Alankar Dharna Vikas aur Vishleshan

Author(s): Shobhakant Mishra
Publisher: Bihar Hindi Granth Academy
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/023467/1

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa lekhaka DaoN0 zobhAkAnta mizra bihAra hiMdI graMtha akAdamI paTanA-3

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa lekhaka DaoN0 zobhAkAnta mizra taTIgraMtha 14 .4 P CHITTOR IN lebanImA bihAra hiMdI graMtha akAdamI paTanA-3

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- va sarvAdhikAra bihAra hiMdI paMtha akAdamI dvArA surakSita vizvavidyAlaya-starIya graMtha-nirmANa yojanA ke aMtargata bhArata sarakAra (zikSA evaM samAja-kalyANa maMtrAlaya ) ke zata-pratizata anudAna se bihAra hiMdI graMtha akAdamI dvArA prakAzita prakAzana saM0 27 prathama saMskaraNa, pharavarI, 72 bihAra hindI graMtha akIdamAe paTaka saMzodhita mUlya rU.-358300 prakAzaka: bihAra hiMdI graMtha akAdamI, paTanA-3 mudraka : hindustAnI presa, paTanA-4

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prastAvanA zikSA-saMbaMdhI rASTrIya nIti-saMkalpa ke anupAlana ke rUpa meM vizvavidyAlayoM meM uccatama staroM taka bhAratIya bhASAoM ke mAdhyama se zikSA ke lie pAThyasAmagrI sulabha karane ke uddezya se bhArata sarakAra ne ina bhASAoM meM vibhinna viSayoM ke mAnaka graMthoM ke nirmANa, anuvAda aura prakAzana kI yojanA paricAlita kI hai| isa yojanA ke aMtargata aMgrejI aura anya bhASAoM ke prAmANika graMthoM kA anuvAda kiyA jA rahA hai tathA maulika graMtha bhI likhAe jA rahe haiN| yaha kArya bhArata-sarakAra vibhinna rAjya sarakAroM ke mAdhyama se tathA aMzataH keMdrIya abhikaraNa dvArA karA rahI hai| hiMdI-bhASI rAjyoM meM isa yojanA ke paricAlana ke lie bhArata sarakAra ke zata-pratizata anudAna se rAjya sarakAra dvArA svAyattazAsI nikAyoM kI sthApanA huI hai| bihAra meM isa yojanA kA kAryAnvayana bihAra hiMdI graMtha akAdamI ke tatvAvadhAna meM ho rahA hai| yojanA ke aMtargata prakAzya graMthoM meM bhArata sarakAra dvArA svIkRta mAnaka pAribhASika zabdAvalI kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai, tAki bhArata ko sabhI : zaikSaNika saMsthAoM meM samAna pAribhASika zabdAvalI ke AdhAra para zikSA kA Ayojana kiyA jA ske| / . prastuta graMtha 'alaMkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa' DaoN0 zobhAkAMta mizra ko maulika kRti hai, jo bhArata-sarakAra ke zikSA evaM samAja kalyANa maMtrAlaya ke zata-pratizata anudAna se bihAra hiMdI graMtha akAdamI dvArA prakAzita kI jo rahI hai| snAtakottara stara ke vidyAthiyoM, zoSa-chAtroM tathA prAdhyApakoM ke lie yaha graMtha upayogI siddha hogaa| __AzA hai, akAdamI dvArA mAnaka graMthoM ke prakAzana-saMbaMdhI isa prayAsa kA sabhI kSetroM meM svAgata kiyA jaaygaa| ambhiIgA gharI paTanA adhyakSa bihAra hiMdI aMtha akAdamI dinAMka 20-4-72

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prakAzakoya vaktavya prastuta graMtha 'alaMkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa DaoN0 zobhAkAnta mizra, prAdhyApaka, paTanA kaoNleja kI maulika kati hai| DaoN. mizra eka anubhavI lekhaka tathA vidvAna haiN| AzA hai, yaha graMtha chAtroM ke lie upayogI hogaa| ___ isa graMtha kA mudraNa-kArya hindustAnI presa, bhikhanApahAr3I, paTanA-4 ne kiyA hai / AvaraNa-zilpI paTanA skUla oNpha ArTsa ke prophesara zrI zyAma zarmA haiM aura praphasaMzodhana kA kArya zrI lAlabahAdura prasAda ne kiyA hai| ye sabhI hamAre dhanyavAda ke pAtra haiN| prasAda paTanA dinAMka 6-5-1972 nidezaka bihAra hiMdI graMtha akAdamI

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* samarpaNa pUjya pitAjI tathA snehamayI mA~ ko sAdara, sabhakti - zobhAkAnta mizra

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bhUmikA kAvya-saundarya kI abhivRddhi karane vAle alaGkAra kA adhyayana-vizleSaNa bhAratIya kAvyazAstrIya cintana kA pradhAna aGga rahA hai / alaGkAra prasthAna meM to kAvyAlaGkAra ko kAvya-tattvoM meM mUrdhanya mAnA hI gayA, alaGkAretara prasthAnoM meM bhI usakA mahattva kisI na kisI rUpa meM svIkRta huA hai / rItiprasthAna ke prabala pratiSThAtA vAmana ne aupamyamUlaka alaGkAroM ke svarUpa kA vivecana kiyA / dhvanivAdI AcArya Anandavardhana ne apRthagyatnanirvartya alaGkAroM ko dhvani - kAvya meM upAdeya mAnA / vakroktivAdI kuntaka ne na kevala kucha alaGkAroM ke svarUpa kA nirUpaNa kiyA varan alaGkAra aura alaGkArya ke bhedAbheda ke prazna kA sUkSma vivecana kara usakA yuktisaGgata samAdhAna nikAlA / rasa- siddhAnta ke pravartaka bharata se lekara vizvanAtha Adi rasavAdI AcAryoM kI racanAoM meM alaGkAroM kA svarUpa - vizleSaNa hotA rahA hai / dhvanisvaMsa - prasthAna ke pratiSThAtA mahima bhaTTa ne bhI kAvya-vastu meM utkarSa yA apakarSa kI pratiSThA ke lie alaGkAra kI upAdeyatA svIkAra kI / alaGkAravAdI jayadeva Adi ne to alaGkAra ke abhAva meM kAvyatva kI kalpanA ko hI zItala anala kI kalpanA kI taraha asaGgata mAna liyA / vibhinna kAvya-tattvoM bhAratIya sAhityazAstra meM jitanA UhApoha alaGkAra ke sambandha meM huA hai, utanA kisI dUsare kAvya-tattva ke sambandha meM nahIM / kA vivecana - vizleSaNa karane vAle AcAryoM ne bhI apane grantha ke eka-do prakaraNoM meM kAvyAlaGkAra ke svarUpa kA nirUpaNa kiyA hai, aneka AcAryoM ne kevala alaGkAra para svatantra granthoM kI racanA kI hai / alaGkAra ke isa mahattva kA rahasya yaha hai ki ve ukti ke prabhAva kI vRddhi meM sahAyaka hote haiN| manuSya kI yaha svAbhAvika pravRtti hai ki vaha apanI ukti ko adhikAdhika prabhAvotpAdaka banAkara prastuta karanA cAhatA hai| isa uddezya se kAvya-bhASA meM hI nahIM, loka bhASA meM bhI aneka alaGkAroM kA

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[ kha ] prayoga kiyA jAtA hai| una samagra alaGkAroM ke sAGgopAGga nirUpaNa kI upAdeyatA asandigdha hai| prastuta grantha meM alaGkAra-tattva ke sarvAGgINa vivecana kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| __ prathama adhyAya meM alaGkAra ke sAmAnya svarUpa kA nirdhAraNa kara kAvya meM usake sthAna ke sambandha meM vibhinna matoM kI parIkSA kI gayI hai| eka sampradAya ke AcAryoM ne alaGkAra ko kAvya kA antaraGga dharma mAnA to dUsare sampradAya ke AcAryoM ne bahiraGga dharma ! kucha AcAryoM ne alaGkAra ko kAvya-saundarya se abhinna mAnA to dUsare AcAryoM ne use kAvya-saundarya kI vRddhi meM yadA-kadA sahAyatA karane vAlA anitya tattva mAna liyA / alaGkAra * ko alaGa kRta bhASA meM laukika hAra Adi AbhUSaNa ke samAna kahane se bhI kucha bhrAnta dhAraNA utpanna ho gyii| kucha logoM ne yaha samajha liyA ki jaise 'hAra Adi AbhUSaNa kabhI gale meM DAla liye jAte haiM aura svecchA se gale se nikAla diye jAte haiM usI taraha ukti se alaGkAra ko jor3A yA haTAyA jA sakatA hai| kintu tathya yaha hai ki ukti apane Apa meM pUrNa, akhaNDa abhivyaJjanA hotI hai| yadi ukti alaGa kRta hai to alaGkAra usakA antaraGga ghaTaka hogA, jise nikAla dene para usa ukti kA astitva hI miTa jaaygaa| isI prakAra kisI ukti meM naye alaGkAra ko jor3a dene se bhI usa ukti kA apanA astitva miTa jAyagA aura jo ukti-rUpa banegA vaha pahalI ukti ke rUpa se sarvathA bhinna hogaa| isa tathya ko dRSTi meM rakha kara hamane isa adhyAya meM "kAvya meM alaGkAra ke sthAna ke sambandha meM vibhinna mAnyatAoM kI parIkSA kara svastha nirNaya para pahu~cane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| isI prasaGga meM alaGkAra aura alaGkArya ke bhedAbheda ke prazna para bhI vicAra kiyA gayA hai / prazna yaha hai ki yadi alaGkAra alaGa kRta karane vAle dharma haiM to ve alaGa kRta "kise karate haiM ? dUsare zabdoM meM, unase alaGa kRta hone vAlA alaGkArya kyA hai ? alaGkAra aura alaGkArya kA pArasarika sambandha kaisA hotA hai ? "bhAratIya sAhityazAstra meM ina praznoM kA bar3A hI sUkSma, yauktika samAdhAna prastuta kiyA gayA hai| tattvataH ukti akhaNDa hotI hai| usameM alaGkAraalaGkArya kA tAttvika bheda nhiiN| para vaijJAnika vizleSaNa ke lie usa akhaNDa kI khaNDa-kalpanA kI jAtI hai-alaGkAra aura alaGkArya ke bIca kalpita bheda kiyA jAtA hai| alaGkAra aura alaGkArya ke bhedAbheda ke prazna para vicAra karane ke krama meM hamane bhAratIya manISiyoM ke cintana ke

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[ ga ] sAtha kroce Adi pAzcAtya vicArakoM kI mAnyatA kA bhI mUlyAGkana kiyA hai| isa prakAra alaGkAra kA svarUpa, alaGkAra aura alaGkArya kA bhedAbheda tathA anya kAvya-tattvoM se alaGkAra kA sApekSa mahattva prathama adhyAya kA vivecya hai| dvitIya adhyAya meM alaGkAra-dhAraNA ke vikAsa kA adhyayana kiyA gayA hai| kAvyazAstra kI prathama upalabdha racanA 'nATyazAstra' meM kevala cAra alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vivecana huA hai| pIche calakara alaGkAroM kI saMkhyA meM vRddhi hotI gyii| saMskRta-alaGkAra-zAstra meM hI lagabhaga do sau alaGkAroM ke nAma-rUpa kalpita hue haiN| hindI-rIti-sAhitya meM bhI lagabhaga bIsa nUtana abhidhAna vAle alaGkAroM kI kalpanA kI gayI hai / bIca-bIca meM alaGkAroM kI saMkhyA ko parimita karane kA bhI prayAsa hotA rahA hai| isa prakAra lagabhaga savA sau alaGkAra Aja svIkRta haiN| alaGkAra-dhAraNA ke vikAsa ko samajhane ke lie, cAra mUla alaGkAroM se itane alaGkAroM ke vikAsa ke kAraNoM kI parIkSA Avazyaka hai| aneka Adhunika vidvAnoM ne yaha mAnakara santoSa kara liyA hai ki bharata ke samaya alaGkAra-dhAraNA avikasita thI; pIche calakara usameM kramika vikAsa hotA gyaa| isake viparIta abhinava gupta ke guru bhaTTa tauta ne samagra alaGkAra-.. prapaJca ko bIja rUpa meM AcArya bharata kI alaGkAra evaM lakSaNa kI dhAraNA meM antanihita mAna kara kahA thA ki vibhinna lakSaNoM ke yoga se alaGkAroM meM vaicitrya AtA hai| abhinava gupta ne isa mata kA samarthana kiyA aura sabhI sAdRzyamUlaka alaGkAroM ko upamA alaGkAra kA prapaJca khaa| hamane alaGkAroM ke srota para vicAra karate hue bhaTTa tauta tathA abhinava gupta ke kathana ke aucitya kI parIkSA kI hai| isa adhyayana ke krama meM kaI naye tathya sAmane Aye hai / kAvya-lakSaNoM ne apanA astitva visarjita kara aneka alaGkAroM ko janma diyA hai / lakSaNa tathA alaGkAra ke yoga se kucha alaGkAroM ke svarUpa bane haiM, eka lakSaNa kA anya lakSaNa ke sAtha yoga hone se bhI kucha navIna alaGkAra AvirbhUta hue haiN| kucha lakSaNoM ke nAma-rUpa hI kiJcit parivartana ke sAtha alaGkAra ke rUpa meM svIkRta ho gaye haiN| isake atirikta guNa Adi kI dhAraNA ne bhI naye alaGkAroM kI svarUpa-kalpanA meM yoga diyA hai| smRti, bhrAnti, sandeha, vitarka Adi kI dhAraNA darzana kI jJAna-mImAMsA ke kSetra se AyI aura use kAvyAlaGkAra ke rUpa meM svIkAra kara liyA gyaa| darzana meM vivecita pramANoM ko bhI pramANAlaGkAra ke rUpa meM svIkRti milii| isa prakAra vibhinna srotoM se kAvyAlaGkAra-dhAraNA kA saMvardhana hotA rahA hai / samaya-samaya para

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[ gha ] aneka AcAryoM ne kAvyokti ke sundara prakAra ko dRSTi meM rakhakara naye alaGkAroM ke svarUpa kI udbhAvanA bhI kI hai| ataH, alaGkAra kI saMkhyA vRddhi ke sambandha meM bhaTTatauta tathA abhinava gupta kI mAnyatA kiJcit pariSkAra ke sAtha hI svIkAra kI jA sakatI hai| bharata ke kAla meM alaGkAroM kI saMkhyA-parimiti ko dekhakara alaGkAra-dhAraNA ko avikasita mAna baiThanA bhI Alocaka ke dRSTisaGkoca kA hI paricAyaka hogaa| unakI lakSaNa-dhAraNA ke sandarbha meM unakI alaGkAra-mImAMsA kA aucitya samajhA jA sakatA hai| tRtIya adhyAya meM hindI-rIti-sAhitya meM navodbhAvita alaGkAroM ke srota para vicAra kiyA gayA hai| isameM rIti-AcAryoM kI alaGkAra-viSayaka udbhAvanA ke sambandha meM pracalita kaI bhrAntiyoM kA nirAkaraNa kara nirdhAnta tathya kI sthApanA kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| caturtha adhyAya meM sabhI svIkArya alaGkAroM kA vargIkaraNa prastuta kiyA gayA hai| saMskRta tathA hindI ke aneka AcAryoM ne alaGkAroM ke Azraya ke AdhAra para zabdagata, arthagata tathA ubhayagata alaGkAra-vargoM meM unakA vibhAjana kiyA thaa| arthAlaGkAroM kA mUla-tattvoM ke AdhAra para bhI varga-vibhAjana karane kA prayAsa huA thA; kintu unake vargIkaraNa kI sImA yaha thI ki unhoMne apane-apane alaGkAroM kA hI vargIkaraNa kiyA thaa| yaha asvAbhAvika nahIM thaa| una-una AcAryoM ke dvArA svIkRta tathA vargIkRta alaGkAroM ke atirikta "bhI kaI alaGkAra svIkArya haiN| ataH, sabhI svIkArya alaGkAroM ke vargIkaraNa ke lie vyApaka AdhAra kI AvazyakatA jAna pdd'ii| vargIkaraNa ke jo yuktisaGgata AdhAra vibhinna AcAryoM ne prastuta kiye the, unheM samanvita rUpa meM svIkAra kara hamane alaGkAroM ko vargIkRta kiyA hai, sAtha hI una vargoM meM nahIM A pAne vAle alaGkAroM ke lie navIna vargoM kI bhI kalpanA kI hai| hamArI mAnyatA hai ki alaGkAra vizeSa ko varga-vizeSa meM rakhane kA durAgraha svastha samIkSA kI dRSTi nhiiN| eka hI alaGkAra vibhinna dRSTiyoM se vibhinna vargoM meM A sakatA hai| hamane svIkRta vargoM ke atirikta eka 'prakIrNa' varga mAnA hai, 'jisake upavargoM meM kaI dRSTiyoM se alaga-alaga prakRti vAle alaGkAroM ko rakhA hai| paJcama adhyAya meM eka-eka alaGkAra ke svarUpa-vikAsa kA adhyayana kiyA gayA hai| eka hI alaGkAra ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM aneka AcAryoM ne aneka prakAra kI dhAraNAe~ prakaTa kI haiN| hamane pratyeka alaGkAra ke sambandha meM saMskRta

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[ . ] tathA hindI ke sabhI vareNya AcAryoM kI mAnyatA kA samIkSAtmaka adhyayana kiyA hai| SaSTha adhyAya meM milate-julate svarUpa vAle alaGkAroM ke pArasparika bheda kA zAstrIya vivecana kiyA gayA hai| jaba thor3e-thor3e bheda ke AdhAra para navIna-navIna alaGkAroM ke svarUpa kI kalpanA kI pravRtti bar3hI, taba unake svarUpa ko ThIka-ThIka samajhane ke lie, unake pArasparika bheda kA vivecana bhI Avazyaka ho gyaa| AcAryoM ne pratyeka alaGkAra ke vyAvartaka dharma kA nirdeza kisI-na-kisI rUpa meM kiyA hai| usa saGkata-sUtra kA sahArA lekara hamane alaGkAroM ke pArasparika bheda kA vivecana kiyA hai| saptama adhyAya meM bhASA kI dRSTi se alaGkAra ke svarUpa aura kArya para vicAra kiyA gayA hai| AcAryoM ne kAvya ke zabda aura artha kI prabhAva-vRddhi kI dRSTi se hI alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-nirUpaNa kiyA hai; para loka-vyavahAra kI bhASA meM bhI alaGkAroM kA kama mahattva nhiiN| kahIM-kahIM AlaGkArika prayoga arthabodha ke anivArya sAdhaka bana jAte haiM / ataH, bhASAzAstrIya dRSTi se alaGkAra para svatantra adhyAya meM vicAra karane kI AvazyakatA jAna pdd'ii| antima adhyAya meM manobhAva ke sAtha alaGkAra ke sambandha kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| praharSaNa, viSAdana-jaise kucha alaGkAra manobhAva se pratyakSataH sambaddha haiM; para adhikAMza alaGkAra zabdArtha se sambaddha rahakara unake mAdhyama se paramparayA manobhAva ko prabhAvita karate haiN| pratyeka ukti-bhaGgI mana para'paramparayA hI sahI-alaga-alaga rUpa meM prabhAva DAlatI hai| isa dRSTi se hamane manobhAva ke sandarbha meM alaGkAra ke svarUpa aura kArya para vicAra kiyA hai / upasaMhAra meM sampUrNa grantha ke vivecana kA sAra prastuta kiyA gayA hai| jina vidvAnoM kI kRtiyoM se mujhe sahAyatA milI hai, unakA abhAra mAnatA huuN| pUjya guru AcArya devendranAtha zarmA ke snehasikta protsAhana tathA satparAmarzI se maiM sadA upakRta hotA rahA huuN| pUjya guru DaoN0 zItAMzuzekhara bAgacI ne mujhe aneka mahattvapUrNa sujhAva diye haiN| vidvadvara DaoN0 vidyAnivAsa mizra se mujhe samaya-samaya para bahumUlya sujhAva milate rahe haiN| ina gurujanoM ke prati maiM kRtajJa huuN| bhASAzAstra ke marmajJa DaoN0 ananta caudharI tathA kAvyazAstra ke sudhI samIkSaka DaoN. kAzInAtha mizra kI preraNA mere lie avismaraNIya hai| grantha kI racanA meM pratyakSa yA parokSa rUpa meM preraNA dene vAle apane parivAra

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[ ca ] ke sadasyoM, sambandhiyoM tathA mitroM ke prati kRtajJatatA-jJApana kI aupacArikatA nahIM kara mauna bhAva se hI unakA upakAra svIkAra karatA hU~ / bihAra hindI grantha akAdamI ke vidvAna adhikAriyoM ne vartanI ke sambandha meM lekhaka kA Agraha mAna kara vicAra kI udAratA dikhAyI hai / lekhaka unake prati AbhArI hai / vartanI ke sambandha meM prastuta pustaka ke lekhaka kA dhyAna suvidhA kI apekSA zuddhi para adhika rahA hai / grantha ke prakAzana ke lie hindI grantha akAdamI kA AbhArI hU~ / hindI vibhAga paTanA vizvavidyAlaya paTanA / 1972 I0 - zobhAkAnta mizra

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viSaya-sUcI prathama adhyAya alaGkAra kA svarUpa aura kAvya meM usakA sthAna 1-27 alaGkAra kA svarUpa 1, kAvya meM alaGkAra kA sthAna 7, alaGkAra aura alaGkArya 16 dvitIya adhyAya alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa 28-303 bharata se bhAmaha taka 28-58; daNDI 58-63; udbhaTa 64.118%, vAmana 118-132, rudraTa 133-170; kuntaka 171-180; bhoja 180-202; agnipurANakAra 202-5; mammaTa 205-14; ruyyaka 215-24; hemacandra 224-26; vAgbhaTa 229-34; zobhAkara 234-51, jayadeva 251-72; alaGkArodAharaNakAra 272-3; vizvanAtha 273-7; vidyAnAtha 277-80, vAgbhaTa (dvitIya) 280-1; bhAvadeva sUri 281; kezava mizra 281-3; appayya dIkSita 283-60; jagannAtha 261-3; vizvezvara 263-4; acyutarAya 264-6 / niSkarSa 295-303 tRtIya adhyAya hindI-rIti-sAhitya meM alaGkAra-viSayaka udbhAvanAeM aura unakA srota 304-57 sAmAnya paricaya 304-5; kezava dAsa 305-13; jasavanta siMha 313-21; matirAma 321-24; bhUSaNa 324-27; deva 327-32; dUlaha 332-33; bhikhArIdAsa 334-38 /

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[ kha ] hindI ke anya AlaGkArika 338-357 kulapati mizra, padumana dAsa, zrIdhara 340; sUrati mizra, raghunAtha, rasarUpa 341; bairIsAla, jagatasiMha 343; gopa, kumAramaNi zAstrI 345; yAkUba khA~, 'rasika sumati, somanAtha 346; govinda, rUpasAhi, ratana kavi 347; RSinAtha, janarAja, rAmasiMha, sevAdAsa 348; gokula, candana, rasika govinda, umeda rAya 346; brahmadatta, padmAkara 350; rAya zivaprasAda, pratApa sAhi, kRSNa bhaTTa 351; balavAna siMha 351; Izvara kavi, raNadhIra siMha, giradharadAsa 352; pratApa sAhi, amIra dAsa, nihAla, dAmodara, gvAla, kavi dAsa 353 / niSkarSa 354-57 caturtha adhyAya alaGkAroM kA vargIkaraNa 358-94 vargIkaraNa ke AdhAra 358; mizrAlaGkAra 363; zabdAlaGkAra 365; arthAlaGkAra 366; rudraTakRta vargIkaraNa 368; ruyyakakRta vargIkaraNa 371; vidyAnAthakRta vargIkaraNa 377; hindI-rItiAcAryoM kA vargIkaraNa 381-60; kezavakRta vargIkaraNa 381; bhikhArIdAsakRta vargIkaraNa 382 / niSkarSa 390-94 paJcama adhyAya alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa 395-658 yamaka 368; anuprAsa 404; citra 410; prahelikA 414; vakrokti 416; zleSa 417; punaruktavadAbhAsa 422; virodhAbhAsa 423 / arthAlaGkAra 426-658 upamA 426; rUpaka 437; dIpaka 445; ananvaya 451; upameyopamA 454; utprekSA 456; apahna ti 465; pariNAma 469; vyatireka

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[ga ] 473; dRSTAnta 478; nidarzanA 481 ; prativastUpamA 485; tulyayogitA 486; samAsokti 490 ; aprastutaprazaMsA 464; sahokti 4e7; arthAntaranyAsa 500; AkSepa 505; smaraNa 506 ; bhrAntimAn -513; sandeha 515; ullekha 518; atizayokti 520; pratIpa 525; vinokti 528; anyokti 530; sAmya 532; pratyanIka 533; svabhAvokti 535; samuccaya 541; yathAsaMkhya 543; paryAya 547; kAraNamAlA 548; ekAvalI 550; sAra 552; anyonya 554; parivRtti 556; parisaMkhyA 560 ; mAlAdIpaka 562; hetu, sUkSma aura leza 565; parikara 566; parikarAGa kura 572; uttara 573; anumAna 575; mIlita 577; sAmAnya 576; tadguNa aura atadguNa 581; anuguNa 583; pUrvarUpa 584; unmIlita tathA vizeSaka 585; pihita 586; vizeSa 588 pUrva, vibhAvanA 560; vizeSokti, adhika - tathA alpa 565; viSama tathA sama 600; virodha 603; asaGgati -605; vyAghAta 607; vicitra 610 ; atyukti 611; vyAjokti -612; vyAjastuti tathA vyAjanindA 613; gUDhokti, vivRtokti tathA yukti 616; paryAyokta 618; prastutAGa kuMra 620 ; lalita 621; rasavat 622; preya 625; UrjasvI 626; samAhita 627; bhAvika 628; udAtta tathA avasara 633; kAvyaliGga 635; pramANAlaGkAra 637; vikasvara 639; arthApatti 640 ; vikalpa 641; asambhava 642; sambhAvanA, mithyAdhyavasiti 643; samAdhi 644; prauDhokti 645; praharSaNa 646; viSAdana 647; ullAsa 647; avajJA 648; anujJA, tiraskAra 646; mudrA, ratnAvalI 650; lokokti 651; chekokti, nirukti 652; pratiSedha 653; vidhi, asama 654; saMsRSTi aura saGkara 655; anya alaGkAra 658 / SaSTha adhyAya alaGkAroM kA pArasparika bheda 659 upamA-rUpaka 660; upamA - utprekSA 664; upamA - ananvaya 666; upamA-upameyopamA 669; upamA - prativastUpamA 670 ; upamAvyatireka 672; upamA-pratIpa 673; upamA-pariNAma 674; 675; upamA-samuccaya 676; upamA-ubhayanyAsa, upamA-sAmya

Page #21
[ gha ] rUpaka-sAmya, rUpaka-samuccaya, rUpaka-atizayokti 677; rUpakapariNAma 678; rUpaka-apahnati 680; rUpaka-bhrAntimAn 681; rUpaka-abheda, rUpaka-ullekha 682; rUpaka-utprekSA 683; dIpakaprativastUpamA 684; dIpaka-upamA; utprekSA-apahna ti 686; utprekSA-atizayokti, utprekSA-bhrAntimAn 687; utprekSA-vakrokti 688; utprekSA-sandeha 689; samAsokti-aprastutaprazaMsA 660; samAsokti-prastutAGa kura, samAsokti-pariNAma 691; samAsoktiprativastUpamA 662; samAsokti-AkSepa, samAsokti-bhAva 663; samAsokti-paryAyokti, samAsokti-sahokti, samAsokti-zleSa 664; dRSTAnta-prativastUpamA 696; dRSTAnta-arthAntaranyAsa 696; duSTAnta-nidarzanA 700; arthAntaranyAsa-aprastutaprazaMsA 702; arthAntaranyAsa-kAvyaliGga 703; vibhAvanA-vizeSokti 706; aprastutaprazaMsA-apahnati, aprastutaprazaMsA-paryAyokti 706; aprastutaprazaMsA-atizayokti 707; anyokti-bhAva, anyokti-paryAya 708; paryAya-bhAva, paryAya-sUkSma, parikara-parikarAGa kura 706; mIlitasAmAnya 710; mIlita-vyAjokti, molita-apahna ti, mIlitaunmIlita 711; mIlita-tadguNa 712; sAmAnya-tadguNa, sAmAnyabhrAntimAn 713; sAmAnya-rUpaka, sAmAnya-atizayokti 714; tadguNa-bhrAntimAn, viSama-asaGgati 715; viSama-virodha, virodhaasaGgati 716; virodha-virodhAbhAsa, viSama-viSAdana 717; kAraNamAlA-sAra, kAraNamAlA-mAlAdIpaka, kAraNamAlA-ekAvalI, ekAvalI-mAlAdIpaka 718; hetu-kAvyaliGga 716; sandehabhrAntimAn, sandeha-vitarka 720; ananvaya-asama , zleSa-vakrokti 721; smaraNa-bhrAntimAn, tulyayogitA-dIpaka 722; tulyayogitA-sahokti 723; sahokti-samuccaya 724; pihita-mIlita 725; pihita-tadguNa, pihita-sUkSma 725; zabdazleSa-arthazleSa 726; saMsRSTi-saGkara, AkSepa-apahna ti, samAsokti-rUpaka 727; nidarzanA-gamyA-upamA, zleSa-aprastutaprazaMsA 728; atizayoktiullekha, atizayokti-bhrAntimAn, 726; atizayokti-sandeha, atizayokti-asaGgati, prativastUpamA-nidarzanA 730; prativastUpamAarthAntaranyAsa, dRSTAnta-upamA, dRSTAnta-dIpaka 731; vibhAvanA

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virodhAbhAsa 732; arthAntaranyAsa-anumAna, arthAntaranyAsa-vikasvara, vyAjastuti-aprastutaprazaMsA 733; kAvyaliGga-anumAna, kAvyaliGgaparikara 734; udAtta-atyukti 735; samuccaya-samAdhi 736; samuccaya-kAvyaliGga, samuccaya-dIpaka, samuccaya-paryAya 737; paryAyavizeSa, paryAya-parivRtti,vyAjokti-apahna ti 738; uttara-kAvyaliGga, uttara-anumAna 740; uttara-parisaMkhyA, sUkSma-anumAna 741; samAdhi-praharSaNa, sama-samuccaya, bhrAntimAn-mIlita 742; atadguNa-vizeSokti, yamaka-anuprAsa 743; yamaka-punaruktavadAbhAsa arthAntaranyAsa-udAharaNa 745; rUpaka-nidarzanA 746; rUpaka-sandeha, bhrAntimAn-ullekha, 747; utprekSA-sambhAvanA dIpaka-mAlAdIpaka, vyatireka-pratIpa 748; vyatireka-asama, aprastutaprazaMsA-prastutAGa kura 746; rUpaka-virodhAbhAsa 750; vicitra-viSama, vizeSa-praharSaNa 751; vizeSa-viSama, vizeSa-atizayokti, vizeSa-rUpaka, vizeSasmaraNa 752; sAra-vardhamAnaka, sAra-paryAya 753; vikalpa-samuccaya, lalita-nidarzanA 754; lalita-aprastutaprazaMsA, lalita-samAsokti, lalita-atizayokti 755; pratyanIka-hetUtprekSA, avajJA-atadguNa, avajJA-vizeSokti, 756; ullAsa-tadguNa, leza-vyAjastuti 757; dIpaka-sahokti, nidarzanA-atizayokti 758; prativastUpamAtulyayogitA 756; upamA-dIpaka, upamA-tulyayogitA, aprastutaprazaMsA dRSTAnta, virodhAbhAsa-vizeSokti 760; apahna ti-sAmAnya, bhAvika-bhrAntimAn 761; bhAvika-atizayokti, bhAvika utprekSA, bhAvika-kAvyaliGga 762; bhAvika-rasavat, bhAvika-svabhAvokti 763; bhAvika-udAtta, svabhAvokti-rasavat, svabhAvokti-udAtta, sama-viSama 764; aprastutaprazaMsA-prativastUpamA, nizcaya-sandeha 765; nizcaya-bhrAntimAn, nizcaya-apahnati 766 / saptama adhyAya alaGkAra aura bhASA 767-786 aSTama adhyAya alaGkAra aura manobhAva 787-803 upasaMhAra 805-815

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[ ca ] pariziSTa 1 pAribhASika zabdAvalI ( hindI-aMgarejI) 817-16 pariziSTa 2 pAribhASika zabdAvalI : vyAkhyA 820-24 pariziSTa 3 825-26 alaGkAra-doSa 827-32 grantha-sUcI

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prathama adhyAya alaGkAra kA svarUpa aura kAvya meM usakA sthAna vANI ke alaGkAra mAnava kI sahaja pravRtti aura ruci se AvirbhUta haiN| loka-jIvana meM aneka prakAra ke alaGkaraNoM se, sAja-sajjA se dUsaroM kI dhAraNA ko prabhAvita karane kI pravRtti jana-sAmAnya meM pAyI jAtI hai| kAvya-jagata meM bhI kAvya kI uktiyoM ko adhikAdhika camatkArapUrNa, prabhAvotpAdaka banAne ke lie unheM alaGa kRta kiyA jAtA hai| kAvya kI uktiyA~ loka-vyavahAra kI uktiyoM se to bhinna hoMgI hii| kAvyoktiyoM meM lokottara camatkAra apekSita rahatA hai| lokAtigAmI camatkAra kI sRSTi meM hI kavi-pratibhA kI sArthakatA hai| loka-vyavahAra meM prayukta analaGa kRta zabda aura artha alaGa kRta hokara arthAt camatkArapUrNa bhaGgI-vizeSa se kathita hone para kAvya padavI-prApta kara lete haiN|' kavi-pratibhA se samudbhUta uktiyoM ke alokasiddha saundarya ko kucha AcAryoM ne vyApaka artha meM alaGkAra kahA hai| unake anusAra alaGkAra saundarya kA paryAya hai| dhyAtavya hai ki alaGkAra zabda kA prayoga do arthoM meM huA hai| donoM hI artha alaGkAra zabda kI alaga-alaga vyutpattiyoM se upalabdha haiN| bhAva vyutpatti se alaGkAra zabda kA artha (alaGa kRti arthAt alam ++ktin = alaGa kRti tathA alam + +ghaJa = alaGkAra) bhUSaNa yA zobhA kA bhAva hai| isa artha meM alaGkAra saundarya se abhinna hai / isI artha meM vAmana ne alaGkAra ko saundarya kA paryAya kahakara alaGkArayukta kAvya ko grAhya tathA alaGkArahIna yA asundara 1. yAneva zabdAnvayamAlapAmo yAneva cArthAnvayamullikhAmaH / taireva vinyAsavizeSabhavyaiH saMmohayante kavayo jaganti // -nIlakaNTha-dIkSita, zivalIlArNava, 1, 13 2. saundaryamalaGkAraH / -vAmana, kAvyAlaMkArasUtravRtti, 1, 1, 2 3. alaGa kRtiralaMkAraH / vahI, vRtti pR0 5

Page #25
2] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa kAvya ko agrAhya kahA thaa|' isa artha meM kavi kI samagra uktiyoM kA saundarya alaGkAra hai| kAvya ke ve sabhI tattva jo kAvya meM zobhA kA AdhAna karate haiM, alaGkAra ke vyApaka artha meM usake aGga haiN| guNa evaM alaGkAra ke sadbhAva se tathA doSa ke abhAva se kAvya meM saundarya AtA hai| ataH apane viziSTa artha meM zabdArtha ke alaGkAra, guNa Adi usa kAvya-saundarya ke paryAyabhUta alaGkAra ke sAdhaka mAtra haiN| alaGkAra zabda kA dUsarA viziSTa artha, jisa artha meM zabda aura artha ke anuprAsa, upamA Adi alaGkAra kahalAte haiM, usa zabda kI karaNa vyutpatti se upalabdha hai / karaNa vyutpatti se alaGkAra zabda kA artha hotA hai, vaha tattva jo kAvya ko alaGa kRta arthAt sundara banAne kA sAdhana ho- (alaGa kriyate'nena iti alngkaarH)| Aja alaGkAra zabda kA yahI artha adhika pracalita hai / karaNa vyupatti se kAvya-saundarya ke sAdhana kA artha spaSTa ho jAne para bhI kAvya meM alaGkAra ke kArya tathA sthAna ke sambandha meM AcAryoM meM matabheda banA rhaa| isakA pradhAna kAraNa kAvya ke sambandha meM unakI mUla dRSTi kA antara thaa| eka zaMkA, jisakA samAdhAna DhUr3hanA Avazyaka hai, yaha hai ki yadi alaGkAra zabda kA artha karaNa vyutpatti se kAvya-saundarya kA sAdhaka mAna liyA jAya to guNa Adi kAvya ke anya zobhAdhAyaka tattvoM se kavyAlaGkAra kA bheda kisa AdhAra para kiyA jAyagA ? guNa, alaGkAra Adi sabhI kAvya-tattvoM ko kAvyasaundarya kA sAdhana mAnakara saba ko eka koTi meM rakha denA to zAstrIya vizleSaNa kI paddhati se palAyana hI mAnA jaaygaa| bhAvaka ke lie kAvyArtha ke bhAvana meM kAvyAGgoM ke alaga-alaga saundarya kA mahattva nhiiN| bhAvana to saundarya kI samagratA kA hI hotA hai; para zAstrIya vizleSaNa ke lie kAvya ke tattat aGgoM ke kArya kI mImAMsA Avazyaka hai| guNa, alaGkAra Adi ke bhedaabheda ke prazna para bhAratIya sAhityazAstra meM jo UhApoha hue haiM unakA samIkSAtmaka adhyayana hamane apane grantha 'kAvya guNoM kA zAstrIya vivecana ke eka svataMtra adhyAya meM kiyA hai| kucha AcAryoM ne guNa evaM alaGkAra ko kAvya-saundarya kA samAna bhAva se sAdhaka mAnakara donoM ke viSaya-vibhAga ko 1. kAvyaM grAhyamalaMkArAt / -vAmana, kAvyA0 sU0 vR0 1, 1,1 2. karaNavyutpatyA punaralaGkArazabdo'yamupamAdiSu vartate / / -vahI, vRtti pR05 3. draSTavya-prastuta prabandha ke lekhaka kA grantha 'kAvya guNoM kA zAstrIya vivecana' adhyAya 2

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alaGkAra kA svarUpa aura kAvya meM usakA sthAna [3 avaijJAnika mAna liyA thaa|' dUsarI ora kucha AcAryoM ne guNa aura alaGkAra kA bheda spaSTa karane ke lie guNa ko kAvya-saundarya kA hetu mAnA to alaGkAra ko kAvya-saundarya kI vRddhi karanevAlA dharma / 2 isa mata ke anusAra alaGkAra kAvya ke zobhAdhAyaka guNa nahIM, kAvya kI svAbhAvika zobhA kI bRddhi karanevAle dharma haiN| isa prakAra isa mata ke anusAra alaGkAra zabda kA --karaNa vyutpatti se-artha hogA kAvya kA vaha tattva jisase kAvya alaGa kRta ho arthAt jisase kAvya ke saundarya kI abhivRddhi ho|' prastuta sandarbha meM kAvya ke sambandha meM vibhinna dRSTikoNa rakhanevAle AcAryoM ke dvArA kAvyAlaGkAra ke svarUpa ke viSaya meM vyakta mAnyatA kA parIkSaNa vAJchanIya hai| bhAmaha tathA udbhaTa ne kAvya-zobhA ke sAdhaka dharma ko alaGkAra mAnakara guNa, rasa Adi ko bhI alaGkAra kI sImA meM sameTa liyA hai / AcArya daNDI ne bhI kAvya ke zobhAkara dharma ko alaGkAra kahA hai| isa prakAra unake mata se bhI guNa Adi kAvya-tattva kAvya meM saundarya kA AdhAna karane ke kAraNa alaGkAra haiN| ina AcAryoM kI alaGkAra-paribhASA itanI sAmAnya thI ki usase guNa Adi se alaGkAra kA viziSTa svarUpa spaSTa nahIM ho pAtA thaa| isalie vAmana ko yaha spaSTa karanA par3A ki kAvya-zobhA meM vRddhi karanevAle dharma alaGkAra kahe jAte haiM / isa kathana meM bhI kAvya meM alaGkAra ke kArya para hI prakAza DAlA gayA hai| dUsare varga ke AlaGkArikoM ne kathana ke cArutApUrNa prakAra-vizeSa ko alaGkAra kA lakSaNa mAnA hai| vakroktijIvitakAra kuntaka ne vakrokti kokahane ke vaidagdhyapUrNa DhaMga ko-kAvya kA arthAt zabda aura artha kA alaGkAra kahA hai| unake pUrvavartI bhAmaha ne bhI vakrokti yA atizayokti ko alaGkAra kA prANabhUta tattva mAnA thaa| ruyyaka abhidhAna arthAt kathana ke prakAra-vizeSa ko alaGkAra kA svarUpa mAnate haiN| unake anusAra kavi-pratibhA se samudbhUta 1. ojaH prabhRtInAmanuprAsopamAdInAM cobhayeSAmapi samavAyavRttyA sthiti riti gaDDarikApravAheNaveSAM bheda: |-udbhtt kI yaha mAnyatA mammaTa ne uddhRta kI hai| draSTavya, kAvyapra.0 8, pR0 161 / / 2. kAvyazobhAyAH kartAro dharmA guNAH / tadatizayahetavastvalaGkArAH / -vAmana kAvyAlaGkAra sUtra vRtti 3, 1, 1 tathA 3, 1, 2 3. ubhAvetAvalaGkAyauM tayoH punaralaGa kRtiH / vakroktirekha baidagdhyabhaGgIbhaNitirucyate // -----kuntaka, vakroktijI0, 1, 10

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4 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa kathana kA prakAra - vizeSa hI alaGkAra hai / ' Anandavarddhana ne yaha mAnA hai ki vAgvikalpa arthAt kathana ke anUThe DhaMga ananta haiM aura unake prakAra hI alaGkAra kahalAte haiM / abhinavagupta tathA paNDitarAja jagannAtha Adi ne bhI kathana ke nirAle DhaMga ke prakAra- vizeSa ko alaGkAra mAnA hai / ina AcAryoM kI alaGkAradhAraNA kA sAra yaha hai ki kathana kA camatkArapUrNa DhaMga - ukti kI vicchitti - hI alaGkAra hai / kathana kI sundara bhaGgiyA~ asaMkhya haiM, ataH alaGkAroM kI saMkhyA nizcita nahIM kI jA sakatI / AcArya mammaTa ne kAvyAlaGkAra ke svarUpa tathA kAvya meM usake sthAna kA nirUpaNa karate hue kahA hai ki 'kAvya ke ve dharbha jo kAvya ke zarIrabhUta zabda evaM artha ko alaGkRta kara usake mAdhyama se kAvyAtmabhUta rasa kA bhI yadi kAvya meM rasa rahe to -- kadAcit upakAra karate hoM, alaGkAra kahalAte haiM / ve anuprAsa, upamA Adi ( zabdAlaGkAra evaM arthAlaGkAra) manuSya ke hAra Adi AbhUSaNa kI taraha kAvya ke AbhUSaNa hote haiM / '3 spaSTa hai ki mammaTa ne alaGkAra ko kAvya ke zarIrabhUta zabda aura artha kA hI bhUSaNa mAnA thA, jo prakArAntara se hI rasa kA yadA-kadA upakAra karatA hai / kahIM-kahIM to alaGkAra kAvya kI AtmA rasa kA na upakAra karate haiM na apakAra; para kahIM-kahIM ve rasa kA apakAra bhI kara dete haiM / zRGgAra Adi komala rasa ke prasaGga meM kaThora varNoM kA anuprAsa rasa kA upakAra karane ke bajAya usakA apakAra hI karegA / vizvanAtha ne mammaTa ke mata kA anusaraNa karate hue alaGkAra ko kAvya kAzabda aura artha kA - asthira zobhAtizAyI dharma kahA hai / vAmana kI taraha mammaTa Adi ne bhI alaGkAra ko kAvya kA zobhAdhAyaka dharma nahIM mAnakara usake saundarya kI vRddhi kA hI sAdhana mAnA hai / AcArya mammaTa ne AlaGkArika bhASA meM alaGkAra kA svarUpa-nirUpaNa kiyA thA / unhoMne kAvya meM alaGkAra ke kArya evaM sthAna ke spaSTa nirdhAraNa ke lie 1. abhidhAprakAravizeSA evAlaGkArAH / -- ruyyaka, alaM0 sarvasvapR0 8 2. anantA hi vAgvikalpAstatprakArA eva cAlaGkArAH / AnandavarddhanadhvanyA0 3, 37 kI vRtti pR0 511 3. upakurvanti taM santaM ye'GgadvAreNa jAtucit / hArAdivadalaMkArAste'nuprAsopamAdayaH // 4. zabdArthayorasthirA ye dharmmAH zobhAtizAyinaH / rasAdInupakurvanto'laMkArAste'GgadAdivat 11 -mammaTa, kAvya pra0 8,67 - vizvanAtha, sAhitya da0 10, 1

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alaGkAra kA svarUpa aura kAvya meM usakA sthAna [5 jo laukika upamAna diyA thA, usake sAtha kAvyAlaGkAra kI pUrNa saGgati baiThAne ke prayAsa meM kucha loga mammaTa kI alaGkAra-dhAraNA ko hI aspaSTa kara baiThate haiN| kAvyAlaGkAra ke hAra Adi AbhUSaNa ke samAna hone kA kyA tAtparya hai ? isakA spaSTIkaraNa Avazyaka hai| kyA hAra kA manuSya-zarIra ke sAtha jaisA anitya sambandha hotA hai, vaisA hI anitya sambandha kAvya ke alaGkAra kA zabda aura artha ke sAtha mammaTa mAnate the ? gale se hAra utArakara jitanI saralatA se loga alaga rakha dete haiM; kyA utanI hI saralatA se kAvya kI ukti se alaGkAra ko haTAkara dUra kiyA jA sakatA hai ? mammaTa-jaise samartha samIkSaka ke kathana kI itanI bhoMr3I vyAkhyA kI jAya to mammaTa ke prati anyAya bhI hogA aura vyAkhyAtA kI bauddhika daridratA kA paricAyaka bhii| alaGkAra ko hAra Adi ke samAna kahane meM mammaTa kA tAtparya kevala itanA hogA ki jisa prakAra hAra Adi AbhUSaNa prathamataH manuSya ke zarIra ko hI AbhUSita karate haiM, phira zarIra ke mAdhyama se kabhI-kabhI usakI AtmA kA bhI upakAra kara dete haiM-usI prakAra kAvya ke alaGkAra bhI prathamataH kAvya ke zabdArtha ko hI bhUSita karate haiM aura usake mAdhyama se kAvya kI AtmA rasa kA bhI yadA-kadA upakAra kara dete haiM / hAra Adi laukika AbhUSaNa se kAvya ke alaGkAra kA isI dRSTi se sAdRzya hai| dhyAtavya hai ki sAdRzya ke lie do vastuoM meM kucha sAmAnya tathA kucha viziSTa kI apekSA hotI hai| donoM meM sarvAtmanA sAmya Avazyaka nhiiN| __ alaGkAra vAcya kA upaskAra karate haiM / zabdAlaGkAra kAvya ke zabda kA tathA arthAlaGkAra kAvya ke vAcyArtha kA upaskAra karate haiN| kathana kI bhaGgI ke camatkAra yA vicchitti ko kAvya kA alaGkAra mAnane kA yahI tAtparya hai| aupamyagarbha alaGkAra meM prastuta artha ke lie jo aprastuta kI yojanA kI jAtI hai usameM kavi kA eka uddezya prastuta vastu ke rUpa, guNa, kriyA kA utkarSasAdhana bhI hotA hai| prastuta ke rUpa, guNa Adi ke utkarSa ke lie kavi aise aprastuta sAmane lA detA hai, jisake utkRSTa rUpa, guNa Adi se pAThaka paricita rahatA hai| usa paricita aprastuta kI yojanA se pAThaka ke hRdaya meM aprastuta kA prabhAva jagakara prastuta ke prabhAva ko bhI bar3hA detA hai| kAvyArtha-bhAvana kI 1. yatra kiJcit sAmAnya kazcicca vizeSaH sa viSayaH sdRshtaayaaH| -ruyyaka, alaGkAra sarvasva, pR0 24 tathAyatra kiJcit sAmAnyaM kazcicca vizeSaH tatropamAnopameye bhavataH / -pataJjali, mahAbhASya, 2, 1, 3, pR0 364

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa prakriyA meM aprastuta se prastuta ke utkarSa-sAdhana ke svarUpa para hama eka udAharaNa lekara vicAra kreN| kAlI A~khoM kI sundaratA se prabhAvita hokara jaba kavi unheM nIlakamala ke samAna kahatA hai yA unapara nIlakamala kA abhedAropaNa karatA hai taba bhAvaka ke hRdaya meM A~khoM ke bimba ke sAtha nIlakamala kA bhI bimba udbhUta hotA hai| nIlakamala kA vaha bimba, jisake saundarya ke prabhAvAtizaya se bhAvaka kA hRdaya paricita rahatA hai, sAdRzya ke kAraNa A~khoM ke saundarya ke prabhAva ko bhI utanA hI utkRSTa banA detA hai| isa prakAra aprastuta ke rUpa, guNa, kriyA Adi kramazaH prastuta ke rUpa, guNa, kriyA Adi kA utkarSa karate haiN| prastuta vyApAra-samaSTi ke lie bhI kavi jahA~ aprastuta vyApArasamaSTi kI yojanA karatA hai, vahA~ aprastuta yojanA kI sArthakatA prastuta vyApArasamaSTi kI prabhAva-vRddhi meM hI hotI hai / jo aprastuta prastuta kA utkarSa karane meM samartha na hoM unakI yojanA vyartha to hotI hI hai, kAvya kA bhAra banakara kAvya ke sahaja saundarya ko bhI naSTa kara detI hai| aprastuta ko prastuta kA utkarSasAdhaka mAnane ke kAraNa hI AcAryoM ne ekamata se aprastuta meM prastuta kI apekSA adhika guNa kA sadbhAva svIkAra kiyA hai| aprastuta kI yojanA meM kavi kA abhiprAya yahI rahatA hai ki pAThaka aprastuta ke guNAdhikya se paricita rahate haiN| ataH, ve aprastuta pAThaka ke hRdaya meM prastuta ke rUpa, guNa Adi kA bhI utkRSTa prabhAva jagAne meM samartha hoNge| isIlie loka-paricita aprastuta kI yojanA hI vAJchanIya mAnI gaI hai| prastuta ke lie kalpita aprastuta ke sAtha prastuta kA rUpa, guNa, kriyA Adi kA bhI sAmya ho sakatA hai aura kevala prabhAva kA sAmya bhii| prabhAva-sAmya se aprastuta kA prabhAva prastuta ke prabhAva kI vRddhi karatA hai| prastuta ke rUpa, guNa, kriyA Adi ke utkarSa-sAdhana yA prabhAvavRddhi ke sAtha alaGkAra kAvya ke bhAva yA rasa kA prabhAva bar3hAne meM bhI sahAyaka hote haiM / rasasampradAya ke AcAryoM ne to rasa-bhAva Adi kA upakAra karane meM hI alaGkArayojanA kI sArthakatA mAnI hai|' yaha ThIka hai ki sabhI alaGkAra niyata rUpa se sadA rasa, bhAva Adi kA upakAra nahIM karate ; ve kahIM taTastha raha jAte haiM to 1. rasabhAvAditAtparyamAzritya vinivezanam / alaGa kRtInAM sarvAsAmalaGkAratvasAdhanam ||-tthaa dhvanyAtmabhUte zRGgAre samIkSya viniveshitH| rUpakAdiralaGkAravarga eti yathArthatAm // -Anandavarddhana, dhvanyAloka, 28 tathA 40

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alaGkAra kA svarUpa aura kAvya meM usakA sthAna [7 kahIM rasa, bhAva Adi ke bAdhaka bhI bana jAte haiM, para kAvya meM rasa, bhAva Adi ke upakAraka alaGkAra hI grAhya haiM, ve hI sacce artha meM kAvya ke alaGkAra haiN| niSkarSa yaha ki alaGkAra zabda, artha ke hI AbhUSaNa haiM / ve pratyakSataH kAvya ke vAcyArtha kA upaskAra karate haiN| alaGkAra kI upAdeyatA isa bAta meM hai ki usase varNya vastu ke rUpa, guNa Adi kA utkarSa hotA hai tathA rasa, bhAva Adi ke sahaja saundarya kI vRddhi hotI hai| AcArya rAmacandra zukla ne kAvya meM alaGkAra ke inhIM kAryoM ko dRSTi meM rakhakara kahA hai-"bhAvoM kA utkarSa dikhAne aura vastuoM ke rUpa, guNa aura kriyA kA adhika tIvra anubhava karAne meM kabhI-kabhI sahAyaka honevAlI yukti alaGkAra hai|" rasavAdI zuklajI kI alaGkAra-viSayaka yaha mAnyatA mammaTa Adi rasavAdI AcAryoM kI mAnyatA se abhinna hai / kAvya meM alaGkAra kA sthAna kAvya meM alaGkAra ke sthAna tathA anya kAvya-tattvoM ke sAtha usake sApekSa mahattva ke sambandha meM aneka prakAra ke mata prakaTa kiye gaye haiN| kAvya ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM dRSTibheda ke kAraNa alaGkAra ke viSaya meM yaha matabheda svAbhAvika thaa| kAvya ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM vibhinna mata sthApita karanevAle chaha prasthAna bhAratIya kAvyazAstra meM prasiddha haiN| ve haiM-alaGkAra-prasthAna, rIti-prasthAna (roti ko guNAtmA svIkAra karane ke kAraNa, guNa ko hI rIti kA vidhAyaka mAnane ke kAraNa ise guNa-prasthAna bhI kahA jA sakatA hai| ) vakrokti-prasthAna, rasa-prasthAna, dhvani-prasthAna aura aucity-prsthaan| dhvani-prasthAna ke AcAryoM ne vastu dhvani tathA alaGkAra dhvani kI apekSA rasa dhvani ko vizeSa mahattva diyA hai / ataH dhvani-prasthAna aura rasa-prasthAna ke kAvya-cintana meM vizeSa maulika bheda nahIM hai / astu ! prasaGgAnurodha se ukta prasthAnoM ke AcAryoM kI kAvya-dRSTi ke pariprekSya meM kAvya meM alaGkAra ke sthAna tathA sApekSa mahattva ke sambandha meM unakI mAnyatA kA hama parIkSaNa kreNge| bhAmaha aura udbhaTa ne kAvya ke zabdArtha ko alaGkArya mAnakara unameM saundarya kA AdhAna karanevAle sabhI tattvoM ko alaGkAra kahA hai|' isa prakAra yaha to spaSTa hai ki bhAmaha, udbhaTa Adi alaGkAra ko kAvya-saundarya ke lie kAvya kA anivArya dharma mAnate the; para viziSTa artha meM prayukta upamA Adi kA 1. iha hi tAvad bhAmahodbhaTaprabhRtayazcirantanAlaGkArakArAH pratIyamAnamartha vAcyopaskAritayAlaGkArapakSanikSiptaM manyante / -ruyyaka, alaM0 sarvasva pR0 4

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8] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa mAdhurya Adi guNoM ke sAtha sApekSa mahattva usase spaSTa nahIM ho paataa| bhAmaha ne kAvya ke alaGkAra ko nArI ke AbhUSaNa kI taraha mAnakara kahA thA ki jaise ramaNI kA sundara mukha bhI bhUSaNa ke abhAva meM suzobhita nahIM hotA, usI prakAra alaGkArahIna kAvya suzobhita nahIM hotaa|' isa kathana kI parIkSA se jo tathya prApta hotA hai vaha yaha hai ki bhAmaha nArI ke mukha ko suzobhita karane ke lie AbhUSaNa ko jisa prakAra anivArya mAnate the, usI prakAra kAvya ko suzobhita karane ke lie kAvyAlaGkAra ko Avazyaka mAnate the| bhAmaha ke ukta kathana kA yaha aMza vizeSa rUpa se dhyAtavya hai ki 'vanitA kA sundara mukha bhI alaGkAra ke abhAva meM suzobhita nahIM hotaa|' spaSTa hai ki bhAmaha bhUSaNa ke abhAva meM bhI ramaNI ke mukha meM kAnti kI sthiti to mAneMge hI-bhale hI vaha mukha unheM bahuta manojJa na lge| nArI ke AbhUSaNa usake saundarya kI sRSTi nahIM karate, svAbhAvika saundarya kI vRddhi hI kara sakate haiN| yadi kAvya ke alaGkAra ko nArI ke AbhUSaNa kI taraha mAnA jAya, to use kAvya-saundarya kI vRddhi meM sahAyaka-mAtra mAnanA hogaa| taba yaha to rucibheda para nirbhara karegA ki AbhUSaNahIna nArI ke kAnta mukha kI taraha alaGkArahIna; kintu kAnta kAvya (zabdArtha) kisI ko manojJa lagatA hai yA amanojJa / bhAmaha ko kAnta mukha bhI analaGa kRta hone para manorama nahIM lagegA; para kAlidAsa-jaise rasajJa sahaja sundara rUpa ke lie kisI vizeSa AbhUSaNa kI AvazyakatA nahIM maaneNge| unake anusAra to koI bhI vastu-cAhe vaha svayaM sundara ho yA asundara-sundara rUpa kA AbhUSaNa bana jAtI hai| bhAmaha ne bhI svIkAra kiyA hai ki Azraya ke saundarya se asundara vastu bhI sundara bana jAtI hai / sundara A~khoM meM kAlA aJjana bhI sundara lagane lagatA hai / dhyAtavya hai ki alaGkAravAdI Azraya meM saundarya alaGkAra ke sadbhAva se hI sambhava mAneMge / analaGa kRta vArtA meM saundarya ve nahIM maante| bhAmaha ne vakrokti yA atizayokti ko alaGkAra kA prANabhUta tattva mAnakara usake lie vizeSa Agraha dikhAyA hai| 1. na kAntamapi nibhUSaM vibhAti vanitAmukham / -bhAmaha, kAvyAlaM0 1,13 2. kimiva hi madhurANAM maNDanaM nAkRtInAm / -kAlidAsa, abhijJAnazAkuntalam 3. kiJcidAzrayasaundaryAddhatte zobhAmasAdhvapi / kAntAvilocananyastaM malImasamivAJjanam / / ___-bhAmaha, kAvyAlaM0 1,55

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alaGkAra kA svarUpa aura kAvya meM usakA sthAna [6 ukti kA vaicitrya, uktibhaGgI kA lokottara camatkAra hI alaGkAra hai| isa vyApaka svarUpa meM hI alaGkAra bhAmaha ke 'kAvyAlaGkAra' meM kAvyasaundarya kA Avazyaka tattva mAnA gayA hai / vakrokti se anuprANita hone ke kAraNa alaGkAra kAvyArtha ko bhAsvara banAte haiN| analaGa kRta yA prakRta ukti vArtA-mAtra hotI hai, kAvya nhiiN|' alaGkAra ko kAvya-saundarya kA Avazyaka upAdAna mAnane ke kAraNa bhAmaha alaGkAra-sampradAya ke pravartaka mAne gaye haiN| ruyyaka ke zabdoM meM ve alaGkAratantra-prajApati haiM / AcArya daNDI ne alaGkAra ke vyApaka artha meM use kAvya-saundarya kA hetu kahA hai|2 spaSTataH daNDI ke usa alaGkAra meM kAvya meM zobhA kA AdhAna karanevAle guNa Adi dharma bhI sannihita haiN| daNDI ne viziSTa artha meM upamA Adi alaGkAra ko zleSa, prasAda Adi daza guNoM se pRthak kara jahA~ donoM kA sApekSa mahattva nirdhArita karanA cAhA hai vahA~ alaGkAra kI apekSA guNa para hI unakA vizeSa Agraha jAna par3atA hai| samAdhi guNa ko 'kAvyasarvasva' kahakara daNDI ne kAvya meM guNa kA apekSAkRta vizeSa mahattva svIkAra kiyA hai| unhoMne yaha bhI kahA ki yadyapi zabda aura artha ke sabhI alaGkAra kAvya meM rasa kA paripoSa karate haiM, phira bhI yaha kArya vizeSa rUpa se agrAmyatA (grAmyatva doSarahita mAdhurya Adi) hI karatI hai| isa kathana se spaSTa hai ki kAvya meM rasa ke utkarSa meM daNDI alaGkAra kI apekSA agrAmyatA tathA guNa Adi ko hI adhika Avazyaka mAnate the| dhyAtavya hai ki daNDI ke isa kathana meM rasa kA artha sAmAnya rUpa se kAvya kA saundarya hI hai| rasa zabda apane AsvAda-rUpa pAribhASika artha meM prayukta nahIM huA hai| rasa dhvani Adi ko daNDI ne bhAmaha Adi kI taraha alaGkAra meM hI antabhukta mAnA hai| isIlie unhoMne rasavat alaGkAra ko rasapezala kahakara usI prasaGga meM bhaTTalollaTa ke matAnusAra rasa ke svarUpa kA nirUpaNa kiyA hai| niSkarSa rUpa meM daNDI kI mAnyatA kA sAra yaha hai ki vyApaka artha meM kAvya-saundarya ke hetubhUta sabhI dharma (guNa, alaGkAra Adi) alaGkAra haiN| guNa Adi ke sAtha sApekSa rUpa meM alaGkAra (zabdAlaGkAra evaM 1. gato'stamarko bhAtInduryAnti vAsAya pakSiNaH / ityevamAdi kiM kAvyaM vArtAmenAM pracakSate ||-vhii, 2, 87 2. kAvyazobhAkarAn dharmAnalaGkArAn pracakSate |-dNddii, kAvyAda0, 2, 1 3. tadetatkAvyasarvasvaM samAdhirnAma yo guNaH / -vahI, 1, 100 4. kAmaM sarvo'pyalaGkAro rasamarthe niSiJcati / tathApyagrAmyataivainaM bhAraM vahati bhUyasA ||-vhii, 1, 62

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10] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa . arthAlaGkAra) ke mahattva para vicAra karane se alaGkAra bhI kAvya-saundarya kA utkarSa karate haiM; para agrAmyatva mAdhurya, samAdhi Adi kA isa kArya meM adhika yoga rahatA hai| daNDI alaGkAra ko kAvya kA Abhyantara dharma hI svIkAra karate haiM; para guNa Adi kI tulanA meM usakA kama mUlya mAnate haiM / vAmana ne alaGkAra ko kAvya-saundarya kA paryAya mAnakara kAvya ko alaGkAra ke sadbhAva se hI grAhya kahA thaa|' saundaryahIna kAvya agrAhya hai, isa mAnyatA meM kise Apatti hogI? yaha spaSTa ho jAnA cAhie ki vAmana ne jisa alaGkAra ke sadbhAva meM kAvya ko grAhya aura abhAva meM kAvya ko agrAhya mAnA thA, usakA artha upamA Adi viziSTa alaGkAroM taka hI sImita nahIM thaa| vaha alaGkAra zabda sAmAnya rUpa se kAvya-saundarya ke vyApaka artha meM prayukta huA thaa| vAmana rIti ko kAvya kI AtmA mAnate the| ataH, yaha svAbhAvika thA ki ve rIti ke vidhAyaka guNa ko kAvya meM vizeSa mahattva dete / yahI kAraNa hai ki unhoMne kAvya-saundarya kA hetu guNa ko hI mAnA hai| 3 alaGkAra kAvyasaundarya kI vRddhi karate haiN| spaSTa hai ki guNa ke abhAva meM alaGkAra se kAvyatva nahIM A sktaa| alaGkAra saundarya kI sRSTi nahIM kara skte| alaGkAra ke abhAva meM bhI guNa se kAvya meM saundarya kI sRSTi ho sakatI hai aura kAvya grAhya ho sakatA hai| yaha bAta dUsarI hai ki alaGkAra ke rahane se guNa dvArA udbhUta kAvya-saundarya jitanA utkRSTa hogA utanA usake abhAva meM nhiiN| ataH vAmana kI dRSTi meM upamA Adi alaGkAra kA kAvya meM itanA hI mahattva hai ki ve kAvya kI svAbhAvika zobhA kI abhivRddhi kara kAvya ko adhikAdhika cArutA pradAna karate haiN| guNa kI tulanA meM alaGkAra kA mahattva gauNa hai; kyoMki guNa kAvya-saundarya ke lie, kAvya ko grAhya banAne ke lie aura antataH kAvya kI AtmA rIti ke svarUpa-vidhAna ke lie anivArya haiM; para alaGkAra kAvya-saundarya ke lie anivArya nahIM, kAvya-saundarya kI vRddhi ke lie apekSita hote haiM / bhAmaha tathA daNDI kI taraha vAmana ne bhI rasa, dhvani Adi ko alaGkAra meM antarbhUta mAnA hai| kAvya meM alaGkAra ke sApekSa mahattva kI dRSTi se vAmana aura daNDI kA mata prAyaH milatA-julatA hai| 1. kAvyaM grAhyamalaGkArAt / tathA--saundaryamalaGkAraH / -vAmana, kAvyAlaM0 sU0 vR0 1, 1, 1 tathA 1, 1, 2 2. rItirAtmA kAvyasya / --vahI, 1, 2, 6 3. kAvyazobhAyAH kartAro dharmA guNAH / -vahI, 3, 1, 1 4. tadatizayahetavastvalaGkArAH / -vahI, 3, 1, 2

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alaGkAra kA svarUpa aura kAvya meM usakA sthAna [ 11: AcArya udbhaTa alaGkAra ko guNa ke samAna hI mahattva dene ke pakSapAtI haiM unakI mAnyatA hai ki guNa aura alaGkAra donoM hI kAvya se samavAya-vRtti se sambaddha rahate haiM / ataH, guNa ko samavAya- vRtti se sambaddha kAvya kA antaraGga aura alaGkAra ko saMyoga-vRtti se sambaddha kAvya kA bahiraGga dharma mAnanA tarkahIna gatAnugatikatA hai / ' dhyAtavya hai ki bhAmaha ke samaya hI kAvyAlaGkAra ko kAvya kA bAhya tathA Abhyantara dharma mAnanevAle do mata pracalita the, jinakA nirdeza bhAmaha ke kAvyAlaGkAra meM kiyA gayA hai / 2 alaGkAravAdI bhAmaha alaGkAra ko kAvya kA antaraGga dharma mAnate the, to rIti-vAdI vAmana ne guNa ko zobhAkAraka kahakara antaraGga aura alaGkAra ko, zobhAtizayakArI kahakara bAhya dharma mAna liyA thA / udbhaTa kA mata hai ki alaGkAra bhI kAvyasaundarya ke hetu haiM / ataH ve kAvya ke antaraGga dharma hI haiM / guNa aura alaGkAra kA unake anusAra bheda kevala itanA hai ki guNa saMghaTanAzrita haiM arthAt unakA Azraya rIti hai jaba ki alaGkAra zabdArtha para Azrita rahate haiM / 3 niSkarSataH udbhaTa ke anusAra alaGkAra kAvya ke zabda tathA artha ko saundarya pradAna karanevAle nitya aura antaraGga dharma haiM / alaGkAra ke abhAva meM zabda tathA artha meM saundarya nahIM AtA / jayadeva ne kAvya-lakSaNa meM alaGkAra kI anivArya sattA mAnI hai / unhoMne to yahA~ taka kahA hai ki alaGkArahIna zabdArtha ko kAvya mAnanA uSNatArahita agni kI kalpanA karane ke samAna hai / 5 uSNatA meM hI agni kA agnitva hai, usI prakAra alaGkRta hone meM hI kAvya kA kAvyatva hai / alaGkAra kAvya kA nitya dharma hai / hindI ke aneka rIti-AcAryoM ne jayadeva ke svara meM 1. draSTavya : - prastuta prabandha kA prastuta adhyAya, pR0 3 pAda Ti0 saM0 1 2. rUpakAdimalaGkAraM bAhyamAcakSate pare / supAM tiGAM ca vyutpattiM vAcAM vAJchantyalaGa, kRtim / - bhAmaha, kAvyAla0, 1,14 3. udbhaTAdibhistu guNAlaGkArANAM prAyaza: sAmyameva sUcitam / viSaya-mAtra eNa bhedapratipAdanAt / saMghaTanAdharmatvena zabdArthadharmatvena ceSTeH / - rUyyaka, alaM0 sarvasva pR0 7 - 4. nirdoSA lakSaNavatI sarItiguNabhUSitA / sAlaGkArarasAnekavRttirvAkkiAvyanAmabhAk / / -- jayadeva, candrAloka, 1,7 - 5. aGgIkaroti yaH kAvyaM zabdArthAvanalaGa kRtI / asau na manyate kasmAdanuSNamanalaMkRtI | vahI, 1,8

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12 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa apanA svara milAyA hai / ' niSkarSa yaha ki alaGkAra sampradAya ke AcArya vAcya ke upaskAra ke lie alaGkAra ko Avazyaka mAnate haiN| dhvani, rasa Adi ko bhI vAcyopaskAraka mAnakara unhoMne alaGkAra meM antabhUta mAna liyA hai| ___ vakrokti-sampradAya ke pratiSThAtA AcArya kuntaka ne vakrokti ko kAvyasarvasva svIkAra kiyA hai| yaha vakrokti yA ukti kI lokottara camatkArapUrNa bhaGgI zabdArtha kA upaskAra karatI hai| ataH vakrokti alaGkAra hai / 2 vakrokti se tAtparya vakrokti nAmaka alaGkAra-vizeSa kA nahIM hai| ukti-vaicitrya yA bhaGgI-bhaNiti ko kuntaka ne vakrokti kahA hai| bhAmaha ne bhI vakrokti ko alaGkAra kA prANa kahA thaa| usI siddhAnta-sUtra ko lekara kuntaka ne vakrokti-sampradAya kI pratiSThA kii| astu, kuntaka ke anusAra vakrokti alaGkAra hai aura vaha kAvya kA prANa hai| alaGkAra yA vakrokti ke kAraNa hI zabdArtha kAvya kahalAte haiN| kAvyAlocana meM aucitya-sampradAya ke pravartaka AcArya kSemendra mAne jAte haiN| aucitya para-kAvya meM vibhinna tattvoM ke ucita viniveza para-Arambha se hI vicAra ho rahA thA; para kSemendra ne aucitya ko kAvya kA prANa kahakara samIkSAzAstra meM eka navIna prasthAna sthApita karane kA prayAsa kiyaa| aucitya kA artha hai ucita kA bhAva / jisa vastu ke jo anurUpa ho usake sAtha usakI saMghaTanA ucita mAnI jAtI hai| ataH, kAvya meM aucitya kA artha hai kAvyAGgoM kI anurUpa ghaTanA kA honA / spaSTa hai ki aucitya kAvya kA koI svatantra tattva na hokara sabhI kAvya-tattvoM kA prANa hai| isa siddhAnta ke anusAra kAvya ke alaGkAra apane-Apa meM kAvya-saundarya ke hetu nhiiN| ucita vinyAsa hone para hI alaGkAra sacce artha meM alaGkAra hote haiM aura kAvya kI zrIvRddhi karate haiN| anucita 1. kezava analaGa kRta kAvya ko alaGkArahIna ramaNI kI taraha asundara ___ mAnate haiN| -kavipriyA, pR0 47 2. ubhAvatAvalaGkAyauM tayoH punaralaGa kRtiH / vakroktireva vaidagdhyabhaGgIbhaNitirucyate / -kuntaka, vakroktijI0 1,10 3. saSA sarvava vakroktiranayA'rtho vibhAvyate / yatno'syAM kavinA kAryaH ko'laGkAro'nayA vinA |--bhaamh, kAvyAla0, 2, 85 4. ucitaM prAhurAcAryAH sadRza kila yasya yat / -kSemendra, aucitya vi0 ca0, 7 5. alaGkArAstvalaGkArA guNA eva guNAH sadA / ucitasthAnavinyAsAdalaGa kRtiralaGa kRtiH / kSemendra,aucitya vi0 ca06, tathA-aucityenavinAruci pratanute nAlaGa kRti!gunnaaH|-vhii, pR0186

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alaGkAra kA svarUpa aura kAvya meM usakA sthAna [ 13 vinyAsa se alaGkAra kAvya- zobhA ke bAdhaka hI bana jAte haiM / saMnyAsI AbhUSaNa pahana le to usase usakI kAnti nahIM bar3ha egI / anaucitya ke kAraNa ve AbhUSaNa saMnyAsI ko hAsya kA Alambana hI banA deNge| loka-jIvana meM bhI jaise AbhUSaNa apane ucita sthAna meM rahakara hI zobhAvRddhi karate haiM usI taraha kAvya ke alaGkAra bhI ucita sthAna meM hI zobhAkArI hote haiM / kaTi kI mekhalA gale meM DAla lI jaya aura hAra kamara meM pahana liyA jAya, to saundarya bar3hane ke bajAya bigar3a hI jAyagA / kSemendra ne hAra, mekhalA Adi ke sAtha kAvyAlaGkAra kI upamA dekara use kAvya kA bahiraGga dharma hI mAnA hai; para ucita sthAna meM alaGkAra kI yojanA ko kAvya-saundarya meM sahAyaka mAnakara usakI upAdeyatA svIkAra kI hai / vastutaH alaGkAra hI kyA, sabhI kAvya-tattvoM kI ucita yojanA honI hI cAhie / aucitya ke abhAva meM sabhI kAvyAGga asundara aura agrAhya ho jAte haiM / yaha spaSTa hai ki kSemendra meM na to alaGkAra ko sabhI kAvya-tattvoM meM pradhAna mAnakara use kAvya-saundarya kA Avazyaka hetu mAnane kA Agraha hai, na use bahiraGga mAnakara usakI avamAnanA kA hI Agraha hai / aucityapUrNa alaGkArayojanA kAvya ko sundara banAtI hai / ataH vaha grAhya hai / dhvani - sampradAya meM kAvya meM alaGkAra ke sthAna - nirUpaNa kA mahattvapUrNa AyAsa huA hai / dhvani-sampradAya ke AcAryoM kI dRSTi apekSAkRta adhika udAra, pUrvAgrahamukta tathA vaijJAnika rahI hai / unhoMne alaGkAra Adi sampradAya ke AcAryoM kI taraha kAvya ke kisI eka tattva ke prati anAvazyaka moha se sabhI tattvoM ko usI meM antarbhukta mAna lene kA azAstrIya Agraha nahIM dikhAyA hai / unhoMne dhvani ko kAvya kI AtmA mAnane para bhI guNa, rIti, alaGkAra Adi kAvya-tattvoM kA taTastha bhAva se kAvya meM sthAna nirUpita kiyA hai / Anandavarddhana ke pUrva alaGkAra ko bAhya tathA antaraGga kAvya-dharma mAnanevAle do mata pracalita the / Anandavarddhana ne una matoM meM samanvaya sthApita karate hue rasotkarSa meM upAdeyatA kI dRSTi se alaGkAra kA mUlyAGkana kiyA hai / alaGkAra ke sambandha meM unakI sAmAnya dhAraNA hai ki rasa ko prakAzita karanevAle vAcya-vizeSa ( camatkArapUrNa kathana) hI rUpaka Adi alaGkAra haiM / 2 spaSTataH 1. kaNThe mekhalayA nitambaphalake tAreNa hAreNa vA pANau nUpurabandhanena caraNe keyUrapAzena vA // zauryeNa praNate ripau karuNayA nAyAnti ke hAsyatAm / - vahI, pR0 186, 2. tat (rasa) prakAzino vAcyavizeSA eva rUpakAdayo'laGkArAH / -- Anandavardhana, dhvanyAloka, 2 pR0 132

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:14 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa Anandavardhana ke anusAra alaGkAra kI sArthakatA rasa ke prakAzana meM hI hai / rasa kI vyaJjanA vAcyArtha se hI hotI hai / alaGkAra vAcya artha tathA vAcaka zabda kA upaskAra kara rasa kI vyaJjanA meM sahAyaka hote haiN| rasa-siddha kavi ke bhAvodvelita hRdaya kA udgAra jaba anAyAsa kAvyAtmaka rUpa meM abhivyakta hone lagatA hai, to kitane hI alaGkAra sahaja bhAva se usameM samAviSTa ho jAte haiN| kavi ko alaGkAra-yojanA ke lie AyAsa nahIM karanA par3atA / alaGkAra to jaise paraspara hor3a lagAkara usa abhivyakti meM sthAna pAne ke lie A juTate haiN|' bhAvAbhivyakti ke krama meM sahaja bhAva se samAviSTa alaGkAra bhAva-vyaJjanA ko sabala banAte haiN| ataH aise alaGkAra ko bAhya dharma mAnanA ucita nhiiN| rasa-vyaJjanA ke sAtha sahaja bhAva se AnevAle alaGkAra ko Anandavarddhana ne 'apRthagyatnanirvartya' alaGkAra kahA hai| aise alaGkAra hI "dhvani-kAvya meM grAhya hote haiN| jisa kavi ke hRdaya meM gahana bhAvAnubhUti nahIM hotI, vaha kevala uktibhaGgI se pAThaka ko camatkRta karane ke lie sAyAsa alaGkAroM kI yojanA karatA hai / use alaGkAra-yojanA ke lie bhAva-vyaJjanA se atirikta zrama karanA par3atA hai| isalie aise alaGkAra 'pRthagyatnanirvayaM' mAne gaye haiN| aisI sAyAsa alaGkAra-yojanA Anandavardhana ke anusAra agrAhya hai| ___Anandavaddhana kI mAnyatA hai ki alaGkAra vAcyopaskAraka hone ke kAraNa kAvya ke zarIra haiM (zarIrabhUta zabdArtha se avibhAjya rUpa meM sambaddha haiM); para kabhI ve zarIrI bhI bana sakate haiN| alaGkAra vAcya hoM to zarIra kintu vyaGa gya hone para dhvani kA aGga hote hue bhI zarIrI kA pada prApta kara lete haiN| 3 abhinavagupta ne isa kathana kA tAtparya spaSTa karate hue kahA hai ki alaGkAra kabhI-kabhI ramaNI ke kuGa kuma-lepa kI taraha zarIra kA suzliSTa AbhUSaNa bana jAte haiM / para, unheM zarIra kahanA bhI kaThina hai, unake AtmA banane kA to 1. ..."alaGkArAntarANi hi nirupyamANadurghaTanAnyapi rasasamAhitacetasaH pratibhAnavataH kaverahampUrvikayA parApatanti |--vhii, 2, pR0 131 / 2. rasAkSiptatayA yasya bandhazzakyakriyo bhavet / ____ apRthagyatnanirvartyaH so'laGkAro dhvanau mataH ||-aanndvrdhn, dhvanyA0 kArikA saM0 36, pR0 126 3. zarIrIkaraNaM yeSAM vAcyatvena vyavasthitam / te'laGkArAH parAM chAyAM yAnti dhvanyaGgatAM gtaaH|-vhii, kArikA saM0 51 pR0 214 /

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alaGkAra kA svarUpa aura kAvya meM usakA sthAna [ 15 prazna hI nahIM uThatA / hA~, vyaGagya hone para alaGkAra vAcya alaGkAra kI apekSA adhika saundaryazAlI bana jAte haiM / unakA vAcya alaGkAra kI apekSA vizeSa mahattva vaisA hI hai jaisA mahattva khela meM rAjA bananevAlA baccA dUsaroM kI tulanA meM thor3I dera ke lie prApta kara letA hai / 1 niSkarSataH Anandavarddhana ne apRthagyatnanirvartya alaGkAra ko bhAvAbhivyakti kA sahajAta dharma hone ke kAraNa kAvya kA antaraGga dharma svIkAra kiyA hai / AcArya mammaTa ne apane kAvya - lakSaNa meM zabdArtha kA nirdoSa tathA guNayukta honA to Avazyaka mAnA; para alaGkAra kI kAvya meM anivArya sthiti nahIM mAnakara yaha kahA ki kahIM-kahIM analaGa kRta zabdArtha bhI kAvya hote haiM / isa kathana se itanA to spaSTa hai ki ve kAMvya meM alaGkAra ko apekSita mAnate the; para use kAvya-saundaryakA nitya aura anivArya dharma nahIM mAnate the / unakA Agraha rasa para thA, jisakI nitya sthiti unhoMne kAvya meM guNa kI anivAryatA para bala dekara svIkAra kI / rasa-dharma guNa apane dharmI rasa se pRthak to raha hI nahIM sakatA / ataH, kAvya meM rasa apane dharma guNa ke sAtha anivAryataH rahate haiM / rasa ke apakarSakArI doSa kA abhAva tathA usake upakArI alaGkAra kA sadbhAva mammaTa ko kAvya meM iSTa hai; para unakI spaSTa mAnyatA hai ki alaGkAra ke abhAva meM bhI bhAva -saundarya se zabdArtha kAvya bana sakate haiM / dhyAtavya hai ki mammaTa ne apane lakSaNa meM sundara kAvya ko lakSita kiyA hai, isIlie unhoMne zabdArtha kA doSahIna honA Avazyaka mAnA hai / kucha doSa ke rahane para bhI to zabdArtha kAvya mAne hI jAte haiM, bhale hI unheM sundara kAvya na mAnA jAya / ataH mammaTa ke mata kA niSkarSa yaha hogA ki alaGkAra rahita hone para bhI guNa ( usake dharmI rasa bhI) ke sadbhAva tathA doSa ke abhAva se zabdArtha sundara kAvya bana sakate haiM / alaGkAra bhI yadi rasa ke sahAyaka banakara AveM to kAvya kA saundarya aura utkRSTa ho jAtA hai / 1. etadukta bhavati -- sukaviH vidagdhapurandhrIvat bhUSaNaM yadyapi zliSTaM yojayati, tathApi zarIratApattirevAsya kaSTasaMpAdyA, kuGa kumapItikAyA iva / AtmatAyAstu kA sambhAvanA / evaMbhUtA ceyaM vyaGgayatA, yadapradhAnabhUtApi vAcyamAtrAlaGkArebhyaH utkarSamalaMkArANAM vitarati / bAlakrIDAyAmapi rAjatvamivetyamumarthaM manasi kRtvAha-ta eti / -- abhinavakRta locana, pR0 117-18 2. tadadoSau zabdArthau saguNAvanalaGa, kRtI punaH kvApi / -- mammaTa, kAvya pra0 1, kArikA 1, pR0 4 /

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16 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa alaGkAra ke sambandha meM mammaTa kI dRSTi ko aura spaSTa rUpa se samajhane ke lie unake alaGkAra-lakSaNa para vicAra kara lenA apekSita hai| unhoMne kAvyapuruSa ke sampUrNa vyaktitva kI kalpanA kara usameM alaGkAra kA sthAna nirdhArita karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| zabda aura artha kAvya-puruSa ke zarIra haiM / rasa usakI AtmA hai aura mAdhurya Adi rasa ke dharma-kAvya guNa-mAnava ke zaurya Adi guNa kI taraha usake guNa haiM / alaGkAra kAvya-puruSa ke zarIra kozabda aura artha ko-vibhUSita karate haiM; ataH ve mAnava-zarIra ke hAra Adi AbhUSaNa kI taraha usake alaGkAra haiN| loka-jIvana meM jaise hAra Adi AbhUSaNa dhAraNa karane vAle kA zarIra alaGa kRta hokara loka-dhAraNA ko prabhAvita karatA hai aura isa prakAra alaGa kRta vyakti kI AtmA kA upakAra hotA hai, usI prakAra kAvya ke alaGkAra se kAvya kA zabdArtha-rUpa zarIra alaGa kRta' hokara usakI AtmA rasa ko upakRta karatA hai|' mammaTa ne kAvyAlaGkAra ke lie hAra Adi laukika AbhUSaNoM ko upamAna banAyA thaa| unake pUrva bhI mAnava-zarIra ke bAhya alaGkAra ke sAtha kAvya ke alaGkAra kI upamA dI gaI thii| laukika AbhUSaNa ke sAtha tulanA karate hue vizvanAtha ne alaGkAra ko kAvya kA bahiraGga aura anitya dharma kahA hai| bhoja ne bAhya, Abhyantara aura bAhyAbhyantara; ina tIna vargoM meM alaGkAra kA vibhAjana kiyA thaa| isa vibhAjana kI parIkSA ke krama meM hama dekha cuke haiM ki yaha vibhAjana vaijJAnika nahIM hai / kAvya ke alaGkAra ko kAvya-zarIra ke sAtha saMyoga-vRtti se sambaddha bAhya dharma mAnane vAle mata ke aucitya kI parIkSA ke lie hama kAvya kI sRjanaprakriyA para vicAra kreN| kAvya kavi kI anubhUti kI vyaJjanA hai| anubhUti ko vyakta karane ke krama meM kavi apanI ukti ko alaGa kRta banAkara prastuta kara sakatA hai| ataH alaGkAra kAvya ke sahajAta hI hote haiM / laukika AbhUSaNa mAnava zarIra ke sAtha utpanna nahIM hote; para kAvya kA zabdArtha-zarIra sRjanaprakriyA meM alaGa kRta hokara hI avatarita hotA hai| ukti kA camatkAra 1. upakurvanti taM santaM ye'GgadvAreNa jAtucit / hArAdivadalaGkArAste'nuprAsopamAdayaH / -mammaTa, kAvya prakAza, 8, 67, pR0 186 2. zabdArthayorasthirA ye dharmAH zobhAtizAyinaH / / rasAdInupakurvanto'laGkArAste'GgadAdivat // -vizvanAtha, sAhitya da0 10, 1,pR0 557

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alaGkAra kA svarUpa aura kAvya meM usakA sthAna . [ 17 alaGkAra hai aura kAvya kI uktiyAM-yadi ve alaGa kRta yA camatkArapUrNa hoM to -apane alaGkAra yA vizeSa vicchitti ke sAtha hI vyakta hotI haiM / ataH hAra Adi laukika AbhUSaNa se kAvyAlaGkAra kI upamA saTIka nahIM baitthtii| isa upamA kA tAtparya itanA hI samajhA jAnA cAhie ki alaGkAra zarIra ke sAtha hI pratyakSataH sambaddha rahate haiM, AtmA kA upakAra ve zarIra ke mAdhyama se hI kara sakate haiN| jo alaGkAra bhAvAbhivyaJjanA ke utkarSa meM sahAyaka hoM aura bhAvAbhivyakti ke krama meM sahaja bhAva se A jAte hoM-aise apRthagyatnanirvartya alaGkAra ko bahiraGga nahIM mAnA jAnA caahie| alaGkAra ko kAvya kA anitya dharma kevala isa dRSTi se kahA jA sakatA hai ki alaGkAra ke abhAva meM bhI sundara kAvya kI sattA rahatI hai| kAvya meM alaGkAra kI sArvatrika sthiti anivArya nhiiN| dUsare, kahIM-kahIM alaGkAra kAvya kI AtmA rasa ke anupakArI bhI ho jAte haiN| aise alaGkAra-alaGkAra nahIM, zobhAvardhaka dharma nhiiN| kevala bhAva-samRddhi se, rasapezalatA se akRtrima tathA alaGkArarahita ukti bhI sundara kAvya mAnI jAtI hai, para rasa kA upakAra karanevAle alaGkAra kA mahattva anupekSaNIya hai| rasa ke upakAra meM hI alaGkAra kI sArthakatA hai / rasa-dhvanivAdI AcAryo kI isa mAnyatA ko dhvani-virodhI ( rasAnumitivAdI) mahima bhaTTa ne bhI svIkAra kiyA hai|' alaGkAra ke sambandha meM do prazna bahudhA uThAye jAte rahe haiM-(1) alaGkAra yadi alaGa kRta karane-zobhA kA AdhAna yA svAbhAvika zobhA kI vRddhi karane ke sAdhana haiM, jaisA ki karaNa-vyutpatti se alaGkAra zabda kA artha mAnA gayA hai, to ve kAvya meM alaGa kRta kise karate haiM ? dUsare zabdoM meM kAvyAlaGkAra kA alaGkArya kise mAnA jAya ? (2) alaGkAra aura alaGkArya kyA eka dUsare se sarvathA svatantra sattA rakhate haiM ? ___bhAmaha, udbhaTa Adi AcAryoM ne zabda aura artha ko alaGkArya mAnA hai| bhAmaha ne zabda aura artha ko kAvya kahakara unheM hI alaGkArya svIkAra kiyA hai| udbhaTa ne alaGkAra ko 'vAcAm alaGkAra' kaha kara vAk arthAt zabda tathA artha ko alaGkArya svIkAra kiyA hai| rItivAdI vAmana ne vyApaka artha meM to alaGkAra ko saundarya kA paryAya kahA hai; para viziSTa artha meM upamA Adi ke 1. vinotkarSApakarSAbhyAM svadante'rthA na jAtucit / tadarthameva kavayo'laMkArAnparyupAsate // -mahimabhaTTa, vyaktiviveka, 2, 14

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18 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa lie alaGkAra zabda kA prayoga mAnA hai| kAvya-saundarya ke sAmAnya artha meM alaGkAra hI kAvya hai; kyoMki saundarya se pRthak kAvya kI kalpanA hI nahIM kI jA sktii| isa taraha vaha kAvya-saundarya alaGkAra bhI hai aura alaGkArya bhii| kAvya ke sabhI saundaryAdhAyaka tattva isa artha meM alaGkAra haiM; para viziSTa artha meM vAmana ne alaGkAra ko kAvya kI svAbhAvika zobhA kI vRddhi kA hetu kahA hai| unake anusAra rIti yA vizeSa prakAra kI pada-saMghaTanA kAvya-sarvasva hai|' vahI alaGkArya hai| usake saundarya ke hetu guNa hote haiN| rIti meM guNa se udbhUta saundarya kI alaGkAra se vRddhi hotI hai| rIti yA pada-saMghaTanA tattvataH zabdArtha se bhinna nhiiN| ataH rItivAdI AcAryoM ke anusAra bhI zabdArtha hI alaGkArya siddha hote haiN| vakroktivAdI kuntaka ne alaGkAra aura alaGkArya ke prazna para bahuta gahana vicAra kiyA hai| unake anusAra vakrokti yA camatkArapUrNa kathanazailI alaGkAra hai aura zabdArtha alaGkArya / 2 isIlie ve svAbhAvika ukti ko alaGkArya mAnakara svabhAvokti kI alaGkAratA kA khaNDana karate haiN| __rasavAdI samIkSA ke janaka bharata ne alaGkAra ke alaGkArya kA spaSTataH ullekha nahIM kiyA thA, phira bhI abhinavagupta ne alaGkAra kA kAvya meM sthAna nirUpita karate hue yaha mantavya prakaTa kiyA hai ki bharata kAvya ke lakSaNa ko zarIra-sthAnIya mAnate the / ataH unake lakSaNa ko hI unake matAnusAra alaGkArya mAnanA caahie| hamane yaha dekhA hai ki bharata ke aneka lakSaNa pIche calakara alaGkAra ke rUpa meM svIkAra kara liye gae haiM / lakSaNa zabdArtha ke zobhAdhAyaka dharma the| lakSaNoM se samudbhUta zabdArtha-saundarya kI abhivRddhi meM alaGkAra kI sArthakatA mAnI gayI thii| ataH tAttvika rUpa meM lakSaNa yA lakSaNayukta zabdArtha ko hI bharata alaGkArya mAnate hoNge| kAvyazAstra meM rasa aura dhvani-prasthAna kI sthApanA ho jAne para alaGkAra aura alaGkArya ke sambandha meM maulika dRSTi-bheda aayaa| rasa yA dhvani ko 1. rItirAtmA kAvyasya / -vAmana, kAvyAlaM0 sU0 vR0 1, 2, 6 2. ubhAvatAvalaMkAyauM tayoH punaralaMkRtiH / vakroktireva vaidagdhyabhaGgIbhaNitirucyate ||-kuntk, vakrokti jI01,10 3. draSTavya vahI, 1, kArikA 10-15, pR0 51-56 4. kAvye tAvallakSaNaM zarIraM, tasyopamAdayastrayo'rthabhAge, yathA hi pRthagbhUtena hAreNa ramaNI vibhUSyate tathopamAnena zazinA tatsAdRzyena vA kavibuddhicaJcalatayA parivarttamAnatvAt pRthaksiddhenaiva prakRtavarNanIyavanitAvadanAdi sundarIkriyata iti tdevaalngkaarH|| -nA0 zA0, abhinava kRta abhinava bhAratI TIkA, pR0 321

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alaGkAra kA svarUpa aura kAvya meM usakA sthAna [ 16 kAvya kI AtmA ke rUpa meM svIkRti milane ke kAraNa zarIrabhUta zabdArtha kA mahattva gauNa par3a gyaa| vAcaka zabda aura vAcya artha kA kAvya meM usI aMza taka mahattva mAnA jAne lagA, jisa aMza meM ve vyaGa gyArtha yA dhvani meM sahAyaka hote haiN| pIche abhidhA-mAtra ko eka zabda-zakti mAnakara vAcyArtha ke mahattva kI sthApanA kA prayAsa bhI kAvyazAstrIya cintana ko vizeSa prabhAvita nahIM kara paayaa| astu ; rasa-dhvani-sampradAya meM kAvya ke AtmabhUta rasa yA dhvani ko hI alaGkArya mAnA gyaa| pramukhataH alaGkAra kA sambandha zabda aura artha se hI rahatA hai; para zabdArtha-mAtra ke upaskAra meM alaGkAra kI sArthakatA nhiiN| zabdArtha kA upaskAra kara unake mAdhyama se kAvya ke aGgI rasa yA dhvani ke upakAra meM hI usakI sArthakatA hai| yadi aGgI na ho to alaGkAra se aGga kA bhI upaskAra nahIM ho sktaa| mRta vyakti ke niSprANa zava ko kitane bhI mUlyavAna ratnAbharaNa se lAda diyA jAya, usameM sundaratA nahIM A sktii| rasa-dhvanivAdI AcAryoM kI dRSTi meM bhAvahIna kAvya alaGkAra ke camatkAra se yukta hone para bhI niSprANa hotA hai, nisteja hotA hai / ataH, unakI dRSTi meM alaGkArya tattvataH rasa yA dhvani hI hai| isa prakAra kAvya ke zarIrabhUta zabda aura artha ko, zarIra ke sahajAta kAnti Adi dharma ke samAna kAvya ke zabdArthagata lakSaNa ko tathA rasa yA dhvani ko alaGkArya aura anuprAsa, upamA Adi ko alaGkAra mAnanevAle tIna mata sAmane Ate haiM / lakSaNa ko alaGkArya mAnanevAle usake AzrayabhUta zabdArtha ko bhI alaGkArya svIkAra kareMge hii| ataH, kAvyazarIra aura kAvya kI AtmA ko alaGkAye mAnanevAle do mata hI mukhya haiM, jo samIkSakoM kI kAvya-viSayaka bahiraGga aura antaraGga do dRSTiyoM ke alaga-alaga pariNAma haiN| alaGkAra aura alaGkArya ___ aba hama alaGkAra aura alaGkArya ke bheda-abheda ke prazna para vicAra kreN| kAvya kavi kI anubhUti kI vyaJjanA hai| kavi apanI anubhUti ko aneka prakAra se prabhAvotpAdaka banAkara vyakta karanA cAhatA hai| kAvya ke alaGkAra usakI isI icchA ke phala hote haiN| kavi kI vANI jaba alaGa kRta hokara kavi kI anubhUti kI vyaJjanA karane lagatI hai, taba vANI ke alaGkAra 1. vivakSA tatparatvena...]-Anandavardhana, dhvanyA0 2, kArikA saM0 41 2. tathA hi acetanaM zavazarIraM kuNDalAdya petamapi na bhAti, alaMkAryasyAbhAvAt / -abhinavagupta, dhvanyA0 locana, pR0 75

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20 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa usa pUrNa vyaJjanA ke aviziSTa sAdhana banakara hI Ate haiN| kisI kavi kI anubhUti kI abhivyaJjanA jisa rUpa meM huI hai--yadi vaha alaGa kRta hai, to jisa alaGkAra ke sAtha huI hai-usase bhinna rUpa meM ThIka vaisI hI vyaJjanA sambhava nahIM hai| eka prakAra kI ukti kA artha dUsare prakAra kI ukti ke artha se abhinna ho hI nahIM sktaa| aisI sthiti meM kavi kI alaGa kRta ukti kA artha alaGkAra aura alaGkArya ko alaga-alaga kara vyakta kiyA hI nahIM jA sakatA / alaGkAra yadi kathana kI camatkArapUrNa bhaGgI kA prakAravizeSa hai to kavi kI ukti se usa vizeSa bhaGgimA ko nikAlakara usakI vyaJjanA ko akSuNNa nahIM rakhA jA sktaa| alaGkAra ko nikAlakara--ukti kI camatkArapUrNa bhaGgI ko alaga kara-jo sIdhA kathana baca rahegA use kavi kI anubhUti kI abhivyaJjanA nahIM kahA jA sakegA / ataH vaha avaziSTa alaGkArahIna ukti kAvya nahIM hogIalaGkArya nahIM hogii| (jahA~ kavi kI anubhUti analaGa kRta rUpa meM hI vyakta huI ho vahA~ kI bAta aura hai / vahA~ vahI pUrNa vyaJjanA hai, vahI kAvya hai / ) eka alaGa kRta kAvyokti kA udAharaNa lekara hama isa tathya ko saSTa kareMge / sUra ne virahiNI gopiyoM kI pIr3A kI kalpanA karate hue mAnA hai ki kAlI rAta unheM nAgina ke daMza kI taraha pIr3A detI hai aura jaba usa rAtri ke andhakAra ko dUra karatI huI cA~danI phaila jAtI hai taba to unakI viyoga-vyathA aura tIvra ho uThatI hai, jaise nAgina DaeNsakara ulaTa gaI ho piyA bina nAgina kAlI raat| kabahu~ka jAmini hota junhayA, Dasi ulaTo ha jAta // ' nAgina jaba DaMsakara ulaTa jAtI hai to vaha daMza meM aura bhI adhika viSa bhara detI hai| kAlI nAgina ulaTatI hai to usake nIce kA ujalA bhAga Upara A jAtA hai| rAtri ke andhakAra ke bAda cA~danI ke chA jAne meM nAgina kA yaha rUpa sAmya bhI hai| sUra ke ukta pada meM yadi alaGkAra aura alaGkArya ko alaga-alaga kara dekheM, to yaha mAneMge ki isameM mukhya kathya yA alaGkArya hai-'viyoginI gopiyoM ke lie rAtri kA andhakAra to duHkhada hai hI, cA~danI chAne se unakA duHkha aura bhI bar3ha jAtA hai / saSTa hai ki yaha kathana kavi kI ukta do paMktiyoM meM vyajita artha se sarvathA bhinna hai| una paMktiyoM meM alaGkAra aura alaGkArya ke alaga-alaga astitva kI kalpanA na kara use kavi kI anubhUti kI eka pUrNa abhivyaJjanA 1. sUrasAgara

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alaGkAra kA svarUpa aura kAvya meM usakA sthAna [ 21 mAnanA hI samIcIna hai, jisa pUrNatA meM alaGkAra aviziSTa aGga hai / isalie koce kI yaha mAnyatA ucita hI hai ki kAvya eka sampUrNa abhivyaJjanA hai aura alaGkAra usa abhivyakti kA sampUrNa se avibhAjya sAdhana hai / bhAratIya alaGkAra-zAstra ke AcAryoM ne alaGkAra aura alaGkArya ke isa avicchedya sambandha ko bahuta pahale hI samajhA thA / aneka AcAryoM ne pratyakSa yA parokSa rUpa meM alaGkAra aura alaGkArya ke abheda kA nirUpaNa bhI kiyA hai / vicchitti, abhidhAna ke prakAravizeSa, uktibhaGgI Adi ko alaGkAra kA lakSaNa mAnane meM alaGkArya ( zabda, artha, rasa yA dhvani) se usake avibhAjya sambandha kI dhAraNA nihita thI / bhAratIya cintA-dhArA anekatA meM ekatA, bheda meM abheda kA sUtra DhU~r3hatI rahI hai / dArzanikoM ne sampUrNa vizva ko vibhu kI vibhUtiyoM kI abhivyakti mAnA hai / isa jagat-rUpI kAvya ko abhivyakta karane ke kAraNa vaha brahma kavi hai / 2 zaiva matAvalambiyoM kA ziva isa vaicitryapUrNa jagat kA nirmANa karatA hai, ataH vaha zreSTha kalAkAra hai / usakI kalA meM usakI vibhUti kA hI unmeSa hotA hai / 3 isa prakAra isa vizva kI vividhatA meM bhI tAttvika ekarUpatA antarnihita hai / kAvya kavi kI AtmAnubhUti kI abhivyakti hotA hai / kavi kI akhaNDa anubhUti hI kAvya meM nAnA rUpoM meM abhivyakta hotI hai / ataH kAvya ke vividha aGgoM meM eka anviti kA, tAttvika abheda kA honA svAbhAvika hai / bhArata ke sAhityazAstrIya cintana para advaitavAdI vedAnta darzana kA tathA zaivamata kA puSkala prabhAva par3A hai / advaitavAdiyoM ne jIva, jagata aura brahma kI, sRSTi aura sraSTA kI, jagat-kAvya aura usake kavi kI tAttvika abhinnatA svIkAra kara bhI unake bIca vyAvahArika bheda kI kalpanA ko tarkasaGgata mAnA hai / kAvyazAstra ke vicArakoM ne bhI kAvya ko kavi kI anubhUti kI akhaNDa vyaJjanA mAnakara sabhI kAvya-tattvoM kI tAttvika abhinnatA svIkAra kI hai; para vizleSaNa ke lie unakI vyAvahArika bhinnatA kI kalpanA bhI samIcIna mAnI hai / zabda ko brahma mAnakara usake vivarta artha ko to usase abhinna mAnA hI gayA hai, rasa yA kAvyAnanda kI anubhUti ke samaya kAvya ke sabhI aGgoM kI 1. koce, estheTiksa, 6, pR066 2. kavirmanISI paribhUH svayaMbhUH, IzAvAsyopaniSad, 3. nirupAdAnasambhAramabhittAveva tanvate / . jagaccitra N namastasmai kalAzlAghAya zUline // - nArAyaNa bhaTTa, stavacintAmaNi, kAvyaprakAza meM uddhRta, pR0 54

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22 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa 1 samanvita akhaNDa anubhUti hI svIkAra kI gaI hai / usa anubhUti meM vibhAva Adi kI viziSTa anubhUti kA svatantra astitva nahIM raha jAtA / vAcya artha tathA usake upaskAraka alaGkAra Adi bhI usa kAvyAnanda kI samagra anubhUti meM milakara usake avibhAjya aGga bana jAte haiM / usa akhaNDa kAvyAnanda kI anubhUti - dazA taka pahu~cane meM vAcyArtha, alaGkAra Adi ke bodha kA krama yadi ho bhI to vaha itanA alakSya hotA hai ki bhAvaka use parakha nahIM pAtA / kamala kI saikar3oM pa~khur3iyoM ko Upara-nIce rakhakara eka bAra unameM sUI cubho dene para vaha sUI sabhI paMkhur3iyoM meM cheda to eka krama se hI karatI hai; para usa krama ko kauna parilakSita kara pAtA hai ? yahI sthiti vAcya artha, alaGkAra Adi ke bodha se lekara kAvya kI akhaNDa AnandAtmaka anubhUti kI dazA taka pahu~cane kI hai / isa mAnyatA meM bheda meM abheda kI dhAraNA nihita hai / kAvya ke aGga bhAvaka ke hRdaya meM alaga-alaga anubhUti ko jagAne, use tIvra karane Adi kA kArya karate haiM; para kAvyAnanda kI anubhUti - dazA meM ve saba milakara ekAkAra ho jAte haiM / usa dazA meM eka akhaNDa anubhUti hI baca rahatI hai, jo svataH prakAzya aura AnandAtmaka hotI hai / usa anubhUti meM kAvyAGgoM kI sthiti aneka vastuoM ke mizraNa se nirmita peya meM tattad vastuoM kI-sI ho jAtI hai / peya ke sabhI tattva apane-apane svatantra astitva ko miTAkara avibhAjya rUpa meM peya kA svAda utpanna karane meM sahAyaka hote haiM / kAvya ke aGga bhI apaneapane svatantra astitva kA vilayana kara eka akhaNDa kAvyAnubhUti meM avibhAjya aGga bana kara sahAyaka hote haiM / kAvya kI isa akhaNDa AnandAtmaka anubhUti ko dRSTi meM rakhakara hI Anandavarddhana ne kahA thA ki apRthagyatnanirvartya alaGkAra rasAnubhUti meM antaraGga aGga banakara hI sahAyaka hote haiM / bhAmaha, daNDI, vAmana Adi AcAryoM ne bhI upamA Adi vizeSa alaGkAroM kA guNa Adi se bheda-nirUpaNa kara punaH sabhI kAvya-tattvoM ko sAmAnya rUpa se kAvya kA alaGkAra yA saundarya kahakara saba kI tAttvika abhinnatA svIkAra kara lI hai / isa mAnyatA meM koI svataH - virodha nahIM / kAvya-saundarya yA kAvyAnubhUti kI akhaNDatA kI dRSTi se sabhI kAvya-tattva abhinna haiM; para kAvyAGgoM ke alaga-alaga vivecana meM sabake svatantra astitva tathA unake sApekSa mahattva kI kalpanA bhI anupAdeya nahIM / tarkazAstra kA yaha mAnya siddhAnta hai ki 1 1. " tasmAnna teSAM bahiraGgatvaM rasAbhivyaktau / -- Anandavarddhana, dhvanyA0 2 pR0 132

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alaGkAra kA svarUpa aura kAvya meM usakA sthAna [23 tAttvika abheda meM bhI vivecana-vizleSaNa ke lie bheda kI kalpanA karanI hI par3atI hai| akhaNDa ko khaNDoM meM kalpita kiye binA-bhale hI vaha khaNDakalpanA atAttvika ho--viSaya kA nirUpaNa sambhava nahIM / kAvyAnanda yA kAvya ke saundarya-bodha ko akhaNDa AnandAtmaka anubhUti mAnanevAle mammaTa, vizvanAtha Adi ne jo alaGkAra ko hAra Adi kI taraha kAvya kA bahiraGga dharma kahA thA, usakA bhI Azaya kevala itanA hI hogA ki eka to alaGkAra mukhya rUpa se zabda aura vAcya artha se sambaddha rahakara paramparayA kAvyAnanda meM upakAraka hote haiM, dUsare unake abhAva meM bhI kAvyAnanda kI anubhUti sambhava hotI hai| zabda, vAcyArtha Adi kI samanvita anubhUti ko eka akhaNDa kAvyAnubhUti to mammaTa, vizvanAtha Adi bhI mAnate hI haiM, jisameM kAvyAGgoM kI alaga-alaga anubhUti kI cetanA miTa jAtI hai| usa kAvyAnubhUti meM eka hI kAvya-saundarya kI akhaNDa AnandAtmaka cetanA kA astitva raha jAtA hai, aGga-saundarya kI khaNDacetanA usameM milakara ekAkAra ho jAtI hai| isa prakAra alaGkArya rasa tathA alaGkAra kA pRthak-pRthak astitva atAttvika hai| alaGkAra zabda yA vAcyArtha se milakara rasAnubhUti meM sahAyaka bana jAte haiN| yaha sAhAyya bAhya nahIM Abhyantara hI hotA hai| alaGkAra kA saundarya bhI usa akhaNDa kAvyAnanda kI anubhUti meM--pUrNa kAvya-saundarya meM-ghula-mila jAtA hai| ___ kuntaka ne alaGkAra aura alaGkArya ke bhedAbheda ke prazna para bahuta hI tarkapUrNa aura prAmANika vicAra prastuta kiyA hai| unhoMne vakrokti ko, jo unake anusAra kAvya-sarvasva hai, alaGkArya nahIM mAnakara alaGkAra mAnA hai| unake anusAra alaGkArya zabda aura artha hai|' prakRta yA analaGa kRta zabdArtha kA prayoga lokavyavahAra meM hotA hai / ataH aise zabdArtha ko vArtA kahate haiN| svabhAvokti ko alaGkAra na mAnakara alaGkArya mAnane meM kuntaka kA yahI Azaya hai ki svabhAvokti arthAt prakRta zabdArtha alaGa kRta hone para hI kAvya kI koTi meM Ate haiN| ve vakrokti se alaGa kRta hote haiM, ataH alaGkArya haiN| vakrokti, prakRta zabdArtha ko alaGa kRta karatI hai, ataH vaha alaGkAra hai / vizeSa camatkAra se-vakrokti se--yukta yA alaGa kRta zabdArtha ko kAvya mAnane para alaGkAra aura alaGkArya kA bheda kAvya meM nahIM raha jaataa| alaGkAra-vyatirikta prakRta zabdArtha to kAvya ho hI nahIM sktaa| ataH kuntaka ne spaSTa zabdoM meM yaha kahA hai ki vastutaH sAlaGkAra ukti hI kAvya hai| usameM alaGkAra aura alaGkArya kI paraspara svatantra sattA nahIM, 1. draSTavya, prastuta grantha kA prastuta adhyAya, pR0 18 pAda Ti0 saM0 2

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24 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa phira bhI kAvya kI vyutpatti ke lie -- usake svarUpa ke vizleSaNa ke lie-- alaGkAra aura alaGkArya ko alaga-alaga kalpita kara unakA vivecana kiyA jAtA hai / alaGkAra - alaGkArya kI tAttvika abhinnatA mAna lene para bhI kAvya kI vyutpatti ke lie donoM kI pArthakya - kalpanA kI AvazyakatA batAne ke lie kuntaka ne eka dRSTAnta diyA hai ki vaiyAkaraNa vAkya meM pada, varNa Adi kI alaga-alaga sattA nahIM mAnate, phira bhI vyAkaraNa-granthoM meM pada ke antargata prakRti - pratyaya kA tathA vAkya ke antargata padoM kA pRthaka-pRthaka vivecana kiyA jAtA hai / ataH, niSkarSa rUpa meM kuntaka kI sthApanA yaha hai ki alaGkAra sahita sampUrNa kAhI kAvyatva hai / alaGkRta vAkya hI kAvya hotA hai, na ki kAvya meM alaGkAra kA yoga rahatA hai / spaSTa hai ki kroce ne abhivyaJjanAvAda meM jo yaha siddhAnta sthApita kiyA hai ki kalA sahajAnubhUti hai aura sahajAnubhUti se abhinna hone ke kAraNa abhivyaJjanA akhaNDa hai, jisakA alaGkAra, rIti Adi meM vibhAjana sambhava nahIM, usa siddhAnta kI sthApanA kuntaka ke dvArA bhAratIya alaGkAra zAstra meM bahuta pahale ho cukI thI / kuntaka ne bhI kAvya ko kavi kI anubhUti kI sampUrNa, niravayava vyaJjanA mAnA hai / kuntaka isa vicAra ko aura Age taka le gaye the, jahA~ taka kroce nahIM pahu~ca pAye / kroce kA kathana hai ki alaGkAra - siddhAnta yA rIti-siddhAnta abhivyaJjanA ke aneka vargoM meM avaidha vibhAjana kA pariNAma hai / vastutaH abhivyaJjanA akhaNDa hai / usake alaga-alaga aGgoM kI kalpanA nahIM kI jA sakatI / kroce kA yaha mata kAvya ke bhAvaka mAtra ko dRSTi meM rakhakara vicAra karane se avazya hI nirbhrAnta hai / sahRdaya ko kAvya kA bhAvana usakI pUrNatA meM hI hotA hai / rasavAdI AcAryoM ne kAvyAnanda kI anubhUti ko vedyAntara ke sparza se zUnya, akhaNDa, svaprakAzya aura brahmAnanda 1. alaMkRtiralaM kAryamapoddhRtya vivecyate / tadupAyatayA tattvaM sAlaMkArasya kAvyatA // -- kuntaka, vakrokti jI0 1, 6 2. ... tasmAdevaMvidho vivekaH kAvyavyutpatyupAyatAM pratipadyate / dRzyate ca samudAyAntaHpAtinAmasatyabhUtAnAmapi vyutpatti-nimittamayoddhRtya vivecanam / yathA padAntarbhU tayoH prakRtipratyayoH vAkyAntabhUtAnAM padAnAJceti / vahI, vRtti pR0 16 varNa, pada, vAkya Adi kI abhinnatA ke lie draSTavyapade na varNA vidyante varNeSvavayavA na ca / vAkyAtpadAnAmatyantaM praviveko na kazcana // -- vaiyAkaraNabhUSaNasAra, kArikA saM0 68

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alaGkAra kA svarUpa aura kAvya meM usakA sthAna [ 25 * kI taraha anirvacanIya taka kahA hai / ' kuntaka ne bhI kAvya ko niravayava yA sampUrNa abhivyakti mAnA hai / kAvya-samIkSaka kI dRSTi se kroce kA mata azakta hai / kroce kalAnirUpiNI samIkSA meM rasa, alaGkAra Adi aGgoM kA vivecana anupAdeya mAnate haiN| unake anusAra aGgoM kA vizleSaNa vaijJAnika samIkSA meM to sahAyaka hai, para kalA nirUpiNI samIkSA meM usakA koI mUlya nahIM / kroce ke isa siddhAnta kA khaNDana karate hue AcArya rAmacandra zukla ne kahA hai ki 'isa sambandha meM merA vaktavya yaha hai ki vaijJAnika yA vicArAtmaka samIkSA hI kalAnirUpiNI samIkSA hai / usI kA nAma samIkSA hai' / vastutaH tarka yA zAstra se `bhinna samIkSA sambhava hI nahIM hai / zAstra, yA tarka kA kAvyArtha - bhAvana meM koI upayoga nahIM, para samIkSA meM ve upayogI hI nahIM, anivArya haiM / samIkSA pUrNatA meM nahIM hotI, pUrNa kI khaNDa-kalpanA kara lene para hI hotI hai / pUrNa yA akhaNDa anirvacanIya hotA hai | ataH samIkSaka ke lie kAvya kI sampUrNa abhivyaJjanA ko bhI khaNDoM meM kalpita kara lenA Avazyaka ho jAtA hai / zukla jI ke dvArA kI gaI koce kI samIkSA vicAraNIya hai / zukla jI ne kroce kI isa mAnyatA se, ki kAvya kA artha eka aura akhaNDa hotA hai, usameM alaGkAra aura alaGkArya Adi aGgoM kA vibhAjana nahIM ho sakatA, asahamati prakaTa karate hue kahA ki alaGkAra aura alaGkArya kA bheda miTa nahIM sakatA / unakI mAnyatA hai ki vyaJjanA kI taraha alaGkAra meM bhI eka prastuta artha rahatA hai aura dUsarA aprastuta / isa prastuta artha ko sAmane rakhe binA kavi kI ukti kI samIcInatA kI parIkSA nahIM kI jA sakatI aura na usakI ramaNIyatA ke sthala hI sUcita kiye jA sakate haiM / zukla jI kI yaha mAnyatA aMzataH hI prAmANika mAnI jA sakatI hai / aupamyagarbha alaGkAra meM eka artha prastuta aura dUsarA aprastuta rahatA hai / zukla jI isa dRSTi se donoM kA anivArya bheda mAneMge ki prastuta artha ke upaskAra kI dRSTi se hI anya aprastuta artha kI yojanA kA aucitya mAnA jAtA hai / abhivyaJjanAvAdI 1. sattvodra kAdakhaNDa svaprakAzAnanda - cinmayaH / vedyAntarasparzazUnyo brahmAsvAdasahodaraH / / lokottaracamatkAraprANaH kaizcit pramAtRbhiH / svAkAravadabhinnatvenAyamAsvAdyate rasaH // - vizvanAtha, sAhitya da0 3, 2 2. rAmacandra zukla, cintAmaNi, bhAga 2 pR0 161 3. vahI

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26 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa kroce Adi aise sthala meM bhI prastuta tathA aprastuta ke mela se vyajita eka akhaNDa sundara artha ko samagratA meM hI kAvya maaneNge| kavi kI usa vyaJjanA se aprastuta aura prastuta ko khaNDazaH kara dene para kavi kI abhivyaJjanA kA yathArtha svarUpa hI miTa jAyagA-khaNDa meM vibhakta hokara koI ukti kAvya nahIM baca rhegii| zukla jI ne alaGkAra ke sambandha meM ukta sthApanA ke samaya atizaya-garbha, zRGkhalA-garbha Adi alaGkAroM ko dRSTi meM nahIM rakhA hai, jinameM prastuta tathA aprastuta; do artha nahIM rahate, prastuta artha kA hI vizeSa bhaGgI se kathana hotA hai| 'binu paga calai, sunai binu kAnA' isa vibhAvanA meM prastuta tathA aprastuta ke bheda kA Agraha anucita hogaa| aisI uktiyoM meM alaGkAra ke saundarya ke sAtha pratipAdya artha kAvya banatA hai| bheda karanA hI cAheM to kaha leM ki pratipAdana kI camatkArapUrNa bhaGgI se pratipAdya artha sundara rUpa meM vyakta huA hai / aisI sthiti meM pratipAdana kI vizeSa bhaGgI arthAt alaGkAra ko pratipAdya artha arthAt alaGkArya se pRthak kara kAvyatva kI kalpanA hI nahIM kI jA sakatI / yahA~ kuntaka ke 'tattvaM sAlaGkArasya kAvyatA' ke siddhAnta tathA kroce ke akhaNDa abhivyaJjanA ke siddhAnta ke aucitya meM sandeha nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| jahA~ prastuta aura aprastuta artha rahate bhI haiM vahA~ bhI donoM kI samanvita yojanA se vyakta eka sundara artha kA hI--aprastuta se upaskRta prastuta ke akhaNDa saundarya kA hI-bhAvana hotA hai| mukha ko kamala ke samAna kahane para kamala kA saundarya-bodha hRdaya meM utpanna hokara mukha ke sauMndarya-bodha ko upaskRta avazya karatA hai, para vaha apane astitva kA bhI vilayana mukha ke saundarya-bodha meM hI kara detA hai / agara priyA ke mukha kI kAnti kI anubhUti ke samaya kamala kI kamanIyatA kI pRthak anubhUti hotI rahe to mukha ke saundarya kI anubhUti bAdhita hI ho jaaygii| eka samaya do anubhUtiyA~ hRdaya meM kaise raheMgI? ataH satya yahI hai ki alaGkAra pratipAdya se ghula-milakara eka akhaNDa kAvyabodha meM sahAyaka hote haiM / kAvyAnubhUti meM ve bahiraGga sAhAyya dene vAle dharma nahIM hote ; phira bhI kAvyArtha ke vivecana-vizleSaNa meM, kAvya-samIkSA meM kAvyAGgoM kA alaga-alaga vivecana kiyA jAtA hai| kuntaka kI yahI mAnyatA thI, jisakA poSaNa zukla jI ke kathana se bhI hotA hai| samIkSaka kAvyArtha kA bhAvana kara hI virata nahIM ho jaataa| bhAvana to samIkSA kA prathama caraNa-mAtra hai| samIkSaka bhAvita artha kA vizleSaNa karatA hai| isI krama meM vaha vibhinna kAvyAGgoM kA sApekSa mUlya bhI nirdhArita karatA hai / tabhI vaha sampUrNa kAvya kAH

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alaGkAra kA svarUpa aura kAvya meM usakA sthAna [ 27 mUlyAGkana kara pAtA hai / kroce ke siddhAnta meM kAvya-samIkSA kI isa paddhati ke lie sthAna nahIM / sambhava hai ki kAvya ko sahajAnubhUti yA akhaNDa abhivyaJjanA mAna lene para kroce ko usa akhaNDa kI khaNDa- kalpanA asambhava jAna par3I ho; para bhAratIya vicArakoM ke lie yaha kaThina samasyA nahIM thI / yahA~ to kevala kI tAttvika sattA tathA sampUrNa vizva ko usakA vivarta -- usa eka kI avibhAjya abhivyakti mAnakara bhI unameM vyAvahArika bheda-nirUpaNa sambhava mAnA gayA hai / dArzanikoM kI isa prazasta vicAra-saraNi para calakara sAhityazAstra ke AcAryoM ne bhI akhaNDa kAvyAnubhUti ke sahAyaka aGgoM kI khaNDazaH kalpanA ko vyAvahArika dRSTi se upAdeya mAnA hai / isImeM abhivyaJjanAvAda ke pratiSThAtA kroce Adi se kuntaka Adi bhAratIya AcAryoM kA zreya hai / niSkarSa yaha ki kAvya kI anubhUti tattvataH samagra aura avayava - rahita hI hotI hai / sabhI kAvya-tattva eka akhaNDa kAvya-saundarya ke antaraGga sahAyaka hote haiM / alaGkAra bhI kAvya-saundarya kA antaraGga sahAyaka hI hai / vaha kAvyAnanda kI anubhUti meM bAhara se sahAyaka nahIM hotA / kAvya kI samIkSA ke lie jaba vAkyapadanyAya se usa pUrNa kAvya-saundarya ke alaga-alaga aGgoM kA vizleSaNa kara alaGkAra kA anya aGgoM se sApekSa mUlyAGkana hotA hai, taba rasa, guNa Adi kI tulanA meM alaGkAra ko gauNa mahattva diyA jAtA hai / kAraNa ye haiM (ka) alaGkAra ke abhAva meM bhI rasa, bhAva Adi kI samRddhi se sarala ukti kAvya ho jAtI hai / (kha) rasa, bhAva Adi na raheM to kevala alaGkAra se ukti meM kAvyatva nahIM AtA / (ga) alaGkAra kAvya kA aGgI nahIM bana sakatA, aGga hI hotA hai; kyoMki ukti ko alaGa kRta-mAtra karanA kavi kA mukhya uddezya nahIM hotA / vaha kisI vizeSa uddezya se hI alaGkAra kI yojanA karatA hai / (gha) kahIM-kahIM alaGkAra kA bhAra bhAva - saundarya kA bAdhaka bhI bana sakatA hai / kAvya-samIkSA kI suvidhA ke lie aGgoM kA vibhAjana karane para kAvya ke zabda tathA vAcya-arthaM mukhya rUpa se tathA rasa, bhAva Adi paramparayA alaGkArya mAne jAte haiM aura unheM alaGkRta karane vAle anuprAsa, upamA Adi alaGkAra / bhAvotkarSa meM sahAyaka alaGkAra kA kAvya meM anupekSaNIya mahattva hai / ..

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dvitIya adhyAya alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa bhArata meM kAvyazAstrIya cintana-paramparA kA mUlabhUta grantha AcArya bharata kA 'nATyazAstra' hai| yadyapi bharata kA mukhya uddezya dRzya-kAvya ke upAdAnoM kA sAGgopAGga nirUpaNa karanA thA, tathApi unake vyApaka vivecana meM kAvya-zAstra ke pramukha vivecya tattvoM kA bhI samAveza ho gayA thaa| aisA honA asvAbhAvika nahIM thaa| dRzya-kAvya kA kSetra bahuta vistRta hai| vAcika abhinaya meM zravya- kAvya ke sabhI avayava samAviSTa ho jAte haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki 'nATya zAstra' ke pratipAdya muNa, doSa, rasa, alaGkAra Adi kAvyazAstra ke bhI pratipAdya viSaya bana gaye / nATyazAstra se pRthak kAvyazAstrIya vivecanA kA svarUpa bhAmaha ke 'kAvyAlaGkAra' se spaSTa ho jAtA hai, jisameM nATaka ke aGgoM ko chor3a, kAvya ke aGgoM kA suvyavasthita vivecana kiyA gayA hai / isa racanA meM kAvya ke alaGkAra kI vivecanA kA pramukha sthAna hai / yahA~ Akara alaGkAra kI saMkhyA meM bhI bahuta vRddhi ho gii| bharata ke cAra alaGkAroM ke sthAna para bhAmaha ke 'kAvyAlaGkAra' meM paribhASita evaM sUcita alaGkAroM kI saMkhyA unacAlIsa ho gii| dhIre-dhIre yaha saMkhyA bar3hatI gaI aura appayadIkSita ke 'kuvalayAnanda' meM zatAdhika ho gii| hindI-sAhitya ke rItikAlIna AcAryoM ne bahulAMzataH 'kuvalayAnanda' kI paddhati kA anusaraNa kiyA aura alaGkAroM ke kucha navIna bhedopabhedoM kI bhI udbhAvanA kii| prastuta adhyAya meM hama alaGkAroM kI sphIti ke hetu evaM aucitya para vicAra kreNge| bharata ne upamA, rUpaka, dIpaka aura yamaka; ina cAra alaGkAroM kA ullekha kiyA hai aura unheM kAvya ke alaGkAra kahA hai|' upamA kI paribhASA meM bhI 1. upamA dIpakaM caiva rUpakaM yamakaM tathA / kAvyasyate hyalaGkArAzcatvAraH parikIrtitAH // -bharata, nA0 zA0 16, 40,

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ 26 isa bAta kA pramANa milatA hai ki bharata use kevala nATya ke kSetra meM sImita alaGkAra nahIM mAnate the, varan use sAmAnya rUpa se kAvya-mAtra kA (zravya tathA dRzya donoM kAvya-bhedoM kA ) alaGkAra mAnate the| unake anusAra kAvyAtmaka ukti meM jahA~ sAdRzya ke AdhAra para eka vastu kI upamA dUsarI vastu se dI jAtI hai vahA~ upamA nAmaka alaGkAra hotA hai / ' sAmAnya rUpa se alaGkAra ko kAvyAlaGkAra kahane para bhI AcArya bharata ne yamaka ke daza bhedoM ko nATakAzrita alaGkAra kahA hai| isase spaSTa hai ki unhoMne kAvya-bandha tathA nATyabandha meM sphuTa bheda nahIM kiyA hai| yaha sambhAvanA bhI kI gaI hai ki bharata ne sarvatra kAvya zabda kA prayoga dRzya-kAvya ke hI sImita artha meM kiyA hai| prastuta sandarbha meM yaha vicAraNIya hai ki bharata ne kina lakSya-granthoM ko dRSTi meM rakhakara alaGkAroM ke lakSaNa kA nirUpaNa kiyA hogaa| kyA unakI alaGkAra-paribhASAeM unase pUrvavartI kaviyoM kI sabhI ukti-bhaGgiyoM ko apane meM samAhita karane meM sakSama haiM ? yadi yaha mAna liyA jAya ki unake alaGkAra-lakSaNa ke lakSya kevala nATya-grantha the taba to lakSya ke abhAva meM una lakSaNoM kI vyApti ke parIkSaNa kA koI sAdhana nahIM hone ke kAraNa unheM asaMdigdha rUpa se prAmANika mAna lenA hogA, kintu yaha mAna lene kA koI sabala AdhAra nahIM hai ki bharata ne kevala nATakoktiyoM ke hI alaGkAroM kA lakSaNa-nirUpaNa kiyA hai, kAvyoktiyoM ke alaGkAroM kA nhiiN| yadi kAvya-bhaNiti kI samagratA kI dRSTi se bharata ke alaGkAra-lakSaNa ke aucitya kI parIkSA kI jAya to prazna yaha uThatA hai ki kyA bharata ke pUrva bhAratIya sAhitya meM ukta cAra hI alaGkAroM kA prayoga huA hai ? vaidika saMhitAoM, 'mahAbhArata' tathA Adi kavi kI 'rAmAyaNa' meM kAvyAtmaka uktiyoM kA itanA vizAla vaibhava hai, unakI bhaNiti ke itane prakAra haiM ki unheM apanI sImA meM samAviSTa kara lene ke lie cAra hI alaGkAra paryApta nahIM mAne jA sakate / yaha mAna lene para bhI ki bharata ne kevala rUpaka meM prayukta hone vAle alaGkAroM kA hI svarUpa-nirdhAraNa kiyA hai, una alaGkAroM kI zakti ke sAmane prazna-cihna lagA hI raha jAtA hai| jaisA ki Upara kahA gayA hai, bharata-pUrva nATakakAroM kI kRtiyA~ upalabdha nahIM; 1. yatkiJcitkAvyabandheSu sAdRzyenopamIyate / upamA nAma sA jJeyA guNAkRtisamAzrayA // -bharata, nA0 zA0 16, 41 2. etaddazavidhaM jJeyaM yamakaM nATakAzrayam |-vhii, 16, 62.

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30 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa kintu usa praur3ha nATya-zAstra tathA usameM pUrvavartI aneka nATyAcAryo ke nAmollekha se yaha anumAna kiyA jA sakatA hai ki bharata ke kAla taka saMskRta nATaka-sAhitya kA bhANDAra samRddha ho cukA thA, jo durbhAgya se lupta ho gayA hai / bhAsa ke aneka nATakoM kA zatAbdiyoM taka aprApya rahanA bhI isa bAta kA eka pramANa hai ki prAcIna bhAratIya sAhitya ke bahuta se bahumUlya grantha kisI kAraNa se vinaSTa ho gaye haiN| videziyoM kA AkramaNa aura bhAratIya sAMskRtika-garimA ke unmUlana kA unakA prayAsa isa apUraNIya kSati kA eka mukhya kAraNa mAnA jA sakatA hai| astu, isa viSayAntarAnusandhAna kA uddezya isa anumAna kI puSTi karanA hai ki 'nATyazAstra' ke nirmANa ke samaya bharata ke sAmane vizAla rUpaka-sAhitya rahA hogaa| yaha anumAna bhI kiyA jA sakatA hai ki samprati anupalabhya una ajJAta kalAkAroM kI kalA-kRtiyoM kI mukhya pravRttiyA~ riktha ke rUpa meM bhAsa, kAlidAsa, bhavabhUti Adi paravartI nATakakAroM ko prApta huI hoNgii| ataH ina upalabdha racanAoM kI pravRttiyoM ke AdhAra para pUrvavartI lupta racanAoM kI pravRttiyoM kA anumAna kiyA jA sakatA hai| kAlidAsa aura bhavabhUti ke nATakoM meM itanI kAvyAtmakatA hai tathA uktiyoM meM svAbhAvika rUpa se Aye hue alaGkAroM kI itanI pracuratA hai ki unheM cAra alaGkAroM meM paribhASita kara lenA sambhava nhiiN| kAvya apane samagra saundarya-saMbhAra meM nATakoM meM vartamAna hai| kahIM-kahIM to muktaka-kAvya ke bhI sundara udAharaNa nATakoM ke bIca mila jAte haiN|' 'uttara "rAmacarita' kA vaha sthala, jisameM rAma kI viraha-dazA kA varNana huA hai, nATaka ke sandarbha se vicchinna ho jAne para bhI viraha ke sundara kAvya ke rUpa meM apanA saundarya surakSita rkhegaa| ataH rAmasvAmI zAstrI ziromaNi kI yaha yukti ki 'bharata ne rasapradhAna nATaka Adi abhineya kAvyoM ke alaGkaraNa ke lie ina cAra alaGkAroM kA ullekha kiyA hai, zravya kAvyoM ke lie nahIM, 2 bharata ke alaGkAroM kI paryApti siddha karane ke lie alam nahIM hai| unakI mAnyatA hai 1. draSTavya-kAlidAsa, abhi0 zAku0-ramyANi vIkSya madhurAMzca nizamya zabdAn....' tathA--yAtyekato'stazikharaM patirauSadhInAm Adi) 2. ime ca rasapradhAnasya nATakAderabhineyakAvyasyAlaGkaraNAya bharatena nirdiSTAH / etena ca na zravyakAvyeSvapyeteSAmeva caturNAmalaGkArabhAvo bharatAbhisaMhita iti parisaMkhyAtu pAryate |-ke0 esa0 rAmasvAmI zAstrI, udbhaTa kAvyAlaM0 sAra saM0 kI bhUmikA, pR0 17-18 .(oriyaNTala insTIcyUTa barodA 1631)

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ 31 ki ye cAra alaGkAra rasAvirodhI haiM, ataeva dRzya-kAvya ke sandarbha meM bharata dvArA ullikhita haiN|' bharata kI alaGkAra-dhAraNA kI yatheSTatA tathA aucitya kI parIkSA ke lie unakI lakSaNa-dhAraNA kA adhyayana apekSita hai / 'nATaya-zAstra' meM alaGkAroM ke saMkhyA-saMkoca kA dAyitva lakSaNa-dhAraNA ke vistAra para hai / bharatottara kAla meM lakSaNa-dhAraNA kA zanaiH-zanaiH lopa ho gyaa| kucha lakSaNa mUla alaGkAroM se milakara navIna alaGkAroM ke AvirbhAva ke hetu bane / kucha lakSaNoM ke pArasparika mizraNa se bhI navIna alaGkAra AvirbhUta hue| abhinavagupta ne apane guru bhaTTatauta ke mata kA ullekha karate hue kahA hai ki ve bharata ke parimita alaGkAroM meM unake lakSaNa ke yoga se tathA kucha lakSaNoM ke paraspara mila jAne se alaGkAraprapaJca kI sRSTi mAnate the| kucha navIna alaGkAroM kI utpatti ke dRSTAnta bhI diye gaye haiN| udAharaNArtha-upamA alaGkAra ke sAtha guNAnuvAda nAmaka lakSaNa ke mizraNa se prazaMsopamA alaGkAra kI utpatti huI, usI ke sAtha ( upamA ke sAtha ) atizaya-saMjJaka lakSaNa ke yoga se atizayokti alaGkAra kA AvirbhAva huA; manoratha lakSaNa tathA upamA ke milana se aprastutaprazaMsA kA janma huA, mithyAdhyavasAya lakSaNa aura upamA ne milakara apahnati ko utpanna kiyA tathA siddhi lakSaNa evaM upamA ke saMyoga se tulyayogitA AvirbhUta huI / lakSaNoM ke anyonya yoga se alaGkAra kI utpatti kA udAharaNa AkSepa alaGkAra hai, jisakA utpAdana pratiSedha tathA manoratha lakSaNoM ke yoga se huA hai| unhoMne niSkarSa-rUpa meM yaha mAnA hai ki sabhI alaGkAra upamA ke hI prapaJca haiN| yaha niSkarSa nirdhAnta nahIM hai / aise aneka alaGkAra haiM, jinakA mUla upamA meM hU~r3hanA sambhava nhiiN| udAharaNataH-svabhAvokti, bhAvika, udAtta, preya, yathAsaMkhya Adi alaGkAroM ko upamA-mUlaka mAnane kA koI AdhAra nahIM / hA~, yaha ThIka 1. 'ata eva rasAvirodhinAM katipayAnAmevAlaGkArANAM bharatazAstra nirdezaH |'--vhii pR0 18 / 2. 'upAdhyAyamataM tu-lakSaNabalAdalaGkArANAM vaicitryamAgacchati tathA hi guNAnuvAdanAmnA lakSaNena yogAt prazaMsopamA, atizayanAmnAtizayoktiH; manorathAkhyenAprastutaprazaMsA, mithyAdhyavasAyenApaha nutiH siddhayA tulyayogiteti, 'evamanyadutprekSyam / lakSaNAnAM ca parasparavaicitryAdapyananto vicitrabhAvaH, yathA pratiSedhamanorathayoH saMmelanAdAkSepa iti / upamA-prapaJcazca sarvo'laMkAra iti vidvadbhiH pratipannameva / -abhinava-nA-zA0 a0 bhA0 pR0 321

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32 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa hai ki adhikAMza alaGkAra upamA se utpanna haiM / kevala sAdRzya- mUlaka alaGkAroM ke sambandha meM yaha bAta kucha hada taka ThIka ho sakatI hai / ataH ukta mAnyatA kucha pariSkAra ke sAtha hI svIkAra kI jA sakatI hai / bharata ke cAra alaGkAroM tathA unake chattIsa lakSaNoM ko kitane alaGkAroM ke sRjana kA zreya prApta hai, isakA adhyayana alaGkAra-dhAraNA ke vikAsa krama ko samajhane ke lie na kevala vAJchanIya hai, apitu Avazyaka bhI hai| bharata ke alaGkAroM kI saMkhyA - parimiti meM hI kaI alaGkAroM ke vikAsa kI sambhAvanA bIja-rUpa meM nihita thI / udAharaNa ke lie-kalpitopamA meM, jahA~ upamAna asiddha yA kalpita rahate haiM, utpra ekSA ke AvirbhAva kI sambhAvanA nihita thI / yamaka ke daza bhedoM meM anuprAsa ke vikAsa ke lie bhI avakAza thA / ataH alaGkAra kI saMkhyA - vistRti ko dRSTi meM rakhate hue, alaGkAra-dhAraNA meM bharata ke mahattva kA adhyayana tIna dRSTiyoM se apekSita hogA - ( 1 ) kina navIna alaGkAroM kI utpatti kI sambhAvanA bharata ke mUla cAra alaGkAroM meM nihita thI, (2) unake alaGkAroM meM lakSaNa ke yoga se kina-kina alaGkAroM kA janma huA tathA (3) lakSaNoM ne pArasparika yoga se kina-kina alaGkAroM kA sRjana kiyA / isa adhyayana se alaGkAra-dhAraNA meM paravartI AcAryoM ke maulika yogadAna kA bhI nirdhAraNa sambhava hogA / bharata ke cAra alaGkAroM meM se upamA, rUpaka aura dIpaka; ina tIna kA sambandha artha se hai tathA yamaka kA zabda se / yadyapi bharata ne alaGkAroM kA zabdagata evaM arthagata bheda karane kA prayAsa nahIM kiyA hai tathApi yamaka kI paribhASA se usakA zabdagata honA spaSTa hai / yamaka ko zabdoM kA abhyAsa yA AvRtti kahA gayA hai|' isI AdhAra para abhinavagupta ne yaha mAnA hai ki bharata ne yamaka ko zabdAlaGkAra tathA upamA Adi ko arthAlaGkAra svIkAra kiyA thA / 2 zabdAvRtti ke svarUpa bheda ke AdhAra para yamaka ke nimnalikhita daza prakAra mAne gaye haiM- ( 1 ) pAdAnta - yamaka, (2) kAJcI - yamaka,. (3) samudga - yamaka, (4) vikrAnta-yamaka, (5) cakrabAla - yamaka, (6) sandaSTa - yamaka, (7) pAdAdi-yamraka, (5) AmreDita-yamaka, ( 8 ) caturvyavasita - yamaka tathA 1. zabdAbhyAsastu (zabdAbhyAsaM tu) yamakaM / - bharata, nA0zA0 16, 56. 2. cirantanairhi bharatamuniprabhRtibhiryamakopame zabdarthAlaGkAratveneSTe / - abhinava, locana pR0 5.

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ 33 (10) mAlA-yamaka / kAvyazAstrIya cintana ke vikAsa-kAla meM anuprAsa, yamaka, zleSa (zabda-zleSa), vakrokti evaM citra (zabda-citra) alaGkAroM kA ullekha zabdAlaGkAra ke prasaGga meM huA hai / bhAmaha ne anuprAsa (do bheda) evaM yamaka zabdAlaGkAra svIkAra kiye haiN| daNDI ne kevala yamaka ko svIkRti dI hai| anuprAsa kA vivecana unhoMne zabdamAdhurya guNa ke aGga ke rUpa meM kiyA hai| udbhaTa ne prAcInoM ke dvArA svIkRta yamaka alaGkAra ko asvIkAra kara diyA tathA anuprAsa ke tIna bhedoM kI kalpanA kii| isake atirikta unhoMne lATAnuprAsa ke pA~ca rUpa bhI svIkAra kiye haiN| vAmana ne yamaka aura anuprAsa kA lakSaNa-nirUpaNa kiyA hai| rudraTa ke 'kAvyAlaGkAra' meM zabdAlaGkAroM kA vistRta vivecana hai| unhoMne vakrokti, anuprAsa, yamaka, zleSa aura citra ke aneka bhedopabhedoM kA varNana kiyA hai| rAjAnaka ruyyaka ne anuprAsa, yamaka evaM citra zabdAlaGkAroM ko paribhASita kiyA hai| mammaTa, vizvanAtha, vidyAnAtha, hemacandra Adi AcAryoM ne bhI zabdAlaGkAra ke ina svarUpoM kA yatkiJcit bheda se ullekha kiyA hai| rItikAlIna AcAryoM ne bhI ina alaGkAroM ko svIkAra kiyA hai| matirAma ke 'rasarAja' meM zabdAlaGkAroM kA vivecana nahIM hai, kintu isase yaha siddha nahIM hotA ki ve zabdAlaGkAra ko heya yA upekSaNIya mAnate the| unake kAvya meM anuprAsa, yamaka Adi alaGkAroM kI chaTA darzanIya hai| AcArya deva ne anuprAsa, yamaka aura citrAlaGkAroM kA ullekha kiyA hai| bhikhArIdAsa ne 'kAvya-nirNaya' meM anuprAsa, yamaka tathA vakrokti alaGkAroM ke svarUpa kI mImAMsA kara citra-kAvya ke aneka bhedoM kA; bandhoM ke vividha rUpoM kA varNana kiyA hai| kAvya-zAstra meM varNita ukta sabhI zabdAlaGkAroM kA sambandha vargoM ke grathana kI vilakSaNatA evaM unakI AvRtti kI vibhinna prakriyAoM se hai| yamaka aura anuprAsa meM koI tAttvika bheda nhiiN| yamaka meM sampUrNa pada kI yA varNa-samUha kI usI rUpa meM arthabheda se AvRtti hotI hai, kintu anuprAsa meM kucha varSoM kI AvRtti hotI hai| bharata ne padAvRtti-rUpa yamaka tathA varNAvRtti-rUpa anuprAsa kA pRthak-pRthak ullekha nahIM kara eka hI sAtha zabdAbhyAsa kA ullekha kiyA hai aura use vamaka kI saMjJA dI hai| spaSTa hai ki paravartI AcAryoM kI anuprAsa-dhAraNA kA mUla bharata kI yamaka-dhAraNA meM hI nihita thaa| citrAlaGkAra-gata tattadbandhoM kI kalpanA varNagumpha tathA varNAvRtti kI bhinna-bhinna prakriyAoM ke AdhAra para kI gayI hai| AcArya deva ne spaSTataH anuprAsa aura

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34 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa yamaka ko sabhI citrAlaGkAroM kA mUla kahA hai|' isa vivecana ke niSkarSa-rUpa meM yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki bharata kI yamaka-dhAraNA ke AdhAra para hI paravartI AcAryoM ne anuprAsa tathA citra-bandhoM ke vistRta prapaJca kI kalpanA kI hai| zleSa aura vakrokti zabdAlaGkAroM kI udbhAvanA kA zreya avazya hI paravartI AcAryoM ko hai| zabda-zleSa kI udbhAvanA kA zreya udbhaTa ko milanA caahie| yadyapi unake pUrvavartI bhAmaha tathA daNDI ne bhI zleSa kA ullekha kiyA thA, kintu ve zleSa-dhAraNA ko spaSTa nahIM kara pAye the / sarvaprathama udbhaTa ne zleSa-alaGkAra kI dhAraNA pariSkRta rUpa meM prastuta kI, tathA zleSa ko zabdAlaGkAra tathA arthAlaGkAra vargoM meM sphuTa-rUpa se vibhAjita kiyA / rudraTa ne prathama bAra vakrokti zabdAlaGkAra kI kalpanA kI aura usake zleSa-vakrokti tathA kAku-vakrokti ; ye do mukhya rUpa svIkAra kiye| zleSa-vakrokti kA mUlAdhAra zleSa zabdAlaGkAra hai tathA kAku-vakrokti kA kAku arthAt kaNTha-dhvani-bheda / bharata ke bAda bhAmaha kI racanA 'kAvyAlaGkAra' meM arthAlaGkAra kI saMkhyA dazagunI se bhI adhika ho gyii| 'kAvyAlaGkAra' meM ullikhita arthAlaGkAra haiM-rUpaka (do prakAra), dIpaka, upamA, prativastUpamA (upamA-bheda) AkSepa (do prakAra), arthAntaranyAsa, vyatireka, vibhAvanA, samAsokti, atizayokti, yathAsaMkhya, utprekSA, svabhAvokti, preya, rasavat, UrjasvI, paryAyokta, samAhita, udAtta (do prakAra), zliSTa, apahna ti, vizeSokti, virodha, tulyayogitA, aprastuta-prazaMsA, vyAjastuti, nidarzanA, upamA-rUpaka, upameyopamA, sahokti, parivRtti, sasaMdeha, ananvaya, utprekSAvayava, saMsRSTi, bhAvika tathA kucha logoM ke anusAra AzIH / UrjasvI, preya tathA samAhita kA kevala nAmnA ullekha huA hai| unake lakSaNa nahIM diye gaye haiN| unake diye hue udAharaNa ke AdhAra para unake svarUpa kA nirdhAraNa kiyA jA sakatA hai| zliSTa alaGkAra ke tIna bheda svIkAra kiye gaye haiM; kintu paribhASA pariSkRta nahIM hai| ina alaGkAroM ko svIkAra karate hue bhAmaha ne hetu, sUkSma tathA leza ke alaGkAratva kA khaNDana kiyA hai| inameM vakrokti nahIM rahatI, jo alaGkAra kA mUlAdhAra hai| 1. anuprAsa aru yamaka ye, citra kAvya ke mUla / inahIM ke anusAra soM, sakala citra anukUla // -deva, zabda-rasAyana, aSTama prakAza, pR0 138 2. saiSA sarvava vakroktiranayArtho vibhaavyte| yatno'syAM kavinA kAryaH ko'laGkAro'nayA vinA // -bhAmaha, kAvyAlaM0 2,85

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ 35 inakI alaGkAratA ke khaNDana ke isa prayAsa se yaha anumAna kiyA jA sakatA hai ki bhAmaha ke pUrva kucha AcArya unheM alaGkAra ke rUpa meM svIkAra kara cuke the / bhAmaha ne apane pUrvavartI AcArya ke mantavya kA kahIM-kahIM nirdeza kiyA hai / AzIH ko kucha logoM ne alaGkAra mAnA hai / isase yaha spaSTa hai ki bharata aura bhAmaha ke bIca kaI AlaGkArika alaGkAra para vicAra kara cuke the, jinakI kRtiyA~ aba upalabdha nahIM / 'kAvyAlaGkAra' meM alaGkAra-dhAraNA ke vikAsa kI kaI koTiyoM kA saGka eta milatA hai / bhAmaha ne kAvyAlaGkAroM kA ullekha cAra vargoM meM kiyA hai / prathama varga meM anuprAsa, yamaka, rUpaka, dIpaka tathA upamA alaGkAroM kI gaNanA huI hai / inameM se prathama do zabdAlaGkAra haiM aura zeSa tIna arthAlaGkAra / inameM bharata ke mUla cAra alaGkAra parigaNita haiM / eka anuprAsa navIna hai, jise yamaka kA hI rUpAntara mAnA jA sakatA hai| dvitIya varga meM chaha alaGkAra ullikhita haiM- AkSepa, arthAntaranyAsa, vyatireka, vibhAvanA, samAsokti tathA atizayokti / 3 yathAsaMkhya aura utpra ekSA alaGkAroM kI gaNanA eka sAtha kI gaI hai / vargAnukrama meM inakA sthAna tRtIya hai / caturtha varga meM svabhAvokti tathA AzIH ko chor3a zeSa caubIsa alaGkAroM kA ullekha hai / svabhAvokti evaM AzI: alaga-alaga ullikhita haiM aura inake sambandha meM yaha kahA gayA hai ki ye kucha logoM ke matAnusAra alaGkAra haiM / " spaSTa hai ki sabhI AlaGkArika inakA alaGkAratva svIkAra nahIM karate the / bhAmaha ne inakI alaGkAratA kA khaNDana nahIM kiyA hai, kintu unake vivecana meM inakI alaGkAratA ke sambandha meM matavaibhinnya kI sambhAvanA nihita thI / pIche calakara kuntaka ne svabhAvokti ke alaGkAratva kA khaNDana kara usakA alaGkAryatva siddha karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai tathA AzIH kA alaGkAratva asvIkAra kara diyA hai / mammaTa Adi AcAryoM ne bhI AzIH ko alaGkAra ke rUpa meM svIkRti nahIM dI hai / yaha mAnane kA koI AdhAra nahIM hai ki 'kAvyAlaGkAra' meM cAra vargoM meM parigaNita alaGkAra bhinna-bhinna sampradAya kI mAnyatA ke anurUpa haiM / prathama varga 1. AzIrapi ca keSAJcidalaGkAratayA matA / - bhAmaha, kAvyAlaM0 3,55 2. anuprAsaH sayamako rUpakaM dIpakopame / iti vAcAmalaGkArAH paJcaivA'nyairudAhRtAH // - vahI 2, 4 3. AkSepo'rthAntaranyAso vyatireko vibhAvanA | samAsAtizayoktI ca SaDalaGa kRtayo'parAH // - vahI 2, 66 4. yathAsaMkhyamathotpra ekSAmalaGkAradvayaM viduH / - vahI 2, 5. vahI, 2, 63 tathA 3, 55 / 88

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2] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa ke sabhI alaGkAroM ko svIkAra kara lene ke uparAnta hI AcAryoM ne dvitIya varga ke navIna alaGkAroM kI kalpanA kI hogii| tRtIya varga ke alaGkAroM kI kalpanA meM prathama do vargoM ke alaGkAroM kI svIkRti kA saGkata hai tathA caturthaM varga ke alaGkAroM kI udbhAvanA karanevAle AcAryoM ke dvArA pUrvavartI alaGkAroM ko svIkAra kiyA jAnA spaSTa hai| udAharaNArtha-upamA, rUpaka, dIpaka Adi alaGkAroM kI sattA sabhI AcAryoM ne svIkAra kI hai; kintu prathama varga meM unakA ullekha ho jAne ke kAraNa agale kisI bhI varga meM unakA ullekha nahIM huA hai| prathama varga ko svIkAra kara lene ke kAraNa hI usameM ullikhita alaGkAroM kA punarullekha uttaravartI AcAryoM ne Avazyaka nahIM maanaa| hetu, sUkSma, leza Adi alaGkAroM kA khaNDana bhI isa bAta kA pramANa hai ki pUrva-pratipAdita alaGkAroM meM se jinheM svIkAra nahIM karanA thA unakA AcAryoM ne khaNDana kiyaa| jinakA khaNDana nahIM kiyA gayA ve svIkRta mAna liye gaye / alaGkAroM ke ukta varga bharata se lekara bhAmaha ke kAla taka ke dIrgha antarAla meM honevAle alaGkAra-dhAraNA ke vikAsa-krama ke sUcaka mAne jA sakate haiN| bhAmaha ke pratyeka arthAlaGkAra ke mUla kA anveSaNa prastuta prasaGga meM vAJchanIya hai| __ prathama varga ke tIna arthAlaGkAra-upamA, rUpaka tathA dIpaka bharata ke 'nATyazAstra' meM vivecita mUla alaGkAra haiM / upamA kA svarUpa bharata kI upamA ke svarUpa se abhinna hai|' bharata kI upamA ke nindopamA, prazaMsopamA Adi bhedoM kA bhI bhAmaha ne ullekha kiyA hai| bhAmaha kI prativastupamA-dhAraNA, kI bhI sambhAvanA bharata kI upamA-dhAraNA meM nihita thii| isIlie unhoMne prativastUpamA ko upamA kA hI eka bheda mAnA hai| bhAmaha ne upamA ke 'yathA' 'iva' tathA 'vat' ( kriyA-sAmyavAcaka ) Adi vAcaka zabdoM kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai| 'yathA' tathA 'iva' ke abhAva meM samAsAbhihita upamA hotI hai|' samAsa hone para vAcaka zabdoM kA lopa ho jAtA hai| aise sthala meM hone vAlI upamA samAsAbhihita kahI gaI hai| isa prakAra bhAmaha ne prakArAntara se upamA ke pUrNA tathA luptA bhedoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| upamA kA mAlopamA bheda bhI nirdiSTa hai; kintu bhedopabheda ko anAvazyaka vistAra mAnakara bhAmaha ne usa 1. tulanIya--bharata nA0 zA0 16, 41 tathA bhAmaha, kAvyAlaM0 2, 30 2. ... nindAprazaMsAci khyAsAbhedAdatrAbhidhIyate / -bhAmaha, kAvyAlaM0 2, 37 3. vinA yathevazabdAbhyAM samAsAbhihitA praa| vahI 2, 32

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[ 37 niSkarSataH bhAmaha kI upamA dhAraNA bharata alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa sandarbha ko samApta kara diyA hai / " kI upamA dhAraNA se milatI-julatI hI hai / rUpaka 'kAvyAlaGkAra' kI rUpaka - dhAraNA 'nATyazAstra' kI rUpaka dhAraNA se abhinna hai / bharata kI taraha bhAmaha bhI guNa-sAdRzya ke AdhAra para upameya para upamAna ke Aropa meM rUpaka alaGkAra mAnate haiM / bharata ne rUpaka ke do bheda svIkAra kiye haiM- (1) tulyAvayavalakSaNa rUpaka tathA (2) kiJcitsAdRzyasampanna rUpaka / bhAmaha ne inheM kramazaH samastavastuviSaya rUpaka tathA ekadezavivarttirUpaka kahA hai / dIpaka bhAmaha ke dIpaka alaGkAra kA svarUpa bharata ke dIpaka ke hI samAna hai / avasthA-bheda se isake Adi, madhya tathA anta; ye tIna bheda bhAmaha ne svIkAra kiye haiM / 3 artha ke dIpana yA prakAzana karane ke kAraNa yaha alaGkAra dIpaka saMjJA se abhihita kiyA jAtA hai / yaha isakI anvarthA saMjJA hai / AkSepa bhAmaha kA AkSepa alaGkAra bharata ke pratiSedha tathA manoratha lakSaNoM ke yoga se AvibhUta hai / bharata ke anusAra viparIta kArya meM kisI ke pravRtta hone para kArya-vijJa ke dvArA usakA nivAraNa pratiSedha lakSaNa hai / jahA~ anya vastu kA varNana karate hue kavi zliSTa rUpa meM apane hRdaya ke bhAva ko prakaTa karatA hai vahA~ bharata manoratha lakSaNa mAnate haiM / " AkSepa alaGkAra meM, bhAmaha 1. mAlopamAdiH sarvo'pi na jyAyAn vistaro mudhA // bhAmaha 2, 38 2. tulanIya - bharata, nA0 zA0 16, 56-57 tathA bhAmaha, kAvyAlaM0 2, 21-22 3. tulanIya -- bharata, nA0 zA0 16, 53 tathA bhAmaha, kAvyAlaM 0 2, 25-26 4. " kAryeSu viparIteSu yadi kiJcitpravartate / nivAryate ca kAryajJaH pratiSedhaH prakIrtitaH // bharata, nA0, zA0 16,23 5. hRdayasthasya bhAvasya suzliSTArthapradarzanam / anyApadezakathanairmanoratha iti smRtaH // vahI, 16, 20

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38 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa ke anusAra kavi apane abhISTa kathana kA niSedha-sA karatA hai| kavi jaba abhipreta kathana kA ApAtataH niSedha-sA karatA huA prastuta karatA hai to kathana kI usa bhaGgI meM vaiziSTya A jAtA hai / ' yahI AkSepa alaGkAra kahA jAtA hai| isa alaGkAra meM iSTa artha ke kathana kI dhAraNA manoratha lakSaNa se tathA niSedha kI dhAraNA pratiSedha lakSaNa se lI gaI hai| isa prakAra ukta do lakSaNoM se tattva grahaNa kara AkSepa alaGkAra kI rUpa-racanA huI hai| arthAntaranyAsa - bhAmaha ke arthAntaranyAsa alaGkAra kA mUla bhI bharata ke lakSaNoM meM hI hai| zobhA tathA udAharaNa lakSaNoM ke mizraNa se prastuta alaGkAra kA AvirbhAva huA hai / arthAntaranyAsa meM kathita artha ke samarthana ke lie, usake anugata anya artha kA upanyAsa hotA hai| 2 zobhA lakSaNa meM siddha artha ke dvArA asiddha artha kI siddhi hotI hai| eka artha se dUsare artha kA sAdhana isameM bhI hotA hai, zarta kevala yaha hai ki siddha ke dvArA asiddha kA hI sAdhana zobhA lakSaNa kahA jAtA hai| arthAntaranyAsa meM siddha-asiddha kA koI niyama nhiiN| udAharaNa lakSaNa kI dUsarI paribhASA meM yaha kahA gayA hai ki jahA~ samAna artha se yukta vAkya ke pradarzana ke dvArA prastuta artha kA sAdhana hotA hai vahA~ udAharaNa lakSaNa mAnA jAtA hai| spaSTa hai ki zobhA tathA udAharaNa kA svarUpa bhAmaha ke arthAntaranyAsa se milatA-julatA hai| bharata ke ina lakSaNoM ke AdhAra para hI paravartI AcArya ne arthAntaranyAsa alaGkAra ke svarUpa kI kalpanA kI hogii| 1. pratiSedha iveSTasya yo vizeSAbhidhitsayA / AkSepa iti taM santaH zaMsanti dvividhaM yathA / -bhAmaha, kAvyala0, 2,68 2. upanyasanamanyasya yadarthasyoditAdRte / jJeyaH so'rthAntaranyAsaH pUrvArthAnugato yathA / vahI, 2, 71 3. siddha rathaiH samaM kRtvA hyasiddho'rthaH prasAdhyate / -bharata, nA0 zA0 16, 7 4. yatra tulyArthayuktena vAkyenAbhipradarzanAt / sAdhyante nipuNarAstadudAharaNaM smRtam // -nA0 zA0 a0 bhA0 pR0 304

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ 36 vyatireka . bhAmaha ke anusAra vyatireka alaGkAra meM upameya kA vaiziSTya-pratipAdana hotA hai / ' prastuta alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA udgama-srota bharata ke upamA alaGkAra ke sAtha atizaya tathA nirbhAsana (nirbhAsana kA pAThAntara mAlA) lakSaNoM kI dhAraNA ko mAnA jA sakatA hai| atizaya meM ukta artha se vaiziSTya kA bodha hotA hai / 2 abhinavagupta ne nirbhAsana lakSaNa ke pAThAntara kA nirdeza karate hue kahA hai ki usameM abhIpsita artha kI prasiddhi ke lie aneka prayojana kA varNana hotA hai| 3 vyatireka alaGkAra meM abhISTa artha arthAt upameya kI prasiddhi kAmya hotI hai tathA isa uddezya kI siddhi ke lie upameya kA 'vizeSanidarzana' hotA hai| spaSTa hai ki bhAmaha ko 'vizeSa-nidarzana' kI dhAraNA atizaya lakSaNa se tathA upameya ( ke Adhikya ) kI dhAraNA bharata kI 'IpsitArthaprasiddhyartha' dhAraNA se prApta huI aura una donoM ke yoga se vyatireka nAmaka navIna alaGkAra kA sRjana huaa| vibhAvanA vibhAvanA bharata ke uttaravartI AcArya kI navIna udbhAvanA hai| bhAmaha ke vibhAvanA-lakSaNa ke anusAra jahA~ kriyA kA niSedha hone para bhI usake phala kA varNana hotA hai vahA~ vibhAvanA alaGkAra mAnA jAtA hai| zAstrIya dRSTi se kriyA aura phala meM kAraNa-kArya sambandha hai| kriyA ke abhAva meM usake phala kI sambhAvanA nahIM ho sakatI, kintu kAvya-jagata kA satya isase bhinna hai| vahA~ kriyA kA pratiSedha kara usake phala ke varNana meM vizeSa camatkAra 1. upamAnavato'rthasya yadvizeSanidarzanam / vyatirekaM tamicchanti vizeSApAdanAdyathA // -bhAmaha, kAvyAlaM0 2, 75 . 2. uttamArthAdviziSTo yaH sa cApyatizayaH smRtaH // -bharata, nA0 zA0 16, 13 3. IpsitArthaprasiddhyarthaM kIrtyante yatra sUribhiH / prayojanAnyanekAni sA mAletyabhisaMjJitA / / -nA0 zA0 a0 bhA0 pR0 313 4. kriyAyAH pratiSedhe yA tatphalasya vibhAvanA / . jJayA vibhAvanavAsau samAdhau sulabhe sati // --bhAmaha, kAvyAlaM0 2, 77

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40 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa A jAtA hai / ataH isa prakAra kI bhaGgI - bhaNiti AlaGkArika mAnI jAtI hai / bharata ne na to apane kisI alaGkAra - lakSaNa meM isa prakAra kI ukti bhaGgI kA saGka eta kiyA hai aura na kisI lakSaNa kI paribhASA meM hI / yaha nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki bharata ke pUrva aisI uktiyoM kA prayoga hI nahIM huA thA / RgvedasaMhitA ke puruSa Adi sUktoM meM vibhAvanA alaGkAra kA prayoga huA hai / udAharaNArtha-- candramA manaso jAtazcakSoH sUryo ajAyata / mukhAdindrazcAgnizca prANAdvAyurajAyata // yaha, puruSa sUkta kA mantra 'akAraNa se kArya ke janma' rUpa vibhAvanA kA eka udAharaNa hai / samAsokti samAsokti alaGkAra kI kalpanA lakSaNa ke AdhAra para hI kI gaI hai / bhAmaha ke anusAra samAsokti meM eka kalpita artha se usake samAna vizeSaNa vAle anya artha kI vyaJjanA hotI hai / kathita tathA akathita arthoM meM vizeSaNa - sAmya ke kAraNa aisA hotA hai / ' kArya-lakSaNa ke eka pATha meM, abhinavagupta ke anusAra, arthAntara ke kathana se anya artha kI pratIti para bala diyA gayA hai / ise arthApatti-saMjJA se abhihita kiyA gayA hai / 2 samAsokti alaGkAra tathA isa lakSaNa ke svarUpa meM vizeSa antara nahIM / ataH yaha anumAna kiyA jA sakatA hai ki upamA alaGkAra tathA isa lakSaNa ke AdhAra para hI samAsokti alaGkAra kI kalpanA kI gaI hogI / atizayokti abhinavagupta ne 'abhinava bhAratI' meM apane AcArya ke mata kI ora nirdeza karate hue yaha kahA hai ki bharata ke alaGkAra meM atizaya - nAmaka 1. yatrokte gamyate'nyorthastatsamAnavizeSaNaH / sA samAsoktiruddiSTA saMkSiptArthatayA yathA // - bhAmaha, kAvyAlaM 0 2, 76 2. anye tvadhIyate -- arthAntarasya kathane yatrAnyo'rthaH pratIyate / vAkyamAdhuryasampannA sArthApattiriti smRtA // nA0 zA0 a0 bhA0 pR0 316

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [41 lakSaNa ke yoga se atizayokti nAmaka navIna alaGkAra kI sRSTi huI hai|' 'bhAmaha ne atizayokti meM loka kA atikramaNa karanevAle kathana para bala diyA hai| bharata ne bhI atizaya meM isase milatI-julatI dhAraNA vyakta kI thii|2 atizaya meM ukta artha se vizeSa ke bodha para bala diyA gayA thaa| spaSTa hai ki bharata kI atizaya-lakSaNa-dhAraNA tathA unakI rUpaka-alaGkAradhAraNA ko milAkara atizayokti alaGkAra kI sarjanA huI / yathAsaMkhya yathAsaMkhya alaGkAra meM kathana kI jisa vizeSa bhaGgI para bala diyA gayA hai use bharata ne apane 'nATyazAstra' meM kahIM paribhASita nahIM kiyA hai| isa alaGkAra meM pahale jisa krama meM arthoM kA upasthApana hotA hai, usI krama meM unakA anukathana hotA hai|3 varNita arthoM kA yathAkrama anunirdeza vastutaH ukti kI sundara bhaGgI hai, jo bharata ke dvArA anirdiSTa raha "gaI thii| ataH yathAsaMkhya alaGkAra kI udbhAvanA kA zreya bhAmaha ko prApta hai| utprekSA bhAmaha ke anusAra jahA~ sAdRzya avivakSita ho, para upamA kA thor3A puTa ho, varNya meM vastutaH na rahanevAle guNa yA kriyA kA yoga batAyA jAya aura jisameM atizaya kA yoga ho use utprekSA-alaGkAra kahate haiN| bharata ne utprekSA alaGkAra kA ullekha nahIM kiyA hai, kintu ve usa uktibhaGgI se anabhijJa nahIM the, jisameM paravartI AcAryoM ne utprekSA alaGkAra svIkAra kiyA hai| bharata kI vyApaka upamA-dhAraNA se pRthak utprekSA alaGkAra kI kalpanA Avazyaka nahIM thii| unakI upamA ke kalpitA bheda meM hI paravartI 'AcAryoM kI utprekSA antabhukta thii| utprekSA meM upamAna kalpita hotA hai| bharata ne yahI dhAraNA kalpitopamA ke sambandha meM vyakta kI hai| ataH utprekSA 1. lakSaNabalAdalaGkArANAM vaicitryamAgacchati tathA hi-..."atizayanA mnAtizayokti |-naa0 zA0 a0 bhA0; pR0 321 2. tulanIya-bhAmaha, kAvyAlaM0 2, 81 tathA bharata, nA0 zA0 16, 13 3. bhUyasAmupadiSTAnAmarthAnAmasadharmaNAm / kramazo yo'nunirdezo yathAsaMkhyaM taducyate // -bhAmaha, kAvyAlaM0 2,89 4. bhAmaha, kAvyAlaGkAra, 2, 61

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42 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa ke AvirbhAva kA zreya kalpitopamA kI kalpanA karane vAle bharata ko hI milanA cAhie / svabhAvokti bhAmaha ne svabhAvokti kA ullekha karate hue kahA hai ki kucha loga: ise alaGkAra mAnate haiM / unhoMne svayaM isake alaGkAratva kA na khaNDana kiyA hai na maNDana / vakroktivAdI hone ke kAraNa unhoMne kAvya meM svabhAvokti alaGkAraH ko vizeSa mahattva nahIM diyA hai / svabhAvokti kI paribhASA meM unhoMne kahA hai ki isameM kisI artha kA avasthAnurUpa varNana hotA hai / ' vastusvabhAva ke yathArUpa varNana ke kAraNa hI ise svabhAvokti kahA jAtA hai / svabhAvokti kA alaGkAra ke rUpa meM nirdeza sarvaprathama bhAmaha kI pustaka meM hI huA hai| bharata ne isa svabhAvokti alaGkAra se milatI-julatI dhAraNA arthavyakti guNa kI paribhASA meM vyakta kI hai| unhoMne ukta guNa meM loka- prasiddha artha ke sphuTa varNana para bala diyA hai / 2 sambhava hai ki bharata kI isa guNa-dhAraNA ne hI pIche calakara svabhAvokti alaGkAra kI dhAraNA ko janma diyA ho / preya kAvyAlaGkAra meM praya alaGkAra kI paribhASA nahIM dI gaI hai / bhAmaha ke dvArA diye gae praya ke udAharaNa ke adhAra para unakI etadviSayaka mAnyatA kA nirdhAraNa kiyA jA sakatA hai / isake udAharaNa meM kRSNa ke pra vidura kA kathana varNita hai / apane ghara Aye hue kRSNa se vidura ne kahA ki he. govinda ! Aja Apake Ane se mujhe jaisA Ananda huA hai aisA Ananda phira kabhI Apa ke Ane se hI ho sakegA / 3 spaSTa hai ki kisI ke prati priya kathana 1. svabhAvoktiralaGkAra iti kecit pracakSate / arthasya tadavasthatvaM svabhAvo'bhihito yathA // - bhAmaha, kAvyAlaM0 2, 63 2. suprasiddhAbhidhAnA tu lokakarmavyavasthitA / yA kriyA kriyate kAvye sArthavyaktiH prakIrtyate // - bharata, nA0 zA 0, 16, 108 3. prayo gRhAgataM kRSNamavAdIdviduro yathA / adyayA mama govinda jAtA tvayi gRhAgate / kAlenaiSA bhavet prItistavaivAgamanAt punaH // -- bhAmaha, kAvyAlaM0 3, 5. *

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ 43 meM preya alaGkAra svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| abhinavagupta ne bharata ke protsAhana lakSaNa kI vyAkhyA ke krama meM yaha nirdeza kiyA hai ki isakA pAThAntara priyavacana saMjJA se upalabdha hai| priyavacana kA jo lakSaNa 'abhinava-bhAratI' meM uddhRta hai usase preya alaGkAra tathA priyavacana lakSaNa kA svarUpa abhinna siddha hotA hai| pUjya vyaktiyoM kI pUjA ke lie harSa prakAzanArtha jahA~ prasanna citta se vacana prayukta hote haiM, vahA~ priyokti nAmaka lakSaNa mAnA gayA hai| isase spaSTa hai ki preya alaGkAra kI dhAraNA priyokti lakSaNa-dhAraNA se bhinna nahIM hai| rasavata __rasavat alaGkAra kI kalpanA sarvaprathama bhAmaha ne kI hai| isakA AdhAra bharata kI rasa-dhAraNA hai| bharata rasavAdI AcArya the| unhoMne nATya-prayoga meM rasa ko pradhAna mAnA hai| rasa ke abhAva meM nATya kA koI bhI prayoga vyarthaM hai / 2 ataH vAcika abhinaya ke aGga guNa, alaGkAra Adi bharata kI dRSTi meM rasa ke sahAyaka mAtra haiN| dUsarI ora bhAmaha alaGkAravAdI the| isIlie unhoMne rasa ko bhI alaGkAra kI sImA meM hI samAhita kara liyA, rasa ko alaGkAra kA eka aGga-mAtra banA diyaa| UrjasvI bhAmaha ne isa alaGkAra kA lakSaNa nahIM dekara kevala udAharaNa diyA hai|' ojasvI ukti meM yaha alaGkAra mAnA gayA hai| uktigata isa UrjasvitA kA sambandha hRdaya ke utsAha Adi dIpta bhAvoM se mAnA jA sakatA hai / bharata ne bhAvagata ojasvitA kA varNana rasa-sandarbha meM sthAyI bhAvoM ke vivecana-kramaH meM kiyA hai| bharata kI bhAva-viSayaka isa mAnyatA se prastuta alaGkAra anuprANita hai| 1. yatprasannena manasA pUjyAn pUjayitu vacaH / . harSaprakAzanArthaM tu sA priyoktirudAhRtA // * nA0 zA0 a0 bhA0 pR0 303 2. nahi rasAdRte kazcidarthaH pravartate / -bharata, nA0 zA0 6, pR0 272 3. draSTavya-bhAmaha, kAvyAlaM0 3, 7

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44 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa paryAyokta jahA~ kavi apanA vivakSita artha bhaGa gyantara se (ghumA-phirAkara dUsare prakAra se) prastuta karatA hai, vahA~ bhAmaha ke anusAra paryAyokta alaGkAra hotA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, jahA~ kAvya kA sAkSAt kathana na hokara anya prakAra se usakA abhidhAna hotA hai vahA~ paryAyokta alaGkAra mAnA jAtA hai| yaha bhAmaha kA navIna alaGkAra hai| anya prakAra se kathana para bharata ne guNAnuvAda lakSaNa meM vicAra kiyA thaa| guNAnuvAda ke eka pATha meM gauNI vRtti kI carcA kI gaI hai / 2 sambhava hai, bhAmaha ko paryAyokta ke svarUpa kI kalpanA kI preraNA usase milI ho| samAhita bhAmaha ne samAhita alaGkAra kA lakSaNa nahIM diyA hai| usake udAharaNa ke AdhAra para bhAmaha kI tadviSayaka dhAraNA yaha jAna par3atI hai ki jahA~ kisI kArya kA Arambha karane para usakI siddhi ke lie anAyAsa kucha sAdhana prApta ho jAya~ vahA~ samAhita-nAmaka alaGkAra hotA hai| udAharaNa meM parazurAma ko prasanna karane ke lie jAtI huI kSatrANiyoM ke sAmane nArada kA dikhAI par3a jAnA,3 usa kArya kI siddhi meM sahAyaka ke anAyAsa mila jAne kA dyotaka hai / samAhita kA svarUpa bhAmaha kI svatantra udbhAvanA hai / udAtta udAtta alaGkAra ke udAharaNa se yaha spaSTa hai ki bhAmaha isameM vyakti kA AzayotkarSa-varNana apekSita mAnate haiM / isa alaGkAra ke sambandha meM anya mata kA nirdeza karate hue bhAmaha ne jo udAharaNa diyA hai usameM vibhUti kA utkarSa varNita hai| isa prakAra bhAmaha ke matAnusAra vyaktitva kI uccAzayatA tathA aizvarya ke varNana meM udAtta alaGkAra hotA hai| bharata ke udAra-guNa-lakSaNa ke prApta pAThAntara meM udAtta zabda kA ullekha hai| udAtta ko bharata ne udAra kA paryAya 1. paryAyoktaM yadanyena prakAreNAbhidhIyate |--bhaamh, kAvyAlaM0 3, 8 2. guNAnuvAdaH sa jJeyo yatrAbhedopacArataH / gauNI vRttimupAzritya vastuno rUpamucyate // -bharata, nA0 zA0 pR0 305, pAdaTippaNI 3. draSTavya-bhAmaha, kAvyAlaM0 3, 10 4. draSTavya-bhAmaha, kAvyAlaM0 3, 11-13

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ 45. mAnA hai| udAra guNa ke kaI tattvoM meM se eka tattva 'divya-bhAva-parIta' hai, jisakI vyAkhyA karate hue abhinavagupta ne 'mAnuSocita vyApAra kA bhI divyatayA varNana' udAra kA aGga batAyA hai / yaha dhAraNA AzayotkarSa-varNana kI dhAraNA se milatI-julatI hai / isake atirikta guNa-kIrtana lakSaNa tathA atizaya lakSaNa ( pAThAntara ) meM AzayotkarSa-varNana para bala diyA gayA hai| guNakIrtana lakSaNa meM doSa ko chipAkara kevala guNoM kA varNana vAJchanIya mAnA gayA hai| atizaya lakSaNa ke eka pATha meM yaha kahA gayA hai ki isameM jana-sAmAnya meM sambhava bahuta-se guNoM kA varNana kara vizeSa kA kathana hotA hai|' spaSTataH ina donoM lakSaNoM meM vyaktitva ke udAtta guNoM kA varNana apekSita mAnA gayA hai| bhAmaha ne udAtta alaGkAra ke sambandha meM yahI dhAraNA vyakta kI hai| bhAmaha ke anusAra kucha loga vaibhava ke utkarSa-varNana meM bhI udAtta alaGkAra svIkAra karate haiN| hemacandra ne apane kAvyAnuzAsana meM bharata kI udAttaguNa-viSayaka mAnyatA uddhRta karate hue likhA hai ki bhaneka sUkSma vizeSaNoM se yukta kathana meM bharata udAra guNa mAnate haiM / sambhava hai ki hemacandra ne 'nATya-zAstra' ke eka pATha meM prApta usa udAttaguNa-lakSaNa ko isa rUpa meM prastuta kiyA ho, jisameM yaha kahA gayA hai ki jahA~ aneka arthavAle vizeSaNoM se yukta, sauSThava-pUrNa tathA vicitra arthamaya kathana ho vahA~ udAtta guNa hotA hai / 3 'nATyazAstra' meM pratyeka guNa-lakSaNa ke ekAdhika pATha upalabdha hone se isa sambhAvanA kA bhI parihAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA ki hemacandra ke sAmane udAtta-guNa kI paribhASA kA koI sampatti anupalabdha pAThAntara rahA ho, jisameM ukta dhAraNA vyakta kI gaI ho| astu, hemacandra ke kathana ko prAmANika mAna lene para bhUtyutkarSa-varNanagata udAtta tathA AzayotkarSa-varNanamata udAtta; ina donoM alaGkAra-bhedoM kA mUla bharata ke udAtta-guNa-lakSaNa meM mAnA jA sakatA hai / ' 1. "kIrtyamAnaiguNaryatra vividhArthasamudbhavaiH / doSA na parikathyante tajjJa yaM guNakIrtanam // " -bharata, nA0 zA0 16, 6 2. bahUn guNAn kIrtayitvA sAmAnyajanasaMbhavAn / vizeSaH kIrtyate yatra jJeyaH so'tizayo budhaiH / / -nA0 zA0 a0 pR0 306. 3. bahubhiH sUkSmaizca vizeSaH sametramudAramiti bharataH / --hema0 kAvyAnu0 pR0 238

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa isa prakAra AzayotkarSa-varNana kI kalpanA ukta do lakSaNoM evaM udAtta guNa kI dhAraNA ke AdhAra para tathA bhatyutkarSa-varNana kI kalpanA udAtta guNa-dhAraNA ke AdhAra para mAnI jA sakatI hai| udAtta kA sambandha varNana kI bhaGgI se na hokara svayaM varNya se hai| bhAmaha ne jisa vakrokti ko alaGkAra kA prANa mAnA hai usakA Azaya yA samRddhi ke varNana meM sArvatrika sadbhAva bhI Avazyaka nahIM hai| aisI sthiti meM udAtta kA alaGkAratva vivAda-mukta nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| vakroktivAdI kuntaka ne udAtta ke, AzayotkarSa-varNana evaM bhUtyutkarSa-varNana; donoM bhedoM ko alaGkArya svIkAra kara usake alaGkAratva kA khaNDana kiyA hai|' sambhava hai ki bhAmaha ne bhI ise alaGkAra ke rUpa meM vizeSa mahattva nahIM dene ke kAraNa hI isakA lakSaNa nahIM diyA ho aura kevala udAharaNa kA ullekha kara hI chuTakArA pA liyA ho| zliSTa bhAmaha kA zliSTa alaGkAra bharata ke rUpaka alaGkAra se milatA-julatA hai| unhoMne guNa, kriyA evaM saMjJA se upamAna ke sAtha upameya ke abheda-sAdhana meM 'zliSTa alaGkAra mAnA hai| isa aMza meM zliSTa rUpaka se abhinna hai| bhAmaha ne svayaM ina donoM kA aMzataH abheda svIkAra karate hue rUpaka se zliSTa kA pArthakya-pratipAdana karane ke lie isameM upamAna tathA upameya kA yugapat pratipAdana Avazyaka mAnA hai / 2 rUpaka meM bhI upamAna ke sAtha upameya kA abhedasAdhana hotA hai; kintu usameM upamAna tathA upameya kA pRthak-pRthak ullekha hotA hai| bharata ne apane akSarasaMhati lakSaNa meM zliSTa evaM saMkSipta varNoM kA prayoga kAmya mAnA hai| unhoMne zleSa nAmaka guNa kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai, jisameM abhISTa artha se paraspara sambaddha padoM kI zliSTatA rahA karatI hai / bharata kI zliSTatA-sambandhI dhAraNA bhAmaha kI zliSTa-dhAraNA se bhinna hai| unhoMne zliSTatA meM padoM kA sugrathita vinyAsa vAJchanIya mAnA hai| bhAmaha zliSTa meM prastuta evaM aprastuta kA yugapat ullekha apekSita mAnate haiM / yaha bhAmaha kI svatantra kalpanA hai| 1. 'evamudAttasyobhayaprakArasyApyalaGkAryataiva yuktimatI, ___ na punaralaGkaraNatvam |'-kuntk, vakroktijI0, pR0378 2. lakSaNaM rUpake'pIdaM lakSyate kAmamatra tu| iSTaH prayogo yugapadupamAnopameyayo: // -bhAmaha, kAvyAlaM0 3, 15

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ 47 apaha nuti apaha nuti alaGkAra meM upameya kA apahnava tathA upamAna kA abhidhAna hotA hai| isa alaGkAra ke mUla meM upamA hai| prastuta kA niSedha tathA aprastuta kA kathana hone se ise 'kiJcidantargatopamA' kahA gayA hai| abhinavagupta ne nirdeza kiyA hai ki bharata kI upamA ke sAtha unake mithyAdhyavasAya-nAmaka lakSaNa ke yoga se apaha nuti alaGkAra kA svarUpa niSpanna huA hai|' mithyAdhyavasAya lakSaNa ke eka pATha meM yaha kahA gayA hai ki isameM artha kA anyathAtva-pratipAdana hotA hai / 2 kisI vastu ke svarUpa kA niSedha kara usakA anyathA-bhAva pratipAdita karanA mithyAdhyavasAya hai / yaha anyathAbhAva sAdRzya ke kAraNa hotA hai| apaha nuti alaGkAra meM varNya vastu ke svarUpa kA apahnava tathA avarNya ( upamAna ) ke rUpa meM usakA ( anyathAtva ) pratipAdana hotA hai / spaSTa hai ki upamA tathA mithyAdhyavasAya ke yoga se apaha nuti kA rUpa-nirmANa huA hai| vizeSokti bhAmaha ke anusAra jahA~ kisI vastu ke eka guNa kI hAni hone para vizeSatA ke abhidhAna ke lie guNAntara kA sadbhAva dikhAyA jAtA ho vahA~ 'vizeSokti alaGkAra hotA hai| prastuta alaGkAra kA svarUpa bhAmaha kI svatantra udbhAvanA hai| virodha prastuta alaGkAra meM varNana ke vaiziSTya ke lie guNa yA kriyA ke virodhI anya kriyA kA kathana hotA hai / 4 yaha virodha sthiti ke anurodha se upapanna 1. 'upAdhyAyamataM tu-lakSaNabalAdalaGkArANAM vaicitryamAgacchati tathA hi-..."mithyAdhyavasAyenApaha nuti.......|' -abhinava, nA0 zA0 a0 bhA0 pR0 321 2. vicArasyAnyathAbhAvastathA dRSTApadRSTayoH / sandehAt kalpyate yatra savikSepo viparyayaH / nA0 zA0 a0 bhA0 pR0 300 3. ekadezasyavigame yA guNAntarasaMsthitiH / vizeSaprathanAyAsau vizeSoktirmatA yathA |--bhaamh, kAvyAlaM0,3,23 - "4. guNasya vA kriyAyA vA viruddhaanykriyaabhidhaa| yA vizeSAbhidhAnAya virodhaM taM vidubu dhAH ||-vhii, 3, 25

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48 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa hokara ukti meM camatkAra lAtA hai| candramA kI zItala kiraNoM kA tApadAyaka honA vizeSa sthiti meM asiddha nahIM hai| ataH virodha alaGkAra meM viruddha kriyA kA kathana ApAtataH hI virodhI lagatA hai| paristhiti ke anurodha se virodha kA zamana ho jAne se virodha tAttvika nahIM raha jaataa| bharata ne prApta doSoM ke zamana meM upapatti lakSaNa svIkAra kiyA hai| virodhAlaGkAra meM bhI viruddhakriyA-kathana se prApta viruddhatva doSa kA zamana ho jAne para hI bhAvaka ke citta meM camatkAra kI sRSTi hotI hai| spaSTa hai ki bharata kI ukta lakSaNa-dhAraNA kA tattva lekara hI bhAmaha ne prastuta alaGkAra kA sRjana kiyA hai| tulyayogitA prastuta alaGkAra meM bhAmaha ke anusAra nyUna vastu kI viziSTa vastu ke sAtha guNa kI samatA kI vivakSA se donoM meM samAna kAryakAritva varNita hotA hai| udAharaNa meM kisI rAjA kA zeSanAga tathA himAlaya ke sAtha guNa-sAmya-pratipAdana ke lie tInoM ko mahAna, gurU tathA sthira kahA gayA hai| tInoM meM maryAdA-baddha pRthvI ke dhAraNa kI tulya kriyA kA ullekha huA hai|3 abhinavagupra ke matAnusAra alaGkAra ke sAtha siddhi lakSaNa kA yoga hone se tulyayogitA alaGkAra kI sRSTi huI hai| isa lakSaNa meM bahutasI prasiddha vastuoM ke bIca aprasiddha vastuoM ko, arthAt bahuta se upamAnoM ke bIca varNya vastuoM ko rakhakara unameM sAdhAraNatA kI siddhi hotI hai| tulyogitA alaGkAra meM bhI nyUna kA arthAt upameya kA tulyakriyA-kathana se viziSTa vastu ke sAtha guNa kA sAmya pratipAdita hotA hai| ataH tulyayogitA alaGkAra tathA siddhi lakSaNa meM koI tAttvika bheda nhiiN| tulyakAryakriyAyoga kA tattva dIpaka alaGkAra se liyA gayA hai| upameya tathA 1. prAptAnAM yatra doSANAM kriyate zamanaM punaH / sA jJeyA hya papattistu lakSaNaM nATakAzrayam / / -bharata, nA0 zA0, 16, 35 2. nyUnasyApi viziSTena gunnsaamyvivkssyaa| ___tulyakAryakriyAyogAdityuktA tulyayogitA ||-bhaamh,kaavyaalN03,27 3. draSTavya-vahI, 3, 28 4. lakSaNayogAdalaMkArANAM vaiziSTyamAgacchati tathA hi-..."siddhayA ___ tulyyogiteti| abhinava, nA0 zA0 a0 bhA0 pR0 321

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ 46 upamAna kA sAdRzya isa alaGkAra kA mUla hai| bhAmaha kI tulyayogitA meM bharata ke guNAnuvAda lakSaNa tathA prazaMsopamA kA bhI tattva milA hai| guNAnuvAda meM parimita kI utkRSTa ke sAtha upamA hotI hai|' 'prazaMsopamA meM bhI upamAna prazasta hotA hai, upameya hIna / bhAmaha ne tulyayogitA kA uddezya nyUna kA viziSTa ke sAtha sAdhAraNya-sAdhana svIkAra kiyA hai| bhAmaha isa alaGkAra ke svarUpa-nirdhAraNa meM siddhi tathA guNAnuvAda lakSaNa ke sAtha-sAtha dIpaka tathA prazaMsopamA ke svarUpa se bhI prabhAvita jAna par3ate haiN| aprastutaprazaMsA jahA~ varNya vastu ko chor3a kevala aprastuta kA varNana hotA hai vahA~ aprastutaprazaMsA alaGkAra mAnA gayA hai| aprastuta ke varNana se hI sAdRzya ke kAraNa prastuta kI pratIti ho jAtI hai| isa alaGkAra ko lakSya kara abhinava ne kahA hai ki bharata ke alaGkAra ke sAtha manoratha lakSaNa ke yoga se isakI utpatti huI hai| manoratha lakSaNa meM bharata ke anusAra, kavi anya vastu ke varNana ke dvArA apanA hRdayastha bhAva suzliSTa rUpa meM prastuta kara detA hai|4 isa prakAra donoM kI prakRti abhinna hai| bharata ke protsAhana lakSaNa kI paribhASA meM bhI aprastutaprazaMsA alaGkAra ke tattva prApta hote haiN| usameM bhI upamAna kA Azraya lekara vastu-varNana hotA hai / abhinava ne protsAhana lakSaNa ke udAharaNa kI vyAkhyA ke krama meM kahA hai ki 'aprastutaprazaMsA meM protsAhana se hI vaicitrya kA AdhAna hotA hai|' 5 ataH yaha mAnanA yuktisaGgata hogA ki aprastutaprazaMsA alaGkAra ke svarUpa-saMghaTana meM manoratha evaM protsAhana lakSaNoM kA yoga hai| 1. guNAnuvAdo hInAnAmuttamarupamAkRtaH |-bhrt, nA0 zA0 16, 13 2. adhikArAdapetasya vastuno'nyasya yA stutiH / ___aprastutaprazaMseti sA caivaM kathyate yathA ||-bhaamh, kAvyAlaM 3, 26 3. ...."mnorthaakhyenaaprstutprshNsaa| abhinava nA0 zA0 a0 bhA0 pR0 321 4. hRdayasthasya bhAvasya suzliSTArthapradarzanam / ___ anyApadezakathanairmanoratha iti smRtaH ||-bhrt, nA0 zA0, 16, 20 5. 'aprastutaprazaMsApyatra tadvaicitryaM protsaahntvlkssnnkRtmev,"| -abhinava, nA0 zA0 a0 bhA0 pR0 303

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50 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa vyAjastuti vyAjastuti meM bhAmaha ke anusAra nindAmukhena stuti kI jAtI hai| ApAtataH kI jAnevAlI nindA se pariNAmataH prazaMsA kI vyaJjanA isameM hotI hai| isa alaGkAra kI paribhASA meM bhAmaha ne kahA hai ki jahAM kavi kisI aprastuta ke guNAdhikya kA varNana kara usake sAtha prastuta kI samatA dikhAne ke krama meM ApAtataH usa prastuta kI nindA karatA hai, vahA~ vyAjastuti alaGkAra hotA hai / ' nindA ke vyAja se stuti hone ke kAraNa prastuta alaGkAra kI saMjJA anvarthA hai| 'nATyazAstra' ke kapaTa lakSaNa ke prApta dUsare pATha meM doSakIrtana ke vyAja se guNa ke prakaTIkaraNa ko garhaNa lakSaNa kahA gayA hai| yaha dhAraNA vyAjastuti kI dhAraNA se bahuta milatI-julatI hai| priya lakSaNa meM Arambha meM krodha-janana tathA pariNAma meM harSa-vardhana para bala diyA gayA hai / isa lakSaNa kA prabhAva ukta alaGkAra ke prabhAva se abhinna hai| ApAtataH kI jAnevAlI nindA Arambha meM krodha-janana kA hetu hotI hai; pariNAma meM stuti kI vyaJjanA hone se harSa kA saMvardhana hotA hai| isa prakAra kapaTa tathA priya lakSaNoM kI dhAraNA ke AdhAra para vyAjastuti alaGkAra ke svarUpa kA nirmANa kiyA gayA hai| nidarzanA bhAmaha kI mAnyatA hai ki jahA~ yathA, iva, vata Adi upamAvAcaka zabdoM ke abhAva meM bhI kriyA ke dvArA hI usa viziSTa artha kA bodha ho jAtA hai, vahA~ nidarzanA alaGkAra hotA hai|4 sAdRzya isa alaGkAra kA mUla hai| isameM 1. dUrAdhikaguNastotravyapadezena tulyatAm / kiJcidvidhitsoryA nindA vyAjastutirasau yathA / -bhAmaha, kAvyAlaM0 3, 31 2. yatra saMkIrtayandoSaM guNamarthana yojayet / guNAtipAtAddoSa vA garhaNaM nAma tadbhavet ||-bhrt, nA0 zA0 a0 bhA0 pR0 315 3. Adau yatkrodhajananamante harSapravardhanam / tatpriyaM vacanaM jJeyamAzIrvAdasamanvitam ||-bhrt, nA0 zA0 16, 26 4. kriyaya va viziSTasya tadarthasyopadarzanAt / jJeyA nidarzanA nAma yathevavatibhivinA // -bhAmaha, kAvyAlaM0, 3, 33

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [51 sAdRzya vyaGa ya hotA hai, vAcya nhiiN| isa alaGkAra kA nAma bharata ke dRSTAnta lakSaNa meM prayukta nidarzana zabda ke AdhAra para kalpita hai| isa alaGkAra kI svarUpa-kalpanA meM udAharaNa lakSaNa se bhI tattva liyA gayA hai, jisameM samAna artha vAle vAkya se abhISTa artha kI siddhi karAyI jAtI hai / dRSTAnta tathA udAharaNa lakSaNoM ke sAtha kiJcit-sadRzI upamA ke yoga se nidarzanA kA svarUpa-vinyAsa huA hai|' upamArUpaka bhAmaha ne upamArUpaka nAmaka eka svatantra alaGkAra kI kalpanA kI hai| yaha alaGkAra navIna nahIM hai| isake abhidhAna se hI spaSTa hai ki isameM upamA tathA rUpaka ; ina do prAcIna alaGkAroM kA sammizraNa hai| isa prakAra do yA do se adhika alaGkAroM ko milAkara navIna alaGkAra kI kalpanA karane se alaGkAroM ke asaMkhya bheda ho jaayeNge| isake lakSaNa meM isakA svarUpa rUpaka tathA upamA se abhinna batAyA gayA hai / rUpaka meM bhAmaha ke anusAra guNa kI samatA ke AdhAra para upamAna ke sAtha upameya kA tattva-sAdhana hotA hai| upamArUpaka meM bhI unhoMne yahI bAta kahI hai| isameM upamAna ke sAtha upameya kA tadbhAva-sAdhana kahA gayA hai| tattva-sAdhana tathA tadbhAva-sAdhana meM koI bheda nahIM hai| donoM kA abhiprAya upameya para upamAna ke Aropa se hai| ataH upamA tathA rUpaka se svatantra upamA-rUpaka kI sattA svIkAra karane kA koI sabala kAraNa nahIM jAna pdd'taa| upameyopamA ___ jahA~ krama se kisI vastu ko upamAna tathA upameya banAyA jAtA hai, vahA~ upameyopamA alaGkAra hotA hai| eka vAkya kA upamAna dUsare vAkya meM upameya tathA usa vAkya kA upameya dUsare meM upamAna banA diyA jAtA hai| krama se upameya ke upamAna tathA upamAna ke upameya banane se ise upameyopamA kahA jAtA hai| ise pRthak alaGkAra na mAna kara upamA kA bheda mAnanA hI adhika yuktisaGgata hotaa| bharata ne upamA ke isa bheda kA ullekha nahIM kiyA hai ; kintu unake 'nATyazAstra' ke adhyayana se yaha bAta spaSTa ho jAtI hai 1. tulanIya, bharata nATzAstra 16, 25; 16, 9 (anubandha); 16, 51 tathA bhAmaha, kAvyAlaGkAra, 3, 33

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52 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa ki ve upamA ke asaMkhya bhedopabhedoM se paricita the / unhoMne sambhavataH granthavistAra ke bhaya se hI una bhedopabhedoM kA vistRta vivecana nahIM kiyA hai / unhoMne svayaM kAvya meM tathA loka meM prayukta hone vAle upamA ke bahula bhedoM kA nirdeza karate hue yaha svIkAra kiyA hai ki unake 'nATyazAstra' meM saMkSepa meM hI upamA ke aGgoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / isake anya bheda bhI loka vyavahAra tathA kAvya kI uktiyoM meM pAye jA sakate haiM / 1 bharata ke isa kathana meM upameyopamA kI kalpanA kI sambhAvanA bhI pAyI jA sakatI hai / upamA meM upameya tathA upamAna kI kalpanA to hai hii| unhIM donoM ke pArasparika sthAnaparivartana ke AdhAra para upameyopamA kI kalpanA kara lI gaI hai / sahokti eka hI samaya do vastuoM se sambaddha kriyA kA eka hI pada se kathana hone meM sahokti alaGkAra mAnA gayA hai / " yaha bhAmaha kA svatantra alaGkAra hai / isakI kalpanA kI pra eraNA bharata ke dIpaka alaGkAra se milI hogii| dIpaka meM aneka padoM yA vAkyoM meM kahe gaye sAkAMkSa arthoM kA eka hI vAkya se guNa, kriyA, jAti Adi kA dIpana hotA hai, arthAt sabhI padoM yA vAkyoM kA eka hI guNa, kriyA Adi se sambandha dikhAyA jAtA hai / isa prakAra eka sAtha kaI arthoM ke sambaddha-varNana kI dhAraNA kA sUtrapAta bharata ke dIpaka alaGkAra kI paribhASA meM hI huA thA, jisakA kiJcit parivartita svarUpa bhAmaha ke sahokti alaGkAra meM upalabdha hai / parivRtti parivRtti alaGkAra meM hIna vastu dekara uttama vastu kA grahaNa varNita hotA hai tathA aprastuta vAkya ke nyAsa se isameM arthAntaranyAsa kA bhI yoga rahatA hai / arthAntaranyAsa alaGkAra kI dhAraNA ke udbhava aura vikAsa para vicAra 1. upamAyA budhairete jJeyA bhedA: samAsataH / ye zeSA lakSaNa naktAste grAhyA lokakAvyataH // - bharata, nA0 zA0, 16, 53 2. tulyakAle kriye yatra vastudvayasamAzraye / padenaikena kathyete sahoktiH sA matA yathA / / -- bhAmaha, kAvyAlaM0, 3, 36 vastunaH / yathA // - vahI, 3, 41 3. viziSTasya yadAdAnamanyApohena arthAntaranyAsavatI parivRttirasau

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ 53 kiyA jA cukA hai| ataH prastuta prasaGga meM usakA carvitacarvaNa anAvazyaka hogaa| parivRtti-paribhASA ke pUrvAddha meM nirdiSTa tattvoM para hI vicAra apekSita hai| hIna vastu dekara uttama vastu lene kI bhAmaha kI kalpanA maulika hai| bharata ne hIna vastu kI uttama vastu ke sAtha upamA kI kalpanA guNAnuvAda lakSaNa tathA prazaMsopamA alaGkAra meM avazya kI thI, kintu inake AdAna-pradAna kI kalpanA unhoMne nahIM kI thii| sambhava hai ki nyUna tathA mahat ke upameyopamAna-bhAva ke AdhAra para unake dAnAdAna-bhAva kI kalpanA parivRtti alaGkAra kI saMjJA se kara lI gayI ho| sandeha jahA~ upameya kA upamAna ke sAtha abheda tathA bheda pratipAdana nizcayAtmaka rUpa se nahIM kiyA jAkara saMzayAtmaka rUpa se bhedAbheda kA kathana ho, usa sasandeha kathana meM bhAmaha sandeha alaGkAra mAnate haiN|' prastuta tathA aprastuta ke bIca bhedAbheda-nirNaya meM yaha anizcaya kI dazA donoM ke atizaya sAmya ke kAraNa hotI hai| bharata ne saMzaya lakSaNa kI paribhASA meM kahA hai ki jahA~ vicAra ke aneka vikalpoM ke hone para tattva-nirNaya kiye binA anizcayAtmaka sthiti meM hI vAkya ko samApta kara diyA jAtA ho, vahA~ saMzaya nAmaka lakSaNa mAnA jAtA hai| bharata ke isa lakSaNa ke sAtha upamA alaGkAra ke tattva ko milA kara sandeha alaGkAra kI sRSTi huI hai| upameya tathA upamAna meM sAmya ke kAraNa unake bhedAbheda ke sandeha meM, upameya tathA upamAna kA sAdRzya upamA alaGkAra se tathA vicAra kA anekatva saMzaya lakSaNa se gRhIta hai / ananvaya jahA~ kisI vastu kA usI ke sAtha upamAnopameyatva ho vahA~ ananvaya alaGkAra mAnA gayA hai| isameM varNya ke samAna dUsarA nahIM hai, yaha batAne ke lie usI 1. upamAnena tattvaM ca bhedaM ca vadataH punH|| sasandehaM vacaH stutyai sasandehaM viduryathA ||-vhii, 3, 43 2. aparijJAtatattvArthaM yatra vAkyaM samApyate / so'nekatvAdvicArANAM saMzayaH parikIttitaH // -bharata, nA0 zA0, 16, 27 3. yatra tenaiva tasya syaadupmaanopmeytaa| asAdRzyavivakSAtastamityAhurananvayam ||-bhaamh, kAvyAlaM0, 3,45

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54 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa kA upameyatva tathA upamAnatva donoM kahA jAtA hai / isameM upameya svayaM apanA upamAna bana jAtA hai, upameya se bhinna upamAna kI kalpanA nahIM kI jAtI / yaha alaGkAra upamA se tattvataH bhinna nahIM hai / donoM meM bheda kevala itanA hai ki upamA meM upameya kA usase pRthak sattA rakhane vAle upamAna ke sAtha sAdharmya - pratipAdana hotA hai tathA ananvaya meM upameya kA usI ke sAtha sAdharmya varNita hotA hai / tAtvika bheda nahIM hone ke kAraNa hI sambhavataH bharata ne upamA se alaga ananvaya kA ullekha nahIM kiyA hai / 'nATyazAstra' meM varNita upamA ke sadRzI bheda se ananvaya kA svarUpa abhinna hai / abhinava ne sadRzI upamA kA svarUpa spaSTa karate hue kahA hai ki isameM upameya ko hI usakA upamAna kalpita kiyA jAtA hai / ' utprekSAvayava zleSa, rUpaka tathA utprekSA alaGkAroM ke yoga se bhAmaha ne isa navIna alaGkAra kI kalpanA kara lI hai| unake anusAra utprekSAvayava alaGkAra meM zliSTa artha kA yoga, kucha utpra ekSA kA mizraNa tathA rUpaka artha kA samanvaya rahatA hai / ekatra ekAdhika alaGkAroM kA sadbhAva sambhava hai / ve yA to paraspara aGgAGgi-bhAva se raha sakate haiM yA eka dUsare se nirapekSa rUpa se raha sakate haiM / ataH aneka alaGkAroM ko milA kara eka navIna alaGkAra kI kalpanA yuktisaGgata nahIM / isIlie paravartI AcAryoM ne isa alaGkAra kI sattA svIkAra nahIM kI hai / yadi ekAdhika alaGkAra ke sadbhAva meM kisI navIna alaGkAra kI kalpanA Avazyaka hotI to nAnAlaGkAra kI saMsRSTi kI kalpanA hI vyartha ho jAtI / bhAmaha ne bhI aneka alaGkAroM kI saMsRSTi svIkAra kI hai / ataH utprekSAvayava kI kalpanA anAvazyaka hai / saMsRSTi sundara ratnoM se racita mAlA kI taraha aneka alaGkAroM ke saMgrathana se nirmita saMsRSTi ko bhAmaha ne uttama alaGkAra kahA hai / yaha svatantra alaGkAra 1. yatropameyasya evopamAnatA seyaM sadRzI / - nATyazAstra abhinava bhAratI pR0 324 // 2. zliSTasyArthena saMyuktaH kiJcidutprekSayAnvitaH / rUpakArthena ca punarutpra ekSAvayavo yathA // - vahI 3, 47 3. varA vibhUSA saMsRSTirbahvalaGkArayogataH / racitA ratnamAleva sA caivamuditA yathA // - vahI, 3, 46

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [55 nahIM hai, vibhinna alaGkAroM ke yoga se utpanna chaTA kA dyotaka hai| bharata ne bhUSaNa lakSaNa meM aneka alaGkAroM tathA aneka guNoM ke ekatra niveza kI kalpanA kI hai| usI dhAraNA se saMsRSTi alaGkAra kI kalpanA utprerita jAna par3atI hai| bhAvika bhAmaha ne bhAvika ko prabandhagata guNa kahA hai; kintu alaGkAroM meM bhAvika kI gaNanA kiye jAne se yaha spaSTa hai ki unhoMne guNa zabda kA prayoga alaGkAra ke paryAya ke rUpa meM kiyA hai| yaha alaGkAra vAkyagata nahIM, prabandhagata hai / jisa prabandha meM atIta yA bhAvI artha kA isa prakAra varNana hotA hai ki ve pratyakSa-se ho uThate haiM, usameM bhAvika alaGkAra mAnA gayA hai|' artha-varNana kI sphuTatA isameM apekSita hai| bhAvika ko alaGkAra mAnanA nirdhAnta nahIM hai| artha-varNana meM kavi kA yaha kauzala ki vaha bhUta yA bhAvI artha ko pAThaka kI kalpanA-dRSTi ke sAmane pratyakSa kara de, kavikarma kI saphalatA ke lie Avazyaka zata hai| bhAmaha ne bhAvika meM vicitra, udAtta tathA adbhuta arthoM kA spaSTa zabdoM meM varNana vAJchanIya mAnA hai| bharata ne udAratA guNa meM adbhuta, vicitra tathA aneka bhAva saMyukta artha ke varNana para bala diyA hai tathA arthavyakti meM spaSTa zabdoM meM artha kA sphuTa varNana vAJchanIya mAnA hai| inhIM guNoM kI dhAraNA ke sAtha apratyakSa artha-varNana kI dhAraNA ko milA kara bhAmaha ne bhAvika alaGkAra kI kalpanA kara lI hai| isake alaGkAratva ke sambandha meM paravartI AcAryoM meM mataikya nahIM hai| prAzI AzIH kI ora nirdeza karate hue bhAmaha ne kahA hai ki kucha loga ise bhI alaGkAra mAnate haiN| 1. alaGkAraiguNazcaiva bahubhiryadalaGa kRtam / bhUSaNairiva vinyastaistadbhUSaNamiti smRtam ||-bhrt, nA0 zA0, 16,5 2. bhAvikatvamiti prAhuH prabandhaviSayaM guNam / __ pratyakSA iva dRzyante yatrArthA bhUtabhAvinaH / -bhAmaha, kAvyAlaM0 3, 53 3. AzIrapi ca keSAJcidalaGkAratayA mtaa| -vahI, , 3, 55 .

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56 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa bhAmaha kI alaGkAra-dhAraNA ke isa vivecana tathA bharata kI alaGkAra, lakSaNa tathA guNa viSayaka mAnyatA ke sandarbha meM usake adhyayana se hama isa niSkarSa para pahu~cate haiM ki bharata ke bAda bhAmaha meM jina paiMtIsa navIna alaGkAroM kI gaNanA huI hai, unameM se adhikAMza kI utpatti bharata ke mUla alaGkAroM, lakSaNoM tathA guNoM se huI hai| kucha alaGkAra bharata ke kisI vizeSa alaGkAra ke bheda-mAtra haiN| unake do alaGkAroM ko milA kara bhI bhAmaha ne navIna alaGkAra kI kalpanA kara lI hai| kucha alaGkAra unake vizeSa lakSaNoM se abhinna haiM tathA kucha alaGkAroM kI utpatti ekAdhika lakSaNoM ke mizraNa se huI hai / bharata ke kucha alaGkAra tathA lakSaNa ke paraspara yoga se bhI bhAmaha ke navIna alaGkAroM kA AvirbhAva huA hai| nATyazAstra ke kucha guNoM kA bhI navIna alaGkAroM kI sRSTi meM yogadAna hai| kahIM ekAdhika guNoM ke paraspara mela se tathA kahIM guNa kA lakSaNa ke sAtha yoga se navIna alaGkAroM kA nirmANa huA hai| isake atirikta bhAmaha ke kucha alaGkAra bharata ke rasa, bhAva Adi se sambaddha haiN| kucha alaGkAra avazya maulika haiM, jinake svarUpa kI kalpanA bharata ne alaGkAra, lakSaNa tathA guNa ke sandarbha meM nahIM kI thii| isa prakAra udbhava kI dRSTi se bhAmaha ke alaGkAroM kA nimnalikhita daza vargoM meM vibhAjana kiyA jA sakatA hai: 1. mUla alaGkAra ke rUpAntaraH-bhAmaha ke anuprAsa, ananvaya, upameyopamA tathA utprakSA bharata ke mUla alaGkAroM ke AdhAra para hI kalpita haiN| anuprAsa bharata ke yamaka kA bheda-mAtra hai / utprekSA kalpitopamA ke AdhAra para kalpita hai tathA ananvaya evaM upameyopamA upamA ke hI rUpa-bheda haiM / 2. ekAdhika alaGkAroM ke yoga se utpanna:-isa varga meM bhAmaha ke do alaGkAra Ate haiM-upamArUpaka tathA utprekSAvayava / upamArUpaka alaGkAra meM upamA tathA rUpaka alaGkAroM kA samanvita rUpa hai| utprekSAvayava meM utprakSA, rUpaka tathA zliSTa alaGkAroM kA samavAya hai| inameM se rUpaka-dhAraNA bharata kI hai, utprekSA unhIM kI kalpitopamA ke AdhAra para kalpita hai tathA zliSTa bhAmaha kI aMzataH maulika dhAraNA hai / 3. bharata ke lakSaNa se samudbhUtaH-bhAmaha ke preya tathA virodha alaGkAroM kA mUla kramazaH protsAhana lakSaNa ke pAThabheda priyokti tathA upapatti lakSaNoM meM hai|

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ 57 4. lakSaNoM ke pArasparika yoga se niSpannaH-AkSepa, arthAntaranyAsa, vyatireka, samAhita tathA vyAjastuti alaGkAroM kI rUpa-racanA meM ekAdhika lakSaNoM kA yoga hai| udAharaNArtha-pratiSedha tathA manoratha lakSaNoM ke yoga se AkSepa, zobhA evaM udAharaNa ke milana se arthAntaranyAsa, atizaya aura nirbhAsana ke pATha-bheda mAlA lakSaNoM ke mela se vyatireka tathA kapaTa ke pAThabheda garhaNa evaM priya ke saMyoga se vyAjastuti alaGkAra AvirbhUta hue haiN| 5. alaGkAra tathA lakSaNa ke saMyoga se utpannaH-samAsokti, atizayokti, apahna ti, tulyayogitA, aprastutaprazaMsA, nidarzanA tathA sandeha alaGkAroM kI utpatti vibhinna lakSaNoM evaM mUla alaGkAroM ke saMyoga se huI hai| samAsokti meM upamA tathA kArya ke pAThabheda arthApatti lakSaNa ke tattvoM kA sammizraNa hai| atizayokti ke svarUpa kI kalpanA meM rUpaka tathA atizaya se tattva grahaNa kiyA gayA hai| apahna ti kI sRSTi upamA tathA mithyAdhyavasAya ke yoga se huI hai| tulyayogitA kA mUla upamA alaGkAra tathA siddhi evaM guNAnuvAda lakSaNoM meM hai| aprastutaprazaMsA ke svarUpa-vinyAsa meM upamA ke sAtha manoratha evaM protsAhana lakSaNoM ne yogadAna diyA hai| nidarzanA kI kalpanA meM dRSTAnta tathA udAharaNa lakSaNoM ke sAtha upamA alaGkAra ke tattvoM kA yoga hai tathA sandeha alaGkAra ke udgama kA srota upamA alaGkAra tathA saMzaya lakSaNa haiN| 6. guNa-dhAraNA se anuprANitaH-bhAmaha ko svabhAvokti alaGkAra kI kalpanA kI preraNA bharata ke arthavyakti guNa se milI hogii| 7. ekAdhika guNoM ke yoga se udbhUta :-bhAvika alaGkAra kI rUpa-racanA meM bhAmaha bharata kI udAratA tathA arthavyakti guNa-dhAraNA se prabhAvita jAna par3ate haiM, yadyapi isameM parokSArtha varNana kI kalpanA unakI maulika udbhAvanA hai| 8. lakSaNa evaM guNa ke samanvaya se sampannaH-udAtta alaGkAra meM bhAmaha ne bharata ke udAra yA udAtta guNa, guNakIrtana tathA atizaya lakSaNa ke pramukha vidhAyaka tattvoM kA samanvaya kara diyA hai / 9. rasa tathA bhAva ko dhAraNA se niHsRtaH-rasavat tathA UrjasvI alaGkAroM kA sambandha nATyAcArya bharata kI rasa tathA bhAva-sambandhI dhAraNA se hai| rasavat rasa se tathA UrjasvI dIpta bhAva se sambaddha hai|

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58 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa 10. maulika alaGkAra : - bhAmaha ke maulika alaGkAroM ke do varga mAne jA sakate haiM-- (ka) pUrNa maulika tathA (kha) aMzataH maulika / vibhAvanA, vizeSokti evaM yathAsaMkhya alaGkAra pUrNataH maulika haiM / zliSTa AMzika rUpa se ruupk-dhaarnn| se prabhAvita hai tathA aMzataH mauliMka / sahokti para dIpaka kA kiJcit prabhAva hai, sAtha hI kucha maulikatA bhI hai / parivRtti meM guNAnuvAda, lakSaNa tathA prazaMsopamA se kucha sAmya hone para bhI AMzika maulikatA hai / bhAvika alaGkAra bhI aMzataH maulika hai / paryAyokta tathA samAhita bhI bhAmaha kI maulika udbhAvanA hai / bhAmaha ne hetu, sUkSma tathA leza ke alaGkAratva kA khaNDana kiyA hai, cU~ki unameM vakrokti kA sadbhAva nhiiN| isase siddha hai ki bhAmaha ke pUrva kucha AcAryoM ne ukta alaGkAroM kI sattA svIkAra kI thI, anyathA bhAmaha aprApta ke niSedha meM vyartha zrama nahIM karate / udAtta, pra eya, UrjasvI Adi alaGkAroM ke lakSaNa nahIM diye gaye haiM / yaha anumAna kiyA jA sakatA hai ki paribhASita alaGkAroM kI apekSA ukta alaGkAroM ko bhAmaha ne gauNa mahattva diyA hai / O AcArya daNDI bhAmaha ke bAda daNDI ke 'kAvyAdarza' meM kAvyAlaGkAroM kA vizada vivecana prApta hotA hai / bhAmaha ke unacAlIsa alaGkAroM ke sthAna para daNDI ne chattIsa alaGkAra svIkAra kiye hai; kintu vizeSa alaGkAroM ke bhedopabhedoM kI kalpanA meM daNDI kAvyazAstra ke sabhI AcAryoM se Age haiM / 'kAvyAdarza' meM alaGkAroM kI saMkhyA - parimiti kA kAraNa kadAcit unake aGgoM, upAGgoM kI aparimiti hI hai / unhoMne bhAmaha ke kucha alaGkAroM kI svatantra sattA amAnya batAyI aura unheM anya alaGkAroM ke aGga ke rUpa meM svIkAra kara liyA / udAharaNArtha:- bhAmaha ne prativastUpamA, ananvaya, upameyopamA, sasandeha, upamArUpaka tathA utprekSAvayava ko svatantra alaGkAra kI padavI pradAna kI thI; kintu daNDI ne unheM upamA, rUpaka tathA utpra ekSA ke aGga ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA / prativastUpamA upamA kA eka bheda mAnA gayA / ananvaya asAdhAraNopamA kI saMjJA dekara upamA-bheda svIkAra kiyA gayA / upameyopamA

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ 56. anyonyopamA ke nAma se abhihita huA aura upamA kA eka prakAra svIkRta huaa| sasandeha kA abhidhAna saMzayopamA kiyA gayA tathA upamA ke hI bhedoM meM use samAviSTa kara liyA gyaa| upamArUpaka rUpaka alaGkAra meM antabhUta hokara usakA eka prakAra bana gayA tathA utprekSAvayava apanI svatantra sattA khokara utprekSA kA bheda-mAtra mAna liyA gyaa|' ___ daNDI ne hetu, sUkSma tathA leza alaGkAroM kA bhI astitva svIkAra kiyA hai| bhAmaha ne inake alaGkAratva kA khaNDana kiyA thaa| AzIH ko bhI daNDI ne alaGkAra ke rUpa se mAnyatA dI hai| bhAmaha ne isake alaGkAratva ke sambandha meM kucha logoM ke mata kA nirdezamAtra kiyA thaa| bhAmaha ke anuprAsa evaM yamaka zabdAlaGkAroM meM se kevala yamaka kA hI vivecana 'kAvyAdarza' ke alaGkAra-prasaGga meM huA hai| anuprAsa kA vivecana daNDI ne mAdhuryaguNa ke svarUpa-nirUpaNa ke sandarbha meM kiyA hai| isase spaSTa hai ki daNDI ne apane pUrvavartI AcArya bhAmaha kI vicAra-saraNi kA andhAnusaraNa nahIM kiyA hai| unameM cintana kI maulikatA hai| unake adhikAMza alaGkAroM kA svarUpa bhAmaha ke alaGkAroM se abhinna hone para bhI, unake bhedopabheda kI udbhAvanA svatantra rUpa se kI gayI hai| kucha alaGkAroM kA svarUpa bhI sarvathA navIna hai| una navIna alaGkAroM meM se kucha kA mUla bharata kI lakSaNa-dhAraNA tathA guNa-dhAraNA meM DhUr3hA jA sakatA hai| bharata tathA bhAmaha kI kAvya-tattva-vivecanA ke prakAza meM daNDI kI alaGkAra-viSayaka mAnyatA kA parIkSaNa vAJchanIya hai| yamaka 'kAvyAdarza' meM yamaka kA sAmAnya lakSaNa 'kAvyAlaGkAra' ke yamaka-lakSaNa se kiJcit bhinna hai / daNDI kI yamaka-dhAraNA bharata kI dhAraNA ke samAna hai / bhAmaha ne zra tisama bhinnArthaka zabdoM kI AvRtti ko yamaka mAnA thaa|2 daNDI ne bharata 1. ananvayasasandehAvupamAsveva darzitau / upamArUpakaJcApi rUpakeSveva darzitam / / utprakSAbheda evAsAvutprakSAvayavo'pi ca / -daNDI, kAvyAdarza 2, 358-59 aura draSTavya, prativastUpamA kA lakSaNa 2, 46 2. tulyazra tInAM bhinnAnAmabhidheyaH parasparam / varNAnAM yaH punarvAdo yamakaM tannigadyate ||-bhaamh, kAvyAlaM0 2, 17.

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60 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa kI taraha varNAvRtti tathA padAvRtti, donoM ko yamaka mAnA hai|' daNDI bhAmaha se isa aMza meM prabhAvita haiM ki ve prahelikA ko yamaka kA hI bheda mAnate haiN| bhAmaha ne rAmazarmA kA mata uddhRta karate hue kahA hai ki gambhIra dhAtvartha vAle yamaka ko hI prahelikA kahA gayA hai / 2 daNDI ne isa mAnyatA ko svIkAra kara pUrvavartI AcAryoM ke dvArA nirdiSTa prahelikA ke solaha bhedoM kA lakSaNanirUpaNa kiyA hai| caudaha prakAra kI duSTaprahelikAoM kA bhI saGketa 'kAvyAdarza' meM prApya hai| gomUtrikA, ardhabhrama tathA sarvatobhadra jaise--vibhinna prakAra ke citroM meM nibaddha hone vAle kAvya (citra-kAvya) ko daNDI ne yamaka alaGkAra ke hI vyApaka pariveza meM samAviSTa mAnA hai| spaSTa hai ki nAnA prakAra ke bandhoM meM kAvya ke nibandhana kI kalpanA kA Arambha vargoM ke vibhinna prakAra ke mor3a ke AdhAra para hI huA thaa| pIche cala kara citroM meM varNavinyAsa kA adhyayana zabdAlaGkAra se svatantra viSaya bana gyaa| navIna-navIna bandhoM kI uddhAvanA hone lagI aura saMskRta AcAryoM se lekara hindI ke rItikAlIna AcAryoM taka bandhoM kI saMkhyA eka sau assI taka pahuMca gii| zabda-citra ke sAtha artha-citra kI bhI sattA svIkRta huii| bhAmaha ne yamaka meM kevala zabdAvRtti ko hI vAJchanIya nahIM mAnA thA, usameM artha kI bhinnatA para bhI bala diyA thaa| yahI artha-citra kI kalpanA kA AdhAra bnaa| vibhinna bandhoM meM citra-kAvya kI kalpanA kA sUtrapAta sarvaprathama ukta bandhoM kI kalpanA karane vAle daNDI ne hI kiyA, yadyapi Adi AcArya bharata kI yamaka-dhAraNA meM hI usakA bIja nihita thaa| paravartI AcAryoM ne bandha-baddha kAvya ko zabdAlaGkAra se pRthak siddha karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| rItikAlIna AcArya murAridAna ne 'jasavanta bhUSaNa' meM yaha vicAra vyakta kiyA hai ki "prAcIna kamalAkAra, dhanuSAkAra ityAdi rUpa se kAvya likhe jAveM, unako citra-kAvya kaha kara zabdAlaGkAra ke prabheda mAnate haiM, so bhUla hai; kyoMki zabda meM raha kara kAvya ko zobhA kare vaha zabdAlaGkAra hai / so ukta kAvyoM kI lekha kriyA kAvya ko kucha bhI zobhA nahIM krtii| yaha to aSTAvadhAnAdi sAdhanavat kavi kI kriyA-cAturI mAtra hai| aise hI ekAkSara kAvya ko jAnanA caahie|"3 1. tulanIya-bharata nA0 zA0 16,56 tathA daNDI, kAvyAda0, 3, 1 2. nAnAdhAtvarthagambhIrA ymkvypdeshinii| prahelikA sAhya ditA rAmazarmAcyutottare / / -bhAmaha, kAvyAlaM0 2, 16 3. draSTavya-murAridAna, jasavanta-bhUSaNa, prastAvanA, pR0 76

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ 61 murAridAna ne zabda ke alaGkAra tathA citra-kAvya meM jo bhedaka tattva svIkAra kiyA hai. vaha sarvamAnya nahIM ho sakatA / unakI mAnyatA hai ki zabdAlaGkAra zabda meM raha kara kAvya meM saundarya kA AdhAna karatA hai| ve sambhavataH citrAlaGkAra meM zabdaniSTha kAvya zobhAkara dharma nahIM mAnate / kintu vicAra karane se yaha siddha hai ki citrabandhoM meM bhI zabda-prayoga kA camatkAra hI pradhAna hai| vizeSa bandha meM varNoM kI vizeSa prakAra se AvRtti apekSita hotI hai| ataH, merI mAnyatA hai ki citrabandha zabdagata yamaka alaGkAra se tattvataH bhinna nahIM hai| yaha bAta avazya hai ki kisI citra-bandha meM vargoM kA vinyAsa karane meM kavi ko adhika bauddhika vyAyAma karanA par3atA hai, jisake phalasvarUpa usameM vaha saundarya nahIM raha jAtA, jo yamaka yA anuprAsa ke sarala bhedoM ke zabda-prayoga meM rahatA hai| yamaka ke ye sarala rUpa, bhAvAnurUpa varNa-racanA ke hone para, rasa ke bhI sahAyaka siddha hote haiM; kintu citroM ke niyamoM se Abaddha vargoM ke sAyAsa vicitra gumphana se rasa-bodha bAdhita ho jAtA hai, usa kauzala se buddhi bhale camatkRta ho jAya / isIlie rasa-dhvani ke kAvya kI AtmA ke rUpa meM pratiSThita ho jAne para citra ko adhama-kAvya mAnA gayA; kintu zabdAvRtti-rUpa yamaka evaM varNAvRttirUpa anuprAsa ko kAvya-zobhA ke atizaya kAraka ke rUpa meM sammAna milatA rhaa| prahelikA ke sambandha meM yaha kathana ki 'prahelikA rasa-virodhI hone ke kAraNa alaGkAra nahIM hai ' prasiddha hI hai-'rasasya paripanthitvAt nAlaGkAraH prhelikaa'| niSkarSa yaha hai ki citrabandha mUlataH yamaka ke hI bheda haiM; kintu usase adhika durUha evaM nIrasa bana gaye haiN| ___AcArya daNDI ne yamaka ke asaMkhya bheda svIkAra kiye haiM aura yaha kahA hai ki vistAra ke bhaya se unameM se kucha duSkara yamaka-prakAra kA hI vivecana kiyA jAtA hai| kintu, una pramukha bhedoM kA varNana hI itanA vistRta hai ki usakI sAGgopAGga mImAMsA prastuta prabandha kA lekhaka anAvazyaka mAnatA hai| ina sabhI bhedoM meM svara-vyaJjana-saMghAta kI AvRtti kI vibhinna prakriyA kA adhyayana kiyA gayA hai| yahA~ una bhedoM kA saMkSipta paricaya hI paryApta hogaa| varNasaMhati ke abhyAsa kA vyavahita, avyavahita tathA vyavahitAvyavahita hone kI dRSTi se yamaka ke mukhya tIna bheda mAne gaye haiN| punaH sthAna kI dRSTi se pAda ke Adigata, madhyamata tathA antagata--ye tIna bheda kiye gaye haiN| ina tIna bhedoM ke eka pAdagata, dvipAdagata, tripAdagata tathA catuSpAdagata bheda se nimnalikhita bAraha prakAra ho jAte haiM :-(1) ekapAda ke Adigata,

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa (2) eka pAda ke madhyagata, (3) ekAda ke antagata, (4) do pAdoM ke Adigata, (5) do padoM ke madhyagata, (6) donAdoM ke antaMgata, (7) tIna pAdoM ke Adigata, (8) tInapAdoM ke madhyagata, (6) tIna pAdoM ke antagata, (10) cAra padoM ke Adigata, (11) cAra padoM ke madhyagata tathA (12) cAra pAdoM ke antagata / ye bAraha prakAra amizra yamaka ke haiN| mizra yamaka ke gyAraha prakAra mAne jA sakate haiN| varNasamudAya ke abhyAsa meM sthAnoM ke mizraNa kI dRSTi se mukhya pA~ca bheda mAne gaye haiM :-(ka) Adi madhyAnta, (kha) madhyAnta, (ga) madhyAdi, (gha) Adyanta tathA (Ga) saba / inameM se AdimadhyAnta kA prathama tathA dvitIya pAda meM, prathama tathA tRtIya meM evaM prathama tathA caturtha meM mizra AvRtti kI dRSTi se tIna bheda; madhyAnta ke-dvitIya-tRtIya, dvitIya-caturtha tathA tRtIya-caturtha pAdagata bheda se tIna prakAra; madhyAdi kA-prathama-dvitIya-tRtIyayaha eka prakAra; Adyanta kA-prathama-dvitIya-caturtha, prathama-tRtIya-caturthaM tathA dvitIya-tRtIya caturtha, ye tIna prakAra tathA saba kA-prathama-dvitIya-tRtIya-caturtha, yaha eka hI bheda hai| isa prakAra saba mila kara mizra yamaka ke ukta gyAraha prakAra ho jAte haiN| yaha yamaka ke kucha pramukha bhedoM kA digdarzana-mAtra hai| daNDI ne yaha svIkAra kiyA hai ki pAdAdi, pAdamadhya tathA pAdAnta yamaka ke vyapeta, avyapeta tathA vyapetAvyapeta prakAra kI dRSTi se tathA unake 'mizra evaM amizra rUpoM kI dRSTi se yamaka ke bahula bhedoM kI kalpanA kI jA sakatI hai| . isa vivecana ke uparAnta 'kAvyAdarza' meM sandaSTa evaM samudga yamakoM ke lakSaNa'udAharaNa diye gaye hai| inake lakSaNa 'nATyazAstra' meM bhI diye gaye haiN| bhAmaha ne bhI yamaka ke ina bhedoM kA ullekha kiyA hai / daNDI kI etadviSayaka dhAraNA "pUrvAcAryoM kI dhAraNA ke samAna hI hai| ___daNDI ne yamaka ke eka zlokAbhyAsa-bheda kI kalpanA kI hai| isameM sampUrNa pada kI arthabheda se AvRtti ho jAtI hai| donoM zlokoM meM svara- vyaJjana saGkAta kA krama samAna hI rahatA hai| anvaya ke lie padoM kA viccheda alagaalaga DhaGga se kara liyA jAtA hai / 1. draSTavya-daNDI, kAvyAda0 3, 1-38 1. atyantabahavasteSAM bhedAH sambhedayonayaH |-dnnddii, kAvyada0, 3, 3

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa daNDI kA mahAyamaka bharata ke caturvyavasita yamaka se abhinna hai, jisameM cAroM pAdoM kA svarUpa samAna rahatA hai ; arthAt eka hI pAda kI cAra bAra AvRtti se eka dvipaMktibaddha chanda bana jAtA hai| ___ 'kAvyAdarza' kA pratiloma yamaka daNDI kI maulika udbhAvanA hai| isameM eka pAda meM vinyasta varNoM ko ThIka ulaTe krama se dUsare pAda meM sajAyA jAtA hai| spaSTa hai ki daNDI kI yamaka-sambandhI dhAraNA bharata tathA bhAmaha kI tadviSayaka dhAraNA se mUlataH abhinna hai ; phira bhI usake navIna bhedopabhedoM kI udbhAvanA kI dRSTi se daNDI kA mahattva asandigdha hai / svabhAvokti daNDI ke svabhAvokti alaGkAra kA svarUpa bhAmaha ke kAvyAlaGkAra meM 'nirUpita svabhAvokti ke svarUpa se abhinna hai| bhAmaha kI taraha daNDI bhI kisI vastu kI vibhinna avasyAoM-avayava saMsthAna, AkRti Adi-ke sphuTa varNana meM svabhAvokti alaGkAra mAnate haiM / isakA dUsarA vyapadeza jAti bhI hai| prastuta alaGkAra ke svarUpa-nirdhAraNa meM bhAmaha se sahamata hone para bhI daNDI ne kAvya. meM isake sthAna-nirdhAraNa meM sarvayA maulika vicAra vyakta kiye haiN| unhoMne ise 'AdyA alaGa kRti' arthAt mukhya alaGkAra kahA hai|' vastutaH kAvya meM vastusvabhAva-varNana kI sphuTatA kA bahuta adhika mahattva hai| bhAmaha ne sambhavataH vakrokti ke abhAva ke kAraNa hI isakA avamUlyana karate hue yaha kaha diyA thA ki kucha loga svabhAvokti ko bhI alaGkAra mAnate haiN| vakroktivAdI kuntaka ne svabhAvokti ke alaGkAratva kA khaNDana kara usakA alaGkAryatva hI svIkAra kiyA hai| usake alaGkAratva yA alaGkAryatva ke sambandha meM hama upayukta prasaGga meM vistAra se vicAra kreNge| hamArI mAnyatA hai ki alaGkAra yA alaGkArya kisI bhI rUpa meM svabhAvokti ke mahattva kI upekSA kAvya meM nahIM kI jA sktii| 1. nAnAvasthaM padArthAnAM rUpaM sAkSAd vivRnnvtii| svabhAvoktizca jAtizcetyAdyA sAla kRtiryathA // -vahI, 2, 8, tulanIya-bhAmaha, kAvyAlaM0 2, 63 2. alaGkArakRtAM yeSAM svabhAvoktiralaGa kRtiH| alaGkAryatayA teSAM kimanyadavatiSThate // -kuntaka, vakroktijI0 1, 11

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64 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa upamA __'kAvyAdarza' meM upamA kA jo sAmAnya lakSaNa diyA gayA hai, vaha bharata aura bhAmaha ke upamA-lakSaNa se milatA-julatA hai| daNDI ke anusAra kAvya meM jahA~ upamAna aura upameya meM guNa, kriyA Adi dharma ke dvArA sphuTa sAdharmya kA bodha hotA hai vahA~ upamA alaGkAra hotA hai / ' donoM meM sAmya kI pratIti hI upamA hai| isa prakAra pUrvAcAryoM kI taraha daNDo bhI kAvyagata camatkArapUrNa sAdRzya meM upamA alaGkAra kA sadbhAva svIkAra karate haiN| unhoMne upamA ke nimnalikhita bhedoM kA sodAharaNa ullekha kiyA hai :dharmopamA, vastUpamA, viparyAsopamA, anyonyopamA, niyamopamA, aniyamopamA,, samuccayopamA, atizayopamA, utprekSitopamA, adbhutopamA, mohopamA, saMzayopamA, nirNayopamA, zleSopamA, samAnopamA, nindopamA, prazaMsopamA, AcikhyAsopamA, virodhopamA, pratiSedhopamA, caTUpamA, tattvAkhyAnopamA, asAdhAraNopamA, abhUtopamA, asambhAvitopamA, bahUpamA, vikriyopamA, mAlopamA, vAkyArthopamA ( ekeva zabda-nibandhanA tathA anekeva zabda-nibandhanA; do prakAra ), prativastUpamA, tulyayogopamA tathA hetUpamA / ___ inameM se nindopamA tathA prazaMsopamA bharata ke etatsaMjJaka upamA-bhedoM se abhinna haiN| adbhutopamA, abhUtopamA, asambhAvitopamA tathA vikriyopamA kI kalpanA kA AdhAra bharata kI upamA kA kalpitA bheda hai, jisameM upamAna kalpita yA asiddha hotA hai| daNDI ke ukta cAra upamA-prakAroM meM upamAna kalpita hI huA karate haiN| udAharaNArtha-daNDI ke anusAra isa kathana meM"ai sundarI ! yadi kamala ApUrNita netra se yukta ho jAya to vaha tumhArI mukha-chavi kI samatA kara sakatA hai"-adbhutopamA alaGkAra hogaa| yaha kathana- "tumhArA mukha saMsAra ke sabhI kamaloM ke ekatrIbhUta prabhA-sAra ke samAna suzobhita hai"-unake anusAra abhUtopamA kA udAharaNa hai / nimnalikhita ukti meM--''isa mukha se kaThora vANI, vidhumaNDala se viSa tathA candana se Aga nikalane ke samAna hai"-daNDI asambhava kathana ke kAraNa asambhAvitopamA mAnate haiM / "ai tanvaGgI ! tumhArA mukha candramaNDala se utkIrNa tathA kamala-madhya 1. yathAkathaJcit sAdRzyaM yatrodbhUtaM pratIyate / upamA nAma sA ... ... ..." -daNDI, kAvyAda0 2,14 2. draSTavya-vahI, 2, 15-50

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ 65 se uddhRta ke samAna hai", isa kathana ko daNDI vikriyopamA kA udAharaNa mAnate haiM / ukta udAharaNoM para vicAra karane se spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki unameM upamAna asiddha yA ekAnta - kalpita haiM / upamAnabhUta kamala meM AghUrNita nayana kI kalpanA, kamala kI prabhA ke sAra - samuccaya se mukha kA nirmita honA, vidhumaNDala se viSa tathA candana se agni kA niHsRta honA, mukha kA candramaNDala se utkIrNa tathA padmagarbha se uddhRta honA; ye saba asiddha kathana haiM / isa prakAra upari-vivecita cAra alaGkAra bharata kI kalpitopamA-dhAraNA ke AdhAra para kalpita haiM / adbhutopamA se milatI-julatI dhAraNA bhAmaha ne atizayokti ke eka udAharaNa meM vyakta kI hai / 1 bhAmaha ke 'kavyAlaGkAra' meM nirdiSTa AcikhyAsopamA tathA mAlopamA nAmaka upamA-bhedoM kA bhI ullekha daNDI ke upamA - prakAroM meM hai / unake svarUpa ke sambandha meM daNDI kI dhAraNA bhAmaha kI dhAraNA se abhinna hai / yaha kahA jA cukA hai ki daNDI ne bhAmaha ke prativastUpamA alaGkAra kA bhI ullekha upamA-bheda ke rUpa meM kiyA hai / unake svatantra alaGkAra ananvaya tathA sasandeha ko daNDI ne upamA ke hI bhedoM meM antarbhukta mAna liyA hai | ukta upamAbhedoM ke atirikta jo navIna bheda 'kAvyAdarza' meM parigaNita haiM, unake udbhava kA parIkSaNa prasaGgAnukUla yahA~ apekSita hai / dharmopamA tathA vastUpamAH- upamA ke cAra aGga haiM--upameya, upamAna, sAdhAraNa dharmaM tathA vAcaka zabda / sAdhAraNa dharma kahIM ukta ho sakatA hai kahIM anukta / anukta hone para dharma pratIyamAna hotA hai / isameM dharmI vAcya hotA hai, dharma pratIyamAna / isa prakAra dharma ke vAcya hone para dharmopamA tathA usake anupAtta yA pratIyamAna hone para vastUpamA, ye do upamA-bheda ho jAte haiM / 3 bharata ke kiJcit sadRzI upamA-bheda meM vastUpamA dhAraNA kA bIja nihita thA / kiJcit sadRzI upamA ke udAharaNa ke vyAkhyAna ke krama meM abhinava gupta ne yaha mAnyatA vyakta kI hai ki isameM sAdRzya kA bodhaka pada sphuTatayA ukta nahIM hotA, 1. apAM yadi tvak zithilA cyutA syAt phaNinAmiva / tadA zuklAMzukAni syuraGga eSvambhasi yoSitAm // -- bhAmaha, kAvyAlaM0 2, 83 2. ananvaya - sasandehAvupamA sveva darzito / --daNDI, kAvyAda0 2, 358 3. ...iti dharmopamA sAkSAt tulyadharmapradarzanAt / tathA ..... iyaM pratIyamAnaikadharmA vastUpamaiva sA ||1hii 2, 15-16 5

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa samasta pada se hI sAdRzya kI pratIti ho jAtI hai| isa prakAra vAcakaluptA, dharmaluptA Adi upamA kA samAveza bharata ke ukta upamA-bheda meM hI thA, jisake AdhAra para nAma-bheda se daNDI ne vastUpamA kI kalpanA kara lii| dharmopamA kI dhAraNA to bharata tathA bhAmaha ke sAmAnya upamA-lakSaNa meM hI vyakta thii| viparyAsopamAH-'kAvyAdarza' meM ullikhita viparyAsopamA upamA kA eka navIna bheda hai| isameM prasiddha upamAna tathA upameya meM viparyaya kI kalpanA kara lI jAtI hai / mukha, netra Adi prasiddha upameya upamAna ke rUpa meM kalpita ho jAte haiM tathA unake prasiddha upamAna candramA, nIlakamala Adi upameya mAna liye jAte haiM / isa prasiddhi ke viparyaya kA AdhAra kavi-kalpanA hai| vAmana ne ise hI kalpitopamA kahA hai / ataH yaha mAnA jA sakatA hai ki bharata kI kalpitopamA meM hI isa upamA-bheda kI kalpanA kI sambhAvanA nihita thii| ____ anyonyopamAH-daNDI kI anyonyopamA bhAmaha kI upameyopamA se abhinna hai| bhAmaha ne upameyopamA ko svatantra alaGkAra mAnA thA; kintu daNDI ne use nAma-bheda se upamA alaGkAra kA hI bheda svIkAra kiyA hai| vastutaH ise pRthak alaGkAra mAnane kI AvazyakatA nahIM thii| yaha upamA se tattvataH abhinna hai| niyamopamAH-eka upameya ke aneka upamAnoM kI sattA hone para kucha ke upamAnatva kA niSedha kara kisI vizeSa vastu ke upamAnatva kA niyamana hI niyamopamA hai| bahuta upamAnoM ke sadbhAva se upameya kA utkarSa kama ho jAtA hai| jisake samAna bahuta hoM usakA kyA vaiziSTya ? ataH unameM se kucha ke upamAnatva kA niSedha karane se upameya kA utkarSa-sAdhana hotA hai / yaha daNDI kI maulika kalpanA hai| aniyamopamA:-yaha niyamopamA kA viparIta-dharmA hai| isameM upameya ke lie vizeSa upamAna ke niyama kA abhAva svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| isakI kalpanA niyamopamA kI abhAvAtmaka sattA ke sAtha bharata ke 'ekasyAnekena' upamA-bheda ke yoga ke AdhAra para huI hai| 'ekasyAnekena' upamA meM bharata ne eka upameya kA aneka upamAnoM ke sAtha sAdharmya-nirUpaNa vAJchanIya mAnA hai| 1. yatra sAdRzyagamakaM sphuTaM padaM nAsti na ca sarvAtmanA rUpaka iva vastu. dvayamIlanaM tena samAsavyaGa gyA kinycitsdRshiityuktaa| -abhinava, nA0 zA0 a0 bhA0 pR0 324 2. draSTavya-kAmana, kAvyAlaM0 sU0 pR0 188 .

