Bharatiya Chintan ki Parampara me Navin Sambhavanae Part 1

Author(s): Radheshyamdhar Dvivedi
Publisher: Sampurnanand Sanskrut Vishvavidyalaya Varanasi
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/014013/1

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parisaMvAda bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM baskRta-18 pAva ANDANDAN sampUrNAnanda saMskRta vizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI www.jainelibrary org

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parisaMvAda [2] bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAe~ [bhAga 1] sampAdaka maNDala pro. jagannAtha upAdhyAya zrI rAmazaGkara tripAThI DaoN. gokulacanda jaina DaoN. phUlacandra jaina zrI buddhivallabha pAThaka sampAdaka zrI rAdhezyAmadhara dvivedI prAdhyApaka-tulanAtmakadharmadarzana sakata tima mAtApAya paryavekSaka DaoN. bhAgIrathaprasAda tripAThI 'vAgIza zAstrI' _ nidezaka, anusandhAna saMsthAna prakAzanAdhikArI-sampAdaka DaoN. harizcandramaNi tripAThI sampUrNAnanda saMskRta-vizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI 1981

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prakAzaka: nidezakaH, anusandhAnasaMsthAnasya sampUrNAnandasaMskRtavizvavidyAlaya vArANasI prAptisthAnamvikrayavibhAgaH sampUrNAnandasaMskRtavizvavidyAlayaH vArANasI-221002. prathama saMskaraNa-1,100 pratiyA~ mUlyam-23-00 mudraka:tArA priMTiMga varksa vArANasI .

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PARISAMVADA [2] BHARTIYA CINTANA KI PARAMPARA ME NAVINA SAMBHAVANAYEN (PART-I] BOARD OF EDITORS Prof. Jagannatha Upadhyaya Shri Rima Shankara Tripatni Dr. Gokul Chandra Jaina Dr. Phool Chandra Jaina Shri Buddhi Vallabha Pathaka EDITOR Shri Radheshyamadhara Dwivedi Lecturer in Comparative Religion and Philosophy saskRta Tm` vidyAlaya gApAya SUPERVISOR Dr. Bhagiratha Prasada Tripathi "Vagisa Sastri' Director, Research Institute, PUBLICATION OFFICER-EDITOR Dr. Harischandra Mani Tripathi Sampurnanand Sanskrit Vishvavidyalaya, Varanasi 1981

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Published by Director, Research Institute, Sampurnanand Sanskrit Vishvavidylaya, Varanasi-221002. Available at- Sales Department Sampurnanand Sanskrit Vishvavidyalaya, Varanasi-221002 First Edition Price: Rs. 23.00 Printed at Tara Printing Works Varanasi.

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sampAdakIya sampUrNAnanda saMskRta vizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI meM samaya-samaya para sAmayika parisaMvAda hote rahate haiM / isI sandarbha meM isa parisaMvAda - patrikA meM do saMgoSThiyoM kA vivaraNa ke sAtha vivecana evaM unameM par3he gaye nibandhoM kA saMgraha chApA gayA hai / isa parisaMvAda meM prathama saMgoSThI ke rUpa meM 'vyaSTi samaSTi kI samasyA' kA vivecana hai / isa samasyA para gaMbhIra vivecana pramukharUpa se bauddhadarzana tathA AnuSaMgika rUpa se anyabhAratIya darzanoM kI dRSTi se kiyA gayA hai / samasyA ke vivecana ke lie mAnavajJAna ke vividha kSetroM ke khyAtanAmA vidvAnoM kA sahayoga liyA gayA aura unhoMne bauddhadarzana ke AdhArabhUta prAthamika patroM ke AdhAra para sAmAjika zAstroM se sambandhita karake bauddhadarzana ke pariprekSya meM samaSTi vyaSTi kI samasyAoM kA Akalana kiyA hai / isa Akalana kI rUparekhA bhUmikA ke mAdhyama se dekhI jA sakatI hai / saMskRta vizva - vidyAlaya eka paramparAvAdI zAstroM ke adhyayana adhyApana kI saMsthA hai / isakI zAstraparamparA meM bhI Adhunikatama sAmAjika mUlyoM kI vivecanA hai, ataH Adhunikatama mUlyoM ke sadRza prAcIna zAstrIya mUlyoM ke vivecana se vartamAna pIr3hI ke logoM ko vartamAnakAlika samasyAoM ke samAdhAna meM sahUliyata milegii| isI sandarbha meM samaSTi vyaSTi kI samasyA kA vivecana paThanIya hai| phrAMsa kI krAnti ke vAda samatA, svatantratA tathA vizva bandhutva ke mUlyoM kA vicAra sampUrNa vizva ke logoM kA pramukha vicAraNIya viSaya bana gayA hai / samatA ke mUlya para bhI isa parisaMvAda meM vicAra kiyA gayA hai / samatA ke dArzanika vicAroM ke sAtha paramparAgata paurANika, tAntrika, dharmazAstrIya vicAroM kA bhI khyAtanAmA vidvAnoM ke dvArA vivecana prastuta hai, sAtha hI Adhunika samatA ke pratyayoM kA vivecana Adhunika vidvAnoM dvArA prAcIna zAstroM ke sandarbha se kiyA gayA hai / Adhunika bhArata ke nava nirmAtAoM ko ina nibandhoM se preraNA prApta ho sakatI hai, yadi ve isako par3hane kA kaSTa karate / rASTrabhASA ke mAdhyama se prastuta ina prAcIna navIna sandarbhoM ke prApta vizleSaNa ke AdhAra para zAstroM ke prati logoM kI ruci bar3hegI, aisI AzA hai / paramparAgata zAstroM ke vivecana se niHsRta ina goSThiyoM ke pratiphalana ke rUpa meM isa parisaMvAda ke prakAzanArtha saMpAdana karane kA jaba mujhako maukA prApta huA to maiM usakA lobha saMvaraNa na kara sakA, aura sampAdana kArya meM juTa gayA / parisaMvAda ko 'vizva saMskRta sammelana' ke pUrvaM chapane ke lie preraNA evaM sahAyatA dekara kulapati DaoN0 gaurInAtha zAstrI ne jo utsAha bar3hAyA hai usake lie maiM unakA hRdaya se AbhArI evaM kRtajJa haiM / isa saMpAdana kArya meM samaya samaya para kaThinAiyA~

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( A ) bhI upasthita hotI rahI haiM, unakA samAdhAna zAstrIya evaM laukika donoM hI dRSTiyoM se mere gurujanoM ne kiyA hai| AcArya paM0 badarInAtha zukla, bhUtapUrva kulapati tathA pro0 jagannAtha upAdhyAya, DIna, zramaNa vidyA saMkAya (saM0 saM0 vi0 vi0 vArANasI) ne sadA tatparatA pUrvaka sahAyatA kI hai / ve hamAre guru haiM unakI sahAyatA ke vinA ina navInamUlyoM se paramparAgata zAstradhArA ko jor3ane kA kAma kathamapi saMbhava nahIM ho sakatA thaa| parisaMvAda ke isa svarUpa meM bhAga 1 kA nAma karaNa bhI isI kAraNa ho rahA hai kyoMki kucha aura saMgoSThiyoM ke vicAroM ko isameM chApanA thA, para parisaMvAda ke AkAra ke bar3ha jAne se vaha eka sAtha nahIM chapa sakA, ataeva zIrSaka ko dhyAna meM rakhakara usako dvitIya bhAga ke rUpa meM chApA jaayegaa| zIrSaka, bhUmikA evaM sAmayika parAmarza ke dvArA gurujanoM ne jo utsAha bar3hAyA hai usake lie maiM zraddhAvanata hai| AdaraNIya paM0 rAmazaMkara tripAThI "vyaSTi samaSTi parisaMvAda" ke nidezaka rahe haiM tathA isa saMpAdana kArya meM bhI sadA sahAyatA karate rahe haiN| unake hI satparAmarza evaM nirdezana se yaha kAma bana pAyA hai| ataeva maiM unakA bahuta AbhArI hU~ tathA etadartha unako dhanyavAda jJApita karanA apanA kartavya mAnatA huuN| parisaMvAda ke isa bhAga ko prakAzita karane meM jisa prakAra kI tatparatA DaoN0 harizcandramaNi tripAThI ne dikhAyI hai, vaha mere utsAha meM kAphI sahAyaka rahI hai| pratidina sAmayika parAmarza ke lie prakAzanAdhikArI mahodaya ko dhanyavAda denA merA parama punIta kartavya hai| chapane ko sampUrNa vyavasthA meM lage sabhI sambandhita logoM kI sahAyatA ke vinA yaha kArya itanA zIghra nahIM sampanna ho sakatA thA, ataeva sabhI vyavasthApakoM kA maiM bahuta AbhArI hU~ tathA etadartha dhanyavAda detA huuN| rAdhezyAmadhara dvivedI prAdhyApaka tulanAtmaka dharmadarzana vibhAga sampUrNAnanda saMskRta vizvavidyAlaya vArANasI

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bhUmikA pro0 jagannAtha upAdhyAya ka - vyaSTi evaM samaSTi kI samasyA 1. bauddhadarzana, vyakti, samAja aura usake sambandha 2. bauddhadRSTi meM vyakti, loka tathA sambandha viSayasUcI pro0 jagannAtha upAdhyAya 3. bauddhadarzana ko dRSTi se vyakti evaM samAja pro0 rAmazaGkara tripAThI 4 bauddhavinaya ko dRSTi meM vyaSTi evaM samaSTi pro0 samadoGa rinapoche tathA AcArya sempA dorje 5. prAcIna bauddhoM kI dRSTi meM vyaSTi evaM samaSTi pro0 maheza tivArI 6. vyaSTi aura samaSTi : bauddhadarzana ke pariprekSya meM pro0 rAmacandra pANDeya 7. vyaSTi aura samaSTi : bauddhadarzana kI dRSTi DaoN0 rAjendra pANDeya 8. bauddhavicAroM kI dRSTi meM vyakti aura samAja aura unakA sambandha pro. kRSNanAtha 9. vyaSTi aura samaSTi : bauddhadarzana ke pariprekSya DaoN0 siddhezvara bhaTTa 10. vyakti aura samAja - eka vivecana --- pro0 samadoG rimpoche 11. vyakti aura samAja kA sambandha aura usakA vikAsa paM0 Ananda jhA 12. vimalakIrti nirdezasUtra ke anusAra vyaSTi evaM samaSTi kA sambandha pro0 lAlamaNi jozI 13 bauddha darzana kI dRSTi se vyakti, samAja aura unakA sambandha zrI harizaMkara siMha 14. bauddhadarzana kI dRSTi se vyaSTi aura samaSTi DaoN0 gopikAmohana bhaTTAcAryaM pR0 o-Ta 3-211 3-4 5-14 15-25 26-37 41-45 46-55 56-62 63-67 68-71 72-75 76-78 79-87 88- 93 94-97

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15. bauddha vyaSTivAda ko AMzika samaSTivAdI pariNati ko sambhAvanAe~ 98-102 DaoN. harSanArAyaNa 16. sAmAjika saMghaTana ko utpatti aura bauddha dRSTikoNa 103-108 DaoN0 pratApacandra 17. buddha kA svaniyantrita adhyAtmavAda : samaSTi-vyaSTi ke sandarbha meM 109-114 zrI rAdhezyAmadhara dvivedI 18, bauddha darzana ke pariprekSya meM vyaSTi evaM samaSTi 115-119 DaoN0 kevalakRSNa mittala 19. vyakti aura samAja ke prati mahAyAna ke dRSTi koNa 120 122 AcArya TI0 chogahun 20. mahAyAnI sAdhaka ko dRSTi se vyakti, samAja tathA unake sambandha 123 127 zrI TazI palajora 21. bauddha dRSTi meM vyaSTi aura samaSTi 128-131 geze yezesa thabakhyas 22. bauddhadRSTi se vyakti kA vikAsa 132-138 DaoN0 harizaMkara zukla 23. vyakti, samAja aura unake sambandhoM ko avadhAraNA 139-145 DaoN. brahmadevanArAyaNa zarmA 24. samaSTi evaM vyaSTi ke sandarbha meM brahmavihAra, bodhicitta ora jvalitA caNDAlI 146-153 DaoN0 sunotikumAra pAThaka 25 bauddha darzana tathA rasela ke cintana meM vyaSTi evaM samaSTi kA svarUpa 154 -156 DaoN0 nArAyaNazAstrI drAviDa 26. samakAlIna bhArata meM vyaSTi aura samaSTi ke sambandhoM ko dizA 157-161 pro0 kailAzanAtha zarmA 27. paramparAgata vyavasthA meM vyakti aura samAja ke sambandha 162-166 DaoN. vaidyanAtha sarasvatI 28 bhAratIya bauddha kalA meM vyakti evaM samAja se sambandhita dRSTikoNa 167-169 DaoN. dInabandhu pANDeya 29. vyakti aura samAja ke vyaktivAdI, samaSTivAdI aura samanvayavAdI svarUpa kA vivecana 170-174 pro0 mukuTavihArI lAla 30. dhyakti aura samAja : bauddha dRSTi kA eka vaijJAnika vizleSaNa 175-184 zrI vI0 ke0 rAya 31. vyakti-samaSTivikAsAnubaddhA bauddhadRSTiH 187-191 pro0 zAntibhikSuzAstrI

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32. buddhadRSTau samaSTiH zrI sudhAkara dIkSitaH 33. samakAlInabhArate vyaSTisamaSTisambandhAnAM dizA pro0 kailAzanAtha zarmA 34. Individual and Society : The Buddhist View Point 204 - 206 Prof. B. V. Kishan 35. vyaSTi evaM samaSTi sambandhI parisaMvAdagoSTI kA saMkSipta vivaraNa - sAmAjika samatA kha -- ( u ) 36. sAmAjika samatA kA prazna : prAcIna evaM navIna pro0 jagannAtha upAdhyAya 37. prAcIna saMskRta sAhitya meM mAnava samatA DaoN0 rAmazaMkara tripAThI 38. bhAratIya dharmadarzana kA svara sAmAjika samatA athavA viSamatA ? DaoN. harSanArAyaNa 39. kazmIra ke advaita zaivatantroM meM sAmAjika samatA DaoN0 navajIvana rastogI 40. vaiSNava tantroM ke sandarbha meM samatA kA svara DaoN. azoka kumAra kAliyA 41. vaidikadarzanoM kI dRSTi meM samatA ke svara paM0 kedAranAtha tripAThI 42. bhAratIya zAstroM meM samatA DaoN0 raghunAtha giri 43. sAmAjika samatA ke sandarbha meM bhAratIya darzana zrI rAdhezyAmadhara dvivedI 44. sAmAjika samatA aura bauddhadarzana pro0 rAmazaMkara tripAThI 45. jainadarzana ke sandarbha meM samatA ke vicAra DaoN0 gokulacandra jaina 46. jaina vAGmaya meM samatA ke svara zrI amRtalAla jaina 47. jaina purANoM meM samatA zrI devIprasAda mizra 48. samatA ke AyAma pro0 kRSNanAtha 192-198 199-203 207-211 213-357 215-221 222-241 242-263 264-273 274-282 283-284 285-287 288-290 291-295 296-299 300-304 305-309 310-314

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315-323 324-324 327-328 329-333 49. mAnava samatA pro. rAjArAma zAstrI 50. Adhunika yuga meM samatA zrI gaNezasiMha mAnava 51. vaidikadarzanadRSTyA samatAyAH sUcanam AcArya paM0 subrahmaNyazAstrI 52. bhAratIyadarzaneSu samatA ArohAvarohazca paM0 raghunAthazarmA 53. sAmAjikasamatvaviSaye bhAratIyadarzanAni paM0 pI0 ena0 paTTAbhirAma zAstrI 54. vyAvahArikapAramArthikadRSTyA samatA viSamatA ca AcArya paM. vizvanAthazAstrIdAtAra 55. sAmAjika samatA sambandhI saMgoSThI kA vivaraNa 56. vidvAnoM kI sUcI 334-341 342-346 247-357 358-360 uparyukta nibandhoM meM vyakta vicAroM evaM zodhaniSkarSa nibandha lekhakoM ke apane haiM unakA sampUrNa zreya evaM uttaradAyitva lekhakoM kA hai /

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bhUmikA (1) 'vyakti, samAja aura usake sambandha' viSaya para Ayojita saMgoSThI kI saphalatA isameM hai ki isake dvArA ve prazna ubhara kara Aye, jo Adhunika sandarbha ke haiM, aura jinake vizleSaNa yA samAdhAna meM paramparAgata bhAratIya darzanoM ko prAyaH aprAsaMgika mAna liyA jAtA hai / isakI saphalatA kA eka kAraNa yaha bhI hai ki isa saMgoSThI meM paramparAgata zAstroM ke vidvAnoM ke atirikta prAcya pAzcAtya darzanoM ke vizeSajJa tathA vibhinna samAja vijJAnoM ke, yahA~ taka ki bhautika vijJAna ke vidvAnoM ne bhI bhAga liyA / adhikAMza vidvAnoM ne nibandha likhe aura prAyaH sabhI ne khulakara vicAravimarza meM bhAga liyA / yadyapi vyakti aura samAja kI samasyA para isa goSThI meM vizeSa kara bauddha dRSTi se hI vicAra kiyA gayA, kintu anya bhAratIya darzana bhI isa prasaMga meM achUte nahIM rahe / kyoMki jIvana kI Adhunika samasyAoM para samAjavijJAnoM kA bauddhadarzana ke sAtha saMvAda kyA sambhava hai ? isa prazna para sampUrNa bhAratIya cintana kyA prAsaMgika hai, isa para bhI vicAra karanA sahaja-sA ho gayA / isa sampUrNa prazna ke vicAra-vimarza meM do bAteM kahI gayIM / prathamataH yaha ki isa prasaMga meM bauddhoM kA dArzanika prasthAna anya bhAratIya darzanoM se bahuta kucha bhinna hai aura yaha anya kI apekSA vyakti samAja kI samasyA ke samAdhAna meM adhika sakSama hai / dvitIyataH yaha ki sAmAjika praznoM ke samAdhAna meM bauddhadarzana ko anya bhAratIya darzanoM ke sahayoga kI apekSA hai, vizeSakara advaita vedAnta kI / goSThI meM prArambha se anta taka isakA pakSa pratipakSa khar3A rahA ki bauddhadarzana meM ve kauna-se jIvanta tattva haiM jo Adhunika sAmAjika samasyAoM ke samAdhAna meM sakSama ho sakeMge / eka pakSa meM jo vicAra prakaTa kiye gaye, usake mukhya mudde ye haiM'bauddhadarzana kA lakSya nirvANa hai, jabaki usake virodha meM sAmAjika cintana bhautika evaM lokamUlyAtmaka hai ( pro0 rimpoche tathA sempAdorje ) / sAmAjika darzana adhikAra evaM kartavyAdhArita hai, jabaki bauddhadarzana dRSTi-prahANavAdI hone ke kAraNa usase nirapekSa hai| DaoN0 rAmacandra pANDeya ) / donoM meM bheda batAte hue kahA gayA ki samAjazAstriyoM ke anusAra manuSya sAmAjika prANI hai, jabaki bauddhadarzana manuSya ko samAja se Upara uThAtA hai ( DA0 vaidyanAtha sarasvatI / / yaha bhI kahA gayA ki ahaMvAdI vyaktivAdI avadhAraNA samAja vaijJAnikoM kA hai, usakA buddha ke karuNAmaya dhAraNAoM se mela baiThAnA kisI taraha sambhava nahIM hai / isI prakAra Adhunika

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( o ) samaSTivAdI dhAraNA jo yuddha, AkramaNa, adhinAyakavAda evaM niraMkuzatA Adi kA samarthana karatA hai, usako buddha ke sAtha jor3anA ucita nahIM hogA ( pro0 mukuTa bihArI lAla ) / vyakti aura samAja kI Adhunika avadhAraNA kI koTiyoM meM vicAra prastuta kiye jAne para adhikAMza vidvAnoM ne bauddhadRSTi ko vyaktivAdI kahA / kahA gayA ki vyakti ke vikAsa yA vikAra kI sambhAvanAe~ vyakti ke andara hI haiM / vyakti citta ke atirikta svatantra sAmAjika cetanA jaisI kisI vastu kI mAnyatA nahIM hai ( pro0 esa0 rimpoche ) / bhautika vijJAna kI dRSTi se bhI kahA gayA ki bauddhadarzana vyakti darzana hai usakA nirvANa, aSTAGgika mArga aura cAra Aryasatya sabhI vyaktigata haiM yadyapi buddha ke siddhAnta sArvakAlika the kintu unakA kendra kevala vyakti hai / unake anusAra buddha kA dRSTikoNa vastuvAdI nahIM thA vyaktivAdI thA, isIlie unhoMne manuSya ko sarvopari mAnA, aura carAcara ke sAtha usake sambandha kI ora dhyAna nahIM diyA ( zrI vI0 ke0 rAya ) / vyaktivAdI hone ke kAraNa hA jaiksana dvArA bauddhadarzana ke mahattva ko prastuta kiyA gayA / unake pakSa ko samarthita karate hue kahA gayA ki vyakti ko sAmAjika DhA~ce ke AdhAra para nahIM samajhA jA sakatA / isake lie apekSita hai vyakti svarUpa kA cintana, jo bauddhadarzana kI vizeSatA hai / samAjazAstra dvArA antarvaiyaktika nirIkSaNa-parIkSaNa mAtra hI sambhava hai / vyakti svarUpa kI abhivyakti samAjazAstriyoM ke pAsa nahIM hai, jabaki bauddhadarzana kI mAnyatA hai ki sAmAjika-sAMskRtika svAyattatA ke antargata mAnava vyakti kI svatantratA sambhava nahIM hai ( DaoN0 rAjendraprasAda pANDeya ) / uparyukta aikAntika vyaktivAdI pakSoM se bhinna eka yaha pakSa thA ki vyaktivAda yA samaSTivAda kI aikAntikatA kA siddhAnta mUla bauddhadRSTi ke anukUla nahIM hai / usake anusAra aikAntika rUpa meM vyaktivAda evaM samaSTivAda bauddhamata meM mithyA dRSTiyA~ haiN| donoM antoM kA parihAra hI samyag dRSTi hai ( pro0 kRSNanAtha ) | bauddhoM ke samaSTivAdI pakSa ko puSTa karate hue kahA gayA ki buddha kI gahana mAnavavAdI dRSTi unake samAjadarzana kI antarvastu ko nirdhArita karatI hai ( DaoN0 pratApacandra ) | yaha bhI kahA gayA ki mAnava vyaktitva ke nirmANa meM AMzika rUpa meM bhI nityatAvAda kA prabhAva na hone ke kAraNa bauddha dArzanikoM ko isake lie adhika anukUlatA hai ki ve sApekSatA ke AdhAra para vyakti aura samAja ke sambandhoM kA vizleSaNa kara sakeM / vyakti sambandhI sApekSatA kA siddhAnta samAja ke parivartanazIla sambandhoM ko Akalita karane evaM unheM grahaNa karane meM adhika sakSama hai ( pro0 jagannAtha upAdhyAya ) bauddhadazana vastuvAdI evaM avastuvAdI sabhI mukhya dArzanika prasthAnoM kA vizleSaNa karake dekhane se jJAta hotA hai ki vyakti ora samAja donoM para hI sApekSatA kA siddhAnta lAgU hai, jisakI vyAkhyA prajJapti, prajJaptisat saMvRtisat evaM anyonyAdhipatitva Adi ke dvArA kI jAtI hai / isa prakAra jaise vyakti pudgala anya sApekSa evaM prajJapti

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sat hai, vaise hI samAja kI bhI vyAvahArika sattA paraspara sApekSa hokara prajJapta hotI hai ( paM0 rAmazaGkara tripAThI ) / bauddha cintana meM prAraMbha se hI padArthoM ke sambandha meM usakA dArzanika svarUpa rahA hai anyo'nyaapekssvaad| yaha pratItyasamutpAda siddhAnta kA pratiphalana hai| isake vyApaka prabhAva meM samAja kI vyAkhyA achUtI nahIM raha sakatI ! isIlie isa goSThI ke jo vidvAna bauddha sandarbha meM vyaktivAdI mAnyatA ke pakSadhara the aura samAja ko pramukha kAraNa mAnane ke pakSa meM nahIM the, unhoMne bhI vyakti ke vikAsa yA vinAza meM samAja ko sahAyaka, nimitta yA sahayogI ke rUpa ma mAnyatA dii| unhoMne bhikSu vyakti aura saMgha ke sambandha ko eka dUsare para nirbhara, paraspara sApekSa aura pratItyasamutpanna svIkAra kiyA (AcArya sempAdorje, pro0 esa0 rimpoche ) / bauddhadarzana vyakti ke samAjAnurodhI vikAsa ke lie avasara isalie pradAna karatA hai ki usameM AtmadRSTi aura nityatA ke virodha meM kSaNikatA kA siddhAnta mAnya hai| kSaNikatA kA siddhAnta vyakti ke mahattva ko khar3A kara detA hai| isa sthiti meM vyakti buddhi aura naitika AcaraNa ke AdhAra para Upara uTha sakatA hai| isIlie vaha nivRttivAdI bhI nahIM hai, kyoMki manuSya paraspara eka dUsare ke AdhAra para hI naitika yA anaitika hotA hai| isa prakAra niSedhAtmaka dRSTi se hI bauddhoM ne vyakti aura samAja kI sthiti ko svIkAra kiyA aura isake lie zAzvata naitika guNoM ko AdhAra banAyA (pro0 bI0 vI0 kishn)| vyakti aura samAja ke sambandhoM para carcA karane ke pahale yaha Avazyaka hai ki bauddha sandarbha meM unake astitva ke svarUpa evaM stara ko samajhA jaay| donoM hI saMvRti satya haiM, pAramArthika sattA donoM kI nahIM hai ( zrI rAmazaMkara tripaatthii)| kiJcit parivartana ke sAtha isase milate-julate vicAra prAyaH sabhI vidvAnoM ke haiN| vyaSTi evaM samaSTi eka manovaijJAnika avadhAraNA hai ( DaoN0 maheza tivaarii)| samaSTivyaSTi sambandhoM ke pIche vizeSa dRSTiyoM kA abhyupagama hai, isa sthiti meM isa sambandha kI sampUrNa carcA prapaJca bhASA meM kiyA jAtA hai ( DaoN0 rAmacandra pANDeya ) / vyakti evaM samAja donoM anupalambha evaM asat hai| donoM kI vyAvahArika sattA mahAkaruNA para Azrita hai ( DaoN0 lAlamaNi joshii)| samaSTi tAttvika nahIM, nAmamAtra evaM bhrAntimAtra hai ( DaoN0 harSanArAyaNa ) / uparyukta vicAroM meM jina zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai, unakA prayoga kisI na kisI taraha bauddhagranthoM meM milatA hai| kintu usake AdhAra para yaha nirNaya lenA ki ukta sabhI vAkya bauddhadarzana kA vAstavika pratinidhitva karate haiM yaha vicAraNIya hai, isake aneka kAraNa haiN| jo vAstavika nahIM hai, vaha mAyA hai, vaha alIka hai, bhrama hai, tuccha hai, yaha dhAraNA anya bhAratIya darzanoM meM pracalita hai| usakA bhI kama yA adhika prabhAva ina pratijJA vAkyoM ke poche ho sakatA hai| kisI bhI sthiti meM isakA nirNaya lenA hI hogA ki bahupracalita evaM zAstra vyavahAra kA sAmAnya zabda saMvRtisatya se astitva kI jo dhAraNA banatI hai, vaha vyakti aura samAja kI vartamAna samasyAoM ke samAdhAna ke lie kitanA sakSama

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( kha ) 1 AdhAra hai / isake lie yaha Avazyaka hai ki bauddha dRSTi se satya ko avadhAraNA kI samIkSA kI jAya / goSThI ke prAyaH sabhI vidvAnoM ne vyaSTi aura samaSTi kI sattA samAna stara ko hai, isa mata ko pragaTa kiyA hai; kintu unhoMne jaba use saMvRtti sata yA vyAvahArika sattA Adi zabdoM ke dvArA abhivyakta kiyA hai / isa sthiti meM aisA lagatA hai ki ye vidvAna vyakti aura samAja ko paramArtha kI apekSA eka nimna stara kI sattA yA tucchatA pradAna kara rahe haiM / isa sthiti meM anAyAsa ho yaha bhrama khar3A ho jAtA hai ki bauddha bhI jIva aura jagata evaM vyakti aura samAja ke prati mAyAvAdI dRSTi rakhate haiM / phalataH sAmAjika samasyAoM ke prati ye bhI udAsIna aura palAyanavAdI haiM / isa sthiti meM Adhunika sandarbha meM vyakti evaM samAja sambandhI samasyAoM kI jaTilatA ko sulajhAne meM bauddha cintana kI prAthamikatA evaM prAmANikatA samApta hone lagatI hai / vyakti aura samAja donoM paramArtha satya nahIM haiM, bauddhadRSTi meM isa vAkya kA abhiprAya kyA hai ? kyA isa vAkya se yaha nikalatA hai ki donoM asatya haiM ? spaSTa hai ki saMvRti satya kabhI asatya nahIM hai, satya yathArthatA hai / isalie paramArtha satya kI taraha saMvRtti satya ko bhI yathArthatA se bhinna karake samajhA nahIM jA sakatA / yathArthatA ke bodha ke lie eka vizeSa prazikSaNa kI AvazyakatA hai, jo sarvasulabha nahIM hai / isalie aprazikSita sthiti meM usa yathArthatA ke bodha kA eka bhinna prakAra hogA, jise saMvRtti satya ke dvArA kahA jAtA hai / isa prakAra yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki eka hI tathya ko samajhane ke lie saMvRti aura paramArtha jJAna ke kevala prakAra bheda haiM, vastubheda nahIM / isa prakAra vyakti aura samAja samAna stara ke do tathya haiM jinheM saMvRti aura paramArtha donoM prakAroM se samajhA jA sakatA hai| i prakAra jJAna ke prakAra-bheda se mAtra mUlyabodha meM bheda AyegA / isa dvividha mUlyabodha ko spaSTa karane ke lie saMvRti evaM paramArtha kA saMketa Avazyaka hai / vidvAnoM ne vyakti aura samAja kA samAna stara svIkAra karate hue bhI unake bIca sAdhya - sAdhana, tAttvikatA evaM kalpanA Adi ke AdhAra para stara bheda evaM mukhya-gauNa bheda karanA Avazyaka mAnA / isa sambandha meM kahA gayA ki vyaktitva kI svIkRti evaM usakI idantA kI rakSA eka vyAvahArika AvazyakatA hai, jisakI svIkRti ke binA na to mAnava jIvana ke vaiyaktika aura na sAmAjika pahalU kI vyAkhyA kI jA sakatI hai / bauddha dRSTi meM vyakti sAdhya evaM samAja sAdhana hai / donoM sAMvyAvahArika haiM, parantu donoM meM jo mUlabheda haiM, vaha yaha ki vyakti prAthamika stara kI racanA hai jabaki samAja gauNa stara kI ( pro0 siddhezvara bhaTTa ) | bauddhoM ke padArtha zAstrIya mAnyatA ke AdhAra para vyakti ko padArtha kI svalakSaNatA arthAt usakI asAdhAraNatA ke AdhAra para tAttvika aura una asambaddha evaM svatantra vyaktiyoM ko puMja ke rUpa meM samAja ko svIkAra karake unake bIca sambandha kI kalpanA

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( ga ) prasUta batAte hue kahA gayA ki bauddha dRSTikoNa meM tAttvika svalakSaNatA ke rakSArtha vyakti samAja ke bIca sambandha meM tAttvikatA nahIM mAnI jA sakatI ( paM0 Ananda jhaa)| isI dRSTi meM vyakti aura samAja aura usake sambandha tInoM kI tAttvikatA nyAyavaizeSika meM pUrNa rUpa se, aura advaitavedAnta meM kathaJcita banatI hai| vyakti kI sAmAjika cetanA kA vikAsa atArkika DhaMga se ghaTita hai| isa mata ko spaSTa karane ke lie bauddhoM kI padArthazAstrI sthiti prastuta kI gyii| kahA gayA ki bauddhoM kI 'kurvad rUpa' sattva ke siddhAnta se vyaktitva kA nirdhAraNa hotA hai| bauddha kahate haiM aNuoM para dRzya vizva kI saMracanA vAsanAvaza vyakti kiyA karatA hai| yaha usakI avicArita ramaNIya racanA hai jisameM usakI tarkanA zakti bilkula kAma nahIM krtii| samAja racanA tathA samAja sthiti ke niyamana meM tArkika prakriyA kA vizeSa sthAna nahIM hai ( DaoN0 nArAyaNa zAstrI drAviDa ) / ___ vyakti aura samAja meM kauna prathama ? isake samAdhAna meM paramparAgata bauddha dRSTi ke anusAra vyakti ko prAthamikatA ko svIkAra karate hue bhI vyakti aura samAja ke sukha meM advayatA tathA usakI anyonyAzrayatA ke AdhAra para isa prazna ke ekatara pakSa para Atyantika jora denA bauddha samyagdRSTi ke viparIta hai, yaha batAyA gyaa| kintu Aja vyaktivAdI yA samAjavAdI paddhatiyoM ke kAraNa vyavasthA meM jo mahAna antara A jAtA hai isalie prAthamikatA yA zreSThatA kI bauddha dRSTi kyA hai ? isa para vicAra karate hue kahA gayA ki bauddha dRSTi se paddhati kA prazna to krama kA prazna hai, phala kA nhiiN| vyavahAra meM kAma karane kA eka silasilA banAyA jA sakatA hai| lekina kAmakAjI krama se vyakti yA samAja meM se eka yA dUsare para Atyantika bala nahIM pdd'taa| yahA~ yaha yA vaha kA prazna nahIM, donoM hI kA hai| sattvoM ke carita meM bheda ho sakatA hai, koI vyakti-carita to koI samaSTi-carita / isa dRSTi se unakI caryAoM meM bheda bhI ho sakatA hai kintu ina caryAoM ke bheda se siddhi meM bheda nhiiN| siddhi se to usa advaya, yuganaddhadazA ko hI prApta karanA hai jisameM svapara kA bheda nahIM hai (pro0 kRssnnnaath)| ___ anya vidvAnoM ke nibandha se ukta bAta kucha aura spaSTa hotI hai| vyakti tathA samAja kI asattA kI paramArthatA ko svIkAra karate hue kahA gayA ki isa prakAra vyaSTi aura samaSTi donoM kI ekatA kA adhigama hotA hai| isI dRSTi ko dhyAna meM rakhakara vyaSTi samaSTi ke bIca abhinnatA adhigama ho sakatI hai ( DaoN0 lAlamaNi jozI ) / vyaSTi samaSTi kI abhinnatA ke prazna para kucha aura vicAra bhI pragaTa kiye gaye haiN| samaSTi vyaSTi ke bIca koI aisA sambandha honA cAhie, jisakA AdhAra paraspara kA AdAna-pradAna ho aura usake AdhAra para adhikAra evaM kartavya kI vyavasthA bana ske| mAdhyamika yA anya bauddhadarzana ke prasthAnoM meM aisA sambandha sambhava nahIM hai, kyoMki mAdhyamika darzana meM AdAna-pradAna ke lie koI sthAna nahIM hai| vyaSTi aura samaSTi anyonya sApekSa hone ke kAraNa svayaM svabhAva zUnya hai| sarvadRSTiprahANa ke dvArA unake bIca dRSTi sApekSatA samApta ho jAtI hai / vedAnta aura

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( gha ) mAdhyamika donoM dRSTi prahANavAdI haiM, mAdhyamika sarva-zUnyatA ke dvArA aura vedAnta aparokSAnubhUti se / isa sthiti meM kahA gayA ki bauddhoM ke anusAra samaSTi kA apanA kucha nahIM hai / vedAnta ke anusAra samaSTi meM vaha saba kucha hai jo vyaSTi usameM AdhAna karatI hai| para vaha ina AdhAna kI gayI bAtoM ko atikrAnta karake vyavasthita hai| vedAnta meM eka AdhAra hai usako kendrita karake vyaSTi samaSTi ko bhalIbhAMti samajhA jA sakatA hai| isI kAraNa kama se kama vyAvahArika stara para AdAna-pradAna bhI ho sakatA hai| bauddha darzana vizeSataH mAdhyamika darzana ke pAsa aisA koI AdhAra nahIM hai| isa taraha akele bauddhadarzana vyaSTi samaSTi kI Adhunika samasyA para utanA vizada prakAza nahIM DAla sakatA, jitanA mAdhyamika advaita vedAnta ke sammilita samanvita darzana se ( DaoN0 rAmacandra pANDeya ) / isI bAta ko eka dUsare dRSTikoNa se bhI kahA gayA ki bauddhadarzana mUlataH eka vyaSTi dRSTi pradhAna vicAradhArA hai / isalie vyakti ko kabhI sAmAjika DhA~ce ke AdhAra se nahIM samajhA jA sktaa| ukta kamI ko pUrA karane ke lie pUrvavartI vaidika darzana meM jahA~ samaSTi ko jIvana kA eka aparihArya pakSa mAnA gayA hai, use bauddhadarzana ke sAtha jor3a lenA cAhie (DaoN0 rAjendra prasAda pANDeya ) / uparyakta vicAroM se sarvathA bhinna vicAra bhI prakaTa kiye gaye haiN| bauddhamata kI yaha sambhavataH sabase bar3I vizeSatA hai ki isake anusAra vyakti evaM samAja kI niHsvabhAvatA ko dhyAna meM rakhakara ho unakI sattA aura mahattA kA samarthana ho sakatA hai / Upara se dekhane para yaha kathana virodhapUrNa athavA pairoDAksikala pratIta hotA hai| parantu paramArtha ko bhulAkara sirpha vyavahAra kI dRSTi se vyaSTi evaM samaSTi para parisaMvAda karanA bhautikavAdI athavA lokAyatika vyApAra ke samAna hogaa| bauddha anIzvaravAdI evaM anAtmavAdI hai| isa mata meM sabhI prANiyoM kI samAnatA evaM akhaNDa ekatA ke AdhAra haiM sabhI prANiyoM kI 1-anAtmatA 2-nazvaratA 3-duHkhatA 4-sukhakAmanA 5-bhaya ke prati heyatA Adi / nivRtti paraka evaM tyAga pradhAna isa zramaNa dharmadarzana kA Adi aura anta saMsAra hai kyoMki yahI usakA vodhimaNDa hai aura yaha saMsAra hI unakA buddhakSetra hai| jyoM jyoM bodhisattva kA citta parizuddha hotA hai tyoM-tyoM buddhakSetra kI parizuddhi hotI hai ( DaoN0 lAlamaNi jozI ) / bauddhadRSTi meM vyakti aura samAja ke bIca sambandha kI saMbhAvanA para vidvAnoM ne vistAra se vivecana kiyA hai| vyakti kA samAja se sambandha usake karma se nizcita hotA hai / isI AdhAra para buddha dezanA meM mAnava prAmANikatA ko mAnyatA milI hai (DaoN. rAjendra prasAda pANDeya ) / karmavAda ke AdhAra para hI bauddhoM ne sAre naitika mUlyoM ko vikasita kiyaa| unake vyAvahAravAda kA mUlya bhI karma hI hai jo sirpha bhikSuoM taka nahIM, sabake lie vistRta hai / isI ke kAraNa bauddhoM ne kAryakAraNabhAva ko tArkika mahattva diyA aura punarjanma ko svIkAra kara bure ko chor3akara acche ko grahaNa karane kA mArga prazasta kiyA (pro0 bI0 vI0 kizana ) / vyaktitva ke utpAda

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( Ga ) ke aneka kAraNa haiM, vyaktiyoM kI vijJaptiyoM meM bhI paraspara kAraNatA hai / vyakti meM kuzala yA akula vijJaptiyA~ utpanna hotI haiM, ve anya vyaktiyoM ko vijJaptiyoM se utpanna hotI haiM / isa prakAra kAryakAraNa ke sandarbha meM vyakti aura samAja eka dUsare ke adhipati pratyaya haiM / isa prakAra anyonyAdhipatitva yA parasparAzrayatA hI inake bIca kA bauddha dRSTi se sambandha kahA jA sakatA hai ( zrIrAmazaMkara tripAThI ) / sampUrNa bauddhacintana meM karma, prajJA aura karuNA hI ve mUlabhUta tattva haiM jinake AdhAra para eka vyakti kA samAja se sambandha vikasita hotA hai tathA dUsarI ora usI se nIti aura dharma ke aucitya kA bhI nirdhAraNa hotA hai / vyakti aura samAja kA sambandha sUtra karma hai / karma mUla se vyakti citta kA eka abhisaMskaraNa hai jisake AdhAra para kuzala aura akuzala kA saMgraha yA nirAkaraNa hotA hai / karma cayana eka svatantra prakriyA hai / bauddha dRSTi se vyakti acchA yA burA nahIM hotA / isa cayana kI prakriyA se hI vaha apane yA dUsaroM ko acchA burA banAtA hai / karmamUlaka kAryakAraNa kI jisa vyavasthA meM akuzala vyaktitva banatA hai, usI ke arntagata kuzala vyaktitva nirmANa kA bhI mArga hai / yaha mArga svayaM bhUta nahIM hai / apitu vyakti ke prayAsa se janya hai / yaha Azraya parAvRtti yA vyaktitva parivartana kI prakriyA hai / parAtmasamatA evaM parAtmaparivartana se vaha pragatizIla banatI haiM / isa prakriyA meM isa bAta kI pUrI saMbhAvanA khar3I ho jAtI hai ki nairAtmya kA anubhava ho, aura usake AdhAra para loka meM nayI aura niSkaluSa mAnyatAoM evaM sambandhoM kI sthApanA kI jAya / ukta pRSThabhUmi meM pratItyasamutpAda kA eka krAntikArI darzana vartamAna hai jise prajJA yA prajJApAramitA kahate haiM / prajJA ke isa Aloka meM yaha spaSTa hone lagatA hai ki jIvana meM vyApaka viSamatA ke pIche kAryakAraNa Adi se sambandhita bahuta sI galata avadhAraNAyeM kAma karatI haiN| unhIM ke ghere meM eka vizeSa prakAra kA sva para yA vyakti samAja se sambandhita mAnyatAe~ khar3I kara lI gayI haiM / prajJA ke isa vyApaka prakAza meM karuNA apanI vyaktigata sImA se uThakara vizAla AyAma grahaNa kara letI hai / isa paristhiti meM duHkha kI vyAkhyA kA kSetra kevala vyaktiyoM taka sImita na raha kara duHkha ke utpanna hone kI vyavasthA yA paramparA se sambaddha ho jAtA hai / usa sthiti meM karuNA aura usase prerita kriyA-zakti vyaktayAdhArita ( sattvAlambanA ) nahIM raha jAtI, pratyuta dharmAlambanA ( niyamAzrita yA pravAhAzrita ) ho jAtI hai / Age cala kara vaha anAlambanA yA sahaja hokara usakA karuNAdhArita karmakSetra ativistRta evaM atyanta udAra ho jAtA hai / isa sthiti meM avyAhatasarjanazIlatA kA udaya hotA hai kyoMki eka ora vahA~ kI prajJA amalA evaM uttarottara sarvagrAhI hotI jAtI hai aura usake sAtha dUsarI ora karuNApUrNaM sImAoM aura nimittoM ko tor3akara vyApaka rUpa meM pravAhita evaM kriyAzIla hotI jAtI hai ! isa sthiti meM nirvANa kI vyaktigata sImA samApta ho jAtI hai aura jIvana kA lakSya parArtha ho jAtA hai / isa sthiti meM vyakti aura samAja kA vilopa nahIM hotA, pratyuta unase sambandhita purAnI

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( ca ) avadhAraNAoM ke sthAna para naye Adarza aura usake anusAra nayA virATa AyAma prApta hotA hai| uparyukta vaktavya se isa saMgoSThI ke una sabhI vicAroM kA pratinidhitva hotA hai jo isa pakSa ke upasthApaka the ki bauddhadarzana na kevala vyakti samAja kI samasyAoM ke samAdhAna meM sakSama hai, pratyuta usake lie cintana kI nayI evaM zreSTha dizA pradAna kara sakatA hai| dUsarI mahattvapUrNa goSThI kA viSaya thA bhAratIya cintana paramparA meM sAmAjika samatA kA svr'| kahanA nahIM hai ki vyaSTi samaSTi se sambandhita vicAra kA sAmAjika samatA ke prazna se ghaniSTa sambandha hai| vyaSTi samaSTi ke bIca ghaniSTa sambandha hai, ise na kevala Adhunika vidyAoM ke vizeSajJoM ne balki paramparAgata zAstroM ke vaidika avaidika dhArAoM ke vijJAnoM ne bhI svIkAra kiyaa| yahA~ taka kahA gayA ki bauddhamata meM AtmA ke astitva ko svIkAra na karate hue bhI vyaSTi samaSTi rUpa hai yaha siddhAnta upapanna hotA hai ( DaoN0 zAntibhikSu zAstrI, zrI rAmazaMkara jJipAThI Adi / yaha bhI kahA gayA ki vyakti kA samaSTi meM vilayana hotA hai, ve donoM paraspara sApekSa evaM samapradhAna haiM ( paM0 sudhAkara dIkSita Adi ) / yaha ThIka hai ki vyakti evaM samAja se sambandhita cintana kI Adhunika avadhAraNA se ye vicAra bhinna par3a jAte haiM, kyoMki Adhunikacintaka tathya yA tattva kI dRSTi se vyakti samAja kI dvaitasattA ko aMgIkAra karake vicAra karatA hai, jabaki sabhI pramukha paramparAgata cintana advaita tattva yA tathya meM paryavasita hone lagate haiN| kisI bhI sthiti meM bhAratIya cintana ke sandarbha meM vyakti samAjAnurodhI hai, isalie unake bIca AdAnapradAna kI prabhUta sambhAvanAyeM haiM isa tathya ko prAyaH sabhI vicAradhArA ke vidvAnoM ne svIkAra kiyaa| kintu isa niSkarSa ke parIkSaNa ke lie yaha Avazyaka hogA ki unakI mImAMsA una vyAvahArika guNoM evaM mUlyoM ke sandarbha meM kareM jinakA vikAsa vyakti aura samAja meM honA cAhie, jaise samatA, svatantratA, ekatA aadi| isa dRSTi se sAmAjika samatA para vicAra karane kA mahattva bar3ha jAtA hai| ___yaha prazna bahuta ubhara kara AyA ki kyA bhAratIya cintana meM samatAvAdI darzana hone kI arhatAeM haiN| ekamata ke anusAra aise darzana ke lie apekSA hai ki vaha sabhI satyoM ko mAnavasatya aura vyakti ko samAja sAdhana nahIM sAdhya ke rUpa meM svIkAra kre| isa mata ke anusAra vyakti ko svatantratA aura usakA sthAyitva svIkAra karanA Avazyaka hogA, jinake pIca anyonyAzraya evaM anyonya sambandha vyAkhyApita ho ske| kintu bhAratIya darzanoM dvArA ina arhatAoM ke Atmagata karane meM sabase bar3I bAdhA rahI hai unake dvArA do satyoM ke siddhAnta kA aMgIkAra karanA / paramArtha satya evaM vyavahAra satya ye donoM antavirodhI haiN| ye donoM satya do sarvathA svatantra do saMsAroM kA rUpa le lete haiM, jinameM kisI prakAra kA saMcAra, samAgama evaM saMvyavahAra ( kamyUnikezana ) sambhava nahIM hai ( DaoN0 harSanArAyaNa ) / isa vaktavya

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meM jitanI mAtrA meM tathya hai utanA meM isa bAta kI guMjAiza khar3I ho jAtI haiM ki siddhAnta ke rUpa meM AdhyAtmika stara para samatA ko bAta ko jAya, aura usake ThIka viparIta vAstavika jIvana meM vyavahAra ke stara para viSamatA kA poSaNa kiyA jAya / isa prakAra ina do satyoM ke AdhAra para eka hI jIvana meM tAttvika evaM AdhyAtmika samatA aura vyAvahArika evaM bAhya viSamatA ke bIca bemela tAlamela baiThA liyA jAtA hai| bhAratIya darzanoM kA pradhAna svara vyaktivAdI hai| isa bAta ko dhyAna meM rakhakara isa prazna para dUsare prakAra se bhI prakAza DAlA gyaa| samatA kisI vyakti kA svabhAva nahIM, samAja kA svabhAva hai| samatA sAmAjikatA kA anyatama mUlya aura Adarza hai| manuSya meM bauddhikatA aura sAmAjikatA ke vikAsa ke atirikta sammAna kI pravRtti kA bhI vikAsa hotA hai jo para ke binA nahIM hotaa| isalie AtmasammAna aura para sammAna sAmAjika stara para mAnava svabhAva ke aMga banate haiM / sAmAjika vyavahAra ke kSetra meM sammAna kI bhAvanA hI karma kI dRSTi se naitikatA kahI jAtI hai / yaha bhI kahA gayA ki manuSyoM meM samatA kA vikAsa usake Antarika svatantratA se hI prAdurbhUta hai| svatantratA kA guNa samatA meM anusyUta hai| vyakti ke sammAna ke pIche jo siddhAnta hai, vaha yaha hai ki pratyeka mAnavAtmA svayaM hI apanA antima mUlya hai (pro0 rAjArAma zAstrI / isa samasyA para prAcIna cintana se Adhunika cintana kA bheda spaSTa karate hue yaha bhI kahA gayA ki prAcIna bhAratIya darzana aura sAdhanA meM Antarika evaM AdhyAtmika samatA para jyAdA bala hai aura Adhunika darzana aura sAdhanA meM sAmAjika aura bAhya samatA para adhika bala dikhAI par3atA hai| vAstava meM samatA dRSTa dharma hai, adRSTa nhiiN| vaha anubhavagamya evaM parIkSaNa yogya hai| samatA sirpha manuSyatA ke sAmAnya guNa ke rUpa meM nahIM balki vyavahAra meM jarUrI hai (pro0 kRSNanAtha ) / isa prakAra samatA ko avadhAraNA ke sambandha meM bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya dRSTikoNa meM jo antara hai aura bhAratIya cintana meM dRSTigata evaM vyavahAra gata jo bAdhAyeM haiM, unheM vidvAnoM ne vicArArtha prastuta kiyA hai| do satyoM kI mAnyatA ke AdhAra para jo paramArtha aura vyavahAra ke bIca kA virodha batAyA gayA, usakA vizleSaNa karate hue zaivazAktatantra evaM vaiSNavatantroM ke udAravAdI darzana aura vyavahAra ko mImAMsA kI gyii| tantra sAhitya ke vidvAnoM ne bhI svAkAra kiyA ki tantra darzana anya bhAratIya darzanoM kA apavAda nahA hai jisake AdhAra para samatA kA koI lokavyavasthApaka svarUpa ubharatA ho / parantu isa sambandha meM tAntrika aura vaidika paramparA meM koI maulika anta ra avazya thA, jisake AdhAra para unhoMne mokSa ko bhoga mokSa kA sAmarasya aura sabhI vargoM evaM devatAoM meM samatA kI ghoSaNA kI ( DaoN0 navajIvana rstogii)| vaiSNava pakSa prastuta karate hue kahA gayA ki zUdra ke lie yadyapi rAmAnujAcArya evaM zaMkarAcArya meM bheda nahIM hai phira bhI itanA to hai ho ki vaiSNava

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tantroM meM strI, zUdroM ke lie bhakti evaM zaraNAgati ke dvAra kA udghATana kiyA gyaa| itanA hote hae bhI sAmAjika viSamatA ko dUra karane kI dizA meM koI saphalatA nahIM milii| isa bAta kA pramukha kAraNa yaha hai ki ye siddhAnta manvAdi smatiyoM kA sthAna nahIM le ske| isake viparIta paravartI kAla meM ye tAntrika manvAdi se apane ko avirodhI sthApita karane meM laga gaye ( DaoN0 azoka kumAra kaaliyaa)| tAntrika darzanoM meM dvaitavAdI yA advaitavAdI sabhI ne vedAnta ke mAyAvAda ko asvIkAra karake svAtantrya, samatA aura vyakti ke Atma pratyabhijJAna ke siddhAnta ko sthApita kiyaa| isa sthiti meM yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki tAntrikoM ne do satyoM ke virodha ko yathAsaMbhava dUra karane kA prayAsa kiyaa| zramaNavidyAoM ke vidvAnoM kA isa prazna para kucha bhinna mata hai / eka ora to ve saiddhAntika AdhAra para do satyoM kA aikAntika virodha svIkAra nahIM karate aura dUsarI ora jagata ke sAtha vyakti kA sambandha karuNA, samatA Adi guNoM ko ve tAttvika zUnyatA yA anaikAntikatA ke siddhAnta se jor3ate haiN| jo hai vaha pratItyasamutpanna hai, zUnyatA usakA niSedha nahIM karatI, pratyuta usakI svabhAvasattA kA niSedha karatI hai / isa vidhi se jagata kA tyAga nahIM saMgraha kiyA jAtA hai, jagata meM duHkha hai isalie karuNA utpanna hotI hai, vaha jagata ke sambandhoM ko jor3atI hai| samatA kA koI tAttvika astitva nahIM, balki viSamatA kA abhAva hai (zrIrAmazaMkara tripaatthii)| jaina dRSTi se kahA gayA ki samatA kA mUla AdhAra vyakti kA svAtantrya aura sAmAnya kI anubhUti hai| vizeSa kI nirapekSa avadhAraNA viSamatA kI jananI hai / anekAnta kI sApekSatA vyakti samAja ke vIca sambandha sthApita karatI hai aura samatA ke lie avasara pradAna karatI hai (DA0 gokula candra jain)| jaina-bauddha donoM hI yataH sRSTi meM mAnava kA sarvazreSTha mahattva svIkAra karate haiM, isalie usakI svatantratA svIkAra karane meM unheM adhika kaThinAI nahIM hai| __samatA se sambandhita vicAra vimarza ke prasaMga meM varNAzramadharma ke pakSapAtI vidvAnoM ne bhI apanA zAstrAdhArita mata prastuta kiyaa| kahA gayA ki vaNazrima ke anusAra apane apane vihita karmoM ko karanA hI samAja vyavahAra hai / adhikAroM ke atikramaNa se hI vaiSamya buddhi utpanna hotI hai| samatvadRSTi bhAvanA bala se utpanna kI jAtI hai| isalie usameM varNAzrama dharma kahIM bAdhaka nahIM hotA / pAramArthika dazA kI samatA dRSTi kisI prakAra vyAvahArika nahIM hai aura samatA kI vyAvahArika sthiti pAramArthika dRSTi kA bAdhaka bhI nahIM hai| kahA gayA ki isa vyavasthA ke lie mImAMsA darzana kI saraNI hI upayukta hai aura vyavahAra meM yadi kumArila bhaTTa kA anusaraNa kiyA jAya to jagata jIva ke sambandha meM mithyAvAdI vedAnta bhI isameM kathaMcita sahAyaka ho sakatA hai kintu anAtmanAdI, zUnyavAdI bauddhadarzana to kathamapi nhiiN| mImAMsA darzana samatAvAda ke adhika samIpa isalie hai ki vaha itikartavyatA kA nirdhAraNa kara varNAzrama dharma ke paripAlana meM logoM ko niyata karatA hai aura samAja

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meM vaiSamya baddhi utpanna nahIM krtaa| isa mata meM zAstrasammata kartavyoM kA pAlana hI bhAratIya saMskRti hai (paM0 paTTAbhirAma shaastrii)| isa pakSa ko eka dUsare prakAra se bhI puSTa kiyA gyaa| sabhI vyaktiyoM kA Atmatvena darzana hI samadarzana haiM, jaise ghaToM meM ghaTatva kA sAkSAtkAra / isa prakAra kI samatva dRSTi se loka-kalyANa saMbhava hai| ahantva ke rUpa meM pratibhAsita uparyukta samatva AdhyAtmika hai, jo vyavahAra kAla meM pratibaddha rahatA hai, usakA nirAkaraNa karanA hI darzana zAstra kA uddezya hai / isa prakAra kI samatA dRSTi ko chor3akara yadi kevala samAnadharmatA ke AdhAra para samatA khar3o kI jAya to usase samAja kI vAstavika samRddhi nahIM hogI; mAtra AhAranidrA-bhaya-maithunAdi pravRttiyoM ke bhoga meM samanvaya lAyA jA sakatA hai| pAramArthika aura vyAvahArika ubhayavidha samatA hai| donoM se hI trivarga kI samRddhi bddh'egii| sarvatra ahantva dRSTi hone ke kAraNa pakSapAta rAhitya Adi guNa khar3e hoMge, aura isI prakAra ahantvamAnI vyakti saMsAra tyAga kA sUkha aura Atmarata ho jAne kI saMtuSTi prApta kara sakatA hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM samAja ke lie aise yogiyoM kI apekSA banI rahatI hai| isa prakAra AdhyAtmika samatA aura vyAvahArika samatA donoM se trivarga kI prApti hotI hai| kintu samAja meM aisI samatA nahIM honI cAhie jo samAja kI vyavasthA ke anurUpa vikasita guNa aura bauddhikatA ke AdhAra para sAmAjika Arthika viSamatA ko hIna banA kara use vilupta kara de / kyoMki guNAnurodha se sAmAjika viSamatA bhI tattad darzanoM dvArA pratipAdita hai (paM0 vizvanAtha zAstrI daataar)| varNAzramavAdI ukta do vaktavyoM ke dvArA varNavAdI aura varNa-vyavasthAmUlaka samasta viSamatAoM kA samarthana karate hue bhI eka prakAra se sAmAjika samatA kI sambhAvanA ko ubhArane kI ceSTA kI gayI hai| isase itanA to spaSTa hI hotA hai ki isa vicAra ke loga bhI apane pratibandhoM ke bAvajUda sAmAjika samatA kI khoja kara rahe haiN| prAyaH sabhI vicArakoM ko eka sAmAnya khoja hai ki AdhyAtmika samatA kA vyAvahArika samatA ke sAtha sambandha kaise jor3A jAya ? kahA gayA ki samatA ke prazna ko adhyAtma ke sAtha jor3anA caahie| yadi yaha jur3Ava hogA to bhAratIya darzana kI samAja meM pratiSThA bar3hegI, sabake prati sabakI acchI nigAha bnegii| yadi aisA nahIM huA to durAva aura saMgharSa bar3hegA (zrI rAdhezyAma dhara dvivedii)| kahA gayA ki Aja samatA kI bhUkha jaga gayI hai| kisima-kisima kI vizeSatA ko yaha khA rahI hai ( zrI kRssnnnaath)| yaha bhI kahA gayA ki vyakti evaM samaSTi ke bIca zAzvata evaM nirantara dvandva haiM, vyakti para yadi samaSTi kA dabAva na ho to vaha cAhegA ki use apane svArthoM kI pUrti ke lie pUrNa svatantratA mile| samaSTi kI rakSA ke lie Avazyaka hai ki vyakti alaga alaga svArthoM meM lagakara dhUmAyamAna na ho jaay| saba lakar3iyA~ sAtha sAtha jaleMgI to samAja ke sarvAMgINa vikAsa kI agni prajjvalita ho sakatI hai ( DaoN0 kailAzanAtha zarmA / / isa samasyA ke samAdhAna kI dizA meM aneka dArzanika sambhAvanAyeM prastuta kI gyiiN| kahA gayA ki sAMkhya darzana aura tadanukUla vedAnta darzana samatAvAda ke bahuta samIpa hai (pro0 rAjArAma shaastrii)| tantroM ko

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( Ja ) ora saMketa karate hue kahA gayA ki sAmAjika samatA kI ucita aura nirbAdha upalabdhi ke lie Avazyaka hai ki vyApaka mUlya cetanA ke antargata hI hama prayatna kareM ( DA0 navajIvana rastogI ) / isake samAdhAna meM bauddha aura jaina vicAraka apane darzana se adhika Azvasta haiM kintu unake samakSa jIvana ke sabhI pramukha kSetroM meM . samatAvAdI jIvanadarzana ke prayoga kA prazna jvalanta rUpa meM khar3A hai / karmavAda aura purnajanmavAda kI unakI paramparAgata mAnyatA ko jaba taka nayA sandarbha nahIM milatA, taba taka aihikatAvAdI samatA kI samasyA usase alaga-thalaga hI par3I rhegii| jisa karmavAda ke AdhAra para bauddhoM ne zAzvatavAda aura gatihInatA kI mAnyatAoM kA nirAsa kiyA aura usake pariNAmasvarUpa mAnavavAda, sarvasaMgrAhaka karuNA ke siddhAnta ko sthApita kiyA, kintu usako jo eka sImA thI usase samatA ke bAhya prayoga meM kuNThita-sI par3a gayI / IzvaravAdI aura AtmavAdI karmavAda ke samakSa isa samasyA kA samAdhAna aura bhI kaThina ho jAtA hai / karmavAda kI isa samasyA para bhI vidvAnoM ke anekavidha mata sAmane Aye / isa prasaMga meM dRSTakarma aura adRSTakarma, vyaktikarma aura samUhakarma tathA usake vyaktigata phala aura sAmUhika phala para vaidika aura zramaNa sabhI dRSTiyoM se vicAra-vimarza kiyA gyaa| paramparAgata mImAMsA zAstra ke anusAra kahA gayA ki jina karmoM kA phala aihika jIvana meM hI hotA hai unakA nirNAyaka pramANa vyavahAra hai, kintu una karmoM kA pramANa vedamUlaka hogA, jinakA phala kAlAntara meM hogA, phalataH usakA vartamAna kAla meM vyakti dvArA anubhava nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai ( paM0 paTTAbhirAma zAstrI ) / karmaphala ko viSamatAkA AdhAra mAnane kI bAta kA vizleSaNa karate hue eka yaha vicAra prakaTa kiyA gayA ki viSamatA kI bhAvanA manuSya kI sahaja pravRtti hai / isa pravRtti para aMkuza lagAnA na to sambhava hai aura na mAnavatA ke hita meM hai / kintu samAja meM jo kRtrima viSamatA vyApta hai, vaha samAja aura zAsana kI vyavasthAgata truTi kA pariNAma hai / prAkRtika viSamatA pUrvakarmoM ke pariNAma svarUpa prApta hotI hai jaise liMga, raMga aura buddhi Adi kI viSamatA | kintu chUAchUta, U~ca-nIca, amIrI-garIbI Adi vyavasthA janya hai / isake nirAkaraNa ko avazya prayAsa honA caahie| bhAratIya darzana isa prayAsa meM kahIM bAdhaka nahIM api tu sAdhaka hI haiM ( pro0 badarInAtha zukla ) / isa prasaMga meM dRSTakarma aura adRSTa ke bIca vibhAjana rekhA kyA ho ? isa para bhI vicAra kiye gaye / kahA gayA ki bahuta se aise karma haiM, jo eka samaya meM adRSTa koTi ke the kintu aba ve mAnava vijJAna aura bhautika vijJAnoM kI nayI jAnakArI ke sAtha meM Ate jA rahe haiM / unake sambandha meM adRSTa kI kalpanA karanA aura usake pariNAmoM ko daivAdhIna svIkAra kara lenA kahA~ taka tArkika evaM vaijJAnika hogA ? isakA dhyAna rakhanA hogA ki sabhI bhAratIya darzanoM ne eka svara se dRSTa ke upapanna hone para adRSTa kI kalpanA ko sarvathA aprAmANika mAnA hai (pro0 jagannAtha upAdhyAya) sAmUhika aura vyakti karma tathA usake phala para bhI vicAra-vimarza huA / yaha

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( Ta ) anubhava kiyA gayA ki vibhinna rUpoM meM sabhI bhAratIya darzanoM ne isa prazna para bhI vicAra kiyA hai| isake lie Avazyaka hai vyakti, samAja aura rAjya ke Adhunika samasyAoM ke sandarbha meM usa para vicAra karanA aura usa dizA meM navIna vargIkaraNa aura spaSTIkaraNa ko prastuta karanA ! . vyaSTi-samaSTi ke sambandha yA sAmAjika samatA ke sambandha meM jo vicAra prastuta kiye gaye haiM, usakI pRSThabhUmi meM do prakAra kI pravRttiyA~ vidvAnoM meM Adi se anta taka kAma karatI rahatI haiN| eka yaha ki bhAratIya darzanoM ko Adhunika sandarbha ke anusAra apane ko DhAlanA cAhie, jisakA phalita yaha thA ki bhAratIya darzanoM meM eka mahattvapUrNa kamI hai, jisakI pUrti pAzcAtya vicAroM se kara lenI hogii| dUsarI pravRtti yaha ubhara kara AyI ki isa prasaMga meM cintana ko do dhArAoM ko jor3ane kA prazna nahIM hai, pratyuta bhAratIya cintana dhArA meM hI Adhunika samasyAoM ke samAdhAna kI khoja honI caahie| isa prakriyA meM svAbhAvika evaM zreSTha samAdhAna kI aisI sambhAvanAyeM nihita haiM jo pAzcAtya dezoM meM ubharI samasyAoM ke zreSTha vikalpa yA samAdhAna ko prastuta kara sake / ___ ina goSThiyoM kI saphalatA kA zreya saMyojaka zrI rAmazaMkara tripAThI aura zrI rAdhezyAma dhara dvivedI ko hai jinhoMne aise viSayoM ko vicAra kA kendra-vindu banAyA, jo jIvanta samasyAoM se paripUrNa hai, aura jisapara abhI bhI bhAratIya dArzanikoM kA cintana mukhara nahIM ho rahA hai| isakA mahattva isalie aura bhI adhika bar3ha jAtA hai ki aisI goSThiyoM kA Ayojana saMskRta vizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI meM kiyA jA rahA hai jahA~ abhI bhI paramparAgata bhAratIya zAstroM ke adhyayanAdhyApana kI akSuNNa paramparA cala rahI hai aura Aja bhI prAyaH sabhI pramukha bhAratIya cintana kI dhArAoM ke prAmANika vidvAna upalabdha haiN| zrI tripAThI jI bauddhavidyA ke prAmANika vidvAna haiM aura zrI rAdhezyAma jI Adhunika darzanoM se bhI paricita haiN| jIvana aura darzana kI jvalanta samasyAoM se ye paricita haiM aura paramparAgata adhyayanAdhyApana ke sAthasAtha navIna samAdhAna kI dizA meM jijJAsu haiM aura saceSTa haiN| vidyA ke vikAsa ko dizA meM inase AzA kI jA sakatI hai| pro0 jagannAtha upAdhyAya DIna, zramaNa vidyA saMkAya sampUrNAnanda saMskRta vizvavidyAlaya vArANasI

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vyaSTi evaM samaSTi kI samasyA pRSThabhUmi

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buddhadharmodayAMzastu zreSThaH sattveSu vidyate / etadaMzAnurUpyeNa sattvapUjA kRtA bhavet // kiM ca nizchadmabandhUnAmaprameyopakAriNAm / sattvArAdhanamutsRjya niSkRtiH kA parA bhavet / / (bodhiryAvatAre 6 : 118-19)

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bauddha darzana : vyakti, samAja aura usake sambandha vyakti samAja aura usake sambandha ko vicAra kA pramukha viSaya banA kara pAzcAtya dArzanikoM, samAjavaijJAnikoM aura rAjanItizAstriyoM ne zatAbdiyoM taka cintana kiyA hai / usake vikAsa kA vistRta itihAsa hai / unakI yaha bhI eka vizeSatA thI ki unake vicAra vidvAnoM kI goSThiyoM yA pustakoM taka hI sImita nahIM rahe, pratyuta unakA prabhAva vyakti, samAja aura rAjyoM para par3atA rahA aura usake phalasvarUpa prAcIna mAnyatAoM meM saMzodhana evaM parivartana hote rahe / jisase prAcIna ke sthAna para a - at praNAliyA~ paricAlita ho skiiN| isa vizeSa prakAra ke cintana ne na kevala pAzcAtya dezoM ko apitu kamaveza vartamAna vizva ke adhikAMza dezoM ko prabhAvita kiyA hai / inake prabhAva kSetra meM una dezoM kA jIvana-darzana bhI AyA, jinakI sahasrAbdiyoM se apanI paramparAgata zreSTha jIvana paramparA thI / bhAratIya punarjAgaraNa ke sAtha isa deza ne bhI usa cintana praNAlI ko aGgIkAra kiyA hai / dArzanika cintana meM bhAratIya manISI agraNI rahe haiM / anubhava evaM cintana ke AdhAra para unhoMne jIvana kI vividhatA aura gambhIratA kA samyak Akalana kiyA aura use zreSThatama uddezya pradAna kiyaa| eka vizeSa sandarbha meM unhoMne samasAmayika yuga meM vyakti, rAjya aura samAja ko apane jIvana-darzana se prabhAvita kiyA / Aja vicAroM ke naye sandarbha meM usa jIvana-darzana evaM jIvana-vidhi kA punarmUlyAGkana honA cAhiye / isa dizA meM bhAratIya darzanoM ne vizeSakara bauddhadarzana evaM usakI jIvana praNAlI ne apane prArambha kAla se hI na kevala bhAratIya apitu vizva ke virAT jana-jIvana ko prabhAvita kiyA hai| aise mahattvapUrNa darzana ke Aloka meM vyakti, samAja aura usase sambandhita praznoM kA Aja vivecana karanA bahuta hI AzAprada hogA / kahanA nahIM hai ki isa prasaGga meM anya bhAratIya darzanoM kA aura pAzcAtya vicArakoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana bhI isa vicAra goSThI kA pUraka hogA / spaSTa hai ki bauddhadarzana prAcIna vizva meM cAhe jitanA bhI mAnavIya cintana kI dRSTi se urvara evaM gatizIla rahA ho, kintu usake bauddhika evaM sAmAjika prazna prAcInakAla ke haiM / isa sthiti meM vyakti, samAja aura unake sambandhoM ke viSaya meM vicAra karate samaya usakI dArzanika sambhAvanAoM para adhika dhyAna denA hogA / parisaMvAda - 9

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bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM isakA yaha bhI artha nahIM ho sakatA ki sAmAjika saMsthAoM aura unase sambandhita ghaTanAoM kI upekSA kI jaae| - isa dizA meM vicAra karane kI dRSTi se nimnalikhita kucha viSayoM ke saGketa ho sakate haiN| bauddha darzana ke prasthAnoM meM vyakti (manuSya) kA svarUpa kyA hai ? aura sattA (astitva) ke kyA-kyA lakSaNa haiM ? usa sthiti meM vyakti aura samAja kI avadhAraNA kyA banatI hai ? vyakti aura samAja ke bIca kA sambandha-sUtra kyA hai ? vyakti aura samAja meM paraspara eka dUsare ke prati kisa prakAra kA uttaradAyitva mAnA jAegA? ina sambandhoM ke bIca nIti ke nirdhAraNa ke lie bauddha paramparA ke kauna se abhimata nirNAyaka hoMge? uparyukta vaicArika mAnyatAoM kI pRSThabhUmi meM jIvana ke sambandha meM mUlyAtmaka jina vizeSa praznoM kI ora dhyAna jAtA hai, usameM pradhAna hai-vyakti kI svatantratA, sAmAjika samatA aura unake bIca maryAdA kA prazna / isa sandarbha meM punarjanmavAda aura karmavAda kI bauddha mAnyatAoM kI ora dhyAna AkRSTa hotA hai, usakI saGgati kahA~ taka baiThegI ? isI prakAra anityatA evaM duHkhatA, vairAgya evaM nirvANa kI mAnyatAoM kI pRSThabhUmi meM lokahita kI dhAraNA evaM yojanA bhI vicAraNIya hogii| parisaMvAda goSThI ke viSayoM para vicAra karane ke lie pAzcAtya vidvAnoM kI paribhASAoM se nitAnta rUpa meM na to ba~dhA rahA jA sakatA hai aura na to unakI upekSA kI jA sakatI hai, isI prakAra bauddha-zAstroM kI paMktiyoM se bhii| donoM meM hI parivartana evaM sudhAra kI sambhAvanAe~ kI jA sakatI haiN| parisaMvAda-2

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bauddhadRSTi meM vyakti, loka tathA sambandha jagannAtha upAdhyAya cintana kI dizA bauddhadarzana kA prasthAna-bindu jagat ke kartA kI khoja nahIM hai, jisameM samudra, vana, parvata, pazu-pakSI Adi carAcara haiM, apitu sAkSAt manuSya kA jIvana aura usakI samasyAeM haiN| kyA kuzala evaM zreSTha hai ? samyaktva kyA hai ? jisake AdhAra para AcAra aura vicAroM kI zreSThatA ko pramANita kiyA jaae| pApa aura puNya kyA hai ? usake Akalana meM vyakti aura usake sambandhoM ke pariveza kA kyA mahattva hai ? isa prakAra ke nItigata praznoM ke prasaMga meM vyakti aura jagat kI vyAkhyA karanA bauddhacintana kI mukhya dhArA hai| bauddhadarzana kA pradhAna kSetra nIti-mImAMsA aura jJAna-mImAMsA hai, padArthazAstrIya vivecana yA acintya-zaktiyoM kI khoja nhiiN| unake cintana ke pIche preraNA hai-cAroM dizAoM meM phailI huI duHkhI janatA ke duHkhoM kA nidAna aura nivAraNa ke upAyoM kA anveSaNa krnaa| vartamAna jIvana kI vivazatA kleza hai aura usakA puruSArtha klezanivAraNa hai| duHkha aura usake kAraka prAyaH sabhI meM samAna haiM, isalie koI vajaha nahIM hai ki una kAraNoM ke nivAraNa meM vyakti apane ko na lagAe aura anya logoM ko bhI usake lie prerita na kre| isa naitika Adarza se anuprANita hokara jo cintana prArambha huA, usakI pramukha dizA hai vyakti ke citta ko kaluSita karane vAlI pravRttiyoM se use bacAnA, usameM aisI saMkalpa-zakti jagAnA, jisase vaha jina sImAoM meM ghirA hai, usase nikalakara zubha-virodhI zaktiyoM ko samApta karane meM sakSama ho ske| bhAratIya darzanoM ke bIca vicAra kI yaha dizA bahuta kucha bhinna hai, isaliye jIva aura jagat ke astitva kI vyAkhyA aura usakI kAraNatA ke nirdhAraNa meM usakA vizeSa prakAra kA yogadAna hai| isa pRSTabhUmi meM bauddhoM dvArA jIva, jagat aura usake sambandhoM kA jisa prakAra se vivecana huA, usase cintana ke Adhunika pariveza meM bhI vyakti, samAja aura usake sambandhoM kI vyAkhyA karane ke lie avasara prApta ho jAtA hai| vyakti aura samAja ke bIca vyakti hI vaha bindu hai, jisakI racanA aura usake saMskAra aura vikAroM ke anubandha meM samAja kA adhyayana kiyA jA sakatA hai| kintu vyaktitva ke gatihIna evaM rUr3ha hone kI sthiti meM samAja ke parivartanazIla prabhAvoM kA parisaMvAda-2

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bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM vizleSaNa karanA bahuta kaThina yA asambhava ho jAtA hai| vyakti ke ghaTaka upAdAnoM meM nitya evaM sthira padArthoM kA jisa mAtrA meM yogadAna mAnA jAegA, usI mAtrA meM vyakti aura samAja ke sambandhoM ke adhyayana kA avasara kama hotA jaaegaa| isa dRSTi se prAcIna bhAratIya darzana do bhAgoM meM vibhakta ho jAte haiM-(1) nitya aura sthiratAvAdI aura (2) anitya evaM asthirtaavaadii| AtmA kI nityatA ke AdhAra para nityatAvAdI darzana vyakti ko yathAsambhava anya nirapekSa, svagata evaM svayambha mAnate haiN| aise darzanoM meM pariNAmavAdI sAMkhya aura paryAyavAdI jainadarzana eka sImA meM isa prakAra kI ceSTA avazya karate haiM, jisase nitya AtmA kA bhI bAhya jagat se aisA sambandha banA rahe, jisase bAhya saMsAra kI ora se Ane vAle saMskAra aura vikAroM ke prabhAva ke AdhAra para bhI vyakti kI vyAkhyA kI jA ske| AMzika rUpa meM bhI nityatAvAdI na hone ke kAraNa bauddha dArzanikoM ko isake liye adhika anukUlatA hai ki ve sApekSatA ke AdhAra para vyakti aura samAja ke sambandhoM kA vizleSaNa kara sakeM / vyakti-sambandhI sApekSatA kA siddhAnta samAja ke parivartanazIla sambandhoM ko Akalita karane evaM unheM grahaNa karane meM adhika sakSama hai| vyakti-nirmANa vyakti nirmANa ke do mukhya upAdAna-samUha haiM, jinake svarUpa meM aMzataH bhI nityatA yA sthiratA nahIM hai, ve upAdAna ye haiM-(1) cetanApradhAna citta aura (2) jaDapradhAna zarIra aura indriyA~ / jaDa se cetana yA cetana se jaDa yA unameM paraspara paurvAparya ke siddhAnta se bauddha dArzanika kathamapi sahamata nahIM haiN| ve jaDa aura cetana ke vIca sahavartitva aura sApekSatA ke siddhAnta ko mAnate haiN| isa prakAra vyakti ke nirmANa ke lie usake upAdAnoM meM jaDa-cetana padArthoM kI nitAnta apekSA hai| anyApekSatA aura sahavartitva kA siddhAnta sirpha jaDa-cetana ke madhya hI nahIM, pratyuta svatantrarUpa se jaDa jagat aura cetana jagat para bhI lAgU hai| isa prakAra eka ora vastue~ jaise apane sajAtIya upAdAnoM kI apekSA se khar3I haiM, vaise hI vijAtIya upAdAnoM ke bala para bhii| sabhI dRSTiyoM se vastu-sattA kI anivAryatA hai-anyaapeksstaa| kAraNatA kI vyAkhyA bhI bauddhadRSTi se niyamita anyonyApekSatA hI hai| anya nirapekSatA kAraNatA ke bahirbhUta hai| itanA hI nahIM, vaha vastu-sattA ke bhI bahirbhUta hai| isIlie nityatA yA sthiratA ko kabhI bhI kAraNa-kArya kI koTi meM nahIM rakhA jA sktaa| prayojana-vizeSa kI niSpatti vastu kA asAdhAraNa lakSaNa hai| anya nirapekSatA kI sthiti meM prayojana-siddhi kI sambhAvanA samApta ho jAtI hai| Azraya aura AzrayI ke rUpa meM bhI kisI nitya padArtha kI sambhAvanA nahIM hai| jina parisaMvAda-2

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dRSTa vyakti, loka tathA sambandha jAvayavoM se sthUla yA sUkSma jaDa vastuoM kA nirmANa hotA hai, vaha apane avayavoM ke saMghAta se atirikta kucha nahIM hai / avayavoM se atirikta jaise avayavI nahIM, usI prakAra cetanA samUhoM se atirikta koI anya cetana yA jaDa Azraya nahIM hai / yaha nahIM hai ki vyakti yA vastu kI apanI koI asAdhAraNatA nahIM hai, pratyuta asAdhAraNatA kA AdhAra (ghaTa Adi vastuoM ke avayavoM kA eka vizeSa sampuJjana mAtra hai / kisI bhI sthiti vyakti kA koI bhI aMza anirmita, asaMskArya evaM avikArya nahIM hai / jaDa-cetana hetuoM se nirmita vyakti eka rAzi hai / usake vyaktitva ke nirmANa meM anitya cetanA - samUhoM kA pramukha hAtha hai / usake AdhAra para jaise vaha apanA jIvana (svasantAna) khar3A karatA hai, vaise hI bAhya jagat (para- santAna aura bhautika jagat ) se sambandha bhI jor3atA hai | cayana prakriyA prAkRta rUpa meM vyakti acchA yA burA nahIM hotA, balki cayana kI svatantra prakriyA se vaha apane ko bhalA yA burA banAtA hai / usI prakriyA se Antara aura bAhya jagat ke bIca eka aisA samAna sambandha-sUtra jor3atA hai, jo donoM ko eka dUsare para nirbhara rakhe hue hai / bauddhoM kA janmAntara-vizvAsa unheM paraloka kI kalpanA karane para vivaza karatA hai / kintu una sabhI lokoM kA vyakti se sambandha mAtra rAgAtmaka hai / isalie ina lokoM se sambandhita vyakti kI gati yA sthiti Adi kI paramparAnusAra vyAkhyA bhI usake rAgAtmaka sambandhoM ke bIca hI sambhava hotI hai / loka-saMsthAnoM kA yadi paurANika rUpa chor3a deM to usakA vibhAjana vAstava meM vyaktitva kA aneka staroM meM vargIkaraNa hai, jo vyaktitva kI cayana prakriyA se bAhara nahIM hai / sthUla rUpa meM vartamAna jIvana jisa loka se sambandhita hai, use kAmaloka kahate haiM / vAstava meM vaha bhI jagat kI kevala prAkRtika vicitratAe~ nahIM hai, apitu manuSya ke rAga aura saGkalpoM kA aisA samUha hai, jo ghaniSTha rUpa meM vyaktitva ke gaThana se sambandhita hai / kAma bhUmi kA vyakti apane kAmarAga se kramazaH vimukta hote hue uttarottara ucca bhUmiyoM (vyaktitva ke stara) ke zreSThatara udAra guNoM kA parigraha kara akuzala dharmoM ko samApta karate hue vartamAna kAmabhUmi meM Aryatva ke jIvana kI pratiSThA kara sakatA hai / isa prakAra zreSTha vyaktitva ke nirmANa kA kSetra ihaloka aura vartamAna jIvana bana jAtA hai, jo usakI svatantra cayana prakriyA para nirbhara hai / vyakti evaM loka kA sambandha-sUtra antarjagat aura bAhya jagat kA sambandha-sUtra karma hai / aparAdha evaM daNDa, saccAritrya aura puraskAra kI vyavasthA usI se hotI hai, kyoMki karma se bhinna koI parisaMvAda - 2 7

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bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM kAraka nahIM hai| aisA koI kartA nahIM hai, jo buddhipUrvaka jagat kI sRSTi karatA ho / karma hI kAraNa hai aura vaha manuSya kA hI upArjita hai, jo manuSya ke vyaktitva kA vidhAtA bhI hai| karma na to bAhya kriyArUpa hai aura na zAstrAdiSTa kisI prakAra kA karmakANDa / karma cetanAdhArita hai / cetanA citta kA eka vizeSa saMskAra hai, jise cittaspandana ke rUpa meM bhI samajhA jA sakatA hai| isa prakAra cetanA manaskarma hai| kAyika aura vAcika jo kriyAe~ vijJApita hotI haiM yA kisI sthiti meM avijJApita bhI rahatI haiM, una sabakA preraka manaskarma hI hai, athavA kAya evaM vAkriyA eka prakAra kI saMcetanA hai, jisakA bAhya vijJApana yA to hotA hai yA nahIM bhI hotA hai| kisI bhI taraha karma vyakti-citta kA eka abhisaMskaraNa hai, jisake AdhAra para kuzala aura akuzala kA saMgraha yA nirAkaraNa hotA hai| karma ke svarUpa ko mAnasa vyApAroM evaM vRttiyoM ke sAtha citta yA mana ke abhisaMskaraNa evaM saMcetanA-vyApAra ke rUpa meM samajhA jA sakatA hai| isakA svarUpa taba aura spaSTa ho jAtA hai, jaba vAtsIputrIyoM ke atirikta anya bauddha kAya aura vAk se vijJApita hone vAle vyApAra ko kSaNikatA ke siddhAnta ke AdhAra para gatizIla nahIM mAnate, use saMsthAna yA sannivezavizeSa mAnate haiM / sautrAntikoM ne saMsthAna kI bhI kevala bauddhika (prAjJaptika) sattA hI mAnI hai| sabhI sthitiyoM meM bauddha karmavAda bAhya aura Antara jagat ke bIca eka aisA sudRr3ha sambandhasUtra hai, jo apane pariveza ke bIca vyaktitva ko saMgaThita rakhatA hai aura usakA niyamana bhI karatA hai| citta kA svabhAva prabhAsvara hai| karma cetanA svabhAva hai / cetanA citta ko eka vizeSa spandana detI hai, jo karma ke svabhAva ko prakaTa karatA hai| karma ko vyavahAra ke lie upacita yA vardhanazIla banAne ke lie rAga, dveSa, mAna, ajJAna, dRSTi, saMzaya Adi ke vibhinna prakAra citta ko Azraya banAte haiM aura usakI kramika paramparAe~ bhI khar3I karate haiN| tadanusAra vyAvahArika jIvana ke AyAma kA nirmANa karate haiM aura isa prakAra ke anekAneka saMskAroM ko citta meM viHspandita karate rahate haiN| ye jise Alambana banAte haiM, usake prati moha (ajJAna) paidA karate haiN| vyakti meM akuzala karmoM ke prati aruci khar3I karate haiN| isa prakAra kI eka aisI akarmaNyatA paidA karate haiM, jisase acche aura zubha kAryoM ke lie vyaktitva kuNThita ho jaay| aise vyakti kA kramazaH satkarmoM se virata rahakara gahita karmoM ke karane meM soca nahIM raha jAtA aura mithyA AcAra-vicAroM kA vaha svayaM pakSadhara ho jAtA hai| apane AcAra evaM vicAroM se vaha na kevala apane lie duHkha ke vIja botA hai, apitu sarvasAmAnya ke duHkhoM kA bhI kAraNa banatA hai| aisI pravRttiyoM se prerita vyakti bAhya jagat meM bhI parisaMvAda-2

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dRSTi meM vyakti, loka tathA sambandha vikAra utpanna karatA hai / isa prakAra kI pravRttiyoM se puSTa aura abhiSyandita hokara karma-pariNAma ke rUpa meM vaha tadanukUla vyaktitva kA nirmANa karatA hai / vyaktitva nirmANa vyakti ke jIvanAstitva ke / Upara kahA gayA hai ki vyApAroM ke isa pUre caritra kI pRSThabhUmi meM ajJAna aura usake vibhinna prakAra, ruciyoM ke bheda tathA grahaNasAmarthya kI hInatA yA uccatA nirdhArita hote haiM, jinake AdhAra para vyaktitva kA stara nizcita hotA hai| vizleSaNa se uparyukta sthiti spaSTa ho jAtI hai vyakti ke upAdAnoM meM jaDa aura apane meM samprayukta vibhinna prakAra ke sAtha citta aura caitasika pramukha haiN| manuSyoM meM eka prakAra ke loga citta evaM caitasikoM ko pahale piNDa ke rUpa meM grahaNa karate haiM aura use hI svAtmA yA sva svIkAra karate haiM / dUsare prakAra ke loga rUpapiNDa ko AtmA svIkAra karate haiM / tIsare prakAra ke citta aura rUpa ( jaDa) donoM ko hI piNDataH evaM AtmataH svIkAra karate haiM / ukta AdhAra para vyakti ke astitva (AtmA kI kalpanA ) ke sambandha meM mukhyarUpa se pA~ca dRSTikoNa banate haiM / 1 - AtmA AtmIya dRSTi (maiM aura merA vistAra), 2 - dhruva evaM uccheda dRSTi (sabhI kAloM meM astitva yA vartamAna ke bAda kucha nahIM), 3 - nAsti dRSTi ( karma, karma - phala ke dAyitva kA asvIkAra ), 4 - hIna evaM uccadRSTi evaM 5 - zIlavrataparAmarzadRSTi (vividha prakAra ke andhavizvAsa ) | ye sabhI dRSTiyA~ mithyAdRSTiyA~ haiM; kyoMki vAstavikatA ke viparIta haiM / vAstava meM ye saba tRSNA se janita haiM / ina saba meM mUlabhUta tRSNA AtmAstitva kI tRSNA hI hai / AtmatRSNA do rUpoM meM khar3I hotI hai1 - nityatA ke rUpa meM aura 2 - vistAra ke rUpa meM / yadi AtmA svarUpataH nitya hai| aura usakA astitva tInoM kAloM meM vistRta evaM vyApaka hai to usake svarUpa aura avadhAraNA kI mAtrA ke AdhAra para vyakti zeSa jagat se apanA tRSNAjIvI sambandha sthApita karegA / astitva kI isI avadhAraNA se sarvatra 'sva' aura 'para' dRSTi khar3I hotI hai aura una do saGketoM ke bIca hI sAre dhArmika sAmAjika sambandha jor3e jAte haiM / vyaktitva nirmANa kI ukta prakriyA meM zreSTha vyaktitva ke vikAsa kI bhI pUrI sambhAvanA nihita hai, kyoMki kAryakAraNa kI jisa vyavasthA meM akuzala vyaktitva banatA hai, usI ke antargata kuzala vyaktitva ke vikAsa kA bhI mArga hai / kuzala aura akuzala donoM hI pratItyasamutpanna ( kAraNa-samUhoM se utpanna ) haiM / cAra AryasatyoM meM se mArgasatya kuzala vyaktitva ke lie dvAra kholatA hai / yaha satya ke yathAbhUta darzana kA parisaMvAda - 2

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10 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM mArga hai| yaha mArga svayambhUta nahIM hai, apitu zreSTha vyaktitva kI hI prasUti hai| AtmAstitva ko kendra mAnakara jina mithyAdRSTiyoM ke kAraNa akuzala pravRttiyA~ vyakti meM Azraya grahaNa karatI haiM, pratiSThA-lAbha kara vRddhiMgata hotI haiM, unameM se eka-eka ke pratipakSa meM mArgasatya dvArA vizeSa-vizeSa prajJAe~ udita hotI haiN| usake phalasvarUpa vyakti para jo aba taka ke akuzala pravRttiyoM kA Adhipatya jamA hai| ve viSkambhita hote jAte haiM aura unake viparIta zraddhA, vIrya (utsAha), smRti, samAdhi, maitrI, karuNA, muditA, prajJA Adi kA vyApaka Adhipatya sthApita hotA hai| isa prakriyA se Aryatva yA zreSThatA ke kuzala dharmoM kA AvAhana hotA hai / satyadarzana aura satya-bhAvanA ke bala se vyaktitva kA jo bhI hIna evaM akuzala pakSa kA AdhAra hai, Azraya hai, usakI parAvRtti ho jAtI hai, usakA anyathAbhAva ho jAtA hai / isa prakriyA ko 'AzrayaparAvRtti' kahA jAtA hai| manuSya ke andara kA jo kleza eka bAra mArga ke bala se prahINa ho cukA hai, usakI agnidagdha bIja kI bhA~ti punaH utpatti nahIM ho sktii| isI krama se Aryatva ko pratiSThA milatI hai| yaha Aryatva samyaktva se .niyata hai| aisA vyaktitva Adarzonmukha pravRttiyoM ke pravAha meM cala cukA hai, jo uttarottara samyak hogaa| yaha jIvana kA nirmala evaM Adarza pakSa hai, jo apane AcaraNa evaM sambandhoM se rAga, dveSa aura moha ke prabhAva ko samApta karane lagatA hai| isake phalasvarUpa usakI AtmadaSTi (pUrva astitvAvadhAraNA) samUla vigalita hone lagatI hai| usa avasthA meM isa bAta kI pUrI sambhAvanA khar3I ho jAtI hai ki isa Azraya-parAvRtti kI prakriyA meM vizuddha nairAtmya kA anubhava ho aura usake AdhAra para loka meM nayI aura niSkaluSa mAnyatAoM evaM sambandhoM ko sthApita kiyA jA ske| vyApaka sarjanazIlatA klezarahita aura niSkaluSa vyaktitva hI paryApta nahIM hai, kyoMki buddha, dharma aura saGgha kI zaraNa grahaNa karane kA vizeSa prayojana hai-klezoM se kevala apanA trANa nahIM, apitu jagat kA bhI trANa / buddha kI zaraNa buddhakAraka guNoM kI zaraNa hai| buddhakAraka guNoM kA samUha buddha kA dharmakAya hai, kisI vyakti-vizeSa kA rUpakAya nhiiN| saGga kI zaraNa una saGghakara dharmoM ko svIkAra karanA hai, jinheM ATha bhAgoM meM saGghIbhUta kara use zreSTha dharmoM se samagra evaM sampUrita kiyA jaae| isI prakAra dharma kI zaraNa jAne kA artha hai, nirvANa kI zaraNa jaanaa| nirvANa kA artha hai svasantAna (vyakti) aura parasantAna (dUsare sabhI) ke klezoM aura duHkhoM kA vigamana / isa mahAna kArya ke lie vikasita evaM prabuddha vyaktitva cAhie, jisakI prajJA amala ho aura sarvagrAhI ho tathA usakI maitrI evaM karuNA bhI aparimita, asaMsakta evaM avirata rUpa meM sarjanazIla ho| parisaMvAda-2

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bauddhadRSTi meM vyakti, loka tathA sambandha yaha karuNA sabhI sImAoM aura nimittoM ko tor3akara vyApaka rUpa se pravAhita evaM kriyAzIla hone lagatI hai| usakI dRSTi meM vyaktigata nirvANa kA bhI koI mUlya nahIM raha jaataa| phalataH usakA jIvana parArtha ho jAtA hai| aisA vyaktitva svatantra vyaktitva hai, kintu karuNAvaza isane parAdhInatA svIkAra kI hai| ___ bauddha jIvana-paramparA meM vyakti-svAtantrya ke rUpa bhI milate haiN| zrAvakayAna aura pratyekabuddhayAna kI sAdhanA kA Adarza arhattva hai, jisakA antima lakSya vyakti ko klezoM se mukta karanA hai| isakA yaha artha kadApi nahIM hai ki ye loga sAmAjika uttaradAyitva ko svIkAra nahIM karate, apitu itanA sahI hai ki ye loga lokopakAra ke puNyoM kA bhI viniyojana vyakti kI klezanivRtti ke lie karate haiN| spaSTa hai ki atyadhika rAgaprahANa para jora dene kA eka svAbhAvika pariNAma hotA hai atyanta vairaagy| pratyekabuddha eka aisA vyakti hai, jisakA Adarza hai, duniyA~ meM akelA raha kara gaiMDe ke samAna AcaraNa krnaa| unakA kahanA hai ki dUsaroM ke saMsarga se sneha utpanna hotA hai| sneha duHkha kA kAraNa banatA hai, isalie sneha ke duSpariNAmoM se bacanA caahie| jaba mithyAdRSTiyoM ko pAra kara liyA aura vAstavikatA kA jJAna ho gayA to kisI bhI dUsare kI sahAyatA kI AvazyakatA nahIM raha gayI / maitrI, karuNA Adi ke abhyAsa se saMsAra meM kisI ke sAtha jaba vaira-virodha nahIM raha gayA, to akele vicaraNa karanA hI uttama hai| isa prakAra pratyekabaddha apane lie saMgha kI bhI apekSA nahIM karatA, use apane svataMtra parAkrama para vizvAsa hai| dUsaroM ke prati vaha hitAnukampI hai, kintu apane lie dUsaroM se kucha nahIM caahtaa| isa vizeSa prakAra kA jIvana-darzana bauddha nikAyoM meM virala hai, isalie vaha mukhya dhArA meM nahIM A skaa| pratyekabuddha kI karuNA aura prajJA kA AyAma vistRta nahIM thaa| anya bauddha dhArAoM meM dRSTi ke parivartana ke sAtha-sAtha karuNA kA kSetra vistRta hotA gyaa| isa prakAra kI karuNA loka meM pracalita dayA yA kRpA ke samAna nahIM hai / isake pIche dUsaroM ko duHkhoM se dUra karane ke lie virAT saMkalpa evaM yojanA hai| saMgha ke samakSa vyakti ne AcArya se sabhI sattvoM ke lie, kucha ke lie nahIM; sabhI samaya, kucha samaya ke lie nahIM; citta meM bhI koI burAI na lAne kA saMkalpa evaM saMvara-samAdAna kiyA hai| usa sthiti meM vyakti ne duHkhoM se jagat ke paritrANa ke lie prabala pratijJA lI hai aura tadanusAra usa mArga para prasthAna kara diyA hai| devoM, devAdhidevoM kA ArAdhana nahIM, pratyuta usane apane jIvana kA uddezya sattvArAdhana (mAnava kI upAsanA) banAyA hai| buddha kA anuyAyI hone ke kAraNa usake lie yaha asvAbhAvika na hotA ki vaha Aja taka ke buddhoM ke prati apane ko samarpita karatA, unheM hI apane ArAdhana kA Alambana parisaMvAda-2

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bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM banAtA, kintu aisA na kara usane loka ko ArAdhya banAyA hai| vaha jina kSetra aura sattva-kSetra (loka) ke mAhAtmya ko samAna mAnatA hai / aisA nirNaya yaha isalie le pAtA hai ki aise vyakti ke pAsa karuNA ke sAtha prajJA hai| prajJA ke kAraNa use vAstavikatA kA parijJAna hai, vaha jagat ke duHkhoM, unake kAraNoM aura unake nivAraNa ko yathAbhUta jAnatA hai / duHkhI janatA ko usake duHkhoM se mukta karanA usakA uddezya hai, kintu vaha yaha bhI jAnatA hai ki duHkhoM ke kAryakAraNa kA pravAha vistRta evaM vyApaka nimittoM se jur3A huA hai, unheM Alambana banA kara hI duHkhoM ko samApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| duHkhoM ke svAmI yA adhikArI kucha loga hI nahIM haiN| aisA nahIM hai ki usase kucha hI loga pratibaddha hoM, balki duHkha sAmAnya hai, isalie apane aura dUsaroM kA vibhAga na karake jagat meM vistRta duHkha-pravAha yA duHkha kI vyavasthA ko samApta karanA hogaa| sarjana-zIlatA kA yaha vyApaka AyAma hai| vyApakatA kA kAraNa hai-prajJA aura karuNA kA sahavartI honA / karuNA vyApaka duHkha-pravAha kA sparza karatI hai aura prajJA mithyAdRSTiyoM kA prahANa kara vAstavikatA kA jJAna karAtI hai| prajJA ke kAraNa vyakti saMsAra kI AsaktiyoM meM nahIM phaMsatA aura karuNA ke kAraNa saMsAra se virakta nahIM hotaa| mahAyAna ke Adarza ke anusAra isa mahAn kArya ke sampAdanArtha saMsAra aura nirvANa donoM meM Adarza vyakti ko pratiSThita nahIM honA caahie| use madhyastha evaM taTastha honA caahie| samatA evaM parivartana uparyukta mahAn saMkalpa ke sAtha vyakti-citta meM parAtma-samatA aura parAtmaparivartana kI prakriyA zurU ho jAtI hai| isakI pRSThabhUmi meM pratItyasamutpAda kA eka nayA jIvana-darzana vartamAna hai, jise prajJA yA prajJApAramitA (prajJA kI pUrNatA) kahate haiN| cintana se yaha tathya spaSTa hone lagatA hai ki vyApaka viSamatA ke pIche kArya-kAraNa niyama kI galata avadhAraNAyeM bhI kAma karatI haiM aura usI ke AdhAra para sva-para AdhArita sambandha evaM mAnyatAyeM khar3I kara lI gaI haiN| jaba ki satya yaha hai ki inake mUla meM sva-para kA nirdhAraNa tAttvika nahIM hai| kyoMki kAraNatA ke niyama svayaM meM hI upapanna nahIM ho pAte / phalataH vastu yA vyakti kA svabhAva (svatva) siddha nahIM ho paataa| prajJAmUlaka isa dArzanika paristhiti meM duHkha kI vyAkhyA kA AdhAra kevala vyaktiyoM taka sImita na rahakara, paramparA (pravAha) yA vyavasthA se sambaddha ho jAtI hai / usa sthiti meM karuNA sattvAlambanA (vyaktyAzrita) nahIM raha jAtI, pratyuta dharmAlambanA (niyamAzrita yA pravAhAzrita) ho jAtI hai| Age calakara yaha anAlambanA bhI hotI hai| isa sthiti meM karuNA kA AyAma ativistRta evaM udAra ho jAtA hai| isa prakAra parisaMvAda-2

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bauddhadRSTi meM vyakti, loka tathA sambandha sva-para-samatA ko puSTa AdhAra mila jAtA hai, jisako pUrti sva kA para ke lie visarjana meM hotI hai, jise sva parAtmaparivartana kahA jAtA hai| isa prakAra vyakti kI svatantratA kA vikAsa parArtha ke lie apane ko vijita karane meM tathA eka ucca prakAra kI parAdhInatA svIkAra karane meM hai| sampUrNa bauddhacintana meM prajJA aura karuNA hI ve mUlabhUta tattva haiM, jinake AdhAra para eka ora vyakti kA loka se sambandha vikasita hotA hai tathA dUsarI ora usI se nIti aura dharma ke aucitya kA bhI nirdhAraNa hotA hai| jaba taka sthiti (duHkha aura usake nivAraNa) kA yathAbhUta jJAna nahIM hogA, taba taka vyakti yA loka meM zIla kI pratiSThA tathA vyakti-citta evaM lokacitta kI vizuddhi sambhava nahIM hogii| vyakti meM karuNA kA prArambha avihiMsA yA adveSa ke rUpa meM hotA hai, jisakA svarUpa rahatA hai, dUsaroM kA duHkha dekha kara hRdaya kA khinna ho jAnA tathA duHkha ke nivAraNa kI icchA utpanna honaa| karuNA kA yaha vyaktigata kSetra hai| prajJA ke dvArA jaba yaha yathArthatA prakaTa hotI hai ki saMsAra ke duHkhoM kA kAraNa kevala vyakti se sambaddha ajJAna mAtra nahIM hai, ataH use hI haTAnA paryApta nahIM hai, apitu usase bhinna anya sampUrNa loka ke sambandha meM jo avidyA aura tRSNA kA AvaraNa hai, usakA apanayana bhI nitAnta Avazyaka hai| prajJA ke isa vyApaka prakAza meM karuNA apanI vyaktigata sImA se uThakara vizAla AyAma grahaNa kara letI hai| usake phalasvarUpa vibhinna prakAroM se usakI kriyAzIlatA tIvra ho jAtI hai| isa prakAra karuNA kA prayANa mahAkaruNA kI ora ho jAtA hai| mahAprajJA ke prakAza-maNDala meM mahAkaruNA lokAbhimukha evaM lokaparAyaNa ho jAtI hai| jisa ora yaha yAtrA karatI hai, usI ora sabhI zreSTha dharma (guNa) anugama karane lagate haiN| isa prakAra jIvana ko eka yaha mahAn lakSya prApta hotA hai-saMsAra ke duHkhoM ke nivAraNa meM apane janma-janmAntara ko lagA denaa| vikAsa kI uparyukta bhUmikA meM eka mUlabhUta tathya yaha prakaTa hotA hai ki saMsAra aura nirvANa ke bIca jo mahAn antara yA virodha samajhA jAtA hai, vaha manuSya kA nirA ajJAna hai| vAstava meM donoM ke bIca kisI prakAra kA tAttvika bheda nahIM hai| isa sthiti meM saMsAra kI hInatA aura heyatA kI paramparAgata mAnyatA meM bhI AmUla-cUla parivartana hotA hai| isa parivartana ke sAtha sabhI mahAyAna dArzanikoM ne eka vastu ke do pRSThoM kI bhA~ti vyavahAra aura paramArtha kI mahatvapUrNa vyAkhyA kii| nirvANa ke lie vyavahAra anivArya upAya hai, vaha sarvathA heya nahIM hai| isake lie mahAyAna ke AcAryoM ne kahA hai ki jagat ke duHkhoM kA nivAraNa lakSya hai| usa uddezya parisaMvAda-2

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bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM kI siddhi ke lie eka prakAra kA moha yA avidyA bhI upAdeya hai| kintu isakA yaha artha kadApi nahIM hai ki Atmamoha yA apane astitva ke prati tRSNA rakhanA bhI kabhI upAdeya ho sakatA hai| AtmA kI svIkRti se to isa pUre vikAsa evaM utkarSa kA mUlAvAta hI ho jaaegaa| kyoMki niHsvabhAvatA, zUnyatA yA anAtmatA hI vaha dharAtala hai, jisake AdhAra para saMsAra-duHkha ke nivAraNa kI yaha virAT yojanA khar3I ho sakatI hai| sampUrNa duHkhoM kA kAraNa manuSya kA AtmAstitva hai, usakA nivAraNa parArtha kA mUla hai aura duHkhoM kA vigamana hai| paripAka, vyakti aura loka pahale 'Azraya-parAvRtti' ke dvArA vyaktitva meM AmUla parivartana kI bAta kahI gayI hai / yaha Azraya-parAvRtti vAstava meM parArthavRtti hai / isa prakriyA se manuSya vyaktipuruSa nahIM, pratyuta loka-puruSa ho jAtA hai, jise bodhisattva kahA jAtA hai| isa Adarza puruSa ko parArthatA kI siddhi ke lie aparimita jJAna-sambhAra (jJAna-sAmagrI) evaM puNya-sambhAra (satkarmoM kI bahulatA) juTAnA hai| isakI taiyArI meM paripAka' kI eka viziSTa kriyA sampanna karanA Avazyaka hai| paripAka eka aisI paripakvatA hai, yA samagratA ke rUpa meM taiyArI hai, jo duHkhI loka ke duHkhanivAraNa kI arhatA utpanna karatA hai| yaha paripAka kevala vyakti kA nahIM, loka kA bhI apekSita hai| ruci, zAnti, karuNA, medhA Adi sabhI guNoM kI paripakvatA AtmaparipAka kahA jAtA hai| isI prakAra loka-paripAka ke lie sarvasAmAnya sattvoM ke lie dAna, zIla, vIrya, prajJA Adi guNoM kI pUrNatA kA AdhAna karanA apekSita hotA hai| isa prakAra pAramitAoM ke prayoga se lokajIvana kA parizodhana hotA hai| isa taraha duHkha evaM tRSNA se nivRtti ke lie ve arha evaM paripakva hote haiN| donoM prakAra kI isI paripAka-prakriyA ke dvArA kramazaH vyakti kA loka se ghaniSTha sambandha jur3atA hai| ___ utkarSa evaM vikAsa kI isa sthiti meM paha~cane para paramparAgata mAnyatAoM ke lakSaNa aura paribhASAe~ TUTane lagatI haiN| svArtha aura parArtha, vyavahAra aura paramArtha, saMsAra aura nirvANa tathA vyakti evaM loka ke bIca kA bheda prAyaH samApta hone lagatA hai| ina dvandvoM ke bIca bheda eka prakAra se sAMketika raha jAtA hai aura unake bIca kI kRtrima mAnyatAoM ke TUTane se vyakti-jIvana aura loka-jIvana ke bIca ke sambandhoM ke lie sahajatA evaM samatA kA sahaja AdhAra prakaTa hotA hai / parisaMvAda-2

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bauddhadarzana kI dRSTi se vyakti evaM samAja ____rAmazaGkara tripAThI yaha parisaMvAda-goSThI bauddhadarzana ke anusAra 'vyakti, samAja, unakA sambandha aura vikAsa' viSaya para Ayojita hai| yaha sarvavidita hai ki pazcima ke dArzanikoM, samAja-vaijJAnikoM evaM rAjanItizAstriyoM ne vyakti, samAja aura unake sambandha ko pramukha viSaya banAkara prabhUta cintana kiyA hai| cintana ke kSetra meM bhAratIya manISiyoM kA bhI agraNI sthAna rahA hai| yadyapi inake cintana kA pramukha kSetra AdhyAtmika rahA hai, phira bhI unhoMne samasAmayika yuga meM vyakti, samAja aura rAjya ko apane viziSTa jIvanadarzana se prabhAvita kiyA hai| bhAratIya darzanoM meM vizeSa kara bauddhadarzana ne apane prArambhika kAla se hI na kevala bhArata ke apitu vizva ke adhikAMza janajIvana ko prabhAvita kiyA hai| aise mahatvapUrNa darzana ke Aloka meM vyakti, samAja evaM unase sambaddha praznoM para vicAra karanA ucita hI nahIM, upayogI bhI hai| bauddhadarzana meM vyaSTi aura samaSTi ko avadhAraNA yaha vidita hai ki bauddhadarzana anAtmavAdI hai| usake anusAra nAma-rUpAtmaka vyakti meM kisI aparivartanazIla, zAzvata AtmA kA astitva mAnanA mithyAdRSTi hai| vaha dRSTi mithyA isalie hai kyoMki vyaktitva ke upAdAnoM meM yukti aura anubhava ke AdhAra para kisI nitya tattva kA astitva upalabdha nahIM hotaa| isa taraha kI AtmA ke na hone para bhI bauddhadArzanika vyakti ke vyAvahArika astitva kA niSedha nahIM karate / vyakti ke lie dArzanika zabdAvalI meM 'pudgala' zabda prayukta hai| bauddha dRSTi se vyakti kA jitanA astitva hai, utanA hI, samAja kA bhI vyAvahArika astitva hai| tAttvika dRSTi se donoM ke astitva meM bilakula antara nahIM hai| donoM hI saMvRti-satya haiN| pAramArthika sattA donoM kI nahIM hai| bauddha vibhajyavAdI haiM / isakA tAtparya ve padArthoM kA vibhinna dRSTiyoM se vibhAjana kara unake vAstavika svarUpa kA paricaya prApta karate haiN| unake anusAra satya do haiM, saMvRti-satya evaM paramArthasatya / samasta padArthoM kA saMgraha inhIM do meM ho jAtA hai| ina donoM satyoM meM uccAvacabhAva nahIM hai| aisA bilkula nahIM hai ki saMvRtisatya koI ghaTiyA kisma kA satya hai aura paramArthasatya koI U~cA yA Thosa / isakA tAtparya mAtra itanA hI hai ki citta kI eka avasthA meM jo satya pratIta hotA hai, citta kI dUsarI parisaMvAda-2

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bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM bhUmikA meM vaha satya pratIta nahIM hotA, apitu satya usase bhinna pratIta hotA hai| kintu jisa avasthA meM jo satya pratIta hotA hai, vaha satya hI hotA hai, asatya nhiiN| saMvRti satya ke sAtha satyazabda ke vyavahAra kA yahI svArasya hai| saMvatisatya ko vyAvahArikasatya, laukikasatya yA lokasaMvRtisatya bhI kahate haiN| jaba taka loka hai, saMsAra hai, isa avasthA ke jJAna meM jo satya pratibhAsita hotA hai, vaha saMvRtisatya hai| vyakti aura samAja donoM saMvRtisatya haiN| paramArthasatya meM parama kA tAtparya lokottara jJAna se hai| isa avasthA ke jJAna meM jo satya AbhAsita hotA hai, vaha paramArthasatya hai| athavA 'parama' kA artha aviparIta hai| pramANajJAna meM vastu kA jaisA svarUpa bhAsita hotA hai, vastu kA ThIka vaisA hI sthita honA aviparItArthatA hai, yahI paramArtha hai| vyakti aura samAja donoM paramArthasatya nahIM hai / nAmarUpAtmaka yA jaDa-cetanAtmaka vyaktitva ke bauddhadRSTi se pA~ca upAdAna hote haiN| inheM hI pA~ca upAdAna-skandha bhI kahate haiN| vyaktitva ke upAdAnoM meM jo 'cetana' yA 'nAma' aMza hai, bauddha usakA vedanA (sukha, duHkha Adi), saMjJA, saMskAra evaM vijJAna-ina cAra bhAgoM meM vibhAjana karate haiM tathA 'jaDa' aMza rUpaskandha kahalAtA hai| ye pA~coM skandha aviparIta artha hone se 'paramArtha' hai| vastuvAdI bauddha dArzanika inakI pAramArthika sattA svIkAra karate haiN| bauddhadarzana ke anusAra vastu vaha hai, jo koI na koI arthakriyA avazya karatI hai| jo arthakriyAkArI hotA hai, vaha avazya kSaNika hotA hai| phalataH bauddhoM ke anusAra pratyeka vastu kSaNika hotI hai| ye pA~coM skandha bhI kSaNika haiN| ye skandha kSaNa-kSaNa utpanna evaM vinaSTa hote hue dhArApravAha yA santati ke rUpa meM nirantara pravRtta hote rahate haiN| yadyapi yaha santati skandhoM kI hai, kintu santati svayaM skandha nahIM hai, skandha to mAtra kSaNika hI hai| vyaktitva ke bhItara vidyamAna ye pA~coM skandha eka-dUsare se sarvathA pRthak avasthita hote haiN| phira bhI vyakti ke jJAna meM inakA sAmUhika grahaNa hotA hai arthAt pA~coM skandhoM kI samUhasantati hamAre jJAna kA viSaya hotI hai| yaha samUha-santati pA~ca skandhoM se na sarvathA bhinna hai, kyoMki yaha skandhoM se sambaddha hai aura na sarvathA abhinna hai, kyoMki ekatva rUpa meM gRhIta hotI hai, jabaki skandha pA~ca haiM, tathA na to isakI skandhoM kI bhA~ti pAramArthika sattA hI hai| phira bhI yaha jJAna kA viSaya hotI hai| isI samUha-santati meM pudgala yA vyaktitva prajJapta yA vyavahRta hotA hai| isa samUha ke adhiSTAna pAcoM skandha kSaNika, parivartanazIla evaM gatizIla haiM, isalie ina skandhoM kA samUha yA usameM prajJapta pudgala bhI kSaNika parivartanazIla evaM gatizIla ho hotA hai, kintu manuSya kI mithyAdRSTi use eka, sthira, nitya evaM kUTastha ke rUpa meM grahaNa karatI hai, jabaki aisA koI parisaMvAda-2

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bauddhadarzana kI dRSTi se vyakti evaM samAja tattva vastutaH 1: vyaktitva meM vidyamAna nahIM hotA aura yahI usa mithyAdRSTi kA mithyAtva hai / bauddhadarzana ke anusAra yaha gatizIla pudgala hI vastutaH ahaM-buddhi kA Azraya, kartA, bhoktA evaM bandha-mokSa kA AdhAra hotA hai / kyoMki isa prakAra kA pudgala bauddha dRSTi meM mAnya hai, isalie vaha unakI nairAtmya dRSTi kA pratiSedhya bhI nahIM hotA / bauddhadarzana sthaviravAda, vaibhASika, sautrAntika, yogAcAra, mAdhyamika Adi pramukha dArzanika prasthAnoM meM vibhakta hai / kintu isa prakAra ke vyAvahArika pudgala ke astitva ke viSaya meM unameM matabheda nahIM haiM / anyathA koI vyavasthA bana nahIM sakegI / aise vyAvahArika pudgaloM ke ApasI sambandhoM ke AdhAra para nirmita samAja kI bhI vyAvahArika sattA hI siddha hotI hai / eka uddezya, eka Adarza, eka vyavasthA evaM samAna yogakSema ke AdhAra para saGgaThita pudgala samUha meM samAja yA saMsthA zabda vyavahRta hotA hai, kintu yaha samAja apane ghaTaka pudgaloM se na bhinna siddha hotA hai aura na abhinna / phira bhI isakA eka vyAvahArika astitva hotA hai / yaha apanI vyavasthA evaM niyamoM dvArA vyakti ko prabhAvita karatA hai / unheM acchA yA burA banAtA hai, unheM apane Adarza kI prApti meM suvidhA yA asuvidhA pradAna karatA hai, ThIka usI prakAra vyakti bhI samAja ko prabhAvita karate haiM / acche vyaktiyoM kA samAja acchA evaM bure vyaktiyoM kA samAja burA kahalAtA hai / kabhI-kabhI eka prabhAvazAlI vyakti bhI samAja dvArA nirmita anupayogI vyavasthA meM parivartana lAkara use kalyANakArI banAtA hai aura isI meM vyakti kI svatantratA nihita hai / vyakti evaM samAja kI pArasparika prabhAvazIlatA ko hama senA, grAma yA vana Adi ke dRSTAnta se bhI samajha sakate haiM / yadyapi sainika vyaktiyoM se bhinna senA kA astitva nahIM hotA, phira bhI senA kA eka ikAI ke rUpa meM vyavahAra hotA hai / usakI vyavasthA sainika vyakti ko prabhAvita karatI hai / use Age bar3hane meM madada karatI hai aura usake yogakSema kI vyavasthA karatI hai / ThIka usI taraha eka-eka sainika kI bahAdurI, nirbhIkatA Adi guNoM se senA bhI bahAdura, nirbhIka athavA aparAjeya kahalAtI hai / isa taraha hama dekhate haiM ki bauddhadarzana ke anusAra vyakti evaM samAja anyonyAzrita evaM parasparApekSa siddha hote haiM / inakA sambandha bhI anyonyAzraya yA parasparasApekSatA sambandha kahalA sakatA hai / sthaviravAdI dRSTikoNa pAli-abhidharmapiTaka ke kathAvatthu evaM milindapaJho Adi granthoM meM 'na hettha puggalo upalabbhati' arthAt pudgala upalabdha nahIM hotA ityAdi vacanoM dvArA yadyapi parisaMvAda - 2 17

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18 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAe~ pudgala ke astitva kA niSedha kiyA gayA hai, tathApi isakA tAtparya nimnalikhita do prakAra ke pudgaloM ke niSedha meM pratIta hotA hai-(1) bauddhetara dArzanikoM dvArA parikalpita nitya, zAzvata, kUTastha AtmA ke niSedha meM tathA (2) cakSu, rUpa, vedanA Adi kI bhA~ti paramArthataH pudgala ke astitva ke niSedha meM / viravAdI bauddha paJca skandhoM ke samUha meM prajJapta vyAvahArika pudgala ke astitva kA niSedha nahIM karate / isIlie AcArya dharmapAla sthavira ne 'anuTIkA' meM likhA hai __ "puggalo upalabbhati sacchikaTTaparamatthena yo chavicANavijJeyyo ti saMsarati muccati cA ti evaM didriyA parikappita-puggalo va paTisedhito, na vohAra-puggalo ti" (anuTIkA, pR0 308) / __vyaktitva kA vizleSaNa karane para jaise rUpa, vedanA Adi skandha paramArthataH upalabdha hote haiM, vaise pudgala nAmaka koI vastu pRthak upalabdha nahIM hotI, phira bhI jaise paramArthataH vidyamAna na hone para bhI ratha ke avayavoM meM ratha' yaha sAMvRtika vyavahAra hotA hai, vaise hI paJcaskandhoM meM 'sattva' isa prakAra kA sAMvRtika vyavahAra hotA hai|" jo dharma saMvRtisatya hote haiM, ve bandhyAputra kI bhA~ti sarvathA alIka nahIM hote, apitu unakA vyAvahArika astitva mAnya hai| isIlie mUlaTIkAkAra bhadanta Ananda sthavira ne kahA hai ki saMvRtijJAna satya ko hI Alambana banAtA hai, asatya ko nahIM / isIlie anuTIkAkAra ne bhI kahA hai ki yadi pudgala ke astitva kA pAramArthika dRSTi se niSedha kiyA jAtA hai, to hameM iSTa hai| kintu yadi vyAvahArika dRSTi se niSedha kiyA jAtA hai, taba to sattva, ratha Adi zAbdika vyavahAra hI asambhava ho jaaeNge| sthaviravAdI padArthoM kA aneka prakAra se vibhAjana karate haiN| unameM se eka prakAra yaha bhI hai ki ve samasta padArthoM ko nAma, rUpa evaM prajJapti-ina tIna meM vibhakta karate haiN| prajJapti zabda kA vyavahAra do arthoM meM hotA hai-1. jo vastu kisI zabda dvArA kathita hotI hai, vaha vastu prajJapti hai, use arthaprajJapti yA prajJaptyartha kahate haiM / 2. vaha zabda bhI prajJapti hai, jisake dvArA koI vastu kahI jAtI hai, use 'nAmaprajJapti' kahate haiN| pudgala ko sthaviravAdI arthaprajJapti kahate haiN| arthaprajJapti ve dharma hote haiM, jinakI pRthak aura svatantra sattA nahIM hotI, phira bhI ve vidyamAna paramArtha vastuoM ke 1. yathA hi aGgasambhArA, hoti saddo ratho iti / evaM khandhesu santesu hoti satto ti sammuti // saM0 ni0 1 : 135 / 2. sammutiANaM saccArammaNameva nAArammaNaM ti / mUlaTIkA, pR0 307 / 3. yadi paramatthato atthitApaTisedho, ya iTTametaM / atha vohArato, sattaghaTarathAdIhi sattarathAdi vacanappayogo yeva na sambhaveyyA ti |-anuttiikaa, pR0 310 / parisavAda-2

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bauddhadarzana kI dRSTi se vyakti evaM samAja vaza se prajJapta hote haiM, jaise-samUha, santati Adi / sthaviravAdI darzana meM bAhya jaDa padArthoM kA antima avayava ATha paramANuoM kA eka saGghAta hotA hai| isase choTA koI avayava nahIM hotaa| isakA vibhAjana sambhava nahIM hai| ve ise 'aSTakalApa' kahate haiN| yaha paramArtha dharma hai| inhIM aSTakalApoM ke vizeSa AkAra-prakAra ke sanniveza ghaTa, paTa, ratha, gRha Adi kahalAte haiN| yadyapi ina ghaTa, paTa, ratha Adi kI aSTakalApoM se pRthak svatantra sattA nahIM hotI, phira bhI ye una paramArthadharmoM kI chAyA ke AkAra meM jJAna-vijJAna meM pratibhAsita hote haiN| ye hI prajJaptyartha haiN| isa arthaprajJapti kA sthaviravAdI 6 bhAgoM meM vibhAjana karate haiM, unameM se eka avidyamAna prajJapti hai| avidyamAna prajJapti ve padArtha haiM, jinake upAdAna to paramArthataH vidyamAna hote haiM, kintu ve svayaM vidyamAna nahIM hote / jaise-ratha, ghaTa Adi, ise upAdAyaprajJapti bhI kahate haiN| sattva bhI aisA hI upAdAyaprajJapti nAmaka eka padArtha hai| yaha paramArthataH vidyamAna pA~ca skandhoM meM prajJapta hai / yadyapi yaha pRthak svatantra rUpa se vidyamAna nahIM hai, phira bhI atyanta mRSA nahIM hai / ise paJcaskandhoM se jaise bhinna yA abhinna nahIM kahA jA sakatA, vaise hI yaha "sarvathA hai yA sarvathA nahIM hai" yaha bhI nahIM kahA jA sktaa| sarvathA avidyamAna dharma kisI kArya ke hetu-pratyaya nahIM hote / kintu pudgala aisA nitAnta asat dharma nahIM hai| apitu koI pudgala kalyANamitra hotA hai aura koI pApamitra / isakA Azraya karake kisI meM kuzala (puNya) dharmoM kI tathA kisI meM akuzala dharmoM kI utpatti hotI hai| isa taraha pudgala upanizraya-pratyaya hotA hai| isase sthaviravAdI dRSTikoNa se hama isa niSkarSa para pahu~cate haiM ki pudgala kI sAMvRtikasattA isa mata meM svIkRta hai| vyavahAra meM usakI arthakriyA bhI upalabdha hai| ThIka yahI sthiti samAja kI bhI hai| vaibhASika, sautrAntika evaM yogAcAradRSTikoNa vastuoM ke vividha prakAra ke vibhAjanoM meM ina matoM ke anusAra eka vibhAjana kA prakAra yaha bhI hai ki samasta vastuoM ko ye dravyasat aura prajJaptisat meM vibhakta 1. tehi rUpacakkhAdIhi ao sattarathAdisAvalambito vacanattho vijjamAno na hoti, tasmA sattarathAdi-abhilApA 'avijjamAnapattI ' ti vuccanti, na ca te 'musA' ti vuccanti, lokasamAvasena pavattattA / --mUlaTIkA, pR0 307 / 2. upAdAya paJcatti hi upAdAnato yathA aA anaA ti ca na vattavbA, evaM sabbathA atthi natthIti na vattabdhA |--anuttiikaa, pR0 310 / / 3. tathA yaM khandhasamUhasantAnaM ekattena gahitaM upAdAya 'kalyANamitto pApamitto puggalo' ti gahaNaM pati ca pavattati, taM tadupAdAnabhUtaM puggalasaAya sevamAnassa kusalAkusalAnaM uppatti hotI ti 'puggalo pi upanissayapaccayena paccayo' ti vuttaM |--muulttiikaa, pR0 307-308 / parisaMvAda-2

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20 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAe~ karate haiM / jaDa yA cetana ve sabhI vidyamAna dharma dravyasat haiM, jinakA astitva svabala se hai / arthAt ve apane bala se jJAna ke viSaya hote haiM, jaise -- paJca skandha, paramANu Adi / prajJaptisat dharma ve haiM, jinakA astitva dravyasat dharmoM ke Upara Azrita hai / ve apane bala se nahIM, apitu kinhIM dravyasat dharmoM ke bala se jJAna ke viSaya hote haiM / jaise - samUha, santati Adi / kisI vana meM lagI huI Aga jaba calatI huI pratIta hotI hai to usakA tAtparya mAtra itanA hai ki Aga lagAtAra bhinna-bhinna deza meM utpanna ho rahI hai / vastutaH Aga to apane utpatti - deza meM hI naSTa ho jAtI hai / lekina usake utpAda kI santati calatI rahatI hai aura usI meM calanakriyA prajJapta hotI hai / santati kA vastutaH kSaNika agni se bhinna astitva nahIM hotA, phira bhI usakI vyAvahArika sattA hai / isI taraha eka-eka avayavoM se bhinna samUha kA bhI astitva nahIM hotA, phira bhI usameM ekatva Adi kA vyavahAra hotA hai / ThIka yahI sthiti pudgala kI bhI hai / skandhoM kI dravyasattA hai / una dravyasat dharmoM ke samUha evaM santati meM pudgala prajJapta hotA hai / usakI prAjJaptika sattA hai / prAjJaptika astitva kA yaha artha nahIM hai ki vaha nitAnta asat hai / isakA mAtra itanA artha hai ki usakI dravyasattA nahIM hai / vasubandhu ne yuktipUrvaka vicAra-vimarza ke bAda abhidharmakoza ke pudgalavinizcayapariccheda meM kahA hai- " tasmAt prajJaptisat pudgalo rAzidhArAvat" (pR0 1205) / / prajJaptisat vastuoM kI sthiti kucha aisI hotI hai ki unheM sahasA 'asti' ( hai ) bhI nahIM kahA jA sakatA aura na 'nAsti' hI kahA jA sakatA hai 'asti ' kahane meM unake paramArthataH yA dravyataH asti samajhane kA khatarA rahatA hai / 'nAsti' kahane para unake 'saMvRtita: bhI nahIM hai - aisA samajhane kA khatarA hotA hai / isIlie AtmA ke astitva aura nAstitva ke bAre meM prazna karane para bhagavAn ne hamezA 1 use avyAkRta kahA hai / arthAt asti yA nAsti meM isa prazna kA uttara nahIM diyA jA sakatA aura yahI bhagavAn kI upAyakuzalatA mAnI gayI hai / sautrAntika AcArya kumAralAta ne kahA hai ki jisa prakAra vyAghrI apane bacce ko dA~ta meM dabA kara eka sthAna se dUsare sthAna para le jAtI hai, usa samaya vaha dA~toM ko na jora se dabAtI hai aura na dhIre se / yadi jora se dabA degI to bacce ko kSata ho jAne kA bhaya hai, dhIre se dabAne para bacce ke gira jAne kA bhaya hai / bhagavAn buddha kI dezanA bahuta kucha isI prakAra kI hai| yadi ve kaha deM ki 'AtmA' hai to zAzvatadRSTi yA zAzvata anta meM patana kA bhaya hai / yadi 'nahIM hai' kaha deM to uccheda- dRSTi meM patana kA bhaya hai tathA sAre kuzala yA akuzala karma jo kiye gaye haiM, unake niSphala ho jAne kA bhaya hai / isIlie unhoMne isa prazna ko avyAkRta kahA hai, jaise parisaMvAda - 2

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bauddhadarzana kI dRSTi se vyakti evaM samAja dRSTidaMSTrAvabhedaM ca bhraMzaM cAvekSya karmaNAm / dezayanti jinA dharmaM vyAghrIpotApahAravat // AtmAstitvaM hyapagato bhinnaH syAd daSTidaMSTrayA / bhraMzaM kuzalapotasya kuryAdaprApya saMvRtim // 21 ( abhi0 koza0, pR0 1291 meM uddhRta) kumAralAta sautrAntika AcArya haiM aura isa prakAra unake mata se bhI pudgala kA sAMvRtika astitva siddha hotA hai / arthAt pudgala khapuSpa kI bhA~ti nitAnta asat bhI nahIM hai aura na usakA dravyataH astitva hI hai / apitu karma - karmaphala vyavasthA ke lie usakA vyAvahArika astitva svIkAra karanA Avazyaka hai / yogAcAra mata ke anusAra bhI pudgala prajJaptisat hI siddha hotA hai / mAnuSyakasUtra meM bhagavAn ne kahA hai ki 'asti sattva upapAduka:' arthAt upapAduka sattva hotA hai / dUsarI jagaha kSudrakAgama meM unhoMne kahA ki 'nAstIha sattva AtmA vA dharmAstvete sahetukAH' arthAt sabhI dharma apane hetu pratyayoM se utpanna hote haiM, koI sattva yA AtmA nAmaka vastu nahIM hotI / ina paraspara virodhI vacanoM meM samanvaya sthApita karane ke liye yogAcAroM ne kahA hai ki bhagavAn buddha kI dezanA do prakAra kI hotI hai, yathAneyArthadezanA evaM nItArthadezanA / neyArthadezanA vaha hai, jisameM zabdoM kA artha vaise hI nahIM gRhIta kiyA jAtA, jaise una zabdoM se dhvanita hotA hai, apitu unake abhiprAya IT anveSaNa kiyA jAtA hai / isa dezanA ko AbhiprAyikI dezanA bhI kahate haiM / tArtha dezanA vaha hotI hai, jisakA artha dezanA meM prayukta zabdoM ke anusAra hI liyA jAtA hai / pahalA vacana, jisakA artha hai, upapAdukasattva hotA hai, buddha kI neyArtha dezanA hai / arthAt aisA bhagavAn ne abhiprAyavaza kahA hai / abhiprAya yaha hai ki ucchedavAdiyoM ne, jo pUrvApara janma evaM karma-karmaphala vyavasthA nahIM mAnate, bhagavAn se pUchA ki 'sattva hotA hai yA nahIM ? yadi bhagavAn unase yaha kaheM ki 'sattva nahIM hotA', jo ki vastusthiti hai, to isase unakI mithyAdRSTi aura adhika puSTa hogI aura ve karma-karmaphala kA apavAda joradAra DhaMga se karane lageMge, phalataH unakA adhaHpAta hogA, jo ki iSTa nahIM hai / bhagavAn buddha yadyapi nityasattva nahIM mAnate, phira bhI jIvanadhArA kA satata pravAha to mAnate hI haiM / mRtyu ke anantara aura dUsarI yoni meM janmagrahaNa ke bIca eka avasthA hotI hai, jise antarAbhava kahate haiM / isa avasthA kA jIva, pUrva jIvana kI hI agalI dhArA hai, kintu mAtA-pitA yA garbha se utpanna nahIM hotA tathA pUrA kA pUrA vyakti eka sAtha utpanna ho jAtA hai / moTe taura para aisA lagatA hai parisaMvAda - 2

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23 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAe~ mAnoM yaha nirhetuka sattva ho, jabaki isake apane viziSTa kAraNa hote haiM / ise hI upapAduka sattva kahate haiM / bhagavAn kI aisI dezanA ki 'upapAduka sattva haiM' sunakara ucchedavAdiyoM ko udvega nahIM huA, kyoMki ve samajhate the ki bhagavAn buddha bhI vaise hI nirhetukatva kA astitva mAnate haiM, jaise ki ve mAnate haiM / arthAt jIvana kI dhArA pahale se nahIM AtI aura jIva isI janma meM sahasA prAdurbhUta ho jAtA hai / phalataH ve bhagavAn ke ziSya ho gaye / kAlAntara meM unheM yathAsthiti kA bodha huA aura unakA jIvana bhI anya ziSyoM kI bhA~ti hI kRtArtha huA / bhagavAn buddha kI yahI upAya - kuzalatA hai / ve mahAkaruNAvaza kisI jIva kA tyAga nahIM karate aura upAya se unheM sanmArga para ArUr3ha karate haiM / isIlie unakI dezanA meM vaicitrya hotA hai / kahane kA Azaya yaha hai ki yadyapi unakI nItArtha dezanA hI vAstavika sthiti kI bodhikA hotI hai, jisameM unhoMne kahA ki nitya sattva yA AtmA nahIM hotA / phira bhI pravahamAna jIvana dhArA meM vyavahRta pudgala kA astitva hai, jo prajJaptisat evaM saMvRttisat hai / bauddha dArzanikoM ke vastu vibhAjana kA eka yaha bhI prakAra hai ki ve samasta padArthoM kA rUpa, citta, caitasika, cittaviprayukta saMskAra evaM nirvANa ina pA~ca bhAgoM meM vibhAjana karate haiM / inameM rUpa jaDa yA rUpaskandha hai / citta- caitasika cetanAMza haiM / nirvANa eka asaMskRta evaM lokottara dharma hai / cittaviprayukta saMskAra ve dharma haiM, jo na jaDa haiM, na citta- caitasikoM kI bhA~ti cetana haiM aura na unakA koI AkAra hotA hai, phira bhI unakA astitva hotA hai, jaise- anityatA, santati Adi / ye jaDa yA cittacaitakoM para Azrita hote haiM, ve inhIM ke bala para apane astitva kA lAbha karate haiM / inakI pRthak yA svatantra sattA nahIM hotI / ina dArzanikoM ke mata meM pudgala yA vyakti bhI eka cittaviprayukta saMskAra nAmaka padArtha hai / Upara kahA gayA hai ki vyakti ke upAdAnoM meM jar3a aura cetana donoM aMza haiM / jaDa aMza zarIra yA rUpaskandha hai tathA cetana aMza citta- caitasika haiM yA vedanA, saMjJA, saMskAra aura vijJAna nAmaka cAra skandha haiM / inameM se koI bhI aMza nitya nahIM hai, kyoMki sabhI hetu pratyayoM se utpanna hote haiM aura jo utpanna hote haiM, ve avazya nAza-svabhAva bhI hote haiM / jinakA svabhAva hI nAza hai, unheM avazya utpAda ke anantara hI naSTa ho jAnA cAhie, anyathA svabhAva meM hAni kA doSa hogA, phalataH bauddha dRSTi meM sabhI vastu kSaNika hotI hai / vyakti ke upAdAnoM meM jo citta caitasika yA cetana aMza hai, usake bauddhoM ke anusAra cAra pratyaya yA hetu hote haiM / jo jaDa aMza hotA hai usake parisaMvAda - 2

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bauddhadarzana kI dRSTi se vyakti evaM samAja do pratyaya hote haiN| pratyaya kula cAra hI hote haiM, yathA-hetupratyaya, samanantarapratyaya, Alambanapratyaya evaM adhipatipratyaya / ina cAra pratyayoM se hI sampUrNa jaDa evaM cetana jagat kI utpatti ho jAtI hai| eka sAtha utpanna, paraspara samprayukta padArtha Apasa meM eka dUsare ke hetu-pratyaya hote haiN| pUrvavartI citta-caitasika paravartI citta-caitasikoM ke samanantara-pratyaya hote haiN| rUpa, zabda, gandha , rasa Adi viSaya Alambana-pratyaya hote haiN| apane ko chor3akara anya sabhI padArtha sabhI padArthoM kI utpatti meM adhipati-pratyaya hote haiN| kyoMki vastu khada apanA kAraNa nahIM ho sakatI / vyakti ke cetanAMza kI utpatti meM ye cAroM pratyaya kArya karate haiM, kintu jaDa padArtha evaM cittaviprayukta saMskAroM kI utpatti meM inameM se do hI pratyaya arthAt hetu-pratyaya evaM adhipati pratyaya hI kAryakArI hote haiN| Upara kahA gayA hai ki vyakti yA pudgala eka viprayukta saMskAra hai, ataH usake astitva ke lAbha meM hetupratyaya aura adhipati ye do hIpratyaya kArya karate haiM / yaha bhI abhI kahA gayA hai ki sva (apane) ko chor3akara anya samasta padArtha samasta padArthoM kI utpatti meM adhipati-pratyaya hote haiN| phalataH niSkarSa yaha huA ki eka vyakti ke utpAda meM anya samasta jaDa, cetana dharmoM kI kAraNatA hai| jo yaha kahA jAtA hai ki samAja ke binA vyakti kA honA sambhava nahIM hai yA samAja vyakti kA kAraNa hai, yaha siddhAnta bauddhoM ke isa adhipati pratyaya ke niyama se mela khAtA hai| vijJAnavAdiyoM ne bhI kahA hai ki kisI vyakti meM jo kuzala yA akuzala vijJaptiyA~ utpanna hotI haiM, ve anya vyaktiyoM kI vijJaptiyoM se utpanna hotI haiN| arthAt vyaktiyoM kI vijJaptiyoM meM paraspara-kAraNatA hotI hai, tathA hi anyo'nyAdhipatitvena vijJaptiniyamo mithaH // (vizikA vijJa0 18 kArikA) isa sAre kathana kA sArAMza yaha hai ki koI bhI kArya eka kAraNa se nahIM hotaa| vyakti yA sampUrNa jaDa-cetana jagat ke utpAda meM uparyukta pratyayoM kI hI kAraNatA hai| inake atirikta koI Izvara Adi kAraNa nahIM huA karatA, vasubandhu ne isIliye abhidharmakoza meM kahA hai catubhizcittacaittA hi samApattidvayaM tribhiH| dvAbhyAmanye tu jAyante nezvarAdeH kramAdibhiH // (abhidharmakoza 2 / 64) sArAMza yaha hai ki vyaktitva ke utpAda ke aneka kAraNa haiN| vaha Izvara Adi kisI eka kAraNa se utpanna nahIM hai| sAtha hI usake nirmANa meM samasta samaSTi kA yogadAna hai / sArA manuSya samAja, yahA~ taka ki pUrA jagat usakA adhipati-pratyaya hai| koI sAkSAt kAraNa hai, to koI paramparayA kAraNa hai| ve sAre vyakti yA padArtha eka parisaMvAda -2

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24 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAe~ vyakti yA padArtha kI kAraNa koTi meM A jAte haiM, jo usakI utpatti yA nirmANa meM bAdhA DAla sakate the, kintu unhoMne vighna upasthita nahIM kiyA / vyakti kI taraha samAja bhI eka prakAra kA sampuJjana hai, jisakA eka ikAI ke rUpa meM prAjJaptika yA vyAvahArika astitva hai / vyakti aura samAja paraspara eka dUsare ke adhipati-pratyaya haiM / yaha anyo'nyAdhipatitva yA paramparAzrayatA hI inake bIca kA bauddha dRSTi se sambandha kahA jA sakatA hai / mere vicAra meM yahI vaha sthala hai, jahA~ se Adhunika samAjazAstriyoM ko vyakti, samAja aura unake sambandha meM cintana kI prabhUta bauddha sAmagrI yA bhAratIya dArzanika sAmagrI upalabdha ho sakatI hai / yuktyanuyAyI sautrAntika evaM vijJAnavAdI bauddha dArzanika samasta vastuoM kA vibhAjana svalakSaNa evaM sAmAnyalakSaNa meM bhI karate haiM / svalakSaNa vaha hai jo koI na koI arthakriyA karatA hai / sAmAnyalakSaNa arthakriyA karane meM asamartha hotA hai / inake anusAra svalakSaNa hI paramArthasat hai, vastu hai, kSaNika hai evaM pratyakSa kA viSaya hai, jaba ki sAmAnyalakSaNa aisA nahIM hotA hai / inake mata meM yadyapi pudgala dravyasat nahIM hai, prajJaptisat hai, phira bhI arthakriyAkArI to hai hI / phalataH apanI viziSTa paribhASA ke anusAra yaha tArkika pariNati hotI hai ki pudgala ko bhI inheM svalakSaNa, vastu evaM paramArthasat mAnanA hogaa| kyoMki inake anusAra padArtha dravyasat ho yA prajJaptisat, jo arthakriyAkArI hotA hai, vaha svalakSaNa, vastu aura paramArthasat hotA hai / inheM pudgala ko pratyakSa kA viSaya bhI mAnanA hogA, kyoMki svalakSaNa pratyakSa kA viSaya bhI hotA hai, kintu thor3A pharka hogA / jo svalakSaNa dravyasat hotA hai, vaha to pratyakSa kA sAkSAt viSaya hotA hai, kintu jo svalakSaNa prajJaptisat hotA hai, vaha sAkSAt viSaya nahIM, kintu sAmarthyataH pratyakSa kA viSaya hogA / jaise bhUtala kA to sAkSAt pratyakSa hotA hai, kintu vahA~ para rahane vAlA ghaTa kA abhAva usakA sAkSAt viSaya nahIM hotA, phira bhI pratyakSa ke sAmarthya se ghaTAbhAva bodhita ho jAtA hai, ataH vaha sAmarthyataH pratyakSa kA viSaya kahalAtA hai, usI taraha paJcaskandha, jo dravyataH svalakSaNa haiM, ve pratyakSa ke sAkSAt viSaya hoMge tathA unameM vidyamAna prajJaptisat pudgala yadyapi sAkSAt viSaya nahIM hogA, phira bhI pratyakSa ke sAmarthya se bodhita hone ke kAraNa vaha sAmarthyataH pratyakSa kA viSaya hogA / isa paribhASA ke anusAra samAja kI bhI dArzanika sthiti pudgala kI hI bhA~ti hogI / mAdhyamika dRSTikoNa suvidita hai ki mAdhyamika niHsvabhAvatAvAdI yA zUnyatAvAdI hote haiM / inake mata meM kisI bhI vastu kI svabhAvasattA yA pAramArthika sattA nahIM hotI / sabhI parisaMvAda - 2 *

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bauddhadarzana kI dRSTi se vyakti evaM samAja 35 vastue~ pratItyasamutpanna hotI haiM / arthAt anya hetuoM aura pratyayoM kI apekSA se vyavahAra kA viSaya hotI hai / isakA Azaya yaha hai ki mAdhyamika pratItyasamutpanna dharmoM kA sAMvyavahArika yA sAMvRtika astitva mAnate haiM / jo padArtha pratItyasamutpanna nahIM hai, jaise nitya AtmA, Izvara Adi; unakA sAMvyavahArika astitva bhI inake yahA~ mAnya nahIM hai / inake mata meM anya bauddhoM kI bhA~ti pudgala bhI vyavahArasat yA saMvRtisat mAtra hai / phira bhI anya bauddhoM se inakI kucha vizeSatA hotI hai / jaba ki mAdhyamiketara bauddha pudgala ke adhiSThAnabhUta pA~ca skandhoM kI pAramArthika sattA mAnate haiM, ye loga unheM bhI pudgala kI hI bhA~ti vyavahArasat mAtra hI mAnate haiM / inhIM mUlabhUta mAnyatAoM ke antargata mAdhyamika loka, paraloka, saMsAra, mokSa Adi kI samasta vyavasthA sucAru rUpa se sampanna karate haiM / pudgala kI bhA~ti inake mata meM samAja kI bhI sAMvyAvahArika sattA hotI hai tathA vyakti aura samAja ke bIca kA sambandha paraspara sApekSatA kA sambandha hI mAnA jAtA hai / isa nibandha dvArA bauddha dRSTi se vyakti, samAja aura unake sambandha ke svarUpa para vicAra prastuta kiye gaye haiM / AzA hai, isase Adhunika samasyAoM ke pariprekSya meM ina viSayoM para vicAra karane meM vidvAnoM ko suvidhA hogI / parisaMvAda - 2

