cunAva meM kisa prakAra bhraSTAcAra hotA hai, manuSya apanA kartavya bhUlakara kaise apane lAbha kI AzA meM samaya naSTa karatA hai| cuGgI ke skUloM ke adhyApakoM kI sthiti kyA hai / ceyaramaina banakara pahale apanI sar3aka bananI cAhie-zrAdi bAtoM para 'mukti kA rahasya' meM acchA prakAza DAlA gayA hai| 'siMdUra kI holI' meM rizvata kA.jo dAruNa rUpa dikhAyA hai, vaha bhI samAja ke sAmane eka bhISaNa samasyA hai| ___ . nArI aura nara kA jyoM-jyoM sAmAjika samparka bar3hA, pravRti ke anusAra jIvana ke upabhoga ko kAmanA bhI bar3hI / samAja ke kAna caukanne hue aura naitika baMdhana bhI kaThora hote gae--aura prAja vyakti aura samAja meM kAphI kazamakaza hai| nArI kA svataMtra jIvana vikAsa bhI Aja ke samAja ke sAmane eka prazna hai / nArI kI cirantana samasyA ko mizra jI ne apane nATakoM meM zrAdi se aMta taka liyA hai| 'saMnyAso' meM yadi kiraNa asaphala jIvana kA citra hai, to mAlatI buddhivAdI samajhautA-pasaMda nArI kA rUpa / nArI ko

Page #160
lakSmInArAyaNa mizra 156 bhAvukatA kI bhUmi se haTAkara apane viSaya meM svayaM socane kI hI nahIM, nirNaya bhI karane kI cetanA prAyaH sabhI nATakoM meM milatI hai| prema ke bhulAve meM par3akara nArI apane jIvana ko naSTa na karake paristhiti se buddhi-sammata samajhautA karake apane jIvana aura vyaktitva kA svayaM nirmANa kare, yaha aneka pAtroM ke caritra se lakSita hotA hai| lalitA ne raghunAtha se prema kiyA, para use mAlUma huA yaha bhUla hai| usake nirmANa kA mArga yaha nahIM / vaha raghunAtha ko chor3a detI hai / AzA devI ne umAzaMkara zarmA se prema kiyA, para use mAlUma huA vaha usake lie bahuta U~cA hai-AdarzavAdI hai, usase use sukha kA santoSa na milegA, isalie vaha tribhuvananAtha ke sAtha ho lii| 'rAjayoga' kI cammA bhI atIta ko bhUlakara zatrasUdana ko svIkAra kara letI hai| narendra nayA jIvana prArambha karatA hai| 'sindUra kI holI' kI candrakalA kA vyaktitva nArI ke rUpa meM divya hai aura vaha bhI manojazaMkara se svatantra hokara apanI samasyA apane-Apa sulajhAne ke lie kaTibaddha hotI hai| nArI kI Arthika samasyA kA samAdhAna bhI use dhanopArjana karane vAle prANI ke rUpa meM rakhakara kiyA gayA hai| manoramA citra-kalA dvArA roTI kamA letI hai aura candrakalA bhI kahIM adhyApana Adi kA kArya karake svatantra jIvana vyatIta karane kA saMkalpa karatI hai / vaha murArIlAla se kahatI hai, "Apane kRpAkara mujhe zikSA itanI de dI hai, ki apanA nirvAha kara sakU~ / " ____ kAma isa yuga kI vyApaka aura ulajhanabharI samasyA hai| sabhyatA ke . vikAsa aura vizva ke vibhinna samAjoM ke pArasparika saMparka ne isako bahuta hI vizAla rUpa meM hamAre sAmane rakhA hai| zrAdi yuga se kAma jIvana kI jalatI samasyA rahA hai| vivAha-saMsthA kI sthApanA bhI isI kA eka hala nikAlane ke lie huI thI, para vivAha ne ise aura bhI ulajhA diyaa| kAma kI atRpti jIvana aura samAja ko kitanA aparAdha-grasta banA rahI hai, yaha phraoNyaDa ke graMthoM se prakaTa hai| vaha to sabhI aparAdhoM kI jar3a 'kAma' ko hI mAnatA hai| idhara Adhunika zikSA, samAja-parivartana, navIna sabhyatA ke Agamana se nArI aura purupa ko samparka meM Ane kA protsAhana aura avasara to milA hI, para purAne saMskAroM ne kAma-samasyA ko aura bhI ulajhA diyA, tRpti kI ora bar3hane para unake pairoM meM jaMjIra DAla dii| mizra jI ne apane nATakoM meM sarva prathama isa samasyA ko liyaa| unake aitihAsika nATakoM ko chor3akara sabhI nATakoM meM kAma-samasyA ko tarka ke

Page #161
160 hindI ke nATakakAra AdhAra para sulajhAne kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai aura isake lie lekhaka ne yathArtha vAda ke nAma para kAphI svAdhInatA kA bhI upayoga kiyA hai| strIpuruSa naitika baMdhanoM, dhArmika rUr3hiyoM aura sAmAjika saMskAroM kI dAsatA meM par3a kara prAkRtika jIvana-vikAsa kA nAza na kara baiTheM, isalie lekhaka ne strIpuruSa ko zArIrika saMbaMdhoM meM paryApta svatantratA dI hai| agarI munIzvara se prAkRtika Ananda-lAbha karatI hai / AzAdevI DaoNkTara tribhuvananAtha kI tRpti kA sAdhana banane meM adhika AnA-kAnI nahIM karatI / vivAha aura prema ko bhI mizra jI ne alaga-alaga rakha diyA hai| ''maiM tumheM apanA dUlhA to nahIM banA sakatI, premI avazya banA luugii|" se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai| ___ eka vyaktigata mAnasika ulajhana ko bhI mizra jI ne bar3I saphAI se apane nATakoM meM sulajhAyA hai / yuga-yuga se aparAdha karake, manuSya meM use chipAne ke pravRtti rahI hai| prakaTa ho jAne para vaha sAmAjika dhArmika yA naitika rUpa meM jana-samAja meM bahiSkRta na ho, usa bhaya se yaha eka aparAdha ko chipAne kA dUsarA aparAdha bhI vyakti ke mana meM panapatA A rahA hai / sacamuca yaha bahuta ghAtaka viSa hai, jo manuSya ke mAnasika aura AdhyAtmika svAsthya aura Atma-vizvAsa ko naSTa kara DAlatA hai| murArIlAla, gajarAja, AzAdevI zrAdi pAtra isI viSa se chaTapaTAte rahate haiM / lekhaka ne pApa kA prAyazcitta use svIkAra karAkara karA diyA hai| zrAzAdevI svIkAra karatI hai ki usane umAzaMkara kI patnI ko viSa diyA / murArIlAla svIkAra karatA hai ki usane manoja ke pitA kA vadha kiyA, gajarAja svIkAra karatA hai ki campA usakI putrI hai| isa svIkRti meM hI pApa kA kSaya hai| naye jIvana kA zrArambha hai| pAtra-caritra-citraNa 'azoka' aura 'vatsarAja' ko chor3akara mizra jI ke sabhI nATaka vartamAna sAmAjika jIvana se sambandha rakhate haiN| inake sabhI caritra vartamAna samAja ke pAtra haiN| sAmAjika nATakoM meM bhI inake nATaka samasyA-pradhAna hone se pAtra bhI yathArtha jIvana ke haiN| kisI meM bhI zrAdarzavAdI caritra ke raMga nahIM mileNge| bhAratIya rasa-siddhAnta kI dRSTi se ina pAtroM se rasa kA sAdhAraNIkaraNa nahIM ho sakatA aura na inameM se koI bhI pAtra darzaka kA rasAlambana hI bana sktaa| sAmAjika nATakoM ke upayukta hI inake pAtra hai, isameM tanika bhI sandeha nahIM; para vyakti-vaicitrya kA unameM bahuta prAdhikya ho gayA hai|

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lakSmInArAyaNa mizra 161 mizrajI pazcimI sAhitya-darzana se bahuta prabhAvita haiN| yUropa meM abhI kucha dina hue vyakti-citrya ne kalAkAroM ko bahuta AkarSita kiyA thaa| aura isa siddhAnta ke pravartaka kroce kI vahA~ dhUma rahI thii| yahI vyaktivaicitrya mizra jI ke sabhI nATakoM ke pAtroM meM milegaa| sAmAjika aura vizeSakara vartamAna jIvana ke nATakoM meM ativAdI caritra vAle pAtra prAyaH asvAbhAvika mAlUma hote haiN| unameM duHkha-sukha, guNa-avaguNa, vIratA-kAyaratA kA mizraNa prAyaH milatA hai| yahI mizraNa mizra jI ke pAtroM meM milegaa| 'rAkSasa kA mandira' kA munIzvara eka ora to krAntikArI hai, dUsarI ora sImA se adhika kAma-pIr3ita / rAmalAla pakkA zarAbI hai, para apanI samasta sampatti vezyA-sudhAra meM de DAlatA hai| azgarI vezyA hai aura anta meM mAtR-mandira kI saMcAlikA bana jAtI hai| 'rAjayoga' ke narendra aura campA meM bhI yaha duharA-raMga milatA hai| campA kA premI narendra nirAza hokara saMnyAsI bana jAtA hai aura prema ko bhUlakara campA aura usake pati zatrasUdana se kahatA hai, "yaha apane mana meM mAna liyA jAya ki hama logoM kA janma Aja ho rahA hai| hama pahale nahIM the, jo kucha thA, hamArA bhUta thA; isa dharatI para hama Aja utare haiM aura Aja se hI hama logoM ko apanI yAtrA prArambha karanI hai|" yahI vaicitrya 'mukti kA rahasya' kI AzAdevI meM milatA hai| vaha umAzaMkara zarmA ko pyAra karatI hai aura unheM pAne ke lie usakI patnI ko viSa dekara mAra dene kA bhI jaghanya kRtya karatI hai| para anta meM use tyAgakara tribhuvananAtha ke sAtha calI jAtI hai-usa tribhuvananAtha ke sAtha, jisase usane viSa prApta kiyA thA, jise bheda khula jAne ke bhaya se usane apane zarIra kA upabhoga karane diyaa| 'sindUra kI holI' ke murArIlAla aura candrakalA meM hI vilakSaNa-vaicitrya hai| manojazaMkara ke pitA kA vadha usane aATha hajAra rupaye ke lie kiyaa| usakA hRdaya pazcAttApa se jarjara hai| para turanta hI vaha rajanIkAMta ke vadha ke silasile meM cAlIsa hajAra kI rizvata le letA hai-aura acAnaka candrakalA rajanIkAMta se pyAra karane lagatI hai aura usakI vidhavA bana jAtI hai| candrakalA aura AzAdevI kA yaha vaicitrya zAnadAra svAbhAvikatA kahA jA sakatA hai| candrakalA ce manoja zaMkara kI upekSA aura apane pitA murArIlAla ke pApa kA pratizodha isa bhA~ti kara diyaa| nArI ke sajaga, sazakta anta kA paricaya diyaa| zrAzAdevI sahasA parivartita paristhiti kI vivazatA hai| jaba vaha zArIrika rUpa meM tribhuvanAtha se istemAla kara lI gaI

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162 hindI ke nATakakAra to usane bhI aura koI cArA na dekhA / para murArIlAla kA vicitra caritra kevala kautUhala hI utpanna karegA -- jIvana kI svAbhAvikatA vaha upasthita na kara sakegA / 'rAkSasa kA mandira' kI lalitA bhI isI prakAra kI vicitratA kA citra hai / yahI bAta 'saMnyAsI' ke pAtroM meM bhI pAI jAtI hai / dUsarI vizeSatA mizrajI ke caritroM meM hai bhItara-hI-bhItara eka prakAra kI ghuTana kI / sabhI ke mana meM jaise saghana dhue ke bAdala jama gae haiM - bArUda kA ambAra lagA hai aura AzaMkA hai bhayAnaka visphoTa kI / isa dizA meM 'rAkSasa kA maMdira' kamajora nATaka hai, isameM manovaijJAnika halacala bahuta kama haiM / 'sindUra kI holI' isa cAritrika vizeSatA kA sarvazreSTha udAharaNa hai 1 murArIlAla ke hRdaya meM aparAdha kI becainI ghumar3atI rahatI hai / candrakalA ke hRdaya meM manojazaMkara kI upekSA aura apane pitA kA aparAdha kA~patA rahatA hai aura manojazaGkara to bhItara-hI-bhItara ghula-bulakara bahatA rahatA hai / "maiM AtmaghAtI pitA kA putra hU~ / " yaha vedanA usake Ahata mana ko cholatI rahatI hai / 'rAjayoga' meM campA aura gajarAja ke hRdaya ko bhI unakA aparAdhI atIta kacoTatA rahatA hai / 'mukti kA rahasya' kI zrAzAdevI bhI apane pApa se bhItara-hI-bhItara bhasma hotI rahatI hai| I isa bhItarI becainI zraura ghumasa tathA vaicitrya ke sAtha sabhI pAtroM meM ulajhana bhare rahasya ke bhI darzana hote haiM / lalitA kA raghunAtha se acAnaka prema aura anta meM usakI zrasvIkRti, gajarAja aura campA kI mA~ kA yaunasambandha, tribhuvananAtha aura AzAdevI kA vivAda, candrakalA kA rajanIkAMta se prema aura manojazaMkara ke prati prema ko kucala DAlanA -khAsI ulajhaneM paidA karane vAlI bAteM haiM / sabase bar3I ulajhana hai-- caritra meM sahasA parivartana ! yaha sahasA parivartana kahIM-kahIM to vaijJAnika aura zravAbhAvi katA kI sImA ko pahu~ca gayA hai / parivartana ke lie lekhaka svAbhAvika aura vizvasanIya paristhitiyoM kA nirmANa nahIM kara sakA / bhAvukatA kI apekSA sabhI caritroM meM buddhivAda kA prAdhAnya hai / vaise bhAvukatA se ye pUrNa rUpa se pIchA nahIM chur3A pAye - aura yaha svAbhAvikatA ke viruddha bhI hai | candrakalA kA rajanIkAMta ke prati aura lalitA kA raghunAtha ke prati prathama darzana meM hI prema ho jAtA hai / jo sasto bhAvukatA bhI kahI jA sakatI hai / para aise caritra virale hI haiN| paristhitiyoM se samajhautA, jIvana ko sUtroM meM na galAkara use upayogI banAnA buddhivAdI dRSTikoNa hI hai / campA, AzAdevI, narendra manoramA Adi sabhI caritra samAja kI

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lakSmInArAyaNa mizra samasyAoM ko buddhivAdI tarIke se sulajhAte haiN| 'sindUra kI holI' kI manoramA buddhivAdI caritra kA camakatA aura gauravapUrNa citra hai| vaha manojazaMkara se kahatI hai|' __'saMsAra kI samasyAeM, jinake lie aAjakala itanA zora macA hai, tarAja ke palar3e para nahIM sulajhAI jA sktiiN| ve paidA huI hai buddhi se aura unakA uttara bhI buddhi se hI milegA / " mizra jI ke nArI-caritra sabala haiM / unake andara apanA sazakta vyaktitva hai| candrakalA, manoramA, AzAdevI, azgarI, lalitA-sabhI meM apanAapanA alaga ahaM hai| candrakalA, manoramA, AzAdevI to nArI-jIvana ke atyanta sabala pratIka haiN| 'vatsarAja' kI vAsavadattA aura padmA bhI divya nAriyA~ haiM / eka patnI-dharma kA prAdarza to dUsarI mAtRtva kI mamatAmayI mUrti / kumAra kI padmA sautelI mA~ hai, mA~ hai, phira bhI kumAra ke prati usameM vAsavadattA se adhika mamatA hai| kumAra kA gautama ke sAtha jAna-sunakara vaha pAgala-jaisI ho jAtI hai| __ mizra jI ke nATakoM ke caritra yathArtha jIvana ke citra haiN| ve manovaijJAnika bhaMvara meM par3e jIva haiN| unameM sabhI raMga mileMge-para unameM buddhi ko sakriyatA kI apekSA hRdaya kI dhar3akana kama pAI jaaygii| apane aparAdhoM ke prati bhItarahI-bhItara ghumasa to unameM hai; para mAnasika dvandva kI unameM kamI hai| kalA kA vikAsa mizrajI kI nATya-kalA hindI meM nayA prayoga hai| 'prasAda' aura premI' Adi kalAkAroM ne videzI kalA ke svastha aMga ko apanAyA hai| unhoMne bhAratIya aura pazcimI kalA kA sundara, svAbhAvika aura svastha sAmaMjasya karate hue bhI, pramukhatA bhAratIya nATya-kalA ko hI dI / mizra jI ne bhAratIya kalA ko sarvathA tyAgakara pazcimI kalA ko apanAyA-usakA eka mAtra anukaraNa inake nATakoM kA aGka-vibhAjana, kathAnaka, caritra-citraNa sabhI pazcimI nATakakAroM se prabhAvita haiN| mizrajI ke sabhI nATakoM meM tIna-tIna aMka haiM aura ye aMka hI dRzya / pratyeka nATaka kI kathA tIna aMkoM meM vibhAjita hai| para sabhI nATakoM meM aisA nahIM ki, tIna aMka hI tIna dRzya hoN| 'saMnyAsI' meM eka aMka meM hI bIca meM dRzya badala jAtA hai| kaI-kaI dRzya isI prakAra badala jAte haiN| 'rAkSasa kA maMdira' meM dUsarA aMka nadI kA kinArA hai| aMka cala rahA hai|

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hindI ke nATakakAra bIca meM hI raMga-saMketa ke dvArA agarI kA kamarA A jAtA hai| raghunAtha, lalitA, agarI, kA vArtAlApa calatA rahatA hai aura phira acAnaka raghunAtha aura agarI kA prasthAna karAkara padI uThAyA jAtA hai| lalitA kA kamarA zrA jAtA hai / yaha isa aMka kA tIsarA dRzya hai| tIna aMka to aura bhI gar3abar3a haiN| zahara kI sar3aka se tIsarA aMka prArambha hotA hai| sar3aka para maheza jagadIza, ghanazyAma bAteM kara rahe haiN| acAnaka sabakA prasthAna aura pardA uThatA hai| mAtR maMdira kA bhavana sAmane A jAtA hai| yaha dUsarA dRzya samajhanA caahie| mAtR-maMdira meM hI phira pardA uThatA hai aura Upara kA bar3A kamarA dikhAI detA hai, jahA~ munIzvara, lalitA Adi bAteM karate dikhAI dete haiN| yaha tIsarA dRzya samajhanA caahie| rAjayoga' bhI TaikanIka ke isI roga se pIr3ita hai| pahalA aMka prArambha hotA hai, zatrusUdana ke dumaMjile baMgale se / raghuvaMza siMha kA prasthAna hotA hai / gajarAja kA usake pIche jAnA, zatrasUdana kA apane kamare meM thAnA aura gajarAja tathA raghuvaMzasiMha ba~gale ke sAmane kI sar3aka para bAteM karane lagate haiM, sar3aka vAlA dRzya dUsarA hI samajhanA caahie| raMga-saMketa dvArA mizrajI ne jo lambA-caur3A dRzya khar3A kiyA hai, vaha eka dRzya meM nahIM samA sktaa| isI prakAra sar3aka aura baMgale ke anya dRzya sAtha-sAtha dikhAye gae haiN| - dRzya-vidhAna-sambandhI TaikanIka kA pUrNa vikAsa hama 'siMdUra kI holI' aura 'vatsarAja' meM pAte haiN| ina donoM nATakoM meM bhI tIna-tIna aMka haiM aura aMka hI dRzya / aMkoM ke bIca meM acAnaka dRzya nahIM phUTa par3atA, jaise anya nATakoM meM / para 'vatsarAja' meM sabase bar3A doSa yahI TaikanIka ho gayA hai / isameM lagabhaga dasa varSa kA samaya tIna aMkoM meM bA~Ta diyA gayA hai / bIca ke samaya kI kalpanA darzaka ko svayaM karanI hogii| isa nATaka meM TaikanIka ke zikaMje meM kathA kA svAbhAvika vikAsa bhiMcakara kulabulA-sA rahA thaa| ... zrAdhunika pazcimI nATakoM meM bAhya saMgharSa kI apekSA bhItarI saMgharSa kA adhika mahattva hai| bhItarI saMvarSa bAharI se adhika mahattvapUrNa hai, isameM sandeda nhiiN| para isa mahatva kA artha bAharI saMgharSa kA tiraskAra kabhI nahIM samajhA jA sktaa| bAharI saMgharSa se hI nATaka meM kArya-vyApAra, gatizIlatA aura nATakIyatA AtI hai| zrAkasmikatA, kautUhala aura bhAvI ghaTanA ke lie dhar3akanabharI jijJAsA bhI nATaka ke anivArya aMga haiN| mizrajI ke prAyaH sabhI nATakoM meM kArya vyApAra aura kathAnaka kI gatizIlatA kA abhAva hai| kaI

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lakSmInArAyaNa mi 165 nATakoM meM to kathA itanI bikhara gaI hai ki usakA saMbaMdha bhI DhIlA par3a gayA hai, taba gatizIlatA aura sakriyatA ( kArya-vyApAra ) kI AzA hI nahIM kI jA sktii| 'rAkSasa kA maMdira' kA kathAnaka bhI kucha isI DhaMga kA hai| raghunAtha-lalitA kA prema, munIzvara dvArA mAtR-maMdira kI sthApanA, azgarImunIzvara kA prema, sabhI ghaTanAe. eka kathA-zRGkhalA kI kar3iyA~ mAlUma hI nahIM hotI, sabhI jor3a dI gaI haiN| . 'mukti kA rahasya', 'rAjayoga', 'sindUra kI holI' Adi ke kathAnakoM meM bhI eka-do ghaTanAe hI haiN| sabhI ke kathAnaka nirbala aura zithila haiN| 'mukti kA rahasya' meM AzAdevI dvArA umAzaMkara zarmA kI patnI ko viSa diyA jAnA, 'rAjayoga' meM gajarAja aura cammA kI mA~ kA yauna-sambandha hone se campA kA janma, 'sindUra kI holI' meM murArIlAla dvArA manojazaMkara ke pitA kA vadha, kathAnakoM kI AdhArazilA haiN| sabhI ghaTanAeM parokSa meM hotI haiM aura inhIM para kathA troM kI imArateM khar3I hotI haiN| ve imArateM bhI nirAkAra ghaTanAoM se hI banI haiN| isalie nATakoM meM kArya-vyApAra kA prAyaH abhAva-sA hai| nATakoM ko tIna aMkoM ke tIna dRzyoM meM bA~dhane kI TaikanIka ne prAyaH anya ghaTanAoM ko bhI parde ke pIche hI ghaTane diyA hai aura unakI kahAnI-tAtra pAtra sunA nATakIya AkasmikatA kA bar3hiyA udAharaNa 'rAkSasa kA maMdira' ke pahale aMka meM milatA hai / misTara bainarjI jaba munIzvara ko giraphtAra karane Ate haiM to kAphI dhar3akanabharA vAtAvaraNa upasthita hotA hai| durgA kA praveza bhI kautUhalavardhaka hai| 'sindUra kI holI' meM kevala itanI hI AkasmikatA hai ki candrakalA mAMga meM siMdUra bharakara zrA jAtI hai| rajanIkAMta ko apanA pati mAnakara, jaba ki sabhI yaha AzA lagAye hoMge ki usakA vivAha manojazaMkara se hone vAlA hai| 'vatsarAja' kA tIsarA aMka mizrajI ke nATakoM meM nATakIyatA kA sarvazreSTha udAharaNa hai / caritra, ghaTanA, pAkasmikatA, kautUhala sabhI dRSTiyoM se lekhaka ne isa aMka meM atyanta kalA-kuzalatA pradarzita ko hai| udayana kA putra gautama ke sAtha ho liyA / udayana vyathita hai pitA kI mamatA ke kAraNa, aura roSa meM hai kSAtra-dharma kI vilIna hotI huI paramparA ke kaarnn| uttejita rugmavAna (vatsa senApati) praveza karake kahatA hai, "kauzAmbI meM ina pAkhaNDI zramaNoM kA praveza na ho|" isa eka vAkya meM hI darzakoM ke kaleje dhar3akane lagate haiN| senApati na jAne kyA kara baitthe| para "tathAgata aura unake nirastra zramaNa-ziSyoM

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166 hindI ke nATakakAra para tuma zastra kA prayoga karoge?" udayana kA yaha prazna hI bhaviSya kI zrAzaMkA TAla detA hai| udhara ne pathya meM 'buddhaM zaraNaM gacchAmi' kI dhvani aAtI hai / vAsavadattA aura udayana vyAkula ho uThate haiM, aura padmAvatI mA~ kI mamatA se Ahata chaTapaTAtI huI 'kumAra-kumAra' karatI praveza karatI hai| samasta vAtAvaraNa karuNA, dhar3akana, vyathA aura aAkula caMcalatA se betAba ho uThatA hai / udayana svayaM besudha ho jAtA hai| vAsavadattA aura padmAvatI putra kA moha chor3akara pati kI sevA meM laga jAtI haiM / thor3I dera ke bAda kumAra aura zramaNa praveza karate hai / yahA~ bhI darzaka kI jijJAsA kI atRpti aura bhI bar3hatI jAtI hai-na jAne kumAra bhinu na bana jAya; para aMta meM kumAra rAja. dharma pAlana karane para rAjI ho jAtA hai aura udayana apanI donoM rAniyoM ke sAtha vAnaprastha lene ko taiyAra hotA hai| ___ 'vatsarAja' kA tIsarA sampUrNa aGka nATakIya guNoM se ota-prota hai| yaha mizra jI kA sabase adhika sphUrtimaya, gatizIla, prabhAvazAlI, kautUhalavarddhaka aura zaktizAlI dRzya hai / yadi aise hI dRzya unake anya nATakoM meM bhI hote unake sabhI nATaka nATya-kauzala ke Adarza hue hote / ___ kArya-vyApAra aura gatizIlatA ke isa abhAva kI pUrti karane aura eka hI samaya aura aMka kI sImA meM bahuta-kucha bharane ke lie lekhaka ne 'praveza' aura 'prasthAna' kI bar3I bhIr3a lagA dI hai / 'saMnyAsI', 'rAkSasa kA mandira', 'siMdUra kI holI', 'rAjayoga', 'mukti kA rahasya', 'AdhI rAta' sabhI meM bahuta jaldIjaldI prasthAna aura praveza kA tAMtA laga jAtA hai| isakA kAraNa hai, kaI dRzyoM kI ghaTanAe yA caritra-vikAsa eka hI dRzya meM dikhAne kA prayatna karanA / 'rAkSasa kA mandira' meM pahale aMka meM yaha pravRtti bha6 pradarzana kA rUpa dhAraNa kara cukI hai| mi0 bainarjI ke Ane se pahale manohara (munIzvara) aura azgarI kA prasthAna ThIka hai / bainarjI aura rAmalAla bAteM karate haiM / munIzvara pAtA hai / bainarjI aura usakI bAteM hotI haiM / azgarI saMketa karatI hai zrAkara, aura rAmalAla kA prasthAna / aura do hI saMvAda ke bAda phira praveza / eka pRSTha ke samvAda ke bAda rAmalAla bainarjI kA prasthAna / azgarI kA praveza / donoM meM cumbana AliMgana hone dene ke lie hI mAno donoM bAhara jAte haiN|| ___ thor3I dera bAda rAmalAla kA praveza hotA hai| aura zarAba pIkara phira prasthAna / munIzvara kI aurata durgA ke jAne para phira praveza aura raghunAtha ke zrAne se pUrva phira prasthAna / isa praveza-prasthAna praveza ko dekhakara lagatA hai, jaise lekhaka mahodaya eka ora parde kI Ar3a meM khar3e haiN| vaha avasara-be avasara pAtra

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lakSmInArAyaNa mizra 167 kI icchA-anicchA kA vicAra kiye binA hI sabako jaba cAhA darzakoM ke sAmane dhakela dete haiM yA eka pAtra ko apanI bAta kahane kA avasara dene ke lie dUsare pAtra ko raMgamaMca se bhagA dete haiN| praveza prasthAna kA yaha tamAzA anAvazyaka aura asvAbhAvika hai| ___siMdUra kI holI' meM rAmalAla, mAhira alI, isalie prasthAna kara jAte haiM ki bhagavantasiMha aura haranandana ko bAtacIta kA avasara mila jAya / manojazaMkara, candrakalA ko bhI avasara dene ke lie kabhI murArIlAla, kabhI mAhira alI aura manojazaMkara prasthAna karatA hai, kabhI koI praveza / yaha prasthAnapraveza kA krama 'vatsarAja' meM bahuta kucha svAbhAvika ho gayA hai-sabase adhika svAbhAvika tIsare aMka meN| nATakakAra kA vizvAsa yathArtha citraNa meM aTUTa hai| aura isI yathArtha-: pradarzana ke lie usane 'saMnyAsI', 'rAkSasa kA mandira' zrAdi meM cumbana-prAligana kI varSA kara dI hai| ina nATakoM ke pAtra muktahasta ho abhUtapUrva udAratA se cumbana.bakherate aura AliMgana arpita karate pAe jAte haiN| 'rAkSasa kA mandira' kA pahalA aGka to azgarI aura munIzvara ke ina vIratA pUrNa cumbanoM kA kuA hai| aura jaba durgA apane pati munIzvara ke caraNoM para be-sudha par3I hai, taba bhI agarI ko cumbana caahie| mizra jI ke nATaka sAmAjika aura unake kathAnaka aura caritra bhI vartamAna jIvana ke hI haiN| ina caritroM meM prAcIna paribhASAnusAra nAyaka-nAyikA zrAdi khojanA bhUla hai / yathArtha jIvana ke caritroM meM zrAdarza khojanA aura unase bhAratIya rasa-siddhAnta ke anusAra sAdhAraNIkaraNa kI AzA karanA bhI ucita nahIM / mizra jI ke sabhI nATakoM ke caritroM meM ('azoka' aura 'vatsarAja' ko chor3akara ) pazcimI vaicitrya bhArI mAtrA meM mila jAyagA / sabhI caritroM meM vicitratA lAne meM lekhaka atyanta saphala huA hai| 'rAkSasa kA mandira' ke rAmalAla, munIzvara, lalitA aura azgarI; 'mukti kA rahasya' . ke tribhuvananAtha aura AzAdevI; 'sindUra kI holI' ke murArIlAla, manoja zaMkara aura candrakalA; 'rAjayoga' ke gajarAja aura narendraH 'saMnyAsI' ke vizvakAMta zrAdi sabhI meM vyakti-vaicitrya ke darzana hoMge / isameM cAritrika duhare pahaluoM kA mela hai| svagata, ardhasvagata, azrAvya, niyata zrAvya kA prAyaH inake nATakoM meM prayoga nahIM huaa| kahIM inakA prayoga huA bhI hai to bahuta kama aura atyanta saMkSipta / 'mukti kA rahasya' meM umAzaMkara ( manohara ko goda meM uThAkara

Page #169
hindI ke nATakakAra usakA muMha cUmate hue ) kahatA hai, "mere bacce ...... (use chAtI se lagAkara) Aha ! to yaha merI muvita hai|" sindUra kI holI' meM manojazaMkara murArIlAla se kahatA hai, "Apane svIkAra kara liyaa| merI AtmA kA bojha utara gayA / aba maiM Atma-ghAtI pitA kA putra hU~ ( utsAha se ), oha ! maiM kyA thA ! isI cintA meM merA svAsthya bigar3a gayA, mAnasika bImArI ho gii| barAbara rAta ko maiM unako svapna meM dekhatA thA aura sArA dina usI svapna ko bhAvanA meM par3A rahatA thaa......|" yaha bhI svagata kA parivartita rUpa hI hai| sabhI nATakoM meM, eka-do sthaloM ko chor3akara, jahA~ kathopakathana eka-eka pRSTha ke ho gae haiM, kathopakathana atyanta saMkSipta haiN| ve svAbhAvika aura sArthaka bhI haiN| unameM bAta-cIta kI zailI mAnasika asthiratA ko prakaTa karane vAlI hai-prAyaH vAkya apUrNa hI rahate haiM / yaha atyanta svAbhAvika aura prabhAvazAlI hai / isameM nATakIyatA kA prAdhAnya hai| para kahIM-kahIM sAdhAraNa vAkyoM ko bhI tor3a diyA gayA hai, jisase artha meM bAdhA upasthita hotI hai| para aise sthala bahuta hI kama hai| ___ gItoM kA sabhI nATakoM meM prabhAva hai / 'saMnyAsI' aura 'rAkSasa kA mandira' meM eka-do padya A gae haiM, so bhI kavitA ke rUpa meN| gItoM kA bahiSkAra jahA~ eka ora asvAbhAvikatA se nATakoM kI rakSA karatA hai, unameM gadyAtmaka yathArthatA lA detA hai, vahA~ gIta-virodhI-pravRtti kA itanI kaThoratA se pAlana nATakoM meM eka sImA taka nIrasatA bhI lA detA hai| __ mizrajI kI bhASA-sambaMdho bhUleM hAsyAspada haiN| liMga-doSa, pUrvI prayogoM kA doSa, vyAkaraNa-sambaMdhI doSa, aura zabdoM kI azuddhi ke doSoM se vaha mukta nahIM hai| 'rAkSasa kA maMdira' meM 'tuma calI jAvo vahA~ se' (pRSTha 3), 'kaise jAne pAvo' (pRSTha 4), 'nikala jAvo' (pRSTha 5) 'raMja mata ho' (pRSTha 5), 'bahAdurI kI DhoMga' (pRSTha 12), 'usI se gujara ho jAyagA' (pRSTha 6), 'svarga aura narka baccoM kI khela hai|' 'pApake sAtha ImAnadArI kiyA, 'pharayAda kiyA thA' 'zahara kI bAz2Ara unake hAtha meM hotI' paMktiyA~ saralatA se uddhRta kI jA sakatI haiN| siMdUra kI holI'--jo TaikanIka kI dRSTi se sabase acchA nATaka hai, ina doSoM se mukta nhiiN| 'tumako bhI usakI cAla-calana pasanda nahIM' (pRSTha 24) 'mai phAMsI paDUMgA' (pRSTha 66) 'usa badakismata lar3ake para rahama ho rahA hai' (pRSTha-17) nahIM to vaha loNDA merI ijjata bigAr3a diye hotA' (pRSTha 24)

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lakSmInArAyaNa mizra 166 bhASA ke saMbaMdha meM mizrajI ne yathArthavAda kA galata pradarzana kiyA hai / Apane 'rAkSasa kA maMdira' meM sthAna-sthAna para aMgrejI kA prayoga kiyA hai / aMgrez2I sarvaparicita aura pracalita zabdoM kA prayoga to itanA nahIM akharatA - kuchana kucha zabda bhASA aura bola-cAla meM A hI milA karate haiM usa bhASA ke, jisase samparka hotA hai / para mizrajI ke prayoga bahuta hI sadoSa haiM / pRSTha 16 para rAmalAla praveza karate hI eka vAkya aMgrejI meM bolatA hai aura munIzvara bhI pUrA vAkya aMgrez2I meM hI uttara meM kahatA hai / pRSTha 117 para to lagAtAra cAra saMvAda aMgrez2I meM haiM / yadi abhinaya kiyA jAya to hindI hI jAnane vAlA darzaka buddhU kI taraha mu~ha tAkatA raha jAyagA / para yaha nATaka itanA doSapUrNa hai ki zAyada hI kabhI abhinaya ke lie cunA jAya / yaha nATaka nATya kalA ke aneka doSoM se maMDita hai / para jyoM-jyoM lekhaka Age bar3hatA gayA hai, usakI yathArthavAda kI asvAbhAvika sanaka kama hotI gaI hai, TekanIka bhI sarala hotI gaI hai aura bhASA bhI doSa mukta hotI gaI hai| abhineyatA jyoM-jyoM mizrajI nATaka lekhana meM zrAge bar3hate gae, unake nATakoM meM abhi- guNa bhI adhikAdhika mAtrA meM zrAtA gayA / mizrajI ke hara eka nATaka tIna aMka hote haiN| yadi yahI aMka sabhI nATakoM meM dRzya bhI hote to unake nATaka abhinaya ke lie atyanta upayukta hue hote| para likhane ke lie to hara nATaka meM tIna aMka hI haiM para raMgamaMca kI dRSTi se 'saMnyAsI', 'rAkSasa kA mandira', 'rAjayoga' tathA 'mukti kA rahasya' meM zraMka - vidhAna atyanta doSapUrNa hai / yadi kahI dRzya bhI hoM, to kaThina se kaThina dRzya kA bhI nirmANa kiyA jA sakatA hai / aMkAMta meM yavanikA pAta ke lie paryApta samaya mila jAtA hai / pazcAt agale aMka- dRzya ke dRzya-vidhAna hI raMgamaMca kA pramukha aMga hai / dRzya-vidhAna meM sabase bar3A doSa hai ki aMka ke madhya meM hI sahasA pardA uTha jAtA hai aura dRzya badala jAtA hai / 'rAkSasa kA mandira' ke dUsare aMka meM 'lalitA aura raghunAtha kA prasthAna, pardA uThatA hai aura agarI kA kamarA dikhAI de jAtA hai--yaha dUsarA dRzya huaa| isI zraMka meM Age 'raghunAtha aura azgarI kA prasthAna | pardA uThatA hai lalitA kA katarA' - yaha tIsarA dRzya hai / zraMka nadI taTa se prArambha hotA hai, jahA~ nAtra taka haiM-- mallAha hai aura acAnaka pardA uThAkara dUsarA dRzya upasthita ho gayA / nizcaya hI yaha dRzya parde ke pIche banAyA jAyagA / para

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170 hindI ke nATakakAra acAnaka nAva, lalitA, azgarI, raghunAtha, munIzvara kahA~ gAyaba ho jAyaMge ! yadi darzakoM ke sAmane hI sAmAna haTAyA jAyagA to khAsA tamAzA khar3A ho jAyagA / isI prakAra tIsare dRzya ke nirmANa ke viSaya meM samajhanA cAhie / yahI gar3abar3I tIsare aMka meM bhI hai| aMka prArambha hotA hai, sar3aka se| pardA uThAkara mAtR-mandira kA bhavana A jAtA hai / yaha nizcita rUpa se saralatA se banAyA jA sakatA hai / sar3aka para koI sAmAna to ekatra karanA nahIM, bAtacIta karane vAle prasthAna kara jAyaM, pardA uThAkara mAtR-mandira kA bhavana dikhAyA jA sakatA hai| mAtR-mandira ke bAda tIsarA dRzya hai Upara ke kamare kA-mAtRmandira ke pIche vAle parde ke pIche yaha banAyA jaaygaa| isameM bhI vahI kaThinAI hai, jo dUsare aMka ke dRzyoM meM / 'rAjayoga' meM bhI dRzya-vidhAna-sambandhI gar3abar3a hai| pahalA aGka prArambha hotA hai zatru sUdana ke baMgale se / raghuvaMzasiMha ba~gale ke kamare se prasthAna karatA hai aura ba~gale ke sAmane sar3aka para A jAtA hai / gajarAjasiMha bhI usake pAsa zrAkara bAteM karane lagatA hai / yaha bhI dUsarA hI dRzya samajhanA cAhie / yadi ise bhI agale dRzya na mAnakara mizra jI ke lambe-caur3e raMga-saMketa ke anusAra dRzya-nirmANa kiyA jAya to bahuta sthAna gheregA, sAtha hI sar3aka kI bAteM baMgale meM bhI sunI jAyaMgI,jo abhinaya kI bahuta bhaddI truTi hogI / 'mukti kA rahasya' meM dRzyAvalI durUha avazya hai, yadyapi usakA nirmANa kisI-na-kisI prakAra avazya kiyA jA sakatA hai / ___ dRzya-vidhAna kI dRSTi se 'sindUra kI holI' aura 'vatsarAja' nirdoSa hI nahIM, prazaMsanIya racanAe haiN| inameM bhI tIna-tIna aGka hai-zraGka hI dRzya haiN| na to 'sindUra kI holI' meM aura na 'vatsarAja' meM hI acAnaka pardA uThAkara dRzya upasthita hotA hai| eka eka aMka dRzya ke samAna calatA hai / sAtha hI adhika adala-badala kI AvazyakatA nhiiN| 'sindUra kI holI' meM eka hI dRzya -(murArIlAla kA baMgalA ) nirmANa karanA par3egA / usI meM tInoM zraGkoM kI kathA aura kArya pUrNa rUpa meM samApta hote haiN| yaha nATaka TaikanIka kI dRSTi se sarvazreSTha hai| 'vatsarAja' meM pahalA aMka avantI-nareza ke prAsAda kA bandI-kakSa, dUsarA kauzAmbI kA rAja-prAsAda aura tIsarA bhI kauzAmbI kA raaj-praasaad| tInoM aMka-dRzyoM kA nirmANa bar3I saralatA se ho sakatA hai| abhinaya se sAmAjika zIla kA bhI atyanta sambandha hai / 'saMnyAsI' aura 'rAkSasa kA mandira' dRzya-vidhAna kI dRSTi se to abhinaya ke anupayukta