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [67 daNDI ke prastuta upamAbheda meM bhI upamAna kA aniyama hone se eka upameya ke aneka upamAna huA karate haiN| samuccayopamA:-yaha daNDI ke dvArA kalpita upamA kA navIna bheda hai / isameM upameya kI upamAna ke sAtha aneka dharmoM se samatA dikhAyI jAtI hai|' isake tIna bheda ho sakate haiM--kriyA-samuccaya se pratipAdita sAmya ke AdhAra para kriyAgata samuccayopamA, guNa-samuccaya ke AdhAra para guNa-samuccayopamA tathA guNa-kriyA-samuccaya se sAmya-pratipAdana meM guNa-kriyA-samuccayopamA / bharata ne prastuta tathA aprastuta kI saMkhyA ke AdhAra para upamA ke cAra bheda svIkAra kiye the; kintu unhoMne eka prastuta ke eka hI aprastuta ke sAtha aneka dharmoM ke dvArA sambandha-nirUpaNa para pRthak vicAra nahIM kiyA thA / sambhava hai ki daNDI ne prastuta-aprastuta kI saMkhyA ke AdhAra para nirUpita bharata ke upamA-bhedoM se hI preraNA pAkara upameya tathA upamAna ke bIca aneka guNoM, aneka kriyAoM evaM aneka guNakriyAoM kA sAmya pratipAdita karanevAle samuccayopamA nAmaka upamA-bheda kI kalpanA kara lI ho| __ atizayopamAH-atizaya camatkArI upamA kI kalpanA ko atizayopamA kahA gayA hai| mukha aura candramA meM kevala Azraya kA bheda hai; guNa, kriyA Adi kA koI bheda nhiiN| isa vivakSA meM yaha kathana "tumhArA mukha tuma meM hI dikhAI par3atA hai, candramA AkAza meM dIkhatA hai, yahI donoM kA bheda hai, anya nahIM,"2 atizayopamA kA udAharaNa mAnA gayA hai| upamA alaGkAra ke sAtha bharata ke atizaya lakSaNa ke yoga se prastuta upamA-bheda kI utpatti huI hai| utprekSitopamA:-utprekSA tathA upamA ke tattvoM ko milAkara isa navIna upamA-bheda kI kalpanA kI gaI hai| upamAna meM vastutaH nahIM rahanevAle dharma kI sambhAvanA kara arthAt usa dharma kA atAttvika rUpa se Aropa kara jahA~ upamA dI jAtI hai vahA~ daNDI utprekSitopamA nAmaka upamA-bheda mAnate haiN| bhAmaha ne isa upamA-bheda kI pRthak kAnA nahIM kI thii| unakI utprekSA-dhAraNA tathA upamA-dhAraNA meM hI isa upamA-bheda kA bIja nihita thaa| daNDI ke paravartI AcAryoM ne ise sambandhAtizayokti nAmaka atizayokti-bheda mAnA hai| 1. draSTavya-daNDI, kAvyAda0 2, 21 .. 2. tvayyeva tvanmukhaM dRSTaM dRzyate divi candramA / ___iyatyeva bhidA nAnyetyasAvatizayopamA |--vhii, 2, 22 3. tulanIya-daNDI, kAvyAda0 2, 23 tathA appaya dI0, kuvalayA0 39

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68 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa : mohopamAH-bhramAtmaka jJAna para avalambita upamA ko mohopamA kahA gayA hai| kisI vastu meM usase bhinna vastu kA jJAna moha kahA jAtA hai| ataH moha bhrAnta jJAna hai / atyanta sAdRzya ke kAraNa upameya meM usase bhinna upamAna kA bhrama isake udAharaNa meM dikhAyA gayA hai| bhramAtmaka jJAna kI dhAraNA navIna nahIM hai / upaniSadoM evaM darzana-granthoM meM jJAna-mImAMsA ke krama meM manISiyoM ne tattva-jJAna ke sAtha saMzayAtmaka evaM bhramAtmaka jJAna para bhI vicAra kiyA hai| kAvyAtmaka saundarya kI sRSTi karane vAle saMzaya ko daNDI ke pUrva bhAmaha ne hI svatantra kAvyAlaGkAra hone kA gaurava pradAna kara diyA thA; kintu bhrama ko vaha gaurava daNDI ke 'kAvyAdarza' taka bhI prApta nahIM ho skaa| unhoMne prastuta upamA-bheda meM kAvyAlaGkAra meM bhramAtmaka jJAna kI sattA avazya svIkAra kI hai| bharata ke mithyAdhyavasAya lakSaNa ke prApta eka pATha meM sandeha se vicAra ke anyathAbhAva-kalpana para bala diyA gayA hai|' abhinava ne usakI TIkA meM sandeha se bhrama kA abhiprAya svIkAra kiyA hai / 2 spaSTa hai ki bhrama-mUlaka jJAna para avalambita alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA mUla 'nATyazAstra' kI ukta lakSaNadhAraNA meM hI thaa| usase upamA-dhAraNA ko milA kara upamA-bheda mohopamA kI kalpanA kara lI gii| paravartI AcAryoM ne ise bhrAntimAna vyapadeza se pRthaka alaGkAra svIkAra kiyA hai| nirNayopamAH-isa upamA-bheda meM sAdRzya ke kAraNa prastuta vastu meM aprastuta vastu ke dvai koTika saMzayAtmaka jJAna ke hone para niSkarSa-rUpa meM satya kA nirNayAtmaka AkhyAna hotA hai| isakA mUla saMzayAtmaka jJAna hai jisameM antataH tathya kA nizcaya ho jAtA hai| paravartI AcAryoM ne ise sandeha kA hI nizcayAnta bheda mAna liyA hai| isakI svarUpa-saMghaTanA bhAmaha kI sasandeha alaGkAra-dhAraNA tathA bharata kI AkhyAna-lakSaNa-dhAraNA ke mizraNa se huI hai|nirnny kA tattva AkhyAna-lakSaNa se tathA sandeha kA tattva sasandeha se gRhIta hai| 1. draSTavya-bharata, nA0 zA0 16, 16 2. 'sandeho'tra bhramaH, athavA anyathAbhAvo viparyayaH / ' -abhinava, nA0 zA0 a0 bhA0 pR0 300 3. AkhyAna lakSaNa meM tatva-nirNaya para bala diyA gayA hai, - draSTavya-bharata, nA0 zA0 16, 21

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [69 zleSopamAH-bhAmaha ke zliSTa alaGkAra ke AdhAra para prastuta upamA-bheda kI kalpanA kI gaI hai| isameM upameya tathA upamAna kA yugapat abhidhAna hotA hai| bhAmaha ne bhI zliSTa meM ThIka aisI hI dhAraNA vyakta kI hai| samAnopamAH--prastuta upamA-bheda kA AdhAra zabdagata samatA hai| samAna zabda se abhihita hone mAtra se prastuta tathA aprastuta meM sAdRzya mAna liyA gayA hai| isake svarUpa-nirdhAraNa meM viSaya evaM viSayI ke bIca dharma-sAmya para kiJcit mAtra bhI dhyAna nahIM rakhA gayA hai| daNDI ke dvArA pradatta udAharaNa draSTavya hai-"yaha sAla-vRkSa ke vana se suzobhita udyAnamAlA kezoM se yukta mukha vAlI sundara yuvatI ke samAna suzobhita hai|''2 artha para dhyAna dene se yaha upamA hAsyAspada jAna par3atI hai| kahA~ vizAla sAla vRkSoM se yukta saghana udyAna aura kahA~ eka sundarI bAlA ! donoM meM kucha bhI dharma-sAmya nhiiN| donoM meM upamAnopameya bhAva kI kalpanA kA ekamAtra AdhAra hai donoM ke lie samAna vizeSaNa kA prayoga / udyAnamAlA 'sAlakAnanazobhinI' (sAla ke kAnana se suzobhita) hai tathA bAlA bhI 'sAlakAnanazobhinI' (sa+alaka+Anana+zobhinI arthAt alaka yukta Anana se suzobhita) hai| daNDI ke pUrvavartI AcAryoM ne isa prakAra kI upamA kI kalpanA nahIM kI thii| vastutaH ise upamA kA bheda mAnanA yuktisaGgata bhI nahIM hai / upamA meM do vastuoM meM dharma kA sAmya avazya honA cAhie / anyathA upamA se prastuta kI prabhAva-vRddhi nahIM ho sakatI aura isa prakAra usa alaGkAra kA uddezya hI viphala ho jAtA hai| daNDI ne aise dharma-nirapekSa kevala zabdagata sArUpya meM bhI upamA kI sattA mAnane ke kAraNa hI upamA ke sAmAnya lakSaNa meM 'yathAkathaJcit sAdRzya-pratIti' meM upamA kA sadbhAva svIkAra kiyA hai| kAvya meM kevala zabda-camatkAra ko zreyaskara nahIM mAnakara usameM bhAva kI pradhAnatA svIkAra karane vAlA Alocaka samAnopamA ko arthAlaGkAra nahIM maanegaa| AcArya rAmacandra zukla kI yaha ucita mAnyatA hai ki "yaha dUsare prakAra kI (AlaGkArika) rUpa-yojanA yA vyApAra-yojanA kisI aura (prastuta) rUpa ke prabhAva ko bar3hAne ke lie hI hotI hai; ataH isameM lAye hue rUpa yA vyApAra aise hI hone cAhie~ jo prabhAva meM una prastuta rUpoM yA vyApAra ke 1. tulanIya-bhAmaha, kAvyAlaM0 3, 14 tathA daNDI, kAvyAda0 2, 28 2. 'bAlevodyAnamAleyaM saalkaannshobhinii|'-dnnddii, kAvyAda0, 2, 26

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70 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa samAna ho|"' isa dRSTi se vicAra karane para samAnopamA meM prastuta ke prabhAva kI abhivRddhi kI kSamatA nahIM hone ke kAraNa usakA upamA-prakAra meM parigaNana svIkArya nhiiN| isIlie paravartI AcAryoM ne isakI sattA asvIkAra kara dI hai| ukta udAharaNa meM zleSa alaGkAra mAnanA hI ucita jAna par3atA hai| virodhopamAH- virodhopamA meM virodha kA paryavasAna sAdRzya meM ho jAtA hai| daNDI ne virodha nAmaka pRthaka alaGkAra bhI svIkAra kiyA hai, jisameM ApAtataH vaNita virodha avirodha meM paryavasita ho jAtA hai| virodhopamA meM virodha alaGkAra kA bhI tattva hai aura upamA kA bhii| virodha kA ullekha bhAmaha ne bhI kiyA hai| spaSTa hai ki pUrvavartI AcArya bhAmaha kI virodhAlaGkAradhAraNA se upamA-dhAraNA ko milA kara daNDI ne upamA ke isa navIna bheda kA sRjana kara liyaa| pratiSedhopamAH-vaiziSTya-pratipAdana ke lie upameya se upamAna ke sAdRzya kA niSedha pratiSedhopamA meM vAJchanIya mAnA gayA hai| isakI kalpanA bhAmaha ke vyatireka ke AdhAra para kI gayI hai| upamAna ke sAdRzya-pratiSedha kA uddezya usase upameya kA utkarSa-pratipAdana hai| bhAmaha ne upamAna se upameya ke prakarSasAdhana meM vyatireka alaGkAra svIkAra kiyA thaa| daNDI kI pratiSedhopamAdhAraNA usase milatI-julatI hai| isalie paravartI AcAryoM ne ise upamA-bheda nahIM mAna kara vyatireka meM hI samAviSTa kara liyaa| caTapamAH-upameya ke lie priya vacana ke prayoga ke kAraNa ise caTUpamA kahA gayA hai| isake mUla meM vizeSokti alaGkAra rahatA hai| upameya se upamAna meM utkarSa-hetu ke hone para bhI utkarSa kA pratipAdana isameM nahIM hotaa| isase spaSTa hai ki bhAmaha ke praya tathA vizeSokti alaGkAroM se tattva-grahaNa kara prastuta upamA-bheda kA svarUpa-vinyAsa huA hai| tattvAkhyAnopamA.-tattvAkhyAnopamA kA svabhAva nirNayopamA ke samAna hai| antara itanA hai ki nirNayopamA meM saMzayAtmaka jJAna kI sthiti meM tattva 1. rA0 ca0 zukla, triveNI, pR0 63 2. upamAnavato'rthasya yadvizeSanidarzanam / vyatirekaM tamicchanti vizeSApAdanAdyathA // -bhAmaha, kAvyAlaM0 2, 75 3. draSTavya-daNDI, kAvyAda0 2, 35, bhAmaha, kAvyAlaM0 3 5 tathA . 3, 23 se tulanA kreN|

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [71 kA AkhyAna hotA hai; para tattvAkhyAnopamA meM bhramAtmaka jJAna kI sthiti meM bhrama-nivAraNArtha tathya kA AkhyAna hotA hai| prastuta upamA-prakAra ke svarUpanirdhAraNa ke lie bharata ke mithyAdhyavasAya lakSaNa se bhrama kA tattva tathA AkhyAna lakSaNa se tathya-kathana kA tattva liyA gayA hai| bahupamAH-isameM eka upameya ke lie bahuta-se upamAnoM kA kathana hone ke kAraNa ise bahUpamA kahA gayA hai| bharata ke upamAna-saMkhyA para AdhRta upamAbheda 'ekasyAnekena' se yaha abhinna hai| mAlopamA meM bhI eka prastuta ke aneka aprastuta varNita hote haiM; kintu daNDI ne ina donoM meM kiJcit bheda mAnA hai| mAlA meM gumphita puSpa, jaise eka-dUsare se sambaddha rahate haiM, usI prakAra mAlopamA meM eka upamAna apara upamAna se sambaddha raha kara camatkAra utpanna karatA hai| bahUpamA meM eka upameya ke aneka upamAna paraspara nirapekSa bhAva se rahate haiN| ina donoM kA bhedaka tattva dhIre-dhIre lupta ho gayA aura paravartI AcAryoM ne ukta donoM sthitiyoM meM mAlopamA hI svIkAra kara lii| bahUpamA apanI pRthak sattA khokara mAlopamA meM hI vilIna ho gyii| vAkyArthopamAH-isameM sampUrNa vAkya ke artha kA anya vAkya ke artha ke sAtha sAdRzya dikhAyA jAtA hai| isakI kalpanA bharata ke udAharaNa lakSaNa tathA upamA alaGkAra ke pramukha tattvoM ke yoga para avalambita hai / udAharaNa lakSaNa ke prApta pAThAntara meM tulya artha vAle vAkya ke pradarzana se uddezya kI siddhi para bala diyA gayA hai| tulyArtha-yukta vAkya kI kalpanA vAkyArthopamA meM bhI hai| udAharaNa lakSaNa meM upamAnopameya kI dhAraNA ke mizraNa se prastuta upamA-bheda kA AvirbhAva huA hai| tulyayogopamAH-samAna jAtIya kriyA se prastuta tathA aprastuta kA sAmya-varNana tulyayogopamA hai / daNDI ke anusAra isameM nyUna guNa vAlI vastu ko adhika guNa vAlI vastu ke sadRza banA kara eka-jAtIya kriyA se isakA varNana kiyA jAtA hai / 2 yaha dhAraNA bhAmaha kI tulyayogitA-dhAraNA se abhinna hai| 1. yatra tulyArthayukta na vAkyenAbhipradarzanAt / sAdhyante nipuNairastidudAharaNaM smRtam / / -abhinava, nA0 zA0 a0 bhA0, pR0 304 2. adhikena samIkRtya hInamekakriyAvidhau / yat bravanti smRtA seyaM tulyayogopamA yathA // -daNDI, kAvyAda0 2,48

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72 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa bhAmaha kI tulyayogitA ko ukta saMjJA se upamA-bheda mAna kara daNDI ne tulyayogitA kA svarUpa kiJcit bhinna rUpa se nirdhArita kiyA hai| hetUpamAH-isameM eka upameya ke aneka upamAna ullikhita hote haiM aura unake sAtha upameya ke sAdRzya kA hetu vaNita hotA hai| bharata ne hetu nAmaka lakSaNa kA ullekha kiyA hai| usake sAtha eka upameya ke lie aneka upamAna vAlI unakI dhAraNA ko milA kara hetUpamA kI kalpanA kara lI gayI hai| niSkarSa yaha hai ki daNDI ne upamA ke jitane bhedopabheda svIkAra kiye haiM ve sabhI paramparA se vicchinna, nitAnta maulika sRSTi nahIM haiN| pUrvavartI AcAryoM ke tattadalaGkAroM kI dhAraNA tathA bharata kI kucha lakSaNa-dhAraNA ke AdhAra para unameM se adhikAMza ke svarUpa kI racanA kI gayI hai| udgama-srota kI dRSTi se daNDI ke upamA-prakAroM ko nimnalikhita vargoM meM vibhAjita kiyA jA sakatA hai : (ka) nATyazAstra se gRhIta upamA-bheda:-prazaMsopamA tathA nindopamA nAmaka upamA-bheda isa varga meM Ate haiM, jo inhIM nAmoM se svIkRta haiM / bharata kI sadRzI upamA nAma-bheda se gRhIta hai| daNDI ne use asAdhAraNopamA kahA hai| (kha) bharata ke upamA-bheda ke AdhAra para kiJcit bheda ke sAtha kalpita upamA-bheda:-isa varga ke adbhutopamA, abhUtopamA, asambhAvitopamA, vikriyopamA, utprekSitopamA Adi upamA-bheda bharata kI kalpitopamA ke AdhAra para tathA mAlopamA, bahUpamA Adi upamAna-saMkhyA kI dRSTi se kiye gaye 'ekasyAnekena' bheda ke AdhAra para kalpita haiM / (ga) bhAmaha ke svatantra alaGkAra upamA-bheda meM antabhuktaH-bhAmaha ke sasandeha, upameyopamA, zleSa, tulyayogitA Adi svatantra alaGkAroM ko kramazaH saMzayopamA, anyonyopamA, zleSopamA, tulyayogopamA Adi saMjJA se upamA-bheda meM hI parigaNita kara liyA gayA hai| (gha) bhAmaha ke kAvyAlaGkAra meM nirdiSTa upamA-bheda svIkRtaH-mAlopamA, AcikhyAsopamA Adi upamA-bhedoM kA nAmollekha bhAmaha ne bhI kiyA thA / ve upamA-bheda 'kAvyAdarza' meM sodAharaNa pratipAdita haiN| 1. draSTavya-bharata, nA0 zA0 16, 14 kA pAThAntara, abhinavabhAratI, pR0 307

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [73 (Ga) bharata kI lakSaNa-dhAraNA tathA alaGkAra-dhAraNA ke yoga se nirmita:-mohopamA, hetUpamA, caTUpamA Adi meM vibhinna lakSaNoM kA tattva mizrita hai| (ca) niyamopamA daNDI kI maulika kalpanA hai| rUpaka daNDI ke rUpaka kA sAmAnya svarUpa bhAmaha ke rUpaka ke svarUpa ke samAna hai; kintu bharata evaM bhAmaha ke do rUpaka-prakAroM ke sthAna para daNDI ne bahula bhedoM kI kalpanA kara lI hai| una bhedoM ke srota kA anveSaNa vAJchanIya hai| 'kAvyAdarza' meM rUpaka ke nimnalikhita bheda ullikhita haiM:-samastarUpaka, asamastarUpaka, samastavyaratarUpaka, sakalarUpaka, avayavarUpaka, avayavirUpaka, ( ekAGgarUpaka, dvayaGga, vyaGga Adi tathA yukta, ayukta avayavarUpaka ke upabheda), viSamarUpaka, savizeSaNarUpaka, viruddharUpaka, heturUpaka, zliSTarUpaka, upamArUpaka, vyatirekarUpaka, AkSeparUpaka, samAdhAnarUpaka, rUpakarUpaka tathA tattvApahnavarUpaka / rUpaka ke ina bhedopabhedoM kA nirUpaNa kara daNDI ne yaha mAnyatA vyakta kI hai ki ye kucha mukhya bheda varNita haiM, rUpaka ke aura bhI aneka bheda ho sakate haiN|' samasta, vyasta tathA samastavyastarUpakaH-daNDI ke dvArA kalpita rUpaka ke ye navIna bheda haiM / jahA~ rUpaka meM Aropa ke viSaya evaM viSayI ke vAcaka padoM kA samAsa ho jAne para vibhakti kA lopa ho jAtA hai vahA~ samasta rUpaka hotA hai| pRthak-pRthak vibhakti kA sadbhAva rahane para vyastarUpaka mAnA jAtA hai| ina donoM ke mela se tIsarA bheda samastavyastarUpaka banatA hai| isameM samasta pada bhI rahate haiM; aura pRthak vibhaktiyukta vyasta pada bhii| rUpaka ke ukta bhedoM kI kalpanA vyAkaraNa ke niyamAnusAra hone vAle padoM ke samAsa ke AdhAra para kI gayI hai| sakalarUpaka tathA avayavarUpakaH-daNDI ke ye rUpaka-bheda bhAmaha ke kramazaH samastavastuviSaya tathA ekadezavittirUpaka se abhinna haiN| eka-aGga, dvayaGga, tryaGga Adi avayavarUpaka ke hI upabheda haiM, jinakI utpatti kA bIja bhAmaha ke ekadezavittirUpaka kI sAmAnya dhAraNA meM hI nihita thaa| yukta tathA ayukta bheda kA AdhAra vastuoM ke sambandha kI yogyatA tathA ayogyatA hai| 1. draSTavya-daNDI, kAvyAda0 2, 66-66 2. draSTavya-daNDI, kAvyAda0 2, 66-68 .

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74 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa avayavirUpakaH--yaha daNDI kA navIna rUpaka-prakAra hai| isameM kevala avayavI para Aropa hotA hai, avayava para nhiiN| ataH paravartI AcAryoM ne ise niraGgarUpaka kahA hai| viSamarUpakaH-jahA~ aGgI para Aropa ho tathA kucha aGgoM para Aropa kA sadbhAva evaM anya aGgoM para usakA abhAva ho vahA~ 'viSama' nAmaka rUpaka-bheda mAnA gayA hai| yaha rUpaka-bheda daNDI kI navIna kalpanA hai| savizeSaNarUpaka:-yaha daNDI kI svatantra udbhAvanA hai| vizeSaNa-yukta aprastuta kA prastuta para abhedAropa savizeSaNarUpaka mAnA gayA hai| hemacandra ke anusAra bharata ne udAratA-guNa kI paribhASA meM anekArtha vizeSaNa vAle padoM ke prayoga para bala diyA hai| sambhavataH daNDI ne vizeSaNa-prayoga kI dhAraNA ukta guNa-lakSaNa se lI aura rUpaka-alaGkAra kI abhedAropa-dhAraNA ke sAtha use milA kara rUpaka ke ukta bheda kI kalpanA kara lii| viruddharUpaka:-bhAmaha kI virodhAlaGkAra-dhAraNA se rUpaka-dhAraNA ko milA kara prastuta rUpaka-prakAra kI kalpanA kara lI gayI hai| heturUpaka:-daNDo kI hetUpamA ke srota kA anveSaNa karate hue hama hetu lakSaNa se hetu-dhAraNA kA AvirbhAva siddha kara cuke haiN| usI hetu se rUpakadhAraNA kA saMyoga kara daNDI ne 'heturUpaka' nAmaka rUpaka-bheda kI sRSTi kI hai| zliSTarUpaka:-isameM bhAmaha ke zliSTa alaGkAra tathA rUpaka ke tattvoM kA mizraNa hai| upamArUpaka:-bhAmaha ke upamArUpaka alaGkAra se prastuta upamAbheda abhinna hai| bhAmaha ne upamArUpaka ko svatantra alaGkAra mAnA thA, kintu daNDI ne use rUpaka kA hI eka prakAra svIkAra kiyA hai| yaha rUpaka upamA se anuprANita hotA hai| ise svatantra alaGkAra mAnane kI apekSA rUpaka kA aGga mAnanA hI adhika yukti-saGgata jAna par3atA hai| vyatirekarUpaka:-yaha vyatirekamUlaka rUpaka hai| isake svarUpa kA nirmANa vyatireka tathA rUpaka ke tattvoM ke yoga se huA hai| AkSeparUpaka:-rUpaka ke prastuta bheda ke sRjana meM bhAmaha ke AkSepa tathA rUpaka alaGkAroM ke vidhAyaka tattvoM ne yoga diyA hai / yaha AkSepapUrvaka rUpaka hai| 1. rUpaNAdaGginoGgAnAM rUpaNArUpaNAzrayAt / rUpakaM viSamaM nAma lalitaM jAyate yathA ||-dnnddii, kAvyAda0 2, 76.

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [75. samAdhAnarUpaka:-daNDI kA yaha navIna rUpaka-bheda hai| isake svarUpa- - saGghaTana meM bharata ke upapatti lakSaNa se tattva grahaNa kiyA gayA hai| isameM kisI AropyamAna ke viruddha kArya kA varNana karate hue usake hetu kA ullekha kara sambhAvita zaGkA kA vaktA svayaM samAdhAna kara detA hai|' upapatti lakSaNa kI paribhASA meM bharata ne kahA hai ki isameM prApta doSa kA punaH zamana kiyA jAtA hai / 2 isa lakSaNa-dhAraNA se rUpaka-dhAraNA ko milA kara ukta rUpaka-bheda kI kalpanA kI gayI hai| rUpakarUpaka:-eka rUpaka ke AdhAra para punaH rUpaka kI kalpanA rUpakarUpaka hai| isameM prastuta para aprastuta kA Aropa kara eka rUpaka sampanna hotA hai| punaH usa sampUrNa padArtha para anya vastu kA Aropa hotA hai| yaha rUpakamUlaka rUpaka hai| tattvApahnavarUpaka:-tattvApahnava rUpaka kI kalpanA kA AdhAra apahna ti alaGkAra evaM rUpaka kI samanvita dhAraNA hai| paravartI AcAryoM ne ise apahna ti meM hI antabhUta mAna liyA hai| spaSTa hai ki daNDI kI rUpaka-dhAraNA pUrvavartI AcAryoM kI tadviSayaka dhAraNA se tattvataH abhinna hai| upamA, rUpaka, vyatireka, apahna ti Adi alaGkAroM se anuprANita rUpaka ko upamArUpaka, rUpakarUpaka, vyatirekarUpaka, tattvApahnavarUpaka Adi vyapadeza se rUpaka ke vibhinna bheda mAna liyA gayA hai| ina bhedoM kI pRthak kalpanA Avazyaka nahIM jAna pdd'tii| eka alaGkAra se anuprANita dUsare alaGkAra ekatra raha sakate haiN| sakalarUpaka evaM avayavarUpaka pUrvavartI AcArya bhAmaha ke kramazaH samastavastuviSaya evaM ekadezavivarti rUpakabhedoM se abhinna haiN| avayavIrUpaka, viSamarUpaka Adi kI kalpanA meM kucha . maulikatA avazya hai| samAdhAnarUpaka kA svarUpa upapatti lakSaNa ke AdhAra para kalpita hai| daNDI ne rUpaka ke aura bhI bhedopabhedoM kI sambhAvanA svIkAra kI hai| 1. draSTavya-daNDI, kAvyAda0, 2, 62 2. prAptAnAM yatra doSANAM kriyate zamanaM punaH / sA jJeyA ha yupapattistu lakSaNaM nATakAzrayam / / -bharata, nA0 zA0 16, 35..

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76 ] dIpaka Court kI sAmAnya dIpaka dhAraNA bharata kI tadviSayaka dhAraNA ke hI samAna hai| jAti, guNa, kriyA yA dravya kA vAcaka zabda ekatra raha kara aneka vAkyoM meM anvita ho, artha kA dIpana karatA hai / ataH dIpaka anvartha abhidhAna hai / Adi, madhya tathA anta ke dIpana ke AdhAra para bhAmaha ne isake tIna bheda svIkAra kiye the / daNDI ke dvArA bhAmaha ke ukta tIna dIpaka-bheda svIkRta haiM / ina bhedoM ke atirikta dIpaka ke nimnAGkita apara bheda bhI 'kAvyAdarza' meM vivecita haiM -- mAlA dIpaka, viruddhArthadIpaka, ekArthadIpaka tathA zliSTArthadIpaka / mAlAdIpaka meM dIpakoM kI mAlA kI kalpanA hai / upamA tathA rUpaka ke mAlA-bheda kI carcA ho cukI hai / usI mAlA-dhAraNA ko dIpaka dhAraNA se milA kara mAlAdIpaka kI kalpanA kara lI gayI hai / alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa viruddhArthadIpaka meM viruddhArthaka kriyA Adi kA ullekha hotA hai / spaSTataH isa dIpaka bheda kI kalpanA meM dIpaka ke sAtha bhAmaha ke virodha alaGkAra ke * svarUpa ko dhyAna meM rakhA gayA hai / ekArthadIpaka meM aneka zabdoM kA upAdAna hone para bhI ve saba eka hI kriyA kA dIpana karate haiM, arthAt kartRpada ke sAtha aneka zabda arthataH abhinna kriyApada kA anvaya karAte haiM / samAna artha ke lie aneka zabdoM ke prayoga kI dhAraNA bharata ke padoccaya lakSaNa se lI gayI hai, jisameM dharma kA abhidhAna ekatAtparyaniSTha bahuta-se zabdoM ke dvArA hotA hai / 2 ukta lakSaNa ke tattva kA dIpaka se saMyoga hone se ekArthadIpaka nAmaka dIpaka bheda kA AvirbhAva huA hai / zliSTArthadIpaka zleSamUlaka dIpaka hai / isakI saMjJA se hI spaSTa hai ki dIpaka ke isa prakAra kI kalpanA meM bhAmaha ke zleSa alaGkAra se tattva grahaNa kiyA gayA hai / niSkarSataH, daNDI dIpaka alaGkAra ke svarUpa evaM prakAra -nirdhAraNa meM apane pUrvavartI AcAryoM kI alaGkAra, lakSaNa Adi dhAraNA se prabhUta mAtrA meM prabhAvita haiM / vibhinna alaGkAroM tathA lakSaNoM ke yoga se dIpaka ke aura bhI navIna bhedopabhedoM kI kalpanA kI jA sakatI hai / dIpaka cakra ke vivecana ke uparAnta daNDI ne isa sambhAvanA kA nirdeza kiyA hai / 1. tulanIya - bharata, nA0 zA0 16, 53 tathA daNDI, kAvyAda0 2, 67 2. draSTavya - bharata nA0 zA0 16, 18

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ 77. AvRtti .. AcArya daNDI ne AvRtti ko svatantra alaGkAra ke rUpa meM mAnyatA dI hai| yaha unakI navIna udbhAvanA hai| bharata tathA bhAmaha ne AvRtti alaGkAra kA ullekha nahIM kiyA hai| daNDI kI AvRtti-paribhASA para vicAra karane se spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki vaha svatantra alaGkAra nahIM hai, dIpaka kA hI eka bheda hai| isameM dIpaka kI hI AvRtti para vicAra kiyA gayA hai| donoM meM thor3A-sA bheda yaha hai ki dIpaka meM vAkyAntara meM pada kA upAdAna nahIM hone para bhI dUsare vAkya meM prayukta pada kA usake sAtha anvaya ho jAtA hai, para AvRtti meM eka vAkya meM prayukta pada kA yA usake samAnArthaka pada kA dUsare vAvaya meM punaH upAdAna hotA hai| ataH, ise AvRtti dIpaka nAmaka dIpaka-bheda mAnanA hI ucita hotaa| dIpaka kA sadbhAva rahane para artha, pada tathA ubhaya ( artha aura pada) kI AvRtti ke AdhAra para AvRtti ke tIna prakAra mAne gaye haiN| bhAmaha ne zabdAlaGkAra yamaka meM arthabheda se samAna zabda kI AvRtti para bala diyA thaa| daNDI ke prastuta arthAlaGkAra meM zabda-bheda se athavA samAna zabda se artha kI AvRtti vAJchanIya mAnI gayI hai| sambhava hai ki ukta zabdAlaGkAra kI zabdAvRtti-dhAraNA ke AdhAra para prastuta arthAlaGkAra meM arthAvRtti kI dhAraNA vyakta kI gayI ho| AkSepa daNDI kI sAmAnya AkSepa-dhAraNA bhAmaha kI dhAraNA se abhinna hai; kintu 'kAvyAdarza' meM usake aneka bhedoM kI kalpanA kara lI gayI hai| unake udgama-srota kA anveSaNa apekSita hai| daNDI kI mAnyatA hai ki AkSepya yA pratiSedhya vastu kI anantatA ke kAraNa AkSepa ke asaMkhya bheda ho sakate haiN| unhoMne kucha pramukha bhedoM kA sodAharaNa vivecana kiyA hai| ve bheda haiM-- atItAkSepa yA vRttAkSepa, vartamAnAkSepa, bhaviSyadAkSepa ( ye tIna prakAra kAlavibhAga ke anusAra ); dharmAkSepa, dhAkSepa, kAraNAkSepa, kAryAkSepa, anujJAkSepa, prabhutvAkSepa, anAdarAkSepa, AzIrvacanAkSepa, paruSAkSepa, sAcivyAkSepa, yatnAkSepa, 1. arthAvRttiH padAvRttirubhayAvRttireva ca / dIpakasthAna eveSTamalaGkAratrayaM yathA // daNDI, kAvyAda0 2, 116 2. tulanIya-bhAmaha, kAvyAlaM0 2, 68 tathA daNDI, kAvyAda0 2, 120..

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78 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa paravazAkSepa, upAyAkSepa, roSAkSepa, mUcha kSepa, anukrozAkSepa, zliSTAkSepa, anuzayAkSepa, saMzayAkSepa, arthAntarAkSepa tathA hetvAkSepa / ' bhAmaha ne viSaya ke vakSyamANa tathA ukta hone ke AdhAra para AkSepa ke do bhedoM kA hI ullekha kiyA hai| daNDI kI sUkSma-bhedopabhedakAriNI ruci ne AkSepa ke ukta bheda kara diye| vastutaH ukta sabhI prakAroM tathA anya sambhAvita prakAroM kI kalpanA ke lie paryApta avakAza bhAmaha ke vyApaka AkSepa-lakSaNa meM hI thA / daNDI ke zliSTa, saMzaya tathA arthAntara AkSepa-bheda kramazaH bhAmaha ke zliSTa, sasandeha tathA arthAntaranyAsa alaGkAroM se anuprANita haiN| kAlakRta vibhAjana kA AdhAra bhAmaha kA vakSyamANa viSaya tathA ukta viSaya AkSepa-bheda hai| daNDI ke anya AkSepa-bheda pratiSedha-kartA kI vibhinna dazAoM para AdhRta haiN| roSa, paruSa, anukroza Adi kA mAnasika dazA se tathA yatna, mUrchA, upAya Adi kA zArIrika evaM mAnasika donoM dazAoM se sambandha hai| dharma, dharmI, kArya, kAraNa Adi AkSepa-bhedoM kA AdhAra una-una padArthoM kA pratiSedha hai| spaSTa hai ki AkSepya viSaya kI vividhatA, vaktA kI manodazA, kAla-vibhAga tathA ukti meM anya alaGkAra-tattvoM ke yoga ke AdhAra para daNDI ne bhAmaha kI mUla AkSepa-dhAraNA ke ukta bhedoM kI kalpanA kara lI hai| arthAntaranyAsa bhAmaha kI hI taraha daNDI bhI prastuta vAkyArtha kA aprastuta vAkyArtha se samarthana arthAntaranyAsa kA lakSaNa mAnate haiN| bhAmaha ne prastuta alaGkAra kI kevala sAmAnya paribhASA dI hai; kintu daNDI ne usake ATha vizeSa bhedoM kA bhI sodAharaNa ullekha kiyA hai| ve bheda nimnalikhita haiM-(1) vizvavyApI,(2) vizeSastha, (3) zleSAviddha, (4) virodhavAn, (5) ayuktakArI, (6) yuktAtmA, (7) yuktAyukta tathA (8) viparyaya / 3 inake udAharaNoM meM vizeSa kathana kA sAmAnya se samarthana dikhAyA gayA hai| sAmAnya kA vizeSa se bhI samarthana arthAntaranyAsa meM ho sakatA hai aura usake bhI aneka bheda ho sakate haiN| daNDI ne isa sambhAvanA 1. draSTavya-daNDI, kAvyAda0 2, 120-68 . 2. tulanIya-bhAmaha, kAvyAlaM0 2, 71 tathA daNDI, kAvyAda0 2,166 3. vizvavyApI vizeSasthaH zleSAbiddhaH virodhavAn / ayuktakArI yuktAtmA yuktAyukto viparyayaH // -daNDI, kAvyAda0 2, 170

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ 76 kA niSedha nahIM kiyA hai| unhoMne yaha mAnyatA prakaTa kI hai ki isI prakAra arthAntaranyAsa ke anya bhedoM kI kalpanA kI jA sakatI hai| vizeSa kA samarthana karane vAle sAmAnya kathana ke vizvajanIna yA vizeSagata hone ke AdhAra para arthAntaranyAsa ke vizvavyApI tathA vizeSastha do bheda mAne gaye haiN| zleSa tathA virodhamUlaka arthAntara ke nyAsa ke sadbhAva meM zleSAviddha tathA virodhavAn arthAntaranyAsa-prakAra svIkRta haiN| vaNita artha kI ayuktakAritA, yuktatA, tathA yuktAyuktatA ke AdhAra para kramazaH ayuktakArI, yuktAtmA tathA yuktAyukta;--ye tIna arthAntaranyAsabheda kalpita haiN| viparyaya-bheda kI kalpanA kA AdhAra viparIta artha kA varNana hai| isa prakAra daNDI ke isa bhedIkaraNa meM zliSTa tathA virodha alaGkAroM ke tattvoM ne yoga diyA hai| artha-varNana kI sarva-sammata vibhinna prakriyAoM kA avalamba lekara bhI arthAntaranyAsa ke aneka bheda kiye gaye haiN| padArtha ke mukhya do vibhAga svIkRta haiM--vizvavyApI tathA vishess-nisstth| ina do prakAra ke padArthoM kI yojanA meM arthAntaranyAsa ke vizvavyApI evaM vizeSastha bheda mAne gaye haiN| ayuktakArI, yuktAtmA, yuktAyukta tathA viparyaya bheda ukti kI vizeSa bhaGgI se sambaddha haiN| vastu-svabhAva ke viruddha kArya kA varNana ayuktakArI arthAntaranyAsa meM hotA hai, aura usakA samarthana taddharmA anya ukti se hotA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, kisI vastu ke ayukta kArya ko bhI vizeSa sthiti meM upapanna siddha kiyA jAtA hai| yuktAtmA ayuktakArI kA viparIta-dharmA hai| usake svarUpa kI kalpanA ayuktakArI ke svabhAva ke viparyaya ke AdhAra para kI gayI hai / uktAyukta meM ukta donoM bhedoM kI prakRti kA samavAya hai| viparyayabheda ayuktakArI se milatA-julatA hai| antara kevala itanA hai ki isameM vastusvabhAva kA vaiparItya varNita hotA hai; kintu ayuktakArI meM vastu ke kArya meM usake svabhAva se anukUlatA kA abhAva-mAtra rahatA hai| isa prakAra dharma ke vaiparItya ke AdhAra para ukta bheda kI kalpanA kI gayI hai| niSkarSa yaha ki daNDI arthAntaranyAsa ke sAmAnya svarUpa ke sambandha meM bhAmaha se sahamata haiM; para usake aneka bhedoM kI kalpanA kA zreya daNDI ko hai| vyatireka daNDI kI vyatireka-paribhASA bhAmaha kI paribhASA se kiJcit bhinna hone para bhI tattvataH usase milatI-julatI hI hai| bhAmaha ne isameM upamAna se upameya kA 1. ityevamAdayo bhedAH prayogeSvasya lakSitAH |-dnnddii, kAvyAda0 2, 171

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80 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa Adhikya-varNana spaSTataH svIkAra kiyA thA,' daNDI ne vaha tattva prakArAntara se pratipAdita kiyA hai| unakA kahanA hai ki jahA~ prastuta evaM aprastuta meM vAcaka zabda ke dvArA sAdRzya kA abhidhAna hotA ho athavA vAcaka zabda ke abhAva meM sAdRzya kI pratIti hotI ho vahA~ vaiziSTya-pratipAdanArtha donoM meM bheda-kathana arthAt vaidharmya kA pratipAdana kiyA jAnA vyatireka alaGkAra hai / 2 daNDI ke vyatireka-udAharaNa ke parIkSaNa se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki upamAna tathA upameya meM kahIM vaidharmya-mAtra kA kathana hotA hai tathA kahIM bheda-kathana se upameya kA upamAna se Adhikya siddha hotA hai| 'kAvyAdarza' ke TIkAkAra paNDita nRsiMhadeva zAstrI ne daNDI ke vyatireka-lakSaNa kA sArAMza upamAna se upameya kA Adhikya-varNana mAnA hai| aprastuta se prastuta ke Adhikya-varNana kI dhAraNA bhAmaha kI dhAraNA se abhinna hai / - bhAmaha ne vyatireka ke bhedopabheda nahIM kiye haiN| daNDI ne usake aneka bhedoM kA vivecana kiyA hai| unakI sAmAnya vyatireka-paribhASA meM hI usake do bhedoM kA nirdeza hai-eka meM vAcaka zabda ke ukta hone se sAdRzya vAcya hotA hai, dUsare meM sAdRzya pratIyamAna hotA hai| isa prakAra zabdopAtta tathA pratIyamAnasAdRzya; ye vyatireka ke do mukhya bheda svIkAra kiye gaye haiN| 'kAvyAdarza' meM nimnalikhita nau vyatireka-bhedoM kA ullekha huA haiekavyatireka, ubhayavyatireka, sazleSavyatireka, sAkSepavyatireka, sahetukavyatireka, pratIyamAnasAdRzyavyatireka, zAbdasAdRzyasadRzavyatireka, pratIyamAnasAdRzyasadRzavyatireka tathA sajAtivyatireka / 4 zleSavyatireka tathA AkSepavyatireka kramazaH zleSa alaGkAra se anuprANita haiN| sahetukavyatireka meM hetu kA kathana hotA hai| hetUpamA ke srota kI parIkSA ke krama meM hetu tattva kI kalpanA ke AdhAra para vicAra kiyA jA cukA hai| zabdopAtta dharma kI saMkhyA kI dRSTi se ekavyatireka tathA ubhayavyatireka bheda kiye gaye haiN| pratIyamAnasAdRzyavyatireka, zAbdasAdRzyasadRzavyatireka tathA pratIyamAna 1. draSTavya-bhAmaha, kAvyAlaM0 2, 75 2. zabdopAtta pratIte vA sAdRzye vastuno'yoH / tatra yadbhadakathanaM vyatirekaH sa kathyate ||-dnnddii, kAvyAda0 2,180 3. 'upamAnAdupameyasyAdhikyavarNanaM vyatireka' iti vyatirekasvarUpasAraH / -kAvyAda0 kusuma pra0 TIkA, pR0 158 4. draSTavya-daNDI, kAvyAda0 2,181-68

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [81 sAdRzyasadRzavyatireka bhedoM kA mUla artha kA vAcya tathA pratIyamAna vargoM meM vibhAjana hai| prastuta tathA aprastuta ke dharmoM kI sajAtIyatA ke AdhAra para sajAtivyatireka bheda kI kalpanA kI gaI hai| spaSTa hai ki 'kAvyAdarza' ke vyatireka-bhedoM ke navIna hone para bhI bhedIkaraNa ke AdhAra sarvathA navIna nahIM haiN| vibhAvanA daNDI ne 'kAvyAdarza' meM vibhAvanA alaGkAra ke sambandha meM prakArAntara se bhAmaha se milatI-julatI dhAraNA hI vyakta kI hai| daNDI ke anusAra kisI kArya ke loka-prasiddha kAraNa ko chor3a anya kAraNa kA ullekha kiyA jAnA athavA usakA kisI kAraNa ke binA svAbhAvika rUpa meM hone kA varNana kiyA jAnA vibhAvanA hai|' yaha dhAraNA bhAmaha kI kriyA ke pratiSedha meM bhI phala ke sadbhAvaviSayaka dhAraNA se kiJcinmAtra hI bhinna hai| samAsokti daNDI ne samAsokti-lakSaNa meM zabda-bheda se bhAmaha kI aprastuta-prazaMsAsambandhI mAnyatA ko hI prastuta kiyA hai| daNDI ke anusAra isameM aprastuta ke kathana se prastuta artha kI vyaJjanA hotI hai|2 TIkAkAra nRsiMhadeva ke anusAra jahA~ prastuta tathA aprastuta meM se aprastuta ke varNana se prastuta kA vyaJjanA se bodha ho jAtA hai vahA~ daNDo ke matAnusAra samAsokti alaGkAra hotA hai|3 paravartI AcArya mammaTa Adi ne aprastuta varNana se prastutArtha kI vyaJjanA meM aprastutaprazaMsA alaGkAra mAnA hai| bhAmaha ne bhI aprastutaprazaMsA alaGkAra kI paribhASA meM aisI hI dhAraNA vyakta kI hai| isa prakAra bhAmaha ke aprastuta-prazaMsA alaGkAra kA svarUpa lekara daNDI ne use samAsokti nAma se abhihita kiyA aura aprastutaprazaMsA ke svatantra lakSaNa kI 1. prasiddhahetuvyAvRtyA yat kiJcit kAraNAntaram / yatra svAbhAvikatvaM vA vibhAvyaM sA vibhAvanA // -daNDI, kAvyAdarza 2,166 2. vastu kiJcidabhipretya tattulyasyAnyavastunaH / / ___uktiH saMkSeparUpatvAt sA samAsoktiriSyate ||-vhii0 2,205 3. yatra prastutAprastutayoyormadhye ekasya aprastutasya prayogeNa aparasya prastutasya vyaJjanayA bodhaH tat samAsoktiriti daNDilakSaNasaralasAraH / --kAvyAda0, kusuma pra0 TIkA, pR0 169 6 .

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82] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa kalpanA kara lii| aprastuta artha ke varNana se prastuta artha kI vyaJjanA kA AdhAra ukta tathA anukta arthoM ke lie samAna vizeSaNa kA prayoga hai / vizeSaNaprayoga ke vaicitrya kI dRSTi se daNDI ne samAsokti ke cAra bheda svIkAra kiye haiM--( ka ) kAryaliGgavizeSaNa-ghaTitA samAsokti, ( kha ) zliSTa vizeSaNAsamAsokti, (ga) zliSTAzliSTavizeSaNA-samAsokti tathA (gha) apUrvasamAsokti / ' prathama meM samAna kArya-varNana se prastutArtha kI vyaJjanA hotI hai| bhAmaha kI sAmAnya aprastuta-prazaMsA-paribhASA meM bhI isa bheda kI kalpanA ke lie avakAza thaa| dvitIya tathA tRtIya bhedoM kI kalpanA meM bhAmaha kI zliSTa-dhAraNA kA avalamba liyA gayA hai| antima meM pUrvadharma kA upAdAna na kara viparIta-dharma kA varNana kiyA jAtA hai| vaiparItya-dhAraNA ke AdhAra para isa bheda kI kalpanA kI gayI hai| atizayokti daNDI kI sAmAnya atizayokti-dhAraNA bhAmaha kI tadviSayaka dhAraNA se abhinna hai / 2 'kAvyAdarza' meM usake nimnalikhita bheda sodAharaNa vivecita haiMsaMzayAtizayokti, nirNayAtizayokti tathA AzrayAdhikyAtizayokti / prathama do bhedoM meM saMzaya evaM nirNaya mUlAdhAra haiN| saMzayopamA tathA nirNayopamA ke srota ke vivecana-krama meM hama saMzaya evaM nirNaya kI dhAraNA ke udbhava para vicAra kara cuke haiN| AzrayAdhikya-varNana daNDI kI apanI kalpanA hai| vastutaH isa bheda kI pRthak kalpanA Avazyaka nhiiN| Azraya kI vizAlatA ke varNana se Azrita ke Adhikya kI vyaJjanA isameM hotI hai| atizayokti ke sAmAnya lakSaNa meM hI vastu ke lokasImAtivartI Adhikya-varNana para bala diyA gayA hai| ataH isa navIna bheda kI kalpanA kA AdhAra bhedIkaraNa kA Agraha-mAtra hai / utprekSA bhAmaha kI utprekSA-dhAraNA ko hI daNDI ne adhika spaSTa zabdoM meM prastuta kiyA hai| upamA aura utprekSA ke bheda-nirUpaNa tathA utprekSA-vyaJjaka zabdoM ke parigaNana ke lie daNDI zreya ke bhAgI haiN| 1. draSTavya-daNDI, kAvyAda0 2,208-13 2. tulanIya-daNDI, kAvyAda0 2,214 tathA bhAmaha, kAvyAlaM0 2,81 3. draSTavya-daNDI, kAvyAda0, 2,217-16 4. tulanIya-daNDI, kAvyAda0 2,221 tathA bhAmaha, kAvyAlaM0 2,61

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [83 hetu, sUkSma aura leza hama dekha cuke haiM ki bhAmaha ne hetu, sUkSma aura leza ke alaGkAratva kA khaNDana kiyA hai / ' kintu; daNDI ne unheM na kevala alaGkAra ke rUpa meM svIkRti dI varan vANI ke uttama bhUSaNa ke rUpa meM gaurava pradAna kiyA / 2 ina alaGkAroM ke svarUpa kI parIkSA se yaha bAta spaSTa ho jAtI hai ki inheM uttama alaGkAra kahane meM daNDI kA uddezya inake viSaya meM apane pUrvavartI AcArya bhAmaha ke upekSAtmaka vicAra kA sabala virodha-mAtra karanA thaa| ina alaGkAroM kI uttamatA kA kAraNa nirdiSTa nhiiN| astu, prastuta prasaGga meM unake udgamasrota kA anveSaNa vAJchanIya hai| bhAmaha ne hetu, sUkSma aura leza kA nAmnava ullekha kiyA hai| daNDI ne unake svarUpa kA sodAharaNa vivecana kiyA hai| kisI kArya ke sAtha usake hetu kA kathana hetu alaGkAra hai| hetu do prakAra ke hote haiM--kAraka tathA jnyaapk| ve kAraka evaM jJApaka hetu aneka prakAra ke hote haiN| hetu kI vividhatA ke anurUpa hetu alaGkAra ke bhI vividha bheda mAne gaye haiN| bharata ne 'nATyazAstra' meM hetu lakSaNa kA ullekha kiyA hai, jisameM vaktA kisI vastu ke sambandha meM aneka kathana kA nirAdara kara usa viSaya meM apanI mAnyatA prakaTa karatA hai aura apanI mAnyatA kI sthApanA ke lie hetu kA nirdeza karatA hai / 3 sakAraNa kathana hone ke kAraNa ise sahetu kahA gayA hai| hetu alaGkAra meM hetumAna ke sAtha hetu ke ullekha kI dhAraNA kA prAdurbhAva ukta lakSaNa ke svarUpa ke AdhAra para hI huA hai / darzana-zAstra kI vibhinna zAkhAoM meM kArya tathA kAraNa ke svarUpa kA sUkSma vivecana huA hai| kAraNa ke vividha prakAra ke AdhAra para daNDI ne hetu alaGkAra ke tattadbhedoM kI kalpanA kara lI hai| hRdgatabhAva. ke bodhaka iGgitoM se tathA vizeSa prakAra kI mukhAkRti se artha kA lakSita honA sUkSma alaGkAra mAnA gayA hai| isa alaGkAra kA 1. hetuzca sUkSmo lezo'tha nAlaGkAratayA mataH / -bhAmaha, kAvyAlaM0 2,86 tulanIya2. hetuzca sUkSmalezau ca vAcAmuttamabhUSaNam |--dnnddii, kAvyAda0 2,235 3. bahUnAM bhASamANAnAM tvekasyArthavinirNayam / siddhopamAnavacanaM heturityabhisaGa jJitaH // . -bharata, nA0 zA0 16, 14 4. iGgitAkAralakSyo'rthaH saukSmyAt sUkSma iti smRtaH / / -daNDI, kAvyA0, 2, 260

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84 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa svarUpa bharata ke prApti tathA paridevana ke pATha bheda siddhi lakSaNoM ke svarUpa ke AdhAra para kalpita hai / bharata ke anusAra jahA~ avayava ko dekha kara bhAva kA anumAna ho jAya, vahA~ prApti lakSaNa hotA hai / ' abhinava gupta ne bharata kI prApti- paribhASA meM prayukta bhAva kA artha sadbhAva yA sattA mAna kara usake udAharaNa meM abhijJAna zAkuntalam kA vaha prasiddha zloka uddhRta kiyA hai jisameM duSyanta zakuntalA ke pada cihna ko dekha kara usake sadbhAva kA anumAna karatA hai / kintu, bharata ke ukta lakSaNa kI paribhASA kA vyAkhyAna isa prakAra bhI kiyA jA sakatA hai ki ve prApti meM avayava ko dekha hRdgata bhAva kA anumAna kara liyA jAnA apekSita mAnate the / sambhava hai ki daNDI ne prAptilakSaNa kI paribhASA kA yahI artha samajhA ho aura use sUkSma vyapadeza se alaGkAroM ke madhya parigaNita kara liyA ho / paridevana lakSaNa ke prApta pAThAntara meM vacana ke abhAva meM prastAva se hI samagra artha kA bodha vAJchanIya mAnA gayA hai / 3 iGgita se bhAvabodha kI sUkSma dhAraNA isase milatI-julatI hai / kisI gopya viSaya ke kisI kAraNavaza kucha prakaTa ho jAne para kisI vyAja se usakA gopana leza alaGkAra mAnA gayA hai / 4 spaSTataH isameM do tattva haiM - kiJcit prakaTa vastu rUpa kA nigUhana tathA usa nigUhana ke lie bahAnA banAnA / vastu svarUpa ke chipAne kA tattva mithyAdhyavasAya lakSaNa se tathA bahAnA banAne kA tattva kapaTa lakSaNa se gRhIta hai / mithyAdhyavasAya meM vicAra ke anyathAtva - sAdhana para bala diyA gayA hai tathA kapaTa meM chalayukti para / daNDI ke anusAra leza alaGkAra meM prakaTa vasturUpa kI anyathAtva-siddhi 1. dRSTvaivAvayavaM kiJcidbhAvo yatrAnumIyate / prApti tAmabhijAnIyAllakSaNaM nATakAzrayam / / -- bharata, nA0 zA0, 16, 32 2. yathA-- abhyunnatA purastAdavagADhA jaghanagauravAt ityAdi - zAku0 3, 5 / atra padapaMktilakSaNamaMzaM dRSTvAnayAtra bhavitavyamiti zakuntalAyAH sadbhAvo'numIyata iti / - abhinava nA0 zA0 a0 bhA0 pR0 316 3. prastAvenaiva zeSo'rthaH kRtsno yatra pratIyate / vacanena vinA jAtu siddhiH sA parikIrtitA // - vahI, pR0 321 4. lezo lezena nibhinnavasturUpanigUhanam / daNDI, kAvyAda0 2, 265 5. draSTavya -- abhinava, nA0 zA0 a0 bhA0 pR0 308 tathA bharata, nA0 zA 0 16, 30

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [85 kA prayAsa hotA hai aura usake lie chala-yukti kA sahArA liyA jAtA hai| spaSTa hai ki ukta donoM lakSaNoM ke pramukha tattvoM se leza alaGkAra kA rUpavidhAna huA hai| daNDI ne leza alaGkAra ke sambandha meM anya logoM kI dhAraNA kA nirdeza karate hue kahA hai ki kucha loga vyAja se kI jAne vAlI nindA athavA stuti meM leza alaGkAra mAnate haiN|' stuti ke vyAja se nindA tathA nindA ke vyAja se stuti ko leza kA lakSaNa mAnane vAle AcAryoM ne ise vyAjastuti se abhinna mAna liyA hai| daNDI isa mata se sahamata nhiiN| ve nindAmukhena kI jAne vAlI stuti ko vyAjastuti nAmaka pRthak alaGkAra mAnate haiN| nRsiMhadeva ke anusAra nindAparyavasAyinI stuti meM bhI vyAjastuti mAnane kA avakAza daNDI ke ukta lakSaNa meM hI hai|3 vyAja se kI jAne vAlI nindA tathA stuti kI dhAraNA bhAmaha kI vyAjastuti alaGkAra-dhAraNA se gRhIta hai / yathAsaMkhya ___ daNDI kA yathAsaMkhya alaGkAra bhAmaha ke etatsaMjJaka alaGkAra se abhinna hai / preya, rasavat tathA UrjasvI bhAmaha ne preya, rasavat tathA UrjasvI ke lakSaNa nahIM diye haiN| daNDI ne inheM lakSaNa-baddha kiyA hai|4 ina alaGkAroM ke sambandha meM daNDI kI dhAraNA bhAmaha kI dhAraNA se abhinna hai| daNDI ne preya kA udAharaNa bhI bhAmaha ke 'kAvyAlaGkAra' se hI liyA hai|5| 1. lezameke vidunindAM stutiM vA lezataH kRtAm / -daNDI, kAvyAda0, 2, 268 2. yadi nindanniva stauti vyAjastutirasau smRtaa| vahI, 2, 343 3. atra (lakSaNavAkye) 'nindanniva stautIti kathanAt pratyayAdivyatyayena stuvannindatIti ityapyoM bodhyaH' tena stuticchalena nindoktirapi vyAjastutiH / -kAvyAda0, kusuma pra0 TIkA, pR0 256 .. 4. preyaH priyatarAkhyAnaM rasavadrasapezalam / Urjasvi rUDhAhaGkAraM yuktotkarSaJca tattrayam // --daNDI, kAvyAda0, 2, 275 5. tulanIya-daNDI, kAvyAda0, 2, 276 tathA bhAmaha, kAvyAlaM0, 3, 5

Page #109
86 ] . alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa paryAyokta daNDI kI paryAyokta-dhAraNA bhAmaha kI tadviSayaka dhAraNA se abhinna hai| samAhita bhAmaha ne samAhita kI paribhASA nahIM dI hai| unhoMne usakA udAharaNa dekara usake sambandha meM jaisI mAnyatA vyakta kI thI, daNDI ne vaisI hI mAnyatA samAhita kI paribhASA meM vyakta kI hai| ataH samAhita ke sambandha meM donoM kI dhAraNA abhinna hai| udAtta __ bhAmaha ke dvArA aMzataH aparibhASita udAtta ko daNDI ne paribhASita kiyA hai| unakI udAtta-dhAraNA bhAmaha kI dhAraNA se bhinna nahIM hai| bhAmaha ne udAtta ke eka udAharaNa meM rAma kI uccAzayatA kA digdarzana karAyA hai| ise daNDI ne Azaya-mahattva-varNana-paraka udAtta kahA hai| bhAmaha ne nAnAratnAdiyukta varNana ko udAtta kA apara rUpa mAnA thA, jise daNDI ne vibhUtimahattva-varNanamUlaka udAtta kahA hai| isa prakAra prastuta alaGkAra ke sambandha meM daNDI kI dhAraNA pUrvavartI AcArya bhAmaha kI dhAraNA se mUlataH abhinna hai / apahna ti daNDI ke apahna ti alaGkAra kA sAmAnya svarUpa bhAmaha kI apahna ti ke svarUpa ke samAna hai| daNDI ne bhAmaha kI taraha hI yaha mAnA hai ki varNanIya vastu ke dharma kA gopana kara aprastuta ke dharma kA pradarzana apahna ti hai| viSaya tathA svarUpa ( svataH siddha dharma ) ke apahnava ke AdhAra para 'kAvyAdarza' meM apahnati ke viSayApahna ti tathA svarUpApahna ti--ye do aura bheda mAne gaye haiN| ina bhedoM kI kalpanA ke lie bhAmaha ke apahna ti-lakSaNa meM hI paryApta avakAza thaa| zliSTa daNDI ke zliSTa alaGkAra kA sAmAnya lakSaNa bhAmaha ke zliSTa-lakSaNa se milatA-julatA hai| daNDI ne usake mukhya do bheda svIkAra kiye haiM-abhinnapadazleSa arthAt abhaGgazleSa tathA bhinnapada arthAt sabhaGgazleSa / zleSa ke anya

Page #110
alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [87 bhI aneka bheda kiye gaye haiN| upamA, rUpaka, AkSepa, vyatireka Adi alaGkAroM ke aGga ke rUpa meM tattadalaGkAroM ke svarUpa-vivecana-krama meM zleSa ke svarUpa para vicAra kiyA jA cukA hai| zleSa ke anya bheda nimnalikhita haiM abhinna-triya zleSa, aviruddhakriya zleSa, viruddhakriya zleSa, niyAmaka zleSa, niyamAkSeparUpoktizleSa, avirodhizleSa tathA virodhizleSa / ' ina bhedoM ke lakSaNa na dekara udAharaNoM se hI inake svarUpa ke viSaya meM daNDI ne apanA abhimata prakaTa kiyA hai| ___ abhinnakriya zleSa ke udAharaNa meM eka kriyA se do vAkyoM kA dIpana dikhAyA gayA hai| yaha dhAraNA bhAmaha kI dIpaka alaGkAra-dhAraNA para AdhRta hai| TIkAkAra nRsiMhadeva ne ukta udAharaNa ke AdhAra para abhinnakriya zleSa ko daNDI kI tulyayogitA kA aGgabhUta zleSa mAnA hai| unhoMne ise anya logoM ke matAnusAra dIpaka kA aGgabhUta bhI kahA hai / 2 aviruddhakriya tathA viruddhakriya zleSa-bhedoM ko bhI nasiMha deva ne tulyayogitA kA hI aGga mAnA hai| niyAmakazleSa meM jo niyama kA tattva hai, vaha daNDI kI maulika kalpanA hai| niyamAkSeparUpoktizleSa kI kalpanA meM AkSepa tathA dIpaka alaGkAroM ke tattvoM kA sahArA liyA gayA hai tathA niyama kA tattva bhI milA diyA gayA hai| avirodhI tathA virodhI zleSa-prakAroM kI kalpanA virodha kI abhAvAtmaka evaM bhAvAtmaka sattA ke AdhAra para kI gaI hai| nRsiMha deva kI yaha ucita mAnyatA hai ki virodhI zleSa virodha alaGkAra kA aGgabhUta hai|4 vizeSokti daNDI kI sAmAnya vizeSokti-dhAraNA bhAmaha kI dhAraNA se abhinna hai| daNDI ne usake aneka bhedoM kI kalpanA kI hai| ve bheda nimnalikhita haiMguNavizeSokti, jAtivizeSokti, kriyAvizeSokti, dravyavizeSokti tathA hetu 1. draSTavya-daNDI, kAvyAda0 2, 314-15 2. 'kiJcAtra vakSyamANalakSaNastulyayogitAlaGkAro'pIti tanirvAhakatvAtta syAGgabhUto'yaM zleSaH / pare tu--ekayaiva karSaNakriyayA vAkyadvayadIpanAd dIpakasyAyamaGgabhUta ityAhuH / ' -kAvyAda0, kusuma pra0 TIkA pR0 243 3. draSTavya-vahI, pR0 243-44 4. ..."virodhasArtho'yaM zleSo virodhAbhAsasyAGgam |--vhii, pR0 246

Page #111
55] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa vizeSokti / ' bhAmaha ke vizeSokti-lakSaNa meM hI guNa, jAti, kriyA tathA dravyamUlaka vizeSokti-bhedoM kI sambhAvanA nihita thI / bhAmaha kI 'guNAntarasaMsthiti' meM guNa se jAti, kriyA Adi bhI upalakSita thI / ataH daNDI ke vizeSokti alaGkAra ke prathama cAra bhedoM kA mUla bhAmaha kI vizeSokti paribhASA meM hI mAnA jA sakatA hai| hetuvizeSokti meM hetugarbha vizeSaNa kA prayoga hotA hai / isameM vizeSokti ke sAtha hetu ke tattvoM kA mizraNa hai / hetudhAraNA ke srota para vicAra kiyA jA cukA hai / tulyayogitA bhAmaha kI tulyayogitA se daNDI kI tulyayogitA tattvataH bhinna nahIM hai / donoM ne prastuta alaGkAra meM upamAna tathA upameya meM tulyakAryakriyA ke prayoga para bala diyA hai / bhAmaha ne nyUna kI viziSTa ke sAtha guNa-sAmya-vivakSA meM hI tulyayogitA alaGkAra mAnA thA / daNDI ne isa dhAraNA ko svIkAra kara usameM apanI ora se bhI kucha jor3A hai / nindA meM tulyayogitA kI dhAraNA navIna hai / isameM nindA kA tattva bharata kI upamA ke nindA bheda se gRhIta hai / bharata ke dIpaka alaGkAra meM siddhi lakSaNa tathA nindopamA ke tattvoM ke yoga se tulyayogitA ke nindA - bheda kI sRSTi huI hai / isa prakAra daNDI kI tulyayogitA ke do bhedoM meM se stuti meM tulyayogitA bheda bhAmaha kI dhAraNA se abhinna hai tathA nindA meM tulyayogitA bheda bharata kI alaGkAra evaM lakSaNa-dhAraNA ke AdhAra para kalpita hai / virodha aust kI sAmAnya virodhAlaGkAra-dhAraNA bhAmaha kI virodha-dhAraNA ke samAna hai / daNDI ne usake nimnalikhita bhedoM kA sodAharaNa ullekha kiyA haikriyAvirodha, guNavirodha ( vastugata guNa- virodha tathA avayavagata guNavirodha ), viSamavirodha ( guNa tathA kriyA kA virodha ), asaGgativirodha athavA abhAvAtmaka kriyAvirodha tathA zleSamUla - virodha / 2 ye bheda bhAmaha kI virodha-dhAraNA ke AdhAra para hI kalpita haiM / bhAmaha ne guNa yA kriyA kA viruddha kriyA se abhiyAna virodha kA lakSaNa mAnA hai / daNDI ke guNa-virodha 1. draSTavya ---- daNDI, kAvyAda0, 2, 323-26 2. draSTavya -- daNDI, kAvyAda0, 2, 333-36

Page #112
alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [86 tathA kriyA-virodha bhAmaha ke ukta virodha-lakSaNa meM hI antarbhUta haiN| viSamavirodha meM guNa evaM kriyA kA virodha pradarzita hotA hai| yaha dhAraNA bhI bhAmaha ke guNa-virodha evaM kriyA-virodha ke mizrita svarUpa para avalambita hai| kriyA Adi kI abhAvAtmaka sattA ke AdhAra para asaGgati-virodha kI kalpanA kI gayI hai| 'kAvyAdarza' meM asaGgati-virodha kA jo udAharaNa diyA gayA hai usameM kriyA ke abhAva se asaGgati dikhAyI gayI hai| virodha ke sAtha zleSa alaGkAra kI dhAraNA ko milA kara zleSa-virodha ke svarUpa kA nirmANa kiyA gayA hai| aprastutaprazaMsA bhAmaha kI aprastutaprazaMsA-dhAraNA se daNDI kI aprastutaprazaMsA-dhAraNA abhinna hai| vyAjastuti __ bhAmaha kI taraha daNDI bhI nindA ke vyAja se kI jAne vAlI stuti ko vyAjastuti kA lakSaNa mAnate haiN| isameM ApAtataH kisI kI nindA kI jAtI hai ; kintu vaha nindA pariNAmataH stuti meM paryavasita ho jAtI hai| zabdazleSa mUlaka tathA arthazleSamUlaka vyAjastuti bhedoM ke bhI udAharaNa diye gaye haiN| spaSTataH ina bhedoM meM zleSa alaGkAra ke tattva vyAjastuti ke sAtha mizrita haiN| anya alaGkAroM ke yoga se vyAjastuti ke aneka anya bheda bhI ho sakate haiN|' nidarzana ___ daNDI kI nidarzana-paribhASA bhAmaha kI paribhASA se milatI-julatI hai| sat evaM asat arthAt utkRSTa evaM anutkRSTa phala ke nidarzana kI dRSTi se daNDI ne nidarzana ke satphalanidarzana tathA asatphalanidarzana-do bheda svIkAra kiye haiN|2 bhAmaha ne 'kAvyAlaGkAra' meM nidarzana kA jo udAharaNa diyA hai, vaha asadarthanidarzana kA udAharaNa hai| daNDI ne satphala-nidarzana kA bhI udAharaNa 1. iti zleSAnuviddhAnAmanyeSAJcopalakSyatAm / vyAjastutiprakArANAmaparyantastu vistaraH ||-vhii, 2, 347 2. arthAntarapravRttena kiJcit tatsadRzaM phalam / sadasadvA nidaryeta yadi tatsyAnnidarzanam ||-vhii, 2, 348 .

Page #113
60 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa diyA hai / spaSTa hai ki daNDI kI nidarzana-dhAraNA tattvataH bhAmaha kI tadviSayaka dhAraNA se abhinna hai / sahokti daNDI ne bhAmaha kI sahokti-paribhASA ko hI zabda bheda se svIkAra kiyA hai / guNa, kriyA, dravya Adi kA sahabhAva se kathana hone ke kAraNa, guNasahokti, kriyA sahokti, dravyasahokti Adi sahokti alaGkAra ke bheda mAne jA sakate haiM / parivRtti isa bhAmaha ke parivRtti-lakSaNa se daNDI kA parivRttilakSaNa kiJcit bhinna hai / usakA svarUpa apekSAkRta adhika vyApaka hai / bhAmaha ne nyUna vastu ke badale viziSTa vastu kA AdAna parivRtti kA lakSaNa mAnA thA; kintu daNDI ne vastu ke kisI prakAra ke vinimaya meM parivRtti kA sadbhAva svIkAra kiyA hai / " vinimaya ke tIna prakAra sambhava haiM - ( ka ) nyUna se adhika kA vinimaya, (kha): adhika se nyUna kA vinimaya tathA ( ga ) samAna kA samAna se vinimaya / prakAra daNDI ke matAnusAra parivRtti ke ukta tIna bheda mAne jA sakate haiM / inameM se kevala prathama bheda ko bhAmaha ke matAnuyAyI parivRtti mAneMge / daNDI ne nyUna se adhika ke vinimaya kA hI udAharaNa diyA hai / zeSa do bhedoM ke udAharaNa unhoMne vistAra ke bhaya se nahIM diye hai / eka hI bheda kA sodAharaNa - vivecana bhAmaha ke prabhAva kI sUcanA detA hai / anya -bhedoM meM bhI vinimaya kA bhAva bhAmaha se hI liyA gayA hai / AzIH AzIH daNDI kA navIna alaGkAra hai / bhAmaha ke 'kAvyAlaGkAra' meM isakA ullekha mAtra huA hai ; usakA lakSaNa nahIM diyA gayA hai / bhAmaha ne svayaM usakA alaGkAratva svIkAra nahIM kiyA hai / daNDI ke anusAra priya kI. vastu prApti kI icchA athavA priya vastu kI zubhAzaMsA AzIH alaGkAra hai / prastuta alaGkAra ko kucha logoM ne pra eya alaGkAra kA hI viziSTa rUpa mAnA hai / 1. tulanIya - daNDI, kAvyAda0 2,351 tathA bhAmaha, kAvyAlaM0 3,41 2. daNDI, kAvyAda0 2,357

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ER saGkIrNa bhAmaha kI saMsRSTi ko daNDI ne saGkIrNa saMjJA se abhihita kiyA hai| isakA sAmAnya svarUpa bhAmaha ke saMsRSTi alaGkAra ke svarUpa se abhinna hai| nAnA alaGkAroM ke yoga ke svarUpa ko daNDI ne adhika spaSTa rUpa meM prastuta kiyA hai| ve alaGkAra yA to paraspara aGgAGgibhAva se raha sakate haiM yA paraspara nirapekSa rUpa se| isa prakAra saGkIrNa ke do bheda mAne gaye haiN| bhAmaha aneka alaGkAroM ke ekatra sadbhAva kI ina sthitiyoM se aparicita nahIM the| spaSTa hai ki bhAmaha kI saMsRSTi-dhAraNA ko hI daNDI ne nAmabheda se svIkAra kiyA hai| bhAvika daNDI ne bhAmaha kI taraha bhAvika ko prabandhagata guNa yA prabandhagata alaGkAra kahA hai, kintu usake svarUpa kI kalpanA kiJcit bhinna rUpa se kI hai| isakA sambandha sampUrNa prabandha meM vyakta kavi ke bhAva se hai| prabandha meM AdhikArika evaM prAsaGgika kathAvastuoM kA paraspara upakArakArI honA, vyartha vizeSaNoM kA prayoga nahIM kiyA jAnA, prakRta rasa, bhAva Adi ke upayukta vizeSaNoM kA prayoga kiyA jAnA aura pada-vinyAsa ke sAmarthya se gUDha artha kA bhI sphuTa rUpa meM varNana kiyA jAnA--ye saba mila kara bhAvika alaGkAra kI svarUpa-siddhi karate haiN|' bhAmaha ne bhI kathA kI svabhinItatA tathA zabda kI anAkulatA ko bhAvika kA hetu mAnA hai / 2 spaSTa hai ki prabandha kAvya kI saphalatA ke lie apekSita sabhI tattvoM ko bhAvika kA aGga mAna liyA gayA hai| AdhikArika evaM avAntara kathAvastuoM meM parasparopakAritva ke abhAva meM prabandha kA prabhAva vikhara jAtA hai| nATaka ke vastu-saMghaTana meM bhI isa tattva para vicAra kiyA gayA hai| vyartha vizeSaNoM kA prayoga doSa hai| daNDI ne usakA abhAva bhAvika meM Avazyaka mAnA hai| bhAva ke poSaka vizeSaNoM ke prayoga kI dhAraNA bharata kI udAratA guNa-dhAraNA se tathA gambhIra artha ke sphuTatayA varNana kI dhAraNA unakI 'vicAra-gahana kintu svabhAva sphuTa' zleSa guNa kI dhAraNA se lI gaI hai| spaSTa hai ki pUrvavartI AcAryoM ke guNa-lakSaNa tathA prabandha-kAvya-lakSaNa se tattva grahaNa kara daNDI ne bhAvika kI rUpa-racanA kI hai| 1. daNDI, kAvyAda0, 2,364-66 2. bhAmaha, kAvyAlaM0 3, 54

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62] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa niSkarSataH daNDI ke adhikAMza alaGkAroM kA svarUpa bhAmaha ke alaGkAra ke -svarUpa ke samAna hI hai| unake bhedopabheda bhI bahulAMzataH bhAmaha kI dhAraNA ke anurUpa haiN| daNDI ne jina navIna alaGkAroM tathA unake bhedopabhedoM kI udbhAvanA kI hai, unameM se adhikAMza kA mUla bhAmaha kI alaGkAra-dhAraNA meM tathA bharata kI lakSaNa, guNa, alaGkAra Adi kI dhAraNA meM hai| kucha prAcIna alaGkAroM ke sAmAnya svarUpa ke sambandha meM pUrvavartI AcAryoM kI mAnyatA ko hI daNDI ne svIkAra kiyA hai; kintu unake navIna bhedopabhedoM kI kalpanA kara lI hai| isa bheda-kalpanA meM kahIM-kahIM pUrvavartI AcAryoM ke alaGkAra, lakSaNa Adi ke tattvoM kA avalamba liyA gayA hai| ataH udgama-srota kI dRSTi se daNDI ke kAvyAlaGkAroM ke nimnalikhita varga mAne jA sakate haiM (ka) pUrvAcAryoM ke alaGkAroM se abhinna-isa varga meM yathAsaMkhya, praya, rasavat, UrjasvI, paryAyokta, nidarzana, sahokti Adi alaGkAra Ate haiN| (kha) bhAmaha kI alaGkAra-dhAraNA ke AdhAra para kalpita navIna alaGkAraAvRtti daNDI kA navIna alaGkAra hai| yaha bhAmaha kI dIpaka-dhAraNA ke AdhAra para kalpita hai| (ga) bharata ke alaGkAretara tattvoM ke AdhAra para kalpita-hetu, sUkSma evaM leza bharata ke vibhinna lakSaNoM se jIvana-rasa grahaNa kara utpanna haiN| bhAvika ke svarUpa-nirmANa meM aneka guNoM, tathA doSAbhAva Adi kI dhAraNA ne yoga diyA hai| (gha) pUrvavartI AcArya ke dvArA asvIkRta, kintu daNDI ke dvArA svIkRtahetu, sUkSma tathA leza ke alaGkAratva kA bhAmaha ne khaNDana kiyA thA; kintu daNDI ne unheM vANI ke uttama alaGkAra ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai| AzI: kA alaGkAratva bhI bhAmaha ko abhimata nahIM jAna par3atA; para daNDI ne usakA alaGkAratva svIkAra kara AzISa yA zubhAzaMsA ke hI AdhAra para usake svarUpa kI kalpanA kI hai| (Ga) alaGkAra kA sAmAnya svarUpa pUrvavartI AcAryoM kI dhAraNA ke anurUpa, kintu bheda navIna-upamA, rUpaka, dIpaka, AkSepa, arthAntaranyAsa, apahna ti, zliSTa Adi alaGkAroM ke sAmAnya svarUpa ke nirdhAraNa meM daNDI bhAmaha se sahamata haiM ; kintu ina alaGkAroM ke aneka bhedoM kI kalpanA unhoMne kara lI hai| una bhedoM ke srota ke anveSaNa-krama meM hama dekha cuke haiM ki kucha alaGkAroM ke bheda anya alaGkAroM ke tattvoM ke yoga se nirmita haiM, kucha bhedoM kI

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ 63 kalpanA kA AdhAra bharata kI lakSaNa-dhAraNA Adi hai| kucha bheda pUrvavartI AcAryoM ke alaGkAra-bhedoM ke AdhAra para bhI kalpita haiN| udAharaNArthasaMzayopamA, zleSopamA, tulyayogopamA Adi upamA-bheda; zliSTarUpaka, upamAra rUpaka, rUpaka-rUpaka Adi rUpaka-bheda tathA zliSTAkSepa, saMzayAkSepa, arthAntarAkSepa Adi AkSepa-bheda mUla alaGkAra meM tattadalaGkAroM ke tattvoM ke yoga se kalpita haiN| kucha alaGkAra-bhedoM ke svarUpa kI nUtana udbhAvanA kA zreya daNDI ko avazya milanA caahie| yamaka ke zlokAbhyAsa, upamA ke niyama, rUpaka ke viSama, zleSa ke niyAmaka Adi bheda kI kalpanA meM daNDI kI maulikatA spaSTa hai| (ca) bhAmaha ke svatantra alaGkAra anya alaGkAra meM yA usake bheda meM antabhukta-bhAmaha kA anuprAsa apanI svatantra sattA khokara yamaka meM hI vilIna ho gayA hai| sasandeha upamA ke eka bheda ke rUpa meM tathA upamA-rUpaka rUpaka ke bheda ke rUpa meM svIkAra kara liyA gayA hai| (cha) pUrvavartI AcAryoM ke alaGkAra-lakSaNa kiJcit bheda se svIkRtabhAvika, parivRtti, tulyayogitA Adi alaGkAra isa varga meM rakhe jA sakate haiN| hama dekha cuke haiM ki parivRtti, tulyayogitA Adi kI kalpanA meM bhAmaha ke mata ko aMzataH svIkAra karane para bhI daNDI ne una alaGkAroM ke svarUpa meM apanI ora se bhI kucha jor3A hai| bhAvika kA svarUpa bhI bhAmaha ke bhAvika se thor3A bhinna hai| isakI kalpanA meM bharata kI guNa-dhAraNA kA prabhAva spaSTa hai| ___ daNDI ne svayaM isa tathya ko svIkAra kiyA hai ki alaGkAra kI vividhatA kI kalpanA kA bIja pUrvavartI AcAryoM kI kRtiyoM meM hI nihita hai|' spaSTa hai ki bharata ke 'nATyazAstra' meM ullikhita alaGkAra, lakSaNa Adi kA jo svarUpa bhAmaha ke 'kAvyAlaGkAra' meM vibhinna alaGkAra-prapaJca ke rUpa meM vikasita huA thA, usI ko daNDI ke 'kAvyAdarza' meM thor3A aura vikAsa prApta huaa| 1. kintu bIjaM vikalpAnAM pUrvAcAryaH pradarzitam / .. tadeva parisaMskattu mayamasmatparizramaH ||-dnnddii, kAvyAdarza, 2,2

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa AcArya udbhaTa alaGkAra - zAstra ke itihAsa meM AcArya udbhaTa kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai / unakA 'bhAmaha vivaraNa' upalabdha nahIM, kintu anya granthoM meM pAye jAne vAle nirdeza ke AdhAra para yaha mAnA jA sakatA hai ki vaha bhAmaha ke alaGkArasiddhAnta kA vivaraNa mAtra nahIM thA, usameM bhAmaha kI mAnyatAoM kA taTasthavivecana tathA navIna siddhAntoM kA yuktipUrNa sthApana bhI huA thaa| bhAratIyaalaGkAra-zAstra meM udbhaTa ke matAnuyAyiyoM kI sudIrgha paramparA rahI hai / Anandavarddhana, mammaTa Adi ke granthoM meM udbhaTa ke samarthakoM ke vicAroM kA 'ityaudbhaTAyanaH' Adi vAkya khaNDa ke dvArA ullekha udbhaTa kI mahattA kA pramApaka hai| udbhaTa ne apane pUrvavartI AcAryoM ke kucha alaGkAroM ke svarUpa ko adhika pariSkRta rUpa meM prastuta kiyA hai / unhoMne bhAmaha tathA daNDI ke kucha alaGkAroM kI sattA asvIkAra kara dI kucha alaGkAroM ke navIna bhedopabhedoM kI kalpanA kI tathA kucha alaGkAroM ko nAmnA svIkAra kara unake nUtana lakSaNa kI udbhAvanA kii| itanA hI nahIM, unhoMne bhAmaha tathA daNDI ke dvArA anirdiSTapUrvaM svatantra alaGkAroM kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai / unake pUrvavartI vicArakoM meM se bhAmaha ke alaGkAra - siddhAnta ne unheM sarvAdhika prabhAvita kiyA hai / unhoMne bhAmaha kI kucha alaGkAra - paribhASAoM ko yathArUpa svIkAra kara liyA hai / unake 'kAvyAlaGkArasA rasaGagraha' meM vivecita alaGkAroM kA krama bhI bhAmaha ke 'kAvyAlaGkAra' ke alaGkAra-krama se bahulAMzataH milatA-julatA hai / prastuta sandarbha meM udbhaTa ke dvArA kalpita navIna alaGkAroM, prAcIna alaGkAroM ke navIna bhedopabhedoM tathA prAcIna alaGkAroM kI nUtana paribhASAoM ke srota - kA anveSaNa abhISTa hai / *4 ] udbhaTa ne apane 'kAvyAlaGkArasArasaGagraha' meM nimnalikhita ikatAlIsa alaGkAroM kA savistara vivecana kiyA hai: - ( 1 ) punaruktavadAbhAsa, (2) chekA- nuprAsa, (3) anuprAsa, (4) lATAnuprAsa, (5) rUpaka, (6) dIpaka, (7) upamA, (5) prativastUpamA, ( 8 ) AkSepa, (10) arthAntaranyAsa, (11) vyatireka, (12) vibhAvanA, (13) samAsokti, (14) atizayokti, (15) yathAsaMkhya, (16) utpra ekSA, (17) svabhAvokti, (18) praya, (16) rasavat, ( 20 ) UrjasvI, 1. draSTavya, kAvyAlaGkArasArasaMgraha, ke0 esa0 rAmasvAmI kRta prastAvanA pR0 21

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ 65 (21) paryAyokta, (22) samAhita, (23) udAtta, (24) zliSTa, (25) apahna uti, (26) vizeSokti, (27) virodha, ( 28 ) tulyayogitA, (29) aprastutaprazaMsA, (30) vyAjastuti, (31) nidarzanA, (32) saGkara, (33) upameyopamA, (34) sahokti, (35) parivRtti, (36) sasandeha, (37) ananvaya, (38) saMsRSTi (36) bhAvika, (40) kAvyaliGga tathA ( 41 ) dRSTAnta / inameM se kAvyaliGga, chekAnuprAsa, dRSTAnta, punaruktavadAbhAsa tathA saGkara ; ye pA~ca alaGkAra navIna haiM / seTha kanhaiyAlAla poddAra kI mAnyatA hai ki udbhaTa -ne chaha navIna alaGkAroM kI udbhAvanA kI hai / ve ukta pA~ca alaGkAroM ke sAtha 'lATAnuprAsa' ko bhI udbhaTa kI navIna kalpanA mAnate haiM / kintu udbhaTa ke pUrva bhAmaha ke 'kAvyAlaGkAra' meM anuprAsa - vivecana-krama meM isa alaGkAra kA ullekha ho cukA thA / bhAmaha ne lATIya anuprAsa ke lakSaNa kA ullekha nahIM karane para bhI usakA udAharaNa dekara usake svarUpa ke sambandha meM apanI mAnyatA vyakta kI hai / udbhaTa ne usI ke salakSaNa pA~ca bhedoM kA spaSTarUpa meM vivecana kiyA hai / ataH ise udbhaTa kI navIna udbhAvanA mAnane kA pakSa sabala nhiiN| poddAra jI ne yaha svIkAra kiyA hai ki 'lATAnuprAsa' aura 'chekAnuprAsa' ye do anuprAsa ke bheda haiM / isa prakAra unhoMne ina do alaGkAroM kI sambhAvanA pUrvAcAryoM kI anuprAsa-dhAraNA meM hI svIkAra kara lI hai / ina donoM ko samAna rUpa se pUrvavartI AcAryoM ke anuprAsa-lakSaNa se samudbhUta mAna lenA bhI mujhe ucita nahIM jAna par3atA / donoM kI sthiti bhinna hai / chekAnuprAsa kA ullekha sarvaprathama udbhaTa ke kAvyAlaGkAra meM hI huA hai, jabaki lATAnuprAsa kA ullekha unase pUrva bhAmaha kara cuke the / ataH ukta do alaGkAroM meM chekAnuprAsa ko hI udbhaTa kI nUtana sRSTi mAnanA yuktisaGgata jAna par3atA hai / saGkara ke svarUpa kA saGka eta daNDI ke saGkIrNa ke eka bheda ke rUpa meM mila jAtA hai, kintu usakA nAmnA ullekha sarvaprathama udbhaTa ne hI kiyA hai / ataeva use udbhaTa ke navIna alaGkAroM ke varga meM rakhA gayA hai / udbhaTa ne bhAmaha ke utprekSAvayava tathA upamArUpaka alaGkAroM kI sattA svIkAra nahIM kI hai / daNDI ke AvRtti, leza, sUkSma tathA hetu alaGkAroM kA bhI ullekha unhoMne nahIM kiyA hai / yamaka, bhAmaha tathA daNDI-- donoM AcAryoM 1. draSTavya - kanhaiyAlAla poddAra, kAvyakalpadra uma, dvitIya bhAga, alaGkAra maJjarI kA prAkkathana pR0 Ga 2. vahI, pR0 Ga

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66 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa ke dvArA kAvyAlaGkAra ke rUpa meM svIkRta thA; kintu udbhaTa ne usakA nAmollekha bhI nahIM kiyA hai| bhAmaha ke utprekSAvayava tathA upamArUpaka alaGkAroM kI pRthak sattA kA niSedha daNDI ne hI kara diyA thaa| udbhaTa daNDI kI isa mAnyatA se sahamata jAna par3ate haiN| vastutaH utprekSAvayava ko utprekSA kA tathA upamArUpaka ko rUpaka kA bheda mAnanA hI samIcIna hai| AcArya daNDI ke dvArA kalpita AvRtti alaGkAra ko bhI 'kAvyAlaGkAra sAra saGa graha' meM svIkRti nahIM milI hai| daNDI kI AvRtti-dhAraNA ke parIkSaNa-krama meM hamane yaha siddha kiyA hai ki dIpaka alaGkAra se pRthak AvRtti kI sattA kI mAnyatA tarkapuSTa nahIM hai| hetu, sUkSma tathA leza ke alaGkAratva kA bhAmaha ne khaNDana kiyA thaa| daNDI ne unheM na kevala alaGkAra ke rUpa meM svIkRti dI, apitu unheM vANI ke uttama AbhUSaNa khaa| udbhaTa ne hetu, sUkSma tathA leza kA vivecana nahIM kiyA hai| udbhaTa ke dvArA yamaka alaGkAra kA ullekha nahIM kiye jAne kA kAraNa anuprAsa ke sAtha usake svarUpa kA atizaya sAmya hI jAna par3atA hai| bhAmaha ne anuprAsa aura yamaka donoM kA pRthak-pRthak ullekha kiyA thA, kintu daNDI ne alaGkAra ke sandarbha meM kevala yamaka ke svarUpa kA vivecana kiyaa| udbhaTa ne anuprAsa alaGkAra ke svarUpa kA nirUpaNa kiyA hai| sambhava hai ki anuprAsa se pRthak yamaka kA svarUpa-vizleSaNa unhoMne Avazyaka nahIM samajhA ho| 'kAvyAlaGkArasArasaGa graha' meM vivecita kAvyAlaGkAroM ke pUrvAcAryoM ke alaGkAroM se bhedAbheda kI dRSTi se nimnalikhita varga mAne jA sakate hai (ka) sarvathA navIna alaGkAra-isa varga meM punaruktavadAbhAsa, kAvyaliGga tathA dRSTAnta alaGkAra Ate haiN| (kha) pUrvavartI AlaGkArikoM ke anya nAmadheya alaGkAroM ke AdhAra para kalpita navIna alaGkAra-saGkara aura chekAnuprAsa isa varga ke alaGkAra haiN| ina do alaGkAroM kA nAmollekha sarvaprathama udbhaTa kI racanA meM hI huA hai ; kintu inakA svarUpa ajJAta-pUrva nahIM thaa| saGkara ke svarUpa kA saGkata daNDI ke saGkIrNa alaGkAra ke aGgAGgibhAva bheda meM spaSTa hai / udbhaTa ke chekAnuprAsa-nAmaka navIna alaGkAra kI udbhAvanA kA AdhAra bhI pUrvavartI AcAryoM kI anuprAsadhAraNA. hI hai| (ga) udbhaTa ke dvArA lakSita-lakSaNa pUrvAcAryoM ke aparibhASita alaGkAralATAnuprAsa alaGkAra isa varga meM mAnA jA sakatA hai| bhAmaha ne lATIya

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ kA nAmollekha kara usake udAharaNa se usake svarUpa ke sambandha meM apanI dhAraNA vyakta kI thI / unhoMne usakA lakSaNa nahIM diyA thA / daNDI ne ukta alaGkAra kA ullekha bhI nahIM kiyA / udbhaTa ne usakA lakSaNa dekara usake pA~ca bhedoM kA spaSTa vivecana kiyA hai / (gha) pUrvavartI alaGkAroM se nAmataH abhinna, kintu svarUpataH bhinna alaGkAra -- isa varga meM pra eya, rasavat, UrjasvI, samAhita, tulyayogitA, vizeSokti, vyAjastuti, nidarzanA, parivRtti tathA svabhAvokti alaGkAra Ate haiM / ina alaGkAroM kA punaH do upavargoM meM vibhAjana sambhava hai - ( a ) samAna abhidhAna vAle prAcIna alaGkAroM se sarvathA bhinna svarUpa vAle alaGkAra tathA ( A ) unase kiJcit bhinna svarUpa vAle alaGkAra / praya, UrjasvI, samAhita tathA tulyayogitA prathama upavarga meM aura zeSa dvitIya upavarga meM mAne jAya~ge / (Ga) prAcIna alaGkAroM ke samAna sAmAnya svarUpa ke hone para bhI navIna bhedopabhedoM se yukta alaGkAra - arthAntaranyAsa, utpra ekSA, sasandeha, atizayokti, upamA tathA vyatireka isa varga meM parigaNita kiye jA sakate haiM / ina alaGkAroM ke sAmAnya lakSaNa, bhAmaha tathA daNDI kI dhAraNA ke anurUpa hI diye gaye haiM; kintu unake kucha navIna bhedopabhedoM kI kalpanA kara lI gayI hai / (ca) pUrvavartI AcAryoM kI alaGkAra - paribhASA ke AdhAra para paribhASita, kintu apekSAkRta adhika spaSTa svarUpa vAle alaGkAra - paryAyokta, udAtta, zliSTa, rUpaka tathA dIpaka alaGkAroM ko isa varga meM mAnanA ucita hogA / dIpaka ke tIna bheda bhAmaha kI dhAraNA ke anurUpa hI kalpita haiM; para dIpaka ke sAmAnya svarUpa ko adhika spaSTa karane kA prayAsa udbhaTa ne kiyA hai / banahaTTI ne udbhaTa ke rUpaka - lakSaNa ko bhAmaha ke rUpaka - lakSaNa se sarvathA svatantra mAnA hai / mujhe yaha mata yuktisaGgata nahIM jAna par3atA / eka vastu para anya vastu ke Aropa kA tattva donoM AcAryoM ke rUpaka - lakSaNa meM samAna rUpa se hai / hA~, rUpaka ke svarUpa ke spaSTIkaraNa ke lie udbhaTa zreya ke bhAgI avazya haiM / 1. His ( Udbhata's ) definitions of the alankara and the varieties must have been, however, of his own invention for he is not indebted to Bhamaha in that respect. - kAvyAlaGkAraH sAra-saMgraha para banahaTTI kA Notes pR0 25 7

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98 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa (cha) zabda - bheda se pUrvavartI AcAryoM kI alaGkAra - paribhASA ke AdhAra para paribhASita alaGkAra - isa alaGkAra - varga meM samAsokti, upameyopamA, saMsRSTi tathA prativastUpamA alaGkAroM kI gaNanA kI jA sakatI hai / (ja) pUrvavartI AcAryoM ke alaGkAroM se abhinna alaGkAra - udbhaTa ke aneka alaGkAra bhAmaha ke alaGkAra se abhinna haiM / unhoMne bhAmaha kI kucha alaGkAra- paribhASAoM ko hI apanI pustaka meM uddhRta kara diyA hai / isa varga meM udbhaTa ke nimnalikhita alaGkAra Ate haiM- AkSepa, vibhAvanA, atizayokti, yathAsaMkhya, apahna uti, virodha, aprastutaprazaMsA, sahokti, ananvaya, tathA bhAvika / bhAvika alaGkAra ke sambandha meM udbhaTa kI mAnyatA meM thor3I navInatA yaha hai ki jahA~ bhAmaha ne use prabandhagata alaGkAra ( guNa ) mAnA thA vahA~ udbhaTa ne use vAkya kA alaGkAra svIkAra kiyA / bhAvika alaGkAra kA lakSaNa bhAmaha lakSaNa se abhinna hai / ' r punaruktatradAbhAsa prastuta alaGkAra meM aneka pada samAna artha ke bodhaka-se jAna par3ate haiM / unake artha vastutaH bhinna-bhinna huA karate haiM; kintu ApAtataH ve samAnArthaka pratIta hote haiM / padoM kI samAnArthakatA ke pratibhAsa ke anantara unakI bhinnArthakatA ke tattva-bodha meM ukti kA camatkAra nihita rahatA hai / isa alaGkAra kI kalpanA udbhaTa ke pUrva nahIM huI thI / isakI udbhAvanA kA zreya udbhaTa ko hai / dRSTAnta alaGkAra ke kSetra meM dRSTAnta kI avatAraNA sarvaprathama udbhaTa ke 'kAvyAlaGkArasArasaMgraha' meM hI huI hai; kintu isakA astitva ajJAta - pUrva nahIM hai / bharata ne dRSTAnta nAmaka lakSaNa kA svarUpa vivecana kiyA hai / prastuta alaGkAraM kA svarUpa bharata ke dRSTAMnta lakSaNa ke svarUpa se milatA-julatA hai / AcArya bharata ne ukta lakSaNa meM varNya artha ke nidarzana ke rUpa meM kalpita anya EUR 1. tulanIya - udbhaTa, kAvyAlaGkArasArasaMgraha, 6, 12 tathA FIV bhAmaha, kAvyAlaGkAra, 3, 53-54 2. punaruktavadAbhAsamabhinnavastvivodbhAsibhinnarUpapadam / --udbhaTa, kAvyAlaGkArasArasaMgraha, 1, 3

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ ee artha ke sAtha usakA ( varNya kA ) sAmya-pradarzana vAJchanIya mAnA hai / " udbhaTa ke dRSTAnta alaGkAra meM varNya artha ke pratibimba ke rUpa meM anya artha ke varNana para bala diyA gayA hai / 2 donoM AcAryoM kI dRSTAnta- kalpanA kA uddezya samAna hai / prAkaraNika artha se milate-julate anya artha ke varNana se usa ( prAkaraNika ) artha kI prabhAva-vRddhi donoM ko abhipra eta hai / spaSTa hai ki udbhaTa kI dRSTAnta-alaGkAra-dhAraNA bharata kI dRSTAnta-lakSaNa - dhAraNA se bhUrizaH prabhAvita hai | kAvyaliGga prastuta alaGkAra kI paribhASA meM kahA gayA hai ki jahA~ eka sunA huA artha anya artha kI smRti yA kisI vastu kI anubhUti kA hetu banatA ho vahA~ kAvyaliGga alaGkAra hotA hai / 3 ise kAvyahetu saMjJA se bhI abhihita kiyA gayA hai / udbhaTa ke kAvyaliGga kA svarUpa bharata ke hetu lakSaNa ke svarUpa se milatA-julatA hai / daNDI ne hetu ko alaGkAra mAnA thA / udbhaTa ne hetu kA ullekha nahIM kara kAvyaliGga kI kalpanA kI / mammaTa Adi paravartI AcAryoM bhI hetu kI jagaha kAvyaliGga ko hI svIkAra kiyA hai / chekAnuprAsa udbhaTa ne hI sarvaprathama chekAnuprAsa alaGkAra kA ullekha kiyA / unhoMne ise anuprAsa alaGkAra ke prakAra ke rUpa meM parigaNita nahIM kara svatantra alaGkAra svIkAra kiyA hai / unake anusAra eka-se svara- vyaJjana - samudAya kA ekatra do bAra uccAraNa chekAnuprAsa hai / " bhAmaha ne anuprAsa alaGkAra 1. vidvAn pUrvopalabdhau yatsamatvamupapAdayet / nidarzanakRtastajjJaiH sa dRSTAnta iti smRtaH // 2. iSTasyArthasya vispaSTapratibimba nidarzanam / vAdipadaiH zUnyaM budhairdRSTAnta ucyate // - bharata, nA0 zA0 16, 25 -- udbhaTa, kAvyAlaGkArasArasaMgraha, 6, 16 - 3. zrutamekaM yadanyatra smRteranubhavasya vA / tAM pratipadyata kAvyaliGa gaM taducyate / / vahI, 6, 7 4. tulanIya, bharata, nATyazAstra, 16, 14 5. chekAnuprAsastu dvayordvayoH susadazoktikRtau / - udbhaTa, kAvyAlaM0 sAra saM0 1,

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100 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa meM samAna svarUpa vAle vargoM kA vinyAsa vAJchanIya mAnA thaa|' udbhaTa ke khekAnuprAsa kI sambhAvanA bhAmaha kI ukta kalpanA meM nihita thii| bharata ke yamaka ke sAtha bhAmaha ke anuprAsa ke sambandha kA vivecana kiyA jA cukA hai / 2 yaha mAnanA asaGgata nahIM hogA ki udbhaTa se pUrvavartI AcArya chekAnuprAsa kI varNayojanA-bhaGgI se sarvathA aparicita nahIM the| saGkara prastuta alaGkAra kA nAmollekha 'kAvyAlaGkArasArasaMgraha' kI racanA ke pUrva nahIM pAyA jAtA; kintu abhidhAna navIna hone para bhI isakA svarUpa ajJAtapUrva nahIM thaa| udbhaTa ke pUrva daNDI ne alaGkAroM ke saGkIrNatva kI carcA karate hue usake eka bheda meM aneka alaGkAroM kA aGgAGgibhAva se sadbhAva svIkAra kiyA thaa| udbhaTa kA anugrAhyAnugrAhaka bhAva saGkara daNDI ke ukta saMsRSTibheda se abhinna hai| spaSTa hai ki pUrvAcAryoM kI alaGkAra-saMsRSTi ke AdhAra para saGkara alaGkAra kI kalpanA huI hai| merI mAnyatA hai ki sasRSTi tathA saGkara ko svatantra alaGkAra nahIM mAna kara aneka alaGkAroM ke ekatra sanniveza kI vibhinna avasthAe~ mAnanA adhika yukti-saGgata hai| AcArya bharata ne vibhUSaNa lakSaNa meM aneka alaGkAroM tathA guNoM ke sAmAnAdhikaraNya kI kalpanA kI hai|4 saGkara meM aneka alaGkAra samAna adhikaraNa meM rahate haiN| ataH saGkara evaM saMsRSTi kI kalpanA kA AdhAra bharata kI vibhUSaNa-dhAraNA ko mAnA jA sakatA hai| saGkara ke anugrAhyAnugrAhaka bheda-jo daNDI ke aGgAGgibhAva saGkIrNa se abhinna hai--ke atirikta tIna anya bhedoM kI bhI kalpanA udbhaTa ne kI hai| ve haiM-sandehasaGkara, zabdArthavallaGkAra tathA ekazabdAbhidhAna sngkr|5 saGkara ke ye sabhI bheda eka adhikaraNa meM aneka alaGkAroM ke sadbhAva kI mAnyatA para AdhRta 1. sarUpavarNavinyAsamanuprAsaM pracakSate |-bhaamh, kAvyAlaM0 2, 5 2. draSTavya-prastuta grantha pR0 33 3. draSTavya-daNDI, kAvyAda0 2, 360 4. alaGkAraiguNazcaiva bahubhiryadalaGa kRtam / bhUSaNariva vinyastaistadbha SaNamiti smRtam / -bharata, nA0 zA0 16,5 5. draSTavya-udbhaTa, kAvyAlaM0 sAra saM0 5, 11-13 /

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ 101 haiM / sandeha-saGkara vahA~ mAnA jAtA hai jahA~ ekAdhika alaGkAra kI ekatra sattA jAna par3atI hai; kintu ekakAlAvacchedena unakI ekatra sthiti sambhava nahI hotI, phira bhI una pratibhAsita hone vAle aneka alaGkAroM meM se kisI eka ko svIkAra karane tathA dUsare ko asvIkAra karane kA koI sabala AdhAra nahIM mila paataa|' zabdArthavartyalaGkAra meM zabdAlaGkAra tathA arthAlaGkAra paraspara nirapekSa hokara eka vAkya yA eka zloka meM rahA karate haiN| alaGkAroM ke paraspara apekSA-rahita sadbhAva kI kalpanA daNDI ne saMsRSTi ke eka bheda meM kI thii| udbhaTa ne aneka zabdAlaGkAroM tathA aneka arthAlaGkAroM ke eka adhikaraNa meM paraspara svatantra sadbhAva ko saMsRSTi mAnA hai;3 kintu zabdAlaGkAra aura arthAlaGkAra ke ekatra anyonyanirapekSa sadbhAva meM saGkara ke prastuta bheda kI kalpanA kara lI hai| saMsRSTi se pRthak saGkara ke isa bheda kI kalpanA Avazyaka nahIM thii| paraspara nirapekSa-bhAva se ekatra aneka zabdAlaGkAra raheM yA aneka arthAlaGkAra athavA kucha zabdAlaGkAra aura kucha arthAlaGkAra, alaGkAra ke svabhAva meM koI antara nahIM pdd'taa| paravartI ruyyaka Adi AlaGkArikoM kI racanA meM saGkara kA ukta bheda saMsRSTi meM hI antarbhukta ho gayA hai| alaGkAroM kI saMsRSTi ( samAna adhikaraNa meM paraspara-nirapekSa sadbhAva ) tIna rUpoM meM sambhava hai-(ka) aneka zabdAlaGkAroM kI saMsRSTi, (kha) aneka arthAlaGkAroM kI saMsRSTi tathA (ga) zabdAlaGkAra evaM arthAlaGkAra kI saMsRSTi / ___ ekazabdAbhidhAna saGkara-bheda kI kalpanA kara udbhaTa ne yaha mAnyatA vyakta kI hai ki jahA~ eka zabda yA eka vAkyAMza meM aneka alaGkAroM kA sadbhAva ho vahA~ saGkara kA ukta bheda mAnA jAtA hai|5 vAkyagata saGkara ke AdhAra para hI isa vAkyAMzagata saGkara kI kalpanA kI gayI hai| spaSTa hai ki bhAmaha tathA 1. anekAlaMkriyollekhe samaM tavRtyasaMbhave / ekasya ca grahe nyAyadoSAbhAve ca saMkaraH // -udbhaTa, kAvyAlaGkAra sAra saMgraha, 5, 11 2. zabdArthavartyalaMkArA vAkya ekatra bhAsinaH / saMkaro vA...... -vahI, 5, 12 3. alaGa kRtInAM bahInAM dvayorvApi samAzrayaH / ekatra nirapekSANAM mithaH saMsRSTirucyate ||-bhii, 6, 5 4. tilataNDulanyAyena mizratve sNsRssttiH|---ruyyk, alaGkAra sarvasva, 84 5. ekvaakyaaNshprghnaadvaabhidhiiyte| udbhaTa, kAvyAlaM. sAra saM0 5, 12

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102] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa daNDI kI alaGkAra-saMsRSTi-dhAraNA ke AdhAra para udbhaTa ne cAra prakAra ke saGkara kI kalpanA kara lI hai| bhAmaha ne aneka alaGkAroM kI saMsRSTi kA saGkata diyA thaa| daNDI ne alaGkAroM ke paraspara sApekSa tathA nirapekSa-sadbhAva kI kalpanA kara saGkara tathA saMsRSTi alaGkAroM ke svatantra astitva kI kalpanA kA mArga prazasta kara diyA thaa| udbhaTa ne saGkara ke cAra bhedoM kI kalpanA kara lii| udbhaTa ke ukta cAra saGkara-bhedoM se lakSita hone vAle lakSya taka bhAmaha tathA daNDI ke saMsRSTi-lakSaNa kI vyApti asandigdha hai| daNDI ke saGkIrNalakSaNa ke AdhAra para saGkara tathA saMsRSTi alaGkAroM ke pRthak-pRthak svarUpa ke vivecana meM udbhaTa kA zreya hai| lATAnuprAsa udbhaTa ke pUrvavartI AcArya bhAmaha ne anuprAsa alaGkAra kA vivecana karate hue usake lATIya bheda ke astitva kA saGketa diyA thaa| unhoMne ukta anuprAsa-bheda kA lakSaNa nahIM diyA hai| eka udAharaNa dekara usake svarUpa kA paricaya diyA gayA hai| udAharaNa meM 'dRSTi-dRSTi' tathA 'candrazcandra' kA ullekha kara svara-vyaJjana-samudAya kI AvRtti meM lATIya anuprAsa mAnA gayA hai| lATa pradeza ke kaviyoM kA priya hone ke kAraNa hI sambhavataH ise lATIya kahA gayA hai| udbhaTa kI lATAnuprAsa-alaGkAra-dhAraNA bhAmaha kI ukta dhAraNA se bhinna nhiiN| unhoMne ( udbhaTa ne ) lATAnuprAsa ke lakSaNa meM kahA hai ki jahA~ samAna zabda yA pada kI AvRtti hotI ho, una padoM ke svarUpa evaM abhidheya artha ke abhinna hone para bhI unakA tAtparyArtha bhinna ho, vahA~ lATAnuprAsa alaGkAra hotA hai| bhAmaha ke lATIya anuprAsa ke ukta udAharaNa meM yaha spaSTa hai ki dRSTi aura candra zabdoM kI AvRtti huI hai / dAnoM dRSTi padoM evaM candrapadoM kA vAcya artha abhinna, kintu tAtparyArtha bhinna hai| niSkarSataH lATIya anuprAsaviSayaka bhAmaha kI mAnyatA ko hI udbhaTa ne lakSaNa-baddha kiyA hai| yaha udbhaTa kI maulika udbhAvanA nhiiN| bhAmaha kI dhAraNA ko paribhASita kara udbhaTa 1. lATIyamapyanuprAsamihecchantyapare ythaa| bhAmaha, kAvyAlaM0 2, 8 2. dRSTi dRSTisukhAM dhehi candrazcandramukhoditaH / -vahI, 2, 8 3. svarUpArthAvizeSe'pi punaruktiH phalAntarAt / zabdAnAM vA padAnAM vA lATAnuprAsa iSyate // . :-udbhaTa, kAvyAlaM. sAra saM0 1.8

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ 103 ne zabda yA pada kI AvRtti kI vibhinna avasthAoM ke AdhAra para lATAnuprAsa ke pA~ca bhedoM kI kalpanA kI hai| preya ... preya alaGkAra kA nAma navIna nahIM hai kintu 'kAvyAlaGkArasArasaMgraha' meM vivecita usakA svarUpa navIna hai| udbhaTa ke pUrvavartI AcArya priya kathana meM preya alaGkAra mAnate the|' udbhaTa ne usakA sambandha sthAyI bhAva, vyabhicArI bhAva, sAttvika bhAva tathA anubhAva Adi se jor3a diyaa| isa prakAra unake anusAra jisa kAvya meM anubhAvoM ke mAdhyama se rati Adi bhAvoM kI sUcanA milatI ho usameM preya kA sadbhAva mAnA jaaygaa|2 anubhAva se rati Adi bhAvoM ke sUcana kI dhAraNA navIna nhiiN| AcArya bharata ne 'nATyazAstra' meM rasa-bodha kI prakriyA kA varNana karate hue anubhAva, sthAyIbhAva, vyabhicArIbhAva Adi kA savistara vivecana kiyA hai| anubhAva hRdgata rati Adi bhAva ke sUcaka svIkAra kiye gaye haiN| vibhAva, anubhAva tathA saJcArI bhAva se puSTa hone para sthAyI bhAva rasa ke rUpa meM pariNata hote haiM / 3 jahA~ kucha kAraNoM se rasa meM bhAva kI pariNati sambhava nahIM hotI use rasamaya kAvya nahIM kaha kara bhAva-pradhAna kAvya hI kahate haiN| udAharaNArtha-zreSTha vyaktiyoM kI rati ke varNana ke samaya Azraya evaM Alambana ke prati bhAvaka ke citta kA pUjya-bhAva usake rasAtmaka pariNAma meM bAdhaka ho jAtA hai| phalataH pUjya vyakti ke prati antara kA rati-bhAva ( bhakti-bhAva ) rasa-dazA taka nahIM pahu~ca kara bhAva-dazA meM hI raha jAtA hai| udbhaTa ne aise bhAva-yukta kAvya ko hI preyasvat mAnA hai| puSTa rati Adi kI rasa-dazA para udbhaTa ne rasavat alaGkAra meM vicAra kiyA hai| rasavat se preyasvat kA bheda spaSTa karane ke lie vivRtikAra ne rati zabda se devatA, guru tathA rAjA Adi pUjya vyaktiyoM - 1. draSTavya-bhAmaha, kAvyAlaM0 3, 5 tathA daNDI, kAvyAda0 2, 275 / ...... 2. ratyAdikAnAM bhaavaanaamnubhaavaadisuucnaiH| yatkAvyaM badhyate sadbhistatpreyasvadudAhRtam / -udbhaTa, kAvyAlaM. sAra saM0 4, 2 3. vibhAvAnubhAvavyabhicArisaMyogAdrasaniSpattiH / .... . -bharata, nA0 zA0, 6, pR0 272

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104 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa kI rati kA hI artha grahaNa kiyA hai|' spaSTa hai ki udbhaTa ne bhAmaha tathA daNDI se preya kA abhidhAna lekara bharata kI bhAva-dhAraNA ke AdhAra para usake svarUpa kI kalpanA kara lii| rasavat udbhaTa kI rasavat-alaGkAra-dhAraNA daNDI kI rasavat-dhAraNA se abhinna hai| daNDI kI taraha ve bhI rasamaya kAvya meM rasavat alaGkAra mAnate haiN|' UrjasvI prastuta alaGkAra ko udbhaTa ne rasAbhAsa aura bhAvAbhAsa se sambaddha kara diyA hai| kahane kI AvazyakatA nahIM ki rasAbhAsa tathA bhAvAbhAsa kI kalpanA bharata se hI lI gaI hai| hA~, use alaGkAra mAnanA tathA usake AdhAra para pUrvavartI AcAryoM ke bhinna svabhAva vAle UrjasvI ke svarUpa kI kalpanA kara lenA udbhaTa kI navInatA hai| udbhaTa ke UrjasvI kI svarUpa-kalpanA navIna to nahIM hI mAnI jA sakatI; usakA aucitya bhI asaMdigdha nhiiN| samAhita samAhita kA sambandha udbhaTa ne rasa, bhAva, rasAbhAsa yA bhAvAbhAsa kI zAnti se mAnA hai| bharata ke 'nATyazAstra' meM rasa-bhAva Adi kI zAnti para vicAra kiyA gayA hai; kintu alaGkAra se bhinna prasaGga meN| udbhaTa ne use alaGkAra banA diyA hai| isa prakAra udbhaTa ke preya, rasavat, UrjasvI tathA samAhita alaGkAra kramazaH bhAva, rasa, rasAbhAsa yA bhAvAbhAsa tathA rasa-bhAva Adi kI zAnti se sambaddha haiN| unake abhidhAna yA svarUpa navIna nhiiN| bharata rasa, bhAva unake AbhAsa tathA unakI zAnti Adi se pUrNataH paricita the; kintu ve unheM alaGkAra nahIM mAnate the, alaGkAra se adhika mahattvapUrNa kAvya kA antaraGga tattva mAnate the| udbhaTa ke ukta cAra alaGkAroM ke svarUpa-vivecana se spaSTa 1. ratiriha devagurunRpAdiviSayA gRhyate / kAntAviSayAyAstu rateH sUcane rasavadalayAro vkssyte|-kaavyaalN0 sAra saM0, vivRti, pR0 32 2. draSTavya-kAvyAlaM. sAra saM0,4, 4-5 tathA daNDI, kAvyAdarza 2, 275

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ 105 hai ki na kevala 'nATyazAstra' ke lakSaNa, guNa tathA alaGkAra ne uttarakAla meM alaGkAra kI saMkhyA-vRddhi meM yoga diyA varan usakI rasa-bhAva Adi kI dhAraNA ke AdhAra para bhI aneka alaGkAroM kI sRSTi huii| tulyayogitA udbhaTa ne bhAmaha tathA daNDI ke tulyayogitA-lakSaNa ko asvIkAra kara usake navIna svarUpa kI kalpanA kI hai| unake anusAra do aprastuta padArthoM athavA do prastuta padArthoM meM jahA~ samatA kA varNana hotA hai vahA~ tulyayogitAnAmaka alaGkAra hotA hai| isameM varNita vastuoM meM paraspara upamAnopameya 'bhAva-sambandha nahIM rahA krtaa| bharata ne siddhi-lakSaNa meM aneka prasiddha vastuoM ke bIca sAdhAraNya kI siddhi ke lie kisI aprasiddha vastu kA varNana vAJchanIya mAnA hai| isa lakSaNa meM varNita vastuoM meM upamAnopameya-bhAva nahIM rahatA, kevala unakI samatA kI siddhi hotI hai| tulyayogitA alaGkAra kI kalpanA kA mUla-srota ukta lakSaNa ko mAnA jA sakatA hai| abhinavagupta ne siddhi se hI tulyayogitA kA udbhava svIkAra kiyA hai / vizeSAkti ___ phalotpatti ke hetu ke rahane para bhI phala kI anutpatti ke varNana se jahA~ ukti meM vaiziSTaya AtA hai, aise sthala meM udbhaTa ne vizeSokti alaGkAra kA sadbhAva mAnA hai| kAraNa ke ukta tathA anukta hone ke AdhAra para usake do bheda svIkAra kiye gaye haiN| vizeSokti kA yaha lakSaNa bhAmaha tathA daNDI ke lakSaNa se bhinna tathA adhika pariSkRta hai| bhAmaha ne vizeSokti kA jo udAharaNa diyA hai usameM zambhu ke dvArA kAmadeva ke zarIra ke vinaSTa kiye jAne se usake balApaharaNa ke avikala hetu ke hone para bhI balApaharaNa-rUpa kArya 1. draSTavya-udbhaTa, kAvyAlaM0 sAra saM0, 5, 11 2. bahUnAM ca pradhAnAnAM madhye yannAma kIrtyate / ekArthasAdhanakRtaM sA siddhiriti kIrtitA / / ....-bhasta, nA. zA0, 16, 17 ... 3. draSTavya-udbhara, kAvyAlaM0 sAra0 saM0, 5, 5-6

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106 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa kI anutpatti dikhAI gaI hai / ' bharata ne yadyapi hetu ke sadbhAva meM kArya ke abhAva kI ukti ke camatkAra para vicAra nahIM kiyA hai, tathApi isakA saGkata unakI kSamA lakSaNa-paribhASA meM upalabhya hai| krodha ke hetu ke hone para bhI akrodha kI dazA meM unhoMne kSamA nAmaka lakSaNa svIkAra kiyA hai / 2 bharata ke ukta lakSaNa tathA bhAmaha ke vizeSokti alaGkAra ke udAharaNa se udbhaTa ko vizeSokti ke ukta svarUpa kI kalpanA kI preraNA milI hogii| vyAjastuti __jisa ukti meM ApAtataH kisI kI nindA-sI jAna par3e kintu vastutaH usameM usakI stuti nihita ho vahA~ udbhaTa ne vyAjastuti alaGkAra mAnA hai / isameM prAtibhAsika nindA zAbda tathA vAstavika stuti Artha hotI hai| prastuta alaGkAra ke sadRza svarUpa kI kalpanA nATyAcArya bharata ne kArya-lakSaNa ke svarUpa-vivecana ke krama meM kI thii| unhoMne kArya ke do bhedoM kI kalpanA kii| eka meM doSa kA zabdataH kathana kara usameM arthataH guNa kI yojanA kI jAtI hai aura dUsare meM isake viparIta guNa-kathana meM doSa kI vyaJjanA hotI hai| kArya ke prathama bheda se udbhaTa kI vyAjastuti kI prakRti abhinna hai| 1. sa ekastrINi jayati jaganti kusumAyudhaH / haratApi tanu yasya zambhunA na hRtaM balam // -bhAmaha, kAvyAlaM0 3,24. 2. akrodhaH krodhajananakyiryaH sA kSamA bhavet / / -bharata, nA0 zA0, 16,31 3. zabdazaktisvabhAvena yatra nindaiva gamyate / vastutastu stutizceSTA vyAjastutirasau matA // -udbhaTa, kAvyalaM0 sAra saM0, 5, 16 4. yatra saMkIrtayan doSaM guNamarthena yojayet / (yatra-saMkIrtayan doSaM, yatra saMkIyaM doSAMstu tathA yatrApasArayandoSaM pAThabheda upalabdha haiN|) . guNAbhivAdaM doSAdvA kArya tallakSaNaM viduH // ..... -bharata nA0 zA0 16,37

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [107 nidarzanA jahA~ do vastuoM kA pArasparika sambandha upapanna nahIM hone para unameM upamAnopameya bhAva kI kalpanA se upapatti siddha ho vahAM nidarzanA yA vidarzanA nAmaka alaGkAra udbhaTa ne mAnA hai| isake do bheda sambhava haiM--(ka) jahA~ vastuoM kA mukhya sambandha asambhava ho tathA (kha) jahA~ vaha sambandha sambhava ho|' spaSTataH udbhaTa ne bhAmaha, Adi pUrvavartI AcAryoM kI nidarzanA-dhAraNA ko asvIkAra kara usakI navIna paribhASA kI kalpanA kI hai| udbhaTa kI racanA meM nidarzanA ke sthAna para kahAM-kahIM vidarzanA pATha bhI pAyA jAtA hai / pratihArendurAja ne, 'kAvyAlaGkArasArasaMgraha' ke vivaraNa meM vidarzanA pATha mAna kara usakI anvarthA saMjJA siddha karane ke lie yaha mAnyatA vyakta kI hai ki cUki isameM upamAnopameya bhAva-rUpa viziSTa artha ke darzana hote haiM, isalie ise vidarzanA kahA gayA hai| 2 tilaka kI vivRti meM nidarzanA pATha hI svIkRta hai| merI sammati meM prastuta alaGkAra ke vyapadeza ko bhAmaha Adi ke dvArA anirdiSTa tathA udbhaTa ke dvArA udbhAvita mAnanA yuktisaMgata nhiiN| bhAmaha kI nidarzanA saMjJA hI kucha parivartana se vidarzanA ke rUpa meM bhI vyavahRta ho gayI hogii| ataH prastuta alaGkAra kA svarUpa-mAtra navIna hai, abhidhAna prAcIna / nidarzanA kI rUparacanA meM bharata ke yukti-lakSaNa tathA upamA alaGkAra ke vidhAyaka tattvoM kA yogadAna hai| bharata ne yukti lakSaNa kI paribhASA meM kahA hai ki isameM utkRSTa vastu ke sAtha paraspara anukUlatA se upalakSita samavAya se anya vastu kA sambandha siddha kiyA jAtA hai|4 nidarzanA alaGkAra meM vastuoM kA sambandha unameM upamAnopameya bhAva kI kalpanA se siddha kiyA jAtA hai| 1. abhavanvastusambandho bhavanvA yatra kalpayet / upamAnopameyatvaM kathyate sA nidarzanA // -udbhaTa, kAvyAlaM0 sA0 saM0 5, 18: 2. draSTavya-udbhaTa, kAvyAlaGkArasArasaMgraha / -5,18 para pratihArendu kA vivaraNa / ' 3. draSTavya-kAvyAlaM0 sAra saM0, vivRti, pR0 45 / 4. sAdhyate yo'rthasaMbandho mahadbhiH samavAyataH / parasparAnukUlyena sA yuktiH parikIrtitA // -bharata, nA0 zA0, 16, 36.

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'108 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa isa prakAra nidarzanA ke svarUpa-vidhAna meM vastuoM ke sambandha-sAdhana kA tattva - yukti lakSaNa se tathA upamAnopameya-bhAva kA tattva upamA alaGkAra se liyA gayA hai| 'parivRtti udbhaTa ke parivRtti alaGkAra kA svarUpa daNDI kI parivRtti ke svarUpa se milatA-julatA hI hai| jahA~ samAna vastuoM kA pArasparika parivartana varNita ho, nyUna vastu se adhika vastu kA parivartana vaNita ho athavA uttama vastu se hIna vastu ke parivartana kA ullekha ho vahA~ udbhaTa ke anusAra parivRtti alaGkAra hotA hai|' svabhAvokti kriyA-lagna mRga-zizu Adi kI ceSTA ke varNana meM udbhaTa ne svabhAvokti alaGkAra kA sadbhAva svIkAra kiyA hai / 2 svabhAvokti ke lie kevala vastusvabhAva kA kathana paryApta nahIM hai| udbhaTa kI svabhAvokti alaGkAra-dhAraNA AcArya bharata kI arthavyakti-guNa-dhAraNA se milatI-julatI hai| bharata ne prasiddha artha vAlI dhAtu se loka kI svAbhAvika kriyA kA varNana arthavyakti meM vAJchanIya mAnA hai| uttara kAla meM bhI svabhAvokti alaGkAra aura arthavyakti guNa kI pRthak-pRthak sattA kI kalpanA hotI rahI hai; kintu unakA svarUpa itanA - milatA-julatA hai ki donoM ke bIca bahuta sUkSma vibhAjaka rekhA hI khIMcI jA sakatI hai| isa viSaya para hamane apane grantha 'kAvya-guNoM kA zAstrIya vivecana' meM vicAra kiyA hai| donoM ke svarUpa-gata sAmya ko dRSTi meM rakhate hue 1. samanyUnaviziSTastu kasyacit parivartanam / arthAnarthasvabhAvaM yat parivRttirabhANi saa|| -udbhaTa, kAvyAlaM0 sAra saM0, 5,31 2. kriyAyAM saMpravRttasya hevAkAnAM nibandhanam / kasyacinmRgaDimbhAdeH svabhAvoktirudAhRtA / / -vahI, 3, 8 3. suprasiddhAbhidhAnA tu lokkrmvyvsthitaa| yA kriyA kriyate kAvye sArthavyaktiH prakIrtyate // -bharata, nA0 zA0 16, 106 4. draSTavya-lekhaka kI pustaka 'kAvya-guNoM kA zAstrIya vivecana' adhyAya 2

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa . [ 109: svabhAvokti alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA utsa pUrvAcArya kI svabhAvokti-dhAraNA ko mAnA jA sakatA hai| bharata ko arthavyakti guNa se pRthak svabhAvokti alaGkArakI kalpanA Avazyaka nahIM jAna par3I hogii| niSkarSataH pUrvavartI AcAryoM ke jina alaGkAroM ke abhidhAna svIkAra kara unake navIna svarUpa kA vidhAna udbhaTa ne kiyA hai unameM se adhikAMza kA udgama-srota bharata kI lakSaNa, guNa evaM alaGkAra-dhAraNA meM pAyA jA sakatA hai| arthAntaranyAsa udbhaTa ke arthAntaranyAsa kA sAmAnya svarUpa bhAmaha tathA daNDI ke arthAntaranyAsa se abhinna hai', kintu jahA~ bhAmaha aura daNDI ne usake eka hI rUpa kA vivecana kiyA thA vahA~ udbhaTa ne usake cAra bhedoM kI kalpanA kara lii| ye bheda samarthya evaM samarthaka vAkya ke paurvAparya tathA samarthaka 'hi' zabda ke ukta tathA anukta hone ke AdhAra para kalpita haiM / isa bheda-kalpanA se arthAntara- . nyAsa ke sambandha meM mUla-dhAraNA meM koI antara nahIM pdd'taa| utprakSA udbhaTa kA sAmAnya utprekSA-lakSaNa bhAmaha ke lakSaNa se abhinna hai| udbhaTa ne bhAmaha ke lakSaNa-zloka ko hI aMzataH uddhRta kara diyA hai / 2 unhoMne bhAva tathA abhAva kI sambhAvanA ke AdhAra para utprekSA ke do bheda mAne haiN| sasandeha ___ sasandeha alaGkAra kA sAmAnya lakSaNa udbhaTa ne bhAmaha ke 'kAvyAlaGkAra' se hI liyA hai| unhoMne usake eka navIna bheda kI kalpanA kI hai| isa navIna bheda ko kArikA meM sandeha kahA gayA hai ( sasandeha nahIM ) / vivRtikAra 1. draSTavya-udbhaTa, kAvyAlaM0 sAra saM0 2, 6, bhAmaha, kAvyAlaM0 2,. 71-73 tathA daNDI, kAvyAda0 2, 166 2. draSTavya-udbhaTa, kAvyAlaM0 sAra saM0 3, 4-5 tathA bhAmaha, kAvyAlaM0 2, 61 3. draSTavya-udbhaTa, kAvyAlaM0 sAra saM0, 6, 2 tathA bhAmaha, kAvyAlaM0 3, 43.

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110 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa ne sasandeha aura sandeha meM abheda mAnA hai|' udbhaTa ke anusAra jisa racanA meM tAttvika sandeha ke abhAva-sthala meM bhI, anya kisI alaGkAra ke saundarya kI "sRSTi ke lie, pratyakSa rUpa meM sandeha kA varNana hotA hai vahA~ sasandeha kA yaha bheda mAnA jAtA hai|2 isameM kisI vastu ke sambandha meM kavi ke mana meM koI "sandeha nahIM rhtaa| vaha kisI vastu ke sambandha meM anya logoM ke sandeha kI sambhAvanA kara liyA karatA hai| sasandeha ke prathama bheda meM kavi kisI vastu se anya vastu ke sAdRzyA tizaya ke kAraNa apane mana meM hone vAle sandeha kA varNana karatA hai| vastutaH sasandeha ke ukta donoM rUpoM meM varNana kI bhaGgimA kA hI bheda hai| kavi kI sthiti kI dRSTi se vicAra karane para donoM meM koI tAttvika bheda nahIM jAna pdd'taa| vastu-varNana ke samaya vastu ke sambandha meM kavi ke mana kI saMzayAtmaka dazA nahIM rahA krtii| do vastuoM ke sAdRzyAdhikya kI vyaJjanA ke lie sandeha kI kalpanA kara lI jAtI hai| spaSTa hai ki ukta donoM sasandeha-bhedoM meM sandeha kavi-kalpanA-prasUta hI hotA hai| atizayokti udbhaTa ne bhAmaha kI atizayokti-paribhASA ko akSarazaH svIkAra kara liyA hai| unhoMne usake cAra bhedoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| bhAmaha tathA daNDI * ne atizayokti ke eka hI rUpa kA vivecana kiyA thA / udbhaTa kI atizayokti ke cAra prakAra nimnalikhita haiM (ka) bheda meM abhedakathana, (kha) abheda meM nAnAtva-kalpanA, (ga) sambhAvyamAnArthanibandhana arthAt kalpita vastu kA varNana tathA (gha) kArya kI zIghratA ke sUcana ke lie kAraNa ke pUrva hI kArya kA varNana / 4 atizayokti kA sAmAnya 1. asya cAlaGkArasya sasandehasandehazabdAbhyAM dvAbhyAmapyabhidhAnamityu__ padezalakSaNayorna virodhaH / -kAvyAlaM0, sAra saM0, vivRti, pR0 50 2. asandehe'pi sandeharUpaM sandehanAma tat / -udbhaTa, kAvyAlaM0 sAra saM0, 6, 5 3. draSTavya-udbhaTa, kAvyAlaM0 sAra saM0, 2, 23 tathA bhAmaha, kAvyAlaM0 2,81 4. bhede nAnyatvamanyatra, nAnAtvaM yatra badhyate / tathA sambhAvyamAnArthanibandhe'tizayoktigIH / / kAryakAraNayoryatra paurvAparyaviparyayAt / AzubhAvaM samAlambya badhyate so'pi pUrvavat // -udbhaTa, kAvyAlaM0 sAra saM0, 2, 24-25

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ 111 lakSaNa bhAmaha se lene para bhI usake ukta cAra bhedoM ke spaSTa vivecana ke lie udbhaTa zreya ke adhikArI haiM / upamA upamA alaGkAra ke sAmAnya svarUpa kI kalpanA meM udbhaTa pUrvavartI AcAryoM se sahamata haiN|' bhAmaha ne jahA~ upamAna aura upameya kA sAmya upamA kA lakSaNa mAnA thA, vahA~ udbhaTa ne sAdharmya zabda kA prayoga kiyaa| sAdharmya kA artha sAmya se bhinna nhiiN| bharata ne isake sthAna para sAdRzya zabda kA prayoga kiyA thaa| bhAmaha ke upamA-lakSaNa meM prayukta 'dezakAlakriyAdibhiviruddhana' ke AdhAra para hI udbhaTa ne apanI upamA-paribhASA meM "miyovibhinnakAlAdizabdayoH' kA prayoga kiyA hai| udbhaTa ne sAdharmya ke sAtha 'cetohArI' vizeSaNa kA prayoga kiyA hai| bhAmaha Adi pUrvavartI AcAryoM ne ukta vizeSaNa kA prayoga nahIM kiyA thaa| usakA prayoga Avazyaka bhI nahIM thaa| kAvyAlaGkAra ke mUla meM hI cittAkarSaka hone kI dhAraNA nihita hai| 'jisa sAdRzya meM manojJatA nahIM hogI use koI alaGkAra hI nahIM maanegaa| spaSTa hai ki upamA ke sAmAnya svarUpa ke sambandha meM pUrvavartI AcAryoM kI dhAraNA ko hI udbhaTa ne zabda-bheda se upasthita kiyA hai| upamA alaGkAra ke aneka bhedoM kI kalpanA udbhaTa ne kI hai| upamA ke prakAra-pratipAdaka kArikA kI vyAkhyA do prakAra se kI gaI hai| indurAja ne usakI vyAkhyA kara upamA ke satraha bheda nirNIta kiye; kintu vivRtikAra tilaka ne usI kArikA ke AdhAra para ikkIsa upamA-bheda svIkAra kiye haiN| upamA ke aneka bhedoM kI kalpanA Arambha se hI hotI rahI hai| Adi AcArya bharata ne upamAna tathA upameya ke saMkhyA-bheda ke AdhAra para upamA ke cAra bhedoM tathA zarIragata bheda ke AdhAra para usake pA~ca mukhya bhedoM kA ullekha kara loka aura kAvya meM prayukta hone vAle usake anya bhedoM kI ora bhI iGgita kiyA thaa| bhAmaha ne usake tIna pramukha bhedoM kA vivecana kara usake anya bhedoM kI bhI sambhAvanA svIkAra kii| daNDI ne usake bahuta-se bhedoM kA svarUpa-vivecana kiyaa| udbhaTa ne usake saMtraha athavA ikkIsa bheda mAna liye| 1. draSTavya-udbhaTa, kAvyAlaM0 sAra sa0, 1, 32, bharata, nA0 zA0, 2. draSTavya - kAvyAlaM0 sAra sa0 kI vivRti pR0 15 tathA vivrnn|

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112 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa unake upamAlaGkAra-bhedIkaraNa kA AdhAra upamA ke cAra tattvoM kA ukta tathA anukta honA hai / jahA~ upameya, upamAna, sAdharmya tathA vAcaka zabda - ye cAroM tattva ukta hoM vahA~ pUrNA aura jahA~ unameM se koI tattva lupta ho vahA~ lupta upamA mAnI gayI hai / pUrNA ke pA~ca tathA luptA ke bAraha bheda indurAja ke anusAra hote haiM / ve haiM-- (ka) pUrNA upamA - vAkyAvaseyA ( zrautI tathA ArthI bheda se do prakAra), samAsAvaseyA tathA taddhitAvaseyA ( zrautI evaM ArthI bheda se do prakAra ) / isa prakAra pUrNopamA ke mukhya tIna bheda haiM, jo zrautI tathA ArthI upabheda se pA~ca prakAra ke bana jAte haiM / (kha) luptopamA - ( 1 ) vAkyAvaseyA, (2) samAsAvaseyA ( cAra prakAra ), (3) subdhAtupratyayAvaseyA ( cAra prakAra ), (4) kRdavaseyA ( do prakAra ) tathA (5) taddhitAvaseyA / udbhaTa ne upamA ke vargIkaraNa kA eka nayA AdhAra diyA / upamA ke cAra aGgoM se sabhI AcArya paricita the / unake abhAva -sadbhAva ke AdhAra para upamA ke ukta bhedoM kI kalpanA kA zreya udbhaTa ko hI milanA cAhie / vyatireka udbhaTa ne bhAmaha kI vyatireka-dhAraNA ko mUlataH svIkAra kara upameya ke upamAna se Adhikya - kathana meM vyatireka alaGkAra mAnA hai / ' Adhikya ke hetu ke ukta tathA anukta hone ke AdhAra para udbhaTa ne vyatireka ke do mukhya bheda svIkAra kiye haiM / upameya ke utkarSa - hetu ke tathA upamAna ke apakarSa - hetu. ke ukta evaM anukta hone ke AdhAra para usake cAra bheda ho jAte haiM / unhoMne vaidharmya dRSTAnta ke AdhAra para bhI eka prakAra ke vyatireka kI kalpanA kI hai / dRSTAnta kI dhAraNA bharata ke lakSaNa - vivecana meM bhI pAyI jAtI hai / 3 sAdharmya, vaidharmya Adi kI dhAraNA bhI navIna nahIM / darzana kI prAcIna cintana- 1. vizeSApAdanaM yat syAdupamAnopameyayoH / nimitta dRSTidRSTibhyAM vyatireko dvidhA tu saH // - udbhaTa, kAvyAlaM0 sAra saM0, 2, 12: 2. yo vaidharmyeNa dRSTAnto yathevAdipadAnvitaH / vyatireko'tra so'pISTo vizeSApAdanAnvayAt // - vahI, 2, 15 3. draSTavya - bharata, nA0 zA0, 16, 25

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa . [ 11.3 praNAlI meM vaidhayaM kI dhAraNA vartamAna thii| vyatireka ke isa bheda kI kalpanA kA mUla ukta dRSTAnta tathA vaidharmya kI dhAraNA meM pAyA jA sakatA hai| udbhaTa kA eka anya vyatireka-bheda zliSToktiyogyazabdayukta vyatireka saMjJA se abhihita kiyA jA sakatA hai|' zliSTokti kI dhAraNA bhAmaha Adi prAcIna AcAryo kI zliSTa-alaGkAra-dhAraNA se lI gayI hai| isa prakAra zliSTa kathana kI dhAraNA ke sAtha vyatireka kI dhAraNA ko milA kara ina navIna vyatirekaprakAra kI kalpanA kara lI gayI hai| ___ isa vivecana se spaSTa hai ki kucha alaGkAroM ke sAmAnya svarUpa ke sambandha meM pUrvavartI AcAryoM ke siddhAnta se sahamata hone para bhI udbhaTa ne unake kucha navIna bhedoM kI kalpanA kara lI hai| phira bhI yaha mAna lene kA sabala AdhAra hai ki pUrvavartI AcArya udbhaTa ke dvArA udbhAvita una alaGkArabhedoM kI sambhAvanA se sarvathA aparicita nahIM the| pUrvAcAryoM ke alaGkAravizeSa ke sAmAnya lakSaNa meM nihita prakAra-kalpanA ke bIja kA hI pallavana udbhaTa kI racanA meM huA hai| paryAyokta paryAyokta alaGkAra ke svarUpa kI kalpanA meM udbhaTa bhAmaha se sahamata haiM; kintu unhoMne bhAmaha-pradatta paryAyokta-paribhASA ko aura adhika spaSTa karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai / 'kAvyAlaGkArasArasaMgraha' ke paryAyokta-lakSaNa-zloka kI prathama paMkti bhAmaha ke 'kAvyAlaGkAra' se hI lI gayI hai| usI artha ke spaSTIkaraNa ke lie udbhaTa ne zloka kI dvitIya paMkti kI racanA kI hai| prAcIna alaGkAra-lakSaNa ko spaSTa rUpa meM upasthita karane-mAtra kA zreya udbhaTa ko hai| udAtta / .. . . . . bhAmaha ne udAtta ke jina do rUpoM kA nirdeza kiyA thA unheM daNDI ne Ane 'kAvyAdarza' meM paribhASita kiyaa| donoM AcAryoM kI mAnyatA thI ki 1. zliSToktiyogyazabdasya pRthak pRthgudaahRtau| vizeSApAdanaM yat syAt vyatirekaH sa ca smRtaH // -udbhaTa, kAvyAlaM0 sAra saM0, 2, 17 2. draSTavya-udbhaTa, kAvyAlaM0 sAra saM0, 4, 11 tathA bhAmaha kAvyAlaM0, 3, 8 /

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114 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa vyakti kI uccAzayatA tathA samRddhi ke varNana meM udAtta alaGkAra hotA hai| udbhaTa ne udAtta-viSayaka ukta mata ko svIkAra kiyA hai| unhoMne rasavadalaGkAra se udAtta ke bheda-nirUpaNa ke lie udAtta kI paribhASA meM apanI ora se yaha jor3A hai ki vastu vaibhava yA cAritrika audAtya kA citraNa udAtta meM gauNa rUpa meM honA caahie| udAtta-cetA vyakti ke caritra kA aGkana jahA~ kavi kA mukhya uddezya hogA vahA~ udAtta alaGkAra nahIM hokara rasavadalaGkAra hI mAnA jAyagA / ataH samRddhi-varNana tathA mahAtmacarita-citraNa ke sAtha 'upalakSaNatAMyAti' jor3a kara udbhaTa ne pUrvavartI AcAryoM kI udAtta-dhAraNA ko hI adhika spaSTa kiyA hai| zliSTa udbhaTa ne pUrvavartI AcAryoM kI zliSTa alaGkAra-viSayaka mAnyatA ko pariSkRta kara upasthita kiyA hai| daNDI ne abhinnapada tathA bhinnapada ; ye do bheda zleSa ke mAne the| udbhaTa ne zabdazliSTa tathA arthazliSTa bheda se usake do prakAra-svIkAra kiye| anya alaGkAroM ke sAtha rahane para zleSa ke sArvatrika prAdhAnya kA nirNaya bhI sarvaprathama udbhaTa ne hI kiyA / 2 zleSa-lakSaNa ke pariSkAra ke lie udbhaTa zreya ke bhAgI haiN| rUpaka . yadyapi udbhaTa ne bharata, bhAmaha, daNDI Adi AcAryoM kI rUpaka-paribhASA meM prayukta zabdAvalI kA prayoga apanI rUpaka-paribhASA meM nahIM kiyA hai, tathApi unakI rUpaka-dhAraNA ko prAcIna AcAryoM kI tadviSayaka dhAraNA se sarvathA svatantra nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| unhoMne rUpaka ke lakSaNa meM kahA hai ki isameM eka pada se padAntara. kA sambandha hotA hai; kintu abhidhA se isa sambandha ke anupapanna hone ke kAraNa lakSaNA vRtti se donoM kA sambandha siddha kiyA jAtA hai|3 'kAvyAlaGkArasArasaMgraha' meM jo udAharaNa diye gaye haiM unheM pUrvavartI AcAryoM 1. udAttamRddhimadvastu caritaM ca mahAtmanAm / upalakSaNatAM prApta netivRttatvamAgatam // -udbhaTa, kAvyAlaM. sAra saM0 4, 17 2. draSTavya-vahI, 4, 23-24 / 3. tyA saMbandhabirahAdyapadena padAntaram / guNavRtti pradhAnena yujyate rUpakaM tu tat ||-vhii, 1,21

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ 115 ke rUpaka-lakSaNa ke bhI lakSya mAnA jA sakatA hai| eka vastu para anya kA Aropa rUpaka kI mUla dhAraNA hai| udbhaTa bhI padoM ke yoga ko lakSaNA vRtti se siddha karane ke krama meM Aropa kA tattva svIkAra karate haiN| ataH banahaTTI kI yaha ukti yukti saGgata nahIM jAna par3atI ki unakA (udbhaTa kA) rUpaka alaGkAralakSaNa tathA rUpaka-bheda svatantra udbhAvanA hai aura una para bhAmaha kA koI prabhAva nhiiN|' udbhaTa ne bhAmaha ke samastavastuviSaya tathA ekadezavivarti rUpaka bhedoM ko bhI svIkAra kiyA hai| samastavastuviSaya ke sAtha daNDI kI mAlArUpakadhAraNA ko milA kara samastavastuviSaya mAlArUpaka nAmaka eka rUpaka-bheda kI kalpanA udbhaTa ne kara lI hai| unhoMne ekadezavRtti nAmaka navIna rUpaka-prakAra kI kalpanA kI hai|3 daNDI ne rUpaka ke aneka bhedoM kA sodAharaNa vivecana kara usake asaMkhya bhedoM kI sambhAvanA kI ora iGgita kiyA thaa|4 spaSTa hai ki udbhaTa ke dvArA kalpita rUpaka-bheda kI sambhAvanA se ve anabhijJa nahIM the| rUpaka atyanta prAcIna alaGkAra hai / bharata se lekara navIna AlaGkArikoM taka kI racanA meM rUpaka ko alaGkAra ke rUpa meM nirvivAda rUpa se svIkRti milatI rahI hai| usakA svarUpa bhI AdikAla se hI, prAyaH aparivartita hI rahA hai| rUpaka-paribhASA meM spaSTatA-mAtra kA zra ya udbhaTa ko diyA jA sakatA hai| dIpaka rUpaka kI taraha dIpaka bhI prAcIna alaGkAra hai| isakA svarUpa 'nATyazAstra' meM bhI vivecita hai| bhAmaha ne dIpaka ke tIna bhedoM kA ullekha kiyA thaa| udbhaTa ne bhI usake tIna bheda svIkAra kiye haiN| udbhaTa ne dIpaka ke sAmAnya svarUpa ke sambandha meM pUrvavartI AcAryoM kI mAnyatA ko hI svIkAra kiyA hai| unake anusAra jahA~ prastuta aura aprastuta ke dharma kA-jisameM donoM ke bIca sAmpa kA bhAva antarhita rahatA hai-Adi, madhya yA anta meM kathana hotA hai, vahA~ dIpaka alaGkAra hotA hai / 5 'antargatopamAdharmA' kA ullekha kara udbhaTa 1. draSTavya-udbhaTa, kAvyAlaM0 sAra saM01, 23-24 / 2. draSTavya-kAvyAlaMkArasArasaMgraha para banahaTTI kI TippaNI, pR0 25 3. draSTavya-udbhaTa, kAvyAlaM0 sAra saM0 1, 25 / 4. draSTavya-daNDI, kAvyAdarza, 2, 66 5. AdimadhyAntaviSayAH prAdhAnyetarayoginaH / antargatopamA dharmA yatra taddIpakaM viduH ||-udbhtt, kAvyAlaM. sAra saM0 1, 28, tulanIya bhAmaha, kAvyAlaM0, 2, 25

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116 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa ne dIpaka kI paribhASA ko adhika spaSTa kara diyA hai| dIpaka meM prastuta tathA aprastuta kA sAdharmya vyaGagya hotA hai| ___ paryAyokta, udAtta, zliSTa, rUpaka tathA dIpaka alaGkAroM ke isa vivecana se spaSTa hai ki udbhaTa ne pUrvavartI AcAryoM ke matAnusAra hI unake svarUpa kA vivecana kiyA hai; kintu unake svarUpa ko adhika spaSTa karane kA zreya unheM (udbhaTa ko) prApta hai| samAsokti ___ udbhaTa kI samAsokti-viSayaka mAnyatA bhAmaha kI tadviSayaka dhAraNA se abhinna hai|' unakI racanA meM bhAmaha kI samAsokti-paribhASA kA hI zabdabheda se upasthApana huA hai| upameyopamA udbhaTa ne zabdAntara se bhAmaha ke upameyopamA-lakSaNa ko hI upasthita kiyA hai| saMsRSTi daNDI ke saGkIrNa ke do bhedoM meM se 'sarveSAM samakakSatA' kI dhAraNA ko lekara udbhaTa ne saMsRSTi alaGkAra kI paribhASA kI kalpanA kI hai| prativastUpamA prakArAntara se bhAmaha kI prativastUpamA-dhAraNA ko hI udbhaTa ne prastuta kiyA hai aura upamA se pRthak alaGkAra ke rUpa meM usakA ullekha kiyA hai| isase spaSTa hai ki samAsokti, upameyopamA, saMsRSTi tathA prativastUpamA ke 1. draSTa vya-udbhaTa, kAvyAlaM0 sAra saM0, 2, 21 tathA bhAmaha, kAvyAlaM0 2, 76 2. draSTavya-udbhaTa, kAvyAlaM0 sAra saM0, 5, 27 tathA bhAmaha, . kAvyAlaM0, 3, 37 3. draSTavya-daNDI, kAvyAda0, 2, 360 tathA udbhaTa, kAvyAlaM0 __ sAra saM0 6, 6 4. draSTavya-udbhaTa, kAvyAlaM0 sAra saM0 1, 51 tathA bhAmaha, kAvyAlaM0 2, 34

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ 117 svarUpa meM koI navInatA udbhaTa ne nahIM lAyI / unhoMne ukta alaGkAroM ke sambandha meM prAcIna AcAryoM kI mAnyatA ko hI svIkAra kiyA hai / upari vivecita alaGkAroM ko chor3a udbhaTa ke zeSa alaGkAroM ke lakSaNa bhAmaha ke 'kAvyAlaGkAra' se akSarazaH uddhRta haiM / pUrvavartI AcAryoM kI alaGkAra-dhAraNA ke sAtha udbhaTa kI alaGkAraviSayaka mAnyatA ke isa tulanAtmaka adhyayana se hama nimnalikhita niSkarSa para pahu~cate haiM (ka) udbhaTa ke 'kAvyAlaGkArasArasaMgraha' meM jitane alaGkAroM ke svarUpa kA vivecana huA unameM se adhikAMza kA mUlAdhAra bharata, bhAmaha tathA daNDI kI dhAraNA meM hI hai / bharata kAvya-lakSaNa kI svarUpa-mImAMsA ke krama meM udbhaTa ke aneka alaGkAroM ke svarUpa se milate-julate svarUpa vAlI uktiyoM para pahale hI vicAra kara cuke the / udbhaTa ke dRSTAnta alaGkAra kA prAk-rUpa bharata kA dRSTAnta lakSaNa isa kathana kA pramANa haiM / bhAmaha ke adhikAMza alaGkAroM ke svarUpa ko to udbhaTa ne yathAvat svIkAra kara liyA hai / (kha) bharata ne rasa, bhAva Adi ke vivecana-krama meM kAvya ke jina tattvoM kA nirUpaNa kiyA thA, unake AdhAra para bhI udbhaTa ne kucha alaGkAroM ke svarUpa kI kalpanA kI hai / isa prakAra rasa, bhAva Adi ke AdhAra rasavat, praya Adi alaGkAroM kI kalpanA unhoMne kara lI / (ga) udbhaTa ne prAcIna AcAryoM ke alaGkAroM ke navIna bhedopabhedoM kA vivaraNa diyA hai, jinakI sambhAvanA prAyaH prAcInoM ke tattadalaGkAra ke sAmAnya lakSaNoM meM hI nihita thI / (gha) pUrvavartI AcAryoM ke kucha alaGkAroM ke svarUpa ko udbhaTa ne adhika spaSTa rUpa meM 'kAvyAlaGkArasArasaMgraha' meM prastuta kiyA hai / ataH, kucha alaGkAroM kI paribhASA ke pariSkAra kA zreya udbhaTa ko avazya milanA cAhie / (Ga) udbhaTa ke alaGkAra - vivecana kI tulanA meM bharata kI parimita alaGkAra-saMkhyA para dRSTipAta karane se ApAtataH bharata kA alaGkAra - vivecana aparipakva jAna par3egA; kintu tathya yaha hai ki unhoMne aneka ukti-bhaGgiyoM ko -kAvya - lakSaNoM ke kSetra meM paribhASita kiyA thA, jinapara pIche calakara alaGkAra ke sandarbha meM vicAra hone lagA / bharata ke lakSaNa, guNa, alaGkAra, rasa, bhAva Adi ke siddhAntoM kA sahArA lekara udbhaTa ne aneka alaGkAroM ke svarUpa kI kalpanA kI hai /

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118 ] alaGkAra- dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa (ca) pUrvavartI AcAryoM kI alaGkAra-dhAraNA se udbhaTa kI dhAraNA kA zraMya siddha karane ke lie vivRtikAra rAjAnaka tilaka ne jo yaha mAnyatA prakaTa kI hai ki vibhinna vargoM meM alaGkAroM ko upasthita kara udbhaTa ne pUrvavartI AlaGkArikoM kI saMkucita dRSTi pramANita kI hai, vaha pakSapAtazUnya nahIM hai / bhAmaha aura udbhaTa ke alaGkAra - vargoM ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana se yaha bAta spaSTa ho jAtI hai ki vargoM meM alaGkAroM ke upasthApana meM udbhaTa ne bhAmaha kI paddhati kA hI anugamana kiyA hai / (cha) punaruktavadAbhAsa - jaise navIna alaGkAra kI udbhAvanA kA zreya udbhaTa ko hai / O AcArya vAmana udbhaTa ke samasAmayika AcArya vAmana ne 'kAvyAlaGkArasUtra' meM ikattIsa kAvyAlaGkAroM ke svarUpa kA vivecana kiyA hai / alaGkAra ke sambandha meM unakI mAnyatA bhAmaha, daNDI, udbhaTa Adi AcAryoM se kucha bhinna hai / isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki rIti-sampradAya ke pratinidhi AcArya hone ke kAraNa alaGkAra ke prati unakA thor3A upekSA bhAva svAbhAvika thA / ve kAvya meM rIti ke vidhAyaka guNa kI tulanA meM alaGkAra ko heya mAnate the / unhoMne arthAlaGkAroM meM kevala unhIM alaGkAroM kI sattA svIkAra kI hai, jinake mUla meM sAdRzya ho / ve sabhI alaGkAroM ko upamA-prapaJca siddha karanA cAhate haiM / " ata:, unhoMne pUrvavartI AcAryoM ke una alaGkAroM kA sadbhAva svIkAra nahIM kiyA, jinakA AdhAra sAdRzya nahIM thA / phalataH bhAmaha, daNDI tathA udbhaTa: ke paryAyokta, praya, rasavata, UrjasvI, udAtta, bhAvika tathA sUkSma Adi kI gaNanA vAmana ke kAvyAlaGkAra kI paMkti meM nahIM ho pAyI / samagra alaGkAra - cakra ko upamA-prapaJca mAnane ke Agraha kA dUsarA pariNAma yaha huA ki 1. vargIrvagairalaGkAropAdAnaM cirantanAlaGkArakRtAmalpadarzitAM prakaTayitum / - kAvyAlaM 0 sAra saM0, vivRti, pR0 1 2. prativastuprabhRtirupamA prapaJcaH / vAmana, kAvyAlaM 0 sU0 4, 3, 1 tathA..... ...zabdavaicitryagarbheyamupamaiva prapaJcitA / vahI, vRtti pR0 280, hindI kAvyAlaM0 sU0

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ 116 pUrvAcAryoM ke bhinna svarUpa vAle kucha alaGkAroM meM upamAnopameya bhAva kI kalpanA kara unake kiJcit navIna svarUpa kI kalpanA kara lI gyii| prastuta sandarbha meM vAmana ke navIna alaGkAra-lakSaNa ke srota kA anveSaNa abhipreta hai| vAmana ke ikattIsa alaGkAra nimnalikhita haiM: (1) yamaka, (2) anuprAsa, (3) upamA, (4) prativastUpamA, (5) samAsokti, (6) aprastutaprazaMsA, (7) apahnati, (8) rUpaka, (6) zleSa, (10) vakrokti, (11) utprekSA, (12) atizayokti, (13) sandeha, (14) virodha, (15) vibhAvanA, (16) ananvaya, (17) upameyopamA, (18) parivRtti, (16) krama, (20) dIpaka, (21) nidarzana, (22) arthAntaranyAsa, (23) vyatireka, (24) vizeSokti, (25) vyAjastuti, (26) vyAjokti, (27) tulyayogitA, (28) AkSepa, (26) sahokti, (30) samAhita aura (31) saMsRSTi / inameM se Arambhika do ( yamaka tathA anuprAsa ) zabdAlaGkAra haiM tathA zeSa arthAlaGkAra / vAmana ke alaGkAroM kI nAmAvalI meM vakrokti, vyAjokti tathA 'krama' nAma navIna haiN| krama prAcIna AlaGkArikoM ke yathAsaMkhya alaGkAra kA hI navIna abhidhAna hai| zeSa do alaGkAra ( vakrokti aura vyAjokti ) tathA unake vyapadeza navIna haiN| Adi AcArya bharata se lekara vAmana ke samakAlIna udbhaTa taka kI racanAoM meM jina alaGkAroM kA ullekha ho cukA thA unameM se kaI alaGkAroM kA nAmollekha vAmana ke kAvyAlaGkAra meM nahIM huA hai| ve haiM-AzIH, AvRtti, preya, paryAyokta, rasavat, UrjasvI, udAtta, bhAvika, hetu, sUkSma, leza, saGkara, svabhAvokti, lATAnuprAsa, punaruktavadAbhAsa, dRSTAnta, chekAnuprAsa, kAvyaliGga, upamArUpaka tathA utprekSAvayava / vAmana ne upamArUpaka tathA utprekSAvayava ko svatantra alaGkAra ke rUpa meM svIkRti nahIM dI; kintu unheM saMsRSTi ke do bhedoM ke rUpa meM svIkAra kara liyA / hama isa tathya para vicAra kara cuke haiM ki upamA tathA rUpaka se pRthak upamArUpaka kI aura upamA tathA utprekSA se alaga utprekSAvayava kI sattA svIkAra karane meM koI yukti nahIM hai| chekAnuprAsa tathA lATAnuprAsa alaGkAroM kI anuprAsa se svatantra sattA kI kalpanA vAmana ko ucita nahIM jAna par3I hogii| dRSTAnta kA sarvaprathama ullekha udbhaTa ne kiyA hai| vAmana ke samaya taka use bahuta lokapriyatA nahIM mila pAyI ho, yaha sambhava hai / svabhAvokti kA alaGkAratva vakroktivAdI AcArya svIkAra nahIM karate the| hetu, sUkSma tathA leza ke alaGkAratva kA bhAmaha ne khaNDana kiyA thaa| daNDI ne unheM vANI kA

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120 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa uttama alaGkaraNa kahA thA / udbhaTa ne unheM alaGkAra svIkAra nahIM kiyA / una vivAdagrasta alaGkAroM kA ullekha vAmana ne bhI nahIM kiyA hai / anya alaGkAroM kI asvIkRti kA kAraNa unameM upamAmUlakatA kA abhAva jAna par3atA hai| seTha kanhaiyA lAla pohAra kI yaha mAnyatA ucita nahIM hai ki vAmana ne 'kAvyAlaGkAra sUtra' meM kevala taiMtIsa alaGkAra nirUpaNa kiye haiM / 1 poddArajI ne sambhavataH utprekSAvayava aura upamArUpaka ko vAmana ke svatantra alaGkAra ke rUpa meM parigaNita kara liyA hai, jo vastutaH saMsRSTi ke bheda - mAtra haiM / kAvyAlaGkAra-sUtra ke vyAkhyAtA AcArya vizvezvara kI yaha mAnyatA bhI nirbhrAnta nahIM ki 'vAmana ne tIsa arthAlaGkAra aura do zabdAlaGkAra milAkara kula battIsa alaGkAroM kA nirUpaNa kiyA hai / 2 vizvezvara ne vAmana ke samAhita kI gaNanA nahIM kI aura saMsRSTi ke do bhedoM ko svatantra alaGkAra mAna liyA / vAmana ne ikattIsa alaGkAroM kA nirUpaNa kiyA hai / nIce hama vAmana ke alaGkAroM ke svarUpa kA pUrvavartI AcAryoM ke alaGkAroM se sambandha kI dRSTi se vivecana kareMge tathA unake navIna alaGkAroM ke udgama srota kA anveSaNa kareMge / vakrokti vAmana ne sarvaprathama vakrokti nAmaka alaGkAra kA ullekha kiyA hai / yoM, vakrokti zabda navIna nahIM hai / bhAmaha ne vakrokti ko alaGkAroM kA prANa kahA thA / unakI vakrokti kA artha atizayokti se milatA-julatA thA / vAmana ne vakrokti ko alaGkAra - vizeSa ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA aura usake sambandha meM vilakSaNa dhAraNA prakaTa kI / unhoMne sAdRzyamUlA lakSaNA ko vakrokti alaGkAra kahA hai / lakSaNA ke pA~ca bhedoM ( abhidheya sambandhamUlA, sAdRzyamUlA, samavAya, vaiparItya tathA kriyAyogA lakSaNA ) meM, 'sAdRzya lakSaNA' eka bheda 1. dra0 kanhaiyAlAla poddAra, kAvyakalpadra uma, bhAga 2, prAkkathana, pR0 18 / 2. dra0 - hindI kAvyAlaM0 sU0 pR0 231 / 3. saiSA sarvaiva vakroktiranayArthI vibhAvyate / no'syAM kavinA kAryaH ko'laGkAro'nayA vinA // . -- bhAmaha, kAvyAlaM0 2, 85 4. sAdRzyAllakSaNA vakroktiH / vAmana, kAvyAlaM0 sU0 4, 3, 8

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ 121 hai| isa zabda-zakti-bheda ko eka alaGkAra mAna lenA yuktisaGgata nahIM jAna pdd'taa| zabda-zaktiyoM para alaGkAra kI sattA nirbhara avazya rahatI hai; kintu donoM ko abhinna nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| ataH, vAmana kI vakrokti kA alaGkAratva paravartI kAla meM svIkRta nahIM huaa| vyAjokti vyAjokti bhI vAmana kA navIna alaGkAra hai| ise mAyokti bhI kahA gayA hai| isameM bahAne se kahI huI bAta ko satya ke rUpa meM pradarzita kiyA jAtA hai| satya ko chipAne ke lie koI jhUThA bahAnA banA dene meM hI prastuta alaGkAra kI sArthakatA hai| alaGkAra ke kSetra meM aisI ukti-bhaGgI kI kalpanA navIna hai| yamaka yamaka alaGkAra ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM vAmana ne pUrvavartI bhAmaha Adi AcAryoM se milatI-julatI dhAraNA hI vyakta kI hai| unhoMne yamaka ke sthAna-niyama para vizeSa bala diyA hai aura usake AdhAra para ukta alaGkAra ke aneka bhedoM kA vivecana kiyA hai| bhAmaha bhI sthAna-bheda ke AdhAra para yamaka ke aneka bhedoM kI sambhAvanA se aparicita nahIM the; kintu unhoMne saba bhedoM kA sodAharaNa vivecana Avazyaka nahIM smjhaa| isa sambandha meM kAvyAlaGkAra sUtra ke bhASyakAra AcArya vizvezvara kA yaha kathana ucita hI jAna par3atA hai ki "anya bhAmaha Adi AcAryoM ne isa sthAna-niyama ko svayaM samajha lene yogya mAna kara na usakA ullekha apane lakSaNa meM hI kiyA hai aura na usakA adhika vistAra hI kiyA hai|" anuprAsa vAmana ke anuprAsa kA svarUpa bhI sarvathA navIna nahIM hai| pUrvavartI bhAmaha Adi ke anuprAsa kI prakRti se vAmana ke anuprAsa kI prakRti milatI-julatI hI hai| vAmana ne yamaka kA svarUpa-vivecana karane ke uparAnta kahA hai ki yamaka meM kathita pada yA varNa kI AvRtti ke prakAra ko chor3a zeSa AvRtti-rUpoM meM 1. vyAjasya satyasArUpyaM vyaajoktiH|-vaamn,kaavyaalN0 sU0 4, 3, 25 2. draSTavya-hindI kAvyAlaMkAra sUtra, vyAkhyA, pR0 162 /

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122 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa anuprAsa alaGkAra hotA hai|' isakA artha yaha huA ki aniyata sthAna tathA ekArtha athavA anekArtha padoM kI AvRtti meM vAmana anuprAsa alaGkAra mAneMge, kyoMki yamaka meM ve sthAna kA niyata honA tathA AvRtta padoM kA bhinnArthaka honA Avazyaka mAnate haiN| upamA upamA ke sAmAnya svarUpa kI kalpanA meM vAmana pUrvavartI AcAryoM se sahamata haiN| ve anya AcAryoM kI taraha upamAna ke sAtha upameya ke guNa kA sAmya-pratipAdana upamA kA sAmAnya lakSaNa mAnate haiM / 2 vAmana ne upamA ke bhedoM kA nirUpaNa tIna dRSTiyoM se kiyA hai| AcArya bharata ke upamA-prakArapratipAdana kI paddhati para unhoMne usake laukikI tathA kalpitA; ye do rUpa svIkAra kiye haiN|3 loka prasiddha upameya-upamAna kI yojanA meM laukikI upamA tathA kavikalpita upameyopamA ke varNana meM kalpitA upamA mAnI gayI hai| kalpitA meM guNabAhulya kI kalpanA bhI unhoMne kara lI hai| upamA ke padagata tathA vAkyagata hone kI dRSTi se usake punaH do bheda kiye gaye haiM--(ka) padArthavRtti upamA tathA (kha) vAkyArthavRtti upmaa| yaha vibhAjana navIna hai, para isakI sambhAvanA upamA ke sAmAnya lakSaNa meM hI nihita thii| padArtha-vRtti tathA vAkyArthavRtti kI dRSTi se yadi vibhAjana kiyA jAya to aneka alaGkAroM ke ukta do rUpa sambhava hoNge| upamAna, upameya, vAcaka zabda tathA sAdhAraNa dharma meM se eka yA aneka ke vAkya meM abhAva-sadbhAva kI dRSTi se upamA ke luptA tathA pUrNA ye do bheda bhI vAmana ke dvArA svIkRta haiN| udbhaTa ke upamAvivecana kI parIkSA ke krama meM yaha dekhA jA cukA hai ki unhoMne pUrNA tathA luptA kI dRSTi se upamA ke aneka bhedopabheda kiye haiN| vAmana ke 'kAvyAlaGkAra 1. zeSaH sarUpo'nuprAsaH / -vAmana, kAvyAlaM0 sU0 4,1,8 2. upamAnopameyasya guNalezataH saamymupmaa| vahI, 4,2,1 tulanIya-bhAmaha, kAvyAlaM0 2,30 tathA daNDI, kAvyAda0 2,14 3. .. kavibhiH kalpitattvAt kalpitA / pUrvA tu laukikii| -vAmana, kAvyAlaM0 sU0 4,2,2 kI vRti 4. tadvavidhyaM padavAkyArthavRttibhedAt / --vahI, 4, 2, 3 5. sA pUrNA luptA ca / guNadyotakopamAnopameyazabdAnAM sAmagra ye pUrNA / lope luptaa| yahI 4,2,4-6

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ 123 sUtra' meM pUrvavartI AcAryoM kI prazaMsopamA, nindopamA tathA tattvAkhyAnopamA bhI ullikhita haiM / ' vAmana ne prazaMsA, nindA tathA tattvAkhyAna ko upamA kA bheda nahIM mAna kara usakA prayojana mAnA hai / spaSTa hai ki pUrvavartI AcAryoM kI upamA-dhAraNA se vAmana kI dhAraNA mUlataH abhinna hai / prativastUpamA vAmana ke prativastUpamA alaGkAra kA svarUpa bhAmaha ke etatsaMjJaka alaGkAra ke svarUpa se abhinna hai / samAsokti tathA prastutaprazaMsA daNDI kI samAsokti-dhAraNA ko svIkAra kara vAmana ne aprastuta - varNana se prastuta ke bodha hone meM samAsokti alaGkAra mAnA hai / yaha dhAraNA bhAmaha kI samAsokti-dhAraNA ke viparIta hai / bhAmaha prastuta ke kathana meM aprastuta kI vyaJjanA hone para samAsokti alaGkAra mAneMge / aprastuta kI ukti se prastuta ke bodha meM aprastutaprazaMsA alaGkAra kA sadbhAva bhAmaha kA abhimata hogA / 5 vAmana ne aprastutaprazaMsA alaGkAra ke svarUpa nirUpaNa meM bhAmaha ke mata ko svIkAra kara liyA / phala yaha huA ki unake samAsokti tathA aprastutaprazaMsA alaGkAroM meM bheda nahIM raha gyaa| donoM ke bIca kucha bheda kI kalpanA ke lie vAmana ne yaha mAna liyA ki samAsokti meM prastuta sarvathA anukta rahatA hai tathA aprastutaprazaMsA meM kiJcit ukta / isa prakAra unake matAnusAra jahA~ upameya ke kathana kA ekAnta abhAva hone para bhI samAna vastu ke nyAsa se usakA bodha hogA vahA~ samAsokti tathA jahA~ upameya ke kicit ukta hone para samAna vastu ke nyAsa se usakA bodha hogA vahA~ aprastutaprazaMsA 1. stutinindA tattvAkhyAneSu / - vAmana, kAvyAlaM0 sU0 4,2,7 tulanIya - bhAmaha, kAvyala0 2,37 tathA daNDI, kAvyAda0, 2,36 2. draSTavya - vAmana, kAvyAlaM0 sU0 4, 3, 2 tathA bhAmaha, kAvyAlaM0 2, 34 3. draSTavya - daNDI, kAvyAda0 2, 205 tathA 4. draSTavya -- bhAmaha, kAvyAlaM0 2, 76 5. vahI, 3, 2e vAmana, kAvyAlaM0 sU0 4, 3, 6. draSTavya - vAmana, kAvyAlaM0 sU0 4, 3, 4 3:

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124 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa kI sattA mAnI jaaygii| ukta do alaGkAroM meM bheda siddha karane kA yaha prayAsa ulajhana se bacane ke lie kiyA gayA-sA jAna par3atA hai| eka alaGkAra ke svarUpa-nirUpaNa meM bhAmaha ke tathA dUsare alaGkAra ke lakSaNa-nirdhAraNa meM daNDI ke mata ko svIkAra karane ke kAraNa vAmana isa ulajhana meM par3a gaye / prativastUpamA alaGkAra se samAsokti tathA aprastutaprazaMsA ke sAmya-vaiSamyanirUpaNa ke Agraha ke kAraNa bhI vAmana isa kaThinAI meM par3e hoNge| ve prativastUpamA, samAsokti aura aprastutaprazaMsA meM kevala itanA bheda mAnate haiM ki prativastUpamA meM upameya ukta, samAsokti meM anukta tathA aprastutaprazaMsA meM kiJcit ukta hotA hai| samAna vastu kA ( upamAna kA ) nyAsa tInoM meM samAna rUpa se hotA hai| apahna ti vAmana kI apahna ti bhAmaha Adi pUrvavartI AcAryoM kI apahna ti se : abhinna hai| rUpaka rUpaka ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM vAmana ne bhAmaha Adi AcAryoM kI mAnyatA ko hI svIkAra kiyA hai| bhAmaha kI taraha ve bhI prastuta tathA aprastuta meM guNa ke sAmya ke kAraNa prastuta meM aprastuta ke abheda kA Aropa rUpaka alaGkAra kA lakSaNa mAnate haiM / 2 zleSa zleSa kI paribhASA meM vAmana ne pUrvavartI AcAryoM ke zleSa evaM rUpaka ke tattvoM ko milA diyA hai| vAmana ke pUrva zleSa meM anekArtha ke vAcaka eka-rUpa zabda kA prayoga-mAtra apekSita mAnA gayA thaa| pUrvavartI AcAryoM ne na to usameM upamAnopameya-bhAva kI kalpanA kI thI, aura na upameya para upamAna ke tattvAropa kI hii| vAmana sabhI alaGkAroM ko upamA-prapaJca siddha karanA cAhate haiM / ataH unake lie zleSa meM bhI upamAnopameya ke sadbhAva kI kalpanA 1. draSTavya-vAmana, kAvyAlaM0 sU0 4, 3, 5 tathA . bhAmaha, kAvyAlaM0 3, 21 2. draSTavya-kAvyAlaM0 sU0 4, 3, 6 tathA bhAmaha, kAvyAlaM0 2, 21

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ 125. Avazyaka thii| rUpaka ke sandarbha meM zleSa kA vivecana karate hue unhoMne isameM bhI prastuta-aprastuta ke abhedAropa kA tattva milA diyaa| ' udbhaTa ne yaha saGkata kiyA thA ki zliSTa alaGkAra meM upamA Adi kisI anya alaGkAra kI chAyA dekhI jA sakatI hai / 2 vastutaH zleSa se anuprANita anya alaGkAroM ke bhUrizaH udAharaNa kAvya meM prApta hote haiN| kintu, vAmana ke zleSa kA svarUpa bhAmaha Adi pUrvavartI tathA udbhaTa-jaise samasAmayika AcAryoM ke zleSa se bhinna hai| usameM zleSa ke sAtha rUpaka kA tattva mizrita hai| utprekSA __ vAmana kI utprekSA-dhAraNA pUrvavartI AcAryoM kI dhAraNA se abhinna hai / atizayokti atizayokti alaGkAra-viSayaka vAmana kI mAnyatA bhI bhAmaha Adi AcAryoM kI tadviSayaka-dhAraNA se bhinna nhiiN| sandeha 'kAvyAlaGkAra-sUtra' meM sandeha alaGkAra kI dhAraNA prAcIna AcAryoM kI sasandeha-dhAraNA ke samAna hI hai| bhAmaha aura udbhaTa ne jahA~ isa alaGkAra ko sasandeha kahA thA vahA~ vAmana ne use sandeha saMjJA se abhihita kiyaa| sasandeha aura sandeha ke artha meM tattva-gata koI bhinnatA nahIM aura na bhAmaha Adi ke sasandeha tathA vAmana ke sandeha alaGkAra meM koI svarUpagata bheda hai|5 1. sa dharmeSu tantraprayoge zleSaH / -vAmana, kAvyAlaM0 sU0 4,3, 7 tathA upamAnopameyasya dharmeSu guNakriyA zabdarUpeSu sa tttvaaropH| -vahI, vRtti, pR0 232, hindI, kAvyAlaM0 sU0 2. draSTavya-udbhaTa, kAvyAlaM0 sAra saM0 4, 23-24 3. draSTavya-vAmana, kAvyAlaM0 sU0 4, 3, 6 tathA bhAmaha, kAvyAla0 2, 61 4. draSTavya-kAvyAlaM0 sU0 4, 3, 10 tathA bhAmaha, kAvyAlaM0 2,81 5. draSTavya-kAvyAlaM0 sU0 4, 3, 11 tathA bhAmaha, kAvyAlaM0 3, 43

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"126 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa "virodha vAmana ne pUrvavartI AcAryoM ke virodha alaGkAra ke lakSaNa ko asvIkAra kara usake navIna svarUpa kI kalpanA kI hai| unake matAnusAra jahA~ tAttvika virodha ke na hone para bhI ApAtataH virodha pratIta hotA hai, vahA~ virodha kA AbhAsa-mAtra hone se virodhAbhAsa alaGkAra mAnA jAtA hai| prAtibhAsika virodha ke parihAra se utpanna camatkAra meM alaGkAratva spaSTa hai| nATyAcArya bharata ne prApta doSa ke zamana se utpanna camatkAra meM upapatti nAmaka lakSaNa svIkAra kiyA thaa| usI ke AdhAra para prAtibhAsika virodha doSa kI prApti tathA pariNAmataH ukta doSa ke zamana se saMjAta camatkAra meM vAmana ne "virodhAbhAsa alaGkAra kA sadbhAva svIkAra kiyA hai| vibhAvanA vibhAvanA alaGkAra ke sambandha meM vAmana ne bhAmaha se milatI-julatI dhAraNA hI vyakta kI hai| ananvaya vAmana tathA bhAmaha ke ananvaya alaGkAra kI prakRpti abhinna hai|4 upameyopamA upameyopamA ke svarUpa-nirdhAraNa meM bhI vAmana bhAmaha se sahamata haiN| parivRtti vAmana ne bhAmaha ke parivRtti-lakSaNa ko aMzataH hI svIkAra kiyA hai| bhAmaha kI parivRtti-paribhASA se 'arthAntaranyAsaktI', isa aMza ko haTA kara 1. viruddhAbhAsatvaM virodhaH / -vAmana; kAvyAlaM0 sU0, 4, 3, 12 2. prAptAnAM yatra doSANAM kriyate zamanaM punaH / sA jJeyA ha yupapattistu lakSaNaM nATakAzrayam / / -bharata, nA0 zA0, 16, 35 3. draSTavya-vAmana, kAvyAlaM0 sU0, 4, 3, 13 tathA bhAmaha, kAvyAlaM. 2,77 4. draSTavya-kAvyAlaM0 sU0, 4, 3, 14 tathA kAvyAlaM0, 3, 45 5. draSTavya-vahI, 4, 3, 15

Page #150
alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ 127 vAmana ne usameM arthAntaranyAsa alaGkAra ke tattva ko asvIkAra kara diyA hai / ve parivRtti meM sadRza yA asadRza vastuoM kA parivartana vAJchanIya mAnate haiM / krama yA yathAsaMkhya krama alaGkAra ke sambandha meM vAmana kI dhAraNA pUrvavartI AcAryoM kI dhAraNA se kiJcit bhinna hai / isa bheda kA kAraNa usameM upamA ke tattva kA samAveza hai / krama ko bhI upamA-prapaJca ke bhItara siddha karane ke lie vAmana ne prastuta evaM aprastuta vastuoM kA krama se sambandha- pradarzita karane meM hI krama alaGkAra svIkAra kiyA hai / pUrvavartI AcAryoM ne krama yA yathAsaMkhya alaGkAra kI paribhASA meM upamAna, upameya kA ullekha nahIM kiyA thA / unake matAnusAra pUrvakathita artha kA pazcAt kathita padArtha se kramika anvaya-mAtra yathAsaMkhya yA krama alaGkAra ke vidhAna ke lie paryApta hai / bhAmaha tathA unake matAnuyAyI udbhaTa ne to yathAsaMkhya- paribhASA meM 'asadharmaNAm' vizeSaNa kA prayoga kara yaha spaSTa kara diyA thA ki yathAsaMkhya meM upamAna- upameya kA krama honA apekSita nahIM hai / 3 spaSTa hai ki vAmana ne vastuvarNana ke krama kI dhAraNA pUrvavartI AcAryoM se lekara usameM upamAna- upameya kI dhAraNA ko milA kara krama ke isa navIna svarUpa kI kalpanA kara lI hai / dIpaka bhAmaha ke matAnusAra hI vAmana ne AdidIpaka, madhyadIpaka tathA antadIpaka; ina tIna dIpaka-bhedoM kA varNana kiyA hai / vAmana ke dIpaka alaGkAra kA sAmAnya lakSaNa udbhaTa ke dIpaka-lakSaNa se abhinna hai / * 1. draSTavya -- kAvyAlaM0 sU0 4, 3, 16 tathA udbhaTa, kAvyAlaM 0 sAra. saM0, 5, 31 2. upameyopamAnAnAM kramasambandhaH kramaH / -- vAmana, kAvyAlaM0 sU0 4, 3, 17 3. draSTavya - bhAmaha, kAvyAlaM0, 2, 89 tathA udbhaTa, kAvyAlaM 0 sAra saM0 3, 2, 4. draSTavya - vAmana, kAvyAlaM0 sU0 4, 3, 18-19 tathA udbhaTa, kAvyAlaM0 sAra saM0 1, 28

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128 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa nidarzanA vAmana kI nidarzanA-alaGkAra-dhAraNA bhAmaha kI dhAraNA se abhinna hai / ' arthAntaranyAsa vAmana ke arthAntaranyAsa alaGkAra kA svarUpa bhI bhAmaha ke arthAntaranyAsa se milatA-julatA hI hai| vyatireka bhAmaha ke vyatireka sambandhI mata kA anusaraNa karate hue vAmana ne bhI upamAna se upameya ke Adhikya-varNana meM vyatireka-alaGkAra mAnA hai| 3 vizeSokti vAmana kI vizeSokti-dhAraNA prAcIna AcAryoM kI dhAraNA se kiJcit bhinna hai| yaha bheda usameM upamA ke svarUpa ke mizraNa ke kAraNa AyA hai| bhAmaha tathA vAmana kI vizeSokti-paribhASA meM isa aMza meM sAmya hai ki donoM ne isameM eka guNa kI hAni kI kalpanA kI hai, kintu donoM kI mAnyatA meM vaiSamya yaha hai ki jahA~ bhAmaha eka guNa kI hAni ke sthala meM isameM anya guNa ke sadbhAva kI kalpanA para bala dete haiM, vahA~ vAmana ise upamA-prapaJca siddha karane ke lie usa sthala meM sAmya kI puSTi vAJchanIya mAnate haiN| isase spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki bhAmaha kI vizeSokti-dhAraNA meM hI sAdRzya kI kalpanA ko milA kara vAmana ne vizeSokti ke isa navIna rUpa kA sRjana kiyA hai| 1. draSTavya-vAmana, kAvyAlaM0 sU0 4, 3, 20 tathA bhAmaha, kAvyAlaM. 2. draSTavya-vAmana, kAvyAlaM0 sU0 4, 3, 21 tathA bhAmaha, kAvyAlaM0 2,71-73 3. draSTavya-vAmana, kAvyAlaM0 sU0 4, 3, 22 tathA bhAmaha, kAvyAlaM0 4. draSTavya-bhAmaha, kAvyAlaM0 3, 23 tathA vAmana, kAvyAlaM0 sU0, 4, 3, 23

Page #152
alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ 126 vyAjastuti bhAmaha kI taraha vAmana bhI nindA ke vyAja se kI jAne vAlI stuti arthAt stutiparyavasAyinI nindA kI ukti meM vyAjastuti alaGkAra mAnate haiN|' tulyayogitA tulyayogitA alaGkAra ke svarUpa ke viSaya meM bhI vAmana bhAmaha kI mAnyatA se sahamata haiN| AkSepa vAmana ne AkSepa alaGkAra ke kiJcit navIna svarUpa kI kalpanA kI hai| bhAmaha kI taraha ve bhI pratiSedha kI ukti ko AkSepa kA vidhAyaka tattva avazya mAnate haiM ; kintu alaGkAroM meM sarvatra upamAnopameya ke sadbhAva kA Agraha rakhane ke kAraNa ve kevala upamAna ke AkSepa meM ukta alaGkAra kI sattA svIkAra karate haiN| AkSepa zabda ke dUsare artha ke AdhAra para AkSepa alaGkAra kA dUsarA lakSaNa yaha mAnA gayA hai ki upameya-mAtra ke kathana se upamAna kI AkSepa se pratipatti hone meM bhI AkSepa alaGkAra hotA hai| AkSepa kA yaha svarUpa bhAmaha Adi ke samAsokti alaGkAra ke svarUpa se milatA-julatA hai, jisameM upameya ukta hotA hai aura upamAna gamya / / sahokti vAmana kA sahokti alaGkAra bhAmaha Adi AcAryoM ke tatsaMjJaka alaGkAra se abhinna svabhAva kA hai| 1. draSTavya-bhAmaha, kAvyAlaM0 3, 31 tathA vAmana, kAvyAlaM0 sU0, 4, 3, 24 2. draSTavya-vAmana, kAvyAlaM0 sU0 4, 3, 26 tathA bhAmaha, kAvyAlaM0 3, 27 3. upmaanaakssepshcaakssepH|-vaamn, kAvyAlaM0 sU0 4, 3, 27 4. draSTavya-kAvyAlaM0 sU0 4, 3, 27 kI vRtti tathA bhAmaha, kAvyAlaM. 2,79 5. draSTavya-vAmana, kAvyAlaM. sU0 4,3,28 tathA bhAmaha, kAvyAlaM.

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130 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa samAhita ___ vAmana ne samAhita alaGkAra ke sambandha meM sarvathA navIna mAnyatA prakaTa kI hai| bhAmaha aura daNDI ne Arabdha kArya meM anAyAsa sAdhaka kI prApti meM samAdhi alaGkAra mAnA thA / ' udbhaTa ne usakA sambandha rasa, bhAva Adi kI zAnti se jor3a diyA / 2 ukta matoM meM aupamya ke tattva kA abhAva thaa| ataH vAmana ne kisI mata ko svIkAra nahIM kiyaa| unhoMne yaha mantavya vyakta kiyA hai ki jahA~ kisI vastu kA sAdRzya upameya se dikhAnA abhipreta ho vahA~ yadi upameya kI tadrUpatA prApti (upameya kA upamAna ke rUpa ko prApta kara lenA) kA varNana kiyA jAya to samAhita alaGkAra mAnA jAtA hai| isa alaGkAra ke svarUpa-nirdhAraNa meM vAmana ne manovaijJAnika tathya kA pratipAdana kiyA hai| mana meM jisa vastu kA dhyAna ho usake samAna vastu ko dekha kara dhyAta vastu kA anubhava tIvra ho jAtA hai aura kabhI-kabhI aisA pratIta hone lagatA hai ki manogata vastu hI pratyakSa ho gayI ho| vAmana ne ukta alaGkAra kA jo udAharaNa diyA hai usameM urvazI ke dhyAna meM DUbe hue purUravA ke lie latA hI urvazI bana jAtI hai| yaha bhramAtmaka jJAna se bhinna hai; kyoMki purUravA ko latA ke pallava Adi kA jJAna hai| latA kA megha kI jaladhArA se dhauta pallava usake sAmane urvazI ke azra -prakSAlita adhara ke rUpa meM prakaTa ho rahA hai| smRti kI tIvra dazA meM pUrvAnubhUta padArtha apane sadRza anya adhikaraNa meM mUrta ho gayA hai| isameM prastuta para aprastuta ke Aropa (arthAt rUpaka) kA tattva bhI avazya hai; kintu isa bheda ke sAtha ki rUpaka meM prastuta tathA aprastuta ke bheda se vaktA paricita rahatA hai aura donoM meM sAdRzyAtizaya-nirUpaNa ke lie prastuta para aprastuta kA Aropa karatA hai| samAhita meM prastuta hI aprastuta ke rUpa meM badala jAtA hai| vaktA ko donoM meM abheda kI pratIti hone lagatI hai| bharata ne sArUpya nAmaka lakSaNa ke isase milate-julate svarUpa kI kalpanA kI thii| sArUpya meM yaha kahA gayA hai ki samAna rUpa vAlI vastu ko dekha kara usI ke sadRza anya vastu kA jJAna ho 1. draSTavya-prastuta grantha, pR0 44, pAda TippaNI saM0 3 2. draSTa vya-udbhaTa, kAvyAlaM0 sAra saM0, 4, 14 3. yatsAdRzyaM tatsampattiH samAhitam / -vAmana, kAvyAlaM0 sU0 4,3,29 4. tanvI meghajalApallavatayA'draSTavya, vahI, 4, 3 pR0 275

Page #154
alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ 131 jAne meM sArUpya lakSaNa mAnA jAtA hai|' abhinava ne isakI vyAkhyA karate hue rAma kI yajJazAlA meM hemamayI sItA-pratimA ko dekha apanI mA~ samajha kara lava kA use praNAma karane kA varNana udAhRta kiyA hai / 2 vAmana ke samAhita alaGkAra kA bharata ke sArUpya lakSaNa se kevala itanA bheda mAnA jA sakatA hai ki bharata ne sArUpya ke rUpa-vidhAna ke lie kevala do vastuoM meM rUpagata sAmya hI apekSita mAnA hai; kintu vAmana una vastuoM meM upamAnopameya bhAva kI kalpanA bhI Avazyaka maaneNge| ataH, yaha mAnA jA sakatA hai ki bharata ke sArUpya lakSaNa meM upamA ke tattva upamAnopameya bhAva sambandha ko milA kara vAmana ke samAhita alaGkAra kA svarUpa nirmita huA hai / saMsRSTi ____ ukta zabdArthAlaGkAroM ke svarUpa-vivecana ke uparAnta vAmana ne samAna adhikaraNa meM ekAdhika alaGkAra ke sadbhAva kI dRSTi se alaGkAroM kI saMsRSTi kA varNana kiyA hai| alaGkAroM kA mizraNa saMsRSTi kahA jAtA hai| vAmana kI mAnyatA hai ki alaGkAra kA alaGkArayonitva arthAt eka alaGkAra se alaGkArAntara kA kAryakAraNa bhAva sambandha honA saMsRSTi hai| vAmana ne saMsRSTi ke do bheda svIkAra kiye haiM--(ka) upamArUpaka tathA (kha) utprekSA vayava / upamArUpaka meM upamA alaGkAra rUpaka kA hetu hotA hai; kintu utprekSAvayava kI sthiti kucha bhinna hai| usameM rUpaka Adi kaI alaGkAra utprekSA ke heta ho sakate haiN| bhAmaha kI alaGkAra-dhAraNA ke vivecana-krama meM upamArUpaka tathA utprekSAvayava ke srota para vicAra kiyA jA cukA hai| bhAmaha ne una donoM alaGkAroM ko saMsRSTi se svatantra sattA mAnI thI, vAmana ne unheM saMsRSTi ke prakAra mAna liyaa| alaMkAroM ke isa aGgAGgibhAvAvasthAna ko bhAmaha, daNDI Adi ne bhI saMsRSTi hI kahA thaa| udbhaTa ne isa rUpa ko saGkara tathA 1. dRSTazra tAnubhUtArthakathanAdi samudbhavam / ___ sAdRzyaM kSobhajananaM sArupyamiti saMjJitam ||-bhrt, nA0 zA0, 16 ___ anubandha, zloka saM0 35 pR0 361 2. draSTavya--vahI, abhinava bhAratI, pR0 361 3. alaGkArasya alaGkArayonitvaM saMsRSTiH / -vAmana, kAvyAlaM0 sU04, 3, 30

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132 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa alaGkAroM ke paraspara-nirapekSa sadbhAva ke sthala meM saMsRSTi alaGkAra mAnA thA / vAmana ne bhAmaha ke mata ko hI svIkAra kiyA hai| vAmana kI alaGkAra-dhAraNA ke isa parIkSaNa se spaSTa hai ki una para bhAmaha kI alaGkAra-viSayaka mAnyatA kA bhUrizaH prabhAva par3A hai| unake adhikAMza alaGkAroM kA svarUpa bhAmaha ke alaGkAroM ke svarUpa se abhinna hai / tulyayogitA, vyAjastuti, vyatireka, nidarzanA, ananvaya, vibhAvanA Adi alaGkAra isa niSkarSa ke pramANa haiN| vAmana ke jina alaGkAroM kI prakRti prAcIna AcAryoM ke alaGkAroM se kucha. bhinna hai unameM se adhikAMza kA bhedaka tattva aupamya hai| pratyeka alaGkAra ko upamA-prapaJca siddha karane ke lie bhAmaha ne usameM upamAnopameya bhAva kA samAveza karanA cAhA hai| ataH bhAmaha Adi AcAryoM ke aneka alaGkAralakSaNa ko unhoMne kucha saMzodhana ke sAtha svIkAra kiyA hai| bhAmaha ne jina alaGkAroM kI rUpa-racanA meM sAdRzya ke tattva para vicAra nahIM kiyA thA, unake svarUpa-vidhAna meM vAmana ne sAmya kI kalpanA jor3a dI hai| phalataH unake alaGkAroM kA svabhAva prAcInoM ke alaGkAra se kiJcit bhinna ho gayA hai| krama yA yathAsaMkhya, zleSa, vizeSokti, parivRtti, AkSepa Adi alaGkAroM kA svarUpa isakA nidarzana hai| kucha alaGkAroM ke svarUpa-vinyAsa meM vAmana para bha rata kI lakSaNa-dhAraNA kA bhI prabhAva par3A hai| virodhAbhAsa, samAhita Adi ke svarUpa kI parIkSA ke krama meM una para bharata ke tattallakSaNoM kI prakRti kA prabhAva dekhA jA cukA hai| vAmana ne vakrokti tathA vyAjokti-ina do navIna alaGkAroM kI udbhAvanA kI hai; kintu vakrokti kA alaGkAratva asandigdha nhiiN| vaha lakSaNA nAmaka zabdazakti kA eka bheda hai| vAmana kI vyAjokti-dhAraNA maulika hai /

Page #156
alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [133 AcArya rudraTa AcArya rudraTa bhAratIya kAvyazAstra ke alaGkAra-sampradAya ke pratiSThAtAoM kI prathama paMkti meM parigaNita haiN| kAvya meM zabdagata evaM arthagata alaGkAroM ko sarvAdhika mahattva dene ke kAraNa hI unhoMne apanI racanA kA abhidhAna 'kAvyAlaGkAra' kiyA hai| grantha ke nAmakaraNa ke sambandha meM TIkAkAra namisAdhu kA yaha mantavya ucita hI hai ki kAvya ke alaGkAra hI prastuta grantha ke mukhya pratipAdya haiN|' 'kAvyAlaGkAra' ke daza adhyAyoM meM kAvya ke zabdArthAlaGkAra kI savistara mImAMsA kI gayI hai| kAlakrama kI dRSTi se rudraTa alaGkAravAdI AcAryoM meM udbhaTa ke ThIka bAda Ate haiN| una donoM ke bIca kAla kA antarAla anumAnataH pA~ca dazAbda se adhika kA nahIM hogA, kintu itanI alpa avadhi meM hI alaGkAroM kI saMkhyA meM pracura vRddhi ho gayI hai| udbhaTa ke ikatAlIsa alaGkAroM se bar3ha kara rudraTa ke 'kAvyAlaGkAra' meM tirasaTha alaGkAra ho gaye / kAvyAlaGkAra meM pA~ca zabdAlaGkAra tathA aMThAvana arthAlaGkAroM kI vivecanA kI gayI hai| yadyapi rudraTa ne arthAlaGkAra ke kevala ikAvana vyapadeza kA ullekha kiyA hai, tathApi svarUpatayA ve aMThAvana prakAra ke haiN| kAraNa yaha hai ki rudraTa ne eka hI nAma ke kucha alaGkAroM ko do vargoM meM rakhA hai| isa prakAra samAna saMjJA hone para bhI varga-bheda se unake svarUpa pRthak pRthak ho jAte haiM / ataH svarUpadRSTyA arthAlaGkAroM kI saMkhyA vastutaH aThAvana hI mAnI jAnI caahie| pA~ca zabdAlaGkAroM ke yoga se kAvyAlaGkAra meM alaGkAroM kI saMkhyA tirasaTha ho jAtI hai| rudraTa ne arthAlaGkAra ke cAra varga mAne haiM(ka) vAstava, (kha) auramya, (ga) atizaya tathA (gha) zleSa / ye cAra zuddha arthAlaGkAroM ke varga haiN| eka saGkIrNa alaGkAra mAnA gayA hai, jise saGkara nAma se abhihita kiyA gayA hai| ukta alaGkAroM meM se aneka ke bhedopabhedoM kA bar3A vyApaka vivecana prastuta kiyA gayA hai| prastuta sandarbha meM rudraTa ke navIna alaGkAroM tathA prAcIna alaGkAroM ke navIna bhedoM ke udgama-srota kA anveSaNa hI abhipreta hai| 'kAvyAlaGkAra' meM ullikhita zabdAlaGkAra tathA vargAnukrama se nirdiSTa arthAlaGkAra nimnalikhita haiMzabdAlaGkAra--1. vakrokti, 2. anuprAsa, 3. yamaka, 4. zleSa tathA 5. citra / 1. tatra kAvyAlaGkArA vakroktivAstavAdayo'sya granthasya prAdhAnya to'bhidheyaaH|-kaavyaalN0 1,2 para namisAdhu kI TIkA, pR0 2

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134 alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa arthAlaGkAra nimnAGkita cAra vargoM meM prastuta kiye gaye haiM (ka) vAstava varga-(1) sahokti, (2) samuccaya, (3) jAti yA svabhAvokti, (4) yathAsaMkhya, (5) bhAva, (6) paryAya, (7) viSama, (8) anumAna, (6) dIpaka, (10) parikara, (11) parivRtti, (12) parisaMkhyA, (13) hetu, (14) kAraNamAlA, (15) vyatireka, (16) anyonya, (17) uttara, (18) sAra, (19) sUkSma, (20) leza, (21) avasara, (22) mIlita aura (23) ekaavlii| (kha) aupamya varga-(1) upamA, (2) utprekSA, (3) rUpaka, (4) apaha nuti, (4) saMzaya yA sandeha, (6) samAsokti, (7) mata, (8) uttara, (9) anyokti yA aprastutaprazaMsA, (10) pratIpa, (11) arthAntaranyAsa, (12) ubhayanyAsa, (13) bhrAntimAn, (14) AkSepa, (15) pratyanIka, (16) dRSTAnta, (17) pUrva, (18) sahokti, (16) samuccaya, (20) sAmya tathA (21) smaraNa / (ga) atizaya varga-(1) pUrva, (2) vizeSa, (3) utprekSA, (4) vibhAvanA, (5) tadguNa, (6) adhika, (7) virodha, (8) viSama, (6) asaGgati, (10) pihita, (11) vyAghAta aura (12) ahetu / (gha) (artha) zleSa varga-(1) zleSa / zleSa-vivecana ke anantara saGkara kA ullekha huA hai| sahokti, samuccaya tathA uttara alaGkAra vAstava evaM aupamya-donoM vargoM meM paThita haiM / viSama tathA hetu alaGkAroM kA ullekha vAstava evaM atizaya; ina do vargoM meM huA hai| utprekSA aura pUrva alaGkAra aupamya tathA atizaya vargoM meM parigaNita haiN| pUrvavartI AcAryoM ke alaGkAra-vimarza meM kucha naye alaGkAroM ko jor3a dene meM hI rudraTa kI kAvyAlaGkAra-mImAMsA kA vaiziSTaya nahIM hai| rudraTa ne jahA~ eka ora aneka navIna alaGkAroM kI udbhAvanA kI vahA~ dUsarI ora pUrvavartI AcAryoM ke dvArA vivecita viMzatyadhika alaGkAroM kA nAmnA bhI ullekha nahIM kiyaa| rudraTa ke dvArA kalpita navIna arthAlaGkAroM ke nAma vargakama se nimnalikhita haiM : (ka) vAstava varga-samuccaya, bhAva, paryAya, viSama, anumAna, parikara, parisaMkhyA, kAraNamAlA, anyonya, uttara, sAra, avasara, mIlita tathA ekaavlii|

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ 135 (kha) aupamya varga-mata, uttara, pratIpa, ubhayanyAsa, bhrAntimAn, pratyanIka, pUrva, samuccaya, sAmya tathA smaraNa / (ga) atizaya varga-pUrva, vizeSa, tadguNa, adhika, viSama, asaGgati, pihita, vyAghAta aura ahetu / __ tInoM vargoM ke ukta taiMtIsa alaGkAroM ke vyapadeza sarvathA navIna haiM / rudraTa ne zabdAlaGkAroM meM vakrokti tathA citra--ina do navIna alaGkAroM kA ullekha kiyA hai| vakrokti nAmaka alaGkAra vAmana ke 'kAvyAlaGkAra sUtra' meM bhI ullikhita hai; kintu vahA~ vakrokti kI kalpanA arthAlaGkAra ke rUpa meM kI gayI hai| zabdAlaGkAra ke rUpa meM vakrokti kI kalpanA sarvaprathama rudraTa ne hI kii| zleSa ko zabdAlaGkAra evaM arthAlaGkAra donoM mAna kara eka hI nAma ke do alaGkAroM kI kalpanA kI gayI hai| ____ AcArya bharata se lekara rudraTa ke pUrvavartI udbhaTa tathA vAmana taka kI racanAoM meM kiJcit matabhinnya ke sAtha jina ekAvana zabdArthagata alaGkAroM ke svarUpa kA vivecana ho cukA thA unameM se nimnalikhita alaGkAroM kA ullekha rudraTa ke kAvyAlaGkAra meM nahIM huA hai : zabdAlaGkAra :-chekAnuprAsa tathA lATAnuprAsa / arthAlaGkAra :-ananvaya, atizayokti, AvRtti, AzIH, utprekSAvayava, udAtta, upamArUpaka, upameyopamA, UrjasvI, kAvyaliGga, tulyayogitA, nidarzanA, paryAyokta, punaruktavadAbhAsa, prativastUpamA, praya, bhAvika, rasavat, vizeSokti, vyAjastuti, saMsRSTi, samAhita, vyAjokti tathA arthagata vakrokti / chekAnuprAsa tathA lATAnuprAsa kI anuprAsa se pRthak sattA anAvazyaka samajha kara rudraTa ne unakI gaNanA nahIM kI hogii| 'kAvyAlaGkAra' meM atizaya mUlaka alaGkAroM ke eka varga kI hI kalpanA kara lI gayI hai; para atizayokti kA vizeSa alaGkAra ke rUpa meM pRthak nirdeza nahIM kiyA gayA hai| utprekSAvayava tathA upamArUpaka kI pRthak sattA svIkAra karane kA sabala AdhAra nahIM thaa| ataH unheM asvIkAra kara diyA gayA hai| rudraTa ko rasavat alaGkAra kI kalpanA kara usameM rasa jaise kAvya ke mahattvapUrNa tattva ko sImita kara denA yuktisaGgata nahIM jAna par3A hogaa| bhAmaha, daNDI, udbhaTa Adi kAvya meM rasa kA ucita mUlyAGkana nahIM kara pAye the| isIlie unhoMne rasamaya vANI ko rasavadalaGkAra yukta mAnA thaa| rudraTa kI sthiti unase bhinna hai| alaGkAra sampradAya ke unnAyaka hone para bhI rudraTa ne rasa ko upekSaNIya nahIM mAnA

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136 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA: vikAsa aura vizleSaNa thA / 'kAvyAlaGkAra' ke do adhyAyoM meM rasa kA vistRta vivecana isakA pramANa hai / phalataH rudraTa ne rasavadAdi alaGkAra kI sattA asvIkAra kara dI / upameyopamA, ananvaya, prativastUpamA Adi ko unhoMne upamA meM hI antarbhukta mAna liyA hogA / unhoMne saGkIrNa alaGkAroM kA vivecana saGkara nAma se kiyA hai aura usase svatantra saMsRSTi kI sattA nahIM mAnI hai / vastutaH saGkara aura saMsRSTi alaGkAra ke svatantra bheda nahIM haiM / ve vibhinna alaGkAroM ke ekatra niveza kI do alaga-alaga prakriyAoM ke bodhaka - mAtra haiM / isIlie udbhaTa ke pUrvavartI bhAmaha tathA daNDI ne saMsRSTi se pRthak saGkara kI kalpanA nahIM kI thii| daNDI kI saMsRSTi ke do bhedoM ke AdhAra para udbhaTa ne saMsRSTi tathA saGkara; ina do alaGkAroM kI svatantra sattA kI kalpanA kara lI / unake paravartI AcArya rudraTa ne sara kI sattA svIkAra kara saMsRSTi kA sadbhAva asvIkAra kara diyA / astu, hamArA prakRta viSaya rudraTa ke navIna alaGkAroM, prAcIna alaGkAroM ke navIna rUpoM tathA unake navIna bhedoM ke mUla kA anusandhAna hai / vakrokti zabdAlaGkAra ke kSetra meM vakrokti kI avatAraNA sarvaprathama rudraTa ke 'kAvyAlaGkAra' meM huI hai / vakrokti zabda sAhitya - zAstra meM cira-paricita thA / bhAmaha ne usakA ullekha atizaya pUrNa kathana ke lie kiyA thA / vAmana ne use lAkSaNika prayoga ke prakAra - vizeSa kA paryAya banA kara arthAlaGkAra ke bIca parigaNita kiyA thA / rudraTa ne usake bhinna svarUpa kI kalpanA kara use zabdagata alaGkAra mAnA hai / unhoMne vakrokti ke sambandha meM yaha dhAraNA prakaTa kI hai ki vaktA jisa abhiprAya se kucha kahatA ho usakI bAta kA usase bhinna tAtparya nikAla kara jahA~ uttara dene vAlA kucha vakratA ke sAtha uttara detA hai vahA~, vakrokti nAmaka alaGkAra hotA hai / kisI ke kathana kA usake abhISTa artha se bhinna artha do prakAra se nikAlA jA sakatA hai-- (ka) zleSa ke sahAre kisI pada ke do artha nikAla kara tathA (kha) kAku arthAt kaNThadhvani ke bheda se / isa prakAra vakrokti do bheda ho jAte haiM / vakrokti kA svarUpa rudraTa kI navIna udbhAvanA hai / 1. vaktrA tadanyathokta vyAcaSTe cAnyathA taduttaradaH / vacanaM yatpadabhaGga jJayA sA zleSavakroktiH // - rudraTa, kAvyAlaM 0, 2, 14,

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ 137 citra rudraTa ne citra-nAmaka svatantra zabdAlaGkAra kI kalpanA kI hai| isameM cakra, muraja Adi citroM meM vargoM kA vinyAsa hotA hai| isa alaGkAra kA abhidhAna-mAtra navIna hai / daNDI ne yamaka ke vivecana-krama meM muraja-bandha Adi ke rUpa meM zabdayojanA kI prakriyA para bhI vicAra kiyA thaa| rudraTa ne citra ko svatantra alaGkAra mAna kara usake cakra, khaGga, musala, vANa Adi bandha-bhedoM kI bhI kalpamA kara lI hai| citra alaGkAra-viSayaka mUla dhAraNA daNDI se hI lI gayI hai|' samuccaya vAstava alaGkAra-varga ke samuccaya ke lakSaNa meM rudraTa ne yaha mAnyatA prakaTa kI hai ki jahA~ eka AdhAra meM aneka vastuoM kA sadbhAva varNita ho vahA~ 'samuccaya alaGkAra hotA hai| eka adhikaraNa meM do sundara. do asundara tathA eka sundara aura eka basundara vastu ke sadbhAva ke AdhAra para usake tIna bheda svIkAra kiye gaye haiM / 2 rudraTa ke pUrvavartI kisI AcArya ne eka AdhAra meM aneka Adheya kI yugapat sthiti ke varNana meM alaGkAratva kI kalpanA nahIM kI thii| yaha rudraTa kI maulika udbhAvanA hai| bhAva rudraTa ke bhAva avatAra kA sambandha hRdgata bhAva kI vyaJjanA se hai| hRdaya ke bhAva ko pratikriyA cehare para bhI spaSTa ho jAyA karatI hai| vibhinna bhAvoM ke bAhya vikAra spaSTa hI dikhAI par3a jAte haiN| ve vikAra bhAva ke kArya hote haiN| usa kArya ko dekha kara kAraNa kA anumAna bhAvaka ko ho jAtA hai| ceSTA se bhAva ke abhivyaJjana kA yahI rahasya hai| rudraTa kI mAnyatA hai ki jahA~ kisI adhikaraNa meM anaikAntika hetu se utpanna hone vAlA vikAra bhAvaka ko apane AdhArabhUta pAtra ke hRdgata bhAva kA bodha karA detA hai tathA vahI vikAra apane tathA apane hetu ke bIca kAryakAraNa-bhAva kI bhI vyaJjanA 1. draSTavya, rudraTa, kAvyAlaM05, 1-4 tathA daNDI kAvyada0 3, 78-82 2. yatra katrAne vastu paraM syAtsukhAvahAdya / jJeyaH samuccayo'sau tredhAnyaH sadasato-gaH / rudraTa, kAvyAlaM. 7, 16

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138 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa karatA hai, vahA~ bhAva nAmaka alaGkAra hotA hai|' aneka kAraNoM se eka-se vikAra kA honA sambhava hai; kintu bhAva meM vikAra ke yathArtha kAraNa kA bodha bhI pramAtA ko ho jAtA hai| vikAra ko dekha kara bhAva ke avagama kI dhAraNA navIna nahIM hai| bharata ne prApti nATyalakSaNa meM isase milatI-julatI dhAraNA hI vyakta kI hai| unhoMne kisI avayava ko dekhate hI bhAva kA anumAna-gamya ho jAne meM prApti lakSaNa mAnA thaa|2 rudraTa ne usI lakSaNa ke AdhAra para bhAva alaGkAra ke isa svarUpa kI kalpanA kara lii| rudraTa ne bhAva ke dUsare prakAra kI kalpanA kara yaha mAnA hai ki vAcya kI ukti se vaktA ke abhiprAyarUpa vAcya-bhinna artha ke bodha hone meM bhI bhAva alaGkAra hotA hai / 3 vAcyaartha se arthAntara ke gamya hone kI dhAraNA se bhI bharata Adi prAcIna AcArya paricita the| zabda kI mukhya vRtti (abhidhA) ke atirikta anya zabdazaktiyoM se bhI bhAratIya manISA rudraTa ke bahuta pUrva se hI paricita thii| bhAmaha ne zabda kI mukhya vRtti ke atirikta anya zaktiyoM ke sambandha meM bauddha Adi ke mata kA ullekha kiyA hai| ataH bhAva ke isa dUsare svarUpa kI kalpanA bhI sarvathA navIna nahIM hai| use alaGkAra ke rUpa meM svIkAra karane-mAtra meM rudraTa ke vicAra kI navInatA hai| bhAva ke prathama rUpa ke udAharaNa ko mammaTa Adi AcAryoM ne guNIbhUta vyaGga ya tathA dvitIya rUpa ke udAharaNa ko dhvani kA udAharaNa mAnA hai| dhvani tathA guNIbhUta vyaGgaya meM antarbhUta hone ke kAraNa usakA alaGkAratva svIkRta nahIM huaa| paryAya prAcIna AcAryoM ke paryAyokta ko hI rudraTa ne paryAya saMjJA se abhihita kiyA hai / ve bhAmaha Adi kI taraha bhaGga yantara se abhidhAna meM paryAya alaGkAra, 1. yasya vikAraH prabhavannapratibaddhana hetunA yena / gamayati tadabhiprAyaM tatpratibandhaM ca bhAvo'sau // -rudraTa, kAvyAlaM0 7, 38 2. dRSTvaivAvayavaM kiJcidbhAvo ytraanumiiyte|| prAptiM tAmabhijAnIyAllakSaNaM nATakAzrayam / / -bharata, nA0 zA0, 16, 32 3. abhidheyamabhidadhAnaM tadeva tadasadRzasakalaguNadoSam / arthAntaramavagamayati yadvAkyaM so'paro bhAvaH / / -rudraTa, kAvyAlaM0, 7, 40

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ 139 mAnate haiN| paryAya ke dUsare prakAra kA svarUpa sarvathA navIna hai| paryAya zabda kA paripATI artha mAna kara usake isa rUpa kI kalpanA kI gayI hai| isameM krama se eka vastu kA aneka adhikaraNoM meM athavA aneka vastuoM kA eka adhikaraNa meM sadbhAva varNita hotA hai / / viSama jahA~ do vastuoM meM vastutaH sambandha kA abhAva rahane para bhI, unameM anya vyaktiyoM ke dvArA sambandha-kalpanA kI sambhAvanA kara vaktA usa sambandha ko" vighaTita karatA hai, vahA~ rudraTa ke matAnusAra viSama alaGkAra hotA hai| sambandha ke aprApta rahane para usakA vighaTana yuktisaGgata nhiiN| niSedha prApta kA hI hotA hai| isalie tAttvika asambandha meM anya logoM ke dvArA sambandha samajha liye jAne kI AzaGkA kara usa sambandha kA khaNDana kiyA jAtA hai| viSama kA dUsarA rUpa vahA~ dekhA jAtA hai jahA~ do vastuoM ke bIca sambandha rahane para usakA (sambandha kA) anaucitya dikhAyA jAtA hai| tIsare prakAra kA viSama vahA~ hotA hai jahA~ asambhAvya vastu kI sattA vaNita hotI hai| inake atirikta kartA aura kArya ke sambandha kI dRSTi se nimnalikhita cAra prakAra ke viSama kI kalpanA kI gaI hai (ka) jahA~ kartA svala kArya bhI nahIM kara sake, (kha ) jahA~ vaha guru-kArya bhI kara le, (ga) azakta kartA bhI jahA~ kArya kara le. aura (gha) sazakta bhI jahA~ kisI kArya ko nahIM kara sake / viSama ke ukta sAta rUpoM ke atirikta eka rUpa vaha hai, jisameM kartA ko Arabdha kArya se kevala abhISTa phala kI anupalabdhi hI nahIM hotI varan aura bhI anartha kI prApti ho jAtI hai| isa prakAra viSama zabda ke vibhinna arthoM ke AdhAra para usake ukta" ATha prakAra kI kalpanA kI gayI hai| viSama ke dUsare tathA tIsare svarUpa kA nirdhAraNa viSama zabda kA anucita artha mAna kara kiyA gayA hai| usake anaucitya tathA azakyakartRttva artha ke AdhAra para cauthe, pAMcaveM, chaThe tathA 1. draSTavya-rUdraTa, kAvyAlaGkAra, 7,42 tathA bhAmaha, kAvyAlaGkAra 3,82. yatra kamanekasminnanekamekatra vA krameNa syAt / vastu sukhAdiprakRti kriyate vAnyaH sa paryAyaH / / -rudraTa, kAvyAlaGkAra 7,440 3. draSTavya-vahI, 7,47-51 /

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140 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa sAtaveM viSama-prakAroM kI kalpanA kI gayI hai / antima prakAra-nirUpaNa meM viSama zabda kA artha dAruNa mAnA gayA hai| viSama alaGkAra rudraTa kI maulika -udbhAvanA hai| anumAna anumAna ke sAdhya tathA sAdhaka yA hetu, ina do tattvoM meM se sAdhya kA "upanyAsa kara punaH usake sAdhaka hetu kA upanyasana athavA pahale hetu kA upanyAsa kara sAdhya kA upanyasana; ye anumAna ke do rUpa haiN| jahA~ balavAna kAraNa ko dekha vastutaH anutpanna kArya ko bhI utpanna athavA bhAvI kahA jAya vahA~ bhI anumAna alaGkAra hotA hai| ' kAvya meM prayukta hone vAle manorama anumAna ko kAvyAlaGkAra ke rUpa meM sarvaprathama rudraTa ne hI svIkAra kiyA hai| hetu se sAdhya-sAdhana rUpa anumAna kI dhAraNA darzana ke kSetra meM prAcIna kAla se 'pracalita thii| nyAya-darzana meM anumAna kI prakriyA kA praur3ha vivecana sarvavidita hai| AcArya bharata ne bhI prApri-lakSaNa meM bhAva ke anumAna kA ullekha kiyA hai / 2 vicAra-lakSaNa kI paribhASA ke prApta pATha meM bharata ne parokSa artha ke sAdhaka vAkya ke prayoga para bala dekara kAvya meM anumAna kI prakriyA ko hI svIkRti dI thii|3 spaSTa hai ki rudraTa ke anumAna alaGkAra ke svarUpa se prAcIna AcArya aparicita nahIM the| kAvyAlaGkAra ke kSetra meM usakI avatAraNA-mAtra meM rudraTa kI maulikatA hai| parikara sAbhiprAya vizeSaNa se dravya, guNa, kriyA tathA jAti-rUpa vastu ko viziSTa karane meM parikara alaGkAra mAnA gayA hai|4 mahAkaviyoM kI racanA meM prayukta vizeSaNa bahudhA sAbhiprAya hI huA karate haiN| bharata ne udAra-guNa ke lakSaNa ke 1. rudraTa, kAvyAlaM0 7,56-56 / / 2. draSTavya-bharata nA0 zA0 16, 32 / 3. puurvaashysmaanaarthairprtykssaarthsaadhnaiH| anekopAdhisaMyukto vicAraH parikIrtitaH // -vahI, 16 anubandha zloka saM0 25 pR0 357 4. sAbhiprAyaH samyagvizeSaNairvastu yadvi ziSyeta / dravyAdibhedabhinnaM caturvidhaH parikara: sa iti / -rudraTa, kAvyAlaGkAra, 7,72

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ 141 eka pATha meM aneka sUkSma vizeSaNoM ke prayoga ke sthala meM udAtta guNa kI sattA mAnI hai | hemacandra ne bharata kI udAtta viSayaka mAnyatA kI vyAkhyA karate hue likhA hai ki jahA~ aneka sUkSma vizeSaNoM se yukta vAkya prayukta hoM vahA~ bharata udAtta guNa mAnate the / isa prakAra yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki rudraTa ke parikara alaGkAra ke sAbhiprAya vizeSaNa yukta vAkya kI prakRti bharata ke aneka - sUkSma vizeSaNa sahita udAtta guNa yukta vAkya kI prakRti se bahuta milatI-julatI hai / bharata ne akSarasaMghAta lakSaNa meM bhI sAbhiprAya zabda prayoga para bala diyA hai / bharata ke 'nATyazAstra' meM udAtta guNa tathA akSarasaGghAta lakSaNa ke svarUpa kA nirUpaNa ho jAne para parikara alaGkAra ke svatantra svarUpa kI kalpanA bharata ke lie Avazyaka nahIM thI / parisaMkhyA jahA~ guNa, kriyA, jAti rUpa vastuoM ke aneka AdhAra meM rahane para bhI kisI eka niyata AdhAra meM hI unakA sadbhAva kahA jAya, jisase anyatra unakA abhAva pratIta ho, vahA~ rudraTa ke anusAra parisaMkhyA alaGkAra hotA hai / aneka adhikaraNagata vastuoM ke eka niyata adhikaraNa meM nivAsa kA nirNaya vaktA kahIM anya vyaktiyoM ke dvArA pUche jAne para karatA hai, kahIM vaha apRSTapUrva hI aisA karatA hai / ina do sthitiyoM ke AdhAra para parisaMkhyA ke do rUpa svIkRta haiM / 3 parisaMkhyA ke svarUpa para darzana - zAstra meM sUkSma vicAra milatA hai / kAvyAlaGkAra ke kSetra meM parisaMkhyA kI avatAraNA darzana huI hai| kAraNamAlA kAraNamAlA anvarthA saMjJA hai / isameM pratyeka pUrvasthita padArtha apane uttara--- vartI padArtha kA kAraNa banatA jAtA hai / isa prakAra uttaravartI kArya ke prati 1. bahubhiH sUkSmaizca vizeSaH sametamudAramiti bharataH / - hema0, kAvyAnu0, vyAkhyA, pRSTha 238 2. draSTavya -- bharata, nA0 zA 0 16, 6 tathA usa para abhinavagupta kI TIkA, pR0 300 3. pRSTamapRSTaM vA sadguNAdi yatkathyate kvacittavyam / . anyatra tu tadabhAvaH pratIyate seti parisaMkhyA // - rudraTa, kAvyAlaM0 7,7e

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142 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa pUrvavartI kAraNoM kI zRGkhalA-sI bana jAtI hai / ' do padArthoM ke bIca kArya-kAraNa"bhAva kI dhAraNA bharata ne hetu lakSaNa meM vyakta kI hai|2 kAraNa-kArya-bhAva kI dhAraNA atyanta prAcIna hai| darzana meM kArya-kAraNa-sambandha vicAra kA pradhAna viSaya rahA hai| bharata Adi AcArya mAlA kI dhAraNA se bhI paricita the| nATyazAstra ke prApta eka pATha meM mAlA nAmaka lakSaNa para vicAra kiyA gayA hai, jisameM abhISTa artha kI siddhi ke lie aneka prayojana kathita hote haiM / 3 aneka kAraNoM ke ekatra sanniveza kI dhAraNA ke prAcIna hone para bhI rudraTa ke kAraNamAlA alaGkArakI rUpagata navInatA yaha hai ki isameM pratyeka pUrvavartI padArtha apane uttaravartI kA kAraNa bana jAtA hai| ataH eka hI vAkya meM jo apane pUrvavartI kA kArya hotA hai, vaha apane uttaravartI kA kAraNa bana jAtA hai| isa prakAra kAraNa-kArya kI zRGkhalA bana jAtI hai| zRGkhalA-rUpa meM kArya-kAraNa-bhAva kI udbhAvanA kA zreya rudraTa ko hai| anyonya jahA~ do abhidheya padArthoM meM hetubhUta kriyA se paraspara viziSTa dharma ko paripuSTa karane vAlA eka kAraka-bhAva (kartA Adi kArakatva) niSpanna hotA hai vahA~ anyonya alaGkAra hotA hai / 4 hetubhUta samAna-kriyA se samAna kArakatva kI dhAraNA dIpaka-dhAraNA se lI gayI hai / yaha rudraTa kI navIna udbhAvanA hai| uttara uttara suna kara jahA~ pUrvavacana kA nizcaya kiyA jAya athavA jahA~ prazna se hI usakA uttara pratIta ho vahA~ uttara nAmaka alaGkAra mAnA gayA hai|5 uttara se prazna tathA prazna se uttara kI pratIti ke AdhAra para prastuta . 1. kAraNamAlA seyaM yatra yayApUrvameti kAraNatAm / arthAnAM pUrvArthAdbhavatIdaM sarvameveti ||-rudrtt, kAtyAlaM0. 7.84 2. draSTavya-bharata nA0 zA0 16, anubandha, 10 3. abhipretArthasiddhyartha kIrtyante yatra sUribhiH / prayojanAnyanekAni sA maaletybhisNjnyitaa|| -vahI, 16 anubandha, zloka saM0 26 4. yatra parasparamekaH kArakabhAvo'bhidheyayoH kriyyaa| ___ saMjAyeta sphAritatattva vizeSastadanyonyam ||-ruudrtt, kAvyAlaM0, 7,61 5. uttaravacanazravaNAdunnayanaM yatra pUrvavacanAnAm / kriyate taduttaraM syAtpraznAdapyuttaraM yatra / / vahI, 7, 63

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ 143 alaGkAra ke do bheda svIkRta haiN| prathama bheda kA svarUpa anumAna se kucha milatAjulatA hai| anumAna kI taraha isameM bhI uttara-vAkya se prazna-vAkya anumita ho jAtA hai| donoM meM bheda kevala itanA hai ki jahA~ anumAna meM hetuhetumadbhAva kI siddhi apekSita hotI hai vahA~ uttara meM kevala prazna kA anumAna hotA hai| isameM kAryakAraNa bhAva kI siddhi nahIM hotii| uttara ke dUsare prakAra meM prazna meM hI uttara kI pratIti vAJchanIya mAnI gayI hai / uttara ke isa bheda kA svarUpa bharata ke pRcchA saMjJaka lakSaNa ke svarUpa se milatA-julatA hai| pRcchA meM prazna hI uttara kA jJApaka hotA hai / ' abhinava gupta ne pRcchA lakSaNa kI paribhASA kI vyAkhyA karate hue likhA hai ki isameM prazna ke uttara kI apekSA nahIM hotI, cUMki prazna hI uttara kI pratIti karA dete haiM / 2 spaSTa hai ki pRcchA lakSaNa ke tattvoM se hI rudraTa ke uttara ke ukta svarUpa kA nirmANa huA hai| sAra sAra alaGkAra meM eka samudAya kI vastuoM meM eka aGga se dUsare aGga kA kramazaH guNotkarSa varNita hotA hai| isameM pratyeka pUrvavartI padArtha se uttaravartI padArtha utkRSTa mAnA jAtA hai| isa prakAra kisI vastu ke uttarottara utkarSazAlI aGgoM kA kramabaddha upasthApana sAra meM apekSita mAnA gayA hai| pratyeka pUrvavartI se adhikAdhika guNavAn vastuoM kI zRGkhalA isameM rahA karatI hai| vastuviniveza kI zRGkhalA kAraNamAlA kI taraha isameM bhI rahatI hai; kintu isakA kAraNamAlA se yaha bheda hai ki isameM pUrvavartI padArtha kA paravartI padArtha se hetuhetumadbhAva-sambandha nahIM rahatA; isameM pUrvavartI tathA paravartI padArthoM meM guNoM ke nyUnAdhikya-mAtra kA vicAra apekSita mAnA gayA hai| prastuta alaGkAra ke svarUpa kI udbhAvanA kA zreya bhI rudraTa ko hI hai| avasara nyUna vastu ke utkarSa-sAdhana ke lie jahA~ udAtta yA sarasa vastu ko usa nyUna vastu ke upalakSaNa ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA jAtA hai, vahA~ avasara 1. yatrAkArodbhavairvAkyarAtmAnamathavA param / __ pRcchannivAbhidhatta 'rthaM sA pRcchetyabhisaMjJitA ||-vhii, 16,34 2. pRcchA.. pRcchannivAbhidhAnam / tannottaramapekSate tasyaiva pratyAyakatvAt / -abhinava, nA0 zA0 a0 bhA0 pR0 361 3. yatra yathAsamudAyAdyathaikadezaM krameNa guNavaditi / nirdhAryate yathAvadhi niratizayaM tadbhavetsAram ||-rudrtt, kAvyAlaM07,96

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144 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa alaGkAra hotA hai / ' bharata ne hIna vastu meM udAttatA ke AdhAna ko oja guNa kahA thA / 2 oja guNa-lakSaNa ke do pATha upalabdha haiM / jisa lakSaNazloka meM hIna vastu meM udAttatA ke AdhAna ko oja kahA gayA hai, use lakSya kara hemacandra ne kahA hai ki jahA~ kavi avagIta. yA hIna vastu meM bhI zabdArtha kI sampadA se udAttatva kI pratiSThA karate haiM vahA~ bharata ke anusAra oja guNa hotA hai / avasara alaGkAra ke prathama bheda kA svarUpa bharata ke oja ke ukta svarUpa se milatA-julatA hai / avasara ke dUsare bheda meM sarasa vAkya ke upalakSaNa banAye jAne para bala diyA gayA hai / bharata ne sarasa tathA divya bhAva yukta vAkya ke prayoga para udAratva guNa meM vicAra kiyA thA / 4 yukti lakSaNa meM utkRSTa vastu ke sAtha artha ke sambandha-sAdhana para bala diyA gayA hai / isase spaSTa hai ki bharata ke oja evaM udAratva guNoM tathA yukti lakSaNa ke tattvoM ke yoga se rudraTa ke avasara alaGkAra kI svarUpa sRSTi huI hai / mIlita jahA~ harSa, krodha, bhaya Adi kA apane samAna cihna vAle nitya yA AgamApAyI padArthoM se tiraskRta honA varNita ho vahA~ mIlita alaGkAra hotA hai / 6 prastuta alaGkAra kA svarUpa sarvathA navIna hai / ekAvalI ekAvalI kA svarUpa bhI navIna hai / kAraNamAlA tathA sAra kI taraha isameM bhI padArthoM kI zRGkhalA kI kalpanA kI gayI hai / isameM pratyeka paravartI padArtha apane pUrvavartI padArtha ke prati vizeSaNa bana jAtA hai / " 1. arthAntaramutkRSTaM sarasaM yadivopalakSaNaM kriyate / arthasya tadabhidhAnaprasaGgato yatra so'vasaraH // - rudraTa, kAvyAlaM0 7,103 2. draSTavya - bharata, nA0 zA0, 16, 106 / 3. avagItasya hInasya vA vastunaH zabdArthasampadA yadudAttatvaM niSiJcanti kavayastadoja:' iti bharataH / - hema0, kAvyAnu0 vyAkhyA, pR0 233 4. draSTavya -- bharata, nA0 zA0 16,110 / 5. draSTavya - vahI, 16,36 / 6. tanmIlitamiti yasminsamAnacihna ena harSa kopAdi / apareNa tiraskriyate nityenAgantukenApi // - rudraTa, kAvyAlaM0 7,106 7. draSTavyava -vahI, 7, 106 /

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [145 aupamya varga ke alaGkAra mata jahAM vaktA lokamata se siddha upameya kA kathana kara svamata se usa upameya ke samAna dharma vAle upamAna kA ullekha karatA ho, vahAM mata nAmaka alaGkAra mAnA gayA hai|' lokamata se bhinna vaktA ke nija-mata kA prakAzana hone se mata kI anvarthA saMjJA hai| spaSTa hai ki isameM vaktA kisI vastu ke sambandha meM anya vyaktiyoM kI mAnyatA kA niSedha karatA hai; kintu apaha nuti kI taraha isameM prastuta kA zabdataH niSedha nahIM kiyA jaataa| isameM varNya viSaya ke sambandha meM anya logoM ke mata ko asvIkAra kara vaktA apane mata kA ullekhamAtra karatA hai| AcArya bharata ne hetu lakSaNa meM kisI vastu ke sambandha meM kahI jAne vAlI bAtoM ko anAdRta kara vaktA ke dvArA kisI asAdhAraNa artha kA sapramANa nirNaya kiyA jAnA vAJchanIya mAnA hai| isa lakSaNa meM upamAnopameya bhAva kI dhAraNA ko milA kara logoM kI upameyokti kA anAdara kara svamata se upamAnokti kI dhAraNA mata alaGkAra ke lakSaNa meM vyakta kI gayI hai| spaSTa hai ki hetu lakSaNa tathA upamA alaGkAra ke tattvoM ke yoga se mata alaGkAra ke svarUpa kI racanA huI hai| uttara uttara alaGkAra ke lakSaNa meM rudraTa ne yaha mAnyatA vyakta kI hai ki jahA~ upameyabhUta vastu ke sambandha meM kucha pUche jAne para vaktA upamAna ke vikhyAta tathA tanmAtraniSTha kArya se use upamAna ke tulya kahe, vahA~ uttara nAmaka alaGkAra hotA hai|3 upamAna ke kArya se upameya ko usake samAna kahe jAne ke kAraNa yaha uttara upamAmUlaka alaGkAra hai| eka artha se tatta lya anya artha ke nirNaya para AcArya bharata ne mithyAdhyavasAya lakSaNa meM bala diyA thaa| uttara meM bhI upamAna ke kArya se tatta lya upameya kA nirNaya hotA 1. tanmatamiti yatroktvA vaktAnyamatena siddhamupameyam / bra yAdathopamAna tathA viziSTaM svamata siddham ||-rudrtt, kAvyAlaM08,69 2. draSTavya-bharata, nA0 zA0 16,14 3. yatra jJAtAdanyatpRSTastattvena vakti tattu lyam / kAryeNAnanyasamAkhyAtena taduttaraM jJeyam // rudraTa, kAvyAlaM. 8,72 4. draSTavya-bharata, nA0 zA0, 16,16 10

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146 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa hai / kisI ke dvArA pUche jAne para nirNaya kiye jAne meM AcArya bharata ne AkhyAna' nAmaka lakSaNa kA sadbhAva svIkAra kiyA hai / ' rudraTa ke upamAmUlaka uttara alaGkAra kI paribhASA meM eka artha se tattalya artha ke nirNaya kA tattva mithyAdhyavasAya lakSaNa se, kisI dvArA pUche jAne para vaktA ke dvArA nirNaya kiye jAne kA tattva AkhyAna lakSaNa se aura upamAnopameya kA tattva upamA alaGkAra se gRhIta hai / pratIpa upameya kI atizayatA ke dyotana ke lie jahA~ upamAna ke sAtha usakI samatA ke lie usakI nindA kI jAtI ho yA usa para anukampA prakaTa kI jAtI ho vahA~ rudraTa ke anusAra pratIpa alaGkAra hotA hai / 2 pratIpa ke isa svarUpa kI kalpanA AcArya daNDI ke upamA alaGkAra ke eka bheda utprekSitopamA ke svarUpa ke AdhAra para kI gayI hai / daNDI ke dvArA pradatta utpra ekSitopamA ke udAharaNa kI vyAkhyA karate hue 'kAvyAdarza' kI 'kusumapratimA' TIkA ke lekhaka nRsiMhadeva zAstrI ne rudraTa ke pratIpa alaGkAra ke udAharaNa se usakA svarUpa-sAmya pratipAdita kiyA hai / 3 spaSTa hai ki daNDI kI upamA dhAraNA ke AdhAra para hI rudraTa ne pratIpa nAmaka navIna alaGkAra kI udbhAvanA kara lI / rudraTa ke paravartI AcAryoM ne pratIpa vyapadeza ko to svIkAra kiyA hai; kintu usake rudraTa - kalpita lakSaNa ko asvIkAra kara navIna lakSaNa kI sRSTi kI hai / ubhayanyAsa rudraTa ke ubhayanyAsa alaGkAra kI prakRti bhAmaha Adi AcAryoM ke 1. draSTavya- bharata, nA0 zA0, 16,21 / 2. yatrAnukampyate samamupamAne nindyate vApi / upameyamatistotuM duravasthamiti pratIpaM syAt // -- rudraTa, kAvyAlaM0 8, 76 3. vayantu -- 'garvamasaMvAhyamimam' ' ityAdisthalavat' 'anyopameyalAbhena varNyasyAnAdarazca tat' ityukteH pratIpa - vizeSacchAyAmapi bra UmaH / -- kAvyAda0 kusumapratimA, pR0 82 / dhyAtavya hai ki 'garvamasaM vAhyamimam rudraTa ke pratIpa alaGkAra kA udAharaNa hai / .... draSTavya -- rudraTa, kAvyAlaM 08,78

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ 147 prativastUpamA alaGkAra se abhinna hai / r rudraTa ne apane 'kAvyAlaGkAra' meM prativastUpamA kA ullekha nahIM kara isa navIna alaGkAra-saMjJA kA ullekha kiyA hai / spaSTataH ubhayanyAsa nAmnA navIna tathA svarUpatayA prAcIna alaGkAra hai / bhrAntimAna rudraTa ne sarvaprathama bhrAntimAna nAmaka svatantra alaGkAra kA ullekha kiyA hai; kintu bhramAtmaka pratIti kI dhAraNA ajJAtapUrva nahIM hai / tattvajJAna ke sAtha dvaM koTika saMzayAtmaka tathA ekakoTika bhramAtmaka pratibhAsa para prAcIna kAla se hI darzana ke kSetra meM vicAra ho rahA thA / bharata ne viparyaya lakSaNa meM sandeha zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai, jisakI vyAkhyA meM abhinavagupta ne kahA hai ki yahA~ sandeha se bharata kA abhiprAya bhrama kA hai / 2 AcArya daNDI ne upamA- cakra ke vivecana-krama meM upamAna se upameya ke sAdRzyAtizayaM ke kAraNa upameya meM upamAna kI bhrAnti ke tattva para mohopamA tathA tattvAkhyAnopamA meM vicAra kiyA hai / 3 mohopamA kA moha ( anya vastu meM anyabuddhi ) bhrama ho hai| tattvAkhyAnopamA meM bhrama kA nivAraNa kiyA jAtA hai / yaha bhramapUrvikA hI hotI hai / upamA ke sAtha bharata ke ukta lakSaNa ke bhramAtmaka jJAna ke tattva ke mizraNa se bhrAntimAna alaGkAra kA svarUpa nirmita hai / pratyanIka pratyanIka meM upameya ko uttama batAne ke lie usa upameya kI vijaya kI icchA se usake virodhI upamAna kI kalpanA kI jAtI hai / 4 upameya upamAna kA yaha virodha vacana - mAtra kA hotA hai, tAttvika nahIM; kyoMki tattvataH, virodha hone para donoM meM aupamya hI sambhava nahIM hogA / pratyanIka rudraTa kI maulika udbhAvanA hai / 1. draSTavya - rudraTa, kAvyAlaM 08, 85 / - tulanIya - bhAmaha, kAvyAlaM0 2,34 2. vicArasyAnyayAbhAvastathA dRSTApadRSTayoH / sandehAtkalpyate yatra savizepo viparyayaH // - bharata nA0 zA 0 16 anubandha, zloka saM0 26 tathA'sandeho'trabhramaH'*** nA0 zA0 a0 bhA0 pR0 308 3. draSTavya - daNDI, kAvyAda0 2,25 tathA 36 4. vaktamupameyamuttamupamAnaM tajjigISayA yatra / tasya virodhItyuktyA kalpyeta pratyanIkaM tat // - rudraTa, kAvyAlaM0 8,62 -

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148 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa pUrva jahA~ upameya aura upamAna; ye donoM tulya karma vAle hoM vahA~ yadi pazcAdbhAvI upameya kA prAgbhAva varNita ho to usameM pUrva nAmaka alaGkAra kA sadbhAva mAnA jAtA hai| pazcAdbhAvI artha ke pUrva-bhAva-varNana meM atizayokti kA tattva spaSTa hai| udbhaTa ke atizayokti-vivecana ke krama meM hama yaha dekha cuke haiM ki unhoMne kArya-kAraNa ke paurvAparya meM atizayokti kI sattA mAnI thii|2 radraTa ne aupamyamUlaka pUrva alaGkAra meM paurvAparya kI dhAraNA vahIM se lI hai / kArya-kAraNa ke sthAna para upamAnopameya kI dhAraNA ko paurvAparya se milA kara pUrva alaGkAra ke prastuta svarUpa kI kalpanA kI gayI hai| samuccaya samuccaya meM aneka upamAna tathA upameya dravya, guNa, kriyA tathA jAti-rUpa eka sAdhAraNa dharma se yukta hote haiN| isameM sAdRzya ke vAcaka 'iva' Adi zabdoM kA prayoga nahIM hotaa| bharata ne dIpaka alaGkAra meM aneka sAkAMkSa padoM kI AkAMkSA kA pUraka eka kriyA, jAti, guNa yA dravya ko mAnA thaa| unake padoccaya lakSaNa meM vyakta padoM ke uccaya kI dhAraNA rudraTa kI upamAnopameya-samuccaya kI kalpanA kA AdhAra banI hogii| isa prakAra padoccaya lakSaNa se samuccaya, upamA se upamAnopameya bhAva aura dIpaka se aneka kA guNa, jAti, triyA tathA dravya rUpa eka artha se sambandha kI dhAraNA lekara aupamya garbha samuccaya alaGkAra kI rUpa-racanA kI gayI hai| sAmya upamAna tathA upameya meM sAdhAraNa rUpa se sthita guNa Adi kI kAryabhUta artha-kriyA se upameya kA upamAna se sAmya-pratipAdana meM rudraTa ke anusAra sAmya alaGkAra hotA hai| sAmya ke eka aura prakAra kI kalpanA kI 1. yatra kavidhAvA~ jAyete yau tyorpuurvsy| abhidhAnaM prAgbhavataH sato'bhidhIyeta tatpUrvam ||-rudrtt, kAvyAlaM0 8,67 2. draSTavya-prastuta grantha, pR0 110 3. so'yaM samuccayaH syAdyatrAneko'rtha eksaamaanyH| anivAdivyAdiH satyupamAnApameyatve ||-rudrtt, kAvyAlaM0 8,103 4. arthakriyayA yasminnupamAnasyati sAmyamupameyam / tatsAmAnyaguNAdikakAraNayA tadbhavet sAmyam ||-vhii, 8,105

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ 146 gayI hai| isake lakSaNa meM rudraTa ne kahA hai ki jahA~ upamAna aura upameya meM sarvAtmanA sAmya kA abhidhAna ho; kintu upameya kA utkarSa siddha karane vAle kucha vaiziSTya kA kavi ullekha karatA ho, vahA~ sAmya kA sadbhAva mAnA jAtA hai|' upameya ke utkarSakAraka vizeSa ke pratipAdana meM vyatireka kI dhAraNA spaSTa hai| isameM utkarSa-pratipAdaka vizeSa ko chor3a anya sabhI dRSTiyoM se prastuta tathA aprastuta ke bIca sAmya-nirUpaNa hone ke kAraNa hI ise sAmya kahA gayA hai| spaSTa hai ki sAmya ke prathama prakAra ke sAtha vyatireka alaGkAra ke tattva ke mizraNa se usake prastuta svarUpa kA nirmANa huA hai| upamA se sAmya kA svabhAva itanA milatA-julatA hai ki isake pRthak astitva kI kalpanA hI anAvazyaka jAna par3atI hai| upamA kI taraha isameM bhI upameya tathA upamAna ke bIca sAdhAraNa guNa, kriyA Adi kI kalpanA kI gayI hai| upamA se isake vyAvartana ke lie yaha kalpanA kara lI gayI hai ki upamAna aura upameya kA arthakriyA se sAmya-pratipAdana sAmya hai| unake bIca sAmAnya rUpa se rahane vAle guNa Adi usa arthakriyA ke kAraNa hote haiN| merI sammati meM upameya aura upamAna ke bIca sAmya-pratipAdana meM cAhe vaha ubhaya-sAdhAraNa guNa Adi se ho yA unake kAryabhUta arthakriyA se-upamA kI hI sattA mAnI jAnI caahie| prAcIna AcAryoM ne upamA ke jisa vyApaka svarUpa kI kalpanA kI thI, usase svatantra sAmya alaGkAra kI kalpanA unake lie Avazyaka nahIM thii| smaraNa smaraNa ko sarvaprathama rudraTa ne hI alaGkAra ke rUpa meM parigaNita kiyA hai; kintu smRti yA smaraNa kI dhAraNA kA udbhAvaka unheM nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| bhAratIya darzana meM prAcIna kAla se hI smRti ke svarUpa kA vivecana ho rahA thaa| smaraNa ke sambandha meM dArzanikoM kI mUla-dhAraNA ko rudraTa ne yathAvat svIkAra kiyA hai| unhoMne yaha mAnA hai ki jahA~ bhAvaka kisI vastu ko dekha kara atIta meM anubhUta usake sadRza kisI anya artha ko smaraNa karatA hai, vahA~ smaraNa alaGkAra hotA hai / 2 dArzanikoM ne bhI sAdRzya ko smaraNa kA 1. sarvAkAraM yasminnubhayorabhidhAtumanyathA sAmyam / ___ upameyotkarSakaraM kurvIta vizeSamanyattat // rudraTa, kAvyAlaM0, 8,107 2. vastuvizeSaM dRSTvA pratipattA smarati yatra tatsadRzam / kAlAntarAnubhUtaM vastvantaramityadaH smaraNam ||-vhii, 8, 106

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150 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa hetu mAnA hai| nATyAcArya bharata ke 'nATyazAstra' meM anekatra smRti zabda kA ullekha huA hai; kintu alaGkAra ke rUpa meM nhiiN| smRti ko saJcArI bhAva ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai / 2 rUdraTa ne kevala sAdRzya para AdhRta smRti ko hI alaGkAra kahA hai| spaSTa hai ki prAcInoM kI smRti-viSayaka mAnyatA ko kAvyAlaGkAra ke kSetra meM avatarita-mAtra karane kA zreya rudraTa ko diyA jA sakatA hai, smaraNa ke svarUpa kI udbhAvanA kA nahIM / atizaya varga ke alaGkAra pUrva ____ atizayamUlaka pUrva alaGkAra ke lakSaNa meM yaha mAnyatA prakaTa kI gayI hai ki jahA~ kAraNa ke pUrva kArya kA prAdurbhAva vivakSita ho vahA~ pUrva alaGkAra hotA hai| kArya-kAraNa ke sAmAnya paurvAparya kA vyatikrama hone se ise atizaya garbha alaGkAra mAnA gayA hai| ise atizayokti alaGkAra kA hI eka rUpa mAnA jAnA cAhie / bhAmaha, daNDI, udbhaTa Adi kI atizayoktiparibhASA meM prastuta alaGkAra ke lakSaNa kA antarbhAva sahaja hai / loka sImA kA ullaGghana hone se yaha atizayokti hI hai| udbhaTa ne kArya-kAraNa ke paurvAparyaviparyaya ko atizayokti kA eka bheda mAnA thA / udbhaTa ke ukta atizayoktibheda se rudraTa kA pUrva abhinna hai| apane pUrvavartI AlaGkArikoM ke atizayoktialaGkAra-lakSaNa ke tattadaGgoM se atizaya mUlaka svatantra saMjJA vAle vibhinna alaGkAroM kI kalpanA kara lene ke kAraNa hI rudraTa ne atizayokti nAmaka prasiddha alaGkAra kA pRthak lakSaNa-nirUpaNa nahIM kiyA hai| pUrvavartI bhAmaha Adi AcAryoM kI atizayokti kI taraha rudraTa ke pUrva kA mUla bhI bharata ke atizaya lakSaNa meM dekhA jA sakatA hai| 1. draSTavya-bharata, nA0 zA0, 16, 124-125 2. draSTavya-vahI. 7.54 3. yatrAtiprabalatayA vivakSyate pUrvameva janyasya / prAdurbhAvaH pazcAjjanakasya tu tadbhavetpUrvam ||-rudrtt, kAvyAlaM0, 6,3 4. kAryakAraNayotra paurvApara viparya yaat|... -udbhaTa, kAvyAlaM0 sAra saM0 2, 25 5. draSTavya-bharata nA0 zA0 16, 13

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ 151 vizeSa ___rUdraTa ke 'kAvyAlaGkAra' meM vizeSa alaGkAra ke tIna prakAra ullikhita haiN| usake eka bheda meM kisI AdheyabhUta vastu ke AdhAra ke vastutaH rahane para bhI usakA ( Adheya kA ) nirAdhAra kI taraha kathana hotA hai / ' vizeSa kA dUsarA bheda vahA~ pAyA jAtA hai, jahA~ aneka AdhAra meM eka vastu kA ekakAlAvacchedena sadbhAva pratipAdita hotA hai| usakA tIsarA prakAra vaha hai, jisameM kartA koI anya kArya karatA huA usI kArya-kAla meM koI anya azakya kArya kara detA hai|3 rudraTa ke vizeSa alaGkAra kA svarUpa sarvathA navIna hai| tadguNa ___jahAM samAna guNa vAle aise padArthoM ke, jinake yoga hone para pRthak-pRthak rUpa lakSya ho sake, paraspara sambandha hone para unameM bheda ke lakSita nahIM hone kA varNana hotA hai, vahA~ rudraTa ke anusAra tadguNa nAmaka alaGkAra hotA hai|4 isake eka aura bheda kI kalpanA kI gayI hai, jisake svarUpa ke sambandha meM yaha mAnyatA vyakta kI gayI hai ki isameM anya vastu ke saMsarga meM Ane para kisI vastu kA usI ke guNa ko grahaNa kara lenA varNita hotA hai|5 tadguNa ke prathama bheda kA svarUpa, jisameM kisI vastu ke rUpa ke lakSya hone para bhI anya vastu ke saMsarga ke kAraNa alakSya ke rUpa meM varNana hotA hai, udbhaTa kI atizayokti ke 'bhede nAnyatva' ( bheda meM abheda ) bheda se milatA-julatA hai|6 saMsarga hone para eka vastu ke dvArA anya vastu ke guNa-grahaNa kI dhAraNA navIna hai| 1. kiJcidavazyAdheyaM yasminnabhidhIyate nirAdhAram / tAdRgupalabhyamAnaM vijJeyo'sau vizeSa iti-rudraTa, kAvyAlaM0, 6,5 2. yatra kamanekasminnAdhAre vastu vidymaantyaa| yugapadabhidhIyate'sAvatrAnyaH syAdvizeSa iti // vahI, 6, 7 3. yatrAnyatkurvANo yugapatkAryAntaraM ca kurvIta / kartumazakyaM kartA vijJeyo'sau vizeSo'nyaH ||-vhii, 6, 6 4. yasminnekaguNAnAmarthAnAM yogalakSyarUpANAm / saMsaga nAnAtvaM na lakSyate tadguNaH sa iti |-vhii, 6,22 5. asamAnaguNaM yasminnatibahalaguNena vastunA vastu / ____ saMsRSTaM tadguNatAM dhatta''nyastadguNaH sa iti // vahI, 6,24 6. draSTavya-udbhaTa, kAvyAlaM0 sArasaM0, 2,24

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152 ] adhika adhika alaGkAra ke do prakAra kI kalpanA rudraTa ne kI hai / jahA~ eka kAraNa se paraspara viruddha svabhAva vAle athavA viruddha kriyA vAle do padArthoM kA prAdurbhAva varNita ho, vahA~ adhika nAmaka alaGkAra kA sadbhAva mAnA gayA hai / ' prastuta alaGkAra ke prakArAntara kI kalpanA karate hue rudraTa ne kahA hai ki jahA~ mahAna AdhAra meM bhI svalpa Adheya kA nahIM samA pAnA varNita ho, vahA~ bhI adhika alaGkAra hotA hai / prastuta alaGkAra ke svarUpa kI udbhAvanA kA zra eya rudraTa ko hai / alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa viSama viSama alaGkAra ke svarUpa kI kalpanA bhI navIna hai / isake lakSaNa meM yaha kahA gayA hai ki jahA~ kArya aura kAraNa ke guNoM meM athavA kriyAoM meM paraspara virodha ho, vahA~ viSama alaGkAra hotA hai / asaGgati asaGgati kI dhAraNA bhI rudraTa kI maulika udbhAvanA hai / viSama se asaGgati kA bheda kevala yaha hai ki viSama meM kArya aura kAraNa ke guNa evaM kriyA kA virodha - pratipAdana hotA hai; para asaGgati meM eka hI samaya kArya aura kAraNa ke bhinnAdhikaraNatva kA varNana hotA hai / 4 niyamataH jahA~ kAraNa ho, vahIM usakA kArya bhI honA cAhie / asaGgati meM eka kAla meM hI kAraNa ke ekatra tathA kArya ke aparatra sadbhAva ke varNana se jo camatkAra utpanna hotA hai, usI meM alaGkAratva mAnA gayA hai / 1. yatrAnyonyaviruddha virudvabalavatkrayAprasiddha vA / vastu kasmAjjAyata iti tadbhavedadhikam // - rudraTa, kAvyAlaM0, 6, 26 2. yatrAdhAre sumahatyAdheyamavasthitaM tanIyo'pi / atiricyeta kathaJcittadadhikamaparaM parijJeyam - vahI, 6, 28 3. kAryasya kAraNasya ca yatra virodhaH parasparaM guNayoH / tadvatkriyayorathavA saMjAyeteti tadviSamam // - vahI, 6, 45 4. vispaSTe samakAlaM kAraNamanyatra kAryamanyatra / yasyAmupalabhyete vijJeyAsaMgatiH seyam // - vahI, 6, 48 -11

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ 153 pihita vAstava varga ke mIlita alaGkAra kI taraha atizaya-garbha pihita alaGkAra meM bhI eka guNa apane Azraya meM rahane vAle anya artha ko AcchAdita kara letA hai| kintu, donoM meM svabhAvagata bheda yaha hai ki jahA~ mIlita meM samAna cihna vAle arthAntara se harSa, kopa Adi tiraskRta hotA hai, vahA~ pihita meM kisI vastu kA tiraskAra yA pidhAna asamAna guNa vAle padArthAntara se hotA hai| spaSTa hai ki mIlita kI taraha prastuta alaGkAra kI udbhAvanA kA zreya bhI rudraTa ko hI hai| vyAghAta jahA~ kAryotpAdana ke avarodhaka kisI tattva ke nahIM rahane para bhI kAraNa kArya ko utpanna nahIM karatA huA citrita ho, vahA~ vyAghAta alaGkAra mAnA gayA hai / ' udbhaTa ke vizeSokti alaGkAra ke svarUpa se prastuta alaGkAra kA svarUpa abhinna hai| unhoMne kAraNa kI samagra upasthiti meM kArya kI anutpatti ko vizeSokti kahA hai| kahIM kAryAnusatti kA hetu kathita tayA kahIM akathita ho sakatA hai / 2 rudraTa kA vyAghAta udbhara kI vizeSokti ke akathitanimittA bheda se abhinna hai| ahetu ___ jahA~ vikAra ke balavAna hetu ke rahane para bhI kisI vastu meM sthairya ke kAraNa vikAra kA utpanna nahIM honA varNita ho, vahA~ ahetu nAmaka alaGkAra mAnA gayA hai| udbhaTa ke vizeSokti-lakSaga ke vyApaka pariveza meM rudraTa 1. anyairapratihatamapi kAraNamutsAdanaM na kAryasya yasminnabhidhIyeta vyAghAtaH sa iti vijJeyaH ||-vhii, 6,52 yatsAmagra ye'pi zaktInAM phalAnutpattibandhanam / vizeSasyAbhidhitsAtastadvizeSoktiriSyate // dazitena nimitta na nimAttAdarzanena ca / tasyA bandho dvidhA lakSye dRzyate llitaatmkH| -udbhaTa, kAvyAlaM0 sAra saM0, 5,5 3. balavati vikArahetau satyapi naivopagacchati vikAram / yasminnarthaH sthairyAnmantanyo'sAvaheturiti |-rudrtt, kAvyAlaM0, 6,54

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154 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa ke prastuta alaGkAra kA bhI samAveza sambhava hai / ahetu meM bhI vyAghAta kI hI taraha mUlataH hetu ke sadbhAva meM kArya kA abhAva vAJchanIya mAnA gayA hai / rudraTa ne prAcIna AcAryoM ke vizeSokti alaGkAra ko nAmnA svIkAra nahIM kiyA hai; kintu ve usa prasiddha alaGkAra ke svarUpa kI upekSA nahIM kara sake / usI alaGkAra ke svarUpa ke AdhAra para rudraTa ne vyAghAta tathA ahetu alaGkAroM kI kalpanA kara lI hai / atizaya varga ke alaGkAroM ke svarUpa kI samIkSA se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki rudraTa ne isa varga ke aneka alaGkAroM ke svarUpa kI kalpanA svatantra rUpa se kI hai / vizeSa, adhika, viSama, asaGgati, pihita Adi alaGkAroM kI udbhAvanA isakA pramANa hai / AcArya rudraTa ke 'kAvyAlaGkAra' meM vivecita navIna abhidhAna vAle ukta alaGkAroM ke srota -sandhAna ke uparAnta hama unake una alaGkAroM ke udgama para vicAra kareMge, jinake nAma to prAcIna AcAryoM se gRhIta haiM; kintu unake sAmAnya svarUpa kI athavA vizeSa bheda kI kalpanA svatantra rUpa se kI gayI hai / rudraTa ne prAcIna AcAryoM ke jina alaGkAroM ke nAma svIkAra kiye haiM, unameM se adhikAMza ke svarUpa bhI pUrvAcArya-sammata hI haiM / udAharaNArtha - vAstava varga jAti yA svabhAvokti, yathAsaMkhya, dIpaka, leza aura hetu; aupamya varga ke upamA rUpaka, apahanuti, samAsokti, anyokti yA aprastutaprazaMsA tathA dRSTAnta; atizaya varga ke utpra ekSA aura virodha, evaM zleSa varga ke zleSa alaGkAroM ke svarUpa kI dhAraNA pUrvavartI AcAryoM kI tattadalaGkAra-dhAraNA se abhinna hai / anuprAsa evaM yamaka alaGkAroM ke sambandha meM bhI koI navIna mAnyatA nahIM prakaTa kI gayI hai / rudraTa kI jAti kA svarUpa bhAmaha Adi AcAryoM kI svabhAvokti ke svarUpa se abhinna hai / yathAsaMkhya aura dIpaka alaGkAroM ke lakSaNa-nirUpaNa meM bhI rudraTa bhAmaha Adi AcAryoM kI tadviSayaka dhAraNA se prabhAvita haiM / unhoMne leza ke sambandha meM daNDI kI dhAraNA ko svIkAra nahIM kiyA hai / daNDI ne usa alaGkAra ke sambandha meM anya AcAryoM kI jisa mAnyatA kI ora saGka eta kiyA thA usake anusAra leza kI sattA vyAjastuti se pRthak nahIM raha jAtI / rudraTa ne usI mata ke anusAra doSa ke guNIbhAva tathA guNa ke doSIbhAva ko leza kahA hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki rudraTa ko vyAjastuti kI pRthak sattA kI kalpanA Avazyaka nahIM jAna par3I hogI / unake hetu alaGkAra kA svarUpa daNDI ke hetu se milatA-julatA hI hai / donoM meM