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bauddha vinaya kI dRSTi meM vyaSTi evaM samaSTi pro0 samador3a rinapoche tathA AcArya sempA dorje vyakti aura samAja 'vinaya piTaka' athavA kisI anya bauddha vAGmaya meM vyakti aura samAja vyavasthA athavA samaSTi vyaSTi kA vyAkhyAna jaisA pAzcAttya - samAja - dArzanikoM dvArA huA, vaisA hI DhU~r3hane kA prayAsa kareM to kucha milegA, aisA nahIM lagatA / bauddha vAGmaya nirvANamUlaka hai aura pAzcAttya sAmAjika- darzana bhautika athavA lokamUlyAtmaka haiM / isa taraha atyanta pRthak dizAoM meM jAne vAle do prakAra ke vAGmayoM meM samatA kI khoja karanA, vizeSa upalabdhi-janaka nahIM pratIta hotA hai / vinaya meM bhikSu saMgha kI saMracanA aura vyavasthA tathA vyakti bhikSu aura bhikSusaMgha ke sambandhoM kA jo varNana milatA hai, vaha eka vizeSa samudAya yA saMgaThana kI vyavasthA hai / vyApaka, sAmAjika dharAtala athavA vyakti ke sandarbha meM vaha kahA~ taka prayukta ho sakatA hai, isameM saMzaya hai / phira bhI bhikSu saMgha eka saMgha (saMghAta = samUha ) hI to hai, jo vyaktiyoM se banA hai / isa dRSTi se vyakti aura samAja ke pArasparika sambandhoM para vyApaka rUpa se vicAra karane para kucha saMketa nikala sakate haiM / bauddha vicAra meM vyakti jIva (pudgala) kI vistRta vyAkhyA milatI hai / 'jIva' do prakAra se pAribhASita hai - (ka) zuddha dArzanika tattva tathA (kha) vyAvahArika vyakti ke rUpa meM zuddha dArzanika tattva vAle 'pudgala' yA 'jIva' kI vyAkhyA yahA~ apekSita nahIM hai / ataH yahA~ vyAvahArika vyakti ke sambandha meM hI kucha vicAra kiyA jA rahA hai / vyAvahArika jIva vaha prANI hai, jo jIne kI icchA se saba kArya karatA hai, usakI sampUrNa jIvana prakriyA isI 'jijIviSA' para AdhArita hai / isa icchA ke sAdhana ke rUpa meM apane prayatna aura dUsaroM ke sahayoga kI ora usakI pravRtti barAbara banI rahatI hai aura unase sambandhita kriyA-samUha hI usakA jIvana bana jAyA karatA hai / isa siddhAnta ke anusAra vinaya se sambandhita vyavasthAoM meM vyakti (pudgala) aura saMgha kI yugala - vyavasthA hara jagaha pAyI jAtI hai / saMgha ke ghaTaka-tattva vyakti kA astitva saMgha kI apekSA vizeSa hai / vyakti ke jIvana evaM usake AdarzoM ke anurUpa hI saMgha kI vyavasthA huI, kyoMki vyakti kA mUla parisaMvAda - 2

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bauddha vinaya kI dRSTi meM 27 Adarza duHkhoM se chuTakArA (nirvANa) pAnA hai| use sAdhya mAnakara jaba vyakti svayaM sAdhana ke rUpa meM jItA hai to usase sambandhita samagra samaSTi-vyaSTi kA samavAya usa sAdhya kA sAdhana bana jAtA hai / isa prakAra vyakti aura saMgha donoM nirvANa ke sAdhana ke rUpa meM eka hI jaise haiM aura paraspara eka dUsare ke pUraka haiM / saMgha kA svarUpa vinaya ke anusAra saMgha se tAtparya cAra athavA usase adhika upasampanna vyaktiyoM ke samUha se hai| eka se tIna saMkhyA taka vyakti haiM, cAra se kama vyaktiyoM kA saMgha nahIM banatA / vyakti ke jIvana meM bahuta kucha kArya saMgha yA 'para' kI apekSA se sampanna hotA hai, isalie vyakti ko samAja kI apekSA hotI hai| jaise-yadi kisI upasampanna bhikSu ko 'saMghazeSa' jaisA doSa lage to usake prAyazcita ke lie saMgha kI anivAryataH AvazyakatA hotI hai| isI taraha zrAmaNera kI upasampadA saMgha ke binA sambhava nahIM hai| vyakti saMgha se Abaddha hai| phira bhI vaha saMgha se apanA pRthak astitva rakhatA hai / saMgha-karma ke atirikta vaha jo vyaktigata kArya karatA hai, usakA saMgha uttaradAyI nahIM hotA aura na usakA prabhAva hI saMgha para par3atA hai| kintu vyakti ke bahuta sAre kArya aise haiM, jinakA prabhAva saMgha para sIdhA par3atA hai| jaise usake zIla (AcaraNa) kI pavitratA, jJAna kI vizAlatA Adi kaa| isake viparIta kucha bure karmoM kA jaise eka 'saMgha-sthavira' adattAdAnAdi-sambandhI doSa se lipta ho to usakA prabhAva sAre saMgha para par3e binA na rhegaa| saMgha aise vyaktiyoM kA samUha hai, jo eka vyavasthA se ba~dhe hue hote haiM / vinaya ke anusAra saMgha kevala upasampanna vyaktiyoM kA hI hotA hai, tathApi saMgha zabda kA vyavahAra upasampanna vyaktiyoM ke atirikta anya samUhoM jaise-upAsaka saMgha, zrAmaNera saMgha Adi ke lie bhI hotA hai| saMgha kA gaThana kucha Avazyaka tattvoM para nirbhara hai, jaise saMgha ke ghaTaka vyaktiyoM ke bIca samAna Adarza kA honA, unakA samAnadharmI honA tathA ina sabake mUla meM eka samAna 'gaNa' athavA maNDala kI bhAvanA se prerita honA aadi| isIlie jaba kabhI saMgha-karma kA prArambha kiyA jAtA hai to saMgha ke sabhI ghaTaka ekatra hokara eka sImA ke bhItara samAna gaNa meM ekamata hone kA prastAva karate haiM aura usake pArita hone ke bAda hI saMgha apane vidhAna ke anukUla kArya karane kA adhikArI hotA hai| isa taraha saMgha eka bhAvanA, eka Adarza aura samAna AcAra ke AdhAra . para banatA hai| parisaMvAda-2

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bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAe~ saMgha svayaM sAdhya nahIM hai, vaha to sAdhana hai| samAnadharmI loga apane supratiSThita jIvanakrama evaM sAdhanA ke lie saMgha banAte haiM aura usa saMgha ke dvArA apane jIvana kA vikAsa karate haiN| yadi saMgha kI vyavasthA ghaTaka vyaktiyoM kI ApekSika AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti karane meM sakSama na ho to usa vyavasthA meM deza, kAla ke anusAra parivartana karanA par3atA hai| saMgha meM jaba taka ukta kSamatA vartamAna rahatI hai, vyakti saMgha kI aviparIta dizA meM hI kArya sampanna karate haiN| saGka ke vidhAna se vyakti kucha vizeSatAoM kA bhI anubhava karatA hai, jaiseeka vyakti samasta sAMsArika prapaJca se vimukha hokara koI sAdhanA apanAe, aura usa sAdhanA se arhat kA pada prApta kara le to bhI use saGga ke lie kucha kArya karanA hI hotA hai / yadyapi usa kArya ke karane se usakA koI lAbha nahIM hai| saGgha kI vyavasthA sambandhI cetanA use kArya ke lie vivaza karatI hai| eka udAharaNa leN| buddha ke mahAparinirvANa ke bAda jaba mahAkAzyapa ne saGghanAyaka ke rUpa meM saMgha kI baiThaka bulAyI, to usameM upasthita aneka arhat jo parinirvRtta honA cAhate the, unheM vaisA karane se saMgIti ke sampanna hone taka roka diyaa| isa udAharaNa se spaSTa hai ki saMgha eka vyakti ko kisa taraha niyantraNa meM rakhatA hai| yahA~ prazna saGgha aura vyakti kA nahIM hai, balki vyavasthA (saGgaThana) kA hai| vyavasthA meM jaba sahamati hotI hai to usake antargata niyamoM aura AdezoM ke paripAlana meM vyakti vivaza hotA hai| Adhunika samAjazAstrI jisa taraha samAja ko eka vyavasthA ke rUpa meM dekhate haiM / usameM saMgha kI vyavasthA kI kucha tulanA ho sakatI hai| ___tAttvika dRSTi se vicAra kareM to 'ghaTa' jaisI eka sthUla vastu jaba cakSuvijJAna ke sAmane upasthita hotI hai to usakA rUpa "saMsthAnAtmaka' hotA hai| usake sthUla AkAra kI vaisI sattA nahIM hai, jaisI usake ghaTaka 'paramANu' kI hai| paramANu kI svatantra sattA hai, vaha dravyasat hai / jaba saMsthAna kI sattA kA vikhaNDana hone lagatA hai, to ghaTa kA astitva hI nahIM rhtaa| ghaTa kI sattA vighaTita hone para bhI usake avayava athavA ghaTaka paramANuoM kI sattA samApta nahIM hotii| isa prakAra pratyeka saMsthAnAtmaka vastu kI sattA ghaTaka avayavoM para nirbhara hai| para ghaTaka avayavoM kI sattA saMsthAna para usI avasthA taka Azrita hai, jaba taka usake astitva kA vizeSa prayojana rahatA hai / prayojana kI samApti ke sAtha-sAtha saMsthAna kA vighaTana ho jAtA hai| parisaMvAda-2

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bauddha vinaya kI dRSTi meM .. 29 ghaTaka aura saMsthAna ke bIca kI sambandhAtmaka rekhA tAtkAlika prayojana niSpatti para nirbhara karatI hai| yaha siddhAnta samAja aura vyakti para prayukta kara dekheM to tAttvika dRSTi se unake sambandhoM ko nizcita karane meM kucha AyAma mila sakate haiM / bhikSusaMgha kI jaba abhivRddhi huI to kAla ke krama se bhikSu aura bhikSu-saMgha, bhikSu-saMgha aura sAdhAraNa samAja ke pArasparika sambandha, bhikSu-saMgha aura usake sadasyoM ke jIvana meM aneka samasyAe~ utpanna huI / una samasyAoM ke samAdhAna ke rUpa meM vinaya niyamoM kA vikAsa huaa| vinaya ke niyamoM ko dekhane se aisA pratIta hotA hai ki ye niyama sthAyI niyama nahIM haiN| ve samakAlika jIvana evaM samAja kI anyonyAzrayI apekSA se banate gaye haiN| isIlie vizeSa paristhitiyoM meM dI gayI niSedhAtmaka anujJAeM anya paristhitiyoM meM DhIlI bhI kara dI gyiiN| saMgha ke lokapAla dharma jahA~ taka bhikSu-saMgha aura samAja ke sambandhoM kA prazna hai, yaha bahuta kucha bhikSaoM ke sAmAjika jIvana para nirbhara karatA hai| bhikSu aura bhikSusaMgha ke jIvana sambandhI vyavahAra kI ora najara DAlane para yaha pratIta hotA hai ki bhikSu-saMgha eka dhArmika saGgaThana hote hue bhI sAdhAraNa samAja ke bahuta bar3e kSetra ko prabhAvita karatA hai| jaise saMgha sambandhita samAja ke jJAna, AdhyAtmika jIvana aura usase sambandhita sabhI kriyA-kalApoM kA netRtva karatA hai / dAna, pUjA, janma-maraNa Adi saMskAroM tathA naitika zikSA Adi bahuta sI AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti meM saMgha kA vizeSa yogadAna hotA hai| dUsarI ora saMgha yA usake sadasya bhikSuoM kA bhojana, vastra Adi jIvikA, unakI jIvana sambandhI bhautika AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti samAja yA sAmAjika saMgaThana, jaise parivAra, rAjya Adi para pUrNatayA nirbhara rahatI hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki bhikSusaMgha yA saMgha ke sadasya bhikSuoM ko sAdhAraNa samAja ke tAtkAlika una sabhI naitika niyamoM evaM rIti-rivAjoM kA pAlana karanA par3atA hai, jo eka Adarza samAja ke sadasya vyakti ko karanA par3atA hai| vinaya ke adhikAMza niyama sAmAjika apavAdoM ko dRSTi meM rakhakara hI banAye gaye haiM-jaise eka bhikSu ko eka strI ke sAtha eka kosa yA eka phalAMga kI dUrI taka sAtha jAnA vinaya-viruddha mAnA jAtA hai| yahA~ para kaha denA asaGgata nahIM hogA ki buddha ne lokapAla dharma do hI kahe haiN| ve haiM-'hI aura apatrApya' / 'dvau dhau lokaM pAlayataH, hrIzcApatrApyaM cetyAdi'(prasannapadA prathamapariccheda, pR0 13 / ) parisaMvAda-2

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30 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM / ye dharma lokasthiti ke AdhAra haiN| arthAt kisI vyakti ko dekhakara kisI bure kAma yA asabhya kArya karane meM lajjA AnA, yo svayaM ko kisI bure karmoM ko karane meM zarma yA hicaka honA / ye do cIjeM jaba taka manuSya (vyakti aura samAja) meM raheMgI, taba taka unakI lokayAtrA kA AdhAra susthira nahIM hogaa| anyathA jaba manuSya ke jIvana se sambandhita sabhI vyavasthAe~ evaM sambandha vicchinna hone kI sthiti meM pahu~ca jAte haiM to manuSya kisI ke prati uttaradAyI nahIM raha jAtA hai / __samAja meM yA usake sadasyoM meM uparyukta do dharmoM ke tattva jitanI mAtrA meM raheMge, sambhavataH samAja yA vyakti meM utanI hI samAjikatA aura mAnavIyatA parilakSita hogii| ina tattvoM ke vyApaka sandarbha meM yadi samAjazAstrIya samIkSA kI jAe to sambhavataH kucha tathya avazya sAmane A sakate haiN| Adhunika vidvAn vinaya meM paribhASita bhikSu saMgha aura tri-zaraNa ke antargata ke saMgha ko eka mAnakara aneka asaMgatiyA~ khar3I kara dete haiN| ataH saMkSepa meM ina donoM kA bheda spaSTa kara denA Avazyaka hai| bhikSusaMgha tathA trizaraNAntargata bhikSusaMgha meM bheda zrAvaka nikAya ke anusAra saMghakAraka zaikSa tathA azaikSa logoM kI santati kA 'anAsrava-jJAna' trizaraNAntargata saMgha mAnA jAtA hai| jaisA ki abhidharmakoza meM diyA huA hai buddhasaMghakarAn dharmAn azaikSAnubhayAMzca sH| nirvANaM cetizaraNaM yo yAti zaraNatrayam // (abhidharmakoza 4 / 32) yahA~ trizaraNa se tAtparya buddhakAraka dharma azaikSya mArga, saMghakAraka dharma zaikSyaazaikSya mArga aura dharmakAraka nirvANa arthAt pratisaMkhyAnirodha kI zaraNa meM jAnA hI hai| yahA~ buddhakAraka azaikSya mArga se abhiprAya dharmakAya se hai / buddha ke dharmakAya ke do rUpa hote haiM-jJAnadharmakAya aura svabhAvadharmakAya / jJAnadharmakAya buddha kI santati meM nihita usa jJAna ko kahate haiM, jo samasta dharmoM ke svarUpa ko yathAvat jAnatA hai| svabhAva dharmakAya usa dharmatA yA visaMyoga phala ko kahate haiM, jo samasta ajJAna aura AvaraNoM se rahita hai| yaha phalajJAna dharmakAya kA (sAkSAt) adhigata viSaya bhI hotA hai| isaliye isa jJAna ko kSayajJAna bhI kahA jAtA hai| isa saparivAra kSayajJAna ko hI yahA~ buddhakAraka dharma kahA jAtA hai| parisaMvAda-2

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bauddha vinaya ko dRSTi meM 31 antima azaikSya mArga kI avasthA hone ke kAraNa ina buddhakAraka dharmoM ko azaikSya mArga bhI kahA gayA hai| ___isa prakAra saMghakAraka dharma ke bhI do svarUpa haiM, jinako zaikSya aura azaikSya mArga kahA jAtA hai| Arya satyoM ko sAkSAt rUpa se jAnane vAle srotApanna, sakRdAgAmI Adi mArga ko zaikSya mArga kahA jAtA hai, srotApanna phalapratipanna Adi mArgoM ko azaikSya mArga kahA jAtA hai| isa mArga vyavasthA ke kAraNa Arya pudgaloM kI saMkhyA ATha ho jAtI hai| saMghakAraka dharmoM se yukta hone ke kAraNa Amataura para ukta Arya pudgaloM ko hI vAstavika saMgha mAnA gayA hai| isa artha meM saMgha kA vyavahAra vyakti ke lie hI hotA hai / upasampanna vyaktiyoM ke cAra yA cAra se adhika logoM ke saMgaThana meM bhI upacAra se saMgha zabda kA vyavahAra hotA hai, para isa taraha ke saMgha ko trizaraNa ke antargata na Ane vAlA vAstavika saMgha nahIM mAnA jAtA hai| dharmazaraNa ke antargata Ane vAlA dharmakAraka tattva pratisaMkhyA-nirodha hai, jisakI zaraNa meM jAne se duHkhoM kA samUla nivAraNa hotA hai| yahA~ trizaraNa gamana se abhiprAya trANa ke lie Azraya lenA hai, jaise kahA gayA hai| kaH punaH zaraNArthaH ? trANArthaH, tadAzrayeNa sarvaduHkhAtyantavimokSAt / (abhi0 koza bhASya-pR0 630 bau0 saM0 1971) / __ mahAyAnI paramparAoM ke anusAra ukta sAmAnya saMgha ke atirikta pratisaMvid evaM vimukti ke ATha guNoM meM se ekAdhika guNoM se yukta Arya pudgaloM ko bhI trizaraNa ke antargata vAstavika saMgha kahA gayA hai| ina ATha guNoM meM se cAra pratyAtmasaMvid arthAt jJAnAtmaka guNa haiN| ye cAra haiM-yathAvad jJAnavizuddhi, yAvad-jJAna vizuddhi, sarvasattva arthAt samasta jIvoM kI santati meM nihita tathAgatagarbha kI sAkSAt jJAnavizuddhi aura pratisaMvid jnyaanvishuddhi| ina cAroM ko pratisaMvidguNa kahA jAtA hai / rAga, pratigha, hInatA evaM sAmAnya AvaraNoM se vimukti guNa ina cAroM ko vimukti guNa kahA gayA hai / ina saMghakAraka guNoM ke AdhAra para avaivatika bodhisattvoM ko vAstavika saMgha ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai, jaisA AcArya maitreyanAtha ne ratnagotravibhAgamahAyAnottara-tantra meM kahA hai-- ythaavdyaavddhyaatmjnyaandrshnshuddhitH| dhImatAmavivAnAmanuttaraguNairgaNaH // (prathamapariccheda, 14) isa taraha zrAvakayAna aura mahAyAna donoM hI trizaraNa ke antargata saMgha ko Arya pudgala athavA Arya-guNa mAnate haiM / yaha vaisA hI hai jaise Agama, dharmazaraNa na hote parisaMvAda 2

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bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM hue bhI usake antarbhata hai, bhikSu-saMgha bhI vAstavika saMgha-zaraNa na hone para bhI saMghazaraNa ke antarbhUta hai| saMgha-zaraNa aura bhikSu-saMgha ke bheda ko spaSTa rUpa meM rakhate hue vicAra kareM to susaMgata hogaa| anya zaraNoM meM bhI phalabhUta zaraNa hI yathArtha zaraNa hotA hai / hetubhUta zaraNa mAtra preraNAdAyaka hotA hai| ataH zaraNa-gamana kA abhiprAya, apane dvArA labhya phalabhUta zaraNa ko prApya mAnakara usako prApta karane kA saMkalpa karanA hI hotA hai / isa prakAra zaraNa-gamana Atma-samarpaNa nahIM hai, balki vaha to lakSyaprApti evaM puruSArtha kA sAdhana hai| isakI aura spaSTatA Avazyaka hai| vinaya ke niyamoM ke anusAra upasampanna hone ke lie vyakti ko bhikSu-saMgha para avalambita rahanA Avazyaka hotA hai| phira bhI isase yaha nahIM samajhanA cAhie ki vyakti apanA astitva miTAkara athavA vaiyaktika svatantratA ko samApta kara bhikSu-saMgha ke prati AtmasamarpaNa karatA hai| yahA~ yaha bhI vicAraNIya hai ki vinaya ke niyamAnusAra upasampanna hone ke dasa prakAra kI vidhiyoM meM kevala eka vidhi aisI hai jo prastAvanA evaM anya cAra saMgha-karmoM se upasampadA dilAtI hai aura vaha upasampadA bhikSu-saMgha ke binA sampanna nahIM ho sktii| isake atirikta buddha svataH upasampanna hote haiN| pratyekabuddha binA AcArya ke upasampanna hote haiM / paMcavargIya bhikSu jJAnalAbha se upasampanna hue| mahAkAzyapa ne buddha ko apanA zAstA mAnA, usI kAraNa se vaha upasampanna ho gye| bhikSu udAyI praznottara se upasampanna ho gae tathA aneka bhikSu to 'kevala yahA~ AveM', isa sambodhana se hI upasampanna mAna lie gye| zaraNagamanamAtra se upasampanna hone kI bhI pUrva vidhiyA~ rahI haiM aura una sthitiyoM meM upasampadA kevala bhikSu-saMgha para nirbhara kahI jA sktii| bhikSa-saMgha eka vizeSa prakAra kA saMgaThana athavA samudAya hai, jisameM nirvANa kA icchuka vyakti prAtimokSa-zIla grahaNa kara usakA sadasya banatA hai| usakA lakSya vyAvahArika samAja ke lakSya evaM Adarza se bhinna hai| bhikSu-saMgha ke niyama tathAgata ne pravrajyA lene vAloM ko anAgArika kI saMjJA dI hai jisakA artha hai-gRhavihIna / jo gRha kI sArI sampatti suvidhA ko tyAga kara nirvANa ke patha kA pathika hokara adhyayana aura dhyAnarata ho gayA hai-vaha ina do kAryoM ke lie hI jisane jIvana samarpita kara diyA hai / parisaMvAda-2

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bauddha vinaya kI dRSTi meM 22 bhikSu dehadhArI hone ke kAraNa samAja se kaTA huA nahIM raha sktaa| isa kAraNa tathAgata ne bhikSu-saMgha ke antarbhUta sAmAjika vyavasthA bhikSu-saMgha evaM bhikSu tathA sAdhAraNa samAja ke boca ke pArasparika sambandhoM kI vyavasthAoM ko saMtulita aura ahiMsAmaya rakhane kI sUkSma aura vistRta vidhiyoM kA anuzAsana kiyA hai| sampUrNa vinaya piTaka kA viSaya aprApta saMvara ko prApta karane kA upAya, prApta saMvara ke pAlana evaM saMvardhana kA upAya tathA prApta saMvara kI hAni hone para prAyazcita dvArA sudhAra kA upAya, ina vargoM meM vargIkRta kiyA jA sakatA hai| vizleSaNa se ye sabhI samAja ko sucAlita aura usake sambandhoM ko madhura banAye rakhane kI hI dizA meM Atita hai| yahA~ para mukhya rUpa se prAtimokSa zIla ke tIna mUla tattvoM kA nirdeza kiyA jAtA hai-aprApta kI prApti, prApta kI vRddhi tathA prApta kI hAni kI sthiti meM usake prAyazcita kA upAya / jaise eka vyakti paJcazIla grahaNa karake upAsaka banatA hai yA upasampadA grahaNa karake bhikSubhAva ko prApta karatA hai, to yaha vinayavihita vyavasthAoM ke AdhAra para hI hotA hai / anyathA cAhe jo bhI vidhi apanAe yA bhikSuoM ke samasta niyamoM kA jIvana bhara pAlana karatA rahe to bhI vaha bhikSu nahIM hotA hai| __prApta saMvaroM ke saMvarddhana ke bhI aneka tattva hote haiM-svayaM viparIta viSayoM kI aura apanI indriyoM kI pravRtti kA saMvaraNa karate hue zIla kA pAlana karanA athavA guru, mitra, zAstra, zuddha AjIvikA, anukUla vAtAvaraNa, uposathAdi saMgha-karma ityAdi kI apekSA se usakA saMvarddhana kiyA jAtA hai / saMgha-bheda, arthAt eka saMgha meM phUTa DAlakara use do nikAyoM meM vibhakta krnaa| jaise koI vinaya viruddha doSa laga jAne para sambandhita vyakti ko saMgha ke sAmane prAyazcita kArya avazya hI karanA par3atA hai| anyathA usa vyakti ko saMgha meM sammilita nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| vinaya sambandhI aura bhI bahuta se aise doSa yA aparAdha haiM jinase virata rahane kA uddezya saMgha aura zIlavAna logoM ko kevala sAmAjika apavAdoM se bacAnA hai, jaise sugandhita dravyoM kA lepa karanA, eka aMgulI se adhika lambA bAla rakhanA Adi / ina vidhi niyamoM ko dekhate hue lagatA hai ki eka prAptimokSa zIla prApta vyakti kA samAja meM kina-kina sAmAjika pavitra dharmoM se yukta honA abhISTa hai| isase na kevala eka bhikSu ko apane samAja meM kisa taraha kA vyavasthAtmaka jIvana bitAnA hai, parisaMvAda -2

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bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAe~ apitu anya vyakti, samAja yA saMgaThana meM kisa prakAra kA vyavasthAtmaka jIvana bitAnA cAhie, isakI bhI spaSTa jhalaka milatI hai| kisI bhI vyakti ke bhikSu-saMgha meM praveza hone se samAja meM avyavasthA na phailane pAve, ise rokane ke lie tathA anAgArika (bhikSu) hone ke lie bhI zarte haiM / jaise-mAtApitA kI AjJA prApta karanA, rAjakarmacArI na honA, kisI kA RNI na honA, kisI taraha ke aparAdha kA doSI na ghoSita honA ityaadi| . ina bAtoM se ina tathyoM kA aura bhI spaSTa AbhAsa milatA hai ki eka vyakti ko upasampanna yA paribrAjaka hone ke lie kitane sAmAjika apavAdoM se mukta honA par3atA hai| yadyapi mAtA-pitA kI AjJA prApta na ho to bhI usa vyakti ke zraddhA, vizvAsa, jJAna Adi meM koI antara nahIM Ane vAlA hai, tathApi vinaya ke niyamAnusAra ise eka aparAdha mAnA gayA hai / isa prakAra kisI kA RNI ho, rAjadaNDa vidhAna ke anusAra doSI ho ityAdi bhI yahA~ aparAdha kI koTi meM rakhA gayA hai| isase spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki rAjyavyavasthA, pArivArikavyavasthA Adi prAyaH sabhI sAmAjikavyavasthA aura tatsambandhita samAja, bhikSu-saMgha evaM usake jIvana ko prabhAvita karate haiM / dUsarI ora anya sAmAjika saMgaThanoM evaM vyavasthAoM ko bhI saMgha prabhAvita karatA hai| bhikSu-saMgha meM pravrajyA grahaNa karane ke pazcAt saMgha aura vyakti ke bIca kI vyavasthA meM vyavadhAna na Aye ise rokane ke lie pravrajyArthI kA niroga aura avikalAMga ityAdi honA anya prakAra kI zarte haiN| vinaya ke niyama prAyaH sAmAjika apavAda (nindAdi doSa) se bacane ke lie hI banAye gaye / isase yaha siddha hai ki bhikSu aura saMgha donoM dvArA samAja ke sAtha unake sukhakara sambandha sthApita rakhane kI anivAryatA para bala diyA gayA hai| __jahA~ taka bhikSu-saMgha kI Antarika vyavasthA kA prazna hai tricIvara yA trayodaza jIvanopakaraNa ke atirikta nijI sampatti na rakhanA, eka samaya ke bhojana ke sivAya saJcaya na karanA, mudrA-ratna Adi ke sparza ko varNya mAnanA Adi Avazyaka niyama haiN| ina niyamoM se vittIya sampatti kI dRSTi se nyUnatama AvazyakatAoM taka hI sImita rahanA aura samasta bhikSuoM ke lAbha tathA sampatti kI samatA ke Upara vizeSa bala denA, saMgha ke lie bar3A upayogI siddha huaa| isase eka Adarza samAja kI kalpanA svataH mana meM baiTha jAtI hai| kevala zarIra rakSA ke lie bhikSAvRtti ko vinaya ne svIkAra kiyA, phira bhI bhikSu samAja para Arthika bojha na bane, isa para vizeSa dhyAna diyA gayA hai| zIlavAn parisaMvAda -2

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bauddha vinaya kI dRSTi meM bhikSu bhikSA ko eka taraha ke RNa ke rUpa meM grahaNa kare, aisA tathAgata ne kahA hai| aura unhoMne isake viparIta bhraSTa bhikSu ke bhikSA grahaNa karane ko aMgAra ko khAne jaisA batalAyA hai / tathAgata kI dezanA ke anusAra yadi eka zIlavAn bhikSu bhI bhikSA grahaNa kara pratyupakAra ke rUpa meM upadeza Adi nahIM detA to vaha usa sAmAjika RNa se uRNa nahIM ho sktaa| saMghavidhAna ke anusAra vyakti aura samAja kI kucha anya bAteM haiN| saMgha vinaya ke niyama nahIM banA sakatA hai; na vaha vinaya ke niyamoM meM parivartana kara sakatA hai| saMgha apane samudAya ke bhItara kucha choTI-moTI vyavasthAe~ kara sakatA hai, parantu vaha bhI apanI sImA ke bhItara / anya sImAoM meM ba~dhe saMgha para usakI vyavasthAe~ prayukta na hoNgii| eka bhikSu kA bhI mata na prApta hone para sampUrNa bhikSu karma cAhe jitanA bhI bahumata ho, sampanna nahIM ho skte| dUsarI ora saMgha ke binA koI vyakti upasampanna nahIM ho sktaa| varSAvAsapravAraNA, uposatha Adi vidhAna tathA saMghazeSa jaise doSa se vimukti pAne ke lie saMgha ke samakSa prAyazcita karanA Adi aisI bAteM haiM, jisake lie bhikSu sarvathA saba para Azrita rahatA hai| isI taraha saMgha kI dravya-sampatti para bhI kisI vyakti kA adhikAra nahIM hotA, buddha, dharma tathA caitya (stUpa) ke prati arpita dhana saMgha ke lie prayoga meM liyA jA sakatA hai, parantu saMgha ke lie arpita dhana kA prayoga caityAdi ke lie nahIM ho sktaa| yaha bhI vicAra kA viSaya hai| vinaya ke aneka niyama aura upaniyama aise haiM, jinake vizleSaNa se sAdhAraNa rUpa se isakA nirNaya kara pAnA bar3A kaThina hai ki saMgha kI vyavasthA meM vyakti pradhAna hai athavA saMgha pradhAna hai| vahA~ pratyeka vizeSa karma ke lie vizeSa niyama evaM vizeSa kI pradhAnatA ko yojanA hai, jisase hara stara para eka santulana hai, eka pArasparika niyantraNa kI DorI hai| striyoM ko puruSoM ke samAna upasampanna hone kA aura bhikSuNIsaMgha sthApita karane kA adhikAra diyA gayA hai| jisase yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki liGgabheda ke binA vinaya ke niyamoM meM samatA hai| parantu aneka kAryoM meM bhikSuNIsaMgha bhikSu-saMgha para nirbhara hai| isameM asamAnatA jaisI pratIti ho sakatI hai| saMgha meM jAti, bhASA tathA pada ke vibheda miTAkara hI eka samatA sthApita kI gayI hai| phira bhI upasampadA ke zikSApadoM meM variSTha krama se aneka bheda parilakSita ho sakate haiN| jahA~ prAtimokSa-zIla pradhAna rUpa se pratimokSa hai aura vyaktimokSa kA AdhAra hai, vahIM vyakti apanI ora se zIla kA pAlana karake hI svayaM mukta ho sakatA hai, saMgha parisaMvAda

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36 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAe~ ke niyamoM se na vyakti mukta hogA na saMgha / para yahA~ zIla saMgha ke binA vyakti ko prApta hI nahIM hotA / isa tathyoM se siddha hotA hai ki vyakti aura saMgha pUrNarUpa se eka dUsare para nirbhara haiM, paraspara sApekSa haiM, pratItyasamutpanna haiM / pratItyasamutpAda meM koI eka pradhAna yA dUsarA sAdhAraNa nahIM hotA / isa kAraNa vinaya kI dRSTi se samaSTi aura vyaSTi, vyaSTi athavA saMgha meM samatA aura santulana dekhA jA sakatA hai, kisI kI pradhAnatA nahIM mAnI jA sktii| isa prasaGga meM maiM eka samasyA kI carcA kara apane lekha ko samApta karU~gA / AdhyAtmika dRSTi se vicAra karane vAle evaM karmaphala ke siddhAnta ko mAnane vAle vidvAnoM ke mana meM yaha AzaMkA uThA karatI hai ki sAmAjika durvyavasthA ke kAraNa nirdoSa vyakti kyoM satAyA huA aura duHkhI anubhava karatA hai / eka vyakti sAMsArika prapaJca se virakta hokara ghara chor3atA hai, prabrajita hotA hai, aura vaha saMgha Adi dUsare saMgaThana yA samAja meM jA milatA hai to isa prakAra vyakti kI eka samAja ko chor3akara dUsare meM jA milane meM kyA vivazatA hai / isa prakAra samAja yA saMgaThana ke bhItara kArya karane vAlI vaha kauna-sI zakti hai, jo vyakti ko kisI na kisI rUpa meM usake adhIna hone ke lie vivaza karatI hai / dUsarI ora eka vyakti yA samAja kA eka aMga koI burA karma - corI, hiMsA, Arthika zoSaNa Adi karatA hai athavA yuddha jaise nRzaMsa kANDa khar3A kara detA hai, to sAre nirdoSa samAja ko usake bure karma kA pratiphala bhogane ke lie vivaza ho jAnA par3atA hai | yaha kyoM ? ina praznoM ke mUla kAraNa kA parijJAna ho sake to vyakti aura samAja ke bIca kI bahuta-sI samasyAoM kA hala nikalane kI sambhAvanA bar3ha jAtI hai / samAja kI saMracanA meM jAtiyoM ke nRzAstrIya siddhAnta, bhUgola kI sImA, jalavAyu Adi, prAkRtika sAdhana kA prabhAva dekhA jAtA hai / isalie vyakti kisI na kisI samAja ke prati pratibaddha hotA hai, cAhe vaha paramparA se calA Ane vAlA samAja ho athavA navanirmita samAja ho / usa samAja ke sabhI kriyA-samUha kA uttaradAyI vyakti ho jAtA hai, kyoMki usane jAne yA anajAne use svIkAra kiyA hai| jaise eka lar3akA brAhmaNa kula meM janma le to kucha varSa ke bAda yajJopavIta Adi saMskAra se saMskArita hogA aura use AjIvana brAhmaNa samAja kA nirvAha karanA par3egA / isI prakAra eka paMcavarSIya bAlaka ke zrAmaNera saMvara lekara zrAmaNera banane para jIvana bhara usako usase parisaMvAda - 2

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bauddha vinaya kI dRSTi meM sambandhita saMgha ke niyamoM kA paripAlana karanA hogaa| vibhinna sambandhoM ke mAdhyama se vyakti para vibhinna samAja athavA saMgaThana kA prabhAva par3atA hai aura vibhinna samAja evaM saMgaThana se sambaddha sukha-duHkha kA vaha bhAgIdAra bana jAtA hai| isameM kAraNa sAmAjika cetanA hotI hai, jisase sambaddha samAja ke liye vyakti ko apanA sarvasva taka kabhI-kabhI nichAvara kara denA par3atA hai| saMgha aura vyakti ke bIca ke pArasparika sambandhoM para vinaya piTaka meM acchA prakAza milatA hai| bauddha vAGmaya meM jahA~ vyakti aura saMgha kI vyavasthA hai, vahIM saMgha aura bhikSu kI sApekSatA se bhI adhika 'sva' aura 'para' kA vicAra prAyaH sabhI jagaha pAyA jAtA hai, bhikSu kA saMgha se sambandha eka sImA taka hai, vaha nitya athavA sarvAMza sambandha nahIM pratIta hotaa| bhikSu kI cetanA kA saMgha kI sAmudAyika cetanA meM antaniveza to hai / kintu usakI svayaM kI bhI eka cetanA hai, jo use nirvANa kI dizA meM le jAtI hai| bauddha siddhAnta meM mAnava samAja kA viziSTIkaraNa nahIM kiyA gayA hai| sabhI jIvoM ko samAna mAnA gayA hai aura sabhI jIvoM ke hita ko eka jaisA mahattva diyA gayA hai / isa kAraNa sarvasattva zabda kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai, samAja zabda kA nhiiN| parisaMvAda-2

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vyaSTi evaM samaSTi kI samasyA hindI-nibandha

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yadA mama pareSAM ca bhayaM duHkhaM ca na priyam / tadAtmanaH ko vizeSo yattaM rakSAmi netaram / / tasmAt sattvopabhogArthamAtmabhAvAdi pAlayet / kalyANamitrAnutsargAt sUtrANAM ca sadekSaNAt / / (zikSAsamuccaye 1, 6) sarvA dizaH zivAH santu sarveSAM pathivartinAm / yena kAryeNa gacchanti tadupAyena siddhyatu / / (bodhicaryAvatAre 10 / 23)

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prAcIna bauddhoM kI dRSTi meM vyaSTi evaM samaSTi DaoN0 maheza tivArI vyaSTi evaM samaSTi eka manovaijJAnika avadhAraNA hai| zabda kI dRSTi se navIna hote hue bhI isameM nihita artha ke gamaka zabda prArambhika bauddha cintana meM upalabdha haiN| buddha ne apane upadezakrama meM jisa prazna para adhika bala diyA hai, vaha hai "cittavizuddhi' kA prazna / citta hI karma hai evaM isa rUpa meM vaha sattva ke sukha duHkha ke AhvAna kA mUla kAraNa hai| saMkliSTa citta se manuSya duHkhAbhibhUta hotA hai tathA parizuddha citta se vaha duHkhavirahita hotA hai| yadi bauddha sAdhanA eka RjurekhA hai to usake prArambha bindu para saMkliSTa citta hai tathA paryavasAna bindu para parizuddha citta hai| ina do binduoM ke madhya citta parizuddhi prakriyA kA Anukramika avacaraNa hotA hai| manuSya loka meM citta kI abhivyakti eka svatantra ikAI ke rUpa meM nahIM hotI hai / vaha nAma tathA rUpa ke saMghAta ke rUpa meM abhivyakta hotI hai| isI saMghAta kA vyAvahArika abhidhAna sattva yA manuSya hai| yaha manuSya jaba saMkliSTa citta se upeta rahatA hai taba vaha 'puthujana' kahalAtA hai| jaba vaha parizuddha citta se samprayukta hotA hai to vaha buddha kahalAtA hai| inameM puthujana hI vyaSTi hai tathA buddha ko samaSTi kahA jA sakatA hai| vyaSTi kahane se yahA~ aisA puruSa abhipreta hai, jisake samasta kAryakalApa 'sva' kI paridhi meM sImita rahate haiN| jaba 'sva' pUrNataH 'para' meM vilIna ho jAtA hai tathA jisake samasta kAryakalApa parArtha hI hote haiM, taba vaha samaSTi kahA jAtA hai| ye donoM avadhAraNAyeM jIvana ke udAtta mUlyoM kI dizA meM Adi tathA ananta binduoM para sthita haiN| inake madhya citta-vikAsa kI nau avasthAyeM haiM, jinheM nau vikAsonmukha mUlya bhI kahA jA sakatA hai| isa prakAra kI pravaNatA meM kramazaH 'sva' kA AvaraNa kSINa hotA jAtA hai| isakA pUrNa kSaya hI anAvaraNa 'para' kI abhivyakti hai| inakA saMkSipta paricaya nimnalikhita prakAra se hai| (1) puthujjana-yaha eka aise vyakti kA nAma hai, jise dharma ke svarUpa kA yathArthAvabodha nahIM hai / phalataH usameM 'ahaM' tathA 'mama' kA prAbalya rahatA hai| usakI sarvadA etAdRza abhivyaktiyA~ huA karatI haiM ki yaha merA putra hai, yaha merA dhana hai, gRhI prabajitoM meM maiM agraNI huuN| sabhI kuloM meM merI pUjA honI cAhie, gRhI tathA prabajita mere anugAmI baneM aadi| use dharmasvabhAva meM prativedha nahIM hone ke kAraNa samasta parisaMvAda-2

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42 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAe~ vastuoM kA vaisA hI jJAna hotA hai, jaisA ve ApAtataH upalabdha hotI haiN| phalataH unameM mamakAra kI sthApanA kara unakA abhinandana karatA hai| isase avidyA tathA tRSNA balavatI ho jAtI hai evaM samasta karma akuzala mUla anuprANita hote haiM / yahI vyaSTi kA vimUr3hatama Adi rUpa hai| (2) kalyANaputhujjana-manuSya kI vimUr3hatama cittadazA meM kisI kalyANamitra ke saMsarga se yA pUrva ke kuzala saMskAroM ke udaya hone se kadAcit 'saddhA, hiri' tathA 'otappa' nAmaka tIna mUlabhUta pravRttiyoM kI udbhAvanA hotI hai| isase citta para vyApta AvaraNa meM prathama prakampana hotA hai| use isa prakAra kA vizvAsa sA hone lagatA hai ki 'sva' ke aparityAgapUrvaka 'para' meM rati hitakara hai| aisA hone se use kuzalAkuzala mUloM se paricaya mAtra hotA hai| usake mAnasa dharAtala para aisA udvega hotA hai ki "maiM manuSya hU~, prajJAvAn hU~, manuSyabhAva adbhuta ghaTanA hai| mere liye akuzala karma karanA vihita nahIM hai" Adi / isa Atmagaurava ke bhAva se vaha pApa kA parityAga karatA hai| usakI yaha pravRtti Age bar3hatI hai tathA usameM lokasammAna ke bhAva aGkarita ho uThate haiN| aba vaha lokamaGgala kI bhAvanA se pApakarma kA parityAga karatA hai| aisI manodazA se yukta puruSa ko paTisotagAmI puggala bhI kahA jAtA hai| isakI 'sva' kI paridhi AvaraNa rUpa se dhIre-dhIre kSINa hone lagatI hai tathA AdhAra ke rUpa meM kAryarata ho jAtI hai| 'sva' kA 'para' meM vilaya prArambha ho jAtA hai tathA vaha loka kI chaH IkAiyoM taka vyApta ho avaruddha ho jAtA hai| isI ko dizApratyAcchAdana yA dizApUjana kahate haiM / buddha ne chaH ikAiyoM ko darzAte hue kahA hai mAtA pitA disA pubbA, AcariyA dakkhiNA disaa| puttadArA disA pacchA, mitAmaccA ca uttraa| dAsakammakarA heTThA, uddhaM samaNa braahmnnaa| etA disA namaseyyA, alamatte kule gihI // yahA~ dizA sAGketika zabda hai evaM unake sAtha samAja kI chaH ikAiyoM kA kathana vyavahAra pariniSTha hai| ... aisI manodazA sampanna vyaktiyoM dvArA jo anya 'para' unmukha kArya dekhe jAte haiM ve nau maMgala haiM, jinakA kathana maMgalasutta meM kiyA gayA hai| 'parAbhavasutta' tathA parisaMvAda-2

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prAcIna bauddhoM kI dRSTi meM vyaSTi evaM samaSTi jarU 'vasalasutta' kI dezanA isake kAryakalApoM ke poSaka rUpa haiM / 'Alavakasutta' ke prathama cAra prazna isake vikAsonmukha sphuraNa ke lie haiN| yathA kiM sUdha vittaM purisassa seThThe, kasmi suciNe sukhamAvahAti / kiM su have mAdutaraM rasAnaM, kathaM jIvI jIvitamAhu seThThe // (3) saMghagatapuruSa- - kalyANa puthujjana ke 'sva' kA AvaraNa aMzataH kSINa avazya ho jAtA hai, para usakI adhikatama vyApti samAja kI chaH ikAiyoM taka hI ho pAtI hai / isakA anya paragAmI vistAra saMghagata puruSa meM dekhA jAtA hai| saMgha zabda vyutpatti kI dRSTi se saM+ na + ra karake banA hai| loka kI ukta chaH ikAiyoM meM Abaddha puruSa 'dhammaM suciNe sukhamAvahAti' kI parIkSA kI dRSTi se saMgha meM praveza karatA hai / yahA~ pahu~ca kara vibhinna nadiyoM ke sAgaravilaya ke uparAnta ekamAtra abhidhAna 'sAgara' sadRza usa puruSa kA jAti, gotra, kula, tadgata maryAdA Adi kI paridhi kI samApti pUrvaka zramaNa mAtra abhidhAna raha jAtA hai| aba usakI caryA bahujanahitAya, bahujana - sukhAya, lokAnukampAya ho jAtI hai para usakI cittaparidhi 'saMgha' taka rUr3ha ho jAtI hai | saMgha hI usake lie sarvopari hotA hai, tathA vaha saMgha kA atikramaNa nahIM kara sakatA hai / vicAra saraNI kA taTabandha saMgha bana jAtA hai / (4) samathalAbhI puruSa - 'sva' kA 'para' meM pUrNavilaya satvara yA haThAt nahIM ho pAtA hai / isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki 'sva' ke AdInava tathA 'para' ke AnizaMsa kA viveka use taba taka nahIM huA rahatA hai| isakA kAraNa citta cAJcalya hai / isake nivAraNa ke lie vaha 'samartha' kA abhyAsa karatA hai / 'samartha' vastutaH eka vidhA kA nAma hai, jisake abhyAsa se citta cAMcalya ke kAraNa nIvaraNa kA prahANa, ekAgratA ke sAdhaka aMga, dhyAnAMga kA udaya tathA rUpadhyAna evaM arUpadhyAna kA lAbha hotA hai / aisA hone se citta aMgaNarahita vigatupakleza zuddha evaM zAnta ho uThatA hai / isa dazA kI prApti bhI Anukramika hai / rUpa dhyAna kI pA~ca tathA arUpa dhyAna kI cAra avasthAyeM haiM / ina nau avasthAoM meM uparopari krama se citta zAnta hotA hai tathA tad tad zAnta pariveza meM 'sva' kA 'AdInava' spaSTatara ho uThatA hai, sAtha hI usakA AvaraNa bhI usI krama meM bhagna ho jAtA hai| use 'para' kA AnizaMsa bhI sujAta ho jAtA hai, para donoM kA viveka, prathama kA tyAga, dvitIya kA grahaNa evaM abhivarddhana nahIM ho pAtA hai, kyoMki dharmasvabhAva meM prativedha nahIM huA rahatA hai / parisaMvAda-2

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bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAe~ (5) vipassanAlAbhI puruSa-kuzala cittasamprayukta prajJA vipazyanA hai| dharmasvabhAva kA vizeSa rUpa se darzana hI isakA kArya hai| vaha kyA hai ? dharma kA jo ApAtataH upalabdha rUpa hai, vaha kramazaH marIcikA sadRza anubhUta hone lagatA hai tathA isa tathya kA sAkSAtkAra ho jAtA hai ki sabhI saMskAra anitya, duHkha tathA anAtma haiN| isase bAhyAkAra, lakSaNa tathA dharmasvabhAva kA yathArthAvabodha ho jAtA hai / jo anitya hai, vaha duHkha hai, jo duHkha hai vaha AtmA nahIM ho sakatA hai| jaba Atmya nahIM hai, to vaha 'sva' rUpa se na to grAhya hai, na usakA AdhAra hI bana sakatA hai| aise avabodha se AdhArabhUta 'sva' kI bhitti prakampita ho jAtI hai| aba isa manodazA ke pariprekSya meM yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki avabodha ke dharAtala para durbala rUpa meM 'sva' parijJAta hotA hai, para bhAvanA ke dharAtala para parIkSita nahIM rahatA hai / (6) brahmavihArI-AryavihAra ko brahmavihAra kahate haiN| usase yukta puruSa brahmavihArI hai| vaha kyA hai ? maitrI, karuNA, muditA tathA upekSA cAra udAtta mUlya haiN| unase sampRkta citta dvArA samasta dizAoM ko vyApta kara vihAra karanA brahmavihAra yA zreSTha vihAra hai| yaha vihAra asIma hai| vizva kI jisa kisI dizA meM sthita sthUla, sUkSma yA aNurUpa jo koI prANI hoM, ve sukhI hoveM-yaha maitrI-sampRkta cittavihAra hai| samasta duHkhI prANI duHkhavirahita hoveM, yaha karuNA-sahagata citta kA sphuraNa hai / uttarottara vikAsonmukha sukhasampanna prANiyoM ke prati Ananda pratilAbha hI muditA-samprayukta citta kA visphAra hai| abodha janoM kI abodhatA ke prati upekSAyukta ho, unake samyak avabodha kI udAtta kAmanA pUrvaka dizAspharaNa upekSAsamprayukta cittavihAra hai / yahA~ citta meM RjutA, mudRtA, karmaNyatA, prAguNyatA Adi bhAva sahaja . rUpa se jAga uThate haiM / akuzala vRttiyoM ke gatirodha ke lie viratiyA~ bhI jAgrata ho jAtI haiM / para ina samasta kAryoM kA kSema manodharA rahatA hai| (7) samayavimukta-yaha isa prakAra ke puruSa kA adhivacana hai jo samatha tathA vipazyanA kA lAbha to kara liyA rahatA hai, para 'sva' ke Abandhana rUpa samasta saMyojanoM ko vinaSTa nahIM kiye rahatA hai| isameM 'sva' saMdhAraNa kA durbala AdhAra aMzataH vidyamAna rahatA hai| isalie ise samayavimukta kahA jAtA hai| isake antargata cAra mArgastha tathA tIna phalastha pudgala A sakate haiN| yahA~ pA~ca oraMbhAgIya saMyojana to prahINa rahate haiM, para uddhaMbhAgIya vidyamAna rahate haiN| (8) asamayavimukta-samathavipazyanAlAbhI samasta saMyojanoM se mukta puruSa ko asamayavimukta yA pUrNataH vimukta kahA jAtA hai / yahA~ pahu~ca cittasantati meM vyApta 'sva' parisaMvAda-2

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prAcIna bauddhoM kI dRSTi meM vyaSTi evaM samaSTi 45 kA samasta saMskAra prahINa rahatA hai| citta sarvamalavirahita atyanta parizuddha rUpa meM abhivyakta hai| citta kI yaha dazA hI nirvANa hai tathA isase upeta puruSa arhat hai| vaha 'sva' ko bAMdhane vAle arAoM ke vinaSTa hone yA 'sva' kI paridhi se pAra cale jAne ke kAraNa arhat kahalAtA hai| yaha sthiti 'sva' kA 'para' meM vilaya kI hai| para yaha darzanIya hai ki yaha vilaya 'sva' kI saraNI meM hai, kAraNa yaha ki puruSa sva vimukti se santuSTa ho vimukti sukha kI anubhUti karatA hai| (9) bodhisattva-vimukti bhI apane lie hI na ho, varan sabake lie ho, isakA kAryAnvayana vyavahAra kI dharAtala para jisake dvArA hotA hai, vaha bodhisattva hai| 'mujha eka ke tIrNa hone se kyA lAbha, jaba ki samasta prajA atIrNa hai'--yaha udghoSa usake dvArA vyavahAra ke dharAtala para utArA jAtA hai aura vaha svamukti kA paramukti ke lie parityAga karatA hai| itanA hI nahIM, varan manodharA para parijJAta mUlyoM ko vaha pAramitA ke rUpa meM apane kAryakalApoM meM utAratA hai| ise vaha 'pAramI', upapArabhI' tathA 'paramatthapAramI' ke rUpa meM kAya-vacI tathA manokarma ke dharAtala para mUrta karatA hai| ye sabhI kArya parArtha hote haiN| 'sva' pUrNataH vilIna rahatA hai| yahA~ mUlyoM kA apanI caryAoM se kAryAnvayana hai, para-preraNA bhI hai, parantu sarvatra AkSepana nahIM hai| (10) pratyekabuddha-yaha eka mukta prANI hai| yaha pratyeka bodhi ke adhigama se upeta hai / ise satya kA sAkSAtkAra huA rahatA hai para sarvajJatA evaM balavazitA aprApta rahatI haiN| isake manokarma tathA kAyakarma buddhacaryA se yukta haiM tathA usa sImA taka parArtha hote haiM, para vaha vAcAvinyAsa pUrvaka parArthakArya se vaMcita rahatA hai| ataH pUrNataH parasamarpita nahIM hotA hai| (11) samyaksambuddha-yaha pUrNataH mukta puruSa hai| yaha samyaksambodhi prApta, satya kA sAkSAtkRta, sarvajJatA upeta, valavazitAyukta, svaparidhi se dUra, zuddha-buddha puruSa hai| yaha svayaMtIrNa tathA samasta prANiyoM ke tAraNa zakti se yukta rahatA hai| vaha pUrNataH parasamarpita hotA hai, phalataH usake sabhI kArya parArtha hote haiN| yaha ambara sadRza sarvavyApta, zItalajalabhArabhArita parjanya sadRza sarvahitAnukampI tathA sarvadA bahujanahitAya bahujanasukhAya rata rahatA hai| aise puruSa kA ina udAtta mUlyoM se upetabhAva hI samaSTi hai| parisaMvAva-2

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vyaSTi aura samaSTi : bauddhadarzana ke pariprekSya meM ___DaoN0 rAmacandra pANDeya ___ maiM spaSTa kara denA cAhatA hU~ ki vyaSTi aura samaSTi ke svarUpa meM tathA unake paraspara sambandha ke bAre meM jo vicAra yahA~ prastuta kiyA jAyegA, usakI pRSTha-bhUmi zuddha darzana kI hai / zuddha darzana se merA abhiprAya jJAna-mImAMsIya evaM astitva-mImAMsIya vicAroM se hai| yoM to itihAsa, saMgaThana, dharma-pracAra, upAsanA Adi darzana ke anya Avazyaka aMga bhI haiM, parantu ina aMgoM para bhI vicAra karane se zuddha dArzanika pakSa se dhyAna haTa jAyegA aura eka saba se mahattvapUrNa sandarbha kA Avazyaka vizadIkaraNa adhUrA raha jaayegaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki zuddha darzana-paraka granthoM meM itihAsa, saMgaThana, pracAra Adi ko nagaNya sthAna diyA gayA hai| . vyaSTi aura samaSTi kA jo pratyaya hamAre mAnasa meM banA hai vaha usI rUpa meM bauddha dArzanikoM ke mAnasa meM nahIM thaa| yadi rahA hotA to usa pratyaya ke prayoga se utpanna praznoM kI carcA una dArzanikoM ne avazya kI hotii| yadi Aja hama vyaSTisamaSTi kI bAta uThAte haiM aura usase utpanna praznoM kA samAdhAna bauddhadarzana ke pariprekSya meM DhUMDhate haiM to do prakAra kI pratikriyA ho sakatI hai| kucha loga, jo paramparA aura zAstra ke akSarArtha se bAhara nahIM jAnA cAhate, isa prazna ko upahAsAspada batAte hue kaheMge ki jo prazna Aja uTha rahA hai usakA samAdhAna sadiyoM purAne darzana meM kaise mila sakatA hai ? yaha prayAsa, ina logoM kI dRSTi meM, vedoM meM bijalI, ANavika astra Adi ke jJAna ko DhU~Dhane ke samAna hai athavA dala-badala, matadAna, cunAva ke dvArA sarakAra kA gaThana Adi samasyAoM para tripiTika kA mata DhU~Dhane ke samAna hai| isa prakAra kI pratikriyA vyakta karane vAle loga, yaha mAnakara calate haiM ki bauddhadarzana yA koI anya prAcIna darzana eka banda ghara ke samAna hai, jisameM rakhI vastue~ na to bAhara A sakatI haiM aura na bAhara kI vastue~ bhItara jA sakatI haiN| adhyetA kA ekamAtra kartavya hai una bhItara rakhI vastuoM kI vistRta sUcI kA nirmANa krnaa| isake viparIta kucha dUsare prakAra ke loga darzanamAtra ko eka khulI pustaka kI taraha mAnate haiN| unakI dRSTi meM jJAna kabhI purAnA nahIM hotA, usakA prayoga purAnA ho sakatA hai, para purAne jJAna kA nUtana prayoga jJAna kI sabase bar3I kSamatA hai| yadi Aja ke sandarbha meM kucha naye pratyaya Aye haiM, aura naye prazna uThe haiM to prAcIna jJAna ko naye sandarbha meM parisaMvAda-2

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vyaSTi aura samaSTi : bauddhadarzana ke pariprekSya meM 47 prayoga karake dekhA jA sakatA hai ki vaha prAcIna jJAna kitanA sakSama aura prAsaGgika hai| isa prakAra kI pratikriyA vyakta karane vAle vyakti ko zAstra ke akSarArtha ke sthAna para bhAvArtha para bala denA hogaa| isa prakAra kA udyama karane vAle vyakti ko na kevala vizada dRSTi se sampanna honA Avazyaka hai balki paramparA tathA Adhunika samasyA kI gaharI pakar3a kA honA bhI usake lie anivArya yogyatA hai| aise vyakti ko kucha loga pratikriyAvAdI, durUhatAvAdI, itihAsa-vilopaka kahate haiM, kyoMki isa vyakti ke prayatnoM ko prAcInatA kI ora le jAne ke rUpa meM dekhA jAtA hai| yahA~ merA prayatna isI dUsarI zreNI kA hai--loga mujhe pratikriyAvAdI yA sAmpradAyika (bauddha sampradAya kI dRSTi se vartamAna ko dekhane ke kAraNa) kaheMge, isakA mujhe bhaya nahIM hai / hA~ yaha bhaya avazya hai ki prAcIna mata kA jo navIna sandarbha meM prayoga karane jA rahA hU~, vaha kahIM galata na ho jaaye| vyaSTi aura samaSTi ko lekara jo prazna Aja uThAye jA rahe haiM, unameM se do praznoM kA vizeSa dArzanika mahatva hai| pahalA prazna vyaSTi aura samaSTi ke nijI svarUpa ke bAre meM hai aura dUsarA prazna unameM paraspara sambandha ke bAre meM / ye donoM prazna eka dUsare se jur3e hue haiN| kyoMki eka ke uttara se dUsare kA bahuta hada taka samAdhAna ho jAtA hai / yadi vyaSTi apane Apa meM AdhArabhUta ikAI hai to samaSTi ko ina ikAiyoM kA samUha mAnanA pdd'egaa| dUsarI ora yadi samaSTi apane Apa meM AdhArabhUta tattva hai to vyaSTi ko usa samaSTi kA pratinidhi kahanA pdd'egaa| vyaSTi yA samaSTi ko AdhArabhUta tattva mAnane ke pIche kaI bAteM ho sakatI haiN| samaSTigata eka carama tattva kI svIkRti jaisA advaitavAdiyoM kA siddhAnta hai, samaSTi meM dRzyamAna vyaSTi ke nAnAtva kI asvIkRti kA kAraNa banatI hai / vyaSTi kA vyaSTitva AbhAsamAna aura mithyA ho jAtA hai| isI taraha vyaSTi ko apane vyaSTitva meM pUrNa tattva mAnane para samaSTi kA samaSTitva khaNDita ho jAtA hai aura samaSTigata pratIyamAna ekatva pratibhAsita ho jAtA hai| eka tIsarA prakAra vyaSTi aura samaSTi donoM ko samAna rUpa se AdhArabhUta mAnakara unameM sambandha siddha karane kA hai| samaSTi yA vyaSTi kA kyA svarUpa hai isa prazna kA nirdhAraNa bahudhA unake yathArtharUpa kA vastuparaka vizleSaNa karake nahIM kiyA jAtA, balki pahale se abhyupagata dArzanika, sAmAjika, rAjanItika yA dhArmika dRSTi ke pariprekSya meM hI unake rUpa kA nirdhAraNa hotA hai| sabhI advaitavAdI, jinameM mArksa ke anuyAyI bhI Ate haiM, nAnA rUpoM meM bhinnAkAra dikhAI dene vAlI vyaSTiyoM ko svatantra mAnane ke lie taiyAra nahIM hote, kyoMki aisA karanA abhyupagata advaita dRSTi kA vyAghAta hogaa| isalie mUlyoM kA nirdhAraNa karate hue kartavyAkartavya kA vivecana antatogatvA sabho parisaMvAda-2

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bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAe~ advaitavAdI darzana meM vidhimukhena vyaSTigata aikya ko sAkAra karane meM tathA niSedhamukhena vyaSTi ke aikya-virodhI mUlyoM, kartavyoM Adi kA tiraskAra karane meM paryavasita hotA hai| Aja hama vyakti aura samAja ke sambandhoM ko lekara vivAda karate haiN| isa vivAda ke pIche chipA dArzanika prazna vyaSTi aura samaSTi ke bAre meM abhyupagata dRSTi se jur3A huA hai| janatantra meM kisa hada taka vyaSTi ko samaSTi para hAvI hone diyA jAye yA kisa hada taka vyaSTi ko samaSTi kI paridhi se bAhara ghUmane-phirane kI svatantratA dI jAye, ina praznoM kA samAdhAna niSpakSa rUpa se nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, kyoMki hara samAdhAna ke nIce koI daSTi chipI baiThI hai| vyakti-pUjA, deza ke ekamAtra netA hone kI svIkRti, Adi bAteM vyaSTi ko samaSTi para Adhipatya jamAne kA adhikAra detI haiM aura lokatantra ke sthAna para vyaktitantra kI sthApanA kI ora le jAtI haiN| adhinAyaka kA, cAhe vaha hiTalara jaise vyaSTi ke rUpa meM ho yA janavAdI samAja yA vyaSTi-samUha ke rUpa meM ho, janma vyaSTi yA vyaSTi-samUha kA samaSTi para Adhipatya jamAne ke prayatnoM meM hotA hai| jahA~ samaSTi ko advaita tattva se paripUrita dekhane kI dRSTi hotI hai vahA~ adhinAyaka kA janma AsAnI se ho jAtA hai / kyoMki adhinAyaka apane Apako usa aikya kA rakSaka yA aikya kA mUrtimAna svarUpa saralatA se siddha kara sakatA hai| isake viparIta vyaSTi yadi AsAnI se samaSTi ko paridhi ke bAhara jA sakatA hai to bhaya hai ki kahIM samaSTi kA lopa na ho jAe, kyoMki vyaSTi ke svAtantrya ke nAma para hara sambhava uccha GkhalatA aura arAjakatA sahI karAra dI jA sakatI haiN| daloM kA Ae dina parityAga, dUsare daloM ke sAtha gaThabandhana, sahI-galata har3atAloM ke sAtha tor3a-phor3a tathAkathita niyamAnusAra kAma (mAno sAmAnya dinoM meM niyama ke viruddha kAma kiyA jAtA hai) Adi vyaSTi ke samaSTi kI sImA se bAhara ho jAne ke pariNAma haiN| isa prakAra donoM avasthAoM meM vyaSTi yA samaSTi ke svarUpa ke kAraNa vikRtiyA~ nahIM utpanna hotIM, balki unake svarUpa ke pIche abhyupagata dRSTiyoM ke kAraNa hI bure pariNAma milate haiN| ataH vyaSTi aura samaSTi ke bAre meM vartamAna meM uThAye gaye praznoM kA sIdhA sambandha dRSTi se hai| samasyAoM ke samAdhAna meM dRSTi tathA dRSTiprahANa kA svarUpa daSTi kyA hai ? isa prazna kA uttara denA AsAna nahIM hai, kyoMki daSTi ko paribhAsita karane ke pIche bhI eka anya dRSTi chipI ho sakatI hai| isalie dRSTi kI paribhASA dene ke prayatna ke sthAna para yadi dRSTi ke kArya kA vivaraNa diyA jAe to vaha adhika upayukta hogaa| apane anubhavoM kI vyAkhyA karane yA unameM tAratamya, parisaMvAda-2

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vyaSTi aura samaSTi : bauddhadarzana ke pariprekSya meM 49 svArasya, arthavattA, prAsaGgikatA Adi kA AdhAna karane ke uddezya se hama kisI bAta ko apanA AdhAra kendra mAna lete haiN| isI kendra kI eka paridhi meM samagra anubhavoM ko sameTa kara dekhanA hamArA svabhAva bana jAtA hai| samAjavAda, lokatantra, sAmyavAda, pU~jIvAda Adi ke sAtha-sAtha AtmavAda, anAtmavAda, advaitavAda, bahutvavAda Adi aneka aise kendra haiM, jinakI paridhi meM hama anubhavoM ko lAkara rakhane kA prayatna karate haiN| ye kendra kyoM cune jAte haiM ? kyoM kisI ko kendra mAna liyA jAtA hai ? isakA sIdhA aura sahI uttara sirpha itanA hai ki ye hameM acche lagate haiN| aura cU~ki ye pasanda Ate haiM isalie inake pakSa meM hama aneka yuktiyA~, tarka juTA lete haiN| isa taraha dRSTi kA cayana pahale ho jAtA hai aura isa dRSTi ke samarthana ke kAraNa bAda meM udbhAvita kara lie jAte haiN| yadi aisA na ho to sArI yuktiyoM aura tarkoM ke niSkarSa eka hI bindu para na mila pAyeMge, hara yukti yA tarka alaga-alaga dizA kI ora le jaayegii| isa taraha daSTi vaha saMyojaka tattva hai jisake bala se anubhavoM, vicAroM aura vyavahAra ko idantA prApta hotI hai, unakI eka nizcita pahacAna prApta hotI hai| dRSTi-bheda ke kAraNa eka hI prakAra ke anubhava ke alaga-alaga artha prApta hote haiM / udAharaNa ke lie garIbI ko leN| garIbI kA anubhava jisa prakAra eka dezakAla meM hotA hai vaisA hI anubhava anyatra bhI hotA hai| parantu kabhI usa anubhava ko pUrvajanmArjita karmaphala ke rUpa meM, kabhI pU~jIpatiyoM kI zoSaNa-vRtti ke pariNAma ke rUpa meM aura kabhI utpAdaka ke prayatnoM ke sahayoga kI kamI ke pariNAma ke rUpa meM dekhA jAtA hai| eka hI anubhava kI bhinna vyAkhyAe~ aura bhinna-bhinna kAraNoM se use jor3akara use artha denA dRSTi-bheda ke kAraNa hI sambhava ho sakatA hai, anya koI bhedakatattva nahIM dikhAI detA / yadi yaha sambhava ho ki kisI anubhava ko sirpha anubhavabalena vyAkhyAta kiyA jAe, unapara kisI artha ko Aropita na kiyA jAe, to kadAcit dRSTi-bheda-janita matabheda dUra ho skeN| isI taraha Aropita artha kA Aropa ke adhikaraNa se pArthakya dikhAte hue artha kI AropitatA batalA dI jAe to bhI matabheda ko AdhArahIna siddha kiyA jA sakatA hai / isI bAta kA eka pariNAma yaha bhI nikala sakatA hai ki sabhI dRSTiyA~ nissAra haiM, ataH dRSTigata bheda ke AdhAra para jo lar3AI lar3I jAtI hai, vaha vAstava meM chAyA-yuddha hai jisako hama vAstavika samajha lete haiN| kyA sarva-dRSTi-prahANa sambhava hai ? isa prazna kA uttara pAne ke lie do sambhAvanAe~ sAmane AtI haiN| eka sambhAvanA to yaha hai ki alaga-alaga tattat dRSTi ke dRSTitva ko kisI eka abAdhita tattva kA pratibimba mAna liyA jAe, dUsarI sambhAvanA yaha hai ki tattat dRSTi ko dUsarI dRSTi se bAdhita dikhAkara dRSTi sAmAnya ko parisaMvAda-2

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bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAe~ hI asvIkRta kara diyA jaae| pahale pakSa meM tattad dRSTi se pare eka pratyak tattva kI svIkRti Avazyaka hogii| binA isako mAne tattat dRSTi ke dRSTitva kA prahANa sambhava nahIM hogaa| yadi isa samyak tattva ko kisI zruti Adi pramANa ke AdhAra para svIkAra kiyA jAegA to usa tattva kI svIkRti svayaM dRSTimUlaka ho jaayegii| pramANoM kA sArA vistAra vAstava meM dRSTiyoM kA hI vistAra yA prapaJca hai| jaba taka isa tattva ko pramANoM se pare, pramANa-apramANa se anirvacanIya nahIM mAnA jAtA, taba taka yaha dRSTi kI paridhi se bAhara hokara dRSTi kA prahANa nahIM kara sakatA; usa avasthA meM yaha mahAdRSTi banakara raha jaayegaa| advaita vedAnta kI prakriyA meM, jisakA yaha mantavya hai, isIlie brahma ko anubhavaikagamya zuddha caitanya rUpa mAnA gyaa| isa caitanya meM viSayaviSayI ke bheda ko asvIkRta karake vedAnta ne brahma ko vastutaH pramANAtIta mAnA aura zAstroM ko 'avidyAvadviSayANi' khaa| brahma kI zruti pramANa dvArA siddhi kA mukhya prayojana brahma meM pramANAbhAva kA nirAkaraNa hai jisake kAraNa brahma kA abhAva asiddha karake taTastha rUpa meM brahma kA nirdeza sambhava hotA hai| parantu pramANAbhAva kA abhAva svayaM meM brahma ke svarUpa kA jJAna nahIM karA sakatA, isIlie brahma kI pratyag-rUpatA kA sahArA lenA Avazyaka hai| sAkSAt aparokSAnubhUti cU~ki viSaya-viSayI abhAva ke bheda ko sarvathA atikrAnta karatI hai, isalie vaha daSTimAtra kI sambhAvanA se bhI pare haiN| brahma kI isa pratyaga-rUpatA kA yadi vivaraNa denA ho to dRSTi kA sahArA lenA Avazyaka hogA, kyoMki yaha vivaraNa bheda ko avazyameva aGgIkAra karake hI sambhava hai| isalie pratyakrUpatA kA vyAkhyAna, abAdhitatva ke rUpa meM prastuta karake brahma ke pramANAbhAva ke abhAva ko hI batalAyA gayA hai| isa taraha brahma kI sAkSAt anubhUti sakala dRSTi, avidyA ke prahANa kI sambhAvanA prastuta karatI hai| aba isa abAdhitatva ko mUla mAnakara bAkI tattat dRSTiyoM kA vyAkhyAna sambhava ho jAtA hai| Upara ullikhita dUsarI sambhAvanA kA upasthApana mAdhyamika bauddhoM ne kiyA hai / jaisA ki sarvavidita hai unake anusAra bhagavAn buddha ne apane saddharma kA upadeza hI sarvadRSTi-prahANa ke uddezya se kiyA thaa| mAdhyamika prakriyA meM tattat dRSTiyoM aura una dRSTiyoM dvArA vyAkhyAta anubhavoM meM na kevala asAmaJjasya dikhAyA gayA hai balki catuSkoTi, jo dRSTi kI cAra sImAe~ haiM, kI hara koTi meM vyAghAta (sva vacana kA sva vacana se aura sva kA para vacana se) siddha kiyA gayA hai| kAraNatA, gati, dharma, saMskAra, nirvANa, AtmA, sambandha Adi saba upalabdha dRSTiyoM kA isa prakAra khokhalApana dikhAkara yaha pratipAdita kiyA gayA ki jaba tattat dRSTi kA anubhava se koI lagAva nahIM hai to dRSTi-mAtra kA lagAva bhI nahIM hogaa| yaha bhI batalAyA gayA ki parisaMvAda-2

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vyaSTi aura samaSTi : bauddhadarzana ke pariprekSya meM 51 anubhava meM viSaya-viSayI, gaNa-guNI Adi kA bheda vastutaH dRSTikRta bheda hai, anubhavagata nhiiN| dRSTi kA isa prakAra anubhava se pArthakya dikhAkara anubhava ko dRSTi ke prapaJca se aprapaJcita aura dRSTi ko svabhAva se zUnya batalAyA gayA / jaba dRSTi kA koI svabhAva nahIM hai to usake dvArA yathArtha kA jJAna ho hI nahIM sktaa| isalie nirAdhAra dRSTi dUsarI dRSTi se nirAkRta ho jAtI hai| anubhava meM bhI dRSTi kI taraha hI anubhUyamAna vastu se pArthakya sambhava hai isalie tattat dRSTi kI taraha tattat anubhava meM bhI zUnyatA hI hai| isIlie advaita vedAnta kI pratyak aparokSAnubhUti bhI dRSTi-patita anubhUti hI mAnI jAegI, kyoMki viSaya-viSayI ke bheda kI dRSTi ke binA anubhava bhI sambhava nahIM hai / ataH dRSTi aura dRSTi ke dvArA vyAkhyAta anubhava donoM ko tiraskRta kara dene ke kAraNa mAdhyamikoM ke pAsa sarva-prahANa ke sivA koI rAstA nahIM raha jAtA / yaha sarva-prahANa yA zanyatA svayaM daSTi nahIM hai, kyoMki bhAva kA niSedha bhAvAntara nahIM hotA / bhAva ke niSedha ko bhAvAntara mAnanA bhI eka dRSTi hI hai| jo loga zUnyatA. ko mahAdRSTi mAnane lagate haiM, ve asAdhya hai, dRSTikRta doSoM se unako mukta nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| hamane dekhA ki dRSTi-prahANa ke lie advaita vedAnta kA abhimata sakala dRSTiyoM ko atikrAnta karane vAle aparokSa anubhava ke sAtha apanA tAdAtmya sthApita karanA hai| isa tAdAtmya ke bAda yadi ina dRSTiyoM para punaH dRSTipAta kiyA jAe to hara dRSTi usa anubhava kI eka jhalaka upasthita karato-sI pratIta hone lagatI hai| yaha pratIti aparokSAnubhUti se pUrva udita nahIM hotii| isIlie vedAntI sakala carAcara meM usa brahma kA nitya sphuraNa dekhatA huA vyavahAra karatA hai, yahI vyavahAra jIvanmukti kA AcaraNa banatA hai| mAdhyamikoM ke mata meM sakala dRSTi meM zUnyatA hai aura zUnyatA kI zUnyatA meM bhI zUnyatA hI hAtha lagatI hai| isalie sarvadRSTi-prahANa ke bAda zUnyatA kA hI AbhAsa hotA hai aura isa AbhAsa ko nirantara abhyasta karatA huA bodhisattva para ke duHkha se kAtara hokara dUsaroM ko bhI zUnyatA ke mArga para pratiSThita karane kI dezanA detA hai| vyaSTi tathA samaSTi kA vivecana vyaSTi apane Apa meM kyA hai ? isa prazna kA uttara vyaSTi ke pratyaya ko dhyAna meM rakhakara diyA jA sakatA hai| mAdhyamika isa bAta para jora degA ki samaSTi ke sandarbha ke binA vyaSTi kI bAta hI nahIM kI jA sktii| samaSTi ke pratyaya ko vizleSita karake vyaSTi kA pratyaya nikAlA jA sakatA hai| yadi vyaSTi vastutaH nirapekSa sat ho parisaMvAda-2

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bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM to 'yaha vyaSTi hai' isa prakAra kI pratijJapti meM vyaSTi kI idantA kA bhAna nahIM hogA, kyoMki idaM kahane kA artha hai idaM ko tat se pRthak karanA / jahA~ taka bhASA ke prayoga kA kSetra hai vahA~ taka nirapavAda rUpa se itara se pArthakya yA itara-sApekSatA Avazyaka hai| yahI itara-sApekSatA bhASA kI prapaJcAtmakatA hai, jaisA candrakIrti ne kahA hai'prapaJco hi vAk prapaJcayatyAniti kRtvA' / vyaSTi kI taraha samaSTi kA bhI pratyaya vyaSTi sApekSa hai kyoMki binA vyaSTi ke samaSTi sambhava nahIM hai| yadi samaSTi vyaSTiyoM se pRthak koI padArtha ho to pratyakSAdi meM vyaSTiyoM se alaga kisI samaSTi kA bhI jJAna honA cAhie / jaba hama samaSTi kA pratyakSa karane kI bAta karate haiM taba hama aisA nahIM socate haiM ki ye vyaSTiyA~ haiM, aura yaha samaSTi hai| samaSTi kA pratyakSa vastutaH alaga-alaga vyaSTiyoM ke pratyakSa se pRthak nahIM hai aura samaSTi ke sAtha hamArA vyavahAra vastutaH vyaSTiyoM ke sAtha kie gae vyavahAra meM paryavasita hotA hai / isa prakAra samaSTi aura vyaSTi anyonya sApekSa hone ke kAraNa svayaM svabhAvazUnya haiN| isalie samaSTi-vyaSTi kA sArA prazna usa dRSTi se jur3A huA hai jisa dRSTi se prerita hokara prapaJcarUpa bhASA meM hama inakI carcA karate haiN| samAjavAda, sAmyavAda, pUjIvAda yA anya kisI bhASA ke bAhara vyaSTi samaSTi ke prazna ko uThAyA hI nahIM jA sktaa| yaha prazna bhASIya prazna hai aura jisa bhASA meM ise uThAyA jAtA hai usI bhASA kI paridhi meM inakA samAdhAna bhI mila sakatA hai| isakA niSkarSa yaha nikalA ki eka prakAra kI bhASA meM uThAe gae prazna Avazyaka nahIM ki dUsarI bhASA meM bhI uThAe jaaeN| aura isa prakAra udAharaNa ke lie, sAmyavAdI bhASA meM prApta samAdhAna samAjavAdI bhASA para thope jAe~ to pahale ve usameM mAnya na hoMge aura dUsare balAt mAnya karAne ke sAre prayatnoM meM, mAdhyamikoM ke anusAra, bhASIya adhinAyakavAda kA janma hogaa| loga kaha sakate haiM ki vyaSTi aura samaSTi ke sAre prazna hamAre Aja ke jIvana se jur3e prazna haiN| ye jIvana ko prabhAvita karate haiM isalie inako bhASIya prazna karAra denA prazna ko TAlanA hai aura vAstavikatA ko jhuThalAnA hai| mAdhyamika kA zAyada yahI uttara hogA ki hamArA jIvana dRSTiyoM se pare nahIM hai aura hara dRSTi kI alaga bhASA hotI hai / duHkha, kaSTa Adi jo jIvana ke anubhava haiM unakA bhI sambandha dRSTiyoM se hai| jina samasyAoM ko hama jIvana kI vAstavika samasyAe~ kahate haiM, ve bhI isIlie vAstavika pratIta hotI haiM kyoMki unakA lagAva jIvana ke prati apanAI gaI dRSTi se hotA hai| ina samasyAoM ko sulajhAne kA sIdhA mArga to sarva-dRSTi-prahANa hai para vaha bahuta kaThina mArga hai, kyoMki usa mArga para pratiSThita hone ke lie sabako bodhisattva bananA hogaa| saMsAra aura nirvANa ke antara ko dUra karanA hogaa| parisaMvAda 2

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vyaSTi aura samaSTi : bauddhadarzana ke pariprekSya meM sAMsArika vyakti ke lie, usa vyakti ke lie jo vyaSTi aura samaSTi kI bAteM uThAkara rAjanItika, sAmAjika aura Arthika zakti kA upabhoga karanA cAhatA hai, bodhisattva mArga para calanA asambhava hai, balki yaha bodhisattva ke upadezoM ko bhI sunane ke lie taiyAra nahIM hogaa| to phira kyA hama buddha ke zAsana ko usake bhAgya para chor3a deM, aura yaha kahakara santoSa kara leM ki 'jJAtAro bhaviSyanti ?' zAyada nivRtti-pradhAna zramaNa paramparA isa taraha kaSTa sahane aura logoM ko saddharma kA upadeza dene ke sivA aura kara bhI kyA sakatI hai ? parantu dRSTiyoM ke prahANa se jo eka zUnyatA kI bhAvanA utpanna hogI, usako bharane ke lie mAdhyamika darzana ke pAsa ajJAniyoM ke Upara karuNA karane ke sivA aura dene ko kyA hai ? prahINa dRSTi vyakti jaba jAnatA hai ki sArA jhagar3A dRSTiyoM ke kAraNa hai, aura logoM se kahatA hai ki tuma saba mithyA dRSTi se vyathita ho, taba vaha logoM ke upahAsa kA pAtra bana kara raha jaaegaa| thor3I dera ke lie mAna leM ki dRSTi meM Asakta vyaktiyoM ko kaSTa se chuTakArA dilAne ke lie vaha unake bIca jAtA hai, unakI sevA karane kA mahAn udyama karatA hai, isa udyama meM vaha apane jIvana kA utsarga kara detA hai| para kyA usake isa utsarga kA kiJcit bhI abhISTa pariNAma nikalane kI Aja ke yuga meM AzA kI jA sakatI hai ? mahAtmA gAMdhI kI sevAbhAvanA aura unakA AtmadAna kyA gAMdhI ke kisI Adarza ko siddha karane meM saphala huA hai ? maiM samajhatA hU~ ki gAMdhI ke sAre upadeza aura Adarza kA Aja kevala eka hI upayoga raha gayA hai| gAMdhI kA nAma lekara ve sAre kArya kara DAlo jo gAMdhI kI vicAradhArA se ekadama bhinna haiN| __ yaha vicAraNIya hai ki Aja kA vyakti samAjavAda, sAmyavAda Adi ke nAroM se kyA pA letA hai jo use bauddha darzana, gAMdhIvAda yA vedAnta meM nahIM miltaa| maiM samajhatA hU~ ki samAjavAda, sAmyavAda Adi dRSTiyoM meM samaSTi aura vyaSTi meM AdAna-pradAna kA bar3A gaharA sambandha mAnA gayA hai| vyaSTi yadi samaSTi ke lie kucha karatA hai to vyaSTi ko samaSTi se badale meM kucha pAne kA adhikAra mila jAtA hai| usI taraha samaSTi ke kAraNa yadi vyaSTi kA kucha lAbha hotA hai to samaSTi usa vyaSTi para apanA adhikAra samajhatI hai / adhikAra aura kartavya kI yaha bhAvanA eka ora sukha, suvidhA kI kAmanA se aura dUsarI ora avahelanA janita daNDa ke bhaya se niyantrita hotI hai| yadi vyaSTi ko apekSita lAbha nahIM milatA to vaha taba taka samaSTi kI avahelanA nahIM kara sakatA, jaba taka samaSTi ke pAsa vyaSTi ko niyantrita yA daNDita karane kA sAhasa aura sAmarthya hai / yadi samaSTi kA sAmarthya kSINa ho gayA to vyaSTi kI ucchRGkhalatA, svecchAcAritA bar3ha jAtI hai| isa prakAra ke kisI AdAna parisaMvAda-2

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bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAe~ pradAna kA sambandha mAdhyamika yA anya kisI bauddha darzana ke prasthAna meM nahIM prApta ho sktaa| bodhisattva nispRha hai, ataH usakI karuNA ahetukI hotI hai / samaSTi se usako kucha nahIM pAnA hai / itanA hI nahIM, bodhisattva kI dRSTi meM nirAtmavAdI hone ke kAraNa koI duHkhita vyaSTi hai hI nhiiN| usakI karuNA vyaSTi ke lie nahIM balki duHkha ke prati hotI hai| usake sambhAra aura udyoga kA Alambana duHkha hai, duHkhita vyaSTi nahIM / aisI avasthA meM na to vaha kisI ko kucha detA hai aura na svayaM kisI se kucha pAtA hai| AdAna-pradAna para AdhArita adhikAra aura kartavya kI jo bAta Adhunika matoM aura vAdoM kI rIr3ha hai, vaha mAdhyamika bauddhadarzana meM bilakula nahIM hai| gAMdhIvAda kI bhI yahI kamajorI hai kyoMki vahA~ bhI vyaSTi kA kartavya sarvopari hai, usakA adhikAra apane Adarza rUpa meM tuccha hai| ___ jo prazna bauddha darzana meM uThAe gae aura unakA jo samAdhAna vahA~ diyA gyaa| ve saba Aja ke yuga meM taba taka nirarthaka haiM jaba taka unase vartamAna samasyAoM ko yugApekSita DhaMga se sulajhAne meM sahAyatA nahIM miltii| yuga AdAna-pradAna aura adhikAra-kartavya kI apekSA karatA hai| mAdhyamika bauddha sampradAya meM AdAna-pradAna ke lie koI sthAna nahIM hai| parantu bauddhika santoSa kI dRSTi se hama eka prayoga kara sakate haiN| hama yadi advaita vedAnta aura mAdhyamika darzanoM ke sarvadRSTi-prahANatA ke siddhAnta kA samanvaya kara pAe~ to zAyada Adhunika samasyAoM para naI dRSTi se vicAra ho sakatA hai / vedAnta aura mAdhyamika kisa prakAra dRSTi prahANa taka pahu~cate haiM isakA varNana Upara kiyA gyaa| hamane dekhA ki mAdhyamika niSedhamukhena sarvazUnyatA kA pratipAdana karake cupa ho jAtA hai, para vedAntI ke lie aparokSAnubhUti meM sakala nirodha kA paryavasAna hotA hai / yadi vyaSTi vAstava meM sakalagrAhI brahma-sthAnIya samaSTi se abhinna mAna lI jAe to vyaSTi kA vyaSTitva ajJAnamUlaka hogaa| parantu vyaSTi sAtha ho jitanA adhika samaSTi ke nikaTa AegI, usI anupAta meM usake svatantra vyaSTitva kA ajJAnamUlaka bodha kSINa hotA jaaegaa| dUsare zabdoM meM vyaSTi samaSTi se apanA mokSa, jo carama puruSArtha hai, mA~gato hai aura ise yaha mokSa samaSTi meM AtmasAt hone para mila sakatA hai| vyavahAra avasthA meM bhI samaSTi se vidroha karake nahIM, balki samaSTi ke nirantara sAnnidhya se hI vyaSTi ko usakA adhikAra mila sakatA hai aura sAnnidhya banAe rakhanA usakA kartavya ho jAtA hai / isa taraha vyaSTi ke adhikAra aura kartavya donoM vyaSTi ke hI hAtha meM haiM, vaha jaisA kartavya karegA, tadanurUpa adhikAra use prApta hogA / jo mA~ga samAja se karate haiM vaha hara mA~ga vAstava meM vedAnta kI dRSTi se, parisaMvAda-2

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vyaSTi aura samaSTi : bauddhadarzana ke pariprekSya meM hama apane se hI karate haiM / jo hamane samAja ko nahIM diyA, jina vaiziSTayoM kA hamane samAja meM AdhAna hI nahIM kiyA, unako hama samAja se kaise pA sakate haiM ? jaba mAdhyamika hara dRSTi ko bhASIya prapaJca kahatA hai to usakA abhiprAya yaha hai ki samAja se hama vahI mA~ga sakate haiM jo hama samAja meM dekhate haiM / bauddhoM ke anusAra samaSTi kA apanA kucha nahIM hai | vedAntI ke anusAra samaSTi meM vaha saba kucha hai jo vyaSTi usameM AdhAna karatI hai / para vaha ina AdhAna kI gaI bAtoM ko atikrAnta karake avasthita hai / vedAnta meM eka AdhAra hai jisake cAroM ora samaSTi-vyaSTi kI bAteM sa~jo kara dekhI jA sakatI hai aura usa AdhAra ko kendrita karake vyaSTi aura samaSTi ko bhalIbhA~ti samajhA jA sakatA hai / isI kAraNa kama se kama vyAvahArika stara para AdAna-pradAna kI na sirpha bAta hI kI jA sakatI hai balki AdAna-pradAna bhI ho sakatA hai / bauddhadarzana, vizeSataH mAdhyamika darzana ke pAsa aisA koI AdhAra nahIM hai, unakI karuNA bhI nirAdhAra hai parantu eka bAta jo unake pAsa hai aura vedAnta ke pAsa nahIM hai vaha hai dRSTiyoM kI bhASIyatA / vedAnta sabhI dRSTiyoM ko avidyA kaha kara unake khokhalepana ko utanI spaSTatA se nahIM dikhA pAtA, jitanI spaSTatA se prapaJca ko vAk ke sAtha milA kara mAdhyamika dikhalAtA hai / isa taraha akele bauddha darzana vyaSTi- samaSTi ko Adhunika samasyA para utanA vizada prakAza nahIM DAla sakatA, jitanA mAdhyamika-advaita vedAnta ke sammilita samanvita darzana se par3a sakatA hai / 55 parisaMvAda - 2

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vyaSTi aura samaSTi : bauddha darzana kI dRSTi meM DaoN0 rAjendra prasAda pANDeya Adhunika samAjazAstriyoM kI dRSTi meM vyaSTi-samaSTi kI samasyA ___ abhI kucha varSoM pUrva (san 1966 meM) prakAzita pustaka 'buddhijma : di rilijana Apha enAlisisa' ke lekhaka nolana plini jaikaksana ne kAphI vistAra se yaha dikhAyA hai ki vyaSTi-samaSTi ko lekara Adhunika samAjazAstriyoM kA jo vizleSaNa hai usase kahIM adhika mUlagrAhI aura soddezya vizleSaNa buddha-darzana kA ukta sandarbha meM rahA hai| Adhunika samAjazAstriyoM ke vizleSaNa kI mukhya bAteM isa prakAra haiN| (a) mAnava-vyakti kI svatantratA va zakti kI dhAraNAe~ vastutaH katipaya sAmAjika prabhAvoM kI hI atisUkSma abhivyaktiyA~ haiN| erika phroma ke zabdoM meM 'Adhunika manuSya svAdhIna vyakti nahIM, kyoMki vaha sAmAjika niyAmakatA se hI adhikatara saMcAlita hotA hai| sAmAjika paristhitiyA~ hI kinhIM kriyA-kalApoM ko manuSya ke lie adhika puraskaraNIya aura isalie adhika anukaraNIya banAtI haiN| (ba) avazya sabhI vyakti samAna sAmAjika paristhitiyoM meM saMtuSTa nahIM rahate, vizeSakara ve vyakti jo paramparA kI apekSA antarmana se cAlita hote haiM aura isalie samaya-samaya para sAmAjika parivartana ghaTita hote haiN| kintu ina parivartanoM se manuSya eka sAmAjika vyavasthA se nikala kara kisI anya sAmAjika vyavasthA meM pha~sa jAtA hai, ThIka usa machalI kI taraha jise eka jalAzaya se nikala jAne para kisI anya jalAzaya kA zaraNa, jIvana-dhAraNa ke lie Avazyaka hai| (sa) ataH vyaSTi-samaSTi ke sambandhoM ko lekara eka vicitra-sI sthiti paidA hotI hai / sAmAnyataH vyakti sAmAjika paramparA ke uccheda kA virodhI hotA hai, yahA~ taka ki ve vyakti bhI jo kisI sAmAjika paramparA kA virodha karate haiM usake badale anya sAmAjika vyavasthA ke pakSadhara hote haiN| samAja ke prabhAva se nirmita vyakti jaisA usakA paharedAra hai| kintu cUMki pratyeka vyakti yaha bhI jAnatA hai ki vaha aura usakA samAja eka hI cIjeM nahIM hai, kahIM-na-kahIM usake antarmana meM sAmAjika niyamana-niyantraNa ko lekara duzcintA bhI banI rahatI hai| vaha jaise sAmAjika prabhAvoM se nikala apane vyakti-svarUpa kI abhivyakti cAhatA hai| isa jaTila manaHsthiti ko Adhunika pAzcAtya jagat meM bhI sthiti kahA gayA hai| Adhunika samAjazAstrI parisaMvAda-2

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57 vyaSTi aura samaSTi : bauddha darzana kI dRSTi meM apanI gaveSaNA ke antargata isI mAnava duzcintA se hamArA paricaya karAte haiM, kintu isakA ThIka nidAna yA ThIka davA unake pAsa upalabdha nahIM hai| isI sandarbha meM jaikaksana bauddha-dArzanika vizleSaNa ko adhika mUlagrAhI aura pragatizIla mAnate haiM, kyoMki bauddha-darzana kI Arambhika dhAraNA hI yaha hai ki sAmAjika yA sAMskRtika svAyattatA ke antargata mAnava vyakti kI svatantratA kI upalabdhi asambhava hai| 2. 'buddha' kA artha jaikaksana ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana kI kucha prAvidhika galatiyoM kI ora dhyAna diyA jAnA cAhie / prathama yaha ki, eka hI viSaya-kSetra (vyaSTi-samaSTi) meM hokara bhI Adhunika samAjazAstriyoM aura bauddha-darzana kI vicAra-paddhatiyA~ paraspara bilkula bhinna haiN| samAjazAstrIya adhyayana eka vaijJAnika adhyayana hone se antarvaiyaktika parIkSaNanirIkSaNa yogya sAmAjika gatizIlatA aura saMracanA ko hI mUla pradatta viSaya mAna kara vyakti ko sadaiva sAmAjikatA ke hI sandarbha meM nApatA-taulatA aura sthira karatA hai, aura isalie vahA~ vyakti kA tad-svarUpa cintana sambhava nhiiN| jaisA ki Adhunika astitvavAdI dArzanikoM ne batAyA hai-vaijJAnika dRSTi se samajhe aura sthira kiye gaye manuSya kA nirvaiyaktikaraNa kabhI ruka nahIM sakatA, phira cAhe eka krAntikArI dArzanika mArksa yA eka sUkSma manasa-vizleSaka phrAyaDa hI use rokane kA prayAsa kyoM na kreN| dUsarI ora bauddha-darzana eka dharma-darzana hone ke kAraNa 'mUlataH eka vyakti-dRSTi pradhAna vicAradhArA hai| anya dharma-darzanoM kI taraha isameM bhI eka mAnaka vyakti 'buddha' kI dhAraNA kA dhurIya sthAna hai jo pratyeka anya vyakti ke lie usake apane lakSya ke rUpa meM eka zAzvata prakAza bindu kI taraha sthira aura avicala hai| isIlie yahA~ vyakti ko kabhI eka sAmAjika DhA~ce ke AdhAra se nahIM samajhA jA skegaa| ataH sarvaprathama hameM ina do vicAra paddhatiyoM-vaijJAnika aura mAnavatAvAdI ke cintana sambandhI uparyukta mUla bheda ko samajhanA cAhie, jisase ki hameM dhyAna rahe ki kahA~ samAjazAstrIya adhyayana kI sImAe~ Arambha hotI haiM, aura kahA~ unakA anta ho jAtA hai aura isalie kahA~ dharma-darzana se usakI koI tulanA sambhava nahIM hai| eka aura bAta jo jaikaksana ke adhyayana-praNAlI meM hameM jor3a lenI cAhie, vaha hai bauddha darzana ke pUrvagAmI bhAratIya dRSTikoNa kA vaha aMza jo Azcaryajanaka rUpa se Adhunika samAjazAstrIya adhyayana se eka mahatvapUrNa samAnatA rakhatA hai, kintu kevala eka sImA taka / bauddha-darzana ke pUrvavartI vaidika darzana meM manuSya ke lie samaSTi ko jIvana kA eka aparihArya pakSa mAnA gayA hai, yadyapi isa taraha nahIM ki vyaSTi parisaMvAda-2

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58 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAe~ usameM DUbakara apane svarUpa-bodha kI sArI sambhAvanAoM se hI hAtha dho baiThe aura jaba hama isa vicAradhArA ke utsa meM jAte haiM to usake mUla meM hameM milatA hai-sukhabodha / yadi vaijJAnika dRSTi ko bhI hama eka mAnava dRSTikoNa samajha kara usake mUla meM jAe~ to hameM vahA~ bhI yahI sukhabodha kendrastha milatA hai| bauddha-dArzanika dRSTikoNa meM isake ThIka viparIta kendrastha sthAna duHkhabodha aura duHkhanirodha kA hai| yahA~ dhyAna rakhanA cAhie ki vaidika-vaijJAnika 'sukha' aura bauddha 'duHkha' ko paraspara virodhI pratyayoM ke rUpa meM nahIM samajhanA cAhie, kyoMki uparyukta sandarbha meM 'sukha' kA eka anivArya sandarbha 'samAja' kA hai, 'samaSTi' kA hai, jaba ki bauddha sandarbha meM 'duHkha' anivAryataH vyakti se jur3A huA bhAva hai| 'sukha' sadaiva kisI-na-kisI taraha jur3anA hai-cAhe brahma kI taraha svarUpa-ekatA kI sImA taka kyoM na ho, jaba ki duHkha aura duHkhanirodha bhI kisI na kisI taraha alaga honA hai-cAhe nirvANa kI taraha ekAntataH zUnyatA kI sthiti taka hI kyoM na ho| dUsare zabdoM meM, bauddha-darzana mUlataH vyakti pradhAna hai| kauna hai yaha vyakti ? yaha vyakti hai 'buddha' / ataH bauddha-dharma-darzana yA buddha-dezanA ko samajhane ke lie hameM sabase pahale buddha ko hI samajhanA hogA / yadi hama jaikaksana ke atisAmAnyIkaraNa se bacane kI icchA rakhate hoN| 'buddha kauna haiM ?' yaha prazna nayA nahIM hai| sabhayasutta ke samaya parivrAjaka ne pUchA hai-'buddha kise kahate haiM ?' buddha kA uttara hai--'jisane sampUrNa tRSNA kA manana kara saMsAra kI utpatti aura cyuti donoM ko jAna liyA hai jo tRSNA Adi maloM se rahita tathA nirmala hai, vizuddha hai, jisane janma-kSaya ko prApta kara liyA hai|' mAnava mAtra ke parama cakSusvarUpa svayaM buddha kI A~kheM haiM prajJA, kyoMki ve pratItyasamutpAdadarzI aura karma-vipAka-kovid haiM / ve AtmadIpa aura AtmazaraNa haiN| brahmacaryavAsa pUrNa kara ve brahmavihAra meM haiM arthAt maitrI, karuNA, muditA aura upekSA kI sarvocca avasthA meM / maitrI aura karuNA dvArA unakI sarvagrAhI sahRdayatA sabhI manuSyoM tathA unake samAja ke prati hai, jabaki muditA aura upekSA ke bhAva unheM apane vizuddha AtmasvarUpa (arthAt nairAtma) meM avicalita rakhate haiN| unakI sarvagrAhI sahRdayatA se unake 'karma' kA svarUpa hai-dharmopadeza kA, aura isalie unakI sAmAjika pratiSThA 'zAstA' ke rUpa meM hai| ..manuSya mana meM rahatA hai (aGguttaranikAya, 10 / 2119) aura isalie apane dharmopadeza meM buddha sIdhe manuSya ke mana se sambandhita hote haiN| mAnava-mana gatimaya hai jise buddha eka dizA denA cAhate haiN| isalie unakA kathana hai ki unakA dharmopadeza parisaMvAda-2

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vyaSTi aura samaSTi : bauddha darzana kI dRSTi meM pakar3a rakhane ke lie nahIM, kinhIM saMskAroM se manas gati ko avaruddha karane ke lie nahIM, varan saMsAra-sAgara se pAra jAne ke lie haiM (majjhimanikAya, 1 / 22 / 4) / ataH svAbhAvika hai ki isa dharmopadeza kI samajha kI zarta hai-brahmacaryavAsa aura jaisA ki bhAratIya paramparA se hameM jJAta hai yaha mAnava-vikAsa kA vaha anivArya aGga hai jisake antargata pUrvagRhIta rUr3ha sAmAjika saMskAroM ko kramazaH kSINa kara vyakti ke adhikAdhika dRSTi vistAra kI vyavasthA hotI hai| punaH isa dRSTi se zramaNa aura upAsaka gRhastha ke lie dharmatattva eka hI hai / itivRttaka ke zabdoM meM gRhastha aura zramaNa donoM hI eka dUsare ke sahayoga se kalyANakArI sarvottama saddharma kA pAlana karate haiM (418) / sArAMza yaha ki yadyapi sAmAnyataH 'eka vyakti anya vyakti ke lie bandhanasvarUpa hai' (udAna, 2 / 5), buddha kA vyakti svarUpa aisA hai jo anya vyaktiyoM ke lie mokSakAraka hai| vyakti svarUpa kI isa dhAraNA para AdhArita samaSTi kA rUpa bhI isIlie sAdhAraNa samAja kA na hokara, 'dhamma-saMgha' kA hai| 3. buddha dezanA kA rUpa ataH yaha bhI spaSTa hai ki uparyukta 'buddha' vyaktitva para AdhArita buddha dezanA meM samagra mAnava-kSetra vyakti aura samAja ke lie jagaha hai| bauddha-darzana ke aura bhI anya vyAkhyAkAroM kI taraha jaikaksana ne bhI yaha bAta bhulA dI hai aura ati utsAha meM yaha mAna liyA hai ki buddha-dezanA kI ruci kevala vaiyaktika nirvANa meM hai| pAzcAtya samAjazAstriyoM ke mata tathA buddha-dezanA ke bIca sarvAdhika mUla antara yaha hai ki pAzcAtya samAjazAstrI mAnava-duHkha, viDambanA va astitva ke saMkaTa ko vyakti-bAhya bhautika-sAmAjika kAraNoM meM DhU~DhatA hai aura phira ina kAraNoM meM hera-phera se usakI sthiti meM sudhAra lAnA cAhatA hai, vahA~ buddha-dezanA ke antargata ye kAraNa svayaM vyakti ke antarmana meM sthita hai| 'sabhI dharma (vRttiyA~) pahale mana meM paidA hote haiM, mana hI mukhya hai, saba kucha manomaya hai| yadi koI vyakti dUSita mana se kucha bolatA hai, karatA hai to duHkha usakA anusaraNa usI prakAra karatA hai jisa prakAra pahiyA baila ke pairoM kaa|"ydi koI nirmala mana se kucha bolatA yA karatA hai to sukha usakI chAyA kI taraha usakA anusaraNa karatA hai|' (dhammapada, 1-1-2) punaH buddha ke anusAra, dhamma meM abhirati hI sukha hai, jabaki usameM arati hI duHkha hai (aMguttara nikAya, 10-7-6) / bailoM ke pairoM kA anusaraNa karane vAlA pahiyA eka hI dhurI meM AvartamAna jIvana-maraNa ke cakra kA dyotaka hai jo eka taraha kI yAntrika bAdhyatA ke adhIna karmagati kA anusaraNa karatA hai| punaH yaha karmagati bhI cU~ki mUlataH avidyA parisaMvAda-2

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bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAe~ se utpanna hai vaha eka taraha kI nirvaiyaktika naisargika-zakti, bhAravAhI baila-zakti kA dyotaka hai jise bhramavaza manuSya apanI vaiyaktika-zakti va svAdhInatA kA dyotaka mAna baiThatA hai / buddha-dezanA kA uddezya manuSya kI isa karmagati kI yAntrikatA kA nidarzana kara usake apane yathArtharUpa ke darzana kI ora pravRtta karanA hai| isIlie buddha manuSyoM ke prajJA-cakSu kahe gaye haiM / buddha-dezanA isa prajJA kA prakAza hai aura isake sahAre anya vyaktiyoM meM bhI prajJA jAgRta karanA usI taraha hai jaise eka dIpaka se anya dIpaka ko jalAnA / isase prakAza kI sImAe~ bar3hatI haiM aura usI anupAta meM andhakAra kI sImAe~ simaTatI haiM aura ye donoM hI sImAe~ vyakti aura samAja donoM se hokara gujaratI haiN| vyakti kA samAja se anivArya sambandha hai, yaha usake karma se nizcita hotA hai| aura isIlie yaha kevala Akasmika tattva nahIM hai ki buddha-dezanA meM vyavahAra ko hI mAnava-prAmANikatA ke rUpa meM mAnyatA milI hai| arthAt karma hI mAnava-svarUpa kA nirdhAraka hai (udAna, 6-2) / aura isalie svabhAvataH prajJA kI eka anivArya abhivyakti zIla yA AcAra hai / jaisA ki vizuddhimaga meM kahA hai| zIla yA AcAra hI dharma kA Arambha hai / vaiyaktika svatantratA va baMdhana-mukti kA pahalA sopAna hI zIla hai, kyoMki isI AdhAra se manuSya bandhanakArI paJca nIvaraNoM se mukti pAtA hai arthAt inase-kAmacchanda ( rAga-tRSNA ), vyApAda ( hiMsA ) styAna ( Alasya-akarmaNyatA ), auddhatya-kaukRtya ( anavasthitatA, kheda ) aura vicikitsA ( sandeha ) se aura phalataH vaha zAnti, ahiMsA, vitarka, sukha aura vipazyanA meM pratiSThita hotA hai| ukta nIvaraNa sA~pa kI keMculI kI taraha haiM jo jaba taka chor3a nahIM diye jAte, mAnava svarUpa se abhinna jAna par3ate haiM / yahI avidyA kI sthiti 'bhavAGgo' kA satata Arambha hai / buddhadezanA kA dArzanika pakSa isa nAma-rUpadhArI satata pravarttamAna kAraNa-zRMkhalA kA sUkSma vizleSaNa karatA hai, aura usakA mAnavatAvAdI pakSa eka aise mAnava vyaSTi aura samaSTi kA pakSadhara hai jisake antargata ukta vaMdhanakArI kAraNa-zRMkhalA jo mAnava zoSaNa va utpIr3ana ke mUla meM hai, se chuTakArA pA sake / 4. bauddha dArzanika vizleSaNa ___ isa taraha bauddha-dArzanika vizleSaNa kI pUrvapIThikA, dhammapada ke zabdoM meM hai'hama jo kucha haiM apane vicAroM ke pariNAma ke rUpa meM haiM', arthAt hama svayaM pratyutpanna haiM aura hamArA svarUpa isa taraha nahIM ki hama apane-Apa ko apane karmoM kA kAraNa rUpa cirantana dravya-rUpa vAlA AtmA smjheN| hamArI pratyeka sthiti, pratyeka kArya karma kI eka pUrva-zRMkhalA se utpanna hokara punaH punaH eka karma-zRMkhalA ko utpanna karane meM parisaMvAda-2

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vyaSTi aura samaSTi : bauddha darzana kI dRSTi meM kAraNa-rUpa hai / apanI adhika sAmAnya pariNati meM isI vicAra kA rUpa hai-jo kucha bhI hai usakA AdhAra kucha aura hai, aura kucha bhI binA kisI prakAra kA pariNAma utpanna kiye naSTa nahIM hotaa| yahI pratItyasamutpAda kA siddhAnta hai jisake anusAra sArA astitva satatarUpeNa prAdurbhUta pratyayatA se pravRtta eka saMskAra yA dharma-samUha hai| isa prakAra astitva, vastutaH sArA saMsAra satatarUpeNa pravAhamAna hai aura isalie zuddhataH Akasmika hai, yadyapi saMskArabaddhatA use bhAsamAna sthiratA pradAna karatI dikhAI detI hai| kintu dUsarI ora AkasmikatA kA tAttvika lakSaNa vAlA astitva isa dRSTi kI anivAryatA se bhI mukta jAna par3atA hai ki jaba taka usake mUla meM vidyamAna kAraNa-zRMkhalA ko rokA nahIM jAtA, apanI AkasmikatA meM bhI yaha cirasthAyI banI raha sakatI hai| manuSya-janma-maraNa ke cakra meM bhaTakatA raha sakatA hai| kintu kevala manuSya meM hI yaha eka kSamatA hai ki vaha isa kAraNa-zRMkhalA ko chor3a ske| ise isake tAttvikasvarUpa arthAt vizuddhataH AkasmikatA ke svarUpa meM jAna lenA hI use tor3a denA hai| aura usake tor3ane kA artha hai duHkha kA kAraNa jAnakara duHkha meM na par3anA arthAt mAnava duHkha kA kAraNa usake antarmana ke ajJAna meM hai| isalie unheM dUra karane kA upAya bhI kahIM bAhara bhautika sAmAjika pariveza meM na rahakara svayaM apanI bhAvanAoM, vicAroM aura vyavahAroM ke ucita niyamana meM hai| ataH spaSTa hai ki buddha ke anusAra, brahmacaryavAsa se sIdhe brahmavihAra ke saMnyAsamArga meM pahu~canA gArhastha-mArga meM se hokara vahA~ pahu~cane kI apekSA adhika sugama hai| kyoMki prajJA kA patha prakAza ke patha kI taraha eka bilkula sIdhe mArga meM cala kara adhika zIghratA aura saphalatApUrvaka apane lakSya taka pahu~catA hai| Azaya yaha ki yantra kI taraha calAyamAna isa sRSTi ke bIca manuSya hI sarvopari, svayaMbha aura sarvAdhika zaktizAlI hai| kintu usakA apanA svarUpa sRSTi se saMzliSTa hone ke kAraNa avidyA ke Adya andhakAra se DhaMkA hai aura phalataH vaha apaneApa ko naisargika-sAmAjika saMskAroM se cAlita mAna baiThatA hai| ye Adya-avidyA aura saMskAra usake astitva meM bhUtakAlika tattva hai, aura inase kramazaH usake astitva ke vartamAna-kAlika tattva vijJAna, nAma-rUpa, SaDAyatana, sparza, vedanA, tRSNA aura upAdAna utpanna hote haiN| punaH uparyukta sabhI tattvoM se mAnava-astitva ke bhaviSya-kAlika tattva-bhava, jAti aura jarAmaraNa prAdurbhUta hote haiN| isa taraha manuSya janma kI avidyA se lekara jarA-maraNa meM bIjataH vidyamAna punarjanma ke satata pravAha meM apane-Apa ko asahAya mAna baiThatA hai| kintu jJAna ke prakAza meM ThIka yahI manuSya apanI zakti ke Age uparyukta avidyAcAlita kAraNa zRMkhalA ko bikharatA parisaMvAda-2

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62 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM huA dekhatA hai| yahA~ smaraNIya hai ki cUMki uparyukta kAraNa-vizleSaNa sAre mAnavaastitva ke sambandha meM hai, yaha mAnanA nyAyasaMgata hogA ki vaha manuSya ke vyaSTi-rUpa tathA samaSTi-rUpa donoM para samAna rUpa se prayukta hai aura phalataH prajJA kI sthiti bhI avazya donoM hI kSetra meM samAnataH prayukta hotI hai| draSTavya hai ki brahmavihAra ke cAra gaNoM meM prakaTataH prathama do samaSTi-rUpa ke lie aura anya do vyaSTi-rUpa ke lie prayujya haiN| 5. niSkarSa aba saMkSepa meM kucha anya vicAraNIya bAtoM ko isa taraha rakhA jA sakatA hai 1-bauddha-dharma-darzana ke viSaya meM yaha mata sahI nahIM jAna par3atA ki usakA lakSya kevala vyakti kA svarUpa-jJAna aura nirvANa hai| manuSya ke samaSTi-rUpa ko bhI eka vizeSa taraha se samajhane meM usase madada mila sakatI hai| . 2-kintu yaha sahI hai ki manuSya ke samaSTi rUpa kI ukta AdhAra se samajha koI sahaja kArya nahIM hai / vizeSataH isalie kyoMki isa samaSTirUpaka do anivArya aMgoM-kAma aura artha ke rUpa meM mAnava-puruSArthoM ko buddha-dezanA ke antargata puruSArtha yA mUlya samajhane meM kucha gambhIra bAdhAe~ haiM, kyoMki ye usa kAraNa-zRMkhalA meM antarbhAvya jAna par3ate haiM jinheM buddha mAnava-duHkha kA kAraNa samajhate haiN| ataH yaha samasyA hai ki zAyada ina do tattvoM se vyatirikta samaSTi rUpa meM mAnava-utkarSa kA rUpa ThIka ThIka vyAkhyeya nahIM raha paataa| 3-yaha vicAraNIya tattva hai ki kyA 'saMgha' kI dhAraNA eka naye prakAra kI samaSTi yA samAja kI dhAraNA hai| agara sacamuca aisA ho, to yaha svIkAra karanA hogA ki mAnava-utpAdakatA kA eka anivArya pakSa isase achUtA raha jAtA arthAt jisameM zrama ke AdhAra se dhana kA utpAdana hotA hai / isa pakSa kI pUrti ke lie 'saMgha' upAsaka gRhasthoM ke (saMgha-bAhya) samAja para Azrita rahatA hai| isIlie bauddha-dharma ke kucha vyAkhyAkAra yaha mAna lete haiM ki bauddha-dharma meM upAsaka gRhastha kA sthAna eka 'sAdhana' ke rUpa meM hai-zramaNoM kI bhikSA kI pUrti ke sAdhana / kintu buddha kI sArvabhauma karuNA aura maitrI ke prakAza meM yaha mata ThIka nahIM jAna pdd'taa| parisaMvAda-2

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bauddhavicAroM kI dRSTi meM vyakti aura samAja aura unakA sambandha pro0 kRSNanAtha prAcIna dharma aura darzana vyakti aura samAja meM anyonyAzraya sambandha mAnate haiN| inakI dRSTi meM vyakti aura samAja ke sambandhoM meM saMgharSa nhiiN| Adhunika kAla meM vizeSakara unnIsavIM zatAbdI ke yUropa meM vyaktivAdI aura samAjavAdI do prakAra kI vicAra praNAliyoM kA aura saMgaThanoM kA vikAsa huaa| kahate haiM ki 1840 ke AsapAsa eka phrAMsIsI lekhaka ne amerIkI samAja ko lakSya kara kahA ki vahA~ to vyaktivAdI DhaGga kA saGgaThana hai| isake pahale jo cIja lakSya kI jAtI thI vaha ahaMkAramamakAravAdI to thI, kintu vyaktivAdI saMjJA use nahIM dI jAtI thii| jo ho, vyaktivAdI ke virodha meM unhIM dinoM yUropa meM samAjavAdI AlocanA kA udbhava aura vikAsa huaa| phira to inakI jar3eM, jaisI ki pazcima kI cAla hai, prAcIna grIsa aura roma meM bhI DhU~r3ha lI gyiiN| paramparAgata dRSTi se vicAra karane vAloM ke lie vyakti aura samAja ke hita meM koI bheda nahIM diikhtaa| kintu paddhati kI dRSTi se bheda ho jAtA hai| vyakti kI dRSTi se agara caleM to eka prakAra ho jAtA hai, samAja kI dRSTi se to dUsarA prakAra / inameM pahale kauna ? prAthamikatA kA prazna A jAtA hai| jaise zIla ke pAlana ko le leM / agara eka vyakti mRSAvAda se virata rahane kA vrata le to cAhe samAja meM jhUTha calatA rahe to bhI use to jhUTha se virata rahanA hai| usake lie usakA zIla to usase zurU hotA hai| yahA~ eka prazna hai, agara samAja meM jhUTha calatA rahe to kyA eka vyakti mRSAvAda se virata raha sakatA hai ? jo loga samAja para bala dete haiM vaha yaha mAnate haiM ki pahale samAja badale, vyavasthA badale to hI vyakti badala sakatA hai, anyathA nhiiN| aba vyakti prathama hai yA samAja vyavasthA ? isameM se jisa para bala diyA jAe, usa hisAba se paddhati meM antara A jAtA hai| bauddha dRSTi meM paramparAgata rUpa se vyakti aura samAja aura unake sambandha kA vicAra sIdhe nahIM miltaa| vyakti ko agara pudgala mAneM aura samAja ko samaSTi to bauddha dRSTi meM pudgala paJca-skandhoM kI prajJapti hai| isI dRSTi kA vistAra kara samAja parisaMvAda-2

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bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAe~ ko vyaktiyoM kI. prajJapti mAnA jA sakatA hai| vyakti svayaM rUpa, vedanA, saMjJA, saMskAra aura vijJAna kI rAzi hai, samaSTi hai| isalie samAja samaSTi kI samaSTi hai| kintu inakI pAramArthika sattA nahIM hai| vyakti aura samAja donoM hI saMvRti satya hai| Adhunika samAjavijJAna kI eka dRSTi ke anusAra vyakti aura samAja ke hita meM AtyaMtika saMgharSa nahIM hai| aiDama smitha ke anusAra vyakti apane hita ko siddha karatA huA prAyaH samAja ke hita ko siddha karatA hai| vyakti apanA hita-anahita pahacAnatA hai| isalie rAjya ko usake hita-sAdhana meM kama se kama hastakSepa karanA acchA hai| vaha nirbandha rUpa se apane hita sAdhana karatA huA pUre samAja kA bhI hita sAdhana kara legaa| rAjya kA kartavya nyAya aura prazAsana kI vyavasthA aura aise sArvajanika nirmANa ke kAma karanA hai jaise sar3aka, nahara ityAdi, jo vyakti apane taI nahIM kara sktaa| isa ahastakSepavAdI dRSTi meM, rAjya kA hastakSepa eka hada ke bAda anAvazyaka, balki sApha taura para nukasAnadeha hai| isake viparIta mArksavAdI vyAkhyA meM samAja ko paraspara-viruddha vargoM meM dekhane kI cAla hai| mArksa aura eMgelsa ke anusAra Adima sAmyavAda kI avasthA ko chor3akara, manuSya jAti kA itihAsa varga-saMgharSa kA itihAsa hai| yaha varga saMgharSa hI itihAsa ko gati pradAna karatA hai| . samAjavAdI AlocanA ke prabhAva se samAja vyavasthA meM parivartana para Ajakala bala diyA jAtA hai| kintu yaha bhI anubhava ho rahA hai ki sattA-vyavasthA, vizeSakara rAjanItika vyavasthA meM kaisA bhI parivartana kyoM na ho, vyakti svatantratA aura Ananda kA anubhava nahIM kara paataa| mAtra sattA-vyavasthA meM parivartana se ve baniyAdI parivartana nahIM ho pAte, jinakI bhUkha Ajakala hai| jo bhI ho, Adhunika cintana meM vyaktivAdI aura samAjavAdo antoM para bala diyA jAtA hai / cAhe inameM samanvaya dekhA jAe yA saMgharSa yA donoM / jabaki paramparAgata bauddha dRSTi meM sva-para samatA aura parivartana rahA hai| jaise koI khuda duHkha nahIM cAhatA, vaise hI dUsarA bhI duHkha nahIM cAhatA; jaise khuda hara koI sukha cAhatA hai, vaise hI dUsarA bhI / isalie dUsare ko duHkha na de, sukha caahe| phira eka bhUmi ke bAda 'sva' kA 'para' meM aura 'para' kA 'sva' meM parivartana ho jAtA hai, advaya ho jAtA hai| sva-para yuganaddha ho jAtA hai| isalie inameM samanvaya yA saMgharSa kA prazna nhiiN| parisaMvAda-2

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bauddhavicAroM kI dRSTi meM vyakti aura samAja aura unakA sambandha phira bhI agara vyakti yA samAja meM prathama kauna hai isapara jora hI diyA jAya to aisA lagatA hai ki paramparAgata dRSTi meM vyakti hI prathama hai| Atma aura anya meM Atma prathama hai| dhammapada ke 'attavaggo' meM kahA gayA hai ki paNDita pahale apanA damana kareM, phira dUsare ko upadeza kreN| yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki pUrI pRthvI ko kA~ToM se rahita nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, isalie khuda apane paira meM jUtA pahana leM; phira apane meM bhI citta pahale hai| citta jidhara jAtA hai usake hI pIche-pIche zarIra jAtA hai| paramparAgata dRSTi meM aitihAsika ke bajAya naitika dRSTi para bala hai| aitihAsika dRSTi se dAsatA prathA, svAmI-dAsa kA sambandha aura usameM nihita hiMsA eka aitihAsika anivAryatA mAna lI jAtI hai| kintu naitika dRSTi se jo burA hai, vaha saba deza-kAla meM burA hai / usameM aitihAsika anivAryatA kA prazna nahIM hai| Atma aura anya meM sambandha kA AdhAra kyA hai ? yaha AdhAra eka nahIM aneka ho sakate haiN| AdhunikakAla meM upayogitA aura adhikatama AdhAra mAnA gyaa| phira lena-dena yA vinimaya bhI isakA AdhAra kahA jAtA hai / zrama-vibhAjana ke samAja meM koI vyakti eka cIja taiyAra kare aura dUsarA dUsarI aura Apasa meM adala-badala kara le to isase donoM ko donoM cIjeM jyAdA mila sakatI haiN| phira manuSyoM meM lena-dena aura adala-badala kI eka pravRtti bhI dekhI jAtI hai| ina sambandhoM ke bIca spardhA, saMgharSa, samanvaya, eka yA dUsarA yA saba kucha dekhA jA sakatA hai| jaba ki paramparAgata dRSTi meM bahuta karake vyakti aura samAja ke sukha meM advaya dekhA jAtA rahA hai| sva-para samatA aura sva-para parivartana isa dRSTi ke anusAra Atma aura anya meM sambandha kA AdhAra hai| vaise yaha eka khulI huI sUcI hai aura isameM kucha bhI jor3A yA ghaTAyA jA sakatA hai| isa taraha anya prAcIna prAcya evaM pAzcAtya dharma-darzanoM kI taraha, bauddha dRSTi bhI vyakti aura samAja meM anyonyAzraya sambandha dekhatI hai, dvandva nhiiN| Adhunika kAla meM, vizeSakara unnIsavIM sadI ke yUropa meM, eka ora vyaktivAdI aura dUsarI ora samaSTivAdI daSTi kA jora huaa| yaha donoM hI ekAGgI haiM, isalie mithyA dRSTiyA~ haiN| jaba ki prAcIna paramparAgata bauddhadRSTi samyakadRSTi hai| isa dRSTi ke anusAra vyaktivAda eka anta meM patita hotA hai, to samaSTivAda dusare anta meM / jaba ki samyak dRSTi ina donoM antoM kA parihAra karatI hai| __aba prazna hai ki paddhati kI dRSTi se jo vyaktivAdI yA samAjavAdI bheda AtA hai usakA kyA samAdhAna hai ? jaise zIla kA pAlana vyakti se zurU kareM to vaha eka parisaMvAda -2

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66 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAe~ paddhati hai aura agara samAja vyavasthA se to dUsarI / kintu paddhati kA prazna to krama kA prazna hai, phala kA nahIM / vyavahAra meM, kAma karane kA eka silasilA banAyA jA sakatA hai / pahale apane citta kA damana kareM, phira dUsare ko upadeza kareM, Adi / lekina isa kAmakAjI krama se vyakti yA samAja meM se eka yA dUsare para Atyantika bala nahIM par3atA / yahA~ yaha yA vaha kA prazna nahIM, donoM hI kA hai / phira bhI, aceta rUpa meM eka bhrama zAyada bhASA ke kAraNa ho jAtA hai dhyAna bhAvanA meM to sabakA bhalA 'bhavatu sabba maMgalam' eka sAtha manAyA jA sakatA hai, kintu kahane meM koI pahale, koI bAda meM AtA hai / bhASA pUrvApara bA~TatI hai aura apanI hI koTiyoM kA kaidI banAtI hai| eka yA dUsare meM cunane ke lie vivaza karatI hai / jaba ki koTiyA~ nahIM haiM, phira bhI vaha hai / saceta rUpa meM, Adhunika pAzcAtya vicAra vyavahAra kI sthApita praNAliyA~ yaha saMzaya utpanna karatI haiN| vaha jaise isapara bala detI haiM ki yA to koI vyaktivAdI ho yA phira samaSTivAdI, inase bhinna nahIM / jaise zIta yuddha ke dinoM meM amerIkI aura rUsI guToM kI ora se kahA jAtA thA ki yA to isa guTa meM raho yA usameM / kintu bhArata sahita eziyA - aphrIkA, laiTina amerIkA ke dezoM ne isa bAta kA prayatna kiyA ki vaha donoM hI guToM se nirapekSa rahakara tIsarI svatantra zakti banAe~ / isI taraha samyak dRSTi ke lie vyaktivAdI yA samaSTivAdI, svavAdI yA paravAdI koTiyoM ke bandhana meM par3anA to pravAha meM patita honA hai / samyak dRSTi meM sva-para parivartana aura samatA hai / aba isameM sattvoM ke carita meM bheda ho sakatA hai| koI pradhAnatA kI dRSTi se vyakti carita ho sakatA hai, koI samaSTi-carita, vyakti kI hI taraha, samAja bhI / pradhAnatA kI dRSTi se vyaktivAdI yA samaSTivAdI samAja ho sakatA hai / isa dRSTi se unakI caryAoM meM bheda bhI hogA / kintu ina caryAoM ke bheda se siddhi meM bheda nahIM / siddhi to usa advaya, yuganaddha dazA ko hI prApta karanA hai jisameM sva-para kA bheda nahIM / aisA lagatA hai ki buddha kI samyak dRSTi meM Adhunika bhAra saMzaya paidA karatA hai, jaba vaha vyaktivAdI yA samaSTivAdI anta meM patita hone ko prerita karatA hai / jaba vaha bhAra dekha liyA jAtA hai to saMzaya jAtA rahatA hai / vyaSTivAdI samaSTivAdI mithyA dRSTiyA~ jhar3a jAtI haiM / samyak dRSTi ina donoM hI antoM kA parihAra kara madhyastha rahatI hai / isa samyak dRSTi se hI vyakti aura samAja ke sambandha dekhe jA sakate haiM, anyathA nahIM / parisaMvAda - 2

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vicAroM kI dRSTi meM vyakti aura samAja aura unakA sambandha 67 vyaSTi - samaSTi, saMsAra - nirvANa meM, vyavahAra -paramArtha meM, vyaSTi samaSTi zAstra meM dvandva nahIM, kintu vyavahAra meM ho jAtA hai / saMsAra kI apekSA nirmANa para jora par3atA hai / isalie hicaka ke sAtha saMsAra kA kAma karate haiM / Arthika, rAjanItika, sAmAjika, AdhyAtmika sabhI kAma mahatva ke haiN| kaba kisake lie kyA jarUrI hai, yA jarUrI nahIM, yaha vicAraNIya ho jAtA hai / paramparAgata bauddha dRSTi meM vyaSTi para jora par3a gayA hai, isalie zAyada samaSTi para thor3A atiraJjita bala denA jarUrI ho jAtA hai / citta ke andara hI sArA vyApAra cale to bAhya chUTa jAtA hai aura jo gar3abar3iyA~ haiM, vaha banI rahatI haiM / phira vaha antara ke kAma ko bhI gar3abar3A detI haiM / isalie prajJA meM advaya dekhate hue bhI upAya kI dRSTi se vAhya Arthika, rAjanItika-sAmAjika kArya kA bhI mahattva ho jAtA hai / parisaMvAda - 2

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vyakti aura samaSTi : bauddhadarzana ke pariprekSya meM DA0 siddhezvara bhaTTa pratyeka dArzanika siddhAnta apane yuga kI deza-kAla evam paristhiti janya AvazyakatAoM ke phalasvarUpa utpanna cintana kA pariNAma hotA hai| ataH usakA vizleSaNa evaM mUlyAMkana bhI usakI apanI pRSThabhUmi ke hI AdhAra para honA caahie| isI dRSTikoNa se bauddha cintana paramparA meM vyakti evaM samAja ke svarUpa evam unake pArasparika sambandhoM para vicAra karanA samIcIna hogaa| prastuta lekha tIna khaNDoM meM vibhakta kiyA jA sakatA hai| sarvaprathama vyakti ke svarUpa kA vizleSaNa, tadanantara samAja ke svarUpa kA vizleSaNa aura anta meM unake pArasparika sambandhoM kA vizleSaNa / isase pUrva kI hama isa vizleSaNa kI ora pravRtta hoM, katipaya bauddha dArzanika abhyupagamoM kI ora dhyAna denA Avazyaka hogaa| ___ bauddha dArzanika cintana kA prAdurbhAva Anubhavika jagata meM anivArya rUpa se vyApta duHkha ke nidAna hetu hotA hai| gautama buddha ne samasta duHkhoM ke mUla meM tRSNA ko heturUpa mAnA hai aura isa tuSNA ke AdhAra meM anitya vastuoM ko nitya mAna kara unake prati Asakta hone kI manovRtti ko samasta sAMsArika prakriyA kA prArambha bindu mAnA hai| unake anusAra samasta Anubhavika tathya anitya haiM, kyoMki ve sAMdhAtika haiM / yadyapi kucha aise dharma haiM jaise AkAza tathA nirvANa jo sAMghAtika nahIM haiM, jinheM asaMskRta dharma ke nAma se abhihita kiyA jAtA hai / ataH unheM anitya nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| parantu zeSa dharma nizcita rUpa se saMskRta hote haiM aura pariNAma svarUpa anitya hote haiM / vastutaH saMskRta hone aura anitya hone meM niyata sahacAra hai| saMghAta kI upasthiti pratItyasamutpanna hotI hai| nizcita hetu evam pratyaya ke AdhAra para alaga-alaga viziSTa saMghAtoM kI utpatti hotI hai aura una hetu-pratyayoM ke na rahane para saMghAta bhI vidyamAna nahIM rahate / jinheM hama tattva yA padArtha kI saMjJA dete haiM, ve dharmarUpa hI haiN| jinameM na to sthAyitva hai aura na AdhAra Adheya bhAva hI hai / yahA~ para eka prazna vicAraNIya hai ki kyA anityatAvAda evam kSaNabhaMgavAda meM bheda kiyA jAnA cAhie ? sambhavataH bauddha cintana meM paramparA ke prArambhika caraNa meM parisaMvAda-2

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vyakti aura samaSTi : bauddhadarzana ke pariprekSya meM anityatA kA hI pratipAdana abhISTa hai aura paravartI cintana meM hI anityatA ke sthAna para kSaNikavAda kA prastutIkaraNa huA hai| sattA ke prati anAtmavAdI evam anityatAvAdI dRSTi eka vizeSa dArzanika cintana praNAlI kA pratiphala hai jise vibhajyavAda ke rUpa meM jAnA jAtA hai| apanI vibhajyavAdI yA vizleSaNavAdI dRSTi ko lekara buddha ne samasta Anubhavika sattA ko sAMghAtika evam pratItyasamutpanna mAnA hai ataH vyakti aura samAja kA svarUpa bhI isI pariprekSya meM samajhA jA sakatA hai| vyakti kA svarUpa vyakti ke svarUpa ke bAre meM bauddha dRSTikoNa kI abhivyakti paJcaskandha ke siddhAnta ke rUpa meM huI hai jisakA spaSTatama pratipAdana 'milindapaJho' meM huA hai| mAnavIya vyaktitva ke rUpa meM kisI sAtatyavAn prAganubhavika anAdi evam anIzvara sattA ke astitva ko asvIkAra kara bauddha dArzanika ise rUpa skandha, nAma skandha, saMskAra skandha, vijJAna skandha evam vedanA skandha meM vizleSita karate haiN| vaise to yaha pA~coM skandha rUpa haiM aura inheM punaH ANavika tattvoM meM vizleSita kiyA jAnA cAhie thA parantu bauddha dArzanikoM ne isa ora vizeSa dhyAna nahIM diyA aisA lagatA hai| vyakti kI idaMtA bauddha cintana meM svIkAra kI gaI hai parantu isakA sAMvRtika yA sAMvyAvahArika astitva evam mUlya hI yahA~ mAnya hai| pAramArthika dRSTi se na to vyakti kI sattA hai aura na idaMtA, parantu isa dRSTi ko jaba anAtmavAda kI saMjJA dI jAtI hai to usakA tAtparya yaha nahIM hotA hai ki isameM AtmA kA niSedha kiyA gayA hai| isakA mAtra yahI mantavya hai ki pAramArthika sattA ke rUpa meM AtmA kA astitva nahIM hai / AtmA kA svarUpa sAMghAtika hai, vaha anubhava pradatta hai aura satata parivartana zIla paJcaskandhoM kA samudAya hai / jaba taka yaha samudAya astitva meM rahatA hai, vyaktitva kI idaMtA bhI astitva meM rahatI hai| samasta jAgatika kriyA-kalApa isI para AdhArita rahate haiN| yaha idaMtA na kevala vartamAna jIvana meM hI samAhita rahatI hai varan bhAvI jIvana meM bhI banI rahatI hai| isI AdhAra para bauddha vicAradhArA meM punarjanma ke siddhAnta ko asvIkRta nahIM kiyA gayA hai / vastutaH idaMtA kI svIkRti na kevala Anubhavika pramANa se puSTa hotI hai varan yaha smRti, pratyabhijJA evam mamatva kI pUrvamAnyatA bhI hai / vyaktitva kI svIkRti evam usakI idaMtA kI rakSA eka vyAvahArika AvazyakatA hai, jisakI svIkRti kiye binA na to mAnava jIvana ke vaiyaktika pahalU kI vyAkhyA ho sakatI hai aura na sAmAjika pahalU kii| kSaNabhaMgavAda kI pRSThabhUmi meM parisaMvAda 2

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bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAe~ bauddha vicArakoM ko vyAvahArika dRSTi se bhI vyaktitva evam usakI idaMtA kA niSedha bhI abhISTa hotA, parantu aisA karane para anekoM prazna unake sAmane uTha khar3e hote / ataH yaha svIkRti eka taraha unake lie bAdhyatA hI hai / hf samAja kA svarUpa vyakti kI taraha samAja kA astitva bhI bauddha darzana meM sAMghAtika mAnA gayA hai / samAja vyaktiyoM kI saMghaTanA hai jisakA koI pAramArthika astitva yA mUlya nahIM hotA hai / jisa taraha vyakti ke vyaktitva kI idaMtA vyAvahArika AvazyakatA hai / usI taraha samAja jo ki vyaktiyoM kA samudAya hai, vyAvahArika AvazyakatA kA hI pariNAma hai| na to samAja kA vyaktiyoM se svatantra apanA koI astitva hai aura na usakI apanI koI vizeSatA hai jo usake nirmAyaka vyaktiyoM kI vizeSatAoM se bhinna ho / samAja anya samasta sAMghAtika tathyoM kI taraha satata parivartanazIla hai aura usake sAtatya kI anubhUti vaisI hI bhrAntimUlaka hai jaisI ki vyakti ke sAtatya kI anubhUti / samAja ke svarUpa ke bAre meM bauddha dRSTikoNa usake dvArA prastuta zramaNa paramparA ke anurUpa hai, jisake antargata samasta vargabheda evam varNabheda kA niSedha kiyA jAtA hai / samAja meM vidyamAna asamAnatA evam bheda-bhAva asvAbhAvika hai, jisakA unmUlana eka zreSTha sAmAjika vyavasthA kA Adarza hai / pAramArthika dRSTi se to bauddha vicAraka samAja ke vidIrNa hone kI hI bAta karanA cAheMge / parantu vyAvahArika dRSTi se sAmAjika vyavasthA aparihArya hone ke kAraNa ve ise varNa athavA varga bheda se rahita tathA samatAmUlaka svarUpa denA cAheMge / vyakti tathA samAja ke sambandha jahA~ taka vyakti aura samAja ke sambandha kA prazna hai, bauddha dRSTi meM vyakti sAdhya hai aura samAja sAdhana / samAja kI saMracanA vyakti ke hI liye hotI hai ataH vyakti kA hita samAja ke hita se zreSThatara mAnA jAnA cAhie / vastutaH samAja kI koI pRthak sattA hI nahIM hai, ataH sAmAjika hita nAmaka koI tathya bhI nahIM hai / parantu jisa taraha vyaktiyoM ke samUha kI samAja ke rUpa meM kalpanA kI jAtI hai usI taraha sAmAjika hita kI bhI kalpanA kI jA sakatI hai aura isase kevala yahI tAtparya nikalatA hai ki adhikatama vyaktiyoM kA adhikatama hita / parantu yaha eka vicAraNIya prazna hai ki kyA bauddha dRSTi se sAmAjika hita ke lie vyakti ke hita kA tyAga mAnya ho sakatA hai ? parisaMvAda - 2

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vyakti aura samaSTi : bauddhadarzana ke prariprekSya meM 71 vyakti aura samAja ke astitva evam mUlya meM aneka dRSTiyoM se samAnAntaratA hai jisakA Upara ullekha kiyA gayA hai| donoM vyAvahArika saMracanAyeM haiM parantu donoM meM jo mUla bheda hai vaha yaha, ki vyakti prAthamika stara kI saMracanA hai jaba ki samAja gauNa stara kii| samAja ko vyaktiyoM meM ghaTita kiyA jA sakatA hai aura vyaktiyoM ko punaH nAma rUpAdi skandhoM meM / parantu skandha kA rUpa bhI sAMghAtika hone se unheM punaH aise dharmoM meM ghaTita kiyA jA sakatA hai jo asAMghAtika ho / sambhavataH sarvAstivAda paramparA meM kiyA gayA bhUtoM aura cittoM kA ullekha isa vizleSaNa prakriyA kA antima caraNa hai| parisaMvAda-2

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vyakti aura samAja-eka vivecana pro0 samadoG rinapoche bauddha dRSTi se vyakti aura samAja ke sambandhoM ke viSaya meM vizeSa likhane kI bAta nahIM hai / bauddha vAGmaya meM pudgala, puruSa, jIva, manuSya, sattva yoni Adi zabdoM kA vyavahAra hotA hai, kintu vyakti zabda kahIM jIva yA manuSya ke vAcaka rUpa meM vyavahAra meM AyA ho, aisA mujhe dekhane ko nahIM milaa| pramANa granthoM meM sAmAnya aura vyakti kI carcA hotI hai / parantu vaha yahA~ prAsaGgika nahIM hai kyoMki usakA prayoga jar3a padArthoM ke lie bhI hotA hai| usI prakAra sarvasattva, sarva jagat, prajA, janatA, jIva mAtra Adi zabdoM kA pracura vyavahAra huA hai, kintu samAja zabda kA prayoga mujhako kevala guhyasamAja ke nAma ke atirikta anyatra nahIM milaa| yahA~ para bhI samAja zabda kI paribhASA kucha ghaTakoM kI abhinnatA ke bodhaka rUpa meM hai| ataH isa nibandha meM pudgala kI vyakti aura sarvasattva ke pArasparika sambandha ko samAja mAna karake do eka bAteM nizcita karane kI ceSTA kara rahA huuN| vyakti-bauddhoM kI dRSTi meM sAmAnya rUpa se vyakti vaha hotA hai jo skandhAdiupAdAnoM ko lekara bar3hatA hai, pUrNa hotA hai, phira galatA hai aura punaH naye upAdAnoM ko grahaNa karatA hai| isa prakAra pUrNa hone para tathA galane meM nirantara parivartita pudgala ko jisakI santati Adyanta donoM nahIM hai arthAt nirantara gatizIla hai, vyakti kahA gayA hai| isa prakAra eka santati-pravAha ke rUpa meM nirantara calane vAle pudgala kA svarUpa kyA hai ? isa para bauddha siddhAntoM meM matabheda hai| vAtsIputrIya logoM ke anirvacanIya AtmA se lekara prAsaGgika mAdhyamikoM kI nAmamAtratA vAle vyakti taka kI aneka prakAra kI sthApanAe~ huI haiM / vAtsIputroM ko chor3akara zeSa sabhI bauddha vyakti ko prajJapti mAtra mAnate haiM kintu prAsaGgika mAdhyamikoM ke atirikta sabhI paramparAyeM prajJapta vyakti kI sattA ko khojane para milane vAlA mAnatI haiN| isake adhiSThAna ke rUpa meM chaThaveM manovijJAna athavA AlayavijJAna Adi kI vyavasthA milatI hai| yahA~ matabhedoM ko chor3akara sAmAnya rUpa se manovijJAna ko hI vyakti mAnakara vicAra kruuNgaa| manovijJAna ko vyakti mAna karake usakI tIna vizeSatAoM para bauddha AcAryoM ne bala diyA haiparisaMvAda-2

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vyakti aura samAja-eka vivecana (ka) paramArthataH svalakSaNazUnya (kha) aspRSTamala cittasvabhAva (ga) avicchinna santati / isase vyakti ke sarvAGgINa vikAsa aura puruSArthasiddhi kI svatantratA kI sambhAvanAe~ banatI haiN| itanA hI nahIM, sabhI vyaktiyoM kI samatA bhI isI AdhAra para siddha hotI hai| pUrvasattvoM kI cetanA kI paramArthataH niHsvabhAvatA meM koI antara nahIM hotaa| isakI santati kI avicchinnatA tathA aspRSTamala cittasvabhAvatA meM lezamAtra bhI antara nahIM hotaa| cetanA kI paramArthataH niHsvabhAvatA hone se aura mala ke citta kI prakRti na hone se sabhI klezoM athavA maloM ke prahANa kI sambhAvanA banatI hai aura avicchinna santati ke kAraNa citta ke ananta vikAsa kI bhI sambhAvanAe~ hotI haiN| ataH citta kI dharmatA ko svabhAvagotra aura citta meM sthita anAsrava jJAna ke bIja ko vikAsa yogya gotra ke rUpa meM pradarzita kiyA gayA hai| ye donoM gotra sabhI sattvoM para vyApaka haiM, ataH sarvasattvoM ke citra meM prakarSa paryanta vikAsa kI yogyatA vidyamAna rahatI hai| ima prakAra vyakti ke astitva evaM sthiti para vicAra karane para yaha pratIta hotA hai ki vyakti meM nihita samasta guNa kevala bAharI AzrayoM se hI utpAdita nahIM, apitu vikAsa kI sambhAvanAe~ andara hI rahatI hai| usameM samAja kA sahayoga usake vikAsa yA vinAza meM mAtra sahAyaka hotA hai| samAja-samAja manuSya kA samUha mAtra nahIM, apitu usake pArasparika sambandha aura anyonyAzraya kI apekSAoM se banI vyavasthA para Azrita hotA hai| isa vyavasthA kA AdhAra bhI vyakti kA citta hI hai jisake kAraNa eka samyak samAja tathA dUsarA asamyak samAja banatA hai| samyak samAja kA mUla AdhAra prajJAna hotA hai vaha samatA svarUpa tathA duHkha rahita hotA hai / asamyak samAja kA mUlAdhAra avidyA hai jisase viSama tathA duHkhI samAja banatA hai| samAja ke sambandhoM kA mUla kAraNa vyakti ke citta ke atirikta svatantra sAmAjika cetanA jaisI kisI vastu kI mAnyatA nahIM milatI, phira bhI sAmAjika athavA sAmUhika karma aura usake phala kI vyavasthA avazya hai| samAja se vyakti para pratikUla prabhAva bhI tabhI par3atA hai jaba vyakti ke citta meM avidyA vidyamAna ho / ataH samAja usake lie nimittamAtra hai, mUla kAraNa nhiiN| isase do bAtoM ko spaSTa rUpa se mAna lene meM koI Apatti nahIM hogI ki vyakti apane meM svatantra hai, usake vikAsa tathA hrAsa kA mUla kAraNa usake nijI citta meM vidyamAna hai, bAhya samAja kA prabhAva kevala sahAyaka hai| parisaMvAda-2