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lakSmInArAyaNa mizra 171 haiM hI, zIla kI dRSTi se bhI yaha doSa-pUrNa haiM / 'saMnyAsI' aura 'rAkSasa kA mandira' meM cumbanoM aura AliMganoM kI bahAra lekhaka ne luTAI hai, vaha donoM nATakoM kA bhArI doSa bana gaI hai| hama samajhate haiM bhAratIya raGgamaMca para Ane vAle itane sAhasI abhinetA abhI utpanna hI nahIM hue jo isa prakAra mizra jI ke yathArthavAda kA pradarzana kara skeN| . kArya-vyApAra, AkasmikatA aura kautUhalajanaka ghaTanAeM bhI abhinaya meM jAna DAla dete haiN| kArya-vyApAra kI dRSTi se mizra jI ke nATaka zithila haiM, para daur3A-jhapaTI hI kArya-vyApAra nahIM haiN| bAharI saMgharSa kama hai, para zrAntarika saMgharSa paryApta mAtrA meM hai| aura yadi abhinetA kalA-kuzala hoM to inake nATakoM kA zAnadAra abhinaya kiyA jA sakatA hai| AkasmikatA cAhe ghaTanAoM meM na ho, para caritroM meM avazya hai| sabhI meM koI-na-koI rahasya bhItara-hI-bhItara ghuTa rahA hai-yaha darzakoM kI kautUhala-vRddhi ke lie kAphI hai| caritroM ke bhItara kI ulajhana aura ghuTana yadi koI saphala abhinetA sahI rUpa meM pradarzita kara sake, to nATaka prabhAvazAlI rUpa meM abhinIta ho sakate haiN| yadyapi 'vatsarAja' kA dUsarA aGka bahuta zithila hai, to bhI gatizIlatA, kArya-vyApAra, kathA ke kramika vikAsa, aura caritroM ke prakAzana Adi kI dRSTi se yaha nATaka mizra jI kI zreSTha racanA hai| kathopakathana kI dRSTi se vicAra kareM to sabhI nATakoM ke saMvAda saMkSipta aura upayukta haiN| choTe-choTe vAkyoM meM, jo kahIM-kahIM apUrNa hI samApta hote haiM, saMvAda calate haiN| bhAvAveza aura manobhAva-vizleSaNa ko yaha zailI nATakIya hai / kucha saMvAda hI, jo rUkhe vicAra-vivecana ke lie diye gae haiM, kucha lambe aura nIrasa haiM / para vicAra-pradhAna nATakoM meM yaha anupayukta nahIM / 'sindUra kI holI' aura 'vatsarAja' abhinaya kI dRSTi se mizrajI. ke sarvazreSTha nATaka haiN| inameM abhinaya-sambaMdhI doSa dekhane meM nahIM pAte / 'mukti kA rahasya' tathA 'rAjayoga' thor3I kaThinatA se abhinIta kiye jA sakate haiM / 'AdhI rAta', 'saMnyAsI' tathA 'rAkSasa kA maMdira' itane doSapUrNa haiM ki inakA abhinaya kiyA hI nahIM jA sktaa| racanA krama para vicAreM to patA calegA ki mizrajI ko apanI truTiyoM kA jJAna hotA gayA hai aura kramazaH ve unako chor3ate bhI gae haiN| yathArthavAda kA asvAbhAvika nazA bhI utaratA gayA hai / para abhI taka unake nATakoM meM eka bAta kI kamI hainATakIya ghaTanAoM ke zaktizAlI nirmANa kA abhAva unake hara-eka nATaka meM khaTakatA hai|

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udayazaMkara bhaTTa bhaTTajI hindI ke prasiddha nATakakAra haiM / kavitA ke kSetra meM bhI Apane usI utsAha, ullAsa aura tIvra gati se sRjana kiyA hai, jisa utsAha, ullAsa aura tIvra gati se nATakIya kSetra meM / apane nATakoM ke lie aApane aneka kAla aura jIvana-kSetra cune / 'prasAda' ne jisa prakAra bhAratIya itihAsa se Arya zakti aura gaurava kA svarNa yuga cunA aura 'premI' ne mugala-kAla kA vaibhavapUrNa kSetra, usI prakAra bhaTTajI ne purANa-kAla ke jIvana aura saMskRti ko apanI kalA kA kSetra bnaayaa| 'sagara-vijaya' aura 'ambA' kA aAdhAra paurANika kathAvastu hai| aApake bhAva-nATyoM kA vikAsa bhI paurANika jIvana-kSetra meM ho huA / 'vizvAmitra', 'matsyagandhA', 'rAdhA' aura 'meghadUta' likhakara bhaTTajI ne prAcIna-priyatA kA pramANa diyA hai| aitihAsika jIvana-kSetra se Apane 'dAhara' vikramAditya',* 'mukti-patha' aura 'zaka-vijaya' ke caritra aura kathAvastu liye / 'kamalA' aura 'anta-hIna-anta' meM Apane sAmAjika samasyAoM ko sulajhAne kI koziza kI hai| ekAMkI ke kSetra meM bhaTTajI kA kAma sarAhanIya hai| zrApake 'abhinava ekAMkI nATaka', 'strI kA hRdaya','samasyA kA anta, 'dhUma-zikhA' Adi ekAMkI-saMgraha bhI prakAzita ho *DaoNkTara somanAtha gupta ne aitihAsika nATakoM kI dhArA meM ullekhanIya nATakoM kA varNana karate hue 'hindI nATaka-sAhitya kA itihAsa' meM pRSTha 212 para likhA hai, "udayazaMkara bhaTTa-kRta 'candragupta maurya' (1931) aura 'vikramAditya' (1933) / " isa sambandha meM paNDita udayazaMkara bhaTTa kA patra uddhRta kiyA hai, "priyavara, aisA koI nATaka maiMne nahIM likhA", kadAcit unako 'vikramAditya' nATaka se bhrama huA hai| hA~, badarInAtha bhaTTa kA zAyada eka 'candragupta' nATaka hai| navIna khoja isI ko kahate haiM / lekhaka ko patA nahIM, aura yahA~ khoja bhI kara DAlI / sacamuca, yaha khoja nahIM ; AviSkAra hai| 'hindI nATaka-sAhitya kA itihAsa' aisI aneka UTapaTAMga bAtoM se bharA par3A hai|

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173 udayazaMkara bhaTTa cuke haiN| Apake ekAMkiyoM meM vartamAna jIvana kI vibhinna tasvIreM haiN| sAmAjika jIvana ke dahakate dRzya Apane apane ekAMkiyoM meM atyanta saphalatA se upasthita kiye haiN| Adhunika kAvya ke aneka prayogoM se prabhAvita hokara Apane apanI kAvyaracanA kI hai| usameM pragatizIla bhAva-dhArA bhI milegI aura romANTika prayoga bhii| 'rAkA', 'mAnasI', visarjana', 'yathArtha aura kalpanA', 'yuga-dIpa', 'ekalA calo re' Adi Apake 'kAvya-saMgraha prakAzita ho cuke haiN| upanyAsa-kSetra meM bhI Apane prayAsa kiyA aura 'vaha, jo maiMne dekhA' kI racanA kii| racanAoM kA kAla-krama vikramAditya 1633 dAhara athavA sindha-patana ambA 0 0 m Www 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 m 0 sagara-vijaya 1137 matsyagaMdhA vizvAmitra kamalA rAdhA 1941 antahIna anta 1942 mukti-patha zaka-vijaya kAlidAsa 1950 meghadUta vikramorvazI itihAsa aura kalpanA 'vikramAditya', 'dAhara', 'mukti patha', aura 'zaka-vijaya', bhaTTa jI ke aitihAsika nATaka haiN| itihAsa-krama se 'mukti-patha', 'zaka-vijaya' 'vikramAditya' aura 'dAhara'-yoM rakhA jA sakatA hai| prasAda dvArA liyA gayA itihAsa chor3a diyA gayA hai / bhaTTa jI ne itihAsa se ve kathAe lI, jo anajAnI thIM aura __*bhaTTa jI dvArA likhA gayA 'vikramAditya' gadya-nATaka hai, gIti-nATya nhiiN| vAbU gulAbarAya ise eka bAra bhI uThAkara dekha lete to yaha bhrama na hotaa| 'kAvya ke rUpa meM pRSTha 88 para Apa likhate haiM, "paMDita udayazaMkara bhaTTa ne 'matsyagaMdhA' aura 'vikramAditya' Adi gIti-nATya bhI likhe haiN|"

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174 hindI ke nATakakAra jinase hamAre sAMskRtika aura rASTrIya patana ke buniyAdI kAraNoM para prakAza par3atA hai / 'mukti-patha' kI kathA sIdhI-sAdI hai, isameM kathA-sambandhI kalpanA bahuta kama hai| ghaTanAe sabhI itihAsa-paricita haiM / zuddhodana, siddhArtha, devadatta, chaMdaka, AkAr3a kAlAma, rAhula, gopA, sujAtA-sabhI itihAsa-prasiddha pAtra haiN| kalpita pAtra pramukha koI bhI nahIM / siddhArtha ke caritra prakAzana aura vairAgya-vikAsa ke lie eka-do ghaTanAe bhale hI rakha dI gaI hoN| jaise devadatta dvArA yajJa kA chAga khola lene kI ghttnaa| _ 'zaka-vijaya' meM mukhya ghaTanA hai avantI ke rAjA gaMdharvasena dvArA sarasvatI sAdhvI kA apaharaNa aura usake bhAI jaina prAcArya kAlaka dvArA zakoM kA bhArata meM lAyA jAnA / jaina-granthoM, skanda aura bhaviSya purANa meM yaha kathA vibhinna rUpoM meM milatI hai| pahale yaha kathA kapola-kalpita samajhI jAtI thii| prasiddha purAtattva-vettA aura itihAsakAra zrI kAzIprasAda jAyasavAla, jarmana vidvAn yAkobI, jaina-muni zrI kalyANa vijaya prAdi vidvAnoM ko khojoM ne ise aitihAsika pramANita kara diyA hai / kAlakAcArya dvArA prerita usake bhAnajoM, balamitra aura bhAnumitra kI senA aura zakavAhinI ne vantI ko ghera liyA aura gaMdharvasena ko mAra DAlA / zaka-zAmana kA yaha yuga 100 IsvI pUrva se 58 pUrva taka rhaa| gaMdharvasena, kAlakAcArya, makhali putra sarasvatI, zakarAja nahapAna ---ye sabhI pramukha pAtra aitihAsika haiM / varada aura saumyA kAlpanika / varada se hI zakoM dvArA pIr3ita avantI kA uddhAra karAyA gayA hai / bhaTTa jI kI sammati meM yahI vikramAditya hai| varada svayaM eka kalpita pAtra hai, isalie isakA vikramAditya honA vivAdAspada hai| vikramAditya ke viSaya meM abhI nirNaya bhI nahIM ho pAyA hai, to bhI varada ko vikramAditya mAnanA itihAsa kI bhArI upekSA hai / sarasvatI aura kAlakAcArya kI prAtma-ityA cAhe itihAsa kI jAnakArI meM na ho, yA yaha bAta asatya bhI ho, to bhI yaha sarasvatI aura kAlakAcArya ke caritra ko ujjvala kara detI hai| aisI kalpanA hAnikara nhiiN| ___ 'dAhara' meM bhI pramukha pAtra aura pramukha ghaTanAeM itihAsa-sammata haiN| sAhasI rAya elora kA rAjA thaa| isakA lar3akA huA sAhIrAsa / yaha nimaruja ke bAdazAha se yuddha karate hue mArA gayA, isakI mRtyu ke bAda rAya sAhasI elora kA rAjA banA / rAya sAhasI ke darabAra meM zailaja brAhmaNa ke lar3ake cacaM kA praveza sAdhAraNa adhikArI ke rUpa meM huaa| dhIre-dhIre vaha

Page #176
udayazaMkara bhaTTa 175 pradhAna maMtrI bana gyaa| rAya sAhasI ke marane ke bAda caca rAjA bana gyaa| isakA prema bhI rAya sAhasI kI patnI suhandI se ho gayA aura donoM ne vivAha bhI kara liyaa| caca ne brAhmaNavAda ke zAsaka agama ko mArakara usakI vidhavA se bhI vivAha kiyaa| caca ke bAda isakA lar3akA dAhara rAjA banA / dAhara 644 IsvI meM gaddI para baiThA / caca kI mRtyu 637 meM huii| bIca ke samaya meM dAhara ke bhAI candra ne rAjya kiyA / sindha para muhammada bina kAsima kA aAkramaNa san 712 I0 meM huaaa| isameM dAhara mArA gyaa| ___ dAhara kI donoM lar3akiyAM sUrajadevI aura paramAladevI kAsima dvArA khalIphA ke pAsa bheja dI gaI / 'cacanAmA' meM yaha bhI likhA hai ki lAr3I (dAhara kI rAno) bhI kaida karake bhejI gaI thii| binakAsima ko khalIphA kI AjJA se jindA hI khAla meM silavA diyA gayA thA aura sUryadevI tathA paramAladevI ke kahane para ki unheM kAsima ne bhraSTa kara diyA hai / 'dAhara' ko prAyaH sabhI pramukha ghaTanAe itihAsa kI jAnakArI meM haiN| 'dAhara' meM itihAsa kA adhika-se-adhika nirvAha huA hai| isameM itihAsa kI do bhayaMkara bhUle haiM, eka to dAhara ko kSatriya batAyA gayA hai jaba ki sabhI itihAsoM meM use brAhmaNa batAyA gayA hai| dUsare nATaka meM kahIM bhI lAr3I kA patA nahIM / lAr3I ne eka-do kiloM meM arabI senA kA sAmanA bhI kiyA thA, aisA kaI itihAsoM meM milatA hai / pramukha pAtroM meM kalpita bahuta kama haiM-dAhara, jayazAha, sUrya aura paramAla, haijAja binakAsima alAphI, khalIphA Adi sabhI pAtra aitihAsika haiN| dhArmika saMgharSa __ bhaTTa jI ke aitihAsika nATakoM meM dhArmika saMgharSa kA vizeSa citraNa milatA hai / 'mukti-patha', 'zaka-vijaya' tathA 'dAhara' tInoM nATakoM meM bhAratIya mahAn dharmoM-brAhmaNa, bauddha, jaina-kA saMgharSa dikhAyA gayA hai| yaha saMgharSa 'mukti-patha' se prArambha hotA hai| bhagavAn buddha kA rAjya tyAgakara navIna mAnava-dharma kI khoja karanA hI, usa yuga ke vicAroM ke saMgharSa kA pariNAma hai / bauddha dharma se pahale bhArata meM dhArmika (sampradAya) saMvarSa yA vaimanasya kA prArambha nahIM huA thaa| isase pUrva navIna jIvana-darzana aneka rUpoM meM pA cukA thA-para usa dArzanika vicAroM ke vikAsa ko lekara jhagar3e nahIM prArambha hue the| ve dArzanika vicAra sampradAya yA dharma-paMtha kA rUpa dhAraNa nahIM kara sake the| jIvana aura samAja se unakA sambandha bhI kama thA / bauddha-dharma ne sAmAjika

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176 hindI ke nATakakAra krAnti bhI kI aura bauddha darzana ne eka vizeSa dharma kA rUpa dhAraNa kiyA, isI kAraNa brAhmaNa aura bauddha dharma meM saMgharSa bhI prArambha ho gayA / dhArmika saMgharSa kA yaha rUpa brAhmaNoM aura devadatta tathA siddhArtha ke bIca dikhAyA gayA hai| tIsare dRzya meM brAhmaNa nyAyAlaya meM zrAkara nyAya kI pukAra aura mA~ga karate haiN| siddhArtha aura devadatta ne unake yajamAna ko bahakAkara use chAga (bachar3A) kI bali dene se virata kiyA / aura jaba yajamAna svayaM sabhA meM upasthita hokara kahatA hai ki yajJa meM hiMsA nahIM honI cAhie, to brAhmaNa cillA uThate haiM, "nAstika seTha sabhA meM upasthita hai| dharma ke ghAtaka isa seTha ko daNDa denA caahie|" ___ yahI bauddha-brAhmaNa-saMvarSa 'dAhara' meM spaSTa ho gayA hai / sindha para arabI senAe abdula binakAsima kI adhyakSatA meM car3hAI karatI haiN| sthiti aura samaya kI mA~ga ke uttara meM dAhara jATa, gUjara, lohAna Adi jAtiyoM ko bhI barAbarI kA adhikAra de detA hai| brAhmaNa isI se ruSTa ho jAte haiM / bauddha bhI deza-droha karate haiN| unheM kyA lenA, eka brAhmaNa rAjA kI sahAyatA kyoM kareM ? samudra kahatA hai, "jaba bauddhoM kA rAjya hI nahIM hai, phira bauddha loga usake sahAyaka hI kyoM hoM ? apanA bhalA-burA to pazu bhI pahacAnate haiM, hama to AdamI haiN|" sAgaradatta ke samajhAne para ki bauddha-hindU eka hI haiM mokSavAsava kahatA hai, "hindU bhI to hamAre lie vaise hI haiM jaise yavana / kyA bauddha-dharma se unako ghRNA nahIM hai ? kyA ve bauddha-dharma aura bauddhoM ko acchI dRSTi se dekhate haiM mahArAja ?" mokSavAsava ke kathana meM yadyapi avicAra-zIlatA, deza ke prati vizvAsa-ghAta aura adUradarzitA bola rahI hai, phira bhI hinduoM kA vaha pApa bhI pukAra rahA hai, jo unhoMne bauddhoM kA virodha karake kiyA hai| brAhmaNoM ke prapaMcapUrNa AcaraNa aura bauddhoM ke arabiyoM se gaTha-bandhana ke kAraNa sindha deza sadA ke lie gulAma ho gyaa| sindha meM kiyA gayA rASTrIya aparAdha samasta bhArata ke lie ghAtaka viSa bana gyaa| dekhate-dekhate eka ke bAda dUsarA prAnta videziyoM ke caraNoM dvArA AkrAnta hotA gyaa| aisI bAr3ha AI ki bhArata kA koI svatantra rAjya usake sAmane na Thahara skaa| samasta deza videziyoM kA gulAma bana gyaa| dhArmika vaimanasya jaba itanA bhayaMkara rUpa dhAraNa kara letA hai, taba yahI hotA hai| ___ jahA~ mata-pantha deza ke hita se Upara hogA, vahA~ ke nivAsI apamAna, apayaza, parAjaya, parAdhInatA kA jIvana vyatIta kreNge| yuga-yuga taka vaha

Page #178
udayazaMkara bhaTTa deza pada-dalita rhegaa| 'zaka-vijaya' meM dharma kA yahI vinAzaka rUpa bhaTTajI ne rakhA hai| sambhavataH jaina-brAhmaNa-dharma ke saMgharSa kA hindI meM yaha prathama nATaka hai| bhaMkhalIputra brAhmaNa dharma ke netA haiM aura kAlakAcArya jaina-dharma ke| donoM kA saMvarSa isa nATaka kI kahAnI hai| kAlakAcArya avantI meM jaina-dharma kA pracAra karane AyA hai / sarasvatI (usakI bahana) sAdhvI bana gaI hai| usake saundarya se AkarSita hokara usake Azrama meM avantI-nivAsiyoM kI bhIr3a lagI rahatI hai| isase rASTra-dharma ko khatarA hai| deza kI usa samaya kI rAjanIti bar3I DAvA~Dola hai--deza para videziyoM kA to dA~ta hai hI pArasparika zaktivardhana ko bhI spardhA hai| isI kAraNa sarasvatI ko bandI banA liyA jAtA hai| ___ kAlakAcArya ke hRdaya ko AdhAta lagAnA svAbhAvika hai, para usane jo praNa kiyA vaha deza-droha kA ghRNita udAharaNa hai| vaha bolA, 'maiM anya rAjAoM kI sahAyatA lekara avantI ko bhamma kara duuNgaa|" aura prAcArya kAlaka kI dharma kI paribhASA, "dharma ke lie koI deza-videza nahI hai / pRthvI ke eka kone se dUsare kone kA vyakti dharma meM zraddhA rakhane ke kAraNa eka haiN| sAhira (zakarAja) ne svayaM jJAta-putra ke dharma ko svIkAra kara liyA hai, phira ve videzo kaise hai nRpatigaNa ! ve bhI ulI taraha jaina haiM, jisa taraha Apa / dharma jAti-deza kA bandhana nahI svIkAra karatA nRpatigaNa / " kAlakAcArya dvArA kI gaI dharma kI paribhASA ne hI avantI para videziyoM ke aAkramaNa kA sUtrapAta kiyA / vahI huA, jo honA thA / adhantI para zakoM kA zAsana ho gyaa| videziyoM ke atyAcAra aura utpIr3ana kA daura prArambha huA / sarasvatI para bhI zakarAja kI vAsanA-dRSTi gii| dharma ke unmAda meM kAlakAcArya ne janma-bhUmi ke garvonnata mastaka ko pairoM tale rauMda DAlA / dezadoha, vizvAsa-ghAta, bandhu-saMhAra, hatyA aura balAtkAra sabhI isa unmAda meM khulakara khele / ___ isa dhArmika aviveka ne hameM kahA~-se-kahA~ lA diyA yaha bhaTTajIke zabdoM meM dekhiye-"hamArI jAtIyatA meM dharmavAda kI nikammI thothI rUr3hiyoM ne hameM viveka se girA diyaa| manuSyatva se khIMcakara dAsatA, bhrAtR-droha, viveka-zUnyatA ke gar3he meM le jAkara pIsa diyaa|" ___ bhaTTajI ne apane nATakoM dvArA dhArmika kaTTaratA,sAmpradAyika janUna, majahabI pAgalapana kA jo rUpa upasthita kiyA hai vaha prazaMsanIya hai| yaha sacamuca aisA nazA hai, jisameM AdamI apane pairoM Apa hI kulhAr3I mAratA hai.-svayaM

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175 hindo ke nATakakAra hI apane khetoM-khalihAnoM, ghara makAnoM ko maraghaTa banA detA hai| hamArI sammati meM bhaTTajI ne apane nATakoM dvArA dhArmika kaTTaratA ke prati apane pAThakoM meM aruci utpanna karake samAja aura deza kA bahuta bar3A hita kiyA hai / samAja-citraNa bhaTTajI ne apane nATakoM dvArA samAja ke usa khokhalepana, pAkhaNDa, aADambara aura durabhimAna kA citra khIMcA hai, jisake kAraNa bhAratIya rASTra sAmAjika rUpa meM jarjara bana rahA hai| Aja bhI vaha nirbala aura lar3akhar3AtA huA hai / 'dAhara' meM unhoMne sAmAjika aparAdhoM aura bhUloM kA sajaga citraNa kiyA hai, jinake kAraNa sindha kA patana huzrA-dAhara kI parAjaya huI / dAhara usa mUrkhatA aura aparAdha ko anubhava karatA hai, "svargIya pitA, tumhAre isa pramAda kA phala mujhe bhoganA pdd'egaa| siMdha meM jo vIra jAtiyA~ thIM, unheM U~ca-nIca ke bhAvoM se kuMcalakara naSTa kara ddaalaa| hAya, ve lohAna jATa aura gUjara jo hamAre rAjya kI zobhA, vIratA kI mUrti the, Aja U~ca-nIca ke vicAroM se pise jA rahe hai / ..... ve rezamI vastra nahIM pahana sakate, jIna kase ghor3oM para nahIM baiTha sakate, pairoM meM jUte nahI pahana sakate, sira para pagar3I nahIM baoNdha sakate, pahacAna ke lie kuttoM ke binA bAhara nahIM nikala skte|" manuSya ko jisa samAja meM itanA nIce girA diyA jAya, kyA vaha mUkhoM kA samAja nahIM ! dAhara apane pitA ke aparAdha kA prAyazcitta karate hue unako barAbarI kA adhikAra denA cAhatA hai to purohita isakA virodha karate hue kahatA hai, "dharma-zAstra ina logoM ke sAtha koI aisA vyavahAra karane kI AjJA nahIM detA jisase ye loga ucca jAti ke logoM ke sAtha mila skeN|" dharma-zAstra aura smRtiyoM kI prAr3a lekara jahA~ buddhivAda kA itanA tiraskAra ho, vahA~ sacamuca prakRti kA jo abhizApa na par3e, so thodd'aa| aisI mUrkhatA isI deza ke sAmAjika jIvana meM hai ki pyAse ko pAnI pilAne ke lie zAstra kI prAjJA talAza kI jAtI hai| aura jaba taka zAstra pAnI pilAne kI zrAjJA dete haiM, taba taka pyAse kA prANAnta ho jAtA hai| lohAna, jATa aura gUjaroM ko barAbarI kA adhikAra diye jAne ke kAraNa brAhmaNa loga viruddha ho gae aura deza-droha kI kAlikha muMha para lapeTakara gauravazAlI bane / dhArmika vidvaSa siMdha ke patana meM jitanA kAraNa hai, sAmAjika usase bhI adhika / ___ 'mukti-patha' meM bhI isa UMca-nIca bhAvanA kA citraNa kiyA gayA hai| bauddha-dharma kA AvirbhAva hI sAmAjika samAnatA ke lie huA / isI sAmA

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udayazaMkara bhaTTa 176 jika ahaM aura abhimAna kA citraNa 'mukti-patha' ke isa dRzya se spaSTa ho jAtA hai : "prArthI- isa zUdraka ne mere ghara meM praveza karake merA ghara apavitra kara DAlA | mere niSedha karane para bhI yaha duSTa mere ghara meM ghusa AyA / aura merA ghara kaluSita kara diyA / eka paMDita - to tuma isa brAhmaNa ke ghara meM ghuse kyoM ? zUdraka - jI, prANa bacAne ke lie / dUsarA paMDita - to tuma aparAdha svIkAra karate ho ? zUdraka--jI ! eka paMDita - tumheM jJAta hai, tumhAre jAne se brAhmaNa kA ghara apavitra ho gyaa| siddhArtha pahalA paMDita - dUsaroM ko apAvana karake, hAni pahu~cAkara prANa-rakSA nahIM kI jAtI / yaha zUdra hai, zUdra bhI cANDAla, isane jIvaka brAhmaNa ke ghara ko pavitra kiyA, isakA daNDa to bhoganA hI par3egA / " - - Atma-rakSA saba dharmo se bar3hakara hai / isa para kucha bhI TippaNI dene kI AvazyakatA nhiiN| isakA pariNAma kevala patana hai / 'kamalA' meM 'lekhaka ne Adhunika samAja kA citra upasthita kiyA hai / Aja ke samAja meM kitanI ulajhaneM haiM, jIvana kitanA rahasyapUrNa ho gayA hai, mAnava-caritra eka pahelI banatA jA rahA hai- yaha saba 'kamalA' meM dikhAne kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai / kamalA eka zikSita yuvatI, bUr3he devanArAyaNa se vyAha dI jAtI hai / yaha be-mela jor3A kaba taka sukhI raha sakatA hai| isameM samajhautA bhI to nahIM ho sakatA / devanArAyaNa sadA kamalA para sandeha aura AzaMkA . dRSTi rakhatA hai / aura anta meM usakA sandeha 'bhrama' meM badala jAtA hai ki zazi kamalA kA hI putra hai, jo kamalA kI caritrahInatA kA pariNAma hai / aura kamalA isa grAtma-vedanA se ghAyala hokara nadI meM DUbakara zrAtma-hatyA kara letI hai / zazi hai umA kA avaidha putra, jo devanArAyaNa ke bar3e lar3ake se huA / 'kamalA' meM kaumArya jIvana kI bhUloM kA pariNAma bhI dikhAyA gayA 1 bhaTTajI ne samAja kA jo rUpa 'dAhara' aura 'mukti patha' meM dikhAyA hai, vaha bhAratIya samAja kA kalaMka hai - hamArI zrADambarapUrNa saMskRti ke mu~ha para sabala tamAcA hai / rASTrIya aura sAmAjika hI nahIM mAnavIya svAsthya ke lie bhI una sAmAjika mUrkhatAoM, aparAdhoM aura pAkhaNDoM ko chor3anA Avazyaka hai / I

Page #181
180 hindI ke nATakakAra uccatA kA dambha aura anyoM ke prati ghRNA manuSya ko mAnavIyatA se patita karatI hI hai, deza kA bhI isase bahuta ahita hotA hai / aura jaba taka bhAra - tIya samAja meM samAnatA, bandhutva aura samAna adhikAra kI buniyAda nahIM par3egI, hama manuSya kahalAne ke bhI adhikArI nahIM / pAtra -- caritra-citraNa bhaTTajI ne paurANika, aitihAsika tathA sAmAjika sabhI prakAra ke nATakoM kI racanA kI / unake nATakoM ke pAtra kAla aura jIvana ke aneka kSetroM se haiN| bhaTTa ke nATakoM kI bhASA-zailI para to saMskRta kA prabhAva hai hI, pAtroM ke caritroM para bhI hai / itihAsa aura purANa-yuga ke pAtroM ke caritroM meM vizeSa hera-phera karanA bar3A bhArI dussAhasa kA kAma hai / bhAratIya nATya zAstra kI paribhASAnusAra vikramAditya, dAhara, sagara, varada dhIrodAtta nAyaka haiM aura siddhArtha dhIraprazAnta / 'kamalA' vartamAna jIvana se sambandha rakhane vAlA nATaka hai, isalie usake pAtra bhAratIya nATya-zAstra ke anusAra kisI zreNI meM nahIM rakhe jA sakate / vikramAditya vIra, nirbhaya, kSamAzIla, dayAlu, paropakArI, zrAtma - zlAghA-hIna, vicArazIla, zIlavAna, sundara yuvaka hai / aneka zatrutroM ko usane parAsta kiyA hai / nRsiMha kI sahAyatA ke lie akelA cala detA hai / bar3e-sebar3A khatarA vaha mola letA hai / 'dAhara' meM bhI ye sabhI guNa haiM / vaha zaraNAgatarakSaka bhI hai| lAphI ko usane zaraNa dI hai, jo araba kA vidrohI saradAra hai / vaha yuddha karate-karate mara gayA, isase adhika vIratA aura nirbhayatA kyA hogI / aura sagara ne to apane zatru haihayavaMzI durdama se ayodhyA kA uddhAra hI nahIM kiyA, pratyuta digvijaya bhI kI / 'mukti patha' kA nAyaka siddhArtha dhIra prazAnta hai / kSamAzIla, dayAlu, dharmajJAnI, virAgI, ahiMsA kA avatAra hai / usane hI vizva ko sarvaprathama karuNA kA patha dikhAyA - zrahiMsA kI zikSA dI / 'zaka - vijaya' kA nAyaka cAhe varada ho yA gandharvasena donoM meM hI ve guNa haiM, jinase nAyaka dhIrodAtta kI zreNI meM AtA hai| zaThanAyaka somezvara, kardama, haijAja, nahapAna ( zaka- vijaya ) dhIrodAtta svabhAva ke haiM / vIra, kapaTI, chalI, vizvAsa ghAtI, nirbhaya, zrAtma-zlAghA se yukta, durjeya aura krUra haiN| bhAratIya sAdhAraNIkaraNa ke anusAra rasAnubhUti meM aise pAtroM se bahuta sahAyatA milatI hai / nAyakoM ke prati sAmAjika kI saMvedanA, sahAnubhUti, bhakti aura zubhakAmanA banI rahatI hai aura zaThanAyaka

Page #182
udayazaMkara bhaTTa 181 ke prati usakI ghRNA, aruci, duSkAmanA, roSa, krodha Adi bane rahate haiN| bhaTTajI ke nAyakoM aura zaThanAyakoM ke prati hamArI paramparAgata bhAvanAe uttejita rahatI haiM / nAyakoM ke kaSTa para hamArI saMvedanA aura karuNA jagatI hai| unakI vijaya para hameM Ananda milatA hai| unakI saphalatA para ullAsa hotA hai / zaThanAyaka para vipatti par3ane para hameM sukha milatA hai| unakI saphalatA yA vijaya para hameM duHkha hotA hai| unake vyavahAra se hama ghRNA karate haiM / yahI rasAnubhUti hai| ____ 'kamalA' ko chor3akara nArI-pAtroM ko hama tIna zreNiyoM meM bA~Ta sakate haiM / eka to nirbhaya vIrAMganAe, dUsarI zIlavatI sukumAramanA pati-parAyaNA, aura tIsarI IrSyAlu roSavatI pratizodha se pAgala / 'dAhara' ko paramAla aura sUraja apane deza para marane vAlI aura deza ke apamAna kA badalA lene vAlI vIrAMganAeM haiN| 'vikramAditya' kI candralekhA aura anaMga mudrA prItama kI rakSA ke lie yuddha-kSetra meM apanA gauravazAlI balidAna dene vAlI haiN| vizAlAkSI aura gopA komala-manA pati-parAyaNA bholI-bhAlI nArI haiM aura barhi krodha aura pratizodha se jarjara IrSyA se pAgala nArI hai| anya nATakIya tattvoM kI apekSA caritra-citraNa bhaTTajI ke mATakoM meM saphalatA ke sAtha huA hai| pAtroM ke aitihAsika aura paurANika hote hue bhI bhaTTa jI ne unake caritra kAphI vikasita dikhAe haiM / unake pAsa manuSya kA hRdaya hai / itihAsa aura paramparA kI saMkucita galiyoM meM calane vAle pAtra bhI apane pAsa sukha-duHkha, IrSyA-ghRNA aura anubhava prakaTa karane vAle hRdaya rakhate haiM / 'vikramAditya' para yadyapi 'prasAda' ke skandagupta kI spaSTa chAyA hai, para anya nATakoM meM bhaTTa jI svataMtra haiN| vikramAditya svabhAva se hI dArzanika hai / rAjya bhogate hue bhI udAsIna hai, "rAta aura dina kI carakhI para proTI jAne vAlI jIvana kI kalA rUpI ruI kSaNa-kSaNa ghaTatI jAtI hai / bAlyAvasthA aura yauvana ke pAzAMkura se hama nAza meM sukha kA anubhava karate haiN| .....'jIvana kyA hai, gAr3hAndhakAra meM kSaNika prakAza / jisake donoM prora utpati aura vinAza ke do kinAre haiN| pUrva ke do kinAre haiN| utpatti se pUrva aura vinAza ke bAda isa AtmA kI kyA paribhASA hai, yaha kauna jaane|" para utkaTa kAma-vAsanA ke samAna rAjya-lipsA ko dhikkArane vAlA vikrama kartavya ke lie jAgarUka hai, "kartavya-pAlana ke lie usa vidroha ko dabAnA hI hogaa|" vikramAditya kSamAzIla hai-rAjya se udAsIna aura vaibhava se vimukha

Page #183
182 hindI ke nATakakAra phira bhI vaha apane bhAI somezvara ke kAranAmoM para dukhI to hogA hI, "somezvara bhAI, tumane bhAI ke nAte para kuThArAghAta karake duSTa ceMgI kA sAtha diyA / bhAI kA bhAI se bhayaMkara yuddha, bhrAtR-droha, kyA isa vidroha-vahni meM meM svayaM nahIM jala rahA huuN|..... bhAgya ne mujhe bacA kyoM liyA / kahIM zatruoM ke SaDyantra meM mai pisa kyoM na gayA / " ina zabdoM meM vikrama ke hRdaya meM uThane vAle tUphAna ke bhAva-saMgharSa kA acchA AbhAsa milatA hai| 'dAhara' meM kAsima ke hRdaya aura mastiSka kA bhI acchA citra upasthita kiyA gayA hai| __gajaba kI sundaratA hai| agara sUraja sUraja hai to paramAla cA~da hai| ..... AH kahIM ye 'nahIM, yaha khalIphA kA upahAra hai| lekina yaha kyA, mere isa sunasAna Dere meM ha~sI kI AvAja kahA~ se A rahI hai| kauna ha~sa rahA hai ? kauna hai ? hai ! yaha to dAhara kI ha~sI hai / yaha kyA ! cAroM ora dAhara ke sira.....'yAkUba ! yAkUba !" 'mukti-patha' meM siddhArtha ke caritra meM to kevala eka hI bAta-karuNA-kA vikAsa hai / hRdaya kI adhika halacala usameM nahIM hai, para zuddhodana ke caritra meM pitA kI parezAnI, aAzaMkA, putra-moDa, sabhI kucha bar3e kauzala se dikhAyA gayA hai,| vaha kahatA hai, "merI A~khoM kA prakAza mere hRdaya kA bala, yaha siddhArtha hai / mujhe usake sAmane nyAya-anyAya, dharma-adharma, jJAna-vijJAna kucha bhI nahIM suujhtaa| mere jIvana kA eka-mAtra sUtra yaha yuvarAja hai / usa dina kA svapna.. nahIM-nahIM khuuNgaa|" aura siddhArtha ke gRha-tyAga ke bAda, "mujhe kucha nahIM sUjhatA meM aMdhA ho gayA hU~ gautamI! ( gopA rAhula ko goda meM liye baiThI hai ) ThIka hai ! AjIvana rone ke lie isakA jInA Avazyaka hai / ro, ro, tU bhI ro, maiM bhI roU~ / saMsAra rove / Ano itanA roveM ki rAjakumAra tapa karate hue bahakara hamAre pAsa A jaayN|" ____ 'kamalA' meM devanArAyaNa kA caritra atyanta svAbhAvika aura kauzala se citrita kiyA gayA hai / bhaTTajI ne usakA caritra-citraNa karane meM abhinaya, bhASA-zailI, anubhAva-sabhI se kAma liyA hai| pardA uThate hI devanArAyaNa sAmane AtA hai| "devanArAyaNa -(kamare meM cAroM ora ghUmakara dhamma se kAuca para baiThatA huA) logoM ne samajha rakhA hai ki jitanA duhA jAya, duho, ina jamIMdAroM ko| jaba dekhA, taba candA / candA na huA, eka Aphata ho gii| kAMgresa kA candA, samAja kA candA, skUla kA candA / jamIMdAroM kA bhI nAza karane kI ye soceM

Page #184
udayazaMkara bhaTTa 183 aura unase hI candA leN| deza kA kAma hai, dIjiye jarUra diijiye|.... 'rAmalAla rAmalAla ! mUrkha, AvazyakatA isa bAta kI hai ki manuSya apane ko samajheM / are bhAI, jo kAma tuma nahIM kara sakate, use pAlate kyoM ho| rAmalAla, hamArA mAnasika svAsthya kitanA gira gayA hai| ( zIze meM apanA ceharA dekhakara aura machoM para tAva dekara jarA akar3a se ) lokanAtha kitanA mUrkha hai / kahatA hai dUsarI zAdI karake pachatA rahA huuN| bIvI ke mAre taMga hai| zakti cAhie / (rAmalAla AtA hai aura eka tarapha khar3A ho jAtA hai / ) bhAra. tIyoM kA svAsthya bilakula bigar3a cukA hai| are kahA~ mara gayA thA ? munzI jI nahIM Ae? ___eka hI saMvAda meM devanArAyaNa kA jamIMdAra-jIvana, usakA dUsarA vivAha aura usake upacetana mana meM kAma karane vAlA apanI zArIrika aura mAnasika zakti ke prati avizvAsa spaSTa ho jAtA hai| 'zaka-vijaya' meM kAlakAcArya kA caritra bhI sundara citrita huA hai, "jo ho gayA ho jAne dU~ ? apane tapa meM vighna par3ane dU~ ? (kucha dera cupa rahakara) nahIM-maiM daNDa dUMgA / rAjA ko daNDa duuNgaa| sAre prAnta ko daNDa duuNgaa| bhaginI kA apamAna merA apamAna hai / bhagavAn mahAvIra kA, sampUrNa jaina-dharma kA apamAna hai| isa atyAcAra kA badalA lenA hI hogaa| majhe cANakya bananA hogA (phira kucha cupa rahakara) nahIM, yaha merA mArga nahIM hai| vItarAga kA nispRha kA mArga nahIM hai / . . . . . maiM rAjA kA bigAr3a bhI kyA sakatA hU~ / kyoM, kyoM meM kSatriya nahIM hU~ ? . . . . . maiM daNDa dUgA / maiM anya rAjAoM kI sahAyatA lekara avantI-nareza ko bhasma kara degaa|" apanI bahana ke prati kiye gae atyAcAra se pIr3ita eka mahAtmA kI antardazA isase aura kyA adhika vicalita ho sakatI hai| yahI zrAcArya kAlaka avantI kA vinAza zakoM dvArA karA dete haiM / gaMdharvase na mArA jAtA hai| sarasvatI nara-saMhAra ko dekhakara aAtma-ghAta kara letI hai zakarAja nahapAna sarasvatI ko apane vilAsa-bhavana meM lAnA cAhatA hai, janatA zaka ke atyAcAra se 'trAhi-trAhi' pukAra uThatI hai taba isa nimitta jJAnI kI A~kheM khulatI haiM, aura vaha pachatAtA hai, "maiMne kitanA bar3A pApa kiyaa| dharma ke nAma para deza ko naraka banA diyA / maiM vibhISaNa bana gayA / maiM pApI hU~pApI hU~ / maiMne pApa kiyA hai|" aura anta meM yaha bhI apane pApa kA prAyazcitta zrAtma-ghAta karake kara letA hai| puruSa kI apekSA nArI ke caritra kA vikAsa bhaTTa jI ke nATakoM meM adhika

Page #185
184 hindI ke nATakakAra dekhane ko milatA hai| nArI-pAtroM meM paramAla, candralekhA, ambA, bahi, vizAlAkSI, gopA apane-apane rUpa meM atyanta prANavAna caritra haiM / bhaTTa jI ke nATakoM kI nArI eka ora to nirmama vIrAMganA hai, dUsarI ora zIlavatI sukumAra patnI, aura tIsarI dizA nArI ke vikAsa kI hai pratizodha / __ 'vikramAditya' kI candralekhA aura anaMgamudrA yuvakoM kA rUpa dhAraNa karake rAjanIti se khelatI haiN| jisa candralekhA kI abhilASAoM ke samudra meM priyatama kI dedIpyamAna pratibhA umaMga se taira rahI hai, vahI komala-hRdayA mugdhA candralekhA apane priyatama kI rakSA ke lie rAjanItika SaDyaMtroM meM kUda par3atI hai / vaha nizcaya karatI hai, "merA isa samaya yahI kartavya hai ki kisI prakAra ina duSTa rAjAoM kI abhisandhi ko jAnakara mahArAja kI sahAyatA kruuN|" aura vaha SaDyaMtra meM phaMse mahArAja vikramAditya kI somezvara aura ceMgI se rakSA karate hue 'hA mahArAja ! he jIvananAtha !' kahakara balidAna kara detI hai| anaMgamudrA kA bhI candralekhA kI hI zreNI meM sthAna hai candralekhA kA balidAna 'prasAda' kI mAlavikA ke samAna hI hai| . ina donoM caritroM kA pratizodha pUrNa rUpa se 'dAhara' kI paramAla aura sUraja meM huA hai / ye donoM zaktimatI prANavAna nArI bar3e ujjvala rUpa meM hamAre sAmane AtI haiN| zikAra karate hue ye haijAz2a ke dUta ko bandI banAkara dAhara ke darabAra meM lAtI haiN| prathama paricaya meM hI inakA divya nArItva sAmane zrAtA hai / sindha kI rakSA ke lie alakha jagAtI haiM-senAeM juTAtI haiM-sindhiyoM ko deza kI rakSA ke lie taiyAra karatI haiN| donoM ke caritra kA vikAsa bhI svAbhAvika hai| 'kyA vizva-prema aura karuNA donoM bhAvanAeM jIvana kI sundara vastueM nahIM ?" meM paramAla kA nArItva sukumAratA aura prema kA upAsaka hai| aura usakA yaha bhrama sUryadevI ke zabdoM se dUra ho jAtA hai / sUryadevI kahatI hai, "A~dhI aura tUphAna meM komalatA kI bhAvanA pracaNDa ani meM santoSa kI kAmanA aura sarvAgavyApI vinAzaka viSa kI prabalatA meM bayA hAtha-para-hAtha rakhakara baiTha rahane se kAma calatA hai ?...Aja jaba zatru sATha hajAra senA lekara sindha para prAkramaNa kiyA cAhatA hai, ghamAsAna yuddha hogA-khUna-khaccara ho jaaygaa| usa samaya puruSoM ke sAtha striyoM kA kartavya, Aja yahI sindha kI nAriyoM ko sIkhanA hai| apane hRdaya kI pratihiMsA ko prakaTa karate hue sUrya kahatI hai, "prAha ! pratihiMsA ! pratihiMsA ! terI pAga saMsAra meM sabase bhayaMkara hai |...maiN usakI bhasma cAhatI hU~ / 'chaTapaTAte bilakhate logoM ko dekhanA cAhatI hU~ aura isI meM merA