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ 155. thor3A bheda yaha hai ki jahA~ daNDI kArya-kAraNa ke eka sAtha varNana ko hetu meM apekSita mAnate the, vahA~ rudraTa ne isameM kArya-kAraNa kA aikya apekSita mAnA hai| bhAmaha ne hetu ke alaGkAratva kA khaNDana kiyA thaa| daNDI ne use vANI ke uttama AbhUSaNoM meM eka maanaa| unake uttaravartI AcArya udbhaTa ne usakA nAmollekha nahIM kiyA hai| ve sambhavataH use kAvyaliGga yA kAvyahetu se abhinna mAnate the| vAmana ke kAvyAlaGkAra meM bhI vaha sthAna nahIM pA skaa| rudraTa ne AcArya daNDI ke hetu kA vivecana to kiyA hai; kintu use vANI kA uttama alaGkAra nahIM kahA hai| hA~, unhoMne ise anya alaGkAroM se vilakSaNa avazya kahA hai|' hetu kI anya alaGkAroM se vilakSaNatA se rudraTa kA kyA abhiprAya thA, yaha vicAraNIya hai| rUdraTa ke pUrva hetu, sUkSma aura leza ke alaGkAratva ke sambandha meM do mata the| kucha AcArya yA to unameM saundarya kA abhAva mAna kara unakA alaGkAratva asvIkAra karate the yA unakA anya alaGkAra meM antarbhAva mAna kara unake svatantra astitva kA niSedha karate the| rudraTa ne una matoM ke khaNDana ke lie hetu ko alaGkAra kahA aura anya alaGkAroM meM usake antarbhAva kI sambhAvanA ke khaNDana ke lie use anya alaGkAroM se svatantra kahA / namisAdhu kI yahI mAnyatA hai / 2 __aupamya-varga ke upamA, rUpaka, apaha nuti, samAsokti, anyokti yA aprastutaprazaMsA tathA dRSTAnta alaGkAroM ke sambandha meM rudraTa kI dhAraNA pUrvavartI AcAryoM kI dhAraNA se abhinna hai| atizaya-varga kI utprekSA kA svarUpa bhI prAcIna AcAryoM kI utprekSA se milatA-julatA hI hai| zleSavarga ke zleSa arthAlaGkAra kI svarUpa-kalpanA meM rudraTa para bhAmaha Adi AcAryoM kI zleSa-dhAraNA kA prabhAva spaSTa hai| prAcIna vyapadeza vAle kucha alaGkAroM ke viSaya meM rudraTa kI mAnyatA kucha maulika hai| unameM se kucha alaGkAroM kI prakRti kiJcit navIna hai; kucha kA sAmAnya svarUpa to prAcIna AcAryoM ke matAnusAra kalpita hai; kintu unake navIna bhedoM kI kalpanA kI gayI hai| kucha 1. hetumatA saha hetorbhidhaanmbhedkRdbhvedytr| so'laGkAro hetuH syAdanyebhyaH pRthagbhUtaH ||-rudrtt. kAvyAlaM0 7,82 2. anyebhyo alaGkArebhyaH pRthagbhUto vilakSaNaH / atra vAlaGkAragrahaNamanyebhyaH pRthagbhUta iti ca paramatanirAsArtham / tathA hi nAma hetusUkSmalezAnAmalaGkAratvaM neSTam / eSAM cAlaGkAratvaM vidyte| vAkyArthAlaGkaraNAnna cAnyatrAntarbhAvaH zakyate kartu miti-vahI, TIkA pR0 231

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156 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa alaGkAroM ke ekAdhika svarUpa kalpita haiM, jinameM se koI rUpa prAcIna alaGkAroM ke mela meM hai aura koI svatantra / ina dRSTiyoM se rudraTa ke prAcIna nAma, para navIna rUpa vAle alaGkAroM ko nimnalikhita vargoM meM vibhAjita kiyA jA sakatA hai(ka) nAma prAcIna; kintu svabhAva kiJcit navIna-vAstava-varga ke parivRtti evaM sUkSma; aupamya-varga ke sahokti aura AkSepa / (kha) sAmAnya svarUpa prAcIna; kintu bheda navIna-zabdagata zleSa, aupamya mUlaka saMzaya evaM arthAntaranyAsa / (ga) ekAdhika svarUpa vAle alaGkAra, jinameM kucha svarUpa prAcIna aura kucha navIna-atizaya-varga kI vibhAvanA, vAstava-varga ke sahokti aura vyatireka tathA aupamya-varga kI utprekssaa| uparilikhita alaGkAroM ke navIna svarUpoM athavA navIna bhedoM kI kalpanA ke mUla kA anusandhAna vAJchanIya hai| parivRtti ___rudraTa ne parivRtti-viSayaka mUla dhAraNA ko prAcIna AcAryoM se lekara bhI kucha navIna rUpa pradAna kiyA hai| unhoMne udbhaTa kI taraha vastuoM ke * pArasparika AdAna-pradAna meM pravRtti alaGkAra kA sadbhAva mAnA hai / vastuoM ke tAttvika dAna-grahaNa ke abhAva meM bhI prasiddhi ke kAraNa usake upacAra meM parivRtti kI sattA svIkAra karane meM rudraTa ke vicAra kI navInatA hai|' vastu kI vAstavika sthiti ke nahIM hone para bhI usakA upacAra se prayoga huA karatA hai| hRdaya kI kalI kA vikasita honA Adi prayoga upacAra se hI huA karatA hai| upacAra para zabdazakti ke sandarbha meM vicAra hotA hai| upacAra kI kalpanA navIna nhiiN| rudraTa ne tAttvika AdAna-pradAna ke sAtha hI usake aupacArika prayoga meM bhI parivRtti kA sadbhAva svIkAra kara liyaa| sUkSma ___ rudraTa ke pUrva kevala daNDI ne sUkSma alaGkAra kA lakSaNa-nirUpaNa kiyA thaa| bhAmaha usake alaGkAratva kA niSedha kara cuke the| udbhaTa ne sambhavataH 1. yugapaddAnAdAne anyonyaM vastunoH kriyete yat / kvacidupacaryete vA prasiddhitaH seti parivRttiH ||-rudrtt, kAvyAlaM0 7,77

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ 157 usa vivAda meM par3anA ucita nahIM smjhaa| ataH, unhoMne sUkSma kA ullekha kAvyAlaGkAra se nahIM kiyaa| rudraTa ne daNDI kI sUkSma-paribhASA ko asvIkAra kara kucha svatantra rUpa se use paribhASita kiyA hai| daNDI ne jahA~ sUkSma meM AkRti yA saGkata se artha kA lakSita honA vAJchanIya mAnA thA, vahA~ rudraTa ne zabda se usake apane artha se sambaddha anya artha kA--yuktiyukta artha kA-lakSita honA apekSita mAnA hai|' rudraTa kA sUkSma lakSaNa ApAtataH daNDI ke lakSaNa se bhinna hai; kintu donoM kI sUkSma alaGkAra-dhAraNA meM yaha samAnatA hai ki isameM abhipreta artha kA lakSita honA donoM ko iSTa hai| daNDI abhISTa artha kA dyotaka iGgita yA AkRti ko mAnate haiM, rudraTa zabda ko| sahokti aupamya-varga kI sahokti ke do svarUpoM kA vivecana rudraTa ke 'kAvyAlaGkAra' meM huA hai| usake eka lakSaNa meM yaha mAnyatA vyakta kI gayI hai ki jahA~ atizaya adhika kriyA vAle aprastuta ke sAtha prastuta ko samAna kriyA vAlA kahA jAtA ho vahA~ sahokti alaGkAra hotA hai| usake dUsare prakAra kA pratipAdana karate hue rudraTa ne kahA hai ki jahA~ eka kartA vAlI kriyA aneka karmoM meM Azrita ho aura vahA~ upameyabhUta karma apara karma arthAt upamAna ke sAtha kathita ho, vahA~ bhI sahokti alaGkAra kA sadbhAva mAnA jAtA hai| sahokti meM upamAnopameya bhAva kI kalpanA meM rudraTa kI navInatA hai| bhAmaha tathA udbhaTa ne do vastuoM meM Azrita do kriyAoM kA eka pada se kathana hone meM sahokti kI sattA mAnI thii|4 daNDI ne usake lie guNa aura karma kA sahabhAva se kathana vAJchanIya maanaa|" vAmana ne samakAla do vastuoM kI do kriyAoM kA eka pada se kathana hone meM hI sahokti svIkAra kii| isa prakAra unakI sahokti-dhAraNA bhAmaha tathA udbhaTa se bahuta bhinna nahIM 1. yatrAyuktimadartho gamayati zabdo nijArthasambaddham / arthAntaramupapattimaditi tatsaJjAyate sUkSmam ||-rudrtt, kAvyAlaM07,68 2. sA hi sahoktiryasyAM prasiddhadUrAdhikakriyo yo'rthaH / ___ tasya samAnakriya iti kathyetAnyaH samaM tena ||-vhii, 8,66 3. yatra kakartRkA syAdanekakarmAzritA kriyA tatra / kathyetAparasahitaM karmaka seyamanyA syAt / / vahI, 8,101 4. draSTavya-bhAmaha, kAvyAlaM0 3,36 tathA udbhaTa kAvyAlaM0 5,26 5. draSTavya-daNDI, kAvyAda0 2,351 6. draSTavya-vAmana, kAvyAlaM0 4,3,28

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158 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa thii| vAmana meM sabhI alaGkAroM ko upamA-prapaJca siddha karane kA Agraha thA; ataH vAmana ke samaya hI sahokti meM upamA-dhAraNA mila gyii| rudraTa ne do padArthoM ke eka sAtha kathana kI sahokti kI mUla dhAraNA meM upamAnopameya-bhAva kI dhAraNA ko milA kara sahokti ke ukta do, rUpoM kI kalpanA kara lI hai| AkSepa ___ rudraTa ke anusAra aupamyamUlaka AkSepa alaGkAra meM vaktA kisI vastu ke loka-prasiddha hone athavA loka-viruddha hone ke kAraNa vacana kA AkSepa kara usake svarUpa kI siddhi ke lie anya vastu arthAt upamAnabhUta vastu kA kathana karatA hai|' bhAmaha, daNDI tathA udbhaTa ne AkSepa meM pratiSedhokti mAtra ko paryApta mAnA thaa| vAmana ne usameM upamAnopameya bhAva ko milA kara upamAna ke AkSepa arthAt pratiSedha meM AkSepa kA sadbhAva mAnA thaa| unake sUtra kA yaha artha bhI sambhava hai ki jahA~ upamAna kA AkSepa se jJAna ho, vahA~ AkSepa alaGkAra hotA hai| isa prakAra upameya se upamAna ke gamya hone meM bhI ve AkSepa mAnate the|2 rudraTa ke AkSepa alaGkAra meM AkSepa kA tattva bhAmaha Adi ke AkSepa-lakSaNa ke AdhAra para hI kalpita hai| vAmana kI dhAraNA ke anusAra unhoMne upamAnopameya ke tattva ko bhI AkSepa meM milaayaa| unakI AkSepa-paribhASA meM kiJcit navInatA loka-prasiddhi athavA lokavirodha ko vacana ke AkSepa aura anya vastu ke kathana ke hetu ke rUpa meM kalpita karane meM hI hai| zabdazleSa ___ rudraTa ne sarvaprathama zabdagata evaM arthagata zleSa kA pRthak-pRthak vivecana kiyA hai| daNDI ke zleSa-lakSaNa meM usake zAbda evaM Artha bhedoM kI sambhAvanA -spaSTa thI; kintu unhoMne donoM kA alaga-alaga vivecana nahIM kiyA thaa| 3 1. vastu prasiddhamiti yadviruddhamiti vAsya vcnmaakssipy| anyattathAtvasiddha ya yatra bra yAtsa AkSepaH ||-rudrtt, kAvyAlaM0 8,89 2. upamAnAkSepazcAkSepaH / upamAnasyAkSepaH pratiSedhaH upamAnAkSepaH / ...... upamAnasyAkSepataH pratipattirityapi sUtrArthaH / -vAmana, kAvyAlaM. 4,3,27 tathA usakI vRtti / 3. daNDI ne abhinnapada tathA bhinnapada zleSa-bhedoM kA nirUpaNa kiyA hai| kucha AcArya isI AdhAra para zabdagata zleSa tathA arthagata zleSa kA vibhAjana karate haiN|

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ 156 rudraTa ne zabdagatazleSa kA ullekha zabdAlaGkAroM kI zreNI meM kiyA tathA arthagata zleSa kI gaNanA zleSa-varga ke alaGkAroM meM kii| rudraTa kI zabda-zleSadhAraNA daNDI Adi kI zleSa-dhAraNA se mUlataH abhinna hai; kintu unhoMne usake kucha navIna bhedoM kI kalpanA kara lI hai| unake anusAra zabda-zleSa ke ATha bheda haiM-varNa-zleSa, pada-zleSa, liGga-zleSa, bhASA-zleSa, prakRti-zleSa, pratyaya-zleSa, vibhakti-zleSa tathA vcn-shless| kahane kI AvazyakatA nahIM ki zabda ke tattadbhedoM ke AdhAra para zleSa ke ukta bhedoM kI kalpanA kI gayI hai| pUrvavartI AcAryoM ke sAmAnya zleSa-lakSaNa meM bhI ukta bhedoM kI sambhAvanA thI hI / ukta bhedoM kI kalpanA rudraTa ko vicAragata navInatA ke zreya kA adhikArI siddha karane ke lie paryApta nahIM hai| saMzaya pUrvavartI AcAryoM kI taraha rudraTa ne bhI kisI vastu meM draSTA ke dvakoTika saMzayAtmaka jJAna ko prastuta alaGkAra kA AdhAra svIkAra kiyA hai| yaha saMzaya vastuoM ke sadRzyAtizaya ke kAraNa huA karatA hai| rudraTa ne saMzaya alaGkAra ke tIna bhedoM kA vivecana kiyA hai| saMzaya ke sAmAnya lakSaNa meM kahA gayA hai ki jahA~ pratipattA ko eka upameya meM sAdRzya ke kAraNa aneka viSaya kA sandeha ho usa anizcayAnta jJAna meM saMzaya nAmaka alaGkAra hotA hai|' saMzaya ke anizcayAnta rUpa ke atirikta nizcayagarbha evaM nizcayAnta bheda bhI hote haiN| jahAM upameya yA upamAna meM vastutaH nahIM rahane vAlI vastu kA sadbhAva kahA jAya athavA isake viparIta vahA~ rahane vAlI vastu kI sambhAvanA kA niSedha kiyA jAya, vahA~ nizcayagarbha aura jahA~ antataH nizcaya kA kathana ho vahA~ nizcayAnta saMzaya hotA hai / 2 saMzaya kA eka prakAra vaha mAnA gayA hai, jisameM upameya-upamAna rUpa aneka viSayoM meM kartA Adi kArakatva kA sandeha hotA hai| upameya aura upamAna ke bIca atizaya sAdRzya ke kAraNa isameM yaha nirNaya karanA kaThina ho jAtA hai ki vizeSa kriyA kA kAraka upameya hai yA upamAna / yaha bhI ho sakatA hai ki kriyA ke eka kAraka ke jJAna ke lie prastuta aura aprastuta meM se eka ke tAttvika tathA dUsare ke atAttvika hone kA 1. vastuni yatra kasminnanekaviSayastu bhavati sNdehH| __ pratipatta : sAdRzyAdanizcayaH saMzayaH sa iti ||-rudrtt, kAvyAlaM0 8,59 2. vahI, 8, 61

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160 ] alaGkAra - dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa sandeha ho / ' upamAna aura upameya ke bIca saMzaya kI dhAraNA bhAmaha Adi pUrvavartI AcAryoM kI sasandeha dhAraNA se abhinna hai / sandeha kI mUla dhAraNA meM koTika anizcayAtmaka jJAna kI dhAraNA antarnihita thI / ataH, rudraTa ke anizcayAnta saMzaya ke sAmAnya lakSaNa ko bhAmaha Adi ke sasandeha lakSaNa para hI AdhRta mAnA jAnA cAhie / daNDI ne ise hI saMzayopamA kahA thA / rudraTa ke nizcayAnta saMzaya kI svarUpa - kalpanA kA AdhAra AcArya daNDI ke nirNayopamA alaGkAra kA lakSaNa hai, jisameM vastuoM ke bIca sandeha ke uparAnta tattva-nirNaya ho jAtA hai / 2, 'agnipurANa' meM nirNayopamA ko nizcayopamA kahA gayA hai / purANakAra ke anusAra isameM (upameya meM ) saMzaya ke bAda nizcaya kA pratipAdana hotA hai / 3 spaSTa hai ki nirNayopamA aura nizcayopamA tattvataH: abhinna haiN| usake svarUpa se rudraTa ke nizcayAnta saMzaya kA svarUpa bhinna nahIM / pUrvAcAryoM ke sandeha kI isa sAmAnya dhAraNA ke AdhAra para rudraTa ne nizcayagarbha tathA kriyA ke kArakaviSayatva saMzaya; ina navIna bhedoM kI kalpanA kara lI hai / nizcayagarbha anizcayAnta tathA nizcayAnta ke madhya kI sthiti hai / spaSTa hai ki daNDI ke saMzayopamA evaM nirNayopamA ke svabhAva ko dRSTi meM rakha kara rudraTa ne isa madhyavartinI prakRti kI kalpanA kara lI hogI / kriyA ke kArakatva ke saMzaya kI kalpanA kI sambhAvanA bhI bhAmaha Adi ke sasandeha kI sAmAnya paribhASA meM hI nihita thI / arthAntaranyAsa bhAmaha, daNDI Adi AcAryoM kI arthAntaranyAsa - viSayaka mAnyatA se rudraTa kI tadviSayaka mAnyatA milatI-julatI hI hai / rudraTa bhI ukta AcAryoM kI taraha isameM upameyabhUta kisI vastu kA abhidhAna kara usake dharma ke dRr3hIkaraNa ke lie. usake samarthaka kisI upamAnabhUta arthAntara kA nyAsa apekSita mAnate haiM / unake matAnusAra arthAntaranyAsa ke cAra bheda haiM-- (ka) jahA~ vizeSa upameya kA 1. rudraTa, kAvyAlaM0 8, 65 2. draSTavya - daNDI, kAvyAdarza 2, 27 3. draSTavya - agnipurANa, adhyAya 344 4. dharmiNamartha vizeSaM sAmAnyaM vAbhidhAya tatsiddhyaM / yatra sadharmikamitaraM nyasyetso'rthAntaranyAsaH // - rudraTa, kAvyAlaM 0 8,76

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [161 abhidhAna tathA usakA sAmAnya upamAna se sAdharmya ke dvArA samarthana ho, (kha) jahA~ sAmAnya upameya kA abhivAna kara vizeSa upamAna se sAdharmya ke dvArA usakA dRDhIkaraNa hotA ho, (ga) jahA~ vizeSa upameya kA abhidhAna evaM sAmAnya upamAna se vaidharmya ke dvArA usakA samarthana kiyA jAya aura (gha) jahA~ sAmAnya upameya kA vizeSa upamAna se vaidharmya ke dvArA dRDhIkaraNa ho| sAmAnya evaM vizeSa prastuta ke kramazaH vizeSa evaM sAmAnya aprastuta se samarthana kI dhAraNA daNDI se lI gayI hai| ukta do bhedoM ke sAdharmya tathA vaidharmya ke AdhAra para cAra bheda kara liye gaye haiN| rudraTa ke pUrvavartI daNDI Adi AcAryoM ke sAmAnya arthAntaranyAsa-lakSaNa meM ina bhedoM kI kalpanA kA bIja nihita thaa| vibhAvanA rudraTa ke atizaya-varga-gata vibhAvanA alaGkAra kI sAmAnya prakRti pUrvavartI AcAryoM kI vibhAvanA se abhinna hai| hetu ke abhAva meM kArya ke AvirbhAva ko mUlataH vibhAvanA kA vidhAyaka svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| abhAva zabda meM nA ke vibhinna arthoM ke AdhAra para vibhAvanA ke aneka bhedoM kI kalpanA sambhava hai| nA se abhAva ke sAtha alpabhAva Adi artha kA bhI bodha hotA hai| ataH kAraNa kI alpatA Adi se bhI pUrNa phala kI utpatti meM vibhAvanA kI kalpanA kI jA sakatI hai| rudraTa ne prastuta alaGkAra ke tIna rUpoM kI kalpanA kI hai(ka) jisa kAraNa se kisI vastu kI utpatti hotI hai usa kAraNa ke abhAva meM bhI kAraNAntara se usakA sadbhAva vaNita honaa| (kha) kisI vastu ke vikAra ke hetu ke abhAva meM bhI usameM vikAra kA varNana kiyA jaanaa| (ga) kisI vastu ke loka-prasiddha dharma kA usase bhinna vastu meM bhI sadbhAva dikhAyA jaanaa| vibhAvanA ke prathama do svarUpoM meM tAttvika bheda nahIM hai| prathama bheda kI taraha dvitIya meM bhI (vikAra ke) kAraNa ke abhAva meM (vikAra rUpa) kArya kI utpatti dikhAyI jAtI hai| vibhAvanA ke ukta do rUpoM kI kalpanA rudraTa ne apane pUrvavartI AcAryoM ke vibhAvanA-lakSaNa ke AdhAra para kI hai| bhAmaha 1. draSTavya-vahI 6,16-20

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162 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa ne kriyA ke pratiSedha meM bhI phalotpatti ko vibhAvanA kA lakSaNa mAnA thaa| daNDI ne prasiddha hetu kI vyAvRtti meM phalotpatti ko vibhAvanA khaa| unakI dhAraNA bhAmaha se tattvataH abhinna thI; kintu unhoMne bhAmaha ke kAraNa-pratiSedha ke sthAna para kAraNa kI vyAvRtti ( svAbhAvika kAraNa ko chor3a anya kAraNa se kAryotpatti ) zabda kA prayoga kiyaa| rudraTa ne kAraNa ke abhAva meM kAraNAntara se kAryotpatti ko hI vibhAvanA kA sAmAnya lakSaNa svIkAra kiyA hai| rudraTa kI vibhAvanA kA tRtIya svarUpa kiJcit navIna hai| isa vibhAvanA-bheda kI kalpanA kI sambhAvanA bhI daNDI kI bibhAvanA-paribhASA meM hI nihita thii| rudraTa ne ukta vibhAvanA-prakAra ke udAharaNa meM lakSmI meM Asava kA dharma dikhAte hue kahA hai ki "lakSmI Asava nahIM hai, phira bhI vaha logoM ko A~kheM banda karAye binA andhA banA detI hai|"1 isameM bhI tattvataH andhatva ke prasiddha hetu ke sthAna para hetvantara kI kalpanA kI gayI hai| spaSTa hai ki kisI kArya ke prasiddha kAraNa ke abhAva meM usake anya kAraNa kI kalpanA ko jo daNDI ne vibhAvanA meM vAJchanIya batAyA thA, usIkA avalamba lekara rudraTa ne anya vastu-dharma ke anyatra sadbhAva-varNana meM vibhAvanA ke eka prakAra kI kalpanA kara lii| daNDI ne samAdhi guNa meM anya vastu-dharma kA anyatra AdhAna vAJchanIya mAnA hai| vibhAvanA ke tRtIya bheda kI kalpanA meM ukta samAdhi-dhAraNA kA bhI yoga jAna par3atA hai| sahokti vAstava-vargagata sahokti alaGkAra ke tIna svarUpoM kA vivecana rudraTa ne kiyA hai| bhAmaha, daNDI Adi pUrvavartI AcAryoM kI sahokti-viSayaka mAnyatA se rudraTa kI tadviSayaka mAnyatA isa dRSTi se abhinna mAnI jA sakatI hai ki ve bhI bhAmaha daNDI Adi kI taraha do vastuoM ke dharma kA saha-kathana sahokti meM Avazyaka mAnate haiN| ubhayaniSTha dharmoM kI eka sAtha ukti ke kAraNa isa alaGkAra kI saMjJA anvarthA hai| bhAmaha ne kevala kriyA sahokti kA ullekha kiyA thA; kintu daNDI ne guNa, kriyA, dravya Adi kI saha-ukti kI kalpanA kara usake aneka bheda svIkAra kiye| rudraTa kI sahokti-dhAraNA para ukta AcAryoM kI mAnyatA kA prabhUta prabhAva par3A hai| rudraTa ke 'kAvyAlaGkAra' meM vivecita sahokti ke tIna lakSaNa nimnalikhita haiM : (1) koI katR bhUta yA pradhAna artha jisa guNa se yukta ho, usI guNa se 1. rudraTa-kAvyAlaGkAra, 6,21

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ 163. jahA~ vaha dUsare artha ko bhI yukta karatA huA varNita ho, vahA~ usa pradhAna artha -ke dUsare artha ke samAna - kathana meM sahokti hotI hai / (2) kisI apradhAnaM artha kA pradhAna artha ke sAtha usI guNa athavA dharma se yukta kara saha ukti hone meM bhI ukta alaGkAra hotA hai / (3) paraspara nirapekSa do arthoM ko tulyakAla samAna dharma-yukta kara kahane meM bhI donoM ke saha kathana ke kAraNa sahokti kA sadbhAva mAnA jAtA hai / ' sahokti ke prathama evaM dvitIya prakAra kA svarUpa eka-sA hI hai / unameM sahArtha hetuhetumadbhAva kA hai / donoM meM thor3A-sA antara yaha hai ki prathama bheda meM karttA kI pradhAnatA aura kriyamANa artha kI apradhAnatA mAnI gayI hai, jabaki dvitIya meM kriyamANa hI pradhAna aura karttA gauNa mAnA gayA hai / ina donoM sahokti - rUpoM kI prakRti daNDI kI sahokti se milatI-julatI hai, jisameM guNa, kriyA Adi ke saha kathana para bala diyA gayA hai / nirapekSa padArthoM kI sahaukti kI dhAraNA kucha svatantra hai; kintu isa bheda kI kalpanA kA bIja bhI - daNDI Adi kI do padArthoM kI sahokti kI sAmAnya dhAraNA meM hI nihita thA / vyatireka vAstava : vyatireka alaGkAra ke pramukha do svarUpoM kI sthApanA rudraTa ke 'kAvyAlaGkAra' meM huI hai / upameya ke guNa ke viparIta upamAna meM doSa ke kathana meM vyatireka kA eka prakAra mAnA gayA hai / 2 usake dUsare prakAra meM upamAna ke guNa ke virodhI doSa kA upameya meM sadbhAva varNana vAJchanIya mAnA gayA hai / 3 vyatireka ke prathama prakAra ke tIna bheda svIkAra kiye gaye haiM (ka) upameya meM guNa tathA upamAna meM doSa-kathana, (kha) upameya meM guNa kI ukti; kintu upamAna ke doSa kI anukti aura (ga) upameya meM guNa kA akathana; kintu upamAna meM doSa kA kathana / dUsare prakAra meM upamAna ke guNa evaM upameya ke doSa ke samasta kathana para 1. draSTavya - rudraTa, kAvyAlaM0, 7,13,17 2. yo guNa upameye syAt tatpratipanthI ca doSa upamAne / vyastasamastanyastau tau vyatirekaM tridhA kurutaH // - vahI, 7, 86 3. yo guNa upamAne vA tatpratipanthI ca doSa upameye / bhavato yatra samastau sa vyatireko'yamanyastu // - vahI, 7, 86 -:

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164 ] anaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa bala dekara rudraTa ne usakA eka hI bheda svIkAra kiyA hai| 'kAvyAlaGkAra" ke TIkAkAra namisAdhu ne isake bhI vyasta rUpa kI sambhAvanA kA saGka eta diyA hai| bhAmaha ne upamAna se upaneya ke Adhikya varNana meM vyatireka svIkAra kiyA thA / udbhaTa tathA vAmana ne unhIM kI vyatireka-viSayaka mAnyatA ko svIkAra kiyA / daNDI ne upameya tathA upamAna ke bheda - kathana meM tathA upamAna se upameya ke Adhikya varNana meM vyatireka kI sattA svIkAra kI rudraTa ke vyatireka kA prathama prakAra pUrvavartI AcAryoM ke matAnusAra hI kalpita hai / usake ukta tIna bhedoM kI sambhAvanA bhI udbhaTa ke vyatireka lakSaNa meMjisameM upameya kI utkRSTatA tathA upamAna kI nikRSTatA ke hetu ke dRSTa yA adRSTa hone para bala diyA gayA hai--paSTa thI / rudraTa ne upameya se upamAna ke Adhikya - kathana meM jo vyatireka kA dUsarA prakAra mAnA hai, vaha unakI svatantra kalpanA hai / isa vyatireka prakAra kA aucitya cintya hai / upamAna se upameya ke Adhikya-pradarzana meM hI vastutaH alaGkAratva mAnA jAnA cAhie / upamAna meM to upameya se Adhikya kI svIkRti rahA hI karatI hai / upamAna kI yojanA upameya kI prabhAva vRddhi ke lie hotI hai / ataH, jo padArtha prabhAvAdhikya ke lie khyAta rahatA hai, use hI kisI padArtha ke prabhAva kI abhivRddhi ke lie upamAna ke rUpa meM lAyA jAtA hai / spaSTataH prastuta viSaya ke prabhAva ko bar3hAne ke lie kisI padArtha kI upamAna ke rUpa meM yojanA ke mUla meM yaha mAnyatA nihita hai ki vaha aprastuta padArtha prastuta kI apekSA adhika prabhAvotpAdaka hai | ataH upameya se upamAna ke guNAdhikya pratipAdana kA AyAsa svataH siddha ke sAdhana ke prayAsa ke samAna hai / usameM alaGkAratva kA vidhAyaka camatkAra mAnanA samIcIna nahIM / utprekSA aupamya vargagata utprekSA alaGkAra ke tIna rUpoM kA lakSaNa nirUpaNa rudraTa ne kiyA hai / usake eka lakSaNa meM kahA gayA hai ki jahA~ upamAna aura upameya meM atizaya sAdRzya ke kAraNa unameM abheda kA pratipAdana kiye jAne para siddha upamAna kA sadbhAva upapanna ho aura usa upamAna meM jisa guNa-kriyA kA vastutaH sadbhAva nahIM ho usakA usameM Aropa kiyA jAya, vahA~ utprekSa 1. vyastayorapi kecidicchanti / - vahI, namisAdhukRta TIkA, pR0 234

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ 165 alaGkAra hotA hai| usakA dUsarA prakAra vaha hai, jisameM upameya se sambaddha anya upameya meM upamAna se sambaddha anya upamAna kI tadra patA kI sambhAvanA kI jAtI hai / usake tIsare prakAra ke sambandha meM yaha mantavya prakaTa kiyA gayA hai ki usameM zobhana yA azobhana vizeSaNa se yukta upameya meM vastutaH avidyamAna upamAna kI yukti se sambhAvanA kara usase samatA kA Aropa kiyA jAtA hai| rudraTa kI utprekSA ke prathama prakAra kI prakRti bhAmaha kI utprekSA se milatI-julatI hai, jisameM upamAna meM vastutaH asat guNa yA kriyA kA usase kalpita yoga apekSita mAnA gayA hai| tRtIya prakAra meM upameya meM upamAna kA sambhAvanA kI dhAraNA bhI pUrvavartI AcAryoM se hI lI gayI hai| utprakSA meM upameya ke asiddha upamAna kI sambhAvanA bhAmaha, daNDI Adi ko bhI abhISTa thii| daNDI ne upamA se utprekSA kA bheda pratipAdana karate hue yaha mAnyatA vyakta kI hai ki upamA meM upamAna siddha aura utprekSA meM asiddha yA sambhAvanA ke rUpa meM rahatA hai| rudraTa ke tRtIya utprekSA prakAra kA svarUpa isI mAnyatA ke AdhAra para kalpita hai| utprekSA kA dvitIya prakAra kiJcit navIna hai / isake svarUpa kI kalpanA kA avakAza bhI 'bhAmaha, daNDI Adi ke sAmAnya utprekSA-lakSaNa meM hI thaa| isameM upameyAntargata upameya meM upamAnAntargata upamAna ke abheda kI sambhAvanA kI kalpanA kara rudraTa ne kucha navInatA lAne kA prayAsa kiyA hai| isameM upameya ke eka deza para upamAna ke eka deza ke abhedAropa kI sambhAvanA bhI mAnI jA sakatI hai| sambhava hai ki rudraTa ne pUrvavartI AcAryoM ke rUpaka ke ekadeza vivarti-bheda ke svarUpa meM upameya ke eka deza para upamAna ke eka deza ke Aropa kI dhAraNA se preraNA lekara vaise Aropa kI sambhAvanA meM utprekSA ke ukta prakAra kI kalpanA kara lI ho| isameM kucha navInatA yaha bhI lAyI gayI hai ki upameyagata anya upameya ko upameya kA aGga nahIM kahakara svatantra upameya hI kahA gayA hai / yahI bAta upamAnAntargata upamAna ke sambandha meM bhI hai| spaSTataH rudraTa 1. atisArUpyAdaikyaM vidhAya siddhopamAnasadbhAvam / Aropyate ca tasminnatadguNAdIti sotprekSA // -rudraTa, kAvyAlaM. 8,32 2. sAnyetyupameyagataM yasyA saMbhAvyate'nyadupameyam / upamAnapratibaddhAparopamAnasya tattvena / / vahI, 8,34 3. yatra viziSTe vastuni satyasadAropyate samaM tsy| vastvantaramupapattyA saMbhAvyaM sAparotprekSA ||-vhii, 8,36

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166 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa kI utprekSA-dhAraNA para pUrvavartI AcAryoM kI tadviSayaka dhAraNA kA puSkala prabhAva hai| kAvyAlaGkAra dhAraNA ke vikAsa kI dRSTi se rudraTa ke alaGkAra siddhAnta ke isa samIkSAtmaka adhyayana kA niSkarSa nimnalikhita hai___rudraTa ne hI sarvaprathama kAvya ke alaGkAroM ko unake mUla tattvoM ke AdhAra para vAstava, aupamya, atizaya evaM zleSa vargoM meM vibhAjita kiyA / bhAmaha aura udbhaTa ne bhI alaGkAroM kA vargazaH upasthApana kiyA thaa| udbhaTa ke 'kAvyAlaGkArasArasaMgraha' meM adhyAyoM ko alaGkAra ke varga ke AdhAra para varga hI kahA gayA hai; kintu vahA~ vargIkaraNa kA AdhAra alaGkAra kA tattva nahIM thaa| vidvAnoM kA anumAna hai ki bhAmaha aura udbhaTa ke ve varga alaGkAroM ke aitihAsika vikAsa ke sUcaka haiN| rudraTa ke alaGkAra-varga unake cintana kI maulikatA ke paricAyaka haiN| yaha nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki rudraTa kA vargIkaraNa sarvathA pUrNa evaM nirdoSa hai| unake kucha alaGkAroM meM ekAdhika vargoM ke svabhAva kA mizraNa hai| ataH, unheM kisI vizeSa varga meM mAne jAne kA aucitya asandigdha nhiiN| udAharaNArtha-vAstava-varga ke vyatireka alaGkAra ke svarUpa kA nirdhAraNa upamAna aura upameya ke utkarSApakarSa ke AdhAra para kiyA gayA hai| ataH, ise aupamya-varga ke alaGkAroM se pRthak vAstava-varga meM rakhanA sarvathA yuktisaGgata nhiiN| vAstava-varga ke alaGkAroM meM vastusvarUpa kA varNana-mAtra apekSita mAnA gayA hai| sAdRzya ke AdhAra para do padArthoM kI tulanA aupamya-va ke alaGkAra kA lakSaNa hai| spaSTa hai ki ukta vyatireka ko aupamyavarga meM hI rakhanA samIcIna hotaa| ina truTiyoM ke hone para bhI mUlatattvoM ke AdhAra para alaGkAra-vargIkaraNa ke prathama prayAsa ke lie rudraTa zreya ke adhikArI haiN| samAna saMjJA vAle kucha alaGkAra do vargoM meM bhI parigaNita haiM; kintu alaGkAra-varga ke svabhAva ke anusAra eka varga ke alaGkAra unhIM abhidhAna vAle dUsare varga ke alaGkAra se bhinna-svabhAva vAle haiM / udAharaNa ke lie vAstava-varga ke sahokti, samuccaya aura uttara alaGkAroM kA svarUpa aupamya-varga ke unhIM nAma vAle alaGkAroM ke svarUpa se bhinna hai / vAstava-varga ke viSama aura hetu, atizaya varga ke viSama aura hetu se bhinnasvabhAva vAle haiN| isI prakAra aupamya-varga ke utprekSA evaM pUrva alaGkAroM kI prakRti atizaya vargagata utprekSA aura pUrva se svatantra hai| ataH eka hI nAma ke do varga-gata alaGkAra kI pRthak-pRthak sattA svIkAra kI jAnI caahie|

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ 167 * rudraTa ne arthAlaGkAra ke kSetra meM taiMtIsa tathA zabdAlaGkAra ke kSa etra meM do navIna alaGkAroM kI gaNanA kI hai / varga ke anusAra vAstava - varga meM caudaha, aupamya varga meM daza tathA atizaya varga meM nau navIna alaGkAra parigaNita haiM / vakrokti aura citra; ye do zabdAlaGkAra bhI navIna haiM / spaSTa hai ki vAstava varga meM sarvAdhika navIna alaGkAroM kI kalpanA kI gayI hai / saMkhyA kI dRSTi se to vAstava-varga meM sabase adhika alaGkAra haiM hI, svarUpagata navInatA kI dRSTi se bhI isI varga ke alaGkAroM kA Adhikya hai / kAraNa yaha ho sakatA hai ki rudraTa ke pUrvavartI AcArya vastusvarUpa kathana meM bahuta camatkAra nahIM mAnate hoMge aura isIlie vastu - varNanaparaka adhika alaGkAra - prakAra kI kalpanA unhoMne nahIM kI hogI / ise asvIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA ki rudraTa se pUrva AcArya bharata se lekara vAmana taka kI racanAoM meM jitane alaGkAroM kA vivecana huA thA, unameM se kaI alaGkAra vastusvarUpakathana - mAtra se sambaddha the / bhAmaha kI svabhAvokti vAstava alaGkAra hI hai / yathAsaMkhya, prarivRtti, hetu, sUkSma aura leza kA sambandha bhI vastu varNana se hI hai / yahA~ taka ki dIpaka - jaisA mUla alaGkAra bhI vAstava -koTi meM hI parigaNita huA hai| itanA hone para bhI ukta alaGkAroM meM eka sUkSma bheda yaha hai ki kucha alaGkAroM meM varNya-vastu ke svarUpa mAtra para vicAra kiyA gayA hai tathA kucha meM vastu varNana kI viziSTa: prakriyA para / yathAsaMkhya, dIpaka Adi meM vastu-varNana kI viziSTa prakriyA apekSita mAnI gayI hai; kintu svabhAvokti, parivRtti Adi meM kevala varNya ke svarUpa para vicAra kiyA gayA hai / vastu varNana kI camatkArapUrNa paddhati meM alaGkAratva asandigdha hai; kintu varNya-vastu ko alaGkAra mAnane meM do mata rahe haiM / eka mata yaha hai ki alaGkAra varNya se abhinna nahIM / ve varNya kI zrIvRddhi karane vAle usake sahAyaka tattva haiM, jinakI varNya se pRthak sattA mAnI hI jAnI cAhie / AcArya paNDita rAmacandra zukla ne svabhAvokti ko alaGkAra kI sImA meM ghasITa lAne ko ayauktika kahA hai / paNDita lakSmInArAyaNa sudhAMzu ne bhI vastu mAtra se sambaddha aneka alaGkAroM kA alaGkAratva asvIkArya siddha kiyA hai / 2 saMskRta ke AcAryoM meM bhI vastusvarUpakathana - mAtra se sambaddha alaGkAroM kI svIkRti ke sambandha meM aikamatya nahIM / bhAmaha ne svabhAvokti 1. draSTavya - triveNI ( sUradAsa ) pR0 102 2. draSTavya -- kAvyameM abhivyaJjanAvAda pR0 86

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168 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa ke svarUpa kA vivecana avazya kiyA; kintu atizayokti kI svarUpa-mImAMsA ke krama meM vakrokti ko kAvya kA pramukha tattva svIkAra kara use hI alaGkAroM kA bhI prANa mAnA / hetu, sUkSma aura leza ke alaGkAratva kA khaNDana bhI unhoMne unameM vakrokti ke abhAva ke kAraNa hI kiyaa| isa prakAra Age cala kara vakroktivAdI kuntaka ne jo svabhAvokti ke alaGkAratva kA niSedha kiyA, usa mAnyatA kA bIja bhAmaha ke 'kAvyAlaGkAra' meM hI pAyA jA sakatA hai| spaSTa hai ki varNya-vastu ke rUpa-varNana meM alaGkAratva kA sadbhAva mAnane ke viSaya meM do mata hone ke kAraNa hI rudraTa ke pUrva vAstavamUlaka alaGkAroM kI vividhatA sAmane nahIM A sakI thii| rudraTa ke samasAmayika AcArya vAmana ne to kevala unhIM alaGkAroM ko svIkAra kiyA hai, jinakA mUla sAdRzya hai| rudraTa kI alaGkAra-viSayaka sthApanA ke uparAnta bhI vAstava-varga ke alaGkAra sarvasammata nahIM ho sake / abhinavagupta-jaise sazakta samIkSaka ne aupamyamUlaka alaGkAra ko hI svIkAra kiyA hai, vAstava Adi ko nahIM / vakroktivAdI AcAryoM ne bhI vAstava-varga ke alaGkAroM ko svIkAra nahIM kiyA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki rudraTa ke vAstava alaGkAroM meM adhikAMza kA svarUpa sarvathA navIna hai / unakA mUla pUrvavartI AcAryoM kI alaGkAra-dhAraNA meM athavA apane astitva kA visarjana kara paravartI alaGkAra-prapaJca ko janma dene vAle lakSaNa ke svarUpa meM nahIM DhUr3hA jA sktaa| rudraTa ke vAstava-varga ke nimnalikhita alaGkAra sarvathA navIna haiM--samuccaya, viSama, kAraNamAlA anyonya, sAra, mIlita tathA ekaavlii| unake paryAya alaGkAra kA eka prakAra bhI navIna hai / rudraTa kA paryAya aMzataH bhAmaha Adi ke paryAyokta se abhinna hai| usake do rUpoM kI kalpanA kara rudraTa ne eka svarUpa to bhAmaha ke paryAyokta se abhinna mAna liyA ; kintu dUsare rUpa kI kalpanA sarvathA svatantra rUpa se kii| zeSa, vAstava alaGkAroM kI rUpa-racanA ke lie rudraTa ne pUrvavartI AcAryoM ke lakSaNa, guNa, alaGkAra Adi se sambaddha vicAra se tattva grahaNa kiyA hai| kucha dArzanika mAnyatAoM kI avatAraNA bhI unake dvArA alaGkAra ke kSetra meM huii| udAharaNArthabhAva alaGkAra ke eka prakAra kI rUpa-racanA bharata ke prApti-lakSaNa ke AdhAra para tathA dUsare prakAra kI racanA zabdazakti kI prAcIna mAnyatA ke AdhAra para huI hai| anumAna kI svarUpa-sRSTi meM prApti evaM vicAra-lakSaNoM se tattva liye gaye haiN| parikara kI kalpanA kA mUla bharata ke akSarasaMghAta lakSaNa tathA udAra guNa meM pAyA jA sakatA hai| parisaMkhya kA svarUpa-vinyAsa AkhyAna

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ 166 aura hetu lakSaNoM ke tattvoM se kiyA gayA hai| uttara kA eka rUpa vicAra "lakSaNa ke AdhAra para tathA dUsarA pRcchA ke AdhAra para kalpita hai| avasara ke eka bheda kA svabhAva oja guNa se milatA-julatA hai to usake dUsare bheda kA svarUpa udAratva guNa evaM yukti-lakSaNa ke tattvoM se nirmita hai| rudraTa kI zabdagata vakrokti kI prakRti navIna hai| citra alaGkAra ke vividha rUpoM kI kalpanA kA mUla daNDI ke yamaka alaGkAra ke svarUpa-vivecana meM pAyA jA sakatA hai| unake aupamya-vargagata navIna vyapadeza vAle alaGkAroM meM kevala pratyanIka kA svarUpa sarvathA svatantra jAna par3atA hai| zeSa alaGkAroM ke svarUpa kI kalpanA prAcIna manISiyoM ke vicAroM ke AdhAra para kI gayI hai| mata, uttara, 'bhrAntimAna, pUrva, samuccaya, smaraNa, pratIpa, ubhayanyAsa tathA sAmya isake nidarzana haiN| hetu. lakSaNa tathA upamA alaGkAra ke tattvoM se mata kA; 'mithyAdhyavasAya lakSaNa, AkhyAna lakSaNa tathA upamA ke tattvoM ke mizraNa se uttara kA; bhramAtmaka pratIti kI dArzanika mAnyatA para AdhRta bharata ke viparyaya lakSaNa ke tattva ke sAtha upamAnopameya bhAva ke yoga se bhrAntimAn kA; atizayokti evaM upamA alaGkAroM ke tattvoM se pUrva kA aura padoccaya lakSaNa, dIpaka tathA upamA alaGkAroM ke tattvoM ke mela se samuccaya kA svarUpa nirmita hai| smaraNa alaGkAra kI rUpa-racanA kA AdhAra smRtiviSayaka dArzanika siddhAnta hai| pratIpa kI kalpanA daNDI kI utpakSitopamA ke AdhAra para, ubhayanyAsa kI racanA bhAmaha kI prativastUpamA ke AdhAra para tathA sAmya kI sarjanA upamA tathA vyatireka ke AdhAra para kI gayI hai| ___ atizayamUlaka alaGkAroM ke eka varga kI kalpanA kara lene para rudraTa ne atizayokti ke svatantra astitva kI kalpanA Avazyaka nahIM smjhii| isa varga ke vizeSa, adhika, viSama, asaGgati tathA pihita alaGkAroM ke nAma-rUpa sarvathA navIna haiN| tadguNa kA eka prakAra-jisameM saMsarga hone para eka vastu dUsarI vastu kA guNa grahaNa kara letI hai-navIna hai / isa varga ke navIna abhidhAna vAle anya alaGkAra pUrvavartI AcAryoM kI mAnyatA ke AdhAra para kalpita haiN| dRSTAnta rUpa meM pUrva, vyAghAta, ahetu Adi dekhe jA sakate haiN| pUrva kA svarUpa udbhaTa ke atizayokti-bheda 'kAryakAraNa-paurvAparya' se milatA-julatA hai| tadguNa kA eka prakAra udbhaTa kI atizayokti ke 'bhedenAnyatva' bheda ke AdhAra

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170 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa para kalpita hai| vyAghAta aura ahetu alaGkAroM kI svarUpa-sRSTi udbhaTa kI vizeSokti ke svabhAva ke anurUpa kI gayI hai| vAstava-varga kA paryAya tathA atizaya varga kA tadguNa aMzataH navIna hai| prAcIna vyapadeza vAle kucha alaGkAroM ke svarUpa meM bhI kiJcit rUpagata navInatA kA AdhAna huA hai| udAharaNArtha-vAstava-varga ke parivRtti evaM sUkSma tathA aupamya-varga ke sahokti aura AkSepa alaGkAroM kA svarUpa kiJcit navIna hai| zabdagata zleSa, aupamyamUlaka saMzaya evaM arthAntaranyAsa kA sAmAnya svarUpa to prAcIna hai; kintu unake kucha navIna bhedoM kI kalpanA kI gayI hai| vAstava-vargagata sahokti tathA vyatireka ; aupamya-vargagata utprekSA tathA atizaya vargagata vibhAvanA-ina alaGkAroM ke ekAdhika rUpoM kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai, jinameM se kucha rUpa prAcIna AcAryoM ke matAnusAra vivecita haiM, kucha rUpa kiJcit navIna / prAcIna AcAryoM kI svabhAvokti ke lie jAti tathA aprastutaprazaMsA ke lie anyokti saMjJA kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| unakI prakRti navIna nahIM, nAmamAtra navIna hai| ukta alaGkAroM meM yatkiJcit navInatA lAne kA prayAsa rudraTa ne kiyA hai| navIna bhedoM yA navIna alaGkAra-prakAroM ke svarUpa kI kalpanA kI sambhAvanA prAcIna AcAryoM ke tattadalaGkAroM ke sAmAnya lakSaNa meM hI nihita thii| ___ vAstava-varga ke yathAsaMdhya, dIpaka, leza aura hetu; aupamya-varga ke upamA, rUpaka, apahna ti, samAsokti tathA dRSTAnta; atizaya-varga ke utprekSA evaM virodha tathA zleSa-varga ke zleSa; ina alaGkAroM ke nAmarUpa rudraTa ke pUrvavartI AcAryoM ke alaGkAroM se abhinna haiN| niSkarSataH rudraTa ke vargAnukrama se nimnalikhita alaGkAra hI saMjJA evaM svarUpa kI dRSTi se unakI sarvathA maulika udbhAvanA hai :(ka) vAstava-varga-samuccaya, viSama, kAraNamAlA, sAra, anyonya, mIlita tathA ekaavlii| (kha) aupamya-varga-pratyanIka / (ga) atizaya-varga-vizeSa, adhika, viSama, asaGgati aura pihita /

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ 171 AcArya kuntaka bhAratIya kAvyazAstra meM vakrokti-prasthAna ke pravartaka AcArya kuntaka ne 'vakroktijIvita' meM kAvya ke alaGkAroM kA vivecana kucha svatantra rIti se kiyA hai| unakA mukhya pratipAdya ukti-kI vakratA hai, jise ve kAvya kI AtmA mAnate the| uktigata vakratA yA camatkAra ko kAvya-sarvasva mAnane ke kAraNa alaGkAra ke sambandha meM alaGkAra-sampradAya ke AcAryoM se unakA dRSTi-bheda honA svAbhAvika thaa| alaGkAravAdI nahIM hone para bhI kuntaka ne alaGkAra-vivecana meM jo mahanIya yogadAna diyA hai, vaha sAhitya-samIkSA ke pAThakoM ke lie Anandamaya vismaya kA viSaya hai / isa kSetra meM unakI sabase mahattvapUrNa upalabdhi alaGkAra aura alaGkArya kA bhedAbheda-nirUpaNa hai / isa viSaya meM unakI mAnyatA sarvathA maulika aura tarkapuSTa hai| hamane kuntaka ke alaGkAryAlaGkAra-viveka para prathama adhyAya meM vicAra kiyA hai| prastuta sandarbha meM hamArA uddezya 'vakroktijIvita' meM vivecita alaGkAroM kA srota-sandhAna hai| ___kuntaka ne alaGkAroM kI saMkhyA tathA unake bhedopabhedoM ke anAvazyaka prasAra ko agrAhya mAnA hai| unakI pravatti tattva-nirUpaNa kI gaharAI meM utarane kI thI, pUrva nirUpita tathya ke bhadIkaraNa kI nhiiN| phalataH unhoMne pUrvavartI AcAryoM ke dvArA svIkRta alaGkAroM kI saMkhyA meM paryApta kATa-chA~Ta kara dI hai| 'vakroktijIvita' meM prAcIna AcAryoM ke kucha alaGkAroM ke alaGkAratva kA khaNDana kiyA gayA hai, kucha alaGkAroM kA nAmnA ullekha bhI nahIM kiyA gayA hai, kucha alaGkAroM ke pradhAna svarUpa to svIkRta haiM; kintu unake bhedopabhedoM ko asvIkAra kara diyA gayA hai tathA kucha prAcIna alaGkAroM ke navIna svarUpa kI udbhAvanA kI gayI hai / kuntaka ne kAvyAlaGkAra ke kisI navIna vyapadeza kI udbhAvanA nahIM kI hai| unhoMne kucha prAcIna nAmadheya alaGkAroM ke navIna svarUpa kI kalpanA avazya kI hai| udAharaNArtha; rasavat, dIpaka Adi alaGkAroM ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM prAcIna AcAryoM kI mAnyatA kA khaNDana kara kuntaka ne unakI navIna paribhASAe dI haiN| kucha alaGkAroM ke sAmAnya svarUpa kA vivecana prAcIna AcAryoM ke matAnurUpa karane para bhI kuntaka ne unake kucha navIna bhedoM kI kalpanA kara lI hai| vyatireka Adi ke bheda isa dRSTi se draSTavya haiN| prastuta sandarbha meM prAcIna abhidhAna vAle alaGkAroM ke kuntakapradatta navIna lakSaNoM tathA unake dvArA kalpita prAcIna alaGkAroM ke navIna

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172 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa bhedoM kA srota-sandhAna abhISTa hai| 'vakroktijIvita' meM vivecita alaGkAroM ko unake nAma-rUpa kA prAcIna alaGkAroM se sAmya-vaiSamya kI dRSTi se nimnalikhita vargoM meM vibhAjita kiyA jA sakatA hai(ka) pUrvavartI AcAryoM ke lakSaNa kA. khaNDana kara kuntaka ke dvArA udbhAvita navIna svarUpa vAle alaGkAraH-isa varga meM rasavat, dIpaka, sahokti Adi alaGkAra Ate haiN| inake nAma prAcIna haiM, kintu svarUpa navIna / . (kha) upamA meM antabhukta alaGkAraH-prativastUpamA, upameyopamA, tulya yogitA, ananvaya, parivRtti, tathA nidarzanA kA upamA se pRthak astitva nahIM mAna kara kuntaka ne usImeM unakA antarbhAva svIkAra kiyA hai| (ga) zleSa meM antarbhUta alaGkAraH-kuntaka ne samAsokti alaGkAra kA antarbhAva zleSa meM mAna liyA hai| (gha) zabda-bheda se prastuta prAcIna lakSaNa vAle alaGkAraH-paryAyokta, utprekSA, atizayokti, upamA, zleSa, dRSTAnta, arthAntaranyAsa, AkSepa, vibhAvanA, sandeha, apahnati, saMsRSTi, rUpaka tathA aprastutaprazaMsA alaGkAroM ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM kuntaka prAcIna AcAryoM se sahamata haiN| unhoMne zabda-bheda se ukta alaGkAroM ke prAcIna lakSaNoM kI hI avatAraNA kI hai| vyatireka alaGkAra ke sAmAnya svarUpa ke sambandha meM kuntaka prAcIna AcAryoM se sahamata haiM; kintu unhoMne usake kucha navIna bhedoM kI udbhAvanA kara lI hai| (Ga) alaGkArya ke rUpa meM svIkRta prAcIna alaGkAra:--kuntaka ne svabhAvokti, preya, UrjasvI udAtta tathA samAhita ke alaGkAratva kA khaNDana kara unheM alaGkArya ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai / AzIH bhI unake anusAra alaGkArya hI hai| (ca) camatkArAbhAva ke kAraNa asvIkRta alaGkAra:-yathAsaMkhya Adi aneka alaGkAroM kA astitva kuntaka ne asvIkAra kara diyaa| unakI mAnyatA hai ki jina aTThAIsa alaGkAroM kA vivecana 'vakrokti 1. kuntaka, vakroktijIvita pR0 436-446 2. vahI, pR0 446-453.

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ 173 jIvita' meM kiyA gayA hai, unake atirikta jina alaGkAroM kI gaNanA prAcIna alaGkAra-granthoM meM kI gayI hai, unameM se kucha to inhIM aTThAIsa meM antarbhukta haiM tathA kucha zobhAhIna hone ke kAraNa alaGkAra nahIM haiM / vivecita aTThAIsa meM se bhI kucha kA hI alaGkAratva kuntaka ko mAnya hai / vizeSokti kahIM anya alaGkAra meM antarbhUta ho jAtI hai, kahIM vaha alaGkArya hI bana jAtI hai / hetu, sUkSma aura leza uktigata vatratA ke abhAva meM alaGkAra nahIM mAne jA sakate / ina tInoM ke sambandha meM bhAmaha ne bhI yahI mantavya prakaTa kiyA thA / kuntaka ne unake svabhAva - mAtra kI ramaNIyatA kI dRSTi se unheM alaGkArya hI svIkAra kiyA hai / upamA-rUpaka alaGkAra kI svatantra sattA apanna nahIM / niSkarSataH, kuntaka ke matAnusAra nimnalikhitaH alaGkAroM kA astitva hI svIkArya hai-- (1) upamA (2) rUpaka, ( 3 ) zleSa, (4) vyatireka, (5) aprastutaprazaMsA, (6) paryAyokti, (7) utpra ekSA, (8) atizayokti, (6) dRSTAnta, (10) arthAntaranyAsa, (11) AkSepa, (12) vibhAvanA, (13) sandeha, (14) apahna uti (15) rasavat, (16) dIpaka, (17) sahokti / kuntaka ne aTThAIsa alaGkAroM kA ullekha kara unake alaGkAratva kA parIkSaNa kiyA hai / unameM se kucha ke alaGkAratva kA khaNDana kara svamatAnusAra svIkArya alaGkAroM kA svarUpa vivecana kiyA hai| unakI mAnyatA hai ki pUrvavartI AlaGkArikoM ne ina aTThAIsa alaGkAroM ke atirikta jina alaGkAroM kA ullekha kiyA hai, unameM se kucha to inhIM alaGkAroM meM antarbhukta ho jAte aura zeSa zobhAhIna hone ke kAraNa alaGkAra ke rUpa meM svIkAra nahIM kiye jA sakate / pUrvavartI AcAryoM ke kucha alaGkAroM ko alaGkAra nahIM mAna kara alaGkArya kI koTi meM rakhane ke kAraNa bhI vakroktijIvitakAra ne alaGkAra ke sandarbha meM unheM avivecya aura anullekhya mAnA hai / udAharaNArthayathAsaMkhya zobhAhIna hone ke kAraNa alaGkAra nahIM / AzIH AzaMsanIya artha kI pramukhatA ke kAraNa alaGkArya hai / vizeSokti kahIM alaGkArya bana jAtI hai tathA kahIM anya alaGkAra meM antarbhUta ho jAtI hai / hetu, sUkSma aura leza meM alaGkAratva-vidhAyaka ukti-gata vatratA kA abhAva rahatA hai / ataH, unheM alaGkAra nahIM mAnA jA sakatA / svabhAvamAtra ramaNIya hone ke kAraNa unheM

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174 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa alaGkArya mAnanA hI samIcIna hai| upamArUpaka kA alaGkAratva upapanna nhiiN|' isalie kuntaka ne ukta aTThAIsa alaGkAroM ko hI parIkSaNIya smjhaa| UrjasvI ___daNDI, bhAmaha, udbhaTa Adi pUrvavartI AcAryoM ke UrjasvI-lakSaNa ko kuntaka ne amAnya batAyA hai| unakI mAnyatA hai ki kAma-krodha Adi manovikAra ke kAraNa rasa-paripAka ke bAdhita hone ke sthala meM UrjasvI nAmaka alaGkAra kA sadbhAva svIkAra karanA samIcIna nhiiN| ye manovikAra rasabhaGga ke hI hetu hote haiN| unase alaGkAratva kI sRSTi nahIM hotii| rasabodha meM citta-vaizadya kI sthiti sabhI rasavAdI AcAryoM ne svIkAra kI hai| isa dazA meM sattva kA udreka rajas evaM tamas ko parAbhUta kara detA hai| jaba taka rAjasa evaM tAmasabhAva sattva se sarvathA abhibhUta nahIM ho jAte taba taka rasa kI carvaNA sambhava nahIM hotii| kAma, krodha Adi tAmasa bhAva rasAsvAda meM vighna upasthita karate haiN| rasa-paripAka kI isa bAdhita avasthA meM hI prAcInoM ne UrjasvI alaGkAra kI sattA svIkAra kI thii| rasavat daNDI, bhAmaha, udbhaTa Adi kI rasavat-paribhASAeM kuntaka ko mAnya nhiiN| unhoMne pUrvavartI AcAryoM kI rasavat-viSayaka mAnyatA kA khaNDana kara svatantra rUpa se usake lakSaNa kI kalpanA kI hai| daNDI Adi AcAryoM ne rasamaya kAvya meM rasavat alaGkAra kA sadbhAva svIkAra kiyA thaa| unhoMne rasa ko alaGkAra ke eka bheda meM samAviSTa kara diyA thaa| kuntaka alaGkAra se rasa kA svatantra astitva svIkAra karate the| unakI mAnyatA thI ki rasa ko alaGkAra nahIM mAna kara alaGkArya mAnA jAnA caahie| rasamaya vAkya koalaGkArya ko-alaGa kRta karane meM hI alaGkAra kI sArthakatA hai / ataH, rasavad vAkya ko alaGkAra mAnanA yuktisaGgata nhiiN| bhAmaha tathA udbhaTa kI rasavadalaGkAra-dhAraNA kA khaNDana karate hue kuntaka ne yaha yukti dI hai ki alaGkAra aura alaGkArya kI pRthak-pRthak sattA to mAnI hI jAnI caahie| yadi kAvya meM zRGgAra Adi rasa hI pradhAnataH varNyamAna mAnA jAya to vaha alaGkArya hogA 1. kuntaka, vakrokti jIvita, 3,44 tathA usakI bRtti pR0478-81

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ 175 aura use alaMkRta karane vAle kisI anya alaGkAra kI kalpanA karanI hogI / yA yadi sahRdayoM ke AhlAda kA kAraNa hone se rasa ko hI alaGkAra kahA jAya to bhI usa rasarUpa alaGkAra se alaGkRta hone vAle kisI svatantra sattAvAn alaGkArya kA astitva dikhAyA jAnA cAhie / kintu, bhAmaha tathA udbhaTa ke rasavat-lakSaNa meM alaGkArya aura alaGkAra ke viveka kA abhAva hai / unhoMne rasavat ke jisa svarUpa kI kalpanA kI hai, vaha alaGkArya hI mAnA jA sakatA hai, alaGkAra nahI / daNDI ke lakSaNa meM bhI rasavat kA alaGkAratva siddha nahIM hotA / unake 'kAvyAdarza' meM rasavat - paribhASA ke do pATha prApta hote haiM / eka meM use ( rasavat alaGkAra ko) 'rasa-pezala' kahA gayA hai aura dUsare meM 'rasa-saMzraya' / donoM kA artha mUlataH abhinna hai / vakroktijIvitakAra kI mAnyatA hai ki 'rasapezala' yA 'rasa-saMzraya' kAvya hI hotA hai, jo alaGkArya hai, alaGkAra nahIM / ataH bhAmaha aura udbhaTa ke rasavat-lakSaNa kI taraha daNDI kA lakSaNa bhI amAnya hai / kucha AcAryoM ne upamA Adi alaGkAroM se rasavat ke pRthakkaraNa ke eka navIna AdhAra kI kalpanA kI thI / ve mAnate the ki jahA~ cetana padArtha kA varNana hotA hai vahA~ rasa kA sadbhAva hone ke kAraNa rasavat alaGkAra hotA hai aura jahA~ acetana padArtha kA varNana hotA hai, vahA~ upamA, rUpaka Adi kI sattA mAnI jAtI hai | Anandavarddhana ne 'dhvanyAloka' meM isa mata kA khaNDana kiyA hai / kuntaka ne ukta mata ke khaNDana meM Anandavarddhana kI yukti ko hI svIkAra kiyA hai / isa aMza meM Anandavarddhana se sahamata hone para bhI kuntaka ne unakI rasavatdhAraNA ko svIkAra nahIM kiyA / unhoMne Anandavarddhana ke rasavat-lakSaNa kA bhI khaNDana kiyA hai | unakA kathana hai ki jahA~ anya vAkyArtha kI pradhAnatA yA alaGkAryatA ho tathA rasa Adi aGga rUpa meM prayukta hote hoM vahA~ Anandavarddhana ne rasAdi alaGkAra kA sadbhAva svIkAra kiyA hai / yaha samIcIna nahIM / Anandavarddhana ke rasavat alaGkAra ke udAharaNa meM unhoMne lakSaNa kA vyabhicAra dikhAyA hai / unakI tarka-paddhati kA ullekha yahA~ aprAsaGgika hogA / pUrvavartI AcAryoM ke rasavat lakSaNa kA khaNDana kara vakroktijIvitakAra ne prastuta alaGkAra ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM apanI dhAraNA vyakta kI hai / unakI mAnyatA hai ki jo alaGkAra rasa tattva ke vidhAna se rasajJa pAThakoM kA 1. kuntaka, vakroktijIvita, pR0 338- 66

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176 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa AhlAdajanaka hokara rasa ke samAna ho jAtA hai use rasavat alaGkAra kahate haiM / rasa ke samAna AhlAdakArI hone ke kAraNa yaha alaGkAroM meM mUrdhanya sthAna kA adhikArI hai|' kuntaka ne ukta alaGkAra ke sarvathA navIna svarUpa kI udbhAvanA kA dAvA kiyA hai| kintu, unake rasavat-lakSaNa ke parIkSaNa se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki unakI mAnyatA para pUrvAcAryoM ke vicAroM kA pracura prabhAva par3A hai| kuntaka kI rasavat-paribhASA meM isa tathya kI spaSTa svIkRti hai ki kAvya meM sarasatA kA AdhAna karane vAlA rasa ke samAna AhlAdakArI koI bhI alaGkAra rasavat kahA jA sakatA hai| unhoMne svayaM rasavat ke udAharaNa meM ekatra rUpaka ko tathA aparatra utprekSA ko rasavat kahA hai| rUpaka aura utprekSA Adi sAmAnya alaGkAra bhI hote haiM aura rasavat bhii| prastuta artha se aprastuta kI sarasa vyaJjanA ke sthala meM kuntaka rUpaka Adi rasavat alaGkAra kA sadbhAva maaneNge| isa aMza meM unakI rasavat-dhAraNA prAcIna AcAryoM kI samAsokti-dhAraNA ke samakakSa mAnI jA sakatI hai| yaha rasavat tattvataH eka svatantra alaGkAra na hokara alaGkAroM kA eka vizeSa varga siddha hotA hai| isa varga meM upamA, rUpaka, utprekSA Adi sabhI sundara alaGkAra rakhe jA sakate haiN| sAmAnya upamA, rUpaka Adi se isa varga ke upamA, rUpaka Adi kA vyAvartaka isa varga ke alaGkAroM kI rasamayatA hai| vicAraNIya yaha hai ki upamA, rUpaka Adi rasavadalaGkAroM ko rasavatva kA vidhAyaka aura AhlAdajanaka kahanA kahA~ taka ucita hai| kuntaka ne alaGkAra ko zabda aura artha kA dharma svIkAra kiyA hai / ve alaGkArya-bhUta rasa ke upakAraka-mAtra ho sakate haiM; rasAdhAyaka nhiiN| kAvya-saundarya kI vyaJjanA meM kAvyAGgoM ke samanvita yoga ke siddhAnta ko mAnane para bhI kuntaka ne alaGkArya-alaGkAra Adi kA vyAvahArika bheda svIkAra kiyA hI hai| ataH alaGkAra ko alaGkArya kA AdhAyaka kahanA unake matAnusAra bhI upapanna nahIM hogaa| unakI mAnyatA yaha jAna par3atI hai ki jo alaGkAra zabdArtha meM itanA utkarSa lA de ki vaha rasamaya kAvya-sA AhlAdakArI ho jAya vaha (rasa ke sadRza AnandadAyaka hone ke kAraNa) rasavat alaGkAra hai| kuntaka na to rasavat alaGkAra ko rasa kA hetu mAnate the na usase abhinna / ve use rasa ke samAna mahattva denA cAhate the| alaGkAra saundarya-bodha meM utkarSa lAte haiN| ve zabda aura artha ko alaGa kRta kara kAvya ke Atmatattva kA bhI upakAra 1. kuntaka, vakroktijIvita, 3,14-15

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ 177 karate haiM / ataH unheM kAvya kA kevala bAhya tattva kaha kara upekSita nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / alaGkAra kAvya ke bAhya aura antaraGga donoM hI dharma mAne jAna sakate haiM / Anandavarddhana ne apRthagyatnanirvartya alaGkAra ko antaraGga evaM pRthagyatnanirvartya alaGkAra ko bahiraGga svIkAra kiyA hai / eka hI nAma ke alaGkAra antaraGga bhI ho sakate haiM aura bahiraGga bhI / kuntaka kI rasavada-laGkAra-dhAraNA ke vivecana se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki ve bhI alaGkAra ke. rasavat evaM sAmAnya, do varga mAnate the / rasavat varga ke alaGkAroM ko Ananda- . varddhana ke apRthagyatnanirvartya dhvanyalaGkAra yA antaraGga alaGkAroM ke samakakSa mAnA jA sakatA hai / kuntaka kI rasavat-dhAraNA ke vivecana se nimnalikhita niSkarSa prApta hote haiM (ka) kuntaka rasavat nAmaka alaGkAra kI gaNanA karane para bhI use svatantra astitva nahIM dilA pAye / unake lakSaNa ke anusAra rasavat svatantra alaGkAra nahIM hokara alaGkAroM kA eka varga mAtra bana jAtA hai, jisameM upamA Adi sabhI alaGkAra A sakate haiM / kuntaka ne kAvya : meM isakA mUrdhanya sthAna mAnA hai / (kha) rasavat alaGkAra-varga kI kalpanA kA mUla Anandavarddhana kI apRthag-yatnanirvatya alaGkAra varga kI kalpanA meM pAyA jA sakatA hai / (ga) rasavat ke svarUpa kI kalpanA meM pUrvavartI AcAryo kI samAsokti-dhAraNA kA bhI prabhAva spaSTa hai / (gha) yaha kuntaka kI svatantra udbhAvanA nahIM / dIpaka bhAmaha Adi AcAryoM kI mAnyatA thI ki jahA~ vAkya ke Arambha, madhya yA anta meM sthita eka kriyA-pada aneka padoM ko dIpita karatA ho, vahA~ dIpaka nAmaka alaGkAra hotA hai / unake matAnusAra dIpyamAna padoM kI apekSA sthita kriyApada hI dIpaka nAmaka alaGkAra hoMge / kuntaka ko yaha mata mAnya nahIM / unakI mAnyatA hai ki kriyA-pada prakAzaka yA dIpaka avazya hote haiM kintu dIpakatA kevala unhIM meM nahIM rahatI / unase bhinna pada bhI dIpaka ho sakate haiM / karttA, karma, karaNa Adi sabhI pada pArasparika sambandha kA dyota karate hI haiM / ataH, dIpakatva ke AdhAra para yadi kriyApadoM ko dIpaka kahA 1. bhAmaha - kAvyAlaM0 2, 25-26 12

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178 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNAH vikAsa aura vizleSaNa jAya to anya padoM ko bhI dIpaka kahanA hogaa| aise hI kucha anya tarkoM se unhoMne bhAmaha Adi AcAryoM kI dIpaka-dhAraNA kA khaNDana karanA cAhA hai| isa prasaGga meM unakI aSTapakSI yukti draSTavya hai / ' kuntaka ne dIpaka alaGkAra ke nimnalikhita lakSaNa kI kalpanA kI hai "aucitya ke anurUpa sundara tathA sahRdayoM ke lie AhlAdakAraka vAcyabhinna arthAt pratIyamAna artha-dharma ko prakAzita karane vAlI vastu dIpaka alaGkAra hai|"2 spaSTa hai ki kuntaka kI dIpaka-dhAraNA kA pUrvavartI AcAryoM kI tadviSayaka dhAraNA se koI tattvagata virodha nhiiN| bhAmaha evaM vAmana se kuntaka kA matabheda kevala itanA hai ki jahA~ bhAmaha Adi kevala kriyA ko dIpaka mAnate the vahA~ kuntaka ne kriyA ke sAtha anya kAraka Adi padoM ko dIpaka kA prayojaka svIkAra kiyA hai| yaha kuntaka kI svatantra kalpanA nhiiN| bharata ke dIpaka-lakSaNa meM hI isakI sambhAvanA nihita thii| udbhaTa ne bhI dIpaka kI paribhASA meM 'dharmAH' zabda kA prayoga kara kriyA ke atirikta kAraka-padoM ko bhI dIpaka kA prayojaka svIkAra kiyA thaa| vRtti meM 'dharmAH kriyAdirUpAH' yaha vyAkhyAna isa kathana kA pramANa hai| kuntaka ke dIpaka bheda-kevala evaM paMktisaMstha-anya AcAryoM ke kramazaH kevala evaM mAlA dIpaka-bhedoM se abhinna haiN| sahokti kuntaka ne bhAmaha Adi pUrvavartI AcAryoM kI sahokti-paribhASA ko asvIkArya batA kara svamata se usake navIna lakSaNa kI sthApanA kA prayAsa kiyA hai| unhoMne samAsokti alaGkAra kI pRthak sattA kI svIkRti kA bhI 'virodha kiyA hai| ve use zleSAnuprANita hone ke kAraNa zleSa meM hI antabhukta mAnate the| kuntaka ne bhAmaha Adi AcAryoM kI sahokti-paribhASA ke khaNDana meM yaha yukti dI hai ki unakI paribhASA ke anusAra sahokti upamA se svatantra astitva nahIM rkhtii| bhAmaha ke ukta alaGkAra ke udAharaNa ko lakSya kara . unhoMne kahA hai ki usameM pArasparika sAmya kA sambandha hI manohAritva kA . 1. kuntaka-vakroktijIvita, pR0 363-66 .. 2. aucityAvahamamlAnaM tadvidAhlAdakAraNam / azakta dharmamarthAnAM dIpayavastu dIpakam // -kuntaka, vakroktijIvita 3, 17

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ 179 hetu hai, ataH vahA~ upamA kA hI sadbhAva mAnA jaaygaa|' isa prakAra bhAmaha Adi kI sahokti ko upamAntargata mAna kara kuntaka ne usakA lakSaNa isa prakAra diyA hai :-"jahAM varNanIya artha kI siddhi ke lie eka vAkya se aneka arthoM kA eka sAtha kathana hotA ho, vahA~ sahRdayoM ke matAnusAra sahokti nAmaka alaGkAra hotA hai|"2 unhoMne yaha svIkAra kiyA hai ki ise hI kucha loga samAsokti bhI kahate hai / bhAmaha ke sahokti evaM samAsokti alaGkAroM kA khaNDana kara kuntaka ne donoM ke sthAna para isa eka hI alaGkAra kI sattA svIkAra kI hai| isa alaGkAra ke svarUpa ko kuntaka kI sarvathA navIna parikalpanA mAnate hue vakroktijIvita ke vyAkhyAtA vizvezvara ne kahA hai ki "kuntaka ne bhAmaha ke sahokti-lakSaNa kA khaNDana karake jo apanA lakSaNa prastuta kiyA hai vaha ekadama nayA dRSTikoNa hai|"4 yaha mata samIcIna hI jAna par3atA hai| kuntaka kA yaha sahokti-lakSaNa paravartI AcAryoM ne svIkAra nahIM kiyaa| zleSa se sahokti kA bheda spaSTa karane ke lie kuntaka ne yaha kalpanA kara lI hai ki sahokti meM kathita donoM artha gauNa hote haiM, unakA uddezya varNanIya artha kI siddhi hotA hai| zleSa meM donoM artha mukhya ho sakate haiM, yA eka artha mukhya aura dUsarA gauNa / vyatireka vyatireka alaGkAra ke sAmAnya svarUpa ke sambandha meM kuntaka kI dhAraNA bhAmaha Adi AcAryoM kI dhAraNA se abhinna hai; kintu kuntaka ne usake bhedoM kI kalpanA kucha svatantra rUpa se kI hai| una bhedoM kA srota-sandhAna vAJchanIya hai / kuntaka ke anusAra vyatireka ke mukhya do bheda haiM-zAbda tathA pratIyamAna / usakA tIsarA bheda vahA~ mAnA gayA hai, jahA~ vastu ke loka meM pAye jAne vAle svAbhAvika svarUpa ko chor3a kara usase vilakSaNa rUpa se usakA varNana kiyA jAtA hai| prathama do bhedoM kI kalpanA daNDI kI dhAraNA ke AdhAra para kI gayI hai| tIsare prakAra ke vyatireka kI kalpanA kiJcit navIna hai| do 1. .. atra parasparasAmyasamanvayo manohAritva nibndhmmityupmaiv| -kuntaka, vakroktijIvita, pR0 461 2. yatra kenaiva vAkyena varNanIyArthasiddhaye / ___ arthAnAM yugapaduktiH sA sahoktiH satAM matA // vahI, 3,37 3. kaizcideSA smaasoktiH......| vahI, pR0 466 .. 4. hindI vakroktijIvita, pR0 463 . . ......

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180 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa vastuoM meM-upameya aura upamAna meM vizeSa-pradarzana kI dhAraNA prAcIna hI thii| eka hI vastu meM prastuta ke apane hI yathArtha evaM varNyamAna rUpoM meMvizeSa-nirdhAraNa kI kalpanA kuntaka ne vyatireka ke isa bheda meM kara lii| kuntaka vastu ke svAbhAvika rUpa ke varNana meM svabhAvokti meM-alaGkAratva nahIM maante| isalie unhoMne vastu ke sahaja rUpa ke sthAna para usake kalpita svarUpa ke varNana meM yaha alaGkAra-prakAra svIkAra kiyA hai / AcArya kuntaka kI alaGkAra-dhAraNA ke vivecana se hameM nimnalikhita niSkarSa prApta hote haiM___ alaGkAra-mImAMsA ke kSetra meM AcArya kuntaka kA mahattva pUrva-pracalita alaGkAroM kI saMkhyA meM kATa-chA~Ta kI dRSTi se hI hai, navIna alaGkAroM kI udbhAvanA kI dRSTi se nahIM / ___ kuntaka ne kisI navIna nAma vAle alaGkAra kI kalpanA nahIM kii| prAcIna abhidhAna vAle kucha alaGkAroM ke sambandha meM pUrvavartI AcAryoM kI mAnyatAoM kA khaNDana kara unake navIna svarUpa kI kalpanA unhoMne avazya kii| kahIMkahIM to unakA khaNDana durAgrahapUrNa ho gayA hai| una sthaloM meM tattva-cintana kI apekSA bauddhika camatkAra-pradarzana kI pravRtti pradhAna ho gayI hai| kuntaka ke prAcIna-nAmadheya; kintu navIna svarUpa vAle alaGkAroM ke vidhAyaka tattva pUrvavartI AcAryoM kI lakSaNa, alaGkAra Adi kI dhAraNA meM pAye jA sakate haiN| ____ sahokti Adi meM unakA dRSTikoNa navIna hai; para vaha kisI paravartI AcArya ko prabhAvita nahIM kara sakA hai / bhojarAja bhoja ne 'sarasvatI-kaNThAbharaNa' evaM 'zRGgAra-prakAza' donoM racanAoM meM kAvya ke alaGkAroM kI vivecanA. kI hai| paramparA se 'zRGgAra-prakAza' 'sarasvatI-kaNThAbharaNa' kI apekSA adhika prauDha racanA svIkRta hai, phira bhI adyAvadhi usakA aprakAzita rahanA na kevala Azcarya kI bAta hai, kAvyazAstra ke pAThakoM ke lie duHkha kI bhI bAta hai| bhoja kI alaGkAra-dhAraNA ke vivecana meM prastuta paMktiyoM ke lekhaka ko 'zRGgAra-prakAza' ke itastataH prakAzita

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa - [181 aMzoM ko hI pramANa mAna kara saMtoSa karanA pdd'egaa| prastuta vivecana kA pradhAna pramApaka sarasvatI-kaNThAbharaNa' ko hI mAnA jA sakatA hai| __ bhoja ne kAvya ke alaGkAroM ke zabdagata, arthagata evaM zabdArtha-ubhayagata; ye tIna varga svIkAra kiye haiN| unhoMne zabdAlaGkAra ke caubIsa prakAroM kA svarUpa-nirUpaNa kiyA hai| bhAratIya kAvyazAstra meM zabdagata alaGkAroM kI itanI saMkhyA kabhI svIkRta nahIM huI thii| hama dekha cuke haiM ki bhoja ke pUrva anuprAsa, yamaka, zleSa Adi kucha prasiddha zabdAlaGkAroM kA svarUpa hI vivecanayogya mAnA gayA thaa| unhIM ke aneka bhedopabhedoM kA nirUpaNa huA thaa| bhoja kI kRtiyoM meM zabdAlaGkAroM kI yaha saMkhyAsphIti saMkhyA-vizeSa ke prati unake vilakSaNa moha kA pariNAma hai| kAvya-guNoM ke svarUpa-nirUpaNa ke krama meM hamane caubIsa-saMkhyA ke prati bhoja kI Asakti kI ora nirdeza kiyA hai / kisI kAvya-tattva kI saMkhyA ke sambandha meM zAstrakAra kA pUrvAgraha tattva-nirUpaNa meM bAdhaka siddha hotA hai| bhojarAja tattat kAvyAGgoM meM saMkhyAgata ekarUpatA kI sthApanA ke Agraha ke kAraNa zAstrakAra kI apekSita taTasthatA kA nirvAha nahIM kara ske| unake saMkhyA-viSayaka pUrvAgraha kA pariNAma zabdAlaGkAra-vivecana meM bhI spaSTa hai| zabdagata alaGkAroM kI saMkhyA ko caubIsa taka khIMca kara le jAne ke lie unhoMne kucha alaGkAretara dharmoM kI bhI gaNanA alaGkAra meM kara lI hai| udAharaNArtha, zabdAlaGkAra ke rUpa meM parigaNita rIti, vRtti Adi kA bhAratIya kAvyazAstra meM alaGkAra se svatantra astitva svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| bhoja ne rIti kA artha mArga hI svIkAra kiyA hai aura usake bhedoM kA dezagata AdhAra para pUrvavartI AcAryoM ke dvArA kiyA gayA vaidarbhI, pAJcAlI, gauDIyA Adi nAmakaraNa bhI unheM mAnya hai| hama aparatra isa tathya para vicAra kara cuke haiM ki yadyapi Arambha meM dezagata AdhAra para kAvya kI rItiyoM yA mArgoM kA nAmakaraNa huA thA; kintu pIche cala kara tattaddezagata rItiyoM ke guNoM ke prAdhAnya ke AdhAra para vizeSa guNoM ko hI vizeSa rItiyoM kA vidhAyaka svIkAra kiyA gayA / ' bhoja ne isa tathya kI upekSA nahIM kii| unhoMne rIti ko guNAtmaka svIkAra kiyA hai| isI prakAra vRtti bhI 'nATayazAstra' se hI alaGkAra se pRthak apanI sattA banAye A rahI thii| rIti, vRtti Adi ko zabdAlaGkAra ke kSetra meM ghasITa kara le jAne meM cintana ke navIna kSitija ke 1. draSTavya, lekhaka kA 'kAvya-guNoM kA zAstrIya vivecana',

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182 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa udghATana kA maulika prayAsa nahIM hai; guNa, alaGkAra Adi meM saMkhyA. kI ekarUpatA ke sthApana kA lobha-mAtra hai| bhoja ne arthAlaGkAroM evaM ubhayAlaGkAroM ke bhI caubIsa-caubIsa prakAroM kI kalpanA kI hai| unake arthAlaGkAra haiM :-jAti yA svabhAvokti, vibhAvanA, hetu, ahetu, sUkSma, uttara, virodha, sambhava, anyonya, parivRtti, nidarzana, bheda, samAhita, bhrAnti, vitarka, mIlita, smRti, bhAva, pratyakSa, anumAna, Apravacana yA Agama, upamAna, arthApatti tathA abhAva / unhoMne ubhayAlaGkAra ke rUpa meM jina kAvyAlaGkAroM kA nirUpaNa kiyA hai, ve haiM :-upamA, rUpaka, sAmya, saMzayokti, apaha nuti, samAdhyukti, samAsokti, utprekSA, aprastutastuti, tulyayogitA, ullekha, sahokti samuccaya, AkSepa, arthAntaranyAsa, vizeSa, pariSkRti yA parikara, dIpaka, krama, paryAya, atizaya, zleSa, bhAvika evaM saMsRSTi / ukta alaGkAroM meM se adhikAMza ke chaha-chaha bhedoM kA vivecana kara bhI bhoja ne saMkhyA kI ekarUpatA ke prati apane moha kA paricaya diyA hai| prastuta sandarbha meM bhoja ke navIna alaGkAroM kA srota-sandhAna abhinata hai| suvidhA ke lie hama unake zabdagata, arthagata eva ubhayagata alaGkAroM kA kramazaH parIkSaNa kreNge| zabdAlaGkAra jAti ___zabdagata jAti alaGkAra kA svarUpa arthagata jAti yA svabhAvokti se sAMthA bhinna hai| yaha jAti bhASA-prayoga kA aucitya hai| saMkRta, prAkRta Adi bhASAoM kA pAtra Adi ke anurUpa zuddha yA mitra prayoga bhoja ke anusAra jAti nAmaka zabdAlaGkAra hai / yaha dhyAtavya hai ki bhASA Adi ke ucita prayoga kI dhAraNA pUrvavartI AcAryoM se hI lI gayI hai, kevala alaGkara kI koTi meM usakI gaNanA bhoja kI navIna kalpanA hai / Anandavaddhana Adi AcArya aucitya kI savistara mImAMsA kara cuke the; kintu kisI bhI AcArya ne use alaGkAra nahIM mAnA thaa| hamane aparatra aucitya ko guNa mAnane vAle siddhAnta kA khaNDana kiyA hai| aucitya ko guNa yA alaGkAra kA eka bheda mAna lena 1. bhoja, sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa, 2, 6-17 2. draSTavya, lekhaka kA 'kAvya-guNoM kA zAstrIya vivecana'

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [183 kAvya meM usake yathArtha mahattva kA avamUlyana hai| aucitya vastutaH guNa, alaGkAra Adi kA prakAra nahIM hai, vaha una sabakA vidhAyaka hai / gati bhoja ne viSaya ke anurUpa gadya-padya ke mAdhyama ke prayoga ko gati nAmaka alaGkAra mAnA hai| varNya viSaya ke anurUpa dra ta, vilambita, madhya Adi gati kA prayoga isameM vAJchanIya mAnA gayA hai|' spaSTa hai ki unhoMne chanda-zAstra kI gati-viSayaka dhAraNA ko eka alaGkAra ke rUpa meM parigaNita kara liyA hai| bhoja kI gati-dhAraNA na to navIna hai aura na alaGkAra ke rUpa meM usakI gaNanA ucita hii| rIti, vRtti ___ hama isa tathya para vicAra kara cuke haiM ki bhojarAja ne rIti tathA vRtti nAmaka svatantra kAvyAGgoM ko alaGkAra ke rUpa meM parigaNita kara liyA hai| rIti kI dhAraNA daNDI se tathA vRtti kI dhAraNA bharata Adi AcAryoM se gRhIta hai| inheM zabdagata alaGkAra mAnanA kathamapi samIcIna nhiiN| chAyA dUsaroM kI ukti kI anukRti ko bhoja ne chAyA alaGkAra kahA hai| ukti ke anukaraNa meM zabdagata alaGkAratva kI svIkRti yukti-saGgata nhiiN| kucha AcAryoM ne lokokti Adi ko alaGkAra mAnA hai, jisake aucitya para hamane anyatra vicAra kiyA hai| 'sarasvatI-kaNThAbharaNa' ke TIkAkAra ratnezvara ne yaha mantavya vyakta kiyA hai ki anyacchAyAyonija kAvya meM bhI kucha loga chAyA alaGkAra kA sadbhAva mAnate haiN| rAjazekhara ne samagra kAvyakRtiyoM ko do vargoM meM vibhAjita kiyA hai| ve haiM-ayoni kAvya-varga tathA anyacchAyAyoni kAvya-varga / anya kAvya kI chAyA para nirmita kavi-karmamAtra ko zabdAlaGkAra kA eka bheda mAna lene meM kyA yukti hogI? 1. bhoja, sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa, 2, 30-38 2. anyoktInAmanukRtizchAyA sApIha ssddvidhaa| -bhoja, sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa, 2,75 3. atra kecidanyacchAyAyonijamapi kAvyaM chAyAlaGkAravyavahArabhUmimAhaH / -vahI, ratnezvarakRta TIkA, pR0 163-64

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284 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa mudrA prastuta zabdAlaGkAra meM bhoja ne vAkya meM sAbhiprAya pada-sanniveza para bala diyA hai / ' mudrA ke lakSaNa-zloka para TippaNI likhate hue ratnezvara ne yaha mAnyatA vyakta kI hai ki isa mudrA ko hI anya AcAryoM ne padAdiprakAzya 'dhvani kahA hai / 2 spaSTataH ratnezvara kA saGkata Anandavarddhana ke dhvanyAloka tathA unake anuyAyiyoM kI racanAoM kI ora hai / Anandavaddhana ne padaprakAzya, vAkyaprakAzya, vibhaktiprakAzya Adi dhvani-bhedoM kA vivecana kiyA hai| bhoja ne bhI padamudrA, vAkyamudrA, vibhaktimudrA Adi mudrA-bhedoM kA svarUpanirUpaNa kiyA hai| ratnezvara kI ukta vyAkhyA se bhoja kI mAnyatA kI nissAratA hI pramANita hotI hai| 'dhvanyAloka' meM dhvani kI mahattA kI sthApanA ho jAne ke bAda dhvani ke avayava-vizeSa ko zabdAlaGkAra ke vizeSabheda ke rUpa meM mAna lene kI bhrAnti kA koI kAraNa nahIM dIkha pdd'taa| mudrA kA eka bheda samvRtti-mudrA, jisameM vaktA kathana ke madhya meM kisI vizeSa abhiprAya se thor3A virAma letA hai, bharata ke anuktasiddhi lakSaNa ke samAna hai, jisameM anukta bAta bhI zrotA samajha letA hai / spaSTa hai ki dhvani, lakSaNa Adi ke pUrva-pratipAdita svarUpa ko milA kara bhoja ne use mudrA vyapadeza se mudrita kara diyA aura use zabdagata alaGkAra kI sImA meM samAviSTa kara diyaa| ukti vidhimukha se yA niSedhamukha se sundara kathana yA ukti ko zabdAlaGkAra ukti kahA gayA hai| isake vidhi, niyama tathA parisaMkhyA bhedoM kA svarUpa mImAMsA-darzana ke vidhi, niyama evaM parisaMkhyA-viSayaka siddhAnta para AdhRta hai| ukti ke ukta tIna bhedoM kI vizada mImAMsA mImAMsA-darzana meM kI gayI 1. sAbhiprAyasya vAkye yadvacaso vinivezanam / mudrAM tAM mutpradAyitvAt kAvyamudrAvido viduH|| / ___-bhoja, sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa, 2, 82 2. mudrava padAdiprakAzyadhvanivyavahArabhUmiranyeSAm / -vahI, ratnezvara kI TIkA, pR0 167 3. vidhidvAreNa vA yatra niSedhenAthavA punH| pratIyate viziSTo'rthaH soktiratrAbhidhIyate ||-vhii, 2,60

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ 185 hai / bhoja kI ukti ke niSedha yA pratiSedha-bheda kA svarUpa bharata ke pratiSedha lakSaNa ke samAna hai, jisameM vijJa vyaktiyoM ke dvArA anucita kArya se karttA kA nivAraNa vAJchanIya mAnA jAtA hai / ' ukti ko alaGkAra na mAna kara alaGkArya hI mAnA jAnA cAhie / yadi vidhi-niSedha-paraka sabhI sundara uktiyoM ko alaGkAroM ke bIca parigaNita kara liyA jAya to alaGkArya kyA baca jAyagA ? bhoja isa tathya se paricita the / isalie unhoMne isa alaGkAra ko sAmAnya kAvyokti se thor3A alaga karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai / unake anusAra vidhi Adi uktiyoM se viziSTa artha kI pratIti meM hI alaGkAratva hogA / kintu, yaha artha karane para bhI ukti ko zuddha zabdAlaGkAra to nahIM hI mAnA jA sakatA / viziSTa artha hI usakA niyAmaka hogA / uktiviSayaka mImAMsA - zAstra kI mAnyatA tathA bharata ke pratiSedha-lakSaNa ko milA kara bhoja ne ukti kA rUpa nirmANa kiyA hai / ukti unakI svatantra udbhAvanA nahIM hai aura na usa ukti kA alaGkAratva hI asandigdha hai / yukti jahA~ zabda yA artha meM ApAtataH anvaya kA abhAva jAna par3atA ho; kintu usameM anupapatti kA parihAra kara anvaya kI yojanA kara dI jAya, vahA~ bhoja ke anusAra yukti nAmaka zabdAlaGkAra hotA hai / 2 pada kI yukti ke sAtha hI bhoja ne padArthagata yukti ko bhI zabdAlaGkAra meM parigaNita kara liyA hai / unake anusAra pada, padArtha, vAkya, vAkyArtha, prakaraNa tathA sampUrNa prabandha hI yukti kA viSaya ho sakatA hai / 3 prakaraNa tathA sampUrNa prabandha kI anvayayojanA ko zabdAlaGkAra kA eka bheda kaise mAnA jA sakatA hai ? yaha spaSTa hai ki bhoja ne prakaraNa evaM prabandha meM prAtibhAsika ananviti meM tAttvika anvaya-yojanA ke jo udAharaNa 'sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa' meM diye haiM, unase yukti 1. kAryeSu viparIteSu yadi kazcit pravarttate / nivAryate ca kAryajJaH pratiSedhaH prakIrtitaH // - bharata, nA0 zA 0 16, 23 2. ayujyamAnasya mithaH zabdasyArthasya vA punaH / yojanA kriyate yAsau yuktirityucyate budhaiH // - bhoja, sarasvatI kaNThAbharaNa, 2,68 3. padaJcaiva padArthazca vAkyaM vAkyArtha eva ca / viSayo'syAH prakaraNaM prabandhazcAbhidhIyate // - vahI, 2, 6

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186 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa ke ina do bhedoM kA svarUpa hetUtprekSA ke samAna siddha hotA hai| padArtha-yukti meM bhI ApAtataH padArthoM meM virodha; kintu pariNAmataH avirodha dIkha par3atA hai| ataH usakA svarUpa bhI prAcIna AcAryoM ke arthagata virodha yA virodhAbhAsa alaGkAra se milatA-julatA hai| isa alaGkAra ke svarUpa ko dRSTi meM rakhate hue DaoN0 rAghavana ne kahA hai ki ise svIkAra karane para 'sampUrNa kAvya hI yukti alaGkAra ho jaaygaa|'' yaha mAnyatA ucita hI jAna par3atI hai| yukti ko zabdagata alaGkAra ke rUpa meM svIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| bhaNiti kavi kI sundara ukti-bhaGgI ko bhaNiti zabdAlaGkAra kA lakSaNa mAnA gayA hai| yahA~ bhI bhoja ne vyApaka kAvyAGga ko zabdAlaGkAra kI sImA meM ghasITa liyA hai| TIkAkAra ratnezvara ke anusAra yaha dhvani kA eka rUpa hai| prakAzavarSa ne ise vakratA se abhinna mAnA hai| uktigata vakratA ko bhAratIya sAhitya-zAstra ke vakroktiprasthAna meM jo mahattva diyA gayA hai use dRSTi meM rakhate hue vakratAparanAmA bhaNiti ko zabdAlaGkAra mAnanA samIcIna nahIM jAna pdd'taa| bhaNiti ke chaha bhedoM meM sambhava bheda kA svarUpa utprekSA ke samAna tathA vizeSa bheda kA daNDI ke samAdhi guNa ke samAna hai| saMvRtti tathA kalpanA-bheda kA svabhAva atizayokti se milatA-julatA hai| asambhava aura Azcarya bhaNiti bhI atizayamUlA hI hai / spaSTa hai ki bhaNiti meM zabdAlaGkAratva nahIM hai| gumphanA zabda aura artha kI vAkya meM samyak racanA ko gumphanA kahA gayA hai| artha kI racanA ko to zabdAlaGkAra nahIM hI mAnA jA sktaa| zabda-racanA kA alaGka ratva hI yahA~ parIkSaNIya hai| paryAya-kRtA gumphanA bhI zuddha zabdAlaGkAra nhiiN| isameM samAna artha ke vAcaka zabdoM kI gumphanA hotI hai / una zabdoM kI arthagata ekatA hI isa alaGkAra-prakAra kA vidhAna karatI hai| kramakRtA gumphanA ke udAharaNa se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki vaha krama-hIna doSa kA 1. DaoN0 rAghavana, Bhoja's Sr. Prakash, pR0 361 / / 2. uktiprakAro bhaNiti ... ... ... |-bhoj, sarasvatI kaNThAbharaNa, 2,111 3. vAkye zabdArthayoH samyagracanA gumphanA smRtaa| vahI, 2, 118

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ 187 abhAva-mAtra hai, alaGkAra nhiiN| bhoja ne isameM prasiddhi-krama se racanA para bala diyA hai| prasiddha krama kA nirvAha na ho to kramahIna doSa hogA, kramagumphanA meM usa doSa kA abhAva-mAtra rahatA hai / pada-gumphanA ko ratnezvara ne pallava se abhinna mAnA hai|' bhoja ne isake udAharaNa ko spaSTa karate hue kahA hai ki isameM artha kI puSTi meM sahAyatA nahIM karane vAle padoM kI bhI chanda kI pUrti ke lie tathA anuprAsa-vidhAna ke lie arthAnuguNa racanA kI gayI hai; ataH yahA~ pada-gumphanA hai / 2 spaSTa hai ki yaha apane Apa meM alaGkAra nahIM hai / yaha anuprAsa Adi anya alaGkAra kI yojanA meM kevala sahAyaka ho sakatA hai| chandapUtti ke lie apuSTArtha-padoM kA prayoga kavi kI azakti kA hI paricAyaka hotA hai| samartha kavi pAdapUrtyartha bhI kisI apuSTArtha pada kA prayoga nahIM karatA / bhoja ko vAkyagata gumphanA kI kalpanA kI preraNA vAmana ke oja guNa ke 'vAkyArthe padAbhidhA' se milI hogii| gumphanA meM zabdArtha kI samyak racanA kI jo dhAraNA vyakta kI gayI hai, use dRSTi meM rakhate hue ise zabdAlaGkAra kA eka bheda nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| yadi zabda aura artha kA suSTha vinyAsa alaGkAra hai, to usase pRthak alaGkArya kyA baca rahegA ? zayyA padArtha arthAt prastutAprastuta vastu kI pArasparika ghaTanA ko zayyA kahA gayA hai| isake isa svarUpa kI kalpanA kara zabdAlaGkAra kI sImA meM ise kyoM Dhakela diyA gayA yaha kahanA kaThina hai| isakI gaNanA zabdAlaGkAra meM nahIM karane se caubIsa kI saMkhyA pUrI nahIM hotii| sambhava hai, isIlie ise zabdAlaGkAra kaha diyA gayA ho| padArtha kI ghaTanA ko sAmAnya rUpa se bhI alaGkAra nahIM mAnA jA sakatA, zabdAlaGkAra mAnane kA to prazna hI nahIM uThatA / padArtha-yojanA kA zabda se kyA sambandha ? yadi yaha kahA jAya ki zabda ke binA artha kI ghaTanA sambhava nahIM, zabda aura artha meM avibhAjya sambandha hai, taba to alaGkAroM ke zabdagata, arthagata Adi vargoM kI mUla mAnyatA hI vyartha ho jaaygii| isa AtmaghAtI yukti se padArtha-ghaTanA-rUpa zayyA kA 1. sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa, ratnezvara kI TIkA pR0 184 2. bhoja, sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa 2, 123 kI vRtti 3. zayyetyAhuH padArthAnAM ghaTanAyAM parasparam / -vahI, 2, 125

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188] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa . zabdAlaGkAratva siddha nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / zayyA ke prakIrNa-ghaTanA-bheda meM bhojarAja ne mukhyA, gauNI lakSaNA-jaisI zabdazakti ko sameTa liyA hai| ataH zayyA kA svarUpa alaGkAra se kucha adhika vyApaka ho gayA hai / paThiti paThiti zabdAlaGkAra ke svarUpa kI kalpanA prAcIna AcAryoM kI vakrokti ke AdhAra para kI gayI hai| kAku aura zleSa se vaktA ke kathana kA usake abhipreta artha se bhinna artha nikAlane kI dhAraNA bhoja kI paThiti aura prAcIna AcAryoM kI vakrokti meM samAna hai| bhoja ne vaktA ke abhISTa artha se bhinna arthabodha karAne ke abhinaya evaM kAnti, do anya sAdhanoM kI bhI kalpanA kI hai|' yamaka, zleSa, anuprAsa, citra yamaka, zleSa, anuprAsa evaM citra alaGkAra prAcIna haiN| bhoja ne ina alaGkAroM ke sambandha meM prAcIna AlaGkArikoM kI sAmAnya dhAraNA ko hI svIkAra kiyA hai / bhedopabhedoM kI kalpanA meM unhoMne kucha navInatA lAne kA prayAsa kiyA hai| yamaka, anuprAsa evaM citra alaGkAroM kI dhAraNA ke vikAsa kA mUla bharata ke yamaka meM hI hai / hama yaha dekha cuke haiM ki yamaka se anuprAsa ne dhIre-dhIre alaga astitva grahaNa kiyaa| phira bhI, donoM meM itanI samatA rahI ki kucha AcAryoM ne donoM ke sthAna para kevala yamaka kI sattA svIkAra kI to kucha ne kevala anuprAsa kii| isI dhAraNA se citra ke aneka rUpoM kA vikAsa huaa| rudraTa citra kA anuprAsa Adi se svatantra astitva svIkAra kara cuke the / bhoja ne bhI tInoM kA svatantra astitva svIkAra kiyA hai| inake sAmAnya svarUpa tathA adhikAMza bhedoM ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM bhoja kI dhAraNA rudraTa kI dhAraNA se milatI-julatI hai| rudraTa ne yamaka ke aneka bhedoM kI kalpanA kI thii| unase pUrva daNDI bhI yamaka-prapaJca kI savistara vivecanA kara cuke the| bhoja ne apane pUrvavartI sabhI AcAryoM ke yamaka-bheda vivecana ke AdhAra para usake unasaTha bhedoM kA vivaraNa diyA hai tathA usake ananta bhedoM kI sambhAvanA svIkAra kI hai / 2 anuprAsa kI dhAraNA bhI daNDI, 1. kAkusvarapadacchedabhedAbhinayakAntibhiH / pATho yo'rthavizeSAya paThitiH seha SaDvidhA / vahI, 2, 133 2. atyantaM bahavasteSAM bhedAH sambhedayonayaH / -bhoja, sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa, 2,150

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ 189 rudraTa Adi kI etadviSayaka dhAraNA ke samAna hI hai / daNDI ne zratyanuprAsa ko mAdhurya guNa kA eka pradhAna bheda mAna kara kAvya meM use bahuta mahattvapUrNa sthAna diyA thaa| bhoja ne usI ke AdhAra para sAmAnya rUpa se anuprAsa alaGkAra kI prazaMsA bahuta bar3hA-car3hA kara kI hai / ' bhoja kI vRttyanuprAsa-dhAraNA kucha navIna hai / isameM samAna varga ke varNoM kI AvRtti hotI hai / yaha varNAnuprAsa kA hI eka vizeSa rUpa hai / bhoja ne isake vibhinna rUpoM ko vibhinna pradezoM se sambaddha kiyA hai; kintu yaha vivecana pramANa- puSTa nahIM hai / citra alaGkAra ke bahuvidha bhedoM kI kalpanA kA AdhAra rudraTa kI citra-mImAMsA hai / bhoja ne zleSa ke chaha bheda hI svIkAra kiye haiM / rudraTa ke ATha zleSa - bhedoM meM se varNagata evaM liGgagata bhedoM ko bhoja ne svIkAra nahIM kiyA hai / ve varNazleSa kA padazleSa meM tathA liGgazleSa kA prakRtizleSa meM antarbhAva mAnate the / vAkovAkya ukti-pratyukti ko bhoja ne vAkovAkya alaGkAra mAnA hai / isa prakAra vArtAlApa hI alaGkAra mAna liyA gayA / vArttAlApa ke prakAroM ke AdhAra para isa alaGkAra ke chaha bheda kalpita hue -- RjUkti, vakrokti, vaiyAtyokti, gUDhokti, praznottarokti tathA citroti / kahane kI AvazyakatA nahIM ki vakrokti kI dhAraNA prAcIna hai aura use bhoja ke pahale hI alaGkAra meM svatantra astitva mila cukA thA / kuntaka ne use vyApaka artha meM alaGkAra mAna kara, kAvya meM AtmA kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna pradAna kiyA thA / bhoja ne use zabdAlaGkAra ke eka vizeSa bheda ke rUpa meM sImita kara diyA / unhoMne usake nirvyUDha aura anivyUDha; ina do upabhedoM kI kalpanA ko hai / RjUkti ke grAmyA tathA upanAgarikA bheda prAcIna AcAryoM kI vRtti dhAraNA ke AdhAra para kalpita haiM / spaSTa hai ki bhoja ne prAcIna AlaGkArikoM ko kAvya-tattvaviSayaka dhAraNA ko hI milA-julA kara isa navIna abhidhAna vAle alaGkAra kI kalpanA kara lA hai / vatutaH ukti-pratyukti apane Apa meM alaGkAra nahIM, usameM dUsare alaGkAra bhale raha sakate haiM / ukti-pratyukti kI vizeSa bhaGgimA 1. yathA jyotsnA candramasaM yathA lAvaNyamaGganAm / anuprAsastathA kA yamalaGkatta 'mayaM kSamaH // - vahI, 2,246 2. uktipratyuktimadvAkyaM vAkovAkyaM bidurbudhAH / - vahI, 2,143

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160 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa meM alaGkAratva mAnA jA sakatA hai; kintu grAmyokti Adi svataH alaGkAra kaise mAnI jA sakatI hai ? prahelikA prahelikA kI dhAraNA bhI prAcIna hai| bauddhika camatkAra dikhAne vAle isa alaGkAra kA ullekha bhAmaha ne rAmazarmA nAmaka AcArya kA sAkSya dete hue yamaka-vivecana ke prasaGga meM kiyA hai| unhoMne spaSTa zabdoM meM ise 'yamakavyapadezinI' kahA hai|' bhoja ke pUrvavartI AcArya daNDI ne hI krIDAgoSThI ke hAsya-vinoda meM prayukta hone vAle isa alaGkAra ke solaha bhedoM kA svatantra astitva svIkAra kara liyA thaa| bhoja ne bhI yamaka Adi se pRthak isakI gaNanA kI hai| gUDha, praznottara prAcIna AcAryoM kI prahelikA ke svarUpa ke AdhAra para hI ina do svatantra alaGkAroM kI kalpanA bhojarAja ne kI hai| vidagdha-goSThI meM apanI bauddhika kalA ke pradarzana se camatkAra utpanna karane kI jo dhAraNA prahelikA ke sambandha meM vyakta kI jAtI rahI hai, vaha ina donoM alaGkAroM ke mUla meM bhI hai| gUDha 'ukti evaM praznottara kI ukti kA vAkovAkya alaGkAra ke bheda ke rUpa meM bhI bhoja ne vivecana kiyA hai| ataH gUDha evaM praznottara para pRthak vicAra Avazyaka bhI nahIM thaa| prahelikA ke bauddhika-camatkAra ke aneka bhedoM kI kalpanA kI jA sakatI hai / rudraTa ne kArakagUDha tathA kriyAgUDha prahelikA-bhedoM kA ullekha kiyA thaa| unhoMne usake praznottara bheda kI bhI kalpanA kI thii| bhoja ke gUDha aura praznottara kA svarUpa rudraTa ke ukta prahelikA-bhedoM ke svarUpa se bhinna nhiiN| inheM prahelikAntargata mAnanA hI adhika samIcIna jAna par3atA hai| adhya, zravya, prekSya, abhineya adhyeya, zravya Adi ko kAvya kA alaGkAra mAnanA yuktisaGgata nahIM jAna pdd'taa| ye sAmAnyataH kAvya ke guNa ho sakate haiM, alaGkAra nhiiN| guNa bhI pAribhASika artha meM nahIM, sAdhAraNa artha meN| abhiprAya yaha ki 1. bhAmaha-kAvyAlaGkAra, 2,16 2. rudraTa-kA yAlaGkAra, 5,24

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ 161 kavitA gadya-kAvya Adi ko paThanIya aura zravya honA caahie| usameM aisI saralatA aura sarasatA ho ki vaha par3hane yA sunane meM arucikAraka nahIM ho| rUpaka meM abhineyatA aura darzanIyatA rhe| bhoja ne inheM alaGkAra kaise mAna liyA, isakA uttara unakI kAvya-tattva-samIkSA kI paddhati para vicAra karane se mila jAtA hai| guNa-vivecana ke sandarbha meM hamane isa bAta kI ora saGkata kiyA hai ki sampUrNa prabandhagata-guNa kI kalpanA kA unameM Agraha thaa|' isI Agraha ke kAraNa unhoMne ukta prabandha-gata alaGkAroM kI bhI kalpanA kara lI hai| arthAlaGkAra jAti ___bhoja kI jAti prAcIna AcAryoM kI svabhAvokti yA jAti se abhinna hai| jAti evaM sva mAvokti eka hI aGkAra kI do AkhyAeM haiN| bhoja ne vastu-svabhAva ke vividha sambhAvita rUpoM ke varNana ke AdhAra para prastuta alaGkAra ke aneka bhedoM kI kalpanA kara lI hai| hama dekha cuke haiM ki vastu ke nitya tathA AgamApAyI dharmoM ke AdhAra para svabhAva-kathana ke mukhya do bhedoM kI kalpanA pahale bhI kI jA cukI thii| bhoja ne bhI jAti ke sArvakAlika evaM jAyamAna bhedoM ko svIkAra kiyA hai| mugdhA bAlA, nIca pAtra, pazu-pakSI tathA bacce Adi ke sahaja rUpa kA varNana sArvakAlika kA tathA vezabhUSA, vyApAra Adi kA varNana jAyamAna kA upabheda mAnA jaaygaa| kuntaka ke dvArA jAti yA svabhAvokti ke alaGkAratva kA khaNDana kiye jAne para bhI uttaravartI AcAryoM ne usakI gaNanA alaGkAra ke rUpa meM hI kI hai| hamane jAti-viSayaka ina paripanthI mAnyatAoM ke aucitya kI parIkSA ucita sandarbha meM kI hai| prastuta pasaGga meM yaha nirdeza-mAtra abhipra ta hai ki bhoja kI jAti-dhAraNA prAcIna AlaGkArikoM kI tadviSayaka dhAraNA se bhinna nhiiN| vibhAvanA vibhAvanA alaGkAra ke lakSaNa-nirUpaNa-krama meM 'parasvatI kaNThAbharaNa' meM AcArya daNDI ke 'kAvyAdarza' se vibhAvanA-lakSaNa-zloka avikala rUpa meM uddhRta kara diyA gayA hai / 2 bhoja ke dvArA kalpita usake zuddhA, citrA evaM 1. draSTavya-lekhaka kA 'kAvya-guNoM kA zAstrIya vivecana / 2. bhoja-sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa, 3, 21 tulanIya, daNDI, kAvyAdarza 2, 199

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192 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa vicitrA upabheda ke nAma mAtra navIna haiN| usake svarUpa kI kalpanA kA mUla rust ke vividha vibhAvanA - bhedoM meM hI hai / hetu samAna hI hai / yaha dekhA bhoja kI hetu dhAraNA bhI daNDI kI dhAraNA ke jA cukA hai ki daNDI ke pUrvavartI bhAmaha ke pUrva bhI hetu alaGkAra kI dhAraNA kisI-na-kisI rUpa meM pracalita rahI hogI / isIlie bhAmaha ne usake alaGkAratva kI mAnyatA kA khaNDana kiyA thA / AcArya daNDI ne na kevala usakA alaGkAra ke rUpa meM astitva svIkAra kiyA, varan use vANI ke uttama alaGkAroM meM sthAna diyA / bhoja ne daNDI ke hI hetu svarUpa ko svIkAra kiyA hai; kintu use uttama AbhUSaNa mAnanA unakA abhimata nahIM jAna par3atA / kriyA ke hetu evaM kArakAdi ke bhedoM ke AdhAra para bhoja ne isa alaGkAra ke aneka bhedoM ko kalpanA kara lI hai / ' zrahetu ahetu alaGkAra kA svarUpa rudraTa ke atizayamUlaka ahetu se milatA-julatA hai / bhoja ne prastuta alaGkAra meM hI rudraTa ke vAstava vagaMgata kAraNamAlA alaGkAra kA antarbhAva mAna liyA hai / isa mAnyatA kA koI sabala AdhAra nahIM jAna par3atA / sUkSma hetu kI taraha sUkSma ke bhI alaGkAratva kI svIkRti meM bhoja para daNDI kI mAnyatA kA prabhAva hai / isa alaGkAra ke svarUpa nirdhAraNa meM bhI bhoja daNDI se pUrNataH prabhAvita haiM / 3 1. bhoja --- sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa, 3, 30 2. yastu kAraNamAleti hetusantAna ucyate / pRthak pRthagasAmarthyAt so'pyahetorna bhidyate // - bhoja, sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa, 3, 63 3. tulanIya - bhoja, sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa, 3, 67 tathA daNDI, kAvyAdarza, 2, 260

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ 163 uttara bhoja ke uttara alaGkAra kA svarUpa AcArya rudraTa ke vAstava-vargagata 'sAra' alaGkAra ke svarUpa se milatA-julatA hai| padArtha ke sAra-kathana meM rudraTa ne sAra nAmaka vAstava alaGkAra kA sadbhAva mAnA thaa| bhoja ne use hI sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa meM uttara saMjJA se abhihita kiyA hai|' yaha uttara nAma bhI rudraTa ke 'kAvyAlaGkAra' se hI gRhIta hai| rudraTa ne sAra aura uttara ke pRthak-pRthak svarUpoM kA vivecana kiyA thaa| bhoja ne donoM ke sthAna para eka hI alaGkAra kI sattA svIkAra kI aura use hI 'sarasvatIkaNThA bharaNa'' meM uttara tathA 'zRGgAra-prakAza' meM sAra saMjJA se abhihita kiyA / virodha bhAmaha, daNDI Adi prAcIna AcAryoM ke virodha, asaGgati, pratyanIka, adhika evaM viSama alaGkAroM ke sthAna para bhoja ne isa eka alaGkAra kA hI ullekha kiyA hai| anya alaGkAra isI meM antabhukta mAna liye gaye haiM / padArthoM kI pArasparika asaGgati ko isakA lakSaNa mAnA gayA hai| prAcInoM ne bhI. viSama, virodha, asaGgati Adi meM asaGgata padArthoM kI ghaTanA para bala diyA thaa| bhoja ne virodha ke aGga ke rUpa meM asaGgati, pratyanIka Adi kA ullekha kiyA hai / sambhava bhojarAja ne sambhava nAmaka navIna alaGkAra kI kalpanA kI hai| isake lakSaNa meM unhoMne yaha mantavya prakaTa kiyA hai ki jahA~ pracura kAraNa ko dekha kara 'aisA ho sakatA hai', yaha jJAna ho, vahA~ sambhava alaGkAra hotA hai|4 DaoN0 rAghavana ne ise prAcIna AcAryoM kI utprekSA ke samAna mAna liyA hai|5 isakA kAraNa sambhavataH 'sambhAvanA' zabda hai| utprekSA meM bhI eka vastu meM 1. padArthAnAM tu yaH saarstduttrmihocyte| -bhoja, sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa, 3, 74 2. draSTavya-DaoN0 rAghavana, Bhoja's 'Sr. Prakash, pR0 387 3. virodhastu padArthAnAM prsprmsnggtiH| asaMgatiH pratyanIkamadhikaM viSamaJca sH|| -bhoja, sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa, 376 4. prabhUtakAraNAlokAt syAdevamiti smbhvH|-vhii, 3, 86 5. DaoN0 rAghavana, Bhojas Sr. Prakash, pR0 387

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194 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa tatsadRza anya vastu kI athavA kisI kArya ke kAraNa meM tadbhinna kAraNa kI sambhAvanA hotI hai| sambhava meM sambhAvanA kA tattva hai avazya, kintu usakA svarUpa utprekSA kA vidhAna karane vAlI 'sambhAvanA' se kiJcit bhinna hai| bhoja ne usa utprekSA kA svatantra hI astitva mAnA hai| sambhava meM kAraNa ko dekha kara vastu kI vidhi-niSedha Adi ke rUpa meM sambhAvanA hotI hai| pIche cala kara ise hI sambhAvanA saMjJA se abhihita kiyA gayA hai / anyonya anyonya alaGkAra ke sAmAnya svarUpa kI kalpanA meM bhoja para rudraTa kI anyonya-dhAraNA kA prabhUta prabhAva hai| parivRtti ___bhAmaha. daNDI Adi prAcIna AcAryoM kI parivRtti-viSayaka sAmAnya mAnyatA ko hI bhoja ne svIkAra kiyA hai / nidarzana bhoja ne pUrva-pracalita do alaGkAroM-nidarzana yA nidarzanA tathA dRSTAnta-ke sthAna para eka hI alaGkAra kI sattA svIkAra kI hai| ve nidarzana aura dRSTAnta kI pRthak-pRthak sattA svIkAra nahIM krte| isa eka kA hI ekatra ( sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa meM ) nidarzana tathA aparatra (zRGgAra prakAza meM) dRSTAnta abhidhAna hai| isake svarUpa kI kalpanA meM bhoja ne bhAmaha, daNDI Adi prAcIna AcAryoM kI mAnyatA kA hI anugamana kiyA hai| bheda prAcIna AcAryoM ke vyatireka alaGkAra ko bhoja ne bheda kI atirikta AkhyA dI hai| unhoMne spaSTa rUpa se ise svIkAra kiyA hai ki ise vyatireka bhI kahA jAtA hai|' bhoja kA bheda-lakSaNa daNDI ke vyatireka lakSaNa kI hI avatAraNA hai| 1. bhoja, sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa, 3, 118 2. tulanIya-bhoja, sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa, 3, 118 tathA daNDI, kAvyAdarza 2, 180

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa 165. 165 samAhita samAhita alaGkAra kI dhAraNA bhAmaha, daNDI Adi prAcIna AcAryoM kI dhAraNA se abhinna hai| bhrAnti bhoja kI bhrAnti kA svarUpa rudraTa kI bhrAnti se milatA-julatA hai| bhoja ne isa alaGkAra ke cAra prakAroM kI kalpanA kI hai| ve haiM:-bhrAntimAlA, 'bhrAntimAna, bhrAntyatizaya, bhrAntyanadhyavasAya / bhrAnti kI mAlA yA paramparA tathA usakI atizayatA ke AdhAra para bhrAntimAlA evaM bhrAntyatizaya bhedoM kI kalpanA kI gayI hai| mAlA evaM atizaya kI dhAraNA navIna nahIM hai| bhrAntimUlaka jJAna ke anya bhedoM kI kalpanA bhI nyAya-zAstra Adi meM ho cukI thii| vastutaH bhrAnti yA bhrAntimAna kI alaGkAra rUpa meM kAvyazAstra meM avatAraNA darzana ke kSetra se hI huI hai| vitarka ___ DaoN0 rAghavana kI mAnyatA hai ki prAcIna AcAryoM ke sandeha alaGkAra ko bhojarAja ne vitarka nAma se abhihita kiyA hai| isakA svarUpa prAcInoM ke sandeha ke svarUpa se abhinna hai / ' bhoja ne UhA evaM vitarka ko paryAyavAcI svIkAra kiyA hai| jahA~ kisI vastu ke vAstavika svarUpa ke nirNaya meM mana meM vitarka uThe vahA~ isa alaGkAra kI sattA mAnI gayI hai| isakA svarUpa aMzataH sandeha se avazya milatA hai, kintu ise sandeha se apRthak siddha nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / ratnezvara ne vitarka kA sandeha se yaha bheda spaSTa kiyA hai ki sandeha meM eka vastu meM do yA do se adhika vastuoM kA samakAlika jJAna rahatA hai, arthAt eka meM aneka vastuoM kA vikalpa mana meM uThatA rahatA hai; kintu vitarka meM eka s.maya eka koTika jJAna hI rahatA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, sandeha aneka-koTika jijJAsA utpanna karatA hai para vitarka eka-koTika / prAcInoM ke 1. DaoN0 rAghavana, Bhoja's Sr. Prakash, pR0 387 2. sandeho nAnAkoTikastathAbhUtAmeva jijJAsAM prasUte tarkastu tadanantarabhAvI niyata koTikaH tathAbhUtAmiti |-srsvtiiknntthaabhrnn, ratnezvara kI TIkA, pR0 365

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166 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa sandeha ko vitarka kahanA bhoja ko abhISTa nahIM thA, isakA eka sabala pramANa yaha hai ki 'sarasvatI - kaNThAbharaNa' meM saMzayokti nAmaka alaGkAra kA vitarka se svatantra astitva svIkAra kiyA gayA hai / bhoja kA saMzayokti alaGkAra, jise unhoMne ubhayAlaGkAra-varga meM parigaNita kiyA hai, prAcIna AcAryoM ke sandeha se abhinna hai / hama yaha dekha cuke haiM ki 'sandeha' ke lie 'sasandeha', 'saMzaya', 'sasaMzaya ' Adi paryAyoM kA prayoga hotA rahA hai / bhoja ne usake lie saMzayokti zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai / yadi ve vitarka ko sandeha se abhinna mAnate to saMzayokti ke svarUpa - nirUpaNa kI AvazyakatA hI nahIM raha jAtI / spaSTa hai ki sandeha se kiJcit sAmya hone para bhI vitarka kA svatantra astitva hai / yaha pramANa kA sahakArI hai / isase tattva-jJAna meM sahAyatA milatI hai / vitarka yA paryAlocana se hama nirNaya para pahu~cate haiM; kintu sandeha se nirNaya meM koI sahAyatA nahIM milatI / isameM dvikoTika jJAna meM se ayathArtha jJAna ke nirasta ho jAne para tattva-jJAna zeSa raha jAtA hai / vitarka bhI bhrama, sandeha Adi kI taraha jJAna viSayaka dArzanika cintana kA hI avadAna hai / UhA yA vitarka ke svarUpa para darzana ke kSetra meM gambhIra vicAra huA hai / sAhitya meM usakI abhivyakti ko bhoja ne alaGkAra ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai / mIlita bhoja ke mIlita alaGkAra kA sAmAnya svarUpa rudraTa ke mIlita se milatA-julatA hai / bhoja ne mIlita meM hI pihita, apihita, tadguNa tathA atadguNa alaGkAroM kA antarbhAva mAnA hai / yaha dekhA jA cukA hai ki rudraTa ne pihita evaM tadguNa alaGkAroM kA vAstava vargagata mIlita se svatantra astitva svIkAra kiyA thA / ve inheM atizayamUlaka alaGkAra mAnate the / ina do alaGkAroM ke abhAvAtmaka svarUpa kI kalpanA se apihita evaM atadguNa alaGkAroM kA AvirbhAva huA / bhoja ne inakA svatantra astitva asvIkAra kara inheM mIlita meM hI samAviSTa kara diyA / smRti smRti alaGkAra kI svarUpa - kalpanA meM bhoja rudraTa se sahamata haiM / 1. vastvantara tiraskAro vastunA mIlita smRtam / pihitApihite caiva tadguNAtadguNau ca yat / / - bhoja, sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa, 3, 162

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa .. [167 bhAva bhoja ke bhAva kA svarUpa rudraTa ke vAstava varga-gata bhAva alaGkAra ke samAna hai| pratyakSa, anumAna, prAptavacana yA Agama, upamAna, arthApatti, abhAva pratyakSa Adi chaha pramANoM kI alaGkAra ke rUpa meM mAnyatA bhoja kI navInatA hai; kintu inake svarUpa kI kalpanA meM unakI koI maulikatA nhiiN| yaha sarvavidita hai ki bhAratIya darzana kI vibhinna zAkhAoM meM pramANa ke tattadaGgoM kA sUkSma vivecana huA hai| pramANoM kI saMkhyA ke viSaya meM dArzanikoM kA matabheda bhI vikhyAta hai / jaiminIya sUtra kI pramANa-mImAMsA kA bhoja kI alaGkAra-dhAraNA para puSkala prabhAva par3A hai| darzana ke ye chaha pramANa bhoja ke dvArA kAvyAlaGkAra ke rUpa meM svIkRta haiN| unhoMne upamAna ke udAharaNoM meM mImAMsaka, naiyAyika Adi ke matoM kA spaSTa ullekha bhI kiyA hai|' upamAna meM abhinaya, Alekhya, mudrA evaM pratibimba nAmaka navIna alaGkAroM kA antarbhAvana bhoja ne mAnA hai| sambhava hai, bhoja ke samaya ina alaGkAroM kA svatantra astitva kucha AcAryoM ne svIkAra kiyA ho| abhAva alaGkAra meM nyAyazAstra meM vivecita abhAva ke sabhI aGgoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| ubhayAlaGkAra ubhayAlaGkAra-varga meM bhoja ne jina caubIsa alaGkAroM kA ullekha kara unake svarUpa kA vivecana kiyA hai, unameM se do-tIna ko chor3a zeSa sabhI alaGkAroM kA svarUpa prAcIna hai| upamA, rUpaka Adi ke sambandha meM pUrvavartI AcAryoM kI sAmAnya dhAraNA ko svIkAra kara snakI vistRta mImAMsA kI gayI hai| tattadAlaGkArikoM kI dhAraNAoM ko milA kara una alaGkAroM ke aneka bhedopabhedoM kI bhI kalpanA kara lI gayI hai| bhedIkaraNa kI pravRtti bhoja kI apanI vizeSatA thii| ataH una bhedopabhedoM meM kalpanA-vilAsa hI pAyA jA 1. .."tadidamanubhUta viSayaM nAma upamAnaM mImAMsakA varNayanti / xxxx ta didamananubhUtaviSayaM upamAnaM naiyAyikA: smunnynti| -bhoja, sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa, vRtti pR0 414-15 (ka) 2. tathAbhUtArthavijJAnajanakatvena hetunaa| nAsmAdabhinayAlesyamudrA bigbAdayaH pRthak ||-vhii, 3, 610

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168 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa sakatA hai / alaGkAra ke kisI vilakSaNa svarUpa kI udbhAvanA una bhedoM ke vivecana-krama meM nahIM ho pAyI hai / ina ubhayAlaGkAroM kI saMkhyA ko caubIsa taka hI sImita rakhane ke lie bhojarAja ne kisI vizeSa alaGkAra meM pUrvAcAryoM ke dvArA svIkRta anya kaI alaGkAroM kA anta bhAva mAna liyA hai| isa prakAra rudraTa kA mata utprekSA meM antabhukta mAna liyA gyaa| unake ubhayanyAsa, pratyatIkanyAsa tathA pratIkanyAsa arthAntaranyAsa meM samAviSTa kara diye gye| parikara meM ekAvalI kA antarbhAvana mAna liyA gyaa| saMsRSTi aura saGkara ke sthAna para kevala saMsRSTi kA astitva svIkRta huaa| usImeM saGkara kA antarbhAva mAnA gyaa| hama dekha cuke haiM ki saGkara aura saMsRSTi meM ekAdhika alaGkAroM ke eka adhikaraNa meM sanniveza kI do prakriyAoM para vicAra kiyA gayA hai| ve eka hI alaGkAra-vidhAna ke do rUpa haiM / ataH, bhoja ke pUrva bhI kucha AcAryoM ne kevala saMsRSTi ke svarUpa kA vivecana kiyA thA, kucha ne kevala saGkara ke svarUpa kA aura kucha ne donoM ke svarUpa kaa| bhoja ne saMsRSTi meM hI donoM rUpoM para vicAra kiyA hai| bhoja ne samAdhyukti nAmaka eka navIna alaGkAra kA ullekha kiyA hai; kintu isakA nAma-rUpa daNDI ke samAdhi guNa se abhinna hai / daNDI ne anya vastu ke dharma kA anyatra Aropa hone meM samAdhi guNa mAnA thaa| bhoja ne samAdhi-ukti kA yahI lakSaNa svIkAra kiyA hai| bhoja ke matAnusAra mIlita alaGkAra bhI samAdhyukti kA hI eka bheda hai| bhoja ne bhAvika alaGkAra ke svarUpa kI kalpanA svatantra rUpa se kI hai| bhoja ke matAnusAra apane Azaya ko prakaTa karane, aprakRta artha kI utthApanA karane tathA aprakRta ke apadeza yA chala meM bhAvika alaGkAra hotA hai| isa prakAra unhoMne bhAvika ke ukta tIna prakAra svIkAra kiye haiN| udbhada yA prakaTIkaraNa ko bhoja ne bhAvika se abhinna mAnA hai / ataH udbhada kI tIna prakriyAe-vyakta, avyakta tathA vyaktAvyakta-bhI bhAvika ke tIna bhedoM ke rUpa meM svIkRta huI haiN| isameM sAmAnyataH eka kathana se Atma-bhAva kI, aprakRta artha Adi kI pratIti karAyI jAtI hai| dUsare zabdoM meM isameM kathita 1. svAbhiprAyasya kathanaM yadi vApyanyabhAvanA / anyApadezo vA yastu trividhaM bhAvika biduH // mate cAsmAkamudbhado vidyate naiva bhAvikAt / vyaktAvyaktobhayAkhyAbhistrividhaH so'pi kathyate / / -bhoja, sara0kaNThA0 4,308--309

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ 166 vAkya se akathita artha bhI prakaTa ho jAtA hai / bharata ne manoratha lakSaNa meM kisI dUsare vyAja se Atma-bhAva ke prakaTa karane kI dhAraNA vyakta kI thI / " bhoja ke bhAvika kA svarUpa bharata ke manoratha lakSaNa se milatA-julatA hai / bharata ke ukta lakSaNa ne hI aprastutaprazaMsA alaGkAra ko bhI janma diyA hai / bhoja kA yaha bhAvika prAcInoM kI aprastutaprazaMsA ke bhI samIpa pahu~ca jAtA hai | anyApadeza Adi bhAvika-bheda anyokti yA aprastutaprazaMsA se abhinna hai / bhoja ne isase aprastutastuti yA aprastutaprazaMsA kA svarUpa alaga karane ke lie stuti ke apAtra kI stuti ko aprastutaprazaMsA kA lakSaNa mAna liyA hai / bhAmaha ke aprastutaprazaMsA-lakSaNa meM 'adhikAra se apeta vastu kI stuti' kA anadhikArI kI stuti artha samajha kara aprastutaprazaMsA kI ukta paribhASA kalpita huI aura bharata ke manoratha lakSaNa Adi se tattva grahaNa kara prAcIna AcAryoM kI racanAoM meM alaGkAra ke rUpa meM avatarita hone vAlI aprastutaprazaMsA ke svabhAva se milatejulate svabhAva kI kalpanA bhAvika ke lakSaNa-nirUpaNa ke krama meM kara lI gayI / spaSTa hai ki bhoja ke bhAvika kA nAma prAcIna hone para bhI usakA svarUpa prAcIna bhAvika se bhinna hai / phira bhI, usakI prakRti ko bhoja kI sarvathA nUtana udbhAvanA nahIM mAnA jA sakatA / prAcIna AcAryoM kI lakSaNa, alaGkAra Adi kI dhAraNA ke AdhAra para hI isa bhAvika-lakSaNa kI kalpanA kI gayI hai / bhoja kI alaGkAra-dhAraNA ke isa vivecana se hama nimnalikhita niSkarSa para pahu~cate haiM zabdAlaGkAroM kI saMkhyA cIbIsa taka bar3hA dene ke uddezya se bhoja ne pUrvAcAryoM ke dvArA pratipAdita aneka alaGkAretara kAvya-tattvoM kI bhI gaNanA alaGkAra ke bIca kara lI hai / rIti, vRtti, gati Adi isake nidarzana haiM / prAcIna AcAryoM kI hI kucha mAnyatAoM ko unhoMne navIna abhidhAna dekara zabdagata alaGkAra ke rUpa meM svIkAra kara liyA hai / isa prakAra bhASaucitya kI dhAraNA jAti nAma dhAraNa kara alaGkAra ke kSetra meM praviSTa gayI / dhvani ke kucha aGga mudrA vyapadeza se alaGkAra kI sImA meM samAviSTa ho gaye / mImAMsA - darzana meM pratipAdita vidhi, niyama, parisaMkhyA Adi uktiH 1. hRdayasthasya bhAvasya suzliSTArthapradarzanam / anyApadezakathanairmanoratha iti smRtaH // - bharata, nA0zA0, 16,20

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200 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa kI saMjJA pAkara zabdAlaGkAra ke rUpa meM svIkRta huii| adhyeyatva, zravyatva, prekSyatva, Adi kAvya aura nATaka ke sAmAnya guNa bhI adhyeya Adi AkhyAoM se alaGkAra kI zreNI meM parigaNita hue| bhaNiti, zayyA, gumphanA, vAkovAkya Adi ko zabdAlaGkAra mAnanA samIcIna nhiiN| unameM lakSaNa, dhvani, vakratA Adi kAvya ke mahattvapUrNa tattva samAviSTa haiN| yamaka, anuprAsa, zleSa, citra, prahelikA Adi kI dhAraNA meM koI navInatA nhiiN| unake sAmAnya svarUpa kI dhAraNA ke sambandha meM bhoja apane pUrvavartI AcAryoM se sahamata haiN| aneka zabdAlaGkArAM ke chaha-chaha upabheda karane meM vizeSa saMkhyA ke prati unakA moha spaSTa hai| prAcIna AcAryoM kI mAnyatA kI avahelanA kara zabdagata, arthagata evaM ubhayagata alaGkAroM kI saMkhyA ke nirdhAraNa meM jo vilakSaNatA bhoja ne dikhAyI hai, vaha caubIsa saMkhyA kI ekarUpatA ke prati unake lobha kA hI paricAyaka hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki unakI alaGkAra-saMkhyAviSayaka mAnyatA paravartI AcAryoM ko mAnya nahIM huii| bhAratIya sAhityazAstra meM adhikaraNa-bheda se alaGkAra ke do varga svIkRta hue haiM-zabdAlaGkAra varga tathA arthAlaGkAra varga / bhoja ne usake tIna vargoM kI kalpanA kii| zabda tathA artha ke alaGkAroM ke bIca eka zabdArthobhayagata alaGkAroM kA varga mAna liyA gyaa| sAmAnyataH zabdAlaGkAra kI apekSA kAvya meM arthAlaGkAra ko adhika mahattva diyA jAtA hai| bhoja ne zabda tathA artha ke alaGkAroM kI apekSA ubhayAlaGkAroM ko adhika mahattva diyA hai|' . bhoja ke dvArA prastuta alaGkAroM kA vargIkaraNa vaijJAnika nahIM ho sakA hai| kucha zabdAlaGkAroM ke lakSaNa meM artha kI ghaTanA para bala dekara bhoja ne unheM zuddha zabdAlaGkAra nahIM rahane diyA hai| gumphanA meM zabda ke sAtha artha kI racanA, zayyA meM padArtha kI ghaTanA para bala diyA jAnA Adi isa kathana ke pramANa haiN| zabdAlaGkAroM ke kucha bhedopabhedoM kI kalpanA AcArya bharata ke lakSaNavizeSa kI dhAraNA ke AdhAra para kI gayI hai| udAharaNArtha mudrA ke SaSTha bheda kA svarUpa bharata ke anuktasiddhi nAmaka lakSaNa ke tattva se nirmita hai| 1. bhoja-sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa, 4, 1

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ 201 arthagata alaGkAroM ke varga meM pratyakSa, anumAna Adi chaha pramANoM evaM vitarka kI avatAraNA kA navIna prayAsa bhoja ne kiyA thA / jJAna ke ina sAdhanoM ke alaGkAratva kI kalpanA hI kevala navIna hai / inake svarUpa kA vistRta vivecana darzana meM ho cukA thA / ataH, bhoja inake svarUpa kI udbhAvanA kA zraya nahIM pA sakate / vitarka ko sandeha se abhinna mAnane kA bhrama nahIM honA cAhie / sandeha evaM vitarka ke svarUpa alaga-alaga haiM / yadi sandeha, bhrama Adi kI taraha vitarka yA UhA ko bhI alaGkAra mAnA jAya to usakA sandeha se svatantra hI astitva svIkAra karanA par3egA / bhoja ne eka alaGkAra meM usase milate-julate svabhAva vAle kaI alaGkAroM ke antarbhAvana kA bhI AyAsa kiyA hai / ahetu meM rudraTa kI vAstava vargagata kAraNamAlA kA; uttara meM sAra kA; virodha meM viSama, asaGgati, pratyanIka evaM adhika kA; nidarzana meM dRSTAnta kA aura mIlita meM pihita, apihita, tadguNa tathA atadguNa kA samAveza isakA pramANa hai / isa antarbhAvana ke mUla meM bhI 'caubIsa' saMkhyA ke prati unakA moha hI mAnA jA sakatA hai / 'sarasvatI - kaNThAbharaNa' ke uttara evaM nidarzana ke sthAna para zRGgAraprakAza meM kramazaH sAra tathA dRSTAnta nAma pAye jAte haiM / sambhava nAmaka navIna alaGkAra kI kalpanA bhoja ne kI hai, jise paravartI kAla meM sambhAvanA bhI kahA gayA hai / arthagata alaGkAroM meM adhikAMza ke lakSaNa prAcIna AcAryoM kI mAnyatA ke anurUpa hI diye gaye haiM / jAti yA svabhAvokti, vibhAvanA, virodha, parivRtti, nidarzana, samAhita Adi ke svarUpa kI kalpanA bhAmaha, daNDI Adi kI tattadalaGkAraviSayaka dhAraNA ke AdhAra para kI gayI hai / uttara, anyonya, bhrAnti, molita, smRti, bhAva Adi kA svabhAva rudraTa ke matAnusAra kalpita hai / prAcIna AcAryoM ke vyatireka ke lie vyatireka ke sAtha 'bheda' nAma kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai / spaSTa hai ki bhoja ne sambhava ke atirikta kisI arthAlaGkAra ke svarUpa kI udbhAvanA apanI ora se nahIM kI / ubhayAlaGkAra-varga ke adhikAMza alaGkAroM ke nAma-rUpa prAcIna hI haiM / prAcIna AkSepa alaGkAra ke lie pratiSedhati nAma kA bhI ullekha huA hai /

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202 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa yaha zabda AkSepa ke lakSaNa 'pratiSedhoktirAkSepaH' se gRhIta hai / parikara ke lie pariSkRti vyapadeza kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai / saGkara aura saMsRSTi ke sthAna para kevala saMsRSTi kI sattA svIkRta hai / prAcIna AcAryoM ke saGkara kA svarUpa isIke eka bheda ke rUpa meM vivecita hai / sAmya meM dRSTAntokti, prativastUkti tathA prapaJcokti kA; utprekSA meM mata kA; arthAntaranyAsa meM ubhayanyAsa, pratyanIkanyAsa evaM pratIkanyAsa kA aura pariSkRti yA parikara meM ekAvalI kA antarbhAva mAna kara prAcIna AlaGkArikoM ke dvArA svIkRta saMkhyA ko caubIsa meM hI sImita kara diyA gayA hai / star samAdhi guNa samAdhyukti nAma se alaGkAra kI paMkti meM parigaNita kara liyA gayA hai / saMkhyA Adi kA pUrvAgraha lekara alaGkAroM kI svarUpa-mImAMsA karane kA phala yaha huA ki bhoja kI racanA meM svastha tattva-nirUpaNa ke sthAna para kalpanA - vilAsa kI pradhAnatA ho gayI / prAcIna AcAryoM ke kucha alaGkAroM ko bhojarAja ne yathAvat svIkAra kara liyA; kucha ke sAmAnya svarUpa kI dhAraNA pUrvavartI AcAryoM se lekara bhI unake kucha navIna bhedopabhedoM kI kalpanA kara lI; AcArya bharata ke kucha lakSaNoM ke svarUpa ke AdhAra para, daNDI Adi ke kucha guNa ke svarUpa ke AdhAra para tathA kucha dArzanika tathyoM ke AdhAra para kucha navIna alaGkAroM athavA alaGkAra-bhedoM kI vivecanA kI; kucha prAcIna alaGkAroM kohI navIna nAma de diye tathA kucha alaGkAroM meM anya kA antarbhAvana mAna kara zabdagata, arthagata evaM ubhayagata alaGkAroM kI saMkhyAgata ekarUpatA kA eka vilakSaNa siddhAnta nirUpita kiyA / O agnipurANa bhojarAja aura agnipurANakAra kI alaGkAra - nirUpaNa-paddhati eka-sI hai / 'sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa' tathA 'zRGgAra - prakAza' kI taraha 'agnipurANa' meM bhI zabdagata aura arthaMgata alaGkAroM ke atirikta ubhayAlaGkAroM kA eka varga kalpita hai, kintu alaGkAra - vicAragata isa samatA ke hone para bhI agnipurANakAra saMkhyAviSayaka pUrvAgraha se mukta rahe haiM / prastuta sandarbha meM hama 'agnipurANa' meM pratipAdita alaGkAroM kA, prAcIna AcAryoM ke alaGkAroM se sambandha kI dRSTi se parIkSaNa kareMge /

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ 203 agnipurANa meM vivecita alaGkAra vargAnukrama se nimnilikhita haiM :zabdagata alaGkAra (1) anuprAsa, (2) yamaka, (3) citra tathA (4) bandha / citra ke prazna, prahelikA Adi sAta bheda svIkRta haiN|' bandhoM kA ullekha citra se svatantra rUpa meM kiyA gayA hai| prAcIna AcAryoM ne citra ke hI sandarbha meM vibhinna bandhoM kI kalpanA kI thii| arthagata alaGkAra (1) svarUpa yA svabhAvokti. (2) sAdRzya, (3) utprekSA, (4) atizaya, (5) vibhAvanA, (6) virodha, (7) hetu tathA (8) sm| samAnadharma para AdhRta upamA, rUpaka, sahokti tathA arthAntaranyAsa ko sAdRzya ke bheda ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai / zabdArthagata alaGkAra (1) prazasti, (2) kAnti. (3) aucitya, (4) saMkSepa, (5) yAvadarthatA tathA (6) abhivyakti / agnipurANakAra kI zabdAlaGkAra-dhAraNA prAcIna AcAryoM kI dhAraNA se abhinna hai| anuprAsa tathA yamaka ke vividha bhedoM kA vivecana prAcIna paddhati para hI kiyA gayA hai| yamaka-bheda citrAlaGkAra ke sandarbha meM prahelikA ke svarUpa kA vivecana AcArya daNDI ke 'kAvyAdarza' meM ho cukA thaa| rudraTa ne kevala bauddhika camatkAra kA pradarzana karAne vAle prahelikA Adi alaGkAroM ko krIr3AmAtra meM upayogI svIkAra kiyaa| aise alaGkAroM meM unhoMne prahelikA ke atirikta ( mAtrA yA bindu ke ) cyutaka ( kAraka, kriyA ) gUDha, prazna, uttara Adi kA ullekha kiyA thA / 4 rudraTa ke gUDha ko hI 'agnipurANa' meM gupta kahA gayA hai| prazna, prahelikA, cyuta Adi kI dhAraNA rudraTa kI dhAraNA se abhinna hai / samasyApUtti goSThiyoM meM zlokAMza ke AdhAra para vibhinna kaviyoM ke dvArA zloka-racanA kI eka vizeSa prakriyA thii| use 1. agnipurANa, adhyAya 343 2. vahI, adhyAya 344 3. vahI, adhyAya 345 4. rudraTa, ka vyAlaGkAra, 5, 24

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204 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa bhI citra alaGkAra kA eka bheda mAna liyA gayA hai| mAtrA Adi ke cyuta ke AdhAra para mAtrAdidatta kI kalpanA kI gayI hai| vAkyAGga meM mAtrA Adi pradatta hone para bhI yadi dvitIya artha kI pratIti ho to datta citra hotA hai| ___rudraTa ne citra ke hI tattadbhedoM ke rUpa meM cakra, khaDga, turaga, gaja Adi citroM yA bandhoM kA nirUpaNa kiyA thaa| agnipurANakAra ne citra ke ukta sAta bhedoM ke vivecana ke uparAnta tattadbandhoM kA ullekha kiyA hai|2 ardhabhrama, sarvatobhadra, cakra, muraja, khaDga, zakti, Adi bandhoM kI kalpanA rudraTa se hI lI gayI hai / rudraTa ne kucha bandhoM kA nAmnA ullekha kara yaha kahA thA ki isI prakAra vibhinna vastuoM ke prakAra meM zlokoM kA vinyAsa kiyA jA sakatA hai aura una-una vastuoM ke nAma ke AdhAra para hI tattadbandhoM kA nAmakaraNa kiyA jAtA hai| agnipurANa meM gomUtrikA, ambuja daNDa Adi bandhoM kI bhI kalpanA kI gayI hai| ___ 'agnipurANa' kA arthAlaGkAra-vivecana bahuta azakta aura apraur3ha hai| kisI navIna alaGkAra kI udbhAvanA to agnipurANakAra ne nahIM hI kI, pUrva pracalita arthAlaGkAroM meM se bhI aneka ko akAraNa hI asvIkAra kara kevala ATha ( yA sAdRzya ke cAra bhedoM ko lekara gyAraha ) arthAlaGkAroM kI sattA svIkAra kii| sAdRzya ke bhI cAra hI bheda svIkAra karane meM koI yukti nhiiN| yadi sAdRzya para AdhRta hone ke kAraNa upamA aura rUpaka Adi ko sAdRzya kA bheda mAnA jAya to utprekSA kA sAdRzya se alaga astitva mAnane kA kyA AdhAra hogA? aupamyamUlaka yA sAdRzyamUlaka alaGkAra ke viMzatyadhika prakAroM kA nirUpaNa vAmana tathA kuntaka kI racanAoM meM ho cukA thA / vAmana ne jitane alaGkAroM kA astitva svIkAra kiyA thA unheM upamA-prapaJca mAna kara unakI sAdRzyamUlakatA svIkAra kI thii| spaSTataH sAdRzya ke cAra hI bheda kI svIkRti samIcIna nahIM / 'agnipurANa' ke arthAlaGkAroM kA svarUpa pUrvavartI AcAryoM ke hI matAnusAra kalpita hai| bharata, bhAmaha, daNDI Adi AcAryoM kI tattadalaGkAradhAraNA ke AdhAra para agnipurANakAra ne arthagata alaGkAroM kA lakSaNanirUpaNa kiyA hai| daNDI kI alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA una para sarvAdhika prabhAva hai| 1. agnipurANa, 343,28 2. agnipurANa, 343, 35-65 3. rudraTa, kAvyAlaGkAra, 5, 33

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ 205 agnipurANakAra kI zabdArthAlaGkAra-dhAraNA sabase vilakSaNa hai| unhoMne jina chaha zabdArthAlaGkAroM kA vivecana kiyA hai, unameM se eka bhI bhAratIya kAvyazAstra meM alaGkAra ke rUpa meM svIkRti nahIM pA sakA hai| phira bhI yaha nahIM mAnA jA sakatA ki prazasti, kAnti, aucitya Adi kI dhAraNA 'agnipurANa' kI maulika udbhAvanA hai / bhoja ne bhI unake svarUpa para vicAra kiyA thaa| unhoMne kAnti, aucitya Adi ko kAvyAlaGkAra nahIM mAna kara kAvya-guNa ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA thA / agnipurANakAra ne unheM zabdArthAlaGkAra mAna liyaa| yAvadarthapadatva bhoja ke saMmitattva guNa kA hI paryAya hai| hamane apanI pustaka 'kAvya-guNoM kA zAstrIya vivecana' meM aucitya ke guNatva kA khaNDana kiyA hai| unhIM yuktiyoM se use alaGkAra mAnane vAlA mata bhI khaNDita ho jAtA hai| aucitya guNa, alaGkAra Adi kA prANa hai / use guNa yA alaGkAra ke eka prakAra ke rUpa meM sImita kara denA samIcIna nhiiN| abhivyakti ko prakaTatva kahakara vyaJjanA yA dhvani se abhinna mAnA gayA hai aura usake bhedoM ke rUpa meM vyaJjanA para AdhRta AkSepa, samAsokti, apahnati, paryAyokti kA ullekha huA hai / spaSTataH prAcInoM ke ina alaGkAroM kA hI samaSTi nAma abhivyakti hai| niSkarSa yaha ki zabdagata, arthagata tathA zabdArthagata alaGkAra-vargoM meM kisI bhI navIna alaGkAra kI udbhAvanA 'agnipurANa' meM nahIM huii| kucha navIna nAma avazya kalpita hue ; kintu ve prAcIna kAvyatattvoM ke hI navIna abhidhAna-mAtra haiN| prAcArya mammaTa AcArya mammaTa kI gaNanA bhAratIya kAvyazAstra ke aGga li-parigaNanIya vicArakoM kI prathama paMkti meM hotI hai| mammaTa ke pUrva kAvya-siddhAnta ke vibhinna pakSoM kA jo vivecana cala rahA thA, usameM maulika udbhAvanAoM kI zakti avazya thI; kintu usakI do sImAe~ thiiN| pahalI, AcAryoM kA pUrvAgraha, jo svastha zAstrIya cintana meM bAdhaka huaa| alaGkAra, rIti, vakrokti Adi kAvya-tattvoM meM se kisI eka ko hI kAvya-sarvasva siddha karane kA Agraha lekara rIti-grantha likhane vAle AcAryoM meM dRSTi-saGkoca kA honA svAbhAvika thaa| phalataH tattatsampradAyoM meM kAvya ke eka-eka tattva kA sUkSma vivecana to avazya

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206 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa kiyA gayA para sabhI tattvoM ke sApekSa mahattva kI sthApanA kA prayAsa nahIM huaa| alaGkAra-sampradAya meM rIti, vakrokti, rasa Adi ko gauNa sthAna milA to rIti, vakrokti Adi prasthAnoM meM alaGkAra kevala kAvya-saundarya ke sahAyaka kA sthAna pA skaa| dUsarI sImA tattva-vivecana kI aparipakvatA thii| bharata, bhAmaha, daNDI, vAmana, udbhaTa, rudraTa, kuntaka Adi kI dRSTi kAvyamImAMsA ke kSetra meM navIna-tathyoM kI udbhAvanA para hI pradhAna rUpa se thii| ataH, kisI vizeSa tattva kI vizada vivecanA kA avakAza unheM nahIM thaa| kAvyazAstrIya cintana meM unake nava-nava unmeSa kI mahattA kI upekSA nahIM kI jA sakatI, phira bhI itanA avazya kahA jA sakatA hai ki una vicArakoM kI ukta sImAoM kA atikramaNa kara eka svastha evaM samanvita sAhitya-siddhAnta kI sthApanA kI AvazyakatA zeSa thI, jo AcArya mammaTa ke 'kAvya prakAza' meM pUrNa huii| mammaTa ke pUrva itane kAvya-tattvoM kI udbhAvanA ho cukI thI ki navIna tattvoM kI kalpanA kI utanI AvazyakatA nahIM thI, jitanI una tattvoM ke svarUpa ko vyavasthita kara kAvya-zarIra meM unake sthAna-nirdhAraNa kI thii| AcArya mammaTa ne yahI kiyA hai| unakA mahattva navIna udbhAvanA kI apekSA pUrvapracalita kAvya-viSayaka mAnyatAoM meM samanvaya kI sthApanA kara unake sApekSa mahattva-nirdhAraNa meM tathA vibhinna kAvyAGgoM ke svarUpa ke spaSTIkaraNa meM hI adhika hai| prastuta sandarbha meM hama alaGkAra ke kSetra meM unakI mAnyatA kA mUlyAGkana tathA unake dvArA udbhAvita navIna alaGkAroM ke srota kA anveSaNa kreNge| 'kAvya prakAza' meM nimnalikhita alaGkAroM kA vivecana huA haizabdAlaGkAra (1) vakrokti, (2) anuprAsa (chekAnuprAsa, vRtyanuprAsa tathA lATAnuprAsa ke pA~ca bheda), (3) yamaka, (4) zleSa, (5) citra aura (6) punaruktavadAbhAsa / arthAlaGkAra (1) upamA, (2) ananvaya, (3) upameyopamA, (4) utprekSA, (5) sasandeha, (6) rUpaka, (7) apahna ti, (8) zleSa, (9) samAsokti, (10) nidarzanA, (11) aprastutaprazaMsA, (12) atizayokti, (13) prativastUpamA, (14) dRSTAnta, (15) dIpaka, (16) mAlAdIpaka, (17) tulya

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ 207 yogitA, (18) vyatireka, (16) AkSepa, (20) vibhAvanA, (21) vizeSokti, (22) yathAsaMkhya (23) arthAntaranyAsa, (24) virodha yA virodhAbhAsa, (25) svabhAvokti, (26) vyAjastuti, (27) sahokti, (28) vinokti, (26) parivRtti (30) bhAvika (31) kAvyaliGga (32) paryAyokta, (33) udAta, (34) samuccaya, (35) paryAya, (36) anumAna (37) parikara, (38) vyA jokti, (30) parisaMkhyA, (40) kAraNamAlA, (41) anyonya, (42) uttara, (43) sUkSma, (44) sAra, (45) asaGgati, (46) samAdhi, (47) sama, (48) viSama, (46) adhika, (50) pratyanIka, (51) mIlita, (52) ekAvalI, (53) smaraNa, (54) bhrAntimAna, (55) pratIpa, (56) sAmAnya, (57) vizeSa, (58) tadguNa, (56) atadguNa, (60) vyAghAta, (61) saMsRSTi aura (62) saGkara / ukta alaGkAroM meM se adhikAMza kI svarUpa-mImAMsA mammaTa ke pUrvavartI AcAryoM kI racanAoM meM ho cukI thii| bhAmaha, vAmana, udbhaTa, rudraTa Adi AcAryoM kI tattadalaGkAra-dhAraNA ko mammaTa ne svIkAra kara apanI kArikAoM meM paribhASita kiyA hai aura una kArikAoM kI vRttiyoM meM alaGkAroM ke svarUpa kA spaSTIkaraNa kiyA hai| zabdAlaGkAroM meM zleSa vakrokti aura citra kA vivecana rudraTa ke matAnusAra kiyA gayA hai| zleSa-vivecana ke sandarbha meM zleSa evaM upamA kA sAmya-vaiSamya batAte hue mammaTa ne rudraTa kA mata uddhata kiyA hai|' anuprAsa kA svarUpa-nirUpaNa bhAmaha, udbhaTa, rudraTa Adi kI mAnyatA ke anurUpa hI kiyA gayA hai| lATAnuprAsa ke jina pA~ca bhedoM kA 'vivecana udbhaTa ne kiyA thA unakA ullekha 'kAvyaprakAza' meM bhI kiyA gayA hai / 2 mammaTa kI punaruktavadAbhAsa-dhAraNA udbhaTa kI tadviSayaka dhAraNA se abhinna hai| citra ke vibhinna rUpoM ke vivecana meM mammaTa para rudraTa kI mAnyatA kA puSkala prabhAva hai| AcArya mammaTa yamaka nirUpaNa meM bhAmaha. daNDI tathA rudraTa kI dhAraNA se sahamata haiM / spaSTa hai ki zabdAlaGkAra ke kSetra meM mammaTa ne kisI navIna alaGkAra kI udbhAvanA nahIM kI hai| 1. tathAhya kta rudraTena-mammaTa, kAvyapra0 7 pR0 213 2. tulanIya, udbhaTa, kAvyAlaGkArasArasaMgraha, 1,4 tathA mammaTa kAvyaprakAza 6,116 pR0 204 3. udbhaTa, kAvyAlaGkArasArasaMgraha 1, 1 tathA mammaTa, kA yapakAza , 122 pR0 217

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208 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa __ arthAlaGkAroM meM upamA-viSayaka prAcIna dhAraNA ko hI mammaTa ne svIkAra kiyA hai| usake bhedopabhedoM kA vivecana unhoMne udbhaTa ke matAnusAra kiyA hai| ananvaya, upameyopamA, utprekSA tathA sasandeha yA saMzaya kA svarUpanirUpaNa bhAmaha, udbhaTa, rudraTa Adi kI dhAraNA ke AdhAra para kiyA gayA hai| rUpaka kI sAmAnya dhAraNA ukta AcAryoM kI dhAraNA se milatI-julatI hI hai| usake bhedoM kA vivecana udbhaTa kI paddhati para kiyA gayA hai| usakA eka paramparita bheda navIna hai| daNDI ne rUpaka ke bIsa bhedoM kA vivecana kara usake ananta rUpoM kI sambhAvanA svIkAra kI thii| usI ke AdhAra para mammaTa kI paramparita rUpaka dhAraNA AdhRta hai| apahnati, zleSa tathA samAsokti kI dhAraNA ukta AcAryoM se hI lI gayI hai| sarvaprathama udbhaTa ne zabda aura artha ke zleSa kA pRthak-pRthak vivecana kiyA thaa| rudraTa ne bhI usa zabdArtha-zleSa-viveka ko svIkAra kiyaa| mammaTa ne bhI zabda aura artha ke zleSa kA svatantra astitva svIkAra kiyA hai| mammaTa kI nidarzanAdhAraNA udbhaTa kI tadviSayaka dhAraNA ke samAna hai| aprastutaprazaMsA kA sAmAnya svarUpa bhAmaha, udbhaTa, rudraTa, Adi AcAryoM kI mAnyatA ke anusAra hI kalpita hai / rudraTa ne ise anyokti saMjJA se abhihita kiyA thaa| udbhaTa ke 'kAvyAlaGkArasArasaMgraha' kI 'vivRti' meM prastuta alaGkAra ke pA~ca bhedoM kA ullekha hai:-kisI vastu kA varNana abhISTa hone para usake samAna anya kI ukti, vizeSa kathya hone para sAmAnya kI ukti, sAmAnya varNya hone para vizeSa kI ukti, kArya kI vivakSA meM kAraNa kI ukti tathA kAraNa kI vivakSA meM kArya kI ukti / mammaTa ne ina pAMco bhedoM ko svIkAra kiyA hai| mammaTa kI atizayokti-viSayaka dhAraNA udbhaTa kI dhAraNA se bahulAMzataH prabhAvita hai| bheda meM abheda, paurvAparya-vyatikrama Adi atizayokti-lakSaNa udbhaTa se hI gRhIta haiN| usake eka bhedaupameya kA upamAna ke sAtha nigaraNa pUrvaka adhyavasAna-kI kalpanA navIna jAna par3atI hai| atizaya kI dhAraNA se rUpaka (abhedAropa) kI dhAraNA ko milA kara isa atizayokti-bheda kI kalpanA kI gayI hai| isalie ise rUpakAtizayokti bhI kahA jAtA hai| mammaTa ke prativastUpamA tathA dRSTAnta alaGkAroM kA svarUpa udbhaTa ke tattadalaGkAroM ke svarUpa ke samAna hai| dIpaka prAcInatama alaGkAroM meM eka hai| mammaTa ne prAcIna AcAryoM kI dIpakadhAraNA ko hI svIkAra kiyA hai| tulyayogitA kA lakSaNa-nirUpaNa udbhaTa

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ 206 'matAnusAra kiyA gayA hai / vyatireka kI dhAraNA bhAmaha, udbhaTa tathA rudraTa kI dhAraNA se milatI-julatI hI hai / udbhaTa aura rudraTa ne upamAna se upameya ke Adhikya - varNana meM tathA upameya se upamAna ke Adhikya - kathana meM vyatireka. alaGkAra kA sadbhAva svIkAra kiyA thA / isa prakAra mammaTa ke pUrva vyatireka ke ukta do prakAra pracalita the / mammaTa ne kevala upamAna se upameya ke adhikya - varNana meM hI vyatireka mAnA hai / upamAna meM upameya kI apekSA Adhikya to svIkRta hI rahatA hai; isIlie to upameya kI prabhAva vRddhi ke lie upamAna se usakI tulanA kI jAtI hai ! sambhava hai ki upamAna kA Adhikya svataH siddha hone ke kAraNa mammaTa ne upamAnAdhikya rUpa vyatireka kI kalpanA Avazyaka nahIM samajhI ho / unhoMne upameya ke Adhikya varNana kI vibhinna prakriyAoM ke AdhAra para vyatireka ke caubIsa prakAroM kI kalpanA kI hai / AkSepa ke svarUpa kI kalpanA bhAmaha aura udbhaTa ke matAnusAra kI gayI hai / vibhAvanA kA pratipAdana bhAmaha, udbhaTa tathA rudraTa kI paddhati para kiyA gayA hai / AcArya mammaTa kI vizeSokti udbhaTa kI vizeSokti se abhinna hai / yathAsaMkhya aura arthAntaranyAsa ke svarUpa kA vivecana karane meM mammaTa bhAmaha, udbhaTa tathA rudraTa se sahamata haiM / virodha kI svarUpa - kalpanA kA AdhAra bhAmaha tathA daNDI kI virodha-dhAraNA hai / daNDI ke 'kAvyAdarza' kI 'kusumapratimA' - TIkA meM virodha lakSaNa kI vyAkhyA karate hue TIkAkAra: ne kahA hai ki isameM vAstavika avirodha ke hone para bhI virodha-sA dikhAyA jAtA hai / ataH, ise virodha yA virodhAbhAsa kahA jAtA hai / mammaTa kI dhAraNA isase abhinna hai / mammaTa ne svabhAvokti kI prakRti kA nirUpaNa bhI bhAmaha, udbhaTa aura rudraTa kI dhAraNA ke anurUpa hI kiyA hai / rudraTa ne jA vyapadeza se jisa alaGkAra kA vivecana kiyA hai, vaha mammaTa kI svabhAvokti se nAmnA hI bhinna hai, prakRtyA abhinna hai / mammaTa kI vyAjastuti kA svarUpa bhAmaha tathA udbhaTa kI vyAjastuti ke svarUpa se bahuta kucha milatA-julatA hai / bhAmaha aura udbhaTa ne nindAmukhena kI jAne vAlI stuti ko vyAjastuti kA lakSaNa mAnA thA / mammaTa ne isa lakSaNa ko to svIkAra kiyA hI, isake vaiparItya ke AdhAra para ApAtataH kI jAne vAlI stuti kA tattvataH nindA meM paryavasAna hone ke sthala meM bhI vyAjastuti alaGkAra kA sadbhAva svIkAra 1. vAstava virodhAbhAve'pi virodhaprayojakatvAt virodhaH [ virodhAbhAsa ] iti nAmAlaGkAraH / - kAvyAdaza, kusuma pra0, pR0 254 14

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210 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa "kiyaa| sahokti bhAmaha, udbhaTa evaM rudraTa Adi ke matAnusAra tathA parivRtti "udbhaTa aura rudraTa ke matAnusAra paribhASita haiN| udbhaTa ke dvArA kalpita 'parivRtti ke tInoM bheda (nyUna se adhika, adhika se nyUna tathA sama vastu se "sama kA vinimaya) mammaTa ke dvArA svIkRta haiN| mammaTa ke bhAvika alaGkAra kA svarUpa bhAmaha ke bhAvika prabandha-guNa tathA udbhaTa ke bhAvika alaGkAra ke svarUpa se abhinna hai| hamane isa tathya para vicAra kiyA hai ki bhAvika ko prabandha kA guNa kahane para bhI bhAmaha use vastutaH kAvya kA alaGkAra hI mAnate the| isIlie unhoMne alaGkAra ke sandarbha meM usakA vivecana kiyA hai| paryAyokta kA lakSaNa bhAmaha, udbhaTa aura rudraTa kI mAnyatA ke anusAra diyA gayA hai| rudraTa ne paryAyokta ko paryAya nAma se abhihita kiyA thaa| mammaTa ke 'udAtta kA svarUpa udbhaTa ke udAtta se abhinna hai| bhAmaha ne bhI isa alaGkAra ke viSaya meM udbhaTa ke samAna hI dhAraNA vyakta kI thii| mammaTa kA paryAya alaGkAra rudraTa ke paryAya ke dvitIya prakAra ke samAna hai|' anumAna, parikara, 'parisaMkhyA, kAraNamAlA, anyonya tathA uttara ke svarUpa-vivecana meM mammaTa ne AcArya rudraTa ke mata kA anugamana kiyA hai| vyAjokti kI vAmana-pradatta paribhASA ko kAvyaprakAzakAra ne svIkAra kiyA hai / sUkSma alaGkAra ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM AcArya daNDI kI mAnyatA ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai / sAra aura 'asaGgati kA svarUpa rudraTa ke matAnusAra nirUpita hai| daNDI ke samAhita ko "mammaTa ne samAdhi nAma se svIkAra kiyA hai| bhAmaha ne bhI isakI dhAraNA udAharaNa se vyakta kI thI, para usakI paribhASA nahIM dI thii| sama kI kalpanA mammaTa ne rudraTa ke viSama ke viparyaya rUpa meM kI hai| mammaTa ke viSama aura adhika kA svarUpa rudraTa se gRhIta hai| rudraTa ke adhika ke dvitIya bheda ko mammaTa ne svIkAra kiyA hai| daNDI ne use AzrayAdhikyAtizayokti 'nAma se atizayokti kA eka bheda mAnA thaa| mammaTa kA pratyanIka rudraTa ke aupamyamUlaka pratyanIka ke samAna hai| mIlita, ekAvalI, smaraNa tathA 'bhrAntimAna ke sambandha meM mammaTa kI mAnyatA rudraTa kI mAnyatA se abhinna hai| pratApa ke svarUpa ke viSaya meM mammaTa ne rudraTa kI mUla dhAraNA ko svIkAra kara usameM apanI ora se bhI kucha jor3A hai| rudraTa kI dhAraNA thI ki upameya ke vaiziSTya-pratipAdana ke lie jahAM upamAna ke sAtha usakI samatA ke lie 1. tulanIya-rudraTa, kAvyAlaGkAra 7,44 tathA mammaTa, kAvyaprakAza 10, 180 pR0 273

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ 211 usa para anukampA kI jAya yA usakI nindA kI jAya vahIM pratIpa alaGkAra hotA hai / ' upameya kA vaiziSTya khyApana isa alaGkAra meM mammaTa ko bhI abhimata hai / ve isake lie upameya ke sadbhAva meM upamAna kI vyarthatA kA pratipAdana tathA upamAna kA tiraskAra karane ke lie upameya ke rUpa meM usakI kalpanA pratIpa kA lakSaNa mAnate haiM / mammaTa kI yaha pratIpa - dhAraNA AcArya daNDI ke viparyAsomA ke samAna hai / mammaTa ke vizeSa aura tadguNa alaGkAra rudraTa ke etatsaMjJaka alaGkAroM se abhinna haiM / saMsRSTi aura saGkara kI dhAraNA prAcIna hai / bhAmaha se lekara rudraTa taka ekAdhika alaGkAroM ke ekatra sanniveza kI do prakriyAoM - tilataNDula nyAya se tathA nIrakSIra nyAya se para saMsRSTi tathA saGkara saMjJA se savistara vivecana ho cukA thA / mammaTa ne donoM kI pRthak-pRthak sattA svIkAra kI tathA unake prAcIna lakSaNa ko hI svIkAra kiyA / spaSTa hai ki ukta alaGkAroM ke lakSaNa-nirUpaNa meM mammaTa para bhAmaha, udbhaTa tathA rudraTa kI alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA prabhUta prabhAva par3A hai / bhAmaha aura udbhaTa kI alaGkAra-dhAraNA bahuta kucha samAna hai / ataH mammaTa kI dhAraNA para 'par3ane vAle prabhAva ko dRSTi se ukta do AcAryoM kI dhAraNA ko eka sAmAnya srota mAnA jA sakatA hai / mammaTa ko prabhAvita karane vAlA dUsarA prabala srota rudraTa kA 'kAvyAlaGkAra' hai / kucha pUrva pracalita alaGkAroM ko nAmnA svIkAra kara mammaTa ne kucha navIna rUpa se unheM paribhASita kiyA hai / ve alaGkAra haiM-- (ka) samuccaya aura ( kha ) vyAghAta / inakI svarUpa kalpanA kA srota anveSTavya hai / samuccaya samuccaya kI prakRti kI kalpanA kA AdhAra AcArya daNDI kI samuccayopamA kI dhAraNA hai / mammaTa ne rudraTa kI samuccaya- paribhASAoM ko dRSTigata rakhate hue prastuta alaGkAra ko kucha bhinna rUpa se paribhASita kiyA hai / ve rudraTa ke 'sadyoga samuccaya', 'asadyoga samuccaya' tathA 'sadasadyoga samuccaya' ke pRthak-pRthak lakSaNa ko asvIkAra kara eka hI vyApaka paribhASA meM unheM Abaddha karanA cAhate the / isIlie unhoMne yaha kalpanA kI ki jahA~ prastuta kArya ke eka sAdhaka ke rahane para anya sAdhakoM ke sadbhAva kI bhI kalpanA kI 1. rudraTa, kAvyAlaGkAra, 8,76

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212 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa jAtI hai vahA~ samuccaya alaGkAra hotA hai|' spaSTataH, kArya ke kAraNoM ke samuccaya ke AdhAra para isa alaGkAra ke svarUpa kI kalpanA kI gayI hai| mammaTa ne yaha dAvA kiyA hai ki pUrvavartI AcAryoM ke samuccaya ke sadyoga, asadyoga Adi bheda isI lakSaNa meM samAviSTa ho jAte haiN| unake pRthak lakSaNa kI kalpanA Avazyaka nhiiN|2 mammaTa ne guNa-kriyA ke yugapad sadbhAva meM samuccaya kA dUsarA prakAra mAnA hai| isakI kalpanA kA AdhAra rudraTa ke samuccaya kA dvitIya lakSaNa hai / usakI ora nirdeza karate hue AcArya mammaTa ne kahA hai ki kucha loga kevala vyadhikaraNa meM tathA kucha kevala sAmAnAdhikaraNya meM kriyAoM ke samuccaya meM prastuta alaGkAra kA sadbhAva mAnate haiM, yaha ucita nahIM / sAmAnAdhikaraNya tathA vaiyadhikaraNya, donoM meM kriyAoM ke samuccaya ke udAharaNa pAye jAte haiN| saMkSepataH, mammaTa ne samuccaya ke dvitIya lakSaNa meM guNoM, kriyAoM tathA guNa-kriyAoM ke ekadeza tathA bhinna-deza meM samuccaya para bala diyA hai| vyAghAta rudraTa ke vyAghAta kA svarUpa vizeSokti alaGkAra ke svarUpa se svatantra sattA nahIM pA sakA thaa| unake anusAra anya kAraNa se apratihata hone para bhI jahAM kAraNa kArya kA utpAdaka nahIM ho sake, vahA~ kArya kA vyAghAta hone se vyAghAta alaGkAra mAnA jAtA hai|4 apratihata kAraNa ke hone para bhI kArya kI anutpatti ko alaGkAra-zAstra meM vizeSokti kI saMjJA milI hai| isase vyAghAta ke svarUpa ko svatantra astitva dene ke lie AcArya mammaTa ne yaha kalpanA kI hai ki jahA~ koI kartA jisa upAya se jisa kArya ko siddha karatA hai, usI upAya se yadi usako jItane kI icchA se koI dUsarA vyakti kArya ko 1. tatsiddhihetAvekasmin yatrAnyattatkaraM bhavet / smuccyo'sau.....|-mmmtt, kAvyapra0 10, 178 pR0 271 2. eSa eva samuccayaH sadyoge'sadyoge ca paryavasyatIti na pRthak lakSyate / -vahI, vRtti pR0 272 3. ityAdezca darzanAt vyadhikaraNe iti ekasmin deze iti ca na vAcyam / -vahI, pR0 273 4. anyairapratihatamapi kAraNamutpAdana na kaarysth| yasminnabhidhIyeta vyAghAtaH sa iti vijJeyaH ||-rudrtt, kAvyAlaM0, 6, 52

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ 213 1 anyathA siddha kara detA hai to vahA~ vyAghAta nAmaka alaGkAra hotA hai / prastuta vyAghAta - paribhASA mammaTa kI svatantra udbhAvanA hai / yaha alaGkAra nAmnA prAcIna; kintu prakRtyA navIna hai / mammaTa ke 'kAvya-prakAza' meM jina cAra alaGkAroM kA svatantra astitva svIkRta huA hai, ve haiM-- mAlAdIpaka, vinokti, sAmAnya aura atadguNa / antima tIna alaGkAra navIna haiM / ina alaGkAroM kI svarUpa kalpanA ke AdhAra kA anusandhAna prastuta sandarbha meM kiyA jAyagA / mAlAdIpaka AcArya mammaTa ne mAlAdIpaka kI svatantra sattA svIkAra kI hai / isakI paribhASA meM kahA gayA hai ki jahA~ pUrva-pUrva vastu uttara-uttara vastu kA upakAra kare, vahA~ mAlAdIpaka alaGkAra hotA hai / uttara-uttara vastuoM ko dIpita karane vAlI pUrvavartI vastuoM kI isameM mAlA rahatI hai / isalie ise mAlAdIpaka kahA gayA hai / uttara-uttara vAkyoM kA pUrva - pUrva vAkyoM kI apekSA rakhane kI kalpanA daNDI ne mAlAdIpaka meM kI thI; para unhoMne usakI svatantra sattA nahIM mAna kara use dIpaka kA hI eka bheda mAnA thA / mammaTa ne usI mAnyatA ko svIkAra kara dIpakoM kI mAlA kI kalpanA prastuta alaGkAra meM kI hai / spaSTa hai ki daNDI ke hI matAnusAra mAlAdIpaka kI kalpanA kI gayI hai / mammaTa ne isakI gaNanA dIpaka se svatantra rUpa meM kI hai / vinokti mammaTa ke anusAra jahA~ anya vastu ke vinA anya vastu kA ( kisI eka vastu ke abhAva meM dUsarI vastu kA ) sundara honA yA asundara honA varNita ho, vahA~ vinokti alaGkAra hotA hai / 3 isa alaGkAra ke svarUpa kI kalpanA kI pra eraNA sahokti ke svarUpa se milI hogI / sahokti meM eka vastu ke sAtha 9. yadyathA sAdhitaM kenApyapareNa tadanyathA / tathaiva yadvidhIyeta sa vyAghAta iti smRtaH // - mammaTa, kAvyapra0, 10, 206 pR0 267 2. mAlAdIpakamAdya N cedyathottaraguNAvaham / - vahI, 10, 157 pR0 254 3. vinoktiH sA vinA'nyena yatrAnyaH sanna netaraH / - vahI, 10, 171 pR0 267

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214 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa dUsarI vastu kA varNana hotA hai / isameM eka ke abhAva meM dUsare kI sthiti kA varNana hotA hai| sAmAnya vizeSa ke viparIta sAmAnya nAmaka navIna alaGkAra kI kalpanA mammaTa ne kI hai| isameM prastuta ke guNa kA aprastuta ke sAtha sAmya batAne ke lie aikAtmya kA nibandhana kiyA jAtA hai arthAt do vastuoM kI samatA ke pratipAdana ke lie donoM kI eka-sI pratIti kA varNana hotA hai / ' do vastuoM ke vaiziSTya ke lupta ho jAne ke kAraNa ise sAmAnya kahA jAtA hai| atadguNa __ atadguNa kA svarUpa tadguNa ke vaiparItya ke rUpa meM kalpita hai| mammaTa ne rudraTa kI tadguNa-dhAraNA ko svIkAra kara usake viparIta atadguNa vyapadeza se navIna alaGkAra kI kalpanA kara lii| ukta vivecana se yaha niSkarSa prApta hotA hai ki mammaTa ne adhikatara alaGkAra-viSayaka prAcIna AcAryoM kI mAnyatA kA hI vivecana kiyA hai / ____ kucha alaGkAroM ke navIna bhedoM kI bhI kalpanA unhoMne kI hai; para usakA AdhAra prAcIna AlaGkArikoM kI tattadalaGkAra-dhAraNA hI hai| jina cAra navIna alaGkAroM kI kalpanA mammaTa ne kI hai, unakA mUla bhI pUrvavartI AcAryoM ke vibhinna alaGkAroM ke svabhAva meM dekhA jA sakatA hai| udAharaNArtha-mAlAdIpaka ke svarUpa kI kalpanA kA AdhAra dIpaka tathA mAlA-dhAraNA para AdhRta kAraNamAlA-jaise alaGkAra kA svarUpa hai| vinokti kI kalpanA kA AdhAra sahokti ko, sAmAnya kI kalpanA kA AdhAra vizeSa ko tathA atadguNa kI kalpanA kA AdhAra tadguNa ko mAnA jA sakatA hai| spaSTataH, alaGkAra ke kSetra meM nUtana udbhAvanA kI dRSTi se mammaTa kA mahattva adhika nahIM hai| vivecana ko praur3hatA evaM prAJjalatA kI hI dRSTi se 'kAvyaprakAza' ke alaGkAra khaNDoM kA mahattva hai| 1. prastutasya yadanyena guNasAmyavivakSayA / aikAtmyaM badhyate yogAttatsAmAnyamiti smRtam // -vahI, 10, 202 pR0 263

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[ 215 alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa rAjAnaka ruyyaka bhAmaha, udbhaTa aura rudraTa ke bAda kAvyAlaGkAra-dhAraNA ke vizadIkaraNa meM mahanIya yoga rAjAnaka ruyyaka yA rucaka ne diyA / unakA 'alaGkAra-sUtra' aura usa para 'alaGkAra-sarvasva' nAmaka vivRti jo 'alaGkArasUtra' ke nirNayasAgara saMskaraNa ke anusAra mUla granthakAra ke dvArA hI racita hai, kAvya ke alaGkAroM ke svarUpa vivecana kI spaSTatA kI dRSTi se bahuta mahattvapUrNa haiM / [ trivendrama granthamAlA ne 'alaGkAra - sarvasva' ko ruyyaka ke ziSya maGkhaka kI racanA mAnA hai / ukta vivRti ke racayitA kA nirNaya prastuta paMktiyoM ke lekhaka kA prakRta viSaya nahIM hai / ] alaGkAra mImAMsA ke kSetra meM ruyyaka kA mahattva kevala pUrvavartI AcAryoM ke dvArA pratipAdita alaGkAroM ko sUtrabaddha kara sarala rUpa meM prastuta karane meM hI nahIM hai, varan kucha navIna alaGkAroM kI svIkRti aura unake svarUpa-nirUpaNa meM bhI hai / unake dvArA svIkRta prAyaH sabhI alaGkAra paravartI AcAryoM ko mAnya hue haiM / prastuta sandarbha meM ruyyaka ke dvArA kalpita. navIna alaGkAroM kA srota-sandhAna abhipra eta hai / 'alaGkAra sUtra' meM nimnalikhita alaGkAra ullikhita haiM (1) punaruktavadAbhAsa, (2) chekAnuprAsa, (3) vRttyanuprAsa, (4) yamaka, (5) lATAnuprAsa, (6) citra, (7) upamA, (8) ananvaya, (9) upameyopamA, (10) smaraNa, (11) rUpaka, (12) pariNAma, (13) sandeha, (14) bhrAntimAn, (15) ullekha, (16) apahna uti, (17) utprekSA, (18) atizayokti, (16) tulyayogitA, ( 20 ) dIpaka, (21) prativastUpamA, (22) dRSTAnta, (23) nidarzanA, (24) vyatireka, (25) sahokti, (26) vinokti, (27) samAsokti, ( 28 ) parikara, ( 29 ) zleSa, (30) aprastutaprazaMsA, (31) arthAntaranyAsa, (32) paryAyokta, (33) vyAjastuti, (34) AkSepa, (35) virodha, (36), vibhAvanA, (37) vizeSokti, (38) atizayokti, ( 36 ) asaGgati, (40) viSama, ( 41 ) sama, (42) vicitra, (43) adhika, (44) anyonya, (45) vizeSa, (46) vyAghAta, (47) kAraNamAlA, (48) ekAvalI, (46) mAlAdIpaka, (50) sAra, (51) kAvyaliGga, (52) anumAna, (53) yathAsaMkhya,. (54) paryAya, (55) parivRtti, (56) parisaMkhyA, (57) arthApatti, ( 58 ) vikalpa, (5) samuccaya, (60) samAdhi, (61) pratyanIka, (62) pratIpa, (63) nimIlita, (64) sAmAnya, (65) tadguNa, (66) atadguNa, (6.7 )

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216 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa uttara, (68) sUkSma, (69) vyAjokti, (70) vakrokti, (71) svabhAvokti, (72) bhAvika, (73) udAtta, (74) rasavat, (75) preya, (76), UrjasvI, (77) samAhita, ( 78) bhAvodaya ( 79 ) bhAvasandhi, ( 50 ) bhAvazabalatA (81) saMsRSTi aura (82) saGkara / kanhaiyAlAla poddAra ne 'kAvyakalpadra uma' ke prAkkathana meM likhA hai ki--' isa grantha meM (ruyyaka ke alaGkArasUtra meM ) caurAsI alaGkAra haiM / " " poddArajI kA yaha kathana pramANa-puSTa nahIM hai / ukta bayAsI alaGkAroM meM atizayokti ke do rUpoM ke AdhAra para usakI gaNanA do bAra kI gayI hai / donoM kI saMkhyA vastutaH eka hI mAnI jAnI cAhie / ataH ruyyaka ke alaGkAroM kI saMkhyA ikyAsI hai / rAjAnaka ruyyaka ne zleSa ke zabdagata tathA arthagata bheda kI pRthak-pRthak vivecanA nahIM kara eka hI paribhASA meM unheM paribhASita kiyA hai / unake pUrva zabdazleSa tathA arthazleSa kI pRthak-pRthak sattA svIkRta thI; kintu ruyyaka ne zleSa kA eka hI lakSaNa dekara usake zabdagata, arthagata tathA ubhayaye tIna bheda svIkAra kiye haiM / yamaka Adi zabdAlaGkAroM tathA upamA Adi arthAlaGkAroM ke bhedopabhedoM ke jisa jAla kI kalpanA pUrvavartI AcAryoM ne kI thI, usake saralIkaraNa kI pravRtti ruyyaka meM pAyI jAtI hai / gata ; ruyyaka ke pUrvavartI AcArya mammaTa apane samaya taka alaGkAra- zAstra ke kSetra meM hone vAle alaGkAra ke svarUpa nirdhAraNa sambandhI UhApohoM kA samyak parIkSaNa kara niSkarSa rUpa meM jina alaGkAroM ke svarUpa kI sthApanA kara cuke the, unameM se prAyaH sabhI alaGkAroM ko ruyyaka ne yatkiJcit pariSkAra ke sAtha svIkAra kara liyA hai / mammaTa ke kucha alaGkAroM ke lakSaNa kI samIkSA bhI ruyyaka ne kI hai; kintu aise alaGkAroM kI saMkhyA nagaNya hai / kucha alaGkAroM ke bhedopabhedoM kI kalpanA bhI unhoMne svatantra rUpa se kI hai; para adhikAMza alaGkAroM ke viSaya meM mammaTa kI dhAraNA ko unhoMne yathAvat svIkAra kara liyA hai / aneka alaGkAroM ke udAharaNa bhI ruyyaka ne 'kAvyaprakAza' se hI liye haiM / nimnalikhita alaGkAroM ke sambandha meM mammaTa aura ruyyaka kI dhAraNA samAna hai: - citra, lATAnuprAsa, punaruktavadAbhAsa, upamA, 1. kanhaiyAlAla poddAra, kAvyakalpadra uma, dvitIya bhAga, prAkkathana, pR0 20

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ 217 ananvaya, upameyopamA, smaraNa, rUpaka, sandeha, bhrAntimAna, apahna uti, utpra ekSA, atizayokti, tulyayogitA, dIpaka, prativastUpamA, dRSTAnta, sahokti, vinokti, samAsokti, parikara, aprastutaprazaMsA, arthAntaranyAsa, paryAyokta, vyAjastuti, AkSepa, virodha, vibhAvanA, vizeSokti, asaGgati, sama, anyonya, vizeSa, vyAghAta, kAraNamAlA, ekAvalI, sAra, kAvyaliGga, anumAna, yathAsaMkhya, paryAya, parivRtti, parisaMkhyA, samuccaya, samAdhi, pratyanIka, pratIpa, nimIlita, yA mIlita, sAmAnya, tadguNa, atadguNa, uttara, sUkSma, vyAjokti, vakrokti, svabhAvokti, bhAvika, udAtta, saMsRSTi aura saGkara / sama, parisaMkhyA, sUkSma Adi alaGkAroM ke udAharaNa bhI ruyyaka ne 'kAvyaprakAza' se hI liye haiM / yamaka, chekAnuprAsa, vRttyanuprAsa, atizayokti, viSama tathA adhika ke sambandha meM ruyyaka kI dhAraNA mammaTa se milatI-julatI hI hai / yamaka ke jo tIna bheda -- dono padoM kI sArthakatA, donoM kI nirarthakatA tathA eka kI sArthakatA evaM eka kI nirarthakatA ke AdhAra para -- ruyyaka ne svIkAra kiye haiM, una bhedoM kI sambhAvanA mammaTa ke yamaka - lakSaNa meM 'artha sati' kathana meM hI thI / mammaTa isa AdhAra para bheda-kalpanA ko samIcIna nahIM mAnate the / ruyyaka kI atizayokti kA sAmAnya svarUpa mammaTa kI atizayokti se bhinna nahIM / isameM upamAna ke dvArA upameya kA nigaraNapUrvaka adhyavasAna tathA kArya aura kAraNa ke paurvAparya kA vyatikrama donoM AcAryoM ko abhISTa hai / ruyyaka ne mammaTa ke 'prastutasya anyatva' ke sthAna para bheda meM abheda, abheda meM bheda, sambandha meM asambandha tathA asambandha meM sambandha - ina cAra atizayoktiprakAroM kI kalpanA kI hai| bheda meM abheda tathA abheda meM bheda kI kalpanA udbhaTa se lI gayI hai / upameya ke anyatva - prakalpana-rUpa atizayokti kA jo udAharaNa AcArya mammaTa ke 'kAvyaprakAza' meM diyA gayA hai usameM abheda meM bheda dikhAyA gayA hai / anya prabhoda - kalpanA kA avakAza bhI mammaTa ke ukta lakSaNa meM hI thA / mammaTa ke viSama ke cAra bhedoM meM se tIna ko hI ruyyaka ne svIkAra kiyA hai / ve haiM - virUpa- kArya kI utpatti, anartha kI utpatti tathA virUpa kI ghaTanA / viSama ke sAmAnya svarUpa ke sambandha meM ruyyaka kI dhAraNA mammaTa kI dhAraNA se abhinna hai | adhika ke svarUpa kI kalpanA ruyyaka ne mammaTa se kucha svatantra rUpa se kI hai, yadyapi donoM ke adhikalakSaNa kA srota samAna rUpa se rudraTa kA dvitIya adhika- lakSaNa hai / rudraTa kI dhAraNA thI ki mahAna AdhAra meM sthita alpa Adheya bhI yadi AdhAra se

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218 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa ( utkarSa meM ) bar3hA-car3hA vaNita ho to adhika alaGkAra hotA hai|' bar3hA-car3hA yA adhika utkarSazAlI hone ( atiricyeta ) kA artha adhika honA mAna kara mammaTa ne adhika kA yaha lakSaNa diyA ki yadi mahat AdhAra se Adheya kA mahattara honA athavA mahat Adheya se AdhAra kA mahattara honA ( tattvataH unake alpa hone para bhI ) varNita ho to adhika alaGkAra hotA hai|2 ruyyaka ne rudraTa kI adhika paribhASA ke 'tanIyo'pi atiricyate' kI svamata se vyAkhyA kara yaha lakSaNa diyA ki Azraya kI vipulatA meM Azrita kI parimiti tathA Azrita kI vipulatA meM Azraya kI parimiti ke varNana se utpanna cArutA meM prastuta alaGkAra hotA hai / isa alaGkAra meM Azraya tathA Azrita kI ananurUpatA rudraTa, mammaTa tathA ruyyaka ko samAna rUpa se iSTa hai| rasavat, praya, UrjasvI, samAhita, bhAvodaya, bhAvasandhi tathA bhAvazabalatA alaGkAroM ke jina svarUpoM kI kalpanA ruyyaka ke 'alaGkAra-sUtra' meM kI gayI hai, ve navIna nahIM haiM / bhAvodaya, bhAvasandhi evaM bhAvazabalatA ke svarUpa kA vivecana mammaTa ne rasAdi dhvani-nirUpaNa ke krama meM kiyA thaa| 'rasAdi' padaH se unhoMne rasa ke sAtha rasAbhAsa, bhAva, bhAvAbhAsa, bhAvazAnti, bhAvodaya, bhAvasandhi tathA bhAvazabalatA ko grahaNa kiyA thaa| unhoMne spaSTa zabdoM meM kahA hai ki jahA~ ye rasAdi pradhAna rahate haiM vahA~ ve alaGkArya hote haiM; kintu jahA~ vAkyArtha kI pradhAnatA rahatI hai aura rasa Adi usake aGga hokara Ate haiM vahA~ vyaGga yArtha ke gauNa ho jAne ke kAraNa rasa, bhAva, rasAbhAsa, bhAvAbhAsa tathA bhAvazAnti Adi kA paryavasAna kramazaH rasavat, praya, Urjasvo tathA samAhita Adi alaGkAra ke rUpa meM hotA hai| yaha dhyAtavya hai ki mammaTa ne 1. yatrAdhAre sumahatyAdheyamavasthitaM tanIyo'pi / atiricyeta kathaMcittadadhikamaparaM parijJeyam / / -rudraTa, kAvyAlaGkAra, 6, 28 2. mahatoryanmahIyAMsAvAzritAzrayayoH kramAt / AzrayAzrayiNau syAtAM tanutve'pyadhikaM tu tat // -mammaTa, kAvyaprakAza, 10,128 3. AzrayAzrayi goranAnurUpyamadhikam |-ruyyk, kAvyAlaGkAra sUtra 48 tathA taccAnanAnurUpyamAzrayasya vaipulye'pyAzritasya parimitatvAd vA Azritasya vaipulye'pyAzrayasya parimitatvAd vA syAt / -vahI vRtti, pR0 166 4. draSTavya-mammaTa, kAvyaprakAza, 4, 42 tathA usakI.vRtti, pR0 34

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ 216 isa sandarbha meM alaGkAra zabda kA prayoga sAmAnya artha meM hI kiyA hai, kAvyAlaGkAra ke vizeSa artha meM nahIM / isIlie unhoMne rasAdi ke guNIbhUta svarUpa ko alaGkAra kahane para bhI unakA vivecana alaGkAra - nirUpaNa ke sandarbha meM nahIM kara guNIbhUtavyaGaya ke aparAGga-bheda ke vivecana-krama meM kiyA hai / alaGkArasampradAya ke AcAryoM ne rasa Adi ko bhI alaGkAra - vizeSa kI sImA meM Abaddha karane kA yatna kiyA hai / ruyyaka alaGkAravAda ke prabala samarthaka the / ataH unhoMne rasa, bhAva Adi ke nibandhana meM rasavat, proya Adi alaGkAroM kI sattA svIkAra kara lI / dhvani-prasthAna kI sthApanA ke pUrva bhAmaha, daNDI, udbhaTa Adi ne bhI rasapezala vAkya meM rasAdi alaGkAra kA sadbhAva mAnA thA / udbhaTa ne rasa ke nibandhana meM rasavat, bhAva- nibandhana meM praya, rasAbhAsa tathA bhAvAbhAsa - nibandhana meM UrjasvI evaM rasa-bhAva Adi kI zAnti ke nibandhana meM samAhita alaGkAra kA sadbhAva mAnA thA / ruyyaka kI dhAraNA isase abhinna hai / bhAvodaya, bhAvasandhi tathA bhAvazabalatA ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM ruyyaka kI dhAraNA mammaTa kI dhAraNA ke hI samAna hai / ruyyaka ke praya, UrjasvI tathA samAhita kA bhAmaha ke inhIM nAma vAle alaGkAroM se sambandha nahIM hai / vyatireka alaGkAra ke sambandha meM ruyyaka kI dhAraNA udbhaTa Adi prAcIna AcAryoM kI dhAraNA ke samAna hai / mammaTa se pUrva upamAna kI apekSA upameya ke Adhikya - rUpa vyatireka ke sAtha upameya ke hInatva-rUpa vyatireka kI bhI sattA svIkRta thI / mammaTa ne usakA kevala prathama rUpa svIkAra kiyA thA / ruyyaka ne vyatireka ukta donoM rUpa svIkAra kiye haiM / 1 zleSa alaGkAra kI sAmAnya dhAraNA prAcIna AcAryoM kI dhAraNA ke samAna hai / mammaTa ke kAla taka zleSa ke do bheda - zabdazleSa tathA arthazle Sa - sthApita ho cuke the / ruyyaka ne donoM ko milA kara eka zabdArthobhayagata zleSa bheda kI bhI kalpanA kara lI hai / apane pUrvavartI AcAryoM kI taraha zabdazleSa tathA arthazleSa kA pRthak-pRthak lakSaNa-nirUpaNa nahIM kara ruyyaka ne zleSa kA eka sAmAnya lakSaNa dekara ukta tIna bhedoM kA spaSTIkaraNa kiyA hai / yadi alaGkAra sarvasva ko ruyyaka - kRta nahIM mAnA jAya, jaisA ki kucha vidvAnoM kA mata hai, to ukta bheda-kalpanA ke zra eya ke bhAgI vRttikAra (maGa khuka ? ) hoMge / 1. bhedaprAdhAnya upamAnAdupameyasyAdhikye viparyaye vA vyatirekaH / --ruyyaka, alaGkArasUtra 28, udbhaTa kA kAvyAlaGkAra, 2,11 bhI draSTavya 2. vizeSyasyApi sAmye dvayorvopAdAne zleSaH / ruyyaka, alaGkAra sUtra, 33 //

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220 ] __ alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa ___ ruyyaka ne nidarzanA ko kiJcit navIna rUpa se paribhASita kiyA hai, yadyapi ukta alaGkAra ke sambandha meM unakI mAnyatA mUlataH prAcIna AcAryoM se bahuta bhinna nahIM hai| bhAmaha ne sAdRzya ke vAcaka pada ke binA kevala kriyA se viziSTa artha kA pradarzana nidarzanA kA lakSaNa mAnA thaa| unake anusAra isameM sAdRzya vyaGagya rahatA hai / ' udbhaTa Adi ne vastu sambandha ke asambhava yA sambhava hone para upamA meM usake paryavasAna meM nidarzanA kA sadbhAva mAnA thA / 2 ruyyaka ne vastu sambandha ke asambhava yA sambhava hone para gamyamAna vastu ke sAtha usake (prastuta vastu ke) bimba-pratibimba bhAva kI kalpanA meM ukta alaGkAra mAnA hai| isa prakAra prAcInoM ke upamAnopameyabhAva meM paryavasAna kI kalpanA ke sthAna para bimba-pratibimba bhAva kI kalpanA-mAtra navIna hai / bimba-pratibimba kI kalpanA dRSTAnta se lI gayI hai / ruyyaka kI nidarzanA kA dRSTAnta se yaha bheda hai ki dRSTAnta meM paraspara nirapekSa vAkyArthoM kA bimba-pratibimba sambandha hotA hai aura nidarzanA meM prakRta vAkyArtha para hI anya vAkyArtha kA Aropa ho jAtA hai| isa prakAra prastuta alaGkAra meM prakRta tathA gamyamAna artha meM bimba-pratibimbabhAva sambandha dikhAyA jAtA hai| ruyyaka kI nidarzanA-dhAraNA bhAmaha tathA udbhaTa ; donoM kI dhAraNA se prabhAvita hai| ruyyaka ke mAlAdIpaka alaGkAra kA svarUpa pUrvavartI AcAryoM ke mAlAdIpaka ke svarUpa se bahuta-kucha milatA-julatA hai| AcArya daNDI ne dIpaka ke mAlA-bheda ke sambandha meM yaha mAnyatA prakaTa kI thI ki isameM uttara-uttara sthita vAkya apane-apane pUrvavartI vAkya kI apekSA rakhate haiN|4 mammaTa ne isI dhAraNA ko vyakta karane ke lie kahA thA ki mAlAdIpaka meM pUrva-pUrva sthita vAkya apane-apane uttaravartI vAkya kA upakAra karate haiM / " uttaravartI vAkyoM kA pUrvavartI vAkyoM kI apekSA rakhane meM tathA unase upakRta hone meM koI maulika bheda nahIM hai| mammaTa ne upakArakAraka ke artha meM mAlAdIpaka kI 1. kriyayaiva viziSTasya tadarthasyopadarzanAt / jJeyA nidarzanA nAma ythevvtibhivinaa||-bhaamh, kAvyAlaGkAra, 3, 33 2. udbhaTa, kAvyAlaGkAra, 5, 31 3. sambhavatAsambhavatA vA vastusambandhena gamyamAnaM pratibimbakaraNaM nidrshnaa| -ruyyaka, alaGkArasUtra, 27 4. daNDI, kAvyAdarza, 2, 108 5. mammaTa, kAvyaprakAza, 10, 157 pR0 254

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [221 lakSaNa-kArikA meM 'guNAvaha' zabda kA prayoga kiyA thaa| 'guNAvaha' kA 'upakAraka' artha unheM abhISTa thA, yaha usa kArikA kI vRtti se spaSTa hai| ruyyaka ne mAlAdIpaka kA lakSaNa mammaTa ke hI matAnusAra diyA hai| 'alaGkAra sarvasva' meM sUtra meM prayukta 'guNAvaha' kA artha utkarSakAraka mAna kara yaha artha kiyA gayA hai ki jahA~ pUrva-pUrva sthita vAkya se uttara-uttara meM sthita vAkya ke utkarSa kA nibandhana ho, vahA~ mAlAdIpaka alaGkAra hotA hai / ' spaSTa hai ki prastuta alaGkAra ke sambandha meM ruyyaka kI mAnyatA mammaTa kI mAnyatA se abhinna hai| ruyyaka ne mammaTa ke matAnusAra ise paribhASita kiyA, isakA eka pramANa yaha bhI hai ki usa paribhASA ke spaSTIkaraNa ke lie mAlAdIpaka ke 'kAvyaprakAza' meM uddha ta udAharaNa kA hI upayoga kiyA gayA hai| ___ ruyyaka ke 'alaGkAra sUtra' meM jina navIna alaGkAroM kA vivecana huA hai, unake udgama-srota kI samIkSA prastuta sandarbha meM apekSita hai| ruyyaka ne nimnalikhita navIna alaGkAroM kA ullekha kiyA hai-(1) pariNAma, (2) ullekha, (3) vicitra, (4) atha patti aura (5) vikalpa / pariNAma pariNAma ruyyaka kI navIna kalpanA hai| jahAM AropyamANa kA prakRta ke rUpa meM upayoga ho, vahA~ ruyyaka ke anusAra pariNAma nAmaka alaGkAra hotA hai| isakA svarUpa rUpaka se bahuta kucha milatA-julatA hai| donoM meM pramukha bheda yaha hai ki rUpaka meM kevala prakRta para aprakRta kA Aropa hotA hai; para pariNAma meM Aropa ke sAtha hI AropyamANa kA prakRta meM upayoga bhI dikhAyA jAtA hai| isameM samAsokti kI taraha aprakRta ke vyavahAra kA prakRta para Aropa hone kI dhAraNA vyakta kI gayI hai| aprakRta kI prakRtArtha meM upayogitA kI dhAraNA navIna hai| ullekha ruyyaka kA ullekha nAmnA navIna; kintu svarUpatayA prAcAna hai| isakA svarUpa AcArya daNDI ke rUpaka-bheda 'heturUpaka' ke samAna hai| daNDI ne heturUpaka kA jo udAharaNa diyA hai, usameM ruyyaka kA ullekha-lakSaNa, ghaTita 1. pUrvapUrvasya tUttarottaraM pratyutkarSa nibandhanatve mAlAdIpakam / -ruyyaka, alaM0 sUtra, alaM0 sarvasva, pR0 174

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222 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa hotA hai| daNDI ke anusAra isa rUpaka-prakAra meM viSaya para AropyamANa ke hetu kA kathana hotA hai / ' ruyyaka ne bhI ullekha meM eka vastu ke aneka rUpa meM grahaNa karane ke hetu ke nirdeza para bala diyA hai / 2 spaSTa hai ki prastuta alaGkAra kI svarUpa-kalpanA kA utsa 'heturUpaka' hai / vicitra __ruyyaka kI mAnyatA hai ki jahA~ viparIta kArya ke lie arthAt iSTavirodhI phala ke lie yatna dikhAyA jAtA ho, vahA~ vicitra nAmaka alaGkAra hotA hai| viSama se isakA yaha bheda batAyA gayA hai ki viSama meM svataH abhISTa se viparIta phala ho jAtA hai; para isameM abhIpsita phala se viparIta phala ke lie yatna kiyA jAtA hai| vicitra ruyyaka kI maulika udbhAvanA hai| arthApatti alaGkAra ke kSetra meM arthApatti kI avatAraNA sarvaprathama ruyyaka ke 'alaGkAra-sUtra' meM huI; kintu isake svarUpa ko ruyyaka kI udbhAvanA nahIM mAnA jA sakatA / ruyyaka ne svayaM yaha svIkAra kiyA hai ki yaha ( arthApatti ) vAkyavidoM kA nyAya hai|5 eka ke kathana se dUsare kA svataH siddha honA, jise daNDApUpanyAya se spaSTa kiyA gayA hai, arthApatti hai| zabdazAstra kI isa prAcIna-dhAraNA ko hI ruyyaka ne alaGkAra ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai| AcArya bharata ne arthApatti nAmaka lakSaNa kA ullekha kiyA thaa| spaSTa hai 1. daNDI, kAvyAdarza, 2,85-86 / kAvyAdarza kI kusumapratimA TIkA meM __ kahA gayA hai ki daNDI ke ukta heturUpaka ke udAharaNa meM vizvanAtha Adi paravartI AcArya ullekha alaGkAra mAnate haiN| draSTavya pR0 118 2. ekasyApi nimittavazAdanekadhA grahaNa ullekhH| -ruyyaka, alaGkArasUtra, 16 3. svaviparItaphalaniSpattaye prayatno vicitram |-vhii, 47 4. draSTaya-vahI, samudrabandhakRta TIkA, pR0 165 5. dHddaapuupikyaarthaantraaptnmaapttiH|-ruyyk, alaGkArasUtra, 63 6. arthAntarasya kathane yatrA'nyo'rthaH prtiiyte|| vAkyamAdhuryasampannA sArthApattirudAhRtA / / -bharata, nATyazAstra, 16,32 (anubandha)

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ 223 'ki 'alaGkAra-sUtra' meM ullikhita arthApatti kA nAma rUpa prAcIna hai, alaGkAra ke rUpa meM usakI svIkRti - - mAtra navIna / vikalpa vikalpa kI dhAraNA bhI prAcIna hai; kintu alaGkAra ke rUpa meM usakI svIkRti navIna / samAna balazAlI paraspara virodhI padArthoM kI yugapat prApti meM vikalpa kI sthiti AtI hai / ruyyaka ne vikalpa kA yahI svarUpa svIkAra kiyA hai / sAdhAraNa vikalpa se vikalpa alaGkAra kA kucha svatantra astitva siddha karane ke lie ruyyaka ne isa alaGkAra ko aupamya- garbha mAnA hai / 2 spaSTataH, vikalpa kI pUrva nirdhArita mAnyatA ke sAtha upamA - dhAraNA ke yoga se prastuta alaGkAra kA svarUpa nirmita hai / ruyyaka kI alaGkAra-dhAraNA ke ukta vivecana se prApta niSkarSa nimnalikhita haiM :- (ka) alaGkAroM kI svarUpa-mImAMsA meM ruyyaka bahulAMzataH mammaTa se sahamata haiM / (kha) alaGkAra - vizeSa ke bhedopabhedoM ke adhikAdhika saralIkaraNa kA prayAsa ruyyaka ne kiyA hai / (ga) alaGkAroM ke lakSaNa ko sarala sUtroM meM Abaddha karanA ruyyaka kI vizeSatA hai / (gha) pariNAma, ullekha, vicitra, arthApatti tathA vikalpa --- ina pA~ca navIna alaGkAroM kA ullekha ruyyaka ne kiyA hai / inameM se ullekha kI kalpanA daNDI ke 'heturUpaka' ke AdhAra para kI gayI hai / arthApatti tathA vikalpa ke sambandha meM pUrvapracalita mAnyatA ko hI svIkAra kara ruyyaka ne kAvya ke alaGkAra ke rUpa meM unakI kalpanA kara lI / pariNAma kA svarUpa aMzataH rUpaka ke samAna hone para bhI aMzata: ruyyaka ke dvArA kalpita hai / usakI kalpanA kA zreya - AMzika hI sahI - ruyyaka ko avazya hai / vicitra ruyyaka kI maulika udbhAvanA hai / 1. tulyabalavirodho vikalpaH / - ruyyaka, alaGkAra-sUtra, 64 2. aupamyagarbhatvAccAtra cArutvam / - alaGkAra - sarvasva pR0 196

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224 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa (Ga) alaGkAra prasthAna ke anuyAyI hone ke kAraNa ruyyaka ne udbhaTa Adi kI taraha rasa, bhAva, tadAbhAsa Adi ke nibandha meM rasavat, praya, UrjasvI Adi alaGkAra kA sadbhAva svIkAra kiyA hai| hemacandra jaina AcArya hemacandra ne apane 'kAvyAnuzAsana' meM chaha zabdAlaGkAroM tathA unatIsa arthAlaGkAroM kA vivecana kiyA hai| pUrvapratipAdita alaGkAroM meM se aneka ko asvIkAra kara ukta parimita saMkhyA ko svIkAra karane meM koI yukti nahIM hai / hemacandra ke pUrva alaGkAroM ko saMkhyA-parimiti kA prayAsa vAmana tathA kuntaka ne bhI kiyA thaa| unake usa AyAsa ke pIche unakA maulika dRSTikoNa spaSTa thaa| kevala upamAmUlaka alaGkAroM kA astitva svIkAra kara unhoMne zeSa kA alaGkAratva asvIkAra kara diyA thaa| hemacandra kI alaGkAra mImAMsA ke kSetra meM isa prakAra kI koI navIna sthApanA yA svatantra dRSTi nahIM hai / alaGkAra ke sAmAnya svarUpa tathA kAvya meM usake sthAna-nirUpaNa kI dRSTi se ve AcArya mammaTa ke anuyAyI haiN| mammaTa kA 'kAvyaprakAza' hI hemacandra ke 'kAvyAnuzAsana' kA Akara-grantha hai| phira bhI mammaTa ke bAsaTha arthAlaGkAroM meM se kevala unatIsa kI hI sattA hemacandra ko mAnya hai| kAvyazAstra meM natana siddhAnta kI sthApanA kI dRSTi se hemacandra kA koI yogadAna nahIM hai / pUrva pracalita kAvya-siddhAntoM kA Akalana hI unakA uddezya rahA hai / prastuta sandarbha meM hama unake dvArA vivecita alaGkAroM ke svarUpa kA pUrvavartI AcAryoM ke alaGkAroM se sAmya-vaiSamya kI dRSTi se parIkSaNa kreNge| hemacandra ke 'kAvyAnuzAsana' meM nimnalikhita alaGkAroM kA lakSaNanirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai zabdAlaGkAra-(1) anuprAsa, (2) yamaka, (3) citra, (4) zleSa, (5) vakrokti aura (6) punaruktAbhAsa / arthAlaGkAra-(1) upamA, (2) utprekSA, (3) rUpaka, (4) nidarzana, (5) dIpaka, (6) anyokti, (7) paryAyokti, (8) atizayokti, (6) AkSepa, (10) virodha, (11) sahokti, (12) samAsokti, (13) jAti, (14) vyAjastuti, (15) zleSa, (16) vyatireka, (17) arthAntaranyAsa,

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ 225 (18) sasandeha, (16) apahna uti, (20) parAvRtti, (21) anumAna, (22) smRti, (23) bhrAnti, (24) viSama, (25) sama, (26) samuccaya, ( 27 ) parisaMkhyA. (28) kAraNamAlA tathA (26) saGkara / anuprAsa kI sAmAnya dhAraNA mammaTa se abhinna hai / hemacandra ne yadyapi chekAnuprAsa tathA vRtyanuprAsa; ina do anuprAsa bhedoM kA mammaTa kI taraha nAmnA nirdeza nahIM kiyA hai tathApi ukta bhedoM kI svIkRti spaSTa hai / unhoMne eka kI asakRt AvRtti tathA aneka kI sakRt aura asakRt AvRtti ke udAharaNa diye haiM / mammaTa ne eka yA aneka vyaJjana kI asakRdAvRtti ko vRtyanuprAsa tathA aneka vyaJjana kI sakRt arthAt eka vAra AvRtti ko chekAnuprAsa nAma se abhihita kiyA thA / tAtparya bhedase samAnArthaka pada kI AvRtti meM mammaTa ke matAnusAra hemacandra ne bhI lATAnuprAsa alaGkAra mAnA hai / hemacandra lATAnuprAsa kI gaNanA anuprAsa se pRthak karanA samIcIna nahIM samajhate / ve use anuprAsa kA hI bheda mAnate haiM / anuprAsa ke varNAvRtti yA vyaJjanAvRtti-lakSaNa kI vyAptipadAvRtti rUpa lATAnuprAsa meM nahIM hone ke kAraNa hI kucha AcAryoM ko lATAnuprAsa kA anuprAsa se svatantra rUpa se ullekha karane kI AvazyakatA jAna par3I hogI / vastutaH cheka, vRtti Adi kI taraha lATa ko bhI anuprAsa kA bhedamAtra hI svIkAra karanA cAhie / anuprAsa kA sAmAnya lakSaNa itanA vyApaka honA cAhie ki lATAnuprAsa ke svarUpa meM usakA vyabhicAra nahIM ho / astu, yahA~ itanA hI nirdeza abhISTa hai ki hemacandra kI anuprAsa-dhAraNA mammaTa kI dhAraNA se abhinna hai / hemacandra ne yamaka kA svarUpa - nirUpaNa bhI mammaTa ke hI matAnusAra kiyA hai| citra - alaGkAra ke vivecana meM hemacandra ne mammaTa ke mata ko to svIkAra kiyA hI hai, usake sambandha meM daNDI Adi kI mAnyatA ko bhI grahaNa kiyA hai / AkAra - citra kI dhAraNA mammaTa se lI gayI hai; para svarAdi ke niyama se sambaddha citra tathA cyuta, gUr3ha Adi citra prakAra kI dhAraNA daNDI tathA rudraTa se gRhIta hai / daNDI ne yamaka-prapaJca ke vivecana-krama meM svara- vyaJjana ke niyama ke aneka bhedoM kA ullekha kiyA thA aura vismayajanaka hone ke kAraNa unheM citra kahA thA / rudraTa ne khaDgAdi AkRti baddha citra kA vivecana karane ke uparAnta cyutaka, gUr3ha Adi kA nirdeza kiyA thA aura unheM bauddhika krIr3AmAtra meM upayogI kahA thaa| hemacandra ne citra alaGkAra viSayaka ukta 1. draSTavya - rudraTa, kAvyAlaGkAra, 5, 24 15

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226 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa mAnyatAoM ko milAkara citra kI paribhASA dI hai / ' hemacandra kI zabdazleSadhAraNA mammaTa kI dhAraNA se bhinna nahIM / vakrokti ke do bheda mammaTa ne svIkAra kiye the : - zleSa aura kAku / hemacandra ne unameM se kevala zleSa - vakrokti kA alaGkAratva svIkAra kiyA hai| kAku ko ve rAjazekhara kI taraha pAThadharma mAnate haiM, alaGkAra nahIM / unakI zleSa-vakrokti kA svarUpa mammaTa kI zleSa - vakrokti se abhinna hai / hemacandra ne mammaTa ke punaruktavadAbhAsa ko punaruktAbhAsa kahA hai / usake lakSaNa nirUpaNa meM ve mammaTa se pUrNataH sahamata haiM / spaSTa hai ki hemacandra kI zabdAlaGkAra-dhAraNA para mammaTa kI dhAraNA kA puSkala prabhAva hai / zabdagata alaGkAra ke kSetra meM hemacandra ne koI nUtana udbhAvanA nahIM kI hai / upamA upamA-alaGkAra ke sambandha meM prAcIna dhAraNA ko hI hemacandra ne svIkAra kiyA hai / mammaTa kI paddhati para unhoMne prastuta alaGkAra ke bhedopabhedoM kA vivecana kiyA hai| unhoMne rudraTa ke razanopamA - bheda ko bhI svIkAra kiyA hai / mAlopamA ke sAtha upameyopamA tathA ananvaya ko bhI hemacandra ne upamA kA hI bheda mAnA hai / rudraTa ne bhI ubhayopamA yA upameyopamA tathA ananvaya kI svatantra sattA nahIM mAna kara upamA-bheda ke rUpa meM hI unakA vivecana kiyA thA / mammaTa ne ina alaGkAroM kA svatantra astitva svIkAra kiyA hai / spaSTataH hemacandra kI mAnyatA rudraTa kI mAnyatA ke adhika nikaTa hai / hemacandra ne upamA - lakSaNa meM sAdharmya ke sAtha 'hRdya' vizeSaNa kA prayoga kiyA hai / yaha vastutaH koI navIna sthApanA nahIM hai / alaGkAra mAtra ke mUla meM hRdayAvarjaka hone kI bhAvanA nihita hai / utpra ekSA tathA rUpaka ke sambandha meM hemacandra kI mAnyatA pUrvavartI AcAryoM kI mAnyatA se abhinna hai / nidarzanA ke lakSaNa-nirUpaNa meM hemacandra ne pUrvavartI AcAryoM ke dRSTAnta, arthAntaranyAsa evaM nidarzanA alaGkAroM kI dhAraNA ko milA-julA kara khicar3I pakA dI hai / isa prakAra ve iSTArtha kI siddhi ke lie dRSTAnta ke nirdeza meM 1. svaravyaJjanasthAnagatyAkAraniyamacyutagUr3hA di citram / - hemacandra, kAvyAnuzAsana 5, pR0 257 2. arthabhedabhinnAnAM bhaGgAbhaGgAbhyAM yugapadukti: zleSaH - vahI, 5, pR0 272

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa - [227 nidarzanA alaGkAra mAnate haiN|' sAmAnya se vizeSa ke samarthana ko to ve arthAntaranyAsa kahate haiM; para vizeSa se vizeSa evaM sAmAnya ke samarthana ko nidarzanA / / ukta alaGkAroM ke svarUpa ko milA dene ke kAraNa hI hemacandra isase pRthak dRSTAnta kI sattA nahIM maante| bhAmaha aura daNDI ne bhI dRSTAnta kI sattA nahIM mAnI thii| hemacandra ne nidarzanA ke jo udAharaNa diye haiM, unameM devIbhAva gamitA....'Adi zloka vastutaH prativastUpamA kA tathA 'kva sUryaprabhavo vaMzaH ....' Adi zloka nidarzanA kA udAharaNa hai| ukta do alaGkAroM ke pRthak-pRthak astitva kI sthApanA ho jAne ke uparAnta unake vaiziSTya ke vigalana tathA ekIkaraNa meM koI sabala yukti nahIM dI gayI hai| dIpaka, anyokti tathA paryAyokta ke sambandha meM hemacandra ne AcArya mammaTa kI dhAraNA ko yathAvat svIkAra kara liyA hai| hemacandra kI anyokti mammaTa kI aprastuta-prazaMsA kI hI apara saMjJA hai / atizayokti kI sAmAnya-dhAraNA mammaTa Adi se hI lI gayI hai| isake bhedoM kI vivecanA meM hemacandra ne apane pUrvavartI AcArya ruyyaka kI mAnyatA ko svIkAra kiyA hai| mammaTa ke bheda meM abheda tathA abheda meM bheda, ina do atizayokti-prakAroM ke sAtha ruyyaka ne do aura prakAroM kI--sambandha meM asambandha tathA asambandha meM sambandha-kI kalpanA kI thii| hemacandra ne ukta cAro atizayokti-bhedoM ko svIkAra kiyA hai| AkSepa. virodha yA virodhAbhAsa, sahokti, samAsokti, jAti yA svabhAvokti, vyAjastuti, zleSa tathA vyatireka ke viSaya meM hemacandra kI mAnyatA mammaTa kI mAnyatA se abhinna hai| jAti svabhAvokti kA paryAya hai| AcArya mammaTa kI arthAntaranyAsa-paribhASA ko hemacandra ne aMzataH hI svIkAra kiyA hai| mammaTa sAdharmya tathA vaidharmya ke dvArA sAmAnya kA vizeSa se tathA vizeSa kA sAmAnya se samarthana arthAntaranyAsa kA lakSaNa mAnate the| 1. iSTArthasiddhya dRSTAnto nidarzanam |-vhii, 6, pR0 302 2. yA sAmAnyasya vizeSasya vA vizeSeNa samarthanaM tannidarzanam / yatra tu vizeSasya sAmAnyena samarthanaM so'rthAntaranyAsaH ........ / -vahI, vyAkhyA, pR0 303

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228 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNAH vikAsa aura vizleSaNa hemacandra sAdharmya tathA vaidharmya ke dvArA kevala vizeSa kA sAmAnya se samarthana isakA lakSaNa mAnate haiN| hemacandra ke sasandeha kA svarUpa mammaTa ke sasandeha ke svarUpa se milatAjulatA hI hai| mammaTa kI taraha hemacandra ne bhI isa alaGkAra ke nizcayagarbha tathA nizcayAnta bheda svIkAra kiye haiM / ve bhI mammaTa kI taraha sandeha ke bheda kI ukti tathA anukti; ye do bheda svIkAra karate haiM / sandeha ke svarUpa-nirUpaNa ke sambandha meM itanI sahamati hone para bhI hemacandra ne usake lakSaNa meM alaGkArAntara kI chAyA ke garbhIkaraNa tathA tAttvika asandeha meM bhI sandeha kI kalpanA kI bAta apanI ora se kahI hai| nizcayAnta sandeha meM to sandeha kA nivAraNa kavi kara hI detA hai| vastutaH, sandeha alaGkAra meM sandeha to kavikalpita hI hotA hai| mammaTa Adi ko bhI vaktA ke dvArA sandeha-kalpanA mAnya thii| ataH, ise hemacandra kI navIna kalpanA nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| rahI alaGkArAntara kI chAyA ke garbhIkaraNa kI bAta ! aisA lagatA hai ki sandeha-saGkara kI dhAraNA se, jisameM aneka alaGkAroM meM sandeha hotA hai, alaGkArAntara kI chAyA kI dhAraNA lI gayI hai| apahnati meM prakRta ke apalApa kI dhAraNA mammaTa Adi AcAryoM se lI gayI hai| mammaTa Adi pUrvavartI AcAryoM ne aprastuta ke dvArA prastuta ke apalApa meM arthAt prastuta ke apalApa aura aprastuta kI sthApanA meM hI apahna ti mAnI thii| hemacandra ne ise to svIkAra kiyA hI, prastuta ke dvArA prastuta ke apalApa ko bhI apaha nuti kA lakSaNa mAna liyaa| isa prakAra prAcIna AcAryoM ke vyAjokti ko apahna ti kA aGga banA diyaa| prastuta ke dvArA prastuta ke apalApa kA jo udAharaNa 'kAvyAnuzAsana' meM diyA gayA hai, vaha 'kAvyaprakAza" meM diye gaye vyAjokti ke udAharaNa se abhinna hai| hemacandra ne vyAjokti kA svatantra astitva nahIM mAnA hai| parAvRtti yA parivRtti, anumAna, smRti tathA bhrAnti kI dhAraNA mammaTa kI dhAraNA se abhinna hai / hemacandra ne mammaTa ke viSama kA kevala eka bhedakriyA ke abhISTa phala se viparIta phala kI prApti-svIkAra kiyA hai| sama, samuccaya, parisaMkhyA, tathA kAraNamAlA ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM hemacandra 1. vizeSasya sAmAnyena sAdharmyavaidhAbhyAM samarthanamarthAntaranyAsaH / hemacandra, kAvyAnuzAsana, 6, pR0334

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ 226 mammaTa se pUrNataH ekamata haiN| saGkara aura saMsRSTi ke sthAna para hemacandra ne kevala saGkara kA vivecana kiyA hai| saMsRSTi tathA sandeha-saGkara ko isI . kA aGga mAnA gayA hai| ___isa vivecana se spaSTa hai ki hemacandra ke 'kAvyAnuzAsana' meM alaGkAraviSayaka koI navIna udbhAvanA nahIM huI hai| vAgmaTa hemacandra ke prAyaH samasAmayika jaina AcArya vAgbhaTa (prathama) ne pUrva-pracalita alaGkAroM meM se cAra zabdAlaGkAroM tathA paiMtIsa arthAlaGkAroM kA vivecana kiyA hai| zabdagata zleSa tathA punaruktavadAbhAsa yA punaruktAbhAsa, jo hemacandra ke kAvyAnuzAsana meM svIkRta haiM, 'vAgbhaTAlaGkAra' meM ullikhita nahIM haiN| arthAlaGkAroM kI saMkhyA evaM saMjJA ke sambandha meM bhI una donoM jaina AcAryoM meM mataikya nahIM hai| hemacandra ne jahA~ unatIsa arthAlaGkAroM kA ullekha kiyA thA, vahA~ vAgbhaTa ne paiMtIsa alaGkAroM kA ullekha kiyA hai| 'vAgbhaTAlaGkAra' meM hemacandra ke dvArA vivecita sabhI alaGkAra svIkRta nahIM haiM / hemacandra ke unatIsa alaGkAroM meM se pA~ca kA vAgbhaTa ne nAmnA bhI ullekha nahIM kiyA hai| isa prakAra kevala caubIsa arthAlaGkAra 'kAvyAnuzAsana' tathA 'vAgbhaTAlaGkAra' meM sAmAnya rUpa se ullikhita haiN| vAgbhaTa ne prAcIna AcAryoM kI racanAoM se aise gyAraha arthAlaGkAra grahaNa kiye haiM, jo hemacandra ke dvArA agRhIta haiN| ___ 'vAgbhaTAlaGkAra' meM ullikhita arthAlaGkAra nimnalikhita haiM-(1) upamA, (2) utprakSA, (3) rUpaka, (4) dIpaka, (5) aprastutaprazaMsA, (6) paryAyokti, (7) atizaya, (8) AkSepa, (6) virodha, (10) sahokti, (11) samAsokti, (12) jAti, (13) zleSa, (14) vyatireka, (15) arthAntaranyAsa, (16) saMzaya, (17) apahnati, (18) parivRtti, (16) anumAna, (20) bhrAntimAn, (21) viSama, (22) samuccaya, (23) parisaMkhyA, (24) saGkara, (25) prativastUpamA, (26) dRSTAnta, (27) tulyayogitA, (28) vibhAvanA, (26) hetu, (30) samAhita, (31) yathAsaMkhya, (32) avasara, (33) sAra, (34) ekAvalI aura (35) praznottara /

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230 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa hemacandra ke dvArA svIkRta nidarzanA, vyAjastuti, smRti, sama tathA kAraNamAlA; ina pA~ca alaGkAroM kA ullekha vAgbhaTa ne nahIM kiyA hai / prativastUpamA, dRSTAnta, tulyayogitA, vibhAvanA, hetu, samAhita, yathAsaMkhya, avasara, sAra, ekAvalI tathA praznottara; ina gyAraha alaGkAroM kA ullekha hemacandra ne nahIM kiyA hai / vAgbhaTa ne inakA bhI vivecana apane grantha meM kiyA hai / prastuta sandarbha meM vAgbhaTa ke alaGkAroM kA pUrvavartI AcAryoM ke alaGkAroM se sambandha kA parIkSaNa abhipra eta hai / anuprAsa, yamaka, citra tathA vakrokti zabdAlaGkAroM kA svarUpa hemacandra kI taraha vAgbhaTa ne bhI mammaTa tathA ruyyaka ke hI matAnusAra vivecita kiyA hai / upamA ke sAmAnya svarUpa ke sambandha meM vAgbhaTa mammaTa Adi AcAryoM kI mAnyatA sahamata haiM / hemacandra kI taraha unhoMne bhI ananvaya, upameyopamA tathA mAlopamA ko upamA kA hI bheda svIkAra kiyA hai / mAlopamA ko unhoMne anekopamAna -mUlA upamA kahA hai / unhoMne aneka upameya-mUlA upamA kI bhI kalpanA kI hai / ' AcArya bharata ne 'nATya-zAstra' meM upamA ke bhedoM kA nirUpaNa upameya tathA upamAna kI saMkhyA ke AdhAra para kiyA thA / ve eka upameya kA eka upamAna se athavA aneka upamAna se aura aneka upameya kA eka athavA aneka upamAna se sAdRzya-pratipAdana meM upamA ke tattadbheda mAnate the / 2 vAgbhaTa kI anekopameya-mUlA upamA-dhAragA AcArya bharata kI ukta dhAraNA se abhinna hai / utprekSA tathA rUpaka alaGkAroM ke svarUpa kA vivecana vAgbhaTa mammaTa Adi AcAryoM kI mAnyatA ke anurUpa hI kiyA hai / dIpaka ke sambandha meM vAgbhaTa kI dhAraNA bharata, bhAmaha Adi prAcIna AcAryoM kI dhAraNA se abhinna hai / bhAmaha Adi prAcIna AcAryoM ke mata kA anusaraNa karate hue va gbhaTa ne aprastuta - prazaMsA kA lakSaNa aprastuta arthAt upamAna kI prazaMsA yA stuti ko hI mAnA hai / prAcIna AcAryoM ne stuti yA prazaMsA se abhiprAya kevala varNana kA mAnA thA / ataH aprastuta ke varNana se prastuta ke bodha meM ve aprastutaprazaMsA alaGkAra mAnate the / mammaTa Adi ne ise adhika spaSTa rUpa se paribhASita 1. vAgbhaTAlaGkAra, 4, 56 2. ekasyaikena sA kAryA hyanekenAthavA punaH / anekasya tathaikena bahUnAM bahubhistathA // - bharata, nATyazAstra, 16,42

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [231 kiyA hai| kucha AcAryoM ne pUrvAcAryoM kI aprastutaprazaMsA-paribhASA meM prayukta stuti zabda kA artha utkarSa-kathana mAna kara aprastuta ke guNotkarSa-varNana meM yA usakI stuti karane meM ukta alaGkAra mAna liyA thaa| vAgbhaTa ne prazaMsA kA artha spaSTa nahIM kiyA hai| unake dvArA uddhata prastuta alaGkAra ke udAharaNa se lagatA hai ki ve prazaMsA kA artha utkarSagAna hI samajhate haiN|' paryAyokti, atizaya yA atizayokti, AkSepa tathA virodha alaGkAroM ke svarUpa kA pratipAdana vAgbhaTa ne hemacandra kI hI taraha mammaTa Adi pUrvavartI AcAryoM ke matAnusAra kiyA hai| unakI sahokti kA svarUpa bhI pUrvAcAryoM kI mahokti se milatA-julatA hI hai| navInatA yaha hai ki prastuta aura aprastuta ke sahakathana kI jagaha unhoMne kAraNa aura kArya ke saha-bhAva-kathana ko sahokti mAnA hai| ___ vAgbhaTa ne samAsokti kI paribhASA meM use pUrvavartI AcAryoM kI aprastutaprazaMsA yA anyokti ke samakakSa banA diyA hai| 3 'aprastuta-prazaMsA' ke lakSaNa meM apastuna kI stuti kA gugotkarSa-varNana artha lagA kara unhoMne mammaTa Adi kI aprastuta prazaMsA se usakI kucha bhinna prakRti mAna lI aura prAcIna AcAryoM kI aprastuta-prazaMsA-paribhASA ke AdhAra para samAsokti kI svarUpa-kalpanA kara lii| vastutaH prAcIna AcAryoM ne samAsokti tathA aprastuta-prazaMsA ko viparIta-svabhAvA mAnA thA / samAsokti meM prastuta ke kathana se aprastuta kI vyaJjanA hotI hai tathA aprastuta-prazaMsA meM aprastuta ke kathana se prastuta kA bodha hotA hai / vAgbhaTa ne aprastuta ke kathana se abhIpsita yA prastuta artha ke bodhana meM samAsokti alaGkAra mAna liyA hai| ise samAsokti ke sambandha meM vAgbhaTa kI navIna sthApanA nahIM kahA jA sktaa| samAsokti-paribhASA meM yaha navInatA-yadi ise navInatA kahA jAya-samAsokti tathA aprastutaprazaMsA alaGkAroM ke sambandha meM pUrvavartI AcAryoM kI dhAraNA ko spaSTa rUpa se samajha pAne kI akSamatA kA pariNAma hai| jAti yA svabhAvokti, zleSa tathA vyatireka ke sambandha meM vAgbhaTa dhAraNA mammaTa, ruyyaka Adi AcAryoM kI dhAraNA se abhinna hai / 1. draSTavya-vAgbhaTAlaGkAra, 4, 134-35 2. sahoktiH sA bhavedyatra kAryakAraNayoH saha / samutpattikathA hetorvaktutajjanmazaktatAm / / vahI,4,116 3. draSTavya-vahI, 4,65-66

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232 ] 'alaGkAra- dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa arthAntaranyAsa kA sAmAnya lakSaNa pUrvavartI AcAryoM kI tadviSayaka mAnyatA ke anukUla hI kalpita hai / vAgbhaTa ne usake do bheda svIkAra kiye haiM: - zliSTa tathA azliSTa / AcArya daNDI ne arthAntaranyAsa ke aneka bhedoM meM zleSAbiddha yA zliSTa vizeSaNamUlaka arthAntaranyAsa-bheda bhI mAnA thA / vAgbhaTa ke ukta bheda-nirUpaNa kA yahI AdhAra hai / vAgbhaTa ke saMzaya yA sandeha, apahna uti, parivRtti, anumAna tathA bhrAntimAn alaGkAroM kI prakRti prAcIna AcAryoM ke etatsaMjJaka alaGkAroM kI prakRti se abhinna hai / viSama kA svarUpa vAgbhaTa ne mammaTa ke 'kAvyaprakAza' se liyA hai; kintu mammaTa ke viSama ke kaI rUpoM meM se kevala eka hI rUpa - 1 - virUpa padArtha kI ghaTanA rUpa - vAgbhaTa ne svIkAra kiyA hai / 2 hemacandra ne bhI mammaTa ke viSama kA eka rUpa svIkAra kiyA thA, para vaha vAgbhaTa ke dvArA svIkRta rUpa se bhinna thaa| isa prakAra hemacandra aura vAgbhaTa ke viSama-vivecana kA srota samAna hone para bhI donoM kI viSama-viSayaka mAnyatA paraspara bhinna hai / vAgbhaTa kA samuccaya-lakSaNa rudraTa ke prathama samuccaya-lakSaNa se abhinna hai / parisaMkhyA tathA saGkara kI dhAraNA hemacandra kI taraha vAgbhaTa ne bhI mammaTa Adi AcAryoM se hI lI hai| hemacandra kI taraha vAgbhaTa ne bhI aneka alaGkAroM ke ekatra sanniveza ke sabhI prakAroM ko sAmAnya rUpa se saGkara vyapadeza se upasthita kiyA hai / isase pRthak saMsRSTi kA svarUpa - nirUpaNa ve Avazyaka nahIM samajhate / prativastUpamA tathA dRSTAnta kI dhAraNA vAgbhaTa ne bhAmaha, udbhaTa, Adi prAcIna AcAryoM ke matAnusAra vyakta kI hai / tulyayogitA kI svarUpa - kalpanA AcArya daNDI kI tulyayogopamA ke AdhAra para kI gayI hai / vAgbhaTa kI vibhAvanA pUrvavartI AcAryoM kI vibhAvanA se abhinna hai / hetu tathA samAhita ke svarUpa kI kalpanA vAgbhaTa daNDI ke matAnusAra kI hai / yathAsaMkhya kA svarUpa bhI unhoMne apane pUrvavartI AcAryoM se hI liyA hai / 1. vAgbhaTAlaGkAra, 4,62 2. vahI, 4, 117-118 3. hemacandra, kAvyAnuzAsana, 6, pR0 341

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ 233 avasara alaGkAra kI kalpanA vAgbhaTa ne AcArya rudraTa ke 'kAvyAlaGkAra' se lI hai| rudraTa ke paravartI AcArya mammaTa tathA ruyyaka ne avasara kA alaGkAratva svIkAra nahIM kiyA thaa| vAgbhaTa kA avasara-vivecana una para rudraTa ke sIdhe prabhAva kA paricAyaka hai| __ vAgbhaTa ke sAra tathA praznottara kA svarUpa pUrvAcAryoM kI mAnyatA ke anurUpa kalpita hai| 'vAgbhaTAlaGkAra' meM vivecita ekAvalI kA svarUpa mammaTa Adi AcAryoM kI ekAvalI se milatA-julatA hI hai| donoM meM thor3A antara yaha hai ki jahA~ mammaTa Adi ko isa alaGkAra meM yathApUrva para kA vizeSaNatva abhipreta thA, vahA~ vAgbhaTa ko yathApUrva kA para ke prati vaiziSTyaniSTha honA abhISTa hai| vAgbhaTAlaGkAra ke ekAvalI-udAharaNa kI parIkSA se aisA lagatA hai ki vaiziSTyaniSThatA se unakA abhiprAya utkarSAdhAyakatA kA hai| mammaTa ne ekAvalI ke jo udAharaNa diye haiM, unameM bhI vizeSaNabhUta pada paravartI pada ke utkarSa kA AdhAna karate haiN|' sambhava hai, mammaTa ke ekAvalI-udAharaNa ko dekha kara hI vAgbhaTa ne ekAvalI meM para ke prati pUrva kA vaiziSTyaniSTha hone yA utkarSAdhAyaka hone kI kalpanA kara lI ho| vastutaH, mammaTa kI ekAvalI-paribhASA adhika vyApaka hai| vizeSaNa-bhUta pUrva-pada paravartI padoM kA upakAra to karate hI haiM, ve unakA utkarSa bhI pratipAdita kara sakate haiN| spaSTa hai ki vAgbhaTa ke ekAvalI-lakSaNa meM mammaTa ke lakSaNa kI apUrNa anukRti hai| vAgbhaTa kI alaGkAra-dhAraNA ke ukta parIkSaNa se nimnalikhita tathya prakAza meM Ate haiM :(ka) 'vAgbhaTAlaGkAra' meM kisI navIna alaGkAra kI udbhAvanA kA prayAsa nahIM hai| pUrva-pratipAdita alaGkAroM meM se hI kucha ko cuna kara unakA lakSaNa-nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| zeSa alaGkAroM ko yA to asundara mAna kara chor3a diyA gayA hai yA anya alaGkAra meM antabhUta mAna kara / ' kintu, unhoMne vizeSa alaGkAra kI asundaratA yA parAntabhuktatA siddha karane ke lie koI yukti nahIM dI hai| (kha) zleSa tathA punaruktavadAbhAsa zabdAlaGkAroM kA astitva akAraNa asvIkAra kara diyA gayA hai| 1. draSTavya-mammaTa, kAvya-prakAza pR0 286

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234 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa (ga) svIkRta alaGkAroM ke lakSaNa pUrvavartI AcAryoM ke matAnusAra hI diye gaye haiN| jahA~ koI navInatA dIkha par3atI hai vaha vAgbhaTa ke svatantra cintana kA phala nahIM, prAcIna dhAraNA kI anukRti kI asaphalatA kA pariNAma hai| unakA samAsokti-vivecana isa kathana kA pramANa hai| (gha) dhArmika dRSTi se eka sampradAya ke anuyAyI hone para bhI vAgbhaTa ne kAvyazAstrIya cintana meM hemacandra kI paddhati kA anugamana nahIM kiyA hai| vAgbhaTa ne kisI eka AcArya ko Adarza nahIM mAna kara pUrvavartI sabhI AcAryoM kI racanAoM se alaGkAra-viSayaka mAnyatA kA AharaNa kiyA hai| unake adhikAMza alaGkAroM ke svarUpa mammaTa tathA ruyyaka ke matAnusAra avazya kalpita haiM; para kaI alaGkAroM ke rUpa-vidhAna meM unhoMne bharata, bhAmaha, daNDI, rudraTa Adi kA sIdhA prabhAva grahaNa kiyA hai| udAharaNArtha-upamA ke anekopameya-mUlA bheda kA bharata ke AdhAra para; hetu, samAhita tathA tRlyayogitA kA svarUpa daNDI ke AdhAra para ( tulyayogitA daNDI kI tulyayogitA ke AdhAra para nahIM, unakI upamA ke eka bheda 'tulyayogopamA' ke AdhAra para) tathA avasara aura samuccaya kA svabhAva rudraTa ke AdhAra para kalpita hai| zomAkara mitra zobhAkara mitra ne 'alaGkAra-ratnAkara' meM eka sau nau zabdArthAlaGkAroM ke svarUpa kA nirUpaNa rAjAnaka ruyyaka ke alaGkAra-sUtra kI zailI meM kiyA hai| alaGkAra-sUtra kI zailI ko apanAne para bhI unhoMne ruyyaka kI alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA anusaraNa nahIM kiyA hai| yahI nahIM, apane pUrvavartI kisI bhI AcArya kI alaGkAra-viSayaka mAnyatA kA andhAnusaraNa nahIM kara zobhAkara ne aka navIna alaGkAroM ke svarUpa kI kalpanA kI hai| yaha ThIka hai ki unake navodbhAvita alaGkAroM meM se adhikAMza ko bhAratIya alaGkArazAstra meM svIkRti nahIM milI, yaha bhI ThIka hai ki unake navIna alaGkAroM meM se kaI prAcIna alaGkAroM ke hI navIna nAma haiM, phira bhI zobhAkara kI alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA apanA mahattva hai|

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ 235. paNDitarAja jagannAtha-jaise samartha AcArya ne aneka sthaloM para ratnAkarakAra kA mata uddhRta kiyA hai|' yadyapi jagannAtha ne adhikatara zobhAkara kI alaGkAra-viSayaka mAnyatA kA khaNDana karane ke lie hI ullekha kiyA hai, phira bhI yaha zobhAkara kI alaGkAra-dhAraNA kI zakti kA hI paricAyaka hai| isase kama-se-kama itanA to siddha hI hai ki jagannAtha paNDitarAja ne zobhAkara ke alaGkAra-siddhAnta ko upekSaNIya nahIM maanaa| 'alaGkAra-ratnAkara' ke alaGkAra-vivecana kA mahattva isa bAta se bhI spaSTa hai ki arvAcIna AlaGkArikoM ko sarvAdhika prabhAvita karane vAle AcArya appayya dIkSita ne kucha alaGkAra yA alaGkAra-vizeSa ke kucha bhedoM kA svarUpa vahIM se liyA hai| udAharaNArtha, appayya kI apahnati kA paryasta bheda ( upamAna kA apahnava ) 'alaGkAraratnAkara' se hI gRhIta hai| lagatA hai ki zobhA kara ke 'alaGkAra-ratnAkara' kA kucha dinoM taka saMskRta kaviyoM tathA alaGkAra zAstra ke AcAryoM para bahuta prabhAva rahA thaa| kahA jAtA hai ki 'yazaskara' nAmaka kavi ne 'alaGkAra-ratnAkara' ke vibhinna alaGkAra-lakSaNoM ke udAharaNa ke rUpa meM hI devIzataka kI racanA kI thii| aisI sthiti meM DaoN0 De ne jo zobhAkara mitra kI gaNanA gauNa AlaGkArikoM kI koTi meM kara lI hai, vaha ucita nahIM jAna pdd'tii| yaha bAta dUsarI hai ki zobhAkara ne navInatA-pradarzana ke moha meM aneka prAcIna alaGkAroM ke lie navIna saMjJAoM kI kalpanA kara lI thI tathA kucha aisI uktiyoM meM alaGkA ratva mAna liyA thA, jinameM vastuta: camatkAra kA tattva nahIM thA aura phalataH unakI mAnyatA pIche cala kara asvIkRta ho gayI, para isa tathya ko asvIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA ki unake alaGkAra-siddhAnta ne aneka kaviyoM ko prabhAvita kiyA aura aneka sazakta samIkSakoM kA dhyAna apanI ora AkRSTa 1. rasagaGgAdhara meM gyAraha sthaloM para alaGkAraratnAkara-kAra kI tattadalaGkAra viSayaka mAnyatA ko uddhRta kara usakI samIkSA kI gayI hai| 2. ...Yasaskara, a Kasmirian poet, thought it fit to comrose a Devisataka. .... .in which each verse, besides being a panegyric of the goddess, also serves as an illustration of Ratnakara's Alankarasutras. -alaGkAra-ratnAkara kI bhUmikA, pR0 6, le0 devadhara 3. draSTavya-DaoN0 suzIlakumAra De, History of Sanskrit Poetics, khaNDa 1 pR0 308:

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236 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa kiyaa| ataH gauNa AlaGkArikoM kI upekSita sUcI meM unakA nAma DAla denA samIcIna nhiiN| prastuta sandarbha meM hama 'alaGkAra-ratnAkara' ke alaGkAroM ke srota * para vicAra kreNge| 'alaGkAra-ratnAkara' meM zabda evaM artha ke nimnalikhita eka sau nau alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai:zabdAlaGkAra punaruktavadAbhAsa, yamaka, chekAnuprAsa, vRtyanuprAsa, lATAnuprAsa aura citra / arthAlaGkAra upamA, kalpitopamA, ananvaya, asama, upameyopamA, udAharaNa, pratimA, tulyayogitA, dIpaka, prativastUpamA, dRSTAnta, nidarzanA, smRti, vinoda, vyAsaGga, * vyatireka, pratIpa, vaidharmya, rUpaka, abheda, pariNAma, apahnati, sandeha, vitarka, utprekSA, bhrAntimAn, ullekha. pratibhA, kriyAtipatti, atizayokti, aprastuta'prazaMsA, vyAjastuti, pratyanIka, vinokti, sahokti, samAsokti, zleSa, parikara, paryAyokta, nizcaya, AkSepa, vidhyAbhAsa, sandehAbhAsa, vikalpAbhAsa, virodha, vibhAvanA, vizeSokti, asaGgati, anyonya, viparyaya, acintya, viSama, sama, vicitra, vizeSa, vyAghAta, azakya, vyatyAsa, samatA, udreka, tulya, anAdara, Adara, anukRti, pratyUha, pratyAdeza, samAdhi, arthAntaranyAsa, vyApti, anumAna, hetu, Apatti, arthApatti, vidhi, niyama, pratisaMkhyA, pratiprasava, tantra, prasaGga, -vikalpa, samuccaya, parivRtti, paryAya, krama, vardhamAnaka, avaroha, atizaya, . zRGkhalA, tadguNa, mIlita, viveka, parabhAga, udbheda, gUr3ha, sUkSma, vyAjokti, vakrokti, svabhAvokti, bhAvika, udAtta, rasavat, preya aura uurjsvii| zobhAkara ne saMsRSTi kI sattA kA virodha kiyA hai| aura saGkara ke sambandha meM kucha vilakSaNa dhAraNA vyakta kI hai| unhoMne pUrvAcAryoM kI taraha aneka alaGkAroM ke aGgAGgitva meM saGkara avazya mAnA hai; para yaha navIna : dhAraNA vyakta kI hai ki jahA~ aGgAGgi-bhAva se aneka alaGkAra hoMge vahA~ pradhAna ko alaGkAra aura apradhAna ko usakA saGkara kahA jAyagA / 2 spaSTataH, 1. na saMsRSTi: pUrvahAnAccArutvAbhAvAcca |-shobhaakr, alaM0 ratnA0,111 2. 'aGgatve tu saGkaraH |....."ten pradhAnatAyAM upamAdInAM nijaM nijaM nAma aGgatve punareSAM saGkaradhI GgibhAve'pi / -vahI, sUtra 112 tathA usakI vRtti, pR0 168

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ 237. unhoMne saGkara ko svatantra alaGkAra nahIM mAna kara aneka alaGkAroM ke ekatra sadbhAva kI eka vizeSa sthiti mAnI hai| saMsRSTi evaM saGkara ke viSaya meM zobhAkara kI mAnyatA kA parIkSaNa hama ucita prasaGga meM kreNge| prastuta prasaGga meM unake navIna alaGkAroM ke srota kA sandhAna hI abhipreta hai| 'alaGkAraratnAkara' meM vivecita alaGkAroM meM se nimnalikhita ke abhidhAna navIna haiM:-asama, udAharaNa, pratimA, vinoda, vyAsaGga, vaidharmya, abheda, pratibhA, kriyAtipatti, nizcaya, vidhyAbhAsa, sandehAbhAsa, vikalpAbhAsa, viparyaya, acintya, azakya, vyatyAsa, samatA, udreka, tulya, anAdara, Adara, anukRti, pratyUha, pratyAdeza, vyApti, Apatti, vidhi, niyama, pratiprasava, tantra, prasaGga, vardhamAnaka, avaroha, atizaya, zRGkhalA, viveka, parabhAga, uddeda aura gUr3ha / kriyAtipatti arthApatti kA hI apara paryAya hai| zobhAkara ne kucha prAcIna nAma vAle alaGkAroM ke bhI navIna rUpa kI kalpanA kI hai| udAharaNArtha, pracIna AcAryoM ne krama ko yathAsaMkhya kA paryAya mAnA thA; para zobhAkara ne ArohAvaroha ko krama kahA hai|' yaha ArohAvaroha-krama-rUpa-samAdhi-guNa se sarvathA bhinna hai; kyoMki prAcIna AcAryoM ne samAdhi-guNa meM svara ke Aroha aura avaroha kA krama vAJchanIya mAnA thA, zobhAkara ke krama-alaGkAra meM artha kA Aroha-avaroha vAJchanIya mAnA gayA hai| spaSTa hai ki yaha alaGkAra nAmnA prAcIna hone para bhI svarUpatayA navIna hai| aise alaGkAroM kA bhI srota anusandheya hai| ___jayaratha ne 'vimazinI' meM yaha mantavya prakaTa kiyA hai ki 'alaGkAraratnAkara meM kalpita sabhI navIna alaGkAroM kA antarbhAva pUrvavartI AcAryoM ( vizeSataH ruyyaka ke ) ke tattadalaGkAroM meM sambhava hai / 2 yahI kAraNa hai ki zobhAkara ke navIna alaGkAroM kA astitva paravartI AcAryoM ne svIkAra nahIM kiyaa| jayaratha ne grantha-vistAra ke bhaya se zobhAkara ke tattat navIna alaGkAroM kA prAcIna alaGkAroM meM antarbhAvana nahIM dikhAyA hai| unake isa mantavya se hameM zobhAkara ke svakalpita alaGkAroM ke srota-sandhAna meM sahAyatA mila sakatI hai| ArohAvarohAdiH kramaH |-shobhaakr, alaM0 ratnA0, sUtra 62 / 2. evamanyeSAmapi samagrANAmabhinavAlaGa kArANAM cAnya ranyAlaGa kArayogo yojayitu zakya eveti''jayaratha, vimshinii|

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- 238 ] asama asama kI svatantra alaGkAra ke rUpa meM kalpanA kA zra eya zobhAkara ko hI hai / jahA~ upameya kA koI upamAna nahIM mila pAtA ho, vahA~ ( upamAna ke asambhava hone ke kAraNa tathA upameya ke samAna kisI dUsare ke nahIM hone ke kAraNa ) asama nAmaka alaGkAra hotA hai / prAyaH hI kavi upameya kI vilakSaNatA ke pratipAdana ke lie yaha varNana karate haiM ki usake samAna saMsAra meM dUsarA koI nahIM / zobhAkara ke anusAra isa prakAra kI ukti meM asama nAmaka alaGkAra hogaa| prAcIna AcArya isa prakAra kI ukti se aparicita nahIM the; para unhoMne asama ke svatantra astiva kI kalpanA nahI kI thI / mammaTa Adi AcArya isa prakAra ke kathana kA adhyayana ananvaya ke svarUpa meM kara rahe the, to dUsarI ora kucha AcArya use luptopamA samajha rahe the / zobhAkara ne donoM se asama kI svatantra sattA siddha kii| ananvaya meM kisI upameya ke anya upamAna ke abhAva kI dhAraNA avazya rahatI hai, para isase Age bar3ha kara anyopamAna ke abhAva meM upameya ko hI usakA upamAna banA diyA jAtA hai / asama meM kevala upameya ke sadRza kisI upamAna kA abhAva mAtra kathita hotA hai / upamAnaluptA upamA se yaha bhinna hai; kyoMki luptopamA meM upamAna kevala anukta hotA hai, isameM usakA asambhAvita honA ukta hotA hai / paNDitarAja jagannAtha ne bhI asama kI svatantra sattA svIkAra kara zobhAkara kI mAnyatA kA hI samarthana kiyA hai / spaSTa hai ki upameya kI sarvotkRSTatA kI prAcIna dhAraNA ko lekara bhI zobhAkara mitra ne svatantra alaGkAra ke rUpa meM usakI sattA svIkAra kara apanI urvara kalpanAzakti kA paricaya diyA hai / kalpitopamA alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa zobhAkara ne kalpitopamA kI gaNanA svatantra alaGkAra ke rUpa meM kI hai / AcArya bharata ne ise upamA kA eka bheda mAnA thA / 2 upamA se pRthak isakI sattA kI kalpanA samIcIna nahIM / udAharaNa udAharaNa alaGkAra ke svarUpa kI kalpanA pUrvAcAryoM kI arthAntaranyAsadhAraNA ke AdhAra para kI gayI hai / ruyyaka ne jisa pada ko arthAntaranyAsa ke 1. ' tadviraho'samaH / - zobhAkara, alaM0 ratnA0, sUtra 10 2. draSTavya -- bharata, nA0 zA0, 16, 46

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ 236 udAharaNa meM uddhRta kiyA thA, use hI zobhAkara ne udAharaNa kA udAharaNa mAnA hai|' zobhAkara ne arthAntaranyAsa se udAharaNa kA itanA bheda mAna liyA hai ki arthAntaranyAsa meM sAdRzya kA vAcaka zabda ukta nahIM rahatA, para udAharaNa meM vaha ukta rahatA hai / sAdRzya kA vAcaka ukta ho yA anukta alaGkAra meM isakA mahattva nahIM; mahatva hai sAmAnya tathA vizeSa kathana kA kramazaH vizeSa aura sAmAnya kathana se samarthana kaa| yaha arthAntaranyAsa meM bhI hotA hai aura udAharaNa meM bhii| phira udAharaNa kA arthAntaranyAsa se pRthak astitva kyoM mAnA jAya ? zobhAkara ke paravartI AcAryoM meM se paNDitarAja jagannAtha ne to udAharaNa kA svatantra astitva svIkAra kiyA hai. para anya AcAryoM ne usakA sadbhAva nahIM mAnA hai| zobhAkara ne udAharaNa kA vyapadeza AcArya bharata ke etatsaMjJaka lakSaNa se liyA hai| pratimA zobhAkara kA pratimA alaGkAra prAcIna AcAryoM kI upamA-dhAraNA ke AdhAra para hI kalpita hai| zobhAkara ke anusAra pratimA meM anya dharma kA yoga hone ke kAraNa aupamya arthagata hotA hai| anya dharma ke anyatra Aropa kI 'dhAraNA navIna nahIM hai| ArthI upamA meM aupamya arthagata hI hotA hai / ataH upamA se pratimA ke svatantra astitva kI kalpanA Avazyaka nahIM jAna pdd'tii| 'paravartI AcAryoM ne bhI zobhAkara kI pratimA kA alaGkAratva svIkAra nahIM kiyA hai| vinoda vinoda ke lakSaNa meM kahA gayA hai ki jahA~ anubhUta yA ananubhUta vAJchita vastu ke aprApta hone para usake sadRza anya vastu se apanI utkaNThA zAnta kI jAtI hai vahA~ vinoda nAmaka alaGkAra hotA hai / yaha zobhAkara kA navIna alaGkAra hai / prAcIna AcAryoM kI alaGkAra-dhAraNA meM isase milatI-julatI ukti kI 1. kumArasambhava kA zloka 'anantaratnaprabhavasya yasya...' Adi alaGkArasUtra meM arthAntaranyAsa ke udAharaNa ke rUpa meM uddhRta hai| use hI alaGkAraratnAkara meM udAharaNa ke udAharaNa meM uddhRta kiyA gayA hai| -alaM0 sU0 pR0 131 tathA alaM0 ratnA0 pR0 13 2. anya varmayogAdArthamopagyaM prtimaa|-shobhaakr, alaM0 ratnA0, 13 3. anyAsaGgAtkautukavinodo vinodaH / -vahI, 20

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240 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa kalpanA avazya pAyI jA sakatI hai, para ThIka aise svarUpa kI kalpanA kisI alaGkAra lakSaNa meM nahIM pAyI jaatii| pratIpa meM anya upamAna ke lAbha se upameya kI upekSA kI dhAraNA vyakta kI gayI thii| vinoda meM bhI sadRza vastu kI prApti se varNya kI upekSA antataH pariNata hotI hai| isa prakAra pratIpa ke ukta bheda ko vinoda kI kalpanA kA AdhAra mAnA jA sakatA hai| itanA hone para bhI vinoda kA pratIpa se yaha bheda hai ki isameM pratIpa kI taraha prastuta kA anAdara prakaTa nahIM rhtaa| usakI kevala vyaJjanA ho sakatI hai / yaha alaGkAra isa manovaijJAnika tathya para AdhRta hai ki kisI vastu ke samAna vastu se usa vastu kI abhilASA kucha hada taka tRpta ho jAtI hai| vyAsaGga vyAsaGga alaGkAra meM anya vastu ke saMsarga se kisI anubhava, smRti Adi kA tirohita ho jAnA vaNita hotA hai| kisI tIvra bhAvAnubhUti se anya bhAva kI anubhUti kA tirohita ho jAnA manovaijJAnika tathya hai| eka anubhava, smRti tathA kisI anya kriyA se anya anubhava Adi ke tirobhAva-varNana meM alaGkAra vizeSa mAnanA ucita nhiiN| bhAvoM ke AvirbhAva-tirobhAva kA adhyayana alaGkAra se pRthak rasa, bhAva Adi ke kSetra meM kiyA jAtA hai| use alaGkAra kA eka bheda mAna lenA usake mahattva ko parimita karanA hai| zobhAkara ne bhAvazAnti, bhAvodaya Adi se pRthaka vyAsaGga alaGkAra ke astitva kI sthApanA kA prayAsa kiyA hai, kintu vaha buddhivilAsa-mAtra hai| vaidharmya vaidharmya ko zobhAkara ne svatantra alaGkAra mAnA hai| yaha ruyyaka, mammaTa Adi ke vaidharmya se samarthana rUpa arthAntaranyAsa se abhinna hai / 2 zobhAkara ne pUrvAcAryoM ke sabhI arthAntaranyAsa bhedoM ko svIkAra nahIM kiyA hai| ve sAdharmya se samarthana meM arthAntaranyAsa tathA vadharmya se samarthana meM vaidharmya alaGkAra mAnate haiN| spaSTa hai ki yaha alaGkAra nAmamAtra se navIna hai, isakI dhAraNA prAcIna hai| 1. anubhavasmRtyAdipratyUho vyaasnggH|-shobhaakr, alaM0 ratnA0 21 2. 'uddiSTasya pratipakSatayAnunirdezo vaidharmyam |'-shobhaakr, alaM0 ratnA0 25 / tulanIya-ruyyaka alaM0 sU0 35 tathA usakI vRtti, pR0 131

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balakAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ 241 abheda 1 zobhAkara kA abheda pUrvavartI AcAryoM ke rUpaka kA hI eka bheda hai / rUpaka se pRthak isakI kalpanA anAvazyaka hai / rUpaka se eka sUkSma bheda kI kalpanA kI gayI hai ki rUpaka meM abheda - mAtra kI pratIti hotI hai, para isameM niyata dharma ke vinAza se sarvataH abheda pratIta hotA hai / 2 abhedapratIti rUpaka kAhI viSaya hai / yaha vAmana kI vizeSokti se abhinna hai / pratibhA pratibhA nAmaka alaGkAra kI kalpanA kara zobhAkara ne usakI paribhASA meM kahA hai ki isameM kavi pratibhA se sambhAvya vastu kI kalpanA kI jAtI hai / 3 svabhAvokti se isakA bheda batAte hue kahA gayA hai ki jaba sambhAvanA se vastu-svabhAva kA varNana hotA hai taba vaha pratibhA kA aGga hotA hai / vastusvarUpa kA kavi - pratibhA se sambhAvanA ke rUpa meM varNana meM pratibhA kI sattA svIkRta hai / ataH isakA sambhAvanA para AdhRta vastutprekSA meM samAveza sambhava hai / pratibhA ko svatantra alaGkAra nahIM mAnA jA sakatA / utprekSA, atizayokti Adi ke atirikta bhI jo kisI vastu ke svarUpa para kavi kI aneka prakAra kI kalpanAeM ho sakatI haiM, una saba ko alaGkAravizeSa mAna lenA ucita nahIM / kriyAtipatti kriyAtipatti nAmnA navIna kintu svarUpatayA prAcIna alaGkAra hai / isa alaGkAra ne aneka abhidhAna dhAraNa kiye haiM / yadyartha kI ukti ko zobhAkara ne kriyAtipatti kahA hai / mammaTa, ruyyaka Adi AcAryoM ne ise sambandhAtizayokti kahA hai| spaSTa hai ki prAcIna alaGkAra ko hI zobhAkara ne navIna nAma se prastuta kiyA hai, para yaha nAma anya AcAryoM ko mAnya nahIM huA / 1. tulanIya - alaM 0 ratnA0 27 tathA ruyyaka, alaM0 sU0 15 2. abhedamAtrapratItau rUpakaM, niyatadharmahAnAvanyataH sarvato'bhedapratItau abheda iti pratItibhedAt / - alaM0 ratnA0 pR0 38 3. 'sambhAvyamAnasya pratibhA / sambhAvyamAnasyArthasya kavinA pratibhAkhyena cakSuSA parikalpanamulle kharUpaM pratibhA / vahI, 35 tathA usakI vRtti, pR0 55 4. yadyarthoktAvasambhAvyamAnasya kriyAtipattiH / - vahI, 36 16

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242 ] balaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa nizcaya nizcaya alaGkAra kI paribhASA meM kahA gayA hai ki jahA~ vizeSa-pratipAdana ke lie vihita yA AzaGkita kA niSedha kiyA jAya vahA~ nizcaya nAmaka alaGkAra hogA / ' vihita ke tAttvika niSedha meM koI camatkAra nhiiN| usake niSedhAbhAsa meM AkSepa alaGkAra hotA hai| AzaGkA ke sthala meM niSedha ko AcArya daNDI ne nirNayopamA kahA thaa| AkSepa aura nirNayopamA se pRthak nizcaya kI kalpanA pAvazyaka nhiiN| svayaM zobhAkara ke nizcaya-udAharaNa 'satAM kadarthanAM vyayaM' mAdi meM niSedha tAttvika nahIM hai| usameM AkSepa alaGkAra mAnA jA sakatA hai| vidhyAbhAsa vidhyAbhAsa kA nAma-rUpa zobhAkara ne AcArya ruyyaka ke dvitIya AkSepabakSaNa se liyA hai| ruyyaka ke lakSaNa 'aniSTa vidhyAbhAsazca' se vidhyAbhAsa aMza lekara zobhAkara me isa svatantra alaGkAra kA nAmakaraNa kara liyA hai tathA usI bhAkSepa-dhAraNA ko isa prakAra vyakta kiyA hai ki jahAM avidheya aniSTa kA vidhAna kiyA jAtA hai vahAM vidhAna bAdhita hone ke kAraNa vidhyAbhAsa-mAtra meM pariNata ho jAtA hai| bhataH vahA~ vidhyAbhAsa nAmaka alaGkAra hotA hai| spaSTataH, yaha AkSepa se svatantra alaGkAra nahIM hai / prAcIna AcAryoM ke alaGkAra kI hI navIna saMjJA se bhavatAraNA kI gayI hai| sandehAbhAsa sandeha ke pAdhAra para zobhAkara ne sandehAbhAsa alaGkAra kI kalpanA kI hai| unakI mAnyatA hai ki jahA~ sandihyamAna do padArthoM meM se eka ko avazyameva svIkArya batAnA vaktA kA abhiprAya ho vahA~ sandeha ke bAdhita ho jAne se sandehAbhAsa nAmaka alaGkAra hotA hai / sandehAbhAsa alaGkAra kI kalpanA bhAvazyaka nahIM jAna pdd'tii| isameM sandeha kI sthiti to vastutaH AtI hI nahIM, 1. vihitasyAzaMkitasya vA vizeSAgamAya niSedho nishcyH| -zobhAkara, alaM0 ratnA0 47 2. aniSTavidhAna vidhyaabhaasH| -vahI, 46, tulanIya-ruyyaka, alaM0 sU0 36 3. sandihyamAnayorekatra tAtparyecchA sandehAbhAsaH / -zobhAkara, alaGkAra ratnA0 50

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ 243 vaktA kI kevala sAbhiprAya ukti rahatI hai| isameM do vastuoM meM se eka kA svIkAryatva bhI spaSTa hI rahatA hai / udAharaNa meM 'vallabha ke AliGgana kA sudhArasa tumheM priya hai yA mAna ke viSa kI jvAlA?'yaha ukti prastuta kI gayI hai| ina donoM meM kauna adhika priya hogA-viSa yA amRta-yaha sandeha kA to viSaya ho hI nahIM sktaa| ataH isa prazna meM vaktA kA abhiprAya hI mahattva rakhatA hai| vaktA ke isa prazna meM hI usakA uttara bhI nihita hai| isa prakAra kI ukti meM mammaTa, ruyyaka Adi AcAryoM ne praznapUrvikA parisaMkhyA kA sadbhAva mAnA thA / spaSTa hai ki prAcIna dhAraNA ko hI navIna nAma se prastuta karane kA AyAsa zobhAkara ne kiyA hai| vikalpAbhAsa _ vikalpAbhAsa meM camatkAra nahIM hone ke kAraNa use alaGkAra mAnanA ucita nhiiN| do vAJchita yA avAJchita padArthoM meM AkarSaNa athavA vikarSaNa kA samAna bala ho to unameM se kisI ke tyAga-grahaNa meM mAnasika dvandva kI sthiti A sakatI hai, tathA koI camatkAra bhI ho sakatA hai| vikalpAbhAsa ke pradatta udAharaNoM meM vikalpa kI kahIM sthiti AtI hI nhiiN| viryaya viparyaya alaGkAra meM dharma aura dharmI kA viparyaya ho jAtA hai| isa prakAra kahIM dharmI kA dharmatva aura dharma kA mitva ho sakatA hai aura kahIM anya vastu ke dharma kA anya vastu-dharma se vinimaya ho sakatA hai| anya vastu ke dharma kA anyatra Aropa kI dhAraNA to AcArya daNDI ne samAdhi guNa meM vyakta kI thI, para yaha usase isa aMza meM bhinna hai ki isameM do ke dharmoM kA vinimaya ho jAtA hai| alaGkAra ke rUpa meM viparyaya kI prathama kalpanA kA zreya zobhAkara ko hai| samAdhi guNa kI dhAraNA meM parivRtti kI pArasparika vinimaya kI dhAraNA ko milA kara viparyaya ke svarUpa kA nirmANa kiyA gayA hai| acintya acintya vibhAvanA se svatantra astitva nahIM rkhtaa| kAraNa ke svabhAva se viruddha svabhAva vAle kArya kI utpatti meM zobhAkara ne acintya alaGkAra 1. draSTavya-zobhAkara, alaGkAra ratnA0 pR0 86 2. dharmidharmabhAvasya dharmANAM vinimayo viparyayaH / -vahI, 57

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244 ] alaGkAra- dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa 1 mAnA hai / kAryakAraNa kI ananurUpatA kI dhAraNA prAcIna AcAryoM kI vibhAvanA ke sAmAnya lakSaNa meM nihita thI / vibhAvanA se svatantra acintya nAmaka navIna alaGkAra kI kalpanA Avazyaka nahIM / azakya kAryotpatti ke pratibandhaka ke hone para kArya karane kI asamarthatA ke varNana meM azakya alaGkAra mAnA gayA hai / 2 pratibandhaka ke hone para bhI kAryotpatti meM to camatkAra rahatA hai para pratibandhaka ke hone para kArya kI azakyatA meM kyA camatkAra hogA ? ataH camatkAra ke abhAva ke kAraNa azakya ko alaGkAra nahIM mAnA jA sakatA / vyatyAsa doSa meM guNa tathA guNa meM doSa mAnane ko zobhAkara ne vyatyAsa alaGkAra kahA hai / isI alaGkAra-dhAraNA ne pIche cala kara 'kuvalayAnanda' tathA 'rasagaGgAdhara " meM leza ko janma diyA / bharata ne lakSaNa meM isa prakAra kI ukti para vicAra kiyA thaa| zobhAkara ne use alaGkAra ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA / appayya dIkSita tathA paNDitarAja jagannAtha ne bhI use kucha saMjJA-bheda se alaGkAra ke rUpa meM svIkRti dI / AcArya bharata ne kArya lakSaNa meM guNa kA apasAraNa kara doSa kI yojanA tathA doSa kA apasAraNa kara artha se guNa kI yojanA kI dhAraNA vyakta kI thI / usIse guNa meM doSatva tathA doSa meM guNatva kI dhAraNA lI gayI hai / isI lakSaNa ne vyaGgyArtha kA sahArA lekara vyAjastuti ko janma diyA hai / isa alaGkAra meM doSa aura guNa kA eka dUsare se vyatyAsa kI dhAraNA vyakta kI gayI hai / samatA guNa kA doSa se tathA doSa kA guNa se apasAraNa kiye jAne ke sthala meM samatA alaGkAra kA sadbhAva mAnA gayA hai / " yaha zobhAkara kA navIna 1. avilakSaNAdvilakSaNakAryotpattizcAcintyam / - zobhAkara, alaM0 ratnA0 58 2. pratibandhakA devidhAnAsAmarthya mazakyam / - vahI, 65 3. doSaguNayoranyathAtvaM vyatyAsaH / - vahI, 66 4. draSTavya -- bharata, nA0 zA0, 16,37 5. tadanyAbhyAM samAdhAnaM samatA / zobhAkara, alaM0 ratnA0, 67

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ 245 alaGkAra hai| isa alaGkAra kI dhAraNA kA bIja bhI AcArya bharata ke kAryalakSaNa meM dekhA jA sakatA hai| udraka __ doSa aura guNa kA sajAtoya yA vijAtIya kI apekSA tucchatva-varNana meM udreka alaGkAra kI sattA svIkAra kI gayI hai|' eka doSa yA guNa se dUsare doSa ke tuccha kiye jAne meM tathA eka doSa yA guNa se dUsare guNa ke nyakkaraNa meM vizeSa camatkAra nhiiN| eka vastu se dUsarI vastu ( upameya se upamAna ) ke nyakkaraNa meM vyatireka alaGkAra kI sattA sabhI AcAryoM ne mAnI hI hai| usase pRthak guNa-doSa meM eka ke dvArA dUsare ke nyagbhAva meM pRthak alaGkAra kI kalpanA Avazyaka nhiiN| tulya doSa-guNa ke sambandha para hI tulya alaGkAra kI bhI kalpanA kI gayI hai / zobhAkara kI mAnyatA hai ki jahA~ eka doSa ke nivRtta hone para dUsare doSa kA udaya ho; isI prakAra eka guNa kI nivRtti aura dUsare guNa kA udaya ho vahA~ tulya alaGkAra hotA hai / 2 eka ke zamana ke uparAnta krama se dUsare kA udaya paryAya kA viSaya hai| ataH paryAya alaGkAra se pRthak isake astitva kI kalpanA samIcIna nhiiN| zobhAkara isa tathya se avagata the| isalie unhoMne vRtti meM yaha spaSTa kiyA hai ki yaha paryAya kA viSaya ho sakatA hai, para doSa aura guNa ke hI udaya-prazama para AdhRta hone ke kAraNa paryAya se svatantra astitva bhI rakhatA hai| spaSTa hai ki tulya ke svatantra astitva kI kalpanA ke pIche kevala navInatA-pradarzana kA moha hI hai| anAdara jaisI vastu prApta ho usake samAna anya vastu kI prApti ke lie usa ( prApta ) vastu kA jahA~ anAdara kiyA jAya vahA~ anAdara nAmaka alaGkAra 1. sajAtIyavijAtIyAbhyAM tucchatvamudrekaH |-shobhaakr, alaM. ratnA068 2. nivRttAvanyodayastulyam |-vhiiN, 66 3. yadyavamekasya doSasya nivRttau krameNa doSAntaragamanAtparyAyasyAyaM viSayaH / satyam / tathApyeka-doSAdi-nivRttau doSAntarAderAvirbhAvAtprakRtAkAryasampattilakSaNAyAstulyatAyA atra nisspttirev| -vahI, vRtti, pR0 121

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246 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa mAnA gayA hai / ' ruyyaka Adi ke pratIpa se pRthak anAdara kI sattA kI kalpanA Avazyaka nahIM jAna pdd'tii| aAdara ___ Adara alaGkAra meM koI camatkAra nhiiN| zobhAkara ne Adara ke lakSaNa meM kahA hai ki jahA~ adhika guNa vAlI vastu kI prApti hone para kisI vastu ko tuccha samajha kara tyAga diyA gayA ho, para usa guNavAna vastu ke dUra ho jAne para tyakta vastu ko punaH svIkAra kara liyA jAtA ho vahA~ Adara alaGkAra hotA hai / 2 vastu ke tyAga aura svIkAra kA kAraNa spaSTa hone se isameM vizeSa camatkAra nhiiN| anukRti anukRti ke svarUpa ko lakSita karate hue zobhAkAra ne kahA hai ki jahA~ eka hetu se kisI vastu ke rUpa-vizeSa dhAraNa karane para dUsare hetu se anya vastu kA bhI usase tAdra pya vaNita ho vahA~ anukRti alaGkAra hotA hai| isameM tAra pya kA hetu kathita hotA hai / 3 tAdra pya kI dhAraNA rUpaka meM vyakta kI gayI hai| hetu aura hetumAna kA varNana hetu kA viSaya hai / ataH rUpaka, hetu Adi prAcIna alaGkAroM meM hI isakA antarbhAva ho jAtA hai / pratyUha pratyUha meM eka nimitta se prApta kA dUsare nimitta se pratibandha ho jAtA hai| prApta evaM pratibaddha hetumAna ke sAtha hetu-kathana-mAtra meM camatkAra hai| ataH hetu se pRthak isakI kalpanA Avazyaka nhiiN| pratyAdeza pratyAdeza kI dhAraNA bhI hetu para hI AdhRta hai| isameM sthita vastu kA anya hetu se anyathAtva varNita hotA hai| isameM bhI hetu ke atirikta koI anya camatkAra nhiiN| isa prakAra hetu-hetumAna-kathana-rUpa hetu se svatantra anukRti, pratyUha tathA pratyAdeza kI kalpanA anAvazyaka hai| 1. aprAptAthaM tatta lysyaanaadro'naadrH|-shobhaakr, alaM0 ratnA0, 70 2. tyaktasvIkAra aadrH| vahI, 71 3. hetvantarAdanyasyApi tthaatvmnukRtiH| vahI, 72 4. prAptasya pratibandhaH prtyuuhH| vahI, 73 5. sthitasyAnyathApattiH prtyaadeshH| vahI, 74

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ 247 vyApti tathA anumAna vyApti aura anumAna kI dhAraNA nyAya darzana se gRhIta hai| hama dekha cuke haiM ki chaha pramANa-sambandhI nyAya kI dhAraNA ko lekara tattadalaGkAroM kI kalpanA kAvyazAstra meM kara lI gayI hai| zobhAkara ke vyApti, anumAna Adi alaGkAra etadviSayaka nyAya-siddhAnta para hI avalambita haiN| Apatti aniSTApatti meM zobhAkara ne Apatti nAmaka alaGkAra mAnA hai|' isake lakSaNa meM kahA gayA hai ki yadi kucha karate hue kisI ko aniSTa kI prApti hone kA varNana ho to vahAM Apatti alaGkAra hogaa| viSama ke anarthotpatti bheda se pRthak aniSTApatti ke sadbhAva kI kalpanA Avazyaka nahIM jAna pdd'tii| uttara kAla meM 'kuvalayAnanda' meM ise viSama kA aniSTApatti bheda kahA gayA / ' vidhi asambhAvita hetu athavA phala kA vidhAna vidhi alaGkAra mAnA gayA hai / ruyyaka ke arthAntaranyAsa kA, kAraNa ke dvArA kArya-samarthana kA, udAharaNa vidhi meM uddha ta hai| asambhAvya phala kA hetu se samarthana tathA hetu kA phala se samarthana arthAntaranyAsa kA viSaya hai| vidhi meM samarthana kI jagaha vidhAna kI dhAraNA hai| isakA samAveza arthAntaranyAsa ke sAmAnya lakSaNa meM sambhava hai| ataH isake svatantra alaGkAratva kI kalpanA Avazyaka nhiiN| niyama niyama alaGkAra kI kalpanA mammaTa Adi kI parisaMkhyA-dhAraNA se bhinna nhiiN| zobhAkara ne parisaMkhyA se niyama ke svarUpa meM kucha sUkSma bheda karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai / mammaTa ke 'kAvyaprakAza' meM jise parisaMkhyA kA udAharaNa mAnA gayA hai use hI niyama kA udAharaNa zobhAkara ne batAyA hai|4 niyama kA antarbhAva parisaMkhyA meM sambhava hai| . 1. anissttaapaadnmaapttiH|-shobhaakr, alaM0 ratnA0 80 2. draSTavya-appayya, kuvalayA0 60 3. asambhAvyahetuphalapreSaNaM vidhiH / zobhAkara, alaM0 ratnA0 82 4. draSTavya-a0 ratnA0 pR0 143-44 tathA kAvya pra0, pR0 277-78

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248 ] pratiprasava pratyApatti ko pratiprasava kahA gayA hai / jahA~ nivRtta artha kI punaH prApti ho vahA~ pratiprasava alaGkAra hogA / ' pratiprasava kI kalpanA navIna hai / alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa tantra tathA prasaGga tantra aura prasaGga donoM kI dhAraNA mammaTa Adi ke vizeSa kI dhAraNA se milatI-julatI hai / tantra meM eka kAraNa se eka sAtha aneka kArya hotA hai, vizeSa meM bhI eka kArya ke prayatna se dUsarA kArya bhI svataH sampAdita ho jAtA hai / zobhAkara ne svayaM bhI tantra ke sAtha vizeSa kA sArvatrika saGkara mAnA hai / 2 prasaGga kA bhI vizeSa se thor3A bheda siddha karane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai / prasaGga meM kisI kArya ke liye kiye gaye yatna se prasaGgAt anya artha kI prApti ho jAtI hai / 3 spaSTataH, tantra aura prasaGga kA vizeSa se itanA svarUpa-sAmya hai ki ina donoM kI svatantra sattA kI kalpanA bhAvazyaka nahIM / krama artha kA Aroha-avaroha krama kahA gayA hai| paryAya meM isa krama kA antarbhAva sambhava hai / vardhamAnaka zobhAkara kA vardhamAnaka bhoja ke arthaguNa rIti se - jisameM vastu kI utpatti Adi kriyA kA krama varNita hotA hai-- milatA-julatA hai / " avaroha avaroha vardhamAnaka kA viparIta svabhAva hai / isakA samAveza bhI paryAya meM sambhava hai / 1. pratyApattiH pratiprasavaH / - zobhAkara, alaM0 ratnA0 85 2. nAnAphalaprayuktaH prayatnastantram / vizeSAlaGkAreNa saha tantrasya saGkaraH / --zobhAkara alaM0 ratnA0 86 tathA usakI vRtti, pR0 149 3. prasaGgAdanyArthaH prasaGgaH / - vahI, 87 4. ArohAvarohAdiH kramaH / vahI, 62 5. draSTavya - alaM0 ratnA0 63 tathA sarasvatI kaNThAbharaNa, 1,117

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [246 atizaya tathA zRGkhalA atizaya tathA zRGkhalA alaGkAroM kA svabhAva ekAvalI, kAraNamAlA tathA mAlAdIpaka Adi se abhinna hai| prAcInoM ke ekAvalI, kAraNamAlA, mAlAdIpaka Adi ko asvIkAra kara zobhAkara ne ukta do alaGkAroM kI kalpanA kI hai| paramparA kA tyAga kara purAnI bAta ko hI navIna rUpa meM prastuta karane ke pIche navInatA kA AtaGka utpanna karane kI pravRtti-mAtra hai| zobhAkara ke bahuta pUrva rudraTa ne ekAvalI Adi ko zRGkhalAmUlaka alaGkAra kahA thaa| unake sthAna para zRGkhalA nAmaka alaGkAra-vizeSa kI kalpanA ucita nhiiN| viveka viveka zobhAkara kI navIna udbhAvanA hai| viveka zobhAkara ke paravartI jayadeva ke unmIlita se abhinna hai / unmIlita kI kalpanA para hamane 'candrAloka' ke unmIlita ke parIkSaNa-krama meM vicAra kiyA hai| parabhAga parabhAga kI svatantra alaGka ra ke rUpa meM svIkRti ucita nahIM jAna pdd'tii| isake lakSaNa meM kahA gayA hai ki jahA~ svarUpa-mAtra se avagata vastu kA anya vastu kI prApti hone para usase bheda jAna par3e, vahA~ parabhAga alaGkAra hotA hai|' spaSTa hai ki isa bheda-pratIta kI pariNati vastu kI anya vastu se adhikatA yA nyUnatA kI pratIti meM hogii| isa prakAra isa alaGkAra kA camatkAra vyatireka se hI anuprANita hone meM hogaa| ataH vyatireka se pRthak isakI satA kI svIkRti Avazyaka nahIM / udbhada udbhada pUrvAcAryoM ke pihita se milatA-julatA hai, jisameM chipI bAta kA udghATana kiyA jAtA hai| gUDha gUDha ko prahelikAdivat gUDha kahA gayA hai| 3 ataH isakI dhAraNA prAcIna AcAryoM kI prahelikA-dhAraNA se gRhIta jAna par3atI hai| 1. anubhUtasyArthAntaropalabdhau prbhaagH|-shobhaakr, alaM0 ratnA0, 100 2. nagUDhasya pratibheda udbhdH|-vhii, 101 3. gUDhasAkAMkSopanibaddha gUDham / iha tu prahelikAdivadgUDhArthatvam / -vahI, 102 tathA usakI vRtti, pR0 175

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250 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa __ zobhAkara ke dvArA kalpita uparilikhita alaGkAroM ke svarUpa ke parIkSaNa se nimnalikhita niSkarSa prApta hote haiM : (ka) zobhAkara ne pUrvavartI AcAryoM ke aneka alaGkAroM ke bhedopabhedoM ko svIkAra nahIM kiyA hai| ataH pUrvAcAryoM ke alaGkAra-vizeSa ke tattad bhedoM ke AdhAra para tattad navIna alaGkAroM kI kalpanA unhoMne kara lI hai / udAharaNArtha; arthAntaranyAsa kA kevala eka rUpa-vizeSa kA sAmAnya se samarthana-svIkAra kara usake anya rUpoM ke AdhAra para udAharaNa ( sAmAnya kA vizeSa se samarthana ), hetu ( jise kAvyaliGga kA paryAya kahA gayA hai, kArya kAraNa bhAva para AdhRta ), vaidharmya Adi alaGkAroM kI kalpanA kI gayI hai / upamA ke kalpitA bheda ko lekara kalitopamA kI gaNanA svatantra alaGkAra ke rUpa meM kara lI gayI hai| atizayokti ke yadyarthokta-kalpana-bheda ko kriyAtipatti nAma se svatantra alaGkAra mAnA gayA hai| (kha) kucha prAcIna alaGkAra-dhAraNA ko bhI zobhAkara ne navIna vyapadeza' se prastuta kiyA hai| zRGkhalAmUlaka alaGkAroM ke sthAna para zRGkhalA nAmaka svatantra alaGkAra kI hI kalpanA kara lI gyii| prAcInoM ke zRGkhalAmUlaka ekAvalI, sAra Adi ke AdhAra para hI atizaya kA navIna nAma kalpita hai / pihita ko udbhada sajJA se prastuta kiyA gayA hai| (ga) kucha prAcIna alaGkAroM ke svarUpa se bahuta sUkSma bheda ke AdhAra para navIna alaGkAra kI kalpanA kI gayI hai| yaha bheda itanA nagaNya hai ki zobhAkara ke tattat navIna alaGkAroM kI kalpanA hI anAvazyaka jAna par3atI hai| kaviyoM kI ananta uktiyoM meM eka se dUsarI kA kucha-na-kucha to sUkSma bheda pAyA hI jAtA hai| aisI sthiti meM yadi pratyeka ukti ke lie una sUkSma bhedoM ke AdhAra para alaga-alaga alaGkAra kI kalpanA kI jAne lage to alaGkAra kI koI sImA nahIM raha jaaygii| nagaNya bheda ke AdhAra para navIna-navIna alaGkAroM kI kalpanA meM navInatA-pradarzana kA moha-mAtra hai| parisaMkhyA se niyama ke svatantra astitva kI kalpanA aisI hI hai| zobhAkara ke niyama alaGkAra ke udAharaNa ko mammaTa ne parisakhyA ke udAharaNa ke rUpa meM hI uddha ta kiyA thaa| krama, avaroha Adi kI paryAya se svatantra sattA kI kalpanA Avazyaka nhiiN| (gha) zobhAkara ke dvArA kalpita kucha alaGkAroM kA astitva camatkAra ke abhAva ke kAraNa amAnya hai| navInatA ke moha meM kucha aise alaGkAroM kI.