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74 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM vyakti ke hrAsa kA mUla kAraNa avidyA hai jo mithyAdRSTi hai, aura usake vikAsa kA mUla kAraNa anAsrava prajJAna kA bIja hai jo mithyAdRSTi nahIM hai| isalie hrAsa kI sImAe~ hotI haiM, vaha prakarSa paryanta nahIM jA sakatA hai| vikAsa asImita aura aparamita honA hai| samyaka samAja-avidyA ahaMbhAvasvarUpa hotI hai| vaha anAtmA ko AtmA ke rUpa meM vAsita karake ahaMtA ko grahaNa karatI hai jisase AtmIyatA ke grahaNa kI bhI utpatti hotI hai| isase para kA bhI Aropa hotA hai aura nikaTa aura dUrastha sva aura para, mitra aura zatru Adi nAnA prakAra kI bhrAntiyoM kA jAla phaila jAtA hai| AtmA tathA AtmIya ke prati rAga, para tathA pratikUla ke prati dveSa utpanna hotA hai, jisase asamAnatA kA vyavahAra svAbhAvika hotA hai| jisake phalasvarUpa manuSya apane se sambandhita tathA anyoM ke prati vibhinna prakAra kI asamatA kA vyavahAra karane lagatA hai| vyakti aura samAja donoM kI vAstavika sthiti se anabhijJa loga sva aura para ke vibheda ko banAkara kuTumba, deza, rASTra Adi kI sImAoM meM vibhakta hokara asamAna aura duHkhamaya jagat ko sthApita kara dete haiN| duHkhamaya jagat kI samasyAoM ke nirAkaraNa ke lie jitane bhI sAmAjika vyavasthAoM meM sudhAra hote raheMge, ve mAtra tAtkAlika upAya hoMge-jaise ki vRkSoM kI zAkhAoM ko kATanA aadi| jaba taka samAja kI vyavasthAgata truTiyoM ke mUla kAraNa usake ghaTaka vyaktiyoM kI avidyA ko nirmala nahIM kareMge, taba taka sthAyI nirAkaraNa honA sambhava nahIM hai| / avidyA ko nirmala karane meM java vyakti laga jAtA hai, taba usa vyakti kI tAtkAlika yogyatA bheda ke kAraNa mArga ke do bheda ho jAte haiM yathA zrAvakayAna tathA bodhisattvayAna / jo samasta sattvoM ke uddhAra kA uttaradAyitva apane Upara nahIM le sakate, ve kevala apane klezoM kA prahANa karake nirvANa kA kArya karate haiM / yadi parArtha na bhI ho to dUsare kI kisI bhI prakAra kI hAni nahIM pahu~cAte aura apanI ora se hiMsA aura hAni pahu~cAne kI sambhAvanA se sadA ke lie dUra ho jAte haiN| jitanA unhoMne klezoM kA prahANa kiyA, utane se hI ve sampanna hote haiN| unameM parArtha karane kI kSamatA bodhisattva ke samakakSa na rahane para bhI unakA nirvANa aura unakI bodhi samAja ke lie hitakAraka aura Adarza hote haiN| jo vyakti bodhisattva mArga meM praviSTa hotA hai vaha parArtha arthAt sarvasattva ke uddhAra kA dAyitva apane Upara letA hai| parArtha do prakAra kA hai-tAtkAlika tathA Atyantika / tAtkAlika parArtha abhyudaya prApta karanA hai aura Atyantika parArtha niHzreyasa prApta karAnA hai| ina donoM kAryoM ko pRthakjana athavA arhatapada prApta vyakti nahIM kara sktaa| isake lie vyakti parisaMvAda-2

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75 vyakti aura samAja-eka vivecana ko apane jJAna aura upAya kA vikAsa parAkASThA taka karanA hotA hai, jo buddhatva kI avasthA meM hI sambhava hai / isalie buddhatva kI prApti aura pAramitAoM kI sAdhanA meM ve laga jAte haiN| bodhisattva kA parArtha kA abhilASI honA koI vivazatA nahIM hai| samyak dRSTi se sva aura para kA bheda aura usakA AdhAra jAna lene se samasta bhedoM ke AdhAra TUTate haiM / isa sthiti meM sva aura para kI saMjJA taka samApta ho jAtI hai| jaba sva aura para kI saMjJA samApta ho jAtI hai taba saba kA duHkha apanA duHkha hotA hai / vaha sabhI ke duHkha se svayaM ko duHkhI anubhava karatA hai| duHkha kA nidAna aura sukha kI abhilASA karanA usakI sahaja prakRti ho jAtI hai / uparyukta tathyoM ke AdhAra para maiM nimnalikhita Azaya prastuta karanA cAhatA hU~ (1) vyakti kI sattA svatantra hai| usake sabhI vikAsoM kA AdhAra usake hI bhItara nihita hai| (2) asamyak samAja kA AdhAra mithyAdRSTi hai, jisakA nirmUlana sambhava hai / samyak samAja kA AdhAra samyak dRSTi hai jisameM samatA kI sambhAvanA nihita hai| (3) vyakti aura samAja donoM ke sudhAra ke lie vyakti ko hI sudhAranA hai| aura usake sAmarthya ke vikAsa ko carama sImA taka pahu~cAnA eka mAtra upAya hai| (4) samAja ke ghaTaka vyakti kA jaise-jaise staronnayana hogA, usase sambandhita samAja kA bhI stara vaise-vaise hI samakakSa hogA / bauddha AcAryoM kA yahI mata hogA, aisA mujhe pratIta hotA hai| parisaMvAda-2

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vyakti aura samAja kA sambandha aura usakA vikAsa paM0 Ananda jhA "bauddha dArzanika paramparA kI dRSTi se vyakti, samAja, unakA sambandha evaM unakA vikAsa'' para vivecana karanA hai| samAja koI bhI kyoM na ho, vaha vyakti sApekSa avazya hotA hai| kyoMki koI bhI samAja vyakti ke binA kisakA samAja kahalAegA ? tAttvika vyaktiyoM ke bIca sambandha kI kalpanA karake hI to vyakti ke vilakSaNa samudAya ko koI bhI eka samAja kahatA hai / gambhIratApUrvaka dhyAna dene para vahA~ se ho dArzanikoM ke bIca prabala matabheda khar3A hotA huA dikhAyI detA hai / gautamIyanyAya aura vaizeSika mata ke anusAra prakRta kalpanA zabda kA artha hotA hai anumAna / anumAna kisI vidyamAna viSaya kA hotA hI hai| ataH kalpita hone para bhI vaha vyakti vyakti ke bIca kA sambandha, avAstava arthAt sarvathA mithyA, phalataH alIka nahIM hotaa| aisA hone para samAja bhI svataH eka sthira padArtha ho uThatA hai, ataH ukta dArzanika dRSTi meM vyakti aura samAja ne bIca pratIyamAna sambandha bhI eka sthira satya padArtha hotA hai, aura usake vikAsa ke lie upAya kA anveSaNa bhI sahI hotA hai| parantu bauddha dArzanikoM ko aisA mAnane meM kaThinAI hai| kyoMki bauddha siddhAnta meM sArI vyaktiyA~ sva-lakSaNa hotI haiN| sva-lakSaNa kA artha hotA hai apane meM pUrNa, tadanusAra kisI bhI dUsare se sarvathA sambandhahIna / ataH vyaktiyoM ke bIca tAttvika sambandha mAnya na ho pA sakane ke kAraNa vizRGkhala vyaktiyoM ke puJja ko hI nAma mAtra ke lie samAja kaha diyA jAtA hai / isIlie samAja banatA aura bigar3atA rahatA hai| bhale hI vaha samAja kisI kA bhI kyoM na ho, cetana kA ho yA acetana kA / Aja jo ApAmara sAdhAraNa jana meM "samAja" zabda kA prayoga hotA hai usakA abhipreta artha mAnavapuMja hI hotA hai anya kisI kA koI puMja nhiiN| dArzanika dRSTi ko apanAte hue gambhIratApUrvaka vicAra karane para yaha to mAnanA hI hogA ki Aja kI bhAratIya rAjanIti apratyakSarUpa meM hI sahI bauddha parisaMvAda-2

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vyakti aura samAja kA sambandha aura usakA vikAsa dArzanika sammata vizRGkhala puMjavAda se hI pUrNarUpa meM prabhAvita haiM / kyoMki bhAratIya saMvidhAna ke anusAra pratyeka bhAratIya vayaska ko apanA-apanA svatantra matAdhikAra prApta hai / kahane kA sArAMza yaha ki bauddha dArzanika jana jisa prakAra aNu puMjAtmaka bhUta varga ke pratyeka aNu ko pUrNa svatantra arthAt paramukhAnapekSI ataeva svalakSaNa mAnate haiM, ThIka usI prakAra Aja kI rAjanIti meM pratyeka vayaska mAnava ko pUrNa svatantra, paramukhAnapekSI, phalataH svalakSaNa mAnA gayA hai / ina bAtoM kI ora dhyAna dene para yaha atyanta mahattvapUrNa ja~catA hai ki isa bauddha dArzanika parisaMvAda goSThI ke andara parisaMvAda kA viSaya vyaSTiyoM ke bIca tathA vyaSTi aura samaSTi ke bIca mAnya sambandha ko rakhA gayA hai / yaha sacamuca bauddha dArzanikoM ke samakSa eka mahAn prazna cihna hai ki vaha sambandha kyA hai aura kaise hai ? kyoMki bauddha dRSTikoNa meM tAttvika svalakSaNatA ke rakSArtha sambandha meM tAttvikatA nahIM mAnI jA sakatI / 77 bauddhoM kI ora se isake sambandha meM gaharAI se socane para jo kucha niSkarSa nikalatA hai usameM yaha jJAtavya hai ki bauddhadarzana kisI bhI prakAra ke sambandha ko pAramArthika satya nahIM maantaa| parantu advaitavedAnta darzana meM jagaha-jagaha para jisa prakAra satyagata sApekSatA kA spaSTa ullekha kiyA gayA milatA hai usa prakAra bauddha darzana meM spaSTabhAva se usakA ullekha na hone para bhI vahA~ bhI vaha sAmAjika vyavahAra ke nirvAha ke lie avazya mAnya hai / isalie vyaktyAtmaka vyaSTiyoM ke bIca evaM vyaktyAtmaka vyaSTi aura samAjAtmaka samaSTi ke bIca kalpita rUpa meM sambandha sAmAnya ko mAnyatA mila sakatI hai / isakA AbhAsa isa prakAra milatA huA dIkha par3atA hai ki bauddha dArzanika siddhAnta ke anusAra pAramArthika tattva bAhyAstittvavAdiyoM ke yahA~ bhI vizeSa hI hotA hai, sAmAnya pAramArthika tattva nahIM mAnA jAtA / phira bhI use anumAna pramANa kA viSaya mAnA gayA hai / ataH sAmAnya meM ApekSika satyatA sUcita hotI hai / aba rahI bAta isakI kI vaha sambandha hai kyA ? to isake sambandha kahanA yaha hai ki yaha bAta pahale batalAyI jA cukI hai ki vyakti kI cetanatA aura acetanatA ke AdhAra para samAja ko bhI cetana samAja aura acetana samAja, isa prakAra do bhAgoM meM vibhakta mAnanA caahie| tadanusAra ukta do samAjoM ke andara yahA~ cetana meM parisaMvAda 2

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bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAe~ samAja ko hI liyA jAya to vyaktiyoM ke bIca vaha kalpita sambandha hogA " prayojana sAmya" aura vyakti aura samAja ke bIca vaha hogA kalpita aMzAzibhAva / 78 yaha sahI hai ki bauddha siddhAnta meM vAstavika aMzAzibhAva mAnya nahIM hai kintu ukta yukti ke anusAra kalpita to vaha mAnA hI jA sakatA hai ? nyAya vaizeSika dArzanika bhI to " nyAya" evaM pratijJA hetu Adi ke bIca kalpita hI aMza zibhAva mAnate haiM ? kyoMki zabda kI niravayavatA ke kAraNa vAstavika aMzazibhAva nyAya aura pratijJA Adi ke bIca sambhava nahIM / tadanusAra bauddha siddhAnta meM bhI vyaSTi aura samaSTi ke bIca arthAt vyakti aura samAja ke bIca sApekSa satyatAzIla kalpita aMzAzibhAva sambandha ho sakatA hai / isake bAda sAmAjika vikAsa kI bAta AtI hai para yaha vikAsa tabhI sambhava hai jaba ki vyaktiyoM ke mAdhyama se samAja meM (1) ahiMsA, (2) satya aura (3) asteya ina tIna guNoM kA vikAsa ho / ataH tadartha ceSTA honI cAhie / parisaMvAda -2

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vimalakIrtinirdezasUtra ke anusAra vyaSTi evaM samaSTi kA sambandha pro0 lAlamaNi jozI 1 - vimalakItinirdezasUtra kA paricaya vimalakIrtinirdezasUtra bauddha sAhitya kA eka anamola ratna hai / yaha eka mahAyAnasUtra hai jo mUlarUpa meM bauddha saMskRta bhASA meM sambhavataH prathama zatI IsvI pUrva meM racA gayA thA / durbhAgyavaza sahasroM anya granthoM kI bhA~ti yaha sUtra bhI aba apane mUla rUpa meM upalabdha nahIM hai / prathama zatI IsvI pUrva se lagabhaga dasavIM zatI IsvI taka yaha sUtra bhArata meM atyanta prAmANika evaM lokapriya thA / AcArya nAgArjuna dvArA racita sUtrasamuccaya ( do kun = le tuya = pA ) meM vimalakIrtinirdeza ko uddhRta kiyA gayA hai / yadyapi sUtrasamuccaya bhI aba mUla bauddha saMskRta meM aprApya hai / tathApi isa grantha ke bhoTIya evaM cInI anuvAdoM se hameM jJAta hotA hai ki vimalakIrtinirdeza AcArya nAgArjuna ke samaya meM prasiddhi prApta kara cukA thA / maiM AzA karatA hU~ ki agale do-tIna varSoM ke bhItara cInI tathA bhoTIya sAmagrI ke AdhAra para sUtrasamuccaya IT aMgrejI tathA hindI anuvAda bhArata meM prakAzita ho jAyagA / vimalakIrtinirdezasUtra ke mUla saMskaraNa ke nau uddharaNa AcArya zAntideva ke zikSAsamuccaya meM, aura eka uddharaNa AcArya candrakIrti kI prasannapadAmadhyamavRtti meM pahale se suvidita haiM / hAla hI meM kucha anya bauddha saMskRta zAstroM meM isa sUtra ke uddharaNoM kA patA calA hai / ratnagotravibhAgamahAyAnottaratantrazAstra meM, prathama tathA tRtIya bhAvanAkramoM meM tathA advayavajrasaMgraha meM vimalakIrtinirdezasUtra ke uddharaNoM kI sUcanAe~ hamane anyatra ekatrita kI haiN| vimalakIrtinirdezasUtra ko sAta bAra cInI bhASA meM anUdita kiyA gayA thA / tIna bhinna-bhinna cInI anuvAda abhI taka surakSita haiM / isa sUtra kA eka bhoTIya anuvAda kanjUra ke sabhI saMskaraNoM meM sulabha haiN| eka anya bhoTIya anuvAda ke khaNDAMza dun-huAMga se kucha varSa pUrva prApta hue the / sogdiyana tathA khotAnI bhASAnuvAdoM ke kucha khaNDAMza bhI madhya eziyA se prApta hue haiM / jApAnI bhASA meM isa sUtra ke aneka anuvAda pracalita haiM / kucha Adhunika pazcimI bhASAoM meM bhI vimalakIrtinirdeza parisaMvAda -2

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bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAe~ vi sUtra ke anuvAda prakAzita ho cuke haiN| jarmanI ke bauddha bhikSu tathA taruNa vidvAn DaoN0 prAsAdika ne aura maiMne isa sUtra ke bhoTIya anuvAda kA vistRta adhyayana kiyA hai jisake pariNAmasvarUpa vimalakIrtinirdezasUtra kA bhoTIya saMskaraNa, saMskRta uddhAra tathA hindI anuvAda taiyAra ho cukA hai| vistRta bhUmikA tathA TippaNiyoM ke sAtha tIna bhASAoM meM yaha grantha zIghra hI sAranAtha sthita kendrIya tibbatI ucca zikSA evaM zodha saMsthAna dvArA prakAzita hone vAlA hai| isa sUtra meM bAraha parivarta haiN| isake prakAzana kA mUlasthala vaizAlI nagara hai / vimalakIti eka bauddha gRhapati athavA upAsaka hai jo bodhisattvacaryA meM niSNAta aura upAyakauzalya meM nipuNa hai| bhagavAn buddha kA samakAlIna yaha upAsaka sUtra ke bAraha parivartoM meM se gyAraha parivoM meM pramukha vaktA evaM zAstA hai| isI kAraNa isa sUtra ko vimalakIrtinirdeza kahA gayA hai| 2-vyaSTi aura samaSTi kA tAttvika vizleSaNa vimalakItinirdeza advayaparamArtha kA tAttvika vizleSaNa aura vivecana karatA hai / advayaparamArtha athavA advayadharma kI dRSTi se vyaSTi nAmaka koI vastu kahIM hai hI nhiiN| paJcaskandha ke vyayadharmI saMghAta ko kucha loga zarIra kI saMjJA dete haiN| isa nazvara saMghAta meM AtmA, jIva, sattva athavA pudgala nAma kI koI cIja nahIM hai| AtmA ke abhAva meM AtmIya kA abhAva svAbhAvika hai| vyakti ke abhAva meM bhI vyaktitva kA abhAva siddha hai| tattvacintaka kI dRSTi se vyaSTi kI sattA kI kalpanA avidyA kI upaja hai| pratyeka zarIra agni kI taraha nirjIva, AkAza kI taraha niHsvabhAva tathA vAyu kI taraha vyaktitvarahita hai| aise zarIra ko vyaSTi nahIM samajhA jA sakatA hai| yaha bhI svayaM siddha hai ki pA~ca skandhoM ke saMghAta ke bAhara bhI vyaSTi nAma kI kisI vastu kI sattA nahIM ho sakatI hai| cUMki vyaSTi anupalabdha hai, ataH vyaSTiyoM kA saMghAta samaSTi bhI bandhyA strI ke baccoM ke samUha kI bhA~ti hI hogaa| isa prakAra paramArthataH na vyaSTi hai aura na samaSTi hai| AtmA kI kalpanA ke AdhAra para paramAtmA kI kalpanA kI jAtI hai| AtmA ke abhAva se paramAtmA kA abhAva phalita hotA hai| samaSTi kI dhAraNA AtmabhAva aura parabhAva kI kalpanA para nirbhara karatI hai / AtmabhAva ke abhAva meM parabhAva kA abhAva nihita hai| AtmabhAva evaM parabhAva donoM kA abhAva hone se samaSTi kA abhAva siddha ho jAtA hai| ataeva bauddha vicArakoM ne nairAtmya ko hI ekamAtra advayaparamArtha kahA hai| yaha mata bahuta se logoM ko bhayabhIta kara sakatA hai / parantu bauddha dRSTi ke anusAra yahI mata yuktiyukta hai aura yahI mata kalyANa kA daravAjA kholatA hai| parisaMvAda-2

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81 vimalakItinirdezasUtra ke anusAra vyaSTi evaM samaSTi kA sambandha AcArya Aryadeva ne eka sthala para likhA hai advitIyaM zivadvAraM kudRSTInAM bhayaMkaram / viSayaH sarvabuddhAnAmiti nairAtmyamucyate // catuHzatakakArikA 12-13 (288) 3-vyaSTi aura samaSTi kI ekatA uparyakta carcA se yaha bhrAnti hone kA Dara hai ki bauddha matAnusAra na vyakti hai aura na samAja, isalie donoM kI mahattA kI carcA karanA aura unake sambandha para vicAra karanA vyartha hai| vAstava meM aisI bhrAnti kI koI guMjAiza bauddha paramparA meM hai nhiiN| paramArthataH vyakti evaM samAja donoM hI asat haiN| paramArtha meM na vyakti hai aura na samAja hai, ataH una donoM ke madhya saMgharSa athavA sAmaJjasya kI samasyA bhI paramArtha meM nahIM ho sakatI hai| vyakti evaM samAja ke prazna sAMsArika athavA vyAvahArika prazna hai, pAramArthika nhiiN| ki hama loga paramArtha kI gaveSaNA meM ruci nahIM rakhate haiM isalie hamako paramArtha carcA acchI nahIM lagatI hai| bauddha zAstrakAroM ko hamArI ruci aura aruci kA jJAna thA / isalie unhoMne aisI vicAra-praNAlI prastuta kI hai jisameM saMsAra ko hI buddha kSetra samajhakara vyaSTi aura samaSTi ke bhedoM kA atikramaNa kiyA jA sakatA hai aura isa prakAra 'advitIya zivadvAra' kA udghATana bhI sambhava ho jAtA hai| vimalakotinirdeza isI vicAra-praNAlI kI vistRta vyAkhyA saphalatApUrvaka karatA hai| yahA~ para hama paramArthasatya aura vyavahArasatya (athavA saMvRti satya) ke vicAroM kI carcA nahIM kareMge, kyoMki ve suvidita vicAra haiM / yahA~ para hama isa vicAra kA spaSTIkaraNa kareMge ki paramArtha evaM vyavahAra donoM hI dRSTiyoM se vyaSTi aura samaSTi kI mUlabhUta ekatA athavA samatA ke Adarza ko vyAkhyA bauddha tattvacintana kA pramukha viSaya hai| bauddha tattvacintana na bhautikavAdI hai, na samAjavirodhI hai aura na palAyanavAdI hai / samAja aura saMsAra meM rahane vAle prANiyoM ke hita evaM sukha ke svarUpa kI gaveSaNA karanA tathA unake sampAdana ke upAyoM kA vikAsa karanA bauddhadharma-darzana kA mukhya prayojana rahA hai| bhagavAna buddha aura unake pramukha anuyAyI tattvavettAoM ne jina utkRSTa siddhAntoM kA pratipAdana kiyA hai, ve dekhane va sunane meM loka meM pracalita matoM ke sarvathA pratikUla lagate haiN| yaha bAta bhI buddhavANI ke antargata svIkAra kI gayI hai| vimalakItinirdezasUtra (dvAdazapariccheda) meM tathAgata ne kahA hai-"ye sUtrAnta sarvaprakAra se lokamata ke pratikUla haiM, ina sUtrAntoM ko samajhanA, dekhanA aura inakA parisaMvAda-2

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82 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAe~ jJAna prApta karanA kaThina hai|" "buddhappokta dharma ko aneka prAcIna granthoM meM sarvalokavipratyanIko ayaM dharmo" kahA gayA hai / (aSTasAhasrikA pRSTha 152, saddharmapuNDarIkasUtra pR0 145, lalitavistara pR0 289) / bauddhamata kI yaha sambhavataH sabase bar3I vizeSatA hai ki isake anusAra vyakti evaM samAja ko niHsvabhAvatA ko dhyAna meM rakhakara hI unakI sattA aura mahattA kA samarthana ho sakatA hai| Upara se dekhane para yaha kathana virodhapUrNa athavA 'pairADAksikala' pratIta hotA hai| parantu jaisA ki Apa sabako vidita hai, paramArtha kI samasta carcA 'pairADAksikala' athavA virodhamaya hotI hai, paramArtha ko bhulAkara sirpha vyavahAra kI dRSTi se vyaSTi evaM samaSTi para parisaMvAda karanA bhautikavAdI athavA lokAyatika vyApAra karane ke samAna hogaa| dUsarI ora, vyAvahArika tathyoM se A~kha-muMkha mor3akara kevala apane hI liye sUkhe aura nIrasa 'nivvAna' kI talAza karanA atyanta kSudra prayAsa karane ke samAna hogaa| tIsarI aura vyakti kI svatantra sattA svIkAra karake, vyaktiyoM se bane samAja kI sattA mAna karake, ina donoM ke bIca bheda-bhAva va saMgharSasantulana kI samasyAe~ nirmita karake phira unako samajhane-sulajhAne meM laga jAnA svayaM Ter3hA-mer3hA aura gaharA kuA~ khoda karake usameM gira jAne ke samAna hogaa| vimalakItinirdezasUtra ke anusAra vyakti aura samAja abhinna hai, eka hai, samAna hai| donoM hI paramArthataH asat haiM / ina donoM kI niHsvabhAvatA ke kAraNa ina donoM meM ekarUpatA hai| AtmA ke abhAva meM kisI vyakti yA pudgala kI kalpanA nahIM ho sakatI hai| AtmA athavA AtmabhAva ke abhAva kA dUsarA nAma niHsvabhAva athavA zUnya hai| niHsvabhAva athavA zUnya koI vyakti athavA pudgala nahIM ho sakatA hai| ataeva vyakti anupalabdha hai, asat hai| yahI tarka samAja kI sattA para bhI lAgU hotA hai aura samAja kA svabhAva bhI niHsvabhAva hone ke kAraNa usako asat siddha karatA hai| isa prakAra vyaSTi evaM sama donoM kI ekatA kA adhigama hotA hai| yaha ekatA athavA sattA paramArtha kI dRSTi se adhigata hotI hai| isI dRSTi ko dhyAna meM rakhakara vyavahAra meM bhI vyaSTi evaM samaSTi kI abhinnatA adhigata ho sakatI hai| yaha vimalakIti kA dAvA hai jo bauddhamata kA kendrIya vicAra hai| vyavahAra satya ke anusAra pratyeka prANI ko bhaya aura duHkha apriya hai| pratyeka prANI ko jIvana priya hai, aura mRtyu apriya hai| pratyeka prANI sukha kI kAmanA karatA hai| yaha sabhI vizeSatAe~ sabhI prANiyoM meM sarvatra vidyamAna haiN| inake kAraNa sabhI prANiyoM kI ekatA aura samAnatA siddha hotI hai| IzvaravAdI paramparAoM meM sabhI parisaMvAda-2

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vimalakIrtinirdezasUtra ke anusAra vyaSTi evaM samaSTi kA sambandha prANiyoM kI samAnatA kA Adarza isa mAnyatA para nirbhara karatA hai ki ve sabhI eka sRSTikartA = pitA = Izvara kI santAna haiM athavA eka hI Izvara ke aMza haiM / parantu bauddhamata anIzvaravAdI aura anAtmavAdI hai| isa mata meM sabhI prANiyoM kI samAnatA evaM akhaNDa ekatA ke AdhAra haiM (1) sabhI prANiyoM kI anAtmakatA, (2) sabhI prANiyoM kI nazvaratA, (3) sabhI prANiyoM kI duHkhitAvasthA, (6) sabhI prANiyoM meM sukhakAmanA, (5) sabhI prANiyoM meM bhaya ke prati heyabhAva tathA (6) sabhI prANiyoM meM mRtyu ke prati heyabhAva kA vidyamAna honaa| ye cha tathya haiN| ina sArvabhauma evaM vizvavyApI tathyoM ke kAraNa pratyeka vyakti mahattvapUrNa hai, AdaraNIya hai aura parirakSaNoya hai| kisI eka vyakti ko apane Apako viziSTa samajhane kA na to bauddhika aucitya hai aura na naitika adhikAra hai| paramArthataH sabhI prANI mAyopama, svapnopama athavA khapuSpavat haiN| vyavahArataH sabhI prANI niHsvabhAva, duHkhI tathA maraNadharmA hai| ataeva sabhI vyakti aura sabhI prANI eka samAna hai, paraspara abhinna hai-paramArthataH tathA vyavahArataH donoM hI dRSTiyoM se ve sama haiN| uparyukta dRSTiyoM se vicAra karane se spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki vyakti aura vyakti ke bIca, aura vyakti tathA samAja ke boca, jo bhinnatAe~ aura vividha saMgharSa hai, unakA mUla kAraNa ajJAna athavA prajJA kA abhAva hai| bauddha zAstroM ke anusAra AtmavAda ko bhUmi para paidA hone vAlA ahaMkAra athavA AtmabhAva isI ajJAna kA nAmAntara hai| ahaMkAra aura AtmabhAva meM koI antara nahIM hai| yaha AtmabhAva paramAtmabhAva kA hI laghu rUpa hai aura yahI karuNA athavA ahiMsA kA zatru hai / prajJA kI bhUmi para AtmabhAva ko khetI nahIM ho sakatI hai aura vyakti-vyakti ke bIca bhedabhAva paidA nahIM ho sakate haiM / dhammapada 129-130 meM bhagavad vacana hai sabbe tasanti daNDassa sabbe bhAyanti mccuno| attAnaM upamaM katvA na haneyya na ghAtaye // sabbe tasanti daNDassa sabjesaM jIvitaM piyaM / attAnaM upamaM katvA na haneyya na ghAtaye // AcArya Aryadeva ne eka kArikA meM kahA hai dharma samAsato'hiMsAM varNayanti tthaagtaaH| zUnyatAmeva nirvANaM kevalaM tadihobhayam // --catuHzatakakArikA 12-23 (298) parisaMvAda 2

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bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM AcArya zAntideva ne zikSAsamuccaya kArikA kI 1 meM kahA hai yadA mama pareSAM ca bhayaM duHkhaM ca na priyam / tadAtmanaH ko vizeSo yattaM rakSAmi netaram // pAli evaM saMskRta granthoM se uddhRta uparyukta cAra zlokoM se una sabhI vicArAdoM kI puSTi hotI hai jinakI carcA hamane Upara kI hai| sabhI prANI mRtyu se Darate haiM, aura sabhI ko jIvana pyArA hai, aisA jAnakara apane ko dUsare ke samAna aura dUsare ko apane samAna, jAnane vAlA hiMsA va hatyA kabhI nahIM kara sakatA hai / AcArya Arya deva ne to kevala do zabdoM meM bauddhamata kA sArAMga gara diyA hai| ahiMsA sampUrNa dharma kA sAra hai aura zUnyatA hI nirvANa hai| dUsare zabdoM meM mahAkaruNA mArga hai aura mahAprajJA caramalakSya hai| vyaSTi evaM samaSTi donoM kI vyAvahArika sattA mahAkaruNA para Azrita hai aura mahAkaruNA kI upasthiti meM svAcitA kI koI gaMjAiza nahIM hai| isI vicAra ko duharAte hue AcArya zAllideva ne bodhicaryAvatAra 8-90 meM kahA haiM-- "parAtmasamatAmAdau bhAvayedevamAdarAt / samaduHkhasukhAH sarve pAlanIyA mayAtmavat // " jaba "sva" evaM "para'' meM bheda nahIM hai, arthAt jaba "mere" meM aura "Apa" meM ekatA hai, taba parAtmasamatA athavA parAtmaparivartana hI ekamAtra sArvabhauma niyama raha jAtA hai| yahI vyakti evaM samAja kI ekatA kA caramotkarSa hai aura vimalakotinirdezasUtra ke anusAra yahI dharma kA sarvasva hai| 4. saMsAra kA mahatva aura buddhakSetra kA artha mahAyAna sUtroM kA eka pramukha pratipAdya viSaya hai buddhakSetra kI mahattA / buddhakSetra kyA hai ? yaha kisI kAlpanika ravarga kA nAmAntara nhiiN| apitu hamAre isa saMsAra kA hI eka sundara nAma hai| jirA kheta meM baddhAkara ugate haiM aura phalIbhana hote haiM use hI buddhakheta athavA buddhakSetra kahate haiN| bhagavAn zAkyamuni kA buddhakSetra hamArA sahAlokadhAtu hai / pA~ca kapAyoM (klezakapAya, dRSTikapAya, sattvakaSAya, AyuHkapAya evaM kalpakapAya) se kaluSita isa sahAloka ko tathAgata zAkyamuni ne mahAkAruNya se otaprota hone ke kAraNa svecchA se apanA kAryakSetra banAyA thaa| sarvajanahitAya, sarvajanasukhAya evaM lokAnukampAya unhoMne isa saMsAra meM anuttara samyak sambodhi kA kAryakrama prArambha kiyA thA / vyaSTi aura samaSTi ke vyavahArataH tathA paramArthataH mUlabhUta parisaMvAda-2

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vimalakIrtinirdezasUtra ke anusAra vyaSTi evaM samaSTi kA sambandha ekatva athavA samatva kA jJAna unako mahAmaitrI kA sAdhana aura sAdhya banakara raha gayA thaa| jisa prakAra vyaSTi aura samaSTi meM abheda hai usI prakAra saMsAra aura nirvANa meM tathA sAdhana aura sAdhya meM bhI bhedAbhAva hai| ___ saMsAra kA mahatva svIkAra kara lene para aura saMsAra ko hI buddhakSetra samajha lene para mahAkaruNA athavA mahAmaitrI bodhi kA sAdhana mAtra nahI raha jAtI hai| mahAmaitrI ho bodhi hai aura isakA sAkSAtkAra isI saMsAra meM sambhava ho sakatA hai, anyatra nahIM / ratnameghasUtra (zikSAsamuccaya pR0 20 meM uddhRta) meM bhagavAn tathAgata ne kahA hai "dAnaM hi bodhisattvasya bodhiH / " jo dAnakSetra hai vahI buddhakSetra hai / isI ko sUtroM meM karuNAbhUmi, maitrIkSetra, dharmakSetra evaM bodhisattvakSetra kahA gayA hai / bhagavAn buddha kA saMgha aparimita aura AkAza ke samAna sarvatra phailA huA hai| sabhI parirakSaNIya aura mocanIya prANI isa saMgha kI ananta paridhi ke ananya aMga haiN| ataeva yaha prANikSetra hI anuttara puNyakSetra hai| anuttara samyaksaMbodhi kI dRSTi isI kSetra meM nirantara asaMkhya bodhisattvoM dvArA kI jAtI hai / buddha AkAza meM nahIM hote haiM / jisa prakAra puNDarIka paGka ke Dhera meM paidA hotA hai aura paGka se nirlipta rahate hue apanI janmabhUmi ko ramaNIka aura sugandhita banAtA hai, usI prakAra samyaksambuddha kA AvirbhAva bhI saMsAra meM hotA hai aura saMsAra kA atikramaNa karate hue bhI buddha dvArA buddhakArya arthAt janakalyANa kA kArya saMsAra meM hI hotA hai| saMkSepa meM yaha kahanA cAhie ki bauddha paramparA meM saMsAra kA asAdhAraNa mahattva hai| nivRttiparaka evaM tyAga pradhAna isa zramaNadharmadarzana kA Adi aura anta saMsAra hai| buddha, dharma evaM saMgha, bhikSu, bhikSuNI, upAsaka evaM upAsikA, arhat, pratyekabuddha evaM bodhisattva-ina sabhI kI utpatti saMsAra meM hotI hai, saMsAra ke kAraNa hotI hai| yadi saMsAra nahIM hotA to nirvANa kA Adarza, nirvANa kA mArga, aura nirvANamArga ke draSTA kaise aura kyoM hote ? jaba taka saMsAra hai tabhI taka buddha aura unake dharma kA mahattva hai| saMsAra ke na rahane para buddha aura unakA dharma donoM hI nirarthaka ho jAte haiN| ataeva bauddha dharma evaM saMskRti meM saMsAra kA asAdhAraNa mahatva hai kyoMki yahI bodhimaNDa hai| bodhisattvoM kI caryA kA kSetra yaha saMsAra vAstava meM bodhisattvoM kA kSetra hai, dAna, zIla, zAnti, vIrya, dhyAna, prajJA, upAyakauzalya, praNidhi, bala evaM jJAna kI pUrNatA isI saMsAra meM hotI hai / samyaksambuddhoM kI acintanIya mahAbodhi ke prakAza se parisaMvAda-2

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bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAe~ yathAbhUta rUpa meM parijJAta yaha saMsAra hI buddhakSetra hai| mahApuruSa kI kAya meM pragaTa hone vAle battIsa lakSaNa tathA assI anuvyaJjana isa saMsAra ke prANiyoM ke hita ke lie hI pragaTa hote haiN| buddha ke cAra vaizAradyoM, daza baloM tathA aThAraha AvaiNika dharmoM kI upayogitA, kevala isa saMsAra ke kalyANa meM hI hai| paJcazIla, aSTazIla evaM dasazIla kA, sabhI prAtimokSa niyamoM kA, saiMtIsa bodhipAkSika dharmoM kA, cAra satyoM kA, samasta prakAra kI samAdhi evaM samApattiyoM kA, cAra aprameya bhAvanAoM kA, cAra saMgrahavastuoM kA, aura teraha dhUtaguNoM kA-saMkSepa meM saddharma ke samasta tattvoM kA sArthakya aura aucitya isa saMsAra meM aura saMsAra ke lie hI hai| bhagavAna buddha ko ina tattvoM kI koI AvazyakatA nahIM hotI hai, nirvANa meM inakI koI sattA athavA upayogitA nahIM raha jAtI hai / parantu ina tattvoM ke binA koI bhI vyakti buddhatva prApta nahIM kara sakatA hai| buddhatva vahI prApta karanA cAhatA hai jo saMsAra meM rahatA hai| ataeva ina sabhI tattvoM kA mahattva saMsAra meM rahate hue hI haiM, saMsAra ke bAhara nhiiN| dUsare zabdoM meM saMsAra hI buddhakSetra haiM, dharmakSetra hai aura saMghakSetra bhI hai| jo tattvadarzI hai vaha isa tathya ko jAnatA hai, usake lie vyaSTi evaM samaSTi kA bheda asambhava hai| usake liye saMsAra aura nirvANa donoM meM koI bheda nahIM ho sakatA hai| aise tattvadarzI ke lie yamakavyatyastatA samApta ho jAtI hai| samasta prapaJcoM kA upazamana ho jAtA hai / usako sarvatra nairAtmya kA darzana hotA hai| yaha dRSTikoNa kevala vimalakIrti nirdeza kI vizeSatA nahIM hai| AcArya nAgArjuna ne madhyamA pratipatti kI, aura anya tAntrika siddhoM ne sahajAvasthA kI samyak vyAkhyA meM yahI dRSTikoNa apanAyA hai| kyoMki yahI vastutaH vizuddhi kA athavA zAnti kA mArga hai| prAcIna paramparA ke sthaviroM ne bhI buddhavacanoM kA yaha aMza pAli meM surakSita rakhA hai sabbe dhammA anattA ti yadA paJjAya passati / atha nidhibandati dukkhe esa bhaggo visuddhiyA // dhammapada 179 / AtmadaSTi sabhI bhedoM va klezoM kA mUla hai| sva evaM para kA bheda isI Asrava para AdhArita hai| vyaktivAda aura samAjavAda ke pArasparika bheda evaM saMgharSa AtmadRSTi athavA satkAyadRSTi ke kAraNa haiN| jisakA Atmasneha samApta ho gayA hai aise vItarAga bodhisattva ke lie na vyaSTi hai, na samaSTi haiM aura na una donoM ke bIca saMgharSa hI hai| vimalakItinirdeza ke prathama parivarta meM tathAgata licchavikumAra ratnAkara se kahate haiM- "kulaputra, bodhisattva ko buddhakSetra kI parizuddhi pUrNa karane ke lie apane citta kI parizuddhi karanI cAhie / jyoM-jyoM bodhisattva kA citta parizuddha hotA hai, parisaMvAda -2

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87 vimalakIrtinirdezasUtra ke anusAra vyaSTi evaM samaSTi kA sambandha tyoM-tyoM buddhakSetra kI parizuddha hotI hai|" vyaSTi kI parizuddhi para samaSTi kI parizuddhi nirbhara hai| vyaSTi kI parizaddhi hI samaSTi kI parizuddhi hai kyoMki vyaSTi evaM samaSTi do nahIM eka hI hai| prAcIna sUtroM meM isI vicAra ko dUsare zabdoM meM vyakta kiyA gayA hai / dhammapada 183 meM kahA hai "sabbapApassa akaraNaM kusalassa upsmpdaa| __ sacittapariyodapanaM etaM buddhAnaM sAsanaM // " svacittaparizodhana hone se samasta burAiyA~ gAyaba ho jAtI haiM aura sabhI acchAiyA~ juTa jAtI haiN| yahI bauddhamata kA sAra hai| isI svacittaparizuddhi kI prakriyA se saMsAra kA kalyANa ho sakatA hai aura isI paddhati se vyaSTi evaM samaSTi kA dvayabhAva samApta ho sakatA hai| ataeva eka bAra punaH yaha kahanA samIcIna pratIta hotA hai ki svacittaparizodhana vahIM samyak prakAra se kara sakatA haiM jisane sva-bhAva ko dhAraNA kA prahANa karake saMsAra kA saccA svarUpa pahicAna liyA hai| saMsAra kA saccA svarUpa athavA svabhAva yaha hai ki isameM "sva" evaM "para" kA bheda nahIM hai, yaha niHsvabhAva hai| svayaM apane ko niHsvabhAva jAnakara aura saMsAra ko niHsvabhAva jAnakara jo saMsAra meM buddhakArya karatA hai usake lie yaha saMsAra buddhakSetra hai| parisaMvAda-2

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bauddhadarzana kI dRSTi se vyakti, samAja aura unakA sambandha zrI harizaMkara siMha darzana kI eka zAkhA, samAja darzana apane samIkSAtmaka aura samanvayAtmaka pahaluoM ke dvArA samAja ke viSaya meM niyAmaka anuzAsana kI vivecanA karatA hai tathA sAmAjika tathyoM aura mUlyoM meM samanvaya karatA hai| mAnavajIvana ke jvalanta pahaluoM kA apane meM antarbhAva karane se isakI pradhAna samasyA hai samAja ke dArzanika AdhAroM kA patA lagAnA aura samAja vijJAnoM ke niSkarSoM kA mAnavajIvana ke paramamUlyoM ke prakAza meM mUlyAMkana karanA / hamAre samasAmayika yuga meM sAMskRtika saMkaTa ke AsAra dRSTigocara ho rahe haiM / isake mUla kArakoM ke rUpa meM yantravAda, bhautikavAda, sAmrAjyavAda, prajAtivAda, vargasaMgharSa, antarrASTrIya saMgharSa, sAmAjikavighaTana Adi pramukha haiM, sAtha hI isameM vijJAna ke prabhAva kA bhI kama aMzadAna, Aja ke samAjadArzanikoM ke anusAra nahIM hai / vijJAna dvArA zakti prApta kara lene para bhI mAnava kA caritra vikasita nahIM huA hai, phalataH naye-naye prakAra ke zoSaNa aura bhraSTAcAra bar3he haiM / mAnava vaijJAnika vikAsa se apane astitva ke samApta ho jAne kI AzaMkA se Aja trasta hai| ataH samasAmayika vicAraka mAnavasamAja ke mArgadarzana hetu vyagra haiN| kyA isa dizA meM hama buddhadarzana kI ora AzAbharI nigAha se dekha sakate haiM ? hameM yaha mAnakara calanA hogA ki pAzcAtya dezoM meM samAjadarzana kA kisa taraha kA vivecana huA hai aura samasAmayika kAla meM jisa vikasita rUpa meM ho rahA hai, usa DhaMga kI bAta bauddhadarzana meM nahIM DhUMDhanI cAhie, kyoMki eka to bhAratIya darzanoM kI AtmA bhinna prakAra kI hai aura dUsare bauddhadarzana kA ( anya bhI bhAratIya darzanoM kA ) parama mUlya ke viSaya meM Agraha bheda hai / phira bhI una samasyAoM kI vivecanA jinheM samAjadarzana pazcAtya jagata meM Ajakala kara rahA hai bauddha vAGmaya meM bhI upalabdha hai / yaha bhI dhyAna meM rakhanA cAhie ki vyakti aura samAja kI jaba hama Aja bAta karate haiM to hama yaha mAnakara cala rahe haiM ki unake astitva ke hone ko hama inakAra nahIM kara rahe haiM (cAhe yaha svIkRti, darzana meM, jisa nAma se kahI jAya ) aura Age bhI unake bane rahane kI parikalpanA kara rahe haiM / 1 parisaMvAda - 2

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bauddhadarzana kI dRSTi se vyakti, samAja aura unakA sambandha bauddhadarzana jisa satyAnveSI tathA sAmAjika krAntikArI ke upadezoM aura AcaraNoM para khar3A hokara vikasita huA, saMsAra ke vibhinna dezoM meM phailA aura Aja bhI logoM ko anuprANita kara rahA hai vaha 'buddha' nAma ke vyakti the jo vairAgya aura tyAga kI pratimUrti banakara bodhi prApta kara lene para bhI sabhI logoM ke duHkha, zoka evaM parideva ke lie jIvana dhAraNa kiye rahane kA bAra-bAra Agraha karate haiM, bodhisattva ke rUpa meM sabhI ke duHkha vimocana hetu kali ke sabhI kaluSoM ko apane Upara Ane kA AvAhana karate haiM, rAta-dina jIvanaparyanta hara eka kSaNa meM logoM ko duHkha evaM pIr3A se chuTakArA dilAne hetu prayAsa karane kA vrata lekara tadanukUla AcaraNa karate haiN| ataH bauddha dArzanikoM ko jisa taraha kA samAja evaM usakI vyavasthA virAsata meM milI tho, unameM apane carama mUlyoM ke pariprekSya meM abhyudaya aura niHzreyas kI vyavasthA unhoMne sthApita kii| bauddhadarzana vairAgyamUlaka hai, vairAgya meM jo pratiSedha athavA niSedha kA saMsparza hai vaha mAdhyamika bauddha praNAlI (prAsaGgika mAdhyamikoM kA vizeSakara) kI nAbhi hai| binA niSedha ke navIna nirmANa asambhava hai| eka U~cI sthiti yA sarvocca sthiti ko prApta karane ke lie sImAoM ko yA choTe-choTe dAyaroM ko (cAhe ye dAyare jisa bhI taraha ke hoM, ahaM sabase choTA dAyarA yA usakA aura vistRta rUpa meM koI bar3A dAyarA) TUTanA hogA, taba vAstavika aura kalyANakArI sthiti prApta ho skegii| sva, ahaM evaM unase sambaddha 'merA' Adi apane vividha rUpoM meM vastutaH mithyAdaSTiyA~ haiN| niSedha yA pratiSedha inhIM mithyAdRSTiyoM kA honA hai| aisI mAnyatA ke kAraNa, bauddhadarzana, vyaSTi (vyakti) evaM samaSTi (samAja) ke lie jo ki anyonyAzrita aura paraspara sApekSa haiM-vairAgya kI bhAvanA ko tyAga kara abhyudaya kI prApti kA upadeza nahIM degaa| abhyudaya aura niHzreyasa ko nAgArjuna do puruSArtha mAnate haiN| isake sAtha hI isa prasaGga meM ratnAvalI meM AcArya ne jo vivecanA kI hai usase samAja-vyavasthA kI eka rUpa-rekhA kA spaSTa saMketa hameM milatA hai| jo abhyudaya ko apanAnA cAhate haiM unake lie dAna evaM zIlAdi kI vistAra se vivecanA AcArya nAgArjuna ne kI hai 1. dharmamekAntakalyANaM rAjan dharmodayAya te / vakSyAmi dharmaH siddhi hi yAti saddharmabhAjane // prAgdharmAbhyudayo yatra pazcAnnaiHzreyasodayaH / samprApyAbhyudayaM yasmAdeti naiHzreyasaM kramAt // ratnAvalI 12-3 parisaMvAda-2

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bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAe~ aura puNyakarma karane kI bAteM kahI hai jisase una vyaktiyoM ko abhyudaya kI prApti ho sake, ve yaza ke bhAgI baneM aura dUsare janma meM aura adhika abhyudaya ko (rAjA yA devatA ke rUpa meM paidA hone ke rUpa meM) prApta kreN| gRhasthoM ke lie abhyudaya ke upadeza meM evaM sAtavAhana rAjA ko prajA ke samyak pAlana ke upadeza meM jina bAtoM ko karane kA nAgArjuna prAvidhAna karate haiM usase yaha bhI spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki abhyudaya meM ve bhautika AvazyakatAoM kI santuSTi, zAnti, suvyavasthA, sambandhoM kI maryAdA para pUrA dhyAna de rahe haiM aura use heya nahIM smjhte| ve mokSa ko bhI aihikatA ke binA kucha nahIM ke rUpa se ghoSita karate haiM aura aihikatA ko mahattA tathA arthavattA pradAna kara 'sarvahita' yA 'lokahita' ko dharma aura nIti kA lakSya mAnate haiN|' sukha ko zArIrika aura mAnasika do bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kara gRhasthoM ke lie dAna, zIla, kSamA, satya Adi ko dharma batalAnA yaha iGgita karatA hai ki AcArya nAgArjuna kA dhyAna vyaktitva ke ina donoM pahaluoM kI santuSTi para bhI hai, kintu ina sabhI ko 'karuNA' ke dvArA paricAlita honA Avazyaka hai| 'ratnAvalI' meM AcArya nAgArjuna yaha bhI spaSTa karate haiM ki zraddhA (aucitya ke prati vaha niSThA jo rAga, dveSa, bhaya tathA ajJAnAdi ke vazIbhUta hokara DagamagAtI nahIM) abhyudaya kA srota hai aura nirNAyaka tattva bhI hai| itanA hI nahIM ve abhyudaya aura niHzreyasa ke madhya avirodha mAnate haiM / abhyudaya pUrvavartI hai aura niHzreyasa kA Azraya bhI tathA niHzreyasa se kabhI kaTakara nahIM rahatA / abhyudaya sukha hai aura niHzreyasa usakI utkRSTa sthiti / unhoMne sva aura para, pravRtti aura nivRtti, bhAvanA aura buddhi (rojana) kA samAhAra lokaraJjana yA lokakalyANa ke rUpa meM kiyA aura ghoSaNA kI ki vaha AcaraNa dharma kahe jAne kI pAtratA nahIM rakhatA, jisase paradroha samApta na ho tathA loka ke prati anurAga na ho / ' spaSTa hai ki yahA~ loka kA ahita adharma hai| jo zraddhA abhyudaya kA sAdhana batalAyI gayI hai vaha prajJAdIpta zraddhA hai, andhavizvAsa nhiiN| yahI zraddhA prajJA se parizuddha banakara karuNA yA mahAkaruNA meM parivardhita ho jAtI hai| . ataH bauddha samAja vyavasthA (use bauddha samAjadarzana bhI kaha sakate haiM) nItipradhAna, mUlyAtmaka aura madhyamamArgI hai| ataH rAjavyavasthA ko nAgArjuna dharmapravaNa banAnA cAhate haiM aura tadartha satya, tyAga, zAnti aura prajJA Adi guNoM ko vAMchanIya 1. mokSe nAtmA na ca skandhA mokSazcedIdRzaH priyaH / / __ AtmaskandhApanayanaM kimihaiva tavApriyam // ratnAvalI 1141 2. zArIraM mAnasaM caiva sukhadvayamidaM matam // ratnAvalI 2046 3. ratnAvalI 15 / 4. ratnAvalI 4 / 74, 4 / 81, 4 / 6 / parisaMvAda-2

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bauddhadarzana kI dRSTi se vyakti, samAja aura unakA sambandha samajhate haiN| rAjA ko udAracitta, kSamAvAna, kRpAlu, tyAgI, dAnazIla aura nItimAna hone kA upadeza dete haiN| unake anusAra rAjya kA prayojana kevala prajA ke samyaka paripAlana ke lie hai| ve rAjA ko upadeza dete haiM ki aparAdhI ko daNDa de to usa ko AkAMkSA se vaisA kare, dveSa yA arthalipsA ke kAraNa nahIM / ' ve hatyAre ke vadha kI bhI daNDa ke rUpa meM svIkRti nahIM pradAna karate, apitu usako pIr3ita karane aura nirviSaya karane kI bAta kahate haiN| unakA vairAgya zarIra ko kaSTa dene vAlA, aura sabhI bhogoM ko heya samajhakara tyAgane kA pratipAdana nahIM hai| jisa tRSNA ko sabhI anarthoM kI jar3a mAnA jAtA hai aura jisake nirodha ko sabhI bauddha Avazyaka mAnate haiM use hI bodhisattva kI ghoSaNA ke dvArA 'sarvajanahita' rUpI jIvana ke utkRSTa lakSya ke lie 'upAya' ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai / isI taraha, yadyapi duHkhanirodha paramalakSya hai, aura duHkha ko heya mAnA gayA hai, tathApi jaise kA~Te se hI kA~TA nikalatA hai, vaise hI bodhisattva paraduHkhavimocanArtha duHkha ko saharSa bhogane ko utsuka hai| duHkha isa avasthA meM 'heya' na hokara 'upAdeya' bana jAtA hai| yaha bhI dhyAtavya hai ki AcArya nAgArjana rAjya ke vibhinna adhikAriyoM kI niyukti ke viSaya meM jina alaga-alaga yogyatAoM evaM viziSTa guNoM kI anuzaMsA karate haiM usase spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki samAja kI kalyANakArI bhAvanA ke prati unakA dRSTikoNa kitanA yathArthaparaka hai| bhoga ko ve sarvathAbhAvena tiraskaraNIya nahIM samajhate apitu kisI adhikArI ke lie use viziSTa guNoM kI zreNI meM rakhate haiN| jaise daNDanAyaka ke prasaGga meM ve likhate haiM akSudrAMstyAginaH zUrAn snigdhAn saMbhoginaH sthirAn / kuru nityApramattAMzca dhArmikAn daNDanAyakAn / (ratnAvalI 4 / 25) bauddha mata mAnavatAvAdI hai| vaha mAnava prayatna ko hI usake kaSTa nivAraNa kA sAdhana mAnatA hai, bhakti athavA prasAda ko nahIM / vaha 'Apta vacana' ko A~kha madakara mAna lene kA pakSadhara nahIM hai| aisI sthiti ke kAraNa bauddhamata jAti yA prajAti kA vibheda na kara mAnava kI samAnatA kA pakSadhara hai| vaha ahiMsA aura logoM ke hRdaya parivartana ke dvArA sarvahita kA himAyatI hai, hiMsA dvArA balAt kisI vyakti varga yA samAja ko kisI vizeSa mAnyatA para calane ke lie bAdhya karane kA samarthaka nhiiN| vyakti, pudgala nAmarUpAtmaka paJcaskandhoM kA saMghAta yA anya jo bhI saMjJA dI jAya, 1. vahI, 4 / 31-36 / 2. vahI, 4137 / parisaMvAda-2

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92 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAe~ manuSya samAja ke sAtha anyonyAzrita sambandha vAlA hai / ataH hama pAte haiM ki bauddhamata naitika, AdhyAtmika evaM mUlyapradhAna samAjadarzana hai / niHsvabhAvavAdI hone se nAgArjuna vyakti aura samAja donoM ko hI pratItyasamutpanna, ataH sAMvRtika mAnane haiM / unakA pakSa yaha hai ki pudgala (vyakti) aura samAja anya hetuoM aura pratyayoM kI apekSA se vyavahAra kA viSaya banatA hai, ataH pratItyasamutpanna hai / vyakti ko mAdhyamika 'vyavahAra sat mAtra' hI mAnate haiM, inake adhiSThAna jo paJcaskandhAdi haiM unakI pAramArthika sattA inheM mAnya nahIM hai / prazna hai ki niHsvabhAvavAda yA zUnyatAvAda meM mAnavatAvAda, svArtha evaM parArtha ke samanvayarUpa lokakalyANavAda ke samAjadarzana kA koI tArkika AdhAra bhI hai / AcArya nAgArjuna ne ratnAvalI meM jo kucha kahA hai usako mathane para hameM isakA samAdhAna prApta ho sakatA hai / unakA pakSa hai ki jisakI apanI svatantrasattA hotI hai vaha anya hetuoM se paidA nahIM hotA aura anitya bhI nahIM hotA / ataeva, yadi duHkha ko apanI svatantra sattA mAnI jAya to avidyA athavA tRSNA ko usakA hetu nahIM mAnA jA sakegA / aura taba duHkhanirodha kI bhI bAta vyartha hogI / ataH pratiphalita huA ki jise bhI nIti yA dharma kI vyavasthA denI hai use bhAvoM ko pratItyasamutpanna mAnanA hogA aura yaha sthiti tabhI sambhava hai jaba bhAvoM kI niHsvabhAvatA mAnya ho / Azaya yaha hai ki aisA koI bhI bhAva nahIM ho sakatA jo kAraNoM se utpanna na hotA huA bhI sattAvAlA ( astitvavAna ) ho / ataH duHkha aura duHkha ke kAraNoM ko kevala niHsvabhAvatA ke Aloka meM samajhA jA sakatA hai / yahI madhyamamArga haiM, jisameM vyaSTi aura samaSTi kI vyavasthA baiThAyI jA sakatI hai / niHsvabhAvatA jagata kI paristhitiyoM kI yathArthatA siddha karatI hai / vyakti aura samAja prajJapta ho rahA hai, ataH asvIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, kintu hai vaha prajJapti mAtra, svabhAvataH utpanna nahIM / cU~ki svabhAvataH samutpanna bhAvoM kA astitva nahIM hogA aura anutpanna bhAvoM kA nAstitva nahIM hogA, ataH jo asti nAsti vyatirikta hogA vaha niHsvabhAva hogaa| isa prakAra kI ni:svabhAvatA ke prakaTa hote hI donoM hI antoM kI ayathArthatA siddha ho jAtI hai aura yaha bhI spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki 'antoM kI dRSTiyA~' vastusthiti se dUra haiM / ataH mithyAdRSTiyoM ke AdhAra para nirmita (sAmAjika) jIvana vyavasthA bhI, ekAMgI, rAga-dveSa - moha Adi se prerita tathA saMkucita hitasAdhana vAlI hogI, nihita svArthamUlaka hogI / usase sabhI kA kalyANa nahIM ho sakegA / isase yaha bhI pratiphalita hotA hai ki vyakti meM svabhAvavAda kI preraNA se ahaMkAra tathA mamatva kI tIvratA hotI hai / isake pratirodhI niHsvabhAvatA ke dvArA svabhAvavAdI preraNAe~ samApta ho jAyeMgI, phalataH ahaMkAra aura parisaMvAda - 2

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darzana kI dRSTi se vyakti, samAja aura unakA sambandha 93 mamatva bhI samApta hogA aura tajjanita choTe-choTe svArtha ke dAyare bhI / ataH nAgArjuna kI tarapha se kahA jA sakatA hai ki samAjadarzana kA AdhAra yathAbhUta parijJAna hI honA cAhie / vigraha vyAvartanI meM AcArya kahate bhI haiM - prabhavati ca zUnyeteyaM prabhavanti tasya sarvArthAH // jo loga bauddhamata para niSedhAtmaka aura bhikSupradhAna mata hone kA doSa lagAte haiM unheM ratnAvalI ko mAdhyama banAkara samAdhAna mila sakatA hai / mahAyAna kA nirvANa apane utkRSTa rUpa meM aihikatA ko hI mahattvapradAna karane vAlA hai / nAgArjuna ko jagata, mAnavasamAja aura usake abhyudaya kI avahelanA abhISTa nahIM hai / yaha bhI AkSepa kiyA jAtA hai ki bauddhadezanA meM 'kAma aura artha' ina do puruSArthoM ko 'mUlya' nahIM diyA jAtA, jaba ki ye donoM samaSTi ke anivArya aMga haiM / kintu ratnAvalI meM hama isa AkSepa kA bhI parihAra pAte haiM / bauddhadezanA meM yaha mAnA gayA hai ki mAnava saMtati anantakAla taka calatI rahegI aura isIlie bodhisattva anantakAla taka lokakalyANa meM prayatnarata rahane kI pratijJA karatA hai / jisa abhyudaya dharma kI vAta AcArya nAgArjuna ne kahI hai / vaha kAma aura artha donoM ko apane meM antarbhAva kiye hue haiM / usake lie maryAdAyeM avazya bA~dhI gayI haiM, kintu maryAdA baddha hone se ve 'mUlya' kI koTi meM nahIM raha gaye, aisA nahIM kahA jA sakatA / hA~, unheM carama puruSArtha nahIM mAnA gayA hai, (paramamUlya nahIM mAnA gayA hai) aura sambhavataH sAmyavAdiyoM tathA vizuddha bhautikavAdiyoM ke atirikta koI bhI mata 'artha evaM kAma' ko paramapuruSArtha nahIM mAnatA / dAna Adi kI naitika mUlya ke rUpa meM mAnyatA, yaha spaSTa kara detI hai ki artha kA mUlya samAja meM hai / kintu isake upArjana ke lie ucita sAdhana ko hI vAMchanIya mAnA gayA / isa prakAra hamAre lie mAdhyamika darzana meM ve sUtra haiM jo hamArI Aja kI samasyAoM (vyakti, samAja aura unake sambandha ko lekara jo saMkaTa kI samasyA hai ) ko sulajhAne meM Aloka pradAna kara sakate haiM / parisaMvAda - 2

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bauddhadarzana kI dRSTi se vyaSTi aura samaSTi DaoN0 gopikAmohana bhaTTAcArya darzana jIvana sambandhI cintana kA nAma haiN| isameM aihika aura pAralaukika jIvana kA vicAra kiyA jAtA hai| bhAratIya darzana meM prArambhika kAla se hI jIvana ke vividha pakSoM para vicAra kiyA jAtA rahA hai| bauddha darzana bhI isakA apavAda nahIM hai| yahA~ bhI vyakti, samAja, unake sambandha aura vikAsa para vicAra kiyA gayA hai| bauddha vicAradhArA ke vividha sampradAya haiN| unameM vyakti ke svarUpa para bhinnabhinna prakAra se vicAra kiyA gayA hai| koI bhI bauddha sampradAya zAzvata AtmA kI sattA ko svIkAra nahIM krtaa| vastutaH rUpa, vijJAna, vedanA, saMjJA aura saMskAra ye paJcaskandha hI samasta jar3a cetana jagata ke mUla haiN| inhoM ke AdhAra para vyakti ke astitva kI prakalpanA kI jA sakatI hai| kintu vyakti ina para AdhArita inase bhinna koI paramArtha sat vastu nahIM hai| yadyapi kucha bauddhoM ne pudgala nAma se vyakti ke eka rUpa ko kalpanA kI thI, tathApi vidvAnoM kA vicAra hai ki vaha kevala vAtsIputrIya vaibhASikoM kA mantavya hai| paravartI bauddha vidvAnoM ne use buddha sammata nahIM maanaa| isI prakAra bauddha darzana meM vyakti ke liye sattva zabda kA bhI prayoga kiyA gayA hai| vastutaH buddha kI dRSTi se yaha pudgala yA satya ke ekatva kI bhAvanA vikalpamAtra hai| vahA~ vyakti kI vyAvahArika sattA to svIkAra kI gayI hai kintu pAramArthika sattA nahIM / pA~ca rUpAdi skandhoM meM hI sattva, vyakti yA pudgala Adi kI dRSTiyA~ kI jAtI haiM / buddha ne svayaM kahA hai "yathoktaM bhagavatA ye kecid bhikSavaH zramaNA vA brAhmaNA vA Atmeti samanupazyantaH samanupazyanti imAnete paJcopAdAnaskandhAniti (prajJAkaramati, bodhicaryAvatArapaJcikA, (eziyATika sosAiTI, kalakattA, 1901), pR0 488) jisa prakAra udakAharaNa Adi kArya karane ke kAraNa rUpAdi hI ghaTa kahalAte haiM-ghaTa ityapi rUpAdaya evaikArthakriyAkAriNastathA vyapadizyante (nyAyavAttikatAtparya TIkA parisaMvAda-2

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bauddhadarzana kI dRSTi se vyaSTi aura samaSTi (caukhambA, 1982 vi0, pR0 226) usI prakAra jJAna, icchA, dveSa Adi kArya karane ke kAraNa rUpAdi kA samudAya sattva, AtmA yA vyakti kahalAtA hai| rUpAdi se atirikta sattva kA koI astitva nahIM hai| buddha ne tRSNA ko dUra karane ke lie eka zAzvata AtmA kA virodha kiyA thA / dharmakoti ne pramANavAttika meM batalAyA hai sukhI bhaveyaM duHkhI vA mA bhUvamiti tRSyataH / yaivAhamiti dhIH saiva sahajaM tattvadarzanam // (pramANavAttika 1 / 202) ise spaSTa karate hue vAcaspatimizra kahate haiM--yadyapi skandha kSaNika haiM tathApi anAdi avidyA kI vAsanA se prANI 'yaha eka ahaGkAra kA Azraya sattva hai isa bhrAnti se sukhI hoU~, duHkhI nahIM, isa prakAra kI tRSNA karatA huA pravRtta hotA hai| "yadyapi vizarAravaH skandhAstathApyanAdyavidyAvAsanAvazo'yamekamahaMkArAspadaM sattvamityabhimanyamAnaH sukhI bhaveyaM duHkhI mAbhUvamiti tRSNaka pravartata ityarthaH" (nyAya vAttikatAtparya TIkA, pR0 507) / isa prakAra ke vivecana ke AdhAra para yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki bauddhoM ke isa anAtmavAda meM zAzvata AtmA to nahIM hai phira bhI ahaM isa pratIti kA viSaya vikalpa se jAnane yogya vyakti avazya hai| Adhunika yuga ke bauddhadarzana ke vidvAn zcairavAtskI ne bauddhoM ke abhiprAya ko isa prakAra spaSTa kiyA hai This stream of elements kept together and not limited to present life but having its roots in post existences and its continuation in future ones, is the Buddhist counterpart of the soul or the self of other systems. (Central Conception of Buddhism, London 1923P. 22, L. 141) bauddha nyAya meM jo vizva ke tattvoM ko sva-lakSaNa aura sAmAnya lakSaNa ke rUpa meM dekhA gayA hai usameM kabhI-kabhI svalakSaNa ko vyakti kA samAnArthaka sA samajha liyA jAtA hai aura yaha bhI mAna liyA jAtA hai ki vyakti paramArthasat hai / tathya yaha hai ki vauddha nyAya meM "arthakriyAsAmarthya" hI vastu kA lakSaNa hai- "arthakriyAsAmarthyalakSaNatvAd vastunaH / (dharmakIrti, nyAyavindu, 1. 15) / ataH rUpAdi skandhoM ke samudAya meM jo jalAharaNa Adi kA sAmarthya hai, vahI vastusat hai| rUpAdi kA samudAya vastu sat nhiiN| na hI samudAya para Azrita koI samudAyI yA avayavI vastusat hai / isa prakAra vyakti yA sattva eka vyAvahArika padArtha hai, paramArtha sat nahIM, isakA jJAna vikalpa . se hotA hai| parisaMvAda-2

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bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAe~ vyakti ke samAna hI vyaktiyoM kA samudAya jo samAja hai usake viSaya meM bhI kahA jA sakatA hai| kintu jaisA abhI Upara saGketa kiyA gayA hai buddha ne tRSNA kI nivRtti ke lie hI AtmA kI zAzvata sattA kA niSedha kiyA thA / vyakti aura samAja tathA inake sambandhoM kA unhoMne kahIM prativAda nahIM kiyaa| buddha kA samasta jIvana janahita meM lagA rhaa| buddha kI karuNA anupama hai| saMsAra ke duHkhoM kI paGka meM pha~se hue prANiyoM ke uddhAra ke lie hI unhoMne dezanA kI thii| vAcaspatimizra jaise bauddha mata ke Alocaka bhI ise svIkAra karate haiN| nyAyakaNikA (meDIkala hAla, kAzI, pR0 110-111) paravartI bauddha darzana meM to yahA~ taka svIkArA gayA hai ki nairAtmya sAkSAtkAra karane ke anantara hI sarvajJa janahita kA upadeza karatA hai (dra0 nyAyakaNikA pR0 112-113) / bhagavAn buddha ne sthAna-sthAna para vyakti aura samAja ke kalyANa ke lie upadeza diyA hai| unake aSTAGgika mArga meM kucha vyakti ke liye bhI hai aura kucha samAja ke liye bhii| jahA~ samyak dRSTi aura samyak saMkalpa ko, samyak smRti aura samyak samAdhi ko vyakti kA hitakArI dharma kahA jA sakatA hai, vahIM samyak vacana, samyak karma, samyak jIvikA aura samyak prayatna-ye sabhI samAja hitakArI karma hI haiN| samyaka jIvikA aura samyak dharma kI yaha bhAvanA vyakti ko samAja meM ucita karma karane kI preraNA detI hai| ___ bhagavAna buddha ne tatkAlIna samAja meM pracalita aneka burAiyoM, rUr3hiyoM, andhaparamparAoM kA apane madhura upadezoM se nirAkaraNa kiyaa| vaha saba samAja-kalyANa kI bhAvanA hI hai| unhoMne samAja meM janma se kisI ko brAhmaNa yA anya nahIM maanaa| unhoMne spaSTa kahA-na cAhaM brAhmaNaM brUmi yonijaM mattisambhavaM, akiJcanaM anAdAnaM tamahaM brUmi brAhmaNaM / (dhammapada, brAhmaNavaggo, 14) saMskRta pustakAlaya, cau0 vA0 na0 97, kacaur3I galI, vArANasI, 1971 / pAli sAhitya se vidita hotA hai ki pade-pade sAmAjika kAryoM meM hone vAle sandehoM ko unhoMne dUra kiyA aura samAjakalyANa ke liye Avazyaka upadeza diyA / unake upadeza amara haiN| ve sadA vyakti aura samAja ke maGgala ke lie samartha haiN| parisaMvAda-2

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bauddhadarzana kI dRSTi se vyaSTi aura samaSTi AyuSmAn Ananda ko sambodhita karate hue jo unhoMne vajjIgaNa ke viSaya meM kahA thA, vaha Aja bhI gaNatantra rASTroM ke lie eka amUlya upadeza kahA jA sakatA hai / bhagavAn ne unheM sAta aparihANIya dharma ke rUpa meM batalAyA thaa| ve sAta dharma haiM(1) nirantara milakara baiThanA, (2) milakara kartavyoM ko pUrA karanA, (3) vidhAna ke anusAra kArya karanA, (4) sammAnanIyoM kA sammAna karanA, (5) strI jAti kA sammAna karanA, (6) dhArmika kRtyoM kA pAlana karanA, (7) jJAniyoM aura dharmavRddhoM kI rakSA krnaa| mahAparinibbAnasutta meM aise aneka upadeza upalabdha hote haiM jinameM vyakti tathA samAja donoM kA kalyANa nihita hai| saMkSepa meM, yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki bauddha dharma aura darzana vyakti aura samAja ke sambandhoM ke prati sadA satarka rahA hai| usakA lakSya kevala nirvANa nahIM hai, apitu janahita hai aura vizvakalyANa hai / parisaMvAda-2

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bauddha vyaSTivAda kI AMzika samaSTivAdI pariNati kI sambhAvanAe~ DaoN0 harSanArAyaNa o dharma ke aneka AyAma, aneka pakSa sambhava haiM / dharma vyaSTiparaka ho sakatA hai, samaSTiparaka ho sakatA hai; paralokasAdhaka ho sakatA hai, lokasAdhaka ho sakatA hai / yadi usakA artha aura vyApaka kareM to usake antargata hara prakAra kA kartavyAkartavyaviveka A jAtA hai / vyAsabhASya kI ghoSaNA hai ki dharma kisI bhI vastu ke svarUpa kA dhAraka hai, mahAbhArata kI ghoSaNA hai ki dharma samAja kA dhAraka hai, atharvaveda kI ghoSaNA hai ki dharma pRthvI kA dhAraka hai, taittirIyAraNyaka kI ghoSaNA hai ki dharma sampUrNa jagat kA dhAraka hai / kintu buddha kA dharma zatapratizata nirvANa-dharma hai, jise loka kI vivRddhi se koI prayojana nahIM - 'na siyA lokavaDDUno', 'na puttamicche, na dhanaM na rahUM' / vastutaH, buddha loka ke sambarddhana ke prati kahIM bhI pratizruta, pratibaddha nahIM dikhAyI dete / inakI dRSTi meM to loka dhA~ya dhA~ya jala rahA hai, jisameM phaMsanA nahIM balki vacanA hI zreyaSkara hai| muhammada ke Arambhika upadezoM meM inakI hazra - cetanA kaisI tIkSNa hai ? buddha kI dAha-cetanA tIkSNatara pratIta hotI hai vastutaH itanI tIkSNa ki usakI cintA meM unheM tattvajJAna, tattvamImAMsA, kI bAteM bilakula nahIM suhAtIM / nizcaya hI buddha loka meM pravRtti nahIM, loka se nivRtti aura nirvRti (nirvANa ) kA sandeza lAye the, samaSTi kI samasyAe~ sulajhAne nahIM Aye the / ataH unase kisI samAja-darzana kI AzA vyartha hai / ve pracalita samAjavyavasthA kI atiyoM para yadA kadA, anuSaGgataH kaTAkSa athavA AkSepa karake raha jAte the / samAja vyavasthApana unakA kAryakSetra hI nahIM thA / ve anya aneka zAstAoM, paigambaroM ke samAna koI laukika kartavyAka vyizAstra, koI zarIata lekara nahIM Aye the / unhoMne zAstra diyA, kintu zramaNoM ko, athavA zrAmaNya-prayojaka / yaha dUsarI bAta hai ki usakA viniyoga samaSTi ke hita meM bhI kiyA jA sakatA hai, jisa para hama Age calakara vicAra kareMge / buddha kI samaSTi - nirapekSatA unakA doSa nahIM mAnI jA sakatI / jo unakA kSetra hI nahIM hai usameM unake apraveza para cintA vyakta karane kA koI kAraNa nahIM / buddha utkaTa tAttvika duHkha-cetanA se trasta mAnava ke masIhA banakara Aye the, usake trANArtha nirvANa kA sandeza lekara / parisaMvAda - 2

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bauddha vyaSTivAda kI AMzika samaSTivAdI pariNati kI sambhAvanAe~ bauddha dharma-darzana mUlataH eka samaSTi-nirapekSa dharma-darzana hai| samyak sambuddha kI samyaksambodhi Aryasatya-catuSTaya meM sannihita hai, usakA zeSAMza-kSaNabhaMgavAda ekavidha athavA dvividha nairAtmyavAda Adi-vistAra-mAtra hai, anuSaMga-mAtra hai| isI prakAra bauddha nirvANa-dRSTi bauddhadarzana kI AdhArazilA hai, dravya hai, jaba ki mUlataH tatprayojaka, kintu prasaMgataH samaSTi-sAdhaka bauddha aSTAMga mArga, mahAkaruNA, buddhivAda, Adi ko guNa-mAtra, paryAya-mAtra mAnA jA sakatA hai| tathApi guNa-bhAga, paryAya-bhAga, meM itanI kSamatA nizcaya hI vidyamAna hai ki usake AdhAra para samaSTi ke gaThana meM paryApta sahAyatA mila sakatI hai, jaisA ki Age spaSTa hogaa| isa sandarbha meM azoka kA nAma varavaza smaraNa AtA hai| bauddha dharma-darzana mUlataH samaSTi ke gaThana meM dharma ke samaSTi-vyavasthApaka rUpa para hI bala diyA, aura nirvANa-dharma ko ekadama bhulA diyaa| yaha eka sAragarbha tathya hai ki usake zilA-lekhoM meM nibbAna zabda kA ullekha taka nahIM hone pAyA hai, yahA~ taka ki nirvANa-dharma kI usake dvArA kI gayI isa upekSA ke AdhAra para kaI loga usake bauddha hone meM hI zaMkA karane lagate haiN| vastutaH samaSTi ke prati bauddha-manovRtti suspaSTa hai| bauddha dharma-darzana mUlataH eka aNuvAdI (zramaNavAdI) gaNavAdI, tathA vyaSTivAdI darzana hai, jisake anusAra samaSTi tAttvika nahIM, apitu saMvRti-mAtra, sAmAnyalakSaNa-mAtra, nAma-mAtra, ataH bhrAnti-mAtra hai| isa prakAra bauddha daSTi meM samaSTidRSTi kA mithyAtva hI niSpanna hotA hai| ataH yaha dRSTi sambhUyasamutthAna se sarvathA vemela hai| bauddhasaMgha samaSTi-cetanA kA nahIM, apitu sAmUhika ekAtmikatA kA paricAyaka hai| buddha saMsAra ko duHkhamaya mAnate haiM-'sarva duHkham' / duHkhatA bhI tIna prakAra kI---duHkha-duHkhatA, saGghAra-duHkhatA, aura viprinnaam-duHkhtaa| saMsAra kI evaMvidha duHkhatA, duHkha-rUpatA, aupAdhika athavA naimittika nahIM hai, jo upAdhi athavA nimitta ko dUra kara dene se dUra ho ske| duHkha-rUpatA saMsAra kA svarUpa-lakSaNa hai, svAbhAvika dharma hai| aisA nahIM ki saMsAra sukharUpa bana sakatA thA, use hamane duHkharUpa banA diyA hai| saMsAra kA svabhAva hI duHkhatA hai| saMsAroccheda ke binA duHkhoccheda asambhava hai| vallabha Adi saMsAra aura jagat meM bheda karate hue kahate haiM ki jagat satya aura brahmasvarUpa hai, kintu hamAre ajJAna ne use saMsAra-rUpa de rakhA hai, jo mithyA hai arthAt parisaMvAda-2

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100 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAe~ saMsAra kA vAstavika svAbhAvika svarUpa kucha aura hI hai aura hamane use mithyA rUpa de rakhA hai| aneka dArzanikoM kA mata hai ki saMsAra ko saMvAra kara bhUtala para svarga utArA jA sakatA hai| kintu buddha saMsAra ke prati aisA dRSTikoNa nahIM rkhte| ve isa bAta kI prazaMsA to karate haiM ki prAcIna kAla meM saba loga svadharma-svakarma-nirata the, kintu unakI prazaMsA kA yaha artha nahIM kiyA jA sakatA ki yadi saba loga svadharma svakarma ke prati niSThAvAn ho jAya~ to unake 'sabbaM dukkhaM' siddhAnta kI sArthakatA meM koI kamI aaegii| unake kathana kA tAtparya basa itanA ho sakatA hai ki yadi saMsAra meM rahanA hI hai to dharma-karma-niSTha hokara rahanA adhika upAdeya hai| yahA~ buddha lokavyavahAra kI bhASA bolate pAye jAte haiM, aura lokavyavahAra, lokasaMvRti, unakA viSaya hI nahIM hai| buddha kA duHkha-vizleSaNa mArksa prabhRti samaSTivAdiyoM ke duHkha-vizleSaNa se tattvataH bhinna hai| mArksa ke anusAra eka prakAra ke duHkha prakRti-janya haiM, jo prakRti para vijJAna kI uttarottara vijaya ke kAraNa tejI se kama hote jA rahe haiM; dUsare prakAra ke duHkha mAnava-janya haiM, jo nyAyAnuprANita zoSaNavihIna lokavyavasthA sthApita karake dUra kiye jA sakate haiN| buddha vyAdhi, jarA, mRtyu rUpI duHkhoM kI carcA karate haiM / vijJAna ina duHkhoM kA AmUla uccheda karane ke lie kaTibaddha hai| buddha ina dukhoM ko svIkAra karake raha jAte haiM aura jhaTa nirvANa, saMsAroccheda kA nuskhA peza kara dete haiM, jabaki vijJAna jIvana kA uccheda kiye binA inake uccheda ke lie vaddhaparikara hai, aura isa dizA meM uttarottara bar3hatA jAtA hai| duHkha cetanA, karuNA, mahAkaruNA ko janma detI hai| yaha karuNA zrAvaka aura pratyeka buddha meM sattvAvalambanA hotI hai| duHkhagrasta prANiyoM ke darzana se utpanna hotI hai, jabaki sambuddha meM vaha vastudharmA hotI hai| vastutaH buddha kI duHkha-dRSTi Arambha meM to matvAvalambanA hI hotI hai, kintu vaha Age calakara vastudharmA hotI hai arthAt buddha kA duHkha anantaH bhautika aura mAnasika na raha kara AdhyAtmika ho jAtA hai| unakI karuNA kI bhI yahI dazA hai| sattvAvalambanA duHkhatA aura tajanya tattvAvalambanA karuNA hI vastudharmA duHkhatA kI janaka hai, aura vastudharmA duHkhanA vastudharmA karuNA ko janma detI hai| ataH kahA jA sakatA hai ki yadi prANI duHkha se mukta ho jAya~ to vastudharmA duHkhatA bhI nivRtta ho jaaygii| jahA~ taka nirvANa kA prazna hai| jo buddha dharma kA carama lakSya hai, vaha samaSTi ke bahuta kAma kA nahIM / dekhie, sopAdhizeSa nirvANa kI dazA meM arhat apane ko loka se asaMpRkta rakhatA hai, kyoMki upAdAna-rUpI iMdhana taba bhI vidyamAna rahatA hai aura parisaMvAda-2

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bauddha vyaSTivAda kI AMzika samaSTivAdI pariNati kI sambhAvanAeM tRSNA kI agni kabhI bhI bhar3akA sakatA hai| nirupadhizeSa nirvANa meM citta to zeSa rahatA hai, kintu vaha bujhI huI agni athavA prazAnta, gambhIra mahAsAgara ke samAna hotA hai, jo ki samaSTi ke kAma kA nhiiN| vastutaH nirvivAsu ke lie puNya kArya (Moral activity) bhI varjita hI samajhiye, kyoMki puNya bhI saMsAra-sAdhaka hai, nirvANasAdhaka nahIM, nirvANa pUrNa naiSkarmya kI avasthA hai| nirvivAsu gaiMDe ke samAna ekAkI, nirdvandva, nissambandha vicaraNa karatA hai| isa sambandha meM eka amerikI vidvAn Melford E. Spiro kA vaktavya hai 'I know of no Political, social or econo nic action in any Buddhist society that can be systematically traced to nibbanic Buddhist, even in Asokan quize.1 rahI bhUta-dayA kI bAta, to unakA pramANa bhI bauddha samAjoM meM anya samAjoM kI apekSA adhika nahIM miltaa| sara jArja skATa barmI bauddhoM ko nirdayatA-niSThuratA kA citraNa karate hue likhate haiM-This doctrine of kamm (karma) also accounts for the equinicity and callou: ness with which Buddhists view human misery and the taking of human life... they recognize apathetically the working out of inexerable destiny and watch a man drowning in the river with undisturbed tranquillity for they are not called upon or even justfied in tirring a hand to prevent it. You cannot combat manifest fates. mAMga mAMga (Maung Maung) nAmaka samasAmayika barmI vidvAn likhatA hai-People who would give all their savings to a religious festival, toward the building of a pagoda, or covering the images at the temple with gold leaves, go about unmoved when unfortunate children under in search of homes or go waste in need of schooling3. isI prakAra cInI bauddha tAovAdI bhI mAnavIya pIr3A ke prati udAsIna batalAye jAte haiN| uparyukta vicAraNA se spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki bauddha dharma mUlataH yA tattvataH eka nitAnta nivRtti-pradhAna dharma hai, jisakA lakSya hai saMsAra kA Atyantika-uccheda aura 1. Melford E. Spiro Buddhism and Seciety ( London George Allen __& Unwin, 1971 ) P. 4:31. 2. Shway yoe ( Games George scott ) The Burma his life & not____ions ( London Macmillen & Co. 1896), P. 4-30. 3. Maung Maung, Law and custom in Burman ( The Burmese) Family (the Hogue Marlinus Nyhoff, 1963), P. 81. parisaMvAda 2

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102 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAe~ mArga hai samaSTi se Atyantika virkti| kintu Aja nirvANIya bauddhadharma aura azokIya bauddhadharma ke bheda ko mahattvapUrNa mAnA jAne lagA hai| azoka ne bauddhadharma ko apanAyA avazya, kintu usake nivRtyaMza ko haTA kara / bauddha dharma kA nivRtyaMza-nivRtta zeSAMza nivRtti aura pravRtti donoM kA sAdhaka bana sakatA hai| azoka ne usakA viniyoga samaSTi ke unnayana meM kiyaa| azoka-patha ke prazaMsakoM kA mata hai ki dharma ke kisI bhI rUpa ke phalIbhUta hone ke lie upayukta lokavyavasthA anivArya hai| upayukta lokavyavasthA ke nirmANArtha sAmAjika nyAya, naitikatA, Arthika-rAjanItika sthAyitva Adi parama Avazyaka haiM, aura tadartha buddha kI zikSA kI AMzika sAmAjika-rASTriya pariNati sambhava hai| vastutaH dIghanikAya ke cakkavatti-sutta (pAthikavagga 3 ke tRtIya sutta) meM eka cakravartI samrATa kI bhaviSyavANI kI gayI hai jo saptama putta, lakkhaNa-sutta ke anusAra 32 mahApuruSalakSaNoM se yukta hogA, aura dharmacakrapravartana ke dvArA dharatI para dharma rAjya kI sthApanA kregaa| dhyAtavya hai ki 32 mahApuruSa-lakSaNa ukta cakravartI aura buddha meM samAna hoNge| jo ukta lakSaNoM se sampanna janma legA, usake sAmane donoM mArga khule haiM--vaha buddha bhI bana sakatA hai aura cakravartI samrATa bhI bana sakatA hai, kintu eka sAtha donoM nhiiN| isI avadhAraNA ke bala para barmI bauddhoM ne eka bhAvI rAjA kI kalpanA kI hai jo surAjya kI sthApanA kregaa| vastutaH bauddha dharma meM mAnavIkaraNa kI adbhata kSamatA vidyamAna hai| usane aneka Adima, prAkRta hiMsra, vanya jAtiyoM ko dayA dAkSiNya kA pATha par3hA kara unheM saMskRta mAnava ke rUpa meM pariNata kara diyaa| isakI tulanA aitihAsika-sAMskRtika pariNati ke kevala eka udAharaNa se kI jA sakatI hai| ati prAcIna Arya AmiSa bhogI the, kintu kAlAntara meM prAyaH jAti kI jAti nirAmiSabhogI bana gyii| dharma, nivRttiparaka dharma bhI jIvana ko kitanA prabhAvita kara sakatA hai aura samaSTike lie kitanA upayogI ho sakatA hai, yaha uparyukta tathyoM se bhalIbhA~ti samajha meM A sakatA hai| buddha prabajyA aura zrAmaNya para bala dete haiM, kintu unhoMne kaI sthaloM para usake lAkSaNika artha kiye haiN| saMyuttanikAya ke hAliddikAni-sutta meM isa prakAra ke lAkSaNika artha adhika spaSTa hue haiN| isake AdhAra para vartamAna paristhiti meM saMsAra se zArIrika stara para nahIM balki mAnasika stara para nivRtti paryApta mAnI jA sakatI hai| Aja gItA kA niSkAmakarma athavA anAsakti kA siddhAnta kucha usI prakAra se samajhA jAtA hai| aisI avasthA meM ahantA-mamatA, rAga-dveSa se Upara uThA huA vyakti samaSTi kA aMga hokara bhI mana se virakta hI kahA jA sakatA hai| parisaMvAda-2

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sAmAjika saMghaTana kI utpatti aura bauddha dRSTikoNa DaoN0 pratApacandra aneka vyakta tathA avyakta kAraNoM se bhAratavidoM kA eka bar3A varga pAli tripiTaka meM saMgRhIta samAja darzana paraka vicAroM kI anadekhI karatA AyA hai / prAcIna bhArata meM sAmAjika saMgaThana sambandhI carcAe~ sAmAnyataH kucha ine gine saMskRta granthoM ko AdhAra mAnakara hotI AyI hai / isa ekAkIpana ko zlAghya mAnanA kaThina hai | isakA nidAna kiye binA prAcIna bhAratIya samAja darzana kA eka samagra-grAhI saMtulita tathA vastuniSTha citra bhI vikasita nahIM ho skegaa| samAja kI utpatti, prayojana, varNavyavasthA, vibhinna vargoM ke kartavya Adi aneka praznoM para prAcIna bhAratIya manISI ekamata nahIM the / vaijJAnika itihAsa lekhana yaha mA~ga karatA hai ki vividhatA ko eka kAlpanika samarUpatA ke AvaraNa meM chipAne ke sthAna para usakA ucita sammAna kiyA jAya / yaha praznAtIta hai ki Adi bauddhoM (theravAdiyoM) kA dhyAna mukhya rUpa se usa antima lakSya para kendrita thA jise prApta karane ke uddezya se hI nara-nArI apanA sarvasva tyAga kara saMgha meM sammilita ho rahe the / astitva mAtra kI maulika evaM anivArya duHkhamayatA tathA usase mukti kA upAya - ye nizcaya hI aise viSaya haiM jo gaharI lagana tathA ekAgratA kI apekSA rakhate haiM / isake bAvajUda tripiTaka meM aise prasaMgoM kA abhAva nahIM hai jinakA ina parama lakSyoM se pratyakSataH koI sambandha dikhAI nahIM detA / yaha bhI eka pracalita dhAraNA hai ki tathAgata siddhAntataH tattvamImAMsA tathA vizva-vijJAna paraka praznoM meM ulajhane ke viruddha the kyoMki unakI dRSTi meM inakA nirvANa prApti se koI sarokAra nahIM hai / maiMne anyatra buddha ke tathAkathita 'mauna' kA vizada vizleSaNa prastuta kiyA hai' / yahA~ itanA hI kahanA paryApta hogA ki mere vicAra meM buddha vizva-vijJAna ke prati udAsIna nahIM the / paribrAjaka hote hue bhI sugata tathA unake sahakarmI samAja se haTe hue nahIM the / ve apanI yugAntarakArI kuzAgra buddhi dvArA apanI paristhitiyoM kA vizleSaNa karate the tathA jise anucita samajhate the, usakA 1 1. da Aryana pAtha ( bambaI) ke 1969 ke do aMkoM (julAI-agasta tathA sitambara-akTUbara meM prakAzita lekhaka kA nibandha 'da alena sAilensa Ava da buddha' / parisaMvAda - 2

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104 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM spaSTa zabdoM meM prativAda bhI karate the| samAja ke prati apane dAyitva ke prati ve usa yuga ke kucha anya zramaNoM kI apekSA adhika saceta pratIta hote haiM / buddha kI gahana mAnavavAdI dRSTi unake samAja darzana kI antarvastu ko nirdhArita karatI pratIta hotI hai| ve mAnava ko mAnava hone ke nAte mahattvapUrNa mAnate the tathA kisI mAnavetara sattA ko mAnava kA bhAgya-vidhAtA mAnane ko taiyAra nahIM the / pahalI mAnyatA kA pariNAma thA janma se sambaddha kaisI bhI viSamatA kA nirapavAda virodha / dUsarI ke phalasvarUpa hameM buddha kA pUrNataH AtmasaMgata kriyAvAda prApta hotA hai / tripiTaka meM aneka sthAnoM para sugata brAhmaNa varNa kI sarvoccatA para prazna cihna lagAte hue citrita hae haiM, yadyapi merI samajha meM yaha brAhmaNa-dveSa kA sAkSya nahIM kahA jA sktaa| buddha viSamatA ke virodhI haiN| pariNAmataH ve kisI bhI varNa ko mukti prayAsa ke sarvAdhika mahattvapUrNa mAmale meM vizeSa adhikAra nahIM dete| mAnava kA artha hai svayaM apane lie nirNaya lene meM sakSama buddhi se yukta praannii| aGgattaranikAya kA eka uddharaNa yaha spaSTa karatA hai ki buddha ke anusAra mAnava kI vartamAna avasthA na Izvara kRta hai (issaranimmAna hetu) aura na hI pUrvajanma ke karmoM kA yAntrika pariNAma (pubbekata hetu)| akAraNa (ahetu apaccayA) hone kA to prazna hI nahIM utthtaa| sAmAjika saMghaTana kI utpatti kA ina donoM maulika mAnyatAoM se sIdhA sambandha hai| isa saMkSipta nibandha meM merA abhISTa kevala eka uddharaNa ke vizleSaNa kI sahAyatA se isa mudde para prakAza DAlanA hai| yaha uddharaNa hai dIghanikAya kA 'aggA -sutt'| bauddhavidoM kI isa sabhA ke samakSa isa mahattvapUrNa saMvAda ke aMzoM ko uddhRta karanA Avazyaka hai| mujhe jina pA~ca bAtoM ne vizeSa rUpa se prabhAvita kiyA hai kevala unhIM kI ora ApakA dhyAna AkRSTa karanA caahuuNgaa| saMvAda kA prArambha brAhmaNa-varNa kI sarvoccatA ke dAvoM ke vivecana ke sAtha hotA hai| brAhmaNoM kA kahanA hai ki ve sundara varNa ke haiM, zuddha haiM, brahmA ke mukha se utpanna hone vAle putra haiM aura phalataH brahmA ke uttarAdhikArI haiN| ina zabdoM se spaSTa 1. lekhaka kI pustaka 'Adi bauddha darzana : anAtmavAdI pariprekSya' (maikamilana, 1978) . pR0 246 / 2. aMguttara nikAya (nAlandA nAgarI saM0) jilda 1, pR0 160 / 3. dIghanikAya (nAlandA nAgarI saM0) jilda 3, vizeSa rUpa se pR0 73 / parisaMvAda-2

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sAmAjika saMghaTana kI utpatti aura bauddha dRSTikoNa 105 hai ki Adi bauddhoM ko 'puruSa-sUkta' meM varNita sAmAjika saMghaTana tathA usake AdhAra kA nyUnAdhika jJAna thaa| samAja darzana kI padAvalI meM ise 'avayavI ekatA kA siddhAnta' kahA jAtA hai| isakI vizeSatA yaha mAnane meM hai ki samAja kI racanA mAnava ne nahIM kisI pAralaukika sattA ne kI hai| yaha vyavasthA isa prakAra antataH daivI bana jAtI hai jisameM parivartana mAnava ke adhikAra kSetra ke bAhara kI bAta haiN| yahI dRSTikoNa gItA ke usa prasiddha uddharaNa meM bhI dekhA jA sakatA hai jisameM vargoM kI sRSTi samajhAyI gayI hai| isa siddhAnta ko saMvAda ke pUrvArddha meM merI samajha meM pUrvapakSa ke rUpa meM rakkhA gayA hai, kyoMki buddha kI vicAradhArA isake ThIka viparIta hai| aisA lagatA hai ki Adhunika manISiyoM kI hI bhA~ti Adi bauddha bhI isa bAta ko samajha cuke the ki saccA mAnava-sAmya avayavI-ekatA ke siddhAnta ke AdhAra para sthApita nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| tathAgata ne apane uttara meM pahale yaha siddha kara diyA hai ki jaivika dRSTi se brAhmaNoM tathA anya manuSyoM meM koI antara nahIM hotaa| ataH U~ca-nIca kA prazna nirAdhAra hai isake bAda ve bhI samAja ko cAra varNoM kA Akalana batAte haiM, kintu isa mahattvapUrNa antara ke sAtha ki pApa karma tathA sadAcaraNa cAroM meM samAna rUpa se pAyA jAtA hai aura yaha bhI ki arhatva para hara manuSya kA samAna rUpa se adhikAra hai / buddha ke svara se yaha spaSTa pratIta hotA hai ki ve jo kucha kaha rahe haiM vaha pracalita dhAraNA se bhinna hai| yaha bhI spaSTa hai ki uttarArddha meM varNita vizvavikAsa kI prakriyA pUrvArddha kI sthApanAoM ke samarthana hetu hI hai| zeSa cAra bAteM isa prakriyA se sambaddha haiN| (1) itihAsa ko do dRSTiyoM se dekhA gayA hai : anurekha arthAt eka sarala rekhA ke rUpa meM, aura AvartI arthAt eka cakra ke rUpa meM / pahalI dRSTi semiTika dharmoM kI vizeSatA hai| isake anusAra jo kucha bhI hotA hai, pahalI hI bAra hotA hai aura dobArA kabhI nahIM hogaa| AvartI dRSTikoNa prAcIna bhArata tathA grIsa kI vizeSatA hai, aura yahI bauddha vicAradhArA meM bhI parilakSita hotA hai| jisa prakAra manvantara siddhAnta ke anusAra cAra yuga eka cakra kI bhA~ti dhUma rahe haiM, usI prakAra buddha bhI eka satat prakriyA kI bAta karate haiM, yadyapi yugoM kA nAma nahIM lete / yahI nahIM, jaise satayuga kI apekSA tretA, tretA ko apekSA dvApara tathA dvApara kI apekSA kaliyuga nimna koTi ke haiM, vaise hI isa bauddha citra meM bhI patana kI zRMkhalA dikhAI detI hai| prArambha meM saba acchA hai| vizva kA vilaya ho cukA hai aura jIva 'AbhAloka' meM janma lekara Ananda kA AhAra karate hue, Atma prakAza, vAyu meM ur3ate hue gauravapUrvaka raha rahe haiM / vizva ke punaH vikasita hone para ye hI jIva AbhA-loka se cyuta hokara mAnava parisaMvAda-2

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106 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM rUpa grahaNa karate haiM, phira bhI yaha zarIra grahaNa nahIM kahA jA sakatA, kyoMki abhI Ananda kA AhAra cala rahA hai / dhIre-dhIre kramika rUpa se unakA patana hotA jAtA hai jo sambhavataH sAre duHkha kA kAraNa banatA hai / (2) dUsarI dhyAna dene yogya bAta hai buddha kA vaha vizvAsa jise roja DeviDsa ne 'nArmolijma' ke nAma se nirUpita kiyA hai| isake anusAra jo kucha hotA hai, kisI sahaja niyama ke anusAra hotA hai / yadRcchA ke lie koI sthAna nahIM hai / roja DeviDsa ise bhI bhAratIya cintana kI apanI vizeSatA mAnate haiM jo semiTika vicAra-vidhi meM upalabdha nahIM hai / jIvoM kI icchA para hotA to sambhavataH ve kabhI bhI AbhA-loka se cyuta na hote| kintu cU~ki unheM niyamAnusAra cyuta honA thA, isIlie ve kucha nahIM kara ske| yaha kahanA anucita na hogA ki buddha kI dRSTi meM sahaja niyamoM kA yaha ananya bandhana hI duHkha kA mUla hai / (3) yaha bAta vicitra pratIta hotI hai ki pRthvI kA udaya jIvoM ke avataraNa kI uttaravartI ghaTanA hai / yaha spaSTa nahIM hai ki pRthvI ke udaya ke pUrva anya mahAbhUta the yA nhiiN| kintu yaha spaSTa hai ki jIvoM ke patana ko pRthvI ke sAtha jor3A gayA hai| (4) patana ke kaI caraNa haiM, kintu sabhI ke liye svayaM manuSya uttaradAyI haiN| sabase pahale pRthvI ko cakhane ke kAraNa tRSNA kA janma hotA hai / phalasvarUpa AtmaprakAza kA anta hotA hai / Ananda kA AhAra pahale hI samApta ho cukA hogA / phira liMgabheda kA janma anna khAne ke phalasvarUpa batAyA gayA hai tathA yaha bhI spaSTa kiyA gayA hai ki yauna sambandha bhI tabhI prArambha hue jise sabhI logoM ne ghRNA kI dRSTi se dekhaa| isake bAda sabase adhika avAMchanIya kArya prArambha huA = saMgraha / saMgraha ke kAraNa hI mausama aura phasaleM prArambha huI, vyaktigata sampatti kA janma huA, aparAdha prArambha hue tathA samAja ko saMgaThita karane kI AvazyatA mahasUsa kI gyii| Adi bauddha samAjadarzana nizcaya hI sAmAjika samajhaute ke siddhAnta para AdhArita hai| aparAdhoM kI roka thAma ke lie hI 'mahA-sammata' kI jarUrata pdd'ii| dhyAtavya hai ki sugata kA apanA zAkyagaNa mahA sammata ko apanA prathama pUrvaja mAnatI thI, tathA mahA sammata kA vicAra mahAbhArata meM bhI upalabdha hai / saca to yaha hai ki jo siddhAnta pazcima meM Adhunika yuga meM vikasita huA, vaha IsA se kaI zatAbdI pUrva bhArata meM pUrNataH vikasita ho cukA thaa| varNa vyavasthA sAmAjika saMghaTana kA hI paryAya hai cU~ki kheta kI rakSA ke nimitta saMghaTana prArambha huA thA, isaliye ,khattiya varNa sabase pahale vikasita huA, parisaMcAva-2

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sAmAjika saMghaTana kI utpatti aura bauddha dRSTikoNa 107 yadyapi use sarvocca siddha karane kA jarA bhI prayAsa isa sthAna para nahIM kiyA gayA hai| kucha anya sthAnoM para buddha kSatriyoM ko brAhmaNoM se roTI aura beTI ke sarvamAnya bhAratIya mAnadaNDoM ke AdhAra para zreSTha siddha karate dikhAye gaye haiM, kintu vahA~ pUrI varNa vyavasthA kA jikra nahIM hai / vahA~ 'khattiya' varNa mAtra karma ke AdhAra para hai, aura pUre varga ko rAja-varga mAna liyA gayA hai| anya tIna varSoM kI utpatti bhI vaidika paramparA meM barNita siddhAnta se kosoM dUra hai / 'bamhana' zabda kA mUla 'vAhenti' meM hai jisakA artha hotA hai 'dUra rakhanA' / brAhmaNoM ko sarvasva tyAgI tapasvI rUpa meM citrita kiyA gayA hai jo yA to dhyAna meM lIna rahate the (jhAyakA) yA veda-pATha karate the| 'vessa' kA janma 'vissa' se batAyA gayA hai jisakA artha hotA hai 'aneka' / vaizya ve jo aneka kArya karate hoM / anta meM 'sudda' ve batAye gaye haiM jo AkheTa Adi para nirbhara hoN| __spaSTa hai ki varNoM kI ye vyAkhyAyeM nitAnta maulika haiN| yaha nahIM batAyA gayA hai ki eka varNa meM janmA vyakti kyA dUsare varNa ko cuna sakatA hai ? samAja eka svecchA se kiye gaye samajhaute ke phalasvarUpa astitva meM AyA hai, isalie yaha pUrI vyavasthA mAnava-kRta hai tathA sambhavataH badalI bhI jA sakatI hai| saMvAda ke zIrSaka ke anurUpa hI yaha aneka Adhunika, vizeSakara vAmapanthI vicAroM kA 'agrajJAna' jaisA pratIta hotA hai| saMsAra kI sabhI dhArmika vaicArika paramparAoM ne samAja kI utpatti ke viSaya meM kucha kahA hai| use vyaktigata sampatti ke sAtha pratyakSataH jor3ane kA kAma nizcaya hI kevala bauddhoM ne kiyA hai| sambhavataH isake liye bhI vahI vastuvAdI manovRtti uttaradAyI ho jo aneka rUpa meM tripiTaka meM dikhAI detI hai / buddha spaSTa hI samAja ko eka anivArya burAI ke rUpa meM mAnate pratIta hote haiM / yadi mAnava meM tRSNA aura saMgraha jaisI kupravRttiyA~ na hotI, aura phalasvarUpa vaha vyaktigata sampatti tathA aparAdhoM ko sambhava na banAtA, to sAmAjika saMghaTana bhI na hotaa| yaha dhAraNA hI apane Apa meM vilakSaNa hai ki vyaktigata sampatti ke abhAva meM aparAdha bhI akalpanIya hai| pRthvI para yaha prArambhika yuga jaba dhAna barAbara khetoM meM lagA rahatA thA aura loga apanI AvazyakatAnusAra subaha aura zAma ko kATa lAte the 'Adima sAmyavAda' kA smaraNa karAtA hai| , 1. udAharaNArtha, dIghanikAya ke tIsare tathA aTThAisavai sutta / parisaMvAda-2

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108 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM anta meM una bAtoM kI carcA bhI Avazyaka hai jinheM svIkAra karane meM kucha logoM ko kaThinAI hogii| prathamataH, ina tathyAtmaka sUcanAoM kA srota kyA hai ? vaidika tathA anya prakAra ke Aptavacana se yaha kisa artha meM bhinna hai ? yaha prazna bahuta mahattvapUrNa na hotA, yadi sAmAnyataH buddha Apta vacana evaM zabda-pramANa ke virodhI na hote / kyA yaha mAna liyA jAya ki yaha jJAna bhI usI prakAra kI kSamatAoM kA aMga hai jinheM sAdhaka arhatva ke sAtha prApta karatA hai ? nizcaya hI buddha aisI kaI bAteM karate the jinakI jA~ca sAdhAraNa manuSya ke vaza ke bAhara kI bAta hogI / aisA karanA buddha apanA adhikAra mAnate the kyoMki unake anusAra yaha unakA vyaktigata anubhava thaa| anya zramaNoM ko ve aisI bAta bolane kI anumati nahIM dete the jo unake dvArA anubhUta na hoM / dUsare, buddha yahA~ spaSTa hI adhyAtmavAda kA pakSa le rahe haiN| vaha mUla sthiti jisase cyuta (athavA patita) hokara hI jIva vizva-prakriyA meM Abaddha hotA hai avazya hI azarIrI kalpita kI gayI hogii| anyathA mAtra Ananda ke AhAra para rahanA saMbhava na hotA / tosare, isa citra meM prAkRtika jagat tathA mAnava ke bIca koI vAstavika samAgama dikhAyI nahIM de rahA hai| kyA usa yuga se buddha aparicita the ? jaba vibhinna prAkRtika zaktiyoM ko devatA mAnakara unheM prasanna karane tathA unakA sahayoga prApta karane kA prayAsa vizAla paimAne para hotA thaa| 1. udAharaNArtha, dIghanikAya (vahI jilda) terahavA~ sutta, vizeSakara pRSTha 201 / parisaMvAda-2

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buddha kA svaniyantrita adhyAtmavAda : samaSTi vyaSTi ke sandarbha meM zrI rAdhezyAmadhara dvivedI samAja sambandhoM kA jAla hai| buddha kA samAja sambandha rAhitya para banatA hai| sambandha ahaGkAra, mamakAra, prema, sahAnubhUti Adi se banate haiM / buddhatva ina jAgatika sambandhoM ke viccheda se prApta hotA hai| saMsAra vyakti kI Atma sthiti se panapatA hai, buddhatva vyakti kI anAtma sthiti se panapatA hai| AtmasattA se rAga tathA prema donoM vikasita hote haiN| anAtmasattA se arAga, alobha aura adveSa vikasita hote haiN| rAga saMsAra ko saGkIrNa binduoM meM bAdhatA hai, prema saGkIrNa binduoM ko sabake prati sahAnubhUti kA pATha par3hAtA hai| mAnava ko mAnava ke prati sahAnubhUtizIla banAtA hai / vyakti se parivAra kI ora unmukha karatA hai| vyakti dAyitva ke sAtha parivAra ke dAyitva kI ora bar3hAtA hai| parivAra dAyitva se grAma, janapada, prAnta, deza evaM sakala mAnava-samAja ke prati dAyitva se apanatvabhAva ko vikasita karatA hai| vaha ghara meM rahatA hai, samAja meM rahatA hai tathA loka ke sukhoM evaM duHkhoM ko jhelatA hai, usake jhelane meM jo vikRtiyA~ paidA hotI hai, unako dUra karane ke lie prayatna karatA hai| bacce ke lie apane rAga kA prahANa karatA hai, apanI abhilASAoM ko kama karatA hai, usakI dekhA-dekhI mA~ bhI tyAga kA bhAva panapAtI hai aura premapUrvaka duHkha ko apane bhAvI santAna ke sukhamaya jIvana ke lie sahana karatI hai, yahA~ se samAja kA bindu prArambha hotA hai| yaha bindu gaira jimmedArAnA prArambha nahIM jIvana kI asaliyata hai / yahA~ se dAyitvapUrNa jIvana jaba prArambha hotA hai to vaha sampUrNa saMsAra meM dAyitvapUrNa kartavya karane kA bhAra apane Upara le letA hai| parivAra bindu meM simaTA vyakti jaba sampUrNa saMsAra ko pArivArika mAnakara calatA hai taba vaha bodhisattva banatA hai| taba vaha sthitaprajJa kahalAtA hai| aura taba gAndhI paidA hotA hai jo kisI bhI bAta ko kahane ke pahale apane meM usakI parakha karatA hai| yaha dAyitvapUrNa vicAra AtmavAda kA prasthAna bindu hai| anAtmavAda Atmakleza ke samApana se prArambha hotA hai / vaha saMsAra meM kaSTabhAra se itanA duHkhI rahatA hai ki dUsare ke duHkha se bhI AtaGkita ho uThatA hai, phalataH vaha parisaMvAda-2

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110 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAe~ sAmAjika bandhanoM se itanA bhayabhIta ho jAtA hai ki use svIkAra karane se katarAtA hai | yadi kisI taraha bandhana meM par3a bhI jAtA hai to sAMsArika AsvAda cakhakara bhI ghabar3AtA hai aura bAra-bAra vaha bhAga khar3A hotA hai / vaha rAjamahala meM nahIM rahanA cAhatA, vaha jaMgala calA jAtA hai / vaha parivAra, gA~va, samAja ke kaSTa ko dura karane kI vyavasthA nahIM karatA, vaha to unake kaSTa ke AtaMka se itanA bhayabhIta rahatA hai| ki jaMgala pahu~ca kara hI Azvasta ho pAtA hai / vaha cAhatA hai ki pratyeka prANI isa duHkhI jIvana se sabaka kyoM nahIM letA aura usI meM par3A par3A Anandita kyoM ho rahA hai ? kyA yaha kaSTa usake ajJAna ke kAraNa to nahIM hai / yaha ajJAna kyA hai ? ise kaise miTAyA jA sakatA hai ? isakA srota kyA hai ? Adi para vicAra karatA huA eka Azrama se dUsare Azrama meM pahu~catA hai aura isake samApana kA rAstA pAtA hai / ghara se bhagA huA buddha jaMgala meM bhI AdamI ko khojatA hai kyoMki ajJAna kI samasyA usakA galA nahIM chor3atI / vaha tapasviyoM kI jamAta banAtA hai, use bhI chor3atA hai phira akele vicaraNa karatA hai, jJAnI hotA hai, aura punaH ajJAna ke samApana kI cintA se abhibhUta vaha samAja meM daur3atA hai, para vaha dhyAna meM rakhatA hai ki aba usakA samAja vaha prAkRta samAja nahIM hogA, jahA~ vaha paidA huA thaa| aba vaha to aise samAja kI kalpanA karatA hai jahA~ vyakti taba Aye, jaba usakA AtmA evaM AtmIya kI dRSTi kho jAye / vahA~ vyakti Akara punaH parivAra meM na phase, punaH janma dhAraNa na kara sake, vahA~ se sIdhe vimukta ho jAe, kyoMki jaba vyakti ne pArivArikatA evaM sAmAjikatA kI kaluSita vRttiyoM kA samApana karake saMgha kA AzramaNa kiyA hai to sambhavataH usakA bhI vahI mantavya hogA, jo buddha kA rahA hogA / yahI buddha kI samagra krAnti hai / yahI buddha kA samyagjJAna hai / yahIM se vaha loka ko vyavasthita karanA cAhate the / vaha Adarza samAja se dUSita samAja kA niyamana karanA cAhate the isI artha meM buddha gAndhI se bar3e the / isIlie rAhula jI ne kahA hai bhArata ke sampUrNa itihAsa meM yadi buddha kI kisI puruSa se tulanA kI jA sakatI hai to vaha mahAtmA gAMdhI hI ho sakate haiM yadyapi buddha kA vyaktitva taba bhI U~cA hai / para yadi aura bAtoM meM buddha bahuta U~ce siddha hoMge to asaMkhya bhAratIya janatA ke mukti senAnI hokara gAMdhI jI bhI Age bar3he haiM / ( mahAmAnava buddha, pR0 11) sAmAjika hita sampanna karanA hara vicAraka kA uddezya hotA hai aura isalie vaha cintana tathA manana prArambha karatA hai / bhArata meM bahuta prAcInakAla se virodhI vicAra tathA vicAraka paidA hote rahe haiM, para yahA~ virodhI vicArakoM ko jalAyA yA samApta nahIM kiyA gayA, pratyuta unheM bhagavAn banAyA gayA / yadi jalAyA yA mArA parisaMvAda - 2

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buddha kA svaniyantrita adhyAtmavAda : samaSTi vyaSTi ke sandarbha meM bhI gayA to usase vaha vyakti bhagavAn hI banA rhaa| vyakti satya jJAna prApta karake punaH samAja meM kyoM AtA hai isalie ki samAja vAle use pAgala na kaheM, varanA usakA tattvajJAna pAgalapana kA jJAna mAnA jaayegaa| tarka jisa rAga ke AdhAra ko naSTa karake apane ko jJAna kA jAmA pahanAtA hai agara use AsthA kA saMbala na diyA jAya to vaha apanA galA svayaM ghoTa legaa| aura jJAnI ajJAnI ke bIca kA bheda samApta kara degA / jJAnI vyavasthAoM ko jAnakara tor3atA hai, ajJAnI vyavasthAoM ko AsthAvaza nahIM tor3a paataa| para jJAnI vyavasthA tor3akara apane ko zreSTha mahasUsa karatA hai / aura ajJAnI vyavasthA tor3akara apane ko hona mahasUsa karatA hai| ina jJAnI ajJAniyoM meM kauna zreSTha hai, isa vicAra se bhAratIya manISA jJAnI ko taba taka zreSTha nahIM mAnatI, jaba taka vaha sapUrNa mAnava kI dRSTi se uttama kArya nahIM krtaa| sAtha hI vyaktigata jIvana usakA pavitra nahIM hotaa| kabhI kabhI vyaktigata jIvana zreSTha hone para bhI sAmAjika jIvana Adarzamaya na pAkara vaha vyathita ho jAtA hai, usa vyathA ke kAraNa vaha samAja meM padArpaNa karatA hai aura sAmAjika gutthiyoM ko sulajhAnA cAhatA hai / vaha jina vigrahoM ko apane jJAna aura AsthA ke bala para samApta kiyA thA una vigrahoM ko samApta karane ke lie sAmAnya jana ko batalAtA hai para ve yadi usake anukUla AcaraNa nahIM karate to usase usako khIjha hotI hai| phalataH sAmAjika kRtya chor3akara AtmAbhimukhI hotA hai, AtmArAma ko prasanna karatA hai aura usake isa AcaraNa kA samAja para gaharA prabhAva par3atA hai| isIlie loga jaMgaloM meM jJAna lene jAte the, kyoMki jJAnI kA logoM ne apamAna kiyA thA, usakA badalA aba loga usameM AsthA jatAkara denA cAhate haiN| aba jJAnI logoM ke sacce bhAva se jJAna detA hai kyoMki logoM ne usake jJAna kI kadra kI hai| isIlie vaha saMsAra bhava ko pAra karane kA rAstA batAtA hai| __ bhArata meM sAdhu mahAtmAoM kA bar3A mahattva rahA hai / bhagavAn buddha isI kar3I meM sumIranI haiN| vaha upAyakuzala the, vaha kisako kaisA batAnA cAhie ? yaha jAnate the, vaha tattvajJa the, lokahitaiSI the, ataeva lokAnukampA se saMsAra kI ora pravRtta hue| yaha lokAnukampA yA lokahitaiSitA rAjanItijJoM yA semInArisToM kA rAjanItika yA pravacana maMca nahIM thaa| vaha dUsare ko duHkhI dekhakara apanI A~kha nahIM muMda lete the aura apane ko kapTa meM pAkara siddhAntavAdI vaktavya nahIM dete the yA sAmAnya janoM meM apanI prasiddhi ke lie zAstravacana nahIM kahate the| vaha zAstra ke virodhI the, vaha mahAkAruNika the, unhoMne siMhanI ziza kI rakSA ke lie AtmasamarpaNa kiyA thaa| vaha sAmAnya vyakti to kyA hiMsaka prANi ke lie bhI sarvasva samarpita kara sakate the| aise buddha se yaha samAja kucha parisaMvAda-2

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112 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM le sakatA hai, kucha pA sakatA hai aura vaha buddha vyakti samAja ko badala sakatA hai, vaha khuda samAja ke pIche-pIche caravAhe jaisA ghUmatA hai, rAjA nahIM banatA / vyakti rAjA yA vicAraka banakara apane meM gaurava kI abhivRddhi panapAnA hai / caravAhA banane meM bojha ThonA par3atA hai / yaha bojha uttaradAyitva kA bojha hai / rAjA kA pada pU~jIvAda vyavasthA kA pada hai| vicAraka bhI bar3A jAgIradAra hai| isalie rantideva kahatA hai na tvahaM kAmaye rAjyaM na svarga nApunarbhavam / kAmaye duHkhataptAnAM prANinAmAttinAzanam // avalokitezvara bhI nirvANa nagarI ko jAte jAte prANiyoM ke ArtanAda ko sunakara apanI mukti kA lobha tyAga kara 'jaba taka saMsAra mukta na ho jAya, taba taka vaha prANiyoM ko mukti dilAne ke lie caravAhe kI bhA~ti' pIche-pIche lage rahane kI pratijJA karate haiN| isalie hI vaha kahate haiM prANI apanI mukti svayaM karegA, bodhisattva yA buddha to usakA kalyANamitra banakara mAtra rAha dikhalAtA hai| kahA bhI hai attA hi attano nAtho kohi nAtho paro siyaa| attanA va sudantena nAthaM labhati dullabhaM // isa prakAra samaSTi kA nirmANa vyaSTi, AtmA se arthAt jIva se prArambha hotA hai| yadi samaSTi kA svarUpa ucita rakhanA hai to vyakti (vyaSTi) ko ThIka karanA par3egA aura isameM mana ko AdhAra banAkara calanA hogaa| buddha ne mana para bahuta bala diyA hai| yahA~ taka kahA jAtA hai ki cita nadI yadi viveka ke sAtha rahe to vaha kalyANa kA rAstA dikhAtI hai aura yadi viveka ke binA rahatI hai to pApa kA rAstA dikhAtI hai / viveka tarka para AdhArita hotA hai para tarka, tarka ke lie nahIM, apitu mAnavakalyANa ke lie hotA hai| isIlie buddha kahate haiM mere vacanoM ko na to zraddhA mAtra se aura na kevala bar3appana kI bhAvanA se maano| yadi ucita lage arthAt mAnavahitakArI haiM to maano| unhoMne kahA yadi kisI siMha ke bhaya se bhagA prANI apanI rakSA ke lie nadI meM kUda par3e aura nadI meM use kisI jaMgalI lakar3I kA sahArA mila jAya, aura usa sahAre se nadI pAra karatA huA--'yaha mere jIvana kA rakSaka hai 'mAna' usako apane ghara lAkara yadi pUje' to vaha manuSya kA ahita kregaa| usI prakAra dharma kA gATha pakar3akara, zAstra kI zabdAvalI raTa kara hama samAja kA hita karAne kA parisaMvAda-2

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buddha kA svaniyantrita adhyAtmavAda : samaSTi vyaSTi ke sandarbha meM 113 ThekedAra bananA cAhate haiM to hama usakA kadApi hita nahIM kara sakeMge / rAhula jI ne kahA hai - vaijJAnika bhautikavAda ke dArzanika vicAroM se anuprANita samAjavAdI Andolana, ArAmakursI para baiThakara lekcara jhAr3ane vAle vAkpaTu rAjanItijJoM kI rAjanIti nahIM hai / isameM par3ane vAloM ko Aga se khelanA par3atA hai, phira yahA~ AcAra hIna puruSa kI TAMga kaise Thahara sakatI hai / inake sadAcAra kI nIMva kisI IzvarIya vidhAna yA alhAma para nahIM, balki buddha ke zabdoM meM 'bahujana hitAya bahujana sukhAya' hai (vaijJA0 bhauti0 pR0 89 - 20 ) / stAlita kahatA hai- siddhAnta prayoga ke binA bA~jha hai / isIlie tilaka ne gItA kI prayogAtmaka vyAkhyA kI, jisake kAraNa AtmajJAniyoM ko svatantratA saMgrAma meM kUdanA par3A thA / Ajakala kA dArzanika sirpha ghara meM baiThakara jagat kI vyAkhyA badala rahA hai / vaha khuda ko parivartita nahIM kara rahai / isa prakAra ghara meM baiThakara vyakti yadi apane meM parivartana na karatA huA samAja meM parivattana kI bAta karatA hai yA samAja ko apane se cintita jJAna se parivartita mAna letA hai to yaha nirA ajJAna hai / buddha jJAna ke lie tathA samAja ke lie Age bar3he the, rAjamahala chor3e the / unhoMne manuSya ko vazIbhUta karane vAlI pravRttiyoM kA tyAga kiyA thA / vaha Izvara kA khAtmA kiye the / vaha niyativAda ke virodhI the / vaha kArya - kAraNavAda kI nayI vyAkhyA kiye the jisameM usakA khokhalApana pragaTa huA thA / darzana kA kAryakAraNavAda prakRtijagata meM lAgU hotA hai citta meM jagata nahIM / kyoMki prakRti kA vidhAna niyata hai varSAt meM gehU~ tathA canA kI khetI nahIM ho sakatI tathA garmI meM dhAna nahIM paidA ho sakatA hai kyoMki prakRti ke vidhAna niyata haiM, para vyakti icchA svAtantrya se vyavasthA banA kara paidA bhI kara sakatA hai / yadyapi yaha kArya durUha hai, isIlie svatantra caitanya zAlI vyaktitva meM prAkRtika kAryakAraNa bhAva nahIM calatA hai / isIlie vaha purAnI vyavasthAe~ badalatA hai, nayI vyavasthA banAtA hai / para Ajakala ke bhautikavAdiyoM kI avyavasthita vyavasthA ko bhI salAma karane kI jarUrata hai jo na to purAnI vyavasthA ko calAne dete haiM aura na nayI vyavasthA ko panapA pAte haiM / buddha purAnI vyavasthAe~ tor3ane ke pakSapAtI avazya the tathA niyativAda, IzvaravAda, AtmavAda ke bhaMjaka the para nayI vyavasthA ko aniyatavAda - anAtmavAda aura anIzvaravAda ke AdhAra para mAnakara adhyAtmavAda kI prasthApanA kiye the / isameM vyakti parisaMvAda- 2 8

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114 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM svAtantrya hai- bhautikavAdI samAjavAda kI kur3hana nahIM / isameM vyavasthA hai, zraddhA hai, AsthA hai / kyoMki bhautikavAdI tArkika darzana kI bhA~ti sabakA khaNDana mAtra nahIM hai yA yaha mArksavAda kA dimAgI pulAva nahIM, jo daizika sImAoM meM pha~sakara Age nahIM bar3ha sakatA / yaha bhAratIya adhyAtmavAda hai jahA~ Akara sArI mAnyatAoM ke tyAga ke bAda adhyAtma ke rAha kA anugamana kara sakatA hai / isako manuSya pA sakatA hai, isase manuSya badalA jA sakatA hai, isase samAja badalA jA sakatA hai aura isameM do rAya nahIM ki buddha kI sAmAjika tathA vaiyaktika vyavasthA bhautikavAda yA samAjavAdI vyavasthA tathA prajAtantrAtmaka vicAra svAtantrya aura svaniyantrita adhyAtmazAsana kI vyavasthA kA vicitra saMyojana hai jise samajhane kI jarUrata hai| usa para bhASaNa dekara nahIM pahu~cA jA sakatA / karma kI AvazyakatA hai / kahA bhI hai parisaMvAda - 2 jayati sukharAja ekaH kAraNarahitaH sadodito jagatAm / ca nigadanasamaye vacanadaridro babhUva sarvajJaH // yasya ( tattvasiddhiH kA maGgalAcaraNa )

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bauddhadarzana ke pariprekSya meM vyaSTi evaM samaSTi DaoN0 kevalakRSNa mittala vyaSTi evaM samaSTi donoM hI parasparApekSI avadhAraNAe~ haiM, phira bhI sAdhAraNa vyavahArika cintana ke stara para hI nahIM apitu katipaya dArzanika abhimatoM ke pariprekSya meM bhI aisA pratIta hotA hai ki inameM se vyaSTi ko AdhAra evaM samaSTi ko Adheya mAnA jA sakatA hai / isa prakAra vyaSTi ko 'pratyaya' evaM samaSTi ko 'pratyayotpanna' samajhA jAne ke kAraNa dvitIyokta kI apekSA prathamokta ko mUla avadhAraNA kahA jA sakatA hai arthAt aisA socA jAtA hai ki samaSTiko carcA binA vyaSTi ke nahIM ho sktii| jabaki vyaSTi kI carcA binA samaSTi ke na kevala kI hI jA sakatI hai apitu aisA karanA samIcIna bhI hai| isa pratIti kA AdhAra hai hamAre mAnasa meM vyaSTi kA sambandha ekatva se tathA samaSTi kA nAnAtva ke sAtha hone se hai / prastuta lekhaka ko aisA lagatA hai ki sarvasAdhAraNa kI isa prakAra kI mAnyatA bauddhadarzana ko svIkArya nahIM ho sakatI, kyoMki usameM niyata ikAI ke liye koI sthAna nahIM, aura na hI aisI kisI samaSTi kI hI carcA ho sakatI hai jo ki vyavahArataH kisI vyaSTi se Abaddha na ho / samaSTi kA ucita artha samagra athavA sarvasva hai bahutva nahIM / vyaSTi evaM samaSTi ke tAdAtmya sambandha ke sandarbha meM hI, sarvasAmAnya meM pracalita lokokti 'eke sAdhe saba sadhe, saba sAdhe saba jAye' tathA prasiddhi jaina dArzanika zrIkundakundAcArya dvArA lakSita jaina Agama, AcArAMga sUtra meM kathita 'jo eka ko jAnatA hai vaha sabako jAnatA hai aura jo sabako jAnatA hai vaha eka ko jAnatA hai (je egam jAnai se sabbe jAnai, je saba jAnai se egam jAnai ) ' para vicAra kiyA jA sakatA hai / uparyukta uddharita jaina ukti kI samucita vyAkhyA yA to ekameva advitIyam' kI ghoSaNA karane vAle advaita siddhAnta ke sandarbha meM kI jAtI hai athavA bahutvavAdI evaM yathArthavAdI jaina anekAntavAda ke pariprekSya meM kI jAtI hai vyaSTi evaM samaSTi ke kramazaH ekatva aura nAnAtva se jur3e hone kI bAta se saralatA pUrvaka inakAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / kahanA na hogA ki vyaSTi evaM samaSTi ko ekatva aura nAnAtva se jor3ane para bhI athavA sambhavataH usI ke kAraNa hI vyaSTi evaM samaSTi donoM kI hI asmimAnatA athavA idantA siddha karanA sambhava nahIM, jabaki unakI idantA sthApita kiye binA parisaMvAda - 2

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116 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAe~ unake bIca kisI bhI prakAra ke sambandha kI carcA nahIM kI jA sktii| vyaSTi kI idantA ko sthApita karane ke liye hameM pratyeka pratIta hone vAlI vyaSTi ko usakI samaSTi meM vizleSita karanA hogA, kyoMki bauddhadarzana kI vicArita mAnyatA ke anusAra pratyeka vyaSTi (vastu athavA vyaktitva) saMghAta rUpa hai / ataH isa prakAra vyaSTi kA AdhAra samaSTi hai aura samaSTi to vyaSTi ke AvRta meM Avaddha hai hI, aura usakA bhI yadi vizleSaNa kareM to vyavahAra pratIta vyaSTiyoM (ikAiyoM) meM hI kiyA jA sakatA hai, yaha bAta bhI kucha kama mahattvapUrNa nahIM ki ukta vyaSTiyoM meM se pratyeka bhI apane meM eka samaSTi hai| vyaSTi kI idantA para vistRta vicAra to lekhaka ne anyatra kiyA hai| yahA~ usake kucha mukhya vinduoM kA saMkSepa meM paricaya denA paryApta hogaa| ve haiM 1-hama saba isa bauddha mAnyatA se paricita haiM ki pratyeka vyakti, jaba taka ki nirvANa prApta nahIM kara letA, janma, zaizava, yauvana, jarA, maraNa, punarjanma tathA yoM aneka janmoM ke bhavacakra meM, sadaiva badalatA huA calatA hai| lagabhaga 550 jAtakakathAyeM bhagavAna buddha ke usa 'vyaktitva' ke udAharaNa haiN| prazna yaha hai ki manuSya, pazu, pakSI ke aneka janmoM meM se hokara calane vAlA vyakti' kisa prakAra 'vahI' kahA jA sakatA hai jabaki vaha buddha mAnyatA ke anusAra hI nitya nahIM anitya hai aura parivartana mAtra mAyA athavA bhramarUpa na hokara satrUpa hai aura sambhavataH aisI mAnyatA ke phalasvarUpa hI bauddhamata meM anAtma kI dhAraNA bhI svIkRta hai| vyakti ke eka janma se dUsare janma meM badalAva ko bauddhamata meM mAtra dezAntaraNa (TrAMsamAigrezana) na mAna kara pariNamana athavA kramika rUpAntaraNa (TrAMsaphAramezana) mAna lene para yaha bAta kadAcit samajha meM nahIM AtI ki kaise bhavacakra ke krama meM, pratItyasamutpAda ke siddhAnta ke anurUpa, eka ke pazcAt dUsarA atyanta bhinna rUpa vyaktitva udita hotA hai ? vaha vikAsonmukha tAratamyatA (kramikatA) jo hameM avatAravAda kI vaiSNava kalpanA meM lakSita hotI hai, bauddha jAtakoM ke sandarbha meM usakA nitAnta abhAva hai| tathApi yadi bauddha aisA dAvA kareM ki unakA krama varNana vastusthiti ke sarvathA anukUla nahIM to vaiSNava varNana kI apekSA usakA adhika nikaTavartI pratinidhitva karatA hai to unake 1. janavarI 1976 meM lakhanaU vizvavidyAlaya ke darzana vibhAga dvArA Ayojita eka antara rASTIya vicAra goSThI meM prastuta lekha meM; jisakA ki (hindI anuvAda) 'bauddha pariprekSya meM vyaktitva kI idantA' zIrSaka se dArzanika traimAsika ke varSa 21 (akTUbara 1972) ke aMka 4 meM prakAzana huA hai| parisaMvAda-2

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bauddhadarzana ke pariprekSya meM vyaSTi evaM samaSTi 197 dvArA aimA mata vyakta kiyA jAnA sambhavataH galata nahIM hogaa| kisI bhI vyaktitva' ko samajhane kA eka prayAsa usake aneka janmoM meM prakaTa rUpoM kI samaSTi meM vizleSaNa dvArA ho sakatA hai tathA kiyA jAtA hai kintu samasyA to yaha hai ki hama usa vyaSTi ko usakI tathAkathita (usa prakAra samajhI huI) samaSTi se kaise jor3eM ? jabaki eka janma kA dUsare janma se sambandha (pariNamana) bhI hamArI sAdhAraNa buddhi ke pare kA viSaya pratIta hotA hai| . 2-aisA hamArA sarva sulabha anubhava hai ki hama kisI bhI vyakti ko kisI bhI samaya, badalatA huA kintu 'amuka' karake jAnate haiM aura samaya ke antara para badalA huA kintu phira bhI 'vahI' karake pahicAnate haiN| eka hI samaya para, kisI eka vyakti ko jAnane vAle aneka usase paricita use vibhinna rUpoM meM jAnate pahicAnate haiN| bahuta se vyaktiyoM ke vyaktitvoM' kA abhinaya mAno eka hI 'vyakti' eka hI samasAmayika kAla meM tathA kAlAntara meM karatA hai athavA vibhinna samayoM para aura samasAmayika kAla meM prakaTa hone vAle vibhinna vyaktiyoM kI samaSTi ko hama eka hI vyaktitva kI vyaSTi meM vyakta karate haiN| isa sthiti kA dyotana kucha isa prakAra bhI kiyA jA sakatA hai ki eka vyakti una aneka samAna, bhinna tathA viparIta guNa doSoM kI samaSTi hai jinake dvArA vaha anya vyaktiyoM se jAnA jAtA hai / hA~, unameM se koI bhI guNa athavA doSa aisA nahIM jo sadA, sarvadA aura sabake lie eka jaisA hI vidyamAna rahatA hai / isI sthiti ko pudgala nairAtmya karake jAnA yA samajhA jAtA hai| 3-hama kisI vyakti' ko pahicAnate samaya 'vaha kaisA dikhAI detA hai' ? 'kaise duHkha-sukha kA anubhava karatA hai' ? 'kaise dekhatA hai' ? 'kaise socatA hai ? aura kaise anya vastuoM evaM vyaktiyoM se prabhAvita hotA hai athavA unheM prabhAvita karatA hai' ? kI sahAyatA lete haiM arthAt kramazaH rUpa, vedanA, saMjJA, vijJAna evaM saMskAra pA~ca skandhoM kI samaSTi dvArA hI usake vyaktitva ko A~kate haiN| aisA karanA to usa vyaktitva kI idantA ko sthApita karane ke lie haiM kintu eka kI pratIti ko pA~ca meM vizleSita kara idantA se kucha dUra hI haTate haiN| yaha dUrI asaMbhAvanA meM badalatI huI lagatI hai| jaba hama yaha jAna lete haiM ki eka bhI skandha apane Apa meM eka vyaSTi na hokara ananta satat gatimAna 'aMzoM' kI samaSTi hai| paJca skandhoM kI avadhAraNA kI bhA~ti hI 'dvAdaza Ayatana' tathA 'aSTAdaza dhAtu' kI avadhAraNAoM ke AyAmoM meM bhI kucha isI prakAra kA hI cintana kiyA jA sakatA hai| phalataH 'dharma nairAtmya' kI siddhi hotI hai aura isa prakAra vyaktitva kI idantA pUrNatayA anirvacanIya ThaharatI hai| parisaMvAda-2

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118 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM __anyathA eka skandha kA dUsare skandha ke sAtha kisa prakAra kA sambandha hai aura pA~co skandha milakara kisa prakAra kI saMracanA karate haiM ? ina praznoM kA samucita uttara unakI apanI idantA ko sthApita kiye binA nahIM diyA jA sakatA hai aura vaisA karane meM hama apane Apa ko asamartha pAte haiN| 4-AMgla bhASA meM vyaktitva ke lie 'parsanailTI' zabda kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai jisakI vyutpatti yUnAnI dhAtu zabda 'paryonA' se kI jAtI hai aura paryonA kA artha hai 'mukhauttaa'| mukhauTA cAhe citra-vicitra sAmagrI liye hue ho athavA eka hI raMga rUpa kI vibhinna AbhAoM (chAyAoM) kA samUha rUpa ho, yathArtha mukha kI idantA ko DhA~pane vAlA (saMvRti satrUpa) hI hotA hai| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki paramArthataH to vyaktitva kyA hai, aura kaisA hai ? aisA hI kahA hI nahIM jA sakatA, kyoMki kalpanApoDha pratyakSa kA viSaya to vaha bhale hI ho, varNana se pare hai aura vyavahAra meM vyaktitva kI sthiti kisI mukhauTe kI sI hI hai aura kaThinAI vizeSa yaha hai ki 'vyaktitva rUpI eka mukhauTe' ko utAra dene para bhI hameM koI dUsarA mukhauTA hI milatA hai aura taba taka mukha ke darzana nahIM hote jaba taka ki sabhI mukhauTe utAra na diye jAe~, kintu vaisA karane para 'mukha' kaisA hai yaha kahA nahIM jA sktaa| astu vyaktitva kI idantA eka ikAI ke rUpa meM sthApita nahIM kI jA sakatI kyoMki pratyeka mukhauTA jaise apanI nirvANa sAmagrI ke vicAra se vyaSTi rUpa na hokara samaSTi rUpa hI hai usI prakAra pratyeka vyaktitva eka vyaSTi bhI hai aura samaSTi bhI hai yA yoM kahanA cAhie ki vyaktitva na to vyaSTi hI hai, na samaSTi hI hai, na donoM bhI hai aura na donoM ke binA hI hai| samaSTi ko 'sarvasva' athavA 'samagra' rUpa samajhate hue usakI carcA aura usa para vicAra sarvajJatA ke sandarbha meM kiyA jA sakatA hai| prakrAnta lekhaka ne sarvajJatA para bhI vistRta vicAra anyatra kiyA hai', ataH aisA use ThIka pratIta hotA hai ki usa vicAra meM samaSTi sambandhI mUla bindu kI saMkSipta carcA yahA~ kiyA jAnA ucita evaM paryApta rhegaa| 1. pharavarI (14-19) 1972 meM magadha vizvavidyAlaya dvArA Ayojita eka antararASTrIya vicAragoSThI meM prastuta lekha meM / AMglabhASA kA yaha lekha maI 1977 ke buddhisTa sTaDIz2a (di janarala Apha da DipArTameNTa Apha buddhisTa sTaDIja, yUnivarsiTI Apha dehalI, dillI) meM chapA hai| zIrSaka hai-buddhisTa bhyu Apha omnisIyaMsa : rilIjiesa philAsiphikala sAinTiphika'..? parisaMvAda-2

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bauddhadarzana ke pariprekSya meM vyaSTi evaM samaSTi __ bhAratIya darzana meM sarvajJatA kI, cAra mukhya dArzanika abhimatoM-vedAnta, sAMkhya, jaina tathA bauddha ne apane-apane DhaMga se cAra avadhAraNAyeM prastuta kI haiN| sarvajJatA meM sarvajJa kisa sarvasva ko jAnatA hai, isa para cAroM meM hI matabheda hai / yadi vedAnta meM 'vijAtIya, svajAtIya evaM svagata bheda rahita', 'ekameva advitIyam brahma' ko jAna lenA; sAMkhya meM jJAtA tathA jJeya ke viveka sahita jJeya ko sattva, rajasa, tamasa samuccaya svarUpa prakRti ko jAna lenA; tathA jaina matAnusAra samasta vastuoM evaM vyaktiyoM ko unake 'utpAda, vyaya, dhrauvya-maya' ananta dharmoM-guNa doSoM, bhedoM prabhedoM Adi ko savistAra jAna lenA, sarvasva athavA vizva kI samaSTi ko jAna lenA hai to bauddha mata meM sarvasva ko jAna lene se tAtparya hai saba kucha ko 'duHkhamaya (sarvaM duHkham) arthAt jarAmaraNa yukta', 'anitya (sarvam anityaM) arthAt sadA sarvadA badalatA huA', aura 'anAtmarUpa (sarvam anAtmam) arthAt kisI bhI prakAra kI asmimAnatA athavA idantA liye hue jAna lenA hai| nizcaya hI sarvajJatA meM 'sarva' kA uparyukta artha samajhane para bauddhamata meM samaSTi bhI usI prakAra 'jarAmaraNa bhaya', 'anitya' evaM 'anAtma' ThaharatI hai jaise ki koI vyaSTi / aisA mUlabhUta dharma-sAmya hone para bhI vyaSTi vyaSTi hai aura samaSTi samaSTi / donoM ko eka hI nahIM kahA jA sktaa| aura kaThinAI to yaha hai ki bhinna bhI nahIM kahA jA sakatA, donoM bhI, aura 'donoM nahIM' bhI, nahIM kahA jA sakatA / kyoMki zUnyatA aura niHsvabhAvatA vyaSTi aura samaSTi donoM ko hI samAna rUpa se lAgU hote haiN| aisA kahanA ucita hI pratIta hotA hai ki bauddhadarzana ke pariprekSya meM vyaSTi kA samaSTi se aura samaSTi kA vyaSTi se tanika bhI vaiziSTya nahIM hai| parisaMghAva-2

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vyakti aura samAja ke prati mahAyAna ke dRSTikoNa AcArya TI0 chogaDub sarvavidita hai ki sabhI dharma aura darzana vyakti aura samAja ke sAtha sambaddha rahate haiN| sabhI dharma-darzana samAja kI vyavasthA pradAna karate haiM / pAzcAtya samAja zAstroM tathA samAja vijJAna kA uddezya kevala isI jIvana kI vyavasthA karanA hotA hai / para bhAratIya dharma-darzana vyakti tathA samAja ko AdhyAtmika vyavasthA bhI pradAna karatA hai / bauddha darzana yA dharma meM vyakti tathA samAja kI vyavasthA tathA unake kartavya Adi suspaSTa haiM / yadi hama pichale itihAsoM kA avalokana kareM to jJAta hogA ki bauddha dharma samAja kI kisa paristhiti meM prAdurbhUta huA hai / bauddha darzana kSaNikavAda kA darzana hai, ataH samAja kI koI zAzvata vyavasthA nahIM detA hai / yaha darzana karmavAda darzana hai, ataH vyakti aura samAja kI unnati aura hrAsa vyakti tathA samAja ke karmoM para AdhRta hai / yaha darzana pratItyasamutpAdavAda kA darzana hai, ataH vyakti aura samAja eka dUsare para ApekSita hai / uparyukta siddhAntoM ke kAraNa varNavyavasthA tathA vividha saMskAroM ko buddha ne svIkAra nahIM kiyA / buddha ne saMgha meM sabhI vargoM tathA sabhI jAti ke logoM ko sammilita kiyA hai| mahilAoM ko bhI saMgha meM sthAna diyA gayA hai / bhikSu saMgha kI praNAlI eka 'samAjapradhAna - prajAtAntrika' praNAlI hai jisameM vyakti se adhika samAja ko pradhAnatA dI gayI hai / utpanna haiM / ataH dUsarA koI mArga samAja ke vividha duHkhoM ke nirAkaraNa kI khoja meM kiyA / ve isa niSkarSa para pahu~ce ki vyakti tathA samAja meM janita nahIM hai, na hI ahetuka haiM / apitu ve avidyA, tRSNA se avidyA tathA tRSNA ke unmUlana se duHkhoM se mukti ho sakatI hai / nahIM hai / duHkhoM se sabhI pIr3ita haiM / sabhI duHkhoM se mukta honA cAhate haiM / duHkhoM se mukti sabhI kI ho sakatI hai| isameM koI jAti yA varNa bAdhaka nahIM hai / isalie samAja ke prati buddha kA kyA dRSTikoNa thA, yaha samajhanA kaThina nahIM hai / samAja ke prati bauddha darzana kI avadhAraNA kyA hai, yaha 'bahujanasukhAya bahujanahitAya' ityAdi vAkya se spaSTa ho jAtA hai / parisaMvAda - 2 buddha ne samucita vicAra vyApta vividha duHkha Izvara

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vyakti aura samAja ke prati mahAyAna ke dRSTikoNa mahAyAna kI dRSTi bodhisattvana kA uddezya samAja kalyANa yA prAcIna zabdAvalI meM jagat kalyANa hai / bodhicitta, mahAkaruNA aura pratItyasamutpAda ke siddhAnta sabase prabala siddhAnta haiM jo samAja ke prati vyakti ke dRSTikoNa meM abhUtapUrva krAnti lAte haiM / isalie mahAyAna darzana kI dRSTi se samAja kI pradhAnatA sunizcita hai / bodhicitta eka aisI pravRtti hotI hai jo mAnava samAja ko hI nahIM, apitu samasta jIvoM ko pUjanIya samajhatI hai / ataH kahA hai ki buddhadharmodayAMzastu zreSThaH sattveSu vidyate / etadaMzAnurUpyeNa sattvapUjA kRtA bhavet // bodhi 0 6 / 118 121 / bodhicitta se svArtha bhAvanA ko samApta kiyA jAtA hai / bodhisattva samajhatA hai| ki sabhI duHkha svArtha kI bhAvanA se hI utpanna hote haiM / ataH saMsAra meM dhanI varga bhI duHkhI hai / garIba varga bhI duHkhI hai zaktizAlI rASTra bhI duHkhI hai, nirbala rASTra bhI duHkhI hai | vijJAna kA durupayoga karake eka dUsare ko naSTa karane meM lage hue haiM / ina sabake mUla meM svArtha kI bhAvanA hai| isake viparIta kucha loga kama sampanna hone para bhI sukhI dIkhate haiM / isakA kAraNa parArtha kI bhAvanA hai| isalie mahAyAna darzana kA kahanA hai ki ye kecid duHkhitA loke sarve te svasukhecchayA / ye kecit sukhitA loke sarve te'nyasukhecchayA || bodhi0 8 / 129 bodhicitta tathA pratItyasamutpAda ke garbha meM sArI samAja vyavasthA nihita hai / varNavyavasthA, jAtiprathA tathA raGgabheda Adi kA isameM koI sthAna nahIM hai / strI tathA puruSoM ko bhI adhikAra samAna rUpa se haiM / zaktizAliyoM tathA sampannoM dvArA kamajoroM kA zoSaNa anucita hogaa| kisI ko bhI kisI kI icchA ke viruddha bala prayoga nahIM karanA caahie| samAja ke sabhI sadasyoM ko naitika zikSA milanI caahie| usI naitika zikSA se hI samAja meM niyantraNa rahatA hai / kucha loga socate hoMge ki bauddha dharma meM sthAyI sAmAjika vyavasthA ke na hone 'hI vaha (bauddha dharma) bhAratavarSa se lupta ho gayA kintu yaha dhAraNA sarvathA galata hai / sthAyI vyavasthA kA artha nitya samAja kI vyavasthA se hai to yaha bauddha anuyAyiyoM dvArA svIkArya nahIM hai / nitya vyavasthA to sambhava hI nahIM hai / kSaNikavAda ke AdhAra para samAja kI vyavasthA acchI taraha se banatI hai / samAja tathA vyakti parivartanazIla hote haiM / yadi nitya - vyavasthA ho to pragati asambhava hogI / anityatA ke AdhAra parisaMvAda-2