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udayazaMkara bhaTTa janma hai|"aur jaba sUrya ke kahane para ki abdulabina kAsima ne use bhraSTa kiyA hai, khalIphA use khAla pa silavA detA hai, taba sUrya kahatI hai, "khalIphA yAda rakha maiMne vahI kiyA, jo eka zatru dUsare zatru se karatA hai| pratihiMsA pUrNa huii| isa vIbhatsa-kANDa meM, vizva-vijayinI vaijayantI meM, svarNa akSaroM meM sindha kA badalA likhA jaaygaa|" aura turanta hI sUrya aura paramAla paraspara eka dUsare ko mArakara mara jAtI haiN| nArI ke isI pratizodha kA rUpa 'ambA' meM zrAyA hai aura bhI sazakta aura romAMcaka rUpa meN| ___ nArI ke IpyAM aura dveSa, ghRNA aura krodha kA raudra rUpa 'sagara-vijaya' kI bahiM meM milatA hai / vizAlAkSI usakI sauta hai-bAhu kI upptnii| usake nAza ke lie pAgala hai-baukhalA rahI hai, 'pAtAla phor3akara tujhe duDha nikAlUgI vizAlAkSI !...mere hRdaya kI Aga meM tujhe jalanA hogaa|" aura krodha meM vRkSa para lipaTI latA ko bhI masalakara pheMka detI hai-krodha kA yaha rUpa sacamuca bhayaMkara hai / bahi badalA lene ke lie vizAlAkSI ko viSa de detI hai| aura bahi meM kitanI zakti hai, "kyA kahate ho mujhe bandI bananA hogA / mujhe bandI banAyoge rAjA ? ( krodha se ) mUrkha, mujhe kauna bandI banA sakatA hai / pakar3a sakatA hai, tUphAna ko kauna roka sakatA hai pralaya ko kauna haTA sakatA hai| tuma mujhe bandI banAyoge durdama ?" vaha bijalI-sI teja barhi vizAlAkSI aura bAhu kI aura nizAnI bhI rahane denA cAhatI / sagara ko curA lAtI hai| nadI meM pheMka denA cAhatI hai, "kaisA manohara hai ! para isase kyA, yaha merA zatru hai-zatru kA putra hai| zatru kA ucchavAsa hai, usake udgAra kA rava hai, usakI praticchAyA hai|" phira bhI kabhIkabhI usake hRdaya meM nArItva kI komalatA jAgatI hai, "kintu isameM isa nanhe, bhole sukumAra zizu kA kyA aparAdha hai ? dekho na kaise sundara aoTha haiM / patale-patale koml...|" vaha krodha meM sagara ko nadI meM pheMkanA hI cAhatI hai, para vaha kunta aura tripura ke dvArA bacA liyA jAtA hai / kunta ke zabdoM meM barhi kA caritra spaSTa ho jAtA hai, "spardhA, pratihiMsA kA itanA ugra rUpa ? gaI sAMpina-sI phuphakAratI,coTa khAI siMhanI-sI / " nArI kA tIsarA rUpa hai komalatA aura zIla-saundarya kA / isI meM gRhiNI kA rUpa mI sammilita haiN| yazodharA gRhiNI ke rUpa meM pAtI hai -kulabadhU ke rUpa meM hamAre sAmane AtI hai / eka ora to vaha muskAna-DUbI, mugdha-manA,

Page #187
186 hindI ke nATakakAra ekaniSTha, sneha-prAplAvita kulabadhU hai aura dUsarI ora kartavya-rata mAtA / saMyoga meM usakA rUpa sauMdaryazIlA nArI kA hai aura viyoga meM azruvatI kartavyaparAyaNA virahiNI mAtA kA / usake jIvana ko kAmanA hai, "isa jIvana kI eka sAdha hai-unakA darzana / ve mere hRdaya kI pratimA haiN| mere A~suoM ke dRr3ha vizvAsa hai sukezI ! ve mahAn, maiM tuccha huuN| ve prabhu haiM, maiM sevikaa|" ina thor3e-se zabdoM meM hI gopA kA nArItva prakAzita hai| 'zaka-vijaya' kI sarasvatI aura saumyA bhI nArI ke bhavya, komala aura sundara rUpa haiM / sarasvatI kA saundarya avantI ke jIvana meM eka halacala hai, rAjanIti meM bavaNDara hai / vaha zaka-aAkramaNa kA pramukha kAraNa hai-sIdhe rUpa meM nahIM / sarasvatI kA hRdaya komala hai, dugdha-dhavala hai, mRgoM ke pArasparika prema para bhI vaha mugdha ho jAtI hai| vaha eka sAdhikA hai, koI kulabadhU yA preyasI nahIM / to bhI usake jIvana meM samAja aura rASTra ke prati viveka hai sAtha hI usameM eka svAbhAvika nArItva bhI sajaga hai, "kyA yaha mithyA pravAda hai ki mahArAja kAmuka haiM ? ( soca kara ) bhrama hai, merA bhrama hai| mujhe do meM se eka mArga taya karanA hogA / .... 'groha ! usa dina dUra se dekhA thA, mahArAja kI A~khoM se kitanA madhu chalakatA thaa|" aura Age calakara yaha madhu-pAkarSaNa aura bhI bar3ha jAtA hai / aura vai sukumAra nArI zakoM dvArA kiye gae nara-saMhAra ko sahana na kara sakI, hIrA cATakara usane prANAMta kara liyaa| nArI-caritroM kA citraNa bhaTTajI ke prAyaH sabhI nATakoM meM bahuta acchA huaA hai / zIla, zakti, saundarya, tyAga, vIratA, ghRNA, IrSyA, pratizodha-sabhI kA sazakta rUpa lekhaka ke nArI-caritroM meM milatA hai| kalA kA vikAsa bhaTTajI kI nATaka-racanA ke pIche na to tIkSNa nATakIya pratibhA kI sazakta preraNA hI hai aura na kisI vizeSa avasthA aura jIvana-darzana kA anurodha / nATakIya pratibhA kI preraNA nATakIya TaikanIka yA prakAra ko prANavAna rUpa meM rakhatI hai aura AsthA aura navIna jIvana-darzana unake prANoM ko eka AkulatA-bharI gati dete haiM / 'prasAda' aura 'premI' meM ina donoM kA samAveza hai| lakSmInArAyaNa mizra meM navIna jIvana-darzana kA anurodha hai aura govindavallabha panta meM nATakIya pratibhA kI sabala mAMga hai| bhaTTajI ne apane nATakoM kI racanA prayoga ke rUpa meM hI kI, isIlie unake prArambhika nATaka kalA aura TaikanIka kI dRSTi se atyanta asaphala rhe| bhaTTajI kI

Page #188
udayazaMkara bhaTTa 187 nATya-kalA atyanta zithila gati se vikasita huii| 'vikramAditya', 'dAhara', 'sagara-vijaya' unake abhyAsa-kAla ke nATaka haiN| 'kamalA', 'mukti-patha', 'zakavijaya' zrAdi vikAsa-kAla ke mAne jaayNge| lekhaka eka ora to saMskRta nATakoM se prabhAvita haiM, aura dUsarI ora 'prasAda' se-vizeSakara kAvyamaya raMgIna bhASA likhane ke prayAsa aura caritracitraNa meM bhASA kI ulajhanabharI alaGkAra-pradhAna zailI, svagatoM kI bharamAra aura padyoM kA arucikara samAveza saMskRta-nATakoM kI hI asvAsthyakara dena hai| 'vikramAditya' kA prArambha mI 'mudrArAkSasa' ke samAna hotA hai| "candra bimba pUrana bhae krUra ketu haTha dApa, basa sauM karihai grAsa kaha jehi budha racchata Apa" -'mudrArAkSasa' "zravaNa yoga se zrIhata vidhu ho dakSiNa AzA bhAga, pUrNa candra maNDala meM vikrama pUregA uparAga / hogA makhagrAsa suvikrama....................." -'vikramAditya' donoM kA prArambha eka hI bhAva ke saMketa se hotA hai ! vahI zleSa kI mAthA-paccI karane vAlI zailI hai, vahI prakAra hai nATaka kA viSaya prakaTa karane kaa| vikramAditya' kA prathama dRzya eka prakAra se nATaka kI prastAvanA svagatoM kI asvAbhAvika bharamAra aura lambI-lambI vaktRtAnoM se nATaka bhare par3e haiN| vikramAditya' meM pahale aMka ke dUsare dRzya meM somezvara kA Der3ha pRSTha, tIsare dRzya meM vikramAditya kA sAr3he tIna pRSTha, tIsare aMka ke dUsare dRzya meM ceMgI kA Der3ha pRSTha, cauthe aMka ke pahale dRzya meM pradhAna maMtrI kA Der3ha pRSTha, pA~caveM aMka ke dUsare dRzya meM vikramAditya kA do pRSTha kA svagata-bhASaNa hai, ye sabhI svagata-bhASaNa pAtra akele baiThe-baiThe karatA rahatA hai| na inameM koI mAnasika udvega hai, na koI duvidhApUrNa mAnasa-saMvarSa / kaI bAra to ghaTanAtroM kA varNana-mAtra hI inameM hotA hai| aura sabase majedAra svagata hai pahale aMka ke dUsare dRzya meM candraketu kA / vaha svagata-bhASaNa karatA hai to usake uttara meM somezvara bhI svagata-bhASaNa karatA hai / ise kahate haiM jaise ko taisaa| isa nATaka meM aise svagata to aneka haiM, jinameM apane sAmane baiThane vAle ke viruddha hI bAteM kahI gaI haiN| 'dAhara' meM bhI yaha roga jyoM-kA-tyoM rhaa| pahale aMka kA dUsarA dRzya

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188 hindI ke nATakakAra dAhara ke do pRSTha ke svagata se prArambha hotA hai| dUsare aMka kA prathama dRzya prArambha hotA hai haijAja ke eka pRSTha ke svagata se, aura cauthe aMka ke dUsare dRzya meM yuvarAja bhI do pRSTha kA svagata jhAr3akara apane adhikAra kA upayoga kara letA hai| para itanI bAta avazya hai ki 'dAhara' meM 'vikramAditya' ke jaise pAtra ke sammukha virodhI svagata nahIM haiM, isameM yaha pravRtti kama ho gaI hai| 'sagara-vijaya' meM bhI svagata kA moha banA huA hai| aneka dRzya svagata se hI prArambha hote haiM aura bhaTTajI ke sabhI pAtra svagata kA itanA svAgata karate haiM ki prAyaH sabhI nATakoM meM svagata ho cukane ke bAda hI praveza karate haiN| pahale aMka kA pahalA, dUsarA; cauthA; dUsare aMka kA pA~cavA~, tIsare aMka kA pahalA; cauthe aMka kA dUsarA; tIsarA aura cauthA dRzya svagata se hI zrArambha ho jAtA hai| aura DhAI-tIna pRSTha taka ke svagata bhI inameM haiN| 'sagara-vijaya' san 1937 meM prakAzita huA, taba taka hindI meM aneka zreSTha nATaka nikala cuke the, phira bhI lekhaka isa asvAbhAvika pravRtti ko na chor3a skaa| ____ 'kamalA' meM yaha pravRtti kama ho gaI hai| isa choTe-se nATaka meM 4-5 svagata hoNge| svagata ke dvArA eka pAtra anya ke caritra para prakAza bhI DAlatA hai| para yaha caritra-citraNa kA DhaMga nIce darje kA hotA hai| kamalA pratimA ke aura devanArAyaNa kamalA ke caritra kA udghATana svagata ke dvArA hI karate hai / 'mukti-patha' aura 'zaka-vijaya' isa roga se bilakula mukta ho gae haiN| eka-do svagata Aye bhI haiM to ve svAbhAvika aura bhAvAvega ke dyotaka haiN| ___ bhaTTajI ke nATakoM meM gAnoM aura padyoM kI bhI amacikara bharamAra hai| 'vikramAditya' meM dasa gAne haiN| somezvara, vikramAditya, candralekhA, candraketusabhI ko gAne kA roga hai| ye samaya-kusamaya galebAjI karane lagate haiN| kucha gAne to kevala padya haiN| 'dAhara' meM gAne aura padyAtmakatA kA roga aura bhI bar3hA-cAhie thA, isa nATaka meM yaha kama hotA aura bar3hA bhI adhika bhaddApana lekr| isameM teraha padya aura gIta haiN| dAhara, paramAla, samudra, madhuzrA, devakI, sUryadevI, jJAnabuddha, jayazAha-sabhI gAte aura padyoM meM bolate haiN| 'sagara-vijaya' meM yaha pravRtti kama ho gaI hai-kevala cAra gIta raha gae haiN| 'kamalA' gItoM se mukta hai| kevala eka gota anta meM diyA gayA hai| vaha vAtAvaraNa kI dRSTi se bahuta acchA hai| 'mukti-patha' meM sAta gAne haiN| sAta gAne adhika nahIM kahe jA sakate / 'zaka-vijaya' meM yaha pravRtti bilakula kama ho gaI hai kevala do gIta haiN| 'kamalA' aura 'zaka-vijaya' isa dizA meM

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udayazaMkara bhaTTa 186 nirdoSa nATaka haiM / 'mukti-patha' ke gIta bhI asvAbhAvika nhiiN| ___ bhaTTajI ke nATakoM meM gItoM kA samAveza adhikatara nirarthaka hai / aneka gIta kevala isalie diye gae haiM ki nATaka meM gIta rakhane kA rivAja hai| 'dAhara' ke sabhI gIta prAyaH niruddezya haiM / pahale aMka ke dUsare dRzya meM somezvara Der3ha pRSTha kA svagata-bhASaNa karake eka gIta gA detA hai aura dRzya ke anta meM bhI akelA raha jAne para eka gIta aura alApa detA hai| tIsarA dRzya vikramAditya ke gIta se prArambha hotA hai aura thor3A svagata-bhASaNa karake phira eka rAga alApane lagatA hai| dUsarA aMka candralekhA ke gIta se prArambha hotA hai| kevala yahI gIta caritra, pAtra, sthiti aura anurodha kI bahuta bar3I mAMga pUrI karatA hai / zeSa sabhI gIta be-laMge, niruddezya, doSapUrNa, ageya aura UTapaTA~ga haiN| na unameM hRdaya kI koI komala bhAvanA hai, na saMgIta, na svara aura bhASA kI svcchtaa| ___ 'dAhara' ke padyoM aura gItoM ke viSaya meM bhI yahI bAta samajhanI caahie| pArasI-raMgamaMcIya nATakoM meM jisa prakAra saMvAda ke aMta meM padya bolane kI paramparA thI, isI prakAra 'dAhara' meM bhI gadya-saMvAda ke bAda meM padya rakhe gae haiN| pahale aMka ke dUsare dRzya ke aMta meM dAhara do pRSTha kA svagata-bhASaNa karake padya bolatA hai: "yaha bhUla ajJatA kA phala hai, jo avasara ke taru para phUlI / - vaha sadA cubhI kA~TA banakara, ve bhUleM AjIvana bhUlIM // " aura kAsima ko vidA dete hue haijAja ke darabArI kavi kA AzIrvAda bhI dekhiyeH "he araba-dulAre jAno, duzmana ko khUba chakAyo, nija deza, dharma kI rakSA, karanA bar3ha-bar3hakara lar3anA / mata pIche kadama haTAnA, mata daoNye-bAyeM jAnA, duniyA ko raMga dikhAnA saba apanA deza banAnA / " 'dAhara' meM to aura bhI kamAla yaha hai ki 'dAhara' ke pAtra 'bhAratendu' aura 'benI' ke padya bhI doharAte haiM / lekhaka ko samaya kA bhI jJAna nhiiN| usa yuga ke pAtra 12 sau varSa bAda utpanna hone vAle kaviyoM kI kavitAe bhI yAda kara lete haiM-yaha sacamuca kamAla hai| ___ ''sagara-vijaya' meM gIta kama ho gae haiN| upayoga vahI hai| vaise hI lambIlambI kavitAeM haiN| unakA upayoga bhI vahI hai| yA to dRzya kA prArambha gIta se hotA hai yA anta gIta se| ukatAne vAlA lambA bhASaNa sunane ko

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160 hindI ke nATakakAra taiyAra karane ke lie yA lambA bhASaNa sunane ke bAda ghabarAye hue darzaka ko dhIraja dene ke lie adhikatara padyAtmaka gItoM kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| dUsarA prayoga hai pArasI-sTeja ke DhaMga kA-hareka pAtra ko gAne ke lie vivaza krnaa| 'kamalA' meM bhaTTa jI ne asvAbhAvikatA aura uddezyahInatA ko anubhava kiyA aura usake anta meM kevala eka gIta rkhaa| aura vaha gIta saMgIta, vAtAvaraNa, bhASA kI svacchatA, rAga kI tanmayatA se pUrNa hai| 'mukti-patha' ke gIta caritra, nATakIya sthiti aura anurodha kI dRSTi se acche haiM, para unameM saMgIta-saMbaMdhI doSa haiN| sAhitya kA bojha bhI una para ladA hai / paMkti ke prArambha meM 'smaya', 'smRti', 'kSitija' aura aMta meM 'vihvala' Adi zabda saMgIta ke zatra haiN| aura 'tajatA grISmAkula samucchavAsa'-jaisI paMktiyA~ svaroM meM bA~dhanA atyanta kaThina hai| ___bhASA aura saMvAdoM meM bhI dhIre-dhIre vikAsa hotA dIkhatA hai| 'vikramAditya' meM bhASA para saMskRta-zailI kA bahuta bojha ladA hai| alaMkAroM kI ulajhana aura zabdADambara kI bhIr3a-bhAr3a meM bhAva daba gae haiN| saMskRta kA aisA asvAsthyakara aura arucikara prabhAva hindI ke kisI nATakakAra para nahIM par3A / pramAda kA bhI prabhAva spaSTa mAlUma hotA hai, para vaha raMgInI svacchatA, kAvyamayatA, sukumAratA na A pAI, ulajhana avazya bar3ha gii| ___ 'vikramAditya' se eka uddharaNa lIjie-"isI ke anusAra zakaTa ke do pahiyoM ke samAna hama sukha-duHkha ke kArya-kalApa-rUpI mArga ko taya karate haiM; parantu isa jIvana meM sukha kI parAkASThA-rUpa dRSTikoNa ke ratha para baiThe hue akartavya ke svakalpita cAbuka lekara lAlasA ke ghor3oM ko nija buddhi-janya viveka kI lagAma se anavarata daur3Ate cale jAte haiN|....vishv-vaibhv kI bhar3akIlI parvata-coTiyoM para car3hane ke lie hameM mArga kI kaThinAiyoM ko dUra - karane ke lie avasara rUpa vRkSa kI chAyA meM baiThakara buddhi-cAturya kA pAnI pIte hue usI uddezya kI ora avirata gati se bar3hanA par3atA hai|" 'dAhara' meM haijAz2a kahatA hai ''mada kI uttejanA ko pacA jAnA hI usakI vizeSatA hai / jisa dina meM isa uttejaka vAruNI ko "Ta-cUMTa karake pI lUMgA, jisa dina siMdha kI vAsantI surabhi ke unmatta makaranda-kaNa mere krodha kI uttapta USmA meM se chana-chanAkara bhasma ho jAyaMge, usa dina mere hRdaya meM zAnti kI lahara dhImI, kintu utkaTatA ke anupama rAga ke sAtha sukha kI rekhAeM, dikhalA skegii|"---pcaas zabda kA vAkya hai / bolane vAle ke phephar3oM kI parIkSA ho jAtI hai|

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udayazaMkara bhaTTa 161 'vikramA detya' kI bhASA 'dAhara' meM vikasita hotI gaI hai| vaha apekSAkRta sarala aura gatizIla bhI hotI gaI hai / 'sagara-vijaya' meM vaha kAphI svaccha hokara pAI hai / 'kamalA' meM bhASA nATakocita calatI huI aura custa hai| 'kamalA' meM devanArAyaNa kahatA hai , "yahI to burI Adata hai| maiM to saMsAra meM sadA kriyAzIla banA rahanA pasanda karatA hai| cAya meM ve saba guNa maujUda haiN| maiM purAne vicAroM kA hote hue isakI khUbiyoM ko samajhatA hU~ / kamalA, parantu jIvana bhI kyA pAgalapana hai| are, to kyA tuma eka pyAlA bhI na logI?" 'kamalA' aura 'vikramAditya' kI bhASA kI tulanA karate hue Azcaryamaya prasannatA hotI hai / 'kamalA' meM bhaTTa jI kI bhASA kA prazaMsanIya vikAsa hai| 'mukti-patha' aura 'zaka-vijaya' kI bhASA ne phira kucha gambhIra rUpa dhAraNa kiyA hai| para yaha sarvathA yuga aura vAtAvaraNa ke anusAra hai| donoM nATaka prAcIna kAla ke haiN| jaina aura bauddha kAla kA vAtAvaraNa avazya bhASA ko gambhIra rUpa de degA / ina donoM nATakoM kI bhASA gambhIra hote hue bhI na to saMskRta ke asvAbhAvika bojha se ladI hai aura na asvAsthyakara alaGkAroM kI bhIr3a meM dabI hai| vaha svaccha aura bhAva-prakAzana meM saphala hai| 'zaka-vijaya' meM gandharvasena kahatA hai, "jo lahara taTa taka TakarAkara usake kagAroM ko tor3a detI hai, usI kA prabhAva rahatA hai ; zeSa anAma-ajJeya hokara naSTa ho jAtI hai| phira hamArA kArya jIvana ke prabhAva ko sthira aura gatimAna banAye rakhanA hai| isa siMha ko mArakara kAnana ko nirbhaya banA dene ke atirikta maine eka krUra ke zAsana ko bhI naSTa kara diyA hai| kyA hama bhI ekatantra sattA naSTa karake yaudheyoM ke sAmane gaNatantra nahIM banA sakate ?" ___ saMvAdoM kA vistAra bhI lagAtAra kama hotA gayA hai| 'vikramAditya' meM tIna-sAr3he tIna pRSTha taka ke svagata-saMvAda haiN| Der3ha-do pRSTha ke saMvAdoM se nATaka bharA par3A hai| 'dAhara' meM vistAra kama ho gayA hai| bar3e-se-bar3A saMvAda Der3ha pRSTha kA hI raha gayA hai| 'sagara-vijaya' meM saMvAda vistAra phira paira phailAtA huzrA dIkhatA haiN| barhi aura vizAlAkSI ke svagata aura saMvAda r3hAI pRSTha taka bar3ha gae hai| 'kamalA' meM vistAra kI dRSTi se bhI nATakocita saMvAda haiN| zAyada hI koI saMvAda eka pRSTha taka gayA hai| 'mukti-patha' aura 'zaka-vijaya' meM bhI saMvAda saMkSipta aura gatizIla haiN| pUre nATaka meM ekado saMvAda hI eka pRSTha ke hoNge| yadi kahIM kAla kAcArya ( zaka-vijaya) kA saMvAda eka pRSTha taka gayA bhI hai to vaha kisI antardvandva aura bhAvAvega ko prakaTa karatA hai-asvAbhAvika nahIM mAlUma hotaa| saMvAdoM aura nATakIyatA

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162 hindI ke nATakakAra kI dRSTi se bhI 'kamalA' sarvazreSTha ThaharatA hai| nATakIya tatvoM meM caritra-citraNa meM bhaTTa jI saphala hue haiN| vikramAditya' meM vikramAditya, somezvara, 'dAhara' meM paramAja aura sUraja, 'sagara-vijaya' meM barhi aura vizAlAkSI, 'kamalA' meM devanArAyaNa, 'mukti-patha' meM siddhArtha, zuddhodana, 'zaka-vijaya' meM kAlakAcArya prAdi ke caritroM meM caritra-citraNa ke kauzala kA kAphI patA calatA hai| caritra-citraNa ke lie bhaTTa jI ne svagata kA sahArA to liyA hI hai, anya sabhI saMbhava sAdhana apanAye haiN| eka ke dvArA anya pAtra kA caritra prakAzita karane kA DhaMga bhI apanAyA hai| kamalA jaise pratimA ke viSaya meM kahatI hai| kArya-kalApoM se bhI caritra kA prakAzana kiyA gayA hai| kAlakAcArya, vikramAditya, paramAla, sUraja, barhi zrAdi kA caritra unake kArya-kalApoM se hI prakAzita kiyA gayA hai| ApasI vArtAlApa se bhI kabhI-kabhI cAritrika guNoM kA prakAzana kiyA jAtA hai, yaha bhI prakAra somezvara, candra ketu, paramAla ke caritrodghATana me apanAyA gayA hai| paristhitiyoM ke anusAra bhI caritroM meM vikAsa aura hrAsa dikhAyA gayA hai| ___ bhaha jI ke nATakoM kA prArambha adhikatara sAdhAraNa dRzyoM se hotA hai| 'vikramAditya' kA prArambha eka rAja-patha se hotA hai aura 'zaka-vijaya' kA bhI prArambha rAja-mArga se / pahale dRzya meM lekhaka nATaka ko prastAvanA rakha detA hai| prArambha adhika prabhAvazAlI nahIM hotaa| anta duHkha aura sukha donoM meM hotA hai / 'zaka-vijaya', 'sagara-vijaya' 'vikramAditya' kA anta vijaya meM hotA hai aura 'dAhara' kA pratizodha meN| prArambhika nATakoM meM bhaTTa jI kI kalA lar3akhar3AtI-sI lagatI hai-kalama meM Atma-vizvAsa kI kamI chalakatI hai| 'dAhara' kA pA~cavA~ aMka bharatI-sI mAlUma hotA hai aura hai bhI kitanA chottaa| 'zaka vijaya' taka meM aGka kA vibhAjana lambAI ke hisAba se ThIka nahIM jNctaa| pahalA aGka bIsa; dUsarA aThAraha, tIsarA chiyAlIsa aura cauthA bAIsa pRSThoM kA hai| 'kamalA' meM pahale aura tIsare aGka meM kevala eka-eka dRzya hai aura dUsAre aGkameM tIna siin'| bhaTTajI ke nATakoM meM eka do bAteM aura bhI bahuta khaTakane vAlI haiN| zrAkasmikatA kA abhAva inameM bahuta hai / 'prasAda' aura 'premI' ke nATakoM meM yaha paryApta mAtrA meM milegii| sahasA koI pAtra kisI pAtra ke saMvAda kA chora pakar3akara praveza karatA hai aura vyaMgyAtmaka DhaMga se use doharAtA hai-isase nATaka meM prAkasmikatA pAtI hai| yA acAnaka koI abhilaSita ghaTanA AzaMkA ke viruddha honA bhI nATaka meM jAna DAla detA hai, yaha bhI inake nATakoM meM

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udayazaMkara bhaTTa 163 kama hai| isake atirikta kisI pAtra ke praveza se pahale kAphI samaya vyartha kI bAtoM meM naSTa karake pAtra AtA hai yA ApasI idhara-udhara kI bAta-cIta ke bAda pAtra Avazyaka bAta para Ate haiM, yaha bhI nATakIya doSa haiM / 'dAhara' 'vikramAditya' Adi meM yaha bahuta 1 TekanIka kI dRSTi se bhaTTajI ke nATakoM kA dhIre-dhIre vikAsa hotA gayA hai / DaoN0 nagendra ke zabdoM se ki 'TaikanIka kI dRSTi se bhaTTajI ke sabhI nATaka prasa phala haiM / hama sahamata nahIM / nATakIya kalA ke vikAsa kI dRSTi se dekheM to 'kamalA' aura 'zaka - vijaya' bhaTTajI ke zreSTha nATaka haiM aura 'vikramAditya' tathA 'dAhara' nIce darje ke / 'kamalA' ne hI kalA ke abhyAsa aura vikAsa ke bIca lakIra khIMcI hai / 'kamalA' aura 'zaka-vijaya' meM unhoMne paryApta saphalatA pAI hai / 1 abhinetA nATaka jana-samparka sthApita karane kA sabase saphala aura sarala sAdhana hai / sAhitya ke anya kisI sAdhana se janatA ke samparka meM thAnA aura usa samparka ko sthAyI sambandha banAnA itanA sarala nahIM, jitanA nATaka ke dvArA / para nATaka meM jisake dvArA vaha apanI jana-samparka- saphalatA kI ghoSaNA karatA hai, vaha hai zrabhineyatA / zrabhineya tatva nATaka ke jIvana ko bahuta bar3hA detA hai / yadi nATaka meM kevala pAThya-guNa hI hogA, to jIvana aura janapriyatA kI daur3a meM vaha upanyAsa aura kahAnI se bahuta pIche rahegA / zrabhinaya guNa hI to use upanyAsa yA kahAnI se zreSTha banAtA hai / isa pramANa se to spaSTa hai-- upanyAsa aura kahAniyA~ jitanI bikatI haiM, nATaka nahIM bikate / nATaka meM jo kucha lekhaka nahIM kahatA, vaha abhinaya ke dvArA dikhAyA jA sakatA hai / bhaTTI ke nATakoM meM jahA~ TaikanIka ke anya ubharate doSa haiM; vahA~ abhikI dRSTi se bhI ve sarvathA asaphala haiM / dRzya-vidhAna kI dRSTi se 'vikramAditya' ke pahale do aGka vizeSa kaThina nahIM, para tIsare aGka kA dUsarA, tIsarA, cauthA aura pA~cavA~ dRzya nirmita kiye jAne sambhava haiN| pUre kA pUrA zraMka banAnA racanAtIta hai / kA~cI ke rAjA kA maMtraNAgAra, kAlI kA maMdira, kAlI maMdira ke sAmane eka gahara parvata zikhara kI senA se ghirA hai - vikramAditya dvArA senA kA hai samaya, sthAna aura suvidhA ina sabhI kI racanA se iMkAra karate haiM / yaha hAla pA~ca aMka kA hai / usameM bhI lagAtAra prAsAdoM aura udyAnoM ke dRzya haiM aura bhIr3a-bhAr3a bhI kAphI hai / zilA aura karahAra zatrunirIkSaNa - yaha krama /

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164 hindI ke nATakakAra ___ 'dAhara' kA dRzya-vidhAna vikramAditya se adhika sarala aura svAbhAvika hai / pahale aMka ke nirmANa meM tanika bhI kaThinAI nhiiN| do bar3e dRzyoM ke bIca eka choTA-sar3aka yA vana kA-dRzya DAlakara unake nirmANa ke lie samaya nikAla liyA gayA hai| isa nATaka kI sampUrNa dRzyAvalI racanA kI dRSTi se nirdoSa hai| cauthe aMka meM eka-do dRzya hI gar3abar3I DAlane vAle haiN| isameM eka doSa hai to yahI ki aMka-vibhAjana meM samaya kA dhyAna bahuta kama rakhA hai| pahalA aMka 40, dUsarA 30, tIsarA 50, cauthA 25 tathA pA~cavA~ 5 pRSTha kA hai| isake atirikta 'dAhara' dRzya-vidhAna kI saralatA aura svAbhAvikatA kA vikAsa hote hue bhI eka nirbajatA hai| adhikatara dRzyoM baiThe-baiThe maMtraNA hotI hai, bAtacIta calatI, aprAsaMgika viSaya chir3ate haiN| unameM se prabhAvazAlI dRzya kama hI haiN| 'dAhara' kI sarala dRzyAvalI 'sagara-vijaya' meM phira lar3akhar3AtI-sI dIkhatI hai| pA~cavA~ aMka ukatA dene vAlI samAnatA se bharA par3A hai| lagAtAra bandIgRha ke dRzya-para-dRzya sAmane Ate haiN| prathama aMka ke prathama tIna dRzya bhI, jinameM pahalA-dUsarA to eka hI samajhiye, paryApta kaThinatA upasthita karate haiN| 'kamalA' kaI nATaka likhane ke bAda likhA gayA hai; para isameM bhI dRzyavidhAna kA vikAsa abhinayocita na ho skaa| pahalA aMka eka dRzya hai| usameM jisa kamare kA nirmANa hai, vaha pahale hI banA liyA jAyagA tabhI pado utthegaa| isake bAda dUsare aMka kA pahalA dRzya hai gA~va kI caupAla kA cabUtarA, eka tarapha alAva lagA hai, eka caTAI para kaI aAdamI baiThe haiN| dUsarA dRzyapahale aMka meM dikhAyA huaA kamarA / tIsarA-koThI ke sAmane kA choTA bAga ( laoNna )-cAroM tarapha gamale rakhe haiM, bIca meM ghAsa para do pArAma kursiyA~ zrAdi / tIsarA nAGka bhI eka dRzya hai| pahale aMka kI dRzya-racanA yadi rahane dI jAya, aura vaha dUsare parde ke pIche ho tabhI use rakhA jA sakatA hai, to yavanikA girAkara dUsare aMka kA pahalA dRzya banAyA jA sakatA hai| isake bAda dUsarA dRzya hai vahI kamarA / pahale dRzya kA pardA girAkara cabUtarA, alAva, caTAI haTAne meM avazya kucha samaya laga jAyagA / isake bAda kamare kA dRzya dikhAyA jAyagA / kamare ke dRzya kA pardA girAkara aba tIsarA dRzya banAne meM itanA samaya avazya laga jAyagA ki kArya-vyApAra meM zithilatA pA jAya / para kamalA kA dRzya-vidhAna kaThina nahIM hai-abhinaya meM adhika garabar3I nahIM laaygaa| 'mukti-patha' ke pahale aMka ke dUsare, tIsare, cauthe 6zya bhI lagAtAra bar3e

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udayazaMkara bhaTTa 165 haiN| dUsarA aMka to prAya : bar3e hI dRzyoM se bharA par3A hai aura lekhaka ne jaisA nirdeza kiyA hai vaise dRzya to zAyada ve svayaM bhI na banA sakeM / dUsare aMka kA pahalA dRzya siddhArtha ke nagara-praveza kA hai| lekhaka kA nirdeza hai, "raMgamaMca ke aise samaya do bhAga hoNge| bhItara ke bhAga meM rAjakumAra kA ratha isa prakAra hila rahA ho, jisase mAlUma ho ratha cala rahA hai / usake sAtha do phuTa U~ce parde para dukAnoM ke dRzya aMkita hoMge / loga vikrayArtha vastueM sajAye baiThe hoge| usake sAmane eka sar3aka kA dRzya hogA, jisa para loga Ate-jAte dikhAI deNge| siddhArtha ke nagara-praveza ke kAraNa nagara sajA huA dikhAI degaa...|" dUsarA dRzya hai kapilavastu kA saMthAgAra, jahA~ siMhAsana ke barAbara dharmAdhyakSa baiThe haiN| lekhaka yathA sthAna baiThe haiN| siMhAsana ke samIpa siddhArtha kA zrAsana hai| siddhArtha bhI baiThe haiN| aba inakI racanA para vicAra kareM / pahale dRzya meM pUrA raMgamaMca ghira jAtA hai / pahalA dRzya samApta hone para yaha dRzya banAyA jaaygaa| isake banAne meM kama-se-kama sAta-ATha minaTa avazya laga jAyaMge / rAjasI dRzya banAnA, use sajAnA, itane Asana lagAnA-kAphI samaya cAhie / raMgamaMca yadi pA~ca minaTa bhI khAlI raha jAya to darzaka nizcaya hI, ho-hallA macA deMge, yaha dhruva satya hai| aura ina dRzyoM ko aMka prArambha hone se pahale banAne ke raMgamaMca para itanA sthAna kahA~ se A gayA ? aba tIsarA dRzya dekhiye / gopA kA prasUtikAgAra / . yadi ise dUsare dRzya kA abhinaya hote hue banAyA jAya to ise dUsare ke pIche banAyA jAyagA / dUsare dRzya kA pardA girane ke bAda usakA sAmAne haTAne meM phira eka-do minaTa avazya lgeNge| 'zaka-vijaya' meM bhI dRzya-sambandhI tra TiyA~ mileMgI-abhinaya kI dRSTi se| pahale aGka kA pahalA, dUsarA aura tIsarA dRzya bhI kucha kaThinAI avazya upasthita karate haiM, para usakI dRzyAvalI 'dAhara' ko chor3akara sabhI anya nATakoM se sarala aura sugama hai| jahA~ taka dRzya-vidhAna kA prazna hai, 'dAhara' aura 'zaka-vijaya' kA abhinaya ho avazya sakatA hai| abhinaya ke lie kArya-vyApAra eka anivArya tatva hai| kArya-vyApAra se hI nATaka meM jAna pAtI hai-darzakoM ke mana ko bA~dhane meM kArya-vyApAra hI sabase adhika zaktizAlI tatva hai| kArya-vyApAra kI bhaTTajI ke nATakoM meM bahuta adhika kamI hai| 'vikramAditya', 'dAhara', 'sagara-vijaya' aura 'zaka-vijaya' cAroM nATaka yuddha-pradhAna haiM, to ina nATakoM meM kArya-vyApAra kA khaTakane vAlA abhAva hai| mAnA ki raMgamaMca para pAtroM kI uchala-kUda kA

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166 hindI ke nATakakAra nAma hI kArya-vyApAra nahIM hai para ghaTanAoM kI gati-zIlatA, pAtroM kI sakriyatA, kathA kA pravAha nATakoM meM na hogA to nATaka meM zithilatA zrA jaaygii| yuddha ke nATakoM meM pAtroM meM vidyut ke samAna gati, ghaTanAoM kA tIvratara honA-ghaTanAoM kI eka zRGkhalA-sI bana jAnA Avazyaka hai| yaha hama bhaTTajI ke nATakoM meM bahuna kama pAte haiM / ___vikramAditya' ke prathama aGka meM koI bhI ghaTanA nahIM ghtttii| dUsare aMka kA bhI yahI hAla hai| pahale meM kevala yaha patA calatA hai ki somezvara apane choTe bhAI vikramAditya ke viruddha ceMgI kI sahAyatA karegA aura dUsare meM yaha patA calAtA hai ki candralekhA kA bhAI ceMgI ke dvArA dhokhe se mArA gyaa| kula nATaka meM tIsare aGka kA pA~cavA~, pA~caveM aGka kA tIsarA aura dUsare aGka kA dUsarA dRzya hI gativAna aura sakriya haiN| prAyaH zeSa sabhI dRzya baiThe-baiThe vArtAlApa yA vicAra-vinimaya karane meM hI samApta ho jAte haiN| ___ 'dAhara' kA pahalA dRzya atyanta sphUrti ke sAtha sAmane AtA hai| isameM abhinaya kI dRSTi se bhaTTajo ke zreSTha dRzya haiN| pA~cavA~ dRzya bhI jAnadAra aura gativAna hai / isameM bhI adhikatara dRzya samAcAra prApta karane aura vicAravinimaya ke lie raca DAle gae haiN| eka-do ghaTanAoM ke sivA raMgamaMca kI ghaTanAe nahIM ghaTatIM / aura 'kamalA' meM to kevala eka ghaTanA hai kamalA kA gRhatyAga aura nadI meM DUbakara Atma-hatyA, so bhI ghaTatI vaha bhI nahIM, vaha samAcAra-patra meM par3ha kara mAlUma hotI hai| para ghaTanAena hote hue bhI usameM kArya-vyApAra hai| pAtroM meM sphUrti hai, gatizIlatA bhI hai| abhinetA yadi acche hoM to isake abhinaya meM sakriyatA ghaTanAoM kI nahIM, cAritraka avazya A jaaygii| - 'sagara-vijaya' ke dUsare aMka kA dUsarA aura pA~cavA~ 6zya bhI acche haiN| 'mukti-patha' meM to adhika kArya-vyApAra kI zrAzA hI na karanI caahie| tIsarA aMka to sampUrNa hI siddhArtha ke jJAna-lAbha aura janodvAra kA hai| vaha to gambhIra hogA hI / anya aMkoM meM adhika zithilatA nahIM hai| unameM kathAvastu ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue paryApta gatizIlatA hai| 'zaka-vijaya' bhaTTa jI kA navInatama nATaka hai, yaha kArya-vyApAra kI dRSTi se unake anya nATakoM se adhika zithila hai| pahalA pUrA aGka baiThe-baiThe vArtAlApa dharma-nIti ko bahasa yA upadeza se hI bharA hai / dUsare aGka meM bhI koI ghaTanA nahIM ghtttii| tIsare cauthe aura pA~caveM sabhI dRzyoM kA yaha hAla hai| pUre nATaka meM raMcamaMca para koI ghaTanA nahIM ghaTatI / saMvAdoM meM ghaTanA kA varNana-bhara kara diyA jAtA hai|