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ 251 kalpanA kara lI gayI hai, jinameM vastutaH koI camatkAra nhiiN| azakya Adi camatkAra-hIna hone ke kAraNa alaGkAra nhiiN| (Ga) zobhAkara kI kucha alaGkAra-viSayaka udbhAvanAe~ anupekSaNIya haiN| asama, vinoda, viveka, pratiprasava viparyaya, vyatyAsa, samatA Adi kI alaGkArarUpa meM kalpanA kA zreya zobhAkara ko hai| asama kA svarUpa mammaTa Adi AcAryoM ke ananvaya tathA anya AcAryoM kI luptopamA se tattva grahaNa kara nirmita hai| vinoda kI kalpanA kA AdhAra pratIpa kI dhAraNA hai| viparyaya meM samAdhi guNa se anya dharma ke anyatrAropa kI tathA parivRtti alaGkAra se pArasparika vinimaya kI dhAraNA lI gayI hai| vyatyAsa tathA samatA kI svarUpakalpanA kA mUla AcArya bharata ke kArya-lakSaNa meM pAyA jA sakatA hai| spaSTa hai ki jina alaGkAroM kI maulika udbhAvanA kA zreya zobhAkara ko milanA cAhie unake svarUpa se bhI prAcIna AcArya kisI-na-kisI rUpa meM avagata avazya the| prAcInoM ke guNa, lakSaNa tathA alaGkAra vizeSa kI dhAraNA ko milA kara zobhAkara ne navIna alaGkAroM kI kalpanA kI hai| zobhAkara ke dvArA kalpita navIna alaGkAroM meM se nimnalikhita pA~ca alaGkAroM kA svatantra astitva svIkRta honA cAhie-asama, vinoda, viparyaya, vyatyAsa aura smtaa| asama ko paNDitarAja ne usI nAma se svIkAra bhI kiyA hai / vyatyAsa appayya dIkSita tathA jagannAtha ke dvArA leza ke rUpa meM svIkRta hai| viveka meM ummIlita kI tathA pratiprasava meM pUrvarUpa kI kalpanA kA bIja nihita thaa| ina alaGkAroM ke udbhAvaka AcArya zobhAkara ko gauNa AlaGkArika mAna lenA ucita nhiiN| jayadeva jayadeva kA 'candrAloka' alaGkArazAstra kA bahuta hI lokapriya grantha siddha huA hai| appayya dIkSita ke 'kuvalayAnanda' kA yaha AdhArabhUta grantha hai|' 'candrAloka' para AdhRta 'kuvalayAnanda' hindI ke rIti-AcAryoM kI alaGkAra-- mImAMsA kA Adarza siddha huA hai| yaha jayadeva ke alaGkAra-vivecana ke mahattva kA dyotaka hai| AcArya rAjAnaka ruyyaka aura jayadeva ke bIca lagabhaga eka zatAbdI kA antarAla hai| ruyyaka kA kAla bArahavIM zatAbdI kA pUrvArdha tathA jayadeva kA

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252 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa kAla terahavIM zatAbdI kA pUrvArdha mAnA jAtA hai|' sau varSoM kI isa avadhi meM alaGkAroM ke nAma-rUpa ke viSaya meM aneka nUtana sthApanAeM upalabdha hotI haiM / pUrvavartI AcAryoM ke adhikAMza alaGkAroM kI saMjJA evaM paribhASA ko svIkAra karane para bhI jayadeva ne unakI alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA andhAnusaraNa nahIM kiyA hai| unhoMne pUrvapracalita alaGkAroM meM se kaI ko asvIkAra kara kaI navIna alaGkAroM kI kalpanA kI hai| prastuta sandarbha meM jayadeva kI nUtana alaGkArasRSTi kI samIkSA hI hameM iSTa hai| 'candrAloka' meM vivecita alaGkAroM kI saMkhyA ke sambandha meM vidvAnoM meM bar3A matabheda hai| DaoN0 suzIla kumAra De ke anusAra jayadeva ne ATha zabdAlaGkAroM kA tathA eka sau arthAlaGkAroM kA svarUpa-nirUpaNa kiyA thaa| unake isa kathana kA AdhAra sambhavataH appayyadIkSita kI mAnyatA hai / appayya dIkSita ne 'candrAloka' meM nirUpita zabdAlaGkAroM kI saMkhyA ATha tathA arthAlaGkAroM kI saMkhyA ekasau mAnI hai| seTha kanhaiyAlAla poddAra ne likhA hai ki 'isake (jayadevakRta candrAloka ke) paJcama mayUkha meM ATha zabdAlaGkAra aura bayAsI arthAlaGkAroM kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai|' alaGkAroM kI saMkhyA ke sambandha meM isa matabheda kA kAraNa 'candrAloka' ke vibhinna saMskaraNoM meM prApta pATha-bheda hI ho sakatA hai| DaoN0 De ne 'candrAloka' ke aneka pAThoM kI carcA kI hai|5 saMkhyA ke atirikta alaGkAroM kI saMjJA ke sambandha meM bhI mata-vaibhinnya pAyA jAtA hai| hamAre sAmane bambaI ke gujarAtI presa se prakAzita candrAloka kI jo mUla prati hai tathA 'kuvalayAnanda' ke mukhabandha ke rUpa meM uddha ta 'candrAloka' kI jo alaGkArAnukramaNikA hai una donoM meM alaGkAroM ke nAma meM paryApta antara hai| 'kuvalayAnanda' kI prastAvA meM pradatta alaGkArAnukramaNikA meM viMzatyadhika nAma aise haiM jo 'candrAloka' ke bambaI se prakAzita ukta saMskaraNa meM nahIM haiN| isake viparIta 'candrAloka' ke ukta - saMskaraNa meM vivecita kucha alaGkAroM kI carcA ukta anukramaNI meM nahIM kI gayI 1. draSTavya-DaoN. suzIlakumAra De, "History of Sanskrit Poetics,' khaNDa 1 pR0 181 tathA pR0 168 2. vahI, pR0 201 3. draSTavya-kuvalayAnanda ke Arambha meM uddha ta candrAloka kI alaGkArAnu kramaNikA, paJcama mayUkha / 4. draSTavya-kanhaiyAlAla poddAra, kAvya kalpadrama, khaNDa 2 prAkkathana, pR0 21 5. DaoN0 De, History of Sanskrit Poetics, khaNDa 1, pR0 202-4

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ 253 hai| nIce ukta anukramaNI meM pradatta alaGkAra-tAlikA prastuta kI jaaygii| 'candrAloka' kI alaGkAra-saMkhyA ke sambandha meM appayya dIkSita kI mAnyatA para sandeha karane kA koI kAraNa nahIM hai| unhoMne jayadeva ke arthAlaGkAroM kI saMkhyA eka sau mAnI hai / unhoMne yaha spaSTataH svIkAra kiyA hai ki 'candrAloka' meM jina alaGkAroM ke lakSaNa-udAharaNa diye gaye haiM unake lakSaNa-udAharaNa maiMne vahIM se liye haiN|' 'kuvalayAnanda' meM eka sau arthAlaGkAroM ke svarUpa-vivecana ke uparAnta appayya dIkSita ne kahA hai ki itane alaGkAroM kA nirUpaNa prAcIna tathA arvAcIna AcAryoM ke matAnusAra kiyA gayA hai / 2 spaSTa hai ki appayyadIkSita ke eka sau arthAlaGkAroM kI svarUpa-mImAMsA kA AdhAra 'candrAloka' hI hogaa| yadi dUsare srota se bhI 'kuvalayAnanda' meM alaGkAra liye gaye hote to kevala candrAlokakAra ke prati kRtajJatA-jJApana kA pakSapAta sambhavataH appayya dIkSita nahIM krte| ataH jayadeva ke zabdArthAlaGkAroM kI saMkhyA eka sau ATha mAnanA hI samIcIna jAna par3atA hai| kuvalayAnanda meM svIkRta candrAloka ke arthagata alaGkAroM kI anukramaNikA nimnalikhita hai : (1) upamA, (2) ananvaya, (3) upameyopamA, (4) pratIpa, (5) rUpaka, (6) pariNAma, (7) ullekha, (8) smRti, (6) bhrAntimAn, (10) sandeha. (11) apahna ti, (12) utprekSA, (13) atizayokti, (14) tulyayogitA, (15) dIpaka, (16) AvRttidIpaka, (17) prativastUpamA, (18) dRSTAnta, (19) nidarzanA, (20) vyatireka, (21) sahokti, (22) vinokti, (23) samAsokti, (24) parikara, (25) parikarAGka ra, (26) zleSa, (27) aprastutaprazaMsA, (28) prastutAGkara, (29) paryAyokta, (30) vyAjastuti, (31) vyAjanindA, (32) AkSepa, (33) virodhAbhAsa, (34) vibhAvanA, (35) vizeSokti, (36) asambhava, (37) asaGgati, (38) viSama, (36) sama, (40) vicitra, (41) adhika, (42) alpa, (43) anyonya, (44) vizeSa, (45) vyAghAta, (46) kAraNamAlA, (47) ekAvalI. (48) mAlAdIpaka, (49) sAra, (50) yathAsaMkhya, (51) paryAya, (52) parivRtti, 1. yeSAM candraloke dRzyante lkssylkssnnshlokaaH| prAyasta eva teSAM ... ... ... ... ... ... ... || -appayya dIkSita, kuvalayAnanda vRtti pR0 2 2. itthaM zatamalaGkArA lakSayitvA nidrshitaaH| prAcAmAdhunikAnAM ca matAnyAlocya sarvataH ||-vhii, 166

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254 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa (53) parisaMkhyA, (54) vikalpa, (55) samuccaya, (56) kArakadIpaka, (57) samAdhi, (58) pratyanIka, (59) arthApatti, (60) kAvyaliGga, (61) arthAntaranyAsa, (62) vikasvara, (63 prauDhokti, (64) sambhAvanA, (65) mithyAdhyavasiti, (66) lalita, (67) praharSaNa, (68) viSAdana, (69) ullAsa, (70) avajJA, (71) anujJA, (72) leza, (73) mudrA, (74) ratnAvalI, (72) tadguNa, (76) pUrvarUpa, (77) atadguNa, (78) anuguNa, (76) mIlita, (80) sAmAnya, (81) unmIlita, (82) nimIlita, (83) uttara, (84) sUkSma, (85) pihita, (86) vyAjokti, (87) gUDhokti, (8) vivRtokti, (89) yukti, (90) lokokti, (61) chekokti, (92) vakrokti. (93) svabhAvokti, (94) bhAvika, (95) udAtta, (96) atyukti, ( 7) nirukti, (8) pratiSedha, (66) vidhi tathA (100) hetu / gujarAtI priMTiMga presa se prakAzita candrAloka' meM pUrvokta alaGkAroM meM se prastutAGkara, vyAjanindA, alpa, mAlAdIpaka, mithyAdhyavasiti, lalita. anujJA, leza, mudrA, ratnAvalI, nimIlita, sUkSma, gUDhokti, vivRtokti, yukti, lokokti, nirukti, pratiSedha, vidhi tathA hetu alaGkAroM kA ullekha nahIM pAyA jaataa| isameM anumAna, virodha tathA bhAvikacchavi kA ullekha hai jinakI gaNanA ukta anukramaNI meM nahIM kI gayA hai| anukramaNI meM mInita ke atirikta nimIlita kA nAmollekha hai| pUrvavartI AcAryoM ne mIlita kA hI sopasarga prayoga nimIlita kiyA thA / appayya dIkSita bhI sambhavataH mIlita se pRthak nimIlita kA astitva svIkAra karanA nahIM cAhate the| isIlie ukta anukramaNI para AdhRta - apanI alaGkAra-tAlikA meM unhoMne nimIlita ke sthAna para vizeSaka alaGkAra kA vivecana kiyA hai| kintu, isa anupapatti se bacane ke lie unhoMne jo pATha-bheda kiyA usase ve aura adhika ulajhana meM par3a gye| vizeSa kA svarUpapratipAdana unheM do bAra karanA par3A, jise kathamapi samIcIna nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| astu, uparilikhita alaGkArAnukramaNikA tathA 'candrAloka' kI upalabdha mUla prati meM jina alaGkAroM kA ullekha milatA hai unakA pUrvavivecita 'alaGkAroM se sambandha kI dRSTi se hama parIkSaNa kreNge| ___ 'candrAloka' meM nimnalikhita ATha zabdAlaGkAroM kA vivecana huA hai :chekAnuprAsa, vRttyanuprAsa, lATAnuprAsa, sphuTAnuprAsa, arthAnuprAsa, punaruktapratIkAza, yamaka aura citra / punaruktapratIkAza udbhaTa Adi prAcIna AcAryoM ke punaruktavadAbhAsa kA hI apara paryAya hai| cheka, vRtti tathA lATa anuprAsoM

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa 251 ke nAma-rUpa prAcIna hI haiN| yamaka aura citra alaGkAroM kA vivecana bhI pUrvavartI AcAryoM ke matAnusAra hI kiyA gayA hai| jayadeva ne do navIna zabdAlaGkAroM kA nirUpaNa kiyA hai| ve haiM :- sphuTAnuprAsa aura arthAnuprAsa / sphuTAnuprAsa candrAlokakAra ne sphuTAnuprAsa kI paribhASA meM kahA hai ki yadi zloka ke Adhe bhAga meM yA usake bhI Adhe arthAt pAda meM kisI varNa kI niyata AvRtti ho to use sphuTAnuprAsa kahate haiN|' yaha sphuTAnuprAsa-dhAraNA AcArya daNDI kI 'dhAraNA se bhinna nhiiN| daNDI ne anuprAsa alaGkAra kA ullekha mAdhurya guNa ke prasaGga meM kiyA thA, alaGkAra ke prasaGga meM nhiiN| daNDI ne bhI anuprAsa ke 'padagata tathA pAdagata bheda svIkAra kiyA thaa| sphuTAnuprAsa kI dhAraNA usase milatI-julatI hI hai| arthAnuprAsa prastuta alaGkAra jayadeva kI navIna kalpanA hai| unakI mAnyatA hai ki jahAM upameya aura upamAna-vAkyoM meM niyata varNAvRtti ho vahA~ arthAnuprAsa alaGkAra hotA hai / 2 sAdRzyamUlaka rUpaka Adi meM bhI upamAnopameya vAkyoM meM niyata varNoM kI AvRtti kI kalpanA kI jA sakatI hai| isa prakAra upamA Adi arthAlaGkAroM ke sAtha varNAvRtti-rUpa anuprAsa kI dhAraNA ko milA kara marthAnuprAsa nAmaka navIna alaGkAra kI kalpanA kI gayI hai / isa vivecana se spaSTa hai ki jayadeva ke 'candrAloka' meM adhikAMzataH pUrvavartI AcAryoM kI zabdAlaGkAra-dhAraNA ko hI svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| sphuTAnuprAsa kA nAma-mAtra navIna hai| usakA svarUpa daNDI ke anuprAsa ke svarUpa se abhinna hai| eka navIna zabdAlaGkAra 'arthAnuprAsa' kI udbhAvanA kA zreya jayadeva ko hai| isameM niyata varNAvRtti kA vicAra hone se yaha zabdAlaGkAra hai, para upamAna tathA upameya-rUpa artha kA vicAra hone se arthAlaGkAra / isIlie isakI saMjJA arthAnuprAsa hai, para isakI gaNanA zabdAlaGkAra-varga meM kI gayI hai| 1. zlokasyAdha tadadha vA varNAvRttiryadi dhra vA // tadA matA matimatAM sphuTAnuprAsatA satAm ||-jydev, candrAloka, 5,5 2. upameyopamAnAdAvarthAnuprAsa iSyate / vahI, 5, 6.

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256 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa __ arthAlaGkAroM ke svarUpa-nirUpaNa meM jayadeva ne AcArya bharata se lekara ruyyaka taka kI kRtiyoM meM vyakta tattadalaGkAra-viSayaka mAnyatAoM kA upayoga kiyA hai| prAcIna AcAryoM ke jina alaGkAroM ko jayadeva ne svIkAra kiyA hai, unake lakSaNa bhI prAyaH unhoMne pUrvAcAryoM ke matAnusAra hI diye haiN| prAcIna abhidhAna vAle arthAlaGkAra ke rUpa-vidhAna meM candrAlokakAra ne navIna sthApanA kA prayAsa bahuta kama kiyA hai| unhoMne kisI eka pUrvavartI AcArya ke alaGkArasiddhAnta kA anugamana nahIM kara vibhinna alaGkAroM kI svarUpa-mImAMsA meM alagaalaga AlaGkArikoM ke mata ko svIkAra kiyA hai| isa dRSTi se hama 'candrAloka' meM pratipAdita prAcIna alaGkAroM ke svarUpa kA parIkSaNa nIce kreNge| prAcIna AcAryoM meM sAmAnya paribhASA meM adhikAdhika tathya-prakAzana kI pravRtti adhika thii| dhIre-dhIre AcAryoM kA jhukAva vizeSIkaraNa kI ora bddh'aa| eka sAmAnya tathA vyApaka paribhASA kA hI tattva lekara aneka viziSTa tathA sImita paribhASAe~ banAyI jAne lgii| alaGkAra-vivecana ke kSetra meM bhI yaha pravRtti spaSTa hai| AcAryoM ke buddhi-vilAsa se aise aneka alaGkAra AvibhUta hue jinake svarUpa meM bar3e AyAsa se kucha sUkSma bheda dikhAyA jA sakatA hai, aura usa sUkSma bheda ke hone para bhI una saba ke svarUpa taka prAcIna AcArya ke kisI eka alaGkAra-lakSaNa kI vyApti pAyI jA sakatI hai| 'candrAloka' meM mammaTa Adi AcAryoM ke kisI vyApaka alaGkAra-lakSaNa ke AdhAra para jina navIna alaGkAroM kI kalpanA kI gayI hai unakA parIkSaNa jayadeva kI alaGkAraviSayaka nUtana udbhAvanA ke sandarbha meM kiyA jAyagA / alaGkAra ke kSetra meM jayadeva kI kucha navIna udbhAvanAoM kA bhI avamUlyana nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| prastuta sandarbha meM jayadeva kRta 'candrAloka' meM nirUpita arthAlaGkAroM kA prAcIna AcAryoM kI racanAoM meM vivecita alaGkAroM se svarUpagata samatA-viSamatA kI dRSTi se adhyayana tathA 'candrAloka' meM kalpita navIna alaGkAroM kA srota-sandhAna vAJchanIya hai| upamA upamA alaGkAra ke sAmAnya svabhAva kA vivecana jayadeva ne prAcIna AcAryoM ke matAnusAra hI kiyA hai| isI sandarbha meM unhoMne ananvaya tathA upameyopamA kA svarUpa-nirUpaNa kiyA hai, jI prAcInoM kI paddhati para hI kiyA gayA hai| isa prasaGga meM unhoMne eka pratIpopamA alaGkAra kI kalpanA kI hai|

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ 257 1 isa kalpanA ke AdhAra kA parIkSaNa apekSita hai / jayadeva ne pratIpopamA se pRthak pratIpa alaGkAra kA bhI vivecana kiyA hai / ukta do alaGkAroM ke paraspara svatantra astitva kI svIkRti kA aucitya vicAraNIya hai / pratIpopamA ke lakSaNa meM ' kahA gayA hai ki jahA~ prasiddha upamAna kI kalpanA upameya ke rUpa meM kI jAtI ho vahA~ pratIpopamA nAmaka alaGkAra hotA hai / ' spaSTa hai ki mammaTa, ruyyaka Adi ke pratIpa - lakSaNa se pratIpopamA kA ukta lakSaNa abhinna hai / phira, jayadeva ke pratIpa alaGkAra kI svarUpa - kalpanA kA kyA AdhAra hai ? unhoMne pratIpa kI paribhASA isa prakAra dI hai : - upameya se upamAna kI hInatA ke varNana meM pratIpa nAmaka alaGkAra hotA hai / upamAna ke prati sAdhAraNataH upameya kI apekSA Adhikya kI bhAvanA rahA karatI hai / upameya ke utkarSa kI vyaJjanA ke lie kabhI-kabhI usakI apekSA upamAna ko heya batAyA jAtA hai / aise sthala meM jayadeva ne pratIpa kA sadbhAva mAnA hai / spaSTataH, pratIpa kA yaha lakSaNa bhI mammaTa Adi ke pratIpa-lakSaNa ke hI samAna hai / mammaTa ne pratIpa ke do rUpa mAne the - (ka) upamAna kA AkSepa ( nindA yA niSedha ) tathA (kha) anAdara ke lie upamAna kA upameyatva - prakalpana / 3 mammaTa ke pratIpa ke prathama bheda ke svarUpa ke AdhAra para jayadeva ne pratIpa kI paribhASA dI tathA dvitIya bheda kI prakRti ke AdhAra para pratIpopamA ko paribhASita kiyA / vastutaH pratIpopamA aura pratIpa ke pRthak-pRthak astitva kI kalpanA Avazyaka nahIM / pratIpopamA kA nAma mAtra navIna hai, svarUpa prAcIna AcAryoM ke pratIpa se abhinna / jayadeva ne lalitopamA nAmaka alaGkAra kI kalpanA kara usake lakSaNa meM kahA hai ki yadi upamAna lIlA Adi padoM se yukta ho to use lalitopamA kaheMge / lIlA ke sAtha 'Adi' se unheM kauna-kauna se pada abhipreta yaha spaSTa nahIM hai / lalitopamA ke udAharaNa ko dRSTi meM rakhakara 'candrAloka' 1. vikhyAtasyopamAnasya yatra syAdupameyatA / (indurmukhamivetyAdau syAt pratIpopamA tadA // -jayadeva, candrAloka, 5, 14 2. pratIpamupamAnasya hInatvamupameyataH / - vahI, 5, 100 3. AkSepa upamAnasya pratIpamupameyatA / tatrava yadi vA kalpyA tiraskAranibandhanam // - mammaTa, kAvyaprakAza, 10, 201 4. upamAne tu lIlAdipadADhya lalitopamA / - jayadeva, candrAloka, 5, 15 17

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258 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa ke TIkAkAra vaidyanAtha pAyaguNDa ne ukta alaGkAra ke sambandha meM jayadeva kI mAnyatA ko isa prakAra spaSTa karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai: - upamAna - vAcaka pada meM lIlA Adi padoM kA prayoga kara jahA~ upameya para upamAna ke dharma kA Aropa kiyA jAya, vahA~ jayadeva ke matAnusAra lalitopamA kA sadbhAva mAnA jAyagA / niSkarSataH, isa alaGkAra meM upamAna aura upameya meM eka ke dharma kA aparatra Aropa hotA hai / " bharata ne lIlAdi artha kA varNana ( lIlA Adi ceSTA kA varNana ) kAnti guNa kA dharma mAnA thA / 2 upamAna ke sAtha lIlAdi-pada ke prayoga kI dhAraNA ukta dhAraNA se prabhAvita jAna par3atI hai / upamAna ke dharma kA upameya para Aropita kiyA jAnA lalitopamA ke jayadeva - pradatta lakSaNa para TIkAkAra ke dvArA Aropita hai / yadi yaha jayadeva ko abhISTa rahA ho to unake ukta alaGkAra kA svarUpa AcArya daNDI ke samAdhi guNa se milatA-julatA mAnA jAyagA / kintu, jayadeva kI yaha mAnyatA spaSTa nahIM hai / kevala lIlA Adi pada-vizeSa ke prayoga ke AdhAra para svatantra alaGkAra ke astitva kI kalpanA samIcIna nahIM jAna par3atI / stavakopamA ke lakSaNa meM kahA gayA hai ki jahA~ aneka upamAna upameya rUpa artha-yugma kA sAdRzya dikhAyA jAya vahA~ stavakopamA nAmaka alaGkAra mAnA jAtA hai / aneka upameya kA aneka upamAna ke sAtha sAdRzya nirUpita hone ke kAraNa, upameya tathA upamAna ke guccha ke sadbhAva ke kAraNa, ise stavakopamA kahA jAtA hai / yaha dhAraNA AcArya bharata kI upamA ke usa bheda kI dhAraNA ke samAna hai, jisameM unhoMne aneka upameya kA aneka upamAna se sAdRzya-pradarzana vAJchanIya mAnA hai | sampUrNopamA ko prakRti ke sambandha meM yaha mAnyatA prakaTa kI gayI hai ki isameM upamAna tathA 1. tatropamAnopameyayoranyataratrAnyataradharmAropo lalitopameti phalitam / -- jayadeva, candrAloka, ramA TIkA, pR0 43 2. lIlAdyarthopapannAM vA tAM kAnti kavayo viduH // - bharata, nATyazAstra, 16, 112 3. anekArthasya yugmasya sAdRzyaM stavakopamA / - jayadeva, candrAloka, 5, 16 tathA ....arthayugmasyopamAnopameyarUpasyAnekasya yatsAdRzyaM sA sA, upamAnopameyayoranekatvaM yatra yatra seti yAvat / - vahI, ramA TIkA, pR0 43 4. bharata nATyazAstra 16, 42

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ 256 upameya, donoM meM eka dharma kI vAcyatA rahatI hai|' isake svarUpa kI kalpanA AcArya daNDI ke zleSopamA-lakSaNa ke AdhAra para kI gayI hai|' rUpaka 'candrAloka' meM rUpaka alaGkAra kA sAmAnya lakSaNa prAcIna AcAryoM ke matAnusAra hI diyA gayA hai| jayadeva ne sopAdhirUpaka, sAdRzyarUpaka, AbhAsarUpaka tathA rUpitarUpaka; ina cAra rUpaka-prakAroM kA nirUpaNa kiyA hai| sopAdhi tathA sAdRzyarUpaka prAcIna AcAryoM ke kramazaH paramparita rUpaka evaM samastavastu-viSaya sAvayavarUpaka ke samAna haiN| AbhAsa rUpaka kI kalpanA AropyamANa kI asundaratA ke AdhAra para kI gayI hai| aGga para yaSTi Adi asundara vastu ke Aropa ko jayadeva AbhAsa rUpaka yA rUpakAbhAsa kaheMge / vastutaH alaGkAra-yojanA prastuta kI prabhAvavRddhi ke lie kI jAtI hai| yadi AropyamANa meM ramaNIyatA kA abhAva ho, vaha Aropa viSaya ke prabhAva ke saMvardhana meM akSama ho, to use AbhAsarUpaka kahA jaaygaa| prazna yaha hai ki kyA ise alaGkAra kA svatantra prakAra mAnA jAnA cAhie ? yadi AropyamANa ramaNIya nahIM hai to vaha alaGkAratva kA vidhAna kaise karegA ? rasa Adi ke kSetra meM AbhAsa kI kalpanA anaucitya ke sthala meM kI gayI hai| yadi Aropa ke anaucitya ke AdhAra para rUpaka ke AbhAsa-bheda kI kalpanA kI jAya to usakA alaGkAratva hI asiddha ho jAyagA / spaSTataH, AbhAsarUpaka kI kalpanA buddhi-vilAsa-mAtra hai| rUpitarUpaka ke svarUpa kI kalpanA kA AdhAra prAcIna AcAryoM ke rUpaka-rUpaka kA svarUpa hai| pariNAma kI dhAraNA jayadeva ne ruyyaka ke 'alaGkAra-sUtra' se lI hai| ullekha ke svarUpa kI kalpanA bhI ruyyaka Adi ke matAnusAra hI kI gayI hai| jayadeva kI apahna ti kA sAmAnya svarUpa AcArya daNDI kI apahnati ke svarUpa se abhinna hai| 'candrAloka' meM apahnati ke nimnalikhita prakAroM kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai:-paryastApahna ti, bhrAntApahna ti, chekApahna ti, tathA kaitavApahnati / AcArya daNDI ne 'kAvyAdarza' meM apahnati ke bhedoM ke 1. syAt sampUrNopamA yatra dvayorapi vidheyatA / jayadeva, candrAloka 5, 17 2. tulanIya-daNDI, kAvyAdarza, 2, 28 3. syAdaGa gayaSTirityevaM vidhamAbhAsakhyakam |-jydev, candrAloka, 5, 21

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260 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa vivecana ke uparAnta usake anya aneka bhedoM kI sambhAvanA bhI prakaTa kI thI / 'kAvyAdarza' ke TIkAkAra nRsiMhadeva ne jayadeva - kalpita ukta apahna uti-bhedoM ko daNDI-sammata svIkAra kiyA hai / " yaha mAnyatA ucita hI jAna par3atI hai / aise bahuta se apahna uti prakAra daNDI Adi ke samaya hI pracalita rahe hoMge / unhoMne saba ko alaga-alaga paribhASita karanA Avazyaka nahIM samajhA hogA / daNDI ke saGka eta kA sahArA lekara hI jayadeva ne apahna uti ke ukta bhedoM kI kalpanA kI hai / utprekSA kI prakRti ke sambandha meM jayadeva prAcIna AcAryoM se sahamata haiM / unhoMne utpra ekSA ke eka gUr3hA bheda kI kalpanA kI hai, jisameM utprekSA ke vAcaka iva Adi zabdoM ke prayoga kA abhAva rahatA hai / ' ' alaGkAra - sarvasva' meM ivAdi ke abhAva meM pratIyamAnA utprekSA kI kalpanA kI gayI thI / gUDhotpra ekSA kA svarUpa ukta pratIyamAnA utpra ekSA ke hI samAna hai / smRti bhrAnti, sandeha, mIlita tathA sAmAnya alaGkAroM ke lakSaNa jayadeva ne mammaTa, ruyyaka Adi pUrvavartI AcAryoM kI mAnyatA ke anurUpa diye haiM / anumAna kA svarUpa mammaTa, ruyyaka Adi ke matAnusAra kalpita hai / arthApatti alaGkAra kI dhAraNA ruyyaka ke 'alaGkAra sUtra' se lI gayI hai / kAvyaliGga tathA parikara alaGkAroM ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM jayadeva mammaTa tathA ruyyaka Adi AcAryoM se sahamata haiM / atizayokti kI sAmAnya dhAraNA mammaTa Adi AcAryoM kI tadviSayaka dhAraNA se abhinna hai / jayadeva ne prastuta alaGkAra ke chaha bhedoM kI kalpanA kI hai / ve bheda haiM: -- akramAtizayokti, atyantAtizayokti, capalAtizayokti, sambandhAtizayokti, bhedakAtizayokti tathA rUpakAtizayokti / akrama, atyanta tathA capala atizayokti-bheda ruyyaka ke kArya-kAraNa- paurvAparya - vidhvaMsa- rUpa atizaya ke AdhAra para kalpita haiM / rUpakAtizayokti mammaTa ke 'nigIryAdhya 1. ................apahna teH prakAratrayaM nirUpya ' ityapahna utibhedAnAM lakSyo lakSyeSu vistara' iti AcAryAntaroktApahna utibhedasaMgrahIkaraNAyoktam tena zuddhApahna utiH, hetvapahna utiH, paryastApahna utiH, bhrAntApahna utiH, chekApahna tirityAdyA api bhedA daNDinAM sammatA evAbhAnti / - kAvyAdarza, kusumapratimA TIkA, pR0 236-37 2. ivAdikapadAbhAve gUDhotprekSAM pracakSate / - jayadeva, candrAloka, 5, 30 3. pratIyamAnAyAM punarivAdyaprayogaH / - ruyyaka, alaGkArasarvasva, pR0 55

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [261 vasAna' para AdhRta hai| sambandhAtizayokti kI kalpanA kA AdhAra mammaTa, ruyyaka Adi ke asambandha meM sambandha-varNana-rUpa atizayokti-prakAra hai| bhedakAtizayokti kA svarUpa mammaTa ke 'prastutasya anyatva' ke AdhAra para kalpita hai| spaSTataH, atizayokti-viSayaka prAcIna mAnyatA kA hI spaSTIkaraNa jayadeva ne kiyA hai| tulyayogitA tathA dIpaka ke sambandha meM jayadeva kI dhAraNA mammaTa Adi AcAryoM kI dhAraNA ke samAna hai| jayadeva ne AvRttidIpaka kA lakSaNanirUpaNa kiyA hai| unakA AvRttidIpaka AcArya daNDI kI AvRtti se abhinna hai| prativastUpamA tathA dRSTAnta kI paribhASAe~ jayadeva ne mammaTa Adi pUrvAcAryoM ke matAnusAra dI haiN| nidarzanA ko jayadeva ne kiJcit navIna rUpa se paribhASita kiyA hai, yadyapi unakI tadviSayaka dhAraNA AcArya mammaTa kI dhAraNA se tatvataH milatI-julatI hI hai| unhoMne sAdRzya ke kAraNa do vAkyArthoM meM aikya ke Aropa meM nidarzanA kA sadbhAva mAnA hai / 2 'candrAloka' kI 'ramA' vyAkhyA meM nidarzanA kI ukta paribhASA ke spaSTIkaraNa meM kahA gayA hai ki isameM do vAkyArthoM meM upamAnopameya-bhAva kI kalpanA kara AhArya abhedarUpa tAdAtmya kA Aropa kiyA jAtA hai| isa prakAra vyAkhyAkAra ne jayadeva kI nidarzanA-dhAraNA ko AcArya mammaTa tathA ruyyaka kI tadviSayaka dhAraNA se abhinna siddha kiyA hai| ___ vyatireka aura sahokti ke sambandha meM jayadeva kI dhAraNA mammaTa, ruyyaka Adi pUrvavartI AcAryoM kI dhAraNA ke samAna hai| ___ mammaTa ne vinokti ke do rUpa svIkAra kiye the--anya ke binA anya kA azobhana honA tathA anya ke binA anya kA zobhana honaa| jayadeva ne ina donoM meM se kevala prathama rUpa kA alaGkAratva svIkAra kiyA hai| samAsokti, zleSa tathA aprastutaprazaMsA kA lakSaNa-nirUpaNa jayadeva ne mammaTa Adi kI mAnyatA ke anurUpa hI kiyA hai| zleSa ke zabdagata tathA arthagata, 1. tulanIya-jayadeva, candrAloka, 5, 54 tathA daNDI, kAvyAdarza 2, 116 2. vAkyArthayoH sadRzayoraikyAropo nidarzanA / jayadeva, candrAlAka, 5, 58 3. yatra sAdRzyavazAdvAkyArthayoraikyamAropyate upamAnopameyabhAvakalpanAphalako vAkyArthayorAhAryAbhedanizcayarUpatAdAtmyAropa iti yAvattatra nidrshnaalngkaarH| vahI, ramA TIkA pR0 56

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262 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa donoM bheda jayadeva ko mAnya haiN| unhoMne padazleSa ke sabhaGga tathA abhaGga bhedoM kA bhI vivecana kiyA hai| zabdazleSa kA zabdAlaGkAra ke sandarbha meM pRthak vivecana nahIM kara eka hI sthala meM zleSa ke bheda ke rUpa meM zAbda tathA Artha zleSoM kA lakSaNa-nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| . arthAntaranyAsa kA jayadeva-pradatta lakSaNa mammaTa Adi ke lakSaNa se milatAjulatA hai| paryAyokti tathA vyAjastuti kI prakRti kA vivecana bhI jayadeva ne apane pUrvavartI AcAryoM ke matAnusAra hI kiyA hai / __ AkSepa alaGkAra ke sAmAnya lakSaNa-nirUpaNa meM jayadeva pUrvAcAryoM se pUrNataH sahamata haiN| unhoMne gUDhAkSepa-nAmaka eka navIna AkSepa-prakAra kA ullekha kiyA hai| yaha AkSepa-prakAra nAmnA hI navIna hai| isakI prakRti AcArya ruyyaka ke dvitIya AkSepa-bheda ke samAna hai| AcArya daNDI ne isase milate-julate AkSepa ke svabhAva kA vivecana sAcivyAkSepa nAma se kiyA thaa| virodha alaGkAra kI dhAraNA jayadeva ne AcArya rudraTa ke 'kAvyAlaGkAra' se lI hai| rudraTa ke pUrva AcArya daNDI bhI virodha kA vivecana kara cuke the / virodhAbhAsa ke lakSaNa-nirUpaNa meM jayadeva ne mammaTa Adi prAcIna AcAryoM kI mAnyatA ko hI svIkAra kiyA hai| vibhAvanA, vizeSokti aura asaGgati ke lakSaNa jayadeva ne pUrvAcAryoM ke matAnusAra diye haiN| viSama alaGkAra ke lakSaNa-nirUpaNa meM candrAlokakAra ne AcArya mammaTa ke viSama-viSayaka siddhAnta kA aMzataH upayoga kiyA hai| mammaTa ne viSama ke cAra rUpoM ko svIkAra kiyA thaa| unameM se eka lakSaNa-anupapadyamAna kA yoga-ko jayadeva ne viSama alaGkAra kA lakSaNa svIkAra kiyaa| mammaTa ke dvitIya viSama-lakSaNa ke AdhAra para unhoMne viSAdana nAmaka eka navIna alaGkAra kI kalpanA kara lii| isakA vivecana hama yathAsthAna kreNge| ___sama kI dhAraNA mammaTa Adi AcAryoM kI dhAraNA ke samAna hai| vicitra kI prakRti kA nirUpaNa jayadeva ne ruyyaka ke matAnusAra kiyA hai| adhika kI paribhASA dete hue jayadeva ne mammaTa Adi AcAryoM ke adhika ke eka hI 1. viSamaM yadyanaucityAdanekAnvayakalpanam |-jydev, candrAloka, 5,80. tulanIya-mammaTa, kAvyaprakAza, 10, 126-27 pR0 285

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [263 rUpa ko-AdhAra se Adheya ke Adhikya-varNana-rUpa adhika ko-svIkAra kiyA hai| anyonya kA lakSaNa mammaTa Adi kI mAnyatA ke anurUpa diyA gayA hai| vizeSa ko jayadeva ne mammaTa ke matAnusAra hI paribhASita kiyA hai; kintu unhoMne mammaTa ke vizeSa kA eka hI rUpa svIkAra kiyA hai--khyAta AdhAra ke binA bhI Adheya kA varNana / vyAghAta kA lakSaNa-nirUpaNa 'candrAloka' meM kucha navIna rUpa meM kiyA gayA hai / jayadeva kI mAnyatA hai ki jahA~ lokaprasiddha kArya karane vAlI vastu ayathAkArI rUpa meM varNita ho arthAt prasiddha kriyA ko chor3a viruddha kArya utpanna kare, vahA~ vyAghAta alaGkAra hotA hai| dhyAtavya hai ki mammaTa ne kisI ke dvArA prayukta sAdhana kA vijigISu ke dvArA usI ke viruddha prayoga kiye jAne meM vyAghAta kA sadbhAva mAnA thaa| ruyyaka ne bhI isa dhAraNA ko svIkAra kiyA thA ; para unhoMne isake sAtha hI vyAghAta ke eka aura rUpa kI kalpanA kI thI, jisameM kisI vizeSa uddezya se kisI kAraNa kA usake prakRta kArya se viruddha kArya kI niSpAdakatA kA samarthana kiyA jAtA hai / jayadeva kI vyAghAta-dhAraNA ruyyaka kI isa dhAraNA se prabhAvita jAna par3atI hai; kintu isameM unhoMne ruyyaka kI taraha vizeSa prayojana kI siddhi para bala nahIM diyA hai| kAraNamAlA, ekAvalI, dIpakaikAvalI yA mAlAdIpaka tathA sAra alaGkAroM ke sambandha meM jayadeva kI dhAraNA pUrvAcAryoM kI dhAraNA se abhinna hai / 'candrAloka' meM udArasAra-nAmaka eka alaGkAra kA lakSaNa-nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| isakI paribhASA meM kahA gayA hai ki jahA~ upamAnaniSTha guNa kI apekSA upameyaniSTha guNa kI adhikatA kA varNana karate hue bhinna hone para bhI zabdamahimA se unake guNoM meM ekatA kA AbhAsa dilAyA jAya, vahA~ udArasAra alaGkAra hotA hai|2 bhinna guNa meM abhinnatA kA AbhAsa Aropa kA pariNAma hotA hai, jo lAkSaNika prayoga para AdhRta hai / udAharaNArtha; yadi kAvya ko madhu se adhika madhura pIyUSa se bhI bar3ha kara madhura kahA jAya to jayadeva ise udArasAra mAneMge / kAvya kI miThAsa lAkSaNika prayoga hai| vaha tattvataH madhu Adi kI miThAsa se bhinna hai; phira bhI ukta kathana meM madhu aura kAvya ke 1. syAdvyAghAto'yathAkAri vastuni akriymucyte| -jayadeva, candrAloka, 5, 86 2. udArasArazcedbhAti bhinno'bhinnatayA guNaH / vahI, 5, 61

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264 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa guNoM kI ekatA kA AbhAsa milatA hai| isa lAkSaNika prayoga para AdhRta sAra kA bhI samAveza mammaTa Adi ke sAmAnya sAra-lakSaNa meM sambhava hai| ataH, udArasAra kI pRthak sattA kI kalpanA ko jayadeva kA kalpanA-vilAsamAtra mAnA jA sakatA hai| yathAsaMkhya tathA paryAya alaGkAroM ke svabhAva ke sambandha meM jayadeva apane pUrvavartI mammaTa Adi AcAryoM kI dhAraNA se pUrNataH sahamata haiN| parivRtti ke lakSaNa meM unhoMne mammaTa kI parivRtti kA kevala asama meM parivartana rUpa svIkAra kiyA hai| parisaMkhyA ke viSaya meM bhI ve mammaTa Adi se ekamata haiN| vikalpa alaGkAra kI dhAraNA jayadeva ne AcArya ruyyaka se lI hai| unakA samuccaya AcArya mammaTa ke dvitIya samuccaya ke samAna hai| samAdhi tathA pratyanIka ke lakSaNa kI kalpanA unhoMne mammaTa Adi kI tadviSayaka dhAraNA ke AdhAra para kI hai| hama dekha cuke haiM ki 'candrAloka' meM ullikhita pratIpa alaGkAra kA lakSaNa pUrvavartI AcAryoM ke pratIpa-lakSaNa se abhinna hai| tadguNa, atadguNa tathA praznottara ke svarUpa kI kalpanA jayadeva ne mammaTa Adi pUrvavartI AcAryoM kI tadviSayaka dhAraNA ke anurUpa kI hai| mammaTa ke uttara ko hI 'candrAloka' meM praznottara kahA gayA hai| pihita alaGkAra ke svarUpa kI kalpanA jayadeva ne kucha navIna rUpa meM kI hai| unake pUrva AcArya rudraTa pihita kA svarUpa-nirUpaNa kara cuke the; para unhoMne rudraTa kI pihita-dhAraNA ko svIkAra nahIM kiyaa| unhoMne pihita ke lakSaNa meM kahA hai ki jahA~ dUsare ke vRttAnta ko jAnane vAlA vizeSa prakAra kI ceSTA karatA ho, vahA~ ukta alaGkAra hotA hai / ' isa prakAra jayadeva ne pihita kA svabhAva mammaTa Adi ke sUkSma alaGkAra ke svabhAva ke samAna banA diyA hai| mammaTa ne AkRti yA iGgita se manobhAva ke prakaTIkaraNa ko sUkSma kahA thaa|2 jayadeva ne rudraTa se pihita kI saMjJA lekara mammaTa ke sUkSma kI prakRti ke AdhAra para usake rUpa ko kalpanA kara lii| udyotakAra ise mammaTa Adi ke sUkSma se svatantra nahIM mAnate / 1. pihitaM paravRttAntajJAturanyasya ceSTitam / -jayadeva, candrAloka, 5,106 2. draSTavya-mammaTa, kAvyaprakAza, 10,112 pR0 281 3. udyotakArAstu-sUkSmAlaGkArAntarbhUtatvAnna pihitAlaGkAraH pRthagalaGkAra ityaahuH| kuvalayAnanda alaGkAracandrikA TIkApR0 168

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ 265 vyAjokti, vakrokti, svabhAvokti, bhAvika tathA udAtta alaGkAroM ke lakSaNa bhI jayadeva ne pUrvavartI AcAryoM kI mAnyatA kA anusaraNa karate hue hI 'diye haiM / vakrokti kI gaNanA unhoMne arthAlaGkAroM kI paMkti meM kI hai / mammaTa Adi AcArya use zabdAlaGkAra mAnate the / vastutaH vakrokti meM paryAya'parivartana nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / ataH vaha zabdAlaGkAra hI hai / usake svarUpa ke sambandha meM jayadeva mammaTa Adi se sahamata haiM / bhAvika ke sAtha jayadeva ne eka bhAvikacchavi alaGkAra kA bhI vivecana kiyA hai / isameM unhoMne deza se tathA apane se dUravartI padArtha ke sAkSAtkAra para bala diyA hai / ' bhAvika ke svarUpa meM hI isakA antarbhAva sambhava hai / isake svatantra astitva kI kalpanA Avazyaka nahIM / spaSTa hai ki pUrva - pracalita jitane alaGkAroM ke nAma jayadeva ne svIkAra kiye haiM, prAyaH unake rUpa kI kalpanA bhI prAcIna AcAryoM ke matAnusAra hI kI hai| kucha alaGkAroM ke prAcIna lakSaNa ko aMzataH svIkAra kara unhoMne avaziSTa lakSaNa kA upayoga dUsare alaGkAra kI svarUpa- kalpanA meM kara liyA hai / udAharaNArtha - pratIpa ke sambandha meM pUrvAcAryoM ke mantavya kA avalamba lekara pratIpa tathA pratIpopamA kI pRthak-pRthak kalpanA kara lI gayI hai / kucha alaGkAra ke prAcIna svarUpa ko unhoMne asvIkAra bhI kiyA hai; para usake sarvathA navIna rUpa kI kalpanA nahIM kara unhoMne prAcIna AcAryoM ke kisI anya alaGkAra ke svarUpa ke AdhAra para usakI svarUpa-kalpanA kara lI hai / pihita ke rudraTa - pradatta lakSaNa ko asvIkAra kara mammaTa Adi ke sUkSma ke svarUpa ke AdhAra para pihita kI svarUpa - kalpanA isa kathana kA pramANa hai / upamA, rUpaka, apahna uti Adi ke yatkiJcit navIna bhedoM kI kalpanA jayadeva ne kI hai / unakI kalpanA kA AdhAra prAcIna AcAryoM ke sAmAnyataH tattadalaGkAra-lakSaNa meM hI pAyA jA sakatA hai / 'candrAloka' meM navIna nAma-rUpa vAle jina alaGkAroM kA lakSaNa-nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai, unake srota kA parIkSaNa prastuta sandarbha meM vAJchanIya hai / ukta 1. dezAtmaviprakRSTasya darzanaM bhAvikacchaviH / -- jayadeva, candrAloka, 5, 114

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266 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa grantha meM nimnalikhita navIna arthAlaGkAroM kA ullekha pAyA jAtA haiunmIlita, parikarAGa kura, prauDhokti, sambhAvanA, praharSaNa, viSAdana, vikasvara, asambhava, ullAsa, pUrvarUpa, anuguNa, avajJA, bhAvikacchavi tathA atyukti / unmIlita unmIlita jayadeva kI navIna kalpanA hai / isakA svabhAva mIlita ke ThIka viparIta hai / udyotakAra ise mIlita kI hI eka sthiti mAnate haiM / jagannAtha ne bhI isa alaGkAra kI kalpanA ko anAvazyaka mAnA hai / * zobhAkara ne viveka ke svarUpa kI jo kalpanA kI thI usase unmIlita kA svarUpa milatA-julatA hai / parikarAGa kura parikarAGakura bhI jayadeva kA navIna alaGkAra hai / isakI prakRti parikara se bahuta kucha milatI-julatI hai / bheda kevala itanA hai ki parikara meM vizeSaNa sAbhiprAya prayoga hotA hai aura parikarAGa kura meM vizeSya kA / sAbhiprAya pada - prayoga para donoM meM samAna rUpa se bala diyA gayA hai / prauDhokti atizayokti kI prAcIna dhAraNA ke AdhAra para jayadeva ne prauDhokti-nAmaka navIna alaGkAra kI kalpanA kara lI hai / isakA svarUpa atizayokti se itanA milatA-julatA hai ki isake pRthak astitva kI kalpanA Avazyaka nahIM jAna par3atI / prauDhokti ke sambandha meM jayadeva kI mAnyatA hai ki jisameM jo azakta ho usameM usakA sAmarthya varNana prauDhoti hai / 'candrAloka' kI 'ramA' TIkA meM ucita hI kahA gayA hai ki yaha mammaTa kI atizayokti se bhinna nahIM / 2 1. unmIlitAlaGkAro mIlitAlaGkArAntarbhU taeveti prAhurudyotakArAdayaH / -- kuvalayAnanda, alaGkAracandrikA TIkA, pR0 165 2. draSTavya - jagannAtha, rasaGgAdhara, pR0 817-16 3. prauDhoktistadazaktasya tacchaktatvavikalpanam / - jayadeva, candrAloka, 5,470 4. ayaM cAtizayoktti bhedo nAlaGkArAntaramiti kAvyaprakAzaH / vahI, ramA TAkA, pR0 530

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ 267 sambhAvanA sambhAvanA kI kalpanA bhI atizayokti ke hI AdhAra para kI gayI hai| mammaTa ne atizayokti ke eka bheda 'yadyarthokti' kI kalpanA kI thii| jayadeva kI sambhAvanA atizayokti ke ukta prakAra se abhinna hai|' praharSaNa praharSaNa kI paribhASA meM jayadeva ne kahA hai ki jahA~ vAJchita artha se adhika kI prApti kA varNana hotA hai, vahA~ praharSaNa nAmaka alaGkAra hotA hai / 2 abhISTa artha se adhika kI prApti se utpanna harSa hI prastuta alaGkAra ke abhidhAna kA AdhAra hai| yaha jayadeva kA navIna alaGkAra hai / viSAdana viSAdana kI kalpanA pUrvAcArya ke viSama alaGkAra ke lakSaNa ke AdhAra para kI gayI hai / ruyyaka ne viSama ke do rUpa svIkAra kiye the--virUpa padArtha kI ghaTanA tathA anrthotptti| virUpa-ghaTanA-rUpa viSama kI dhAraNA ko svIkAra kara jayadeva ne viSama alaGkAra ko paribhASita kiyA aura anarthotpatti-rUpa viSama ke lakSaNa ko lekara viSAdana nAmaka navIna alaGkAra kI kalpanA kara lii| spaSTataH, viSAdana kA nAmamAtra navIna hai, svarUpa prAcIna / vikasvara vikasvara meM jayadeva ke anusAra vizeSa ke samarthana ke lie sAmAnya kA upanyAsa kiye jAne para punaH usa sAmAnya ke samarthana ke lie upamAnabhUta vizeSa kA upanyAsa kiyA jAtA hai / 3 spaSTataH, isa alaGkAra kI sambhAvanA prAcIna AcAryoM ke arthAntaranyAsa ke sAmAnya lakSaNa meM hI nihita thii| arthAntaranyAsa meM vizeSa kA sAmAnya se tathA sAmAnya kA vizeSa se samarthana hotA hai| isameM samarthaka vAkya kA punaH anya vAkya se samarthana kI dhAraNA thor3I navIna hai; para isakI kalpanA kA mUla arthAntaranyAsa-dhAraNA meM hI hai / 1. sambhAvanaM yadItthaM syAdityUho'nyaprasiddhaye |-jydev, candrAloka, 5, 48. 2. vAJchitAdadhikaprAptirayatnena praharSaNam / -vahI, 5, 46 3. yasminvizeSasAmAnyavizeSAH sa vikasvaraH |-vhii, 5,69

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268 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa asambhava artha-niSpatti meM asambhAvyatva ke varNana meM jayadeva ne asambhava nAmaka alaGkAra kI sattA mAnI hai| prAcIna AcAryoM ke virodhAbhAsa kI sAmAnyadhAraNA meM prastuta alaGkAra kI sambhAvanA nihita thii| isake svatantra astitva kI prathama kalpanA kA zreya jayadeva ko hai / kucha AcAryoM ne virodhAbhAsa se isake svatantra astitva kI kalpanA ko anAvazyaka batAyA hai| ullAsa ullAsa meM eka ke guNa se dUsare kA doSa vaNita hotA hai| TIkAkAra ne ukta kathana ko upalakSaNa mAna kara anya ke doSa se anya ke guNavarNana, anya ke doSa se anya ke doSa tathA anya ke guNa se anya ke guNa-varNana meM bhI ullAsa kI sattA svIkAra kI hai| yaha jayadeva kI navIna kalpanA hai| kucha logoM ne ise kAvyaliGga meM antarbhUta mAnA hai| 'pUrvarUpa pUrvarUpa kI kalpanA bhI navIna hai| isameM vastu kI punaH pUrvarUpatA-prApti kA varNana hotA hai / isake do rUpa mAne gaye haiM-(ka) vastu kA punaH apanA guNa prApta kara lenA tathA (kha) vastu ke naSTa rUpa kI punaH prApti / dUsare pUrvarUpa meM vastu ke vinAza kA varNana tathA dUsarI vastu se usa naSTa vastu ke kArya kA kathana hotA hai| zobhAkara ne isase milate-julate svarUpa kI kalpanA pratiprasava nAmaka alaGkAra meM kI thii| sambhava hai, pUrvarUpa ke prasava kA zreya pratiprasava ko ho| 1. asambhavo'rthaniSpattAvasambhAvyatvavarNanam |-jydev, candrAloka 5,76 2. nedamalaGkArAntaram ; kintu virodhAbhAsaH ......"evetyanye / -kuvalayAnanda, alaGkAracandrikA TIkA, pR0 108 3. ullAso'nyamahimnA ceddoSo hyanyatra varNyate / -jayadeva, candrAloka, 5, 101 tathA usapara ramA TIkA, pR0 70 4. kAvyaliGgana gatArtho'yaM nAlaGkArAntaratvabhUmimArohatItyeke / -jagannAtha, rasagaGgAdhara, 2 pR0 805 5. punaH svaguNasamprAptirvijJa yA pUrvarUpatA / tathAyadvastuno'nyathArUpaM tathA syAt pUrvarUpatA // -jayadeva, candrAloka, 5, 103 tathA 104

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laGkAradhArelA ko vikAsa Pred anuguNa anuguNa alaGkAra meM vastu ke svata: siddha guNa kA hI anya vastu ke saMsarga se utkarSa kA varNana hotA hai / yaha jayadeva kA navIna alaGkAra hai / yaha tadguNa se isa aMza meM milate-julate svabhAva kA hai ki tadguNa meM bhI eka vastu saMsarga ke kAraNa dUsarI vastu kA guNa grahaNa karatI hai aura anuguNa meM bhI eka vastu saMsarga se dUsarI vastu kA guNa grahaNa kara apane guNa kA utkarSa karatI hai / donoM meM svalpa bheda yaha hai ki tadguNa meM koI vastu apane guNa kA tyAga kara dUsarI vastu kA guNa grahaNa karatI hai, para anuguNa meM dUsare kA guNa lekara apane hI guNa kA utkarSa kiyA jAtA hai / avajJA avajJA meM eka vastu ke guNa-doSa se dUsarI vastu kA aprabhAvita rahanA varNita hotA hai / 2 avajJA bhI jayadeva kI nUtana udbhAvanA hai / bhAvikacchavi bhAvika kI taraha isameM bhI parokSa artha ke darzana para bala diyA gayA hai / isa dRSTi se isakI prakRti bhAvika se bahulAMzataH milatI-julatI hai / bhAvika se isakI prakRti ko kucha alaga karate hue jayadeva ne kahA hai ki isameM deza se yA apane se dUravartI artha kA darzana varNita hotA hai / 3 bhAvikacchavi kI kalpanA bhI sUkSma bheda ke AdhAra para pRthak-pRthak alaGkAra ke astitva -- prakalpana kI pravRtti kA pariNAma hai / atyukti jayadeva ke pUrva atizayokti se pRthak atyukti ke astitva kI kalpanA nahIM kI gayI thI / atyukti nAmaka svatantra alaGkAra kI kalpanA sarvaprathama jayadeva ne hI kI; para isakI dhAraNA ko unakI navIna udbhAvanA nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| isake svarUpa kI kalpanA AcArya daNDI ke kAnti guNa ke svarUpa 1. prAksiddhasvaguNotkarSo'nuguNaH parasannidhe / --jayadeva, candrAloka, 5, 106 : 2 . vahI, 5, 107 3. dezAtmaviprakRSTasya darzanaM bhAvikacchaviH / - vahI, 5, 114

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270] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa ke AdhAra para kI gayI hai| jayadeva ke anusAra isameM adbhuta tathA asatya zaurya, dAna Adi kA varNana kiyA jAtA hai / daNDI ne bhI kAnti guNa meM alokasiddha artha ke varNana para bala diyA thaa| daNDI ne svayaM kAnti ke lie atyukti, isa apara paryAya kA prayoga kiyA thA / ' spaSTa hai ki daNDI kI ukta kAnti yA atyukti kI dhAraNA ko lekara jayadeva ne prastuta alaGkAra kI kalpanA kI hai| ___ 'candrAloka' meM vivecita ukta alaGkAroM ke parIkSaNa se prApta niSkarSa 'nimnalikhita haiM : ( ka ) pUrvAcAryoM ne jahA~ eka alaGkAra ke ekAdhika rUpoM kI kalpanA kI thI, vahA~ jayadeva ne una rUpoM ke AdhAra para aneka paraspara svatantra 'alaGkAroM kI kalpanA kara lii| isa prakAra mammaTa Adi AcAryoM kI atizayokti ke eka rUpa ko atizayokti abhidhAna se svIkAra kiyA gayA tathA usI ke dUsare rUpa ko-yadyarthokta-prakalpana rUpa ko sambhAvanA nAma se - svatantra alaGkAra mAna liyA gyaa| ruyyaka Adi ke viSama alaGkAra ke do rUpoM ke AdhAra para viSama tathA viSAdana, ina do alaGkAroM kI kalpanA kara lI gyii| virUpa ghaTanA-rUpa viSama ko viSama saMjJA se svIkAra kara usake anarthotpatti rUpa ko viSAdana nAma se navIna alaGkAra svIkAra kiyA gyaa| "prAcIna AcAryoM ke pratIpa ke lakSaNa ke AdhAra para hI pratIpa tathA pratIpopamA ke pRthak-pRthak astitva kI kalpanA kI gyii| prAcInoM ke eka alaGkAra ke aneka rUpoM ke AdhAra para ekAdhika alaGkAra kI kalpanA 'candrAloka' meM alaGkAra kI saMkhyAvRddhi kA eka kAraNa hai| sambhAvanA, viSAdana tathA pratIpopamA Adi navIna alaGkAroM ke AvirbhAva kA yahI rahasya hai| ( kha ) jayadeva meM thor3e-thor3e bahuta hI sUkSma bhedoM ke AdhAra para alagaalaga alaGkAroM ko kalpanA ko pravRtti adhika pAyI jAtI hai| prAcIna AcAryoM meM sAmAnya rUpa se tathya-nirdeza kI pravRtti thii| jaba navIna-navIna tathyoM kI udbhAvanA kA samaya samApta huA to unhIM pUrvanirdiSTa tathyoM ke 1. idmtyuktirityuktm........."|--dnnddii, kAvyAdarza, 1,62 tathA usa para 'kusumapratimA' TIkA-idam = upari darzitamevamprakAraM kAvyam 'atyuktiH' ityuktam = atyuktinAmnA kthitmaalngkaarikH| tathA ca jayadevaH--atyuktiradbhutAtathyazoryodAryAdivarNanam |-pR0 60

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ 271 AdhAra para sUkSma bhedoM ko lekara alaga-alaga nAma se alaga-alaga alaGkAroM kI kalpanA kI jAne lgii| bhUta-bhAvI artha ke sAkSAtkAra-rUpa bhAvika se svatantra dezAtma-viprakRSTa artha ke darzana-rUpa bhAvikacchavi kI kalpanA, 'anya ke saMsarga meM Akara usake guNa ko grahaNa karane kI prakRti vAle tadguNa se alaga saMsarga meM Ane vAlI vastu kA guNa grahaNa kara apane guNa kA utkarSa karane kI prakRti vAle anuguNa kI kalpanA tathA sAbhiprAya vizeSaNa-prayoga-rUpa parikara se pRthak sAbhiprAya vizeSya-prayoga-rUpa parikarAGa kura kI kalpanA isI pravRtti kA dyotaka hai| (ga) prAcIna AcAryoM ke kucha alaGkAretara kAvya-tattvoM ke AdhAra para bhI pIche cala kara kucha alaGkAroM kI kalpanA kI gayI hai| jayadeva ne bhI AcArya daNDI ke kAnti guNa ke AdhAra para, jise unhoMne atyukti bhI kahA hai, atyukti nAmaka alaGkAra kI kalpanA kI hai| (gha ) jayadeva ne kucha aise alaGkAroM kI bhI navIna nAma se kalpanA kI hai, jinakI sambhAvanA prAcIna AlaGkArikoM ke vizeSa alaGkAra meM hI thii| vikasvara kI kalpanA isa kathana kA pramANa hai| arthAntaranyAsa meM sAmAnya aura vizeSa kA eka dUsare se samarthana vAJchanIya mAnA gayA thaa| usI kI eka vizeSa prakriyA vikasvara meM pAyI jAtI hai| isameM vizeSa kA sAmAnya se tathA phira sAmAnya kA vizeSa se samarthana kiyA jAtA hai| asambhava kI sambhAvanA virodhAbhAsa ke sAmAnya lakSaNa meM hI nihita thii| (Ga) kucha aise svatantra alaGkAra kI bhI kalpanA 'candrAloka' meM kI gayI hai, jisake svarUpa kA prAcIna AcArya ke kisI alaGkAra-vizeSa se itanA kama bheda hai ki usake svatantra astitva kI kalpanA kevala kalpanAvilAsa ke lie hI kI gayI jAna par3atI hai| udAharaNArtha; prauDhokti kA svarUpa atizayokti se itanA milatA-julatA hai ki usake pRthak astitva kI kalpanA anAvazyaka 'jAna par3atI hai| (ca) candrAlokakAra ne kucha prAcIna alaGkAroM ke viparIta svabhAva vAle alaGkAroM kI bhI kalpanA kI hai| mIlita-viparyayAtmaka unmIlita kI kalpanA isakA pramANa hai| (cha )ullAsa, pUrvarUpa, praharSaNa tathA avajJA alaGkAroM kA udbhAvanA ke zreya ke bhAgI jayadeva haiN| ukta alaGkAroM ke atirikta 'kuvalayAnanda' meM vivecita kucha alaGkAroM

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272 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa ko bhI kucha sAhityetihAsavidoM ne jayadeva ke dvArA kalpita mAnA hai| hama dekha cuke haiM ki yaha mAnyatA vivAdamukta nahIM hai| kucha vidvAna una alaGkAroM ko jayadeva ke paravartI AcArya appayya dIkSita kI udbhAvanA mAnate haiN| ukta matoM kA parIkSaNa kara kisI niSkarSa kI prApti kA AyAsa prastuta sandarbha meM prastuta paMktiyoM ke lekhaka ko abhISTa nahIM hai| isa adhyAya meM kAvyazAstra meM parigaNita navIna abhidhAna vAle alaGkAroM ke svarUpa kA kevala isa dRSTi se adhyayana apekSita hai ki una uktibhaGgiyoM ke svarUpa se prAcIna AcArya kisI-na-kisI rUpa meM paricita the yA nhiiN| dUsare zabdoM meM una alaGkAroM ke svarUpa kA bIja prAcIna AcAryoM ke kAvya-siddhAnta meM pAyA jAtA hai yA nhiiN| isa uddezya meM isa bAta se vizeSa antara nahIM par3egA ki ve alaGkAra 'candrAloka' meM sarvaprathama vivecita hue yA 'kuvalayAnanda' meN| ataH una alaGkAroM ke srota kA anveSaNa hama appayya dIkSita kI alaGkAra-dhAraNA ke adhyayana-- krama meM kreNge| alaGkArodAharaNa 'alaGkArodAharaNa' ke racayitA ke sambandha meM vidvAnoM meM matabheda hai| murAridAna ke 'yazavanta yazobhUSaNa' meM yazaskara ko 'alaGkArodAharaNa' kA racayitA mAnA gayA hai|' DaoN0 De ke anusAra ruyyaka ke 'alaGkAra-sarvasva' para vimazinI-nAmaka TIkA likhane vAle jayaratha ne 'alaGkArodAharaNa' kI racanA kI thii| isa grantha kA uddezya baccoM ko saralatA se alaGkAra kA jJAna karAnA thaa| ataH alaGkAra-viSayaka maulika cintana kI apekSA alaGkAralakSaNa kI saralatA ko hI dRSTi se isa kRti kA adhika mahattva hai / 'vimazinI' meM zobhAkara ke jina alaGkAroM kA khaNDana kiyA gayA hai, unheM bhI 'alaGkArodAharaNa' meM sodAharaNa vivecita kiyA gayA hai / prastuta sandarbha meM ukta grantha meM nirUpita navIna alaGkAroM kA hI parIkSaNa iSTa hai| murAridAna ne 'alaGkArodAharaNa' ke ATha navIna alaGkAroM kI carcA kI hai| ve haiM:-aGga, anaGga, apratyanIka, abhyAsa, abhISTa, tAtparya, tatsadRzAkAra tathA pratibandha / 1. rAmacandra dvivedI, alaGkArasarvasva-mImAMsA, pR0 54 2. DaoN0 De, History of Sanskrit Poetics, khaNDa 1, pR0 186

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ 273 aGgI ke phalavattva tathA anya ke aphalavattva-varNana meM aGga alaGkAra mAnA gayA hai| anaGga aGga kA viparIta-dharmA hai| apratyanIka ke svarUpa kI kalpanA pratyanIka ke vaiparItya ke AdhAra para kI gayI jAna par3atI hai| duSkara kArya kI siddhi ke lie abhyAsa kA varNana abhyAsa alaGkAra kA svabhAva mAnA gayA hai| kAryArambha hote hI usakI siddhi kA varNana abhISTa kI prakRti hai| aneka kA nirdeza hone para eka meM tAtparyecchA tAtparya alaGkAra hai / ' tatsadRzAkAra tathA pratibandha kA svarUpa spaSTa nahIM / ___ ina navodbhAvita alaGkAroM meM se eka bhI alaGkAra-zAstra meM svatantra alaGkAra ke rUpa meM svIkRti nahIM pA sakA / kAraNa spaSTa hai| aGga meM saundarya nhiiN| anaGga usIkA viparIta-dharmA hai| apratyanIka pratyanoka ke vaiparItya ke AdhAra para kalpita hai / abhyAsa, abhISTa Adi saundaryAbhAva ke kAraNa alaGkAra nhiiN| 'alaGkArodAharaNa' kI pANDulipi ke AdhAra para rAmacandra dvivedI ne sambhava tathA saMskAra nAmaka do alaGkAroM kA ullekha kiyA hai| saMskAra zobhAkara kI bhrAnti ke samAna hai| sambhava ke svarUpa kI kalpanA pahale hI ho cukI thii| spaSTataH, 'alaGkArodAharaNa' meM kisI mahattvapUrNa alaGkAra kI udbhAvanA nahIM huii| vizvanAtha vizvanAtha kA 'sAhitya-darpaNa' saMskRta kAvya-zAstra ke vidyArthiyoM kA bahuta hI priya grantha siddha huA hai / sAhityazAstra ke vibhinna aGgoM kA sarala-subodha zailI meM pratipAdana hI 'sAhitya-darpaNa' kI lokapriyatA kA rahasya hai| dRzya tathA zravya kAvya ke aGgopAGgoM kA vivecana vizvanAtha ne apane grantha meM kiyA hai| unakI khyAti kA kAraNa mukhyataH zailI kI prAJjalatA, vivecana kI vizadatA tathA viSaya. kI vyApakatA hai-tattva-cintana kI maulikatA nhiiN| unhoMne dRzya-kAvya ke aGgoM kA nirUpaNa 'nATyazAstra' 1. uddhRta, rAmacandra dvivedI, alaM0 sarvasva-mI0, pR0 50-53 2. vahI, pR0 54 3. draSTavya-bhoja, sarasvatI-kaNThAbharaNa, 3, 25 18

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274 ] alaGkAraM-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa tathA 'daza rUpaka' ke AdhAra para kiyA hai / alaGkAra ke kSetra meM bhI vizvanAtha kA vizeSa maulika yogadAna nahIM / isakA eka kAraNa to yaha hai ki unake pUrvavartI AcAryoM kI racanAoM meM alaGkAra - viSayaka itanI udbhAvanAe~ ho cukI thIM ki unase adhika nUtana udbhAvanAoM kI na to AvazyakatA hI zeSa thI aura na usake lie vizeSa avakAza hI thA / dUsarA kAraNa yaha thA ki vizvanAtha rasavAdI AcArya the aura rasa-dhvanivAdI AcAryoM kI taraha ve kAvya meM rasa Adi kI apekSA alaGkAra kA gauNa mahattva mAnate the / ataH, alaGkAra ke kSetra meM vizeSa UhApoha nahIM kara pUrvavartI AcAryoM ke bahumAnya siddhAnta ko hI pariSkRta zailI meM prastuta karanA unako abhISTa hogA / astu, prastuta sandarbha meM sAhityadarpaNakAra kI alaGkAra - paribhASAoM kI parIkSA kara pUrvAcAryoM ke alaGkAra - lakSaNa se unake sambandha kA digdarzana ina paMktiyoM ke lekhaka ko abhipra eta hai / vizvanAtha ne 'sAhitya darpaNa' meM nimnalikhita zabdArthAlaGkAroM ke svarUpa nirUpaNa kiyA hai zabdAlaGkAra : - (1) punaruktavadAbhAsa, (2) anuprAsa ( cheka, vRtti, zruti antya tathA lATa), (3) yamaka, (4) vakrokti, (5) bhASAsama, ( 6 ) zleSa tathA ( 7 ) citra / arthAlaGkAra : - ( 1 ) upamA, (2) ananvaya, (3) upameyopamA, (4) smaraNa, (5) rUpaka, (6) pariNAma, (7) sandeha, ( 5 ) bhrAntimAn, ( 6 ) ullekha, (10) apahnati, (11) nizcaya, (12) utprekSA, (13) atizayokti, (14) tulyayogitA, (15) dIpaka, (16) prativastUpamA, (17) dRSTAnta, (18) nidarzanA, (16) vyatireka, ( 20 ) sahokti, (21) vinokti, (22) samAsokti, (23) parikara, (24) zleSa, (25) aprastuta - prazaMsA, (26) vyAjastuti (27) paryyAyokta, ( 28 ) arthAntaranyAsa, (26) kAvyaliGga, (30) anumAna, (31) hetu, (32) anukUla, (33) AkSepa, (34) vibhAvanA, (35) vizeSokti, (36) virodha, (37) asaGgati, (38) viSama, ( 36 ) sama, (40) vicitra, ( 41 ) adhika, (42) anyonya, (43) vizeSa, (44) vyAghAta, (45) kAraNamAlA, (46) mAlAdApaka, (47) ekAvalI, (48) sAra, (46) yathAsaMkhya, (50) paryAya, (51) parivRtti, (52) parisaMkhyA, (53) uttara, ( 54 ) arthAvRtti, (55) vikalpa, (56) samuccaya, (57) samAdhi, (58) pratyanIka, (56) pratIpa, (60) mIlita, (61) sAmAnya, (62) tadguNa,

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ 275 (63) atadguNa, (64) sUkSma, (65) vyAjokti, (66) svabhAvokti, (67) bhAvika, (68) udAtta, (69) rasavat, ( 70 ) pra eya, (71) UrjasvI, ( 72 ) samAhita, (73) bhAvodaya, (74) bhAva - sandhi, (75) bhAva - zabalatA, (76) saMsRSTi, tathA (77) saGkara / vizvanAtha ne kucha pUrvavartI AcAryoM ke dvArA zabdagata alaGkAra rUpa meM svIkRta prahelikA ke alaGkAratva kA khaNDana kiyA hai / pUrvAcAryoM ne bhI use krIr3AmAtropayogI kahA thA / 2 bauddhika camatkAra para AdhRta prahelikA ke alaGkAratva kI rasavAdI AcAryoM ke dvArA asvIkRti svAbhAvika hI hai / vizvanAtha ke dvArA nirUpita zabdAlaGkAroM meM punaruktavadAbhAsa, anuprAsa, yamaka, vakrokti, zleSa tathA citra alaGkAroM kA sAmAnya svarUpa prAcIna AcAryoM ke alaGkAroM ke svarUpa se abhinna hai / anuprAsa ke pUrvAcAryoM ke dvArA svIkRta cheka, vRtti tathA lATa-bhedoM ke sAtha zra uti tathA antya bhedoM kI bhI gaNanA vizvanAtha ne kI hai / zratyanuprAsa kI dhAraNA navIna nahIM hai / AcArya daNDI ne mAdhurya-guNa-vivecana-prasaGga meM zratyanuprAsa ke jisa lakSaNa kI kalpanA kI thI, use hI vizvanAtha ne svIkAra kiyA hai / antyAnuprAsa kI kalpanA AcArya daNDI ke pAdAnta yamaka kI kalpanA para AdhRta hai / 3 vizvanAtha ne bhASAsama - nAmaka svatantra zabdAlaGkAra kA astitva svIkAra kiyA hai / isa kI svarUpa - kalpanA ke mUla meM saMskRta, prAkRta Adi aneka bhASAoM kI ekatra ghaTanA kI dhAraNA nihita hai / pUrvAcAryoM ne bhASAzleSa meM vividha bhASAoM kI saMghaTanA kI dhAraNA vyakta kI thI / prastuta alaGkAra kI dhAraNA ukta alaGkAra kI dhAraNA se bahuta kucha milatI-julatI hai / antara kevala itanA hai ki vizvanAtha ne vibhinna bhASAoM meM eka hI taraha ke zabda se vAkya kI yojanA meM bhASAsama mAnA hai jaba ki bhASAzleSa meM eka taraha ke zabda kA prayoga Avazyaka nahIM, aneka bhASAoM se eka vAkyArtha kI niSpatti hI apekSita rahatI hai / 1. rasasya paripanthitvAnnAlaGkAraH prahelikA / uktivaicitryamAtra sA cyutadaMttAkSarAdikA // 1 - vizvanAtha, sAhityadarpaNa, 10, 16 2. mAtrA binducyuta ke prahelikA kAraka kriyAgUDhe / praznottarAdi cAnyatkrIDAmAtropayoga midam // - rudraTa, kAvyAlaGkAra, 5,24 3. tulanIya - vizvanAtha, sAhityada0 10, 7 tathA daNDI, kAvyAdarza, 3, 2

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276 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa kAku tathA zleSa para AdhRta vakrokti kI svarUpa-dhAraNA vizvanAtha ne pUrvAcAryoM se hI lI hai; para use unhoMne zabdagata alaGkAra mAnA hai| prAcIna AcAryoM ne isakI gaNanA arthAlaGkAroM kI paMkti meM kI thii| vizvanAtha ne varNa, pratyaya, liGga, vacana Adi kI zliSTatA ke AdhAra para zleSa ke ATha bheda svIkAra kiye haiN| pUrvAcAryoM ke zleSa ke sAmAnyalakSaNa meM hI ina bhedoM kI sambhAvanA nihita thii| pUrvAcAryoM kI paddhati para zleSa ke sabhaGga, abhaGga tathA ubhayAtmaka bheda bhI sAhityadarpaNakAra ke dvArA svIkRta haiN| arthAlaGkAra ___ arthAlaGkAroM ke svarUpa-nirdhAraNa meM bhA vizvanAtha ne pUrvavartI AcAryoM kI mAnyatAoM kA hI anusaraNa kiyA hai| unake 'sAhityadarpaNa' meM arthAlaGkAroM ke lakSaNa ruyyaka tathA mammaTa ke alaGkAra-lakSaNoM ke AdhAra para diye gaye haiN| hama yaha dekha cuke haiM ki mammaTa tathA ruyyaka kI racanAoM meM alaGkAroM kI saMkhyA tathA saMjJA meM kucha antara hai| ruyyaka ke kucha alaGkAra mammaTa ke 'kAvyaprakAza' meM ullikhita nahIM haiM; para usameM kucha aise alaGkAroM kA bhI vivecana hai, jo ruyyaka ke dvArA svIkRta nahIM haiN| aise alaGkAroM ke sambandha meM vizvanAtha ne samanvayAtmaka dRSTikoNa apanAyA hai / unhoMne mammaTa tathA ruthyaka; donoM AcAryoM kI mAnyatAoM ko svIkAra kiyA hai| udAharaNArtha; sama kI dhAraNA mammaTa se tathA vicitra kI dhAraNA ruyyaka se lI gayI hai| nizcaya alaGkAra zobhAkara ke 'alaGkAra-ratnAkara' se gahIta hai| zobhAkara ko vaha dhAraNA daNDI kI nirNayopamA-dhAraNA para AdhRta thii| vizvanAtha ne usake kucha navIna svarUpa kI kalpanA kii| vizvanAtha ke anusAra bhrAnti kA nivAraNa kara anya vastu kA sthApana bhI nizcaya hogaa| vizvanAtha kA yaha nizcaya daNDI ke tattvAkhyAnopamA se abhinna hai / 2 anukUla ke svarUpa kI kalpanA navIna hai, jisameM pratikUla 1. vizvanAtha, sAhityadarpaNa, 10, 13-14 2. tulanIya-vizvanAtha, sAhityadarpaNa, 10, 56 tathA daNDI, kAvyA darza, 2, 36

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ 277 AcaraNa ko anukUla karane kA varNana hotA hai / ' spaSTataH vizvanAtha ne anukUla ko chor3a kisI navIna alaGkAra kI udbhAvanA nahIM kI hai / O vidyAnAtha vidyAnAtha-racita 'pratAparudrayazobhUSaNa' - jo pratAparudrIya nAma se bhI pukArA jAtA hai-- usa kAla kI racanA hai, jaba kAvya-tattva kI maulika udbhAvanA ke sthAna para pUrva pratiSThApita kAvya - siddhAnta kA vivecana - vizleSaNamAtra AcAryoM kA uddezya baca gayA thA / vidyAnAtha ke pUrva AcArya mammaTa ke 'kAvyaprakAza' meM kAvya-tattva - vizleSaNa ko carama praur3hi prApta ho gayI / phalataH paravartI AcAryoM kA lakSya sarala zailI meM pUrvavartI AcAryoM kI kAvyatattvaviSayaka mAnyatAoM kA upasthApana mAtra raha gayA / vidyAdhara, vidyAnAtha Adi kI racanAoM meM isI uddezya kI prApti kA AyAsa hai / alaGkAra - vivecana ke kSetra meM dhvanivAdI mammaTa kI apekSA alaGkAra prasthAna ke prabala poSaka AcArya ruyyaka kI dhAraNA paravartI AcAryoM ke lie adhika anukaraNIya siddha huI hai / kucha AcAryoM ne rudraTa, mammaTa tathA kucha anya prAcIna AcAryoM kI alaGkAra - paribhASAoM kA bhI itastataH upayoga kiyA hai / prastuta sandarbha meM hama vidyAnAtha kI alaGkAra - paribhASAoM kA pUrvavartI AcAryoM ke alaGkAralakSaNa se tulanAtmaka adhyayana kara una paribhASAoM ke srota kA nirdhAraNa kareMge | vidyAnAtha ne nimnalikhita alaGkAroM kA vivecana kiyA hai : zabdAlaGkAra :--chekAnuprAsa, vRttyanuprAsa, yamaka, punaruktavadAbhAsa, lATAnuprAsa tathA citra / arthAlaGkAra : - ( 1 ) upamA, (2) ananvaya, (3) upameyopamA, (4) smaraNa, (5) rUpaka, (6) pariNAma, (7) sandeha, (8) bhrAntimAn ( 6 ) apahna uti, (10) ullekha, (11) utprekSA, (12) atizayokti, (13) sahokti, (14) vinokti, (15) samAsokti, (16) vakrokti, (17) svabhAvokti, (18) 1. anukUlo prAtikUlyamanukUlAnubandhi cet / - vizvanAtha, sAhityadarpaNa, 10, 84

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278 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa vyAjokti, (19) mIlana, (20) sAmAnya, (21) tadguNa, (22) atadguNa, (23) virodha, (24) vizeSa, (25) adhika, (26) vibhAvanA, (27) vizeSokti, (28) asaGgati, (29) vicitra, (30) anyonya, (31) viSama, (32) sama, (33) tulyayogitA, (34) dIpaka, (35) prativastUpamA, (36) dRSTAnta, (37) nidarzanA, (38) vyatireka, (39) zleSa, (40) parikara, (41) AkSepa, (42) vyAjastuti, (43) aprastutaprazaMsA, (44) paryAyokta, (45) pratIpa, (46) anumAna, (47) kAvya liGga, (48) arthAntaranyAsa, (49) yathAsaMkhya, (50) arthApatti, (51) parisaMkhyA, (52) uttara, (53) vikalpa, (54) samuccaya, (55) samAdhi, (56) bhAvika, (57) pratyanIka, (58) vyAghAta, (59) paryAya, (60) sUkSma, (61) udAtta, (62) parivRtti, (63) kAraNamAlA, (64) ekAvalI, (65) mAlAdIpaka aura (66) sAra / mizrAlaGkAra :-saMsRSTi evaM saGkara / vidyAnAtha ne vakrokti ko zabdAlaGkAra nahIM mAna kara arthAlaGkAra-varga meM usakI gaNanA kI hai| isa dRSTi se unakI mAnyatA mammaTa se bhinna hai / unhoMne ruyyaka kI paddhati kA anugamana kiyA hai| unhoMne zleSa kA zabdAlaGkAra tathA arthAlaGkAra-vargoM meM alaga-alaga ullekha karane kI mammaTa kI paddhati kI upekSA kara ruyyaka Adi kI praNAlI para ekatra hI usakA ullekha kara usake zabdagata, arthagata tathA ubhayagata bheda svIkAra kiye haiN| ___ saMsRSTi evaM saGkara alaGkAroM ko vidyAnAtha ne mizrAlaGkAra-nAmaka pRthaka varga meM parigaNita kiyA hai| nIce hama vidyAnAtha ke dvArA svIkRta uparilikhita alaGkAroM ke svarUpa kA vargAnukrama se pUrvAcAryoM ke dvArA vivecita alaGkAroM ke svarUpa se sambandha kI mImAMsA prastuta kara rahe haiM / zabdAlaGkAra :--yamaka, punaruktavadAbhAsa tathA citra alaGkAroM ke atirikta tIna anuprAsoM kA svatantra astitva 'pratAparudrayazobhUSaNa' meM svIkRta hai| ve haiM-cheka, vRtti tathA lATa / anuprAsa ke ukta tIna svatantra rUpoM ke astitva kI kalpanA AcArya ruyyaka kI paddhati para kI gayI hai / mammaTa ne sAmAnya rUpa se eka hI anuprAsa kI gaNanA kara usake tIna bhedoM-cheka, vRtti tathA lATakA vivecana kiyA thaa| ruyyaka kI taraha vidyAnAtha ne bhI ukta tInoM anuprAsoM kI pRthak-pRthaka gaNanA kI hai|

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ 276 arthAlaGkAra vidyAnAtha ne AcArya ruyyaka ke 'alaGkAra-sUtra' meM vivecita alaGkAroM meM se rasavat, preya, UrjasvI, samAhita, bhAvodaya, bhAvasandhi tathA bhAvazabalatA ko chor3a zeSa sabhI alaGkAroM ke svarUpa kA vivecana kiyA hai| ruyyaka kI alaGkAra-dhAraNA ke vivecana-krama meM hama dekha cuke haiM ki unake ukta rasavadAdi sAta alaGkAroM kA alaGkAratva nirvivAda nahIM hai| mammaTa ne bhI rasavadAdi alaGkAroM kA vivecana alaGkAra-prakaraNa meM nahIM kara rasa Adi ke vivecana-prasaGga meM hI kiyA thaa| spaSTa hai ki ve bhI rasavadAdi ko eka vizeSa artha meM hI alaGkAra kahate the| - vidyAnAtha ne alaGkAroM ke lakSaNa bhI ruyyaka ke alaGkAra-sUtra ke AdhAra para hI diye haiM / unakA uddezya kAvyAlaGkAroM ke pUrva-sthApita siddhAnta ko sarala rUpa meM prastuta karanA tathA kAkatIya nareza pratAparudra ke kIrti-padoM se unheM udAhRta karanA thaa| ataH, 'pratAparudrayazobhUSaNa' ke alaGkAroM ke svarUpa prAcIna hI haiM; para unake udAharaNoM kI, navInatA ukta grantha kI apanI vizeSatA hai| pratAparudrIya ke racayitA ne na kevala alaGkAra-lakSaNa kI kalpanA kA AdhAra ruyyaka kI alaGkAra-dhAraNA ko banAyA hai, varan ruyyaka ke aneka alaGkAroM ke lakSaNa ko hI kiJcit zabda-bheda ke sAtha uddhata kara diyA hai| udAharaNArtha; ananvaya, anumAna, kAvyaliGga tathA sAra alaGkAroM ke ruyyaka-pradatta lakSaNa hI thor3e zabda-parivartana ke sAtha 'pratAparudrayazobhUSaNa' meM uddha ta haiN| samuccaya ke prathama rUpa kI paribhASA bhI vidyAnAtha ne 'alaGkAra-sUtra' se hI lI hai| usake dvitIya svarUpa ke sambandha meM bhI ruyyaka ke samAna dhAraNA vyakta kI gayI hai| atizayokti ke pRthak-pRthak rUpoM kI kalpanA ruyyaka ne kI thii| unake pUrvavartI mammaTa ne bhI atizayokti ke ekAdhika rUpa svIkAra kiye the| mammaTa ke nigIryAdhyavasAna-rUpa atizayokti-lakSaNa ke AdhAra para ruyyaka ne adhyavasita-pradhAna-rUpa atizayokti kI kalpanA kI thii| vidyAnAtha ne bhI isI atizaya-lakSaNa ko svIkAra kiyA hai| sahokti ke lakSaNa meM vidyAnAtha ne usakI atizayoktimUlakatA

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280 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa para bala diyA hai|' ApAtataH yaha lakSaNa kucha navIna jAna par3atA hai, para tattvataH ruyyaka ke sahokti-lakSaNa se abhinna hai / yadyapi ruyyaka ne sahokti ke lakSaNa-sUtra meM atizayoktimUlakatA kA ullekha nahIM kiyA thA, tathApi 'alaGkAra-sarvasva' meM yaha spaSTa kara diyA gayA hai ki usake mUla meM atizaya kI dhAraNA rahatI hai / niSkarSataH, vidyAnAtha kI racanA meM kisI navIna alaGkAra kI udbhAvanA nahIM huI hai| vidyAdhara ne bhI 'ekAvalI' meM alaGkAroM kA vivecana vidyAnAtha kI hI taraha mammaTa evaM ruyyaka ke matAnusAra kiyA hai| unhoMne samuccaya ke aGga ke rUpa meM tatkara kA ullekha kiyA hai / yaha svatantra alaGkAra na hokara samuccaya kA hI aGga hai| vAgmaTa (dvitIya) ___ vAgbhaTa ( dvitIya ) ne 'kAvyAnuzAsana' meM sUtra-zailI meM alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-nirUpaNa kiyA hai| unhoMne anya tathA apara; ina do navIna alaGkAroM kA vivecana kiyA hai| unake anusAra prabhAvazAlI vastuoM tathA vibhinna paristhitiyoM kA ekatra nibandhana anya alaGkAra hai| guNa aura kriyA kA eka sAtha kathana apara-nAmaka alaGkAra kA lakSaNa mAnA gayA hai| kanhaiyA lAla poddAra ne ukta alaGkAroM ke sambandha meM yaha mAnyatA prakaTa kI hai ki 'vAstava meM anya tulyayogitA ke aura apara samuccaya ke antargata hai|'4 1. sahArthenAnvayo yatra bhavedatizayoktitaH / kalpitaupamyaparyantA sA sahoktiritISyate // -vidyAnAtha, pratAparudrayazobhUSaNaM, arthAlaGkAra prakaraNa, pR0 400 2. tatrApi niyamenAtizayoktimUlatvamasyAH / -ruyyaka, alaGkArasarvasva, pR0 86 3. ekena kriyamANaM yatrAnyaH spardhayaiva tatkurute / ___ so'pi samuccayabhedaH kathito'nyastaskaro dvadham // -vidyAdhara, ekAvalI, pR0 150 4. kanhaiyAlAla poddAra-kAvyakalpadra ma, bhAga 2, bhUmikA, pR0 21

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ 281 spaSTa hai ki vAgbhaTa ke anya tathA apara nAmnA hI navIna haiN| unakA antarbhAva prAcIna AcAryoM ke dvArA nirUpita alaGkAroM meM hI ho jAtA hai| bhAvadeva sUri 'kAvyAlaGkAra-sAra' meM jaina AcArya bhAvadeva sUri ne zabdAlaGkAroM ke nirUpaNa ke uparAnta pacAsa arthAlaGkAroM kA vivecana kiyA hai| unhoMne daivakanAmaka eka alaGkAra kA ullekha kiyA hai, jisakA nAma navIna hai| daivaka meM unake anusAra artha ke anaucitya kA tathA usake avazyambhAvitva kA varNana kiyA jAtA hai| isa prakAra daivaka ke do rUpa ho jAte haiN| donoM ke alagaalaga udAharaNa bhAvadeva ne diye haiN| eka meM kahA gayA hai ki 'kahA~ karkaza tapa aura kahA~ tumhArA komala zarIra !'' isa udAharaNa se spaSTa hai ki anaucitya-varNana se tAtparya ananurUpa-ghaTanA kA hai, jise mammaTa, ruyyaka Adi ne viSama kA eka rUpa mAnA thaa| bhAgya meM likhe kA avazyambhAvitva-varNanarUpa daivaka kA jo udAharaNa diyA gayA hai, usameM kahA gayA hai ki 'padminI dAvAgni ke bhaya se lIlA-sarovara meM chipane gayI to vahA~ hima se mArI gyii|'2 bhAvadeva ke daivaka alaGkAra kA antarbhAva mammaTa Adi ke viSama meM sambhava hai| usake svatantra astitva kI kalpanA Avazyaka nahIM / kezava mizra alaGkArazekharakAra kezava mizra anumAnataH appayyadIkSita ke samasAmayika the| kintu, jahA~ appayya dIkSita ne zatAdhika alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-nirUpaNa 1. viSayo daivakaM yasmin anaucityaM vrnnyte| kva tapaH karkazaM kvedaM sukumAraM vapustava / / -kAvyAlaM0 sAra 6, 25 uddhRta, narendraprabha sUri, alaM0 mahodadhi, pR0 353 2. davabhItyA vanaM hitvA lIlAsarasi pdmimii| tatra dagdhA himenAsau sAvazyaM bhAvi devakam // -6, 26 vahI, pR0 353 3. DaoN0 suzIlakumAra De ne kezava aura appayya; donoM kA samaya anumAnataH 16vIM zatAbdI kA uttarArdha mAnA hai| draSTavya-De, History of Skt. Poetics Vol I, pR0 218

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282 ] alaGkAra- dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa kiyA hai vahA~ kezava ne kevala ATha zabdAlaGkAroM evaM caudaha arthAlaGkAroM kA hI vivecana kiyA hai / kAvya-guNa-dhAraNA ke parIkSaNa krama meM bhI hama yaha dekha cuke haiM ki kezava mizra kI pravRtti kAvyatattva - vivecana meM saMkSepIkaraNa kI ora thii|' alaGkAroM kI saMkhyA kI parimiti bhI unakI isI pravRtti kI pariNati hai / kezava mizra ne arthAlaGkAroM kI saMkhyA ko jitanA kama kiyA hai, usa anupAta meM zabdAlaGkAroM kI saMkhyA ko kama karane kA prayAsa nahIM kiyA hai / unake zabda aura artha ke alaGkAra nimnalikhita haiM: zabdA naGkAra - citra, vakrokti, anuprAsa, gUDha, zleSa, prahelikA, praznottara tathA yamaka / 2 arthAlaGkArara - upamA, rUpaka, utpra ekSA, samAsokti, apahna uti, samAhita, svabhAva yA svabhAvokti, virodha, sAra, dIpaka, sahokti, anyadezatva yA asaGgati, vizeSokti tathA vibhAvanA | 3 ukta alaGkAroM ke atirikta jitane alaGkAra pUrvAcAryoM ke dvArA kalpita the, unheM kezava ne amAnya batAyA hai / anya alaGkAroM kI sattA ke apalApa meM koI sabala yukti nahIM / isa mAnyatA ke aucitya kI parIkSA kA prasaGga yahA~ nahIM / hameM prastuta sandarbha meM kezava ke alaGkAroM kI svarUpa kalpanA ke srota para hI vicAra karanA hai / vakrokti ko kezava ne zabdAlaGkAra mAnA hai / saMskRta - alaGkAra - zAstra meM vakrokti ke zabdAlaGkAratva ke sambandha meM do mata rahe haiM / kezava ne mammaTa Adi ke mata kA anusaraNa karate hue use zabdAlaGkAra-varga meM rakhA hai / mammaTa Adi AcAryoM ne praznottara ko arthAlaGkAra mAnA thA / kezava ne praznottara ko bhI zabdAlaGkAra mAnA hai / gUr3ha aura prahelikA kA pRthak-pRthak 1. draSTavya - lekhaka kA 'kAvyaguNoM kA zAstrIya vivecana' 2. citravakroktyanuprAsagUDhazleSaprahelikAH / praznottaraM ca yamakamaSTAlaMkRtayo dhvanau // - kezava, alaM0 ze0, 10, 1 3. upamArUpakotpra ekSAH samAsoktirapahna utiH / samAhitaM svabhAvazca virodhaH sAradIpakau // sahoktiranyadezatvaM vizeSoktivibhAvanA / evaM syurarthAlaGkArAzcaturdaza na cApare // - vahI, 11, 1-2 4. mammaTa vizvanAtha Adi ne use zabdAlaGkAra mAnA hai; para ruyyaka Adi ne arthAlaGkAra /

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa . [283 astitva mAnA gayA hai| AcArya daNDI Adi kI prahelikA ke hI vyApaka svarUpa se gUr3ha kI dhAraNA lI gayI hai| spaSTataH, kezava ke sabhI zabdAlaGkAra' pUrvAcAryoM kI mAnyatA ke anurUpa hI kalpita haiN| arthAlaGkAroM meM bhI kisI navIna alaGkAra kI kalpanA nahIM kI gayI hai| upamA ke daza bheda daNDI Adi AcAryoM ke matAnusAra svIkRta haiN| rUpaka ke pA~ca bheda bhI prAcIna AcAryoM kI racanAoM se hI gRhIta haiN| utprekSA kA kevala hetUtprekSA-bheda paribhASita hai| samAsokti ko aprastutaprazaMsA ke samakakSa kara diyA gayA hai| isameM kezava ke anusAra anya vastu ko lakSya kara anya kA kathana hotA hai| kezava ke anya arthAlaGkAra prAcIna AcAryoM ke tattadalaGkAroM se nAma-rUpa kI dRSTi se abhinna haiN| isa vivecana se spaSTa hai ki kezava ke 'alaGkArazekhara' meM kisI navIna alaGkAra kI udbhAvanA nahIM huI hai| kezava kA uddezya alaGkAroM ko saMkSepa meM tathA subodha banA kara prastuta karanA-mAtra thaa| appayya dIkSita bhAratIya alaGkAra-zAstra ke arvAcIna lekhakoM evaM pAThakoM meM appayya dIkSita kI racanAe~ sarvAdhika janapriya siddha huI haiN| hindI ke rIti-AcAryoM ke granthoM meM adhikAMzataH appayya kI alaGkAra-dhAraNA ko hI svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| unakI do racanAoM--'kuvalayAnanda' tathA 'citramImAMsA'-meM se lokapriyatA kI dRSTi se 'kuvalayAnanda' prathama hai| ukta pustaka kI itanI prasiddhi kA kAraNa cintana kI maulikatA nahIM, varan viSaya-vivecana kI spaSTatA aura zailI kI saralatA hai| jayadeva kI alaGkAra-dhAraNA ke vivecana-. krama meM hama yaha dekha cuke haiM ki appayya dIkSita ne unhIM kI dhAraNA kA mukhyataH anusaraNa kiyA hai| vidvAnoM kI yaha mAnyatA bahulAMza meM satya hai ki 'kuvalayAnanda' meM 'candrAloka' kI hI vyAkhyA kI gayI hai| appayya dIkSita ne svayaM bhI ise svIkAra kiyA hai ki unakA alaGkAra-vivecana pUrvAcAryoM 1. anyadevAbhipretyAnyAbhidhAnaM samAsoktiH / saiva cAnyApadeza ityucyate / -kezava, alaM0 ze0, marIci-13, pR0.34 ..

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284 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa ke hI matAnusAra hai| jayadeva kI alaGkAra-dhAraNA ke vivecana-krama meM hamane jina alaGkAroM ke srota kA parIkSaNa kiyA hai, unake nAma-rUpa ko appayya dIkSita ne yathAvat svIkAra kara liyA hai| unake atirikta 'kuvalayAnanda' meM kucha anya alaGkAroM kA bhI lakSaNa-nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai, jo kucha vidvAnoM ke anusAra jayadeva ke 'candrAloka se hI liye gaye haiM tathA kucha ke anusAra appayya ke dvArA udbhAvita haiM / ve alaGkAra haiM :-prastutAGa kura, vyAjanindA, alpa, mithyAdhyavasiti, lalita, anujJA, mudrA, ratnAvalI, vizeSaka, gUDhokti, vivRtokti, yukti, lokokti, nirukti, pratiSedha, aura vidhi / mAlAdIpaka hetu, sUkSma aura leza ke lakSaNa aura vyapadeza prAcIna hI haiM / prastutAGa kura prastutAGa kura kI kalpanA aprastutaprazaMsA ke svarUpa ke AdhAra para kI gayI hai| prAcIna AcAryoM ne aprastuta ke varNana se prastuta kA bodha karAne meM aprastutaprazaMsA kA sadbhAva mAnA thaa| appayya ne prastuta ke varNana se prastuta ke dyotana meM prastuta alaGkAra kI kalpanA kI hai / ' eka ke varNana se anya ke dyotana kI dhAraNA prAcIna AcAryoM se hI lI gayI hai| vyAjanindA vyAjanindA nAmaka navIna alaGkAra kA svarUpa bahuta-kucha vyAjastuti nAmaka prAcIna alaGkAra se milatA-julatA hai| vyAjastuti meM nindAmukhena stuti athavA stutimukhena nindA ke kathana kI kalpanA kI gayI thii| appayya ne nindAmukhena nindA kI vyaJjanA meM vyAjanindA-nAmaka nUtana alaGkAra kI kalpanA kI hai| alpa alpa ke svarUpa kI kalpanA adhika ke vaiparItya ke AdhAra para kI gayI hai| adhika meM pRthula Adheya se AdhAra kA yA pRthu AdhAra se Adheya kA 1. prastutena prastutasyadyotane prstutaangkrH|-appyy, kuvalayAnanda, 67 2. nindAyA nindayA vyaktirvyAjanindeti giiyte|-appyy, kuvalayAnanda,72

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ 285 Adhikya varNita hotA hai / isake viparIta alpa meM sUkSma Adheya se bhI AdhAra kI sUkSmatA kA varNana hotA hai / mithyAdhyavasiti mithyAdhyavasiti kI alaGkAra ke kSetra meM sarvaprathama avatAraNA apyayya dIkSita kI racanA meM hI huI / AcArya bharata ne mithyAdhyavasAya ko lakSaNa mAnA thA / unake ukta lakSaNa se appayya dIkSita ke mithyAdhyavasiti alaGkAra kA svarUpa bhinna nahIM / bharata kI mAnyatA hai ki jahA~ abhUtapUrva artha se usake samAna artha kA nirNaya ho, vahA~ mithyAdhyavasAya nAmaka lakSaNa hotA hai | 2 abhinavagupta ne ukta lakSaNa kI bharata pradatta paribhASA kI vyAkhyA karate hue likhA hai ki isameM apAramArthika yA asatya artha se asatya artha kA nizcaya hotA hai / 3 appayya dIkSita ne mithyAdhyavasiti alaGkAra meM isase milatIjulatI hI dhAraNA vyakta kI hai / unhoMne kahA hai ki jahA~ kucha mithyAtva kI siddhi ke lie mithyA arthAntara kI kalpanA kI jAya, vahA~ mithyAdhyavasiti nAmaka alaGkAra hotA hai / 4 spaSTa hai ki mithyAdhyavasAya yA mithyAdhyavasiti kI dhAraNA prAcIna hai; kevala alaGkAra ke rUpa meM usakI svIkRti navIna hai / lalita lalita alaGkAra kI paribhASA dete hue appayya dIkSita ne kahA hai ki jahA~ prastuta dharmI ke varNanIya vRttAnta kA varNana nahIM kara usake pratibimba-rUpa kisI aprastuta kA varNana kiyA jAya, vahA~ lalita nAmaka alaGkAra hotA hai / nidarzanA se isakA bahuta kama antara hai / paNDitarAja jagannAtha ne yaha mAnA hai ki bahuta kama bheda ke AdhAra para nidarzanA se isakA svatantra astitva 5. 1. alpaM tu sUkSmAdAdheyAdyadAdhArasya sUkSmatA / vahI, 17 2. abhUtapUrvairyatrArthaistatta ulyArthasya nirNayaH / samidhyAdhyavasAyastu procyate kAvyalakSaNam / - bharata, nATyazAstra, 16,16 3. apAramArthikairevArthaistatta ulyasyAvastubhUtasyArthAntarasya yasya vaktRvyApAre sati nizcayaH so'yam / - vahI, abhinava bhAratI pR0 307-8 4. kiJcinmithyAtvasiddhyarthaM mithyArthAntarakalpanam / - appayya, kuvalayAnanda, 127 5. varNyaM syAdvarNyavRttAntapratibimbasya varNanam / - vahI, 128

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286 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNAH vikAsa aura vizleSaNa - kalpita hai / ' ( aprastutaprazaMsA se isakA bheda itanA hI hai ki isameM dharmI prastuta hotA hai / ) isameM sAdRzya anyArtha pratIti kA hetu hotA hai / * zranujJA doSa meM guNa dekha kara doSa kI hI abhyarthanA karane meM anujJA nAmaka alaGkAra kA sadbhAva mAnA gayA hai / 2 AcArya bharata ne doSa kA apasAraNa kara guNa kI yojanA kiye jAne meM kArya lakSaNa mAnA thA / anujJA alaGkAra ke svarUpa kI kalpanA kA srota ukta lakSaNa ke svarUpa meM mAnA jA sakatA hai / mudrA mudrA kI kAvyAlaGkAra ke rUpa meM svIkRti mAtra navIna hai, isakI dhAraNA 'prAcIna hI hai / nATaka meM prakRtArthaparaka pada se sUcya artha kI sUcanA para vicAra hotA rahA thA / vaha nATaka kA tattva kAvya ke alaGkAra ke rUpa meM * svIkAra kara liyA gayA hai / bhoja ne mudrA kI gaNanA zabdAlaGkAra ke rUpa meM kI thI / ratnAvalI jina padArthoM kA sahapATha prasiddha hai unakA prasiddhi krama ke anusAra vinyAsa hone para ratnAvalI nAmaka alaGkAra hotA hai / " udyotakAra ne ise svatantra alaGkAra nahIM mAnA hai / ve rUpaka kA hI isameM saundarya mAna kara ise rUpaka meM antarbhukta mAnate haiM; kintu isameM arthoM kI prasiddhi krama se yojanA para bala 1. nidarzanAlalitayostu svarUpAvailakSaNyaM pradarzitamevetyekAlaGkAratvamevetyAhu: / --jagannAtha rasagaMgAdhara, pR0 765 2. doSasyAbhyarthanAnujJA tatraiva guNadarzanAt / - appayya, kuvalayAnanda, 137 23. yatrApasArayan doSaM guNamarthena yojayet / bhavAdadoSAdvAkAryaM tallakSaNaM viduH / -- bharata, nATyazAstra 16, 37 4. draSTavya--- bhoja, sarasvatI - kaNThAbharaNa, 2, 82 5. kramikaM prakRtArthAnAM nyAsaM ratnAvalIM viduH / - appayya, kuvalayAnanda, 140 6. idamapi na pRthagalaGkArAntaram, yato'tra varNyasya rUpakeNaivopaskAro na tumakRto'pi ityudyotakArAdibhiruktam / -- vahI, alaGkAra- candrikA vyAkhyA, pR0 158

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ 287 * hone se isakA svarUpa kucha navIna avazya hai / bhoja ne krama nAmaka alaGkAra ke aise hI svarUpa kI kalpanA kI thI / / ' vizeSaka 'kuvalayAnanda' meM vizeSa yA vizeSaka ko do bAra bhinna-bhinna rUpa meM paribhASita kiyA gayA hai / prasiddha AdhAra ke binA bhI Adheya kA varNana vizeSa kahA gayA hai, jo dhAraNA mammaTa ke prathama vizeSa kI dhAraNA se abhinna hai / jahA~ do padArthoM meM vaiziSTya kI sphUrti hotI ho, vahA~ bhI vizeSa nAmaka alaGkAra mAnA gayA hai / yaha sAmAnya alaGkAra kA viparItadharmA hai / - spaSTa hai ki isake svarUpa kI kalpanA sAmAnya ke svarUpa ke vaiparItya ke AdhAra para kI gayI hai / gUr3hokti gUDhokti alaGkAra kI paribhASA meM kahA gayA hai ki isameM kisI dUsare ko lakSya kara dUsare se kucha kahA jAtA hai / isakA svabhAva anyokti se itanA milatA-julatA hai ki usase pRthak isake astitva kI kalpanA hI anAvazyaka jAna par3atI hai / kucha logoM ne ise dhvani yA guNIbhUta vyaGagya meM antarbhukta mAnA hai, svatantra alaGkAra nahIM / vivRtokti zabdazaktimUla yA arthazaktimUla gupta artha ko jahA~ kavi yukti se prakAzita karatA ho, vahA~ vivRtokti-nAmaka alaGkAra mAnA gayA hai / " isa alaGkAra meM zabda - zaktimUla evaM arthazaktimUla-dhvani kI dhAraNA ko sameTa liyA gayA hai / vastutaH vivRtokti ko alaGkAra kA eka bheda mAnanA yuktisaGgata nahIM / gupta artha kA AviSkaraNa, prakAzana yA dhvanana dhvani kA vyApAra hai / spaSTataH 1. draSTavya - bhoja, sarasvatI - kaNThAbharaNa, 4, 277 2. appayya, kuvalayAnanda, 66 tathA 148 3. gUDhoktiranyoddazyaM cedyadanyaM prati kathyate / - vahI, 4. nAyaM 154 kvacidguNIbhUtatvAddhvanitvAkAntatvAditi pRthagalaGkAraH, kecit / vahI, TIkA, pR0 170 5. vivRtoktiH zliSTagupta kavinAviSkRtaM yadi / - vahI, 155

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288 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa vivRtokti kI dhAraNA navIna nahIM hai| usakI alaGkAra-rUpa meM svIkRti-mAtra navIna hai / para usakA alaGkAratva asandigdha nhiiN| yukti ___ yukti-nAmaka alaGkAra kA svarUpa vyAjokti-nAmaka prAcIna alaGkAra ke svarUpa se milatA-julatA hai| yukti ke svarUpa-nirdhAraNa ke krama meM kahA gayA hai ki jahA~ apane marma ko chipAne ke lie kriyA ke dvArA dUsare kI vaJcanA kI jAya, vahA~ yukti alaGkAra hotA hai|' vyAjokti se yukti kI svatantra sattA siddha karane ke lie do yuktiyA~ dI gayI haiM:-(1) vyAjokti meM AkAra kA gopana hotA hai, para yukti meM usase anya vastu kA gopana hotA hai, (2) vyAjokti meM tathya kA gopana ukti se hotA hai; para yukti meM kriyA se / 2 tathya ko chipAne kA tathA koI jhUThA bahAnA banA kara dUsare ko vaJcita karane kA prayAsa vyAjokti aura yukti-donoM meM samAna rUpa se hotA hai| isase spaSTa hai ki bahuta sUkSma bheda ke AdhAra para eka alaGkAra se alaga dUsare alaGkAra ke astitva kI kalpanA kI pravRtti se hI yukti kA janma huA hai| lokokti prAcIna AcAryoM ne lokokti ko alaGkAra ke rUpa meM svIkRti nahIM dI thii| kAvya meM loka-pracalita ukti kA prayoga prAcIna kAla se hotA rahA hai| lokokti ke prayoga meM alaGkAratva mAnanA yuktisaGgata nahIM jAna pdd'taa| kAvya kI ukti ko alaGkArya hI mAnA jAnA cAhie / chekokti chekokti kI bhI alaGkAra ke rUpa meM svIkRti navIna hai| lokokti ke arthAntaragarbha prayoga meM prastuta alaGkAra kI sattA mAnI gayI hai| arthAntara kA bodha vyaJjanA-vRtti karAtI hai / isa alaGkAra meM vyaJjanA-vyApAra ko bhI sameTa liyA gayA hai| vyaJjanA-vyApAra se kisI lokokti meM anyArtha-bodha meM prastuta alaGkAra kA sadbhAva svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| prAcIna AcAryoM ne 1. yuktiH parAtisandhAnaM kriyayA marmaguptaye |-appyy, kuvalayAnanda, 156 2. draSTavya--vahI, vRtti, pR0 173 3. chekoktiryatra lokokteH syaadrthaantrgbhitaa| vahI, 158

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ 289 vyaGagya-artha kA tathA vyaJjanA-zakti kA adhyayana alaGkAra se pRthak sandarbha meM kiyA thaa| isIlie unheM aisI ukti meM alaGkAratva kI kalpanA kI AvazyakatA nahIM jAna par3I hogii| lokokti ke prayoga tathA anyArtha kI vyaJjanA kI dhAraNA navIna nahIM hai| nirukti jahA~ arthavizeSa kA abhidhAna karAne vAlI saMjJA se usa artha ke sAtha hI yogavazAt anya artha kA bhI bodha ho, vahA~ nirukti nAmaka alaGkAra mAnA gayA hai|' AcArya bharata ne lakSaNa ke eka nirukta bheda kI kalpanA kI thI aura usake lakSaNa-nirUpaNa-krama meM isase milatI-julatI dhAraNA prakaTa kI thii| isa alaGkAra kI dhAraNA kA mUla ukta lakSaNa ko hI mAnA jA sakatA hai| pratiSedha pratiSedha yA niSedha kI dhAraNA se anyArtha-vyaJjanA kI dhAraNA ko milA kara pratiSedha alaGkAra kI kalpanA kara lI gayI hai| sAmAnya niSedha meM camatkAra nahIM hone se usameM alaGkAratva nahIM hotaa| isameM camatkAra anyArthagabhitA se AtA hai| isameM sarvavidita kA niSedha kiyA jAtA hai| yaha niSedha aprApta kA niSedha hai| aise sthala meM niSedha kA koI artha nahIM hotaa| ataH, kisI zabda-vizeSa ke prayoga se usa niSedha meM antarhita anya artha ko prakaTa kiyA jAtA hai| prAcIna AcAryoM kI dRSTi meM aise sthala meM niSedha se anyArtha kI vyaJjanA hI mAnI jaaygii| vidhi siddha ke hI vidhAna meM vidhi nAmaka alaGkAra mAnA gayA hai|4 isameM bhI cArutA arthAntaragarbhitA meM hI rahatI hai| spaSTataH, yaha bhI vyaJjanA kA hI bheda hai| zobhAkara ne bhI isa alaGkAra kI kalpanA kI thii| 1. niruktiryogato nAmnAmanyArthatvaprakalpanam / -vahI, 164 2. draSTavya-bharata, nATyazAstra 16, 12 tathA usakA pAThAntara pR0 305 3. pratiSedhaH prasiddhasya niSedhasyAnukIrtanam |-appyy, kuvalayAnanda, 165 4. siddhasyaiva vidhAnaM yatamAhurvidhyalaMkRtim |-vhii, 166 16

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290 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa . isa vivecana se spaSTa hai ki 'kuvalayAnanda' meM jina navIna alaGkAroM kA vivecana huA hai unameM se adhikAMza kI svarUpa-kalpanA kA AdhAra prAcIna AcAryoM kI tattat kAvya-tattva-dhAraNA meM hI hai| udAharaNArtha; pratiSedha, vidhi evaM chekokti ke svarUpa kI kalpanA kramazaH niSedha, vidhi tathA lokokti ke sAtha vyaJjanA-zakti kI dhAraNA ko milA kara kI gayI hai| vivRtokti dhvani kI dhAraNA para AdhRta hai| kucha alaGkAra prAcIna AcAryoM ke lakSaNa ke AdhAra para kalpita haiN| mithyAdhyavasiti, nirukti Adi isake udAharaNa haiM, jinakA svarUpa bharata ke kramaza: mithyAdhyavasAya evaM nirukta lakSaNoM ke svarUpa se milatA-julatA hai| anujJA alaGkAra kI kalpanA kArya lakSaNa ke AdhAra para kI gayI hai| ___kucha alaGkAroM ke svarUpa prAcIna alaGkAroM ke svarUpa ke viparyaya ke AdhAra para kalpita haiN| isa prakAra adhika ke viparyaya ke rUpa meM alpa kI kalpanA kI gayI hai| vizeSa sAmAnya ke vaiparItya ke AdhAra para kalpita hai| paravartI AcAryoM meM bhedIkaraNa kI pravRtti adhika hone ke kAraNa prAcIna alaGkAra se atyalpa bheda ke AdhAra para bhI navIna alaGkAra kI kalpanA kara lI gayI hai| phalataH, vyAjastuti se milate-julate svabhAva vAle vyAjanindA alaGkAra ke svatantra astitva kI kalpanA huii| aprastutaprazaMsA ke AdhAra para prastutAGa kura kalpita huA / anyokti yA aprastutaprazaMsA se milate-julate svabhAva vAle gUDhokti kA svatantra astitva svIkRta huA tathA vyAjokti se milate-julate rUpa vAle yukti alaGkAra kI svatantra sattA svIkAra kI gyii| nATaka Adi ke kucha tattvoM ko bhI alaGkAra ke rUpa meM svIkAra kara liyA gayA hai| udAharaNArtha; prakRtArtha-paraka pada se sUcya artha kI sUcanA nATaka kA tattva hai| prAyaH isakA sahArA sUtradhAra nATaka kI avatAraNA meM liyA karatA hai| isake AdhAra para mudrA-nAmaka alaGkAra kI kalpanA kI gayI hai| isa kalpanA meM bhoja kI dhAraNA kA anugamana hai| ____ kucha aise alaGkAra kalpita haiM, jinakA alaGkAratva sandigdha hai| udAharaNArtha; lokokti ko alaGkAra mAnanA samIcIna nahIM jAna pdd'taa| ratnAvalI kI dhAraNA navIna hai|

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa paNDitarAja jagannAtha paNDitarAja jagannAtha ke 'rasagaGgAdhara' meM kAvya ke alaGkAroM kA svarUpa - vivecana maulika rUpa meM huA hai / jisa samaya hindI rIti-sAhitya ke AcArya saMskRta AcAryoM kI alaGkAraviSayaka mAnyatA kA saphala-asaphala anukaraNa kara rahe the, usa samaya paNDitarAja apane gahana cintana aura prakhara medhA se prAcIna mAnyatAoM kA pariSkAra kara alaGkAra ke svarUpa kA nirdhAraNa kara rahe the| jagannAtha kI maulika Alocaka prajJA sarvavidita hai / viSaya ke UhApoha meM, khaNDana - maNDana kI paddhati para apane mata kI sthApanA meM, unakA dArzanika cintana sahAyaka siddha huA hai / hama isa tathya para vicAra kara cuke haiM ki bhAratIya alaGkAra - zAstra meM kucha samaya taka navIna-navIna vyapadeza se alaGkAroM ke vibhinna prakAroM kI kalpanA kI pravRtti rahI; para uttara kAla meM alaGkAroM ke svarUpa kA spaSTIkaraNa hI AlaGkArikoM kA uddezya rahA / paNDitarAja jagannAtha ne kAvya ke alaGkAroM ke sambandha meM pUrvavartI AcAryoM kI mAnyatA kA parIkSaNa kara svatantra rUpa se unake svarUpa kA spaSTIkaraNa kiyA hai / yaha itihAsa kA eka vilakSaNa saMyoga thA ki alaGkAra viSayaka mAnyatAoM kA mUlyAGkana saMskRta alaGkAra - zAstra ke antima AcArya ke dvArA huA -- jaise ve alaGkAra - zAstrIya mImAMsA kA samApana karane ke pUrva usakA punaH parIkSaNa kara lenA cAhate hoM / unhoMne navIna alaGkAroM kI kalpanA nahIM kara pUrva pratipAdita alaGkAroM kA hI svarUpanirUpaNa kiyA hai / [ 261 jagannAtha ke dvArA appayya dIkSita kI 'citramImAMsA' kA kiyA huA khaNDana prasiddha hai / vibhinna alaGkAroM ke viSaya meM pUrvavartI AcAryoM kI mAnyatA ke khaNDana tathA unake viSaya meM apanI mAnyatA kI puSTi meM unake diye hue tarka para hamane vizeSa alaGkAroM ke svarUpa - vikAsa ke adhyayana ke sandarbha meM vicAra kiyA hai / prastuta adhyAya meM hamArA uddezya rasagaGgAdharakAra ke dvArA nirUpita alaGkAroM ke svarUpa kA srota -sandhAna-mAtra hai / 'rasagaGgAdhara' meM zabdazaktimUlaka dhvani ke sandarbha meM kAvya ke alaGkAroM kI svarUpa-mImAMsA kI gayI hai / usameM nimnalikhita alaGkAroM ke svarUpa kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai: ( 1 ) upamA, (2) upameyopamA, (3) ananvaya, (4) asama, (5) udAharaNa, (6) smaraNa, (7) rUpaka, ( 5 ) pariNAma, ( 8 ) sasandeha,

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2e2 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa (10) bhrAntimAn, (11) ullekha, (12) apahnati, (13) utpra ekSA, (14) atizayokti, (15) tulyayogitA, (16) dIpaka, (17) prativastUpamA, (18) dRSTAnta, (19) nidarzanA, ( 20 ) vyatireka, (21) sahokti, (22) vinokti, (23) samAsokti, (24) parikara, (25) zleSa, (26) aprastutaprazaMsA, (27) paryAyokta, (28) vyAjastuti, (26) AkSepa, (30) virodha, (31) vibhAvanA, (32) vizeSokti, (33) asaGgati, (34) viSama, (35) sama, (36) vicitra, (37) adhika, (38) anyonya, ( 36 ) vizeSa, ( 40 ) vyAghAta, (41) kAraNamAlA, (42) ekAvalI, (43) sAra, (44) kAvyaliGga, (45) arthAntaranyAsa, (46) anumAna, (47) yathAsaMkhya, (48) paryAya, (49) parivRtti, (05) parisaMkhyA, (51) arthApatti, (52) vikalpa, (53) samuccaya, (54) samAdhi, (55) pratyanIka, (56) pratIpa, (57) prauDhokti, (58) lalita, (59) praharSaNa, (60) viSAdana, (61) ullAsa, (62) avajJA, (63) anujJA, (64) tiraskAra, (65) leza, (66) tadguNa, (67) atadguNa, (68) mIlita, ( 6 ) sAmAnya aura ( 70 ) uttara / prastuta alaGkAra-tAlikA se spaSTa hai ki paNDitarAja jagannAtha ne bahulAMzataH pUrvavartI AcAryoM ke dvArA vivecita alaGkAroM kA hI svarUpanirUpaNa kiyA hai / hama dekha cuke haiM ki jagannAtha kA uddezya navIna alaGkAroM kI udbhAvanA karanA nahIM, prAcIna alaGkAroM ke svarUpa kA hI vizadIkaraNa thA / jagannAtha ne 'asama' ke sandarbha meM ratnAkara kA mata uddhRta kiyA hai / ataH 'asama' nAma ko bhI jagannAtha kI kalpanA nahIM mAnA jA sakatA / udAharaNa alaGkAra bhI 'alaGkAraratnAkara' se hI gRhIta hai / 2 prAcIna AcAryoM ne isakI svatantra sattA nahIM mAna kara isake svarUpa kA vivecana upamA ke antargata hI kiyA hai / svayaM paNDitarAja jagannAtha ne isa tathya kA ullekha kiyA hai / 3 "rasagaGgAdhara' meM eka navIna alaGkAra kA ullekha hai / vaha haitiraskAra | yaha appayya dIkSita ke anujJAlaGkAra kA viparItadharmA hai / anujJA 1. api tvasamAlaGkAra iti ratnAkareNoktam / --jagannAtha, rasagaGgAdhara 2, pR0 334 2. tulanIya - zobhAkara, alaGkAra ratnAkara pR0 13 tathA rasagaGgAdhara, pR0 336 3. prAzvastu nAyamalaGkAro'tiriktaH / upamayaiva gatArthatvAt / --jagannAtha, rasagaGgAdhara, pR0 340-1

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [293 meM sadoSa vastu meM guNa kI kalpanA kara usakI spRhA kI jAtI hai, siraskAra meM isake viparIta prasiddha guNa vAlI vastu meM doSa kI kalpanA kara use avAJchanIya batAyA jAtA hai / ' AcArya bharata ne garhaNa nAmaka lakSaNa meM doSa meM guNa tathA guNa meM doSa-pradarzana kI kalpanA kI thii| tiraskAra kI kalpanA kA mUla ukta lakSaNa meM mAnA jA sakatA hai| jagannAtha ke zeSa alaGkAra prAcIna hI haiN| ___ isa vivecana se spaSTa hai ki paNDitarAja ne alaGkAra-vivecana meM jina uktibhaGgiyoM kI kalpanA kI hai, unase prAcIna AcArya anabhijJa nahIM the| vizvezvara paNDita paNDitarAja jagannAtha ke bAda saMskRta sAhityazAstra meM maulika cintana kI pravRtti samApta ho gyii| unake bAda ke AcAryoM kA uddezya sAhitya ke vibhinna aGgoM ko subodha banA kara saMskRta ke adhyetAoM ke lie prastuta karanAmAtra raha gayA / vizvezvara paNDita aise hI AcAryoM meM se eka the| unhoMne tIna granthoM meM alaGkAra ke svarUpa kA vivecana kiyA hai| 'alaGkAra kaustubha', 'alaGkAra-muktAvalI' tathA 'alaGkAra-pradIpa'; ina tIna granthoM meM alaGkAra ke svarUpa-vivecana meM unakA uddezya spaSTa hai| vibhinna staroM ke pAThakoM kI ruci aura yogyatA kA dhyAna rakha kara unhoMne ukta tIna granthoM kI racanA kI hai| 'alaGkAra-muktAvalI' alaGkAra-zAstra meM praveza karane vAle pAThakoM ke lie likhI gayI thii| 'alaGkAra-kaustubha'meM ekasaTha alaGkAroM kA vizada nirUpaNa kiyA gyaa| 'alaGkArapradIpa' meM eka sau unnIsa alaGkAroM kA vivecana kiyA gyaa| 'alaGkArakaustubha' meM vizvezvara ne ekasaTha alaGkAroM kI sattA svIkAra kara pUrvavartI AcAryoM ke dvArA pratipAdita anya pacIsa alaGkAroM meM se kucha kA unhIM meM antarbhAva mAnA hai tathA kucha ke alaGkAratva kA khaNDana kiyA hai| yaha vilakSaNa bAta hai ki eka hI AcArya eka grantha meM eka sau unnIsa alaGkAroM kA vivecana kare aura dUsare grantha meM unameM se aneka ke alaGkAratva kA athavA 1. evaM doSavizeSAnubandhAdguNatvena prasiddhasyApi dvaSastiraskAraH / -vahI, pR0 807 2. draSTavya-bharata, nA0 zA0, abhinava bhAratI meM uddhRta, pR0 315

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294 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa kucha ke svatantra astitva kA khaNDana kre| isakA kAraNa cintana kI aparipakvatA yA AtmavizvAsa kA abhAva hI ho sakatA hai| 'alaGkAra-kaustubha' meM nimnalikhita pacIsa alaGkAroM ke svatantra astitva kA yA alaGkAratva kA khaNDana kiyA gayA hai:-anuguNa, alpa, asambhava, AnukUlya, unmIlita, ullekha, nimIlita, nizcaya, parikarAGka ra, pariNAma, pUrvarUpa, prastutAGkara, praharSaNa, praur3hokti, mithyAdhyavasiti, yukti, lalita, leza, vikasvara, vicitra, vitarka, vizeSa, viSAda, sambhAvanA aura hetu / / 'alaGkAra-pradIpa' meM sUtra-zailI meM 'kuvalayAnanda' ke mudrA ko chor3a zeSa sabhI alaGkAroM kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| isake atirikta vizvanAtha ke 'sAhitya-darpaNa' se anukUla,jagannAtha ke 'rasagaGgAdhara' se tiraskAra aura zobhAkara ke 'alaGkAra-ratnAkara' se nizcaya alaGkAra gRhIta haiN| saMskRta-AcAryoM kI racanAoM ke sAtha vizvezvara ne hindI rIti-AcAryoM kI racanAoM kA bhI upayoga kiyA hai| spaSTataH, vizvezvara paNDita kI racanAoM meM alaGkAra-viSayaka koI maulika udbhAvanA nahIM huI hai| acyutarAya acyutarAya ne saMskRta alaGkAra-zAstra kA manthana kara sAhitya kA sAra prastuta karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| acyuta kA kAla ( aThArahavIM zatAbdI kA uttarArdha tathA unnIsavIM kA pUrvArdha ) pUrvAcAryoM ke sAhitya-siddhAnta-sAgara ke manthana kA hI kAla thA, svatantra kalpanA kA kAla nhiiN| 'sAhityasAra' ke kaustubharatna evaM kAmadhenuratna meM kramazaH arthAlaGkAroM evaM zabdAlaGkAroM kA vivecana hai / zabda ke cheka, zra ti tathA lATa anuprAsa evaM yamaka kA vivecana huA hai / artha ke eka sau alaGkAroM kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai / alaGkAroM ke lakSaNa adhikatara 'kuvalayAnanda' ke adhAra para diye gaye haiN| 'sAhitya-sAra' meM kisI navIna alaGkAra kI udbhAvanA nahIM kI gayI hai| hA~, alaGkAroM ke adhikAdhika bhedoM kI sthApanA kA prayAsa avazya kiyA gayA hai| bhedIkaraNa meM bhI prAcIna AcAryoM kI mAnyatAoM kA hI sahArA liyA gayA hai|

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa . [295 saMskRta meM alaGkAra-nirUpaNa karane vAle AcAryoM kI eka sudIrgha paramparA rahI hai| aneka AcAryoM ne pUrvAcAryoM ke dvArA svIkRta alaGkAroM kA lakSaNanirUpaNa kiyA hai| aise gauNa AcAryoM kI eka lambI sUcI DaoN0 De ne dI hai|' jina AlaGkArikoM kA alaGkAra-dhAraNA ke vikAsa meM maulika yogadAna nahIM, unakI kRtiyoM kI samIkSA prastuta sandarbha meM aprAsaGgika samajha kara chor3a dI gayI hai| niSkarSa saMskRta-alaGkAra-zAstra meM kAvyAlaGkAra-dhAraNA ke vikAsa-krama ke isa adhyayana se nimnalikhita niSkarSa prApta hote haiM : AcArya bharata ke uparAnta kAvya ke alaGkAroM kI saMkhyA meM kramika vRddhi hotI gayI hai| bharata ke cAra alaGkAroM kI jagaha paravartI AcAryoM kI kRtiyoM meM zatAdhika alaGkAroM kI kalpanA kara lI gayI hai| ___ yadyapi adhikAMza paravartI AcAryoM meM alaGkAroM kI saMkhyA ke prasAra kI pravRtti hI adhikatara pAyI jAtI hai; para kucha AcAryoM ne samaya-samaya para alaGkAroM kI saMkhyA ke anAvazyaka prasAra kA virodha kara saMkhyA ko parimita karane kA bhI AyAsa kiyA hai| vAmana, kuntaka Adi AcAryoM kA prayAsa isa dRSTi se draSTavya hai| alaGkAroM kI saMkhyA kI prasRti evaM parimiti kA kAraNa alaGkAroM ke sambandha meM AcAryoM ke dRSTikoNa meM mUlabhUta antara rahA hai| kuntaka ne alaGkAra evaM alaGkArya ke bIca spaSTa vibhAjaka-rekhA khIMca kara pUrvavartI AcAryoM ke kucha alaGkAroM ko alaGkArya siddha kara alaGkAra ke kSetra se bahiSkRta kara diyA / vAmana Adi AcAryoM ne kevala aupamyagarbha alaGkAroM kI hI sattA svIkAra kara anya alaGkAroM kA alaGkAratva asvIkAra kara diyA hai| kevala aupamyamUlaka alaGkAroM kA sadbhAva mAnanA yuktisaGgata nhiiN| virodhamUlaka, kramamUlaka Adi alaGkAroM kA alaGkAratva bhI upekSaNIya nhiiN| alaGkAra aura alaGkArya ke bIca vyAvahArika dRSTi se vibhAjaka-rekhA avazya honI caahie| aneka AcAryoM ne kAvya ke varNya ko bhI alaGkAra 1. draSTavya-DaoN0 De, Hist. of skt. Poetics khaNDa 1

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296 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa meM parigaNita kara liyA hai| alaGkAra kAvyokti ko alaGkata karate haiM / ataH alaGkAra aura alaGkArya kA bheda-nirUpaNa upakSaNIya nhiiN| ___ alaGkAroM ke saMkhyA-prasAra kA pramukha kAraNa yaha hai ki nATyAcArya bharata ke dvArA vivecita chattIsa lakSaNa apanI saMttA visarjita kara dhIre-dhIre kucha parivartana ke sAtha alaGkAra ke kSetra meM avatarita hote gaye haiN| kucha lakSaNa to apane aparivartita svarUpa meM hI alaGkAra ke rUpa meM svIkAra kara liye gaye haiN| alaGkAra aura lakSaNa meM svarUpagata itanA sAmya thA ki aneka lakSaNoM kA tattva lekara navIna-navIna alaGkAroM kI sRSTi kara lI gayI aura nATaka kA vaha tattva 'lakSaNa' apanI sattA kho baitthaa| bhAratIya sAhitya-zAstra ke samartha samIkSaka abhinavagupta-pAda ne to yahA~ taka kaha diyA hai ki alaGkAroM kI saMkhyA lakSaNoM ke yoga se hI bar3hatI gayI hai|' eka lakSaNa kA kisI alaGkAra se tathA eka lakSaNa kA kisI dUsare lakSaNa se yoga alaGkAra-vizeSa kI kalpanA meM avazya sahAyaka siddha huA hai| phira bhI, AcArya abhinava kI yaha mAnyatA kiJcit pariSkAra ke sAtha hI svIkAra kI jA sakatI hai| yaha ThIka hai ki adhikAMza alaGkAroM kA mUla lakSaNoM meM pAyA jA sakatA hai; para aise bhI alaGkAra paravartI AcAryoM kI kRtiyoM meM pAye jAte haiM, jinakA mUla lakSaNoM meM nahIM pAyA jA sakatA / abhinava ke pUrva bhI aise aneka alaGkAra pracalita the, jinakA mUla lakSaNa meM nhiiN| abhinava gupta ne sambhavataH vAmana ke alaGkAroM ko dRSTi meM rakhate hue ukta mAnyatA prakaTa kI thii| ataH, unhoMne anya alaGkAroM kI upekSA kara dI hogii| alaGkAra-zAstra ke Adhunika AlocakoM ne paravartI AcAryoM kI racanAoM meM alaGkAroM ke saMkhyAdhikya ko dekha kara usakI tulanA meM bharata Adi AcAryoM kI kRtiyoM meM alaGkAra kI saMkhyA kI alpatA dekhate hue yaha mAna liyA hai ki Arambha meM alaGkAra-zAstra avikasita thaa| dhIre-dhIre usakA vikAsa hotA gayA hai| hamArI vinamra mAnyatA yaha yaha hai ki bharata Adi prAcIna AcArya bhI kAvya kI vividha uktibhaGgiyoM se anabhijJa nahIM the| lakSaNa meM aneka uktibhaGgiyoM para vicAra karane ke kAraNa unhoMne alaGkAroM kI utanI kama saMkhyA svIkAra kI thii| paravartI AcAryoM kI bhedIkaraNa kI pravRtti ke kAraNa bhI alaGkAroM kI saMkhyA meM vRddhi hotI gyii| eka alaGkAra se bahuta sUkSma bheda ke AdhAra para dUsare 1. draSTavya-nATyazAstra kI abhinava-kRta abhinavabhAratI vyAkhyA pR0 317 tathA 321

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- alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ 297 -svatantra alaGkAra kI kalpanA paravartI AcAryoM ne kara lI hai| isa taraha prAcIna AcAryoM ke eka lakSaNa yA eka alaGkAra ke sAmAnya svarUpa meM hI paravartI AcAryoM ke aneka alaGkAroM kI sambhAvanA bIja-rUpa meM pAyI jA sakatI hai| lakSaNa ke atirikta guNa Adi kI dhAraNA ke AdhAra para bhI pIche cala kara navIna alaGkAroM kI kalpanA kara lI gayI hai| kucha nATaka Adi ke aGgabhUta tattva bhI alaGkAra ke AvirbhAva meM sahAyaka hue haiN| mudrA-jaise alaGkAra kI kalpanA isakA udAharaNa hai / darzana Adi meM vivecita kAvyetara tattva bhI kAvyAlaGkAra kI kalpanA meM sahAyaka hue haiN| isa prakAra nyAyamUlaka alaGkAroM kI kAvya-kSetra meM avatAraNA darzana ke kSetra se huI hai| bhoja ne rIti, vRtti Adi kAvya-tattvoM ko alaGkAra ke rUpa meM parigaNita kara liyA hai| yaha mAnyatA nirdhAnta nhiiN| isake pIche bhoja kA saMkhyAvizeSa ke prati moha hI hetu hai| isIlie bhoja ke paravartI AcAryoM ne rIti, vRtti Adi ko alaGkAra nahIM mAna kara svatantra kAvya-tattva mAnA hai / - kucha AcAryoM dvArA alaGkAra-vizeSa ke alaGkAratva kA khaNDana kiye jAne para bhI vaha alaGkAra paravartI AcAryoM ke dvArA svIkRta hotA rahA hai| udAharaNArtha; kuntaka ne alaGkAra aura alaGkArya kA bheda spaSTa karate hue -svabhAvokti Adi ko alaGkArya siddha kiyA thaa| phira bhI paramparA kA anusaraNa karate hue prAyaH sabhI AlaGkArikoM ne svabhAvokti ko alaGkAra mAna liyA hai| spaSTa hai ki alaGkAra aura alaGkArya ke bIca spaSTa vibhAjakarekhA nahIM rahane ke kAraNa bhI alaGkAroM kI saMkhyA kA itanA prasAra hotA gayA / uktibhaGgI se Arambha hokara alaGkAra kA kSetra varNya-vastu taka phaila gyaa| isa prakAra udAtta, bhAvika Adi bhI alaGkAra bana gye| varNya-vastu meM alaGkArasva mAnane meM do mata ho sakate haiN| vizeSa manobhAvoM ke AdhAra para bhI kucha alaGkAroM ke svarUpa kI kalpanA kI gyii| praharSaNa, viSAdana Adi isake udAharaNa haiN| AcArya bharata se lekara paNDitarAja jagannAtha taka nimnalikhita alaGkAroM kI kalpanA kI gayI hai :

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298 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa zabdAlaGkAra __ yamaka, anuprAsa (chekAnuprAsa, lATAnuprAsa Adi) punaruktavadAbhAsa, vakrokti. zleSa, citra, bandha, bhASAsama, jAti, gati, rIti, vRtti, chAyA, mudrA, ukti, yukti, bhaNiti, gumphanA, zayyA, paThiti, vAkovAkya, prahelikA, gUr3ha, praznottara, adhyeya, zravya, prekSya aura abhineya / citra, bandha, prahelikA Adi kA vivecana kucha AcAryoM ne yamaka ke bheda ke rUpa meM kiyA hai; kintu anya AcAryoM ne unheM svatantra alaGkAra mAnA hai / bhASAsama se abhineya taka parigaNita alaGkAroM ko alaGkAra-zAstra ke bahuta kama AcAryoM ne svIkAra kiyA hai| unameM rIti, vRtti Adi to kAvya ke svatantra tattva hI haiN| zravya, prakSya Adi ko alaGkAra mAnane meM koI yukti nhiiN| isa prakAra nimnalikhita zabdAlaGkAra hI AlaGkArikoM ko bahumAnya hue haiM :-yamaka, anuprAsa, punaruktavadAbhAsa, vakrokti tathA zleSa / citra, bandha prahelikA Adi ko-jinameM vargoM ke viziSTa gumpha se camatkAra utpanna kiyA jAtA hai--anuprAsa, yamaka Adi kA bheda mAnanA hI samIcIna hai| arthAlaGkAra upamA, rUpaka, dIpaka, prativastUpamA, AkSepa, arthAntaranyAsa, vyatireka yA bheda, vibhAvanA, samAsokti, atizayokti, yathAsaMkhya yA krama, utprekSA, svabhAvokti yA jAti yA svarUpa, preya, rasavat, UrjasvI, paryAyokta, samAhita, udAtta, zliSTa, apaha nuti, vizeSokti, virodha, tulyayogitA, aprastutaprazaMsA, vyAjastuti, nidarzanA, upamArUpaka, upameyopamA, sahokti, parivRtti, sasandeha, ananvaya, utprekSAvayava, bhAvika, AzIH, hetu, sUkSma, leza, kAvyaliGga, dRSTAnta, vyAjokti, samuccaya, bhAva, paryAya, viSama, anumAna, parikara, parisaMkhyA, kAraNamAlA, anyonya, uttara, sAra, udArasAra, avasara, mIlita, ekAvalI, mata, pratIpa, ubhayanyAsa, bhrAntimAn, pratyanIka, pUrva, sAmya, smaraNa, vizeSa, tadguNa, adhika, viSama, asaGgati, pihita, vyAghAta, ahetu, sambhava, vitarka, pratyakSa, anumAna, Aptavacana yA Agama, upamAna, arthApatti, abhAva, samAdhyukti, prazasti, kAnti, aucitya, saMkSepa, yAvadarthatA, abhivyakti, sama, mAlAdIpaka, vinokti, sAmAnya, atadguNa, pariNAma, ullekha, vicitra, arthApatti, vikalpa, pratIpopamA, unmIlita, parikararAGkara, prauDhokti, sambhAvanA, praharSaNa, viSAdana, vikasvara, asambhava, ullAsa, pUrvarUpa, anuguNa, anukUla,

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ 296 avajJA, bhAvikacchavi, atyukti, prastutAGkara, vyAjanindA, alpa, mithyA--- dhyavasiti, lalita, anujJA, mudrA, ratnAvalI, vizeSaka, gUDhokti, vivRtokti, yukti, lokokti, chekokti, nirukti, pratiSedha, vidhi, asama, udAharaNa, tiraskAra saMsRSTi aura saGkara / zobhAkara mitra ne aneka navIna vyapadeza vAle alaGkAroM" kI kalpanA kI, jinameM se asama, udAharaNa Adi kucha alaGkAra hI pIche svIkRti pA ske| uparilikhita alaGkAroM meM kucha ke ekAdhika svarUpa vivecita haiN| isa prakAra samAna saMjJA hone para bhI unakA pRthaka-pRthak astitva svIkAra kiyA. gayA hai| udAharaNArtha; rudraTa ke vAstava-vargagata samuccaya se unake aupamya- . vargagata samuccaya kA svarUpa bhinna hai| unake uttara ke bhI do rUpa haiM-vAstava. tathA aupamya, aura ve donoM eka dUsare se sarvathA svatantra haiN| aupamyamUlaka pUrva ke svarUpa ko rudraTa ne atizaya-mUlaka pUrva se bhinna mAnA hai| isa prakAra ukta samuccaya, uttara aura pUrva alaGkAra nAmnA tIna haiM kintu svarUpa-dRSTyA vastutaH unakI saMkhyA chaha ho jAtI hai| Upara jitane zabdAlaGkAroM evaM arthAlaGkAroM ke nAma ginAye gaye haiM, unheM samagrataH saMskRta alaGkAra-zAstra ke kisI bhI eka AcArya ne svIkAra nahIM kiyA hai| 'kuvalayAnanda' meM alaGkAroM kI bahuta adhika saMkhyA svIkRta hai; phira bhI lagabhaga savA sau alaGkAroM kA hI astitva usameM svIkRta hai| bhoja tathA agnipurANakAra ke dvArA kalpita aneka alaGkAra AcAryoM kI svIkRti nahIM pA ske| upamA, rUpaka, dIpaka, yamaka Adi alaGkAra kAvyazAstra ke Arambha se lekara anta taka nirvivAda rUpa se sabhI AcAryoM ke dvArA svIkRta hue haiN| upamArUpaka, upameyopamA Adi kA svatantra astitva mAnane meM AcAryoM meM mataikya kA abhAva rahA hai| kucha AcArya upameyopamA ko upamA-bheda mAnate haiM to kucha usakI svatantra sattA ke pakSapAtI haiN| alaGkAroM kI saMkhyA kA prasAra ho jAne para AcAryoM ne unake vargIkaraNa kA prayAsa kiyA hai| vibhinna AcAryoM ne bhinna-bhinna AdhAra para unakA vargIkaraNa kiyA hai| isa prakAra sAdRzya, virodha evaM zRGkhalA Adi ke

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300 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa AdhAra para alaGkAroM kA vargIkaraNa huA to dUsarI ora vAstava, aupamya, atizaya evaM zleSa vargoM meM unheM vibhAjita kiyA gyaa|' udgama-srota kI dRSTi se saMskRta-alaGkAra-zAstra meM vivecita kAvyAlaGkAroM ko nimnalikhita vargoM meM vibhAjita kiyA jA sakatA haiM : (ka) lakSaNa se AvirbhUta, (kha) rIti, vRtti Adi kAvya-tattvoM se samudbhUta, (ga) guNa se niHsRta, (gha) anya nATya-tattvoM ke AdhAra para kalpita, (Ga) darzana Adi kAvyetara zAstra ke kSetra se kAvya-kSetra meM avatarita (ca) alaGkAra-vizeSa se bahuta sUkSma bheda ke AdhAra para usase svatantra rUpa meM kalpita, (cha) alaGkAra-vizeSa ke viparyayAtmaka rUpa meM kalpita, (ja) samayasamaya para vizeSa AcAryoM ke dvArA udbhAvita navIna alaGkAra, jinameM se kucha kA alaGkAratva asandigdha hai; para kucha kA sandigdha, (jha) rasa, bhAva Adi kI dhAraNA se AvirbhUta, (Ja) aucitya kI dhAraNA para AdhRta tathA (Ta) zabdazaktiyoM para avalambita / (1) lakSaNa se AvirbhUta :-lakSaNa ke sAtha lakSaNa, guNa, alaGkAra Adi ke yoga se aneka alaGkAroM kI rUpa-racanA huI hai| AcArya abhinava ne alaGkAroM kI saMkhyA-prasRti kA pradhAna hetu ise hI mAnA thaa| saMskRta kAvya-zAstra meM kalpita nimnalikhita alaGkAroM kA mUla lakSaNa meM haiM :-praya, virodha, AkSepa, arthAntaranyAsa, vyatireka, vyAjastuti, samAsokti, atizayokti, apahna ti, tulyayogitA, aprastutaprazaMsA, nidarzanA, sandeha, udAtta, hetu, sUkSma, leza, dRSTAnta, virodhAbhAsa, bhAva, anumAna, parikara, parisaMkhyA, uttara, avasara (eka prakAra), aupamyavargagata mata, uttara, bhrAntimAn, sambhava, mithyAdhyavasiti, nirukti, lalita aura anujJA / (2) roti, vRtti Adi kAvyatattvoM se samudbhUta :-bhoja ne rIti, vRtti Adi ko bhI kAvyAlaGkAra ke rUpa meM parigaNita kara liyA hai| yaha mAnyatA samIcIna nhiiN| rIti, vRtti Adi alaGkAra se svatantra kAvyAGga haiN| isIlie bhoja kI isa mAnyatA ko alaGkArazAstra meM samarthana prApta nahIM ho sakA / bhaNiti, zayyA, gumphanA Adi bhI aise hI alaGkAra haiN| 1. rudraTa ne vAstava, aupamya, atizaya evaM zleSa vargoM meM alaGkAroM kA vibhAjana kiyA hai| sAdRzya, virodha tathA zRGkhalA Adi ke AdhAra para alaGa kAroM ke vargIkaraNa kA prayAsa ruyyaka Adi ne kiyaa|

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ 301 : (3) guNa-dhAraNA se niHsRta : svabhAvokti, atyukti, bhAvika tathA avasara (eka bheda) alaGkAroM kA mUla guNadhAraNA meM hai / agnipurANakAra ne prazasti, kAnti, aucitya, saMkSepa aura yAvadarthatA kI gaNanA alaGkAra ke rUpa meM kara lI hai / bhoja ne inheM guNa mAnA thA | aucitya ko vastutaH na to guNa mAnA jA sakatA hai, na alaGkAra / vaha guNa, alaGkAra Adi kA prANabhUta kAvya kA svatantra hI tattva hai / (4) nATya-kSetra se alaGkAra ke kSetra meM avatarita : - mudrA kI kalpanA nATaka-tattva ke AdhAra para kI gayI hai / prakSyatva ko bhI kucha AcAryoM ne alaGkAra mAna liyA hai / yaha ucita nahIM / prakSyatva nATaka kA Avazyaka dharma hai, jisake abhAva meM rUpaka kI racanA kA uddezya hI viphala ho jAtA hai / (5) anya kAvya-tattvoM se AvirbhUta :- - zravyatva, adhyeyatva Adi kAvya ke sAmAnya dharma kI gaNanA bhI kAvyAlaGkAra ke rUpa meM kara lI gayI hai; kintu isa kalpanA ko adhikAMza AlaGkArikoM ne svIkAra nahIM kiyA hai / (6) darzana ke kSetra se kAvyAlaGkAra ke kSetra meM avatarita : smaraNa, pratyakSa, anumAna Adi chaha pramANa, vitarka, arthApatti, vikalpa tathA ukti ke vidhi niyama aura parisaMkhyA bheda kI dhAraNA darzana se lI gayI hai aura inheM kucha AlaGkArikoM ne alaGkAra ke rUpa meM parigaNita kara liyA hai / (7) alaGkAra-1 ra - vizeSa se sUkSma bheda ke AdhAra para kalpita svatantra alaGkAra :- - alaGkAra - zAstra ke paravartI kAla ke AcAryoM meM bhedIkaraNa kI pravRtti adhika hone se thor3e-thor3e bheda ke AdhAra para svatantra alaGkAroM kI kalpanA kI jAne lagI / isa prakAra kisI pUrva pratipAdita alaGkAra se hI dUsare alaGkAra kA janma huA / isa varga ke alaGkAra haiM: - anuprAsa, ananvaya, upameyopamA, utpra ekSA, AvRtti, citra, pUrva, pratIpa, ubhayanyAsa, sAmya, atizaya -- vargagata pUrvaM tadguNa kA eka bheda, vyAghAta, ahetu, mAlAdIpaka, ullekha, sambhAvanA, viSAdana, pratIpopamA, bhAvikacchavi, anuguNa, parikarAGakura, vikasvara, asambhava, prauDhokti, nizcaya, pratiSedha, vidhi, chekokti, vyAjanindA, prastutAGa, kura, gUDhokti tathA yukti / (8) alaGkAra - vizeSa ke viparIta svabhAva : - sAmAnya, atadguNa, unmIlita tathA alpa Adi isa varga meM Ate haiM / inake svarUpa kI kalpanA

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302 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa kramazaH vizeSa, tadguNa, mIlita evaM adhika Adi ke vaiparItya ke AdhAra para kI gayI hai| (9) rasa-bhAva Adi kI dhAraNA para avalambita :-alaGkAraprasthAna ke kucha AcAryoM ne rasa-bhAva Adi ko bhI alaGkAra ke kSetra meM samAviSTa kara diyA hai| rasavat, preya, UrjasvI Adi kA sambandha rasa, bhAva Adi se hai| rasa, bhAva Adi kI prAcIna mAnyatA meM hI alaGkAratva kI kalpanA pIche cala kara kara lI gayI hai / (10) aucitya-dhAraNA se AvirbhUta :-bhoja kA bhASaucitya alaGkAra aucitya kA hI eka prakAra hai| aucitya ko alaGkAra mAnanA 'ucita nhiiN| (11) zabdazakti kI dhAraNA para AdhRta :-mudrA, vivRtokti Adi alaGkAra ke mUla meM zabdazakti kI dhAraNA nihita hai / (12) maulika alaGkAraH-saMskRta-alaGkAra-zAstra meM bharata ke paravartI AcAryoM ne samaya-samaya para jina maulika alaGkAroM kI udbhAvanA kI hai, ve nimnalikhita haiN| unako do vargoM meM prastuta karanA ucita hogA--(ka) aMzataH maulika varga meM tathA (kha) pUrNa maulika varga meN| aMzataH maulika alaGkAra ve haiM, jinake svarUpa kI kalpanA kI kucha sambhAvanA to bharata Adi prAcIna AcAryoM ke lakSaNa, guNa, alaGkAra Adi meM hI thI, para unake svarUpa kI kalpanA kucha svatantra rUpa se bhI huI hai / pUrNataH maulika varga meM ve alaGkAra rakhe gaye haiM, jinake svarUpa kA saGketa 'nATyazAstra' meM kahIM nahIM miltaa| (ka) zliSTa, sahokti, parivRtti, bhAvika, vAstava-varga ke paryAya; parivRtti, sUkSma, atizaya, tadguNa; aupamya-vargagata sahokti aura AkSepa; pariNAma aura lokokti / (kha) vakrokti, vibhAvanA, vizeSokti, paryAyokti, samAhita, punaruktavadAbhAsa, vyAjokti, yathAsaMkhya, vAstava-vargagata samuccaya, viSama, kAraNamAlA, anyonya, sAra, mIlita, ekAvalI tathA paryAya kA eka prakAra; aupamya-vargagata pratyanIka; atizaya-vargagata vizeSa, adhika, viSama, asaGgati, pihita tathA tadguNa kA eka prakAra; arthAnuprAsa, ullAsa, pUrvarUpa, praharSaNa, avajJA, ratnAvalI, vicitra Adi pUrNa maulika alaGkAra haiN| inameM se vibhAvanA, vizeSokti paryAyokti, samAhita aura yathAsaMkhya kI udbhAvanA kA zra ya bhAmaha ko; samuccaya se tadguNa taka ke alaGkAroM kI udbhAvanA kA zreya rudraTa ko;

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA vikAsa [ 303 vyAjokti kI kalpanA kA zreya vAmana ko; ullAsa, pUrvarUpa, praharSaNa evaM avajJA kI udbhAvanA kA zreya jayadeva ko aura ratnAvalI kI kalpanA kA zreya appayya dIkSita ko hai / punaruktavadAbhAsa kI udbhAvanA udbhaTa ne kI thii| vicitra ruyyaka kI kalpanA hai| spaSTa hai ki sabhI samartha AlaGkArikoM ne alaGkAroM ke navIna-navIna svarUpa kI kalpanA kA prayAsa kiyA hai| bharata ke bAda bhAmaha aura daNDI ke kAla taka jina alaGkAroM kI kalpanA huI, unameM se adhikAMza kA svarUpa bharata ke lakSaNa, alaGkAra, guNa Adi ke tattva se banA hai / sambhavataH unhIM alaGkAroM ko lakSya kara abhinava gupta ke guru bhaTTa tauta ne kahA thA ki lakSaNoM ke yoga se alaGkAroM meM vaicitrya AtA hai| abhinava ke bAda bhI bahuta-se alaGkAroM ke svarUpa, lakSaNa, alaGkAra Adi ke tattvoM ke yoga se kalpita hue haiN|

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tRtIya adhyAya hindI rIti-sAhitya meM alaGkAra-viSayaka udbhAvanAe~ aura unakA srota hindI meM alaGkAra-zAstra kI sudIrgha paramparA pAyI jAtI hai| hindIsAhitya ke usa kAla-khaNDa meM, jise 'rIti kAla' kI saMjJA se abhihita kiyA gayA hai, alaGkAra kA vivecana hI pradhAna hai| kAvya ke anya aGgoM-rasa, zabda-zakti, rIti, guNa, doSa, Adi kA bhI vivecana hindI rIti-sAhitya meM haA hai; kintu rIti-kAla meM kAvyAGga-vivecana meM pradhAnatA alaGkAravivecana kI hI rahI hai| saMskRta meM bhI alaGkAra-rahita kAvya kI kalpanA ko zItala agni kI-sI anucita kalpanA mAnane vAle AcArya hue haiN|' hama yaha dekha cuke haiM ki saMskRta-sAhitya-zAstra meM alaGkAra-prasthAna ke samarthaka AcAryoM kI eka sazakta paramparA rahI hai; kintu rasa-dhvani-prasthAna kI sthApanA ke bAda alaGkAra-prasthAna kI lokapriyatA kSINa par3a gyii| dhvanidhvaMsa-prasthAna ke AcAryoM kA prayAsa saphala nahIM ho skaa| Anandavardhana, mammaTa Adi AcAryoM kI tarkapuSTa mAnyatAe~ akATya pramANita huii| jayadeva, appayya dIkSita Adi pichale kheve ke AcAryoM ne alaGkAra ke zreya kI sthApanA kA phira se prayAsa kiyA; para suruci-sampanna pAThakoM kI dRSTi meM rasa, dhvani Adi kI apekSA alaGkAra ko kAvya meM gauNa sthAna hI milaa| hindI rIti-zAstra meM alaGkAra-vivecana kI pradhAnatA kA kAraNa spaSTa hai| rIti-kAla darabArI sAhitya kA kAla thaa| rAjAoM ke darabAra meM Ayojita kAvya-goSThiyoM meM ukti-camatkAra se zrotAoM ko camatkRta evaM mugdha karanA kaviyoM kA pradhAna uddezya rahatA thaa| phalataH usa kAla kI kavitA sundara alaGkAroM se alaGa kRta. 1. aGgIkaroti yaH kAvyaM zabdAvanalaGa kRtii| asau na manyate kasmAdanuSNamanalaM kRtii||-jydev, candrAloka, 1,8

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hindI rIti-sAhitya meM alaGkAra-viSayaka udbhAvanAe~ [ 305 hokara rasikoM kA manoraJjana karane lgii| alaGkAra-vivecana tatkAlIna sAhitya-zAstra kA pradhAna aGga banA / ukti-camatkAra kavitA kA pradhAna aGga svIkRta huaa| hindI ke AcAryoM para hI nahIM, usa kAla ke rasa-siddha saMskRta ke kavi tathA dhvani-sampradAya ke samartha samarthaka AcArya paNDitarAja jagannAtha para bhI camatkAravAda kA prabhAva par3e binA nahIM rhaa| unhoMne bhI kAvya kI paribhASA meM ukti-camatkAra para bala diyA hai| rItikAlIna sAmAjika sthiti kA svAbhAvika pratiphalana kRtrima evaM alaGa kRta ukti se camatkAra utpanna karane ke AyAsa meM huA aura alaGkAravivecana ko AcAryoM ne prAthamikatA dii| rIti-kAla ke aneka AcAryoM ne kevala kAvyAlaGkAroM ke hI svarUpa kA vivecana kiyA hai| kAvya ke rasa Adi anya aGgoM kA vivecana karane vAle AcAryoM ne bhI alaGkAroM kA lakSaNanirUpaNa kiyA hai| isa prakAra kAvyAlaGkAra kA svarUpa-nirUpaNa karane vAle AcAryoM kI rIti-kAla meM lambI paramparA rahI hai| prastuta adhyAya meM hama hindIrIti-AcAryoM kI alaGkAra-viSayaka udbhAvanA kA mUlyAGkana kreNge| AcArya kezava dAsa kezava dAsa hindI-rIti-zAstra ke prathama AcArya haiN| unhoMne 'kavipriyA' meM kAvyAlaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vivecana kiyA hai| kavi ke rUpa meM kezava bauddhika camatkAra-pradarzana ke lie vikhyAta haiN| unhoMne kAvya meM alaGkAra kA sadbhAva Avazyaka mAnA hai| ataH, paNDita rAmacandra zukla kI yaha mAnyatA ucita hI hai ki- kezava ko hI alaGkAra Avazyaka mAnane ke kAraNa alaGkAravAdI kaha sakate haiM / 2 'kavi-priyA' meM vivecita alaGkAra nimnalikhita haiM :___jAti yA svabhAva, vibhAvanA, hetu, virodha, virodhAbhAsa, vizeSa, utprekSA, AkSepa, krama, gaNanA, AziSa, prema, zleSa, sUkSma, leza, nidarzanA, UrjasvI, rasavat, arthAntaranyAsa, vyatireka, apahnati, vakrokti, anyokti, vyadhikaraNokti, vizeSokti, sahokti, vyAjastuti, vyAjanindA, amita, . 1. jadapi sujAti sulacchanI, subarana sarasa suvRtta / bhUSana binu na virAjahIM, kavitA banitA mitta // -kezava, kavipriyA, prabhAva, 5,1 2. rAmacandra zukla, hi0 sA0 kA itihAsa, pR0 236 20

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306 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa paryAyokti, yukta, samAhita, susiddha, prasiddha, viparIta, rUpaka, dIpaka, prahelikA, parivRtta, upamA, yamaka aura citra / ukta bayAlisa alaGkAroM kA sodAharaNa lakSaNa-nirUpaNa 'kavipriyA' meM kiyA gayA hai| kanhaiyAlAla poddAra kA kathana hai ki (kavipriyA ke) naveM se solahaveM prabhAva taka zabda aura artha ke saiMtIsa alaGkAroM kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| unhoMne 'kavipriyA' ke TIkAkAra lAlA bhagavAna dIna ke isa kathana ko hI aparIkSita rUpa se svIkAra kara liyA hai-'kezava ne mukhya saiMtIsa nAma kahe haiM; para inake avAntara bheda mila kara inase adhika alaGkAroM kA varNana isa pustaka meM hai|'' lAlA bhagavAna dIna ne vakrokti, anyokti Adi alaGkAroM ko ukti alaGkAra kA bheda mAna liyA hai| vastutaH, ve uktimUlaka alaGkAra haiM, ukti alaGkAra ke bheda nhiiN| unase svatantra ukti nAmaka koI alaGkAra nhiiN| hama dekha cuke haiM ki kezava ke pUrva saMskRta-alaGkAra-zAstra meM zatAdhika alaGkAroM kA vivecana ho cukA thA; kintu kezava ne unameM se sabakA alaGkAratva svIkAra nahIM kiyaa| unhoMne jitane alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-nirUpaNa kiyA hai una saba ke nAma saMskRta-alaGkAra-zAstra se hI nahIM liye gaye haiM ; kucha alaGkAroM ke nAma navIna haiN| pUrva-pratipAdita aneka alaGkAroM kI asvIkRti kA koI kAraNa 'kavi-priyA' meM nirdiSTa nahIM hai| kucha alaGkAroM ke navIna vyapadeza kI kalpanA ke pIche bhI maulikatA-pradarzana kI bhAvanA hI jAna par3atI hai / prastuta sandarbha meM hama kezava ke alaGkAroM kA saMskRta-AcAryoM ke alaGkAra se tulanAtmaka adhyayana kara kezava ke dvArA udbhAvita navIna alaGkAroM ke udgama-srota para vicAra kreNge| 'kavipriyA' meM vivecita alaGkAroM meM jAti yA svabhAvokti, vibhAvanA, hetu, utprekSA, AkSepa, AzIH, zleSa, sUkSma, leza, nidarzanA, UrjasvI, rasavat, arthAntaranyAsa, vyatireka, apaha nuti, vizeSokti, sahokti, vyAjastuti, paryAyokti, samAhita, rUpaka, dIpaka, prahelikA, upamA, yamaka, aura citra alaGkAroM ke nAma-rUpa saMskRta-AcAryoM ke dvArA vivecita alaGkAroM se abhinna haiN| kezava ne virodha evaM virodhAbhAsa ke pRthaka-pRthaka svarUpa kA varNana kiyA hai| saMskRta alaGkAra-zAstra meM bhI virodha tathA virodhAbhAsa saMjJAoM kA 1. lAlA bhagavAna dIna, priyA-prakAza, pR0 148

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hindI rIti-sAhitya meM alaGkAra-viSayaka udbhAvanAeM [ 307 ullekha huA hai / prAcIna AcArya virodha aura virodhAbhAsa ko eka hI alaGkAra ke do nAma mAnate the| isalie kucha AcAryoM ne virodha nAma se tathA kucha AcAryoM ne virodhAbhAsa nAma se usakA lakSaNa prastuta kiyA thaa| donoM ko alaga-alaga svIkAra karane vAle AcAryoM ne paraspara viruddha padArthoM kI ghaTanA ko virodha kahA, tathA virodha ke AbhAsa ke sthala meM virodhAbhAsa mAnA / kezava dAsa ne prastuta alaGkAra ke do lakSaNa diye haiN| eka meM isa alaGkAra ko virodhAbhAsa aura dUsare meM virodha kahA gayA hai| kezava kA virodha-lakSaNa bhAmaha tathA daNDI ke virodha-lakSaNa ke samAna hai|' unakA virodhAbhAsa-lakSaNa vAmana ke virodha-lakSaNa ke AdhAra para kalpita hai / 2 vAmana ne hI sarvaprathama virodha ko spaSTa zabdoM meM virodha kA AbhAsa kahA thaa| unakA virodhAbhAsa-lakSaNa viruddha guNa, kriyA Adi ke saMyojana-rUpa virodha se kiJcit bhinna thaa| kezava dAsa ne bhAmaha tathA vAmana kI virodha-dhAraNAoM ko svIkAra kara eka lakSaNa bhAmaha Adi ke matAnusAra tathA dUsarA lakSaNa vAmana ke matAnusAra diyA hai| vikala sAdhana se sAdhya kI pUtti meM vizeSa alaGkAra ke sadbhAva kI kalpanA kezava ne kara lI hai| yaha eka vilakSaNa kalpanA hai| saMskRta ke AcAryoM ne vikala sAdhana se sAdhya kI siddhi ko vibhAvanA kA eka prakAra mAnA thaa| kezava ne pUrvavartI AcAryoM kI vizeSAlaGkAra-viSayaka mAnyatA ko chor3a kara isa vibhAvanA-bheda ko vizeSa mAna liyA hai| isa kalpanA meM koI navInatA nhiiN| hetu alaGkAra kI sAmAnya dhAraNA bhI saMskRta-AcAryoM se hI lI gayI hai| usake sabhAva, abhAva tathA sabhAva-abhAva-bhedoM kI kalpanA kA bIja prAcInoM ke dvArA kalpita hetu alaGkAra ke sAmAnya lakSaNa meM hI nihita thaa| 1. kezava dAsa virodhamaya, raciyata bacana vicAri / tAsoM kahata virodha sb.........||-keshv, kavipriyA, 6, 16 tulanIya-daNDI, kAvyAdarza, 2, 333 2. baranata lagai virodha so, artha savai avirodha / pragaTa virodhAbhAsa yh........|-keshv, kavipriyA, 6, 22 tulanIya-viruddhAbhAsatvaM virodhaH / -vAmana, kAvyAlaGkAra, 4, 3, 12 3. sAdhaka kAraNa vikala jaha~, hoya sAdhya kI siddhi / kezavadAsa bakhAniye, so vizeSa parasiddhi ||-keshv, kavipriyA, 6, 24

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308 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa .. kezava kI utprekSA saMskRta AlaGkArikoM kI utprekSA se abhinna hai; kintu kezava kI utprekSA-paribhASA prAcIna AcAryoM kI paribhASA kA taraha spaSTa aura saTIka nhiiN| utprekSA sAdRzyamUlaka alaGkAra hai, jisameM prastuta meM aprastuta kI sambhAvanA hotI hai| kezava ne utprekSA kA lakSaNa anya vastu meM anya kA tarka mAnA hai|' isa paribhASA meM sAdRzya para, jo utprekSA kA AdhAra hai, prakAza nahIM par3atA / ataH yaha lakSaNa azakta hai| AkSepa ke lakSaNa tathA bhedopabheda AcArya daNDI kI tadviSayaka mAnyatA ke AdhAra para kalpita haiN| saMzaya, AziSa, dharma tathA upAya AkSepa-bheda daNDI se liye gaye haiN| maraNa, prema Adi bhedoM kI kalpanA kA AdhAra bhI 'kAvyAdarza' ke AkSepa-bhedoM ke udAharaNa meM hI hai| daNDI ne svayaM bhA AkSepa ke anya aneka bhedoM kI sambhAvanA svIkAra kI thii| krama alaGkAra ke sambandha meM kezava kI dhAraNA saMskRta-AcAryoM kI kramadhAraNA se bhinna hai| saMskRta ke AcAryoM ne krama ko yathAsaMkhya kA paryAya mAnA thA; para kezava ne use ekAvalI ke samAna banA diyA hai| 'kavipriyA' meM kama kI paribhASA spaSTa nahIM hai| Adi se anta taka varNana kezava ke anusAra krama hai| bhoja ne kramazaH utpatyAdi-krama ke varNana ko krama kahA thaa| kezava kA ukta lakSaNa bhoja ke krama-lakSaNa ke samIpa hai| kezava ke dvArA pradatta nimnalikhita udAharaNa ekAvalI kA udAharaNa hai somati so na samA jaha~ vRddha na, buddha na te ju paDhe kachu nAhIM / te na paDhe jina sAdhu na sAdhita, dIha dayA na dipai jina maahiiN| so na dayA ju na dharma dharai ghara, dharma na so jaha~ dAna vRthAhIM / dAna na so jahaM sA~ca na 'kezava' sAMca na so ju basai chala chAhIM / 3 spaSTa hai ki krama kezava kI navIna udbhAvanA nahIM hai| pUrvAcAryoM kI ekAvalI Adi kI dhAraNA ko hI kezava ne krama ke nAma se kucha vikRta rUpa meM prastuta kiyA hai| unhoMne pUrvavartI AcAryoM ke ekAvalI, kAraNamAlA tathA yathAsaMkhya Adi kA sadbhAva svIkAra nahIM kara, sabhI krama-mUlaka alaGkAroM ko 'krama' kI paribhASA meM sameTa lenA cAhA hai| pariNAma yaha huA hai ki 1. kezava aura vastu meM aura kIjiye tarka / - utprekSA tAsoM kahaiM.....vahI, 6, 30 2. draSTavya-daNDI, kAvyAdarza, 2, 168 3. kezava, kavipriyA, 11, 3

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hindI rIti-sAhitya meM alaGkAra-viSayaka udbhAvanAe~ [306 unake krama kA svarUpa hI aspaSTa raha gayA hai / ekAvalI Adi alaGkAroM ko krama meM samAviSTa karane kI preraNA kezava ko AcArya ruyyaka ke 'alaGkAra-sUtra' se milI hogii| ruyyaka ne ekAvalI, kAraNamAlA, mAlAdIpaka aura sAra alaGkAroM ko zRGkhalAbaddha yA krama-mUlaka alaGkAra-varga ke antargata parigaNita kiyA hai| kezava ne mAlAdIpaka ko to dIpaka ke sandarbha meM paribhASita kiyA; 'para ekAvalI aura kAraNamAlA ke sthAna para krama-nAmaka alaGkAra kI sattA kI hI kalpanA kara lii| vastutaH krama apane Apa meM koI svatantra alaGkAra nhiiN| usakA ekAvalI, kAraNamAlA Adi krama-mUlaka alaGkAroM se pRthaka astitva nhiiN| kezava ne anugaNanA se eka, do Adi saMkhyAoM ke varNana meM gaNanA alaGkAra mAnA hai| yaha vastutaH alaGkAra hai hI nhiiN| premAlaGkAra kI kalpanA asaGgata hai| prema-jaise hRdaya ke vyApaka bhAva ke varNana ko alaGkAra-vizeSa mAna liyA gayA hai| isake lakSaNa meM hRdaya se kapaTa kA vinAza aura prema ke vikAsa para bala diyA gayA hai| isa prakAra sauhArda kA citraNa kezava ke anusAra premAlaGkAra hogaa| sambhavataH, kezava ne prAcIna AcAryoM kI preya-dhAraNA ko bhrama-vaza prema alaGkAra ke rUpa meM vikRta kara prastuta kara diyA hai| lAlA bhagavAna dIna ne 'priyA-prakAza' meM doSa-parihAra ke lie likhA hai- 'kezava ne udAharaNa meM prema bhAva kA hI varNana kiyA hai| isase yaha kadApi na samajhanA cAhie ki prema-varNana meM hI premAlaGkAra hogA; varan yaha jAnanA cAhie ki kisI bhI manobhAva kA satya aura yathArtha varNana hI premAlaGkAra hai| yaha kezava ke premAlaGkAralakSaNa para dIna jI ke svamata kA Aropa-mAtra hai| kezava kI premAlaGkAraparibhASA se yaha artha nahIM nikltaa| 'upajai pUraNa kSema' meM prema-bhAva ke udaya kI spaSTa svIkRti hai| kezava kI vakrokti-dhAraNA bhAmaha Adi kI vakrokti-dhAraNA se abhinna hai| bhAmaha ne use viziSTa alaGkAra nahIM mAnA thaa| kezava ne usa vyApaka 1. kapaTa nipaTa miTi jAya jaha~, upaje pUraNa kSema / tAhI soM saba kahata haiM, kezava uttama prema // -kezava, kavipriyA, 11, 27 2. vahI, priyAprakAza TIkA, pR0 163 3. tulanIya-kezava, kavipriyA, 12, 3 tathA bhAmaha, kAvyAlaGkAra, 2, 85

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310 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa dhAraNA ko eka alaGkAra mAna liyA hai| unakI anyokti prAcInoM kI aprastutaprazaMsA se abhinna hai| prAcIna AcAryoM kI asaGgati ko kezava ne vyadhikaraNokti kI saMjJA dI hai| amita kezava ne amita ke lakSaNa meM kahA hai ki jahA~ sAdhana hI sAdhaka kI zubha siddhi kA phala bhogatA ho, vahA~ amita alaGkAra hotA hai|' sAdhaka siddhi ke lie kisI sAdhana kA prayoga karatA hai aura usa sAdhana se prApta hone vAlI siddhi kA bhoga sAdhaka hI karatA hai; para jahA~ sAdhana ke dvArA hI siddhi ke bhoga kiye jAne kA varNana ho yA siddhi kI prApti kA zreya sAdhana ko hI mile vahA~ amita nAmaka alaGkAra hotA hai| isake do udAharaNa diye gaye hai| eka meM nAyikA kI dUtI kA nAyaka ke sAtha sambhoga kA tathA dUsare meM madhukara zAha kI jagaha usake senApati dulaharAma kA vijayazrI prApta karane kA varNana hai / 2 kezava kI mAnyatA hai ki pahale meM nAyikA sAdhaka, dUtI sAdhana tathA sambhoga-sukha sAdhya hai; para vaha sAdhya sAdhana ko hI mila jAtA hai| dUsare meM sAdhaka hai madhukara zAha, para vijayazrI prApta karane ke sAdhanabhUta dulaha ko vijayazrI prApta ho jAtI hai| amita kezava kI nUtana udbhAvanA hai| kezava kA yukta alaGkAra prAcIna AcAryoM ke svabhAvokti alaGkAra ke samAna hI hai, jisameM kisI ke buddhi-bala ke anurUpa svarUpa kA kathana hotA hai / prAcIna AcAryoM ke svabhAvokti alaGkAra ko svIkAra kara bhI yukta kA svatantra astitva svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| isameM svabhAvokti ke sAtha 'sama' kI yogyatayA yoga kI dhAraNA bhI milA dI gayI hai| susiddha, prasiddha tathA viparIta alaGkAroM ke nAma navIna haiN| susiddha kA svarUpa asaGgati ke AdhAra para kalpita hai; para isameM asaGgati-jaisA camatkAra nhiiN| kisI anya ke dvArA juTAye hue sAdhana kA phala koI anya bhoge to use kezava susiddha alaGkAra kheNge| isameM koI camatkAra nhiiN| pitA ke sAdhana 1. draSTavya-kezava, kavipriyA, 12, 26 2. vahI, 12, 27-28 3. jaiso jAko rUpa bala, kahiye tAhI rUpa / tAko kavikula yukta kahi, baraNana vividha sarUpa // -vahI, 12, 31 4. sAdhi-sAdhi aura mara, aura bhogeM siddhi / tAsoM kahata susiddhi sb.........|| vahI, 13, 4

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hindI rIti-sAhitya meM alaGkAra-viSayaka udbhAvanAe~ [ 311 kA bhoga putra karatA hai| isI prakAra kisI kI kamAI dUsarA bhoga sakatA hai| pUjIvAdI artha-vyavasthA meM bhoga ke sAdhana zramika juTAte haiM aura unakA bhoga pUjIpati karate haiN| yaha jo sAmAjika jIvana kA abhizApa hai use kAvya meM balaGkAra kaise mAna liyA jAya ? dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki yaha loka kI bar3I sAdhAraNa ghaTanA hai| sAdhAraNatA meM camatkAra kA tattva nahIM raha jAtA; isalie usameM alaGkAratva mAnanA samIcIna nhiiN| prasiddha kI sthiti bhI susiddha-jaisI hI hai| isameM eka ke sAdhana kA phala aneka ke dvArA bhoge jAnekA varNana apekSita mAnA gayA hai / eka rAjA ke pApa kA phala asaMkhya prajA ko bhoganA par3atA hai, yaha sAdhAraNa-sI bAta hai| isameM alaGkAra kA sadbhAva mAnanA ucita nahIM jAna pdd'taa| jahA~ kArya kA sAdhana hI usa kArya kA bAdhaka bana jAya, vahA~ viparIta alaGkAra mAnA gayA hai| prAcIna AcAryoM ne vyAghAta kA eka rUpa vahA~ mAnA thA, jahA~ kisI kArya ke loka-prasiddha sAdhana ko koI usake viruddha kArya kA sAdhana banA de / 2 isase kezava ke viparIta kA itanA hI antara hai ki usameM kArya kA sAdhana hI usa kArya kA bAdhaka bana jAtA hai| spaSTa hai ki viparIta kezava kI navIna kalpanA hai; para usa kalpanA kA AdhAra appayya Adi ke vyAghAta kA eka rUpa hai| parivRtta ke svarUpa ko kezava ne kucha aspaSTa kara diyA hai| prAcIna AcAryoM ne parivRtti meM nyUnAdhika ke pArasparika parivartana kI kalpanA kI thii| kezava usa dhAraNA se bhI sahamata jAna par3ate haiN| isa alaGkAra ke udAharaNa kI nimnalikhita paMkti meM nyUna aura adhika ke parivartana kI dhAraNA vyakta huI haidai parirammana mohana ko mana mohi liyo sajanI sukhdaaii| ............... // (41) kintu; kezava ne parivRtta-paribhASA meM nyUnAdhika ke parivartana para kucha bhI prakAza nahIM DAlA hai| unhoMne parivRtta kI paribhASA meM kahA hai ki jahA~ prayatna kucha aura ke lie kiyA jAya aura phala kucha aura upaja par3e, vahA~ 1 kAraja sAdhaka ko jahA~, sAdhana bAdhaka hoya / tAsoM saba viparIta khi,.........||-keshv, kavipriyA, 13, 6 2. yad yatsAdhanatvena loke'vagataM tatkenacittadviruddhasAdhanaM kriyeta cetsa vyaaghaatH|-appyy, kuvalayAnanda, vRtti pR0 124

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312 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa parivRtta alaGkAra hotA hai| isake eka udAharaNa meM 'jisakA bhalA kIjie vahI burA mAnatA hai', kahA gayA hai / 2 isa taraha prAcInoM kI aniSTAvAptirUpa viSama-bheda kI dhAraNA ko bhI kezava ne parivRtta meM sameTa liyA hai / lAlA bhagavAnadIna ne kezava ke parivRtta alaGkAra ke svarUpa ko viSAdana alaGkAra ke eka rUpa ke samAna mAnA hai / 3 bhalAI ke badale burAI milane kI dhAraNA prAcIna AcAryoM ke parivRtti-lakSaNa ke sahAre bhI vyakta kI jA sakatI thI; para kezava ne navInatA ke moha meM usa prAcIna-dhAraNA ko bhI aspaSTa kara upasthita kiyA hai / AcArya kezava kI alaGkAra-dhAraNA ke isa vivecana se spaSTa hai ki unakI 'kavipriyA' meM alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vivecana praur3ha nahIM hai| alaGkAravAdI hone para bhI kezava ne alaGkAra-nirUpaNa ko calatA kara diyA hai, jaise ve apane AcAryatva ke dAyitva ko anicchA se Dho rahe hoN| unake pUrva saMskRtaalaGkAra-zAstra meM jitane alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-nirUpaNa ho cukA thA tathA unameM se jitane alaGkAra-sAhitya ke pAThakoM ko bahumAnya ho cuke the, una saboM kA bhI spaSTa rUpa se yathAtatha upasthApana kezava kI 'kavipriyA' meM nahIM ho skaa| unhoMne kevala bayAlIsa alaGkAroM kA lakSaNa-nirUpaNa kiyA hai, jinameM prema, amita, gaNanA, susiddha, prasiddha, tathA viparIta; navIna nAmadhArI alaGkAra haiN| inameM se prema ko alaGkAra nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| vaha hRdaya kA bhAva hai| susiddha, prasiddha aura gaNanA meM koI camatkAra nahIM; ataH unheM alaGkAra mAnanA ucita nhiiN| viparIta meM bhI camatkAra kA abhAva hai| ataH, usakA alaGkArasva sandigdha hai| anyokti aprastutaprazaMsA kA apara paryAya hai| parivRtta kI dhAraNA ko kezava ne aspaSTa kara diyA hai| unakA utprekSA-lakSaNa bhI spaSTa nhiiN| yukta meM svabhAvokti aura sama kA svabhAva mizrita hai| amita kI udbhAvanA kA zreya ke zava ko hai; kintu yaha alaGkAra lokapriyatA prApta nahIM kara skaa| spaSTataH, 'kavipriyA' meM alaGkAra kI kucha navIna saMjJAoM kI kalpanA karane para bhI kezava ne alaGkAra-zAstra ko koI maulika yogadAna nahIM diyA hai| unhoMne prAcIna AcAryoM kI alaGkAra-viSayaka mAnyatA kA hI anusaraNa 1. jahA~ karata kachu aura hI upaji parata kachu aura / ___ tAsauM parivRta jAniyo.........|| kezava, kavipriyA, 13,36 2. draSTavya-vahI, 13, 42 3. vahI, priyA-prakAza TIkA, pR0 272

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hindI rIti-sAhitya meM alaGkAra-viSayaka udbhAvanAe~ [ 313 kiyA hai| jahA~-kahIM navInatA lAne kA AyAsa unhoMne kiyA hai vahA~ yA to prAcIna dhAraNA ko hI kucha vikRta aura aspaSTa kara diyA hai yA phira aise alaGkAroM ke svarUpa kI kalpanA kara lI hai, jinheM alaGkAra mAnA hI nahIM jA sktaa| mahArAja jasavanta siMha 'bhASAbhUSaNa' meM mahArAja jasavanta siMha ne eka sau ATha alaGkAroM kA lakSaNa-nirUpaNa kiyA hai| unhoMne maulikatA kA mithyAbhimAna nahIM kara spaSTa zabdoM meM kahA hai ki maiMne saMskRta AcAryoM ke alaGkAra-lakSaNoM ke AdhAra 'para alaGkAroM ko paribhASita kiyA hai|' 'bhASAbhUSaNa' meM eka hI pada meM alaGkAra ke lakSaNa-udAharaNa dene kI 'kuvalayAnanda' Adi kI paddhati apanAyI nagayI hai| prastuta sandarbha meM 'bhASAbhUSaNa' meM vivecita alaGkAroM ke srota kA parIkSaNa hamArA iSTa hai| 'bhASAbhUSaNa' meM anukrama se nimnalikhita alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai :___ arthAlaGkAra :-upamA, ananvaya, upamAnopameya, pratIpa, rUpaka, pariNAma, ullekha, smaraNa, bhrama, sandeha, apahnati, utprekSA, atizayokti, tulyayogitA, dIpaka, dIpakAvRtti, prativastUpamA, dRSTAnta, nidarzanA, vyatireka, sahokti, vinokti, samAsokti, parikara, parikarAGa kura, zleSa, aprastutaprazaMsA, prastutAGa kura, paryAyokti, vyAjastuti, vyAjanindA, AkSepa, virodhAbhAsa, vibhAvanA, vizeSokti, asambhava, asaGgati, viSama, sama, vicitra, adhika, alpa, anyonya, vizeSa, vyAghAta, kAraNamAlA, ekAvalo. mAlAdIpaka, sAra, yathAsaMkhya, paryAya, 'parivRtti, parisaMkhyA, vikalpa, samuccaya, kArakadIpaka, samAdhi, pratyanIka, kAvyArthApatti, kAvyaliGga, arthAntaranyAsa, vikasvara, prauDhokti, sambhAvanA, mithyAdhyavasiti, lalita, praharSaNa, viSAda, ullAsa, avajJA, anujJA, lekha, mudrA, ratnAvalI, tadguNa, pUrvarUpa, atadguNa, anuguNa, mIlita, sAmAnya, 1. alaGa kAra zabdArtha ke, kahe eka sau ATha / kie pragaTa bhASA virSe, dekhi saMskRta pATha / / -jasavanta siMha, bhASAbhUSaNa, alaM0 prakaraNa, 206

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314 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa unmIlita, vizeSaka, gUDhottara, citra, sUkSma, pihita, vyAjokti, gUDhokti, vivRtokti, yukti, lokokti, chekokti, vakrokti, svabhAvokti, bhAvika, udAtta, atyukti, nirukti, pratiSedha, vidhi aura hetu / / zabdAlaGkAra :-chekAnuprAsa, lATAnuprAsaM, yamakAnuprAsa tathA vRttyanuprAsa / uparilikhita eka sau eka arthAlaGkAroM evaM cAra zabdAlaGkAroM ke svarUpa kI vivecanA mahArAja jasavanta siMha ne 'bhASAbhUSaNa' meM kI hai| unake cAra zabdAlaGkAra vastutaH eka hI anuprAsa ke cAra bheda haiM, phira bhI paramparA se unakA pRthak-pRthak astitva svIkAra kiyA jAtA rahA hai / jasavanta siMha ke zabdAlaGkAroM kI saMkhyA cAra mAnane para bhI eka sau eka arthAlaGkAroM se unheM milA kara kula eka sau pA~ca alaGkAra hI hote haiN| kintu; mahArAja jasavanta siMha ne svayaM eka sau ATha alaGkAroM ke svarUpa-nirUpaNa kA dAvA kiyA hai / saMkhyA ke sambandha meM 'bhASAbhUSaNa' ke lekhaka kI mAnyatA ko galata nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| usase 'bhASAbhUSaNa' ke prApta pATha meM jo saMkhyA kA antara hai, usakA eka kAraNa to yaha ho sakatA hai ki mUla pustaka ke kucha alaGkAra-lakSaNa kisI kAraNa naSTa ho gaye hoMge / eka dUsare kAraNa kA bhI anumAna kiyA jA sakatA hai| sambhava hai ki jina-jina alaGkAroM ke ekAdhika svarUpa svIkRta haiM, una-una alaGkAroM kI gaNanA bhASAbhUSaNakAra ne svarUpa ke AdhAra para eka se adhika kara lI ho| kintu, aisA anumAna karane para samasyA ke sulajhane ke bajAya dUsarI kaThinAI upasthita ho jAtI hai| aisA mAnane para alaGkAroM kI saMkhyA eka sau ATha se adhika ho jAtI hai| udAharaNArtha; vyatireka, vibhAvanA, atizayokti Adi ke tattad rUpoM kI alaga-alaga ginatI karane para alaGkAroM kI saMkhyA eka sau ATha se bahuta adhika ho jaaygii| isalie, alaGkAra kI saMkhyA-viSayaka isa gar3abar3I kA pahalA kAraNa hI sambhAvita jAna par3atA hai| mahArAja jasavanta ne zabdAlaGkAroM kI saMkhyA chaha mAnI hai| unakA kathana hai ki yoM to zabda ke aneka alaGkAra ho sakate haiM; para maiMne chaha anuprAsoM kA hI vivecana kiyA hai|' 'bhASAbhUSaNa' meM cAra anuprAsa hI vivecita haiN| spaSTa hai ki anuprAsa ke do prakAroM ke lakSaNa lupta haiN| yadi zabdAlaGkAroM 1. zabdAlaGa kRti bahuta haiM, acchara ke saMjoga / anuprAsa SaTavidhi kahe, je haiM bhASA joga / / -jazavanta, bhASAbhUSaNa, alaGkAra prakaraNa, 210

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hindI rIti-sAhitya meM alaGkAra-viSayaka udbhAvanAe~ [315.. kI saMkhyA chaha ho to arthAlaGkAroM kI saMkhyA eka sau do honI caahie| eka sau eka alaGkAroM ke lakSaNa upalabdha haiM; ataH eka arthAlaGkAra kI paribhASA lupta jAna par3atI hai| DaoN0 rAmazaGkara zukla 'rasAla' ne 'bhASAbhUSaNa' ke prApta zabdAlaGkAra-lakSaNa meM yamakAnuprAsa ko svatantra yamaka alaGkAra mAnA hai| unake anusAra zeSaH ( cheka, lATa, vRtti ) anuprAsa ke tIna prakAra haiN|' yadi yamakAnuprAsa ko anuprAsa se svatantra yamaka mAna liyA jAya taba 'bhASAbhUSaNa' ke racayitA ke anusAra isase bhinna chaha anuprAsa kA svarUpa-nirUpaNa kiye jAne kA anumAna kiyA jAyagA; aura yaha mAna liyA jAyagA ki tIna anuprAsa-bhedoM ke lakSaNaparaka pada aprApya haiN| kintu, hamArA anumAna hai ki jasavanta siMha ne yamakAnuprAsa sahita chaha anuprAsa-prakAroM kA vivecana kiyA hogaa| yadi ve yamaka ko anuprAsa se svatantra mAnate to yamaka ko yamakAnuprAsa nahIM kahate / yamaka ko anuprAsa ke antargata mAnanA asaGgata bhI nahIM kahA jA sktaa| saMskRtaalaGkAra-zAstra meM bhI kaI AcAryoM ne anuprAsa aura yamaka ke svarUpa kA eka hI vyapadeza se vivecana kiyA hai| ataH, DaoN0 rasAla kI mAnyatA tarkapuSTa nahIM jAna pdd'tii| do zabdAlaGkAra tathA eka arthAlaGkAra ke lakSaNa hI lupta jAna par3ate haiN| seTha kanhaiyAlAla poddAra ke anusAra 'isameM ( bhASAbhUSaNa meM ) cAra zabdAlaGkAra aura eka sau arthAlaGkAra nirUpaNa kiye gaye haiM / '2 hama Upara 'bhASAbhUSaNa ke eka sau eka arthAlaGkAroM kI gaNanA kara cuke haiM / sambhava hai ki poddAra jI ne gUDhottara aura citra ko eka alaGkAra mAna kara donoM kI gaNanA eka kara lI ho| appayya dIkSita ne uttara tathA citra ko eka hI alaGkAra ke do bheda svIkAra kiye the| para, mahArAja jasavanta siMha ne donoM kI pRthak-pRthak sattA svIkAra kara donoM ko alaga-alaga paribhASita kiyA hai| 'bhASAbhUSaNa' meM arthAlaGkAroM kI saMkhyA eka sau eka hI hai, eka sau nhiiN| appayya dIkSita kA 'kuvalayAnanda' mahArAja jasavanta ke 'bhASAbhUSaNa' kA upajIvya hai| eka sAtha lakSaNa aura. udAharaNa dene kI 'kuvalayAnanda' kI zailI to 'bhASAbhUSaNa' meM apanAyI gayI hI hai, upamA se lekara hetu taka sabhI 1. draSTavya-rAmazaMkara zukla 'rasAla' alaGkAra pIyUSa, khaNDa 1, pR0 101 2. draSTavya-kanhaiyAlAla poddAra, kAvyakalpadra ma, khaNDa 2, prAkkathana pR0 41.

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316 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa arthAlaGkAroM kA anukrama bhI 'kuvalayAnanda' ke hI AdhAra para AdhRta hai| yahI - nahIM, 'bhASAbhUSaNa' kI alaGkAra-paribhASAe~ bhI bahulAMzataH 'kuvalayAnanda' ke alaGkAra-lakSaNoM kA avikala hindIrUpAntara-mAtra hai| 'bhASAbhUSaNa' aura kuvalayAnanda ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana se aisA lagatA hai ki mahArAja jasavanta kI isa svIkArokti meM-'kie pragaTa bhASA virSe, dekhi saMskRta pATha / ' 'saMskRta pATha' se abhiprAya 'kuvalayAnanda' kA hI hai| 'bhASAbhUSaNa' meM pramukha alaGkAroM ke bhedopabhedoM kA vivecana bhI 'kuvalayAnanda' ke tattadalaGkAra-bhedoM : ke vivecana se abhinna hai| kucha alaGkAroM ke pramukha bhedoM kA vivaraNa 'kuvalayAnanda' ke AdhAra para dekara unake upabhedoM ko jasavanta siMha ne chor3a diyA hai| sambhava hai ki grantha-vistAra-bhaya se aisA kiyA gayA ho| udAharaNa ke lie utprekSA ke tIna bhedoM-vastUtprekSA, hetUtprekSA tathA phalotprekSAkA vivecana to 'kuvalayAnanda' ke vivecana se abhinna hai; para 'kuvalayAnanda' meM vivecita vastUsprekSA ke uktAspada tathA anuktAspada; hetUtprekSA evaM phalotprekSA ke siddhaviSaya aura asiddhaviSaya upabhedoM kA vivecana 'bhASAbhUSaNa' meM nahIM kiyA gayA hai| 'kuvalayAnanda' meM vyAjastuti ke do rUpa-(1) nindAmukhena stuti tathA (2) stutimukhena nindA-vivecita haiM; kintu 'bhASAbhUSaNa' kI vyAjastutiparibhASA meM usake kevala prathama rUpa ko ( nindA ke vyAja se kI jAne vAlI stuti ko ) paribhASita kiyA gayA hai| usake dUsare rUpa kI asvIkRti kA koI kAraNa nhiiN| appayya dIkSita ne sAmAnya se vizeSa aura vizeSa se sAmAnya ke samarthana meM arthAntaranyAsa alaGkAra kA sadbhAva mAnA thA; para mahArAja jasavanta siMha ne usa alaGkAra kI apUrNa paribhASA kI avatAraNA kI hai| bAbU gulAba * rAya ke dvArA sampAdita 'bhASAbhUSaNa' meM upalabdha pATha ke anusAra vizeSa se . sAmAnya ke dRDhIkaraNa meM arthAntaranyAsa alaGkAra mAnA gayA hai| yaha paribhASA 1. tulanIya-uktirvyAjastutinindAstutibhyAM stutinindayoH |-kuvl yAnanda,70 tathA vyAjastuti nindA misahi jaba bar3AI hohi / -bhASAbhUSaNa, alaGkAra-prakaraNa, 104

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hindI rIti- sAhitya meM alaGkAra viSayaka udbhAvanAe~ [ 317 - arthAntaranyAsa-viSayaka prAcIna mAnyatA ko aMzataH hI prastuta karatI hai / ukta paribhASA ke eka pATha bheda kA bhI nirdeza kiyA gayA hai / usa pAThAntara ke anusAra sAmAnya se vizeSa ke samarthana meM arthAntaranyAsa mAnA gayA hai / " yaha pAThAntara arthAntaranyAsa ke dUsare rUpa ko prakAzita karatA hai / do meM se kisI bhI pATha ko zuddha mAnane se kuvalayAnandakAra kI arthAntaranyAsa-dhAraNA pUrNataH paribhASita nahIM ho pAtI / spaSTa hai ki 'bhASAbhUSaNa' kA arthAntaranyAsalakSaNa apUrNa hai / appayya dIkSita ne uttara alaGkAra ke do bheda svIkAra kiye the / uttara ke eka lakSaNa meM unhoMne gUDhottara zabda kA prayoga kiyA thA / usI paribhASA se gUDhottara zabda lekara bhASAbhUSaNakAra ne uttara kA abhidhAna gUDhottara diyA hai / appayya ne uttara kA dUsarA prakAra citrottara mAnA thA, jisameM prazna aura uttara sAtha mile rahate haiM / mahArAja jasavanta siMha ne citrottara kI citra nAma svatantra sattA mAna lI hai / isa taraha 'kuvalayAnanda' ke eka alaGkAra uttara se bhASAbhUSaNa ke gUDhottara tathA citra abhinna haiM / kucha arthAlaGkAroM ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM appayya dIkSita se sahamata hone para bhI jasavanta siMha unake lakSaNa spaSTa rUpa se prastuta nahIM kara pAye haiM / unake lakSaNa isIlie ApAtataH appayya ke alaGkAra - lakSaNa se kiJcit bhinna lagate haiM; para una lakSaNoM evaM unake udAharaNoM ke parIkSaNa se spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki una alaGkAroM ke sambandha meM jasavanta siMha kI dhAraNA appayya dIkSita kI dhAraNA se tattvataH abhinna hai / isa dRSTi se nimnalikhita alaGkAroM ke lakSaNa vicAraNIya haiM: 'kuvalayAnanda' meM nirUpita tulyayogitA ke tInoM bheda 'bhASAbhUSaNa' meM paribhASita haiM / 'hita aura ahita meM vRtti kI tulyatA' kI jagaha 'bhASAbhUSaNa' 1. tulanIya - uktirarthAntaranyAsaH syAtsAmAnyavizeSayoH / tathA vizeSa teM sAmAnya dRDha, taba arthAntaranyAsa / pAThAntara - sAmAnya te vizeSa dRDha, 2. tulanIya - appayya, kuvalayAnanda, alaGkAra prakaraNa, 180 " - kuvalayAnda, 122 ,, / "" - bhASAbhUSaNa, alaGkAra-prakaraNa 154 150 tathA jasavanta, bhASAbhUSaNa, -

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318 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa meM 'eka zabda meM hita ahita' kahA gayA hai| yaha kathana to kuvalayAnandakAra ke mata ko kisI taraha spaSTa kara detA hai; kintu tulyayogitA ke zeSa do rUpoM ke "sambandha meM prAcIna AcAryoM kI mAnyatA jitanI spaSTa thI, utanI spaSTa paribhASA jasavanta siMha nahIM de sake haiN| appayya kI isa paribhASA ko ki 'tulyayogitA meM aneka prastutoM aura aneka aprastutoM meM paraspara dharma kI ekatA hotI hai', jasavanta siMha ne isa prakAra prastuta kiyA hai-'bahu meM eka bAni / ' 'bahu' se bahuta vargoM kA yA bahuta avaryoM kA dharmagata aikya kA bhAva spaSTa nahIM hotaa| isa ukti kI azakti isa bAta meM hai ki isameM dIpaka se tulyayogitA kA bheda karAne vAle tattva kA ullekha nahIM hai| tulyayogitA ke tIsare prakAra ke sambandha meM appayya kI mAnyatA thI ki isameM utkRSTa guNa vAle ke sAtha samIkaraNa kara vastu kA varNana hotA hai / ise hI jasavanta siMha ne 'bahu sauM samatA gunani kari' kahA hai|' guNa se hI unakA abhiprAya sambhavataH utkRSTa guNa kA rahA hai| prativastUpamA ke lakSaNa meM jasavanta siMha ne kahA hai ki jahA~ donoM vAkya samAna hoM, vahAM prativastUpamA alaGkAra hotA hai / prastuta tathA aprastuta vAkyoM meM eka hI samAna dharma kA pRthak-pRthak nirdeza hone meM kuvalayAnandakAra ne prativastUpamA alaGkAra mAnA thaa| do vAkyoM ke samAna hone ke kathana se prativastUpamA kA svarUpa utanA spaSTa nahIM ho paataa| __ dRSTAnta kI paribhASA to 'bhASAbhUSaNa' meM aura bhI aspaSTa hai| isake sambandha meM kevala itanA hI kaha diyA gayA hai ki isake nAma se hI isakA lakSaNa samajhA jA sakatA hai| yaha ThIka hai ki kAvya ke alaGkAroM kI - saMjJA adhikatara anvartha hI hai; para isase una alaGkAroM ko paribhASita karane ke dAyitva se AcArya mukta nahIM ho jAte / nidarzanA ke lakSaNa meM sadRza vAkyArtha meM aikyAropa kI dhAraNA appayya ne vyakta kI thii| isake sthAna para jasavanta siMha ne nidarzanA meM vAkya artha 1. jasavanta, bhASAbhUSaNa, alaGa kAra prakaraNa, 80 2. prativastUpamA samajhiye doU vAkya samAna / bahI, 86 3. draSTavya-appayya, kuvalayAnanda, 51 4. alaGa kAra dRSTAnta so lacchana nAma pramAna / -jasavanta, bhASAbhUSaNa, alaGkAra prakaraNa, 87

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hinda rIti- sAhitya meM alaGkAra - viSayaka udbhAvanAe~ [ 319 kA sama honA' apekSita mAnA hai / ' yaha kathana nidarzanA ke svarUpa ko pUrNataH - spaSTa nahIM kara pAtA / nidarzanA ke anya do bhedoM ke lakSaNa 'kuvalayAnanda' meM diye gaye lakSaNa ke samAna hI haiM / vyAghAta kA lakSaNa bhI 'bhASAbhUSaNa' meM kucha aspaSTa raha gayA hai / isa alaGkAra ke do rUpoM kI kalpanA 'kuvalayAnanda' meM kI gayI thI / eka meM kisI vastu kA jaise kArya kA sAdhana honA loka- prasiddha ho, usake viruddha kArya kA "sAdhana banAyA jAnA vAJchanIya mAnA gayA hai / isa bAta ko isa vAkya se vyakta kiyA gayA hai vyAghAta jo kachu aura teM kIjeM kAraja aura / 2 spaSTa hai ki 'kuvalayAnanda' kI vyAghAta - paribhASA se yaha paribhASA kucha aspaSTa hai / vyAghAta ke dUsare rUpa kI paribhASA 'kuvalayAnanda' kI paribhASA ke samAna hai / udAtta meM samRddhi carita, zlAghya carita tathA anyopalakSaNa kI dhAraNA 'kuvalayAnanda' meM vyakta kI gayI thI / samRddhi, zlAghya Adi ke carita kA spaSTa ullekha nahIM kara bhASAbhUSaNakAra ne upalakSaNa se Adhikya varNana meM udAtta kA sadbhAva mAnA hai | 3 atyukti ke lakSaNa meM 'bhASAbhUSaNa' meM sAtizaya-rUpa kA varNana apekSita batAyA gayA hai / isa prakAra atizayokti se isakA bheda spaSTa nahIM raha pAtA / 'kuvalayAnanda' meM adbhuta zaurya, audArya Adi ke varNana meM atyukti kA sadbhAva mAnA gayA thA / use 'bhASAbhUSaNa' meM kucha aspaSTa rUpa meM prastuta kiyA kiyA hai / leza alaGkAra ko jasavanta siMha ne lekha kahA hai / paramparA se svIkRta leza nAma ke sthAna para lekha nAma kA prayoga karane kA koI kAraNa nahIM dIkhatA / sambhava hai ki lekha apapATha ho / usakA svarUpa appayya dIkSita ke leza ke svarUpa se abhinna hai / 4 1. tulanIya - jasavanta, bhASAbhUSaNa, alaGkAra prakaraNa, 88-86 tathA appayya, kuvalayAnanda, 53-56 2. jasavanta, bhASAbhUSaNa, alaGkAra prakaraNa, 135 3. vahI, 162 4. tulanIya - bhASAbhUSaNa, alaGkAra prakaraNa, 167 tathA kuvalayAnanda, 138

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320 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa samAsokti kA lakSaNa-nirUpaNa jasavanta siMha ne 'kuvalayAnanda' ke AdhAra para nahIM kara daNDI ke 'kAvyAdarza' ke AdhAra para kiyA hai| daNDI kI samAsokti-paribhASA kI vyAkhyA meM nRsiMha deva ne aprastuta-varNana se prastuta artha kI abhivyakti ko samAsokti meM daNDI kA abhimata siddha kiyA hai| jasavanta siMha bhI aprastuta-varNana meM prastuta kI sphUrti ko samAsokti kA lakSaNa mAnate haiM, appayya kI taraha prastuta-varNana meM aprastuta kI sphUrti ko nhiiN| aprastutaprazaMsA ke kevala do bheda 'bhASAbhUSaNa' meM svIkRta haiM, appayya ke pA~ca nhiiN| aprastuta-varNana se prastuta kI vyaJjanA ko samAsokti mAna lene para aprastutaprazaMsA ke sambandha meM appayya se sahamata honA jasavanta siMha ke lie sambhava nahIM thaa| kAraNa, aprastuta se prastuta kI avagati ko appayya aprastutaprazaMsA mAnate haiM aura jasavanta smaasokti| ataH, jasavanta siMha ne aprastutaprazaMsA ke svarUpa kI kalpanA appayya dIkSita kI tadviSayaka dhAraNA se kiJcit svatantra rUpa se kI hai| unake anusAra jahA~ prastuta ko chor3a kevala aprastuta kA varNana hotA ho, athavA prastuta kA bhI aMzataH varNana karane ke sAtha aprastuta kA varNana kiyA jAtA ho, ina donoM hI sthitiyoM meM aprastutaprazaMsA alaGkAra mAnA jAtA hai / yaha mAnyatA vAmana kI samAsokti-viSayaka mAnyatA se prabhAvita hai| vAmana ne prastuta ke anukta hone meM samAsokti alaGkAra mAnA thaa| daNDI, vAmana Adi kI samAsokti pIche cala kara aprastutaprazaMsA ke rUpa meM svIkRta huI aura samAsokti meM usake viparIta svabhAva ( prastuta se aprastuta kI vyaJjanA ) kI kalpanA kI gyii| mahArAja jasavanta siMha ne daNDI ke samAsokti-lakSaNa ko samAsokti ke lie svIkAra kiyA aura usIse milate-julate vAmana ke samAsokti-lakSaNa kA upayoga aprastutaprazaMsA kI paribhASA meM karanA caahaa| phala yaha huA ki unakI aprastutaprazaMsA kA svarUpa unhIM kI samAsokti ke svarUpa se spaSTataH svatantra nahIM ho paayaa| yadi ve prastuta ke binA aprastuta kA varNana aprastutaprazaMsA 1. samAsokti prastuta phurai'prastuta varNana mA~jha / -jasavanta, bhASAbhUSaNa, alaGkAra prakaraNa, 65 2. alaGkAra dva bhA~ti ko aprastuta prazaMsa / ika varNana prastuta binA dUja prastuta aMsa / -vahI, 66

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hindI rIti-sAhitya meM alaGkAra-viSayaka udbhAvanAeM [ 321 mAnate haiM to nizcita rUpa se usa aprastuta se prastuta kI vyaJjanA mAnanI par3egI, phira to yaha unakI samAsokti se abhinna ho jAyagA / samAsokti aura aprastutaprazaMsA kI pRthak-pRthak sattA mAnane para bhI samAsokti ke sambandha meM daNDI Adi kI dhAraNA ko svIkAra karane ke kAraNa hI aisI gar3abar3I huI hai| uparivivecita alaGkAroM ko chor3a, zeSa alaGkAroM ke bhedasahita lakSaNa mahArAja jasavanta siMha ne 'kuvalayAnanda' ke AdhAra para hI diye haiN| __isa vivecana se hama isa niSkarSa para pahuMcate haiM ki mahArAja jasavanta siMha ne 'bhASAbhUSaNa' meM kisI navIna alaGkAra kI udbhAvanA nahIM kii| unakA uddezya saMskRta-alaGkAra-zAstra ke bahumAnya balaGkAra-lakSaNoM kI bhASA meM avatAraNA karanA thaa| aisA karane meM kucha alaGkAroM kA svarUpa kucha aspaSTa avazya raha gayA hai; para adhikAMzataH unakA AyAsa saphala rahA hai| unhoMne mukhyataH 'kuvalayAnanda' ke AdhAra para alaGkAroM kA lakSaNa-nirUpaNa kiyA hai| para yaha mAnane kA sabala AdhAra hai ki ve daNDI, vAmana Adi kI alaGkAradhAraNA se bhI pUrNataH avagata the| matirAma matirAma ne 'lalitalalAma' meM 'kuvalayAnanda' ke AdhAra para eka so arthAlaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vivecana kiyA hai| mahArAja jasavanta siMha kI alaGkAra-dhAraNA ke parIkSaNa-krama meM hama dekha cuke haiM ki unhoMne bhI 'kuvalayAnanda' ko apanA upajIvya banA kara alaGkAroM ke svarUpa kA nirUpaNa kiyA thA; para unakA AyAsa pUrNataH saphala nahIM huA thaa| unake alaGkAroM kA svarUpa kahIM-kahIM aspaSTa raha gayA thA aura kahIM-kahIM kucha bhramAtmaka sthApanAeM bhI ho gayI thiiN| matirAma ne mahArAja jasavanta ko apane alaGkAra-vivecana kA Adarza nahIM mAna kara sIdhe appayya ke 'kuvalayAnanda' ko hI 'Akara' maanaa| yadyapi matirAma ne jasavanta siMha kI taraha eka hI chanda meM lakSaNa-udAharaNa vAlI 'kuvalayAnanda' kI zailI ko nahIM apanAyA hai aura phalataH unakA 'lalitalalAma' bAhya-rUpa-vidhAna kI dRSTi se 'kuvalayAnanda' ke utanA nikaTa nahIM hai, jitanA nikaTa jasavanta kA 'bhASAbhUSaNa' hai; para yaha spaSTa hai ki 'kuvalayAnanda kI AtmA ko 'lalitalalAma' meM adhika saphalatA se avatarita kiyA gayA hai| 21

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322 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa - 'kuvalayAnanda' meM upamA se lekara hetu taka jina eka sau alaGkAroM ke svarUpa kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai, unameM se prAyaH sabhI ko usI krama se 'lalitalalAma' meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai / eka choTA-sA bheda yaha hai ki 'kuvalayAnanda' ke una eka sau alaGkAroM meM se eka kAvyaliGga ko matirAma ne svIkAra nahIM kiyA hai| aisA hone para bhI 'lalitalalAma' meM alaGkAroM kI saMkhyA kama nahIM huii| kAraNa yaha huA ki eka alaGkAra ko chor3a dene para 'kuvalayAnanda' ke hI eka alaGkAra 'uttara' ke do rUpoM kA gUDhottara aura citra nAma se pRthak-pRthak astitva svIkAra kara liyA gyaa| matirAma ke pUrva mahArAja jasavanta siMha ne bhI appayya ke uttara ke do rUpoM kI pRthak-pRthak gaNanA kara lI thii| jasavanta siMha kI yaha mAnyatA saMmbyAgata ekarUpatA kI dRSTi se matirAma ko bhI anukUla jAna par3I hogii| appayya dIkSita ne hetu-nirUpaNa ke uparAnta apane alaGkAroM kI saMkhyA eka sau batAyI thii| matirAma bhI sambhavataH hetu taka eka sau alaGkAroM kA astitva mAnanA cAhate the| isIlie eka ko chor3a dene para dUsare ke do rUpoM ko svatantra alaGkAra mAna kara unhoMne 'kuvalayAnanda' se saMkhyA-sAmya kA nirvAha kara liyaa| ___alaGkAra-dhAraNA meM kuvalayAnandakAra ke anuyAyI hone para bhI matirAma ne rasavat, preya, UrjasvI Adi rasa-bhAvAzrita alaGkAroM tathA pramANAlaGkAroM kA vivecana nahIM kiyA hai| unhoMne saMsRSTi aura saGkara kA bhI lakSaNa-nirUpaNa nahIM kiyA hai / saMsRSTi, saGkara Adi svatantra alaGkAra to haiM bhI nahIM, ve to ekAdhika alaGkAroM ke sahabhAva kI vibhinna sthitiyA~-mAtra haiN| pramANAlaGkAroM kA alaGkAratva asandigdha nhiiN| rasa, bhAva Adi ke nibandhana-rUpa rasavadAdi ko bhI kevala alaGkAra mAnanA matirAma ko ucita nahIM jAna par3A hogaa| yaha bhI dhyAtavya hai ki rasavadAdi tathA pramANAlaGkAroM ke svarUpa-nirUpaNa ke pUrva hI appayya dIkSita ne 'kuvalayAnanda' meM vivecita hetu taka ke alaGkAroM kI gaNanA kara lI thI aura unakI saMkhyA eka sau batAyI thii| isase lagatA hai ki svayaM appayya dIkSita pUrva-vivecita alaGkAroM se rasavadAdi alaGkAroM ko kucha bhinna mahattva denA cAhate the| yadi unakI dRSTi meM sabhI samAna mahattva ke bhAgI hote to sabako milAkara eka hI sAtha ginA gayA hotA / eka sau svIkArya alaGkAroM ke svarUpa kA vivecana kara lene ke uparAnta appayya ne sambhavataH yaha sujhAva-mAtra denA cAhA thA ki rasavadAdi-jaisI uktiyoM meM bhI alaGkArasva mAnA jAnA cAhie, jisa sujhAva ko matirAma ne svIkAra nahIM

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hindI rIti-sAhitya meM alaGkAra-viSayaka udbhAvanAe~ [ 323 kiyaa| rasavadAdi ko daNDI Adi prAcIna AcAryoM ne bhI alaGkAra mAnA thA; para hama dekha cuke haiM ki saMskRta-alaGkAra-zAstra meM bhI unake alaGkAratva ke sambandha meM AcAryoM meM mataikya nahIM rahA hai| matirAma ne 'lalitalalAma' meM svIkRta sabhI alaGkAroM ko appayya dIkSita ke 'kuvalayAnanda' kI alaGkAra-paribhASAoM ke AdhAra para hI paribhASita kiyA hai| 'kuvalayAnanda' meM jina-jina alaGkAroM ke jo-jo bheda kalpita haiM, una-una alaGkAroM ke prAyaH ve sabhI bheda 'lalitalalAma' meM nirUpita haiN| matirAma ne appayya ke kucha alaGkAroM kI saMjJAoM kI jagaha unake paryAyavAcI abhidhAna kA prayoga kiyA hai; para unake svarUpa appayya ke tattadalaGkAroM ke svarUpa se abhinna haiN| udAharaNArtha, matirAma kA paraspara pUrvAcArya ke anyonya se tathA hetumAlA kAraNamAlA se abhinna hai| ye nAma prAcIna alaGkAroM ke nAma ke paryAya-mAtra haiN| appayya ke 'uttara' ke do rUpoM ke AdhAra para gUDhottara aura citra-ina do alaGkAroM kI svatantra sattA to matirAma ke pUrva hI svIkRta ho cukI thI, matirAma ne citra ke bhI do bhedoM kI paribhASAeM dI haiN| unake anusAra citra kA eka rUpa vaha hai, jisameM prazna evaM uttara sAtha raheM tathA dUsarA rUpa vaha hai, jisameM aneka praznoM kA uttara eka ho|' citra ke ina do rUpoM kI kalpanA bhI 'kuvalayAnanda' se hI lI gayI hai / yadyapi appayya dIkSita ne uttara ke dUsare rUpa, arthAt citrottara ke lakSaNa meM usake do svarUpoM ko spaSTa rUpa se pRthak-pRthak paribhASita nahIM kiyA hai; para unhoMne usake udAharaNa meM paribhASA ko ghaTita karate hue likhA hai ki yahA~ eka aMza meM prazna aura uttara sAtha haiM tathA dUsare aMza meM aneka praznoM kA uttara eka hai / ataH ina donoM hI sthitiyoM meM citrauttara hai / 2 spaSTa hai ki uttara ke bheda citrottara ke do udAharaNoM ko dhyAna meM rakha kara hI matirAma ne citra ke do rUpoM ko paribhASita kiyA hai| 1. jaha~ bUjhata kachu bAta kauM uttara soI bAta / citra kahata matirAma x x x // bahutI bAtani ko jahA~ uttara dIje ek| citra bakhAnata haiM tahA~ kavijana buddhi-viveka / -matirAma, lalitalalAma, 350, 352 2. atra 'kedArapoSaNaratA' iti praznAbhinnamuttaraM 'ke kheTAH, kiM calam ?' iti praznadvayasya 'vayaH' ityekamuttaram / "-appayya, kuvalayAnanda, vRtti pR0 167

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324] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa ....: 'lalitalalAma' meM apahnati ke sabhI bheda 'kuvalayAnanda' se hI liye gaye haiN| usake bhedoM meM eka chalApahnati-bheda ApAtataH navIna jAna par3atA hai; para vastutaH vaha 'kuvalayAnanda' ke kaitavApat ti se abhinna hai / chala kaitava kA hI apara paryAya hai| 5 " utprekSA ke mukhya chaha bheda to matirAma ne 'kuvalayAnanda' se hI liye haiM, sAtha hI eka guNotprekSA-bheda kI bhI paribhASA unhoMne dI hai| unake anusAra jahA~ utprekSA ke vAcaka zabda ukta nahIM hote, vahA~ guNotprekSA hotI hai|' yaha dhAraNA bhI 'kuvalayAnanda' se hI lI gayI hai| appayya dIkSita ne isa bAta kA spaSTa ullekha kiyA hai ki vAcaka zabdoM ke ukta hone para utprekSA vAcya hotI hai| unake anukta hone para gamya / ' appayya kI gamyotprekSA-dhAraNA ko hI matirAma ne guptotprekSA kI paribhASA meM prastuta kiyA hai| isa vivecana se spaSTa hai ki matirAma ke 'lalitalalAma' meM kisI navIna alaGkAra kI udbhAvanA nahIM huI hai| matirAma kI alaGkAra-vivecanA kA mahattva kevala paribhASAoM kI spaSTatA meM hai| bhUSaNa bhUSaNa AcArya kI apekSA kavi ke rUpa meM adhika vikhyAta haiN| 'zivarAjabhUSaNa' meM unhoMne arthAlaGkAroM ko paribhASita kara zivarAja ke kIrtigAna meM svaracita chandoM ke udAharaNa diye haiN| AzrayadAtA ke stutiparaka padoM se hI udAharaNa cunane kA Agraha hone se kahIM-kahIM udAharaNa sadoSa bhI ho gaye haiN| bhUSaNa aura matirAma ke alaGkAra-vivecana meM paryApta sAmya hai| 'zivarAjabhUSaNa' meM vivecita alaGkAra nimnalikhita haiM zabdAlaGkAra-anuprAsa, yamaka, punaruktivadAbhAsa aura citra / arthAlaGkAra-upamA, pratIpa, upameyopamA, mAlopamA, lalitopamA, ananvaya, rUpaka, pariNAma, ullekha, smRti, bhrama, sandeha, apahna ti, utprekSA, . : 1. utprekSA vAcaka jahA~ zabda kahyo nahiM hoy| .::... guptotprekSA kahata haiM tahA~ x x x // -matirAma, lalitalalAma, 106 PUR. appayya, kuvalayAnanda, 32 . ..