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122 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM para samAja kI pragatizIla vyavasthA bauddha dharma meM hai| Aja bahuta se dezoM meM bauddhadharma rASTrIya-dharma ke rUpa meM vikasita hai| ataH kisI dharma ke kisI deza meM lopa ho jAne kA kAraNa aura koI hai, bauddha dharma meM sthAyI vyavasthA kA abhAva isakA kAraNa nahIM hai| bodhicitta, mahAkaruNA tathA pratItyasamutpAda ke AdhAra para bauddha mahAyAna kI dRSTi se samAja kI suvyavasthA saiddhAntika tathA prayogAtmaka donoM rUpa meM banatI hai| parantu cintA isa bAta kI hai ki Aja tathAkathita mahAyAnI samAja meM bhI mahAyAnI paramparA ke viruddha kuprathA tathA anaitikatA kA sthAna bar3ha rahA hai| andhavizvAsa bhI ina samAjoM meM apanA prabhAva dikhA rahA hai| inakA kAraNa yaha nahIM hai ki mahAyAna dharma kI koI truTi pUrNa vyavasthA hai| apitu usa vyavasthA kA ThIka se anukaraNa nahIM ho pAnA tathA usake viSaya meM paryApta jJAna kA abhAva, usakA kAraNa hai| saMkSipta meM hama yaha samajhate haiM ki mahAyAna kI dRSTi se vyakti tathA samAja eka dUsare para AdhArita haiN| vyakti ke guNa tathA avaguNoM se samAja meM bhI guNa tathA avaguNa Ate haiN| bodhicitta tathA pratItyasamutpAda kI pRSThabhUmi meM jAti tathA varNa rahita samAja kI vyavasthA banatI hai| bhraSTAcAra tathA zoSaNa se mukta samAja kA nirmANa hotA hai / aihika tathA pAralaukika evaM saMsAra tathA nirvANagata samasta kSetra meM sabako samAna adhikAra prApta haiN| isa dRSTikoNa ko yathAvat prayoga meM lAnA vyakti kA kartavya hai|

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mahAyAnI sAdhaka kI dRSTi se vyakti, samAja tathA unake sambandha zrI TazI palajora bauddha dharma meM vairAgya ko pradhAnatA dI gayI hai, kyoMki bhagavAn buddha ne apane vineyajanoM ko dharma kI carama sImA para pahu~cAne ke lie vairAgya para adhika bala diyA hai| bAlapRthagjanoM meM saMsAra ke prati tIvra Asakti rahatI hai| saMsAra ke prati abhiniveza rahane se bhavasAgara se kadApi mukti nahIM mila sktii| jaba bauddha bhikSu guru se vinaya kI dIkSA letA hai to usameM saMsAra ke prati avazya hI vairAgya honA cAhie / vairAgya na ho to use dIkSA lene para bhI saMvara utpanna nahIM ho sktaa| ___ bauddha dharma tathA darzana, donoM hI samAja ke hita ke lie zAkyamuni dvArA pratipAdita kiye gaye haiN| ataH bauddha saMskRti ahiMsA evaM parArtha kI bhAvanA para AdhArita hai| hInayAnI zAstroM meM kevala ahiMsA para hI bala diyA gayA hai tathA mahAyAnI zAstroM ne ahiMsA evaM parArtha kI bhAvanA donoM para bala diyA hai| ahiMsA kI sImA kevala mAnavamAtra taka hI nahIM hai| buddha kI ahiMsA ke antargata triloka ke samasta prANI Ate haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki mahAyAnI sAdhaka samasta jIvoM ke kalyANArtha sarvaprathama svayaM sarvajJatA prApta karanA cAhate haiN| isI kI prApti ke lie ve samasta vidyAoM kA adhyayana karate haiN| mahAyAnI sAdhaka tInoM yAnoM ke mArgoM kA abhyAsa karate haiN| saMkSipta meM mahAyAnI sAdhakoM kI zikSA chaH pAramitAe~, do nairAtmya, pA~ca mArga, dazabhUmi Adi haiN| vinaya kA mUla cAra zikSAyeM hI hai| ye haiM-hiMsA, parigraha, vyabhicAra tathA mithyA bhASaNa se virati / nazIlI cIjoM se virati ke sAtha ye paMcazIla kahalAte haiN| inhIM pA~ca maulika zIloM ke aneka aMga ho jAte haiM / yadi sAdhaka ina pA~ca zIloM kA apane jIvana meM niSThApUrvaka AcaraNa karatA hai to vaha samAja kA hita karatA hai / usake dvArA samAja kA ahita kadApi nahIM ho sktaa| yadi koI vyakti samAja meM hiMsA karatA hai to usase svayaM evaM samAja donoM kA ahita hotA hai| yadi sAdhaka hiMsA na karane kA vrata letA hai to usase samAja meM bhaya nahIM hotaa| sarvaprathama vyabhicAra para hI vicAra karane se yaha pratIta hotA hai ki isase samAja meM kitanA upadrava paidA parisaMvAda-2

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124 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM hotA hai| yahI samAja meM gRhasthoM ke kalaha kA mukhya kAraNa bana jAtA hai / jisase parivAra meM azAnti chA jAtI hai| usako apanAne vAle puruSa aura strI donoM kA samAja meM apamAna hotA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki buddha ne dasa akuzala karmoM se bacane ke lie ina paJca vinayoM para adhika jora diyA hai| yadi vyakti inakA samucita pAlana kareM to samAja meM aparAdhiyoM kI saMkhyA ghaTa sakatI hai| jisase nyAyAlaya tathA pulisa Adi kI aparAdhiyoM ko daNDa dene vAlI sabhI saMsthAe~ svataH banda ho jaaeNgii| itanA hI nahIM vizva meM yuddha ke liye jitanI taiyAriyA~ hotI haiM, ve saba banda ho jaaeNgii| yuddha ke nimitta jitanA dhana vyaya kiyA jAtA hai, usakA zikSA evaM samAja ke dalita logoM para vyaya ho skegaa| bhikSuoM ke lie brahmacarya ke AcaraNa kA niyama banAyA gayA hai tathA gRhasthI ke liye vyabhicAra na karane kA niyama hai| vyabhicAra na karane vAle vyakti ko isa samAja meM yaza milatA hai tathA paraloka meM sugati upalabdha hotI hai| AcArya candrakIrti ne madhyamakAvatAra grantha meM kahA hai ki sugati kA kAraNa zIla hI hai| isa prakAra anya cAroM zIloM se bhI samAja kA hita tathA anAcaraNa se ahita donoM uparyukta kI taraha hote haiN| uparyukta pA~ca vinayoM kA pAlana karane se vyakti aura samAja donoM kA sambandha nizcita rUpa se acchA hotA hai| naitika kartavya kA ucita DhaMga se AcaraNa na karane para samAja meM apamAnita honA par3atA hai| __ mahAyAnI sAdhaka samAja se ghaniSTa sambandha rakhate haiM, kyoMki ve parArtha ke lie apane jIvana ko samarpita kara dete haiN| prANImAtra kA kalyANa karanA hI mahAyAnI sAdhakoM kA antima lakSya hai| buddha ne bhI samAja meM rahane vAle duHkhI prANiyoM ke lie bodhicitta utpanna kiyA hai| mahAyAnI zAstroM meM kahA bhI gayA hai ki samasta baddhoM ke guru naraka ke sattva haiN| isalie AcArya candrakIti ne madhyamakAvatAra ke maMgalAcaraNa meM karuNA ko praNAma kiyA hai| kyoMki karuNA se bodhicitta utpanna hotA hai, bodhicitta se bodhisattva tathA bodhisattva se buddha / ataH buddha evaM bodhisattvoM kA mUla kAraNa karuNA hI hai| karuNA bhI kRtrima nahIM honI caahie| jaba taka yathArtha mahAkaruNA paidA nahIM hogI, taba taka mahAyAnI yaha saMjJA nahIM dI jA sktii| jisa samaya mahAkaruNA paidA hogI usI samaya se vyakti mahAyAnI khlaaegaa| kucha sAdhaka samAja meM sAkSAt rahakara sAmAjika prANiyoM kI icchA ke anusAra sevA karate haiN| isake lie ve kevala bhikSuveza meM hI hoM, aisI bAta nahIM hai| gRhastha jIvana meM rahakara bhI samAja kA kalyANa kiyA jA sakatA hai| parisaMvAda-2

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mahAyAnI sAdhaka kI dRSTi se vyakti, samAja tathA unake sambandha 125 mahAyAniyoM kI dRSTi evaM kSetra bahuta vyApaka hai| sAdhaka prANiyoM kI kRpA para pUnaH punaH vicAra karate haiN| anAdikAla se hama para prANiyoM kI bar3I kRpA rahI hai| sAdhaka dina rAta prANiyoM kI sevA meM lage rahate haiN| jaba taka samasta jIvoM ko sukha evaM zAnti prApta nahIM hogI, taba taka sAdhaka apane lie mokSa kI abhilASA bhI nahIM karate / hamAre janma kara aradi nahIM hai| jaba taka arhat kA pada prApta nahIM hotA, taba taka nizcaya hI saMsAra meM janma lenA pdd'egaa| bhagavAna buddha ne prANI ke janmoM kA Adi nahIM btaayaa| apane-apane karmoM se prANI saMsAra meM janma lete rahate haiN| isa janma kI bhI hamArI eka mA~ hai| inakI kRpA para gambhIratA se vicArane para hameM jJAta hotA hai ki inakI kRpA ko kaise cukaaeNge| mahAyAnI zAstroM meM isa bAta para vistArapUrvaka vicAra kiyA gayA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki sAdhaka koI kArya prArambha karane se pUrva, sabhI sattva sukha evaM sukha ke kAraNoM se yukta hoM, sabhI sattva duHkharahita hokara paramasukha se yukta hoM, sabhI sattva sukha evaM duHkha ke kAraNa rAga, dveSa Adi se rahita hokara upekSA meM vidyamAna hoM, prANiyoM ke hitArtha bodhisattva aisA cittotpAda karate haiN| udAna varga meM buddha ne kahA hai ki rAta ke paharedAra ko rAta bar3I lambI hotI hai, thake hue vyakti ko eka yojana bhI dUra hotA hai, isI bhA~ti saddharma ko nahIM jAnane vAle bAlajanoM ko saMsAra lambA lagatA hai| mahAyAnI sAdhaka ke pA~ca mArga isa prakAra haiM (1) sambhAra mArga-sAdhaka ke mana meM bodhicitta utpanna hote hI mahAyAna ke sambhAra mArga kI prApti hotI hai / buddhatva kA mukhya kAraNa puNya sambhAra aura jJAna sambhAra hai prArambhika mArga hone ke kAraNa ise sambhAra mArga kahate haiN| bodhicitta na hone para mahAyAna ke sambhAra mArga meM bhI praveza nahIM ho sakatA hai| sambhAra mArga kI avasthA meM mukhya rUpa se zUnyatA kA zravaNa evaM cintana kiyA jAtA hai| (2) prayoga mArga-zUnyatA kI bhAvanA karake usakA anubhava ho jAne para prayoga mArga kI upalabdhi hotI hai| zUnyatA ko Anubhavika rUpa se prayoga karane ke kAraNa yaha prayoga mArga kahA gayA hai| (3) darzana mArga-dharma nairAtmya yA zUnyatA kA pratyakSa jJAna hone para darzana mArga tathA prathama bodhisattvabhUmi pramuditA kI prApti eka hI samaya meM hotI hai| darzana mArga kA jJAna prApta karane vAle bodhisattva ko Arya bhI kahA jAtA hai| (4) bhAvanA mArga--sAkSAd zUnyatA ko jAnane vAle mArga ke dvArA kinhIM nau klezoM ke prazamana ke lie bhAvanA karate samaya bhAvanA mArga prApta ho jAtA hai| parisaMvAda-2

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126 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM yadi mahAyAnI prayoga mArga se bhAvanA meM praveza karane vAlA ho, to unheM kleza aura jJeya donoM AvaraNoM ko bhAvanA mArga kI avasthA meM prahINa karanA caahie| (5) azaikSya mArga prahINa bhAvanA heya yA samasta AvaraNoM ke prahINa ho jAne para azaikSya mArga prApta hotA hai| azaikSya mArga kI prApti tathA buddhatva kI prApti eka hI samaya meM hotI hai / klezoM kA kSaya karanA tathA jJeyoM ko jAnanA zeSa nahIM rahatA hai / ataH yaha azaikSya mArga kahA gayA hai| cintakoM kI dRSTi meM bheda pratyeka deza evaM videza ke samAja meM anAdikAla se samAja ke hitaiSI hote rahe haiN| ye cintaka samAja ko apanI-apanI dRSTi se dekhate haiN| bhArata, yUropa, amerikA tathA AsTreliyA ke aneka vicArakoM ne samAja meM sukha evaM zAnti ke lie satata prayAsa kiyA hai| svargIya paNDita javAharalAla neharu tathA mahAtmA gAMdhI jaise mahApuruSoM ne vizva kalyANArtha apane jIvana ko samarSita kiyA hai| unhoMne kevala bhArata ke hita ke lie hI nahIM, balki eziyA, yUropa evaM anya dezoM ke lie bhI socA / isa prakAra pazcima ke aneka cintakoM ne bhI samAja ko sukhI banAne tathA usake utthAna ke lie gambhIratA pUrvaka vicAra kiyaa| ina vicArakoM kI dRSTi evaM kSetra mahAyAnI sAdhakoM kI apekSA sImita aura saMkucita hote haiN| mahAyAnI sAdhakoM ke kalyANa pAtra kevala sAmAjika prANI nahIM, balki triloka ke samasta jIva haiN| ve prANiyoM ko samyak sambuddhatva prApta karAne ke lie dazoM dizAoM meM vidyamAna samasta buddhoM evaM bodhisattvoM ke sammukha bodhicitta utpAda karate haiM / bodhicittotpAda kara bodhisattvoM kI zikSAoM kA abhyAsa karane ke lie dRr3ha pratijJA bhI karate haiN| mahAyAnI sAdhakoM kI zikSA do prakAra kI hotI hai| ve apane mana vinIta banAne ke lie dAnAdi chaH pAramitAoM kA abhyAsa karate haiM tathA dUsaroM ke mana ko vinIta ke lie catuHsaMgraha kA abhyAsa karate haiM / mahAyAnI sAdhaka prANiyoM ke hitArtha cintana karate haiM kyoMki inakA sAdhya hI samAja kA kalyANa karanA hai| ve kabhI bhI saMsAra meM duHkhI prANiyoM ko nahIM chor3anA caahte| kucha sAdhaka samAja meM sAkSAt samAja seviyoM kI taraha gA~va-gA~va ghUma-phira kara samAja kI sevA karate haiN| kucha sAdhaka ekAnta meM raha kara triloka ke prANiyoM ke hita ke lie pAramitAoM kA pAlana karate haiN| sAdhaka gurUsevA se prArambha kara zamatha aura vipazyanA taka sampUrNa mahAyAnI sUtroM kA niSThApUrvaka zravaNa, cintana evaM bhAvanA karate haiM / ve sUtra pakSa ke sampUrNa Agama evaM zAstroM kA adhyayana sampanna kara tatpazcAt tantra ke bIsa guNoM se yukta gurU se tantra kA abhiSeka parisaMvAda-2

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mahAyAnI sAdhaka kI dRSTi se vyakti, samAja tathA unake sambandha 127 grahaNa karate haiN| sAdhaka nAgArjana kRta zrAmaNera kArikA se lekara tantrarAja gadyasamAja taka ke sampUrNa sUtra evaM tantroM kI zikSA prAmANika guru se grahaNa karate haiN| prAmANika guru bhI vinaya, mahAyAna evaM tantra ke anusAra bhinna-bhinna prakAra ke hote haiN| bauddha tantra ke mUla saMvara caudaha haiN| sAdhaka ko ina caudaha saMvaroM kA pAlana karanA par3atA hai / ve utpattikrama evaM sampannakrama kI bhAvanA tathA abhyAsa karate haiM / tantra kI dIkSA prApta karane ke bAda saMvara evaM samaya kA pUrNa pAlana karanA par3atA hai| tantra siddhi kA mUla saMvara evaM samaya hai| ina donoM ke ucita pAlana se hI anya sabhI zikSAe~ phaladAyaka hotI haiN| mahAyAnI sAdhakoM ko tInoM yAnoM ke mArgoM kA pUrNa abhyAsa karanA par3atA hai| kyoMki bhagavAn buddha ne ina tInoM yAnoM ko eka vyakti ke isI alpa jIvana meM hI buddhatva prApta kara sakane ke lie batAyA hai| jaba taka sabhI jIvoM ko buddhatva kI prApti nahIM ho jAtI, taba taka eka mahAyAnI sAdhaka kI samAja sevA pUrNarUpa se sampanna nahIM hotii| parisaMvAda-2

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bauddha dRSTi meM vyaSTi aura samaSTi geze-yezesa thavakhyasa parAtmasamatAmAdau, bhAvayedevamAdarAt / samaduHkhasukhAH sarve pAlanIyA mayAtmavat // bauddha vAGmaya ke anusAra caryA evaM darzana ke nimnalikhita prakAra haiN| manuSyoM meM parAye vyaktiyoM kI apekSA Atma-sneha sahaja rUpa se udbhUta hotA hai, yahI kAraNa hai ki manuSya sadA se svArtha-sampannatA ke liye lAlAyita rahe haiM / para hiMsA sarvathA tyAjya hai| kisI kI bhI zatrutA, mitratA evaM udAsInatA kI pRthak-pRthak bhAvanAoM kA utsarga kara sukha, duHkha evaM upekSA jaisI viSamatAmayI kubhAvanAoM kA unmUlana karane para samasta prANimAtra ke prati maitrI, dveSa Adi bhAvanA se rahita samatAbhAva se kalyANakArI subhAvanA kI utpatti hotI hai| kucha kAraNoM tathA nirdhArita prANiyoM ke prati ahiMsA bhAva kI utpatti mAtra ahiMsA kA tAtparya nahIM hai, balki apane tulya sukha kI cAha, dukha kA parihAra tathA sukha-duHkha kI anubhUti karane vAle prANi mAtra ke lie hiMsA heya hai; kevala manuSya jAti ke prati hI nahIM hai / isa prakAra parArthasiddhi bhI kucha yA eka pakSIya kAraNoM se nizcita samAja para yA nizcita vyaktiyoM taka hI sImita na hokara sukhecchu jIva ke antargata Ane vAle samasta prANiyoM kI rakSA evaM jIvana donoM kI anivAryatA meM hai / sarvasattva kI hitAkAMkSA se devadatta jaise eka vyakti kI, kisI vizeSa samAja yA deza kI hiMsA se virata hokara hita sampanna karane para bhI samasta kArya loka ke kalyANa evaM parahita meM hI ahiMsA kI siddhi hotI hai / vyakti apane nijI sukha evaM sampannatA ke lie, anyoM ko duHkha denA to dUra, samAja ke tAtkAlika sukha evaM sthAyI kalyANa hetu jIvita rahatA hai aura ucita samaya para apanA bhI utsarga kara detA hai| lokahita kI balavatI abhilASA se puruSa apane ko zikSita, caritravAna evaM sakSama karanA cAhatA hai| parArtha sampannatA hetu zikSita evaM suzIla vyaktitva kA honA nitAnta apekSita hai| 1. bodhicaryAvatAra 8190 / parisaMvAda-2

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bauddha dRSTi meM vyaSTi aura samaSTi 129 vinaya piTaka meM bhikSusaMgha, bhikSu, vyakti ke vyavahAra kA varNana AyA hai / sAmAnyataH bauddha zAstroM meM samasta prANi athavA samasta sattva kI zabdAvalI kA vyavahAra milatA hai / parantu samAja yA vyakti (vyaSTi) jaise nahIM milatI / isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki deza vizeSa, ndhita kisI vizeSa samAja kA hI hita sAdhya nahIM hai, ke parihAra ke icchuka samasta vyakti evaM prANImAtra kA duHkha se chuTakArA tathA janahita sAdhya honA cAhie / zabdoM kA yA unakI vyAkhyA jAti vizeSa yA usase sambaapitu sukha kI cAha evaM duHkha kSaNikatA sAMsArika aizvarya kA kSaNa-kSaNa parivartana evaM kSaya honA, usakA svabhAva hai / priya bandhu jaise sambandhI tathA usake kArya bhAva bhI kuhAsA kI bhA~ti pratikSaNa naSTa hone vAle kSaNika dharma haiM / kala ke sukha meM kSaNa-kSaNa agrasArita hotA hai / isalie vaibhavoM tathA priya-apriya ke bandhanoM ko tor3akara isa tRSNA ke samApta hone para lokagamana nirvivAda rUpa se banatA hai / isa prakAra kI kSaNabhaMguratA ko bAra-bAra vicArane ke phalasvarUpa abhiniveza kSINa ho jAte haiM / isa kSaNika laghu jIvana meM paraspara dveSa jaisI bhAvanA anucita hai, bheda-bhAva baratanA anartha evaM niHsAra pratIta hotA hai / phalataH vyakti sAmAjika saMracanA ke nirmANArthaM dAnazIlatA jaisI mAnavIyaguNa yukta pAramitAoM ke dvArA jana-kalyANa meM pravRtta hone ke lie vivaza ho jAtA hai / duHkhasvarUpa samAja, rUpa, vedanA, saMjJA, saMskAra tathA vijJAna ye pA~ca upAdAna skandha haiM / jo samasta doSoM ke AdhAra haiM / upAdAna skandha, karma evaM kleza ke paripAka haiM / vyakti aura karma evaM kleza ke vazIbhUta haiN| priya tathA apriya ke viyoga evaM saMyoga duHkha ke kAraNa hai arthAt sAMsArika sukha suvidhAoM ke duHkha svabhAva ke parijJAna se unake prati abhiniveza, abhimAna Adi kA zamana hotA hai / phalataH usakI prApti kI kuceSTAe~ tyAga kara upAya kauzala sampanna vyakti niHsAra sAMsArika vaibhavoM se uttama sAmAjika vyavasthA meM satata prayatnazIla rahatA hai / nairAtmya hama logoM kI sahajabuddhi meM mama para ahaM kI pratItyasamutpAda mAtratA hai / vyavahAra se santuSTa na hokara kisI kI upekSA kiye binA arthAt svatantra buddhi ke parisaMvAda - 2

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130 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAe~ vazIbhUta yA AtmadRSTi ke kAraNa sva aura para kI bhinna bhinna buddhi paidA hotI hai / para ke prati bhI apane sambandhita hone na hone ke bheda se rAga, dveSa evaM upekSA kI bhinna bhinna bhAvanAe~ svataH utpanna hotI hai| isa sthiti meM jaba taka vyakti yA pudgala rahatA hai taba taka usako karma evaM kleza ke vazIbhUta yA sAMsArika puruSa kahate haiN| ___ ataH sAMsArika puruSa ko rAga-dveSa Adi samasta doSoM ke AdhArabhUta AtmadRSTi ke viparIta nairAtmya dRSTi kA bAra-bAra cintana manana karanA caahie| nairAtmya jJAna yA vicAra se lAbhAnvita puruSa anya vyaktiyoM kI tulanA meM apane lie atyanta sukha kI prApti evaM duHkha ke parihAra ko mahattvapUrNa sthAna nahIM pradAna karatA hai| dUsaroM ke prati bhI maitrI yA sukha ke yoga kA tathA kucha ke prati isake viparIta kA vicAra AtA hai| kisI ke prati bhI maitrI yA sukha ke yoga kA tathA kucha ke prati isake viparIta kA vicAra AtA hai| kisI ke prati upekSAbhAva jaisI viSama bhAvanAoM kA zamana kara samasta prANiyoM ke prati samatAbhAva kA utpAda karanA nitAnta Avazyaka hai| sArAMza ___ yadyapi svayaM kI mahattA evaM svArthasiddhi sarvopari hai phira bhI parArtha siddhi meM asamartha vyakti ko apanI svArthapUrti het parahiMsA yA hAni se virata hone kI caryA kA pAlana sadaiva karanA caahie| vyakti tathA samAja ke ahita tathA duHkhadAyI caryA kI hetu vyaktiyoM kI AtmadRSTi tathA ajJAnatA hI hai| hameM isa rAga, dveSa tathA ajJAnatA meM doSa dekha, vyakti tathA samAja ke svArtha ko sarvopari mAna, isa tuccha manovRtti ko tijAMjali denA cAhie; taba bahujana hitAya kI mahattA bar3hatI hai / asaMkhya prANiyoM ke hita sampAdana ke lie udyoga zreyaSkara hai| kramazaH vyakti yA samAja meM prANImAtra ke sukhasampAdana evaM duHkhaparihAra karane kA bhAra yA uttaradAyitva apane Upara saharSa grahaNa karane kA manobala yA utsAha jaba kabhI bhI utpanna karatA hai tabhI vaha mahAyAna meM praviSTa hotA hai, isa prakAra vaha eka mahAyAnI vyakti yA samAja ko banatA hai| yaha caryA tathA darzana asAdhAraNa hai| isa prakAra kI dRSTi evaM caryA meM avatarita vyakti jisa kisI ke bhI sAmAjika samparka meM Ane para vyaktigata lAbhAMza tathA uttaradAyitvoM kI upekSA kara sAmAjika racanAtmaka kAryoM ko niHsandeha sarvopari mAnyatA pradAna karatA hai, para isameM vyakti evaM vyaktigata dAyitvoM kI avahelanA bhI iSTa nahIM hai| kyoMki prANI mAtra kA hita sampAdana karanA hI usakA sAdhya hai| parisaMvAda-2

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bauddha dRSTi meM vyaSTi aura samaSTi yadyapi mahAyAna piTakoM meM loka hita ko adhika pradhAnatA pradAna kI gayI hai tathApi sAmAjika yA vyaktigata, tatkAlika ahita ko bhI kisI samaya-vizeSa para puNya yA sukarma kahA gayA hai| apane meM kSaNikatA evaM duHkha svabhAvatA kA sAkSAtkAra karane vAle vyakti meM Asakti tathA abhimAna kA kSaya hotA hai| yahI dRSTi prANImAtra ke udaya ke sAkSAtkAra kI hai jo prANimAtra ko duHkhoM se chuTakArA dilAne kI karuNA detI hai tathA sukha se saMyoga aura maitrI bhAva utpanna karAne vAlI hai| samasta laukika aizvarya karma kleza ke vazIbhUta hone se duHkha svabhAvatA ke kAraNa parArtha nahIM hote, ve nirdhArita kSamatA vAle hetuoM ke anugamana se parivartanazIla evaM kSaNika haiN| sva aura para se svatantra siddha nairAtmya jJAna sarva-dharma-paratantra hone se pratItyasamutpanna svabhAva meM hotA hai| pratItyasamutpAda mAtra meM samasta sAmAjika vyavasthA saMgata hotI hai, aisA jAnakara samasta doSoM ke AdhArabhUta ajJAnatA mUlaka rAga-dveSa sarvathA heya ho jAte haiN| isa prakAra samasta sukha kA hetu prajJA evaM janakalyANa hI hai| bhavantvakSayakozAzca yAvadgaganagaJjavat / nirdvandA nirUpAyAsAH santu svaadhiinvRttyH|| (bodhicaryAvatAra pari0 10, zlo0 28) parisaMvAda-2

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bauddha dRSTi se vyakti kA vikAsa DaoN0 harizaMkara zukla vyakti aura samaSTi atyanta vyApaka viSaya hai| isakA adhyayana to sabhI sAmAjika vijJAnoM meM kiyA jAtA hai, lekina hamAre sAmane kaThinAI yaha AtI hai ki samAja ke bAre meM sabhI sAmAjika vijJAnoM kA dRSTikoNa eka dUsare se bhinna haiN| rAjanIti zAstra meM samAja kA tAtparya vyaktiyoM ke samUha se samajhA jAtA hai / arthazAstra samAja ko Arthika kriyAyeM karane vAle vyaktiyoM ke samUha ke rUpa meM dekhatA hai / mAnavazAstra Adima samudAyoM ko hI samAja kahatA hai tathA samAjazAstra sampUrNa sAmAjika jIvana kA adhyayana karatA hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki bhinna-bhinna zAstra bhinna-bhinna rUpoM meM vyaSTi tathA samaSTi kA adhyayana karate haiN| inake adhyayana kA apanA alaga-alaga kSetra hai| koI bhI zAstrasamAja ke sabhI pakSoM kA adhyayana nahIM karatA hai| sAtha hI vyakti kA sarvAMgINa vikAsa kisa prakAra sambhava hai, isakA vivecana kisI eka zAstra meM upalabdha nahIM hai; jabaki bauddhazAstra vyaSTi tathA samaSTi ke sarvAGgINa rUpoM kA adhyayana karatA hai| vaha sAmAjika, dhArmika, Arthika, dArzanika Adi rUpoM meM isakA adhyayana karatA hai| ataH isa para kaI dRSTiyoM se prakAza DAlA jA sakatA hai| samAja, nIti, darzana Adi isake kaI dRSTikoNa haiN| hama dharatI ke mAnava prANI haiM evaM hamArI mUlabhUta samasyAyeM bhI haiN| yaha dharatI kA manuSya yahA~ sukhada pariveza banA sake, yaha hama sabako iSTa hai| phalataH vizuddha vyAvahArika dRSTikoNa se bauddha cintana ke anusAra vyakti evaM samaSTi kA kaise pUrNa vikAsa ho sakatA hai, isa tathya ko isa nibandha meM prastuta karanA hai / pAli sAhitya meM vyaSTi arthAt vyakti ke lie puggala, manussa Adi zabdoM kA prayoga huA hai| yahA~ ina zabdoM kA prayoga kisI vyakti vizeSa ke lie na hokara vyApaka rUpa meM huA hai| hAlAki bauddha darzana meM vyakti kI kalpanA paJca skandhoM ke rUpa meM hai| vahIM vyaktivAda kA khaNDana kiyA gayA hai| ataH isa AdhAra para hama kaha sakate haiM ki isa vyAvahArika jagata meM jise hama vyakti kI saMjJA dete haiM, vahI paJcaskandha hai, jo arhatva prApti kI ora agrasara hotA hai| uparyakta AdhAra para bauddha cintana kI dRSTi se paJcaskandhoM ke samudAya ko hI samAja kahA jA sakatA hai| sAmAnyataH tripiTaka meM samAja yA samaSTi zabda kA prayoga nahIM milatA hai, lekina bhagavAn buddha parisaMvAda 2

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bauddha dRSTi se vyakti kA vikAsa ne samAja yA samaSTi ke lie 'bahajana' zabda kA prayoga vinayapiTaka meM kiyA hai, jisakI puSTi 'mahAvagga' kI nimnalikhita paMkti se hotI hai-caratha bhikkhave cArikaM bahujanahitAya bahujanasukhAya lokAnukampAya attAyahitAya sukhAya devamanussAnaM (ma0 va0 pR0 23) / uparyukta kathana se yaha spaSTa hai ki vyaSTi arthAt paJcaskandhoM ke samudAya ko hI samAja kahA jAtA hai| yaha sarvavidita hai ki jisa prakAra ke vyakti hoMge, usI prakAra ke samAja kA gaThana bhI hogaa| isa dRSTi se yaha avazya hai ki vyaktiyoM kA sarvAGgINa vikAsa ho tathA ve zIla sampanna hoM, jisase ki eka svastha samAja kA nirmANa ho sake / isa sandarbha meM yaha prazna ho sakatA hai ki bhagavAna buddha ne to bhikSuoM tathA bhikSuNiyoM ke lie hI upadeza kiyA hai na ki sAmAnya janoM arthAt gRhasthoM ke lie| isase yaha to sambhava hai ki sAmAnya janoM arthAt gRhasthoM kI eka svastha samaSTi kA nirmANa ho sakatA hai| isase to kevala bhikSu samudAya ho lAbhAnvita ho sakatA hai| lekina isa prakAra kI dhAraNA bilkula nirAdhAra evaM tathya hIna hai / bhagavAn buddha ne bhikSu gRhastha donoM ke lie upadeza kiyA hai| isa prasaMga meM yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki unhoMne gRhI jIvana ke samasta aMgoM para vicAra karate hue usake sarvAMgINa vikAsa kI pRSThabhUmi meM hI sigAlovAdasutta kA upadeza diyA thaa| sAtha hI yaha to unake prathama upadeza se bhI prakaTa hai, jaba unhoMne bhikSuoM ko bahujanahitAya bahujanasukhAya kI bhAvanA se anuprANita kara loka kalyANa meM vicaraNa karane ke lie kahA thaa| aisA bhI kahA jAtA hai ki bhagavAn buddha ne apanA upadeza karate samaya bhikSuoM ko hI punaH-punaH sambodhita kiyA hai aura sambhavataH usa sambodhana ko hI dekhakara aisI dhAraNA bana gayI hai ki buddha ke upadeza bhikSaoM ke lie hI haiN| AcArya buddhaghoSa ne isakA nirAkaraNa karate hue kahA hai ki parama kAruNika tathAgata ke upadeza ko isa prakAra sImita karanA ucita nahIM hai| upadeza krama meM bhikSuoM kA sambodhana to eka dezanA kI vidhi mAtra hai| jisa prakAra rAjA ke Agamana se maMtrIgaNa, aMgarakSaka, senApati Adi kA Agamana svataH abhipreta hai, usI prakAra sambodhana ke rUpa meM bhikSu zabda ke prayoga ke sAtha unakI cAra prakAra kI pariSad samAviSTa hai / usa zabda se bhikSu, bhikSuNI, upAsaka tathA upAsikA sabakA kathana iSTa samajhanA cAhie (su0 vi0 3-68) / isa prakAra yaha tathya spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki parama kAruNika tathAgata kI vANI gRhI tathA prabajita sabake hita ke lie hai| __aba yaha vicAraNIya hai ki bhagavAn buddha ne vyaSTi tathA samaSTi ke vikAsa ke lie kauna-kauna sI bAteM kahIM haiN| isa krama meM yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki buddha ke sAmane parisaMvAda-2

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134 samAja kA vizeSakara manuSya mAtra kA samaSTi meM madhumaya vAtAvaraNa banAne ke . vidhAna kiyA hai| isa dizA meM nimnalikhita bAteM vicAraNIya haiM bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAe sarvAGgINa vikAsa iSTa thA / isalie unhoMne lie jo jo kArya upayukta haiM, una sabakA manuSyoM ko mukhyataH cAra prakAra ke klezayukta karma nahIM karane cAhie / ve haiMprANAtipAta, adinnAdAna, kAmesumicchAcAra evaM musAvAda - ( dI 0 ni0 3 -144) / prathama tIna kAyika duSkarma hai tathA cauthA vAcika duSkarma hai / prANAtipAta jIvahiMsA, prANibadha Adi kA hI nAma hai / bauddha paramparA ke anusAra AtmA tathA AtmIya kucha nahIM hai / jo manuSya hai, vaha pA~ca skandhoM kA saMghAtamAtra hai / manuSya ke vyaktitva meM pA~ca skandhoM ke atirikta aura koI aisA tattva nahIM hai jise AtmA yA AtmIya kahA jA sakatA hai / taba badha kisakA hotA hai ? jisake dvArA ina pA~ca skandhoM kA saMdhAraNa hotA hai, vaha jIvitendriya hai, usakA upaccheda hI prANibaddha hai / aisA jAnate hue kisI prANI ko usake jIvana se pRthak kara denA prANibadha kahA jAtA hai / AcArya buddhaghoSa ne isa para prakAza DAlate hue pratipAdita kiyA hai ki prANI zabda vyavahAra meM sattva ke lie AyA hai / paramArtharUpa meM vaha jIvitendriya kA nAma hai / isalie usa jIvitendriya ke upaccheda ke lie kAya tathA vacI dvAra se pravRtta vadhaka - cetanA hI prANAtipAta hai / isa karma ke hone meM pA~ca bAtoM kA honA Avazyaka haiprANI ho, vaha prANI hai aisA jJAna ho, usake pratighAta ke lie bAdhaka citta ho, vadha ke lie yatna ho tathA usake phalasvarUpa maraNa ho / isa prakAra prANa hiMsA ke lie jo badhakacetanA hai, usakA parityAga hI prANAtipAta se virati hai, jisako jIvana meM utAranA samaSTi arthAt samAja ke samyak vikAsa ke lie atyanta Avazyaka hai / adinnAdAna dUsarA klezayukta karma hai, jisakA artha hotA hai corI / jo vastu na dI gayI ho, usako grahaNa karanA yA dUsare kI vastu kA haraNa karanA corI hai / yaha dusare kI vastu ko grahaNa karane kI cetanA hai / usako lene ke lie yatna ho, ina sabake sAtha jo steya cetanA utpanna hotI hai, vaha adinnAdAna hai / samAja se samyak vikAsa ke lie yaha Avazyaka hai ki loga corI se virata raheM, jisase samAja se sadA sadbhAvanA evaM maitrI kA vAtAvaraNa banA rahe / kAmesumicchAcAra tIsarA klezayukta karma kA nAma hai / yaha vyabhicAra kA dyotaka hai / gRhI ke lie yaha Avazyaka ki vaha vyabhicAra se virata rahe / vaha apanI parisaMvAda - 2

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bauddha dRSTi se vyakti kA vikAsa 135 eka bhAryA meM saMtuSTa hokara jIvana vyatIta kare / isa prasaMga meM yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki maithuna- samAcAra, mithyA - AcaraNa, lAbhakAcAra Adi ekAntataH mithyAcAra hai / zarIra yA vacana se kisI strI ke sAtha saMsarga karanA yA mana se cintana karanA vyabhicAra ke antargata hai / isa prasaMga meM yaha bhI darzAyA gayA hai ki puruSa kisI prakAra se bhI para strI meM anuraJcana na kareM / sAtha hI kucha bAlikAoM kA bhI ullekha hai jo pratyeka sthiti meM agamanIya hai / ve haiM - mAtA dvArA rakSita, pitA dvArA rakSita, bhAI dvArA rakSita Adi / isalie sAmAjika suvyavasthA evaM sAmAjika anukUla pariveza banAne ke lie yaha Avazyaka hai ki samAja kA pratyeka prANI akuzala karmoM kA parityAga kare / isa krama meM musAvAda yA asatyakathana bhI eka prakAra kA doSa mAnA jAtA hai / jo bAta atathya ho, use tathya ke rUpa meM kahanA, yA jo bAta ghaTita hI nahIM ho vaha ho cukI hai, isa prakAra asatya vastu ko satya ke rUpa meM kahane kI jo vaco - vijJapti ko utpanna karane vAlI badhaka cetanA hai, use musAvAda kahate haiM / isake lie bhI cAra bAtoM kA honA Avazyaka hai-asat vastu, usako satya ke rUpa meM kathana kA citta, usake lie yatna evaM usa bAta ko jAnanA / isa prakAra jo jhUTha bolane kI prakriyA hai, usase virata rahanA hI samAja ko suvyavasthita evaM sukhI rUpa pradAna karane meM sahAyaka ho sakatA hai / uparyukta cAra prakAra ke pApa karmoM se virata rahane ke lie bhagavAn buddha ne upAsakoM ko kahA hai kyoMki ye cAroM pApakarma hiMsA meM antarbhUta ho jAte haiM / ataH sthUla rUpa se hiMsA kA tyAga karane ke lie inase virata rahanA atyanta Avazyaka hai / isake atirikta bhI bhagavAn buddha ne kucha akuzala karmoM kI carcA kI hai tathA unase bhI virata rahane ke lie kahA hai| ve haiM - pizunavacana, paruSavacana, sampralApa, abhidhyA, vyApAda tathA mithyAdRSTi Adi / uparyukta kathana ke atirikta bauddha granthoM meM kucha paristhitiyoM kA bhI ullekha hai jinase vazIbhUta hokara manuSya pApa karma karatA hai ina paristhitiyoM meM chanda, dveSa, moha tathA bhaya prasiddha hai / inake kAraNa samyak patha kA parityAga kara manuSya mithyA patha ko apanAtA hai / use jAna lenA cAhie ki inake prabhAva meM jo karma hote haiM, ve sabhI hIna hote haiM / isalie inake prabhAva meM Akara azubha karmoM ko nahIM karanA cAhie kyoMki ye cAroM akuzala dharma aise prabala haiM ki inase yA inake kAraNa samyak mArga IT atikramaNa ho jAtA hai / aisA hone se manuSya kA yaza vaise hI kSINa hone lagatA hai, jisa prakAra kRSNa pakSa meM candramA kI kalAe~ kSINa hotI haiM / (dI0 ni0 3 - 140 ) / parisaMvAda - 2

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bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAe~ AcArya buddhaghoSa ne ina cAra akuzala pravRttiyoM ke prabhAva se honevAle duSkarmoM kI carcA karate hue kahA hai ki manuSya chanda arthAt rAga ke kAraNa anucita gati se gamana karate hue akartavyoM ko kartavya ke rUpa meM karatA hai| dveSa ke kAraNa anucita mArga kA anusaraNa karate hue kisI vyakti ke prati vaira bhAvanA ko vikasita karatA hai / mohavaza yA jJAna ke abhAva meM asvAmI ko svAmI mAnatA hai| manuSya bhaya ke kAraNa bhI pApakarma karatA hai| isalie yaha Avazyaka hai ki manuSya akuzala AsravoM ko jAnakara vibhinna vastuoM ke prati apane citta ko lagAne tathA jo bhI kAma kare, use ThIka se kre| isa krama meM bhagavAna buddha ne kucha aise kAryoM kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai, jo gRhastha Adi ke lie hAnikAraka haiN| una kAryoM ko karake vaha apane saMcita bhoga yA koSa ko vinaSTa karatA hai| sAtha hI sAtha vaha logoM meM ayaza ko prApta karatA hai| una kAryoM meM madyapAna, asamaya meM yatra-tatra ghUmanA, aisA sthAna jahA~ vibhinna svabhAva vAle logoM kA samAgama hotA hai vahIM vicaraNa karanA, juA khelanA, pApI mitroM ke sAtha rahanA tathA Alasya se yukta rahanA aadi| sAtha hI unhoMne inameM se pratyeka ke doSoM kA spaSTataH digdarzana karAyA hai (dI0 ni0 3-142) / yathA-madyapAna se dhana kI hAni, kalaha kI vRddhi, rogoM kI utpatti Adi prakAra kI hAniyA~ hotI haiN| isI prakAra bhagavAna buddha ne ina kAryoM se hone vAlI hAniyoM ko spaSTa rUpa meM darzAyA hai| bhagavAna buddha ne eka anya upayogI aMga para bhI bala diyA hai aura vaha haiapramAda / isa sambandha meM to bhagavAna buddha ne yahA~ taka kahA hai ki pramAda mRtyupada hai aura apramAda amRtpd| jo loga pramAda ko chor3akara amRtapada kI prApti ke lie Age bar3hate haiM, ve zIghra hI apane lakSya ko prApta kara apAra sukha kI anubhUti karate haiN| buddha kI antima vANI meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki manuSya ko apramAdI hokara apane lakSya kI prApti meM laga jAnA caahie| pramAdI arthAt AlasI manuSya to kabhI bhI apane kArya ko yathAsamaya nahIM karatA hai| phalasvarUpa usakA jIvana kaSTaprada rahatA hai tathA isase buddhi, dhana Adi kI hAni hotI hai / isIlie bhagavAn buddha ne kahA hai appamAdo amatapadaM pamAdo maccuno padaM / appamatA na mIyanti ye pamattA yathA matA // isa krama meM bhagavAn buddha ne vyakti ke samyaka vikAsa ke lie jIvana ke eka eka kSaNa ke sadupayoga ko bhI Avazyaka batalAyA hai kyoMki sabhI pada vinayazIla hai parisaMvAda-2

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bauddha dRSTi se vyakti kA vikAsa 137 tathA Ayu ke kSaNa bhI naSTa hote jA rahe haiM / jisa prakAra udyAna ke phUloM kA sadupayoga kara sundara mAlAe~ banAyI jA sakatI haiM, usI prakAra jIvana ke kSaNoM kA sadupayoga kara kuzala karma kiye jA sakate haiN| jisa prakAra yadi upavana ke phUloM kA sadupayoga na ho to ve bhI jIrNa-zIrNa ho gira jAyeMge, usI prakAra yadi jIvana ke kSaNoM kA upayoga na ho to ve bhI vyartha meM naSTa ho jAegeM (dha0 pa0 221) / isalie hameM isa jIvana meM bhautika lAbha ke sAtha AdhyAtmika lAbhoM kA bhI saMtulana rakhanA caahie| aisA karane se manuSya yahA~ bhI sukhI raha sakatA hai tathA anyatra bhI sukhI ho sakatA hai| isake lie yaha Avazyaka hai ki bhautika lAbhoM kA saMgraha kareM, para vaha dharmamaya bhAvanA se punaH manuSya jisa dhana kA saMgraha karatA hai, use cAra bhAgoM meM vibhakta kara do bhAga ko bhojana meM, do bhAga ko anya Avazyaka kAryoM meM lagAe tathA zeSa bhAga ko ApatkAla ke lie surakSita rkhe| isa prakAra kI bacata yojanA ko yadi pratyeka vyakti apane jIvana meM kAma lAye to deza meM kabhI bhI mudrAsphIti kI sthiti nahIM ho sakatI hai| phalasvarUpa ma~hagAI kI samasyA bhI utpanna nahIM ho sakatI hai| loka vyavahAra meM sarvadA tatpara evaM apramAdI vana, vipattiyoM se ghabar3Aye nahIM, acche mitroM kA saMgraha kareM, dAnI, priyavAdI, samabhAva rakhane vAlA, udAra evaM uttama lakSya meM rata rhe| use yaha samajhanA cAhie ki loka meM jo saMgraha hai, ve na mAtA-pitA, na putra Adi ke lie hai, varan saMgraha kA uddezya satkarma kI abhivRddhi pUrvaka jIvana yApana karanA hai| manuSya mAtA-pitA yA putra ke kAraNa loka meM yazasvI nahIM ho sakatA hai, varan dharmAcaraNa evaM uttama guNoM ke kAraNa hI vaha mahAn bana sakatA hai evaM yaza kA bhAgI ho sakatA hai (dI0 ni0 3, 149) / isalie bhagavAna ne kahA hai ki puNyakArI yahA~ bhI Ananda karatA hai aura paraloka meM bhI Ananda karatA hai| vaha sarvatra Ananda karatA hai (dha0 pa0 10) / isa prakAra hama kaha sakate haiM ki bhagavAn buddha ke upadezoM kA mukhya kendra bindu yaha hai ki isa laukika jIvana kA saphala nirmANa bhautika tathA AdhyAtmika upakaraNoM ke AdhAra para hI ho| __ isa prakAra buddha ke upadezoM ke AdhAra para vyaSTi ke sarvAGgINa vikAsa ke anantara eka svastha samaSTi arthAt samAja kA udaya hotA hai / jo Arthika, sAmAjika, dhArmika, rAjanItika Adi dRSTi se vikasita rahatA hai| usa samAja kI Arthika dazA bar3I hI sudRr3ha rahatI hai| vyaktigata sampatti nahIM hotI hai| isalie Arthika viSamatA kA prazna hI nahIM uThatA hai| sAtha hI utpAdana ke sAdhanoM para kisI vyakti parisaMvAda-2

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138 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAe~ vizeSa kA adhikAra na hokara pUre samAja kA adhikAra hotA hai| isake atirikta saMgha ke AdhAra para sthApita samaSTi kI sAmAjika dazA bhI anupama arthAt manorama hotI hai| isa prakAra kI samaSTi meM jAti vizeSa kA nAma nahIM rahatA hai arthAt jAtivihIna samaSTi kA udbhava hotA hai, jisakI kalpanA hamAre rASTrapitA mahAtmA gAMdhI ne bhI kI thii| dhArmika dRSTi se bhI vaha vikasita evaM svastha samAja hotA hai / isa prakAra ke samAja meM kisI vizeSa dharma kI pradhAnatA nahIM hotI hai| loga bAhya ADambara se alaga rahate haiN| ve mUrtipUjA, Izvara Adi meM vizvAsa na karake apane kuzala karmoM para vizvAsa karate haiM kyoMki karma hI sukha-duHkha kA kAraNa hotA hai / isa prakAra hama kaha sakate haiM ki buddha ke upadezoM ke AdhAra para hara dRSTi se vikasita vyaSTi dvArA eka svastha evaM sarvAGga vikasita samaSTi arthAt samAja kA nirmANa kiyA jA sakatA hai| pArasavAda-2

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vyakti, samAja aura unake sambandhoM kI avadhAraNA DaoN0 brahmadevanArAyaNa zarmA vyakti, samAja evaM unake sambandhoM para bhAratIya manISiyoM ne atyanta prAcIna kAla se vicAra karanA prArambha kiyA thA aura Aja bhI vaha vicAra kA viSaya banA hai / kyoMki yaha eka atyanta gahana prazna hai jisa para socanA, samajhanA tathA vicAra karanA Avazyaka hI nahIM atyanta upayogI hai / vyakti aura samAja ko sundara suvyavasthita aura Adarza mArga para pratipanna karAnA bhAratIya RSiyoM evaM cintakoM kA parama karttavya rahA hai / jabataka vyakti AdarzoM se yukta nahIM hogA, tabataka samAja bhI Adarza nahIM bana sakatA aura samAja ke pathabhraSTa ho jAne para sArI mAnavatA patana ke garta meM gira sakatI hai / jaba-jaba samAja meM pathabhraSTatA, lolupatA, niraMkuzatA evaM anaitikatA kA pracAra prasAra huA, taba taba bhAratIya maharSiyoM ne apanI painI dRSTi evaM sUkSma prajJA se Adarza samAja kI kalpanA kI / phalasvarUpa darzanazAstra, nItizAstra, sAhitya evaM samAjazAstra Adi kA sRjana huA / darzana ne sarvakalyANa kI cetanA ko udaya kara usako AdhyAtmika dharAtala diyA, nItizAstra ne use naitika mUlya pradAna kiyA, sAhitya ne use komala evaM manohara bhAva pradAna kie tathA samAjazAstra ne vyakti aura samAja ke sambandhoM ko ujAgara kiye / isa prakAra bhAratIya cintakoM ne vyakti aura samAja ko eka aisA mUlya pradAna kiyA jisase vyakti samAja ko tathA samAja vyakti ko sukha-suvidhA pradAna kara ske| isa sandarbha meM darzana kI kyA bhUmikA rahI hai yaha draSTavya hai / bhAratIya darzana sabakI maMgala kAmanA se pravartita hotA hai / na kevala mAnava samAja varan prANimAtra kA maMgala usakA pramukha viSaya hai / RSi mahAtmAoM ke dvArA jisa adhyAtma vidyA kI zikSA dI gaI, vaha apane vyavahAra pakSa meM maitrI evaM karuNA se sadA hI ba~dhI rhii| sabhI prAkRtika bhUtoM aura mAnava tathA pazu evaM vanaspati jagat ke sAtha bhI bhArata meM sadA zAnti aura samanvaya kA hI vyavahAra rahA hai| sabhI sthAvara aura jaMgama prANiyoM ko vaha maitrIbhAvanA se ota-prota karatA rahA hai tathA unake sAtha pArasparika sAmaMjasya aura kalyANa kI bhAvanA kI sthApanA meM hI usane paramArtha ke darzana kiye haiM / samanvaya, tyAga, vairAgya Adi dharma bhAratIya saMskRti ke mUlamaMtra rahe haiN| jinakI sAmAjika abhivyakti kabhI saMkucita rASTrIyatA ke rUpa meM na hokara sadA vyApaka tathA vizvajanInatA ke rUpa meM parisaMvAda - 2

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140 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM haI hai / jisake kSetra meM pazu, pakSI aura vanaspati jagat bhI sammilita hai| bhArata kI rASTra upAsanA jisa sArvajanIna kalyANa buddhi ko lekara huI hai use rAga, dveSa aura pratiyogitA kI bhAvanA para pratiSThita Aja ke loga nahIM samajha skte| vyaktipUjA se samAjasevA ko zreSTha samajhA gayA aura tathAgata bhI svayaM pUjita hue, saMgha kI pUjA ke dvArA' hI / sarvalokahita hI bhAratIya cintana kA gantavya sthAna rahA / bhavatu sabba maMgalaM kI bhAvanA hamAre sAmAjika jIvana ko sadA preraNA detI rahI / paraspara eka dUsare ko prasanna karate hue tuma parama kalyANa ko pAoge, aisI sAmAjika anubhUti sambhavataH bhArata meM hI sarvaprathama kI gii| isI AdhAra para hamArI AdhyAtmika saMskRti kA zilAnyAsa huaa| kAlAntara meM isI ke avyavasthita aura vikRta ho jAne para cAroM varNoM kI zuddhI ke dvArA samyak sambuddha ne vizuddhikaraNa kA prayatna kiyA tathA sabhI dizAoM ko maitrIbhAvanA kI vimala dhArA se AplAvita karane kA sandeza diyaa| mitra kI dRSTi se hI sabhI ko dekhA gayA tathA kabhI koI duHkha na pAye isake lie prayatna kiyA gyaa| maitrI aura sarvakalyANamayI vRtti ke lie buddhazAsana meM jo mahatvapUrNa sthAna diyA gayA, usake viSaya meM adhika kahane kI AvazyakatA hI nahIM hai / kyoMki tathAgata saMkSepataH ahiMsA ko hI dharma kahate haiN| maiM apanI isa jIvana vidhi se kisI ko bhI hAni na pahu~cAU~, na cara ko, na acara ko yahI bhagavAn tathAgata kI sadA bhAvanA rahatI thii| aura aisA hI karane ke lie unhoMne upadeza diyaa| bhagavAna buddha ke samAna anukampA karane vAle anya zAstA jagat meM bahuta kama hue| jisa karuNAmaya buddha ne aMgulImAla DAkU ko bhI A bhikSu kahakara sambodhita kiyA, aura ambapAlI gaNikA ke yahA~ bhojana svIkAra kara use kRtArtha kiyaa| usa samadarzI mahAtmA ke lie dharma sAriputra kA yaha kathana sarvathA upayukta thA "bhagavAn buddha apanI hatyA karane para tule devadatta ke prati, cora 1. saGgha te dinne ahaM ceva pUjito bhavissAmi saGgho cAti / pabbajjA sutta0 2. na jaccA basato hoti, na jaccA hoti brAhmaNo, kambhunA vasalo hoti kammunA hoti ___ brAhmaNo / dha0 50; bijjAcaraNa sampanno so seTTho deva mAnuso / a0 su0 dI0 ni0 3. maitrI citta ke lie dra0 mi0 pa0 (opammavaggA) mahArAhulovAda sutta, dIgha ni0 / 4. dharma samAsato'hiMsA varNayanti tthaagtaaH| catuHzataka / sarveSu bhUteSu dayA hi dhrmH| bu0 ca0 (9 / 17) / 5. imAyAha iriyAya na kiJci vyAvAdhemi, tasaM vA thAvaraM vA (vitakka su0 iti bu0 6. aMgulimAla su0 (ma0 ni0 2 / 4 / 6) 7. parinibbAna su0 (dI0 ni0) parisaMvAda-2

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vyakti, samAja aura unake sambandhoM kI avadhAraNA 141 aMgulImAla ke prati, dharmapAla hAthI ke prati aura putra rAhula ke prati bhI samAna buddhi rakhate the' | maitrI vihAra ko cAra Arya vihAroM meM pratiSThita kara bhagavAn ne usake svarUpa kI vyApakatA dI jo bhAratIya darzana meM eka maulika vicAra hai / bhikSuoM yadi cora DAkU donoM ora vAle - are se tumhAre eka aMga ko kATe, vahA~ para bhI jo mana dUSita kare vaha mere zAsana ke anukUla AcaraNa karane vAlA nahIM hai / maitrIbhAvanA ke rahate manuSya ke mala naSTa na ho jAya, yaha kabhI sambhava nahIM hai / kyoMki Avuso ! maitrI citta vimukti vyApAda kA nissaraNa hai / ataH saddharma meM pratiSThita bhikSu mitrabhAvayukta citta se eka dizA ko pUrNa karake viharatA hai, dUsarI dizA, tIsarI dizA, cauthI dizA, isI prakAra upara-nIce - dAya-bAyeM sampUrNa mana se, sabake lie, sAre loka ko mitrabhAvayukta vipula, mahAn aparimANa, vaira rahita, droha rahita citta se sparza karatA, viharatA hai / isa prakAra tathAgata ne abaira se hI baira kI zAnti kA upadeza dekara bhikSuoM ko prANIhiMsA se virata rahane kA anuzAsana kara aneka upadezoM meM maitrI vihAra kI hI prazaMsA kara bahujanoM ke hita sukha aura kalyANa ke lie deva aura manuSyoM para anukampA kara bhikSuoM ko cAro dizAoM meM vicaraNa karane kA upadeza diyA / ve svayaM bhI samyak sambodhi prApta karane ke samaya se lekara apane parinirvANa ke antima kSaNoM taka amRtopama dharmopadeza karate hue sadA lokahita 1. badhake devattamhi core aMgulimAlake, dhanapAla rAhule ca sabbattha samako muni / (mi0 pa opambhakathA) ekaM ca bAhaM vAsiyA taccheyya kupitamAnasA ekaM ca bAhaM gandhena olimpeyya pamoditA / amusmi paTigho natthi rAgo asmi na vijjati / paThavI samacittA te tAdisA samaNA mamAti / bhi0 pa0 ( opambha kathA ) | 2. dra0 mahArAhulopAda su0 (ma0 ni0 ) 3. mahAhatthipadopama su0 (ma0 ni0 1|3|8 | ) 4. mahArAhulovAda sutta (ma0 ni0) buddhacaryA 503 / 5. mahArAhulovAda su0 (ma0 ni0) tevijja sutta ( dI 0 ni0 ) 6. nahi verena veni sammantIdha kudAcanaM, averena ca sammanti esa dhammo sanantano / dha0 pa0 16 | dha0 pa0 1 / 3 / dha0 pa0 26 / 8 / 7. bhikkhu pANAtipAtaM pahAya pANAtipAtA paTivirato hoti / tevijja sutta ( dI0 ni0 ) 8. mettasutta (su0 ni0) kAlAma su0 (aM0 ni0 ) tevijja sutta ( dI0 ni0 ) / 9. caratha bhikkhave cArikaM bahujana hitAya bahujana sukhAya lokAnukampAya atthAya hitAya sukhAya devamanussAnaM ti / deser bhikkhave dhammaM Adi kalyANaM majjhe kalyANaM pariyosAna kalyANaM sAtthaM savyaJjanaM kevalaM paripurNa brahmacariyaM pakAsetha / ( mahAvagga ) parisaMvAda - 2

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142 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM meM hI lage rhe| isa prakAra bauddha darzana bahujana kI maMgala bhAvanA se anuprANita hai| isake sAmane bahujana kI samasyA hai| saMsAra meM duHkha vyApta hai, saba kucha jala rahA hai, sabhI pIr3ita haiN| ataH isa vyApaka duHkha ko kaise dUra kiyA jAya, isakI cintA hai| isIlie bhagavAn ne cAra Arya satyoM ke dvArA isa vyApaka roga ko dUra karane kA nidAna batalAyA hai| bauddha paramparA ke anusAra vyakti jar3a cetana kA samuccaya hai| ise paJcaskandha kA sampujana bhI kahA jA sakatA hai| isI ko saMkSepa meM nAma rUpa se abhihita kiyA gayA hai| jo kucha sthUla hai, vaha rUpa hai tathA jo citta caitasika sUkSma dharma haiM use nAma kahA gayA hai| isa prakAra 'manuSya' yA pudgala koI eka zuddha sattA nahIM hai, varan vaha mAnasika aura bhautika aneka avasthAoM kA samudAyamAtra hai| sabhI bhautika avasthAoM kA saMgrahAtmaka nAma rUpa hai| aura sabhI mAnasika avasthAoM kA saMgrahAtmaka nAma 'nAma' hai| rUpa skandhra meM bhI cAra mahAbhUta aura unase utpanna upAdA rUpoM kA samUha hai tathA zeSa cAra skandha vedanA, saMjJA, saMskAra aura vijJAna 'nAma' hai| ise hI citta caitasika ke dvArA vyakta kiyA gayA hai| ye sabhI utpatti aura vinAza ke nirantara krama meM ghUmA karate haiN| jaba hama vyaktitva yA 'sattva' jaisI bAta karate haiM to inake samuccaya mAtra kA nirdeza karate haiN| vastutaH 'AtmA' nAmaka padArtha kI alaga sattA nahIM hai| jisa prakAra bhinna-bhinna aGgoM ke AdhAra para 'ratha' kI saMjJA hotI hai, usI prakAra paJcaskandhoM ke AdhAra para vyakti ke vyaktitva kI upalabdhi hotI hai / arthAt vyakti kevala nAma ke lie hai, vyavahAra ke lie hai, na kI usa prakAra kI koI zAzvata sattA kA bodhaka hai, isIlie yaha prajJapti sat hai, para dravya sat nahIM haiN| AcArya buddhaghoSa ne kahA hai ki duHkha hI yahA~ hai kintu 'duHkhita' koI nahIM hai, kriyA hai kintu 'kAraka' nahIM, nirvANa hai kintu nirvRta nahIM, mArga hai kintu gamana karane vAlA nhiiN| "dukkhameva hi na ca kopi dukkhito, kArako na kriyA ca vijjti| atthi nibbuti na nibbuto pumA maggaM atthi gamako na vijjti'|" tAtparya yaha hai ki pratItyasamutpanna sabhI bAhya aura andara ke dharmoM kA chAna-vIna karane para unameM koI aisA sthita tattva nahIM milatA, jisako apanA yA 'AtmA' karake grahaNa kiyA jA sake, kyoMki ve sabhI anitya haiM, kSaNika hai, aura duHkha rUpa haiN| jo anitya hai, kSaNika hai, duHkha rUpa haiM ve apanA nahIM ho sakate / ataH inheM apanA kahanA mithyAdRSTi hai, ajJAnatA hai| tripiTaka ke aneka suttoM meM ina skandhoM ko pratItyasamutpanna, 1. vishuddhimgg| parisaMvAda-2

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vyakti, samAja aura unake sambandhoM kI avadhAraNA anitya, kSaNika, duHkha aura anAtma rUpa meM samajhAyA gayA hai| isa prakAra bauddhadarzana meM sattA sambandhI prazna kA asti nAsti meM koI uttara nahIM diyA gayA hai| varan paJcaskandhoM kA vizleSaNa karake yaha dikhalA diyA gayA hai ki saba pratItyasamutpanna hai, anitya aura duHkhasvarUpa hai, inameM kahIM bhI 'AtmA yA sattva' jaisA koI nitya padArtha nahIM milatA hai| __uparyukta bAtoM se yaha phalita hotA hai ki vyakti ke astitva ke sandarbha meM gatihInatA yA nityatA ke lie kisI prakAra kI bhI guMjAiza nahIM hai| kyoMki inakI dRSTi meM vastu satat parivartanazIla aura gatimAna hai| jisa prakAra eka pravAha dUsare pravAha ko janma detA hai, dUsarA tIsare ko, tIsarA cauthe ko usI prakAra nadI ke pravAha kI bhA~ti sabhI vastu satat parivartana kI avasthA meM hai| isI ko yahA~ 'dhammasantati yA sattvasantati' kahA gayA hai| sabhI vastue~ utpanna aura vinaSTa hotI haiM aura apane vinAza ke sAtha dUsare ko utpanna karatI rahatI haiN| utpatti ke sAtha vinAza kI yaha anivAryatA hI vyakti ke astitva kA dyotaka hai| isalie isakA bauddhika Akalana sAmAnyagata pravAha ke rUpa meM hI kiyA jA sakatA hai| ___ isa taraha bauddhadarzana ke anusAra vyakti svayaM meM na to nitya evaM rahasya hai aura na to usake nirmANa meM kisI acintya bAhya zaktiyoM kA hAtha hai| varan pratItyasamutpanna hai / vyakti ke vyaktitva meM eka ora nAma evaM rUpa kA sahavartitva hai to dUsarI ora citta aura caitasikoM kA sahayuktatva evaM anyonyaashritttv| jar3a se cetana yA cetana se jar3a kA yahA~ prazna nahIM hai balki ye donoM anyonyAzrita haiM, eka ke binA dUsarI kI sthiti yahA~ mAnya nahIM hai| jaisA ki abhidhammAvatAra meM kahA gayA hai ki 'yamakaM nAmarUpaM ca ubho aJjoJjanissitA / ekasmi bhijjamAnasmi, ubho bhijjanti paccayA' // isase yaha jJAta hotA hai ki vyakti ko apane jIvana ke sAtha hI kucha prAkRtika sAdhana evaM sahaja eSaNAe~ prApta haiM jo usake vyaktitva ke sAtha jur3I haiN| isa jIvanadhArA meM bauddhoM kA karma siddhAnta atyanta mahatvapUrNa hai jo pUrva se para ke jIvana ko jor3atA hai / bhagavAn ne karma ko cetanA kahA hai| karma ke mUla meM eka cetanA hai| jo mAnasa vyApAra ke rUpa meM sthita hai| yaha kAya, vAk Adi anya sabhI vyApAroM kA preraka hai| sabhI karma cetanA ke rUpa meM vyaktitva se abhinnatA prApta 1. mU0pa0 su0 (ma0 ni0) 1 / 1 / 1, mahAnidAnasutta (dI0 ni0 2 / 2), mahAnidAnasutta (do0 ni0), mahAsatipaTTAnasuta (dI0 ni0 2 / 9), chachakkasutta (ma, ni0 3 / 5 / 6), saM0ni0 2117 / parisaMvAda -2

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14 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM karate rahate haiN| aisI dazA meM vyakti kI svatantratA meM koI bAdhA nahIM hotii| kuzala, akuzala, acchA, burA, ucita, anucita, pApa, puNya, nIti, anIti ke nirdhAraNa meM tathA eka kA niSedha kara dUsare ko grahaNa karane meM vyakti svatantra hai| ataH vyaktitva kI ananyatA kI pahacAna usakI svatantratA hai| vyakti apanA svAmI svayaM hai, vaha AtmadIpa aura ananyazaraNa hai| usameM apanA nirIkSaNa karanA aura apanI buddhi ke AdhAra para heya aura upAdeya kA nirNaya lenA svabhAvataH honA caahie| aise nirNaya kI prAmANikatA kA AdhAra zreSTha lakSya ko prApta karanA hai| isa prakriyA se vyakti meM guNAtmaka vikAsa kA avasara milatA hai| apane asadpravRttiyoM ke virodha meM svayaM hI sadvRttiyoM ko apanAkara zreSTha lakSya ko prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| isIlie 'puggalapatti ' grantha meM vyaktiyoM kI eka lambI sUcI dI gaI hai jisameM hIna puruSa se lekara zreSTha puruSa taka kA nAmollekha kiyA gayA hai| hIna puruSa meM pRthakjana tathA zreSTha puruSa meM samyak sambuddha haiM, jo vyaktitva ke Adarza guNoM se yukta haiN| inhIM do binduoM ke madhya meM vyakti kA vikAsa dekhA jA sakatA hai| 'samAja' samAna AcAra vicAra vAle vyaktiyoM ke samUha ko kahate haiN| vyakti se parivAra, parivAra se samAja Adi kA nirmANa hotA hai| isa prakAra vyakti aura samAja meM sApekSa sambandha hotA hai| sambandhoM ke AdhAra para samAja kA nirmANa hotA hai tathA samAja se vyakti prabhAvita hokara tadanukUla AcaraNa karatA hai| apane sambandhoM ko sudRr3ha rakhatA hai| ataH vyakti se samAja kA nirmANa hotA hai isalie dharma evaM darzana vyakti ko samyaka mArga pradAna kara mahAna banAtA hai| vyakti kI cetanA yadi tyAga, balidAna maitrI aura jJAna se yukta hogI to usakA vyaktitva mahAna hogaa| aura aise mahAna vyaktiyoM ke saMgaThana se mahAna evaM Adarza samAja kI sthApanA hogii| sambhavataH isI Adarza samAja kA udAharaNa bhagavAn kA bhikSusaMgha hai| bhikSusaMgha eka Adarza samAja hai jahA~ tyAga, maitrI evaM jJAna kA Aloka hai| isa samAja meM sabhI samAna haiN| sabake lie eka jaisI bAta hai, eka hI niyama hai, kisI prakAra kA bhedabhAva nhiiN| saMgha eka svacAlita saMsthA hai jisakA vidhAna gaNarAjyoM ke samAna hotA hai / mahAparinibbAna sutta meM ajAtazatru dvArA mahAmantrI varSakAra ko bheje jAne para bhagavAn ne Ananda se jo bAtacIta kI hai, usase yaha patA calatA hai ki bhagavAn buddha gaNatantra ko zreSTha samajhate the| jina sAta aparihANIya dharmoM kI carcA vahA~ kI gaI hai, ve pratyeka gaNatantra ke Avazyaka zarta haiM jisake kAraNa prajAtantra kA saJcAlana sUcAru rUpa se ho sakatA hai| parisaMvAda-2

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vyakti, samAja aura unake sambandhoM kI avadhAraNA 145 sAmAnya sAmAjika vyavasthA ke prati buddha kA kyA mantavya thA, usakA Akalana kUTadanta sutta, mahAsudassana sutta, aggajha sutta, siMgAlovAda sutta, majjhima nikAya ke makhAdeva sutta, madhura sutta, assalAyana sutta, vAseTa sutta, samAgama sutta ke adhyayana se kiyA jA sakatA hai| kucha logoM kA yaha kahanA ki buddha ne koI sAmAjika vyavasthA nahIM dI hai, nirAdhAra hai| yaha ThIka hai ki buddha ne sAmAjika vyavasthA ke lie manusmRti jaisI kisI pustaka kA praNayana nahIM kiyA, para tripiTaka ke una-una sthaloM ke adhyayana se spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki buddha kisa prakAra kI samAja vyavasthA ko uttama mAnate the / dIgha nikAya tathA majjhima nikAya ke adhyayana se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki usa samaya jo sAmAjika vyavasthA pracalita thI vaha doSapUrNa thii| isIlie buddha ne saMghIya vyavasthA kAyama kI jo Adarza samAja vyavasthA ke rUpa meM vyavasthita huii| yaha samAja kabhI bhI ekajAtIya ora ekadezIya nahIM rahA apitu bahujAtIya evaM bahudezIya rahA aura isakI bhAvanA sArvajanona kalyANa kI rhii| isa prakAra sthaviravAda kI dRSTi se vyakti kA vikAsa pRthakjana se lekara Adarza puruSa samyaksambuddha taka tathA sAmAjika vikAsa sAmAnya samAja (upAsaka, upAsikA saMgha) se lekara Adarza samAja (bhikSuNI saMgha evaM bhikSu saMgha) taka mAnA jA sakatA hai| parisaMvAda-2

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vyaSTi evaM samaSTi ke sandarbha meM brahmavihAra, bodhicitta aura jAlatA caNDAlI DaoN0 sunItikumAra pAThaka bauddha-sAdhanA kI dRSTi se vyakti aura samAja kA bhAratIya sAmAjika vikAsa ke AdhAra para vizeSa mahattva hai| I0 pUrva 5 vIM sadI se lekara aba taka bauddha sAdhanA kI paramparA calI A rahI hai| ataH sAmAjika parivartana ke sAtha-sAtha bauddha dharmadarzana meM bhI vicAra badalate gaye haiM jisase bauddha vinayadharoM kI alaga-alaga paramparAe~ banI thiiN| bhikSu saMgha meM sampradAya bheda, dArzanika vicAroM kA khaMDana-maMDana, triyAna aura ayAna ke vikAsa vibhinna rUpa meM milate haiM / parantu bauddha-sAdhanA kI dRSTi se taraha-taraha kI paramparAe~ hone para bhI mUladhArA meM koI bAdhA nahIM paha~cI thii| isake spaSTIkaraNa ke lie 'brahmavihAra', 'bodhicitta' aura 'jvalitA caNDAlI' ye tIna zabda cune gaye haiN| jisameM bauddha-sAdhanA kI mUladhArA kI gati kA nirNaya kiyA jA sakatA hai| isa sAdhanA ke dvArA bhAratIya vyakti aura samAja kisa prakAra prabhAvita huA thA isakA eka adhyayana prastuta kiyA jA rahA hai| sAmAnyataH yaha kahA jAtA hai ki bhAratIya dharma aura sAdhanA meM 'mokSa' 'mukti' evaM 'vimokSa' zabdoM meM hI vyakti kA uddezya sUcita hai| kAraNa, saMsAra bandhana hai, usase mokSa arthAt mukti milatI hai| jaba bhava-bandhana pratyeka jIva kA bandhana hai, taba usase mokSa pratyeka jIva kA alaga-alaga hI mokSa hai| isa prakAra nirvANa bhI vaiyaktika hai, sAmAjika nahIM hai, yaha dRSTi bar3I sAmAnya dRSTi hai / antatogatvA yaha pramANita hai ki bauddha sAdhanA tathA bhAratIya sAdhanA meM sAmAjika kalyANa yA "bahujanahita bahujanasukha" hI siddha hai| baudvadRSTi se yaha siddhAMta 'brahmavihAra', 'bodhicitta' aura 'jvalitA caNDAlI' zabdoM ke dvArA dezita hai| brahmavihAra bhagavAn buddha ne jo kucha dezanA dI thI vaha tripiTika meM upalabdha hai| isa saMkalana kA aitihAsika mUlyAMkana Aja itanA jarUrI nahIM hai, kyoMki paramparAgata rUpa se taraha-taraha ke saMskaraNa alaga-alaga bhASA meM milate haiN| lekina bauddha sAdhanA kI dRSTi meM inameM bheda nahIM mAlUma par3atA hai| jaise brahmavihAra, bodhicitta Adi kI parisaMvAda-2

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vyaSTi evaM samaSTi ke sandarbha meM brahmavihAra, bodhicitta aura jvalitA caNDAlI 147 caitasika sthiti vyakti para AdhArita hai / jaba bauddha yogi kA citta 'bahujana ke hita, bahujana ke sukha tathA deva aura manuSyoM ke hita sukha ke sAtha dhyAna, samAdhi, samApatti se saMprayukta hokara laukika aura lokottara bhUmi meM virAjamAna rahatA hai, taba unake sAmane pudgala kA nAma aura rUpa tathA satkAya dRSTi nahIM rahatI hai| avidyA se satkAya dRSTi kA udbhava hai| pRthivyAdi dhAtuoM ke rUpAntara lakSaNAt vaha rUpa hai, aura vedanAdi caitasika dharmo ke namanalakSaNAt nAma haiM / ina nAma rUpa se 'aham' bhAvanA yA 'asmitA' paidA hotI hai| siddhAcAryoM meM dhammapAda, kANhapAda aura bhusukapAda ne isakA nAma 'caNDAlI' kahA hai| isa 'aham' kI bhAvanA tathA 'asmitA' yA mamatva ke bodha ke kAraNa vyakti apane-apane svArtha-buddhi meM baMdhA rahatA hai / apane-apane vicAra se bAhara nikalakara sAmUhika kalyANa evaM samAja kA hita nahIM karatA hai| lekina, jo bauddha bhikSu evaM upAsaka sAdhanamArga meM 'brahmavihAra' kI bhAvanA se prabuddha haiM, vaha vyakti apanA sukha aura svArtha-buddhi bhUla jAtA hai| usake sAmane na laukika svArtha siddhi hai, na lokottara svArtha siddhi hai| sadA hI samAja kI sevA meM apanI siddhi evaM utsarga karatA hai / bhagavAn buddha kI 'samyag dRSTi' hI dharmAdhiSThAnAtmaka saddharma hai| yaha samyag dRSTi kyA hai ? (ka) kammassakatA sammAdiTThi-sabba sattA kammasadA kammadAyAdo kammayonI __ kammabandhu / (kha) catusacca sammAdiTThi-duHkhAdi cAra Aryasatya sambandhI dRaa| (ga) dasavatthukA sammAdiTThi-dazavastu sambandhI samyakdRSTi / prAyazaH karmasvakIyatA ke kAraNa daza akuzala karma vyakti ke antarAya ke rUpa meM prakaTita hote haiN| lekina gUr3hatayA ye karma parokSeNa samAja ke kalyANa ke AdhAra para khar3e haiN| jaise (1) prANAtipAta, (2) adattAdAna, (3) kAmeSu mithyAcAra, (4) mithyAbhASaNa, (5) pizunavAkya, (6) paruSavacana, (7) nirarthaka AlApa, (8) abhidhyA (dUsare ke sAmAna ke lie lobha), (9) vyApAda (mAnasikI hiMsA), (10) mithyAdRSTi / yaha anuzAsana vyakti kI caryA ke sAtha hI samAja ke liye hitakAraka hai| 'sabbe sattA kamma parisaraNA' hone ke kAraNa apane-apane kuzala aura akuzala karma hI sakala sattvoM ko zIla, samAdhi, samApatti ke sahAyaka haiN| jaise bImAra hone para bhiSak kA zaraNa lenA par3atA hai, sAtha hI sAtha bhaiSajya evaM sahAyaka bhiSak kA zaraNa lenA par3atA parisaMvAda -2

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48 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAe~ hai, phira nidAna jJAna aura cikitsA kA zaraNa liyA jAya to bImArI haTegI / isa prakAra buddha, dharma aura saMgha ke zaraNa ke alAvA vipazyanA (prajJA) aura kuzala karmoM kI zaraNa lenI par3atI hai / jisase adhizIla, adhisamAdhi aura adhiprajJA ke vikAsa se yogicitta phailatA hai / Aryadeva ne kahA haiM dharmaM samAsato hiMsAM varNayanti tathAgatAH / zUnyatAmeva nirvANaM kevalaM tadihobhayam // (catu0 298 ) (kha) caturAryasatya, duHkha, samudaya, nirodha aura nirodhagAminipratipad viSa - yaka paramArtha dezanA kI samyagdRSTi se sattvoM ke vaiyaktika lAbha ke sAtha-sAtha sAmAjikahita pratyakSIbhUta nahIM hotA hai / jaisA AtmabhAva yA mamatvadRSTi avidyA se AtI hai, yaha dRSTi kAmAvara, rUpAvacara, arUpAvacara tathA manuSyaloka, devaloka aura brahmaloka meM bhI pratyakSa hotI hai / parantu asmitA ke kAraNa akuzala karmAdi ke prabhAva se hiMsA vicikitsA yA saMzayAdi lobhadveSamohAtmaka saMvRtti citta meM rAgAgni kI taraha duHkha daNDa lAtI hai / isalie yogI hote hue bhI pratisaMdhi tathA AvAgamana ke adhikAra meM sattva bhramaNa karatA hai / ataH akuzalacitta ke kAraNa saMsAra meM sattva sadA hI vaiyaktika lAbha uThAne kI koziza karate haiM / phira usa saMkIrNa AtmabhAva kI nI se bAhara nikalane ke lie klezavartma, karmavartma, vipAkavartma aura kAmasugati saMsAra vartma ke alAvA rUpa-tRSNA, arUpa- tRSNA ko rUpadhyAna, arUpadhyAna ke dvArA haTAte haiM / (ga) 1 - atthidinnaM, 2 - asthi iMTTha, 3 - atthihutaM, 4 -- atthi sukatadukkaTAnaM kammAnaM phalaM vipAko, 5 - atthi mAtA, 6 - atthi pitA, 7 - atthi sattA aupapAtikA, 8 - atthi ayaM loko, 9 -- atthi paraloko 10 - asthi loke samaNa brAhmaNA sammAJJatA sammApaTipannA ye imaM ca lokaM paraMca lokaM sayaM abhijJA sacci - katvA pavedeti / ina daza vastuoM ke lie samyakadRSTi se vyakti aura samAja ko dekhA jAya to buddhakAlIna yuga se aba taka bauddha dharma ke anuzAsana kI samAjavijJAnabhitti kI sArvabhaumikatA milatI hai / catuHsatya viSayaka samyagdRSTi se AtmabhAva kI apanI hI apanI puSTi milatI hai / parantu vaha yogI AnApAna tathA prANAyAmAdi yoga kriyA ke dvArA apane citta meM maitrI, karuNA, muditA upekSAdi cAra samApatti meM virAjita rahatA hai / maitrI, karuNA, muditA aura upekSA kI bhAvanA brahmavihAra hai / yaha cittasthiti bauddha yoga ke alAvA anya yogazAstroM meM bhI ullikhita hai / jaise : parisaMvAda - 2 1

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vyaSTi evaM samaSTi ke sandarbha meM brahmavihAra, bodhicitta aura jvalitA caNDAlI 149 "maitrIkaruNAmuditopekSAyAM sukhaHdukhapuNyApuNyaviSayANAM bhAvanAtazcittaprasAdanam" (yogadarzanasamAdhipAda sU0 33) / yaha citta sthiti vaiyaktika hote hue bhI samAja ke bahujanasukhAya, bahujanahitAya aura paropakArAya hai| yaha laukika daSTi se bahuta hI kaThina hai| maitrI kI bhAvanA uccakoTi meM bodhisattvacaryA meM zAmila huI hai| jisakA vyAkhyAna bodhicaryAvatAra aura zikSAsamuccaya Adi mahAyAna sUtroM meM spaSTa kiyA gayA hai| bodhicitta suttanipAta meM isa prakAra buddhavacana hai mAtA yathA niyaM puttaM AyusA ekaputtamanurakkhe / evaM pi sabbabhUtesu mAnasaM bhAvaye aparimANaM // __ (1817 suttanipAta) zikSAsamuccaya meM bhI yathApi nAma zreSThino vA gRhapatervA ekaputrake guNavati majjAgataM prema, evameva mahAkaruNApratibaddhasya bodhisattvasya majjAgataM premeti / (16 pari0 pR0 287) phira, praznottara meM maitrI aura karuNA kA spaSTIkaraNa hai-katamA bodhisattvAnAM mahAmaitrI / Aha / yat kAyajIvitaM ca sarvakuzalamUlaM ca sarvasattvAnAM niryAtayanti, na ca pratikAraM kaaNkssnti| ___ katamA bodhisattvAnAM mahAkaruNA yatpUrvataraM sattvAnAM bodhimicchanti nAtmana iti| sanAtmahetoH zIlaM rakSati, na svargahetoH, na zatrutvahetoH, na bhogahetoH, naizvaryahetoH, na rUpahetoH, na varNahetoH, na yazahetoH, na nirayabhayabhItazIlaM rakSati / bodhisattva sarvasattvArthasiddhi ke lie isa prakAra kI pratijJA letA hai| sarvaloka ke sarvajIva kA sarvaprakAra duHkha haTa jAya / vikalendriya, aMgahIna, sattvoM kI sakala indriya pUrI bana jAya / bImAra, durbala, kSINakAya sattva svastha ho jAe~ / rAjA, caurAdi se bhayabhIta vipanna sattvoM ke vyasanagataduHkha haTa jAe~ / jo loga atyAcAra se yukta, bandhanabaddha, pIr3ita, durgatidAruNa zokaprApta hai ve saba apaneapane duHkha, saMtApa, pIr3A se mukta ho jaaeN| bhUkhoM ko bhojana mile, pyAse ko pIne ko pAnI mile, andhoM ko dRSTi mile, naMgoM ko kapar3A mile, vadhira ko sunane kI zakti parisaMvAda-2

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150 bhAratIya cintana ko paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM mile / garIboM ko dhana mile, dhanadhAnya, vividha ratna mile, jisase sakala sattva sukhI ho jAeM / kabhI na kisI ko duHkha mile| sarvavidha pApa karma chor3a kara sakala jIva kuzala aura zubha kriyA meM virAjita rheN| sarvatra kSetreSu ca sarvaprANinAM sarve ca duHkhAH prazamantu loke / ye sattva vikalendriya aGgahInAste savi sakalendriya bhontu sAmprataM // ye vyAdhitA durbalakSINagAtrA nistrANabhUtAH zayitA dizAsu / te savi mucyantu ca vyAdhito laghu labhantu cArogyabalendriyANi // ye rAjacaurazaThajitabadhyaprAptA nAnAvidhairbhayazatairvyasanopapannA / te savi sattva vyasanAgataduHkhitA hi mucyantu tairbhayazataiH paramaiH sughoraiH|| ye tADitA bandhanabaddhapIDitA vividheSu vyasaneSu ca saMsthitA hi / aneka AyAsasahasra AkulA vicitrbhydaarunnshokpraaptaaH|| te savi mucyantviha bandhanebhyaH santADitA mucyiSu taaddnebhyH| vadhyAzca saMyujyiSu jIvitena vyasanAgatA nirbhaya bhontu sarve // ye sattva kSuttarSapipAsapIDitA labhantu te bhojanapAnacitram / andhAzca pazyantu vicitrarUpAM badhirAzca zRNvantu manojJaghoSAn // nagnAzca vastrANi labhantu citrAM daridrasattvAzca nidhiM labhantu / prabhUtadhanadhAnyavicitraratnaiH sarve ca sattvAH sukhino bhavantu // mA kasyacid bhavatu duHkhavedanA saukhyAnvitAH santu bhavantu sarve / vivarjayantu khalu pApakarma carantu kuzalAni zubhakriyANi // (zikSAsamuccaya pari0 12, pR0 217-218) evaM na tiryagyonibhayabhItaH zIlaM rakSati / yAvat sarva sattvahitasukha-yogakSemAthikaH zIlaM rakSati // (zikSAsamuccaya pari0 7 pR0 146) bodhicaryAvatAra meM bhI kahA gayA hai evaM na tiryagyonibhayabhItaH zIla rakSati / yAvat sarvasattvahitasukhayogakSemAthikaH zIlAM rakSati / (zikSAsamuccaya pari0 7 pR0 146) atha ca bodhicaryAvatAra ke tRtIya pariccheda meM bhI kahA gayA hai / glAnAmasmi bhaiSajyaM bhaveyaM vaidya eva ca / tadupasthAyakazcaiva yAvadrogA'punarbhavaH // 7 // parisaMvAva-2

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vyaSTi evaM samaSTi ke sandarbha meM brahmavihAra, bodhicitta aura jvalitA caNDAlI 151 daridrANAM ca sattvAnAM nidhiH syAmahamakSayaH / nAnopakaraNAkArairupatiSTheyamagrataH // 9 // anAthAnAmahaM nAthaH sArthavAhazca yaayinaam| pArepsUnAM ca naubhUtaH setuH saMkrama eva ca // 17 // dIpArthinAmahaM dIpaH zayyA shyyaarthinaamhm| dAsArthinAmahaM dAso bhaveyaM sarvadehinAm // 18 // isalie ve bodhisattva haiM, jinheM bodhicittotpAda kI cittAvasthA upalabdha hai| ve isa prakAra se apanA saba kucha tyAgakara sakala sattvoM ke lie baiThate haiN| AtmabhAvAMstathA bhogAn sarvatryadhvagataM zubhama / nirapekSastyajAmyeSa sarvasattvArthasiddhaye // bodhi0 3 / 10 // zikSAsamuccaya meM yaha bhAvanA spaSTIkRta hai / (9 pari0 180 pR0) yat kAye chidyamAne sarvasattvAn maitryA spharati, vedanAbhizca na saMhriyate / yat kAye chidyamAne ya evAsya kAyaM chindati teSAmeva pramokSArtha kSamate // bodhicitta kA svarUpa bodhicaryAvatAra meM vaisA hai| bhavaduHkhazatAni tatkAmairapi sattvavyasanAni hrtukaamaiH| bahusaukhyazatAni bhoktukAmai vimocyaM hi sadaiva bodhicittam // yogicitta meM isa bodhicittotpAda ke liye bodhicaryA Avazyaka hai| yaha laukika hone para bhI lokottara siddhi hai| jahA~ para kriyA, caryA, yoga aura anuttara yoga kA saMyoga ekatra milatA hai / bauddhayoga aura sAdhanA meM yaha vizeSa mahattvapUrNa hai| jvalitA caNDAlo kamalakUliza mAjheM bhavai le lii| samatAjoe~ jalila caNDAlI // dhAmapAda kI caryAgIti ke vyAkhyAna meM TIkAkAra ne kahA "paramakaruNAmaitrikamAnasaH siddhAcAryo dhAmapAdo hi pratipAdayati / kmlkulishmityaadi| prajJopAyasamatAyAM satyAkSaramahAsukharAgAnalavartannAbhau nirmANacakre caNDAlI jvalitA mm| . DAha DombI ghare lAgeli Agi (nnii)| .. . .... . sasahara lai. siMJcahu~ pANI // . . parisaMvAda-

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bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAe~ TIkA - mahAsukharAga dAhayukto agniH / DombI parizuddhAvadhUtI gRhe lagnaH / tena mahAsukharAgAgninA mayA sakalaviSayAdivRndAzrayo dagdhaH / (caryAgIti0 pR0 154-55 ) bhusukapAda ne bhI kahA - Nia dhariNI caNDAlI lelI / TIkAkAra ne caNDAlI aparizuddhA avadhUtI vAyurUpA kahA hai / vahI pR0 158 153 'brahmavihAra' aura 'bodhicitta' ke sAtha 'jvalitA caNDAlI nAbhau' Adi siddhAcArya ke pada isa prakAra se sambandhita haiM / vyakti aura samAja ke vikAsa ke AdhAra para ina tIno caitasikoM kI sthiti ke bAre meM do cAra zabda kahanA Avazyaka hai / brahmavihAra kI bhAvanA meM maitrI, karuNA, muditA aura upekSA haiM / ye uccakoTi kI samApattiyA~ virAgAtmaka sAdhanA nahIM hai / ApAtataH bhikSu vinaya ke anusAra anuzAsana ke AdhAra para bhikSu jIvana meM vaiyaktika saMyama aura sAdhanA kA paripoSaNa hai / parantu vaha niSedha gUr3hatayA sarvasattvoM ke hita aura sukha ke lie prayoga kiyA jaay| isa prasaMga meM paramapAvana zraddheya dalAI lAmA jI ne apane grantha spaSTa kiyA hai / "In Highest Yoga, the methods for firming the mind are to meditate on a salutory object within the context of not allowing bad thoughts to be generated, and along with this to concentrate on important places in the body. Through these methods the Highest yoga path is faster than the other, and this is due to the fact that the mind depends on the body, one concentrates on the channels, in which mainly blood, mainly semen or only currents on energy (wind) flow. Then since currents of energy cause the mind to move to objects, a yogi reverses this currents and thus there is nothing to stir the mind, the mind does not stir or move to other objects." uparyukta vacana meM yaha siddha hai ki uccakoTi ke yogI kA citta saMkIrNa AtmabhAva se bAhara hai / anuttara yoga se siddha yogI kA citta viSayavikalpa meM prakSobhita na hone ke kAraNa apane lAbha yA kSati, mAna yA apamAna, jaya yA parAjaya kI bAta chor3akara sadA hI sattvoM ke kalyANa aura hitasAdhana meM vyasta hotA hai / yaha bodhidharma hai / apanI yogazakti ke dvArA AtmabhAva tathA svArtha buddhi haTa jAtI parisaMvAda - 2

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vyaSTi evaM samaSTi ke sandarbha meM brahmavihAra, bodhicitta aura jvalitA caNDAlI 153 hai| yogazakti binA citta meM koI parivartana nahIM hotA hai| ataH brahmavihAra, bodhisattva aura jvalitA caNDAlI mukhyatayA yoga kI sthitiyA~ haiN| jisase citta kI saMkIrNatA nahIM rahatI hai| ataH siddhAcAryoM ne bodhicitta ke AdhAra para prajJA aura upAya tathA kamalakuliSa advayasamatA yoga kI sAdhanA kii| jisako (sa-ha-ja) sahaja sAdhanA bhI kahate haiN| yaha bhI rAgAtmikA sAdhanA hai| jisameM sAdhaka yA yogI ke citta meM vaiyaktika sukha ko kabhI mahAsukha nahIM batAyA gayA hai| jisameM aparizuddha vAyusthA caNDAlI ko pUrI taraha dagdha karanA par3atA hai| aparizuddhA vAyusthA avadhUtI nAr3I sattvoM ko akuzala karma ke prati le jAtI hai, lekina DoMbI nAr3I parizuddhA avadhUtI samyak yogayukta hone ke kAraNa phala yA siddhi milatI hai| samAja ke hita aura kalyANa ke lie bodhicitta svabhAvataH kriyAzIla hai| kintu yaha bodhicitta maitrI, karuNA, upekSA, muditA saMprayukta anAlambana caitasika sthiti hai / jahA~ para prajJA aura upAya tathA zUnyatA aura karuNA yugapat virAjita hote hue bhI ekasvabhAva yA mahasukhabhAva samatAyogastha yuganaddhasthiti meM sarvasattvoM kA hita vidhAna karate haiN| ataH yaha spaSTa hai ki bauddhadharma darzana aura sAdhanA ke Adi se hI vaiyaktika vikAsa ke sAtha rUpaloka, arUpaloka tathA deva, manuSya, tiryag, gandharva, yakSa, rakSa sakala sattva saMkSepataH samAja ke caitasika kI tarakkI kI gayI hai| vyAvahArika aura pAramArthika dezanAe~ tathA sUtra aura abhidharma ke AdhAra para bhikSusaMgha aura buddhavinaya kA prasAda huA thaa| kintu kabhI bhI aham' tathA mamatva kI anariyadiTTi kI mAnyatA nahIM dI gayI / kAraNa AtmabhAva khaNDana kara anAtmA, anityatA ke AdhAra para buddhadeva ne udAna vANI meM kahA thA caratha bhikkhave, cArikaM bahujanahitAya, bahujanasukhAya hitAya sukhAya ca devmnussaan| parisaMbAda

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bauddhadarzana tathA rasela ke cintana meM vyaSTi evaM samaSTi kA svarUpa DaoN0 nArAyaNazAstrI drAviDa bauddhadarzana, bhAratIya vicAra paramparA meM vizleSaNavAda kA puraskAra kara vastusvarUpa nirdhAraNa karane vAlA eka pramukha darzana hai| anya Astika tathA nAstika darzanoM ne vizleSaNa ko eka vaicArika paddhati ke rUpa meM avazya apanAyA hai kintu vizleSaNa kI paramAvadhi ko hI antima tattva ke rUpa meM aMgIkAra kara bauddhadarzana ne eka svatantra vicAradhArA ko janma diyA hai| 'vibhajjavAda' yaha abhidhA isI kAraNa isa darzana ko dI gayI hai| pazcima kI cintanadhArA meM vizleSaNavAda ke vibhinna prakAroM jaise bhASIyavizleSaNavAda (liMgvasTika enelasisa) saMpratyayika vizleSaNavAda (kansepsanala enelasisa) nirdezAtmaka vizleSaNavAda (presinepTiva enelasisa) Adi kA jo vicAra huA hai, usake pIche isa zatAbdI ke zreSTha manISI vIDa rasela ke tArkika aNuvAda kI (lAjikala eTAmijma) hI preraNA hai| aisA mAnanA anucita na hogaa| isa aNuvAda meM tathA bauddhoM ke kSaNabhaMgavAda meM itanA sAmya hai ki donoM kI mUlagAmI tulanA kara dekhane para aisA pratIta hone lagatA hai ki mAnoM kSaNabhaGgavAda kA hI pratirUpa tArkika aNuvAda ho / svalakSaNa evaM sAmAnyalakSaNa vastuoM ke siddhAnta ke samAna hI rasela ke darzana meM tArkika aNu tathA tarkataH saMracita (lAjikalI kansTrakTeDa) pakSa kA vicAra hai / pratyakSa tathA vaikalpika jJAna ke bauddhoM ke vargIkaraNa ke anurUpa hI rasela kA pratyakSa evaM varNanAtmaka jJAnoM kA vibhAjana hai| kArya-kAraNabhAva ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM bhI bauddha tathA rasela ke vicAra eka dUsare se bahuta hI milate julate haiN| itanA ina do vizleSaNa vAdoM meM sAmya hote hue bhI kucha bAteM ina donoM kI eka dUsare se bhinna bhI hai| (1) bauddhoM ke vizleSaNavAda yA vibhajjavAda ke puraskAra ke aneka kAraNa haiM, samaSTivAda, sattaikatvavAda yA advaitavAda ke samarthaka, deza, kAla, dharma, sambandha, jJAna jaise vastuoM ke vyaktitva nirdhAraka (DimineNTa Apha inDiviDuailTI) tattvoM kI sAmAnyatA yA ekatA ke AdhAra para vastumAtra kI ekatA siddha karane kA prayAsa karate haiN| isake pratyAkhyAna meM vyaSTivAdI yaha kahate haiM ki kisI bhI vastu kA vyaktitva parisaMvAda-2

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155 bauddhadarzana tathA rasela ke cintana meM vyaSTi evaM samaSTi kA svarUpa usase bahirbhata tattvoM ke dvArA nirdhArita mAnanA tarkasaMgata nahIM hai| ekatva tattva ke samarthanArtha yaha bhI kahA jAtA hai ki vaizeSika jaise yathArthavAdiyoM ke samAna dravya yA AdhAra sat, guNa yA Adheya sat, karma yA parivartamAna sAra, sAmAnya yA nitya anugatasAra aisI vibhinna sattAoM ke svIkAra se eka sarvAnugAmI sat kA svIkAra laghu hai| isa para vyaSTivAdI yaha prativAda kara sakate haiM ki sat kI Anubhavika vividhatA ko anAnubhavika ekatA ke dvArA samajhane kA prayAsa ucita ho to kisa prakAra ke sat kA mADala bhinna-bhinna sattAoM ke spaSTIkaraNa ke lie paryApta hai yaha karanA kaThina ho jaayegaa| sabhI sattAoM ko dravya, guNa, sAmAnya yA anya kisI rUpa meM grahaNa karane meM ekatvavAdI ko Apatti nahIM honI caahie| (2) arthakriyAkAritva ko sattA kA gamaka mAnakara bauddhoM ne vyaSTivAda ke prasthApana kA jo prayAsa kiyA hai, usakA bhI tAtparya yahI hai ki hareka vastu kA jo svIya 'kurvadrUpa' huA karatA hai usI para se usakA vyaktitva nirdhArita mAnanA caahie| do vyaktiyoM kA eka hI kurvadrUpa nahIM ho sakatA aura kAryazakti, kAraNatAvacchedaka sAmAnya Adi akurvadrUpoM kI apekSayA kAryakArI kurvadrUpa ko hI vastu kA vAstavika rUpa samajhanA tarkasaMgata hotA hai| yaha kurvadrUpa antatogatvA vastu kI pRthaktayA pratIti hI ho sakatI hai| ataH arthakriyAkAritvaM sattvaM yaha siddhAnta hameM sIdhe lAignitz2a ke AiNDenTITi Apha iNDisIvulsa siddhAnta para pahu~cAtA hai| (3) jaba bauddhoM ne vastumImAMsIya vizleSaNa ke AdhAra para svalakSaNa vastutattva kA niSkarSaNa kiyA taba vIDa rasela ne tArkika vizleSaNa ke dvArA apane tArkika aNurUpa vastu kI yathArthatA prasthApita kii| Anubhavika tathya meM se jo jo aMza tarkataH apavArya hai usake pratiSedha ke bAda antataH jo aMza zeSa raha jAtA hai vahI 'tArkika aNu' hai aura vahI paramArtha sat hai| yaha daizika, kAlika, dharmAtmaka, guNAtmaka yA anya vidha aNu hai isa sambandha meM rasela paryApta spaSTIkaraNa nahIM de pAye haiN| kintu bauddhoM ne svalakSaNa ko deza, kAla, dharma, sambandha Adi sabhI kI apekSA se spaSTatayA svalakSaNa ThaharAyA hai| (5) Anubhavika vizva ke mUla tattvoM ko kevala tAkika vizleSaNa ke dvArA khoja nikAlanA aura ina tattvoM para se Anubhavika vizva kI tathAkathita tArkika saMracanA karane kA prayAsa rasela ke aNuvAda kA eka gambhIra doSa hai| jaisA bauddha kahate haiM aNuoM para dRzyavizva kI saMracanA vAsanAvaza vyakti kiyA karatA hai| yaha usakI avicArita ramaNIya aisI racanA hai jisameM usakI tarkanAzakti bilakula kAma nahIM aatii| parisaMvAda

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156 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM (5) bauddhamatAnusAra vyakti svalakSaNatattvoM kA eka skandha arthAt paraspara sambandha rahita saMniveza hai ise aMgrejI meM kanaphIgurezana yA gesTAlTa kaha sakate haiN| apane-apane sthAnoM meM sthita bindu mAtroM se jaise trikoNa, catuSkoNa, varga Adi AkRtiyA~ abhivyakta hotI haiM vaise hI vyaSTiyoM ke ucita saMniveza mAtra se vyaktitva kA AviSkAra huA karatA hai| vyakti jaise eka samaSTi hai vaise hI samAja bhI eka samaSTi yA samaSTiyoM kI samaSTi hai| samAja kA bhI vyakti ke samAna eka saMniveza ke rUpa meM hI astitva mAnanA caahie| eka svatantra ikAI ke yA vastu ke rUpa meM samAja kI koI sattA nahIM hai kintu jaise vibhinna saMskAra vyaktitva ghaTaka tattvoM ko sambandharahita saMniveza meM jakar3e rahate haiM vaise hI sAmAjika niyama nirbandha arthAt kucha saMskAra hI vyaktiyoM kI sAmAjika saMghaTanA ke lie uttaradAyI hote haiN|| (6) rasela ke samAjaracanA sambandhI vicAra atIva mahattvapUrNa haiM kintu unakA usake tArkika aNuvAda ke sAtha koI sambandha pratIta nahIM hotaa| samAja racanA tathA samAja sthiti ke niyamana meM tArkika prakriyA kA vizeSa sthAna nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| vyakti kI sAmAjika cetanA kA vikAsa apane Apa atArkika DhaMga se ghaTita hone meM hI aucitya tathA svAbhAvikatA hai| isIlie vAsanA aura tajjanita saMskAroM ko samAjanirmAyaka tathA samAjadhAraka mAnanA bauddhoM ne upayukta ThaharAyA hai| (7) pratyeka buddha ke Adarza ke aucitya kA spaSTIkaraNa svalakSaNa skandharUpa samAja ke saMpratyaya ke AdhAra para acchI taraha kiyA jA sakatA hai / vyaSTi aura skandha paraspara sApekSa jarUra hai lekina ina donoM kI paraspara sApekSatA kI tulanA karane para spaSTa ho jAyegA ki vyakti kI skandha sApekSatA kI apekSayA skandha kI vyakti sApekSatA adhika hai| ataH vyakti ke AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI prakriyA meM aisI avasthA AnA anivArya hai jaba vyakti skandha bahirbhUta ho apanI pUrNatA kI ora agrasara hotA hai| 2-parisaMvAda

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samakAlIna bhArata meM vyaSTi aura samaSTi ke sambandhoM kI dizA pro0 kailAzanAtha zarmA bhArata kI uttarottara vardhamAna sAmAjika, rAjanItika evaM Arthika samasyAoM ke pariprekSya meM saMskRta vizvavidyAlaya ke bauddha-darzana vibhAga dvArA vyakti aura samaSTi ke sambandhoM para Ayojita yaha goSThI atyanta sAmayika evaM samIcIna hai| ataH isa goSThI ke Ayojaka dhanyavAda ke pAtra haiN| yadyapi vyakti evaM samAja ke sambandhoM para dArzanika, aitihAsika evaM samAjazAstrIya siddhAntoM kI dRSTi se vicAra kiyA jA sakatA hai tathApi maiM kevala vyAvahArika pakSa para hI apane vicAra prastuta kruuNgaa| mujhe vizvAsa hai isa goSThI meM bhAga lene vAle anya vidvAna, dArzanika evaM samAjazAstrIya siddhAnta ke pakSoM kA vizleSaNa evaM mUlyAMkana prastuta kreNge| bhArata ke Arthika vikAsa ke lie paJcavarSIya yojanAyeM pA~caveM dazaka se cala rahI haiM / ina yojanAoM ke mUla meM do dhAraNAyeM haiM / pahalI dhAraNA yaha hai ki jisa anupAta meM deza kI artha-vyavasthA meM Arthika viniyoga bar3hegA, lagabhaga usI anupAta meM Arthika vikAsa hogaa| dUsarI dhAraNA yaha hai ki Arthika viniyoga evaM vikAsa kA mAdhyama sAmAjika saMsthAyeM evaM saMgaThana hoNge| yadi saMsthAoM evaM saMgaThanoM ke vartamAna prakAra santoSajanaka nahIM haiM to inheM videzoM se AyAta kiyA jA sakatA hai| pazcimI deza Arthika dRSTi se saphala mAne jAte haiM / ataH yaha mAna liyA jAtA hai ki una dezoM kI saMsthAyeM aura saMgaThanoM ke prakAra Arthika saphalatA kI kuJjI haiM aura isalie vikAsazIla dezoM meM prAyaH ina saMsthAoM aura saMgaThanoM kA AyAta tejI se huA hai| jaba ye saMsthAyeM aura saMgaThana asaphala hone lagate haiM to kahA jAtA hai ki pU~jIvAdI saMsthAoM aura saMgaThanoM ke bajAya sAmyavAdI dezoM (rUsa evaM cIna Adi) kI saMsthAoM aura saMgaThanoM kA AyAta honA cAhie / kabhI-kabhI yaha bhI kahA jAtA hai ki jApAna bhI Arthika dRSTi se saphala deza hai aura eziyA kA hai, ataH jApAna kI saMsthAoM evaM saMgaThanoM kA AyAta adhika upayogI hogaa| yadi kabhI bhArata kI Arthika vikAsa sambandhI saMsthAoM aura saMgaThanoM kA itihAsa likhA jAegA to ina sabhI prakriyAoM para AdhArita yahA~ saMsthAoM evaM saMgaThanoM ke vikAsa ko citrita karanA pdd'egaa| parisaMvAda-2

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158 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM saMsthAoM evaM saMgaThanoM ke prayoga para prayoga calate rahe haiM, para Arthika vikAsa kI gati avaruddha UrdhvagAmI sthiratA prApta nahIM kara pAI hai| Arthika vikAsa ke prayatnoM ke sAtha Arthika evaM rAjanItika kSetroM meM bhraSTAcAra uttarottara bar3hA hai / sarakArI saMgaThanoM meM anuzAsanahInatA bar3hI hai aura apane kAma ke prati lagAva ghaTA hai| kisI bhI kAryAlaya meM samaya para kAma sAdhAraNataH nahIM hotA aura aksara kAma karAne ke lie ghUsa athavA una sAmAjika sambandhoM kA sahArA lenA par3atA hai jo karmacAriyoM se apane svArthoM ko pUrA karAne ke lie sthApita kiye jAte haiN| sArvajanika kSetra ke sabhI audyogika saMgaThanoM meM ye roga pUrNataH vyApta haiM aura samAjavAda ke nAma para adhika se adhika saMgaThana sArvajanika kSetra meM lAye jA rahe haiN| para ye sabhI saMgaThana sArvajanika hitoM kI pUrti ke bajAya vaiyaktika hitoM kI pUrti ke vizeSatayA sAdhana bana gaye haiN| ina samasyAoM ke sAtha hI hameM rAjanItika bhraSTAcAra evaM dala badala se utpanna rAjanItika asthiratA aura uddezyahInatA para bhI vicAra karanA cAhie, kyoMki rAjanItika asthiratA evaM samaSTi ke hita kI bhAvanA kA abhAva bhI sarakArI saMgaThanoM kI arAjakatA aura bhraSTAcAra ko bar3hAtA hai tathA Arthika vikAsa ko avaruddha karatA hai| abhI-abhI loka sabhA ke cunAva samApta hue haiM / yaha sarvamAnya satya hai ki ye cunAva bhraSTAcAra para AdhArita haiN| cunAva meM lar3ane vAle ummIdavAra aura dala cunAvoM ko lar3ane ke lie kahA~ se dhana lAte haiM kauna inheM aura kyoM dhana detA hai ? ina praznoM ke uttara ajJAta nahIM haiN| jo bhI pUMjIpati inheM dhana detA hai, vaha ina sAMsadoM se vyaktigata lAbha uThAnA cAhatA hai| isake alAvA kama se kama 1967 se zanaiH zanaiH bhAratIya rAjanIti siddhAntahIna hotI jA rahI hai| aba yaha sthiti A gaI hai ki pratyeka rAjanayika jidhara apane svArthoM kI pUrti dekhatA hai udhara lur3haka jAtA hai| sabhI dala samAjavAda, janatantra aura dharmanirapekSatA kI duhAI dete haiM, jaba ki sabhI daloM aura unake sadasyoM kI mUlaniSThA avasaravAda meM hai aura uparyukta sabhI nAre avasaravAda ke AvaraNa bana kara raha gaye haiN| isase adhika hAsyAspada bAta kyA hogI ki lokadala kI uttara pradeza kI sarakAra dasavIM kakSA taka kI zikSaNa saMsthAoM meM saMskRta ke sthAna para urdU ke adhyApana kI AjJA nikAlatI hai, kyoMki musalamAnoM ke mata cunAva jItane ke liye cAhiye, jaba ki usI lokadala kA kAryavAhaka pradhAna mantrI caraNa siMha kahatA hai ki yaha AjJA anucita hai| yadi vaha vastutaH ise anucita mAnatA hai to uttarapradeza ke parisaMghAva-2

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samakAlIna bhArata meM vyaSTi aura samaSTi ke sambandhoM kI dizA 159 mukhya mantrI ne binA lokadala ke nirNaya ke, aura binA vidhAnasabhA kI sahamati ke ye nirNaya kaise lie ? aisI AcArahIna sarakAra, mukhya mantrI aura rAjanItika dala ko sattA meM rahane kA koI bhI adhikAra nahIM hai| samAja ke ye roga kevala Arthika evaM rAjanItika kSetroM taka hI sImita nahIM hai / zikSaNa saMsthAyeM bhI ina pradUSaNoM se achUtI nahIM rahI haiN| chAtroM kI anuzAsanahInatA, adhyApana meM Aye dina kI bAdhAyeM, parIkSAoM meM sAmUhika nakala, samaya para parIkSAoM kA na honA, parIkSakoM para aMka bar3hAne ke liye dabAva aura parIkSakoM dvArA ina dabAvoM aura prabhAvoM ke anurUpa kArya karanA, udAharaNa haiM sampUrNa sAmAjika saMracanA meM tejI se phailate huye kainsara ke / kala jaba isa prakAra ke chAtra sabhI saMgaThanoM meM niyukti pA jAyeMge to Apa anumAna kara sakate haiM ki ina saMgaThanoM kI kyA durdazA hogii| bhAratIya samAja kI yaha duravasthA hameM bAdhya karatI hai aneka saiddhAntika aura dArzanika praznoM para vicAra karane ke liye| merI dRSTi meM ina sabhI praznoM ke mUla meM eka prazna hai aura vaha prazna hai, vyakti aura samaSTi ke sambandhoM kA nirNaya aura usake bAda una sAdhanoM kA cunAva evaM upayoga jinake AdhAra para vAJchita sambandha sthApita kiye jA sakate haiN| __mere vicAra meM vyakti aura samaSTi ke bIca eka nirantara aura zAzvata dvandva hai| vyakti para yadi samaSTi kA dabAva na ho to vaha cAhegA ki use apane svArthoM kI pUrti ke liye pUrNa svatantratA mile| bhale hI yaha svatantratA svacchandatA meM pariNata ho jaay| samaSTi kI rakSA ke liye yaha Avazyaka hai vyakti alaga-alaga apane-apane svArthoM meM laga kara dhUmAyamAna na ho jaay| kevala jaba saba lakar3iyA~ sAtha-sAtha jaleMgI, tabhI samAja ke sarvAMgINa vikAsa kI agni prajvalita ho sakatI hai aura banI raha sakatI hai| __bhraSTAcAra, anuzAsanahInatA, apane vyavasAya yA vRtti ke prati niSThA kA abhAva, rAjanItika dalabadala aura aparAdha, ye sabhI isa bAta ke pramANa haiM ki vyakti apane svArthoM kI siddhi meM lagA huA hai aura samaSTi ke hitoM para tanika bhI vicAra nahIM kara rahA hai / aisI sthiti meM samaSTi kA jIvana saMkaTApanna hai / _isa sthiti kI vyAkhyA kAraNoM ke eka saMkula se kI jA sakatI hai| bhAratIya sAmAjika vyavasthA meM paramparA se vyakti choTe-choTe samUhoM (samaSTiyoM) se ba~dhA huA thA, udAharaNataH parivAra, kuTumba aura jAti tathA gaaNv| ye samaSTiyA~ hI usake parisaMvAda-2

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160 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAe~ AcaraNa ko banAtI, sa~vAratI aura Avazyaka huA to niyantrita karatI thIM / para ina samaSTiyoM athavA ikAiyoM tathA dharma se nirdezita vyakti kA samAjIkaraNa vyakti ke AcaraNa para Antarika niyantraNa utpanna karatA thA / isaliye bAhya niyantraNa kI AvazyakatA kama par3atI thI / isa sthiti meM zanaiH zanaiH parivartana huA aura svatantratA kI prApti ne isa sthiti meM krAntikArI parivartana lA diyA / kama se kama 1872 se IsTa iNDiyA kampanI kI nIti ke kAraNa sampatti ke mAmaloM meM vyakti ko parivAra, jAti athavA gA~va se svatantra ikAI ke rUpa meM mAna liyA gayA / usI kAla meM vizeSa vivAha adhiniyama ne vivAha ke viSaya meM bhI vyakti ko parivAra evaM jAti se svatantra kara diyA / bhArata kI svatantratA ke bAda nayA saMvidhAna banA aura vyakti ko isakI AdhAra - zilA mAnA gayA / naye saMvidhAna ne bhArata rASTra ko samaSTi ke rUpa meM mAnA tathA jAti evaM varga kI samaSTiyoM ko nakAra diyA / hA~, anusUcita jAtiyoM tathA janajAtiyoM ko samaSTiyoM kI sattA kI mAnyatA banI rahI / para saMvidhAna kI isa sthiti ko sAmAjika stara para anUdita karane ke liye koI bhI kadama nahIM uThAye gaye / saMvidhAna meM bhArata rASTra ko samaSTi mAnane meM aura vyakti ke dvArA ise ekamAtra samaSTi svIkAra karane meM antara hai / isa antara ko dUra karane ke liye vyakti kI cetanA meM parivartana lAnA Avazyaka thA / ise lAne kA koI bhI prayatna nahIM kiyA gayA / naitikatA para AdhArita AcaraNa vyakti ko samaSTi ke hitoM ke liye svArthoM kA hanana karane ke liye sannaddha karate haiM aura apratyakSa rUpa se samaSTi se bA~dhate haiM / para AcaraNa ko naitikatA kI AdhArazilA para pratiSThita karane ke liye bhI koI prayatna nahIM kiye gaye / ina prayatnoM ke abhAva kI pUrti vartamAna pAzcAtya darzana meM vyakti kI pUrNa svatantratA kI dhAraNA ne kii| isa darzana kI carama pariNati amarIkA ke nyAyamUrti homsa ke isa vaktavya se spaSTa hai ki "jaba loga koI kAma karanA cAhate haiM aura maiM saMvidhAna meM isa kAma kA koI spaSTa niSedha nahIM pAtA to maiM kahatA hU~ ki cAhe mujhe yaha kArya pasanda ho yA na ho, una logoM ko karane do, mujhase kyA matalaba hai / " (When the people want to do Something I con't find any thing in the constitution expressly forbidding them to do, I Say, whether I like it or not, 'Goddamnit, let 'em do it !') yaha spaSTa hai ki kisI bhI saMvidhAna meM samaSTi kI dRSTi se anucita sabhI prakAra ke AcaraNoM kA niSedha samAviSTa nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| yadi saMvidhAna ke atirikta parisaMvAda - 2

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samakAlIna bhArata meM vyaSTi aura samaSTi ke sambandhoM kI dizA AcaraNoM para kisI anya prakAra kA aMkuza nahIM mAnA jAtA to vyaktigata svatantratA ke svacchandatA meM parivartita hone meM derI nahIM lgtii|| vartamAna kAla meM pazcimI dezoM meM mAnya vyakti kI pUrNa svatantratA una dezoM ke Arthika vikAsa ke prArambhika kAla meM nahIM thii| solahavIM zatAbdI se proTesTeNTa dharma ne yoropa ke vyakti ke AcaraNa ko niyantrita kiyA aura aba bhI vaha apanI vRtti meM athavA vyavasAya meM niSThA ke sAtha kAma karatA hai| Arthika aura rAjanItika saMgaThanoM meM zikSaNa saMsthAoM meM tulanAtmaka dRSTi se paryApta anuzAsana hai| anya kSetroM meM vyakti kI svatantratA kI kAmanA deza ke Arthika vikAsa se utpanna samRddhi ke upabhoga kI lAlasA pratIta hotI hai| bhArata meM isa prakAra kI svatantratA kA anukaraNa vizeSa rUpa se vyavasAya yA vRtti meM niSThAhInatA aura sAmAnya zAlInatA kI kI pRSThabhUmi meM ghAtaka hai| yaha isaliye bhI ghAtaka hai ki yahA~ janasaMkhyA kA bAhulya hai aura Arthika sAdhana sImita hai| aba prazna yaha uThatA hai ki yadi sAmAnyataH samaSTi kI rakSA ke liye aura vizeSataH Arthika vikAsa ke liye vyakti ko anuzAsita karanA Avazyaka hai to isake kyA sAdhana haiM ? aitihAsika dRSTi se bhArata aura yoropa meM yaha kArya dharma ne kiyA hai| jApAna meM meijI resTorezana ke zAsana ke bAda 1868 se yaha kArya parivAra aura zikSaNa saMsthAoM ne kiyaa| rUsa aura cIna meM yaha kArya lenina ke zabdoM meM 'rAjanItika zikSA' ne kiyaa| aisA lagatA hai ki bhArata meM yaha kArya 'rAjanItika zikSA' nahIM kara sakegI, kyoMki sampUrNa rAjanItika vyavasthA viSAkta hai| ise saMgaThita prayatnoM se parivAra aura cunI huI zikSaNa saMsthAoM se prArambha karanA hogaa| jahA~ kahIM bhI dharma isameM sahAyaka ho sake, vahA~ dharma kA sahArA lenA hogaa| parisaMvAda-2 11

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paramparAgata vyavasthA meM vyakti aura samAja ke sambandha : mAnavavijJAna dRSTi DaoN0 baidyanAtha sarasvatI prastuta vyAkhyAna meM hama mAnavavijJAna ke pariprekSya meM bhAratIya paramparAgata vyavasthA meM vyakti aura samAja ke sambandhoM para prakAza DAlane kA prayAsa kreNge| samAja eka vyApaka zabda hai| samUha aura parivAra se samAja nahIM bntaa| pazuoM meM samUha aura parivAra hai kintu unakA samAja nahIM bntaa| samAja mAnavIya vyavasthA hai| jisa artha meM parivAra kI vyAkhyA hotI hai usa artha meM isarAyala ke kibUja samAja meM parivAra nahIM hai| pAzcAtya samAjavijJAna meM kahA gayA hai ki manuSya sAmAjika prANI hai / bhAratIya darzana meM manuSya ko itanA sImita nahIM kiyA gayA hai| vyakti samAja se Upara uThatA hai, brahmANDa meM apanA astitva bodha karatA hai, samAja se pare zaktiyoM ke sAtha samparka karatA hai aura jaba samAja patita hotA hai to usakA pariSkAra karatA hai| Aja samAja ke bahutere kArya kA dAyitva rAjya (sTeTa) ne le liyA hai aura vyakti samAja se chUTakara sIdhe rAjya se jur3a rahA hai| samAjavijJAna meM vyakti aura samAja kI vyAkhyA saMracanA (sTrakacara) aura kriyAtmakatA (phankazana) ke siddhAnta para AdhArita hai| jaba hama racanA zabda kA vyavahAra karate haiM to usase hamArA tAtparya hotA hai hissA athavA Tukar3e kI eka nirdhArita vyavasthA / saMgIta kI eka racanA hotI hai / vAkya kI eka saMracanA hotI hai| zarIra ke sela kI jaTila saMracanA elekTrAna aura proTAnga ke bIca sambandhoM kA eka samuccaya hai| usI prakAra sAmAjika saMracanA kI ikAI athavA Tukar3A vyakti hotA hai| isameM vyakti eka dUsare se sambandhoM se jur3A rahatA hai aura usakA sthAna tathA rola nirdhArita rahatA hai| sAmAjika jIvana kI nirantaratA, saMracanA kI nirantaratA para nirbhara karatA hai| eka rASTra, eka jAti, eka gotra, eka saMsthA vyaktiyoM kI vyavasthA kA astitva banAye rakhatA hai, yadyapi isako banAne vAle vyakti samaya-samaya para badalate rahate haiN| sAmAjika racanA kI nirantaratA usI prakAra banI rahatI hai jisa prakAra mAnava parisaMvAda-2

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paramparAgata vyavasthA meM vyakti aura samAja ke sambandha : mAnavavijJAna dRSTi 163 zarIra apane racanA kI nirantaratA banAye rakhatA hai, yadyapi vAstavika maulIkyUlsa, jisase zarIra banA hai, nirantara parivartita hotA rahatA hai| sAmAjika saMracanA kI nirantaratA sAmAjika sambandhoM kI nirantaratA se banI rahatI hai| yaha saMracanA vyaktiyoM kA manamAnA melajola nahIM hai, balki sAmAjika prakriyA se nirdhArita hotI hai| vyaktiyoM kA eka dUsare ke sAtha paraspara vyavahAra kA niyama nizcita hotA hai| pratyeka vyakti se una nirdhArita niyamoM athavA nArsa ke anusAra vyavahAra karane kI apekSA rahatI hai aura vaha vyakti bhI yaha AzA rakhatA hai ki dUsare loga usake sAtha usI prakAra kA vyavahAra kreNge| eka vizeSa sAmAjika jIvana ke prasthApita mUlyoM ko saMsthA kahate haiN| ___vyakti aura samAja ke paraspara sambandhoM ko samajhane ke lie ina saMsthAoM kI vyAkhyA jarUrI hai| vyakti aura samAja ke sambandhoM kI mAnava-vicAradhArAoM meM do pramukha dhArAyeM athavA do pramukha mADalsa haiN| eka mADala hai AdimajAtiyoM kA, jisameM vyakti Avazyaka rUpa se samAja kA aparihArya aMga hai| samAja ke bAhara vyakti kA koI astitva nahIM hai, koI kalpanA nahIM hai| isalie AdimajAtiyoM meM jAtIya banAvaTa, kula aura gotra kI banAvaTa, aura sambandhoM ke niyama bar3e majabUta hote haiM / vahA~ vyakti samAja kA aparihArya aMga hai, aura samAja prakRti kaa| samAja ke niyamoM ko tor3ane kA artha hai prakRti ke niyamoM ko tor3anA, jisakA artha hotA hai apane Apako todd'naa| vahA~ sabhI vyakti se samAna vyavahAra kI apekSA hai, koI vyakti viziSTa nahIM hotaa| ataH vahA~ sabhI gIta gAte haiM, sabhI nAcate haiM / vahA~ koI acchA aura burA gIta gAne vAlA nahIM hotaa| sabhI samAna rUpa se aura sahaja rUpa se gIta gAte haiN| vahA~ gIta gAnA utanA hI sahaja aura Avazyaka hai jitanA dhArmika kRtya karanA, pUjA krnaa| (cInI dArzanika kAnaphyUsisa ne kahA thA ki saMgIta aura dhArmika kRtya donoM hI sAmAjika vyavasthA ko banAye rakhane meM prabhAvakArI haiN|) hamalogoM kI vicAradhArA meM prakRti kA niyama vaha niyama hai jo aTala siddhAnta ke rUpa meM (kucha camatkAroM ko chor3akara) ghaTita hotA hai, aura naitika athavA sAmAjika niyama ve haiM jo hameM pAlana karanA cAhie, kintu jise hama yadA-kadA tor3ate bhI rahate haiN| Adima jAtiyA~ prakRti ke niyama aura naitika athavA sAmAjika niyama meM isa prakAra kA bheda nahIM krtiiN| unakI dRSTi meM puruSa evaM strI ko aparihArya rUpa se sAmAjika 'niyamoM kA anusaraNa karanA caahie| ye sAmAjika niyama cirantana haiM aura prakRti parisaMvAda-2

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164 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAe~ kI ghaTanAoM se ba~dhe haiM / usI prakAra RtuoM ke anusAra varSA honI cAhie, per3a ko phala denA cAhie aura pazuoM aura manuSyoM ko baccA denA cAhie / kintu prakRti aura manuSyasamAja meM aniyamitatAe~ haiM / aisI aniyamitatA ko AdimajAti prakRti kA kopa mAnatI hai aura usase trasta rahatI hai / eka dUsarA mADala hai varNAzrama kA / isameM varNavyavasthA dvArA sAmAjika racanA meM vyakti kA sthAna aura usake sambandha nizcita haiM, kintu AzramavyavasthA meM vyakti samAja se eka sTeja para Akara alaga ho jAtA hai / isa dRSTi meM manuSya samAja kA aparihArya aMga nahIM hai / vaha pratyakSa rUpa se 'brahmANDa' se jur3A huA hai / pratyeka vyakti kA apanA alaga astitva hai, alaga itihAsa hai / vaha brahma kA svarUpa hai, ajJAnavaza sambandhoM meM jur3A rahatA hai / vaha apane Apa meM paripUrNa hai / isa avadhAraNA kI puSTi darzana meM hI nahIM, balki samAja meM bhI hotI hai / caturtha Azrama meM saMnyAsa lene para vyakti samAja se alaga ho jAtA hai / vaha apanA zrAddha saMskAra kara letA hai / saMnyAsa kI pA~ca avasthAe~ batAyI gayI haiM- kuTIcaka, bahUdaka, haMsa, paramahaMsa aura avadhUta athavA turIyAtIta kI avasthA | isa antima avasthA meM Akara vyakti samAja para nirbhara nahIM rhtaa| kucha samaya taka to vaha jaMgala ke kandamUla para jItA hai, phira usa parama avasthA ko prApta kara use AhAra-vastra aura anya bAhya vastuoM kI AvazyakatA nahIM raha jaatii| use kisI dUsare kI AvazyakatA nahIM rahatI / vaha kisI prakAra ke sAmAjika kartavyoM se ba~dhA nahIM rahatA / vaha apanI mUlabhUta prakRta meM samA jAtA hai, samAja se dUra, bahuta dUra chUTa jAtA hai / sAmAjika saMracanA kI kriyAtmakatA (phankazana ) hai mAnavIya AvazyakatAoM (zArIrika AvazyakatAoM athavA mAnavIya kriyA-kalApoM aura saMsthAoM kI upayogitA ) kI pUrti karanA / vyakti isa saMracanA meM jo sthAna prApta karatA hai, aura eka dUsare ke prati jo rola adA karatA hai vaha pUrva nirdhArita hai / vyakti mAtra abhinetA hai / isa prakAra ke abhinetAoM ke bIca parokSa aura aparokSa donoM prakAra ke sambandha ho sakate haiM / ina abhinetAoM kI bhUmikA alaga-alaga samAja meM alaga-alaga ho sakatI hai / jisa samAja meM viziSTa jana kI kalpanA hai vahA~ vyakti ke aise bhI rola sthAna hai jo pUrva nirdhArita nahIM hai / inameM aise bhI kucha apratyAzita vyaktiyoM ko AtmasAta karane ke niyama hote haiM jo sAdhAraNa logoM se bhinna haiM / prAyaH pratyeka buddhijIvI samAja meM isa prakAra ke viziSTa prabhAvakArI vyaktitva ko sthAna dene kA prAvidhAna hai / isa prakAra ke vilakSaNa pratibhA ke vikAsa ke lie aura unake upayoga ke lie kisa samAja ne, kisa darzana ne, kyA dRSTikoNa apanAyA hai yaha vicAraNIya prazna hai / parisaMvAda - 2

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paramparAgata vyavasthA meM vyakti aura samAja ke sambandha : mAnavavijJAna dRSTi 165 inameM bhI do mADalsa haiN| eka mADala hai bauddha dharma kA jisameM viziSTa vyaktiyoM kA, bhikSuoM kA, saMgha banA hai| bAda meM isakA anusaraNa kiyA IsAI mizinariyoM ne, aura phira zaMkarAcArya tathA anya brAhmaNavyavasthA ne| bhikSusaMgha tathA zaMkarAcArya dvArA saMghaTita dazanAmI saMnyAsiyoM aura vaiSNava vairAgiyoM kA saMghaTana eka nayA samAja kA rUpa le letA hai| ve Apasa meM eka dUsare se sambandhoM se ba~dha jAte haiM / eka parivAra aura kula kI vyavasthA banAte haiM / vahA~ guru pitA kA rUpa hai, guru kA guru dAdA garu kahalAtA hai, guru ke anya ziSyoM ke sAtha gurubhAI-gurubahina kA sambandha hotA hai| ve kahate haiM ki unakA samAja nAdavaMza se calatA hai aura gRhasthoM kA samAja vinda vaMza se / isa prakAra Adhunika sAdhu samAja kA jo gaThana huA hai usake mUla meM bauddha bhikSusaMgha kA mADala hai / bhikSusaMgha eka AcArasaMhitA se ba~dhA hai, aura usakA parama kartavya hai loka kalyANa, bahujana hitAya, bahujana sukhAya / isI prasaGga meM bauddhoM ne saMsAra ko eka sarvotkRSTa avadhAraNA dI hai vaha avadhAraNA hai bodhisattva kii| usa parama karuNAmaya kI kalpanA kA jo apane ko nirvANa se vaMcita rakhatA hai, jaba taka samAja kA AkharI vyakti nirvANa prApta nahIM kara letA / saMsAra ke vicAroM ke itihAsa meM yaha advitIyasthAna hai / isI karuNAmaya kI avadhAraNA Age calakara IsAmasIha ke vyaktitva meM sAkAra huii| kintu isa vyavasthA meM ina viziSTa vyaktiyoM kA sAdhAraNa vyakti se kriyAtmaka rUpa se koI tAttvika bheda nahIM hai| donoM samAja kI vyavasthA ko kuzala evaM zreSTha banAne ke lie kriyAzIla rahate haiM / hama yaha avazya kaha sakate haiM ki viziSTa vyakti sAdhAraNa vyakti ko eka nizcita naitika mArga para calane ke lie preraka hotA hai| isa vyavasthA meM sAmAjika kartavya aura adhyAtma kA kartavya kSetra alaga nahIM hai| isI se jur3I huI brAhmaNa paramparA kI jIvanamukti kI avadhAraNA hai, jisameM gRhasthAzrama meM rahakara, arthAt sAmAjika sambandhoM kA pAlana karate hue, manuSya divya sthiti ko prApta karatA hai| eka dUsarA mADala hai brAhmaNa vairAgya kA, jisakI hamane abhI-abhI carcA kI thii| isameM viziSTa vyakti sarvatantra svatantra hai| vaha vyaktigata mokSa kI kAmanA karatA hai, aura usa sAdhanA meM vaha samAja ke bandhanoM aura kartavyoM se mukta ho jAtA hai| vaha vyakti anasosala (samAja nirapekSa) ho jAtA hai eNTI sosala (asAmAjika) nhiiN| vaha samAja sudhAraka kA rola adA nahIM karatA / vAstavika rUpa se arthAt kriyAtmaka rUpa se vaha anya vyaktiyoM se bhinna hai| vaha samAja se alaga hai phira bhI samAja meM usake lie sarvocca sthAna hai| vaha samAja ke sAre bandhanoM aura mUlyoM ko parisaMvAda-2

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166 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAe~ chor3akara bahuta Age nikala jAtA hai, zreSTha jJAna ke jagata meN| yaha vicAra bhI saMsAra ke vicAroM ke itihAsa meM advitIya sthAna rakhatA hai| ina donoM mADalsa kI tulanA se do paramparAoM meM vyakti aura samAja ke sambandha ke prati dRSTikoNa para prakAza DAlA jA sakatA hai| bauddha mADala meM vyakti ananya rUpa se samAja para anyonyAzrita hai| viziSTa vyakti eka nizcita mArga, nizcita sambandhoM aura mUlyoM kI maryAdA ke antargata calane ke lie anya vyaktiyoM ko prerita karatA hai, usake sAtha Amane-sAmane sambandha sthApita karatA hai, tathA parokSa sambandhoM se jur3A rahatA hai| brAhmaNa mADala isase bhinna hai, isameM vyakti eka avasthA para Akara samAja se alaga ho jAtA hai| vaha samAja kA upabhoga usa samaya taka karatA hai jaba taka vaha svayaM svatantra rUpa se astitva banAye rakhane meM samartha nahIM hai / vastutaH vaha samAja kA upayoga usI prakAra karatA hai jisa prakAra eka cir3iyA aNDA dene ke lie ghosalA banAtI hai aura jaba aNDA de detI hai, cUz2A ur3ane lAyaka ho jAtA hai, to ghosalA chor3akara AkAza meM vicaraNa karane lagatI hai| isa avasthA kI eka sthiti meM Akara vyakti akelA calane lagatA hai| vaha dUsaroM ke lie mArga nahIM DhU~r3hatA, sambandhoM aura mUlyoM ko parimArjita nahIM karatA, balki sabhI sAmAjika mUlyoM ko tor3akara dikhalA detA hai ki sAmAjika tattva se bhI pare eka satya hai, jisakI vaha sAdhanA karatA hai| samAja ke anya vyaktiyoM ke sAtha usakA Amane-sAmane sambandha nahIM rhtaa| vaha samAja se dUra rahatA hai, dhruvatArA kI taraha jo samudra se bahuta dUra nakSatra loka meM eka dUsarI jagat meM rahatA hai aura samudra ke nAvika use dekhakara apanI yAtrA taya karatA hai| ina donoM mADalsa meM kauna acchA athavA burA hai yaha asaMgata prazna hai| vyakti aura samAja ke paraspara sambandhoM ke AyAma kitane vyApaka haiM yahI uddharita karanA mere prastuta vyAkhyAna kA lakSya rahA hai| parisaMvAda-2

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bhAratIya bauddha kalA meM vyakti evaM samAja se sambandhita dRSTikoNa DaoN0 dInabandhu pANDeya lumbinI vana meM bhagavAna buddha kA janma mAtra eka saMyoga thA kintu yaha saMyoga atyanta mahatvapUrNa thaa| zuddhodana-parivAra evaM zAkya samAja se dUra jA par3anA eka vizeSa 'ghaTanAtmaka pratIka' bana jAtA hai / buddha kA zaizava evaM kizora jIvana isa UhApoha meM hI bItA ki unake jIvana kI sArthakatA kyA hai ? unakA parivAra unheM apane sAmAjika jAla meM bA~dhanA cAhatA thaa| sukha-suvidhAoM ke pralobhanoM ke bIca unheM rakhA gayA, kintu ve usameM rame nhiiN| kabhI kheta kI mer3a para dhyAnasta ho gae, to kabhI sAMsArika duHkhoM kI gaharI anubhati ke krama meM apane dvArA bhoge jA rahe aizvaryapUrNa jIvana se virata ho jAne kA saMkalpa le liyA, aura eka dUsarA saMyoga AyA ki unhoMne mahAbhiniSkramaNa kiyaa| mahAbhiniSkramaNa eka dUsarI 'ghaTanAtmaka pratIka' hai / janma ke samaya adRzya zakti dvArA parivAra evaM samAja se alaga-thalaga kara DAle gye| zizu ne apane buddhi viveka se yuvAvasthA meM svayaM ko parivAra evaM samAja se alaga kara liyaa| bhagavAna buddha ke jIvana, darzana meM aisI paristhiti kA prabhAva dikhalAI detA hai| vyakti tathA parivAra evaM samAja ke prati eka vizeSa dRSTikoNa bauddha samaya-pravAha ke sAtha dekhA jA sakatA hai| satat prayatnoM ke phalasvarUpa buddha ko saMbodhi kI prApti huI / aura anicchA hote hue bhI daivIya nivedanoM ke kAraNa unhoMne upadeza dekara mAnava kalyANa kA kAryArambha kiyaa| dharmacakrapravartana ke sAtha ve eka bAra phira samAja se sambandhita ho gae, jise chor3akara ve tapa sAdhanA ke lie cale gae the / vyakti, vyakti ke utthAna evaM samAja se alaga hote hue tathA jur3ate hue sambandha kI sthitiyA~ bauddha sAhitya evaM kalA meM sarvatra draSTavya hai| maiM Apa logoM ke sAmane bhAratIya bauddha kalA meM prApta aGkanoM ke mAdhyama se apanI bAta prastuta karanA cAhatA huuN| kalA ke svarUpa nirdhAraNa meM ve bhAva tathA dRSTikoNa saMnnihita hote haiM jo tatkAlIna vicArakoM athavA dArzanikoM dvArA nirdezita hote haiN| kabhI-kabhI ye nirdeza spaSTa rUpa se kintu adhikAMza tathA aise nirdeza pracchanna rUpa se athavA pratIkAtmaka rUpa se hI aGkita huA karate haiN| parisaMvAda-2

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bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAe~ bauddha kalA kA sabhArambha maurya kAla meM azoka dvArA huA / azoka dvArA sthApita dharma stambhoM evaM stUpoM evaM abhilekhoM ke mAdhyama se usI paramparA kA anugamana kiyA gayA jAna par3atA hai ki vyakti ke unnayana evaM usake dvArA samAja kA pariSkAra kiyA jAnA caahie| azoka apanI vyakti parakatA kA dhyAna rakhe thA aura lokopakArI kAryoM ke mAdhyama se samAja se jur3e rahane kA prayatna kiyA / usakA sAdhana bhI vyaktiparaka thA / yaha sAdhana pratIkAtmaka buddha the / azoka ke stUpa yA stambha unake hI pratIka haiM / sAranAtha ke azoka stambha zIrSa meM to yaha bhAva bar3A hI spaSTa hai / yaha aGkana dharmacakrapravartana kA pratIkatmaka aGkana hai / buddha kI dharma garjanA cAroM dizAoM meM gUMjI, vaha loka lokAntara taka pahu~cI / azoka kI kalA meM azoka kI vyakti sattA buddha pratIka ke mAdhyama se prakaTa huI hai / aura samaSTi sarvadA sAMketika rahI hai / saMkSepa yadi hama yaha kaheM ki isa samaya bauddha dRSTikoNa vyakti paraka vizeSa thA to anyathA na hogA | kintu yaha azoka kA hI prayatna thA ki yaha vyaktivAdI dRSTikoMNa lokaparaka athavA samAjaparaka ho gayA / 168 zuMgakAlIna bauddha kalA ekavyakti samarthita nahIM thI / vaha loka mAnasa kA pariNAma thii| samAja kA vyaktitva bar3e spaSTa rUpa meM bharahuta, bodhagayA, sAMcI, amarAvatI, nAgArjunIkoMDA evaM anya kaI sthAnoM kI kalA meM dekhane ko milatA hai / zuMgakAla meM mauryakAlIna bauddha dRSTikoNa meM spaSTa parivartana dikhalAI detA hai / vyakti parakatA kramazaH samAja parakatA meM samAtI calI gayI / buddha ke pratIka to kalA ke prANa ke rUpa meM the kintu ve loka sammAnita evaM loka saMpuMjita the / spaSTa hI ina kalA citeroM ke lie aisA bauddha dRSTikoNa kAragara sthiti meM thA, jahA~ vyakti mAtra kA mahattva kama usake dvArA nirmita samAja kA mahattva kahIM adhika thA / yahI kAraNa hai ki zuMgayugIna stUpoM kI alaMkRtiyoM meM bauddha jAtakoM, mAMgalika kathAoM, dharmaparaka sAmAjika ghaTanAoM tathA lokamaMgala evaM aizvarya sambandhI aGkanoM kI vRddhi ho jAtI hai / kuSANa evaM guptakAlIna kalA meM bauddha dRSTikoNa punaH parimArjita hotA huA dikhalAI par3atA hai | buddha mUrti kA udbhava mahAyAna sampradAya ko aisI dena thI jisakA prabhAva par3e binA nahIM raha sakatA thA / buddha kI vizAla mUrtiyoM kA nirmANa huA / buddha mUrtiyoM meM Arambha meM unheM vyakti bodhisattva ke rUpa meM aGkita kiyA gayA aura paravartIkAla meM buddha svarUpa meM / buddha kI mahAnatA kA aGkana karane meM kalAGkana ke lie prApta phalaka kA atyadhika bhAga buddha kI mUrti ke liye diyA jAne lagA / ghaTanAoM ke parisaMvAda - 2

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bhAratIya bauddha kalA meM vyakti evaM samAja se sambandhita dRSTikoNa / / aGkana ke sandarbha meM vizAla buddha mUrti ke sAtha sAmAnya mAnava evaM samAja kA aGkana laghu rUpa meM kiyA jAtA thaa| sAranAtha kI buddha kI paJcavargIya zilpoM ke sAtha dharmacakrapravartana mudrA meM aGkana tathA ajantA ke citroM meM vizAla buddha ke sAmane rAhula ke aGkana ke ye do udAharaNa paryApta hoMge / guptakAlIna kalA meM samaSTi kA aMkana chor3a nahIM diyA gayA thA aura jAtakoM evaM dhArmika kathAoM ke aGkanoM meM to jaise samaSTi kI mahattA ko svIkAra karane kA dRSTikoNa hI prastuta karanA unakA dhyeya ho| ___madhyakAla meM bauddha dharma evaM darzana aneka bhedoM-upabhedoM meM ba~Ta gayA / bauddha devIdetAoM kI bAr3ha kucha aisI huI ki kalAkAra una anyAnya devo svarUpoM kI abhivyakti meM hI sarAbora rahe / bauddha-dharma evaM darzana jaise samAja se kramazaH dUra hotA calA gyaa| kalAkRtiyoM meM sAmAjika pariveza draSTavya nahIM hotaa| samAja evaM vyakti tathA unake sambandhoM ke bAre meM yadyapi yatkiJcit saMketa hI hameM bauddha kalA mAdhyamoM se prApta hote haiM, kintu aise adhyayana ke lie yaha eka samRddha srota hai jisakA AloDana yadi dhairyapUrvaka vizadatA ke sAtha kiyA jAe to nizcita hI atyanta rocaka pariNAma prApta hoMge, aisI AzA kI jA sktii|