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udayazaMkara bhaTTa 167 sarasvatI kA haraNa, kAlaka kA prANa-tyAga, gaMdharvasena kI mRtyu, sarasvatI kI zrAtma-hatyA-sabhI varNita haiN| nATakIyatA, aAkasmikatA, anAzitatA bhI abhinaya meM bar3I sahAyaka hotI hai / isameM acAnaka darzaka ullAsa se uchala par3atA hai, romAMca se phUla jAtA hai, kautUhala se cakita ho jAtA hai, aura AzAtIta prasannatA meM DUba jAtA hai / 'rahasya-granthi' ina saba bAtoM ko bar3hAne vAlI hai| 'vikramAditya' meM yaha tatva paryApta mAtrA meM hai| candra lekhA aura anaMgamudrA kA puruSa veza meM ceMgI kI senA meM jAnA, candraketu kA saMnyAsI aura caNDAMzuka kA nasiMha bananA darzakoM ke kautUhala jagAne ke lie kAphI hai| candralekhA kA vikramAditya ke vANa se maranA bhI AkasmikatA kA eka bahuta bar3A udAharaNa hai| para nATakIyatA-acAnaka AzaMkA ke viruddha meM ghaTanA honA-isameM bhI nahIM hai| 'zaka-vijaya' meM bhI sAgara-strI ke veza meM sarasvatI se Akara milatA hai yaha bhI eka kautUhalajanaka ghaTanA hai| inake sivA kisI nATaka meM bhI nATaka aura abhinaya kA yaha Avazyaka tattva nahIM miltaa| ___bhaTTa jI ke prAyaH sabhI nATakoM meM kAphI pAtra haiN| pAtroM kI bhIr3a-bhAr3a bhI nATaka ke abhinaya meM thor3I-bahuta bAdhA avazya upasthita karatI hai / 'kamalA' ko chor3akara sabhI nATakoM meM bIsa-bAIsa to pramukha pAtra rahate haiM aura cArachaH gauNa / bahuta adhika pAtroM kA honA rasAnubhUti meM bhI bAdhaka hotA hai, aura caritra-vikAsa meM bhii| __bhASA kA custa aura calatI huI honA bhI abhinaya ke lie Avazyaka hai| isa dRSTi se 'vikramAditya' aura 'dAhara' to sarvathA ayogya hai / vikramAditya' kI bhASA to upamA aura rUpakoM se ladI saMskRta ke prabhAva se bojha banAvaTI aura nATakIya dRSTi se doSapUrNa hai| 'dAhara' kI bhASA vikramAditya' kI bhASA se svaccha hai, para vaha bhI nATakocita nahIM / sagara-vijaya' kI bhASA kucha saMbhalI hai| para saba milakara bhaTTa jI ke nATakoM ko bhASA calatI huI nahIM, aMta ke nATakoM kI bhASA meM bhI bhArIpana aura gambhIratA hai| saMvAda bhI prathama tIna nATakoM meM to bahuta hI lambe-lambe haiN| svagatoM kI bharamAra hai / padyoM meM bhI saMskRta ke sAmAna bharatI kI gaI hai| para jyoM-jyoM bhaTTa jI kI kalA nikharatI gaI hai, saMvAda choTe hote gae haiM, bhASA svaccha aura casta hotI gaI hai aura svagatoM kA lopa hotA gayA hai / 'mukti-patha', 'kamalA' aura 'zaka-vijaya' meM vaha bahuta-kucha vikasita ho gaI hai, nikhara gaI hai| abhinaya kI dRSTi se bhaTTa jI ke nATaka darzaka para prabhAva nahIM chodd'eNge| vaise 'kamalA' kA abhinaya unake anya nATakoM se acchA aura saphala rhegaa|

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seTha govindadAsa seTha govindadAsa sAhitya aura svadeza donoM ke ekaniSTha sevaka ke rUpa meM hamAre sAmane Ate haiN| rASTrIya Andolana meM Apane aneka tyAga kiye haiM aura hindI kI apane bhASaNa aura lekhana donoM ke dvArA pUrI-pUrI himAyata kI hai| hindI meM Apa nATakakAra ke rUpa meM pAye / Apane eka khAsI saMkhyA meM nATaka-racanA kara DAlI / seTha jI ne apane nATakoM kI sAmagrI aneka jIvana-kSetroM aura yugoM se cunI hai / ApakI utsAhI lekhanI paurANika, aitihAsika aura vartamAna yuga se nATakIya sAmagrI talAza karatI phirI hai| ____ Apane paurANika kSetra se bhI kathAnaka cunakara unameM vartamAna jIvana ke lie lAbhadAyaka aura preraka raMga bharane kA prayAsa kiyA hai / 'kartavya' (pUrvArdha) rAma kI jIvana-gAthA ko lekara likhA gayA hai| isameM batAyA hai ki kisa prakAra bhagavAn rAma ne kartavya karma karate hue apanA jIvana bitaayaa| 'kartavya' (uttarArdha) meM kRSNa kA jIvana citrita kiyA gayA hai| isameM bhI bhagavAna kRSNa kA kartavya-rata jIvana dikhAyA gayA hai / 'karNa' bhI paurANika nATaka hai| mahAbhArata ke isa mahAn caritra ne bhI seTha jI kI lekhanI ko prerita kiyA hai / 'harSa', 'kulInatA' aura 'zazigupta' Apake aitihAsika nATaka haiN| 'harSa' meM samrATa harSavardhana kI kathA hai / 'kujInatA' meM tripurI ke kalacuri kSatriyavaMzIya vijayasiMha ke parAbhava aura eka goMDa-sainika yadurAya kI vijaya kI kathA hai| 'zazigupta' meM maurya samrATa candragupta kI jIvana-gAthA hai| 'dukhI kyoM' 'mahattva kise', 'bar3A pApI kauna', 'prakAza', aura 'vikAsa' sAmAjika aura rASTrIya jIvana ke nATaka haiN| seTha jI kI racanAoM se hameM patA calatA hai ki unhoMne sabhI kSetroM ko liyA, sabhI prakAra ke caritroM ko rakhA aura sAmAjika rASTrIya samasyAoM ko bhI apane nATakoM meM sthAna diyaa| unakI kalama kA kArya kSetra vistRta haiunako kalA kI koziza rahI hara kSetra aura samaya meM apanA kauzala dikhAne

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harSa seTha govindadAsa 166 kI / bar3e nATakoM ke sAtha hI Apane ekAMkI ke kSetra meM bhI bahuta-sI racanAeM kii| zrApake paMca-bhUta', 'sapta-razmi', 'aSTa-ila', 'ekAdazI', 'catuSpatha' Adi ekAMkI-saMgraha bhI prakAzita ho cuke haiN| racanAoM kA kAla-krama 1635 prakAza kartavya (pUrvArdha) kartavya (uttarArdha) sevA-patha kulInatA vikAsa zazigupta 1942 duHkha kyoM? karNa mahattva kise ? bar3A pApI kauna ? 1948 dalita-kusuma patita sumana hiMsA yA ahiMsA saMtoSa kahA~ ? pAkistAna tyAga yA grahaNa navarasa siddhAnta-svAtaMtrya samAja aura samasyAeM govindadAsa jI ne sabhI prakAra ke nATaka likhe-paurANika, aitihAsika aura sAmAjika / jo sAmagrI jIvana ke jitane vistRta kSetra aura kAla se lI jAyagI, usameM utanI hI vibhinna, ulajhI, gambhIra aura kaThina samasyAe hamAre sAmane praayNgii| bhAratIya samAja, isakI sabhyatA, saMskRti aura itihAsa kI Ayu lAkhoM varSoM kI hai| ina lAkhoM varSoM meM bhAratIya samAja aura vyakti ko na jAne kitanI samasyAoM kA sAmanA karanA par3A hai| ise

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200 hindI ke nATakakAra na jAne kitanI Ubar3a-khAbar3a dharatI para calanA par3A hai, na jAne kitanI Ter3hItirachI ghATiyoM se hokara Age bar3hanA par3A hai| itane vizAla, mahAn aura vayovRddha samAja meM na jAne kitane kathAnaka mila sakate haiM, na jAne kitanI ulajhaneM sulajhAne kI samajha prApta ho sakatI hai| ___'karNa' paurANika nATaka hai| usakI kathA-karNa kA jIvana svayaM eka gambhIra sAmAjika samasyA hai| Aja bhI to usa paurANika kAla kI samasyA samAja ke sAmane jyoM-kI-tyoM hai| 'karNa' meM do samasyAe haiM-avivAhita lar3akI kI santAna kI samAja meM kyA sthiti ho aura choTe kula yA jAti meM utpanna vIra yA pratibhAvAna vyakti kA kyA sthAna ho| yaha samasyA samAja zrAja bhI kahA~ sulajhA sakA hai| zrAja bhI hama bhIma ke zabda gUMjate sunate haiM, "re sUta, tU arjuna se dvandva-yuddha karanA cAhatA thaa| yaha mahattvAkAMkSAyaha yaha sAhasa ! xxx jA, jA, apane kula-dharma ke anusAra pratoda lekara ratha para baTha, sArathI-karma se jIvikA claa|" aura Aja bhI kyA aneka kuntiyA~ avivAhita avasthA meM santAne utpanna karake nahIM pheMka detii| zrAja bhI aneka yuvatiyA~ ekAMta meM socatI hoMgIH "samAja meM merI karanI kA bhaNDAphor3a na huA thA na, baca gaI. hA~, dhulI-dhulAI baca gaI thI na !xx aoha ! maine mAtA ke kisa kartavya kA pAlana kiyA ! sAmAjika bhaya ne svAbhAvika sneha taka ko sukhA diyaa| xxxvivAha kI santAna pati se na hokara kisI anya se bhI ho to bhI samAja ko grAhya hai|" _ 'kulInatA' meM eka sAmAjika samasyA ko liyA gayA hai / akulIna goMDa sarvopari vIra pramANita hone para bhI kulInatA ke ahaM kA zikAra hotA hai / rAjakumArI revAsundarI usako tilaka taka nahIM kara sktii| aura yaha sandeha hone para ki vaha sambhavataH yadurAya goMDa ko pyAra karatI hai, use deza-nikAlA de diyA jAtA hai| yaha kulInatA kA pAkhaNDa, durabhimAna aura ADambara hI hamAre deza ko tabAha kara rahA hai / vahI akulIna goMDa kalacuri kSatriya kulIna vijayasiMha aura caNDapoDa ko sabaka sikhAtA hai / unako yuddha meM parAsta karatA hai aura svayaM rAjA banakara goMDa vaMza kI nIMva DAlatA hai, taba mAlUma hotA hai ina kulInatA ke abhimAnI kSatriyoM ko| ___'duHkha kyo', 'mahattva kise' aura 'bar3A pApI kauna'-tInoM vartamAna jIvana aura samAja ke citra haiM / 'duHkha kyoM' meM raMge siyAra netA yazapAla kA caritra aura kArya-kalApa varNita haiN| samAja ke sAmane yaha bhI kama bhISaNa samasyA nahIM / janatA kA candA khA jAnA / deza-sevA nahIM, nAma yA badalA

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seTha govindadAsa 201 lene ke lie tyAga karanA-lIDarI ko pezA banAnA-aAja bhI aneka netAoM ke mahAn guNa haiN| lekina prazna yaha hai inakI pahacAna kaise ho ? abhI taka to aisA koI bhI paimAnA nahIM banA / bhaNDA phUTane para hI patA calatA hai aura aneka prabhAvazAlI dhUrtoM kA to aMta taka patA calatA hI nhiiN| aAja deza meM zrAma netA koI bhI vyavasAya, vyApAra, naukarI nahIM karate-sabhI janatA kA paisA pI jAte haiN| AvazyakatA hai, sabala jana-sammati taiyAra karane ko ki aise dhUtoM ko khule bAjAra meM nindita kiyA jA sake / 'mahattva kise' meM dhana khokara deza-sevA karate hue daridratA ko gale lagAnA ThIka hai yA dhana kamAte hue deza-sevA karanA ThIka-yahI dikhAyA gayA hai| yaha nATaka sAmAjika prazna para nahIM, vyaktigata prazna para prakAza DAlatA hai| hala kucha bhI nahIM diyA gayA, yaha pAThakoM para chor3a diyA gayA hai| 'bar3A pApI kauna' 'mahattva kise' se adhika sAmAjika hai| devanArAyaNa prakaTa rUpa se vezyA rakhatA hai aura ramAkAMta chipa-chipe apanI sAlI ko rakhe hai| para samAja meM bar3A pApI hai devanArAyaNa / devanArAyaNa kisI kA galA nahIM kATatA, tanakhA kama nahIM karatA, dAna Adi bhI detA hai aura ramAkAMta milamajUroM kA vetana kama karatA hai, aneka klarkoM ko nikAla detA hai, chipe-chipe devanArAyaNa ke viruddha kArya karatA hai, to bhI vaha pApI nhiiN| vAstava meM pApI to hai ramAMkAta hI, devanArAyaNa nhiiN| para samAja una bAtoM ko pApa kahatA hai, jisase sacamuca use koI hAni nahIM aura unako pApa nahIM kahatA, jinase sIdhe rUpa meM samAja ko hAni hai| seTha govindadAsa ne apane nATakoM meM samAja aura vyakti kI samasyAe lI haiN| para ve bahuta hI halkI haiN| manovaijJAnika samasyAeM ve nahIM le sake aura na vyakti ko hI unhoMne apane nATakoM meM pramukha rUpa se liyaa| isa kSetra meM abhI taka to lakSmInArAyaNa mizra kA hI nAma ullekhanIya hai / kAma aura roTI kI samasyA vartamAna jIvana kI pramukha samasyA hai, jisako govindadAsa jI ne nahIM chuaa| phira bhI unakA dhyAna samAja aura vyakti kI ora hai avazya / 'duHkha kyoM' meM sukhadA aura 'mahattva kise' meM satyabhAmA kA vyaktitva svAdhIna rakhane kA khUba prayatna kiyA gayA hai| pAtra-caritra-citraNa seTha jI ne apane nATakoM ke kathAnaka aura caritra sabhI kAloM aura kSetroM se cune haiN| 'kartavya' (pUrvArdha), 'kartavya' (uttarArdha) aura 'karNa' paurANika nATaka

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202 hindI ke nATakakAra haiM / rAma, kRSNa aura karNa kA caritra ina nATakoM meM kramazaH citrita kiyA gayA hai / rAma aura kRSNa meM ati mAnavatA kA aMza hai, to bhI unako mAnava hI adhika rakhA gayA hai| bhagavAn rAma aura yogirAja kRSNa-donoM hI hinduoM meM avatAra mAne jAte haiM, para seTha jI ne inameM mAvanava bhAnAe hI adhika bharI haiN| ye donoM kartavya ke pratIka haiN| rAma kartavya se anuprANita hokara rAjya-siMhAsana ko ha~sate-ha~sate tyAgakara vanavAsa svIkAra karate hai aura rAvaNa jaise AtatAyI kA vadha karate haiM / kRSNa bhI kartavya kI pukAra para vaMzI-baTa jamanAtaTa aura rAdhA-aisI prANa-mAdhurI ko tyAgakara mathurA cale jAte haiM / donoM nATakoM kA prArambha hI kartavya-pAlana meM saphalatA prApta karane kI cintA karate hue rAma-sItA aura kRSNa-rAdhA kI bAtacIta se hotA hai| rAma cintita haiM, "dekhanA hai priye, isa uttaradAyitva ko pUrNa karane meM mai kahA~ taka kRtakRtya hotA huuN|" rAma dhIrodatta nAyaka haiN| ve sabhI guNa inameM haiM, jo bhAratIya zAstrIya paribhASA ke anusAra dhIrodatta nAyaka meM hone cAhie / kRSNa dhIra-lalita nAyaka haiM / kalA-priya, premI, nRtya-gAna meM lIna, aneka nAriyoM se vivAha karane vAlA vIra, yogya, zIlavAna, nirbhaya, upakArI, kartavya-niSTha, rAjA, brAhmaNa, IzvarAMza nAyaka dhIra-lalita kahalAtA hai| ye sabhI guNa kRSNa meM milate haiN| ina donoM hI nATakoM ko mAnava siddha karane yA kama-se-kama prakaTa karane ke lie lekhaka ne inakI mRtyu bhI dikhAI hai / kyoMki ye mAnava haiM, isalie ina donoM meM hI mAnavIya ullAsa, mAnavIya cintA aura prAzaMkA bhI dikhAI gaI hai| ye donoM hI vIra nAyaka zrAjIvana kartavya-pAlana meM rata rahate haiN| paurANika hone ke kAraNa donoM hI caritroM meM zrAdarzavAda kUTa-kUTakara bharA hai / sAdhAraNa mAnavoM se to ve U~ce raheMge hii| inake citraNa meM rasAnubhUti aura sAdhAraNIkaraNa vAlA bhAratIya rasa-zAstra kA siddhAnta kAma karatA pAyA jAtA hai| / karNa bhI paurANika caritra hai| vaha rAma-kRSNa ke samAna IzvarIya aMza yA avatAra nahIM hai| usake caritra meM bhI zrAdarzavAda aura sAdhAraNIkaraNa vAlA siddhAnta lAgU kiyA jA sakatA hai| vaha vIra, nirbhaya, dRr3ha-pratijJa mitravatsala, nirabhimAnI, advitIya dAnI, dharmAtmA, zIlavAna, vinayI, kartavya-parAyaNa, dhairyazAlI, kaSTa-sahiSNu aura mahAbhArata-yuddha kA prakhyAta mahArathI hai| vaha kuntI aura sUrya kI santAna hai| rAjakulotpanna vaha hai hii| usameM deva aMza bhI hai karNa mI dhIrodatta nAyaka hai / karNa ke atirikta aitihAsika nATakoM ke harSa aura zazigupta bhI dhIrodAtta nAyaka hai| inameM bhI bhAra* tIya nATya-zAstrAnusAra dhIrodAtta nAyaka ke sabhI divya guNa pAe jAte haiM /

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seTha govindadAsa 203 sAmAjika aura rASTrIya nATakoM ke sabhI pAtra mAdhunika jIvana ke sAdhAraNatayA pAye jAne vAle pAtra haiM, unakI parakha kI kasauTI prAcIna zAstrIya paribhASA nahIM ho sktii| una para sAdhAraNIkaraNa yA rasAnubhUti vAlA siddhAMta bhI lAgU nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / sabhI pAtra Aja ke jIvana ke udAharaNa haiMsabhI pAtra samAja ke ucca, nIca yA madhyama varga se cune gae haiN| unameM bhI AdarzavAda kI jhalaka milegI jaise 'mahattva kise' kA karmacanda / vaha gAMdhIvAdI hai aura isalie AdarzavAdI ho gayA hai| 'duHkha kyoM' kA yazapAla hamAre samAja kA eka duhare caritra vAlA vyakti hai| vaha avasaravAdI hai| kahanA cAhie ra gA siyAra hai| isI nATaka meM garIbadAsa AdarzavAdI hai / 'bar3A pApI kauna' meM sabhI pAtra yathArthavAdI hai| hamAre isa vartamAna samAja meM rahane vAle janma lene vAle duguNoM ke zikAra aura sadguNoM ke bhaNDAra / seTha jI ke nATakoM ke caritroM ko dekhane se patA calatA hai ki unake caritra vibhinna zreNiyoM ke haiM--vibhinna raMgoM se citrita haiM aura vyakti-vaicitrya kI mA~ga ko bhI pUrA karate haiN| nArI-caritroM meM sItA, rAdhA Adarza nArI-caritra haiN| sItA meM kartavya pativrata, zrAtma-samarpaNa, niSkAma sevA, pati ke prati Adarza niSThA, sahiSNutA, dharma-pAlana aura zIla sarvocca mAtrA meM pAye jAte haiN| usake jIvana meM patiniSThA aura prAtma-samarpaNa prathama hai aura prema kI mA~ga gauNa / rAdhA ke jIvana meM bhI sabhI kucha hai, para prema usake prANoM kI pyAsa hai aura kRSNa vaha amRta kA sAgara, jisake pratidAna kI lahareM usakI pyAsa bujhA sakatI haiN| para 'kartavya' uttarArdha rAdhA-kRSNa-bhaktoM kI rAdhA se adhika karmazIla aura kartavya-parAyaNa hai| karNa kI patnI rohiNI bhI Adarza patnI ke rUpa meM hamAre sAmane AtI hai| para rohiNI aura 'kulInatA' kI revA sundarI, 'zazigupta' kI hailena prema-pradhAna nAriyA~ haiN| 'mahattva kise' kI satyabhAmA 'bar3A pApI kauna' kI malakA aura vijayA yathArtha nAriyA~ haiM / 'duHkha kyoM' kI 'sukhadA' bahuta hI sazakta aura prabhAvazAlI caritra hai| jIvana se samajhautA karake bhI nahIM kara pAtI / vaha nArI-caritroM meM bhI aneka prakAra ke caritra govindadAsa ke nATakoM meM mileNge| rAma aura kRSNa ke caritra meM govindadAsa koI navIna camakadAra raMga nahIM bhara ske| unake kArya aura caritra vahI rAmAyaNa aura mahAbhArata dvArA varNita vizva-vizrata haiN| phira bhI inhoMne unako adhika mAnavIya banAne kA prayAsa kiyA hai| unameM avatAravAdI atimAnavatA kama kara dI hai| para

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204 hindI ke nATakakAra unameM vaha antadvandva aura Atma-saMgharSa dekhane ko nahIM milatA jo vartamAna jIvana ke sAmAjika prANavAna caritroM meM mila sakatA hai| 'karNa' paurANika hote hue bhI caritra kI dRSTi se acchA nATaka hai| karNa kI antardazA usake svagata meM prakaTa hai, "yadi mai sUta hI hoU~ to? to-to bhI kyA huA / Arya aura chuta kahe jAne vAle vyaktiyoM meM antara kyA hai ? varana ye Arya to patita-dina pratidina mahApatita hote jA rahe haiN| (phira kucha rukakara ) parantu ...parantu phira itanI udvignatA kyoM ? anajAne nahIM, para jAna-bUjhakara bhI jo karatA hU~, usase duHkha kyoM ?" kavaca-kuNDala dAna karane se pUrva usake hRdaya kI avasthA bar3I DAvA~Dola hai "hara dRSTi se kavaca-kuNDaloM kA dAna anivArya hai (phira kucha rukakara) aura yadi zakti na mA~gU to ! (phira kucha rukakara) svayaM na maaNguuNgaa| yadi surapati ne vara mAMgane ko kahA to mA~gane meM kyA hAni hai ?Xxx aura...aura zakti mA~gane ke pazcAt ? arjuna ke atirikta kauna merA sAmanA kara sakatA hai / arjuna ke lie yaha zakti yatheSTa hogii| kintu, kintu zakti to mujhase na mAMgI jAyagI / yaha-yaha to vyApAra hogaa|" 'zazigupta' meM zazigupta ke caritra ko bhI lekhaka ne prakaTa karane kA prayatna kiyA hai, "jaba AmbhIka ne apane bhASaNa meM merA nAma liyA, pujhe alakSendra kA zaraNAgata batAyA, aura jaba usa bharI sabhA ne ekaTaka merI ora dekhA, usa samaya-usa samaya, gurudeva, jaisI glAni. jaise mahAna AtmaglAni kA maiMne granabhava kiyA, vaise anubhava usase pUrva jIvana meM kabhI nahIM huA thA / " zazigupta ke caritroM-cANakya aura zazigupta-meM deza-bhakti kI bhAvanA sarvopari hai| isI se prerita inake jIvana meM bhAvanAoM yA vRttiyoM meM parivartana hotA hai| ___ caritra-citraNa kI dRSTi se 'kulInatA' meM govindadAsa jI ne acchI saphalatA prApta kI hai| isameM kulInatA ke ahaM se prAghAta khAkara yadurAya ke caritra meM zAnadAra vikAsa dekhA jAtA hai / yadurAya eka goMDa hai| caNDapIDa kalacuri rAjA vijayasiMha kA senApati (bAda meM mantrI) hai| senApati ke svArthapUrNa zrahaM ne yadurAya kA apamAna usake prati rAjA se bhI anyAya karAyA hai| vaha zastrapratiyogitA meM deza kA sarvazreSTha vIra pramANita hotA hai, phira bhI use puraskAra nahIM milatA ulaTe deza-nikAlA milatA hai| vaha tilamilA uThatA hai| maraghaTa meM ghUmate hue vaha kahatA hai, "nikRSTa, hA~, nikRSTa goMDa kI khopdd'ii| nahIMnahIM, hA~, nikRSTa goMDa kI khopar3I ! para nikRSTa aura pAmara goMDa kI hI vAkyoM ? kulIna brAhmaNa, kulI kSatriya kulIna vaizya kI hI kyoM nahIM ! (phira

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seTha govindadAsa 205 kucha dera Thaharakara ) / hA~, hA~, avazya kisI-na-kisI kulIna kI / calakara haTa kulInoM khopar3I ! ( eka citA ko dekhakara ) kisakA zava jala rahA hai tujhameM kulIna kA yA akulIna kA ? ( dUsarI citA ko dekhakara ) aura tujhameM kisakA ? yadi usameM kulIna hai aura tujhameM akulIna to donoM ke jalane kI vidhi meM koI antara hai ?" 'duHkha kyoM' meM yazapAla ke dohare caritra kA citraNa bhI burA nahIM / vaha isalie vakAlata karanA nahIM chor3atA ki kAMgresa ne asahayoga kI mA~ga kI hai - AjJA dI hai, balki apane eka sAthI vakIla brahmadatta ko nIcA dikhAne ke lie | brahmadatta ne yazapAla kI sahAyatA bhI kI hai, yazapAla itanA dhUrta, aura dveSa hai ki vaha usI ko nIcA dikhAnA cAhatA hai, "saca to yaha hai ki usa badajAta brahmadatta ko isa bar3hatI huI sthiti ko dekhakara hI mujhe apanA jIvana bhAra svarUpa ho gayA hai jaba taka usakI sArI pratiSThA aura kIrti miTTI meM na mila jAyagI, taba taka mujhe zAMti nahIM mila sakatI / " yahI yazapAla kAMgresa Cast karatA hai / cunAva lar3atA hai aura rupaye ke lAlaca meM eka vidrohI ko zaraNa na dekara giraphtAra karA detA hai apane mitra candrabhAna kI sahAyatA se / 'bar3A pApI kauna' meM trilokInAtha aura ramAkAnta donoM ke hI caritra kA acchA citraNa kiyA gayA hai | trilokInAtha to spaSTa aura khule rUpa meM vezyA rakhe haiM aura ramAkAnta sadAcAra kI DIMga mArate hue bhI apanI sAlI se usI prakAra sambaddha hai, jaise trilokInAtha vezyA se / sadAcArI ramAkAnta chala-kapaTa se bhI trilokInAtha ke viruddha kAma karatA hai, kevala caimbara kA pradhAna banane ke lie| vaha kahatA hai, "merI usakI kyA duzmanI ? parantu bAta yaha hai ki isa prakAra ke vezyAgAmI prora zarAbI manuSya kA hamAre caimbara kA sabhApati rahanA, hama sabake lie ghora lajjA kA viSaya hai / " vahI ramAkAnta vijayA ko khIMcakara gale se lagAte hue kahatA hai : "grAha vijayA ! kyA kahatI ho ? kahA~ tuma aura satya kahatA hU~ ki tumhAre pUrva kisI ne mujha para aisI mohinI na kahA~ ve ? maiM DAlI thI / " nArI-citraNa meM bhI lekhaka ne vibhinna rUpa upasthita karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| revAsundarI hailena jaisI mugdha kulavadhue bhI unake nAro citraNoM meM haiM; sItA, rAdhA, rAjya-zrI jaisI Adarza sauMdarya mayI sukumAra nAriyA~ bhI aura satyabhAmA, sukhadA bhI / yadurAya kI vIratA, aura zastra - kauzala dekhakara mugdhA bAlA revAsundarI kA AkarSita honA svAbhAvika hai / vaha use prApta karane kA nizcaya karate hue kahatI hai: "rukmiNI devI ko bhagavAn kRSNa ke, subhadrA devI ko vIravara arjuna ke aura saMyogitA devI ko mahArAja pRthvIrAja ke prApta

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206 hindI ke nATakakAra karane meM isI prakAra kA saMgharSa to karanA par3A thA / " aura jaba yadurAya mahala meM zrAkara revAsundarI se bheMTa karatA hai to kahatA hai, "me apane hRdaya ko cIrakara Apake sammukha kisa prakAra rakhUM / " ina thor3e-se zabdoM meM usake hRdaya kA prema spaSTa ho jAtA hai| 'zazigupta' kI hailena bhI mugdhamanA bAlA hai / zazigupta ko dekhakara usa para mugdha ho jAtI hai, vaha apane pitA se kahatI hai, "pitAjI zazigupta kyA sacamuca zazi jaisA nahIM hai| usase acchA kabhI kahIM bhI koI puruSa Apane dekhA ?" isake sAtha hI hailena meM vicAra-zIlatA bhI hai, vaha kevala prema karanA hI nahIM jAnatI, deza-bhakti aura deza-droha kA bhI aMtara samajhatI hai / jisa zazigupta ke prati apane prema ko vaha apane pitA ke sAmane bhI nahIM chipAtI usI ke deza-droha kI bAta sunakara vaha kahatI hai: "Apa ThIka kahate haiM pitAjI, deza-bhakta deza drohI se vivAha nahIM kara sakatA / svarga aura naraka kA sambandha nahIM ho sakatA / meM deza bhakta, zazigupta deza-drohI / ...... zazigupta prema kA pAtra nahIM, ghRNA kI vastu hai / " hailena kA prema bhI vicAra-pradhAna hai| vaha yUnAnI rASTrIyatA kI samarthaka nahIM, vaha vizva - prema ko bhI dIvAnI hai, "yUnAna aura bhArata, yavana aura bhAratIya mitra aura zatru ye saba kyoM ? eka pRthvI, eka mAnava-samAja, sabhI mitra- -yaha kyoM nahIM / " aura jaba use mAlUma hotA hai ki zazigupta deza-bhakta hai-- rASTra-nirmAtA hai, to usakA prema phira jAgRta ho jAtA hai: " meM yahIM rahU~gI pitAjI AtatAyI yavanoM ke vidrohI aura deza-premI zazigupta se, kevala zazigupta se vivAha . . . . . " 'mahattva kise ' kI satyabhAmA aura 'duHkha kyoM' kI 'sukhadA bhI sabala nArIcaritra haiM / satyabhAmA yathArthavAdI vyavahAra kuzala nArI hai / usameM sphUrti hai, gatizIlatA hai, dRr3ha saMkalpa hai| usakA pati karmacanda AdarzavAdI gAMdhIvAdI hai / use usake sAthI hI badanAma aura barabAda karate haiM aura satyabhAmA una se 'jaise ko taisA' kA vyavahAra karatI hai / vaha kahatI hai, "ina kIr3oM ko kucale binA aba mujhe kSaNa-bhara bhI vizrAma nahIM mila sktaa| jinhoMne prApa ko barabAda kiyA, usa barabAdI para badanAma banAyA aura aisI nIca kAryavAhI karane para bhI jinheM zarma nahIM AI, unheM kucale binA mujhe kaise zAnti mila sakatI hai / maiM mRtyu-loka kI mAnavI hU~, svarga kI devI nahIM / " satyabhAmA aMta meM karmacanda ko samajhAtI hai ki isa saMsAra meM mahattva dhana kA hai| dhana hai to "

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seTha govindadAsa 207 saba loga sammAna karate haiM, aura dhana jAne para ve hI loga badanAma karate haiM aura bar3e-se-bar3A aparAdha mar3hate haiN| ___'duHkha kyoM?' kI sukhadA ke caritra meM romANTika prabhAva hai / vaha ImAnadAro aura naitikatA kI pratibhA hai, para ghara ko sukhI banAne ke lie vaha apane pati yazapAla se samajhautA karatI hai, phira bhI usake cAritrika guNoM ko bilakula jaMga nahIM laga jaatii| usakA svataMtra vyaktitva hai| use mAlUma ho jAtA hai ki yazapAla apane sAthI candrabhAna ko eka deza-bhakta vidrohI ko inAma ke lAlaca meM giraphtAra karAne bhejatA hai, to usakI svAdhIna aAtmA tilamilA uThatI hai, vaha yazapAla se kahatI hai, "oha ! yaha vAda-vivAda kA vakta nahIM / vAdavivAda ke lie phursata bhI nhiiN| jAmo-jAno candrabhAna ko roko phaurana roko.....|" aura jaba yazapAla nahIM jAtA to vaha turanta candrabhAna ko rokane ke lie ghara se bAhara ho jAtI hai| vaha pulisa ke Ane se pahale hI vidrohI ko saceta karatI hai / vaha bhAga jAtA hai| kacaharI meM vaha garIbadAsa ko bacAne ke lie giraphtArI ke bAre meM bheda kholate hue kahatI hai: "garIbadAsa bA~ke bihArI (vidrohI) ko nahIM jAnate / ..... 'bA~ke bihArI ko bhagAne meM merA doSa hai| garIbadAsa jI nirdoSa haiN| meM doSI huuN| Apa inheM nahIM, mujhe daNDa diijie|" govindadAsa jI ke nATakoM meM karNa kI dropadI aura 'duHkha kyoM?' kI sukhadA sazakta caritra haiN| caritra-citraNa meM lekhaka aise caritra nirmita nahIM kara sakA, jo bahuta sabala hoM, yA jinameM bahuta gahare raMga bhare gae hoN| 'zazigupta' nATaka 'candragupta' hI hai / vahI kathA, ve hI pAtra phira bhI isa nATaka kA eka bhI caritra prasAda ke caritroM kI chAyA ko bhI na chU skaa| 'zazigupta' kA cANakya prasAda ke cANakya ke sAmane nirbala, aura baunA mAlUma hotA hai| yahI bAta isake zazigupta meM bhI hai| hailena meM bhI koI naI karAmAta lekhaka nahIM kara skaa| jo gambhIrya, gaurava, mahAnatA, pratApa aura teja prasAda ke caritroM meM dekhA, usakI yahA~ kalpanA bhI nhiiN| sAmAjika nATakoM meM bhI caritra ko raMgIniyA~ aura vicitratAe nahIM-jaisI lakSmInArAyaNa mizra ke nATakoM meM haiN| to bhI lekhaka kA caritra-citraNa burA to kabhI kahA hI nahIM jA sakatA-'acchA' ko aura adhika hai| caritra-citraNa kI dRSTi se 'duHkha kyoM?' aura 'karNa' lekhaka kI sarvopari racanAe haiN| kalA kA vikAsa zrI govindadAsa kA prathama nATaka 'harSa' 5635 IsvI meM prakAzita

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hindI ke nATakakAra huA / isa samaya taka hindI meM kAphI nATaka nikala cuke the| inako apanI kalA ko sa~vArane kA paryApta avasara mila cukA thaa| lekhaka ne isa sthiti se lAbha bhI uThAyA; para ve apane nATakoM meM kalA-sambaMdhI koI aisI vastu na de sake jise nATaka-sAhitya meM mahattvapUrNa dena ke nAma se smaraNa kiyA jA sake / na hI ve koI gauravapUrNa aura prasanna nirmANa hI kara sake / lAbha unhoMne yaha uThAyA ki nATakoya choTI-moTI asvAbhAvikatAeM unake nATakoM meM na A paaii| kisI pAtra ke sammukha use na batAne vAle yA usa ke viruddha bhAva ko svagata dvArA prakaTa karane vAlI svAbhAvikatA inake kisI bhI nATaka meM nahIM hai| vaise akele meM apane hRdaya ke Aveza, udvignatA yA antaHsaMgharSa ko prakaTa karane ke lie prAyaH sabhI nATakoM meM svagata kA sahArA liyA gayA hai| ___ 'kulInatA' ke dUsare aMka kA tIsarA dRzya yadurAya ke svagata-bhASaNa ko hI arpita kiyA gayA hai| chaThA dRzya bhI revA sundarI ke svagata se prArambha hotA hai| 'karNa' meM isa prakAra kA svagata bahuta adhika hai| pahale aMka ke pahale dRzya kA zrArambha karNa ke do pRSTha ke svagata se hotA hai aura cauthA dRzya kuntI ke gAne aura svagata se / dUsare aMka kA pahalA dRzya phira karNa ke svagata se prArambha hotA hai aura cauthA dRzya rohiNI ke svagata aura gAna se| tIsare aMka kA dUsarA dRzya kunto ke svagata aura gAna se aura pA~cavA~ karNa ke svagata se prArambha hotA hai| cauthe aMka kA pA~cavA~ dRzya bhI karNa ke hI svagata se prArambha hotA hai, 'karNa' meM do-r3hAI pRSTha taka ke svagata haiN| caritra yA bhAvAveza prakaTa karane kA yaha sAvana U~ce darje kI kalA-kuzalatA nahIM, karNa ke sivA govindadAsa jI ke sabhI nATaka isa roga se mukta haiN| isa prakAra ke svagata abhinaya meM bAdhaka hote haiM aura ve pralApa-mAtra samajhe jAte haiN| ___lekhaka ne cAhe bahuta gaharAI, raMgInI, ghuTana, vyakti-vaicitrya, ulajhana aura rahasyamaya kautUhala apane caritroM meM na bhare hoM, para unake caritroM meM jAna avazya hai| caritra-citraNa ke lie lekhaka ne kaI sAdhana apanAye haiN| pAtra svagata ke dvArA apane caritra ke rahasya kA udghATana karate pAe jAte haiM-apanI manovyathA yA antardazA batAte hue milate haiN| yaha sAdhana sabhI nATakoM meM apanAyA gayA hai| pAtroM ke dvArA bhI dUsare pAtroM ke svabhAva aura caritra batAye gae haiN| pAtroM ke kAryoM ke dvArA hI caritrika guNoM kA prakAzana kiyA hai| yazapAla kA jaise bAMke bihArI ko giraphtAra karAne kA

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206 seTha govindadAsa prayatna / yA sukhadA dvArA bA~kebihArI ko bhagAne kA rahasyodghATana usake caritra para paryApta prakAza DAlatA hai| lekhaka kA caritra-citraNa saphala hI kahA jaaygaa| ___ nATakoM meM samaya kA vAtAvaraNa upasthita karane ke lie lekhaka ne abhinaya, veza-bhUSA, kamare, mahala, yA sthAna kI sajAvaTa Adi ke lie bahuta vistRta raMga-saMketa diye haiN| 'kulInatA' meM prathama dRzya ke nirmANa ke lie DhAI pRSTha, 'zazigupta' meM Der3ha pRSTha, karNa' meM sAr3he cAra pRSTha, 'mahattva kise ?' meM eka pRSTha, aura 'bar3A pApI kauna' meM Der3ha pRSTha kA raMga-saMketa diyA gayA hai / ina saMketoM meM meja, kursI, pharza, chata, dIvAroM kI tasvIreM, parde Adi sabhI ko vistRta rUpa meM samajhA diyA gayA hai| pAtroM ke kapar3e, bAla, mUMchadAr3hI Adi kA bhI varNana kara diyA gayA hai / nATaka ke hara dRzya meM vAtAvaraNa kA bahuta dhyAna rakhA gayA hai / abhinaya aura kArya-vyApAra ke lie bhI lekhaka saMvAda ke bIca-bIca meM saMketa karatA rahatA hai| dekhiye "trilokonAtha -(ekadana Aga-babUlA hokara khar3e hote hue ) acchA, to ArajU-minnata karate-karate aba Apa dhana ko dene para utArU ho gae / (cillAkara) dhamakI ? aoha ! mujhe dhamakI ? basa uThiye, jAiye yahA~ se, maiM Apase bAta nahIM karanA cAhatA / (krodha se idhara-udhara Tahalane lagatA hai)" ('bar3A pApI kauna') kabhI-kabhI apane nATakoM kA prArambha le baka bahuta hI zAnadAra aura prabhAvazAlI DhaMga se karatA hai| nATaka kA prArambha aura aMta yadi zAnadAra rahe to sAmAjika abhinaya dekhane ke bAda bahuta acchA prabhAva aura smRti lekara jAte haiN| 'kulInatA', 'zazigupta' aura 'karNa' kA prArambha bahuta hI zAnadAra huA hai| 'kulInatA' aura 'karNa' donoM kA Arambha eka vizAla dRzya se hotA hai / saikar3oM darzakoM aura rAjA-rAniyoM kI upasthiti meM zastrapratiyogitA se nATakoM kA prArambha hotA hai| sAmAjika mugdha, stambhita, romAMcita aura Anandita ho jAte haiM / 'kulInatA' meM yadurAya goMDa sarvazreSTha vIra prAmANika hotA hai aura 'karNa' meM karNa / donoM hI samAja aura zAsana kI dRSTi meM nIca haiN| 'zazigupta' kA prArambha bhI eka bhavya, prabhAvazAlI, vizAla dRzya-pAmIra ke zikhara se hotA hai, jahA~ cANakya aura zazigupta vicAra-vinimaya kara rahe haiN| 'karNa' kA prathama dRzya ThIka rAdhezyAma kathAvAcaka ke 'dAnavIra karNa' ke samAna hI hai| lagatA hai, usI se prabhAvita haiM lekhaka /