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hindI rIti-sAhitya meM alaGkAra-viSayaka udbhAvanAeM [ 325 atizayokti, sAmAnyavizeSa, tulyayogitA, dIpaka, AvRttidIpaka, prativastupamajJAna, dRSTAnta, nidarzanA, vyatireka, sahokti, vinokti, samAsokti, parikara, parikarAGa kura, zleSa, aprastutaprazaMsA, paryAyokti, vyAjastuti, AkSepa, virodha, vibhAvanA, vizeSokti, asambhava, asaGgati, viSama, sama, vicitra, praharSaNa, viSAdana, adhika, vizeSa, viparIta, anyonya, vyAghAta, gumphaM, ekAvalI, mAlAdIpaka, sAra, yathAsaMkhya, paryAya, parivRtta, parisaMkhyA, vikalpa, samAdhi, pratyanIka, arthApatti, kAvyaliGga, arthAntaranyAsa, prauDhokti, sambhAvanA, mithyAdhyavasiti, lalita, ullAsa, avajJA, anujJA, leza, tadguNa, pUrvarUpa, pUrvAvasthA, atadguNa, anuguNa, mIlita, unmIlita, sAmAnya, vizeSaka, gUDhottara, citrottara, sUkSma, pihita, vyAjokti, yukti, lokokti, chekokti, vakrokti, svabhAvokti, bhAvika, bhAvikachavi, udAtta, atyukti, nirukti, pratiSedha, vidhi, anumAna aura sngkr| gumpha kAraNamAlA kA paryAya hai / kAraNamAlA ke lakSaNa meM appayya dIkSita ne gumpha zabda kA prayoga kiyA thaa| vahIM se gumpha saMjJA gRhIta hai| ..... viparIta kA abhidhAna to kezava se liyA gayA hai; para usakA svarUpa navIna rUpa meM kalpita hai| kezava ne kArya ke sAdhana ke hI bAdhaka bana jAne meM viparIta alaGkAra mAnA thA; para bhUSaNa kI mAnyatA hai ki jahA~ AdhAra ko Adheya tathA Adheya ko AdhAra banA diyA jAya, vahA~ viparIta alaGkAra hogaa| bhAratIya kAvya-zAstra meM prAcIna kAla se hI AdhArAdheya-bhAva-sambandha para AdhRta kaI alaGkAra pracalita rahe haiN| vizeSa, adhika, alpa Adi aise hI alaGkAra haiN| pratIpa meM upamAna aura upameya meM eka ke dUsare rUpa meM prakalpana kI dhAraNA hai| usase AdhArAdheya meM pArasparika parivartana kI dhAraNA milA kara viparIta kA svarUpa nirmita hai| viparIta nAmnA prAcIna hone para bhI svarUpatayA navIna hai| isake svarUpa-nirmANa ke lie uparilikhita do alaGkAroM se tattva liyA gayA hai| bhUSaNa ne pUrvarUpa se pRthak pUrvAvasthA ke astitva kI kalpanA kI hai| donoM ke svarUpa meM itanA sAmya hai ki pUrvarUpa se svatantra pUrvAvasthA kI kalpanA 1. gumphaH kAraNamAlA syAt .........|-appyy, kuvalayAnanda, 104 2. jahiM adhAra Adheya kari aru Adheya aadhaar|. tAhi kahata viparIta hai ........"|-bhuussnn, zivarAja bhUSaNa, 205

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326 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa samIcIna nahIM jAna pdd'tii| donoM meM kisI vastu ke rUpa meM kisI kAraNa se vikAra hone para punaH pUrvarUpa kI prApti kA varNana rahatA hai| sAmAnyavizeSa bhUSaNa kA nAmnA navIna alaGkAra hai| isakI paribhASA meM kahA gayA hai ki jahAM sAmAnya kA kathana abhISTa ho vahAM yadi vizeSa kA kathana ho to sAmAnyavizeSa alaGkAra hotA hai|' spaSTataH, yaha aprastutaprazaMsA kA eka bheda hai| sAmAnya kI vivakSA meM vizeSa kA, vizeSa kI vivakSA meM sAmAnya kA tathA aise anya kA kathana hone meM aprastutaprazaMsA kA sadbhAka prAcIna AlaGkArikoM ne mAnA thaa|2 bhAvikachavi ko AcArya paNDita rAmacandra zukla ne bhUSaNa kI udbhAvanA mAnA thaa| DaoN. bhagIratha mizra ne bhI zukla jI kI mAnyatA kA hI anusaraNa kiyA hai| hama dekha cuke haiM ki bhAvikacchavi alaGkAra kA vivecana jayadeva ne 'candrAloka' meM kiyA thA / 5 bhUSaNa kI bhAvikachavi usase abhinna hai| 'candrAloka' ke sabhI saMskaraNoM meM bhAvikacchavi kA ullekha nahIM pAyA jaataa| sambhava hai ki zukla jI ke sAmane 'candrAloka' kI jo prati thI, usameM bhAvikacchavi kI paribhASA nahIM rahI ho| gujarAtI priMTiMga presa se prakAzita 'candrAloka' meM bhAvikacchavi kA ullekha itanA to avazya pramANita karatA hai ki saMskRta-alaGkAra-zAstra meM bhI bhAvikacchavi kA svarUpa-nirUpaNa ho cukA thA aura bhUSaNa ne vahIM se yaha dhAraNA lI hai| bhAvikacchavi kI udbhAvanA sarvaprathama yA to jayadeva ne kI hogI yA unake samakAlIna kisI ajJAta AcArya ne / bhUSaNa ko bhAvikachavi kI prathama kalpanA kA zreya nahIM diyA jA sktaa| 1. kahibe jahiM sAmAnya hai kahai tahA~ ju biseSa / .. so sAmAnya-biseSa hai.........||-bhuussnn, zivarAjabhUSaNa, 106 2. tatra sAmAnyavizeSabhAve sAmAnyAd vizeSasya vizeSAdvA sAmAnyasyA vagatau dvavidhyam |-appyy, kuvalayAnanda, vRtti, pR0 82 3. rAmacandra zukla, hindI sAhitya kA itihAsa, pR0 235 4. bhagIratha mizra, hindI kAvyazAstra kA itihAsa, pR0 86 5. dezAtmaviprakRSTasya darzanaM bhaavikcchviH|-jydev candrAloka, 5,114 6. jaha~ dUrasthita bastu ko dekhata varanata koi| bhUSana bhUSanarAja yo bhAvikachavi hai soi // -bhUSaNa, zivarAjabhUSaNa, 311

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hindI rIti-sAhitya meM alaGkAra-viSayaka udbhAvanAe~ [ 327 'zivarAjabhUSaNa' ke anya sabhI alaGkAroM ke nAma-rUpa prAcIna hI haiN'| kucha alaGkAroM ke svarUpa ko bhUSaNa ne kiJcit aspaSTa bhI kara diyA hai| isa vivecana se spaSTa hai ki alaGkAra ke kSetra meM bhUSaNa ne koI mahattvapUrNa udbhAvanA nahIM kI hai| AdhArAdheya ke pArasparika viparyaya meM jo viparIta kI sattA kalpita hai, usakA bIja pratIpa tathA AdhArAdheya-bhAva para AdhRta alaGkAroM kI dhAraNA meM hai| deva __ AcArya deva ne 'zabdarasAyana' yA 'kAvyarasAyana' tathA 'bhAvavilAsa'; ina do kRtiyoM meM kAvyAlaGkAra ke svarUpa kA nirUpaNa kiyA hai| ukta granthoM meM 'zabdarasAyana' hI deva kI prauDha racanA hai| ataH, deva kI alaGkAra-dhAraNA ke mUlyAGkana ke lie vahI parIkSya hai / 'bhAvavilAsa' meM kevala unacAlIsa alaGkAroM kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai; para 'zabdarasAyana' meM mukhya aura gauNa alaGkAroM ko milA kara sattara alaGkAra nirUpita haiN| isa grantha meM cAlIsa mukhya tathA tIsa gauNa alaGkAra mAne gaye haiN| ina arthAlaGkAroM ke atirikta 'zabdarasAyana' meM zabdAlaGkAroM kA bhI vivecana kiyA gayA hai| __'bhAvavilAsa' meM deva ne jina unacAlIsa alaGkAroM kA vivecana kiyA thA, unameM se battIsa alaGkAra 'zabdarasAyana' meM bhI gRhIta haiN| una battIsa ko isa pustaka meM mukhya alaGkAra mAnA gayA hai; kintu sAta ko kyoM chor3a diyA gayA, isakA koI kAraNa nahIM jAna pdd'taa| _ 'bhAvavilAsa' meM vivecita alaGkAra haiM:-svabhAvokti, upamA, upameyopamA, saMzaya, ananvaya, rUpaka, atizayokti, samAsokti, vakrokti, paryAyokti, sahokti, vizeSokti, vyatireka, vibhAvanA, utprekSA, AkSepa, udAtta, dIpaka, apahnati, zleSa, arthAntaranyAsa, aprastutaprazaMsA, vyAjastuti, AvRttidIpaka, nidarzanA, virodha, parivRtti, hetu, rasavat, UrjasvI yA Urjasvala, sUkSma, preya, krama, samAhita, tulyayogitA, leza, bhAvika, saGkIrNa aura AziSa / 1. mukhya kaho cAlIsa vidhi, gauna sutIsa prkaar|.. . -deva, zabdarasAyana, 9 pR0 148

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328 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa ___'bhAvavilAsa' ke ukta unacAlIsa alaGkAroM ko hI AcArya deva ne mukhya alaGkAra kahA hai aura samagra alaGkAra-prapaJca ko unhIM ke bheda svIkAra kiyA hai|' 'bhAvavilAsa' ke alaGkAra-vivecana meM AcArya daNDI ke 'kAvyAdarza' ko Adarza mAnA gayA hai| saMzaya ko deva ne yadyapi svatantra alaGkAra svIkAra kiyA; para isakI paribhASA meM upamAna aura upameya ke bIca sandeha para bala dekara ise daNDI ke saMzayopamA se abhinna banA diyA hai| bhAratIya alaGkArazAstra meM isa alaGkAra ne sandeha, sasandeha, saMzayopamA, saMzaya Adi abhidhAna grahaNa kiye haiN| 'zabdarasAyana' meM vivecita alaGkAra nimnalikhita haiM : zabdAlaGkAra-anuprAsa aura yamaka ( citra antarjApikA, prahelikA Adi isI meN)| [mukhya] arthAlaGkAra-svabhAvokti, upamA, rUpaka, dIpaka, AvRtti, parivRtti, AkSepa, arthAntaranyAsa, vyatireka, vizeSokti, samAsokti, vibhAvanA, paryAyokti, vakrokti, atizayokti, utprekSA, ullekha, hetu, sahokti, sahoktimAlA, sUkSma, leza, krama, preya, rasavat, udAtta, UrjasvI, apahna ti, samAdhi, nidarzanA, dRSTAnta, nindAstuti, stutinindA, saMzaya, virodha, virodhAbhAsa, tulyayogitA, aprastutastuti, asambhava, asaGgati, parikara tathA tadguNa / [gauNa] arthAlaGkAra-atadguNa, anuguNa, anujJA, avajJA, guNavata, pratyanIka, lekha, sAra, milita, kAraNamAlA, ekAvalI, mudrA, mAlAdIpaka, samuccaya, sambhAvanA, praharSaNa, gUDhokti, vyAjokti, vivRtokti, yukti, svabhAvokti, vikalpa, saGkIrNa, bhAvika, AziSa, smRti, bhrAnti, sandeha, nizcaya, sama, viSama, alpa, adhika, anyonya, sAmAnya, vizeSa, unmIlita, pihita, arthApatti, vidhi, niSedha, anyokti, atyukti evaM prtyukti| uparilikhita arthAlavAroM se gauNa arthAlaGkAroM kI saMkhyA ke viSaya meM deva ke kathana kI saGgati nahIM baitthtii| isa avyavasthA ko dekhate hue kucha vidvAnoM ne deva ke dohe meM pATha-doSa mAna kara usake saMzodhana kA sujhAva diyA 1. alaGkAra mukhya unatAlIsa haiM deva kaheM ye hI purAnani muni matani meM paaiye| Adhunika kavita ke saMgata aneka aura inahIM ke bheda aura vividha batAiye / -deva, bhAvavilAsa, 5, 1

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hindI rIti-sAhitya meM alaGkAra-viSayaka udbhAvanAe~ [ 329 hai|' kintu, usase bhI samasyA kA samAdhAna nahIM ho paataa| deva kA gauNa arthAlaGkAra-vivecana anavadhAna-pUrNa jAna par3atA hai| ... svabhAvokti ko mukhya alaGkAroM meM prathama sthAna diyA gayA hai aura use gauNa alaGkAra-varga meM bhI parigaNita kara liyA gayA hai| saMzaya ko mukhya tathA sandeha ko gauNa alaGkAra mAnane meM bhI koI yukti nhiiN| astu, prastuta sandarbha meM hamArA uddezya deva ke dvArA kalpita navIna alaGkAroM ke srota kA parIkSaNa hai| deva ne mukhya arthAlaGkAra-varga meM aprastutastuti nAma ke alaGkAra kA ullekha kiyA hai| yaha aprastutaprazaMsA kA apara paryAya hai| saMskRta-alaGkArazAstra meM bhI prastuta alaGkAra ke do rUpa milate haiN| eka meM prazaMsA kA artha kevala varNana mAnA gayA hai tathA dUsare meM prazaMsA kA artha 'guNagAna' liyA gayA hai| isa prakAra kucha AcAryoM ke mata se isameM aprastuta ke varNana se prastuta kA bodha karAyA jAtA hai aura anya AcAryoM ke matAnusAra isameM aprastuta ke guNotkarSa kA varNana kiyA jAtA hai| deva ne dUsare rUpa ko grahaNa kara prAcInoM kI aprastutaprazaMsA kA nayA nAmakaraNa aprastutastuti kara diyaa| ___ nindAstuti aura stutinindA kA alaga-alaga vivecana kiyA gayA hai| ye vyAjastuti ke do rUpoM ( nindAmukhena stuti tathA stutimukhena nindA ) ke do nAma haiN| unakI pRthak-pRthak sattA kI kalpanA Avazyaka nhiiN| deva ke mukhya arthAlaGkAroM kA svarUpa-nirUpaNa adhikatara daNDI ke AdhAra para tathA gauNa arthAlaGkAroM kA nirUpaNa 'candrAloka' tathA usapara AdhRta 'kuvalayAnanda' ke AdhAra para huA hai| deva ke 'zabdarasAyana' meM navakalpita alaGkAra haiM-guNavat, saGkIrNa pratyukti aura shoktimaalaa| DaoN0 omaprakAza zarmA ne lekha ko bhI deva kA navIna alaGkAra mAna liyA hai| 3 vastutaH lekha kA nAma aura rUpa deva ne pUrvavartI AcAryoM se hI liyA hai| hama yaha dekha cuke haiM ki mahArAja 1. DaoN0 omaprakAza zarmA ne apane zodha-prabandha meM deva ke gauNa alaGkAroM ko saMkhyA unacAlIsa mAna kara yaha sujhAva diyA hai ki deva ke dohe meM 'sutIsa' kI jagaha 'nautIsa' pATha mAnA jAnA caahie| kintu, zabda rasAyana meM vastutaH alaGkAroM kI saMkhyA unacAlIsa se bhI adhika hai| 2. deva, zabdarasAyana, pR0 173 3. omaprakAza zarmA, rItikAlIna alaGkAra-sAhitya, pR0 67

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330 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa jasavanta siMha ne appayya ke leza alaGkAra kA nAma lekha kara diyA thaa| deva ne bhI lekha nAma vahIM se liyA hai| deva kA lekha-lakSaNa bhI jasavanta ke lekha-lakSaNa ke samAna hI hai|' ataH, lekha ko deva kI nUtana udbhAvanA nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| guNavat alaGkAra kI paribhASA meM kahA gayA hai ki jahA~ guNavAna kI saGgati se guNahIna bhI guNavAna bana jAya, vahA~ guNavat alaGkAra hotA hai / isake viparIta jahA~ guNahIna ke saMsarga se guNavAna bhI guNahIna bana jAya, vahA~ pratyanIka alaGkAra deva ne mAnA hai / 2 guNavat nAma to matirAma ke guNavanta ke AdhAra para kalpita hai; para deva ke guNavat kA svarUpa matirAma ke guNavanta se thor3A bhinna hai| deva ke guNavat aura pratyanIka kA svarUpa prAcIna AcAryoM ke tadguNa ke svarUpa se itanA milatA-julatA hai ki tadguNa se svatantra unake astitva kI kalpanA anAvazyaka hI nahIM, anucita bhI jAna par3atI hai| tadguNa meM koI vastu apane guNa kA tyAga kara usa vastu kA guNa grahaNa kara letI hai, jisake samparka meM vaha AtI hai| gugavat meM bhI to yahI hotA hai| guNahIna vyakti apane hIna guNa kA tyAga kara sasarga meM Ane vAle guNI vyakti kA utkRSTa guNa grahaNa kara letA hai| deva ne tadguga kA astitva svIkAra kiyA hai| ataH, unake dvArA guNavat kI kalpanA navInatA-pradarzana mAtra ke lie kI mayI jAna par3atI hai| pratyanIka meM bhI dUsare ke avaguNa se anya ke prabhAvita hone kA hI bhAva hai| saGkIrNa kA svarUpa bahuta aspaSTa raha gayA hai| deva ne isakI paribhASA meM kahA hai ki isameM bahulakSya kI prApti kA prayAsa vaNita rahatA hai| yadi isa kathana kA yaha artha mAnA jAya ki isa alaGkAra meM aneka lakSyoM kI prApti kA yatna vaNita hotA hai jaisA ki saGkIrNa ke udAharaNa kI parIkSA se bhI deva tathA 1. tulanIya-guna meM doSa ru doSa meM, guna kalpana so lekha / -jasavanta, bhASAbhUSaNa, alaM0 pra0 167 guna doSana ke doSa guna, lekha su kahau bakhAni / -deva, zabdarasAyana, pR0 178 2. gunavata saMga gunIna ke, nigunI gunani pravIna, pratyanIka ulaTo gunahi, niguna kara gunahIna / -deva, zabdarasAyana, pR0 178 3. ....."saMkIraNa bahulakSa / vahI, pR0 180

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hindI rIti-sAhitya meM alaGkAra-viSayaka udbhAvanAe~ [331 kA abhimata jAna par3atA hai to yaha alaGkAra zobhAkara mitra ke tantra alaGkAra se, jisameM nAnA phala kI prApti ke lie prayatna para bala diyA gayA hai, nAmnA hI bhinna siddha hotA hai| saGkIrNa nAma kA prayoga saMskRta ke AcAryoM ne alaGkAroM ke saGkara yA unakI saMsRSTi ke lie kiyA thA; para deva ne usa nAma ko lekara tantra se use milA diyaa| zobhAkara kI alaGkAradhAraNA ke sAtha deva kI alaGkAra-viSayaka mAnyatA ke isa sAmya ko dekhate hue yaha anumAna ThIka nahIM jaMcatA ki deva ne zobhAkara kA 'alaGkAraratnAkara' nahIM dekhA hogaa| pratyukti meM ukti-pratyukti kI dhAraNA vyakta kI gayI hai| yaha dhAraNA prAcIna AcAryoM ke uttara yA usIke bheda praznottara se bhinna nhiiN| yaha purAtana alaGkAra kA nUtana abhidhAna-mAtra hai| deva ne kucha alaGkAroM ke navIna bhedopabhedoM kI bhI kalpanA kI hai| yamaka kA siMhAvalokana-bheda (aparibhASita), upamA ke svabhAva, yoga, saGkIrNabhAva, ucita, pratikAra, ullekha, AkSepa, garva Adi bheda svIkAra kiye gaye haiN|| siMhAvalokana ko AcArya bhikhArI dAsa ne paribhASita kiyA hai| ataH, usakI kalpanA ke srota para hama bhikhArI kI alaGkAra-dhAraNA ke sandarbha meM hI vicAra kreNge| svabhAvopamA, AkSepopamA, ullekhopamA Adi kI kalpanA tattadalaGkAroM ke sAtha upamA kI dhAraNA ko milA kara kI gayI hai| ucitopamA Adi upamA-bheda kI kalpanA kA bIja AcArya bharata kI sadRzI upamA kI dhAraNA meM dekhA jA sakatA hai| saGkIrNabhAvopamA kI dhAraNA vicitra-sI jAna par3atI hai| isake udAharaNa meM 'khIjhati-sI, rIjhati-sI, rUsati, risAnI-sI' Adi ko prastuta kiyA gayA hai / eka to rIjhanA, khIjhanA Adi kriyA meM sAdRzyavAcaka 'sI' Adi lagAne se usakI sambhAvanA hI prakaTa hotI hai, upamA nahIM; dUsare, bhAvoM ke upamAna banAye jAne meM svatantra upamA-bheda kI kalpanA Avazyaka bhI nhiiN| upamA alaGkAra kA saJcArI Adi mAnasika bhAvoM ke sAtha deva ne jo sambandha jor3A hai, usapara AkSepa karate hue DaoN0 nagendra ne ThIka hI likhA hai ki-"prIti, mada, IrSyA Adi saMcAriyoM tathA vaira Adi svabhAva-vRttiyoM se upamA kA granthibandhana nirarthaka hai| 4. draSTavya-zobhAkara, alaM0 ratnA0 86 tathA usakI vRtti pR0 146

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332 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa aura usako eka viphala vaicitrya-pradarzana ke atirikta aura kyA kahA jA sakatA hai ?' spaSTa hai ki upamA Adi ke navIna bhedoM kI kalpanA meM nava-cintana kI koI mUlyavAna upalabdhi nahIM, camatkAra-pradarzana kA lobhamAtra hai| deva ke dvArA udbhAvita alaGkAroM meM se guNavat kA prAcIna AcAryoM ke tadguNa meM antarbhAva sambhava hai| unake saGkIrNa kI apUrNa paribhASA se udAharaNa ke sahAre usa alaGkAra ke sambandha meM unakI jo dhAraNA sthira hotI hai, usase vaha alaGkAra zobhAkara ke tantra alaGkAra se abhinna siddha hotA hai| pratyukti nAma-mAtra se navIna hai / usakA svarUpa prAcIna AcAryoM ke praznottara se bhinna nhiiN| unake zeSa alaGkAroM ke nAma-rUpa purAtana hI haiM / spaSTataH deva ke 'zabdarasAyana' yA 'bhAvavilAsa' meM kisI bhI sarvathA navIna alaGkAra-svarUpa kI maulika udbhAvanA nahIM kI gayI hai| dUlaha dUlaha aura raghunAtha vandIjana samasAmayika the| saMvat 1800 ke AsapAsa dUlaha ne 'kavikulakaNThAbharaNa' tathA raghunAtha ne 'rasikamohana' kI racanA kI thii| donoM racanAoM meM alaGkAroM ke lakSaNa-nirUpaNa meM paryApta samatA hai| udAharaNa to donoM meM alaga-alaga diye gaye haiM; para lakSaNa bahulAMzataH milatejulate haiN| donoM meM se kisane dUsare ko prabhAvita kiyA hogA, yaha kahanA to kaThina hai; para isa samatA kA eka kAraNa spaSTa hai| donoM hI AcAryoM ke alaGkAra-vivecana kA Adarza samAna rUpa se appayya kA 'kuvalayAnanda' rahA hai / kuvalayAnandakAra ne eka sau alaGkAroM kA varNana kara lene ke uparAnta rasavadAdi tathA pramANAlaGkAroM kA varNana kiyA thaa| 'kuvalayAnanda' meM, yaha spaSTa jAna par3atA hai ki upamA se hetu taka ke eka sau alaGkAroM se rasavat Adi kA kucha bhinna mahattva mAnA gayA thaa| dUlaha ne bhI usI paddhati kA anugamana kara hetu-vivecana ke uparAnta usa adhyAya ko samApta-sA karate hue likhA hai ki eka sau aryAlaGkAra jo prAcIna AcAryoM ke dvArA vivecita the, 1. DaoN0 nagendra, deva aura unakI kavitA, pR0 156 /

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hindI rIti-sAhitya meM alaGkAra-viSayaka udbhAvanAe~ [ 333 unakA varNana kiyA gayA / ' dUlaha ne eka sau ke atirikta sattara-bahattara Adhunika alaGkAroM kI ora saGkata kiyA hai / 2 para, unakA abhiprAya kinakina alaGkAroM se thA, yaha spaSTa nhiiN| unhoMne appayya kI taraha rasavadAdi bhAva-sambandhI tathA pramANa-sambandhI alaGkAroM kA bhI nirUpaNa kiyA hai| 'kuvalayAnanda' ke smRti evaM sandeha ko kramazaH smRtimAna tathA sandehavAna kahA gayA hai| nAma meM yaha parivartana bhrAntimAna ke sAdRzya ke AdhAra para huA hai| donoM ke svarUpa kI kalpanA meM koI navInatA nhiiN| __ vyAjastuti kA nAma vyAjokti kara diyA gayA hai| prAcIna AcAryoM ke vyAjokti alaGkAra kI bhI sattA svIkAra karane ke kAraNa vyAjokti kA do bAra ullekha karanA par3A hai| raghunAtha ke 'rasikamohana' meM bhI vyAjastuti ko vyAja-ukti kahane se aisI hI avyavasthA utpanna huI hai| dUlaha ne vyAja-ukti nAma ko vyAjastuti se adhika vyApaka samajhA hogaa| unheM lagA hogA ki vyAjastuti nAma kevala vyAja se kI jAne vAlI stuti kA hI bodhaka ho sakatA hai, vyAja se kI jAne vAlI nindA kA nahIM; isIlie vyAjokti kaha kara bhI dUlaha ne lakSaNa meM vyAjastuti tathA vyAja-nindA zabdoM kA bhI prayoga kiyA hai|4 vastutaH vyAjastuti meM stuti kA artha 'varNana' thaa| usakA nAmaparivartana ucita nhiiN| saMsRSTi aura saGkara kA vivecana bhI dUlaha ne saMskRta AcAryoM kI mAnyatA ke anurUpa hI kiyA hai| saGkara ke cAra bheda-aGgAGgibhAva, samasupradhAna,. sandeha tathA vAcakAnupraveza-svIkRta haiM aura use nRsiMhAkAra kahA gayA hai| zabdAlaGkAra-saMsRSTi ke prasaGga meM dUlaha ne chekAnuprAsa aura yamaka kA varNana kiyA hai|5 spaSTa hai ki prAcIna alaGkAroM ke kucha navIna nAma kI kalpanA ko chor3a 'kavikulakaNThAbharaNa' meM kisI navIna alaGkAra kI kalpanA nahIM kI gayI hai| 1. arathAlaGa kRta zata prAcIna kahe te khe| -dUlaha, kavikulakaNThAbharaNa, 71 2. Adhunika sattari-bahattari pramAne hai| vahI, 71 3. vahI, 72-76 4. draSTavya-vahI, 34 . 5. AvRti akSara amita kI hai chekAnuprAsa; ... bAra-bAra pada artha jaha~ bhinna yamaka parakAsa / vahI, 79

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334 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa bhikhArI dAsa AcArya bhikhArI dAsa ke 'kAvya-nirNaya' meM kAvyAlaGkAroM ke svarUpa kI vistRta mImAMsA kI gayI hai| isa grantha meM do sthaloM para alaGkAroM kA -svarUpa-nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| tIsare ullAsa meM alaGkAroM kA saMkSipta vivecana hai, aura AThaveM se aThArahaveM ullAsa taka vizada vivecn| tIsare ullAsa meM nirUpita alaGkAroM kA bhI punaH vivecana kiyA gayA hai aura unake atirikta kucha anya alaGkAra bhI Age svIkRta hue haiN| isa prakAra tIsare ullAsa tathA AThaveM se aThArahaveM ullAsoM meM vivecita alaGkAroM meM saMkhyAgata bheda spaSTa hai / dAsa ne ukta sthaloM meM alaGkAra-vivecana ko zailI bhI alaga-alaga apanAyI hai| tRtIya ullAsa meM eka hI dohe meM lakSaNa-udAharaNa vAlI 'kuvalayAnanda', 'bhASAbhUSaNa' Adi kI zailI bhI apanAyI gayI hai aura alaga-alaga padoM meM lakSaNaudAharaNa bhI diye gaye haiN| para AThaveM se aThArahaveM ullAsoM meM pRthak-pRthaka chandoM meM lakSaNa aura udAharaNa diye gaye haiN| tRtIya ullAsa kI apekSA agale ullAsoM meM alaGkAra-vizeSa ke bhedopabheda bhI adhika diye gaye haiN| do sthaloM para alaGkAra-vivecana kA koI saGgata kAraNa nahIM diikhtaa| astu, tRtIya ullAsa meM nirUpita alaGkAra nimnalikhita haiM : upamA, ananvaya, pratIpa, dRSTAnta, arthAntaranyAsa, nidarzanA, tulyayogitA, utprekSA, apahna,ti, smaraNa, bhrama, sandeha, vyatireka, rUpaka, atizayokti, udAtta, adhika, anyokti, vyAjastuti, paryAyokta, AkSepa, viruddha, vibhAvanA, 'vizeSokti, ullAsa, tadguNa, mIlita, unmIlita, sama, bhAvika, samAdhi, sahokti, vinokti, parivRtti, sUkSma, parikara, svabhAvokti, kAvyaliGga, parisaMkhyA, praznottara, yathAsaMkhya, ekAvalI, paryAya, saMsRSTi tathA sabheda saGkara / AThaveM se aThArahaveM ullAsoM taka vivecita alaGkAra nimnalikhita haiM: upamA, ananvaya, upameyopamA, pratIpa, zrautI upamA, dRSTAnta, arthAntaranyAsa vikasvara, nidarzanA. tulyayogitA, prativastUpamA; utprekSA, apahna ti, smaraNa, bhrama, sandeha; vyatireka, rUpaka ( pariNAma rUpaka-bheda ke rUpa meM parigaNita) ullekha; atizayokti, udAtta, adhika, alpa, vizeSa; ( anyokti pradhAna-) aprastutaprazaMsA, prastutAGa kura, samAsokti, vyAjastuti, AkSepa, paryAyokti; (virodhamUlaka-) viruddha yA virodhAbhAsa, vibhAvanA, vyAghAta, vizeSokti, asaGgati, viSama; ullAsa, avajJA, anujJA, leza, vicitra, tadguNa,

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hindI rIti-sAhitya meM alaGkAra-viSayaka udbhAvanAe~ [ 335 svaguNa, atadguNa, pUrvarUpa, anuguNa, mIlita, sAmAnya, unmIlita, vizeSa, sama, samAdhi, parivRtti, bhAvika, harSa yA praharSaNa, viSAda, asambhava, sambhAvanA, samuccaya, anyonya, vikalpa, sahokti, vinokti, pratiSedha, vidhi, kAvyArthApatti; sUkSma, pihita, yukti, gUDhotara, gUDhokti, mithyAdhyavasiti, lalita, vivRtokti, vyAjokti, parikara, parikarAGakura; svabhAvokti, hetu, pramANa, kAvyaliGga, nirukti, lokokti, chekokti, pratyanIka, parisaMkhyA, praznottara; dIpaka, ( dIpakabheda svatantra vivecita ) yathAsaMkhya, ekAvalI, kAraNamAlA, uttarottara, rasanopamA, ratnAvalI aura paryAya / unnIsaveM ullAsa se lekara ikkIsaveM ullAsa taka zabdAlaGkAroM kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| unnIsaveM ullAsa meM kAvya-guNoM kA svarUpa-nirUpaNa kara dAsa jI ne sabase pahale guNoM ke bhUSaNa ke rUpa meM anuprAsa kA vivecana kiyA hai| anuprAsa alaGkAra zabdArtha ko alaGa kRta karate hue zabdArthAzrita guNoM ke AbhUSaNa to ho sakate haiM; para unheM rasAzrita guNoM ke alaGkaraNa kaise siddha kiyA jA sakatA hai, isameM koI yukti nahIM dI gayI hai| dAsa ne isa ullAsa meM chekAnuprAsa, vRttyanuprAsa, lATAnuprAsa ke sAtha vIpsA, yamaka tathA siMhAvalokana alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-nirUpaNa kiyA hai| bIsaveM ullAsa meM zleSa, virodhAbhAsa, mudrA, vakrokti tathA punaruktabadAbhAsa kA ullekha kara unake arthAlaGkAratva kA niSedha kiyA gayA hai|' ikkIsaveM ullAsa meM svatantra rUpa se citrAlaGkAra ke vividha rUpoM kA vivaraNa diyA gayA hai| 'kAvyanirNaya' meM vIpsA zabdAlaGkAra navIna hai| vIpsA kI dhAraNA navIna nahIM, kevala zabda ke alaGkAra ke rUpa meM usakI svIkRti navIna hai| kisI artha para bala dene ke lie zabdoM ke do bAra prayoga kA vidhAna saMskRtavyAkaraNa meM huA thA / 2 _ siMhAvalokana dAsa ko navIna kalpanA to nahIM; para sarvaprathama use paribhASita karane kA zreya unhIM ko hai| AcArya deva ne yamaka ke siMhA1. zleSa, virodhAbhAsa hai, sabda-alaGa kRta dAsa / mudrA au bakrokti puni, punaruktIbada bhAsa / / ina pA~cana-kari artha koM bhUSana kahai na koii| -bhikhArI dAsa, kAvya-nirNaya, 20, 1-2 pR0 556 2. ntyviipsyoH|-paannini, aSTAdhyAyI, 8, 1, 4

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336 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa valokana-bheda kA ullekha kiyA thaa| dAsa ne siMhAvalokana kI paribhASA meM kahA hai ki isameM pada kA Adi aura anta caraNa kuNDalita ho jAtA hai|' prathama caraNa ke anta kA zabda dUsare caraNa ke Arambha meM, dUsare caraNa ke anta kA zabda tIsare caraNa ke Arambha meM tathA tIsare caraNa ke anta kA zabda cauthe caraNa ke Arambha meM aura usake anta kA zabda prathama caraNa ke Arambha meM kuNDalAyita rUpa se rahe, to dAsa ke anusAra siMhAvalokana alaGkAra hogaa| yaha saMskRta-AcAryoM ke yamaka-bhedoM meM se hI eka hai| mammaTa ke Adyantika yamaka meM yamaka ke aise hI svarUpa kI kalpanA kI gayI thii| ise yamaka se svatantra alaGkAra mAnanA ucita nhiiN| siMhAvalokana-nyAya saMskRta meM pracalita thA, jisameM Age-pIche ke susambaddha avalokana kI dhAraNA vyakta kI gayI thii| isakA nAma-rUpa hindI-AcAryoM ne usI nyAya se liyA hai| dAsa ne arthAlaGkAroM meM zrautI upamA kI gaNanA upamA se svatantra kI hai| unhoMne ananvaya, pratIpa, upameyopamA, dRSTAnta, arthAntaranyAsa, vikasvara, nidarzanA, tulyayogitA tathA prativastUpamA kI taraha zrautI upamA ko bhI upamA kA hI vikAra svIkAra kiyA hai| kintu dRSTAnta, vikasvara Adi kI taraha zrautI upamA ko upamA kA vikAra nahIM mAna kara upamA kA bheda mAnanA hI ucita hotaa| uparilikhita alaGkAroM ko upamA kA vikAra mAnanA navIna sUjha nhiiN| saMskRta ke AcAryoM ne bhI sAdRzyamUlaka alaGkAroM ko upamAprapaJca kahA thaa| dIpaka alaGkAra kA ekatra sAmAnya svarUpa-nirUpaNa kara aparatra dIpakabhedoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| deharI-dIpaka kA nayA nAma suna kara kucha Alocaka camatkRta ho uThe haiM; para isakI dhAraNA bIja rUpa meM prAcIna AcAryoM ke sAmAnya dIpaka-lakSaNa meM hI nihita thii| kAraka-dIpaka, kriyA-dIpaka Adi meM bhI madhyasthita eka pada deharI-dIpaka-nyAya se do padoM ko dIpita karatA hai| eka pada se aneka ke dIpita hone meM hI dIpaka kI sArthakatA hai| ataH, deharI-dIpaka kI kalpanA meM bhedIkaraNa kI pravRtti-mAtra kA paricaya milatA hai, 1. carana aMta aura Adi ke, jamaka kuNDalita hoii| siMghavilokani hai vahai, ... .. // -bhikhArI dAsa, kAvya-nirNaya, 16, pR0 555 2. draSTavya-mammaTa, kAvyaprakAza, pR0 206 3. prativastuprabhRtirupamAprapaJcaH / vAmana, kAvyAlaGkAra, 4, 3, 1

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hindI rIti- sAhitya meM alaGkAra - viSayaka udbhAvanAe~ [ 337 hai, tattva-cintana kI maulikatA kA nahIM / deharI - dIpaka nAma bhI nUtana nahIM hai / deharI - dIpaka - nyAya kI dhAraNA saMskRta meM pracalita thI / dAsa ne svaguNa nAmaka eka navIna alaGkAra kA ullekha kiyA hai| unhoMne usakA lakSaNa nahIM dekara kevala udAharaNa diyA hai / DaoN0 omprakAza ne svaguNa kI eka paribhASA uddhRta kI hai-- ' pAye pUraba rUpa phiri svaguna sumati kaha deta / para isa uddharaNa kA srota pramANita nahIM / yadi svaguNa kI ukta paribhASA ko dAsa racita mAna liyA jAya to svaguNa alaGkAra kA svarUpa 'candrAloka' ke pUrvarUpa se, jisameM punaH svaguNa kI prApti para bala diyA gayA hai, abhinna ho jAyagA / pUrvarUpa ke do rUpoM kI kalpanA bhikhArI dAsa ke pUrvavartI AcAryoM ne kI thI / eka meM vastu para sannidhi se dUsare kA guNa grahaNa kara punaH apane pUrva guNoM ko dhAraNa kara letI hai aura dUsare meM vastu ke vikRta hone para bhI pahalI hI-sI avasthA kI anuvRtti kA varNana kiyA jAtA hai / 3 bhikhArI dAsa ne dUsare rUpa ko pUrvarUpa tathA prathama rUpa ko svaguNa kaha diyA hai / candrAlokakAra ke pUrvarUpa lakSaNa se hI svaguNaM zabda bhI isa alaGkAra ke nAmakaraNa ke lie liyA gayA hai / bhikhArI dAsa ne rasanopamA nAmaka upamA-bheda ko svatantra alaGkAra mAna kara use upamA aura ekAvalI kA saGkara kahA hai / viznAtha ne 'sAhityadarpaNa' meM rasanopamA ke aise hI svarUpa kA nirUpaNa kiyA thA / " aneka alaGkAroM ke saGkara yA saMsRSTi-rUpa meM mizraNa se alaGkAra - vizeSa ke bhedopabhedoM kI kalpanA kI jAne lage to alaGkAroM ke ananta bheda ho jAya~ge / dAsa ne isI paddhati para upamAtizayokti, utpra ekSAtizayokti Adi alaGkAra-bhedoM kI kalpanA kara lI hai / apahna uti, saMsRSTi, mAlopamA Adi ke bhI aneka bhedoM kI parIkSA se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki bhikhArI dAsa ne prAcIna AcAryoM 1. omprakAza zarmA, rItikAlIna alaGkAra sAhitya, pR0 113 2. tulanIya - punaH svaguNasaMprAptirvijJayA pUrvarUpatA / -- jayadeva, candrAloka, 5, 103 3. vahI, 5, 104 4. upamA~ aura ekAvalI kau saMkara jahA~ hoi / tAhI ko 'rasanopamA~', kahaiM.. 11 - bhikhArI dAsa, kAvya - nirNaya, 18, pR0 508 San 5. vizvanAtha, sAhityadarpaNa, 10, 35 pR0 614 22

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338 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa kI alaGkAra-dhAraNA ko hI milA-julA kara tattadalaGkAroM ke navIna bhedopabhedoM kI kalpanA kara lI hai| ___ 'kAvya-nirNaya' ke alaGkAra-vivecana ke parIkSaNa se hama isa niSkarSa para pahu~cate haiM ki dAsa ne kisI sarvathA navIna ukti-bhaGgI kI kalpanA alaGkAra-kSetra meM nahIM kI hai| zabdAlaGkAra meM vIpsA nAmaka navIna alaGkAra svIkRta hai; para vIpsA kI dhAraNA navIna nhiiN| siMhAvalokana mammaTa Adi ke pAdAdyantika yamaka se abhinna hai| svaguNa-nAmaka arthAlaGkAra jayadeva ke pUrvarUpa se bhinna nahIM / yaha nAma bhI 'candrAloka' ke pUrvarUpa-lakSaNa se hI liyA gayA hai| pUrvarUpa ke pUrva-svIkRta do rUpoM meM se eka ko dAsa ne pUrvarUpa tathA dUsare ko svaguNa mAna liyA hai| upamA, atizayokti, apahna ti Adi ke navIna bhedoM kI kalpanA una alaGkAroM ke sAtha anya alaGkAroM kI dhAraNA ko milAkara kara lI gayI hai| hindI ke anya AlaGkArika hindI ke jina rIti-AcAryoM ne alaGkAra-kSetra meM kucha navIna kalpanA kI hai yA kama-se-kama kucha navInatA-pradarzana kA AyAsa kiyA hai, unakI kalpanA ke aucitya aura preraNA-srota para vicAra kiyA jA cukA hai| prastuta sandarbha meM hama una AcAryoM kI alaGkAra-mImAMsA para vicAra kareMge, jinhoMne saMskRta tathA hindI alaGkAra-sAhitya meM nirUpita svIkArya alaGkAroM kA lakSaNanirUpaNa kiyA hai| isa prasaGga meM unakI alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA saMkSipta paricaya mAtra paryApta hogA, cUki prastuta paMktiyoM ke lekhaka kA uddezya prastuta adhyAya meM navodbhAvita alaGkAroM ke srota kA anusandhAna hai| hindI ke aneka sazakta AcAryoM ne tathyahIna natanatA se pAThakoM ko camaskRta yA AtaGkita karane kI chichalI pravRtti se baca kara alaGkAra-viSayaka pUrva-mAnyatAoM kA sAra-grahaNa kara hindI ke svanirmita yA pararacita padoM ke udAharaNa se alaGkAraparibhASAoM kA spaSTIkaraNa kiyA hai| unakA mahattva alaGkAra-kSetra meM maulika yogadAna kI dRSTi se bhale hI adhika nahIM ho; para alaGkAroM ko spaSTa kama se paribhASita aura udAhRta kara hindI ke pAThakoM ke lie bodhagamya banAne kI dRSTi se unakA mahattva upekSaNIya nhiiN|

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hindI rIti-sAhitya meM alaGkAra-viSayaka udbhAvanAe~ [336 saMskRta-alaGkAra-zAstra meM pracalita ( sUtra zailI ko chor3a ) alaGkAranirUpaNa kI prAyaH sabhI zailiyoM kA anuvartana hindI rIti sAhitya meM huA hai| daNDI, mammaTa, vizvanAya Adi kI taraha pRthak-pRthak padoM meM lakSaNa aura udAharaNa kI zailI ke sAtha eka hI pada meM lakSaNa evaM udAharaNa kI 'kuvalayAnanda' kI zailI ko bhI apanAyA gayA hai / alaGkAra-nirUpaNa ke mAdhyama se apane AzrayadAtA ke guNa-gAna kI 'pratAparudrayazobhUSaNa' kI paddhati para hindI meM aneka alaGkAra-grantha likhe gaye haiN| aise granthoM meM pratyeka alaGkAra ko paribhASita kara AzrayadAtA ke mahimA-varNanaparaka svanirmita padoM kA udAharaNa diyA gayA hai| alaGkAra-lakSaNoM kI apekSA alaGkAra-udAharaNoM meM rIti-AcAryoM kI mahanIya maulikatA hai| yaha rIti-AcAryoM ke kavitva kI upalabdhi hai| ____saMskRta-AcAryoM kI taraha hindI meM bhI vividha kAvyAGga-nirUpaNa ke sAtha alaGkAra kA vivecana karane vAle tathA alaGkAra sarvasvakAra, kuvalayAnandakAra, Adi kI taraha kevala alaGkAra kA nirUpaNa karane vAle AlaGkArikoM ke do varga pAye jAte haiM; para saMskRta meM jahA~ adhikAMza AcAryoM ne anya kAvyAGganirUpaNa ke krama meM alaGkAra kA svarUpa-nirUpaNa kiyA hai, vahA~ hindI meM kevala kAvyAlaGkAra kA nirUpaNa karane vAle AcAryoM kI saMkhyA hI adhika hai| yaha hindI-rIti-sAhitya meM camatkAra pradarzana kI pravRtti kA svAbhAvikapariNAma hai| 'kuvalayAnanda' kI paddhati para hindI meM bhI aneka AcAryoM ne kevala arthAlaGkAroM kA nirUpaNa kiyA hai; kintu adhikAMza AcAryoM ne zabdAlaGkAra evaM aryAlaGkAra kA (kucha ne abhayAlaGkAra kA bhI) eka sAtha lakSaNa-nirUpaNa kiyA hai| hindI meM citra ke vividha rUpoM kA jisakI dhAraNA kA vikAsa anuprAsa yA yamaka alaGkAra kI dhAraNA se huA thA aura jisane saMskRta meM hI khaDga Adi kI AkRti meM nibandhana ke rUpa meM yamaka aura anuprAsa se svatantra astitva pA liyA thA-svatantra rUpa se vizada vivecana kiyA gayA hai| citrakAvya jo saMskRta ke suruci-sampanna pAThakoM kI dRSTi meM nIrasa hone ke kAraNa heya aura upekSagIya thA, hindI-rIti-kAla kI darabArI sabhyatA meM dUra kI kaur3I lAkara zrotA-maNDalI ko vismaya-vimugdha kara dene ke kAraNa bahuta janapriya ho gayA thaa| isalie aneka rIti-AcAryoM ne usake svarUpa kA vistRta mImAMsA kI hai| bhikhArI dAsa ne 'kAvya-nirNaya' ke eka adhyAya meM kevala

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340 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa citra-bhedoM kA nirUpaNa kiyA hai| yahI nahIM, hindI meM kevala citra-nirUpaNa para svatantra grantha bhI likhe gaye haiN| __ hindI-rIti-sAhitya meM kucha AcAryoM ne alaGkAra kA rasa, guNa Adi se niyata sambandha jor3ane kA bhI prayAsa kiyA hai| para, aisA prayAsa niSphala hI siddha huA hai| aise prayAsa ko alaGkAra-kSetra meM una AcAryoM kA koI mahattvapUrNa yogadAna nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| __ nIce hama prAcIna AcAryoM ke matAnusAra alaGkAra kA vivecana karane vAle hindI-rIti-AcAryoM kI alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA sAmAnya paricaya prastuta kara AcArya kulapati mizra kulapati kA 'rasa-rahasya' hindI-rItizAstra meM mahattvapUrNa sthAna rakhatA hai| 'rasa-rahasya' ke sAtaveM aura AThaveM vRttAntoM meM kramazaH zabdAlaGkAroM evaM arthAlaGkAroM kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai / alaGkAra-vivecana meM kulapati ne mammaTa kI alaGkAra-dhAraNA ko Adarza mAnA hai| kulapati ne spaSTa zabdoM meM kahA hai ki mammaTa ne kAvya ke jina alaGkAroM kA varNana kiyA hai, unhIM kA nirUpaNa maiMne bhASA meM kiyA hai|' spaSTa hai ki kulapati ne kisI navIna alaGkAra kI kalpanA kI AvazyakatA nahIM smjhii| mammaTa tathA saMskRta aura hindI ke anya samartha AcAryoM kI kRtiyoM kA adhyayana kara AcArya kulapati ne kAvyAlaGkAroM kA prAmANika vivecana kiyA hai| AcArya padumana dAsa 'padumana dAsa ne 'kAvyamaMjarI' ke dazaveM tathA gyArahaveM adhyAyoM meM kramazaH zabdAlaGkAroM evaM arthAlaGkAroM kA lakSaNa-nirUpaNa kiyA hai| unhoMne alaGkArakSetra meM koI navIna udbhAvanA nahIM kara AcArya kezava kI 'kavipriyA' meM nirUpita alaGkAroM ko hI Adarza mAna kara kAvyAlaGkAra kA nirUpaNa kiyA hai / zrIdhara yA muralIdhara ojhA zrIdhara ke 'bhASAbhUSaNa' meM appayya dIkSita ke 'kuvalayAnanda' meM vivecita alaGkAroM kA lakSaNa-nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| 1. jite sAja haiM kavita ke, mammaTa kahe bkhaani| . . te saba bhASA meM kahe, 'rasa rahasya' meM Ani // -kulapati mizra, rasa rahasya, pR0 88

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hindI rIti-sAhitya meM alaGkAra viSayaka udbhAvanAe~ [ 341 sUrati mizra sUrati mizra ne bhI 'kuvalayAnanda' kI lakSya - lakSaNa - zailI meM candrAlokakAra ke dvArA nirUpita (appayya ke dvArA svIkRta) alaGkAroM ke lakSaNa udAharaNa diye haiM / raghunAtha raghunAtha ne 'rasikamohana' meM 'kuvalayAnanda' ke AdhAra para alaGkAroM kA svarUpa - nirUpaNa kiyA hai / vyAjastuti ko raghunAtha ne vyAjokti kahA aura usake do rUpoM - nindA ke vyAja se kI jAne vAlI stuti tathA stuti ke vyAja se kI jAne vAlI nindA - kA sodAharaNa-nirUpaNa kiyA / 1 paramparA se svIkRta vyAjokti alaGkAra ko bhI unhoMne svIkAra kiyA / phalataH, 'rasikamohana' meM do bAra vyAjokti kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai / raghunAtha ne pra emAtyukti-nAmaka alaGkAra kI kalpanA kI hai / yaha vastutaH alaGkAra kA svatantra rUpa nahIM / adbhuta tathA atathya-varNana meM atyukti alaGkAra kI kalpanA kI jA cukI thI / pra emabhAva ke atyuktipUrNa varNana meM pramAtyukti kA sadbhAva raghunAtha ne kalpita kara liyA hai / yaha atyukti meM hI antarbhukta hai / spaSTataH, alaGkAra ke kSa etra meM raghunAtha kI koI maulika udbhAvanA nahIM / rasarUpa rasarUpa ne 'tulasIbhUSaNa' meM alaGkAroM ke lakSaNa mammaTa, appayya Adi kI vicAra- saraNi kA anusaraNa karate hue diye haiM / 'tulasIbhUSaNa' kA vaiziSTya yaha hai ki usameM udAharaNa tulasI-sAhitya se hI liye gaye haiM / rasarUpa ne eka sau gyAraha alaGkAroM kA sabheda nirUpaNa kiyA hai / " zabdAlaGkAroM meM anuprAsa, yamaka, vakrokti, zleSa, citra tathA punaruktavadAbhAsa kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai / 'candrAloka' Adi kI paddhati para arthAlaGkAroM kA nirUpaNa kiyA 1. niMdA so astuti jahA~ pragaTa parati hai joi / astuti so niMdA jahA~ vyAja ukti taha hoi // - raghunAtha, rasikamohana, 210 2. ekAdasa aru eka zata mukhya alaGa kRta rUpa / - rasarUpa, tulasIbhUSaNa, pR0 35

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342] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa gayA hai| akArAdi akSara-krama se alaGkAroM kA ullekha bhI 'tulasIbhUSaNa' kA eka vaiziSTya hai|' _ 'tulasIbhUSaNa' meM dhanyatA tathA nirNaya nAmaka do naye alaGkAroM kA ullekha huA hai| dhanyatA meM karaNIya artha se adhika bAta utpanna ho jAne kI dhAraNA vyakta kI gayI hai| yaha dhAraNA vAJchita se adhika prApti-rUpa praharSaNa kI dhAraNA se milatI-julatI hI jAna par3atI hai| ataH, praharSaNa meM hI isakA antarbhAva sambhava hai| nirNaya kI paribhASA meM kahA gayA hai ki jahA~ aneka mukha se eka vastu ke sambandha meM nirNaya diyA jAtA hai, vahA~ yaha alaGkAra hotA hai| daNDI ne nirNaya kI bAta nirNayopamA meM kahI thI, jahA~ upameya aura upamAna meM pramAtA ko sandeha hone ke sthala meM vaktA sandeha-nivAraNa ke lie vastu ke sambandha meM nirNayAtmaka bAta kahatA hai| spaSTataH, rasarUpa ke nirNaya kA svarUpa daNDI kI nirNayopamA ke svarUpa se kucha bhinna hai| nirNaya meM eka hI vastu ke sambandha meM aneka loga apanA alaga-alaga nirNaya dete haiM, yaha bAta usake udAharaNa se spaSTa ho jAtI hai, jisameM eka hI vyakti ko koI nara-nArAyaNa kahatA hai, koI hari, koI hara to koI kAmadeva kahatA hai| nirNaya ke lakSaNa-udAharaNa para vicAra karane se usakA svarUpa ullekha ke svarUpa se abhinna jAna par3atA hai, jisameM eka vastu kA bahuta logoM ke dvArA aneka prakAra se ullekha kiyA jAtA hai| rasarUpa ne ullekha alaGkAra kA bhI ullekha apane grantha meM kiyA hai| usI meM nirNaya kA antarbhAva mAnanA ucita hotaa| 'candrodaya' grantha ke AdhAra para vikSepa-nAmaka alaGkAra kA lakSaNa rasarUpa ne diyA hai| isake sambandha meM yaha mAnyatA vyakta kI gayI hai ki jahA~ jo 1. akSara ko sambandha kari krama hi so rasarUpa / Adi barana ke nema so bhUSana race anUpa ||-rsruup tulasIbhUSaNa, pR0 1 2. karana artha te adhika jahA~ upajAvaM kachu baat| dhanyatA tAsoM kahata haiM x x x x ||-vhii, pR0 23 3. jahA~ hota hai eka kI nirNaya bahumukha maaNh| ___ alaGkAra nirNaya kahata x x x x // vahI, pR0 23 4. draSTavya-daNDI, kAvyAdarza, 2, 27 5. kou kaha naranArAyaNa, hari hara kouu| kou kahai viharata vana madhu manasija dou // -rasarUpa, tulasIbhUSaNa, pR0 23

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hindI rIti-sAhitya meM alaGkAra-viSayaka udbhAvanAe~ [ 343 jisakA adhikAra ho, vaha kAma koI aura kara de; parantu usakA nAma na le. vahA~ vikSepa alaGkAra hotA hai| yaha camatkAra ke abhAva ke kAraNa alaGkAra nhiiN| mithyAdhyavasita ke sAtha usI rUpa vAle mithyA alaGkAra kI bhI kalpanA rasarUpa ne kI hai| jisameM saba jhUTha kA hI varNana kiyA jAtA ho, vaha rasarUpa ke anusAra mithyA alaGkAra hai / 2 kevala mithyA-varNana alaGkAra nhiiN| appayya dIkSita kI mithyAdhyavasiti-dhAraNA ko ThIka-ThIka na samajha pAne ke kAraNa sambhavataH rasarUpa ne mithyA kA yaha svarUpa mAna liyA hai| niSkarSa yaha ki rasarUpa ne alaGkAra-dhAraNA ke vikAsa meM koI mahattvapUrNa yogadAna nahIM diyaa| naye nAma ke jo alaGkAra 'tulasIbhUSaNa' meM Aye haiM, ve maulikatA-pradarzana-mAtra ke lie kalpita haiN| dhanyatA kA praharSaga meM tathA nirNaya kA ullekha meM antarbhAva sambhava hai| vikSepa tathA mithyA camatkArahIna hone ke kAraNa vastutaH alaGkAra nhiiN| bairIsAla _ 'bhASAbharaNa' meM bairIsAla ne 'kuvalayAnanda' kI paddhati para alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-nirUpaNa kiyA hai| unhoMne appayya dIkSita kA RNa spaSTa zabdoM meM svIkAra kiyA hai| appayya dIkSita ke pramANAlaGkAroM ke vivecana ke uparAnta bairIsAla ne cAra aura pramANoM kA nirdeza kiyA hai| ve haiM-purANa-pramANa, Agama-pramANa, AcAra-pramANa aura aatmtusstti-prmaann| inake lakSaNa nahIM, kevala udAharaNa diye gaye haiN| ukta pramANoM se bhAratIya pAThakoM kA itanA ghaniSTha paricaya hai ki unheM paribhASita karane kI AvazyakatA hI bairIsAla ko nahIM jAna par3I hogii| ina pramANoM kI kalpanA navIna nahIM, phira bho yaha bairIsAla kI cintanazIlatA kA eka pramANa to hai hii| jamata siha jagata siMha ne 'sAhitya-sudhAnidhi, meM zabdAlaGkAroM tathA arthAlaGkAroM kA lakSaNa-nirUpaNa kiyA hai| unhoMne spaSTa zabdoM meM yaha svIkAra kiyA hai 1. jo jAko adhikAra hai, kare aura. so kAma / tAhi kahata vikSepa hai, lahai na tAko nAma // -rasarUpa, tulasI bhUSaNa pR0 34 2. mithyA tAsoM kahata haiM jo mithyA saba hoi| vahI, pR0 34 3. rIti kuvalayAnanda kI, kInhauM bhASAbharNa / -bairIsAla, bhASAbharaNa, pR0 36

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344 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa / ki unake alaGkAra-vivecana kA AdhAra 'candrAloka' Adi grantha haiM / ' ' sAhitya sudhAnidhi, meM nirUpita saMgrAmoddAma huGa, kRti, alaGkAra ko kucha AlocakoM ne jagata siMha kI navIna udbhAvanA mAna liyA hai / 2 vastutaH yaha jagatasiMha kI navIna udbhAvanA nahIM / jayadeva ne 'candrAloka' meM saMgrAmoddAmahuGa kRti kA ullekha kiyA thA / dRSTAnta ke lakSaNa meM bimbapratibimba bhAva kA ullekha kara unhoMne kahA thA ki malla - pratimalla bhAva ke hone para saMgrAma kSetra meM hone vAlI uddAma huGa kRti ke samAna huGa kRti hotI hai / 3 jayadeva ke isa kathana kI do vyAkhyAe~ sambhava haiM eka yaha ki unhone dRSTAnta ke svarUpa ko hI spaSTa karane ke lie malla - pratimalla bhAva meM saMgrAma kI uddAma huGa kRti kA ullekha kiyA hogA / dUsarI yaha ki vastuoM ke bimbapratibimba-bhAva meM dRSTAnta alaGkAra mAna kara unhoMne malla-pratimalla bhAva meM saMgrAmoddAma huGa kRti nAmaka svatantra alaGkAra kI sattA mAnI hogI / vastuoM meM malla - pratimalla bhAva kA artha spaSTa nahIM / ataH, 'candrAloka' kI saMgrAmoddAma huGa kRti kA dRSTAnta se svatantra astitva sandigdha hai / jagata siMha ne candrAlokakAra kI usI dhAraNA ko saMgrAmoddAmahuGa, kRti alaGkAra meM prastuta kiyA hai / 'sAhitya sudhAnidhi' meM prastuta alaGkAra kA jo lakSaNa diyA gayA hai, vaha 'candrAloka' ke zloka kI eka paMkti kA avikala anuvAda hai / " ataH saMgrAmoddAma huGa, kRtiko jagatasiMha kI navIna udbhAvanA mAnanA bhrama hai / 1. candrAloka Adi haiM bhASA kIna / -- jagata siMha, sAhitya sudhAnidhi, taraMga, 6, 2. draSTavya - om prakAza zarmA, rItikAlIna alaGkAra - sAhitya, pR0 132 3. cedvimbapratibimbatvaM dRSTAntastadalaGkatiH / syAnmallapratimallatve saMgrAmoddAmahu kRti // -- jayadeva, candrAloka, 5, 56. 4. mallapratimallatve saMgrAmasambandhinI tadAdhArA coddAmA niSpratibandhA utkRSTA huGa, kRtiH syAdityuttarArdhArthaH / mallapratimallatve yathA saMgrAmoddAmahuGkRtiH syAttathA yadi bimbavatve tadA dRSTAntaH syAdityanvayAt pUrvottaravAkyArthayobimbapratibimbabhAvAllakSyamapIdameva padyam / ........... yadvA dRSTAntasahitasya bimbapratibimbatvasya huGa, kRtisahitasya mallaprati - mallatvasya ca saH / --candrAloka, ramA TIkA, pR0 55-56. 5. tulanIya - malla pratimallatva kahi kaha asa hoi / hukRti jAno soi // - jagata siMha, sAhitya sudhAnidhi tathA - syAnmallapratimallatve saMgrAmoddAma huGa, kRtiH / - jayadeva, candrAloka, 5, 5

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hindI rIti - sAhitya meM alaGkAra - viSayaka udbhAvanAe~ [ 345 jagata siMha ne anya alaGkAroM ke svarUpa kA nirUpaNa bhI 'candrAloka' Adi kI paddhati para hI kiyA hai / spaSTa hai ki jagata siMha kI 'sAhitya-sudhA nidhi' meM alaGkAra - viSayaka koI navIna sthApanA nahIM / gopa kavi gopa kI do racanAe~ - ' rAmacandrabhUSaNa' tathA ' rAmacandrAbharaNa' - upalabdha haiM / ina granthoM meM 'bhASAbhUSaNa' kI taraha 'kuvalayAnanda' ke alaGkAroM ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai / zabda ke kevala anuprAsa alaGkAra kA vivecana hai / gopa ne alaGkAroM ke udAharaNa, rAma aura sItA ke caritagAna se sambaddha padoM ke diye haiM / yaha gopa kavi kI maulikatA hai / donoM granthoM kI alaGkAra - nirUpaNazailI meM thor3A antara hai / 'rAmacandrabhUSaNa' ke prathamArdha meM alaGkAroM ke lakSaNa dekara uttarArdha meM udAharaNa diye gaye haiM; para 'rAmacandrAbharaNa' meM alaGkAra - vizeSa kA lakSaNa dekara vahIM usakA udAharaNa diyA gayA hai / gopa ne svabhAvokti ke cAra bheda - jAti, guNa, kriyA tathA dravya-varNana ke AdhAra para svIkAra kiye haiM / prAcIna AcAryoM kI svabhAvokti-dhAraNA meM jAti, guNa Adi ke svAbhAvika varNana kI dhAraNA antarnihita thI / kumAramaNi zAstrI kumAramaNi zAstrI ne 'rasika - rasAla' kI racanA meM apane Upara AcArya mammaTa kA RNa svIkAra kiyA hai / alaGkAroM ke vivecana meM bhI aMzataH ve mammaTa ke RNI haiM / zabdAlaGkAra-nirUpaNa tathA aryAlaGkAra meM upamA Adi ke nirUpaNa meM unake Upara AcArya mammaTa kA prabhAva spaSTa hai; para arthAlaGkAranirUpaNa meM ve adhikAMzataH appayya dIkSita se prabhAvita haiM / 'rasika - rasAla' ke aSTama ullAsa meM sau alaGkAroM ke vivecana ke uparAnta ' kuvalayAnanda' kI hI paddhati para pramANAlaGkAroM kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai / ataH, AzukaraNa jI gosvAmI kA yaha kathana ucita hI jAna par3atA hai ki - ' alaGkAroM ke nAma, saMkhyA, krama, lakSaNa va udAharaNa kI ullAsa ) 'kuvalayAnanda' ke AdhAra para likhA gayA hai / '2 dRSTi se yaha ullAsa ( aSTama 1. draSTavya -- kumAramaNi, rasika rasAla, arthacitra prakaraNa, 8,337-45 2. rasika rasAla kI bhUmikA, pR0 42-43,

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346 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa yAkUba khA~ yAkUba khA~ ne 'rasabhUSaNa' meM nAyikA-bheda aura kAvyAlaGkAra kA eka sAtha nirUpaNa karane kA nayA prayoga kiyaa| unakI mAnyatA thI ki nAyikA kI zobhA ke lie AbhUSaNa kI AvazyakatA hotI hai| ataH nAyikA-bheda ke varNana ke sAtha alaGkAra kA vivecana honA caahie|' 'rasabhUSaNa' meM eka alaGkAra aura eka nAyikA-bheda kA lakSaNa eka sAtha diyA gayA hai| yAkUba ne adbhata rasa ke sAtha yamaka-alaGkAra kA varNana kiyA hai| isa prakAra rasa-vizeSa ke sAtha alaGkAra-vizeSa ke sambandha kA bhI saGa keta 'rasabhUSaNa' meM milatA hai| kAvyAlaGkAroM ke svarUpa-nirUpaNa meM koI navInatA nahIM hai / rasika sumati ___ 'alaGkAra-candrodaya' meM rasika sumati ne spaSTa zabdoM meM yaha svIkAra kiyA hai ki unake alaGkAra-nirUpaNa kA Adarza 'kuvalayAnanda' hai| unhoMne arthAlaGkAroM ke lakSaNa-nirUpaNa ke uparAnta vRttyanuprAsa, chekAnuprAsa tathA lATAnuprAsa zabdAlaGkAroM kA bhI nirUpaNa kiyA hai| somanAtha 'rasapIyUSa nidhi' kI bAisavIM taraGga meM somanAtha ne citra-sahita zabdAlaGkAroM evaM arthAlaGkAroM kA vizada vivecana kiyA hai| unakA zabdAlaGkAravivaMcana mammaTa Adi AcAryoM kI paddhati para tathA arthAlaGkAra vivecana kuvalayAnanda kI paddhati para hai| kahIM-kahIM somanAtha ne kisI alaGkAra ke sambandha meM vibhinna saMskRta-AcAryoM kA mata bhI uddhRta kiyA hai| isase spaSTa hai ki apane pUrvavartI saMskRta tathA hindI ke AcAryoM ke alaGkArasiddhAnta kA adhyayana kara somanAtha ne prApta niSkarSa ke AdhAra para alaGkAranirUpaNa kiyA hai| 1. draSTavya-yAkUba khA~, rasabhUSaNa, pR0 47 2. rasika kuvalayAnanda lakhi, ali mana harasa bddhaai| alaMkAra-candrodayahiM, varanatu hiyahulasAi / / -rasika sumati, alaMkAra candrodaya, pR01

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hindI rIti-sAhitya meM alaGkAra-viSayaka udbhAvanAe~ [ 3470 govinda _ 'karNAbharaNa' meM gobinda ne alaGkAroM ke lakSaNa-udAharaNa diye haiN| unhoMne 'kuvalayAnanda' kI lakSaNa-lakSya zailI meM eka hI dohe meM alaGkAra-vizeSa kA lakSaNa aura udAharaNa dene kA prayAsa kiyA thaa|' adhikAMza alaGkAroM ke lakSaNa aura udAharaNa eka hI dohe meM diye gaye haiM; para sarvatra govinda ko isa prayAsa meM saphalatA nahIM milii| ataH, kucha alaGkAroM ke lakSaNa aura udAharaNa alaga-alaga dohoM meM diye gaye haiN| sama Adi alaGkAroM ke lakSaNa-udAharaNa isa dRSTi se draSTavya haiN| adhikAMza meM candrAlokakAra tathA kuvalayAnandakAra se prabhAvita hone para bhI govinda ne anya AcAryoM kI alaGkAra-dhAraNA kA bhI prabhAva grahaNa kiyA hai| zleSa ke prakRta-prakRta, prakRtAprakRta tathA aprakRtA--- prakRta-bhedoM kI kalpanA meM prAcIna AcAryoM kI zleSopamA-dhAraNA kA prabhAva spaSTa hai| rUpasAhi rUpasAhi ne 'rUpa-vilAsa' meM vividha kAvyAGgoM kA varNana karate hue alaGkAroM kA bhI svarUpa-nirUpaNa kiyA hai| isa grantha ke bArahaveM vilAsa meM arthAlaGkAroM kA nirUpaNa 'kuvalayAnanda', 'bhASAbhUSaNa' Adi kI paddhati para dohoM meM hI lakSaNa-udAharaNa dekara kiyA gayA hai| terahaveM vilAsa meM zabdAlaGkAra evaM citra kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / ratana kavi _ 'alaGkAra-darpaNa' meM ratana kavi ne eka hI chanda meM lakSaNa-udAharaNa dene kI zailI meM alaGkAra-nirUpaNa kiyA hai| ratana para 'kuvalayAnanda', 'bhASAbhUSaNa' Adi kA puSkala prabhAva hai / 'kAntAbhUSaNa' bhI inhIM kI racanA mAnI gayI hai / nAyikA-bheda aura alaGkAra kA eka sAtha varNana isa kRti kI vizeSatA hai| 1. alaGkAra yA meM kahata lacchana lacchi sameta / nija mati ke anusAra teM samujhahiM buddhiniketa // -govinda, kaNThAbharaNa, pR0 1.

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348 ] RSinAtha RSinAtha ne 'alaGkAramaNi maJjarI' meM zabdAlaGkAroM evaM arthAlaGkAroM kA nirUpaNa kiyA hai / pUrva pratipAdita alaGkAroM ko hI paribhASita kara - navIna udAharaNoM se spaSTa kiyA gayA hai / alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa janarAja 'kavitA - rasavinoda' meM janarAja ne kAvya ke tattadaGgoM kA nirUpaNa karate hue AThaveM vinoda meM ( adhama kAvya - varNana meM ) arthAlaGkAroM kA lakSaNa-nirUpaNa kiyA hai / yaha nirUpaNa 'kuvalayAnanda' ke AdhAra para kiyA gayA hai / bAisaveM - tathA teisaveM vinodoM meM kramazaH zabdAlaGkAra evaM citra kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| vivecana vistRta hone para bhI paramparAgata hI hai / rAma siMha 'alaGkAra-darpaNa' meM rAmasiMha ne kuvalayAnandakAra ke dvArA svIkRta alaGkAroM kA nirUpaNa kiyA hai / zailI meM yaha bheda hai ki isameM eka pada meM lakSaNaudAharaNa nahIM dekara soraThA, caupAI tathA gAthA meM alaGkAroM ke lakSaNa aura dohoM meM unake udAharaNa diye gaye haiM / sevAdAsa sevAdAsa kA uddezya navIna alaGkAra lakSaNa kI sthApanA nahIM thA / ve - alaGkAra - nirUpaNa ke mAdhyama se apane upAsya - rAma aura sItA -- ke guNa kA 'prakAza karanA cAhate the / ataH unhoMne apane 'raghunAthAlaGkAra' meM 'rAmacandra'bhUSaNa' tathA 'rAmacandrAbharaNa' kI taraha pratyeka alaGkAra kA lakSaNa dekara rAma guNagAna para racita padoM kA udAharaNa diyA hai / unhoMne svayaM yaha svIkAra * kiyA hai ki unakA alaGkAra - nirUpaNa 'candrAloka' aura 'kuvalayAnanda' ke AdhAra para hai / ' 1. kuvalayAnanda caMdrAloka meM alaMkAra ke nAma / tinakI gati avaloki ke alaMkAra kahi rAma // - sevAdAsa, raghunAthAlaMkAra, pR0 24

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hindI rIti-sAhitya meM alaGkAra - viSayaka udbhAvanAe~ [ 349 gokula gokula ne 'cetacandrikA' meM raghunAtha kI premAtyukti- sahita unhIM ke matAnusAra arthAlaGkAra - nirUpaNa kiyA hai / unake apahnava ( apahnati aura utpra ekSA ke yoga se nirmita ) ko DaoN0 rasAla ne unakI nayI kalpanA mAnA hai / para yaha vizvanAtha ke sApahnavotprakSA se abhinna hai / candana candana ne 'kAvyAbharaNa' kI racanA meM apane Upara saMskRta evaM hindI AcAryoM kA RNa svIkAra kiyA hai / unakA alaGkAra - nirUpaNa mukhyataH 'kuvalayAnanda " tathA 'bhASAbhUSaNa' ke alaGkAra varNana para AdhRta hai / rasika govinda rasika govinda kI do racanAe~ kAvyazAstra para haiM aura donoM kA nAmakaraNa AcArya ne apane nAma ke AdhAra para kiyA hai / 'rasika - govinda' meM alaGkAroM kA nirUpaNa 'candrAloka', 'kuvalayAnanda' tathA 'bhASAbhUSaNa' kI paddhati para kiyA gayA hai / ' rasika - govinda - Anandaghana' meM vividha kAvyAGgoM ke sAtha alaGkAroM kA bhI vivecana kiyA gayA hai / isameM alaGkAroM kA vivecana gadya meM hone se vivecana prauDha hai / isameM mammaTa, appayya Adi kI alaGkAra-dhAraNA ke sAtha hindI ke kezava Adi AcAryoM kA bhI alaGkAra- viSayaka mata gRhIta hai / alaGkAra - viSayaka navIna udbhAvanA ke nahIM hone para bhI vivecana kI prauDhatA meM hI isa kRti kA mahattva hai / 1 umeda rAya umeda rAya ne 'vANI-bhUSaNa' meM 'candrAloka' tathA 'bhASA - bhUSaNa' ke AdhAra para alaGkAra-nirUpaNa karane kI bAta svayaM kahI hai / 2 zabdAlaGkAra meM yamaka kA varNana anuprAsa ke antargata kiyA gayA hai / saMskRta meM bhI kucha AcAryoM ne kevala anuprAsa kA sadbhAva svIkAra kara yamaka ko usI kA eka prakAra mAnA 1. 'kAvyAbharaNa' kiye pragaTa, bhASA kavi AdhAra / grantha saMskRta dekhi maiM x x x x // --candana, kAvyAbharaNa, pR0 1 2. nita candrAloka vicAri mAna / * kiye bhASA bhUSaNa kI samAna // - umeda rAya, vANIbhUSaNa, pR0 3

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350 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa thaa| isake viparIta kucha AcAryoM ne yamaka ke sandarbha meM hI anuprAsa kA * svarUpa-nirUpaNa kiyA hai| anuprAsa kI dhAraNA kA vikAsa to vastutaH AcArya bharata kI yamaka-dhAraNA se hI huA hai| donoM meM sAmya bhI bahuta hai| eka meM varNa kI AvRtti apekSita hai aura dUsare meM pada kii| pada vargoM kA hI samudAya hai| ataH padAvRtti aura varNAvRtti meM tAttvika bheda nhiiN| umeda rAya ne zabdAlaGkAroM ke atirikta eka sau ATha arthAlaGkAroM kA nirUpaNa kiyA hai| brahmadatta brahmadatta ne 'dIpa-prakAza' kI racanA kA AdhAra dUlaha ke 'kavikula-kaNThAbharaNa, ko mAnA hai| prastuta pustaka ke tRtIya prakAza meM sabheda anuprAsa kA, jisameM yamaka bhI antarbhUta hai, nirUpaNa hai tathA caturtha prakAza meM arthAlaGkAroM kA 'vivecana kiyA gayA hai| deva kA guNavat alaGkAra bhI 'dIpaprakAza' meM svIkRta hai / 'padmAkara padmAkara ne 'padmAbharaNa' meM kAvya ke alaGkAroM kA vivecana kiyA hai| arthAlaGkAra-prakaraNa meM 'kuvalayAnanda' kI taraha eka sau arthAlaGkAroM kA nirUpaNa kara padmAkara ne rasavadAdi, bhAvodayAdi tathA pramANAlaGkAroM kA nirUpaNa 'kiyA hai| eka sau alaGkAroM ke bAda rasavadAdi pandraha alaGkAroM kA varNana 'kavikulakaNThAbharaNa' ke AdhAra para hai / saMsRSTi aura saGkara ke lakSaNaudAharaNa anta meM diye gaye haiN| pramANAlaGkAra-nirUpaNa ke krama meM bairIsAla ke 'bhASAbharaNa' meM kalpita Agama, AcAra tathA AtmatuSTi pramANa ko bhI padmAkara ne svIkAra kiyA hai / kaI alaGkAroM ke udAharaNa meM bhI padmAkara bairIsAla ke RNI haiN| spaSTa hai ki padmAkara ne 'candrAloka', 'kuvalayAnanda', 'kavikulakaNThAbharaNa', 'bhASAbharaNa' Adi granthoM ke AdhAra para alaGkAra nirUpaNa 'kiyA hai| 1. eka so ATha saba alaMkAra, ___ artha ke kahe buddha yAnusAra |-ubhedraay, vAgIbhUSaNa pR0 36 2. dIpa narAyana siMha kI lahi Ayusa kavi brhm| kavikulakaMThAbharaNa lakhi kInhoM grantha arambha // bahAdatta, dIka prakAza, pR0 5

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hindI rIti-sAhitya meM alaGkAra-viSayaka udbhAvanAe~ [351 rAya zivaprasAda zivaprasAda ne 'rasa-bhUSaNa' meM rasa ke sAtha alaGkAra ke lakSaNa diye haiN| isa varNana-paripATI kA zrIgaNeza yAkUba khA~ ne kiyA thaa| alaGkAra ke lakSaNa mukhyataH 'bhASAbhUSaNa' ke AdhAra para diye gaye haiN| ziva prasAda ne rasavizeSa ke sAtha alaGkAra-vizeSa ko sambaddha karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai / udAharaNArtha-hAsyarasa ke sAtha vyAjastuti kA, karuNa rasa ke sAtha prathama viSama kA, raudra ke sAtha rUpaka kA, vIra ke sAtha utprekSA kA, bhayAnaka ke sAtha utprekSA evaM atizayokti kA (saGkara-rUpa meM), bIbhatsa ke sAtha vibhAvanA kA, adbhuta ke sAtha sambhAvanA kA tathA zAnta ke sAtha bhedakAtizayokti kA sambandha mAnA gayA hai| kisI rasa ke sAtha vizeSa alaGkAra kA sambandha mAnanA yuktisaGgata nhiiN| alaGkAra zabdArtha ke aniyata dharma haiN| ataH, sabhI alaGkAra zabdArtha ke saundarya kI vRddhi kara rasopakAraka ho sakate haiN| ve rasa ke bAdhaka bhI ho sakate haiM aura taTastha bhii| rasa aura alaGkAra ke pArasparika sambandha para hamane aparatra vicAra kiyA hai| pratApa sAhi 'vyaGga yArtha kaumudI' meM pratApasAhi ne prasaGgAt alaGkAroM kA bhI varNana kara 'diyA hai| isameM pUrvavaNita alaGkAroM kA saMkSipta paricaya-mAtra diyA gayA hai / kRSNa bhaTTa 'alaGkAra-kalAnidhi' meM kRSNa bhaTTa ne paramparAgata kAvyalaGkAroM kA hI lakSaNa-nirUpaNa kiyA hai| saTIka aura sundara udAharaNoM ke cayana meM hI unakI maulikatA hai| balavAna siMha ___ AcArya balavAna siMha ne 'citra candrikA' meM kevala citrAlaGkAroM kA vizada varNana kiyA hai| citra kA vivecana to saMskRta-alaGkAra-zAstra meM hI svatantra rUpa se hone lagA thA; para citra kA itanA vistRta vivecana karane vAlA svatantra grantha saMskRta meM nahIM likhA gayA thaa| yaha ThIka hai ki saMskRta ke AcAryoM ne bhI citra ke asanta bhedoM kI sambhAvanA svIkAra kI thii| padma, muraja, khaDga Adi kucha citra-bandhoM kA varNana kara saMskRta AcAryoM ne vaise hI anya bandhoM kI kalpanA sambhava mAnI thii| balavAna siMha ne una saGa keta-sUtroM kA sahArA 1. draSTavya-rAya zivaprasAda, rasabhUSaNa, pR. 64-66

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352 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa lekara aneka naye bandhoM kI kalpanA kara lI hai| mammaTa Adi AcAryoM ne citra ke zabda-citra tathA artha-citra; do bheda mAne the| balavAna siMha ne donoM ke saGkara se saGkara-citra kI bhI kalpanA kI hai|' Izvara kavi Izvara kavi-racita 'citracamatkRtakaumudI', jaisA ki nAma se hI spaSTa hai, kevala citrAlaGkAra para likhita pustaka hai / Izvara kavi ke anusAra citra ke do bheda haiM--(ka) zrautI, jinakA sambandha sunane se hai tathA (kha) dRSTi, jinakA sambandha dekhane se / 2 Izvara kavi ne citrAlaGkAroM kA saMkSipta paricaya mAtra diyA hai| raNadhIra siMha raNadhIra ne 'kAvyaratnAkara' meM apanI racanA kA Adarza 'candrAloka', tathA 'kAvyaprakAza' ke atirikta bhASA ke anya granthoM ko batAyA hai| 3 DaoN0 bhagIratha mizra ke anusAra ukta grantha meM alaGkAroM kA vivecana 'candrAloka' ke AdhAra para kiyA gayA hai| giradhara dAsa giradhara dAsa ne 'bhAratIbhUSaNa' meM 'kuvalayAnanda' meM nirUpita alaGkAroM kA nirUpaNa kiyA hai| upamA-vAcaka zabdoM ke do varga giradhara ne mAne haiM-- mulazabda tathA itara;" para isa kalpanA meM koI navInatA nhiiN| daNDI Adi ke dvArA ginAye vAcaka zabdoM ko hI ukta do vargoM meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai| AcArya mammaTa ne zrautI tathA ArthI upamA ke lie alaga-alaga vAcaka zabda ginAye haiN| giradhara dAsa usI mAnyatA se prabhAvita haiN| 1. aba zabdacitra bakhAnupuni artha citra hi jAnu / saMkara sucitra hi mAnu, traya bheda citra hi aanu|| __-balavAnasiMha, citracandrikA, 5 pR0 3H 2. soI puni dva bidhi jAni maiM srautI draSTi tthaani| srotI sunatahi suSa bar3hata draSTi deSata maani|| -Izvara kavi, citracamatkRta kaumudI, 5, pR0 1 3. draSTavya-raNadhIra siMha, kAvyaratnAkara, uddha ta bhagIratha mizra, hindI kAvyazAsa kA itihAsa, pR0 167 4. draSTavya-bhagIratha mizra, hindI kAvyazAstra kA itihAsa, pR0 167 5. draSTavya-giradhara dAsa, bhAratIbhUSaNa, pR0 2.

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hindI rIti-sAhitya meM alaGkAra-viSayaka udbhAvanAeM [ 353 pratApa sAhi 'vyaGgayArtha kaumudI' meM pratApa sAhi ne nAyikA-bheda ke sAtha alaGkAra kA varNana kiyA hai| alaGkAra ke kSetra meM nava-cintana pratApa sAhi kA uddezya nahIM thaa| unakA uddezya thA, eka sAtha nAyikA-bheda, vyaGga yArtha tathA alaGkAroM kA varNana / amIra dAsa ___ 'zrIkRSNa-sAhitya-sindhu' ke paJcama taraGga meM amIra dAsa ne zabdAlaGkAroM kA varNana kiyA hai| citra kA eka ghar3I-bandha bheda isameM kalpita hai|' unake zabdArthAlaGkAroM ke vivecana para AcArya mammaTa kA prabhAva hai| nihAla ___ amIra dAsa kI taraha nihAla ne bhI brajabhASA ko paMjAbI lipi meM likhA hai| brajabhASA tathA paMjAbI lipi meM likhita 'sAhityaziromaNi' kI racanA kA AdhAra unhoMne svayaM 'kAvyaprakAza' ko mAnA hai| dAmodara ___ dAmodara alaGkAroM kI saMkhyA ko parimita karane ke pakSapAtI the| ataH, unhoMne 'arthAlaGkAra-maJjarI' meM kevala chattIsa arthAlaGkAroM kA vivecana kiyA hai| ve zeSa alaGkAroM kA antarbhAva unhIM chattIsa meM mAnate the| gvAla gvAla ne 'alaGkAra-bhramabhaJjana' meM khaNDana-maNDana kI paddhati se alaGkAraviSayaka mAnyatAoM kA pariSkAra karane kI ceSTA kI thii| una para 'kAvyaprakAza', 'candrAloka' Adi kA prabhAva spaSTa hai| kavi dAsa ___ kavi dAsa ne 'alaGkAra-mAlA' meM paramparA se vaNita alaGkAroM kA hI varNana kiyA hai| ve bhASA-kavi meM AcArya kezava kI dhAraNA se prabhAvita the| gadya meM alaGkAroM kA vivecana dAsa kavi ne spaSTatA se kiyA hai| 1. draSTavya-amIra dAsa, zrIkRSNa sAhitya-sindhu, pR0 166 2. mammaTa mata je kAvya ke kachu padAratha cihn| grantha bAMdha pUrana karayo kavi nihAla matihIna // -nihAla, sAhityaziromaNi, 336 3. ina meM, Avata daura tyoM saba saritA sindhu meN| -dAmodara, arthAlaGkAramaJjarI, pR0 1 23

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354 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa niSkarSa alaGkAra-kSetra meM maulika udbhAvanA kI dRSTi se hindI-alaGkArazAstra ke adhyayana se nimnalikhita niSkarSa prApta hote haiM: (1) saMskRta-alaGkAra-zAstra meM pratipAdita alaGkAra-siddhAntoM kA sAra lekara hI adhikAMza hindI-AcAryoM ne alaGkAra-nirUpaNa kiyA hai| kAraNa spaSTa hai| hindI-alaGkAra-sAhitya kA Arambha saMskRta-sAhitya ke alaGkAracintana ke prAyaH avasAna-kAla meM huA thaa| 'candrAloka' tathA usa para Adhuta 'kuvalayAnanda' ke bAda saMskRta-sAhitya meM bhI alaGkAra-viSayaka udbhAvanAe~ nagaNya hI huii| appayya ke uparAnta prAyaH unhIM ke mAnya alaGkAroM kA lakSaNa-nirUpaNa paNDitarAja jagannAtha ke pUrva taka kisI-na-kisI rUpa meM hotA rhaa| kucha dinoM taka saMskRta aura hindI meM alaGkAra granthoM kA nirmANa samAnAntara calatA rhaa| paNDitarAja jagannAtha ne appayya dIkSita ke alaGkAra-siddhAnta para tarka ke tIkSNa kuThAra kA AghAta kiyA / phira bhI, unake paravartI hindI AcAryoM ne paNDitarAja jagannAtha kI durbodha khaNDana-maNDana kI zailI kI apekSA appayya kI sugama alaGkAra-nirUpaNa-paddhati ko hI anusaraNIya mAnA / appayya ke 'kuvalayAnanda' ko Adarza mAna kara jasavanta siMha ne 'bhASAbhUSaNa' kI racanA kI aura hindI ke adhikAMza AcAryoM ne usI mArga kA anugamana kiyaa| mammaTa, vizvanAtha Adi ke alaGkAra-siddhAnta ke anukaraNa para bhI hindI meM alaGkAra-granthoM kI racanA huI hai| aneka hindI AcAryoM ne daNDI Adi prAcIna AcAryoM kA prabhAva bhI grahaNa kiyA hai| (2) saMskRta-AcAryoM ke alaGkAra-lakSaNa ko bahulAMzataH svIkAra karane para bhI hindI-AcAryoM ne svatantra rUpa se kucha navIna alaGkAroM kI kalpanA kI hai| hindI-alaGkAra-sAhitya meM udbhAvita alaGkAra udbhAvaka-krama se nimnalikhita haiM kezava-(1) gaNanA, (2) prema, (3) amita, (4) yukta, (5) susiddha, (6) prasiddha tathA (7) viparIta / jasavanta siMha-(1) lekha ( leza kA apara paryAya ) tathA (2) citra ( uttara kA citrottara bheda, gUDhottara se svatantra astitvavAn kalpita; vastutaH koI navIna nhiiN)|

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hindI rIti-sAhitya meM alaGkAra-viSayaka udbhAvanAe~ [ 355 matirAma-apahna ti kA chalApahna ti bheda (kaitavApahnati kA paryAya), utprekSA kA guptotprekSA bheda (gamyotprekSA kA apara naam)| bhUSaNa-(1) sAmAnya-vizeSa, (2) pUrvAvasthA, (3) viparIta ( nAma prAcIna para svarUpa navIna ) / deva-(1) guNavat, (2) saGkIrNa, (3) pratyukti / alaGkAra ke bheda-yamaka-bheda-siMhAvalokana, upamA-bheda-svabhAva, yoga, saGkIrNabhAva, ucita, pratikAra, ullekha, AkSepa, garva Adi / raghunAtha--premAtyukti nAmaka atyukti bheda / bhikhArI dAsa-(1) vIpsA (zabdAlaGkAra) aura (2) svaguNa / dIpakabheda-deharI dIpaka, atizayokti kA upamAtizayokti, utprekSAtizayokti Adi / rasarUpa-(1) dhanyatA tathA (2) nirNaya / bairosAla-pramANAlaGkAra-bheda-purANa, Agama, AcAra tathA AtmatuSTi prmaann| isa prakAra hindI-rIti-zAstra meM nimnalikhita navIna alaGkAroM kI kalpanA kI gayI hai, jinake svarUpa maulikatA kI dRSTi se parIkSya haiM-gaNanA, prema, amita, yukta, susiddha, prasiddha, viparIta (do rUpa kezava tathA bhUSaNa ke dvArA kalpita, viparIta nAmnA eka hone para bhI svarUpatayA alaga-alaga haiN| ataH, hindI meM viparIta nAma se vastutaH do alaGkAroM kI kalpanA kI gayI hai| , sAmAnyavizeSa, pUrvAvasthA, guNavat, saGkIrNa ( saMskRta-AcAryoM ke saMsRSTi-saGkara-rUpa saGkIrNa se bhinna ), pratyukti, vIpsA, svaguNa, dhanyatA tathA nirNaya / lekha leza kA tathA citra citrottara kA apara paryAya-mAtra hai| purANa, Agama Adi pramANa zabda-pramANa se bhinna nhiiN| AcAra tathA AtmatuSTi pramANa kI dhAraNA navIna nhiiN| alaGkAroM ke tattat navIna bhedoM kI kalpanA vibhinna alaGkAroM kI dhAraNA ko milA kara kI gayI hai| udAharaNArtha-ullekhopamA, AkSepopamA, upamAtizayokti, utprekSAtizayokti Adi tattadalaGkAra-bheda draSTavya haiN| yamaka kA siMhAvalokana bheda nAmnA navIna avazya hai; para usakA svarUpa mammaTa bAdi ke pAda yamaka (Adyanta bheda) se abhinna hai| premAtyukti meM bhI premabhAva kI

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356 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa atyukti kI kalpanA hai / vibhinna bhAvoM ke sAtha alaGkAra ke yoga kA tathA vibhinna alaGkAroM ke yoga kA navIna-navIna nAmakaraNa hone se alaGkAra ke asaMkhya bheda ho jAya~ge / aise bhedoM kI kalpanA meM cintana kI maulikatA kI nahIM, anAvazyaka bhedIkaraNa se navInatA - pradarzana kI pravRtti kA paricaya milatA hai / uparilikhita navIna alaGkAroM meM se (a) kucha to camatkAra kA abhAva hone se alaGkAra hI nahIM haiM--gaNanA, susiddha, prasiddha, ( kezava kA) viparIta / (A) kucha kA sambandha rasa-bhAva yA caritra se hai / ataH, unheM alaGkAra kI sImA meM parimita kara denA ucita nahIM - pra ema Adi / (i) kucha alaGkAroM kA prAcIna alaGkAroM meM antarbhAva sambhava hai-- pUrvAvasthA tathA svaguNa kA pUrvarUpa meM, guNavat kA tadguNa meM, pratyukti kA praznottara meM, saGkIrNa kA zobhAkara ke tantra meM antarbhAva sambhava hai / (I) kucha prAcIna dhAraNA ko alaGkAra mAna liyA gayA hai / ataH, alaGkAra rUpa meM usakI svIkRti mAtra navIna hai-- bIpsA kI dhAraNA vyAkaraNa meM prAcIna kAla se pracalita thI / vIpsA meM zabda kA do bAra prayoga vyAkaraNa - sammata hai / ise svatantra alaGkAra mAnA gayA hai| anuprAsa Adi yaha hai | ( u ) kucha ke svarUpa kI kalpanA pUrvAcAryoM ke ekAdhika alaGkAroM kI dhAraNA ke yoga se kI gayI hai -yukta meM svabhAvokti aura sama ke svabhAva kA mizraNa hai / bhUSaNa kA viparIta AdhArAdheya bhAva ke sAtha pratIpa dhAraNA ke yoga se kalpita hai / (U) prAcIna alaGkAra ke hI kisI bheda ko anya nAma se yA usI nAma se svatantra alaGkAra mAna liyA gayA hai-- sAmAnyavizeSa aprastutaprazaMsA kA eka bheda hai, jo nAma bheda se svatantra alaGkAra mAna liyA gayA hai / citra citrottara kA eka bheda hai jo usI nAma se svatantra alaGkAra bana gayA hai / (3) hindI - rIti - zAstra ke AcAryoM ne kucha prAcIna alaGkAroM ke navIna abhidhAna kA bhI prayoga kiyA hai / aisA kahIM-kahIM to sakAraNa huA hai; para kahIM-kahIM akAraNa / udAharaNArtha - kAraNamAlA kI jagaha usI ke prAcIna lakSaNa se gumpha zabda lekara 'gumpha' nAma kA prayoga tathA kAraNa kA paryAyavAcI zabda lekara hetumAlA saMjJA kA prayoga; isI prakAra sAra kI paribhASA se

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hindI rIti-sAhitya meM alaGkAra-viSayaka udbhAvanAe~ [ 357 'uttarottara' zabda lekara usakA uttarottara nAmakaraNa, anyonya ke sthAna para paraspara abhidhAna kA prayoga, sandeha tathA smRti ke lie, bhrAntimAn ke sAdRzya para kramazaH sandehavAn tathA smRtimAn vyapadeza kA prayoga akAraNa hai| sambhava hai ki navInatA-pradarzana ke lie aisA kiyA gayA ho| vyAjastuti kA vyAja-ukti nAmakaraNa hai to sakAraNa; para vaha bhramotpAdaka bhI ho gayA hai| vyAjastuti nAma meM hindI-AcAryoM ko kevala vyAja se kI jAne vAlI stuti ke artha kA bodha karAne kI zakti jAna pdd'ii| usameM stuti ke vyAja se kI jAne vAlI nindA meM avyApti samajha kara usakA nAma vyAjaukti kara diyA gyaa| isa prakAra isa nAma-parivartana se eka samasyA to unhoMne sulajhAyI, para dUsarI vikaTa ulajhana A pdd'ii| prAcIna, AcAryoM kI vyAjokti kI bhI sattA unhoMne svIkAra kI hai| pariNAmataH, do alaGkAroM kA eka hI nAma ho gayA, jo avaijJAnika hai| (4) hindI meM citra alaGkAra kA vyApaka aura svatantra varNana huA hai| kaI svatantra granthoM meM kevala citra ke hI vividha rUpoM kI kalpanA kI gayI hai| ataH, hindI meM aneka navIna bandhoM kI kalpanA huI hai| citra meM vizeSa ruci sAhityika ruci kI vikRti kA paricAyaka hai, jo hindI-rItikAla kI vikRta sAmAjika dazA kI durvAra sAhityika pariNati thii| tatkAlIna rAja-darabAroM meM kavi dUrArUDha kalpanA se, mAnasika vyAyAma se, zrotA ko camatkRta karane kA prayAsa karate the| ataH citrakAvya kA, jisakA uddezya hI krIr3A-goSThI-vinoda hotA hai, rItikAla meM vikAsa huA aura alaGkAra-zAstra meM usakA vizada vivecana kiyA gyaa| citroM ke vividha bhedoM kI kalpanA kI sambhAvanA prAcIna AcAryoM ne bhI svIkAra kI thii| (5) kezava kA amita alaGkAra maulika hai aura usakI udbhAvanA kA zreya unheM milanA cAhie / (6) hindI-alaGkAra-zAstra meM alaGkAra ke kSetra meM vizeSa mahattvapUrNa udbhAvanA nahIM ho paayii|

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caturtha adhyAya alaGkAroM kA vargIkaraNa kAvyAlaGkAroM ke vikAsa ke sAtha unake vargIkaraNa kI AvazyakatA anubhUta huI / bharata ke cAra alaGkAroM ne zatAdhika alaGkAroM kI kalpanA kA dvAra kholA / lakSaNa, guNa Adi kAvya-tattvoM ke yoga se navIna-navIna alaGkAra AvirbhUta hone lage / uktiyoM meM thor3e-thor3e bheda ke AdhAra para samAna alaGkAra se aneka svatantra alaGkAroM kI kalpanA kI jAne lgii| eka upamA zailUSI ne hI kitane rUpa dhAraNa kiye ! eka alaGkAra ke sAdRzya viparyayAtmaka rUpa ke AdhAra para dUsare alaGkAra kA udbhAvana huA / isa prakAra alaGkAra ke eka saMyojaka tattva se aneka alaGkAra bane aura vaiparItya ke AdhAra para alaGkAra ke naye saMyojakoM kI bhI kalpanA kI gayI / sAdharmya ke sAtha vaidharmya bhI alaGkAra kA vidhAyaka banA / zRGkhalA Adi navIna tattvoM ke AdhAra para bhI aneka alaGkAroM kI kalpanA kI gayI / isalie, kAvya ke alaGkAroM kA vibhinna vargoM meM vibhAjana Avazyaka jAna par3A / alaGkAroM ke AzrayabhUta zabda aura artha ke AdhAra para alaGkAroM ke do sthUla vibhAga to alaGkAra-dhAraNA ke Arambhika kAla se hI spaSTa ho cuke the; para aneka navIna alaGkAroM kI svIkRti ke sAtha arthAlaGkAra ke varga-vibhAjana kI bhI AvazyakatA huI / kucha AcAryoM ne zabdAlaGkAra tathA arthAlaGkAra ke atirikta ubhayAlaGkAra kI bhI kalpanA kI hai / ekAdhika alaGkAroM ke ekatra sadbhAva meM mizrAlaGkAra bhI svIkRta hai / zabdAlaGkAroM ke varga-vibhAjana kI na to AvazkatA huI aura na usameM adhika kaThinAI hai / kAraNa hai, unakI saMkhyA kI parimiti / hA~, vakrokti ko zabdAlaGkAra mAnA jAya yA arthAlaGkAra, isa

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alaGkAroM kA vargIkaraNa [ 359 sambandha meM do mata avazya rahe haiN| ubhayAlaGkAra kI sattA mAnane ke prazna para bhI AcAryoM meM mataikya nhiiN| alaGkAroM ke ekatra sadbhAva ke saMsRSTi aura saGkara, do hI rUma haiN| ataH, unake vargIkaraNa meM bhI koI samasyA nhiiN| samasyA hai kevala arthAlaGkAroM ke vargIkaraNa kii| saMskRta tathA hindI ke aneka sazakta AlaGkArikoM ne alaGkAroM ke vargIkaraNa kA prayAsa kiyA hai, phira bhI vaha samasyA pUrNataH sulajha nahIM paayii| isakA kAraNa spaSTa hai| rudraTa, ruyyaka-jaise alaGkAra-zAstra ke udbhaTa vyAkhyAtAoM kI zakti meM to sandeha nahIM kiyA jA sakatA; para alaGkAra-vargIkaraNa meM unakI sImA bhI spaSTa hai| una AcAryoM ne apane svIkRta alaGkAroM kA hI vargIkaraNa prastuta kiyA hai, jo svAbhAvika hI hai| Aja kevala ve hI alaGkAra svIkRta nahIM haiM, jo una AcAryoM dvArA nirUpita the| paravartI AcAryoM ke dvArA kalpita kucha navIna alaGkAra bhI svIkRta haiN| ataH, Adhunika pAThakoM ko una navIna avargIkRta alaGkAroM ke vargIkaraNa meM kaThinAI ho sakatI hai| pichale adhyAya meM hama dekha cuke haiM ki alaGkAra ke sambandha meM AcAryoM ke dRSTi-bheda se alaGkAra kI saMkhyA meM bahuta bheda rahA hai| kevala saMskRta-alaGkAra-zAstra meM hI lagabhaga do sau alaGkAroM kI kalpanA kI gyii| hindI meM bhI aThAraha-unnIsa navIna alaGkAroM kI kalpanA kI gyii| ye sabhI alaGkAra svIkArya hI hoM, yaha bAta nhiiN| bIca-bIca meM alaGkAroM kI saMkhyA ke niyamana-saMyamana kI bhI ceSTA hotI rhii| vAmana, kuntaka Adi ke prayAsa isa dRSTi se vicAraNIya haiN| yoM to vAgvikalpa ke ananta bhedoM ke AdhAra para alaGkAra ke ananta bhedoM kI sambhAvanA Anandavardhana ke dvArA, ukti-bheda kI anantatA ke AdhAra para alaGkAroM kI anantatA kI sambhAvanA daNDI ke dvArA aura hRdayAvarjaka yA alaGa kRta artha kI vyApakatA ke AdhAra para alaGkAroM kI vyApakatA rudraTa ke dvArA svIkRta hai; para asaMkhya alaGkAra-bhedoM ko pramukha alaGkAra-rUpoM meM parimita aura paribhASita karanA adhyayana kI suvidhA kI dRSTi se upayogI hai| ananta ukti-bheda meM ananta alaGkAra kA sadbhAva mAna lene-mAtra se alaGkAra kI spaSTa dhAraNA nahIM bana sktii| alaGkAra-viSayaka saMkhyA-bheda kA pramukha kAraNa. yaha hai ki kucha AcAryoM ne alaGkAra aura alaGkArya kA spaSTa bheda svIkAra kiyA, to anya AcAryoM meM vaha bheda upekSita ho gyaa| kucha AcAryoM ne kevala sAdharmyamUlaka alaGkAroM kI sattA svIkAra kI, to anya AcAryoM ne anya camatkAra-janaka uktiyoM ko bhI alaGkAra maanaa| kucha alaGkAravAdI AcAryoM

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360 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa ne rasa-bhAva Adi ko bhI alaGkAra kI sImA meM sameTa liyaa| alaGkAraviSayaka isa dRSTi-bheda ke kAraNa alaGkAroM ke tyAga-grahaNa kA krama calatA rahA / isIlie, kisI eka AcArya ne savA sau se adhika alaGkAra svIkAra nahIM kiye; para sabhI kalpita alaGkAroM kI saMkhyA prAyaH do sau taka calI gyii| alaGkAroM ke vargIkaraNa ke lie svIkArya alaGkAroM kA nirdhAraNa honA cAhie aura taba vargIkaraNa ke aise AdhAra kA nirNaya honA cAhie, jisameM sabhI svIkRta alaGkAroM kA varga-vibhAjana sambhava ho ske| alaGkAroM kA vibhAjana kaI dRSTiyoM se sambhava hai| prastuta adhyAya meM hama saMskRta evaM hindI-alaGkAra-zAstra ke AcAryoM ke alaGkAra-vargIkaraNa kI parIkSA kara sabhI svIkArya alaGkAroM ke vargIkaraNa kA prayAsa kreNge| ____ Azraya ke AdhAra para alaGkAroM ke vargIkaraNa kI bAta AcAryoM ke mana meM sabase pahale aayii| AcArya bharata ke yamaka-lakSaNa meM-zabdAbhyAsa meMzabdAlaGkAratva kI dhAraNA nihita thii| bhAmaha, daNDI Adi ne zabda aura artha ke alaGkAroM kA pRthak-pRthak vivecana kara donoM ke svatantra varga spaSTa kara diye / kucha AcAryoM ne zabdAlaGkAra aura arthAlaGkAra ke sAtha ubhayAlaGkAra kI bhI kalpanA kii| ubhayAlaGkAra ko zabdArthAlaGkAra bhI kahA gayA hai / kucha AcAryoM ne mizrAlaGkAra kI bhI carcA kI hai| ubhayAlaGkAra aura mizrAlaGkAra kI dhAraNA sarvasammata nahIM hai / hA~, aneka alaGkAroM ke, saGkara aura saMsRSTi rUpa meM-aGgAGgibhAva tathA paraspara svatantra bhAva se-ekatra sadbhAva kI kalpanA sarvamAnya huI hai| saGkara aura saMsRSTi kI gaNanA alaGkAra ke rUpa meM hotI rahI hai; para vastutaH ve alaGkAra nahIM, aneka alaGkAroM kI eka Azraya meM sthiti kI vibhinna prakriyA-mAtra haiN| inheM saGkIrNa bhI kahA jAtA hai| saGkIrNa yA saMsRSTi-saGkara meM alaGkAroM kA vargIkaraNa na to sambhava hai aura na Avazyaka hii| eka Azraya meM koI bhI do yA usase adhika alaGkAra paraspara nirapekSa yA paraspara sApekSa rUpa meM raha sakate haiN| ataH zabdAlaGkAra, arthAlaGkAra, ubhayAlaGkAra tathA mizrAlaGkAra-vargoM meM alaGkAravibhAga parIkSaNIya hai| ___saMskRta ke prAmANika AlaGkArikoM ne zabda aura artha ke AdhAra para hI do vargoM meM kAvyAlaGkAroM kA vibhAjana kiyA hai| bhoja aura agnipurANakAra ne ubhayAlaGkAra kI kalpanA kI to vidyAnAtha ne zabdAlaGkAra evaM arthAlaGkAra ke sAtha mizrAlaGkAra-varga mAna liyaa| bhoja aura

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alaGkAroM kA vargIkaraNa [ 361 agnipurANakAra kI ubhayAlaGkAra-dhAraNA tathA vidyAnAtha kI mizrAlaGkAradhAraNA kA aucitya vicAraNIya hai / 'agnipurANa' meM yaha mAnyatA prakaTa kI gayI hai ki aise alaGkAra jo zabda aura artha ko eka sAtha vibhUSita karate hoM, ubhayAlaGkAra kahe jAte haiM / udAharaNa se yaha bAta aura bhI spaSTa ho jAtI hai / ubhayAlaGkAra kI sthiti 'agnipurANa' meM usa hAra ke samAna mAnI gayI hai, jo eka sAtha vakSa aura grIvA, donoM ko alaGakRta karatA hai / spaSTataH, agnipurANakAra ne ubhayAlaGkAra kA abhiprAya samanvita rUpa se zabda aura artha, donoM ko alaGkRta karane vAle alaGkAroM se mAnA thA / ye ubhayAlaGkAra svatantra zabdAlaGkAra aura arthAlaGkAra ke ekatra sanniveza kI sthiti se - jaisA ki saMsRSTi aura saGkara meM hotA haisarvathA bhinna haiM / ataH, saGkara aura saMsRSTi ko ubhayAlaGkAra mAnane kI bhrAnti nahIM honI cAhie / saMsRSTi tathA saGkara meM ekAdhika alaGkAra eka hI Azraya ko--do zabdAlaGkAroM kI saMsRSTi kevala zabda tathA do arthAlaGkAroM kI saMsRSTi kevala artha ko -- alaGa kRta karane vAle ho sakate haiM; para isake viparIta ubhayAlaGkAra meM eka hI alaGkAra do AzrayoM ko -- zabda aura artha ko alaGkRta karatA hai / 'agnipurANa' meM prazasti, kAnti, aucitya Adi ko ubhayAlaGkAra-varga meM rakhA gayA hai, jinakA alaGkAratva hI sandigdha hai / - bhoja ne arthAlaGkAra ke rUpa meM paramparA se svIkRta upamA, rUpaka Adi alaGkAroM ko ubhayAlaGkAra varga meM parigaNita kara ubhayAlaGkAra kI dhAraNA ko hI aspaSTa kara diyA hai / yadi upamA Adi kI abhivyakti zabda aura artha ; donoM se mAnI jAya, to bhoja ke aneka zabdAlaGkAroM aura arthAlaGkAroM kI "sthiti bhI isase bhinna nahIM raha jAyagI / vastutaH, zabda aura artha paraspara itane sampRkta haiM ki donoM ko sarvathA pRthak nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / zabdAlaGkAroM ke nirdhAraNa meM bhI to artha kA vicAra hotA hI hai / artha-bheda se zabdAvRtti meM tathA tAtparya- mAtra bheda se zabdAvRtti meM alaga-alaga zabdAlaGkAra ke astitva kA nirNaya bhI to artha- vicAra kI apekSA rakhatA hI hai / samAsokti Adi arthAlaGkAra bhI vizeSaNa - pada para hI nirbhara haiM / ataH, AcAryoM ne zabdAlaGkAratva tathA arthAlaGkAratva ke nirNaya kA AdhAra bar3I sAvadhAnI se sthira kiyA hai / bhoja ne zabda artha ke AdhAra para alaGkAra- vibhAjana ke usa viveka ko aspaSTa kara diyA /

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362 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa bhAratIya alaGkAra-zAstra meM zleSa, punaruktavadAbhAsa, vakrokti Adi alaGkAroM kA svarUpa aisA hai ki unake zabdAlaGkAratva tathA arthAlaGkAratva ke nirNaya meM kaThinAI hotI rahI hai| kAraNa yaha hai ki ve alaGkAra zabda aura artha, donoM kI apekSA rakhate haiN| zleSa ke sambandha meM to AcAryoM meM eka samajhautA ho gyaa| usake do rUpa mAna kara-jo tattvataH eka dUsare se bahuta bhinna nahIM-eka ko zabdAlaGkAra tathA dUsare ko arthAlaGkAra mAna liyA gyaa| isa prakAra zleSa zabdAlaGkAra bhI hai aura arthAlaGkAra bhii| ubhayAlaGkAra ke rUpa meM bhI usake svarUpa kI kalpanA kI gayI hai|' punaruktavadAbhAsa meM zabda-vizeSa ke prayoga se punarukti kA bhAna hotA hai / usa zabda ke paryAyavAcI zabda kA prayoga yadi kiyA jAya to punarukti kI pratIti nahIM hogI aura phalataH usakA alaGkAratva hI samApta ho jaaygaa| abhiprAya yaha ki punaruktavadAbhAsa meM zabdoM kA paryAya-parivartanAsahatva rahatA hai; ataH vaha zabdAlaGkAra hai para sAtha hI usameM virodha-parihAra kI bhI apekSA rahatI hai, jo artha-sApekSa hotA hai / kucha zabda meM paryAya-parivartana kiye jAne para bhI arya ke AdhAra para punarukti kA AbhAsa raha jAtA hai| isalie vaha arthAlaGkAra bhI hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki kucha AcAryoM ne use zabdAlaGkAravarga meM parigaNita kiyA hai to anya AcAryoM ne arthAlaGkAra-varga meN| mammaTa, vizvanAtha Adi ne use spaSTataH ubhayAlaGkAra svIkAra kiyA hai| vakrokti kI bhI yahI sthiti rahI hai| isameM vaktA ke anyArthaka vAkya kA zrotA anya artha mAna kara uttara detA hai| yaha yA to anekArtha-vAcaka zabda ke kAraNa hotA hai yA kaNThadhvani-bheda ke kAraNa ( kramazaH zleSavakrokti tathA kaakuvkrotti)| vakrokti kA zleSa-bheda to zabdAzrita mAnA jA sakatA hai; para kAku-bheda arthAzrita hai| vizvanAtha ne kAkuvakrokti meM bhI zabdagata camatkAra kA prAdhAnya mAna kara use zabdAlaGkAra hI mAnA hai| 1. tatrodAttAdisvarabhedAt prayatnabhedAcca zabdAnyatve zabdazleSaH; yatra prAyeNa padabhaGgo bhavati / arthazleSastu yatra svarAdibhedo nAsti / ataeva na tatra sabhaGgAdatvam / saGkalanayA tUbhayazleSaH / -hayyaka, alaGkAra sarvasva, pR0 112 2. mammaTa, kAvyaprakAza, 6, 124 pR0 216 tathA vizvanAtha, sAhityadarpaNa pR0 558 ( mammaTa ne isake zabdaniSTha tathA zabdArthobhayaniSTha; donoM rUpoM kI kalpanA kI hai|)

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alaGkAroM kA vargIkaraNa [ 363 prahelikA Adi gUDhArthavAcI zabdoM para avalambita citrAlaGkAra bhI zabdArthAzrita hI haiN| ataH, zabda aura artha ubhaya AzrayoM para eka sAtha Azrita zleSa, punaruktavadAbhAsa, vakrokti tathA prahelikA Adi artha-citra ko ubhayAlaGkAra-varga meM parigaNita kiyA jAnA cAhie / arthacitra meM 'artha' vizeSaNa kA prayoga karane para bhI AcArya mammaTa ne zabdAlaGkAra-nirUpaNa ke sandarbha meM usakA vivecana kiyA hai| isase isa mata kI puSTi hotI hai ki mammaTa arthacitra ko zabda aura artha ke bIca kI sthiti meM ubhayAlaGkAra kI sthiti meM-mAnate the| zleSa, punaruktavadAbhAsa, vakrokti Adi ko zabdArthAthita hone ke kAraNa ubhayAlaGkAra-varga meM parigaNita karanA yuktisaGgata to hai hI, unake zabdAlaGkAratva yA arthAlaGkAratva ke viSaya meM paramparAgata matabheda ko dUra karane kI dRSTi se upAdeya bhI hai| ubhaya-sApekSa alaGkAroM meM se prAdhAnya ke AdhAra para kucha ko zabdAlaGkAra tathA kucha ko arthAlaGkAra mAnA gayA hai| mizrAlaGkAra _ vidyAnAtha ne zabdAlaGkAra aura alaGkAra ke atirikta alaGkAra kA tIsarA varga, mizrAlaGkAra-varga, svIkAra kiyA hai aura isa tIsare varga meM saMsRSTi aura saGkara ko rakhA hai / saMsRSTi aura saGkara meM anya AcAryoM kI taraha vidyAnAtha ne bhI aneka zabdAlaGkAroM, aneka arthAlaGkAroM tathA kucha zabdAlaGkAroM aura arthAlaGkAroM kA samAnAzrayatva svIkAra kiyA hai| vizvanAtha ne 'sAhityadarpaNa' meM saGkara aura saMsRSTi ko alaGkAroM kA mizrita rUpa kahA hai| isalie una alaGkAroM ko mizrAlaGkAra-varga meM rakhA gayA hai| hama isa tathya para vicAra kara cuke haiM ki saMsRSTi aura saGkara kA rUpa sthira nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / kAvya kA koI bhI alaGkAra dUsare alaGkAra ke sAtha aGgAGgibhAva se yA paraspara nirapekSabhAva se samAna Azraya meM raha sakatA hai / ataH, saGkara aura saMsRSTi ko zabdAlaGkAra tathA arthAlaGkAra se svatantra vizeSa alaGkAra nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| zabdAlaGkAra aura arthAlaGkAra vargoM meM gine jAne vAle alaGkAra hI saMsRSTi aura saGkara meM rahA karate haiN| saMsRSTi meM to eka Azraya meM aneka alaGkAra paraspara svatantra bhAva se rahA karate haiN| ataH, alaGkAroM kA mizraNa bhI nahIM mAnA jAnA caahie| saGkara kA bhI alaGkAra-vizeSa ke mizraNa se koI vizeSa prakAra kA svarUpa nirdhArita nahIM kiyA gayA hai / ataH, use bhI

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364 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa svatantra alaGkAra mAna kara usake lie svatantra alaGkAra-varga kI kalpanA Avazyaka nhiiN| saMskRta tathA hindI-alaGkAra-zAstra meM do alaGkAroM ke tattva ke mizraNa se kucha nizcita svarUpa vAle alaGkAroM kI kalpanA kI gayI hai / unakI sthiti - saMsRSTi aura saGkara se bhinna hai| unameM do svatantra alaGkAroM ke tattva kA grahaNa hone para bhI unake nizcita svarUpa kA nirdhAraNa kara unheM svatantra astitva diyA gayA hai| dIpaka aura ekAvalI ke tattvoM ke mizraNa se mAlAdIpaka; upamA aura rUpaka ke tattva se upamArUpaka Adi alaGkAroM kA tathA apahna ti aura utprakSA ke mizraNa se sApahnavotprekSA Adi aneka alaGkAra-bhedoM kA adhyayana mizrAlaGkAra-varga meM honA caahie| mAlAdIpaka Adi kA svatantra astitva saMskRta ke samartha AlaGkArikoM ne bhI mAnA hai| upamA-rUpaka kI kalpanA sarvamAnya nahIM huI hai; para hamane pichale adhyAya meM isa tathya para 'vicAra kiyA hai ki aneka alaGkAroM kI kalpanA tattadalaGkAroM ke tattvoM ke mizraNa se kI gayI hai| hamArI mAnyatA hai ki vaise mizrita svabhAva vAle alaGkAroM kA adhyayana hI mizrAlaGkAra-varga meM kiyA jAnA caahie| ubhayAlaGkAra se mizrAlaGkAra kA bheda spaSTa hai| ubhayAlaGkAra eka sAtha zabda aura artha-donoM para Azrita raha kara donoM ko alaGa kRta karate haiM, jaisA ki agnipurANakAra ke kathana se spaSTa hai| para, mizrAlaGkAra meM do alaGkAroM ke tattva ke mizraNa se nayA alaGkAra-rUpa bana jAtA hai| yaha mizraNa kevala zabdAlaGkAroM ke tattva kA bhI ho sakatA hai aura kevala arthAlaGkAroM ke tattva kA bhI / zabda aura artha ke alaGkAroM ke paraspara mizraNa se navIna alaGkAra bana sakatA hai| saGkara aura saMsRSTi ko isa varga meM nahIM rakha kara alaga varga meM rakhA jAnA cAhie / kAraNa yaha hai ki yadi unheM vizvanAtha, "vidyAnAtha Adi ke matAnusAra aneka alaGkAroM ke mizraNa se bane svatantra alaGkAra' mAna bhI liyA jAya, to bhI vibhinna alaGkAroM ke tattvoM ke mizraNa se AvirbhUta mAlAdIpaka Adi mizrAlaGkAroM se unakA eka bar3A bheda raha jaaygaa| vaha yaha ki jahA~ mAlAdIpaka meM dIpaka aura ekAvalI; ina do 1. yadyata evAlaGkArAH prsprvimishritaaH| tadA pRthagalaGkArau saMsRSTiH sngkrstthaa| -vizvanAtha, sAhitya-darpaNa, 10, 126 vidyAnAtha kA pratAparudrayazobhUSaNa, pR0 472 bhI draSTavya

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alaGkAroM kA vargIkaraNa [ 365 kA hI mizraNa niyata hone se usa alaGkAra kA svarUpa nirdhArita hai, vahA~ saGkara aura saMsRSTi meM eka se adhika kinhIM bhI alaGkAroM ke mizraNa kI sambhAvanA hone se unakA svarUpa-nirdhAraNa sambhava nhiiN| ataH, niyata-svabhAva tathA aniyata-svabhAva alaGkAroM kA adhyayana svatantra vargoM meM kiyA jAnA cAhie / saMsRSTi aura saGkara kA vivecana kucha AcAryoM ne 'saGkIrNa' zIrSaka meM kiyA hai| isalie alaGkAroM kI saMsRSTi tathA unake saGkara ko saGkIrNa alaGkAra-varga meM rakhA jA sakatA hai| Azraya-bheda ke AdhAra para alaGkAroM ke nimnalikhita pA~ca vargoM kI kalpanA kI jA sakatI hai 1. zabdAlaGkAra-varga 2. arthAlaGkAra-varga 3. ubhayAlaGkAra-varga [4. mizrAlaGkAra varga tathA 1 5. saGkIrNa alaGkAra-varga ina meM prathama tIna kA vibhAjana to kevala unake Azraya-bheda ke AdhAra para hai; para cauthe aura pA~caveM vargoM kI kalpanA kA AdhAra tattadalaGkAra-tattvoM kA mizraNa hai| cauthe varga ke alaGkAroM meM do alaGkAroM ke mizraNa se niyata-svabhAva vizeSa alaGkAra bana jAtA hai; para pAMcaveM varga meM eka Azrayagata tattadalaGkAroM kI vizeSa prakAra kI sthiti kA hI adhyayana kiyA jAtA hai| zabdAlaGkAra : ___ zabdAlaGkAra meM zabda kA camatkAra pramukha rUpa se rahatA hai| isameM artha: kA vicAra sarvathA nahIM hotA ho, yaha bAta nhiiN| lATAnuprAsa meM tAtparyamAtra ke bheda se zabda aura artha; donoM kI AvRtti apekSita hotI hai| yamaka meM eka-se zabda meM artha kA bheda rahanA Avazyaka mAnA jAtA hai| isa prakAra zabdAlaGkAra meM bhI artha kA vicAra rahatA hai; para arthAlaGkAra se isakA bheda yaha hai ki yaha zabda para Azrita rahatA hai| phalataH, yaha apane AzrayabhUta zabda kA paryAya-parivartana sahana nahIM kara sktaa| ataH, anvaya-vyatireka se yaha siddha kiyA gayA hai ki kisI zabda ke sthAna para usakA paryAyavAcI zabda rakha dene para yadi alaGkAratva naSTa ho jAtA hai to vaha zabdAlaGkAraH hogaa| paryAya-parivartana kiye jAne para bhI yadi alaGkAratva naSTa nahIM hotA to use zabdAlaGkAra nahIM mAnA jA sktaa|

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-366 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa arthAlaGkAra zabdAlaGkAra ke viparIta arthAlaGkAra zabda ke artha para Azrita rahatA hai / ataH, eka zabda kI jagaha usI artha ke vAcaka dUsare zabda ko rakha dene para bhI alaGkAratva kI hAni nahIM hotI / kAraNa yaha hai ki zabda ke paryAyaparivartana kiye jAne para bhI artha to vahI raha jAtA hai / ataH, artha meM parivartana nahIM hone ke kAraNa arthAzrita alaGkAra kA usa zabda - parivartana se kucha nahIM bigar3atA / isalie, paryAya - parivartanAsahatva zabdAlaGkAra kA tathA " parivRttisahatva arthAlaGkAra kA vyAvarttaka hai / zabda, artha, zabdArthobhaya, mizra tathA saGkIrNa-vargoM meM alaGkAra kA - vibhAjana sthUla hai / isase kisI alaGkAra kI prakRti kA patA nahIM calatA / saMskRta tathA hindI ke aneka AcAryoM ne alaGkAra ke mUla tattvoM ke * AdhAra para varga - vibhAjana kiyA hai / nIce hama una AcAryoM ke vargIkaraNa - kA samIkSAtmaka adhyayana prastuta kara rahe haiM / alaGkAroM ke saMkhyA-prasAra ke sAtha arthAlaGkAra ke vyAvartaka do tattvoM kA prathama saGketa AcArya bhAmaha ke 'kAvyAlaGkAra' meM milatA hai / zabda - aura artha ke alaGkAroM kA vibhAjana to AcArya bharata ke 'nATyazAstra' meM - hI saGketita thA / ' bharata aura bhAmaha ke bIca kI avadhi meM jina arthAlaGkAroM kI kalpanA kI gayI, unake do mUla tattvoM kA nirdeza AcArya * bhAmaha ne kiyA hai / ve haiM - vakrokti tathA svabhAvoti / vakrokti se bhAmaha kA abhiprAya atizayokti kA thA / isalie unhoMne atizayokti ke sandarbha meM vakrokti zabda kA ullekha kiyA hai / isa prakAra bhAmaha ke pUrva hI vastu ke svAbhAvika varNana meM tathA usake atizayapUrNa kathana meM kramazaH svabhAvoktimUlaka tathA atizayokti yA vakroktimUlaka alaGkAroM kA sadbhAva svIkRta thA / alaGkAra ke vidhAyaka ina do mUla tattvoM kA patA hone para bhI bhAmaha ne ukta AdhAra para alaGkAroM ke varga-vibhAjana kI AvazyakatA nahIM smjhii| kAraNa yaha hai ki alaGkAra ke sambandha meM unakA dRSTikoNa spaSTa thA / ve vakrokti ko artha kI cArutA kA Avazyaka hetu mAnate the / ataH, unake anusAra vakrokti yA atizayokti ke abhAva meM alaGkAratva kI kalpanA hI nahIM kI jA sakatI / kevala vakroktimUlaka alaGkAra hI kAvyAlaGkAra 1. draSTavya - abhinava gupa, locana, pR0 5

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alaGkAroM kA vargIkaraNa [ 367 ke rUpa meM svIkArya haiM / jisameM vakrokti kA abhAva thA usake alaGkAratva kA bhAmaha ne khaNDana kiyA / hetu, sUkSma tathA leza ke alaGkAratva ko asvIkAra karane kA yahI rahasya hai / ' svabhAvokti alaGkAra kA ullekha kara bhAmaha ne kahA hai ki kucha logoM ne svabhAvokti ko bhI alaGkAra mAnA hai / 2 spaSTa hai ki svabhAvokti kA alaGkAratva bhAmaha ko mAnya nahIM thA / bhAmaha ke dvArA svIkRta sabhI alaGkAra vakroktimUlaka hI the / isalie unake sAmane vakrokti aura svabhAvokti-vargoM meM alaGkAra ke vibhAjana kA prazna nahIM thA; para svabhAvokti Adi ke ullekha se yaha spaSTa hai ki bhAmaha apane pUrvavartI ajJAtanAma AcAryoM ke dvArA nirUpita aise alaGkAroM ke svarUpa se bhI paricita the, jinakA mUlabhUta tattva vakrokti yA atizayokti nahIM, varan svabhAvokti thA / svabhAvokti tathA svabhAva - kathana- mUlaka anya alaGkAroM ke alaGkAratva kA prazna vivAdagrasta rahA hai / bhAmaha ke uttaravartI vakroktivAdI AcArya kuntaka ne svabhAvokti Adi ke alaGkAratva ke khaNDana ke lie tarka ke tIkSNa astra kA prayoga kiyA; phira bhI alaGkAra - zAstra kI paramparA meM svabhAvokti kA alaGkAratva svIkAra kiyA jAtA rahA / itanA hI nahIM, kucha AcAryoM ne svabhAvokti ko kAvyAlaGkAra meM prathama sthAna dene kA bhI prayAsa kiyA hai / yaha to vastutaH svabhAvokti ke prati atigAmI pakSapAta hai; phira bhI saMskRta tathA hindI - alaGkAra - zAstra kI sudIrgha paramparA meM svIkRta svabhAvokti - jaise alaGkAra ke alaGkAratva para Adhunika alaGkArazAstra kA chAtra sandeha nahIM karatA / paramparAgata mAnyatA svataH hI pramANa * bana jAtI hai / svabhAvokti ko to alaGkAra rUpa meM svIkRti milI hI -pIche cala kara aneka aise alaGkAra svIkRta hue haiM, jinake mUla meM vasturUpa kA svAbhAvika varNana rahatA hai / tadguNa, mIlita, anuguNa, udAtta, bhAvika, bhAvikacchavi, anumAna pramANa Adi alaGkAroM ke mUla meM vastu-svabhAva kathana hI hai / aise alaGkAroM kI saMkhyA aba itanI adhika ho gayI hai ki inheM svabhAvokti ke * svatantra varga meM vargIkRta karane kI AvazyakatA hai / svabhAvokti aura vakrokti 1. bhAmaha, kAvyAlaGkAra, 2, 85 2. vahI, 2, 86 3. vahI, 2, 63

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368 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa yA atizayokti ke mUla-tattvoM ke AdhAra para arthAlaGkAroM ke do pramukha vargoM kI kalpanA kI jA sakatI hai| ___arthAlaGkAroM kA vibhAjana AcAryoM ne vAcya aura pratIyamAna vargoM meM bhI kiyA hai| vidyAnAtha ne bhI pratIyamAna vAstava, pratIyamAna aupamya Adi vargoM meM aise alaGkAroM ko rakhA hai, jinameM artha pratIyamAna rahate haiN|' apahna ti, utprekSA Adi ke vAcya aura gamya-bheda kiye gaye haiN| isa prakAra eka hI alaGkAra vAcya bhI hotA hai aura gamya bhii| vAcya aura vyaGagya yA pratIyamAna vargoM meM alaGkAra-vibhAjana meM sabase bar3I kaThinAI yaha hai ki vyaGagya tathA vAcya para Azrita alaGkAra pRthak-pRthak nahIM haiN| DaoN0 omaprakAza zarmA ne apane zodha-prabandha meM vyaGagya aura avyaGagya vargoM meM alaGkAroM ke vibhAjana kA prayAsa kiyA hai; para ve isa kSetra meM koI navIna sthApanA nahIM kara sake / unheM ukta do zIrSoM meM vibhAjana ke krama meM prAcIna AcAryoM ke dvArA nirdhArita sAdRzyamUlaka, virodhamUlaka, zRGkhalAmUlaka Adi upavargoM kA sahArA lenA hI par3A hai| ulaTe navIna sthApanA ke moha meM unhone kucha bhrAnta vargIkaraNa bhI kara diyA hai| utprekSA Adi ko unhoMne kevala vyaGga ya-mUlaka alaGkAravarga meM rakhA hai / 2 utprekSA gamyA bhI hotI hai; para usake vAcya-bheda ko vyaGa gyamUlaka alaGkAra-varga meM rakhane meM kyA aucitya ho sakatA hai ? rudraTa, ruyyaka Adi AcAryoM ne arthAlaGkAra ke kucha mUla tattvoM ke AdhAra para alaGkAra kA vargIkaraNa prastuta kiyA hai| unakI alaGkAravarga-dhAraNA parIkSya hai| rudraTakRta vargIkaraNa kAvyAlaGkAra ko tattadalaGkAra-tattvoM ke AdhAra para vargIkRta karane kA prayAsa AcArya rudraTa ne kiyaa| unake pUrva alaGkAroM ke vidhAyaka tathA vyAvartaka vakroti, sAdRzya Adi tattvoM kA nirdeza avazya milatA hai; para una mUlabhUta tattvoM ke AdhAra para alaGkAroM ke vargoM kI kalpanA nahIM kI gayI thii| udbhaTa ne 'kAvyAlaGkArasArasaMgraha' meM alaGkAroM ko chaha vargoM meM avazya 1. arthAlaGkArANAM cAturvidhyam / kecit pratIyamAnavAstavaH kecit pratIya maanaupmyaaH| kecit prtiiymaanrsbhaavaadyH| kecidasphuTapratIyamAnA iti |-vidyaanaath, pratAparudrayazobhUSaNa, pR0 337 2. omaprakAza zarmA, rItikAlIna alaGkAra-sAhitya, pR0 466

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alaGkAroM kA vargIkaraNa 366 prastuta kiyA hai; para unake varga-vibhAga kA koI spaSTa AdhAra nahIM / alaGkAra ke mUla tattva ke AdhAra para to vaha varga vibhAjana nahIM hI mAnA jA sakatA--vaha zabdAlaGkAra aura arthAlaGkAra ke sthUla vibhAga ke AdhAra para bhI vibhAjita nahIM hai / prathama varga meM hI zabdAlaGkAra ke sAtha upamA, rUpaka, dIpaka tathA prativastUpamA arthAlaGkAroM ko prastuta kiyA gayA hai / yaha ThIka hai ki AcArya udbhaTa ne punaruktavadAbhAsa, anuprAsa Adi se alaga ina arthAlaGkAroM kA svabhAva mAnA hai; para yaha spaSTa hai ki unhoMne grantha ke vargoM kA vibhAjana na to alaGkAra ke AzrayabhUta zabdArtha ke AdhAra para kiyA hai aura na alaGkAra ke mUla tattvoM ke AdhAra para hI / sambhava hai ki una vargoM alaGkAra ke vikAsa ke eka-eka krama kA saGka eta udbhaTa ne denA cAhA ho, yA yaha bhI sambhava hai ki eka-eka varga ke alaGkAroM ko ve vizeSa vizeSa AlaGkArikoM ke dvArA kalpita mAnate hoM; para pramANa ke abhAva meM isa sambandha meM kucha nahIM kahA jA sakatA / 'kAvyAlaGkArasArasaGagraha' kA varga-vibhAga alaGkAroM ke vargIkaraNa kI dRSTi se koI mahattva nahIM rakhatA / rudraTa kA vargIkaraNa aitihAsika dRSTi se to prathama hai hI - tattva - nirUpaNa kI dRSTi se bhI vaha mahattvapUrNa hai / AcArya rudraTa ne apane 'kAvyAlaGkAra' meM vivecita alaGkAroM ko Azraya ke AdhAra para zabdAlaGkAra tathA arthAlaGkAra-vargoM meM vibhAjita kara arthAlaGkAroM ko mUlatattvoM ke AdhAra para nimnalikhita cAra vargoM meM vibhakta kara upasthApita kiyA hai-- ( 1 ) vAstava - varga, ( 2 ) aupamya - varga, (3) atizaya-varga tathA ( 4 ) zleSa - varga / rudraTa ne ukta cAra vargoM meM alaGkAroM ke vibhAjana kA siddhAnta spaSTa kara diyA hai / unake anusAra jina alaGkAroM meM sAdRzya, atizaya tathA zleSa ko chor3a kevala vastu ke svarUpa kA spaSTa varNana hotA hai, ve vAstavamUlaka alaGkAra haiM / jina alaGkAroM meM vastu-vizeSa kA anya vastu ke sAtha sAdRzya se samyak rUpeNa tulanAtmaka pratipAdana kiyA jAtA hai, unheM aupamyamUlaka alaGkAra kahA jAtA hai / jina alaGkAroM meM loka- prasiddhi ke bAdha ke 1. vAstavamiti tajjJeyaM kriyate vastusvarUpakathanaM yat / puSTArthamaviparIta nirupamamanatizayamazleSam // - rudraTa, kAvyAlaGkAra, 7, 10 2. samyak pratipAdayituM svarUpato vastu tatsamAnamiti / vastvantaramabhidadhyAdvaktA yasmiMstadaupamyam // - vahI, 8, 1 24

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370 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa kAraNa artha, dharma Adi ke niyama kA viparyaya hotA hai aura atilaukika varNana kiyA jAtA hai, unheM atizayamUlaka alaGkAra kahate haiN| aura jina alaGkAroM meM anekArthaka padoM se vAkya-yojanA kI jAtI hai ve zleSamUlaka alaGkAra haiN| hama pichale adhyAya meM vargAnukrama se rudraTa ke dvArA nirUpita alaGkAroM kA adhyayana kara cuke haiN| yahA~ punarukti ke AkSepa kI AzaGkA hone para bhI hama adhyayana kI suvidhA ke lie prasaGga ke anurodha se unheM ukta vargoM meM punaH upasthApita kara rahe haiM 1. vAstava-vargaga alaGkAra-sahokti, samuccaya, jAti yA svabhAvokti, yathAsaMkhya, bhAva, paryAya, viSama, anumAna, dIpaka, parikara, parivRtti, parisaMkhyA, hetu, kAraNamAlA, vyatireka, anyonya, uttara, sAra, sUkSma, leza, avasara, mIlita tathA ekaavlii| 2. aupamya-vargagata alaGkAra-upamA, utprekSA, rUpaka, apahnati, saMzaya yA sandeha, samAsokti, mata, uttara, anyokti yA aprastutaprazaMsA, pratIpa, arthAntaranyAsa, ubhayanyAsa, bhrAntimAn, AkSepa, pratyanIka, dRSTAnta, pUrva, sahokti, samuccaya, sAmya aura smrnn| 3. atizaya-vargagata alaGkAra-pUrva, vizeSa, utprekSA, vibhAvanA, tadguNa, adhika, virodha, viSama, asaGgati, pihita, vyAghAta aura hetu| 4. artha-zleSa-vargagata alaGkAra-isameM zleSa ke mukhya do bheda Ate haiMzuddha aura saGkIrNa / prathama ke bheda-avizeSa, virodha, adhika, vakra, vyAja, ukti, asambhava, avayava, tattva tathA virodhAbhAsa / dvitIya ke bheda-saMsRSTi aura saGkara / ___isa prakAra bAraha alaGkAra zleSamUlaka mAne gaye haiM--daza zuddha aura do sngkiirnn| rudraTa ke pUrva bhAmaha ne alaGkAra ko vakroktimUlaka yA atizayoktimUlaka kahA thaa| vAmana ne sabhI alaGkAroM ke mUla meM sAdRzya kI bhAvanA mAnane kA Agraha lekara sabhI alaGkAroM ko aupamyamUlaka mAna liyA thA aura isIlie unhoMne alaGkAroM kI saMkhyA bhI bahuta sImita kara dI thii| AcArya rudraTa ne pUrvAgrahamukta hokara bhAmaha ke atizayamUlaka alaGkAroM kI sattA bhI 1. yatrArthadharmaniyamaH prasiddhibAdhAdviparyayaM yAti / kazcitkvacidatilokaM sa syAdityatizayastasya // -rudraTa, kAvyAlaGkAra 6, 1 " . 2. yatra kamanekArthakyaM racitaM padairanekasmin / artha kurute nizcayamarthazleSaH sa vijeyaH // vahI, 10, 1 .

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alaGkAroM kA vargIkaraNa . . [ 371 svIkAra kI, aura vAmana ke aupamyamUlaka alaGkAroM kI bhii| una donoM ke atirikta vAstava aura zleSamUlaka alaGkAra-vargoM kI bhI kalpanA unhoMne kI hai| rudraTa ke ukta cAra alaGkAra-vargoM meM samAna vyapadeza ke kucha alaGkAra do vargoM meM parigaNita haiN| uttara, sahokti aura samuccaya, vAstava tathA aupamya; donoM vargoM meM rakhe gaye haiN| hetu tathA viSama vAstavamUlaka bhI mAne gaye haiM aura atizayamUlaka bhii| utprekSA aura pUrva kA ullekha aupamyavarga meM bhI hai aura atizayavarga meM bhii| isa prakAra ukta sAta alaGkAroM ke do-do mUla-tattva rudraTa ne mAne haiM aura pRthaka-pRthak mUla-tattvoM ke AdhAra para unhoMne unake alaga-alaga svarUpa kI kalpanA kI hai| isa prakAra vAstava-varga ke uttara, sahokti aura samuccaya; aupamya-varga ke kramazaH uttara, sahokti aura samuccaya se nAmnA abhinna hone para bhI svarUpa-dRSTyA bhinna haiN| yaha bAta do-do vargoM meM Ane vAle hetu, viSama, utprekSA aura pUrva ke sambandha meM bhI satya hai| eka alaGkAra ke alaga-alaga vargoM ke AdhAra para do-do svarUpoM kI anAvazyaka kalpanA ukta vargIkaraNa kI vyAvahArika kaThinAI se bacane ke lie karanI par3I hai| yaha usa vargIkaraNa kI sImA hai| alaGkAroM ke pUrvanirUpita svarUpa kA tattad vargoM meM vibhAjana hI vargIkaraNa kI svastha paddhati hai| varga ke anurodha se alaGkAra-vizeSa ke navIna svarUpa kI kalpanA vargavibhAjana ke AdhAra kI azakti yA avyApti kA paricaya detI hai| ataH, rudraTa kA ukta vargIkaraNa sarvathA pUrNa to nahIM; para alaGkAroM ke mUla-tattva kA anveSaNa kara unake AdhAra para alaGkAra-vargoM ke nirdhAraNa kA prathama mahattvapUrNa prayAsa avazya hai| ruyyakakRta vargIkaraNa-AcArya ruyyaka kA alaGkAra-vargIkaraNa ke kSetra meM mahanIya yogadAna hai| unhoMne sAdRzya, virodha, zRGkhalA, nyAya (lokanyAya tathA zAstra-nyAya ), aura gUDhArthapratIti ke AdhAra para apane alaGkAroM kA vargIkaraNa kiyA hai| sAdRzya, virodha Adi ke punaH kucha upakhaNDa kiye gaye haiN| 1. sAdRzyagarbha-isa varga meM saba se adhika alaGkAra Ate haiN| isakA mUla tattva hai sAdharmya / sAdharmya ke tIna bheda haiM (ka) bhedAbhedatulya-pradhAna (kha) abheda-pradhAna aura (ga) gamyamAnaupamya ,

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372 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa yaha sAdharmya kahIM vAcya hotA hai aura kahAM pratIyamAna / ukta upavargoM meM sAdRzya- garbha arthAlaGkAroM kA vibhAjana isa prakAra kiyA gayA hai-- bhedAbhedatulyapradhAna sAdRzyagarbha alaGkAra : - (1) upamA, (2) upameyopamA, (3) ananvaya aura (4) smaraNa / abhedapradhAna sAdRzyagarbha alaGkAraH - (a) AropamUlaka - (1) rUpaka, (2) pariNAma, (3) sandeha, (4) bhrAnti, (5) ullekha tathA ( 6 ) apahnati / (A) adhyavasAyamUlaka - ( 1 ) utpra ekSA evaM (2) atizayokti / gamyamAna-aupamya sAdRzyagarbha alaGkAra : - ( 1 ) tulyayogitA, ( 2 ) dIpaka, (3) prativastUpamA, (4) dRSTAnta, (5) nidarzanA, (6) vyatireka, (7) sahokti, (8) vinokti, (9) samAsokti, (10) parikara, (11) zleSa, (12) aprastutaprazaMsA, (13) paryAyokta, (14) arthAntaranyAsa, (15) vyAjastuti tathA ( 16 ) AkSepa | sAdRzya kI tIna prakAra kI sthitiyoM ke AdhAra para sAdRzyagarbha alaGkAravarga ke ukta tIna upavarga mAne gaye haiM / prathama upavarga ke alaGkAroM meM upameya aura upamAna meM sAdRzyagata bhedAbheda meM tulyatA rahatI hai / dvitIya upavarga ke alaGkAroM meM donoM meM ( upamAna -upameya meM ) abheda kathana rahatA hai / abheda kathana ke do rUpa haiM-- Aropa- pradhAna aura adhyavasAya - pradhAna / rUpaka Adi meM Aropa kI tathA utprekSA aura atizayokti meM adhyavasAya kI pradhAnatA rahatI hai / tRtIya upavarga meM ve alaGkAra rakhe gaye haiM, jinameM aupamya vyaGgaya rahatA hai / ruyyaka ke anusAra sAdRzyagarbha alaGkAra ke bhedAbheda-tulya - pradhAna khaNDa meM upamA Adi cAra; abhedapradhAna khaNDa meM rUpaka Adi AropamUlaka chaha tathA utprekSA aura atizayokti; ina adhyavasAyamUlaka do ko milA kara kula ATha tathA gamyamAnaupamya khaNDa meM tulyayogitA Adi solaha alaGkAra Ate haiM / isa prakAra ruyyaka ke sAdRzya yA aupamyagarbha alaGkAroM kI saMkhyA aTThAisa hai / 2. virodhagarbha : - isa varga meM una bAraha alaGkAroM kI gaNanA kI gayI hai, jinake mUla meM virodha kI bhAvanA nihita rahatI hai / ve alaGkAra haiM(1) virodha, (2) vibhAvanA, (3) vizeSokti, (4) sama, (5) viSama, (6) vicitra, (7) adhika, ( 5 ) anyonya, (6) vizeSa (10) vyAghAta, (11) kAryakAraNapaurvAparya rUpa atizayokti aura (12) asaGgati / viSama ke sAtha sama ko bhI virodhagarbha alaGkAra varga meM vargIkRta karane

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alaGkAroM kA vargIkaraNa [ 373 kA aucitya batAte hue AcArya ruyyaka ne kahA hai ki sama meM viSama alaGkAra kA vaidharmya rahatA hai; ataH use isI varga meM rakhA jAnA caahie| ___atizayokti kI gaNanA sAdRzyagarbha tathA virodhagarbha-donoM vargoM meM karane ke kAraNa ruyyaka ko isa alaGkAra ko do bAra paribhASita karanA par3A hai| rudraTa ke vargIkaraNa kI parIkSA ke krama meM yaha kahA jA cukA hai ki vargAnurodha se eka alaGkAra kI do paribhASAoM kI kalpanA vargIkaraNa ke adhAra kI apUrNatA kA paricAyaka hai| 3. zRGkhalAmUlaka :-isa varga meM rakhe gaye alaGkAra meM pada yA vAkya anya pada yA vAkya ke sAtha zRGkhalA ke rUpa meM sambaddha rahate haiN| isa varga meM cAra alaGkAra rakhe gaye haiM :-(1) kAraNamAlA, (2) ekAvalI, (3) mAlAdIpaka aura (4) sAra / ina alaGkAroM meM kAraNa, vizeSaNa Adi kI zRGkhalAbaddha sthiti rahatI hai| 4. nyAyamUlaka :-zAstrIya tathA laukika nyAya se sambaddha alaGkAroM ko tIna vargoM meM rakhA gayA hai (ka) tarkanyAyamUlaka (kha) vAkyanyAyamUlaka yA kAvyanyAyamUlaka tathA (ga) lokanyAyamUlaka tarkanyAyamUlaka alaGkAra-(1) kAvyaliGga aura (2) anumAna / vAkyanyAyamUlaka alaGkAra-(1) yathAsaMkhya, (2) paryAya, (3) parivRtti, (4) arthApatti, (5) vikalpa, (6) parisaMkhyA, (7) samuccaya tathA (8) smaadhi| lokanyAyamUlaka alaGkAra-(1) pratyanIka, (2) pratIpa, (3) mIlita, (4) sAmAnya, (5) tadguNa, (6) atadguNa aura (7) uttr| isa prakAra ukta satraha alaGkAra loka tathA zAstra ke nyAya para AdhRta mAne gaye haiN| 5. gUDhArthapratItimUlaka-isa varga meM una alaGkAroM ko rakhA gayA hai jinameM gUDha artha kI pratIti huA karatI hai| gUDhArtha-bodha meM hI una alaGkAroM kA saundarya nihita rahatA hai / ve alaGkAra haiM-(1) sUkSma, (2) vyAjokti evaM (3) vkrokti| __isa prakAra ruyyaka ne apane cauMsaTha alaGkAroM kA varga-vibhAjana kiyA hai| unake aneka alaGkAra avargIkRta raha gaye haiN| udAharaNArtha-svabhAvokti,

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374 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa bhAvika, udAtta, saMsRSTi, saGkara, rasavat, praya, UrjasvI tathA samAhita Adi alaGkAroM kA sadbhAva svIkAra kara bhI ruyyaka ne unake varga kI kalpanA nahIM kI hai| saMsRSTi aura saGkara ke varga kI kalpanA to Avazyaka bhI nahIM thii| kAraNa, unheM tattadvarga ke alaGkAroM se svatantra astitva vAlA mAnA hI nahIM jA sktaa| unameM koI svatantra mUlatattva nhiiN| anya alaGkAra hI apane-apane mUla tattvoM ke sAtha saMsRSTi evaM saGkara meM saGkIrNa rUpa se raha sakate haiN| ataH Azraya ke AdhAra para kiye jAne vAle vargIkaraNa meM hI ina donoM kA samAhAra sambhava hai| ruyyaka ne isIlie mUla-tattva para AdhRta kisI varga meM saGkara aura saMsRSTi ko sthAna nahIM diyA hai| rasa, bhAva Adi para Azrita rasavadAdi alaGkAroM (rasavat, preya, UrjasvI, samAhita, bhAvodaya, bhAvasandhi, bhAvazabalatA) ko eka pRthak 'rasabhAvamUlaka alaGkAra-varga' meM vargIkRta kiyA jA sakatA thaa| kintu, ruyyaka ne una alaGkAroM ke varga kI kalpanA Avazyaka nahIM smjhii| rasa, bhAva Adi ke vivecana-krama meM rasavat Adi ke svarUpa para vicAra ho rahA thA; para jaba rasa, bhAva Adi kI kalpanA (sthitivizeSa meM) rasavat Adi alaGkAroM ke rUpa meM kI gayI, to unheM vargIkRta karane ke lie eka svatantra varga kI kalpanA to kI hI jAnI caahie| rudraTa ke vAstava-varga ko asvIkRta karane ke pUrvAgraha se bhI ruyyaka ke vargIkaraNa meM thor3I truTi raha gayI hai| svabhAvokti ko jaba ruyyaka ne alaGkAra ke rUpa meM svIkRti dI, taba alaGkAra ke vAstava-varga ko asvIkAra karane meM koI aucitya nhiiN| svabhAvokti kA mUlatattva hai vstu-svruup-vrnnn| ataH, vaha vAstava-varga kA alaGkAra hai| bhAvika aura udAtta meM bhI vastu-varNana kI pradhAnatA rahatI hai| ataH, vAstava-varga ko svIkAra karane se udAtta tathA bhAvika ke vargIkaraNa kI samasyA kA bhI samAdhAna ho jaataa| ___ AcArya ruyyaka ne alaGkAra ke kucha mUlatattvoM ko DhUr3ha kara unake AdhAra para navIna dRSTi se alaGkAroM ke vargIkaraNa kA mahattvapUrNa prayAsa avazya kiyA hai; para unakA vargIkaraNa bhI sarvathA pUrNa tathA nirdoSa nahIM ho paayaa| svabhAvokti Adi kA avargIkRta raha jAnA unake vargIkaraNa-siddhAnta kI avyApti kA tathA atizayokti ko do vargoM meM rakhanA usa siddhAnta kI azakti kA dyotaka hai| rudraTa ke dvArA kalpita vAstava-varga kI upekSA akAraNa hai| isa sImA ke hone para bhI sAdRzya ke bhedAbhedapradhAna, abhedapradhAna tathA gamyamAnaupamya bhedoM kI kalpanA aura virodha, zRGkhalA, nyAya tathA gUDhArthapratIti-jaise

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alaGkAroM kA vargIkaraNa [ 375 alaGkAra ke mUlabhUta tattvoM kA nirdhAraNa bhAratIya alaGkAra zAstra ko AcArya ruyyaka kA mahanIya yogadAna hai| ____ ruyyaka ne mUlatattvoM ke AdhAra para arthAlaGkAroM ko prastuta kara kAvya ke samagra alaGkAroM ke Azraya ke AdhAra para vibhAjana kA bhI saGketa diyA hai| unhoMne zabda, artha tathA ubhaya vargoM meM alaGkAroM kA vibhAjana svIkAra kiyA hai / 'alaGkAra-sarvasva' meM yamaka Adi ko zabdAlaGkAra, upamA Adi ko arthAlaGkAra tathA lATAnuprAsa Adi ko ubhayAlaGkAra kahA gayA hai| vidyAdharakRta vargIkaraNa-vidyAdhara ne 'ekAvalI' meM alaGkAra-vargIkaraNa bahulAMzataH AcArya ruyyaka ke vargIkaraNa-siddhAnta ke AdhAra para kiyA hai| bhASAbheda se ruyyaka ke alaGkAra-vargoM ko svIkAra kara unhoMne saMsRSTi aura saGkara ke vargIkaraNa ke lie anyonyAzleSapezala varga kI kalpanA kI hai| isa kalpanA kA mUla AcArya rudraTa ke zleSa-bheda saGkIrNa-varga kI kalpanA meM hai| rudraTa ke saGkIrNa ke lie hI anyonyAzleSapezala vyapadeza prayukta huA hai| AcArya ruyyaka ke sAdRzyagarbha alaGkAra ke tIna upavargo-bhedAbhedatulya-pradhAna, abheda-pradhAna tathA gamyamAnaupamya-ke AdhAra para vidyAdhara ne tIna alaGkAra-vargoM kI kalpanA kI hai| ve haiM-bheda-pradhAna, abheda-pradhAna tathA gmyaupmyaashryii| virodhamUlaka tathA zRGkhalAmUlaka vargoM ko vidyAdhara ne bhI svIkAra kiyA hai| ruyyaka ke nyAyamUlaka alaGkAroM ke tIna vargoMlokanyAya, vAkyanyAya tathA takanyAya--meM se kevala lokanyAyAzrayI alaGkAra-varga kI sattA vidyAdhara ne svIkAra kI hai| ruyyaka ke gUDhArthapratItimUlaka alaGkAra-varga ko vidyAdhara ne balAdgUDhArthapratItimUlaka-varga kahA hai| vidyAdhara ne ruyyaka ke vargIkaraNa ko svIkAra kara unake dvArA avargIkRta alaGkAroM ko bhI unhIM vargoM meM samAviSTa karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| udAharaNArtha-svabhAvokti, bhAvika tathA udAtta ko unhoMne balAdgUDhArthapratItimUlaka-varga meM vargIkRta kara diyA hai| kintu, yaha vargIkaraNa avicArita jAna par3atA hai| svabhAvokti, bhAvika tathA udAtta meM kisI gUDha artha kI vyaJjanA nahIM rahatI, unameM vastu-svarUpa kA aura samRddhi kA yathArtha tathA citrAtmaka varNana apekSita mAnA jAtA hai| ruyyaka svabhAvokti Adi ke isa svabhAva se paricita the| isIlie unhoMne una alaGkAroM kA vargIkaraNa alaGkAra ke svIkRta vargoM meM nahIM kiyA thaa| vidyAdhara yadi una alaGkAroM kA vargIkaraNa karanA hI cAhate the ( aura unheM vargIkRta karane kI ceSTA ucita hI hotI)

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376 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa to unheM una alaGkAroM ke mUla-tattva ke AdhAra para navIna varga kI kalpanA karanI cAhie thii| yadi navIna varga kI kalpanA nahIM kara ve rudraTa ke vAstavavarga ko hI svIkAra kara lete-jaise ruyyaka ke dvArA avargIkRta saMsRSTi aura saGkara ke vargIkaraNa ke lie unhoMne rudraTa ke saGkIrNa ke AdhAra para anyonyAzleSapezala-varga ko svIkAra kiyA hai to samasyA kA samAdhAna saralatA se ho jAtA; para isa ulajhana ko sulajhAne kA prayAsa nahIM kara vidyAdhara ne calate DhaMga para ruyyaka ke vargIkaraNa ko Adarza mAna kara alaGkAroM kA vargIkaraNa kara diyA hai| pahale Azraya ke AdhAra para zabda aura artha-vargoM meM alaGkAroM kA vibhAjana kara vidyAdhara ne arthAlaGkAroM ko vargAnukrama se isa prakAra prastuta kiyA hai 1. bhedapradhAna varga-(1) upamA, (2) upameyopamA, (3) ananvaya tathA (4) smaraNa / 2. abhedapradhAna varga-(ka) AropamUlaka-(1) rUpaka, (2) pariNAma, (3) sandeha, (4) bhrAntimAn, (5) ullekha aura (6) apahnati / (kha) adhyavasAya mUlaka-(1) utprekSA aura (2) atizayokti / 3. gamyaupamyAzrayI varga-(1) tulyayogitA, (2) dIpaka, (3) prativastUpamA, (4) dRSTAnta,(5) nidarzanA,(6) vyatireka, (7) sahokti,(8) vinokti, (8) samAsokti, (10) parikara, (11) parikarAGa kura, (12) zleSa, (13) aprastutaprazaMsA, (14) arthAntaranyAsa, (15) paryAyokti aura )16) AkSepa / 4. virodhagarbha-(1) virodha, (2) vibhAvanA, (3) vizeSokti, (4) atizayokti, (5) asaGgati, (6) viSama, (7) sama, (8) vicitra, (6) adhika, (10) anyonya, (11) vizeSa tathA (12) vyAghAta / 5. zRGkhalAkAra-(1) kAraNamAlA, (2) ekAvalI, (3) mAlAdIpaka, (4) sAra, (5) kAvyaliGga, (6) anumAna, (7) yathAsaMkhya, (8) paryAya, (9) parivRtti. (10) parisaMkhyA, (11) arthApatti, (12) samuccaya aura (13) samAdhi / inheM tarkavAkyanyAyamUlaka bhI kahA gayA hai| 6. lokanyAyAzrayo-(1) pratyanIka, (2) pratIpa, (3) mIlita, (4) sAmAnya, (5) tadguNa, (6) atadguNa, (7) uttara aura (8) praznottara / ___7. balAdgUDhArthapratAtimUlaka-(1) sUkSma, (2) vyAjokti, (3) vakrokti, (4) svabhAvokti, (5) bhAvika aura (6) udAtta /

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alaGkAroM kA vargIkaraNa [ 377 8. anyonyAzleSapezala - (1) saMsRSTi aura (2) saGkara / zabdAlaGkAra-varga meM vidyAdhara ne punaruktavadAbhAsa, anuprAsa, yamaka, citra, chekAnuprAsa, vRtyanuprAsa tathA lATAnuprAsa kI gaNanA kI hai / alaGkAroM ke vargIkaraNa ke kSetra meM vidyAdhara ne koI maulika yogadAna nahIM diyA hai / vidyAnAthakRta vargIkaraNa vidyAnAtha ne 'pratAparudrayazobhUSaNa' meM pahale Azraya-bheda ke AdhAra para alaGkAra ke tIna varga svIkAra kiye haiM- zabdagata, arthagata tathA ubhayagata / anuprAsa Adi ko zabdAlaGkAra, upamA Adi ko arthAlaGkAra tathA lATAnuprAsa, ubhayasaMsRSTi Adi ko ubhayagata alaGkAra mAnA gayA hai / arthAlaGkAra ke mukhya cAra vibhAga kara punaH alaGkAra - kakSyAvibhAga meM vidyAnAtha ne - AcArya ruyyaka ke mata kA anusaraNa kiyaa| unake cAra pramukha alaGkAravarga tathA una vargoM meM vibhAjita alaGkAra nimnalikhita haiM 1. pratIyamAna vAstava - varga - (1) samAsokti, (2) paryAyokta, (3) AkSepa, (4) vyAjastuti ( 5 ) upameyopamA, (6) ananvaya, (7) atizayokti, * ( 5 ) parikara, (2) aprastutaprazaMsA tathA ( 10 ) ( anukta nimitta) vizeSokti / 2. pratIyamAnaupamya varga : - ( 1 ) rUpaka, (2) pariNAma, (3) sandeha, (4) bhrAntimAn, (5) ullekha, ( 6 ) ( sApahnava ) utpra ekSA, (7) smaraNa, ( 5 ) tulyayogitA, ( 8 ) dIpaka, (10) prativastUpamA, (11) dRSTAnta, (12) sahokti, (13) vyatireka, (14) nidarzanA aura ( 15 ) zleSa / 3. pratIyamAnarasabhAvAdi varga : - ( 1 ) rasavat, ( 2 ) pra eya, (3) UrjasvI, (4) samAhita, (5) bhAvodaya, (6) bhAvasandhi tathA ( 7 ) bhAvazabalatA / asphuTapratIyamAna-varga : - ( 1 ) upamA, (2) vinokti, (3) arthAntaranyAsa, (4) virodha, (5) vibhAvanA, ( 6 ) ( guNa nimitta ) vizeSokti, (7) viSama, (8) sama, (6) citra, (10) adhika, (11) anyonya, (12) kAraNamAlA, (13) ekAvalI, (14.) vyAghAta, (15) mAlAdIpaka, (16) kAvyaliGga, (17) anumAna, (18) sAra, (19) yathAsaMkhya, (20) arthApatti, (21) paryAya, (22) parivRtti, (23) parisaMkhyA, (24) vikalpa, (25) samuccaya, (26) samAdhi, (27) pratyanIka, ( 28 ) pratIpa, (26) vizeSa, (30) mIlita, (31) sAmAnya, (32) asaGgati, (33) tadguNa,

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378 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa (34) atadguNa, (35) vyAjokti, (36) vakrokti, ( 37 ) svabhAvokti, (38) bhAvika, aura ( 36 ) udAtta / samAsokti ko ruyyaka ne gamyamAnaupamya varga meM rakhA thA / vidyAnAtha ne use pratIyamAnavastu varga meM ginA hai / upameyopamA ko bhI vidyAnAtha ne gamyamAnaupamya varga meM parigaNita kiyA hai / ruyyaka ne ise bhedAbhedatulyapradhAna sAdRzyagarbha alaGkAra-varga meM rakhA hai| spaSTataH, vidyAnAtha ne kucha navIna dRSTi se ukta cAra vargoM meM alaGkAroM kA vibhAjana kiyA hai / pratIyamAnaupamya alaGkAra - varga kI kalpanA AcArya ruyyaka ke gamyamAnamyasAdRzya varga ke AdhAra para kI gayI hai / ruyyaka kI taraha vidyAnAtha ne bhI tulyayogitA, dIpaka, prativastUpamA, dRSTAnta Adi ko pratIyamAnaupamya varga meM rakhA hai; para ruyyaka ke vinokti, samAsokti, parikara, aprastutaprazaMsA, paryAyokta arthAntaranyAsa, vyAjastuti aura AkSa epa ko gamyamAnaupamya varga meM rakhane ke mata ko vidyAnAtha svIkAra nahIM kiyA hai / vidyAnAtha ne rUpaka, pariNAma, sandeha, bhrAntimAn Adi ko pratIyamAnaupamya varga meM vargIkRta kiyA hai, jinheM ruyyaka ne itara vargoM meM rakhA thA / pratIyamAna- rasabhAvAdi-varga kI kalpanA kara vidyAnAtha ne rasavadAdi alaGkAra ke vargIkaraNa kI samasyA kA samAdhAna kara diyA hai / ruyyaka isa samasyA ko binA sulajhAye chor3a gaye the / isa varga kI kalpanA ke lie vidyAnAtha zreya ke bhAgI haiM / vidyAnAtha ne uparilikhita alaGkAra vargoM ke atirikta alaGkAra ke avAntara vibhAga bhI kiye, jo adhikAMzataH AcArya ruyyaka ke vargIkaraNasiddhAnta para AdhRta hai / ve avAntara vibhAga - vidyAnAtha ke zabdoM meM 'alaGkArakakSyAvibhAga' - nimnalikhita haiM : ---- 4. sAdharmyamUlaka (ka) bhedapradhAna, (kha) abhedapradhAna tathA ( ga ) bhedAbhedapradhAna 2. virodhamUlaka 3. vAkyanyAyamUlaka 4. lokavyavahAramUlaka aura 5. tarkanyAyamUlaka 6. zRGkhalAvaicitryamUlaka 7. apahnabamUlaka 8. vizeSaNavaicitryamUlaka

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alaGkAroM kA vargIkaraNa [ 379 alaGkAra ke uparilikhita avAntara-vargoM meM sAdRzya, virodha, nyAya tathA zRGkhalAmUlaka-varga ruyyaka ke vargoM se abhinna haiM / apahnavamUlaka-varga vidyAnAtha kI nUtana udbhAvanA hai / vastutaH, aneka alaGkAroM ke mUla meM apahnava yA gopana kA tattva rahatA hai| usake AdhAra para eka alaGkAra-varga kI kalpanA anucita nhiiN| yadi aneka alaGkAroM ke mUla meM eka tattva milatA ho to usa samAna mUlatattva ke AdhAra para alaGkAroM ko eka varga meM vargIkRta karanA zAstrIya dRSTi kA hI paricAyaka hai / vidyAnAtha ne vizeSaNavaicitrya ke AdhAra para eka svatantra alaGkAra-varga kI kalpanA kara samAsokti aura parikara ko isa varga meM rakhA hai| prathama vibhAjana meM vidyAnAtha ne ukta donoM alaGkAroM ko pratIyamAna-vAstava-varga meM rakhA hai| vidyAdhara ne una alaGkAroM ko gamyamAnaupamya varga meM rakhA hai| vizeSaNa-vaicitryamUlaka alaGkAroM meM vizeSaNa ke vaicitrya ke kAraNa pratIyamAna hone vAle artha kA (cAhe vaha vastu-rUpa meM ho yA aupamya-rUpa meM) hI prAdhAnya hotA hai; ataH pratIyamAna, vAstava, aupamya Adi se svatantra isa varga kI kalpanA bahuta Avazyaka nhiiN| avAntara vargoM meM alaGkAroM kA vibhAjana vidyAnAtha ne isa prakAra kiyA hai : 1. sAdRzyamUlaka-(ka) abhedapradhAna sAdharmyanibandhana-(1) rUpaka,. (2) pariNAma (3) sandeha, (4) bhrAntimAn, (5) ullekha aura (6) apahnava / (kha) bhedapradhAna sAdharmyanibandhana-(1) dIpaka, (2) tulyayogitA, (3) dRSTAnta, (4) nidarzanA, (5) prativastUpamA, (6) sahokti, (7) pratIpa tathA (8) vyatireka / (ga) bhedAbhedasAdhAraNa sAdharmyamUlaka-(1) upamA, (2) ananvaya,. (3) upameyopamA tathA (4) smrnn| (gha) adhyavasAyamUlaka-(1) utprekSA aura (2) atizayokti / 2. virodhamUlaka-(1) vibhAvanA, (2) vizeSokti, (3) viSama, (4) citra, (5) asaGgati, (6) anyonya, (7) vyAghAta, (8) atadguNa, (6) bhAvika aura (10) vizeSa / ' 3. nyAyamUlaka-(ka) vAkyanyAyamUlaka-(1) yathAsaMkhya, (2) parisaMkhyA, (3) arthApatti,(4) vikalpa evaM (5) samuccaya / __ (kha) lokavyavahAramUlaka-(1) parivRtti, (2) pratyanIka, (3) tadguNa, (4) samAdhi, (5) sama, (6) svabhAvokti, (7) udAtta aura (8) vinokti|

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380 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa (ga) tarkanyAyamUlaka-(1) kAvyaliGga, (2) anumAna evaM (3) arthaantrnyaas| 4. zRGkhalAvaicitryamUlaka:- (1) kAraNamAlA, (2) ekAvalI, (3) mAlAdIpaka aura (4) saar| 5. apahnavamUlaka:-(1) vyAjokti, (2) vakroti aura (3) mIlana yA miilit| 6. vizeSaNavaicitryamUlakaH-(1) samAsokti aura (2) prikr| _ vizeSaNavaicitryamUlaka alaGkAra-varga ko svatantra varga nahIM mAna kara mallinAtha ne 'ekAvalI' kI 'taralA' TIkA meM use aupamya-garbha alaGkAra-varga kA avAntara bheda 'vizeSaNa-vicchitti' mAnA hai| ___mallinAtha ne sAdRzyamUlaka aura aupamya-garbha alaGkAra-vargoM ko pRthakpRthak rakhA hai| aupamya-varga meM alaGkAra ko AcArya rudraTa ne vibhAjita kiyA thaa| ruyyaka Adi ne sAdRzyamUlaka-varga kI kalpanA kI thii| sAdRzyamUlaka-varga meM aupamya-garbha alaGkAra bhI A hI jAte haiM / ataH, donoM vargoM ko alaga-alaga mAnane meM alaGkAra-tattva kA anurodha nahIM, kevala spaSTIkaraNa kA uddezya hai, jo vyAkhyAtA yA TIkAkAra ke pakSa meM svAbhAvika hai / ___ rudraTa, ruyyaka, vidyAdhara aura vidyAnAtha ke vargIkaraNa kI parIkSA se yaha spaSTa hai ki unameM se kisI eka AcArya kA vargIkaraNa sarvathA pUrNa nhiiN| ruyyaka ke vargoM ko svIkAra karane vAle vidyAdhara tathA vidyAnAtha ne bhI svecchA se kAvyAlaGkAroM ko una vargoM meM vibhakta kiyA hai| isa prakAra ruyyaka ne alaGkAra-vizeSa ko yadi eka varga meM rakhA to anya AcAryoM ne usI alaGkAra ko kisI dUsare varga meM vargIkRta kiyA hai| vizeSa varga meM alaGkAra-vizeSa ko vargIkRta karane meM mataikya kA abhAva vargIkaraNa ke AdhAra kI azakti kA hI sUcaka hai| phira bhI, saMskRta ke ukta AcAryoM ne jitane alaGkAra-vargoM kI kalpanA kI hai unheM milA-julA kara vargIkaraNa kA vyApaka AdhAra banAyA jA sakatA hai / ruyyaka ke alaGkAra-vargoM ke sAtha rudraTa ke vAstava tathA zleSa, aura vidyAnAtha ke pratIyamAna-rasabhAvAdi vargoM ko milA kara saMskRta-alaGkAra-zAstra ke sabhI svIkArya alaGkAroM kA vargIkaraNa kiyA jA sakatA hai| 1. vidyAnAtha, pratAparudrayazobhUSaNa, pR0 338-36

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[ 381: alaGkAroM kA vargIkaraNa hindI - rIti- AcAryoM kA vargIkaraNa hindI - alaGkAra - sAhitya meM bhI saMskRta-sAhitya kI paddhati para alaGkAroM kA zabda, artha ke AdhAra para vargIkaraNa kara puna: arthAlaGkAroM kA mUla tattvoM ke AdhAra para vargIkaraNa kiyA gayA hai / kuvalayAnandakAra kI taraha hindI ke matirAma, raghunAtha govinda, ratneza Adi AcAryoM ne kevala arthAlaGkAroM kA hI nirUpaNa kiyA hai / ataH una AcAryoM ke alaGkAroM ke lie Azraya ke AdhAra para vargIkaraNa kI samasyA nahIM / hindI meM zabda citra ko, jo vastutaH zabdAlaGkAra hai, svatantra astitva prApta ho gayA hai / balavAna siMha tathA Izvara kavi ne kevala citrAlaGkAra para svatantra grantha likhe haiM / ataH, hindI ke alaGkAroM kA vargIkaraNa karane ke krama meM zabdAlaGkAra, arthAlaGkAra, ubhayAlaGkAra Adi ke sAtha citrAlaGkAra kA svatantra varga bhI svIkAra kiyA jAnA cAhie / citra kI dhAraNA kA vikAsa yadyapi yamaka, anuprAsa Adi zabdA-laGkAroM se hI huA hai; para usane apanA viziSTa sthAna banA liyA hai / kevala alaGkAra ke rUpa meM hI nahIM, citra kAvya ke eka svatantra prakAra ke rUpa meM - adhama kAvyarUpa meM hI sahI - citrakAvya kA astitva svIkRta huA hai | citrAlaGkAra citra kAvya kA hI aGga vizeSa hai / usake itane svarUpoM kI kalpanA kI gayI hai ki zabdAlaGkAra se svatantra citrAlaGkAra varga meM una citra - rUpoM kA adhyayana apekSita hai / hama yahA~ rItikAlIna AcAryoM ke alaGkAra - vargIkaraNa ke prayAsa kA samIkSAtmaka adhyayana prastuta kareMge / rItikAlIna hindI - alaGkAra - zAstra meM kezava aura bhikhArI dAsa ne alaGkAra vargIkaraNa kA prayAsa kiyA hai / AcArya kezava-kRta vargIkaraNa kezavadAsa ne alaGkAra ke mukhya do vibhAga mAne haiM - ( 1 ) sAdhAraNa aura (2) viziSTa / sAdhAraNa alaGkAra ke cAra bheda mAne gaye haiM: (ka) varNAlaGkAra, (kha) varSyAlaGkAra, (ga) bhUmizrI varNana aura (gha) rAjyazrI varNana / 1 1. draSTavya - kezava, kavipriyA, 5, 2-3

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382 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa unhoMne upamA Adi ko viziSTa alaGkAra mAnA hai / kezava ke dvArA -nirUpita sabhI zabdagata tathA arthagata alaGkAra viziSTa alaGkAra haiM / ina viziSTa alaGkAroM kA vibhAjana unhoMne na to zabdArtha-rUpa Azraya ke AdhAra para kiyA hai aura na alaGkAra ke mUla tattvoM ke AdhAra para hI / ataH, kezava kA vargIkaraNa mahattvapUrNa nahIM / sAdhAraNa aura viziSTa vargoM meM vibhAjana nayI sUjha nahIM / alaGkAravAdI alaGkAra kI vyApaka paribhASA 'saundaryamalaGkAraH' meM samagra kAvya-tattvoM ko sAmAnya rUpa se alaGkAra mAna lete haiM aura usa alaGkAra se ( kAvya se ) upamA Adi kA vaiziSTya batAne ke lie ina upamA Adi kAvyAlaGkAroM ko viziSTAlaGkAra kahate haiM / ataH, viziSTAlaGkAra kI dhAraNA prAcIna hI hai / sAdhAraNa alaGkAra ko cAra vargoM meM bA~Ta kara usake sambandha meM kezava ne kucha navIna dhAraNA avazya "prakaTa kI hai; para vastutaH unameM se kisI varga meM aisA alaGkAra nahIM rakhA gayA hai, jo kisI bhI saMskRta yA hindI - AcArya ke dvArA alaGkAra ke rUpa meM svIkRta ho / ataH, prastuta sandarbha meM vaha vivecya nahIM / varNoM kA vivaraNa, varNya vastuoM kA vivaraNa alaGkAra ke rUpa meM svIkArya nahIM / bhoja ne bhI nagara, arNava, zaila, Rtu Adi ke varNana ko prabandhagata alaGkAra mAnA thA; para vaha mahAkAvya Adi ke aGga ke rUpa meM hI svIkRta huA, alaGkAra ke rUpa meM nahIM / varNoM kA vivaraNa kezava mizra tathA amara ne bhI diyA hai; para usa "vivaraNa ko alaGkAra mImAMsA ke antargata nahIM mAnA jA sakatA / AcArya bhikhArIdAsa kRta vargIkaraNa AcArya bhikhArI dAsa ne kAvyAlaGkAra kA vargIkaraNa kucha navIna dRSTi - se kiyA hai / hama dekha cuke haiM ki Azraya ke AdhAra para alaGkAroM kA vargIkaraNa zabdAlaGkAra, arthAlaGkAra tathA ubhayAlaGkAra - vargoM meM paramparA se 'kisI-na-kisI rUpa meM hotA rahA thA; para bhikhArI dAsa ne zabdAlaGkAra-varga - tathA arthAlaGkAra-varga ke atirikta eka tIsare varga - ' vAkyAlaGkAra-varga' kI kalpanA kI aura usameM ATha alaGkAroM ko rakhA / unhoMne citra ko zabdAlaGkAra varga se svatantra citrAlaGkAra-varga meM rkhaa| 3 ina cAra vargoM ke 1. kezava, kavipriyA, prabhAva - 16 2. bhikhArI dAsa, kAvya nirNaya, 18 pR0 465 3. vahI, 21, pR0 575

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alaGkAroM kA vargIkaraNa [ 383 atirikta bhikhArI ne eka rasabhAvAzrita alaGkAroM ke varga kI kalpanA ko bhI svIkAra kiyaa|' ___ zabdAlaGkAra-varga se citra ke lie svatantra varga kI kalpanA svAbhAvika hI thii| rItikAla meM citrakAvya kI sAyAsa racanA bahuta adhika mAtrA meM ho rahI thii| citra ke naye-naye svarUpoM kI kalpanA meM kavi apane kauzala kA pradarzana bar3e manoyoga se karane lage the| phalataH, citrAlaGkAra ke bhedoM kI saMkhyA sphIta hotI jA rahI thii| ataH citra ke vividha bhedoM kA adhyayana eka svatantra varga meM hI upayogI jAna par3A hogaa| ___ arthAlaGkAra se svatantra vAkyAlaGkAra kI kalpanA dAsa kI navIna kalpanA hai| isakA aucitya vicAraNIya hai| prazna yaha hai ki kyA yathAsaMkhya, ekAvalI, kAraNamAlA Adi kA samAveza paramparAgata arthAlaGkAra-varga meM nahIM hotA thA ? yadi hotA thA to usase pRthak vAkyAlaGkAra-varga kI kalpanA kI kyA AvazyakatA thI? isameM sandeha nahIM ki yathAsaMkhya Adi bhI arthAzrita alaGkAra haiN| unameM vAkya kA bhI vicAra avazya rahatA hai| ataH, una alaGkAroM ko yadi vAkyalaGkAra-varga meM vargIkRta karane kA Agraha ho to vAkyAlaGkAra ko arthAlaGkAra-varga kA avAntara bheda mAnanA ucita hogaa| arthAlaGkAra varga ke zRGkhalA Adi ke AdhAra para aneka varga mAne hI gaye haiN| ___ rasavat tathA bhAvAzrita preya, UrjasvI Adi ko mUla-tattva rasa evaM bhAva ke AdhAra para eka varga meM rakhA gayA hai| ukta pA~ca vargoM para dRSTipAta karane se spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki bhikhArI dAsa ke sAmane alaGkAroM ke vargIkaraNa kA nizcita AdhAra nahIM thaa| rasavadAdi varga kI kalpanA mUlatattva ke AdhAra para tathA zabdAlaGkAra aura arthAlaGkAra kI kalpanA alaGkAra ke AzrayabhUta zabda aura artha ke AdhAra para kI gayI hai| zabdAlaGkAra-varga se pRthaka citrAlaGkAra-varga kI kalpanA kA aucitya kevala adhyayana kI suvidhA kI dRSTi se hai| vAkyAlaGkAroM ko arthAlaGkArAntargata nahIM mAna kara unakA svatantra varga mAnanA buddhi-vilAsa-mAtra hai| ___zabdAlaGkAroM meM se vIpsA, yamaka aura siMhAvalokana kA nirUpaNa dAsa ne zabdAlaGkAra-prakaraNa meM nahIM kara kAvyaguNa-vivecana ke sandarbha meM kiyA hai| anuprAsa, chekAnuprAsa, vRttyanuprAsa tathA lATAnuprAsa kA lakSaNa-nirUpaNa 1. bhikhArI dAsa, kAvya-nirNaya 5, pR0 101

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384 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa pRthak kiyA gayA hai aura zabdAlaGkAra - nirUpaNa - prastAva meM zleSa, virodhAbhAsa, mudrA, vakrokti aura punaruktavadAbhAsa kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai / ina zabdAzrita alaGkAroM ke alaga-alaga vivecana kA bhI koI spaSTa kAraNa nahIM / vakrokti, punaruktavadAbhAsa, virodhAbhAsa tathA mudrA ko dAsa ne zabdAlaGkAra-varga meM rakhA hai / hama dekha cuke haiM ki bhAratIya alaGkAra-zAstra meM ina alaGkAroM ko zabdAlaGkAra mAnane meM do mata rahe haiM / kucha AcArya inheM zabdAlaGkAra mAnate haiM to kucha arthAlaGkAra / vastutaH, ina alaGkAroM ke svarUpa - vinyAsa meM zabda aura artha; donoM kI apekSA rahatI hai / ataH, inheM ubhayAlaGkAra mAnA jA sakatA hai / dAsa ne ubhayAlaGkAra to nahIM mAnA; para ina ubhayAtmaka svabhAva vAle alaGkAroM ko hI ekatra zabdAlaGkAra saMjJA se vargIkRta kara bhAratIya alaGkAra - zAstra meM pracalita eka matavAda kI ora saGka eta kara diyA hai / anyathA anuprAsa, yamaka Adi kA, jinheM sabhI AcAryoM ne eka mata se zabdAlaGkAra svIkAra kiyA hai, aparatra varNana kara zabdArthobhayagata svabhAva vAle alaGkAroM ke ekatra nirUpaNa kA kyA aucitya hogA ? bhikhArI dAsa ne arthAlaGkAroM ko daza vargoM meM prastuta kiyA hai| una vargoM kA koI vizeSa nAmakaraNa nahIM kara unhoMne varga ke pradhAna alaGkAra ke AdhAra para upamAdi, utpra ekSAdi Adi kahA hai / upamAdi meM upamA ke sAtha usake samAna pratIpa Adi; utpra ekSAdi meM utprekSA ke sAtha usake samAna apahna uti, smaraNa Adi alaGkAra rakhe gaye haiM / yaha vicAraNIya hai ki usa varga ke anya alaGkAroM ko upamA ke samAna mAnane kA kyA AdhAra hai ? yadi usa varga ke sabhI alaGkAroM meM kucha aisA samAna tattva ho, jo unheM upamA ke samAna siddha karatA ho taba to vaha vargIkaraNa mUla tattva para AdhRta zAstrIya vargIkaraNa mAnA jAyagA / anyathA vaha varga-vibhAjana udbhaTa Adi ke vibhAjana kI taraha yadRcchAtmaka aura avaijJAnika mAnA jAyagA / dAsa ke 'kAvyanirNaya' meM itastataH jo saGketa diye gaye haiM, unake AdhAra para arthAlaGkAroM ke tattad vargoM meM vibhAjana ke AdhAra kA nirNaya kiyA jA sakatA hai / alaGkAroM ke varga vizeSa kI kalpanA ke AdhAra kI parIkSA ke lie tattadalaGkAra-vargoM meM dAsa ne jisa rUpa meM vizeSa - vizeSa arthAlaGkAroM ko prastuta kiyA hai usa rUpa meM hama unheM nIce upasthApita kara rahe haiM 1. upamAdi varga - ( 1 ) upamA, (2) ananvaya, (3) upameyopamA,

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alaGkAroM kA vargIkaraNa [385 (4) pratIpa, (5) zrautI upamA, (6) dRSTAnta, (7) arthAntaranyAsa, (8) vikasvara, (8) nidarzanA, (10) tulyayogitA aura (13) prativastUpamA / 2. utprekSAdi varga :-(1) utprekSA, (2) apahna ti, (3) smaraNa, (4) bhrama, aura (5) sandeha / 3. vyatireka-rUpakAdi varga :- (1) vyatireka, (2) rUpaka, (3) pariNAma aura (4) ulleSa yA ullekha / pariNAma ko to pariNAma-rUpaka kahakara rUpaka kA hI prakAra mAnA gayA hai; para ullekha kI svatantra sattA mAnI gayI hai', yadyapi usakI prakRti paramparita-mAlA-rUpaka se milatIjulatI hai| ___4. atizayokti Adi varga :-(1) atizayokti, (2) udAtta, (3) adhika, (4) alpa aura (5) vizeSa / 5. anyokti Adi varga :-(1) aprastutaprazaMsA, (2) prastutAGkara, (3) samAsokti, (4) vyAjastuti, (5) AkSepa evaM (6) paryAyokti / 6. viruddhAdi varga :-(1) viruddha, (2) vibhAvanA, (3) vyAghAta, (4) vizeSokti, (5) asaGgati tathA (6) viSama / 7. ullAsAdi varga :-(1) ullAsa, (2) avajJA, (3) anujJA, (4) leza, (5) vicitra, (6) tadguNa, (7) svaguNa, (8) atadguNa, (6) pUrvarUpa, (10) anuguNa, (11) mIlita, (12) sAmAnya, (13) unmIlita aura (14) vishess| 8. samAdi varga :-(1) sama, (2) samAdhi, (3) parivRtta, (4) bhAvika, (5) praharSaNa, (6) viSAdana, (7) sambhava, (8) asambhava, (6) samuccaya, (10) anyonya, (11) vikalpa, (12) sahokti, (13) vinokti, (14) pratiSedha, (15) vidhi tathA (16) kaavyaarthaaptti| 9. sUkSmAdi varga:-(1) sUkSma, (2) pihita, (3) yukti, (4) gUDhottara, (5) gUDhokti, (6) mithyAdhyavasAya, (7) lalita, (8) vivRtokti, (9) vyAjokti, (10) parikara aura .(11) parikarAGa kura / 1. eka meM bahu bodha ke, bahu guna so 'ullekh'| paraMparita-mAlAMna soM, lInoM bhinna visekha // -bhikhArI dAsa, kAvyanirNaya, pR0 263 25

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386 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa 10. svabhAvokti varga :-(1) svabhAvokti, (2) hetu, (3) pramANa, (4) kAvyaliGga, (5) nirukti, (6) lokokti, (7, chekokti, (8) pratyanIka, (9) parisaMkhyA aura (10) prshnottr| eka-eka varga ke alaGkAroM kA nirUpaNa 'kAvya-nirNaya' ke eka eka ullAsa meM kiyA gayA hai| isa prakAra aSTama ullAsa se satrahaveM ullAsa taka kramazaH uparilikhita alaGkAra-vargoM ke alaGkAroM kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| ApAtataH ukta vargIkaraNa udbhaTa Adi ke varga-vibhAjana kI taraha uddezyahIna lagatI hai, para bhikhArI dAsa ne tattat alaGkAroM ko tattadvargoM meM vibhAjita karane kA uddezya itastataH vyakta kara diyA hai / upamAdi varga meM dAsa ne aupamyamUlaka alaGkAroM ko rakhA hai| unhoMne isa varga ke alaGkAroM ko upamAna aura upameya kA vikAra kahA hai|' isa varga ke do khaNDa spaSTa haiM-upamA ke ArthI aura zrautI-bheda ke AdhAra para isa varga ke alaGkAra gamyamAna-sAdRzya tathA vAcya-sAdRzya khaNDoM meM vibhakta mAne jA sakate haiN| upamA, ananvaya, upameyopamA evaM pratIpa meM sAdRzya vAcya tathA dRSTAnta, arthAntaranyAsa, vikasvara, nidarzanA, tulyayogitA tathA prativastUpamA meM sAdRzya gamya hotA hai| vAcya tathA gamyamAna sAdRzya kI dRSTi se isa varga ke alaGkAroM ke krama-vinyAsa ko dekhane se bhikhArI dAsa kI zAstrIya dRSTi kA patA calatA hai| aupamya-garbha alaGkAroM ke eka varga kI paramparAgata dhAraNA para isa varga kI kalpanA AdhRta hai| utprekSAdi-varga meM alaGkAra-vibhAjana dAsa kI manovaijJAnika sUjha kA paricAyaka hai| isa varga meM una alaGkAroM ko vargIkRta kiyA gayA hai, jinameM vastuoM ke sArupya ke kAraNa vastu-jJAna kI vibhinna sthitiyoM kA varNana rahA karatA hai| jJAna nizcayAtmaka tathA anizcayAtmaka hotA hai| isa AdhAra para nizcaya, sandeha Adi alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vidhAna hotA hai / nizcayAtmaka jJAna bhI satya aura mithyA hotA hai| bhrama meM eka vastu meM anya vastu kA nizcayAtmaka jJAna hotA hai; para vaha jJAna mithyA hotA hai| siddha vastu-jJAna tathA asiddha vastu-jJAna ke AdhAra para bhI jJAna kI do koTiyAM hotI haiN| utprekSA meM do vastuoM kA abheda-jJAna asiddha yA sambhAvanA ke rUpa meM vyakta hotA hai| sadRza vastu se usake samAna vastu kI smRti ho AtI hai| yaha 1. "upamAna aura upamei kau, hai vikAra samajhau sucita / -bhikhArIdAsa, kAvyanirNaya, pR0 156

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alaGkAroM kA vargIkaraNa [ 387 pUrvAnubhUta vastu kA smRtijanya jJAna bhI jJAna kI vizeSa dazA hai| dvakoTika jJAna sandeha tathA ekakoTika satyAsatya jJAna nizcaya, bhrama, sambhAvanA, smRti Adi kA hetu sAdRzya hotA hai| hamane sAdRzya se smRti, bhrAnti, sandeha, sambhAvanA Adi mAnasika dazA ke AvirbhAva ke manovaijJAnika tathya para kAvyAlaGkAra ke manovaijJAnika adhyayana ke sandarbha meM vistAra se vicAra kiyA hai| spaSTa hai ki dAsa ne manovaijJAnika AdhAra para utprekSAdi-varga meM alaGkAroM kA vargIkaraNa kiyA hai| ina alaGkAroM ke mUla meM samAna tattva hai do vastuoM ke jJAna kA sambandha-vizeSa / / vyatireka-rUpakAdi-varga ke rUpaka, pariNAma aura ullekha ruyyaka Adi ke dvArA abheda-pradhAna sAdRzyamUlaka-varga meM rakhe gaye the| ruyyaka kI usa dhAraNA ko lekara dAsa ne usameM gamyamAna aupamya ke vyatireka ko milA kara eka varga kI kalpanA kara lI hai| atizayokti-varga ke alaGkAroM meM samAna rUpa se atizayatA kI dhAraNA hai| anyoktyAdi-varga meM aise alaGkAroM ko parigaNita kiyA gayA hai, jinameM samAna rUpa se eka artha ke kathana se anya artha kI vyaJjanA hotI hai / jahA~ kavi abhipreta artha kA sAkSAt kathana na kara aisI bhaGgI se varNana karatA hai ki abhISTa artha abhivyajita ho jAtA hai; aisI uktiyoM ke vibhinna rUpoM meM vibhinna alaGkAroM kI kalpanA alaGkAra-zAstra meM kI gayI hai| bhikhArI dAsa ne eka ukti se anya ukti kI vyaJjanA kI dhAraNA para AdhRta alaGkAroM ko eka varga meM vargIkRta kiyA hai| isa varga ke alaGkAroM kA mUla-tattva hai eka artha kI ukti se anyArtha kI vynyjnaa| ataH, isa varga ke alaGkAroM ko anyArthavyaJjanAmUlaka kahA jA sakatA hai| yaha bhrAnti nahIM honI cAhie ki anyokti Adi varga meM kevala anya ukti arthAt aprastuta-uktimUlaka alaGkAra hI haiM / isa varga ke aprastutaprazaMsA meM yadi aprastutakathana se prastuta 1. draSTavya-prastuta grantha, adhyAya 8 2. DaoN0 omprakAza ne anyokti se kevala aprastutokti kA artha mAna liyA hai / (draSTavya, rIti-alaGkAra sAhi0 pR0 461) / aisA artha mAnane para samAsokti Adi kA isa varga meM samAveza sambhava nahIM hogaa| dAsa ne isa varga ke alaGkAroM kA mUlAdhAra anya kI ukti se anya kI vyaJjanA ko mAnA hai| vaha ukti aprastuta kI bhI ho sakatI hai aura. prastuta kI bhii|

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388 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa gamyamAna hotA hai to isake viparIta samAsokti meM prastuta kI ukti se aprastuta kI vyaJjanA hotI hai| prastutAGkara meM eka prastuta ke varNana se dUsare prastuta kA bhI bodha ho jAtA hai| vyAjastuti meM nindA tathA stuti kI ukti se kramazaH stuti aura nindA kI vyaJjanA hotI. hai| AkSepa meM vidhi-mukha se niSedha Adi kI vyaJjanA hotI hai| niSkarSa yaha ki anyoktyAdi varga ke sabhI alaGkAroM meM eka artha ke kathana se anya artha kI vyaJjanA hotI hai| viruddhAdi alaGkAra-varga kI kalpanA AcArya ruyyaka ke virodhamUlaka alaGkAra-varga ke AdhAra para kI gayI hai| isa varga ke alaGkAroM kA mUla-tattva virodha hai| AcArya ruyyaka ne isa varga meM virodha, vibhAvanA, vyAghAta Adi bAraha alaGkAroM kI gaNanA kI thii| bhikhArI dAsa ne unameM se chaha ko viruddhAdi alaGkAra-varga meM rakhA hai| ullAsa Adi varga meM parigaNita caudaha alaGkAroM ke samAna mala-tatva kA spaSTa nirdeza bhikhArI dAsa ne kiyA hai| unhoMne kahA hai ki maiMne guNa-doSa kI dhAraNA ke AdhAra para caudaha alaGkAroM ko ullAsAdi varga meM rakhA hai|' spaSTataH, alaGkAroM ke mUla-tattva ke AdhAra para prastuta alaGkAra-varga kalpita hai / alaGkAroM ke mUla meM guNa-doSa-dhAraNA kA samAna AdhAra sthira kara eka navIna alaGkAra-varga kI kalpanA kA zreya bhikhArI dAsa ko hai| ___sama Adi solaha alaGkAroM ke eka varga kI kalpanA kA AdhAra dAsa ne ucita-anucita bAta ke kahane kA camatkAra mAnA hai| isa prakAra isa varga kI kalpanA bhI alaGkAroM ke mUla meM nihita eka sAmAnya tattva ke AdhAra para hI kI gayI hai| sUkSma Adi varga meM alaGkAra-vargIkaraNa kA AdhAra dhvani ko mAnA gayA hai| isa varga ke alaGkAroM meM samAna rUpa se vastu vyaGga ya huA karatI hai| ruyyaka Adi ne bhI gUDhArthapratItimUlaka alaGkAroM kA svatantra varga mAnA hai| yaha dhAraNA ruyyaka kI dhAraNA se milatI-julatI hai| 1. saba gu na-doSa-prakAra guni, kie~ eka hI Thaura thiti / -bhikhArI dAsa, kAvyanirNaya, 14 pR0 357 - 2. vahI, 15 pR0 385 3. vahI, 16 pR0 431

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alaGkAroM kA vargIkaraNa [389 svabhAvokti-varga ke alaGkAroM kA samAna tattva vAcakapada-mUlakatA ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| ataH, sUkSma Adi vyaGga yapradhAna alaGkAroM se svabhAvokti Adi vAcakapadapradhAna alaGkAra bhinna-dharmA haiN| dAsa ke arthAlaGkAra-vibhAga kI isa parIkSA se spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki unhoMne kucha alaGkAroM ko eka varga meM rakhane ke samaya una alaGkAroM meM antarnihita kucha mUla-tattvoM ko dhyAna meM avazya rakhA thaa| una vargoM kA spaSTa nAmakaraNa nahIM hone ke kAraNa mUla-tattva kI dhAraNA avazya hI kucha aspaSTa raha gayI hai; kintu kaI vargoM ke mUlAdhAra kA spaSTa ullekha bhI dAsa ne kara diyA hai| ataH, bhikhArI dAsa ke alaGkAra-vargoM ke sambandha meM kanhaiyAlAla poddAra kI yaha mAnyatA pramANa-puSTa nahI hai ki dAsa ne alaGkAroM kA krama mUla-tattvoM ke AdhAra para nahIM rakhA / 2 bhikhArI dAsa ke vargIkaraNa meM thor3I avyavasthA bhI avazya raha gayI hai| upamAdi varga se vyatireka rUpakAdi varga ko alaga karane kA eka AdhAra yaha mAnA jA sakatA hai ki sAdRzyamUlaka hone para bhI upamA Adi bhedAbhedatulyapradhAna haiM to rUpaka Adi abheda pradhAna, para prazna yaha hai ki usa abhedapradhAna sAdRzyamUlaka alaGkAra-varga meM vyatireka ko kaise ginA jA sakatA hai ? atizayokti-varga ke alaGkAroM kA mUla-tattva bhI yadi atizaya kI dhAraNA ko svIkAra kiyA jAya to udAtta kI isa varga meM gaNanA ucita nahIM jAna pdd'tii| vargIkaraNa-viSayaka ye choTI-choTI avyavasthAe~ upekSaNIya hI mAnI jA sakatI haiM, phira bhI DaoN0 bhagIratha mizra ke isa atigAmI kathana se sahamata honA kaThina hai ki isa prakAra aneka alaGkAroM kA sAmAnya AdhAra hU~r3ha kara unakA varga bA~dhanA dAsa kI vizeSatA hai, jaisA ki na kisI ne pahale aura na kisI ne unake pIche kiyaa|3 DaoN0 mizra kA. yaha kathana isa sudhAra ke sAtha mAnya hai ki hindI-rIti-AcAryoM meM dAsa kA vargIkaraNa-prayAsa sarvAdhika prAmANika hai| dAsa ne vAkyAlaGkAra-varga kI kalpanA kara prAcIna AcAryoM ke dvArA arthAlaGkAra ke rUpa meM svIkRta yathAsaMkhya, ekAvalI, kAraNamAlA, uttarottara, rasanopamA, ratnAvalI, paryAya aura dIpaka ko isa svatantra vAkyAlaGkAra-varga meM vibhAjita kiyA hai| 1. bhikhArI dAsa, kAvyanirNaya 17 pR0 457 2. kanhaiyAlAla poddAra, kAvyakalpadruma, bhAga 2, prAkkathana, pR0 42 3. DaoN0 bhagIratha mizra, hindI kAvyazA0 kA iti0, pR0 137

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360 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa AcArya bhikhArI dAsa ke alaGkAra vargoM ko nimna tAlikA se prakaTa kiyA jA sakatA hai-- arthAlaGkAra alaGkAra I vAkyAlaGkAra (5) I zabdAlaGkAra (5) citrAlaGkAra (1) I I 1 2 3 4 8 5 6 7 9 upamAdi, utpra ekSAdi vyati- atizayokti anyo- viruddhAdi ullAsAdi samAdi sUkSmAdi svabhArekarUpakAdi Adi ktiAdi vokti Adi saMskRta tathA hindI alaGkAra - zAstra ke AcAryoM ke alaGkAra vargIkaraNaprayAsa ke isa parIkSaNa se hama isa niSkarSa para pahu~cate haiM ki kAvyAlaGkAra kA vibhAga do dRSTiyoM se kiyA gayA hai - (ka) alaGkAra ke AzrayabhUta zabda aura artha kI dRSTi se tathA (kha) arthAlaGkAroM meM bhI aneka alaGkAroM meM samAna rUpa se pAye jAne vAle mUla tattva kI dRSTi se / Azraya ke AdhAra para mukhyataH tIna alaGkAra-vargoM kI kalpanA kI gayI hai - ( ka ) zabdAlaGkAra-varga, (kha) arthAlaGkAra - varga tathA ( ga ) ubhayAlaGkAra - varga / una tIna vargoM ke atirikta kucha AcAryoM ne mizrAlaGkAra - varga kI tathA saGkIrNa yA anyonyAzleSapezala -varga kI bhI kalpanA kI hai / ubhaya mizra tathA saGkIrNa vargoM kI dhAraNA spaSTa nahIM rahI hai / kucha AcAryoM ne ubhayAlaGkAravarga meM hI saMsRSTi aura saGkara ko rakhA hai / kucha AcAryoM ke dvArA ubhayAlaGkAra-varga meM zabdArthobhayagata alaGkAra rakhe gaye haiM / mizrAlaGkAra-varga kI bhI sthiti spaSTa nahIM / eka to isa varga kI sattA bahuta kama AcAryoM ne svIkAra kI hai, dUsare yaha mata bhI sthira nahIM ho pAyA hai ki isa varga meM kevala unhIM alaGkAroM kA vargIkaraNa kiyA jAya, jinameM do yA adhika alaGkAroM kI prakRti kA mizraNa hai, yA unakA bhI, jinameM ekAdhika alaGkAra ke sAtha rahane kI dhAraNA hai / saGkIrNa yA anyonyAzleSapezala - varga meM kevala alaGkAroM kI saMsRSTi yA unakA saGkara rakhA gayA hai /

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alaGkAroM kA vargIkaraNa [ 361 uparilikhita pA~ca vargoM ko svIkAra kara lene se alaGkAroM ke Azraya ke AdhAra para vargIkaraNa kI samasyA kA samAdhAna mila jAtA hai| kucha alaGkAra zabda para Azrita haiM, kucha artha para to kucha zabda aura artha donoM para / udAharaNArtha; anuprAsa, yamaka Adi zabdAzrita haiM; upamA Adi arthAzrita tathA vakrokti, punaruktavadAbhAsa Adi zabdArthobhayAzrita / zleSa bhI ubhayAlaGkAra hai| ataH, usake do rUpoM-zabdazleSa aura arthazleSa-kI kalpanA karanI par3I hai| mAlAdopaka, upamArUpaka Adi alaGkAroM meM do alaGkAroM ke svabhAva kA mizraNa hai / aise alaGkAroM ko sAmAnyataH arthAlaGkAra-varga meM rakhA jAtA hai; para unheM mizrAlaGkAra-varga meM rakhanA adhika saGgata hogaa| saMsRSTi aura saGkara ko svatantra varga meM--saGkIrNa-varga yA anyonyAzleSapezala-varga meM rakhA jAnA caahie| hindI-rIti-sAhitya meM do aura varga kalpita hae-zabdAlaGkAra-varga se svatantra citrAlaGkAra-varga tathA liGkAra-varga se svatantra vAkyAlaGkAra-varga / ina vargoM kI kalpanA kevala adhyayana kI suvidhA ke lie svIkAra kI jA sakatI hai| paNDita rAmadahina mizra ne Alocaka-sulabha taTasthatA ke sAtha rudraTa, vidyAnAtha, ruyyaka Adi ke alaGkAravargIkaraNa kI parIkSA kara unheM vaijJAnika vargIkaraNa mAnA hai| kintu, unhoMne apane mata se alaGkAroM ke zabdagata evaM arthagata-varga mAna kara arthagata alaGkAroM ko punaH aupamyamUlaka tathA vAkyavakratA-mUlaka alaGkAra-vargoM meM vibhAjita kiyA hai| arthAlaGkAra kA samAna mUla-tattva ke AdhAra para vargIkaraNa kA prayAsa rudraTa se lekara bhikhArI dAsa taka calatA rhaa| una AcAryoM ke dvArA kalpita alaGkAra-vargoM meM se koI eka to sarvathA pUrNa aura nirdoSa nahIM hai; para una saba ko milA kara vargIkaraNa kA eka vyApaka aura pUrNa AdhAra banAyA jA sakatA hai| alaGkAroM ke svarUpa para samagratA se vicAra karane para unake kucha byAvartaka dharma spaSTataH parilakSita hote haiN| kucha alaGkAroM meM prastuta kI prabhAva-vRddhi ke lie aprastuta kI yojanA hotI hai| Arambha meM alaGkAravidhAna ke mUla meM aprastuta vidhAna kI hI dhAraNA thii| zabdacamatkAramUlaka 1. draSTavya-rAmadahina mizra, kAvyadarpaNa, pR0 437-38 2. vahI, pR0 416-20

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392] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa yamaka ko chor3a, bharata ke tInoM arthAlaGkAroM ke mUla meM aprastuta-yojanA kI dhAraNA thii| vAmana, abhinava Adi AcArya prastuta ke lie aprastuta kA vidhAna karane vAle alaGkAroM ko hI svIkArya mAnate haiN| bhAratIya alaGkArazAstra meM aneka aise alaGkAra bhI kalpita aura svIkRta hue haiM, jinameM kevala varNya-vastu kA bhaGgI-vizeSa se varNana apekSita hotA hai| yaha varNana do rUpoM meM ho sakatA hai-vastu-svabhAva yA svarUpa kA yathArtha varNana tathA usakA sAtizaya yA kRtrima varNana / aprastuta-vidhAna meM to sAtizayatA rahA hI karatI hai, vastu-svarUpa ke varNana meM bhI kahIM-kahIM sAtizaya kI dhAraNA rahA karatI hai| isa dRSTi se ruyyaka ke aupamya, vAstava aura atizaya-ye tInoM alaGkAra-varga vaijJAnika, ataH svIkArya haiN| ___ aneka alaGkAroM kA pradhAna svabhAva gUDhArtha-pratyAyakatA hai; ataH ruyyaka kA gUDhArtha-pratItimUlaka eka alaGkAra-varga bhI svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| bhikhArI dAsa ke anusAra ise vyApaka rUpa dekara una sabhI alaGkAroM ko, jinameM eka ukti se anya artha kI vyaJjanA hotI hai, isameM vargIkRta kiyA jA sakatA hai| hama dekha cuke haiM ki pIche calakara zAstra tathA lokanyAya kI dhAraNA kI bhI avatAraNA alaGkAra-kSetra meM huI hai / ataH, ruyyaka ke dvArA kalpita nyAyamUlaka-varga bhI upAdeya hai| ____ rasa-bhAva Adi para Azrita rasavat, praya Adi ke lie eka svatantra varga svIkAra kiyA jAnA cAhie / isa varga ko kalpanA kA zreya vidyAnAtha ko hai / uktivaicitrya yA bhaGgI-bhaNiti para AdhRta alaGkAro kA eka svatantra varga mAnA jA sakatA hai| guNa-doSa, kArya-kAraNa, vizeSaNa-vizeSya Adi ke sambandha para Azrita alaGkAroM ke bhI pRthak-pRthak varga mAne jA sakate haiN| ina vargoM meM alaGkAroM kA vibhAjana nimnalikhita rUpa meM kiyA jA sakatA hai : zabdAlaGkAra-varga :-anuprAsa, yamaka / citrAlaGkAra-varga :-citra, prahelikA / ubhayAlaGkAra-varga (zabdArthobhaya):-punaruktavadAbhAsa, vakrokti, zleSa / mizrAlaGkAra-varga :-sApahnavotpra kSA, upamA-rUpaka, mAlAdIpaka Adi / saGkIrNa alaGkAra-varga :-saMsRSTi, saGkara /

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alaGkAroM kA vargIkaraNa [ 393 arthAlaGkAra-varga :-zeSa sabhI alaGkAra, jo artha para Azrita haiM, isa varga meM Ate haiN| paryAya-parivatana-sahattva isa varga ke alaGkAra kI kasoTI hai| arthAlaGkAra kA nimnalikhita vargoM meM vibhAjana kiyA jA sakatA hai : aprastuta vidhAna vAle arthAt aupamyamUlaka alaGkAra :-upamA, utprekSA, rUpaka, apahnati, saMzaya, samAsokti, anyokti, pratIpa, arthAntaranyAsa, bhrAntimAn, AkSepa. dRSTAnta, sAmya, smaraNa, upameyopamA, ananvaya, pariNAma, atizayokti, tulyayogitA, dIpaka, prativastUpamA, nidarzanA, vyatireka, vinokti, aprastuta prazaMsA, sahokti Adi / __vastuvarNanaparaka arthAt vAstavamUlaka alaGkAra :-svabhAvokti, samuccaya, yathAsaMkhya, paryAya, viSama, anumAna, parikara, parivRtti, parisaMkhyA, hetu, kAraNamAlA, anyonya, uttara, sAra, leza, avasara, mIlita, ekAvalI, atadguNa, pUrvarUpa, anuguNa, svaguNa, bhAvika, udAtta, bhAvikacchavi Adi / ___ atizayamUlaka :-pUrva, vizeSa, vibhAvanA, tadguNa, adhika, virodha, viSama, asaGgati, pihita, vyAghAta, ahetu, vizeSokti, vicitra, atyukti, kAryakAraNapaurvAparya-viparyaya-rUpa atizayokti aadi| gUDhArthapratItimUlaka yA vyaGga ya-garbha alaGkAra :-sUkSma, vyAjokti, pihita, gUDhottara, gUDhokti, lalita, vivRtokti, prastutAGa kura Adi / rasabhAvAzrita alaGkAra :-rasavat, preya, UrjasvI, samAhita, bhAvasandhi, bhAvazabalatA Adi / nyAyamUlaka :-(ka) lokanyAyAzrita-pratyanIka, pratIpa, mIlita, sAmAnya, tadguNa, atadguNa, uttara / (kha) vAkyanyAyamUlaka-yathAsaMkhya, paryAya, parivRtti, arthApatti, vikalpa, parisaMkhyA, samuccaya, samAdhi / (ga) tarkanyAyamUlaka-kAvyaliGga, anumAna, pramANAlaGkAra Adi / kAryakAraNa-bhAva, vizeSyavizeSaNa-bhAva Adi ke AdhAra para bhI alaGkAroM ke avAntara-bheda sambhava haiM / ukti-bhaGgimA para AdhRta lokokti, chekokti, vyAjokti Adi ko alaga varga meM bhI rakhA jA sakatA hai| manobhAva se pratyakSataH sambaddha alaGkAroM ko alaga manobhAvAzrita-varga meM vargIkRta kiyA jA sakatA hai / isa varga meM praharSaNa, viSAdana, smRti, bhrAnti, sandeha Adi ko rakhA jA sakatA hai|

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394 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa pramAtA-prameya, vaktA-boddhA Adi kI apekSA rakhane vAle vyAjastuti, vakrokti, praznottara, vyAjokti Adi kA bhI eka svatantra varga kalpita ho sakatA hai / aneka dRSTiyoM se alaGkAra kA vargIkaraNa kiye jAne para eka hI alaGkAra aneka vargoM meM bhI A sakatA hai / yaha azAstrIya nahIM / udAharaNArtha, lokanyAyAzrita aneka alaGkAra vAstava vargagata bhI haiN| __ alaGkAra-vargIkaraNa ke AyAsa kI sArthakatA kevala tattadvargoM meM alaGkAra ke adhyayana kI suvidhA kI dRSTi se hI hai| svIkArya alaGkAra-vargoM kI tAlikA nIce dI jAtI hai : alaGkAra zabdAla0 citrAlaM0 ubhayAlaM0 mizrAlaM0 arthAlaM0 sAla. saMsRSTi saGkara aupamyamUlaka vAstava atizayamUlaka vyaGga,yagarbha rasabhAvAzrita nyAyamUlaka (prakIrNa) vaktAboddhA manobhAvA- uktimUlaka vizeSaNavizeSa kAryakAraNa guNa-doSa sApekSa zrita para Azrita para Azrita para Azrita

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paJcama adhyAya" alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa bhAratIya alaGkAra-zAstra meM nirUpita kAvyAlaGkAroM ke lakSaNa kI parIkSA se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki kisI alaGkAra ke kisI vizeSa AcArya dvArA kalpita lakSaNa se sabhI AcArya sahamata nahIM / eka hI AcArya ke dvArA pratipAdita alaGkAra-lakSaNa se sabhI AcAryoM kI sahamati unakI svastha samIkSAtmaka dRSTi kA paricAyaka bhI nahIM hotii| sabhI AcAryoM ne alaGkAra - vizeSa ke sambandha meM pUrva sthApita mAnyatA para vicAra karate hue usakA parimArjita aura nirduSTa lakSaNa-nirUpaNa karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai / jina AcAryoM meM viSayavivecana kI maulika dRSTi thI, unhoMne svatantra rUpa se alaGkAra - vizeSa kI paribhASA kI kalpanA kI / sAmAnya medhA vAle AcAryoM ne pUrvavartI AcAryoM ke dvArA nirUpita alaGkAra - lakSaNoM meM se hI kisI eka kA grahaNa aura anya kA tyAga kiyaa| kucha AcAryoM ne pUrva udbhAvita aneka lakSaNoM ko milA-julA kara alaGkAra - vizeSa kA eka lakSaNa banA diyA / alaGkAra - lakSaNa kA yaha tyAga-grahaNa Arambha se anta taka calatA rahA hai / bIca-bIca meM svatantra cintana se bhI alaGkAra-lakSaNoM kI kalpanA hotI rahI hai / ataH, alaGkAra - vizeSa kA lakSaNa - vikAsa alaGkAra-dhAraNA ke kramika vikAsa kA pratinidhitva nahIM karatA, jaisA ki bhramavaza kucha logoM ne mAna liyA hai / ' alaGkAra - vizeSa ke lakSaNavikAsa ke pIche kaI kAraNa vidyamAna rahe haiM, jinameM kucha kA sambandha sAhitya -- viSayaka mAnyatA se tathA kucha kA sambandha mUlataH bhASA kI prakRti se hai / 1. draSTavya-- DaoN0 omprakAza, rItikAlIna alaGkAra - sAhitya kA zAstrIya vivecana, pR0 22e

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366 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa rasavat Adi ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM alaGkAravAdI evaM rasavAdI AcAryoM kA dRSTibheda svAbhAvika thaa| rasa Adi ko alaGkAra ke kSetra meM parimita karane kA Agraha rakhane vAle AcAryoM ne rasapezalatA ko rasavat alaGkAra mAna liyA; kintu jo AcArya kAvya meM rasa kA alaGkAra se svatantra tathA usase adhika mahattvapUrNa sthAna mAnane ke pakSapAtI the, unhoMne kevala rasa kI apradhAnatA ke -sthala meM rasavat alaGkAra kA astitva svIkAra kiyaa|' bhAvAzrita preya, UrjasvI Adi kI bhI yahI sthiti hai / phalataH, rasavadAdi alaGkAroM ke svarUpa kA nirUpaNa rasavAdI tathA alaGkAravAdI AcAryoM ke dvArA alaga-alaga rUpoM meM kiyA gyaa| __alaGkAra ke sambandha meM AcAryoM kI mUla dhAraNA ke bheda ke kAraNa bhI alaGkAra-vizeSa kA svarUpa-parivartana huA hai| vAmana Adi AcAryoM ne isa mUla dhAraNA ke sAtha alaGkAra-vizeSa kA lakSaNa-nirUpaNa kiyA ki pratyeka alaGkAra meM upamAnopameya bhAva kisI-na-kisI rUpa meM avazya rahanA caahie| ataH, unhoMne pUrvAcAryoM ke aneka alaGkAroM kA alaGkAratva to asvIkAra kara hI diyA, sAtha hI kucha alaGkAroM ke svarUpa meM upamAnopameya-sambandha ko jor3a kara unake kiJcit navIna rUpa kA pratipAdana kiyaa| phalataH; parivRtti, sahokti Adi meM bhI, jinameM anya AcAryoM ne kramazaH kinhIM do vastuoM kA vinimaya tathA sahabhAva-varNana apekSita mAnA thA, vAmana ke anusAra vinimaya tathA sahabhAva vAlI vastuoM ke bIca kucha prastuta-aprastuta ke sambandha kI kalpanA Avazyaka ho gyii| upamAnopameya-bhAva ke Agraha ke kAraNa hI unakI vizeSokti zobhAkara ke abheda tathA jagannAtha ke rUpaka ke samAna bana gayI hai| alaGkAra-zAstra kA itihAsa pramANita karatA hai ki prAcIna AcAryo meM sAmAnya rUpa se tattva-nirUpaNa kI pravRtti thI; para pIche cala kara vizeSIkaraNa kI pravRtti bar3hatI gyii| phalataH, prAcIna AcAryoM ke dvArA nirUpita eka alaGkAra ke vyApaka svarUpa se pIche cala kara aneka alaGkAra AvirbhUta hue haiN| eka alaGkAra ke AdhAra para aneka alaGkAroM kI kalpanA ke lie una donoM ke bIca kiJcit bheda kI kalpanA tathA donoM kI sImA ke nirdhAraNa kI 1. bhAmaha, udbhaTa Adi ne zRGgArAdi rasayukta vAkya meM rasavat alaGkAra mAnA hai; para vizvanAtha ke anusAra rasa-bhAva Adi ke gauNa ho jAne meM rasavat, preya Adi alaGkAra kA astitva mAnA jAtA hai|-tulniiyudbhtt,kaavyaalN0 sAra saM0 4,2-4 tathA vizvanAtha,sAhityada0 10,124

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alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [367 AvazyakatA huii| usa mUla alaGkAra ke kSetra ko sImita karane tathA usase udbhUta alaGkAra se usake svarUpa kA bheda siddha karane ke lie usakI paribhASA meM parivartana kiyA gyaa| udAharaNArtha, AcArya bharata ne yamaka kA lakSaNa kevala 'zabda kA abhyAsa' arthAt zabda kI AvRtti ko mAnA thA / ' abhinava gupta ne yaha spaSTa kara diyA hai ki yamaka ke ukta lakSaNa meM hI anuprAsa, lATAnuprAsa Adi kI sambhAvanA nihita thii|2 pIche cala kara jaba yamaka se anuprAsa, lATAnuprAsa Adi kI svatantra sattA svIkAra kI gayI to unake bIca kucha bheda lAne ke lie bharata ke yamaka-lakSaNa meM eka vizeSaNa jor3a diyA gayA ki 'artha-bheda se padAvRtti hone para yamaka alaGkAra hotA hai|' isa prakAra yamaka ke prAcIna lakSaNa meM parivartana tathA usakA sImA-nirdhAraNa kiyA gyaa| kucha AcAryoM ne sabhI alaGkAroM kI saMjJA ko anvarthA saMjJA mAna kara nAma ke AdhAra para unake svarUpa kI kalpanA kI hai| adhikAMza alaGkAroM ke nAma anvartha avazya haiM; kintu kucha alaGkAroM ke nAmAnurUpa lakSaNa-yojanA ke lie unake svarUpa meM kiJcit parivartana karanA par3A hai| zabdArtha ke sambandha meM dhAraNA ke parivartana ke sAtha alaGkAra-lakSaNa ke parivartana kA vistAra se adhyayana hamane 'alaGkAra aura bhASA' nAmaka adhyAya meM kiyA hai| yahA~ eka udAharaNa paryApta hogA-aprastutaprazaMsA kA lakSaNa adhikAMza AcAryoM ne yaha mAnA hai ki isameM aprastuta kA varNana hotA hai aura usase prastuta artha kI vyaJjanA hotI hai, para kucha AcAryoM ne prazaMsA kA artha stutigAna mAna kara lakSaNa meM yaha parivartana kara diyA ki aprastuta prazaMsA meM upamAna kI prazaMsA arthAt stuti kI jAtI hai aura phira isa lakSaNa ko dekha kara kucha AcAryoM ne usake sthAna para aprastutastuti nAmakaraNa kara diyaa| isa prakAra aneka kAraNoM se alaGkAra-vizeSa ke lakSaNa meM saMzodhanaparivartana hote rahe haiN| alaGkAra-vizeSa ke lakSaNa-vikAsa (vikAsa se tAtparya parivartana-mAtra kA hai ) ke adhyayana meM usake mUla meM nihita sAhitya-zAstrIya tathA sAhitya-zAstra tara kAraNoM kA parIkSaNa vAJchanIya hogaa| alaGkAra ke lakSaNa meM kucha parivatana to kevala maulikatA-pradarzana ke lie kara diyA gayA 1. zabdAbhyAsastu yamakam......-bharata, nA0 zA0 16,56 2. zabdazabdena varNaH padaM tadekadeza iti sarva gRhyate / tenAnuprAsaH, lATIyA-- dernenaivopsNgrhH|-vhii, abhinavabhAratI, pR0 326 /

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368 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa hai; kucha parivartana bhrAntivaza bhI ho gayA hai / ' aise bhrAntimUlaka tathA navInatA-pradarzanamUlaka parivartana agrAhya haiN| ataH, unapara vizeSa vicAra kI apekSA nhiiN| prastuta adhyAya meM hama cAra mUla alaGkAroM se lekara zatAdhika svIkArya alaGkAroM meM se pratyeka ke udbhava se lekara saMskRta tathA hindI-alaGkAra-zAstra meM usake svarUpa-vikAsa kA adhyayana prastuta kareMge yamaka bhAratIya alaGkAra-zAstra meM upalabdha zabdAlaGkAroM meM yamaka prathama hai| aitihAsika dRSTi se to yaha prathama hai hI, samagra zabdAlaGkAra-prapaJca kA udgamasrota hone ke kAraNa mahattva kI dRSTi se bhI prathama hai| AcArya bharata ke dvArA svIkRta evaM paribhASita cAra alaGkAroM meM yamaka ekamAtra zabdAlaGkAra hai / yadyapi bharata ne zabdAlaGkAra tathA arthAlaGkAra-vargoM meM alaGkAroM kA vibhAjana nahIM kiyA thA tathApi yamaka ke lakSaNa se anya alaGkAroM se isakA yaha bheda spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki isameM zabda-saundarya para bala diyA gayA hai, jaba ki anya alaGkAroM meM artha kI cArutA kA vicAra hai| abhinavagupta ne yamaka ko zabdAlaGkAra kaha kara bharata ke zeSa tIna alaGkAroM se usakA bheda kiyA hai| AcArya bharata ke anusAra zabda kA abhyAsa arthAt zabdAvRtti yamaka alaGkAra hai| eka zabda kI AvRtti dhvani-sAmya ke kAraNa zra ti-sukhada hotI hai| isa cAru zra ti meM hI isakA alaGkAratva hai| AcArya bharata ke yamaka-lakSaNa "zabdAbhyAsa' meM varNAvRtti tathA padAvRtti; donoM kI dhAraNA nihita thii| bhAmaha ne prAcIna AcAryoM ke pAMca alaGkAroM kI carcA karate hue bharata ke cAra alaGkAroM ke atirikta eka anuprAsa kA bhI ullekha kiyA aura varNAbhyAsa ko anuprAsa kA lakSaNa mAna liyA / aisI sthiti meM anuprAsa aura yamaka kI pRthak-pRthak sattA ke pratipAdana ke lie yamaka-paribhASA se varNAbhyAsa kI dhAraNA ko nikAla kara usake kSetra kA sImA-nirdhAraNa Avazyaka ho 1. hindI ke rIti-alaGkAra-lakSaNa meM anekatra aisI bhrAnti tathA navInatA pradarzana ke moha kA ullekha hamane kiyA hai| draSTavya-prastuka grantha adhyAya 3 2. zabdAlaGkArasvarUpamAha zabdAbhyAsastu yamakamiti / -bharata, nA0 zA0 abhinava bhAratI, pR0 326

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alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [ 366 gayA / bhAmaha ne yamaka kI koI navIna paribhASA to nahIM dI; para usake vyApaka svarUpa se anuprAsa ko pRthak karane ke lie yamaka kI pUrva pratipAdita paribhASA meM kucha vizeSaNa jor3a kara usake viSaya kSetra ko sImita kara diyA / bharata kI varNAbhyAsa-dhAraNA ke AdhAra para anuprAsa kI kalpanA kI gayI aura padAbhyAsa-dhAraNA ke AdhAra para yamaka ke svarUpa kA sthirIkaraNa kiyA gyaa| yamaka aura anuprAsa ke bIca kucha vyAvata ke dharmoM kI kalpanA kI gyii| jaba varNAvRtti ko anuprAsa kahA gayA taba yamaka meM zra utisama varNasamudAya kI AvRtti para bala diyA gayA / samAna zruti vAle svara aura vyaJjana ke samudAya kI AvRtti meM hI yamaka kA sadbhAva mAnA gyaa| anuprAsa meM kevala vyaJjana kI bhI AvRtti ho sakatI hai; para yamaka meM svara- vyaJjanasaGgha kI AvRtti Avazyaka mAnI gayI / anuprAsa meM kevala vyaJjanAvRtti ke sAtha svara-vyaJjana-samudAya kI bhI AvRtti ho sakatI hai / ataH, yamaka - lakSaNa meM eka aura vyAvarttaka dharma kI kalpanA Avazyaka huii| yaha mAnA gayA ki yamaka meM zrutisamabhinnArthaka varNasamudAya kI hI AvRtti honI cAhie / AcArya bharata ne kevala zabda kI AvRtti yamaka meM apekSita mAnI thI, bhAmaha ne usa paribhASA ko do sudhAroM ke sAtha svIkAra kiyA-- (ka) kevala zra utisama vyaJjana kI nahIM, svara- vyaJjana-samudAya kI AvRtti yamaka meM honI cAhie tathA (kha) punarAvRtta svara - vyaJjana - samudAya meM zra uti kI samatA; para artha kI bhinnatA honI cAhie / isa prakAra anuprAsa ko yamaka se alaga kara donoM kA bheda ina rUpoM meM mAnA gayA - (a) anuprAsa meM kevala eka yA aneka vyaJjana kI bhI AvRtti ho sakatI hai aura svara ke sAtha bhI / para, yamaka meM svara aura vyaJjana ke samudAya kI usI krama meM AvRtti hotI hai / ( A ) yamaka meM AvRtti vAle padoM meM zrutimAtra kI samatA apekSita hai / sArthaka padoM ke artha meM bhinnatA Avazyaka hai / nirarthaka varNoM kI bhI AvRtti ho sakatI hai / anuprAsa meM (vizeSataH lATAnuprAsa meM) artha-bheda Avazyaka nahIM / kevala tAtparya-bheda se samAnArthaka zra utisama zabdoM kI bhI AvRtti ho sakatI hai / spaSTa hai ki yamaka ke hI kucha tattvoM se anuprAsa kI kalpanA kara lene para yamaka kI paribhASA meM kucha pariSkAra karane kI AvazyakatA huI / 1. draSTavya, bhAmaha, kAvyAlaGkAra 2,6-18

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400 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa AcArya daNDI ne yamaka ke bhedopabheda-vivecana meM to paryApta zrama kiyA hai para usake lakSaNa- nirUpaNa meM unhoMne vizeSa sAvadhAnI nahIM rakhI hai / unhoMne AcArya bharata ke matAnusAra 'varNasaGghAta kI AvRtti' ko tathA dUsare sthala para bhI 'varNa saMhati kI avyavahita athavA vyavahita AvRtti' ko yamaka lakSaNa mAna liyA / pariNAmataH unake yamaka lakSaNa meM ativyApti doSa kI AzaGkA A gayI / bhAmaha ke dvArA svIkRta lATAnuprAsa kI prakRti para sambhavataH isa ulajhana se bacane ke lie hI daNDI ne vicAra nahIM kiyaa| anuprAsa aura yamaka kI pRthak-pRthak sattA svIkAra karane para donoM ke vyAvarttaka dharmoM kA unake lakSaNa meM ullekha Avazyaka hai / anuprAsa meM varNAvRtti aura yamaka meM varNasaGgha kI AvRtti; donoM kI prakRti ke vyAvarttana ke lie paryApta nahIM hai / kAraNa yaha hai ki anuprAsa ke bhI kucha rUpoM meM varNasaGgha kI hI AvRtti hotI hai, varNamAtra kI nahIM / daNDI ke dvArA yamaka - anuprAsa - viveka kI upekSA kA kAraNa yaha ho sakatA hai ki ve mAdhurya guNa ke poSaka zratyanuprAsa ko hI vaidarbha kAvya kA (jise ve uttama kAvya mAnate the ) svIkArya guNa samajhate the / unakI mAnyatA thI ki gauDa mArga ke kavi rasa- poSaka zratyanuprAsa ko chor3a anuprAsa kI yojanA meM ruci rakhate haiM / ve anuprAsa aura yamaka, donoM ko, jinameM kevala varNa yA varNasaGgha kI AvRtti apekSita hotI hai, upekSaNIya mAnate the / unhoMne yamaka ke anta meM vivecana kA kAraNa bhI yahI batAyA hai / 3 alaGkAra ke rUpa meM daNDI ne anuprAsa kI sattA svIkAra bhI nahIM kI hai / sambhava hai ki ve anuprAsa ko bhI alaGkAra ke rUpa meM yamaka meM hI antabhUta mAnate hoM / phira bhI daNDI ukta avyavasthA ke doSAropaNa se mukta nahIM ho sakate / udbhaTa ne yamaka kI sattA hI svIkAra nahIM kI / zabdAvRtti, padAvRtti Adi ko unhoMne anuprAsa ke antargata rakhA / yamaka kI isa asvIkRti kA koI saGgata kAraNa nahIM / 1. AvRtti varNasaGghAtagocarAM yamakaM viduH / daNDI, kAvyAda0 1, 61 tathA avyapetavyapetAtmA vyAvRttirvarNaM saMhateH / yamakaM tacca pAdAnAmAdimadhyAntagocaram // - vahI, 3, 1 2. ukta yamaka lakSaNa se tulanIya - varNAvRttiranuprAsaH pAdeSu ca padeSu ca / vahI, 1, 55. 3. tattu (yamakaM tu) naikAntamadhuramataH pazcAdvidhAsyate / - vahI, 1, 61 4. daNDI ne guNa-nirUpaNa ke prasaGga meM hI gauDI ke anuprAsa kA svarUpanirUpaNa kara diyA hai / - draSTavya, vahI, prathama pariccheda /

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alaGkAroM kA svarUpa - vikAsa [ 401 vAmana ne yamaka ke lakSaNa meM yaha spaSTa kiyA ki anekArthaka pada athavA akSara kI AvRtti sthAna niyama se hone para yamaka alaGkAra hotA hai / ' vAmana ke isa lakSaNa meM cintya hai ki sArthaka kevala pada hI hote haiM / ataH padAvRtti ke sthala meM hI padoM kI bhinnArthakatA apekSita hogI / jahA~ nirarthaka samazra uti vAle varNoM kI bhI sthAna niyama se AvRtti hogI, vahA~ bhI yamaka kI sattA mAnI jaaygii| bharata ne yamaka meM kevala zabdAbhyAsa Avazyaka mAnA thA / bhAmaha ke anusAra artha - bheda se varNAvRtti ( jisakA artha padAvRtti hI hogA, cU~ki artha-bheda pada kA hI ho sakatA hai ) yamaka kA lakSaNa hai / vAmana ne yamaka ke lakSaNa kA aura pariSkAra kiyA aura usake do spaSTa bheda kara diye(ka) sArthaka padoM kI arthabheda se sthAna niyama ke sAtha AvRtti tathA (kha) nirarthaka varNasaGgha kI sthAna- niyama ke sAtha AvRtti / vAmana ne anuprAsa aura yamaka kA bheda bhI spaSTa kara diyA hai| unake matAnusAra (ka) yamaka meM pada yA varNasaGgha kI AvRtti niyata sthAna meM hI hotI hai, para anuprAsa meM AvRtti kA sthAna aniyata hai / (kha) yamaka meM pada kI AvRtti arthabheda se hI ho sakatI hai, anuprAsa meM yaha niyama nahIM / (ga) yamaka meM pUrNa rUpa se svara aura vyaJjana - samudAya kI usI krama se AvRtti hotI hai, para anuprAsa meM svara-bheda ke sAtha bhI vyaJjanAvRtti ho sakatI hai / vAmana kA yamaka-lakSaNa bhI AcArya bharata kI yamaka dhAraNA kA hI spaSTIkaraNa karatA hai / usake sabhI vizeSaNoM kI kalpanA anuprAsa aura yamaka ke svatantra astitva ke pratipAdana ke lie kI gayI hai / rudraTa ne bhI yamaka meM AvRtta varNoM meM zra uti kI samatA, krama kI samAnatA tathA ( sArthaka padoM meM ) artha kI bhinnatA vAJchanIya mAnI hai / vAmana ke sthAna- niyama ko rudraTa ne yamaka kA Avazyaka lakSaNa nahIM mAnA hai / vakroktivAdI kuntaka ne varNavinyAsa- vakratA ke bheda ke rUpa meM yamaka kA lakSaNa -nirUpaNa kiyA hai / unhoMne yamaka-viSayaka vAmana kI mAnyatA ko svIkAra 1. padamanekArthamakSaraM vA'vRtta sthAnaniyame yamakam / - vAmana, kAvyAlaM0 sU0, 4, 1, 2. tulyazratikramANAmanyArthAnAM mithastu varNAnAm / punarAvRttiryamakam 4. X [ 26 X x // - rudraTa, kAvyAlaGkAra; 3,1

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402 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa kara usameM apanI ora se bhI kucha jor3A hai| unhoMne yamaka kI paribhASA meM kahA hai ki jahA~ samAna varNa vAle, para bhinnArthaka; prasAdaguNayukta, zra tipezala, aucityayukta pada kI sthAna-niyama ke sAtha AvRtti hotI ho, vahA~ yamaka alaGkAra hotA hai|' arthabheda se samAna varNa vAle pada kI niyata-sthAna meM AvRtti kI dhAraNA prAcIna hI hai| kuntaka kI isa paribhASA meM nirarthaka varNa-samudAya kI AvRtti meM yamaka kI avyApti ho jAtI hai| prasAda guNa se yukta honA, zra tipezala honA tathA aucityayukta honA kuntaka ne yamaka meM Avazyaka mAnA hai| yaha dhAraNA navIna hai| yamaka meM prasAda guNa bhI ho to avazya hI usakA saundarya bar3ha jAyagA, para prasAdatva ko yamaka kA Avazyaka lakSaNa mAnanA usake kSetra ko anAvazyaka rUpa se sImita kara denA hai| prasAdetara oja Adi ke sthala meM bhI yamaka ke sadbhAva kI sambhAvanA ko samApta nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| zra tipezalatva vizeSaNa kA aucitya bhI cintya hai| samAna varNa, pada Adi kI AvRtti ke mUla meM zravyatva kI dhAraNA prAcIna kAla se hI rahI hai, kintu kuntaka ne zra tipezala kA vizeSa artha meM prayoga kiyA hai| unake anusAra akaThora varNa-vinyAsa hI zra timadhura hotA hai| isa taraha kaThora varNa yA pada kI AvRtti meM kuntaka ke anusAra yamaka kA sadbhAva svIkArya nahIM hogaa| para bhAratIya sAhitya meM kaThora padAvRtti-rUpa yamaka ke bhI aneka sundara udAharaNa pAye jAte haiM / ataH yaha lakSaNa avyApti doSa se mukta nhiiN| aucityayukta kA tAtparya spaSTa karate hue kuntaka ne kahA hai ki jahAM yamakaracanA ke vyasana se aucitya kI hAni nahIM hotI ho, vahIM yamaka kA alaGkAratva svIkIrya hogaa| alaGkAra-vizeSa ke lakSaNa meM yaha ullekha anAvazyaka hai| aucitya to guNa, alaGkAra Adi kA prANa hI hotA hai| kisI bhI alaGkAra kI yojanA se yadi aucitya meM nyUnatA AtI hai to vaha alaGkAra alaGkAra nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| ataH kuntaka ne yamaka-paribhASA meM kucha svatantra kalpanA karane para bhI isa kSetra meM koI mahattvapUrNa yogadAna nahIM diyA / ruyyaka, bhoja, agnipurANakAra, mammaTa, vizvanAtha Adi saMskRta-alaGkAra 1. samAnavarNamanyAthaM prasAdi zrutipezalam / aucityayuktamAdyAdiniyatasthAnazobhi yat / / yamakam 4 4 4 4 4 // -kuntaka, vakroktijI0 2,6-7

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alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [ 403 zAstra ke prAyaH sabhI AcAryoM ne vAmana, rudraTa Adi kI yamaka-viSayaka mAnyatA ko hI svIkAra kiyA hai| hindI-rIti-sAhitya meM bhI yamaka kA paramparAgata svarUpa hI svIkRta huA hai| usake kucha navIna bhedopabhedoM kI kalpanA avazya kI gayI, para usakA sAmAnya lakSaNa vAmana, rudraTa Adi ke matAnusAra hI kalpita huaa| yAkUba khAM ne yamaka meM zleSa ke tattva kI kalpanA kI,' para vaha mahattvapUrNa kalpanA nhiiN| AvRtta pada kI bhinnArthakatA kI dhAraNA meM hI yaha dhAraNA antanihita thii| sabhI AcAryoM kI yamaka-dhAraNA kA niSkarSa isa prakAra prastuta kiyA jA sakatA hai-yamaka meM svara-vyaJjana samudAya kI usI krama meM pAda ke Adi, madhya, anta Adi niyata sthAna meM AvRtti hotI hai| yadi vaha varNa-samudAya sArthaka huA to yaha Avazyaka hai ki AvRtta padoM kA artha paraspara bhinna ho| nirarthaka varNa-samudAya kI AvRtti meM svara- vyaJjana kA samAna krama tathA AvRtti kA niyata sthAna-mAtra apekSita hotA hai| AvRtti vyavahita bhI ho sakatI hai aura avyavahita bhii| varNa-samudAya kI AvRtti kI nimnalikhita sthitiyAM ho sakatI haiM (ka) donoM pada sArthaka hoM, (kha) donoM varga samudAya nirarthaka hoM tathA (ga) eka aMza sArthaka aura anya nirarthaka ho| kahIM pUrva aMza sArthaka aura uttara aMza nirarthaka ho sakatA hai, kahIM isake viparIta pUrva aMza nirarthaka aura uttara aMza sArthaka ho sakatA hai / rasa ke sAtha yamaka kA niyata sambandha nahIM hone se kucha AcAryoM ne ise mahattvahIna alaGkAra mAnA hai, para kAvya-pravRtti ko dekhane se aisA jAnA par3atA hai ki mahAkaviyoM ne bhI yamaka meM ruci dikhalAyI hai| AcArya bharata 1. yamaka sahita azleSa, puni puni pada Avai vahI / adbhuta kahai vizeSa, acaraja upaja Aya cita / -yAkUba khAM, rasabhUSaNa, pR0 42 / uddha ta, omaprakAza zarmA, rIti. alaGkAra-sAhitya, zAstrIya vivecana pR0, 318 2. daNDI ne yamaka ko 'nakAntamadhura' kaha kara anta meM vivecya samajhA thaa| kuntaka ne bhI usameM zobhA kA abhAva mAnA hai| donoM ke yamaka-lakSaNa draSTavya

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404 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa ke dvArA daza yamaka-bhedoM kA vizada vivecana tathA rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata Adi meM bahulatA se prApya yamaka-udAharaNa isakA pramANa hai| vastutaH nAda-saundarya kI dRSTi se yamaka kA apanA mahattva hai| ataH, use sarvathA upakSeNIya nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| rasa-pradhAna kAvya meM yamaka kI yojanA avazya hI gauNa par3a gayI, kyoMki aise kAvya meM kavi kA dhyAna bhASA-saundarya yA nAda-saundarya se haTa kara bhAva-saundarya para kendrita rahatA hai| hindI-rItikAlIna alaGkata sAhitya meM yamaka meM kaviyoM kI vizeSa ruci kA paricaya milatA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki hindI-alaGkAra-zAstra meM yamaka ke kaI navIna bhedoM kI bhI kalpanA kI gyii| - yamaka ke bharata pratipAdita daza bhedoM ke AdhAra para alaGkAra-zAstra meM usake asaMkhya bhedoM kI kalpanA kI gayI hai| pratyeka alaGkAra ke bhedopabhedoM ke vikAsa-krama kA aura unake pArasparika bheda kA vivecana kiyA jAya to eka vipulakAya grantha bana jAyagA / anuprAsa anuprAsa kA svarUpa-nirUpaNa sarvaprathama AcArya bhAmaha ke 'kAvyAlaGkAra' meM upalabdha hotA hai| isakI dhAraNA AcArya bharata kI yamaka-dhAraNA se bAvirbhUta huI hai| yamaka kI taraha anuprAsa bhI varNa ( svara tathA vyaJjana ke sammilita yA pRthak-pRthak ) kI AvRtti para avalambita hai| AcArya bharata ne sAmAnya rUpa se zabdAbhyAsa yA akSarasamUhAvRtti ko yamaka kahA thaa| usa sAmAnyato nirdiSTa yamaka-paribhASA meM anuprAsa bhI samAviSTa hai| pIche cala kara kucha vaiziSTya kI kalpanA kara yamaka se svatantra anuprAsa kI sattA svIkAra kI gyii| bhAmaha ne anuprAsa ko paribhASita karate hue kahA-'samAna rUpa vAle varNa ke vinyAsa ko anuprAsa kahA jAtA hai|'' yamaka meM to varNa-samUha (svara-vyaJjana-samUha) kI usI rUpa meM AvRtti apekSita mAnI gayI thI, para anuprAsa meM sarUpa varNa kA vinyAsa paryApta mAnA gyaa| isa prakAra eka vyaJjana kI punarAvRtti bhI anuprAsa meM ho sakatI hai aura usa varNa ke samAna zruti vAle varNa kI bhI yojanA ho sakatI hai| 'ra' ke bAda 'la' yA 'Da' ke vinyAsa meM bhI varNasArUpya ke kAraNa anuprAsa kA sadbhAva mAnA jAyagA / 1. sarUpavarNavinyAsamanuprAsaM pracakSate ||-bhaamh, kAvyAlaGkAra 2,5

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alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [405 varNasArUpya ke AdhAra para alaGkAra-vidhAna kA manovaijJAnika kAraNa yaha hai ki samAna svarUpa vAle varNa mana para samAna prabhAva utpanna karate haiN| ataH jaba eka-se varNa eka vAkya yA pada meM bAra-bAra Ate haiM to samAna dhvani-prabhAva kI ekatAnatA pAThaka ke mana para banI rahatI hai / sama-dhvani se mana meM ekatAna dhvani-prabhAva kI sRSTi meM hI anuprAsa kA alaGkAratva hai| bhAmaha ke 'kAvyAlaGkAra' meM prApta saGketa se jAna par3atA hai ki unase bahuta pahale hI anuprAsa ne yamaka se svatantra apanA astitva banA liyA thaa| bhAmaha ne 'kAvyAlaGkAra' meM grAmyAnuprAsa tathA lATAnuprAsa; ina do anuprAsa-rUpoM kA ullekha kiyA hai|' pratihArendurAja ne ukta anuprAsoM kA sambandha kramazaH grAmyA yA komalA tathA upanAgarikA vRttiyoM se jor3A hai| AcArya daNDI ne yadyapi zabdAlaGkAra-nirUpaNa ke sandarbha meM kevala yamaka kA sabheda nirUpaNa kiyA hai, tathApi unake 'kAvyAdarza' meM anuprAsa kA spaSTa vivecana huA hai| unhoMne guNa-vivecana ke prasaGga meM zratyanuprAsa-rUpa mAdhurya guNa kI carcA kI aura use vaidarbha mArga ke sarasa kAvya kA mahattvapUrNa tattva maanaa| usI krama meM unhoMne gauDa mArga ke pradarzana-priya kaviyoM kI anuprAsa meM vizeSa ruci kI carcA kii| daNDI ne anuprAsa ko (zra tyanuprAsa se bhinna varNAvRtti-rUpa anuprAsa ko) gauDa mArga ke kAvya kA Adarza mAna kara zratyanuprAsa kI apekSA use kama mahattva diyA hai| daNDI vaidarbha mArga ke kAvya ko uttama koTi kA akRtrima kAvya mAnate the| ataH, usa kAvya meM grAhya zru tyanuprAsa daNDI ko adhika abhimata hogaa| zrutyanuprAsa meM samAna uccAraNa sthAna se uccarita hone vAle varNoM kI ekatra yojanA se bhI samAna prabhAva utpanna kiyA jA sakatA hai| jahA~ kisI bhI prakAra ke ati-sAmya se samAna prabhAva mana para utpanna kiyA jA sakatA ho, vahA~ atyanuprAsa mAnA gayA hai| daNDI ke anusAra varNAvRtti anuprAsa kA sAmAnya lakSaNa hai| udbhaTa ne yamaka ko chor3a varNa, pada Adi ke abhyAsa ke rUpa meM kevala anuprAsa kA bhedasahita vivecana kiyA hai| unhoMne anuprAsa ke mukhya tIna rUpa mAne haiM--(1) chekAnuprAsa, (2) vRttyanuprAsa aura (3) lATAnuprAsa / vRttyanuprAsa tattavRttiyoM para AdhRta hai| ataH grAmyA yA komalA, paruSA tathA 1. draSTavya-bhAmaha, kAvyAlaM0 2, 6-8 2. varNAvRttiranuprAsaH pAdeSu ca padeSu c| -daNDI, kAvyAda0 1, 55 usake zloka 52 se 58 taka draSTavya