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pro vyakti aura samAja ke vyaktivAdI, samaSTivAdI tathA samanvayavAdI svarUpa kA vivecana pro0 mukuTabihArI lAla isa goSThI meM upasthita dArzanikoM ko bauddha darzana aura vAGmaya jitanA jJAna hai usakI tulanA meM merI jAnakArI nagaNya hai| aisI sthiti meM prastuta viSaya para merA kucha kahanA anAdhikAra ceSTA jaisA hI hai| Apa saba vidvAnoM ke sAnnidhya meM jo kucha meM samajha pAyA hU~, vaha yahI hai ki buddha bhagavAn kI dhAraNA mUlataH vyaktiparaka aura vairAgyavAdI thii| sAMsArika sukhavaibhava kA moha tyAga kara parama zAnti kI prApti hI usakA lakSya thaa| para karuNA, ahiMsA aura akrodha se samanvita nirvANa kI avadhAraNA niHsandeha sAMsArika sukha kI preraNA para Azrita vyaktivAdI dhAraNA se bahuta bhinna hai| bauddha dhAraNA ko samaSTivAdI bhI nahIM samajhA jA sktaa| karuNA aura ahiMsA svastha sAmAjika jIvana ke mahattvapUrNa AdhAra haiN| para nirvANa ke sAdhana ke rUpa meM citta kI zuddhi ke nimitta hI bhagavAn buddha ne bhikSuoM ko inake anusaraNa kA Adeza diyA thaa| karuNA ne Age cala kara mahAkaruNA tathA bodhisattva kI avadhAraNA kA rUpadhAraNa kara liyaa| ye avadhAraNAe~ sAmAjika dRSTi se bhI bahuta mahattvapUrNa haiM / para bauddha paramparA ke antargata bodhisattva kI tulanA kauTumbika ke bajAya eka aise dharmaguru se kI jA sakatI hai jo samAja aura kuTumba se alaga rahate hue sabako sadupadeza pradAna kre| saMgha samAja nahIM saMsthAna hai aura usase sambandhita niyama samAjavyavasthA ke niyama nahIM samajhe jA sakate / phira bhI vyakti aura samAja ke sambandhoM ko nizcita karate samaya ina niyamoM tathA karuNA, ahiMsA, akrodha, bodhisattva evaM bahujanahitAya aura bahujanasukhAya ke AdezoM aura avadhAraNAoM kA upayoga avazya hI upAdeya hogA / bauddha darzana kI dRSTi se vyakti aura samAja ke pArasparika sambandhoM kI vahI dhAraNA ThIka hogI jo ina avadhAraNAoM ke nikaTatama ho| isa samaya vyakti aura samAja ke sambandhoM ke bAre meM jo avadhAraNAe~ pracalita haiM una sabako vyaktivAdI, samaSTivAdI aura samanvayavAdI tIna vargoM meM bA~TA jA sakatA hai / vyaktivAdI dhAraNAoM ke anusAra samAja vyaktiyoM kA samUha hai, vyaktigata svArtha kI upalabdhi vyakti ke kriyAkalApoM kA mukhya lakSya hai, aura vyaktigata hitoM se .. parisaMvAda-2

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vyakti aura samAja ke vyaktivAdI, samaSTivAyI tathA samanvayavAdI svarUpa kA vivecana 171 pare yA bhinna samAja kA koI hita nahIM hai| nATze jaise vyaktivAdiyoM aura arAjakatAvAdiyoM kI dRSTi meM vyakti kI zakti hI usake adhikAroM kI sImA aura mApadaNDa hai| unake vicAra meM svArtha hI vyakti kA eka mAtra guNa hai, AtmavikAsa aura AtmavistAra mAnava kI do sahaja pravRttiyA~ haiM, AtmavistAra hI AtmavikAsa kA sAdhana haiN| zakti bhara saMsAra para chA jAnA, AtmavistAra kI mA~ga, pratyeka vyakti ke maulika adhikAra haiN| isake lie pAzavika aura bauddhika zakti kA yathA sambhava prayoga vAMchanIya hai| isa ahaMvAdI vyaktivAdI avadhAraNA kA buddha bhagavAn kI karuNAmaya dhAraNAoM se mela baiThAnA kisI taraha bhI sambhava nahIM hai| dUsare prakAra kI dhAraNA samaSTivAdI hai / ye saba dhAraNAe~ kisI na kisI rUpa meM vyakti ko samaSTi kA aMga samajhatI haiM / kucha vidvAnoM kI rAya meM vyakti aura samAja kA sendriya sambandha hai / vyakti samAja kA avayava hai jisa taraha zarIra ke hita kI siddhi ke lie upakaraNa ke rUpa meM yogadAna karanA hI zarIra ke vibhinna aMgoM kA kArya hai| isI taraha vyakti kA koI apanA svatantra dhyeya nahIM hai, varan samAja ke dhyeya kI pUrti meM yogadAna hI usakA kartavya hai / kucha sAmAjika manovaijJAnikoM ke vicAra meM vyakti kA mAnasa lokamAnasa kI akasa aura pratibimba hai| mAnava kA mAnasika vikAsa lokamAnasa ke anurUpa hotA hai| katipaya samAja vaijJAnika bhI kisI na kisI rUpa meM samaSTivAdI vyAkhyA kA samarthana karate haiN| ina sabane vicAra meM samAja se pRthak vyakti kI kalpanA ko asambhava mAnA hai| mAnava vyaktitva samAja kI dena hai| usake jIvana kI rUparekhA tathA usakA cintana aura usake kriyAkalApa samAja dvArA upalabdhi meM yogadAna hI usakA mukhya dhandhA hai| ___kucha samaSTivAdI mAnavasamAja kI ekatA para vizvAsa nahIM krte| unakA samaSTivAda kisI viziSTa varga yA rASTra taka sImita rahatA hai, anya vargoM aura rASToM se usa viziSTa varga yA rASTra kA sambandha saMgharSAtmaka aura vyaktivAdI jaisA svArthI aura ahaMvAdI hotA hai| phAsisTa mAnava ekatA para vizvAsa nahIM karate aura unakI rASTrIyatA kI bhAvanA sarvathA, AkramaNazIla hai| yathAsambhava sAre vizva para Adhipatya ve pratyeka zaktizAlI rASTra kA maulika adhikAra samajhate haiN| zrI bI0 ke0 rAya ke zabdoM meM kahA jA sakatA hai ki phAsisToM ke vicAra meM zAnti zakti kI sagI bahana, yuddha kI jananI hai, saMgharSa kI taiyArI hai, kamajoroM kI lAcArI hai, balavAnoM kI samajhadArI hai / yuddha abhizApa nahIM, zakti ke vikAsa kA mAdhyama hai| phAsisTavAda para vizvAsa rakhanevAle samaSTivAdI dalIya adhinAyakavAda arthAt tAnAzAhI para vizvAsa karate haiM / samaSTivAdI hIgala bhI rAjya ko samAja kA sarvotkRSTa rUpa svIkAra parisaMvAda-2

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172 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAe~ karate the tathA jarmanI ke kaisara ke niraMkuza zAsana ko rAjya kA sarvottama rUpa ghoSita karate the| isa prakAra kI samaSTivAdI dhAraNA bhI bauddha dArzanikoM ko svIkAra nahIM ho sktii| ve yuddha, AkramaNazIla nIti, adhinAyakavAda, niraMkuzatA kA samarthana nahIM kara sakate / eka bodhisattva bahujanahitAya apane nirvANa kI kAmanA tyAga sakatA hai, vaha yaha bhI kaha sakatA hai ki anya vyaktiyoM ko duHkha darda meM chor3a vaha akele nirvANa lekara kyA karegA ? para vaha samaSTi ke kaThina bandhanoM ko saharSa svIkAra nahIM kara sktaa| anastitvavAda kI aisI vyAkhyA jo vyakti ko samaSTi kA dAsa yA pUrjA banA de, bauddha bhikSukoM ko kabhI maMjUra nahIM hogii| jaba ve apane ko saMghabaddha kara usakI vyavasthA ke antargata bahujanahitAya bahujanasukhAya kA prayatna karate haiM, taba bhI apane prayatnoM dvArA apane nirvANa kI prApti ke apane adhikAra ko surakSita rakhate haiN| tIsarI prakAra kI avadhAraNA samanvayavAdI hai| yaha vyakti aura samAja donoM ke mahattva ko tathA unake kriyAtmaka yogadAna ko svIkAra karatI hai| isa avadhAraNA ke anusAra mAnava sAmAjika prANI hai| sAmAjika preraNAe~ usakI sahaja pravRttiyA~ haiN| saMgAsakti, sauhArda, sahAnubhUti, sneha, sahayoga usakA sahaja svabhAva hai| vaha samAja meM janma letA, paravariza pAtA tathA zikSA prApta karatA hai| usake jIvana para samAja kI gaharI chApa hai, usake sAre jIvana, cintana vyavahAra, kriyA kalApoM meM samAja vyApta hai| para mAnava niSkriya prANI nahIM hai| vaha bhoktA aura kartA donoM hai| vaha samAja ke sAdhanoM kA tathA sAmAjika virAsata kA upabhoga karatA hai, para usake sAtha hI sAtha samAja aura usakI saMskRti kA nirmANa karatA hai| samAja ke sAdhanoM meM vRddhi karatA hai / agara samAja usake jIvana meM vyApta hai, to vaha bhI samAja ke sAre jIvana meM vyApta hai| yadi samAja ke vinA usakA astitva sambhava nahIM hai to usake binA samAja kI kalpanA bhI mumakina nahIM hai| yadi bhAratIya saMskRti aura sAmAjika sthiti ke samucita jJAna ke binA bhagavAn buddha aura mahAtmA gAMdhI ke vyaktitva aura unake yogadAna kA mUlyAMkana sambhava nahIM hai, to ina donoM mahApuruSoM ke yogadAna kI jAnakArI ke binA bhAratIya samAja aura saMskRti kA adhyayana bhI pUrNa nahIM hogaa| hama jaise tuccha vyaktiyoM kI akarmaNyatA aura vyavahAra kI bhI thor3I bahuta acchI burI chApa avazya hotI hI hai| isa samanvayavAdI avadhAraNA kI dRSTi meM mAnava aura samAja donoM hI sAdhana, sAdhaka aura sAdhya tInoM haiN| ye donoM eka dUsare ke gaurava ko puSTa karate haiM aura ina donoM ke samanvita prayatna dvArA kalyANa aura utkarSa sambhava hai / utkarSa donoM ke saMtulita vikAsa kI apekSA karatA hai| donoM parisaMvAda-2

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vyakti aura samAja ke vyaktivAdI, samaSTivAdI tathA samanvayavAdI svarUpa kA vivecana 173 kI maryAdAoM tathA unake kartavyoM aura adhikAroM kI rakSA aura puSTi zAnti vyavasthA aura abhivRddhi ke lie nitAnta Avazyaka hai| isa yuga ke adhikAMza netA vizeSataH mahAmanA mAlavIyajI, mahAtmA gAMdhI aura AcArya narendradeva isI samanvita avadhAraNA ke samarthaka the| tInoM hI prAcIna bhAratIya saMskRti kI udAtta mAnyatAoM se anuprANita the| AcArya narendradeva kA cintana mUlataH samAjavaijJAnika thA, para usa para bauddhadarzana kI bhI chApa thii| gAMdhI aura mAlavIya kA cintana bahuta hada taka dhArmika thaa| unhoMne Adhunika yuga kI AvazyakatAoM ke sandarbha meM prAcIna bhAratIya saMskRti aura dharma ke pramukha siddhAntoM aura mAnyatAoM kI kAlAnukUla vyAkhyA karate hue satat satprayatnoM dvArA samAja aura vyakti ke samanvita sarvAMgINa vikAsa karane kA upadeza aura Adeza diyaa| ye donoM karma kA siddhAnta svIkAra karate the| para bhAgyavAda ke virodhI aura puruSArtha ke samarthaka the| hamAre zAstrakAroM ne jJAtA, jJAna aura jJeya ina tInoM ko karma kA preraka batAyA hai| unake vicAra meM unake saMyoga se karma meM pravRtta hone kI icchA hotI hai tathA kartA, upakaraNa aura kriyA ke saMyoga se karma banatA hai| unake vicAroM ke anusAra mAnavayoni bhogayoni hI nahIM, balki karmayoni bhI hai| isa yoni meM mAnava satkarmoM dvArA purAne karmoM ke bure prabhAvoM kA DaTakara pratIkAra kara sakatA hai| isa jIvana meM hI jIvanamukta aura bodhisattva kA gaurava prApta kara sakatA hai tathA anArabdha karmoM kI prakriyAoM kA anta kara nirvANa aura mokSa prApta kara sakatA hai| ye tInoM mahApuruSa cAhate the ki hama, ahaMvAda tyAga kara nispRha bhAva se dhairya aura utsAha ke sAtha mAnava aura samAja ke sarvatomukhI utthAna meM juTa jaaeN|| mAnava aura samAja ke sambandhoM kI yaha samanvita avadhAraNA yadi sarvathA bauddha daSTi ke anurUpa nahIM hai to anya saba avadhAraNAoM kI tulanA meM vaha usake nikaTatama avazya hai / isa samanvita avadhAraNA ko ahiMsA, karuNA, niSkAma bhAvanA, tathA bahujanahita Adi kalyANakArI bauddha dhAraNAoM se vibhUSita kara ise vikasita aura bauddha dRSTikoNa ke adhika nikaTa lAyA jA sakatA hai| ina tInoM prakAra kI avadhAraNAoM ko kisI na kisI rUpa meM dArzanikoM aura samAjavaijJAnikoM ne pratipAdita, vikasita aura puSTa kiyA hai| dArzanikoM kI apane jJAna ke sambandha meM kyA dhAraNA hai ? yaha to hama nahIM batA sakate haiN| samAja vaijJAnika to apane ko alpajJa aura apane jJAna ko sApekSika samajhate haiN| ve pUrNa satya ke astitva para sandeha karate haiM aura mukta kaMTha se kahate haiM ki sApekSika satya kA jJAna hI alpajJa mAnava ke lie sambhava hai| gAMdhIjI pUrNa satya kI avadhAraNA svIkAra karate parisaMvAda-2

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174 ............ bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAe the, para mAnava anubhUti ko sApekSika batAte the aura kahate the ki nayI-nayI paristhitiyoM ke sandarbha meM satya ke naye naye svarUpa prakaTa hote haiN| samAjavaijJAnikoM ke vicAra meM bar3e bar3e vidvAnoM aura AcAryoM meM mahattvapUrNa praznoM para gaharA matabheda unakI alpajJatA kA pramANa hai / pUrNa satya kA jJAna ho jAne para matabheda nahIM raha sakate / brahma ke viSaya meM dArzanikoM meM bhArI matabheda siddha karatA hai ki usake sambandha meM hamArA jJAna pUrNa nahIM hai| gatizIla, parivartanazIla saMsAra meM jar3avat eka vikAra ko pakar3e rahanA sambhava nahIM hai| kAlAnukUla jJAna kA vikAsa aura prayoga jIvana ke astitva aura pragati donoM ke lie Avazyaka hai / sAMkhya kA pariNAmavAda guNAtmaka vikAsa kI sambhAvanA ko puSTa karatA hai| guNAtmaka vikAsa yuga kI mA~ga hai| isakI upekSA nahIM kI jA sakatI / prAcIna bhAratIya vidvAnoM kA hameM Adeza hai ki hama ahaMkAra kA tyAga kara jise hama apane se choTA samajhate haiM unase bhI satyajJAna grahaNa kareM / bhISma kahate hai ki jisa taraha jaMgala meM caMdana kI lakar3iyA~ cunI jAtI haiM usI taraha saba jagaha se jJAna ikaTThA kiyA jaay| hameM hamAre pUrvajoM kA Adeza hai ki zatru ke guNa grahaNa kiye jAe~ aura gurU ke durguNa chor3e jAe~ / dIkSAMta samAroha meM guru ziSya ko Adeza detA hai ki unake sadguNoM kA hI pAlana kiyA jAya / yogavAsiSTha meM to kahA gayA hai ki yuktiyukta bAlaka kA vicAra grahaNa kiyA jAya aura yadi brahmA kA bhI koI vicAra yuktisaMgata na ho to use chor3a diyA jAya / hamArA kartavya hai ki hama saMkIrNa matavAda se Upara uThakara vyApaka dRSTi se saMsAra ke saMcita jJAna kA adhyayana kara, apanI saMskRti ke sajIva tattvoM ko puSTa karate hue vizva ke jJAnabhaNDAra ke pragatizIla tattvoM se apanI saMskRti ko samRddha kreN| bauddha dArzanikoM aura vaidika dArzanikoM kA kartavya hai ki ve matAgraha tyAga kara jJAna kA AdAna-pradAna kareM / bauddha AcArya jIvanamukta kI avadhAraNA svIkAra kareM aura vaidika dArzanika bodhisattva kI kalpanA kA mahattva svIkAra kreN| isa vivAda ko tyAga kara ki niSkAma karma kA pratipAdana kisane pahale kiyA, isa siddhAnta ko sampUrNa bhAratIya saMskRti ke mahattvapUrNa siddhAnta ke rUpa meM puSTa kiyA jaay| dArzanika aura samAja vaijJAnika bhI jJAna kA AdAnapradAna kreN| donoM kI adhyayana zailI bhinna hai, para donoM meM apane-apane DhaMga se jJAna saMcaya kiyA hai| donoM ke adhyayana se lAbhAnvita honA hama sabakA adhikAra aura kartavya hai| buddha aura zaMkara kI tulanA meM hama saba tuccha haiM, para kauna kaha sakatA hai ki bhAratamAtA itanI bUr3hI ho gayI hai ki vaha aba una jaise pratibhAzAlI suputroM ko janma hI nahIM de sakatI ? jo jananI mahAtmA gAMdhI ko janma de sakatI hai, usase isa yuga meM bhI bahuta AzA kI jA sakatI hai| parisaMvAda-2

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vyakti aura samAja : bauddha dRSTi kA eka vaijJAnika vizleSaNa zrI bI0 ke0 rAya the bhagavAna buddha kabhI eka vyakti, aba to haiM kevala eka vicAra, sUkSmAtisUkSma vicAra / vyakti ko to hamane patthara banA kara banda kara diyA patthara kI dIvAroM meM, mar3ha diyA zobhA bar3hAne ke lie caukhaTadAra tasvIroM meM, santuSTa ho gae lambI caur3I stutiyoM meM kRtajJatA gAkara, Dhaka diyA unheM gaMdha-dhUpa, mAlA-phUla ke ambAroM meM / lekina vicAra ? vicAra vyakti nahIM, zabda nahIM, amUrta caraNa cihna haiN| ve par3he nahIM, kahe nahIM, kevala jie jA sakate haiN| the taba bhI, aura aba bhI hai unakA daSTikoNa vizaddha vyaktivAdI / unakI vANI ke hara vAkya kI vyAkhyA meM, unake jIvana-darzana ke hara siddhAnta ke srota meM, unake dharmopadeza ke hara krama ke kendra meM, unake sandeza ke hara zabda ke artha meM, unake Atmaprayoga ke hara prekSaNa ke nirIkSaNa meM, unake anubhavajanya jJAna ke hara satya ke vizleSaNa meM, eka aura kevala eka uddezya dIkhatA hai-duHkha kA nivAraNa / hamArA astitva hai icchA se, hama haiM sevaka apanI icchA ke / icchA ke sAtha anukUlatA ko hI to sukha aura pratikUlatA ko hI to duHkha kahate haiN| hama usI sImA taka sukhI yA duHkhI hote haiM jahA~ taka hamArI icchA pratipAdita aura pratiphalita ho pAtI hai| ataH sukha-duHkha pUrNataH vaiyaktika anubhUtiyA~ haiN| inakA sambandha hai kevala vyakti se / sukha-duHkha vastu meM nahIM draSTA kI dRSTi meM hote haiN| ve kevala vyakti-mana kI mAnyatAe~ haiN| ataH sArA bauddha darzana vyakti darzana hai sArA bauddha-mArga AtmakrAnti kA mArga hai jo prArambha hotA. hai vyakti se, aura samApta bhI hotA hai vyakti hI meM / unakI 'nirvANa' kI avadhAraNA bhI Adyanta vaiyaktika hai| unake Aryasatya catuSTaya kA sambodha kevala vyakti meM hI sambhava hai| unake duHkhanirodha kA 'aSTAGgika mArga' atyanta vyakti mUlaka hai / unake duHkha nidAna kI 'bArahakar3I' korI vyaktigata zRMkhalA hai / jAgRti ke smRtyupasthAna, saptasambodhyaGga, paJcendriya, zabdazita zikSamANadharma sabhI kevala vyakti kendrita haiM / unakA mArga vizvAsa kA nahIM vicAra aura viveka parisaMvAda-2

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176 bhAratAya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM pUrNa svAnubhava kA hai| unakA dharma 'svayaM karo dharma' hai / unake satya kI khoja meM avidyA kA nAza anivAryataH nihita hai / isake lie vizeSa dakSatA cAhie, asAdhAraNa abhyAsa cAhie, zreSTha anuzAsana cAhie aura cAhie asAmAnya AtmasaMyama / unakA siddhAnta isIlie deza aura kAla se abAdhita hai | vaha sArvakAlika hai, sArvadezika hai / usakA kendra kevala aura kevala vyakti hai / unake sAre Adeza, sAre upadeza, sAre saMdeza vyakti aura vyakti ke lie haiM / ve Izvara kI sattA kA khaNDana karate haiM aura mAnate haiM ki vyakti hI apane bhAgya kA vidhAtA hai / usake jIvana ko niyaMtrita karate haiM usake karma / parantu unakI karma - cetanA bhI eka mAnasika prakriyA hai| unakA karma - siddhAnta mahaz2a mAnasika anukUlana hai / buddhaM zaraNaM gacchAmi, dharmaM zaraNaM gacchAmi, saMghaM zaraNaM gacchAmi, vyakti kI udghoSaNA hai / unakA mata nitAnta vyakti kendrita hai / unakI sArI prakriyA vaiyaktika udvikAsa kI kriyA hai / unakA dharma vizuddha vyakti dharma hai / usameM mu~ha nahIM caritra bolatA hai, vyakti nahIM vyaktitva bolatA hai / isIlie vaha koI vAda nahIM, sampradAya nahIM, jIne kI saccI sIdhI kalA hai / vahA~ sArA saMgharSa astitva ke lie nahIM, astitvahInatA ke lie hai / vahA~ sAdhana haiM kevala Atma-parIkSaNa, AtmanirIkSaNa aura AtmAnveSaNa | I IsAmasIha kI taraha unheM svapna meM Izvaraputra hone kA sandeha nahIM milA thA / muhammada kI taraha ve khudA ke paigambara banA kara nahIM bheje gae the / aura na hI rAma aura kRSNa kI taraha svayaM bhagavAna hI unake rUpa meM yahA~ avatarita hue the / ve to kevala manuSya the / ve una vyaktiyoM meM the jo apane vyaktitva ko svayaM apanI rukhAnI se kATa chA~Ta kara gar3hA karate haiM / ve svayaM apanA zilpI the / isI lie vyakti hI unakA zreya hai, preya hai, dhyeya hai| unakA mArga AtmakrAnti kA mArga hai / unakA abhiyAna vyakti ko kendra mAna kara prArambha hotA hai / unake yahA~ saba kucha vyaktisApekSa hai / unakI prakriyA hai kevala AtmasAdhanA / ve sadaiva se vyaktitva ke hI pAlaka, poSaka, pracAraka, prasAraka aura prakAzaka rahe haiM / bhagavAna buddha kI tattvazAstra ke prati virodhAtmaka pravRtti thI, sambhavataH isI lie ki usa samaya tAttvika vicAroM meM bhI utanI hI arAjakatA thI jitanI naitika AcAroM meM / jaba kabhI unase jIva, AtmA, jagata, Izvara ke viSaya meM prazna pUche jAte to ve mauna ho jaate| aise praznoM ko avyAkRta kaha kara TAla diyA gayA / unhoMne kevala manuSya ko sarvopari mAnA; carAcara ke sAtha usake sambandha kA dhyAna parisaMvAda - 2

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vyakti aura samAja : bauddha dRSTi kA eka vaijJAnika vizleSaNa 177 nahIM rakhA / unakA dRSTikoNa vastuvAdI nahIM vyaktivAdI thaa| hA~, bAda ke lokottaravAdI AcAryoM ne gautama buddha ko vaidika pratIkoM ke sA~ce meM DhAla kara lokottara buddha banA DAlA aura tatkAlIna pracalita jJAna rAzi se vyutpanna prajJapti, saMvRtti evaM nirhetuka satyoM, kSaNika, zUnya, anitya Adi vAdoM tathA hInayAna, mahAyAna Adi zAkhAoM ke kalpanA-tattvoM ke AdhAra para jagata kI vyAkhyA kA stutya prayAsa kiyaa| para mujhe to ve ulajhe adhika, sulajhe kama lagate haiM / unameM yathArtha jJAna kA abhAva hai| hama aura hamArI duniyA : ___aba yaha eka nirvivAda, nissandeha aura nizcita satya haiM ki hamArA jIvana eka koSikA se prArambha hotA hai| hamArI sRSTi kA bhI sArA masAlA vahI haiM jo anya jantuoM kaa| ise asvIkAra karane kI hamameM himmata nahIM ki hama prakRti se eka jAnavara haiM / sabhI jAnavaroM kI taraha hama bhI rAsAyanika kriyAoM aura zArIrika srAvoM ke dAsa haiN| hama kevala rAsAyanika saMgaThanoM ke putale haiN| hameM cunAva kI svataMtratA nhiiN| hama aneka prAkRtika paryAvaraNoM ke dAsa haiM-mAtA ke udara meM udarastha vAtAvaraNa ke, bAhara Akara sUrya, vAyu, jala, tApa, dAba, prakAza ke; apane rudhira meM upasthita tathA samudra jala meM upasthita lavaNoM ke anupAta ke, taMtrikA taMtra kI saMvedanazIlatA ke, graMthi-srAvoM kI saMyukta kArya-praNAlI ke / para sabase adhika jakar3a kara ba~dhe haiM hama apane vaMzAnugata prAbhUta se, yugoM yugoM se Ate AnuvAMzika vizeSakoM ke vAhaka jInoM ke prabhAva se, jo pIr3hI darapIr3hI janmakAla meM hI hastAntarita hote rahate haiN| ye jIna zuddha rasAyanika jaTila hote haiM aura jIvana tathA jAti kI avicchinnatA ko banAye rakhate haiN| inhIM ko hama saMskAra kahate haiM / mana aura kucha nahIM kevala inhIM saMskAroM kA puMja hai| hamArI kriyA kA sambandha isI rAgAtmaka mana se hotA hai aura kahIM se nhiiN| hama jo kucha karate haiM inhIM paramparAgata saMskAroM se prerita hokara karate haiN| hamArI pravRtti utanI purAnI hai jitanA jIva jagata / hamArI umra hamAre janma kAla se jor3anA bhUla hai| hamArI kriyA kA sambandha vartamAna paristhitiyoM meM khojanA bhrama hai / pratyeka mAtA-pitA ke bhinna pUrvajoM ke kAraNa sambhAvita jInoM ke kramacaya tathA saMcaya kI samuccaya saMkhyA gaNanAtIta ho jAtI hai| inameM se koI eka hI samuccaya navajAta ziza ko mila pAtA hai| isI kAraNa itane vizAla aura janasaMkUla saMsAra meM bhI pratyeka javajAta zizu advitIya aura anyoM se nitAnta bhinna hotA hai| amerikA kI svatantratA kI ghoSaNA kA pahalA vAkya hai-'sabhI manuSya samAna paidA parisaMvAda-2

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178 . bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM hote haiM, para satya yaha hai ki koI bhI do manuSya eka sA nahIM, cAhe moTe taura para dekheM yA sUkSmadarzI se / aura to aura hamArI aMguliyoM ke chApa taka to milate hI nhiiN| yaha vaiyaktika vividhatA vikAsa ke karor3oM-karor3oM varSoM ke lambe aitihAsika krama tathA paryAvartI vividhatA ke prati pratikriyA kI dena hai| hara vyakti apane prakAra kA akelA anokhA, anUThA hotA hai-jitane hue yA haiM unase ekadama alaga / koI bhI santAna apane pUrvajoM kA pratirUpa nahIM hotaa| isI asadRzatA aura vibhinnatA kA itihAsa hai udvikAsa / yahI hai punarjanma kI prakriyA, aura yahI hai karma-siddhAnta kA AdhAra / hama kevala aneka prakAra ke hI akele nahIM, itanI bar3I duniyA meM hara prakAra se akele haiM, hamArA yahA~ koI nhiiN| jahA~ jone kA maMtra hai saMgharSa, rahane kA taMtra hai dvandva, vikAsa kA yaMtra hai dveSa / hama ghire haiM kevala zatruoM se| jo duniyA se lar3a nahIM sakatA, duniyA meM jI bhI nahIM sktaa| jo jIvana-saMgharSa meM hAra jAtA hai use duniyA masala kara miTA DAlatI hai aura apanI vijayasmRti ke namUne ke rUpa meM surakSita rakha letI hai apane ajAyabagharoM meN| yaha bIrabhogyA vasundharA kevala balavAnoM kI bapautI hai / yaha eka saccAjhUTha hai ki hama sajjana haiM, zAnti premI haiN| akAraNa AkramaNa hamArI prakRti hai / AdamI se hamArI Adima duzmanI hai| dUsare ko khaTAnA hamArA pezA hai / dhUrtatA hamArA dhandhA hai| svArtha hamArA eka aura kevala eka apanA pAyA guNa hai / prema-ghRNA, rAga-dveSa, baira-prIti to isI kI pUrti kI khoja meM sIkhe gae, kamAe gae, guNa haiM / hama samajha pAyeM yA nahIM, hamArA rUpa hai iMsAna kA, kAma hai haivAna kA / Aja hama aura kucha bahuta haiM manuSya kucha bhI nahIM / yaha haiM hama aura yaha haiM hamArI duniyaa| vyakti aura vyaktitva prANizAstrIya dRSTi meM vyaktitva vyakti kA vaha guNa hai jo use auroM se alaga karatA haiM, alaga dikhAtA hai / prakRti meM isI kAraNa vividhatA haiM, viSamatA hai / zarIra aura vicAra ko vibhinnatA hI jIvana kA lakSaNa hai| hama apane asaMkhya pUrvajoM ke anukramAgata rUpAntarita vaMzaja haiM, ataH hamArA eka alaga vyaktitva hai| jo janma ke samaya jaisA banakara AtA hai, jIvana bhara vaisA hI raha jAtA hai| vAtAvaraNa usameM koI parivartana nahIM lA sktaa| cumbaka cAhe jahA~ laTakA deM rahegA uttara-dakSiNa hii| sambhava hai kisI ke prabhAva meM thor3I dera ke lie usakI dizA badalI dIkhe, para prabhAva haTate hI vaha phira apanI mUla sthiti meM A jAtA hai / ThIka aise hI hamArI prakRti acara hai| usa para koI cUMghaTa bhale hI DAla de, para pravRtti badala nahIM sktii| anukala saMvedana milate hI Upara kI par3I parta kureda kara hama jaise ke taise ho jAte haiN| isa parisaMvAda-2

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vyakti aura samAja : bauddha dRSTi kA eka vaijJAnika vizleSaNa 179 duniyA kA kauna bAlaka rogI, vRddha aura mRtaka ko nahIM dekhatA, para sabameM to utanI karuNA nahIM jagatI jitanI siddhArtha meM / na jAne kitane kaThora bandhana DAle gae unheM bA~dhane ke lie, para calI kisI kI ? ikalaute beTe ke mAtA-pitA kA apAra dulAra, rAjavaibhava kA nirbAdha lobha, patnI putra kA pracaNDa pyAra, dhana-yaza kA lalAma lAlaca daur3a daur3akara rokate raha gae aura vaha karuNA kI pukAra para sabako ThukarA kara nikala hI gayA / eka nahIM, aneka nahIM, hara vyakti isakA jItA jAgatA udAharaNa hai ki jaise hamArA zarIra bana kara AtA hai vaise hI vyaktitva bhI / samAjazAstra kahatA hai ki aparAdha AtA hai samAja se, kyoMki vyakti samAja kA dAsa hai / to eka samAja meM rahane vAle sabhI prANI eka se kyoM nahIM ? eka niyama, kAnUna mAnatA hai dUsarA kyoM nahIM ? phira samRddhizAlI kyoM aparAdha karatA hai ? jIva-darzana isakA kAraNa vyakti ko, vyaktitva ko batAtA hai / manuSya kAma pAtra hotA hai | jaisI icchA vaisA saMkalpa, jaisA saMkalpa vaisA karma / kAmanA kI prakRti usake vaMzagata jInoM se prApta pravRtti se milatI hai / nahIM to eka pariveza ke do vyakti alagaalaga AcaraNa kyoM karate haiM ? aparAdhI janmajAta aparAdhI hotA hai / aparAdhitA virAsata meM milI hotI hai / zarIra ke astavyasta Antarika asantulita rasAyana kI pratikriyA hai aparAdha | aparAdha eka zuddha vyaktimUlaka ghaTanA hai hA~ sAmAjika samasyA mAna sakate haiM / samAja apane baccoM ko sikhAtA hai naitikatA ke Adarza niyama, para pratiyogitA aura saMgharSa pUrNa samAja meM Ane para ve hI bacce apanI-apanI abhivRtti ke anurUpa una niyamoM kA anaupacArika rUpAntara kara DAlate haiM / sAmAjika naitikatA aura yathArtha vaiyaktikatA ke bIca kI lambI-caur3I khAIM kevala vyakti kI vizeSatA kA udghoSa karatI hai / manovaijJAnika parIkSAe~, abhiruci parIkSaNa, sAkSAtkAra, praznAvalIpraNAlI Adi aura kucha nahIM kevala yahI jAnane kI vidhiyA~ haiM ki vAstavika vyaktitva vyAvasAyika vyaktitva se kitanA mela khA pAtA hai / vyakti meM parivartana lAne meM samAja ke niyama, kAnUna, daNDavidhAna bilkula bekAra siddha ho cuke haiN| hA~ yadi kucha kara sakatA hai to upayukta rAsAyanika vidhiyoM kA prayoga / T Adhunika vijJAna hamAre vyakti ko bhI aura vyaktitva ko bhI pUrI taraha AdyopAnta badala sakatA hai / Aja vaha jInoM ko pAlane lagA hai / utparivartana se vaha manacAhe guNa lA sakatA hai / zarIra ke vibhinna aMgoM kI kalamabandI karake vArdhakya ko bhagA sakatA hai| Aja, hamArA raMga, rUpa, Adata, guNa sabhI kucha hamAre hAtha meM hai / rakta baiMka, cakSu baiMka, agnAzaya aura vRkva baiMka Aja hara aspatAla meM haiM / hRdaya parisaMvAda 2

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180 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM to roja hI badale jA rahe haiN| bIjoM, kIToM, pakSiyoM aura jantuoM ke aneka manacAhe prakAra bAjAra meM upalabdha haiN| vaha dina dUra nahIM jaba mazIna ke sacce purajoM kI taraha AdamI ke bhI sacce purajoM kI dukAneM hara bAjAra meM hoNgii| nikaTa bhaviSya meM hI mastiSka badala kara vidvAna vyakti ke sAre anubhava, smRtijJAna aura saMcitavicAra koSa kisI vyakti ko tatkSaNa die jA skeNge| garbhapAlana prANizAstrI ko prayogazAlA meM hogaa| mA~-bApa Akara kevala apanI icchita saMtAna ke AkAra-prakAra, raMga-rUpa, nAka-nakzA, guNa-AcAra kA Adeza mAtra de jAe~geM / prakRti aura saMskRti kA zAzvata saMgharSa hamArI prakRti hai hamArI vaiyaktikatA aura hamArI saMskRti hai deza kAla vizeSa ke mAnya AcAroM kA samuccaya / donoM meM anavarata saMgharSa calatA rahatA hai| kAyA meM to vAsanAe~ jakar3I rahatI hI haiM, paidA hue nahIM ki saMskAra zabdoM kI, paramparAoM kI, vizvAsoM kI, AsthAoM kI, dharma kI, deza kI, jAti kI hathakar3iyA~ lekara khar3A ho jAtA hai aura kasa kara jakar3a detA hai mana ko bhii| usa bebasI kI dazA meM hamArA mana bahakAve meM A jAtA hai aura kahane lagatA hai-hama hindU haiM, musalamAna haiM, IsAI haiM, hindustAnI haiM, samAjavAdI haiM, eka tantravAdI haiM Adi aadi| hama apane ko vaisA hI mAnane lagate haiM jaisA dUsaroM ko dikhAyI dete haiM / hama sundara haiM, kurUpa haiM, acche haiM, bure haiM, pApI haiM, puNyAtmA hai, yaha mere prati dUsaroM kI rAya para nirbhara karatA hai| hamArI apanI koI pratimA nahIM raha jaatii| isa paramukhApekSitA ne hamAre vyakti ko mAra ddaalaa| hama 'hama' rahane kA to kabhI avasara hI nahIM pAte / lokamata ke anurUpa Dhalane kI lAlasA, bandhanoM ko nibhAne kI bAdhyatA, saMgaThanoM kA sAtha dene kI AkAMkSA meM hameM apane rUpa ko itanA kATanA-kataranA, banAnAbigAr3anA, raMganA-cunanA, sa~vAranA-sudhAranA par3atA hai ki hamArA asalI rUpa to raha hI nahIM jaataa| samAja hamAre vyaktitva kA hrAsaka hai, vinAzaka hai| jo vyakti haiM unheM bhI vaha vyakti mAnane ko taiyAra nhiiN| cillAtA hai-rAma hindU the, IsA IsAI the, muhammada musalamAna the, buddha bauddha the, mahAvIra jaina the| yadi kisI vyakti ne apane viziSTa vyaktitva ko vyakta karanA cAhA bhI to use samAja baradAzta nahIM kara paayaa| itihAsa sAkSI hai kisI ko jahara kI pyAlI ke, kisI ko sUlI ke, kisI ko golI ke aura kisI ko Aga kI holI ke havAle kara denA usakI purAnI paramparA hai| yaha hamArA kitanA bar3A durbhAgya hai ki satya ke sabhI prakAzaka apane samaya meM samAja kI ora se duradurAva aura tiraskAra hI pAte rahe / parisaMvAda-2

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vyakti aura samAja : bauddha dRSTi kA eka vaijJAnika vizleSaNa . 181 / samAja apane sA~ce meM DhAlane ke prayatna meM, na jAne hamase kyA-kyA duSkRtya karAtA hai / samAyojana ke cakkara meM hama sataha para kucha aura, aura taha para bilakula aura ho jAte haiN| Upara se jhUThA, ImAnadAra aura bhItara se saccA beImAna | hama ImAnadArI se apane bhItara jhA~ka kara dekhane kA sAhasa bhI nahIM kara pAte / apanI nagnatA se ghabarAte haiM / ekAnta se Darate haiM yaha socakara ki kahIM 'apane' se bheMTa na ho jAya / sinemA, reDiyo, nATaka, khela, tamAzoM kI khoja svayaM se bhAgane kI hI to kalA hai / hameM khojanA hogA apane ina TUTe bikhare rUpoM meM se apane asalI rUpa ko / sIkhanI hogI svayaM zilpI banakara apane vyaktitva ko prApta karane kI kalA / tor3anI hoMgI hameM samAja kI, saMsthA kI, saMskAra kI mAnasika - ber3iyA~ / samajhanA hogA ki hamArA vyaktitva itanA nirbala nahIM jo deza aura jAti ke gharauMde se gherA jA sake, dharma aura vizvAsa ke bandhana meM bA~dhA jA sake / DarAtI hoMgI vAtAvaraNa kI paristhitiyA~ kisI ko hama unake thaper3oM kI dayA para jIne vAle nahIM, aura na hI unake ghAta, pratighAtoM se idhara-udhara lur3hakane vAle haiM / hamArI apanI gati, dizA hai / hama vizva kI eka ikAI haiM / hama kucha hI nahIM, bahuta kucha haiM / samAja sikhAtA hai-- krodha burA hai, kAma pApa hai, moha aparAdha hai / hamArI sArI kSamatAe~ aparAdha batA dI gayIM / kitanI saMghAtaka bhUla hai / vyaktitva meM inakA viziSTa sthAna hai | vyaktitva ke sampUrNa citra meM inake apane raMga haiM / inake binA jIvana citra nitAMta adhUrA, behada badaraMgA aura bilakula kurUpa hokara raha jAtA hai | kSamA se krodha kA virodha nahIM / kSamA to krodha kA hI carama vikAsa hai / krodha kA kAma kA, moha kA nAza karake to hama unake vikasita rUpoM kA bhI nAza kara dete haiM / inako binA samajhe dabAne kA prayatna kareM to ye jaharIle phor3e bana jAyeMge / inakA mArgIkaraNa hI inakA uttamottama upayoga hai| vyaSTi aura samaSTi jIva kI do sahaja pravRttiyA~ haiM AtmavikAsa aura AtmavistAra / eka kA sambandha 'maiM' se hai dUsare kA 'merA' se / inhIM se vyakti banatA hai aura samAja banatA hai / dIkheM bhale hI do, vikAsa aura vistAra eka hI vyakti ke do rUpa haiM / saca to yaha hai ki AtmavistAra kevala eka sAdhana hai Atma vikAsa kA / AtmavistAra kA artha hai sarva meM ahaM kA vistAra / parivAra, grAma, rASTra sabhI AtmavistAra hI to haiM / yaha jIva kA apane astitva ko banAe rakhane, apane ko yogyatama siddha karane ke lie saMgharSa hai jisane ina saMgharSa vyUhoM kI racanA kI hai / samAja jIva ke antargata ke parisaMvAda - 2

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182 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM vikAsa kA sAdhana mAtra hai| vaha hamArA hI rUpa hai| samAja hameM nahIM banAtA, hama use banAte haiN| samAja kI sArI acchAI-burAI vyakti hRdaya kI acchAI-burAI hai| zoSaNa, viSamatA, hiMsA ke viSa ko samAja meM bikherA hai vyakti hRdaya ne / samAja to vyakti kA hI eka AyAma hai| samAja kI sabhI samasyAoM kI jar3a vyakti antasa meM hai| bAhara samAdhAna khojanA mUrkhatA hai| jaba taka vyakti ImAnadArI se AtmanirIkSaNa karanA nahIM sIkhegA, samAdhAna ke mArga kA anveSaNa nahIM kara paaegaa| sAmAjika krAntiyA~ karake hama dekha cuke, aba AtmakrAnti kA hI mArga zeSa hai| yaha vyakti se hI prArabha hogaa| samAja ke sAre doSa vyakti-medhA se hI nikale haiM aura vyakti hRdaya hI unakA pariSkAra kara sakatA hai| vyakti darzana hI samAja darzana hai| samAja darzana to korI kapola kalpanA hai| sudharanA aura sudhAranA do nahIM eka kriyA hai| hamArA Adarza honA cAhie vyaktibodha, samaSTibodha nahIM / itihAsa sAkSI hai, samAja ne samAja ko kabhI nahIM badalA, badalA vyakti ne / kahate haiM samAja hameM sabhyatA sikhAtA hai| kitanA bar3A bhrama hai / sabhyatA, cAhe jisa koNa se Apa dekheM, hamArI AvazyakatAoM kI vRddhi, hamArI tRNNA kA vistAra hI to hai| jisakI AvazyakatAe~ jitanI adhika hoM, vaha utanA hI sabhya mAnA jAtA hai| indriya-tuSTi kI lAlasA meM hI hamane sabhyatA kA vikAsa kiyaa| para hamane pyAsa ko itanA bar3hA diyA ki tRpti ke sAdhana juTAte-juTAte sampUrNa vizva ke ekAeka, eka sAtha AtmaghAta ke sAdhana juTA DAle / Aja hama sabase khataranAka jantu haiN| mahattvAkAMkSA kI pyAsa anyoM ko hI nahIM, apane ko bhI pI jAtI hai / sAdhanoM ke bar3e-bar3e laThTha hamArI tRSNA kI bela ko U~ce-U~ce sahAre bhale hI de deM, tapti nahIM de sakate / sukha ke lie tRSNA-tRpti kA tarIkA kevala mRga-tRSNA hai| isa roga ke dhanvantari kevala bhagavAna buddha hI the| unakI zaraNa meM jAkara sIkhanA hogA ki tRpti, prApti aura tRSNA kI labdhi mAtra hai / gaNita kI bhASA meM tRpti = prApti tRSNA isa samokaraNa se spaSTa hai ki prApti bar3hane se tRpti nahIM bar3hatI, kyoMki pratyeka prApti eka nayI aura bar3I tRSNA ko janma detI hai| tRSNA bar3hI ki tRpti ghttii| tRpti to tabhI bar3hegI jaba tRSNA ghttegii| yadi tRSNA zUnya ho jAya to tRpti ananta ho jaaegii| tabhI to cillAkara kabIra ne kahA thA 'jAko kachU na cAhie soi saahNsaah'| bhagavAna buddha kA sArA aparigraha-mArga isI sUtra kA sakriya prayoga hai / sUtra bar3A parisaMvAda-2

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vyakti aura samAja : bauddha dRSTi kA eka vaijJAnika vizleSaNa 183 sUkSma hai, prayoga bar3A kaThina hai| yaha saMsAra kA tyAga nahIM, sAdhanoM kI dAsatA kA tyAga hai| yaha hai nirmamatva kA maarg| saMsAra ko bhoganA manA nahIM, manA hai usase cipknaa| hamArI sabhyatA tRSNA kA vikAsa hai bhagavAna buddha kA mArga saMyama kA vikAsa hai| isameM tRSNA aura tRpti kA samanvaya hai, yoga-bhoga kA santulana hai, maiM aura merA kA sAmaJjasya hai| yahI hai unakA jiivn-vijnyaan| usase kevala jI hI sakate haiN| Atmazodhana unake mArga kA prAthamika pratibandha hai, unake jIvana darzana ko samajhane sIkhane aura vyavahAra meM lAne kA eka mAtra sAdhana hai| samAdhAna kI dizA yadi vyakti kA hI sArA khela hai to use apane mahAna uttaradAyitva ko pahacAnanA hogaa| yaha hai to apriya satya ki manuSya svabhAva se jAnavara hai, para usake mastiSka kI vizeSatA bhI to usakA guNa hai| use socanA hai ki vaha zarIra ke AdezoM kA pAlana karake jAnavara hI banA rahe yA apane jAnavara-mana se lar3akara manuSya banane kA prayAsa kre| use lar3anA hogA aura jItanA hogA apane bhItara ke jantusaMvegoM ko| use jAnavara ko pIche chor3ane ke lie apane zArIrika sukha ko rAjasva ke rUpa meM denA hogaa| prakRti ke viruddha to vaha bahuta lar3a cukA, aba use apane hI se saMgharSa karanA hogaa| yaha kArya bhagavAna kA nahIM, samAja kA bhI nahIM, kevala vyakti kA hogaa| vikAsa kevala vyaktigata prayAsa se hotA hai| manuSya udvikAsa kA anta nahIM, vaha to kevala jAnavara kI smRtiyoM se lade bhUta aura AzA bhare bhaviSya ke bIca kI kar3I hai| isakA uddezya hai eka navIna jIva kI utpatti jo AnuvaMzika dAsatA ke pare ho, jantu saMvegoM se rahita ho| yaha saca hai, hama anekatA ko miTA to nahIM sakate para anyoM ke prati dayA, karuNA, sahAnubhUti to rakha sakate haiN| svArthapUrNa vAsanAoM kA saMyamana karake Atmarati ke sthAna para AtmasaMyama to lA sakate haiM / 'maiM' aura 'ta' kA svastha samanvaya to kara sakate haiN| vyakti badalA ki samAja badalA / AtmasAdhaka hI saccA samAja sudhAraka hotA hai| ____ isake lie hameM jAnA hogA mahAna manISI bhagavAna buddha kI zaraNa meM, jinhoMne Aja se 2500 varSa se adhika hue, isa roga kI rAmavANa auSadhi kA AviSkAra kiyA thaa| unake jIvana darzana meM jIvana kI sabhI visaMgatiyoM kA samacita samAdhAna hai, vaiyaktika mUlyoM ke prati udAra dRSTi rakhane kA hara sambhava prayAsa hai, ekAtmatA kA samagrabodha hai, mamatva visarjana kA mArga hai, vyaSTi-samaSTi sambandhoM kA samyak vivecana hai aura hai tyAgamaya bhoga kI AcAra sNhitaa| unake vicAra parisaMvAda-2

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184 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM Izvara kI kRpA ke yAcaka nahIM, karma ke aTala niyama ke poSaka haiN| unakI yaha nAstikatA AstikatA se bar3hakara hai| isameM mAnava hRdaya ke prati apAra AzA hai, mAnava utkarSa ke prati ananta vizvAsa hai, pUruSArtha ko paramArtha se bhI var3A dikhA dene kI kSamatA hai| Aja ke zaktibhaya se bhayabhIta, hiMsA se pratAr3ita, zoSaNa se pIr3ita, vilAsa se vikSipta, viSamatA se viSAkta vizva ko yadi ubAranA hai, yadi sRSTi ko saMhAra se bacAnA hai to hamAre lie bhagavAna buddha ko apanA cAritranAyaka, pathapradarzaka aura mArga rakSaka banAne ke alAvA koI mArga nhiiN| para dhyAna meM rakhanA hai ki manuSyatA kI hara samasyA kA samAdhAna kevala vyakti ke mAdhyama se hI ho sakatA hai| yahI unake jIvana kA amara sandeza bhI hai| parisaMvAda-1

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vyaSTi evaM samaSTi kI samasyA saMskRta evaM aMgrejI nibandha

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IzAvAsyamidaM sarvaM yatkiJca jagatyAM jagat / tena tyaktena bhuJjIthA mA gRdhaH kasyasviddhanam / / (IzAvA0 1) sukho buddhAnaM uppAdo sukhA saddhammadesanA / sukhA saMghassa sAmaggI samaggAnaM tapo sukho / / (dhammapada-buddhavagga 16)

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vyaktisamaSTivikAsAnubaddhA bauddhadRSTiH pro0 zAntibhikSuzAstrI (0) mAtRkAbandhaH vyaSTi sadaiva vyavahArapathaprapannA ye cintayanti munayo'tra samaSTirUpAm / sarvAM samaSTimapi tattvapathe'tra zUnyAM ye bhAvayanti ta ihAtra jane jayanti // vyaSTisamaSTivikAsAnabaddhAM bauddhadaSTiM nirUpayitumatra kriyate mAtakAbandhaH / tadyathA-(1) vyaSTau samaSTibhAvasya saGketAH, (2) samaSTibhAvasyAbhinandanam, (3) vyaSTivikAse'dhikAribhedanirUpaNam, (4) samaSTivikAse saGghasya gaNatantrarAjyasya ca vyavasthA, (5) samaSTivikAse ekacakrAdarzaH, (6) sAkSyAnusmaraNaM ceti| AsAM mAtRkANAm upapAdamukhena yathA vyaSTiniSTaM mAnavajIvanaM vikAsam upagacchati, yathA ca samaSTiniSThaM mAnavajIvanaM samunnati labhate, yathA cAtra buddhasya bhagavataH, bauddhAnAM ca viduSAM saGketAH prApyante tathA digdarzanaM kartuM mamAtra prayatnaH / (1) vyaSTau samaSTibhAvasya saGketAH bauddhadRSTyA yadyapi kazcid ekaH pudgalAdizabdavAcya AtmA, kArako vedakazca , na svIkRtastathApi samaSTirUpA vyaSTiH svIkRtA vartate / tadyathA yatrApare ahaM-mamAdizabdAn vyavaharanti, tatra bauddhA api vyavaharanti, paraM saGketitArtho bhinno bhavati / bauddhA paJcaskandhavyatiriktAM vyaSTiM na pazyanti / paJcaskandhasamaSTAveva vyaSTivyavahAraM kurvanti / apare tu paJcaskandhebhyo'nAliGgitAM vyaSTi vibhAvayanti / evaM yatra pazyantyapare kamapyekam avayavinaM tatra bauddhAH kevalam avayavapuJjam eva pazyanti / evaM yA kAcid eka-vyakti-vyaSTyAdiparyAyA saMvRtivartate, sA bauddhanayena yadyapi samaSTireva vartate tathApi vyavahAradazAyAM tasyAH svIkAraH sarvabauddhasammata eva / asmin prasaGge ko'pyeko jano vyaSTiriti mntvyH| samAjavartinastasya samAjAt sarvathA dUraGgamasya vA tasya vikAso'tra cintanIyaH / bauddhadharmaH svahitArthaH, parahitArthaH, mokSArthazca bhavati / yo na svasya hitAya vartate, na parasya hitAya vartate, na ca mokSAya vartate, sa na bhagavato dharmaH / tatra svahitacaryAyAM parahitacaryAyAM ca tatparANAM kRte'yaM zAntidevasya nirdezaH-na hi tadya nna zikSyam (bodhicaryAvatAraH 5 / 100) iti / evamadhikAdhikavidyAcaraNazikSA parisaMvAda-2

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188 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAe~ sampanna eva svahitaM parahitaM ca kartuM prabhavatIti samupadizyate vyaSTimAhAtmyasyaiva kalyANacittatA, srotaApannatA, sakRdAgAmitA, anAgAmitA, arhattvam, bodhicittotpAdaH, dAnacaryA, zIlacaryA, kSamAcaryA, vIryacaryA, dhyAnacaryA, prajJAcaryA, bodhisattvatA, buddhatA ceti vikaaspNktiH| asmin vyaSTivikAse yadyapi vividhoccasevAtatparatA vividhAdhikAripadArohaNatA vA na gaNitA tathApi sA rAjyavyavasthAprasaGge nAmanirdezamAtreNa kathitA bhvitrii| vyaSTisAmarthyameva vikAsanimittaM bhavati na jAtyAdikam / guNAzca jAti na vicArayanti (divyAvadAne pR0 243) iti hi bauddhasamayaH / svahitaM prati pazurapi na pramAdyati / parahitaprayatnaparAstu ye puruSAste sukRtinaH (ziSyalekhaH padyaM 101) / vyaSTivikAsArthamAcAryanAgArjunaH prAha-kSAntyA vIryeNa ca bhavatyAtmArthaH, dAnazIlAbhyAM sidhyati parArthaH, mokSArtho dhyAnena prajJayA ca sampadyate iti (draSTavyA ratnAvalI 4 / 81) / astu, vyaSTivikAso vartate bauddhcintaavissyH| (2) samaSTibhAvasyAbhinandanam / ____tathAgataH saGgha samaSTibhAvarUpe kRtadRSTiH sa mahAparinirvANasUtre bhikSUNAM saGghasya ca rAjyakRtAM saGghasya ceti dvividhasaGghasya samagratAmabhinandati / tayorvRddhikarAn dharmAn nidizati / bauddhadharme guNavAneva saGgho vastutaH saGgho mataH / saGghabhukto janaH sthirAzayo bhavati cet saGghocito bhaNyate / yazca kadAcid buddhazrAvako bhavati, kadAcid acelako bhavati, kadAcid AjIvako bhavati, kadAcid nirgrantho bhavati, kadAcid tApaso bhavati, evaM rUpo hi yaH anavasthitacitaH pudgalaH sa zraddhAvirahito bhavati, asthiravizvAso bhavati, ajJo bhavati saddharmasya, na prajJAM paripUrayati, na tasya bhavati saGgha pratiSThA (draSTavyArthakathA 36 dhrmpdgaathaayaaH)| ___saGgho guNavajjanabhUSito bhaved ityarthameva sarvazikSAH sucaritAcaraNAya, duzcaritanivAraNAya / pramukheSu duzcariteSu sngghbhedo'nytmH| sa sarvathaiva parityAjyaH / tasyaivAcaraNAd devadattasya loke nindA prsRtaa| Agame tasya nirygtinidrshitaa| saGgho hi tathAgatavacanAnusAraM kalyANaparAyaNAnAM viduSAM smuuhH| sa hi puNyam AkAGkSamANAnAM saGgho vai yajatAM mukham (sUtranipAte zailasUtram, gAthA 22) ityevaM bhagavatA stUyate / rAjyakartRNAmapi saGgho bhagavadabhISTaH / paraM bhagavAn yAvadabhiniSkramaNaM zAkyagaNarAjyadhuraM yuvarAjaH san dadhAnaH paramo bhIto'pyAsIt / tena alpodake yathA matsyAH spandamAnA bhavanti tathaiva imAH sarvAH prajA anyonyaM samabhilakSya viruddhAcaraNA dRSTAH, ataeva taM bhayamAviSTam, (draSTavyamatra suttanipAte AtmadaNDasUtram) iti sUtre prastUyate / kiM bahunA, guNavatAM zramaNabrAhmaNAnAM yaH saGghaH, parasparam aviruddhAnA prajApAlakAnAM ca yaH saGkaH, sa dvividho'pi saGgho bhgvbuddhsmmtH| paraM saGghaparisaMvAda-2

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vyaktisamaSTivikAsAnubaddhA bauddhadRSTiH 189 prakArANAmiyattA nAsti / dRSTAH purA, dRzyante cAdyatve'pi bahavaH saGghA nAnumatAste ziSTaiH srvaibauddhaaboddhaiH| tadyathA caura-dasyu-taskarasaGghAH suguptA, susaMvRtAzca / santyapare'pi rAjyAzrayaprAptimukhena sarvatra vivRtAH saGghA / tadyathA, kAryaviratiprerakAH saGghAH, utkocAdigrAhivividhalokasaGghAH, nAstyacauraH kavijano nAstyacauro vaNigjanaH / sa sanandati vinA vAcyaM yo jAnAti nigUhitam / (kAvyamImAMsA pRSThaM 61 bar3audAsaMskaraNam) iti nyAyena nigRhanaparamapaTavo vipaNiprabhUNAM vaNijAM saGghAH / idaM digdarzanamAtram / mAyAjovinAM sarve saGghA ye loke pracalitAste na bauddhasammatAH / guNavajjanasamaSTireva bauddhAnAM smssttiH| tAdRksamaSTivikAsa eva bauddhvicaarvissyH| (3) vyaSTivikAse'dhikAribhedanirUpaNam anantA vyssttyH| tAsAM sAmAnyA zaktirbhavati / vizeSA ca zaktirbhavati / vizeSA zaktirvyaSTau bhinnA bhavati / ataH kAcana vidyAdharmAdicaryA na sarvasya janasya kRte samAnA nirdeSTuM shkyaa| tathAgatadezanApi na samAnA tata eva sarvajanAnAM kRte / AcAryanAgArjunaH tamimamarthamabhilakSya tata eva vyAharati sma / yathA vaiyAkaraNaH svaziSyAn pUrvaM varNamAtRkAyAM vinayati, tataH krameNa gUDheSu viSayeSu tAn karoti vizAradAn, evaM tathAgato vineyajanAnAM yogyatAM vinizcitya dharma dezayati sma / pApebhyo viramata, iti samupadizya kecana bhagavatA shikssitaaH| puNyAnyAcarata, iti samupadizya kecana dharmamArga prati preritAH / puNyeSu rati pApebhyazca virati zikSayitvA kecana paTavaH kRtAH / puNyapApajitAM caryAM pratipAdya kecana paripakvAH kRtaaH| karuNAcaryAM zanyatAdRSTiM ca vivRtya kecana bodhyarthaM viniitaaH| ityevaM vividhaiH prakAraiH kRtA yA tathAgatadezanA sA caryArtha lokAnAmadhikAribhedanirUpaNArthava (draSTavyo'tra nAgArjanakRtaratnAvalIlekhe caturtho rAjavRttopadezAkhyaH paricchedaH, tatrApi zlokAH 94-100) / ayamarthaH prakAreNApareNa vinayapiTakasya mahAvarge samupadiSTaH / tdythaa| bhagavAn AnupUrvIkathAM kathayAmAsa / tdythaa| dAnakathAM, zIlakathAM, svargakathAM, kAmAnAmAdInavaM, naiSkramye AnuzaMzaM prakAzayAmAsa / yadA bhagavAn ajJAsIt zrotAraM mRducittaM prasannacittam atha yA buddhAnAM sAmutkarSikA dharmadezanA taM prakAzayAmAsa / duHkhaM, samudayaM, nirodhaM, mArga ceti / astu, vyaSTivikAsAtha kazcana vikAsakramo vikAsopayuktajanayogyatAM dRSTvA kartavyo yena vinA kAThinyena vikAsaH sambhavet / ityeSa bauddho mArgaH sarveSAM buddhimatAM sammata eva / bhagavAMstu yA yA vyaSTiriha vartate tAM tAM viSayIkarotyapramANaiH / sarvasya sukhitasya sarvadA sukhaM tiSThatu iti maitryA janaM veveSTi bhagavAn / sarvo duHkhitaH bhavatu duHkhavijitaH-iti karuNayA vyApnoti janaM bhagavAn / sarvasya parisaMvAda-2

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190 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAe~ puNyavataH sukhAt na bhavatu paricyutiriti muditayA parivRNoti janaM bhagavAn / sarvasya pAponmukhasya pApavRttirvigacchatu iti hitamicchan bhagavAn saMkliSTaM janaM niHsaMklezatAzayalakSaNayA upekSayA saMspRzati bhagavAn / evaM vyaSTihitamabhilaSatA janena sukhasaMyogAzayatayA, duHkhaviyogAzayatayA, sukhAviyogAzayatayA, hitAzayatayA ca vyaSTiM vyaSTim uddizya pravartitavyam-iti bauddhasammato mArgaH (draSTavyo'tra mahAyAnasUtrAlaGkAre caramo'dhikAraH, tatra zlokaH 43, saptadazo'dhikAraH zlokau 18,62) / (4) samaSTivikAse saGghasya gaNatantrarAjyasya ca vyavasthA samaSTivikAsAthaiva bhikSubhikSuNIsaGghapravartanaM kRtamAsId bhgvtaa| tatra saGkabhuktAnAM janAnAM vikAsasya dvau mArgAvAstAm / granthadhurayA vA vikAsaH kartavyAH vipazyanA dhurayA vA vikAso vidheyaH / ubhayavidhayA dhurayA yo vikAsamavApnoti tasya mahatI bhavatyarthavattA-iti vinApi vAgvyAhRtena prakAzayituM zakyam / / janasAdhAraNavikAsaparipAlanAdyartha gaNatantra rAjyavyavasthA buddhakAle jIvitAsIt / sAmprataM sA bahutra lbdhprcaaraa| bhAratadezo'pi teSAmanyatamaH / asyAM vyavasthAyAM zIlaprajJAsampannAni yadi bhavantyadhikArimaNDalAni tahi sarvaM susthameva vijJAtavyam / anyathA tu dAridrayeNa janatA paripIDitA bhavati tadyathA sAmprataM bhaarte| bhArate zikSitavargaH, azikSitavargaH, sampannavargaH, vipannavargazceti caturvidho jnvrgH| teSu azikSitavarge vipannavarge ca bhujnaanaamntrbhaavH| seyaM bhAratIyagaNatantrasya viphltaa| tasya saphalatA tadA bhavitrI yadA janAH sAkSarAH sampannAzca bhavitAraH / sarvavidharAjyasAphalyasya sarvajanasampannataiva nikapaH / (5) samaSTi vikAse ekacakrAdarzaH ___ sarvalokasampannataiva samaSTivikAsasya samagra AdarzaH, eSa viSayo dIrghanikAyasya cakravartisUtre vistrennoppaaditH| siMhaladvIpe yaH ko'pi vipanna rASTraM dRSTrA, vividhadoSapUrNaM ca rASTra sambhAvya kimapi vyAharati sa sUtrametad udAharati / atra bauddharAjyatantrAdarza jijJAsunA sUtrasyAsya parizIlanaM kartavyam / imAni tasya sUtrasya vicaarbindvH| samagrapRthivImaNDalam ekameva bhavatu rAjyam / tadAyattAni bhaveyurbahUni vijitAni laghumaNDalAni / sarveSAM doSANAmekamAtraM nidAnaM dAridrayaM na tatra labdhAspadaM bhavet / rAjyaM ca adaNDena kRtaM syAt, azastreNa kRtaM syAt, dharmeNa ca kRtaM syAd iti / tadanurUpomahApradezapatyAditattatsthAnapatiparyanto'dhikArivarga niyogo'nivArya eva / ___etAni samaSTivikAsakarANi sUtrANi na bhUmau kvacidapyanusRtAni / bhArate tu kauTilyAdibhiretadviparItAni sUtrANi nirmAya arthazAstrAkhyayA pracAritAni rAjyaparisaMvAda-2

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vyaktisamaSTivikAsAnubaddhA bauddhadRSTiH 191 kRdbhiH prAyaH sarvatrAnusatAni / tathA dRSTvA nAgArjunAcAryasya manasi mahatI pIDA jaataa| sa spaSTamevAha parAtisandhAnaparA kaSTA durgtipddhtiH| anarthavidyA duSprajJairarthavidyA kathAM kRtA // (ratnAvalI 2 / 30) iti / kiM bhunaa| dharmarAjyasyaiva trayo nikssaaH| dAridrayonmUlanaM, adaNDapravRtti, azastrapravRttizca / etaccatustattvasamanvite rAjatantre vikasati hitacetanA / vikasitAyAM hitacetanAyAM kalimalabahulAnAmapi hitaM cintayituM shkyte| zrUyate, tathAgato vinItavAn dasyum aGgalimAlam / babhUva so'traarhtaamnytmH| seyaM karuNA bhagavanniSThA / iyaM rAjaniSThApi bhavatu / tathA cAha nAgAjUnaH hitAyaiva tvayA cittamunnAmyaM sarvadehinAm / karuNyAt satataM rAjastIvrapApakRtAmapi // tIvrapApeSu hisreSu kRpA kAryA vishesstH| ta eva hi kRpAsthAnaM hatAtmAno mahAtmanAm // (ratnAvalI 4 / 31, 32) iti / (00) viSayopasaMharaNam vyaSTiH samaSTeH prmoN'shH| suukssmtmo'shH| ekazabdena saMkhyAvAcakena nirdeshyoN'shH| vyaSTInAM samudAya eva smssttiH| samaSTau vyaSTInAmucitaM sthAnaM bhavet / vyaSTayo na pIDAmanubhaveyurdaNDena, zastreNa, adharmeNa, dAridrayeNa ceti| yadIyaM vyavasthA bhavet tahi samaSTInAM rAjyakarmaparAyaNAnAM vA matavAdaparAyaNAnAM vA ko'pi prahAro naiva bhavituM shkyH| daNDazaktyA zastrazaktyA ca suvyavasthA naiva loke bhavitrI / daNDanAyakAnAM satAmapi nagareSu kAcid nAsti surkssaa| apahAraH, hiMsAmukhena prANApahAraH, duHzIlatAprasArazcetyAdayo doSA sarvatra bahulIbhUtA dRzyante / eteSAM doSANAM nivAraNe daridrA eva raajykRtH| yadyapi nAsti teSAM vacane daridratA, pratijJAyAM vA daridratA / uktArthakaraNe pratijJArthasampAdane tu bhavatyeva dAridrayam / kiM vacasAM zauryeNa lokAnAm / prayojanasampAdane yadi zaurya pradazyate tahi bhavatyeva lokAnAM hitaM ca sukhaM ca / upasaMhriyate sAmprataM tathAgatavacasA sahasramapi ced vAco hynrthpdsNhitaaH| ekamarthapadaM zreyaH zrutvA yad upazAmyati // (dharmapada 100). parisaMvAda-2

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buddhadRSTau samaSTiH zrIsudhAkaradIkSitaH darzanaM nAma sAkSAtkAraH / kasya sAkSAtkAraH ? tattvasya tattvAdhigamopAyasya ca / kimpunastattvam ? vyaSTi-samaSTayoH kalyANam / kalyANasyaiva zreyaH niHzreyasaM vA paryAyaH / kalyANasya tadadhigamopAyasya ca sAkSAtkAraH kasya hRdi bhavati ? paramakAruNikasya / yataH saH paramakAruNikaH, ataeva svayaM sAkSAt kRtAnAM teSAM kalyANAdhigamopAyAnAM kalyANasAdhakatvamapi svayaM sAkSAt karoti, anantaraM tAn yathAdhikAraM yathAyogyaM sarvAn samupadizati / upadezazca prAyazaH sattArUr3ho vidhIyamAno hRdayasparzI samAdaraNIyazca bhavati / ataeva vyaSTi-samaSTayoH kalyANopAyAnAM, sameSAM hRdi yathAvat pratiSThApanAya ye sattAH paramakAruNikena dArzanikena tadanuyAyibhizcAzrIyante, te tatpratipAdakA granthAzca darzanapadbhAjo bhavanti / ___ anena uparitanasaMkSepeNa manye tathyamidaM spaSTaM syAdeva yad darzanaM tadeva yad vyaSTisamaSTayoH kalyANamevAlakSyAvirbhavatIti / etena hi darzanasya vyaSTi samaSTibhyAM na kevalaM ghaniSTaH sambandhaH spaSTayate api tu tayoH paramopakArakatvameva tasya svarUpamityapi sphuTaM bhavati / ataeva yad darzanarUpeNa prathitaM vyaSTi-samaSTayupakArakaM nAsti athavA vastugatyA tayoH upakArakaM sadapi tena rUpeNa nopayujyate tasya svasmin rUpe yathAvat pratiSThApanaM tadsambhave ca jagato bahiH niSkAsanaM nitarAmanivAryamiti mama pratibhAti / vyaSTi-samaSTisvarUpam adhunedaM vicAraNIyam-kA vyaSTiH samaSTiA ? tatra samaSTinirUpaNAyatta vyaSTinirUpaNam / samaSTizca mAnavAnAM samUha iti vaktuM yuktam, paraM samUhavizeSaH samaSTiH, na tu samUhasAmAnyam / samUhasya vaiziSTayaM hi uddezyavizeSamAzritya / taccoddezya mAnavAnAmastitvasya vizvatomukhasya vikAsasya ca sampAdanam / uddezyenAnena pArasparikaM prema sahAnubhUti cAdhArIkRtya anivAryarUpeNa apekSitaH ayaM samUhaH samaSTiH samAja iti vA abhidhIyate / ataeva iyaM samaSTiH mAnavajAteH eko vistRto vizAlazca parivAra eveti nizcapracam / asyAH samaSTeH yat pramukhaM ghaTakaM tadeva vyaSTiriti spaSTam / tacca mAnava eveti anupadoktadizA nirvivaadm| parisaMvAda-2

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dRSTa samaSTi: 193 yathA vyaSTeH astitvaM sarvAGgINa vikAsazca samaSTyAyatte tathaiva samaSTe: astitvaM sarvAGgINa vikAsazvApi vyaSTyAyatte iti sarvAnumatameva / parasparaM sApekSayoH anayoH vyaSTi - samaSTyoH sattAyAH avicchinnarUpeNa pravAhazIlatvaM samaprAdhAnyaM samakAlabhAvitvaM ceti nitarAM spaSTam, vyaSTerapi mAtR-pitRsamUhAtmakasamaSTereva jAyamAnatvAt / vyaSTerapi samathryAtmakatvam samaSTirapi vyaSTi: vyaSTirapi samaSTiH, anekasminne kopalabdheH ekasminnanekopalabdhezca siddhAntAt / puro dRzyamAneSu stambhabhittyAdiSu anekeSu aGgeSu ekamidaM bhavanamupalabhyate, ekasmin cAsmin bhavane imAni anekAni stambhabhittyAdIni aGgAni upalabhyante / vastugatyA nahIdaM bhavanaM kiJcidekaM vastu, kintu svIyAni aGgAni guNavizeSAMzcAzrityaiva bhavanamiti khyAtiM bhajate / iyameva sthitiH mAnavAtmikAyA vyaSTerapi / tasyA api nAsti kAcana zuddhasattA kintu mAnasikInAM bhautikInAM ca tAsAm avasthAnAM sA samudAyamAtram, yAH utpAda -sthiti-bhaGgAnAm avicchinnadhArAsu pravahamAnAH santi / imA mAnasikya avasthA eva 'nAma' zabdena bhautikyaracAvasthA: 'rUpa' zabdena vyapadizyante / nAmna eva tisraH sthitayaH vedanA, saMjJA, saMskArarUpeNa prasiddhAH santi / pApapuNyAdivibhinna prakArakaM cittameva 'vijJAna' rUpeNa prathitam / AsAm avasthAnAM samudAyasya samudAya eva mAnavAtmikA vyaSTiH / ayam avasthAnAm samudAya eva paJcaskandharUpeNa prasiddha: - rUpaskandhaH, vedanAskandhaH, saMjJAskandhaH, saMskAraskandhaH, vijJAnaskandhazceti / tathA hi saMyuktanikAye - asyAyamAzayaH yathA cakrAdiSu vibhinneSu aGgeSu eva ratha iti khyAtistathaiva paJcasu skandheSveva vyakteH khyAtiH / evaM vyaSTirapi samaSTireveti suvyaktaM bhavati / tena ca paramArthataH samaSTireva sarvasvamiti sthite sati samaSTrikalyANameva buddhadarzanasya lakSyamiti paryavasyati / 'yathA hi aGgasambhArA hoti saddo ratho iti / evaM khandhesu santesu hoti sattoti sammuti 'ti // samaSTrikalyANam, buddhatvam, karuNA ca asyAH samaSTeH kalyANasya vAsanA eva parArthavAsanA / iyaM hi parArthavAsanA zuddhavAsanA ityupyucyate / iyameva bodhisattvasya viziSTaM lakSyam / anayA vAsanayA anuprANita eva bodhisattvaH kramazastad buddhatvamadhikaroti, yatra vyaktitvasya vilayena sArddhamiyaM zuddhavAsanApadAbhidheyA parArthavAsanAparaparyAyA samaSTikalyANabhAvanA eva sarvasvaM bhavati / iyaM samaSTrikalyANabhAvanA buddhe tathA AtmasAd bhavati yathA saH parisaMvAda 2 13

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194 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM ekatastu Atmano vyaktitvaM samaSTayAtmakaM sampAdya tiSThati anyathA svAbhAvikyAH samaSTikalyANabhAvanAyA evAsambhavAt, anyatazca pratikSaNaM tathA prayatate yena tasya skandhanivRttiH zIghra na syAt, skandhanivRttau satyAM samaSTisevAyA avasarasya labdhumazakyatvAt / idameva buddhasya buddhatvam asAdhAraNyaM ca / ___ imAmeva paramaspRhaNIyAM samaSTikalyANabhAvanAm AlakSya bauddhA yoginaH tAdRzaM baindavaM siddha vA dehaM kAmayante, yaH prAkRtaniyamAnAM zRGkhalayA na baddhayate, nApi mRtyunA grasyate / ata eva taM dehamAzritya yathAkAmaM yatra kutrApi vicarantaste sudIrghakAlaM yAvat samaSTikalyANasampAdane samarthAH bhavanti / amuM dehavizeSaM tadaiva bauddhayogI saGkocayati yadA samaSTigatAnAM tRSNAnAm azeSakSayaM sampAdya tAJca samaSTiM mahAnirvANapathe mahAparinirvANapathe vA sudRDhaM saMyojya siddhaprayojano bhavati / iyaM hi samaSTikalyANavAsanA yayA karuNayA sambhavati sA hi sAdhyakaruNArUpeNa buddhajagati prathitA vidyate, buddhadRSTau asyA eva karuNAyA caramalakSyatvAt / iyameva karuNA tatra bhavati bhagavati buddhe pramANamiti dharmakIrtiH pramANavAttike spaSTayati'karuNAvattvAt bhagavAn prmaannmiti'| asyA eva 'duHkhAd duHkhahetozca samuddharaNakAmatA karuNA' iti rUpeNa manorathanandiH svarUpaM varNayati / iyaM karuNA samaSTigataduHkhasantAnasaMsparzamAtreNa samudeti / ataeva dharmakItiH pratipAdayati "duHkhasantAnasaMsparzamAtreNaiva dayodayaH" iti / duHkheSu sammukhaM prastuteSu satsu teSAmeva mahApuruSANAM hRdi karuNeyam utpadyate, ye nairAtmyadarzanasvabhAvAH santi, AtmadRSTareva mohaM prati mUlakAraNatvAt, mohasya dveSaM prati, dveSasya ca duHkhaM prati kAraNatvasya suspaSTatvAcca / svabhAvataH nairAtmyadarzane supratiSThite kazcan mAm apakariSyatIti bhramasya abhAvaH svAbhAvikaH, tena ca dveSAbhAvaH svataHsiddhaH, tatazca azeSaduHkhoccheda aparihAryaH / etenedam spaSTam-iyaM sAdhyabhUtA karuNA doSANAM mUlakAraNabhUtAyAH AtmadRSTeH abhAvena duHkhasantAnasparzamAtreNa ca jAyamAnA na sattvAnurodhinI kintu karuNAviSayasya duHkhAtmakasya vastunaH dharmabhUtA, ata eva na kadApi doSAya bhavati / yathA ca dharmakIttiH "duHkhajJAne'viruddhasya pUrvasaMskAravAhinI / vastudharmA dayotpattirna sA sattvAnurodhinI // " iti / evaMvidhayA karuNayA upetA hi mahApuruSAH, akAraNavatsalAH upakArasAdhane eva satataM niratacittAH nUnaM kRpAmayAH karuNAmayA vaa| ime hi mahApuruSAH vastugatyA parisaMvAda-2

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buddhadRSTau samaSTiH 195 aparAdhInA api samaSTikalyANe eva pratikSaNaM nimagnacittAH samaSTayadhInatAyAmeva paramanirvANasukham anubhavanti / tathA ca dharmakIttiH "tiSThayantyeva parAdhInA yeSAM tu mhtokRpaa| parArthavRtteH khaDgAdevizeSo'yaM mhaamuneH||" iti evambhUtAH kRpAmayA mahAmunaya eva samyak samprabuddhA ityapyucyante / asyAH karuNAyAH sAdhanamapi karuNA eva / sA hi sAdhanabhUtA karuNA, zramaNeSu pratyekabuddheSu upalabhyamAnA sattvAvalambanA bhavati, arthAt sattvAnAM duHkhaduHkhatvaM pariNAmaduHkhatvaM ca avalambyaiva iyaM karuNA ekUtpadyate / anena uparitanasaMkSepeNa ahamidameva spaSTayitumicchAmi yat samaSTikalyANameva buddhadarzanasya lakSyam / samaSTezca kSetraM buddhadRSTyA atIvavyApakam / tadIyaM yad dArzanika tathyaM tadanurodhena vyaSTirapi samaSTirUpaiva, kimbahunA yAvatparyantaM vyaSTiH nAtmAnaM samaSTiM manute tAvat paryantam apUrNaiva saa| tasyAH pUrNatvam svasmin samaSTibhAvanAyAH pratiSThApanenaiva sambhavati / ataeva buddhadRSTyA samaSTimapekSya vyaSTivyavahAraH sAMvRtikasattAmAzritya syAnnAma, syAcca tasyAH vyaSTirUpeNa saMrakSaNaM poSaNaM ca, paraM pAramArthikasattAdRSTayA samaplereva sarvasvabhUtatayA vyaSTeH vyaSTitvarUpeNa nAsti kiJcit svIyam astitvam / idamanyad yad vyaSTitvena vyaSTeH pratIto satyAmeva tadapekSya samaSTiriti vyavahArasambhavena samaSTitvena samaSTerapi nAsti paramArthataH astitvam, paraM vastugatyA svalakSaNAtmikA sA vidyata eva / manye bhagavato buddhasya nairAtmyadarzanamidameva spaSTayati / buddhadarzane sAmAjikavyavasthA __ evaM buddhadRSTyA vyaSTi-samaSTisvarUpe tayoH parasparaM sApekSatvarUpe pUrakatvarUpe vA sambandhe sphuTe sati vikAsastayoH kathamiti vivicyamAne sthitasya sampuSTasya ca vikAsazcintanIyo bhavatIti dizA pUrvaM vyaSTi-samaSTayoH sthitisampuSTI kathaM sambhavata iti cintanIyam / vastutaH etadubhayaM samucitavyavasthAyattam / samucitavyavasthAyA nirdhAraNaM ca na darzanasya pramukho viSayaH / darzanaM hi tAdRzavyavasthAye apekSitaM mUlabhUtam siddhAntaM saMketayan vyaSTisaMzodhane eva sudRDhaM yatnamAtiSThati / yatnenAnena bhAvanAtmikAyA ekatAyAH supratiSThApanapuraHsaraM vyaSTitvena vyaSTau kSudrasvArthasAdhanadRSTeH sarvAtmanA viraha sampAdya darzanaM kRtakRtyaM bhavati / buddhadarzanena saGketitaH siddhAntazcAyam tRSNAyAH azeSakSayasyaiva / etena hi saiva samAjavyavasthA upAdAtuM yogyA yasyAH paramaM phalaM tRSNAyA azeSakSaya eva syAditi saGketo labhyate / tena hi tRSNayA tRSitaiH vidhIyamAnA kApi vyavasthA paryavasAne doSaphalA eva bhavati, ataH sarvadoSamUlAyAH tuSNAyAH parisaMvAda-2

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bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM parityAgapuraHsaraM samaSTigatAH sarvA api vyavasthAH kevalaM kartavyabuddhayA vidheyA iti nirgalati / ahantvidaM manye, yeyaM varNAzramavyavasthA sAmAjikavyavasthArUpeNa prasiddhA, tayA sArddha nAsti ko'pi virodhaH bhagavato buddhasya / yadyapi sundarikabharadvAjasUtrasya AzvalAyanasUtrAdikasya ca avalokanena vyaktamidam-bhagavAn buddhaH jAtidRSTyA kasyacana garIyastvaM kanIyastvaM vA na manute, kintu sadAcaraNadRSTyaiva tat manute; paraM naitAvatA varNAzramavyavasthAM saH khaNDayati tiraskaroti vA apitu sadbrAhmaNAn prazaMsata eva / vastugatyA buddhaH sadAcaraNasya vaiziSTyaM manvAnaH sadAcaraNazIlameva sarvoccaM manute / sadAcArasyotkarSazca vyaktitvasya samaSTau sarvAtmanA layenaiva nirdhAryate / yadi hi varNAzramavyavasthA kadAcit niraMkuzarUpeNa amaryAditarUpeNa vA vyaSTeH padasya vA mahattvakhyApane tayoH durupayoge vA paryavasyati,tahi nUnaM sA doSAya syAt; paraM nedaM kathamapi varNAzramavyavasthAyA lakSyam / buddhaH kAmayate varNAzramavyavasthAyAstadeva ramaNIyaM spRhaNIyaM vA svarUpaM yatra vyaSTipadaM vApekSya sadAcaraNameva sarvotkarSeNa virAjeta / ataeva saH varNAzramavyavasthAyAH vikalparUpeNa kAJcana anyAm sAmAjikI vyavasthAM na nirdizati, prAyazastu saH evaM vidheSu bahuvidheSu laukikeSu prazneSu maunmevaavlmbte| __bahUnAM tu sUkSmekSikayA tattvaM parizIlayatAm idaM matam-bauddhajainamatAnuyAyino vidvAMsaH sAmAjikoM vyavasthAM varNAzramAnurodhinImevAnumanyante / ata eva zaGkarAcAryasomadevasUriprabhRtibhiH jayamaGgalAnItivAkyAmRtAdiSu varNAzramavyavasthA tathaiva svIkriyate yathA kaamndkiiyniitisaar-kauttiliiyaarthshaastraadissuuplbhyte| AyurvedIyacikitsApaddhatiH vizeSatastadIyarasarasAyanAdisiddhipaddhatizca buddhaparamparAyAmapi yathAvat svIkriyate, sA ca varNAzramavyavasthAmapekSya nAnusatuM zakyate nApi tayA yathApekSamiSTaM phalaM labdhaM zakyam / ataH samAja paricAlayituM vyavasthApayituM ca varNAzramavyavasthA svIyena yathArthasvarUpeNa nUnamabhyupeyA bauddhajainAdibhi iti / samaSTaye sarvAtmanA samarpaNabuddhayA varNAzramavyavasthAmAzritya nUnaM samAjastathA vyavasthApayituM zakyate yathA sarvaM samaJjasaM syAditi mama sudRDho vizvAsaH / yathA'dhunApi vyavahAre maryAdAparipAlanAya asmAbhiH vyaktiH sammAnyate, vyaktizcAtmAnaM sarvAtmanA asmAsu samarpayati / asmAbhiH padaM sammAnyate, pade vidyamAnazca janaH tadanurUpaM tyAgaM santoSam ArjavAdikaJca svAyattIkRtya Atmana audArya prakAmaM samAjAnuguNaM vikAsayati, anyathA parasparaM doSamAtradarzane sarvaM viplutaM bhavatyeva / tathaiva sarvatrApi apekSyate iti vayam anubhavAma eva / parisaMvAda-2

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197 duddhadRSTau samaSTiH buddhasya samaSTisaMzodhanapaddhatiH buddhaH paramakalyANasya bahUn upAyAn saMketayan svargaM kAmayamAnAn gRhasthAna prati zIlaM zikSayituM prathamatastrizaraNagamanavidhi saMketayati-'buddhaM zaraNaM gacchAmi, dharma zaraNaM gacchAmi, saddhaM zaraNaM gacchAmI'ti / atra triratne prathamaM ratnaM vyapTeH zaraNaM prati gamanameva; tadeva smbhvduktikmpi| idamanyad yat saiva vyaktiH zaraNIkartuM zakyate yA svIyaM vyaktitvaM samaSTau vilApayati / ata evAtra 'buddhaM zaraNaM gacchAmI'tyucyate na tu vyakti zaraNaM gacchAmIti / anantaraM 'dharmaM zaraNaM gacchAmI'ti dvitIyaM ratnam / idaM hi 'saGgha zaraNa gacchAmI'ti tRtIyaratnasya pUrva nirdiSTamasti / atra 'dharma' ityanena buddhatvAvAyai upayuktA eva dharmA iSTA iti nUnaM mantavyam; tenedaM suspaSTam, yad vyaSTi-samaSTayoH madhye sudRDhe phalAdhAyakaM samparkasUtraM buddhakArakadharma eva; tasya zaraNaM gataH samaSTeH zaraNaM svabhAvato gacchatyeva / samaSTiM prati gamanaM nAma tasyAmAtmanaH samarpaNameva, tadeva ca buddhadRSTyA mukhya lakSyam / asyaiva triratnasya kalyANArtham apekSitasya yathAvat sampattaye paJcazIlamapi gRhastham prtyupdishyte| tacca-1. prANAtipAtaviratiH, 2. adattAdAnaviratiH, 3. kAmaniyamAcAraviratiH, 4. mRSAvAdaviratiH, 5. surAmairayapramAdasthAnaviratiH iti / evameva prAcIneSu pAlisAhityeSu brahmavihAranAmnA catasro vRttayaH maitrI-karuNAmuditopekSArUpAH prasiddhAH santi / nUnamAsAM vRttInAM vyaSTi-samaSTayoH madhye apekSitasya prazastatamasya spRhaNIyasya sambandhasya sthApane tayo sampuSTau vikAse cAnitarasAdhAraNaH upayogaH vidyate / yena vyaSTisaMzodhanapuraHsaraM samaSTigatasuvyavasthAyA eko viziSTaH prakAraH anitarasAdhAraNaH bhagavatA buddhena svIkRtaH prasaGgAntareNa spaSTo bhavati / prasaGgazvAyam cArikAyAH varSAvAsasya pravAraNAyAzca vidyte| bhagavAn buddhaH bhikSubhiH sArdha cArikAm anutiSThati sma / tatra bhikSUNAM sandehajAtaM nivArayan saH tebhyo niyamAn azikSayat / gRhasthAn pratyapi praznaprativacanapUrvakaM dharmAn niradizat / varSau kenacana upAsakena varSAvAsArthaM nimantritAste bhikSavaH cArikAm imAm avarodhya ekatra avatiSThante sma / upAsakA gRhasthAstatra teSAM bhikSAdikaM vyavasthApayanti sma, bhikSavazva tebhyo dharmAn upadizanti sm| evaM vyaSTi-samaSTayoH sambandhAn drar3hayan bhagavAnbuddhaH tayoH vikAsasya prazastaM mArga pariSkArayAmAsa / varSAH paryavasAne tatra ekaH samutsavaH samAyojyate sma / tatra samavetAn samAn bhikSUna upAsakAMzca eko bhikSuH dharmopadezena anugRhNAti sma / tasmin hi upadezadine sarve'pi upoSitA evAvidyanta / anantaraM sAyam eka viziSTaM sammelanaM samAyojya tatra parasparaM pApaprakAzanam, tasya svIkaraNam, tAdRzasya pApasya punaH ananuSThAnAdi parisaMvAda-2

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198 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM pratijJAkaraNaM vidhAya bhikSavaH svIyaM vyaktitvaM zodhayanti sma / sarvAnte ca atyarthaM vizuddhebhyastebhyo bhikSubhyaH upAsakaiH gRhasthaiH AnItAni jIvanopayogIni vastUni vitIryante sma / ayaM pravAraNAyAH utsavaH prati paJcame varSe yayA pariSadA samAyojyate sma, sA paJcavArSikI pariSaditi nAmnA buddhajagati prasiddhimabhajat / iyaM pariSat kadAcit 'khAza' nAmnA vikhyAtena rAjJApi samAkAritA AsIt / tatra ca tena rAjJA'pi svIyaM sarvasvaM samaSTaye vitIrya idaM nidarzanam upasthApitaM yad kIdazo rAjA prajAnuraJjane samartho bhavatIti / hvenatsAGgaH api kUcAyAM vAmiyAne cAmum utsavam avAlokayat / kadAcit cInadezasya mahArAjo'pi paJcavArSikIm imAM pariSadaM nimantrayAmAsa / prasaGgazvAyaM spaSTayati-saMgrahaH, parokSe niSiddhAcaraNaM pratyakSe cAtmanaH samaktvaprakAzanaM ca vighaTanasya bhedabuddhervA mUlaM kAraNam / idameva sarva yadi nAnuSThIyate kadAcid balAt anicchayA anuSThIyatApi paraM kAle kAle yadi saMgrahaH vitIryate niSiddhAcaraNaM ca prakAzyate tyajyate ced vyaSTi-samaSTayoH prazastataramasambandhasthApanapuraHsaraM tayoH vikAsaH aparihAryaH / yadyapIdaM sarvamanyatrApi dhArmikavAGmaye samupalabhyate, paraM samUhe svIyapApaprakAzanapuraHsaraM vyaktitvasaMzodhanaprakAraH kAryarUpeNa pariNataH bhagavato buddhasya caritre samupalabhyamAnaH pAkhaNDAt pramAdAccAsmAn rakSituM baddhaparikarasya bhagavato buddhasyAnitarasAdhAraNaM vaiziSTayam avadyotayati / prakAramamum anuSThAtuM yAdRg vizAlaM vyaktitvamapekSyate tasya nirmANAya bhagavato buddhasyAdarzAH nUnamasmAbhiH samAdaraNIyA iti vizeSataH avdhaanvissyH| __ mama tu idameva pratIyate-bhagavAn buddhaH nUnaM samaSTimeva sarvasvaM mnute| tasya kalpanAyAM vyaktitvaM saGkocazAli, paraM tad vyApakaM sat karuNAyai upayujyata ev| tasya vyApakatvaM hi samaSTau vyaktitvasya vilayenaiva sambhAvyate / etena hi samaSTibhAvanA evAntimaM lakSya buddhadarzanasya iti spaSTaM bhavati / anyatra hi asmAkaM vAGmaye vedAntAdiSu samupalabhyamAnAnAM tattvacintakAnAM kalpanAyAM vyaktitvameva svabhAvataH atIva vyApakam AkasmikakAraNavazenaiva tat saGkacati / tasya hi AkasmikakAraNasya nirAsapUraHsaraM vyaktitvaM svAbhAvike svIye rUpe pratiSThApyate cet pRthak samaSTeH astitvam alIkameva bhavati / tena hi vyakti eva sarvasvamiti spaSTaM jaayte| ubhayavidhAyAM dRSTau mUlabhUtaM tathyamekam / vizvazAntyai saGkocabhAva antarAyaH, vyApakatA vizAlatA vA anivArya tattvam iti / vyaSTiH samaSTiyaM bhavatu pradhAnaM, tasyA saGkoco mAstu / tasyAH vizAlatamatvaM sampAdayituM yatnAH anussttheyaaH| tena hi nUnaM yathApekSaM sukhaM zAntiJcAsAdya samagraM jagat svasthaM bhaviSyatIti yathAmati nivedya viramAmi / parisaMvAda-2

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samakAlIna bhArate vyaSTi-samaSTisambandhAnAM dizA pro0 kailAsanAtha zarmA yadyapi vyakteH samAjasya ca sambandheSu darzanetihAsasamAjazAstradRSTayA vicAraH kartuM zakyate tathApi kevalaM vyAvahArika pakSamavalambya svavicArAn prastaumi vizvasimi ca etad goSThIbhAjo'nye vidvAMsaH darzanasamAjazAstrapakSayoH vizleSaNamUlyAGkane prastutIkariSyanti / ApaJcamadazakAd bhArate ArthikavikAsAya paJcavarSIyAH yojanAH samArabdhAH santi / AsAM yojanAnAM mUlabhUtaM dhAraNAdvayaM vidyte| AdyA dhAraNA iyamasti-yAvatA anupAtena dezasya arthavyavasthAyAM Athiko viniyogaH vaddhiSyate, prAyaH tAvatA anupAtenaiva Arthiko vikAsaH sampatsyate / aparA dhAraNA iyamasti--ArthikaviniyogavikAsayoH mAdhyamAH sAmAjikasaMsthAH saGgaThanAni ca bhaviSyanti / yadi saMsthAnAM saGgaThanAnAM ca pravartamAnarUpANi santoSapradAni na santi, tadA tAni dezAntarAt upalabdhuM zakyante / pAzcAtyadezAH ArthikadRSTyA saphalAH samarthAzca manyante / ataH teSAm ArthikasaphalatAyAH rahasyam-tatsaMsthA-saMgaThanAnAJca viziSTarUpAnyeva santi iti sviikriyte| ataH prAyaH vikAsazIladezeSu IdRkSAnAM saMsthAsaGgaThanAnAmAyAtaM drutagatyA abhavat / yadA imAni saMsthAsaGgaThanAni lakSyapUrtI asaphalAni bhavituM pravartante tadA idaM kathyate yat pU~jIvAdisaMsthAsaGgaThanApekSayA sAmyavAdirUsacInAdidezasthasaMsthAsaGgaThanAnAm AyAtaM syAt / prAyaH idamapi kathyate yad eziyAmahAdvIpAntargatajApAnadezaH ArthikadRSTyA phale grahiH dezaH asti, ataH jApAnIyasaMsthAsaMgaThanAnAm AyAtam upayogi bhaviSyati / yadi kadApi bhAratadezasya ArthikavikAsasambandhinAM saMsthAsaGgaThanAnAm itihAso lekhiSyate sadA etatpratikriyAmUlAdhArANAM saMsthAsaGgaThanAnAM svarUpaM tadvikAsazca citrIkariSyate / saMsthAnAM saGgaThanAnAM ca aneke prayogAH abhUvan, parantu ArthikavikAsasya gatiH UrdhvagAminI sthiratAM prAptuM nAzakat / ArthikavikAsasya prayatnaiH saha AthikeSu rAjanItikeSu ca kSetreSu bhraSTAcAraH uttarottaraM vardhiSNuH dRzyate / zAsakIyasaGgaThaneSu anuzAsanahInatA vRddhiMgatA, svakartavyAni prati ca AsthA hIyamAnA vartate / kasmizcidapi kAryAlaye sAmAnyataH yathAsamayaM kAryaM na bhavati, prAyaH kAryANi sampAdayituM utkocasya AzrayaH, athavA tAdRzAnAM sAmAjikasambandhAnAmAzrayaH svIkriyate, ye parisaMvAya

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200 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAe~ karmacAriNAM svArthapUtyai nirmIyante / sArvajanInakSetre sarveSu audyogikasaGgaThaneSu ayaM rogaH pUrNataH vyApto darIdRzyate / samAjavAdodghoSeNa adhikAdhika saGgaThanAni sArvajanInakSetre AnIyante, parantu tAni sarvANi sArvajanInahitapUrtyapekSayA vaiyaktikahitapUrtI sAdhanavizeSatayA upyujynte| AbhiH samasyAbhiH sahaiva asmAbhiH rAjanItikabhraSTAcArAt (dalabadalase) saMsthAsadasyatAparivartanAcca utpannAyAM rAjanItikAsthiratAyAm uddezyahonatAyAM ca vicAraH kartavyaH / yatohi rAjanItikAsthiratA samaSTeH hitabhAvanAyAH abhAvazca zAsakIyasaGgaThanAnAm arAjakatAM bhraSTAcAraM ca vardhayati avaruNaddhi ca ArthikavikAsam / lokasabhAsadasyAnAM nirvAcanam idAnImeva sampannaM vartate / idaM sarvamAnyaM tathyam, yad imAni nirvAcanAni bhraSTAcAramUlAni / nirvAcane kalahAyamAnAH pratyAzinaH saMsthAzca nirvAcanADambare vyayArthaM dhanAni kutaH prApnuvanti ? kecana kena hetunA dhanAni ebhyo dadati / evaM vidhAnAM praznAnAmuttarANi nAjJAtAni buddhimatAm / ye dhanapatayaH nirvAcane pratyAzibhyo dhanaM prayacchanti, te'vazyaM sAMsadebhyo vaiyaktika lAbhaM kaaNkssnte| ___ aparaJca-1967 (saptaSaSTyuttaraikonaviMzatitamAt) khrISTavatsarAt zanaiH zanaiH bhAratIyA rAjanItiH siddhAntavihInA vidyamAnA vilokyate / idAnImadhi eSA duHkhasthA asti yat pratyeka rAjanayikaH yatra svArthapUrti vilokayati tatraiva tyaktalajjaH patati / sarvAH rAjanItikasaMsthAH samAjavAdajanatantradharmanirapekSatAdisiddhAntAn udghoSayanti, parantu teSAM vAstavikI niSThA avasaravAdasiddhAnte varIvati / uparyuktodghoSAH sabhyavihitAvasaravAdasya AvaraNarUpeNa prayujyante / etasmAdapi adhikataraM kiM hAsyAspadaM bhaviSyati yat uttarapradezasya lokadalazAsanena AdazamakakSAzikSaNaM saMskRtAdhyApanasthAne urdUbhASAdhyApanAjJA udghossitaa| yatohi muslimasampradAyasya matAni nirvAcanasAphalyAya apekssynte| paraM lokadalasya kAryavAhakapradhAnamantriNazcaraNasiMhasya vicAreNa etAdRzI AjJA anucitA vartate / atredaM vaktavyam-yadi sa caraNaH vAstavyena imaM niyamam anucitaM manute, tadA uttarapradezamukhyamantriNA vanArasIdAsena lokadalanirNayaM vinA, vinA ca vidhAnasabhAsahamati kathaMkAram etannirNItam / etAdRzasya AcArahInasya sarvakArasya mukhyamantriNaH rAjanItikadalasya ca nAsti adhikAraH shaasne| ime sAmAjikA vyAdhayaH ArthikeSu rAjanItikeSu kSetreSveva na santi baddhasImAnaH / zikSaNasaMsthAsu api ime rogAH pradUSayAmbabhUvuH / chAtreSu anuzAsanahInatA, adhyApane pratyahaM bAdhAH, parIkSAsu ca baddhasamUhaM pratilipiparamparA, yathAsamayaM parIkSAparisaMvAda-2 .. .....

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samakAlInabhArate vyaSTi-samaSTisambandhAnAM dizA 201 kAryAbhAvaH, parIkSakeSu ca aGkavardhanArtham anucitAdhikAraprayogaH, parIkSakAnAJca tathaiva AcaraNam, ime dRSTAntAH (imAni lakSaNAni) sAmAjikasaMracanAyAM drutataragatyA prasaraNazIlasya kaiMsararogasya / bhaviSyatikAle yadA ime chAtrAH sarveSu saGgaThaneSu niyokSyante tadA sarveSAM saGgaThanAnAM durdazA anumAtuM shkyte| bhAratIyasamAjasya eSA duHkhasthA anekeSu dArzanikeSu saiddhAntikeSu ca prazneSu vicArArtham asmAn niyukt| asmad dRSTayA eteSAM sarveSAM praznAnAM mUlabhUto'nyatamaH praznaH-'vyaSTeH samaSTezca sambandhAnAM nirNayaH' asti, tataH pazcAt tAdRzAnAM sAdhanAnAM nirvAcanaM tadupayogazca yadAdhAreNa vAJchitasambandhAH sthApituM shkynte| vyaSTiM samaSTimantarA nirantaraM zAzvataM dvandvaM vidyamAnamasti / vyaSTarupari yadi samaSTeH prabhAvo nAbhaviSyattahitatsvArthasiddho pUrNasvatantratA abhiliSyat, api nAtreyaM svatantratA svacchandatA rUpaM gRhNIyAt / samaSTe: rakSAyai idaM Avazyakam, yat vyaktiH pArthakyena svArthasiddhau tatrazcchannamatiH na syAt / tadaiva samAjasya sarvAGgINavikAsAgnijvalituM zakyate yadA sarvANi kASThakhaNDAni sahaiva jvlissynti|vyktiH samaSTimanasA yadi karma kuryAda viSvagavisRtvaravikAsaguNaH smaajH| ekena pAvakakaNena kiyAnihArthaH sambhUya kASThanicayairanalaH samindhe // bhraSTAcAraH, anuzAsanahInatA, svavRtti prati niSTAyAH abhAvaH, rAjanItika dalabadalanaM (dalasya avadalana), aparAdhazca, imAni pramANAni yat vyaktiH svArthasAdhane sampRktaH san samaSTigatahiteSu vicAralezazUnyaH pramattaH saJjAtaH / asyAM sthitau samaSTijIvanaM saGkaTApannaM vartate / asyAH sthiteAkhyA hetusandohaiH kartuM zakyate / bhAratIya sAmAjikavyavasthAyAM paramparayA vyaktiH laghusamaSTyA AvaddhaH AsIt-udAharaNataH-kuTumbaH, parivAraH, jAtiH, grAmazca ime samUhAH laghusamaSTirUpAH vyaSTerAcaraNaM nirmAnti sma, alaGkurvanti sma / satyAvazyake niyacchanti sma / etatsamaSTibhiH, dharmeNa ca nirdiSTaM vyakteH samAjIkaraNaM vyaktarAcaraNe AntarikaniyantraNaM utpAdayati sma / ata eva bAhyaniyantraNasya AvazyakatA stokaiva AsIt / / ____ asyAM sthitau zanaiHzanaiH parivartanaM jAtam / svatantratAlAbhena asyAH sthiteH krAntikAri parivartanaM kRtam / 1872 khrISTAbdAt ISTaiNDiyAkampanIsaMsthAyAH nItyA sampattisambandhe parivArAt jAteH grAmAcca vyaktiH ekakaH svIcakre / asminneva kAle vizeSavivAha-adhiniyamena vivAhaviSaye'pi vyaktiH parivArAjAtezca svatantraH akAri / parisaMvAda-2

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302 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAe~ bhAratasya svatantratAyAH anantaraM nUtanaM saMvidhAnaM niramAyi vyaktizcAsya AdhArazilAtvena svIkRtA / nUtanena samvidhAnena samagra bhAratarASTram ekasamaSTirUpeNa svIcakre, tathA ca jAtivargaprabhRtisamaSTInAM niSedhaH kRtaH / parantu anusUcitajAtInAM janajAtInAM ca samaSTyaH vaidhAnikA amAnyanta | * kintu samvidhAnasya imaM niyamaM pAlayitumasAmAjikastareNa na ko'pi prayAsaH kRtaH / samvidhAnena bhAratarASTrasya ekasamaSTirUpeNa svIkaraNe, vyaktizazca ekamAtrasamayA svIkaraNe mahadantaram vidyate / etadantaraM dUrIkartuM vyakticetanAyAM parivartanamAvazyakam AsIt / etadAvazyakaparivartanasya udbhAvane na ko'pi prayatnaH kRtaH / naitikatA yAmAdhRtAni AcaraNAni samaSTihitArtham, vyakti svArthatyAgArthaM prerayanti udyojayanti ca / parokSaM ca samaSTyA badhnanti / naitikatAyA AdhArazilAyAm AcaraNaM pratiSThApayituM na ke'pi prayatnAH akriyanta / pAzcAtyadarzane vyakteH pUrNasvatantratAdhAraNayA etatprayatnAbhAvasya sambalaM pradAya paramotkarSaH pradattaH / darzanasyAsya caramotkarSaH amarIkAdezasya nyAyamUrti homsamahodayasya anena vaktavyena spaSTIbhavati - 'yadA lokAH safe kAryaM cikIrSanti, tatkAryaniSedhazca spaSTaM mayA samvidhAne nopalakSyate, tadA mayA kathyate--idaM kAryam asmabhyaM roceta na vA roceta taiH kriyatAm, nAsti tena kimapi matprayojanam' When the People want to do Something I can't find any thing in the constitution expressly forbidding them to do, I Say whatever I like it or not Godomnit, let'em do it etat sunizcitaM yat kasmizcidapi samvidhAne samaSTidRSTyA anucitAnAM samastAnAm AcaraNAnAM niSedhaM samAvezituM na zakyate / yadi samvidhAnAd atiriktAnAm AcaraNAnAm upari prakArAntareNa aGkuzo na bhavet tarhi vyaktigatasvatantratA avilambaM svacchandatAyAM parAvarteta / vartamAnakAle pAzcAtyadezeSu svIkRtA vyakteH pUrNasvatantratA tattaddezasya ArthikavikAsasya prArambhadazAyAM nAsIt / SoDazatame khrISTasamvatsare proTesTenTadharmeNa yUropIyavyakterAcaraNAni niyantritAni, idAnImapi tanniyantrito janaH svavRtyAM vyavasAye vA niSThApUrvakaM kAryaM karoti / ArthikarAjanItike zikSaNe saMgaThane ca tulanAtmakadRSTyA paryAptaM anuzAsanam asti / kSetrAntareSu vyakteH svatantratA - kAmanA dezasya Arthika vikAsAd utpannasamRddheH upabhoga-lipsA eva pratIyate / bhArate etAdRzyAH svatantratAyAH anukaraNaM vizeSatayA vyavasAye vRttau ca anuzAsanahInatAyAH niSThA parisaMvAda - 2

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samakAlInamArate vyaSTi-samaSTisambandhAnAM dizA 203 hInatAyAH pRSThabhUmirUpeNa ghAtakam, janasaMkhyAbAhulyAd ArthikasAdhanAnAM sImitatvAd ghAtakataraJca / prazno'yaM jAti idAnIma-yadi samaSTirakSArtha sAmAnyataH vizeSatazca ArthikavikAsArthaM vyakteranuzAsanam Avazyakam, tarhi kAni asya sAdhanAni ? aitihAsikadRSTyA idaM kAryam bhArate yoropadezeSu ca dharmeNa kRtam / jApAnadeze ca meijIresTorezanazAsanAt pazcAt 1868 khISTavatsarAt parivAreNa zikSaNasaMsthAbhizca kRtam / rUsacInadezayoH idamanuzAsanakAryam "rAjanItikazikSayA kRtam" iti leninaH zabdAyate / etatpratIyate yat bhAratarASTra idaM kAryam rAjanItikazikSA kartuM na pAryate, yato hi sampUrNArAjanItikavyavasthA viSAktA vidyte| saGgaThitaiH prayatnaiH parivAreNa zikSaNasaMsthAbhizca idam anuzAsanakArya kriyeta cet saphalatA lapsyate / sati sambhave dharmo'pi AzrayaNIyaH / . parisaMcara-1

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INDIVIDUAL & SOCIETY: THE BUDDHIST VIEWPOINT PROFESSOR B. V. KISHAN Buddhism recognises the concreteness of the world and the life of man. The words of the Buddha reflect the multi-dimensional aspects of human life within the perspective of the moral values, ideals and concepts which aim to coalesce the distortions and conflicts faced by men in history. Buddhism has stressed on the deeper bonds which link mankind together. Both on the individual and social levels the non-recognition of the unity underlying all manisfestations in nature throw the social sanity into jeopardy. Buddhist philosophy, in so far as it is near to the teaching of the Buddha inspires the individual to rise to great heights of altruism, and thus adopt a constructive role in shaping his life and society in accordance with the precepts laid down by the Buddha. Man emerges as a vital entity in Buddhism. The shape and tone of his life has to be constructed and defined by the individual himself. It is true that according to the Buddhist theory the influence of past actions is strong in the makeup of man, but this does not mean that there is no scope to have redemption from the morass of suffering, evil and stagnation faced by man. The right actions can undo that which is the source of suffering and evil maintains the Buddha. The individual emerges supreme in the face of the heavy odds against him, due to the reason that the constituents which comprise him possess all the potentiality required to push him towards the higher success morally and also worldly. It is true that the Buddhist theory has given a most positive connotation of the moral values and has elaborately dealt with the nature and content of moral action. But this should not be taken as indicative of any lack of positive approach towards the world and the huinan responsibilities which they bring forth. Moral values and ideals do not presuppose a vacuum to function without the presence of the numerous elements which formulate the totality of human life and activities. Moral theory can be exercised only in the presence of the humanity which surround man. There is no question of living the moral values if such living does not possess a parisavAda-2

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Individual and Society: The Buddhist Viewpoint 205 comparative significance in the face of the activities of persons which fall short of the ideals of human life which have been held as all important by the Buddha himself and also the Buddhist thinkers, down through the ages. It remains that Buddhist philosophers have developed the various aspects of the teaching of the Buddha, often losing sight of the totality and coherence of human life and its predicaments, only to give a very limited and often negative perspective of the being of man in relation to his own kind, the society and history. Dharma Chakra Pravartana Sutra, lays down the basic aspects of the teaching of the Buddha. This early sermon deals with the basic facts of life faced by all men in a most direct way. The predominance of suffering in human life is recognised by the Buddha and a way is outlined to come out of the grip of gloom and vicissitudes of life. The nature of Dharma is outlined by the Buddha and the path of righteousness is defined to those who aim at conquering the suffering. The Buddha has laid down the elements of a robust and practical ethics. It is very important to recognise the pragmatic ethics of Buddhism. Such ethical precepts are not meant only for the monks, but also for the people coming from all walks of life. The argument that the Buddhist philosophy is primarily other-worldly and meant for mendicants does not hold ground due to the reason that Buddhism had never been a religion, meant for persons who wanted to detach themselves from the criss-cross relations which bind individuals in manifold relations. This is exemplified by the standpoint of the Buddha that nothing can be gained by aligning with beliefs life eternalism and self-mortification. Acceptance of eternalism makes one unaware of the relevance of the surrounding world and confounds the role which the individual is duty-bound to play within it. Self-mortification and stress on asceticism is avoided, for that would hinder the growth of human personality in a meaningful way within the life situations. The acceptance of the idea of impermanence does not mean that the Buddha did not establish the value and significance of the personality of man. The world may be in constant change, but the individual by treading the path of wisdom and morality can rise above the phenomenal world and be a beacon of truth, for others to follow. The transitoriness of the constituents of the personality of man ..the Rupa, Vedana, Samjnana, Samskara and Vijnana are recognised. yet the awakened individual rises above the transitoriness and remains the unchanging symbol of the noble parisaMvAda - 2

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206 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAe~ values. Actions produce the appropriate results and the law of causation should be believed, not for any metaphysical purposes but to recognise that good actions which can uplift the individual above the narrow confines of ego and self, can place the individual on a lofty Pedestal which is above the desires of the mediocre individuals. To reach the acme of the essence and spirit of the noble values may itself be regarded as a rebirth of man, which implies the death of ignoble desires and the fostering of noble values, which is like a new birth of man in the world. The Dhamma indicate the set of all comprehending values which are expected to lead man from one level of achievement to other levels of achievement and progress. Dhamma in Buddhism does not mean only higher moral values but it does possess also social meaning and significance. Dhamma comprehends the entire gamut of life and also its unpredictable novel situations. The practice of Dhamma on the individual level is a clear proposition, but what is not always clear is the cumulative force created by the adoption of the principles of Dhamma by the individuals on the social level, Society contains the individuals as its brick and mortar and the beliefs of the individuals will determine the texture of society. The quality of the individuals determines the quality of the society. In this context that the moral values stressed by Buddhism have to be taken note of. The universalistic aspect of the noble values stressed by the Buddha have gained a new significance in the world of today, for it is possible that such values can only cement the fragmented humanity. parisavAda-2

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vyaSTi evaM samaSTi sambandhI parisaMvAda-goSThI kA saMkSipta vivaraNa vizvavidyAlaya anudAna-Ayoga ke Arthika sahayoga se sampUrNAnanda-saMskRtavizvavidyAlaya ke zramaNavidyAsaMkAyAntargata bauddhadarzana vibhAga dvArA dinAMka 10 janavarI, 1980 se 13 janavarI 1980 taka bauddha dRSTi se 'vyakti, samAja, unakA sambandha aura vikAsa' viSaya para eka caturdivasIya akhila bhAratIya parisaMvAda-goSThI kA Ayojana kiyA gyaa| goSThI meM dillI, leha-laddAkha, jayapura, lakhanaU, kAnapura, caNDIgar3ha, rA~cI solana (hi0 pra0), nAgapura, zAntiniketana, pacamar3hI, pUnA, kurukSetra, zilAMga (meghAlaya), sAgara, paTiyAlA, dhAravAr3a, vAlTeyara, darabhaMgA Adi dUra-dUra sthAnoM se DaoN0 ena0 ke0 devarAja, DaoN. dharmendra goyala, DaoN0 zAntibhikSu zAstro, DaoN0 e0 ke0 sarana, DaoN0 ke0 ena0 zarmA, DaoN0 vaidyanAtha sarasvatI, DaoN0 nArAyaNa zAstrI draviDa, DaoN0 gopikAmohana bhaTTAcArya, DaoN0 harSanArAyaNa, DaoN0 pratApacandra, DaoN0 rAmacandra pANDeya, DaoN0 lAlamaNi jozI, DaoN0 maheza tivArI, DaoN0 sunIti kumAra pAThaka, DaoN0 rAjendra prasAda, DaoN0 kevalakRSNa mittala, DaoN0 siddhezvara bhaTTa, paM0 Ananda jhA Adi darzana evaM samAja zAstra viSaya ke bhArata prasiddha lagabhaga 35 vidvAn apane-apane nibandhoM ke sAtha upasthita hue| lagabhaga 50 kI saMkhyA meM kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya, kAzI vidyApITha, gAMdhI saMsthAna, amerikana lAibrerI, kendrIya tibbatI zikSA saMsthAna Adi zikSA saMsthAoM ke sambaddha viSaya ke sthAnIya vidvAn pratidina pratigoSThI meM sotsAha sammilita hue| ina vidvAnoM ke nibandha aura paraspara ke uccastarIya vicAravimarza dvArA na kevala uttama koTi ke vicAra sAmane Aye, apitu bhAratIya darzana vizeSataH bauddha darzana kI dRSTi se vyakti evaM samAja se sambaddha vartamAna samasyAoM ke samAdhAna kI sambhAvanAoM ke katipaya nizcita saMketa dRSTigocara hue| jJAta hai ki pazcima ke dArzanikoM, samAja vaijJAnikoM evaM rAjanItizAstriyoM ne vyakti, samAja aura unake sambandha ko pramukha viSaya banAkara prabhUta cintana kiyA hai| cintana ke kSetra meM bhAratIya manISiyoM kA bhI agraNI sthAna rahA hai| yadyapi inake cintana kA pramukha kSetra AdhyAtmika rahA hai, phira bhI unhoMne samasAmayika yuga meM vyakti, samAja aura rAjya ko apane viziSTa jIvana darzana dvArA prabhAvita kiyA hai| parisaMvAda-2

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208 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM bhAratIya darzanoM meM vizeSa kara bauddha darzana ne apane prArambhika kAla se hI na kevala bhArata ke apitu vizva ke adhikAMza janajIvana ko prabhAvita kiyA hai| aise mahattvapUrNa darzana ke Aloka meM vyakti samAja evaM unase sambaddha praznoM para vidvAnoM kA baiThakara Apasa meM vicAra-vimarza karanA prAsaMgika, ucita evaM upayogI rhaa| dinAMka 10 janavarI 80 ko prAtaH 9 baje kAzI vidyApITha ke kulapati tathA prasiddha dArzanika evaM samAjazAstrI pro0 rAjArAma zAstrI ne parisaMvAda-goSThI kA udghATana kiyaa| sampUrNAnanda-saMskRta-vizvavidyAlaya ke kulapati vidvanmardhanya pro0 badarInAtha zukla ne udghATana samAroha kI adhyakSatA kii| bauddhadarzana vibhAgAdhyakSa zrI rAmazaMkara tripAThI ne samAgata vidvAnoM kA svAgata kiyA tathA pAli vibhAgAdhyakSa pro0 jagannAtha upAdhyAya ne vyakti evaM samAja se sambaddha vartamAna samasyAoM kA ullekha karate hue viSaya pravartana kiyaa| bauddha darzana kA prasAra evaM paricaya vidvAnoM meM bhI prAyaH virala ho gayA hai| bauddha darzanoM meM vyakti evaM samAja kA tAttvika vivecana upalabdha hotA hai, kintu bauddhoM kI sAmAjika jIvana dRSTi aura usakA vyaktijIvana ke sAtha sambandha kA vyAvahArika pakSa saMgha aura vinaya ke niyamoM meM parilakSita hotA hai| phalataH darzana aura vinaya kI dRSTi se tIna AdhArabhUta nibandha parisaMvAda-goSTI kI Arambha tithi se lagabhaga eka mAha pUrva hI vidvAnoM kI sevA meM preSita kara diye gaye, jisase vicAravimarza ke dvArA kucha niSkarSa prApta kiye jA skeN| bauddha darzana kI dRSTi se do tathA vinaya kI dRSTi se eka nibandha thaa| pro0 jagannAtha upAdhyAya ne 'bauddha daSTi meM vyakti, loka tathA sambandha' zrI rAmazaMkara tripAThI ne 'bauddha dRSTi se vyakti evaM samAja' tathA tibbatI zikSA saMsthAna ke pradhAnAcArya pro0 esa0 rimpoche tathA vahIM ke upAcArya zrI sempA dorje ne 'bauddha vinaya kI dRSTi se vyakti evaM samAja' viSaya para sammilita nibandha prastuta kiyaa| seminAra ke dvitIya adhivezana meM bhI ye nibandha prastuta kiye gaye jina para paryApta carcA huii| vibhinna bauddha darzanoM, anya bhAratIya darzanoM evaM pAzcAtya darzanoM ko AdhAra banAkara vyakti, samAja aura unake sambandhoM para tulanAtmaka evaM samIkSAtmaka adhyayana prastuta karate hue lagabhaga 30 nibandhoM meM dillI vizvavidyAlaya ke darzana vibhAgAdhyakSa DaoN0 rAmacandra pANDeya ne kahA ki bauddha zUnyavAda aura vedAnta kA brahmavAda donoM pRthak-pRthak vyakti aura samAja sambandhI vartamAna samasyA ke samAdhAna meM asamartha haiN| yadi kisI taraha donoM darzanoM ko milAyA jA sake to ve vizva ko isa sambandha parisaMvAda-2

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vyaSTi evaM samaSTi sambandhI parisaMvAda-goSThI kA saMkSipta vivaraNa 209 meM nayA Aloka de sakate haiN| zAnti niketana ke DaoN0 rAjendra prasAda pANDeya ne pratipAdita kiyA ki vyakti aura samaSTi ko lekara Adhunika samAjazAstriyoM ne jo vizleSaNa kiyA hai, usase bauddhadarzana kA vizleSaNa kahIM adhika mUlagrAhI evaM soddezya hai| dillI vizvavidyAlaya ke DaoN. siddhezvara bhaTTa ne kahA ki bauddhoM kI dRSTi se vyakti aura samAja donoM kI tAttvika sthiti samAna hai| arthAt donoM vyAvahArika saMracanAe~ haiM, phira bhI vyakti prAthamika stara kI tathA samAja gauNa stara kI racanA hai| vahIM ke DaoN0 maheza tivArI ne kahA ki buddha kI avasthA yadyapi vyakti ke stara kI hai, phira bhI unakA vyaktitva samAja ke sAtha samarasa ho gayA hai| isa avasthA meM vyakti aura samAja sambandhI sAre dvandva samApta ho jAte haiN| vahIM ke DaoN0 kevalakRSNa mittala ke anusAra vyaSTi aura samAja meM bauddha daSTi se kucha bhI vaiziSTya nahIM hai / kurukSetra vizvavidyAlaya ke DaoN0 gopikAmohana bhaTTAcArya ne kahA ki bauddha dharma evaM darzana vyakti aura samAja ke sambandhoM ke prati sadA satarka rahe haiN| unakA lakSya kevala nirvANa nahIM, apitu janahita evaM vizvakalyANa rahA hai / sAgara vizvavidyAlaya ke DaoN0 pratApacandra kA kahanA thA ki bhAratIya vidyA ke adhyetAoM kA eka bar3A varga pAli-tripiTaka meM saMgRhIta samAja darzana paraka vicAroM kI anadekhI karatA AyA hai| vaijJAnika itihAsa lekhaka yaha mA~ga karatA hai ki vividhatA ko eka kAlpanika samarUpatA ke AvaraNa meM chipAne kI jagaha usako sammAnapUrvaka ucita sthAna diyA jAya / prArambhika bauddhoM ne isa samasyA para gaharAI se vicAra kiyA hai| kendrIya-tibbatI-saMsthAna ke prAcArya pro0 esa0 rimpoche aura vahIM ke AcArya geze thavakhyasa ne kahA ki AtmA kA niSedha kara bauddhoM ne vyaktivAda kI burAiyoM se loka kI rakSA kI tathA karuNA ke dvArA vyakti kA upayoga samAja ke hita meM kiyaa| isa taraha vyakti aura samAja meM eka sAmaJjasya upasthita kiyaa| caNDIgar3ha ke DaoN0 dharmendra goyala ne vyakti aura samAja sambandhI samasyA ke samAdhAna meM bauddhoM kI prajJA aura karuNA ke apUrva yogadAna kI carcA kii| nAgapura ke DaoN0 nArAyaNazAstrI dravir3a ne bauddha darzana aura rasela ke cintana meM vyaSTi aura samaSTi kA svarUpa nirUpita kiyaa| zilAMga (meghAlaya) ke DaoN0 harSanArAyaNa kA vicAra thA ki bauddha dharma aura darzana vyakti kI sImA se Upara nahIM uTha sakatA hai, kintu usameM samaSTivAdI pariNati kI sambhAvanAyeM nihita haiN| muMgera ke pro0 harizaMkara siMha ne batAyA ki mAdhyamika darzana meM ve sUtra haiM jo hamArI Aja kI samasyAoM ko sulajhAneM meM Aloka pradAna kara sakate haiN| pUnA ke pro0 e0 ke0 sarana kAzI vidyApITha ke pro0 rAjArAma zAstrI, pro0 mukuTa vihArI lAla, pro0 kRSNanAtha, pro0 ramezacandra tivArI, kAnapura ke zrI ke0 ena parisaMvAda-2

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210 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM zarmA Adi samAjazAstra ke bhArata prasiddha manISiyoM ne samAjazAstra kI dRSTi se vyakti aura samAja kA vizleSaNa karate hue kahA ki vizva meM vyaktivAdI, samAjavAdI evaM samanvayavAdI tIna prakAra kI vicAradhArAe~ pracalita haiN| prathama do dRSTiyA~ ekAntavAdI haiM / bauddhadarzana tIsarI vicAradhArA ke jyAdA najadIka hai, kintu adhyAtmavAdI hone ke kAraNa bauddha dRSTi inase Upara hai| isa dhArA meM aise tattva avazya haiM, jo mAnavIya aura sAmAjika samasyAoM ke samAdhAna ke naye sUtra pradAna kara sakate haiN| AvazyakatA hai Adhunika samAjazAstriyoM ke sAtha baiThakara vicAroM ke AdAna-pradAna kii| unhoMne AzA vyakta kI ki saMskRtavizvavidyAlaya isa dizA meM pahala kregaa| rA~cI ke DaoN0 vaidyanAtha sarasvatI ne mAnava vijJAna ke pariprekSya meM bhAratIya paramparAgata vyavasthA meM vyakti aura samAja ke sambandhoM para prakAza ddaalaa| baliyA ke DaoN0 dInabandhu pANDeya ne bhAratIya bauddha kalA meM vyakti aura samAja se sambandhita dRSTikoNa upasthita kiyaa| DaoN0 bI0 ke0 rAya vArANasI ne Adhunika bhautika, rAsAyanika Adi vijJAnoM kI dRSTi se vyakti aura samAja kA vizleSaNa karate hue kahA ki bhagavAn buddha aura unake anuyAyiyoM ne ahiMsA, sevA, karuNA Adi jina mAnavIya guNoM ko pratiSThita kiyA unhIM se kalyANa kI AzA hai / zAntiniketana ke DaoN0 sunIti kumAra pAThaka ne bauddhoMke brahmavihAra, bodhicitta aura jvalitA cANDAlI siddhAntoM se vartamAna samasyA ke samAdhAna meM yogadAna kI carcA kii| vArANasI ke zrI rAdhezyAmadhara dvivedI ne vyaSTi aura samaSTi ke sandarbha meM buddha ke svaniyantrita adhyAtmavAda kI carcA kii| paTiyAlA ke DaoN0 lAlamaNi jozI ne 'vimalakItinirdezasUtra' ke vizleSaNa ke AdhAra para vyaSTi aura samaSTi ke sambandhoM kI vizada carcA kii| pacamar3hI ke zrI TI0 chogaDuba zAstrI tathA laddAkha ke zrI razI palajora ne mahAyAnI darzana aura mahAyAnI sAdhanA ke AdhAra para vyakti, samAja unake sambandhoM ke sambandha meM apanA adhyayana prastuta kiyaa| solana ke DaoN0 zAntibhikSu zAstrI ne apane saMskRta nibandha meM vyakti aura samAja ke vikAsa ke sandarbha meM bauddha dRSTi kA vizleSaNa prastuta kiyaa| darabhaMgA ke paM0 zrI Ananda jhA ne vyakti aura samAja kA dArzanika vizleSaNa karate hue kahA ki sAmAjika vikAsa ke lie ahiMsA, satya, asteya Adi guNoM ke vikAsa kI AvazyakatA hai| niSkarSa ___ vyakti aura samAja se sambaddha samasyAoM ke samAdhAna ke sandarbha meM goSThI meM sammilita vidvAnoM kI rAya meM bauddha darzana kA madhyamamArga ucita samAdhAna prastuta kara sakatA hai| vyaktivAdI aura samAjavAdI dRSTiyA~ ekAntavAdI haiN| bauddhoM kA madhyamamArga ina ekAntadRSTiyoM kA niSedha karatA hai| usakI dRSTi meM vyakti mahattvahIna parisaMvAda-2

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dhyaSTi evaM samaSTi sambandhI parisaMbAda-goSThI kA saMkSipta vivaraNa 211 nahIM hai, aura na samAja kI upekSA hai| nairAtmya para AdhArita samatA, karuNA aura sevA kI bhAvanA dvArA bauddha darzana vyakti kA aisA vikAsa cAhatA hai ki usakI kSamatA kA samAja ke hita meM pUrNa upayoga ho ske| samAjahita hI vyakti kA apanA hita bana jAtA hai| bauddhoM kI bodhisattva kI avadhAraNA isa sambandha meM Aloka pradAna kara sakatI hai / bauddha darzana ke anusAra yadyapi vyakti aura samAja donoM kI svAbhAvika sattA nahIM hai, kintu vyavahAra meM donoM kA mahattva hai| vyaktitva ke vikAsa meM nizcita rUpa se samAja kA yogadAna hai, ataH bauddhoM kI dRSTi meM vyakti kA aisA vikAsa honA cAhie ki usakI AtmadRSTi pUrNarUpa se vigalita ho jAya tathA samAja sevA aura samAja kalyANa usakA ekamAtra kartavya ho jAya / bauddhoM ne isa dizA meM paryApta cintana kiyA hai| vidvAnoM kI rAya meM isa prakAra kI goSThiyoM dvArA bauddhoM ke cintana ko prakAza meM lAnA cAhie aura vyApaka vicAra-vimarza dvArA Adhunika samasyAoM ke samAdhAna meM unakA upayoga honA caahie| vizvavidyAlaya ke kulapati pro0 badarInAtha zukla ne apane samApana bhASaNa meM vidvAnoM ke nibandha aura vicAra-vimarza ke ucca evaM gambhIra stara para santoSa vyakta kiyA tathA goSThI ke viSaya kI vyApakatA kA nirUpaNa karate hue bAra-bAra isa prakAra kI goSThiyoM ke Ayojana kI AvazyakatA para bala diyaa| zramaNavidyAsaMkAya ke adhyakSa pro0 jagannAtha upAdhyAya ke dvArA vidvAnoM ke prati kRtajJatA jJApana ke sAtha goSThI kA visarjana huaa| parisaMvAda-2

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sAmAjika samatA [ sAmAjika samatA kI yaha saMgoSThI 28 se 30 apraila 1978 ko sampanna huI thI]

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samAnI va AkUtiH samAnA hRdayAni vH| samAnamastu vo mano yathA vaH susahAsati // (Rgveda 10 / 190 / 4)

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sAmAjika samatA kA prazna : prAcIna evaM navIna viSaya prastAva bhAratIya zAstroM meM samatA kA svara kisI na kisI rUpa meM Rgveda kAla se arvAcIna kAla taka pAyA jAtA hai| isI prakAra isake viparIta viziSTatA yA vibheda kA svara bhI sadA se mukhara rahA hai| ina do virodhI pravRttiyoM kA vikAsa bhAratavarSa jaise prAcInatama deza ke lie asvAbhAvika nahIM kahA jA sakatA, jisakI dharma evaM saMskRti ke nirmANa meM prArambha se hI anekAneka jAti-prajAtiyoM, sthAnIya evaM Agantuka jana-samUhoM ke rIti-rivAja, vividha vizvAsa evaM dhArmika anuSThAnoM kA yogadAna thaa| ina sArI vividhatAoM ke bIca samatA ke prazna kA jIvita rahanA aura usake pakSa meM prAyaH sabhI pramukha pakSoM kA Agraha banA rahanA bahuta hI mahattvapUrNa hai| isake kAraNa vividhatAoM meM samanvaya evaM usake saMgraha kI pravRtti vikasita hotI gayI, jo bhAratIya saMskRti kI eka vizeSatA kahI jAtI hai| isa pUrI pRSThabhUmi meM adhyAtma ke kSetra meM vaicArika stara para samatA yA samatva kA cintana huA aura usakA yathAsambhava prabhAva Antarika sAdhanAoM para bhI dekhA jAtA hai| jIvana kI sampUrNa samasyAoM ke bIca ise samatA kA ekAGgI vikAsa kahA jA sakatA hai / isake AdhAra para bhAratIya cintakoM para yaha eka Aropa bhI lagAyA jAtA hai ki samatA ke AdhyAtmika cintana ke pIche bhAratIyoM meM jIvana ke vyAvahArika evaM vAstavika samasyAoM se palAyana kI pravRtti kAma karatI hai| isa AkSepa ke pIche sambhava tathya kI hameM samIkSA karanI caahie| Aja ke sandarbha meM samatA kA mukhya prazna sAmAjika samatA se sambandhita hai| vidita hai ki sAmAjikatA ke prazna ke sAtha Arthika, rAjanItika aura sAMskRtika samasyAyeM ghaniSTa rUpa se sambaddha haiM / jIvana ke ina sabhI kSetroM ko prabhAvita karate hue samatA ke prazna kA samAdhAna karanA hI Aja kI pramukha samasyA hai| isake atirikta isa mahattvapUrNa tathya kI ora bhI dhyAna jAnA cAhie ki samatA kA vyakti kI svatantratA yA svAdhInatA ke sAtha anivArya sambandha hai| samAja meM jisa mAtrA meM samatA ko pratiSThA milatI hai, usI mAtrA meM vyakti apane vikAsa ke lie avasara prApta kara skegaa| usI ke AdhAra para vaha apanI svatantratA kA upabhoga bhI kara skegaa| ukta prakAra kI samatA evaM svatantratA ko Aja naitika mUlya pradAna karanA hogA, jinheM prApta kara nivizeSa vyakti samAja meM sammAnita evaM zreSTha samajhA jaay| parisaMvAda-2

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216 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAe~ yaha kahanA sahI nahIM hogA ki vividha evaM virATa bhAratIya samAja meM pichale sahasroM varSoM taka samatAvAdI mUlyoM ke abhAva meM hI yahA~ kA vyakti jIvana yApana karatA rahA hai / avazya hI bhAratIya jIvana meM bhI eka prakAra kI samatA kA vikAsa huA thA, jisake AdhAra para adhikAMza ke sAmUhika jIvana meM sAmaJjasya banA rhaa| kintu Aja kI mAnyatAoM ke anusAra use sAmAjika samatA kI zraNI meM rakhanA kaThina hogaa| isakA pramukha kAraNa hai:-bhinna-bhinna jIvana dRSTi, ataH usakA bheda saiddhAntika hai| Adhunika cintakoM ke vicAra meM uparyukta sabhI avadhAraNAoM kA udgama-srota mAnava hai, Izvara, AtmA yA dharma nahIM hai / yaha mAnava bhI siddha mAnava nahIM hai, na kevala vaha sAdhana mAtra hai| yaha sAdhya evaM sAdhana donoM hai| kahA jA sakatA hai ki yaha varNa, jAti, liGga, deza, dharma Adi se nirapekSa mAnava hai| yaha rahasya yA paraloka Adi se sambandhita mAnava nahIM, apitu ekamAtra aihika hai| isa prakAra ke mAnava se sambandhita naitikatA jaise samatA aura svatantratA Adi kA utsa samAja hai| isIlie samatA evaM svataMtratA bhI upArjita mAnI jAtI hai / vaha kAlpanika, rahasyamaya evaM samAja-nirapekSa nahIM hai| samatA evaM svatantratA ko yadi dhArmikatA kA mUlya pradAna karanA cAheM to usakA abhiprAya mAtra itanA hogA ki isake pIche sAmAjikaviveka hai, aura viveka dharma kA sahacArI hai| viveka para AdhArita yaha sAmAjika samatA kisI bhI sthiti meM siddha vastu nahIM, apitu sAdhya hai| bhAratIya sandarbha meM ukta se bhinna samatA kA mukhyataH vikAsa AdhyAtmika huA hai| kintu AdhyAtmika hone mAtra se usakA sambandha samAja se sarvathA kaTa nahIM jAtA, kyoMki AdhyAtmikatA evaM vyAvahArikatA ke bIca koI atyanta vibhAjaka rekhA khIMca denA sambhava nahIM hai| bhAratIya cintana meM AdhyAtmikatA bhI kisI eka hI prakAra kI nahIM hai, jisake AdhAra para nirNaya kara liyA jAya ki AdhyAtmikatA sadA vyavahAra se vimukha dizA meM rahatI hai| eka ora Izvara, AtmA aura nityatA Adi ke tAttvika AdhAra para adhyAtma kI vyAkhyA kI jAtI hai, to dUsarI ora anIzvara, anAtma aura anityatA ke AdhAra para adhyAtma kI pAramArthikatA khar3I kI jAtI hai| anAtmavAdI dhArA meM Izvara aura AtmA Adi ke na mAnane ke kAraNa parizeSataH mAnava mahattva bar3ha jAtA hai| usa sthiti meM mAnava-kendrita nIti, dharma evaM saMskRti kI vyAkhyA sarala ho jAtI hai / Izvara evaM AtmavAdI bhI advitIya brahmavAda ke AdhAra para vyakti ko brahma se abhinna mAnakara mAnava ko yathAsambhava mahattvazAlI banAne kI ceSTA karate haiN| isI prakAra anAtmatA yA Atmaupamya ke AdhAra para bhAratIya cintakoM dvArA eka prakAra se samAnatA kI avadhAraNA khar3I kI jAtI hai| eka parisaMvAda-2

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sAmAjika samatA kA prazna : prAcIna evaM navIna 217 vizeSa prakAra ke AtmavAdI AcArya advaita AtmA ke sAtha svAtantrya-zakti ko samanvita kara AtmavAdI samatA ko svatantratA ke sAtha jor3ate haiM aura usa svAtantrya zakti se sampUrNa vyavahAra ke saMgraha kA prayatna karate haiN| anAtmavAda duHkhatA ko samasyA ke bIca prArambha huA thA, isalie usameM karuNA kA vikAsa ho skaa| karuNA kriyA-zakti hai, vaha upAya-kuzalatA hai, jisake prayoga se prANiyoM ko duHkha se mukta kiyA jA sakatA hai / isa sthiti meM vyakti meM svatantra sarjanazIlatA kA vikAsa hotA hai| advaita-AtmavAda meM jIva-dRSTi ke vinAza se viSamatA samApta hotI hai, jabaki anAtmavAda meM anAtma-daSTi ke uccheda se / yahA~ taka ki anAtmavAda meM 'kucha nahIM' kA 'saba kucha' ke sAtha sambandha jor3akara sarvasaMgraha karane kI ceSTA kI gayI hai, jabaki AtmavAda meM sarva ko AtmA ke antargata lAne kA prayatna dekhA jAtA hai| __ukta prakAra ke sampUrNa prayatnoM se itanA spaSTa hotA hai ki bhAratIya cintakoM ke samakSa ati prAcIna kAla meM hI samatA kI samasyA ujAgara ho cukI thI aura unhoMne usa para sahasrAbdiyoM taka vicAra kiyA, jaisA ki anyatra nahIM dekhA jaataa| kintu yahA~ vicAraNIya yaha hai ki unakI dRSTi tAttvika samatA ke sAmAjika evaM vyAvahArika viniyoga kI ora kyoM nahIM gayI ? isake viparIta kyoM eka ora siddhAnta kI dRSTi se tAttvika ekatA aura dUsarI ora samAja vyavasthA meM ghora viSamatA kA samarthana kiyA gayA ? prAcIna kAla meM adhyAtma aura vyavahAra ko dharma saMtulita karatA thA, kintu yahA~ kyoM nahIM aisA sambhava huA ? dharma se samAja meM vyApta viSamatA evaM U~ca-nIca ke bhAva ko haTAye jAne kI apekSA thI, kintu usane jAti evaM varNavAda jaise viSamatAvAdI vyavasthA ko dharma vyavasthA hone kA gaurava pradAna kara diyaa| yaha dekhA jAtA hai ki anAtmavAdI-anIzvaravAdI dhArA meM vikasita dharma jise zramaNa-dharma kahA jAtA hai, jisake pramukha loka nAyaka the-bhagavAna buddha evaM mahAvIra / unhoMne kevala jAtivAda ko mAnane se hI inkAra nahIM kiyA, pratyuta usake poSaka zAstra aura pratipAdaka bhASA ke prAmANya evaM pavitratA ko bhI asvIkAra kiyaa| usa dharma ne saMgha ke rUpa meM eka aise samAja ke gaThana kA prayAsa kiyA, jisakA Adarza vyAvahArika jIvana meM samAnatA kI sthApanA thii| unhoMne devAdhideva ke prAmANya ko na svIkAra karake jJAna (sarvajJatA), guNa aura vItarAgatA ke AdhAra para mAnava ke prAmANya ko sthApita kiyaa| isa naye Adarza ko sirpha zramaNoM ne hI nahIM, paravartI AgamavAdI-tAntrikoM aura vaiSNava-sampradAyoM ne bhI yathAkathaMcit svIkAra kiyaa| .isa prakAra dekhA jAtA hai ki vibhinna dharmoM ne samatA ke AdhyAtmika tattva ko samAja meM pratiSThita karane kI aneka ceSTAyeM kI haiN| parisaMvAda-2

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218 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAe~ itane ke bAda bhI bhAratIya itihAsa meM kabhI yaha nahIM dekhA gayA ki samatA mAnavAdhArita hokara samAja-vyavasthA kA rUpa grahaNa kI ho| zramaNoM meM bauddhoM kA Andolana sarvAdhika tIvra evaM kAlavyApI thaa| yaha satya hai ki unakA mAnava kendrita vicAra tathA samatAvAdI dRSTi Aja bhI vizva-mAnava ko prabhAvita karatI hai, kintu yahA~ eka mAtrA ke bAda usakA prabhAva asta ho gyaa| isakA doSa jina kAraNoM meM khojA jAtA hai, unameM eka bauddhoM kA vairAgyavAdI honA bhI batAyA jAtA hai| kahA jAtA hai ki bauddhoM ne AdhyAtmika aura dhArmika stara para viSamatApUrNa mAnyatAoM kA avazya virodha kiyA, kintu sAmAjika stara para unake dvArA yaha saMbhava nahIM ho sakA, kyoMki sAmAjika samasyAoM ke prati zramaNa yA to udAsIna the yA unameM sAmAjika viSamatAoM se jUjhane ke lie apekSita kSamatA nahIM thii| jo kucha ho, bhAratIya itihAsa meM viSamatA virodhI AndolanoM kI eka sImA dekhI gyii| yaha bhI dekhA gayA ki vigata zatAbdiyoM meM uttara aura dakSiNa bhArata meM udAravAdI santoM kA prAdurbhAva huA, kintu unakA prabhAva bahuta hI sImita thaa| unhoMne sAmAjika viSamatA ke prati vyaMgya avazya kiyA, kintu ve usa prazna ko sAmAjika stara para ubhAra na paaye| viphalatA ke kAraNoM ke anveSaNa meM barabasa karmavAda kI mAnyatA kI ora dhyAna AkRSTa hotA hai| binA apavAda ke sabhI bhAratIya dharma evaM darzanoM ne karmavAda ko svIkAra kiyA hai| kahA jAtA hai ki sAmAjika evaM vyaktigata viSamatA ke pIche adRSTa karmoM ke phala kI mAnyatA eka pradhAna hetu hai| isa sthiti meM karmavAda se sAmAjika-samatA ke Adhunika sandarbha meM tAlamela baiTha nahIM sktaa| sAmAjika-viSamatA ke prasaMga meM avazya hI isa mAnyatA kI samIkSA karanI hogii| bhAratIya nIti-mImAMsA meM karmavAda kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| aparAdha evaM daNDa kI vyavasthA kA yaha tArkika siddhAnta hai| isake dvArA manuSya kA uttaradAyitva bar3hatA hai aura rahasyavAdI zaktiyoM kA mahattva ghaTatA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki anIzvara evaM anAtmavAdiyoM ne anyoM kI apekSA karmavAda kI sthApanA meM adhika bala lgaayaa| kiye aparAdha kA hI daNDa manuSya ko prApta ho, kisI bhI sthiti meM na kiye kA vaha daNDa-bhAgI na bne| isa vyavasthA ke bIca kisI atirikta zakti kI kRpA yA abhizApa kA hastakSepa na ho-isakI vyavasthA karanA karmavAda kA uddezya hai| isa niyama ko adhika doSa-hIna rakhane kI dRSTi se manuSya ke una bhogoM ke atIta kAraNoM kI yA vartamAna una karmoM ke anAgata phaloM kI khoja meM adRSTa karmoM evaM phaloM kI kalpanA kI gayI, jinakA karma yA bhoga aihika jIvana meM dRSTa nahIM thaa| isa prakAra ke adRSToM ko susaMgata karane ke lie punarjanma kA vizvAsa sahAyaka huaa| phalataH usake AdhAra parisaMvAda-2