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210 hindI ke nATakakAra aura 'zazigupta' kA prathama dRzya 'prasAda' ke 'candragupta' ke prathama dRzya kI barAbarI nahIM kara sakA / zrArambha vaisA hI hai / nATaka kA anta bhI prabhAvazAlI honA cAhie / 'karNa' kA adhika zAnadAra na ho sakA / isase adhika prabhAvazAlI to 'dAnavIra karNa' kA anta hai - kRSNa aura arjuna ko marate-marate bhI dAna karate hue / 'karNa' kA anta karNa ke mahatva ko avazya kama kara detA hai / 'kulInatA' kA anta bhI du:khada hai - prabhAvazAlI avazya hai / 'duHkha kyoM' kA aMta bhI acchA hai / 'bar3A pApI kauna' aura 'mahattva kise' kA na zrArambha nATakIya hai aura na anta / inameM nATakIya kalA vikasita rUpa meM najara nahIM zrAtI / kArya-vyApAra nATaka kA prANa hai 1 / 'kulInatA' meM kArya-vyApAra paryApta hI sphUrti, gati aura kArya-vyApAra se I mAtrA meM pAyA jAtA hai / prathama dRzya pUrNa hai / dUsare zraMka kA Arambha bhI sphUrtimaya gatizIlatA se hotA hai / tIvratA se sura bhI pAThaka praveza karatA hai aura kar3akakara kahatA hai, "banda karo yaha nRtya aura haTa jAmro nartakiyo ! " sAmAjika stambhita taraha jAyaMge / isa dRzya meM uchala-kUda nahIM hai, aura na ise kArya - vyApAra hI kahA jAtA hai / abhinaya kI gatizIlatA isameM zravazya hai / isI kA tIsarA dRzya bhI romAMcakArI hai / zmazAna meM yadurAya kA ghUmanA / usake svagata meM bhI zratyanta tIvratA aura gatizIlatA hai / tIsare aGka kA prArambha bhI uSNatA meM hotA hai / isI pra kA tIsarA dRzya bhI kArya - vyApAra pUrNa hai / nATaka kA antima dRzya to bahuta hI sphUrtimaya hai / 'kulInatA' kArya- vyApAra kI dRSTi se saphala nATaka hai / 'zazigupta' meM kArya - vyApAra kA tattva adhika zrAnA cAhie thA, para isameM yuddha kI kucha ghaTanAoM ko chor3akara ghaTanAoM kI kamI hai| 'karNa' kA upakrama vAlA dRzya to kArya - vyApAra kI dRSTi se pUrva hai / pahale aGka kA pahalA dRzya bhI gatizIla hai / tIsarA dRzya dyatakrIr3A kA -yaha to jAnadAra aura calatA huA honA hI cAhie / 'karNa' meM bhI ghaTanAoM kI zRGkhalA nahIM hai adhika ghaTanAoM-sambandhI kArya-vyApAra bhI kama hai, para bhAva anubhAva sambandhI kArya - vyApAra kI isameM bhI kamI nahIM / govindadAsa jI ke sAmAjika nATaka 'duHkha kyoM', 'mahatva kise' aura 'bar3A pApI kauna' kArya-vyApAra kI dRSTi se bahuta zithila haiM / 'duHkha kyoM' ke tIsare aura cauthe ke antima bhAga meM kArya - vyApAra yA gatizIlatA hai / zeSa pUre nATaka meM baiThe yA khar3e hokara vArtAlApa mAtra kisI ghaTanA kA nAma nahIM / 1

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seTha govindadAsa 211 kevala bA~ke bihArI ke cale jAne para sukhadA meM tIvratA AtI hai| cauthe aGka ke anta meM bhI kevala sukhadA hI prANavAna mAlUma hotI hai| 'mahattva kise' meM to nATakIyatA, kautUhala, kArya-vyApAra nAma kI koI vastu hai nahIM / basa karmacaMda aura satyabhAmA baiThe-baiThe bAtacIta karate rahate haiN| bar3A pApI kauna' meM bhI kevala devanArAyaNa kI mRtyu kI ghaTanA ke sivA korI bAtacIta meM pUrA nATaka samApta hai| zrAkasmikatA, rahasya-granthi, anAzitatA bhI nATya-kalA ke pramukha tatva haiM / inakI seTha govindadAsa ke nATakoM meM kamI hai| 'kulInatA' meM yadurAya ko puraskAra ke sthAna ke deza-nikAlA, 'duHkha kyoM' meM sukhadA dvArA bhaNDAphor3a 'karNa' meM karNa kA kuntI se utpanna-aAkasmikatA aura rahasya-pranthi samajhanA caahie| karNa kA kuntI se utpanna honA bhAratIyoM ke lie koI bhI AkasmikatA yA rahasya nahIM, saba ise jAnate haiN| 'mahattva kise', 'zazigupta' aura aura 'bar3A pApI kauna' meM nAma ko bhI yaha nahIM hai| nATakoM ke isa abhAva ko nirbalatA hI samajhA jaaygaa| kucha pAtroM kI bAta-cIta ke bIca sahasA anya pAtroM kA praveza bhI AkasmikatA meM zrAtA hai / 'premI' aura 'prasAda' ke nATakoM meM yaha prAyaH mila jAtA hai| isameM sAmAjikoM ko vismayAnanda kI anubhUti hotI hai| bhAratIya philmoM meM bhI aise aneka udAharaNa dekhane ko mila jAte haiN| darzakoM ko romAJcita karane ke lie yaha eka vizeSa tattva hai, jisakI kamI govindadAsa jI ke nATakoM meM khaTakatI hai| ___ sAdhAraNataH saMvAda choTe hI hote haiM, para yaha lekhaka kI kalA kA aGga nhiiN| choTe aura saMkSipta saMvAdoM ke sAtha do DhAI pRSTha taka ke saMvAdoM se bhI inake nATaka bhare par3e haiN| 'kulInatA' meM yadurAya, vijayasiMha, suramI pAThaka, caNDapIDa Adi ke saMvAda eka se do pRSThoM taka kI lambAI ke haiN| 'karNa' meM karNa aura kuntI ke svagata ke saMvAda arucikara rUpa meM bar3e haiM-do-do pRSTha taka ke / ina do nATakoM ko chor3akara saMvAdoM kI saMkSiptatA kI dRSTi se sabhI nATaka ThIka haiN| 'duHkha kyoM' meM garIbadAsa ke eka upadeza ko chor3akara sabhI saMvAda saMkSipta, custa, gatizIla aura sazakta haiN| saMvAdoM dRSTi se yaha nATaka sarva zreSTha hai / bhASA kI dRSTi se lekhaka ke nATakoM meM khaTakane vAlI bAta hai, calatI nATakIya pracalita bhASA na likhakara likhI jAne vAlI bhASA kI ora jhukAva honA / udAharaNa___ "revA sundarI-( gad-gad svara se ) maiM apane hRdaya ko cIrakara Apake sammukha kisa prakAra rakhU?" (kulonatA' ) / isa eka vAkya ke sthAna meM

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212 hindI ke nATakakAra "kalejA cIra kara kaise dikhA dU?" adhika upayukta hotaa| eka aura udAharaNa "satyabhAmA- ina kIr3oM ko kucale binA aba mujhe kSaNa bhI vizrAma nahI mila sktaa| jinhoMne Apako barabAda kiyA, usa barabAdI para badanAma banAyA aura phira aisI nIca kAryavAI karane para bhI jinheM zarma nahIM AI, unheM kucale binA mujhe kaise zAnti mila sakatI hai ? mai mRtyu-loka kI mAnavI hU~, svarga kI devI nhiiN|" ('mahattva kise') isa uddharaNa meM lekhaka ke bhASA / saMbandhI aneka doSa spaSTa ho jAte haiN| pahalA vAkya itanA zithila aura DhIlA hai ki usase na to bolane vAle kA krodha prakaTa hotA hai, na roSa aura na saMkalpa / 'badanAma banAyA' 'mRtyu-loka' Adi to kamAla ke azuddha prayoga haiN| isa meM punarAvRtti bhI hai| lekhaka ke sabhI nATakoM ko par3hane para lagatA hai, ugakI bhASA meM hRdaya kA pravAha nahIM, vaha meja para baiThakara soca-soca kara likhI gaI hai| calatI huI bhASA kA pravAha inake nATakoM meM nahIM miltaa| inake pAtra aura paristhiti ke pratikUla bhI kahIM-kahIM saMvAda milate haiN| 'zazigupta' meM acAnaka selyUkasa kA apanI lar3akI hailena se pUcha baiThanA aura usakA bar3I saphAI aura nissaMkoca bhAva se kahanA ki vaha zazi gupta se vivAha karegI / aura Azcarya to yaha hai ki isa prasaMga se pUrva kahIM zazigupta aura hailena kA prema vikasita bhI nahIM huA / pazcimI sabhyatA meM cAhe kitanI hI niHsaMkocatA ho, kitanI hI alajatA ho, para pitA ke sAmane acAnaka vivAha-prastAva apane hI mukha se lar3akI nahIM krtii| pitA to pitA apane premI se bhI lar3akiyA~ vivAha-prastAva nahIM karatIM- aba to yaha eka sAmAjikatA bhI bana gaI hai ki lar3ake hI pahale vivAha-prastAva kareMge / vivAha kI ' buniyAda meM jo kAma-bhAvanA kI madhuratA hai, use anubhava karate hI eka mohaka lajjAbha lAlI daur3atI hai aura zIla aura lajjA yuvatI kI jihvA pakar3a letI hai / isI prakAra kA hAsyAspada vArtAlApa nanda aura rAkSasa kA karAyA gayA hai / magadha kA samrATa aura lagatA hai ki saste DhaMga ke sTeja kA abhinetA betukI ha~sI kara rahA hai| ___. nATakoM ke gIta acche-bure donoM prakAra haiN| kucha gIta svara, saMgIta, paristhiti ke anusAra bahuta upayukta haiM, kucha anupayukta / 'bar3A pApI kauna' jaise choTe nATaka meM do pRSTha ke gIta khaTakane vAlI bAta haiN| 'zazigupta' meM 16 gAne haiM, jinameM 8 akele hailena ke| donoM hI bAteM anupayukta / aura 'karNa' meM kuntI aura rohiNI ko gAne kA roga hai|

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seTha govindadAsa 213 govindadAsa jI ke nATakoM meM kalA avazya hai; para usameM lagAtAra vikAsa ke darzana nahIM hote / saMkhyA kI dRSTi se zAyada inhoMne sabase adhika nATaka likhe haiN| para kalA kA koI U~cA stara inhoMne sthApita nahIM kiyaa| 'prasAda' 'premI' lakSmInArAyaNa mizra Adi ne jisa prakAra hindI nATya-kalA ko unnata karane meM saphalatA dikhAI, vaisA prayAsa bhI inake nATakoM meM kama hI milatA hai| nATaka acche haiM, bure nahIM; para koI 'sthApanA' inake nATakoM meM dekhane ko nahIM miltii| abhineyatA abhineyatA kA sambandha jahA~ taka dRzya-vidhAna se hai, govindadAsa jI ke nATakoM kI dRzya-racanA adhikatara sarala aura sugama hai| kaI nATakoM ke aMka hI dRzya haiM / 'duHkha kyoM', 'mahattva kise', aura 'bar3A pApI kauna' sabameM cAra-cAra aGka haiM / aura ye aGka hI dRzya / ina tInoM nATakoM ke sabhI dRzya AsAnI se nirmita kiye jA sakate hai| ye tInoM nATaka sAmAjika haiM-vartamAna jIvana ke viSaya meM / prAyaH sabhI aMka-dRzya ghara ke eka-eka kamare ke haiN| 'duHkha kyoM' kA antima dRzya majisTreTa kI adAlata kA hai, zeSa ghara ke hii| dRzya na to itane vizAla hI haiM, na itane susajjita aura rAjasI ki unake banAne meM kaThinAI ho / aura yadi eka ke bAda dUsare ke nirmANa meM kucha dera bhI apekSita ho, to ve aMka haiN| do aMkoM ke bIca samaya mila hI jAtA hai| kArya-vyApAra kI dRSTi se 'duHkha kyoM' meM abhinaya-sambandhI kArya-nyApAra kI kamI nhiiN| tIsarA aura cauthA aMka abhinaya kI tIvratA se pUrNa hai| antima dRzya kA antima bhAga to bahuta saphala hai| bhASA aura saMvAda kI dRSTi se bhI yaha nATaka lekhaka ke zreSTha nATakoM meM hai / aura unake saba nATakoM meM sabase asaphala nATaka hai / 'mahattva kise' meM na kArya-vyApAra hai, na ghaTanA aura caritroM kA tIkhApana / 'bar3A pApI kauna' meM devanArAyaNa kI mRtyu to eka ghaTanA hai hI isa pAtra ke abhinaya meM bhI gatizIlatA hai| bhASA bhI isakI acchI hai| isakA bhI abhinaya ho sakatA hai / 'mahattva kise' kA abhinaya dRzya-vidhAna kI dRSTi se to sarala hai, para usameM abhinaya-tatvoM kA abhAva hone se usakA prabhAva tanika bhI nahIM par3a sakatA / anya dRSTi se bhI yaha nATaka asaphala hai| vistAra kI dRSTi se bhI tInoM nATaka bar3e nahIM haiN| 'duHkha kyoM' 114, 'mahattva kise' 18, aura 'bar3A pApI kauna' 53 pRSThoM kA hai| inameM se kisI

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214 hindI ke nATakakAra bhI abhinaya meM do ghaNTe se adhika samaya kI apekSA nahIM / saMvAda bhI ina saMkSipta aura bhASA bhI anya nATakoM kI apekSA sarala, calatI huI aura custa hai | svAgata kisI nATaka meM bhI nahIM hai aura 'bar3A pApI kauna' meM hI kevala gati hai| vaha avazya lambA hai aura khaTakane vAlA bhI / 'duHkha kyoM' to sabhI RTiyoM se mukta hai 1 bar3e nATakoM meM 'kulInatA', 'zazigupta' aura 'karNa' haiN| bar3e nATakoM meM 5:- vidhAna kI saralatA aura samajhadArI bhI hai aura kaThinatA aura durUhatA bhI / tInoM nATakoM kA Arambha bahuta hI prabhAvazAlI DhaGga se hotA hai / 'kulInatA' aura 'karNa' kA prathama dRzya hai - darzakoM se khacAkhaca raMgabhUmi / jisameM rAjA-rAnI, senApati- sainika Adi kI upasthita meM zastra pratiyogitA hotI hai / dRzya bahuta hI bhavya, vizAla zAnadAra aura prabhAvazAlI hai / 'zazigupta' kA dRzya bhI eka vizAla, U~ce parvata kA hai / 'kulInatA' kA dUsarA dRzya hai rAjaprAsAda kA eka dAlAna, jo eka parde mAtra se dikhAyA jA sakatA 1 tIsarA dRzya phira vizAla hai - rAja - prAsAda kA sabhA bhavana | cauthA - eka maidAna yaha mI eka bar3A dRzya hai / ina dRzyoM ke nirmANa meM avazya kaThinAI upasthita hogI / eka dAlAna ko chor3akara sabhI dRzya vizAla haiM / isake nirmANa ke lie samaya kaThinatA se milegA / inake sivA sabhI dRzyoM kI saralatA se racanA kI jA sakatI hai / 1 mahAn dRzya hai | isake bAda 'karNa' kA prathama dRzya atyanta vizAla aura pahalA aMka Arambha hotA hai - karNa ke kakSa se / dUsarA pANDavoM kA mahala, tIsarA hastinApura ke rAja- prAsAda kA sabhA bhavana, cauthA hai kuntI kA kakSainameM kevala tIsarA dRzya hI nirmANa kauzala aura samaya cAhatA hai / zeSa sabhI dRzya pardoM se hI dikhAye jA sakate hai / 'karNa' meM kevala 'upasaMhAra' ke pardA uThA-uThAkara jo tIna dRzya dikhAye gae haiM, inameM pahale do - yuddha bhUmi meM yuddha - raMgamaMca para dikhAye jAne asambhava haiM / lekhaka kI abhinaya sambandhI bhUla kA yaha acchA udAharaNa hai / vaha svayaM kahatA hai, "yahA~ taka kA aMza sinemA meM hI dikhAyA jA sakatA hai / " isakA spaSTa artha hai, yaha dikhAyA jAnA asambhava hai / inake atirikta 'karNa' kA dRzya-vidhAna abhinayocita hai / 'zazigupta' meM bhI dRzya vidhAna -sambaMdhI doSa kama hI haiN| ve bhI saralatA aura zIghratA se nirmita kiye jA sakate hai / yuddha ke eka-do dRzyoM ko chor3akara zeSa nATaka abhinayocita dRzyoM se pUrNa hai / abhinaya ke anya tatvoM, kArya-vyApAra nATakIyatA, kautUhala, bhASA, 4

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seTha govindadAsa 215 saMvAda Adi kI dRSTi se 'kulInatA' bhI acchA nATaka hai / isakA abhi naya tInoM bar3e nATakoM meM sabase adhika zAnadAra prabhAvazAlI aura rasAnubhUti se pUrNa ho sakatA hai / isameM eka-do sthaloM ko chor3akara saMvAda saMkSipta, prabhAvazAlI, custa aura sazakta haiN| sabhI dRSTiyoM se bar3e nATakoM meM yaha sabase adhika prabhAvazAlI hai / caritra citraNa Adi kI dRSTi se bhI isameM lekhaka ne parizrama kiyA hai / yadurAya meM tIkhApana hai / caNDapIDa meM sAmAntI zAna aura ahaM / surabhI pAThaka meM brAhmaNa kA divya teja / isa nATaka meM ghaTanAe bhI haiM / isakA Adi aura anta bhI bahuta zAnadAra hai / abhinaya ke lie Adi aura anta bhI prabhAvotpAdaka hai / yaha prasAdAnta hai / duHkhAnta meM bhI sukhAnta / abhinaya kI dRSTi se 'karNa' sabase kamajora nATaka hai / kArya-vyApAra kI bhI usameM kabhI hai / svagata-saMvAda to isameM anya sabhI nATakoM se bahuta bar3e haiM / aura jaisA ki Upara batAyA, aneka asambhava dRzya bhI isameM haiM / abhinaya, kalA, caritra, bhASA, Adi sabhI dRSTiyoM se 'duHkha kyoM' choTe aura sAmAjika nATakoM meM aura 'kulInatA' bar3e aura aitihAsika paurANika nATakoM meM sabase acche haiM /

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upendranAtha 'azka' zrI upendranAtha 'azka' kA sAhityika tathA bhautika vyaktitva vividhatAoM se pUrNa hai / yaha vividhatA hindI ke bahusaMkhyaka lekhakoM nahIM pAI jAtI / urdU se yaha hindI meM Aye aura aba eka camakadAra lekhaka ke rUpa meM svIkRta cuke haiN| 'azka' kahAnI - lekhaka haiM, upanyAsakAra haiM, kavi haiM aura nATaka - kAra haiM / upanyAsakAra ke rUpa meM inhoMne apane utsAha aura zrIkAMtA kI tRpti adhika kI hai, upanyAsa pAThaka kI kama / kavi ke rUpa meM bhI yaha agalI paMkti meM nahIM A sake / hA~, kahAnI - lekhaka aura nATakakAra ke rUpa inakI racanAe N ullAsapUrNa saphalatAeM haiM / inakI kahAnI aura inake nATakoM jIvana kI gaharAiyA~, U~cI-nIcI ghATiyA~ aura camakadAra coTiyA~ mileMgI / 'jIvana kI vibhinnatAeM - tIkhI-mIThI paristhitiyA~ - inakI racanAoM meM paryApta mAtrA meM pAI jAtI haiM / nATakoM kA kAla-krama jaya-parAjaya svarga kI jhalaka kaida :=: ur3Ana chaThA beTA zrAdi mArga devatAoM kI chAyA meM (ekAMkI) tUphAna se pahale caravAhe 95 1637 1636 1645 1646 1646 1650 "" 'jaya parAjaya' ko jikhane se pUrva, aisA spaSTa mAlUma hotA hai, nATaka likhane meM koI sazakta aura gatizIla preraNA inako utsAhita nahIM

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upendranAtha 'azka' 217 kara rahI thii| nATaka likhane kA prArambha kevala prayoga ke rUpa meM hI azka ne kiyA / yadi koI preraNA kA svarUpa rahA bhI ho, to spaSTa nahIM / unake isa nATaka ko par3hane se aisA bhI mAlUma nahIM hotA ki inake sAhityika jIvana meM koI mahattvAkAMkSI prAkulatA kAma kara rahI hai| 'jaya-parAjaya' ke pazcAt 'azka' ke nATakakAra meM eka vyApaka preraNA bar3e Akula rUpa meM gatizIla hotI huI dikhAI detI hai| 'svarga kI jhalaka' meM yaha preraNA aMgar3AI-sI le rahI hai, 'kaida aura ur3Ana' meM sajaga aura sAkAra ho uThI hai / inako par3hane se mAlUma hotA hai ki sAmAjika aura vyakti-sambandhI ulajhanabharI dhuMdhalI tahoM meM dabI samasyAoM ko citrita karane meM azka kriyAzIla ho gayA hai / vaha pazcimI yathArthavAdI prasiddha nATakakAroM-meTaraliMka, sTUiNDabarga, zro0 nIla Adi se bhI bahuta prabhAvita huA / jaisA ki 'kaida aura ur3Ana' ko vyAkhyA' meM zrI dharmavIra bhAratI ne likhA hai, 'azka ne...... eka dUsarI hI dizA apanAI arthAt vartamAna sAmAjika vyavasthA ke cakra meM ulajhe hue mAnava ke antarmana meM basane vAlI pIr3A, ghAyala saMskAra aura pyAsI khUkhAra pravRttiyA~ / jaisA svayaM una ( azka ) kA kahanA hai ki ve nATakoM meM sTriNDa barga-jaisI gaharAI aura tIkhApana lAnA pasanda karate haiN...|" samAja kI samasyA 'azka' ke pahale nATaka ko chor3akara sabhI nATaka sAmAjika haiN| inhoMne 'svarga kI malaka' meM kahA bhI hai, "mere apane vicAra meM Aja hameM sAmAjika nATakoM kI adhika AvazyakatA hai|" _ 'svarga kI jhalaka' meM Adhunika zikSA aura vivAha-samasyA ko liyA gayA hai| prAdhunika zikSA ne nArI ko kahA~-se-kahA~ lA paTakA, yaha isameM pUrNa saphalatA se citrita huA hai| vartamAna zikSA ne nArI ko prAlasI, nikammA, phaizana-parasta, adhikAra kI pyAsI aura bAharI TIpa-TApa ke lie pAgala banA diyA hai / ghara ujar3a rahe haiM-nRtya-bhavana AbAda ho rahe haiN| zrImatI azoka do roTiyA~ pakAte hue karAhatI haiM-nAka-bhauM sikor3atI haiM; para kaMsarTa meM nAnA Avazyaka hai / zrImatI rAjendra apane jvara-pIr3ita bAlaka ko nahIM sa~bhAlatI,use pati kI goda meM chor3akara nRtya ke lie calI jAtI hai| eka vaha mA~ hai,jo apane bacce ko tanika-sA jvara zrAne para cir3iyA kI taraha use kaleje se lagAye rAta-rAta bhara jAgakara bitA detI hai aura eka yaha aAdhunika mA~ hai| umA bhI nArI kI svatantra sattA aura adhikAra kI zAnadAra upAsikA hai / raghu, jo umA

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218 hindI ke nATakakAra ko apanI saMginI banAne ko pAgala thA, usase virata ho jAtA hai aura vahI kama par3hI-likhI lar3akI rakSA usakI svIkRta saMginI banatI hai| ___ 'kaida' aura 'ur3Ana' meM bhI vivAha-samasyA ko hI liyA gayA hai| appI dilIpa ko cAhatI thI, paristhitiyA~ sahAyaka na huI aura usakA vivAha prANanAtha se ho gyaa| svarga kI vAtAsa ke jhoMkoM se jhUlatI vaha latA mulasa gaI / dhana, sAmAjika sthiti aura sarakArI naukarI hI saba-kucha nahIM-yaha zArIrika aura mAnasika bhUkha nahIM bujhA sakatI / appI apane ko kAle pAnI ma samajhatI hai ! kizana-pArvatI ke vArtAlApa se bhI yaha spaSTa kara diyA gayA hai| 'ur3Ana' meM jIvana kI tIna samasyAeM lI gaI haiM ! nArI ko pUjya samajhakara AratI utArI jAya, vAsanA ko sAmagrI samajhA jAya, yA sampatti ke rUpa meM use grahaNa kiyA jAya / lekhaka kA saMketa hai ki vaha ina tInoM meM se kucha nahIM hai| eka svastha sajaga saMginI hai| mAyA eka sthAna para kahatI hai, "eka AkAza meM bamatA hai, dUsarA gahare a~dhiyAre khaDDa kA vAsI hai| maiM donoM ( zaMkara aura rameza ) se DaratI hU~, U~cAI yA ghr| I merA Adarza nahIM / gahare gaDDhoM yA U~ce zikharoM se maiM Uba gaI huuN| mai samatala dharatI cAhatI huuN|" antima dRzya meM madana, zaMkara aura rameza kI aora bArI-bArI se dekhate hue mAyA kahatI hai, "tuma eka dAsI, khilaunA yA devI cAhate ho, saMginI kI .tumameM se kisI ko AvazyakatA nahIM / " isase nArI kI sthiti spaSTa ho jAtI hai| .. 'ur3Ana' meM aura bhI kaI sAmAjika sthitiyoM ke sundara citra khIMce gaye haiM / ApattikAla meM lAja aura zIla ke parta kaise ur3a jAte haiM, yaha raMgUna kI bamabArI kA ullekha karate hue mAyA kahatI hai, "bamabAjI ne jahA~ una makAnoM 'ke parakhace ur3A diye, vahA~ unake vAsiyoM kI lajjA ko bhI tAra-tAra kara diyaa| jisakI zarma unheM jharokhe se jhA~kane taka kI AjJA na detI thI, unheM maine naMge muha, naMge mu~ha kyA naMgeM zarIra, sar3akoM para mAMgate hue dekhA hai| maiM zarma aura bezarmI se Upara uTha gaI huuN|" 'chaThA beTA' meM koI ulajhanabharI samasyA nahIM uThAI gii| kevala dhana kI sthiti para ha~sAne vAlA vyaMgya kiyA gayA hai / dhana se manuSya kI sthiti kyA ho jAtI hai, usakI sevA aura cATukAritA ke lie hara-eka taiyAra hotA hai. yahI isameM dikhAyA gayA hai|

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upendranAtha 'azka' 216 'svarga kI jhalaka', 'kaida' aura 'ur3Ana' hindI ke zreSTha samasyA- nATakoM meM gine jAne cAhie / hAsya aura vyaMgya 'svarga kI jhalaka' aura 'chaThA beTA' azka jI kI do kRtiyA~ hAsya-vyaMgyapradhAna haiM / 'svarga kI jhalaka' meM Adhunika nArI kA bahuta hI vyaMgyAtmaka citra hai / 'chaThA beTA' meM hAsya adhika hai vyaMgya kama / 'svarga kI jhalaka' kA dUsarA rA aura tIsarA aMka vizeSa rUpa se vyaMgya ke acche udAharaNa haiM / " zrImatI azoka - maine kaha diyA mujhameM svayaM himmata nahIM / mi0 azoka ( manuhAra ke svara meM ) dekho sItA, khIra to maine pakA hI DAlI hai, sabjI maiM le AyA hU~ / tuma jarA use car3hA detIM aura cAra roTiyA~ ( cuTakI bajAtA hai ) ... zrImatI azoka - maiMne kabhI banAI bhI hoM / " isI bAtacIta ke daurAna meM raghu yA jAtA hai, jaba azoka galA phAr3a-phAr3akara zrImatI azoka ko uThAne lagA thA / - " raghu - kyA bAta hai itane cIkha rahe ho ? ( zrImatI azoka se ) namaste jI... " mi * azoka ( bez2ArI se ) - cIkha rahA hU~, kyA karU~ bIsa bAra kahA ki bhAI tuma ArAma karo! samaya para eka ghar3I kA ArAma bAda ko eka varSa kI musIbata se bacAtA hai, para yaha mAnatI hI nahIM ( thake svara meM ) svAsthya inakA kharAba hai, rAta ye soI nahIM; para jyoM hI subaha maiMne batAyA ki tumhArA khAnA hai, to jhaTa rasoI meM jA baiThIM / maiM sabjI lene gayA thA- mere AteprAte inhoMne khIra banA DAlI ( ha~sate haiM ) khIra banAne meM to sItAjI basa nipuNa haiN| mujhe laga gaI dera, vApasa AyA to bar3I muzkila se rasoIghara se uThAyA ki bhAI ArAma karo, phira mujhe hI DaoNkTaroM ke pIche mArA-mArA phiranA par3egA / " | yaha sthiti darzakoM ko ha~sAte-ha~sAte loTa-poTa kara degI / tIsare aGka meM hAsya kama hai, vaha vyaMgya - pradhAna ho gayA hai / zrImatI rAjendra Adhunika nArI kA dUsarA namUnA hai / use apane bImAra bacce kI cintA nahIM, kaMsarTa meM jAkara nRtya karane kA ullAsa hai / yaha caritra hI vyaMgya kA sundara namUnA hai, taba bhI isameM sthiti aura saMvAda kA bhI tIkhA vyaMgya hai|

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220 hindI ke nATakakAra rAjendra ke ye zabda aAdhunika nArI para vyaMgya-bharI bauchAra haiM, "ina camakadAra motiyoM kA upayoga kitanA hai raghu, tuma nahIM jAnate-tuma inheM dUra hI se pyAra kI najaroM se dekha sakate ho; cAho to inheM pAsa baiThAkara sapanoM ke saMsAra banA sakate ho; inakI damaka se apanI A~kheM jalA sakate ho; para jIvana ke kharala meM pIsa inheM kisI kAma meM lA sakoge, isakI AzA nhiiN|" apane bImAra bacce ko chor3akara jAte hue apane pati se zrImatI rAjendra kahatI haiM, "merI cintA Apa na kIjiegA, rAta ko mujhe dera ho jAyagI / zAma kA khAnA bhI maiM miseja dayAla ke yahA~ khA lUgI aura bacce kA dhyAna rakhiyegA / mujhe sUcanA denA na bhuuliyegaa| mujhe cintA rhegii|" isa para koI AlocanA kI AvazyakatA hI nhiiN| 'chaThA beTA' hAsya kA acchA namUnA hai / basantalAla eka zarAbI pitA hai, pA~coM putra usase ghRNA karate haiM, koI bhI use pAsa rakhane ko taiyAra nahIM / putravadhU alaga muMha sikor3e rahatI hai, para tIna lAkha kI lATarI usake nAma Ane hI saba putra sevA meM laga jAte haiN| koI caraNa sahalAtA hai, to koI cilama bharatA hai aura koI madirA-pAna karAtA hai| "basantalAla-coTI hindutva kI nizAnI hai, hinduoM kA apanA jAtIya cihna hai|.."cottii bijalI ke vega ko rokatI hai| yadi kahIM manuSya para bijalI gire to coTI ke mArga se zarIra meM hotI huI dharatI meM praveza kara jAtI hai / deva-zAyada yahI kAraNa hai ki prAcIna kAla meM brahmacArI naMge sira rahate the aura coTI ko gA~Tha dekara rakhate the ki vaha khar3I rhe| __ kailAza-bilakula bijalI ke kaMDakTaroM kI bhA~ti, jo U~cI-U~cI imAratoM para lagA die jAte haiM...tAki yadi bijalI gire to imArata surakSita rhe| deva-aura phira dAdA jI kahA karate the ki prAcIna kAla ke RSimuni isI coTI se reDiyo kA kAma lete the aura baiThe-biThAye samasta saMsAra kI khabareM suna lete the| saMjaya ne hastinApura meM baiThe-baiThe mahArAja dhRtarASTa ko kurukSetra ke yuddha kI jo khabara sunAI vaha isI coTI ke kAraNa hI to|" ___ 'chaThA beTA' kA hAsya anta meM dhuMdhalA nyaMgya bana gayA hai-prabhAvazAlI bhii| pAtra--caritra-citraNa 'jaya-parAjaya' ke pAtroM ke atirikta azka ke sabhI pAtra sAmAjika haiMvartamAna jIvana ke haiN| 'jaya-parAjaya' aitihAsika nATaka hai, usake pAtra bhI

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upendranAtha 'azka' 221 itihAsa-sammata bhAratIya sAmanta-yuga ke haiN| isa sAmanta-yuga ke pAtroM meM eka naitika AdarzavAditA, kula-gaurava aura vyaktigata ahaM kA prAdhAnya hai| rANA lakSasiMha mevAr3a ke adhipati haiM aura caNDa yuvarAja / 'jaya-parAjaya' meM premI ke nATakoM ke samAna mevAr3a para bAhya zatruoM kA AkramaNa nahIM hai, jo vIratA aura Atma-balidAna kA ahaM bahuta ubhare rUpa meM prAtA, phira bhI caNDa kA adhikAra tyAgakara AjIvana avivAhita rahane kA praNa eka naitika AdarzavAdI kaThora ahaM kA pramANa hai yaha ahaM haMsAbAI meM bhI vikasita hotA hai, rAnI tArA meM bhI aura raNamala meM bhI / 'jaya-parAjaya' kI buniyAda isI ahaM para khar3I huI aura isI ahaM kI tRpti meM 'jaya parAjaya' kA khela samApta huvaa| ___azka ke caritroM meM sAmantI yuga kI naitika kaThoratA aura zrAdarzavAdI ahaM hote hue bhI svAbhAvika vikAsa hai| mAnavI cAritrika svAbhAvikatA haMsA ke caritra meM saphala rUpa meM A gaI hai / haMsAbAI mevAr3Adhipati lakSasiMha kI patnI hai| caNDa kI vimaataa| para haMsAbAI pahale caNDa ko apane pati ke rUpa meM grahaNa kara cukI hai| caNDa ke prati usakI prema-bhAvanA bahuta hI sundara rUpa meM vyakta kI gaI hai| caNDa pAtA hai| haMsA kahatI hai-"mAlatI tuma mere pAsa raho, tuma mere pAsa raho / merA dila dhar3aka rahA hai, merA galA sUkha rahA hai / " aura dhIre-dhIre haMsA kA raMga pIlA par3anA-be-sudha bhI ho jAnA ! eka agale dRzya meM vaha kahatI hai, "mA~, nahIM, yuvarAja mujhe mA~ na kho|" isa eka vAkya meM hI haMsA kI kAtaratA bebasI aura usakI AzAoM kI lAza tar3apa rahI hai| caNDa dvArA haMsAbAI kI upekSA hI haMsA meM ahaM aura pratizodha kA viSa banakara vikasita huii| bhAramalI ke caritra para bhI lekhaka ne paryApta parizrama kiyA hai| rAghavadeva se vaha prema karatI hai| raNamala usakA upabhoga karanA cAhatA hai / vaha eka nartakI hai, to bhI kisI bhI kulavadhU se usakI pavitratA kama nhiiN| aura rAghavadeva kI hatyA kA pratizodha usane raNamaja se jo liyA vaha usake caritra kI divyatA ko aura bhI prakAza meM nahalA detA hai / raNamala kA vadha karane ke lie vaha usakI premikA kA abhinaya karatI hai, use mArakara svayaM bhI zrAtma-hatyA karake usakA caritra eka ora to prasAda kI kalyANI ko chUtA hai aura dUsarI ora mAlavikA ke balidAna ko / __svarga kI jhalaka' meM caritroM kA dvandvAtmaka caritra nahIM milegA aura na hI azka ke anya nATakoM meN| para caritra ke jo raMga-biraMge sparza 'azka'

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222 hindI ke nATakakAra ne apane pAtroM ko diye haiM, ve vartamAna samAja ke jIvita guNa-doSa haiN| zrImatI azoka, zrImatI rAjendra, umA Adhunika nArI ke rUpa haiN| rAta ko do bAra baccI ko dUdha pilAne uThane para zrImatI azoka itanI asvastha ho gaI ki khAnA nahIM banAyA jA sakatA, para usI zAma ko kaMsarTa dekhane jAyA jA sakatA hai| zrImatI rAjendra apane bacce ko jvara meM besudha chor3akara kaMsarTa meM nRtya ke lie jAtI hai| jAte-jAte kahatI hai apane pati se, "maiM socatI hU~, yadi Apa bhI Aja cala skte| caudharI sAhaba kahate the ki pahale se maiMne bahuta unnati kI hai| DaoNkTara jo batAye, usakI sUcanA mujhe bhijavA denA / bhUlanA nahIM, mujhe cintA rhegii|" __isase zrImatI rAjendra kA caritra spaSTa ho jAtA hai| 'kaida' aura 'ur3Ana' meM pAtroM ke rUpa meM samAja kI bahuta hI jIvita aura sisakatI tasvIreM haiN| 'kaida' kI appI vivaza damaghuTI nArI hai| usake caritra meM lekhaka ne bahuta acchA raMga bharA hai| dilIpa se usakA prema hai, usa para zraddhA hai, zrAdara haieka amara AkarSaNa hai| aura yaha saba lekhaka ne bahuta hI ubhare-dabe rUpa meM dikhA diyA hai| dilIpa ke Ane kA samAcAra-mAtra hI usakI murdA ragoM meM jAna bhara detA hai-usake pIle gAla gulAbI ho jAte haiN| usameM kitanI mamatA-kitanI AkulatA-kitanI kAtaratA umar3a pAtI hai| kaida' meM appI ke caritra-citraNa meM lekhaka ne sAMketika prayoga bhI kiye haiN| "prANanAtha-kiMga kAMga ! kiMga kAMga ? appI-eka bhayAnaka philma kA nAma hai| jisameM eka vanamAnasa eka sundara lar3akI ko uThAkara le jAtA hai| usI-jaisA bhayAnaka aura niDara hai yaha bandara ......" isameM appI ke jIvana kI vivazatA aura damaghoTa sthiti kA kitanA sAMketika citra hai: "dilIpa (usake pIche jAtA huA)--kitane acche the ve dina ! appI-tumheM to kabhI yAda bhI na AtI hogI unakI / " isa choTe-saMvAda meM appI ke mana kI vyathA, dilIpa ke prati prema aura dila kI dhar3akana baja rahI hai| ___'ur3Ana' meM puruSa kI tIna pravRttiyA~ pAtra banakara A gaI haiN| zaMkara vaha pravRtti hai jisase pAgala hokara puruSa nArI ko apanI vAsanA kI tRpti karane kA sAdhana samajhatA hai| madana use apanI sampatti samajhakara adhikAra vAhane vAlA aura rameza usako pUjA ke maMdira meM devI banAkara pUjane vAlA

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223 upendranAtha 'azka' puruSa hai / tInoM pAtra apane-apane varga ke pratinidhi haiN| mAyA eka prANavAna nArI hai, jo tInoM kA zikAra honA na cAhakara cAhatI hai samatala bhUmi / 'chaThA.beTA' hAsya-pradhAna racanA hai| usameM caritra kI gahanatA 'kaida' aura 'ur3Ana'-jaisI nahIM milegI; para basantalAla, haMsarAja, kamalA, mA~sabhI ke caritra spaSTa haiN| kalA kA vikAsa _ 'azka' ke nATakoM meM kAphI vikasita kalA ke darzana hote haiM / 'jathaparAjaya' unakA prathama nATaka hote hue bhI nAvya-kalA kA acchA pramANa detA hai| dRzyoM kA vidhAna navInatama nATakoM ke anusAra hai / saMskRta-nATya-kalA kA tanika bhI prabhAva isake nATakoM para nhiiN| svagata-jaisI cIz2a bhI bahuta hI kama milegI aura jo-kucha bhI thor3e-se svagata haiM, ve bahuta saMkSipta aura svAbhAvika haiN| adhikatara svagata dRzya ke anta meM haiM, jaba koI pAtra akelA raha jAtA hai aura atyanta Aveza meM hotA hai| jhoTiMga, bhadR, raNamala, lakSasiMha, haMsAbAI, bhAramalI, dhAya Adi ke aise hI svagata haiN| 'jayaparAjaya' ke bAda likhe gae kisI nATaka meM bhI svagata kA prayoga nahIM kiyA gyaa| 'jaya-parAjaya' meM azka kI kalA kI u~galiyA~ vAstava meM kA~patI-sI lagatI haiM, sthiratA unameM nahIM hai| isa nATaka meM vAtAvaraNa upasthita karane ke lie hI pahalA aura antima dRzya racA gayA hai| inakI vAstava meM nATaka ko koI AvazyakatA nhiiN| isa nATaka meM aneka dRzya vyartha-se bhI haiN| pahalA aMka pUre-kA-pUrA nirarthaka hai| pahale aMka meM kevala pAtroM kA paricayamAtra hai, jo eka-do dRzyoM ke dvArA diyA jA sakatA thaa| kaI-eka dRzya pUreke-pUre bekAra hai / ve kevala sUcanAoM, pUrva ghaTanAoM yA kisI sthiti vizeSa ke paricaya ke lie likha DAle gae haiN| nATaka to vAstava meM dUsare aMka se hI prArambha hotA hai-lakSasiMha ke vacana "hama bUr3hoM ke lie nAriyala kauna lAyagA" hI nATaka kI buniyAda haiN| vyartha dRzyoM me dUsare aMka kA dUsarA dRzya, cauthe aMka kA pahalA dRzya upasthita kiye jA sakate haiN| isake bAda sabhI nATakoM meM dRzya-vidhAna atyanta kalAtmaka DhaMga se niyojita huA hai| azka' ke nATakoM meM ('jaya-parAjaya' ko chor3akara) saMkalanatraya kA bahuta acchA nirvAha huA hai| samaya, sthAna aura kArya (abhinaya) kI ekatA kA atyanta saMtulita svarUpa isake nATakoM meM milatA hai 'kaida', 'ur3Ana', aura