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406 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa upanAgarikA vRttiyoM ke AdhAra para vRttyanuprAsa ke tIna upabheda udbhaTa ke dvArA svIkRta haiN| tattavRttiyoM meM vizeSa prakAra ke (komala, kaThora Adi) varNoM ke anukUla vinyAsa kA vidhAna hai| vRttyanuprAsa ke una upabhedoM meM komala, kaThora Adi vargoM kI vizeSa prakAra kI AvRtti kA hI vicAra rahatA hai / grAmyAnuprAsa arthAt grAmyA yA komalA vRtti para Adhuta vRttyanuprAsa tathA lATAnuprAsa kA ullekha bhAmaha ne bhI kiyA thaa| lATAnuprAsa kA lakSaNa udbhaTa ne adhika spaSTatA se nirUpita kiyaa| AvRtta padoM meM varNasamudAya kI samatA ke sAtha vAcyArtha kI bhI samatA lATAnuprAsa meM rahatI hai, para unake tAtparyArtha meM bheda Avazyaka hotA hai| isa taraha yamaka se lATAnuprAsa kA yaha bheda hotA hai ki jahA~ yamaka meM sArthaka padoM kI AvRtti hone para arthabheda (vAcyArtha kA bheda) Avazyaka hotA hai, vahA~ lATAnuprAsa meM vAcyArtha kI samatA raha sakatI hai, tAtparya-mAtra kA bheda apekSita rahatA hai| udbhaTa ne chekAnuprAsa kI kalpanA kara usakI paribhASA meM aneka varNoM kA do bAra uccAraNa apekSita mAnA / vargoM kA dviruccAraNa krama-bheda se bhI ho sakatA hai| 'prathama' zabda ke varNasamUha kA kramabheda se 'pramatha' ke rUpa meM dviruccAraNa chekAnuprAsa kA udAharaNa hai / isa dRSTi se chekAnuprAsa yamaka, lATAnuprAsa Adi se svatantra hai|' __ vAmana ne yamaka meM svara-vyaJjana-saGghAta kI AvRtti kI prakriyAoM para vicAra karane ke uparAnta kahA hai ki yamaka se bhinna avaziSTa sabhI prakAra ke sArUpya ko anuprAsa kahate haiM / 2 sArUpya zabda isa tathya ko spaSTa karatA hai ki anuprAsa meM svara-vyaJjana-samudAya kI samagrataH AvRtti bhI ho sakatI hai aura aMzataH bhii| abhiprAya yaha ki yamaka meM svara-vyaJjana-saGgha kI sampUrNatA meM AvRtti apekSita hotI hai; para anuprAsa meM svara-bheda se bhI kevala vyaJjana kI AvRtti ho sakatI hai / vAmana ke anusAra anuprAsa kA svarUpa samajhane ke lie unake yamaka ke svarUpa kA vicAra Avazyaka hogaa| unake yamaka-lakSaNa para dRSTi rakhate hue unake anuprAsa kA svarUpa isa prakAra nirdhArita kiyA jA sakatA hai jahAM ekArthaka athavA anekArthaka padoM kI 1. draSTavya-udbhaTa, kAvyAlaM0 sAra saM0 1, 3-20 2. shessHsruupo'nupraasH| -vAmana, kAvyAlaMsU0 4, 1-8 tathA usakI vRtti-padamekArthamanekArthaM ca sthAnAniyataM tadvidhamakSaraM ca shessH| -vahI, pR0 177

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alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [ 407 (svara-vyaJjana-samudAya kI) aniyata sthAna meM AvRtti ho, vahAM anuprAsa alaGkAra hotA hai| spaSTataH, vAmana kI anuprAsa-dhAraNA bhAmaha, udbhaTa Adi kI dhAraNA se tattvataH bhinna nahIM / vAmana ne anulbaNa yA masRNa anuprAsa ko grAhya aura ulbaNa yA ugra ko tyAjya mAnA hai|' rudraTa ne svara-nirapekSa vyaJjanAvRtti ko anuprAsa kA lakSaNa mAnA, sAtha hI unhoMne yaha bhI Avazyaka mAnA ki AvRtta vargoM ke bIca eka, do yA tIna varNoM kA vyavadhAna rahanA caahie| isa taraha rudraTa ke matAnusAra AvRtta vyaJjanoM kI svara-nirapekSatA tathA unake (AvRtta vyaJjanoM ke) bIca anya vargoM ke vyavadhAna kA niyama anuprAsa kA yamaka se vyAvartana karatA hai| rudraTa ke isa anuprAsa-lakSaNa meM lATAnuprAsa Adi kA samAveza nahIM ho paataa| rudraTa ne madhurA, prauDhA, paruSA, lalitA tathA bhadrA vRttiyoM ke AdhAra para anuprAsa ( vRttyanuprAsa ) ke pA~ca bheda svIkAra kiye haiN| udbhaTa Adi kI tIna vRttiyoM kI jagaha rudraTa ne pAMca vRttiyA~ svIkAra kI haiN|| kuntaka ne anuprAsa ko 'varNavinyAsa vakratA' saMjJA se prastuta kiyA hai| usake sambandha meM unakI dhAraNA prAcIna AcAryoM kI dhAraNA se milatIjulatI hI hai| unake anusAra jahA~ eka, do yA bahuta-se varNa thor3e-thor3e antara para bAra-bAra grathita hote haiM, vahA~ varNavinyAsa kI vakratA mAnI jAtI hai|4 ___ agnipurANakAra ne AcArya rudraTa kI mAnyatA ke anusAra madhurA, lalitA Adi pA~ca vRttiyA~ svIkAra kara vRttyanuprAsa ke pAMca bheda svIkAra kiye haiN|" 'agnipurANa' meM pratipAdita varNAvRtti-rUpa anuprAsa kA svarUpa rudraTa ke anuprAsa ke svarUpa se bhinna nhiiN| 1. anulbaNo varNAnuprAsaH zreyAn / -vAmana, kAvyAlaM0 sU04, 1-6 tathA ulbaNastu na zrayAn |-vhii, vRtti pR0 176 2. ekadvitrAntaritavyaJjanamavivakSitasvaraM bhushH| Avaya'te nirantaramathavA yadasAvanuprAsaH ||-rudrtt, kAvyAla0, 2, 18 3. vahI, 2, 16-31 4. eko dvau bahavo varNA badhyamAnAH punaH punaH / __ svalpAntarAstridhA soktA varNa vinyAsavakratA // -kuntaka, vakroktijI0 2, 1 5. draSTavya-agnipurANa, adhyAya 343

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408 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa ___mammaTa ne bhI AcArya rudraTa ke anuprAsa-lakSaNa ke AdhAra para varNasAmya ko anuprAsa kA lakSaNa kahA hai| isake spaSTIkaraNa meM unhoMne varNasAmya kA abhiprAya svara kI virUpatA hone para bhI vyaJjana ke sadRza hone se mAnA hai| isake do bheda-chekAnuprAsa tathA vRttyanuprAsa--svIkRta haiN| tAtparya-bheda se zabdAvRtti yA padAvRtti-rUpa lATAnuprAsa kA svatantra vivecana hai| spaSTataH; cheka, vRtti aura lATa anuprAsoM ke sambandha meM mammaTa kI dhAraNA udbhaTa kI dhAraNA se abhinna hai| udbhaTa kI taraha mammaTa ne bhI tIna hI vRttiyA~ svIkAra kI haiM / mammaTa ne lATAnuprAsa ke pA~ca bheda svIkAra kiye haiN|' AcArya ruyyaka kI dhAraNA bhI mammaTa kI dhAraNA se milatI-julatI hI hai| ruyyaka ne chekAnuprAsa aura vRttyanuprAsa kA nirUpaNa to eka sthala meM kiyA hai; para lATAnuprAsa kA nirUpaNa yamaka-nirUpaNa ke uparAnta kiyA hai| isase spaSTa hai ki pIche cala kara lATAnuprAsa cheka, vatti Adi rUpa anuprAsa se svatantra ho gyaa| isakA kAraNa anuprAsa-lakSaNa meM varNAvRtti ( svara-nirapekSa vyaJjanAvRtti ) para bala diyA jAnA huaa| lATAnuprAsa meM svara-vyaJjana-samudAya kI AvRtti hotI hai| usameM yamaka kI taraha padAvRtti hI hotI hai, tAtparyamAtra-bhinna artha-sAmya ke saath| vizvanAtha ne apane pUrvavartI mammaTa, ruyyaka Adi kI anuprAsa-dhAraNA ko svIkAra avazya kiyA; para unhoMne daNDI Adi prAcIna AcAryoM kI anuprAsadhAraNA se bhI sahAyatA lii| unhoMne daNDI ke zra tyanuprAsa ko (jise daNDI ne mAdhurya kA aGga mAnA thA) anuprAsa alaGkAra kA eka rUpa svIkAra kiyA hai, jo ucita hI hai| isake atirikta antyAnuprAsa, jisameM sarUpa-varNa kI AvRtti pada yA pAda ke anta meM hotI hai, kI bhI kalpanA kI gayI hai| yaha kalpanA to navIna nahIM; kyoMki bharata ne bhI pAdAnta yamaka Adi kI kalpanA kI thI, para isase anuprAsa ke sambandha meM eka vizeSa dRSTikoNa kA patA calatA hai| ve anuprAsa meM varNAvRtti ke sthAna-niyama kA abhAva Avazyaka nahIM mAnate / anuprAsa kA yamaka se isa AdhAra para bhI bheda-nirUpaNa kA prayAsa huA thA ki yamaka meM varNasamUha yA pada kI AvRtti kA sthAna niyata hotA hai aura anuprAsa 1. vrnnsaamymnupraasH|-mmmtt, kAvyapra0 6, 104 tathA usakI vRtti draSTavya, pR0 201, 208 2. draSTavya-ruyyaka, alaM sarvasva sUtra saM0 4, 5 tathA 8 3. vizvanAtha, sAhityada0 10, 3-6

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alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [409 meM aniyata / ' vizvanAtha ne antyAnuprAsa meM varNAvRtti ke sthAna-niyama ko svIkAra kara ukta dhAraNA ko asvIkAra kara diyaa| anuprAsa ke sambandha meM hindI ke AlaGkArikoM kI dhAraNA mammaTa, ruyyaka tathA vizvanAtha Adi AcAryoM kI dhAraNA se milatI-julatI hai| dAsa ne anuprAsa-bheda ke rUpa meM tuka kA vistAra se varNana kiyA hai| tuka kI dhAraNA kA mUla vizvanAtha kI antyAnuprAsa-dhAraNA meM hai| hindI-rIti-zAstra meM tuka yA antyAnuprAsa kA vizada vivecana sakAraNa hai| hindI meM tukAnta chandoM meM bahulatA se kAvya-racanA hone ke kAraNa tuka kI vistRta mImAMsA kI AvazyakatA huii| anuprAsa ko kAvya meM yamaka kI apekSA adhika mahattva milA; kyoMki ise ratopakAraka mAnA gayA hai| anuprAsa zabda ke vyutpattyartha meM rasopakArakatA kI dhAraNA nihita hai| AcArya daNDI ne kevala zra tyanuprAsa ko rasa-poSaka mAnA thaa| AcArya deva ne anuprAsa-mAtra ko 'rasa-pUra' mAnA hai| anuprAsa ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM saMskRta tathA hindI-AcAryoM kI dhAraNA kA sAra-saMkSepa nimnalikhita hai : anuprAsa meM svara-nirapekSa vyaJjana kI vyavahita AvRtti hotI hai| paruSA, komalA Adi vRttiyoM ke lie nirdhArita varNoM kI AvRtti ke AdhAra para vRttyanuprAsa ke pA~ca bheda svIkRta haiN| anuprAsa meM vyaJjanAvRtti usI krama meM bhI ho sakatI hai aura krama-parivartana se bhii| svara-vyaJjana-samudAya arthAt sArthaka pada kI bhI AvRtti anuprAsa meM ho sakatI hai; para aisI sthiti meM yaha Avazyaka hai ki AvRtta padoM kA vAcyArtha abhinna tathA tAtparyArtha bhinna ho| samAna sthAna-prayatna se uccarita varNoM kI adUra yojanA meM bhI dhvani-prabhAva ke sAmya ke kAraNa anuprAsa kA sadbhAva mAnA jAtA hai| sAmAnyataH anuprAsa meM varNa kI AvRtti kA sthAna aniyata rahatA hai; kintu antyAnuprAsa meM pAda yA pada ke anta meM varNa kI niyata AvRtti apekSita hotI hai / isa prakAra sarUpa-varNAbhyAsarUpa anuprAsa ke pA~ca bheda ho jAte haiM : (ka) vRttivizeSa meM prayukta vyaJjana-samudAya kI AvRtti (vRttyanuprAsa) (kha) varNasaGgha kI krama-bhaGga-AvRtti (chekAnuprAsa) (ga) tAtparya-bheda se samAnArthaka pada kI AvRtti (lATAnuprAsa) 1. vAmana Adi ne isI AdhAra para donoM kA bheda kiyA thaa| -draSTavya vAmana, kAvyAlaM. sU0 vRtti 4, 1, 1 tathA 4, 1,8

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410 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa (gha) samAna uccAraNasthAna se uccarita varNoM kI adUra yojanA (zra tyanuprAsa) tathA (Ga) pada yA pAda ke anta meM sarUpa varNAvRtti (antyAnuprAsa) anuprAsa ke ukta bhedoM ke svarUpa para vicAra karane se yamaka aura anuprAsa ke nimnalikhita bhedaka tattva spaSTa ho jAte haiM (1) lATAnuprAsa meM sArthaka pada kI AvRtti hone para AvRtta padoM kA vAcyArtha abhinna hotA hai, tAtparya-mAtra kA bheda rahatA hai; para yamaka meM padAvRtti arthabheda se hI hotI hai| (2) anuprAsa meM varNAvRtti aniyata sthAna meM hotI hai ( antyAnuprAsa meM niyata sthAna meM bhI ); para yamaka meM niyata sthAna meM hI AvRtti hotI hai| (3) anuprAsa meM svara-nirapekSa kevala vyaJjanAvRtti apekSita hotI hai ( kevala lATAnuprAsa meM svara-vyaJjana-samudAya kI AvRtti hotI hai ); para yamaka meM svara-vyaJjana-saGgha kI AvRtti apekSita hai| (4) anuprAsa meM varNa-samudAya kI AvRtti krama-bhaGga se bhI ho sakatI hai; para yamaka meM usI krama se zabdAvRtti kI apekSA hotI hai| (5) anuprAsa meM eka uccAraNa-sthAna se uccarita varNoM kI yojanA bhI ho sakatI hai; para yamaka meM pUrva-uccarita varNa kI hI AvRtti hotI hai, usake sadRza varNa kI nhiiN| citrAlaGkAra alaGkAra ke rUpa meM citra kI dhAraNA kA vikAsa mUla zabdAlaGkAra yamaka se huA; kintu usa dhAraNA kA itanA vikAsa huA ki usane alaGkAra-bheda ke rUpa meM apanA svatantra astitva banA liyaa| ____ saMskRta-sAhitya meM citra-kAvya prAyaH upekSita hI rahA thaa| rasasiddha kaviyoM ke sarasa kAvya ke sAmane rasahIna aura kRtrima citra-kAvya kise bhAtA? phira bhI pradarzana kI svAbhAvika pravRtti kisI-na-kisI rUpa meM prakaTa hotI rhii| sarasa mahAkAvyoM meM bhI citra, prahelikA Adi kI yojanA kara bauddhika camatkAra-pradarzana ke lie vizeSa sthala surakSita kara liye gaye / mAgha-jaise kavi ne bhI mahAkAvya meM citra kA Avazyaka sthAna maanaa| phalataH, saMskRta alaGkAra-zAstra meM bhI citra, prahelikA Adi ke vividha rUpoM kA vivecana calatA 1. mAgha, zizupAla-vadha, 16, 41

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alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [411 rahA / hindI ke rItikAla meM camatkAra utpanna karane kI pravRtti itanI adhika. bar3hI ki vipulakAya citrakAvya kI sarjanA hone lgii| usa kAla kI darabArI kavi-goSThiyoM meM aise kAvya kI racanA svAbhAvika hI thii| isakA durvAra prabhAva alaGkAra-zAstrIya cintana para bhI par3A / citra kA nirUpaNa mahattva pAne lgaa| kevala citrAlaGkAra-vivecana ke lie svatantra granthoM kI bhI racanA huii| citraviSayaka itane bar3e UhApoha kA itihAsa svatantra prabandha kA viSaya hai| ataH, isa sandarbha meM hamArA uddezya citrAlaGkAra-viSayaka sAmAnya dhAraNA ke vikAsa kA paricaya-mAtra denA hogaa| citrAlaGkAra meM varNa-kautuka se camatkAra utpanna kiyA jAtA hai| isameM vargoM ke vizeSa prakAra ke vinyAsa kI apekSA rahatI hai| ataH, isakI kalpanA kA bIja mUla zabdAlaGkAra yamaka kI varNAvRtti kI vibhinna prakriyAoM meM mAnA jA sakatA hai| zabdoM yA varNoM kI krIr3A kI pravRtti se citra-dhAraNA kA svatantra rUpa meM vikAsa huaa| varSoM kA itanA suvicArita saMgrathana, ki sampUrNa pada kA padma, khaDga Adi citroM meM niyamataH nibandhana ho jAya, bhAratIya citrakaviyoM ke varNa-prayoga-kauzala kA paricAyaka hai| yahI nahIM, kAvya tathA kAvyetara citra Adi kalAoM ke tAttvika antaHsambandha kI sthApanA meM unakI udAra dRSTi kA bhI paricaya citrAlaGkAroM meM milatA hai| vibhinna citrabandhoM meM varNa-vinyAsa bhASA kI zakti kA bhI paricAyaka hai| bhAratIya kaviyoM kI dRSTi rasa-pradhAna yA bhAva-pradhAna rhii| isIlie citra-racanA ko gaurava prApta nahIM ho sakA / kaviyoM kI sahaja kAvya-zakti kI dRSTi se bhale hI citra alaGkAra-vidhAna kA koI mahattva nahIM ho para unakI bauddhika kSamatA tathA prarUDha kalpanAzakti kI dRSTi se to usakA mahattva hai hii| isIlie bhAratIya alaGkAra-zAstra ke prAyaH sabhI samartha AcAryoM ne use zabda ke alaGkAra ke rUpa meM svIkRti dI hai| yamaka nirUpaNa-prastAva meM AcArya-daNDI ne sarvaprathama duSkara citrabandha kA ullekha kiyA / bhAmaha ne citra kA nirUpaNa nahIM kiyA hai, yadyapi bANa bhaTTa ke sAkSya se yaha spaSTa hai ki bhAmaha ke pUrva citra kI dhAraNA kA vikAsa ho cukA thA / ' daNDI ne citra kI koI sAmAnya paribhASA to nahIM dI; para gomatrikA, ardhabhrama, sarvatobhadra Adi ke udAharaNa se unakI citra-dhAraNA 1. draSTavya, daNDI, kAvyAda0 3,78-83

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"412] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa * spaSTa hai| zAyada citra saMjJA kI anvarthatA ke kAraNa hI daNDI ne use "paribhASita karanA Avazyaka nahIM smjhaa| unhoMne citroM meM svara, varNa ke uccAraNa-sthAna tathA vyaJjana ke prayoga ke jo sUkSma niyama batAye haiM tathA ekAkSara citra, dvivarNa citra, trivyaJjana citra Adi meM jo citroM kA vibhAga kiyA hai, use dekhate hue yaha AkSepa nahIM kiyA jA sakatA ki citra ke sambandha meM daNDI kI dhAraNA spaSTa nahIM thii| citra kA lakSaNa paravartI AcAryoM ne bhI 'padma Adi AkRti meM yA citra meM varNavinyAsa' mAnA hai| yaha citra nAma se hI spaSTa hai| ataH, daNDI ne gomUtrikA Adi citra-bhedoM ko hI paribhASita aura udAhRta kiyA hai| daNDI ke uparAnta AcArya rudraTa ne citrAlaGkAra kA vyavasthita vivecana kiyaa| unhoMne citra kI sAmAnya paribhASA isa prakAra dI-'jahA~ vastu ke ( padma, khaDga Adi vastu ke ) svarUpa kI racanA usake cihna ke sAtha varNoM ke dvArA vizeSa bhaGgI yA vicchitti se kI jAtI hai, vahA~ citra-alaGkAra hotA hai|'' spaSTataH, rudraTa ne varNa-vinyAsa kI bhaGgI se vastu-rUpa-racanA meM citra alaGkAra kA sadbhAva mAnA hai| yaha citra-dhAraNA AcArya daNDI kI tadviSayaka dhAraNA se abhinna hai| tattat citra-bandhoM ke atirikta bhI sarvatobhadra . anuloma, pratiloma Adi aneka vicitra citra-bhedoM kI sattA rudraTa ne mAnI hai| sarvatobhadra ko citra ke rUpa meM daNDo ne bhI svIkRti dI thii| rudraTa ke 'kAvyAlaGkAra' meM citra ke do pramukha bheda spaSTa ho gaye (ka) cakra, padma, khaDga Adi vastuoM kI AkRti ko prakaTa karane vAlA varNa-vinyAsa-rUpa citra tathA (kha) vargoM ke vizeSa krama-vinyAsa se anuloma pratiloma Adi ke rUpa meM vicchitti prakaTa karane vAlA citra / daNDI ne bhI citra ke ukta do bheda svIkAra kiye the| isIlie unhoMne gomUtrikA Adi se thor3A alaga varNa-niyama ke AdhAra para (eka varNa, do varNa Adi kI yojanA ke AdhAra para) kucha citra-bhedoM kA nirUpaNa kiyA thA, para citra ke ukta mukhya bhedoM ke spaSTIkaraNa kA zreya AcArya rudraTa ko hI hai| 1. bhaGa gyantarakRtatatkramavarNanimittAni vsturuupaanni| sAkAni vicitrANi ca racyante yatra taccitram / / -rudraTa, kAvyAlaM0 5,1 2. vahI, 5,2-3

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alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [ 413 agnipurANakAra ne citra ke sAta bheda svIkAra kiye - prazna, prahelikA, guptAkSara, cyutAkSara, dattAkSara, cyutadattAkSara tathA samasyA / ina sabhI rUpoM meM vidagdha - mahotsavakArI varNa- kautuka kI pradhAnatA rahatI hai / ataH, sabhI citra bhedamAne gaye haiM / hamane isa tathya para alaga vicAra kiyA hai ki prahelikA kI dhAraNA kA citra se svatantra rUpa meM bhI vikAsa huA hai / agnipurANakAra ne citra kA kucha vyApaka artha goSThI meM kutUhalajanaka vAgbandha lekara prahelikA ko citra kA hI eka bheda svIkAra kiyA hai / tattatprasiddha vastuoM ke rUpa meM varNa-gumpha, jise bandha kahA gayA hai, vitra kA eka rUpa hai, jisake vastu-svarUpa ke AdhAra para aneka bheda ho jAte 1 citra ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM bhoja kI dhAraNA bhI pUrvavartI AcAryoM kI tadviSayaka dhAraNA se milatI-julatI hI hai / AcArya mammaTa ne kevala vastu kI AkRtiyoM ke rUpa meM varNa-gumphana kocitra bandha ko hI citrAlaGkAra ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai / duSkara varNavinyAsa - rUpa prahelikA Adi meM kevala kavi kI bauddhika kSamatA kA pradarzana hotA hai / ataH, use akAvya samajha kara mammaTa ne avivecya mAnA hai / 3 AcArya ruyyaka ne mammaTa ke mata kA hI anumodana kiyA hai / vizvanAtha ne khaGgAdi AkRti ke rUpa meM kiye jAne vAle varNagumpha ko citra - alaGkAra mAnA aura cyutAkSara, dattAkSara Adi kliSTa varNagumpha se camatkAra utpanna karane vAlI rasa-virodhI prahelikA ke alaGkAratva kA khaNDana kiyA / " vizvanAtha ke uparAnta citra ke sambandha meM saMskRta - alaGkAra - zAstra meM koI navIna kalpanA nahIM kI gayI / isa prakAra saMskRta-alaGkAra zAstra ke AcAryoM meM citra ke sambandha meM eka bAta meM to mataikya hai ki isameM varNoM kI krIr3A se camatkAra utpanna kiyA jAtA hai / vibhinna AkRtiyoM meM varNagumpha ko citra alaGkAra mAnane meM daNDI, 1. agnipurANa, adhyAya 343 2. draSTavya, bhoja, sarasvatIkaNThA0 2, 106 - 147 3. taccitra N yatra varNAnAM khaDgAdyA kRtihetutA / - mammaTa, kAvyapra0 6 121 4. varNAnAM khaDgAdyA kRtihetutve citram / -- ruyyaka, alaM0 sarvasva, sUtrasaM0 10 5. padmAdyAkArahetutve varNAnAM citramucyate / tathA -- rasasya paripanthitvAnnA-laGkAraH prahelikA / -- vizvanAtha, sAhityada0 10, 15-16

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414 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa rudra, agnipurANakAra, bhoja, mammaTa, ruyyaka, vizvanAtha Adi sabhI ekamata haiM; para jahA~, daNDI, rudraTa, agnipurANakAra, Adi ne citra kA apekSAkRta vyApaka artha lekara sabhI vaicitryajanaka varNa- kautuka ko -- cAhe varNa-gopana Adi ke dvArA prahelikA ke rUpa meM ho yA padma, khaDga Adi vastu svarUpa meM varNa-gumpha ke rUpa meM - citra mAnA thA, vahA~ mammaTa, ruyyaka, vizvanAtha Adi ne kevala vastu-bandha citra ko hI alaGkAra ke rUpa meM svIkRti dI / I hindI - rItikAla meM citra - kAvya tathA citrAlaGkAra - vivecana ke lie anukUla vAtAvaraNa milA / camatkAra- pradhAna kAvya-sarjanA ke prAcurya ke kAraNa aneka AcAryoM ne vistAra se citrAlaGkAra-nirUpaNa kiyA / citra para svatantra grantha likhe gaye aura aneka navIna citra bandhoM kI kalpanA kI gayI / ghar3I-bandha Adi kI kalpanA isakA pramANa hai / balavAna siMha ne zabda-citra, artha - citra tathA saGkara- citra bhedoM se citra kA vizada vivecana kiyA hai / " yaha dhyAtavya hai ki - saMskRta-AcAryoM ne bhI dhvani-hIna kAvya ko citra - kAvya mAnA thA / isa taraha citra - kAvya kA kSetra citra alaGkAra se vyApaka hai, jisameM sabhI zabdArthAlaGkAroM kI yojanA ho sakatI hai / balavAna siMha ne usI citrakAvya-dhAraNA ke anurUpa arthAlaGkAroM ko bhI citrAlaGkAra ke kSetra meM lA diyA hai / yaha ucita nahIM / citra - alaGkAra kA kSetra citra - kAvya se thor3A bhinna hai / hindI - AcAryoM ne bhI -saMskRta-AcAryoM kI taraha varNa- kautuka ko hI citra kA lakSaNa mAnA hai / citra - alaGkAra ke mahattvahIna mAne jAne para bhI bANabhaTTa ke kAla se hindI - rItikAla taka usameM kaviyoM kI ruci kA itihAsa citra kI lokapriyatA pramANita karatA hai / prahelikA citrAlaGkAra ke vikAsa krama kI parIkSA meM hama dekha cuke haiM ki prahelikA kI dhAraNA kA vikAsa kucha dUra taka citra dhAraNA ke sAtha huA hai / daNDI Adi AcAryoM ne citra se svalpa bheda ke sAtha prahelikA kA vivecana kiyA thA / agnipurANakAra ne donoM ko milA kara prahelikA ko citra kA eka bheda - svIkAra kara liyA / donoM meM varNa- kautuka kI dhAraNA samAna rUpa se hone ke - kAraNa hI aisA huA hai / sarvaprathama bhAmaha ke 'kAvyAlaGkAra' meM prahelikA kI paribhASA prApta hotI hai / vahA~ yaha saGka eta bhI spaSTa rUpa se diyA gayA hai| 1. balavAna siMha, citra candrikA pR0 3

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alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [ 415 ki unake pUrvavartI-rAmazarmA ne prahelikA kA nirUpaNa kiyA thaa| bhAmaha kI yaha mAnyatA ucita hai ki prahelikA 'yamaka-vyapadezinI' hai| yamaka meM varNoM kI racanA kI vibhinna prakriyAoM kA vicAra cala rahA thaa| usI sandarbha meM dhAtvartha ke gahana prayoga meM prahelikA alaGkAra kA sadbhAva mAnA gyaa|' bhAmaha ne prahelikA meM varNakautuka ( jisake kAraNa use yamaka-vyapadezinI kahA gayA hai) ke sAtha aneka gUDha artha se yukta dhAtu-prayoga bhI vAJchanIya mAnA hai| artha kI durUhatA ke kAraNa hI ise zAstravat vyAkhyeya kahA gayA hai| ___ daNDI ne prahelikA ke solaha bhedoM kA vistAra se vivecana kiyA hai| unhoMne prahelikA ko duSkara citra-bandha se bhI duSkaratara mAnA hai aura krIDAgoSThI-mAtra meM isakI upayogitA mAnI hai| unhoMne prahelikA ke pratyeka bheda ko pRthak-pRthak paribhASita kiyA hai| prahelikA-viSayaka sAmAnya dhAraNA bhAmaha kI dhAraNA ke samAna hI hai| rudraTa ne citra-vivecana ke uparAnta mAtrAcyutaka, vinducyutaka prahelikA Adi kA varNana kiyA hai; para ise alaGkAra mAnane ke pakSa meM ve nahIM jAna pdd'te| unhoMne ise krIDA-mAtra meM upayogI mAna kara upekSaNIya hI samajhA hai| agnipurANakAra ne prahelikA ko citra ke sAta bhedoM meM eka mAnA hai| isake zAbdI tathA ArthI; do bheda svIkAra kiye gaye haiN| artha kA nigahana karate hue zabda-prayoga ko prahelikA kA lakSaNa mAnA gayA hai| spaSTataH yaha dhAraNA prAcInoM kI dhAraNA se abhinna hai| bhoja Adi ne bhI prahelikA kA yahI svarUpa svIkAra kiyA hai| zrI dharmadAsa sUri ne 'vidagdhamukhamaNDana' meM prahelikA ke svarUpa ko spaSTa 1. nAnAdhAtvarthagambhIrA ymkvypdeshinii| prahelikA sAhya ditA rAmazarmAcyutottare ||-bhaamh, kAvyAlaM0 2,16 2. kAvyAnyapi yadImAni vyAkhyAgamyAni zAstravat / utsavaH sudhiyAmeva hanta ! durmedhaso hatAH ||-vhii, 2,20 3. draSTavya, daNDI, kAvyAda0 3,66-124 4. mAtrAbinducyutake prahelikA kArakakriyAgUDhe / praznottarAdi cAnyatkrIDAmAtropayogamidam ||-rudrtt, kAvyAlaM05.24

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416 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa rUpa se paribhASita kiyA hai| unake matAnusAra prahelikA meM Upara se kisI artha ko prakaTa kara sahI artha kA gopana kiyA jAtA hai|' ___ rasa-sampradAya ke AcAryoM ne prahelikA ko alaGkAra ke rUpa meM svIkAra nahIM kiyA hai| vizvanAtha ne ise rasa-paripanthI kaha kara tyAjya batAyA hai / 2 prAcIna AlaGkArikoM ne bhI prahelikA ko alaGkAra ke rUpa meM vizeSa mahattva nahIM diyA thaa| hindI ke rIti-AcAryoM ne bhI prahelikA meM vizeSa ruci nahIM dikhaayii| kezava, bhikhArI, balavAna siMha Adi ne prahelikA ko alaGkAra ke rUpa meM svIkAra kara prAcIna AcAryoM kI dhAraNA ke anurUpa usakA svarUpa-nirUpaNa kiyA hai| vakrokti ___ bhAratIya kAvya-zAstra meM jahAM eka ora vakrokti kI dhAraNA kA vikAsa usake vyApaka artha meM kAvya ke pramukha tattva ke rUpa meM huA hai, vahA~ dUsarI ora saGa kucita artha meM use kAvyAlaGkAra kA eka bheda-mAtra mAnA gayA hai| ukti kI vakratA arthAt lokottaratA, jise paNDitarAja jagannAtha ne kAvya kI cArutA se abhinna mAnA hai, alaGkAra-vizeSa kI sImA meM paribaddha nahIM kI jA sktii| uktigata vakratA kA yahI artha bhAmaha, kuntaka Adi ke mana meM thaa| isIlie bhAmaha ne use atizayokti se milAte hue kAvyArtha kA vibhAvaka mAnA thA aura kuntaka ne loka-sAmAnya svabhAva-ukti ke alaGkAratva kA khaNDana kiyA thaa| yaha dhyAtavya hai ki bhAratIya alaGkAra-zAstra meM alaGkAra-vizeSa ke rUpa meM vakrokti kI dhAraNA kucha viziSTa artha ke sAtha vikasita huI hai| isameM bhI ukti kI vakratA kI dhAraNA avazya hai, para eka vizeSa artha meM / prastuta sandarbha meM hamArA vivecya viziSTa artha meM vakrokti-alaGkAra kA-jise rudraTa Adi ne zabdAlaGkAra aura ruyyaka, appayya Adi ne arthAlaGkAra mAnA hai--svarUpa vikAsa hai| 1. vyaktIkRtya kamapyartha svarUpArthasya gopanAt / yatrAbAhyAntarAvartho kathyante tA: prhelikaaH|| -dharmadAsa sUri, vidagdha mukhamaNDana 2. rasasya paripanthitvAnnAlaGkAraH prhelikaa| uktivaicitryamAtra sA cyutdttaakssraadikaa|| .. -vizvanAtha, sAhityada0 10,16

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'alaGkAroM kA svarUpa - vikAsa [ 417 alaGkAra - vizeSa ke rUpa meM vakrokti kA nirUpaNa sarvaprathama AcArya vAmana ne kiyA; para unakA vakrokti alaGkAra - lakSaNa paravartI AcAryoM ko mAnya nahIM huA / sAdRzyamUlA lakSaNA meM vakrokti alaGkAra mAna kara vAmana ne use AcArya daNDI ke samAdhi guNa ke samAna banA diyA / " rudraTa ne vakrokti alaGkAra vahA~ mAnA, jahA~ vaktA ke kisI vizeSa artha meM prayukta vAkya kA zrotA zleSa yA kaNThadhvani-bheda ke sahAre usase bhinna artha lagA letA hai / vaktA ke kathana meM usake abhISTa artha se bhinna artha kI yojanA yA to sabhaGga yA abhaGga zleSa se sambhava hai yA kAku arthAt kaNTha-dhvani ke bheda se / isa prakAra vakrokti ke do mukhya bheda hote haiM - zleSa - vakrokti tathA kAku - vakrokti / 2 rudraTa kA yaha vakrokti-lakSaNa hI paravartI AcAryoM ko mAnya huA / usake zabdAlaGkAratva tathA arthAlaGkAratva ke viSaya meM AcAryoM meM do mata avazya rahe haiM; para usake svarUpa tathA zleSa aura kAku bhedoM ke sambandha meM matabheda nahIM rahA / rudraTa ne vakrokti ko zabdAlaGkAra mAnA thA / AcArya mammaTa tathA vizvanAtha ne rudraTa ke mata kA hI samarthana kiyA; para ruyyaka, appayya Adi AcAryoM ne vakrokti ke usI svarUpa ko svIkAra karane para bhI arthAlaGkAra ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA / vastuta: sabhaGga tathA abhaGga zleSa aura kAku para Azrita vakrokti meM zabdAlaGkAratva bhI hai aura arthAlaGkAratva bhI / ata:, use ubhayAlaGkAra varga meM mAnanA hI ucita hogA / niSkarSa yaha ki rudraTa - kalpita vakrokti alaGkAra ke svarUpa meM koI parivartana nahIM huA / saMskRta tathA hindI ke AcAryoM ne vakrokti kI rudraTapradatta paribhASA ko hI svIkAra kiyA hai / zleSa zleSa hI eka aisA alaGkAra hai, jise AcAryoM ne zabdAlaGkAra aura arthAlaGkAra - donoM rUpoM meM svIkAra kiyA hai / vakrokti Adi kI sthiti yaha hai ki use kucha AcArya zabdAlaGkAra mAnate haiM to anya AcArya arthAlaGkAra, para 1. sAdRzyAllakSaNA vakroktiH / - vAmana, kAvyAlaM 0 sU0 4,3,8 - tulanIya daNDI, kAvyAda0 1, 63-65 2. vaktrA tadanyathokta vyAcaSTe cAnyathA taduttaradaH / vacanaM yatpadabhaGga jJeyA sA zleSavakroktiH // vispaSTaM kriyamANAdakliSTA svaravizeSato bhavati / arthAntarapratItiryatrAsau kAkuvakroktiH // rudraTa, kAvyAlaM 0 2, 14, 16 27

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418 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa zleSa AcAryoM ke dvArA donoM rUpoM meM svIkRta hai| isa prakAra zleSa ke do bheda mAnya rahe haiM-zabdazleSa tathA arthazleSa / zleSa ke donoM rUpoM kA nirUpaNa alaga-alaga-zabdAlaGkAra-prakaraNa tathA arthAlaGkAra-prakaraNa meMkiyA gayA hai| ___ alaGkAra-nirUpaNa ke sandarbha meM zleSa kI carcA sarvaprathama AcArya bhAmaha ne kii| yadyapi zabda aura artha ke svatantra alaGkAra ke rUpa meM zleSa ke svarUpanirUpaNa kA krama AcArya udbhaTa se Arambha huA hai; para udbhaTa ke pUrva bhAmaha aura daNDI zleSa ke svarUpa para vicAra kara cuke the| daNDI ne to zleSa ko sabhI alaGkAroM kA saundaryAdhAyaka bhI mAnA thaa| bhAmaha ne upamAna ke sAtha upameya ke tattva-sAdhana meM arthAt upamAna se abheda-sAdhana meM zliSTa kA sadbhAva mAnakara use upamAhetuka sahokti Adi ke rUpa meM vivecita kiyaa| bhAmaha ke zliSTa (tIna rUpa) kA svarUpa apariSkRta hI raha gayA hai|' ___ daNDI ne zleSa ko kiJcit pariSkRta rUpa meM prastuta kiyA hai| unhoMne zleSa ko paribhASita karate hue kahA ki isameM eka rUpa arthAt abhinna-padayukta vAkya anekArtha kA vAcaka hotA hai| yugapad uccArya samAna-rUpa pada se anekArtha-bodha meM daNDI ke anusAra zleSa alaGkAra mAnA jAnA caahie| daNDI ne zleSa ke abhinna-pada tathA bhinna-pada arthAt abhaGga tathA sabhaGga-ye do bheda svIkAra kiye haiN| pIche calakara abhinna aura bhinna pada ke AdhAra para zleSabheda kI kalpanA ke AdhAra para hI zabdagata tathA arthagata zleSa-bhedoM kI kalpanA kI gayI hai| daNDI ne zleSa kA zabdArtha-vibhAga spaSTa nahIM kiyA thaa| AcArya udbhaTa ne zleSa kI paribhASA kA pariSkAra kiyA aura usake zabdagata tathA arthagata-do bheda svIkAra kiye| taba se zleSa ke ye do bheda prAyaH sarvasammati se svIkRta rahe haiM / udbhaTa ke dvArA pariSkRta zleSa-lakSaNa hI paravartI kAla meM svIkRta hue haiN| ataH usakA svarUpa-parIkSaNa yahA~ prAsaGgika hogaa| daNDI kI taraha udbhaTa ne bhI aneka artha kI yugapat vivakSA meM zleSa kA sadbhAva mAnA hai| unakA kahanA hai ki jahAM eka prayatna se uccArya zabdoM se aneka 1. draSTavya, bhAmaha, kAvyAlaM0 3,14-20 2. zliSTamiSTamanekArthamekarUpAnvitaM vcH| tabhinnapadaM bhinnapadaprAyamiti dvidhA ||-dnnddii, kAmyAra0 2,310

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alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [419 artha kA nibandhana hotA ho, vahA~ zliSTa alaGkAra hotA hai| aneka artha kI yugapat vivakSA kI do sthitiyAM sambhava haiM-(1)eka-prayatnoccArya tathA udAtta, svarita Adi abhinna guNa se yukta zabda se anekArtha-bodha ( aisA zabda dekhane meM to eka lagatA hai para zAstrIya dRSTi se tattvataH aneka hotA hai; kyoMki arthabheda se zabda meM bhinnatA mAnI gayI hai / arthAt eka hI zabda yadi anekArthavAcI ho to eka artha kA bodha karAne ke samaya vaha alaga zabda mAnA jAyagA aura dUsare artha kA bodha karAne ke samaya alaga / phalataH vaha eka hI zabda uccAraNa ke prayatna tathA udAtta, anudAtta, svarita Adi kI dRSTi se abhinna hone para bhI do arthoM kA bodha karAne ke kAraNa do mAnA jAyagA ), tathA (2) prayatna, udAtta Adi svara ke bheda ke kAraNa yugapat prayukta na ho sakane para bhI paraspara chAyAnukArI zabdoM se anekArtha bodha / prathama ko ( jisameM artha-bheda ke kAraNa samAna zabda paraspara bhinna mAnA jAtA hai) arthazleSa tathA dvitIya ko zabdazleSa mAnA gayA hai| ye kramazaH abhaGga tathA sabhaGga zleSa ke samAna haiN| rudraTa ne zabdazleSa kA nirUpaNa zabdAlaGkAra-prakaraNa meM kiyA tathA aryAlaGkAra kA zleSamUlaka svatantra varma mAna kara eka svatantra adhyAya meM usakA sabheda nirUpaNa kiyaa| ___ mammaTa, ruyyaka, vizvanAtha Adi AcAryoM ne zleSa ke sAmAnya svarUpa ke sambandha meM daNDI, udbhaTa Adi AcAryoM kI mAnyatA ko hI svIkAra kiyA hai| zleSa ke lakSaNa kI dRSTi se koI navIna UhApoha paravartI AcAryoM ne nahIM kiyaa| mammaTa aura ruyyaka ne zleSa ke zabdagata tathA arthagata hone ke prazna para sUkSmatA se vicAra kiyA hai / mammaTa ne kisI alaGkAra ko zabdagata yA arthagata mAnane kA AdhAra anvaya-vyatireka ko mAnA thaa| isa AdhAra para unakA niSkarSa yaha thA ki jahAM zabdoM ke paryAya-parivartana se alaGkAratva kI hAni ho, vahAM zabdAlaGkAra aura jahA~ paryAya-parivartana hone para bhI alaGkAratva banA rahe, vahA~ aryAlaGkAra hotA hai| AcArya ruyyaka ne alaGkAra ke AzramabhUta zabda aura artha ke AdhAra para usakA zabdagata tayA arthagata vibhAma ucita maanaa| phalataH mammaTa ne apane nirdhArita nikaSa para zleSa meM paryAya-parivartana 1. ekaprayatnoccAryANAM tacchAyAM caiva bibhratAm / svaritAdiguNaibhinnaH bandhaH zliSTamihocyate // . -udbhaTa, kAvyAlaM0-sAra saM04,2 2. draSTavya, rudraTa, kAvyAlaM. adhyAya 4 tathA 10

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420 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa ke asahatva tathA sahatva ke AdhAra para use zabdAlaGkAra aura arthAlaGkAra mAnA / ruyyaka ne Azraya ke AdhAra para zleSa ko na kevala zabdagata tathA arthagata mAnA varan use ubhayagata bhI svIkAra kiyaa| isa prakAra ruyyaka ke anusAra zleSa zabdagata, arthagata tathA ubhayagata ho sakatA hai / ruyyaka ke anusAra zabdazleSa meM padabhaGga se do artha nikalate haiM / una zabdoM meM uccAraNaprayatna tathA udAttAdi svara kI bhinnatA rahatI hai; ataH ve zabda paraspara svatantra hote haiM / ve tattvataH alaga-alaga zabda hone para bhI ekarUpatA kA AbhAsa - mAtra utpanna karate haiM / ina donoM zabdoM kA sambandha jatu-kASTha sambandha ke samAna hotA hai / jaise lakar3I meM saTI huI lAha usase abhinna jAna par3atI hai; para vastutaH vaha lakar3I se bhinna hotI hai, usI taraha sabhaGga padazleSa arthAt zabdazleSa meM do svatantra zabda eka se pratibhAta hote haiM / arthazleSa meM eka hI zabda, jisakA uccAraNa prayatna, svara Adi eka hI hote haiM; do arthoM kA vAcaka hotA hai / isameM eka zabda meM do artha eka vRnta meM lage do phala kI taraha rahA karate haiM / ubhayazleSa meM ukta donoM sthitiyA~ rahA karatI haiM / 2 zabdAlaGkAra - vibhAga ke AdhAra kI bhinnatA ke kAraNa donoM AcAryoM ke zabdazleSa aura arthazleSa kI dhAraNA kucha alaga-alaga hai / mammaTa zabdazleSa ke sabhaGga evaM abhaGga donoM bheda svIkAra kareMge, para ruyyaka kevala sabhaGga ko hI zabdazleSa mAneMge / mammaTa aura ruyyaka ke uparAnta alaGkAra - zAstra meM zleSaviSayaka donoM hI mAnyatAe~ pracalita rahI haiM / vizvanAtha Adi AcAryoM ne mammaTa kI zleSa viSayaka mAnyatA kA anumodana kiyA to vidyAdhara Adi ne AcArya are ke siddhAnta kA samarthana kiyA / jayadeva Adi paravartI AcArya bhI prAcIna AcAryoM ke zleSa - lakSaNako hI mAna kara cale / hindI - rIti-AcAryoM ne bhI zleSa ke usa paramparAgata lakSaNa ko hI svIkAra kiyA hai / - zleSa ke mukhya do bheda daNDI ne sabhaGga tathA abhaGga pada ke AdhAra para kiye the / 1. arthazleSasya tu sa viSayaH yatra zabdaparivarttane'pi na zleSatvakhaNDanA / mammaTa, kAvya pra0, pR0 212 2. eSa ca zabdArthobhayagatatvena vartamAnatvAt trividhaH / tatrodAttAdisvarabhedAt prayatnabhedAcca zabdAnyatve zabdazleSaH yatra prAyeNa padabhaGgo bhavati / arthazleSastu yatra svarAdibhedo nAsti / ataeva na tatra sabhaGgapadatvam / saGkalanayA tUbhayazleSaH / - ruyyaka, alaM0 sarvasva pR0 112

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alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [421 unake anusAra zleSa ke abhinna kriyAvAn, aviruddha kriyAvAn, viruddha kriyAvAn tathA niyamavAn Adi bheda bhI hote haiN|' daNDI ke sabhaGga-abhaGga bheda ke AdhAra para udbhaTa ne zleSa ke zabdagata aura arthagata bheda svIkAra kiye| rudraTa ne zabda-zleSa ke varNa, pada, liGga bhASA, prakRti, pratyaya, vibhakti tathA vacana ke AdhAra para ATha aura zleSa- varga meM parigaNita arthazleSa ke avizeSa, virodha, adhika, vakra, vyAja, ukti, asambhava, avayava; tattvazleSa tathA virodhAbhAsa- ye daza bheda mAne / 2 bhoja ne zabdazleSa aura ubhaya-zleSa ke 'chaha-chaha bheda kiye / zabda-zleSa ke bheda prakRti, pratyaya, vibhakti, vacana, pada tathA bhASA bheda ke AdhAra para tathA zabdArthobhaya-zleSa ke bheda pada, kriyA, kAraka Adi ke AdhAra para kiye gye| ___ AcArya mammaTa ne zabdazleSa ke nau bhedoM meM sabhaGga aura abhaGga zleSa-bhedoM ko bhI parigaNita kiyA tathA arthazleSa ko bhI svIkAra kiyaa| ruyyaka ne zabdazleSa aura arthazleSa ke sAtha ubhayazleSa bheda ko bhI kalpanA kii| appayya dIkSita ne varNya, avarNya tathA vAvarNya kI anekatA ke AdhAra para zleSa ke tIna bheda kiye| hindI meM AcArya kezava ne samAna pada-vAkya se pAMca-pA~ca artha taka ke udAharaNa diye haiN| kAvya meM zleSa alaGkAra kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna mAnA gayA hai| daNDI ne zleSa ko sabhI alaGkAroM kA zobhAdhAyaka kahA thaa| udbhaTa ne anya alaGkAroM ke sAtha zleSa ke rahane para usakI sArvatrika pradhAnatA svIkAra kii|" ruyyaka tathA mammaTa ne isa mAnyatA se asahamati prakaTa kara upamA Adi ke sAtha zleSa ke rahane para sAdhAraNya kI hI pradhAnatA maanii| phira bhI, itanA to kahA hI jA sakatA hai ki zleSa ko AcAryoM ne bahuta mahattvapUrNa alaGkAra mAnA hai / vastutaH, eka sAtha anekArtha ke gumphana meM kavi ke kauzala kA paricaya milatA hai| ataH, zleSa kA mahattva anupekSaNIya hai| 1. draSTavya, daNDI, kAvyAda0 2,310-22 / 2. draSTavya, rudraTa, kAvyAlaM, 4,2 tathA 10, 2 3. draSTavya, bhoja, sarasvatI kaNThA0 2,66 tathA 4,84 4. draSTavya, kezava, kavipriyA, 11,33 . 5. alaGkArAntaragatAM pratibhAM janayatpadaiH / -udbhaTa, kAvyAlaM0, sArasaM0 4,24 6. draSTavya-alaGkAra sarvasva pR0 116-17

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422 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa punaruktavadAbhAsa ___ AcArya udbhaTa ne sarvaprathama punaruktavadAbhAsa alaGkAra kA nirUpaNa kiyaa| unhoMne yadyapi zabdAlaGkAra aura arthAlaGkAra kA saiddhAntika rUpa se vibhAjana vahIM kiyA hai, tathApi unake alaGkAra-vivecana ke krama ko dekhate hue yaha spaSTa hai ki unhoMne prastuta alaGkAra ko zabdAlaGkAra mAnA hai| punaruktavadAbhAsa ke lakSaNa meM udbhaTa ne kahA hai ki isa meM punarukti kA AbhAsa hotA hai, arthAt bhinna-bhinna pada eka hI vastu kA bodha karAte-se jAna par3ate haiN| eka hI vartha kA bhinna-bhinna padoM se punaH-punaH kathana punarukti-doSa mAnA jAtA hai; para jahA~ tattvataH artha kI punarukti nahIM rahane para bhI ApAtataH punarukti kA bAbhAsa hotA hai aura vicAra karane para pariNAmataH punarukti kA parihAra ho jAtA hai, vahAM camatkAra ke kAraNa punaruktavadAbhAsa yA punaruktAbhAsa alaGkAra mAnA jAtA hai| saMskRta tathA hindI alaGkAra-zAstra ke prAyaH sabhI pramukha AcAryoM ne punaruktavadAbhAsa kA yahI svarUpa mAnA hai| isa alaGkAra ke viSaya meM AcAryoM meM thor3A matabheda isake zabdagatatva tathA arthagatatva Adi ko lekara hI rahA hai| eka ora ruyyaka tathA unake anuyAyI vidyAdhara, vidyAnAtha Adi ne ise arthAlaGkAra mAnA to dUsarI ora AcArya mammaTa tathA unake anuyAyiyoM ne ise zabdArthobhayagata alaGkAra mAnA hai| vizvanAtha bhI ise ubhayAlaGkAra mAnane ke pakSa meM hI haiN| vizvanAtha ke zabdAlaGkAra-prakaraNa meM punaruktavadAbhAsa kA nirUpaNa hone se yaha bhrAnti nahIM honI cAhie ki ve ise zabdAlaGkAra mAnane ke pakSa meM the| unhoMne yaha spaSTa kara diyA hai ki ise ubhayAlaGkAra mAnane para bhI unhoMne kevala paramparA ke nirvAha ke lie isakA nirUpaNa zabdAlaGkAraprakaraNa meM kiyA hai| hindI alaGkAra-zAstra ke eka zodhaka ne to yahA~ taka mAna liyA hai ki vizvanAtha ne punaruktavadAbhAsa ko arthAlaGkAra mAnA hai| 3. 1. punaruktavadAbhAsamabhinnavastivodbhAsibhinnarUpapadam |-udbhtt, kAvyAlaM. sArasaM0 pR0 1 2. zabdArthayoH prathamaM zabdasya buddhiviSayatvAt zabdAlaGkAreSu vaktavyeSu zabdArthAlaGkArasyApi punaruktavadAbhAsasya cirantanaiH zabdAlaGkAramadhye lakSitatvAt prathamaM tmevaah| -vizvanAtha, sAhityada0 vRtti pR0 558 3. draSTavya, DA0 omaprakAza, rItikAlIna alaM0 sA0 kA zAstrIya vivecana, pR0 236

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alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [ 423 patA nahIM, aisI bhrAnta dhAraNA kA kyA AdhAra thaa| punaruktavadAbhAsa ko ubhayagata mAnanA hI yuktisaGgata jAna par3atA hai; kyoMki isameM punarukti kA bodha pahale zabda-prayoga cAturI se hotA hai, para punarukti kA parihAra arthasApekSa hotA hai| hindI ke kucha AcAryoM ne punaruktavadAbhAsa ke sthAna para punarukti saMjJA kA prayoga kiyA hai| yaha ucita nahIM / tAttvika punarukti ko to kAvya meM doSa hI mAnA jAyagA / punarukti ke AbhAsa-mAtra meM alaGkAratva rahatA hai / virodhAbhAsa saMskRta tathA hindI-alaGkAra-zAstra meM prastuta alaGkAra ke do nAma upalabdha haiM--virodha tathA virodhAbhAsa / Arambha meM bhAmaha, daNDI, udbhaTa Adi ne virodha saMjJA se hI isa alaGkAra ke svarUpa kA nirUpaNa kiyA thA; para pIche cala kara usake lie adhika sArthaka abhidhAna kA prayoga huaa| mammaTa ne yadyapi virodha saMjJA kA hI prayoga kiyA hai, para unhoMne yaha ullekha kiyA hai ki ise hI virodhAbhAsa bhI kahate haiN| daNDI, udbhaTa, mammaTa, ruyyaka Adi ke virodhalakSaNa para vicAra karane se usakA virodhAbhAsa nAma hI anvartha, ataH adhika samIcIna jAna par3atA hai| rudraTa Adi AcAryoM ke virodha-alaGkAra ke lie virodha saMjJA upayukta hai| virodha ko adhikAMza AcAryoM ne arthAlaGkAra mAnA hai| mammaTa ke anvaya-vyatireka ke nikaSa para to zabda-parivRtti-sahatva ke kAraNa yaha arthAlaGkAra siddha kiyA jA sakatA hai; para Azraya-bheda ke AdhAra para ise kevala arthAzrita mAnane meM do mata ho sakate haiM / isameM tAttvika avirodha meM virodha kA AbhAsa utpanna kiyA jAtA hai| svarUpataH virodha kI pratIti meM zabda-prayoga kA camatkAra apekSita rahatA hai, virodha-parihAra avazya artha ke AdhAra para huA karatA hai / AcArya bhikhArI dAsa ne virodha tathA virodhAbhAsa kI alaga-alaga sattA mAna kara virodha ko to arthAlaGkAra mAnA hai; para virodhAbhAsa ko zabdAlaGkAra / ' saMskRta-alaGkAra-zAstra kA eka hI alaGkAra do saMjJAoM ke kAraNa do svatantra-alaGkAra bana gyaa| isakA dUsarA kAraNa yaha thA ki bhAmaha, daNDI tathA udbhaTa ke uparAnta virodha kI paribhASAeM 1. bhikhArI dAsa, kAvyanirNaya, ullAsa 13 tathA 20 / usakI TIkA pR0 566 bhI draSTavya

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424 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa vAmana tathA rudraTa ke dvArA kucha alaga-alaga rUpa meM kalpita huii| unhIM donoM ke paraspara svatantra vikAsa kI pariNati virodha tathA virodhAbhAsa; ina do svatantra alaGkAroM ke rUpa meM huI hai| virodhAbhAsa ko eka ora kevala arthAlaGkAra tathA dUsarI ora kevala zabdAlaGkAra (dAsa Adi ke dvArA) mAnane ke do atigAmI vicAroM ke bIca use ubhayAlaGkAra-varga meM rakhanA samIcIna jAna par3atA hai| dAsa ne virodhAbhAsa meM zabda kA camatkAra svIkAra karane para bhI virodha-parihAra Avazyaka mAnA hai, jo artha ke AdhAra para hI sambhava hai| ataH, dAsa ke virodhAbhAsa-lakSaNa ke anusAra use zabdAlaGkAra aura arthAlaGkAra; donoM (spaSTa zabdoM meM zabdArthobhayAlaGkAra) mAnA jA sakatA hai| bhAmaha, daNDI tathA udbhaTa ne virodhAbhAsa ko jo paribhASAe~ dI thIM, ve vyAkhyA-sApekSa thiiN| unake anusAra viruddha padArthoM kA saMsarga-varNana isa alaGkAra meM vizeSa arthAt varNya ke utkarSa pradarzana ke lie kiyA jAtA hai| daNDI kI isa dhAraNA ko vyAkhyA meM nRsiMhadeva ne 'vizeSadarzanAyaiva' ( kevala utkarSa-nirUpaNa ke lie ) kI vyAkhyA karate hue kahA hai ki tAttvika-avirodha meM bhI virodha-pradarzana varNya ke utkarSa-nirUpaNa ke lie 'virodha' meM kiyA jAtA hai| niSkarSa yaha ki isameM tAttvika avirodha aura prAtibhAsika virodha rahA karatA hai| isalie ise virodhAbhAsa bhI kahA jAtA hai| bhAmaha, daNDI tathA udbhaTa kI virodha-paribhASAoM meM, jo eka-dUsare se milatI-julatI hI haiM, (bhAmaha aura udbhaTa kI paribhASA to abhinna hai2) viruddha guNa, kriyA Adi kI yojanA kA to spaSTa zabdoM meM ullekha huA hai; para yaha spaSTataH abhihita nahIM hai ki virodha tAttvika nahIM, prAtibhAsikamAtra hotA hai| vAmana ne apanI virodha-paribhASA meM yaha spaSTa kiyA ki virodha kA AbhAsa hI virodha alaGkAra hai|3 bhAmaha tathA daNDI kI 1. vizeSadarzanAyava vizeSaH varNanIyasya utkarSaH tasya darzanAya nirUpaNAyava viruddhAnAm anyonyaviruddhadharmavatAM padArthAnAM= jAtiguNa kriyAdravyANAm yatra vaicitrye saMsargadarzanam sambandhavarNanam sAmAnAdhikaraNyapratipAdanamiti yAvat, sa virodhaH = vAstavavirodhAbhAve'pi virodhaprayojakatvAt virodhaH [virodhAbhAsa] iti nAmAlaGkAraH smRtaH ........ / -daNDI, kAvyAda0 2, 333 kI kusumapratimA TI0 pR0 254 2. draSTavya-bhAmaha,kAvyAlaM0 3,25 tathA udbhaTa, kAvyAlaM0 sAra saM05,6 3. viruddhAbhAsatvaM virodhaH / -vAmana, kAvyAlaM0 sU0 4,3,12

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alaGkAroM kA svarUpa - vikAsa [ 425 'paribhASAoM meM bhI yaha AbhAsa kA bhAva nihita avazya thA, jo 'vizeSAbhidhAnAya' tathA 'virodhadarzanAya va' se vyakta hotA hai / vAmana ne usakA spaSTa ullekha kiyA / AcArya rudraTa ne bhAmaha Adi kI paribhASA se viruddha guNa-kriyA Adi kI ekatra saGghaTanA kI dhAraNA to lI; para vizeSamAtra pradarzana ke uddezya se prAtibhAsika virodha kI yojanA kI dhAraNA ko asvIkAra kara diyA / phalataH, unhoMne virodha ke lakSaNa meM AbhAsa kI dhAraNA kA tyAga kara yaha mAnyatA prakaTa kI ki isameM eka samaya eka hI AdhAra meM paraspara sarvathA viruddha dravya, guNa, kriyA aura jAti kA avasthAna varNita hotA hai / 1 bhAmaha, daNDI * Adi kI virodha- paribhASAoM meM prakArAntara se vyakta tathA vAmana kI paribhASA ' meM spaSTataH abhihita virodha kA svabhAva hI paravartI AcAryoM ke dvArA paribhASita huA hai / saMskRta ke mammaTa, ruyyaka, vizvanAtha Adi tathA hindI ke cintAmaNi, yazavanta siMha, matirAma, dUlaha, padmAkara Adi ne vAmana kI virodha- dhAraNA ko hI apanAyA hai / kezava ne virodha meM virodhamaya vacana kI racanA para bala dekara rudraTa kI dhAraNA svIkAra kI hai, sAtha hI virodha ke AbhAsa ko bhI svIkRti dI hai, jaisA ki unake virodha - udAharaNa se spaSTa hai / usakI vyAkhyA meM lAlA bhagavAna dIna ne yaha mAnyatA prakaTa kI hai ki isa kavitta ke pahale aura tIsare caraNa meM 'virodha' alaGkAra tathA dUsare aura cauthe meM 'virodhAbhAsa' alaGkAra hai; para virodhAbhAsa ko kezava ne 'virodha' hI ke antargata mAnA hai / 2 dAsa ne vAmana Adi AcAryoM ke matAnusAra 'virodhAbhAsa kA svarUpa svIkAra kiyA (yadyapi unhoMne usakI paribhASA ko kucha aspaSTa kara diyA hai ) aura usase svatantra virodha alaGkAra kA astitva svIkAra kara unhoMne virodhAbhAsa ko zabdAlaGkAra tathA virodha ko arthAlaGkAra mAna liyA hai / yaha dAsa ke alaGkAra - nirUpaNa kI sImA hai ki ve arthagata virodha- alaGkAra tathA zabdagata virodhAbhAsa - alaGkAra kA bheda spaSTa nahIM kara sake / yadi ve virodha kA lakSaNa kezava ke matAnusAra dete to unhIM ke matAnusAra virodhAbhAsa kA bheda spaSTa ho jAtA / kezava kI virodha-dhAraNA : meM -- jisameM eka sAtha rudraTa ke matAnusAra virodha tathA vAmana Adi ke 1. yasmin dravyAdInAM parasparaM sarvathA viruddhAnAm / ekatrAvasthAnaM samakAlaM bhavati sa virodhaH // - rudraTa, kAvyAlaM0 9,30 2. draSTavya, kezava, kavipriyA,....lAlA bhagavAnadIna kI TIkA pR0 155

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426 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa matAnusAra virodhAbhAsa kI dhAraNA samanvita hai - paramparAgata do virodhadhAraNAoM kA pratiphalana hai / spaSTa hai ki virodha alaGkAra ke sambandha meM do vicAradhArAe~ pracalita rahI haiN| eka kA pravarttana rudraTa ne kiyA aura dUsarI kA vAmana ne / kezava ne donoM ko eka sAtha milAne kA prayatna kiyA; para dAsa ne donoM kI paraspara svatantra sattA mAna kara do alaGkAroM kI kalpanA kara lI / vAmana kI virodhadhAraNA, jisake lie virodhAbhAsa nAma adhika upayukta hai, adhika mAnya huI | rudra kI dhAraNA ko kezava Adi kucha AcAryoM ne hI svIkAra kiyA hai / arthAlaGkAra aba taka hamane una alaGkAroM ke svarUpa vikAsa kA adhyayana kiyA hai, jo yA to zabdagata haiM yA zabdArthobhayagata / kucha alaGkAroM ke zabdArthagatatva ke sambandha meM AcAryoM ne virodhI mata prakaTa kiye haiM / alaGkAra - vizeSa ke samAna svarUpa ko svIkAra karane para bhI eka AcArya use zabdAlaGkAra mAnate haiM to dUsare arthAlaGkAra / donoM pakSoM meM apanI-apanI kucha yuktiyA~ haiM / aise sthala meM itanA to mAna hI liyA jAnA cAhie ki usa alaGkAra meM pradhAnatA bhale zabda yA artha kI ho, para vaha kisI-na-kisI aMza meM zabdagata bhI hai aura arthagata bhI / punaruktavadAbhAsa, virodhAbhAsa Adi kI yahI sthiti hai / prastuta sandarbha meM hama una alaGkAroM ke svarUpa - vikAsa kA adhyayana kareMge, jo sarvamata se arthAlaGkAra mAne gaye haiM / upamA upamA bhAratIya kAvyazAstra meM upalabdha prAcInatama alaGkAroM meM se eka to hai hI, mahattva kI dRSTi se bhI vaha sabhI alaGkAroM meM agragaNya hai / vAmana, abhinava Adi AcAryoM ne kAvya ke sabhI svIkArya alaGkAroM kA mUla upamA kI dhAraNA ko mAnA thA / rAjazekhara ne upamA ko alaGkAroM meM mUrdhAbhiSikta, kAvya kA sarvasva tathA kavi - kula kI mAtA kahA hai / appayya dIkSita ne 1 1. sampratyarthAlaGkArANAM prastAvaH / tanmUlaM copameti / - vAmana, kAvyAlaM 0 sU0 vRtti pR0 185 tathA-- upamAprapaJcazca sarvo'laGkAra iti vidvadbhiH pratipannameva - nA0 zA 0 abhinava bhAratI pR0 321 2. alaGkAraziroratnaM sarvasvaM kAvyasampadAm / upamA kavivaMzasya mAtaiveti matirmama // - kezava mizra ke alaGkAra zekhara meM uddhRta, pR0 32

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alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [ 427 sabhI alaGkAroM ko upamA-naTI kA vibhinna rUpa svIkAra kiyaa|' vedoM meM upamA kA bAhulya yaha pramANita karatA hai ki Arambha meM kisI vastu ke saundarya Adi se prabhAvita mAnava ne usakI tulanA kisI anya sarvavidita saundarya Adi ke prabhAva vAle padArtha se kI homii| eka vastu kA prabhAva usake samAna hI pUrvAnubhUta tathA saMskAra-rUpa meM sthita dUsarI vastu ke prabhAva ko mana meM jagA detA hai| isa prakAra eka sundara vastu ko dekha kara anAyAsa bhI kisI anya sundara vastu kA dhyAna A jAtA hai| kaviyoM ke dvArA eka vastu ke prabhAva kI vRddhi ke lie khyAta prabhAva vAlI anya vastu kI sAyAsa yojanA bhI ho sakatI hai| kAvya meM kavi-kalpanA se prastuta ke lie aprastuta kI yojanA bahudhA sAyAsa hI hotI hai; para vyavahAra meM upamA kA janma anAyAsa hI ho gayA hogaa| vastu ke prabhAva kI sabase sahaja abhivyakti upamA meM hI hotI hai| ataH, yaha anumAna kiyA jA sakatA hai ki sarvaprathama mAnava ke antara kI vastu-- vizeSa ke prati pratikriyA alaGkata rUpa meM, upamA ke rUpa meM hI vyakta huI hogii| usI upamA ke rUpa meM thor3e-thor3e vikAra ke sAtha anya aupamyamUlaka alaGkAroM kA vikAsa huA hogaa| upamA, isIlie, AdyA alaGka ti hai| prAcInatA tathA mahattA kI dRSTi se prathama arthAlaGkAra hone kI dRSTi se upamA kA nirUpaNa adhikAMza AcAryoM ne arthAlaGkAra-nirUpaNa-prastAva meM sarvaprathama kiyA hai / daNDI ne alaGkAra-nirUpaNa-prastAva meM svabhAvokti ko prathama sthAna diyA hai| para, bhAmaha ne atizayokti yA vakrokti ko sabhI alaGkAroM kA hetu mAnane para bhI upamA kA nirUpaNa hI sabase pahale kiyA hai / udbhaTa, vAmana Adi ne upamA kA prathama nirUpaNa kiyA aura yahI paramparA pIche calatI rhii| hindI meM kucha AcAryoM ne daNDI kI paddhati para svabhAvokti kA nirUpaNa pahale kiyA hai| alaGkAra-zAstra meM upamA kA nirUpaNa itanA sUkSma tathA usake bhedopabhedoM kA vivecana itanA vistRta huA hai ki usakA saiddhAntika vivecana aura aitihAsika vikAsa svatantra zodha kA viSaya hai| prastuta sandarbha meM hamArA uddezya upamA-dhAraNA ke vikAsa kA saMkSipta itihAsa prastuta karanA hI hogaa| 1. upamaikA zailUSI samprAptA citrabhUmikAbhedAn / raJjayati kAvyaraGga nRtyantI tadvidAM cetH|| -appayyadI. citramI0 pR0 6.

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1428 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa __ aitihAsika dRSTi se upamA kI sAmAnya dhAraNA meM vizeSa parivartana yA vikAsa nahIM huA hai| isa bAta meM do mata nahIM ki upamA meM prastuta vastu kI tulanA aprastuta vastu ke sAtha kI jAtI hai| yaha * tulanA donoM ke bIca kisI sAdhAraNa dharma ke AdhAra para hotI hai| yadi kisI kAraNa varNya vastu anya vastu ke sadRza nahIM jAna par3e to donoM kI * tulanA kA koI artha nahIM hogaa| do vastuoM kI tulanA meM donoM ke bIca sAdhAraNa dharma ke vAcaka zabdoM kA prayoga hotA hai| isa prakAra upamA ke cAra "aGga svIkRta haiM :-(1) vaha varNya vastu, jisakI tulanA anya vastu se kI jAtI hai arthAt upameya, (2) jisa vastu ke sAtha varNya vastu kI tulanA kI jAtI hai arthAt upamAna, (3) donoM ke bIca sAdhAraNa rUpa se rahane vAlA dharma, jise sAdhAraNa dharma kahate haiM aura (4) upameya evaM upamAna ke bIca sAdRzya ke vAcaka zabda / ina cAra tattvoM-upameya, upamAna, sAdhAraNa dharma tathA upamA-vAcaka zabda-se upamA alaGkAra kI yojanA hotI hai| jahA~ ye cAro tattva ukta rahate haiM, vahA~ pUrNA upamA tathA inameM se eka, do tathA tIna ke lupta -- rahane para luptA upamA hotI hai / upamA ke ukta cAra aGga tathA unake sampUrNataH ukta tathA aMzataH ukta hone ke AdhAra para upamA ke pUrNA evaM lupA bheda sarvasammata haiN| isa prakAra AcArya bharata se lekara adhunAtana AcAryoM kI upamA-dhAraNA kA sAra yaha hai ki jahA~ kucha sAdhAraNa dharma yA sAdRzya ke AdhAra para varNya vastu kI aprastuta vastu ke sAtha tulanA kI jAtI ho, vahA~ upamA alaGkAra hotA hai| udAharaNa ke lie ujjvala apAGga meM kAlI kanInikA ke saundarya ke lie yadi kavi yaha varNana karatA hai ki- ujjvala apAGga meM kAlI kanInikA zveta padma meM baiThe kAle bhramara ke samAna sundara hai' to yaha upamA alaGkAra kA udAharaNa hogaa| isameM ujjvala apAGga meM kAlI kanInikA upameya, zveta kamala meM * kAlA bhramara upamAna, sundaratA donoM meM sAdhAraNa dharma tathA 'samAna' upamA * kA vAcaka zabda hogaa| yahA~ dhyAtavya hai ki donoM kI sundaratA to upamA kA hetu hai hI, apAGga tathA kamala ke evaM kanInikA aura bhramara ke varNa Adi kA sAdRzya bhI usakA hetu hai| isa prazna ko lekara bahuta sUkSma vicAra kiyA gayA hai ki do vastuoM ke bIca sAdharmya meM upamA mAnI jAya yA sAdRzya meM ? upamA ke sandarbha meM dUsarA vicAraNIya prazna yaha hai ki kyA sArvatrika rUpa se

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alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [ 426: upamAna ko utkRSTa guNavAn tathA upameya ko usase nikRSTa- guNayukta mAnA jAnA cAhie ? ina praznoM ke sambandha meM AcAryoM kI mAnyatA kA sAra yaha hai ki dharma, svarUpa Adi kI samAnatA ke AdhAra para upamAnopameya bhAva kI kalpanA kI jA sakatI hai / samAnopamA meM to vizeSaNa mAtra ke sAmya ke AdhAra para upamA kI kalpanA hotI hai / upamA kI yojanA meM upamAna ke rUpa, guNa Adi kI atizaya prasiddhi, ataH, usakI utkRSTatA kI dhAraNA bhI rahA hI karatI hai / doSa Adi ke lie upamAna kI kalpanA ke pIche bhI upamAna meM doSa ke Adhikya kI dhAraNA nihita rahA karatI hai / - prAcIna AlaGkArikoM ke upamA-lakSaNa meM sAdharmya tathA sAdRzya -- donoM zabdoM kA prayoga huA hai / AcArya bharata, daNDI Adi ne do vastuoM ke bIca sAdRzya kI pratIti ko upamA kahA to mammaTa, ruyyaka Adi ne upamA-lakSaNa meM 'sAdharmya' zabda kA prayoga kiyA / upamAna ke sAtha upameya ke guNa Adi se sAmya ko bhI bhAmaha, kuntaka Adi ne upamA kA lakSaNa mAnA hai / isa prakAra 'sAdharmya', 'sAdRzya' tathA 'guNa - sAmya yA dharma sAmya' zabdoM kA prayoga tattadA-cAryoM ke upamA-lakSaNa meM huA hai / guNasAmya tathA dharmasAmya sAdharmya se abhinna hai / aitihAsika dRSTi se upamA ke lakSaNa - vikAsa kA adhyayana vAJchanIya hai / upamA ke alaGkAra-zAstrIya nirUpaNa ke pUrva nirukti kI dRSTi se yAska ke 'nirukta' meM tathA jJAna ke sAdhana ke rUpa meM nyAyazAstra meM usakA vivecana ho cukA thA / yAska ne upamA ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM apane pUrvavartI AcArya gArgya kI mAnyatA uddhRta kI hai / gArgya kA mata thA ki kisI vastu se bhinna vastu kA usase sAdRzya upamA hai / upamA kA karma hai-- zreSTha yA prakhyAta guNa vAle padArtha se kanIya yA akhyAta guNa vAlI vastu kI tulanA / kahIM-kahIM hIna guNa vAle padArtha ke sAtha bhI adhika guNa vAlI vastu kI tulanA upamA meM kI jA sakatI hai (ise bharata Adi nindopamA kaheMge ) / AcArya bharata ne upamA ko paribhASita karate hue kahA ki jahA~ kAvya-racanA meM koI vastu ( varNya vastu) sAdRzya ke kAraNa dUsarI vastu ke sAtha upamita hotI hai, vahIM upamA hotI hai / vaha upamA guNa aura AkRti para 1. athAta upamA yadatattatsadRzam iti gArgyastadAsAM karma jyAyasA vA guNena prakhyAtamena vA kanIyAMsaM vAprakhyAtaM vAthApi kanIyasA jyAyAMsam - yAska, nirukta 3, 1.

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430 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa Azrita hotI hai| bharata kI upamA-dhAraNA kA sAra yaha hogA ki upamA meM do vastuoM meM guNa aura AkRti kA sAdRzya hone se eka vastu kI dUsarI vastu ke sAtha tulanA kI jAtI hai / spaSTataH, bharata ke upamA-lakSaNa para yAska ke dvArA nirdiSTa gAryakRta upamA-lakSaNa kA puSkala prabhAva hone para bhI kiJcit navInatA hai| eka to kAvya-bandha kI carcA kara AcArya bharata ne sAdRzya meM cArutA kI dhAraNA ko prakArAntara se milA diyA / ataH, 'yatkiJcit' ke ullekha se bharata kI upamA-paribhASA kA artha "jisa-kisI prakAra se sAdRzya ke AdhAra para kI jAne vAlI tulanA' nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| gArya ne guNa ke sAdRzya kA ullekha kiyA to bharata ne upamA ko guNAkRtisamAzrayA kaha kara usameM kiJcit vaiziSTya kA AdhAna kiyaa| bhAmaha ne apane pUrvavartI AcArya bharata ke upamA-lakSaNa ko svIkAra nahIM kiyaa| unhoMne upamA kI paribhASA meM kahA ki jahAM deza-kAla, kriyA Adi kI dRSTi se viruddha upamAna ke sAtha upameya kA guNa-leza ke kAraNa sAmya dikhAyA jAya, vahA~ upamA hotI hai / 2 bhAmaha kI mAnyatA hai ki eka vastu kA dUsarI vastu se sAmya vAstavika nahIM, kavi kalpita hI huA karatA hai; kyoMki -saMsAra meM eka vastu kA dUsarI vastu se tAttvika sAmya ho hI nahIM sktaa| hara vastu dUsarI vastu se vilakSaNa huA karatI hai / kavi kI pratibhA do vastuoM meM guNa ke leza se sAmya DhUr3ha kara upamA kI yojanA karatI hai| 3 ____ daNDI ne jisa-kisI prakAra ke sAdRzya kI pratIti meM upamA kI sattA mAna * lii| AcArya bharata ne upamA ke lakSaNa meM 'yatkiJcit' zabda kA prayoga kiyA thA aura kiJcit sadRzI upamA Adi kI sattA svIkAra kI thii| daNDI kI upamA-dhAraNA bharata kI usI dhAraNA se anuprANita hai| 1. yatkiJcit kAvyabandheSu sAdRzyenopamIyate / upamA nAma sA jJayA guNAkRtisamAzrayA ||-bhrt, nA0 zA 16, 41 2. viruddha nopamAnena dezakAlakriyAdibhiH / upameyasya yatsAmyaM guNalezena sopamA ||-bhaamh, kAvyAnaM0 2, 30 3. vahI, 2, 43-44 4. yathAkathaJcit sAdRzyaM yatrodbhUtaM pratIyate / upamA nAma sA tasyAH prapaJco'yaM nidarzyate // -daNDI kAvyAda0 2, 14

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alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [ 431 udbhaTa ne upameya aura upamAna ke manohArI sAdharmya ko upamA kahA aura usameM bhAmaha kI taraha deza, kAla Adi kI bhinnatA ko bhI svIkRti dii|' AcArya vAmana ne bhAmaha ke upamA-lakSaNa ko hI sUtrabaddha kiyA hai|' AcArya rudraTa ne bhI pUrvAcAryoM kI taraha donoM meM upameya aura upamAna meM eka samAna guNa yA sAdhAraNa dharma kA sadbhAva upamA ke lie Avazyaka mAnA hai| ____ kuntaka ne varNya vastu ke svabhAva kI manohAritA kI siddhi ke lie utkRSTa manoharatA vAlI kisI vastu ke sAtha usakI tulanA meM upamA kA sadbhAva maanaa| kuntaka ke isa upamA-lakSaNa meM unakA yaha abhiprAya jAna par3atA hai ki upamA-yojanA kI sArthakatA varNya vastu ke saundarya Adi ke prabhAva kI vRddhi meM hai| yaha mAnyatA ucita hI hai| kevala upamA meM hI nahIM, sarvatra aprastuta-yojanA kA uddezya prastuta kI prabhAvotpAdakatA kI vRddhi hI honI caahie| agnipurANakAra ne daNDI ke upamA-lakSaNa ko svIkAra kara usameM lokavyavahAra kA tattva milA diyaa| isa prakAra loka-sImA meM kiJcit sArUpya ke AdhAra para eka vastu kI dUsarI vastu ke sAtha tulanA agnipurANakAra ke matAnusAra umamA hai|5 daNDI ke sAdRzya ke sthAna para agnipurANa meM sArUpya 1. yaccetohAri sAdharmyamupamAnopameyayoH / mitho'vibhinnakAlAdizabdayorupamA tu tat // -udbhaTa, kAvyAlaM. sAra saM0 1,32 2. upamAnenopameyasya guNalezataH saamymupmaa| -vAmana, kAvyAlaM0 sU0 vRtti 4, 2, 1 tulanIya, bhAmaha, kAvyAlaM. 2, 30 3. ubhayoH samAnamekaM guNAdi siddha bhavedyathaikatra / arthe'nyatra tathA tatsAdhyata iti sopamA dhaa|| -rudraTa, kAvyAlaM0 1,4 4. vivkssitprispndmnohaaritvsiddhye|| vastunaH kenacit sAmyaM tadutkarSavatopamA / -kuntaka, vakroktijI0 3, 30 5. kiJcidAdAya sArUpyaM lokayAtrA pravartate / samAsenAsamAsena sA dvidhA prtiyoginH|| . -agnipurANa, adhyAya, 34

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432 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa zabda kA prayoga huA / isa taraha do vastuoM meM rUpagata samatA Avazyaka mAnI gayI / bhoja ne bhI do padArthoM ke bIca avayava - sAmAnya upamA meM vAJchanIya mAnA hai| isa prakAra bhoja kI upamA kA svarUpa agnipurANakAra kI upamA se tattvataH bhinna nahIM / unakI upamA - paribhASA meM 'prasiddhi ke anurodha' kA ullekha bhI use agnipurANa kI upamA - paribhASA meM nirdiSTa 'loka-yAtrA ke pravarttana' ke samIpa lA detA hai / mammaTa ne paraspara svatantra do vastuoM meM sAdharmya ko upamA kahA / 2 ruyyaka kI dhAraNA mammaTa kI isa dhAraNA se milatI-julatI avazya hai; para usameM sAdharmya kI bhedAbhedatulyatA kA spaSTa ullekha huA hai / upamA meM sAdharmya kI bhedAbhedatulyatA Avazyaka mAnI jAtI hai / arthAt, isameM do vastuoM ke bIca kucha sAdhAraNa tattva rahate haiM, jo donoM kA abheda-jJAna karAte haiM aura kucha asAdhAraNa tattva hote haiM, jinase donoM kA bheda pratIta hotA hai / mammaTa ne bhI sAdharmya ke isI bhedAbhedatulya rUpa ko upamA meM apekSita mAnA thA / bhedapradhAna sAdharmya vAle vyatireka ko tathA abheda-pradhAna sAdharmya vAle rUpaka Adi ko mammaTa ne bhI bhedAbhedatulya sAdharmya-pradhAna upamA se svatantra mAnA hai / hemacandra, vAgbhaTa, zobhAkara, jayadeva, vidyAnAtha, vidyAdhara, vizvanAtha, kezava mizra, appayya dIkSita, jagannAtha Adi saMskRta ke paravartI AcAryoM ne upamA ke lakSaNa meM koI vizeSa bAta nahIM lAyI / kuntaka Adi kI taraha cetohArI, hRdya, sundara Adi vizeSaNa sAdRzya ke lie jagannAtha Adi ke upamA - lakSaNa meM prayukta hue haiM / 3 kucha logoM ne alaGkAra-mAtra ke mUla meM saundarya kI dhAraNA nihita rahane ke kAraNa alaGkAra - vizeSa ke lakSaNa meM sundara Adi pada ke prayoga ko anAvazyaka hI nahIM, punarukti doSa-duSTa bhI mAnA hai / * upamA-lakSaNa meM sundara Adi vizeSaNa kA prayoga vizeSa uddezya se kiyA gayA jAna par3atA hai| do vastuoM ke bIca sAdRzya - nirUpaNa kI carcA zAstra meM - kAvyazAstra tara zAstra meM ho rahI thI / nyAya, vyAkaraNa Adi ke usa zuSka 1. prasiddha eranurodhena yaH parasparamarthayoH / bhUyo'vayava sAmAnyayogaH sehopamA matA // - bhoja, sarasvatI kaNThA, 4, 5. 2. sAdharmyamupamA bhede...... / - mammaTa, kAvyapra0 10, 125 3. sAdRzyaM sundaram upamAlaGka tiH / - jagannAtha, rasagaMgA0 pR0 248 4. draSTavya, DaoN0 rAmacandra dvivedA, alaGkAra mImAMsA, pR0 214-15

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alaGkAroM kA svarUpa - vikAsa [ 433 upamA-vivecana se kAvya ke alaGkaraNabhUta upamA ke bheda-nirUpaNa ke lie yadi usameM sundara yA hRdayagrAhI sAdRzya vAJchanIya mAnA gayA to yaha anucita nahIM huA / hindI - rIti-kAla meM paramparAgata upamA-dhAraNA kA hI anuvartana hotA rahA / kezava ne upamAna aura upameya meM rUpa, zIla tathA guNa kI samatA Avazyaka btaayii| donoM ke bIca sAdhAraNa dharma yA samAna guNa kI carcA to prAcIna kAla se upamA-lakSaNa meM cala hI rahI thI; agnipurANakAra ne donoM kI rUpagata samatA ( sArUpya) kA bhI ullekha kiyA thA / kezava ne rUpa evaM guNa kI samatA kI dhAraNA prAcInoM se lekara eka zIla kI samatA bhI Avazyaka batA dI / prAcIna AcAryoM ke sAdharmya yA sAdRzya meM kevala guNa kI hI nahIM; kriyA, dravya Adi kI samatA kI dhAraNA bhI antarnihita thI / kezava ne koI navIna dhAraNA to upamA meM nahIM jor3I, ulaTe guNa ke atirikta zIla-jaise anAvazyaka pada ko paribhASA meM jor3a kara paribhASA ko zithila banA diyA / deva ne do vastuoM meM guNa tathA avaguNa kI samatA ke AdhAra para upamA kI kalpanA kI / isa prakAra unake matAnusAra utkRSTa guNa kI samatA ke AdhAra para eka prakAra kI; aura durguNa kI samatA ke AdhAra para dUsare prakAra kI upamA hogI / spaSTa hai ki pahale se jo samAna dharma yA samAna guNa kI carcA hotI rahI thI, usakA sImita artha hI deva ne samajhA thA / ataH, guNa kA artha utkRSTa guNa mAna kara unhoMne apanI ora se nikRSTa guNa meM bhI upamA kI kalpanA kI / guNa kA artha kevala sadguNa samajhane kA kAraNa yaha ho sakatA hai ki prAcIna AcArya utkRSTa guNavAn ( upamAna ) ke sAtha kisI vastu ke sAdRzya ke varNana meM upamA mAnate rahe the / upameya kI apekSA upamAna meM guNotkarSa kI dhAraNA Avazyaka mAnI gayI thI / varNya vastu kI kisI anya vastu se tulanA hI isa mAnyatA para AdhRta hai ki usa khyAta guNa bAlI 1 1. rUpa zIla guNa hoya sama jo kyoM hU~ anusAra / tAsa upamA kahata kavi kezava bahuta prakAra // - kezava, kavipriyA, 14, 1 2. guna, auguna sama tauli ka~, jahA~ eka sama aura, so upamA, kahi (gahi) vAcya (vAkya) pada, sakala artha laghu Thaura - deva, zabdarasAyana 6 pR0 150 28

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434 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa vastu (upamAna) se tulanA karane para varNya vastu kA guNa-yA usake guNa kA prabhAva-bhI spaSTa ho jaaygaa| kucha Adhunika AlocakoM ne yaha yukti dI hai ki prastuta yA varNya vastu ke guNotkarSa se prabhAvita hokara hI kavi aprastuta kI yojanA karatA hai / isa tarka meM kavi kI anubhUti para to dhyAna rakhA gayA hai; para usa anubhUti kI abhivyaJjanA ko svAbhAvika paryutsukatA kI upekSA kara dI gayI hai / AcArya rAmacandra zukla kI yaha mAnyatA ucita hai ki aprastutayojanA kI sArthakatA prastuta kI prabhAvavRddhi meM hI hai / ' kavi prastuta kI prabhAva-vRddhi ke lie aisA aprastuta sAmane lAtA hai jisameM, prastuta-sA guNa adhika mAtrA meM tathA prasiddha rUpa meM rahatA hai| ataH, upameya kI apekSA upamAna meM guNotkarSa mAnane meM AcAryoM kA tAtparya yaha nahIM thA ki upamAna meM acche guNa hI rahA karate haiN| guNotkarSa se abhiprAya kisI dharma (sadguNa yA avaguNa) ke Adhikya kA tathA suvikhyAta hone kA hI thaa| jaba bharata ke samaya se hI nindopamA, Adi ko upamA ke rUpa meM svIkRti milatI rahI, taba AcArya guNotkarSa kA artha sadguNa mAtra kA utkarSa kaise samajhate ? guNa zabda kA prayoga Aja kucha artha-vikAsa ke sAtha hotA hai / kevala guNa kahane se sadguNa ke artha kA bodha hotA hai tathA hIna guNa ke bodha ke lie 'ava' 'dura' Adi upasarga ke sAtha guNa zabda kA prayoga Avazyaka mAnA jAtA hai| acche guNa ke bodha ke lie 'sat' upasarga lagAyA bhI jAtA hai; para vaha Avazyaka nahIM mAnA jAtA / pahale guNa kA artha vyApaka thaa| acche tathA bare ke lie 'sat' tathA 'ava' Adi upasarga kA prayoga Avazyaka thaa| yaha dhyAtavya hai ki kisI AcArya ne guNotkarSa ke lie sadguNa ke utkarSa kA bhAva vyakta nahIM kiyA hai| deva ne guNa-sAmya kA artha sadguNa-sAmya mAna kara apanI ora se yaha jor3a diyA ki avaguNa kI samatA meM bhI upamA hogii| guNa se hI arthabodha ho jAne ke kAraNa avaguNa zabda kA prayoga anAvazyaka hai| hindI ke anya rIti-AcAryoM ne upamA alaGkAra kI paribhASA meM paramparA kA hI nirvAha kiyA hai| upamA-dhAraNA ke vikAsa-krama kI isa parIkSA kA niSkarSa yaha hai ki jahAM varNya vastu kI anya vastu se sAdRzya ke kAraNa tulanA kI jAtI hai, vahAM upamA alaGkAra hotA hai| sAdRzya ke lie isameM do sadRza vastuoM kA paraspara pArthakya Avazyaka hai / zAstra meM vivecita upamA se kAvyazAstrIya upamA ke bheda ke lie isameM sAdRzyagata cArutA apekSita hai| 1. draSTavya, rAmacandra zukla, cintAmaNi /

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alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [ 435 upamA-bheda AcArya bharata ke samaya se hI upamA ke aneka bhedopabhedoM kI kalpanA hotI rahI hai| bharata ne upamA ke pAMca bheda-(1) prazaMsopamA, (2) nindopamA, (3) kalpitopamA, (4) sadRzI upamA tathA (5) kiJcatsadRzI upamA-svIkAra kiye haiN|' bhAmaha ne usake tIna bhedoM kA ullekha kiyA-(1) yathA, ina Adi vAcaka zabda-prayoga para AdhRta, (2) samAsagA tathA (3) vati pratyayayukta kriyA-sAmAnya vaalii| unhoMne aneka bhedoM kI sambhAvanA svIkAra kara bhI unakA vivecana anAvazyaka samajhA / 2 daNDI ne usake battIsa bheda kiye haiN| ve haiM :-dharmopamA, vastUpamA, diparyAsopamA, anyonyopamA, niyamopamA, aniyamopamA, samuccayopamA, atizayopamA, utprekSitopamA, adbhutopamA, mohopamA, saMzayopamA, nirNayopamA, zleSopamA, samAnopamA, nindopamA, prazaMsopamA, AcikhyAsopamA, virodhopamA, pratiSedhopamA, caTUpamA, tattvAkhyAnopamA, asAdhAraNopamA, abhUtopamA, asambhAvitopamA, bahUpamA, vikriyopamA, mAlopamA, vAkyArthopamA, prativastUpamA, tulyayogopamA tathA hetUpamA / vAmana ne upamA ke kalpitA evaM laukikI bheda kara punaH padavRtti tathA vAkyavRtti-rUpa meM do vibhAga kiye haiN| unhoMne pUrNopamA tathA luptopamA bhedoM kA bhI nirdeza kiyA hai| udbhaTa ne vyAkaraNa-siddhAnta ke AdhAra para zrotI, ArthI bhedoM kI kalpanA kii|' unake samaya se pUrNA evaM luptA ke bhedopabhedoM kI kalpanA kI jAne lgii| pUrNA ke zrItI evaM ArthI tathA luptA ke upameya, upamAna, sAdhAraNa dharma tathA vAcaka zabda meM se eka, do yA tIna ke anupAdAna ke AdhAra para pA~ca bheda svIkRta hue / usake bhI zrautI tathA ArthI vibhAga kiye gye| zrautI evaM ArthI pUrNA puna: taddhitagata, samAsa-gata evaM vAkyagata hone ke AdhAra para chaha prakAra kI mAnI gyii| luptopamA ke ikkIsa bheda kalpita hue| nimnalikhita tAlikA se paravartI AcAryoM ke upamA-vibhAga kI dhAraNA prastuta kI jA sakatI hai 1. prazaMsA caiva nindA ca kalpitA sadRzI tthaa| kiJcicca sadRzI jJeyA hya pamA paJcadhA punaH ||-bhrt, nA0 zA. 2. draSTavya, bhAmaha, kAvyAlaM0 2,30-38 3. draSTavya, daNDI, kAvyAda0 2,15-50 4. draSTavya,vAmana, kAvyAlaM0 sU0 1,2,2-7 5. draSTavya, udbhaTa, kAvyAlaM. sArasaM0 1,33-38

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436 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa __ isa prakAra upamA ke cAra tattvoM-upameya, upamAna, vAcaka evaM sAdhAraNa dharma ke samagrataH upAdAna meM pUrNopamA tathA unameM se eka, do tathA tIna ke lopa ke AdhAra para luptopamA bheda kara punaH taddhita, samAsa Adi pratyayoM ke bAdhAra para donoM ke upabheda kiye gaye haiN| pUrNA ke chaha tathA luptA ke ikkIsa meda milA kara sattAisa bheda ho jAte haiM / udbhaTa ke isa vyAkaraNAzrita upamA-vibhAga ko mammaTa, vizvanAtha Adi paravartI AcAryoM ne bhI svIkAra kiyA hai| vizvanAtha ne upamA ke rasanA Adi bhedoM kI kalpanA ko bhI svIkAra kiyA hai| mammaTa ne use svatantra rUpa se paribhASita karane kI bAvazyakatA nahIM samajhI thii|' - upamA ke lakSaNa-nirUpaNa ke prasaGga meM sAdharmya tathA sAdRzya padoM ke prayoga ke aucitya para vicAra kara lenA vAJchanIya hai| mammaTa ne paraspara bhinna vastuoM meM sAdhayaM ko upamA kA lakSaNa mAnA, sAdRzya ko nahIM / sAdharmya aura sAdRzya-padoM ke artha meM thor3A bheda hai / vaiyAkaraNoM kI mAnyatA hai ki sAdharmya zabda kA 'ya' pratyaya samAna dharma-yukta vastu yA vastuoM ke sAtha sambandha kA bodhaka hai| samAna dharma aura samAna dharma vAlI vastu ke bIca kA sambandha sAdRzya nahIM kahA jA sakatA / pItAmbaratva kahane se pIlA vastra aura pIlA vastra dhAraNa karane vAle ke bIca kA jo sambandha prakaTa hotA hai, vaha sAdRzya nahIM, sAdharmya hai| kyoMki, sAdRzya do vastuoM ke bIca hI hotA hai, jo vastueM samAna dharma se yukta rahatI haiM; na ki samAna dharma aura usase yukta vastu ke bIja / eka udAharaNa se sAdharmya aura sAdRzya kA bheda spaSTa ho jaaygaa| upamAdoSa kA eka udAharaNa hai-'haMsI ke samAna zubhra cndrmaa'| yahA~ upamA ke vAcaka pada kA prayoga hone se upamA hai; para doSa yaha hai ki zubhra yA dhavala dharma kA haMsI ke sAtha sambandha nhiiN| kAraNa yaha hai ki haMsI strIliGga kA pada hai aura dhavala pulliGga kaa| dhavala candra aura dhavala haMsI ke bIca sAdRzya 1. ....razanopamA ca na lakSitA evaMvidhavaicitryasahasrasambhavAt uktabhedA natikramAcca |-mmmtt, kAvyaprakAza, 10 pR0 231 2. samAsakRttaddhitAstu yadyapi kevalaM sambandhaM nAbhidadhati, tathApi sambandhini vattaMmAnAH sambandhaM pravRttinimittamapekSanta iti tebhyaH sambandhe bhAvapratyayaH / tathA "ca rAjapuruSatvamiti svasvAmibhAvaH prtiiyte| pAcakatvamiti kriyAkArakasambandhaH / aupagavatvamiti aptyaaptyvtsmbndhH|-mhaabhaassy para, kaiyaTa kA pradIpa, adhyAya 5

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alaGkAroM kA svarUpa - vikAsa [ 437 to hai, para sAdharmya nahIM / yadi sAdRzya mAtra meM upamA kA sadbhAva mAnA jAtA to ukta udAharaNa meM upamA alaGkAra hI mAnA jAtA, upamA- doSa nahIM / niSkarSa yaha ki sAdharmya kA artha hai sAdhAraNa dharma-sambandha | yaha zabda upameya ke sAtha dharma ke sambandha kA; usake upamAna ke sAtha samAna dharma ke sambandha kA tathA donoM vastuoM (upameya evaM upamAna) ke bIca samAna-dharmasambandha kA bodha karAtA hai / sAdharmya meM hI upamA hotI hai / rUpaka 'nATya-zAstra' meM upalabdha cAra prAcInatama alaGkAroM meM se rUpaka bhI eka hai | svarUpagata cArutA tathA kavi-paramparA meM prApta pratiSThA kI dRSTi se upamA ke bAda rUpaka kA hI sthAna mAnA jAnA cAhie / hama dekha cuke haiM ki kAvyazAstra meM svabhAvokti tathA atizayokti yA vakrokti ko alaGkAra meM prathama sthAna dilAne ke bhI prayAsa hue haiM / ' svabhAvokti kA to alaGkAratva hI vivAdagrasta rahA hai / sarvamAnya alaGkAra nahIM hone ke kAraNa svabhAvokti ko alaGkAroM meM prathama sthAna to nahIM hI diyA jA sakatA; dvitIya sthAna meM bhI usakI gaganA nahIM kI jA sakatI / atizayokti eka nizcita sImA meM hI rucikara hotI hai / jahA~ kavi kI kalpanA atizayokti meM khIMca-tAna Arambha karatI hai, vahA~ kAvya kA prabhAva jAtA rahatA hai| atizayokti para Azrita kavi kI vaha UhA bauddhika camatkAra kI sRSTi bhale kare, hRdaya kI saMvedanA kA utkarSa nahIM kara pAtI / ataH, alaGkAra - vizeSa ke rUpa meM atiza - yokti ko upamA, rUpaka Adi kI apekSA adhika mahattva denA ucita nahIM / rUpaka meM lAkSaNika prayoga kA saundarya nihita rahatA hai / kAvya meM aise prayoga kA mahatva anupekSaNIya hai / arastU ke anusAra lAkSaNika prayoga kA kauzala kavi-pratibhA ko Izvara kA mahanIya varadAna hai / 2 bhAratIya AcAryoM ne bhI lakSaNA zakti ko evaM usa para Azrita rUpaka alaGkAra ko bahuta mahattvapUrNa mAnA hai | sabhI AcAryoM ke dvArA rUpaka kI alaGkAra rUpa meM svIkRti tathA usakI sabheda vizada mImAMsA isa kathana kA pramANa hai / kaviyoM meM bhI rUpaka 1. bhAmaha ne atizayokti yA vakrokti ko alaGkArasarvasva mAnA to daNDI svabhAvokti ko prathama nirUpya samajhA / 2. But for the greatest thing is a gift for metaphor. For this alone cannot be learnt from others and is a sign of inborn power. - Aristotle. Poetics, chapter XXII.

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438] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa kA paryApta Adara rahA hai| saMskRta-sAhitya ke kaniSThikAdhiSThita kavi kAlidAsa kI upamA meM ruci jitanI vikhyAta hai, hindI-kaviyoM meM mUrdhAbhiSikta kavi tulasIdAsa kI rUpaka meM ruci utanI hI khyAta hai| ___ upamA kI taraha rUpaka ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM bhI AcAryoM meM adhika matabheda nahIM rahA hai| AcArya daNDI se lekara Adhunika AcArya taka rUpaka kA prAyaH samAna svarUpa hI svIkRta hotA rahA hai| usake lakSaNa kA zodhapariSkAra vibhinna AcArya apane-apane mata ke anusAra avazya karate rahe haiM; para usake sAmAnya svarUpa ke sambandha meM unakI dhAraNA prAyaH samAna hI rahI hai| vaha bhArata kI zAstrIya cintana-praNAlI kI apanI vizeSatA rahI hai ki tattva. nirUpaNa meM eka-dUsare se bahulAMzataH sahamata rahane para bhI vicArakoM ne kisI paribhASA ko anvaya-vyatireka ke kaThora nikaSa para kasa kara usake aucitya kI parIkSA kI hai tathA pUrva-nirUpita paribhASA meM kucha avyApti yA ativyAptidoSa dikhA kara apane mata se navIna paribhASA kI sthApanA kI hai| paNDitarAja jagannAtha ne appayya kI 'citra-mImAMsA' kI alaGkAra-paribhASAoM kA tarka ke tIkSNa kuThAra se jo khaNDana kiyA hai, usake pIche alaGkAroM ke navIna svarUpa kI kalpanA kI apekSA unake prAcIna rUpa ko hI adhika upayukta paribhASA meM prastuta karane kI preraNA pradhAna rUpa meM hai / jagannAtha kA upamA, rUpaka Adi kI dhAraNA tadviSayaka prAcIna dhAraNA se tattvataH bhinna nahIM hai, phira bhI unhoMne una balaGkAroM ke nirUpaNa-krama meM jo niviDa tarka-jAla bunA hai, usakI sArthakatA nirdoSa paribhASA kI sthApanA meM hI hai / AcArya bharata ne rUpaka alaGkAra ke lakSaNa meM aneka dravyoM ke anuSaGga bAdi se guNAzrita aupamya kA, rUpa kI nivarNanA se yukta honA apekSita mAnA hai| unake anusAra rUpaka svavikalpa se viracita hotA hai tathA usake tulyAvayava lakSaNa-yukta hone tathA kiJcit sAdRzya se sampanna hone ke AdhAra para do rUpa hote haiN|' abhinava gupta ne abhinava-bhAratI meM yaha saGkata diyA hai ki samastavastuviSaya tathA eka deza vivarti rUpaka bhedoM kI kalpanA kA mUla 1. nAnAdravyAnurAgAdya yaMdaupamyaguNAzrayam / rUpanivarNanAyukta tadra pakamiti smRtam // -bharata, nA0 zA0 16,57 tathA svavikalpena racitaM tulyAvayavalakSaNam / kiJcit sAdRzyasampannaM yad paM rUpakaM tu tat ||-vhii 16,56

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alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [ 436 bharata ke ukta rUpaka-bhedoM meM hI hai| svavikalpa se kisI vastu (varNya vastu) kI rUpa-racanA meM arthAt usa varNya meM anya vastu ke rUpa kI kalpanA meM prastuta para aprastuta ke Aropa kI dhAraNA-nihita thii| yahI dhAraNA paravartI kAla ke AcAryoM ke rUpaka-lakSaNa meM spaSTatayA vyakta huI hai| bhAmaha ne apanI rUpaka-paribhASA meM bharata kI rUpaka-dhAraNA ko adhika spaSTatA se prastuta kiyA hai| unake matAnusAra jahA~ prastuta aura aprastuta meM guNa kI samatA dekha kara aprastuta ke sAtha prastuta kA tattva rUpita kiyA jAya, arthAt prastuta para aprastuta kA Aropa kiyA jAya, vahA~ rUpaka alaGkAra hotA hai| rUpaka ke do bheda hote haiM-(1) samastavastuviSaya aura (2) ekadezavivati / / rUpaka kI kalpanA meM upameya aura upamAna ke bIca guNa kI samatA ko 'guNAzrita aupamya' pada se bharata ne bhI hetu batAyA thaa| bharata ke dvArA saGkatita rUpaka ke do bhedoM kA spaSTa nirUpaNa bhAmaha ne kiyA hai| daNDI kA rUpaka-lakSaNa upamA-lakSaNa-sApekSa hai| unhoMne kahA hai ki upamAna aura upameya kA bheda jahA~ tirobhUta ho jAya, aisI upamA hI rUpaka hai| upamA meM donoM ke bIca sAdharmya meM bhedAbheda kI pradhAnatA hotI hai| donoM ke sAdharmya ke abheda kI dazA meM rUpaka alaGkAra hotA hai| isa prakAra upamA ke sAtha rUpaka ke svarUpa ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana kA niSkarSa yaha hogA ki guNa kI samatA ke kAraNa upamAna aura upameya kA abhedAropa arthAt upameya para upamAna ke AhArya abheda kA Aropa rUpaka alaGkAra hai / spaSTataH, daNDI ke rUpaka kA yaha svarUpa bhAmaha ke rUpaka se abhinna hai; para jahAM bhAmaha ne rUpaka kA svatantra tathA pUrNa lakSaNa diyA thA, vahA~ daNDI ne use upamA-lakSaNasApekSa banA kara paribhASita kiyA hai| 1. tasya ( rUpakasya ) dvau bhedau tulyairavayavaiH sarva revAnyarUpIkRtayukta, yadi vA kiJcit sAdRzyayukta rUpitam / atrApi kiJcidanye rUpasAdRzyAdya kta rUpAntararUpitaM yatra kadeza vivarti prasiddha dravyAsti / -nA0 zA0, abhinava bhAratI pR0 325 2. upamAnena yattatvamupameyasya ruupyte| guNAnAM samatAM dRSTavA rUpakaM nAma tadviduH / samastavastuviSayamekadezavivartica / dvidhA rupakamuddiSTam..."||-bhAmaha, kAvyAlaM0, 2,21-22 3. upamaiva tirobhUtabhedA rUpakamucyate ||-dnnddii, kAvyAda0 2,66

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440 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa udbhaTa ne rUpaka kI paribhASA kiJcit svatantra rUpa meM dI hai / unhoMne upamAna aura upameya ke guNa-sAmya kI carcA chor3a kara lakSaNA vRtti ke AdhAra para eka pada se dUsare pada ke sambandha meM rUpaka alaGkAra kA sadbhAva mAnA hai / rUpaka - paribhASA meM gauNIvRtti kA ullekha nissandeha tathya ke spaSTIkaraNa kI dRSTi se udbhaTa kI mahattvapUrNa upalabdhi hai / rUpaka meM prastuta para aprastuta kA Aropa lakSaNA se hI sambhava hotA hai / bharata, bhAmaha Adi kI rUpaka - paribhASAoM meM bhI Aropa kI saGgati gauNIvRtti ke AdhAra para hI mAnI jaaygii| udbhaTa ne isI tathya ke spaSTIkaraNa ke lie gauNIvRtti kA ullekha karate hue kahA ki jahA~ zra uti ( arthaniSTha nirantara zabda- vyApAra arthAt mukhya vRtti) se pratipAdita artha se sambandha kA abhAva hone para gauNIvRtti se pada kA padAntara se sambandha hotA hai, vahA~ rUpaka alaGkAra hotA hai / " AcArya vAmana ne bhAmaha ke rUpaka - lakSaNa ko hI sUtrabaddha kiyA hai / rudraTa ne rUpaka ke mukhya do prakAra svIkAra kara unheM pRthak pRthak paribhASita kiyA / prathama rUpaka - lakSaNa meM unhoMne bha maha ke mata kA anusaraNa karate hue guNa- sAmya ke kAraNa upamAna aura upameya kA abheda vAJchanIya batAyA, sAtha hI utprekSA se usakA bheda nirUpita karane ke lie usakI paribhASA meM 'avivakSita sAmAnyA' vizeSaNa bhI jor3a diyA / isa prakAra rudraTa kI mAnyatA yaha thI ki upamAna aura upameya kA abheda to rUpaka aura utprekSA -- donoM meM samAna rUpa se rahatA hai; para utprekSA se rUpaka kA yaha bheda hai ki utpra ekSA meM chala, chadma, vyAja Adi zabdoM se upamAna aura upameya ke bIca abheda aura bheda vivakSita rahatA hai; para rUpaka meM sAmAnya vivakSita nahIM rahatA / rUpaka meM bhI upamAna aura upameya ke bIca sAmAnya (koI sAdhAraNa - dharma) rahatA to avazya hai; para vaha avivakSita rahatA hai / rudraTa ke rUpaka kA dUsarA prakAra 1. zra utyA sambandhavirahAdyatpadena padAntaram / guNavRttipradhAnena yujyate rUpakaM tu tat // - udbhaTa, kAvyalaM0 sArasaM0 1, 21 2. upamAnenopameyasya guNasAmyAt tattvAropI rUpakam / -- vAmana, kAvyAlaM0 sU0 4, 3-6 tulanIya, bhAmaha, kAvyAlaM0 2,21 3. yatra guNAnAM sAmye satyupamAnopameyayorabhidA / avivakSita sAmAnyA kalpyata iti rUpakaM prathamam // -- rudraTa, kAvyAlaM0 8, 38

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alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [ 441 "samasta' rUpaka hai, jisakI paribhASa kahA gayA hai ki isameM upamAna aura upameya kA samAsa kara upameya ko gauNa rUpa meM prastuta kiyA jAtA hai|' rUpaka ke prathama prakAra meM upamAna aura upameya pRthak-pRthak rahate haiM; para dvitIya prakAra meM ve samasta rahate haiM / rudraTa ke ye do rUpaka kramazaH vyasta tathA samasta rUpaka-bhedoM ke rUpa meM paravartI AcAryoM ke dvArA svIkRta hue haiN| __kuntaka ne AcArya udbhaTa ke mata kA anusaraNa karate hue upamAna ke dvArA upameya ko apane rUpa ko arpaNa rUpaka kA lakSaNa mAnA aura isa rUpArpaNa kI prakriyA ke mUla meM nihita prastuta-aprastuta kI samatA kA prANa-bhUta tattva upacAra-vakratA ko svIkAra kiyaa| bhoja ne bhI rUpaka kA mUlAdhAra lakSaNAvRtti ko svIkAra kara udbhaTa kI rUpaka-dhAraNA kA hI anumodana kiyA hai| agnipurANakAra ne bhAmaha aura daNDI-donoM ke rUpaka-lakSaNoM ko uddhRta kara diyA hai| mammaTa, ruyyaka Adi AcAryoM ko AcArya daNDI kA rUpaka-lakSaNa upayukta jAna par3A aura unhoMne usI ke AdhAra para rUpaka ko paribhASita kiyaa| mammaTa ne upamAna aura upameya ke abheda ko rUpaka kA lakSaNa svIkAra kiyaa|5 daNDI ke rUpaka-lakSaNa kA bhI niSkarSa yahI thaa| ruyyaka ne bhI abheda'pradhAna Aropa ko (upameya para upamAna ke Aropa ko) rUpaka kA pradhAna lakSaNa mAnA aura apahna ti se usake bheda-nirUpaNa ke lie paribhASA meM "Aropa-viSayAnapahnave' pada jor3a diyaa|6 rUpaka meM viSaya kA nigaraNa nahIM hotA, kevala usa para viSayI kA Aropa hotA hai / uttara kAla meM paramparAnumodita rUpaka-dhAraNA hI prastuta kI gayI hai / yaha satya hai ki rUpaka kI nirdoSa paribhASA kI sthApanA ke AyAsa-krama meM 1. upasarjanopameyaM kRtvA tu samAsametayorubhayoH / yattu prayujyate tadra pakamanyatsamAsoktam ||-rudrtt, kAvyAlaM0 8, 40 2. upacAraikasarvasvaM yatra (vastu) tat sAmya mudvahat / yadarpayati rUpaM svaM vastu tad rUpakaM viduH // -kuntaka, vakroktijI0 3, 20 3. draSTavya, bhoja, sarasvatIkaNThA0 4, 24 4. draSTavya, agnipurANa, adhyAya 344 5. tadpakamabhedo ya upamAnopameyayoH / -mammaTa, kAvyapra0 10,136 6. abhedaprAdhAnya Aropa AropaviSayAnapahnave rUpakam / -ruyyaka alaM0 sarvasva 15

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442 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa uttarakAlIna AcAryoM ne pUrvavartI AcAryoM kI rUpaka-paribhASA kA khaNDana kara navIna rUpa se use paribhASita karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| zobhAkara ke dvArA ruyyaka-pradatta rUpaka-paribhASA kA khaNDana tathA paNDitarAja jagannAtha ke dvArA appayya kI 'citramImAMsA' ke rUpaka-lakSaNa kA khaNDana aisA hI prayAsa hai|' para, aise khaNDana-maNDana ke prayAsa ke hone para bhI rUpaka ke svarUpa kI mUladhAraNA meM vizeSa parivartana nahIM huaa| hindI-rIti-AcAryoM ne bhI rUpaka ke prAcIna svarUpa ko hI paribhASita kiyA hai| rUpaka alaGkAra ke sambandha meM AcAryoM kI dhAraNA ke sAra nimnalikhita haiM : (ka) isa alaGkAra meM upamAna aura upameya meM abheda kI pratIti hotI hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, upamAna ke sAtha upameya kA tattva arthAt tAdra pya yA abheda dikhAnA rUpaka kA pradhAna lakSaNa hai| (kha) isa abheda-pratIti kA hetu donoM ke bIca guNa kI samatA hai / (ga) isameM upacAra yA lakSaNA kA camatkAra nihita rahatA hai; kyoMki prastuta kA aprastuta ke sAtha tAdra pya lakSaNA zakti se hI upapanna ho sakatA hai| (gha) upamA se rUpaka kA kevala itanA bheda hai ki upamA meM prastuta aura aprastuta ke bIca sAdharmya meM bhedAbheda kI pradhAnatA rahatI hai; para rUpaka meM donoM ke bIca sAdharmya abheda-pradhAna hotA hai| (Ga) rUpaka meM upameya aura upamAna kA sAmAnya arthAt sAdhAraNa dharma vivakSita nahIM hotaa| (ca) rUpaka meM upameya aura upamAna pRthak-pRthak bhI raha sakate haiM aura donoM kA samAsa kara upameya ko gauNarUpa meM bhI prastuta kiyA jA sakatA hai| isa AdhAra para rUpaka ke vyasta aura samasta, do rUpa hote haiM / rUpaka-bheda saMskRta-alaGkArazAstra ke vibhinna AcAryoM ne alaga-alaga rUpa meM rUpaka ke bhedoM kI kalpanA kI hai| hama dekha cuke haiM ki rUpaka ke samastavastuviSaya aura ekadeza vivati athavA sAGga aura niraGga bhedoM kI kalpanA Arambha se 1. draSTavya, zobhAkara, alaGkAraratnAkara, pR0 32 tathA jagannAtha, citra mImAMsA-khaNDana pR0 44-53

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alaGkAroM kA svarUpa - vikAsa [8835 hotI rahI thI / AcArya daNDI ne rUpaka ke bosa pramukha bhedoM kA lakSaNa -nirUpaNa kara usake anya bhedoM kI bhI sambhAvanA svIkAra kI / daNDI ke dvArA nirUpita rUpaka-bheda nimnalikhita haiM- samastarUpaka, vyastarUpaka ( donoM kA sammilita rUpa samastavyasta-rUpaka bhI), sakalarUpaka, avayavarUpaka, avayavirUpaka, ekAGga rUpaka, dvyaGgAdirUpaka, yuktarUpaka, ayuktarUpaka, viSamarUpaka, savizeSaNarUpaka, viruddharUpaka, heturUpaka, zliSTarUpaka, upamArUpaka, vyatirekarUpaka, AkSeparUpaka,samAdhAnarUpaka, rUpakarUpaka tathA tattvApahnavarUpaka / ' AcArya udbhaTa ne samastavastuviSaya mAlArUpaka kA ullekha kiyA hai / rudraTa ne rUpaka ke pramukha do rUpoM ko paribhASita kara samAsarUpaka ke tIna bhedoM - sAvayava, niravayava tathA saGkIrNa - ke lakSaNa diye haiM / sAvayava aura niravayava ke do-do bheda mAne gaye haiM- samastaviSaya evaM ekadezI / sAvayava ke sahajAvayava, AhAryAvayava aura ubhayAvayava upabheda bhI kalpita haiM / niravayava ke zuddha, mAlA, razanA tathA paramparita - ye cAra upabheda mAne gaye hai / zuddha aura mAlA vAkyagata niravayavarUpaka ke tathA razanA aura paramparita samasta-rUpaka ke bheda haiM / saGkIrNa ke sahajAvayava, AhAryAvayava tathA ubhayAvayava upabheda svIkRta haiM / ' rudraTa kA rUpaka - vibhAga nimna tAlikA se spaSTa kiyA jA sakatA hai : vAkyarUpaka samAsa rUpaka sAvayava niravayava ( saGkIrNa sAvayava niravayaya saGkIrNa samastaviSaya { samma deza samasta viSaya ( ekadezI { samasta viSaya { ema madezI samasta viSaya ekadezI 1. draSTavya, daNDI, kAvyAdarza 2, 66-96 2. samastavastuviSayaM mAlArUpakamucyate / sahajAvayava AhAryAvayava ubhayAvayava 3. rudraTa, kAvyAlaGkAra, 8, 41, 56 zuddha mAlA sahajAvayava AhAryAvayava - ubhayAvayava razanA paramparita --udbhaTa, kAvyAlaM0 sAra saM0 1, 25

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-444 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa mammaTa, ruyyaka, vizvanAtha Adi paravartI AcAryoM kA rUpaka - vibhAga rudraTa ke ukta vibhAga se prabhAvita hai / una AcAryoM ke rUpaka vibhAga ke tulanAtmaka * adhyayana kI suvidhA ke lie hama ke rUpaka vibhAga kI tAlikA de rahe haiM : :-- - mammaTa kA rUpaka bheda sAGga samastavastu ekadezaviSaya vivarti zuddha rUpaka niraGga mAlA zliSTa paramparita azliSTa zuddha mAlA zuddha mAlA ruyka kA rUpaka - vibhAga mammaTa ke ukta vibhAga se abhinna hai / ruyyaka ne * sAGga aura niraGga ke sthAna para kramazaH sAvayava aura niravayava -zabdoM kA - prayoga kiyA hai| zuddha ke lie kevala tathA zliSTa aura azliSTa ke lie kramazaH 'zliSTazabda nibandhana' evaM 'azliSTazabda nibandhana' zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai / vizvanAtha ne mammaTa aura ruyyaka kI rUpaka - vibhAjana paddhati kA hI anusaraNa kiyA hai / unhoMne mammaTa kI taraha 'sAGga' aura 'niraGga' zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA hai; para 'zuddha' kI jagaha ruyyaka kI taraha 'kevala' zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai / zliSTazabda nibandhana tathA azliSTazabdanibandhana zabdoM kA prayoga bhI ruyyaka ke matAnusAra kiyA gayA hai / bhoja ne rUpaka ke jo caubIsa bheda mAne haiM, usa mAnyatA meM tathya - nirUraNa kI apekSA saMkhyAvizeSa ke prati moha hI pradhAna hetu hai / ' hindI - rIti-sAhitya meM rUpaka - vibhAga ke kSetra meM koI navIna udbhAvanA nahIM huI / rudraTa, mammaTa, 1. guNa Adi ke kSetra meM bhI guNoM kI caubIsa saMkhyA nirdhArita karane ke bhoja ke Agraha kI parIkSA hama kara cuke haiM / draSTavya, lekhaka kA 'kAvya-guNoM kA zAstrIya vivecana' a0 1

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alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [ 445. ruyyaka Adi kI dhAraNA kA hI anugamana rIti-AcAryoM ne kiyaa| yaha mAnyatA bhrAntipUrNa hai ki kezava ne 'rUpakarUpaka' nAma meM eka naye bheda kA nirdeza kiyA hai|' rUpakarUpaka-bheda kA sodAharaNa-nirUpaNa daNDI ne kiyA thA, jisameM eka bAra rUpita padArtha para punaH rUpaNa kI dhAraNA vyakta kI gayI thii|2 spaSTata: rIti-kAla meM paramparAnumodita rUpaka-vibhAga kA hI nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| dIpaka upamA aura rUpaka kI taraha dIpaka bhI bhAratIya alaGkAra-zAstra meM prApta prAcInatama arthAlaGkAroM meM se eka hai| AcArya bharata se lekara Adhunika kAla taka ke prAyaH sabhI AlaGkArikoM ne dIpaka kA alaGkAratva svIkAra kiyA hai| bhAmaha aura daNDI ne tulyayogitA alaGkAra kA svarUpa dIpaka se itanA milA diyA ki pIche cala kara jayaratha, paNDitarAja jagannAtha, Adi AcAryoM ne tulyayogitA se pRthak dIpaka kA sadbhAva mAnanA anAvazyaka batAyA; para aitihAsika dRSTi se vicAra karane para yaha tathya spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki dIpaka ke svarUpa ke AdhAra para hI usase milate-julate svarUpa vAle tulyayogitA alaGkAra ke svatantra astitva kI kalpanA kI gayI hai / ataH, yaha kalpanA apane AdhAra ke hI astitva kA apalApa nahIM kara sktii| yadi ukta donoM alaGkAroM ke svatantra astitva kI kalpanA Avazyaka na mAnI jAya aura donoM ke sthAna para eka hI alaGkAra ke vyApaka svarUpa kI kalpanA lAghava ke lie ucita mAnI jAya, to bhI dIpaka ke astitva ko asvIkAra karane kA koI AdhAra nahIM hogaa| astu, prastuta prasaGga meM hama dIpaka ke svarUpa-vikAsa kA adhyayana kreNge| ____ AcArya bharata ne dIpaka kA svarUpa-nirUpaNa karate hue kahA thA ki isameM vAnA adhikaraNa meM rahane vAle zabdoM kA eka hI vAkya se saMyoga hotA hai / eka vAkya aneka zabdoM kA dIpana karatA hai, isIlie isa alaGkAra kA 1. DaoN0 omaprakAza zarmA, rItikAlIna alaM0 sAhitya kA zAstrIya vivecana, pR0 254 2. daNDI, kAvyAdarza, 2, 63 3. nAnAdhikaraNArthAnAM zabdAnAM sampradIpakam / ekavAkyena saMyukta taddIpakamihocyate ||-bhrt, nA0 zA0 16,53.

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446 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa abhidhAna anvartha hai / abhinavagupta ne bharata ke dIpaka - lakSaNa kA spaSTIkaraNa karane ke krama meM kahA hai ki jahA~ vibhinna AzrayoM arthAt vAkyoM meM rahane vAle paraspara sAkAMkSa padoM kI AkAMkSApUrti eka hI vAkya se saMyukta kriyA, - guNa, jAti Adi karate hoM, vahA~ bharata ke anusAra dIpaka alaGkAra hotA hai / " bhAmaha ne bhI bharata kI hI taraha dIpaka ko anvarthA saMjJA mAna kara eka pada se aneka padArtha ke dIpana meM dIpaka alaGkAra kA sadbhAva svIkAra kiyA / daNDI ne bhI pUrvAcAryoM se milatI-julatI dhAraNA hI dIpaka ke sambandha meM vyakta kI / unake anusAra jahA~ jAti, guNa, kriyA athavA dravya kA vAcaka koI zabda ekatra raha kara aneka vAkyoM kA upakAra karatA ho, vahA~ dIpaka alaGkAra hotA hai / 3 daNDI kA 'upakAra' zabda bharata ke 'sampradIpana' tathA bhAmaha ke 'dIpana' se abhinna artha rakhatA hai / AcArya udbhaTa ne sarvaprathama dIpaka - lakSaNa meM upamAna aura upameya ke sambandha kA spaSTa zabdoM meM ullekha kiyA / unhoMne dIpaka meM pradhAna aura apradhAna meM arthAt prastuta aura aprastuta meM pratIyamAna sambandha bhI vAJchanIya batAyA / isa taraha unake dIpaka - lakSaNa kA Azaya hogA ki eka zabda aneka upameya aura upamAna-bodhaka zabdoM kA jahA~ dIpana karatA hai, vahIM dIpaka alaGkAra hotA hai / tulyayogitA alaGkAra ke svatantra astitva kI kalpanA ho jAne para dIpaka ke lakSaNa meM kucha vyAvartaka dharmoM kI kalpanA Avazyaka thI / udbhaTa ne isa AvazyakatA ko samajhA aura donoM meM yaha bheda - vyavasthA kara dI ki dIpaka meM upamAna- upameya vAkyoM kA hI eka zabda se 1. nAnA ye zabdAntaravAkyapadAtmAnasteSAM adhikaraNArthAnAmAzraye artho'tA yeSAM tathAbhUtAnAM sAkAMkSANAmiti teSAM yatsamyak prakarSeNa dIpakAkAMkSA pUrakaM kriyAguNajAtyAdi taddIpakaM yata ekenAvAntaravAkyenAsaMyukta sattathAkaroti dIpakaprakRtitvAttathoktamityarthaH / - nA0 zA 0 abhinava bhAratI, pR0 324-25 2. amUni kurvate'nvarthAmasyAkhyAmarthadIpanAt / --- bhAmaha, kAvyAlaM0 2,26 3. jAtikriyAguNadravyavAcinaikatravattinA / sarvavAkyopakArazcet tamAhurdIpakaM yathA // daNDI, kAvyAda0 2,97 -4. AdimadhyAntaviSayAH prAdhAnyeta rayoginaH / antargatopamAdharmA yatra taddIpakaM viduH // - udbhaTa, kAvyAlaM0 sArasaM0 1,28

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alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [447 sambandha hotA hai, jaba ki tulyayogitA meM aneka upameya-vAkyoM kA athavA aneka upamAna-vAkyoM kA hI paraspara sambandha eka zabda se dIpita hotA hai|' vAmana ne udbhaTa kI dIpaka-dhAraNA ko hI sUtrabaddha kiyaa| unhoMne upamAna aura upameya-vAkyoM meM eka kriyA kA sambandha honA dIpaka kA lakSaNa maanaa| bharata se daNDI taka aneka vAkyoM ke bIca eka pada kA sambandha dIpaka kA lakSaNa mAnA jAtA rahA thaa| vAkyoM ko dIpita karane vAlA vaha pada jAti, guNa, kriyA yA dravya-kisI kA bhI vAcaka ho sakatA thaa| vAmana ne kevala kriyA-pada se aneka vAkyoM ( upameya aura upamAna vAkyoM ) meM sambandha-nirdeza ko dIpaka kA lakSaNa svIkAra kiyaa| rudraTa ne dIpaka ko aupamya-garbha nahIM mAna kara vAstava-vargagata alaGkAra mAnA hai| isalie yaha svAbhAvika thA ki unake dIpaka-lakSaNa meM aneka vAkyoM ke bIca upamAnopameya kA sambandha Avazyaka nahIM mAnA gyaa| unhoMne aneka vAkyoM meM eka pada se sambandhasUcanA kI dhAraNA pUrvAcAryoM se lii| kriyA-pada ke sAtha kAraka-pada ko 'bhI unhoMne aneka vAkyoM kA dIpaka svIkAra kiyaa| isa prakAra rudraTa kI dIpaka-dhAraNA udbhaTa aura vAmana kI dIpaka-dhAraNA se isa dRSTi se bhinna hai ki ve udbhaTa Adi kI taraha dIpita hone vAle vAkyoM meM upamAna-upameya kA sambandha Avazyaka nahIM mAnate / vAmana se rudraTa kI dhAraNA isa dRSTi se bhI kucha bhinna hai ki jahA~ vAmana ne kevala kriyA-pada ko aneka vAkyoM kA upakAraka mAnA thA, vahA~ rudraTa ne kriyA-pada ke sAtha kAraka-pada ko bhI dIpaka alaGkAra meM aneka vAkyoM kA dIpaka svIkAra kiyA hai| spaSTa hai ki rudraTa kI dIpaka-dhAraNA bharata, bhAmaha aura daNDI kI dhAraNA ke mela meM hai| AcArya kuntaka ne kevala kriyA-pada se aneka vAkyoM ke dIpana kI dhAraNA ko svIkAra nahIM kiyaa| unhoMne isa dhAraNA ke khaNDana ke lie bhAmaha ke dIpaka-udAharaNoM ko uddhRta kara yaha dikhAyA hai ki unameM kevala kriyA-pada ko dIpaka mAnA gayA hai| kevala kriyApada se aneka artha ke dyotana meM dIpaka kA sadbhAva 1. draSTavya, udbhaTa, kAvyAlaM0 sAra saM0 1, 28 para tilaka kI vivRti pR0 11 2. upamAnopameyavAkyeSvekA kriyA dIpakam / -vAmana, kAvyAlaM0 sU0 4,3,18 3. draSTavya, rudraTa, kAvyAlaM0 7,64 4. draSTavya, kuntaka, vakroktijI0 pR0 391-67

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448 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa mAnane vAle mata kA khaNDana kara kuntaka ne svamata se dIpaka ko paribhASita karate hue kahA ki isa alaGkAra meM 'aucitya ke anurUpa sundara evaM sahRdayahRdayAhlAdaka padArthoM ke pratIyamAna dharma kA dIpana hotA hai|' kuntaka ne navIna rUpa se dIpaka ko paribhASita karane kA AyAsa kiyA hai; para ve vastutaH, dIpaka ke sambandha meM kisI navIna tathya kI sthApanA nahIM kara sake haiN| kriyA ke atirikta jAti, guNa, dravya ke vAcaka zabdoM kA dIpakatva daNDI Adi svIkAra kara cuke the| rudraTa ne bhI kAraka-dIpaka kA astitva svIkAra kiyA thaa| bhAmaha ne kahIM bhI spaSTataH kevala kriyA-pada ke dIpakatva kI dhAraNA vyakta nahI kI thii| yaha eka saMyoga bhI ho sakatA hai ki unake tIna udAharaNoM meM kriyA se hI artha-dIpana huA hai| kuntaka ne dIpaka kI paribhASA meM ucita, sundara tathA tadvidAhlAdakAraka vizeSaNoM kA jo prayoga kiyA hai, usakA aucitya bhI vicAraNIya hai| aucitya to sabhI alaGkAroM kA prANa hI hai| usake abhAva meM alaGkAratva hI sambhava nhiiN| sundara hone tathA sahRdaya ke lie mAhlAdakArI hone kI dhAraNA bhI alaGkAra-mAtra ke svarUpa kI kalpanA ke mUla meM nihita hai| ataH, ukta vizeSaNoM kA alaGkAra-vizeSa ke lakSaNa meM prayoga Avazyaka nhiiN| azakta arthAt pratIyamAna dharma ke dyotana kI dhAraNA kuntaka ne udbhaTa se lI hai| spaSTa hai ki kuntaka ne pUrvAcAryoM kI dIpakadhAraNA ko hI kucha pariSkAra ke sAtha prastuta kiyA hai| AcArya mammaTa ne rudraTa kI taraha kriyA-dIpaka aura kAraka-dIpaka; ina do dIpaka-prakAroM kA astitva svIkAra kiyA hai| unhoMne pUrvavartI AcAryoM ke mata kA anusaraNa karate hue prastuta aura aprastuta dharmiyoM ke guNa, kriyA Adi. dharma kA eka hI bAra upAdAna, dIpaka kA lakSaNa maanaa| bahuta kriyAoM ke hone para kartA Adi chaha kArakoM meM se kisI eka kA eka hI bAra upAdAna, kArakadIpaka kA lakSaNa mAnA gyaa| spaSTataH, mammaTa para rudraTa kI dIpaka-dhAraNA kA prabhUta prabhAva hai; para, jahA~ rudraTa ne dIpaka ko vAstava-varga kA alaGkAra mAnA thA, vahAM mammaTa ne vAmana Adi kI taraha usameM upamAnopameya-sambandha 1. aucityAvahamamlAnaM tadvidA hlAdakAraNam / azaktaM dharmamarthAnAM dIpayad vastu dIpakam ||-kuntk,vkroktijii0 3,17 2. sakRvRttistu dharmasya prakRtAprakRtAtmanAm / peSa kriyAsu bahISu kArakasyeti dIpakam // -mammaTa, kAvyApra0 10,156

Page #472
alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [ 446 bhI Avazyaka maanaa| mammaTa ke bAda dIpaka kA yahI svarUpa ruyyaka, vizvanAtha bAdi ke dvArA svIkRta huA hai|' bhoja ne AcArya daNDI kA hI dIpaka-lakSaNa kiJcit zabda-bheda se uddhRta kara diyA hai / 2 mammaTa ke bAda dIpaka ke sambandha meM do dhAraNAe~ mukhya rUpa se svIkRta hotI rahI haiM--(ka) upamAna evaM upameya-vAkyoM kA eka dharma se (kriyA, guNa Adi se) sambandha tathA (kha) aneka kriyAoM kA eka kAraka se dIpana / prathama dhAraNA kA bIja udbhaTa kI dIpakaparibhASA meM thA, jisameM 'antargatopamAdharmAH' kA ullekha huA thaa| vAmana ne usa dhAraNA ko aura spaSTa svarUpa diyA thaa| kAraka-dIpaka kI prathama kalpanA kA zreya rudraTa ko hai| ina do dhAraNAoM ko milA kara mammaTa ne dIpaka kA jo svarUpa sthira kiyA, vahI paravartI AcAryoM ko bahumAnya huA hai| bharata, bhAmaha, daNDI Adi ke dIpaka alaGkAra meM na to upamAna-upameya kI dhAraNA thI, na kAraka se kriyA-padoM ke dIpana kii| una AcAryoM ne sAmAnyataH do yA adhika padArthoM ke eka dharma se dIpana meM dIpaka kA sadbhAva mAnA thaa| paravartI kAla meM tulyayogitA kI svatantra sattA svIkRta ho jAne ke kAraNa usase bhedanirUpaNa ke lie upamAna aura upameya-vAkyoM taka hI dIpaka kA kSetra sImita karane kI AvazyakatA huii| isa prakAra aitihAsika vikAsa kI dRSTi se dIpaka ke tIna rUpa sAmane Ate haiM : (ka) kinhIM do padArthoM kA eka dharma se sambandha-dyotana, (kha) kevala upamAnopameya vAkyoM kA eka dharma se sambandha-dyotana tathA (ga) aneka kriyAoM kA eka kAraka se dIpana / inameM se dIpaka ke antima do rUpa hI paravartI kAla meM svIkRta hue haiN| prathama ko kriyAdi-dIpaka tathA dvitIya ko kAraka-dIpaka kahA jAtA hai| hindI ke rIti-AcAryoM ne dIpaka ke sambandha meM koI navIna udbhAvanA nahIM kii| unhoMne mammaTa Adi ke dIpaka-lakSaNa ko hI mukhyataH svIkAra kiyA hai| dIpaka-bheda dIpaka alaGkAra ke bhedoM kI kalpanA vAkyoM ko dIpita karane vAle kriyAdipada kI vAkya meM sthiti ke AdhAra para Arambha huI / bhAmaha ne kriyApada ke 1. draSTavya-ruyyaka, alaM0 sarvasva 24 tathA vizvanAtha, sAhityada0 10,67 2. kriyAjAtiguNa dravyavAcina ktrvtinaa| sarvavAkyopakArazcet dIpakaM tannigadyate // -bhoja, sarasvatIkaNThA0 4,77 tulanIya-daNDI, kAvyAda0 2,97 26

Page #473
450 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa vAkya ke Arambha, madhya aura anta meM rahane ke AdhAra para AdidIpaka, madhyadIpaka tathA antadIpaka-ina tIna dIpaka bhedoM kI kalpanA kii|' AcArya daNDI ne vAkyoM ko dIpita karane vAle guNa, jAti, kriyA tathA dravya ke pada ke AdhAra para dIpaka ke mukhya cAra bheda svIkAra kara bhAmaha ke Adi, madhya tathA antadIpaka-bhedoM ko bhI svIkAra kiyaa| ina bhedoM ke atirikta mAlAdIpaka, viruddhArthadIpaka, ekArthadIpaka tathA zliSTArthadIpaka kI bhI kalpanA daNDI ne kii| daNDI kI AvRtti ke arthAvRtti, padAvRtti tathA ubhayAvRtti bheda bhI tattvataH dIpaka ke hI bheda haiN| isa taraha daNDI ke dvArA nirUpita dIpaka-bhedoM kI saMkhyA pandraha ho jAtI hai| ve bheda haiM--AdijAtidIpaka, AdiguNadIpaka, AdikriyAdIpaka, AdidravyadIpaka, madhyajAtidIpaka, madhyakriyAdIpaka, antajAtidIpaka, antakriyAdIpaka, mAlAdIpaka, viruddhArthadIpaka, ekArthadIpaka, zliSTArthadIpaka, arthAvRttidIpaka, padAvRttidIpaka tathA ubhayAvRttidIpaka / 2 rudraTa ne kriyAdidIpaka aura kArakadIpaka-nAmaka do mukhya dIpaka-bhedoM kI kalpanA kI tathA unake Adi, madhya aura antagatatva ke AdhAra para tInatIna upabheda svIkAra kiye / isa prakAra tIna prakAra ke kriyA-dIpaka tathA tIna prakAra ke kAraka-dIpaka svIkRta hue| kuntaka ne dIpaka ke do bheda mAnekevala-dIpaka aura paMktisaMstha-dIpaka arthAt mAlAdIpaka / paMktisaMstha ke punaH tIna bheda svIkAra kiye gaye haiN|" kuntaka ne kartRpada ke nibandhana ke AdhAra para dIpaka ke aneka bhedoM kI sambhAvanA bhI svIkAra kI hai| mammaTa, ruyyaka Adi AcAryoM ne kriyAdIpaka evaM kArakadIpaka bhedoM ko svIkAra kiyaa| 1. AdimadhyAntaviSayaM tridhA dIpakamiSyate / -bhAmaha, kAvyAlaM0 2,25 2. draSTavya, daNDI, kAvyAda0 2, 67-116 3. draSTavya, rudraTa, kAvyAlaM0 7, 64-65 4. ekaM prakAzakaM santi bhUyAMsi bhUyasAM kvacit / . kevalaM paMktisaMsthaM vA dvividhaM paridRzyate // . -kuntaka, vakroktijI0 3, 18 5. yadaparaM paktisaMsthaM nAma tat kAraNa vidhyAt triprakAram / --vahI, vRtti, pR0 400 6. .."kartRpadanibandhanAni dIpakAni bahUni sambhavantIti / -vahI, vRtti pR0 403 7. draSTavya, mammaTa, kAvyapra0 10 pR0 253

Page #474
alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [451 ruyyaka ne kriyA Adi ke Adigata, madhyagata evaM antagata bhedoM ko svIkAra kiyA hai|' jayadeva ne daNDI ke AvRttidIpaka, mAlAdIpaka Adi bhedoM ko bhI svIkAra kiyA hai; para unhoMne mAlAdIpaka ke svarUpa kI kalpanA svatantra rUpa se kI hai| unake matAnusAra dIpaka aura ekAvalI alaGkAroM ke svarUpa kA mizraNa mAlAdIpaka hai / 2 narasiMha kavi ne 'najarAja yazobhUSaNa' meM dIpaka ke do mukhya bhedoM ke tIna-tIna upabheda-guNatadbhAvarUpadharmAnvaya, kriyAtadbhAvAnvaya evaM dravyatadbhAvAnvaya-mAna kara chaha prakAra ke dIpaka mAne haiN| hindI-rIti-AcAryoM ne saMskRta ke AcAryoM kI dIpaka-bheda-viSayaka mAnyatA ko hI pradhAnataH svIkAra kiyA hai| kezava ne maNidIpaka-nAmaka eka navIna dIpaka-bheda kI kalpanA kI, jisameM varSA, zarad, bhUSaNa, bhAva Adi kA varNana apekSita mAnA gyaa|4 deva ne parivRtti, kAraNamAlA tathA samuccaya ko dIpaka kA bheda mAna liyA hai| yaha navIna bheda kI kalpanA nahIM, anya alaGkAroM ke dIpaka meM antarbhAvana kA AyAsa-mAtra hai; jisakA aucitya sandigdha hai| AcArya bhikhArI ne deharIdIpaka nAmaka dIpaka-bheda ko bhI svIkAra kiyA hai / ananvaya ___ svarUpa-vikAsa kI dRSTi se ananvaya ke svarUpa meM koI parivartana nahIM dIkha pdd'taa| upamA se usakI svatantra sattA mAne jAne ke prazna para AcAryoM ke do mata rahe haiN| upamA ke eka bheda ke rUpa meM isa alaGkAra kI dhAraNA kA janma huA thaa| pIche cala kara adhikAMza AcAryoM ne ananvaya ke prAcIna svarUpa ko hI svIkAra kara upamA se usakI svatantra sattA mAna lii| anya upamAmUlaka alaGkAroM kI taraha upamA kI mUla dhAraNA para AdhRta hone para bhI use upamA kA eka bheda-mAtra nahIM mAna kara svatantra alaGkAra mAnA jAne lgaa| paravartI 1. ruyyaka alaM0 sarvasva, pR0 74 2. dIpakaikAvalIyogAnmAlAdIpakamiSyate / -jayadeva, candrAloka, 5, 86 3. draSTavya, narasiMha, najarAjayazobhU0 pR0 198 4. draSTavya, kezava, kavipriyA pR0 264-65 5. deva, zabdarasAyana pR0 158 6. bhikhArI, kAvyani0 pR0 522

Page #475
452 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa kAla meM bhI kucha AcArya ananvaya kA upamA meM antarbhAva mAnane ke pakSa meM yuktiyA~ dete rahe; para alaGkAra-zAstra ke pAThakoM ne usakI svatantra sattA svIkAra kara lI thii| AcArya bharata ne upamA ke eka bheda, sadRzI upamA kA jo udAharaNa diyA thA, usameM upameya ko hI usakA upamAna batAyA gayA thaa| usa udAharaNa ko dekhate hue abhinava gupta ne sadRzI-upamA kA lakSaNa nirdhArita kiyA ki jahA~ upameya ko hI apanA upamAna banA diyA jAtA hai vahA~ sadRzI upamA hotI hai|' sAmAnyataH kavi jaba varNya vastu ko sarvotkRSTa yA advitIya siddha karanA cAhatA hai, taba usake samAna anya kisI bhI vastu kA sarvathA abhAva sUcita karane ke lie usa varNya vastu kI upamA svayaM usa varNya vastu se hI detA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, varNya vastu kA upamAna usase bhinna koI padArtha nahIM hotA, varNya hI apanA upamAna Apa bana jAtA hai| aisI sthiti meM ananvaya alaGkAra kA sadbhAva mAnA jAtA hai| spaSTa hai ki AcArya bharata kI sadRzI upamA ko hI pIche cala kara nayI saMjJA aura upamA se svatantra sattA dI gayI hai| ananvaya abhidhAna kA ullekha sarvaprathama bhAmaha ne kiyA aura unhoMne use upamA se svatantra astitva diyaa| bhAmaha ne ananvaya ko paribhASita karate hue kahA ki jahA~ varNya vastu se anya vastu ke sAdRzya kA abhAva batAne ke lie usa vastu se usI kA upamAnopameya-bhAva kalpita hotA hai, vahA~ ananvaya alaGkAra hotA hai| bhAmaha ke uttaravartI AcArya daNDI ne ananvaya kA na to svatantra astitva mAnA aura na usakA nAmnA ullekha hI kiyaa| unhoMne bharata kI taraha ananvaya ke isa svarUpa kI kalpanA upamA ke prakAra-nirUpaNa ke krama meM kI; para upamA ke usa prakAra kI bharata-nirdiSTa saMjJA ko svIkAra nahIM kara unhoMne use asAdhAraNopamA-saMjJA se abhihita kiyaa| udbhaTa ne bhAmaha ke matAnusAra ananvaya kI paribhASA dI aura usakA svatantra astitva svIkAra kiyaa| 1. yatropameyasyaivopamAnatA seyaM sdRshii......"| -bharata nA0zA0 16, 50 para abhinava bhAratI TIkA0 pR0 324 2. yatra tenaiva tasya syaadupmaanopmeytaa| ___ asAdRzyavivakSAtastamityAhurananvayam ||-bhaamh, kAvyAlaM0 3, 45 3. draSTavya, daNDI kI asAdhAraNopamA dhAraNA, kAvyAda0 2, 37 yaha dhAraNA bhAmaha Adi kI ananvaya-dhAraNA se abhinna hai| 4. draSTavya, udbhaTa, kAvyAlaM sArasaM0 6, 7

Page #476
alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [ 453 vAmana ne ananvaya ke isI prAcIna svarUpa ko svIkAra kiyA; para bhAmaha aura udbhaTa kI ananvaya-paribhASAoM ko kucha saMzodhana ke sAtha grAhya mAnA / unhoMne ananvaya kI paribhASA meM kevala itanA kahA ki eka hI vastu meM upamAnopameyatva kI jahA~ kalpanA kI jAya, vahA~ ananvaya alaGkAra hotA hai|' paribhASA meM sambhavataH unhoMne 'asAdRzyavivakSA' kA ullekha anAvazyaka samajhA / kisI vastu ko usake apane hI samAna kahane mAtra se anya vastu kA usase asAdRzya vyajita ho jAtA hai| ataH, ananvaya-lakSaNa meM 'asAdRzyavivakSA' zabda apekSAtirikta mAnA gayA / sambhava hai ki bhAmaha, udbhaTa Adi AcAryoM ne bhI kevala viSaya ke spaSTIkaraNa ke lie ukta zabda kA ullekha paribhASA meM kiyA ho| paravartI AcAryoM meM rudraTa, paNDitarAja jagannAtha Adi ne bhAmaha kI paribhASA ko hI svIkAra kiyA hai; para mammaTa, ruyyaka, vidyAnAtha vizvanAtha, jayadeva tathA appayya dIkSita Adi adhikAMza AcAryoM ne vAmana kI paribhASA kA hI anumodana kiyA hai| hindI ke bhikhArI dAsa Adi AcAryoM ne vAmana ke matAnusAra ananvaya ko paribhASita kiyA hai| ananvaya ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM eka samasyA mImAMsakoM ne uThAyI hai, jisapara isa sandarbha meM vicAra kara lenA apekSita hai| unakI mAnyatA hai ki eka hI vastu meM upamAnopameya-bhAva sambhava nhiiN| koI vastu svayaM apanA upamAna kaise banegI ? ataH, mImAMsakoM kA tarka yaha hai ki jaba aisI uktiyoM kA prayoga hotA hai ki 'rAma-rAvaNa kA yuddha rAma-rAvaNa ke yuddha ke hI samAna thA' yA 'AkAza AkAza ke hI samAna hai' taba unake artha kI saGgati ke lie yaha kalpanA Avazyaka hotI hai ki 'rAma aura rAvaNa ke bIca jo yuddha huA vaha kalpAntara meM hue rAma aura rAvaNa ke yuddha ke samAna thA', 'yaha AkAza pUrvakalpa ke aise hI AkAza ke samAna hai' Adi / 2 niSkarSa yaha ki mImAMsaka kisI vastu kA usI vastu ke sAtha upamAnopameya-bhAva tabhI sambhava mAneMge, jaba usa vastu ko savizeSaNa kara usake apane hI rUpa se kucha bheda kalpita kara 1. ekasyopameyopamAnatve'nanvayaH / -vAmana, kAvyAlaM0sU0 4, 3-14 2. appayya dIkSita, citramImAMsA, sudhA-TIkA, pR0 150

Page #477
454 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa liyA jAya / vAcaspati mizra ne isa bheda kalpanA ko agatikagati mAna kara isase apanI asahamati prakaTa kI hai|' sAhitya-zAstra ke AcAryoM kI mAnyatA vAkya-mImAMsakoM kI ukta mAnyatA se bhinna hai| unakI yukti hai ki bheda ho jAne para cAhe vaha bheda kalpita hI kyoM na ho-ukti meM ananvaya nahIM mAnA jAyagA / vaisI ukti meM upamA kA hI sadbhAva mAnA jaaygaa| ataH, AcAryoM ne isa bAta kA spaSTa ullekha ananvaya ke lakSaNa meM kiyA hai ki jahA~ eka vastu kI ThIka usIse upamA dI jAya, arthAt upameya aura upamAna eka vastu to ho hI, usameM upAdhigata bhI koI bheda na ho, vahA~ ananvaya alaGkAra hotA hai| ananvaya nAma kI sArthakatA bhI isI meM hai ki dharma kA abheda hone para vastu kI apane se upamA anvita nahIM hotii| ananvaya kA paryavasAna dvitIya sAdRzya ke niSedha meM hotA hai| vaha vastu ThIka apane hI samAna hai, arthAt jisa deza-kAla meM vaha hai, usI deza-kAla meM apane hI samAna hai, isa kathana kA tAtparya yaha hotA hai ki usake samAna dUsarI koI vastu nahIM hai / niSkarSataH, eka dharmayukta kisI vastu kA usI dharma se yukta apane se hI upamAnopameya-bhAva meM sabhI AcAryoM ne eka-mata se ananvaya alaGkAra mAnA hai| dvitIya-sAdRzya-vyavaccheda isa alaGkAra kA vyAvartaka hai| upameyopamA ananvaya kI taraha upameyopamA ko bhI upamA kA bheda tathA usase svatantra alaGkAra mAnane vAle do mata pAye jAte haiN| usake svarUpa ke sambandha meM prAyaH AcAryoM meM mataikya hI rahA hai| bhAmaha ne sarvaprathama upameyopamA alaGkAra kA svarUpa-vivecana kiyA aura use svatantra alaGkAra mAnA / upamA se isakA bheda yaha mAnA gayA ki jahA~ upamA meM kisI prastuta ke lie anya aprastuta kI yojanA kI jAtI hai, vahA~ upameyopamA meM prastuta aura aprastuta ke bIca pArasparika upamAnopameya bhAva kI kalpanA kI jAtI hai| isameM eka vAkya ke 1. tena tasyopameyatvaM rAmarAvaNayuddhavat / agatyA bhedamAropya gatau tasyAM na vidyate ||-vaacspti mizra, bhAmatI, uddhRta citra-mImAMsA, sudhA-TIkA, pR0 153

Page #478
alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [ 455 upameya aura upamAna aparatra kramazaH eka dUsare ke upamAna aura upameya' bana jAte haiN| AcArya daNDI ne upameyopamA ke isI svarUpa ko svIkAra kara use anyonyopamA vyapadeza diyA aura usakI svatantra sattA nahIM mAna kara use upamA kA hI eka bheda svIkAra kiyaa| udbhaTa ne upameyopamA ke lakSaNa meM isa bAta kA spaSTa ullekha kiyA ki isameM do vastuoM kA pArasparika sAdRzya dikhAyA jAtA hai, jisase pariNAmata: una do vastuoM se anya vastu ke sAdRzya kA abhAva sUcita hotA hai| AcArya rudraTa ne upameyopamA ke sthAna para ubhayopamA zabda kA ullekha kara use upamA kA hI eka bheda mAnA hai| usakI paribhASA meM unhoMne udbhaTa kI upameyopamA-dhAraNA ko svIkAra kara kahA hai ki ina do vastuoM-upameya aura upamAna ke samAna koI anya vastu nahIM hai, aisA mAna kara jahA~ ina donoM kI kramazaH eka dUsare se samatA dikhAyI jAtI ho, vahA~ ubhayopamA alaGkAra mAnA jAtA hai| paNDitarAja jagannAtha ne bhI upameyopamA ke lakSaNa meM 'tRtIya sAdRzya vyavaccheda' kA ullekha Avazyaka samajhA / 5 isa prakAra upameyopamA ke sambandha meM udbhaTa, rudraTa, jagannAtha Adi kA mata bhAmaha Adi ke mata se mUlataH abhinna hai, para bhada yaha hai ki jahAM bhAmaha ne isa alaGkAra kI paribhASA meM kevala do vastuoM kI pArasparika samatA kI carcA kI, vahA~ udbhaTa Adi ne usameM 'anyasAdRzya vyavaccheda' ke tattva kA ullekha bhI Avazyaka samajhA / ananvaya meM eka vastu se dUsarI kisI bhI vastu kI samatA kA abhAva batAyA jAtA hai aura upameyopamA meM do vastuoM 1. upamAnopameyatvaM yatra paryAyato bhavet / upameyopamAM nAma bravate tAM yathoditAm / / -bhAmaha, kAvyAlaM0 3, 37 2. draSTavya, daNDI, kAvyAda0 2, 18 / 3. anyonyameva yatra syaadupmaanopmeytaa| upameyopamAmAhustAM pakSAntarahAnigAm // -udbhaTa, kAvyAlaM0 sAra saM0 5, 27 4. vastvantaramastyanayorna samamiti parasparasya yatra bhavet / ubhayorupamAnatvaM sakramamubhayopamA sAnyA ||-rudrtt, kAvyAlaM0 8, 9 5. tRtIyasadRzavyavacchedabuddhiphalakavarNanaviSayIbhUtaM parasparamupamAnopameyabhAvamApannayorarthayossAdRzyaM sundrmupmeyopmaa| -jagannAtha, rasagaMgA0 pR0 306 /

Page #479
456 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa kI samatA svIkAra kara kisI bhI tIsarI vastu kI una donoM se samatA kA abhAva mAnA jAtA hai / isIlie udbhaTa Adi ne upameyopamA kI paribhASA meM tRtIya-sAdRzya ke vyapoha kA ullekha kiyA hai / paravartI AcAryoM meM se jagannAtha ko chor3a mammaTa, ruyyaka, jayadeva, vidyAnAtha, vizvanAtha Adi prAyaH sabhI AcAryoM ne bhAmaha kI upameyopamA - paribhASA ko hI svIkAra kiyA hai / unhoMne 'tRtIya - sAdRzya-vyavaccheda' kA paribhASA meM ullekha Avazyaka nahIM samajhA / paribhASA meM ukta zabda ke ullekha kA aucitya vicAraNIya hai / do vastuoM meM pArasparika upamAnopameyabhAva kI kalpanA meM hI una do vastuoM se tRtIya vastu ke sAdRzya ke abhAva kI dhAraNA nihita hai / yahI upamA se upameyopamA kA bheda hai / upamA meM bhI do vastuoM kI samatA dikhAyI jAtI hai, para anya vastuoM se kisI vastu ke sAdRzya kI sambhAvanA kA niSedha nahIM hotA / jaba do vastuoM ke pArasparika upamAnopameyabhAva kI kalpanA se hI tRtIya - sAdRzya ke vyavaccheda kI dhAraNA vyakta ho jAtI hai to usakA paribhASA meM ullekha apekSAtirikta hI hai / kevala viSaya ke spaSTIkaraNa meM ukta zabda-prayoga kI sArthakatA mAnI jA sakatI hai / utprekSA bhAratIya sAhitya - zAstra meM utprekSA ko upamA, rUpaka Adi kI taraha hI mahattvapUrNa alaGkAra mAnA gayA hai / bhAmaha se lekara Adhunika kAla taka ke prAyaH sabhI AcArya utpra ekSA kA alaGkAratva mAnane meM ekamata haiM / saMskRta ke aneka AcAryoM ne anya alaGkAroM kI apekSA utpra ekSA ko adhika mahattvapUrNa mAnA thA / kuntaka ne anya alaGkAroM ke sAtha utpra ekSA ke rahane para sArvatrika rUpa se utprekSA ko zobhAtizAyI svIkAra kiyA thA / kezava mizra ne use 'sarvAlaGkArasarvasva' kaha kara alaGkAroM meM zIrSaNya mAnA / 2 hindI meM AcArya rAmacandra zukla ne manovaijJAnika AdhAra para utprekSA ke mahattva kI 1 1. apahRtyAnyAlaGkAralAvaNyAtizayazriyaH / utpra ekSA prathamollekhajIvitatvena jRmbhate // --kuntaka, vakroktijI0 pR0 429 ( antarazloka ) 2. sarvAlaGkArasarvasvaM kavikIrtivivardhinI / utprekSA harati svAntamaciroDhA smitAdiva // - kezava mizra, alaM0 ze0 13, pR0 34

Page #480
alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [ 457 sthApanA kI hai / unake anusAra utprekSA meM adhyavasAna sAdhya yA sambhAvanA ke rUpa meM rahatA hai / isameM antara kI vedanA kI vyaJjanA pradhAna " rahatI hai / ataH yaha atizayokti Adi kI apekSA bhAva vyaJjanA meM adhika - sahAyaka hotI hai / ' prastuta sandarbha meM utprekSA ke udbhava aura vikAsa kA adhyayana abhISTa hai | sarvaprathama AcArya bhAmaha ne utpra ekSA alaGkAra ke astitva kI kalpanA kara use paribhASita kiyaa| unake matAnusAra utprekSA meM upamA kA puTa, para sAmAnya kI avivakSA hotI hai; asiddha guNa, kriyA Adi kA yoga rahatA hai tathA atizaya kA bhAva milA rahatA hai / 2 AcArya bharata kI kalpitA upamA ke svarUpa meM, 'atadguNakriyAyoga' tathA 'sAtizaya' kI dhAraNA nihita thI / bhAmaha kI utprekSA dhAraNA kA bIja usI meM thA / utpra ekSA ke sAmAnya -svarUpa ke sambandha meM ekamata hone para bhI bhAmaha ke uttaravartI AcAryoM ne usake svarUpa ke spaSTIkaraNa ke lie navIna-navIna zabdAvaliyoM kA prayoga kiyA hai / AcArya daNDI ne utpra ekSA ke svarUpa aura kSetra ke nirdhAraNa ke lie usake eka prasiddha udAharaNa -- limpatIva tamo'GgAni varSatIvAJjanaM nabhaHkA sUkSma vizleSaNa kara usakI paribhASA meM nUtana zabdAvalI kI kalpanA kA mArga prazasta kiyaa| unhoMne utpra ekSA kI paribhASA meM kahA ki jahA~ cetana yA acetana padArtha kI svabhAvasiddha vRtti ( arthAt guNa, kriyA Adi vyApAra aura svataH siddha svarUpa ) ke anyathA rahane para anyathA - rUpa se sambhAvanA kI jAtI hai, vahA~ utprekSA alaGkAra hotA hai / 3 cetana, acetana kI svabhAvasiddha vRtti prastuta rahatI hai aura usakI anyathA arthAt aprastuta rUpa meM sambhAvanA kI jAtI hai / niSkarSataH, daNDI anya-dharma ke sambandha ke hetu se anya vastu meM anya ke tAdAtmya kI sambhAvanA meM uttra kSA kA sadbhAva mAnate the / udbhaTa ne bhAmaha ke matAnusAra, upamAnopameyabhAva ke sadbhAva meM bhI usake avivakSita 1. draSTavya, rAmacandra zukla, jAyasI granthAvalI kI bhUmikA / 2. avivakSitasAmAnyA kiJciccopamayA saha / atadguNakriyAyogAdutprakSAtizayAnvitA // 3. anyathaiva sthitA vRttizcetanasyetarasya vA / anyathotprakSyate yatra tAmutpra ekSAM viduryathA // - bhAmaha, kAvyAlaM0 2,61 - daNDI, kAvyAda0 2,221

Page #481
458 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa hone tathA utkarSa ke lie aprakRta ke guNa, kriyA Adi ke prakRta meM yoga hone meM utprekSA kA sadbhAva maanaa| yaha utprekSA sambhAvanA-rUpa hotI hai| udbhaTa ne isa tathya kA bhI spaSTIkaraNa kiyA ki kriyA ke sAtha prayukta 'iva' Adi sambhAvanA vyakta karate haiM; ataH vahA~ utprekSA hotI hai|' daNDI bhI isa tathya para vicAra kara cuke the| vAmana ne atizaya ke lie atadrUpa kA anyathA adhyavasAna utprekSA kA lakSaNa maanaa|2 utprekSA kI paribhASA meM vizeSa navInatA nahIM hone para bhI 'adhyavasAna' zabda kA prayoga mahattvapUrNa hai| 'atadrUpa vastu meM atizaya ke lie tadrUpatayA adhyavasAna' Aropa, lakSaNA Adi ke parihAra ke lie prayukta hai| Aropa Adi kA parihAra kara yaha adhyavasAna sambhAvanA-lakSaNa hotA hai / 3 'atizayArtha' se vAmana kA tAtparya bhrAntijJAna-nivRtti kA hai| udbhaTa kI utprekSA-paribhASA meM prayukta 'atizaya' kA artha tilaka ne 'utkarSa' mAnA thaa| isa prakAra sAtizaya kI dhAraNA utprekSA ke svarUpa meM Arambha se hI pAyI jAtI hai| rudraTa ne utprekSA ke do rUpa svIkAra kiye haiN| eka ko unhoMne aupamyagarbha alaGkAra-varga meM rakhA hai aura dUsare ko atizayagarbha alaGkAra-varga meM / hama dekha cuke haiM ki Arambha se hI upameya meM upamAna kI sambhAvanA para utprekSA-lakSaNa meM bala diyA jAtA rahA hai| udbhaTa, vAmana Adi AcAryoM 1. sAmyarUpAvivakSAyAM vAcyevAdyAtmabhiH padaiH / atadguNakriyAyogAdutprekSA'tizayAnvitA // x x sambhAvaneyam / -udbhaTa, kAvyAlaM0 sArasaM0 3,4-5 2. atadra psyaanythaadhyvsaanmtishyaarthmutprekssaa| -vAmana, kAvyAlaM0 sU0 4,3,9 3. atatsvabhAvasya vastunastattadguNayogAttattadbhAvakalpanamadhyAropaH; yatra ruupkaadisvruuplaabhH| yattu sAdRzye satyekena vastunA vastvantarasya pratipAdanamadhyavasAyarUpaM sA sAdRzyamUlA lakSaNA; yatra vakroktivyapadezaH / yat punastadra pe vastunyatizayamAdhAtu tadra patayA'dhyavasAnaM, so'yamadhyavasAyaH sambhAvanAlakSaNa utprekSeti vivekaH / -vAmana, kAvyAlaM0 sU0, kAmadhenu-TIkA, pR0 131 4. atizayArthamiti-bhrAntijJAnanivRttyartham / / -vAmana, kAvyAlaM0 sU0 pR0 131 5. atizayeti / utkrsspryvsaayiniityrthH|| -udbhaTa, kAvyAlaM0 sArasaM0 kI vivRti pR0 30

Page #482
alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [ 459. ne isa sambhAvanA kA prayojana 'atizaya' (utkarSAdhAna yA bhrAntijJAna-nivRtti) kI siddhi meM mAnA thaa| isa prakAra atizayArtha upameya kI upamAna ke sAtha sambhAvanA utprekSA kI paribhASA mAnI gayI thii| rudraTa ne utprekSA meM upamAnopameya ke sadbhAva ke kAraNa jahA~ eka ora use aupamyagarbha alaGkAra mAnA, vahA~ dUsarI ora atizaya kI dhAraNA ke sadbhAva ke kAraNa use atizayamUlaka alaGkAra bhI maanaa| rudraTa ke anusAra aupamyagarbha utprekSA ke tIna rUpa haiN| prathama utprekSA vaha hai, jahA~ siddha upamAna ke sAtha atizaya sAdRzya ke kAraNa upameya kA abheda batAyA jAya aura upamAna ke guNa Adi kA upameya meM sambhava na hone para usa upameya meM usakA Aropa kiyA jAya / spaSTataH, isameM upameya meM upamAna kI sambhAvanA kA tattva svIkRta hai / utprekSAH ke dUsare rUpa meM AcArya rudraTa ne upameya se sambaddha anya upameya tathA upamAna se sambaddha anya upamAna ke bIca sambhAvanA ke sadbhAva kI kalpanA kii| unake anusAra jahA~ upameyastha anya upameya kI upamAna se sambaddha anya upamAna ke tattva ke sAtha tAdra pya kI sambhAvanA kI jAya, vahA~ dvitIya utprekSA hotI hai / utprekSA ke tIsare bheda kI paribhASA meM kahA gayA hai ki jahA~ sundara yA asundara vizeSaNa se viziSTa upameya meM kisI avidyamAna anya (upamAna) vastu kI samatA kA Aropa kiyA jAtA ho, vahA~ tIsarI utprekSA hotI hai| isameM avidyamAna vastu kI sambhAvanA kisI yukti se upapanna batAyI jAtI hai / __ atizayamUlaka utprekSA ke bhI do rUpoM kI kalpanA rudraTa ne kI hai| eka meM asambhava kriyA Adi ke sambhava batAye jAne para tathA avidyamAna kriyAdi ko vidyamAna batAye jAne para bala diyA gayA hai| dUsare meM kisI vastu ke rUpa ke svAbhAvika kAraNa se bhinna kAraNa kA Aropa apekSita mAnA gayA hai|3| AcArya kuntaka ne bhI sambhAvanA meM utprekSA kA sadbhAva svIkAra kara sambhAvanA se sambhAvya ke anumAna aura sAdRzya ko alaga-alaga tathA donoM 1. draSTavya, rudraTa, kAvyAlaM0 8,32-37 2. yatrAtitathAbhUte sambhAvyeta kriyAdyasambhAvyam / sambhUtamatadvati vA vijJeyA seyamutprekSA ||-rudrtt, kAvyAlaM0 6, 11 . 3. anyanimittavazAdyadyathA bhavedvastu tasya tu tathAtve / / hetvantaramatadIyaM yatrAropyeta sAnyeyam (utprekssaa)|-vhii, 6, 14

Page #483
460 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa ko samanvita rUpa meM bhI usakA hetu svIkAra kiyaa| unake anusAra samullikhita vAkyArtha se tadatirikta artha kI yojanA utprekSA kA lakSaNa hai| yaha atiriktArtha kI yojanA yA to sambhAvya ke anumAna se sambhava hotI hai yA sAdRzya ke kaarnn| anumAna aura sAdRzya; donoM eka sAtha bhI ullikhitArthavyatirikta artha kI yojanA ke sAdhaka ho sakate haiN| kuntaka ne atizayoka ko utprekSA kA prayojana mAnA hai|' spaSTa hai ki ve rudraTa kI taraha utprekSA meM atizaya aura sAdRzya; donoM kA tattva svIkAra karate haiN| utprekSA ke eka anya rUpa meM kuntaka ne kriyArahita vastu meM bhI kisI kriyA ke prati kartRtva kI kalpanA para bala diyA hai| kriyA meM kartRtva kA Aropa vastu ke apane saundarya kI mahimA se ho sakatA hai athavA bhAvaka ko vaisI pratIti hone ke kAraNa bhI ho sakatA hai| vAmana utprekSA ko sAdRzyamUlaka svIkAra kara atizayokti se usakA bheda-nirUpaNa kara cuke the, phira bhI rudraTa ke dvArA spaSTa rUpa se aura kuntaka ke dvArA prakArAntara se prastuta alaGkAra kA mUlatattva sAdRzya ke sAtha atizaya bhI svIkRta huaa| agnipurANakAra ne bhI utprakSA meM atizaya kA tattva svIkAra kara usake lakSaNa meM 'lokasImAtivartana' kA ullekha kiyaa| mammaTa ne udbhaTa kI taraha sambhAvanA ko utprekSA kA lakSaNa maanaa| ___AcArya ruyyaka ne utprekSA kI paribhASA meM udbhaTa tathA vAmana kI "utprekSA-paribhASAoM meM prayukta kramazaH sambhAvanA evaM adhyavasAna padoM kA sAra lekara 'sAdhya adhyavasAya' para bala diyaa|5 sambhAvanA sAdhya adhyavasAya ke rUpa meM hI vyakta hotI hai, siddha ke rUpa meM nhiiN| ___ ruyyaka ke paravartI AcArya utprekSA ke lakSaNa meM sambhAvanA yA sAdhyAdhyavasAya pada kA hI prayoga karate rahe haiN| vidyAdhara ke utprekSA-lakSaNa meM adhyavasAna pada prayukta huA hai| vizvanAtha, vidyAnAtha, hemacandra, zobhAkara, 1. draSTavya, kuntaka, vakroktijI0 3, 25-27 2. vahI, 3, 28 3. agnipurANa, adhyAya, 344 4. sambhAvanamathotprekSA prakRtasya samena yat / ___-mammaTa, kAvyapra0 10, 137 5. adhyavasAye vyApAraprAdhAnya utprekssaa| -ruyyaka, alaM0 sarvasva, sUtrasaMkhyA 21 6. vidyAdhara, ekaavlii|

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alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [ 461 appayyadIkSita, paNDitarAja jagannAtha Adi AcAryoM ne utprekSA ke lakSaNa meM sambhAvanA pada kA prayoga kiyA hai; paravartI AcAryoM meM kezava mizra ne AcArya rudraTa kI taraha utpra ekSA meM Aropa kA tattva svIkAra kiyA hai / vAgbhaTa utprekSA meM kI jAne vAlI sambhAvanA yA kalpanA meM aucitya ko bhI vAJchanIya batAyA / 2 isakI vizeSa AvazyakatA nahIM thI, kyoMki aucitya sabhI alaGkAroM kA svIkRta mUlAdhAra hI hai / hindI ke rIti- AcAryoM ne saMskRta-AlaGkArikoM kI utprekSA- dhAraNA ko hI svIkAra kiyA hai / utpra ekSA lakSaNa meM sambhAvanA yA anumAna ke sthAna para hindI - rItizAstra meM tarka tathA UhA zabdoM kA bhI prayoga huA hai / govinda kavi ne utpra ekSA meM tarka para bala diyA to gokula kavi ne sambhAvanA ke lie UhA zabda kA prayoga kiyA / 3 zabda prayoga mAtra ke isa bheda ke hone para bhI hindI - AlaGkArikoM kI utprekSA kA svarUpa prAcIna utpra ekSA ke svarUpa se abhinna rahA hai / utprekSA ke svarUpa - vikAsa ke adhyayana kA niSkarSa nimnalikhita hai (ka) eka padArtha meM anya padArtha kI sambhAvanA utprekSA kA svarUpa hai / (kha) yaha sambhAvanA prAyaH atizayArtha arthAt utkarSa kI siddhi ke lie kI jAtI hai / (ga) upameya meM upamAna kI sambhAvanA hone se -- upamAna evaM upameya ke sambandha kI kalpanA ke kAraNa utpra ekSA sAdRzyamUlaka alaGkAra bhI hai aura sambhAvanA kA prayojana atizaya yA utkarSa - sAdhana hone ke kAraNa atizaya -- mUlaka bhI / : (gha) kisI vastu kI svAbhAvika sthiti meM usake kisI bhinna kAraNa kI sambhAvanA bhI utprekSA meM kI jAtI hai / vastu, phala aura hetu kI sambhAvanA ke AdhAra para utprekSA ke tIna rUpa svIkRta hue haiM / (Ga) manye, zaGka e Adi zabdoM ke sAtha kriyA-pada ke sAtha prayukta hone 1. anyanimittake vastunyanyanimittakatvAropa utpra ekSA / - kezava mizra, alaM0 ze0 13, pR0 34 2. vAgbhaTAlaGkAra, 4, 10 3. draSTavya, govinda, karNAbharaNa pR0 5 tathA gokula, cetacandrikA pR0 40

Page #485
"462 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa vAle iva, sA, sI Adi zabda sambhAvanA-sUcaka hone ke kAraNa utprekSA ke vAcaka-pada mAne gaye haiN| (ca) utprekSA meM adhyavasAna sAdhya hotA hai arthAt vaha sambhAvanA ke rUpa meM rahatA hai| isa tathya kI abhivyakti ke lie utprekSA-lakSaNa meM sambhAvanA, kalpanA, tarka, UhA, adhyavasAna, sAdhyAdhyavasAya Adi padoM kA prayoga huA hai| anya hetu Adi ke Aropa ke bhAva ko vyakta karane ke lie Aropa-pada kA bhI prayoga huA hai| sambhAvanA-pada adhika priya rahA hai| vastutaH, vaha adhyavasAna Adi pAribhASika padoM kI apekSA adhika bodhagamya bhI hai| eka vastu, phala evaM hetu meM anya kI sambhAvanA utprekSA kA sarala lakSaNa hai| utprakSA ke bheda ___ AcArya udbhaTa ne bhAva evaM abhAva ke AdhAra para utprekSA ke do bheda kara unake vAcya evaM pratIyamAna bhedoM kI kalpanA kI thii| rudraTa ne aupamyagarbha utprekSA ke tIna evaM atizayagarbha ke do rUpoM kA nirUpaNa kiyaa| kuntaka ke anusAra sambhAvya ke anumAna se, sAdRzya (kAlpanika evaM vAstava) se tathA donoM ke sammilita rUpa se utprekSA hotI hai| isa prakAra ve usake tIna bheda kara cauthe bheda meM kriyA-hIna vastu meM kisI kriyA ke prati kartRtva kI kalpanA kara lete haiN| ruyyaka ne utprekSA ke aneka bhedopabhedoM kI kalpanA kara lI hai| . ruyyaka-sammata utprekSA ke bhedoM kI saMkhyA ke sambandha meM vidvAnoM meM matabheda rahA hai| appayya dIkSita ne 'citramImAMsA meM yaha mantavya vyakta kiyA hai ki ruyyaka kI vAcyotprekSA pacapana prakAra kI tathA gamyotprekSA cAlIsa prakAra kI hai| isa prakAra utprekSA ke kula paJcAnabe bheda hote haiN| 'saJjIvanI' ke anusAra ruyyaka kI vAcyA utprekSA chiyAnabe prakAra kI hai; kintu dravyotprakSA ke phalamUlaka aura hetumUlaka solaha bhedoM ko isa saMkhyA se nikAla' bhI diyA jA sakatA hai| kAraNa yaha hai ki ruyyaka dravya kA kevala svarUpotprekSaNa hI mAnate haiN| ataH, phala aura hetu kI dravya se utprekSA mAnane meM koI yukti nahIM hai| isa prakAra ruyyaka ke matAnusAra assI vAcyotprekSA-bhedoM kA hI sadbhAva svIkAra kiyA jAnA caahie| gamyotprekSA meM anupAttanimittA ko chor3a kevala upAttanimittA ke chiyAlIsa bheda hI svIkArya haiN| ruyyaka kI utprekSA "kA saJjIvanI-samarthita vibhAga nimna tAlikA meM prastuta hai :

Page #486
(1) jAti bhAvAbhimAna guNa vAcyA upAttanimittA (12) hetu (24) (2) guNa (3) kriyA abhAvAbhimAna bhAvAbhimAna (3) = 6 T kriyA (6) = 12 anupAtta nimittA (12) = 24 svarUpa (24) = 72 upAttanimittA ukSI I dravya =4 abhAvAbhimAna bhAvAbhimAna kriyA (R) = anupAttanimittA (4) = =5 phala svarUpa (5) (5) = 24 (72+24=e6) jAti phala (5) (24) [ inameM dravya ke kevala strarUpagata 8 bhedoM ko svIkAra karane vAle isake 80 hI bheda mAnate haiM / ] T guNa - pratIyamAna kriyA / phala dravya abhAvAbhimAna (4): == kriyA (8) = 16 ( ye saba ) upAttanimittA 16 bheda hetu svarUpa [ inameM se svarUpotpra ekSA ke 16 bhedoM ko haTA dene se kevala 32 bheda svIkArya bacate haiM / ] alaGkAroM kA svarUpa - vikAsa [ 463

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464 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa ukta tAlikA ko dekhane se sajIvanIkAra ke matAnusAra utprekSA ke bhedopabheda spaSTa ho jAte haiN| unake anusAra utprekSA ke mukhya do bheda haiM-vAcyA aura gamyA / vAcyA kechiyAnabe bheda haiN| usake prathama cAra bheda hote haiM-jAti, guNa, kriyA tathA dravya kI utprekssaa| ina cAroM meM se pratyeka ke caubIsa upabheda ho jAte haiM / ina saba ke bhAvAbhimAna tathA abhAvAbhimAna do bheda hote haiM, phira donoM ke guNanimittA tathA kriyAnimittA bheda se cAra prakAra ho jAte haiM / punaH cAro upAttanimittA aura anupAttanimittA bheda se ATha prakAra ke ho jAte haiM / ina ATho ke tIna-tIna-bheda hetu, svarUpa tathA phala kI utprekSA kI dRSTi se ho jAte haiN| isa prakAra vAcyotprekSA ke jAti, guNa, kriyA evaM dravya-bhedoM meM se pratyeka ke caubIsa-caubIsa bheda hote haiM; kintu dravyotprakSA ke ATha hI bheda loga mAnate haiM, cUMki usakI svarUpa-mAtra meM hI utprekSA sambhava hai, hetu aura phala meM nhiiN| ataH, sthUla dRSTi se vAcyotprekSA ke assI bheda hI mAnya hue haiN| pratIyamAnA utprekSA ke bhedoM kA vibhAjana bhI isI paddhati para hotA hai; para usameM kevala upAttanimittA ke ar3atAlIsa bhedoM kA sadbhAva mAnya hai| anupAttanimittA pratIyamAnA sambhava hI nhiiN| pratIyamAnA meM svarUpotprekSA nahIM hotii| ataH, svarUpotprekSA ke solaha bhedoM ko kama kara dene se pratImAnA utprekSA ke kevala battIsa bheda baca rahate haiN| jayadeva aura appayya dIkSita ne vastUtprekSA, hetUtprekSA tathA phalotprekSAina utprekSA-bhedoM kA sadbhAva svIkAra kara pratyeka ke ivAdi pada se vAcya hone para vAcyA tathA usake abhAva meM gUr3hA yA gamyA; do bheda mAne haiN| vidyAnAtha ne ruyyaka ke utprekSA-jAla se pramukha battIsa bheda lekara unakA vivecana kiyA hai| unake anusAra vAcyA aura gamyA utprekSA meM se pratyeka jAti, guNa, kriyA aura dravya-bhedoM se cAra-cAra prakAra kI hotI hai / punaH, bhAva evaM abhAva ke bheda se unake ATha-ATha bheda ho jAte haiN| guNanimittA aura kriyAnimittA hone se ve solaha-solaha prakAra kI hotI haiN| isa prakAra solaha vAcyA aura utanI hI gamyA utprekSA hotI hai| vizvanAtha ne bhI utprekSA ke battIsa bheda hI mAne the| utprekSya vastu Adi ke AdhAra para kiye gaye ukta vargIkaraNa ke atirikta zliSTazabdanimittakotprekSA, upamopakramotprekSA, sApahnavotprekSA Adi utprekSA-bhedoM kI bhI kalpanA kucha AcAryoM ne kI hai para inheM utprekSA

Page #488
alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [ 465 kA bhedopabheda mAnanA samIcIna nahIM jAna pdd'taa| inameM zleSa, upamA, apahna ti Adi alaga-alaga alaGkAroM ke sAtha utprekSA kI avasthiti kA saGketa-mAtra milatA hai| ataH, vahA~ utprekSA ke sAtha anya alaGkAra kI saMsRSTi yA saGkara kA hI vicAra honA caahie| utprekSA ke sarvAdhika bhedoM kI kalpanA ruyyaka ne hI kI thii| 'alaGkArasUtra' para TIkA karate hue ruyyaka ke TIkAkAra jayaratha ne utprekSA ke atizayamUlaka bhedoM ko gina kara usake bhedoM kI saMkhyA aura bhI bar3hA dI hai| utprekSA kI sAdRzyamUlakatA ke sAtha usake atizayagarbha hone kI mAnyatA AcArya rudraTa prakaTa kara cuke the| utprekSA ke aupamya-garbha svarUpa ke sAtha usake atizayamUlaka-bheda bhI svIkArya haiN| apahna ti apahna ti ukti meM apahnava kI kalA para AdhRta alaGkAra hai| niSedhamukhena vidhAna meM jo vidhi kI vyaJjanA hotI hai, vaha nissandeha AkarSaka hotI hai| aisI ukti-bhaGgI meM alaGkAratva asandigdha hai| pIche cala kara apahnava para Azrita aneka ukti-bhaGgiyoM meM aneka alaGkAra kI kalpanA alaGkArazAstra meM kI gayI hai| apahnati ke svarUpa kI kalpanA hI apahnavamUlaka samagra alaGkAra-prapaJca kI kalpanA kA utsa hai| prastuta sandarbha meM hama apahna ti ke svarUpa kA vikAsa-krama kI dRSTi se adhyayana kreNge| sarvaprathama bhAmaha ke 'kAvyAlaGkAra' meM apahna ti kA svarUpa-nirUpaNa milatA hai| bhAmaha se pUrva mithyAdhyavasAya lakSaNa ke svarUpa meM apahnava kI dhAraNA nihita thii| bhAmaha ne upamAna-upameya kI dhAraNA ke sAtha mithyAdhyavasAya ke tattva kA mizraNa kara apahna ti alaGkAra ke svarUpa kI kalpanA kii|' isa prakAra bhAmaha ke matAnusAra prastuta kA apahnava aura usake sthAna para aprastuta kA sthApana apahna ti kA svarUpa bnaa| bhAmaha ne apahnati meM upamAnopameya-sambandha Avazyaka mAnA / unhoMne spaSTataH kahA ki apahna ti meM upamA kiJcit antargatA hotI hai| 1. mithyAdhyavasAyenApahna tiH|-abhinv, abhinava bhAratI, pR0 321 2. apahna tirabhISTA ca kinycidntrgtopmaa| bhUtArthApahnavAdAsyAH kriyate cAbhidhA yathA // -bhAmaha, kAvyAlaM 0 3,21 30

Page #489
466 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa AcArya daNDI ne bhAmaha kI apahnati-viSayaka ukta mAnyatA ko svIkAra kara use upamA kA eka bheda mAnA aura use pratiSedhopamA yA upamApahnati abhidhAna diyaa| isake sAtha hI daNDI ne apahna ti ke svatantra astitva kI kalpanA kara usake kucha vyApaka svarUpa kA nirUpaNa kiyA, jisameM upamAnopameya-sambandha Avazyaka nahIM mAnA gyaa| apahna ti kI paribhASA meM daNDI ne kahA ki jahA~ varNanIya vastu ke kucha ( kriyA, guNa Adi ) dharma kA avagopana kara arthAt usakA asatyatayA pratipAdana kara anya artha kA darzana arthAt satyatayA sthApana kiyA jAya, vahA~ apahna ti-nAmaka alaGkAra hotA hai / 2 daNDI kI isa apahna,ti-paribhASA meM upamAnopameya-bhAva kI dhAraNA jor3ane kA prayAsa TIkAkAra nasiMhadeva ne kiyA hai| unhoMne anyArthadarzana kI vyAkhyA 'aprastuta dharmAntarasya darzanam' kI hai| kintu, upamApahna ti se svatantra apahna ti kI sattA kI kalpanA kI sArthakatA upamAnopameya-sambandha ke atirikta sthala taka apahnati ke kSetra-vistAra meM hI hai| viSayApahnati Adi kA jo udAharaNa 'kAvyAdarza' meM diyA gayA hai, usameM varNanIya kA apahnava to hai; para Avazyaka rUpa se usake upamAna kA avasthApana nahIM hai| spaSTataH, daNDI varNanIya se bhinna kisI anya kA (varNanIya kA apahnavapUrvaka) avasthApana apahna ti kA lakSaNa mAnate the| bhAmaha se kucha vistRta rUpa apahna ti ko daNDI ne diyaa| bhAmaha aura daNDI kI apahna.ti-dhAraNA ke AdhAra para paravartI kAla meM apahnati-viSayaka do dhAraNAe~ pracalita huii| kucha AcArya bhAmaha ke mata kA anumodana karate hue apahnati ke svarUpa-vidhAna ke lie upamAnopameya bhAva ko Avazyaka mAnate rahe, to anya AcArya daNDI kI mAnyatA kA anusaraNa karate hue sAdRzyetara sthala meM bhI apahnati kA sadbhAva svIkAra karate rhe| udbhaTa, vAmana, rudraTa, ruyyaka, mammaTa, jagannAtha Adi AcAryoM ne sAdRzya ko apahnati kA AdhAra mAnA hai| bhoja ne apahnati ke sAdRzyavatI aura sAdRzyarahitA; do bheda svIkAra kara daNDI kI mAnyatA kA anumodana kiyA hai / vizvanAtha, appayya dIkSita tathA zobhAkara Adi ne daNDI kI taraha sAdRzyetara meM bhI apahna ti kI sattA svIkAra kI hai / 1. upamApahna tiH pUrvamupamAsveva drshitaa|-dnnddii, kAvyAda0 2, 306 2. apahna tirapahnatya kiJcidanyArthadarzanam |-vhii, 2,304 3. draSTavya, kAvyAdarza kI kusumapratimA-TIkA pR0 233

Page #490
alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [ 467 AcArya kuntaka bhI tattvataH apahna uti ko sAdRzyamUlaka alaGkAra hI mAnate haiM / unhoMne varNya vastu ke svarUpa kA aprastuta rUpArpaNa ke lie apahnava prastuta alaGkAra kA lakSaNa mAnA hai / kintu, kuntaka ne utprekSAko apahnati kA prANa mAnakara usameM sambhAvanA kI anivArya sthiti svIkAra kI hai / jayadeva ne apahnati-lakSaNa meM atathya Aropa zabda kA prayoga kiyA / 3 atathya se tAtparya tadbhinnamAtra kA hai / vidyAdhara, vidyAnAtha, appayya dIkSita, jagannAtha, narasiMha kavi, vizvezvara paNDita Adi ne bhI Aropa zabda kA prayoga apahna uti kI paribhASA meM kiyA hai / varNya kA apahnavapUrvaka anya kA sthApana yA varNanIya ke svarUpa kA niSedha kara anya rUpa kA arpaNa apahna uti kA sarvasammata lakSaNa hai / AcArya kezava dAsa ne mana kI bAta chipAkara kahane meM apahna uti kA sadbhAva mAnA hai / apahnava kI dhAraNA ko unhoMne kucha aspaSTa kara diyA / raghunAtha kavi saccI bAta chipAkara jhUThI bAta kA Aropa apahna uti kA lakSaNa mAnate haiM / dAsa sacce dharma ko chipAkara anya dharma kI ( jhUThe yA ardhasatya dharma kI) sthApanA ko apahna uti kA lakSaNa mAnate haiM / gokula ke anusAra satya ko jhUTha aura jhUTha ko satya banA kara kahanA apahna uti hai / spaSTataH, rItikAla meM paramparA kA hI prakArAntara se anumodana huA hai / AcAryoM kI apahna tiviSayaka mAnyatA kA sAra nimnalikhita hai(ka) apahna uti meM prastuta kA niSedha tathA aprastuta kI pratIti yA usakA vidhAna hotA hai / (kha) isameM varNanIya kA niSedha kara kisI anya kA ( upamAna bhinna kA) avasthApana bhI ho sakatA hai / (ga) varNya kA niSedha kara prakArAntara se usI (varNya kI hI ) kI pratIti ati nahIM hotI, vaise sthala meM rUpaka hotA hai / aura upamAnatAvacchedaka kI asAmAnAdhikaryena Avazyaka hai / ataH upameyatAvacchedaka pratIti apahnati meM 1. anyadarpayatu rUpaM varNanIyasya vastunaH / svarUpApahnavo yasyAmasAvapahna utirmatA // -- kuntaka, vakroktijI 0 3,43 -- 2. pUrvavadutprekSamUlatvameva jIvitamasyAH // trahI, vRtti, pR0 475 3. jayadeva, candrAloka, 5,24

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468 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa apahna ti ke bhedopabheda apahnati ke aneka bhedopabhedoM kI kalpanA tattad AdhAroM para kI gayI hai| apahnati ke svarUpa ke do pramukha. vidhAyaka-tattvoM-apahnava tathA anyAropa-ke paurvAparya ke AdhAra para apahna ti ke do bheda kalpita hue(ka) niSedhapUrvaka Aropa tathA (kha) AropapUrvaka niSedha / kahIM niSedhavAkya pahale rahatA hai aura vidhivAkya poche; para isake viparIta, kahIM vidhi-vAkya hI pahale raha sakatA hai aura niSedha-vAkya pIche / isa prakAra ukta do bheda apahna ti ke ho jAte haiN| vidhivAkya aura niSedhavAkya jahA~ alaga-alaga na raheM aura chala, vyAja, natra Adi ke prayoga ke dvArA eka hI vAkya se apahnava kA tattva nirdiSTa hotA ho aura kevala Aropa kA vidhAna hotA ho, vaha apahna ti kA tIsarA bheda hai / ' zobhAkara ne apahnava ke zAbda evaM Artha hone ke AdhAra para apahnati ke do bheda svIkAra kiye haiN| unake anusAra jahA~ natra Adi ke dvArA sAkSAt niSedha hotA hai, vahA~ apahnati zAbdI hotI hai aura jahA~ chala, vyAja Adi zabdoM kA prayoga kara prakArAntara se niSedha hotA hai, vahA~ ArthI apahna ti hotI hai|2 __ hama dekha cuke haiM ki apahnati kI sAdRzyamUlakatA tathA sAdRzyetaramUlakatA ko lekara do mata rahe haiN| daNDI ne usake donoM svarUpoM ko svIkRti dI thIeka ko upamA-bheda ke rUpa meM tathA dUsare ko zuddha apahnati ke rUpa meM / bhoja ne isa AdhAra para apahnati ke do bheda svIkAra kiye-aupamyavatI aura anaupmyaa| sAdRzya ke vAcya tathA pratIyamAna hone ke AdhAra para apaddhati ke punaH do upabheda mAne gaye / anaupamyA ke do upabheda kalpita hue-pUrva evaM apUrva / jayadeva ne apahnati ke paryastApahna ti, bhrAntApahna ti, chekApahna ti tathA kaitavApata ti bhedoM kA nirUpaNa kiyaa| paNDitarAja janannAtha ne paryastA 1. draSTavya, ruyyaka, alaGkAra-sarvasva, pR. 46 2. draSTavya, zobhAkarakRta alaGkAra-ratnAkara, pR0 40 3. draSTavya, bhojakRta sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa 4, 41-43 4. draSTavya, jayadevakRta candrAloka 5, 25-26

Page #492
alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [ 466 pahnati ko apahnati kA bheda nahIM mAnakara rUpaka mAnA hai|' kintu, paryastApahnati meM niSevapUrvaka Aropa hone ke kAraNa use apahnati-bheda mAnanA hI samIcIna jAna par3atA hai| vizvanAtha ne apahnavapUrvaka Aropa tathA AropapUrvaka apahnava; ina do bhedoM ko svIkAra kara zleSamUlA tathA azleSamUlA apahna tiyoM kI bhI kalpanA kii| appayNa dIkSita ne 'kuvalayAnanda' meM to jayadeva kI mAnyatA hI svIkAra kI; para 'citramImAMsA' meM vAkya ke AdhAra para apahna ti kI vAkyabhedavatI tathA vAkyAbhedavatI vidhAoM kI bhI kalpanA kI hai| paNDitarAja ne apahna ti ke sAvayava evaM niravayava-bheda bhI mAne haiN| isa bheda-vivecana se spaSTa hai ki apahnati ke kucha bhedoM kI kalpanA usake mUla meM nihita sAdRzya tathA sAdRzyetara-sambandha ke AdhAra para; kucha kI usake vidhAyaka-tattva apahnava aura Aropa ke AdhAra para; kucha kI niSedha-vAkya evaM Aropa vAkya kI ekatA-anekatA ke AdhAra para tathA kucha kI anya alaGkAroM ke sAtha apahnati ke mela ke AdhAra para kI gayI hai| aupamyavatI aura anaupamyApahna ti kramazaH sAdRzya tathA sAdRzyettara-sambandha para AdhRta hai| apahnavapUrvaka Aropa tathA AropapUrvo'pahnava bheda Ahnava aura Aropa ke pairvIparya-krama para avalambita haiN| vAkyabhedavatI tathA aneka vAkyagA apahna ti kI kalpanA niSedha tathA Aropa vAkya kI ekatA-anekatA para Azrita hai| bhrAntApahna, ti, zleSamUlApahna ti Adi kramazaH bhrAntimAn, zleSa Adi ke sAtha apahnati kI avasthiti kI kalpanA ke phala haiN| niSedha tathA Aropa ke sAkSAt yA vAcya tathA asAkSAt yA gamya hone ke AdhAra para bhI vAcyA tathA pratIyamAnA apahna tiyoM kI kalpanA kI gayI hai| paryastApahnati, chekApahna ti, hetvapahnati, kaitavApahnati Adi apahna ti-bhedoM kI kalpanA kA AdhAra apahnava evaM AroSa kI uktiyoM kI vicitratA hai / pariNAma pariNAma alaGkAra kI udbhAvanA bahuta pIche cala kara huI hai; para udbhUta hone ke uparAnta yaha alaGkAra prAyaH sarvasammata rahA hai| ruyyaka ke 'alaGkAra 1. jagannAtha, rasagaGgAdhara, pR0442-43 2. draSTavya, vizvanAtha kA sAhityadarpaNa pR0 644-46 3. draSTavya, appayyadIkSita, citramImAMsA, pR0 66 4. draSTavya, jagannAtha, rasagaGgAdhara pR0 436

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470 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa sUtra' meM sarvaprathama pariNAma kA svarUpa-nirUpaNa milatA hai| ruyyaka ke pUrva rUpaka ke svarUpa meM hI pariNAma samAviSTa thA / 'kAvyaprakAza' ke kucha TIkAkAroM ne isa bAta kA saGketa diyA hai ki mammaTa pariNAma ko rUpaka kA hI aGga mAnate the| mammaTa kI racanA meM rUpaka ke aGga ke rUpa meM pariNAma kA spaSTa vivecana nahIM miltaa| TIkAkAroM kI mAnyatA kA AdhAra rUpaka aura pariNAma kA svarUpa-sAmya hai| isameM sandeha nahIM ki pariNAma ke svarUpa ko sambhAvanA rUpaka ke vyApaka svarUpa meM hI nihita thii| prastuta para aprastuta ke Aropa ko sAmAnya rUpa se prAcIna AcAryoM ne rUpaka kI saMjJA dI thii| pariNAma meM bhI prastuta para aprastuta kA Aropa hotA hai / isa dRSTi se pariNAma rUpaka ke vyApaka rUpa meM vyApya hai| rUpaka se pariNAma ke svatantra astitva kI sthApanA ke lie eka vibhAjaka tattva kI kalpanA kI gayI hai| rUpaka jahAM prakRta para aprakRta ke Aropa ke bAda virata ho jAtA hai; vahA~ pariNAma prakRta para aprakRta kA Aropa to karatA hI hai; AropyamAna kA prakRtArtha meM upayoga bhI dikhAtA hai| isa prakAra prakRta ke vyavahAra para aprakRta ke vyavahAra kA bhI Aropa ho jAtA hai aura aprakRta prakRtopayogI ho jAtA hai| spaSTa hai ki pariNAma kI rUpa-racanA meM rUpaka aura samAsokti ke tattvoM ne yoga diyA hai; para sAtha hI aprakRta kI prakRtopayogitA kI dhAraNA milAkara ruyyaka ne isa navIna alaGkAra kI udbhAvanA kI hai| ruyyaka ne pariNAma ko paribhASita karate hue kahA hai ki jahA~ AropyamAna kI prakRtArtha meM upayogitA vaNita ho, vahA~ pariNAma alaGkAra hotA hai / / pariNAma kA rUpaka se bheda batAte hue ruyyaka ne vRtti meM likhA hai ki rUpaka meM AropyamAna ke prakRtopayoga kA prazna nahIM; ataH usameM aprakRta prakRta para Aropita hokara usakA (prakRta kA ) uparaJjana-mAtra kara virata ho jAtA hai; para pariNAma meM prastuta para Aropita aprastuta prastuta kA uparaJjana to karatA hI hai, sAtha hI vaha prakRta kI taraha upayogI bhI hotA hai| pariNAma nAma kI sArthakatA isImeM hai ki isameM prakRta yA upameya aprakRta yA upamAna ke rUpa meM 1. draSTavya, kAvyaprakAza, nAgezvarI-TIkA, pR0 240 2. AropyamANasya prakRtopayogitve prinnaamH| -ruyyaka, alaM0 sarvasva, sUtra saM0 16

Page #494
alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [471 pariNata ho jAtA hai|' rUpaka meM prakRta ke kevala rUpa para aprakRta ke rUpa kA samAropa hotA hai, para pariNAma meM rUpa ke sAtha vyavahAra kA bhI samAropa ho jAtA hai / isIlie pariNAma ko 'vyavahArAnta Aropa' kahA gayA hai| aura bhI spaSTa karane ke lie kaheM, to 'alaGkAra-sUtra' ke TIkAkAra jayaratha ke zabdoM meM kaha sakate haiM ki pariNAma meM prakRta yA upameya aprakRta yA upamAna ke vyavahAra se yukta ho jAtA hai| pariNAma kA jo lakSaNa ruyyaka ne diyA hai, usa lakSaNa-sUtra kI vyAkhyA ke krama meM TIkAkAroM ne do prakAra kI mAnyatAe~ vyakta kI haiN| kucha TIkAkAroM ke anusAra AropyamANa yA aprakRta hI prakRta ke rUpa meM pariNata hokara prakRtArtha meM upayogI hotA hai / isa dhAraNA ke viparIta anya TIkAkAroM ne yaha mantavya prakaTa kiyA hai ki prakRta hI aprakRta ke rUpa meM pariNata hokara arthAt aprakRta kA vyavahAra lekara prakRta kArya meM upayogI hotA hai| ukta donoM matA kI puSTi ruyyaka ke sUtra kI vRtti se ho jAtI hai| ruyyaka ne vRtti meM kahA hai ki pariNAma meM AropyamANa kA prakRta-rUpa meM upayoga hotA hai; ataH isameM prakRta AropyamANa ke rUpa meM pariNata hotA hai|4 'prakRtAtmatayAropyamANasyopayoga' isa vAkyAMza kA sahArA lekara yaha mata vyakta kiyA gayA hai ki AropyamANa yA aprakRta hI prakRta ke rUpa meM pariNata hokara prakRta-kArya meM upayogI hotA hai| para, 'prakRtamAropyamANarUpatvena pariNamati' isa vAkya-khaNDa meM spaSTataH kahA gayA hai ki prakRta hI aprakRta ke rUpa meM pariNata hotA hai / prakRta kA pariNAma mAnane vAle isa vAkyAMza ko pramANa ke rUpa meM uddhRta karate haiN| __ paravartI AcAryoM meM vidyAdhara, zobhAkara Adi ne prakRta kI aprakRta ke rUpa meM pariNati ko pariNAma kA lakSaNa mAnA hai, para vizvanAtha, vidyAnAtha, appayyadIkSita tathA paNDitarAja jagannAtha ne pariNAma meM aprakRta kA prakRta ke rUpa meM pariNAma svIkAra kiyA hai| 1. ArogyamANaM rUpake prakRtopayogitvAbhAvAt prakRtoparajakatvenaiva kevalenAnvayaM bhajate / pariNAme tu prakRtAtmatayAropyamANasyopayoga iti prakRtamAropyamANarUpatvena pariNamati |-ruyyk, alaM0 sarva0 pR0 38 2. ato vyavahArAntamAropaH ."-alaM0 sarvasva, saMjIvanI-TIkA pR0 58 3. prakRtamaprakRtavyavahAraviziSTatayAvatiSThate / -alaM0 sarvasva, vimazinI-TIkA pR0 51 4. pariNAme tu prakRtAtmatayAropyamANasyopayoga iti prakRtamAropyamANarUpatvena pariNamati |-ruyyk, alaM0 sarvasva, pR0 38

Page #495
472 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa uttarakAla meM pariNAma kI paribhASA meM vikAsa kI sthitiyA~ bahuta kama aayiiN| prakRta tathA aprakRta ke anya rUpa meM pariNata hone kA prazna lekara jo do mata cala par3e the, unhIM ko lekara pariNAma-paribhASA kI do dhArAe~ pracalita huii| eka meM vidyAdhara, zobhAkara Adi AcArya Ate haiM aura dUsarI meM vizvanAtha, vidyAnAtha, jayadeva appayya dIkSita evaM jagannAtha Adi / pariNAma, viSayaka ukta do mAnyatAe~ ApAtataH paraspara virodhinI lagatI haiM; kintu spaSTataH dono kA srota eka hI hai| donoM ruyyaka kI mAnyatA kI pRthak-pRthak vyAkhyA ke pariNAma haiN| eka utsa ke do srota hone ke kAraNa donoM meM samanvaya-bindu kA nirdhAraNa sambhava hai| pariNAma kA yaha lakSaNa mAnane meM to sabhI ekamata haiM ki isameM prastuta para aprastuta ke rUpa evaM vyavahAra kA Aropa hotA hai| jaba prastuta aprastuta ke vyavahAra se yukta hotA hai to vaha eka prakAra se aprastuta ke rUpa meM pariNata ho hI jAtA hai, bhale hI vaha apane svarUpa kA utsarga nahIM karatA ho| aprastuta ke prakRta-kArya meM upayogI hone kI dhAraNA bhI pariNAma meM sarvasammata hai| prakRta-kArya se sAkSAt sambandha prastuta kA hI hotA hai| aprastuta prakRtArtha meM tabhI upayogI ho sakatA hai, jaba vaha prastuta ke rUpa meM pariNata ho| ataH, pariNAma meM aprastuta prastutAtmanA pariNata hokara prakRta kArya meM upayogI hotA hai| niSkarSa yaha ki prastuta para aprastuta ke vyApAra-samAropa kI dRSTi se prastuta kA aprastuta ke rUpa meM pariNata hone kA siddhAnta bhI saGgata hai aura aprastuta kI prakRtArthoMpayogitA kI dRSTi se aprastuta ke prastuta-rUpa meM pariNAma kA mata bhI samIcIna hai| isa prakAra pariNAma ke svarUpa ke do aparihArya vidhAyaka haiM (ka) prastuta para aprastuta kA vyavahArAnta samAropa arthAt aprastuta ke rUpa evaM vyApAra kA Aropa aura (kha) aprastuta kA prastutAtmanA pariNata hokara prakRta kArya meM upayogI honA / hindI ke rItikAlIna AcAryoM ne jayadeva evaM apyayya dIkSita kI dhAraNA kA anusaraNa karate hue aprakRta kA prakRta ke rUpa meM pariNata hokara prakRtopayogI honA pariNAma kA lakSaNa mAnA hai| yAkUba ne pariNAma kA sambandha nAyikA-bheda se jor3A hai;' para yaha vizeSa mahattvapUrNa kalpanA nahIM hai| 1. kara kAja parinAma, upameya jo upamAna hv| so parakIyA vAma kara keli parapuruSa so|| -yAkUba khAM, rasabhUSaNa, pR07

Page #496
alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [ 473 pariNAma-viSayaka paramparAgata dhAraNA kA hI anumodana hindI alaGkAra-zAstra meM huA hai| vyatireka vyatireka kA svarUpa-nirUpaNa sarvaprathama bhAmaha ke 'kAvyAdarza' meM milatA hai| tabase prAyaH sabhI AcAryoM ne vyatireka kI sattA svIkAra kara usakA vivecana kiyA hai| bhAmaha ne upamAna se upameya kA Adhikya-varNana vyatireka kA lakSaNa mAnA thA / ' sAmAnyataH upameya kI apekSA upamAna meM guNAdhikya kI dhAraNA nihita rahatI hai| upamAna kI kalpanA arthAt aprastuta-yojanA kA uddezya hI prastuta kA uparaJjana hai| prastuta kA uparaJjaka hone ke kAraNa aprastuta meM guNAdhikya kI pUrvamAnyatA antanihita rahatI hai| upamA Adi bhedAbheda-pravAna alaGkAra meM aprastuta sAdRzya se prastuta kA uparaJjana karatA hai| rUpaka Adi abheda-pradhAna alaGkAra meM vaha prastuta para Aropita hokara abheda-pratIti ke dvArA prastuta kA uparaJjana karatA hai; para vyatireka meM vaha bheda-pratIti se prakRta kA uparaJjana karatA hai| vyatireka kA upamA, rUpaka Adi se tAtvika bheda yaha hai ki jahA~ upamA bhedAbhedapradhAna tathA rUpaka abhedapradhAna alaGkAra hai, vahA~ vyatireka bhaMda-pradhAna alaGkAra hai| yaha prazna kiyA jA sakatA hai ki vyatireka meM jaba upamAna aura upameya ke bIca sAdRzya bheda-pradhAna rahatA hai to upamAna se upameya kA uparaJjana kaise hotA hai ? uparaJjaka aura uparaJjya meM yA to abheda rahanA cAhie yA bhedAbheda / isa prazna kA uttara sarala hai| vyatireka meM upameya aura upamAna ke sAdRzya kA niSedha kara jo donoM ke bIca bheda-kathana hotA hai, vaha kathana svayaM hI donoM ke bIca sAdRzya-pratIti ke lie alam hai| niSedha prApta kA hI hotA hai, aprApta kA nhiiN| ataH, sAdRzya kA niSedha sAdRzya ke prApta hone kA bhI pramANa hai / daNDI ne vyatireka kI paribhASA meM isa tathya kA saGkata diyA hai ki jaba upamAna aura upameya ke bIca sAdRzya gamya yA vAcya rahatA hai, tabhI donoM ke bIca bheda-kathana vyatireka kA svarUpa-vidhAna karatA hai| 1. upamAnavato'rthasya yadvizeSanidarzanam / vyatireka tamicchanti vizeSApAdanAdyathA ||-bhaamh, kAvyAlaM0 2, 75 2. zabdopAtta pratIte vA sAdRzye vastunoI yoH| tatra yadbha dakathanaM vyatirekaH sa kathyate ||-dnnddii, kAvyAdarza 2,180

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474 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa bhAmaha ke vyatireka kA svarUpa apekSAkRta sImita thA / usameM pIche cala kara thor3A vistAra ho gayA hai / bhAmaha ne upamAna se upameya ke Adhikya - kathana mAtra ko vyatireka kA lakSaNa mAnA thA / unakI dRSTi meM isa alaGkAra kA camatkAra isa bAta meM hogA ki isameM aprastuta ke utkRSTa guNa viziSTa hone kI sAmAnya dhAraNA ko mAnane para bhI kavi upameya ko usase bhI bar3hakara utkarSavAn batAkara usakI prabhaviSNutA bar3hA detA hai / AcArya daNDI ne bhAmaha kI vyatireka viSayaka mUla dhAraNA se sahamata hone para bhI lakSaNa meM vyatireka ko kiJcit vistRta rUpa diyaa| unhoMne do vastuoM meM (prastuta evaM aprastuta meM ) sAdRzya ke vAcya yA pratIyamAna hone para donoM meM bheda-kathana vyatireka kA lakSaNa mAnA / yaha bheda kathana tIna rUpoM meM ho sakatA hai : 1. donoM meM vidyamAna sAdRzya ke niSedha ke rUpa meM, 2. upamAna se upameya ke utkarSa-varNana ke rUpa meM tathA 3. upameya se upamAna ke utkarSa-varNana ke rUpa meM / isa prakAra lakSaNa meM vyatireka ke svarUpa ko vistAra dene para bhI daNDI ne usake udAharaNa meM upamAna se upameya kA utkarSa - varNana mAtra dikhAyA hai / yaha sambhavataH paramparA ke durnivAra prabhAva kA anivArya pariNAma thA / daNDa ke vyatireka ke lakSaNa meM 'prasthAna' hai to udAharaNa meM 'anugamana' / paravartI kAla meM vyatireka ke sambandha meM do prakAra kI mAnyatAe~ prApta hotI haiM / kucha AcArya aprastuta se prastuta ke utkarSa varNana mAtra ko vyatireka-lakSaNa mAnate haiM / yaha mAnyatA isa yukti para AddhRta hai ki upamAna meM to upameya kI apekSA guNotkarSa kI dhAraNA antarnihita hI hai, phira upameya kI apekSA upamAna ke utkarSa - varNana meM kyA camatkAra hogA ? para, kucha AcAryoM ne daNDI ke mata ko svIkAra karate hue upamAna kI apekSA upameya ke guNAdhikya varNana ke sAtha upabheya se upamAna ke guNAdhikyavarNana meM bhI vyatireka alaGkAra kA sadbhAva mAnA hai / ina matoM ke aucitya kI parIkSA hama yathAsthAna kreNge| eka vastu kI apekSA dUsarI vastu ke guNotkarSa - varNana kI dhAraNA ke viparIta eka vastu se dUsarI vastu ke apakarSa-varNana ko bhI paravartI kucha AcAryoM ne vyatireka lakSaNa meM samAviSTa kara liyA hai / yaha koI navIna dhAraNA nahIM hai / eka kA anya kI apekSA guNotkarSa - varNanaAkSepa se anya kA apakarSa sUcita karatA hI hai / eka kA sApekSa utkarSa-varNana kara AkSepa se anya kA apakarSa sUcita karane tathA eka ke ApekSika apakarSa -

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alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [ 475. varNana se anya kA utkarSa sUcita karane meM varNana-paddhati-mAtra kA bheda hai-donoM kA phala samAna hai| ____ AcArya udbhaTa ne vyatireka ko paribhASita karate hue kahA hai ki 'upamAna aura upameya kA vizeSApAdana arthAt utkarSa-varNana vyatireka hai|'' tilaka ne 'vivRti' meM isa kathana kI vyAkhyA karate hue udbhaTa kI vyatireka-viSayaka mAnyatA ko bhAmaha kI tadviSayaka mAnyatA se abhinna siddha karane kA AyAsa kiyA hai| unake anusAra upameya kA utkarSa tathA upamAna kA apakarSa udbhaTasammata vyatireka-lakSaNa hai| tilaka kI yaha vyAkhyA pUrvAgrahapUrNa jAna par3atI hai| 'upamAnopameyayoH vizeSApAdanam', isa kathana se 'upamAna kA apakarSa aura upameya kA utkarSa' artha nikAlanA kalpanA-vilAsa-sA lagatA hai, jisa para bhAmaha kI mAnyatA kI chApa spaSTa hai| indurAja ne laghuvRtti-TIkA meM udbhaTa ke ukta kathana kA spaSTIkaraNa karate hue likhA hai ki 'usameM (vyatireka meM) upamAna se upameya kA athavA upameya se upamAna kA Adhikya varNita hotA hai; isalie usakA vyatireka vyapadeza hai |'spsstttH udbhaTa kI vyatireka-. dhAraNA para AcArya daNDI kA puSkala prabhAva hai| vAmana ne vyatireka kA kevala eka rUpa-'upamAna se upameya kA guNAdhikya-varNana-rUpa'--svIkAra kiyA hai|4 rudraTa ne spaSTa zabdoM meM vyatireka ke do rUpoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| ekatra unhoMne vyatireka meM upameya ke guNa ke pratipanthI doSa kA upamAna meM ullekha vAJchanIya mAnA hai aura aparatra usameM upamAna ke guNa ke pratipanthI doSa kA upameya meM nirdeza apekSita batAyA hai|5 pahalA upameyAdhikya-varNana-rUpa vyatireka hai aura dUsarA upamAnAdhikya1. vizeSApAdanaM yatsyAdupamAnopameyayoH / -udbhaTa, kA0 a0 sA0 saM0 2,12 2. sa ca upameyotkarSApamAnanikarSarUpavyatirekanimittasyopAdAne utkarSa-. nikarSo bhayanimittAnAM paryAyeNAnupADhAne ca bhavatIti caturbhadaH / / -vahI, vivRti, pR0 25 3. tatra hya pamAnAdupameyasyopameyAdupamAnasya vA kenacid vizeSaNAtireka' __ AdhikyaM khyApyate tasmAd vytirekH|-lghuvRtti, pR0 35 4. upameyasya guNAtirekitvaM vyatirekaH |-vaamn kA0 a0 sU0 4,3,22 tathA vRtti-upameyasya guNAtirekitvaM guNAdhikyaM yad arthAdupamAnAt sa vytirekH| 5. yo guNa upameye syAt tatpratipanthI ca doSa upamAne / x X upamAne vA tatpratipanthI ca doSa upmeye| -rudraTa, kAvyAlaM. 7,86-86:

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476 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa varNana-rUpa / isa prakAra bhAmaha tathA daNDI kI racanAoM meM nihita vyatireka viSayaka vicAra-bindu kramazaH vAmana aura rudraTa kI kRtiyoM meM spaSTa rUpa pAkara samAnAntara rekhAoM kI taraha Age bddh'aa| kuntaka ne daNDI ke matAnusAra upamAna aura upameya ke bIca zAbda yA 'pratIyamAna dharmasAmya ke rahane para prastuta ke utkarSa-sAdhana ke lie donoM kA vyatirecana arthAt bheda-kathana vyatireka kA lakSaNa mAnA hai|' AcArya ruyyaka ne bhI daNDI, udbhaTa, rudraTa tathA kuntaka kI taraha upamAna se upameya ke AdhikyavarNana tathA upameya se upamAna ke Adhikya-varNana meM samAna rUpa se vyatireka alaGkAra kA sadbhAva mAnA hai / 2 upamAna se upameya tathA upameya se upamAna ke Adhikya varNana meM-donoM sthitiyoM meM vyatireka kI sattA mAnane vAle : AcAryoM kI paMkti meM parigaNanIya haiM-vizvanAtha, vidyAdhara, zobhAkara, jayadeva, appayya dIkSita, hemacandra, vAgbhaTa, kezava mizra, vizvezvara Adi / mammaTa tathA paNDitarAja jagannAtha kevala upamAna se upameya ke Adhikya-varNana meM vyatireka * kA sadbhAva mAnane ke pakSa meM haiN| vatsalAJchana, karNapUra Adi isI mata ke . anuyAyI haiN| spaSTa hai ki upamAna se upameya ke guNotkarSa-varNana meM vyatireka kA sadbhAva mAnane meM sabhI AcArya eka-mata haiM; para upameya se upamAna ke Adhikya-varNana meM vyatireka mAnane ke prazna ko lekara do mata haiN| mammaTa, jagannAtha Adi kI vyatireka-mAnyatA isa yukti para AdhRta hai ki upamAna kA guNotkarSa to pUrvasvIkRta hI rahatA hai| alaGkAra-yojanA meM kavi kA uddezya usa utkRSTaguNavAn upamAna ke sAtha tulanA kara upameya kA utkarSa-sAdhana rahatA hai| ataH, upamAna se upameya kA sAdRzya, abheda tathA Adhikya batAne meM alaGkAratva asandigdha hai; para upameya se upamAna ke guNotkarSa-varNana meM kyA camatkAra hogA jaba ki upamAna kA guNotkarSa sarvavidita hI rahatA hai ? isa prazna kA samAdhAna kaThina nhiiN| nizcaya hI upamAna ke sAtha upameya kI 1. sati tacchabdavAcyatve dharma saamye'nythaasthiteH| vyatirecanamanyasmAt prastutotkarSa siddhaye / zAbdaH pratIyamAno vA vyatireko'bhidhIyate // -kuntaka, vakroktijI0 3,35 2. bhedaprAdhAnya upamAnAdupameyasyAdhikye viparyaye vA vyatirekaH / -ruyyaka, alaM0 sarvasva, sUtra saM0 28

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alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [477 tulanA meM kavi kA uddezya upameya kA utkarSa-sAdhana rahatA hai / yaha uddezya upameya ke Adhikya-varNana meM pratyakSataH siddha hotA hai; para upamAna kA utkarSa tathA upameya kI usase hInatA batAkara bhI kavi prakArAntara se upameya kA guNotkarSa-sAdhana kara letA hai / yaha kavi kI ukti kI vilakSaNatA hotI hai ki vaha zabdata: upameya se upamAna ko utkRSTa kahakara yA upameya ko upamAna se hIna kahakara bhI upameya kA guNotkarSa prakArAntara se siddha kara letA hai / vyatireka ke isa rUpa meM upameya kI hInatA zAbda hotI hai tathA usakA utkarSa AkSipta / varNya ko pratyakSataH hIna kahakara bhI usake utkarSa-sAdhana kI camatkArapUrNa ukti meM alaGkAratva mAnanA ucita hI hai| isa prakAra upamAna aura upameya kA sAdRzya batAkara sAdRzya kA niSedha; upamAna se upameya kA Adhikya varNana;; upameya se upamAna kA Adhikya-varNana; upamAna se upameya kI hInatA kA varNana :: tathA upameya se upamAna kI hInatA kA varNana-ye vyatireka ke svarUpa haiN| vyatireka-bheda AcArya daNDI ne vyatireka ke zabdopAtta tathA pratIyamAna bhedoM kI kalpanA kara zleSa tathA azleSa ke AdhAra para bhI usake bhedopabheda svIkAra kiye / / paravartI kAla meM vyatireka kI bheda-kalpanA ke ye AdhAra svIkRta rahe haiN| upamAna aura upameya meM se eka ke utkarSa tathA dUsare ke apakarSa ke kathita tathA akathita hone ke AdhAra para bhI vyatireka ke bhedopabhedoM kI kalpanA haI hai| bhoja ne vyatireka ke mukhya chaha bheda mAne haiM aura unake aneka upabhedoM kI kalpanA kI hai / 2 vizvanAtha ne apane pUrvavartI sabhI AcAryoM ke vyatirekavibhAga ke AdhAroM ko samanvita rUpa se svIkAra kara vyatireka ke ar3atAlIsa bheda kiye haiN| vizvanAtha ke bAda prastuta alaGkAra ke navIna bhedoM kI kalpanA 1. daNDI ke anusAra vyatireka ke-ekavyatireka, ubhayavyatireka, sazleSa vyatireka, sAkSa pavyatireka, sahetukavyatireka, pratIyamAnasAdRzyavyatireka zAbdasAdRzyasadRzavyatireka, pratIyamAnasAdRzyasadRzavyatireka tathA sajAtivyatireka bheda hote haiM / -draSTavya, kAvyAdarza 2, 180-68 2. draSTavya, bhoja, sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa, 3,33-102 3. vyatirekaH eka ukta hetau nokta sa ca tridhaa| caturvidho'pi sAmyasya bodhanAcchabdato'rthataH / / AkSepAcca dvAdazadhA zleSe'pIti trirssttdhaa| pratyekaM syAnmilitvASTacatvAriMzadvidhaH punaH // -vizvanAtha, sAhityada0 10,71'

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+ 478 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa nahIM huI hai / vizvanAtha ne AcArya mammaTa ke vyatireka-bhedoM ko bhI svIkAra kiyA hai / mammaTa kevala upameya ke Adhikya varNana meM vyatireka kA sadbhAva mAnate the / unhoMne usake caubIsa bheda kiye the / ve bheda nimnalikhita haiM (1) jisameM upameya ke utkarSa evaM upamAna ke apakarSa kA hetu ukta ho / * hetu ke anukta hone ke tIna prakAra - utkarSa ke hetu kA anukta honA, apakarSa ke " hetu kA anukta honA, tathA donoM kA anukta honA - ke AdhAra para anukta nimitta tIna bheda / ye cAro sAdRzya ke zAbda, Artha tathA AkSipta hone ke AdhAra para tIna-tIna prakAra ke ho jAte haiM / punaH, zliSTa tathA azliSTa-bheda se ye bAraha prakAra ke vyatireka caubIsa prakAra ke ho jAte haiM / vizvanAtha ne -- mammaTa ke dvArA kalpita vyatireka ke ukta caubIsa bhedoM ko svIkAra kiyA hai / ve upamAna ke Adhikya varNana meM bhI vyatireka mAnate the / ataH, upamAnAdhikya rUpa vyatireka ke bhI ukta AdhAra para hI caubIsa bheda unhoMne mAne haiM / isa prakAra unake anusAra upameyAdhikya rUpa vyatireka tathA upamAnAdhikya rUpa vyatireka ke caubIsa caubIsa bheda ho jAte haiM / nIce kI tAlikA meM vyatireka ke bhedopada spaSTa kiye jA sakate haiM - - ukta hetu (1) vyatireka - anukta hetu - ) (anuktautkarSa hetu (2) anuktApakarSa hetu (3) anukta ubhaya hetu (4)) zliSTa ( 12 ) azliSTa (12) = 24 ( zAbda sAdRzya ( 4 ) Artha sAdRzya (4) AkSipta sAdRzya (4) = 12 upameyAdhikya (24) upamAnAdhikya (24) =48 dRSTAnta dRSTAnta alaGkAra kA nirUpaNa sarvaprathama udbhaTa ne kiyA / unhoMne ise kAvya dRSTAnta vyapadeza diyA thA / dRSTAnta ke sAtha kAvya zabda ke prayoga kA uddezya nyAya Adi meM pracalita dRSTAnta se dRSTAnta alaGkAra kI dhAraNA kA bheda-nirUpaNa thA / udbhaTa ke paravartI AcAryoM meM se vAmana ko chor3a, prAyaH sabhI AcAryoM ne dRSTAnta kA astitva svIkAra kara usakA lakSaNa -nirUpaNa kiyA hai / para una AcAryoM ne nAma ke sAtha kAvya kA prayoga anAvazyaka samajha kara kevala dRSTAnta nAma kA prayoga kiyA hai / vastutaH alaGkAra ke nAma ke -sAtha kAvya zabda kA ullekha Avazyaka nahIM hai / alaGkAra kA kSetra kevala - kAvyAtmaka ukti hai / ataH, kAvya zabda kA prayoga na karane para bhI zAstrIya

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alaGkAroM kA svarUpa - vikAsa [ 47 dRSTAnta taka dRSTAnta alaGkAra kI ativyApti kI prApti nahIM hotI aura aprApta ativyApti ke niSedha ke lie alaGkAra kI saMjJA ke sAtha atirikta zabda prayoga anAvazyaka hai / AcArya udbhaTa ne dRSTAnta alaGkAra kA mUlAdhAra prastuta tathA aprastuta ACT bimbapratibimba-sambandha mAnA thA / dRSTanta kI paribhASA meM unhoMne kahA thA ki jahA~ iSTa artha arthAt prastuta ke pratibimba kA spaSTa nidarzana ho, vahA~ dRSTAnta alaGkAra hotA hai / bimba kA yaha pratibimba - nidarzana 'yathA', 'iva' Adi sAdRzyavAcaka zabdoM se rahita hotA hai / isa alaGkAra meM dharmI aura dharma kA pUrNa citra bimba bana kara ubhar3atA hai aura kavi anya pratibimba se usakI ekatA kA bodha karAnA cAhatA hai / isa prakAra bimbapratibimba - bhAva dharma tathA dharmI donoM kA ho sakatA hai| isameM aprastuta kI yojanA kA uddezya prastuta kI spaSTa pratIti karAnA hai / donoM ke bIca upamAnopameya - bhAva zAbda nahIM hotA, gamya rahatA hai / kavi varNya kA varNana kara usakI spaSTa pratIti ke lie usake samAna vRttAnta kA nidarzana prastuta kara detA hai / isIlie udbhaTa ne ise 'yathA', 'iva' Adi sAdRzyavAcaka zabdoM se zUnya kahA hai / AcArya rudraTa ne dRSTAnta - lakSaNa meM 'bimbapratibimba-bhAva' isa pAribhASika zabdAvalI kA prayoga na kara usI tathya ko zabdAntara se aura spaSTa rUpa meM prastuta kiyA hai / unakI dRSTAnta paribhASA isa prakAra hai-- jahA~ prastuta evaM aprastuta arthavizeSoM meM se koI arthavizeSa jisa dharma se yukta hokara pahale varNita ho usI ke sadRza dharma se yukta anya vastuvizeSa kA nyAsa kiyA jAya, vahA~ dRSTAnta alaGkAra hotA hai / " 'arthavizeSa' zabda ke upAdAna kI sArthakatA arthAntaranyAsa se bheda - khyApana meM batAyI gayI hai, jisameM sAmAnya aura vizeSa meM se eka upameya aura dUsarA upamAna hotA hai / dRSTAnta meM vizeSa artha hI upameya aura upamAna hotA hai / ubhayanyAsa kA satsAmAnyatva use dRSTAnta se alaga karatA hai arthAt ubhayanyAsa meM do arthoM meM sAmAnya 1. iSTasyArthasya vispaSTapratibimba nidarzanam / vAdipadaiH zUnyaM budhairdRSTAnta ucyate // --udbhaTa, kAvyAlaGkArasArasaMgraha, 6, 16 2. arthavizeSaH pUrvaM yAdRGnyasto vivakSitetarayoH / tAdRzamanyaM nyasyedyatra punaH so'tra dRSTAntaH / / --- rudraTa, kAvyAlaGkAra, 8, 64

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450 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa vidyamAna rahatA hai; para dRSTAnta meM sAmAnya vidyamAna nahIM rahatA / yahI bimbapratibimba-bhAva kA vastuprativastu-bhAva se tAttvika bheda hai / bimbapratibimba-bhAva meM do padArthoM ke dharmoM meM tAttvika abheda na rahane para bhI abheda kA adhyavasAya yA pratipattA ko abheda kI pratIti hotI hai, jaba ki vastuprativastu bhAva meM tattvata: abhinna dharma kA zabda bheda se do bAra upAdAna hotA hai / pAribhASika zabdAvalI kI durbodhatA ke saralIkaraNa kA AyAsa rudraTa ne dRSTAnta ke lakSaNa meM kiyA hai / rudraTa ne dRSTAnta ke do udAharaNa diye haiM / eka meM prastuta kA pahale ullekha kara usI ke sadRza dharma vAle aprastuta kA nyAsa dikhalAyA gayA hai tathA dUsare meM aprastuta kA nirdeza kara usake sadRza prastuta kA nyAsa dikhAyA gayA hai / spaSTataH, rudraTa ne dRSTAnta ke do rUpa mAne haiM(1) prastuta kA pUrva nirdeza kara usake sadRza dharma vAle aprastuta kA nyAsa tathA (2) aprastuta kA pUrva nirdeza kara usake sadRza prastuta kA nyAsa / kuntaka ne AcArya rudraTa kI hI taraha dRSTAnta kI paribhASA meM bimbapratibimba pada kA ullekha na kara kahA ki jahA~ vastuoM ke ( dRSTAnta aura dAntika ke ) sAdRzya ke kAraNa varNya vastu se bhinna anya vastu kA arthAt upamAna kA pradarzana hotA ho, vahA~ dRSTAnta alaGkAra hotA hai / ' spaSTataH, yaha dhAraNA rudraTa Adi kI dRSTAnta-dhAraNa se abhinna hai / AcArya mammaTa ne udbhaTa kI taraha dRSTAnta- lakSaNa meM pratibimba zabda kA prayoga kiyaa| unake anusAra upamAna, upameya tathA sAdhAraNa dharma Adi sabhI kA pratibimbana arthAt bimbapratibimba-bhAva dRSTAnta meM apekSita hai / mammaTa ne dRSTAnta saMjJA kI sArthakatA do dharmiyoM yA dharmoM meM sAdRzya kAraNa hone vAle abheda-bodha meM mAnI hai / bimbapratibimba-bhAva meM dharma tattvataH bhinnabhinna rahate haiM para sAdRzya ke kAraNa abhinna se pratIta hote haiM aura unakA do bAra upAdAna hotA hai / anta yA nizcaya ( do meM abhinnatA kI nizcayAtmaka pratAti) ke dRSTa hone ke kAraNa ise dRSTAnta kahate haiM / 1. vastusAmyaM samAzritya yadanyasya pradarzanam / dRSTAntanAmAlaGkAraH // - kuntaka, vakrokti jI0 2. dRSTAntaH punareteSAM sarveSAM pratibimbanam // dharmAdInAM dRSTo'nto nizcayo yatra sa dRSTAntaH / 3,38 - eteSAM sAdhAraNa -- tathA - -- mammaTa, kAvyapra0 10,155 tathA usakI vRtti pR0 252

Page #504
alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [ 481 ruyyaka kI dRSTAnta - paribhASA mammaTa kI ukta paribhASA se abhinna hai / unhoMne upamAna aura upameya ke sAtha sAdhAraNa dharma kA bhI bimbapratibimbatayA nirdeza dRSTAnta kA svarUpa mAnA hai / isa prakAra dharmI aura dharma; donoM ko lekara dRSTAnta kA vidhAna mammaTa, ruyyaka Adi ko abhISTa hai / paravartI AcAryoM ne dRSTAnta kA yahI svarUpa svIkAra kiyA hai / paNDita - rAja jagannAtha ne isa tathya ko spaSTa kiyA hai ki dRSTAnta meM dharma ke sAtha dharmI kA bhI do bAra upAdAna hotA hai / AcAryoM kI dRSTAntaviSayaka mAnyatA kA niSkarSa nimnalikhita hai (ka) do vastuoM meM bimbapratibimba bhAva dikhAnA dRSTAnta alaGkAra hai 1 (kha) bimbapratibimba - bhAva upamAna, upameya aura dharma kA bhI hotA hai / (ga) bimbapratibimba kA kAraNa sAdRzya hotA hai / tattvataH bhinna dharma ke hone para bhI donoM ke sAdRzya ke ke lie do bAra upAdAna hotA hai / dUsare zabdoM meM, isameM kAraNa abheda - pratyAyana (gha) sAdharmya aura vaidharmya; donoM se bimbapratibimba-bhAva ho sakatA hai / dRSTAnta bheda dRSTAnta ke adhika bhedopabheda kI kalpanA nahIM kI gayI hai / dharma tathA dharmI ke bimbapratibimba-bhAva- pradarzana ke AdhAra para isake do bheda mAne jA sakate haiM / bimbapratibimba-bhAva sAdharmya tathA vaidharmya; donoM se hotA hai / isa prakAra sAdharmya aura vaidharmya ke bheda se ukta do bheda ke cAra upabheda ho jAte haiM / nidarzanA sarvaprathama AcArya bhAmaha ke 'kAvyAlaGkAra' meM nidarzanA alaGkAra kA svarUpa - nirUpaNa milatA hai / bhAmaha ne ise paribhASita karate hue kahA hai ki 'jahA~ triyA ke dvArA hI yathA, iva Adi ke prayoga ke binA viziSTa artha kA 1. tasyApi bimbapratibimbatayA nirdaze dRSTAntaH / tathA -- tasyApi na kevalamupamAnopameyayAH / tacchabdena sAmAnyalakSaNo dharmaH pratyavamRSTaH / -- ruyyaka, alaGkAra sarvasva sUtra 26 tathA usakI vRtti pR0 78 2. draSTavya, jagannAtha, rasagaMgA0 pR0 532-33 31

Page #505
482 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa upadarzana hotA hai, vahA~ nidarzanA nAmaka alaGkAra hotA hai / " abhiprAya yaha ki kisI kriyA ke varNana se anya viziSTa artha kA nidarzana nidarzanA hai / udAharaNArtha, sUrya kA kAntihIna hokara astonmukha honA abhyudaya ke bAda patana kA bodha karAtA hai / isI taraha prabhAta kAla meM sUrya kA udita honA parAbhava ke uparAnta abhyudaya kI sUcanA detA hai / aise kathana meM - kisI vizeSa kriyA se viziSTa arthAvabodha ke kathana meM - bhAmaha ke anusAra nidarzanA hotI hai / AcArya daNDI ne nidarzanA ko kucha navIna rUpa meM paribhASita kiyA hai / unake anusAra kisI kAryAntara meM pravRtta hone para usake anurUpa kisI acche yA bure phala kA nidarzana nidarzanA alaGkAra kA svarUpa hai / 2 spaSTataH, daNDI kI nidarzana - paribhASA meM eka kArya se anya artha ke nidarzana kI dhAraNA bhAmaha kI nidarzanA dhAraNA ke samAna hai; para daNDI ne sat evaM asat ( acche tathA bure ) phala ke nidarzana kA tattva nidarzanA meM jor3a diyA hai / tAttvika dRSTi se daNDI kI nidarzanA kA svarUpa bhAmaha - kalpita nidarzanA ke svarUpa se bhinna nahIM / eka kriyA se anya kArya kA nidarzana nidarzanA meM donoM AcAryoM ko abhISTa hai / eka kriyA apane samAna utkRSTa yA nikRSTa artha kA nidarzana bana sakatI hai / bhAmaha ne nidarzanA kA jo udAharaNa diyA thA, vaha asat - phala nibandhanA nidarzanA kA udAharaNa thA, jisameM astonmukha sUrya ke nisteja hokara udaya ke uparAnta patana kI sUcanA dene kA varNana hai / bhAmaha kI nidarzanA ke sAmAnya svarUpa meM satphala - nibandhanA kI bhI sambhAvanA nihita thI / daNDa ne usake donoM rUpoM kA spaSTa vivecana kiyA / yahI unakA zreya hai / udbhaTa ne apane pUrvavartI bhAmaha tathA daNDI; donoM kI nidarzanA - paribhASA ko asvIkAra kara use navIna rUpa meM paribhASita kiyA hai / unakI mAnyatA hai ki 'jahA~ do vastuoM kA sambandha - cAhe vaha upapanna ho yA anupapanna - upamAnopameya-bhAva meM paryavasita hotA hai - vahA~ nidarzanA hotI hai / ' 3 1. kriyayaiva viziSTasya tadarthasyopadarzanAt / jJeyA nidarzanA nAma yathevavatibhirvinA // - bhAmaha, kAvyAlaM0 3,33 2. arthAntarapravRtta ena kiJcit tatsadRzaM phalam / sadasadvA nidarzyata yadi tatsyAnnidarzanam // - daNDI, kAvyAdeza, 2,348 3, abhavanvastusambandho bhavanvA yatra kalpayet / upamAnopameyatvaM kathyate sA nidarzanA / / - udbhaTa, kAvyAlaM 0 sArasaM 0 5,18

Page #506
alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [483 vastu-sambandha anvaya ke abhAva meM anupapanna hotA hai aura anvaya rahane para upapanna / udbhaTa donoM hI sthitiyoM meM sambandha ke upamA meM paryavasAna hone para nidarzanA alaGkAra kA sadbhAva mAnate haiM / vAmana ne bhAmaha kI nidarzanA-dhAraNA ko svIkAra kara sUtrabaddha kiyA hai| unakA kathana hai ki 'jahAM zuddha kriyA se hI eka vastu viziSTa artha se (arthAntara se) apanA sambandha nidarzita karatI ho, vahA~ nidarzanA hotI hai|' isa prakAra bhAmaha tathA udbhaTa kI nidarzanA-dhAraNA alaga-alaga vikasita ho rahI thii| bhAmaha ke anuyAyI kriyA se eka artha kA viziSTa artha se sambandha-khyApana nidarzanA kA lakSaNa mAna rahe the / dUsarI ora udbhaTa ke anuyAyI do vastuoM ke sambhava athavA asambhava sambandha kA upamAnopameya bhAva meM paryavasita honA usakA lakSaNa mAnate the| AcArya mammaTa ne ukta donoM matoM ko samanvita rUpa meM svIkAra kiyaa| unhoMne udbhaTa ke nidarzanA-lakSaNa ko aMzataH hI grAhya smjhaa| vastu-sambandha ke asambhava hone-mAtra ke sthala meM donoM ke bIca upamAnopameya kA prakalpana unake anusAra nidarzanA kA lakSaNa hai / 2 spaSTataH, unhoMne udbhaTa kI nidarzanA kA eka hI bheda-abhavadvastusambandhA bhedasvIkAra kiyA hai| unhone vAmana kI nidarzanA-paribhASA ko, jo bhAmaha kI mAnyatA para AdhRta hai, svIkAra kara use nidarzanA kA eka svIkArya prakAra mAnA hai|3 paravartI AcAryoM meM zobhAkara ne mammaTa ke mata kA anusaraNa karate hue kevala asambhavavastusambandhA nidarzanA kA hI astitva svIkAra kiyA hai| AcArya ruyyaka ne udbhaTa kI nidarzanA-dhAraNA kA prabhUta prabhAva grahaNa kiyA hai| unhoMne udbhaTa kI 'nidarzanA-paribhASA' meM prayukta 'upamAnopameyatva' ke sthAna para pratibimbakaraNa' zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai| isa prakAra ruyyaka 1. kriyayava svatadarthAnvayakhyApana nidarzanam / -vAmana, kAvyAlaM0 sU0 4,3,20 nidarzanA......... 2. abhavanvastusambandha upmaapriklpkH|-mmmtt, kAvyapra0 10, 146 3. svasvahetvanvayasyoktiH kriyayaiva ca saa'praa| vahI, 10, 150 4. asati sambandhe nidarzanA |-shobhaakr, alaGkAra ratnAkara, sUtra 18 5. sambhavatAsambha vatA vA vastusambandhena gamyamAnaM pratibimbakaraNaM nidrshnaa| -ruyyaka, alaGkAra-sUtra saM0 27

Page #507
484 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa ke anusAra do vastuoM kA sambhava yA asambhava sambandha jahA~ vimbapratibimba kI pratIti karAtA ho, vahA~ nidarzanA alaGkAra hotA hai / ' bimbapratibimba meM do vastuoM ke bIca sAdRzya kA anubhava vAJchanIya hotA hai / isase spaSTa hai ki ruyyaka udbhaTa kI hI taraha nidarzanA ko sAdRzyamUlaka mAnate haiM / vizvanAtha ne ruyyaka kI taraha vastu sambandha ke sambhava hone tathA asambhava hone para donoM ke bIca bimbapratibimba kI kalpanA ko nidarzanA kA svarUpa mAnA hai / appayya dIkSita ne nidarzanA ke sambandha meM pUrvapracalita prAyaH sabhI mAnyatAoM ko svIkAra kara unheM pRthak-pRthak nidarzanA-prakAra ke rUpa meM paribhASita kiyA hai | 2 paNDitarAja jagannAtha kI nidarzanA - paribhASA ruyyaka kI paribhASA se milatI-julatI hai / 3 vibhinna AcAryoM kI nidarzanA dhAraNA kA sAra nimnalikhita hai -- (ka) eka kriyA kA dUsare viziSTa artha ke nidarzana ke rUpa meM varNana nidarzanA hai / kriyA sat aura asat; donoM prakAra ke arthoM kA nidarzana ho sakatI hai / (kha) do vastuoM ke sambandha ke asambhava hone para unake bIca upamAnopa-bhAva yA bimbapratibimba-bhAva kI kalpanA nidarzanA hai / (ga) do vastuoM ke sambhava sambandha hone para bhI unameM upamAnopameya yA bimbapratibimba kI kalpanA meM kucha AcArya nidarzanA mAnate haiM / nidarzanA-bheda nidarzanA ke ekavAkyagata tathA aneka vAkyagata hone ke AdhAra para kramaza: usake padArthavRtti yA ekatrAkyagA bheda aura vAkyArthavRtti yA anekavAkyagA bheda mAne gaye haiM / phira mAlA aura zRGkhalA bheda se nidarzanA ke do aura bheda kalpita haiM / sAdhAraNa dharma kI anugAmitA ( upamAnopameya-bhAva ), vastuprativastubhAva evaM bimbapratibimba-bhAva ke AdhAra para nidarzanA ke tIna bhedoM kI kalpanA kI gayI hai / vastusambandha ke sambhava tathA asambhava hone ke AdhAra para nidarzanA ke do bheda kiye gaye haiM / asambhavadvastusambandhA - nidarzanA meM vastu 1. draSTavya, vizvanAtha, sAhityada0 10, 70 2. draSTavya, appayya dIkSita, kuvalayA0 53, 56 3. upAttayorarthayorArthAbheda aupamyaparyavasAyI nidarzanA / --jagannAtha, rasagaGgAdhara pR0 536 tulanIya ruyyaka, alaGkAra sU0 27

Page #508
alaGkAroM kA svarUpa - vikAsa [ 485 sambandha kI anupapatti bhAva-rUpa meM bhI ho sakatI hai aura AkSipta rUpa meM bhI / isa AdhAra para asambhavadvastusambandhA nidarzanA ke do bheda sambhava haiM / upameya meM upamAna-vRtta ke asambhava hone tathA upamAna-vRtta meM upameya-vRtta ke asambhava hone ke AdhAra para unake do-do upabheda mAne jA sakate haiM / prativastUpamA AcArya bhAmaha ne upamA ke eka bheda ke rUpa meM prativastUpamA kA svarUpanirUpaNa kiyA thA / pIche calakara pratistUpamA kA upamA se svatantra astitva svIkRta huA / AcArya daNDI ne bhI bhAmaha kI taraha hI ise upamA kA eka bheda mAnakara upamA-prapaJca meM isakA vivecana kiyA hai / udbhaTa ne sarvaprathama prativastUpamA kA svatantra astitva pratipAdita kiyA / unhoMne isase milatejulate svarUpa vAle dRSTAnta Adi se isakA sUkSma bheda bhI spaSTa kara diyA / kintu, prastuta alaGkAra ke upamA se svatantra astitva ke sambandha meM vivAda zamita nahIM huA / udbhaTa ke uttaravartI AcArya vAmana ne udbhaTa kI mAnyatA ko asvIkAra kara bhAmaha aura daNDI kI taraha prativastUpamA ko upamA kA hI eka bheda mAnA hai / isa prakAra alaGkArazAstra meM isa viSaya meM do mata pracalita rahe haiM / rudraTa ne prativastUpamA abhidhAna kA prayoga na kara prastuta alaGkAra ko ubhayanyAsa vyapadeza diyA hai / unakA ubhayanyAsa pUrvAcAryoM ke prativastUpamA alaGkAra se abhinna hai / mammaTa, ruyyaka, vidyAnAtha, vizvanAtha, jayadeva, appayyadIkSita tathA jagannAtha ne pratistUpamA ko svatantra alaGkAra mAnakara usakA svarUpa- nirUpaNa kiyA hai / prativastUpamA ke lakSaNa meM vizeSa vikAsa nahIM huA hai / bhAmaha se lekara rItikAlona hindI - AcAryoM taka isakA samAna svarUpa hI vivecita hotA rahA hai / bhAmaha ne 'samAna vastu kA nyAsa' prativastUpamA meM apekSita mAnA thA / unake anusAra isameM sAdRzyavAcaka 'yathA' 'iva' Adi zabdoM kA upAdAna na hone para bhI guNa kI sAmya pratIti hotI hai / ' abhiprAya yaha ki prativastUpamA meM aupamya gamya hotA hai / eka vAkya meM vastu- vizeSa kA nirdeza kara dUsare vAkya meM usake samAna anya vastu kA nyAsa prativastUpamA kA lakSaNa hai / 1. samAnavastunyAsena prativastUpamocyate / yathevAnabhidhAne'pi guNasAmyapratItitaH // - bhAmaha, kAvyAlaM0 2,34

Page #509
486 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa isameM do vAkyoM meM sAmAnya kA pRthak-pRthak nirdeza hotA hai / prativastUpamA kA yahI svarUpa sabhI AcAryoM ne svIkAra kiyA hai| kucha AcAryoM ne do vAkyArthoM meM eka sAmAnya dharma ke sadbhAva ko prativastUpamA kA lakSaNa mAnA hai to kucha ne usI tathya ko vAkyArthoM ke bIca vastu-prativastu-sambandha para bala dekara svIkAra kiyA hai| ___ spaSTIkaraNa ke lie AcAryoM kI prati vastUpamA-dhAraNA kA vizleSaNa isa prakAra kiyA jA sakatA hai : (ka) prativastUpamA kA svarUpa-saGghaTana do svatantra vAkyoM se hotA hai / (kha) eka vAkya meM nirdiSTa kisI vastu ke samAna vastu kA nyAsa dUsare vAkya se kiyA jAtA hai| (ga) do vAkyoM meM alaga-alaga sAdhAraNa dharma kA nirdeza kiyA jAtA hai / (gha) yaha nirdeza vastuprativastubhAva se arthAt eka hI dharma kA zabdAntara se ullekha hotA hai / sAdhAraNa dharma ke lie do vAkyoM meM paryAyavAcI zabdoM kA prayoga isakA vaiziSTya hai| (Ga) isameM 'yathA' 'iva' Adi sAdRzyavAcaka zabdoM kA prayoga nahIM hotaa| ataH, do vAkyoM ke bIca aupamya gamya rahatA hai| (ca) sAdharmya tathA vaidharmya, donoM se auSamya gamya ho sakatA hai| tulyayogitA AcArya bhAmaha ne tulyayogitA alaGkAra ko paribhASita karate hue kahA thA ki jahAM nyUna arthAt upameya kA viziSTa arthAt upamAna se guNa-sAmya vivakSita rahatA hai tathA kArya aura kriyA kA samAna yoga rahatA hai, vahA~ tulyayogitA nAmaka alaGkAra hotA hai| isa prakAra bhAmaha kI tulyayogitA meM do bAteM apekSita mAnI gayI haiM--(ka) nyUna kA viziSTa se arthAt upameya kA upamAna 1. mammaTa, ruyyaka Adi ne do vAkyoM meM eka hI samAna dharma ke do bAra ulleba para bala diyA hai| isa tathya ke lie jagannAtha ne pAribhASika zabda 'vastu-prativastu' kA prayoga kiyA hai / vastutaH, abhinna dharma kA zabdabheda se do vAkyoM meM do bAra prayoga vastuprativastubhAva kahalAtA hai / 2. nyUnasyApi viziSTena guNasAmyavivakSayA / tulyakAryakriyAyogAdityuktA tulyayogitA // -bhAmaha, kAvyAlaM0 3, 27

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alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [487 se guNa-sAmya vivakSita honA tathA (kha) kArya-kriyA kA samAna yoga / dhyAtavya hai ki bhAmaha ne nyUna zabda kA prayoga upameya ke lie kiyA thA / kAraga yaha hai ki upameya kI apekSA upamAna kI adhikatA kI mAnyatA aprastuta-yojanA meM antanihita hai| upameya meM utkRSTa yA nikRSTa guNa jitanA rahatA hai, usase adhika utkRSTa yA nikRSTa guNa ke lie prasiddha upamAna kI yojanA kavi kiyA karatA hai| AcArya daNDI ne bhAmaha kI isa tulyayogitA-dhAraNA ko svIkAra avazya kiyA kintu use upamA kA eka bheda 'tulyayogopamA' maanaa| unake anusAra eka kriyA se hIna arthAt upameya kA adhika arthAt upamAna ke sAtha sAmya-pradarzana tulyayogopamA kA lakSaNa hai| tulyayogopamA kA vivecana kara daNDI ne usase svatantra tulyayogitA kA bhI astitva svIkAra kiyA hai| tulyayogitA ko unhoMne kucha navIna rUpa meM paribhASita kiyA hai| yaha tulyayogopamA se tulyayogitA ke bhedanirUpaNa ke lie Avazyaka thA / tulyayogitA kI paribhASA meM daNDI ne kahA ki prAkaraNika ke jisa guNa kA-cAhe vaha stuti kA hetubhUta guNa ho yA nindA kA hetubhUta-varNana abhISTa ho, usa guNa se aprastuta ke sAtha samIkRta kara prastuta kI stuti yA nindA karanA tulyayogitA hai / 2 spaSTa hai ki aprastuta ke sAtha prastuta ke sAmya-pradarzana kI dhAraNA bhAmaha kI tulyayogitA-dhAraNA ke samAna hI hai; kintu stuti-nindA kI dhAraNA daNDI ne prastuta alaGkAra kI paribhASA meM milAyI hai| vicAra karane se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki bhAmaha ke tulyayogitA-lakSaNa meM stuti-nindA Adi kI dhAraNA ke lie bhI avakAza thaa| bhAmaha ke matAnusAra bhI upamAna ke sAtha upameya ke sAmya-pradarzana meM stuti aura nindA kI vyaJjanA hotI hI hai / bhAmaha ne jo udAharaNa diyA hai, usameM upameya kA upamAna ke sAtha sAmya-pradarzana usakI stuti meM paryavasita hotA hai| sambhava hai, usI udAharaNa se preraNA lekara usake nindA-rUpa kI bhI kalpanA kara lI gayI ho aura isa tathya ko paribhASA meM spaSTataH ullikhita kara diyA gayA ho| 1. adhikena samIkRtya hInamekakriyA vidhau / yadva vanti smRtA seyaM 'tulyayogopamA' yathA / / -daNDI, kAvyAdarza 2, 48 2. vivakSitaguNotkRSTaryat samIkRtya kasyacit / kItanaM stutinindArthaM sA matA tulyayogitA // - vahI, 2, 330