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sAmAjika samatA kA prazna : prAcIna evaM navIna / para punarjanma kI bhI tArkika vyAkhyA hone lgii| punarjanma ke satya hone na hone ke sambandha meM vicAra karane kA yahA~ prasaMga nahIM hai| yahA~ prasaMga hai karmavAda ko adhikAdhika susaMgata rakhane kii| isa prakAra ke karmavAda meM do prakAra kI tArkika truTiyA~ samajhI jAtI haiM / prAcInakAla meM bhI dRSTa kAraNoM ke rahate adRSTa kAraNoM kI khoja ko asaMgata mAnA gayA / Adhunika kAla meM jaise-jaise bhautika-vijJAna evaM mAnavavijJAnoM ke naye-naye tathya jJAta hote jA rahe haiM, vaise-vaise pahale ke adRSTa evaM ajJAta dRSTa evaM jJAta koTi meM Ate jA rahe haiN| isase avazya hI paraloka kI kalpanA kA vistAra ghaTatA jAnA cAhie kintu isa tathya kI ora dhyAna nahIM diyA jA rahA hai| isI prakAra yaha mAnanA ki vyakti anivAryataH sva-kRta karmoM kA hI phala bhogatA hai, yaha siddhAnta mAnava samAja ke bIca dUrI ghaTate jAne aura unake bIca naye-naye sUkSma evaM vyApaka saMbaMdhoM ke bar3hate jAne ke sAtha saMzodhanIya ho cukA hai, isakI ora hameM dhyAna denA hogaa| ina parivartanoM ke sAtha prAcIna aihikatAvAda ke svarUpa meM bhI bahuta kucha parivartana A cukA hai, kyoMki jIvana kI aihikatA meM bhI bahuta prakAra ke adRSToM kA samAveza ho cukA hai, jinakI sAkSI haiM-bhautika evaM mAnava-vijJAnoM kI nayI upalabdhiyA~ / Upara vaNita tArkika evaM tathyAtmaka parivartanoM ke pariprekSya meM niSkarSa ke rUpa meM kucha aisI sambhAvanAyeM saMketita hotI haiM, jinake AdhAra para hama bhAratIya cintana paramparA meM samatA ke sampUrNa sAmAjika pakSoM para navIna sandarbha meM apanA vizleSaNa prastuta kara sakate haiM, jisase isa viSaya ko anya arvAcIna vicArakoM se adhika gambhIra evaM vyApaka AyAma mila sake / ina tathyoM ke svIkAra karane meM koI kaThinAI nahIM honI cAhiye ki samatA eva svatantratA eka naitika evaM sAMskRtika mUlya haiM, jinakA kSetra nitAnta mAnavIya evaM sAmAjika hai, kintu usakA udgama srota manuSya-jAti kA vaha antaratama adhyAtma hai, jise sahasrAbdiyoM meM apane gahana cintana evaM prAtibha anubhavoM meM saMcita kiyA hai / usa saMcita nidhi kA yadi navIna sandarbha meM navIna vicAroM ke sAtha yoga sthApita kiyA jA sake, to vaha nitAnta svAbhAvika hogaa| isa sthiti meM AdhunikatA ke prati kisI prakAra kA Akroza pradarzana na karake apanI cintana paramparA ke vAstavika sAmarthya kA punaH mUlyAMkana karanA hogaa| __ ukta dizA meM hameM isakA nirNaya lenA hogA ki AdhyAtmika-samatA yA samatva ke sAtha sAmAjika samatA kA sambandha kyA hai ? nirvANa yA mokSa jo AdhyAtmika samatva kA Adarza mAnA jAtA hai, usakA sAmAjika mUlya kyA hai ? isa sandarbha meM hama una aitihAsika anaitihAsikamukta puruSoM ke caritra ko AdhAra mAnakara kucha parisaMvAda-2

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220 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAe~ niSkarSa nikAla sakate haiM, jinhoMne AdhyAtmikatA ke samAnAntara vyavahAra evaM samAja ko bhI prabhAvita kiyaa| isa prasaMga meM suprasiddha paMca jJAniyoM kA nAma liyA jAtA hai / kRSNo yogI, zukastyAgI, bhUpau janaka - rAghavau / vasiSThaH karmakartA ca paJcaite jJAninaH smRtAH // isake atirikta mahAvIra, buddha, zaGkarAcArya aura rAmAnujAcArya jaise mahApuruSoM meM jJAna aura caritra ke bIca jo avirodha evaM samanvaya thA, usakA vizleSaNa mahattvapUrNa hogA | bhagavAn buddha aura bauddhoM kA sampUrNa itihAsa isa prakAra ke adhyayana meM hamAre dizA-nirdezaka haiM / bhoga aura mokSa, jJAna evaM prayoga ke bIca sambandha kyA ho ? isa para vibhinna zAstroM meM gahana vicAra kiyA gayA hai, unheM navIna sandarbha meM punaH sthApita karanA eka mahattvapUrNa kArya hai / inake bIca tamaH prakAzavat virodha, satyAnRta kA mithunIkaraNa, na tayorantaraM kiJcit susUkSmamapi dRzyate, bhogazca mokSazca karastha eva, sarvamidaM vibhoH zarIram ityAdi jaise prAcIna niSkarSa Aja ke Adhunika sAmAjika samasyAoM ke cintana ke liye mArga kA nirdeza karate haiM / hameM isakA bhI vicAra karanA hogA ki paramparAgata cintana meM AdhyAtmika samatA jaba sarvagrAhI hai, to usakI akSuNNatA ke liye samAja kI kina viSamatAoM kA dUrIkaraNa nitAnta apekSita hai| isa dizA meM isakA vyApaka Akalana karanA nirNAyaka hogA ki viSamatAoM meM kitanI kRtrima evaM logoM ke nihita svArthoM ke kAraNa samAja para Aropita haiM, aura kitanI svAbhAvika / kahanA nahIM hai ki kRtrima viSamatAoM kA dhArmika evaM naitika stara para avamUlyana honA cAhiye / isake pUrva ki viSamatAoM ke nirAkaraNa kI bAta kI jAya ise nizcita karanA hogA ki Aja viSamatA kA pradhAna kendra vindu kauna hai ? aura usake poSaNa meM paramparAgata, nIti, dharma aura darzana kitane anukUla evaM pratikUla haiM / pratikUla kA nirAkaraNa sAmAjika dRSTi se eka mahattvapUrNa evaM vyApaka samasyA hai / unake samAdhAna ke liye kaise upAya prayukta hoMge, isake nirNaya para samAja kA sampUrNa bhaviSya nirbhara rahegA / vizva ke itihAsa meM aura Aja bhI isa dizA meM anekavidha Adhunika prayoga kiye jA rahe haiM, unameM se apane anukUla kA varaNa karanA hogA / kisI bhI sthiti meM hameM prayoga ke liye do tattvoM kI ora dhyAna denA hogA - eka karuNA aura dUsarI ahiMsA / Aja ke sandarbha meM bhI ina donoM ke aparimita vikAsa kI sambhAvanAyeM haiM / isake liye inakI zaktiyoM kA Adhunika dRSTi se vizleSaNa karanA Avazyaka hogA / parisaMvAda - 2

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sAmAjika samatA kA prazna : prAcIna evaM navIna 221 kahanA nahIM hai ki sAmAjika samatA viSamatA ke prazna para paramparAgata karmavAdI mAnyatAoM kA jana-mAnasa para pradhAna rUpa se prabhAva rahatA hai| isalie naye saMdarbha meM karmavAda kI punaH parIkSA karanI hogI / karmoM kA dRSTa adRSTa ke rUpa meM anivArya rUpa se vibhAjana karanA apekSita hai yA nahIM, yadi hai; to adRSTa kI koTi meM jitane kA samAveza kiyA jAtA hai usakA jJAna, vijJAna kI naI pragati meM kitanA aucitya hai, isakA bhI nirNaya karanA hogA / gItAkAra ne karma, akarma aura vikarma ke vibhAjana kI ceSTA kI hai / anta meM apanI dRSTi se unhoMne kahA hai ki karmoM kA nirdhAraNa bahuta hI gahana hai - 'gahanA karmaNo gatiH' / bhagavAn buddha aura mahAvIra ne isa prazna ko sarvAdhika mahattva pradAna kiyA hai / unake vizleSaNa Aja bhI yathAsambhava hamAre dizAnirdezaka ho sakate haiM / vAstava meM naI duniyA~ meM dUrI ke kama ho jAne se tathA sambandhoM sUkSma evaM saMzliSTa hote jAne se sAmUhika karmoM kA prabhAva isa mAtrA meM vyApaka hotA jA rahA hai, jisake phala kA bhoga Aja vyakti ko karanA par3a rahA hai / isa sthiti meM karmaphala kA vyaktigata vizleSaNa karanA kisa mAtrA taka ucita hogA, yaha bahuta hI vicAraNIya hai / bhAratIya sandarbha meM sAmAjika samatA ke prazna kI agrima sambhAvanAoM para vidvAnoM kA vicAra jAnane ke lie Upara kucha muddoM ko uThAyA gayA hai / AzA hai vidvajjana apane vicAravimarza dvArA ise eka samucita dizA pradAna kareMge / - pro0 jagannAtha upAdhyAya parisaMvAda - 2

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prAcIna saMskRta-sAhitya meM mAnava samatA DaoN0 rAmazaGkara tripAThI mAnava itihAsa ke Arambhika kAla meM na koI rAjya thA, na rAjA, na daNDa thA aura na daNDadAtA, sArA mAnava-samudAya paraspara sahiSNutA, sahRdayatA, satyatA evaM mAnavatA ke siddhAntoM ke AdhAra para svayaM niyantrita tathA saMcAlita hotA thaa| sambhavataH prArambhika sahayoga kI isI bhAvanA ko mahAbhArata ne dharma kI saMjJA pradAna kI hai naiva rAjyaM na rAjAsIna ca daNDo na dANDikaH / dharmeNaiva prajAH sarvA rakSanti sma parasparam // zAnti0 59 / 14 / kintu paraspara sahayoga kA yaha siddhAnta adhika dinoM taka na cala skaa| lobha evaM svArtha ne prakRti-gaMgA ke suramya taTa para mAnavatA kI maNikarNikA kA zanaiH zanaiH zilAnyAsa kiyaa| phalasvarUpa 'mAtsyanyAya' ne janma grahaNa kiyA, 'jisakI lAThI usakI bhaiMsa' ke siddhAnta ne dhIre-dhIre a~gar3AI lii| phira kyA thA, prabala nirbala ko satAne lage, prabala prabalatarase bhaya khAne lage, prabalatara prabalatama se ghabar3Ane lge| caturdika avyavasthA kI vaitaraNI bahane lgii| kisI kA na gRha surakSita thA, na gRhiNI / ' sambhavataH aisI hI paristhiti meM kucha vivekazIla vyaktiyoM ne paraspara milakara samAja kI surakSA kA bhAra kisI aise vyakti ke kandhe para rakhane kA nizcaya kiyA jo zArIrika tathA bauddhika donoM hI dRSTiyoM se samartha thaa| yahI rAjA kA sarvaprathama cunAvathA / aitareyabrAhmaNa (1 / 14) meM AyA hai ki rAjA ke abhAva meM devoM ne apanI durdazA dekhii| ataH sabane milakara ekamata se rAjA kA cunAva kiyaa| isase yaha bAta spaSTa pratIta hotI hai ki sAmarika AvazyakatAoM ne svAmitva yA napatva ko aMkurita kiyaa| kauTilya ne apane jagadvidita arthazAstra meM likhA hai ki 'mAtsyanyAya' se AkrAnta hokara logoM ne manuvaivazvata ko apanA rAjA bnaayaa| aisI hI bAta rAmAyaNa (2067), zAntiparva (15 / 30 evaM 67 / 16) tathA katipaya purANoM meM bhI kahI gaI hai| 1. arAjakAH prajAHpUrva vinezuriti naH zrutam / parasparaM bhakSayanto matsyA iva jale kRzAn // zAnti0 67 / 17 / 2. arthazAstra 114 / parisaMghAda-2

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prAcIna saMskRta-sAhitya meM mAnava samatA 223 eka bAra cayana ho jAne kA yaha artha kadApi na thA ki rAjA svecchAcAritA kare, samAja evaM usake niyamoM kI avahelanA kare, dharma ke viruddha AcaraNa kre| rAjA ko niyantrita karane kI bAgaDora janatA ke hAthoM meM thii| janatA hI rAjA kA nirmAtA evaM bhAgyavidhAtA thii| mahAbhArata meM rAjA vena kI kathA varNita hai| vena atyanta pratApI aura vizAla sAmrAjya kA adhipati thaa| vizAla sAmrAjya kA niyantA vena, apane vipula aizvarya ko dekhakara apane ko hI niyantrita na kara skaa| usane svecchAcAritA Arambha kii| phalataH logoM ne usakA vadha kara ddaalaa| zAntiparva meM kahA gayA hai ki adhArmika, svecchAcArI rAjA kA vadha kara usake parivAra ko Apatti ke garta meM jhoMka denA caahie| taittirIyasaMhitA evaM zatapathabrAhmaNa ke kAla meM rAjya pAkara manamAnI karane vAle rAjA ko deza kI nAgarikatA se vaMcita kara diyA jAtA thaa| bhArata ke sudUra atIta kI jhA~kI dekhane se yaha patA calatA hai ki usa samaya rAja-pada sahaja evaM bahuta gauravAspada na thaa| rAja-pada ke sAtha sukha kI apekSA duHkha kA, zAnti kI apekSA azAnti kA evaM puNya kI apekSA pApa kA sambandha adhika dar3ha thA / yahI kAraNa hai ki buddhimAn evaM saccaritra jana isase dUra rahanA cAhate the / zAsaka hone kI apekSA zAsita honA unheM adhika pasanda thA / ve rAja-pada se dUra rahanA cAhate the| usa samaya rAjA kA pradhAna kartavya prajA kI rakSA karanA hI mAnA jAtA thaa| prajA varga apanI rakSA ke liye hI apanI Aya kA SaSThAMza rAjA ko vetana ke rUpa meM diyA karatA thaa| mArkaNDeyapurANa (130 / 33-34) meM rAjA 'marutta' kI mAtAmahI ne upadeza dete samaya use samajhAyA hai ki rAjA kA zarIra Amoda-pramoda ke liye nahIM banA hai, pratyut vaha kartavya pAlana karane tathA pRthvI kI rakSA karane ke prayatna meM kaSTa sahane ke liye hai| rAjA para dharma kA niyantraNa sArvakAlika thaa| krodha ke vazIbhUta rahakara maryAdA kA ullaMghana karane vAle rAjA mRtyu ke grAsa banA diye jAte the| 1. mahAbhArata, zAntiparva, 59 / 93-95 / bhAgavata 4 / 14 tathA manu0 7 / 41 / 2. zAnti0 92 / 9 / 3. taittirIya0 2 / 3 / 1 tathA zatapathabrAhmaNa 12 / 9 / 3 / 1-3 / 4. dekhiye-mahAbhArata, zAntiparva 59 a0| 5. zAntiparva 67 / 21-22 / 6. baudhAyanagRhyasUtra 1 / 10 / 1, zukranIti 1 / 188 tathA zAnti0 71 / 10 / 7. prAyazazca kopavazA rAjAnaH prakRtikopaihatAH zrUyante / arthazAstra 813 / parisaMvAda-2

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2.24 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM hamAre prAcIna granthoM meM rAjA ke udgama ke viSaya meM pradhAnatayA do mata milate haiM-(1) rAjA kA cunAva hotA thA aura (2) rAjA daivI adhikAra se sampanna mAnA jAtA thaa| (1) Rgveda (10 / 173) tathA atharvaveda (687 evaM 88 / 1-2) meM rAjA ke cayana ke viSaya meM kiJcit dhuMdhalA saMketa upalabdha hotA hai| atharvaveda ke eka dUsare sthala para rAjA ke nirvAcana kA kucha spaSTa saMketa dekhA jA sakatA hai-loga rAjya karane ke liye tumheM cunate haiM, ye dizAe~, ye paMca deviyA~ tumheM cunatI haiM / bhadra loga, sUta, grAma-mukhiyA, rathakAra, dhAtunirmAtA Adi rAjA kA cayana karate the, aisI dhvani atharvaveda meM milatI hai / taittirIyabrAhmaNa (1173) meM rAjA ke nirmAtA ko 'ranin' kahA gayA hai| ye ratnI loga hI rAjA ko rAjya dete the / ina sthaloM se yaha bAta samarthita hotI hai ki rAjA bhadra-varga, ucca karmacAriyoM tathA sAmAnyajanoM se rAjya pAtA thaa| vaidika yuga kI parisamApti tathA laukika sAhitya ke ThIka uSAkAla taka AteAte rAjatva-pada AnuvaMzika ho calA thaa| aba rAjA ke nirmAtA evaM bhAgyavidhAtA ke rUpa meM sAmAnya janatA kI sammati kA pUrva mUlya na raha gayA thaa| phira bhI janatA kI rAya abhI, aba bhI Avazyaka thii| ayodhyA ke cakravartI samrATa mahArAja dazaratha ne apane nizcaya ke samarthana ke liye usa samaya nAgarikoM kI eka sabhA bulAI thI, jaba ve rAma kA rAjyAbhiSeka karanA cAhate the / mahAbhArata ke Adiparva ke anusAra jaba mahArAja parIkSita kI mRtyu ho gaI usa samaya rAjadhAnI ke nAgarikoM ne ekatrita ho unake alpavayasya bAlaka janamejaya ko apanA rAjA cunA / bAlaka janamejaya usa samaya apane mantriyoM evaM purohitoM kI sahAyatA se rAjya karatA thaa| mahAbhArata ke adhyayana se patA calatA hai ki prAcIna samaya meM janatA ke dvArA nirvAcita kiye jAne para rAjA sabake samakSa yaha zapatha letA thA ki 'maiM mana, vANI aura kriyA dvArA bhUtalavartI brahma (veda) kA nirantara pAlana karU~gA / veda meM daNDanIti 1. tvAM dizo vRNatAM rAjyAya tvAmimAH pradizaH paJca devAH 3 / 4 / 2 / 2. ye rAjAno rAjakRtaH sUtA grAmaNyazca ye / upastIn parNa mahyaM tvaM sarvAn kRNvamito janAn // 3 / 5 / 7 / 3. ratninAmetAni havIMSi bhavanti / ete vai rASTrasya pradAtAra': / 17 / 3 / 4. dekhiye-ayodhyAkANDa 1-2 / 5. mahAbhArata aadiprv-44|6 / parisaMvAda-2

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prAcIna saMskRta-sAhitya meM mAnava samatA 225 se sambandha rakhane vAlA jo nitya dharma batalAyA gayA hai, usakA maiM niHzaGka hokara pAlana kruuNgaa| kabhI svacchanda nahIM houuNgaa| brAhmaNa mere liye adaNDanIya hoMge tathA maiM sampUrNa jagat ko varNasaGkaratA aura dharmasaGkaratA se bacAU~gA' Adi Adi / (2) prAcIna granthoM meM rAjA ke nirvAcana ke atirikta eka anya siddhAnta bhI milatA hai, jisake anusAra rAjA ke pada, usakI mahattA aura usake vyApAra ko dyotita karane ke liye usameM devoM ke aMza hone kI kalpanA kI gaI hai / mahAbhArata, sampUrNa dharmazAstra, nItizAstra evaM purANa isI siddhAnta kA pramukha rUpa se samarthana karate haiN| isI ke pracAra tathA prasAra ke liye DiNDima-ghoSa karate haiN| rAjA daivI adhikAra se sampanna hotA thA, isakI prathama jhA~kI Rgveda meM dekhI jA sakatI hai| Rgveda (4 / 42) meM 'purukutsa' ke putra rAjA 'trasaddasyu' kA varNana hai| vaha bar3e Atmagaurava ke sAtha udghoSita karatA hai-'maiM indra evaM varuNa hU~, maiM vizAla evaM gambhIra svarga tathA pRthvI huuN|' atharvaveda meM AyA hai--'he rAjan, tumheM sabhI loga cAheM, tuma indra ke samAna vizva meM susthira rho| rAjya tumhAre dvArA dhAraNa kiyA jAtA rhe| isI prakAra kI abhivyakti zatapathabrAhmaNa meM bhI milatI hai.-'rAjanya prajApati kA hai, vaha ekAkI hai, kintu bahutoM para zAsana karatA hai / '3 yahA~ rAjA prajApati ke pratinidhi ke rUpa meM varNita hai / mahAbhArata ke zAntiparva meM rAjA ke daivika aMzavAlI bAta bahudhA varNita hai| manusmRti Adi dharmazAstra, kAvya evaM samUce purANa rAjA meM devatva kI kalpanA vAlI bAta se bhare par3e haiN|" rAjA hone ke adhikArI rAjA kise honA cAhiye ? isa viSaya para hamAre purAtana granthakAra ekamata nahIM haiN| manu ke anusAra kSatriya hI rAjya ke siMhAsana kA vAstavika adhikArI mAnA gayA hai| unhoMne cAro varNoM ke karmoM kA vibhAjana karate hue apane vizva-vizruta grantha manusmRti meM kahA hai ki-'prajA-rakSaNa, dAna arthAt vitaraNa, yajJAnuSThAna, vedAdhyayana tathA apanI ora AkRSTa kara viveka ko vinaSTa karane vAlI vastuoM se virakti'-saMkSepa meM ye hI kSatriya 1. pratijJAM cAdhirohasva manasA karmaNA giraa| pAlayiSyAmyahaM bhaumaM brahma ityeva cAsakRt / yazcAtra dharmo nityukto daNDanItivyapAzrayaH / tamazaGkaH kariSyAmi svavazo na kadAcana // zAnti0 59 / 106-107 2. dekhiye-6|87|1-2 / 3. dekhiye-5|1|5|14 / 4. dekhiye-manu 5 / 96, 7 / 5, 7 / 8 / tathA raghuvaMza 275 / parisaMvAda 2

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bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM ke kArya haiN| kintu dharmazAstra ke mahArathI vyAkhyAtA AcArya 'kullUka' kA kahanA hai ki 'rAjA' zabda kisI bhI jAti ke vyakti ke liye prayukta ho sakatA hai| ve yaha mAnate haiM ki jo koI bhI vyakti prajA kA rakSaNa karatA hai vaha rAjA hai| mahAbhArata, purANa evaM raghuvaMza Adi mahAkAvya kSatriya ko hI rAjA hone kA sarvAdhikAra samarpita karate haiM / lagatA hai prajA-rakSaNa tathA kSatriya jAti meM anyonyAzraya sambandha mAna liyA gayA thA / jagat ke pAlaka bhagavAn viSNu kI kSatriya jAti kalpita kI gaI hai| manu Adi prArambhika rAjA kSatriya jAti ke hI batalAye gaye haiN| kintu isakA yaha artha kadApi nahIM hai ki dUsarI jAti ke vyakti rAjA ho hI nahIM sakate the| atIta kAla meM isa bhArata vasudhA ke Upara katipaya brAhmaNa vaMzoM ne rAjya evaM sAmrAjya sthApita kiye the / inameM bahuta se apane jamAne ke bejor3a yoddhA evaM rAjanIti ke bhISmapitAmaha the| zuGga sAmrAjya kA saMsthApaka puSyamitra brAhmaNa-vaMza kA hI avataMsa thaa| jaimini (2 / 3 / 3) kI vyAkhyA meM kumArila bhaTTa ne likhA hai ki atIta kI paridhi meM sabhI jAtiyoM ke loga zAsaka hote dekhe gaye haiN| atIta ke lambe AyAma meM yatra-tatra zUdra bhI zAsaka hue haiN| isake lie manusmRti meM bhI ekAdhika pramANa dekhe jA sakate haiN|' manusmRti ke saptama adhyAya (zloka 41) meM adhArmika ataH rAjyacyuta kiye gaye rAjAoM kI eka saMkSipta tAlikA hai| usameM paijavana athavA paijavana sudA nAma se eka rAjA kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| yaha paijavana zUdra thA / isakI vipula sampatti kI carcA mahAbhArata tathA skandapurANa meM bhI AI hai| mantripariSad rAjya ke sAgara sadRza vizAla kRtya kevala eka vyakti ke hI sAmarthya se samAhita nahIM kiye jA sakate / sarala kArya bhI eka vyakti ke liye karanA kaThina hai, to zAsanakArya, jo ki prajA kA anuraMjana karanA apanA pAvana kartavya mAnatA hai, binA sahAyakoM ke kaise cala sakatA hai| kArya kI adhikatA ke kAraNa eka vyakti se truTiyAM 1. dekhiye-1189 / 2. 'rAjazabdo'pi nAma kSatriyajAtivacanaH, kintvabhiSiktajanapadapurapAlayitRpuruSavacanaH / ata evAha 'yathAvRtto bhavennRpaH' iti // ' manusmRti 7 / 1 para kullUka kI ttiikaa| 3. dekhiye-harivaMza 3 / 2 / 35 / 4. na zUdrarAjye nivaset ....." / manu0 4 / 61 / na rAjJaH pratigRhNIyAdarAjanyaprasUtitaH / manu0 4 / 84 / / 5. 'na rAjyamanamAtyena zakyaM zAstumapi tryaham / zAntiparva 106 / 11 / parisaMvAda-2

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prAcIna saMskRta-sAhitya meM mAnava samatA 227 bhI adhika sambhAvita haiM / ataH prAcIna kAla se hI rAjA loga rAjya kArya ke saMcAlana ke liye, use sahI evaM sarala DhaMga se calAne ke liye, mantriyoM kI nizakti kiyA karate the / ApastambadharmasUtra' meM 'amAtya' zabda 'mantrI' ke artha meM arthAt apane vAstavika artha meM prayukta huA hai| kadAcit apane sahI evaM abhrAnta artha meM 'amAtya' zabda kA yaha prathama prayoga hai| mantripariSad kA gaThana mantripariSad ke gaThana ke pUrva yaha batalA denA Avazyaka hai ki prAcIna sAhitya meM amAtya evaM mantrI meM antara mAnA jAtA thaa| amarakoza ke anusAra amAtyoM ke do bheda haiN| jo amAtya 'dhIsaciva' hote the unheM mantrI kahA jAtA thA aura aise amAtya jo mantrI nahIM the 'karmasaciva' kahalAte the| vAlmIki rAmAyaNa meM bhI 'amAtya' evaM 'mantrI' meM antara batalAyA gayA hai| kauTilya ke anusAra bhI amAtyoM evaM mantriyoM meM antara hai / kauTilya ne mantriyoM ko amAtyoM kI apekSA adhika uccapadAdhikArI mAnA hai| mahAbhArata meM amAtyoM ke ina dvividha rUpoM kI bahuta suspaSTa jhAMkI milatI hai| zAntiparva meM, rAjanIti ke paramAcArya tathA dhanurvidyA ke apratima yoddhA bhISma ke anusAra amAtya pariSad kI sadasya saMkhyA saiMtIsa honI caahie| isa amAtya pariSad meM sabhI vargoM kA samucita pratinidhitva dekhA jA sakatA hai| isameM cAra vedavid brAhmaNa, ATha zUravIra kSatriya, ikkIsa sampatti-sampanna vaizya, tIna vinIta evaM pavitra zUdra, tathA eka purANavidyA kA jJAtA sUta, hone cAhie / vastutaH yaha sAmAnya amAtyapariSad se bhinna jAna par3atI hai| isameM saMsada kA sA rUpa dikhalAI par3atA hai| sambhavataH rAjya ke sAre masale vicArArtha sarvaprathama isI pariSad ke samakSa prastuta kiye jAte the / sambhavataH yaha lovara pariSad thii| isa pariSad meM bhalI-bhA~ti vicAra kara lie jAne para hI viSaya apara pariSad meM jAtA thaa| isI apara pariSad ko mantri-pariSad kahA gayA hai / isameM ATha mantrI huA karate the| kadAcit rAjA hI isa pariSad kA adhyakSa huA karatA thaa|" isa pariSad ke sadasya kisa-kisa jAti ke loga hote the, yaha nirdeza nahIM kiyA gayA hai / sambhavataH isameM ucca varga ke hI loga rahA karate the| 1. 'gurUnamAtyAMzcaiva nAtijIvet' arthAt 'rAjA ko apane guruoM evaM amAtyoM se bar3hakara sukha pUrvaka nahIM jInA yA rahanA cAhie / ' 2 / 10 / 25 / 10 / 2. ayodhyAkANDa 1 / 2 / 17 / 3. arthazAstra 18 / 4. zAntiparva 85 / 7-11 / 5. aSTAnAM mantriNAM madhye mantraM rAjopadhArayet / zAnti0 85 / 11 / parisaMvAda-2

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228 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM . isa pariSad ke nirNayoM ko, isake dvArA pArita vidhAnoM ko deza meM pracArita kiyA jAtA thA aura rASTra ke pratyeka nAgarikoM ko isase paricita karAyA jAtA thaa|' ____ mantripariSad kI sadasya-saMkhyA ke viSaya meM prAcIna granthoM meM aikamatya nahIM hai| kintu prAyaH sabhI AcAryoM ne ise sAta se daza ke bhItara hI mAnA hai| vyavahAra (nyAya paddhati) prAcIna kAla meM niSpakSa nyAya kara aparAdhI ko daNDita karanA rAjA kA pramukha kArya mAnA jAtA thaa| rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata, sArI smRtiyA~ evaM arthazAstra Adi nyAya-zAsana ko rAjA kA pradhAna kartavya batalAte haiN| rAjA kI kacaharI yA nyAyAlaya ko dharmAsana, dharmasthAna yA dharmAdhikaraNa kahA jAtA thaa| mRcchakaTika meM nyAyAlaya ke lie adhikaraNa-maNDapa tathA pradhAna nyAyAdhIza ke lie adhikaraNika kahA gayA hai| nyAyAlaya kA atyanta vikasita evaM Adhunika rUpa mRcchakaTika meM vistRta rUpa se dekhA jA sakatA hai| smRtiyA~, tathA kAvyoM Adi ke avalokana se yaha bAta pratIta hotI hai ki prAcIna samaya meM do prakAra ke nyAyAlaya hote the(1) rAjA kA nyAyAlaya tathA (2) mukhya nyAyAdhIza kA nyAyAlaya / rAjA sarvocca nyAyAdhIza mAnA jAtA thaa| mukhya nyAyAdhIza ke nyAyAlaya kA nirNaya rAjA kI anumati kI prApti ke lie bhejA jAtA thaa| kintu rAjA ke nyAyAlaya meM bhI, rAjA kI sahAyatA ke lie, dharmastha (vidhi-vettA) rahA karate the, jo rAjA ko sahI nirNaya lene meM sahAyaka hote the|" nyAyAdhIzoM ko smRtiyoM ke anusAra hI prAyaH nirNaya karanA par3atA thaa| choTI jAti ke vyakti (jaise carmakAra Adi) bhI nyAya ke samAna rUpa se bhAgIdAra the| nyAya-vyavasthA ke samaya sabhI jAtiyoM ke janoM ke kula, jAti tathA deza Adi ke dharmoM para dRSTi rakhI jAtI thii| (manu0 8141-46) / usa kAla meM nyAya sastA tathA sarvajanasulabha thA / nyAya ke samakSa choTe-bar3e kA vicAra nahIM kiyA jAtA thaa| 1. tataH sampreSayed rASTra rASTriyAya ca darzayet / anena vyavahAreNa draSTavyAste prajAH sadA // zAnti0 85 / 12 / 2. dekhiye--mRcchakaTika, aMka 9 / 3. dekhiye-yAjJavalkyasmRti tathA nAradasmRti / 4. dekhiye-mRcchakaTika, pRSTha 617, DaoN0 ramAzaMkara tripAThI ke dvArA sampAdita saMskaraNa / 5. rghuvNsh-17|39 / 6. manusmRti 8141 / parisaMvAda-2

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prAcIna saMskRta-sAhitya meM mAnava samatA svAyatta grAma-saMsthAe~ mahAbhArata tathA manusmRti-ye donoM hI grantha-svAyatta-grAma-saMsthAoM ke viSaya meM akSarazaH ekamata haiN| inake anusAra grAma meM apanA zAsana calatA rahatA thA / grAma kA zAsaka 'grAmika' yA 'grAmAdhipati' kahalAtA thA / kendra meM cAhe jo bhI zAsana yA zAsaka ho, usase grAma-zAsana para koI vizeSa prabhAva na par3atA thaa| grAma kA sthAnIya zAsana svataH saMcAlita hotA thaa| grAmika kA kArya dvividha thA / eka ora to vaha gA~va ke samagra viSayoM ko dekhatA tathA sulajhAtA thA aura dUsarI ora gA~va ke logoM se rAjA ke lie kara bhI grahaNa karatA thaa| kara, AkramaNa tathA rakSA Adi bAtoM ke atirikta kendrIya zAsana kisI prakAra kA hastakSepa nahIM karatA thA, vaha kevala eka sAmAnya niyantraNa bhara rakhatA thaa| gA~va apane Apa meM eka ati choTe rAjya ke rUpa meM kArya karatA thA / kendra ne apane katipaya adhikAra ina ikAiyoM ko sauMpa diye the / grAma-saMsthA rASTra kI nyUnatama ikAI thii| isake Upara phira daza gA~voM kI ikAI banatI thii| daza gA~voM ke rakSaka ko 'grAmadazeza' kahA jAtA thaa| isake Upara bIsa gA~voM kI, sau gA~voM kI tathA sahasra gA~voM kI ikAiyA~ hotI thiiN| uparyukta tathyoM ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki rAjya-saMgaThana meM sAdhAraNa vyaktiyoM kA bhI yogadAna rahA karatA thaa| dharma-nirapekSatA 'svasvakarmaNyabhirataH siddhi vindati mAnavaH' apane-apane karma meM rata rahatA huA pratyeka prANI saphalatA sahacarI kA AsAnI se saMgama kara letA hai yaha siddhAnta prAcIna zAsana-tantra kI pramukhatama vicAradhArAoM meM eka thaa| usa jamAne meM pratyeka vyakti ko yaha adhikAra prApta thA ki vaha apane kula-dharma, jAti-dharma tathA deza-dharma ke anusAra AcaraNa kre| rAjA cAhe jisa mata kA rahatA rahA ho, para vaha apanI prajA ke dharmAcaraNa meM kabhI bhI bAdhA nahIM DAlatA thA / apanI zikSA, apane paramparAprApta AcAra Adi ke pAlana evaM pracAra ke lie pratyeka vyakti ko chUTa thii| dharma athavA lA (Law) ___ isa nibandha meM kaI bAra dharma zabda AyA hai| mAnava-adhikAra ke sandarbha meM dharma zabda ko sunakara katipaya vyakti yaha vicAra kara sakate haiM ki bhArata ke prAcIna 1. dekhiye-mahAbhArata, zAntiparva 8713-12 tathA manusmRti 7 / 116-120 / 2. dekhiye-manusmRti 8141 tathA Age evaM 2 / 20 bhii| 'sve sve dharme niviSTAnAM sarveSAmanupUrvazaH / varNAnAmAzramANAJca rAjA sRSTo'bhirakSitA // manu0 7 / 35 parisaMvAda -2

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230. 'bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAe~ kAla meM 'mAnava-svAtantrya' athavA ' mAnava adhikAra' nAma kI koI vastu na thI, athavA usakA koI khAsa mUlya na thA, kyoMki usa samaya zAsana dharma ke AdhAra para, majahaba ke AdhAra para saJcAlita hotA thA / kintu yaha bAta nirAdhAra hai| zAsana ke sandarbha meM dharma kA artha majahaba yA eka varga vizeSa kI mAnyatA samajhanA bhArI bhUla hogI / prAcIna kAla ke sAhitya ko dekhane se yaha vidita hotA hai ki usa samaya zAsana Adi sArvajanIna kAryoM meM prayukta 'dharma' kisI sampradAya yA mata kA dyotaka nahIM thA, pratyuta yaha jIvana kA eka DhaMga yA AcaraNa saMhitA rahA, jo samAja ke aGga tathA vyakti ke rUpa meM mAnava ke kAryoM ko vyavasthita karatA huA samAja meM maryAdA kI sthApanA karatA thA / isako aura sarala DhaMga se samajhAne ke lie kahA jA sakatA hai ki prAcIna kAla meM dharma, kAnUna, vidhi, maryAdA, daNDa tathA lA samAnArthaka zabda the / 'daNDaM dharmaM vidurbudhAH' (manu0 7 18) daNDa ko hI vidvAnoM ne dharma kI saMjJA pradAna kI hai / ' jaba hama dharma evaM daNDa yA lA ko samAnArthaka mAnate haiM, sahI DhaMga se laga jAtI hai ki tabhI yaha bAta bhI arthAt satyayuga meM dharma kucha dUsare hI DhaMga kA rahA / tretA aura dvApara meM isake kucha aura hI rUpa rahe tathA isa kaliyuga meM anya prakAra ke hI dharma kI vyavasthA hai / yuga ke anurUpa dharmaM ke svarUpa meM bhI parivartana hotA rahatA hai / anye kRtayuge dharmAstretAyAM dvApare'pare / anye kaliyuge nRNAM yugahrAsAnurUpataH // manu 1 / 85 isa bAta kA samarthana mahAbhArata tathA baudhAyanadharmasUtra meM bhI hotA hai / inake anusAra dharma tIna prakAra kA hotA hai - ( 1 ) vedokta, (2) dharmazAstroM ke dvArA kathita tathA (3) paramparA yA ziSTa janoM se prApta / dharma ke ye tInoM hI srota jaba saMgama ko prApta hote the tabhI mahAdharma rUpa prayAga ke svarUpa kA nirmANa hotA thA, jo sabhI varga ke vyaktiyoM, yahA~ taka ki prANimAtra ke liye bhI zirodhArya huA karatA thA / 1. aura dekhiye manu0 7 17, mahAbhArata 15 / 10 / 2. vedoktaH paramo dharmaH smRtizAstragato'paraH / ziSTAcIrNaH paraH proktastrayo dharmAH sanAtanAH || anuzAsanaparva 145 / 65 trividhaM dharmalakSaNam / vanaparva 207 / 83 / upadiSTo dharmaH prativedam / "smArto dvitIyaH / tRtIyaH ziSTAgamaH / baudhAyanadharmasUtra 1 / 1 / 1-4 // parisaMvAdava-2

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prAcIna saMskRta-sAhitya meM mAnava samatA striyoM kI avasthA svarga evaM apavarga ke mArgabhUta bhArata ke sudUra atIta ke parizIlana se yaha bAta spaSTa ho jAtI hai ki isa deza meM atyanta prAcIna kAla se hI striyoM ko gauravAspada sthiti prApta thI / unheM arddhAMginI kA darjA prApta thA / ve devI kahI jAtI thIM / isa deza ke dhArmika sAhitya ne jahA~ eka ora viSNu, ziva, gaNeza tathA indra Adi devoM kI kalpanA kI hai vahIM usane durgA, mahAkAlI, mahAlakSmI evaM mahAsarasvatI kI bhI AdarAspada sattA svIkAra kI hai / hamAre deza ke dArzanikoM ne bhI zakti kI kalpanA brahma se kama nahIM kI hai / yadi ve kAzI meM ziva kI ArAdhanA se mukti kI kAmanA karate the to vindhya kI upatyakA meM virAjamAna mA~ durgA kI arcanA se dharma, artha, kAma evaM mokSa kI bhI abhilASA rakhate the / yadi himAlaya kI uttuGga zRGkhalAoM ke madhya nara-nArAyaNa kA darzana kara unheM zAnti milatI thI to bhArata ke sudUra dakSiNa kanyAkumArI meM tapasyArata kumArI pArvatI ke samakSa zraddhAvanata ho, ve sArI manokAmanAe~ pUrI karane kI abhilASA rakhate the / isa taraha hama dekhate haiM ki isa deza ke atyanta prAcIna pariveza meM striyoM kA darjA prAyaH puruSoM ke hI samakakSa thA / hamAre deza meM vivAha ekamAtra aindriya sukha kI tRpti ke liye hI na thA / maharSiyoM ne jina kAraNoM se vivAha kI AvazyakatA batalAI hai, unameM dhArmika kRtyoM kA sampAdana tathA putrotpAdana pramukha the / dharmapatnI ke binA puruSa apUrNa the, unheM dhArmika kRtyoM ke sampAdana kA pUrNa adhikAra prApta na thA / Akhira maryAdApuruSottama rAma azvamedha kI yAjJika kriyA tabhI sampanna kara sake, jaba unhoMne apane vAma bhAga meM sItA kI suvarNapratimA sthApita kI / vivAha kA dUsarA pramukha kAraNa thA kAlAnusAra strI ke sAtha nivAsa kara putra utpanna karanA, kyoMki isake binA koI bhI vyakti pitR RNa se uRNa nahIM mAnA jA sakatA thA / aindriya sukha to vivAha kA antima evaM nimnatama kAraNa thA / strI-zikSA yaha eka bahuta bar3I vicitra bAta hai, aura bahuta logoM ko yaha jAnakara Azcarya bhI hogA ki vartamAna tathA madhyakAla kI apekSA prAcInakAla meM striyoM kI zaikSaNika avasthA kahIM divya evaM bhavya thI / vizva ke upalabdha prAcInatama grantha Rgveda kI katipaya RcAyeM pUjya bhAratIya nAriyoM ke dvArA racI gaI haiN| jina bhAratIya lalanAoM ne apanI bauddhika paripakvatA tathA mAnasika ucca dharAtalatA ke sAtha 1. ayajJiyo vA eSa yo'patnIkaH / taittirIya brA0 2,2, 2, 6 / parisaMvAda - 2

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232 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna smbhaavnaaeN| apanI kavitva zakti se Rgveda ko samRddha kara maharSiyoM kI samakakSatA arjita kI hai, unameM 'ApAlA' 'ghoSA kAkSIvatI' tathA 'vizvavArA' agraNI haiN| mithilAdhipati, adhyAtmatattvavettA mahArAja janaka kI sabhA ke ujjvala hIraka, apane jamAne ke bejor3a dArzanika yAjJavalkya kI do striyA~ thIM, jinameM maitreyI apate pati kI hI bhA~ti sarvadA satyajJAna kI khoja meM hI rata rahA karatI thii| kisI samaya bhautika sampatti kI bAta karane para usane apane pati se kahA thA-'jisase maiM amara nahIM ho sakU~gI usase merA kyA prayojana / ' mahArAja janaka kI hI sabhA kI madhyamaNi thIM mahAdevI gArgI / usa samaya virale hI tArkika, dArzanika vyakti, adhyAtmakSetra ke uttara pratyuttara kartAoM meM agraNI, tejasvI vyaktitva gArgI ke sAtha zAstrArtha karane kA sAhasa kara pAte the / usane dArzanika ziromaNi yAjJavalkya ke bhI dA~ta khaTTe kara diye the| diggaja vidvAnoM ko bhI usakA sAmanA karane para digbhrama ho jAyA karatA thaa|' vaidika tathA dArzanika jagat meM apanI pratimA se jagatI ko Alokita karane vAlI isa dharatI kI nAriyA~ laukika kAvya nirmANa meM bhI puruSoM se pIche na thiiN| jina kaviyitriyoM ne apanI kalpanA se saMskRta-sAhitya ko caturdika zrIsampanna kiyA hai unameM vijjakA, avantisundarI tathA zIlA bhaTTArikA Adi kA nAma cirasmaraNIya rhegaa| prAcIna kAla meM puruSoM kI hI bhA~ti striyoM ko bhI upanayana tathA vedAdhyayana kA adhikAra prApta thaa| smRtikAra hArIta ne striyoM ke upanayana tathA vedAdhyayana sambandhI adhikAra kI vyAkhyA de rakhI hai| vizva-vizruta bhASAvaijJAnika pANini ne bhI 'AcAryA' evaM 'upAdhyAyA' zabdoM ke sAdhanArtha vyutpatti dI hai| isase yaha spaSTa pratIta hotA hai ki sUtra evaM vArtika kAla meM striyA~ puruSoM kI hI bhA~ti gurukuloM meM deza-videza se Aye hue zraddhAvanata ziSyoM ko par3hAyA karatI thiiN| yadi hama bhArata ke atIta kAla ke viSaya meM jarA sAvadhAnI se vicAra karane kA prayAsa kareM to hameM yaha jAnakara Azcarya hotA hai ki usa kAla meM bhI sAmAnya rUpa se nAriyoM meM zikSA kA pracura pracAra thaa| gobhilagRhyasUtra tathA kAThakagRhyasUtra se yaha patA calatA hai ki usa samaya kI dulahine prAyaH zikSita huA karatI thiiN| ve apane vivAha ke avasara para vara ke sAtha hI mantroccAraNa kiyA karatI thiiN| spaSTa hai ki 1. bRhadAraNyakopaniSad 2 / 4 / 1-3 / 3. kAzikA 4 / 1 / 59 tathA 3 / 3 / 21 / 5. 25-23 / / 2. vahI 3 / 7 / 8 / 4. 2 / 1 / 19-20 / parisaMvAda-2

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prAcIna saMskRta-sAhitya meM mAnava samatA 233 usa samaya taka striyoM ko vaidika mantroM ke uccAraNa kA adhikAra upalabdha thaa| kAmasUtra se bhI striyoM kI sAmAnya zikSA kA parijJAna hotA hai| AcArya vAtsyAyana ne navapariNItAoM ke prema-patra kI carcA kI hai| kavitA-kAminI ke vilAsa mahAkavi kAlidAsa ke kAla taka bhI, Aja kI hI bhA~ti, prema-patra kI paripATI kA paryApta pracalana thaa| jagadvidita nATaka 'abhijJAnazAkuntalam' meM nAyikA zakuntalA ke dvArA duSyanta ko prema-patra likhane kI carcA kI gaI hai| kintu bar3e duHkha ke sAtha likhanA par3atA hai ki jo nAriyA~ mantradraSTA thIM, Rgveda kI nirmAtrI thIM, jo vaidika RcAoM se dUsaroM ko pAvana karane kI kSamatA rakhatI thIM, pAvana avasaroM para jinheM vaidika mantroM ke uccAraNa kA pUrNa adhikAra prApta thA, ve hI bAda meM vaidika sAhitya ke prabhAva ke hrAsonmukha hone para tathA smRtiyoM ke udgama kAla taka Ate-Ate vaidika mantroM ke uccAraNa ke bhI adhikAra se vaMcita kara dI giiN| unakA vedAdhyayana tathA mantroccAraNa Adi kA adhikAra chIna liyA gayA / vedoM ke adhyayana tathA saMskAroM Adi kI dRSTi se unakI gaNanA zUdroM kI zreNI meM kI jAne lgii| prAyaH sabhI smRtiyA~, purANa tathA mahAbhArata striyoM ke vedAdhyayana ke niSedha ke bAre meM eka mata haiN| yadyapi kAlAntara meM striyoM ko vaidika adhikAra se vaMcita kara diyA gayA thA, kintu unakA sAmAnya adhyayana phira bhI abAdha gati se calatA rhaa| sahazikSA isa deza meM saMhitAkAla se lekara sUtra-kAla (600 I0 pU0 se I0 san0 ke Arambha) paryanta strI zikSA kA prasAra pracuramAtrA meM thaa| yataH strI zikSA ke liye kahIM bhI alaga vidhAna nahIM milatA, isase pratIta hotA hai ki bAlaka evaM bAlikAe~ sabhI eka hI guru ke samakSa baiThakara sAtha-sAtha zikSA grahaNa kiyA karate the| guru se upa-za pAte aura apane bhaviSya kA nirmANa karate the| saha zikSA kI jhalaka hama bhavabhUti ke 'mAlatI mAdhava' rUpaka meM spaSTa rUpa se dekha sakate haiM / vivAha Rgveda ke parizIlana se yaha vidita hotA hai ki lar3akiyoM ko svayaM vara cunane kA adhikAra prApta thaa| isase yaha bhI pratIta ho jAtA hai ki lar3akiyA~ vayaska ho 1. shaakuntlm-3|12-13 2. strIzUdradvijabandhUnAM trayI na zrutigocarA / bhAgavata 1 / 4 / 25 / 3. 'ayi, kiM na vetsi yadekatra no vidyAparigrahAya nAnAdigantavAsinAM sAhacaryamAsIt / ' (prathama aNk)| 4. Rgveda 10 / 27 / 12 / parisaMvAda-2

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234 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAe~ jAne para vivAha kiyA karatI thiiN| kintu vaya-sambandhI nizcitatA ke viSaya meM koI eka sudRr3ha niyama na thaa| Rgveda meM hI alpavayaskA lar3akiyoM ke vivAha ke bhI saMketa upalabdha hote haiM / kucha striyA~ AjIvana avivAhita raha jAyA karatI thiiN|' gRhyasUtroM ke adhyayana se patA calatA hai ki unake kAla meM yuvatI ho jAne ke bAda hI striyoM kA vivAha hotA thA, kyoMki vivAha ke anantara katipaya dinoM ke bhItara hI navapariNItA ke sAtha vara ke saMyoga-saMbhoga kA Adeza milatA hai / varSa ke bhItara hI pUtrotpAdana kA AzIrvAda pradAna kiyA jAtA thaa| I0 pU0 600 se prathama zatI taka prAyaH yuvatI striyA~ hI vivAhita hotI thIM, kintu bAda meM 200 I0 ke lagabhaga (yAjJavalkyasmRti kA kAla) yauvana-prApti ke pUrva hI unake vivAha kA vidhAna milatA hai| bahupatnIkatA tathA bahubhartRkatA yadyapi vaidika sAhitya ke AloDana se yaha bAta sUrya kI bhA~ti prakAzita ho jAtI hai ki una dinoM taka eka patnIkatA kA hI Adarza thA kintu bahupatnIkatA ke bhI udAharaNa mila hI jAte haiM / Rgveda tathA atharvaveda meM patnI ke dvArA sauta ke prati apane prANa-priya pati ke prema ko ghaTAne ke liye, usake AkarSaNa ko sauta kI ora se mor3ane ke liye mantra par3hA gayA hai| Rgveda se yaha bAta vidita hotI hai ki indra kI kaI rAniyA~ thiiN| mahArAja harizcandra kI pUrI-pUrI eka sau patniyA~ thiiN|" bahata sI patniyoM ko eka sAtha rakhane kI yaha bhagor3I prathA kevala rAjAoM-mahArAjAoM taka hI parisImita na thI / Arthika dRSTi se sAmAnya vyakti bhI eka se adhika patniyoM kA Ananda lenA cAhate the| mithilA ke prasiddha dArzanika yAjJavalkya kI do patniyA~ thIkAtyAyanI evaM maitreyii| __ sAMsArika sukhoM kI abhilASA-rajju pratyeka prANI ke hRdaya ko jakar3a kara jar3a banA detI hai| yadyapi eka se adhika patnI pAlane kI prathA Rgveda se vartamAna kAla taka akSuNNa rUpa se upalabdha hotI hai, tathApi saMhitA-kAla se lekara sUtra-kAla tathA 1. sA'haM tasmin kule jAtA bhartaryasati madvidhe / vinItA mokSadharmeSu carAmyekA munivratam / / mahAbhArata, 12, 325, 103 / 2. vAlmIki rAmAyaNa 2 / 119 / 34 / 3. Rgveda 10 / 145 tathA atharvaveda 3 / 18 / 4. Rgveda 10 / 159 / 5. aitareya brAhmaNa 33 / 1 / parisaMbAva-2

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prAcIna saMskRta-sAhitya meM mAnava samatA 235 bAda ke sAhitya meM bhI eka vivAha Adarza mAnA gayA hai| svayaM Rgveda meM bhI bahuta sI striyoM ko rakhanA mahAn kaSTakAraka batalAyA gayA hai| jisa prakAra eka puruSa eka hI samaya meM eka se adhika patniyoM ko rakha sakatA thA, unase apanA manoraMjana kara sakatA thA, usI prakAra striyoM ko eka sAtha eka se adhika pati rakhane kA adhikAra prApta na thaa| taittirIya saMhitA' evaM aitareya brAhmaNa ke adhyayana se yaha bAta suspaSTa vidita hotI hai ki unake praNayana-kAla taka bhAratavasundharA para kahIM bhI bahubhartRkatA kA patA nahIM thA / eka mAtra dropadI ke udAharaNa ko chor3akara samagra saMskRta sAhitya meM eka bhI aisA sthala nahIM hai, jisase bahubhartRkatA kA patA cala sake athavA samarthana ho / mahAbhArata meM yaha spaSTa likhA hai ki jaba logoM ko isa bAta kA patA calA ki yudhiSThira ne draupadI ko sabhoM bhAiyoM kI patnI mAna liyA hai, to unake Azcarya kA ThikAnA na rhaa| unake liye yaha ekadama asvAbhAvika tathA vidhAna-vihIna bAta thii| jaba yudhiSThira ko yaha samajhAne kA prabala prayAsa kiyA gayA ki isa taraha kI bAta avyAvahArika tathA paramparA viruddha hai, taba unhoMne uttara diyA-isa taraha kA kArya pahale bhI hotA thaa| apane pakSa ke samarthana ke liye unhoMne do udAharaNa prastuta karate hue kahA ki-'jaTilA gautamI' saptarSiyoM kI patnI thI tathA sabhI daza prAcetasa bhAI, vAI ke pati the| kintu isa prakAra ke udAharaNa mahAbhArata ke ukta sthala ko chor3akara aura kahIM nahIM milate / ataH inakI aitihAsikatA ko asaMdigdha nahIM mAnA jA sakatA / tatkAlIna samAja bahubhartRkatA kI prathA ko nindanIya mAnatA thA / sabhA parva meM karNa ne draupadI ko vezyA kahA hai, kyoMki vaha eka sAtha pA~ca pANDavoM kI patnI thii| antarjAtIya vivAha antarjAtIya vivAha sUtra granthoM ke kAla taka vaidha pratIta hote haiM / vasiSTha dharmasUtra ke anusAra zUdra strI ke sAtha uccavarNa ke vyakti vivAha kara sakate the| kintu isa taraha kA vivAha dhArmika kRtya ke liye nahIM apitu Amoda-pramoda ke liye, sAMsArika Ananda ke liye huA karatA thaa| dhArmika kRtya kA sampAdana to uccavarNa kA vyakti savarNA strI ke sAtha hI karane kA adhikArI thaa| kintu yahA~ yaha dhyAna rakhanA hai ki sUtrakAla yA sUtrakAla se pUrva bhI antarjAtIya vivAha svAbhAvika evaM 1. taittirIya saMhitA 6 / 6 / 4 / 3, 6 / 5 / 2 / 4 / 3. viSNudharmasUtra 26 / 1-4 / 2. aitareya brAhmaNa 12 / 11 / 4. vasiSThadharmasUtra 18 / 18 / parisaMvAda-2

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236 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAe~ sAmAnya rUpa se pracalita na the / jaba koI zUdrA kanyA atyanta sundarI ho, usake saundarya, zarIra gaThana tathA guNoM kI carcA caturdik prasarita ho rahI ho, tabhI koI uccavarNa kA vyakti use aGgIkAra karatA thA / Akhira Amoda-pramoda kUr3A-karkaTa se nahIM, apitu cittAkarSaka vastuoM se hI to hotA hai / yahA~ yaha smaraNIya hai ki prAcIna saMskRta sAhitya meM antarjAtIya vivAha ke nAma para jo kucha chUTa dI gaI hai usakA kevala itanA hI artha hai ki ucca varNa ke vyakti nimnavarNa kI strI se vivAha kara sakate the / koI bhI zUdra ucca varNa kI kanyA ke sAtha vivAha karane kA adhikArI na thA / vivAhAdi sambandhI yaha udAratA sUtra kAla ke bAda kramazaH lupta hotI gaI aura smRtiyoM tathA purANoM ke samaya taka Ate-Ate vivAha sambandhI kaThora niyama bana cuke the / yadyapi manusmRti meM antarjAtIya vivAha kI jhA~kI yatra-tatra dekhI jA sakatI hai, kintu kula milAkara jor3ane-ghaTAne para niSedha pakSa hI prabala pratIta hotA hai | 3 vidhavA-vivAha hindU samAja meM RRgveda se lekara Aja taka vidhavA striyoM kI dazA meM kucha vizeSa ullekhanIya antara nahIM AyA hai / Rgveda meM vidhavA kI jo kucha dhUmila jhA~kI milatI hai usase vidita hotA hai ki ve samAja kI upekSitA mahilAe~ thiiN| samAja ke avAMchanIya tattvoM se unheM sarvadA bhaya banA rahatA thA / dharmazAstroM tathA purANoM se vidita hotA hai ki una dinoM vidhavA striyoM kA jIvana kaThora tapasyA kA jIvana thA / zRGgAra tathA prasAdhana kI bAta to dUra rahI, bhara peTa bhojana aura ArAma kI nIMda bhI unheM durlabha thii| tapasyA kI tapatI Aga meM zarIra ko sukhAkara kA~TA banA denA, saundarya kI vikasatI kalI ko bhUkha kI jvAlA meM jhulasA kara sukhA denA hI unakA dharma thA / vivAhAdi mAMgalika utsavoM meM unakA darzana dhUmaketu kI bhA~ti amaMgalakArI samajhA jAtA thA / yAtrA ke Arambha meM yadi ve sAmane A jAya~ to unakA milana siyArina ke darzana kI taraha apazakuna mAnA jAtA thA / kevala jIvana yAtrA ko calAne bhara ke liye Avazyaka sampatti para hI unakA adhikAra thA / zAstroM meM vidhavA-vivAha ke liye yatra tatra carcA pAI jAtI hai / parantu isa prakAra kI carcA 1. strIratnaM duSkulAdapi // manusmRti 2 / 238 / 2. dekhiye - manusmRti 3 / 13 / 3. na brAhmaNakSatriyayorApadyapi hi tiSThatoH / kasmiMzcidapi vRttAnte zUdrA bhAryopadizyate // manu0 3 / 14 / 4. ko vAM zayutrA vidhaveva devaram / Rgveda 10|40|2 | nArI tu patyabhAve vai devaraM kRNute patim / mahAbhArata 13 / 12 / 19 / parisaMvAda - 2

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231 prAcIna saMskRta-sAhitya meM mAnava samatA kevala kucha apavAda mAtra hai, sUkhate hue vaMzavRkSa ko punarujjIvita karane ke liye prayAsa mAtra hai| dharmazAstrakAroM kA bahumata vidhavAoM ke tapasvI jIvana kA hI pakSapAtI thaa| striyoM ke kucha vizeSAdhikAra __kucha mAne meM bhAratIya striyoM ko puruSoM kI apekSA viziSTa adhikAra prApta the| striyoM kI hatyA nahIM kI jA sakatI thii| mArga Adi meM unheM Age nikala jAne kA avasara pradAna kiyA jAtA thaa| patita vyakti kA putra patita mAnA jAtA thA, kintu patita kI kanyA patita nahIM samajhI jAtI thI, vaha svAbhAvika rUpa se samAja-grAhya thii|' samAna aparAdha ke liye striyoM ko puruSoM kI apekSA AdhA hI prAyazcitta karanA par3atA thaa| brAhmaNoM kI bhA~ti striyA~ bhI karamukta thiiN| ghATa Adi kI utarAI meM bhI unheM koI kara nahIM denA par3atA thaa| strI-dhana ke adhikAra meM putroM kI apekSA putriyoM ko pramukhatA prApta thI / (manu0 9 / 131) / jahA~ taka pArivArika pariveza meM strI ke adhikAra kI bAta hai, usakA sthAna asaMdigdharUpa se sarvopari thA / 'gRhiNIgRhamucyate' patnI ko 'gRha' hI kahA jAtA thaa| vaha ghara kI sArvabhauma sAmrAjJI thI, parivAra ke sadasyoM ko ucita puraskAra pradAtA thii| usakA gaurava pitA ke gaurava se eka hajAra gunA adhika thaa| ghara kA dainandina evaM vArSika vajaTa usake hAthoM meM rahatA thaa| use ghara kI sArI sUkSma bAteM jJAta rahA karatI thiiN| dAya-bhAga __ manu ke anusAra dAya-bhAga kI dRSTi se putrI evaM putra samAna the, donoM hI dAya ke adhikArI the| kintu anya prasaMgoM ke vivaraNa se patA calatA hai ki putra kI anupasthiti meM hI putrI ko dAya-bhAga kI adhikAriNI mAnA jAtA thaa| putra ke abhAva meM putrI ke rahate koI anya sambandhI Adi kisI vyakti ke dhana kA adhikArI nahIM mAnA jAtA thaa|" 1. vaziSThadharmasUtra 13 / 51-53, Apa0 dha0 sU0 2 / 6 / 13 / 4; Adi / 2. Apa0 dha0 sU0 2 / 10 / 26 / 10-11 / 3. sahasraM tu pitan mAtA gauraveNAtiricyate / manu0 2 / 145 / 4. mahAbhArata, vanaparva (a0 233) aura kAmasUtra (6 / 1 / 32) / 5. yathaivAtmA tathA putraH putreNa duhitA samA / tasyAmAtmani tiSThantyAM kathamanyo dhanaM haret // manu0 9 / 130 / parisaMvAda-2

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238 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAe~ vastutaH aisI paramparA vaidika kAla meM hI pratiSThita ho cukI thii| udAharaNArtha Rgveda meM uSA kI upamA usa nArI se dI gaI hai, jo bhrAtA ke abhAva meM pitA ke dhana ko prApta karatI hai / (Rgveda 11124) striyA~ rAjya-zAsana kI bhI adhikAriNI huA karatI thiiN| rAmAyaNa meM rAma ke vana gamana kI bAta upasthita hone para sItA ko siMhAsana dene kI bAta AI hai|' mahAbhArata meM bhISma ne yudhiSThira ko salAha dI hai ki-yuddha meM mRta rAjAoM ko yadi koI putra na ho to unakI putriyoM ko siMhAsana para abhiSikta kara diyA jAya / raghuvaMza ke anusAra agnivarSa kI mRtyu ke bAda usakI paTarAnI siMhAsana para baiThI thiiN| zUdroM kI sthiti ___ saMsAra ko niyamita evaM santulita rUpa se calAne ke liye vaidika sAhitya ke Arambhika kAla se hI samUce samAja ko cAra vargoM yA vargoM meM vibhakta pAyA jAtA hai| ina vargoM kI utpatti kI kalpanA vaidika sAhitya ke kucha vilakSaNa DhaMga se hI kI gaI hai / isake anusAra Adi puruSa viSNu ke mukha se brAhmaNoM, bAhuoM se kSatriyoM, jA~ghoM se vaizyoM tathA paira se zUdroM kI utpatti huI hai| varNoM kI utpatti viSayaka yaha kalpanA saMhitAkAla se Arambha kara smRti-granthoM tathA purANoM ke kAla taka akSuNNa rUpa se pravAhita hotI calI AI hai| samagra saMskRta-sAhitya vargoM kI utpattiviSayaka isI vicAradhArA se udvelita hai / zUdra samAja kA vaha nikRSTa varga mAnA jAtA rahA hai, jisakA kartavya thA dvija arthAt brAhmaNa, kSatriya tathA vaizya kI paricaryA / paricaryA ke liye hI vaha prajApati ke dvArA racA gayA hai| yahI usakA zAstravihita karbha hai| dhanasaMcaya kA adhikAra zUdra ko nahIM thaa| dhArmika kArya ke sampAdana meM bhI vaha svatantra na thaa| isake liye use rAjA se AjJA prApta karanA Avazyaka thaa| svAmI ke dvArA dhAraNa kara chor3I gaI vastue~ hI usakA dhana thaa| zUdra kA apanA koI dhana nahIM thaa| usake sAre dhana para usake svAmI kA hI adhikAra thaa| yaha svAmI kA hI pAvana kartavya thA ki vaha apanI zuzrUSA meM lage zUdra ke samUce parivAra ke bharaNa-poSaNa kI vyavasthA kre|" 3. dekhiye-19|55 / 1. dekhiye-2|37|38 / 2. dekhiye-12|32|23| 4. dekhiye-manu0 287 / tathA bhAgavata 11 / 5 / 2 / 5. dekhiye-mahAbhArata, zAntiparva, 60 / 28-37 / parisaMvAda-2

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prAcIna saMskRta-sAhitya meM mAnava samatA 239 zUdra evaM zikSA zUdra veda vahiSkRta thaa| use veda par3hane kA adhikAra bilakula prApta na thaa| vaha itihAsa purANa Adi suna sakatA thaa| vyAsAsana para baiTha kara itihAsa-purANa Adi kI vyAkhyA karane kA adhikAra zUdra ko nahIM prApta thaa| yataH vaidika mantroM ke uccAraNa kA adhikAra zUdra ko prApta na thA, ataH vaha vaidika yajJoM ko bhI karane kA adhikArI na thaa| zUdra kI niyamita zikSA kA kahIM vistRta nirdeza upalabdha nahIM hotA / vaha hastazilpa Adi kI zikSA kisI guru se le sakatA thaa| kintu koI bhI ucca varNa kA vyakti kisI zUdra ko kisI bhI taraha kI zikSA ke liye apanA ziSya nahIM banAtA thaa| apane jamAne ke bejor3a dhanurdhara, dhanurvidyA ke paramAcArya AcArya droNa brAhmaNa the| unhoMne dhanurvidyA kI zikSA lene ke liye zraddhA ke sAtha apane pAsa Aye hue bhIla kumAra ekalavya ko isaliye asvIkAra kara diyA thA, kyoMki vaha zUdra thaa| vedoM, upaniSadoM tathA smRtiyoM Adi ke adhyayana meM zUdra kA adhikAra na thaa| samUce saMskRta-sAhitya meM, jahA~ taka mujhe jJAta hai, eka bhI zUdra AcArya kA patA nahIM calatA, jisase ziSya-gaNa vidyAdhyayana karate rahe hoN| hA~ manusmRti meM atyanta kSINa yaha saMketa avazya milatA hai ki jaba taba jahA~-tahA~ koI adhyAtmatattvopadeSTA zUdra ho jAtA hai, jisase ucca varNa ke logoM ko bhI kalyANakArI jJAna le lenA cAhiye / kintu yaha kevala dharma vyavasthAmAtra pratIta hotI hai| zUdra kA yajJa evaM devapUjA sambandhI adhikAra Arambha meM zUdroM ke yajJa evaM devapUjA Adi ke viSaya meM kucha adhika kaThora niyama na the| brAhmaNa kSatriya evaM vaizya kI bhA~ti zUdra bhI yajJa kara apane liye svarga kI sIr3hI kA nirmANa kara sakatA thA, devapUjA kara mukti ke dvAra taka pahu~ca sakatA thaa| bAdari nAmaka eka prAcIna AcArya ne likhA hai ki zUdra bhI yajJa kara sakate haiN| bhAradvAjazrautasUtra ne kucha prAcIna AcAryoM kA mata prakAzita kiyA hai, jisake anusAra zUdra bhI tInoM vaidika agni jalAkara apane trividha tApoM kA upazamana kara sakate the| mahAbhArata ke anusAra tInoM vargoM kI bhA~ti zUdra bhI yajJa kara sakatA thaa| kintu use svAhAkAra, vaSaTkAra tathA vaidika mantroM ke prayoga kA adhikAra prApta na thA / vaha yajJa (pAkayajJa) kI samApti para yatheccha dakSiNA bhI de sakatA thaa| 1. dekhiye-manu0 2 / 238 aura usapara kullUkabhaTTa ko TIkA / 2. 'nimittArthena vAdaristasmA sarvAdhikAraM syAt / ' jaiminI 1 / 3 / 27 / 3. bhAradvAjazrautasUtra 5 / 2 / 8 / parisaMvAda-2

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.240 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAe~ mahAbhArata ke anusAra paijavana nAmaka eka zUdra ne aindrAgna yajJa kI samApti para dakSiNA ke rUpa meM eka lAkha pUrNapAtra dAna kiyA thaa|' paijavana zUdra kI eka bahuta mahattvapUrNa kathA skandapurANa ke brAhma khaNDa meM AtI hai / kathA kA atisaMkSipta prArUpa isa prakAra hai-paijavana viSNu evaM brAhmaNoM kA pUjaka thaa| usake pAsa vizAla sampatti thii| usakA vyApAra apane deza ke bhItara tathA bAhara bhI calA karatA thaa| sampatti dekara vaha dUsare logoM ko bhI vyApAra karane kI preraNA diyA karatA thaa| vyApAra se usane vipula sampatti ajita kI thii| vaha nitya deva-pUjA karatA tathA dAna detA thaa| devamandiroM kA bhI vaha nirmANa karavAtA thaa| eka bAra usake ghara gAlava muni pdhaare| unhoMne paijavana se kahA--'cAturmAsya meM tumheM viSNu kI kathA kA sevana karanA cAhie, viSNu kI stuti, pUjA dhyAna aura zAlagrAma kI arcanA bhI karanI caahie|' isa para paijavana zudra ne kahA-'maiM zUdra huuN| ataH zAlagrAma viSNu kI pUjA kaise kara sakatA hU~ ?' gAlava muni ne vyavasthA kI-'brAhmaNa, kSatriya evaM vaizya kI bhA~ti sadAcArI zUdra bhI zAlagrAma-zilA ko pUjA kara sakatA hai|' isa kathAnaka se jo katipaya tathya sAmane Ate haiM, unase spaSTa pratIta hotA hai ki yadyapi zUdroM ko vedoM ke adhyayana evaM unake mantroccAraNa kA adhikAra mahAbhArata ke samaya taka pahu~cate pahuMcate samApta ho cukA thaa| kintu yajJa karane, dakSiNA dene, evaM mUrti pUjA Adi kA adhikAra zUdroM ko bhI brAhmaNa Adi ke samAna hI upalabdha thaa| ve usa taraha achUta na the jaisA ki kAlAntara meM vyavahAra kiyA jAne lgaa| smRti-kAroM ne zUdroM ko kUpa, bAvalI Adi ke nirmANa karAne tathA mantroM ke binA kucha sAmAnya dhArmika kRtyoM ke saMpAdana kA hI adhikAra pradAna kiyA hai / zUdra ekamAtra gRhastha Azrama hI grahaNa karane kA adhikArI thaa| zUdra evaM sarakArI naukariyA~ aura nyAyAlaya anya vargoM kI bhA~ti zUdra bhI sarakArI naukariyoM meM sthAna pA sakate aura samAnatA ke adhikAra ke sAtha raha sakate the| kama se kama sarakArI senA meM to unakI aisI hI sthiti thii| sambhavataH rAjA kI senAoM meM eka dala zUdra senA kA bhI rahatA thaa| prAcIna samaya meM nyAyAlayoM kI bhI samucita vyavasthA thii| ina nyAyAlayoM meM deza kI sArI prajA apane liye nyAya kI mA~ga kara sakatI thii| nyAyAlaya ke samakSa 1. zAntiparva 6039 / 2. dekhiye-mRcchakaTika 6 / 23 / 3. kauttily-9|2 / parisaMvAda-2

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prAcIna saMskRta-sAhitya meM mAnava samatA 241 U~ca-nIca kA koI bheda-bhAva na thaa| nyAyAlaya kI tulA sabake liye samAna rUpa se sulabha thii| zUdra rAjya kArya ke saMcAlana meM bhI sahayoga karatA thaa| vaha rAjA kI mantripariSad kA bhI sadasya hotA thA, jaisA ki hamane pIche ke prakaraNa meM dekhA hai| zUdroM ko jahA~ eka ora katipaya bAtoM meM ucca vargoM ke samAna adhikAra prApta nahIM the, vahIM unheM kucha viziSTa suvidhAe~ bhI sulabha thiiN| zUdra, brAhmaNoM evaM kSatriyoM ke kucha viziSTa vyavasAyoM ko chor3akara koI bhI vyavasAya kara sakate the| vaha kucha bhI khA-pI sakate the| niSiddha bhojana khA lene para bhI unheM prAyazcitta se zuddha hone kI AvazyakatA na thii| ve vivAha ke atirikta anya saMskAroM ke vizAla jaMjAla se bhI mukta the| unake samakSa gotra-pravara kI jhaMjhaTa bhI na thii| zAstraviruddha AcaraNa karane para bhI unheM prAyazcita karane kI AvazyakatA na thii| . . . parisaMvAda 2

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bhAratIya dharma-darzana kA svara sAmAjika samatA athavA viSamatA ? ____DaoN harSanArAyaNa bhAratIya darzana bhAratIya dharmarUpI avayavI kA prAyaH avayava-vizeSa mAtra hai, dharma se vyatirikta koI svatantra sattA nahIM / ataH lokayAtrA, lokavyavahAra ke viSaya meM darzana pratyakSa athavA parokSa rUpa meM dharma kI vyavasthA ko mAna kara calatA hai, dharma ke anuvadana ke atirikta apanI ora se vizeSa kucha nahIM khtaa| aura to aura, jise cArvAka athavA lokAyatadarzana kahA jAtA hai vaha bhI lokayAtrA kA niyamana, kavyAkartavya kA vyavasthApana, nahIM karatA, jisase use jayantabhaTTa kA yaha upAlambha sunanA par3A hai na hi lokAyate kiJcit kartavyamupadizyate / vaitaNDikakathaivAsau, na punaH kshcidaagmH||' arthAt lokAyata meM kartavyAkartavya kA vidhAna nahIM pAyA jAtA, ataH vaha Agama nahIM pratyuta vitaNDAvAda mAtra hai| jayanta bauddhoM para bhI isI prakAra kA upAlambha karatA hai--'bauddhAdayo'pi durAtmAno vedaprAmANyaniyamitA eva caNDAlAdisparza pariharanti / '2 arthAt bauddha Adi ko bhI spRzyAspRzya-nirNayArtha veda kA hI Azraya lenA par3atA hai, inake pAsa tatsambandhI apanA koI vidhAna nahIM / vAcaspatimizra isI svara meM likhate haiM-'na caiteSAmAgamA varNAzramAcAravyavasthAhetavaH; no khalu niSekAdyAH kriyAH zmazAnAntAH prajAnAmete vidadhati / na hi pramANIkRtabauddhAgamA api lokayAtrAyAM zrutismRtItihAsapurANanirapekSAgamamAtreNa pravartante; api tu te'pi "sAMvRtametad" iti bruvANA lokayAtrAyAM zrutyAdInyevAnusaranti / ' arthAt bauddhAgama meM lokavyavasthA, antyeSTi Adi kriyA ke sambandha meM koI vidhAna nahIM, ataH unheM bhI lokayAtrA, lokasaMvRti, kA nirvAha vedazAstra ke AdhAra para hI karane ko bAdhya honA par3atA hai / ataH sAmAjika samatA ke sandarbha meM bhAratIya darzana ke AkalanArtha darzanasahakRta Agama athavA dharma-vyavasthA kA vizleSaNa apekSita hai| 1. nyAyamaJjarI, pramANa-prakaraNa, pR0 247; 3. nyAyavArtikatAtparyaTIkA 2 / 1168, pR0 432 / 2. tatraiva, pR0 243 / parisaMvAda-2

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bhAratIya dharma-darzana kA svara sAmAjika samatA athavA viSamatA ? viruddhadharmAzrayatva bhAratIya pratibhA kI vizeSatA hai usakA viruddhadharmAzrayatva | ise hRdayaGgama kiye binA prastuta prakaraNa ko prakRta pariprekSya meM pratipAdita karanA sambhava nahIM pratIta hotA / muphtI sadruddIna AjurdaH ne urdU ke mahAn kavi mIra taqI mIra ke viSaya meM kahA thA, pasta-za ba-g2Ayata pasta va balanda-za ba-g2Ayata balanda, arthAt mIra kA nikRSTa nikaTatama hai aura utkRSTa utkRSTatama hai / maiM samajhatA hU~ ki kucha aisI hI ukti bhAratIya dharma-darzana ke viSaya meM bhI caritArtha hotI hai / maulAnA abula kalAma AjAda ne apane tarjumAnula - kuana - zIrSaka kuanabhAya meM eka pate kI bAta kahI hai- 'yahA~ fikra ( = cintana) va aqIdaH (= siddhAnta ) ko koI balandI ( = uccatA) bhI vaha ma ( = andhavizvAsa) va jihAlata (= mUDhatA) kI girAvaTa se apane-Apa ko mahaphUz2a ( = surakSita) na rakha sakI, aura ilma ( = vidyA) va akla ( = buddhi) aura vahama va jihala ( = mUDhatA) meM hamezA samajhaute kA silasilA jArI rhaa| ina samajhautoM ne hindustAnI dibhAga kI zakla va sUrata bigAr3a dI | usakI fikrI tarakkriyoM kA tamAma husna ( = saundarya) asnAmI ( pratimopAsanAsambandhI) aqIdoM ke garda va gubAra meM chupa gayA / " mahamUda g2az2anavI kA sabhya apratima bhAratavid abU rohAna al- bairUnI likhatA hai ki hindU pratibhA U~ce se U~ce siddhAntoMAdarzoM aura ghaTiyA se ghaTiyA mUDhagrAhoM kI aisI khicar3I pakAtI hai ki jJAna aura ajJAna meM koI bheda hI nahIM raha jAtA, mAno kisI zizu ke sAmane hIre-motI tathA kaMkar3a-patthara par3e haiM aura vaha unheM gaDDamaDDa kara de rahA hai / al-bairUnI ke anusAra isa deza meM sukarAta ke samAna koI nIra-kSIra vivekI sudhAraka nahIM utpanna huA jo saMskRti kA saMskAra kara sake / phalataH yahA~ bar3e se bar3A dharmAcArya bhI loka meM vyApta kurItiyoM aura mUDhagrAhoM para kabhI prahAra nahIM karatA ( rAjA rAmamohana rAya, dayAnanda, prabhRti AdhunikoM kI bAta jAne dIjie) / yahA~ jo ucita athavA anucita prathA eka bAra cala par3I, vaha sthAyI ho gayI / merI eka svopajJa kArikA hai 1 surItayaH-kurItayaH, sudRSTayaH- kudRSTayo, bhavanti tasya cet sakRd, bhavanti zazvadasya vai / vibhAgata tathA punar dvayoz ca sattva - satyayoH parApara-prabhedato dvidhA'sya 1. abula kalAma AjAda, tarjumAnula-kuana, khaNDa 1, pR0 168 - 170 / 2. harSanArAyaNa, hindutva - sarvasvam ( aprakAzita ) | vyaktitA'jani // 243 parisaMvAda - 2

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244 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAe~ grezama kA prasiddha arthazAstrIya niyama hai ki bAjAra meM calane vAlA khoTA-sikkA khare sikke ko khadeDa detA hai| kisI ne dhArmika viSayoM meM bhI grezama ke niyama ko caritArtha mAnA hai| isake anusAra dharma meM jaba theSTha aura gardA, bar3hiyA aura ghaTiyA kA sArya hotA hai to antataH gamu zreSTha ko khader3a detA hai, ThIka usI prakAra jaise khoTA sikkA khare sikke ko khader3a detA hai aura bhArata meM yahI hotA rahA hai / do satyoM kI avadhAraNA ukta antavirodha kA mUla bahuta-kucha bhAratIyoM kI do satyoM kI avadhAraNA meM milegaa| bhAratIya cintAdhArA kI pramukha vizeSatA rahI hai satyadvaya meM svastha samanvaya aura sahakAra kI siddhi kI akssmtaa| bAta jarA kaTu lagegI, kintu hai vicAraNIya / paramArtha aura vyavahAra meM yahA~ sAGkarya hotA rahA hai, samanvaya athavA sahakAra nhiiN| vastutaH paramArtha aura vyavahAra kA dvaita hamArI dhuTTI meM par3A hai| prAyaH sabhI pramukha bhAratIya darzana ise mAna kara hI nahIM, ise kisI na kisI rUpa meM kendra meM rakha kara calate haiM / vedAnta aura mahAyAna kA to ise merudaNDa hI samajhiye, anya darzanoM meM bhI yaha kisI na kisI ora se praviSTa ho gayA hai| jo vaiSNava-vedAntI prapaJca ko brahmAtmaka mAnakara satya aura saMsAra ko ahantAmamatAtmaka mAnakara mithyAbhata ghoSita karate haiM ve prakArAntara se satyadvaya hI kI to upasthApanA karate haiN| paramArtha aura vyavahAra kA dvaita jaina darzana meM kevalajJAna aura syAdvAda ke dvaita kA rUpa letA hai / 2 pAli-bauddhadarzana meM 'paramattha' aura 'sammuti' satyoM kA bheda svIkRta hai / 'saMvRti' (sammuccA) kA prayoga pAli-nikAya meM 'loka-sammati' ke artha meM milatA hI hai| usameM 'nItattha-sutta' aura 'neyattha-sutta' kA bheda prApta hotA hai, jisake mUla meM satyadvaya kI bhAvanA spaSTa dekhI jA sakatI hai| buddha kahA karate the ki maiM loka se vivAda nahIM karatA, loka hI mujhase vivAda karatA hai-'nAhaM bhikkhave ! lokena vivadAmi, loko va mayA vivdti| na bhikkhave ! dhammavAdI kenaci lokasmi vivadati / isa vacana ke mUla meM bhI lokasaMvRti-satya kI kalpanA kA AbhAsa milanA hai| kAzmIra-vaibhASika basubandhu bhI paramArtha aura saMvRti kA bheda svIkAra karatA hai| 1. prameyaratnArNava, pR0 25 / 2. AptamImAMsA 105 / 3. abhidhammattha-saGgaho, dvitIya bhAga, pR0 796, TippaNI 1 meM udAhRta kathAvattha-aTTakathA / 4. majjhima-nikAya, majjhima-paNNAsaka, subha-sutta, pR0 474 / 5. aGgattara-nikAya, bhAga 1, pR0 57 / 6. saMyutta-nikAya, khandha varago (puppha-sutta), pR0 356 / tu0 madhyamaka-vRtti 188, pR0 157 / 7. abhidharmakoza 6.4.94 / parisaMvAda-2

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bhAratIya dharma-darzana kA svara sAmAjika samatA athavA viSamatA ? 245 makkhaligosAla ke anuyAyI AjIvika sat aura satya ko tIna rAziyoM, tIna koTiyoM-sat, asat aura sadasat-meM vibhakta karane ke kAraNa trairAzika kahe jAte haiN| unakA naya siddhAnta bhI satyadvaya kA parAmarza karatA hai| unake naya tIna haiMdravyAstika naya, paryAyAstika naya aura ubhayAstika naya-jo eka hI vastu ke prati tIna dRSTiyA~, tIna dRSTikoNa haiN|' lokAyatamatAvalambI jayarAzibhaTTa bhI satyadvaita ko mAnyatA detA hai, yaha bahuta kama loga jAnate haiN| vaha paramArtha aura vyavahAra ('lokavyavahAra', 'laukika mArga') ke dvaita kI ora iGgita karate hue likhatA hai ki lokavyavahAra ke prati bAlaka aura paNDita samAna haiM lokavyavahAraM prati sadRzau baal-pnndditau| sAGkhya-darzana ke anusAra bandhana aura mokSa kevala prakRti kA hotA hai, puruSa kA nahIM, yadyapi vaha (vyavahArataH) prakRti nahIM pratyuta puruSa ke bandhana aura mokSa kI carcA se Arambha karatA hai| yaha paramArthataH pratIti aura vyavahArataH pratIti meM bheda kI ora hI saMketa nahIM to aura kyA hai ? nyAya-vaizeSika darzana bhI upaniSad ko adhyAtmavidyA mAnatA aura usameM apanI AsthA kA saGketa karatA hai| aura upaniSad meM 'satya' aura 'satyasya satyaM', 'avidyA' aura 'vidyA', 'aparA' vidyA aura 'parA' vidyA, kA bheda sarvavidita hI hai| isake atirikta rAdhAmohana gosvAmI bhaTTAcArya aura viThThalezopAdhyAya dvArA parigRhIta pATha ke anusAra nyAyasUtra ke caturtha adhyAya kA antima, 52 vA~ sUtra hai 'tattvaM tu bAdarAyaNAt', arthAt tattvajJAna ke lie bAdarAyaNIya brahmasUtra kI ora unmukha honA caahie| yadi yaha sUtra prAmANika hai to mAnanA hogA ki nyAyasUtra meM paramArtha-satya kA nahIM, vyavahAra-satya kA pratipAdana huA hai / jaiminIya mImAMsA-sUtra meM Izvara kA sarvathA anullekha hai, kintu bAdarAyaNa ne jaiminI se jo udAharaNa liye haiM unase pratIta hotA hai ki jaiminI IzvaravAdI-brahmavAdI AcArya the| yahA~ isake vivaraNa kA avakAza nahIM, ataH hama pAThaka se brahmasUtra ke jaimini-viSayaka sUtroM ke avalokana kA Agraha karake virAma lete haiN| isake atirikta, jaisA ki hama anyatra dikhalA cuke haiM , mImAMsAsUtra aura brahmasUtra mUlataH eka 1. nandI-sUtra (ludhiyAnA : AtmArAma jana, 1966), pR0 330 (hindI vyAkhyA meM udAhRta) 2. tattvopaplavasiMha, pR0 1 / 3. sAGkhya-kArikA 62 / 4. tatraiva 17 aura aage| 5. vAtsyAyana-bhASya 1.1.1, pR0 3 / 6. nyAyasUtra-vivaraNa 4.2.52; advaitsiddhi-gauddbrhmaanndii| 7. mImAMsA-sUtra 1.2.28,31; 1.4.18; 4.3.11-14; 4.4.5 / / 8. harSanArAyaNa, 'vedAnta-vAGmaya : eka vivecana', dArzanika traimAsika 29, 3 (julAI, 1973) / parisaMvAda-2

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246 bhAratoya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAe~ hI kRti ke do aGga haiN| ataH mImAMsA bhI do satyoM ko svIkAra karatI pratIta hotI hai| kumArila bhaTTa vyomazarIra, 'khaM brahma' padavAcya paramAtmA ko ekamAtra tattva aura vedAtmaka zabda-brahma kA adhiSThAtA ghoSita karate hue aura AtmajJAna ke lie vedAnta ke sevana kA upadeza karate hue pUrvamImAMsA ko vyAvahArika aura uttaramImAMsA athavA vedAnta ko pAramArthika satya kA pratipAdaka pratipAdita karate pAye jAte haiN| prabhAkara kA bhI kathana hai ki ahaGkAra-mamakAra anAtmA meM AtmAbhimAna-svarUpa hai, jo mRditakaSAyoM ko hI upadezya haiM, karmasaGgiyoM ko nhiiN| yahA~ pUrvamImAMsA-pratipAdya satya se bar3e satya kI parikalpanA spaSTa hai / yaha sahI hai ki kumArila nirAlambanavAdI bauddhoM ke paramArtha aura saMvRti-satya ke dvaita kA khaNDana karatA hai, kintu isase usakA parakhaNDana-cAturya hI pramANita hotA hai / satyadvaya meM virodha ___ataeva satyadvaita bhAratIya darzana kA mUla svara kahA jA sakatA hai / hamArI sucintita dhAraNA hai ki bhAratIya pratibhA ukta satyadvaya meM samanvaya ke prati samucita rUpa se saceSTa nahIM rhii| donoM satya do sarvathA svatantra saMsAroM kA rUpa le lete haiM, jinameM kisI prakAra kA saJcAra samAgama athavA saMvyavahAra (kamyUnikezana) sambhava nahIM, cAhe isa sambandha meM jitane bhI bar3e bola bole jaaeN| yahA~ taka ki yahA~ eka vyakti eka hI viSaya meM eka hI sA~sa meM do paraspara sarvathA virodhI bAte karate hue bhI mahAmAnava banA raha sakatA hai, yadi vaha donoM bAtoM ko satya ke donoM stambhoMparamArtha aura vyavahAra meM pRthak-pRthak DAla sakatA hai| manu Adi kA Adeza hai ki jJAnI hote hue bhI loka meM jaDavat, yantravat, athavA pAmaravat vyavahAra karanA cAhie jAnananapi hi medhAvI jaDavala loka Acaret // " dhyAna rahe ki Alocya satyadvaita-siddhAnta aura vyavahAra kA sAmAnya dvaita mAtra nhiiN| siddhAnta aura vyavahAra meM sadA aura sarvatra dvaita rahatA hI hai, cAhe jo bhI samAz2a ho, jo bhI vyakti ho| antara kevala tAratamya kA hotA hai| hamAre yahA~ to vyavahAra-satya meM hI siddhAnta aura vyavahAra kA bheda hai| anyatra jo siddhAnta aura 1. tantravArtika 3.1.13 (dvi0 saM0 1972), pR0 70 / 2. zlokavArtika 1.1.5, AtmavAda, antya shlok| 4. zlokavArtika 1.1.5, nirAlambanavAda 6-10 / 5. manusmRti 2110; saMnyAsopaniSad 212 / 3. bRhatI 1.1.5, pR.0 256 / parisaMvAda-2

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bhAratIya dharma-darzana kA svara sAmAjika samatA athavA viSamatA ? 247 vyavahAra kA bheda hai vaha hamAre yahA~ ke vyavahAra satya -gata siddhAnta aura vyavahAra ke bheda se Age nahIM jAtA, paramArtha aura vyavahAra ke bheda kI sImAoM ko nahIM chU pAtA / yaha bAta nahIM ki anyatra paramArtha aura vyavahAra ke se bheda kI cetanA hI nahIM / pArmenidIs, aphalAtUna, kAnTa, hegela jaise dArzanika isa prakAra ke bheda ko pUrNa prazraya dete pAye jAte hai / kintu pazcima meM darzana aura jIvana ke bIca sambandha yU~ bhI ka rahA hai, ataH vahA~ satyadvaita samAja ke lie kabhI samasyA nahIM banA / isake viparIta bhAratIya darzana kA sAmAnyataH ghoSita uddezya jIvana ke AdhyAtmikIkaraNa dvArA mokSa kA patha prazasta karanA rahA hai, ataH yahA~ paramArtha aura vyavahAra ke sambandha kA prazna gambhIra artha rakhatA hai / paramArthaM aba hama prastuta prazna ko sahI pariprekSya meM dekha sakate haiM / acchA brahmavAda kI dRSTi se sabhI brahma haiM, ataH ve mUlataH tattvataH sarvathA samAna bhI haiM / isI prakAra, yadi nityamukta aura nityabaddha - jIva-vAdarUpI apavAdoM ko chor3a deM, to kahA jA sakatA hai ki AtmAoM meM tAttvika samatA kA siddhAnta bhAratIya darzana kI mUladhArA kA sarvatantra siddhAnta hai / aura bhI jJAna aura bhakti kI parAkASThA kI avasthA meM vaiSamya, kisI bhI prakAra kA vaiSamya, nahIM raha jAtA / eka aisI sthiti AtI hai jise parama sAmya kI sthiti kahA jAtA hai tadA vidvAn puNyapApe vidhUya niraJjanaH paramaM sAmyamupaiti // ' punaH, sAmya mUlAvasthA hai, aura vaiSamya yA to avidyA kA aura yA (jo bhI antataH vahI bAta hai) karma kA khela hai / vyavahArataH - itihAsataH bhI hamAre zAstrakAroM kA mata hai ki Adyayuga samatA kA yuga thA -- samAzrayaM, samAcAra, samajJAnaM ca kevalam / tadA hi samakarmANo varNA dharmAnavApnuvan // 2 isa samaya na rAjA thA, na rAjya thA, na daNDa thA, na dANDika thA; sarvatra dharma hI dharma thA - naiva rAjyaM, na rAjA ''sIn, na ca daNDo, na dANDikaH / dharmeNaiva prajAH sarvA rakSanti sma parasparam // 1. muNDakopaniSat, tRtIya muNDaka 1.3 / 3. tatraiva, zAntiparva 59*14 / 2. mahAbhArata, vanaparva 14919 / parisaMvAda - 2

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248 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM __Age calie / veda se lekara gItA paryanta vizva-maitrI ke atyanta udAtta udgAra aura Adarza prApta hote haiM / veda-mantra lIjie mitrasyAhaM cakSuSA sarvANi bhUtAni smiiksse| mitrasya cakSuSA samIkSAmahe // ' yahA~ sabhI prANiyoM ke prati mitra-dRSTi rakhane kA upadeza hai / isI prakAra yas tu sarvANi bhUtAni AtmanyevAnupazyati / sarvabhUteSu cAtmAnaM tato na vijugupsate // yasmin sarvANi bhUtAni AtmaivAbhUd vijaantH| tatra ko mohaH ? kaH zokaH ? ekatvamanupazyata // arthAt sabhI prANiyoM ko apanI AtmA meM aura apanI AtmA ko sabhI prANiyoM meM dekhanA cAhie, aura mAnanA cAhie ki apanI hI AtmA sabhI prANiyoM ke rUpa meM vidyamAna hai| samatA kA kaisA U~cA Adarza hai ? samatA kI prANi mAtra se maitrI aura tadAkAratA se adhika Thosa AdhArazilA kahA~ milegI? gItA ne sthiti aura spaSTa kara dI hai vidyAvinayasampanne brAhmaNe, gavi, hastini / zani caiva zvapAke ca paNDitAH samadarzinaH // arthAt jJAnI samadarzI hotA hai-vidvAn brAhmaNa, gAya, hAthI, kutte aura caNDAla ko vaha samAna dekhatA hai| aisI samatA yadi AkAza se dharatI para utara Ave to sAmAjika samatA hI kyoM, prANimAtra se samatA kA sAmrAjya sthApita ho jaae| yaha to rahI paramArtha kI bAta, aba dekhie vyavahAra kaise siddhAntita ho vyavahAra mahAbhArata meM zUdra aura nIca se bhI jJAna-prApti kA svAgata kiyA gayA haiprApya jJAna brAhmaNAt, kSatriyAd vA, vaizyAc, chUdrAdapi, nIcAdabhIkSNam / zraddhAtavyaM zraddadhAnena nityaM; na addhinaM janma-mRtyU vizetAm // manu antyaja se bhI parama dharma grahaNa karane meM saGkoca na karane kA upadeza dete haiM 1. yaju. 36.18 / 3. gItA 5.18 / 2. yaju. 40.7-8 / 4. ma0 mA0, zAntiparva 318.88 / parisaMvAda.-2

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bhAratIya dharma-darzana kA svara sAmAjika samatA athavA viSamatA ? huA thA ? zraddadhAnaH zubhAM vidyAmAdadItAvarAdapi / antyAdapi paraM dharmaM strIratnaM duSkulAdapi // " yahA~ taka to jaganmaitrIvAda aura samadarzitAvAda kA pUrA-pUrA poSaNa huA / kintu vahI manu yaha bhI vyavasthA dete haiM ki jo zUdra viproM ko dharmopadeza karane kA dama bharane lage usake mukha aura zrotra meM jalatA huA tela bhara denA cAhiedharmopadezaM darpeNa viprANAmasya kurvataH / taptamAsecayet tailaM vaktre zrotre ca pArthivaH // mImAMsA sUtra aura brahmasUtra ke apazUdrAdhikaraNa meM zUdroM dvArA veda ke zravaNa aura adhyayana ke niSedha kA prasaGga anumodanapUrvaka uThAyA gayA hai / apane-apane bhASya meM zaGkara aura rAmAnuja gautama dharmasUtra ke eka vidhAna kA anumodanapUrvaka smaraNa aura udAharaNa karate haiM / vaha vidhAna yaha hai - ' atha hAsya vedamupazRNvatas trapujatubhyAM zrotraparipUraNamudAharaNe jihvAcchedo, dhAraNe zarIrabhedaH / arthAt zUdra yadi veda suna le, to usake kAna meM sIsA aura lAkha pighalA denA cAhie, yadi vaha veda-mantra kA uccAraNa kara le to usakI jIbha kATa lenI cAhie, aura yadi vaha veda ko dhAraNa kara le to usake zarIra ke do Tukar3e kara dene caahie| patA nahIM yaha vidhAna itihAsa kabhI caritArtha huA yA nahIM, aura yadi huA to kisa sImA taka ? vaise isI koTi ke katipaya anya vidhAoM ke kAryAnvayana ke udAharaNa to milate hI haiM / taittirIyasaMhitA zUdra ko yajJa kA adhikAra nahIM detI - ' tasmAc chUdro yajJe'navaklRptaH / " atrismRti aura mahAbhArata ke anusAra japa, tapa, homa, tIrthayAtrA, devArAdhana Adi se zUdra ko pApa lagatA hai / itanA hI nahIM, unakA spaSTa Adeza hai ki yadi zUdra japa -homa kA anuSThAna kare to use badha kara denA cAhie - badhyo rAjJA sa vai zUdro japahomaparaz ca yaH / tato rASTrasya hantA'sau yathA vahnez ca vai jalam // japas, tapas, tIrthayAtrA, prabrajyA, mantrasAdhanam / devatArAdhanaM caiva strI zUdra patanAni SaT // zambUka ke sAtha aisA hI to huA ?" aura ekalabya ke sAtha hI kyA 1. manu0 2.238 / 2. manu0 8.272 / 4. gautama - dharmasUtra 2.3.4 / 6. atri smRti 19.136 - 137; ma. bhA. vana0 150-36 / 7. rAmAyaNa, uttarakANDa, sagaM 76 / 3. mImAMsA - sUtra 6.1.7; brahmasUtra 1.3.9 / 5. taittirIya-saMhitA 7.1.1.6 / 240 8. ma. bhA. droNa0 181-17 / " parisaMvAda - 2

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bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAe~ manusmRti meM zUdra ko zikSA dene, dharmopadeza karane, aura vrata kA Adeza dene kA niSedha karate hue kahA gayA hai ki jo use dharma kA upadeza karatA hai aura vrata kA Adeza detA hai vaha usI ke sAtha naraka-vAsa karatA hai zaGkara ke sUtra ke prati dRSTikoNa kI unake advaita brahmavAda se visaMgati spaSTa hai / kintu prazna nayA nahIM hai / mAdhavIya zaGkaradigvijaya ke anusAra eka bAra zaGkara ne apane mArga meM eka antyaz2a ko dekhakara 'dUra haTo, dUra haTo' kahA thaa| isa para antyaja ne unake brAhmaNa- zvapaca bheda vicAra ko pAkhaNDa batAte hue unheM Ar3e hAthoM liyA, aura zaGkara ko usakI satyatA svIkAra karate hue kahanA par3A ki abheda buddhi se yukta cANDAla merA bhI guru hai / dharmazAstra Adi meM zUdra ke prati kaI ghRNAsUcaka aura apamAnajanaka zabdoM kA prayoga huA hai, jo samatAmUlaka jIvana-dRSTi se sarvathA bemela hai / zatapatha brAhmaNa ke anusAra strI, zUdra, kuttA, kAlA pakSI, anRta haiM, inheM dekhanA nahIM cAhie - 'anRtaM strI, zUdraH, zvA, kRSNaH zakuniH / tAni na prekSeta / Apastamba ke anusAra zUdra aura patita vyakti zmazAna ke tulya hote haiM, ataH unake samIpa vedAdhyayana nahIM karanA cAhie - ' zmazAnavac chUdra- patitau' / anyatra zUdra ko calatA-phiratA zmazAna kahA gayA hai aura isI AdhAra para usake samIpa vedAdhyayana kA niSedha kiyA gayA hai'pazu vA etac zmazAnaM yac chUdraH / tasmAc chradrasamIpe nAdhyetavyam' / " manu to hadda kara dete haiM / ve kahate haiM ki billI, nevale, nIlakaNTha pakSI, meMDhaka, kutte, goha, ulUka kaue kI hatyA karane para zUdrahatyAvrata kA anuSThAna karanA cAhie mArjAra-nakulau hatvA cASaM maNDUkameva ca / zva-godholUka-kAkAMza ca zUdrahatyAvrataM caret // mAno zUdra aura pazu samAna haiM / na zUdrAya matiM dadyAn, nocchiSTaM, na haviSkRtam / na cAsyopadized dharmaM, na cAsya vratamAdizet // yo hyasya dharmamAcaSTe yaz caivAdizati vratam / so'saMvRtaM nAma tamaH saha tenaiva majjati // ' parisaMvAda - 2 1. manu0 4.80-81 / 3. zatapatha brAhmaNa 14 / 1 / 1 / 31 / 4. Apastamba dharmasUtra 1 / 9 / 9 tu0 yAjJavalkya smRti 1 / 148 / 5. zabara, zaGkara, Adi dvArA udAhRta / zadara bhASya 6 / 1 / 7 / 38, pR0 1381 / zArIraka bhASya 1 / 3 / 9 / 38, pR0 280 / 6. manu0 11 / 131 / 2. zaGkaradigvijaya --6.25-38 /

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bhAratIya dharma-darzana kA svara sAmAjika samatA athavA viSamatA ? 251 aitareya brAhmaNa meM zUdra 'kAmotthApya' (jaba cAhe nikAla do) aura 'yathAkAmavadhya' ( jaba cAhe pITo, mAra DAlo) hai / vahA~ vaizya ko bhI nahI bakhzA gayA hai / vaizya 'anyasya balikRta' ( anya ko kara dene vAlA), 'anyasyAdya' ( anya dvArA bhogA jAne vAlA) 'yathAkAmajyeya' (jaba aura jaise cAho lUTA jAne aura zoSita kiyA jAne vAlA) ghoSita kiyA gayA hai / ke Apastamba dharmasUtra meM zUdra sambandha meM eka atyanta udAra vidhAna prApta hotA hai jo anyatra bhI anUdita huA hai / vaha vidhAna yaha hai ki jo pratidina bhojana pAne vAle dAsa-karmakara athavA zUdra haiM unheM khilA kara khAnA cAhie, cAhe tadarthaM apane ko, bhAryA ko, athavA putra ko bhUkhA raha jAnA par3e -- 'ye nityA bhAktikAs teSAmanuparodhena saMvibhAgo vihitaH / kAmamAtmAnaM bhAryAM putraM voparundhyAn, na tveva dAsakarmakaram // manu kA vacana hai- bhuktatsvatha vipreSu, sveSu bhRtyeSu caiva hi / bhuJjIyAtAM tataH pazcAdavaziSTaM tu dampatI // devAn, RSIn, manuSyAMz ca, pitRRn, gRhyAz ca devatAH / pUjayitvA tataH pazcAd gRhasthaH zeSabhug bhavet // yahA~ bhI naukara-cAkara sahita sabako khilA kara hI khAne kA Adeza hai / dUsarI ora zAstroM ne dharmamUla-bhUta brAhmaNa aura dharmAgrabhUta kSatriya ko vaizya aura zUdra ke zoSaNa kI khulI chUTa de rakhI hai / manu ne likhA hai ki yadi yajJa meM dhana kama par3a jAya to vaizya athavA zUdra ke ghara se balapUrvaka athavA corI karake yatheSTa dhana prApta kiyA jAnA cAhie yajJaz cet pratiruddhaH syAdekenAGgena yajvanaH / brAhmaNasya vizeSeNa dhArmike sati rAjani // yo vaizyaH syAd bahupazur, hInakraturasomapaH / kuTumbAt tasya tad dravyamAhared yajJasiddhaye // Aharet trINi vA dve vA kAmaM zUdrasya vezmanaH / na hi zUdrasya yajJeSu kazcidasti parigrahaH // kullUkabhaTTa ina zlokoM kI TIkA meM kahatA hai ki vaizya athavA zUdra ke ghara se dravya balAt athavA corI se haraNa kara lenA cAhie ( balena cauryeNa vA''haret), kyoMki 1. aitareya brAhmaNa 7 / 5 / 29 / 2. aitareya brAhmaNa 7 - 5.29 / 4. manu0 3 / 116-117 / 3. Apastamba dharmasUtra 2 / 4 / 9 / 10-11 / 5. 'dharmasya brAhmaNo mUlamagraM rAjanya ucyate / ' manu0 11183 / 6. manu0 11 / 11-13 / parisaMvAda - 2

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252 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAe~ vipra ke lie zUdra se yajJArtha dhana kI bhikSA mA~gane kA manu ne niSedha kiyA hai, balaprayoga dvArA athavA corI dvArA dhana haraNa karane kA nhiiN| vastutaH yahA~ zUdra ko vaiyaktika sampatti kA adhikAra hI nahIM diyA gayA hai __ bhAryA, putraz ca, dAsaz ca traya evAdhanAH smRtaaH| yat te samadhigacchanti yasya te tasya tad dhanam // ' caMki zUdra kA dhana para koI adhikAra hI nahIM hai ataH vaha 'bhartahAryadhana' kahA gayA hai| arthAt vaha aisA vyakti hai jisakA dhana usakA nahIM, usake mAlika kA dhana hai| ataH brAhmaNa ko adhikAra diyA gayA hai ki vaha niHzaGka hokara zUdra se dhana chIna liyA kare visrabdhaM brAhmaNaH zUdrAd dravyopAdAnamAcaret / na hi tasyAsti kiJcit svaM, bhartahAryadhano hi sH|| ___ vaizeSika-sUtra meM hIna, sama aura viziSTa dhArmika ke parasvAdAna kI carcA AyI hai-'etena hona-sama-viziSTa-dhAmikebhyaH para svAdAnaM vyaakhyaatm"| zaGkara mizra ne vaizeSikasUtropaskAra meM 'vRttikAra' ke havAle se likhA hai ki parasvAdAna kA artha hai corI Adi dvArA para-sampatti kA grahaNa (vRttikArAm tu parasvAdAnaM para-svagrahaNaM vyaakhyaatm)| isake bAda ve zruti ke havAle se kahate hai ki apanI kSudhA-pIr3A kI dazA meM tathA kuTumba kI rakSA ke lie sAta dina se bhUkhA rahane para zUdra kA bhojana curA lene meM koI doSa nahIM, dasa dina se bhUkhA rahane para vaizya kA, pandraha dina se bhakhA rahane para kSatriya kA aura prANa chUTane lage to brAhmaNa kA bhojana chIna lene meM koI doSa nahIM--'tathA ca zruti:-"zUdrAt saptame, vaizyAd dazame, kSatriyAt paJcadaze, brAhmaNAt prANasaMzaye" iti kSudhApIDitamAtmAnaM kuTumba vA rakSituM saptadinAnyAhAramaprApya zUdrabhakSyApahAraH kAryaH, evaM dazadinAnyAhAramaprApya vaizyAt, paJcadaza dinAnyAhAramaprApya kSatriyAt, prANasaMzaye brAhmaNAd bhaikSyApaharaNaM na dossaayetyaahH| ve Age kahate haiM ki jo ukta kArya meM bAdhA DAleM unakA yadi vadha bhI kara diyA jAya to dharma kI hAni aura adharma kA prAdurbhAva nahIM hotA-'na kevalaM prANasaMzaye parasvAdAnaM na niSiddhaM, kintu tasyAM dazAyAmapahatu ye na prayacchanti teSAM vadho'pi kAryo, na tAvatA dharmahAniradharmaprAdurbhAvo vaa|" jaisA ki agale sUtra meM bhI kahA gayA hai, ukta vizeSAdhikAra ke virodhiyoM ko mAra DAlanA cAhie (tathA viruddhAnAM tyAgaH) / ' 1. manu0 11 / 24 / 2. manvarthamuktAvalI 11 / 13 / 3. manu0 81416 / 4. manu0 8 / 417 / 5. vaizeSika-sUtra 6 / 1 / 12 / 6. vaizeSikasUtropaskAra 6 / 1 / 12 / 7. taMtrava 6 / 1 / 12 / 8. tatraiva 6 / 1 / 13 / 9. vai0 sU0 6 / 1113 / parisaMvAda-2

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bhAratIya dharma-darzana kA svara sAmAjika samatA athavA viSamatA ? 253 sUtrakAra ne zarta yaha lagAyI hai ki aisA tabhI karanA cAhie jaba virodhI hIna varNa kA ho (hIne pare tyAgaH)', yadi donoM pakSa sama varNa ke hoM to unameM (paristhityanusAra) jo jisako mAra DAle vahI ThIka (same AtmatyAgaH paratyAgo vaa)| hA~, yadi virodhI uccatara varNa kA ho to use kadApi nahIM mAranA cAhie, apane hI ko marane denA cAhie (viziSTe AtmatyAga iti)| zAstroM meM dAsatA-prathA ko mukta kaNTha se svIkRti dI gayI hai aura dAsa kevala zudra hI nahIM hote / manu ne sAta prakAra ke dAsa batalAye haiM ___dhvajAhato, bhaktadAso, gRhajaH, krot-dttrimau| paitriko, daNDadAsaz ca-saptaite dAsa-yonayaH // arthAt saGgrAma meM vijita, jIvikArjana ke lie banA huA dAsa, dAsI-putra, krIta dAsa, dAna meM milA huA dAsa, kulakramAgata dAsa, RNa cukAne ke lie dAsatA svIkAra karane vAlA dAsa-dAsoM kI ye sAta koTiyA~ haiN| nArada-smRti meM 15 prakAra ke dAsoM kI sUcI prApta hotI hai| yaha sahI hai ki bhArata meM dAsoM ke sAtha utanA amAnuSika vyavahAra nahIM hotA thA jitanA yUnAna, roma, mizra Adi anya prAcIna sabhyatAoM meM hotA thA, tathApi sAmAjika samatA aura dAsatA meM Atyantika virodha kA apalApa asambhava hai, vizeSataH usa sthiti meM jaba ki yaha tathya hai ki dAsatA-prathA prAcIna bhArata kI arthavyavasthA kA AdhAra kabhI nahIM bnii| jaisA hama likha Aye haiM, dharma-zAstra kA vidhAna hai ki cAhe ghara bhara ko bhUkhA raha jAnA par3e kintu dAsa ko pahale bhojana denA cAhie / kauTalIya arthazAstra meM dAsoM ko jitanI suvidhA dI gayI hai, utanI islAma ko chor3akara anya kisI paramparA ne nahIM dI hai| dAsa ke sAtha sadvyavahAra kA jo mAnadaNDa islAma ne sthApita kiyA hai vaha vizva meM bejor3a hai| kahate haiM ki khalIfaH umara zAma deza ke zAsaka se sandhi ke lie Amantrita hue aura unhoMne eka U~Ta para savAra hokara eka uSTravAhaka dAsa ke sAtha prasthAna kiyA, isa niyama ke sAtha ki mArga meM eka maMz2ila (mIla athavA kIlomITara samajha lIjie) taka ve UMTa para savAra rahate aura dAsa U~Ta kI nakela thAmakara calatA aura dUsarI maMz2ila para dAsa U~Ta kI pITha para A jAtA aura khalIfaH U~Ta kI nakela thAma lete / bAta yahA~ taka pahu~cI ki unake nagara ke praveza ke samaya U~Ta para dAsa AsIna thA aura U~Ta kI nakala khalIfaH ke hAtha meM thii| yaha kautuka zAma ke zAsaka ne dekhA 1. tatraiva 6 / 1 / 14 / 2. tatraiva 6 / 1 / 15 / 3. tatraiva 6 / 1 / 16 / 4. manu0 8 / 415 / 5. nArada-smRti, paJcama vyavahAra-pada, 22-28 / 6. kauTalIya-arthazAstra, adhikaraNa 3, adhyAya 13 (athavA prakaraNa 65) / parisaMvAda-2

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254 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM aura itane bar3e samrATa ke sAmAjika samatA ke Adarza para dA~toM tale uMgalI dabA lii| maulikya islAma ke itihAsa se isa koTi ke aneka anya udAharaNa bhI diye jA sakate haiN| yaha saba sahI, kintu mAnanA hogA ki islAma dAsatA-prathA tathA tajjanya sAmAjika viSamatA ke dhabbe ko dho nahIM sktaa| vastutaH dAsatA-prathA kA astitvamAtra sAmAjika samatA meM bAdhaka kahA jA sakatA hai| fArasI ke kavivareNya bedila kA zera hai ijAje nIsta dArge bandagI raa| agara beza-ma va gara kama AfarIdanda // arthAd dAsatA cAhe kama ho yA adhika, usake dhabbe kA koI upacAra nhiiN| lagatA hai ki mahAbhAratakAra ko isa prakAra kI cetanA ho gayI thI aura vaha dAsatAprathA para karArI coTa karate hue likhatA hai mAnuSA mAnuSAneva dAsa-bhAvena bhuJjate / vadha-bandha-nirodhena kArayanti divAnizam // ' manuSyA mAnuSaireva daastvmuppaaditaaH| vadha-bandha-pariklezaiH klizyante ca punaH punH||2 zUdra ke prati vaidikoM ke vaiSamyamUlaka vyavahAra kA prabhAva bauddhoM para bhI par3A aura jaisA ki hama jayantabhaTTa ke havAle se dikhalA Aye haiM, ve bhI spRzyAspRzya ke cakkara meM par3a gye| buddha ne bhI RNI aura rAjasainika ke sAtha-sAtha. dAsa kI bhI pravrajyA varjita kara dI aura dAsoM kI dazA sudhArane kI cintA bhI nahIM kI / anyathA bhI, bauddhoM meM paramArtha aura vyavahAra athavA siddhAnta aura AcaraNa ke bIca kI khAI para kaTAkSa karate hue jayanta likhatA hai nAstyAtmA phalabhogamAtramatha ca svargAya caityArcanaM / saMskArAH kSaNikA, yugasthitibhRtaz caite vihArAH kRtaaH|| sarva zUnyamidaM vasUni gurave dehIti caadishyte| bauddhAnAM caritaM kimanyadiyato dambhasya bhUmiH parA // arthAt bauddhoM kA dambha dekhie-ve kahate haiM ki AtmA nahIM hai, kintu svarga ke lie caitya-pUjA karate haiM, ve kahate haiM ki sAre saMskAra kSaNika haiM, kintu yuga-yuga taka 1. ma0 bhA0, zAnti0 262 / 38-39 / 3. nyAyamaJjarI, prameya-prakaraNa, pR0 39 / 2. tatraiva 180 / 34-35 / parisaMvAda-2

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bhAratIya dharma-darzana kA svara sAmAjika samatA athavA viSamatA ? 255 sthita rahane vAle vihAra banAte haiM; ve kahate haiM ki saba kucha zUnya hai, kintu guru ko dhana dene kA Adeza karate haiN| zUdra aura zruti ke zravaNAdhyayana-varjana ke prasaGga meM hama eka vizeSa tathya kI ora dhyAna AkRSTa karanA cAhate haiM jo prAyaH prasiddha nahIM hai| eka paramparA aisI bhI hai jo zUdra ke zAstrAdhikAra para pratibandha nahIM lgaatii| mahAbhArata meM brAhmI sarasvatI, veda-vANI, cAroM vargoM ke lie batalAyI gayI hai ityete caturo varNA yeSAM brAhmI srsvtii| vihitA brAhmaNA pUrva lobhAt tvajJAnatAM gtaaH||' usameM paJca mahAyajJoM Adi meM zUdroM kA bhI adhikAra mAnA gayA hai ityetaiH karmabhir vyastA dvijA varNAntaraM gatAH // dharmo yajJakriyA teSAM nityaM na pratiSidhyate // 2 laghuviSNu-smRti paJca yajJoM kA vidhAna zUdra ke lie bhI karatI hai paJcayajJavidhAnaM tu zUdrasyApi vidhIyate // 3 mahAbhArata meM zUdroM ke zAstrAdhikAra kI ghoSaNA kaI anya sthaloM para bhI kI gayI hai zrAvayec caturo varNAn kRtvA braahmmgrtH| vedasyAdhyayanaM hIdaM, tac ca kArya mahat smRtam // sarve varNA-brAhmaNA brahmajAz ca sarve nityaM vyAharante ca brhm| tattvaM zAstraM brahmabuddhayA brabImi, sarva vizvaM brahma caitat smstm||5 mahAbhArata meM yaha bhI sUcanA hai ki prAcIna kAla meM brAhmaNa caNDAloM ko bhI veda sunAyA karate the| purA vedAn brAhmaNA grAmamadhye ghuSTasvarA vRSalAn zrAvayanti / / jaimini se prAcInatara-mImAMsAsUtrakAra bAdari vaidika karma meM zUdra kA pUrA adhikAra mAnate the, aisI sUcanA jaimini se prApta hotI hai| bhAradvAja-zrautasUtra ke anusAra zUdra bhI tInoM vaidika agniyA~ jalA sakatA hai / ahirbudhnya-saMhitA cAroM vargoM ko veda meM adhikAra detI hai 1. ma0 bhA0, zAnti 188 / 15 / / 3. laghuviSNu-smRti 5 / 9 / 5. tatraiva 318.89 / 7. mImAMsA-sUtra 6.1.7.27 / 2. tatraiva 188 / 14 / 4. ma0 mA0, zAnti 327 / 49 / , 6. tatraiva anuzAsana0 94.11 / 8. bhAradvAja-zrautasUtra 5.2.8 / parisaMvAda-2

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256 .. bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAe~ ye hi brahmamukhAdibhyo varNAz catvAra udgtaaH| te samyagadhikurvanti trayyAdInAM catuSTayam // ' mAdhyandina-vAjasaneyi-saMhitA ghoSaNA karatI hai ki vedavANI zUdra aura cAraNa ke lie bhI sulabha hai-'yathemAM vAcaM kalyANImAvadAni jnebhyH| brahmarAjanyAbhyAM zUdrAya, cAya ca, svAya cAraNAya ca / 2 kheda aura Azcarya kA viSaya hai ki isa vedAnumodita svastha paramparA kI sarvathA upekSA karake zabara, kumArila, zaGkara, rAmAnuja prabhRti AcAryoM ne zUdra ke lie zrutizravaNAdhyayana-varjana kI nitAnta vaiSamyamUlaka paramparA ko hI mAnyatA dI hai| isase bhI AzcaryakArI tathya yaha hai ki jisa veda kA dvAra zUdra ke lie banda kara diyA gayA, usake nirmANa meM zUdroM kA bhI hAtha hai / kahate haiM ki ilUSA ke putra kavaSa ko RSiyoM ne sarasvatI ke taTa para anuSThita soma-yajJa se yaha kaha kara nikAla diyA ki 'yaha dAsI-putra, juAr3I, abrAhmaNa hamAre madhya meM dIkSA kaise prApta karegA ?' use maru-bhUmi meM bhagA diyA gayA ki vaha pyAsA mara jAya aura sarasvatI kA jala na pI paaye| jaba vaha pyAsa se vyAkula ho gayA taba use Rgveda ke dazama maNDala ke aponaptrIya / apAM napAt / ApaH sUkta ke darzana hue, arthAt usa para ukta veda-sUkta prakaTa huaa| vaha sUkta veda meM kavaSa ailUSa ke nAma se aba taka calA A rahA hai| yaha kathA aitareya-brAhmaNa kI hai, jisake zabda ye haiM-'RSayo vai sarasvatyAM satramAsata / te kabaSamailUSaM somAdanayan-"dAsyAH putraH, kitavo, brAhmaNaH, kathaM no madhye dIkSiSTeti ?" taM bahira dhanvodavahan-atrainaM pipAsA hantu, sarasvatyA udakaM mA pAtuiti / sa bahir dhanvodUDhaH pipAsayA vitta etadraponaptrIyamapazyat / isI prakAra itarA dAsI ke putra mahidAsa aitareya para aitareya-brAhmaNa kA prAdurbhAva huA thaa| zAstroM meM strI-samAja __strI ko bhI purANa Adi meM veda meM adhikAra nahIM mAnA gayA hai| zrImadbhAgavata kA vacana hai strI-zUdra-dvijabandhUnAM trayI na shrutigocraa| iti bhAratamAkhyAnaM kRpayA muninA kRtam // 5 1. ahirbudhnya-saMhitA 15.20-21 / 2. yaju0 26.2 / 3. aitareya-brAhmaNa 2.3.1 / 4. aitareyANyaka bhASya 2.1.8; aitareyAlocana, pR0 11-15 / 5. zrImadbhAgavata 1 / 4 / 25 / parisaMvAda-2

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bhAratIya dharma-darzana kA svara sAmAjika samatA athavA viSamatA ? 257 kintu prAcIna kAla meM aisA nahIM thA, strI ko vedAdhyayana kA adhikAra thA aura usakA yajJopavIta bhI hotA thA purAkalpeSu nArINAM maujiibndhnmissyte| adhyApanaM ca vedAnAM, sAvitrIvacanaM tathA // ' skandapurANa kI aGgabhUta sata-saMhitA meM kaNThataH svIkAra kiyA gayA hai ki vedAbhyAsa kA adhikAra dvija-striyoM ko bhI hai dvijastrINAmapi shrautjnyaanaabhyaase'dhikaaritaa| kahIM-kahIM 'yajJopavItinI' kanyA kA bhI vidhAna dekhane meM AtA hai, aura yaha bhI AtA hai ki pati ke na hone para smArta-homa strI hI kare / hArIta-smRti meM do prakAra kI striyA~ mAnI gayI haiM-brahmavAdinI aura sadyovadhU / inameM se brahmavAdinI ko upanayana, agnIndhana aura apane ghara meM bhikSAcaryA kA adhikAra hai, jaba ki sadyobadha kA upanayana nahIM hotA-'dvividhA hi striyaH brahmavAdinyaH sadyovadhvaz ca / tatra brahmavAdinInAmupanayanaM, agnIndhanaM svagRhe bhikSAcarya c| sadyovadhUnAmupanayanamakRtvA vivAhaH kaaryH|'5 isake atirikta mImAMsA-sUtra meM striyoM kA vedAdhikAra svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| tadantargata eka sUtra hai-'jAti tu vAdarAyaNo'vizeSAt; tasmAt stryapi pratIyeta jaatyrthsyaavishisstttvaat'| isa para zabara kA bhASya hai-'tasmAc chabdenobhAvapi strIsAvadhikRtAviti gamyate / arthAt veda meM strI aura puruSa donoM kA adhikAra hai| usI prakAra eka anya siddhAnta-sUtra meM vaidika karma meM dampatI kA sahAdhikAra mAnA gayA hai-'svavatos tu vacanAdaikakayaM syAt / " Azcarya hai ki strI ke vedAdhikAra kA prazna paravartI zAstroM meM jaTila banA diyA gayA hai, jabaki veda kI racanA meM striyoM kA bhI hAtha rahA hai / AtreyI, vizvavArA, AtreyI (koI anya AtreyI), bhavAlA, ghoSA, kAkSIvatI jaisI striyoM ke racita athavA dRSTa kaI sUkta Rgveda meM vidyamAna haiN| 1. yama-smRti; manu-pariziSTa, pR0 14 (purAkalpe kumaariinnaaN)| 2. sUtasaMhitA, zivamAhAtmya-khaNDa 7 / 20 / 3. gobhila-gRhyasUtra, prapAThaka 1, khaNDa 1 / 4. AzvalAyana-gRhyasUtra 116 / 5. hArIta-smRti / 6. mImAMsA-sUtra 6 / 1 / 3 / 8 / 7. mImAMsA (zabara)-bhASya 6 / 1 / 3 / 8, pR0 1359 / 8. mImAMsA-sUtra 6 / 1 / 4 / 17 / parisaMvAda-2 17

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258 bhAratIya cintana ko paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM yaha saba dekhate hue strI ke sAtha vedAdhikArakRta vaiSamya bhAva kA tanika bhI aucitya nhiiN| zAstroM meM brAhmaNa kSatriya kA mahatva samAja meM zUdra ke ThIka viparIta brAhmaNa aura kSatriya kI dazA thI zUdra yadi pazu mAnA jAtA thA to brAhmaNa devatAoM kA bhI devatA mAnA jAtA thA brAhmaNaH sambhavenaiva devAnAmapi daivtm| pramANaM caiva lokasya brahmAtraiva hi kAraNam // ' ataH dasa varSa kA brAhmaNa kizora sau varSa ke vRddha rAjA se bhI itanA bar3A batalAyA gayA hai ki unameM pitA-putra kA sambandha bana jAtA hai brAhmaNaM dazavarSa tu zatavarSa tu bhUmipam / pitA-putrau vijAnIyAd, brAhmaNas tu tayoH pitA // 2 yahA~ taka kaha diyA gayA hai ki brAhmaNa janma lete hI vasudhA kI sampUrNa sampatti kA svAmI ho jAtA hai aura ki anya loga jo sampatti kA bhoga karate haiM vaha brAhmaNa kI kRpA kA phala hai brAhmaNo jAyamAno hi pRthivyaamdhijaayte| IzvaraH sarvabhUtAnAM dharmakozasya guptaye // sarvaM svaM brAhmaNasyedaM yatkiJcij jagatIgatam / zreSThyenAbhijanenedaM sarva vai brAhmaNo'rhati // svameva brAhmaNo bhuGkte, svaM vaste, svaM dadAti ca / AnRzaMsyAd brAhmaNasya bhuJjate hotare jnaaH|| kSatriya bhI devatAoM ke aMza se samutpanna, devatAoM kA prabhAva parakhane vAlA, nara-rUpI mahAn devatA batalAyA gayA hai indrAnilayamarkANAmagnez ca varuNasya ca / candravittezayoz caiva mAtrA nirhatya zAzvatI // yasmAdeSAM surendrANAM mAtrAbhyo nirmito nRpaH / tasmAdabhibhavatyeSa sarvabhUtAni tejasA // so'gnir bhavati, vAyuz ca, so'rkaH, somaH sa dharmarAT / sa kuberaH, sa varuNaH, sa mahendraH prabhAvataH // 1. manu0 11385 / 2. tatraiva 2 / 135 / 3. tatraiva 1 / 99-101 / parisaMvAda-2

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bhAratIya dharma-darzana kA svara sAmAjika samatA athavA viSamatA? 259 bAlo'pi nAvamantavyo manuSya iti bhuumipH| mahatI devatA hyeSA nararUpeNa tiSThati // ' aisI vicAradhArA kA sAmAjika samatA ke siddhAnta se sarvathA bemela hai| zramika-varga kI dazA tathApi zudra ke sAtha bheda-bhAva kI paramparA utanI zAstrakAroM kI sAmAjikaArthika zoSaNa kI pravRtti se prerita nahIM pratIta hotI jitanI eka viziSTa jIvana-dRSTi kI Antarika apekSAoM se| hamAre zAstrakAra brAhmaNa rahe haiM, aura unhoMne brAhmaNoM kA jo jIvana-stara nirdhArita kiyA hai vaha bhAratIya itihAsa ke adhakacare mArksavAdI vyAkhyAtAoM ko cakkara meM DAla dene vAlA tathya hai| yUropa meM zramikoM kA zoSaNa karane vAlA varga utpAdana ke sAdhanoM-bhUmi, pU~jI Adi-para ekAdhikAra jamA lene ' vAlA varga rahA hai, jo samAja kA sArA sukha baTora lene kI mahattvAkAMkSA se prerita thaa| yahA~, samAja meM zUdroM kA sthAna nIcA nirdhArita karane vAlA varga brAhmaNa rahA hai / prAcIna kAla meM, muTThI bhara darabArI brAhmaNoM ko chor3akara prAyaH sampUrNa brAhmaNajAti eka akiJcana, bhikSuka jAti ke rUpa meM ubharI thii| usane apanA jIvana-stara svecchayA itanA nIcA rakhA ki unapara para-zoSaNa kA Aropa hAsyAspada ho jAtA hai| droNa jaise brAhmaNa rAjyAzraya prApta karane ke pUrva apane putra azvatthAmA ke lie gAya kA dUdha nahIM juTA pAte the aura putra ko ATe kA ghola dUdha samajha kara pIte dekha A~sU bahAyA karate the| brAhmaNa ke parigraha kI sImA bA~dhate hue manu kahate haiM RtAmRtAbhyAM jIvet tu, mRtena, pramRtena vaa| satyAnRtAbhyAmapi vA; na zvavRttyA kadAcana // RtamuJchazilaM jJeyamamRtaM syAdayAcitam / mRtaM tu yAcitaM bhaikSaM, pramRtaM karSaNaM smRtam // satyAnRtaM tu vANijyaM tena caivApi jiivyte| arthAt brAhmaNa ko Rta, amRta, mRta, pramRta aura satyAnRta se jIvana-nirvAha karanA cAhie / Rta ucchazila ko kahate haiM, amRta ayAcita bhikSA ko, mRta yAcita bhikSA ko, pramRta khetI ko aura satyAnta vANijya ko| itanA hI nahIM 2. ma0 bhA0, Adi0 130 / 54-58 / 1. tatraiva 7 / 4,5,7,8 / 3. manu0 4 / 4-6 / parisaMvAda-2

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260 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAe~ kusUladhAnyako vA syAt, kumbhIdhAnyaka eva vA / tryahaihiko vA'pi bhavet, azvastanika eva vA // caturNAmapi caiteSAM dvijAnAM gRhamedhinAm / jyAyAn paraH paro jJeyo dharmato lokajittamaH // ' arthAt tIna varSa, athavA eka varSa, athavA tIna dina, athavA kevala Aja ke lie dhana sa~jonA cAhie / inameM se pUrva - pUrva kI apekSA uttara-uttara ko jyAyAn mAnanA cAhie / aura itihAsa meM ukta Adarzo para calane vAle brAhmaNoM kI kamI nahIM rahI hai / ataH brAhmaNoM ko cAhe jo kaha lIjie, zUdroM kA sarvathA zoSaka nahIM kaha sakate / vaiSamya aura punarjanmavAda vastutaH hamAre sAmAjika vaiSamyavAda kA preraka hetu pratIta hotA hai hamArA karma aura punarjanma siddhAnta / samAja meM U~ca-nIca, dhanI-nirdhana, sukhI-duHkhI ke bheda karmajanita haiM, ataH sAmAjika viSamatA hI svAbhAvika hai, sAmAjika samatA kA siddhAnta ayaktika hai / pUrvakRta - phalAnubandha se tIna pariNAma pravRtta hote haiM-jAti, Ayu aura sukha-duHkha / aba yadi koI vyakti brAhmaNa hai athavA zUdra hai to isalie ki usakI pUrvajanma kI kamAI hI aisI rahI hai / isI prakAra jo sukha bhoga rahA hai vaha pUrvajanma meM puNyAtmA rahA hai aura jo duHkha bhoga rahA hai vaha pUrvakRta pApoM kA daNDa pA rahA hai / aisI dazA meM sAmAjika samatA kA kyA prazna ? kArAvAsa meM daNDa bhoga rahe AtatAyI ko bhalA kArAvAsa se samaya se pUrva hI mukta karAne ke lie hAyataubA zAsana sahana kara sakatA hai ? vastutaH karma - siddhAnta kI dRSTi se pIr3ita pApI siddha hotA hai aura samRddha puNyAtmA / phalataH pIr3ita se samatA ke vyavahAra ke badale ghRNA ke vyavahAra kA hI aucitya siddha hotA hai / isa prakAra sahaja viSamatAe~ vidhAtA kA vidhAna vana jAtI haiM jinameM hastakSepa mAnava kI akSamya dhRSTatA ho kahI jAyegI / vijJAna janmAndha ko bhI A~kha dene ke lie saceSTa hai, jabaki karma siddhAnta andhatva ko ucita ghoSita kara use ahastakSepya kara detA hai / yadi koI jIva zUdra ke ghara meM utpanna ho gayA to use AjIvana dAsatA hI karanI hogI use apanI sthiti sudhAra kara svatantra jIvana nahIM diyA jA sakatA / manu kahate haiM 1. tatraiva 4 / 7-8 | parisaMvAda - 2

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bhAratIya dharma-darzana kA svara sAmAjika samatA athavA viSamatA ? 261 zUdraM tu kAramed dAsyaM krItamakrItameva vaa| dAsyAyaiva hi sRSTo'sau brAhmaNasya svayambhuvA // na svAminA nisRSTo'pi zUdro dAsyAd vimucyte| nisargajaM hi tat tasya kas tasmAt tadapohati // ' arthAt zUdra cAhe krIta ho cAhe akrIta, cAhe svAmI kI sevA meM ho, cAhe svAmI ne use mukta kara diyA ho, usase dAsatA hI karAnI cAhie, kyoMki vidhAtA ne use utpanna hI jaba dAsatA ke liye kiyA hai| bhalA prakRti ko kauna badala sakatA hai ? pApa ke phalasvarUpa jIvAtmA kI jaba madhyamA tAmasI gati hotI hai tabhI vaha hAthI, ghor3e, siMha, vyAghra, varAha aura gahita mlecchoM ke sAtha-sAtha zUdra ke rUpa meM janma pAtA hai hastinaz ca, turaGgAz ca, zUdrA, mlecchAz ca ghitaaH| siMhA, vyAghrA, varAhAz ca madhyamA tAmasI gatiH // 2 yaha bhI mAnyatA hai ki Aja kA caNDAla athavA pukkasa pichale janma meM brahmahatyArA thA zva-sakara-kharoSTrANAM, go-jAvi-mRga-pakSiNAm / caNDAla-pukkasAnAM ca brahmahA yonimRcchati // karma-siddhAnta ke stara para vaidika, bauddha aura jaina barAbara haiM, ye sabhI usake poSaka haiM / ataH ve sAmAjika viSamatA kA poSaNa aura upodvalana hI kara sakate haiN| yaha to kahie ki karma-siddhAnta ke isa nihitArtha para prAyaH vicAra hI nahIM kiyA jAtA, anyathA samAja se samatA kI bhAvanA ke sAtha-sAtha bhUta-dayA kA bhI lopa ho jaay| pIr3ita-zoSita para dayA kA aucitya tabhI banegA, jaba hama Azvasta hoM ki use jo pIr3A mila rahI hai vaha use nahIM milanI cAhie, aura jo usake sAtha anyAya ho rahA hai aura jaba siddhAnta yaha hai ki usakI pIr3A vidhAtA ke nyAya kA namUnA hai to usake prati dayA umar3ane ke badale vidhAtA kI nyAyapriyatA ke prati uchAha umar3ane lgegaa| samatA kI saMbhAvanAyeM Aie, lage hAthoM kiJcit isapara bhI vicAra karate caleM, ki kaisA darzana sAmAjika samatA kA sAdhaka-poSaka ho sakatA hai| aise darzana kI prathama arhatA to yaha ho 1. tatrava 8.413-414 / 2. tatraiva 12.43 / 3. tatraiva 12.55 / parisaMvAda-2

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262 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAe~ sakatI hai ki vaha mAna kara cale ki sabhI satya mAnava-satya haiM aura ki antima satya kA dAvA dambha mAtra hai| antima satya kA sAkSAtkAra, kama se kama abhI, mAnava ke vaza kI bAta nhiiN| jina paramparAoM ne satya ke sambandha meM antima zabda bolane kA dRr3hatApUrvaka dAvA kiyA hai unhoMne prAyaH bhinna vicAra vAle vyaktiyoM kI sAmAjika samatA kA niSedha kiyA hai| ve vipakSI ko gumarAha, pathabhraSTa, samajhakara sama-bhAva, sad-bhAva kA rAstA banda kara detI haiN| kintu isakA yaha bhI artha nahIM ki kisI satya ke viSaya meM hameM nizcaya hI na ho| anizcaya kI avasthA meM koI kArya nahIM ho sakatA-'saMzayAtmA vinazyati / ' ataH vicArAdhIna darzana kI dUsarI vizeSatA yaha ho sakatI hai ki vaha hamameM sArvabhauma satyoM-mUlyoM kI cetanA jagAtA rahe, aura tadartha anyoM kI satya-cetanA mUlya-cetanA, se bhI lAbhAnvita hone kI pravRtti kA poSaNa karatA rhe| sAmAjika samatA ke sAdhaka darzana kI tIsarI arhatA hai vyakti ko sAdhana na mAna kara sAdhya maannaa| ataH jo darzana vyakti kI sattA hI nahIM mAnatA, vyakti ko bhUta-tattva kA pariNAma-vizeSa-mAtra mAna kara calatA hai, athavA use kSaNabhaGgara mAnane ko mahattva detA hai, vaha vyakti ko sAdhya nahIM mAna sakatA, aura isa prakAra sAmAjika samatA kA patha nahIM pakar3a sakatA, vaha vaiyaktika svAtantrya kA samAdara karate hue eka-eka vyakti ke mata ko vaha mahattva nahIM de sakatA, jo sAmAjika samatA kA mUlAdhAra hai| nazvara, kSaNabhaGgara AtmA ke lie itanI hAya-taubA kyA ? jo vastu rahane vAlI nahIM hai jo mAtra eka Akasmika ghaTanA hai, jisakI sattA kA koI bharosA nahIM, vaha apanA sAdhya svayaM kaise ho sakatI hai ? ataH sAmAjika samatA ke sAdhaka darzana kI cauthI arhatA hai vyakti kI svatantra aura sthAyI sattA mAnanA / kintu yadi sabhI vyakti itane svatantra haiM ki ve AtmapUrNa, svataHpUrNa, hone kA dAvA kara sakate haiM, jaise sAGkhya ke puruSa athavA nyAya kI jIvAtmAeM, to unameM paraspara sahakAra sambhava nahIM hogA, aura ve eka dUsare kI upekSA kreNge| phalataH sAmAjika samatA caritArtha hI nahIM hogii| ataH sAmAjika samatA ke sAdhaka darzana kI pA~cavIM arhatA hai vyaktiyoM, AtmAoM kA kisI stara para anyonyAzrayatva, anyonyasambandha / arthAt AtmAe~ sthAyI aura svatantra sattAe~ hote hue bhI kisI gahare stara para eka, aura abhinna hoM / ataH eka prakAra kA bhedAbheda siddhAnta hI sAmAjika samatA ko prazraya de sakatA hai| adhikAMza bhAratIya darzana AtmaupamyavAdI darzana hai / AtmA eka ho athavA aneka, nitya ho athavA anitya, kintu bhAratIya dArzanikoM ko gItA ke isa Adeza para sahI karane meM koI vipratipatti nahIM hogI ki sarvatra Atmaupamya-dRSTi rakhanI cAhieparisaMvAda-2

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bhAratIya dharma-darzana kA svara sAmAjika samatA athavA viSamatA ? 263 Atmaupamyena sarvatra samaM pazyati yo'rjuna / sukhaM vA yadi vA duHkhaM sa yogI paramo mataH // ' mahAyAna bhI buddhoM aura sattvadhAtu kI tAttvika abhinnatA ke AdhAra para jIvoM meM samatA-bhAva kA AdhAra pA letA hai buddhAnAM sattvadhAtoz ca yenaabhinntvmrthtH| Atmanaz ca pareSAM ca samatA tena te matA // 2 yaha dRSTi sama-darzana, sama-darzitA kA Thosa AdhAra hai| yaha sAmAjika samatA ke siddhAnta aura vyavahAra ko bhI Thosa AdhAra pradAna kara sakatI hai| kahanA nahIM hogA ki koI eka bhAratIya darzana, athavA darzana ina sabhI zartoM ko pUrI nahIM karatA, sabhI arhatAoM se maNDita nahIM dikhAyI detA / ataH saMskRta ke granthoM meM itastataH vikIrNa sUktiyoM se jhaTa niSkarSa nikAla kara bhArata kI dArzanika pratibhA para koI hukma nahIM lagA denA cAhie, balki usa pratibhA ke gaThana kA vizleSaNa karake hI koI niSkarSa nikAlanA caahie| 1. gItA 6.32 / 2. catuHzataka 3.40 / parisaMvAda-2

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kAzmIra ke advaita zaivatantroM meM sAmAjika samatA DaoN0 navajIvana rastogI eka bAta hameM ImAnadArI se svIkAra karanI hogI ki sAmAjika samatA ke siddhAnta kA pallavana bhAratIya darzana meM usa rUpa meM nahIM huA hai jisa rUpa meM pAzcAtyadarzana yA Aja kA vivecya viSaya hamase apekSA karatA hai| zAyada isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki darzana kisI bhI samAja ke vyApakatara sAMskRtika vyApAra kA aGga hai usakA paryAya nahIM, aura isa rUpa meM vaha usa saMskRti ke avacetana meM chipe carama mUlya ko hI pratibimbita karatA AyA hai| mokSa kI dhAraNA, usake svarUpa ko lekara hama cAhe jitanA jhagar3ate kyoM na Ae hoM, bhAratIya darzana kI dhurI rahI hai aura yaha sAdhanAtmaka stara para eka nitAnta vaiyaktika, samAjottIrNa 'atyAzramI' prakriyA rahI hai / dharmazAstroM meM carcita tIna puruSArthoM kA kendra jahA~ samAja rahA hai vahA~ mokSa samAja se haTakara vyakti para kendrita ho gayA hai, bhale hI vaha mukta vyaktitva kitanA vyApaka aura sarvAGgINa mAnA jaae| aisA lagatA hai ki sAmAjika samatA ke lie yadi hama dharmazAstroM se nitAnta vyaktirikta rUpa meM darzana ko leM to samatA kI samasyA kA sandarbha hI nahIM banatA hai| adhyayana kI vastuniSTha paddhati kA Azraya lene para hama pAte haiM ki samatA kI bAta jahA~ AyI hai vahA~ vaha anuSaMgika banakara AyI hai aura vahA~ bhI tAttvika yA dArzanika AyAma hI adhika ubhare haiM sAmAjika nhiiN| kahe hue sandarbha meM vicAra karanA dustara bhI hai aura zAyada asArthaka bhii| ataH sandarbha kI pUrNatA ke lie Avazyaka hai ki samasyA ko usake sampUrNa sAMskRtika sandarbha meM uThAyA jaae| isake lie Avazyaka hogA ki darzana ko hama usakI sAMskRtika yA aitihAsika gatizAstra kI dRSTi se dekheN| sAmAjika samatA kA prazna sAmAjika vyavasthA aura usase bhI adhika hamAre sAMskRtika avacetana se jur3A huA hai| sAmAjika vyavasthA aura sAMskRtika avacetana kI pArasparikatA meM sahajatA kI mAtrA se sAmAjika samatA kI gati nirdhArita hotI hai| vizva kA itihAsa isa bAta ke lie saMskRti-puruSa manu kA RNI rahegA ki unhoMne bhAratIya samAja ko eka yathAzakya sampUrNa vyavasthA dI, jisameM samAja, aura vyakti tathA usake sambandha ko nirdhArita karane vAle mUlyoM kA isa prakAra sAmaMjasya kiyA gayA jisase ki bhAratIya samAja meM aitihAsika kAlAnurodha se Ane vAlI parisaMvAda-2

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kAzmIra ke advaita zaivatantroM meM sAmAjika samatA 265 vikRtiyoM kA parihAra hotA rahe aura samAja kA prAtisvika nirbandha pravAha akhaNDa calatA rahe / isakA mUla kAraNa yaha thA ki jIvana ko usakI sampUrNa vividhatA aura vaicitrya meM svIkAra karane kI prvRtti| ise hama jIvana-svIkaraNa dRSTi (Life affirmii.g attitucle) kaha sakate haiN| para yaha virodhAbhAsa hI kahA jAyagA ki mokSa jisameM varNAzrama vyavasthA ke sirajanahAroM meM jIvita vyaktitva ke sampUrNa aura carama unmeSa kI parAkASThA mAnI thI, apane samAjottIrNa aura ApAtataH vaiyaktika AgrahoM ke kAraNa pUre jIvana kI kImata para, na ki jIvana kI gatizIlatA ke sahaja paripAka ke rUpa meM, darzana meM samAdata huA aura Astika darzanoM meM mokSa ke jIvana-virodhI yA jIvana-niSedhI rUpa kA varaNa huaa| sAmAjika sandarbha meM abhAva meM jIvana kA cUMki koI artha nahIM, ataH sAmAjika sandarbha apane Apa kaTatA gyaa| ___ isa sAmAjika sandarbha ko phira se pratiSThita kiyA nAstika darzana ne (nAstika zabda yahA~ vyApaka sandarbha meM prayukta huA hai-Astiketara ke artha meM kevala zramaNa yA jina paramparA ke artha meM nahIM) mokSa ko jIvana se jodd'kr| mokSa ko jIvana kI hI vyApaka prakriyA kA pAryantika avayava yA avasthA mAnakara / ataH jIvana-niSedha kI AntarAlika dRSTi jIvana-aMgIkaraNa kI dRSTi meM phira se kucha kSetroM meM pratiSThita huii| jIvana-aMgIkaraNa ke isa punarabhiyAna se hama phira sAmAjikatA se jur3e aura samatA kI samasyA ko eka sandarbha prApta huaa| para sAmAjikatA se jor3a kI yaha prakriyA kaI rUpoM meM caritArtha huI, aura kaI kaThinAiyA~ bhI sAmane aaiiN| zramaNa aura jaina paramparA meM jIvana niSedha aura jIvana-aGgIkaraNa kA yaha virodhAbhAsa khulakara sAmane aayaa| sAmAjika stara para samatA, parama karuNA aura saMghIya jIvana ke na kevala upadiSTa varan vyavahRta AdarzoM ke bAda bhI mokSa kA svarUpa mUlataH jIvana-niSedhAtmaka hI rahA aura parama kAruNika tathAgata ke nirvANa aura abhijJAna zAkuntala ke 'netranirvANa' meM prayukta nirvANa kA antara gaharAtA hI gyaa| eka taraha se yaha varNAzrama vyavasthA ke carama mUlya ke svIkAra ke sAtha usakI sampUrNa prakriyA yA AdhAra kA niSedha thaa| tantra paramparA meM jIvana kA aGgIkaraNa jyAdA sArthaka stara para huaa| jIvana aura mokSa ke tathAkathita dvaita kA parihAra karate hue yaha prayAsa, sApha cetana stara para, kiyA gayA ki mokSa ko jIvana kI carama pariNati sahaja aura svAbhAvikamAnA jaae| para kahIM-kahIM para isa jvAra kA unmeSa ApAtataH samAja virodhI rUpa meM huA, ataH samAja meM vyApaka stara para inakI pratiSThA meM aksara bAdhAe~ AtI rhiiN| bhAgavata, bhakta aura santa AndolanoM kI tamAma milI-julI paramparAoM meM bhI manuSya kI AsthAoM ko eka AzAmaya upalabdhimAn Alambana dene kI ceSTA kI gayI aura parisaMcAra-2