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224 hindI ke nATakakAra 'chaThA beTA' - - sabhI eka hI sthAna para Arambha aura samApta hote haiM / samaya bhI kramazaH inameM tIna ghaNTe, Der3ha-do dina, dasa-bAraha dina se adhika nahIM / 'kaida' isa dRSTi se sabase acchA hai / jyoM-jyoM lekhaka nATakakAra ke rUpa meM Age bar3hA hai, usakI kathAvastu nirbala par3atI gaI hai / 'svarga kI jhalaka' meM kevala vibhinna dRzya hI haiN| kathA to pahale aura aMtima aMka meM hI hai / 'azka' ke nATaka ekAMkI -kalA se adhika prabhAvita haiM -- isalie unameM kAfI custI bhI hai / filma kA bhI una para prabhAva 1 kArya - vyApAra aura zrAkasmikatA nATakIya kalA ke anivArya aMga haiM / prathama nATaka meM hI azka kI kalA apane adhikAra ke lie zrAkula hai / isameM aneka dRzyoM meM yaha prabhAvazAlI AkasmikatA aura gatizIlatA atyanta saphala rUpa meM AI hai / dUsare aMka kA pahalA dRzya - caNDa kA nAriyala lene se iMkAra - kautUhala aura AkasmikatA kA udAharaNa hai / tIsare aMka kA dUsarA dRzya choTA hote hue bhI kampana se bharA hai / isI zraMka kA cauthA dRzya isase bhI mahAn hai / cauthe aMka kA sAtavA~ dRzya darzakoM ko stambhita kara detA hai / rAnI tArA apane hI zizu kA vadha karake use raNamala ke caraNoM para DAla detI hai. - yaha dRzya mahAn hai / pA~caveM kA sAtavA~ dRzya bhI sabhI nATakIya guNoM se yukta hai / svarga kI jhalaka' aura 'chaThA beTA' vyaMgya nATaka haiM, inameM gatizIlatA cAhe kama ho, para zrAkasmikatA khUba hai / raghu rakSA ke sAtha vivAha karane se inkAra karake bhI usI ke lie svIkRti detA hai / pA~coM beToM ko saba kucha dete hue bhI basantalAla unase kucha bhI zrAzA nahIM rakhatA / 'ur3Ana' meM antima dRzya to zratyanta nATakIya hai / caritra-citraNa meM lekhaka ne bahuta hI saphala aura advitIya kalA kA pradarzana kiyA hai / prAyaH lekhaka isa DhaGga se caritra vyakta nahIM kara pAte, jisa jisa DhaGga se azka ne kiyA hai / caritra citraNa meM hI to nATakakAra kI kalA dekhI jAtI hai / 'jaya-parAjaya' ke tIsare aMka ke dUsare dRzya meM caNDa ke upaftra sone aura 'mA~' kahane para isAbAI pIlI par3a jAtI hai aura besudha ho jAtI hai | isase usake caritra meM jo dabA prema dikhAyA gayA hai, vaha atyanta marmAntaka hai, bhAramalI kA caritra mahAn udbhAvanA hai / 'svarga kI jhalaka' meM tUlikA kA eka do sparza dekara hI 'azka' ne Adhunika nArI kA caritra upasthita kara diyA hai / zrImatI azoka kevala rAta meM do bAra apanI lar3akI ko pilAne ke kAraNa asvastha haiMdUdha - khAnA nahIM banA sktiiN| aura zrImatI

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upendranAtha 'azka' 225 rAjendra kA lar3akA jvara meM besudha hai, taba bhI unako kaMsarTa meM jAnA hai aura jAte-jAte apane pati se ve kahatI haiM--'zAma kA khAnA mai miseja dayAla ke yahA~ khA lgii| aura bacce kA dhyAna rkhiyegaa| mujhe citA rhegii|" caritracitraNa kI yaha kalA 'kaida' meM sabase adhika ujjvala aura saphala rUpa me prakaTa huI hai / appI alasa zithila cArapAI para par3I hai| aura dilIpa ke Agamana kA samAcAra sunate hI caitanya ho jAtI hai| ghara kI saphAI karane lagatI hai| baccoM ko pyAra se nahalAne-dhulAne lagatI hai / 'chaThA beTA' meM bhI aise hI bhole aura virala sparza se azka ne caritra-citraNa-kalA kI eka acchI zailI upasthita kI hai| ___nATaka kA prabhAvazAlI aMta bhI kalA kI saphalatA kA pramANa hai / 'svargakI jhalaka', 'kaida', 'ur3Ana', 'chaThA beTA' aura jaya-parAjaya' (yadi antima dRzya nikAla diyA jAya) to ina sabhI nATakoM kA anta atyanta prabhAvapUrNa hai| sabhI ke anta meM eka dhuMdhalI sI-chAyA mana para chA jAtI hai / 'kaida', 'ur3Ana' aura 'chaThA beTA' kA aMtima dRzya nATaka meM eka karuNa badanI phailA detA hai| abhineyatA 'azka' ne apane nATakoM meM abhinaya-kalA kA pUrA pUrA dhyAna rakhA hai| apane kaI nATakoM kI bhUmikA meM azka jI ne isa bAta kA vizvAsa bhI prakaTa kiyA hai ki inako raMgamaMca kA dhyAna bhI hai-aura jJAna bhii| 'azka' ke nATakoM kA janma usa yuga meM huA, jaba 'prasAda', 'premI', lakSmInArAyaNa mizra aise pratibhAzAlI kalAkaroM ke nATaka hindI ko samRddha kara cuke the--kara bhI rahe the| unakI kamiyoM se lAbha uThAne kA avasara azka ke sAmane thA-inhoMne lAbha uThAyA bhii| taba bhI unake nATakoM meM abhinaya-kalA kA vikAsa kramazaH huzrA hai / dhIre-dhIre unako apanI kamiyA~ mAlUma hotI gii| vaha naye prayoga karate gae-adhikAdhika saphala hote ge| ___'jaya parAjaya' azka kI prathama racanA hai| isameM bhI unhoMne raMgamaMca kA dhyAna rakhA hai, para isameM raMcamaMca ke doSa atyanta ubhare hue haiN| abhinaya kI dRSTi se isakA dRzya-vidhAna truTipUrNa hai / pahale aMka kA pahalA dRzya mevAr3a ke iSTadeva lakuTIza (ziva) ke mandira kA hai-bhUmi ke nIce / dUsarA hai, do kuJjoM ke bIca eka raMgazAlA, jahA~ bhAramalI kA nAca hotA hai| tIsarA hai, maMtraNA-gRha kA aura cauthA rAjamahala kA, jahA~ mahArANA lakSasiMha aura unakI rAnI upasthita haiM, vahIM mantrI, caNDa Adi bhI praveza karate haiN| ye sabhI dRzya kAphI bar3e aura prabhAvazAlI haiN| inakA nirmANa lagAtAra-eka ke bAda

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226 hindI ke tATakakAra dUsare kI racanA-bahuta kaThina hai| isakA prathama aMka hI nATakIya dRSTi se vyartha-sA jAna par3atA hai| AkAra meM bhI yaha bahuta bar3A hai isake abhinaya ke lie pA~ca ghaNTe kA samaya cAhie / isake kaI-eka dRzya kisI pAtra kA paricaya yA koI sUcanA-mAtra dene ke lie hI raca DAle gae haiM jaise dUsare aGka kA dUsakA dRshy| abhinaya kI dRSTi se yaha nATaka aneka truTiyoM se pUrNa hai; jaisA ki lekhaka ne svayaM 'svarga kI jhalaka' meM svIkAra kiyA hai "maine use (jaya parAjaya) likhate samaya raMgamaMca kA pUrA dhyAna rakhA thA ... para maiM taba bhI jAnatA thA aura aba bhI jAnatA hU~ ki vaha zAyada hI kabhI pUre-kA-pUrA khelA jAya / khelane ke lie use kAphI saMkSipta karanA pdd'egaa|" __ 'svarga kI jhalaka' se azka ke nATakoM meM abhineyatA tejI se vikasita hotI gaI hai / 'svarga kI jhalaka' meM cAra aGka haiN| pahale tIna aGka meM tIna dRzya hI haiM aura cauthe aMka meM cAra dRzya haiN| pahale tIna aMkoM meM koI kaThinatA ho hI nahIM sakatI / cauthe aGka kA pahalA dRzya kaMsarTa kA hai| isake bAda dUsarA dRzya raghu ke ghara kA, phira tIsarA kaMsarTa kA mekapa Adi utArane kA / tIsare aura pahale ke bIca dUsarA dRzya bahata hI upayogI aura nATakIya dRSTi se Avazyaka hai / 'kaida' 'ur3Ana' aura 'chaThA beTA' ke sabhI dRzya eka hI sthAna para ho jAte haiN| pUre nATaka eka hI sthala para prArambha hokara samApta hote haiM / dRzyoM ke sAmAna meM adala-badala nahIM karanI par3atI / kevala pAtra eka do minaTa ke lie A~khoM se ojhala hokara kucha dera sustA-bhara lete haiN| 'svarga kI jhalaka', 'kaida', 'ur3Ana' aura 'chA beTA' sabhI meM maMcIya nirdeza bahuta vistRta aura upayogI hai| unase bhI lekhaka kI abhinaya-kalA kI samajhadArI prakaTa hotI hai| ___ abhinaya ke lie kArya-vyApAra, prabhAvazAlI prArambha aura anta, aAkasmikatA Adi guNa bhI nATaka meM hone zrAvazyaka haiN| kArya-vyApAra kI dRSTi se 'jaya parAjaya' ke tIsare aGka kA dUsarA dRzya, cauthe kA sAtavA~, pAnaH kA sAtavA~ upasthita kiye jA sakate haiN| 'kaida' aura ur3Ana' meM bhI kAryavyApAra kI paryApta mAtrA hai / inameM aitihAsika nATakoM ke samAna uchala-kUda, la paka-jhapaka khojane kI AvazyakatA nhiiN| prabhAvazAlI prAramna aura anta kI dRSTi se 'kaida', ur3Ana', 'svarga kI jhalaka' aura chaThA beTA' sabhI nATaka zreSTha haiN| 'kaida' ke anta meM appI kA sisakanA, 'chaThA beTA' meM vasantalAla kA svapna meM 'Aha merA chaThA beTA' kahate hue karavaTa badalanA, 'ur3Ana' meM mAyA

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227 upendranAtha 'azka' kA bijalI kI gati se prasthAna-cirasthAyI prabhAva DAlate haiM / 'kaida' aura 'chaThA beTA' kA anta to hRdaya para saghana dhuMdhalI chAyA DAla jAtA hai| caritra-citraNa aura bhASA bhI abhinaya meM sahAyaka hote haiM, isa viSaya. meM kahanA vyartha hai / 'azka' kI bhASA nATakocita hai, custa hai, bhAva-prakAzana meM saphala hai| caritra kI dRSTi se usake sabhI nATaka saphala haiN| bAtacIta karate hue pAtroM dvArA mukha para vibhinna bhAtroM kA pradarzana aura svAbhAvika rUpa meM gatizIla rahanA abhinaya meM aura bhI jAna DAla detA hai|

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pRthvInAtha zarmA zrI pRthvInAtha zarmA hindI ke prasiddha lekhaka haiN| zarmA jI kI kahAniyA~, upanyAsa, nATaka sabhI rocaka hote haiM / ApakI kalama kAphI ma~jI huI, bhASA sApha-sutharI, bhAva hRdaya ko prabhAvita karane vAle aura zailI subodha aura sarasa hai| 'paMkhuriyA~' nAmaka aApakA kahAnI-saMgraha pAThakoM aura samAlocakoM dvArA kAphI pasanda kiyA gayA thaa| 'yuga-sandeza' aura 'vidra pa' upanyAsa bhI ApakI kalama kI saphalatA aura kalA-kuzalatA ke sAkSI haiN| Apane ekAMkI bhI atyanta saphalatA se likhe haiM, jo maje meM abhinIta kiye jA sakate haiN| nATakoM ke kSetra meM Apane aneka sundara racanAe kI haiN| 'duvidhA' san 1937 I0 meM nikalA aura 'aparAdhI' san 1936 I0 meM / ye donoM hI nATaka sAmAjika haiN| sAmAjika nATakoM ke sAtha hI Apane paurANika kSetra meM bhI kalama kA upayoga kiyaa| lacamaNa kI patnI urmilA ke caritra ko lekara 'urmilA' likhaa| 'urmilA' 1950 I0 meM prakAzita huA / prakAzana-krama se zrApa kI kalama meM nikhAra AtA gayA hai| TaikanIka meM bhI navInatA, sudhAra aura gaThana prAtA gayA hai| samAja kI samasyA 'aparAdhI' aura 'duvidhA' ke kathAnaka aura pAtra vartamAna sAmAjika jIvana se liye gae haiN| para donoM hI nATakoM meM samAja kI na to koI tIkhI tasvIra hI unhoMne do aura na ve vartamAna jIvana ke asthira, ula mana bhare, dohare caritra vAle, vilakSaNa pAtroM kA nirmANa kara sake / sAmAjika jIvana ko lekara kitanA nyaMgya diyA jA sakatA thA-kitano yathArthatA sAmane rakhI jA sakatI thI-samAja ke bhItara-hI-bhItara sar3ate hue ghAva para naztara lagAyA jA sakatA thA, para zarmA jI ke donoM hI nATakoM meM ina sabakA pUrNa abhAba hai / 'duvidhA' meM avazya sudhAdevI ke caritra meM duvidhA hai, para usakI

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pRthvInAtha zarmA 226 paristhitiyA~ isa duvidhA ko vyApaka aura adhika prabhAvazAlI nahIM banA sakI / 'aparAdhI' meM to samAja kI koI samasyA hI nahIM / vaha to kevala eka durghaTanA kI upaja hai-bora dvArA azoka kI jeba meM ghar3I rakha denA aura usakA bhAga jAnA / apane nATakoM dvArA zarmA jI koI bhI sAmAjika samasyA hamAre sAmane na rakha sake / romAMsa kA inake nATakoM ke sabhI pAtroM para atyanta prabhAva hai| bhAvukatA AvazyakatA se adhika hai / sAmAjika nATakoM meM yadi Aja kA buddhivAda bhAvukatA ko miThAsa lekara jIvana kI ulajhanoM ko sulajhAtA dIkhatA, to zAyada zarmA jI ke nATaka adhika sthAyitva prApta karate / sabhyatA, zikSA, vijJAna, mAnava-sambandha, pArasparika paricaya aura saMgharSoM se aneka ulajhaneM hamAre jIvana meM A gaI haiM, unakA AbhAsa bhI inake nATakoM meM nahIM / 'duvidhA meM prArambha to zarmA jI ne acchA kiyA thA, para anta acchA na huA / anta bhI bhAvukatA meM hI huA, isase sudhA ke jIvana kI to samasyA hala na huI / agale nATakoM meM to vaha paga bhI unakA pIche kI tarapha hI mur3a gayA, jo unhoMne 'duvidhA' meM uThAyA thA / 'vyakti-vaicitrya' Adhunika kalA kA vizeSa AkarSaNa hai aura sAmAjika jIvana ke pAtroM meM yaha vizeSatA bharI jA sakatI hai, para zarmA jI caritra kI vicitratA na bhara ske| unake pAtra 'sAdhAraNa' se Upara na uTha sake / pAtra-caritra-citraNa zarmA jI ke nATakoM ke pAtra vartamAna jIvana se liye gae haiN| 'urmilA' paurANika nATaka hai, usake pAtroM-nAyika-nAyikA Adi-kA vicAra prAcIna zAstrIya paribhASA ke anusAra hI kiyA jAnA Thoka hai / urmilA kA nAyaka lakSmaNa dhIrodAtta nAyaka hai| vaha vIra hai, nirbhaya hai, zIlavAna hai, aAtmazlAghAhIna hai, vinayI hai / bharata ko senA sahita vana meM AtA dekhakara lakSmaNa usase yuddha karake usakA vinAza karane ko prastuta ho jAtA hai, "aAja cira kAla se roke hue krodha ko aura kaikeI dvArA kiye gae tiraskAra ko zatru-senA para vaise hI choDUgA, jaise phUsa ke Dhera para agni chor3I jAtI hai| Aja maiM citrakUTa ke vana ko apane tIkSNa vANoM se zatruoM ke zarIra kATakara unase nikale hue rudhira se soMcUgA / Aja maiM isa mahA saMgrAma meM senA sahita bharata kA nAza karake apane dhanuSa aura vANoM ke RNa se uRNa ho jaauuNgaa|" rAma dhairya, zAnti, kSamA, zIla, vinaya, samabuddhi Adi kI mUrti haiN|

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230 hindI ke nATakakAra bharata meM vinaya, vedanA, Atma-glAni bandhu-prema aura sammAna, tyAga, tapa aura dainya kUTa-kUTakara bharA hai| bharata kI Atma-vedanA thor3e se meM hI vyakta hai, "bhagavAn kare, ve mAna jAyaM / isI se merI mAtA kA mere kula kA kalaMka dhula sakatA hai / merI mAtA ko yaha sUjhA kyA ? ..... vaha janmadAtrI hai, adhika kaha hI kyA sakatA hai|" urmilA ke atirikta 'urmilA' ke prAyaH sabhI caritra rAmAyaNa meM citrita caritroM kI hI pratichAyA haiM, balki unase kamajora aura phiike| 'duvidhA' aura 'aparAdhI' yathArtha jIvana ke caritra hote hue bhI zrAdarza. vAdI, kalpanA-pradhAna romANTika aura svapnoM meM ur3ane vAle hI haiN| jIvana kI yathArthatA unameM nahIM A pAI / na vaha tIkhApana, na vaha ulajhana aura na vaha buddhivAditA ho jo vartamAna jIvana ke caritroM meM pAnI cAhie / kezava ke caritra meM avazya kapaTapUrNa yathArthatA hai, vaha bhI halke DhaGga kI / vaha bhI bAharI rUpa meM romANTika hai| yaha usakA abhinaya haiN| isa para zarmA jI parizrama na kara sake / isa meM yadi gaharA raMga bharA jAtA to yaha bahuta sazakta pAtra bana jAtA, para mAlUma hotA hai, jIvana ke viSaya meM zarmA jI kA adhyayana halkA hai| vinayamoina svapnoM meM ur3ane vAlA romAMTika pAtra hai| prakRti meM use raMgIniyA~ dIkhatI haiN| vaha kavi ke samAna usake sauMdarya para pAgala hai, aAkAza itanA nIlA thA, itanA nirmala thA ki use dekhakara hRdaya praphullita ho utthaa| hare-hare paudhoM meM nanhe-nanhe phUla phUla rahe the, vRkSoM para pakSI kalarava kara rahe the aura pavana meM vaha saMgIta thA ki maiM jhUma utthaa| kezava ke caMgula se sudhA jaba vinaya ke hI prayatna se chUTa jAtI hai, vivAha nahIM ho pAtA, to vaha phira prema kI bhAzA lekara vinaya ke pAsa pAtI hai, vicAra-pradhAna koI bhI pAtra use svIkAra kara letA; para vinaya kI bhAvukatA aura romANTika prakRti usase kahalAtI hai, "sudhA, usa dina jaba tuma mere pAsa kezava kI patnI kI kahAnI lekara AI thIM, to tumane mere soye hue prema ko jagA diyA thaa| tabhI se mere hRdaya meM prema aura AtmAbhimAna kA dvandva chir3a gyaa| parasoM maine socA thA, prema prAtmAbhimAna ko dabA legA, para yaha merI bhUla thii| mere lAkha prayatna karane para bhI prema AtmAbhimAna para vijaya na pA skaa|" ____ aparAdhI' kA azoka zrAdarzavAdI hai| romANTika prabhAva bhI usa para kama nhiiN| cora ko jAne detA hai aura usakA huliyA batAne taka se inkAra kara detA hai, yaha korA prAdarzavAda hai| sAtha hI lIlA ke sAtha usakA

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pRthvInAtha zarmA 231 bhAvukatA bharA prema bhI hai| kahAnI sunAne meM usakI romANTika prakRti kA patA calatA hai| nArI-caritroM meM sudhA bhAvukatA ke paMkhoM para ur3akara romAMsa ke AkAza meM svapna-mila mila kalpanA ke sitAroM se khelane vAlI lar3akI hai| pahale usakA prema vinaya se huaaa| isake bAda iMgalaiNDa meM jAkara vaha kezava se prema karane lgii| use mAlUma huA ki kezava vivAhita hai to usase vimukha ho gaI aura phira vinaya kI ora mudd'ii| para Adi se aMta taka usake caritra meM duvidhA hai, "maiM kezava se prema karatI / vaha mujha para balAeM letA hai / aura cAhie bhI kyA? parantu vinayamohana kahatA hai, maiM cApalUsI ko prema samajhatI huuN| mere hRdaya kA spandana asvAbhAvika hai| parantu nahIM, kezava mujhe sacamuca pyAra karatA hai / mere hRdaya kI dhar3akana meM tar3apa hai, jIvana hai / vinayamohana jhUThA hai-bilakula jhUThA hai|" sudhA ke isa kathana meM usakA caritra aMkita ho gayA hai| ____ 'aparAdhI' kI reNu. aura lIlA vartamAna jIvana meM Ama taura para pAI jAne vAlI lar3akiyA~ haiN| reNu kA caritra adhika tyAgamaya hai aura vicArapradhAna bhI hai| vaha pichale romAMsa ko yAda karake rone vAlI nahIM, balki kartavya karane vAlI hai| 'aparAdhI' kA sabase ujjvala caritra hai, aaabhaa| azoka kI kahAnI sunakara vaha apane pati (cora) ko hI giraphtAra karA detI hai| usa sAdhAraNa mArI kI mahattA reNu aura lIlA se bhI adhika gauravamaya hai| nArI-caritroM meM 'umilA' paurANika caritra hote hue bhI sabase sabala aura prANavAna hai / vaha gatizIla jIvana kI yarthAthatA liye hai| vaha pati ke mArga meM bAdhaka nahIM banatI, use vana jAne detI hai aura itanA aAtmAbhimAna bhI umpameM hai ki vaha lakSmaNa se bheMTa karane bhI nahIM jAtI, jaba vaha vana jAne kI taiyArI kara rahA hai| vaha kahatI hai, "eka bAra unake darzana kara gaauuN| nahIM, maiM nahIM, jaauuNgii| ..... . . . . . . 'ro-rokara apane prANa de dUMgI, kintu jAU~gI nhiiN|" ' aura yaha mAna aura svAbhimAna kA rUpa, lakSmaNa ke vana se lauTane para aura bhI nikhara 'pAtA hai. 'mana to avazya karatA hai ki ur3akara unake caraNa cha lU, para yahI to parIkSA hai / . . . . 'nahIM, maiM kadApi nahIM jaauuNgii| Aja pahale mujha taka pahu~canA unakA kartA hai / maiM taba taka yahA~ se nahIM hilUMgI jaba taka ve apanA kartavya-pAlana nahIM krte|" aura yahI mAninI urmilA laghamaNa ke viraha meM kaisI tar3apatI rahI hai, "nArI hU~, nArItva ke bandhanoM se ba~dhI

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232 hindI ke nATakakAra huuN| bhAvuka hRdaya aura sajala netroM ke atirikta mere pAsa aura hai hI kyA?" lakSmaNa jaba rAma ke dvArA upekSita hokara sarayU taTa para yoga karane cale jAte haiM, taba yaha azramatI karuNA-vihvala, vedanA-pIr3ita kulavadhU "anaMta varSoM ke sahavAsa ke anantara kyA maiM aMtima milana kI adhikAriNI bhI na ho sakI ?" kahate hue behoza ho jAtI hai| ___zarmA jI puruSa kI apekSA nArI-caritra aGkita karane meM adhika saphala haiN| kalA kA vikAsa zarmA jI kI kalA meM lagAtAra vikAsa hotA gayA hai| jyoM-jyoM vaha Age bar3he haiM, unakI lekhanI meM nikhAra aura dRr3hatA AtI gaI hai| unake prAyaH sabhI nATakoM meM TaikanIka kI saralatA hai| unameM ulajhana nahIM aura na hI 'prayoga' ke naze meM zrAkara unhoMne UTapaTA~ga prayoga kiye haiN| sabhI nATakoM meM tIna-tIna aGka haiM ? itane choTe aura sIdhI sarala zailI ke nATaka hindI meM bahuta kama haiN| 'duvidhA' aura 'aparAdhI' meM to saMkalanatraya kA bahuta adhika samAveza ho gayA hai| pahale meM adhika-se-adhika 15 dina aura dUsare meM do mahIne ke jIvana kI kahAnI hai / 'urmilA' meM saMkalanatraya kA tanika bhI dhyAna nahIM rakhA gayA / rakhA hI nahIM jA sakatA thaa| rAma-vana-gamana se vApisa pAne taka kI kathA usameM hai / caudaha varSa ke lambe jIvana kI zrazra-bhIgI kahAnI 'urmilA' meM hai| sthAna kI bhI ekatA usameM nahIM A sktii| ayodhyA aura vana donoM meM hI 'urmilA' ke karuNa jIvana kI kathA vyathA se chaTapaTAtI ghUmatI phiratI hai| TaikanIka ke nAma para jIvana kI vistArabharI kathA kA dama ghoTanA ucita nahIM / zarmA jI ne usa svAbhAvikatA kA bar3A dhyAna rakhA hai| unhoMne TaikanIka ke naze meM kathA kA nAza nahIM kiyA aura na vibhinna sthAnoM ko, sthAna kI ekatA ke nAma para, saMkucita kSetra meM hI kaida kiyaa| 'duvidhA' zarmA jI kA prathama nATaka hai| isameM kamiyoM spaSTa haiN| kAryavyApAra kI isameM atyanta kamI hai / prAyaH sabhI dRzya zrArAma kursiyoM meM par3epar3e pAtroM kI bahasa-mAtra haiM yA premAveza meM bolate hue sundara, madhura, komala zabdoM kI bauchAra-mAtra / pahale aMka meM kAphI zithilatA hai| dUsare meM ghaTanA ke nAma para kevala kezavadeva kI patnI mohinI kA praveza aura kezava ke chalakapada kA bhaNDA phor3a hai / vaha bhI nATakIya nahIM / kArya-vyApAra zithila hote hue bhI dUsare aMka kA cauthA aura tIsare kA cauthA dRzya prabhAvazAlI haiN|

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233 pRthvInAtha zarmA aparAdhI' meM zithilatA kama ho gaI hai| pAtroM meM sphUrti hai-abhinaya meM jAna hai / pahalA dRzya hI sphUrtimaya aura nATakIya hai / pahale aMka kA tIsarA dRzya to romAMcaka nATakIyatA, tIvra kArya-vyApAra aura kamAla ke kautUhala se pUrNa hai| yahI dRzya pUre nATaka kA prANa hai / nandagopAla, reNu, lIlA, nATaka ke sabhI pramukha pAtra kAryazIla aura prANavAna haiN| unameM karma kA utsAha aura khoja kA ullAsa hai / 'urmilA' to ghaTanAoM se pUrNa hI hai-vana-gamana, rAmabharata-milana, dazaratha-maraNa, rAmAgamana, lakSmaNa kA gRh-tyaag| isameM zithilatA kA nAma nahIM-pAtroM meM bhI sphUrti hai / dAsI, urmilA, sumitrA, mAMDavI sabhI meM eka gatizIlatA pAI jAtI hai| urmilA kA prathama aura antima dRzya to sAmAjikoM para amita prabhAva chor3ate haiN| caritra-citraNa, kArya-vyApAra, TaikanIka kI sarala, prabhAva aura rasa kI dRSTi se 'urmilA' zarmA jI kA sarvazreSTha nATaka hai| TaikanIka kA navIna prayoga zarmA jI ne 'aparAdhI' meM kiyA hai| prathama aMka ke prathama dRzya meM azoka ghara se bhAga jAtA hai| dUsare dRzya meM vaha kahAnI sunAnA Arambha karatA hai, tIsare dRzya meM vaha pakar3A jAtA hai| kahAnI kA tIsarA dRzya bhI kahAnI meM jur3a jAtA hai / kahAnI calatI rahatI hai| aura azoka ke viSaya meM aneka dRzya sAmane Ate haiN| tIsare aGka ke prathama dRzya meM phira azoka pramilA aura anila ko kahAnI sunAne lagatA hai / isake bAda cAra dRzyoM meM azoka-sambandhI dRzya, usakA jela-mukta honA Adi haiN| antima dRzya meM patA calatA hai ki una baccoM kI ammA kA pati vAstavika cora thA aura azoka kI kahAnI sunakara vaha itanI prabhAvita huI ki usane apane pati ko giraphtAra karA diyaa| azoka dvArA baccoM ko sunAI gaI aura azoka kI nijI kahAnI kI ghaTanAeM Apasa meM aisI jamakara baiThI haiM ki lekhaka kI kalama kI prazaMsA karanI par3atI hai / nATaka meM yaha philmI TakanIka hamane kevala 'aparAdhI' meM pAI aura atyanta saphala / isa nATaka meM nATaka ke sabhI tattva-kautUhala, rahasya-pranthi, nATakIyatA, kArya-nyApAra-bahuta hI svastha aura saphala rUpa meM pAe haiN| ___ caritra-citraNa bhI sabhI nATakoM meM acchA huA hai / 'duvidhA' meM sudhAdevI ke caritra meM zrAdi se anta taka bhAvukatA, anizcayAtmakatA aura duvidhA hai| 'aparAdhI' meM azoka aura prAbhA ke caritra-citraNa meM camaka hai aura zrAbhA ke caritra para sammAna se sira jhuka jAtA hai| 'urmilA' meM urmilA kA caritra divya hai| nArItva kI camakatI tasvIra usameM hai / bhAvukatA,

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234 hindI ke nATakakAra bholApana, samarpaNa aura prAtmAbhimAna sabhI to usameM haiM / lakSmaNa kA caritra bhI divya hai| kalA kI dRSTi se zarmA jI ke nATakoM meM sabase adhika khaTakane vAlI bAta hai svagata-bhASaNa / jaba zarmA jI ne nATaka likhane prArambha kiye, hindI meM nATaka-kalA kA kAphI vikAsa ho cukA thaa| phira bhI vaha svagata bhASaNa ko asvAbhAvikatA aura vyarthatA na samajha sake / 'duvidhA'-jaise choTe nATaka meM sudhA kA lagabhaga paune do peja taka kA svagata hai| aura aise bhadde svagata bhI haiM- . ___ "sudhA (svagata) -acchA yaha bAta hai| upha ! kitanA jhUTha bolA hai kezava ne mujhase (prakaTa) kyA Apane phira kabhI kezavadeva jI ko manAne kI koziza bhI kI ?" 'aparAdhI' aura 'urmilA' meM aise bhadde svagata nahIM hai / 'aparAdhI' meM svagata kama hue, para urmilA' meM ve phira vRddhi pA gae sabhI nATakoM meM svagata eka aura bhI arucikara rUpa meM pAyA hai| dRzya ke anta meM pAtroM ke prasthAna para eka pramukha pAtra raha jAtA hai aura usake svagata-bhASaNa se dRzya kA anta hotA hai / kabhI-kabhI dRzya kA prArambha bhI svagata se kiyA jAtA hai| kahIMkahIM to jo bAta ghaTanA yA caritra se spaSTa ho cukI hai use stragata ke dvArA phira sUcita kiyA jAtA hai| aparAdhI' ke prathama aGka ke tIsare dRzya meM jaise cora kA svagata 'urmilA' meM svagata antadvandva ko prakaTa karane ke lie kAphI mAtrA meM pAyA hai| isase caritra prakAzana kA kAma bhI lekhaka ne liyA hai| _saMvAda adhikatara saMkSipta aura custa haiN| bhASA sarala aura sarasa hai| kahIM bhASA-sambandhI doSa bhI naz2ara A jAte haiN| "pakSI kalarava gA rahe the, hoza AI, miseja kapUra ke hA~ calanA hai, hRdaya meM bavaDara chir3A hai" zrAdi doSapUrNa prayoga haiN| 'urmilA' meM urmilA ke muMha se bharata ko bAra-bAra bhaiyA kahalAnA aura sumitrA-urmilA-saMvAda (aGka 3 dRzya 1) sAMskRtika doSa hai| vaise zarmAjI ke nATakoM meM doSa kama haiM aura guNa adhika / abhineyatA zarmAjI ke sabhI nATakoM kA dRzya-vidhAna atyanta sarala, sIdhA-sAdA abhinayocita hai| inake sabhI nATakoM kA saralatA se abhinaya kiyA jA sakatA hai| inake nATakoM meM prAyaH tIna aGka hote haiN| sabhI nATaka saMkSipta haiN| 'duvidhA' 67, 'aparAdhI' 71 aura 'urmilA' 77 pRSTha kA hai| kisI bhI

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pRthvInAtha zarmA 235 nATaka kA abhinaya Der3ha ghaNTe se adhika samaya nahIM le sakatA / nATakoM meM pAtroM kI bhIr3a-bhAr3a nahIM; sabhI nATakoM meM pAtroM kI saMkhyA kama hai-'duvidhA' meM choTe-bar3e 6, 'aparAdhI' meM 12 aura 'urmilA' meM 14 pAtra haiN| dRzya-vidhAna saMkSiptatA, pAtra, bhASA, saMvAda Adi sabhI kI dRSTi se nATaka raMgamaMca para lAe jA sakate haiN| caritra-citraNa ke halkepana, prabhAva aura kArya-vyApAra kI dRSTi se bhale hI inameM kamI ho / 'umilA' hara dRSTi se zarmA jI kA sarvazreSTha nATaka kahalA sakatA hai|

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vRndAvanalAla varmA varmA jI purAne kheve ke vikhyAta upanyAsakAra aura kahAnI-lekhaka haiM / premacanda-yuga meM hI Apa prathama koTi ke lekhakoM meM A cuke the| Apake upanyAsoM meM nitAnta maulikatA aura nijI vyaktitva vidyamAna hai / upanyAsoM ke lie Apane bhAratIya madhyayugIna itihAsa ko cunA / aitihAsika upanyAsaracanA ke kSetra meM varmA jI advitIya haiN| ApakI racanAoM kA itanA zrAdara hai ki zrApa hindI ke 'vAlTara skATa' kahalAte haiM / gar3ha kuNDAra', 'jhA~sI kI rAnI', mRganayanI','musAhiba jU','pAnandaghana', 'rANA sA~gA', mAdhavajIsiMghiyA', 'sattaraha sau untIsa', aura 'virATA kI padminI' yA di Apake aitihAsika upanyAsa haiM aura 'acala merA koI', 'kuNDalI cakra', tathA 'pratyAgata' sAmAjika upanyAsa / zrArake aneka kahAnI-saMgraha bhI nikala cuke haiM-'zaraNAgata', 'dabe pA~va', tathA kalAkAra kA daNDa' aadi| __ upanyAsakAra ke rUpa meM hindI kA mastaka U~cA karane ke sAtha hI varmAjI kA dhyAna nATaka-racanA kI ora bhI gyaa| nATaka-lekhana meM bhI hindI meM zrApakA sthAna bahuta U~cA hai| nATakakAra ko pratibhA bhI ApameM sajaga, sazakta aura prasanna rUpa meM pAI jAtI hai| Apake aneka nATakoM kA abhinaya bhI kiyA jA cukA hai aura yaha vizvAsa ke sAtha kahA jA sakatA hai ki Apake nATakoM meM sAhityikatA kalA aura abhineyatA-sabho guNa, paryApta mAtrA meM haiN| upanyAsoM ke samAna nATaka bhI Apane sAmAjika kI apekSA aitihAsika hI adhika likhne / 'jhA~sI kI rAnI', bIrabala','kAzmIra kA kA~TA', pUrva kI ora', tathA 'phUloM kI bolI' aitihAsika nATaka haiM aura rAkhI kI lAja', khilaune kI khoja' evaM 'bA~sa kI phaoNsa' zrAdi sAmAjika nATaka / 'saguna', 'pIle hAtha' aura 'lo bhAI paMco lo' Adi ekAMkI haiN|

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rAkhI kI lAja phUloM kI bolI bA~sa kI phA~sa kAzmIra kA kA~TA jhA~sI kI rAnI haMsa-mayUra pAyala maMgala-sUtra khilaune kI khoja pUrva kI ora bIrabala saguna jahA~dArazAha lo bhAI, paMco lo pIle hAtha vRndAvanalAla varmA racanAoM kA kAla-krama (ekAMkI) 33 wd 33 itihAsa aura kalpanA 237 1643 1647 1647 1648 1648 1646 1646 1646 1630 1650 1650 1650 1650 1648 1648 varmA jI ne aitihAsika nATakoM kI paramparA hindI meM jAgRta rkhii| prasAda aura premI kI aitihAsika nATakIya sampatti meM Apane aura bhI vRddhi kI / aitihAsika kAla-krama ko leM to varmA jI ke nATakoM kA kAla IsvI san 280 se Aja taka kA hai| 'pUrva kI ora' ApakA pahalA nATaka hai| pallava rAjakumAra azvatuGga yA azva varmA isa nATaka kA nAyaka hai, jo vIra varmA kA bhatIjA thA aura apane duSkarma aura deza ghAtaka kArya-kalApoM ke kAraNa vIra varmA dvArA dhAnyakaTakara (dakSiNa bhArata ) se nikAla diyA gayA aura vaha apane sAthiyoM ke sAtha eka yAna meM baiThakara nAga dvIpa hotA huA jAvA, boniyoM Adi pahu~cA / 'phUloM kI bolI' arabI yAtrI alaberunI kI 'kitAbula hindu' kI eka kathA ke AdhAra para likhA gayA hai| ujjaina ke vyAdi nAmaka eka vyApArI kI kathA isameM dI gaI hai jo kisI rAsAyanika siddha se sonA banAnA sIkhanA cAhatA hai aura apanI samasta sampatti se bhI hAtha dho baiThatA hai / alaberunI 1030 I0 meM bhArata zrAyA thA / 'bIrabala' kA samaya solahavIM zatAbdI -akabara kA rAjya-kAla hai / 'jhA~sI

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238 hindI ke nATakakAra kI rAnI' 1857 I0 ke gadara ke samaya kA aura 'kAzmIra kA kA~TA' kA samaya aktUbara 1947 haiN| 'pUrva kI ora' kI bhUmikA meM varmA jI ne usakI aitihAsikatA para prakAza DAlA haiN| aura unhoMne jina aneka aitihAsika ghaTanAoM ko samaya aura sthAna kI Dora se bA~dha diyA hai, unakA bhI nirdeza kara diyA hai| azvatuGga ke nirvAsana kI ghaTanA itanI prAcIna hai ki isa para likhA gayA nATaka kAlpanika hI adhika hogaa| isalie dhArA, tUmbI, gajamada Adi-jaise pramukha pAtra bhI kAlpanika haiN| 'phUloM kI bolI' meM to tanika bhI aitihAsikatA nahIM, kevala isa / AdhAra aitihAsika ghaTanA-mAtra hai| sabhI pAtra aura ghaTanAe kAlpanika haiN| yaha nATaka to aitihAsika na hokara sAmAjika hI samajhanA cAhie--pUrNataH vartamAna yuga kA / 'bIrabala' meM pramukha caritra aitihAsika haiM / para usameM adhikatara ghaTanAe kAlpanika haiN| hA~, isa nATaka ke dvArA hameM jasavanta ke jIvana kI naI jhA~kI avazya mila jAtI hai| yaha bhI varmA jI ne apanI bhUmikA meM de diyA hai ki isa citrakAra ke jIvana kA anta bahuta hI karuNa huaa| isane Atma-hatyA karake apanI jAna gNvaaii| bIrabala ke caritra meM bhI nayA raMga isa nATaka ke dvArA bharA gayA hai| 'jhA~sI kI rAnI' meM lakSmIbAI aura gadara ke saMcAlakoM kA aitihAsika caritra hai / eka do ghaTanAe kAlpanika bhI haiM, para ve itihAsa kA na to apamAna hI karatI haiM, aura na usakA virodha hI / 'kAzmIra kA kA~TA' meM brigeDiyara rAjendrasiMha ke balidAna kI kathA hai| yaha to kala hI kI bAta hai| isakI aitihAsikatA meM kyA sandeha ho sakatA hai| para nATaka meM na to usakI vIratA A pAI aura na koI ghaTanA / bAtacIta meM hI nATaka kI sArthakatA samajha lI gaI ! . samAja aura samasyA _ 'rAkhI kI lAja', 'bA~sakI phA~sa', 'khilaune kI khoja' sampUrNa aura 'saguna', 'pIle hAtha', 'lo bhAI, paMca lo' ekAMkI nATaka sAmAjika haiN| rAkhI kI lAja' meM campA sahasA (megharAja DAkuoM kA sAthI saperA) ko rAkhI bA~dha detI hai aura usake bApa ke yahA~ DAkA par3ate samaya vaha campA kI rakSA karatA hai| vahI campA ke premI--abhilASita vara-somezvara se usakA vivAha karA detA hai, yadyapi pitA usakA vivAha kisI anya lar3ake se karanA cAhatA thaa| 'baoNsa kI phaoNsa' meM gokula eka bhikhArina kI lar3akI punItA ke ghAyala hone para use apanA rakta aura tAA mAMsa aura phUlacanda maMdAkinI

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vRndAvanalAla varmA 236ko rakta pradAna karatA hai / gokula-punItA kA vivAha ho jAtA hai aura maMdAkinI phUlacanda se vivAha karane se inkAra kara detI hai / 'khilaune kI khoja' meM DaoNkTara salila aura sarUpA ke pUrva prema kI kathA hai| donoM kA vivAha nahIM. huA aura isa kAraNa salila ko kSaya aura sarUpA ko lagAtAra sira darda rahane lgaa| ___ prathama do nATakoM-'rAkhI kI lAja' aura bA~sa kI phA~sa' meM samAja ko koI bhArI ulajhanabharI aura manovaijJAnika samasyA nahIM hai| donoM ghaTanA-pradhAna nATaka haiM / sahasA kisI ke hAtha meM rAkhI bA~dha denA aura usakI lAja rakhanA aneka pustakoM kI kathA-kahAniyoM meM duharAyA gayA hai| jIvana ke UparI stara kI yaha eka AkasmikatA-mAtra hai-isameM koI gahanatA,chaTapaTAhaTa yA ulajhana nahIM / 'bA~sa ko phaoNsa' meM bhI jIvana ke bAhya citra kA hI aMkana hai| sahasA eka rela-durghaTanA hotI hai aura punItA ghAyala ho jAtI hai / gokula apanA khUna aura mAMsa use detA hai / aisI ghaTanAe samAja meM hotI haiM aura aise bhI vIra aura para-duHkha-kAtara haiM,jo apane raktale anya ke prANa bacAte haiN| para yaha koI dainika jIvana ko kacoTane vAlI sAmAjika samasyA nahIM,hai aura na rAta-dina aisI ghaTanAeM hotI hI haiM ki yaha eka sAmAjika samasyA kA rUpa dhAraNa kara leM / kisI bhikhArina se vivAha yadi kisI romAMsa ke naze meM yA dayA-dravita hokara kiyA jAya to bhI vaha sAmAjika vaiSamya kA hala nahIM hai| isake atirikta isa 'rakta-dAna' kI sAhitya meM itanI bhIr3a-bhAr3a hai ki isameM ukatA dene vAlI punarAvRtti haiN| ___'khilaune kI khoja' meM nizcaya hI jIvana kI gahana samasyA lI gaI hai| sarUpA aura salila kA bacapana se prema hai, unakA vivAha na ho sakA / salila ke pAsa sarUpA kA eka khilaunA hai, usI kI mUrti / salila usake yahA~ se kevala use curA le jAtA hai / sarUpA jaba use dekhatI hai to usake jIvana kI purAnI smRtiyA~ jAga uThatI haiM, jinheM vaha balapUrvaka dabAe hue thii| salila sarUpA kA ilAja karane ke lie bulAyA jAtA hai aura vaha usase purAnI sabhI bAteM pUchatA hai / pahale to vaha chipAtI hai, para anta meM saba-kucha kaha detI hai| isa nATaka meM manovaijJAnika tattva kA udghATana kiyA gayA hai ki smRtiyoM ko balapUrvaka dabAkara rakhanA hAnikara hai aura isase aneka roga utpanna ho jAte haiM / aisA hotA bhI hai| bhItara-hI-bhItara ghuTane se kSaya Adi roga hote dekhe gae haiN| varmA jI ke nATakoM meM samAja ke bAhya pahalU-UparI samasyAoM-jo