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488 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa AcArya udbhaTa ne pUrvavartI donoM AcAryoM kI tulyayogitA-dhAraNA ko asvIkAra kara use navIna rUpa meM paribhASita kiyaa| unhoMne do vastuoM ke sAmya-pradarzana kI dhAraNA to pUrvAcAryoM se lI; para prastuta aura aprastuta ke sAmyAbhidhAna yA eka kriyA-sambandha kI dhAraNA ke sthAna para aneka prastutoM ke bIca tathA aneka aprastutoM ke bIca sAmya-abhidhAna kI dhAraNA prastuta kii| isa prakAra unake matAnusAra 'upamAna aura upameya kI ukti se zUnya aneka aprastutoM tathA aneka prastutoM ke bIca sAmyAbhidhAyI vacana tulyayogitA hai|'' abhiprAya yaha ki tulyayogitA meM do yA do se adhika prastutoM kA athavA do yA do se adhika aprastutoM kA hI sAmya dikhAyA jAtA hai| isameM aupamya anivAryataH gamya hI hotA hai, kyoMki sAdRzya ke vAcaka-pada kA prayoga isa meM nahIM hotaa| udbhaTakalpita yaha paribhASA hI paravartI kAla meM bahumAnya huI hai| tulyayogitA kI yaha paribhASA dIpaka se tulyayogitA ke bheda-nirUpaNa kI dRSTi se bhAmaha aura daNDI ko paribhASAoM kI tulanA meM adhika prauDha hai| upameya aura upamAna ke bIca eka kriyA-sambandha dIpaka kA kSetra hai; para upameya-upameya ke bIca tathA upamAna-upamAna ke bIca eka dharma kA sambandha tulyayogitA kA kSetra hai| udbhaTa ke uparAnta tulyayogitA ke svarUpa meM koI parivartana nahIM huaa| bAmana ne bhAmaha Adi kI etadviSayaka mAnyatA ko hI sUtrabaddha kiyA hai / 2 kuntaka ne tulyayogitA ke isa svarUpa ko svIkAra kara bhI use upamA kA hI eka bheda batAyA hai| tulyayogitA ko upamA-bheda mAnane meM daNDI kI tulyayogopamA-dhAraNA kA prabhAva jAna par3atA hai| bhoja ne AcArya daNDI kI taraha stuti-nindA meM tulyayogitA kA paryavasAna mAnA hai| unhoMne stutinindA ke lie sukhada tathA duHkhada vastu kI tulyatA para bala diyA hai / ruyyaka 1. upamAnopameyoktizUnya raprastutairvacaH / __ sAmyAbhidhAyi prastAvabhAgbhirvA tulyayogitA // -udbhaTa, kAvyAlaM0 sArasaM0 5, 11 2. viziSTena sAmyArthamekakAla kriyaayogstulyyogitaa| -vAmana, kAvyAlaM0 sU0 4, 3-26 3. tathaiva tulyayogitA sA bhavatyupamA sphuttaa| kuntaka, vakroktijI0 3,32 4. bhoja ne daNDI kI tulyayogitA-paribhASA ko zabdaza: uddhata kara anya AcAryoM ke mata se sukhada tathA duHkhada vastuoM ke stutinindArtha sAmyapradarzana meM tulyayogitA kA ullekha kiyA hai| -draSTavya, sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa 4, 54-55

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alaGkAroM kA svarUpa - vikAsa 1 [ 48 ne udbhaTa sammata tulyayogitA lakSaNa ko sUtrabaddha karate hue kahA ki jahA~ aupamya gamya ho aura padArthagata rUpa meM prastutoM athavA aprastutoM kA samAna dharma se sambandha dikhAyA jAya, vahA~ tulyayogitA hotI hai / ' udbhaTa kI paribhASA ke 'upamAnopameyokti zUnya' pada kI jagaha ruyyaka ne 'aupamyasya gamyatve' pada kA ullekha kiyA hai / 'samAna dharmAbhisambandha' pada ke prayoga para bhAmaha kI paribhASA meM prayukta 'tulyakAryakriyAyoga' kA prabhAva hai / usakA padArthagatatva' pUrvavartI AcAryoM ko bhI mAnya thA / mammaTa ne prastutoM tathA aprastutoM kA eka dharma se sambandha tulyayogitA kA lakSaNa mAnA hai / 2 aupamya kI gamyatA tathA tulyayogitA kI padArthagatatA kA ullekha unhoMne paribhASA meM Avazyaka nahIM mAnA / isa prakAra bhAmaha, daNDI tathA udbhaTa kI tulyayogitA - paribhASAoM meM tulyayogitA ke uparivivecita tIna svarUpa prastuta hue / AcArya vAmana ne bhAmaha kI tulyayogitA viSayaka mAnyatA kA, bhoja ne daNDI kI etadviSayaka dhAraNA kA tathA ruyyaka, mammaTa Adi AcAryoM ne udbhaTa kI tulyayogitAparibhASA kA samarthana kiyaa| phalataH, aneka prastutoM athavA aneka aprastutoM ekadharmAbhisaMbandha hI tulyayogitA kI bahumAnya paribhASA hai / paNDitarAja jagannAtha, jayaratha Adi dIpaka aura tulyayogitA kA alaga-agala astitva nahIM mAnate / rudraTa ne bhI tulyayogitA kA ullekha nahIM kiyA thA / sambhava hai ki ve bhI dIpaka se pRthak tulyayogitA kA svarUpa- nirUpaNa Avazyaka nahIM mAnate hoM / yaha vicAraNIya hai ki dIpaka se svatantra tulyayogitA kI sattA mAnI jAya yA nahIM / hama yaha dekha cuke haiM ki dIpaka se tattva lekara hI tulyayogitA AvirbhUta huI hai / aneka padArthoM kA eka dharma se sambandha donoM kA pradhAna 1. aupamyasya gamyatve padArthagatatvena prastutAnAmaprastutAnAM vA samAnadharmAbhisambandhe tulyayogitA / --ruyyaka, alaM0 sarvasva sU0 saM0 23 2. niyatAnAM sakRddharmaH sA punastulyayogitA / - mammaTa, kAvyapra0 10, 104 niyatAnAM prAkaraNikAnAmeva aprAkaraNikAnAmeva // - vahI, vRtti / 3. paramparA ke anurodha se tulyayogitA aura dIpaka ko pRthak-pRthak paribhASita karane para bhI jagannAtha ne kahA hai : - tulyayogitAto dIpakaM na pRthagbhAvamarhati / dharmasakRdvRttimUlAyA vicchitteravizeSAt / - rasagaGgAdhara pR0 515 4. draSTavya, prastuta grantha adhyAya 2

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460 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa lakSaNa hai| phira bhI donoM ke bIca bhedaka tattvoM kI kalpanA hotI rahI hai / alaGkAra-prasAra ke mUla meM hI yaha bhedIkaraNa kI pravRtti antanihita rahI hai / eka hI alaGkAra se jIvana-rasa lekara aneka alaGkAra avatarita hue haiM / yadi tulyayogitA aura dIpaka ke bIca kalpita sUkSma bheda kI upekSA kara donoM ke alaga-alaga astitva kI kalpanA ko anAvazyaka mAnA jAya to alaGkArazAstra meM kalpita aneka alaGkAra apanI prakRti se milate-julate alaGkAra ke vyApaka svarUpa meM hI antabhukta ho jaayeNge| isa tarka para kaI AcAryoM ne alaGkAroM kI saMkhyA ko parimita karane kA AyAsa bhI kiyA hai; kintu alaGkAroM kI saMkhyA- sphIti ko rokane meM ve asamartha rahe haiN| tulyayogitA meM aneka prastutoM kA athavA aneka aprastutoM kA hI eka dharmAbhisambandha dikhAyA jAtA hai / yahI dIpaka se usakA bheda hai| tulyayogitA-bheda - udbhaTa kI tulyayogitA-paribhASA meM usake do rUpa nirdiSTa haiM :-(ka), aneka prastutoM kA ekadharmAbhisambandha tathA (kha) aneka aprastutoM kA eka dharmAbhisambandha / ina do bhedoM ke sAtha do aura bheda 'kuvalayAnanda' meM ullikhita haiN| hita aura ahita meM tulyavRttitva, jo daNDI aura unake anuyAyI bhoja kI mAnyatA para AdhRta hai aura utkRSTa guNa vAle ke sAtha samIkRta kara kathana, jisa para bhAmaha-abhimata tulyayogitA ke svarUpa kA prabhAva hai|' vidyAdhara ne bhI tulyayogitA ke cAra bheda svIkAra kiye haiM / 2 narasiMha kavi ne 'naJjarAjayazobhUSaNa' meM dravyatadbhAva, guNatadbhAva tathA kriyAtadbhAva ke bheda se chaha prakAra ke dharmoM kA prakRtagata tathA aprakRtagata hone ke AdhAra para tulyayogitA ke bAraha bheda batAye haiN| samAsokti samAsokti, artha kI vyaJjanA para AdhRta alaGkAra hai / eka ke kathana se anya artha kI vyaJjanA hI isakA svarUpa hai| samAsa meM eka ke kathana-mAtra 1. varNAnAmitareSAM vA dhamakyaM tulyogitaa| tathA hitAhite vRttitaulyamaparA tulyyogitaa| -appayyadI0 kuvalayA0 44, 46 2. vidyAdhara, ekAvalI 3. dravyatadbhAva-guNatadbhAva-kriyAtadbhAvabhedena bhinnAnAM SaNNAM dharmANAM pratyeka prakRtagatatvAprakRtagatatvabhedena tulyayogitAyA dvAdaza vidhatvam / -narasiMha kavi, najarAjayazobhUSaNa /

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alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [ 461 se-do arthoM kA bodha karAne ke kAraNa isakA abhidhAna anvartha hai| AcArya bhAmaha se lekara Adhunika yuga taka ke prAyaH sabhI AlaGkArika samAsokti ke alaGkAratva ke viSaya meM ekamata haiM; kintu samAsokti ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM AcAryoM meM kucha matabheda rahA hai| arvAcIna sabhI AcArya prastuta ke varNana se aprastuta kI vyaJjanA meM samAsokti kA sadbhAva mAnate haiM / prastuta se aprastuta kI vyaJjanA donoM meM samAna rUpa se lAgU hone vAle vizeSaNoM ke prayoga se sambhava hotI hai| isa prakAra samAsokti meM zliSTa vizeSaNa kA prayoga apekSita hotA hai| daNDI Adi AcAryoM ne samAsokti ke sambandha meM jo dhAraNA prakaTa kI thI, vaha isa arvAcIna dhAraNA se bhinna thii| prAcIna AcAryoM ne eka kI ukti se anya kI vyaJjanA kI dhAraNA samAsokti ke lakSaNa meM vyakta kI thI, jo kucha parivartana-saMzodhana ke sAtha 'prastuta kI ukti se aprastuta kI vyaJjanA' kI dhAraNA ke rUpa meM arvAcIna AcAryoM ke dvArA svIkRta huI hai| __ bhAmaha ne sAmAnya rUpa se eka kI ukti se usake samAna vizeSaNa vAle anya artha kI vyaJjanA meM samAsokti kI sattA mAnI thii| unhoMne yaha spaSTa nahIM kiyA thA ki prastuta tathA aprastuta meM se kisa artha kA kathana hogA aura kauna dUsarA artha gamya hogaa| unakI aprastuta-prazaMsA-paribhASA ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue yaha jAna par3atA hai ki prastuta kI ukti se aprastuta kI abhivyakti unheM samAsokti meM abhISTa hogI; kyoMki isake viparIta aprastuta ke varNana (tathA usase prastuta kI pratIti) meM ve aprastutaprazaMsA mAnate haiM / daNDI ne aprastuta ke kathana se prastuta kA vyaJjanA se bodha samAsokti kA lakSaNa maanaa| unake anusAra jisa vastu kA varNana abhipreta ho, usa prastuta vastu ke samAna anya vastu kA (arthAt aprasta ta kA) varNana samAsokti alaGkAra hai| 1. yatrokta gamyate'nyo'rthastatsamAnavizeSaNaH / ___ sA samAsoktiruddiSTA saMkSiptArthatayA yathA // -bhAmaha. kAvyAlaM0 2, 76 2. vahI0 3, 26 3. vastu kiJcidabhipretya tatta lysyaanyvstunH| uktiH saMkSeparUpatvAt sA samAsoktiriSyate // -daNDI, kAvyAdarza 2, 205

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4e2 ] alaGkAra- dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa udbhaTa ne samAsokti ko paribhASita karate hue kahA ki jahA~ prastutArtha vAkya samAna vizeSaNoM se aprastuta artha kA bhI abhidhAna karatA hai, vahA~ samAsokti hotI hai / isameM vizeSya pada prastuta artha ke vAcaka hote haiM, kevala samAna vizeSaNoM se aprastuta artha kA kathana hotA hai / bhAmaha tathA daNDI se svatantra rUpa meM udbhaTa ne samAsokti ko paribhASita kiyA; kintu aprastuta kI vyaJjanA kI carcA nahIM kara unhoMne samAna vizeSaNa se aprastuta ke bhI kathana ( abhidhA se pratipAdana ) ko vAJchanIya batAyA / zleSa se isake bheda - nirUpaNa ke lie unhoMne 'tatsamAna vizeSaNa : pada kA prayoga kiyA hai / isameM vizeSya cU~ki kevala prastuta artha ke vAcaka hote haiM; isalie yaha zleSa se bhinna hai / prakRtArtha vAkya se aprastuta ke bhI kathana ( abhidhayA pratipAdana ) kI dhAraNA isa lakSaNa kI eka sImA thI / prastuta ke kathana se aprastuta ke bodha kI yaha dhAraNA arvAcIna AcAryoM ko mAnya hai / vAmana aura bhoja ne daNDI ke mata kA anukaraNa karate hue aprastuta ke kathana se prastuta kI pratIti ko samAsokti kA lakSaNa mAnA hai / " rudraTa ne bhI isI mata kA anusaraNa karate hue kahA ki jahA~ eka upamAna hI upameya ke sAtha ghaTita hone vAle sAdhAraNa vizeSaNoM ke sAtha varNita hone ke kAraNa upameya kI pratIti karAtA hai, vahA~ samAsokti alaGkAra hotA hai / 3 1. prakRtArthena vAkyena tatsamAnavizeSaNaH / aprastutArthakathanaM samAsoktirudAhRtA // - udbhaTa, kAvyAlaM0 sArasaM0 2, 21 2. anuktau samAsoktiH / - vAmana, kAvyAlaM 0 sU0 4, 3, 3 tathA -- upameyasyAnuktau samAnavastunyAsaH samAsoktiH / vahI vRtti / aura -- yatropamAnAdevaitadupameyaM pratIyate / atiprasiddha stAmAhuH samAsokti manISiNaH // - bhoja, sarasvatIkaNThA0 4, 46 3. rudraTa, kAvyAlaM0 8, 67 tathA - vAmana, kAvyAlaGkAra, 4,3, 3 trakamupamAnamevopameyena saha sakalasAdhAraNavizeSaNamabhidhIyamAnaM sadupameyaM gamayetsA samAsoktiH / - vahI, vRtti, pR0 275 rudra kI samAsokti - paribhASA kA hindI rUpAntara karate hue DaoN0 satyadeva caudharI ne bhramavaza usakA ulaTA artha kara diyA hai ki jahA~ koI upameya upamAna se ghaTita hone yogya vizeSaNoM se kathita hone ke kAraNa upamAna kI pratIti karAye, vahA~ samAsokti alaGkAra hotA hai / -- rudraTapraNIta kAvyAlaM hindI, pR0 27 O

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alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [463 spaSTa hai ki mammaTa aura ruyyaka ke pUrvavartI AcArya aprastuta ke kathana se prastuta kI vyaJjanA samAsokti kA lakSaNa mAna rahe the| isa mAnyatA ke viparIta mammaTa aura ruyyaka ne prastuta ke varNana se aprastuta kI vyaJjanA ko prastuta alaGkAra kA svarUpa maanaa|' pUrvAcAryoM kI ukta samAsokti-paribhASA ko aprastutaprazaMsA ke svarUpa meM samAviSTa kara liyA gyaa| isa prakAra mammaTa tathA ruyyaka ke bAda prastuta se aprastuta kI vyaJjanA samAsokti kA tathA aprastuta se prastuta kI vyaJjanA aprastuprazaMsA kA vyavasthita lakSaNa banA / prastuta se aprastuta kI vyaJjanA samAna vizeSaNa ke prayoga ke kAraNa hotI hai| samAsokti kI yahI paribhASA paravartI AcAryoM ko mAnya huii| mammaTa kI samAsokti-paribhASA kI kucha sImAe~ haiN| eka to ve zliSTavizeSaNa-mAtra se anyArtha arthAt aprastutArtha kA bodha samAsokti meM mAnate haiM, jaba ki azliSTa vizeSaNa se bhI prastuta meM aprastuta kI pratIti ho sakatI hai, dUsare, unhoMne paribhASA meM 'prakRtArtha-pratipAdaka vAkya se aprakRta artha kA abhidhAna' mAnA hai| vastutaH, isameM aprakRta kA bodha vyaJjanA-zakti se hotA hai| 'abhidhAnam' pada vyaJjanA se pratIti ke artha ko ThIka-ThIka prakaTa nahIM kara sktaa| kahane kI AvazyakatA nahIM ki mammaTa kI samAsokti-paribhASA para udbhaTa kI paribhASA kA prabhUta prabhAva hai| ruyyaka kI samAsokti-paribhASA, 'vizeSaNa-sAmya se aprastuta kA gamya honA samAsokti hai', adhika upayukta hai| samAsokti-bheda samAna vizeSaNa ke nirdeza kI tIna prakriyAeM sambhava haiM-(ka) zleSa ke dvArA, (kha) prastuta evaM aprastuta donoM meM sAdhAraNa (ubhayArthasAdhAraNa) zabda ke dvArA tathA (ga) upamAgarbha zabda ke dvaaraa| isa prakAra kramaza: zliSTavizeSaNA, azliSTavizeSaNA tathA aupamyagarbhavizeSaNA-ye tIna pramukha bheda samAsokti ke ho jAte haiN| azliSTa vizeSaNA ke dharmasamAropA tathA kAryasamAropA-bheda sambhava haiN| aupamyagarbhavizeSaNA ke bhI do bheda-upamAgarbha 1. paroktibhadakaiH zliSTaH smaasoktiH|-mmmtt, kAvyapra0 10,148 tathA vizeSaNasAmyAdaprastutasya gamyatve smaasottiH| -ruyyaka, alaGkArasarvasva sU0 saM0 31

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464 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa samAsamUlA tathA saGkarasamAsa-mUlA ho sakate haiN| isa prakAra vizeSaNasAmyanibandhanA samAsokti ke pAMca bheda ho jAte haiN| ruyyaka ne samAsokti ke pradhAna tIna bheda svIkAra kiye haiM-(1) zuddhakAryasamAropA, (2) vizeSaNa-sAmyamUlA tathA (3) kAryavizeSaNa sAmyamUlA / '' zobhAkara ne kArya aura vizeSaNa kA bheda anucita mAnakara kArya ko bhI tattvataH vizeSaNa hI mAnA hai| yaha mAnyatA ucita hI jAna par3atI hai| vizeSaNa ke vyApaka artha meM kArya bhI A jAtA hai| thor3e-se isa bheda kI kalpanA kI jA sakatI hai ki kAryasamAropa meM vizeSaNa-sAmya upacarita hai aura aparatra anupcrit| para, yaha bheda tAttvika nahIM hai| kAryavizeSaNasAmyamUlA samAsokti ke sAta bheda mAnakara ruyyaka ne zAstrIya evaM laukika vastuoM ke pArasparika vyavahAra-samAropa ke AdhAra para aneka avAntara bheda kiye haiN| samarthya tathA samarthaka vAkya-gata hone ke AdhAra para bhI samAsokti ke bheda kalpita haiN| vaha utprekSAmUlA bhI mAnI gayI hai| samAsokti ke ananta bhedoM kI sambhAvanA ruyyaka ne svIkAra kI hai| aprastutaprazasA bhAmaha ne aprastutaprazaMsA ko paribhASita karate hue kahA thA ki jisa vastu kA varNana abhipreta ho, usa varNya se bhinna anya vastu kA, arthAt aprastuta kA varNana kiyA jAnA aprastutaprazaMsA hai|4 aprastutaprazaMsA meM prazaMsA kA artha varNana-mAtra hai / varNya ko chor3a anya ke varNana kI sArthakatA bhI varNya kI pratIti meM hI hogii| ataH, aprastuta kA varNana kara prastuta kA vyaJjanA se bodha karAnA bhAmaha ke aprastutaprazaMsA-lakSaNa kA sAra hai / isa alaGkAra ke lakSaNa meM bhAmaha ne varNana ke artha meM stuti zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai| AcArya daNDI ne aprastutaprazaMsA ke prazaMsA-pada kA artha stuti mAnakara aprastuta kI stuti ko aprastutaprazaMsA kA lakSaNa mAnA / " isakA jo udAharaNa 1. draSTavya, ruyyaka, alaM0 sarvasva pR0 62 2. zobhAkara, alaGkAra ratnAkara, pR0 72 3. evamiyaM samAsoktiranantaprapaJcetyanayA dizA svymutprkssyaa| -ruyyaka, alaM0.sarvasva pR0 108 4. adhikArAdapetasya vastuno'nyasya yA stutiH / ___ aprastutaprazaMseti sA caivaM kathyate yathA ||-bhaamh, kAvyAlaM0 3, 26 5. aprastutaprazaMsA syAdaprakrAnteSu yA stutiH / -daNDI, kAvyAdarza, 2, 340

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alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [ 465 daNDI ne diyA hai, usameM aprastuta kI stuti kA paryavasAna prastuta kI nindA meM hotA hai| isase yaha niSkarSa nikAlA jA sakatA hai ki daNDI aprastuta kI stuti se prastuta kI nindA kI pratIti meM aprastutaprazaMsA kA sadbhAva mAnate the| 'prazaMsA kA 'varNana' artha (jo bhAmaha ne mAnA thA) chor3a kara 'stuti' artha mAnanA akAraNa nahIM thaa| daNDI aprastuta ke varNana se prastuta kI vyaJjanA samAsokti kA lakSaNa mAnate the| ataH, yaha Avazyaka thA ki ve samAsokti se aprastutaprazaMsA ke svatantra svarUpa ke pratipAdana ke lie aprastuta ke varNana ke sthAna para anya artha kI kalpanA karate / aprastutaprazaMsA ke nAma meM hI unheM anyArthakalpanA kA sUtra mila gayA aura prazaMsA kA varNana' kI apekSA adhika pracalita artha 'stuti' mAnakara unhoMne prastuta alaGkAra kA svarUpa-nirUpaNa kiyaa| paravartI kAla meM daNDI kI yaha mAnyatA vizeSa samarthana nahIM pA skii| daNDI kI aprastutaprazaMsA-paribhASA bhAmaha kI paribhASA se ApAtataH abhinna jAna par3atI hai, para usake svarUpa ke sambandha meM daNDI kI mAnyatA bhAmaha kI mAnyatA se tattvataH kiJcit bhinna hai| AcArya udbhaTa ne bhAmaha ke aprastutaprazaMsA-lakSaNa ko hI kucha parivartana ke sAtha prastuta kiyA hai / usa parivartana se udbhaTa kI paribhASA adhika spaSTa ho pAyI hai| unhoMne bhAmaha kI taraha aprAkaraNika kA varNana aprastutaprazaMsA meM vAJchanIya maanaa| ise 'prastutArthanibandhinI' kaha kara prastuta kI pratIti ke tattva ko unhoMne spaSTatayA ullikhita kiyA hai|' __ vAmana ne bhI aprastuta kI ukti se prastuta artha kA bodha hI aprastutaprazaMsA kA lakSaNa mAnA hai / ve bhAmaha tathA udbhaTa kI taraha prazaMsA kA artha varNana yA kathana hI mAnate haiM / dhyAtavya hai ki aprastuta kI ukti se prastuta kI vyaJjanA meM vAmana samAsokti mAnate haiN| aprastutaprazaMsA kA samAsokti se bheda unhoMne kevala isa AdhAra para kiyA hai ki samAsokti meM upameya sarvathA anukta rahatA hai, jabaki aprastutaprazaMsA meM vaha kiJcit ukta arthAt liGga-mAtra se kathita hotA hai| 1. adhikArAdapetasya vastuno'nyasya yA stutiH / aprastutaprazaMseyaM prastutArthanibandhinI // -udbhaTa, kAvyAlaM0 sArasaM0 5, 14 2. upameyasya kiJcilliGgamAtreNoktau samAnavastunyAse aprastutaprazaMsA / -vAmana, kAvyAlaM0 sU0 4, 3, 4, kI vRtti pR0 226

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466 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa rudraTa ne aprastutaprazaMsA ko anyokti kahA hai| unake anusAra isameM upamAna ke kathana se asamAna vizeSaNa vAle kintu samAna itivRtta vAle upameya kI pratIti hotI hai / ' kuntaka ne aprastuta artha kA varNana aprastutaprazaMsA kA lakSaNa mAnA aura usakI sArthakatA prastuta ke saundaryotpAdana meM maanii|2 jo aprastuta prastuta kI vicchitti yA usakA saundarya utpanna na kara sake, usakI kAvya meM upAdeyatA hI kyA hogI? bhoja ne astotavya arthAt nindita kI, kisI kAraNa, stuti ko aprastutaprazaMsA kA lakSaNa mAna kara use hetu se vAcya tathA pratIyamAna-donoM mAnA / yaha prAyaH dharma, artha, kAma meM se kisI eka kI bAdhA se yA apane abhiprAya kI siddhi se utpanna hotI hai| mammaTa, ruyyaka, vizvanAtha, jayadeva, appayya dIkSita Adi AcAryoM ne aprastuta ke varNana se prastuta ke bodha karAye jAne meM aprastutaprazaMsA mAnI hai| spaSTa hai ki daNDI ko chor3a, prAyaH sabhI AcArya aprastuta prazaMsA ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM ekamata haiM / aprastuta ke varNana se prastuta kI pratIti aprastutaprazaMsA ko svIkArya paribhASA hai| rItikAlIna hindI-acAryoM meM se kucha ne prazaMsA kA artha daNDI kI taraha stuti mAnakara aprastuta kI prazaMsA yA usakA guNagAna isa alaGkAra meM apekSita maanaa| zeSa AcArya aprastuta kA varNana hI isameM apekSita mAnate haiN| aprastutaprazaMsA-bheda aprastuta vizeSa se prastuta sAmAnya kI, aprastuta sAmAnya se prastuta vizeSa kI, aprastuta kArya se prastuta kAraNa kI, aprastuta kAraNa se prastuta kArya kI tathA tulya aprastuta se tulya prastuta kI pratIti karAyI jA sakatI hai| isa AdhAra para mammaTa, ruyyaka Adi ko aprastutaprazaMsA ke pA~ca bheda mAnya haiN| karNapUra ne pratIyamAna ke Aropita tathA anAropita hone ke AdhAra para 1. asamAnavizeSaNamapi yatra samAnetivattamapameyama / ukta na gamyate paramupamAneneti sA'nyoktiH // -rudraTa,kAvyAlaM0 8, 74 2. kuntaka, vakroktijI0 3, 23-24 3. bhoja, sarasvatIkaNThA0 4, 52-53 4. kArye nimitta sAmAnye vizeSa prastute sati / tadanyasya vacastulye tulyasyeti ca paJcadhA / - mammaTa, kAvyapra0 10,152

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alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [ 467 ukta pA~ca bhedoM ke do-do prakAra svIkAra kara aprastutaprazaMsA ke daza bheda svIkAra kiye haiM / sahokti sahokti kA alaGkAratva bhAmaha ke samaya se hI svIkRta hai / sahokti kA artha hai - do vastuoM kI sAtha-sAtha ukti / yaha anvarthA saMjJA hai / bhAmaha ne sahokti kI paribhASA meM kahA thA ki jahA~ eka kAla meM do alaga-alaga vastuoM meM rahane vAlI do kriyAoM kA eka pada se kathana hotA hai, vahA~ sahokti alaGkAra hotA hai / 2 do kriyAoM kI sAtha-sAtha ukti - ekapadena kathana - hone ke kAraNa bhAmaha ise saha ukti kaheMge / 3 daNDI ne bhAmaha kI sahokti-dhAraNA ko svIkAra kara usameM guNa ke sahabhAva se kathana kI dhAraNA bhI jor3a dii| isa prakAra unake anusAra guNa aura karma kA sahabhAva se kathana sahokti kA lakSaNa banA / ise aura spaSTa rUpa meM kahanA cAheM to kaheMge ki do vastuoM ke guNa tathA karma kA sahabhAva se kathana daNDI - sammata sahokti-lakSaNa hai / 'karma kA sahabhAvena kathana' bhAmaha kI 'kriyAoM kI saha-ukti se abhinna hai; para guNoM kA sahabhAvena kathana navIna hai / udbhaTa ne bhAmaha ke sahokti-lakSaNa ko hI kucha zabda bheda se uddhRta kara diyA hai / donoM kI sahokti-dhAraNA abhinna hai / vAmana ne bhI bhAmaha ke mata ko svIkAra kara unakI sahokti- paribhASA ko hI sUtrabaddha kiyA hai / 5 rudraTa ne sahokti ko vAstava tathA aupamya; donoM vargoM meM rakhA hai / vAstava - vargagata sahokti ko paribhASita karate hue unhoMne kahA hai ki jo vastu jisa rUpa meM ho arthAt jisa guNa se yukta ho, usI rUpa meM anya vastu ko bhI kara de aura usa anya vastu ke samAna kathita ho to aisI sthiti meM vAstava sahokti 1. karNapUra, alaGkAra kaustubha, 8, pR0 566-67 2. tulyakAle kriye yatra vastudvayasamAzraye / pathye sahoktiH sA matA yathA // - bhAmaha, kAvyAlaM 0 3,36 3. sahoktiH sahabhAvena kathanaM guNakarmaNAm / --daNDI, kAvyAdarza 2, 351 4. udbhaTa, kAvyAlaM0 sArasaM0 5,26 5. vastudvayakriyayostulyakAlayorekapadAbhidhAnaM sahoktiH / 32 -- vAmana, kAvyAlaM0 sU0 4,3,28

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468 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa hotI hai / isameM eka artha, jo kartRbhUta hogA vaha pradhAna hogA tathA dUsarA karmabhUta artha, jisake sAtha usa kartRbhUta artha kA tulyatva pratipAdita hogA vaha apradhAna hogA / rudraTa ne apradhAna yA karmabhUta artha kA pradhAna artha ke sAtha usI guNa yA dharma se yukta kara saha-kathana ko sahokti kA dUsarA prakAra mAnA hai / isameM kriyamANa kA hI prAdhAnya ho jAtA hai aura karttA kA aprAdhAnya, jaba ki sahokti ke pahale prakAra meM kartRbhUta artha pradhAna rahatA hai aura kriyamANa yA karmabhUta artha apradhAna / aupamya varga kI sahokti meM prasiddha tathA adhika kriyA vAle artha, arthAt upamAna ke sAtha anya vastu, arthAt upameya ko samAnakriya kahA jAnA apekSita mAnA gayA hai / isake dUsare rUpa kI kalpanA karate hue rudraTa ne kahA hai ki jahA~ eka karttA tathA aneka karmoM vAlI kriyA kA varNana ho aura una karmoM meM se pradhAna, arthAt upameyabhUta artha dUsare upamAnabhUta karma ke sAtha kathita ho, vahA~ bhI sahokti hotI hai / ' vAstava vargagata tathA aupamya vargagata sahoktiyoM meM yaha bheda mAnA gayA hai ki pahale meM kAryakAraNasambandha kA bhAva tathA aupamya kA abhAva rahatA hai; para dUsare meM isake viparIta aupamya kA sadbhAva aura kArya-kAraNa-sambandha kA abhAva rahatA hai / namisAdhu kI mAnyatA hai ki vAstava varga kI sahokti meM kArya-kAraNa-bhAva rahatA hai tathA aupamya kA abhAva rahatA hai; para aupamya vargagata sahokti meM kevala aupamya rahatA hai, kArya-kAraNa bhAva nahIM / 2 kuntaka ne bhAmaha kI sahokti - paribhASA ko amAnya batAkara use navIna rUpa meM paribhASita kiyA hai / unakA tarka hai ki bhAmaha - sammata sahokti meM saundarya kA kAraNa do vastuoM ke sAmya ko mAnA gayA hai / ataH vaha upamA hI hai / 3 kuntaka kI sahokti - paribhASA hai ki jahA~ varNanIya artha kI siddhi ke lie eka hI vAkya se aneka arthoM kI eka sAtha ukti hotI hai, vahA~ sahokti mAnI jAtI hai / kuntaka ne guNa yA kriyA kI saha ukti kI jagaha arthoM ke 1. draSTavya, rudraTa, kAvyAlaM0 7,13 - 17 tathA 8, 66-101 2. tatra ( vAstava sahoktI ) kAryakAraNabhAva aupamyAbhAvazca samasti / asyAM (aupamya sahoktI) tu tadviparyayaH / - kAvyAlaM0, namisAdhu kI TIkA pR0 287 3. draSTavya, kuntaka, vakroktijI0 3, pR0 461 4. yatra kenaiva vAkyena varNanIyArthasiddhaye / arthAnAM yugapaduktiH sA sahoktiH satAM matA // - vahI 3,37 --

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alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [ 4ee saha-kathana kA ullekha kiyA tathA eka pada se kathana ke sthAna para eka vAkya se kathana para bala diyA / agnipurANakAra ne daNDI ke sahokti-lakSaNa ko svIkAra kara bhI unake lakSaNa meM prayukta 'guNakarmaNAm' ke sthAna para 'tulyadharmiNAm' pada kA prayoga kiyA / isa prakAra ve dharmiyoM kA hI saha kathana sahokti meM apekSita mAnate haiM / L ruyyaka ke anusAra upamAna aura upameya meM se eka kA prAdhAnya se tathA dUsare kA sahArtha - sambandha se kathana sahokti hai / isameM donoM artha prAkaraNika yA aprAkaraNika hote haiM; para unameM se eka kriyA mukhyatayA sambandha rakhane vAlA karttA hotA hai aura usakA dUsare artha ke sAtha kathana hotA hai / jisake sAtha kathana ho, vaha sahArtha kI tRtIyA vibhakti se yukta pada vyAkaraNa ke niyamAnusAra apradhAna hotA hai / jisakA kisI ke sAtha kathana hotA hai, vaha pradhAna artha upameyabhUta tathA jisake sAtha usakA kathana hotA hai, vaha apradhAna artha upamAnabhUta hotA hai / isa prakAra ruyyaka ke sahokti-lakSaNa kA sAra yaha hai ki isameM eka artha kA dUsare artha ke sAtha - upameya kA upamAna ke sAtha -- kathana hotA hai| dhyAtavya hai ki isameM upamAnopameya-bhAva niyata nahIM rahatA / donoM hI artha samAnakoTika ( prAkaraNika athavA aprAkaraNika ) hote haiM; para sahArtha kI vibhakti vAlA artha apradhAna hone ke kAraNa upamAna aura anya vibhakti vAlA pradhAna hone ke kAraNa upameya ho jAtA hai / ruyyaka ne sahokti ko atizayoktimUlA mAnA hai / mammaTa ke anusAra sahokti meM sahArtha arthAt 'saha', 'sama', Adi zabdoM ke anvaya se eka pada do arthoM kA vAcaka hotA hai| vizvanAtha, vidyAnAtha, vidyAdhara, zobhAkara, appayyadIkSita Adi AcAryo ne ruyyaka kI sahokti - paribhASA ko hI svIkAra kiyA hai / isa vivecana kA niSkarSa yaha hai ki sahokti meM eka sAtha eka pada se do arthoM kA kathana hotA hai / eka artha kA dUsare ke sAtha varNana hone ke kAraNa 1. agnipurANa, adhyAya 344 2. upamAnopameyayorekasya prAdhAnyanirdeze'parasya sahArthasambandhe sahoktiH / -- ruyyaka, alaM0 sarvasva, sUtra saM0 29 3. sA sahoktiH sahArthasya balAdekaM dvivAcakam / - mammaTa, kAvyapra0 10,170

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500 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa donoM meM vAstavika upamAnopameya-bhAva nahIM rahane para bhI vaivakSika upamAnopameyasambandha ho jAtA hai / isameM donoM artha yA to prAkaraNika rahate haiM yA aprAkaraNika; para eka kA dUsare ke sAtha kathana hone se jisake sAtha kathana hotA hai, vaha apradhAna hokara upamAna meM paryavasita ho jAtA hai aura jisakA kisI ke sAtha kathana hotA hai, vaha pradhAna hokara upameya-sthAnIya ho jAtA hai / abhedAdhyavasAya ke kAraNa yaha alaGkAra atizayoktimUlaka mAnA jAtA hai / sahokti-bheda vizvanAtha ne sahokti ko atizayoktimUlA mAnakara usake abhedAdhyavasAyamUlaka tathA kAryakAraNapaurvAparyamUlaka bheda mAne haiN| abhedAdhyavasAyamUlA sahoti zleSa tathA azleSa ke AdhAra para do prakAra kI ho jAtI hai / isa prakAra unake matAnusAra sahokti ke tIna bheda mAnya haiN| zobhAkara ne tulyayogitAmUlA sahokti kA nayA bheda prastuta kiyA / 2 kriyA-sahokti tathA guNa-sahokti ke rUpa meM bhI isake do bheda kalpita hue haiM / rudraTa kI sahokti ke do aupamyagata tathA do vAstavagata prakAroM kA ullekha Upara kiyA jA cukA hai / arthAntaranyAsa arthAntaranyAsa ke alaGkAratva kA nirUpaNa sarvaprathama bhAmaha ne kiyA thA / paravartI kAla ke prAyaH sabhI AcAryoM ne isakA alaGkAratva svIkAra kiyA hai| isake svarUpa meM bhI adhika parivartana nahIM huA hai| ise sAdRzyamUlaka alaGkAra mAnane ke prazna para AcAryoM meM do mata avazya rahe haiM / bhAmaha ne arthAntaranyAsa kI paribhASA meM kahA thA ki isameM eka artha kA varNana kara usa varNita artha se bhinna kintu usase anugata ( sambaddha ) anya artha kA upanyAsa hotA hai / 3 arthAntara ke nyAsa meM hI prastuta alaGkAra ke nAmakaraNa kI sArthakatA hai / 1. draSTavya, vizvanAtha kA sAhityada0 pR0 662 2. draSTavya, zobhAkarakRta, alaGkAraratnAkara, pR0 70 3. upanyasanamanyasya yadarthasyoditAdRte / jJayaH so'rthAntaranyAsaH pUrvArthAnugato yathA // - bhAmaha, kAvyAlaM0 2,71

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alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [501 AcArya daNDI ne do vAkyArthoM meM samarthya-samarthaka-bhAva kI kalpanA kara yaha paribhASA dI ki jahA~ kisI prakRta vastu ko prastuta kara usake sAdhana meM samartha anya artha kA nyAsa hotA hai, vahA~ arthAntaranyAsa alaGkAra hotA hai| abhiprAya yaha ki abhipreta artha kI anupapatti kI sambhAvanA se usake upapAdana ke lie usake samarthaka anya artha kA nyAsa kiyA jAnA arthAntaranyAsa hai| varNanIya ko prastuta kara usake samarthaka anyArtha kA nyAsa arthAntaranyAsa kA sAmAnya krama hai; para isake viparIta samarthaka kA bhI pahale kathana isameM ho sakatA hai| krama gauNa hai| prastuta vAkyArtha kA aprastuta vAkyArtha se samarthana hI arthAntaranyAsa kA pradhAna lakSaNa hai| ___ udbhaTa ne arthAntaranyAsa ke sambandha meM pUrvAcAryoM kI mAnyatA ko hI svIkAra kiyA hai; kintu unhoMne use adhika spaSTatA se prastuta kiyA hai| unhoMne prakRta tathA aprakRta ke bIca samarthya-samarthaka-sambandha kA spaSTa ullekha kiyA hai| prakRta artha kA anya artha se samarthana hone ke kAraNa hI ise arthAntaranyAsa kahate hai| samarthaka tathA samarthya meM se kisIkA bhI pUrva-apara nirdeza ho sakatA hai| bhAmaha tathA daNDI ke arthAntaranyAsa-lakSaNa meM prastuta artha ke sAtha anya artha ke sambandha kA spaSTa ullekha nahIM ho pAyA thaa| bhAmaha ne upanyasta hone vAle anya artha ko pUrva-vaNita artha kA anugata kahA thaa| yaha anugama do arthoM ke bIca sAdRzya se bhI ho sakatA hai aura unameM sAmAnyavizeSa-bhAva kA sUcaka bhI ho sakatA hai| daNDI kI paribhASA meM prayukta 'tat-sAdhana-samartha' pada kA artha bhI sandigdha hai| usakA artha do padArthoM meM sAdhya-sAdhana-sambandha bhI mAnA jA sakatA hai aura samarthya-samarthakasambandha bhii| paribhASA meM aise sandigdhArtha-padoM kA prayoga ucita nahIM mAnA jaataa| udbhaTa kA lakSaNa bhAmaha-daNDI ke lakSaNa se adhika parimArjita hai| vAmana ne bhI ukta artha kI siddhi ke lie anya vastu yA vAkyArtha kA nyAsa 2. jJeyaH so'rthAntaranyAso vastu prastutya kiJcana / tatsAdhanasamarthasya nyAso yo'nyasya vastunaH / / -daNDI, kAvyAdarza 2,166 3. draSTavya, udbhaTa, kAvyAlaM. sArasaM0 2,6-7

Page #525
502] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa arthAntaranyAsa kA lakSaNa maanaa| unhoMne yaha spaSTa kiyA ki hetu kA nyAsa arthAntaranyAsa kA rUpa-vidhAna nahIM krtaa| rudraTa ne arthAntaranyAsa ko aupamyamUlaka alaGkAra mAnakara usakI paribhASA meM kahA hai ki jahAM vizeSa yA sAmAnya dharmI artha kA abhidhAna kara usakI siddhi ke lie itara sadharmI kA nyAsa hotA hai. vahA~ arthAntaranyAsa alaGkAra mAnA jAtA hai / 2 aupamya-garbha hone ke kAraNa donoM arthoM meM upamAnopameya-bhAva-sambandha to rahegA hii| isa taraha upameya ke sAmAnya yA vizeSa dharma kA varNana kara usake samarthana ke lie itara sadharmI arthAt kramazaH vizeSa yA sAmAnya dharma vAle upamAna kA nyAsa rudraTa ke matAnusAra isa alaGkAra kA lakSaNa hogaa| upameya sAmAnya hogA to upamAna vizeSa aura upameya vizeSa hogA to upamAna sAmAnya / upamAnabhUta vizeSa yA sAmAnya kramazaH upameyabhUta sAmAnya yA vizeSa kI siddhi sAdharmya evaM vaidharmya-donoM se kara sakatA hai| kuntaka ne do vAkyArthoM meM pUrvAcAryoM kI taraha samarthya-samarthaka-bhAva nahIM kahakara samarpya-samarpaka-bhAva kahA hai| kuntaka kA 'samarpaka' udbhaTa ke samarthaka kA paryAya hI hai| kuntaka ke anusAra arthAntaranyAsa meM do vAkyArthoM ke bIca yaha samal-samarpaka-sambandha mukhya tathA tAtparya ke sAmya para avalambita hotA hai| isameM prathama artha mukhya hotA hai aura anya artha usakA tAtparyArtha hotA hai| bhoja ne rudraTa kI taraha sAdharmya tathA vaidhah; donoM se eka artha kA arthAntara se samarthana svIkAra kiyaa| unhoMne samarthya aura samarthaka vAkyArthoM 1. ""uktasyArthasya siddhyarthaM vastuno vAkyArthAntarasyaiva nyasanamarthAntaranyAsaH / vastugrahaNAdarthasya hetoya'sanAnnArthAntaranyAsaH / -vAmana, kAvyAlaM0 sU0 vRtti pR0 259 2. dharmiNamarthavizeSaM sAmAnyaM vAbhidhAya tatsiddha yai / ___ yatra samikamitaraM nyasyetso'rthAntaranyAsaH // -rudraTa, kAvyAlaM0 8,76 3. vAkyArthAntaravinyAso mukhyatAtparyasAmyataH / jJeyaH so'rthAntaranyAso yaH samarpakatayAhitaH / / __-kuntaka, vakroktijI0 3,36 4. bhoja, sarasvatIkaNThA0 4,67-68

Page #526
alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [ 503 ke paurvAparya krama ko sarvathA upekSaNIya mAnA / donoM ke paurvAparya kA vyatikrama bhoja ke pUrva bhI mAnya ho cukA thA / AcArya mammaTa ne bhI arthAntaranyAsa - viSayaka pUrva - pracalita mAnyatA kA anumodana karate hue vizeSa yA sAmAnya kA kramazaH sAmAnya yA vizeSa se sAdharmya athavA vaidharmya ke dvArA samarthana isa alaGkAra kA lakSaNa mAnA hai / " ruyyaka ne do arthoM meM sAmAnya- vizeSa - bhAva tathA samarthya - samarthaka-bhAva kI dhAraNA pUrvavartI AcAryoM se lI aura isake sAtha ho arthAntaranyAsa ke lakSaNa meM kArya-kAraNa-bhAva kI dhAraNA apanI ora se jor3a dii| isa prakAra unake matAnusAra sAmAnya- vizeSa - bhAva tathA kArya-kAraNa-bhAva se pUrvanirdiSTa prakRta kA samarthana arthAntaranyAsa alaGkAra hai / 'alaGkAra-sUtra' ke TIkAkAra jayaratha ne yaha Apatti kI hai ki kArya-kAraNa-bhAva ke sthala meM arthAntaranyAsa mAnane se usakA kAvyaliGga se abheda ho jAyagA; kyoMki do arthoM meM kArya-kAraNabhAva kAvyaliGga kA viSaya hai / ataH, kevala sAmAnya vizeSa taka hI arthAntaranyAsa kA kSetra mAnA jAnA cAhie / ruyyaka ne kArya-kAraNa-bhAvAzrita arthAntaranyAsa kA kAvyaliGga se bheda nirUpita karate hue kahA ki kAvyaliGga meM vAkyArtha meM hetu kA nibandhana hetu rUpa meM hI hotA hai, upanibaddha artha hetu nahIM banatA / upanibaddha artha kA hetu honA arthAntaranyAsa kA viSaya hai / zrI vidyAcakravartI ne kArya-kAraNa-bhAva meM arthAntaranyAsa ke sadbhAva kI mAnyatA kA samarthana karate hue kAvyaliGga se usakA bheda isa AdhAra para kiyA hai ki arthAntaranyAsa meM prakRta kA samarthana arthataH hotA hai; para kAvyaliGga meM zabdataH samarthana hotA hai / niSkarSataH ruyyaka, vidyAcakravartI Adi ke matAnusAra sAmAnya-vizeSa ke atirikta kArya-kAraNa meM bhI samarthyasamarthaka sambandha rahane para arthAntaranyAsa hotA hai / ruyyaka kA kArya-kAraNabhAvAzrita arthAntaranyAsa udbhaTa Adi pUrvavartI AcAryoM ke kAvyaliGga se abhinna hai / udbhaTa kAvyaliGga meM upanyasta artha kI heturUpatA mAnate the / 1. sAmAnyaM vA vizeSo vA tadanyena samarthyate / yattu so'rthAntaranyAsaH sAdharmyeNetareNa vA / - mammaTa, kAvyapra 0 10, 165 2. sAmAnya vizeSakAryakAraNabhAvAbhyAM nirdiSTaprakRtasamarthanamarthAntaranyAsaH / - ruyyaka, alaGkArasarvasva, sUtra saM0 35

Page #527
504 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa ruyyaka ne use arthAntaranyAsa mAnakara artha kA hetu rUpa meM upanyAsa kAvyaliGga kA lakSaNa mAnA / paravartI AcAryoM meM vizvanAtha ne ruyyaka kI taraha kArya kAraNa tathA sAmAnya-vizeSa ke sAdharmya aura vaidharmya se samarthya - samarthaka hone meM arthAntaranyAsa mAnA hai / zobhAkara ne arthAntaranyAsa ke kSetra ko aura bhI sImita kara kevala sAmAnya se vizeSa ke samarthana ko usakA viSaya mAnA hai / 2 vizeSa se sAmAnya ke vizadIkaraNa meM ve udAharaNa alaGkAra mAnate haiM aura kArya-kAraNa-bhAva ko hetu alaGkAra kA viSaya mAnate haiM / appayya dIkSita, jagannAtha Adi ne mammaTa kI taraha kevala sAmAnya vizeSa meM arthAntaranyAsa kI sattA mAnI hai / 3 arthAntaranyAsa ke lakSaNoM kI parIkSA se prApta niSkarSa nimnalikhita haiM(ka) isameM do arthoM meM sAmAnya vizeSa yA kArya-kAraNa-sambandha rahatA hai / (kha) yaha sambandha samarthya - samarthaka bhAva meM paryavasita hotA hai / (ga) isameM prakRta kA samarthana hotA hai aura aprakRta samarthaka hotA hai / (gha) samarthana sAdharmya aura vaidharmya; donoM se ho sakatA hai / (Ga) sAdhAraNata: isameM samarthya vAkya pahale aura samarthaka pIche AtA hai; para yaha niyama nahIM / samarthaka pahale aura samarthya pIche bhI rakhA jA sakatA hai / arthAntaranyAsa-bheda daNDI ne arthAntaranyAsa ke ATha bheda - vizvavyApI, vizeSasya, zleSAbiddha, virodhavAn, ayuktakArI, yuktAtmA, yuktAyukta aura viparyaya - kiye the / 4 ye bheda paravartI kAma meM svIkRta nahIM hue / ruyyaka ne sAmAnya- vizeSa tathA kAryakAraNa ke pArasparika samarthana ke AdhAra para cAra bheda kara sAdharmya tathA vaidharmya se samarthana kiye jAne ke AdhAra para cAro ke do-do bheda mAne haiM / 1. draSTavya, vizvanAtha, sAhityada0 10,80 2. draSTavya, zobhAkara, alaGkAra ratnAkara, sUtra 76 3. draSTavya, appayya dI0, kuvalayA0 122 tathA jagannAtha, rasagaGgAdhara pR0 746 4. vizvavyApI vizeSasthaH zleSAbiddho virodhavAn / ayuktakArI yuktAtmA yuktAyukto viparyayaH / - daNDI, kAvyAdarza 2,170

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alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [505 samarthya-samarthaka vAkyoM ke paurvAparya ke AdhAra para tathA 'hi' zabda ke upAdAna se samarthana ke zAbda hone aura usake anupAdAna se Artha hone ke AdhAra para bhI aneka bhedoM kI kalpanA kI gayI hai|' AkSepa AkSepa kA alaGkAratva bhAratIya alaGkAra-zAstra ke prAyaH sabhI AlaGkArikoM ko mAnya hai| usakI lokapriyatA kA rahasya usakI camatkArapUrNa uktibhaGgI meM hai| isameM abhISTa artha kA sIdhA kathana na hokara prakArAntara se usakA bodha karAyA jAtA hai; niSedhamukhena arthavidhAna kiyA jAtA hai| ApAtataH niSedha tathA pariNAmataH abhISTa-vidhAna karAne vAlI ukti kA saundarya asandigdha hai| AcArya bhAmaha ne sarvaprathama AkSepa ko paribhASita karate hue kahA thA ki jahA~ artha meM vaiziSTya lAne ke lie abhISTa artha kA niSedha-sA kiyA jAtA hai, vahA~ AkSepa alaGkAra hotA hai| yaha niSedha atAttvika hotA hai| 'pratiSedha' kriyA ke sAtha 'iva' ke prayoga se bhAmaha ne isa tathya ko spaSTa kara diyA hai| isameM ApAtataH to aisA lagatA hai mAno kavi arthavizeSa kAjo usakA abhISTa artha hotA hai-niSedha kara rahA ho; kintu, tattvataH usakA paryavasAna abhISTa artha ke vidhAna meM hotA hai / __AkSepa meM atAttvika niSedha yA niSedhAbhAsa hI AcArya daNDI ko mAnya haiN| unhoMne paribhASA meM kevala itanA kahA hai ki 'niSedha kI ukti AkSepa hai|'3 isakA yaha artha nahIM mAnA jAnA cAhie ki niSedha kA kathana AkSepa kA svarUpa hai| niSedha apane-Apa meM koI camatkAra nahIM rkhtaa| ataH, vaha alaGkAra kA vidhAyaka nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| 'pratiSedhokti' ko AkSepa kA lakSaNa mAnane meM daNDI kA abhiprAya yaha thA ki jahA~ pratiSedha kI kevala ukti hotI hai, arthAt pratiSedha kathita hone para bhI tAttvika nahIM hotA, aise niSedhAbhAsa ke sthala meM AkSepa alaGkAra hotA hai| 1. draSTavya, ruyyaka, alaGkArasarvasva, pR0 130-31 2. pratiSedha iveSTasya yo vishessaabhidhitsyaa| AkSepa iti.............."||--bhAmaha, kAvyAlaM0 2.68 3. pratiSedhoktirAkSepaH.......|daNDI, kAvyAdarza 2,120

Page #529
506 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa udbhaTa ne bhAmaha ke AkSepa - lakSaNa ko hI kiJcit zabda-bheda ke sAtha uddhRta kara diyA hai / vivRti meM AkSepa ke uddezya kA spaSTIkaraNa karate hue. kahA gayA hai ki isameM niSedhAbhAsa se artha meM vizeSa kA pratipAdana hotA hai / vaha vizeSa - pratipAdana abhISTa artha ke aMzakya- vacanatva Adi ke rUpa meM hotA hai / vAmana ne AkSepa ko upamAnopameya-bhAva para AdhRta mAnakara upamAna ke AkSepa yA pratiSedha ko AkSepa kA svarUpa mAnA hai / jahA~ upamAna evaM upameya kA samAna kArya ho, vahA~ prastuta se bhinna aprastuta kI anupAdeyatA kA pratipAdana ho sakatA hai / aprastuta kI anupAdeyatA kA kathana yA usakA niSedha vAmana ke anusAra AkSepa hai / upamAna kA AkSepa arthAt AkSepa akathita upamAna kI pratipatti bhI vAmana ke anusAra AkSepa kA dUsarA rUpa hai / " vAmana ke AkSepa kA prathama rUpa anya AcAryoM ke upamAna ke anAdararUpa pratIpa se tathA usakA dUsarA rUpa samAsokti se milatA-julatA hai / isa AkSepa kA samAsokti se itanA hI bheda hai ki samAsokti meM prastuta se aprastuta artha kI pratIti vyaJjanA se hotI hai aura isameM AkSepa se / rudraTa ke matAnusAra AkSepa kI paribhASA hai ki jahA~ vaktA loka meM prasiddha athavA viruddha upameya rUpa artha ko kaha kara usa vacana kA AkSepa karatA huA usakI siddhi ke lie upamAna kA kathana karatA hai, vaha AkSepa hai | 3 isa prakAra rudraTa ke anusAra AkSepa ke rUpa-vidhAna kI tIna avasthAe~ haiM-- prasiddha yA viruddha upameya kI ukti, ukta kA AkSepa tathA usake samarthana meM upamAna kA kathana / 1. draSTavya, udbhaTa, kAnyAlaM0 sArasaM0 2,2 tathA usakI vivRti - abhimatasyAzakyavacanatvAdivizeSapratipAdanAya yaH pratiSedhaH pratiSedhaH iva ....... / - na tu pratiSedha eva / - pR0 21 2. upamAnAkSepazcAkSepaH / tathA -- upamAnasyAkSepaH pratiSedhaH upamAnAkSepaH / tulyakAryArthasya nairarthakya vivakSAyAm / upamAnasyAkSepataH: pratipattirityapi sUtrArthaH / - vAmana, kAvyAlaM0 sU0 4,3, 27 tathA usakI vRtti pR0 270-71 3. vastu prasiddhamiti yadviruddhamiti vAsya vacanamAkSipya / anyattathAtvasiddhyai yatra brUyAt sa AkSepaH // -- rudraTa, kAvyAlaM 0 89.

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alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [507. kuntaka ne prastuta kI saundarya-vRddhi ke lie niSedhAbhAsa ke rUpa meM usakA (upameya kA) AkSepa, AkSepa alaGkAra kA lakSaNa mAnA hai| kuntaka ke anusAra AkSepa kA artha nindA hai| isa prakAra upameya ke saundarya kI vRddhi ke lie usakA niSedha-sA karatA huA jahA~ kavi usakI nindA karatA ho, vahA~ kuntaka AkSepa maaneNge|' abhISTa artha ke niSedhAbhAsa yA nivartana kI yaha dhAraNA bhAmaha, daNDI Adi kI AkSepa-dhAraNA se milatI-julatI hI hai; para kuntaka ne upameya ke AkSepa kA spaSTa ullekha kara AkSepa ko aupamyagarbha alaGkAra svIkAra kiyA hai| vAmana ke upamAnAkSepa ke viparIta upameyAkSepa ko kuntaka ne AkSepa kA svarUpa mAnA hai| dhyAtavya hai ki kuntaka ne upameya ke nivartana yA niSedha ko tAttvika nahIM mAnakara bhAmaha Adi kI taraha niSedhAbhAsa hI mAnA hai| ___agnipurANakAra ne AkSepa kA daNDI-kRta lakSaNa hI uddhRta kiyA hai; kintu, isake sAtha AkSepa kA artha dhvani mAnakara zruti se alabhya artha kA dhvani se bodhagamya hone para bala diyA / 2 AkSepa aura dhvani ke sUkSma bheda kI upekSA kara donoM ko abhinna mAnanA yuktisaGgata nahIM jAna pdd'taa| bhoja ne daNDI Adi kI taraha 'pratiSedhokti' ko AkSepa kA pradhAna lakSaNa mAnA tathA vidhimukhena pratiSedhokti aura niSedhamukhena pratiSedhokti kI dhAraNA vyakta kii| daNDI bhI niSedhaparyavasAyI vidhi yA vidhimukhena niSedhokti ko AkSepa kA eka prakAra mAna cuke the| bhoja kI AkSepa-dhAraNA para daNDI kI dhAraNA kA prabhUta prabhAva hai| ___ mammaTa, ruyyaka Adi AcAryoM ne bhAmaha Adi kI taraha vivakSita artha meM1. niSedhacchAyayAkSepaH kAntiM prathayitu parAm / AkSepa iti sa jJeyaH prastutasyaiva vastunaH / tathA'."prakRtasyaiva 'AkSepaH' kSepakRt / -kuntaka, vakrokti jI0 3,40 tathA vRtti pR0 470 2. zra teralabhyamAno'rtho yasmAt bhAti scetnH| sa AkSepo dhvaniH syAt ca dhvaninA vyajyate yataH // -agnipurANa, adhyAya, 344" 3. vidhinAtha niSedhena pratiSedhoktiratra yaa| zuddhA mizrA ca sAkSepo rodho nAkSepataH pRthak / / -bhoja, sarasvatIkaNThA0 4,64

Page #531
508 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa vizeSa pratipAdana ke lie usakA niSedha-sA kiyA jAnA, arthAt niSedhAbhAsa . AkSepa meM apekSita mAnA hai| zobhAkara, jayadeva, appayya dIkSita Adi ne svakathita kA vicAra ke bAda pratiSedha AkSepa kA lakSaNa maanaa| appayya-dIkSita ne anya AcAryoM kI AkSepa-viSayaka mAnyatA kA bhI nirdeza kiyA hai|2 jayadeva kI taraha vAgbhaTa, karNapUra, vizvezvara paNDita Adi ne pratiSedha ko hI AkSepa kA lakSaNa mAnA hai| vidyAdhara, vidyAnAtha, vizvanAtha, jagannAtha, kezava mizra, narasiMha Adi ne bhAmaha kI taraha niSedhAbhAsa ko AkSepa maanaa| AkSepa ke lakSaNoM ke isa adhyayana se spaSTa hai ki usakI dhAraNA meM vikAsa kI kaI koTiyA~ AyI haiN| vikAsa ke mUla meM AkSepa zabda ke vibhinna artha rahe haiN| nindA, nivartana yA niSedha, AkSepeNa bodha Adi arthoM ke AdhAra para kramazaH upameyAkSepa (kuntaka); ukta kA niSedha (jayadeva Adi), zra ti se alabhya artha kA AkSepa ( dhvani ? ) se bodha (agnipurANa) AkSepa alaGkAra kA lakSaNa mAnA gayA hai| ukta matoM meM se AkSepa ke nimnalikhita rUpa aneka AcAryoM kA samarthana pAte rahe haiM : (ka) niSedhAbhAsa arthAt abhISTa artha kA niSedha-sA kiyA jAnA, (kha) kucha kahakara punaH vicAra kara usa kahe hue kA pratiSedha karanA tathA (ga) vidhimukhena niSedha kiyA jaanaa| zrAkSepa-bheda ukta tathA vakSyamANa ke AdhAra para AkSepa ke do bheda kiye gaye haiN| tIna kAla ke AdhAra para daNDI ne usake tIna bheda kiye haiM / unhoMne dharma, kArya, anujJA, prabhutva, anAdara, AzIrvacana, paruSa, sAcivya, yatna, upamA, mUrchA, anukroza, "zliSTa, anuzaya, saMzaya tathA arthAntara nAmaka AkSepa-bhedoM kA sodAharaNa nirUpaNa 1. niSedho vaktumiSTasya yo vizeSAbhidhitsayA / vakSyamANoktaviSayaH sa AkSepo dvidhA mataH / -mammaTa, kAvyapra0 10,161 tathA uktavakSyamANayoH prAkaraNikayovizeSapratipattyartha niSedhAbhAsa AkSepaH / -ruyyaka, alaGkArasarvasva, sUtra saM0 38 2. draSTavya, appayya dI0, kuvalayA0 73-75

Page #532
alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [ 506 kiyA hai| prasiddha tathA viruddha ke AdhAra para evaM vidhi aura niSedha ke AdhAra para bhI AkSepa ke bheda kalpita haiN| vastu-niSedha tathA vastu-kathana-niSedha nAmaka AkSepa-bhedoM kI kalpanA narendraprabha sUri ke dvArA kI gyii| smaraNa mammaTa-ruyyaka ke pahale smaraNa yA smRti ko alaGkAra ke rUpa meM svIkRti nahIM milI thii| smRti ke svarUpa tathA kAraNa para darzana meM bahuta pahale se vicAra ho rahA thaa| dArzanikoM ne jJAna ke svarUpa kA nirUpaNa karate hue smRtijanya jJAna, pratyabhijJA Adi kA vizada vivecana kiyA thaa| ruyyaka aura mammaTa ke kAla meM smRti-dhAraNA kI avatAraNA alaGkAra-kSetra meM huii| smaraNAlaGkAra meM smRti kA svarUpa to darzana kI smRti se hI gRhIta huA; . kintu usake sadRza vastu ke anubhava se sadRza vastvantara kI smRti ko hI smaraNa alaGkAra mAnA gayA, smaraNa ke anya rUpoM ko nhiiN| dhyAtavya hai ki pUrvAnubhUta vastu kI smRti sadRza vastu ke anubhava se to ho hI AtI hai, adRSTa cintA Adi se bhI smRti utpanna hotI hai| pUrvAnubhUta vastu kA jisa kisI vastu se sAhacarya rahA ho, usakA anubhava bhI anubhUta vastu kI smRti meM sahAyaka hotA hai| rAma kI aMgUThI dekha kara sItA rAma kI smRti se vihvala ho uThI hogii| godAvarI kA taTa rAma ke hRdaya meM sItA ke sAtha bitAye kSaNoM kI smRti jagA detA hai| aisI smRtiyAM sAdRzya para nahIM, sAhacarya Adi para avalambita haiN| ruyyaka, mammaTa Adi ke anusAra kevala sAdRzyajanya smRti hI smaraNAlaGkAra hai| manovaijJAnika dRSTi se smRti kI prakriyA yaha hai ki mana meM kisI vastu kA jo anubhava hotA hai, usakA saMskAra mana para baca rahatA hai| saMskAra ke rUpa meM mana meM sthita anubhUta vastu ke samAna kisI vastu kA anubhava karane athavA usa vastu se sAhacarya Adi kisI prakAra kA sambandha rakhane vAlI 1. draSTavya, daNDI, kAvyAdarza 2,120-68 2. narendraprabha sUri, alaGkAra mahodadhi, 8 3. yathAnubhavamarthasya dRSTe tatsadRze smRtiH / smaraNam |-mmmtt, kAvyapra0 10,196 tathA sAdRzyAnubhavAd vastvantarasmRtiH smaraNam / -ruyyaka, alaM0 sarvasva, sUtra saM0 14'

Page #533
alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa vastu kA anubhava karane se pUrvAnubhUta vastu kA saMskAra jAgrata ho jAtA hai / anubhUta vastu ke sAtha sambandha rakhane vAlI anya vastuoM kA saMskAra bhI usa vastu ke saMskAra ke sAtha sampRkta rahatA hai| ataH, eka saMskAra jagakara sambaddha saMskAroM ko bhI jagA detA hai| kisI vastu kA anubhava mana meM . saMskAra ke rUpa meM nihita usake sadRza anya vastu ke saMskAra ko jagA detA hai| yahI smRti smaraNa yA smRti alaGkAra kA rUpa-vidhAna karatI hai / bhoja ne sAdRzyajanya smRti ke sAtha cintA, sambandhijJAna Adi se samutthA"pita smRti ko bhI smaraNa alaGkAra kA svarUpa mAnA hai| unake anusAra kisI bhI AdhAra para pUrvAnubhUta vastu kI hone vAlI smRti smaraga alaGkAra kA viSaya mAnI jaaygii| vizvanAtha, zobhAkara, appayya dIkSita Adi sabhI pramukha AlaGkArikoM ne sAdRzyamUlaka smRti ko smaraNAlaGkAra kA viSaya mAnA hai| zobhAkara, appayya dIkSita, jayaratha Adi AcAryoM ne. ise smRti kahA hai| ruyyaka, mammaTa Adi ne ise smaraNa nAma se abhihita kiyA hai| vaidharmya bhI smRti kA hetu hotA hai| rAghavAnanda mahApAtra ne vaidharmya se utpanna smRti ko bhI sAdRzyasamutthita smRti ke sAtha smaraNa alaGkAra mAnA thaa| unake isa mata kA ullekha sAhityadarpaNa meM milatA hai / 2 / / paNDitarAja jagannAtha kI mAnyatA hai ki smaraNa sAdRzyajanya smRti to hai hI; para kevala sadRza ke anubhava se usake sadRza pUrvAnubhUta vastu kI smRti taka usake kSetra ko sImita nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| sadRza vastu kI smRti se usase sambaddha anya anubhUta vastu kI smRti bhI smaraNa alaGkAra kA viSaya mAnI jaaygii| abhiprAya yaha ki yadi koI vastu sAdRzya sambandha se kisI vastu kI smRti jagAtI hai aura usa smRti se kisI prakAra sambaddha kisI anya vastu kI smRti ho Ane kA varNana hotA hai to vahA~ jagannAtha smaraNa 1. sadRzAdRSTacintAderanubhUtArthavedanam / smaraNaM pratyabhijJAna-svapnAvapi na tadbahiH / / -bhoja, sarasvatIkaNThA0 3,42 2. rAghavAnandamahApAtrAstu vaisAdRzyAt smRtimapi smaraNAlaGkAra micchanti |-vishvnaath, sAhityada0 pR0 616 3. sAdRzyajJAnobuddhasaMskAraprayojyaM smaraNaM smrnnaalngkaarH| -jagannAtha, rasagaGgAdhara pR0 341

Page #534
alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [ 511 alaGkAra maaneNge| ruyyaka mammaTa Adi ne smaraNa kA eka hI rUpa mAnA thAkisI vastu ke anubhava se usake sadRza vastu kI smRti-para, jagannAtha ne kisI vastu ke anubhava se usake sadRza anya kI smRti aura punaH usa smRta vastu se kisI dUsarI vastu kI smRti ko bhI smaraNa kA dUsarA rUpa maanaa| unhoMne smRti ko paribhASita karate hue kahA hai ki 'sAdRzya ke bodha se ubuddha saMskAra ke phalasvarUpa hone vAle smaraNa ko smaraNAlaGkAra kahate haiN|' isa prakAra jagannAtha ke matAnusAra smRti yA smaraNa ke rUpa hoMge--(ka) anubhUyamAna artha se usake sadRza pUrvAnubhUta vastu kI smRti, (kha) smaryamANa artha se usake sadRza anubhUta vastu kI smRti aura (ga) anubhUyamAna ke sadRza kI smRti se usase kisI prakAra sambaddha anya vastu kI smRti / niSkarSataH, jagannAtha kevala anubhUyamAna ke sadRza kI smRti ko hI smaraNa nahIM mAnate, sAdRzya dvArA ubuddha saMskAra ke phalasvarUpa hone vAlI smRti ko ve vyApaka rUpa meM smaraNa mAnate haiN| sAdRzya anubhUyamAna tathA smaraNa hone vAlI vastu ke bIca bhI raha sakatA hai aura smaryamANa tathA usase smaraNa hone vAlI vastu ke bIca bhii| sAdRzya sAkSAt ho yA paramparayA, donoM meM jagannAtha smaraNa mAnate haiM / kucha loga jagannAtha ke eka udAharaNa meM, jisameM senA ko dekhakara kRSNa ke mana meM sAdRzya se samudra kI smRti ho AtI hai aura samudra ke sambandha se zeSazayyA aura nidrA kI, alaGkAratva nahIM mAnate, kyoMki ve ise (nidrA kI smRti ko) 'sadRza ke jJAna se ubuddha saMskAra dvArA utpanna yA senA ke sadRza viSaya kI smRti nahIM maante|' kintu, tathya yaha hai ki senA se samudra kA smaraNa sadRza kA hI jJAna hai aura usase sambaddha zayyA, nidrA Adi kA jJAna 'sadRza kI smRti se ubuddha saMskAra se hI utpanna hai / ' ataH paramparayA vaha bhI sAdRzyAnubhava para hI avalambita hai aura aisI sthiti meM alaGkAratva na mAnane kA koI sabala AdhAra nahIM / anubhUyamAna se smaryamANa ke sAdRzya-vidhAna meM jo camatkAra hai vahI smaraNa kA alaGkAratva hai| smaryamANa evaM anya smaryamANa ke bIca sAdRzya-vidhAna meM camatkAra ko asvIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| ataH, smRti ke isa rUpa ko bhI alaGkAra mAnanA ucita hI hai / jagannAtha ne ruyyaka ke smaraNAlaGkAra-lakSaNa meM smaryamANa se ubuddha smRti kA saGagraha na 1. draSTavya-jagannAtha, rasagaGgAdhara, pR0 342-43 tathA usa para nAgeza kI ttippnnii|

Page #535
512 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa hone ke kAraNa usakA khaNDana karate hue yaha sujhAva diyA hai ki usameM 'sadRza ke anubhava' se smRti kI jagaha 'sadRza ke jJAna' se smRti kA ullekha hotA to vaha lakSaNa avyAni doSa se mukta ho pAtA / ruyyaka smRti kA eka hI rUpa mAnate the-anubhUyamAna se sadRza kI smRti / ataH unakI dRSTi ko spaSTa karane ke lie unakI paribhASA pUrNa hai| ve jagannAtha kI taraha smaraNa se ubuddha smaraNa meM to smaraNAlaGkAra mAnate hI nahIM the| ataH, unakI paribhASA meM parivartana kA sujhAva koI artha nahIM rkhtaa| smaraNa alaGkAra ke sambandha meM AcAryoM kI mAnyatA ke isa parIkSaNa se nimnalikhita bAteM spaSTa hotI haiM : (ka) smaraNa sAdRzyamUlaka alaGkAra hai / ataH, sadRza vastu ke jJAna se udbuddha smRti hI isakA viSaya hai / (kha) sadRza vastu ke jJAna se sAkSAt yA paramparayA sambaddha smRti bhI vastutaH sAdRzyamUlaka hI mAnI jaaygii| ataH, aise sthala meM bhI smaraNa alaGkAra mAnA jAnA caahie| isa prakAra sAdRzyamUlaka smRti yA smaraNa alaGkAra ke tIna rUpa ho sakate hai-(1) sadRza ke anubhava se sadRza kI smRti, (2) sadRza ke anubhava se anya kI smRti hone para usase kisI prakAra sambaddha kI smRti tathA (3) kisI vastu ke jJAna se usake sambandhI kI smRti aura punaH smaryamANa ke sadRza kI smRti / mayUrapiccha ko dekhakara sAdRzya se priyA ke rativigalita keza-pAza kI smRti prathama kA tathA sAdRzya se keza-pAza kI smRti hone para usase sambaddha raMgarabhasa kI smRti dvitIya kA udAharaNa hogii| cAtaka ko dekha kara usake sambandhI sajala medha kI smRti tathA usake sAdRzya se kRSNa kI smRti tRtIya kA udAharaNa hai| smaraNa alaGkAra meM vicAraNIya hai ki anubhUta hone vAlI vastu tathA usake kAraNa smaraNa hone vAlI vastu meM kauna upameya hotI hai aura kauna upamAna ? ruyyaka ne do udAharaNa dekara yaha dikhAyA hai ki eka meM anubhUyamAna upameya hai aura dUsare meM anubhUyamAna upamAna / alaGkAra ke kSetra meM upamAna aura upameya ke bIca vibhAjaka rekhA nahIM hai / eka sthiti meM jo upameya rahatA hai vaha dUsarI sthiti meM upamAna bana jAtA hai / ataH, ruyyaka kI yaha mAnyatA ucita hI hai ki anubhUyamAna se smaryamANa kA sAdRzyavidhAna bhI ho sakatA hai aura smaryamANa se anubhUyamAna kA sAdRzyavidhAna bhii|

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alaGkAroM kA svarUpa- vikAsa [ 513 smaraNa ke bheda : apyayya dIkSita, jagannAtha Adi ne isa sAdRzyamUlaka alaGkAra kA trividha bheda kiyA hai / yaha bheda-nirUpaNa sAdhAraNa dharma ke anugAmitayA nirdeza ( jaisA upamA Adi meM hotA hai), bimbapratibimbabhAva se ( dRSTAnta Adi kI taraha ) nirdeza evaM vastuprativastu bhAva se ( prativastUpamA Adi kI taraha ) nirdeza ke AdhAra para hai / vaidharmyaM se smRti bhI smaraNa kA eka bheda mAnA gayA hai / I bhrAntimAn bhrAntiyA bhrAntimAn ke alaGkAra rUpa meM kalpita hone ke pUrva darzana ke jJAna-zAstra meM usake svarUpa kA nirdhAraNa ho cukA thA / bhrAnti kisI vastu meM usase bhinna vastu kA nizcayAtmaka jJAna hai / yaha jJAna atAttvika hone para bhI nizcayAtmaka hotA hai| jaba taka kisI vastu meM anya vastu kI bhrAnti rahatI hai, taba taka usa yathArtha vastu kA AbhAsa bhI jJAtA ke mana meM nahIM rahatA / bhrama kI dazA meM yathArtha jJAna kI taraha hI asatya vastu kA ekakoTika jJAna rahatA hai / sAdRzya bhrAnti kA hetu hotA hai / kisI vastu meM usake sadRza anya vastu kA hI bhramAtmaka jJAna hotA hai / zoka, bhaya, kAma, unmAda Adi se bhI bhrAnti utpanna hotI hai; para aisI bhrAnti ko alaGkAra nahIM mAnA gayA hai / bhrAnti kI prakriyA vicAraNIya hai / mana meM pUrvAnubhUta asaMkhya vastuoM kA saMskAra par3A rahatA hai / kisI vastu ke anubhava se sAmAnyataH usI vastu kA pUrvAnubhUtijanya saMskAra jAgrata ho jAtA hai / isa prakAra pratyabhijJA sambhava hotI hai; kintu kabhI - kabhI kisI vastu kA anubhava usI vastu kA saMskAra na jagAkara usake sadRza anya vastu kA saMskAra jagA detA hai / pariNAmataH, usa anubhUyamAna vastu ke sadRza kisI anya vastu kA mAnasa- pratyakSa hone lagatA hai / yahI bhrama kahalAtA hai / rAste para par3I huI rassI yadi rassI kA saMskAra mana meM jagAtI ho, to usakI pratyabhijJA hogI; para yadi usase usake sadRza sA~pa kA mana meM soyA huA saMskAra jaga par3e, to usameM anya vastu kI bhrAnti hogI / kisI vastu meM jisa anya vastu kI bhrAnti hotI hai usakI pUrvAnubhUti Avazyaka hai / pUrvAnubhUti-janya saMskAra ke udbodha ke abhAva meM 1. draSTavya, jagannAtha, rasagaGgA0 pR0 353-54 33

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514 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa bhramAtmaka pratIti sambhava nahIM / jisane kabhI sA~pa ko dekhA nahIM ho, athavA usake sambandha meM sunakara usakI koI rUparekhA mana meM nahIM banAyI ho, use rajju ko dekhakara usameM sA~pa kA jJAna nahIM hogA, anya kisA vastu kA ( lakar3I Adi kA ) asatya jJAna bhale ho / kisI kAraNa se bhrama kA parihAra ho jAne para anubhUyamAna vastu kA yathArtha jJAna punaH ho jAtA hai / astu ! alaGkAra ke rUpa meM dArzanikoM kI samagra bhrAnti dhAraNA ko svIkAra na kara AcAryoM ne kavi-pratibhA se kalpita kAvyAtmaka bhrAnti ko hI bhrAnti yA bhrAntimAn alaGkAra mAnA hai / sabhI prakAra kI uktiyA~ to kAvyAtmaka uktiyA~ hotI nahIM / alaGkAra-vidhAna ke lie ukti meM cArutA Avazyaka hai / yaha kavi kI pratibhA se hI utpanna hotI hai / isa prakAra kavi-pratibhA se kisI vastu meM sAdRzya ke kAraNa usase bhinna vastu kI bhramAtmaka pratIti kA ramaNIya varNana AcAryoM ke dvArA bhrAntimAn alaGkAra mAnA gayA / aitihAsika dRSTi se prastuta alaGkAra ke svarUpa kA prathama nirdeza daNDI ke 'kAvyAdarza' meM milatA hai / unhoMne ise upamA kA eka bheda mAnakara mohopamA nAma se abhihita kiyA thA / anya vastu meM anya kA jJAna 'moha' kahalAtA hai / yahI bhrama hai / isa prakAra sAdRzya ke kAraNa eka vastu ko usase bhinna vastu samajha lene meM daNDI ne mohopamA mAnA thA / pIche cala kara ise hI bhrAntiyA bhrAntimAn vyapadeza milA / daNDI ke uttaravartI udbhaTa tathA vAmana ne isa alaGkAra kI carcA nahIM kI / rudraTa ne sarvaprathama isakA nirUpaNa svatantra alaGkAra ke rUpa meM kiyA / use paribhASita karate hue unhoMne kahA hai ki jahA~ kisI arthavizeSa ( arthAt upameya ) ko dekhatA huA jJAtA usake sadRza anya vastu kA ( upamAna kA ) saMzayarahita arthAt nizcayAtmaka jJAna karatA hai, vahA~ bhrAntimAn alaGkAra hotA hai / bhoja ne bhI bhrAnti alaGkAra kA yahI svarUpa nirUpita kiyA hai | mammaTa, ruyyaka, vizvanAtha, vidyAnAtha, zobhAkara, jayadeva, appayya dIkSita, 1. draSTavya, daNDI, kAvyAdarza 2,25 2. arthavizeSaM pazyannavagacchedanyameva tatsadRzam / nissandehaM yasminpratipattA bhrAntimAn sa iti // 3. draSTavya, bhoja, sarasvatIkaNThA0 3,35 -- rudraTa, kAvyAlaM0 8,87

Page #538
alaGkAroM kA svarUpa - vikAsa [ 515 jagannAtha Adi sabhI AcAryoM ne eka vastu meM anya vastu ke bhramAtmaka jJAna ko bhrAntimAn alaGkAra mAnA hai / zobhAkara ne bhramAtmaka pratItimAtra ke ramaNIya varNana meM alaGkAratva mAnA hai / unakI mAnyatA hai ki kevala sAdRzya- samuttha bhramAtmaka pratIti meM alaGkAratva mAnanA bhrAntimAn ke kSetra ko sImita karanA hai / ' zoka, bhaya, unmAda Adi se utpanna bhrama kA varNana bhI bhrAntimAn alaGkAra kA viSaya mAnA jAnA cAhie; para yaha siddhAnta ruyyaka, mammaTa Adi ko mAnya nahIM thA / zobhAkara ko chor3a, prAyaH sabhI AcAryoM ne sAdRzyamUlaka bhrAnti meM hI bhrAntimAn alaGkAra kI sattA mAnI hai / kucha AcAryoM ne bhrAnti kA nAmamAtra usake lakSaNa meM kaha diyA hai| kucha ne alaGkAratva ke lie 'kavi pratibhA kalpita' bhrAnti kA honA Avazyaka mAnA hai / adhikAMza AcArya eka vastu meM anya vastu ke ( upameya meM upamAna ke ) sAdRzya ke kAraNa nizcayAtmaka jJAna kI sundara kalpanA ko bhrAntimAn alaGkAra mAnate haiM / yahI lakSaNa adhika grAhya jAna par3atA hai / kucha AcAryoM ne ise bhrAnti saMjJA se abhihita kiyA hai / bhrAntimAn ke bheda jayaratha, jagannAtha Adi ko sAdhAraNa dharma ke anugAmitayA bimbapratibimbabhAvena tathA vastuprativastubhAvatayA nirdeza ke AdhAra para isake tIna bheda iSTa haiM / bhoja ne bhrAnti ke aneka bhedoM kI kalpanA kI hai / 2 sandeha smRti tathA bhrAnti kI taraha sandeha kI dhAraNA kA vikAsa bhI darzana ke jJAna-vivecana meM huA thA / sandeha yA saMzaya kisI vastu meM usa vastu ke tathA usase bhinna vastu ke anizcayAtmaka jJAna kI sthiti hai / isameM jJAna koTika tathA anizcayAtmaka rahatA hai / kisI vastu meM usa vastu ke sAtha anya vastu kA bhI anizcayAtmaka jJAna pradhAnataH una do vastuoM ke bIca sAdRzya ke kAraNa hI hotA hai / ataH, sandeha sAdRzyamUlaka alaGkAra mAnA gayA hai / sandeha aura saMzaya paryAyavAcI zabda haiM / alaGkAra ke rUpa meM sasandeha tathA sasaMzaya vyapadeza kA bhI prayoga huA hai / ina abhidhAnoM ke mUla meM yaha dhAraNA 1. draSTavya, zobhAkara, alaM0 ratnAkara, pR0 53 2. draSTavya, bhoja, sarasvatIkaNThA0 3,35-38

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516 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa rahI hogI ki isa alaGkAra meM sandeha yA saMzaya kI ukti rahatI hai; ataH ise sasandeha yA sasaMzaya (sandeha yA saMzaya kI ukti ke sAtha) kahA jAnA caahie| sandeha aura saMzaya nAma bhI sandeha yA saMzaya kI ukti kA artha hI vyakta karate haiM / ataH sandeha, saMzaya, sasandeha yA sasaMzaya-kisI bhI saMjJA se prastuta alaGkAra ko abhihita kiyA jA sakatA hai| AcArya bhAmaha ne sarvaprathama sasandeha alaGkAra kI kalpanA kara usakA svarUpa-nirUpaNa kiyA thaa| unake anusAra upamAna ke sAtha varNya kA abheda (tattva) tathA bheda-kathana sasandeha kA lakSaNa hai|' spaSTataH, bhAmaha ne ise sAdRzyamUlaka alaGkAra mAnA thaa| sAdRzya ke kAraNa pramAtA ko varNya viSaya meM upamAna kA saMzayAtmaka jJAna hotA hai kyoMki use upamAna se usa varNya meM bheda kI bhI pratIti hotI rahatI hai| prastuta tathA aprastuta meM abheda evaM bheda kI anizcayAtmaka manaHsthiti kA varNana camatkArapUrNa hone se sasandeha alaGkAra bana jAtA hai| AcArya daNDI ne saMzaya ke varNana meM alaGkAra kI sthiti to mAnI para use upamA se pRthak na mAnakara usakA saMzayopamA bheda svIkAra kiyaa| sAdRzyamUlaka hone para bhI saMzaya kI prakRti upamA se abhinna nahIM hai| ataH, ise svatantra alaGkAra mAnanA hI ucita hotA / daNDI ke anusAra sAdRzya meM paryavasita hone vAlI saMzayahetukA upamA sundara hone para saMzayopamA alaGkAra kahalAtI hai| udbhaTa ne bhAmahakRta sasandeha-lakSaNa ko hI svIkAra kiyA hai| unhoMne ise sandeha tathA sasandeha-donoM kahA hai| vastutaH, saha-vAcaka upasarga kA arthadRSTayA yahAM koI vailakSaNya nahIM hai| rAjAnaka tilaka kI mAnyatA hai ki isa alaGkAra ke sandeha tathA sasandeha-donoM nAma vyavahRta haiN| vAmana ne upameya meM atizaya yA camatkAra kA AdhAna karane ke lie 1. upamAnena tattvaM ca bhedaM ca vadataH punaH / sasandehaM vacaH stutyai sasandehaM viduryathA |--bhaamh, kAvyAlaM0 3, 43 2. draSTavya, daNDI, kAvyAdarza 2, 26 3. draSTavya, udbhaTa, kAvyAlaM0 sArasaM0 6, 2, 5

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alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [ 517 upamAna aura upameya kA saMzaya arthAt ubhayakoTika anizcayAtmaka jJAna sandeha alaGkAra kA lakSaNa mAnA hai|' rudraTa ne eka vastu meM sAdRzya ke kAraNa pramAtA ko aneka kA sandeha honA anizcaya-rUpa saMzaya kA lakSaNa maanaa| isake sAtha hI unhoMne isa alaGkAra ke nizcayagarbha aura nizcayAnta rUpa bhI svIkAra kiye / nizcayagarbha meM upameya meM asambhava vastu kA sadbhAva yA sambhava vastu kA abhAva tathA upamAna meM bhI isI taraha sambhava kA abhAva yA asambhava kA sadbhAva batAyA jAtA hai| jahA~ anta meM vastu kA nizcaya ho jAya, vahA~ nizcayAnta saMzaya hotA hai| anizcaya rUpa saMzaya hI sandeha kA zuddha rUpa hai; jisameM citta do vastu kI pratIti kI dolAcala sthiti meM rahatA hai / nizcayagarbha meM cittavRtti zuddha saMzaya kI sthiti se vitarka kI sthiti meM A jAtI hai tathA nizcayAnta meM vaha vitarka ke sahAre nizcayAtmaka jJAna kI sthiti meM pahu~ca jAtI hai| nizcayagarbha aura nizcayAnta sandeha ko saMzaya alaGkAra isalie mAnA jAtA hai ki ina donoM meM citta meM saMzaya kI utpatti ke bAda hI vitarka tathA usake sahAre nizcayAsmaka jJAna kI sthiti kA varNana hotA hai| bhAmaha ke samaya se hI sasandeha meM vitarka kI sthiti ko samAviSTa kiyA jAtA rahA hai| eka upameya meM do kI ( upamAna tathA upameya kI ) anizcayAtmaka pratIti hone para donoM meM bheda'nirUpaNa vitarka kA kArya hai| sandeha anizcayAtmaka jJAna kI eka vizeSa sthiti hai to vitarka sandigdha vastu meM tattva-jJAna kA sAdhana / alaGkArazAstra meM donoM ko sandeha alaGkAra mAna liyA gayA hai / kuntaka ke anusAra jahA~ kavi-pratibhA se sambhAvita (utprekSita) vastu kA svarUpa anya kI bhI utprekSA ke sambhava hone ke kAraNa sandeha kI sthiti ko prApta karatA hai, vahA~ sandeha alaGkAra mAnA jAtA hai| unhoMne isakA uddezya vizeSa saundarya kA AdhAna mAnA hai| mammaTa, ruyyaka, bhoja, vizvanAtha, zobhAkara, jayadeva, appayya dIkSita, jagannAtha Adi sabhI pramukha AlaGkArikoM 1. upamAnopameyayoratizayArtha yaH kriyate saMzayaH sa sandehaH / / -vAmana, kAvyAlaM. sU0 vRtti pR0 244 2. draSTavya, rudraTa, kAvyAlaM0 8, 56-65 3. yasminnutprekSitaM rUpaM sandehameti vastunaH / utprekSAntarasadbhAvAt vicchityai (sandeho mataH) // -kuntaka, vakroktijI0 3,42

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518 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa ne saMzayAtmaka manaHsthiti ke cArutApUrNa varNana meM sandeha alaGkAra mAnA hai / adhikAMza AcAryoM ko usake nizcayagarbha tathA nizcayAnta bheda mAnya haiM / ruyyaka ne zuddha, nizcayagarbha tathA nizcayAnta ke sAtha eka bhinnAzraya bheda bhI mAnA hai / sAdhAraNa dharma ke trividha nirdeza ke AdhAra para bhI sandeha ke tIna bheda mAne jA sakate haiM / ullekha ruyyaka ke 'alaGkAra-sUtra' meM ullekha alaGkAra kA prathama ullekha milatA hai / ruyyaka ne ise paribhASita karate hue kahA thA ki jahA~ eka vastu kA nimitta-bheda se aneka rUpa meM grahaNa hotA hai vahA~ ullekha alaGkAra hotA hai / " abhiprAya yaha ki jahA~ kavi pramAtA ke dvArA eka vastu kA aneka dharmoM ke yoga se, aneka rUpoM meM grahaNa kiye jAne kA varNana karatA hai, vahA~ ullekha alaGkAra mAnA jAtA hai / isameM eka vastu ke bahula rUpoM kA ullekha hotA hai / ataH, isakI saMjJA anvarthA hai / ruci bheda, tAtkAlika apekSA ke bheda, vyutpattibheda Adi se eka vastu kA anekadhA ullekha sambhava hotA hai / ruyyaka ne ullekha lakSaNa meM pramAtA kI anekatA kA ullekha nahIM kiyA thA; para 'alaGkArasarvasva' meM ullekha kA bhrAntimAn, abheda meM bheda-rUpa atizayokti Adi se bheda - nirUpaNa ke krama meM yaha kahA gayA hai ki ullekha meM aneka pramAtA hote haiM, jo eka vastu ko ruci Adi ke bheda se aneka rUpoM meM grahaNa kiyA karate haiM / eka vastu eka pramAtA ko usakI ruci Adi ke anurUpa eka rUpa meM gRhIta hotI hai; para dUsarA pramAtA usI vastu ko dUsare rUpa meM grahaNa karatA hai / vizvanAtha ne 'sAhityadarpaNa' meM ullekha ke do rUpoM kA saGketa diyA / unake anusAra eka vastu kA anekadhA ullekha kahIM pramAtA ke bheda se ho sakatA hai aura kahIM viSaya- bheda se / isa prakAra vizvanAtha ke anusAra eka vastu kA aneka pramAtAoM ke dvArA aneka rUpoM meM grahaNa hone kA varNana ullekha kA eka rUpa hogA aura eka pramAtA ke dvArA eka vastu kA viSaya-bheda se aneka rUpoM meM grahaNa hone kA varNana usakA dUsarA rUpa mAnA jAyagA / 1. ekasyApi nimittavazAdanekadhA grahaNa ullekhaH / --ruyyaka, alaGkArasarvasva sUtra saM0 19 2. kvacidbhedAdgrahItRNAM viSayANAM tathA kvacit / ekasyAnekadhollekho yaH sa ullekha iSyate // -- vizvanAtha, sAhityadarpaNa, 10, 53

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alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [ 519 'alaGkAraratnAkAra' meM zobhAkara ne sAmAnya rUpa se 'eka vastu kA bhanekadhA kalpana' ullekha kA svarUpa mAnA hai|' ve vizvanAtha ke anuyAyI jAna par3ate haiN| jayadeva ne aneka pramAtAoM ke dvArA eka vastu ke anekadhA ullekha-mAtra ko ullekha kA lakSaNa maanaa|2 appayya dIkSita ne bhI 'citramImAMsA' meM ullekha kA yahI lakSaNa mAnA hai; para 'kuvalayAnanda' meM unhoMne isake sAtha ullekha ke dUsare rUpa-eka pramAtA ke dvArA eka vastu kA viSaya-bheda se anekadhA ullekha-kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai| dIkSita ke dvArA kisI viSaya meM apanI mAnyatA ke sAtha usa viSaya meM pUrva-pracalita anya mAnyatAoM kA ullekha kiyA jAnA 'kuvalayAnanda' kA vaiziSTya hai| sambhava hai, dIkSita ullekha kA eka hI rUpa mAnate hoN| itanA spaSTa hai ki ullekha ke sambandha meM ukta do prakAra kI mAnyatAeM pracalita thiiN| ruyyaka ke ullekha-lakSaNa meM donoM kI sambhAvanA thii| ruyyaka ke ullekha-lakSaNa-sUtra kA nimitta-bheda se eka vastu kA aneka pramAtAoM dvArA anekadhA grahaNa tathA eka pramAtA ke dvArA bhI eka vastu kA nimitta-bheda se anekadhA grahaNa artha nikAlA jA sakatA hai| vidyAdhara, vidyAnAtha, jagannAtha Adi AcAryoM ne ullekha meM pramAtA-bheda Avazyaka mAnA hai| eka kI anekadhA kalpanA pramAtA-bheda se bhI sambhava hai aura viSaya-bheda se bhii| viSaya-bheda se eka vastu kA bhinna-bhinna rUpoM meM ullekha bhI ullekha alaGkAra kA eka rUpa mAnA jAnA caahie| bhataH, ullekha ke nimnalikhita do rUpa svIkArya haiM : (ka) jahA~ aneka pramAtA ruci Adi ke bheda se eka vastu ko aneka rUpoM meM grahaNa karate hoM tathA (kha) jahAM viSaya-bheda se eka vastu kA aneka rUpoM meM ullekha ho| ___ ruyyaka Adi AcAryoM ne ullekha-paribhASA meM 'grahaNa' zabda kA prayoga kiyA thaa| vidyAdhara, vidyAnAtha, vizvanAtha, jayadeva Adi ne 'grahaNa' ke sthAna para 'ullekha' zabda tathA zobhAkara Adi ne 'kalpana' zabda kA prayoga kiyaa| 1. ekasyAnekadhA kalpanamullekhaH / -zobhAkara, alaGkAra ratnAkara, sUtra 34 2. bahubhirbahudhollekhAdekasyollekhitA mtaa|-jydev, candrAloka, 5,23 3. draSTavya, appayya dI0 citramImAMsA, pR0 65 tathA kuvalayAnanda, 22-23

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520 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa ukta zabdoM ke prayoga se ullekha ke svarUpa meM koI antara nahIM aataa| sabakA tAtparya eka hI hai| ruyyaka Adi ke sAmane pramAtA the| pramAtA ke mAdhyama se jaba kavi ullekha alaGkAra kI yojanA karegA to pramAtAoM ke dvArA vastu ke vibhinna rUpoM kA kisa prakAra grahaNa kiyA jAtA hai, isI kA varNana vaha kregaa| isalie 'grahaNa' zabda kA prayoga sArthaka hai| kAvya kA samagra varNana kavi ke dvArA kalpita yA varNita hotA hai; ataH 'kalpana' tathA 'ullekha' zabdoM kA prayoga bhI samIcIna hI hai / atizayokti atizayokti ko bahuta hI mahattvapUrNa alaGkAra mAnA gayA hai| bhAmaha ne atizayokti ke svarUpa-vivecana-krama meM vakrokti arthAt uktigata vakratA ko isakA paryAya mAnakara atizayokti ko sabhI alaGkAroM kA prANa mAnA thaa|' daNDI ne bhI ise anya alaGkAroM kA Azraya mAnA hai / 2 alaGkAra-zAstra meM aneka alaGkAroM ke mUla meM atizayokti kA samAna tattva dekhakara unheM atizayoktimUlaka alaGkAra-varga meM vargIkRta kiyA gayA hai / rudraTa ko chor3a prAyaH sabhI AcAryoM ne atizayokti ko eka svatantra alaGkAra mAnakara usakA svarUpa-nirUpaNa kiyA hai / rudraTa ne atizayamUlaka aneka alaGkAroM kA mUla tattva atizayokti ko mAnA thaa| isIlie, sambhavataH, unhoMne atizayokti kI alaGkAra-vizeSa ke rUpa meM svatantra sattA nahIM maanii| ___Arambha meM atizayokti nAma ke anurUpa sAtizaya kathana ko ukta alaGkAra kA lakSaNa mAnA jAtA thaa| bhAmaha ne usakI paribhASA meM atilaukika varNana (lokAtikrAntagocara vacana) tathA guNAtizaya kA yoga apekSita mAnA thaa|' isa alaGkAra-vizeSa ke svarUpa-nirUpaNa ke samaya bhI bhAmaha isa tathya se anabhijJa nahIM the ki ukti kI atilaukikatA, guNAtizaya-varNana Adi prAyaH samagra kAvyoktiyoM meM vatta mAna rahate haiM / isIlie unhoMne atizayokti ke paryAya vakrokti ko sampUrNa kAvyArtha kA vibhAvaka aura sabhI alaGkAroM kA 1. saiSA sarvava vakroktiranayArthI vibhAvyate / yatno'syAM kavinA kAryaH ko'laMkAro'nayA vinA // -bhAmaha, kAvyAlaM0 2, 85 2. draSTavya, daNDI, kAvyAdarza 2, 220 3. draSTavya, bhAmaha, kAvyAlaM0 2, 81-84

Page #544
alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [521 vidhAyaka kahA thaa| spaSTataH, bhAmaha ko atizaya-ukti do rUpa abhISTa the--(1) samagra kAvyoktiyoM ke mUla meM nihita raha kara unameM saundarya kA AdhAna karane vAlA rUpa tathA (2) vizeSa alaGkAra ke rUpa meM varNya meM -guNAtizaya kA AdhAna karane vAlA tathA atilaukika varNana karane vAlA ruup| bhAmaha atizayokti ke sAmAnya aura vizeSa rUpa kA vibhAga nahIM kara paaye| udyotakAra ne bhAmaha ke ukta kathana kI vyAkhyA karate hue apanA yaha mantavya prakaTa kiyA hai ki usameM vakrokti kA tAtparya atizayokti alaGkAra nahIM ho sakatA, vahA~ kAvyagata camatkAra vivakSita hai / ' Anandavardhana ne bhI lokottara camatkAra vAlI ukti ko hI atizayokti mAnakara sarvAlaGkArarUpA kahA hogA, alaGkAra-vizeSa ko nahIM / 2 sAmAnya rUpa se kAvyoktiyoM meM rahane vAle atizaya yA vakratA ke tattva se atizayokti nAmaka alaGkAra-vizeSa ke bheda-nirUpaNa kI avazyakatA zeSa thii| daNDI, udbhaTa, Adi kI atizayokti kA svarUpa bhI sAmAnya aura vyApaka hI rhaa| daNDI ne vizeSa kA arthAt prastuta ke utkarSa kA atilaukika varNana atizayokti kA lakSaNa mAnA hai| spaSTataH daNDI kI atizayokti-dhAraNA bhAmaha kI dhAraNA se milatI-julatI hI hai / udbhaTa ne bhAmaha kA atizayokti-lakSaNa hI kiJcit zabdabheda se uddhRta kara diyA hai / kisI nimitta se atilaukika vacana ke nibandhana ko atizayokti kA lakSaNa mAnakara udbhaTa ne usake cAra bhedoM kA sodAharaNa nirUpaNa kiyA hai| 3 vAmana ne udbhaTa ke dvArA kalpita atizayokti ke cAra bhedoM meM se eka bheda 'bahirasataH sambhAvanAyAM nibaddhaH' ko hI atizayokti kA svarUpa svIkAra kiyaa| unake anusAra sambhAvya artha aura usake utkarSa kI kalpanA atizayokti hai|4 vAmana kI isa atizayokti-paribhASA kI kalpanA ke mUla meM bhI atizayokti abhidhAna kA yaugika artha hI hai / loka meM asiddha atilaukika artha kA utkarSapUrNa varNana vAmana ko atizayokti meM abhISTa hai| 1. udyotakArAstu 'vakroktiH vakratayA gauNatayA uktiH' iti vyAcakhyuH / ""sarvAlaGkArabIjameSeti bhAvaH / ayaM hi bhAmahAzayaH |-kaavypr0, bAlabodhinI TIkA, pR0 744 2. Anandavardhana, dhvanyAloka, 3, 37 tathA usakI vRtti, pR0 207-8 3. draSTavya, udbhaTa, kAvyAlaM0 sArasaM0 2, 23-25 / 4. sambhAvyadharmatadutkarSakalpanA'tizayoktiH / -vAmana, kAvyA0 4,3,10

Page #545
522 ] alaGkAra- dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa kuntaka ne daNDI Adi kI taraha varNya vastu ke sahRdayAhlAdakArI dharmaM kA camatkAra ke sAtha apUrva atizaya varNana atizayokti kA lakSaNa mAnA / agnipurANakAra ne bhI loka-sImA kA atikramaNa karane vAle vastu-dharma kA varNana atizaya kA mukhya lakSaNa mAnA / sAtizaya yA alaukika varNana ke bhedoM kA nirdeza karate hue unhoMne guNa, jAti, kriyA Adi kA vaikalya( lokaprasiddha guNa, jAti, kriyA Adi kA viparyaya) atizayokti meM apekSita mAnA hai aura ise vizeSokti kahA hai / yaha vizeSokti-lakSaNa daNDI ke vize-Sokti-lakSaNa se abhinna hai / 2 bhoja kevala guNa tathA kriyA kA hI atizaya-pUrNa varNana atizayokti meM apekSita mAnate haiM / unakI mAnyatA hai ki jAti: aura dravya meM atizaya kI kalpanA sambhava hI nahIM / ataH atizayokti guNa aura kriyAgata hI hotI hai| bhoja ne prabhAva, anubhava tathA anyonya kI atizayatA ko bhI atizayokti kA kSetra svIkAra kiyA hai / 3 mammaTa ke samaya atizayokti ke svarUpa meM vikAsa kI eka nizcita dizA AyI / AcArya mammaTa ne atizayokti ko viziSTa rUpa diyA / isa taraha atizayokti alaGkAra ko sAmAnya atizaya - pUrNa varNana se bhinna apanA svatantra astitva milA / mammaTa ne udbhaTa ke dvArA kalpita atizayokti ke sambhAvyamAna artha - nibandhana tathA kArya-kAraNa- paurvAparya viparyaya bhedoM ko svIkAra kiyA hai, jo alaukika varNana ke do rUpa haiM, kintu paribhASA meM 'prastuta aura aprastuta bIca adhyavasAna' ( AhAryAbhedanizcaya ) kA ullekha mammaTa kI vizeSatA hai / unake anusAra upamAna ke dvArA upameya kA nigaraNa kara ( upamAna se pRthak upameya kA nirdeza na kara ) upameya kA adhyavasAna arthAt AhArya abheda - jJAna karAnA atizayokti kA eka rUpa hai, prastuta kA anyatva rUpa se varNana usakA dUsarA rUpa hai, 'yadi' artha kI kalpanA se sambhAvya artha kA nibandhana tathA 1. yasyAmatizayaH ko'pi vicchittyA pratipAdyate / varNanIyasya dharmANAM tadvidAhlAdadAyinAm / -- kuntaka, vakroktijI0 3, 26. 2. agnipurANa, 344, 25-26, tulanIya - daNDI kAvyAdarza, 2, 323 3. draSTavya, bhoja, sarasvatIkaNThA0 4, 81-84

Page #546
alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [ 523. kAryakAraNa ke paurvAparya kA viparyaya usake aura do rUpa haiN|' upamAna se upameya ke adhyavasAna kI kalpanA maulika hai| prastuta ke anya prakAreNa varNana kI kalpanA kA AdhAra udbhaTa kI 'bheda meM abheda tathA abheda meM bheda' kI kalpanA hai| 'kAvyaprakAza' kI 'nAgezvarI' TIkA meM atizayokti ke prathama bheda-upamAna se upameya ke adhyavasAnarUpa-ke udAharaNa-zloka meM 'bheda meM abheda' kA adhyavasAya dikhA kara ukta bheda ko udbhaTa ke 'bhedenAnyatva' rUpa atizayokti se abhinna batAne kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| para isa tathya kI upekSA nahIM kI jA sakatI ki mammaTa kA atizayokti-lakSaNa vikAsa kI dRSTi se pUrvavartI AcAryoM ke lakSaNa se agrima caraNa hai| ruyyaka ne mammaTa ke mata kA anusaraNa karate hue adhyavasita ke prAdhAnya ke sthala meM atizayokti kI sattA svIkAra kii|2 upamAna ke dvArA upameya kA nigaraNa hone se adhyavasAya kA svarUpa banatA hai| isa meM upameya to sadA goNa hI rahatA hai / ataH, pradhAnatA yA to adhyavasAya rUpa kriyA kI ho sakatI hai yA upamAna kii| adhyavasAna sAdhya ho to kriyA kI pradhAnatA hogI, jo utprekSA kA vidhAna kregii| atizayokti meM adhyavasAna siddha hotA hai| ataH, pradhAnatA upamAna kI rahatI hai| adhyavasita ke prAdhAnya meM atizayokti mAnane vAlA yaha mata mammaTa ke 'pareNa (upamAna se) prakRtasya nigIryAdhyavasAna' ke mata se abhinna hai| vizvanAtha ne mammaTa, ruyyaka Adi kI atizayokti-dhAraNA kA hI anugamana kiyA hai| unhoMne atizayokti kI paribhASA meM kahA hai ki 'adhyavasAya kA siddha honA' atizayokti alaGkAra hai| zobhAkara, jayadeva, appayya, dIkSita, vidyAdhara, vidyAnAtha, jagannAtha Adi AcAryoM ne mammaTaruyyaka-vizvanAtha-sammata atizayokti-lakSaNa hI apanAyA hai| jagannAtha ke 1. nigIryAdhyavasAnantu prakRtasya pareNa yat / prastutasya yadanyatvaM yadyarthoktau ca kalpanam / kAryakAraNayoryazca paurvAparyaviparyayaH / vijJeyAtizayoktiH sA-mammaTa, kAvyapra0 10,153 2. adhyavasitaprAdhAnye tvatizayoktiH / -ruyyaka, alaM0 sarvasva sUtra saM0 22. 3. siddhatve'dhyavasAyasyAtizayoktinigadyate / -vizvanAtha, sAhityada0 10,64

Page #547
*524 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa anusAra upamAna ke dvArA upameya kA nigaraNa ( jo adhyavasAya kA svarUpa hai ) hI atizayokti hai / 1 appayya dIkSita ne nigIryAdhyavAsana - rUpa atizayokti ko rUpakAtizayokti saMjJA dI hai / unhoMne sApahnavAtizayokti kI bhI kalpanA kI hai / kArya-kAraNa- paurvAparya ke vyatyaya ko lekara capalA, atyantA Adi atizayokti vidhAe~ unhoMne mAnI haiM | 3 atizayokti-bheda udbhaTa ke pUrva pratizayokti ke bhedopabhedoM kA nirUpaNa saiddhAntika rUpa meM to nahIM huA thA; para daNDI ne atizayokti ke saMzaya, nirNaya tathA AzrayAdhikya rUpoM ke udAharaNa diye the / 4 udbhaTa ne usake cAra rUpa mAne haiM - (1) bheda meM abheda, (2) abheda meM bheda, (3) vastutaH asat kA sambhAvanA meM nibandhana tathA * (4) kArya aura kAraNa ke paurvAparya kA viparyaya / 5 mammaTa ne bhI atizayokti ke cAra rUpa svIkAra kiye - ( 1 ) upamAna se upameya kA nigaraNapUrvaka adhyavasAna, (2) prastuta kA anyatva, (3) 'yadi' ke artha kI kalpanA yA sambhAvanA se nibandhana tathA ( 4 ) kAryakAraNapaurvAparyaviparyaya / 6 ruyyaka ne bheda meM abhada abheda meM bheda sambandha meM asambandha rUpa bheda mAnA hai / isake viparIta asambandha meM sambandha bheda hotA hai / kAryakAraNapaurvAparya viparyaya kI jagaha - ruyyaka ne 'kAryakAraNapaurvAparyavidhvaMsa' kahA hai / kArya aura kAraNa ke - svAbhAvika krama kA dhvaMsa kArya kA kAraNa se pUrva-bhAva tathA sahabhAva dikhAne se ho sakatA hai / isa prakAra ruyyaka ke anusAra kAryakAraNa paurvAparyadhvaMsa ke do rUpa haiM / jayaratha ne isa dhvaMsa ke pA~ca rUpa mAne haiM / unake anusAra do prakAra se kAryakAraNa kA dhvaMsa dikhAyA jA sakatA hai aura tIna prakAra 1. viSayiNA viSayasya nigaraNamatizayoktiH .... / jagannAtha, rasagaMgA 0 pR0 476 2. rUpakAktizayoktiH syAnnigIryAdhyavasAnataH / - appayyadI0, kuvalayA 0 36 3. vahI, 37-43 4. draSTavya, daNDI, kAvyAdarza, 2, 217 -19 5. draSTavya, udbhaTa, kAvyAlaM0 sArasaM0 2,23-25 6. mammaTa, kAvyapra0 10, 153 7. ruyyaka, alaM0 sarvasva pR0 66-66

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alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [ 525. se kAryakAraNa ke paurvAparya kA dhvNs| prasiddha kAraNa ko kArya tathA kArya ko kAraNa kahanA kAryakAraNa ke dhvaMsa ke do rUpa haiN| kArya kA kAraNa se pUrva-bhAva, saha-bhAva tathA prasiddha kAryoM meM kramaviparyaya dikhAnA usake paurvAparya ke dhvaMsa ke tIna rUpa haiN|' jayadeva tathA appayya dIkSita ne ukta bhedoM ko samIkRta kara svIkAra kiyA hai| isa prakAra unake anusAra 'bheda meM abheda' yA upamAna se upameya kA nigaraNa kara adhyavasAna rUpakAtizayokti hai| bheda meM abheda, abheda meM bheda, sambandha meM asambandha, asambandha meM sambandha, kAryakAraNa-paurvAparya-viparyaya ke caJcalAtizayokti, atyantAtizayokti, capalAtizayokti Adi bheda appayya ko mAnya haiM / pratIpa pratIpa kA utsa upamA hai| use svatantra alaGkAra ke rUpa meM svIkRti milane ke pUrva upamA ke hI eka prakAra ke rUpa meM usake svarUpa kA vivecana ho rahA thaa| pratIpa saMjJA kI anvarthatA bhI upamA se usake svarUpa ke viparyaya kI kalpanA meM hI hai| upamA ke svarUpa meM viparyaya kI nimnalikhita prakriyAe~ sambhava haiM--(ka) prasiddha upamAna ko upameya ke rUpa meM kalpita kara upameya ke sAtha usakI tulanA karanA aura (kha) upameya kI tulanA meM upamAna ko usase adhika utkarSavAn na pAkara usa para anukampA yA usakI nindA karanA / upamAna kI upameya ke sAtha tulanA karate hue usakA upamAnatva aniSpanna batAnA tathA upamAna ke prayojana kA abhAva batAnA Adi bhI isake anya rUpa ho sakate haiN| upamA meM upameya kI upamAna ke sAtha tulanA karane kA sIdhA krama hai| pratIpa meM usa krama kA viparyaya ho jAtA hai| upamA-yojanA ke mUla meM upameya ko apekSA upamAna ke guNAdhikya kI dhAraNA nihita rahatI hai| pratIpa meM usa dhAraNA kA viparyaya hotA hai| upamAna meM guNAdhikya kA abhAva mAnakara yA to usa utkarSAbhAva ke lie usa para dayA prakaTa kI jAtI hai yA usakI nindA kI jAtI hai| kucha AcAryoM ne upameya se upamAna kI hInatA kI kalpanA kara usake samAna hone ke kAraNa upameya kI duravasthA para dayA yA nindA kA bhAva prakaTa karanA pratIpa kA svarUpa mAnA hai| isameM bhI prasiddha upamAna ke guNotkarSa kI dhAraNA kA viparyaya svIkRta hai| daNDI ne 1. jayaratha, vimazinI pR0 87 2. appayyadI0, kuvalayA0 36-43

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'526 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa upamA ke bheda-nirUpaNa-krama meM usake viparyaya para AdhRta viparyAsopamA kA sodAharaNa vivecana kiyA thA, jisameM prasiddha upamAna kI upameya ke rUpa meM kalpanA dikhAyI gayI thii|' vAmana ise kalpitA upamA se abhinna maaneNge| unake anusAra loka-prasiddha upamAna ko upameya banA denA kavi kI kalpanA kA vyApAra hai; ataH yaha kalpitA upamA hai| vAmana ke paravartI AcArya rudraTa ne pratIpa ko svatantra alaGkAra ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyaa| taba se usakA * svatantra astitva mAnA jAtA rahA hai| jayadeva ne pratIpa ke eka rUpa 'upamAna ke upameyatva-prakalpana' ko pratIpopamA kahakara upamA se usake nikaTa sambandha kA saGkata kiyA hai / 3 astu ! aitihAsika dRSTi se sarvaprathama rudraTa ne pratIpa ko svatantra alaGkAra mAnakara usakA svarUpa-nirUpaNa kiyA thaa| unhoMne pratIpa ko paribhASita karate hue kahA ki jahAM upameya kI atizaya stuti ke lie use upamAna ke samAna hone ke kAraNa usakI duravasthA para anukampA yA nindA prakaTa kI jAya, vahA~ pratIpa hotA hai| sAmAnyataH, upameya ko upamAna ke sadRza kahane meM usakA (upameya kA) guNotkarSa vyakta hotA hai; para pratIpa meM kavi yaha mAna letA hai ki upameya ke upamAna ke samAna hone se usake guNa kA apakarSa ho gyaa| ataH vaha upameya para anukampA karatA hai yA usakI nindA karatA hai| pariNAmataH, isa prakAra kI kalpanA meM upameya kI stuti hI vyajita hotI hai| upameya itanA utkRSTa hai ki dUsarI koI bhI vastu ( upamAna ) usakI samatA kara le, yaha usakI duravasthA kA sUcaka hai| kavi kI anukampA yA nindA se upameya ke utkarSa kI siddhi meM hI alaGkAratva hai| AcArya mammaTa ne rudraTa kI pratIpa-dhAraNA ko asvIkAra kara usake do rUpoM ko svatantra rUpa se paribhASita kiyaa| unake anusAra upamAna kA AkSepa (nindA yA niSedha ) pratIpa kA eka rUpa hai tathA usake (upamAna ke) 1. draSTavya, daNDI, kAvyAdarza 2,17 2. iyameva ( viparyAsopamAmeva ) kalpitA' ityAha vAmanaH / -kAvyAdarza, kusumapratimA TIkA pR076 3. draSTavya, jayadeva, candrAloka, 5, 14 4. yatrAnukampyate samamupamAne nindyate vApi / upameyamatistotu duravasthamiti pratIpaM syAt / / -rudraTa, kAvyAlaM0 8,76

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alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [ 527 anAdara ke lie use upameya ke rUpa meM kalpita kara lenA pratIpa kA dUsarA rUpa hai|' mammaLa bhI upamAna ke anAdara tathA upamAna ke upameyatva kI kalpanA kA uddezya upameya kA utkarSa-sAdhana hI mAnate haiN| mammaTa ke pratIpa kA dUsarA rUpa ( upamAna kA upameyatva prakalpana-rUpa ) daNDI kI viparyAsopamA ke rUpa se abhinna hai| upamAna kA AkSepa unakI navIna kalpanA hai| rudraTa ne upameya kI stuti ke lie usI kI nindA yA usa para anukampA pratIpa kA lakSaNa mAnA thaa| mammaTa ne upameya ke utkarSa ke lie upamAna kA AkSepa apekSita maanaa| yahI mata adhika samIcIna jAna par3atA hai| upameya kI stuti ke lie upamAna se sAdRzya ke kAraNa usa upameya kI hI nindA vyAjastuti kA kSetra ho jaaygii| ruyyaka ne mammaTa kI pratIpa-dhAraNA ko hI sUtrabaddha kiyA hai|2 vizvanAtha, zobhAkara, jayadeva, appayyadIkSita jagannAtha, Adi AcAryoM ne mammaTa-ruyyaka kI pratIpa-dhAraNA ko hI svIkAra kara paribhASita kiyA hai| niSkarSataH, pratIpa ke do pramukha rUpa svIkRta haiM"(ka) upamAna kI upameya ke rUpa meM kalpanA tathA (kha) upameya ko hI upamAna ke kArya kA niSpAdaka mAnakara upamAna kA AkSepa / pratIpa ke bheda pratIpa ke uparilikhita do bhedoM ke aura bhI upabheda kalpita hue haiN| mammaTa, ruyyaka Adi kI upamAna ke AkSepa kI dhAraNA ke kaI rUpa sambhava haiM--(ka) 'yaha upameya to hai hI, phira upamAna kA kyA kAma ?' isa ukti se upamAna kA nyagbhAva yA usakI vyarthatA; (kha) upameya ke sAmane upamAna kI nindA; tathA (ga) varNya ke sAtha anya upamAna kI aniSpatti kA kathana / appayya dIkSita ne 'anya upameya ke prApta hone para varNya ke anAdara' ko bhI pratIpa kA ekabheda mAnA hai| anya kA lAbha hone para hI varNya kA yaha anAdara alaGkAra banatA hai| ukta AdhAra para paNDitarAja jagannAtha ko bhI pratIpa ke pAMca bheda mAnya haiN| 1. AkSepa upamAnasya prtiipmupmeytaa| tasyaiva yadi vA kalpyA tiraskAranibandhanam // -mammaTa, kAvyapra0 10,201 2, upamAnasyAkSepa upameyatAkalpanaM vA pratIpam / / -ruyyaka, alaM0 sarvasva, sUtra saM0 66 3. draSTavya, apyayya dIkSita, kuvalayA0 12-16 4. draSTavya, jagannAtha, rasagaMgA0 pR0 784

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528 ] vinokti huI / vinokti alaGkAra kI kalpanA alaGkAra-zAstra meM bahuta pIche calakara mammaTa ke pUrvavartI AlaGkArikoM ne isakI sattA kI kalpanA nahIM kI thI / mammaTa ne vinokti kA sarvaprathama vivecanaM kiyA / isakI kalpanA sahokti ke vaiparItya ke AdhAra para kI gayI hai / sahokti meM eka ke sAtha dUsare kA kathana hotA hai; isake viparIta vinokti meM eka ke binA dUsare meM zobhA athavA azobhA kA abhAva varNita hotA hai / isIlie 'alaGkAra sarvasva' meM vinokti ko sahokti kA pratibhaTa kahA gayA hai / " mammaTa ne vinokti kI paribhASA meM yaha dhAraNA prakaTa kI hai ki jahA~ anya ke binA anya kA azobhana honA yA zobhana honA varNita ho, vahA~ vinokti alaGkAra hotA hai / 2 vinokti kA svarUpa niSedha-pradhAna hai / paribhASA meM usake vidhi-rUpa kA nirdeza nahIM kiyA gayA hai / mammaTa kI vinokti - paribhASA kA saralArtha yaha hogA ki vinokti meM eka ke abhAva meM dUsarI vastu ( varNya-vastu) kA zobhana yA azobhana na honA kahA jAya / kintu, mammaTa ne vinokti ke dUsare rUpa kA jo udAharaNa diyA hai, usameM azobhana na hone kA niSedha - mukhena ullekha na kara vidhimukhena zobhana hone kA - ' sundarAzaya' hone kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai / mammaTa ne vinokti kI paribhASA paraka kArikA kI vyAkhyA karate hue usakI vRtti meM svayaM 'sat na' kA artha azobhana tathA 'na itara' kA artha zobhana mAnA hai / isa taraha kisI vastu ke binA kisI ke zobhana na hone kA niSedhamukhena varNana ho yA azobhana hone kA vidhimukhena ullekha ho tathA isake viparIta kisI vastu ke abhAva meM kisI ke azobhana na hone kA niSedhamukhena varNana ho yA zobhana hone kA vidhimukhena ullekha ho; ina sabhI sthitiyoM meM vinoktiH alaGkAra kA sadbhAva mAnA jAyagA / paribhASA meM zobhana na hone tathA azobhana na hone -- jaise niSedhAtmaka zabdoM kA prayoga vicAraNIya hai / yaha prazna kiyA jA sakatA hai ki jaba eka ke abhAva meM dUsare kI sundaratA yA kurUpatA kA vidhimukha se varNana bhI vinokti meM ho sakatA hai to, paribhASA meM niSedha - - alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa 1, sahokti pratibhaTabhUtAM vinokti lakSayati / -- ruyyaka, alaM0 sarvasva pR0 86 2. vinoktiH sA vinA'nyena yatrAnyaH sanna netaraH / - mammaTa, kAvyapra0 10, 171

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alaGkAroM kA svarUpa - vikAsa [ 526 paraka zabdoM ke prayoga kA kyA uddezya thA ? isa prazna ke uttara meM alaGkAra sarvasvakAra ne kahA hai ki vinokti meM eka ke abhAva kA dUsare ke abhAva se prayukta hone kA bhAva spaSTa karane ke lie paribhASA meM abhAva-vAcI zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| AcArya ruyyaka ne mammaTa kI vinokti-dhAraNA ko hI sUtrabaddha karate hue kahA hai ki kisI vastu ke vinA anya ke zobhanatva yA azobhanatva kA abhAva kahanA vinokti alaGkAra hai / dUsare zabdoM meM kahA jA sakatA hai ki kisI vastu ke abhAva meM anya vastu ke azobhana yA zobhana hone kA varNana vinokti hai / vizvanAtha ne mammaTa tathA ruyyaka kI vinokti-sambandhI mAnyatA ko hI svIkAra kiyA hai / unhoMne 'sat' ke sthAna para zobhana ke lie 'sAdhu' zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai / sAdhu tathA asAdhu zabdoM ke artha kA spaSTIkaraNa unhoMne zobhana aura azobhana zabdoM se kiyA hai / 3 mammaTa aura rumyaka ne bhI vRtti meM zobhana azobhana zabdoM kA hI prayoga kiyA thA / spaSTataH, mammaTa se vizvanAtha ke samaya taka vinokti ke svarUpa meM koI vikAsa nahIM huA / jayadeva, appayya dIkSita Adi ne vinokti kA bhAvAtmaka svarUpa nirUpita kiyA / unake anusAra kisI vastu ke vinA prastuta ko ( vidhimukha se ) hIna kahanA vinokti hai / kisI ke abhAva meM prastuta ko ramya kahanA bhI vinokti alaGkAra mAnA jAtA hai / isa paribhASA meM prAcIna AcAryoM ke 'anya' zabda kI jagaha 'prastuta' kA ullekha isakA vaiziSTya hai / kavi kisI vastu ke abhAva meM varNanIya vastu kI hI honatA yA ramaNIyatA kA varNana karatA hai / hInatA yA ramaNIyatA ke vidhimukha se varNana para bala denA bhI isa paribhASA kI vizeSatA hai / isase mammaTa Adi kI vinokti dhAraNA se appayya kI dhAraNA meM koI maulika antara to nahIM AyA, para jisa bAta ko mammaTa, 1. atrAzobhanazobhanatvasattAyAmeva vaktavyAyAmasattAmukhenAbhidhAnamanyanivRttiprayuktA tannivRttiriti khyApanArtham / -- ruyyaka alaM0 sarvasva pR0 86 2. vinA kiJcidanyasya sadasattvAbhAvo vinoktiH / - vahI, sUtra saM0 30 3. draSTavya, vizvanAtha, sahityada0 10, tathA usakI vRtti pR0 664 4. vinoktizcevinA kiJcitprastutaM hInamucyate / taccet kiJcidvinA ramyaM vinoktiH sApi kathyate / 34 appayadI0 kuvalayA0 59, 60

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530 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa ruyyaka, vizvanAtha Adi prakArAntara se ( zobhanatva-varNana ko azobhanatvAbhAva varNana tathA azobhanatva-varNana ko zobhanatvAbhAva-varNana ke rUpa meM ) kaha rahe the, use appayya ne sarala rUpa meM prastuta kiyA hai| appayya dIkSita ke bAda vinokti-dhAraNA meM koI parivartana nahIM huaa| niSkarSataH, vinokti ke nimnalikhita do rUpa sAmane Ate haiM : (1) kisI vastu ke abhAva meM dUsarI (varNya) vastu ke azobhana yA hIna hone kA kathana tathA (2) kisI vastu ke abhAva meM dUsarI ( varNya) vastu ke zobhana yA ramya hone kA varNana / ___eka ke abhAva meM dUsarI vastu kI ramaNIyatA tathA aramaNIyatA kA ullekha bhAvAtmaka tathA abhAvAtmaka; donoM rUpoM meM ho sakatA hai| anyokti ___ anyokti ko alaGkAra ke rUpa meM saMskRta-alaGkAra-zAstra meM vizeSa gaurava 'prApta nahIM ho skaa| hindI rIti-zAstra meM use apekSAkRta adhika mahattva prApta huA hai| kAvya ke kSetra meM anyoktiyAM bahuta lokapriya huI haiM / saMskRta tathA hindI meM anyokti para AdhRta aneka racanAe~ upalabdha haiM / isa prakAra anyokti kAvya kI eka vizeSa zailI hI bana gayI hai| vizeSa alaGkAra ke rUpa meM bhanyokti kA svarUpa-nirUpaNa sarvaprathama AcArya rudraTa ne kiyA thaa| unhoMne anyokti kI paribhASA meM kahA thA ki isameM upamAna kA kathana hotA hai aura usase asamAna vizeSaNa vAle (kahIM-kahIM samAna vizeSaNa vAle bhI), kintu samAna itivRtta vAle upamAna kI pratIti ho jAtI hai|' upamAna ke sampUrNa vyApAra kA varNana kavi kara detA hai aura usake samAna vyApAra vAle varNya kI vyaJjanA ho jAtI hai / kavi ko jisa vastu kA varNana abhipreta rahatA hai, usakA pratyakSataH kathana na kara vaha usake samAna itivRtta vAle aprastuta kA varNana karatA hai| itivRtta kI samatA hI aprastuta se prastuta ke bodha meM kAraNa hotI hai| rudraTa ne aprastuta ke kayana se prastuta kI pratIti ko samAsokti kA bhI svarUpa mAnA thA; kintu unakI samAsokti se anyokti kA bheda yaha hai ki 1. asamAnavizeSaNamapi yatra samAnetivRttamupameyam / uktena gamyate paramapamAneneti sA'nyoktiH / / -rudaTa, kAvyAlaM08, 74

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.. alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [531 samAsokti meM jahA~ aprastuta se prastuta kI pratIti kA hetu vizeSaNa-sAmya hotA hai, vahAM anyokti meM usakA hetu itivRtta kA sAmya hotA hai| rudraTa ke pUrvavartI AcAryoM ne aprastutaprazaMsA kA svarUpa-nirUpaNa kiyA thA, jisameM prastuta artha kA bodha karAne vAle aprastuta ke kathana kI dhAraNA vyakta kI gayI thii| rudraTa ne usa aprastutaprazaMsA kA ullekha na kara anyokti kA vivecana kiyA hai| sambhava hai ki unhoMne aprastutaprazaMsA ke paryAya ke rUpa meM anyokti zabda kA prayoga kiyA ho| saMskRta ke samartha AlaGkArika anyokti ko aprastutaprazaMsA kA hI apara paryAya mAnate rhe| isIlie rudraTa ke anyoktinirUpaNa ke uparAnta bhI kisI samartha AcArya ne anyokti ko svatantra alaGkAra nahIM maanaa| hemacandra tathA vAgbhaTa ( dvitIya )-jaise kucha gauNa mahattva ke AcAryoM ne hI saMskRta meM anyokti kA svarUpa-nirUpaNa kiyA hai| ina AcAryoM ne anyokti ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM koI navIna kalpanA nahIM kii| hemacandra ne mammaTa Adi ke aprastutaprazaMsA alaGkAra ko hI sabheda sUtrabaddha kara diyA hai|' unhoMne anyokti ko aprastutaprazaMsA kA hI dUsarA nAma mAnA hai / ataH, unhoMne anyokti se pRthak aprastutaprazaMsA kA vivecana nahIM kiyA hai| hindI rIti-sAhitya meM kezava ne anyokti kA svarUpa-nirUpaNa kiyA hai| unakI anyokti prAcIna AcAryoM kI aprastutaprazaMsA hI hai / 2 bhikhArIdAsa ne anyokti ko aprastutaprazaMsA kA paryAya to nahIM mAnA; para aprastutaprazaMsA kA vidhAyaka mUlatattva avazya maanaa| unhoMne anyokti ko vizeSa alaGkAra na mAnakara aprastutaprazaMsA, samAsokti, paryAyokta Adi kA samAna mUlatattva mAnA hai| unake anusAra chaha alaGkAra anyoktimUlaka haiN| hindI ke kulapati. 1. sAmAnyavizeSe kArya kAraNe prastute tadanyasya tulye tulyasya coktirnyoktiH| -hemacandra, kAvyAnu0 6 pR0 307 tulanIya-mammaTa kA aprastutaprazaMsA-lakSaNa evaM bheda / -kAvyapra0 10, 111-52 2. aurahi prati ju bakhAniye kachu aura ko bAta / anya ukti tehi kahata haiM, baranata kavi na aghAta // -kezava, kavipriyA pR0 242 3. aprastuta parasaMsa au prastuta aMkura lekhi / samAsokti, vyAjastunyau, AkSepaM abarekhi / parajAjokti-sa~meta kiya SaTa bhUSana ika Thaura / jAMni sakala anyokti meM, sunoM sukabi sira-maura // -bhikhArIdAsa, kAvyanirNaya, 12, 1-2 pR0 297

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532 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa somanAtha, Adi AcAryoM ne bhI anyokti ko aprastutaprazaMsA se abhinna mAnA hai| niSkarSataH, anyokti sArUpya-nibandhana-rUpa aprastutaprazaMsA kA hI paryAya mAnI gayI hai| yaha anyokti yA aprastutaprazaMsA ke svarUpa kA camatkAra hai ki use kAvya kI eka vizeSa zailI kA rUpa prApta ho gayA hai| anyokti ke isa mahattva tathA usakI lokapriyatA ko dekhate hue hI kucha vidvAnoM ne anyokti kA aprastutaprazaMsA alaGkAra se svatantra astitva mAnane kA sujhAva diyA hai| para, anyokti kI prasiddhi ko dekhate hue use usake apane hI mUla rUpa se pRthak mAna lene meM koI yukti nhiiN| sAmya sarvaprathama AcArya rudraTa ne sAmya ko svatantra alaGkAra mAnakara usake svarUpa kA nirUpaNa kiyaa| unhoMne ise aupamyamUlaka alaGkAra mAnakara upamA se isake svarUpa meM kucha vaiziSTya kA AdhAna karanA caahaa| jaisA ki sAmya ke nAma se spaSTa hai, isameM upamAna aura upameya kI samAnatA kA ullekha hotA hai| donoM kA sAmya yA sAdharmya to upamA meM bhI pradarzita hotA hai, phira sAmya kA upamA se bheda kyA hogA ? rudraTa ne donoM ke bheda-nirUpaNa ke lie sAmya kI paribhASA meM kucha vyAvartaka tattva jor3e haiN| unake anusAra upamAna tathA upameya ke bIca sAdhAraNa rUpa se rahane vAle guNa, kriyA, saMsthAna Adi se prayojya artha-kriyA se jahAM upameya upamAna kI samatA prApta kara letA hai, vahA~ sAmya alavAra hotA hai|' upamAna ke sAtha upameya kA aisA sAmya ki upameya upamAna kA-sA kArya sampAdita kara de, sAmya alaGkAra kA svarUpa hai| usako dUsare prakAra kI kalpanA karate hue rudraTa ne kahA hai ki jahA~ upameya aura upamAna meM sarvathA sAmya dikhA kara bhI kavi upameya ke utkarSa-dyotana ke lie unameM vaiziSTya batAve, vahAM bhI sAmya alaGkAra hotA hai| isa dvitIya sAmya kA svarUpa bhAmaha Adi ke vyatireka ke samAna hai| paravartI AcAryoM ne bhI aise sthala meM vyatireka hI mAnA hai| 1. arthakriyayA yasminnupamAnasya tisAmyamupameyam / tatsAmAnyaguNAdikakAraNayA tadbhavetsAmyam // -rudraTa, kAvyAlaM. 8,105 2. sarvAkAraM yasminnubhayorabhidhAtumanyathA saamym| upameyotkarSakaraM kurvIta vizeSamanyattat // vahI, 8,107

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alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [ 533 bhoja ne sAmya ko svatantra alaGkAra mAna kara usakA vivecana kiyA hai| unhoMne sAmya ke sambandha meM rudraTa kI dhAraNA ko hI svIkAra kiyA hai; para usameM unhoMne dRSTAntokti, prativastUkti Adi alaGkAroM ko antarbhukta mAna liyA hai| ___ saMskRta-alaGkArazAstra ke anya AcAryoM ne sAmya kA svatantra astitva svIkAra nahIM kiyA hai| pratyanIka pratyanIka alaGkAra kA svarUpa-nirUpaNa sarvaprathama rudraTa ne kiyA thaa| unhoMne ise aupamyagarbha alaGkAra mAnA thaa| unakI mAnyatA thI ki jahAM kavi prastuta ke utkarSa-sAdhana ke lie usake vijigISu ke rUpa meM aprastuta kI yojanA karegA, vahA~ pratyanIka nAmaka alaGkAra hogaa| upamAna upameya se spardhA karatA huA use jItane kI icchA se usakA virodhI bane; yaha varNana pariNAmataH upameya kA utkarSa hI pramANita kregaa| sAmAnyataH, upamAna upameya kI apekSA adhika utkarSazAlI mAnA jAtA hai; para jahAM upameya ke guNotkarSa ko dekha kara upamAna bhI use guNoM se jItane kI kAmanA karane lage aura usakA virodhI bana jAya, vahA~ vizeSa bhaGgI se upameya ke utkarSa kA pratipAdana hone se alaGkArasva hogA hii| aise alaGkAra ko rudraTa pratyanIka kaheMge / rudraTa ne pratyanIka meM tIna bAteM Avazyaka mAnI haiM--(ka) isameM upamAna ko upameya kA virodhI kahA jAtA hai, (kha) upamAna apane guNoM se upameya ko jItane kI icchA se usakA virodhI banA huA batAyA jAtA hai tathA (ga) upamAna ko upameya kA vijigISu yA virodhI batAne meM kavi kA uddezya upameya kI uttamatA kA pratipAdana hotA hai / 2 mammaTa ke samaya pratyanIka ke lakSaNa meM thor3A vikAsa huaa| mammaTa ne prastuta alaGkAra ke nAma kA yaugika artha dRSTi meM rakhate hue usake svarUpa kA vyAkhyAna kiyaa| unhoMne pratyanIka ke sambandha meM rudraTa kI mUla dhAraNA ko svIkAra karane para bhI use kucha svatantra rUpa se paribhASita kiyA hai| 1. draSTavya, bhoja, sarasvatIkaNThA0 pR0 366-76 / 2. vakta mupameyamuttamamupamAnaM tajjigISayA yatra / tasya virodhItyuktyA kalpyeta pratyanIkaM tat / / -rudraTa, kAvyAlaM08,62

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534 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa rudraTa kI taraha mammaTa ne bhI isa alaGkAra kA uddezya varNanIya artha kI stuti yA usakA utkarSa-pratipAdana mAnA hai| varNya se anya kA hInatA-bodha, jo use varNya kA virodhI banAtA hai, mammaTa ko bhI mAnya hai| isa aMza meM rudraTa se sahamata hokara bhI mammaTa ne yaha kalpanA kI hai ki varNya se apane meM guNa kI hInatA kI anubhUti se apamAna kA pratizodha to virodhI lenA cAhatA hai; para varNya se pratizodha lene meM asamartha hone para vaha usake Azrita kA tiraskAra karatA hai| aise varNana ke sthala meM pratyanIka alaGkAra hotA hai| pratyanIka zabda sainya-pratinidhi kA bodhaka hai| jaise koI apane pratidvandvI se pratizodha lene meM asamartha hokara usake Azrita yA pratinidhi kA tiraskAra kara pratizodha letA ho, vaise hI pratyanIka alaGkAra meM varNya se pratizodha lene meM azakta virodhI ke dvArA usake Azrita kA tiraskAra varNita hotA hai| isa varNana se varNya kI apratibhaTatA vyaJjita hotI hai| mammaTa kI pratyanIka-paribhASA isa prakAra hai :-pratipakSa ke utkarSa-sAdhana ke lie jahA~ kisI ke dvArA usake pratikAra meM asamartha hone para usake sambandhI kA tiraskAra kiyA jAnA vaNita ho, vahAM pratyanIka alaGkAra hotA hai|' ruyyaka ne pratyanIka kA yahI svarUpa sUtrita kiyA hai| mammaTa aura ruyyaka ne pratyanIka-paribhASA meM upamAnopameya. bhAva kA ullekha nahIM kiyaa| prabala zatra ke pratikAra meM asamartha hokara kisI ke dvArA usa zatra ke Azrita yA usake sadRza anya kA tiraskAra kiyA jAnA pratyanIka-vidhAna ke lie paryApta mAnA gayA / vizvanAtha, vidyAnAtha, appayya dIkSita, narasiMha kavi Adi ne mammaTa kI pratyanIka-dhAraNA ko hI svIkAra kiyA hai| vidyAnAtha ne ise lokanyAya para AdhRta alaGkAra kahA hai| unhoMne pratipakSa ke sambandhI' kA artha usake 'sadRza' mAnakara yaha artha kiyA hai ki pratyanIka meM balavAna zatra ke pratikAra meM asamartha hokara usakA vipakSI usake sadRza anya kA tiraskAra karatA hai| paNDitarAja jagannAtha ne bhI mammaTa Adi ke matAnusAra hI pratyanIka 1. pratipakSamazakta na pratikatu tirskriyaa| ___yA tadIyasya tatstutya pratyanIkaM taducyate ||-mmmtt, kAvyapra0 10,196. 2. pratipakSapratIkArAzaktau tadIyatiraskAraH pratyanIkam / ___-ruyyaka, alaM0 sarvasva, sUtra saM068 3. atra sAdRzyahetukaM tadIyatvamityalaMkAratvam / -vidyAnAtha, pratAparudrayazobhUSaNa pR0 463

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alaGkAroM kA svarUpa- vikAsa [ 535 ko paribhASita kiyA hai / ve pratyanIka kA artha anIka ( pratipakSI) ke sadRza mAnate haiM / unake anusAra pratipakSI ke sambandhI se tAtparya usake upajIvya, upajIvaka, mitra Adi kA hai / ataH, pratipakSI se pratizodha lene meM asamartha vipakSI ke dvArA usake Azrita, AzrayadAtA, mitra tathA usake sadRza anya kA tiraskAra kiye jAne meM jagannAtha ke anusAra pratyanIka hogA / paNDitarAja jagannAtha ne pratyanIka ko gamyamAnA hetutprekSA meM gatArtha batAyA hai / unhoMne pratyanIka ke udAharaNoM ko hetUtprakSA ke bhI udAharaNa siddha kiye haiM / ' hetutprekSA ke gamyamAnA bheda meM pratyanIka kA antarbhAva mAnane ke pakSa meM prastuta paNDitarAja kI yuktiyoM ke uttara meM kahA jA sakatA hai ki pratipakSI ke sAkSAt pratikAra kA varNana to hetutpra ekSA meM gatArtha ho jAtA; para pratipakSI ke sambandhI kA pratikAra pratyanIka kA vaiziSTya hai / yahI mata 'kuvalayAnanda' kI alaGkAracandrikA TIkA meM vyakta kiyA gayA hai / niSkarSa yaha ki pratyanIka eka svatantra alaGkAra hai / isameM varNya ko abala batAkara anya vastu kA usake pratikAra meM asamartha hokara usake sambandhI ( Azraya, mitra Adi tathA usake sadRza kisI vastu ) se pratizodha lenA varNita hotA hai | spaSTataH isa varNana meM varNya kA utkarSa - pratipAdana kavi kA uddezya hotA hai / pratyanIka nAma kI anvarthatA isa bAta meM hai ki isameM pratikAra kisI ke pratinidhi yA usake sadRza kA kiyA jAtA hai / pratyanIka zabda kA vyutpattilabhya artha hai pratinidhi yA kisI vastu ke sadRza vastu | 3 , svabhAvokti vastu-svabhAva ke yathArUpa varNana kA kAvya meM mahattva anupekSaNIya hai / isake abhAva meM kAvya meM arthabodha yA bimbagrahaNa hI sandigdha par3a jAyagA / ataH, vastusvabhAva kA yathAnurUpa varNana kAvya kI saphalatA kI prathama Avazyaka zarta hai / varNana kI dRSTi se samagra varNanIya padArthoM ke do varga mAne jA sakate 1. pratipakSasambandhinastiraskRtiH pratyanIkam / sambandhI ca tadupajIvyopajIvaka mitrAdibhedAdanekavidhaH / jagannAtha, rasagaMgA0 pR0782 / utpra ekSA se pratyanIka ke sambandha-nirUpaNa ke lie dekheM rasagaMgA0 pR0 783-84 2. draSTavya, appayya dI0, kuvalayA0, alaM0 candrikA TIkA pR0 135 3. draSTavya - ruyyaka, alaM0 sarvasva, pR0 205 tathA jagannAtha, rasagaGgA0 pR0 782

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536 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa kisI vastu ke - yathArUpa varNita tathA atiza yayA vakratA ke sAtha varNita / svabhAva, rUpa, kriyA Adi kA yathArUpa varNana svabhAvokti hai / isa prakAra ke varNana ke saundarya ko dRSTi meM rakhate hue AcAryoM ne alaGkAra, guNa Adi ke kSetra meM isake svarUpa para vicAra kiyA hai / vAmana Adi AcAryoM ne kAvya meM 'vastu-svabhAva ke sphuTa varNana ko kAvya kA saundaryAdhAyaka guNa mAnA to daNDI Adi AcAryoM ne ise kAvya kA zobhAvardhaka alaGkAra svIkAra kiyA / bhAmaha ko sambhavataH svabhAvokti kI alaGkAra ke rUpa meM svIkRti abhimata nahIM thI / kAraNa ajJAta hai / anumAnataH vakrokti yA atizayokti ko alaGkAra mAtra kA prANa mAnane ke kAraNa bhAmaha ne usake abhAva meM svabhAvokti kA alaGkAratva agrAhya mAnA hogA / bhAmaha ne svabhAvokti ke alaGkAratva ke sambandha meM, eka praznacihna-sA lagA diyA thaa| Age calakara makroktivAdI kuntaka ne sabala yuktiyoM se vastu svabhAva - varNana ko alaGkAra mAnane vAle mata kA khaNDana kiyA / usa khaNDana meM kuntaka kA AdhAra sarvathA maulika hai / unakI mAnyatA hai ki kAvya meM alaGkAra aura alaGkArya kA bheda spaSTa honA cAhie / alaGkAra kA kArya alaGkArya ko alaGakRta karanA hai / kAvya kI varNya vastu, jisake saundarya-saMvardhana ke lie alaGkAra kI yojanA hotI hai, alaGkAryaM mAnI jAtI hai / svabhAvokti meM vastu ke svabhAva kA varNana apekSita hai / vaha kAvya ke varNya se - alaGkAryaM se - abhinna hai / yadi usa alaGkArya yA kAvya kI varNanIya vastu ko bhI alaGkAra mAna liyA gayA to phira alaGkArya kyA baca rahegA? vaha alaGkAra kise alaGkRta karegA ? ata:, kunta kA niSkarSa yaha hai ki vastu svabhAva-varNana alaGkAra se bhinna alaGkAryaM hai / isa prakAra svabhAvokti ke sambandha meM nimnalikhita mata sAmane Ate haiM (1) svabhAvokti ko kAvya kA alaGkAra mAnane vAlA mata, (2) use kAvya kA guNa mAnane vAlA mata tathA ( 3 ) usake alaGkAratva kA khaNDana kara use alaGkArya mAnane vAlA mata / svabhAvokti-viSayaka ina mAnyatAoM ko dRSTi meM rakhate hue usake svarUpa vikAsa tathA usake alaGkAratva kA parIkSaNa vAJchanIya hai / sarvaprathama AcArya bhAmaha ne svabhAvokti ke svarUpa kA ullekha karate hue kahA ki kucha loga svabhAvokti ko alaGkAra mAnate haiM / ' spaSTa hai ki bhAmaha 1. svabhAvoktiralaGkAra iti kecit pracakSate / - bhAmaha, kAvyAlaM0 2, 63

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alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [537 ke samaya taka svabhAvokti alaGkAra ke rUpa meM pratiSThita ho cukI thii| ukta 'kathana se yaha bhI spaSTa hai ki bhAmaha use alaGkAra nahIM mAnate the; kyoMki apane pUrvavartI AcAryoM ke upamA, rUpaka, dIpaka Adi alaGkAroM ke lakSaNanirUpaNa-krama meM unhoMne unheM kucha logoM ke dvArA mAnya nahIM khaa| AcAryoM kI yaha zailI rahI hai ki jo alaGkAra unheM mAnya haiM, unakA lakSaNa dene ke krama meM ve kisI pUrvavartI AcArya ke mata kA nirdeza karanA Avazyaka nahIM mAnate, para jisa alaGkAra kA alaGkAratva unheM sandigdha jAna par3atA hai yA jisake alaGkAratva ke sambandha meM AcAryoM meM matabheda rahatA hai usake lakSaNa kA nirUpaNa bhI AcArya-dharma kA pAlana karane ke lie kara dete haiM aura aise sthala para yaha nirdeza kara dete haiM ki ise bhI kucha loga alaGkAra mAnate haiN| bhAmaha ke ukta kathana se yaha to anumAna hotA hI hai ki unheM svabhAvokti kA alaGkAratva iSTa nahIM thA, yaha bhI anumAna kiyA jA sakatA hai ki bhAmaha ke pUrva bhI use kucha AcArya alaGkAra mAnate hoMge aura kucha AcArya usake alaGkAratva ko amAnya siddha karate hoNge| isIlie "bhAmaha ne isa tathya kI ora saGkata kara santoSa kara liyA hogA / yadi bhAmaha ke pUrva svabhAvokti sarvasammata alaGkAra ho gayI hotI to bhAmaha alaGkAra ke rUpa meM usakI sattA kA yuktiyoM se khaNDana karate yA; yadi unheM bhI usakA alaGkAratva mAnya hotA to, 'kecit pracakSate' kA ullekha kiye binA kevala usakA lakSaNa-udAharaNa de dete / astu ! bhAmaha ne apane pUrvavartI AcAryoM ke dvArA svIkRta svabhAvokti kA svarUpa isa prakAra diyA hai :-'vastu kI avasthA kA yathArUpa varNana arthAt usake svabhAva kA varNana svabhAvokti hai|'' bhAmaha ke uttaravartI AcArya daNDI ne na kevala svabhAvokti kA alaGkAratva svIkAra kiyA, varan use 'AdyAlaGa kRti' kahakara alaGkAroM meM pradhAna maanaa| unhoMne svabhAvokti ko hI alaGkAra-prakaraNa meM prathama vivecya samajhA / svabhAvokti kA dUsarA nAma unake anusAra 'jAti' hai| daNDI ne svabhAvokti ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM pUrvapracalita mAnyatA ko hI svIkAra kiyA hai| unake anusAra vibhinna avasthAoM meM padArthoM (jAti, guNa, kriyA tathA dravya) ke svarUpa ke sphuTa varNana ko svabhAvokti kahate haiM / zAstra Adi meM 1. arthasya tadavasthatvaM svabhAvotabhihito yathA |-bhaamh, kAvyAlaM 2, 63 2. nAnAvasthaM padArthAnAM rUpaM saakssaadvivRnnvtii| svabhAvoktizca jAtizcetyAdyA saalNkRtiythaa||-dnnddii, kAvyadarza 2,8

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538 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa bhI vastusvarUpa kA sphuTa varNana hotA hai / jahA~ aise varNana kavipratibhA se kiye jAte haiM, vahA~ svabhAvokti alaGkAra kI sattA mAnI jAtI hai / niSkarSataH, vibhinna avasthAoM meM vastusvabhAva kA vicchittipUrNa varNana svabhAvokti kA lakSaNa hai / udbhaTa ne svabhAvokti ke yaugika artha - mAtra ke AdhAra para usakI paribhASA nahIM dI aura na unhoMne pUrvAcAryoM ke mata kA avicArita anumodana hI kiyA / unake matAnusAra kriyA meM saMlagna mRgazAvaka Adi ke hevAka ( icchA Adi mAnasika ceSTA ) kA varNana svabhAvokti alaGkAra hai / ' udbhaTa ke svabhAvokti-lakSaNa meM anugamana nahIM, prasthAna hai / pUrvavartI AcAryoM ke lakSaNa se udbhaTa ke lakSaNa meM svabhAvokti ke sambandha meM kaI bAteM navIna haiM-- eka to yaha ki udbhaTa kriyA pravRtta arthAt sAdhyAvasthA meM rahane vAle padArtha kA varNana hI isameM apekSita mAnate haiM, ki pUrvavartI AcArya vastu ke siddha aura sAdhya kA viveka svabhAvokti meM nahIM karate the / dUsarI bAta yaha ki kriyA meM saMlagna padArtha kI kevala zArIrika ceSTAoM kA yathArUpa yA sphuTa varNana hI udbhaTa ke anusAra svabhAvokti ke rUpa-vidhAna ke lie paryApta nahIM hai, usameM usa varNya kI icchA, utkaNThA Adi mAnasika kriyA kA varNana bhI apekSita hai aura isI se sambaddha tIsarI bAta yaha ki jahA~ pUrvavartI AcArya nirjIva padArthoM ke svarUpa ke sphuTa varNana meM bhI svabhAvokti kA sadbhAva mAnate the, vahA~ udbhaTa kevala sajIva padArthoM ke varNana meM hI svabhAvokti mAneMge, kyoMki sajIva ke hI hevAka kA varNana sambhava hai / isa prakAra svabhAvokti kA vastu-svarUpa yA bastu-svabhAva ke sphuTa varNana mAtra se viziSTa lakSaNa udbhaTa ne diyA hai / vAmana ne vastu svabhAva ke sphuTa varNana ko kAvya ke arthavyakti nAmaka guNa se abhinna mAnakara alaGkAra rUpa meM usakA pRthak vivecana Avazyaka: nahIM samajhA / rudraTa ne jAti yA svabhAvokti ke sambandha meM udbhaTa kI mAnyatA ko chor3a bhAmaha aura daNDI ke mata kA anugamana kiyA hai / unake anu-sAra jisa vastu kA saMsthAna arthAt svAbhAvika rUpa, avasthAna tathA vyApAra jaisA ho usakA vaisA hI varNana jAti hai / usameM bAlaka, mugdha yuvatI, kAtara, 1. kriyAyAM saMpravRttasya vAkAnAM nibandhanam / kasyacinmRgaDimbhAdeH svabhAvoktirudAhRtA // -- udbhaTa, kAvyAlaM0 sAra saM 0 3,80

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alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [ 536 - pakSA, sambhrAnta, hIna Adi pAtroM kI kAla- vizeSa tathA avasthA - vizeSa meM vizeSa prakAra kI ceSTA kA varNana ramaNIya hotA hai / aisA hI varNana rudraTa ke mata se svabhAvokti alaGkAra hai / udbhaTa ke lakSaNa se isa lakSaNa kI itanI samatA avazya hai ki isameM bhI sajIva padArthoM - manuSya, pazu, pakSI - kI hI ceSTA kA varNana apekSita mAnA gayA hai, para udbhaTa kI taraha rudraTa ne mAnasika ceSTA kA varNana Avazyaka nahIM mAnA hai / prANiyoM kI kevala zArIrika ceSTAoM ke sajIva varNana meM bhI rudraTa svabhAvokti mAneMge | bhAmaha - daNDI kI taraha jar3a vastu ke varNana meM rudraTa alaGkAra nahIM mAneMge / bhAmaha aura daNDI ne bhI svabhAvokti ke udAharaNoM meM prANiyoM ke hI svabhAva kA varNana dikhAyA thA; para unakI svabhAvokti - paribhASA kA kSetra vistAra jar3a vastu ke svarUpa - varNana taka bhI thA / sambhava hai, prANiyoM ke ceSTA- varNana kA udAharaNa dekhate hue rudraTa ne vahIM taka svabhAvokti kA kSetra sImita kara diyA ho / bhojane daNDI kI taraha jAti yA svabhAvokti ko arthAlaGkAroM meM mukhya mAnA hai / daNDI ne upamA Adi se bhI adhika mahattva svabhAvokti ko diyA thA / bhoja upamA Adi ko ubhayAlaGkAra mAnate haiM aura jAti ko marthAlaGkAroM meM mukhya / ataH isa viSaya meM nizcita rUpa se nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki ve upamA Adi se bhI jAti ko adhika mahattva dete the yA nahIM / arthAlaGkAroM meM jAti ko mukhya mAnane meM bhoja kI yukti yaha hai ki sabhI arthAlaGkAra vastu ke svarUpa para Azrita rahate hai aura jAti meM vastu ke svarUpa kA sphuTa varNana hotA hai / jAti ke lakSaNa meM bhoja ne rudraTa kI taraha nAnA avasthAoM meM vastu ke jAyamAna rUpa kA varNana apekSita mAnA / vaha jAyamAna rUpa vastu ke svabhAva se hI utpanna honA cAhie / isa prakAra 1. saMsthAnAvasthAnakriyAdi yadyasya yAdRzaM bhavati / loke ciraprasiddha tatkathanamananyathA jAtiH // zizumugdhayuvatikAtaratiryak saMbhrAntahInapAtrANAm / sA kAlAvasthocitaceSTAsu vizeSato ramyA | 2. nAnAvasthAsu jAyante yAni rUpANi svebhyaH svebhyo nisarga bhyastAni jAtiM - rudraTa, kAvyAlaM0 7, 30-31 : vastunaH / pracakSate // - bhoja, sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa 3, 4

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"540 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa jAti ko paribhASita kara bhoja ne arthavyakti guNa se usakA bheda-nirUpaNa kiyA hai| unake anusAra donoM kA bheda yaha hai ki arthavyakti meM vastu ke * sArvakAlika svarUpa kA varNana hotA hai; para jAti meM vastu ke avasthA-vizeSa meM jAyamAna rUpa kA varNana kiyA jAtA hai / mammaTa ne udbhaTa kI taraha zizu Adi kI viziSTa kriyA yA rUpa kA varNana * svabhAvokti kA lakSaNa maanaa|2 kriyA-pravRtta prANiyoM ke svarUpa-varNana meM hI - svabhAvokti alaGkAra mAnA gayA hai| ruyyaka ne svabhAvokti-lakSaNa meM 'sUkSma' zabda jor3a kara yaha dhAraNA vyakta kI ki vastu-svabhAva kA varNana-mAtra alaGkAra * nahIM hai, vaha to alaGkArya hai| vastu-svabhAva kA varNana kAvya kA zarIra hI hai, jise alaGkAra alaGa kRta karate haiM / ataH, kavi-pratibhA se vastu-svabhAva kA sUkSma tathA yathArUpa varNana svabhAvokti kA lakSaNa hai|3 ruyyaka kA yaha lakSaNa arthavyakti guNa meM bhI ativyApta hai / vizvanAtha ne ruyyaka tathA mammaTa ke svabhAvokti- lakSaNa ke AdhAra para svabhAvokti kI paribhASA dI hai| ruyyaka se sUkSma kI " dhAraNA lekara usake badale unhoMne 'durUhArtha' ( kavi-pratibhA-vedya) kA prayoga "kiyaa| 'svakriyArUpavarNana' kI dhAraNA aura padAvalI unhoMne mammaTa se lI hai|4 appayya dIkSita ne jAti, kriyA Adi meM vastu-svabhAva kA varNana svabhAvokti kA lakSaNa mAnA hai| isa vivecana kA niSkarSa yaha hai ki avasthA-vizeSa meM vastu ke jAyamAna rUpa kA, kriyA-saMlagna artha ke svarUpa kA vicchittipUrNa evaM yathArtha varNana * svabhAvokti alaGkAra hai| ataH, kAvya ke sAmAnyataH varNya se isakA svarUpa 1. bhoja, sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa, 3, 5 2. svabhAvoktistu DimbhAdeH svakriyArUpavarNanam / -mammaTa, kAvyapra0, 10. 168 3. sUkSmavastusvabhAvasya yathAvad varNana svbhaavoktiH|-ruyyk,alN0 sarvasva sUtra saM0 78 / tathA-iha vastusvabhAvavarNanamAtra nAlaGkAraH / tattve sarva kAvyamalaGkAri syAt / nahi tat kAvyamasti, yatra vastusvabhAvavarNana mAtrauM na vidyate / tadartha sUkSmagrahaNam |-vhii, vRtti pR0 220 4. svabhAvoktirdurUhArthasvakriyArUpavarNanam |-vishvnaath, sAhityada. 10,121 tathA-durUhayoH kvimaatrvedyyoH| vahI, vRtti pR0 776 5. svabhAvoktiH svabhAvasya jAtyAdisthasya varNanam / -appayya dI0 kuvalayA0 160

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alaGkAroM kA svarUpa - vikAsa [ 541* viziSTa hai / yaha arthavyakti guNa se bhI isa dRSTi se svatantra hai ki jahA~ arthavyakti meM vastu ke siddha yA sArvakAlika svarUpa kA sphuTa varNana hotA hai, bahA~ svabhAvokti meM avasthA - vizeSa meM jAyamAna vastu kA sphuTa varNana hotA hai / alaGkArya tathA guNa se kiJcit viziSTa svabhAva kA hone ke kAraNa hI prastuta alaGkAra kuntaka ke tarka- kuThAra se khaNDita nahIM huA / kuntaka ke bAda bhI use alaGkAra - zAstra kI sudIrgha paramparA meM kAvya ke alaGkAra - vizeSa ke rUpa meM svIkRti milatI rhii| DaoN0 nagendra kI yaha mAnyatA tarkapUrNa hai ki svabhAvokti meM bhI viziSTatA kA sadbhAva rahatA hai / vakratA yA viziSTatA ke sadbhAva ke kAraNa svabhAvokti alaGkAra hai / ' svabhAvokti prakRta kathana yA loka- vArttA se nizcaya hI bhinna hai / ataH, use alaGkAra mAnane meM koI anupapatti nahIM / samuccaya rudraTa ne sarvaprathama samuccaya alaGkAra kI udbhAvanA kara ekatra aneka bastuoM kA eka sAtha sadbhAva - kathana isakA lakSaNa mAnA / unake anusAra eka mAdhAra meM aneka sukhAvaha Adi vastuoM kA varNana samuccaya hai / rudraTa ke ' TIkAkAra namisAdhu ne sukhAvaha ke sAtha prayukta 'Adi' zabda se du:khAvaha kA prAya mAnA hai / isa taraha eka AdhAra meM aneka sukhada athavA aneka duHkhada bastuoM kA varNana samuccaya alaGkAra kA sAmAnya lakSaNa hogA / aneka sukhAvaha tathA duHkhAvaha vastuoM kA bhI eka sAtha ekatra varNana ho sakatA hai / ina tInoM sthitiyoM ke AdhAra para samuccaya ke tIna prakAra svIkAra kiye gaye haiM(ka) aneka sundara padArthoM kA ekatra yoga varNana, ( kha ) aneka asundara vastuoM kA ekatra yoga varNana tathA ( ga ) aneka sundara aura asundara vastuoM ke ekatra yoga kA varNana / aupamya garbha samuccaya ke sambandha meM kahA gayA hai ki isameM aneka upamAnopameya-bhUta artha eka kriyA Adi se sambaddha rahate haiM / bhoja ne samuccaya kI isa mUla dhAraNA ko svIkAra kara bhI use kucha. navIna rUpa se paribhASita kiyA hai / unake anusAra aneka dravya, kriyA, guNa Adi kA ekatra kriyA, dravya, guNa Adi meM niveza samuccaya hai / 3 isa prakAra 1. hindI vakrokti jI0 kI bhUmikA pR0 138 2. draSTavya - rudraTa, kAvyAlaM0 7, 16, 27 tathA 8, 103 3. dravya kriyAguNAdInAM kriyAdravyaguNAdiSu / nivezanamanekeSAmekataH syAtsamuccayaH // - bhoja, sarasvatIkaNThA0 4, 60

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* 542 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa aneka dravyoM kA eka kriyA se yoga rUpa samuccaya, aneka kriyAoM kA eka dravya samuccaya, aneka guNoM kA eka kriyAsamuccaya Adi rUpoM kI kalpanA kI jA sakatI hai / rudraTa ne aneka sat-asat padArthoM ke ekatra yoga kI kalpanA samuccaya meM kI thii| bhoja ne aneka dravya, kriyA, guNa Adi ke eka kriyA, dravya Adi se yoga kI kalpanA samuccaya meM kii| AcArya mammaTa kI samuccaya-dhAraNA navIna hai / unhoMne samuccaya abhidhAna ke yaugika artha ko dRSTi meM rakhate hue ekatra aneka ke yoga kI dhAraNA avazya prakaTa kI hai; kintu samuccaya kA yaha svatantra lakSaNa diyA hai ki jahA~ prastuta kArya ke eka sAdhaka ke rahate hue anya sAdhaka ke bhI hone kA varNana ho, vahA~ samuccaya alaGkAra hotA hai / ' spaSTa hai ki mammaTa samuccaya kA tAtparya eka kAryavizeSa ke aneka sAdhakoM kA samuccaya mAnate the / kArya kA eka pradhAna sAdhaka to rahatA hI hai; usake sAtha anya sAdhakoM kA bhI yoga varNita hone para samuccaya alaGkAra hotA hai / guNa-kriyA ke yugapat sadbhAva ko bhI mammaTa ne samuccaya kA dUsarA rUpa mAnA hai / unakI yaha samuccaya-dhAraNA bhoja kI dhAraNA se azataH milatI-julatI hai / unhoMne isake tIna bheda mAne haiM-- (ka) guNoM kA samuccaya, (kha) kriyAoM kA samuccaya aura (ga) guNa evaM kriyA kA eka sAtha samuccaya / ruyyaka ne mammaTa kI samuccaya dhAraNA ko hI svIkAra kiyA hai | 3 vizvanAtha ne ruyyaka ke mata kA anusaraNa karate hue samuccaya ke ukta donoM rUpa svIkAra kiye haiM / unhoMne eka kArya ke sAdhaka ke sAtha anya sAdhaka ke yoga kA sat asat Adi ke AdhAra para bheda-nirUpaNa kiyA hai / sAdhaka sabhI sundara bhI ho sakate haiM, asundara bhI aura donoM mile-jule bhI / appayya dIkSita bhI aneka vastuoM ke yugapadbhAva tathA eka kArya ke sAdhana meM aneka sAdhakoM ke A juTane meM samuccaya mAnate haiM / 7 jagannAtha ko bhI padArthoM 1. tatsiddhiheta vekasmin yatrAnyattatkaraM bhavet / samuccayo'sau. ..... - mammaTa, kAvyapra0 10, 178 2. sa tvanyo yugapat yA guNakriyAH / - vahI, 10, 176 3. guNakriyAyaugapadya N samuccayaH / tathA ekasya siddhihetutve'nyasya tatkaratvaM ca / - ruyyaka alaM0 sarvasva, sUtra 65, 66 4. draSTavya - vizvanAtha, sAhityadarpaNa 10, 110 5. draSTavya - appayya dIkSita, kuvalayAnanda 115-16

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alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [ 543 kA yugapad anvaya samuccaya meM abhISTa hai| eka kArya ke sampAdana meM aneka sAdhakoM kA A jAnA bhI samuccaya kA lakSaNa ve mAnate haiN|' isa prakAra mammaTa tathA ruyyaka ke bAda unhIM kI samuccaya-viSayaka mAnyatA svIkRta huii| niSkarSataH, samuccaya ke nimnalikhita rUpa svIkRta haiM (1) aneka guNa-kriyA kA yugapadbhAva yA eka sAtha kathana jisake tIna rUpa sambhava haiM--aneka guNoM kA, aneka kriyAoM kA tathA aneka guNa-kriyAoM kA samanvita rUpa se ekatra yoga / (2) eka kArya kI siddhi ke lie aneka sAdhakoM kA A jaanaa| samuccaya-bheda ___ guNa-kriyA Adi ke pRthak-pRthak tathA samanvita yoga ke AdhAra para tathA kArya-sAdhaka ke sat, asat tathA sadasat hone ke AdhAra para samuccaya ke aneka bheda kiye jA sakate haiN| yathAsaMkhya yathAsaMkhya zabda-gumpha ke vizeSa krama kI dhAraNA para AdhRta alaGkAra hai| eka krama se kathita arthoM kA usI krama se anvaya isakI mUla dhAraNA rahI hai| AcArya bhAmaha ne ise paribhASita karate hue kahA thA ki jahA~ pUrva-nirdiSTa aneka asadharma arthoM kA kramazaH anunirdeza kiyA jAya, vahA~ yathAsaMkhya alaGkAra hotA hai| isameM eka bAra aneka arthoM kA nirdeza tathA punaH una arthoM kA 'Rmika anunirdeza hotA hai| pUrva-nirdiSTa arthoM meM jo krama rahatA hai usI krama se unake punaH nirdeza meM jo camatkAra rahatA hai, vahI isake alaGkAratva kA hetu hai| arthoM kA nirdeza tathA anunirdeza apane Apa meM alaGkAra nahIM, alaGkAratva hai nirdiSTa tathA anunirdiSTa arthoM ke samAna krama meM ! krama meM saundarya hone ke kAraNa ise 'krama' saMjJA se bhI abhihita kiyA gayA hai| daNDI ne krama ke sAtha saMkhyAna abhidhAna kA bhI prayoga prastuta alaGkAra ke lie kiyA hai| bhAmaha ne yathAsaMkhya aura utprekSA; ina do alaGkAroM kA nAmnA nirdeza kara unheM medhAvI ke dvArA nirUpita batAyA hai| unakA kathana hai ki 1. draSTavya-jagannAtha, rasagaMgAdhara, pR0 776-77 2. bhUyasAmupadiSTAnAmarthAnAmasadharmaNAm / kramazo yo'nunirdezo yathAsaMkhyaM taducyate |-bhaamh, kAvyAlaM0 2,86

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544 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa medhAvI ne utprekSA ko saMkhyAna bhI kahA hai| yaha kathana sadoSa jAna par3atA hai| bhAmaha sambhavataH yaha kahanA cAhate hoge ki yathAsaMkhya aura utprekSA ke lie AcArya medhAvI ne saMkhyAna aura utprekSA abhidhAna kA prayoga kiyA hai| ho sakatA hai ki apapATha ke kAraNa bhAmaha kA vaha abhISTa artha spaSTa nahIM ho pA rahA ho| daNDI kI yaha mAnyatA ucita jAna par3atI hai ki yathAsaMkhya kA hI dUsarA nAma saMkhyAna hai| daNDI ne AcArya bhAmaha kI yathAsaMkhya-dhAraNA ko svIkAra kara usakI paribhASA isa prakAra dI hai-uddiSTa arthAt pUrva-ukta padArthoM kA usI krama se pIche kahe hue arthoM ke sAtha anvaya yathAsaMkhya, saMkhyAna yA krama alaGkAra hai| udbhaTa ne bhAmaha ke yathAsaMkhya lakSaNa ko akSarazaH svIkAra kara liyA hai|2 vAmana sabhI alaGkAroM ko aupamya-garbha yA upamA-prapaJca mAnate the| ataH krama yA yathAsaMkhya meM bhI unhoMne upamAnopameya bhAva kI kalpanA kI hai / vAmana ko bhI krama meM bhAmaha, daNDI Adi kI taraha nirdiSTa tathA anunidizyamAna arthoM ke kramabaddha sambandha kI dhAraNA mAnya hai| isake sAtha upamAna aura upameya kI dhAraNA ko milAkara vAmana ne yaha paribhASA dI hai ki upameyoM tathA upamAnoM kA krama-sambandha krama alaGkAra hai| unake anusAra eka krama se aneka upameyoM kA kathana kara usI krama se aneka upamAnoM kI sambandha-yojanA krama alaGkAra kA lakSaNa hai / vAmana ke uttaravartI AcAryoM ne nirdiSTa aura anunirdezya arthoM meM upamAnopameya-sambandha kI kalpanA bhAvazyaka nahIM maanii| upamAnopameya-bhAva ke abhAva meM bhI arthoM kA krama isa alaGkAra kA svarUpa-vidhAna kara sakatA hai| ___ rudraTa ne nirdiSTa tathA nirdizyamAna arthoM ke bIca upamAnopameya-bhAva kI jagaha vizeSaNa-vizeSya-bhAva-sambandha kI kalpanA kI hai| unakI mAnyatA mUlataH pUrvavartI AcAryoM kI krama-viSayaka mAnyatA se abhinna hai| jisa paripATI yA krama se vividha arthoM kA nirdeza kiyA gayA ho usI paripATI 1. uddiSTAnAM padArthAnAmanUddezo yathAkramam / yathAsaMkhyamiti prokta saMkhyAnaM krama ityapi / / -daNDI, kAvyAdarza 2, 273, 2. draSTavya-udbhaTa, kAvyAlaM 0 sAra saM0 3,2 3. upameyopamAnAnAM kramasambandhaH krmH|-vaamn, kAvyAlaM0 sU0 4,3,17

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alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [ 545 se una arthoM se pratibaddha arthoM kA nirdeza (arthAt una arthoM ke anuyAyI arthoM kA usI krama se vizeSaNa-vizeSya-bhAva se kathana) yathAsakhya alaGkAra hai|' ___AcArya kuntaka ne yathAsaMkhya ke alaGkAratva kA khaNDana kiyA hai| unakI yukti hai ki yathAsakhya meM ukti-vaicitrya kA abhAva rahatA hai; ataH use alaGkAra nahIM mAnA jAnA caahie| 'alaGkArasUtra' ke TIkAkAra jayaratha ne kuntaka ke mata kA anusaraNa karate hue yathAsaMkhya kA alaGkAratva asvIkAra kiyA hai| isameM ukti-vaicitrya na hone para bhI zabdoM ke nirdeza ke krama meM nihita saundarya ke AdhAra para hI ise alaGkAra mAnA jAtA rahA hai| ___ agnipurANakAra ne yathAsaMkhya yA krama kA svarUpa to pUrvavartI AcAryoM ke matAnusAra hI nirUpita kiyA; kintu use alaGkAra ke rUpa meM parigaNita nahIM kara, guNa ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyaa| paramparA se alaGkAra ke rUpa meM svIkRta krama ko guNa mAnane meM koI sabala yukti nahIM / bhoja ne krama ko ubhayAlaGkAra mAna kara zabda, artha tathA zabdArtha-yugala kA paripATI se arthAt krama se nirdeza-krama kA lakSaNa mAnA / 5 paripATI yA krama ko isa alaGkAra kA mUla lakSaNa mAnane meM pUrvavartI AcAryoM ke mata kI svIkRti hai| zabda, artha tathA zabdArtha vibhAga kI dhAraNA kucha navIna hai| yaha vibhAga bar3A hI sthUla hai| krama kI mUla dhAraNA meM koI navInatA bhoja nahIM lA sake haiN| ___ mammaTa, ruyyaka, vizvanAtha Adi AcAryoM ne bhAmaha kI taraha krama se kathita vastuoM ke sAtha usI krama se vastuoM kA anvaya dikhAyA jAnA yathAsaMkhya kA lakSaNa mAnA hai| jayadeva ne yathAsaMkhya ke lakSaNa meM kAraka-pada tathA kriyA-pada ke kramika nirdeza para bala diyA hai| isa prakAra unakI dhAraNA yaha 1. nidizyante yasminnarthA vividhA yayava pripaattyaa| punarapi tatpratibaddhAstayaiva yatsyAdyathAsaMkhyam // -rudraTa, kAvyAlaM07,34 2. draSTavya-kuntaka, vakroktijI0 pR0 478-80 3. draSTavya-alaGkAsUtra para jayaratha kI alaGkAravimazinI TIkA, pR0 146 4. draSTavya, agnipurANa, 346, 22 5. zabdasya yadi vArthasya dvayorapyanayoratha / bhaNanaM paripAiyA yat kramaH sa parikIrtitaH / / -bhoja, sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa 4,79

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546 ] alaGkAra - dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa hai ki eka nizcita krama se kathita kAraka- padoM yA kriyA-padoM kA usI krama kAraka - padoM yA kriyA-padoM ke sAtha anvaya dikhAnA yathAsaMkhya alaGkAra hai / ' 1 appayya dIkSita ne AcArya mammaTa kA yathAsaMkhya lakSaNa 'kuvalayAnanda' meM uddhRta kara diyA hai / jagannAtha bhI nirdeza -krama se arthoM kA sambandha yathAsaMkhya kA lakSaNa mAnate haiM / isa vivecana se hama isa niSkarSa para pahu~cate haiM ki kuntaka Adi ke khaNDana ke prayAsa ke uparAnta bhI kAvya - zAstra meM yathAsaMkhya alaGkAra ke rUpa meM svIkRta rahA hai / prastuta alaGkAra ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM sabhI AcAryoM kI mUla dhAraNA samAna hai / isameM eka bAra kucha arthoM kA kathana hotA hai aura usa kathana arthoM kA jo krama rahatA hai, usI krama se pIche kahe jAne vAle arthoM ke sAtha una arthoM kA anvaya hotA hai / udAharaNArtha, pUrva kathita arthoM meM se prathama kA pIche kahe jAne vAle arthoM prathama ke sAtha, dvitIya kA dvitIya ke sAtha aura tRtIya kA tRtIya ke sAtha anvaya hogA / jisa artha kA anvaya dikhAnA ho tathA jisake sAtha anvaya abhISTa ho, donoM kA samAna krama hI krama yA yathAsaMkhya kA rUpa-vidhAna karatA hai / pUrva nirdiSTa tathA pazcAt nirdiSTa padArthoM meM upamAnopameya-bhAva, vizeSaNavizeSya-bhAva Adi sambandha bhI ho sakate haiM; kintu unheM yathAsaMkhya kA Avazyaka lakSaNa nahIM mAnA jA sakatA / aisA karanA usake kSetra ko sImita karanA hogA / yathAsaMkhya ke bheda samAsa tathA asamAsa se padoM kA samAna krama se anvaya dikhAne ke AdhAra para yathAsaMkhya ke Artha aura zAbda bheda kiye gaye haiM / kAraka - padoM tathA kriyApadoM ke kramika anvaya ke AdhAra para bhI do bheda kiye jA sakate haiM / do yA tIna nirdiSTa padoM kA kramaza: do yA tIna padoM ke sAtha anvaya dikhAye jAne ke AdhAra para - anvita hone vAle padArthoM kI saMkhyA ke AdhAra para - bhI yathAsaMkhya 1. yathAsaMkhya dvidhArthAzcet kramAdekaikamanvitA / -- jayadeva, candrAloka, 5, 62 ( dvidhArthAH kriyAkArakarUpAdvividhA arthAH / ) vahI ramA TI0 pR0 67 2. upadezakrameNArthAnAM sambandho yathAsaMkhyam / - jagannAtha, rasagaGgAdhara, pR0 756

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alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [ 547 ke dvipada, tripada Adi bheda mAne gaye haiN| bhoja ne zabda, artha tathA zabdArtha ke anvaya ke AdhAra para tIna bheda kara punaH tInoM ke do-do bheda kiye haiN| unake anusAra krama ke nimnalikhita chaha bheda haiM-(1) pada se zabdaparipATI, (2) vAkya se zabda-paripATI, (3) kAla se artha-paripATI, (4) deza se artha-paripATI, (5) zabdapradhAnA zabdArthobhaya-paripATI tathA (6) arthapradhAnA shbdaarthobhy-pripaattii|' paryAya AcArya rudraTa ne sarvaprathama paryAya alaGkAra kI kalpanA kii| unake anusAra paryAya alaGkAra kA eka rUpa vaha hai, jisameM vivakSita vastu ke pratipAdana meM samartha, kintu usake asadRza tathA usake sAtha utpAdya yA utpAdaka sambandha nahIM rakhane vAle padArtha kA kathana hotA hai / 2 abhiprAya yaha ki jahA~ vivakSita vastu kA sIdhA kathana na ho; para usakA bodha karAne ke lie kisI anya vastu kA, jo na to usa vivakSita artha ke sadRza ho aura na usakA utpAdya yA utpAdaka ho, kathana kiyA jAya, vahA~ paryAya kA eka rUpa hotA hai| sadRza se sadRza kA bodha samAsokti aura anyokti meM hotA hai| isameM asadRza vastu se vivakSita artha kA bodha karAyA jAtA hai| spaSTa hai ki paryAya kA yaha prakAra pUrvavartI AcAryoM kI paryAyokti-alaGkAra dhAraNA para AdhRta hai| bhAmaha, daNDI, udbhaTa Adi AcArya paryAyokti ke svarUpa kA nirUpaNa kara cuke the| rudraTa ne use paryAya kahA aura paryAya ke eka svatantra rUpa kI bhI udbhAvanA unhoMne kii| pIche calakara paryAya ke ye do rUpa alaga-alaga alaGkAroM ke rUpa meM svIkRta hue| paryAya ke jisa svarUpa kI udbhAvanA rudraTa ne kI thI, vahI paryAya abhidhAna se pIche ke AcAryoM ko mAnya huaa| pUrvAcAryoM kI paryAyokti, jise rudraTa ne paryAya kA eka prakAra kahA thA, paryAya se svatantra paryAyokti saMjJA se hI svIkRta huii| paryAya ke dUsare bheda kI paribhASA meM rudraTa ne kahA hai ki jahA~ aneka AdhAroM meM eka vastu kA athavA eka AdhAra meM aneka vastuoM kA krama se honA varNita ho, vahA~ paryAya kA dUsarA prakAra hotA 1. draSTavya, bhoja, sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa, pR0 453-57 2. vastu vivakSitavastupratipAdanazaktamasadRzaM tasya / yadajanakamajanyaM vA tatkathana yatsa paryAyaH // -baTa, kAvyAlaM., 7.42

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548 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa hai| vastu sukhada athavA duHkhada prakRti kI ho sakatI hai| bhoja ne paryAyaH abhidhAna se paryAyokti alaGkAra kA svarUpa-nirUpaNa kiyA hai| ___ AcArya mammaTa ne paryAyokti tathA paryAya kA paraspara svatantra astitva svIkAra kara, donoM kA alaga-alaga vivecana kiyA hai| unhoMne paryAya ke svarUpa kA nirUpaNa rudraTa ke paryAya ke dvitIya prakAra ke AdhAra para kiyA hai| unake anusAra eka vastu kA krama se aneka AdhAroM meM honA yA kiyA jAnA paryAya hai / aneka vastuoM kA bhI krama se eka AdhAra meM honA yA kiyA jAnA paryAya kA dUsarA prakAra hai| yaha dhAraNA rudraTa kI paryAya-dhAraNA se abhinna hai| yahI dhAraNA ruyyaka ne bhI 'alaGkArasUtra' meM vyakta kI hai| ___ mammaTa tathA ruyyaka ke uttaravartI vizvanAtha, appayya dIkSita, jagannAtha Adi AcAryoM ne unakI mAnyatA ke anurUpa hI paryAya alaGkAra ko paryAyokti se svatantra mAna kara paribhASita kiyA hai| unake paryAya-lakSaNa rudraTa ke paryAya-lakSaNa se abhinna haiN| rudraTa ne paryAya ke jisa dvitIya rUpa kI udbhAvanA kI thI usake svarUpa meM koI parivartana nahIM huaa| itanA avazya huA ki rudraTa ne jahAM pUrvavartI AcAryoM kI paryAyokti ke eka aGga ke rUpa meM paryAya ke isa svarUpa kI kalpanA kI thI vahA~ uttaravartI AcAryoM ne paryAya ko paryAyokti se svatantra astitva de diyaa| rudraTa ne paryAyokti yA paryAyokta ke hI saMkSipta-rUpa paryAya vyapadeza kA prayoga kiyA thA / unakI dRSTi meM paryAyokta aura paryAya abhinna the, para pIche calakara ve alaga-alaga alaGkAra ke abhidhAna bane / paryAyokti kI jagaha paryAya zabda kA prayoga kara rudraTa ne anajAne hI alaGkAra-zAstra ko alaGkAra kI eka navIna saMjJA de dI aura paryAya ke eka navIna prakAra kI kalpanA kara unhoMne eka svatantra alaGkAra kI sRSTi kara dii| kAraNamAlA kAraNamAlA kAraNoM kI zRGkhalA kI dhAraNA para AdhRta alaGkAra hai| 1. yatra kamanekasminnekamekatra vA krameNa syAt / vastu sukhAdiprakRti kriyeta vAnyaH sa paryAyaH ||-rudrtt, kAvyAlaM07,44 2. draSTavya, bhoja, sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa 4, 80 3. eka vastu krameNAnekasminbhavati kriyate vA sa paryAyaH / ...... . anekamekasmin krameNa bhavati kriyate vA so'nyaH / -mammaTa, kAvyapra0 vRtti pR0 273-74 . .4. draSTavya, ruyyaka, alaM0 sarvasva sUtra sa 60

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alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [ 549 kisI kArya ke eka yA aneka hetuoM kA nirdeza alaGkAra nahIM hotA; kintu jahA~ eka hetu se koI kArya utpanna ho aura punaH vaha kArya hI anya kArya kA kAraNa bana jAya, usa kAraNa se utpanna kArya phira anya kArya kA kAraNa bane aura isa taraha jahA~ pratyeka pUrvavartI ke apane uttaravartI ke prati kAraNa banane se ukti meM kAraNoM kI eka zRGkhalA bana jAya, vahA~ camatkAra-vizeSa ke kAraNa alaGkAra mAnA jAtA hai| isakI prakRti ke anurUpa ise kAraNamAlA kahA jAtA hai| rudraTa ne kAraNamAlA alaGkAra kI kalpanA kara usake svarUpa kA nirUpaNa karate hue kahA thA ki jahA~ arthoM meM pUrvavartI arya paravartI artha kA hetu bana jAtA hai aura yaha krama samagra rUpa se calatA hai, arthAt eka pUrvavartI artha apane uttaravartI artha kA hetu banatA hai, phira vaha uttaravartI artha bhI apane uttaravartI kA hetu banatA hai aura pratyeka pUrvavartI kA apane uttaravartI ke prati hetu banane kA yaha krama zRGkhalA ke rUpa meM samagra ukti taka calatA rahatA hai, vahAM kAraNamAlA alaGkAra mAnA jAtA hai|' ___ mammaTa, ruyyaka evaM vizvanAtha ne kAraNamAlA kA yahI svarUpa svIkAra kiyA hai| ruyyaka ne kahA hai ki isameM kArya aura kAraNa kA jo krama rahatA hai, vahI isake saundarya kA kAraNa hai| isa prakAra rudraTa se vizvanAtha taka kAraNamAlA ke sambandha meM yaha samAna dhAraNA pracalita rahI ki isameM hara pUrvavartI apane uttaravartI ke prati kAraNa banatA cale aura isa taraha kAraNoM kI eka zRGkhalA bana jaay| appayya dIkSita ne kAraNamAlA ke isa svarUpa ko dekhate hue usake eka aura rUpa kI kalpanA kii| pratyeka uttaravartI kA apane pUrvavartI ke prati hetu banane kA kramabaddha varNana bhI kAraNamAlA kA eka rUpa mAnA gyaa| isa prakAra unake anusAra uttara-uttara ke prati pUrva-pUrva kA tathA pUrva-pUrva ke prati uttarauttara kA hetu banane kA kramabaddha varNana kAraNamAlA hai| vastutaH kAraNamAlA 1. kAraNamAlA seyaM yatra yathApUrvameti kAraNatAm / arthAnAM pUrvArthAdbhavatIdaM sarvameveti // -rudraTa, kAvyAlaM. 7, 84 2. kAryakAraNakrama evAtra caarutvhetuH|-ruyyk, alaGkArasarvasva, pR0 173 3. uttarottarakAraNabhUtapUrvapUrvaiH pUrvapUrvakAraNabhUtottarottara vastubhiH kRto gumphaH kaarnnmaalaa|-appyy dI0 kuvalayA0 vRtti pR0 125

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550 ] alaGkAra- dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa kA alaGkAratva kAryakAraNa kI zRGkhalA meM nihita hai / kArya - vAkya yA kAraNavAkya kA pUrvavartI yA paravartI honA vizeSa mahattva nahIM rakhatA / yadi pratyeka pUrvavartI kA apane se uttaravartI ke prati hetu banane kA kramabaddha varNana kAraNamAlA alaGkAra hai to pratyeka uttaravartI kA pUrvavartI ke prati hetutva varNana bhI kAraNamAlA kA hI udAharaNa mAnA jAnA caahie| donoM meM kAryakAraNa kI mAlA samAna rUpa se rahatI hai, bheda kevala kArya tathA kAraNa ke pUrva bhAva tathA parabhAva kA hai / paNDitarAja jagannAtha ne bhI zRGkhalAmUlaka isa alaGkAra ke donoM bheda svIkAra kiye haiM / pratyeka pUrvavartI kAraNa ho aura pratyeka uttaravartI kArya, yaha eka prakAra kI kAraNamAlA hai / pratyeka pUrvavartI kArya aura pratyeka uttaravartI kAraNa ho, yaha dUsarI kAraNamAlA hai / ' appayya dIkSita aura jagannAtha ke bAda kAraNamAlA ke ye donoM rUpa svIkRta hue haiM / niSkarSataH, kAraNamAlA alaGkAra ke nimnalikhita do rUpa mAnya haiM - (1) jisa ukti meM Arambha se anta taka pratyeka pUrvavartI kA apane uttaravartI ke prati hetu banane kA kramabaddha varNana ho aura (2) jahA~ pratyeka uttaravartI kA apane-apane pUrvavartI ke prati hetu banane kA kramabaddha varNana ho / kAraNoM kA kramabaddha varNana yA unakI zRGkhalA hI isa alaGkAra kA prANa hai / ekAvalI karaNamAlA kI taraha ekAvalI bhI mAlA yA zRGkhalA kI dhAraNA para AdhRta alaGkAra hai / isakI udbhAvanA bhI sarvaprathama rudraTa ke 'kAvyAlaGkAra' meM huI hai / rudra kI dhAraNA hai ki jahA~ uttarottara utkarSazAlI arthoM kI paramparA isa rUpa meM rakhI jAtI hai ki pratyeka uttaravartI artha pUrvavartI artha kA vizeSaNa bana jAya, vahA~ ekAvalI mAnI jAtI hai / isameM kahIM vidhi rUpa se tathA kahIM apoha arthAt anyavyavaccheda (yA niSedha) rUpa se varNana hotA hai / isameM arthoM ke vizeSaNa - vizeSya-bhAva ke krama kA saundarya nihita rahatA hai / bhoja ne ise parikara alaGkAra antarbhukta mAna liyA hai / isIlie unhoMne isakA pRthak nirUpaNa nahIM kiyA / 3 1. tatra pUrvaM pUrvaM kAraNaM paraM paraM kAryamityekA ( kaarnnmaalaa)| pUrvaM pUrvaM kAryaM paraM paraM kAraNamityaparA / - jagannAtha, rasagaGgAdhara, pR0 731 2. ekAvalIti seyaM yatrArthaparamparA yathAlAbham / AdhIyate yathottaravizeSaNA sthityapohAbhyAm // -- rudraTa, 3. draSTavya, bhoja, sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa 4, 76 kAvyAlaM 0 7, 106

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alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [ 551 mammaTa, ruyyaka Adi AcAryoM ne ekAvalI kA yahI svarUpa svIkAra kiyA hai|' kAraNamAlA aura ekAvalI ke vikAsa-krama meM paryApta samatA hai| rudraTa ne karaNamAlA tathA ekAvalI ke jisa svarUpa kI kalpanA kI, vahI mammaTa, ruyyaka bhaura vizvanAtha ke kAla taka mAnya rahA, para appayya dIkSita ne donoM hI malaGkAroM kI dhAraNA ko samAna rUpa se vistAra diyaa| ekAvalI meM kevala uttaravartI artha ke pUrvavartI ke prati vizeSaNabhAva kI kalpanA rudraTa ne kI thii| mammaTa aura ruyyaka ko yahI mAnya thaa| ruyyaka isake viparIta pUrvavartI kA uttaravartI artha ke prati vizeSaNa banane kI zRGkhalA meM mAlAdIpaka mAnate the, para appayya dIkSita ne pUrva-pUrva ke prati uttara-uttara ke vizeSaNa banane ke sAtha uttara-uttara ke prati pUrva-pUrva ke vizeSaNa banane meM bhI ekAvalI alaGkAra hI mAnA hai| unake anusAra 'gRhItamuktarIti' se arthoM kI paramparA kA varNana ekAvalI kA lakSaNa hai| gRhIta-muktarIti kA artha hai, uttara-uttara kA pUrvapUrva ke prati vizeSaNa-bhAva tathA pUrva-pUrva kA uttara-uttara ke prati vishessnnbhaav|' isa prakAra ukta donoM hI sthitiyoM meM ekAvalI kA sadbhAva appayyadIkSita ko mAnya hai| paNDitarAja jagannAtha ne ekAvalI aura kAraNamAlA kI mUla prakRti meM abheda batAte hue kAraNamAlA kI taraha isake bhI do rUpa svIkAra kiye haiN| unakI mAnyatA appayya dIkSita kI ekAvalI-dhAraNA se abhinna hai| unhoMne kahA hai ki jahAM pUrva-pUrva uttara-uttara ke prati yA to vizeSya banatA ho yA vizeSaNa; donoM sthitiyoM meM ekAvalI alaGkAra hotA hai| 1. sthApyate'pohyate vApi yathApUrvaM paraM param / vizeSaNatayA yatra vastu saikAvalI dvidhA / -mammaTa, kAvyapra0, 10 198 tathAyathApUrvaM parasya vizeSaNatayA sthApane'pohane vaikaavlo| --ruyyaka, alaM0sarvasva, sUtra saM0 54 2. gRhiitmuktriityaarthshrennirekaavlirmtaa| tathA uttarottarasya pUrvapUrvavizeSaNabhAvaH pUrvapUrvasyottarottaravizeSaNabhAvo vA gRhItamuktarItiH / -appayyadI0, kuvalayA0 105 tathA usakI vRtti pR0 126 3. saiva zRGkhalA saMsargasya vizeSyavizeSaNabhAvarUpatve ekaavlii|| sA ca pUrvasyottarottaraM prati vizeSyatve vizeSaNatve ceti dvidhA / / -jagannAtha rasagaMgA0 pR0 734

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552 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa isa vivecana kA niSkarSa yaha hai ki ekAvalI kI dhAraNA meM kAraNamAlA kI dhAraNA kI taraha vikAsa kI eka hI sthiti AyI hai / pahale kevala pratyeka uttaravartI artha kA apane pUrvavartI ke prati vizeSaNa banane kI zRGkhalA kI dhAraNA ekAvalI meM thI, para pIche cala kara pUrvavartI aura uttaravartI; donoM ke eka dUsare ke prati vizeSaNa banane kI zRGkhalA ke AdhAra para usake do rUpa svIkRta hue| ruyyaka ne jise (pUrva-pUrva ke uttara-uttara ke prati vizeSaNatva ko) mAlAdIpaka kA lakSaNa mAnA thA, vaha appayya dIkSita aura jagannAtha ke dvArA ekAvalI kA hI eka rUpa svIkRta huaa| kAraNamAlA se ekAvalI kA bheda kevala itanA hai ki kAraNamAlA meM pUrva-pUrva tathA uttara-uttara meM kAryakAraNa kI zRGkhalA dikhAyI jAtI hai aura isameM unake bIca vizeSaNa-vizeSya kI zRGkhalA rahatI hai| ekAvalI-bheda vidhi tathA niSedha ke AdhAra para rudraTa Adi ne ekAvalI ke do bheda mAne the| pUrvavartI kA paravartI ke prati vizeSyatva tathA vizeSaNatva ke AdhAra para ekAvalI ke do bheda ho jAte haiN| ye donoM vidhi-niSedha bheda se cAra prakAra ke ho jAte haiN| sAra sAra alaGkAra meM aneka padArthoM meM uttara-uttara meM sthita padArtha ke adhikAdhika utkarSa kI dhAraNA prakaTa kI gayI hai| eka vastu se usake Age Ane vAlI vastu meM adhika utkarSa, usase bhI Age Ane vAlI vastu meM aura adhika utkarSa; isa prakAra pratyeka pUrvavartI artha se uttara-uttara meM sthita artha ke utkarSa kI zRGkhalA-sI isameM bana jAtI hai / rudraTa ne sarvaprathama sAra ko paribhASita karate hue kahA thA ki jahA~ samudAya meM se eka deza ko krama se alaga kara guNa-sampanna hone se anta taka usakI ( guNotkarSa kI ) carama sImA nirdhArita kI jAya, vahIM sAra alaGkAra hotA hai|' abhiprAya yaha ki isameM arthoM ke samudAya meM se eka aGga kI apekSA dUsare meM adhika guNotkarSa, usase bhI tIsare meM adhika guNotkarSa aura isI krama 1. yatra yathAsamudAyAdyathaikadezaM krameNa guNavaditi / nirdhAryate parAvadhi niratizayaM tadbhavetsAram ||-rudrtt, kAvyAlaM. 7,66

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alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [ 553 se anta meM Ane vAle meM sarvAdhika guNotkarSa dikhAyA jAtA hai| Arambha se anta taka guNa ke utkarSa kA krama honA sAra meM Avazyaka hai| ____ mammaTa, ruyyaka, vizvanAtha Adi ne bhI sAra kA yahI svarUpa nirUpita kiyA hai| mammaTa ke anusAra parAvadhi arthAt anta taka vastu ke uttarottara utkarSa kA varNana sAra hai|' ruyyaka ne pUrva-pUrva kI apekSA uttara-uttara kI utkRSTatA kA nibandhana sAra kA lakSaNa diyA hai / 2 vizvanAtha ne vastu ke uttarottara utkarSa-varNana ko sAra kahA / spaSTa hai ki ina AcAryoM kI sAra-dhAraNA abhinna hai| inake sAra kA svarUpa rudraTa ke sAra se bhI mUlataH abhinna hai; para rudraTa kI apekSA mammaTa Adi kA sAra-lakSaNa adhika sarala hai| samudAya aura usake eka-eka deza ke uttarottara utkarSa kI carcA na kara mammaTa-ruyyaka Adi ne Arambha se anta taka vastuoM meM pUrva-pUrva kI apekSA uttara-uttara meM adhika guNotkarSa kI dhAraNA para bala diyA / isa taraha mammaTa, ruyyaka Adi kI sAra-paribhASA adhika subodha bana paayii| __ appayya dIkSita ne sAra kI paribhASA dene meM to pUrvavartI AcAryoM ke mata kA hI anumodana kiyA hai; para unhoMne sAra ke tIna bhedoM kI kalpanA kI hai| uttarottara utkarSa sAra kA lakSaNa hai / vaha utkarSa zlAdhya guNa kA bhI ho sakatA aura azlAghya guNa kA bhii| donoM ko milAkara ubhaya guNa kA uttarottara utkarSa bhI dikhAyA jA sakatA hai| sAra meM guNotkarSa kA artha hai guNa kA Adhikya / ataH, uttarottara vastuoM meM guNa kA utkarSa yA Adhikya dikhAnA sAra mAnA jAyagA / paNDitarAja jagannAtha ne pUrva-pUrva kI apekSA uttara-uttara ke utkarSa ke sAtha pUrva-pUrva kI apekSA uttarottara ke apakarSa-varNana meM bhI sAra kA sadbhAva mAnA hai| uttarottara ke apakarSa-varNana kI dhAraNA appayya dIkSita kI uttarottara meM azlAghya guNotkarSa kI dhAraNA se milatI julatI hai| azlAghya guNa 1. uttarottaramutkarSo bhavetsAraH praavdhiH|-mmmtt, kAvyapra0 10,160 2. uttarottaramutkarSaH saarH|-ruyyk, alaM0sarvasva, sUtra saM0 56 3. uttarottaramutkarSo vastunaH sAra ucyte|| -vizvanAtha, sAhityada0 10,102 4. uttarottaramutkarSaH sAra itybhidhiiyte| -appayyadI0 kuvalayA0 108 tathA usakI vRtti draSTavya, pR0 127-28

Page #577
554 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa ke utkarSa ko guNa kA kramika apakarSa bhI kahA jA sakatA hai| jagannAtha ne eka viSaya tathA aneka viSaya ke AdhAra para bhI sAra ke do-do bheda mAne haiN|' niSkarSataH, uttarottara krama se vastuoM ke ( zlAghya yA azlAghya yA donoM prakAra ke ) guNoM kA utkarSa dikhAyA jAnA sAra kA eka rUpa tathA vastuoM kA uttarottara guNApakarSa dikhAnA usakA dUsarA rUpa hai| sAra-bheda appayya ne guNoM ke zlAghya, azlAghya tathA ubhaya rUpa ke AdhAra para sAra ke tIna bheda kiye the| paNDitarAja ne guNotkarSa tathA guNApakarSa-rUpa-do bheda mAnakara eka viSaya tathA aneka viSaya ke AdhAra para donoM ke do-do bhedaH mAne haiN| anyonya anyonya alaGkAra ke mUla meM do padArthoM ke pArasparika upaskAra yA upakAra kI dhAraNA rahI hai| donoM eka dUsare ke lie samAna kriyA karate haiN| isalie donoM meM paraspara kriyA kA eka kAraka-bhAva rahatA hai| rudraTa ne anyonya kI paribhASA meM kahA hai ki jahA~ do padArthoM meM paraspara kriyA se vaiziSTya lAne vAlA eka kAraka-bhAva ho, vahA~ anyonya alaGkAra hotA hai / 2 abhiprAya yaha ki do padArtha eka dUsare ke lie yadi samAna kriyA karate hoM aura usa kriyA se unake vaiziSTya kI puSTi hotI ho to anyonya alaGkAra hogaa| spaSTataH anyonya anvarthA saMjJA hai| bhoja ne anyonya kA vistRta vivecana kiyaa| unhoMne anyonya kI mUla dhAraNA meM koI parivartana nahIM kara rudraTa kI dhAraNA ko apekSAkRta sarala rUpa meM prastuta kiyaa| unake anusAra anyonya kA lakSaNa hai paraspara eka dUsare kA upakAra / rudraTa meM bhI samAna kriyA meM do padArthoM ke eka kAraka-bhAva kA 1. saiva saMsargasya utkRSTApakRSTabhAvarUpatve sAraH / tatrApi pUrvapUrvApekSayottarottarasyotkarSApakarSAbhyAM va vidhyam / "imaM cAlaGkAramekAnekaviSayatvena punadvividhamAmananti / -jagannAtha, rasagaGgAdhara, pR0 737 2. yatra parasparameka: kArakabhAvo'bhidheyayoH kriyyaa| saMjAyeta sphAritatattvavizeSastadanyonyam ||-rudrtt, kAvyAlaM0 7,61

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alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [553 uddezya paraspara vizeSArpaNa (vaiziSTya kI vRddhi) yA pArasparika upakAra hI mAnA thaa| bhoja ne anyonya meM paraspara upakAra kI dhAraNA prakaTa kara usake vAcya, pratIyamAna tathA ubhayAtmaka; ye tIna bheda mAne haiN| unhoMne anyonya ke tIna aura navIna rUpoM kI kalpanA kI hai--(ka) anyonya cUlikA,. (kha) anyonya bhrAnti tathA (ga) anyonya ektaa|' anyonya cUlikA meM do padArthoM kA pArasparika upakAra dikhAkara samanvita rUpa se donoM kA anyopakAra karanA dikhAyA jAtA hai| candramA se rAtri aura rAtri se candramA kA suzobhita honA do vastuoM-candramA aura rAtri ke pArasparika upakAra kA udAharaNa hai| aba yadi rAtri aura candramA kA paraspara upakAra dikhAte hue yaha kahA jAya ki 'una donoM se gagana suzobhita hai' to isameM bhoja anyonya cUlikA mAneMge / anyonya bhrAnti meM do alaGkAroM kA camatkAra haianyonya tathA bhrAntimAna kaa| kAle bhauMre ko jAmuna kA pakA phala samajhakara zuka kA use khAne ke lie unmukha honA aura phira zuka ke caJcu ko kiMzuka kusuma samajha kara bhauMre kA usa ora AkRSTa honA anyonya bhrAnti kA udAharaNa mAnA gayA hai| isa udAharaNa meM anyonya kI apekSA bhrAnti kA camatkAra adhika hai| ataH, ise bhrAntimAna kA hI eka bheda mAnanA adhika yuktisaGgata jAna par3atA hai| anyonya-ekatA meM do padArthoM kI paraspara ekatA ko sthApanA kI dhAraNA vyakta kI gayI hai| __mammaTa, ruyyaka, vizvanAtha, appayya dIkSita, jagannAtha Adi prAyaH sabhI AcAryoM ne ekamata se anyonya meM do vastuoM ke paraspara upakAra kI dhAraNA vyakta kI hai| mammaTa tathA ruyyaka ne eka kriyAmukhena do vastuoM ke paraspara kAraNa yA janaka hone kI bAta anyonya-lakSaNa meM kahI hai / 2 do meM sAmAnyataH kAryakAraNa yA janyajanaka-bhAva rahatA hai| kintu isameM camatkAra yaha hai ki do 1. anyonyamupakAro yastadanyonyaM tridhA ca tat / vAcyaM pratIyamAnaM ca tRtIyamubhayAtmakam // anyonycuulikaanyonybhraantirnyonymektaa| anyonyAlaMkRterantastrayametadiheSyate // -bhoja, sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa 3, 27-28 2. kriyayA tu parasparam / vastunorjano'nyonyam -mammaTa, kAvyapra0 10, 187 tathA parasparaM kriyAjanane'nyonyam / -ruyyaka, alaM0 sU0, saM0 46

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*556 ] alaGkAra- dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa padArtha paraspara eka dUsare ke kAraNa batAye jAte haiM / pahale ke saundarya kA janaka dUsarA aura dUsare kA pahalA, yaha anyonya kA saundarya hai / kAraNa yA - janaka zabda kA prayoga rudraTa ke vizeSa tathA bhoja Adi ke upakAra ke lie huA hai / vizvanAtha kA lakSaNa rudraTa ke lakSaNa se milatA-julatA hai / " ise appayya dIkSita ne anyonya kA upakAra tathA jagannAtha ne anyonya kA vizeSAdhAna kahA hai / 2 isa prakAra anyonya ke sambandha meM AcArya prAya: ekamata rahe haiN| sabhI AcAryoM ke mata kA sAra yaha hai ki jahA~ do padArtha samAna kriyA se eka dUsare kA upakAra yA utkarSAdhAna karate hue varNita hoM, vahA~ anyonya alaGkAra hotA hai / : - parivRtti parivRtti bhAmaha ke samaya hI alaGkAra rUpa meM svIkRta ho cukI thI / pIche ke AcAryoM ne bhI usakA alaGkAratva svIkAra kiyA hai / parivRtti ke - svarUpa para vicAra karane se usameM vizeSa camatkAra nahIM jAna par3atA / usameM . * padArthoM ke vinimaya kI dhAraNA prAyaH sabhI AcAryoM ne vyakta kI hai / arthoM ke pArasparika vinimaya ke AdhAra para parivRtti anvartha abhidhAna hai / bhAmaha ne choTI-sI cIja ke badale viziSTa vastu kA AdAna parivRtti kA lakSaNa mAnA - thA / unhoMne use arthAntaranyAsavatI kahakara usameM arthAntaranyAsa kA tattva - bhI apekSita mAnA thA / daNDI ne parivRtti ko paribhASita karate hue use kucha vyApaka svarUpa diyA / unhoMne anya vastu dekara kevala viziSTa vastu ke AdAna taka hI usakA kSetra sImita nahIM rakhA / sAmAnya rUpa se arthoM ke vinimaya ko unhoMne parivRtti kA lakSaNa mAnA / vinimaya ke tIna rUpa sambhava haiM - ( 1 ) samAna se samAna kA vinimaya, (2) nyUna se adhika kA vinimaya tathA (3) adhika se nyUna kA vinimaya / daNDo kI parivRtti - paribhASA kI vyAptivinimaya ke ukta tInoM rUpoM meM hai, phira bhI unhoMne parivRtti kA jo udAharaNa diyA hai vaha nyUna dekara adhika ke AdAna kA hI udAharaNa hai / " 1. draSTavya - vizvanAtha, sAhityada0 10, 65 2. draSTavya - appayya dI0, kuvalayA0 68 tathA jagannAtha, rasagaGgA0 pR0 721 3. viziSTasya yadAdAnamanyApohena vastunaH / arthAntaranyAsavatI parivRttirasau yathA // - bhAmaha, kAvyAlaM0 3,41 4. arthAnAM yo vinimayaH parivRttistu sA smRtA / - daNDI, kAvyAdarza 2, 351 - parivRtti kA udAharaNa, kAvyAdarza 2, 356 5. draSTavya-pa

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alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [ 557. daNDI kI dRSTi meM bhAmaha kI parivRtti kA udAharaNa rahA hogaa| sambhava hai, isIlie unhoMne nyUna dekara adhika ke grahaNa kA udAharaNa de diyA ho| daNDI ke usa udAharaNa ko dekhakara yaha nahIM mAnA jAnA cAhie ki daNDI bhI bhAmaha kI taraha kevala nyUna se adhika ke vinimaya meM hI parivRtti mAnate the| daNDI ne svayaM yaha kahA hai ki parivRtti ke kiJcit rUpa kA hI udAharaNa diyA jA rahA hai| spaSTataH, udAhRta rUpa ke atirikta anya rUpoM kI bhI kalpanA daNDI ke mana meM thI; para unhoMne saba ko udAhRta karanA Avazyaka nahIM smjhaa| udbhaTa ne parivRtti meM arthoM ke vinimaya kI mUla dhAraNA ko hI svIkAra kiyA; para unhoMne spaSTIkaraNa ke lie vinimaya ke tInoM sambhava rUpoM kA paribhASA meM ullekha karate hue kahA ki sama, nyUna tathA viziSTa se kisI vastu kA parivartana, jo arthasvabhAva tathA anarthasvabhAva kA hotA hai, parivRtti hai| nyUna dekara adhika kA AdAna arthasvabhAva, adhika dekara nyUna kA grahaNa anarthasvabhAva tathA sama se sama kA vinimaya prasajyapratiSedharUpa arthAbhAva rUpa hai| ina tInoM sthitiyoM meM parivRtti mAnI jAtI hai / ' spaSTa hai ki daNDI kI parivatti-paribhASA ko hI kucha pariSkRta rUpa meM udbhaTa ne prastuta kiyA hai| __ AcArya vAmana kA kahanA hai ki kucha loga upameyopamA ko hI parivRtti mAna lete haiM, jo ucita nahIM / samAna athavA asamAna artha se artha kA parivartana parivRtti kA lakSaNa hai|2 visadRza ke vinimaya meM nyUna se adhika tathA adhika se nyUna; donoM ke parivartana kI dhAraNA nihita hai| spaSTa hai ki vAmana ne daNDI, udbhaTa Adi kI hI parivRtti-dhAraNA ko svIkAra kiyA hai| vAmana sabhI alaGkAroM ko upamA-prapaJca mAnate haiM; para parivRtti meM artha-parivartana meM sArvatrika rUpa se upamAnopameya bhAva nahIM dikhAyA jA sktaa| unakI parivRtti-dhAraNA alaGkAra ke sambandha meM unakI mUla dhAraNA para aisA prazna cihna chor3a jAtI hai, jisakA koI yuktisaGgata uttara nhiiN| 1. samanyUnaviziSTastu kasyacit parivartanam / arthAnarthasvabhAvaM yat parivRttirabhANi saa|| -udbhaTa, kAvyAlaM. sArasaM0 5,31 / usapara tilaka kI vivRti bhI draSTavya, pR0 48 .. 2. samavisadRzAbhyAM parivartana privRttiH| -vAmana, kAvyAlaM0 sa0 4,3,16.

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"558 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa rudraTa ke anusAra eka hI sAtha vastu kA AdAna-pradAna parivRtti hai| yaha kabhI-kabhI tAttvika AdAna-pradAna ke abhAva meM bhI upacAra se ho sakatI hai| udAharaNArtha; 'virahotkaNThA dekara citta kA haraNa', isa kathana meM tAttvika pradAna nahIM hai, kevala upacAra se dAna aura grahaNa kI kalpanA hai / vAmana ke udAharaNa meM bhI aupacArika vinimaya kI dhAraNA prakaTa kI gayI thii| spaSTa hai ki vAmana, rudraTa Adi sabhI AcArya tAttvika vinimaya yA kucha dekara kucha lene meM to parivRtti mAnate hI the, upacAra se jahAM vastuoM ke vinimaya yA pArasparika parivartana kA bodha hotA ho, vahA~ bhI ve parivRtti kA sadbhAva mAnate the| bhoja ne parivatti ke lakSaNa meM vastuoM ke vinimaya tathA vyatyaya kI dhAraNA prakaTa kI hai| isa prakAra unake anusAra vastuoM kA vinimaya arthAt eka vastu.dekara dUsarI vastu kA grahaNa, parivRtti alaGkAra kA eka rUpa aura vastuoM kA vyatyaya arthAt eka sthAna se anyatra apasaraNa, usakA dUsarA rUpa hogaa| vyatyaya tathA vinimaya ko milAkara ubhayarUpAtmaka parivRtti banatI hai| ina tInoM ke mukhya aura amukhya (goNI vRtti ) bheda se chaha bheda ho jAte haiM / 2 artha ke vyatyaya meM prasiddha sthAna se anyatra apasaraNa meM-paravartI kisI bhI AcArya ne parivRtti nahIM mAnI hai| vaisI ukti ke svarUpa para paryAya Adi meM vicAra kiyA gayA hai| arthavyatyaya taka parivRtti ke kSetra ko khIMca kara le jAnA ucita nahIM jAna pdd'taa| mammaTa, ruyyaka, vizvanAtha Adi AcAryoM ne ekamata se udbhaTa kI taraha sama, nyUna tathA viziSTa artha se kramazaH sama, viziSTa aura nyUna artha ke vinimaya meM parivRtti alaGkAra kI sattA mAnI hai| appayya dIkSita ne nyUna aura adhika kA paraspara parivartana parivRtti kA kSetra mAnA hai| unhoMne usake jo do udAharaNa diye haiM, unameM nyUna dekara 1. yugapaddAmAdAne anyonyaM vastunoH kriyete yat / kvacidupacaryete vA prasiddhitaH seti privRttiH|| -rudraTa, kAvyAlaM. 7,77 .2. vyatyayo vastuno yastu yo vA vinimayo mithaH / / parivRttirihoktA sA....."||-bhoja, sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa 3, 26 marivRtti bheda ke lie draSTavya vahI 3,3.

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alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [ 556 'viziSTa kA grahaNa hI dikhAyA gayA hai|' isase jAna par3atA hai ki bhAmaha kI taraha appayya dIkSita bhI kevala nyUna dekara adhika ke grahaNa meM hI camatkAra mAnakara vahIM taka parivRtti kA kSetra mAnate hoNge| isa prakAra sambhavataH unake 'vinimayaH nyUnAbhyadhikayomithaH' kathana kA tAtparya nyUna se adhika ke vinimaya (nyUna dekara adhika grahaNa) kA rahA hogaa| paNDitarAja jagannAtha ne sama aura viSama; donoM prakAra ke vinimaya meM 'parivRtti mAnI hai| parivRtti ke lie jagannAtha ne yaha Avazyaka mAnA hai ki eka vastu kA samarpaNa kara anya vastu ke grahaNa meM hI parivRtti hogI, dUsare ke grahaNa ke lie eka kA tyAga mAtra hI parivRtti meM paryApta nhiiN| isI AdhAra para jagannAtha ne 'alaGkArasarvasva' ke parivRtti-lakSaNa meM doSa nikAlanA cAhA hai, jisameM yaha kahA gayA hai ki eka vastu kA tyAga kara dUsarI kA grahaNa 'parivRtti hai| vinimaya meM kucha lene ke lie kucha kA kevala tyAga hI nahIM, usakA arpaNa apekSita hotA hai / / _ niSkarSataH, parivRtti ke sambandha meM do pradhAna dhAraNAe~ pracalita rahI haiM(ka) nyUna vastu dekara viziSTa vastu kA grahaNa aura (kha) sama, nyUna tathA adhika vastuoM kA kramazaH sama, adhika evaM nyUna ke sAtha parivartana / sama kA sama se nyUna kA adhika se tathA adhika kA nyUna se parivartana dikhAne meM parivRtti mAnane ke pakSa meM hI adhikAMza AcArya rahe haiN| vastutaH vinimaya kI vivakSA 'parivRtti kA prANa hai| usake sambhava tInoM rUpoM meM parivRtti mAnI jAnI caahie| ___ AcArya kezava ne bhramavaza viSAdana ke svarUpa ko parivRtti kA lakSaNa banA diyA hai| unake anusAra jahA~ prayatna kucha aura ke lie ho aura phala kucha aura hI ho jAya, vahAM parivRtti hotI hai| cintAmaNi, kulapati Adi ne 1. parivRttivinimayo nyUnAbhyadhikayomithaH / jagrAhaikaM zaraM muktvA kaTAkSAtsa ripuzriyam // - appayya dI0, kuvalayA0 112 2. parakIyayatkiJcidvastvAdAnaviziSTaM parasmai svakIyayatkiJcidvastusamarpaNaM privRttiH|-jgnnaath, rasagaGgAdhara, pR0 763 ruyyaka kI parivRtti-paribhASA kI samIkSA ke lie draSTavya vahI pR0 765 3. jahA~ karata kachu aura hI, upaji parati kachu aura / tAsoM parivRtti jAniyo"....kezava, kavipriyA 13-26

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560 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa mammaTa Adi kI taraha sama tathA asama ke vinimaya meM parivRtti mAnI hai / matirAma, kumAramaNi, Adi ne appayya dIkSita kI taraha nyUna aura adhika ke vinimaya meM hI parivRtti kA sadbhAva mAnA hai / nyUna tathA adhika ke vinimaya kA artha kucha AcArya kevala nyUna dekara adhika kA AdAna mAnate haiM aura kucha loga nyUna se adhika kA tathA adhika se nyUna kA parivartana | parivRtti-bheda tathA donoM asundara kA vinimaya / bheda asama vinimaya ke svIkRta haiM / para pratyeka ke do-do bheda sambhava haiM / jagannAtha ne sama se sama ke vinimaya ke do bheda mAne haiM--donoM sundara nyUna se adhika tathA adhika se nyUna; ye do mukhya yA upacAra se vinimaya ke AdhAra parisaMkhyA 1 alaGkAra ke rUpa meM parisaMkhyA kA nirUpaNa sarvaprathama rudraTa ne kiyA hai / vaizeSika darzana meM parisaMkhyA ke svarUpa kA vistRta vivecana ho cukA thA / guNa, kriyA tathA jAti-rUpa vastu kI ekatra sthApanA tathA apara mukhya yA vRtti se usakA niSedha parisaMkhyA kA svarUpa hai / vaiyAkaraNa parisaMkhyA kA artha niyama mAnate haiM / dhyAtavya hai ki niSedha prApta kA hI hotA hai / ataH, jisa guNa, jAti, kriyA Adi kI anekatra prApti ho, use kisI eka niyata AdhAra meM hI vidyamAna kahA jAya, jisase aparatra usakA abhAva pratIta ho to yaha parisaMkhyA kA svarUpa hogA / vastu kI ekatra sthApanA kara aparatra usakA abhAva, vAcya yA pratIyamAna kisI bhI rUpa meM batAyA jA sakatA hai / vastu kI ekatra sthApanA tathA aparatra usakA niSedha, prazna kiye jAne para bhI kiyA jA sakatA hai aura praznanirapekSa rUpa meM bhI / rudraTa ne vidhi-niSedha kI isa uktibhaGgI ko kiJcit pariSkAra ke sAtha alaGkAra ke rUpa meM svIkara kiyA hai / jahA~ anekatra prApta kisI vastu kI ekatra sthApanA kI jAya aura aparatra usakA abhAva pratIta ho, vahA~ rudraTa parisaMkhyA alaGkAra mAneMge / abhAva kA vAcya honA isameM unheM abhISTa nahIM / parisaMkhyA ko paribhASita karate hue unhoMne kahA ki jahA~ praznapUrvaka athavA binA prazna ke anekatra samAna rUpa se rahane vAlI 1. 'Rgveda bhASya' kI bhUmikA meM sAyaNa ne usake svarUpa kA vistRta: vivecana kiyA hai /

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alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [ 561 guNa, kriyA yA jAti-rUpa vastu kA RhIM sadbhAva kahA jAya aura anyatra usakA mabhAva pratIta ho, vahAM parisaMkhyA hotI hai| sArAMza yaha ki-(1) parisaMkhyA praznapUrvaka bhI hotI hai aura apraznapUrvaka bhI (2) isameM eka AdhAra meM vastu kI sthApanA vAcya hotI hai; para dUsare AdhAroM meM usakA niSedha pratIyamAna aura (3) jina AdhAroM meM sAdhAraNa rUpa se jo vastu rahA karatI hai unhIM AdhAroM meM se ekatra usa vastu kA sadbhAva tathA aparatra usakA abhAva zabdataH dikhAyA jAtA hai| bhoja ne parisaMkhyA ko ukti nAmaka zabdAlaGkAra kA eka bheda parisaMkhyokti mAna liyA hai| unhoMne vidhi-niSedha se zeSa kA jJAna parisaMkhyA kA lakSaNa mAnA hai| 2 spaSTa hai ki parisaMkhyA ke sambandha meM unakI dhAraNA rudraTa kI dhAraNA se abhinna hai| ise zabdAlaGkAra mAnanA ucita nahIM: kyoMki vidhi-niSedha se anya kA parijJAna arthasApekSa hotA hai| __ mammaTa ne rudraTa kI parisaMkhyA-viSayaka mAnyatA ko svIkAra kara usake kSetra ko thor3A aura vistRta kara diyaa| unhoMne niSedha ke vAcya hone meM bhI parisaMkhyA kA sadbhAva maanaa| parisaMkhyA kI paribhASA meM unhoMne anyatra vastu ke abhAva ko 'pratIti' kA ullekha nahIM kara 'tAdRganya-vyapoha' kA ullekha kiyaa| abhAva kI pratIti kI apekSA vyapoha kA artha vyApaka hai / vyapoha yA niSedha pratIyamAna bhI ho sakatA hai aura vAcya bhii| mammaTa ne parisaMkhyA kI paribhASA meM kahA hai ki jahA~ pUche jAne para yA binA pUche koI vastu zabdataH kathita hokara apane samAna anya vastu ke niSedha meM paryavasita hotI hai, vahIM parisaMkhyA hotI hai| vRtti meM unhoMne apohyamAna vastu ke pratIyamAna tathA vAcya hone ke AdhAra para parisaMkhyA ke do bheda kiye haiN| pRSTa tathA apRSTa bheda ke ukta do-do bheda hone se parisaMkhyA ke cAra bheda unheM mAnya haiN| 1. pRSTamapRSTaM vA sadguNAdi yatkathyate kvacitta lyam / anyatra tu tadabhAvaH pratIyate seti parisaMkhyA / / -rudraTa, kAvyAlaM0 7, 76 2. draSTavya-bhoja, sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa, pR0 148 3. kiJcit pRSTamapRSTaM vA kathitaM yatprakalpyate / tAdRganyavyapohAya parisaMkhyA tu sA smRtA // tathA-atra ca kathanaM praznapUrvakaM tadanyathA ca paridRSTama, tathobhayatra vyapohyamAnasya pratIyamAnatA vAcyaM ceti catvAro bhedAH / -mammaTa, kAvyapra0 10, 185 tathA usakI vRtti pR0 277

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562 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa ruyyaka ne mammaTa ke cAro parisaMkhyA-bhedoM ko svIkAra kiyA hai| unakI 'parisaMkhyA-paribhASA apekSAkRta adhika sarala hai| unhoMne kahA hai ki eka vastu kI anekatra prApti hone para usakA ekatra niyamana parisaMkhyA hai|' ekatra niyamana se hI aparatra usakA niSedha pratIta hotA hai; kahIM-kahIM niSedha vAcya bhI hotA hai| spaSTa hai ki mammaTa aura ruyyaka kI parisaMkhyA-dhAraNA samAna hai| vizvanAtha ne bhI isI mAnyatA ko svIkAra kiyA hai| appayya dIkSita ne niSedha ke zAbda aura Artha hone ke AdhAra para parisaMkhyA ke do bheda mAne haiN| pRSTa-apRSTa kA ullekha unakI paribhASA meM nahIM hai| donoM udAharaNa apRSTa ke hI diye gaye haiN| parisaMkhyA ke sambandha meM unakI mUla dhAraNA pUrvavartI AcAryoM kI dhAraNA se abhinna hai| eka vastu kA niSedha kara dUsare ( AdhAra ) meM vastu ke niyamana ko ve bhI parisaMkhyA kA lakSaNa mAnate haiN| paNDitarAja jagannAtha ne mammaTa, ruyyaka Adi kI taraha parisaMkhyA ke cAra bheda svIkAra kiye haiM--praznapUrvaka, tathA apraznapUrvaka parisaMkhyA-bhedoM ke zAbda niSedha aura Artha niSedha-bheda / parisaMkhyA kA sAmAnya svarUpa bhI unhoMne pUrvavartI AcAryoM ke matAnusAra hI diyA hai| niSkarSa yaha ki parisaMkhyA ke ukta cAra bheda bahumAnya haiN| usake isa sAmAnya rUpa ko mAnane meM sabhI AcArya ekamata haiM ki anekatra samAna rUpa se prApta vastu kA ekatra sthApana tathA anyatra zAbda yA pratIyamAna niSedha parisaMkhyA hai| mAlAdIpaka mAlAdIpaka ke svarUpa para dIpaka se svatantra rUpa meM vicAra hotA rahA hai| upamA, rUpaka Adi aneka alaGkAroM ke mAlA-rUpa kI kalpanA usake bheda ke rUpa meM hotI rahI hai; para mAlAdIpaka ne dIpaka se apanA svatantra astitva banA liyA hai| isakA mUla tattva dIpaka se nizcaya hI abhinna hai| 1. ekasyAnekatraprAptAvekatra niyamanaM parisaMkhyA / -ruyyaka, alaGkAra sU0 62 2. parisaMkhyA niSidhyakamekasminvastuyantraNam / -appayyadI0 kuvalayA0 113 3. draSTavya-jagannAtha, rasagaGgAdhara pR0 765-66 ..

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alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [ 563 eka kriyA Adi se aneka kA anvaya isameM bhI dIpaka kI taraha hI apekSita mAnA gayA hai: para isameM ekAvalI kI taraha uttara-uttara kA pUrva-pUrva se guNotkarSa pAne kI dhAraNA bhI vyakta kI gayI hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki kucha AcAryoM ne isakI svatantra paribhASA nahIM dekara ise dIpaka aura ekAvalI kA yoga-mAtra kahA hai| do alaGkAroM ke yoga se navIna alaGkAra kI kalpanA hone lage to alaGkAra kI saMkhyA ananta ho jAya / isalie kucha AcArya ise svatantra alaGkAra nahIM mAnakara dIpaka meM hI isakA antarbhAva mAnate haiN| yahI ucita bhI hai| yahA~ mAlAdIpaka ke svarUpa tathA use svatantra alaGkAra mAnane ke sambandha meM AcAryoM kI dhAraNA kA aitihAsika adhyayana vAJchanIya hai| AcArya daNDI ne mAlAdIpaka ko dIpaka kA eka bheda mAnakara pUrva-pUrva vAkya kI apekSA rakhane vAle uttara-uttara vAkya kI mAlA kI kalpanA kii| isameM sabhI vAkyoM kA eka pada se anvaya hotA hai| ataH, mUlataH yaha dIpaka hI hai|' pUrva-pUrva kI apekSA rakhane vAle uttara-uttara vAkya kI mAlA kI kalpanA ke kAraNa ise mAlAdIpaka kahate haiN| bhoja ne bhI daNDI kI taraha mAlAdIpaka ko dIpaka kA hI bheda mAnA hai| mammaTa ne dIpaka se pRthak mAlAdIpaka kI paribhASA dii| unhoMne mAlAdIpaka ko dIpaka-sApekSa mAnakara hI dIpaka kI paribhASA ke ThIka bAda use paribhASita kiyaa| unake anusAra jahAM pUrva-pUrva vastu uttara-uttara vastu kA upakAra kare arthAt usakA utkarSa-sAdhana kare, vahA~ mAlAdIpaka alaGkAra hotA hai| dhyAtavya hai ki mammaTa svayaM bhI ise apane-Apa meM pUrNa paribhASA nahIM mAnate the| unhoMne mAlAdIpaka kA jo udAharaNa diyA hai, usameM vAkyoM kI mAlA meM eka kriyA kA sarvatra sambandha dikhAyA gayA hai| yaha mAlAdIpaka ko dIpaka kA hI eka rUpa pramANita karatA hai| dIpaka-nirUpaNa ke sandarbha meM mAlAdIpaka kA vivecana bhI yahI siddha karatA hai ki mammaTa ke samaya taka dIpakadhAraNA se mAlAdIpaka kI dhAraNA alaga nahIM huI thii| 1. ityAdi dIpakatve'pi puurvpuurvvypekssinnii| vAkyamAlA prayukta ti tanmAlAdIpakaM matam / / -daNDI, kAvyAdarza 2, 108 2. draSTavya-sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa pR0 452 3, mAlAdIpakamA cedyathosaraguNAvaham / -mammaTa, kAvyapra0 10,157

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564 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa ruyyaka ne mAlAdIpaka ko sarvathA svatantra astitva dekara usameM eka pada se anvaya ke camatkAra kI apekSA mAlA kA camatkAra pradhAna maanaa| isIlie mAlA yA zRGkhalA ke saundarya para AdhRta ekAvalI, kAraNamAlA Adi ke vivecana-krama meM unhoMne mAlAdIpaka kA nirUpaNa kiyaa| ekAvalI meM pUrva-pUrva ke prati uttara-uttara kA utkarSa-hetu honA mAlA ke rUpa meM dikhAkara ruyyaka ne usake viparIta uttara-uttara ke prati pUrva-pUrva kA guNAdhAyaka honA aura isa prakAra usakI mAlA kI kalpanA mAlAdIpaka kA svarUpa maanaa|' spaSTa hai ki ruyyaka ne mAlAdIpaka kI paribhASA pUrvavartI AcAryoM ke matAnusAra hI dI hai| appayyadIkSita ne mAlAdIka kA svatantra rUpa se vivecana karate hue usake lakSaNa meM dIpaka aura ekAvalI kA yoga mAnA hai / 2 eka pada se aneka vAkya kA anvaya hone ke kAraNa isameM dIpaka kA tathA 'gRhItamuktarIti' arthAt pUrva-pUrva kA uttara-uttara ke prati aura uttara-uttara kA pUrva-pUrva ke prati vizeSaNabhAva ke kAraNa ekAvalI kA yoga rahatA hai / appayya ne jisa prakAra mammaTa, ruyyaka Adi kI ekAvalI ke svarUpa ko vistAra diyA thA, usI prakAra mAlAdIpaka kA kSetra bhI unhoMne vistRta kiyaa| mammaTa, ruyyaka Adi kevala uttara-uttara ke prati pUrva-pUrva kA vizeSaNabhAva yA guNAdhAyaka honA mAlAdIpaka meM apekSita mAnate the; para appayya dIkSita gRhItamuktarIti se isa rUpa ke sAtha parva-pUrva ke prati uttara-uttara kA vizeSaNabhAva bhI mAlAdIpaka kA dUsarA rUpa mAnate haiN| ina donoM prakAra ke vizeSaNabhAva kI mAlA meM eka pada se aneka vAkya kA anvaya hone para mAlAdIpaka kA rUpa-vidhAna hotA hai| paNDitarAja jagannAtha ne mAlAdIpaka ko svatantra alaGkAra nahIM mAnakara ekAvalI kA eka bheda mAnA hai| isameM ruyyaka kI taraha jagannAtha ko bhI 1. pUrvapUrvasyottarottaraguNAvahatve mAlAdIpakam / -rupyaka, alaGkArasUtra, 55 2. dIpakakAvalIyogAnmAlAdIpakamiSyate / -appayyadIkSita, kuvalayAnanda, 107 3. asmiMzcakAvalyA dvitIye bhede pUrva-pUrvaH parasparasyopakAraH kriyamANo yadya karUpaH syAttadA'yameva mAlAdIpakazabdena vyavahriyate prAcInaH / -jagannAtha, rasagaGgAdhara, pR0 736

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alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa mAlAgata camatkAra kA Adhikya mAnya hai| jagannAtha dIpaka ko sAdRzyagarbha mAnate haiM / mAlAdIpaka meM sAdRzyamUlakatA Avazyaka nhiiN| ataH, ve ise dIpaka kA bheda mAnane ke pakSa meM nahIM haiN| yaha jagannAtha kA apanA dRSTikoNa hai| hama dekha cuke haiM ki dIpaka meM sabhI AcArya sAdRzyamUlakatA Avazyaka nahIM maante| ataH, mAlAdIpaka ko dIpaka-bheda mAnane meM koI anupapatti nhiiN| vastutaH, mAlAdIpaka ko dIpaka aura ekAvalI se svatantra alaGkAra nahIM mAnA jAnA cAhie / yaha donoM kA samanvita rUpa hai / hetu, sUkSma aura leza hetu, sUkSma tathA leza pRthak-pRthak svarUpa vAle paraspara svatantra alaGkAra haiM, phira bhI inake alaGkAratva ke vidhi-niSedha kA pratipAdana kucha AcAryoM ne eka sAtha kiyA hai| ataH, ina tInoM ke sambandha meM AcAryoM kI dhAraNA ke vikAsa-krama kA ekatra adhyayana apekSita hogaa| bhAmaha ne hetu, sUkSma tathA leza ke alaGkAratva kA niSedha kiyA hai| unakI yukti hai ki inameM vakrokti kA abhAva hai aura vakrokti ke binA kAvya yA kAvyAlaGkAra kI kalpanA hI nahIM kI jA sktii| vakratA ke abhAva meM ukti kevala vArtA ho sakatI hai, kAvya nhiiN| bhAmaha ke isa niSedha-prayatna se yaha pramANita hai ki unake pUrva kucha AcArya hetu, sUkSma aura leza ko kAvya ke alaGkAra mAna cuke the| isIlie bhAmaha ko usa mata kA khaNDana Avazyaka jAna par3A hogaa| bhAmaha ne hetu, sUkSma tathA leza ko paribhASita karanA bhI Avazyaka nahIM samajhA / bhAmaha ke uttaravartI AcArya daNDI ne hetu, sUkSma aura leza ko na kevala kAvya ke alaGkAra ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA, apitu unheM vANI ke uttama bhUSaNa bhI khaa| eka AcArya jise alaGkAra bhI na mAne use dUsarA 1. evaM ca dIpakAlaMkAraprakaraNe prAcInarasya lakSaNAddIpakavizeSo'yamiti na bhramitavyaM, tasya sAdRzyagarbhatAyAH sakalAlaGkArikasiddhAntAt / -vahI, pR0 736 2. hetuzca sUkSmo lezo'tha nAlaGkAratayA mataH / . samudAyA'bhidhAnasya vakroktyanabhidhAnataH // -bhAmaha, kAvyAlaGkAra, 2,86 3. hetuzca sUkSmalezau ca vAcAmuttamabhUSaNam / / -daNDI, kAvyAdarza, 2,235

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566 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa ra AcArya uttama alaGkAra mAne, yaha sAhitya ke sambandha meM do AcAryoM ke maulika dRSTi-bheda kA pariNAma hai / daNDI ne tInoM alaGkAroM kA pRthak-pRthak nirUpaNa kiyA hai / unhoMne kAraka tathA jJApaka -- do hetuoM kI carcA kara donoM ke aneka bhedoM kA sodAharaNa vivecana kiyA hai| sUkSma kI paribhASA meM unhoMne kahA hai ki iGgita tathA AkAra se jahA~ artha kA anumAna kiyA jA sake, vahA~ sUkSma alaGkAra hotA hai / 2 iGgita se tathA AkRti ke vikAra se Antarika yA bAhya artha kA anumAna kevala catura vyakti hI kara pAte haiM / ataH, vaha sUkSma kahalAtA hai / kamala-dala ko saGa kucita kara iGgita se sandhyA ke samaya milana kI sUcanA denA tathA kapola para chAyI huI lAlI se hRdaya ke rAga kA anumAna karanA kramazaH iGgita aura AkAra se artha ke anumAna ke udAharaNa mAne jA sakate haiM / leza kI paribhASA meM daNDI ne kahA hai ki alpa rUpa se prakaTa vastu ke svarUpa ko chipAnA leza hai / 3 pIche calakara ruyyaka Adi ne leza ke isa svarUpa ko vyAjokti alaGkAra kahA / appayya dIkSita kI chekApaha nuti ke svarUpa kI kalpanA kA AdhAra bhI daNDI kA yaha leza alaGkAra hI hai / daNDI ne leza ke sambandha meM kucha AcAryoM ke mata kA nirdeza karate hue kahA thA ki kucha loga vyAja se kI jAne vAlI nindA aura stuti ko bhI leza kahate haiM / " paravartI kAla meM leza kA yaha svarUpa vyAjastuti ke rUpa meM svIkRta huA hai / AcArya udbhaTa ne bhAmaha ke mata kA anusaraNa karate hue ina tInoM kA alaGkAratva asvIkAra kara diyA / unhoMne una alaGkAroM kI carcA hI nahIM kI / rudraTa ne hetu kI paribhASA dete hue kArya ke sAtha kAraNa ke abheda se kathana 1. kArakajJApako hetU to cAnekavidho yathA / -- vahI 2,235 / hetu-bheda ke lie draSTavya vahI 2, 236-59. 2. iGgitAkAralakSyo'rthaH saukSmyAt sUkSma iti smRtaH / vahI 2,260 3. lezo lezena nibhinna vasturUpa nigUhanam / - vahI, 2,265 4. udbhinnavastunigUhanaM vyAjoktiH / - ruyyaka, alaGkAra sU0 76 5. lezameke vidunindAM stutiM vA lezataH kRtAm / daNDI, kAvyAdarza 2,268

Page #590
alaGkAroM kA svarUpa - vikAsa [ 567 para bala diyA / unakI hetu dhAraNA aMzataH pUrvavartI AcAryoM kI dhAraNA ke samAna hai; para hetu tathA hetumAna ke abheda kI dhAraNA navIna hai / daNDI Adi ke anusAra hetumAna ke tulya hetu kA kathana - mAtra hetu kA lakSaNa thA / rudra sUkSma ko navIna rUpa se paribhASita kiyA hai| unakA kathana hai ki jahA~ zabda pratipAdya artha ko batAne meM yuktivihIna ho jAtA hai; para apane usa artha se sambaddha yuktiyukta anya artha kA bodha karA detA hai, vahA~ sUkSma alaGkAra mAnA jAtA hai / 2 leza kI rudraTa - kRta paribhASA bhI navIna hai / unhoMne guNa meM doSatva tathA doSa meM guNatva kI kalpanA ko leza kA lakSaNa mAnA / 3 daNDI ke dvArA nirdiSTa leza ke eka rUpa para - vyAja se nindA yA stuti para yaha doSa meM guNa tathA guNa meM doSa kI kalpanA AdhRta hai / vakroktivAdI kuntaka ne hetu, sUkSma aura leza meM vakrokti kA abhAva hone ke kAraNa unake alaGkAratva kA khaNDana kiyA hai / kintu, bhAmaha aura kuntaka ke khaNDana ke AyAsa ke bAda bhI hetu, sUkSma aura leza ko adhikAMza AlaGkArikoM ne alaGkAra ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai / bhoja ne hetu ( vibhAvanAntargata ) evaM sUkSma ko arthagata tathA leza ko zabdArthobhayagata alaGkAra mAnakara alaga-alaga sandarbha meM unakA nirUpaNa kiyA hai / unakI sUkSma dhAraNA daNDI kI sUkSma dhAraNA se abhinna hai / ve bhI iGgita aura AkAra se artha ke anumeya hone meM sUkSma kA sadbhAva mAnate haiM / unhoMne vAcya tathA pratIyamAna ke AdhAra para sUkSma ke do bheda kiye haiM / leza ko bhoja ne rudraTa ke matAnusAra doSa meM guNI-bhAva tathA guNa meM doSI -bhAva kI kalpanA para avalambita mAnA / 5 nindA ke vyAja se kI jAne vAlI stuti ko bhoja ne leza meM hI antarbhukta mAnA hai / unake anusAra guNa meM doSabhAva batAnA aura 1. hetumatA saha hetorabhidhAnamabhedakRdbhavedyatra / so'laGkAro hetu " -- rudraTa, kAvyAlaGkAra 7,82 2. yatrAyuktimadarthoM gamayati zabdo nijArthasambaddham / arthAntaramupapattimaditi tatsaMjAyate sUkSmam / vahI, 7, 68 3. doSIbhAvo yasmin guNasya doSasya vA guNIbhAvaH / abhidhIyate tathA-vidhakarmanimittaH sa lezaH syAt / - vahI, 7,100 4. draSTavya -- kuntaka, vakroktijIvita, pR0 481 5. draSTavya, bhoja, sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa pR0, 273, 285 tathA 407

Page #591
568 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa nindA ke vyAja se (arthAt doSa dikhAte hue) stuti karanA yA guNa batAnA eka hI hai| kintu, vyAjastuti aura leza kA ukta svarUpa abhinna nhiiN| donoM kI uktibhaGgI meM bheda hotA hai aura usa alaga-alaga uktibhaGgiyoM meM alagaalaga camatkAra hai| ataH, donoM ko eka nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| appayya dIkSita ne leza ke guNa meM doSatva tathA doSa meM guNatva-prakalpana-rUpa ko svIkAra karane para bhI vyAjastuti tathA usake dUsare rUpa-vyAja nindA ko leza se svatantra alaGkAra mAnA hai| mammaTa ne rudraTa ke hetu kA alaGkArasva asvIkAra kara kAvyaliGga meM hI hetu kA camatkAra svIkAra kiyA hai| unhoMne sUkSma ke sambandha meM daNDI Adi kI hI dhAraNA ko svIkAra kiyA hai| leza alaGkAra kI sattA unheM mAnya nhiiN| prakaTa ho gaye rUpa ko vyAja se chipAne meM vyAjokti kA lakSaNa mAna lene ke kAraNa hI sambhavataH unheM leza ke svatantra astitva kI kalpanA kI AvazyakatA nahIM jAna par3I hogii| leza ke sambandha meM jo dUsarI dhAraNA pracalita thI aura jisakI ora daNDI ne nirdeza kiyA thA, vaha dhAraNA vyAjastuti ke rUpa meM mammaTa ke samaya taka svIkRta ho gayI thii| isa prakAra mammaTa ke kAla taka leza-viSayaka do prakAra kI prAcIna mAnyatAeM kramazaH vyAjokti tathA vyAjastuti ko janma dekara svayaM luptaprAya ho gayI thiiN| prastuta malaGkAroM ke sambandha meM ruyyaka kI dhAraNA mammaTa se milatI-julatI hI hai| ___ vizvanAtha ne hetu alaGkAra kI svatantra sattA svIkAra kara use rudraTa kI mAnyatA ke anusAra paribhASita kiyA hai| unakI sUkSma-dhAraNA daNDI Adi kI dhAraNA se abhinna hai / ___ appayya dIkSita ne phira se leza kA alaGkAra ke rUpa meM astitva svIkAra kiyaa| daNDI-kRta leza-paribhASA ke AdhAra para vyAjokti kalpita huI, unake dvArA nirdiSTa leza-lakSaNa vyAjastuti ke lakSaNa ke rUpa meM gRhIta huaa| bhaba rudraTa kI leza-paribhASA 'guNa meM doSatva tathA doSa meM guNatva kI kalpanA' hI baca rahI thii| appayya dIkSita ne leza kI yahI paribhASA svIkAra kii| 1. draSTavya-mammaTa, kAvyaprakAza 10, 186 2. abhedenAbhidhA hetuhe to tumatA saha |-vishvnaath, sAhityadarpaNa,10,83 3. vahI, 10, 116 4. lezaH syAddoSaguNayorguNadoSatvakalpanam / - appayyadI* kuvalayA0 138

Page #592
alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [ 566 sUkSma kA prAcIna rUpa hI 'kuvalayAnanda' meM paribhASita huA hai|' hetu ke sambandha meM prAcIna AcAryoM kI yaha dhAraNA appayya ko mAnya hai ki 'kArya ke 'sAtha kAraNa kA kathana hetu hai|' unhoMne rudraTa ke mata kA ullekha karate hue kahA hai ki 'kucha loga kArya-kAraNa ke aikya meM hetu mAnate haiN|'2 paNDitarAja ne rudraTa ke leza ko svIkAra kara guNa ke aniSTa-sAdhana hone tathA doSa ke iSTa-sAdhana hone ke varNana meM leza alaGkAra mAnA hai|3 paravartI AcAryoM ne ukta AcAryoM ke matoM kA hI kisI-na-kisI rUpa meM anumodana kiyA hai| niSkarSataH, hetu ke do rUpa kalpita hue haiM--hetumAna ke sAtha hetu kA "kathana tathA hetumAna aura hetu kA abhedena kathana / sUkSma ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM prAyaH AcArya ekamata rahe haiN| sUkSma kA yaha lakSaNa bahumAnya rahA hai-AkRti yA iGgita se artha ke anumeya hone kA varNana sUkSma hai| rudraTa ne kucha navIna rUpa se use paribhASita kiyA; para unakI * yaha mAnyatA ki 'pratipAdya artha meM yuktivihIna zabda jahAM apane artha se sambaddha yuktiyukta anya artha kA bodha karAtA ho, vahA~ sUkSma alaGkAra hotA hai', anya AcAryoM kA samarthana nahIM pA skii| leza ke sambandha meM tIna dhAraNAe~ prakaTa kI gayIM (1) prakaTa ho gaI vastu ko vyAja se chipAnA, (2) vyAja se stuti yA nindA kiyA jAnA tathA (3) guNa meM doSatva yA aniSTa-sAdhakatva tathA doSa meM guNatva yA iSTa-sAdhakatva kI klpnaa| ina tIna rUpoM meM se prathama vyAjokti alaGkAra tathA dvitIya vyAjastuti alaGkAra ke rUpa meM svIkAra kara liyA gayA hai| ataH, tIsarA rUpa hI leza kA rUpa mAnA jAnA caahie| parikara ____ rudraTa ne parikara ko svatantra alaGkAra mAna kara usake svarUpa kA sarvaprathama 'nirUpaNa kiyaa| unake paravartI prAyaH sabhI mAnya AcAryoM ne parikara kA 1. sUkSma parAzayAbhizetarasAkRtaceSTitam |-appyy, kuvalayA0 151 2. hetoha tumatA sAdhaM varNanaM heturucyte| vahI, 167 tathA hetuhetumatorakyaM hetu kecitpracakSate |-vhii, 168 / 3. guNasyAniSTasAdhanatayA doSatvena doSasyeSTasAdhanatayA guNatvena ca varNanaM leshH|-jgnnaath, rasagaGgAdhara, pR0 810 /

Page #593
570 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa alaGkAratva svIkAra kara use paribhASita kiyA hai| rudraTa ne parikara ko paribhASita karate hue kahA thA ki jahAM vastu ko vizeSa abhiprAya se yukta vizeSaNoM se vizeSita kiyA jAya, vahA~ parikara alaGkAra hotA hai| vastu ke cAra bheda-dravya, guNa, kriyA tathA jAti ke AdhAra para parikara ke cAra bheda hote haiN|' abhiprAya yaha ki dravya-rUpa vastu ke sAbhiprAya vizeSaNoM kA prayoga parikara kA eka bheda, guNa-rUpa vastu ke sAbhiprAya vizeSaNoM kA prayoga usakA dUsarA bheda, kriyA-rUpa vastu ke sAbhiprAya vizeSaNoM kA prayoga usakA tIsarA tathA kriyA-rUpa vastu ke sAbhiprAya vizeSaNoM kA prayoga usakA cauthA bheda hai| dravya Adi ke AdhAra para parikara kA nirUpaNa bAhya aura sthUla hai| rudraTa kI paribhASA kA niSkarSArtha hai-vastu ke sAbhiprAya vizeSaNoM kA prayoga parikara kA lakSaNa hai| kuntaka ne parikara ko svatantra alaGkAra ke rUpa meM to svIkAra nahIM kiyA para vizeSaNa-vakratA para vistAra se vicAra kiyA hai| unake anusAra jahA~ vizeSaNa ke mAhAtmya se kriyA yA kAraka kA lAvaNya prasphuTita ho, vahA~ vizeSaNa kI vakratA mAnI jAtI hai| unhoMne prastutaucitya ke anusAra isa vizeSaNavakratA ko samagra uttama kAvya kA prANa kahA hai| parikara meM sAbhiprAya vizeSaNa ke prayoga para rudraTa tathA paravartI AcAryoM ne jo vicAra kiyA hai, usase kuntaka kI vizeSaNa-vakratA kI dhAraNA bahuta kucha milatI-julatI hai| hA~,, kuntaka use eka alaGkAra nahIM mAna kara uttama kAvya kA prANabhUta tattva mAneMge, kyoMki vizeSaNoM kA vakratApUrNa prayoga kriyA tathA kAraka kA lAvaNya prakaTa karatA hai| bhoja ne vistAra ke sAtha parikara kA sabheda nirUpaNa kiyA hai| isa 1. sAbhiprAyaH samyagvizeSaNarvastu yadviziSyeta / dravyAdibhedabhinnaM caturvidhaH parikaraH sa iti // -rudraTa, kAvyAlaGkAra 7, 72' 2. vizeSaNasya mAhAtmyAt kriyAyAH kArakasya vaa| yatrollasati lAvaNyaM sA vizeSaNavakratA // -kuntaka, vakroktijIvita, 2, 15 3. etadeva vizeSaNavakratvaM nAma prastutaucityAnusAri sakalasatkAvyajIvitatvena lkssyte| -vahI, vRtti, pR0 236:

Page #594
alaGkAroM kA svarUpa - vikAsa [ 571 alaGkAra ke sambandha meM unakI mUla dhAraNA rudraTa ko dhAraNA ke sAmAna hI hai / paribhASA meM unhoMne kahA hai ki jahA~ kriyA tathA kAraka - sambandhI sAdhya yA dRSTAnta-bhUta vastu kA kriyA-pada Adi se upaskAra ho, vahA~ parikara hotA hai / ' niSkarSa ke rUpa meM TIkAkAra jagaddhara ne sAbhiprAya vizeSaNa ke sAtha vizeSya ke kathana ko bhoja - sammata parikara - lakSaNa mAnA hai / 2 parikara ke sambandha meM anya AcAryoM ke mata kA ullekha karate hue bhoja ne likhA hai ki upamA, rUpaka Adi alaGkAroM kA zabda, artha tathA zabdArthobhaya bhaGgI se sAdharmya dikhAnA kucha logoM ke anusAra parikara hai / aisA parikara - lakSaNa kisI mAnya AlaGkArika dvArA nahIM diyA gayA hai / sambhava hai ki bhoja ne apane samaya ke kisI gauNa AcArya kA mata uddhata kara diyA ho, jisakA mata alaGkArazAstra meM mahattva hI nahIM pA sakA hai / bhoja ekAvalI kA bhI parikara meM antarbhAva mAnate haiM / yaha mAnyatA ucita nahIM / ekAvalI meM parikara kI taraha kevala vizeSaNa - vizeSya-bhAva kA camatkAra nahIM rahatA, usameM vizeSaNa - vizeSya kI mAlA kA -- usakI nizcita krama baddha yojanA kA saundarya rahatA hai / ataH, - donoM alaga- alaga alaGkAra haiM / mammaTa, ruyyaka, vizvanAtha, appayya dIkSita, jagannAtha Adi sabhI paravartI AcArya sAbhiprAya vizeSaNa ke sAtha vizeSya ke kathana ko parikara kA lakSaNa mAnane meM ekamata haiM / spaSTa hai ki parikara ke svarUpa meM vikAsa kI sthitiyA~nahIM AyI haiM / usakA svarUpa rudraTa se lekara maulika alaGkArazAstrIya cintana ke uttara kAla taka eka-sA hI rahA hai / parikara-bheda vastuoM ke dravya, guNa, jAti tathA kriyA rUpoM ke AdhAra para parikara ke cAra bheda rudraTa ne kiye the / bhoja ne vizeSita hone vAlI vastu tathA vizeSaNa 1. kriyAkArakasambandhisAdhyadRSTAntavastuSu / kriyApadAdya paskAramAhuH parikaraM budhAH // -- bhoja, sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa, 4, 72 2. sAbhiprAyavizeSaNena vizeSyoktiH parikara iti lakSaNam / 3. draSTavya - vahI 4, 75 4. draSTavya - vahI, pR0 446 vahI, jagaddhara kI TIkA, pR0 433

Page #595
572 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa ke aneka rUpoM ke AdhAra para parikara ke nimnalikhita bhedoM kI kalpanA kI hai-kriyAparikara, kArakaparikara, sambandhiparikara, sAdhyaparikara, dRSTAnta* parikara, vastuparikara, kRttaddhita Adi se kriyAparikara, avyayaparikara, kRt yA kRdartharUpa kriyA-vizeSaNaparikara, sambodhanaparikara, lakSaNaparikara, hetu'parikara, sahArthaparikara, tAdarthyaparikara, tathA upapadaparikara / yadi zabdAdibhaGgI se alaGkAroM ke sAdharmya-pratipAdana meM bhI parikara mAneM to usake asaMkhya bheda ho jAte haiN| ekAvalI ko parikara meM antabhukta mAna kara bhoja ne zabda* ekAvalI, artha-ekAvalI tathA ubhaya-ekAvalI bheda kiye haiN|' ekAvalI ke ina rUpoM ko parikara-bheda nahIM mAnA jAnA cAhie / parikarAGa kura parikara ke svarUpa ke AdhAra para hI parikarAGa kura alaGkAra ke svarUpa * kI kalpanA kI gayI hai| parikara meM vizeSaNa kA sAbhiprAya honA apekSita mAnA gayA thaa| rudraTa, bhoja Adi AcAryoM ne sAbhiprAya vizeSaNa vAle parikara ke aneka rUpoM kI kalpanA karane para bhI vizeSya ke sAbhiprAya prayoga ke camatkAra para vicAra nahIM kiyA thaa| sarvaprathama jayadeva ne 'candrAloka' meM * parikarAGa kura alaGkAra kI kalpanA kI aura sAbhiprAya vizeSya ke prayoga ko isakA lakSaNa mAnA / appayya dIkSita ne sAbhiprAya vizeSaNa-rUpa parikara kA nirUpaNa kara parikarAGakura kA nirUpaNa kiyA aura usameM jayadeva ke anusAra sAbhiprAya vizeSya kA prayoga apekSita maanaa| appayya dIkSita ke paravartI jagannAtha Adi ne parikarAGa kura kA nirUpaNa nahIM kiyA hai| sambhavataH, unheM parikarAGakura kA alaGkAratva mAnya nahIM thaa| parikarAGa kura meM vizeSya ke sAbhiprAyatva kA camatkAra rahatA hai| ataH, yadi vizeSaNoM ke sAbhiprAyatva ke camatkAra ke AdhAra sara parikara ko alaGkAra mAnA jAtA hai to vizeSya ke 1. draSTavya-bhoja, sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa, pR0 433-48 2. sAbhiprAye vizeSye tu bhavet parikarAGa kuraH / -jayadeva, candrAloka, 5,40 3. sAbhiprAye vizeSye tu bhavet parikarAGa kuraH / -appayya dIkSita, kuvalayAnanda, 63

Page #596
alaGkAroM kA svarUpa- vikAsa [ 573 sAbhiprAya prayoga ke camatkAra ke AdhAra para parikarAGa kura ko bhI alaGkAra mAnA hI jAnA cAhie / hindI rIti-zAstra meM jayadeva tathA appayya dIkSita kI alaGkAra- viSayaka mAnyatA kA anusaraNa karane vAle aneka AcAryoM ne parikarAGakura kA lakSaNanirUpaNa kiyA hai / mahArAja jasavanta siMha, matirAma, bhUSaNa, raghunAtha, dUlaha, bhikhArIdAsa Adi AcAryoM ne parikarAGa kura kA vivecana kiyA hai; kintu. kisI AcArya ne parikarAGa kura ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM koI navIna dhAraNA prakaTa nahIM kI / 'candrAloka' tathA 'kuvalayAnanda' meM diye gaye parikarAGa, kura-lakSaNa kA hI bhAvAnuvAda hindI meM hotA rahA / parikarAGaMkura ke svarUpa meM ekarUpatA banI rahI / sAbhiprAya vizeSya kA prayoga usakA sarvamAnya lakSaNa sthApita huA / uttara uttara alaGkAra ke do rUpoM kI kalpanA rudraTa ne kI / unake anusAra jahA~ uttara sunakara pUrvavacana kA arthAt prazna kA nizcaya ho, vahA~ uttara alaGkAra kA eka rUpa aura jahA~ praznapUrvaka uttara kA ullekha ho, vahA~ uttara kA dUsarA rUpa hogA / ' uttara sunakara prazna ke unnayana meM hetuhetumadbhAva kA nibandhana uttara meM nahIM hotA; ataH ise anumAna se abhinna mAnane kI bhrAnti nahIM honI cAhie / anumAna alaGkAra meM hetuhetumadbhAva kA nibandhana Avazyaka hotA hai / aba prazna yaha hai ki uttara sunakara prazna ke unnayana meM to ukti kI vizeSa bhaGgA hone se alaGkAratva mAnA jA sakatA hai; para prazna aura usake uttara ke - ullekha meM alaGkAratva mAnane meM kyA yukti hogI ? rudraTa kI uttara - paribhASA - ko dekhate hue isa prazna kA uttara yaha diyA jA sakatA hai ki kavi-pratibhA se nibaddha prazna tathA usakA uttara camatkArapUrNa hone ke kAraNa alaGkAra mAnA jAtA hai / eka hI sAtha prazna aura uttara ke nibandhana kI vizeSa bhaGgI meM rudraTa ne uttara alaGkAra kA eka rUpa mAnA hai / aupamyagarbha - uttara ke lakSaNa meM " kahA gayA hai ki jahA~ vaktA upameyabhUta vastu ke sambandha meM pUche jAne para usake sadRza upamAnabhUta vastu batAve, vahA~ uttara hotA hai | 2 1. uttaravacanazravaNAdunnayanaM yatra pUrvavacanAnAm / kriyate taduttaraM syAtpraznAdapyuttaraM yatra // - rudraTa, kAvyAlaM 0 7,63 2. yatra jJAtAdanyatpRSTastattvena vakti tatta lyam / sakhyArtena taduttaraM jJeyam ||-vhiiN, 8,72

Page #597
' 574 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa bhoja ne uttara ke sambandha meM vilakSaNa dhAraNA prakaTa kI hai| unake anusAra * padArthoM kA sAra-nirdhAraNa arthAt prasiddha vastuoM meM se kisIkA sarvotkRSTa rUpa meM nirdhAraNa 'uttara' hai|' prazna-nirapekSa uttara kA yaha svarUpa uttara alaGkAra nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| prazna ke sAtha yadi vastu kA sAra-nirdhAraNa ho athavA kama-se-kama usa nirdhAraNa se usake mUla meM kisI prazna kA nizcaya bhI ho to vaha sAra-nirdhAraNa uttara kA svarUpa mAnA jA sakatA hai / zabdAlaGkAra praznottara ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM bhoja ne yaha dhAraNA prakaTa kI hai ki jahA~ pada se vaktA ke kathana meM paryanuyoga kA udghATana kiyA jAya arthAt usake kathana meM 'prayukta padoM se hI doSa dikhAne kI ceSTA kI jAya, vahA~ praznottara alaGkAra hotA hai| ___ mammaTa ne rudraTa kI uttara-dhAraNA ko hI kiJcit pariSkAra ke sAtha svIkAra kiyaa| uttara se prazna ke unnayana kI dhAraNA to usI rUpa meM svIkAra kara lI gayI; para prazna ke sAtha uttara ke nibandhana meM thor3A pariSkAra kiyA gyaa| mammaTa kI mAnyatA hai ki eka to uttara meM prazna aura uttara kA asakRt arthAt aneka bAra nibandhana honA cAhie; dUsare, prazna ke sAtha usakA diyA jAne vAlA uttara bhI asambhAvya arthAt vidagdha janocita honA caahie| kahIM eka prazna tathA usake eka uttara kA nibandhana ho jAya, vaha bahuta camatkArajanaka nahIM hotA; para yadi eka sthala para aneka prazna kramaza: Ate jAte haiM aura unake uttara bhI nivandhita hote calate haiM to ukti meM vizeSa camatkAra A jAtA hai| aise hI sthala meM mammaTa ko uttara alaGkAra abhISTa hai| kisI prazna ko sunakara sarva-sAdhAraNa ke mana meM jo uttara A jAtA hai, yadi vahI uttara kavi ke dvArA nibaddha ho to pAThaka ke mana meM koI camatkAra utpanna nahIM hogaa| ataH, uttara kA asambhAvya honA bhI vAJchanIya hai / ruyyaka, vizvanAtha Adi kI uttara alaGkAra ke sambandha meM yahI mAnyatA hai|4 jayadeva, appayya dIkSita Adi ne uttara ke svarUpa meM naye tattva jor3e haiN| 1. padArthAnAM tu yaH sArastaduttaramihocyate |-bhoj, sarasvatIkaNThA0 3,33 2. yastu paryanuyogasya nibhedaH kriyate pdaiH| "taM hi praznottaraM viduH / / vahI, 2,148 3. uttarazru timAtrataH / praznasyonnayanaM yatra kriyate tatra vA sati / asakRdyadasaMbhAvyamuttaraM syAttaduttaram ||-mmmtt, kAvyapra0 10,188 .4. draSTavya-ruyyaka, alaGkAra sU074 tathA vizvanAtha, sAhityaka. 10,1..