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266 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAe~ mokSa yahA~ jIvana ke Ananda kA puMjIbhUtarUpa banakara aayaa| para jahA~ isa Andolana ne sAmAjikatA aura lokAnukUlana ke kSetra meM aneka sambhAvanAe~ dI, vahA~ AtmasaMkulana pravRtti ne ise kendrAbhisArI aura AtmaparituSTa hI bane rahane diyA / para ina sArI dhArAoM aura prayAsoM kI eka maulika kaThinAI yaha rahI ki inameM se koI bhI dhArA eka sthAnApanna loka vyavasthA nahIM de sakI / arthAt jIvana-niSedha kA yaha virodha eka aise cakra ke rUpa meM AyA, jisameM kendra aura paridhi to nahIM thI para bIca meM kucha Antarika sattva (content) nayA nahIM thA / arthAt samAja ke usI mUlabhUta DhA~ce ke aGgIkaraNa kA artha huA ki vyavasthAgata vikRtiyA~ aura asAmAjikatA kI aitihAsika prakRti meM maulika kI jagaha ApAtika parivartana hI ho pAe / ataH sAmAjika samatA ke kSetra meM pragati to iI para AmUlacUla parivartana nahIM huA / isase yaha artha nahIM lagAnA cAhie ki ina sAre prayogoM kA koI pariNAma nahIM huA / inakA bhAratIya samAjarUpa avayavI meM gaharA prabhAva par3A aura puMjIbhUta aura samagra pariNAma yaha huA ki varNAzrama vyavasthA ke vikhaNDana kI pRSThabhUmi taiyAra ho gayI / isa lambI bhUmikA kA eka prayojana hai / hama tantra sAhitya para isI dRSTi se vicAra kareMge aura dekheMge ki samatA kI sAmAjika vyaMjanAe~ hameM kahA~ taka le jAtI haiN| aura yadi ve vyaMjanAe~ sImita bhI hoM to unakI sambhAvanAe~ kyA hameM eka nae mAnavavAdI, samatAvAdI bhaviSya kI ora le jAtI haiM / jahA~ taka sAmAjika samatA kI zabdAvalI kA prazna hai tantra sAhitya bhI isa bAta kA apavAda nahIM hai ki sAmAjika samatA kA koI lokavyavasthAtmaka Thosa svarUpa ubharatA ho / para tAntrika aura vaidika paramparA meM koI maulika antara avazya thA aura isa antara kI cetanA nigama paramparA ke smRtikAroM aura Agama paramparA ke AcAryoM ko bhI rahI hai / manusmRti ke prasiddha TIkAkAra kullUka bhaTTa do prakAra kI zrutiyoM kI carcA karate haiM - vaidika aura tAntrika / ' isI prakAra zrIkaNTha apane brahmasUtra-bhASya meM zaivAgamoM ke do vibhAgoM kA ullekha karate haiM - veda jinakA sAkSAt sambandha tIna varNoM se hai aura dUsare jinakA sabhI vargoM se hai / "ataH zaivAgamo dvividhaH trairvANakaviSayassarvaviSayazceti / veda: traivaNikaviSayaH / sarvaviSayakazcAnyaH / ubhayoreka eka zivaH kartA / " tantrAloka ke vizruta TIkAkAra jayaratha bhI do prakAra ke zAstroM meM antara batAte haiM "tatra bhedapradhAnAni vedAdIni zastrANi, abhedapradhAnAni ca zaivAdIni / " ( taMtrAloka 4.252 para vivekaTIkA) 2. brahmasUtra 2. 2.37 para zrIkaNThabhASya / 1. dvividhA ca zrutiH vaidikI tAntrikI ca / parisaMvAda - 2

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kAzmIra ke advaita zaivatantroM meM sAmAjika samatA 267 isI prakAra yoga sudhAkara ke prakhyAta racanAkAra sadAzivendra sarasvatI do prakAra ke maMtroM kI ora dhyAna le jAte haiM-"te ca mantrAH dvividhAH, vaidikAstAntrikAzca / vaidikAH pragItAgItabhedena dvividhAH / tAntrikAH strInapuMsakabhedena trividhAH" (pR0 43) / saca pUchA jAe to vaidika aura tAntrika dhArA kA mUlabheda yahIM se prArambha hotA hai| vaidikasaMskRti varNAzramavyavasthAmUlaka aura puruSapradhAna saMskRti hai aura tAntrika saMskRti varNa, Azrama aura liGgabheda kI upekSA karake calI hai / kulArNava tantra meM kahA gayA hai gataM zUdrasya zUdratvaM viprasyApi viprtaa| dIkSAsaMskArasaMpanne jAtibhedo na vidyate // (pR0 187) . AdhyAtmika saMskAra se sampanna vyakti meM jAti kA yaha vigalana aura saMskAritA kA samIkaraNa sabase U~ce aura sabase nIce donoM staroM para hotA hai| abhinavagupta gItArthasaMgraha meM isI antara ko phira se rekhAMkita karate haiM zUdrAH kAtsrnena vaidikkriyaandhikRtH| paratantravRttayazca, te'pi madAzritA mAmeva yajante // __(gItA 9.35 para gItArthasaMgraha) varNabheda ke isa niSedha kI bhA~ti liGga-bheda kA bhI abhinava ne sApha niSedha kiyA hai aura isa niSedha kA kAraNa bhI batAyA hai ki liGga ke AdhAra para pAtratA kA apalApa paramezvara ke sAmarthya aura usakI agAdha anugraha zakti kA upahAsa ur3AnA hai 'kecidAcakSate-dvijarAjanyaprazaMsAparametadvAkyaM, na tu svAdiSvapavargaprAptitAtparyeNa iti / te hi bhagavataH sarvAnugrAhikAM zakti mitaviSayatayA khaNDayantaH tathA paramezvarasya paramakRpAlutvamasahamAnAH, bhagavattatve bhedaliGgaM balAdevAnayantaH, mAtsayArvAhatthalajjAjihmokRtAvAGmukha-dRSTaya iti hAsyarasaviSayabhAvam Atmani Aropayanti iti / ' (gItA 9.35 para gItArthasaMgraha) varNAzrama paramparA aura liGgabheda kI yaha upekSA do taraha se kI gayI haikahIM para pUrNa niSedha, asvIkAra yA ullaMghana ke dvArA aura kahIM para usake sAtha samajhautA karake / pahale prakAra kI abhivyakti vAmamArga kI paddhati meM aura dUsare kI dakSiNa mArga se huI hai| para mUla bhAva eka hI hai| jIvana ko usakI samagratA (T tility meM svIkAra karanA tAMtrika saMskRti kA pahalA lakSaNa hai| tantroM meM yaha bAta bAra-bAra AI hai ki manuSya ke vaiyaktika (Azrama), sAmAjika (varNa) aura AdhyAtmika vyaktitva paraspara virodhI nahIM haiM balki eka parisaMvAra

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268 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAe~ hI cetanA ke kramika vikAsa haiM aura inameM se pratyeka pakSa kI vibhinna avasthAoM meM kevala stara-bheda hai, guNAtmaka bheda nhiiN| pratyabhijJAhRdaya meM 'tadbhumikAH sarvadarzanasthitayaH' (sUtra 8) kahakara kSemarAja ne isI bAta kI abhivyakti dI hai| kSemarAja kI isa sUkSma vANI kA pallavana lallA kI isa ukti meM aura vizada rUpa se huA hai zivo vA kezavo vApi jino vA druhiNo'pi vaa| saMsArarogeNAkrAntAmabalAM mA cikitsatu // 8 // jo isa rahasya ko nahIM samajha pAte unake prati abhinavagupta kI kaTutA darzanIya hai-'paramAtmanaH sarvagataM rUpaM yo na pazyati, tasya paramAtmA palAyitaH, svarUpaprakaTIkArAbhAvAt / ' (gItA 6.31 para gItArthasaMgraha) saca pUchie to sAmya kI yaha tAttvika svarUpa ko udvodhatA hI sAmAjika sAmya ke bIja botI hai / tantroM kA spaSTa udghoSa hai ki samatA kA artha viSamatAM kA abhAva nahIM hai balki usa vaiSamya ko eka vyavasthA ke antargata eka samaMjasa aura parasparAnujIvI sthAna pradAna karatA hai tAki ApAtika bheda, maulika abheda kA sampannatara pratIka bana sake / aura samatA kA yaha artha bhI nahIM hai ki vastu ke vizeSa svarUpa kI avadhAraNA yA usake svarUpagata vaiziSTayoM kA apalApa kara diyA jaae| samatA kA artha hai padArtha ke astitva ko do caraNoM meM samajhanA-eka to usake viziSTa prakRti ke sandarbha meM aura phira usa prakRti ko eka jyAdA maulika aura sArthaka tattva kI sahaja pariNati ke rUpa meN| gItA ke 5.19 (vidyAvinayasampanne brAhmaNe gavi hastini / zuni caiva zvapAke ca paNDitAH samadarzinaH / / ) kI vyAkhyA meM abhinavagupta bar3I hI mArmika bAta kahate haiM 'tathA ca teSAM yoginAM brAhmaNe nedazI buddhiH-asya zuzrUSAdinAhaM puNyavAnbhaviSyAmi-ityAdi / gavi na pAvanIyamityAdi / hastini nArthAdidhIH / zuni nApavitrApakAritAdinizcayaH / zvapAke ca na paapaapvitraadidhissnnaa| ata eva samaM pazyanti iti., na tu vyavaharanti / ' taMtroM meM isa samagratAvAdI dRSTi ko pratyeka stara para aneka prakAra se upapanna karane kA prayAsa huA hai / manuyya kI cetanA ke udAttIkaraNa sarvo mamAyaM vibhavaH ityevaM parijAnataH / (I0 pra0 kA0 4.3.12) phalataH sArvabhaumIkaraNa, caitanya ke nimitta aura upAdAna rUpoM ke abhedIkaraNa'; paramatattva se viSayajagat ke Avayavika nikAsa 1.: cidAtmaiva hi devo'ntaHsthamicchAvazAdvahiH / - yogIva nirupAdAnamarthajAtaM prakAzayet // (I0 pra0 kA0 1.5.7) parisaMbhAva-2

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kAzmIra ke advaita zaivatantroM meM sAmAjika samatA 269 (vimatipadamaGga sarva mama caitanyAtmanaH zarIramidam / zUnyapadAdIlAvadhi dRzyatvAt piNDavat siddham // ) (virUpAkSa-paMcAzikA 2) brahmANDa aura piNDa ke samIkaraNa-aNDapiNDarubhayoraikarUpyamAmnAyeSu prasiddham / (mahArthamaJjarI, vArANasI, pR0 8); samagratAmUlaka sAdhanA ke antargata bhakti aura jJAna ke ekIkaraNa AgamoM ke aGgacatuSTya-jJAna, yoga, kriyA, caryA-dvArA darzana, dharma, AcAra aura sAdhanA ke samaMjasIkaraNa; kUTasthatA aura pariNAmitA kI bhinnadhruvIya dhAraNAoM ke vimarza yA spanda meM samanvayana; jAgatika vikAsa kI zAbdika aura Arthika dhArA ke parasparAnvayana; aura vividhatA meM atahita ekatA ke pratyaya ke bodhana; paramaziva aura yogI ke samIkaraNa Adi ke dvArA padArthagata virodhoM kA parihAra karake usI samagratA dRSTi kA pallavana huA hai| ina sabakA phala yaha hotA hai ki mokSa aura jIvana kramazaH svAtantrya evaM bandhana ke pratIka na hokara jIva kI AdhyAtmika cetanA ke pUrNa aura apUrNa vikAsa ke pratIka bana jAte haiM; pApa aura puNya kevala dRSTibhedamAtra raha jAte haiM(yaH pApapuNyahetutvena mama pUrva prasiddhaH nIlasukhAdibhAvaH sa eva mokSasAdhanamiti / ) (bhAskarI, bhAga 1, pR0 40) ___ aura bhoga evaM yoga athavA mokSa eka dUsare ke virodhI na rahakara pUraka bana jAte haiM (bhogamokSasAmarasyAtmA mokssH)|' jo inameM guNAtmaka bheda pAtI hai use jJAna kI 'vivekamUlA' aura isase bhinna dRSTi ko 'sAmarasyamUlA' kaha sakate haiM / jJAna mImAMsA ke kSetra meM isakA prabhAva jJAna kI adhyavasAnamUlA (itaraniSedhapUrvaka nizcayana) aura anusaMdhAnamUlA (itaragrahaNapUrvaka jJAna) prakriyAoM meM kramazaH milatA hai| isa dRSTi se zivadRSTi meM samatA ke pratyaya kA jo vikAsa huA hai vaha samatA ke sAmAjika AyAmoM aura sambhAvanAoM ko puSTa AdhAra pradAna karatA hai / zivadRSTi ke anusAra jise hama kutsita kahate haiM vaha bhI paramazakti kA hI rUpa-prasAra mAtra hai ataH usakI nindA anucita hai 1. gItA 7.11 para apane vyAkhyAna meM abhinavagupta isakA udghoSa bar3e darpa ke sAtha karate haiM--'evaM vyAkhyAnaM tyaktvA ye--parasparAnupaghAtakaM trivarga seveta-ityAzayena vyAcakSate, te sampradAya-kramamajAnAnA bhagavadrahasyaM ca vyAcakSANA namaskAryA eva / ' 2. dekhie, lekhaka kA 'tAMtrika darzana : prakRti aura sAMskRtika saMdarbha' zIrSaka lekha, pariSad patrikA, bihAra rASTrabhASA pariSad, 18-2, pR0 38 parisaMvAda-2

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bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAe~ kutsite kutsitasya syAt kathamunmukhateti cet / / rUpaprasArarasato gahitatvamayuktigat // (zi0 10 11-12) sAre padArthoM meM paramezvara kI sArI zaktiyoM kA saMsparza rahatA hai yadekataranirmANa kArya jAtu na jaayte| tasmAtsarvapadArthAnAM sAmarasyamavasthitam // (zi0 10 1.23) yahA~ para yaha dhyAna denA cAhie ki samatA ke vikAsa ke lie Atmaupamya' kI bhAvanA anivArya mAnI gayI hai-'AtmanaH pratikUlAni pareSAM na samAcaret / ' (gItA 6.33 meM AtA hai--'Atmaupamyena sarvatra samaM pazyati yo'rjuna / sukhaM vA yadi vA duHkhaM sa yogI paramo mtH||') para vastu tantra eka kadama Age bar3hakara Atmaikya yA AtmAbheda ke siddhAnta kI sthApanA karate haiN| kahanA na hogA ki yaha abhedana vyApAra bheda kA niSedha nahIM karatA, balki bheda kA abheda meM udAttIkaraNa karatA hai tathA nAnAzarIrANi bhuvanAni tathA tathA / visRjya rUpaM gRhNAti protkRSTAdhamamadhyamam // (zi0 10 1.34) evaM sarvapadArthAnAM samaiva zivatA sthitaa| parApadAdibhedo'tra zraddadhAnarudAhRtaH // vahI-1.48 evaM bhedAtmakaM nityaM zivatattvamanantakam / tathA tasya vyavasthAnAnnAnArUpe'pi satyatA // vahI-1.49 mahArthamaJjarIkAra ne trika zAstra ko uddhRta karate hue 'samatASTaka' ke dvArA . isa sArvAtmya bhAva kA pratipAdana bar3I ojasvitA ke sAtha kiyA hai samatA sarvabhAvAnAM vRttInAM caiva srvshH| samatA sarvadRSTInAM dravyANAM caiva sarvazaH // bhUmikAnAM ca sarvAsAmovallInAM ca srvshH| samatA sarvadevAnAM varNAnAM caiva sarvazaH // pR0 168 parama tattva kI aura mokSa kI 'aham-idam' ke sAmarasyaM ke rUpa meM jo parikalpanA kI gayI hai vaha donoM dhruvoM kA samaMjasIkaraNa hI hai jisase samatA kI uparyakta kalpanA svataH pravAhita hotI hai| isI prakAra paramezvara ke vizvamaya svarUpa ko prakAzavimarzamaya kahane kA bhI nihitArtha yahI hai| prakAza kA kAma hai bhAvavyavasthA aura vimarza kA bheda meM abhedvyvsthaa| ina donoM vyavasthAoM kA paraspara anvayana aura sAmaMjasyIkaraNa hI ziva ke svarUpa kA pUrNabhAva hai| sat mAtra zuddhasaMvit na hokara pUrNa saMvit hai aura jisa carama abheda kI kalpanA yahA~ kI gayI hai vaha eka apoddhRta parisaMvAda-2

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kAzmIra ke advaita zaivatantroM meM sAmAjika samatA 271 yA amarta aikya na hokara sadhana aikya hai| hogela kI bhA~ti vaha kevala virodhiyoM kI ekatA mAtra nahIM hai apitu kroce kI bhA~ti vaha bhinnoM kI ekatA bhI hai / ' ataH sat anivArya rUpa se bheda meM abheda hai| sat kI pUrNatA kA abhyupagama usake antanihita svAtantrya yA sadyaH sphUti ke pratyaya ke binA sambhava nahIM hai / ataH sArI kAraNAtmaka vyAkhyAe~ eka taraha se adhakacarI aura adhUrI raha jAtI haiN| hogela meM ghaTanAe~ yA padArtha 'paratattva' se 'nigamita hote haiM yahA~ para 'AbhAsita' yA abhivyakta / / __ taMtroM kI isa vicAradhArA ko yadi usake aitihAsika anuvadana kI daSTi se dekhA jAe to kahanA par3egA ki taMtroM ke prabhAva se eka mAnavatAvAdI AMdolana kA sUtrapAta anajAne meM hI kAzmIra kI ghATI meM hone lagA thA / taMtra pratipAdita bhakti kI jo antardhArA ghATI meM bahI vaha caudahavIM zatAbdI meM jAkara lallade ke vAkyoM meM apane prakarSa ko prApta huI yathA zilekaiva svajAtibhedAt piitthaadinaanaavidhruupbhaaginii| tathaiva yo'nantatayA bibhAti kaSTena labhyaM zRNu taM guroH zivam // 52 // nIlA kaima kuka ne apanI pustaka Thy way of swan meM madhya eziyA meM iraphAna ke kavi-dArzanikoM aura kAzmIra ke zaiva lekhakoM ke madhya eka ghaniSTa sAmAnantarya ke darzana kie haiM / iraphAna aura kAzmIra ke ye donoM Andolana caudahavIM zatI meM zAha-i-hamadAna se lallA kI bheMTa ke sAtha hI eka dUsare ke samparka meM Ate haiM, jisakA pariNAma hotA hai zivAdvayavAda evaM sUphImata kI iraphAna paramparA kA paraspara mizraNa / sAMskRtika AzleSaNa kI yaha prakriyA, jo ki bhakti Andolana se prerita aura udbhUta thI, bAdazAha jaina-ula-AbidIna ke hAthoM paravAna cddh'ii| sahiSNutA, udAratA aura sarvadharmasamabhAva se yaha bAdazAha pratizruta aura pratibaddha thA / yaha pahalA bAdazAha thA jisane kAzmIra meM gohatyA para pratibaMdha lagAyA thA aura saMskRta ke paThana-pAThana ko protsAhita kiyA thaa| kuka kA kahanA hai ki yadi kahIM akabara ne jaina-ula-AvidIna ke Adarza kA pAlana kiyA hotA to eka dharmanirapekSa bhArata kA abhyudaya usI kSaNa vahIM ho jaataa| dhArmika samatA aura sahiSNutA kI isa paramparA ko zekha nUruddIna ne, jo eka hindU santa the aura bAda meM musalamAna ho gae the, ne Age bddh'aayaa| 1. dekhie lekhaka kA 'Contribution of Kashmir to Philosophy, Thought and cultuire' zIrSaka lekha, evalpha oNpha bhaMDArakara orieNTala risarca insTITyUTa, bhAga 56, 1975, pR0 32-33 / 2. dekhie, Kashinir Bi-annual, Ed. P. N Pushp, P. 90. 3. dekhie, Doctrine of Recognition, R. K. Kano, Srinagar, P. 366. parisaMvAda-2

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272 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAe~ itanI daur3abhAga kA prayojana sirpha isa bAta ko rekhAMkita karatA hai ki taMtroM meM isa bAta meM prabhUta AdhAra milate haiM ki eka nae samatAvAdI darzana kI Thosa sambhAvanAe~ haiN| paramArtha aura vyavahAra ke do staroM kI yahA~ para bhI pratiSThA kI gaI hai| para aisA lagatA hai ki paramArtha aura vyavahAra meM yahA~ samanvaya kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai, sAphUrya nhiiN| isa bAta kI puSTi isase aura bhI hotI hai ki yahA~ vyavahAra ke stara para kama se kama siddhAnta aura vyavahAra kA bheda nahIM miltaa| hamArA lakSya tantroM kA aucitya siddha karanA nahIM hai parantu chipI huI sambhAvanAoM ko ujAgara karanA hai / DaoN0 harSanArAyaNa ne pA~ca prakAra kI jo arhatAe~ rakhI haiN| ve sabhI kisI na kisI rUpa meM tantroM meM prApta hotI haiN| hama saMkSepa meM unakA punarAkalpana kareM (1) tantra pUrNatAvAdI hote hue bhI, sabhI satyoM ko mAnava satya ke rUpa meM svIkAra karatA hai-tadbhUmikAH sarvadarzanasthitayaH' (pratyabhijJAhRdaya sUtra 8) / apanA mata yadyapi antima hai para paramasat kI abhivyakti kI ananta sambhAvanAe~ usake sAtha zeSa nahIM ho jaatii| (2) vyakti meM samaSTi kI anusyUti kA artha hai pratyeka vicAra meM sArvabhauma bhatyayogyatA antarnihita hai aura darzana kA kAma hai usa cetanA ko pallavita krnaa| (3) piNDa aura brahmANDa, yogI aura paramaziva ke samIkaraNa aura vyakti cetanA aura samaSTi cetanA kI ekarUpatA kA eka hI artha hai vyakti ko sAdhya mAnakara usake vikAsa kI carama sambhAvanAoM kA anusaMdhAna / (4) vyAvahArika stara para bhI prameya jagat kI tulanA meM pramAtA ko apekSAkRta svatantra aura sthAyI svIkAra karane se vyakti kI svatantratA aura sthAyitA kI dhAraNA ko bala milatA hai| (5) yaha bAta bAra-bAra sAmane A cukI hai ki tantra darzana kI astitvagata pravRtti padArthoM ke kisI gahare anyonyAzrayatva kA anusaMdhAna karane meM hai aura yaha pravRtti eka prakAra se bheda meM nihita maulika abheda kA anveSaNa mAtra hai| tantroM meM yaha bAta kaI bAra duharAI gayI hai ki lokayAtrA ke sandarbha meM yaha bhedAbhedavyavahAra hI paramArtha dRSTi meM praveza karAtA hai| 1. dekhie, isI goSThI meM par3hA gayA DaoN0 harSanArAyaNa kA lekha "bhAratIya dharma-darzana kA svara sAmAjika samatA athavA vissmtaa|" 2. "sarvathA tAvadatra prameye bhagavata eva bhedane ca abhedane ca svAtantryaM ghaTagatAbhAsabhedAbheda dRSTireva paramArthAdvayadRSTipraveze upAyaH samavalambanIyaH, na tu vyavahAro'pi ayaM prmeshvrsvruupaanuprveshvirodhii|" Izvara-pratyabhijJAvizinI (bhAskarI), 2, pR0 129 parisaMvAda-2

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kAzmIra ke advaita zaivatantroM meM sAmAjika samatA 273 para isa prakAra ke prayAsoM meM atisaralIkaraNa kA Aropa AsAnI se lagAyA jA sakatA hai aura viSaya ke hita meM eka hada taka ise svIkAra karane ke lie hameM taiyAra bhI rahanA cAhie / parantu eka khatare kI ora yahA~ para dhyAna dilAnA ucita hogaa| samatA kI bAta hama loka vyavasthA ke sandarbha meM karate haiM aura samatA ko Adhunika jIvana-bodha ke eka AdhArabhUta mUlya ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| para vyavasthA ke vyApaka sandarbha meM samatA ko yadi hama ekamAtra mUlya svIkAra karake calate haiM to yaha zAyada vadato vyAghAta hogA aura vyavasthA ke hI artha ke viparIta jA par3egA / ataH darzana kA eka mUla kRtya rahegA ki sArvabhauma mUlyoM meM eka tAratamya varIyatAkrama aura phira usameM parasparAnvayItva kA bodha karAnA / eka kI kImata para dUsare kI prApti vyavasthA ke mUla bhAva samaMjasIkaraNa ke viparIta hai| udAharaNa ke lie svAtantrya kI kImata para samatA yA rASTra pAratantrya kI kImata para vyaktisvAtantrya vAMchanIya nahIM hogii| ataH sAmAjika samatA kI ucita aura nirbAdha upalabdhi ke lie Avazyaka hai ki vyApaka mUlyacetanA ke antargata hI hama prayatna kreN| sarvAGgINatva para Agraha karake tantra hameM ekAGgitA ke doSa se bacAne kI bArabAra ceSTA karate haiN| svAtantrya, sAmya, Atmabodha, svasyAvasthAna, loka cetanA ke udAttIkaraNa (vikalpasaMskAra), vyakticetanA ke sAdhAraNIkaraNa Adi mUlyoM meM tantroM ne jisa prakAra sAmaMjasya baiThAyA hai usase hameM preraNA lenI caahie| parisaMvAda-2

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vaiSNavatantroM ke sandarbha meM samatA ke svara ___ DaoN0 azokakumAra kAliyA bhAratIya zAstroM meM vividha prakAra ke dhArmika, dArzanika, sAmAjika siddhAntoM kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai jo kahIM-kahIM eka dUsare ke pUraka haiM aura kahIM-kahIM eka dUsare ke virodhI bhii| pratyeka zAstra kisI na kisI vizeSa siddhAnta kI sthApanA karatA huA dikhAyI detA hai| aisI sthiti meM prAyaH yaha kaha sakanA sambhava nahIM hotA hai ki kisI eka viSaya para bhAratIya zAstroM kA samaveta rUpa se pratipAdya mata kyA hai ? hA~, svara kI yA tAtparya kI carcA avazya kI jA sakatI hai| yaha bAta samatA ke prazna ko lekara aura adhika spaSTa rUpa se sAmane AtI hai| viSamatA to sRSTi kA svabhAva hai| ataH viSamatA se pUrNatayA bacA nahIM jA sktaa| samatA kA prazna sAmAjika kSetra meM hI uThAyA jA sakatA hai| viSamatA prakRti kI dena hai aura samatA mAnava samAja kI sundara kalpanA / isa sRSTi meM, vaiSamya ke sAmrAjya meM prabuddha manuSya samatA ke siddhAntoM ko, samatA ke mUlyoM ko, samatA ke tattvoM ko DhUMr3ha kara sthApita karanA cAhatA hai, aura yahI hai manuSya kI saamrthy-siimaa| aba dekhanA yaha hai ki isa viSaya meM bhAratIya zAstroM kA kyA dRSTikoNa rahA hai| bhAratIya samAja kA eka pramukha AdhAra stambha varNavyavasthA hai / varNavyavasthA kI kalpanA bhAratIya zAstroM kI atyanta maulika kalpanA hai / yaha kalpanA vaijJAnika athavA manovaijJAnika dRSTiyoM se bhAratIya zAstrakAroM kI sarjanAtmaka dArzanika manISA aura pratibhA kA anupama nidarzana hai, isameM sandeha nhiiN| kintu jisa dRSTi ko lekara yaha vyavasthA AvirbhUta huI, kAlakrama se vaha dRSTi vyavasthA ke sAtha adhika samaya taka cala nahIM paayii| pratyuta yaha kahanA atiraJjita sambhavataH na ho ki bAda ke zAstrakAra usa dRSTi se aparicita the| sAmAjika vyavasthA athavA lokavyavasthA ke lie mAnava samAja ko usakI sahaja zArIrika aura mAnasika zaktiyoM ke AdhAra para cAra varNoM meM vibhAjita karane kI kalpanA Arambhika bhAratIya zAstrakAroM ne kI / isa kalpanA kI dRSTi meM loka mahattvapUrNa thA, samAja mahattvapUrNa thA, ataH usa loka aura samAja ke lie pravRtta huI yaha vyavasthA mahattvapUrNa thI, yahI sAdhya thii| kisI eka varNa kI uccatA athavA nIcatA kA pratipAdana isakA prayojana nahIM thaa| yaha to varNavyavasthA ke pratiSThApaka zAstrakAroM kI bAta hai| yahA~ taka viSamatA kA koI prazna nahIM hai, ataH parisaMvAda-2

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vaiSNavatantroM ke sandarbha meM samatA ke svara 275 samatA kA bhI nahIM hai / samatA kA prazna to vahIM uThegA, jahA~ samatA na ho / ina varNoM meM jaba se eka ko utkRSTa kahA jAne lagA aura dUsare ko nIca, eka ko vandya kahA jAne lagA aura dUsare ko nindya, tabhI se bhAratIya samAja meM viSamatA kA bIjavapana huA, aura tabhI se samatA kA prazna bhI sArthaka ho gayA / prAyaH sabhI upalabdha zAstra apane DhaMga se varNoM kI uccatA athavA nIcatA kI carcA karate hue dikhAyI dete haiM / ataH sAmAjika viSamatA zAstroM meM koI DhUMr3hane kI vastu nahIM hai / Azcarya kI bAta yaha hai ki kAlakrama se vividha prakAra kI kurItiyoM se grasta hotI huI yaha vyavasthA, vyavasthA nahIM raha gayI, yaha vyavasthA varNoM kI avyavasthA ho gayI aura kisI bhAratIya manISI ne isa sthiti ke viruddha apanI baikharI kA prayoga nahIM kiyA / pAramArthika AdhyAtmika stara para advaya sattA kI sthApanA karane vAle, pUrNa abheda kI sthApanA karane vAle AcArya zaGkara vyAvahArika stara para, sAmAjika stara para bhedadRSTi kA pUrNa samarthana karate haiM / zArIrakabhASya kA 'apazUdrAdhikaraNa '' isakA eka udAharaNa hai / 19 zUdro yajJe'navaktRptaH / 3 atha hAsya vedamupazrRNvatastrapujatubhyAM zrotraM pratipUraNIyam / 3 ya ha vA ekchmazAnaM yacchUdrastasmAcchUdrasamIpe nAdhyetavyam // 4 vedoccAraNe jihvAccheda uccAraNe zarIrabhedaH / 5 na zUdrAya matiM dadyAt / ye ve zAstravacana haiM jinako zaGkarAcArya ne apane bhASya meM pramANa ke rUpa meM prayoga kiyA hai / AcArya rAmAnuja ne ukta adhikaraNa meM zaGkarAcArya dvArA pradarzita vyAkhyAnapaddhati kA avalambana liyA hai| kama se kama eka vaiSNava AcArya se isa prakAra kI AzA nahIM karanI cAhie ki pAJcarAtrasAhitya tathA AlavAra bhaktoM kI dRSTi se sampanna hote hue bhI vaha isa prakAra ke matoM kI puSTi kareMge / vastutaH rAmAnuja veda, upaniSad, itihAsa, purANa, dharmazAstra, pAJcarAtra, tamilaveda ina sabako sAtha lekara calanA cAhate haiM / paraspara virUddha artha kA pratipAdana karane vAle isa sampUrNa sAhitya kI unhoMne isa prakAra se vyAkhyA kI hai ki inameM kisI prakAra kA virodha na raha jAya / isa samanvaya ke lie unhoMne vaidika kriyAkalApoM meM adhikArI kA nirNaya 1. zArIrika sUtra, 1.3.9 / 5. go0 2.3.4 / 2. saM0 7.1.1.3 // 3. go0 2.3.4 / 6. manu0 4.80 / 7. zrIbhASya 1.3.9 / 4. vahI / parisaMvAda - 2

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276 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAe~ karate samaya mImAMsA tathA dharmazAstroM ke pracalita matoM ko svIkAra kara liyA hai| vaidika kriyA-kalApoM kI rAmAnuja ne mAnyatA pradAna to kI hai kintu varIyatA tAntrika sAdhanA arthAt prapatti yA zaraNAgati ko hI dI hai| rAmAnuja yahA~ usa cikitsaka ke rUpa meM sAmane Ate haiM jo eka hI roga ke do upacAroM ko mAnate hue eka upacAra (tAntrika dIkSA, prapatti-zaraNAgati) ko dUsare upacAra (vaidika mArga) kI apekSA sarva sulabha, sukara tathA zIghraphalaprada hone ke kAraNa mAnyatA pradAna karate haiN| viSamatA kA pratipAdana karane vAle vaidika mArga ko eka mArga mAnate hue bhI tAntrika mArga kA janasAmAnya ke lie rAmAnuja ne anumodana kiyA hai| aba hameM yaha dekhanA hai ki vaiSNava tantroM kI arthAt pAJcarAtra AgamoM kI isa viSaya meM kyA sthiti hai ? pAJcarAtra Agama zaGkarAcArya, bhAskarAcArya tathA tanmatAnulambI anya AcArya brahmasUtra ke 'vipratiSedhAcca" sUtra meM 'caturSa vedeSu paraM zreyo'labdhvA shaannddity| isa vacana ko udAhRta karate hue kahate haiM ki 'zANDitya ne cAroM vedoM meM parama puruSArtha ko na dekha kara isa zAstra kA adhyayana kiyA' isa prakAra ke spaSTa vedanindaka vacanoM ke hone ke kAraNa pAJcarAtra vedavirodhI aura aprAmANika haiM / kintu yaha tarka adhika sArthaka nahIM pratIta hotaa| rAmAnuja ne ThIka hI kahA hai ki yadi yaha tarka mAna liyA jAya to svayaM veda kA eka bhAga aprAmANika ho jaaygaa| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM bhUmavidyA ke upakrama meM nArada kA kathana-RgvedaM bhagavo'dhyemi yajurvedaM sAmavedArvaNaM caturthama itihAsapurANaM paJcamam isa prakAra aneka vidyAoM kA ullekha karane ke bAda vaha kahate haiM'so'haM bhagavo mantravidevAsmi nAtmavit" / jisa prakAra se yahA~ nArada kA abhiprAya bhUmavidyA kI prazaMsA hI hai na ki vedanindA, usI prakAra se zANDilya ke ukta kathana ko vedanindA paraka na mAnakara pAJcarAtra stutiparaka mAnanA caahie| ataH pAJcarAtra AgamoM meM vedanindA hai isa prakAra ke kathana bhrAmaka hone ke atirikta aura kucha nahIM haiN| kintu itanA to hai hI ki ina vaiSNava tantroM ne Izvara prApti kA una logoM ke lie bhI arthAt strI aura zUdroM ke lie bhI eka aise dvAra (bhakti tathA zaraNAgati) kA udghATana kiyA jo veda tathA veda pratipAdita mArga se bhinna hai| isa artha meM koI unheM vedavirodhI kahanA cAhe to vaha dUsarI bAta hai| kintu pAJcarAtra AgamoM ko 1. brahmasUtra 1.3.45 / 3. chAndogya 7.1.2 / parisaMvAda-2 2. zArIrakabhASya 1.3.45 meM udAhuna / 4. vhii|

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vaiSNavatantroM ke sandarbha meM samatA ke svara 277 isa AkSepa kA bodha hai, aisA pratIta hotA hai| isI kAraNa yaha zAstra svayaM apane ko zrutimUlaka siddha karate hue veda kI ekAyana zAkhA ko apanA AdhAra batalAtA hai|' isake atirikta yatra-tatra vaidika AcAra kI maryAdA ko svIkAra karane, usakI rakSA karane kI bAta bhI kahI gayI hai manISI vaidikAcAraM manasA'pi na laGghayet / yathA hi ballabho rAjJo nadI rAjJA pravartitAm // 2 tathA---- evaM vilaGghayan mayoM maryAdA vednirmitaam| priyo'pi na priyo'sau me madAjJAvyanivartanAt // 3 isa prakAra pAJcarAtra Agama apane Upara vedavirodhI hone ke Aropa kA nirAkaraNa karata hue pratIta hote haiN| pAJcarAtra AgAmo para dUsarA Aropa yaha lagAyA gayA ki yaha zAstra vedabAhya janoM ke dvArA parigRhIta hai| isa kAraNa pAJcarAtra Agama aprAmANika haiN| yAmunAcArya ne isakA bar3A hI sundara uttara diyA hai ki pAzcarAtrika vedabAhya haiM aura vaidika pAJcarAtrabAhya / yadi vedabAhya janoM se parigRhIta hone se pAJcarAtra apramANa hai to pAJcarAtrabAhya janoM se parigRhIta hone se veda apramANa kyoM nahIM hai ___vedabAhyagRhItatvAdaprAmANyavAdi yat / etadvAhyagRhItatvAd vedAnAM kuto na tat // tAtparya yaha hai ki yadi pAJcarAtra Agama vedavidyA meM anadhikRta logoM ko apane meM adhikAra dete haiM to isameM aprAmANikatA kA kauna sA kAraNa hai| veda se virodha to vahA~ hotA jahA~ pAJcarAtra veda meM unheM adhikAra pradAna karatA, jinheM veda meM anadhikRta kahA gayA hai| ___ bhaTTojidIkSita ne apane 'tantrAdhikArinirNayaH' nAmaka grantha meM pAJcarAtra AgamoM meM adhikArI kA nirNaya bar3e zaktizAlI DhaMga se kiyA hai| unakA niSkarSa hai zrutibhraSTa tathA patita Adi hI pAJcarAtra AgamoM meM adhikRta haiM--- tasmAt patitAdaya eva zaGkhacakrAdyanAdAvadhikAriNa iti siddham / " . padmapurANa kA vacana isa prakAra udAhRta milatA hai zrRNu rAma ! mahAbAho liGgacakrAdidhAriNAm / zUdradharmaratAnAM hi teSAM nAsti punarbhavaH // 1. iishvrsNhitaa| 2. lakSmItantra, 17 / 96 / 3. vahI, 17198 / 4. AgamaprAmANyam pR0 62 / 5. tantrAdhikAri nirNayaH / / parisaMvAda-2

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278 bhaTTajadIkSita isa para TippaNI karate haiM kiJca-svadharmatyAgena zUdradharmaratAnAM dvijAnAmapi patitAnAmanenAdhikAraH / " arthAt brAhmaNa bhI pAJcarAtra mArga kA avalambana letA hai to vaha bhI patita ho jAtA hai / isa kathana ko pramANita karane ke lie vaha brahmANDapurANa ke isa vacana ko udAhRta karate haiM-- bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAe~ taptamudrA hyantyajAya hariNA nirmitA purA / bhUdevastaptamudrA tu cihnaM kRtvA vimUDhadhIH // 3 iha janmani zUdraH syAt pretya zvA ca bhaviSyati // 3 arthAt pAJcarAtra mArga kA avalambana hone vAlA brAhmaNa isa janma meM zudra hotA hai aura mara kara kuttA hotA hai / isa prakAra yaha spaSTa hai ki pAJcarAtra AgamoM para vedavirodhI hone kA suniyo - jita Aropa lagAyA jAtA rahA hai| usakA eka pramukha kAraNa isake dvAra kA mAnavamAtra ke lie udghATita honA hai jisameM strI aura zUdra sammilita haiN| pAJcarAtra AgamoM meM zUdroM aura striyoM kI sthiti pAJcarAtra Agama tAntrika dIkSA meM traivaNikoM ke sAtha hI sAtha strI aura zUdroM ko bhI sthAna dete haiM / dIkSAyogya ziSya ke lakSaNa batalAte hue lakSmItantra meM kahA gayA hai-- ziSyazca tAdRzo jJeyaH sarvalakSaNalakSitaH / kulInaM ca tathA prAjJaM zAstrArthanirate sadA / brAhmaNaM kSatriyaM vaizyaM zUdraM vA bhagavatparam // idRglakSaNasaMyuktaM ziSyamArjavasaMyutam / varNadharmakriyopetAM nArIM vA sadvivekinIm // vidyAdanumate patyurananyAM patimAninIm / evaM lakSaNakaM ziSyamAcAryo bhagavanmayaH // jJApayed vidhivanmantrAn gurUdRSTayA samIkSya tu 4 spaSTa hai ki yahA~ tAntrika mantra grahaNa karane meM strI aura zUdroM ke adhikAra kA ullekha hai / isI sandarbha meM paramasaMhitA kA nimna uddharaNa draSTavya hai brAhmaNAH kSatriyA vaizyA dIkSAyogyAstrayaH smRtAH / jAtizIlaguNopetAH zUdrAzca striya eva ca // " 1. padyapurANa | 4. lakSmItantra, 21.37-41 / parisaMvAda - 2 2. tantrAdhikArinirNayaH / 3. brahmANDapurANa, 10 / 5. paramasaMhitA, 7.24 //

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vaiSNavantroM ke sandarbha meM samatA ke svara vizvAmitrasaMhitA meM bhI prAyaH isI prakAra kI bAta kahI gayI haiziSyANAM lakSaNaM vacmi tacchRNusva samAhitaH / triSu varNeSu sambhUtaH prazasta kulasambhavaH // ' tathA striyaH zUdrAzcAnulomAH kalyANaguNasaMyutAH / yadi tAnapi ziSyatve gRhNIyAt kRpayA guruH // tAntrika dIkSA meM sabhI varNoM kA adhikAra hai -- isameM do mata nahIM / mahAbhArata kA bhI nimnoddhRta sthala ukta mata kI puSTi meM sahAyaka hai brAhmaNaiH kSatriyairvaizyaiH zUdraizca kRtalakSaNaiH / arcanIyazca sevyazca nityayuktaiH svakarmasu / sAttvataM vidhimAsthAya gItaH saGkarSaNena yaH // 3 pAJcarAtra Agama kI ahirbudhnyasaMhitA meM veda taka meM cAroM varNoM ke adhikAra kI bAta kahI gayI hai-- ye hi brahmamukhAdibhyo varNAzcatvAra udgatAH / te samyagadhikurvanti vyayyAdInAM catuSTayam // 4 kintu aisA pratIta hotA hai ki svayaM pAJcarAtra AgamoM meM uparyukta mata bahuta samAdRta nahIM ho pAyA / pAJcarAtra AgamoM meM prapatti kA siddhAnta prapatti athavA zaraNAgati kA siddhAnta pAJcarAtra AgamoM kA atyanta mahattva - pUrNa siddhAnta hai / vibhISaNa kI zaraNAgati ke prasaGga meM rAma ke dvArA kI gayI ghoSaNA pAJcarAtra AgamoM meM zaraNAgati kI svarUpanirUpikA mAnI gayI hai / rAma kI ukti hai 279 sakRdeva prapannAya tavAsmIti ca yAcate / abhayaM sarvabhUtebhyo dadAbhyetad vrataM mama // 5 yahA~ 'sarvabhUtebhyaH' pada mahattvapUrNa hai / isake atirikta gItA kA nimna zloka caramamantra ke rUpa meM pAJcarAtra sampradAya meM samAdRta hai 1. vizvAmitrasaMhitA 3 / 17 / 3. mahAbhArata, bhISmaparva | 5. rAmAyaNa, yuddha0, 18.33 / 2. vizvAmitrasaMhitA, 3 / 27 / 4. ahirbudhnya, 15.20.21 / parisaMvAda - 2

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280 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAe~ sarvadharmAna parityajya mAmekaM zaraNaM vrj| ahaM tvA sarvapApebhyo mokSayiSyAmi mA shucH||' isa prapatti kI vizeSatA hI yahI hai ki yaha mArga sabhI vargoM ke lie sulabha hai| sanatkumArasaMhitA kA vacana hai ananyopAyazaktasya praapyeccho'dhikaaritaa| prapattau sarvavarNasya sAttvikatvAdiyogataH // sA hi sarvatra sarveSAM srvkaamphlprdaa| iti sarvaphalaprAptau sarveSAM vihitA yataH // zaraNAgati prANimAtra ke lie hai-yaha tathya zaraNAgati ke svarUpa meM hI nihita hai| yahA~ lakSmItantra kA zrI aura indra kA saMvAda draSTavya hai| zrI ne zakra se klezasAgara meM DUbe hue sabhI prANiyoM ke uddhAra kA sAdhana pUchA amI hi prANinaH sarve nimagnAH klezasAgare / uttAraM prANinAmasmAtkathaM cintayasi prbho|| isa prazna se prerita hokara zakra ne zaraNAgati kA vistAra se varNana kiyA hai| isa zaraNAgati ke 6 aMga haiM AnukUlyasya saGkalpaH prAtikUlyasya varjanam / rakSiSyatIti vizvAso gopmRtvaraNaM tthaa| AtmanikSepakArpaNye SaDvidhA zaraNAgatiH // yahA~ prayukta prathama do prapatti kI vidhAoM kA artha spaSTa karate hue isI tantra meM kahA gayA hai Anukalyamiti proktaM srvbhuutaanukuultaa| ataHsthitA'haM sarveSAM bhAvAnAmiti nizcayAt // mayIva sarvabhUteSu hyAnukUlyaM samAcaret / tathaiva prAtikUlyaM ca bhUteSu parivarjayet // ' zaraNAgati ke prathama do aMga hai- AnukUlyasaMkalpa' tathA 'prAtikUlya-varjana' / yahA~ Izvara meM hI anukUla AcaraNa ke saMkalpa tathA pratikUla AcaraNa ke varjana kI bAta nahIM kahI gayI hai| 'sarvabhUtAnukUlatA' bhI usI AnukUlyasaMkalpa meM nihita hai / aura 1. gItA, 18 66, draSTavya lakSmItantra, 16-43, 44 / 2. sntkumaarsNhitaa| 3, lakSmItantra, 17 : 47 / 4. vahI, 17.60.61 / 55. vahI, 17.66.67 / parisaMvAda-2

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vaiSNavatantroM ke sandarbha meM samatA ke svara 281 'sarvabhUtAnukUlatA' kA AdhAra Izvara kA sabhI prANiyoM meM antaryAmirUpa meM avasthita honA hai| prAtikUlyavarjana kA artha isI prakAra hai| spaSTa hai ki zaraNAgati mAnavamAtra ke hI lie na hokara prANimAtra ke lie hai| jaisA ki viSNucitta kA kathana hai-- zyenakapotIyakapAtopAkhyAnakAkavibhISaNakSatrabandhumucukundagajendradraupadItakSakazatamakhAdiSu mokSArthatayA kSaNakAlanirvayaMprapadanArthadarzanAt abadhirANAM tatra mukhyatvam / ' vaidika karma dharma tathA zaraNAgati meM kaI dRSTiyoM se antara hai1-dezaniyama-pUNyakSetroM meM hI vaidika karma ho sakate haiN| zaraNAgati kahIM bhI ___ kI jA sakatI hai| 2-kAlaniyama-basanta Adi samaya meM vaidika karma ho sakate haiN| zaraNAgati kabhI bhI kI jA sakatI hai| 3-prakAraniyama-viziSTa tathA nirdiSTa prakAra se hI vaidika karma hote haiN| zaraNAgati isa bandhana se bhI rahita hai / 4-adhikAriniyama-vaidika karmoM meM traivarNikoM kA hI adhikAra hai / strI aura zadroM kA nahIM hai| zaraNAgati sarvajanasulabha hai| 5-phalaniyama-viziSTa vaidika karma kA viziSTa phala hI hotA hai.| zaraNAgati sarvaphalapradA hai| isa prakAra vaidika dharma meM jo kamiyA~ haiM unakI pUrti zaraNAgati karatI hai| yahI kAraNa hai zaraNAgati anya mokSa ke upAyoM (karma, jJAna, bhakti) kI apekSA kahIM utkRSTa haiM satkarmaniratAH zuddhAH saaNkhyyogvidstthaa| nArhanti zaraNasthasya kalA kauTilabhImapi // 2 isa prakAra se hama dekhate haiM ki ina vaiSNava tantroM meM anya bhAratIya zAstrIya paramparAoM ke viruddha sAmAjika samatA para adhika bala diyA gayA hai| yaha satya hai ki viSamatA kA nirmala ye tantra nahIM kara pAye haiM, tathApi samatA ko dRSTi meM rakhakara viSamatA kI paridhi ko, viSamatA ke kSetra ko bahuta sImita kara diyA hai| yaha svAbhAvika bhI thaa| viSamatA kI itanI zaktizAlI dhArA ke viruddha kucha kahane kA artha thA svayaM aprAmANika, prabhAvahIna siddha ho jaanaa| ataH yadi tatkAlIna samaya ke pariprekSya meM dekhA jAya to sAmAjika samatA ke lie vaiSNava tantroM ne bahuta kiyaa| 1. nikSeparakSA, pRSTha 36 udAhRta; 2. lakSmItantra, 17163 / parisaMvAda-2

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282 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAe~ aprAmANikatA Adi ke AkSepoM ko sunA, unakA uttara diyA, aura saMgharSa bhI kiyaa| yAmunAcArya Adi vaiSNava AcAryoM ko 'AgamaprAmANya' jaise ganthoM kI racanA bhI prAyaH isI prakAra ke AropoM kA uttara dene ke lie karanI pdd'ii| kintu itanA saba kucha karate hue bhI sAmAjika viSamatA ko dUra karane kI dizA meM yaha paramparA saphala nahIM ho paayii| isakA kAraNa spaSTa hai| jaba taka manvAdi smRtiyoM kA sthAna le sakane meM samartha kisI svatantra dharmazAstra kI racanA nahIM jAtI taba taka sAmAjika viSamatA ko dUra karane kA koI bhI prayAsa saphala nahIM ho sktaa| aura sambhavataH manvAdi smatiyoM kA vikalpa prastuta karane kA prayAsa vaiSNava tantra nahIM kara sake / vaiSNava paramparA meM Age cala kara manvAdi smRtiyoM ke virodha kI bAta to dUra unakA samarthana ho prAmANika mAnA gyaa| svayaM apanI prAmANikatA bhI manvAdi smRtiyoM se avirodha kI sthiti meM hI mAnI gyii| rAmAnuja isI manvAdi smRtiyoM se virodha hone ke kAraNa kapilasmRti ko apramANa mAnate haiN| rAmAnuja ke hI zabdoM meM--- 'manvAdInAM bahUnAM svayogamahimasAkSAtkRtaparAvaratattvayAthAtmyAnAM nikhilajagabheSajabhUtasvavAkyatayA 'yadvai kiJca manuravadattad bheSajam' iti zrutiprasiddhAnAM kapiladRSTaprakAreNa tacvAnupalabdhezrutiviruddhA kapilopalabdhi ntimUleti na tayA yathokto vedAntArthazcAlayituM zakya iti siddham / 2 yahI kAraNa hai ki sAmAjika viSamatA ke viruddha hote hue bhI vaiSNava tantra apane lakSya meM saphala nahIM ho ske| 1. brahmasUtra, 2 / 1 / 1 (adhikaraNa); 2. zrIbhASya 2 / 1 / 2 / parisaMvAda-2

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vaidikadarzanoM kI dRSTi meM samatA kA svara paM0 kedAranAtha tripAThI vaidikadarzanoM kA mukhya uddezya duHkha kI AtyantikI nivRttirUpa paramapuruSArtha kA upAyabhUta Atmatattva kA jJAna karAnA hai| jaise, paramapuruSArtha niHzreyasa kI siddhi ke pUrva abhyudaya kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai, vaise hI muktisAdhanabhUta Atmatattva kA nirvicitsa jJAna ke liye anAtmatattva kA jJAna bhI Avazyaka hai| isIliye vaizeSikadarzana ke praNetA kaNAdane dharma kI vyAkhyA karate hue "yato'bhyudaya niHzreyasa siddhiH sa dharmaH" aisA kahA hai| sAtha hI AtmatattvanirUpaNa ke prasaGga meM sabhI anAtma tattvoM kA bhI vizada nirUpaNa kiyA hai| tattvoM ke nirUpaNArtha vibhinna darzanoM ne vibhinna sAdhana apanAyA hai| jaise donoM pUrvottaramImAMsAoM ne zrautatattva ke nirUpaNArtha karmakANDIya evaM jJAnakANDIya zrutiyoM kA tAtparya vicAra kiyaa| nyAyavaizeSikAdi zeSa darzanoM ne pramANoM ke AdhAra para sampUrNa jAgatika tattvoM kA vicAra kiyA aura usameM bhI zrutiyoM kA virodha na ho, aisA dhyAna rkhaa| Atmatattva ke mukhyataH zrauta hone para bhI jagadantargata hone se usa para nyAyavaizeSikAdi darzanoM ne bhI pramANoM ke AdhAra para gambhIra vicAra kiyaa| tattvoM kA vicAra svarUpataH karate hue eka dUsare ke sAtha sAdharmya vaidharmya kI dRSTi se bhI vicAra kiyaa| vicAra meM kucha tattva dUsare kI samatA meM Aye to kisI rUpa meM viSamatA meM bhI Aye / yaha bAta nyAyavaizeSika evaM sAMkhya ke sAdharmya-vaidhayaM prakaraNoM se spaSTa ho jAtI hai| tAtparyataH darzanoM ke sambandha meM yahI kahA jA sakatA hai ki sabhI darzana tattva kA nirUpaNa karate haiM, jisameM jAgatika samatA aura viSamatA donoM hI svarita hotI hai| bauddhadarzana meM bhI kSaNikatva vijJAnarUpatva yA arthakriyAkAritva kI dRSTi se sabhI sat padArthoM meM samatA svarita hotI hai| kintu alIka meM aura sat meM viSamatAyeM spaSTa haiM / phalataH samatA aura viSamatA donoM hI vastugata haiM, jisakA nirUpaNa darzanoM meM kiyA milatA hai| binA sAdharmya-vaidharmya jJAna ke vastusvarUpa kA sampUrNa citraNa mAnasa paTala para nahIM ho pAtA aura na hama anAtmatattva se Atmatattva kA pRthakkaraNa hI kara parisaMvAda-2

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284 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAe~ paayeNge| isa sthiti meM Atmatattva kA yathArtha svarUpa paricaya na hone se darzanoM kA lakSya siddha na ho skegaa| darzanoM meM pratipAdita tattvagata sampUrNa samatAoM aura viSamatAoM kA isa laghu nibandha meM upapAdana karanA vistAra meM jAnA hogaa| __isake atirikta bhI aneka prakAra kI samatA yA viSamatA sAmAjika, Arthika, vyAvahArika Adi kI haiM, jinakA nirUpaNa darzanetara bhAratIya zAstroM meM kiyA gayA hai| kintu isa tarapha bhI dArzanika svara kI vyAkhyA karanA mere vicAra se kliSTa kalpanA hI hogii| cAhe darzanazAstra hoM yA anya bhAratIya zAstra hoM, va sabhI viSamatA ke bhItara samatA kA svara dekhate aura kahate haiN| yahI paramArtha hai| jahA~ samatA meM viSamatA dekhanA saMsAra aura bandhana hai, vahA~ viSamatA meM samatA kI dRSTi mukti hai| yaha dRSTi jise jisa mAtrA meM prApta ho, vaha usI mAtrA meM baddha aura mukta hai / parisaMvAda-2

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bhAratIya zAstroM meM samatA DaoN. raghunAtha giri bhAratIya zAstroM kI vyApakatA evaM vipulatA ko dekhate hue tathA samatA ke vividha arthoM meM vivecana kI sambhAvanA ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue yaha kahanA par3atA hai ki isa viSaya para eka choTe nibandha meM samagra dRSTi se vicAra karanA sambhava nahIM hai| ataH prastuta nibandha meM viSaya se sambandhita katipaya praznoM para atyanta saMkucita dRSTikoNa se vicAra vyakta kiyA gayA hai / ___maiM yahA~ yaha spaSTa kara denA cAhatA hU~ ki bhAratIya zAstroM meM samatA yA sAmAjika samatA sambandhI prakaraNoM, vAkyoM, uddharaNoM kA saMgraha, nirdeza evaM vyAkhyAna, eka pakSa hai aura zAstroM ke samaya meM vidyamAna evaM zAstroM meM carcita sAmAjika vyavasthA meM una pahaluoM kA anveSaNa jinake AdhAra para sAmAjika samatA kI sthApanA kI sambhAvanA ho sakatI hai, dUsarA pakSa hai| vartamAna yuga meM samatA ke joradAra udghoSa ke hote hue bahuvidha viSamatAoM kI vibhISikA se trasta cintaka ati prAcIna bhAratIya saMskRti se kucha aise tattva kI khoja karanA cAhate haiM jisameM hamArI Adhunika samasyAoM (jo mukhya rUpa se viSamatAoM ke kAraNa utpanna huI haiM) kA kucha sImA taka samAdhAna ho sake, aura samatA ke nAre kI sArthakatA sthApita ko jA ske| ukta AvazyakatA evaM vivecya dvividha pakSoM ko dhyAna meM rakhakara yadi bhAratIya darzanoM para eka vihaGgama dRSTipAta kiyA jAya to yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki bhAratIya darzanoM kA pratipAdya viSaya samAja yA sAmAjika sambandha na hone ke kAraNa sAmAjika samatA se sambandhita sandarbho kA nitAnta abhAva bhale na ho, para usakI kamI avazya hai| sAmAnyatayA samatA ke dRSTikoNa se bhAratIya darzanoM ko hama do vargoM meM rakha sakate haiM--(ka) tAttvika samatA aura vyAvahArika viSamatA (kha) tAttvika viSamatA aura vyAvahArika smtaa| prathama ke aikAntika dRSTAnta ke rUpa meM advaita vedAnta ko rakhA jA sakatA hai jo brahma yA paratattva kI ekatA yA samAnatA ko svIkAra karate hue nAma-rUpAtmaka vyAvahArika viSamatA kA pakSapAtI hai| dUsare ke aikAntika dRSTAnta ke rUpa meM bauddhadarzana ko rakhA jA sakatA hai jo svalakSaNa kI viSamatA ke sAtha sAmAnya parisaMvAda-2

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286 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM lakSaNa kI samatA kA siddhAnta upasthita karatA hai| anya sabhI darzana inhIM do carama panthoM meM kama yA adhika Agraha ke AdhAra para rakhe jA sakate haiM / prAyaH sabhI darzana karmavAda ko svIkAra kara samAja meM vidyamAna samasta viSamatAoM ke aucitya kA pratipAdana karate haiM tathA karma svAtantra yA viveka ke AdhAra para svakarma phala bhoktRtva rUpa samatva kA samarthana bhI karate haiN| prAyaH ina sabhI darzanoM meM jIvana ke Adarza ke rUpa meM vairAgya yA jIvana kI anekAneka jaTila samasyA ke prati upekSA yA udAsInatA ko vizeSa mahatva diyA gayA hai| inameM AdhyAtma ke prati jitanI hI adhika jAgarUkatA, satarkatA evaM tatparatA dIkhatI hai, sAmAjikatA ke sandarbha meM utanI hI adhika udAsInatA, upekSA aura akrmnnytaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki dharma aura mokSa ke sandarbha meM jitane vikalpa, pakSa, pratipakSa, mata, matAntara upasthita kie jA sake haiM utane artha aura kAma ke sambandha meM nhiiN| bhAratIya samakAlIna darzanoM ko dekhane se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki samakAlIna dArzanika vivekAnanda, dayAnanda, aravinda Adi vidvAn apane darzana kI isa kamI se bhalIbhA~ti paricita haiM tathA ise yathAsambhava dUra karane ke lie prayatnazIla bhI haiM / yahI kAraNa hai ki ina dArzanikoM ne adhyAtma aura jIvana, paramArtha aura vyavahAra, paraloka aura ihaloka, vyaktigata lakSya, mokSa aura sAmAjika lakSya samatA meM yathA sambhava samanvaya karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| jaba hama ukta dvitIya pakSa ko dhyAna meM rakhakara vicAra karate haiM to lagatA hai ki ina darzanoM ke udaya evaM vikAsa kAla meM eka sAmAjika vyavasthA thI, jo 'varNAzrama dharma' ke nAma se abhihita hotI thii| usa vyavasthA meM kucha aise tattva the aura usako puSTa karane ke lie ina darzanoM ne kucha aise AcaraNoM kA nirmANa karanA cAhA jo Adhunika sAmAjika samatA ke lie mArga nirdezaka ke rUpa meM Avazyaka pratIta hote haiN| apanI bAta ko spaSTa karane ke lie hama kucha udAharaNoM ko sAmane rakhanA caaheNge| yadi Azrama vyavasthA ke brahmacarya aura vAnaprastha Azrama ko unake antargata nihita siddhAntoM ke pariprekSya meM dekhA jAya to yaha spaSTa ho jAyegA ki unase nikalane vAle siddhAnta eka vyApaka samatA kA AdhAra prastuta karate haiM / jaise brahmacarya Azrama kI niHzulka zikSA vyavasthA aura vAnaprastha Azrama kA svecchayA svAdhikAra kA prityaag| Aja ke sandarbha meM sabhI ko niHzulka samAna zikSA kI vyavasthA aura eka nizcit vaya ke bAda AdhikArika evaM lAbhaprada padoM kA parityAga aneka sAmAjika parisaMvAda-2

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bhAratIya zAstroM meM samatA 287 viSamatAoM ko dUra karane meM sahAyaka ho sakatA hai| isI prakAra saMnyAsa niHsvArtha samAja sevA aura binA pArizramika jJAna-vijJAna ke pracAra-prasAra ke lie mArga pradarzaka bana samatA kA AdhAra prastuta kara sakatA hai| varNa vyavasthA meM bhI eka mahatvapUrNa siddhAnta nihita hai jo Aja ke sandarbha meM atyanta Avazyaka lagatA hai, vaha hai pratyeka vyakti ko vyavasAya kI suvidhA pradAna karane kA siddhAnta / varNa vyavasthA ke isa vyavasAyAtmaka yA karmAtmaka siddhAnta kA kriyAnvayana Adhunika sandarbha meM bekArI kI samasyA kA samAdhAna prastuta kara sAmAjika samatA ke lie navIna AyAma de sakatA hai| vikraya ke sthAna para dAna kA mahattva zAstroM meM dAna kI bar3I mahimA batalAI gayI hai aura kucha jIvanopayogI atyanta Avazyaka vastuoM ko vikraya varjita kintu dAna kA viSaya mAnA gayA hai| yadi Adhunika sandarbha meM kama-se-kama bhojana sAmagriyoM ko vikraya vajita banA diyA jAya to sAmAjika samatA kI sthApanA kA mahattvapUrNa dvAra khula jaay| isI prakAra darzanoM meM nirdiSTa ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya aura aparigraha Adi vratoM, samyakdRSTi, samyak AjIva Adi mArgoM tathA maitrI, karuNA, muditA, upekSA Adi sAdhanAoM ko vyaktigata jIvana se Upara uThAkara inheM sAmAjika jIvana meM pratiSThita karane kA prayatna ho to sAmAjika samatA ke saMsthApana meM hamAre darzanoM kA svara bulanda ho sakatA hai| parisaMvAda-2

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sAmAjika samatA ke sandarbha meM bhAratIya darzana zrI rAdhezyAmadhara dvivedI pazcima meM dArzanika tattvavAda samApta ho cukA hai pUrva meM adhyAtma kevala andhavizvAsa mAtra raha gayA hai| para manuSya donoM jagaha vartamAna hai| eka jagaha saba vyavasthAoM ko tor3akara samAja vyavasthA ke naye-naye AyAma DhUMDhe jA rahe haiM to eka tarapha samAja kI kaluSita pravRttiyoM ke kAraNa vyakti vairAgya lekara rahasyavAda meM Ananda le rahA hai / pahalA apanI sArI samRddhi ke bAvajUda udAsa hai, trasta hai, parezAna hai to dUsarA apanI sArI khAmiyoM yA garIbI ke bAvajUda zAnta hai, prasanna hai, prekSaka kI bhA~ti dekha rahA hai, duniyA ke nATaka ko|| pazcima sadA se gatimAna rahA hai, usakA jIvana gatizIla thA, usane sAhasa karake saba jagaha ke nayepana kA svAda liyA aura anubhava grahaNa kiyaa| usameM usane kucha diyA aura kucha liyA bhii| pUrva sadA se sthira rahA hai, vaha badalAva se bhaya khAtA hai, usameM gatizIlatA jaba AtI hai to vaha kA~patA hai kahIM usakI dharatI (virAsata) khisaka to nahIM jaayegii| isa bhaya se AtaMkita pUrva apanI sthiratA ko naye-naye AyAmoM meM banAye rakhanA cAhatA hai / para kyA bhaviSya meM yaha bacA rahegA ? aba isameM sandeha paidA ho gayA hai| sandeha naye jJAna ko janma detA hai| bhAratIya dvijamanISA isa samaya sandehAkrAnta hai vaha soca rahI hai ki kisa taraha se samaya ke anukUla zAstroM kI vyAkhyA kI jAya aura bIsavIM zatI meM pahalI zatI ke vicAroM ko tarkasaMgata siddha kiyA jAya / isake lie vizvavidyAlayoM ke buddhijIvI rAta-dina eka karake kAma kara haiM aura pahalI zatI ko 20 vIM zatI ke rUpa meM prasthApita karate jA rahe hai| isI prakriyA meM isa saMgoSTI kI upayogitA A sakatI hai| samatA ko agara sAmaJjasya ke rUpa meM liyA jAya to yaha kAma kucha sAphasApha sAmane A sakatA hai| dhar3I kI Tika-Tika kI AvAja ghar3I ke samagra yantroM ke sAmaJjasya para nirbhara karatI hai, eka yantra ke kharAba hone para ghar3I banda ho jaayegii| usI prakAra samAja kI samatA sAmaJjasya para hI AdhArita hogI, usake kisI eka aMga para koI pakSAghAta hogA to pUrA samAja cakanAcUra ho jaayegaa| Aja bhAratIya parisaMvAda-2

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289 sAmAjika samatA ke sandarbha meM bhAratIya darzana samAja kaI taraha se prabhAvita ho rahA hai / dharmoM ko naye mUlyoM meM badalA jA rahA hai| aba dharma na kaha kara mAnavIya mUlya kahA jA rahA hai| aba varNAzrama vyavasthA na kaha kara samAja vyavasthA kA nAma diyA jA rahA hai / aba karma kI zreSThatA ke AdhAra para jIvana badala rahA hai / U~cA nIca bana rahA hai nIca U~ca bana rahA hai / Aja pUre deza meM yaha sthiti hai / para ise sIdhe na kaha kara vakrarUpa se kahA jA rahA hai| sabhI parezAna haiM / para kahanA koI nahIM caahtaa| parezAnI ke A jAne para vyavasthA ke lie AdamI khuda ko taiyAra karatA hai aura vyavasthA ko apanI paramparA se nikAlanA cAhatA hai| 18 mahIne kI imarajensI ne eka vyavasthA kA unmUlana kara diyA, phira dUsarI vyavasthA kI aparyAptatA se tIsarI vyavasthA kI ora AdamI kA dhyAna jA rahA hai| isI prakAra karIba hajAra varSa kI vyavasthA se UbA huA AdamI buddha kI zaraNa gayA thA, para unakI vyavasthA bhI bahuta TikAU~ nahIM rahI aura punaH eka tIsarI vyavasthA kI ora gyaa| isa prakAra samAja kA svarUpa badalatA huA eka kA virodha kara dUsare se saMyoga banAtA huA Aja taka calA A rahA hai| sambhavataH yahI mArksa ke ghAta-pratighAta yA saMghAta ke rUpa meM vikasita vargasaMgharSa se samAjavAdI vyavasthA kA svarUpa hogaa| pazcima se pUrva meM eka vizeSatA pAyI jAtI hai vaha vizeSatA sambhavataH adhyAtma kI hai / adhyAtma yadyapi vyaktigata hotA hai, para saha sAmUhika bhI bana sakatA hai / yadi mokSamArga kA adhikArI puruSa kisI saMsArI se bAta kare to kama se kama una donoM meM saMgharSa nahIM hogaa| rAstA kA bhaTakAva ho sakatA hai, manamuTAva ho sakatA hai, para zastra saMgharSa nhiiN| samRddha vyakti kA ApasI saMgharSa nAza kA rAstA kholegA, kevala manamuTAva mAtra nahIM rhegaa| isalie samRddha vyakti bhaTakAva yA udAsIna mArga kI ora bar3ha rahe haiN| yaha pUrva kI pazcima para jIta hai| yaha vyakti kI jIta avazya hai para samAja kI jIta nahIM hai| samAja kI jIta ke lie vyakti ke adhyAtma ko sAmAjika adhyAtma ke rUpa meM badalanA pdd'egaa| agara vaha badalegA to sAmAjika samatA kAyama hogii| yaha badala sakatA hai kyoMki sthira samAja meM prabhu kA virodha karanA bahuta kaThina hotA hai| vyakti apanI mAnasika zAnti ko svataH khojakara usI meM eka rasa banA rahatA hai / vaha rAjya nirapekSa parNakuTI kA adhivAsI ho jAtA hai| phalataH vaha rAjya sattA kA virodha nahIM kara pAtA hai| bhAratIya santa dArzanikoM kI yahI hAlata rahI hai| ve eka brahmavAda, Atman, anAtman, sarvAtman meM avazya vizvAsa karate the parisaMvAda-2

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290 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAe para rAjA ko badala nahIM pAte the, yadi badalate the to mAtra apane dharma (sampradAya) kA vikAsa karate the / para Aja pazcima kA prajAtantra hama para hAvI hai usake dvArA abhI hamane sattA ko badalA hai / punaH usI ke dvArA vyavasthA ko badala sakate haiN| anta meM eka bAta kI ora vizeSa dhyAna denA hogA--vaha hai dharmamUlaka AdhyAtmika samatA kii| gAMdhI ne rAjanIti ko sadA dharma ke sAtha jor3A, ThIka usI prakAra samatA ko sadA adhyAtma ke sAtha jor3anA caahie| yadi yaha jur3Ava hogA to bhAratIya darzana kI samAja meM pratiSThA bar3hegI aura sabake prati sabakI acchI nigAha bnegii| yadi aisA nahIM huA to durAva hogA aura saMgharSa bar3hegA tathA mArksa kA varga saMgharSa Akara mAnava ke prema, svatantratA aura AdhyAtmika bhAvanA kA nAza kregaa| phalataH manuSya samatAvAdI na banakara daityabhAva se yukta hokara rAkSasI tAkata se dabA huA raurava naraka kA bhoga kregaa| isa sandarbha meM bhAratIya darzanoM kI AdhyAtmika samatA kI dRSTi ke vikAsa kI nitAnta AvazyakatA hai| parisaMvAda-2

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sAmAjika samatA aura bauddhadarzana pro. rAmazaMkara tripAThI suvidita hai ki bauddhadarzana anAtmavAdI hai| zUnyatA nairAtmya kA paryAya hai| zUnyatA sabhI prANiyoM aura vastuoM kA svabhAva hai| zUnyatA yadyapi eka tathya hai kintu vaha apane-Apa meM koI vastu nahIM hai, apitu niSedhamAtra hai / yaha kisakA niSedha karatA hai ? yA isakA niSedhya kyA hai ? isake bAre meM ThIka-ThIka paricaya na hone ke kAraNa aksara bar3e-bar3e dArzanika kaha diyA karate haiM ki zUnyatA kA artha hai--'kucha nhiiN'| jaba jIva, jagata, kucha nahIM hai to isa darzana ke anusAra na koI samAja ho sakatA hai auna na koI sAmAjika vyavasthA / phalataH sAmAjika samatA kI sthApanA meM isakA koI yogadAna kathamapi sambhava nhiiN| lekina ye sAre niSkarSa zUnyatA kA artha ThIka se na samajhane ke kAraNa udbhUta hue haiN| zUnyatA kA artha 'kucha nahIM' nahIM hai, apitu usakA artha hai-'saba kucha' / nAgArjuna ne kahA hai prabhavati ca zUnyateyaM yasya prabhavanti tasya sarvArthAH / prabhavati na tasya kiM na bhavati zUnyatA yasya / arthAt jisake mata meM zUnyatA hai, usI ke yahA~ sArI vyavasthA sambhava hai| jisake mata meM zUnyatA nahIM, usa mata meM kucha bhI nahIM ho sktaa| isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki zUnyatA kA niSedhya hamezA avastu hotA hai| arthAt jisakI kathamapi kiMcit bhI trikAla meM bhI sattA nahIM hai, aura ajJAnavaza yadi usakI sattA mAna lI gayI hai to vaha kalpita sattA hI zUnyatA kA niSedhya hai| Azaya yaha hai ki zUnyatA kA niSedhya vastu nahIM, apitu avastu hai| jo vastu hai, vaha pratItyasamutpanna hai arthAt kAraNoM kI apekSA se utpanna hai aura zUnyatA usakA niSedha nahIM krtii| vastu kI jo svataH yA svabhAvataH sattA hai, yA AtmA aura Izvara kI sattA hai, vaha nitAnta Aropita hai, avastu hai, ataH zUnyatA kevala usI kA niSedha karatI hai| zUnyatA paramArtha satya hai, vaha pratItyasamutpanna vastuoM kA dharma yA svabhAva hai| pratItyasamutpanna vastue~ saMvRtisatya haiN| svabhAvasattA, svataHsattA, AtmA, Izvara Adi saMvRtisatya bho nahIM haiN| sArA jagat jIva aura padArtha pratItyasamutpanna hai, ataH zUnyatA unakA niSedha nahIM krtii| jo hai, usakA niSedha koI kara bhI nahIM sktaa| phalataH isa darzana ke anusAra jagat kA tyAga nahIM, apitu saMgraha kiyA jAtA hai| parisaMvAda-2

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292 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM vyakti aura samAja bauddhadarzana kI dRSTi se vyaktitva vibhinna ghaTaka avayavoM kA eka gatizIla sampaMjanamAtra hai| isake upAdAnoM meM koI bhI eka aisA tattva nahIM hai, jo gatihIna, acala aura kUTastha ho / isake avayavoM meM jar3a aura cetana donoM prakAra ke avayava hote haiN| isameM vibhinna sAmAjika aura vaiyaktika prabhAva, mAnyatAyeM, dhAraNAyeM, saMskAra, smRtiyA~, AkAMkSAyeM aura vAsanAyeM saMgRhIta hotI haiN| jaise pyAja ke eka-eka chilake ko haTAte-haTAte anta meM kucha zeSa nahIM rahatA, isI taraha pUre vyaktitta kI eka-eka gaharI se gaharI paratoM kA vizleSaNa kiyA jAya, to anta meM koI sthAyItattva upalabdha nahIM hotaa| kisI uddezya kI siddhi ke lie paraspara sambaddha aura kAryarata aise vyaktiyoM kA samUha hI samAja hai| isa vyakti-avayavoM se atirikta samAja kI koI nirapekSa yA svatantra sattA nahIM hai| samAja eka cetanA hai, jo pratyeka vyakti meM pratiphalita hotI hai, kintu una cetanAoM ko kisI uddezya ke lie paraspara sambaddha aura kAryarata honA caahie| samatA samatA kA koI tAttvika astitva nahIM, apitu yaha viSamatAoM kA abhAva hai / viSamatAoM kA niSedha kara dene para vizeSa vyavahAra yA vyavasthA ke rUpa meM samatA kA pratiphalana hotA hai| viSamatAyeM ve haiM, jo kisI vyakti ko anya vyakti se yA kisI mAnava samudAya ko anya mAnavasamudAya se pRthak karatI haiN| jaise-varNa, jAti sampradAya, kisI zAstra yA guru ke prati AsthA, rAjanItika pArTI, rASTriyatA Adi / ye saba manuSya ko manuSya se pRthak karate haiN| ye saba dhAraNAyeM haiM, jinheM manuSya ne apane Upara Aropita kara liyA hai aura unase apanA tAdAtmya sthApita kara liyA hai| isake mUla meM vyakti kA bhaya aura lobha hai| apane ko surakSita karane ke liye yA kisI lAbha ke liye vyaktiyoM ne inakA AropaNa kiyA hai| isa lAbha aura bhaya ke mUla meM bhI vyakti kA apane nirapekSa astitva ke prati Agraha hai| arthAt AtmadRSTi ina sArI burAiyoM kI jar3a meM hai| AtmadRSTi eka prakAra kI buddhi hai, jisakA AdhAra aham kI sattA hai / jaba vyaktitva ke sAre upAdAnoM kA vizleSaNa kiyA jAtA hai aura jaba aham nAmaka kisI padArtha kA pRthak astitva upalabdha nahIM hotA, taba AtmadRSTi apane-Apa vigalita hone lagatI hai| AtmadRSTi kA vinAza ho jAne para usa para AdhArita uparyukta sArI viSamatAyeM apane-Apa kAraNoM sahita vilupta hone lagatI haiN| parisaMvAda-2

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sAmAjika samatA aura bauddhadarzana 293 isase vyakti parivartita hone lagatA hai tathA dUsare vyakti ke prati aura vastuoM ke prati usake sambandha aura vyavahAroM meM bhI parivartana parilakSita hone lagatA hai / aba usake sAre AcaraNoM kI dizA svArthamUlaka na hokara samAja-paraka yA paramArthamUlaka ho jAtI hai| isa taraha bauddhoM kI dRSTi meM sAmAjika samatA nairAtmyamUlaka banatI hai| bauddhoM kI dRSTi meM atIta aura anAgata kAla kI sattA mAnya nahIM haiM, ataH jo bhI samatA ho, use isI loka meM aura abhI arthAt vartamAna meM hI ghaTita honA caahie| karuNA bauddhadarzana adhyAtmavAdI hai| nairAtmya yA zUnyatA unakI AdhyAtmika samatA kA AdhAra hai| unakI isa AdhyAtmika samatA kA vyAvahArika rUpa athavA yaha kaheM ki usakA sAmAjika samatA se sambandha jor3ane vAlA tattva karuNA hai| jagata meM ananta aura asIma duHkha aura viSamatAoM kA pravAha dRSTigocara hotA hai / isa yathArtha duHkha kA darzana hI karuNA kA bIja hai| karuNA hI mahAyAna bauddhadarzana kA Adi, madhya aura anta hai| duHkhoM se mukti to pratyeka prANI cAhatA hai, kintu jaba koI vyakti yaha soce ki duHkha aura bhaya jaise mujhe priya nahIM hai, vaise kisI ko priya nahIM hai, to phira mujhameM hI aisI kyA vizeSatA hai ki maiM apane ko hI duHkha meM mukta karanA cAhatA hU~, anya ko nahIM ? to yahA~ se karuNA prArambha hone lagatI hai| jaise zAntideva ne zikSAsamuccaya meM kahA hai yadAtmanaH pareSAM ca bhayaM duHkhaM ca na priyam / tadAtmanaH ko vizeSo yattaM rakSAmi netaram // bauddha karmaphalavAdI tathA punarjanmavAdI haiN| anAdikAlIna janma-paramparA meM sabhI prANI kabhI na kabhI, kisI na kisI janma meM usake bandhu rahe haiM aura vaha bhI isI taraha anya prANiyoM se sambaddha rahA hai| isakA artha hai ki usake vyaktitva ke nirmANa aura vikAsa meM sabhI kA yogadAna rahA hai sabakA usa para RNa hai| isI taraha jagat meM jo duHkha hai yA duHkha kI vyavasthA hai, usameM bhI sabakA pratyakSa yA apratyakSa hAtha hai| isakA artha huA karuNA eka uttaradAyitva kI bhAvanA hai, jisake dvArA vaha apane ko samAja kA RNI samajhatA hai aura duHkhoM ke pravAha kA tathA usake srota kA uccheda karane kA bhAra vaha apane Upara letA hai| bhAratIya darzanoM meM prAyaH sabhI vyaktigata mokSa ke himAyatI haiN| mahAyAnI bauddha vyaktigata mokSa kI AkAMkSA ko hIna koTi kI AkAMkSA samajhate haiN| jaise koI parisaMvAda-2

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294 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAe~ putra apane mAtA-pitA ko duHkha kI avasthA meM chor3akara svayaM aizvarya kA upabhoga kare to vaha nindanIya samajhA jAtA hai, usI taraha jaba sabhI prANiyoM yA pUre samAja kA eka vyakti ke nirmANa meM yogadAna hai to use binA duHkha se mukta kiye svayaM ekAkI mukti kI sAdhanA karanA mahAyAna kI dRSTi meM eka svArthapUrNa kArya samajhA jAtA hai| ataH isa karuNA kA lakSya svayaM kI mukti nahIM, apitu samasta prANiyoM kI duHkhoM se nivRtti aura sukhoM kI prApti nirdhArita kiyA gayA hai| yaha sukha-prApti bhI Atyantika sukha-prApti hI nahIM hai, apitu laukika sukhoM kI prApti karAnA bhI isameM nihita hai / isI liye bodhicaryAvatAra meM kahA gayA hai mucyamAneSu sattveSu ye te praamodysaag'raaH| taireva nanu paryAptaM mokSeNArasikena kima // eka aura vicAradhArA hai| yaha jo sva aura para mAnanevAlI bhedabuddhi hai, isakA isake atirikta aura koI mUla nahIM hai ki hamane anAdikAla se isa taraha socane kA abhyAsa kara liyA hai athavA samAja kI ora se isa taraha socane ko bAdhya kiyA gayA hai / 'sva' aura 'para' kA vizleSaNa karane para kahoM para bhI vaisA koI sthAyI tattva upalabdha nahIM hotaa| jaba aisI sthiti hai to isase viparIta abhyAsa karake sva ko para ke rUpa meM tathA para ko sva ke rUpa meM parivartita kiyA jA sakatA hai| aisI sthiti meM dUsaroM kA sArA duHkha apanA duHkha ho jAtA hai| isakA tAtparya parArtha hI svArtha bana jAtA hai| isakA pariNAma yaha hotA hai ki karuNAvAn vyakti una logoM se apane ko pRthak nahIM karatA, jinake duHkhoM kI tivRtti ke liye vaha prayAsa karatA hai| phalataH isa kArya se usameM ahaMkAra kI vRddhi bhI nahIM ho paatii| isa prakAra kI vicAradhArA ke mUla meM bauddhoM kA zUnyavAdI darzana hI hai| - karuNA kA mUla pahale duHkhI prANI aura bAda meM kevala duHkhamAtra ho jAtA hai| karuNAvAn vyakti samAja ke hita meM apane vyaktitva kA vilopa kara detA hai| vaha jina-jina srotoM se duHkha janma letA hai, usake srotoM ko sukhAne meM AtmabalidAna ke liye sadA tatpara rahatA hai| vaha aisI viSama sAmAjika vyavasthAoM ko tor3ane meM, jinase duHkha paidA hotA hai tathA aisI sAmAjika vyavasthAoM kI sthApanA meM, jinase bahujana kA sukha, bahujana kA hita sampanna hotA ho, apane prANoM kI bAjI lagA detA hai / aisA vyakti mahAyAna kI zabdAvalI meM bodhisattva kahalAtA hai, jisane duHkha ke srotoM ko sukhAne kA uttaradAyitva apane kandhoM para le rakhA hai| usakI yaha uttaradAyitva kI bhAvanA hI mahAkaruNA kahalAtI hai| isa karuNA se vaha kisI prakAra kA parisaMvAda-2

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295 sAmAjika samatA aura bauddhadarzana / koI vyaktigata lAbha nahIM cAhatA, yahA~ taka ki vaha mokSa ko bhI apane uddezya ke sAmane tuccha hI samajhatA hai| usakA pUrA vyaktitva eka sAmAjika vyaktitva hotA hai| samAja hI usakA ArAdhya evaM pUjya hotA hai| usakI sevA meM hI vaha apane jIvana kI kRtArthatA samajhatA hai| vaha pratijJA karatA hai ki jaba taka sabhI prANI duHkha se mukta nahIM ho jAte, taba taka nirvANa kI sArI sthiti sulabha hone para bhI maiM usameM praveza nahIM kruuNgaa| ise hI apratiSThita nirvANa kahate haiM aura yahI karuNA yA bodhisattva kA lakSya hai| isa taraha karuNA vyakti aura samAja ke maulika parivartatana kA, unake hitasAdhana kA apUrva bhAratIya upAya hai| duniyA~ meM Aja taka jitane bhI sAmAjika, rAjanItika, Arthika parivartana hue, unake mUla meM karuNA nahIM rahane se aneka prakAra kI vikRtiyoM kA janma huaa| burAiyA~ naSTa nahIM huI, apitu dUsare-dUsare rUpoM meM prakaTa huI haiM / karuNA eka aisA bhAratIya upAya hai, jisase parivartana to ghaTita hotA hai / kintu pratikriyA kA aura vikRti kA janma nahIM hotaa| duniyA~ ke samAjazAstriyoM ko isakA mUlyAMkana karanA caahie|

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jainadarzana ke sandarbha meM samatA ke vicAra DaoN0 gokulacandra jaina bhAratIya manISA ne darzana, dharma aura saMskRtiviSayaka jo cintana diyA, usameM jaina darzana, jainadharma aura jaina saMskRti kA viziSTa sthAna hai / sAmAjika samatA ke sandarbha meM tIrthaMkaroM ke cintana kI eka mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA rahI hai| __ jaina cintana apane sudUra atIta meM 'zramaNa' nAma se abhihita hotA rahA hai| sama = zAnti aura sama = zrama kI AdhArazilA para nirmita jaina dharma aura darzana kA bhavya prAsAda samagra samatA kI eka sampUrNa AcAra saMhitA kA kIrtimandira hai / janma ko jAti kA AdhAra na mAnane vAle jainadharma ke janmajAta anuyAyiyoM kA jo svarUpa Aja hamArI A~khoM ke sAmane hai, use pUrI taraha najaraMdAja kiye binA bhI hama Apako atIta kI usa urvarA dharatI kA sparza karA denA cAhate haiM jisameM zramaNa saMskRti kA aMkura prasphuTita huaa| prAcIna jaina granthoM meM 'sama' aura 'samatA' zabdoM kA kaI arthoM meM prayoga huA hai / jaisepAiasahamahaNNavo meM sama (zam)-zAnta honA, upazAnta honA, naSTa honaa| sama (zamaya)-upazAnta karanA, nAza karanA, dbaanaa| sama (zrama)-parizrama, AyAsa, kheda, thkaavtt| sama (zama)-zAnti, prazama, krodha Adi kA nigraha / sama (sama)-samAna, tulya, sarIkhA, taTastha, madhyastha, udAsIna, rAgadveSa se rhit| samatA (samayA)-rAgadveSa kA abhAva, madhyasthatA / ina prayogoM se hameM yaha samajhane meM saralatA hotI hai ki 'samatA' kI avadhAraNA kyA hai| __ jaina cintana kI yaha phalazruti hai ki samatA kA mUla AdhAra hai svAtantrya, aura sAmAnya kI anubhUti / pAratantrya cAhe vaha parivAra kA ho, mAlika kA ho yA bhale hI Izvara kA kyoM na ho, samatA ke mArga meM bahuta bar3A vyavadhAna hai| yahA~ taka parisaMvAda-2

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jainadarzana ke sandarbha meM samatA ke vicAra 297 ki svayaM apanI hI akAMkSAoM aura indriyoM kA pAratantrya bhI viSamatA ke garta meM Dhake binA nahIM rahatA / samatA ke lie itanA hI Avazyaka hai sAmAnyabodha / vizeSa kI nirapekSa avadhAraNA viSamatA kI jananI hai / vizeSa kI anubhUti cAhe vaha svayaM ko sAmAnya se ucca mAnane kI ho yA sAmAnya se nIcA samajhane kI, donoM hI sthitiyoM meM viSamatA ko paidA karatI hai / jaba taka vizeSa ke kalpavRkSa kI jar3eM sAmAnya kI dharatI meM mATI kI mamatA se jur3I rahatI haiM, taba taka vaha pallavita aura puSpita hotA rahatA hai / dharatI se nAtA tor3ane kA pariNAma hotA hai AtmaghAta / yadi Ama kA per3a kahe ki maiM sirpha Ama hU~, vRkSa nahIM hU~, to usakA astitva kahA~ TikegA / jaina cintakoM ne sAmAnya kI mahattA ko jagAyA aura taba usane vizeSa ko jhakajhorakara kahA ki tumhArI baisAkhI to hama haiM / nAdAna mata bano, hamArI upekSA se tuma paMgu bana jAoge, vilakha - vilakhakara ronA par3egA / apane ko ucca mAnane kI anubhUti se adhika khataranAka hai apane ko nimna mAnane ke vizeSa kI anubhUti / isase viSamatA kI khAI duharI ho jAtI hai / isalie Avazyaka hai ki donoM staroM para vizeSa kI anubhUti kA bodha samApta ho / jaina cintakoM ne jo sabase bar3A kArya kiyA, vaha yahI thA ki sAmAnya ko apanI mahattA aura vizeSa ko apanI sImA kA bodha karAyA / mahAvIra ko apane isa kArya meM jo adbhuta saphalatA milI, usI kA pratifala thA ki sAmAjika, dhArmika, Arthika aura rAjanItika viSamatA vikhara kara Ama AdamI kI samAnatA meM samA gayI / mahAvIra svayaM kSatriya rAjakumAra the, kintu unake saMgha ke gyAraha ke gyAraha gaNadhara brAhmaNa the / usa yuga kA sabase samRddha aura mahAvIra kA kaTTara virodhI magadha samrATa zreNika bimbasAra mahAvIra kI sabhAoM kA pramukha zrotA banA / harikezI cANDAla aura caurAhe para dAsI ke rUpa meM nIlAma kI gayI candanA ko mahAvIra ke saMgha meM samAna pratiSThA milI / mahAvIra jisa pariveza meM janmeM, usameM unhoMne sAmAjika, Arthika, dhArmika aura rAjanItika viSamatAoM ko nikaTa se dekhA tathA bhogA / usa samaya jIvana dharmakendrita ho gayA thaa| samAja kI saMracanA aura Arthika vitaraNa kA niyAmaka bhI dharma thA / rAjanIti meM bhI dharma kA prAdhAnya hone se sAmAjika nyAya kI prApti meM bhI dhArmika niyama AdhAra banate the / parisaMvAda - 2

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298 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAe~ samaya ke dIrgha antarAla meM samAja saMracanA ke vaidika AdhAra varNa-vyavasthA kA rUpa itanA vikRta ho cukA thA ki AdamI-AdamI ke bIca eka lambI aura gaharI khAI bana gayI thii| pazuyajJoM ne samAja ke Arthika DhA~ce ko jarjarita kara diyA thaa| aura Izvara kI paratantratA ke kAraNa vyakti aura usake zrama kA mUlya nahIM raha gayA thaa| mahAvIra ne dekhA eka ora samRddha vaizAlI, dUsarI ora antyaja aura cANDAloM kI bastiyA~ / eka ora yajJoM meM pazudhana aura khAdyAnna kA visarjana, dUsarI ora dAnedAne ke lie kalapate hue log| eka ora ratna kaMbala, dUsarI ora jhaMjhAvAtoM meM ThiThuratA naMgA zarIra / upabhogya sAmagriyoM kI taraha khule bAjAra meM bikate tathAkathita dAsI-dAsa, strI-puruSa / cAroM ora viSamatA hI vissmtaa| - mahAvIra ne bAraha varSoM taka ina samasyAoM kA adhyayana kiyA / inheM miTAne ke lie apane Apa para aneka prayoga kiye| aura jJaba unheM lagA ki unake prayoga pare ho gaye haiM taba unhoMne kahA-Ao, eka aise samAja kI racanA kareM, jisameM koI kisI ke prANa na le| sabhI jInA cAhate haiM / maranA koI nahIM caahtaa| ___ "saba yaha samajheM ki jaise duHkha mujhe acche nahIM lagate, vaise dUsare ko bhI acche nahIM lgte|" unhoMne kahA-jo anRta hai, akalyANakArI hai, vaha mithyA hai, jhUTha hai / asatya kI bhI sImA hotI hai| paraloka meM sukhoM kA lobha dikhAkara vartamAna ke sAdhanoM kA svAhA karanA ThIka nahIM hai| mahAvIra ne kahA-binA anumati kisI kI cIja lenA corI hai / adattagrahaNa nahIM honA caahie| unhoMne kahA ki yaha galata hai ki eka jagaha sAdhana sAmagrI ke aMbAra laga jAe~, aura dUsarI jagaha khAne ke lAle par3e raheM / saMgraha kA parityAga honA cAhie, vyakti aura vastu donoM ke saMgraha kA / aura Age calakara mahAvIra ne kahAsaba eka jaise haiM, koI choTA-bar3A nahIM haiN| sabake vyaktitva kA Adara honA caahie| sabakI bAta kA Adara honA caahie| ........ yaha thA mahAvIra kA darzana-jainadarzana / jise logoM ne bAda meM aNuvrata aura mahAvatoM ke rUpa meM jAnA, anekAnta aura syAdvAda ke rUpa meM vyAkhyAyita kiyaa| jaina manISiyoM ne kahA-manuSya svataHpramANa hotA hai| zruti aura grantha - usakI prAmANikatA se pramANa ho sakate haiM, svataH pramANa nahIM / prazna apane bhItara kI parisaMvAda-2

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jainadarzana ke sandarbha meM samatA ke vicAra 299 prAmANikatA ko, vItarAgatA aura sarvajJatA ko jagAne kA hai / ise jagA liyA to tuma svayaM Apta ho jAoge, sarvajJa ho jAoge / apane ko jIta kara jina ho jAoge aura taba tuma jo kucha kahoge vaha zAstra banegA, vahI pramANa hogaa| tuma svataH pramANa ho| tuma svayaM Izvara ho / jaina dArzanikoM ne kahA yaha vizva virATa hai / pratipala isameM kucha na kucha ghaTita hotA rahatA hai / ise samagra rUpa meM eka sAtha jAna pAnA muzkila hai / jAna bhI loge to eka sAtha isakA nirNaya nahIM kara sakate / hamArI vANI kI sImA hai / samagratA kI abhivyakti eka sAtha sambhava nahIM hai / akhaNDa ko hama khaNDa-khaNDa karake jAnate haiM, aura khaNDa-khaNDa karake abhivyakta karate haiM / yahI anekAnta kA cintana hai / yahI syAdvAda kI bhASA hai / khaNDa kI anubhUti aura jJAna sApekSatA kI mathAnI se mathakara nikAlA yA tattvacintana kA navanIta hai / isa rahasya ko dahI vilone vAlI gopI jyAdA AsAnI se samajha sakatI hai / sApekSatA ke isa siddhAnta kI niSpatti hai vicAra, vANI aura vyavahAra meM mukti dilAtA hai / aura samatA ke usa viSamatA kA virodha pAnI-pAnI hokara samanvaya / sApekSatA kA parijJAna durAgraha se ucca zikhara para pratiSThita karatA hai, jahA~ se hajAra dhArAoM meM baha jAtA hai / 1 mahAvIra ke yuga kI viSamatA kA kendrabindu thA 'dharma' aura Aja kI viSamatA kI dhurI hai rAjanIti | pIrakhvAjA kI majAra para cAdara car3hAne meM bhI rAjanIti hai aura bAbA vizvanAtha para jala kI dhArA chor3ane meM bhI / rAmAyaNa aura manusmRti jalAne meM bhI rAjanIti hai aura patthara kI pratimA ko gaMgAjala se dhone meM bhI / godAmoM meM anAja sar3ane meM bhI rAjanIti hai aura rijarva baiMka kA sonA nIlAma karane meM bhI / ArakSaNa meM bhI rAjanIti hai aura ArakSa kA virodha karane meM bhI / hamAre bhojana chor3ane meM bhI rAjanIti hai aura adhika khAne meM bhI / isa samaya sAmAjika, Arthika aura dhArmika viSamatA kA mUla hai rAjanIti / aura sAmAjika samatA kA bhI mUla hai rAjanIti / taba kyoM na hama rAjanIti ko jiyeM, rAjanIti ko hI or3heM, rAjanIti ko hI bichAeM / khAyeM bhI rAjanIti aura pieM bhI rAjanIti / kyoM na hama rAjanIti ke hI paNDita ho jAeM / 1 bhArata kI jisa manISA ne dharma aura saMskRti kA darzana prastuta kiyA thA use aba samagra jIvana kI rAjanIti kA darzana prastuta karanA pdd'egaa| usI darzana meM se sAmAjika samatA kA dharma aura saMskRti janma legI / parisaMvAda -2

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jainavAGmaya meM samatA ke svara zrI amRtalAla jaina prAcIna jainavAGmaya kI dRSTi se kisI samaya yahA~ bhogabhUmi rahI / bhogabhUmi meM utpanna hue manuSya 'Arya' kahalAte the / unheM apanI AvazyakatAoM ko pUrA karane ke lie koI vyApAra nahIM karanA par3atA thA; kyoMki unakI sabhI AvazyakatAe~ isa prakAra ke kalpavRkSoM se hI pUrI ho jAtI thIM / phalataH AryoM meM saJcaya karane kI manovRtti nahIM thI / isI kAraNa se ve koI pApa nahIM karate the; AjIvana svastha evaM sukhI rahate the, aura maraNoparAnta svarga hI jAte the / usa samaya ke mAnavoM meM pUrNa samAnatA thI | saJcayavRtti ke na hone se Arthika samatA rahI aura varNavyavasthA tathA jAtiprathA ke na hone se sAmAjika samatA / samaya ke parivartana ke sAtha vyavasthA bhI parivartita ho gayI / bhogabhUmi kA sthAna karmabhUmi ne le liyA aura jIvikA calAne ke liye mAnava samAja ko asi Si, kRSi, sevA, vANijya aura zilpa kA Azraya lenA pdd'aa| aisI sthiti meM saJcayavRtti kA prArambha huA aura usI ke sAtha Arthika viSamatA kA janma huA / nauvIM zatI ke jaina AcArya bhagavajjinasena ne apane mahApurANa meM likhA hai ki isa yuga ke prArambha meM prathama tIrthaGkara bhagavAn RSabhadeva ke jyeSTha putra samrAT bharata ne, jinake nAma para isa deza kA nAma 'bhArata' rakhA gayA, varNa vyavasthA ko janma diyA / navIM zatI ke bAda ke aneka jaina manISiyoM ne bhagavajjinasenAcArya ke anukaraNa para varNavyavasthA tathA jAtiprathA ko prazraya diyA / dasavIM zatAbdI ke samartha vidvAn somadevasUri ne apane 'nItivAkyAmRtam' grantha meM dharma evaM varNavyavasthA para vizada prakAza DAlA hai / isa grantha ko vaidika vidvAn dhyAna se dekheM to ve ise apane sampradAya kA hI samajha sakate haiM / aba dekhanA yaha hai ki varNavyavasthA evaM jAtiprathA ke sambandha meM prAcIna jaina Agama, jainadarzana evaM anya jaina purANoM kA kyA abhimata hai ? jaina Agama uttarajjhayaNaM (uttarAdhyayana) nAmaka Agama grantha kA bhagavAn mahAvIra kI vANI se sIdhA sambandha hai / isake paccIsaveM adhyayana (gAthAsUtra nambara 31) meM kahA hai parisaMvAda - 2

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jainavAG maya meM samatA ke stara 301 ki manuSya apane karma se brAhmaNa hotA hai, apane karma se kSatriya hotA hai, apane karma se vaizya hotA hai aura apane karma se zUdra hotA hai kammuNA vambhaNo hoi kammuNa hoi khattio / vaisso kammuNA hoi sucho havai kammuNA // mAnavoM ke ucca-nIca vyavahAra kA hetu unakA AcaraNa hotA hai, na ki jAti yA varNa, jaisA ki nemicandra siddhAntacakravartI ne apanI kRti - 'gommaTasArakarmakANDa' meM batalAyA hai saMtA kameNAgayajIvAyaraNassa godamidisaNNA / uccaM NIcaM caraNaM uccaM NIcaM have godaM // 13 // bhagavAn mahAvIra kI dezanA jAtigata yA varNagata bhedabhAva ke binA mAnavamAtra ke lie thI / upAsakadazAGga - sUtra ke saptama adhyayana meM bhagavAn mahAvIra ke paramabhakta upAsaka saddAlaputra nAmaka kumbhakAra kA vistRta varNana hai, jo AjIvika sampradAya ko chor3akara mahAvIra ke sampradAya meM praviSTa huA thA / jaina AgamoM tathA unake uttaravartI granthoM meM isa prakAra ke anekAneka ullekha pAye jAte haiM / yadi bhagavAn mahAvIra mAnava kI sAmAjika samatA ke samarthaka na hote to cAroM varNoM ke loga unake sampradAya kA Azraya kaise lete haiM ? Aja bhI dakSiNabhArata meM vaizyoM ke atirikta bahuta se kSatriya tathA brAhmaNa bhI jainadharma ke anuyAyI haiM / samprati zvetAmbara jaina muniyoM meM kaI muni aise bhI haiM jo pahale harijana rahe haiM / AcAryakalpa AzAdhara ne apane grantha 'sAgAradharmAmRtam ' (2.22) meM likhA hai ki zUdra bhI upakaraNa, AcAra aura zarIra kI zuddhi se jainadharma kA adhikArI hai / isa samaya bhale hI vaha jAti se hIna ho, para kAlalabdhi ke prApta hone para usakA AtmA dharma kA dhAraka ho jAtA hai / zUdro'pyupaskarAcAravapuH zuddhacAstu tAdRzaH / jAtyA hIno'pi kAlAdilabdhau hyAtmAsti dharmabhAk // AcArya samantabhadra kRta 'ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra:' meM likhA hai-dharma ke prabhAva se kuttA bhI deva ho jAtA hai aura adharma ke prabhAva se deva bhI kuttA ho jAtA hai / dharma ke prabhAva se prANiyoM ko koI anirvacanIya sampadA kI prApti hotI hai / parisaMvAda - 2

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302 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAe~ purANoM ko dRSTi se jaTAsiMhanandI 'varAGgacaritam' (11.195) meM likhate haiM-sabhI mAnava samAna haiM / TreDamArka kI bhA~ti aise koI raMga nahIM haiM jinase brAhmaNa Adi varNa pahacAne jA skeN| brAhmaNa candrakiraNoM kI bhA~ti dhavala nahIM hote, kSatriya palAzapuSpa jaise raMga ke nahIM hote, vaizya haritAla kI bhA~ti pole nahIM hote aura na zUdra hI koyale sarIkhe kAle hI hote haiM na brAhmaNAzcandramarIcizubhrA na kSatriyAH kiNshukpusspgauraaH| na ceha vaizyA haritAlatulyAH zUdrA na caanggaarsmaanvrnnaaH|| raviSeNAcArya ne 'padmapurANam' (11.203) meM likhA hai-koI bhI jAti gahita nahIM hotii| guNa kalyANa ke hetu hote haiN| bhagavAn ne vrata pAlana meM nirata cANDAla ko bhI brAhmaNa batalAyA hai na jAtihitA kAcid guNAH kalyANakAraNam / vratasthamapi cANDAlaM taM devA brAhmaNaM viduH // bhagavajjinasenAcArya 'AdipurANama' (parva 38) meM likhate haiM-jAti nAmaka nAma-karma ke udaya se utpanna manuSyajAti eka hI hai, para jIvikA ke bheda se vaha cAra bhAgoM (vargoM meM) vibhakta ho gayI hai manuSyajAtirekaiva naamkrmodyodbhvaa| vRttibhedAhitA dAccAturvidhyamihAznute // vastutaH vahI jAti bar3I mAnI jA sakatI hai, jisameM saMyama, niyama, zIla, tapa, dAna, dama (indriyadamana) aura dayA vAstavika astitva rakhate hoM saMyamo niyamaH zIlaM tapo dAnaM damo dyaa| vidyante tAttvikA yasyAM sA jAtimahatI mtaa|| jainadarzana meM sAmAjika samatA ___ jainadarzana kA mUlasrota 'tattvArthasUtram' hai, jisake maGgalAcaraNa tathA 'pramANanayairadhigamaH' (1.6) ityAdi sUtroM ke AdhAra para aneka bar3e-bar3e dArzanika grantha race gaye haiM aura sarvArthasiddhatattvArthAdhigamabhASya, tattvArthavAtika, tattvArthazlokavAtika Adi bar3e-bar3e granthoM meM tattvArthasUtra ke sabhI sUtroM kI vyAkhyA kI gayI hai| ye sabhI parisaMvAda-2

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jainavAGmaya meM samatA ke stara jainadarzana ke pramukha grantha haiN| inameM varNavyavasthA tathA jAti ke anukUla yA pratikUla koI viziSTa carcA nahIM kI gayI hai| tattvArthasUtra ke 20veM sparzarasavarNa sUtra meM 'varNa' zabda AyA hai aura isI taraha sparzarasagandhavarNa (5.23) sUtra meM bhii| para ye donoM zabda yahA~ raMga ke artha meM haiM, na ki brAhmaNa Adi vargoM ke artha meM / AThaveM adhyAya meM gatijAti (sUtra 10) meM jAti zabda AyA hai| yahA~ 'jAti' zabda brAhmaNa Adi jAtiyoM ke artha meM nahIM hai, eka viziSTa karma ke artha meM hai| yahA~ jAti ke pA~ca bheda batalAye haiM-ekendriyajAti, dvIndriyajAti, trIndriyajAti, caturindriyajAti aura paJcendriya jaati| __ tIsare adhyAya meM 'AryA mlecchAzca' (sUtra naM0 36) likhA huA hai| isa sUtra se tathA isakI digambara yA zvetAmbara AcAryoM kI TIkAoM se itanA hI jJAta hotA hai ki manuSya do prakAra ke hote haiM-Arya aura mleccha / jo guNI haiM aura guNiyoM ke dvArA samAdRta haiM, ve Arya kahalAte haiN| inase jo viparIta haiM ve mleccha / niSkarSa yaha ki yaha bheda gaNakRta hai, varNa yA jAtikRta nhiiN| TIkAkAroM ne jinheM mleccha kahA hai ve isa AryakhaNDa meM nahIM pAye jAte, kubhogabhamiyoM meM pAye jAte haiN| phalataH tattvArthasUtra kA yaha sUtra varNa yA jAti ke AdhAra para mAnavIya viSamatA kA samarthana nahIM karatA, yaha spaSTa hai| rAjA bhoja ke samakAlIna prabala zAstrArthI AcArya prabhAcandra ne apane 'prameyakamalamArtaNDaH' grantha meM pRSTha 483 se 487 taka aura 'nyAyakumudacandraH' meM pRSTha 778 se 779 taka brAhmaNatvajAti kI samAlocanA kI hai / prameyakamalamArtaNDa ke pRSTha 484 para likhA hai-- brahmaNo brAhmaNyamasti vA navA ? nAsti cet kathamato brAhmaNotpattiH ? na hyamanuSyAdibhyo manuSyAdyutpattirghaTate / asti cet, kiM sarvatra, mukhapradeza eva vA ? sarvatra iti cet, sa eva bhedAbhAvo'nuSajyate / mukha pradeza eva cet, anyatra pradeze tasya zUdratvAnuSaGgaH, tathA ca pAdAdayo'sya na vandyA vRSalAdivat / arthAt brahmA meM brAhmaNatva hai yA nahIM ? nahIM hai, to isase brAhmaNoM kI utpatti kaise huI ? kyoMki amanuSya Adi se manuSya Adi kI utpatti honA siddha nhiiN| yadi brahmA meM brAhmaNatva hai, to pUre zarIra meM yA kevala mukha meM hii| yadi pUre zarIra meM hai, to mAnavoM meM brAhmaNa Adi kA bheda samApta hogA aisA prasaGga aaegaa| yadi kevala mukha meM hI brAhmaNatva hai, to anya pradezoM meM zUdratva kA prasaGga AtA hai| aisI sthiti meM brahmA ke paira Adi zUdra kI hI bhA~ti abandya Thaharate haiN| parisaMvAda-2

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304 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM isI ke Age likhate haiM brAhmaNa eva tanmukhAjjAyata, tanmukhAdevAsau jAyeta ? viklpdvye'pynyonyaashryH| arthAt brAhmaNa hI brahmA ke mukha se utpanna hotA hai athavA usake mukha se hI brAhmaNa utpanna hotA hai-ina donoM hI vikalyoM ke svIkAra karane para anyonyAzraya doSa hai| brAhmaNa jAti siddha ho to brahmA ke mukha se usakI utpatti siddha ho, aura brahmA ke mukha se hI brAhmaNa jAti kI utpatti siddha ho to brAhmaNa jAti kI utpatti siddha ho| isake likhane ke uparAnta likhA hai ki kevala AcAra-vicAra ke AdhAra para jAti yA varNa kI vyavasthA kI jAnI caahie| isa taraha prAcIna jaina Agama, purANa tathA jaina darzana meM mAnavIya samatA ke paryApta svara upalabdha haiN| parisaMvAda-2

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jaina-purANoM meM samatA zrI devIprasAda mizra prArambha meM bauddha aura jaina dharma ko varNa vyavasthA tathA jAtivAda svIkAra na hone ke kAraNa ve usakA virodha karate the| bauddha dharma apane isa siddhAnta kA pAlana karate hue dRr3ha rahA, parantu kAlAntara meM jainoM ne isa deza kI mukhya dhArA meM bahate hue eka samanvita sAmAjika vyavasthA ko janma diyA, jisameM brAhmaNoM ke sthAna para kSatriyoM ko pramukhatA dI gaI hai| isI ko mAnakara unhoMne purANoM kI racanA karake yaha pratipAdita karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai ki unake sabhI triSaSTizalAkA-puruSa kSatriya kula meM utpanna hue the| paM0 phUlacandra jI kA vicAra hai ki jaina-Agama-sAhitya meM cAturvarNya vyavasthA nahIM hai| parantu yaha mata amAnya hai, kyoMki jaina-AgamoM meM baMbhaNa, khattiya, vaissa tathA sudda nAma ke cAra varNoM kA ullekha milatA hai, jo kramazaH, brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya tathA zUdra haiM 2 - jaina sUtroM ke anusAra karma se brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya tathA zUdra kI utpatti hotI hai| isI prakAra kA vicAra jaina purANoM meM bhI milatA hai| loga apane yogya karmoM ko karate the, ve apane varNa kI nizcita AjIvikA chor3akara dUsare kI AjIvikA ko grahaNa nahIM karate the, unake kAryoM meM varNa-saMkaratA nahIM thI aura unake vivAha jAtisambandha evaM vyavahAra Adi sabhI kArya varNAnusAra hote the| mahApurANa ke anusAra pahale varNa vyavasthA nahIM thI parantu kAlAntara meM AjIvikA ke AdhAra para cAturvaNyavyavasthA huii| 1. phUlacandra-varNa, jAti aura dharma, kAzI 1963, pR0 197 / 2. jagadIzacandra jaina--jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, vArANasI 1965, pR0 223 / 3. uttarAdhyayana sUtra 25-33 / 4. yathAsvaM svocitaM karma prajA dadhurasaGkaram / vivAhajAtisambandhavyavahArazca tanmatam // mahApurANa 16-187 manuSyajAtirekaiva jAtinAmodayodbhavA / vRttibhedAhitAmbhedAccAturvidhyamihAznute // mahApurANa 38-45 tulanIya-cAturvayaM mayA sRSTaM guNakarmavibhAgazaH / gItA 4-13 parisaMvAda-2 20

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306 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAe~ raviSeNAcArya ne jAti vyavasthA kA khaNDana kiyA hai| padmapurANa meM kisI bhI jAti ko nindanIya nahIM batAyA gayA hai| sabhI meM samAnatA kA darzana karAke guNa ko kalyANaka mAnA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki vratI cANDAla ko gaNadharAdi deva brAhmaNa kahate haiN| raviSeNAcArya ne brAhmaNa, gAya, hAthI, kuttA tathA cANDAla ke prati samatA kA dRSTikoNa apanAyA hai| jaina purANoM meM sabhI ke prati samatA kA bhAva dikhAyA gayA hai| isIlie zrI gaNeza muni ne kahA hai ki pahale varNa vyavasthA meM U~ca-nIca kA bheda-bhAva nahIM thaa| jisa prakAra cAra bhAI koI kAma Apasa meM bA~Takara sampAdita karate haiM, usI prakAra cAturvarNya vyavasthA bhI thii| kAlAntara meM isa vyavasthA ke sAtha U~ca-nIca kA sambandha jur3a gayA, jisase vizuddha sAmAjika vyavasthA meM bhAvAtmaka hiMsA kA sammizraNa ho gyaa| jaina purANoM ke anusAra cAroM vargoM kA vibhAjana AjIvikA ke AdhAra para huA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki jaina purANoM meM logoM ko apanI-apanI AjIvikA samyak DhaMga se pratipAdita karane kI vyavasthA kI gaI hai| yadi koI aisA nahIM karatA to use daNDa dene kI bhI vyavasthA kI gaI hai| kyoMki isase varNa-saMkaratA ko rokA jA ske| ___ jainAcAryoM ne sabhI ko samAnatA ke AdhAra para rakhA hai| unhoMne sabhI ke sAtha samAna nyAya kI vyavasthA kI hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki brAhmaNoM ko jo vizeSAdhikAra milA thA usakA patana huA aura samAnatA ke AdhAra para samAja kA purnagaThana kiyA gyaa| yadi brAhmaNa corI karate hue pakar3A jAtA thA to use deza se nikAla dene kI vyavasthA kI gaI thii| 1. padmapurANa // 195-202 2. na jAtihitA kAcid guNAH kalyANakArakam / vratasthamapi cANDAlaM taM devA brAhmaNaM viduH // padmapurANa 11, 203, mahApurANa 74, 488-495 tulanIya-mahAbhArata zAntiparva 189, 4-5, varAGgacarita 25, 11 / 3. padmapurANa 11, 204 / 4. gaNeza muni-prAgaitihAsika vyavasthA kA mUla rUpa, jinavANI' jayapura 1968, varSa 25, aMka 12, pR09| 5. mahApurANa 38, 46, padmapurANa 11, 201, harivaMzapurANa , tulanIya-viSNu purANa 1, 6, 3-5, vAyupurANa 9, 160-165 / 6. harivaMzapurANa 14-7, mahApurANa 16-248 / 7. mahApurANa 70-155, tulanIya-harivaMzapurANa 27, 23-41 / parisaMvAda-2

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jaina-purANoM meM samatA 307 ... usa samaya kanyAoM kA janma mAtA-pitA ke lie abhizApa thA, parantu jaina purANoM meM sAmAjika samatA ke AdhAra para unako Upara uThAyA gayA hai / isa kAraNa unhoMne (jinasena ne) vyavasthA kI hai ki kanyAoM kA janma prIti kA kAraNa hotA hai|' isI prakAra kA vicAra kAlidAsa ne bhI vyakta kiyA hai| unhoMne apane grantha kumArasambhava meM kanyA ko kula kA prANa kahA hai / jainAcAryoM ne putra evaM putrI ko samAna mAnA hai| isIlie pitA donoM ko samAna rUpa se par3hAte the| usa samaya binA bheda-bhAva ke lar3ake aura lar3akiyA~ sAtha-sAtha adhyayana kiyA karate the| jainAcArya jinasena ne lar3akoM ke samAna lar3akiyoM ko bhI samasta vidyAoM evaM kalAoM kI zikSA dene kI vyavasthA kI hai| jinasena ne pitA kI sampatti meM putrI ko barAbara bhAga kA adhikArI batAyA hai| striyoM ko samAja meM sammAna kI dRSTi se dekhA jAtA thA aura unake sAtha samatA kA vyavahAra hotA thaa| jainAcArya striyoM ke sAtha durvyavahAra kI kaTu AlocanA karate the| isIlie striyoM ko bhI puruSa ke samAna svarga kA adhikAra diyA hai| . jainAcAryoM ne parivAra meM pati-patnI meM paraspara samAnatA ke AdhAra para sauhArdatA sthApita karane meM mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA nibhAyI hai| jIvanarUpI naukA patipatnI ke sahayoga se calatI hai| kisI ko kama yA adhika samajhane para jIvana-naukA bha~vara meM par3akara durgati ko prApta hotI hai / isIlie hamAre manISiyoM ne donoM meM samAnatA sthApita karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai / padmapurANa meM kahA gayA hai ki strI puruSa kA jor3A sAtha hI sAtha utpanna hotA thA aura Ayu vyatIta karake prema-bandhana meM Abaddha rahate hue sAtha hI sAtha mRtyu ko prApta karate the| eka ora patnI ko pati kI 1. mahApurANa 6, 83 / 2. bhagavatazaraNa upAdhyAya-guptakAla kA sAMskRtika itihAsa, vArANasI 1969, pR0 221 / 3. mahApurANa 26, 118 4. padmapurANa 26, 5-6, tulanIya-bRhadAraNyakopaniSad 6, 2, 1, chAndogyopaniSad 5, 3 / 5. mahApurANa 16, 102 / 6. puzyazca saMvibhAgArhAH samaM putraH samAMzakaiH / mahApurANa 18.154 / tulanIya-kAtyAyana 921.27, AvazyakacUrNI 232, uttarAdhyayana 2, pR0 89 7. harivaMzapurANa 19.16, padmapurANa 15.173 / 8. padmapurANa 80.147, mahApurANa 17.169 / yugmamutpadyate tatra palyAnAM trayamAyuSA / premabandhanabaddhazca mriyate yugalaM samam // padmapurANa 3.51 / / parisaMvAda-2

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308 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM ardhAGginI' kahA gayA hai, to dUsarI ora use pati kA vizvAsapAtra mantrI, mitra evaM priya ziSyA batAyA gayA hai| __ patnI ke binA ghara ko zUnya evaM jaMgala batAyA gayA hai| manu ne to yahA~ taka kaha DAlA hai ki jahA~ para striyoM kI pUjA hotI hai vahIM para devatA nivAsa karate haiN|" isIlie mahApurANa meM kahA gayA hai ki pati patnI se suzobhita hotA hai / jainAcAryoM ne vezyAoM ko sAmAjika dhArA se jor3ane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| samAja meM vezyAoM ko hInadRSTi se dekhA jAtA thA, parantu samAja ne sudhAra karake inakI sthiti meM parivartana kiyaa| isa parivartana ke pariNAmasvarUpa vasanta senA nAmaka vezyA ne apanA pezA chor3akara vivAha kiyA aura apanI mA~ ke ghara se pati ke yahA~ Akara apanI sAsa kI sevA karate hue aNuvratoM kA pAlana karane lgii| vezyAyeM vivAha karake gRhasthI basAne lagIM aura sAmAjika dhArA meM yogadAna dene lagIM / vezyAoM ke sAtha vivAha karane para kisI ko samAja se bahiSkRta nahIM kiyA jAtA thaa| isase yaha jJAta hotA hai ki jainAcAryoM ne vezyAoM kI sthiti sudhArane aura unheM samAja meM sammAnajanaka sthAna dilAne tathA unake sAtha vivAha karane ko protsAhana diyaa| jisa prakAra Ajakala harijana kanyA ke sAtha vivAha karane para sarakAra kI ora se vibhinna prakAra kA protsAhana diyA jAtA hai, sambhavataH usa samaya bhI vezyAoM ke sAtha vivAha karane para isI taraha kA koI protsAhana diyA jAtA hogaa| jainAcAryoM ne samAja meM Arthika asamAnatA ko dUra karane ke lie samAnatA ko sthApita karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai / jaina purANoM ke anuzIlana se yaha tathya prakAza meM AtA hai ki usa samaya sabhI ko nyAya pUrvaka AjIvikA karane ke lie protsAhana diyA jAtA thaa| jinasenAcArya ne kahA hai ki isa saMsAra meM manuSya kI icchAe~ ananta haiM aura una icchAoM kI pUrti ke sAdhana atyalpa haiN| ataeva samasta icchAoM 1. taittirIyasaMhitA 6.1.8.5, aitareya brAhmaNa 1.2.5, zatapathabrAhmaNa 5.2.1.10 / 2. gRhiNI sacivaH sakhI mitraH priya ziSyA lalite kalAvidhau-raghuvaMza 8.87 / 3. mahAbhArata 12.144.4 / 4. vahI, 12.144.6 / yatra nAryastu pUjyante ramante tatra devatAH / / yatratAstu na pUjyante sarvAstatrAphalAH kriyAH / / manusmRti 3.56 / tulanIyajAmayo yatra pUjyante ramante tatra devatAH / yatratAstu na pUjyante vinaMkSyatyAzu tadgRham // bhaviSyapurANa 4.117.4 / 6. mahApurANa 6.59 / 7. harivaMzapurANa 21.176 / parisaMvAda-2

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jaina - purANoM meM samatA 309 kI pUrti honA asambhava hai / isIlie atyanta Avazyaka AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti karake hI santoSa karanA cAhie / ataH viveka evaM nyAya pUrvaka cayana kiye gaye dhana se icchA pUrti karanI cAhie / ' jainAcAryoM ne kahA hai ki yadi koI manuSya apanI icchA pUrti anyAya-mArga kA Azraya lekara karatA hai to use mahAn kaSTa uThAnA par3atA hai / ataeva nyAyapUrvaka dhanArjana karanA hI jIvana ko sukhI evaM santuSTa banAne kA ekamAtra mArga hai / kAmanAoM kI pUrti kA sAdhana artha hai, aura artha dharma se milatA hai / isalie dharmocita artha arjana se icchAnusAra sukha kI prApti hotI tathA isase manuSya prasanna rahate haiM / ataeva dharma kA ulaGghana na kara dhana kamAnA, usakI rakSA karanA tathA yogya pAtra ko denA hI mukhya lakSya honA cAhie / hai jainAcArya jinasena ne samAja meM vargasaMgharSa ko rokane ke lie zrama kA vibhAjana kiyA hai|" unhoMne aisI vyavasthA kI thI ki sabhI apane-apane peze meM lagakara kuzalatA kA paricaya de aura kArya meM nipuNatA lAkara deza ko Age bar3hAveM / isIlie mahApurANa meM eka dUsare kI AjIvikA meM hastakSepa kA niSedha kiyA gayA hai / ataH hama dekhate haiM ki jainAcAryoM ne jaina purANa ke mAdhyama se samAja ke vibhinna kSetroM meM samatA sthApita karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai / samAja se vizeSAdhikAroM evaM asamAnatA ko dUra karake samanvaya kI dhArA pravAhita kiyA hai / 1. nyAyopArjitavittakAmaghaTanaH 2. " / mahApurANa 41.158 / "vRttizca nyAyo lokottaro mataH / mahApurANa 42.14 / tulanIya - garur3apurANa 1.205.98 / 3. dharmAdiSTArtha saMpattistataH kAmasukhodayaH / sa ca saMprItaye puMsAM dharmAt saiSA paramparA // mahApurANa 5.15 / 4. sa tu nyAyo'natikrAntyA dharmasyArthasamarjanam / - rakSaNaM vardhanaM cAsya pAtre ca viniyojanam / mahApurANa 42.13 / 5. mahApurANa 29.29 / . 6. vahI, 16.187 / parisaMvAda - 2

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samatA ke AyAma pro0 kRSNanAtha 1. samatA kA eka AyAma sAmAnya hai eka vizeSa / sAmAnya rUpa se samatA kA artha hai dUsaroM ke samAna sammAna, darjA, ohadA / yaha samatA manuSyoM ke liMga, raMga, guNa, karma, zakti Adi se nirapekSa hai| manuSya hone mAtra se, sAmAnya manuSyatA ke nAte eka dUsare ke barAbara haiM / manuSya samAna rUpa se janamatA hai, sukha-duHkha kA anubhava karatA hai, jarA aura mRtyu ko prApta hotA hai, Adi sAmAnya guNoM ke kAraNa manuSya samAna Adara kA adhikArI hai| samatA kA yaha sAmAnya, sAdhAraNa, nirapekSa rUpa hai| AtmadRSTi se isakA AdhAra yaha hai ki prANimAtra eka hI Izvara se vAsita hai, isalie ve sabhI samAna haiN| jo AtmA yA Izvara nahIM mAnate unake lie manuSyatA kA sAmAnya guNa isakA AdhAra hai| samatA ke vizeSa rUpa isa sAmAnya se jur3e hue haiN| mAtra vizleSaNa ke lie ise bhinna karake dekhA jA rahA hai| ye vizeSa rUpa haiM-1. sAmAjika, 2. Arthika, 3. rAjanItika aura 4. aadhyaatmik| inameM se pahale tIna-sAmAjika, Arthika, rAjanItika bAhya haiM / antima Antarika hai / bAhya-antara meM antarAvalambana hai| alagAva nhiiN| sAmAjika samatA kA artha hai manuSya samAja ke vibhinna vargoM, jAtiyoM kAryoM meM ba~Te hone para bhI manuSya ke sammAna meM samatA / yaha usI nirapekSa samatA kA samAja meM prakAza hai| Arthika samatA sammAna aura sevAoM kA nyAyya vitaraNa hai| isakA tAtparya upabhoga kI vastuoM aura sevAoM kA barAbara-barAbara ba~TavArA yA sarIkhApana nahIM hai / hara kisI ko usakI AvazyakatA ke anusAra dene aura usakI yogyatA ke anusAra kAma lene kA nyAya isakA AdhAra hai| utpAdana ke sAdhanoM kA vyaktigata hAtha meM rahanA isameM bAdhaka mAnA jAtA hai| utpAdana ke prabandha meM bhI yaha eka hada ke bAda rukAvaTa hai / isalie use samAja ke hAtha meM le lene kA rAstA bhI sujhAyA jAtA hai| Arthika samatA kA saguNa rUpa AmadanI aura kharca ke antara ko eka maryAdA ke bhItara rakhane kA hai| jaise kama-se-kama AmadanI aura kharca aura adhika-se-adhika AmadanI aura kharca 1:10 yA 1:5 yA 1:3 ke anupAta meM hoN| . parisaMvAda-2

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samatA ke AyAma 311 rAjanItika samatA kA artha kAnUna aura voTa ke mAmale meM barAbarI hai| isa taraha cAheM pratIka rUpa meM hI manuSya rAjya ke lekhe barAbara haiM / vyavahAra meM yaha samatA sAmAjika darje, Arthika zakti ke abhAva meM khAriz2a ho sakatI hai| jaise bhArI cunAva ke kharca ke kAraNa hara koI vidhAyaka yA saMsada sadasya nahIM bana sakatA aura phalataH rAja-kAja meM samAna rUpa se bhAgIdAra nahIM bana sktaa| lekina yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki antima rUpa se to voTa hI isakA nirNaya karatA hai| usameM samAna Ayu ke strI, puruSa agara samAna rUpa se bhAga le sakate haiM to ve pratinidhi ke jarie zAsana meM zarIka haiN| AdhyAtmika samatA Antarika hai| prANa-apAna, ThaMDha-garama, sukha-duHkha vagairaha ke dvandvoM meM eka jaisA honA hai / aisA nahIM ki bheda kA anubhava nahIM hotA kintu usase citta meM kSobha nahIM hotaa| samadarzI, yathAbhUta, yathAvata, tadvata, jasa kA tasa dekhatA hai aura vicalita nahIM hotaa| Antarika aura bAhya samatA kA eka dUsare para prabhAva par3atA hai| jaise agara samAja meM sampatti kI saMsthA hai to manameM usake prati lobha honA jyAdA sambhava hai| kisI kI koI vyaktigata sampatti ho hI na to yaha lobha chIjha sakatA hai| lekina agara samAja se vyaktigata sampatti kA nAza kara diyA jAe, aura citta meM usake prati Asakti banI rahe to vaha avasara pA kara kisI-na-kisI rUpa meM suvidhA, sevA adhikAra vagairaha meM pragaTa hotI hai| prAcIna bhAratIya darzana aura sAdhanA meM Antarika, AdhyAtmika samatA para jyAdA bala rahA hai| samatA ke Adhunika darzana aura sAdhana meM sAmAjika aura bAhya samatA para jyAdA bala dikhAyI par3atA hai| kyA koI aisA darzana aura sAdhanakrama ho sakatA hai jisameM ina donoM ekAGgI bala-abala ko samatulya banAyA jA sake ? 2. samatA kI kalpanA prAcIna hai| kintu yaha jaise prAg aitihAsika vastu rahI hai| bahuta karake atIta yA anAgata meM pUrNa samatA, svatantratA, sukha Adi kI kalpanA kI gayI hai| yA to aisA rAmarAjya meM thA jo aba hai nhiiN| yA svarga ke rAjya meM thA jahA~ se Adama aura hauvA patita hue| saMsAra meM to jaise viSamatA kA rAjya hai| AnA-jAnA, sukha-dukha, mAna-apamAna, ThaMDha-garama vagairaha hai| yA phira anAgata kAla meM hai jaba samAjavAda yA sAmyavAda apane pUrNa rUpa meM pragaTa hogA to phira vyaktiyoM para nahIM, vastuoM para zAsana hogA, rAjya murajhA jAegA, hara kisI se usakI yogyatA ke mutAbika kAma liyA jAegA, hara kisI ko usakI AvazyakatA parisaMvAda-2

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312 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM ke mutAbika milegA, zoSaNa-pIr3ana na hogA, sukhI samAja hogA, vagairaha / lekina vaha samAja kalpa meM hai, cAhe vaha kalpa purAkAla meM ho, yA bhaviSya meN| samatA kI Ajakala kI cintA atIta-anAgata meM nahIM, vartamAna meM hI ise prApta karane kI hai| paraloka meM nahIM, svarga ke rAjya meM yA sAmyavAda ke carama meM nahIM, yahIM, isI loka meM, isI kSaNa samatA pragaTa ho| samatA dRSTa dharma hai, adRSTa nhiiN| anubhavagamya hai, parIkSaNa yogya / 3. samatA sirfa manuSyatA ke sAmAnya guNa ke rUpa meM nahIM, balki vyavahAra meM jarUrI hai| samatA ke guNa kA bakhAna kAphI nahIM, AcaraNa jarUrI hai| yaha kaise ho? yaha 'samAna ko samAna' ke jarie ho sakatA hai| yaha 'asamAna ko asamAna' ke dvArA bhI samatA kA vyavahAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| yaha donoM hI rAstA asamatA ke lie bhI prayoga meM lAyA jA sakatA hai, samatA ke lie bhii| udAharaNa ke lie varNa vyavasthA meM bhI 'samAna ko samAna' aura asamAna ko asamAna' kI vyavasthA thii| kintu vaha vyavasthA hI U~ca-nIca, dUrI, aura zuddha-azuddha para TikI huI thii| samatA kI dRSTi meM 'samAna ke lie samAna' yA 'asamAna ke lie asamAna' kA prasthAna, prayojana, mArga-phala bhinna hai| unnIsavIM sadI meM samatA ke vyavahAra ke lie 'avasara kI samatA' para bahuta bala diyA gyaa| kisI ko koI bhI kAma-dhandhA, ohadA, sammAna vagairaha pAne meM usakI yogyatA ke alAvA koI bAdhA na ho, samAna avasara ho, yaha samatA ke vyavahAra kI AdhArazilA mAnI gyii| kintu yaha 'avasara kI samatA' asamatA kA kAraNa bana sakatI hai| kyoMki manuSya eka jaisI sthiti meM nahI haiN| sthiti kI viSamatA ke kAraNa agara avasara kI samatA mila bhI jAe to jo jyAdA acchI sthiti meM paidA hue haiM, balavAna haiM, buddhimAna haiM, ve unase kahIM Age nikala jAyeMge jo kharAba sthiti meM paidA hue haiM, balahIna haiM, buddhihIna haiN| agale samAna avasara kI samatA ko hI paryApta mAnate haiN| jabaki pichar3oM ke lie vizeSa avasara binA samAna sthiti meM AnA sammava nhiiN| dhyAna rahe, avasara kI samatA lakSya nahIM sAdhana hai| sAdhya hai smtaa|. 4. samatA parama Adarza hai, kintu viSamatA tathya hai| 'svatantratA' samatA, 'bhAIcArA' kI gUMja aTThArahavIM sadI kI phrAMsa kI rAjya krAMti ke bAda sArI duniyA meM huI hai| yaha bhI duharAyA jAtA hai ki 'sabhI manuSya samAna janamate haiN|' kintu yaha parisaMvAda-2

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samatA ke AyAma tathya nahIM hai| tathya yaha hai ki manuSya asamAna sthitiyoM meM janamate haiN| kisimakisima kI bAhya-Antarika viSamatA mAnava goSThI kA tathya hai / viSamatA ke bIca samatA kA Adarza ina dinoM bahata prabala hai| yahA~ taka ki viSamatA ke pakSadhara bhI aba khale Ama viSamatA kA pakSa nahIM lete| jahA~ kahIM usakI jarUrata batAte haiM vahA~ bhI vivazatA ke rUpa meM hii| mUlya ke rUpa meM to samatA hI pratiSThita hai| phira bhI, viSamatA ke tathya se bhI inakAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| strI-puruSa, agar3I-pichar3I jAti, kAle-gore, amIra-garIba, zAsaka-zAsita vagairaha ke jor3oM meM jo dvandva hai, jo anekatA hai, jo viSamatA hai usase A~kha mUMdanA bacanA hai| to prazna hai ki isa viSamatA ke prati rukha kyA ho ? tIna rukha ho sakatA hai| 1-viSamatA ke tathya ko sakAra kara usake anukUla vyaktigata aura sAmAjika AcaraNa kiyA jaae| vyakti aura samAja kA ina bhedoM ke AdhAra para saMyojana ho| alabattA usameM bhI una sabhI saMyojanoM ko pAra kara carama avasthA meM eka akhaNDa abheda meM lIna hone kI yA mokSa kI guMjAiza rhe| 2-bAhya viSamatA ko apane deha-citta meM utAra kara apane andara hI unameM samatA sAdhI jAe / aura 3-viSamatA ke viruddha andara-bAhara saMgharSa kiyA jaae| Aja kI duniyA meM havA kA rukha viSamatA ke viruddha hai, samatA kI ora hai| samatA korA Adarza nahIM hai| isake pIche jabardasta rAjanItika-sAmAjika Andolana hai / samatA kI bhUkha jaga gayI hai| kisima kisima kI viSamatA ko yaha khA rahI hai| kintu viSamatA bhI eka rUpa ko chor3a dUsare rUpa meM pragaTa ho rahI hai / sAmantI alagAva kI jagaha Adhunika samAjavAdI yA udAravAdI alagAva aura dUrI aura zuddha-azuddha kA vyavahAra ho rahA hai| jaise prAcIna varNa-vyavasthA kI jagaha karmacArI tantra ke cAra 'greDa' le rahe haiM / phira bhI, jhukAva samatA kI ora hai, viSamatA ke viruddha hai| samatA ko sampannatA ke sAtha bhI jor3A jA rahA hai| prAcIna aura madhyakAlIna sAdhana meM viSamatA ke bIca jIne kA rAstA thA ki bhoga-vilAsa se apane ko alaga kara lo| garIbI apanAo / samatA kA andara-bAhara abhyAsa kro| pazcimI kAla ke samAjavAdI cintakoM ne Adhunika kAla meM eziyA, aphrIkA, aura laiTina amerikA ke mahAdvIpoM aura dezoM meM zoSaNa-dohana aura vijJAna aura TeknAlAjI ke AviSkAroM vagairaha kA lAbha socakara sampannatA ke jarie samatA aura samatA ke jarie sampannatA kA mantra sujhAyA hai| pUrvI yUropIya dezoM meM vizeSa kara, soviyata saMgha meM yaha phailA bhI hai| kintu kyA eziyA; aphrIkA aura laiTina amarIkA meM bhI sampannatA ke jarie parisaMvAda-2

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314 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM samatA aura samatA ke jariye sampannatA sambhava hai ? yA yahA~ to zAsaka varga ke lie svecchA apanAyI gayI garIbI ke jarie hI samatA kA vyavahAra kiyA jA sakatA hai / 5. samatA kI apAra sambhAvanAe~ haiM, sImAe~ bhI / darzana meM to samatA kI pUrNatA meM koI aTaka nahIM hai / kintu vyavahAra meM samaya aura samAja ko vivazatAe~ haiM / kucha to kalpita haiM, kucha vAstavika haiN| sattA-vyavasthA kI jarUrate haiN| inake kAraNa pUrNa samatA kI prApti sambhava nhiiN| isalie asamatA Adarza nahIM ho sktii| Adarza to pUrNa samatA hI hai| samatA ke pUre prakAza ke lie kyA upAya jarUrI hai ? yA nahIM jarUrI hai ? isa para matabheda ho sakatA hai| ise sadbhAva se dUra kiyA jA sakatA hai / anyathA nhiiN| viSamatA ke rogI samAja aura vyakti ke lie kisa mAtrA meM samatA guna karegI, kisa mAtrA meM beguna, isakA viveka jarUrI hai| anyathA kabhI-kabhI acche irAde se bure natIje nikalate haiN| ... phira, yaha bhI dhyAna rahe ki samatA kA krAntikArI lakSya eka ora svatantratA aura dUsarI ora bhAIcArA ke sAtha hai| inako khArija karake nhiiN| apane carama rUpa meM nirapekSa samatA, svatantratA aura bandhutA meM bheda nahIM, abheda hai / so hI sahaja hai, sukha hai, zAnti hai| kintu vizeSa-vizeSa rUpoM meM sApekSika samatA aura svatantratA aura sahajatA meM TakarAhaTa bhI ho sakatI hai| isalie inameM sAmaJjasya, sAmarasya, tAla-mela baiThAnA jarUrI hai| ... samatA kI prajJA ke binA upAya cAlAkI aura upAya ke binA prajJA AtmaghAtI hai / isalie samatA ke AcaraNa meM prajJA aura upAya donoM kI jarUrata hai| jo bhI ho, samatA kI sambhAvanAoM ke sAtha-sAtha isakI sImAoM kA dhyAna rakhanA bhI samatA ke samyaka darzana-AcaraNa ke lie jarUrI hai| kintu sImAoM ke kAraNa Adarza chor3anA nhiiN| na hI sattA-vyavasthA ke sAtha durabhisaMdhi karanA / yA mana meM kucha, bacana meM kucha, karma meM kucha karanA / vaha to pAkhaNDa hai / samatA nhiiN| - anta meM bhAratIya darzana kI paramparA meM samatA kA kyA rUpa hai ? yaha prazna to alaga se vicAra kA viSaya hai / isalie abhI itanA hI nivedana hai| parisaMvAda-2

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mAnava-samatA pro0 rAjArAma zAstrI phrAMsa kI rAjyakrAMti ke nAre the svatantratA, samatA aura bhrAtRbhAva / ina nAroM ke pIche pracura mAtrA meM dArzanika UhApoha huA thaa| prazna yaha uThatA hai ki kyA yaha tInoM mAnava kI janmajAta pravRttiyA~ haiM ? inameM se eka samatA ko hI lIjiye, kyA saba manuSya samAna paidA hue haiM ? manuSya kI vyaktigata vizeSatAoM ko dekhate hue to aisA lagatA hai ki koI bhI eka manuSya dUsare manuSya ke samAna nahIM hai balki sarvathA bhinna hai / phira bhI mAnavapravRtti kI anya jIvoM se jo vizeSatA hai usakI dRSTi se sabhI manuSyoM meM kucha mUlabhUta samAnatAeM dikhAI detI haiM / anya jIvoM kI apekSA manuSya kI zArIrika AkRti kI jo vizeSatA hai, vaha sabhI manuSyoM meM eka sI hai / usI prakAra usameM kucha svabhAvagata vizeSatAe~ bhI haiM jo sabhI manuSyoM meM samAna rUpa se pAyI jAtI haiM / inhIM vizeSatAoM meM eka bhrAtRbhAva bhI hai jisake binA manuSya manuSya nahIM hotA / vikAsavAda kI dRSTi se bhI manuSya ne apanI sAmAjikatA ke dvArA hI apane ko anya jIvoM ke bIca Upara uThAyA hai / isI prakAra kI usakI dusarI vizeSatA usakI bauddhikatA hai jisake dvArA usane apane zArIrika upakaraNoM ke atirikta bAhya upakaraNoM evaM zastrAstroM kA AviSkAra kiyA aura AtmarakSA ke inhIM sAdhanoM tathA apane sAmAjika saMgaThanoM ke dvArA usane siMha, vyAghra Adi aise jantuoM para vijaya pAI jo zArIrika bala meM usase adhika zaktizAlI the / isa taraha jIvana saMgharSa meM usake sahAyaka hone ke kAraNa bauddhikatA aura sAmAjikatA ye donoM hI guNa vaMzaparamparA se vikasita hote cale gaye aura mAnava svabhAva ke aMga bana gaye / yahI kAraNa hai ki mAnava zizu meM Arambha se hI jJAna aura sneha kI cAha dikhAI dene lagatI hai / akelApana use acchA nahIM lagatA 'ekAkI na ramate' / manuSya sneha cAhatA hai aura karatA bhI hai / yaha donoM eka hI pravRtti ke do pakSa haiM aura isI se manuSya meM naitika cetanA kA udaya hotA hai jisake dvArA vaha anya mAnavoM ke prati apane kartavyAkartavya kA nirNaya karatA hai / isa prakAra manuSya kI naitikatA kA mUlya usakI sAmAjikatA hai| meM bauddhikatA aura sAmAjikatA ke atirikta eka tIsarI pravRtti manuSya sammAna kI pAI jAtI hai / vaha dUsaroM se apane astitva aura vyaktitva kI svIkRti parisaMvAda - 2