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240 hindI ke nATakakAra prAyaH ghaTanA-pradhAna haiM, paristhiti-pradhAna nahIM-para hI prakAza DAlA gayA hai| samAja ke bhItarI ghuna aura bhItara-hI-bhItara pakane vAle phor3e para unakA dhyAna nahIM gyaa| sAmAjika nATakoM meM jIvana kI anya choTI-choTI samasyAoM para bhI prakAza DAlA gayA hai| vivAha, jAti-pAti U~ca-nIca, sAmAjika vaiSamya, netAoM kA svArtha, grAma-jIvana ko svastha banAnA Adi kI ora bhI lekhaka ne saMketa kiyA hai| pAtra--caritra-citraNa pAtroM kI vibhinnatA varmA jI ke nATakoM meM milegI-aneka kAla aura jIvana kI kathAe inake nATakoM meM haiN| pAtra aura paristhitiyA~ bhI aneka haiM aura vibhinna bhii| 'pUrva kI ora', 'bIrabala', jhA~sI kI rAnI' aura 'kAzmIra' kA kA~TA' meM aitihAsika pAtra haiN| ina sabhI nATakoM ke pAtroM meM vIratA, nirbhayatA, yuddha-kauzala, kaSTa-sahiSNutA, tyAga zrAdi guNoM kA hI vikAsa prAyaH milegaa| azvatuGga, bIrabala, akabara, lakSmIbAI, rAjendra siMha-sabhI meM kisI-na-kisI rUpa meM samAnatA pAI jaaygii| ina nATakoM ke pAtroM meM caritra kA vicitrapana, duvidhA, antadvandva, saghanatA, aAtma vedanA aura dAnavIya yathArthatAe kama hI dekhane ko mileNgii| purAnI-cira vizrata paramparA aura banI-banAI lakIra para hI inake aitihAsika pAtra prAyaH ba~dhe-baMdhe-se calate haiN| ve sabhI Adi se anta taka samAna guNoM ko lekara cale haiN| unameM paristhitiyoM kI preraNA aura mAnasika saMgharSa se kisI vizeSa raMga kI camaka paidA nahIM hotii| aitihAsika nATakoM ke pAtroM kI bhArI bhIr3a meM 'bIrabala' ke jasavanta aura 'pUrva kI ora' kI dhArA meM avazya bahuta kucha parizrama kiyA gayA haipara ve pAtra bhI aise nahIM ki caritra-vaicitrya meM koI lakIra khIMca ske| hA~, ve anya pAtroM se bhinna aura naI raMgInI lekara avazya hamAre sAmane zrAte haiN| 'pUrva kI ora' meM azvatuGga kA caritra bahuta vikasita kiyA jA sakatA thaa| gomatI meM bhI naI jAna DAlI jA sakatI thI, para yaha kucha bhI varmA jI na kara sake / kahIM-kahIM bIrabala ke caritra meM gambhIra hAsya kA prakAzana hai| bIrabala meM isase naye prANa A gae haiN| ___ "akabara-parantu nara-hanyA koI-na-koI to karatA hI rhegaa| manuSya prApasa meM binA lar3e nahIM mAnate / bacapana se bur3hApe taka yahI hotA rahatA hai|

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vRndAvanalAla varmA bIrabala-(muskarAkara) jahA~panAha bar3e paropakArI hai| dUsaroM ko mArane ke prayAsa kA kaSTa na karane dekara svayaM pila par3ate haiN| Aja Apa kAphI jAnavaroM ko mAra cuke haiM, aba AdamiyoM kA zikAra zurU kara diijie| Apane jisa jaina sAdhu ko gujarAta se bulAyA hai, vaha Apake mana ko badalane ke lie kitanI dUra se paidala A rahA hai| usako jahA~panAha yahA~ Ate hI mAra deM to bar3A nAma hogA aura itanA AtaMka phaila jAyagA ki gAMvoM ke loga ApakI kisI taraha kI bhI nakala nahIM utaareNge|" _ 'pUrva kI ora' kI dhArA ke caritra kA vikAsa bahuta sundara aura svAbhAvika huA hai| vaha jaMgalI lar3akI dhIre-dhIre kisa prakAra azvatuGga se prema karane lagatI hai| yaha dikhAne meM varmA jI ko saphalatA milI hai| jaMgalI kaThora, nirdaya jIvana se prema-pAkula komala-hRdaya sabhya nArI meM usakA parivartana eka saphala citraNa hai| ___ sAmAjika nATakoM ke pAtroM meM bhI saghana, gahare aura prabhAvazAlI raMga varmAjI nahIM bhara paae| eka saphala aura vikhyAta upanyAsakAra varmAjI, jinase caritroM ke mahAn nirmANa kI prAzA kI jA sakatI thI, apane nATakIya caritroM meM koI ullekhanIya bAta paidA nahIM kara paae| 'rAkhI kI lAja', 'bA~sa kI phA~sa', 'saguna', tathA 'pIle hAtha meM prAyaH sabhI caritroM ke UparI stara kI tasvIreM hai| pAtroM meM ghaTanAoM yA paristhitiyoM se koI smaraNIya navInatA yA vicitratA nahIM A paaii| ye sabhI nATaka ghaTanA-pradhAna hone se caritra kI gahanatA aura gambhIratA meM nirbala raha ge| 'bA~sa kI phA~sa' ke gokula aura maMdAkinI meM avazya caritra kI raMgInI zrA sakI hai| paristhitiyoM ke anusAra unakA vikAsa bhI sundara hai| ___ caritra-citraNa kI dRSTi se 'khilaune kI khoja' varmAjI kA sarvazreSTha nATaka hai| isake caritroM meM eka prakAra kI ghuTana hai| unameM dhIre-dhIre dama-ghoTa becainI ke andhakAra se svastha aura vizrAma ke prakAza meM Ane kA prayAsa hai| DaoNkTara salila aura sarUpA meM caritra kI bebasI hai| donoM kA bacapana kA prema panapakara hRdaya ke maraghaTa me hI so gayA; para isako na salila hI bhUla sakA aura na sarUpA hI / balapUrvaka una purAnI madhu-bhInI smRtiyoM ko dabAnA jIvana ke svAsthya aura zAnti se khelanA hai / yahI huA bhii| sarUpA kA khilaunA, kevala ne DaoNkTara salila ke pAsa se curA liyaa| salila kSaya se pIr3ita thaa| khilaune kI smRti usakI A~khoM meM pichalI tasvIreM banakara zrA gaI / sarUpA ne jaba usa khilaune ko apane ghara meM dekhA

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242 hindI ke nATakakAra to usakI burI avasthA ho gaI / sarUpA kI asvasthatA, cir3acir3Apana, tIkhApana, nIrasatA-sabhI kA kAraNa thI vaha pUrva smRti / salila ke roga kA kAraNa bhI vahI thii| ina donoM caritroM meM manovaijJAnika vikAsa bhI hai| anta meM donoM apanI smRtiyoM kA bhAra utArakara svastha ho jAte haiN| __ caritra-citraNa ke lie pAtra ke kArya-kalApa, saMvAda aura anya pAtra ke kathana-sabhI kA sahArA liyA gayA hai| 'khilaune kI khoja' meM kevala sarUpA ke viSaya meM aura 'vIrabala' meM hasInA aura gomatI yA grAmINa akabara ke viSaya meM jo kucha kahate haiM, vaha unake caritroM kA udghATana kara detA hai| kalA kA vikAsa varmA jI ke nATakoM kA prArambha hindI-nATakoM ke vikAsa-yuga meM hotA hai / - varmA jI ne jaba nATaka likhane prArambha kiye, unake sAmane bIsa varSa kA vikasita hindI-nATaka-sAhitya thA / varmA jI ke nATakoM meM ulajhana nahIM hai / dRzya-vidhAna sarala aura sIdhA hai| prAcIna nATakoM kA prabhAva dekhane ko nahIM milegA / svagata, garbhAka, viSkambhaka Adi kA prazna hI nahIM utthtaa| lekhaka ne isa bAta kA bhI saphala prayAsa kiyA hai ki nATakoM meM saMghaTita ghaTanAvalI ho / upanyAsakAra hone ke kAraNa zrAkasmikatA, kautUhala-sampannatA aura apratyAzitatA bhI paryApta mAtrA meM hai| 'rAkhI kI lAja' meM campA sahasA megharAja ko rAkhI bA~dha detI hai aura campA ke pitA ke ghara para DAkA par3ane ke samaya vaha usakI rakSA karatA hai| donoM ghaTanAe darzakoM ke lie kAphI romAMcaka haiN| 'phUloM kI bolI' meM to ghaTanAvalI kI itanI khAsI bhIr3a hai ki darzaka zrAzcarya, kautUhala, aura prasannatA meM DUba jAte haiN| balabhadra kA nArI rUpa meM aaanaa| yajJa-kuNDa se prakaTa honA, churI se prAtma-ghAta karane kA prayatna Adi paryApta ca patkArI ghaTanAeM haiN| 'bA~sa kI phaoNsa' meM bhI rela-durghaTanA Adi meM kAphI aAkasmikatA hai| kArya-nyApAra kI dRSTi se 'pUrva kI ora' bhI sabala nATaka hai / para usameM jo samudrI dRzya, yAna kA bahanA, DUbanA, TUTanA zrAdi diye gae haiM, unakA raMgamaMca para dikhAyA jAnA asambhava hai| __ ghaTanAvalI ko itanA mahattva diyA gayA hai ki ve 'phUloM kI bolI' meM to eka tamAzA mAtra banakara raha jAtI haiN| balabhadra kA nArI-veza meM zrAnA pArasI-raMgamaMca kI cAlIsa varSa purAnI kalA kA namUnA hai| isa prakAra kI kalA bAla-matiSaSka ke darzakoM ko hI prasanna kara sakatI haiN| philmI

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vRndAvanalAla varmA 243 kalA kA bhI varmA jI ke nATakoM para prabhAva hai| dRzya ke bhItara dRzya dikhAnA philmoM ko atyanta sAdhAraNa aura rocaka bAta hai| isI prakAra ke dRzya ke bhItara dRzya varmAjo ne bhI apane nATakoM meM rakhe haiN| 'vIrabala' ke dUsare aGka kA tIsarA dRzya, jisameM grAmINa akabara kI nakala utArate haiM, isI prakAra kA dRzya hai| khilaune kI khoja' ke tIsare aGka kA sAtavA~ dRzya bhI aisA hI hai| dRzya-vidhAna meM kahIM-kahIM vicitra kaThinAiyA~ bhI haiM, para ve bahuta kama / 'rAkhI kI lAja' ke pahale aMka kA chaThA dRzya isI prakAra ke kaI choTe-choTe dRzyoM kA yoga hai| DAkU bAlArAma ke makAna ke sAmane kI sar3aka para khar3e ho jAte haiN| tIna-cAra AdamI andara jAkara daravAjA khola dete haiN| andara kA dRzya sAmane A jAtA hai| campA aura bAlArAma dikhAI dete haiN| cA~dakhA~ apanA daravAjA kholakara sar3aka para khar3e DAkuoM para pila par3atA hai| apanA ghara khulA chor3akara campA ke ghara meM prAtA hai / isa dRzya meM tIna dRzya-campA kA ghara, sar3aka aura cA~dakhA~ kA gharasAtha-sAtha dikhAye jAte haiN| raMgamaMca para to inakA dikhAyA jAnA sarvathA asambhava hai / isI prakAra pahale aMka kA AThavA~ dRzya bhI hai| dRzya-vidhAna ke sambandha meM itanA aura kaha denA ThIka hogA ki 'pUrva kI ora' kA pahalA aMka bilakula nirarthaka hai| usameM kevala azvatuGga ke deza-nikAle kI bhUmikAmAtra hai, jisake lie eka dRzya hI paryApta thA / sampUrNatA kI dRSTi se dekhA jAya to varmA jI ke prAyaH sabhI nATaka abhinaya ke yogya haiN| aneka nATaka abhinIta bhI ho cuke haiN| dRzya-vidhAna kI saralatA, bhASA ko upayuktatA aura gatizIlatA, saMvAdoM kI saMkSiptatA aura aucitya inake nATakoM ko abhinaya ke upayukta banAne meM atyanta sahAyaka haiM / caritra citraNa kI saghanatA aura ulajhana meM varmA jI kama utare haiM, isase darzaka ko inake nATaka samajhane meM kaThinAI nahIM hotii| caritra-citraNa yA manovaijJAnika ulajhanoM ko sulajhAne meM prayatnazIla rahane kI apekSA varmA jI apane nATakoM ko abhinayopayukta banAne meM adhika saceSTa rahe haiN| varmA jI kA yaha bhI prayAsa rahA hai ki inake nATaka jana-sAdhAraNa kI pahuMca ke bAhara na hoN| bhale hI inake dvArA kisI navIna kalA yA TaikanIka kA nirmANa nahIM huzrA, mahAn caritroM kI bhI sRSTi varmA jI nahIM kara sake; para sarvasAdhAraNa ke lie inhoMne acche zikSAprada, abhinayopayukta nATakoM kI racanA avazya kI / yahI varmA jI kI sabase bar3I saphalatA hai| inake nATakoM se hindI-raMgamaMca kA sAhasa avazya bar3hegA-usameM zrAtma-vizvAsa bhI jAgrata hogaa|

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: 11 : bhAratendu-maNDala bhAratendu apane yuga ke sAhitya preraka sarva-prabhAvaka vyakti the / bhAratendu kI sazakta, prakAzavAna aura gatizIla preraNA ne sajaga lekhakoM kA eka trizAla maNDala taiyAra kara diyA thA / bhAratendu ke samAna hI bhAratendu-maNDala ke prAyaH sabhI lekhakoM ne sAhitya ke pratyeka kSetra ko urvara banAne kI saphala ceSTA kI unhoMne vividha zailiyoM aura dizAoM meM sAhitya-sRjana kiyA / hindI sAhitya kI sarvatomukhI zrI vRddhi kA zrI gaNeza isI yuga meM ho gayA / kahAnI, upanyAsa, nibandha, samAlocanA, nATaka, patrakAritA zrAdi sAhitya ke sabhI aMga bhAratendu- maNDala dvArA samRddha kiye gae / bhAratendu jI ne apane gadya kI svarUpa pratiSThA nATakoM ke mAdhyama dvArA kI thI, isalie unakI preraNA ne nATaka racanA ko vizeSa rUpa se prabhAvita kiyaa| isa yuga meM aneka nATakakAroM kA udaya huA aura paurANika, aitihAsika, prema-sambandhI, samasyA-pradhAna, samAja sudhAraka nATaka tathA prahasana - sabhI kI racanA huI / bhAratendu-yuga bhAratendu jI ke svargavAsa ke pazcAt 60-70 varSa taka mAnA jA sakatA hai -- vikrama kI bIsavIM zatAbdI ke Arambha hone taka / isa yuga meM jitane bhI nATakakAra hue, sabhI ko hamane bhAratendu-maNDala meM rakhA hai / maNDala kA tAtparya yaha nahIM hai ki jo sAhitya - maNDala bhAratendujI ke jIvana-kAla meM udaya huA yA jo bhAratendu jI ke sAhitya-saMgI the, ve hI / jitane bhI nATakakAra bhAratendu jI se prabhAvita hue yA unake jaise hI kSetroM se sAmagrI lI, unakI jaisI zailI meM hI likhane rahe, ve sabhI bhAratendu-maNDala meM liye gae haiN| 1 bhAratendu-yuga ke nATakakAroM ko bhAratendu - maNDala ke nAma se pukAranA hI ThIka rahegA / isa maNDala yA yuga ke pramukha lekhaka haiM- bAlakRSNa bhaTTa, badarInArAyaNa caudharI 'premaghana', rAdhAcaraNa gosvAmI, pratApanArAyaNa mizra,

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bhAratendu-maNDala 145 rAdhAkRSNadAsa, zrInivAsadAsa, kizorIlAla gosvAmI tathA devakInandana tripaatthii| paurANika kathAoM ko lekara isa yuga meM aneka nATakoM kI racanA huI; para unameM nATakIya tattva bahuta kama rahA-kalA kA vikAsa bhI unase na ho sakA / 'sItA haraNa', 'rukmiNI-haraNa' ( devakInandana tripAThI ), 'sItA vanavAsa' (pAlAprasAda mizra ), 'uSA-haraNa' (candra zarmA ), 'zrI dAmA' ( rAdhAcaraNa gosvAmI ), 'prahalAda-carita' (zrInivAsadAsa ), 'damayantIsvayaMvara ( bAlakRSNa bhaTTa ) Adi nATa ka likhe ge| inameM koI bhI racanA saphala nATaka kA pada prApta nahIM kara sktii| inakI kathAvastu meM kautUhala tathA kArya-vyApAra Adi kI kamI hai| Adarza caritroM ko lekara upadeza dene kA hI prayAsa inameM pAyA jAtA hai| caritra, dharma aura sabhyatA sambandhI vicAroM ko saMvAda rUpa meM kaha diyA gayA hai, basa yahI inameM nATakIyatA milatI hai| bhAratendu kI kalA ke vikAsa kA isameM tanika bhI aAbhAsa nahIM miltaa| aitihAsika nATakoM kI ora bhI lekhakoM ne paga bddh'aayaa| isa kAla meM 'padmAvatI' aura 'mahArANA pratApa' (rAdhAkRSNa dAsa), 'tIna parama manohara aitihAsika rUpaka' ( kAzInAtha khatrI ), saMyogitA-svayaMvara ( zrInivAsa dAsa), 'amarasiMha rAThaura' ( rAdhAcaraNa gosvAmI ), 'mIrAbAI' (baladevaprasAda mizra) zrAdi nATakoM kI racanAeM huii| pratApanArAyaNa mizra ke 'haThI hamIra' aura bAlakRSNa bhaTTa ke 'candrasena' kA bhI nAma isa yuga ke aitihAsika nATakoM meM liyA jAtA hai; ve donoM hI avApya haiM / aitihAsika nATakoM meM rAdhAkRSNadAsa kA 'mahArANA pratApa' apane yuga kA sarvazreSTha nATaka hai| vIra rasa kA isameM bahuta hI acchA paripAka huA hai / yuga kA vicAra karate hue yadi pAlocanAtmaka dRSTi se dekheM to isake saMbAda bhI bahuta saphala sphUrti maya, rasapUrNa aura sazakta haiN| svagatoM kI bharamAra isameM avazya hai / padya bhI bahuta adhika haiM / para usa kAla meM nATakoM kA itanA vikAsa nahIM huA thA ki nATakakAra ina asvAbhAvikatAoM se apanA pIchA chur3A sakatA / 'amarasiMha rAThaura' bhI bahuta acchI aura saphala racanA hai| isameM praur3hatA ke lakSaNa milate haiN| 'amarasiMha' ke saMbAda usa kAla ke saphala, sazakta aura gatizIla saMvAdoM meM gine jAyaMge / 'saMyogitA-svayaMvara' bahuta hI nirbala racanA hai| ___isa yuga meM jo deza-bhakti-sambandhI nATaka likhe gae, ve prAyaH sabhI asaphaja aura kalA-vihIna haiM / 'bhArata bhArata' ( khaMgabahAdura malja ), 'bhArata

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hindI ke nATakakAra saubhAgya' (ambikAdatta vyAsa), 'bhArata saubhAgya' (premaghana), 'bhArata-haraNa' (devakInandana tripAThI), 'bhArata-durdazA' (pratApanArAyaNa mizra), zrAdi nATaka isa yuga kI prasiddha racanA kahI jA sakatI haiN| inameM koI bhI racanA nATaka kI koTi meM nahIM A sktii| na to inakI kathA-vastu hI zRGkhalAbaddha hai, na pAtroM kA caritra-citraNa hI ThIka / rasAnubhUti kI bhI isameM atyanta kamI hai| kisI-kisI nATaka meM pAtroM kI bharamAra hai| deza-prema ke vicAra pAtroM ke mukha se kahalA diye gae haiN| ina racanAoM ke nAmoM se hI patA calatA hai ki ye sabhI bhAratendu bAbU harizcandra kI nakala hai / 'bhArata', 'saubhAgya devI', 'durbhAgya', 'duHkha','vinAza' Adi ko pAtroM kA rUpa dekara nATaka kA DhA~cA khar3A karanA koI prazaMsanIya aura saphala kalpanA nahIM kahI jA sktii| ina nATakoM ke sabhI pAtra aura kathAvastu kalpita haiN| __samAja kI jalatI samasyAoM ko bhI isa yuga ke lekhakoM ne apane nATakoM ke lie cunA / prema-sambandhI nATaka bhI paryApta saMkhyA meM likhe gae / 'vivAhaviDambana' ( totArAma ), 'vidhavA-vivAha' ( kAzInAtha khatrI ) tathA 'duHkhinI bAlA' ( rAdhAkRSNa dAsa ) Adi kA nAma isa kSetra meM liyA jA sakatA hai| prema-sambandhI nATakoM meM 'raNadhIra-prama-mohinI' ( zrInivAsa dAsa ), 'maiM tumhArI hI hU~' (satIzacandra basu ), 'praNayinI-praNaya' aura 'mayaMka maMjarI' ( kizorIlAla gosvAmI ) Adi ke nAma ullekhanIya haiN| raNadhIra-premamohinI' hindI kA pahalA duHkhAnta nATaka hai| gatizIlatA kI kamI hote hue bhI anya nATakIya guNa isameM paryApta mAtrA meM maujUda haiN| sAdhAraNa jIvana ko lekara nATaka likhanA aura use yagAnukUla saphala banAnA prazaMsanIya prayAsa hai| ina prema-sambandhI nATakoM meM ghaTanAoM kA vikAsa svAbhAvika na hokara, ghaTanAe akasmAt ghaTatI haiN| purAne samaya meM yaha akasmAt ghaTI ghaTanAeM itanI asvAbhAvika bhI nahIM jAna par3atI thIM jitanI aAjakala / ___'vaidikI hiMsA, hiMsA na bhavati' aura 'aMdhera nagarI' likhakara bhAratendu ne hindI meM prahasana likhane kA dvAra kholA / bhAratendu-yuga meM samAja-sudhArasambaMdhI prahasana bhI likhe ge| eka eka ke tIna tIna', 'kalayugI janaU', 'baila chai Take kau' aura 'saikar3oM meM dasa dasa' ( devakI nandana tripAThI); 'jaisA kAma vaisA pariNAma' ( yAlakRSNa bhaTTa); 'kalajugI kautuka' (pratApanArAyaNa mizca ), 'bUr3he muMha muhAse' aura 'tana-mana-dhana gusAI jI ke zrarpaNa' (rAdhAcaraNa gosvAmI) tathA 'caupaTa capeTa' (kizorIlAla gosvAmI) zrAdi kA ullekha kiyA jA sakatA hai / isa yuga ke prahasanoM meM zranIti, durAcAra,

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bhAratendu-maNDala 247 madya-pAna, vezyA-vRtti kA upahAsa aura unase utpanna hone vAlA duSpariNAma dikhAyA gayA hai| aneka prahasanoM ke viSaya, varNana aura zailI samAna haiN| 'bUr3he muMha muhAse' aura 'tana-mana-dhana gosAIjI ke arpaNa' viSaya aura maulikatA kI dRSTi se anya racanAoM se zreSTha haiN| para ye prahasana sundara, gambhIra, prabhAvazAlI aura bar3hiyA hAsya yA vyaMgya na de sake / bhAratendu se Age bar3hanA to kyA, unake samAna bhI hAsya utpanna karane meM ye lekhaka asaphala rahe-bhASA kI dRSTi se isa yuga ke lekhakoM meM bAlakRSNa bhaTTa kI racanAe adhika saphala, praur3ha, aura prabhAvazAlI haiN|

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:12: saMkrAnti-kAla badrInAtha bhaTTa bhaTTajI hindI ke pratibhAzAlI patrakAra aura vikhyAta lekhaka the| prasAda jI se pahale Apane apanI prasanna aura vinohA lekhanI me saphala aura rasapUrNa racanAeM kii| bhaTTajI ke sAmane bahuta svastha aura kalApUrNa nATakasAhitya nahIM thA, isalie nATya-kajA kA itanA vikAsa unake nATakoM meM bhale hI na mile, jitanA bAda meM Ane vAle levakoM ko racanAoM meM milatA hai; para tAkAlika nATya-vikAsa kI dRSTi se dekhA jAya, to unake nATaka atyanta saphala aura sundara haiM / bhaTTa jI ne paurANika, aitihAsika kAla se kathA vastu lekara to apane nATakoM kI racanA kI hI, vartamAna jIvana se sAmagrI lekara bhI unhoMne sundara aura uccakoTi ke prahasana ligve / 'cuGgI kI ummIdavArI' nAmaka prahamana san 1912 I0 meM prakAzita huaa| 'kuru-vana dahana' aura 'candragupta' 1915 meM nikale, 'vena-carita' 1921, 'tulasIdAsa' 1625, 'durgAvatI' 1626 aura 'misa amerikana' 1628 I0 meM prakAzita hue| ___ 'vena-carita' aura 'kuru-vana-dahana' paurANika nATaka haiN| 'candragupta', 'tulasIdAsa', aura 'durgAvatI' ainihAsika aura 'cuGgI kI ummIdavArI' tathA 'misa amerikana' prahasana / 'vena-carita' meM rAjA vena ke atyAcAroM kA varNana hai| 'kuru-bana-dahana' 'veNI-saMhAra' kI kathA hai / para bhaTTajI ne isa saMskRta ko kathA se apane nATaka ko pUrNa rUpa se svatantra kara rakhA hai / isameM saMskRta-nATya-kalA ke prabhAva se bhaTTa jI ne apane ko pUrNa rUpa se mukta kara liyA hai| aura aMgrejI DhaGga ke prakoM meM ise bA~TA gayA hai| 'vandragupa' meM cANakya, rAkSasa, candragupta -sabhI aitihAsika pAtra haiM, para na to unakA caritra-citraNa hI ThIka huA, na unameM

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saMkrAnti-kAla 246 apane yuga kI gambhIratA hI A pAI aura na nATaka meM vaha vAtAvaraNa hI upasthita ho sakA / pAtroM ke caritroM aura vArtAlApa meM halkApana hai| pAtra majAkiyA adhika ho gae haiN| 'tulasIdAsa' meM 'rAmacarita mAnasa' ke racayitA gosvAmI tulasIdAsa kA jIvana hai| para vaha aitihAsika AdhAra para itanA nahIM, jitanA kiMvadantI para nirbhara hai| vismaya -janaka asambhava ghaTanAoM se pUrNa hai| _ 'durgAvatI' meM goMDavAne kI bhArata-vikhyAta mahArANI durgAvatI kI vIratA, dRr3hatA, yuddha-kauzala, deza-bhakti aura svAdhInatA-priyatA kA manohara citraNa huA hai / bhaTTa jI ke sabhI aitihAsika nATakoM meM durgAvatI sarvazreSTha hai| isameM caritroM kA vikAsa bhI khUba huA hai / ghaTanAe bhI adhikatara svAbhAvika aura aitihAsika haiM / kathA meM pravAha hai; bhASA me aoja aura pravAha hai| saMvAda custa calate hue, gatizIla aura avasara tathA caritroM ke anurUpa haiN| padyAtmaka saMvAda isameM bhI haiM-ye to bhaTTa jI ke prAyaH sabhI nATakoM meM hai| kAla-krama kI dRSTi se bhI yaha nATaka bhaTTa jI kI antima racanA hai-'misa amerikana' ko chor3a kara / isalie isameM bhaTTa jI kI kalA kA vikAsa bhI khUba huA hai / yaha nATaka bar3I saralatA se abhinIta bhI kiyA jA sakatA hai| 'cuGgI kI ummIdavArI', 'vivAha kA vijJApana' aura 'misa amerikana' bhaTTa jI ke prahasana haiN| pahalA prahasana to 1612 I0 meM likhA gayA thA, zrIvAstava kA 'ulaTa phera' prakAzita huaA thA san 1618 I0 meM;to bhI donoM ke hAsya meM kitanA antara hai| bhaTTa jI usa yuga meM bhI sAmAjika vyagya likhane kI bAta soca sakate haiN| cugI kA ceyaramaina yA sadasya bananA una dinoM kAphI mahattva rakhatA thA aura isakI ummIdavArI meM loga kyA-kyA UdrapadA~ga kAma karate, kaise apanA dhana luTAte aura voTa ke lie gir3agir3Ate the yaha saba isa prahasana meM prakaTa hai| 'vivAha-vijJApana' meM eka bUr3he kI vivAha-lAlasA kA pyaMgyAtmaka khAkA khIMcA gayA hai| bUr3he kA vivAha eka banAvaTI vadhU se ho jAtA hai aura vaha hAtha mala-malakara pachatAtA hai| 'misa amerikana' meM hAsya itanA nahIM, jitanI pazcimI sabhyatA kI khillI ur3AI gaI hai| zrAja zAyada usa para koI ha~se bhI nahIM / jina dinoM bhaTTa jI hAsya likha rahe the, una dinoM hindI meM hAsya thA hI kahA~ / bhAratendu ne jo sAmAjika aura rAjanItika vyaMgya kI paramparA DAlI, vaha Age cala hI nahIM sakI thii| unake bAda vaha naSTa-prAyaH hI ho gaI thii| unake bAda bhaTTa jI aura zrIvAstavajI hI hAsya-lekhakoM ke rUpa meM sAmane

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250 hindI ke nATakakAra pAte haiN| bhaTTajI kA hAsya kAphI pariSkRta hai,vaha kevala bhahI sthitiyA~ utpanna karake nahIM ha~sAte, kevala zabdoM meM hI vaha hAsya umpanna nahIM karate, svAbhAvika caritra-vaicitrya aura artha meM bhI vaha hAsya pradAna karate haiN| sudarzana hindI ke suprasiddha kahAnI-lekhaka zrI sudarzana ne hindI meM aneka nATaka tathA prahasana bhI likhe / sudarzana jI premacanda-yuga ke kahAnI-lekhaka aura prasAda-yuga ke nATakakAra haiM / 'dayAnanda' ( 1617 I0 ) inakA aitihAsika nATaka hai, 'aMjanA' (1922 I0) paurANika aura 'zrAnarerI majisTraTa' (1622 I0 ) prahasana hai / 'dayAnanda' Arya-samAja ke pravartaka maharSi svAmI dayAnanda sarasvatI ke jIvana kI kathA lekara likhA gayA hai| yaha caritra-pradhAna nAdaka hai| ghaTanAoM kI zRGkhalA bhI isameM acchI hai| padyAtmaka saMvAda bhI haiN| nATaka meM dayAnanda kA kaSTa-sahiSNu aura tapastrI jIvana dikhAyA gayA hai| 'aMjanA' meM mahendrapura ke rAjA mahendrarAya kI putrI aMjanA aura rAjA prahalAda vidyAdhara ke putra pavana kI prema-kathA dI gaI hai| donoM kA vivAha ho jAtA hai| pavana vivAha se pUrva aMjanA ko dekhanA cAhatA hai / aMjanA kI eka sakhI ke vyaMgya ke kAraNa bAraha varSa taka use na dekhane kI pratijJA karatA hai| rAvaNa-varuNa-yuddha meM vaha varuNa kI sahAyatA ko jAtA hai aura chipakara apane mitra prahasita ke kahane se do dina aMjanA ke pAsa Thahara jAtA hai| aMjanA garbhavatI ho jAtI hai aura kalaMkita kahI jAkara apanI sApa dvArA nikAla dI jAtI hai| mA~ bhI use nahIM rkhtii| vaha apanI sakhI ke sAtha vana meM jAtI hai| vahIM hanumAna kA janma hotA hai / anta meM aMjanA kI niSkalaMkatA prakaTa ho jAtI hai| nATaka sukhAMta hai / kahIM-kahIM saMvAda lambe haiM-bhAvukatA bhI raba hai| kathAvastu kAphI ulajhana bharI hai| para nATaka saphala hai| __ 'AnarerI majisTraTa' eka bahuta saphala prahasana hai / apar3ha maijisTreTa kisa prakAra nyAya kA galA ghoMTate haiM aura paisA kamAne ke lie kAnUna kA kacUmara nikAlate haiM, yaha isa prahasana meM acchI prakAra dikhA diyA gayA hai| sudarzana mI hAsya kI sthitiyoM kI racanA karane meM atyanta paTu haiN| sAmAjika isakA abhinaya dekhate hue ha~sate-hamata loTa-poTa ho jaayNge| isakI bhASA bolacAla kI hindI hai| urdU kA idhara-udhara puTa bhASA meM aura bhI jAna DAla detA hai| isakA abhinaya atyanta saphalatA se kiyA jA sakatA hai|

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saMkrAnti-kAla 251 'dhUpa-chA~ha' sambhavataH 1640 meM prakAzita huaa| isake prakAzita hone se pUrva hI isI nAma se philma bhI bana cukI thii| usI philma ko sudarzana jI ne nATakIya rUpa de diyA hai| isameM bhI kathAnaka meM kamAla kA kautUhala, nATakIyatA aura rahasya-graMthi hai| eka dhanI ke bAlaka ko usake sambandhI kisa prakAra ur3Akara le jAte haiM aura jaGgala meM chor3a pAte haiM, vaha eka aMdhe sAdhu ke hAtha par3a jAtA hai anta meM sAre rahasya kA udghATana ho jAtA hai| isa nATaka meM sthitiyoM aura ghaTanAoM kI sundara pakar3a hai / darzaka dekhe jaaygaa| kautUhala aura ruci anta taka banI rhegii| caritra-citraNa kA prabhAva isameM avazya khaTakatA hai| sudarzana jI prasiddha philma lekhaka haiN| inake aneka philma bar3I saphalatA se aneka sinemAgharoM meM cala cuke haiN| isalie ghaTanAoM aura sthitiyoM ko atyanta gaThita rUpa se kathAnaka kI mAlA meM pirone kI pratibhA sudarzana jI meM hai; para inake nATakoM me gambhIra prabhAva, caritra kI vicitratA, manovaijJAnika parivartana, jIvana ke vizleSaNa Adi kA prabhAva rahatA hai| vaise inake nATaka sAhitya aura raMgamaMcIya kalA kA acchA sAmaMjasya karate haiN| gaMgAprasAda zrIvAstava jI0 pI0 zrI vAstava hindI meM jana-sAdhAraNa ke lie uthale darje kA hAsya likhane ke lie atyanta prasiddha haiN| eka samaya thA, jaba inakI pustakoM kI hindI-pAThakoM dvArA bar3I mA~ga thI / 'latakhorIlAla' nAmaka hAsya-rasa kA eka upanyAsa bhI inhoMne likhA / hAsya nATakoM (prahasanoM ) kA to zrIpAstavajI ne hindI meM khAsA Dhera lagA diyA / 'ulaTa-phera' (1918 I.), 'dumadAra zrAdamI' (1916 I0 ) 'gar3abar3a-jhAlA' (1616 I0) 'maradAnI aurata' (1920) bhUla-cuka' (1620) aura 'besUDa kA hAthI' inake maulika prahasana haiN| maulika prahasana likhane ke atirikta zrIvAstava jI ne prasiddha phrAMsIsI hAsya-lekhaka mauliyara ke nATakoM kA anuvAda bhI kiyaa| 'mAra-mArakara hakIma', 'zraoNnoM meM dhUla', 'nAka meM dama', 'sAhaba bahAdura' aura 'lAla bujhakkar3a' anuvAda haiN| zrIvAstava ke prahasanoM kA hAsya bahuta hI nimna koTi kA hai / bhauMDI majAke chichale saMvAda, betuke vyaMgya, aziSTatA aura azlIlatA inake prahasanoM kI vizeSatAeM haiN| aneka sthaloM para to lagatA hai nakkAloM kA abhinaya ho rahA hai / inakA hAsya zabdoM meM adhika artha meM kama hotA hai| caritra aura svAbhAvika kathA-vikAsa kA hAsya inakI racanAoM meM nahIM balki ghaTanAeM

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252 hindI ke nATakakAra 1 nirmita kI jAtI haiM ha~sAne ke lie| inakA hAsya ghaTanA pradhAna hai / aisI sthiti kI yaha kalpanA karate haiM ki ha~sI to bahuta AtI hai, para usakA sthAyI bhAva nahIM rahatA; jaise kahIM kisI ko bhaya se ghATa ke nIce ghumA deMge yA bhUla se koI AdamI bAla saphA sAbuna se snAna kara legA aura usakI mU~cheM aura sira ke bAla sApha ho jAyeMge aura aisI sthiti para darzakoM ko ha~sI A hI jAyagI / inakI racanAoM meM na to vaiyaktika aura na sAmAjika yA rAjanItika vyaMgya milegA / jIvana meM prabhAva DAlane vAle vyaMgya ke darzana durlabha haiM / inakI bhASA calatI huI, custa aura urdU kA halkA prabhAva liye hue vaha hAsya ke upayukta hai, isameM sandeha nahIM / anuvAdoM meM inhoMne kAphI svatantratA baratI hai / mauliyara kA hAsya kama hI raha gayA hai aura inakA apanA hAsya anuvAdoM adhika AyA hai / sAdhAraNa, pada, naukara Adi pAtroM se pUrvI bhASA kA prayoga karAyA hai| yaha grAma pAThakoM kA rasa-bhaMga karane vAlI bAta hai / phira bhI jisa yuga meM ye prahasana likhe gae, una dinoM hindI meM hAsya kA abhAva thA, inhoMne kama-se-kama pAThakoM kA manoraMjana to kiyA aura anya lekhakoM ke sAmane kucha upasthita to kiyA / Ajakala ke lekhaka use zuddha, pariSkRta aura suruci sampanna banA sakate haiM /

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: 13 : phuTakara becana zarmA ugra ugrajI ne 'mahAtmA ImA' ( 1622 ) aura 'gaMgA kA beTA' (1640 ) dona likhe / 'mahAtmA IsA' prasAda kI sAMskRtika gaMgA kI hI eka dhArA hai- - yaha bhI bhAratIya sAMskRtika cetanA kA eka sphulliMga hai / IsA ke caritra meM atimAnavatA, hiMsA, zAnti, vizva-prema, jana-kalyANa Adi kI divya bhAvanAeM' kUTa-kUTakara bharI haiN| vaha isa vizva meM mAnavatA aura karuNA kA sandeza lekara AtA hai / 'mahAtmA IsA' aitihAsika satya hai / para itihAsa kA isameM kevala AdhAramAtra hI hai, usakA pUrNa nirvAha nahIM / isake atirikta IsA ke jIvana ke viSaya meM bahuta-sI bAteM aitihAsika na hokara kAlpanika zraddhA ke peTa se hI utpanna huI haiM, isalie itihAsa kI sacAI kA nirvAda isameM honA kaThina hai / bahuta-se logoM kA mata haiM ki IsA bhArata meM Aye the - yahIM unhoMne zikSA prApta kI ra bauddha dharma ke siddhAntoM kA una para prabhAva pdd'aa| isI vizvAsa ko AdhAra mAnakara lekhaka ne pahale hI dRzya meM unakA kAzI meM praveza karA diyA hai | vivekAcArya se vaha zikSA grahaNa karate haiM, para yaha vivekAcArya bhI to pratIkanAma hI hai| vaise nATaka caritra - pradhAna hai, to bhI isameM caritroM kA utthAna-patana vikAsahAsa nahIM miltaa| IsA ke jIvana meM dvandvana hIM hai - duvidhA nahIM hai / vaha Adarza caritra hai - pratimAnava hai| isI prakAra 'mahAtmA IsA " kI zAntiprAyaH niSkriya aura antardvandvahIna hai-sIdhI, sarala, Adarza mArga para calane vAlI | nATaka meM bhASA kA praur3ha rUpa milatA hai / usameM pravAda, custI, gatizIlatA, prabhAvotpAdakatA - sabhI kucha guNa haiM / nATaka meM jIvana ke hAsavilAsa, zRGgAra - sajAvaTa bhI paryApta mAtrA meM hai / 'yadi saundarya bhojanIya