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316 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAe~ cAhatA hai / upekSA use sahya nahIM hotI / isI kA dUsarA pakSa dUsaroM ke prati sammAna kI bhAvanA bhI hai, kyoMki binA eka ke dUsarA nahIM milatA / isa prakAra AtmasammAna aura para sammAna bhI mAnava svabhAva ke aMga hI haiM / aisA pratIta hotA hai ki mAnava meM sammAna kI bhAvanA usakI naitika bhAvanA kA pUrvarUpa hI hai jo karma ke kSetra meM naitikatA hai para sAmAjika vyavahAra bhAva ke kSetra meM sammAna kI bhAvanA hai / sammAna kartavya kA hArdika rUpa hai jabaki kartavya pArasparika sammAna kA vyAvahArika rUpa hai / phira bhI yaha donoM manuSya meM svatantrarUpa se bhI dikhalAI dete haiM / sammAna kI bhAvanA kabhI-kabhI apane Apa meM paryApta hotI hai aura binA naitika bhAvanA ko vyakta kiye hue bhI pArasparika sahayoga ko sampanna kara letI hai, aura kabhI-kabhI to vaha pAraspa rika prema ke rUpa meM naitika bhAvanA kI upekSA hI nahIM kintu atikramaNa bhI kara jAtI hai, kintu aisA tabhI hotA hai jabaki pArasparikatA ke kSetra ko sImita kara diyA jAtA hai aura isa sImita kSetra kA vizAla kSetra se virodha ho jAtA hai / pArasparika sammAna kI bhAvanA hRdayagata hone ke kAraNa saundaryabodha kA rUpa le letI hai aura apane Alambana ko saundarya kA rUpa de detI hai / jisake kAraNa manuSya meM sundara aura asundara kA, suruci aura kuruci kA viveka usI prakAra utpanna hotA hai| jisa prakAra karma ke kSetra meM satkarma aura asatkarma kA bheda kiyA jAtA hai / jisa vyakti kA saundaryabodha vikasita hai use kartavyAkartavya samajhAne ke liye kisI naitika yukti kI AvazyakatA nahIM hotI / yadi use isa bAta kA bodha karA diyA jAya ki usakA kArya kaisA bhaddA mAlUma hogA / bhagavAn kRSNa ne arjuna ko raNa meM pravRtta karane ke liye isI tarka kA sahArA liyA thA / jaba unhoMne usake sAmane yaha prazna rakhA thA ki usa jaise kSatriya kA yuddha se virata honA kaisA lagegA ? isa prakAra saundaryabodha naitika preraNA se nitAnta svatantrarUpa se calatA hai / vAstava meM manuSya kI tInoM pravRttiyA~ bauddhikatA, saundaryabodha aura naitikatA pArasparika hote hue. bhI eka dUsare se svataMtrarUpa meM dikhAI detI haiM aura vyakti bheda se kisI meM kisI kA aura kisI meM kisI dUsare kA prAbalya hotA hai / isI prAdhAnya bheda se vyakti alagaalaga pahacAne jAte haiM / pratibhA sampanna hone para saundaryabodha praur3ha vyakti kabhI rasika yA bhakta kahalAtA hai, naitika cetanA praur3ha vyakti mahAtmA yA karmayogI kahalAtA hai aura buddhi praur3ha vyakti jJAnI, RSi yA muni kahalAtA hai / mAnava antaHkaraNa ke ye tIna kSetra jJAna, icchA, kriyA apane viSaya yA lakSya kI dRSTi se satyam, zivam aura sundaram bhI kahe jAte haiM, kintu jJAna kA viSaya satya hai, icchA yA bhAva kA viSaya sundara hai, aura kriyA kA viSaya ziva yA kalyANa hai / jana sAmAnya parisaMvAda - 2 kalAkAra,

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317 kI bhASA meM inheM hRdaya aura karma yA vyavahAra kahA jAtA hai / aura darzana kI bhASA meM cit, Ananda, sat, prajJA samAdhi aura zIla ityAdi kahA jAtA hai / mAnava svabhAva ke ye aMga usakI preraNAoM ke antima srota haiM / usakI sArI pravRttiyoM kA vizleSaNa karate-karate jaba hama una mUla preraNAoM para pahu~ca jAte haiM to phira Age vizleSaNa ke liye avakAza nahIM rahatA / inakA Age vizleSaNa nahIM ho sakatA / upadeza, vizleSaNa aura udbodhana kI antima sthiti inhIM meM hotI hai / buddhivAdI ke lie yaha dekha lenA paryApta hotA hai ki yaha asatya hai isase satya kI pratiSThA nahIM hotI / isake bAda usa karma meM usakA na AkarSaNa rahatA hai, na preraNA / isI prakAra sahRdaya ke lie itanA hI paryApta hai ki vaha asundara hai, phira usakA AkarSaNa usake prati nahIM ho sakatA / isI prakAra naitika vyakti ke lie itanA hI paryApta hai ki vaha asAmAjika hai, aziva hai, akalyANakara hai, phira usakI usa ora koI pravRtti nahIM rahatI / ina tInoM bAtoM meM, bauddhikatA, saundaryabodha aura naitikatA meM, manuSya pazuoM se viziSTa hai aura Apasa meM samAna hai / ye tInoM pravRttiyA~ sabhI manuSyoM meM sahajJAna rUpa se aura antima preraNA ke rUpa meM vidyamAna haiM / vibhinna vyaktiyoM meM inakA jo bheda hotA hai vaha mAtrika hotA hai guNAtmaka nahIM, aura tInoM milakara tInoM ke hI uddezyoM kI pUrti karatI haiM aura mAnava ko mAnava banAtI haiN| isI artha meM manuSya kI samatA naiSThika aura janmajAta hai / mAnava svabhAva kI yaha samatA hI yaha nirdhArita karatI hai ki hama jaisA vyavahAra apane prati cAhate haiM vaisA hI dUsaroM ke prati kareM 'AtmanaH pratikUlAni pareSAM na samAcaret' / isI prakAra yadi hama sundara dikhanA cAhate haiM to dUsaroM meM bhI saundarya dekheM aura yadi hama apanI bAta ko satya mAnate haiM to dUsare kI bAta meM bhI satya ko pahacAneM / yaha samAnatA kA AdhAra hI vAstava meM hameM vipakSa sahiSNu, anekAntadarzI evaM samanvayI banAtA hai, sahRdaya banAtA hai aura naitika banAtA hai / samAja meM sahayoga kI sthApanA inhIM samAnatAmUlaka guNoM se hotI hai / isalie yadi hama kaheM ki isa artha meM samatA manuSya meM janmajAta hai to koI azuddhi na hogI / aura yaha bhI spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki samAja kI sthiratA aura usake utkarSa ke liye isa samatA rUpI AdhAra ko banAye rakhanA nitAnta Avazyaka hai / sAmAjikatA kA yaha anyatama mUlya aura Adarza hai / yaha bAta bhI spaSTa ho jAnI cAhiye ki samatA kisI vyakti kA svabhAva na hokara samAja kA svabhAva hai / kyoMki samatA apane Apa meM nahIM ho sakatI, ise anya vyaktiyoM kI apekSA hai / mAna lIjiye ki maiM dUsare ke prati vahI vyavahAra karatA hU~ jo maiM usase apane liye cAhatA hU~, 'Atmavat sarvabhUteSu' / lekina yadi dUsare vyakti kI bhAvanA aisI nahIM hai to phira samatA kaise sthApita hogI ? jaba parisaMvAda - 2 mAnava-samatA

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318 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAe~ donoM tarapha se yA aneka vyaktiyoM meM vahI bhAvanA ho, tabhI vyavahAra meM samatA sthApita ho sakatI hai| anyathA to vaha vyaktigata Adarza hI raha jaayegii| kintu dIrghakAla se vikAsa ke krama meM samAja ke nirmANa aura saMrakSaNa ke liye samatA kI AvazyakatA siddha ho gaI hai aura sabhI manuSyoM kA mUlya bana gaI hai| vikAsavAda ke isa siddhAnta kA bhI isa kriyA para prabhAva par3A hai ki jo prathAyeM yA bhAvanAyeM samAja ke jIvana ke liye upayogI nahIM siddha hotIM, ve nirasta ho jAtI haiM aura jo vyakti inako svIkAra nahIM karate, ve jIvana saMgharSa meM parAjita ho jAte haiN| isa prakAra vartamAna samAja meM ve hI loga raha gaye haiM jinhoMne samatA kI bhAvanA kA Adara kiyA hai| mAtrA bheda to hotA hai lekina nyUnAdhikya yaha bhAvanA sabhI sAmAjikoM meM pAyI jAtI hai / kevala isake udbodhana aura saMrakSaNa kI AvazyakatA rahatI hai| aba yaha bhI dekha lenA cAhiye ki kyA svatantratA kI bhAvanA bhI isI prakAra mAnava kA svAbhAvika guNa hai jisa prakAra bhrAtRbhAva aura samatA ko hama dekhate haiN| yaha kahA jAtA hai ki manuSya svatantra paidA huA thA lekina itihAsa meM vaha sarvatra bandhana meM hI dikhAI detA hai| prazna yaha uThatA hai ki yadi vaha vAstavika vyavahAra meM kahIM svatantra nahIM dikhAI detA to yaha kaise mAna liyA jAya ki vaha janma se svatantra thA / vAstava meM manuSya kI svatantratA kI kalpanA aitihAsika nahIM hai, anumAnagamya hai aura sAmAjika pravRttiyoM ke bauddhika vizleSaNa se prApta hotI hai| hama yaha dekha cuke haiM ki bhrAtRbhAva aura samatA samAja ke avicchedya guNa haiN| aba prazna yaha uThatA hai ki kyA samAna vyakti Apasa meM bhrAtRbhAvamUlaka sahayoga sthApita kareMge to paratantratA meM yA vivazatA meM kreNge| pahale to yaha bAta hI nahIM samajha meM AtI ki samAna vyakti paratantra ho kaise sakate haiM aura agara vaha paratantra ho jAte haiM to phira vaha samAna kahA~ rahate haiM ? phira vivazatA meM sthApita huA sahayoga yadi sampanna ho bhI jAya to vaha bhrAtRbhAva mUlaka to ho nahIM sakatA aura na samatA mUlaka ho sakatA hai| isalie nirNaya yahI nikalatA hai ki manuSyoM meM vikAsa krama se bhrAtRbhAva aura samatA kA jo svabhAva vikasita huA hai, vaha usakI Antarika svatantratA se hI prasUta huA hai aura bodhapUrvaka cayana kA pariNAma hai| isa taraha yadyapi itihAsa meM kahIM aisA pramANa nahIM milatA ki mAnava vyaktiyoM ne svatantra rUpa se parAmarza karake koI sAmAjika anubandha (sozala kAnTraikTa) kiyA ho, aura tadanusAra samAja kI sthApanA kI ho, lekina vikAsakrama meM jisa antaHsphUrti ke dvArA sAmAjikatA kI sthApanA huI hai usako vyaktiyoM kI svatantra buddhi kI sahamati avazya hI prApta pratIta hotI hai, anyathA usakA vikAsa bhrAtRbhAva aura samatA ke AdhAra para nahIM ho sakatA thaa| parisaMvAda-2

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mAnava-samatA isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki yadyapi svatantratA kA guNa usa prakAra sIdhe pakar3a meM nahIM AtA, jisa taraha bhrAtRbhAva aura samatA ko hama pakar3a lete haiM, kintu vaha ina donoM hI pravRtti meM anUsthata hai aura inase bhI adhika Antarika, maulika aura prAthamika hai| yadyapi hama apane anveSaNa meM pratyakSa se apratyakSa kI ora jAte hue bhrAtRbhAva se Arambha karate haiM aura taba samatA para pahu~cate haiM aura anta meM svatantratA para, kintu kAraNa se kArya kI ora Ate hue svatantratA, samatA aura bhrAtRbhAva kA krama hI yuktisaMgata aura svAbhAvika siddha hotA hai| isa AdhAra para yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki manuSya ne svatantrarUpa se buddhipUrvaka Apasa meM samatA ke AdhAra para bhrAtabhAva mUlaka sahayoga kI sthApanA kI, aura samAja kI pratiSThA kI jisake dvArA usane mAnavetara sabhI jIvoM para apanI vijaya sthApita kii| ___ aba saMkSepa meM yaha bhI dekha lenA cAhie ki sAmAjika vyavahAra meM ina AdarzoM kI aitihAsika sthiti kyA rahI hai / pAzcAtya jagata meM samAja ke vikAsa evaM AdarzoM kI dRSTi se sAmAjika nyAya ke tIna pramukha siddhAnta pracalita hue the 1-sAmAjika anubandha kA siddhAnta / 2-upayogitAvAdI bahujanasukhAya siddhAnta / 3-vyakti ke sammAna kA siddhaant| sAmAjika anubandha kA siddhAnta samAja ko vyaktiyoM ke baddhipUrvaka nirdhArita dIrghakAlIna svArthoM kA sAmUhika pariNAma mAnatA hai| pU~jIvAdiyoM kA AdhArabhUta siddhAnta yahI hai / isameM svatantratA para adhika jora diyA jAtA hai samatA para utanA nhiiN| isake anusAra utpAdaka loga apanI svatantratA kI rakSA karate hue jisa rAjanItika tathA Arthika nIti kA nirdhAraNa kareMge aura sAmAjika utpAdana kA jisa prakAra vitaraNa kareMge, vahI sAre samAja ke lie hitakara hogaa| kyoMki isase utpAdana ko protsAhana milegA aura sAmAjika utpAdana atyadhika hogaa| utpAdana kI prakriyA meM vyaktiyoM kI viziSTa yogyatAyeM, unake cAritrika guNa, bhAgya yA saMyoga jisase vyakti upayukta samaya aura sthAna para upayukta kArya karatA hai, ityAdi kriyAyeM sammilita hotI haiM jisakA phala utpAdaka ko khule bAjAra ke dvArA ucita Aya ke rUpa meM prApta hotA hai| khule bAjAra para AdhArita Aya ke vitaraNa kI paddhati Arthika protsAhana prastuta karatI hai aura isa prakAra Arthika vikAsa ko protsAhita karatI hai| samAja meM adhika utpAdana se antatogatvA samAja ke pratyeka vyakti kA lAbha hotA hai| jisake phalasvarUpa pratyeka vyakti kI sthiti unnata hotI hai| yaha dUsarI bAta hai ki pratyeka vyakti kI sthiti samAna rUpa se unnata na ho| isa prakAra kA Arthika vikAsa parisaMvAda-2

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320 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM samAja meM jo vargIkaraNa sthApita karatA hai usameM asamAnatA yA viSamatA to ho sakatI hai kintu isa vyavasthA ko badalane kA kisI ko naitika adhikAra nahIM hai, kyoMki isa vyavasthA meM sAre saude utpAdakoM ke sahamati se hote haiM aura isalie saudA karane vAle donoM pakSa ke hita meM hote haiN| aise sabhI saude mila kara sabhI ke lie hitakara hote haiN| ataeva yahI ucita aura yuktisaGgata hai ki pratyeka utpAdaka ne apanI jina viziSTa yogyatAoM ko utpAdana kI prakriyA meM nikSipta kiyA hai unhIM ke AdhAra para use bAjAra aura bAjAra meM hone vAle saudoM ke dvArA nirdhArita Aya puraskAra svarUpa prApta ho / yahI sAmAjika Aya ke vitaraNa kI ucita paddhati hai jise vitaraNa nyAya kahA jAtA hai| isameM to saMdeha hI nahIM ki sAmAjika puraskAroM kA vitaraNa yadi isa prakAra hotA hai ki viziSTa yogyatA vAle vyakti samAja ke hita meM adhikatama yogadAna dene kI sthiti meM hote haiM, to isase antatogatvA samAja ke sabhI sadasya lAbhAnvita hote haiN| khulA bAjAra pUMjIvAdiyoM ke liye Arthika kSetra meM vahI kAma karatA hai jo dhArmika kSetra meM Izvara kA hotA hai| jo loga IzvarI niyamoM kA pAlana karate haiM, ve puNya prApta karate haiM aura jo unakI avahelanA karate haiM, ve pApa kA saMcaya karate haiN| isI prakAra jo utpAdaka bAjAra kI gatividhi ke anusAra AcaraNa karegA use lAbha prApta hogA, aura jo usakI upekSA karegA use hAni prApta hogii| isa vyavasthA meM samatA kA vizeSa mahattva nahIM dikhAI detaa| isake viparIta samAja ke kucha varga to isameM vizeSa rUpa se upekSita rahate haiN| anutpAdaka varga kA to isameM koI sthAna hI nahIM hotaa| kyoMki yaha vyavasthA to utpAdakoM ke ikarAranAme se banI samajhI jAtI hai aura isa vyavasthA meM unhIM kA rAjanItika adhikAra hotA hai| phira bhI aitihAsika dRSTi se dekhane para isa paddhati meM bhI samatA kI mUlarUpa se upekSA nahIM hai| sabase bar3e paMjIvAdI deza yunAiTeDa sTeTsa meM amerikA kI svatantratA ke samaya sAmAjika ikarAra ke siddhAnta ko hI AdhAra banAkara sabhI svatantra vyaktiyoM ko samAna rAjanaitika adhikAra diye gaye the| Arthika samAnatA ko mahattva nahIM diyA gayA thA kintu aitihAsika dRSTi se dekhA jAe to usa samaya isakI AvazyakatA bhI nahIM thii| kyoMki Arthika samAnatA to amerikana logoM kI sthiti meM svayaM siddha thii| ye loga jaba yoropa se isa naye mahAdvIpa meM Aye the to apane sAtha koI sampatti nahIM lAye the| aura amerikA meM Ane ke bAda jo bhUmi inheM milI, vaha inakI saMkhyA ko dekhate hue niHsIma thii| isameM prayAsa kA hI mahattva thA / jo vyakti jitanI jamIna apane prayAsa se urvara aura upayogI banA le, usapara usake svAmitva kA virodha karane vAlA koI parisaMvAda-2

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mAnava-samatA 321 nahIM thaa| aisI sthiti meM Arthika sAdhana to prAyaH sabhI ke samAna hI the| unake vikAsa kI AvazyakatA thI jisake liye prayAsa kA ho maulika mahattva thA / Arthika sImA kisI ke prayAsa ko kuNThita nahIM karatI thii| isaliye yaha AsAnI se samajhA jA sakatA hai ki rAjanItika svatantratA aura samatA se hI amerikA ke loga kyoM santuSTa rahe / Arthika samatA kI bAta to taba mahattva prApta karatI hai jaba dhIre-dhIre vikAsa ke krama meM Arthika viSamatA itanI bar3ha jAtI hai ki pratyeka vyakti ko apane varga kI sImAoM meM ba~dha jAnA par3atA hai, aura vargabheda kI rekhAyeM itanI gaharI ho jAtI haiM ki sAmAjika gatizIlatA asambhava ho jAtI hai| sampanna aura vipanna varga sarvathA pathaka ho jAte haiM aura sampanna varga apanI apAra Arthika zaktiyoM dvArA vipannoM kA zoSaNa karane lagatA hai, taba samAja meM samatA kI preraNA phira se udita hotI hai, jaisA ki aba amerikA meM bhI Arambha huA hai jisakI pU~jIvAdI paramparAyeM apanI vyavasthA kI saphalatA ke dvArA amerikana janatA ke svabhAva kA aMga bana gaI hai| anya dezoM meM to samatA kI bAta samAja kI dRSTi se kabhI ojhala nahIM huI, kyoMki unakA itihAsa Arthika samatA se yadi kabhI Arasbha huA hai to vaha sudUra bhUtakAla meM huA hai, aura prAcIna itihAsa ke vidvAn isa bAta ke sAkSI haiM ki Arambha meM sabhI jagaha sama samAja thA, kintu dhIre-dhIre Arthika vaiSamya kI sRSTi aura varga-vyavasthA kA vikAsa huA, tabhI eka bAra phira samatA kI punarsthApanA ke nAre lagane Arambha hue / isa dRSTi se yaha siddha hotA hai ki mUlataH svatantratA aura samatA ko mAnava samAja se alaga nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / vikAsa ke krama meM utpanna hone vAlI viSamatA ko kucha hada taka Avazyaka dekhate hue aba vidvAnoM ne pratiphala ko samatA ke sthAna para avasara ko samatA kA siddhAnta prasArita kiyA hai| dUsarA siddhAnta upayogitAvAdiyoM kA hai jo bahujana sukhAya ke Adarza meM vizvAsa karate haiM aura sAmAjika nyAya ke antargata unhIM vyavasthAoM ko mAnate haiM jinase samAja ke adhikatama vyaktiyoM kA adhikatama lAbha sampanna ho| isa siddhAnta kA aura bahusaMkhyaka janatA ke lie hitakara nItiyoM para hotA hai| yaha jana sAmAnya kI mAnasika aura naitika preraNAoM ke mUla para daSTi rakhatA hai aura sukha kI prApti ko hI mAnava jIvana kA uddezya mAnatA hai / isake anusAra sAmAjika nyAya kI sthApanA tabhI hotI hai jaba samAja meM sukha kI mAtrA adhikatama hotI hai| pratyeka vyakti ke ke sukha ko jor3ane se sAmUhika sukha kA nirmANa hotA hai| Arthika zabdoM meM isakA artha yaha hotA hai ki jina padArthoM aura sevAoM kA manuSya apane sukha ke liye upayoga karatA hai unakI mAtrA adhikatama bar3hAI jaae| upayogitAvAda kI kamajorI yaha hai parisaMvAda-2

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322 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAe~ ki yaha samaSTi ke hita se vyaSTi athavA choTe samUhoM ke sukha kI upekSA kara sakatA hai| isake atirikta sukha jaisI Antarika vastu kA ThIka-ThIka jor3a ghaTAva karanA bhI kaThina hai| isameM sAmAjika uddezyoM kA nirNaya janatAntrika tarIke se nahIM hotA, balki zAsanAdhikAriyoM ke dvArA hotA hai jo isa bAta kA dAvA karate haiM ki pUrva nirdiSTa sAmAjika uddezyoM kI prApti kI dizA meM janatA kI pravRttiyoM ko kisa prakAra prerita kiyA jAe, yaha ve hI jAnate haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki sabhI dezoM kI aphasarazAhI isI siddhAnta ko pasanda karatI hai| tIsarA siddhAnta vyakti ke sammAna kA siddhAnta hai| yaha siddhAnta isa dArzanika AdhAra para pratiSThita hai ki mAnava vyakti apane Apa meM eka sAdhya hai sAdhana mAtra nahIM / pratyeka mAnava AtmA svayaM hI apanA antima mUlya hai| isa AdhyAtmika siddhAnta se isakA ghaniSTha sambandha hai| ataeva jIvana mAtra ke prati zraddhA, sabhI vyaktiyoM ke prati sammAna kI bhAvanA eka AdhyAtmika vRtti hai / yaha siddhAnta Arthika evaM rAjanItika saba prakAra kI samatA kA popaka hai / janma, jAti, liMga, dhana yahA~ taka kI yogyatA bhI yadi vyakti aura vyakti ke bIca kisI bhedabhAva kI sRSTi karate haiM to yaha sabhI sAmAjika nyAya ke AdhAra ke rUpa meM tyAjya haiM, kyoMki inake dvArA nirmita bhedoM se vyakti kA vyakti ke rUpa meM apamAna hotA hai / vyakti vyakti nahIM rahatA, balki ina viziSTatAoM se viziSTa vyakti hI raha jAtA hai| jaise varNa vyavasthA meM vyakti mAtra mAnava vyakti ke rUpa meM nahIM, balki apane varNa se hI pahacAnA jAtA hai / isa siddhAnta ke anusAra samAja kA kartavya hai ki pratyeka vyakti ke preya aura zreya kI prApti ke liye samAna vyavasthA kre| kyoMki pratyeka vyakti kI sattA aura mUlyavattA samAna hai| isa siddhAnta ne aneka sAmAjika bhedoM ke unmUlana meM mahattvapUrNa yogadAna diyA hai| yaha vyaktiyoM ko aise avicchedya maulika adhikAroM se sampanna karatA hai jo na sAmAjika anubandhoM ke dvArA sthApita kiye gaye haiM aura na sAmAjika anubandhoM ke dvArA chIne jA sakate haiN| ve isa bAta para bhI nirbhara nahIM karate ki ve vyaktigata sukhoM ke samuccaya ke rUpa meM samaSTigata sukhoM kI vRddhi karate haiM yA nhiiN| aba jahA~ taka dArzanika AdhAroM kI bAta hai, ina AdarzoM kI siddhi meM ve hI darzana sahAyaka ho sakate haiM jo vyaktiyoM kI anekatA, svatantratA, samatA jo bhrAtabhAva ke AdhAra haiM aura parasparAzraya meM niSThA rakhate haiN| sAMkhya-darzana meM yaha bAta hameM bar3I saralatA se dikhAI detI hai| kyoMki sAMkhya dRSTi se puruSa kA bahatva siddha hai aura vaha sabhI puruSa eka dUsare se svatantra aura apanI vizeSatAoM meM eka dusare ke samAna haiM, parisaMvAda-2

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323 aura jaba ve prakRti se saMyukta hote haiM taba unameM jina guNoM kA vikAsa hotA hai, ve parasparAzrita haiM aura inhIM guNoM ke tAratamya se sArI sRSTi kA vikAsa hotA hai jisameM sAmAjika vikAsa bhI sammilita hai / advaitavAdI darzana yadyapi pAramArthika rUpa meM sabhI vyaktiyoM kA Azraya eka hI sattA ko mAnate haiM kintu vyavahAra meM kama se kama zAGkaraadvaita to sAMkhya kI prakriyA ko hI svIkAra karatA hai / isa prazna para dArzanika vicAra ke lie yaha mUlabhUta tathya kevala udAharaNa ke lie prastuta kiyA jA rahA hai / vidvAna dArzanika aneka darzanoM ke sAtha ina AdarzoM kI saMgati aura asaMgati kA vivecana kareMge aura usase isa bAta kA anveSaNa kareMge ki kauna sA darzana yA kisa darzana kA kona sA siddhAnta inakA maNDana karatA hai yA khaNDana karatA hai / ho sakatA hai ki isa dRSTi se vicAra karane para koI bhI eka darzana pUrNa rUpa se sahAyaka siddha na ho, aura aneka darzanoM se sAmagrI ekatra karake eka naye darzana kA hI nirmANa karanA par3e / adhika sambhava yaha hai ki isa prakAra eka pUrNa darzana kA nirmANa na ho sake, kyoMki kisI bhI darzana ke liye kevala isI eka prazna kA samAdhAna karanA paryApta nahIM hotA, usake aneka aMga hote haiN| aisI sthiti meM isa viSaya para vicAra karane se jo upalabdhi hogI, vaha yaha hogI ki isa prazna ke samAdhAna ke lie jo dArzanika vicAra upayukta pAye jAyeMge, unakA eka samuccaya sthira ho jAyegA aura Age Ane vAle darzana kA eka aMga usase prastuta ho jAyegA aura jo bhI sarvAMgINa darzana banegA, use isa vicAra samuccaya ko grahaNa karanA hogA aura apane anya aMgoM ko isakI saGgati meM hI vikasita karanA hogA | yaha kAma koI kama mahattva kA nahIM hai aura isase dArzanika vikAsa kI dhArA meM eka mahattvapUrNa yogadAna hogA / mAnava-samatA parisaMvAda - 2

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Adhunika yuga meM samatA zrI gaNezasiMha mAnava pratyeka yuga kI apanI bhUkha-pyAsa hotI hai / Aja ke yuga kI bhI apanI AvazyakatAe~ haiM / itihAsa gatimAna rahatA hai / bhUgola apanA kalevara badalatA rahatA hai / AlasI apanI jagaha se na hilanA cAhe, taba bhI yuga ke caraNa gatimAna rahate haiM / yaha bIsavIM zatI kA antima caraNa cala rahA hai / vasudhA kA mAnava samAja kuTumba bana cukA hai| vartamAna yuga naye mAnava-darzana kA nirmANa kara rahA hai / prAcIna darzana apane pahare se vApasa ho cuke haiM / vartamAna yuga sAmya-yoga kA nirmANa kara rahA hai / vaiSamya ke AdhAra para vinirmita vyavasthAe~ hila Dola rahI haiM, caramarA rahI haiM, TUTa rahI haiM / parivartana ke kAmI utsAha pAkara aura adhika jora lagAne kA prayAsa kara rahe haiN| parivartana kI gati tIvra karane ke nimitta cintita haiM / suvidhA prApta varga ke parivartana virodhI yuga kI gati meM avarodha utpanna karane kI ceSTAe~ kara rahe haiM / yuga kA pravAha prAkRtika hai. rukatA nahIM, para usameM vilamba to kiyA hI jA sakatA hai, aura kiyA jA rahA hai / uparyukta do paraspara virodhI prayAsoM ke dvandva ne jisa azAnti ko janma diyA hai, usako ve budhajana to AzA kI kiraNa mAna rahe haiM jo krAnti kI prakriyA ko samajhate -bUjhate haiM, parantu ve vidvAn bhI duHkhI haiM jo granthoM ke to paNDita haiM, parantu yuga ke pravAha se alaga kisI kinAre aTake-bhaTake par3e haiM / sAmya-yoga kI pUrNatA ke pUrva yaha azAnti bar3hatI hI jAyegI jisakI carama pariNati para naye samAja kI nIMva par3egI / janasaMkhyA ko yA janasamUha ko samAja nahIM kahA jA sktaa| inake saMgaThana ko hI samAja mAnA jAtA hai / vyakti jaba samaSTi meM apane vyaktitva ko samarpita kara degA, taba vaha sahI artha meM sAmAjika prANI hogA / aura aise hI logoM se bane saMghaTana ko samAja kI saMjJA prApta hogii| aisA samAja hI antatogatvA, naye mAnava-darzana yA jIvana-darzana kA nirdhAraNa aura nirmANa karegA / vartamAna darzanoM ke jIvanta tattva usa naye jIvana-darzana meM bhI apanA ucita sthAna apane balabUte prApta kara leMge / isa prakAra se adhikAra prApta samAja apane saMvidhAna meM pratyeka vyakti ko usakI yogyatA aura kSamatA ke anusAra kAma aura usakI AvazyakatA ke anukUla dAma dene kI vyavasthA karegA / jIvana kI maulika AvazyakatoM kI pUrti kI jimmedArI apane kandhoM para legA / isa prakAra sAmAjika samatA kA yoga sampanna hogA / parisaMvAda - 2

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sAmAjika samatA saMskRta nibandha

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tyaktavyo mamakAraH tyaktuM yadi zakyate nAsau / kartavyo mamakAraH kintu sa sarvatra kartavyaH // nIlakaNTha dIkSitaH sarvabhUteSu cAtmAnaM sarvabhUtAni cAtmani / samaM pazyannAtmayAjI svarAjyamadhigacchati // manu0 91 / 12

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vaidikadarzanadRSTyA samatAyAH sUcanam AcArya paM0 subrahmaNyazAstrI Adau bhAratavarSe samatAyA AvirbhAvaH caritradRSTayA'valokanIyaH / tathAhimanvAdismRtiSu bhAratarAmAyaNAdiSu itihAsakAvyagrantheSu ca catvAro varNAH svasvAzramavihitaM karma kuryuriti vidhimanusRtya sarve janAH svadharmaratA Asan / rAjAnazca janAn nirbandhena svadharmamanuSThApya nirvRtA Asan / evaM kAle gacchati narANAM kAmakrodhAyudbhavAt kvacitkvacit zUdreNa tapazcaraNaM brAhmaNena droNAdinA yuddhAcaraNamityAdidharmazAstraviruddhamanuSThAtuM pravRttam / tataH gautamabuddhena brAhmaNaireva upadeSTavyaM kSatriyAdibhiH taduktaM grAhyaM nopadeSTavyaM iti nirbandhamasahamAnena vedoktAn kA~zciddharmAn upaniSaduktAni tattvAni cAvalambya svayaM varNAzramAdirahitaM sarvajanasAdhAraNaM mataM janeSu pracAritamAsIt / ' tattu kumArilazaGkarAdibhiH vaidikazreSThaiH parAkRtaM dvIpAntareSu bahusamupalabhyate, evameva jainAdimatAnyapi / yavanAnAM rAjyakAle yavanadharmAH pracAritA api nirbandhenaiva janAnAM matAntarapravezaH kaaritH| tataH AGgaleyAH yadA krameNa sampUrNabhAratamAkramya zAsituM pravRttAH, tadA tena svadezarItyA sarvajanasAdhAraNA eva dharmAH zAsanena sthiriikRtaaH| varNabhedo na zAsane anggiikRtH| tathA ca aparAdheSu sarvejanAH samAnadaNDArhAH, na vizeSasteSu gaNanIyaH, brAhmaNasyApi mahAparAdhe zArIradaNDaH maraNAvadhi kartavya eveti niradhAzyat / ata eva sarveSAM janAnAM dhUmazakaTatailazakaTAdiSu bhakSyabhojyAdivikrayazAlAsu caM samAnaH pravezaH, udyogeSu sammAnanA ceti nirvizaGkha samAjJApayat / paraM tu devamandire sa na praviSTaH / saMskRtapAThazAlAsu sarvakAraiH poSyamANAsu sarveSAM samamevAdhyayanamadhyApanaM cetyUrIcakAra / svarAjyaprAptyanantaraM tu devAlayeSu snAnaghaTTeSu ca harijanAnAM girijanAnAM ca pravezaH pUjAdhikArazcAGgIkRtaH / ataevedAnIM sarvatra janAnAM sAmyaM vidyata eveti na sAmyasiddhaye zAstrasammatiH anveSaNIyA / darzanaviSaye samatAvAdaH - sarvANi darzanAni sarveSAM janAnAM pravezayogyAnyeva vartante / vedAntaH tattvajJAnaphalaH, tattvajJAnaM ca niratizayasukhAtmakamokSasAdhanatvAt sarveSAM kAmanAviSayaH, tattvajJAnI tu sarvaireva puujniiyH| taduktaM zaGkarAcAryaH "caNDAlo'stu sa tu dvijo'stu 1. taduktaM mahendravarmaNA rAjJA saptamazatake kAJcyAM zAsanaM kurvatA: vedAntebhyo gRhItvArthAn yo mahAbhAratAdapi / viprANAM mibatAmeva kRtavAn kozasaMcayam // (mattavilAse) parisaMvAda-2

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328 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAe~ gururityeSA manISA mama" iti 'zuni caiva zvapAke ca paNDitAH samadarzinaH' iti gItAvAkyaM vyAkurvANAH zrIzaGkarAcAryAH yathAzrutArthe doSadvayamapazyan (1) zunaH manuSyasya ca kathaM sAmyam, (2) api ca samAsamAbhyAM viSamasame pUjAtaH patati iti gautamadharmaviruddhamidaM vacanaM bhagavataH, 'brAhmaNakSatriyavizAM zUdrANAM ca parantapa / karmANi pravibhaktAni' iti svavacanaviruddhaJceti matvA samadarzinaH ityastra brahmAsamazabdArthaH / samazinaH brahmazinaH iti vyAcakruH / idAnImapi narANAM zvAnasAmyaM nAbhyupagacchanti sAmyavAdino'pi / tarkazAstre-jagadeva duHkhanimagnamuddidhIrghaH bhagavAn gautamaH AnvIkSikI praNinAyeti tattvacintAmaNi vyAkurvantaH dIdhitikArAH zUdrANAmadhikArijanmaprAptyA uddhariSyamANateti vyAcakruH / 'zamAyazAstraM jagato jagAda' iti nyAyavArtikaM vyAkurvantaH vAcaspatimizrAH anadhikAribhiH etacchAstrapaThanena yadyapi RSeH pApaM bhavati tathApi tat tadIya tapasA nivartata-ityUcuH / etatsarvamidAnI sarvakArazAsanena dUrIkRtam / ___ mImAMsAzAstraM tu vedArthanirNayaparaM yo vedArthamanutiSThati tasyopayogAya / idAnIM tu vedoktayAgAdIni na kazcitkaroti dvijo'pi / __ yogazAstraM varNAzramavizeSaM parityajya manuSyamAtrAdhikAraM pratoyate / tatroktaH praNavajapastu sanyAsibhiH kArya-iti vizeSaH / vyAkaraNaM zabdasAdhutvamAtraparyavasitam / varNAzramavyavasthAsadbhAvakAle'pi janAnAM sAmyaM utkarSApakarSAdyabhAvarUpamaGgIkRtamityeva vaktavyam, tadyathA mImAMsakA AhuH-yAge adhvaryaH pradhAno Rtvika / sa yadA 'yaja' iti vadati tadA hotrA yAjyA mantraH paThanIyaH / 'anubrUhi' iti yadA AjJAsadRzaM vAkyaM prayuGkte, tadA hotrA puronuvAkyA mantraH paThanIyaH / evaM vyavasthAyAM satyAmapi na hotA adhvaryoH bhRtyaH' "guNAnAM ca parArthatvAdasambandhaH samatvAt syAt" iti nyAyena ubhayorapi yajamAnena dakSiNayA krItatvAt ubhAvapi yajamAnaparatantrau / 'yaja' 'anubahi' ityAdau loTa prAptakAle draSTavyaH / yAjyAyAH paThanakAlaH prAptaH ityarthaH, na tu niyogaparatvamiti / evameva sarvaiH svasvadharmAcaraNe IzvarAkhyo veda eva pramANam, na tu janeSu utkrssaapkrssbhaavH| loke'pi rAjyazAsakaH mantrI vartate, sa ca bahUnAmadhikAriNAmupari vartate, teSAM kAryANi pratyavekSate / na ca tAvatA ete adhikAriNa: tabhRtyA bhaveyuH, ubhayeSAM rAjyazAsanaparatantratvAt / / ___ etenedaM vyaktaM yadasmanmate samatAvAdaH na kevalaM veda eva vartate / api tu lokavyavahAre'pi ayaM vartata eveti / parisaMvAda-2

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bhAratIyadarzaneSu samatA ArohAvarohakramazca AcArya paM0 raghunAtha zarmA bhArate varSe zrutiSu prasiddhAni annamaya-prANamaya-manomayavijJAnamayAnandamayarUpaibhinnAni paJcadarzanAni bhavanti / ete ca paJcakozA vyaSTisamaSTibhedena dvaividhyamApannA daza bhavanti / tatra vyaSTirUpAH paJcakozA asmAkaM jIvAnAm / samaSTirUpAstu paJca bhagavataH / tatra jIvAnAmannamayakozaH pArthivaH, tatrAnnaM pRthivI, annahetutvAt-ayaJcAnnamayakozaH cArvAkANAM laukikAnAJca / ata eva cArvAkadarzanaM lokAyatamiti vyavahriyate loke darzaneSu ca / loke AyataM vistRtamiti vyutpatteH / ayaJca kozaH pAJcabhautiko'pi pRthivIpradhAnatvAdannamitivyayadizyate mallagrAmAdivat / etasmin ye Atmabuddhi kurvanti tatprayuktaM snehaJca teSAM putre kalatrAdiSu anAtmasu-Atmabuddhinivartate / tatkozopakAriSu ca zabdasparzarUparasagandheSu viSayeSu svAbhAviko rAgaH AtmanaH pIDAkaro nivartate, yadRcchAlAbhasaMtuSTazca jIvo bhavati, viSayeSu AtyantikI Asaktinivartate / annamayakoze ca nirgataprANe'cetanatvaM bhAvayataH, prANamayakoze AtmatvabuddhirvyavatiSThate / prANamayakozazca jalopAdAnakaH, ApomayaH prANa iti shruteH| annaM vinA'pi jalaM piban bahUni ahAni jIvati, kevalamannamanupasevamAno manodaurbalyAt kevalaM smRti vijahAti na tu mriyate / annamayaM saumya mana iti hi zrutiSu uktam / idaJca prANamayakozadarzanaM loke prasiddhaM zrutimUlakaM cArvAkaikadezinAM keSAJcit, etacca darzanamadhunA nopalabhyate / prANamayakoza eva sarvANi indriyANi pracAlayati, ata eva sarvANi indriyANi prANA ityucyante / prANamayakoza eva sUkSmazarIrasya saMsAre gatyAgatihetuH / sthUlazarIrasya ca vidhArakaH, ata eva nirgate prANe sthUlazarIraM kASThaloSThavat kSitau patati / atra prANamayakoze'pi vAyutvena bAhyavAtavad jaDatvabuddhayA ye Atmabuddhi na kurvanti, te manomayakozavAdinaH paurANikAH / te khalu sUkSamazarIrameva manaHpradhAna manomayaM kozaM vyapadizanti / tasyaiva ca nAnAvidhaiH karmabhiH nAnAvidhakarmaphalopabhogAya svarge nirayeSu martyaloke ca gatyAgatI varNayanti / naiyAyikA api manomayakozaM vijJAnamayakozaJcaikIkRtya tamevAtmAnaM manvate / kAmaH saMkalpo vicikitsA zraddhA'zraddhA dhRtiradhRtihIIMrbhIrityetatsarvaM mana eveti zruteH / bauddhAstu vijJAnamayakozamevAtmAnaM manyante / advaitinastu nityavijJAnamayamiti, sAMkhyA yogA api nityavijJAnamevAtmAnamupagacchanti / advaitavedAntinastu saguNamAnandamayamAtmAnamabhyugacchanti, nirguNantu Anandamiti / ata eva parisaMvAda-2

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330 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAe~ 'Anandamayo'bhyAsA'diti brahmasUtrasya dvidhA vyAkhyAnaM zrIzaGkarabhagavatpAdaiH kRtam / bhagavataH paramezvarasya samaSTirUpasya tu annamayakozaH brahmANDarUpaH, brahmA tu sUkSmazarIropAdhiko manomayaH prANamayazca samaSTirUpaH / vijJAnamayo'pi sa eva / sa eva cAnandamayo'pi / prapaJcasya sadasavailakSaNye zUnyavAdAdvaitavAdayoH sAmyam / vijJAnavAdatvena ca kSaNikavijJAnavAdanityavijJAnavAdayoH sAmyam / sAMkhyayogayoH nyAyavaizeSikayoH siddhAntasAmyaJca suprasiddhameveti nopapAdyate navodAhriyate / 'sargazca pratisargazca vaMzo manvantarANi c| vaMzAnucaritaJcaiva purANaM paJcalakSaNam' iti paJcabhirlakSaNaiH sarveSAM purANAnAM sAmyaM suprasiddhameva / jJAne'dhikAribhede'pi yoge sarveSAmadhikArasAmyamastyeva / vRttisAmyantu samAje kalahodbhAvakatvAnnAsti zAstreSu / dRzyate hi sAmprataM vRttisAGkaryeNa kalahaH samAje / dharmasAmyam, dharmavaiSamyaJcAdhikAribhedena, dRzyate'dhunApi samAje / gItAyAmapi vRttibhedaH spaSTamuktaH-sve sve karmaNyabhirataH saMsiddhi labhate naraH' iti / vastutastu vaiSamyaM jIvanaM sAmyaM tupralaya iti sAMkhyasiddhAntaH / yadA hi sattvarajastamasAM sAmyaM tadA pralayastaiH svIkriyate / yadA tu udrekAnudrekAbhyAM teSAM vaiSamyaM tadA sarga iti / purANazravaNe sAmAjikasamatA dRzyate-'zrAvayeccaturo varNAn kRtvA brAhmaNamagrahaH' iti| dharmazAstreSu vividhA dharmA varNitAH, teSu ye varNAnAmAzramANAM ca vizeSadharmAste pratisvaM yathAyathaM bhinnAH / ye tu sAmAnyadharmAH te mAnavamAtrasya abhinnAH yathA satyam, ahiMsA, brahmacaryam, santoSaH, sadvRttam, bAhyamAbhyantaraJca zaucam, adrohaH, nAtimAnitA, bhUteSu anugrahaH, dAnam, Arjavam, hrIH, acApalam, niSkAmAni karmANi, asteyam, apaizunyam, parApavAdaparihAraH, prAjJapUjanam, atithisevA, kAyavAGmanasAM saMyamaH, alokavidviSTA vRttiH, bhUteSu dayA, apAruSyam, anuDhe gakaraM vAkyam, akrodhaH, alobhaH, dharmAviruddhaH kAmaH, zamo manonigraharUpaH, damo baahyendriynigrhruupH| dharmArthakAmAnAM sAmyena sevanam / yathAha-kAmandakaH-'dharmArthakAmAH samameva sevyA yastvekasaktaH sa naro jaghanyaH' iti / anApadi svasvakarmaparigrahaH / zikSA, dezocitaH sadAcAraH / sAttvikA AhArAH, dadhidugdhaphalAdInAm, madyamAMsAdiparihAraH, sAttvikA vihArAH-divAkarmANirAtrau zayanam, rAtrizeSe prajAgaraH, zarIrasaho vyAyAmaH, mitavyayitA / sahajakarmasevanam -'sahajaM karma kaunteya sadoSamapi na tyajet' iti / bhRtyabharaNam (mAtApitroH zizUnAM patnyAzca yena kenApyupAyena pAlanam) yadAha manuH----'vRddhI ca mAtApitarau bhAryA sAdhvI sutaH zizuH / apyakAryazataM kRtvA bhartavyA manurabravIt' iti / etAni karmANi cittazuddhidvArA AtmadarzanopayogIni iha loke ca sukhsmRddhikraanni| darzaneSa ca sarveSu yoga AtmadarzanasAdhanatayA smaadriyte| yoge ca tathyamevAtmasvarUpaM prakAzate parisaMvAda-2

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bhAratIyadarzaneSu samatA ArohAvaroha kramazca nAtathyam / tatra ca sarve vivAdAH sarve AtmaviSayAH saMzayAH sarvANi mithyAjJAnAni nivartante / taduktam -- bhidyate hRdayagranthizchidyante sarvasaMzayAH / kSIyante cAsya karmANi tasmin dRSTe parAvare // iti / vastutastu sarvadarzanAnAM samanvaya eva phale / upAyAnAntu bhedo'dhikArabhedena darzitaH zAstreSu / tathAhi yatsAMkhyaiH prApyate sthAnaM tadyogairapi gamyate / ekaM sAMkhyaJca yogaJca yaH pazyati sa pazyati // iti / 331 evaM nyAyavaizeSikayoH sAmyam, pUrvottaramImAMsayozca - vyavahAre bhaTTanaya iti svIkArAt / sarveSAJca darzanAnAM sthUlArundhatInidarzananyAyena upAyabhedena ca apavarga eva phalam / kiMbahunA - sakAmakarmaNAM bandhahetutve'pi niSkAmakarmaNAM cittazuddhidvArA jJAnajananena apavargahetutvameva / idamapyavadhIyatAm / sarve darzanAcAryAH sAdhveva upadizanti sma nAsAdhu / tadvyAkhyAtArastu tadasamyag vyAkhyAtavanto bhramAdinA yenAya - madhunA darzaneSu kalahaH saMpravRttaH / tathAhi--kSaNikaM kSaNikamiti, vijJAnaM vijJAnamiti, svalakSaNaM svalakSaNamiti, zUnyaM zUnyamiti bhagavatastathAgatasyopadezaH / tatrAdya upadezo vairAgyajananAya saMsArAnityatvasya / dvitIyastu upadezo nitya vijJAnarUpasya brahmaNaH, tadatiriktasya mithyAtvaprabodhanAya / tRtIyastu upadezo vizvasya svAlakSaNaNyapratipAdanena anirvacanIyatvapratipAdanAya / caturthasya tu upadezasya na sarvazUnyatvapratipAdane tAtparyam, kintu AtmAtiriktasya sarvasya zUnyatve tAtparyam / Atmano'pratyAkhyeyatvena sattvAt / ahamasmIti sarvAnubhavasiddhatvAcca / jainadarzanasyApi mUlabhUtaM bhAgavatIyam RSabhadevacaritam - tatra ca AstikAnAmapi saMmatireva / kintu tadanuyAyibhirjanaiH tadanyathAnItam - svamatasyApUrvatvodbhAvanAya / evamAgamAH purANAni ca adhikAribhedena ruci - bhedena ca svasvaviSayaM pratipAdayanti samanvitAnyeva prApyaikatvAt / taduktamrucInAM vaicitryAd RjukuTilanAnApathajuSAM nRNAmeko gamyastvamasi payasAmarNava iva / iti / athedAnIM vicAryate darzanAnAmAvirbhAvaH kimarthaM iti / tatredaM boddhavyam-darzanAnAmAvirbhAvo vyavahArAya apavargAya ceti / tatra darzanAnAmupayogo'pavargaprApto suprasiddha iti na sAdhyate / vyavahAre tu tadupayogaH prasAdhyate / tathAhi - nyAyazAstrasya vyavahAre upayoga uktaH pUrvaiH -- ' pradIpaH sarvavidyAnAmupAyaH sarvakarmaNAm' iti / sarvatraiva hi karmaNi pravRttiH phalasya bhAvitvAdanumAnata eva / zAbde vyavahAre ca pravRttiH zabdata parisaMvAda - 2

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332 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAe~ upamAnatazceti sarvajanAnubhavasiddham / pratyakSato'pi vyavahAre pravRttau na kasyApi vimtiH| evaM pratyakSAnumAnopamAnazabdarUpapramANacatuSTyapratipAdakaM nyAyazAstraM sarvavyavahAropayogi, evaM vaishessikshaastrmpi| evaM nyAyavaizeSikazAstre lakSaNapramANAbhyAM tattadvastuprasAdhikeSu sarvavyavahAreSu lokaanaamupkurutH| pUrvottaramImAMse tu vAkyazAstre vAkyArthavicArapare zAstrIye laukike ca vyavahAre rAjanItyAdI arthazAstre dharmazAstreSu ca upakurutaH / vedAntazAstrantu advaitasya brahmaNaH sarvAtmatvapratipAdanaparaM loke sarvAnarthabIjAnAM kAmakrodhalobhAdInAM nivartanena zAntiprasAdhanaparam / taduktaM gItAsu vedA vinAzinaM nityaM ya enamajamavyayam / kathaM sa puruSaH pArtha ke ghAtayati hanti kam // iti / vihAya kAmAn yaH sarvAn pumAMzcarati niHspRhH| nirmamo nirahaMkAraH sa zAntimadhigacchati // iti / daSTaJca vedAntazAstraniSNAtAnAmapi janakAdInAM rAjJAM zAsanasaMbaddho vyavahAraprapaJcaH / vaziSThasya ca paurohityarUpo vyavahAraH / taduktam kRSNo bhogI zukastyAgI bhUpau janakarAghavau / vasiSThaH karmakartA ca paJcaite jJAninaH smRtaaH|| sAMkhyayogazAstrayorapi siddhisaMpAdanadvArA sarvavyavahAropayogaH / siddhayazcASTau uktAH aNimA mahimA caiva laghimA garimA tthaa| prAptiH prAkAmyamIzitvaM vazitvaJcASTasiddhayaH // iti / dRSTaJca siddhInAM vyavahAre upayogaH-agastyasya siddhidvArA AtApivAtApiparipAkaH, samudrapAnaJca / kardamasya kAmagavimAnanirmANam / vizvAmitrasya apUrvaH sargaH / dhruvasya dhruvapadaprAptiH / iti / evaM bauddhAdidarzanAnAmapi vyavahAre upayogaH candraguptAzokAdirAjyakAle dRSTaH / vyavahArAnupayoge hi zAstraM samucchidyeta / sAmpranyAyAdidarzanavat / evaM jainadarzanasyApi sattyAhiMsAdipracAradvArA'styeva lokavyavahAre upyogH| tathA cedaM paryavasitamavadhIyatAm ayamAtmA parazcAsAviti buddhirvisRjyatAm / parezaH sarvabhAveSu zraddhayA samupAsyatAm // 1 // adrohaH sarvabhUteSu karmaNA manasA giraa| anugrahazca dAnaJca zIlametatprasAdhyatAm // 2 // parisaMvAda-2

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bhAratIyadarzaneSu samatA ArohAvarohakramazca trividhaM narakasyedaM dvAraM nAzanamAtmanaH / kAmaH krodhastathA lobhastasmAdetat trayaM tyajet // 3 // etaivimuktaH kaunteya tamodvAraitribhirnaraH / AcaratyAtmanaH zreyastato yAti parAM gatim // 4 // tyaja durjanasaMsarga bhaja sAdhusamAgamam / kuru puNyamahorAtraM smara nityamanityatAm // 5 // sarve kSayAntA nicayAH patanAntAH samucchyAH / saMyogA viprayogAntA maraNAntaJca jIvitam // 6 // maraNaM vindupAtena jIvanaM bindudhAraNAt / iti saMcintya manasA brahmacaryaM vidhIyatAm // 7 // dhmAyante dhmAyamAnAnAM dhAtUnAM hi yathAmalAH / tathendriyANAM dadyante doSAH prANasya nigrahAt // 8 // saGgaH sarvAtmanA heyaH sa ced hAtuM na zakyate / sa saddhiH saha kartavyaH satAM saGgo hi bheSajam // 9 // na hi jJAnena sadazaM pavitramiha vidyate / ataH prasiddhaye tasya sadguruH saMnidhApyatAm // 10 // gururbrahmA guruviSNurguruH saakssaanmheshvrH| guruH sAkSAtparaM brahma tasmai zrIgurave namaH // 11 // parisaMvAda-2

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sAmAjika samatvaviSaye bhAratIyadarzanAni AcArya paM0 paTTAbhirAmazAstrI viSayasyAsyopapAdanAtpUrvaM zrotRRNAM - zamArtha sarvazAstrANi nirmitAni manISibhiH / ya eva sarvazAstrajJastasya zAntaM manassadA // iti vaiyAsike vacane manAMsi samAkraSTuM vAJchAmi / cirantanA nAstikA vA bhavantvAstikA vA dArzanikAH sameSAmeSAM darzanAnAM zAstrANAM vA pravartane pravacane ca mukhya muddezyamidamevAsIt yadadhyayanena zravaNena ca sAmAjikAnAM manasazzAntissamudeviti / bhuvi janimAtasthuSA mAnavena sarveNa trayaH padArthAH prAdhAnyena bhavantyavAptavyAHvairAgyam, dharmabuddhiH manasazzAntizca / yacchra utaM na virAgAya na dharmAya na zAntaye / subaddhamapi zabdena kAkavAzitameva tat // iti khalvAha bhagavAn vyAsaH / tatra darzaneSu paThyamAneSu zAstreSu ca vicAryamANeSu tatra tatra kriyamANaiH khaNDanamaNDanavyApAraiH nUnaM vairAgyasya dharmasya zAntervAvasaro nAstIti jhaTiti pratIyate / mithaH kalahArthameva manaH prasaret tasyApi yazca nikhila - zAstrasiddhAntAbhijJaH / tatra ca kiM kAraNamiti paryavekSaNIyaM prekSAvatA / viruddhaguNakAriSu bhojyavastuSu bhukteSUdarapUraNaM nAma bhavedeva, kintu teSAM jaraNazaktirapi samavAptavyA, anyathA zarIrasya vikRtiravazyambhAvinI / asminnarthe vaidikaM kiJcidvivakSAmi somayAge somarasabhakSaNAvasare kazcana mantraH paThanIyo bhavati, yasya ca bhakSAnuvAka iti saMjJA / ayamanuvAkaH - 'bhakSehi mAviza' ityArabhya ' upahUtasyopahUto'haM bhakSayAmi' ityanto vartate / tatra mantrANAM sAmarthyena vAkyena samAkhyayA ca viniyogo mImAMsakairaGgIkriyate / samagrasya bhAnuvAkamantrasya vAkyena samAkhyayA vA viniyoge bhakSaNAGgatvameva svIkartavyam, kintu siddhAnte vAkyasamAkhyAbhyAM liGgasya balavattvena tattadarthe vibhajya viniyogaH svIkRtaH / tadatra mantre bhakSaNam, bAhubhyAM grahaNam, cakSuSAvekSaNam, samyagjaraNam ityAdayo'rthAH pratipAditAH / tasmiMstasminnarthe mantraM vibhajya mantramuccArya tattatkAryaM kartavyamiti sthitiH / tatra ' hinvame gAtrA harivogaNAnme mA vitItRSaH / zivo me saptarSIn upatiSThasva mA me'vAGnAbhimatigAH' iti bhAgaparisaMvAda - 2

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sAmAjikasamatvaviSaye bhAratIyadarzanAni 335 ssamyagjaraNe viniyujyate / samyag jIrNo hi somaraso gAtrAni prINayana nAbheradhastAnna gacchet / atyadhika somarasaM prapIya mantrasyAsya paThanena samyagjaraNaM bhaved, iti yaH kazcana nizcinuyAt tahi so'tisAreNa virecanena, vamanena ca mriyeta / sandarbhasyAsyedaM tAtparyam, yattAvadeva bhoktavyaM yacca rasarUpeNa pariNataM saccharIraM poSayatuM samarthaM syAt / zarIradhAraNAya khalvAhAro bhavati, na khalvAhArAya zarIram / yathA samyagjaraNaparyantamAhAropayogaH zarIradhAraNAya kalpate, tathA manaso buddhitattvasya ca paripoSaNAya dArzanikaiH kalpita AhAro naikvidhH| tadasyApyAhArasya samyagjaraNaparyantaM sevanamucitam / dArzanikatattvarUpAhArasya samyagjaraNaM nAma svajIvadavasthAyAM vyavahAreNa saha samAyojanam / 'na hiMsyAtsarvA bhUtAni', 'na steyAt', 'na paradArAn gacchet', 'na surAM pibet', ityAdInizAstrANi nopadezAyaiva kevalaM pravRttAni, api tvAcaraNAya / tAnImAni nAcarAmaH, api tupadizAma iti cetko lAbho jIvanasya, bodhastu AcaraNAvasAnaH khalu bhavati / yathAhi bhakSaNaM samyagjaraNAvasAnam / 'zuni caiva zvapAke ca paNDitAHsamarzinaH' iti sAdhUktaM paarthsaarthinaa| asyA gItergAnamAtreNa samarzitvaM na nAma sidhyet / 'brahma satyaM jaganmithyA' ityevamupapAdanamAtreNa jagatomithyAtvaM brahmaNazca satyatvaM na khalu sidhyet / padArthasiddhiranyA, tadupapAdanaJcAnyat / zUnyaM zUnyaM, duHkhaM duHkham, svalakSaNaM svalakSaNam, kSaNika kSaNikamiti japamAtreNa na khalu saMsArasya zUnyatvam, duHkharUpatvam, kSaNikatvaM vA sidhyet / vAgdukena kenacana sopapattivAcA sAdhitamapi sarvamidaM kasmai prayojanAya kalpeta / svasvavAgvilAsapradarzanAya na khalu sandRbdhAni zAstrANi manISibhiH / tAMstAn padArthAn samanubhUya te niramAsata darzanAni / sarvazca dArzanikaH svasvapratipAdyaviSayAvabodhanAya kaNTakAnAkIrNaM masaNaM panthAnaM nirmAya vicarati / masRNe pathi vicaran paraivikIryamANAn gamanoparodhakAn upalAn kaNTakAMzca durIkurvan gacchati / evaM kSuNNe pathi parAMzca sAmAjikAn gamayitumabhilaSati / sarvadarzanapravartakAnAmiyameva saraNiH / tasya tasya dArzanikasya mArge bhinne'pi mArgatraye sarve samAvezayituM zakyante, kAmaM te bhavantu mitho viruddhasiddhAntAvalambinaH / samAje samatvabuddhiprasAraNAya nairAtmyadarzanameva paramaM sAdhanamiti kecana jagRhuH / ahaMkAramakArayoH prahANaM nairAtmyadarzanasya mUlam / yatastatovAstu bhayaM yadyahaM nAma kiJcana / ahameva na kiJciccet bhayaM kasya bhaviSyati // parisaMvAda-2

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336 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAe~ Atmagraho nAma balIyAn mohaH, tannivRttAvAtmIyagraho'pi viraMsyati / yadAhameva nAsmi, tadA ki mama? ityupadizanto nairAtmyavAdaM nirvANadvAramiti te prasAdhayanti 'nAsmi', 'nAsti' iti prasAdhayatAM teSAM pratiyogyanuyoginoH abhAvasya cAvastutvamabhipretam / saMsArAkhye mahati prAsAde'nuyogini svasya pareSAJca pratiyoginAm abhAvasya cAvastutve sarvaM zUnyamiti pryvsyti| etAdRzImavasthAM pratipannasya mahAtmanaH sAmAjikeSu samatvadRSTeH kvAvasaraH ? tAdRzo mahAtmA sAmAjikAzca zUnyAH / samatvadaSTiH kUta Agacchet ? vyavahAradazAyAM sA dRSTissamAneyA, tadaiva taddarzanasya samupayogaH / vyavahAradazAyAJca upadeSTuH svasya upadezyAnAM pareSAJca satyatvaM saMvRtirUpamabhipreyate / saMvRttizabdastu mithyAparaparyAyaH / svasya pareSAJca mithyAsatyatvamAgatam / mithyAsatyatvAvacchinnayorupadezyopadeSTroH upadezyopadezakabhAvaH kathaM sidhyatu ? tena ca sAmAjikeSu mamatvabhAvanA kathamudetu ? vacane para madhurimA-'ahameva nAsmi, kiM mameti' 'ahameva na kiJciccet bhayaM kasya bhaviSyati' ityAdau / madhurimnaH AsvAda AvazyakaH, tasya ca paripAko'pi / tadedaM darzanaM sAmAjikasamatvadRSTI mahadupakArakaM syAt / pitRSvasuHyadizmazrUNi jAyeran tahi sA pitRvyapadavAcyAsyAditi yathA / ___rAgadveSAdInAM bhaJjanAya bhavabhayatrANAya sAmAjikeSu samatvadRSTinikSepaNAya ca nairAtmyavAdaH kimiti samAzrayaNIyaH ? tadarthaM brahmAtmaikatvopadeza eva varIyAn ityanyadarzanaM pravRttam / matto yadyanyaH kazcana syAt, tahi tena saha rAgadveSAdiH, tasmAcca bhayaM bhavetAm, 'yanmadanyannAsti kasmAnnu vibhebhi, tata evAsya bhayaM vIyAya / kasmAddhi abhaiSyat, dvitIyAdvai bhayaM bhavati' ityAdi pramANena brahmAtmaikatvabhAvanAyAM paripAkamApannAyAM rAgadveSAdiH bhayAca mocanaM pAramArthikadazAyAm / brahmAtmaikatvabhAvanAyAH paripAkaH kRccheNa sampAdanIyo bhvti| tadartha vyAvahArikadazAyAM jagato mithyAtvaM 'brahmasatyaM jaganmithyA' ityAdikatipayoniSadvAkyAnAmAvRttimAtreNa na kiJcitprayojanam / zAbdavodhe brahmaNassatyatvaM jagatazca mithyAtvamiti jJAnaM jAtam, na tadavagatam / anavagatameva tadvayaM chAtrAn sAmAjikAMzca grAhyAmaH, avagate ca tasmin na chAtrA bhaveyuH nApi sAmAjikAH / 'brahmavid brahmaiva bhavati' iti dazAyAM prapaJcaH kvAstAm ? atazca vyavahAradazAyAM bhA matAvalambanena jagatassatyatvaM kenacidaMzena svIkRtya gantavyaM bhavati / tadA samAje samatvadRSTiM prasArayitumasmin mate kiyAn bhavedavasaraH / sAdhUktaM nIlakaNThadIkSitaiH tyaktavyo mamakAraH tyaktuM yadi zakyate naasau| kartavyo mamakAraH kintu sa sarvatra kartavyaH // iti / parisaMvAda-2

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sAmAjikasamatvaviSaye bhAratIyadarzanAni 337 asminmate vyavahAradazAyAM varNAzramadharmapAlane niyate satyapi na samAje vaiSamyabuddheH prsnggH| yathAdhikAraM svaM svaM karmasamAcaran mAnavassarvo'pi sama eva bhavati na vissmH| adhikArAtikramaNa eva vaiSamyabuddhissamudiyAt / 'lokavatparimANataH phalavizeSassyAt' iti jaiminIyanyAyena vinA maryAdAbhaGga sve karmaNi vartamAnassarvo'pi sama eva bhavati / samatvabaddhiprasArAya mRgapatipade'larko'pi samAropayituM zakyate, kulapatipade zUdraH zvapAko vA niyoktuM zakyate, kintvidaM paryavekSaNIyam, kastasya pariNAma iti / AbaddhakRtrimasaTAjaTilAMsabhittirAropito mRgapateH padavIM yadizvA / mattebhakumbhataTapATanalampaTasya nAdaM kariSyati kathaM hariNAdhipasya // bhinneSu satsu teSAmekatvasampAdanenaiva samAje samatvabuddhiH praserat / zUnyatAdarzanaM vA aikAtmyadarzanaM vA naitadupadizet, yat pratilomavivAhena, AsurarAkSasavivAhena mandireSu zUdrasya caNDAlasya vA pUjakatvaniyojanena, zikhAyAssUtrasya ca chedanena lokeSu samatvabuddhirbhavediti / samprati katinAma na santi bhArate vizikhA vividhazikhA vA ? kinteSu samatvaM parilakSyate ? vijAtIyavivAha eva samAje samatvAdhAnaprayojaka iti kAmamambeDakaradarzanaM vA brUyAt jagajIvanarAmadarzanaM vA rAmasvAminAyakasya vA / cirantanAnAM yAdRzaM darzanam na tathA khalvamISAM darzanam / samAje mitho lokAnAM samatvabudhyutpattaye catuSpadAnAM vyavahAro mAnavaizzikSaNIyaH / maryAdAmulladhya na ko'pi catuSpAt yaunasambandhamAcarati / pazavastu yonimAghrAya tasyA vijAtIyatve sajAtIyatve'pyanupayuktatve, vihAya taM pazumapasaranti / ahahaH pazubhyo'pi vayaM nikRSTAssmaH, samatvabudhyAdhAnAya vijAtIyayonisambandhaM balAtkArayAmaH, puraskArapradAnena ca tAn protsaahyaamH| evaM karaNena kaH pariNAma iti na vibhAvayAmaH / kimevamatpannAnAmapatyAnAM mitho vyavahAre vaiSamyaM na vilokayAmaH ? tatrApi rAgadveSAdayaH kiM na bhavati ? samAnajAtIyA eva bhavantu kiM teSu mithassamatvadRSTiranubhUyate ? samatvadRSTistu bhAvanAbalajA bhavati / tatra neme varNAzramadharmAH prtibndhmaacreyuH| tAdRzI bhAvanAJcopadizanti darzanAni / nairAtmyadarzanamapi rAgadveSAdyutsAdanAyaiva prAdhAnyena pravRttam, na tu jAtyAdInAmapyutsAdanAyetyeSTavyam / brahmAtmaikyadarzanakAryamapi tadeva, kintu varNAzramadharmaparipAlanapurassaraM rAgadveSAdyutsAdanadvArA samatvadRSTimAdhAtuM pravRttam / __ aparANi ca darzanAni nAnAtmapratipAdakAni-dvitIyasattve'pi niyantaH paramezvarasya tRtIyasya sattvAt, tatpAratantryasyaiva sarveSAM nirupAdhikasya sopAdhikasya vA samupadiSTatvAt, sarvAtmanAM samAnAkAratvena vaiSamyAbhAvAt, vaiSamyahetunAM satve'pi teSA parisaMvAda-2

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338 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAe~ maupAdhikatvAt, rAgadveSAnavakAza ityupadizanti santi niyantrapekSayA dvitIyasya svatantrasyAbhAvAt naiva bhayasyAvakAza iti pratipAdayanti / asminnapi mate varNAzramadharmaparipAlanaM nAma mukhyaH prnnvH| yAvAn varNAzramadharmANAmucchedaH prabRddhassyAt tAvAneva rAgadveSAdiH pradhUmito vaiSamyaprayojakaH syAditi pratyakSamIkSAmahe / vedAnAM rAmAyaNasya rAmacaritamAnasasya manvAdismRteranyeSAJca granthajAtAni mRttikAtelasaMyogena dahyantAm, vaiSamyapizAcikA tu muktakezA nRtyedeva / samAjakalyANAnAmaiva cirantanairnekavidhAni darzanAni praNItAni, dezagauravasaMrakSakANImAni, buddhizakteH pravarddhakAni, cintanAzaktivivarddhakAni, dezabhaktiprarocakAni, svasvamaryAdAnullaMghanena nityanaimittikakarmaNAM niyamenAnuSThAtRbhyaH zreyaHpreyaHpradAni / bhAratIyadarzanAni puruSAbhilaSitAvAptaye yaM yaM panthAnaM parikalpya tatra gantuM pracodayanti, tatretikartavyatApUrakANi smRtinibandhetihAsapurANAdyanalpAni granthajAtAni / haiyaGgavInaM sarvasmA eva roceta, kintu tadavAptaye uccAvacAni kAryANi kartavyAni bhavanti / tadidaM jJAtavyaM mAnavena / gAM dugdhA payaH samyaksantapya kiJcidArTIkRtya daghnAtaJca pidhAya paredyassampannaM dadhi manthAnena mathitvA navanItaM niSkAsya, tatsevanIyamiti bhvtiitikrtvytaa| vinetikartavyatayA na khalu phalasiddhissAdhanena vilokyate / iti kartavyatAH parityajya kevalaM darzanairupadiSTaM sAdhanaM phalaM kathamutpAdayet ? yeSAM mate phalaM sAdhyaM bhavati taiH sAdhanamitikartavyatA ca nUnamapekSyate / yeSAM vA mate phalaM svatassiddhaM na sAdhyam, taiH tatpratibandhakanivRttaye sAdhanetikartavyatA apekSyanta eva / zUnyaM zUnyamiti bhAvanAbodhakaM zUnyatAdarzanaM kAmaM mahAphalAya syAt, ekamAtmAnaM paratattvaM vibhAvya samAnAMdarzanaM nUnaM mahAphalaM nAnAtmasu satsvapi IzvarapAratantryavibhAvanamavazyaM mahAphalaM syAt, kintu sarvatretikartavyatAyA nAntarIyakatetyatra na kazcana sNshyleshH| itikartavyataiva bhAratIyA sNskRtiH| svayaM zaucAravihInaH madyapaH, cauryarataH, vaJcanAparaH, pizunazca, api ca zUnyaM zUnyamiti vibhAvanaM zreyaskaramiti / sadA japapare hastaH madhye madhye'kSimIlanam / sarva brahmetivAdazca sadyaH pratyayakAraNam // iti rItyA 'brahmasatyaM jaganmithyA' ityAtmaikatvAnusandhAna zAntipradam, ityupadizet, tadA vaktAraH kiM na vadeyuH ? kathaM vAsya vacasi zraddhadhIran ? zraddhadhAnA api azucyanAcArAdibhyaH kathaM nivarteran ? upadeSTA nUnameva nopadizet yad azucyanAcAreNa vartitavyam, madyasevanaM kartavyam, cauryamanuSTheyamityAdi, kintUpadeSTurvartanaM nizAmya svayamapi upadezyastathA yadi varteta tadA nAdhikAra upadeSTuH-yadevamAtmAnamanuvarta parisaMvAda-2

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sAmAjika samatvaviSaye bhAratIyadarzanAni 339 mAnAn duSkarmabhyo nivartayitum / atassvAbhilaSitAvAptaye zAstrakRdbhiryA yA itikartavyatA upadiSTAstAH sarvairevAcaraNIyAH / tadaiva zUnyasya vA aikAtmyasya vA IzvarapAratantryasya vA vibhAvanaM samAje samatvadRSTayAdhAyakaM syAt / atra ca mImAMsakAnAM saraNiratyuttameti me pratibhAti / mImAMsA hi vinA pakSapAtena parIkSaNavyApAravatI / satyAmapi karaNasya phalajanakatvazaktau setikartavyatAmapekSetaiva / na hyetenetikartavyatA karaNagatazaktyapaghAtinI parigaNyate, nApi karaNagatasAdhakatamatvApakarSAdhAyikA / sAdhUktaM bhaTTapAdaiH yatsAdhakatvena kasyacitkiJciducyate / tasyAnugrahApekSA na svazaktivighAtinI // na hi tatkAraNaM loke vede vA kiJcidIritam / itikartavyatAsAdhye yasya nAnugrahe'citA // iti / mImAMsAzAstraJca nyAyanibandhanarUpam / mImAMsAsaMjJakastarkassarvo vedasamudbhavaH / soto vedo samAprAptakASThAdilavaNAtmavat // pUjitavicAravacano hi mImAMsAzabdaH / ayuktapratiSedhena yuktAbhyanujJAnaM tarkaH / pramANetikartavyatAtvena ca pramANabhedAdabheda uktaH / so'to veda iti tAtparyaTIkAvacanebhyaH kiyAnabhinivezo'smin zAstre zrIvAcaspatimizrANAmiti nApratyakSamidaM sameSAm / 'itikartavyatAbhAgaM mImAMsA pUrayiSyati' iti vacanAt sarvadarzanetikartavyatApUrakatvamasya zAstrasyAvagamyate / yadAhi samagrasya saMskRtavAGmayasya vedamUlakatvamabhimataM bhaTTapAdAnAM tadA taistairazAstraiH pratipipAdayiSitAnAmarthAnAm itikartavyatApUrakatve mImAMsAzAstrasya kassandehaH / sakalasya saMskRtavAGmayasya vedamUlakatvaprasAdhanaprasaGge bhaTTapAdA likhanti - 'yAzcaitAH pradhAnapuruSezvara paramANu kAraNAdiprakriyAH sRSTipralayAdirUpeNa pratItAstAH sarvA mantrArthavAdajJAnAdeva dRzyamAnasUkSmasthUladravyaprakRtivikAra bhAvadarzanena ca draSTavyAH / prayojanaJca svargayAgAdyutpAdyotpAdakavibhAgajJAnaM sargapralayopavarNanamapi daivapuruSakAraprabhAvapravibhAgadarzanArtham - sarvatra hi tabalena pravartate taduparame coparamatIti / vijJAnamAtrakSaNabhaGganairAtmyAdivAdAnAmapyupaniSadarthavAdaprabhavatvaM viSayeSvAtyantikaM rAgaM nivartayitumityupapannaM sarveSAM prAmANyam / sarvatra ca yatra parisaMvAda - 2

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340 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAe~ kAlAntaraphalatvAdidAnImanubhavAsammavastatra shrutimuultaa| sAndRSTikaphale tu vRzcikavidyAdau puruSAntare vyavahAradarzanAdeva prAmANyamiti vivekasiddhiH' iti / __ anena sandarbheNedaM nizcetuM zakyate yad bhaTTapAdAH sarveSu darzaneSu samatvabuddhi nikSipantaH jagattattvaparizIlanaparipakvamativaibhavAn viruddhasiddhAntAvalambinassarvAneva darzanapravartakadhurandharAn ekIkRtya ninISantIti prakRtamanusarAmaH / naikavidhAsvitikartavyatAsu vicaaro'pyntrbhuutH| sa ca prAcInagranthaparAmarzamukhenaiva kartavyaH / kevalamupadezena tadvyAkhyAnena vA nArthassAdhayituM zakyaH / tadidamuktaM vAkyapadIye prajAvivekaM labhate vibhinnAgamadarzanaiH / kiyadvA zakyamunnetuM svayatnamanudhAvatA // tattadutprekSamANAnAM purANairAgamaivinA / anupAsitavRddhAnAM vidyA nAti prasIdati // iti / vicArasyetikartavyatAtve svIkRte tatra vicArAtmakaM mImAMsAzAstraM kaniSThikAmUlapAtamanubhavati / vicArastu na khaNDanamaNDanarUpaH apitu samanvayAtmikayA dRSTyA parizIlanam, tadidaM mImAMsakairavalambitam / smRtiprAmANyavyavasthAprasaGge dRSTArthAnAM karmaNAM dRSTArthatvAdeva prAmANyam, adRSTArthAnAJca vedamUlakatvena, ityabhyupagacchatAM bhASyakArANAM zrIzabarasvAminAM mataparizIlanAvasare bhaTTapAdA abhiprayanti-yadRSTArthakarmasu niyamavidhitvAGgIkAreNa teSAmapyadRSTArthatvaM vedamUlakatvaJceti / yathA 'gururanugantavyo'bhivAdayitavyazca, vRddhavayAH pratyuttheyaH, sammantavyazca' ityAdayassanti smRtyH| guroranugamanam gurAvAgate pratyutthAnam, caraNasparzaH, gurAvupaviSTe tadanujJayopavezanamantevAsinAm, utthite gurAvutthAnam, ityAdInAn updishntiimaassmRtyH| etAn niyamAn yathAyathaM paripAlayato'ntevAsinaH guruH prItassamyagadhyApayiSyati granthagranthibhedinazca nyAyAn parivasyati ityasti dRSTaM prayojanam / tenaivaitAdRzyAH smRteH prAmANyamiti bhASyakArANAmAzaye sthite, adRSTArthatvamapyasyAH svIkartavyamiti / dharma prati yato'tredaM prAmANyaM prastutaM smRteH| tasmAtkRSyAdivatteSAmupanyAso na yujyate // iti / sUtrakAro'pi jaiminiH SaSThadvitIyapAde dazamAdhikaraNe 'AcArAd gRhyamAneSu tathA syAt puruSArthatvAt' iti sUtrayan yAvanti nimittAni tAvanti naimittikAnyAvartanIyAni, arthAdAgata Agate nimitte tAnyanugamanapratyutthAnAdInyanuSTheyAnItyupadizati / anenedaM siddhayati yannaimittikAnAmakaraNe pratyavAyaH, karaNe ca phalAbhAvaH, tasya parisaMvAda-2

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sAmAjika samatvaviSaye bhAratIyadarzanAni 341 cAdRSTe paryavasAnamiti / ayamatra nirgalito'rthaH - dRSTaphalakeSvapi karmasu niyamavidhyAzrayaNenAdRSTArthatvamapi svIkRtya dharmabuddhayA teSAmAcaraNam / tathA ca sAmAjikeSu samatvadRSTirapi 'ayantu paramo dharmo yadyogenAtmadarzanam' ityAdismRtivacanena mImAMsakAnAM dharmA bhavati / 'Atmadarzanam' ityasya Atmavaddarzanam, Atmano darzanam ityarthadvaye svIkRte pUrvottaramImAMsAdarzanayossamanvayaH prasiddhayati / Atmano bhede vA abhedevA samatvadRSTerdharmatvena parigrahaH / dharmazca yathAdhikAraM yathAmaryAdaJcAcaraNIya iti zAstra - sammataH panthAH / darzaneSu darzanAnAM siddhAnteSu tatprakAreSu ca bhinneSvapi darzanAnAM sAmAjika samattva viSayaka dRSTeH nAradakRtajyeSThAlakSmIvivAdanirNayanyAyenaikarUpyameva / pAramArthikadazAyAM yA samatvadRSTirna sA vyAvahArikI bhavitumarhati vyAvahArikadazAyAM yAdRzI zAstrasammatA samatvadRSTiH sA pAramArthikyAssamatvadRSTerna bAdhikA / ArthikasamatvaviSaye bhAratIyadarzanAni tAmeva samatAnItimaGgIkurvanti yA ca dharmasaMvalitArthakAmapradhAnA / tadaiva bhAratasya bhAratatvaM prasiddhayediti vibhAvayAmaH / parisaMvAda - 2

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vyAvahArikaM paramArthikadRSTyA samatA viSamatA ca AcArya zrIvizvanAthazAstrI dAtAraH vizvaM darpaNadRzyamAnanagarItulyaM nijAntargatam / pazyannAtmani mAyayA bahirivodbhUtaM yathA nidrayA // yaH sAkSAt kurute prabodhasamaye svAtmAnamevAdvayam / tasmai zrIgurumUrtaye nama idaM zrIdakSiNAmUrtaye // zAstreSu svaM svaM viSayamadhikRtya didRkSavaH cakSurvyApAraM niyuJjata ityuktam :cAraiH pazyanti rAjAnaH zAstraH pazyanti paNDitAH / gAvaH pazyanti prANena cakSurbhyAmitare janAH // eteSu paNDitAH api yena cakSuSA antaH sthitaM cakSurbhyAmayogyaM tattvaM pazyanti, taccakSuH zAstraM bhAratIyaiH darzanatvena samabhidhIyate / tadidaM samabhidhAnaM viruddhatvAdaupacArikaM bhAti cakSurbhyAmayogyasya zAstravyApArasamudAyenApi tAbhyAM pazyAmItyanuvyavasAyasya ashkyotpaadaat| tathApi zAstrAbhyAsenodabuddhasaMskArAbhAve cakSurbhyAmayogyaM bhavatyAvaraNasatvAt ityevaM pariSkRte zAstreSu darzanavyavahRtirnopacArikI iti sthitiH / tacca darzanayogyaM zAstramantarA sUkSmaM kiM taditi praznasya samAhitiH vastumAtre uttamapuruSatvadarzanena sambhavati / uktaM puruSatvaM ahantvasya sarvatra pratyabhijJAne sati sambhavati / taccAtmasvarUpAnnAtiriktaM bhavati / tadidamAtmatvaprakArakaM anekavizeSyakaM darzanaM samadarzanam / IdRgdarzanaviSayA sarvasAdhAraNI samatA ghaTasAdhAraNyena sthitA ghaTateva vartamAnA dRSTipathaM gatA satI draSTurmaGgalAya bhavati / tatrApi nItividAM sarvalokanamaskRtaM rAjapadamAruhya sthitAnAM kRte tu nitarAM sukhAyaiveti nItividAM siddhAntaH / seyaM samatA dvividhA bhavati / ekA pAramArthikI, aparA sAmAjikI / prathamasamatAyAM muktyavasthA yatra tatraiva kriyAkArakayorantarAle anvaye cikIrSite sa eva na sambhavati kriyAyAvilayanAt sarveSAM kArakANAM kartRtvAdibhedena vyavahAravilayanAcca / tathAcoktaM gotAyAm brahmArpaNaM brahmahavirityAdi / spaSTIkRtaJcaitat rAmAyaNe'pi - rAmo na gacchati na tiSThati nAnuzocatyAkAMkSate tyajati no na karoti kiJcit / AnandamUrtiracalaH pariNAmahIno mAyAguNAnanugato hi tayA vibhAti // a0 vA0 parisaMvAda - 2

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vyAvahArikaM paramArthikadRSTayA samatA viSamatA ca nyAyaratnAvalyAmapi -- dRzyAdhikaraNakSaNe dRzyAdhikaraNakSaNapUrvatvAnadhikaraNatvaM dRzyocchedaH / tattvapramAkSaNo yo yo bhavati sa tattvajJAna tatprayuktadRzyakAlapUrvatvAbhAvavAn tattvapramotpattidvitIyakSaNaH tAdRzA bhAvavAniti ca vyApteH iti / etadavasthAyAM AtmA bhAti kintu AtmatvaM na prakAraH / ghaTapaTAdipadArthAnAM sarvathA tattvena abhAnAt / sAmAjikI pUrvoktA dvitIyA samatA tu muktaH prAgbhAvinI asti, tatra 'aham - jagat' - ityAkArakam, ahaMvizeSyakaM tAdAtmyena jagatprakArakaM kiM vA 'jagat aham' ityAkArakam jagadvizeSyakaM tAdAtmyenAhaM prakArakaM jJAnaM bhavati / ubhayorapyanayorjJAnayoH ahantvaM jagati pratibhAtaM bhavati / ahantvasya bhAnamantarA na kathaJcana bhAratIya rAjanIteH pratiSThApi na sambhavitumarhati iti paryAlocya nItisArakRtA nRpatipadAya zamAya ca kSama iti ekameva sAdhanamuktam / sunipuNamupasevyaM sadguru zuciranuvRttiparo vibhUtaye / bhavati hi vinayopasaMhito nRpatipadAya zamAya ca kSamaH // iti // ahantvasya bhAne sAmAjikI samatA kathaM bhavati ityaMzo'tha prastUyate / tathAhikIdRgvidhAyAmapi nIta pratiSThApayitumIhitAyAM yuSmadasmadgocara eSa pratyayaH yAvatparyantamasti tAvatparyantaM rAgadveSAbhimAnamadAndhatAyA AvaraNaM niyataM bhavati / evaM sthite sAmAjikaH sarvavidho'pi vyavahAraH maitrIpUrNo na bhavitumahati iti hi zAstravidAM matam, ajitendriyatAyA avinayasya vA vizeSatayA prasaraNAt bhedabhAve tannivAraNAsambhavAcca / atrA'yaM praznaH pUrve rAjAnaH zAsanadharAH svaprabhAvAt sAmAjikIM yAdRzIM vyavasthAM vidadhuH tatra zAsanasya prAbalyAt sAmAjika viSamatAM udbhAvayAmAsuH, tatprabhAvena abhibhUtAH samatAvicArakAH paratantrAH vidvAMsaH na sAmAjika samatAM saMsthApayituM prAbhavan iti / tanna / ye ca rAjAnaH zAsanaM lokasya samRddhihetuM cakruH, te tu sarvatraiva vasudhaiva kuTumbakam, svadezo bhuvanatrayam, ityevaM bhAvamAyattIkRtyaiva nyAyAnyAyavivecane samarthA vabhUvuH / tadAhu: ayaM nijaH paro veti gaNanA laghucetasAm / udAracaritAnAM tu vasudhaiva kuTumbakam // iti / evaMbhUtaM samatvaM gItAyAmapi uktaM vidyAvinayasampanne brAhmaNe gavi hastini / zuni caiva zvapAke ca paNDitAH samadarzinaH // iti / tadidaM samadarzanaM kena kartuM zakyam ityapi tatraiva uktamna prahRSyet priyaM prApya nodvijet prApya cApriyam / iti / 343 parisaMvAda - 2

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344 bhAratIya cintama kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAe~ yatra tu satyapi evaM agatyA rAjasaJcAlanasya sucArutvasampattaye aparAdhinaM prati daNDapraNayanam, agatikatve upadezakAnAM upadezAnusAreNa rAjAno vidadhati sma, tatrApi te gurUpadezapArataMtryameva anubabhUvuH, na tu svAtantryam / bhAravirapi vasUni vAJchannavazI na manyunA svadharma ityeva nivRttkaarnnH| gurUpadiSTena ripau sute'pi vA nihanti daNDena sa dharmaviplavam // iti / tatra na kathaJcanApi pakSapAtaM saJcikISiti sma iti anyadetat / evaMvidhamahattvaM sAmAjikasamatAvahaM rAjasu, darzanavidbhiH gurubhireva sAdhitam / te ca guravaH rAjatantrA api ziSyahitAdhAnArthadarzakA upadeSTAro na tathAvidharAjAnAM suhRda eva, kintu guravaH santaH teSAM rAjJAM pratodakAH api babhUvuH / na vA rAjApi tAn atiricya kadApi samavartata / yadyapi rAjazAsanaM eva svatantraM nirNAyakaM ityucyate'dharmazca vyavahArazca caritaM rAjazAsanam' ityAdinA granthena / tathApi saMdigdheSu vyavahAreSu niyAmakAnAM dharmavyavahAracaritAnAM alAbhe rAjazAsanaM niyAmakatvena svIkRtam / anyatra tu rAjabhiH gurUpadezapAratantryameva teSAm abhimataM babhUva / yazca rAjA ziSyahitAdhAnArthadarzakAn gurUn atiricya jADyAt svAtantryAbhimAnena prAvartata viduSazca pAratantryatvena avamAnayat, so'pi acirAt bhraSTo'bhUt / atha upayukteSu anyadarzaneSu bhAratIyadarzanaM kathaM upayuktaM iti ucyate ahantvena pratibhAtaM samatvaM AdhyAtmikaM idatvayuSmatvatattvAdyibhAnAt, vyavahArakAle pratibadhyaM Aste / aprAmANyajJAnAskanditaM ca, tannirAsAya bhAratIyadarzanAni sNvRttaani| zarIrAtiriktasya AtmasvarUpasya bodhasya AnandAtmakasya sarvasmin padArthamAtre sUtrAtmanA sthitasya 'bahusyAM prajAyeya' iti zrutimAtravedyasya ahaMtvasya aprAmANyAdivividhazaMkAnirAsapUrvakaM pratyakSAnumAnapramANamAtraparatantraNaM vijJAnena sAdhayituM azakyatvam / __ evaMvidhAM ahantvasamatAM parityajya samAno dharmaH samatA iti vyutpatti AsAdya, pratyakSAyamANamAnavatvAdayaH idaMtayA tattayA vA bhAsamAnAH viziSTAH dharmAH AhAranidrAbhayamaithunAdikarmaNAM vyApArANAM evaMvidhAnAM grAmyadharmANAM vA samanvayamAtre paryAptA na samAjasya samRddhaye sahAyAH bhavanti / tathAcoktaM kauTilyena "grAmyadharmeSvenamavasRjeyuH sukhoparuddhA hi putrAH pitaraM nAbhidruhyanti jIvanamaraNaM etat iti kauTilyaH avinItakumAraM hi rAjakulam abhiyuktamAtraM bhajyet / " iti| __ atredaM avadheyam, ahantvena pratibhAtayA mAnavocitasamatayA trivargasamRddhaye abhimatayApi samAjasamRddhaye AtmasampadguNAnurodhena vibhajya samAje sthitAviSamatApi darzaneSu kAmyate, anyathA atulyena sahAsaktAH tulyamAnAnirAkRtAzca guNinaH samAjAd vibhajya parisaMvAda-2

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vyAvahArika paramArthikadRSTayA samatA viSamatA ca 345 bhedasthiti prAptAH sAmAjikI samatA sthitevighaTane kAraNAnyeva sambhavanti / idaM guNavibhAjanamUlam asamAnatvam, bauddhikAdibhedena vibhaktaM tat-tat-kAryasAdhaneSa upAditsitaM sat ahaMbhAvApannasamAjasya samRddhaye sambhavati / phalarasAdilAbhena sarvasya samAjasya poSaNAt / ___yattu bhAratIyadarzaneSu samatAmadhikRtya ucyate-catvAri bhUtAnyeva iti cArvAkAH / cakSurAdIni pratyekamapare, militAni iti anye, mana ityeke, prANa ityapare, kSaNika vijJAnamiti sugatAH; zUnyam iti mAdhyamikAH, dehendriyAtiriktadehaparimANe iti digambarAH, kartA bhoktA jaDa: vibhuH iti vaizeSikatAkikAH, jaDo bodhAtmakaH iti bhATTAH, muktau kevalaM bodhAtmakaH iti sAMkhyAHpAtaJjalAH, avidyayA kartRtvAdibhAka paramArthataH nirdharmakaH paramAnandabodha iti aupaniSadAH, iti / sAtu pAramArthikI samatAM matvA uktA se'yaM adhyAtmamadhikRtya bhAratIyadarzaneSu pAramArthikI samatA niruupitaa| vyAvahArikI sAmAjikI samatA tu ahantvena bhAvaviSayA pratyabhijJAdarzanoktA, sarveSu anusyUtA sA caivaMvidhA samatA virodhibhedabhAvabhAvanAzUnyAM citradarzanAdau siddhAM AyurvedIyaM cikitsAvizeSAnugatA upAsikairanumatA vyAvahArikI vartate / anayoH ubhayoH samatayoH phalaM trivargasamRddhiH tathAhi-tatrAhantvasya sarvatrabhAve pakSapAtarAhityaM parakIyasukhaduHkhasamvedanam avikRtimatvam apratAraNatvaM nyAyAnyAyavivecanAdi ca sambhavati / tathAvidha ahantvabhAnaM kAmayamAnAnAM saMsAratyAgena sukhaM Atmaratau eva tuSTiH ityAdiviSayAnAM vyAvahArikatvapradarzanAya udAhRtirUpeNa AdhyAtmikasamatAbhAnazIlApi mahAyogino'pekSyante iti, ubhayoH api samatayoH trivargasamRddhiH bhavati / ubhayasAdhanaJca sAmAjikeSu ullasitA utsAhapratibaddhA sAtvikatA vyasanitvAnApAdinI manyate niitividbhiH| satyapyevaM bhAratIyadarzaneSu pArthakyena karmANi sthiratayA vibhajya karmavAdaH cintitaH, tatra kAraNam, idameva yat ahantvena bhAne'pi jIve parimitapramAtRtAdazAyA api apariharaNIyatvAt sva sva jIvikArthaM pravRtteSu yadA ekamevArthamadhikRtya sAmAjikAH pravartante, tadA ekArthAbhinivezitvaprayukto virodhaH teSu samudeti, tat prazamanAya guNasampatti anuruddhaya viSamatayA karmavAdo'pi bhAratIyaiH cintitH| ataH tattatddarzaneSu sAmAjikI viSamatApi vibhaktA nirUpitA vrtte| ___ atra bhAratIyakarmavAdasiddhAnte sAmAjikasamatAviSaye pradhAnaH atrA'yaM praznaHkarmavAde bhAratIyaiH tadutpannasya kulInasya kRte vibhinnadharmAdhikArAbhidhAnAn mAnavasamAje viSamatAyAH prasArAt samAje vibhedaH apariharaNIya Apadyeta, tanna, karmavAde samatAmadhikRtya yena kenApi yat kiJcidapi iSTaM tat kartavyaM iti svIkAre guNavatA'pi zAsanapadaM adhiSThAya zAsyeta, iSTApatto tat asambhavi / ataH tad tad padAdhiSThAne parisaMvAda-2

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bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAe~ guNavatvaniyAmakaM vaktavyaM bhavati / guNavatsu anekeSu upasthiteSu vinigamanAvirahe punarapi nIti kAryAnuzAsane ekArthAbhinivezitvaM Apadyeta / ataH zAstreSu kulInatvaM vinigamakaM manyate / kulIneSvapi dvitreSu upasthiteSu satsu rAjyAdhikAre jyeSThatvaM niyAmakaM bhavati / uktaM ca idaM mAnasarAmAyaNe 346 vimalabaMza yaha anucita ekU / baMdhu bihAi bar3ehi abhiSekU // guNyaguNisAdhAraNyena tu mAnavasamAje samAnadharmaMmAdAya nItau AhAra nyAya-dAna-pararakSaNaprabhRtitattvAni samAnyeva nirUpitAni santi zAstreSu / ataH samAje vyavasthAmanuruddha guNAnurodhena bauddhikaM sAmAjikArthikabhedena asamatA guNabhUtA na samatAmanuruddhaya vilopayitumarhA, ekArthAbhinivezitvadoSasyAparihartuM tadaiva zakyatvAt / pratibhAnaviSayA sarvesmin samAje anusyUtA ahantA'pi na kathamapi viSamatayA upekSaNIyatAM arhati / atredaM avadheyam, vibhinneSu bhAratIyadarzaneSu samatAyAH svarUpaM pRthak pRthak asti iti prAk pradarzitameva / teSu aupaniSadaM mataM vihAya darzanabhedena kvacit jaDatvaM kazcidAnandatvam ityAdi rUpeNa samatAyAM nyUnatvaM eko doSo bhAti tathA samatA dRSTAnubandhinIM adhikRtya pravRtte bhAratIyaM avaidikaM darzanaM sAmAjikeSu ahamahamikayAM ekArthAbhinivezitvAdhAyakaM aribhAvasambardhakam iti dvitIyo doSo bhavati vyaktInAmaniyamanAt / vaidikadarzaneSvapi jaDatvaM anAnandatApAdakaM yat tadapi tattvAdeva arucyApAdakaM bhavati, tathApi aupaniSadatvAvabodhAnuguNyena pUrvottarapakSAbhyAM vibhajya sAkSAtparamparayA paramAnandaprakAzakatvaM manyeta cet sarvaM sugRhItaM mantavyam / kiJca dvaitavAde samatAyA: viSamatAyAzca svarUpaM kIdRzaM bhavitumarhati iti praznasya samAdhAnaM mAnasarAmAyaNe etad pratipAditam -- 'girA artha jalavIcisama kahiyata bhinna na bhinna' iti / yathA tat tat dezeSu pUjitA rAmasya mUrtiH samAnA satyapi veSAdibhedena svasvadezIyatvAdivailakSaNye asamatvApAdikApi anuguNaiva bhavati / tathA dvaitavAde upAsanAdibhedena viSamatAyAM upAsakaH svIkRtAyAmapi apauruSeya - ekavedasiddhAntAnuyAyitvarUpA samataiva asti iti / bhAratIyadarzaneSu samatAyAH asamatAyAzca yannirUpaNaM upalabhyate tat pramANasiddhatvAt nopekSaNIyatAmarhati / iti imAM sarvavidhAM api samatAM viSamatAM vA bodhayituM bhArate darzanAnAM apekSA vartate / tAnyeva AdhArIkRtya guNavatvaparicayasya zakyatvAt / evaMrItyA vyAvahArikI pAramArthikI ca samatA darzanamUlikA iti siddham / parisaMvAda - 2

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sAmAjika samatA sambandhI saMgoSThI kA vivaraNa Aja ke yuga meM samatA ke mUlya para bahuta jora diyA jAtA hai tathA kahA jAtA hai ki yaha mUlya pAzcAtya vicAroM kI dena ke rUpa meM bhArata meM AyA hai| saMskRtavizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI paramparAvAdI zAstroM ke adhyayana kA kendra hai / yahA~ zAstroM kA adhyayana saMskRta ke mAdhyama se calatA hai| zAstroM meM samatA ke mUlyoM kI prabhUta carcA hai, isako Adhunika bhArata ke logoM ko batAnA tathA isakI samAja meM pratiSThA kaise ho ? isake lie prayatna karanA, Aja kI pramukha samasyA hai| saMskRtavizvavidyAlaya meM Adhunika vicAroM ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana ke lie sthApita tulanAtmaka darzana vibhAga dvArA Ayojita saMgoSThI meM samatA ke mUlya para bhAratIya darzanoM kI dRSTi se vicAra kiyA gyaa| yaha saMgoSThI 28, 29 tathA 30 apraila 1978 ko sampanna huii| jisameM mAnava jIvana se sambandhita samasyAoM para vicAra karate hue saMgoSThI ke adhyakSa pro0 ramAkAnta tripAThI (adhyakSa-darzanavibhAga kA0 hi0 vi0 vi0 vArANasI) ne kahA ___ mAnava jIvana kI pramukha do samasyAyeM haiM (1) nyAyaprApti tathA (2) sAmAjika paMktibheda ko mittaanaa| isake lie bhAratIya paramparA meM bahuta puSTa cintana prastuta hue haiN| bhAratIya samAja meM prAcInakAla meM brAhmaNa tyAgamaya jIvana calAtA thA, ataeva jo tyAgI the, jJAnI the, ve brAhmaNa kahalAye / isI prakAra deza ke rakSaka kSatriya, kRSi utpAdaka vaizya tathA sevA ko sampanna karane vAle shuudr| yaha karma para AdhArita puSTa vyavasthA thI, phalataH Aja taka yaha vartamAna hai| bhAratIya jIvana darzana kA mukhya uddezya mukti ko prApta karanA rahA hai| yahA~ pAzcAtya darzana kI bhA~ti jIvana ke pratyeka kSetra meM dArzanika vizleSaNa nahIM prastuta huA hai| Aja ke audyogIkaraNa ke yuga meM bhAratIya darzana kI dRSTi se sabhI kSetroM meM vicAra Avazyaka hai| isa saMgoSThI kA udghATana karate hue suprasiddha samAjazAstrI tathA kAzIvidyApITha ke kulapati pro0 rAjArAmazAstrI ne kahA-samAja meM sabhI manuSyoM meM nyUnAdhika samAnatA hotI hai jaise zArIrika, bhAvagata tathA bauddhika samAnatA aadi| manuSya akelApana meM kabhI rahanA nahIM cAhatA / AtmasammAna evaM parasammAna kI bhAvanA se manuSya meM samAnatA AtI hai| rAjanItika, sAmAjika aura Arthika vikAsakrama kI carcA karate hue Apane kahA ki manuSya ArthikavikAsa ke kAraNa hI unnati prApta parisaMvAda-2

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348 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAe~ karatA hai para dArzanikoM kA kartavya hai ki ve mAtra Arthika unnati para dhyAna na dekara mAnava mUlyoM para jora deM, tathA sarvAGga darzana ke dvArA suvyavasthita samAja kI racanA meM yogadAna kareM / saMgoSThI ke saMpreraka tathA saMskRta vizvavidyAlaya ke kulapati pro0 badarInAtha zukla ne kahA - viSamatA kI bhAvanA manuSya kI sahaja pravRtti hai / pratyeka manuSya kI yaha svAbhAvika AkAMkSA hotI hai ki vaha anyoM kI apekSA bala, vidyA, vitta Adi meM utkRSTa ho / usakI isa pravRtti para aMkuza lagAnA na to sambhava hai aura na mAnavatA ke hita meM hai / kintu manuSya meM Aja jo kRtrima viSamatA vyApta hai use sahI DhaMga se samajhanA hai / yaha kRtrima viSamatA samAja aura zAsana kI saMgaThanagata truTi se hotI hai, jaise samAja meM dhanArjana ke sAdhanoM tathA arjita dhana ke vitaraNa meM samAnatA na hone se samAja ke pratyeka varga ko zikSA kI suvidhAoM kI prApti kI bhI samAnatA nahIM hotI hai, phalataH kucha parivAra sampanna tathA kucha vipanna ho jAte haiM / dUsarI viSamatA svAbhAvika viSamatA hai, yaha pUrva karmoM ke pariNAma svarUpa prApta hotI hai jaise janma se prApta raMga, rUpa, buddhi Adi / kRtrima viSamatAoM ko dUra karane meM darzanoM kA yogadAna sambhava ho sakatA hai / isa saMgoSThI ke Ayojana kA yahI tAtparya hai ki hama prAcIna darzanoM ke pariprekSa meM kisa prakAra kA nayA darzana vikasita kareM jo mAnavamAtra meM samAnatA evaM sauhArda kI pratiSThA kara sake aura janma ke AdhAra para sahaja mAne jAne vAlI kRtrima viSamatA evaM bhedabhAva ko dUra kara sake / pro0 esa0 rinpoche prAcArya - tibbatI ucca zikSAsaMsthAna sAranAtha ne sAmAjika samatA ke sandarbha meM apanA mata vyakta karate hue kahA - mahAyAna darzana ke anusAra samatA kevala manuSyoM taka hI sImita nahIM hai, varan use sampUrNa prANijagata taka le jAnA hai / prANiyoM ke sAtha samAnatA kI bhAvanA ajJAna ke nAza hone para hotI hai| mAnava ke adhikAroM ke china jAne para vividha prakAra ke Andolana khar3e kara diye jAte haiM, para manuSya kI svatantratA kI abhivyakti ke vinA samatA kA prazna nahIM utthtaa| avidyA hI asamAnatA kA kAraNa hai / isake nirAkaraNa se hamArI sArI samasyAyeM sulajha sakatI haiM, zAstroM meM isake nirAkaraNa kA mArga hai / ataeva vartamAna yuga meM samatA kI sthApanA ke lie prAcIna zAstroM kI gaveSaNA jarUrI hai / prasiddha rAjanItivettA pro0 mukuTavihArIlAla ne pAzcAtya samAjavAda ke prati bhArata meM vyApta bhrama kA nirAkaraNa karate hue kahA ki samAjavAda svatantratA ko parisaMvAda - 2

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sAmAjika samata: sambandhI saMgoSThI kA vivaraNa 349 niyantrita karanA cAhatA hai aura kisI bhI rUpa meM vibhinnatA evaM viziSTatA ko samApta karane ke pakSa meM nahIM hai| kintu samAnatA lAne ke lie yaha Avazyaka hai ki manuSya kI viziSTatA evaM vibhinnatA kA upayoga samudAya ke hita ke lie kiyA jAya / Apa ne AcArya narendradeva ke vicAroM kI carcA karate hue kahA ki AcArya jI kI dRSTi meM manuSyatA hI samAjavAda kA AdhAra hai| isI sandarbha meM Apane samatA kI sthApanA meM mahAtmA gAMdhI evaM mahAmanA mAlavIya jI ke kAryoM evaM vicAroM kA bhI ullekha kiyA aura batAyA ki ye mahAnubhAva bhAratIya saMskRti ke pratIka the, unakA sabake sAtha niSpakSa evaM Atmavat vyavahAra hI samAja meM samatA kI sthApanA kA saMketa detA hai| isa tridivasIya goSThI meM kAzI ke tInoM vizvavidyAlayoM ke prAdhyApaka, nagara ke mAnya paramparAgata vidvAn tathA saMskRta evaM saMskRti premI janatA upasthita rhii| goSThI kI samApti para dhanyavAda dete hue pAlivibhAga ke adhyakSa pro0 jagannAtha upAdhyAya ne kahA-prakRtipradatta guNa hI samAja meM vikasita hote haiN| zAstroM meM samatA ke mUlya avazya haiM para unakA ThIka se anveSaNa honA caahiye| Aja ke yuga meM atIta evaM anAgata samatA ko pRthak na dekhakara donoM ke sAtatya meM rAstA khojane para bala denA caahie| dArzanikoM ko maryAdita samatA ke vicAra kA cintana karanA cAhie tathA sampUrNa bhAratIyavAGmaya se isake sUtra khojakara navIna rASTra ke nirmANa meM sahayoga karanA caahie| isa sandarbha meM isa para na kevala darzanoM kI dRSTi se hI apitu purANoM, tantroM tathA bauddha evaM jaina AgamoM kI dRSTi se bhI vicAra vindu khojanA cAhie, jisase vartamAna samAja ke lie samatA kA mUlya svAbhAvika bana sake / goSThI meM upasthita vidvAnoM meM mukhya the, pro0 ramAzaMkara mizra, pro0 ramAkAnta tripAThI, DaoN0 revatIramaNa pANDeya, DaoN0 kamalAkara mizra, DaoN0 harSanArAyaNa Adi (kAzI hindUvizvavidyAlaya) pro0 rAjArAma zAstrI, pro0 kRSNanAtha, pro0 ramezacandra tivArI, DaoN0 raghunAtha giri Adi (kAzI vidyApITha) pro0 esa0 rinpoche, zrI sempAdorje tathA geze trizesa thavakhyasa (tibbatI saMsthAna, sAranAtha) pro0 rAmazaMkara tripAThI, DA0 gokulacandra jaina, DA0 brahmadevanArAyaNa zarmA, zrI sudhAkara dIkSita evaM zrI rAdhezyAma dhara dvivedI Adi (saMskRta vizvavidyAlaya vArANasI) kAzI ke viziSTa vidvAnoM meM paM0 kedAranAtha ojhA, DaoN0 rAmazaMkara bhaTTAcArya evaM paM0 kedAranAtha tripAThI, paM0 hebbAra zAstrI Adi upasthita the| .... upasthita vidvAnoM se samatAsUtra ko zAstroM se nikAlane para bala dete hue pro0 jagannAtha upAdhyAya ne kahA ki isa viSaya para zIghra hI eka bar3I saMgoSThI Ayojita parisaMvAda-2

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350 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM kI jAyegI, jisameM vidvAnoM ke zAstrIya vicAroM ko lekara samAja hita sampanna karane ke lie zAsana ko sujhAva diyA jAyegA / ataeva rASTra evaM mAnava ke hita meM paNDitoM kA cintana prArambha honA cAhie / unhoMne goSThI meM Aye hue sabhI vidvAnoM ko dhanyavAda diyA / uparyukta vicAra goSThI ke sandarbha meM saMskRta akAdamI, lakhanaU kI sahAyatA se 'bhAratIya zAstroM meM samatA ke svara' viSaya para dinAka 16-8- 78 se dinAGka 19-8-78 taka kI eka caturdivasIya saMgoSThI kA Ayojana kiyA gayA / isakI kula cAra baiThakoM meM prathama baiThaka udghATana, viSaya prastAvanA Adi se sambandhita thI / dvitIya, tRtIya evaM caturtha baiThakeM kramazaH darzana, purANa, yogatantra Adi kI dRSTi se ullekhanIya thIM / goSThI kA udghATana karate hue prasiddha manISI vidvAn DaoN0 hajArIprasAda dvivedI ne virATa bhAratIya saMskRti ke darzana, kalA, sAhitya, tantra Adi vibhinna pakSoM kA vizleSaNa karate hue Adhunika azAnta evaM saMtrasta vizva meM zAnti, samatA, mAnavatA Adi mUlyoM ke yogadAna kI vistRta carcA kii| unake vicAra se bhAratIya saMskRti meM vaha sArvabhauma samatA kA bIja vidyamAna hai jo Adhunika bhArata tathA vizva ko isakI sthApanA meM yogadAna de sakatA hai / ne / apane viziSTa vyAkhyAna meM vizvaprasiddha dArzanika DaoN0 TI0 Ara0 bI0 mUrti kahA- - sAmAnya rUpa se yaha janaprasiddhi hai ki sAmAjikasamatA, svatantratA Adi mAnavIya mUlya pAzcAttya vicArakoM kI dena haiM para yaha bAta bilkula sahI nahIM hai / bhArata meM bhI darzanoM meM AdhyAtmika samatA para bala diyA gayA hai / ina AdhyAtmika samatA ke mUlyoM ko janajIvana meM aura AcaraNoM meM sadA se bhAratIya manISIgaNa lAte rahe haiM / isa prakAra samatA ke mUlya samAja meM sarvadA rahe haiM / bhAratIya darzanoM adhyAtma ke dvArA jIvana ko vikasita karane kA sAMgopAMga vivaraNa diyA hai / ataH sAmAjika samatA ke vikAsa meM bhAratIya darzanoM kA niHsaMdigdha yogadAna hai / viSaya kI prasthApanA karate hue pro0 jagannAtha upAdhyAya ne kahA - bhAratIya manISI vicAroM meM kabhI asahiSNu nahIM rahe / jIvana ke vividha pakSoM kA unhoMne gambhIra evaM mahanIya vizleSaNa kiyA hai / Adhunika jIvana mUlyoM kA bhAratIya saMskRti ke sUtroM ke sAtha sambandha jor3anA Aja kI jvalanta AvazyakatA hai / bhAratIya zAstroM vidvAnoM ko isa dizA meM sammilita prayAsa karanA caahie| yaha jarUrI nahIM hai ki zAstroM meM sArI bAteM jyoM kI tyoM mila jAe~ / yaha bhI sahI nahIM hai ki dIrghakAlavyApI bhAratIya sAMskRtika dhArA meM saba kucha amRtamaya hI ho, viSa kucha bhI na ho / parisaMvAda - 2

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sAmAjika samatA sambandhI saMgoSThI kA vivaraNa 351 aisI sthiti meM zAstracintakoM kA Aja parama kartavya hai ki ve amRtakaNoM kA saMcaya kareM, aura use mAnavatA ke hita meM vizva ke samakSa prastuta kreN| ___ bhArata meM AtmavAda evaM anAtmavAda ke cintana meM AdhyAtmika samatA para bala diyA gayA hai| advaita-AtmavAda meM jIvadRSTi ke vinAza se viSamatA samApta mAnI jAtI hai jabaki anAtmavAda meM AtmadRSTi ke uccheda se| anAtmavAda meM kucha nahIM kA saba kucha ke sAtha sambandha jor3akara sarvasaMgraha tathA AtmavAda meM sarva ko AtmA ke andara lAne kA prayatna hai / yaha cintana AdhyAtmika samatva ke sandarbha meM hai| para prazna yaha hai ki kyA AdhyAtmika samatA kA sAmAjika samatA se koI sambandha hai yA nahIM hai ? isI prakAra bhoga aura mokSa, jJAna aura prayoga ke bIca sambandha kyA hai, isa para bhI vicAra honA caahie| karmavAda kA isa sandarbha meM kAphI mUlya A~kA jAtA hai| Aja kI naI duniyA~ meM dUrI ke samApta hone se sambandhoM ke sUkSma evaM saMzliSTa ho jAne se sAmUhika karmoM kA isa mAtrA meM prabhAva bar3ha rahA hai ki usakA phala vyakti ko bhoganA par3atA hai| isa sthiti meM karmaphala kA vyaktigata vizleSaNa kitanA ucita hai, yaha bhI vicAraNIya hai| ___ kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya vArANasI ke DaoN0 rAmazaGkara tripAThI ne 'prAcIna saMskRta sAhitya meM mAnava samatA' nAmaka nibandha ke mAdhyama se pUre saMskRta-sAhitya kA AloDana karake samatAmUlaka aMzoM ko vizleSita karane kA prayatna kiyA aura veda, upaniSad, dharmazAstroM, purANoM kI mukhyadhArA meM rAjA ke cayana kI vidhi, mantripariSad, nyAyapaddhati, svAyattagrAmasaMsthAya, dharmanirapekSatA, striyoM kI dazA, sahazikSA, vivAha, antarjAtIyavivAha, uttarAdhikAra, zUdra kA yajJa evaM devapUjAsambandhI adhikAra, sarakArI naukariyoM meM zudra kA sthAna Adi ke viSaya meM bar3A rocaka evaM zodhapUrNa prAmANika vivecana prastuta kiyaa| isase vartamAna visaMgatiyoM ko dUra karane meM sahAyatA prApta kI jA sakatI hai|| ___ nArtha isTa hila yUnivarsiTI zilAGga ke darzana ke rIDara DaoN0 harSanArAyaNa ne sampUrNa bhAratIyavAGmaya kA tArkika vizleSaNa karate hue yaha prasthApita karane kA prayatna kiyA ki bhAratIya cintana dhArA kA eka udAravAdI pakSa rahA hai jo zUdroM, striyoM ko sabhI prakAra kA adhikAra pradAna karatA hai, para bAda ke AcAryoM ke kAraNa isa prabaladhArA kA virodha khar3A kiyA gayA, jisase vaiSamyamUlaka paramparA hI mukhya bana gayI / isa viSamatA meM bhI bhArata kA sAmAjika gaThana itanA tArkika hai ki usameM kisI eka varga ko zoSaka karAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA aura yadi kahA bhI jAyegA parisaMvAda-2

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352 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM to zoSaNa kA upadeSTA apanI sthiti itanI akiJcana rakhatA hai ki usa para adhakacare mArksavAdiyoM ke Aropa sahI nahIM utara pAte haiN| unhoMne bhAratIyadarzana ke AdhArabhUmi karmasiddhAnta evaM punarjanmavAda para eka gaharI coTa dene kA prayatna kiyA tathA vartamAna meM samatA kI sambhAvanAoM ke lie naye dArzanika mUlyoM ko sujhAne kA prayatna kiyA, jisa para vicAra apekSita hai| ___ lakhanaU vizvavidyAlaya ke DaoN0 navajIvana rastogI ne zaivatantroM meM sAmAjika samatA nAmaka nibandha meM vividha dRSTi se vicAra prastuta kiyA tathA kahA-itanI bhAga daur3a kA prayojana sirpha isa bAta ko rekhAMkita karanA hai ki tantroM meM isa bAta ke prabhUta AdhAra haiM ki inase samatAvAdI darzana kI Thosa sambhAvanAyeM khar3I kI jA sakatI haiN| lakhanaU vizvavidyAlaya ke hI DaoN0 azokakumAra kAliyA ne apane vidvattApUrNa nibandha meM vaiSNavatantroM meM samatA ke svara para bolate hue kahA-rAmAnuja yahA~ usa cikitsaka ke rUpa meM sAmane Ate haiM jo eka hI roga ke do upacAroM ko mAnate hue eka upacAra (tAntrika dIkSA, prapatti zaraNAgati) ko dUsare upacAra (vaidika mArga) kI apekSA sarvajana sulabha, sukara tathA zIghra phalaprada hone ke kAraNa mAnyatA pradAna karate haiN| yaha mArga nizcaya hI samatA kA anurodhI hai| ___AcArya paM0 kedAranAtha tripAThI (kA0 hi0 vi0 vi0) ne kahA-bhAratIya darzanoM kA niSkRSTArtha rUpa meM jahA~ samatA meM viSamatA ko dekhanA saMsAra evaM bandhana hai vahIM viSamatA meM samatA kI dRSTi mukti hai / yaha dRSTi jise jisa mAtrA meM prApta hotI hai vaha usI mAtrA meM baddha evaM mukta hotA hai| DaoN0 raghunAtha giri (adhyakSa, darzana vibhAga kAzI vidyApITha) ne Azrama vyavasthA kI vizeSatAoM kI ora dhyAna AkarSita karate hue kahA ki brahmacarya evaM vAnaprastha Azrama kI vyavasthA meM nihita siddhAnta sabake lie muphta samAnazikSA tathA svecchayA adhikAra ke tyAga ko smaraNa dilAte haiN| sArI khAmiyoM ke bAvajUda yaha vyavasthA kisI ko berojagAra hone se bacAtI hai| zrI rAdhezyAmadhara dvivedI (saM0 saM0 vi0 vi0) ne kahA--bhArata meM samatA ko dharma ke mUlyoM ke AdhAra para adhyAtma ke sAtha jor3anA cAhie / para yaha mAtra khayAlI pulAva na hokara jIvanadarzana honA caahie| zrI rAmazaMkara tripAThI (adhyakSa-bauddhadarzana vibhAga saM0 saM0 vi0 vi0 vArANasI) ne kahA ki bauddhadarzana kI dRSTi se sAmAjika samatA nairAtmyamUlaka hai| parisaMvAda-2

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sAmAjika samatA sambandhI saMgoSThI kA vivaraNa 353 AtmadRSTi eka prakAra kI buddhi hai, jisakA AdhAra ahaM kI sattA hai| vizleSaNa karane para ahaM nAmaka kisI padArtha kI sattA kA astitva nahIM upalabdha hotA hai, phalataH Atma dRSTi svataH vigalita ho jAtI hai| Atma dRSTi hI viSamatAoM kI janaka hai| jaba yaha dRSTi vigalita hotI hai to vyakti ke vyavahAra meM parivartana hotA hai aura svArthamUlaka na hokara samAjamUlaka banane lagatA hai| yahIM ke prAkRta vibhAga ke adhyakSa DaoN0 gokulacanda jaina ne kahA-jaina cintakoM ne samatA ke lie svAtantrya tathA sAmAnya kI anubhUti para adhika jora diyA hai| pAratantrya viSamatA kA mUla hai para svAtantrya kI bhI maryAdA hai, isIlie mahAvIra ne sAmAnya kI mahattA ke sAtha vizeSa ko apanI sImA kA bodha karAyA aura isI kAraNa unake saMgha meM sAmAjika, dhArmika, Arthika aura rAjanItika viSamatA vikhara kara Ama AdamI kI samAnatA meM samA gayI / isa samAnatA ke bodha ke lie bhagavAna mahAvIra ne eka cintana prastuta kiyA, jise anekAnta kA cintana kahate haiM, yaha jIvana meM samanvaya kA mArga kholatA hai aura durAgraha se mukti dilAtA hai| ataH vartamAna sandarbha meM mahAvIra ke vicAroM se samatA kI sthApanA meM sahayoga mila sakatA hai| zrI amRtalAla jaina, bhU0 pU0 prAdhyApaka, jainadarzanavibhAga (saM0 saM0 vi0 vi0 vArANasI), ne kahA ki bhagavAn mahAvIra mAnava samatA ke samarthaka the, kyoMki unhoMne vinA jAtibheda ke sabako apane saMgha meM sthAna diyaa| unhoMne zAstra vacanoM ke AdhAra para batAyA ki AryoM meM saMcayavRtti na hone ke kAraNa Arthika samatA hotI hai tathA varNa yA jAti na hone se sAmAjika samatA hotI hai| isa prakAra jaina vicAra samatA ke paripoSaka haiN| zrI devI prasAda mizra (anusandhAtA prayAga vi0 vi0) ne jaina purANoM ke vivecana ke AdhAra para samatA kI vyAkhyA karate hue kahA ki samAja se vizeSAdhikAroM evaM asamAnatA ko dUra karake samanvaya kI dhArA se samAnatA sthApita ho sakatI hai| kAzIvidyApITha ke pro0 kRSNanAtha ne samatA ke vividha AyAmoM kA paryavekSaNa karate hue kahA-vartamAna sadI ke pUrva samatA kA tAtparya avasara kI samAnatA se liyA jAtA hai| para yaha avasara kI samAnatA asamAnatA kA kAraNa hai| isameM pichale loga samAna avasara hone para bhI pichar3e hI rahate haiM, ataH vizeSa avasara dene para hI unako samatA mila sakatI hai / carama lakSya ke rUpa meM nirapekSa samatA, svatantratA aura bandhutva meM bheda nahIM hai / para vizeSa-vizeSa rUpoM meM sApekSika samatA evaM svatantratA meM pArasabAra-2

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354 bhAratIya cintana ko paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM TakarAhaTa bhI hotI hai, ataeva inameM sAmarasya honA caahie| isake lie prajJA tathA upAya donoM kI jarUrata haiN| pro. rAjArAma zAstrI ne kahA ki phrAMsa kI rAjyakrAnti ke nAroM meM samatA bhI eka nArA thA, manuSya bauddhikatA, saundaryabodha tathA naitikatA kI dRSTi se pazuoM se bhinna ho jAtA hai aura isI bhinnatA ke AdhAra para vaha eka dUsare kA sammAna bhI karatA hai| samatA sAmAjikatA kA eka anyatama mUlya hai| yaha vyakti kA svabhAva na hokara samAja kA svabhAva hai / Atmavat sarvabhUteSu kI bhAvanA meM samAnatA kA bhAva hai para yaha ekapakSIya vyavahAra nahIM, apitu ubhayapakSIya hai, arthAt yadi maiM dUsare ke prati vahI vyavahAra karatA hU~ jo maiM usase apane lie cAhatA huuN| para yadi dUsare vyakti kI aisI bhAvanA nahIM to samatA kI sthApanA kaise ho sakatI hai ? samAja meM vyakti bhrAtRbhAva se samatA kI ora mur3atA hai aura punaH svatantratA kI tarapha bar3hatA hai, para yadi kAraNa se kArya kI ora bar3hane kA prasaMga bane to kahA jA sakatA hai ki svatantratA se samAnatA aura taba bhAtRbhAva panapatA hai| isa bhAtRbhAvamUlakasahayoga se hI manuSya ne mAnavetara jIvoM para vijaya hAsila kI hai| isa prakAra phrAMsa krAnti ke ye nAre mAnava itihAsa meM sabase pahale samAnatA ke udghoSaka mAne jAte haiN| Adhunika samatAvAdiyoM ne samatA kI sthApanA ke lie pratiphala ko samatA, avasara kI samatA, upayogitAvAdI samatA tathA vyakti ke sammAna ke dvArA samatA kI sthApanA Adi ke kaI siddhAnta pratipAdita kiye haiN| para ina saba meM ekAMgI dRSTi hai samatA kI sarvAMgINa dRSTi ke vikAsa ke lie visaMgatiyoM ko dUra karane vAle naye darzana kI prasthApanA karanA par3egA, isase hI samatA ke naye darzana kA vikAsa hogaa| ___ vArANasI ke zrI gaNeza siMha mAnava ne kahA-bIsavIM sadI meM sampUrNa mAnava eka kuTumba ke rUpa meM samIpa A rahA hai para paramparAvAdI evaM suvidhA prApta varga parivartana meM virodha upasthita kara rahA hai| sAmyayoga ke nirmANa se vaha alaga-alaga par3a jAyegA aura sAmAjika samatA kI sthApanA hokara rhegii| ___isa goSThI meM kucha paramparAgata zAstrapAraMgata vidvAnoM ne bhI bhAga liye, unhoMne samatA kI pratiSThA kI vakAlata karate hue svasvakartavya ke pAlana para bala diyA / vedAnta evaM mImAMsA ke prakhyAta vidvAn paM0 subrahmaNya zAstrI ne yajJa meM adhvaryu, hotA tathA yajamAna Adi ke svarUpa evaM kartavya kA vivecana karate hue kahA ki vyavasthA meM pratyeka ke karma baTe rahate haiM, isakA matalaba utkarSApakarSa kA dyotaka nahIM hai / apitu svasvadharmA pArasavAda-2

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sAmAjika samatA sambandhI saMgoSThI kA vivaraNa 355 caraNa ke lie ekamAtra pramANa ke rUpa meM veda kA vidhAna svIkAra karanA hai jaise prazAsana meM mantriyoM ke adhIna bahuta se adhikArI hote haiM, para ve unake bhRtya nahIM apitu prazAsana vyavasthA ke mAnya siddhAntoM ke pratipAlaka mAtra haiN| isa prakAra samatAvAdI mUlya vedoM meM bhI milate haiM / paramparAgata pANDitya ke cUr3Antanidarzana tathA sampUrNAnanda saMskRtavizvavidyAlaya meM vedAnta ke AcArya pada se avakAza prApta paNDita zrI raghunAtha zarmA ne apane nibandha ke dvArA bhAratIyadarzanoM meM samatA ke Aroha aura avaroha kA vivecana prastuta karate hue kahA-samatA kA tAtparya mAnava ke sAmAnya dharmoM ke samAna anuSThAna se honA cAhie aura jaise satya, ahiMsA, brahmacarya, sadvyavahAra, bAharI evaM bhItarI zucitA, kisA se dveSa na rakhanA, ahaMkAra na karanA, dAna, saba prANiyoM para anugrahabuddhi, buddhimAnoM kA pUjana, sarala vyavahAra, acapalatA, atithi sevA, kisI ko kaSTa dene vAle vAkyoM kA prayoga na karanA, dharma-artha kAma ke sevana meM sabako samAna avasara denA Adi sAmAnya dharma hai / inake anuSThAna meM samAnatA kI dRSTi honI caahie| dArzanika dRSTi se samatA jaba prAkRtika guNoM meM hotI hai to sRSTilaya hotA hai aura viSamatA jaba prakRti meM utpanna hotI hai taba sRSTi hotI hai| darzanoM meM vyavahAra tathA apavarga kA mArga batalAyA gayA hai inake anuSThAna kA svarUpa bhI spaSTa kiyA gayA hai nyAyazAstra vyavahAramArga batalAtA hai, pUrvottaramImAMsA vyAvahArika, sAmAjika, rAjanItika, Arthika vicAroM kA vivecana karatA hai| sabhI anarthoM ke mUla kAmakrodhAdi ke nAza kA mArga vedAnta batAtA hai| isa prakAra mAnava-jIvana ko sukhamaya banAne ke lie vividha zAstroM meM mArga batAye gaye haiN| kabhI-kabhI jJAnI ko bhI vyAvahArika prapaJcoM ko svIkAra karanA par3atA hai yadyapi vaha sthUla vyavahAroM kI atathatA ko samajha cukA hotA hai / jJAnI yadi vyavahAra meM zAstroktavidhiyoM kA anupAlana na kare to zAstroM kA uccheda ho jaayegaa| isIlie jJAnI ko saba meM adroha buddhi rakhate hue mana, vacana tathA karma se loka meM anugraha evaM dAna Adi kA adhiSThAna karanA par3atA hai| unhoMne kAmandaka, purANoM tathA darzanoM ke AdhAra para cAroM vargoM ke kartavyoM ke pAlana se samatvabuddhi kA svarUpa spaSTa kiyA tathA mAtA-pitA Adi kI sevA meM, parivAra ke bharaNa-poSaNa meM vizeSa kartavyoM kA bhI vivecana kiyaa| isa prakAra apaneapane kartavyoM ke pAlana ko sarvotkRSTa mAnate hue bhUtahita kI cintA para bala diyaa| parisaMcAra

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356 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAe~ - mImAMsAzAstra ke dhuraMdhara vidvAn lokanIti se pUrNa paricita sampUrNAnanda saMskRta vizvavidyAlaya ke bhUtapUrva sAhityavibhAga ke AcArya paM0 paTTAbhirAma zAstrI ne kahA-bhAstIyavAGmaya meM anurodhI evaM pratirodhI vicAroM ke bIca bhI kinhIM bAtoM para sabameM samatA hai| rAgadveSAdi ke bhaMjana ke lie tathA sabhI prANiyoM meM samatvadRSTi kI sthApanA ke lie cAhe nairAtmyavAda kA Azraya kareM yA AtmavAda kA para donoM hI sthitiyoM meM mamakAra kA AzrayaNa evaM nirodha samAna hI karanA pdd'egaa| unhoMne nIlakaNThadIkSita ke zloka kA upAkhyAna karate hue kahA-'mamakAra ko chor3a denA cAhie kintu yadi vaha nahIM chUTa rahA ho to sabameM mamakArabuddhi paidA karanI caahie|' aisI sthiti meM jagat meM kisI bhI vyavasthA ke rahane para samAja meM vaiSamya nahIM aayegaa| unhoMne mImAMsA ke Atmadarzana kA do artha karate hue kahA ki Atmadarzana kA tAtparya apane AtmA ke samAna dUsare ko dekhanA yA apanA darzana hotA hai| isa prakAra apane se bhinna sthiti yA abhinna sthitisvarUpAtmaka Atmadarzana meM samatva daSTi bana jAtI hai phalataH samatA sthApita ho sakatI hai| prAcIna rAjanIti evaM arthazAstra ke marmajJa vidvAn paM0 vizvanAtha zAstrI dAtAra ne kahA-samatA do prakAra kI ho sakatI hai| pahalI pAramArthikasamatA aura dUsarI sAmAjikasamatA / prathama samatA mukti kI avasthA vAlI hai, jisameM kriyA kAraka kA bheda miTa jAtA hai| sAmAjika samatA tabataka sthApita nahIM ho sakatI, jabataka terA merA kA pratyaya rahegA, jaba taka yaha pratyaya hogA taba taka rAgadveSa bhI nahIM mittegaa| aisI sthiti meM samAja kA vyavahAra maitrIpUrNa nahIM bana sktaa| maitrIpUrNa vyavahAra ke lie zAsanavyavasthA nirdhArita kI jAtI hai| zAsanavyavasthA se samAja meM viSamatA bar3hatI hai para jo rAjA zAsana ko loka kI samRddhi ke lie banAye, vaha sabameM kuTumbabhAva tathA apane deza meM hI sabhI bhuvanoM kA samAkalana karatA hai| unake yahA~ 'ayaM nijaH paro vA' isa bhAva kI kalpanA nahIM hotI hai| isa lie samatA bana jAtI hai| para isa samatA kA kAraNa usa rAjA ke upadezaka jJAnI jana hI hote haiN| jinake nirNayAnusAra daNDanIya ko daNDa diyA jAtA hai tathA adaNDanIya ke sammAna kI rakSA kI jAtI hai| yaha jo rAjA svArthAbhimAna se apanA zAsana karatA hai tathA upadezakoM kI rAya nahIM letA, vaha vidvAnoM kA apamAna karatA hai| phalataH vaha abhimAnI rAjA zIghra hI bhraSTa ho jAtA hai tathA patita hotA hai| ataH zAstroM meM guNavAn parAmarzakoM evaM logoM ko prazAsana meM mahattva diyA gayA hai| zAstroM meM batAyA gayA hai ki rAma kI mUrti bhinna-bhinna deza tathA bhinna-bhinna veza meM rahane para AkRtigata samAnatA ke sAtha vezagata asamAnatA vAlI hotI hai| vaise hI upAsanA evaM karma ke

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357 sAmAjika samatA sambandhI saMgoSThI kA vivaraNa bheda hone para bhI samAja meM ekAtmatA bana sakatI hai aura isa ekAtmatA ko samAnatA kaha sakate haiN| anta meM goSThI kA samApana karate hue pro0 badarInAtha zukla ne kahA-sAmAjika samatA para vicAra karate hue hameM sAmAjika viSamatA ke svarUpa para bhI vicAra karanA caahie| viSamatA do prakAra kI hotI hai| (1) prAkRtika tathA kRtrima / prAkRtika viSamatA liMga tathA raMga kI hotI hai; kintu chuAchUta, U~ca-nIca Adi bhAvanAjanya utpanna viSamatA kRtrima evaM vyavasthAjanya hai| isake nirAkaraNa kA avazya prayAsa honA caahie| bhAratIya darzana isa prayAsa meM kahIM bhI bAdhaka nahIM, apitu sAdhaka hI haiN| anta meM vividha sthAnoM se Akara goSThI ko saphala banAne lie vidvAnoM ko sAdhuvAda diyaa| parisaMvAda-2

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paricarcAoM meM bhAga lenevAle vidvAnoM kI nAmAvalI 1 - zrI amRtalAla jaina jaina vizvabhAratI 11 - zrI gaNezaprasAda siMha mAnava jagatagaMja, vArANasI 12- bhi0 geze trizesa thavakhyasa lADanUM, rAjasthAna 2 - DaoN0 azoka kumAra kAliyA saMskRtavibhAga prAdhyApaka, lakhanaU vizvavidyAlaya, lakhanaU 3 - paM0 Ananda jhA mithilA saMskRtazodhasaMsthAna kavarAghATa, 4-- DaoN0 kamalAkara mizra darabhaMgA (bihAra) darzanavibhAga kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI 5 - pro0 kRSNanAtha arthazAstra vibhAga kAzIvidyApITha, vArANasI 6- paM0 kedAranAtha ojhA mumukSubhavana, assI vArANasI 7 - DaoN0 kedAranAtha tripAThI saMskRta mahAvidyAlaya kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya vArANasI 8- DaoN0 ke0 ena0 mizra darzana vibhAga arat hindU vizvavidyAlaya vArANasI 9 - DaoN0 kevalakRSNa mittala rIDara - bauddha adhyayana vibhAga dillI vizvavidyAlaya, dillI 10 - DaoN0 kailAzanAtha zarmA pro0 evaM adhyakSa - samAjazAstra vibhAga AI0 AI0 TI0, kAnapura parisaMvAda - 2 prAdhyApaka, tibbatI uccazikSA saMsthAna sAranAtha, vArANasI 13 - DaoN0 gokulacandra jaina rIDara - prAkRta evaM jainAgama vibhAga sampUrNAnanda saMskRta vizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI 14 - DaoN0 gopikA mohana bhaTTAcArya prophesara evaM adhyakSa - saMskRta vibhAga kurukSetra vizvavidyAlaya kurukSetra, hariyANA 15 - pro0 jagannAtha upAdhyAya DIna - zramaNa vidyAsaMkAya sampUrNAnanda saMskRta vizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI 16- zrI TazI palajora priMsipala, leha skUla Apha philAsaphI cogalamasara, laddAkha (jammU evaM kazmIra ) 17 - AcArya TI0 chogaDuv zAstrI anudezaka - i0 e0 sI0 TerniMga kAleja pacamar3hI hozaMgAbAda, ma0 pra0 18- pro0 TI0 Ara0 vI0 mUrti nyU kAlonI (ravIndrapurI ) belavariyA, vArANasI 19 - DaoN0 donabandhu pANDeya priMsipala - sudiSTabAbA DigrI kAleja sudiSTapurI, rAnIgaMja, baliyA

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paricarcAoM meM bhAga lenevAle vidvAnoM kI nAmAvalI 20-zrI devIprasAda mizra anusandhAnachAtra prayAga vizvavidyAlaya, ilAhAbAda 21-DaoN. dharmendra goyala darzana vibhAga paMjAba vizvavidyAlaya, caNDIgar3ha 22-DaoN0 nandakizora devarAja vijiTiMga prophesara, darzana vibhAga lakhanaU vizvavidyAlaya, lakhanaU 23---DaoN0 navajIvana rastogI saMskRta vibhAga lakhanaU vizvavidyAlaya, lakhanaU 24-DaoN. nArAyaNa zAstrI drAvir3a pro0 evaM adhyakSa-darzana vibhAga nAgapura vizvavidyAlaya, nAgapura 25-DaoN. nIlakaNTha dezapANDe samAjazAstra vibhAga kAzI vidyApITha, vArANasI 26-AcArya paM0 paTTAbhirAmazAstrI bhU0 pU0 sAhityavibhAgAdhyakSa sampUrNAnanda saMskRtavizvavidyAlaya vArANasI 27-DaoN0 pratApacandra darzanavibhAga sAgara vizvavidyAlaya, sAgara 28-zrI pramoda kumAra gupta bI 28/47 sI-2 motIjhIla mAmUragaMja, vArANasI 29-AcArya paM0 badarInAtha zukla bhUtapUrva kulapati sampUrNAnanda saMskRtavizvavidyAlaya vArANasI 30-DaoN. brahmadevanArAyaNa zarmA , prAdhyApaka, pAli vibhAga sampUrNAnanda saMskRtavizvavidyAlaya vArANasI 31-pro0 bI0 bI0 kizana darzana vibhAga Andhra vizvavidyAlaya vAlTeyara (A0pra0) 32-DaoN0 maheza tivArI prophesara evaM adhyakSa bauddhavidyA adhyayana vibhAga dillI vizvavidyAlaya, dillI | 33-sva0 pro0 mukuTabihArI lAla bhU0 pU0 adhyakSa rAjanItizAstra kA0 hi0 vi0 vi0, vArANasI | 34-AcArya paM0 raghunAtha zarmA bhU0 pU0 vedAntavibhAgAdhyakSa sampUrNAnanda saMskRtavizvavidyAlaya bArANasI 35-DaoN. raghunAtha giri pro0 evaM adhyakSa-darzana vibhAga kAzI vidyApITha, vArANasI 36-DaoN. ramAkAnta tripAThI imeriTasa prophesara-darzana vibhAga kA0 hi0 vi0 vi0, vArANasI 37-pro0 ramAzaGkara mizra darzana vibhAga kA0 hi0 vi0 vi0, vArANasI 38-zrI ramezacandra tivArI samAjazAstra vibhAga kAzI vidyApITha, vArANasI 39-pro0 rAjArAma zAstrI bhU0 pU0 kulapati kAzI vidyApITha, vArANasI parisaMvAda-2

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bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM 40-DaoN. rAjendra prasAda pANDeya dharmadarzanavibhAga vizvabhAratI vizvavidyAlaya zAntiniketana (pa0 baMgAla) 41-zrI rAdhezyAma dhara dvivedI tulanAtmaka dharma-darzana sampUrNAnanda saMskRtavizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI 42-DaoN0 rAmacandra pANDeya pro0 evaM adhyakSa-darzana vibhAga dillI vizvavidyAlaya, dillI 43-DaoN0 rAmazaMkara tripAThI saMskRta mahAvidyAlaya kA0 hi0 vi0 vi0, vArANasI 44-zrI rAmazaMkara tripAThI adhyakSa-bauddhadarzana vibhAga saM0 saM0 vi0 vi0, vArANasI 45--DaoN0 rAmazaMkara bhaTTAcArya 38/8 haujakaTarA, vArANasI 46-DaoN0 revatIramaNa pANDeya darzana vibhAga kA0 hi0 vi0 vi0 vArANasI 47-pro0 lAlamaNi jozI adhyakSa-dharmadarzana saMkAya paMjAbI vizvavidyAlaya paTiyAlA 48-AcArya paM0 vizvanAtha zAstrI dAtAra prAcIna rAjazAstra evaM arthazAstra saM0 saM0 vi0 vi0, vArANasI 49-DaoN0 vI0 ke0 rAya ____k 67/74 IzvaragaMgI, vArANasI 50-DaoN. vaidyanAtha sarasvatI phelo AI0 sI0 AI0, saMskRta vizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI 51-pro0 zAntibhikSuzAstrI zAntisadana, saranalAja lakkar3abAjAra solana, (hi0 pra0) 52-DaoN0 saMgamalAla pANDeya pro0 evaM adhyakSa darzana vibhAga prayAga vizvavidyAlaya, ilAhAbAda 53-pro0 samadona rinpoche prAcArya tibbatI uccazikSAsaMsthAna sAranAtha, vArANasI 54-DaoNsiddhezvara bhaTTa rIDara, darzanavibhAga dillI vizvavidyAlaya, dillI . 55-zrI sudhAkara dIkSita prAdhyApaka, nyAyavaizeSika vibhAga sampUrNAnandasaMskRtavizvavidyAlaya vArANasI 56-DaoN0 sunIti kumAra pAThaka vizvabhAratI vizvavidyAlaya zAntiniketana, (paM0 baMgAla) 57-zrI sempA dorje rIDara-tibbatI ucca zikSAsaMsthAna sAranAtha, vArANasI 58-sva0 AcArya hajArI prasAda dvivedI ravIndrapurI, belavariyA, vArANasI 59-60 subrahmaNya zAstrI zaGkarAcAryamaTha hanumAnaghATa, vArANasI 60-DaoN0 harSanArAyaNa rIDara-darzana vibhAga nArtha isTarna hila yUnivarsITI zilAMga, (meghAlaya) 61-DaoN0 harizaMkara zukla prAdhyApaka, pAlivibhAga kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI 62-DaoN0 harizaMkara siMha darzanavibhAga Ara0 DI0 ena0 DI0 je0 kAleja muMgera, (bihAra) 63-60 hebbAra zAstrI / sAMgaveda vidyAlaya rAmaghATa, vArANasI parisaMvAda

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40.00 susaMgrAhyAH sampUrNAnandasaMskRtavizvavidyAlayadvArA prakAzitA mahattvapUrNA anusandhAnaprabandhAH 1-atharvavede zAntipuSTikarmANi [vedaH] zrImatyA mAyAmAlavIyayA vaidikavAGmayasyAnu zIlanaM kRtvA viracito vividhadharAnusandhAnikaniSkarSeH samedhito'yaM gaveSaNAprabandhaH-8-00 2-pANinIyavyAkaraNe pramANasamIkSA [vyAkaraNam] zrImatA rAmaprasAdatripAThinA vircitaa| iyaM gaveSaNApradhAnastAttvikaH, atha ca zAstrIyagabhIrAnuzIlanatathyaH samedhitA 26-25 3-prakriyAkaumudIvimarzaH [vyAkaraNam] DaoN0 AdyAprasAdamizreNa likhitaH / zrIrAma candrAcArya viracitAM prakriyAkaumudIm upajIvyatvenAdhArIkRtya lekhakena gaveSaNApUrNabahuvidhAnusandhAnikaniSkarSA iha sannivezitAH 8-00 4-grahagaNitaNImAMsA [jyotiSazAstram] DaoN0 murArIlAlazarmaNA vircitaa| iha bhAratoyagrahagaNitasya pAzcAttyagrahagaNitasya ca tulAbodhakamanuzIlanaM kRtaM vartate- 5-50 5-sUryagrahaNam [jyotiSazAstram] DaoN0 kRSNacandradvivedinA viracitam / ihAsmin prabandhe sUryagrahaNasyArvAcInAM paddhatimanusRtyAnusandhAnikAH siddhAntAH samupanyastAH- 12-00 6-prAcyabhAratIyam RtuvijJAnam [RtuvijJAnazAstram] DaoN0 dhunIrAmatripAThinA saMracitam / iha lekhakena viduSA''nusandhAnika paryavekSaNaM kRtam RtuvijJAnasya- 18-00 7-kAtantravyAkaraNavimarzaH [vyAkaraNam] prabandhalekhakena DaoN0 jAnakIprasAdadvivedena viduSA bhRzamatra kAtantrIyAH zabdazAstrIyAH padArthA vimRSTA:8-mahAbhASyanigUDhAkUtayaH [vyAkaraNam] anusandhAnaprabandho'yaM nUnam AnusandhAnika phalazrutibhiH samedhito vartate / lekhakaH sampAdakazca DaoN0 devasvarUpamizraH- 26-80 9-purANetihAsayoH sAMkhyayogadarzanavimarzaH [darzanazAstram] anusandhAnaprabandhe'smin lekhakena DaoN0 zrIkRSNamaNitripAThinA mahatA prayAsena paurANikA mahAbhAratIyAzca sAMkhyayogapadArthA vivecitAH 32-80 10-vaizeSikasiddhAntAnAM gaNitIyapaddhatyA vimarzaH [vaizeSikadarzanam ] gaveSaNAprabandhe'smin vaizeSikasiddhAntAnAM gaNitIyasiddhAntamUlakaM vizleSaNaM kRtaM DaoN0 nArAyaNagopAlena-24-60 11-vaiyAkaraNAnAmanyeSAJca matena zabdasvarUpatacchaktivicAraH [vyAkaraNazAstram] anusandhAnaprabandho'yaM viduSA DaoN0 kAlikAprasAdazuklamahodayena viracitaH / prabandhe'smina zabdasvarUpatacchaktiviSaye gaveSaNAtmakaM vizleSaNaM jAtam- 26-50 12-dhAtvarthavijJAnam [vyAkaraNazAstram] gaveSaNAprabandho'yaM bahubhASAvijJena gaveSaNA marmajJena DA0 bhAgIratha prasAdatripAThinA viracitaH / prabandhe'smin dhAtvarthavijJAnAni prakAmaM samullasanti13-bhAratIyakarmakANDasvarUpAdhyayanam dharmazAstram] anusandhAnaprabandho'yaM DaoN0 vindhye zvarIprasAdatripAThinA likhitaH / prabatve'smin karmakANDasya sAGgopAGgavivecana vihitamasti 26-00 14-zrAddhavimarzaH [dharmazAstram gaveSaNAprabandhoyaM DaoN. umAzaGkaratripAThinA viracitaH zrAddhavidhizca bhRzaM vivecitaHprAptisthAnam-vikrayavibhAgaH, sampUrNAnandasaMskRtavizvavidyAlayaH, vArANasI prakA Jalnemaloninternational