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hindI ke nATakakAra hotA' aura 'mAre prema ke bhUkha lagane lagatI hai' vyaMgya ke chIMTe bhI isameM mileNge| abhinaya kalA aura rasAnubhUti donoM hI dRSTiyoM se 'mahAtmA IsA' eka sundara aura saphala racanA hai / kahAnI meM sambandha-nirvAha milegaa| nATaka meM gatizIlatA aura AkasmikatA bhI pAI jAtI hai| saMvAda bar3e sajIva aura sazakta haiM / svagata kA vyavahAra bahuta hI kama sthaloM para kiyA gayA hai / nATaka meM uchala-kUda, cIkhanA-cila jAnA nahIM pAyA jaataa| jisa yuga meM yaha nATaka likhA gayA, vaha yuga pArasI-kampaniyoM kA thaa| unake prabhAva se lekhaka bahuta kucha bacA hai; gItoM Adi meM unakA prabhAva spaSTa hai| ____ 'mahAtmA IsA' para cAritrika dRSTi se bhAratIya saMskRti aura gAMdhIvAda kA prabhAva hai hI, apane yuga kI deza-bhakti aura rASTrIya cetanA ke raGga bhI jahA~tahA~ bhare milate haiM / "merA putra svadeza para balidAna car3hane ke lie taiyAra ho rahA hai| kaisA gauravamaya saMvAda hai mariyama soco to|" ---josepha Agara ke ye vacana rASTrIya cetanA ke hI pratIka haiN| "svAdhIna hamArI mAtA hai|" "he prANa pyArA sudeza hamArA / " "jaya udAra,sRSTi-sAra svarga-dvAra deza / puNyamaya svdesh|" Adi gItoM se hamAre rASTrIya Andolana kA utsAha aura ullAsa bharA rUpa prakaTa hotA hai| "prema kI mAlA ho sNsaar| dekhA premamaya saMsAra / " uparyukta gItoM se hindU-muslima ekatA kA paricaya to milatA hI hai, gAMdhIjI kA vizva-prema bhI chalakA par3atA hai| _ 'gaMgA kA beTA' meM bhISma-pratijJA kI kathA hai| nATaka paurANika hai| yadyapi yaha aThAraha varSa bAda likhA gayA hai, phira bhI isameM ullekhanIya koI bAta nahIM / 'cAra becAre' ugrajI ke cAra prahasanoM kA acchA saMgraha hai| isameM hAsya aura vyaMgya kA masAlA paryApta mAtrA meM hai| jagannAthaprasAda 'milinda' ___ milinda' jI kA prathama aitihAsika nATaka 'pratApa-pratijJA' 1628 I. meM prakAzita huA thA / isa nATaka se 'milinda' jI eka pratibhAzAlI nATaka

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phuTakara kAra ke rUpa meM prakaTa hue| aAja taka isI ke bala para vaha hindI-nATakasAhitya ke itihAsa meM ullekhanIya vyaktitva haiN| 'pratApa pratijJA' sAmantI yuga ke vIratA, deza-prema, balidAna, zaurya aura kulAbhimAna kA saphala citra hai| lekhaka ne kahAnI ko bahuta sazakta, gumphita, gatizIla aura prabhAvazAlI banAne meM atyanta saphalatA prApa kI hai / hRdaya ko chUne vAlI sAtha hI nATakIya mahattva ko prakaTa karane vAlI ghaTanAoM kI isa nATaka meM zRGkhalA hai| caritroM meM vahI sAmantI yuga kA ahaM, vahI AdarzavAdI naitikatA, vahI balidAna kI nisvArtha bhAvanA hai| zaktasiMha kA mAtR-dvaSa aura aMta meM pratApasiMha ke caraNoM para girakara pazcAtApa karanA bahuta hI hRdayadrAvaka ghaTanA hai| donoM bhAiyoM ke pArasparika vaimanasya kI Aga bujhAne ke lie kula-purohita kI Atma-hatyA eka alaukika balidAna hai| mevAr3a chor3ate hue bhAmAzAha dvArA apanI samasta sampatti kA pratApa ke caraNoM meM samarpaNa divya tyAga hai| nATaka meM ghaTanAoM kA cunAva bahuta prabhAvazAlI aura kArya-vyApAra ko bar3hAne vAlA hai| svaccha, zuddha, sazakta aura avasarocita bhASA kA vyavahAra hai| tatkAlIna nATakoM meM hama isa prakAra ke guNa kama hI pAte haiN| rASTrIya cetanA kA prabhAva spaSTa hai / pratApa rAjya-siMhAsana grahaNa karate hue pratijJA karatA hai, "bhavAnI tU sAkSI hai / janatA janArdana ne Aja mujhe apanA sevaka cunA hai| mai aAja tujhe chUkara pratijJA karatA hU~ ki janma-bhara mAtRbhUmi mevAr3a ke hita meM tana-mana-dhana sarvasva arpaNa karane se muha na moDUMgA / jaba taka cittaur3a kA uddhAra na kara lU*gA, satya kahatA hU~-kuTI meM rahU~gA, pattala meM khAU~gA, aura tRNoM para souuNgaa|" isakA zrArambha aura aMta donoM hI nATakIya dRSTi se bahuta prabhAvazAlI aura uttama haiN| 'milinda' jI ne dUsarA nATaka 'samarpaNa' likhakara sAmAjika nATaka likhane kI ora paga bar3hAyA / yaha 1950 I0 meM prakAzita huA hai| isameM kucha yuvaka-yuvatiyA~ jana-sevA kA vrata lete haiM aura vivAha na karane ko pratijJA karate haiM / nATaka meM vivAha-samasyA para acchI bahasa kI gaI hai| paristhitivaza mAdhvI-vinoda, rAjendrasiMha-mAyA kA vivAha ho jAtA hai / para ilA aura navIna aMta taka dRr3hatA dikhAte haiN| para aMta meM navIna apane hRdaya ke nIce bahatI prema-saritA kI laharoM ko saMbhAla nahIM pAtA aura ilA se apane prema kA prakAzana kara detA hai, "vahI cintana antardvandva jo Adi kAla se mAnava ke hRdaya meM Adarza aura prema ke bIca, sAdhanA aura sneha ke bIca, hotA AyA hai| merI jagaha yadi koI aura navayuvaka hotA to kabhI kA tumase

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256 hindI ke nATakakAra yaha prastAva kara baiThatA ki tuma merA prema svIkAra karo-mujha se vivAha karake mujhe kRtArtha kro|" ilA phira bhI dRr3ha hai / aMta meM navIna pulisa kI golI kA zikAra hokara prANa tyAgatA hai, taba ilA apane hRdaya meM bala pUrvaka dabAkara rakhI huI prema kI vedanA kA anubhava karatI hai| vaha kahatI hai,"aba maiM apanI durbalatA na chipaauuNgii| mai Aja nissaMkoca hokara kahanA cAhatI hU~ ki mai zahIda navInacandra kI vidhavA huuN| mai aAja prema ko punaH punaH-apanA samarpaNa ghoSita karatI hU~, vivAha ko apanA samarpaNa ghoSita karatI hU~, sampUrNa aura binA zarta samarpaNa ! aura isa samarpaNa para Aja mai gaurava anubhava kara rahI huuN|" nArI isa nATaka meM hI sthAna-sthAna para bahuta hI svAdhIna ciMtaka, nirbhaya maura sazakta hokara AI hai| 'samarpaNa' ke dvArA lekhaka ne vivAha kI anivAryatA siddha kI hai| navInailA, rAjendra-mAyA, vinoda-mAdhvI-tIna jor3e bhI banA die gae haiN| para nATaka meM paristhitiyoM kA vikAsa nahIM hai| kathAvastu bhI zaktizAlI yA gumphita nahIM / hA~, vicAroM kI dRSTi se nATaka sampanna hai| abhinaya kI dRSTi se sabhI dRzya sarala hai| unakA vidhAna bhI acchA hai| nirmANa meM koI kaThinAI nahIM utpanna ho sakatI / nATaka meM kevala tIna aMka haiM aura pratiaGka meM cAra dRzya / zrAkAra meM bhI yaha bahuta choTA hai| bhASA sAhityika zuddha, svaccha aura bhAvotpAdaka hai| lekhaka ne aThAraha varSa bAda yaha nATaka likhA hai, isalie bahuta-sI nirbalatAe zrA jAnA svAbhAvika hai| candragupta vidyAlaMkAra . candragupta jI ke donoM nATaka--'revA' aura 'azoka'-prasAda kI prabhAvaparidhi meM hI zrAyaMge / prasAda ke nATaka vastu kI dRSTi se aitihAsika hote hue bhI sAMskRtika haiN| 'azoka' aura 'revA' donoM hI nATaka aitihAsika haiM, para inameM bhI prAcIna saMskRti kA vRhat citra hai| candragupta ke jIvana meM gurukulIna zinnA kA sAMskRtika prabhAva bhI hai aura paMjAba kI raMgInI kI bhI camaka hai / isI kAraNa inake donoM nATakoM meM kalpanA kA raMga-biraGgApana bhI milegA aura sAMskRtika citra bhI / sAMskRtika dRSTi se candragupta jI prAcIna gambhIra bauddhakAlIna vAtAvaraNa apane 'azoka' meM upasthita na kara sake / ina donoM hI nATakoM meM sAMskRtika gAmbhIrya, gahanatA, vizAlatA aura mahAnatA ke ve citra, jo 'prasAda' meM haiM, khojane para nirAza

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phuTakara hI honA pdd'egaa| hA~, vartamAna raMgIna vAtAvaraNa aura jIvana ke citra hI adhika mAtrA meM mila jAyaMge / candragupta jI ke nATakoM meM mahAn sRjana yA gahana jIvana-vizleSaNa milanA durlabha hai / sazakta aura antarbhedI dRSTi kA bhI inameM abhAva hai| 'azoka' aura 'revA' donoM kI hI kathAvastu meM jaTilatA hai| para caritracitraNa meM lekhaka ko saphalatA milI hai| 'azoka' meM kalpanA kA prAdhAnya hone para bhI aitihAsikatA 'revA' se adhika milegii| revA' kA kevala AdhAra hI aitihAsika hai, zeSa sabhI DhA~cA kAlpanika hai| 'azoka' meM bhI anaitihAsika bauddha granthoM kI kapola-kalpita bAtoM ko hI AdhAra mAna liyA gayA hai| vAtAvaraNa kI dRSTi se candragupta jI karuNa vAtAvaraNa upasthita karane meM atyanta paTu haiM / vaha eka to pratIka-pAtroM kI sRSTi karake aura dUsare sAMketika dRzya upasthita karake karuNA kI dhArA bahA dete haiN| 'azoka' meM prArambha ke kaI dRzya kevala karuNA kA dhuMdhalApana chA dene ke lie hI haiN| azoka dvArA caNDagirI ko sumana ke vadha kI AjJA diyA jAnA aura cIla kA hala-hala kara ur3ate dikhAI denA, vAtAvaraNa ko atyanta AtaMkakArI banA detA hai-bhaya se romAMca khar3e ho jAte haiN| sumana ke vadha kA dRzya bhI hRdaya-vidAraka hai| revA' meM bhI saghana aura karuNA ke dhuMdhale bAdala maMDarA rahe haiM / vAtAvaraNa ke lie alaukikatA se bhI yaha sahAyatA lete haiM jaise 'azoka' meM kApAlika kI bhaviSya-vANI aura revA' meM pujArI kii| caritra-citraNa kI dRSTi se zIlA (sumana kI prastAvita patnI), caNDagirI (azoka kA senApati) aura azoka zaktizAlI caritra haiN| caNDagirI dAnava aura rakta-pipAsu hote hue bhI mAnavatA kI antardhArA se gIlA hai aura zIlA antadvandva kI capeToM meM chaTapaTAtI eka mugdhA nArI / azoka mahattvAkAMkSA kA sabala pratIka hai| revA' meM revA kA karuNA-sikta komala vyaktitva bahuta hI pyArA hai aura yazovarmA kA sara na zolabAna caritra bhI bahuta pyArA lagatA hai| __candragupta jI ne nATakA meM TaikanIka ke naye prayoga bhI kiye haiN| para ye prayoga raMgamaMca para kAphI gar3abar3a utpanna kareMge / antadRzya ( dRzya ke bhItara dRzya ) philma meM to saphalatApUrvaka dikhAyA jA sakatA hai, para raGgamaMca para usakA dikhAyA jAnA sambhava nhiiN| isI prakAra 'revA' kA prathama dRzya bhI asambhava hai| eka TUTe hue vizAla jala-pota kA sAgara ke vakSa para tairate hue dikhAyA jAnA raGgamaMca para to asambhava hai| kaI dRzya 'azoka' meM bhI vyartha haiM aura revA' meM bhii| unako nikAlakara bhI nATaka svastha aura pUrNa raha sakate haiN| 'azoka' se adhika revA' meM lekhaka saphala huA hai|

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raMgamaMcIya nATakakAra mAdhava zukla zrI mAdhava zukla kA nAma hindI-raMgamaMca ke nirmANa aura usakI unnati ke kSetra meM atyanta gaurava aura zraddhA se liyA jAtA hai| inhoMne prayAga, lakhanaU, jaunapura, kalakattA zrAdi nagaroM meM ghUma-ghUmakara hindI-raMgamaMca kI sthApanA ke lie anathaka parizrama kiyA thaa| kalakattA meM Aja bhI inake dvArA sthApita anyavasAyI nATaka-samAja jIvita hai aura usake dvArA aneka sAhityika nATaka abhinIta hote rahate haiN| inhoMne samAja meM abhinaya kI ruci aura abhinetAoM ke sammAna ko bhI jgaayaa| inhoMne svayaM bhI do nATaka-'sIya-svayaMvara' aura 'mahAbhArata pUrvArdha'-likhe / donoM nATaka raMgamaMca aura sAhitya kI dRSTi se acche haiN| inakA kArya-kAla san 1865 se 1620 taka samajhanA cAhie / 'sIya-svayaMvara' aura 'mahAbhArata' ina donoM nATakoM kA abhinaya bhI kaI bAra kiyA gayA / AgA hazra kazmIrI nATaka-maNDaliyoM ke yuga meM AgA hazra sabase prasiddha nATakakAra rhe| yaha 'nyU elaDa thieTrikala kampanI' meM nATaka-lekhaka the| yaha kuzala abhinetA bhI the / isIlie inake nATaka raMgamaMca kI dRSTi se apane yuga kI sarvapriya racanAeM rahe / urdU meM inake lagabhaga 16 nATaka haiN| zeksapIyara ke nAdakoM ke anuvAda bhI inhoMne kiye / lekina anuvAda meM ghaTanAe aura unake DhA~ce taka badala DAle gae haiN| hindI meM bhI inhoMne pUrI saphalatA se 'sUradAsa' 'gaMgA autaraNa', 'vanadevI', 'sItA-vanavAsa', 'madhura muralI', zravaNakumAra','dharmIbAlaka', 'bhISma-pratijJA', 'A~kha kA nazA' ityAdi nATaka likhe / hazra kA adhikAra urdU aura hindI para samAna rUpa se thaa| unake hindI ke nATakoM meM bhI bhASA kA vahI poja, vahI pravAha, vahI calatApana, vahIbha vimayatA aura vaha sazaktatA milatI hai, jo urdU meN|

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raMgamaMcIya nATakakAra 256 apane samaya ke sabase adhika pratibhAzAlI nATakakAra the / ghaTanAoM kI yojanA, kathA kA pravAha, kautUhala, vismaya aura rasaparipUrNatA inake nATakoM meM pUrI-pUrI mAtrA meM haiM / inake nATakoM kI ghaTanAvalI Adi se darzaka mugdha ho jAtA haiM / ve eka-dUsare se aisI sambaddha hotI haiM ki eka zrRGkhalA bana jAtI hai / inake nATakoM meM nATakIyatA ( AkasmikatA) khUba pAI jAtI hai | caritra-citraNa bhAratIya nATya-zAstra kI paribhASA ke anusAra hotA hai / sajjana aura durjana donoM ke caritra antima sImA taka pahu~ce hue hote haiM / hara pAtra apane varga kA carama vikAsa hotA hai / sat aura asat kA saMgharSa inake nATakoM kI vizeSatA hai / vaha saMgharSa bhI itanA kasA huA rahatA hai ki darzaka sA~sa rokakara aneka ghaTanAeM dekhatA hai / vaha romAMcita hotA hai, zaThanAyaka se usakA virodha aura nAyaka se usakI sahAnubhUti bar3I tIbra mAtrA meM ho jAtI hai / saMvAda jozIle, rasapUrNa, calate hue, pravAhayukta aura sazakta hote haiM / padya-saMvAda inake pratyeka nATaka meM mileMge / svagata bhI rahatA hai / pArasIraMgamaMca ke yuga kI sabhI vizeSatAeM inake nATakoM meM pAI jAtI haiM / usa yuga ke nATakoM kI kathAvastu meM sabase bar3A doSa yaha hotA thA ki pradhAna kathA ke bIca meM hI eka svataMtra kathA calatI thI / kabhI-kabhI usakA tanika bhI saMbaMdha nATakIya kathA se nahIM hotA thA / yaha doSa inake bhI nATakoM meM milatA hai | kabhI-kabhI hAsya kA samAveza nATaka meM karane ke lie paurANika nATakoM meM Adhunika jIvana kI maz2AkiyA kahAnI bhI jor3a dI jAtI thI, yaha bhI doSa inake nATakoM meM hai / hAsya bhI kucha sthaloM para bhauMDA aura chichale DhaMga kA hotA thA / isase surucipUrNa darzakoM ko vaha bahuta khaTakatA thA / isameM koI bhI sandeha nahIM ki AgA hazra apane yuga ke raMgamaMcIya nATakakAroM ke ziromaNi the / urdU nATakoM ke sAtha hI hindI nATaka bhI yaha pArasI sTeja para lAye aura samAna saphalatA ke sAtha / paurANika, aitihAsika, aura Adhunika sabhI prakAra ke nATaka inhoMne pUrI-pUrI saphalatA se likhe / zra raMgamaMca ke gaurava the / rAdhezyAma kathAvAcaka rAdhezyAma kathAvAcaka uttara bhArata ke gA~va-gA~va meM prasiddha haiM / inhoMne sIdhI-sAdI boja - cAla kI hindI meM rAmAyaNa kI racanA kI / eka yuga thA,

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260 hindI ke nATakakAra jaba inakI rAmAyaNa nagara-nagara meM bA~cI jAtI thii| yaha svayaM bahuta saphala, madhura aura prabhAvazAlI kathAvAcaka rahe haiM / hiMdI ko raGgamaMca para lAne kA zreya inako bhI hai / inhoMne apane nATakoM ke lie paurANika jIvana-kSetra cunA / 'nya elaphraDa, sUra-vijaya, koraMthiyana, greTa zAhajahA~, Adi kampaniyoM ke lie inhoMne aneka hindI-nATakoM kI racanA kii| rAdhezyAma jI kA sabase pahalA nATaka 'vIra abhimanyu' hai| yaha san 1614 meM 'nyU elkaDa' ke lie likhA gayA thaa| usI varSa isakA abhinaya bhI kiyA gyaa| nATaka bahuta saphala rahA aura yaha sabase pahalA hindI-nATaka hai, jisakA abhinaya pArasI-sTeja para huA / isalie hindI ko pArasI-raGgamaMca para lAne kA sarva prathama zreya rAdhezyAma jI ko hI milanA caahie| 'vIra abhimanyu' ke atirikta unhoMne 'parivartana', 'mAra kI hura', kRSNAvatAra', 'rukmiNI maGgala', zravaNa kumAra', 'Izvara bhakti', bhakta prahalAda', 'dropadIsvayaMvara', 'udhA-aniruddha', vAlmIki', 'zakuntalA' tathA 'satI pArvatI' ityAdi nATaka likhe / rAdhezyAmajI ke nATakoM se pahale pArasI-raGgamaMca para azlIla bhadda, arthazUnya aura zikSAhIna nATakoM kA hI pracalana thaa| darzakoM kI ruci itanI bigar3a cukI thI ki acche nATakoM ko avasara hI nahIM thaa| rAdhezyAma jI ne isa sthiti ko badalA / darzakoM meM suruci utpanna kii| apanI pratibhAzAlI lekhanI se dhArmika, zikSAprada, surucipUrNa aura ucca koTi ke raGgamaMcIya nATaka prasUta kiye / inake sabhI nATaka saphala rahe .--'abhimanyu ne vizeSa rUpa se khyAti prApta kii| ___ rAdhezyAma ke nATakoM meM bhI atimAnavIyatA, Azcaryajanaka ghaTanAoM kA apane-aApa ghaTa jAnA, caritra ko ativAditA Adi haiN| sabhI caritra apane guNoM-~-durguNoM ke carama vikasita rUpa hai| apane varNa ke pratinidhi haiM / duSTa itanA duSTa ki darzakoM ko usa para krodha yAne lage aura sajjana itanA zrAdarzavAdI ki usakA tanika bhI kaSTa dekhakara darzaka A~sU bhara lAe / duSTa aura sajjana pAtroM kA saghana saMgharpa bhI inake nATakoM meM hai| pArasI-raGgamaMca kI hAsyAspada bhUleM bhI inake nATakoM meM mila jaayNgii| jarA dera meM pAtra ro rahA hai aura jarA dera meM gAne lagatA hai| svagana aura pa yAtmaka saMvAda to bhare par3e haiN| gItoM kI bharamAra bhI milegI, ye sabhI dopa usa yuga ke nATakoM ke anivArya aMga bane hue the| pramukha kathA ke sAtha hI vartamAna jI bana ke eka hAsya kI kathA nATaka ke aMta taka calatI hai / 'abhimanyu' meM jaise rAyabahAdura kI kahAnI aura zravaNa kumAra

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raMgamaMcIya nATakakAra 261 meM camelI kI / isa se pramukha kathA aura pAtroM kA jo prabhAva sAmAjikoM para par3atA hai, isa kathA ke majAkiyA caritroM ke vArtAlApa aura abhinaya se sAre kiye-karAye para pAnI phira jAtA hai / yadyapi rAdhezyAma jI kA hAsya utanA bhaddA, azlIla aura bhoMDA nahIM, jitanA una dinoM ke raGgamaMca para calatA thA, phira bhI use surucipUrNa nahIM kahA jA sakatA / to bhI inakI dena anupama hai| nArAyaNaprasAda 'cetAva zrI 'betAba' ne bhI raGgamaJcIya nATaka likhane meM paryApta khyAti prApta kii| yaha hindI-urdU donoM bhASAoM ke vidvAna the| yaha acche kavi bhI the| pArasI-kampaniyoM ke lie hI adhikatara inhoMne nATakoM kI racanA kii| raGgamaJcIya nATaka likhane meM betAba jI kI pratibhA khUba camakI / apane yuga ke yaha pramukha nATakakAra the| pahale-pahala inhoMne bhI urdU meM hI nATaka likhane zrArambha kiye the, bAda meM hindI-urdU-mizrita bhASA meM nATaka likhane lge| inakI bhASA 'hindustAnI' kA bahuta acchA namUnA kahI jA sakatI hai| 'gorakhadhandhA' inakA prathama nATeka hai, jo pahale urdU meM likhA gayA thA, bAda meM usakA anuvAda hindI meM kiyA gyaa| hindI meM inhoMne 'mahAbhArata' 'jaharI sA~pa', 'rAmAyaNa', 'patnI-pratApa', 'kRSNa-sudAmA', 'gaNeza janma', 'zakuntalA' Adi nATaka likhe / nATaka-maNDaliyA~ jaba banda hone lagI, aura philmoM kA pracAra bar3hA to yaha philma-kampaniyoM ke lie likhane lge| unake nATakoM meM vahI saba guNa-doSa vartamAna haiM jo pArasI-raGgamanca-yuga ke nATakoM meM hote the / dRzyoM kA Azcarya-janaka honA, atimAnavIyatA, sajjanadurjana kA saMgharSa, ghaTanAvalI ko vicitratA-sabhI inake nATakoM meM mileNgii| bhASA donoM bhASAoM kA mizraNa hotI hai| padyAtmakatA kA bAhulya aura avasara-veavasara gAnoM kI upasthiti rahatI hai| inake nATakoM meM 'mahAbhArata' nATaka kI bar3I dhUma rahI aura yaha eka hI nagara meM mahInoM taka hotA rahA / 'zakuntalA' sambhavataH inakA antima nATaka hai aura yaha pRthvI thiyeTarsa ke lie likhA gayA hai| isakA abhinaya bhI kiyA gayA thaa| inake nATaka kalA kI dRSTi se itane saphala nahIM jitane zrAgA hazra ke| to bhI inakA nAma raGgamaJcIya nATakakAroM meM vizeSa ullekhanIya hai| inake dvArA likhI gaI philmeM apane samaya meM kAphI saphala huii| betAba jI auraGgAbAda (bulandazahara ) ke rahane vAle brahmabhaTTa ( bhATa)

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262 hindI ke nATakakAra jAti ke the / kucha dina dillI meM rahakara eka presa calAyA aura / bAda meM kalakattA cale gae / anta meM bambaI meM basa gae / vahIM inakI mRtyu huii| haridAsa mANika mANika mahodaya eka saphala abhinetA se nATaka-lekhaka bane / inhoMne 'satya harizcandra' meM zaivyA, 'rANA pratApa' meM vIrasiMha aura aphImacI, 'pANDavapratApa' meM Dholaka zAstrI, 'kaliyuga' meM ghasITAsiMha aura 'saMmAra-svapna' meM beTA dInA kA saphala aura zAnadAra abhinaya karake darzakoM ke hRdaya ko jIta liyA thaa| inake abhinaya se sAmAjika itane prasanna the ki ina para rupayoM aura ginniyoM kI bauchAreM hotI thiiN| yaha gIta ke acche jJAtA the| kAzI ke nivAsI the aura vahIM eka skUla meM adhyApana kA kArya karate the| inhoMne tIna nATakoM 'saMyogitA haraNa' yA 'pRthvIrAja', 'pANDava-pratApa yA yudhiSThira' aura 'zravaNa kumAra' kI racanA kI / ye nATaka kramaza: 1615, 16 17 aura 1920 I0 meM likhe ge| ___ 'saMyogitA-haraNa' aura 'pANDava-pratApa' atyanta saphala nATaka haiN| donoM meM tIna-tIna aMka haiN| donoM ke nAmoM se hI viSaya kA patA calatA hai / pahalA aitihAsika aura dUsarA paurANika hai| pahale nATaka meM tInoM aMkoM meM kramazaH 6, 4 tathA 3 dRzya haiN| dUsare meM kramazaH 8-8 tathA 5 dRzya haiN| 'pANDavapratApa' yudhiSThira ke rAjasUya yajJa se prArambha hotA hai| jarAsaMdha-badha, usake lar3ake sahadeva ko magadha kA svAmI banAnA, zizupAla-vadha Adi isa nATaka kI vizeSa ghaTanAeM hai| 'saMyogitA-haraNa' meM sabhI ghaTanAe cira-paricita aura itihAsa-prasiddha hai| kevala anta meM jayacanda dvArA daheja bhI bhejane kI ghaTanA navIna kalpanA hai / isameM donoM kA samajhautA-sA ho jAtA hai / nAdaka saMskRta DhaMga se likhA gayA hai| maGgalAcaraNa, sUtradhAra, bharata-vAkya zrAdi sabhI donoM nATakoM meM hai| aGka gAnoM se prAramma hote haiN| donoM nATaka sukhAMta hai / zrAzIrvAda se donoM kA anta hotA hai| dRzya saphAI se badalate haiN| sTeja khAlI kSaNa-bhara ko bhI nahIM rakhA jAtA / abhinaya kI dRSTi se donoM nATaka saphala haiM hI, inakI bhASA zrAdi bhI bahuta ThIka hai| zuddha aura parimAnita padya bhI haiM / saMdhAda custa, gatizIla pAtrocita aura sazakta haiM / kahIMkahIM saMvAda bahuta lambe ho gae haiM, yaha nATakoM meM hai / kathAvastu kA vikAsa bhI svAbhAvika hai aura caritra-citraNa bhI ThIka hai| ina nATakoM kI vizeSatA

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raMgamaMcIya nATakakAra 263 yaha bhI hai ki ye pArasI-raMgamaMcIya nATakoM se prabhAvita nhiiN| vaha asvAbhAvikatA inameM nahIM A pAI -vaha camatkAritA bhI nahIM, gIta ina nATakoM meM tanika halke haiM / 'zravaNa kumAra' kI bhASA-zailI bhI inhIM ke samAna hai, para vaha itanA saphala nahIM bana skaa| mAkhanalAla caturvedI caturvedI jI ne 1618 I0 meM 'kRSNArjuna-yuddha' nAmaka nATaka likhA / isa nATaka meM raMgamantrIya AvazyakatAoM aura saralatAoM kA bar3A dhyAna rakhA gayA hai| isakA abhinaya aneka bAra saphalatA ke sAtha ho cukA hai| isa nATaka meM sAhityikatA aura abhineyatA donoM meM kamAla kI saphalatA lekhaka ko milI hai| 'kRSNArjuna yuddha' kI kathA paurANika hai, para isameM vartamAna jIvana vizeSakara rAjanIti kA jo sundara citra milatA hai, vaha tAtkAlika anya nATakoM meM nahIM miltaa| nATaka meM gAlava RSi ke ziSya zazi aura zaMkha ke dvArA hAsya kI bhI acchI yojanA ko gaI hai| caritra-citraNa kI ora bhI vizeSa dhyAna diyA gayA hai| subhadrA ke caritra meM vaiyaktika nijIpana hai, kevala hindU nArItva hI nhiiN| 'kRSNArjuna-yuddha' hindI ke raMgamaJcIya nATakoM meM vizeSa sammAna kA sthAna prApta kara cukA hai| jamanAdAsa meharA __ zrI meharA ne aneka raMgamaMcIya nATakoM kI racanA kii| inakA uddezya thA hindI meM raMgamaMca kI unnati krnaa| vyavasAyI maNDaliyoM se dhana kamAne ke lie inhoMne racanA nahIM kii| avyavasAyI maNDaliyoM, sAhityasamAjoM, svataMtra rUpa se utsAhI jana-maNDaloM dvArA inake nATakoM kA abhinaya bar3I saphalatA se kiyA gyaa| inake nATakoM kI racanA kA samaya 1621 se 1632 IsvI taka mAnA jA sakatA hai / inakA sabase prathama nATaka 'vizvAmitra' 1621 I0 meM likhA gayA thaa| isake sivA 'hinda', 'devayAnI', 'javAnI kI bhUla', 'kanyA-vikraya', 'vipada-kasauTI', 'kRSNa-sudAmA', 'bhaktacandrahAsa', 'pApa-pariNAma', 'moradhvaja', 'paMjAba-kesarI', 'satI-cintA', 'bhArata-putra,' 'hindU-kanyA', 'vasanta-prabhA' Adi 15 nATakoM kI racanA kii| __nATakoM ke nAmoM se hI inakI vibhinnatA aura vistRta kSetra tathA kAla kA patA calatA hai / 'vizvAmitra' 'kRSNa-sudAmA' 'devayAnI' Adi paurANika nATaka haiN| 'javAnI kI bhUla', 'kanyA-vikraya', hindU-kanyA' Adi vartamAna jIvana-sambandhI nATaka haiM / paMjAba kesarI' aitihAsika nATaka hai| 'javAnI

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264 hindI ke nATakakAra kI bhUla' meM mAnikalAla aura eka vezyA phUlamani ke prema kI kathA dI gaI hai| mAnikalAla dvArA apanI patnI ramA kA tyAga, phUlamani dvArA usakI saba sampatti kA apaharaNa, apane naukara kI hatyA kA abhiyoga lagAkara phUlamani dvArA mAnikalAla ko jela bhijavAnA, mAnikalAla ke mitra mohana, unake naukara aura ramA dvArA SaDyaMtra kA patA laganA aura mAnikalAla kA jelamukta kiyA jAnA Adi ghaTenAe / nATaka kI kathAvastu kA saMghaTana karatI haiN| 'hindU-kanyA' bhI sAmAjika nATaka hai| isameM eka pati apane pitA ke bahakAve meM zrAkara apanI patnI kA tyAga kara detA hai / dova lagAyA jAtA hai ki vaha achUta-kanyA hai| isameM patnI kI kaSTa-sahiSNutA, pativrata-pAlana, zrAdarza Adi dikhAyA gayA hai| paurANika nATakoM ke viSaya meM itanI vizeSatA meharA jI ne avazya kI hai ki unameM vartamAna jIvana kI malaka dikhAkara sudhAra kA mArga dikhAyA gayA hai| caritra aura ghttnaae| to adhikatara cira paricita haiN| sAmAjika nATaka to sabhI sudhAraka bhAvanA se prerita haiN| 'javAnI kI bhUla' aura 'hindU kanyA' ke kathAnaka se jaisA ki spaSTa hai| vartamAna javAnI kI samasyAe bhI inhoMne lI haiM, para ve samasyAe manovaijJAnika nahIM samAja ke bAhya DhA~ce se hI adhika sambandha rakhatI haiN| aura meharA jI ko sudhAra kI itanI dhuna hai ki ve upadezaka se mAlUma hote haiN| inake nATakoM kI bhASA praur3ha, jozIlI, calatI huI, nATakocita aura padya-saMvAdoM se pUrNa hai| gIta adhikatara gajala haiN| __kathA meM camatkAritA to hai hI, sAtha hI pramukha kathA ke sAtha hAsya-kathA bhI anta taka calatI hai, jaisA ki usa yuga ke sabhI nATakoM se dekhane ko milatA hai| 'javAnI kI bhUla' meM sampatarAya kI kathA hai jo ghur3adaur3a aura jue meM apanI sabhI sampatti gaMvAkara kaMgAla ho jAtA hai aura 'hindU-kanyA' meM bar3A bAbU' kI majAkiyA kahAnI hai| 'bar3A bAbU' acchA prahasana hai / pramukha kathA ke sAtha hAsya kI kathA se nATaka kA jo gambhIra prabhAva par3atA , vaha samApta ho jAtA hai| para usa samaya aisI paramparA thI, isalie koI bhI nATakakAra isa nA-samajhI se nahIM baca sakA / inake nATakoM meM karuNa rasa kI vizeSatA rahatI hai / karuNA kA itanA paripAka hotA hai ki darzaka A~sU bhara lA / __ raMgamaMca kI dRSTi se inake nATaka bahuta acche haiN| suruci aura zikSA bhI inake nATaka dete haiM ; para majAka adhikatara U~ce stara kA nahIM hotA / meharA sAhaba kI bhI hindI-raMgamaMca ko bar3I dena haiN| isameM tanika bhI sandeha nahIM kiyA jA sktaa|

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raMgamaMcIya nATakakAra 265 durgAdAsa gupta guptajI apane samaya ke saphala aura vikhyAta abhinetA aura nATakakAra the / Arambha meM inhoMne eka adhyavasAyI abhinetA ke rUpa meM raMgamaMca para praveza kiyA / kAzI meM hone vAle nATakoM meM yaha prAyaH abhinaya kiyA karate the / jaba yaha eka saphala abhinetA bana gae, taba nATaka likhane kI ora bhI inakA jhukAva huA / ' hamIra haTha' inakA prasiddha nATaka hai / isI nATaka ke sahAre yaha bambaI kI eka vyavasAyI kampanI meM praviSTa hue / isakA abhinaya bhI saphala rahA aura isase inako khyAti bhI paryApta milii| kucha dina bAda yaha bambaI se kAzA lauTa Ae aura vahIM inakA dehAnta ho gayA / inhone kula milAkara 12 nATakoM kI racanA kI -'zrImatI maMjarI', 'bhakta tulasIdAsa', 'naladamayantI', 'dezodvAra', 'thiyeTara bahAra', 'garIba kisAna', 'dodhArI talavAra', 'bhArata- ramaNI', 'nakAbapoza', 'navIna saMgota thiyeTara', 'mahAmAyA' aura 'hamIra haTha' / ' hamIra haTha', 'mahAmAyA', 'zrImatI maMjarI' kI apane samaya meM raMgamaMca aura janatA meM bar3I prasiddhi huI / 'mahAmAyA' kI kathA dvijendralAla rAya ke 'durgAdAsa' kI kathA se bahuta milanI-julatI hai| 'durgAdAsa' ke dUsare aMka ke chaThe dRzya aura cauthe aMka ke chaThe dRzya ke samAna hI 'mahAmAyA' ke eka do aMkoM ke kucha dRzya haiN| isameM bhI auraMgajeba aura mahArAja jasavaMtasiMha kI rAnI mahA mAyA, rAjakumAra ajItasiMha aura durgAdAsa kI kahAnI hai| durgAdAsa aura mahArAnI kI nirbhayatA, vIratA Adi kA acchA citraNa isameM hai / isameM rAma mahodaya kalA kA prabhAva bhI spaSTa dekhA jAtA hai / ' hamIra haTha' meM prasiddha vIra hamIra deva kI vIratA, zaraNAgata- rakSA, yuddha-kauzala Adi kA sundara varNana hai| donoM aitihAsika nATaka haiM / 'zrImatI maMjarI' inake nATakoM meM sarvottama hai| isameM hindU-musalima - ekatA kI samasyA ko liyA gayA hai| isameM raMgamaMcIya vikhyAta nATakakAra zrAgA hazra ke nATakoM ke samAna hI do kathAeM samAnAntara rUpa meM calatI haiM, maMjarI, usake daridra pitA, usake dvArA eka musalamAna bAlaka kA pAlanapoSaNa karake use apanA putra banAne kI kAmanA, eka dhanI kA maMjarI ke prati vilAsamaya prema aura hindU-muslima pracalita vaimanasya se to pramukha kathA kA sambaMdha hai aura dUsarI kathA hai udhAracanda kI putrI campA aura rokar3acanda aura nainA kI / dUsarI kathA bharatI-mAtra hai / yaha nikala jAya to nATaka zAnadAra bana sakatA hai /

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266 hindI ke nATakakAra ___ 'zrImato maJjarI' kI bhASA prauDha, calatI huI, prabhAvazAlI aura sabala hai| padyAtmaka saMvAda pracura mAtrA meM haiM ; para ve puSTa aura prabhAvazAlI hai / 'zrImatI maJjarI' kI apane samaya kAphI dhUma rahI aura yaha choTe-choTe nagaroM meM bhI zaukiyA nATaka-samAjoM dvArA bhI khelA gayA thaa| gupta jI ke nATakoM kA samaya san 1922 se 1636 taka mAnA jA sakatA hai| AnandaprasAda khatrI khatrI mahodaya bAlyakAla se hI abhinaya kI ora ruci rakhate the| vayaska hone para inakA mukAva philmI jIvana kI ora huaa| una dinoM avAkUphilmeM banatI thiiN| yaha eka sinemA-bhavana ke mainejara ke rUpa meM isa vyavasAya meM praviSTa hue / abhinaya kI ora to ruci thI hI, yaha nATakoM meM abhinaya bhI karane lge| kAzI ( apane ghara ) meM rahate hue hI inhoMne 'vIra abhimanyu' meM arjuna kA aura 'kiMgalIara' meM loara kA bar3A sundara abhinaya kiyaa| isa rUpa meM bhI yaha sAmAjikoM dvArA atyanta pasanda kiye gae ; para pAgala kA abhinaya karane meM to inakI khyAti bahuta hI bar3ha gii| saphala abhinetA hone ke bAda inakA dhyAna nATaka-lekhana kI ora bhI gayA aura inhoMne 'bhakta sudAmA', 'dhra valIlA', 'parIkSita', 'gautama buddha,' tathA 'kRSNalIlA zrAdi nATaka likhe| inake nATakoM kI bhASA sazakta. pror3a, prabhAvazAlI aura nATakocita hotI hai / usa samaya pravRtti thI, gadya kA tukAMta honA, yaha pravRtti inake nATakoM meM bhI pAI jAtI hai| pArasI-nATakoM ke samAna camatkAritA bhI inake nATakoM meM hai| kathA vastu kA gaThana acchA hai| caritra-citraNa kA dhyAna bhI inhoMne rakhA hai| racanA-kAla 1912 se 1630 taka hai| zivarAmadAsa gupta raGgamaMca para inakA praveza sagIta-nirdezaka ke rUpa meM huaaa| inhoMne saMgIta meM prasiddhi prApta karake saMcAlaka ke rUpa meM bhI kArya kiyA aura abhinetA bhI bana gae / raGgamaMca-nATaka bhI inhoMne paryApta saMkhyA meM likhe / raGgamaMcIya nATakakAroM meM zrI zivarAmadAsa gupta sarvanomukhI pratibhA-sampanna the| raGgamaMcasambandhI sabhI kAryoM meM pravINa aura prasiddha, isake atirikta inhoMne nATaka tathA upanyApa Adi prakAzita karane ke lie eka prakAzana-saMsthA 'upanyAsa bahAra Aphisa' sthApita kiyaa| isase aneka nATakoM kA prakAzana inhoMne kiyA / aba bhI isa saMkhyA se aneka nATaka aura upanyAsa prakAzita hote rahate haiN|

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raMgamaMcIya nATakakAra 267 zrAgA hazra kAzmIrI aura dvijendralAla rAya se yaha atyanta prabhAvita haiM aura unako apanA guru mAnate haiM / raGgamaMca para inake nATakoM ko bar3I saphalatA prApta huii| inake nATakoM meM sAhityikatA bhI hai| inhoMne karIba 15 nATaka likhe-'deza kA durdina', samAja kA zikAra','cirAge cIna', merI AzA', daja kA cA~da', 'balidAna', parivartana', vIra bhArata', pahalI bhUla', 'jIvana kA nazA','daulata kI duniyA', 'dharatI mAtA', 'pazu-bali', 'Ajakala', 'aAja kI bAta' Adi / inakA nATeka kAla bhI lagabhaga 1920 se prArambha hotA hai aura 1640 taka samajhA jA sakatA hai| inake atirikta aura bhI aneka nATakakAra hue jinhoMne raGgamaMca ke lie nATakoM kI racanA kii| bAbU baladeva prasAda khare ne bhI pArasI-sTeja ke lie aneka hindI-nATakoM kI racanA kii| kizanacanda 'jaMbA', tulasIdatta 'zedA', harikRSNa 'jauhara aura zrIkRSNa 'hasarata' kA nAma bhI isa sambandha meM bhulAyA nahIM jA sktaa| prAyaH ina sabhI kA sambandha vyavasAyI nATaka-maNDaliyoM se rahA / inhoMne adhikatara racanA urdU meM ho kI, para inake nATakoM kA rUpAntara hindI meM bhI huaa| racanA vaisI hI, jaisI ki usa yuga meM nATakamaNDaliyoM ke lie likhe jAne vAle nATakoM kI hotI thii|