Page #598
alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [575 unake matAnusAra kisI abhiprAya se gUr3ha uttara diyA jAnA uttara kA eka rUpa hai| 'pathika ke dvArA nadI pAra karane ke lie ucita sthAna pUche jAne para nAyikA kA vetasa-kuJja kI ora saGketa karanA' isakA udAharaNa diyA gayA hai| abhisAra ke upayukta sthAna kA uttara meM nirdeza sAbhiprAya hai| isa taraha uttara kA sAbhiprAya tathA gUr3ha honA apekSita mAnA gayA hai| citrottara ko uttara kA dUsarA bheda mAnA gayA hai, jisameM prazna tathA uttarAntara se abhinna uttara kA nibandhana hotA hai| isake svarUpa para pUrvavartI AcArya citra nAmaka zabdagata alaGkAra ke prasaGga meM vicAra kara cuke the| isameM zabda-prayoga ke camatkAra kI pradhAnatA ke kAraNa ise zabdAlaGkAra mAnA jAtA rahA hai| paNDitarAja jagannAtha ne rudraTa Adi kI taraha unnIta tathA nibaddha prazna vAle uttara ko uttara alaGkAra ke do bheda mAne haiN| ye do prakAra ke uttara prazna tathA uttara meM se donoM ke athavA eka ke sAbhiprAya tathA nirabhiprAya hone ke AdhAra para cAra-cAra prakAra ke hote haiN| isa taraha isake ATha mukhya bheda haiN| ina bhedoM ke aura bhI upabheda kalpita haiN|' spaSTa hai ki jagannAtha ne pUrvavartI sabhI AcAryoM kI uttara-dhAraNA ko samanvita kara svIkAra kiyA hai| niSkarSataH, uttara ke ye rUpa mAnya haiM-(1) uttara sunakara prazna kA unnayana, (2) aneka praznoM tathA unake vaidagdhyapUrNa uttaroM kA ekatra nibandhana tathA (3) sAbhiprAya gUr3ha uttara / eka hI pada meM samasta-rUpa se prazna tathA uttara kA saMgrathana bhI ho sakatA hai, jise citrottara kahate haiN| anumAna jJAna ke pramANa ke rUpa meM anumAna ke svarUpa para darzana meM vicAra cala rahA thaa| nyAya kI anumAna-mImAMsA mAnava manISA ke vismayajanaka utkarSa kA nidarzana hai| darzana meM tarka-vitarka kI paddhati se anumAna kA jo svarUpa sthApita huA, usakI kAvyAtmaka pariNati usI nAma se kAvya ke eka alaGkAra ke rUpa meM huii| anumAna kA ramaNIya varNana kAvya kA eka alaGkAra svIkRta huaa| 1. kiJcidAkUtasahitaM syAdgUDhottaramuttaram / tathApraznottarAntarAbhinnamuttaraM citramucyate // -appayyadIkSita, kuvalayAnanda 146-5. 2. draSTavya-jAnyAtha, rasagaGgAdhara, pR0 120-24

Page #599
576 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa rudraTa ne sarvaprathama kAvyAlaGkAra ke kSetra meM anumAna kI avatAraNA kii| anumAna alaGkAra ke svarUpa kA nirUpaNa karate hue unhoMne kahA ki jahAM kavi pahale parokSa sAdhya vastu arthAt kArya ko batAkara punaH usake sAdhaka arthAt kAraNa kA ullekha kare tathA isake viparIta jahA~ pahale sAdhaka yA kAraNa kA ullekha kara pIche kArya kA ullekha kare, vahA~ anumAna alaGkAra hotA hai|' kArya ko dekhakara usake kAraNa kA tathA kAraNa se usake kArya kA anumAna hotA hai| kavi jaba ukta rIti se sAdhya-sAdhaka kA upanyAsa karatA hai to vaha anumAna alaGkAra kA vidhAna karatA hai / rudraTa ne anumAna ke eka aura rUpa kI kalpanA kara kahA hai ki jahAM balavAna kAraNa ko dekhakara anutpanna kArya ko bhI utpanna athavA bhAvI ( utpadyamAna ) kaha diyA jAya, vahA~ bhI anumAna alaGkAra hotA hai / 2 isameM bhI kArya-kAraNa kI rIti pUrvavat hI rahatI hai arthAt pahale kArya kA phira kAraNa kA upanyAsa; tathA pahale kAraNa kA phira kArya kA upanyAsa kiyA jAtA hai| bhoja ne anumAna ke aneka bhedopabhedoM kA nirUpaNa kiyA hai| unhoMne anumAna kI mUla dhAraNA meM koI parivartana nahIM kiyaa| mammaTa tathA ruyyaka ne sAdhya tathA sAdhana kA kathana anumAna kA mUla lakSaNa mAnA hai| prazna yaha ho sakatA hai ki anumAna ke pakSa, sAdhya, hetu tathA dRSTAnta; ye cAra Avazyaka aGga haiM, phira kevala sAdhya-sAdhana-kathana meM anumAna kaise hogA ? mammaTa ne yaha spaSTa kara diyA hai ki pakSa-sattva, anvaya tathA vyatireka se hetu tIna prakAra ke hote haiN| hetu ke ye tInoM rUpa sAdhana kahe jAte haiN| pakSa-sattva, sapakSa-sattva tathA vipakSAsatva; ina tIna rUpoM se anumAna karAyA jAtA hai| vaha pakSa kahalAtA hai| isa prakAra pakSa meM hetu kI vRtti, sapakSa meM hetu kI anvaya-vRtti tathA vipakSa meM usakI vyatireka-vRtti rahatI hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, pakSa meM hetu kI vRtti ko pakSa-dharmattva, sapakSa meM hetu kI vRtti ko sapakSa-sattva tathA vipakSa meM hetu kI avRtti ko vipakSAsattva kahA. 1. vastu parokSaM yasminsAdhyamupanyasya sAdhakaM tasya / punaranyadupanyasyedviparItaM ca tadanumAnam ||-rudrtt, kAvyAlaM. 7,56 2. yatra balIyaH kAraNamAlokyAbhUtameva bhUtamiti / bhAvIti vA tathAnyatkathyeta tadanyadanumAnam ||-vhii, 7,59 3. draSTavya-bhoja, sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa, pR0, 325-28 .

Page #600
alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [ 577 jAtA hai| ataH, sAdhya-sAdhana kahane se anumAna ke cAro aGgoM kA grahaNa ho jAtA hai| mammaTa kI mAnyatA hai ki sAdhya-sAdhana ke paurvAparya-kathana meM koI vaiziSTya nahIM hai| ataH, paribhASA meM usakA ullekha anAvazyaka hai| ruyyaka kI mAnyatA mammaTa kI ukta mAnyatA se abhinna hai| ruyyaka ne isa bAta para bala diyA hai ki kAvya meM ukti kI vicchitti anumAna ko alaGkAratva pradAna karatI hai; anyathA kAvya aura darzana ke anumAna meM koI bheda hI nahIM raha jaay| vizvanAtha ne anumAna kI paribhASA meM bhI vicchitti pada kA ullekha kiyaa| unake anusAra sAdhya-sAdhana kA vicchittipUrNa jJAna anumAna alaGkAra hai|2 anumAna kI dhAraNA ko sarvavidita mAnakara appayya dIkSita ne use paribhASita na kara kevala udAhRta kiyA hai| paNDitarAja jagannAtha ke anusAra anumitikaraNa anumAna hai| __ spaSTa hai ki anumAna ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM koI navIna udbhAvanA alaGkAra-zAstra meM nahIM kI gayI hai| darzana kI anumAna-dhAraNA ko hI sabhI AcAryoM ne svIkAra kiyA hai| usa anumAna kI prakriyA kA-sAdhya-sAdhana ke jJAna kA-vicchittipUrNa varNana anumAna alaGkAra mAnA jAtA hai| mIlita mIlita meM eka vastu ke rUpa kA usIke sadRza anya vastu ke rUpa meM tirohita ho jAne ke varNana para bala diyA gayA hai| eka ke anya meM tirobhAva yA mIlana ke AdhAra para isa alaGkAra kA anvartha abhidhAna kiyA gayA hai| rudraTa kI vasturUpa mIlana kI kalpanA bhAva-sApekSa thii| unhoMne harSa, kopa, bhaya Adi kI bhAva-dazA meM vyakti ke svAbhAvika AGgika cihnoM kA usake samAna nitya yA AgamApAyI cihnoM se tiraskAra mIlita kA lakSaNa mAnA thaa| pratyeka manobhAva kI kucha AGgika pratikriyA huA karatI hai| yadi usa 1. draSTavya-mammaTa, kAvyapra0 10 pR0 275-76 tathA ruyyaka, alaGkAra ___ sarvasva, pR0 176-82 2. draSTavya-vizvanAtha, sAhityadarpaNa, 10, 82 3. draSTavya-jagannAtha, rasagaGgAdhara, pR0 753 4. tanmIlitamini yasmin samAnacihnana harSakopAdi / apareNa tiraskriyate nityenAgantukenApi ||-rudrtt, kAvyAlaM0 7,106

Page #601
578 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa pratikriyA yA bhAva-vizeSa ke bAhya cihna kA vyakti ke svabhAvasiddha yA avasthA-vizeSa meM jAyamAna cihna se tiraskRta hone kA varNana ho to vahA~ mIlita alaGkAra hogaa| bhAva-vizeSa ke bAhya cihna kA tiraskAra usake sadRza anya cihna se hI hotA hai / apane samAna cihna meM vaha bhAvajanya cihna isa taraha mila jAtA hai ki usakA astitva hI nahIM jAna par3atA / anurAga se utpanna netra kI caJcalatA nAyikA kI A~khoM kI caJcalatA meM isa taraha kho jAtI hai ki usa anurAga-cihna ( netra-cAJcalya ) kA patA hI nahIM cltaa| kopa kI lAlI madirA ke naze se utpanna mukha kI lAlI meM tirohita ho jAtI hai| aise varNana meM rudraTa kramazaH nitya tathA Agantuka dharma se bhAvacihna ke tiraskAra-rUpa mIlita kA sadbhAva maaneNge| bhoja ne vastuvizeSa se vastvantara kA tiraskAra mIlita kA lakSaNa maanaa| isa taraha rudraTa ke mIlita ke viziSTa svarUpa ko chor3akara bhoja ne usakA sAmAnya aura vyApaka svarUpa pratipAdita kara diyaa| pariNAmasvarUpa, alaGkAra-zAstra meM svatantra rUpa se pratiSThita tadguNa, atadguNa, pihita Adi alaGkAra bhI mIlita ke kSetra meM samAviSTa ho gaye / ' abhidhIyamAna tathA pratIyamAna guNa vAlI vastu se mIlita hone ke AdhAra para pUrvokta cAra mIlitarUpoM ke do-do bheda ho sakate haiN| __ mammaTa ne rudraTa kI mIlita-dhAraNA ko hI bahulAMzataH svIkAra kiyA hai| unhoMne rudraTa kI taraha mIlita-paribhASA meM harSa, kopa Adi bhAva kA ullekha nahIM kiyaa| itane bheda ko chor3akara mammaTa kI paribhASA rudraTa kI mIlitaparibhASA se milatI-julatI hai| mammaTa kI mAnyatA hai ki jahA~ kisI vastu ke sahaja yA Agantuka cihna se sAdRzya ke kAraNa kisI vastu ke rUpa kA usa cihna meM tirodhAna varNita ho, vahA~ mIlita alaGkAra hotA hai / 2 paribhASA meM bhAva-cihna kA ullekha nahIM karane para bhI mammaTa ne donoM udAharaNoM meM anurAga tathA bhaya ke cihna kA tirobhAva hI dikhAyA hai| eka meM apAGga 1. vastvantaratiraskAro vastunA mIlitaM smRtam / pihitApihite caiva tadguNAtadguNau ca tat / / -bhoja, sarasvatIbhaNThAbharaNa 3,41 2. samena lakSmaNA vastu vastunA yannigRhyate / nijenAgantunA vApi tanmIlitamiti smRtam // -mammaTa, kAvyaprakAza 10,167

Page #602
alaGkAroM kA svarUpa vikAsa [ 579 kI svabhAvasiddha taralatA se anurAga janya cihna kA tathA dUsare meM hima ke kAraNa Agantuka kampa se bhayajanya kampa kA tiraskAra dikhAyA gayA hai / " ears ne mIlita ko nimIlita kahA hai| unhoMne vastu se vastvantara kA nigUhana nimIlita kA lakSaNa dekara usake spaSTIkaraNa meM sahaja yA Agantuka samAna cihna se vastu kA nigUhana apekSita mAnA / isI AdhAra para unhoMne sAmAnya se isakA bheda-nirUpaNa kiyA hai| unakI dhAraNA mammaTa kI dhAraNA ke samAna hI hai / donoM ke udAharaNa bhI samAna haiM / ruyyaka ne isameM utkRSTa guNa se nikRSTa guNa kA tiraskAra apekSita mAnA hai / vizvanAtha ne bhI tulya cihna vAlI vastu se vastu kA nigUhana mIlita kA lakSaNa mAnA hai / appayya dIkSita ne mIlita meM bhAva, tathA sahaja, Agantuka Adi dharma kI carcA nahIM kI / jahA~ sAdRzya ke kAraNa do vastuoM meM bheda hI lakSita nahIM ho, vahA~ unake anusAra mIlita alaGkAra hotA hai / unhoMne sAmAnya se isakA bheda kevala isa AdhAra para kiyA hai ki sAmAnya meM vizeSa parilakSita nahIM hotA; para isameM do vastuoM meM abheda kI pratIti hotI hai / mIlita, sAmAnya, tadguNa Adi ke rUpa meM itanA sAmya hai ki sabake bIca vibhAjaka tattva kA ullekha paribhASA meM Avazyaka hai / samAna cihna vAlI vastu meM, cAhe vaha cihna Agantuka ho yA sahaja, anya vastu ke svarUpa ke tirohita ho jAne kA varNana hI mIlita kA upayukta lakSaNa jAna par3atA hai / sAmAnya sAmAnya alaGkAra ke svarUpa kI kalpanA sarvaprathama AcArya mammaTa ne kI / isameM prastuta tathA aprastuta meM samAna guNa ke pratipAdana ke lie donoM kA aikyanibandhana apekSita mAnA gayA hai / mammaTa kI paribhASA hai-- do vastuoM meM guNasAmya kI vivakSA se prastuta kA aprastuta ke sAtha aikAtmya - nibandhana arthAt abheda 1. draSTavya - mammaTa, kAvyaprakAza, pR0 288-89 2. vastunA vastvantaranigUhanaM nimIlitam / tathA- - sahajenAgantukena vA lakSmaNA yad vastvantareNa vastvantaraM nigRhyate, tadanvarthAbhidhAnaM nimIlitam / --ruyyaka, alaGkAra sUtra 70 tathA vRtti pR0 209 3. mIlitaM yadi sAdRzyAdbheda eva na lakSyate / - appayya dIkSita kuvalayAnanda 146

Page #603
50 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa pratipAdana sAmAnya hai|' bastuoM kA alaga-alaga dharma donoM meM vaiziSTya kA AdhAna karatA hai| isake viparIta sAmAnya meM donoM vastuoM ke bIca vaiziSTya ke abhAva kI vivakSA se--guNa ke sAmya kI vivakSA se donoM kI eka rUpa meM pratIti kA varNana kiyA jAtA hai| rudraTa ne ise tadguNa kA eka rUpa mAnA thaa|2 mammaTa ne rudraTa ke tadguNa ke prathama rUpa ko sAmAnya ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA aura dvitIya rUpa ko tadguNa maanaa| ruyyaka ne sAmAnya ke sambandha meM aisI hI dhAraNA prakaTa kI hai| unhoMne sUtra meM prastuta kA anya arthAt aprastuta ke sAtha guNa-sAmya ke kAraNa aikAtmyapratIti kA pratipAdana sAmAnya kA lakSaNa mAnA hai| vizvanAtha kI sAmAnyadhAraNA mammaTa, ruyyaka Adi kI dhAraNA se abhinna hai|' .. jayadeva tathA appayya dIkSita vizeSa ke parilakSita nahIM hone ke varNana meM sAmAnya alaGkAra mAnate haiN|5 vastuoM ke vyAvarttaka vizeSa kA abhAva hI sAmAnya kI mUla dhAraNA rahI hai| isa dRSTi se appayya dIkSita kI ukta paribhASA mammaTa tathA ruyyaka kI paribhASA se abhinna siddha hotI hai| paNDitarAja jagannAtha ne sAmAnya-viSayaka isa mAnyatA ko svIkAra karane para bhI usakI paribhASA ke pariSkAra kA prayatna kiyA hai| unake anusAra jahA~ vastu ke pratyakSa rahane para bhI anya vastu ke sAtha usake guNasAmya ke kAraNa usase bhinna rUpa meM usakI (varNya vastu kI) pratIti nahIM hotI, vahAM sAmAnya alaGkAra hotA hai| sAmAnya meM do vastu prastuta tathA aprastuta 1. prastutasya yadanyena guNasAmyavivakSayA / aikAtmyaM badhyate yogAttatsAmAnyamiti smRtam ||-mmmtt, kAvyapra. 10,202 2. draSTavya-rudraTa, kAvyAlaGkAra, 6,22 3. prastutasyAnyena guNasAmyAdaikAtmyaM sAmAnyam / -ruyyaka, alaGkAra sU0 71 4. draSTavya-vizvanAtha, sAhityadarpaNa, 10,116 / / 5. sAmAnyaM yadi sAdRzyAdvizeSo nopalakSyate / -appaya dIkSita, kuvalayAnanda, 147 6. pratyakSaviSayasyApi vastuno balavatsajAtIyagrahaNakRtaM tadbhinnatvenAgrahaNaM sAmAnyam / -jagannAtha, rasagaGgAdhara, pR. 815

Page #604
alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [551 pratyakSa rahate haiM; para unake bIca vyAvartaka dharma ke abhAva ke kAraNa-guNa-sAmya ke kAraNa donoM kA alaga-alaga grahaNa nahIM hotaa| mIlita se isakA yaha bheda hai ki mIlita meM eka se dUsare kA tirobhAva ho jAne ke kAraNa usakA pratyakSa hI nahIM ho pAtA; para sAmAnya meM donoM kA pratyakSa hotA hai| hA~, donoM meM guNa-sAmya ke kAraNa donoM kA eka dUsare se bhinna rUpa meM grahaNa nahIM ho paataa| niSkarSa yaha ki (ka) sAmAnya meM prastuta tathA aprastuta; donoM kA pratyakSa hotA hai| (kha) donoM ke bIca vyAvartaka vizeSa kA abhAva rahatA hai arthAt guNasAmya rahatA hai| phalataH (ga) donoM kI eka saMpa meM pratIti hotI hai| donoM kA paraspara bhinna rUpa meM grahaNa nahIM hotaa| sAmAnya alaGkAra ke svarUpa meM vikAsa kI sthiti nahIM AyI hai| sAmAnya ke svarUpa kA vizada vivecana dArzanikoM meM kiyA thA / prastuta alaGkAra kI dhAraNA sAmAnya-viSayaka dArzanika cintana para hI AdhRta hai| tadguNa aura atadguNa tadguNa svarUpa-vidhAna kA dRSTi se mIlita, sAmAnya Adi kA sajAtIya hai| isameM eka vastu kA dUsarI vastu ke guNa-grahaNa kI dhAraNA vyakta kI gayI hai| mIlita meM eka vastu dUsarI meM tirohita ho jAtI hai, sAmAnya meM vastu parilakSita hone para bhI apanA vaiziSTya khokara dUsarI vastu se eka-rUpa pratIta hone lagatI hai aura tadguNa meM vastu apane guNa kA tyAga kara anya vastu ke guNa ko grahaNa kara letI hai| tadguNa ke vaiparItya ke AdhAra para pIche cala kara atadguNa alaGkAra kI kalpanA kI gayI hai| ___rudraTa ne tadguNa ke do rUpoM kI kalpanA kI / eka meM unhoMne kahA ki jahA~ samAna guNa vAle aise padArthoM kA, jinakA yoga hone para pRthakpRthak rUpa lakSita ho sake, saMsarga hone para anekatva lakSita na ho, vahA~ tadguNa hotA hai / ' mammaTa ne isa rUpa ko sAmAnya saMjJA se svatantra alaGkAra mAna liyaa| tabase tadguNa kA yaha rUpa sAmAnya alaGkAra kA rUpa mAnA jAtA rahA hai / tadguNa ke 1. yasminnekaguNAnAmarthAnAM yogalakSyarUpANAm / saMsarga nAnAtvaM na lakSyate tadguNaH sa iti // . rudraTa, kAvyAlaGkAra, 6,22

Page #605
252 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa dUsare rUpa ko paribhASita karate hue rudraTa ne kahA hai ki jahA~ koI vastu apane se asamAna guNa vAlI tathA adhika guNa vAlI vastu ke saMsarga meM Akara usake guNa ko hI grahaNa kara le, vahA~ tadguNa hotA hai|' tadguNa anvarthA saMjJA hai / bhoja ne tadguNa ko svatantra alaGkAra nahIM mAnA hai| unhoMne mIlita alaGkAra ke svarUpa-nirUpaNa ke krama meM tadguNa-mIlita, atadguNa-mIlita Adi bhedoM kA vivecana kiyA hai|2 spaSTa hai ki bhoja tadguNa Adi ko mIlita meM hI samAviSTa mAnate hoNge| tadguNa mIlita kA sajAtIya avazya hai; para use mIlita se abhinna yA usakA aGga mAnanA ucita nhiiN| ___ mammaTa, ruyyaka, vizvanAtha, jayadeva, appayya dIkSita, jagannAtha Adi AcAryoM ne eka mata se tadguNa kA eka hI rUpa svIkAra kiyA hai--'jahA~ koI nyUna guNa vAlI vastu (prastuta) adhika guNa vAlI (aprastuta) vastu ke samparka meM Ane para apane guNa kA tyAga kara dUsarI vastu ke guNa ko grahaNa karatI hai, vahA~ tadguNa hotA hai / 3 mammaTa, ruyyaka tathA vizvanAtha ne upameya tathA upamAna meM anya ke utkRSTa-guNa-grahaNa kI kalpanA kI hai; para appayya dIkSita, jagannAtha Adi ne do vastuoM meM upamAnopameya-bhAva Avazyaka nahIM mAnA hai| rudraTa bhI tadguNa meM upamAnopameya kI AvazyakatA nahIM mAnate the| hindI ke rItikAlIna AcAryoM ko bhI tadguNa kA yahI svarUpa mAnya rahA hai| rudraTakalpita tadguNa kA prathama rUpa, jise mammaTa ne sAmAnya kahA thA, pIche cala kara sAmAnya ke rUpa meM hI svIkRta huaa| atadguNa ke svarUpa kI kalpanA tadguNa kI kalpanA ke uparAnta huI hai| bhoja ne mIlita ke tadguNa bheda ke sAtha atadguNa bheda kA bhI ullekha kiyA. thaa|4 tadguNa ke viparyaya-rUpa kI kalpanA bhoja ke mana meM thI, yadyapi ve sadguNa tathA atadguNa meM se kisIko bhI svatantra alaGkAra nahIM mAnate the| 1. asamAnaguNaM yasminnatibahalaguNena vastunA vastu / saMsRSTaM tadguNatAM dhatte'nyastadguNaH sa iti |-rudrtt, kAvyAlaM0 9,24 2. draSTavya-sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa, 3,41 3. svamutsRjya guNaM yogAdatyujjvalaguNasya yat / vastu tadguNatAmeti bhaNyate sa tu tadguNaH // -mammaTa, kAvyaprakAza 10,204, draSTavya-ruyyaka, alaGkAra sU0 72 tathA appayyadIkSita, kuvalayAnanda, 141 .. 4, draSTavya-sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa 3,41

Page #606
alaGkAroM kA svarUpa- vikAsa [ 583 AcArya mammaTa ne tadguNa ke viparItadharmA atadguNa kI svatantra sattA kI kalpanA kara use paribhASita kiyA / unake anusAra tadguNa meM nyUna guNa vAlI prastuta vastu bahula guNa vAlI aprastuta vastu ke samparka meM Ane para apane nyUna guNa kA tyAga kara dUsarI ke bahula guNa ko grahaNa kara letI hai; para isake viparIta jahA~ nyUna guNa vAlI vastu bahula guNa vAlI vastu ke samparka meM Ane para bhI apane guNa kA tyAga tathA dUsare ke guNa kA grahaNa na kare, vahA~ atadguNa alaGkAra hotA hai / unakI atadguNa- paribhASA kA yaha bhI tAtparya hai ki jahA~ aprastuta vastu prastuta vastu ke samrpaka meM Ane para bhI usakA guNa grahaNa na kare vahA~ atadguNa hotA hai / ruyyaka, vizvanAtha, Adi ko yahI mata mAnya hai / 1 appayya dIkSita, jagannAtha Adi ne prastuta - aprastuta kA vicAra chor3akara saMsarga meM Ane vAlI vastu ke bahula guNa kA agrahaNa atadguNa kA lakSaNa mAnA hai / vastutaH, aupamya ke atirikta sthala meM bhI eka vastu ke dvArA anya vastu ke guNa-grahaNa-rUpa tadguNa tathA isake viparIta guNa grahaNa kI sthiti hone para bhI usake agrahaNa - rUpa atadguNa kA camatkAra dekhA jA sakatA hai / ataH, vastuoM meM upamAnopameya-bhAva rahane para bhI tadguNa Adi kI kalpanA kI jA sakatI hai aura usake abhAva meM bhI / rudraTa ne tadguNa ko opamyamUlaka nahIM mAnakara atizayamUlaka mAnA hai / yaha ucita hI hai / anuguNa jayadeva, appayya dIkSita Adi AcAryoM ne tadguNa ke sajAtIya anuguNa alaGkAra kI kalpanA kI hai / unake anusAra jahA~ koI vastu dUsarI vastu ke samparka meM Akara utkRSTa guNa se apane pUrva siddha guNa kA utkarSa kare, vahI anuguNa alaGkAra hotA hai / 3 tadguNa meM vastu apane guNa kA tyAga kara anya vastu kA bahula guNa grahaNa karatI hai, anuguNa meM vaha apane guNa kA tyAga nahIM kara dUsare ke guNAdhikya se apane guNa kA utkarSa karatI hai / anya vastu ke guNa 1. tadra pAnanuhArazcedasya tatsyAdatadguNaH / -- mammaTa, kAvyapra0 10, 205 / usa para vRtti bhI draSTavya pR0 297 2. draSTavya - kuvalayAnaMda, 144 tathA - rasagaGgAdhara, pR0 813 3. prAksiddhasvaguNotkarSo'nuguNaH parasaMnidheH / - appayya dIkSita, kuvalayAnanda, 145

Page #607
584 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa kA AdAna tadguNa kI taraha anuguNa meM bhI hotA hai; para isameM apane pUrva-siddha guNa ke utkarSa ke lie hI anya vastu ke utkRSTa guNa kA grahaNa hotA hai / ___appayya dIkSita ke paravartI AcArya jagannAtha ne anuguNa kA nirUpaNa nahIM kiyA hai| ___ hindI rIti-sAhitya meM jayadeva tathA appayya dIkSita kI alaGkAra-viSayaka mAnyatA kA anugamana karane vAle AcAryoM kI eka lambI paramparA rahI hai| ataH, hindI meM anuguNa ke svarUpa kA nirUpaNa aneka AcAryoM ne kiyA hai / anuguNa ke sambandha meM jayadeva tathA appayya dIkSita ke mata kA hI samarthana hotA rhaa| usake kisI navIna svabhAva kI kalpanA nahIM huii| pUrvarUpa pUrvarUpa ke do rUpoM kI prathama-kalpanA jayadeva ne kii| eka meM vastu ke punaH apane guNa ko prApta karane kI dhAraNA vyakta kI gayI tathA dUsare rUpa meM vastu ke naSTa rUpa kI punaH prApti para bala diyA gyaa| tadguNa meM vastu apane guNa kA tyAga kara anya vastu kA guNa grahaNa karatI hai / isa sthiti ke uparAnta yadi vastu ke punaH apane guNa ko prApta karane kA varNana hotA hai to pUrvarUpa kA eka rUpa mAnA jAtA hai / udAharaNa meM eka vastu kA kisI vastu ke samparka meM Ane para usake guNa ko grahaNa kara lene ke uparAnta apane sadRza utkRSTa guNa vAlI anya vastu ke samparka ke kAraNa punaH apane guNa ko prApta karane kA varNana AyA hai| udAharaNArtha, sUrya ke kRSNa varNa ke ghor3e aruNa ke samparka se lAla hokara punaH parvata kI nIlamaNiyoM kI kAnti se apanA pUrva guNa ( nIla varNa) prApta kara rahA hai| yaha vastutaH tadguNa kA hI viziSTa rUpa hai, jahAM vastu eka bAra eka vastu kA aura phira dUsarI bAra dUsarI vastu kA guNa grahaNa karatI hai| pUrvarUpa ke dUsare rUpa ko paribhASita karate hue appayya dIkSita ne kahA hai ki vastu ke vikRta yA naSTa hone para bhI pUrvAvasthA kI anuvRtti arthAt punaH prApti pUrvarUpa hai| udAharaNArtha, dIpaka ke bujha jAne para bhI nAyikA ke AbhUSaNoM ke ratna se prakAza phailane kA varNana pUrvarUpa kA dUsarA rUpa hogaa|' 1. punaH svaguNasaMprAptiH pUrvarUpamudAhRtam / X X X X pUrvAvasthAnuvRttizca vikRte sati vastuni / -appayya dI0, kuvalayAnanda, 142-43

Page #608
alaGkAroM kA svarUpa - vikAsa [ 565 jagannAtha Adi paravartI AcAryoM ne pUrvarUpa kA svatantra astitva svIkAra nahIM kiyA hai / kAraNa spaSTa hai / pUrvarUpa kA prathama rUpa to tadguNa kA hI viziSTa rUpa hai / isa tathya kA saGka eta svayaM appayya dIkSita ne bhI diyA hai / dUsare rUpa meM vastu ke vikRta yA naSTa hone para anya vastu ke sadbhAva se punaH pUrva avasthA kI anuvRtti ke varNana meM aisA camatkAra nahIM ki use svatantra alaGkAra mAnA jA sake / anya hetu se pUrvAvasthA kI anuvRtti svatantra - alaGkAra nahIM / hindI ke aneka rIti-AcAryoM ne appayya dIkSita ke mata kA anusaraNa karate hue pUrvarUpa kA nirUpaNa kiyA hai / unmIlita tathA vizeSaka mIlita aura sAmAnya ke pratipakSI rUpa meM unmIlita tathA vizeSaka alaGkAra kI kalpanA kI gayI hai / yaha dhyAtavya hai ki sAmAnya - pratipakSI vizeSa alaGkAra usa vizeSa alaGkAra se bhinna hai, jisameM prasiddha AdhAra ke abhAva meM Adheya kA varNana Adi hotA hai / eka hI abhidhAna ke do alaGkAroM kI sattA mAnane se aspaSTatA kI sambhAvanA ho saktI hai / ataH, kucha AcAryoM ne sAmAnya ke viparIta dharmA alaGkAra ko vizeSaka kahA hai / sAmAnya kA pratizabda vizeSa hI adhika prasiddha hai; para ukta kaThinAI se bacane ke lie vizeSa ke sAtha svArthika 'ka' lagA kara vizeSaka abhidhAna kA prayoga anucita nahIM / jayadeva ke pUrva mIlita tathA sAmAnya kI kalpanA to ho cukI thI; para unmIlita aura vizeSa yA vizeSaka kI kalpanA nahIM huI thI / jayadeva ke anusAra unmIlita vahA~ hotA hai, jahA~ do vastuoM kA bheda prakaTa ho jAtA hai / isakA *lakSaNa mIlita- lakSaNa - sApekSa hai / mIlita kI dazA ke bAda unmIlita kI dazA AtI hai / do vastuoM ke bIca bheda dikhAnA apane ApameM alaGkAra nahIM / unmIlita kA alaGkAratva isa bAta meM hai ki do vastuoM meM mIlita kI dazAbheda parilakSita na hone kI dazA --ke bAda bheda prakaTa kiyA jAtA hai / isa varNana meM ki 'tumhAre zubhra yaza meM DUbe hue himAlaya ko devatA usakI zItalatA se hI samajha pAte haiM, pahale ujjvala kIrti tathA ujjvala himAlaya meM bheda-pratIti * kA abhAva dikhA kara punaH zItalatA ke kAraNa unakA bheda dikhAyA gayA hai / aise varNana meM jayadeva, appayya dIkSita Adi unmIlita alaGkAra mAneMge / 1. bhedavaiziSTyayoH sphUrtAvunmIlitavizeSako / - appayya dIkSita, kuvalayAnanda, 148

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586 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa udyotakAra kA mata hai ki unmIlita kA ukta svarUpa mIlita kA hI viziSTa rUpa hai / vastutaH, usakA camatkAra mukhyataH do vastuoM kI abheda-pratIti meM hI hai| ___paNDitarAja jagannAtha ne eka alaGkAra ke svabhAva ke pratipakSI aneka alaGkAroM kI kalpanA anAvazyaka mAnI hai / ataH, unheM unmIlita kA svatantra alaGkAra mAnA jAnA abhISTa nahIM / 2 vizeSaka sAmAnya kA pratipakSI hai / usakA svarUpa sAmAnya ke svarUpa kI apekSA rakhatA hai| jaba taka do vastuoM meM aisI sthiti kI kalpanA nahIM kI jAya ki donoM ke vyAvarttaka vaiziSTya kA jJAna na rahe, taba taka do vastuoM ke vaiziSTya kA udghATana camatkArajanaka nahIM hogaa| sAmAnya kI sthiti kI kalpanA kara kisI kAraNa se unake vaiziSTya kA udghATana vizeSaka mAnA jaaygaa| 'kuvalayAnanda' meM kamala-vana meM kamalamukhI ke praviSTa hone para kamala aura mukha ke vaiziSTya kA parilakSita na honA sAmAnya kA udAharaNa diyA gayA hai| usI udAharaNa ke sthiti-vizeSa kI kalpanA kara 'candramA ke uditaH hone para (kamala ke malina ho jAne se) mukha aura kamala kA vaiziSTya dikhAI par3anA' vizeSaka kA udAharaNa mAnA gayA hai| 3 udyotakAra ne jisa yukti se unmIlita ko mIlita kA avasthA vizeSa siddha kiyA hai, usI yukti se vizeSa ko bhI sAmAnya kA hI eka viziSTa rUpa mAnA jA sakatA hai| sAmAnyapratipakSI hone ke kAraNa jagannAtha ise svatantra alaGkAra nahIM mAnate / / appayya dIkSita ke matAnuyAyI hindI ke AcAryoM ne unmIlita tathA vizaSa kA lakSaNa-nirUpaNa 'kuvalayAnanda' ke anusAra kiyA hai| unmIlita tathA vizeSa kA jo rUpa jayadeva tathA appayya dIkSita ke dvArA kalpita huA, usameM koI parivartana nahIM huaa| pihita mIlita, tadguNa Adi kI taraha pihita kI dhAraNA bhI vastuoM ke guNa ke pArasparika prabhAva ke vicAra se Arambha huI thii| rudraTa ne vastuoM ke 1. draSTavya-kAvyaprakAza, udyota, uddha ta, bAlabodhinI, pR0 728 2. draSTavya-rasagaGgAdhara, pR0 817 3. draSTavya-appayyadIkSita, kuvalayAnanda, 148 4. draSTavya-rasagaGgAdhara pR0 817

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alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [ 587 guNoM para AdhRta isa alaGkAra kI kalpanA kara isake lakSaNa meM kahA hai ki jahA~ eka vastu kA prabala guNa apane samAna adhikaraNa meM utpanna, kintu usase bhasadRza anya guNa ko tirohita kara letA hai, vahA~ pihita alaGkAra hotA hai / " pihita anvarthaM abhidhAna hai / eka ke guNa se dUsare kA AcchAdana isakI mukhya prakRti hai / isameM rudraTa ke anusAra nimnalikhita bAteM apekSita haiM : : (ka) guNa se anya kA AcchAdana, (kha) samAna AdhAra meM rahane vAlI vastuoM meM se hI eka ke prabala guNa se anya kA AcchAdana, (ga) asamAna guNa kA AcchAdana tathA (gha) prakaTa yA AvirbhUta guNa kA AcchAdana / mIlita se isakA bheda yaha hai ki isameM asamAna cihna vAlI vastu kA pidhAna dikhAyA jAtA hai, jaba ki mIlita meM samAna cihna vAlI vastu se vastvantara kA AcchA hotA hai / samAna guNa meM tadguNa sambhava hotA hai / pihita kI prakRti tadguNa se bhinna hai / rudraTa ke tadguNa kA eka rUpa asamAna guNa vAlI vastu ke guNa-grahaNa meM bhI hotA hai; para pihita isa dRSTi se usase bhinna hai ki isameM guNa grahaNa nahIM dikhAyA jAtA, guNa kA pidhAna dikhAyA jAtA hai / bhoja ne pihitako svatantra alaGkAra nahIM mAnakara mIlita kA eka bheda mAnA hai / unhoMne pihita ke viparIta usakA apihita bheda bhI mAnA hai / mIlita, tadguNa, atadguNa, sAmAnya, vizeSaka, anuguNa, pUrvarUpa, unmIlita, pihita Adi eka hI mUlatattva para avalambita alaGkAra hai / guNa kI samatA,. saMsarga hone para eka vastu ke guNa kA dUsare para prabhAva Adi ina alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vidhAna karate haiM / ataH, inake bIca bahuta sUkSma bheda hI dekhA jA sakatA hai / hama aparatra isa tathya para vicAra kara cuke haiM ki prAcIna AcArya ' alaGkAroM kI mUla prakRti para samanvita rUpa se vicAra karate the, pIche thor3e-thor3e bheda se aneka alaGkAroM kI kalpanA kI pravRtti AyI / 3 samAna tattva para AdhRta mIlita Adi ukta aneka alaGkAroM kI kalpanA isI pravRtti kA pariNAma hai / 1. yatrAtiprabalatayA guNaH samAnAdhikaraNamasamAnam / arthAntaraM pidadhyAdAvibhUtamapi tatpihitam // -- rudraTa, kAvyAlaGkAra, 6, 50 2. draSTavya - bhoja, sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa 3, 41 3. draSTavya - prastuta grantha adhyAya 2

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588 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa mammaTa, ruyyaka, vizvanAtha Adi ne pihita alaGkAra kA nirUpaNa nahIM kiyA hai| kAraNa spaSTa hai| mIlita, tadguNa Adi se rudraTa ke pihita kA svarUpa itanA milatA-julatA thA ki usake svatantra astitva kI kalpanA unheM anAvazyaka jAna par3I hogii| jayadeva, appayya dIkSita Adi ne pihita ko svatantra alaGkAra mAnA; para usake sambandha meM unhoMne rudraTa kI dhAraNA ko sarvathA asvIkAra kara usake navIna rUpa kI kalpanA kii| isakA sambandha vastu ke guNa se nahIM mAnakara "unhoMne vyakti kI sAbhiprAya ceSTA se mAnA hai / dUsare ke vRttAnta ko jAnane vAlA jahA~ sAbhiprAya ceSTA kare, vahA~ unake anusAra pihita alaGkAra hogaa|' 'khaNDitA nAyikA prAtaHkAla priya ko ghara AyA dekha usake lie vistara ThIka karane lgii|' isa varNana meM nAyikA kI yaha ceSTA sAbhiprAya mAnI gayI hai / vaha nAyaka kA vRttAnta samajha cukI hai ki vaha parakIyA ke sAtha raGgarabhasa meM " rAta bitAkara A rahA hai| ataH, usake vizrAma ke lie vaha bichAvana bichA detI hai / usakI isa ceSTA meM nAyaka ke lie jo mauna upAlambha chipA hai, usImeM alaGkAratva hai / vaha abhiprAya chipA rahane ke kAraNa pihita kahA gayA hai| "jayadeva tathA appayya dIkSita ne sAkUta ceSTA meM sUkSma tathA pihita--do alaGkAra mAne haiM / sUkSma meM dUsare kA Azaya samajha kara sAkUta ceSTA kA varNana hotA hai aura pihita meM dUsare ke vRttAnta ko samajha kara sAkUta ceSTA karane kA varNana hotA hai| udyotakAra ne isIlie isa pihita ko sUkSma meM antarbhUta mAnA hai| yaha ucita hI hai| donoM meM saundarya sAkUta arthAt sAbhiprAya ceSTA kA hI hai| ata:, prAzaya aura vRttAnta ke jAnane ke AdhAra para sAkUta ceSTA meM alaga-alaga alaGkAra mAnanA yuktisaGgata nhiiN| isa taraha pihita ke do rUpa 'kalpita hue-(1) prabala guNa se samAna adhikaraNa vAle asamAna AvirbhUta guNa kA AcchAdana aura (2) dUsare kA vRttAnta jAnane vAle kI sAbhiprAya ceSTA / pIche cala kara prathama mIlita Adi meM tathA dvitIya sUkSma meM antarbhUta mAna liyA gyaa| vizeSa rudraTa ne vizeSa alaGkAra ke tIna rUpoM kI kalpanA kii| usake prathama rUpa 1. pihitaM paravRttAntajJAtuH sAkUtaceSTitam / -appayya dIkSita, kuvalayAnanda, 152 2. draSTavya-kAvyaprakAza, udyota, uddhRta, bAlabodhinI, pR0 713

Page #612
alaGkAroM kA svarUpa - vikAsa [ 586. ke sambandha meM unhoMne kahA ki jahA~ kisI AdheyabhUta vastu kA usake niyata AdhAra ke vinA arthAt nirAdhAra varNana ho aura vaha nirAdhAra vastu-varNana upapanna ho, vahA~ vizeSa alaGkAra hotA hai / rudraTa ke anusAra, jahA~ eka hI vastu kA eka sAtha (paryAya se nahIM) aneka AdhAroM meM sadbhAva varNita ho, vizeSa kA anya rUpa mAnA jAtA hai / 2 vizeSa ke eka aura rUpa ke sambandha meM rudra ne kahA hai ki jahA~ karttA koI kArya karatA huA usake sAtha hI koI aisA anya kArya bhI anAyAsa kara detA hai, jisa kArya ko karane meM vaha asamartha rahatA hai, to aise varNana meM vizeSa alaGkAra mAnA jAtA hai / 3 vahA~ paravartI kAla meM rudraTa ke ye tInoM vizeSa prakAra svIkRta hue haiM / mammaTa, ruyyaka, vizvanAtha, jayadeva, appayya dIkSita, jagannAtha Adi sabhI mAnya AcAryoM ne vizeSa ke tInoM rUpoM ke rudraTa - kRta lakSaNa ko hI apanAyA hai / 4 prathama rUpa kI paribhASA meM kevala itanA kahA gayA hai ki prasiddha AdhAra ke vinA Adheya kA varNana vizeSa hai / rudraTa ne apanI paribhASA meM nirAdhAra vastu-varNana ke upapanna hone kA bhI ullekha kiyA thA / mammaTa Adi ne isakA ullekha apekSAtirikta samajha kara chor3a diyA hogA / varNana ke anupapanna hone meM to alaGkAra kI kalpanA hI nahIM kI jA sakatI / alaGkAra kI mUla dhAraNA meM varNana ke upapanna hone kI dhAraNA ke antarnihita hone ke kAraNa vizeSa kI paribhASA meM usakA ullekha Avazyaka nahIM / vizeSa ke tIna rUpa mAnya rahe haiM / una tInoM kI prakRti ke sambandha meM bhI AcAryoM meM mataikya rahA hai / ve tIna rUpa haiM(1) prasiddha AdhAra ke vinA kisI Adheya kA varNana, (2) eka vastu kA eka sAtha aneka AdhAroM meM sadbhAva-varNana tathA (3) anya kArya karane ke krama meM karttA kA daivayoga se anya azakya kArya sampAdita kara dene kA varNana / 1. kiJcidavazyAdheyaM yasminnabhidhIyate nirAdhAram / tAdRgupalabhyamAnaM vijJeyo'sau vizeSa iti // 2. yatra kamanekasminnAdhAre vastu vidyamAnatayA / yugapadabhidhIyate'sAvatrAnyaH syAdvizeSa iti // - vahI, 6,7 3. yatrAnyatkurvANo yugapatkAryAntaraM ca kurvIta / tumazakyaM karttA vijJa yo'sau vizeSo'nyaH // - vahI 9,9 rudraTa, kAvyAlaGkAra 9,5 4. draSTavya -- mammaTa, kAvyaprakAza, 10, 203, ruyyaka, alaM0 sU0 50,. vizvanAtha, sAhityadarpaNa, 10, 96, jagannAtha, rasagAGgadhara pR0 724,. appayya dIkSita, kuvalayAnanda 99-101

Page #613
560 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa ___ rudraTa ne pUrva alaGkAra ke do rUpoM kI kalpanA kI thii| eka rUpa ko unhoMne aupamyamUlaka alaGkAra tathA dUsare ko atizayamUlaka alaGkAra mAnA thaa| unhoMne do vastuoM ke paurvAparya-krama ke vyatyaya ke rUpa meM isa alaGkAra kI kalpanA kI thii| sAtha-sAtha hone vAlI vastuoM meM se eka ko pUrvabhAvI kahA "jAnA tathA pazcAd bhAvI vastu ko pUrva bhAvI kahA jAnA pUrva kA mUla lakSaNa hai| aupamyamUlaka pUrva kI paribhASA meM rudraTa ne kahA thA ki jahAM samAna * kArya vAlI do vastuoM-upamAna tathA upameya--meM se upameya ko, jo vastutaH upamAna se pahale utpanna nahIM huA ho, upamAna se pUrva-bhAvI kahA jAya, vahA~ "pUrva alaGkAra hotA hai|' atizayamUlaka pUrva ke sambandha meM rudraTa kI dhAraNA thI ki jahAM kArya aura kAraNa meM se kAraNa ke pUrva kArya kA honA kahA jAya, vahA~ pUrva hotA hai| pahale kAraNa taba kArya ke hone kA sAmAnya krama hai| usa krama kA tyAga atizaya hai| pazcAdbhAvI kArya kA pUrva honA kathita hone se rudraTa ne ise anvartha pUrva vyapadeza diyaa| pUrva ko svatantra alaGkAra ke rUpa meM svIkRti nahIM milii| sambhavataH, AcAryoM ne atizayokti se svatantra usakA astitva nahIM maanaa| kAryakAraNapaurvAparya-viparyaya ko atizayokti kA hI eka bheda mAnA gayA hai / pazcAdbhAvI yA sahabhAvI upameya kA upamAna se pUrva hone kA varNana bhI atizayokti meM antarbhUta mAnA jA sakatA hai| isIlie pUrva-viSayaka rudraTa kI mAnyatA ko kisIkA samarthana nahI milA / usa alaGkAra kA svatantra astitva-mAtra asvIkRta huA, usake svarUpa ko anya alaGkAra (atizayokti) ke rUpa meM svIkRti milii| vibhAvanA vibhAvanA alaGkAra meM hetu ke abhAva meM bhI phala kI utpatti dikhAne kA camatkAra rahatA hai / bhAmaha ne sarvaprathama vibhAvanA ko paribhASita karate hue kahA thA ki jahAM kriyA kA pratiSedha hone para bhI usa kriyA ke phala kA prakaTa 1. yatra kavidhAvau~ jAyete yo tayorapUrvasya / ___ abhidhAnaM prAgbhavataH sato'bhidhIyeta tatpUrvam ||-rudrtt,kaavyaalN08,97 2. yatrAtiprabalatayA vivakSyate pUrvameva janyasya / 'prAdurbhAvaH pazcAjjanakasya tu tadbhavetpUrvam ||-vhii, 9,3

Page #614
alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [ 561 honA varNita ho, vahAM vibhAvanA alaGkAra hotA hai| kriyApratiSedha meM phalotpatti kI asaGgati kA parihAra apekSita hai| jisa phala kA utpatti meM jo kriyA hetubhUta hotI hai usa kriyA kA pratiSedha hone para bhI phalotpatti kA varNana aura aise varNana meM asaGgati kA parihAra vibhAvanA kA bhAmaha-sammata svarUpa hai| daNDI ke anusAra jahAM prasiddha kAraNa kA abhAva dikhAkara kisI anya kAraNa yA svabhAvasiddhatva kA bhAvana kiyA jAtA ho, vahIM vibhAvanA mAnI jAtI hai| abhiprAya yaha ki kisI utpanna kArya ke prasiddha hetu kA niSedha karate hue usake anya gUDha kAraNa kA athavA anya kAraNa kI upalabdhi nahIM hone para usa kArya ke svabhAva-janyatva kA nizcaya karanA vibhAvanA hai| daNDI kI vibhAvanA kI prakRti mUlataH bhAmaha kI vibhAvanA kI prakRti se milatIjulatI hai| donoM ko kisI kArya ke prasiddha hetu kA niSedha vibhAvanA meM abhISTa hai| prasiddha hetu kA niSedha hone para kAryotpatti kI saGgati dikhAne ke lie yA to kAraNAntara kI kalpanA kI jA sakatI hai yA usa kArya ke svabhAvasiddha hone kI kalpanA kI jA sakatI hai / bhAmaha kI paribhASA meM 'samAdhI sulabhe sati' ke ullekha se phalotpatti kI saGgati ke lie anya hetu yA svabhAva-janyatva Adi kI kalpanA kI ora saGkata kiyA gayA thaa| daNDI ne usa tathya ko spaSTa karate hue paribhASA meM prasiddha hetu kA vyAvartana kara utpanna kArya ke anya hetu yA svabhAvajanyatva kI kalpanA para bala diyaa| bhAmaha ne jahA~ phala kI prasiddha kAraNabhUta kriyA kA niSedha kahA thA, vahA~ daNDI ne kAraNa-mAtra kA niSedha khaa| bhAmaha ne kriyA kA niSedha kiye jAne para phalotpatti kA varNana apekSita mAnA thA; para daNDI ne utpanna phala ke hetu kA vyAvarttana tathA anya hetu yA svabhAvasiddhatva kI kalpanA para bala diyaa| yaha bheda zabda-mAtra kA hai| phalotpatti ke prasiddha hetu kA niSedha, phira bhI kisI anya gUDha hetu se yA svAbhAvika rUpa se phalotpatti kA varNana vibhAvanA kA mukhya svabhAva hai aura yaha donoM AcAryoM ko mAnya hai| 1. kriyAyAH pratiSedhe yA tatphalasya vibhaavnaa| jJeyA vibhAvanavAsI samAdhI sulabhe sati // -bhAmaha, kAvyAlaGkAra 2, 77 2. prasiddhahetuvyAvRttyA yat kiJcit kAraNAntaram / yatra svAbhAvikatvaM vA vibhAvyaM sA vibhAvanA // -daNDI, kAvyAdarza 2, 199

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562 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa udbhaTa ne bhAmaha-kRta vibhAvanA-lakSaNa ko hI zabdataH uddhRta kara diyA hai|3 vAmana ne bhI bhAmaha ke dvArA kalpita tathA udbhaTa ke dvArA svIkRta paribhASA ko sUtrabaddha kiyA hai| unhoMne vibhAvanA ke paribhASA-sUtra meM kevala itanA kahA hai ki kriyA kA pratiSedha hone para bhI usa kriyA ke prasiddha phala kI utpatti kA varNana vibhAvanA hai| samAdhi arthAt parihAra ke sulabha hone kI carcA apekSA tirikta mAnakara chor3a dI gayI hai| vaha to alaGkAra kA anivArya tattva hI hai| eka hetu kA niSedha hone para phalotpatti kI asaGgata kalpanA to alaGkAra meM kI nahIM jAtI; usakI saGgati ke lie anya hetu kI yA phala kI svabhAvajanyatA Adi kI kalpanA usameM antarnihita rahatI hai| ataH, vibhAvanA kA itanA hI lakSaNa paryApta hai ki prasiddha hetu kA niSedha tathA usake phala kI utpatti kA varNana (saGgata varNana) vibhAvanA hai| ___ rudraTa ne vibhAvanA ke tIna rUpa svIkAra kiye| jahAM upalabhyamAna artha kA usake vAstavika kAraNa ke vinA honA kahA jAya, vahA~ vibhAvanA kA eka rUpa; jahA~ jisa kAraNa se vastu meM vikAra ho usa kAraNa ke vinA hI vikAra kA honA kahA jAya, vahA~ usakA dUsarA rUpa aura jahA~ vastu-vizeSa kA jo dharma lokaprasiddha hai, usa dharma ko usa vastu se bhinna vastu kA bhI dharma batAyA jAya, vahA~ usakA tIsarA bheda mAnA gayA hai| anya vastu kA dharma anya meM batAkara usake dvArA anya ke kArya kA sampAdana vibhAvanA ke isa bheda kA rahasya hai| prathama tathA dvitIya bheda kA svarUpa milatA-julatA hI hai| prasiddha heta ke vyAvartana se kArya kI utpatti tathA prasiddha vikAra-hetu ke vyAvartana se vikArotpatti kI pRthak-pRthak kalpanA Avazyaka nhiiN| vibhAvanA ke tRtIya bheda kI kalpanA kucha navIna hai| isameM bhI mUlataH vAstavika kAraNa kA niSedha kara usa kAraNa ke dharma ko anyatra dikhAkara usa anya kAraNa se kAryotpatti (prasiddha kAraNa ke vinA kAryotpatti) dikhAye jAne para bala diyA gayA hai| ataH, isakA bhI samAveza 'kAraNa ke abhAva meM kAryotpatti' isa paribhASA meM ho jAtA hai| ise vibhAvanA kI prAcIna paribhASA ke AdhAra para kalpita usakA eka viziSTa bheda mAnA jA sakatA hai| 3. draSTavya-udbhaTa, kAvyAlaGkArasArasaMgraha 2, 16 4. kriyApratiSedhe prsiddhttphlvyktivibhaavnaa| -vAmana, kAvyAlaGkAra sUtra 4, 3,13 5. draSTavya-rudraTa, kAvyAlaGkAra 6,16-18-20

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alaGkAroM kA svarUpa - vikAsa [ 563 kuntaka ne vibhAvanA ke viSaya meM bhAmaha Adi prAcIna AcAryoM kI dhAraNA kA hI anumodana kiyA hai| unake anusAra jahA~ kisI vizeSatA ke kAraNa, saundarya kI siddhi ke lie varNanIya kArya rUpa vastu kA apane kAraNa ke vinA hI honA varNita ho, vahA~ vibhAvanA hotI hai / ' bhoja ne AcArya daNDI ke vibhAvanA-lakSaNa ko hI uddhRta kara diyA hai / unhoMne vibhAvanA ke zuddhA, citrA, vicitrA tathA vividhA bhedoM kA sodAharaNa vivecana kiyA hai / unhoMne isI sandarbha meM hetu kA bhI nirUpaNa kiyA hai / unakI vibhAvanA viSayaka mUla dhAraNA prAcIna AcAryoM kI dhAraNA se abhinna hai / mammaTa ne bhAmaha, udbhaTa Adi kI taraha kAraNabhUta kriyA kA pratiSedha hone para bhI phala ke prakaTa hone kA varNana vibhAvanA kA lakSaNa mAnA hai / 3 ruyyaka ne 'alaGkAra-sUtra' meM kAraNa ke abhAva meM kArya kI utpatti kA varNana vibhAvanA kA lakSaNa mAnA hai / unhoMne yaha spaSTIkaraNa diyA hai ki kAraNarahita kArya kI kalpanA to kI hI nahIM jA sakatI; para prasiddha kAraNa kA niSedha kara anya (aprasiddha) kAraNa Adi se kAryotpatti dikhAnA camatkArajanaka hone ke kAraNa vibhAvanA alaGkAra kA svarUpa-vidhAna karatA hai / isa prakAra ruyyaka kI vibhAvanA dhAraNA daNDI kI dhAraNA se abhinna hai / vizvanAtha kI vibhAvanA - paribhASA ruyyaka kI paribhASA se milatI-julatI hI hai | jayadeva tathA appayya dIkSita ne vibhAvanA ke chaha rUpoM kI kalpanA kI hai / unake anusAra vinA kAraNa ke kArya kI utpatti dikhAnA vibhAvanA kA prathama rUpa; apUrNa hetu se kAryotpatti dikhAnA usakA dUsarA rUpa; pratibandhaka ke rahane para kAryotpatti dikhAnA usakA tIsarA rUpa; jo kArya vizeSa kA kAraNa nahIM ho, usa akAraNa se kArya vizeSa kI utpatti dikhAnA usakA cauthA rUpa; viruddha kAraNa se kArya kI utpatti usakA pA~cavA~ rUpa aura kArya se 1. varNanIyasya kenApi vizeSeNa vibhAvanA / svakAraNaparityAgapUrvakaM kAntisiddhaye // - kuntaka, vakroktijI0 3,41 2. draSTavya - bhoja, sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa pR0 271-75 3. kriyAyAH pratiSedhe'pi phalavyaktivibhAvanA / - mammaTa, kAvyapra0 - 10,162 4. kAraNAbhAve kArya syotpattivibhAvanA / - ruyyaka, alaM0 sU0 49 tathA usakI vRtti bhI draSTavya pR0 152 5. draSTavya- vizvanAtha, sAhityadarpaNa 10,87 38

Page #617
564 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa kAraNa kA janma usakA chaThA rUpa hai|' ina rUpoM para samagratA se vicAra karane se sabameM mUla rUpa se prasiddha hetu kA vyatireka dIkha par3atA hai| ataH, kAraNa ke abhAva meM kAryotpatti ko vibhAvanA kA lakSaNa mAnakara usake avAntara-bhedoM kI kalpanA kI jA sakatI hai / paNDitarAja jagannAtha ne kAraNa ke vyatireka ke hone para bhI kAryotpatti kA varNana vibhAvanA kA lakSaNa mAnA hai| bhAmaha, udbhaTa Adi ke vibhAvanAlakSaNa kI ora saGketa karate hue paNDitarAja ne kahA hai ki unhoMne kriyA ke pratiSedha ke sAtha phalotpatti ko jo vibhAvanA kA lakSaNa kahA hai, usameM kriyApratiSedha se tAtparya kAraNa (prasiddha kAraNa) ke pratiSedha kA hai / 2 paravartI AcAryoM ne kAraNa-vyatireka se kAryotpatti kA varNana hI vibhAvanA kA lakSaNa mAnA hai| niSkarSa yaha ki prasiddha kAraNa ke vinA kArya kI utpatti ke varNana meM vibhAvanA alaGkAra mAnane meM prAyaH sabhI AcArya eka mata rahe haiN| isa paribhASA ke AdhAra para vibhAvanA ke nimnalikhita rUpa kalpita hue haiM (ka) kAraNa ke vinA kAryotpatti-varNana, (kha) asamagra kAraNa se kAryotpatti-varNana, (ga) kAryotpatti ke bAdhaka ke hone para bhI kAryotpatti-varNana, (gha) akAraNa se kAryotpatti-varNana, (Ga) viruddha kAraNa se kAryotpatti-varNana, (ca) kArya se kAraNotpatti-varNana tathA (cha) vastuvizeSa ke dharma ko anya vastu kA bhI dharma kahA jAnA (rudrtt)| isa taraha prasiddha kAraNa ke vinA bhI vaise dharma vAle anya kAraNa se kAryotpatti kA varNana / 'kuvalayAnanda' meM nirUpita prathama chaha vibhAvanA-rUpoM ko hindI ke bhI aneka AcAryoM ne svIkAra kiyA hai| 1. draSTavyaM-appayyadIkSita, kuvalayAnanda, 77-82 2. kAraNavyatirekasAmAnAdhikaraNyena pratipAdyamAnA kaaryotpttivibhaavnaa| yaduktam / kriyAyAH prtissedhe...."| kriyAzabdenAtra kAraNa vivakSitam / -jagannAtha, rasagaGgAdhara, pR0685

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alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [565 vibhAvanA-bheda bhoja ke dvArA nirdiSTa vibhAvanA-bhedoM kA ullekha kiyA jA cukA hai| prasiddha hetu kA vyAvartana hone para anya hetu se yA svabhAvasiddha rUpa meM kArya dikhAyA jA sakatA hai| isa AdhAra para vibhAvanA ke do bheda mAne jA sakate haiN| (anya) hetu ke ukta tathA anukta hone ke bAdhAra para bhI vibhAvanA ke do bheda kiye gaye haiN| vizeSokti vizeSokti vibhAvanA kA viparyaya-rUpa mAnI gayI hai| vibhAvanA meM kAraNa ke vinA bhI kArya kI utpatti dikhAyI jAtI hai, to vizeSokti meM kAryotpatti ke sampUrNa kAraNa ke rahane para bhI kArya kI utpatti nahIM hone kA varNana hotA hai| bhAmaha ne vizeSokti kI paribhASA meM kahA thA ki jahAM vaiziSTya dikhAne ke lie vastu ke eka deza ke vigata hone para usameM dUsare guNa kA sadbhAva 'dikhAyA jAya, vahA~ vizeSokti hotI hai| bhAmaha kA yaha vizeSokti-lakSaNa to paravartI AcAryoM ke dvArA svIkRta nahIM huA; para ukta rUpa meM vizeSokti ko paribhASita kara bhAmaha ne jo usakA udAharaNa diyA thA, use paravartI bhAcAryoM ne bhI vizeSokti kA udAharaNa mAnA hai| isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki jaba samagra hetu ke rahane para bhI kArya kI anutpatti kI dhAraNA vizeSokti meM svIkRta huI to usa dhAraNA se bhAmaha kI vizeSokti-paribhASA kA yaha AMzika sAmya thA ki phala ke kAraNa ke rahane para bhI phalAbhAva meM vastu ke guNAntara kA sadbhAva bhAmaha ko mAnya thaa| daNDI ne vizeSokti ke sambandha meM kahA ki jahAM vizeSa-darzana ke lie arthAt utkarSa-sAdhana ke lie jAti, guNa, kriyA Adi kA vaikalya dikhAyA jAya (arthAt guNa, jAti Adi kA anapekSita honA dikhAyA jAya ), vahA~ 1. uktAnuktanimittatvAt dvidhA sA pNrikiirtitaa| -vizvanAtha, sAhityadarpaNa, 10, 87 2. ekadezasya vigame yA guNAntarasaMsthitiH / vizeSaprathanAyAsI vizeSoktirmatA yathA // -bhAmaha, kAvyAlaGkAra 3,23

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566 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa vizeSokti hotI hai|' paravartI AcAryoM ne asamagra yA vikala hetu se kAryotpatti dikhAnA vibhAvanA kA hI eka rUpa mAnA hai| daNDI kA yaha vizeSokti-lakSaNa bhI bahumAnya nahIM huA hai| ___ AcArya udbhaTa ne sarvaprathama vibhAvanA ke viparyaya-rUpa meM vizeSokti kI kalpanA kara usakI paribhASA meM vizeSa kA bodha karAne ke lie avikala arthAt pUrNa kAraNa ke rahane para bhI kArya kI anutpatti dikhAnA' vizeSokti kA svarUpa maanaa|2 yahI mata adhikAMza AcAryoM ko mAnya hai| vAmana ne sabhI alaGkAroM ko aupamyamUlaka mAnA hai| ataH, vizaSokti meM bhI prastuta-aprastuta kI samatA kI kalpanA karate hue unhoMne use isa rUpa meM paribhASita kiyA hai-'eka guNa kI hAni kI kalpanA karane para zeSa guNoM se prastuta-aprastuta kI samatA kA nirdhAraNa vizeSokti hai|' unhoMne ise prAyazaH 'rUpaka' kahA hai| spaSTa hai ki rUpaka se vizeSokti kA viziSTa svarUpa vAmana kI dRSTi meM nahIM thaa| pIche calakara ruyyaka, paNDitarAja jagannAtha Adi ne vAmana kI vizeSokti ko rUpaka meM hI antarbhukta siddha kiyA hai| vastutaH, do bhalaGkAroM ke viziSTa svarUpa kA pRthak-pRthak astitva nirdhArita nahIM hone para alaga-alaga alaGkAroM kI kalpanA kA koI artha nhiiN| rudraTa, kuntaka Adi ne vibhAvanA kA to alaGkAratva svIkAra kiyA; para vizeSokti alaGkAra kA ullekha nahIM kiyaa| kuntaka kA tarka hai ki bhAmaha-nirUpita vizeSokti kahIMkahIM anya alaGkAra meM antarbhUta ho jAtI hai aura kahIM vaha alaGkArya hI ho jAtI hai; ataH vaha svatantra alaGkAra nhiiN| bhAmaha ke 'kAvyAlaGkAra' meM uddhRta vizeSokti-udAharaNa ko unhoMne kAmadeva kA svabhAva-varNana hone ke kAraNa alaGkArya kA udAharaNa mAnA hai| rudraTa ne vyAghAta kA svarUpa-nirUpaNa karate hue use udbhaTa kI vizeSokti ke samAna svabhAva kA banA diyaa| ataH, unheM vyAghAta se svatantra vizeSokti kI kalpanA Avazyaka nahIM jAna pdd'ii| 1. guNajAtikriyAdInAM yatta vaikalyadarzanam / vizeSadarzanAyava sA vizeSoktiriSyate ||-dnnddii, kAvyAdarza, 2,323 2. yatsAmagra ye'pi zaktInAM phalAnutpattibandhanam / vizeSasyAbhidhitsAtastadvizeSoktiriSyate // -udbhaTa, kAvyAlaGkAra-sAra saM05,5, 3. ekaguNahAnikalpanAyAM sAmyadArTa yaM vizeSoktiH / "rUpakaM cedaM prAyeNa / -vAmana, kAvyAlaGkAra sU0 4,3,23 tathA vRtti, pR0 264

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alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [567 bhoja ne daNDI kI vizeSokti-paribhASA ko hI akSarazaH uddhRta kara diyA hai|' mammaTa, ruyyaka, vizvanAtha, jayadeva, appayya dIkSita, jaMgannAtha Adi samartha AcAryoM ne udbhaTa kI vizeSokti-dhAraNA ko hI svIkAra kiyA hai / prasiddha kAraNa ke samagrata: yA puSkala-rUpa meM rahane para bhI kArya kI anutpatti ke varNana meM vizeSokti mAnane meM ye AcArya ekamata haiM / 2 puSkala, samagra Adi vizeSaNoM kA prayoga kAraNa ke sAtha isalie kiyA gayA hai ki kAraNa kI nyUnatA, apUrNatA Adi hone para kArya kI anutpatti svAbhAvika hI hai| vaise varNana meM vizeSa camatkAra nhiiN| samagra hetu ke rahane para kArya kI anutpatti kA varNana vizeSa kA bodha karAtA hai| ata: vaha alaGkAra hai| ___ narendraprabha sUri ne 'asaGkAra-mahodadhi' meM uddhRTa ke vizeSokti-lakSaNa ke AdhAra para usakA eka rUpa tathA vAmana kI vizeSokti-paribhASA ke AdhAra para usakA dUsarA rUpa mAnA hai| isa prakAra vizeSokti ke sambandha meM cAra mata Aye-(1) bhAmaha kA mata-eka deza ke vigata hone para guNAntara kA sadbhAva, (2) daNDI AdikA mata-guNa Adi kA vaikalya dikhAnA, (3) vAmana Adi kA mata-eka guNa kI hAni se anya guNoM ke AdhAra para sAmya-pradarzana tathA (4) udbhaTa Adi kA mata-kAraNa kI samagratA rahane para bhI kArya-utpatti kA abhaav-vrnnn| daNDI kI dhAraNA, vizeSokti kA vibhAvanA se vyAvarttana nahIM kara paatii| ataH, vaha vibhAvanA-bheda ke rUpa meM hI svIkRta huii| vAmana kI vizeSokti-dhAraNA rUpaka-dhAraNA se abhinna siddha huii| udbhaTa Adi kA yaha mata hI mAnya hai-pUrNa kAraNa ke rahane para bhI kAryotpatti kA abhAva-varNana vizeSokti hai| isa mAnyatA meM bhAmaha ke mata kA bhI samAhAra ho jAtA hai| vizeSokti-bheda mammaTa ne vizeSokti ke isa svIkRta rUpa ke tIna bheda mAne haiN| ve haiM-(1) ukta nimitA (1) anukta-nimittA (3) acinty-nimittaa|' ruyyaka ne ukta 1. draSTavya-bhoja, sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa ,4,70 2. draSTavya-mammaTa, kAvyaprakAza 10,163 ruyyaka, alaGkArasU. 42; vizvanAtha, sAhityadarpaNa 10,88 / appayyadIkSita; kuvalayAnanda; 83, jagannAtha, rasagaGgAdhara, pR0 664, 3. draSTavya-jarendraprabhasUri, alaGkAra mahodadhi 8,52-53

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598] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa nimittA tathA anuktanimittA bheda kara anuktanimittA ke cintya tathA acintyA nimittA bheda kiye haiN| adhika tathA alpa ___ adhika tathA alpa alaGkAra AdhArAdheya-bhAva-sambandha para AdhRta hai| sAmAnyataH, Adheya kI apekSA AdhAra adhika vistRta hotA hai; para jahAM isake viparIta AdhAra se Adheya kI dIrghatA kA camatkArapUrNa varNana hotA hai, vahA~ bhadhika nAmaka alaGkAra mAnA jAtA hai| varNya Adheya kI atizaya dIrghatA ko vivakSA se use bar3e AdhAra se bhI bar3A kahA jAtA hai| Adheya ke mahattva kI sthApanA ke lie AdhAra kI bhI dIrghatA kA nirUpaNa kiyA jAtA hai| choTe AdhAra se bar3A kahane se Adheya kI gurutA kI vyaJjanA nahIM ho sktii| mataH, adhika alaGkAra meM AdhAra kI dIrghatA kA nirdeza karate hue Adheya kA usase bhI adhika batAyA jAnA apekSita mAnA gayA hai| isake sAtha hI pRthula mAdheya kA varNana karate hue usase bhI AdhAra kA Adhikya-varNana adhika kA dUsarA rUpa mAnA gayA hai| yoM to Adheya se AdhAra meM Adhikya kI dhAraNA nihita hI rahatI hai; para Adheya kI atidIrghatA ke nirdeza ke sAtha usakI apekSA bhI AdhAra kI adhika dIrghatA ke varNana meM atizaya kA tattva rahatA hai| ataH, use bhI alaGkAra mAnA jAtA hai| AcArya daNDI ne adhika alaGkAra kI svatantra sattA nahIM mAnI thI, phira bhI unhoMne atizayokti ke eka bheda ke rUpa meM AzrayAdhikya ke svarUpa kA nirUpaNa kiyA thaa| usameM Adheya ke mahattva kI vivakSA se AdhAra kI vipulatA kA varNana apekSita mAnA gayA thaa| rudraTa ne adhika ko atizayoktimUlaka svatantra alaGkAra mAnA aura usake svarUpa kA nirUpaNa svatantra rUpa se kiyaa| unhone adhika ke do rUpoM kI kalpanA kI--(1) jahA~ eka kAraNa se paraspara viruddha do vastueM utpanna hoM tathA jahA~ eka kAraNa se paraspara viruddha bala vAlI kriyAoM se yukta do vastue~ utpanna hoM, vahA~ adhika alaGkAra hotA hai| (2) jahA~ vizAla AdhAra 1. mammaTa, kAvyaprakAza, pR0 26. 2. ruyyaka, alaGkArasarvasva, pR0 156 3. draSTavya-daNDI, kAvyAdarza, 2,216

Page #622
alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [ 566 meM avasthita choTI vastu ke bhI kisI kAraNa usameM samA na sakane kA varNana ho, vahAM adhika alaGkAra hotA hai| bhoja ne atizayokti ke mahattvAtizaya Adi bheda meM adhika ko antarbhUta mAnakara usakA pRthak nirUpaNa nahIM kiyA hai| ___ ruyyaka ne adhika kI paribhASA meM kahA hai ki Azraya tathA AzrayI arthAt mAdhAra aura Adheya kI ananurUpatA adhika hai !2 yaha ananurUpatA do rUpoM meM ho sakatI hai--(ka) Azraya ke vipula hone para bhI AzrayI ke parimita hone se tathA (kha) Azrita ke vipula hone para bhI Azraya ke parimita hone se| vizvanAtha ne bhI Azraya tathA AzrayI meM se eka kA dUsare kI apekSA adhika honA adhika kA lakSaNa mAnA hai| jayadeva tathA appayya dIkSita bhI pRthula AdhAra kI apekSA Adheya kI adhika pRthulatA kA tathA pRthula Adheya kI apekSA AdhAra kI adhika pRthulatA kA varNana; ye do rUpa adhika ke mAnate haiN| jagannAtha kA kathana hai ki AdhAra yA Adheya meM se kisI eka ko atyanta vRhat batAne ke lie usakI tulanA meM dUsare ko bahuta choTA batAnA adhika hai| jo vastutaH choTA nahIM ho use bhI kisI kI apekSA bahuta choTA batAne se anya vastu kI atizaya gurutA kA bodha hotA hai| kisI choTI vastu ko anya kI tulanA meM choTI kahane se anya kA mahattva nahIM bddh'taa| ataH, jagannAtha kI mAnyatA kA bhI sAra yaha hai ki jahA~ Azraya kA atizaya mAdhikya batAne ke lie Azrita guru vastu ko bhI Azraya kI tulanA meM bahuta 1. yatrAnyonyaviruddha viruddhabalavakriyAprasiddha vaa| vastudvayamekasmAjjAyata iti tadbhavedadhikam // tathAyatrAdhAre sumahatyAdheyamavasthitaM tanIyo'pi / atiricyeta kathaMcittadadhikamaparaM parijJayam // -rudraTa, kAvyAlaGkAra 6,26-28 2. AzrayAyiNoranAnurUpyamadhikam |-ruyyk, alaGkAra sU0 48 3. AzrayAzrayiNorekasyAdhikye'dhikamucyate / -vizvanAtha, sAhityadarpaNa 10,64 4. adhikaM pRthulAdhArAdAdheyAdhikyevarNanam / tathApRthvAdheyAdyadAdhArAdhikyaM tadapi tanmatam / ___-appayyadIkSita, kuvalayAnanda 65-66 5. AdhArAdheyayoranyatarasyAtivistRtatvasiddhiphalakamitarasyAtinyUnatvakalpa namadhikam |-jgnnaath, rasagaGgAdhara pR0 716

Page #623
6..] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa laghu kahA kahA jAya aura isI taraha AzrayI arthAt Adheya kI atizaya gurutA kI vivakSA se vastutaH guru AdhAra ko bhI usakI tulanA meM bahuta laghu batAyA jAya, vahA~ adhika alaGkAra hotA hai| niSkarSa yaha ki AdhAra aura Adheya meM se kisI eka ko dUsare kI apekSA adhika kahanA adhika alaGkAra hai| guru AdhAra kI apekSA Adheya ko adhika bar3A kahanA tathA guru Adheya se AdhAra ko bar3A kahanA adhika ke do rUpa haiN| isa varNana kI do paddhatiyAM sambhava haiM-guru AdhAra se Adheya ko adhika guru kahane kI sIdhI paddhati tathA Adheya kI adhikatA ke bodha ke lie usakI tulanA meM guru AdhAra ko bhI bahuta choTA kahane kI paddhati / isI prakAra AdhAra ke Adhikya-varNana kI bhI ukta do paddhatiyAM ho sakatI haiN| phalataH adhika alaGkAra kI yojanA ke ye cAra rUpa sambhava haiM (1) pRthula AdhAra se Adheya kA Adhikya-varNana, (2) guru Adheya se AdhAra ko bahuta.choTA kahanA, (3) pRthula Adheya se AdhAra ko adhika kahanA tathA (4) AdhAra kI pRthulatA ke sAmane Adheya kI tucchatA kA varNana / adhika alaGkAra ke viparyaya ke rUpa meM jayadeva tathA appayya dIkSita ne alpa alaGkAra kI kalpanA kI hai aura sUkSma Adheya se bhI AdhAra kI sUkSmatA kA varNana isakA svarUpa mAnA hai|' viSama tathA sama ___ rudraTa ne vAstavamUlaka tathA atizayamUlaka viSama alaGkAroM kI kalpanA kii| vAstava-vargagata viSama ke aneka rUpoM kI kalpanA unhoMne kii| jahA~ vastuoM ke bIca sambandha ke na rahane para bhI vaktA dUsaroM ke dvArA unake bIca sambandha-kalpanA kI sambhAvanA kara usakA (usa sambhAvita asat sambandha kA) khaNDana karatA ho, vahA~ vAstavamUlaka viSama kA eka rUpa; jahA~ arthoM ke bIca vidyamAna sambandha kA anaucitya dikhAyA jAya athavA jahA~ asambhAvya vastu kI sattA kA varNana ho, vahAM viSama kA anya rUpa hotA hai| viSama ke cAra aura bheda mAne gaye hai-(ka) jahA~ kisI kAraNa kartA choTA-sA bhI kArya na kare, (kha) jahA~ vaha kAraNavaza bar3A kAma bhI kara de, (ga) jahA~ vaha hIna yA azakta 1. bhalpaM tu sUkSmAdAdheyAdyadAdhArasya suukssmtaa|-appyydii* kuvalayA0 67

Page #624
alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [ 601 hone para bhI kArya sampAdana kara de tathA (gha) jahA~ vaha kAraNavaza sazakta hone para bhI kArya nahIM kre| eka aura rUpa kI kalpanA kara kahA gayA hai ki jahA~ kArya kA nAza ho jAne se na kevala karttA ko karma-phala hI na mile varan anartha bhI ho jAya, vahA~ bhI viSama hotA hai / rudraTa ke dvArA kalpita vAstava-varga ke viSama ke ukta rUpoM para vicAra karane se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki isa alaGkAra kI svarUpa - kalpanA ke mUla meM padArthoM ke pArasparika sambandha kI virUpatA kI dhAraNA nihita hai / atizayamUlaka viSama kI paribhASA meM rudraTa ne kahA hai ki jahA~ kArya-kAraNa-sambandha vAle padArthoM ke guNoM yA kriyAoM meM paraspara virodha dikhAyA jAya, vahA~ viSama alaGkAra hotA hai / abhiprAya yaha ki kAraNa ke guNa se usake kArya ke guNa kA tathA kAraNa kI kriyA se usake kArya kI kriyA meM virodha kI sthiti meM viSama alaGkAra hogA / viSama ke ukta sabhI rUpoM meM vastuoM ke sambandha kI ananukUlatA yA viSamatA kI dhAraNA vyakta kI gayI hai / vastu sambandha ke virodha ko dRSTi meM rakhate hue bhoja ne viSama ko virodha kA hI eka bheda mAnA hai / mammaTa ne viSama ke cAra prakAra svIkAra kiye haiM- (1) jahA~ sambandhiyoM ke vaidharmya ke kAraNa unakA sambandha anupapanna pratIta ho, (2) karttA ko apanI kriyA kA phala to nahIM hI mile, anartha kI bhI prApti ho jAya, (3) kArya ke guNa se kAraNa ke guNa kA virodha ho tathA (4) kArya kI kriyA kA kAraNa kI "kriyA se virodha ho / 3 ina sabhI rUpoM meM samatA kA viparyaya rahane se sabhI viSama ke rUpa haiM / spaSTa hai ki rudraTa kI viSama-dhAraNA ko hI mammaTa ne prAyazaH svIkAra kiyA hai / rudraTa ke dvArA kalpita asat sambandha kA bhI khaNDana tathA vastuoM ke sambandha kA anaucitya mammaTa ke viSama ke prathama rUpa se abhinna hai / - anya ke dvArA vastuoM ke sambandha kI kalpanA kI sambhAvanA kara asat vastu 1. draSTavya - rudraTa, kAvyAlaGkAra 7, 47-54 2. kAryasya kAraNasya ca yatra virodhaH parasparaM guNayoH / tadvatkriyayorathavA saJjAyeteti tadviSamam // - vahI, 6, 45 3. kvacidyadati vaidharmyAnna zleSo ghaTanAmiyAt / katta: kriyAphalAvAptirnaivAnarthazca yadbhavet // guNakriyAbhyAM kAryasya kAraNasya guNakriye krameNa ca viruddhe yatsa eSa viSamo mataH // - mammaTa, kAvyaprakAza 10, 194

Page #625
602 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa sambandha ke khaNDana tathA vastuoM ke sambhava-sambandha ke khaNDana meM tAttvika bheda nahIM hai, bheda kevala kathana ke DhaMga kA hai| ataH, donoM ko eka sAtha isa rUpa meM paribhASita karanA hI adhika samIcIna hai ki 'vastuoM ke sambandha kI anupapatti kA varNana viSama kA eka rUpa hai|' mammaTa ke viSama kA dUsarA rUpA bhI rudraTa ke vAstava viSama ke eka rUpa se abhinna hai| rudraTa ke atizayamUlaka viSama kI avatAraNA mammaTa ne apane viSama ke tIsare aura cauthe rUpa meM kI hai| azakta kartA kA bar3A kAma bhI kara dene, sazakta kartA kA choTA kAma bhI na kara pAne Adi ke varNana meM rudraTa ne jo viSama mAnA thA, use mammaTa ne alaGkAra ke svatantra prakAra ke rUpa meM svIkAra nahIM kiyaa| ____ ruyyaka ne viSama ke tIna prakAra svIkAra kiye-(1) kAraNa se virUpa kArya kI utpatti, (2) kisI kArya ke sAdhana meM udyata kartA ke kArya se uddiSTa phala kI jagaha anartha kI prApti tathA ananurUpa yA virUpa vastuoM kI sngghttnaa| ananurUpa vastuoM kA saMsarga viSama kA pradhAna lakSaNa mAnA gayA hai|' spaSTataH ruyyaka kI dhAraNA mammaTa kI viSama-dhAraNA se abhinna hai / / ruyyaka ke virUpa kAryotpatti-rUpa viSama-bheda meM mammaTa ke guNa-virodha tathA kriyA-virodha bhedoM kA samAhAra hai| vizvanAtha, jayadeva, appayya dIkSita Adi. ne mammaTa, ruyyaka kI viSama-dhAraNA ko hI svIkAra kiyA hai| jagannAtha ne ruyyaka kI taraha ananurUpa vastuoM ke saMsarga ko viSama kA pradhAna lakSaNa mAnaH kara mammaTa, ruyyaka Adi ke dvArA kalpita viSama ke sabhI rUpoM ko usakA bheda mAnA hai| niSkarSa yaha ki virUpa yA ananurUpa vastuoM kA sambandha viSama alaGkAra hai| isake sambhava rUpa haiM--(ka) virUpa vastuoM kI saGghaTanA athavA saGghaTita vastuoM ke sambandha kA anucita yA anupapanna honA (kha) kAraNa se viparIta dharma vAle kArya kI utpatti tathA (ga) Arabdha kArya se iSTa phalaH kI prApti na hokara ulaTe anartha kI prApti / sama ke viparyaya-rUpa ko ruyyaka Adi ne viSama kahA hai| ataH, viSama ke 1. virUpakAryAnarthayorutpattivirUpasaGghaTanA ca viSamam |-ruyyk, alaM0 sU0 ___45-bheda ke lie sUtra 45 kI vRtti draSTavya-pR0 161 2. draSTavya-vizvanAtha, sAhityadarpaNa 10-61 tathA ___ appayya dIkSita, kuvalayAnanda 88, 60. 3. draSTavya-jagannAtha, rasagaGgAdhara pR0704-5

Page #626
alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [603 viparItadharmA sama alaGkAra ke svarUpa kI kalpanA meM ananurUpa vastu-saMsarga-rUpa' viSama ke viparIta anurUpa vastuoM kA saMsarga-varNana apekSita mAnA gayA hai| sama kA svatantra alaGkAra ke rUpa meM nirUpaNa sarvaprathama mammaTa ne kiyaa| unake pUrva viSama ke svarUpa kI sthApanA ho cukI thii| mammaTa ne anukUla vastuoM kA yoga sama kA pradhAna svarUpa maanaa| aneka sat kA tathA aneka asat kA paraspara yoga isameM dikhAyA jA sakatA hai|' sama-sambandhI isa mUla dhAraNA ko sabhI paravartI AcAryoM ne svIkAra kiyA hai / jayadeva tathA appayya ne viSama ke uparilikhita tIna svIkRta rUpoM ke viparyaya-rUpa meM sama ke bhI tIna rUpa mAne haiM--(ka) anurUpa vastuoM kI saGghaTanA, (kha) kAraNa se kArya kI anurUpatA tathA (ga) Arabdha kArya ke anukUla, vinA kisI aniSTa ke phala-prApti / 2 jisa prakAra viSama ke ukta tIna rUpa svIkArya haiM, usI prakAra unake viparyaya-rUpa sama ke bhI ye tona bheda mAnya haiN| virodha virodhAbhAsa alaGkAra ke vivecana-krama meM hama yaha dekha cuke haiM ki kucha AcAryoM ne use bhI virodha saMjJA se abhihita kiyA hai; kintu virodhAbhAsa se svatantra virodha alaGkAra kI bhI kalpanA kI gayI hai| virodhAbhAsa meM vastuoM ke virodha kA kevala AbhAsa rahatA hai| ApAtataH, viruddha jAna par3ane vAlI bAtoM meM tAttvika avirodha kI dhAraNA nihita rahatI hai| virodha meM paraspara' virodhI padArthoM ke saMsarga-varNana kI dhAraNA vyakta kI gayI hai / sAdRzya kI taraha virodha bhI aneka alaGkAroM kA mUlabhUta tattva hai| ataH, kucha AcArya virodha-nAmaka svatantra alaGkAra kI kalpanA ucita nahIM mAnate / ve virodha ko aneka alaGkAroM ko anuprANita karane vAlA tattva hI mAnate haiN| isa prakAra kucha AcAryoM ne virodha kA virodhAbhAsa ke paryAya ke rUpa meM prayoga kara diyA hai / virodhAbhAsa ke paryAya ke rUpa meM prayukta virodha prastuta sandarbha meM vivecya nhiiN| viruddha padArthoM kI ghaTanA ke rUpa meM jisa virodha ko svIkRti milI hai tathA jise kucha AcArya sabhI virodhamUlaka alaGkAra kA samAna 1. samaM yogyatayA yogo yadi sambhAvitaH kvacit / tathAtatsadyoge, asadyoge ca / -mammaTa, kAvyaprakAza 10, 163 tathA vRtti pR0 2840 2. draSTavya-appayya dIkSita, kuvalayAnanda 61, 63

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604 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa tattva mAnakara usake svatantra alaGkAra ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiye jAne kA .virodha karate haiM, usIkA aitihAsika dRSTi se adhyayana yahA~ abhISTa hai| rudraTa ke pUrvavartI AcArya bhAmaha, daNDI tathA udbhaTa ne virodha vyapadeza se jisa alaGkAra kA nirUpaNa kiyA thA usake lie virodhAbhAsa saMjJA adhika . anvartha hotii| bhAmaha ne vizeSa camatkAra utpanna karane ke lie guNa, kriyA Adi kA viruddha kriyA se varNana virodha kA lakSaNa mAnA thA / ve virodha ko atAttvika mAnakara kevala usakA AbhAsa hI apekSita mAnate the| udbhaTa ne isI mata ko svIkAra kiyA thaa| daNDI ne virodha-lakSaNa meM viruddha padArthoM kA * saMsarga pradarzana apekSita mAnA thaa| isI dhAraNA ne pIche calakara virodhAbhAsa se -svatantra virodha alaGkAra ko janma diyaa| daNDI ne viruddha padArthoM kI saGghaTanA kevala vizeSa camatkAra kI sRSTi ke lie virodha meM mAnI thii| TIkAkAroM ne 'vizeSa-darzanAryava' ke AdhAra para daNDI ke virodha-lakSaNa kA artha yaha mAnA hai ki vAstava virodha ke na hone para bhI kevala vizeSa dikhAne ke lie viruddhase lagane vAle padArthoM kI saGghaTanA virodha ( vastutaH virodhAbhAsa ) hai| vAmana ne bhI virodhAbhAsa ko hI virodha kahA hai| rudraTa ne sarvaprathama virodhAbhAsa yA virodhAbhAsa-zleSa se svatantra virodha alaGkAra kI kalpanA kI aura use atizayamUlaka alaGkAra mAnA / unake anusAra jahA~ paraspara sarvathA viruddha padArthoM kI, eka hI samaya ekatra avasthiti dikhAyI jAya, vahAM virodha alaGkAra hotA hai|' daNDI ke virodha se isakI tulanA karane para viruddha padArthoM ke saMsarga kI dhAraNA donoM meM samAna rUpa se dIkha par3atI hai| bheda itanA hI hai ki daNDI ne kevala vizeSa-darzana ke lie viruddha padArthoM ke saMsarga kI kalpanA apekSita mAnI thii| isa kathana meM isa vyAkhyA ke lie avakAza thA ki ve padArthagata virodha ko atAttvika yA virodha kA AbhAsa mAtra mAnate the; para rudraTa ne virodha meM saMsarga meM Ane vAle padArthoM meM tAttvika virodha apekSita mAnA hai / bhoja ne rudraTa kI virodha-dhAraNA ko svIkAra kara anya AcAryoM ke dvArA svatantra alaGkAra ke rUpa meM svIkRta asaGgati, pratyanIka, adhika tathA 1. yasmin dravyAdInAM parasparaM sarvathA viruddhAmAm / ekatrAvasthAnaM samakAlaM bhavati sa virodhaH // -rudraTa, kAvyAlaGkAra 6, 30

Page #628
alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [605. viSama ko virodha kA hI bheda mAna liyA hai|' mammaTa, ruyyaka, vizvanAtha Adi ne virodha nAma se virodhAbhAsa kA hI astitva svIkAra kiyA hai| ve viSama Adi meM viruddha padArthoM kI saGghaTanA kA samAveza mAnate haiM / ataH, virodha-nAmaka svatantra alaGkAra unheM iSTa nhiiN| jayadeva, appayya dIkSita Adi ne bhI virodha kA nirUpaNa nahIM kiyA hai / paNDitarAja jagannAtha ne virodha ko aneka alaGkAroM ko anuprANita karane vAlA tattva mAnakara svatantra alaGkAra ke rUpa meM usake astitva kI kalpanA ko asaGgata batAyA hai| vastutaH viSama, asaGgati Adi aneka alaGkAroM meM virodha kA tattva nihita rahatA hai| ataH, virodha ke pRthak astitva kI kalpanA Avazyaka nhiiN| kevala rudraTa, bhoja tathA unake kucha anuyAyiyoM ko virodha kA svatantra alaGkAratva mAnya hai| paraspara viruddha padArthoM kI yugapat ekatra saGghaTana virodha kA. lakSaNa hai| asaGgati asaGgati virodhamUlaka alaGkAra hai| yaha kArya-kAraNa-sambandha kI asaGgati para avalambita hai / sAmAnyataH, jahA~ kAraNa rahatA hai, vahIM usake kArya kA janma hotA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, kAraNa tathA usakA kArya, donoM samAna-dezIya hote haiM; para kAvya meM jahA~ kAraNa se bhinna deza meM usake kArya kI utpatti kA camatkArapUrNa varNana hotA hai, vahA~ asaGgati alaGkAra mAnA gayA hai| __ rudraTa ne sarvaprathama asaGgati alaGkAra ke svarUpa kA nirUpaNa kiyaa| unhoMne ise atizayamUlaka alaGkAra mAnA hai| asaGgati ko paribhASita karate hue unhoMne kahA hai ki jahAM eka hI samaya kAraNa ke anyatra tathA usake kArya ke anyatra hone kA spaSTa varNana ho, vahA~ asaGgati alaGkAra hotA hai|' 1. virodhastu padArthAnAM parasparamasaGgatiH / asaGgatiH pratyanIkamadhikaM viSamazca saH // -bhoja, sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa 3, 24 2. vispaSTe samakAlaM kAraNamanyatra kAryamanyatra / yasyAmupalabhyete vijJa yAsaGgatiH seyam ||-rudrtt, kAvyAlaGkAra ;48

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alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa asaGgatiko svatantra alaGkAra nahIM mAnakara virodha kA eka : bheda mAtra svIkAra kiyA hai / hama isa para tathya para vicAra kara cuke haiM ki . virodha ko svatantra alaGkAra mAnakara viSama, asaGgati Adi ko usakA bheda mAnanA yuktisaGgata nahIM / virodha ko viSama, asaGgati Adi kA samAna * rUpa se vyAvarttaka dharma hI mAnA jAnA cAhie / ataH asaGgati ko svatantra alaGkAra mAnane vAle rudraTa Adi kI dhAraNA hI adhika samIcIna jAna par3atI hai / rudraTa ne virodha ko aneka alaGkAroM kA prANAdhAyaka tattva mAnakara alaGkAroM kA vargIkaraNa nahIM kiyA thA / isalie ve asaGgati, virodha Adi ko atizayamUlaka alaGkAra mAnate the / pIche calakara jaba virodhamUlaka alaGkAroM kA eka svatantra varga kalpita huA taba asaGgati ko virodha mUlaka - alaGkAra varga meM parigaNita kiyA gayA / i 606 ] mammaTa, ruyyaka, vizvanAtha Adi AcAryoM ne rudraTa kI taraha kAraNa aura * kArya kA bhinna dezatva hI asaGgati kA lakSaNa mAnA hai / ' L jayadeva tathA appayya dIkSita ne asaGgati ko thor3e pariSkAra ke sAtha pari"bhASita kiyaa| unake anusAra jahA~ hetu tathA kArya kA bhinnadezatva viruddha ho, vahA~ yadi unake bhinnadezatva kA nibandhana ho to asaGgati alaGkAra hogA / yadi kAryakAraNa kA bhinna dezagatatva viruddha na ho to asaGgati nahIM hogI / megha sajala hue ( megha ne viSa arthAt jala kA pAna kiyA ) aura viyoginiyA~ mUcchita 'huI' isa kathana meM to asaGgati hai, cUMki viSa pIne tathA mUcchita hone; isa - kAraNa- kArya kA bhinna dezatva viruddha hai aura usakA nibandhana huA hai; para isa kathana meM ki 'vaha apanI bhra UvallI ko jitanA vakra banAtI hai, utanA adhika usake kaTAkSa-vANa se merA hRdaya ghAyala hotA hai' asaGgati nahIM; kyoMki dhanuSa ko khIMca kara Ter3hA karane tathA hRdaya ke biddha hone kA ( kAraNa- kArya kA ) bhinnadezatva viruddha nahIM hai, vahI prasiddha hai / niSkarSa yaha ki jo kArya-kAraNa eka deza meM sAmAnyataH rahate haiM, unake bhinna-dezasva kA ramaNIya varNana asaGgati alaGkAra hai / isake atirikta asaGgati ke do aura rUpoM kI kalpanA jayadeva * tathA appayyadIkSita ne kI hai - ( 1 ) anyatra karaNIya kArya ko anyatra kara denA 1. draSTavya, mammaTa, kAvyaprakAza 10, 161; ruyyaka, alaGkAra sU0 44; vizvanAtha, sAhityadarpaNa 10,60

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alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [607 tathA (2) anya kArya ko karane meM saMlagna vyakti kA anya kArya kara baiThanA / ' isa prakAra asaGgati ke ukta tIna prakAra jayadeva Adi ne mAne haiN| paNDitarAja jagannAtha ne pUrvavartI AcAryoM kI asaGgati-dhAraNA ko svIkAra karane para bhI usakI paribhASA meM pariSkAra kiyA hai| unake anusAra 'hetu aura kArya kA aisA bhinna-dezatva-varNana jo ApAtataH viruddha jAna par3e, asaGgati hai / 2 vastutaH, bhinna deza meM kArya-kAraNa ke hone meM jo virodha asaGgati meM jAna par3atA hai, vaha prAtibhAsika hI hotA hai| yadi yathArtha virodha ho to vaha kAvyokti nahIM, unmattokti hI hogii| jagannAtha ne appayya dIkSita kI asaGgati ke dvitIya rUpa 'anyatra karaNIya kA anyatra kara denA' kA isI lakSaNa meM antarbhAva mAnA hai| yaha ucita hI hai| anya kArya meM saMlagna kartA ke dvArA anya kArya kara dene ko jagannAtha vibhAvanA kA eka bheda mAnate haiM, asaGgati nhiiN|3 isa asaGgati meM tathA 'viruddha kArya-utpatti-rUpa vibhAvanA meM thor3A bheda avazya hai| kAraNa se viruddha prakRti vAle kArya kI utpatti 'vibhAvanA hai kintu anya kArya meM saMlagna vyakti ke dvArA iSTa kArya se bhinna kArya kara diyA jAnA asaGgati hai| phira bhI donoM ke bIca bheda itanA kama hai ki appayya kI asaGgati ke isa rUpa ko vibhAvanA kA eka prakAra mAnane meM koI asaGgati nahIM jAna pdd'tii| niSkarSa yaha ki asaGgati meM kArya aura kAraNa kA yugapat bhinna-bhinna adhikaraNa meM sadbhAva dikhAyA jAtA hai| yaha 'bhinna-dezatva yA vaiyadhikaraNya viruddha jAna par3atA hai; para vastutaH kAraNa-kArya ke bhinna dezagata hone meM jAna par3ane vAlA vaha virodha prAtibhAsika hotA hai, tAttvika nhiiN| vyAdhAta sarvaprathama rudraTa ne vyAghAta alaGkAra kI kalpanA kii| isa alaGkAra ke navIna nAma-mAtra kI kalpanA rudraTa ne kii| unhoMne udbhaTa kI vizeSokti ke 1. viruddha bhinnadezatvaM kAryahetvorasaGgatiH / tathA anyatra karaNIyasya tato'nyatra kRtizca saa| anyatkatu pravRttasya tadviruddhakRtistathA // -appayya dIkSita, kuvalayAnda 85-86 2. viruddhatvenApAtato bhAsamAna hetukAryayovayadhikaraNyamasaGgatiH / -jagannAtha, rasaGgAdhara, pR0 698 3. draSTavya-vahI, pR0 668-704

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608 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa AdhAra para hI vyAghAta ko paribhASita kara diyA / sambhavata: isIlie unhone vizeSokti kA nirUpaNa nahIM kiyA / rudraTa ke anusAra jahA~ anya kAraNa se kisI taraha kI bAdhA ke na hone para koI kAraNa kArya kA utpAdana nahIM kara sake, vahA~ vyAghAta alaGkAra mAnA jAtA hai / ' kAraNa kA yadi bAdhaka tattva nahIM rahe to usase kArya kI utpatti avazya honI cAhie / lekina bAdhaka ke nahIM rahane para bhI kAraNa se kArya kI utpatti nahIM hone ke varNana meM alaGkAratva rahatA hai / rudraTa ise vyAghAta kaheMge, para anya AcAryoM ne use vizeSokti kahA hai / mammaTa ne abAdhita kAraNa se bhI kArya kI anutpatti meM vizeSokti kA sadbhAva mAnakara usase svatantra vyAghAta ke svarUpa kI kalpanA kI hai / unakI mAnyatA hai ki jahA~ kisI karttA ke dvArA jisa upAya se kAryasAdhana kiye jAne kA nirdeza ho, usI upAya se ( usa karttA ke vijigISu) anya vyakti ke dvArA usa kArya ko anyathA karane kA varNana vyAghAta hai / 2 jisa upAya se koI kArya - sAdhana kare, usI upAya se dUsarA usa kArya ko anyathA kara de, isa varNana meM avazya hI camatkAra rahatA hai / ataH aise sthala meM vyAghAta alaGkAra kA sadbhAva mAnA jAtA hai| isameM karttA kI abhISTa siddhi ke sAdhana se hI dUsare ke dvArA usake iSTa kA vyAghAta yA hanana hone se ise vyAghAta kA jAtA hai / mammaTa ke uttaravartI prAyaH sabhI AcAryoM ne unakI vyAghAta-viSayakaH mUla dhAraNA ko svIkAra kiyA hai / ruyyaka ne mammaTa - kalpita vyAghAta- lakSaNa ko svIkAra kara usake eka rUpa kI kalpanA kI / unhoMne mammaTa ke matAnusAra kisI upAya se sAdhita kArya kA anya ke dvArA usI upAya se anyathAkaraNa vyAghAta kA lakSaNa mAnA / vyAghAta ke dUsare rUpa kI kalpanA karate hue unhoMne kahA ki kisI kArya ke sampAdana ke lie sambhAvita kAraNa ko jahA~ dUsarA byakti usa kArya ke viruddha kArya kA niSpAdaka batA de, vahA~ bhI vyAghAta hotA hai / 3 3. 1. anyarapratihatamapi kAraNamutpAdanaM na kAryasya / yasminnabhidhIyeta vyAghAtaH sa iti vijJeyaH // - rudraTa, kAvyAlaM 0 6, 52 2. yadyathA sAdhitaM kenApyapareNa tadanyathA / tathaiva yadvidhIyeta savyAghAta iti smRtaH // - mammaTa, kAvyapra0 10,206 3. yathAsAdhitasya tathaivAnyenAnyathAkaraNaM vyAghAtaH / tathA saukaryeNa kAryaviruddha kriyA ca // ruyyaka, alaM0 sU0 51-520

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alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [ 606 abhiprAya yaha hai ki kartA jisa upAya se kArya-vizeSa kA sAdhana kara sakatA ho, usa upAya kI sambhAvanA kara kartA ke abhimata se viruddha kAryasAdhana meM usI upAya ko sahAyaka banA lene kI kalpanA vyAghAta kA dUsarA rUpa hai| vizvanAtha, jayadeva, appayya dIkSita Adi ne vyAghAta ke ina donoM rUpoM ko svIkAra kiyA hai|' ukta donoM rUpoM para vicAra karane se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki vyAghAta ke donoM rUpoM meM koI mahattvapUrNa vyAvarttaka dharma nhiiN| eka meM kisI upAya sa sAdhita kArya kA usI upAya se anyathAkaraNa tathA dUsare meM abhISTa kAryasAdhana ke lie prayoga meM lAye jAne vAle upAya ko usa kArya se viruddha kArya kA sAdhana pramANita kara usa abhISTa kArya kA anyathAkaraNa vAJchanIya mAnA gayA hai| kartA ke hI upAya kA (cAhe vaha prayukta ho yA usake prayoga kI sambhAvanA ho) usake abhISTa-hanana meM upayoga vyAghAta kI pradhAna prakRti hai| sampAdita yA sampAdyamAna kArya ke upAya kA kArya-hanana meM upayoga ke AdhAra para vyAghAta ke do rUpoM kI kalpanA Avazyaka nahIM thii| unheM vyAghAta ke eka lakSaNa meM samAviSTa kara usake do bheda mAnanA samIcIna hotaa| paNDitarAja jagannAtha ne isIlie eka vyApaka paribhASA banAkara vyAghAta ke donoM rUpoM kA samAhAra usI meM kara diyaa| unake anusAra "jahA~ eka kartA jisa kAraNa se koI kArya niSpanna kara le yA kisI kArya kA niSpAdana karanA cAhe; para anya kartA usI kAraNa se usake viruddha kArya kA sampAdana kara athavA sampAdana karane kI icchA se pUrva kartA ke kArya kA hanana kara de vahA~ vyAghAta alaGkAra hotA hai / "2 niSkarSataH, kartA jisa upAya se kArya-sAdhana kara le usI upAya se dUsare kartA ke dvArA usa kArya kA anyathAkaraNa vyAghAta kA eka bheda tathA jisa upAya se vaha abhISTa kArya kA sampAdana karanA cAhe, usa upAya ko usake abhISTa kArya ke viruddha kArya kA sAdhaka banAkara usake uddiSTa kArya kA anyathAkaraNa vyAghAta kA dUsarA bheda hai| "ziva kI dRSTi se jale hue kAma 1. draSTavya-vizvanAtha, sAhityadarpaNa 10,67-68 tathA . -appayya dIkSita kuvalayAnanda 102-3 2. yatra hya kena kI yena kAraNena kArya kiJcinniSpAditaM niSpipAdayiSataM vA tadanyena ka; tenaiva kAraNena tadviruddhakAryasya niSpAdanena niSpipAdayiSayA vA vyAhanyate sa vyaaghaatH|-jgnnaath, rasagaGgAdhara, pR0 728

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610 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa ko yuvatI apanI dRSTi se hI jIvita kara rahI hai' yaha kathana sAdhita kArya ( kAma ke vadha ) kA usI sAdhana ( dRSTi ) se anyathAkaraNa kA udAharaNa hai / 'nAyaka paradeza jAne ke samaya nAyikA ko komalAGgI batAkara sAtha jAne se rokatA hai; para usIkI yukti se apanI komalAGgitA ke kAraNa viyoga kA duHkha sahane meM apane ko asamartha batAkara vaha nAyaka ke uddezya ke viruddha kArya kA sAdhaka usake sAdhana ko batA detI hai / ' aise sthala meM vyAghAta kA dUsarA bheda mAnA jAyagA / vicitra mammaTa ke samaya taka vicitra ko svatantra alaGkAra ke rUpa meM mAnyatA nahIM milI thI / ruyyaka ne sarvaprathama vicitra ke svarUpa kI kalpanA kI aura use svatantra alaGkAra maanaa| unake anusAra jahA~ karttA apane abhISTa phala ke viparIta phala ke lie prayatna karatA ho, vahA~ vicitra alaGkAra hotA hai / ' unnati ke lie prabhu ke sAmane jhukanA Adi isake udAharaNa diye gaye haiM / namana kiyA unnati ke viparIta hai; phira bhI usa viparIta kA utsAha Azcaryajanaka hone ke kAraNa vicitra alaGkAra kA udAharaNa hai / aise udAharaNoM para vicAra karane se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki karttA vastutaH abhISTa phala kI prApti ke lie hI yatna karatA hai, para vaha yatna ApAtataH usake uddiSTa phala ke viparIta phala kA yatna-sA lagatA hai / uddiSTa phala ke viparItadharmA kArya kA Arambha kara karttA uddiSTa phala ko prApta karanA cAhatA hai / vaha viparIta phala kA yatna iSTa-siddhi meM sahAyaka hI hotA hai / ataH usake prayatna meM jAna par3ane vAlA virodha atAttvika hI hotA hai / iSTa phala ke viparIta prayAsa kI vicitratA ke AdhAra para isakA anvartha abhidhAna kalpita hai / 1 vizvanAtha, jayadeva, appayya dIkSita Adi ne ruyyaka kI dhAraNA ke anurUpa hI vicitra ko paribhASita kiyA hai| unhoMne iSTa phala ke lie viruddha kArya karanA vicitra kA lakSaNa mAnA hai / appayya dIkSita ke vicitra lakSaNa ke do pATha 1. svaviparItaphalaniSpattaye prayatno vicitram / - ruyyaka, alaGkArasU0 47 2. vicitra yadviruddhasya kRtiriSTaphalAya cet / - vizvanAtha, sAhityadarpaNa 10,93 tathA - vicitra tatprayatnazcedviparItaphalecchAyA / - appayya dIkSita, kuvalayAnanda 94

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alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [611 upalabdha haiN| eka meM phala ( iSTa phala ) kI icchA se viparIta prayatna apekSita mAnA gayA hai to dUsare meM viparIta phala kI icchA se kArya karane para bala diyA gayA hai| donoM meM zabda-mAtra kA bheda hai; donoM kA tAtparya eka hI hai| kartA jo phala cAhatA hai, usake viparIta kArya meM saMlagna dikhAyA jAtA hai, yahI vicitra kI prakRti hai| vicitra kA yahI lakSaNa paNDitarAja jagannAtha ko bhI mAnya hai|' iSTa-siddhi ke lie iSTa-viparIta arthAt pratikUla AcaraNa ko vicitra kA lakSaNa mAnakara jagannAtha ne usake zuddha tathA anyAlaGkAra-saGkIrNa bhedoM ke udAharaNa diye haiN| unhoMne iSTa phala ke ananukUla AcaraNa meM to vicitra mAnA hI hai, apanI isa paribhASA kI vyAkhyA ke krama meM yaha bhI spaSTa kiyA hai ki iSTa phala tathA AcaraNa meM anukUlAbhAsa ke sthala meM bhI vicitra alaGkAra hotA hai| isa vivecana se spaSTa hai ki ruyyaka ke uttaravartI prAyaH sabhI samartha AcAryoM ne ruyyaka kI vicitra-viSayaka udbhAvanA kA svAgata kiyA / ruyyaka ne vicitra ke jisa svarUpa kI kalpanA kI thI, vahI svarUpa sabako mAnya huaa| isalie vicitra kI prakRti meM ekarUpatA banI rhii| kartA ke iSTa phala ke pratikUla kArya karane ke varNana meM vicitra alaGkAra kI sattA svIkAra kI gyii| atyukti atyukti ko svatantra alaGkAra mAnane ke sambandha meM do mata haiN| jayadeva ke pUrva atyukti alaGkAra kI kalpanA nahIM huI thii| ati-ukti atizaya-ukti kA paryAya hai / prAcIna AcAryoM kI atizayokti ke vyApaka svarUpa ko dRSTi meM rakhate hue usase svatantra atyukti kI kalpanA Avazyaka nahIM jAna par3atI / jayadeva tathA unake anuyAyI appayya dIkSita ne adbhata tathA atathya zUratA, udAratA Adi ke vargana meM atyukti alaGkAra mAnA hai| jagannAtha ne atizayokti se svatantra atyukti kI sattA nahIM maanii| hindI ke kucha rIti AcAryoM ne 1. iSTasiddhyarthamiSTaSiNA kriyamANamiSTaviparItAcaraNaM vicitram / -jagannAtha, rasagaGgAdhara pR0718 2. draSTavya-vahI, pR0 718-19 3. atyuktiradbhutAtathyazauryaudAryAdivarNanam / -appayya dIkSita, kuvalayAnanda, 163

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612 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa 'kuvalayAnanda' ke AdhAra para atyukti kA nirUpaNa kiyA hai| hindI ke samartha samIkSaka AcArya rAmacandra zukla ne atyukti ko atizayokti kA paryAya mAnakara usase abhinna mAnA hai| hama atyukti kI svatantra sattA kI kalpanA ke aucitya kI parIkSA aparatra kara cuke haiN| vikAsa kI dRSTi se atyukti ke svarUpa meM ekarUpatA banI rhii| appayya dIkSita ke paravartI kisI AcArya ne usake kisI navIna rUpa kI kalpanA nahIM kii| vyAjokti vyAjokti kI svatantra alaGkAra ke rUpa meM kalpanA hone ke pUrva usake svarUpa para anya alaGkAra ke sandarbha meM vicAra ho cukA thaa| daNDI ne leza alaGkAra kI paribhASA meM kahA thA ki jahA~ kisI taraha prakaTa ho gayI vastu ko chipAne kA AyAsa kiyA jAtA hai, vahA~ leza alaGkAra hotA hai|' prakAzita vastu ko kisI bahAne chipAne ke kauzala ko dRSTi meM rakhakara hI daNDI ne hetu tathA sUkSma ke sAtha isa leza ko bhI uttama bhUSaNa kahA hogaa| daNDI kA leza hI pIche calakara vyAjokti abhidhAna se abhihita huaa| prakAzita vastu ko chipAne ke lie vyAja-kathana kA sahArA liyA jAtA hai, bahAnA banAkara tathya ko chipAyA jAtA hai; ataH daNDI ke leza kA anvartha abhidhAna vyAjokti mAnA gyaa| ____ vAmana ne vyAjokti saMjJA kA prayoga kara prastuta alaGkAra kI paribhASA meM kahA ki vyAja arthAt bahAne se kahI huI bAta kA satya ke sAtha sArUpya vyAjokti hai / 2 abhiprAya yaha ki bahAnA banAkara satya ko chipA lene tathA bahAne se kahI huI bAta ko satya-sI batAne kA prayAsa vyAjokti hai| spaSTataH, daNDI ke leza-lakSaNa kI hI taraha vAmana ke vyAjokti-lakSaNa meM vyAja se tathya kA nigahana apekSita mAnA gayA hai| vAmana ne vyAjokti ke dUsare nAma mAyokti kA bhI nirdeza kiyA thA; para vaha nAma bahuta prasiddhi nahIM pA skaa| vyAja, chala, mAyA Adi paryAyavAcI zabda haiN| ata:, vyAjokti kI jagaha mAyokti Adi saMjJA kA prayoga bhI kiyA jA sakatA hai| 1. draSTavya-daNDI, kAvyAdarza, 2,265 2. vyAjasya satyasArUpyaM vyaajoktiH|-vaamn, kAvyAlaGkAra-sUtra 4,3,25

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[ 613 alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa mammaTa, ruyyaka, vizvanAtha Adi ne daNDI-sammata leza-lakSaNa ko hI byAjokti-lakSaNa svIkAra kiyA hai| prakaTa vastu kA bahAne se gopana unake anusAra vyAjokti kA lakSaNa hai / ' jayadeva, appayya dIkSita Adi kI vyAjokti-dhAraNA mammaTa, ruyyaka Adi kI dhAraNA se mUlataH abhinna hai; kintu jayadeva Adi ne vyAjokti kA kSetra kucha sImita kara diyA hai| unheM vyAja se kevala AkAra kA gopana vyAjokti meM iSTa hai / 2 pUrvavartI AcAryoM ke vyAjokti-lakSaNa meM AkAra kA bhI vyAja se gopana lakSita thaa| AkAra-gopana ke bhI udAharaNa mammaTa Adi ne diye the| sambhava hai, aise udAharaNoM ko dekhakara hI jayadeva Adi ne kevala AkAragopana taka vyAjokti kA lakSaNa sImita kara diyA ho| vyAjokti ke lakSaNa meM AkAra-gopana kI jagaha, prakaTa vastu-rUpa ke nigUhana kA ullekha hI adhika samIcIna jAna par3atA hai / niSkarSataH, kisI prakAra prakaTa ho gaI vastu ko kisI bahAne chipAne kA varNana vyAjokti alaGkAra mAnA jAtA hai / vyAjastuti tathA vyAjanindA stuti-paryavasAyinI nindA tathA nindA-paryavasAyinI stuti kI sundara uktibhaGgI meM vyAjastuti alaGkAra kI kalpanA kI gayI hai| kisI kI prazaMsA ke lie sIdhe prazaMsAtmaka zabdoM kA prayoga na kara aise zabdoM kA prayoga, jinase ApAtataH usakI nindA-sI lage; para pariNAmataH usakI prazaMsA kA bodha ho aura isake viparIta kisI kI nindA ke abhISTa hone para usake lie aisI zabdAvalI kA prayoga jisase ApAtataH to usakI prazaMsA jAna par3e; para pariNAmataH usakI nindA kA bodha ho-vyAjastuti ke ye do rUpa haiN| isa alaGkAra meM stuti ke vyAja se nindA tathA nindA ke vyAja se stuti kI jAtI hai / ataH, vyAjastuti anvarthA saMjJA hai| 1. vyAjoktizchadmanodbhinnavasturUpanigRhanam / . -mammaTa, kAvyaprakAza 10,184, udbhinnavastunigRhanaM vyaajoktiH|-ruyyk, alaGkAra-sUtra 76 tathAvyAjoktirgopanaM vyAjAdudbhinnasyApi vstunH| -vizvanAtha, sAhityadarpaNa, 10,120, 2. vyAjoktiranyahetUktyA yadAkArasya gopanam / -appayya dIkSita, kuvalayAnanda 153,

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614 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa bhAmaha ne vyAjastuti kI paribhASA meM kahA thA ki jahA~ bahuta mahanIya guNa vAlI vastu ke sAtha tulanA karate hue apekSAkRta kama guNavAn hone ke kAraNa varNya vastu kI nindA kI jAya, vahA~ vyAjastuti hotI hai| isa prakAra varNya kI nindA bhI usakI prazaMsA hI vyajita karatI hai kyoMki usakI nindA mahanIya guNavAn ke sAtha usakI tulyatA dikhAne ke uddezya se kI jAtI hai / vAmana ne bhAmaha kI vyAjastuti-dhAraNA ko sUtrabaddha kara usake spaSTIkaraNa meM kahA hai ki viziSTa vyakti ke samAna karma na kara sakane ke kAraNa prastuta kI nindA to kI jAtI hai; para viziSTa ke sAtha usake sAmya-sampAdana kI icchA se nindA hone ke kAraNa vaha nindA vastutaH usakI stuti ke lie hI kI jAtI hai| spaSTa hai ki bhAmaha tathA vAmana nindAmukhena kI jAne vAlI stuti meM vyAjastuti alaGkAra mAnate the| AcArya daNDI ne bhI nindAmukhena kI jAne vAlI stuti ko hI vyAjastuti kI prakRti mAnA hai| unake TIkAkAra nasiMhadeva kA mata hai ki daNDI ke lakSaNa-zloka meM 'nindanniva stauti' (nindA-sI karatA huA jahA~ stuti karatA hai) kA artha pratyaya ke vyatyaya se 'stuvanniva nindati' ( stuti-sI karatA huA nindA karatA hai) bhI mAnA jAnA caahie| isa prakAra mammaTa Adi ke dvArA svIkRta vyAjastuti ke do rUpoM-nindAmukhena stuti tathA stutimukhena nindA-ko dRSTi meM rakhakara daNDI kI paribhASA meM avyApti ke mArjana kA AyAsa kiyA gayA hai| vastutaH, bhAmaha, daNDI, udbhaTa, vAmana Adi vyAjastuti kA eka hI rUpa-nindAmukhena stuti--mAnate the| ataH, unake lakSaNa meM artha kI khIMca-tAna ucita nhiiN| daNDI ne jitane udAharaNa diye haiM, una saba 1. dUrAdhikaguNastotravyapadezena tulyatAm / kiJcidvidhitsoryA nindA vyAjastutirasau ythaa|| -bhAmaha, kAvyAlaGkAra, 3,31, 2. sambhAvyaviziSTakarmAkaraNAnindA stotrArthA vyAjastutiH / ___-vAmana, kAvyAlaGkAra-sUtra 4,3,24 draSTavya, usakI vRtti pR0 266 3. yadi nindaniva stauti vyAjastutirasau smRtaa|| -daNDI, kAvyAdarza, 2,343 4. atra 'nindannivastItIti kathanAt pratyayAdi vyatyayena stuvannindatIti ityapyartho bodhyaH tena stuticchalena nindoktirapi vyaajstutiH|| -vahI, kRsumapratimA-TIkA pR0 256,

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alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa meM ApAtataH nindA tathA tattvataH stuti kA bodha hotA hai| udbhaTa bhI zabdataH nindA tathA arthataH stuti kI pratIti meM vyAjastuti mAnate the / ' rudraTa ne vyAjastuti ko zleSa kA eka bheda mAnA hai aura use vyAjazleSa kahA hai| unhoMne pUrvavartI AcAryoM kI nindAmukhena stuti kI dhAraNA to svIkAra kI hI, sAtha hI stutimukhena nindA ko bhI vyAja-zleSa kA eka rUpa maanaa|2 nindA se stuti tathA stuti se nindA kA bodha zliSTa pada-prayoga se bhI ho sakatA hai tathA anya zabdazaktiyoM dvArA azliSTa pada-prayoga se bhii| ataH, vyAjastuti ke ina rUpoM ko zleSa kA bheda na mAna kara vyAjastuti nAmaka svatantra alaGkAra mAnanA hI samIcIna hotaa| bhoja ne vyAjastuti ko leza meM antarbhUta mAna liyA hai| yaha yuktisaGgata nhiiN| unake leza meM doSa kA guNIbhAva tathA guNa kA doSIbhAva apekSita mAnA gayA hai| vyAjastuti meM doSa ko guNa yA guNa ko doSa nahIM batAyA jAtA; Upara se nindA tathA stuti karane se kramazaH stuti tathA nindA kI vyaJjanA karAyI jAtI hai| ataH donoM kI prakRti paraspara bhinna hai|| ___ mammaTa, ruyyaka, vizvanAtha, jayadeva, appayya dIkSita, jagannAtha Adi sabhI bhAcArya stutiparyavasAyinI nindA tathA nindAparyavasAyinI stuti ko vyAjastuti mAnate haiN| Upara se jisakI nindA yA stuti kI jAya, pariNAmataH usIkI stuti yA nindA meM kramazaH unakA paryavasAna ho, vahIM vyAjastuti mAnI jAnI cAhie / jagannAtha ne vaiyadhikaraNya meM eka kI nindA se dUsare kI stuti tathA eka kI stuti se dUsare kI nindA ke pratIta hone meM vyAjastuti mAnane vAne mata kA khaNDana kiyA hai| vyAjastuti kI prakRti ke AdhAra para hI jayadeva tathA appayya dIkSita ne vyAjanindA ke svarUpa kI kalpanA kI hai| vyAjastuti meM nindA se stuti tathA stuti se nindA kI pratIti hotI hai, vyAjanindA meM nindA se nindA kI 1. zabdazaktisvabhAvena yatra nindaiva gamyate / vastutastu stutizceSTA vyAjastutirasau matA // -udbhaTa, kAvyAlaGkArasArasaMgraha 5,26 2. yasminnindA stutito nindAyA vA stutiH pratIyeta / anyA vivakSitAyA vyAjazleSaH sa vijnyeyH| -rudraTa, kAvyAlaGkAra, 10,11 3. draSTavya-bhoja, sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa 4,56

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616 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa hI pratIti hotI hai| eka nindA se dUsarI nindA ke gamya hone meM vyAjanindA mAnI gayI hai|' vyAjanindA kI sattA ko bahuta kama AcAryoM kI mAnyatA prApta ho sakI hai| gUDhokti, vivRtokti tathA yukti ___ jayadeva ke pUrva gUDhokti kI svatantra alaGkAra ke rUpa meM kalpanA, nahIM huI thI; para yaha nirvivAda hai ki usake svarUpa para pahale se hI anya alaGkAra ke sandarbha meM vicAra ho rahA thaa| jayadeva, appayya dIkSita Adi ke anusAra anya ke uddezya se anya ko kahanA gUDhokti hai / 2 kisIko jo kucha kahanA ho, vaha sIdhe use nahIM kahakara anya ko kahanA tathA anya ke kathana ke mAdhyama se jisake prati vivakSA ho, use sUcita karanA gUDhokti hai / anya ko sUcita karane ke lie anya ke prati kathana meM Azaya gUDha rahA karatA hai| isalie isa prakAra kI ukti ko gUDha-ukti kahA gayA hai / rudraTa ne anya ke uddezya se anya ke prati kahI huI bAta meM anyokti alaGkAra mAnA thaa| anyokti ke svatantra astitva kI mAnyatA ke aucitya para vicAra karate hue hama yaha dekha cuke haiM ki usakA svarUpa aprastutaprazaMsA se kitanA milatA-julatA hai| gUDhokti ke svarUpa kA bhI samAveza aprastutaprazaMsA meM sambhava hai| appayya dIkSita ne aprastutaprazaMsA se gUDhokti kA thor3A bheda nirUpita kiyA hai| aprastutaprazaMsA meM kArya, kAraNa, sAmAnya, vizeSa tathA tulya vastu meM se eka ke kathana se dUsare kI pratIti karAyI jAtI hai| kArya se kAraNa, kAraNa se kArya Adi kI pratIti gUDhokti meM Avazyaka nhiiN| yahAM vaktA kisI gUDha uddezya se kisI ko chalane ke lie anya ko lakSya kara anya vyakti se kucha kahatA hai| spaSTataH, anyokti tathA aprastutaprazaMsA se gUDhokti kA vaiSamya kI apekSA sAmya hI adhika hai| yadi sUkSma bheda ke AdhAra para navIna-navIna alaGkAroM kI kalpanA ke lobha kA saMvaraNa kiyA jAya, to gUDhokti ke udAharaNa 1. nindAyA nindayA vyaktirvyAjanindeti giiyte| -apyayya dIkSita, kuvalayAnanda,72 2. gUDhoktiranyoddezyaM cedyadanyaM prati kthyte| -appayya dIkSita, kuvalayAnanda, 154 3. neymprstutprshNsaa| kAryakAraNAdivyaGa gyatvAbhAvAt / -vahI, vRtti, pR0 170

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alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [ 617 ke rUpa meM prastuta ukti kA samAveza prAcIna AcAryoM kI aprastutaprazaMsA ke kSetra meM hI mAnA jA sakatA hai| vivRtokti bhI jayadeva kI prathama kalpanA thii| isameM gUDhokti kI hI eka vizeSa sthiti kI kalpanA kI gayI hai| gUDhokti meM vaktA kisI gUDha abhiprAya se anya ko lakSya kara anya ke prati kucha kahatA hai| yadi vaktA ke usa kathana ke pIche chipe hue uddezya ko kavi prakaTa kara detA hai to vahA~ vivRtokti alaGkAra hotA hai / isameM eka to gUDhokti kI taraha vaktA ke anya ke uddezya se anya ke prati kathana kA nibandhana hotA hai; dUsare, kavi vaktA ke usa kathana ke gUDha Azaya kA bhI udghATana kara detA hai| appayya dIkSita ne eka hI kathana kI do sthitiyoM kA udAharaNa uparilikhita do alaGkAroM ke lie prastuta kiyA hai / parakIyA ke sAtha raGgarabhasa meM lIna nAyaka kA mitra nAyikA ke pati ko AtA dekha, use sUcita karane ke uddezya se vRSabha ko sambodhita kara kahatA hai ki 'ai vRSabha ! kSetra-rakSaka A rahA hai, aba tU dUra bhAga jaa|' yaha kathana gUDhokti kA udAharaNa hai / jaba kavi yaha spaSTa kara detA hai ki nAyaka ko sUcanA dene ke lie vaktA yaha kaha rahA hai ki 'ai vRSabha ! dUsare ke kSetra se bhAga jAo, taba yaha kathana vivRtokti kA udAharaNa bana jAtA hai|' ataH vivRtokti ko gUDhokti ( anyokti yA aprastutaprazaMsA ) kI hI eka sthiti mAnakara usakA viziSTa bheda mAnA jA sakatA hai| yukti ke svarUpa kI kalpanA jayadeva ne prAcIna AcAryoM kI vyAjokti ke AdhAra para kI hai| vyAjokti meM kisI bahAne prakaTa ho gaye vastu-rUpa ko 'chipAne kA varNana prAcIna AcAryoM ko abhISTa thaa| jayadeva tathA appayya dIkSita ne vyAjokti kA kSetra kevala AkAra-gopana taka sImita kara diyA tathA AkAra ke atirikta anya vastu ke svarUpa ko chala se chipAne ke varNana meM yukti alaGkAra kA sadbhAva mAnA / isa prakAra kAma-janya lomaharSa Adi ke prakaTa ho jAne para 'zItala vAyu ke sparza' Adi kA bahAnA banAkara use chipAne ke prayAsa meM to ve vyAjokti mAnege; para anya vastu-rUpa ko chipAne ke AyAsa kA varNana unake anusAra yukti alaGkAra hogA / nAyikA apane priya kA citra banA rahI thI, kisI ko Ate dekha usane usa citra meM puSpa-cApa banA diyaa| apane priya ke 1. vivRtoktiH zliSTaguptaM kavinAviSkRtaM yadi / vRSApehi parakSetrAditi vakti sasUcanam / -kuvalayAnanda, 155

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618 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa svarUpa ko chipAne ke lie kAma kA citra banAne kA bahAnA yukti kA udAharaNa huaa|' vastutaH, yukti vyAjokti kI hI vizeSa sthiti hai| bheda kevala yaha hai ki vyAjokti meM bahAnA vANI se kahA jAtA hai, yukti meM ceSTA, kArya Adi. se bhI vyakta kiyA jA sakatA hai| paryAyokti yA paryAyokta paryAya alaGkAra ke vikAsa-krama ke parIkSaNa-krama meM hama yaha dekha cuke haiM ki paryAyokti tathA paryAya saMjJAoM kA prayoga kucha AcAryoM ne eka hI alaGkAra ke lie kiyA thA; para dhIre-dhIre paryAya tathA paryAyokti yA paryAyokta kA alagaalaga astitva mAna liyA gyaa| donoM ke svarUpa bhI eka dUsare se sarvathA alaga ho gye| paryAya krama kA vAcaka svIkRta huA aura krama se eka kA aneka Azraya meM sadbhAva athavA aneka kA eka Azraya meM sadbhAva dikhAnA usakA svarUpa mAnA gyaa| paryAyokti kA sambandha ukti kI vizeSa bhaGgI se mAnA gyaa| bhAmaha ne paryAyokta ko paribhASita karate hue kahA thA ki jahA~ anya prakAra se (kathana ke sIdhe DhaMga ko chor3akara prakArAntara se) abhidhAna arthAt vastu kA kathana ho, vahAM paryAyokta alaGkAra hotA hai / 2 vastu kA abhidhA se kathana na hokara anya prakAra se kathana, unake anusAra paryAya hai| daNDI kI paryAyokta-dhAraNA bhAmaha kI dhAraNA se milatI-julatI hI hai| unhoMne kahA hai ki abhISTa artha ko na kahakara sAkSAt usI artha kI siddhi ke lie prakArAntara se kathana paryAyokta hai| udbhaTa ne bhAmaha tathA daNDI kI paryAyoktadhAraNA ko adhika spaSTatA ke sAtha paribhASita kiyaa| unake anusAra vAkyavRtti (yogyatA, AkAMkSA, sannidhi Adi se vastuoM ke saMsarga-bodha kI vRtti) tathA vAcaka-vRtti ( arthAt abhidhA zakti ) ke vinA jahA~ avagama vyApAra se arthAt vyaJjanA-vyApAra se vastu kA abhidhAna kiyA jAya, usa prakArAntara se kathana meM paryAyokta alaGkAra hotA hai / 1. yuktiH parAtisandhAnaM kriyayA marmaguptaye / tvAmAlikhantI dRSTvAnyaM dhanuH pauSpaM kare'likhat |-kuvlyaannd, 156 2. paryAyokta yadanyena prakAreNAbhidhIyate |-bhaamh, kAvyAlaGkAra 3,8 3. arthamiSTamanAkhyAya sAkSAt tasyaiva siddhaye / __ yat prakArAntarAkhyAnaM paryAyokta tadiSyate ||-dnnddii,kaavyaadrsh,2,265 4. paryAyokta yadanyena prkaarennaabhidhiiyte|| vAcyavAcakavRttibhyAM zUnyenAvagamAtmanA ||-kaavyaalN. sArasaMgraha 4,11

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alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [ 616. rudraTa ne paryAya ke do rUpoM kI kalpanA kii| eka rUpa to pIche cala kara paryAya kA rUpa svIkRta huA tathA dUsare rUpa ko paravartI AcAryoM ne eryAyokta ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyaa| rudraTa ke paryAya kA jo rUpa paravartI AcAryoM ke dvArA paryAyokta ke rUpa meM svIkRta huA, usakI kalpanA bhAmaha, daNDI tathA udbhaTa kI paryAyokta-dhAraNA ke AdhAra para kI gayI hai| rudraTa kI mAnyatA hai ki jo vastu vivakSita vastu ke pratipAdana meM samartha ho usakA kathana paryAya alaGkAra hai; para usa kathita yA vAcya vastu se pratipAdya vastu ko asadRza tathA janyajanaka-sambandha se rahita honA caahie|' samAsokti, aprastutaprazaMsA ( rudraTa kI anyokti ) Adi meM kathita tathA usase pratIyamAna artha sadRza hote haiM, paryAya yA paryAyokta meM jisa artha kA bodha karAnA ho, usake bodha karAne meM samartha; kintu usake asadRza artha kA kathana hotA hai| bhAva, sUkSma Adi meM bodha karAne vAle artha tathA bodhagamya hone vAle artha meM janyajanaka-bhAva-sambandha rahatA hai, paryAya meM kathita tathA pratIyamAna artha meM aisA sambandha nahIM rhtaa| vivakSita artha ko abhidhA se na kahakara prakArAntara se usakA abhidhAna rudraTa ke anusAra bhI paryAya-lakSaNa kA sAra hai| mammaTa ne udbhaTa kI taraha vAcya-vAcaka ke vinA vyaJjanA-vyApAra se vastu-pratipAdana paryAyokta kA lakSaNa maanaa|2 isameM vyaGgya evaM vAcya artha abhinna hotA hai / vAcya tathA vyaGagya antataH eka hI artha meM paryavasita hote haiM, bheda kevala ukti aura pratIti ke prakAra meM rahatA hai| isa tathya ko nirvikalpaka tathA savikalpaka jJAna ke udAharaNa se spaSTa kiyA gayA hai / jisa prakAra donoM kA viSaya eka hone para bhI unakI pratIti ke prakAra meM bheda hone se donoM ko bhinna mAnA jAtA hai, usI prakAra yahA~ vAcya evaM vyaGagya artha ke eka hone para bhI usakI pratIti ke prakAra meM vRtti-bheda ke kAraNa bheda hotA hai / ruyyaka ke anusAra gamya arthAt vyaGagya kA vizeSa bhaGgI se abhidhAna (zabdataH kathana) paryAyokta hai| isameM jo artha gamya hotA hai, usI kA abhidhAna bhI hotA hai| vizvanAtha ne ruyyaka ke paryAyokta-lakSaNa ko hI svIkAra kiyA 1. draSTavya-rudraTa, kAvyAlaGkAra 7,42 2. paryAyokta vinA vAcyavAcakatvena yadvacaH / -mammaTa, kAvyaprakAza 10,175. 3. gamyasyApi bhaGa gyanteraNAbhidhAnaM paryAyoktam / -ruyyaka, alaGkAra-sUtra 36.

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.620 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa hai| jayadeva, appayya dIkSita Adi ne ruyyaka kI taraha gamya artha kA bhaGa gyantara se abhidhAna paryAyokta kA lakSaNa mAnA hai|' paNDitarAja jagannAtha ne bhAmaha, daNDI Adi kI taraha vivakSita artha kA bhaGa gyantara se pratipAdana paryAyokta kA lakSaNa mAnA hai / 2 niSkarSataH, vivakSita 'artha kA abhidhA se kathana na kara bhaGa gyantara se abhidhAna yA vyaGagya artha kA abhidhA se pratipAdana paryAyokta kA lakSaNa mAnA gayA / abhidhA vRtti ko chor3a bhaGa gyantara se kathana tathA vyaGagya ke abhidhAna kI dhAraNA milatI-julatI hI hai| bhAmaha se lekara jagannAtha taka prAyaH eka-sI hI mAnyatA paryAyokta ke sambandha meM vyakta kI gayI hai| prazna yaha hai ki vyaGagya kA abhidhAna yA zabdataH kathana sambhava kaise hogA? vyaGa gya-artha kI pratIti to vAcya-artha ke bodha ke bAda ( vacyArtha ke atirikta) hotI hai| jagannAtha ne isake uttara meM kahA hai ki eka hI artha 'prakAra-bheda se vAcya bhI ho sakatA hai aura vyaGa,gya bhii| paryAyokta meM yaha kathana kI bhaGgI kA vaiziSTya hai ki jo artha vyaGagya ho, usI kA prakArAntara se abhidhAna kara diyA jAya / ataH, paryAyokta kA lakSaNa hai abhidhA-vyApAra ko chor3a avagama-vyApAra se abhISTa artha kA pratipAdana athavA vyaGa gya-artha kA abhidhAna yA zabdataH kathana / prastutAGa kura prastutAGka ra alaGkAra kI kalpanA jayadeva ke pUrva nahIM huI thii| jayadeva tathA unake matAnuyAyI appayya dIkSita ko chor3a anya AcAryoM ne isa alaGkAra kA astitva svIkAra bhI nahIM kiyA hai| isake svarUpa kI kalpanA ke bAda jagannAtha Adi AcAryoM ne alaGkAra-nirUpaNa kiyA hai; para, unhoMne prastutAGa kura kA nirUpaNa nahIM kiyaa| appayya dIkSita ke anuyAyI hindI ke rIti-AcAryoM ne unhIM ke matAnusAra prastutAGa kura ko paribhASita kiyA hai| phalataH, prastutAGa kura ke svarUpa meM ekarUpatA hI rahI hai| - appayya dIkSita ne prastuta se anya prastuta ke gamya hone meM prastutAGa kura alaGkAra mAnA hai| 3 pIche isI lakSaNa kA hindI meM rUpAntara hotA rhaa| 1. paryAyokta tu gamyasya vaco bhaGa gyantarAzrayam / kuvalayAnanda, 68 2. vivakSitasyArthasya bhaGa gyantareNa pratipAdanaM paryAyoktam / -jagannAtha, rasagaGgAdhara pR0 649-50 3. prastutena prastutasya dyotane prastutAGa kurH|-appyy dI0 kuvalayAnanda,67

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alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [ 621: prastutAGakura kI sthiti aprastutaprazaMsA tathA samAsokti ke bIca kI hai / aprastutaprazaMsA meM aprastuta ke kathana se prastuta kI pratIti hotI hai / samAsokti meM prastuta ke varNana se aprastuta kI vyaJjanA hotI hai / prastutAGa kura meM prastuta ke varNana se dUsare prastuta kI hI pratIti hotI hai / isameM kathita tathA usase gamya; donoM artha prastuta hI hote haiM / spaSTa hai ki isakI prakRti aprastutaprazaMsA tathA samAsokti se bahuta kucha milatI-julatI hai / eka artha ke varNana se anya artha kI pratIti, ukta tInoM kI prakRti hai / kAvya meM eka varNita vastu tathA usase vyaJjita anya vastu meM se kauna prastuta hai tathA kauna aprastuta, yaha nirNaya bhI AsAna nahIM / kAvya meM koI artha na to sArvatrika rUpa se prastuta kahA jA sakatA hai na aprastuta / yahA~ taka ki kavi - paramparA meM jo vastue~ aprastuta ke rUpa meM rUDha ho gayI haiM ve bhI prastuta ho sakatI haiM / kamala bahudhA A~kha, hAtha, pA~va, mukha Adi prastuta vastuoM ke varNana krama meM aprastuta ke rUpa meM varNita hotA hai; para jahA~ kamala: ke hI saundarya para mugdha hokara kavi usakA varNana karane lage, vahA~ vaha kamala prastuta ho jAyagA / kavi cAhe to kamala ke tarala saundarya kI tulanA ramaNI kI sundara A~khoM se bhI kara sakatA hai / aisI sthiti meM A~kha hI aprastuta ho jAyagI / ataH, vastu ke prastuta tathA aprastuta hone kA nirNaya prasaGga Adi ko dekhate hue kavi kI vivakSA ke anumAna ke AdhAra para hI kiyA jA sakatA hai / astu ! yadi zabdataH varNita tathA usase gamyamAna; donoM artha kavi- vikSa prastuta hoM to appayya dIkSita Adi ke anusAra prastutAGa kura alaGkAra hogA / lalita lalita alaGkAra kI kalpanA bhI jayadeva ke pUrva nahIM huI thI / isakI rUpa-kalpanA kA AdhAra nidarzanA Adi alaGkAra kA svarUpa rahA hai / appayya dIkSita ke anusAra jahA~ prastuta dharmI kA jo vRttAnta varNanIya ho, usakA varNana na kara kavi usake pratibimba-rUpa kisI aprastuta vRttAnta kA varNana kare, vahA~ lalita alaGkAra hotA hai / abhiprAya yaha ki prastuta ke pratibimba kA varNana kara usa prastuta kA bodha karAnA lalita alaGkAra hai / yaha nidarzanA se bahuta milatA-julatA alaGkAra hai / 1. varNya syAdvayaM vRttAntapratibimbasya varNanam / lalitam" ***Il - appayya dIkSita, kuvalayAnanda 128

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622 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa paNDitarAja jagannAtha ne lalita alaGkAra kA nirUpaNa karate hue kucha pariSkRta rUpa se use paribhASita kiyA hai| unake anusAra prakRta dharmI ke prakRta vyavahAra kA ullekha na kara nirUpyamANa aprakRta ke vyavahAra se usakA sambandha nirUpita karanA lalita hai|' spaSTataH, jagannAtha kI lalita-dhAraNA appayya dIkSita kI dhAraNA se tattvataH abhinna hai| unhoMne appayya kI paribhASA meM zabda-mAtra kA saMzodhana kiyA hai| ve lalita ke nidarzanA ke sAtha nikaTa sambandha ke tathya se paricita the|2 niSkarSa yaha ki prastuta ke pratibimba arthAt usake samAna vyavahAra vAle anya kA varNana kara prastuta kA bodha karAnA lalita kA lakSaNa mAnA gayA hai| rasavat Adi bhAmaha ke samaya se hI rasavat Adi alaGkAroM kA vivecana hotA rahA hai| rasa-sampradAya ke AcAryoM ne bhI rasa Adi ko kAvya kI AtmA mAna kara rasa Adi ke gauNa ho jAne ke sthala para rasavadAdi alaGkAra kA sadbhAva svIkAra kiyA hai| rasAdi dhvani ko kAvya kI AtmA mAnane vAloM ne rasa ke 'sAtha bhAva, rasAbhAsa, bhAvAbhAsa, bhAvazAnti, bhAvodaya, bhAvasandhi tathA bhAvazabalatA ko rasAdi kahakara pratipAdita kiyA hai / isa prakAra rasAdi se tAtparya rasa, bhAva, rasa-bhAva ke AbhAsa, bhAvodaya, bhAvasandhi, bhAvazabalatA Adi kA mAnA jAtA hai / alaGkAra ke kSetra meM bhI rasavadAdi alaGkAra meM rasavat ke sAtha bhAva, rasa evaM bhAva ke AbhAsa, bhAvodaya, bhAvasandhi, bhAvazabalatA para Azrita alaGkAra parigaNita haiM / aneka AcAryoM ne rasAzrita alaGkAra ko rasavat, bhAvAzrita alaGkAra ko preya, rasAbhAsa tathA bhAvAbhAsa para avalambita alaGkAra ko UrjasvI, rasa tathA bhAva ke prazama (rasa-bhAva-zAnti) para AdhRta alaGkAra ko samAhita mAnA hai| preya, UrjasvI tathA samAhita kI dhAraNA bhAvAdi se nirapekSa rUpa meM bhI vikasita huI hai; para aneka AcAryoM ke dvArA rasavadAdi alaGkAra ke prasaGga meM una alaGkAroM kA nirUpaNa hone ke kAraNa hama rasavat ke sAtha hI preya, UrjasvI tathA samAhita ke bhI aitihAsika vikAsa kA adhyayana kreNge| 1. prakRtamiNi prakRtavyavahArAnullekhena nirUpyamANo'prakRtavyavahArasambandhI llitaalngkaarH| -jagannAtha, rasagaGgAdhara, pR0 762 2. draSTavya-vahI, pR. 762-63,

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alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [ 623 rasavat alaGkAra meM bhAmaha ne zRGgAra Adi rasoM kA spaSTa darzana apekSita mAnA thaa|' abhiprAya yaha ki rasamaya vAkya ko ve rasavat alaGkAra kA udAharaNa maaneNge| daNDI ne bhI bhAmaha ke mata ko svIkAra kara rasapezala vAkya ko rasavat alaGkAra maanaa|2 udbhaTa ne bhAmaha ke rasavat-lakSaNa ko hI adhika spaSTa rUpa se prastuta kiyaa| unhoMne rasotpatti kI prakriyA kA bhI nirUpaNa rasavat alaGkAra ke sandarbha meM kara diyA hai / isa prakAra bhAmaha, daNDI tathA udbhaTa rasavat zabda kI vyutpatti rasa zabda se matup pratyaya ke yoga se mAnate the| unake anusAra rasavat alaGkAra kA artha thA rasayukta yA rasamaya alaGkAra / jaba rasa yA rasadhvani kI pratiSThA kAvya kI AtmA ke rUpa meM huI, taba rasa-mAtra ko alaGkAra mAnane meM anupapatti jAna pdd'ii| kAvya kA vaha pradhAna tattva alaGkAra-vizeSa ke rUpa meM sImita nahIM kiyA jA sakatA thaa| ataH, Anandavardhana ne rasavat alaGkAra ke kSetra kI vyavasthA karate hue kahA ki jahA~ kisI anya artha kI pradhAnatA ho aura rasa usakA aGga ho, vahA~ rasavat alaGkAra hotA hai|4 abhiprAya yaha ki rasa apradhAna ho jAne para alaGkAramAtra meM paryavasita ho jAtA hai aura rasavat alaGkAra kahalAtA hai| kuntaka ne rasamaya vAkya meM rasavat alaGkAra mAnane vAle mata kA khaNDana kiyaa| ve bhAmaha Adi ke rasavat alaGkAra ko (rasamaya kathana ko) alaGkAra nahIM maante| aise vAkya unake anusAra alaGkArya hote haiM, alaGkAra nhiiN| unakI yukti hai ki rasa alaGkArya hai; ataH alaGkAra usase bhinna honA caahie| yadi bhAmaha Adi rasa ko hI alaGkAra mAnate the to udAharaNa meM rasa se bhinna kucha alaGkArya dikhAyA jAnA cAhie thA, jise rasa alaGa kRta kare, para bhAmaha, udbhaTa Adi ke rasavat-udAharaNa meM rasa se bhinna kucha aura alaGkArya nahIM dikhAI par3atA / ataH, bhAmaha Adi kA rasavat-lakSaNa amAnya hai| rasapezala yA rasasaMzraya ko bhI alaGkAra mAnanA ucita nahIM (jaisA ki 1. rasavad darzitaspaSTazRGgArAdirasaM yathA |--bhaamh, kAvyAlaGkAra 3,6 2. .........."rasavadrasapezalam ||-dnnddii, kAvyAdarza, 2,275 3. draSTavya-udbhaTa, kAvyAlaGkArasArasaMgraha, 4,4-5 4. rasAdirUpavyaGa gyasya guNIbhAve rasavadalaGkAraviSayaH ..........! -Anandavardhana, dhvanyAloka, pR0 467 usake dvitIya udyota kI 27vIM kArikA bhI draSTavya

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624 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa daNDI Adi ne mAnA hai / kuntaka ne Anandavardhana ke rasavat - lakSaNa kA bhI khaNDana karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| unakA tarka 'rasavat alaGkAra' zabda ke vyutpatti labhya artha para AdhRta hai / unakI mAnyatA hai ki SaSThI samAsa se rasavAna kA alaGkAra rasavat ko mAna sakate haiM / vizeSaNa yA karmadhAraya samAsa se rasavat alaGkAra kA artha hotA hai rasayukta alaGkAra / ataH, rasavat kAvya meM prayukta sabhI alaGkAra rasavat alaGkAra kahe jA sakate haiM / unhoMne rasavat sabhI alaGkAroM kA prANa mAnA hai aura usake sambandha meM yaha mAnyatA prakaTa kI hai ki jo alaGkAra rasa-tattva ke vidhAna se rasa ke samAna hI AhlAdakArI ho, vaha rasa ke tulya alaGkAra rasavat hotA hai / ' spaSTa hai ki kuntaka rasavat alaGkAra ko viziSTa svarUpa nahIM de pAye / unake matAnusAra kisI bhI alaGkAra ko rasatulya AnandadAyaka mAnakara rasavat kahA jA sakatA hai / mammaTa ne rasavat - nAmaka viziSTa alaGkAra kI sattA svIkAra nahIM kara, dhvani-nirUpaNa ke prasaGga meM, vastu tathA alaGkAra kI pradhAnatA ke sthala meM vastu, dhvani tathA alaGkAra dhvani kA sadbhAva svIkAra kiyA hai / koI bhI alaGkAra pradhAna hokara dhvanita ho sakatA hai / kuntaka aise hI sarasa alaGkAra ko rasavat mAnate the / yaka ne rasa ke nibandhana meM rasavat alaGkAra mAnA hai / isa prakAra ve bhAmaha Adi kI taraha sarasa vAkya meM rasavat alaGkAra kA sadbhAva svIkAra karate haiM / alaGkAravAdI hone ke kAraNa rasa jaise tattva ko bhI vizeSa alaGkAra ke rUpa meM svIkAra kara lenA ruyyaka ke lie asvAbhAvika nahIM thA / vizvanAtha ne rasa ke gauNa ho jAne meM rasavat alaGkAra mAnA / unakI dhAraNA Anandavardhana kI rasavat-dhAraNA se abhinna hai / appayya dIkSita ne vizvanAtha kI hI taraha rasa kA anya vastu kA aGga ho jAnA rasavat kA lakSaNa mAnA hai / mammaTa kI taraha jagannAtha ne rasavat kA alaGkAratva hI * 1. draSTavya - kuntaka, vakroktijIvita, pR0 338-65 2. rasa...........nibandhe rasavat" ... / - ruyyaka, alaGkAra sUtra, 82 3. rasabhAvau tadAbhAsau bhAvasya prazamastathA / guNIbhUtatvamAyAnti yadAlaGa, kRtayastadA // rasavat praya Urjasvi samAhitamiti kramAt // -- vizvanAtha, sAhityadarpaNa, 10, 124 4. draSTavya - appayya dIkSita, kuvalayAnanda, pR0 183, 84

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alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [ 625 svIkAra nahIM kiyA hai| ve rasavat ko viziSTa alaGkAra mAnanA Avazyaka nahIM smjhte| jahA~ rasa kI pradhAnatA hogI, vahA~ rasadhvani hogii| jahA~ rasa apradhAna ho jAyagA, vahA~ vastu yA kisI bhI alaGkAra kI dhvani ho sakatI hai| alaGkAravAdI AcAryoM ne rasamaya vAkya ko rasavat alaGkAra mAnakara rasa ko vizeSa alaGkAra meM sImita kara diyA hai| Anandavardhana, vizvanAtha mAdi AcAryoM ne rasa kI apradhAnatA meM rasavat alaGkAra mAnA hai| yahI lakSaNa appayya dIkSita ko bhI mAnya hai| rasa-mAtra ko alaGkAra mAnanA ucita nhiiN| ata:, bhAmaha, daNDI, udbhaTa tathA ruyyaka kI rasavat-paribhASAoM kI apekSA Anandavardhana, vizvanAtha tathA appayya dIkSita kI paribhASAe~ hI grAhya haiN| rasa ke gauNa ho jAne para rasavat alaGkAra hotA hai| preya __ preya alaGkAra ko paribhASita nahIM kara bhAmaha ne usakA kevala udAharaNa diyA thaa|' daNDI ne priya kathana meM preya alaGkAra maanaa|2 bhAmaha ke preya ke udAharaNa meM bhI priyokti hI dikhalAyI gayI thii| ataH, priya ukti ko bhAmahasammata preya-lakSaNa mAnA jA sakatA hai| udbhaTa ne preya kA sambandha bhAva (rati Adi sthAyI, saJcArI tathA anubhAva Adi) me jodd'aa| bhAmaha tathA daNDI rasa-nibandhana meM rasavat alaGkAra mAna cuke the| bhAva Adi ke nibandhana meM alaGkAra ke svarUpa kA spaSTa pratipAdana nahIM huA thaa| udbhaTa ne bhAva ke nibandhana meM preya alaGkAra maanaa| Anandavardhana ke anusAra bhAva kA gauNa honA preya hai| cATUktiyoM meM rAjA Adi viSayaka rati kI pradhAnatA rahane se Anandavardhana preya nahIM mAnate / kuntaka ne priyatara kathana-rUpa preya ko alaGkArya mAnakara usake alaGkAratva kA khaNDana kiyA hai| rasavat kI taraha bhAva-nibandhana-rUpa preya ko bhI ve 1. draSTavya-bhAmaha, kAvyAlaGkAra, 3,5 2. preyaH priytraakhyaanm"|-dnnddii, kAvyAdarza, 2,275 3. ratyAdikAnAM bhAvAnAmanubhAvAdisUcane / ___yatkAvyaM badhyate sadbhistatpreyasvadudAhRtam // -udbhaTa, kAvyAlaGkArasArasaM0 4,2 4. draSTavya-Anandavardhana, dhvanyAloka, 2,27 40

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626 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa alaGkAra nahIM mAnate / mammaTa ne rasavat kI taraha proya kA bhI svatantra alaGkAra ke rUpa meM astitva svIkAra nahIM kiyA / ruyyaka ne rasa - nibandhana meM rasavat mAnakara bhAva- nibandhana meM preya alaGkAra mAnA / vizvanAtha ne Anandavardhana ke mata kA anusaraNa karate hue bhAva ke gauNa hone meM preya alaGkAra mAnA hai / 2 pradeya kA yahI lakSaNa appayya dIkSita ko bhI mAnya hai / unhoMne kahA hai ki ise hI bhAva ( rudraTa) alaGkAra bhI kahA jAtA hai / 3 niSkarSataH, pradeya ke do rUpa sAmane Ate haiM - ( ka ) priyatara kathana - yaha cATUkti bhI ho sakatI hai tathA priyajana ke prati hArdika udgAra bhI tathA (kha) bhAva - devatA, guru Adi viSayaka rati, jo bhAva meM pariNata hotI hai tathA anya sthAyI, saJcArI Adi bhAva -kA anya artha ke prati gauNa ho jAnA / UrjasvI karjasvI kI bhI bhAmaha ne koI paribhASA nahIM dI thii| unhoMne usake udAharaNa meM ojasvI vANI kA nibandhana dikhAyA thA / daNDI ne aise kathana meM, jisameM ahaGkAra prakaTa ho, UrjasvI alaGkAra mAnA / 5 udbhaTa ne UrjasvI kA sambandha anaucitya pravartita rasa-bhAva se arthAt rasAbhAsa evaM bhAvAbhAsa se jodd'aa| unake anusAra rasa tathA bhAva ke AbhAsa kA nibandhana UrjasvI kA -lakSaNa hai / UrjasvI alaGkAra meM Anandavardhana ko rasAbhAsa tathA bhAvAbhAsa kA aGga ho jAnA abhISTa hai / alaGkAravAdI ruyyaka ne udbhaTa kI taraha rasAbhAsa tathA bhAvAbhAsa ke nibandhana meM UrjasvI alaGkAra mAnA hai / vizvanAtha 19 1. 'bhAva'''' nibandhe prayaH / ruyyaka, alaGkAra-sUtra, 82 2. draSTavya - vizvanAtha, sAhityadarpaNa, 10,124 3. draSTavya - appayya dIkSita, kuvalayAnanda, pR0 184 4. draSTavya - bhAmaha, kAvyAlaGkAra, 3,7 5. Urjasvi rUDhAhaGkAram / - daNDI, kAvyAdarza, 6. anaucityapravRttAnAM kAmakrodhAdikAraNAt / bhAvAnAM ca rasAnAM ca bandha Urjasvi kathyate // 2,275 --udbhaTa, kAvyAlaGkArasArasaM0 4,6 7. draSTavya -- ruyyaka, alaGkAra-sU0 2

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alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [ 627 tathA appayya dIkSita ko Anandavardhana kA hI mata mAnya hai| rasa, bhAva, rasAbhAsa Adi ke svatantra kAvya-tattva ke rUpa meM svIkRta ho jAne para rasAdi ke gauNa hone para hI alaGkAratva mAnA jA sakatA hai| ataH, rasAbhAsa-nibandhana tathA bhAvAbhAsa-nibandhana ko UrjasvI alaGkAra nahIM mAnakara rasAbhAsa tathA bhAvAbhAsa kI apradhAnatA meM hI UrjasvI alaGkAra mAnA jAnA caahie| isa prakAra UrjasvI ke do rUpa baca rahate haiM-(1) rUDhAhaGkAratva arthAt ahaGkArapUrNa ukti tathA (2) rasAbhAsa tathA bhAvAbhAsa kA anya ke prati aGga ho jaanaa| rUDhAhaGkAratva ko kucha AcAryoM ne kAvya kA guNa (aujitya) bhI mAnA hai| samAhita bhAmaha ne apane aparibhASita samAhita kA jo udAharaNa diyA hai, usameM abhISTa-siddhi ke sahAyaka kI anAyAsa upalabdhi dikhalAyI gayI hai| daNDI ne isI Azaya ko paribhASita karate hue kahA hai ki jahAM kisI kArya ko Arambha karane vAle ko daivayoga se usa kArya ke sAdhana meM sahAyaka A jAte haiM, vahIM samAhita alaGkAra hotA hai / vAgbhaTa ne samAhita ke sambandha meM daNDI ke isI mata ko svIkAra kiyA hai| jayadeva ne daNDI-sammata isa samAhita ko samAdhi alaGkAra kahA hai| appayya dIkSita ne samAdhi tathA samAhita ko pRthak-pRthak alaGkAra svIkAra kiyA hai| unhoMne bhAmaha, daNDI tathA vAgbhaTa Adi ke samAhita-lakSaNa kA kAryArambha karane vAle ko sahAyaka kI prApti se kArya kI sugamatA hone kA upayoga samAdhi kI paribhASA meM kiyA hai tathA udbhaTa evaM unake mata ko kucha pariSkAra ke sAtha svIkAra karane vAle Anandavardhana Adi ke matAnusAra samAhita ko paribhASita kiyA hai| udbhaTa tathA ruyyaka ne rasa-bhAva ke prazama yA zAnti ke nibandhana meM samAhita alaGkAra mAnA hai|5 Anandavardhana ne rasa-bhAva ke prazama ke gauNa hone . 1. draSTavya-vizvanAtha, sAhityadarpaNa, 10, 124 tathA -appayya dIkSita, kuvalayAnanda, pR0 185 2. draSTavya-bhAmaha, kAvyAlaGkAra, 3,10 3. draSTavya-daNDI, kAvyAdarza, 2,268 4. draSTavya-vAgbhaTAlaGkAra, 4,110 5. draSTavya-udbhaTa, kAvyAlaGkArasArasaM0 4,14 tathA ruyyaka, alaM0 sU0 82

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628 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa meM samAhita mAnA / vizvanAtha, appayya dIkSita Adi ne isI mata ko svIkAra kiyA / isa prakAra samAhita ke sambandha meM tIna mata Aye - ( 1 ) kArya kI siddhi meM sahAyaka kA anAyAsa upasthita ho jAnA, (2) rasa-bhAva ke prazama kA nibandhana tathA ( 3 ) rasa bhAva ke prathama kA gauNa honA / dvitIya mata rasa- siddhAnta ke anuyAyiyoM ko mAnya nahIM / samAhita viSayaka prathama mata samAdhi nAmaka alaGkAra ke rUpa meM svIkRta huA hai| prazama kA aGgatva - samAhita ke sambandha meM mAnya hai spaSTa hai ki samAhita ke viSaya meM jo do mata pracalita the, unhIM meM se eka ne samAdhi ko janma diyA / eka samAhita ke viSaya meM do mata ke AdhAra para do alaGkAra kalpita hue / tRtIya mata - rasa-bhAva / bhAvodaya, bhAvasandhi tathA bhAvazabalatA kI dhAraNA para inhIM nAma ke tIna rasavadAdi alaGkAra bhI svIkRta haiM / bhAvodaya ke gauNa ho jAne para bhAvodaya alaGkAra, bhAva- sandhi ke anya ke aGga ho jAne para bhAvasandhi alaGkAra tathA bhAvazabalatA ke aparAGgatva meM bhAvazabalatA alaGkAra svIkRta haiM / bhAvika bhAvika yA bhAvikatva ko bhAmaha ne prabandha kA guNa kahA thA / unake anusAra prabandha kA vaha guNa, jisameM kavi ke varNana - kauzala se bhUta aura bhAvI artha pratyakSa se ho uThate haiM, bhAvikatva kahalAtA hai / 2 kAvya ke jisa aMza meM bhUta tathA bhAvI artha kA aisA varNana ho ki ve pratyakSa se ho uThe, usa aMza meM bhAvikatva, mAnA jAyagA / isI tathya ko dRSTi meM rakhakara 'bhaTTikAvya' kI 'jayamaGgalA' TIkA meM usa kAvya ke eka adhyAya ko bhAvikatva kA udAharaNa mAnA gayA hai / vicAra kara dekheM to varNita artha kA pratyakSAyamANatva kisI kAvya kI saphalatA kI Avazyaka zarta hai / kavi atIta artha kA varNana kare yA anAgata artha kI kalpanA kare, usakI kalpanA meM itanI zakti to honI hI 1. bhAvasya codaye sandhau mizratve ca tadAkhyakAH / - vizvanAtha, sAhityadarpaNa, 10, 125 2. bhAvikatvamiti prAhuH prabandhaviSayaM guNam / pratyakSA iva dRzyante yatrArthA bhUtabhAvinaH // - bhAmaha, kAvyAlaGkAra, 3,52

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alaGkAroM kA svarUpa - vikAsa [ 629 cAhie ki varNita artha pAThaka kI kalpanA - dRSTi ke sAmane pratyakSa ho uTheM / jaise yogI kAla kI sImA tor3akara bhUta aura bhAvI artha kA sAkSAtkAra kara lete haiM, usI prakAra krAntadarzI kavi bhI bhUta aura bhAvI artha kA sAkSAtkAra kara pAThaka kI kalpanA -dRSTi ke sAmane use pratyakSa kara dete haiM / ' bhAmaha ne bhAvikatva yA varNita bhUta-bhAvI artha ke pratyakSAyamANatva ke tIna sAdhakoM kA ullekha kiyA hai / ve haiM -- (1) artha kA vicitra, udAtta tathA adbhuta honA, (2) kathA meM svavinItatA yA subodhatA kA honA tathA (3) zabda kA anAkula honA / 2 svavinItatA kA artha 'jayamaGgalA' meM subodhatA mAnA gayA hai / 3 zabda kI anAkulatA kA artha zabda ko spaSTArthatA hai / isa prakAra artha kI udAttatA, adbha utatA, kathA kI subodhatA tathA zabda kI anAkulatA se bhUta aura bhAvI artha kA pratyakSavat varNana bhAvika mAnA gayA hai| bhAmaha ne yadyapi bhAvika ko prabandha kA guNa kahA hai tathApi isa tathya ko asvIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA ki ve bhAvika ko alaGkAra mAnate the / alaGkAra-vivecana ke sandarbha meM bhAvika kA svarUpa - nirUpaNa isakA pramANa hai / yahI nahIM, unhoMne svayaM kahA hai ki bhAvika ko kAvya kA alaGkAra mAnA jAtA hai 14 AcArya daNDI ne bhI bhAvika ko prabandhagata guNa hI mAnA hai; para bhAvika ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM unakI dhAraNA bhAmaha kI dhAraNA se bhinna hai / daNDI ne bhAvika kA sambandha kavi ke bhAva arthAt abhiprAya se jor3akara sampUrNa kAvya meM kavi ke abhiprAya kI spaSTa abhivyaJjanA ke guNa ko bhAvika kahA 1. avidyAbIja vidhvaMsAdayamArSeNa cakSuSA / kAlo bhUtabhaviSyantau varttamAnamavIvizat // - anargharAghava, 2,34 2. citrodAttAdbhutArthatvaM kathAyAH svavinItatA ( svabhinItatA ? ) / zabdAnAkulatA ceti tasya hetu N pracakSate // - bhAmaha, kAvyAlaGkAra, 3, 53 3. svavinItatA subodhatA zabdAnAkulatA cetyetadubhayaM kathAyAmeva mantra nirNayAkhyAyAM draSTavyam / -- bhaTTikAvya, jayamaGgalA, pR0 307 4. tatra vAcAmanAkulatA vyastasambandharahitalokaprasiddhazabdopanibandhanAt jhagityarthapratItikAritA / --udbhaTa, kAvyAlaGkArasArasaMgraha, pratihArendurAja kRta TIkA, pR0 76 5. bhAvikatvaM ca nijaguralaGkAraM sumedhasaH / - bhAmaha, kAvyAlaGkAra, 3,4

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630 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa hai| racanA kI samApti taka kavi kA bhAva-vizeSa vyaJjita hotA rahatA hai / kathAvastu Adi sabhI kAvyAGga kavi ke usa vizeSa abhiprAya ko vyakta karane meM sahAyaka hote haiN| isIlie sampUrNa racanA ke guNa-bhUta bhAvika ke lie daNDI ne yaha apekSita mAnA hai ki racanA meM Ane vAlI AdhikArika tathA prAsaGgika kathA-vastue~ aGgAGgibhAva se eka dUsare kA upakAra karatI hoM, vyartha vizeSaNoM kA prayoga na ho, viSayoM kA asthAna-varNana nahIM ho arthAt prakRta meM upayogI vastuoM kA hI varNana ho, arthapratipAdana-samartha pada-vinyAsa se gambhIra artha kI bhI sarala abhivyakti hotI ho| ye saba kavi ke abhiprAya ko preSaNIya banAte haiM; ataH kavi ke bhAvAyatta haiN|' daNDI ne bhI bhAmaha kI paddhati para bhAvika kA svarUpa-nirUpaNa alaGkAra-vivecana ke prasaGga meM hI kiyA hai| bhAva kI preSaNIyatA ke isa guNa ko alaGkAra-vizeSa to nahIM mAnA jA sakatA; para sampUrNa racanA ke isa dharma kA sabhI alaGkAroM ke sAtha saGkara avazya svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| isa sandarbha meM sAbhiprAya vizeSaNa ke hI prayoga ko vAJchanIya mAnakara daNDI ne eka navIna alaGkAra kI sambhAvanA ko janma diyA thA, jo pIche calakara parikara nAmaka svatantra alaGkAra banA / gambhIra bhAva kI sarala vyaJjanA meM sahAyaka ukti-krama para bala dekara daNDI ne sabhI uktibhaGgiyoM kA samAveza isameM kara liyA hai| nATaka kI kathA-vastu kI yojanA meM AdhikArika tathA avAntara kathA-vastuoM ke paraspara upakAryopakAraka-bhAva kI AvazyakatA para vicAra kiyA gayA thaa| prabandha kAvya Adi meM bhI kathAvastuoM kI saGgati Avazyaka hotI hai| ina saba ko samanvita rUpa se daNDI ne prabandha-guNa kahakara use bhAvika vyapadeza diyaa| spaSTataH, daNDI kI yaha bhAvika dhAraNA bhUta aura bhAvI artha ke pratyakSAyamANatva kI dhAraNA se bhinna hai| bhoja ne daNDI kI taraha bhAvika kA sambandha bhAva yA abhiprAya se mAnA hai; para kavi ke apane abhiprAya-varNana ke sAtha anya kI 1. tad bhAvikamiti prAhuH prabandhaviSayaM guNam / bhAvaH kaverabhiprAyaH kAvyeSvAsiddhi saMsthitaH // parasparopakAritvaM sarveSAM vastuparvaNAm / vizeSaNAnAM vyarthAnAmakriyAsthAnavarNanA // uktikramabalAd vyaktirgambhIrasyApi vstunH| bhAvAyattamidaM sarvamiti tadbhAvikaM viduH / / -daNDI, kAvyAdarza 2,364-66,

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alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [ 631 bhAvanA ke varNana ko aura yahA~ taka ki anyApadeza ( anya ke uddezya se anya ke prati kathana ) ko bhI bhAvika kA eka bheda mAna liyA hai|' __ paravartI kAla meM bhAmaha kA bhAvika-lakSaNa hI svIkRta huaa| unakI dhAraNA meM thor3A pariSkAra yaha kiyA gayA ki vAkyAlaGkAra ke varga meM bhAvika kI gaNanA kI gyii| sampUrNa racanA yA racanA ke ekadeza ke guNa kI jagaha bhAvika ko vAkyagata alaGkAra ke rUpa meM mAnyatA milii| isa prakAra yadi eka hI pada meM kavi sadyaHsnAtA ke dhule hue aJjana (bhUta artha ) kI pUrva sthiti kI kalpanA karatA hai aura snAnoparAnta vibhinna AbhUSaNoM ke sAtha usake svarUpa kI kalpanA karatA huA apanI pratibhA se usa nAyikA ke bhUta aura bhAvI svarUpa kA bimba pAThaka kI mAnasa-dRSTi ke sAmane khar3A kara detA hai to usameM bhAvika alaGkAra mAnA jaaygaa| __udbhaTa ne bhAvikatva kI jagaha bhAvika zabda kA prayoga kiyaa| unhoMne bhAvika kA lakSaNa to bhAmaha se hI liyA; para unhoMne use prabandha-guNa nahIM kahA / anya zabdArthagata alaGkAroM kI hI taraha unhoMne bhAvika kA bhI svarUpanirUpaNa alaGkAra ke hI sandarbha meM kiyaa| bhAvika ke sAdhaka tattvoM ke sambandha meM bhI bhAmaha kI dhAraNA ko unhoMne thor3e pariSkAra ke sAtha svIkAra kiyaa| artha kA citra, udAtta tathA adbhuta honA bhAmaha ko abhipreta thA; para udbhaTa ne usakI jagaha kevala artha kA 'atyadbhuta' honA Avazyaka maanaa| kathA kI subodhatA ko bhAmaha bhAvika kA eka sAdhaka mAnate the; para udbhaTa ne usakA ullekha nahIM kiyA / 2 sambhava hai ki prabandha ke dharma se mukta kara bhAvika ko vAkyAlaGkAra ke rUpa meM pratiSThita karane ke uddezya se hI udbhaTa ne kathA kI svavinItatA vizeSaNa ko usake lakSaNa se bahiSkRta kara diyA ho| vAkyAlaGkAra ke rUpa meM bhAvika ko kathA kI subodhatA kI apekSA nhiiN| zabda kI anAkulatA kI dhAraNA ko udbhaTa ne bhI svIkAra kiyA hai| 1. svAbhiprAyasya kathanaM yadi vaapynybhaavnaa| anyApadezo vA yastu trividhaM bhAvikaM viduH // -bhoja, sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa, 4, 86 2. pratyakSA iva yatrArthA dRzyante bhUtabhAvinaH / atyadbhutAH syAttadvAcAmanAkulyena bhAvikam // -udbhaTa, kAvyAlaGkArasArasaMgraha, 6, 12

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632 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa udbhaTa ke TIkAkAra pratihArendurAja ne vANI kI anAkulatA kA artha 'jhagityarthapratItikAritA' arthAt turata arthabodha karA dene kI zakti mAna kara prasAda tathA arthavyakti guNoM ko bhI bhAvika meM samAviSTa kara liyA hai| unhoMne bhAmaha tathA daNDI kI bhAvika-dhAraNA kI vyAkhyA ke krama meM rasa ke sAtha bhAvika kA sambandha nirUpita kiyA hai| artha kI turata pratIti rasAnubhUti meM sahAyaka hotI hai| isa guNa ke kAraNa bhAvika kavi ke abhiprAya ko bhAvaka ke hRdaya meM pratibimbita karAne meM samartha hotA hai|' mammaTa, ruyyaka Adi paravartI AcAryoM ne bhAmaha, udbhaTa Adi kI taraha bhUta aura bhAvI artha kA pratyakSAyamANatva bhAvika kA lakSaNa mAnA hai; para unhoMne artha meM citra, udAtta tathA adbhuta tattva, kathA kI subodhatA kA tattva tathA zabda meM anAkulatA yA jhaTa artha prakaTa kara dene kA tattva bhAvika-lakSaNa meM ullikhita nahIM kiyA / 2 mammaTa ne daNDI kI taraha bhAvika kI vyutpatti bhAva yA kavi ke abhiprAya se hI mAnI hai| spaSTataH, mammaTa ne bhAmaha tathA daNDI ke mata ko samanvayAtmaka dRSTi se dekhA hai, phira bhI unhoMne bhAmaha ke bhAvika-lakSaNa ko hI svIkAra kiyA hai-yaha asandigdha hai| appayya dIkSita Adi ne bhI yahI dhAraNA svIkAra kI hai| vizvanAtha ne adbhutArthatA kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai| spaSTa hai ki bhAmaha ke samaya se hI bhAvika kA lakSaNa prAyaH samAna hI rahA hai| bhUta tathA bhAvI artha kA kavi-kauzala se aisA varNana ki vaha pratyakSasA ho uThe; bhAvika kA yaha lakSaNa daNDI ko chor3a prAyaH sabhI AcAryoM ne svIkAra kiyA hai| phira bhI bhAvika-dhAraNA meM vikAsa kA eka krama rahA hai| 1. draSTavya-kAvyAlaM0 sAra saM0, pratihArendukRta TIkA pR0 79-80 / 2. mammaTa, kAvyapra0, 10, 173 / tathA-ruyyaka, alaM0 sarvasva sU0 76 3. bhAvaH kaverabhiprAyo'trAstIti bhAvikam / -mammaTa, kAvyaprakAza, vRtti, pR0 268 4. bhAvika bhUtabhAvyarthasAkSAtkArasya varNanam / / -appayya dIkSita, kuvalayAnanda, 161 5. adbhutasya padArthasya bhUtasyAtha bhaviSyataH / yat pratyakSAyamANatvaM tadbhAvikamudAhRtam // -vizvanAtha, sAhityadarpaNa, 10, 122

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alaGkAroM kA svarUpa- vikAsa [ 633 bhAmaha tathA daNDI ne use prabandha - guNa kahA tathA usake lakSaNa meM aneka vizeSaNoM kA prayoga kiyA / udbhaTa ne usase eka vizeSaNa 'kathA kI subodhatA' ko haTAyA aura usakA vAkyAlaGkAra ke rUpa meM nirUpaNa kiyA / mammaTa ne artha kI adbhutatA tathA zabda kI anAkulatA Adi vizeSaNoM ko bhI haTAkara kevala bhUta-bhAvI artha kA pratyakSAyamANatva bhAvika kA lakSaNa mAnA / yahI paravartI AcAryoM ko bhI mAnya huA / udAtta tathA avasara udAtta alaGkAra kA sambandha samRddhi yukta vastu ke varNana tathA cAritrika dAtyake varNana se mAnA gayA hai / vastu tathA caritra ke audAttya varNana se 'sambaddha hone ke kAraNa udAtta nAma anvartha hai / bhAmaha ne udAtta ke udAharaNa meM rAma kA cAritrika audAya dikhAyA thA / unhoMne udAtta ke sambandha meM anya mata kA nirdeza karate hue kahA thA S ki nAnA prakAra ke ratna Adi se yukta vastu kA varNana - vastugata samRddhi kA varNana bhI-- udAtta mAnA jAtA hai / ' isa taraha caritragata tathA vastugata vaibhava ke varNana ke AdhAra para udAtta ke do rUpa mAnya hue / daNDI ne udAtta ke ukta donoM rUpoM ko svIkAra kara eka ko Azaya ke mahattva kA varNana tathA dUsare ko vibhUti ( aizvarya ) kA varNana kahA / udbhaTa kI udAtta dhAraNA bhAmaha tathA daNDI kI dhAraNA se abhinna hai / udbhaTa ne yaha spaSTa kiyA hai ki caritragata audAttya kA varNana alaGkAra tabhI mAnA jAyagA jaba vaha upalakSaNa ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA jAya / 3 mahAkAvya Adi meM jahA~ pradhAna rUpa se caritra kA kramabaddha varNana kiyA jAtA hai, vahA~ sampUrNa kAvya meM varNita caritra ko udAtta alaGkAra nahIM kahA jA sktaa| aise sthala meM udbhaTa ke anusAra rasavat alaGkAra hogA, udAtta nahIM / yaha mAnyatA to ucita hI hai ki pradhAnatayA kAvya meM kiye jAne vAle caritra ke aGkana ko udAtta alaGkAra 1. draSTavya - bhAmaha, kAvyAlaM0 3,11-12 2. Azayasya vibhUtervA yanmahattvamanuttamam / udAtta N nAma taM prAhuralaGkAraM manISiNaH // - daNDI, kAvyAdarza 2,300 3. udAttamRddhimadvastu caritaM ca mahAtmanAm / upalakSaNatAM prAptaM netivRttatvamAgatam // --udbhaTa, kAvyAlaGkArasArasaMgraha 4,17

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634 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa nahIM mAnA jA sakatA / jahA~ avAntara rUpa se kisI udAtta caritra ko upalakSaNa rUpa meM prastuta kiyA jAya, vahIM udAtta mAnA jAnA cAhie; para udbhaTa kI yaha mAnyatA ki pradhAnatayA kramabaddha caritra varNana meM rasavat alaGkAra hogA ucita nahIM / hama dekha cuke haiM ki udbhaTa kAvya meM rasa-paripAka ko rasavRt alaGkAra mAnate the / ataH, unake anusAra udAtta caritra varNana se niSpanna rasa meM rasavat alaGkAra hogA / hama unakI rasavat alaGkAra-dhAraNA ke krama meM unakI isa mAnyatA kI asamIcInatA pramANita kara cuke haiM / astu, udbhaTa kI udAtta dhAraNA kA niSkarSa yaha hai ki ( 1 ) jahA~ samRddhiyukta vastu kA varNana ho tathA (2) jahA~ mahAna vyakti kA caritra upalakSaNa (aGga) ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA jAya, vahA~ udAtta alaGkAra hotA hai / rudraTa ne udAtta alaGkAra kA nirUpaNa nahIM kara usase milate-julate svabhAva vAle avasara alaGkAra kA nirUpaNa kiyA hai| unake anusAra kisI vastu kI utkRSTatA ke pratipAdana ke lie kisI utkRSTa athavA sarasa (zRGgArAdi rasayukta) vastu ko usakA upalakSaNa banAnA avasara alaGkAra hai / eka udAharaNa meM vana kI utkRSTatA ke pratipAdana ke lie yaha kahA gayA hai ki yaha vahI vana hai, jahA~ udAttacetA rAma ne nivAsa kiyA thA / rAma kA udAtta caritra upalakSaNa bana kara usa vana kI utkRSTatA pratipAdita karatA hai / isI prakAra ziprA meM sundarI mAlava taruNiyoM ke snAna ke sarasa prasaGga ko upalakSaNa banA kara ziprA kA utkarSa pratipAdita karane kA udAharaNa diyA gayA hai / ' spaSTa hai ki rudraTa ko bhI avasara meM caritra tathA vastu kI udAttatA evaM sarasatA kA varNana abhISTa hai; para ve usa varNana se anya kA utkarSa - pratipAdana Avazyaka mAnate haiM / yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki rudraTa kA avasara udbhaTa ke udAtta kA hI kucha parivartita svarUpa hai / cAritrika audAtya ke upalakSaNa banAye jAne kI carcA udAtta lakSaNa meM udbhaTa ne bhI kI thI / kuntaka ne bhAmaha, udbhaTa Adi ke udAtta ke ukta donoM rUpoM - samRddhimad-vastu-varNana tathA udAtta caritra varNana ko alaGkArya mAnakara udAtta ke alaGkAratva kA khaNDana kiyA hai / 2 mammaTa, ruyyaka, vizvanAtha Adi ne udbhaTa kI udAtta dhAraNA ko hI 1. draSTavya -- rudraTa, kAvyAlaM 0 7,103-5 2. draSTavya - kuntaka, vakroktijIvita, pR0 378-80

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alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [635: svIkAra kiyA hai / ve vastu kI samRddhi kA varNana tathA mahAna vyakti ke caritra kA upalakSaNa yA anya vastu (prastuta vastu) kA aGga honA; ye do rUpa udAtta ke mAnate haiN| jayadeva tathA appayya dIkSita ne bhI isI mata ko svIkAra kiyA hai / 2 niSkarSa yaha ki bhAmaha se lekara appayya dIkSita taka udAtta ke do rUpa samAna rUpa se mAnya rahe haiN| hindI-rIti-AcAryoM ne bhI udAtta ke unhIM do rUpoM ko svIkAra kiyA hai| rudraTa ke avasara ko bhI udAtta ke do rUpoM kA hI kiJcit pariSkRta svarUpa mAnA jA sakatA hai / ataH, avasara bhI udAtta kA hI aGga hai| udAtta ke sarvamAnya do rUpa nimnalikhita hai(1) samRddhimaya vastu kA varNana tathA (2) mahAna caritra kA upalakSaNa rUpa meM arthAt anya vastu ke aGga ke rUpa meM varNana / kAvyaliGga kAvyaliGga kArya-kAraNa-sambandha para Azrita alaGkAra hai| sarvaprathama udbhaTa ne kAvyaliGga alaGkAra ke astitva kI kalpanA kara usake svarUpa kA nirUpaNa kiyaa| darzana meM hetu yA liGga ke svarUpa kA nirUpaNa ho cukA thA; para kAvyAlaGkAra ke rUpa meM usakI svIkRti tathA svarUpa-mImAMsA udbhaTa ke 'kAvyAlaGkArasArasaMgraha' meM hI prathama bAra kI gyii| udbhaTa ne eka vastu se anya ke smaraNa yA anubhava utpanna karAye jAne meM kAvyaliGga alaGkAra mAnA thA / 3 kAvyaliGga kA artha hai kAvya-hetu / isa alaGkAra meM eka vastu (varNita vastu) anya vastu kI smRti yA anubhUti kA hetu banAyI jAtI hai| ataH kAvyaliGga isakA anvartha abhidhAna hai| smRti pUrvAnubhUta vastu kI hI hotI hai| anubhava se tAtparya ananubhUtapUrva vastu ke prathama jJAna kA hai| ataH, udbhaTa kI kAvyaliGga-paribhASA kA sAra yaha hai ki jahA~ eka vastu kA varNana sunakara yA par3hakara zrotA yA pAThaka ke mana meM anya vastu kA jJAna-yadi vaha vastu pUrvAnubhUta ho to usakA smRti-rUpa jJAna aura yadi ananubhUtapUrva ho to 1. draSTavya-mammaTa, kAvyapra0 10,176-77, ruyyaka, alaM0 sU0 80-81. __ tathA vizvanAtha, sAhityadarpaNa 10,123 / / 2. draSTavya-appayyadIkSita, kuvalayAnanda, 162 3. zra tamekaM yadanyatra smRteranubhavasya vA / hetutAM pratipadya ta kAvyaliGga taducyate // -udbhaTa, kAvyAlaGkArasArasa0 6,14

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'636 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa usakA anubhava-rUpa jJAna-utpanna ho ( arthAt vaha varNita vastu anya vastu kI smRti yA anubhava kA hetu ho), vahA~ kAvyaliGga alaGkAra hotA hai| yaha kAvyaliGga darzana meM nirUpita vyApti Adi para avalambita liGga se vilakSaNa hotA hai| dhyAtavya hai ki udbhaTa rasa, bhAva Adi ke anubhava meM rasavat, preya Adi alaGkAra mAnate the| isalie anya vastu ke anubhava se udbhaTa kA tAtparya yaha rasa, bhAva Adi ke anubhava kA nahIM mAnA jAnA caahie| rasa bhAvAdi ko chor3a (jo rasavadAdi kA viSaya hai) anya vastu ke anubhava kA hetu banane para hI udbhaTa kAvyaliGga mAneMge / ___ mammaTa, ruyyaka, vizvanAtha Adi AcAryoM ne kAvyaliGga ke lakSaNa meM sAmAnya rUpa se yaha dhAraNA prakaTa kI hai ki jahA~ hetu kA (kisI artha ke kAraNa kA) sampUrNa vAkyArtha se athavA pada ke artha se bodha karAyA jAya, vahA~ kAvyaliGga alaGkAra hotA hai / ' tAtparya yaha ki vizeSa artha ke prati jahA~ vAkya kA artha athavA pada kA artha hetu banatA ho, vahA~ mammaTa, ruyyaka, vizvanAtha Adi ke anusAra kAvyaliGga alaGkAra hogaa| mammaTa ne sambhavataH vAkyArthoM yA padArthoM ke kArya-kAraNa sambandha meM kAvyaliGga alaGkAra mAnane ke kAraNa hI arthAntaranyAsa alaGkAra kA kevala sAmAnya-vizeSa-bheda hI svIkAra kiyA hai| ruyyaka ne arthAntaranyAsa meM kArya-kAraNa ke samarthya-samarthaka rUpa ko bhI svIkAra kiyA aura usase kAvyaliGga ke svarUpa ko pRthak karane ke lie unhoMne yaha yukti dI ki kAvyaliGga meM vAkyArtha-rIti se nibadhyamAna artha kA hetu-rUpa meM upanyAsa hotA hai, upanibaddha artha ko hetu nahIM banAyA jAtA; para arthAntaranyAsa meM upanibaddha artha kA hetu rUpa meM upanyAsa hotA hai / 2 abhiprAya yaha ki ruyyaka ke matAnusAra kAvyaliGga meM hetu kA upanyAsa hetu rUpa meM hI vAkyArtha meM hotA hai / ruyyaka ke TIkAkAra jayaratha kI mAnyatA hai ki jahA~ do arthoM meM kAryakAraNasambandha ho, vahA~ kAvyaliGga hI mAnA jAnA cAhie, arthAntaranyAsa nhiiN| 1. kAvyaliGga hetorvAkyapadArthatA / -mammaTa, kAvyaprakAza 10,174 hetorvAkyapadArthatve kAvyaliGgam / -ruyyaka, alaGkArasUtra 57 tathA hetorvAkyapadArthatve kAvyaliGga nigadyate / -vizvanAtha, sAhityadarpaNa 10, 81 2. draSTavya-ruyyaka, alaGkArasarvasva, pR0 176-77 3. draSTavya-alaGkAra sUtra para vimazinI, pR0 136

Page #660
alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [ 637. zrI vidyA cakravartI ne yaha mata prakaTa kiyA hai ki kAvyaliGga meM kArya-kAraNa kA samarthana zabdataH hotA hai, jabaki arthAntaranyAsa meM arthataH / yahI donoM kA bheda hai|' astu ! arthAntaranyAsa meM bhI kAraNa-kArya-bhAva kA upanyAsa svIkArya rahA hai aura usase svatantra kAvyaliGga meM vAkyArtha yA padArtha kA anya artha ke hetu rUpa meM upanyAsa bhI svIkRta huA hai| mammaTa ke anusAra hetu aura kAvyaliGga abhinna hai| vastutaH hetu tathA kAvyaliGga kI pRthak-. pRthak kalpanA Avazyaka nhiiN| donoM meM artha ke hetu kA ullekha hI apekSita mAnA gayA hai| appayya dIkSita ne sAmAnya-vizeSa-bhAva meM arthAntaranyAsa mAnakara kAvyaliGga kA kSetra samagrataH kArya-kAraNa bhAva se samarthana taka vistRta kara diyaa| spaSTataH, ve mammaTa kI kAvyaliGga-dhAraNA se sahamata haiN| unake anusAra vAkyArtha ko yA padArtha ko hetu banA kara samarthanIya artha kA samarthana kAvyaliGga kA lakSaNa hai / jagannAtha ne prakRtArtha ke upapAdaka-rUpa meM sAmAnya-- vizeSabhAva ko chor3a zeSa artha kA nibandhana kAvyaliGga kA lakSaNa mAnakara mammaTa Adi ke mata kA hI samarthana kiyA hai|4 niSkarSataH, mAnya AcAryoM ke dvArA svIkRta kAvyaliGga-lakSaNa hai :-sampUrNa vAkyArtha ko athavA padArtha ko hetu banAkara kisI artha kA upapAdana arthAt kisI artha ke prati sampUrNa vAkyArtha yA padArtha kA hetu-rUpa meM upanyAsa kAvyaliGga alaGkAra hai| pramANAlaGkAra anumAna alaGkAra ke svarUpa kA vikAsa-krama hama dekha cuke haiN| usa sandarbha meM hama isa tathya para bhI vicAra kara cuke hai ki pramA ke sAdhaka tattvoM kA jisa rUpa meM pratipAdana darzana-zAstra meM huA thA, usI rUpa meM usakI avatAraNA 1. arthAntaranyAse hi arthAt prakRtasamarthanam / iha (kAvyaliGga) tu zabdata __iti vibhAgaH |-sNjiivnii pR0 166 2. draSTavya-mammaTa, kAvyaprakAza, pR0 266 3. samarthanIyasyArthasya kAvyaliGga samarthanam / -appayya dIkSita, kuvalayAnanda 121 4. anumitikaraNatvena sAmAnyavizeSabhAvAbhyAM cAnAliGgitaH prakRtArthopa-- pAdakatvena vivakSito'rthaH kAvyaliGgam / -jagannAtha, rasagaGgAdhara, pR0 736.

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638 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa kAvyAlaGkAra ke kSetra meM bhI kI gayI / darzana ke vibhinna sampradAyoM meM pramANa kI saMkhyA ke sambandha meM alaga-alaga mAnyatAe~ rahI haiM / una mAnyatAoM meM chaha pramANa ( pratyakSa, anumAna, upamAna, zabda yA Aptavacana, arthApatti tathA abhAva ) kI mAnyatA adhika lokapriya huI aura usI ke AdhAra para kAvya ke chaha pramANAlaGkAroM kI kalpanA huI / zAstrIya pramANa se kAvya ke pramANa yA pramANAlaGkAra kA vyAvartaka hai-- kAvyoktimAtra meM anivAryataH rahane vAlA saundarya-tattva / dUsare zabdoM meM, zuSka tarka para avalambita tattat pramANa jaba * kAvya kI uktiyoM meM ramaNIya rUpa meM avatarita hote haiM to apane-apane svIkRta nAma se hI kAvya ke alaGkAra ke rUpa meM parigaNita hone lagate haiM / chaha pramANoM meM se anumAna kA alaGkAra ke rUpa meM viziSTa sthAna rahA hai / usakA alaGkAratva rudraTa tathA unake paravartI prAyaH sabhI samartha samIkSakoM ke dvArA svIkRta huA, jabaki pratyakSa, upamAna Adi ko alaGkAra ke rUpa meM bhoja, appayya dIkSita jaise kucha AcAryoM ne hI svIkAra kiyA hai / kAraNa spaSTa hai / anumAna kI prakriyA kI kAvyAtmaka abhivyaJjanA meM pratyakSa Adi pramANa ke ullekha kI apekSA adhika cArutA rahatI hai / upamAna ko viziSTa alaGkAra nahIM mAnane para bhI AcAryoM ne sAdRzya-nirUpaNa ke sandarbha meM upamAna kA mahattva svIkAra kiyA hI hai / astu ! bhoja ne chaha pramANoM ko alaGkAra ke rUpa meM svIkAra kara unakA sabheda vivecana kiyA hai / pramANoM kA koI viziSTa lakSaNa na dekara bhoja ne darzana ke tattat pramANa- lakSaNa ko hI svIkAra kiyA hai / ' appayya dIkSita ne bhoja ke dvArA nirUpita chaha pramANAlaGkAroM kA nirUpaNa to kiyA hI, Aptavacana ke atirikta zruti, smRti Adi pramANAlaGkAroM kI bhI svataHtra sattA kI kalpanA unhoMne kara lI / 2 zruti, smRti Adi ko Aptavacana pramANa yA zabdapramANa se svatantra mAna lene para Aptavacana baca hI kyA rahatA hai ? zruti, smRti Adi ko svatantra alaGkAra mAnane meM koI yukti nahIM hai / ina alaGkAroM kI kalpanA alaGkAroM kI saMkhyA bar3hAne ke moha mAtra ko sUcita karatI hai / kavi jahA~ kisI ukti kI puSTi ke lie zra uti, smRti Adi kI ukti kA sahArA letA hai, vahA~ alaGkAra - vizeSa kI sattA mAnane meM hI do mata ho sakate haiM; 1. draSTavya - bhoja, sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa, pR0 325-3e 2. draSTavya - appayya dIkSita, kuvalayAnanda, pR0 187-60

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alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [636 zabda pramANa ke vibhinna bhedoM ko alaga-alaga alaGkAra ke rUpa meM ginane kI vyarthatA to anubhavasiddha hI hai| niSkarSa yaha ki chaha pramANa ko kAvya ke alaGkAra mAnane meM AcAryoM meM mataikya nahIM hai| bhoja, appayya dIkSita Adi jina AcAryoM ne pramANoM ko alaGkAra mAnA hai, unhoMne darzana kI tattat pramANa-viSayaka dhAraNA ko hI svIkAra kiyA hai| ataH unake svarUpa meM ekarUpatA hI rahI hai / anumAna ko alaGkAra ke rUpa meM vizeSa mahattva milA hai| ataH usake vikAsa-krama kA adhyayana hamane pRthak kiyA hai| darzana meM pratipAdita tathA alaGkArazAstra meM kucha AcAryoM ke dvArA alaGkAra ke rUpa meM svIkRta pratyakSa, upamAna, Aptavacana arthApatti tathA abhAva ke svarUpa se bhAratIya pAThakoM kA itanA ghanA paricaya hai ki unake svarUpa kI paribhASA prastuta karanA anAvazyaka jAna par3atA hai| vikasvara vikasvara kA svarUpa sAmAnyavizeSa-bhAva kI eka vizeSa sthiti ke AdhAra para kalpita hai| jayadeva ke pUrva vikasvara alavAra ke astitva kI kalpanA nahIM kI gayI thii| arthAntaranyAsa alaGkAra meM sAmAnyavizeSa-sambandha kA pratipAdana huA thaa| jayadeva, appayya dIkSita Adi ne sAmAnya kathana ke samarthana ke lie vizeSa kA tathA vizeSa ke samarthana ke lie sAmAnya kA upanyAsa arthAntaranyAsa kA svarUpa mAnA aura sAmAnyavizeSa-bhAva kI eka vizeSa sthiti kI kalpanA karate hue kahA ki jahA~ bizeSa artha ko prastuta kara usake samarthana ke lie sAmAnya artha kA upanyAsa kiyA jAya aura punaH usa upanyasta sAmAnya ke ke samarthana ke lie kisI vizeSa artha kA upanyAsa kiyA jAya, vahA~ vikasvara alaGkAra hotA hai|' paNDitarAja jagannAtha ne vikasvara ko svatantra alaGkAra nahIM mAnA hai| vizeSa kA sAmAnya se samarthana dikhAkara appayya dIkSita ne ekatra upamA-rIti se tathA aparatra arthAntaranyAsa-rIti se usa samarthaka sAmAnya kA punaH vizeSa se samarthana vikasvara ke udAharaNoM meM dikhAyA thaa| paNDitarAja kA mata hai ki vizeSa-sAmAnya-bhAva to arthAntaranyAsa hI hai aura punaH yadi 'upamA Adi kI rIti se samarthaka vizeSa kA prastutIkaraNa hotA hai to vahA~ alaGkArAntara ke sAtha arthAntaranyAsa kI saMsRSTi hI mAnI mAnI jAnI cAhie, 1. yasminvizeSasAmAnyavizeSAH sa vikasvaraH / -appayya dIkSita, kuvalayAnanda, 124

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640 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa svatantra alaGkAra kI sattA nahIM / alaGkAroM ke yoga se yadi navIna-navIna alaGkAroM kI kalpanA kI jAne lage to ananta alaGkAra ho jAyeMge / ' astu ! svarUpavikAsa kI dRSTi se vikasvara meM parivartana kI koI sthiti nahIM AyI. hai / usakA eka hI rUpa kalpita huA - 'vizeSa kA sAmAnya se samarthana tathA punaH kisI vizeSa se usa sAmAnya kA samarthana / ' zrarthApatti pramANAlaGkAroM ke svarUpa - vikAsa ke parIkSaNa krama meM hama arthApatti kI dhAraNA para bhI vicAra kara cuke haiN| dhyAtavya hai ki pratyakSa, zabda Adi pramANoM kI apekSA arthApatti ko adhika mahattva prApta huA hai / anumAna ko alaGkAra mAnane vAle AcAryoM kI saMkhyA kisI bhI anya pramANa ko alaGkAra mAnane vAle AcAryoM se adhika hai; para alaGkAra ke rUpa meM anumAna ke bAda arthApatti hI mahattva prApta hai / usake svarUpa ke sambandha meM AcAryoM meM mataikya rahA hai / darzana meM pratipAdita arthApatti kA svarUpa hI alaGkAra ke rUpa meM svIkRta huA hai / ruyyaka, vizvanAtha, appayya dIkSita Adi ne 'daNDApUpa nyAya' se artha kI siddhi meM arthApatti alaGkAra mAnA hai / 2 daNDApUpa nyAya kA tAtparya yaha hai ki cUhe ke dvArA daNDa ke haraNa kA kathana hone se daNDa meM lage apUpa ( A ) kA haraNa svataH pramANita ho jAtA hai / isI prakAra eka artha kA kathana jahA~ anya artha ko siddha yA pramANita kara de, vahA~ arthApatti alaGkAra mAnA jAyagA / meM paNDitarAja jagannAtha ne daNDApUpa- nyAya kA ullekha nahIM kara arthApatti alaGkAra usI Azaya ko paribhASita kiyA hai| unakA kathana hai ki kisI artha ke kathana se tulyanyAya se anya artha kI prApti arthApatti hai / 3 spaSTa hai ki darzana kI arthApatti-viSayaka mAnyatA ko hI svIkAra kara AcAryoM ne usI nAma se kAvyAlaGkAra kI kalpanA kI hai / svabhAvataH hI arthApatti ke svarUpa meM ekarUpatA hI rahI hai / eka artha se anya artha kA sAdhana - daNDApUpanyAya yA tulyanyAya se eka ke kathana se anya artha kI siddhi - arthApatti alaGkAra hai / 1. draSTavya -- jagannAtha, rasagaGgAdhara, pR0 752-53 2. daNDApUpikayArthAntarApatanamarthApattiH / - ruyyaka, alaGkAra sUtra, 63 daNDApUpikayAnyArthAgamo'rthApattiriSyate / - vizvanAtha, sAhityadarpaNa pR0 10,7603. kenacidarthena tulyanyAyatvAdarthAntarasyApattirarthApattiH / --jagannAtha, rasagaGgAdhara, pR0 766

Page #664
alaGkAroM kA svarUpa - vikAsa vikalpa ruyyaka ne vikalpa kI kalpanA alaGkAra ke rUpa meM kii| do virodhI vicAra jaba eka sAtha samAna bala ke sAtha mana meM uThate haiM to usa manaHsthiti ko vikalpa kI sthiti kahate haiM / ruyyaka kI vikalpa alaGkAra-dhAraNA aisI hI manodazA -- vikalpa kI manodazA -- para AdhRta hai / isa alaGkAra kI paribhASA meM ruyyaka ne kahA hai ki samAna bala vAle virodhI arthoM kI (vicAroM kI ) yojanA meM vikalpa alaGkAra hotA hai / ' abhiprAya yaha ki samAna pramANa se yukta hone ke kAraNa tulyabala vAle do padArthoM kA eka hI samaya ekatra saMyojana jinameM se eka kA cayana karanA ho, vikalpa alaGkAra hai / ruyyaka ne aupamyagarbha hone meM vikalpa kI cArutA mAnI hai / unhoMne vikalpa ko samuccaya kA pratipakSI kahA hai / vizvanAtha ne ruyyaka kI vikalpa dhAraNA ko svIkAra karate hue usameM kavicAturI kA ullekha kiyA hai / isa prakAra unake anusAra jahA~ kavi tulyabala vAle virodhI padArthoM kA cAturIpUrNa nibandhana karatA ho, vahA~ vikalpa alaGkAra hogA / * appayya dIkSita ne bhI ruyyaka, vizvanAtha Adi kI vikalpa- dhAraNA ko hI svIkAra kiyA hai / unhoMne vikalpa kI paribhASA meM kavi cAturI Adi kA ullekha Avazyaka nahIM samajha kara kevala tulyabala vAle padArthoM ke virodha meM vikalpa alaGkAra mAnA hai / 3 paNDitarAja jagannAtha ne bhI vikalpa-viSayaka prAcIna mAnyatA ko hI svIkAra kiyA, kintu usakI paribhASA meM thor3A pariSkAra kiyA / unake anusAra tulyabala vAle padArthoM kI eka hI samaya ekatra prApti to sambhava nahIM, para virodhI padArthoM kI pAkSikI prApti sambhava hai / ataH unhoMne vikalpa kI paribhASA meM kahA ki tulyabala vAle padArthoM kI pAkSikI prApti vikalpa hai / ruyyaka kI taraha 1. tulyabalavirodho vikalpaH / -- ruyyaka, alaMkArasUtra, 64 2. vikalpastulyabalayorvirodhazcAturIyutaH / [ 641 3. virodhe tulyabalayorvikalpAlaMkRtirmatA / 41 - vizvanAtha, sAhityadarpaNa, 10, 106 - appayya dIkSita, kuvalayAnanda, 114 --jagannAtha, rasagaGgAdhara, pR0 773 4. viruddhayo: pAkSikI prAptirvikalpaH /

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642 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa unhoMne bhI vikalpa ko samuccaya kA pratipakSI yA viparItadharmA kahA aura usakA saundarya aupamyagarbha hone meM mAnA / frokarSa yaha ki aisI sthiti kI kalpanA, jisameM samAna bala vAle do padArthoM ke eka sAtha ekatra prApta hone para eka pakSa ke grahaNa kA nirNaya karanA ho, vikalpa kA udAharaNa mAnI jaaygii| do virodhI pakSoM meM eka kA bala adhika tathA dUsare kA bala kama hone para pakSa-grahaNa ke nirNaya meM vikalpa kI sthiti hI nahIM AyegI / samAna bala vAle padArthoM meM se eka ke cayana meM mana anirNaya kI sthiti meM par3atA hai, usameM vikalpa kI sthiti AtI hai / vyakti ke sAmane do padArtha rahate haiM, donoM meM samAna AkarSaNa yA vikarSaNa rahatA hai tathA donoM meM se eka pakSa ke grahaNa kA vikalpa usake sAmane rahatA hai / aisI hI sthiti kI kalpanA meM vikalpa alaGkAra kI sattA mAnI gayI hai / vikAsa kI dRSTi se vikalpa ke svarUpa meM ekarUpatA rahI hai / zrasambhava asambhava alaGkAra ke svatantra astitva kI kalpanA jayadeva ke pUrva nahIM huI thI / jayadeva, appayya dIkSita Adi ne isake astitva ko svIkAra kara "artha niSpatti kA asambhAvyatva - varNana' isakA lakSaNa mAnA / jagannAtha Adi AcAryoM ne asambhava kA alaGkAratva svIkAra nahIM kiyA hai / kAraNa yaha hai ki asambhava kA svarUpa virodhAbhAsa se itanA milatA-julatA hai ki virodhAbhAsa meM hI asambhava kA antarbhAva sambhava hai / 'kuvalayAnanda' ke TIkAkAra ne TippaNI meM isa tathya kA nirdeza kiyA hai ki asambhava kA diyA huA udAharaNa virodhAbhAsa kA bhI udAharaNa hai / ataH, asambhava kA virodhAbhAsa se svatantra astitva mAnanA kucha loga ucita nahIM samajhate / astu, eka AcArya ke dvArA kalpita hone tathA unake kucha anuyAyiyoM ke dvArA usI rUpa meM svIkRta hone ke kAraNa asambhava kA eka hI rUpa mAnya rahA - 'artha niSpatti ke asambhava hone kA varNana / ' 1. asambhavo'rthaniSpattarasambhAvyatvavarNanam / - appayya dIkSita, kuvalayAnanda, 84 2. nedamalaMkArAntaram; kintu virodhAbhAsaH 'ayaM vArAmeko nilaya' ityatrodAhRtapadya pAnakriyAyA agastyena kartrA samudra eNa karmaNA ca dravyeNa virodhaH ; agastyamunernAma manujavizeSasya samudrapAnakriyA'saMbhavAt ; so'yaM virodho hi munestapaHprabhAvAtirekeNa parAsta iti virodhAbhAsa evetyanye / - - kuvalayAnanda, TippaNI, pR0 108

Page #666
alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [ 643 sambhAvanA sambhAvanA alaGkAra ke svatantra astitva kI kalpanA pahalI bAra jayadeva ke samaya meM huii| appayya dIkSita ne jayadeva kI sambhAvanA-viSayaka mAnyatA ko svIkAra kiyaa| ina AcAryoM ne yaha dhAraNA prakaTa kI ki jahA~ 'yadi aisA ho' kI ukti hotI hai, vahA~ sambhAvanA alaGkAra hotA hai| yadi aisA ho' isa prakAra kI UhA anya artha kI siddhi ke lie kI jAtI hai| ataH, sambhAvanA alaGkAra kA yaha lakSaNa mAnA gayA ki jahA~ anya artha kI siddhi . ke lie yaha UhA kI jAtI ho ki 'yadi aisA hotA to yaha honA sambhava thA, vahA~ sambhAvanA alaGkAra hotA hai|' jayadeva tathA appayya dIkSita ke pUrvavartI mammaTa Adi AcAryoM ne 'yadyartha' kI ukti ko-'yadi aisA ho to yaha ho sakatA hai' kI ukti kI kalpanA ko-atizayokti kA eka bheda mAnA thaa| atizayokti ke usa bheda ko jayadeva, appayya dIkSita Adi ne eka svatantra alaGkAra mAna liyA aura usakI prakRti ke anurUpa use sambhAvanA abhidhAna diyaa| paNDitarAja jagannAtha Adi paravartI AcAryoM ne bhI sambhAvanA kA svatantra astitva nahIM mAnA hai| sambhAvanA ke udAharaNa ko paNDitarAja atizayokti kA hI udAharaNa mAnate haiN| astu, atizayokti ke eka bheda ke rUpa meM kalpita svarUpa hI jayadeva Adi ke dvArA sambhAvanA saMjJA se svatantra alaGkAra mAna liyA gyaa| usakA eka-sA hI rUpa rahA-anya artha kI siddhi ke lie 'yadi aisA ho' kI ukti kI klpnaa| mithyAdhyavasiti mithyAdhyavasiti alaGkAra kI bhI prathama kalpanA jayadeva ke samaya hI huii| jayadeva ke matAnuyAyI appa-ya dIkSita ne bhI mithyAdhyavasiti kA sodAharaNa lakSaNa-nirUpaNa kiyaa| isake svarUpa ke sambandha meM kahA gayA hai ki jahA~ kisI artha kA mithyAtva yA asambhAvyatva siddha karane ke lie anya mithyA yA asambhava artha kI kalpanA kI jAtI hai, vahA~ mithyAdhyavasiti alaGkAra hotA hai / 2 appayya dIkSita ne isakA jo udAharaNa diyA hai isakA Azaya isa prakAra 1. sambhAvanA yadItthaM syAdityUho'nyasya siddhaye / -appayya dIkSita, kuvalayAnanda, 126 2. kiMcinmithyAtvasiddha yathaM mithyArthAntarakalpanam / mithyAdhyavasiti :....................||-vahI, 127

Page #667
644 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa hai-'AkAza-kusuma kI mAlA dhAraNa kara vaha vArAGganA ko vaza meM kara rahA hai|' isameM vAravanitA ko vaza meM karane ke asambhAvyatva kI siddhi ke lie anya mithyA artha-AkAza-kusuma kI mAlA dhAraNa karane ke artha-kI kalpanA kI gayI hai| ataH, yahA~ mithyAdhyavasiti kI sattA mAnI gayI hai| paravartI AcAryoM ne mithyAdhyavasiti kA svatantra alaGkAra ke rUpa meM astitva svIkAra nahIM kiyA hai| sambhava hai, ve asambandha meM sambandha-rUpa atizayokti se alaga mithyAdhyavasiti ke astitva kI kalpanA Avazyaka nahIM mAnate hoM / appayya dIkSita ne atizayokti ke ukta bheda se 'kiJcit mithyAtva kI siddhi ke lie mithyA arthAntara kI kalpanA' meM kucha alaga vicchitti mAnI hai| astu ! vikAsa kI dRSTi se mithyAdhyavasiti ke svarUpa meM ekarUpatA hI rahI hai / samAdhi samAhita alaGkAra ke svarUpa ke vikAsa-krama kA adhyayana karane ke krama meM hama dekha cuke haiM ki usake sambandha meM do prakAra kI dhAraNAe~ vyakta huI thIM aura pIche calakara una do prakAra kI dhAraNAoM ke AdhAra para do alaGkAroM kI kalpanA sambhava huii| samAhita kA eka rUpa, jo rasabhAva kI zAnti ke sAtha sambaddha mAnA gayA; vaha to paravartI kAla meM bhI samAhita saMjJA se hI svIkRta huA; para bhAmaha, daNDI Adi ne kAraNAntara kI anAyAsa upalabdhi se Arabdha kArya ke saukarya kI jo dhAraNA samAhita meM vyakta kI thI, vaha samAhita se svatantra samAdhi ke nAma se svIkRta huI / isa prakAra appayya dIkSita Adi kI samAdhi bhAmaha tathA daNDI ke samAhita se abhinna hai; para udbhaTa ke rasa-bhAvaprazama rUpa samAhita se bhinna hai| samAdhi kA lakSaNa isa prakAra diyA gayA hai 'kAraNAntara ke yoga se prArabdha kArya kA sukara honA samAdhi hai|'' jagannAtha ko bhI samAdhi kA yahI svarUpa mAnya hai| isa prakAra vikAsa-krama kI dRSTi se bhAmaha ke 'kAvyAlaGkAra' meM hI samAdhi-dhAraNA kA Arambha huaa| daNDI ne usa dhAraNA ko paribhASita tathA svIkRta kiyaa| bhAmaha evaM daNDI ne use samAhita hI kahA thA / udbhaTa ke samaya se samAhita ke sambandha meM bhAmaha, 1. samAdhiH kAryasaukarya kAraNAntarasannidheH / -appayya dIkSita, kuvalayAnanda, 118 2. ekakAraNajanyasya kAryasyAkasmikakAraNAntarasamavadhAnAhitasaukarya samAdhiH / -jagannAtha, rasagaGgAdhara, pR0 780 3. draSTavya-bhAmaha, kAvyAlaGkAra, 3,10 tathA daNDI, kAvyAdarza, 2,268

Page #668
alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [ 645 daNDI Adi kI dhAraNA se bhinna dhAraNA cala pdd'ii| aba samAhita ke do rUpa ho gaye-bhAmaha, daNDI Adi ke dvArA svIkRta rUpa tathA udbhaTa Adi ke dvArA kalpita rUpa / pIche calakara jayadeva, appayya dIkSita, jagannAtha Adi ne bhAmaha, daNDI Adi ke samAhita ko-kAraNAntara ke yoga se kArya ke saukarya-varNanarUpa ko-samAdhi ke nAma se tathA udbhaTa Adi ke samAhita ko-rasa-bhAva ke prazama rUpa ko-samAhita ke nAma se svIkAra kiyaa| samAdhi ko abhidhAna to do mile--samAhita tathA samAdhi; para usakA rUpa eka-sA hI kalpita hai| usakA sarvasammata rUpa hai--'anya kAraNa kI anAyAsa upalabdhi se Arabdha kArya ke sukara hone kA varNana / ' prauDhokti prauDhokti alaGkAra kI kalpanA jayadeva ke pUrva nahIM huI thii| jayadeva tathA appayya dIkSita ne prauDhokti ko paribhASita karate hue kahA hai ki jo vastutaH kisI artha ke utkarSa kA hetu na ho, use usa artha ke utkarSa-hetu ke rUpa meM kalpita karanA prauDhokti hai|' paNDitarAja jagannAtha ne kucha svatantra rUpa se prauDhokti kI paribhASA dI hai| unakA kahanA hai ki kisI vastu meM kisI dharma ke atizaya ke pratipAdana ke uddezya se usa dharma vAle prasiddha padArtha ke sAtha usa ( varNya ) vastu kA saMsarga dikhAnA prauDhokti alaGkAra hai| jayadeva tathA appayya dIkSita ne prauDhokti ke jisa svarUpa kI kalpanA kI hai, vaha atizayokti kA hI eka rUpa-asambandha meM sambandha prakalpana-mAnA jA sakatA hai| jagannAtha ke dvArA kalpita prauDhokti kA svarUpa apanA svatantra saundarya rakhatA hai| kisI ke guNAtizaya kA nirUpaNa karane ke lie anya vastuoM ke sAtha, jinameM vaise guNa prasiddha hoM, usakA saMsarga dikhAnA kaviparamparA meM prasiddha hai| mahAbhArata meM bhISma karNa kI bhartsanA karate hue use adharmI pramANita karane ke lie kumArI-putra batAte haiN| kumArI-putra kA kumArI mAtA ke saMsarga se adharmI honA svAbhAvika hI hai| candramA ko amRta ke sAtha samudra se utpanna hone ke kAraNa amRtamaya kahakara amRta-saMsarga se usakI 1. prauDhoktirutkarSAhetau taddhetRtvaprakalpanam / -appayya dIkSita, kuvalayAnanda, 125 2. kasmiMzcidarthe kiMciddharmakRtAtizayapratipipAdayiSayA prasiddhataddharmavattA saMsargasyodbhAvanaM prauddhoktiH|-jgnnaath, rasagaGgAdhara, pR0 788

Page #669
646 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa madhuratA pramANita kI jAtI hai| jagannAtha ke matAnusAra aise sthala meM prauDhokti mAnI jAnI cAhie / niSkarSataH, prauDhokti ke do rUpa nirUpita hue : (ka) jo kisI vastu ke guNotkarSa kA hetu na ho use usake utkarSa kA hetu batAnA tathA (kha) kisI ke guNotkarSa-pratipAdana ke lie vaise guNa vAle prasiddha padArthoM ke sAtha usa saMsarga-varNana / prathama rUpa ko atizayokti meM antabhukta mAnA jA sakatA hai / ta ., rUpa hI use svatantra astitva pradAna karatA hai| praharSaNa jayadeva tathA appayya dIkSita ke dvArA praharSaNa kA svatantra alaGkAra ke rUpa meM nirUpaNa kiyA gyaa| praharSaNa ke tIna rUpa kalpita hue| jayadeva tathA appayya dIkSita ne praharSaNa ke tInoM rUpoM ko alaga-alaga paribhASita kiyaa| unake anusAra, vinA prayatna ke hI uddiSTa phala kI prApti praharSaNa kA eka rUpa; vAJchita artha se adhika kI siddhi usakA dUsarA rUpa tathA phala-prApti ke lie kiye jAne vAle yatna se bIca meM hI, sampUrNa yatna kI apekSA ke vinA hI, sAkSAt phala kA lAbha usakA tIsarA rUpa hai|' paNDitarAja jagannAtha ko praharSaNa ke ukta tInoM rUpa mAnya haiM; para unhoMne tInoM ko pRthak-pRthak paribhASita nahIM kara praharSaNa kI eka vyApaka paribhASA dI aura una tInoM rUpoM ko praharSaNa ke tattad bheda svIkAra kiye / unake anusAra, uddezya-siddhi ke yatna ke vinA bhI uddiSTa artha kI sAkSAt prApti praharSaNa kA sAmAnya lakSaNa hai| isa praharSaNa ke ukta tIna rUpa sambhava hai| tInoM rUpoM meM yaha lakSaNa sAmAnya rUpa se ghaTita hotA hai| prayatna ke vinA artha-lAbha to isa lakSaNa meM kahA hI gayA hai ; uddiSTa se adhika artha kA lAbha bhI adhikArtha lAbha ke lie yatna ke vinA hI hotA hai| ataH isa rUpa kA bhI samAveza usa sAmAnya praharSaNa-lakSaNa meM ho jAtA hai| yatna ke bIca hI artha-lAbha bhI yatna kI apekSA-pUrNa yatna kI apekSA nahIM rakhatA; ataH isa 1. utkaNThitArthasaMsiddhivinA yatnaM praharSaNam / vAJchitAdadhikArthasya saMsiddhizca praharSaNam / tathAyatnAdupAyasiddha yarthAtsAkSAllAbhaH phalasya ca / .-appayya dIkSita, kuvalayAnanda, 126, 130, 131,

Page #670
alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [ 647 rUpa meM bhI usa lakSaNa kI vyApti hai|' niSkarSataH, jagannAtha kI yaha praharSaNa-paribhASA hI samIcIna hai| uddezya-siddhi ke lie apekSita yatna ke vinA bhI abhISTa artha kA sAkSAt lAbha praharSaNa kA sAmAnya lakSaNa hai| isake tIna rUpa haiM (1) vinA yatna ke abhISTa artha kI prApti, (2) vAJchita artha se adhika kI prApti tathA (3) phala-prApti ke yatna ke bIca hI phala kA sAkSAt lAbha / viSAdana viSAdana kI bhI kalpanA jayadeva ke samaya hI huii| jayadeva tathA appayya dIkSita ne abhISTa artha ke viruddha artha kI prApti meM viSAdana alaGkAra mAnA thaa|2 paNDitarAja jagannAtha ne bhI viSAdana kA yahI svarUpa svIkAra kiyA hai / abhISTa artha ke viruddha artha kI prApti viSAda kA hetu hotI hai| isalie viSAdana isa alaGkAra kI prakRti ke anukUla saMjJA hai| viSAdana ke svarUpa meM vikAsa kI koI sthiti nahIM AyI hai| 'kuvalayAnanda' kI TippaNI meM isa tathya kA saGaketa diyA gayA hai ki viSAdana ko svatantra alaGkAra nahIM mAnakara kucha AcArya use kAvyaliGga meM hI antabhukta mAnate haiN| hamane isake aucitya para aparatra vicAra kiyA hai| ullAsa ullAsa alaGkAra bhI jayadeva tathA appayya dIkSita kI kalpanA hai / eka ke guNa tathA doSa se dUsare ke guNa-doSa ke hone kA varNana unake anusAra ullAsa kA lakSaNa hai| kisI ke guNa se dUsare kA guNa-varNana, kisI ke guNa se dUsare kA 1. sAkSAduddezyakayatnamantareNApyabhISTArthasya lAbhaH praharSaNam / idaM ca sAmAnyalakSaNaM trividhprhrssnnsaadhaarnnm|-jgnnaath, rasagaGgA0, pR0768 2. iSyamANaviruddhArthasamprAptistu viSAdanam / -appayya dIkSita, kuvalayAnanda, 132 3. abhISTArthaviruddhalAbho viSAdanam / -jagannAtha, rasagaGgAdhara, pR0 801 4. draSTavya-prastuta grantha adhyAya 2 5. ekasya guNadoSAbhyAmullAso'nyasya tau yadi / --appayya dIkSita, kuvalayAnanda, 133

Page #671
648 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa doSa-varNana, kisI ke doSa se dUsare kA guNa-varNana tathA kisI ke doSa se dUsare kA doSa-varNana ullAsa ke cAra sambhava rUpa haiN| jagannAtha ko bhI dUsare ke guNa-doSa se dUsare meM guNa-doSa kA AdhAna arthAt anya ke guNa-doSa se anya ke guNa-doSatva kA bodha ullAsa kA lakSaNa mAnya hai| unhoMne bhI ullAsa ke ukta cAra bheda svIkAra kiye hai|' spaSTa hai ki ullAsa ke jisa svarUpa kI kalpanA jayadeva ke samaya huI, vahI pIche bhI svIkRta huii| ataH, ullAsa-dhAraNA meM ekarUpatA rahI hai| avajJA avajJA alaGkAra ullAsa kA viparItadharmA hai| ullAsa meM eka ke guNadoSa se anya ke guNa-doSa kA varNana hotA hai| isake viparIta jahA~ eka ke guNa-doSa se anya ke guNa-doSa kA lAbha nahIM karanA varNita ho, vahA~ avajJA alaGkAra mAnA jAtA hai| 'choTA pAtra samudra meM jAkara bhI thor3A hI jala le pAtA hai' aise kathana meM samudra kI vizAlatA kA kSudra jalapAtra ke dvArA prApta na kiye jA sakane kA varNana avajJA kA udAharaNa hogaa| avajJA alaGkAra kI kalpanA jayadeva ke pUrva nahIM huI thii| jayadeva evaM appayya dIkSita ne avajJA kI paribhASA meM kahA hai ki jahA~ eka ke guNa-doSa se dUsare ke guNa-doSa ke alAbha kA varNana ho, vahA~ avajJA alaGkAra hotA hai| paNDitarAja jagannAtha ne avajJA kI svatantra paribhASA nahIM dekara ullAsa ko paribhASita karane ke uparAnta kahA hai ki ullAsa kA viparyaya avajJA hai / 3 spaSTa hai ki jagannAtha kI avajJA-dhAraNA jayadeva tathA appayya dIkSita kI dhAraNA se abhinna hai| isa prakAra avajJA kI dhAraNA meM ekarUpatA hI rahI hai| 1. anyadIyaguNadoSaprayuktamanyasya guNadoSayorAdhAnamullAsaH / tacca guNe guNasya doSasya vA doSeNa guNasya doSasya veti caturdhA / -jagannAtha, rasagaGgAdhara, pR0 803 2. tAbhyAM tau yadi na syAtAmavajJAlaMkRtistu saa| -appayya dIkSita, kuvalayAnanda, 136 3. tadviparyayo'vajJA / tasyollAsasya viparyayo'bhAvaH ....... / -jagannAtha, rasagaGgAdhara, pR0 805

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alaGkAroM kA svarUpa - vikAsa [ 646 jagannAtha ne avajJA ke vizeSokti meM antarbhAva kI sambhAvanA kA saGka eta diyA hai / kucha AcArya vizeSokti se pRthak avajJA kI sattA kI kalpanA Avazyaka nahIM mAnate / anujJA jayadeva tathA appayya dIkSita ne anujJA alaGkAra kI kalpanA kara usake svarUpa ke sambandha meM yaha dhAraNA prakaTa kI hai ki jahA~ doSa meM hI guNa dekhakara usa doSa kI prApti kI icchA prakaTa kI jAya, vahA~ anujJA hotI hai / " kisI bhakta kA yaha udgAra ki, maiM sadA dIna hI banA rahanA cAhatA hU~, jisa avasthA meM dInabandhu-jaise mitra prApta hote haiM' anujJA kA udAharaNa mAnA jAyagA, cU~ki isameM dInatA - jaise doSa meM guNa ( Izvara ke anurAga - rUpa - guNa ) kI kalpanA kara usa doSa kI hI abhyarthanA kI gayI hai / paNDitarAja ko bhI anujJA kA yahI rUpa mAnya hai / unake anusAra kisI utkRSTa vaiziSTya ke lAbha kI lAlasA se doSa ke rUpa meM prasiddha vastu kI prArthanA anujJA hai / leza ke eka rUpa - doSa meM guNa tathA guga meM doSa prakalpana-rUpa- - se anujJA kA bahuta sUkSma bheda yaha hai ki leza meM doSa ko kevala guNa batAyA jAtA hai; para anujJA meM doSa ke rUpa meM prasiddha vastu ko guNa mAna kara usI kI prApti kI icchA kI jAtI hai / aitihAsika dRSTi se anujJA kA eka hI rUpa rahA hai - utkRSTa - vizeSa kI lAlasA se loka-prasiddha doSa ko guNa mAnakara use prApta karane kI icchA kA varNana / tiraskAra tiraskAra paNDitarAja jagannAtha kI udbhAvanA hai| unhoMne anujJA ke AdhAra para hI tiraskAra alaGkAra ke svarUpa kI kalpanA kI hai / anujJA ke svarUpa kI sthApanA paNDitarAja ke pUrva ho cukI thI, jisameM loka-prasiddha doSa meM guNa kI kalpanA kara doSa kI prApti kI icchA apekSita mAnI gayI hai / jagannAtha ne loka - prasiddha guNa meM doSa kI kalpanA kara usa guNa kI prApti kI anicchA 1. doSasyAbhyarthanAnujJA tatraiva guNadarzanAt / - appayya dIkSita, kuvalayAnanda, 137 2. utkRSTavizeSalAlasayA doSatvena prasiddhasyApi vastunaH prArthanamanujJA / --jagannAtha, rasagaGgAdhara, pR0 807

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650 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa arthAt guNa ke tiraskAra meM tiraskAra alaGkAra mAnA hai|' dainya ko bhagavadbhakti ke anukUla mAnakara doSa-rUpa meM prasiddha dainya kI abhyarthanA anujJA kA udAharaNa hai to samRddhi ko Izabhakti meM bAdhaka samajha kara guNa-rUpa meM prasiddha samRddhi kI prApti kI anicchA tiraskAra alaGkAra kA udAharaNa hai| tiraskAra anvarthA saMjJA hai| svarUpa-vikAsa kI dRSTi se paNDitarAja kI tiraskAra-dhAraNA meM parivartana kI koI sthiti nahIM AyI hai| mudrA ____ bhoja ne mudrA ko zabdAlaGkAra mAnakara usake svarUpa kA nirUpaNa kiyA thaa| unake anusAra vaktA ke sAbhiprAya vacana kA vAkya meM viniveza mudrA hai| abhiprAya yaha ki jahA~ koI pada, padAMza tathA vAkya apane artha kA bodha karAne ke sAtha vaktA ke vizeSa abhipreta artha kI bhI sUcanA dete hoM, vahA~ mudrA alaGkAra hogaa| jayadeva tathA appayya dIkSita ne mudrA ke isI rUpa ko svIkAra kara use arthAlaGkAra mAnA hai| unake anusAra prakRta artha kA bodha karAne vAle padoM se sUcya artha ko sUcita karanA mudrA hai| nATakoM meM prakRtArthaparaka pada se kisI vizeSa artha kI sUcanA dene kI paripATI rahI hai| usa paddhati ko mudrA nAma se hI abhihita kiyA jAtA rahA hai| usa nATya-tattva ko bhoja ne zabdAlaGkAra ke rUpa meM tathA appayya dIkSita Adi ne arthAlaGkAra ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai / mudrA ke svarUpa kI dhAraNA meM ekarUpatA hI rahI hai| ratnAvalI ratnAvalI kI svatantra alaGkAra ke rUpa meM sattA, kevala jayadeva tathA unake matAnuyAyI appayya dIkSita ko mAnya hai| isa alaGkAra kI paribhASA meM 1. evaM doSavizeSAnubandhAdguNatvena prasiddhasyApi dvaSastiraskAraH / -jagannAtha, rasagaGgAdhara, pR0 807. 2. sAbhiprAyasya vAkye yadvacaso viniveshnm|| ____ mudrAM tAM mutpradAyitvAtkAvyamudrAvido viduH // -bhoja, sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa, 2, 40. 3. sUcyArthasUcanaM mudrA prakRtArthaparaiH padaiH / -appayya dIkSita, kuvalayAnanda, 136.

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alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [ 651 kahA gayA hai ki prakRta arthoM kA kramika vinyAsa ratnAvalI hai|' arthAt, prasiddha sahapATha vAle padArthoM kA krama se viniveza ratnAvalI kA lakSaNa hai / appayya dIkSita ne eka jagaha yaha kahA hai ki prasiddha sahapATha vAle padArthoM kA prasiddha krama se viniveza bhI ratnAvalI hai| isase spaSTa hai ki prasiddha sahapATha ke prasiddha krama se viniveza ke atirikta sthala meM bhI ratnAvalI ho sakatI hai| ataH, 'kuvalayAnanda' ke TIkAkAra kA yaha niSkarSa ucita hI hai ki prasiddha sahapATha vAle padArthoM kA nyAsa hI ratnAvalI kA lakSaNa hai| aise padArthoM ke krama se vinyAsa tathA akrama-vinyAsa ke AdhAra para ratnAvalI ke do bheda mAne jA sakate haiN| udAharaNa ke lie Izvara ke daza avatAra kA sahapATha prasiddha hai| purANoM meM varNita avatAra-krama se sabhI avatAroM kA ekatra vinyAsa bhI ho sakatA hai au: krama ke bhii| donoM ko ratnavalI kA udAharaNa mAnA jaaygaa| udyotakAra ne ratnAvalI ke svatantra astitva kA khaNDana karate hue kahA hai ki usake udAharaNa meM varNya kA upaskAra prasiddha sahapATha kA krama-vinyAsa nahIM karatA, vaha upaskAra rUpaka Adi anya alaGkAroM se hotA hai| ataH, aise udAharaNa meM ratnAvalI nAmaka svatantra alaGkAra kI kalpanA Avazyaka nahIM hai| paNDitarAja jagannAtha Adi ko bhI ratnAvalI kA svatantra astitva mAnya nahIM hai / astu, svarUpa-vikAsa kI dRSTi se usakA eka hI rUpa kalpita huA hai, jisakI parIkSA Upara kI jA cukI hai| lokokti jayadeva tathA appayya dIkSita ne lokokti ko bhI eka svatantra alaGkAra mAnA hai| isa alaGkAra ke lakSaNa meM kahA gayA hai ki jahA~ lokavAda arthAt ' loka-pracalita ukti kA anukaraNa kAvya meM ho, vahA~ lokokti alaGkAra hotA 1. kramikaM prakRtArthAnAM nyAsaM ratnAvalI viduH / --kuvalayAnanda, 140 2. prasiddhasahapAThAnAM prasiddhakramAnusaraNe'pyevamevAlaGkAraH / -vahI, vRtti, pR0 156 3. prasiddhasahapAThAnAmarthAnAM nyasanaM ratnAvalIti sAmAnyalakSaNam / -vahI, TIkA, pR0 156.. 4. udyotakAra kA yaha mata kAvyaprakAza kI bAlabodhinI TIkA meM -uddhRta, pR0 741

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652 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa hai|' yaha sarvavidita tathya hai ki loka-jIvana meM aisI asaMkhya uktiyA~ pracalita rahatI haiM , jo apanI akRtrimatA meM hI prabhAvotpAdaka huA karatI hai| kavi loka-jIvana kA citraNa karane ke krama meM aisI bahuta-sI uktiyoM kA upayoga karate hai| jayadeva, appayya dIkSita Adi loka-pravAda kI anukRti meM lokokti alaGkAra mAnate haiN| paNDitarAja jagannAtha Adi ne lokokti kA alaGkAratva svIkAra nahIM kiyA hai| lokokti alaGkAra kI sattA svIkAra karane meM eka kaThinAI yaha hai ki loka-ukti tathA kavi kI ukti meM bheda karanA sarala nahIM / kavi loka-pravAda kA anukaraNa karatA hai, loka-pracalita mArmika uktiyoM kA kAvya meM upayoga karatA hai, to asaMkhya kavi-kalpita uktiyA~ bhI sUktiyoM ke rUpa meM loka meM "cala par3atI hai| yaha AdAna-pradAna sanAtana rUpa se calatA rahatA hai / ataH kAvyokti tathA lokokti kA vibhAga kaThina hai| kAvya meM prayukta pratyeka ukti ( bhale hI vaha kabhI lokokti rahI ho ) kAvyokti hotI hai| use alaGkAravizeSa mAnanA yuktisaGgata nahIM jAna pdd'taa| aisI uktiyA~ alaGkArya hI hoNgii| astu, eka hI sampradAya ke AcAryoM ke dvArA svIkRta hone ke kAraNa lAkokti kI dhAraNA eka-sI hI rahI hai| chekokti chekokti kA vyutpattilabhya artha hotA hai vidagdha ukti; parantu alaGkAravizeSa ke rUpa meM usakA svarUpa lokokti ke sandarbha meM nirUpita huA hai| loka-pracalita ukti kI anukRti (jo lokokti hai ) yadi arthAntaragarbha ho, arthAt aisI uktiyoM se yadi arthAntara kI bhI vyaJjanA hotI ho to jayadeva, appayya dIkSita Adi ke anusAra chekokti alaGkAra hogaa| jagannAtha Adi paravartI AcAryoM ne lokokti kI taraha chekokti ko bhI svatantra alaGkAra ke rUpa meM svIkAra nahIM kiyA hai| vikAsa kI dRSTi se chekokti kA eka hI rUpa kalpita huA hai| nirukti jayadeva tathA appayya dIkSita ne nirukti ko svatantra alaGkAra mAnA hai| unakI dhAraNA hai ki jahA~ vyutpatti se viziSTa arya kA pratipAdana karane vAle saMjJA-pada 1. lokapravAdAnukRtirlokoktiriti bhaNyate / / ___-appayya dIkSita, kuvalayAnanda, 157 2. chekoktirya tra lokokteH syAdarthAntaragabhitA |--vhii, 158

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alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [ 653 Adi kA anya artha bhI prakAzita karAyA jAtA hai, vahA~ nirukti alaGkAra hotA hai|' nirukti kA artha hai zabda kA nirvacana yA usake vyutpattilabhya artha kA nirdeza / isa alaGkAra meM nAma kI vyutpatti ke AdhAra para usake prasiddha artha ke sAtha anyArtha prakAzana kI dhAraNA vyakta kI gayI hai| udAharaNa ke lie kaniSThikA ke ThIka bAda rahane vAlI anAmikA u~galI ke yaugika artha ( jisa para koI nAma nahIM A sake ) ko dRSTi meM rakhakara jahA~ yaha kalpanA kI gayI ki kavi-gaNanA ke prasaGga meM kabhI kaniSThikA para kAlidAsa kA nAma ginA gayA; para Aja taka bhI unake samakakSa gine jAne vAle dUsare kavi kA nAma nahIM milane se kaniSThikA ke Age kI u~galI anAmikA kA nAma sArthaka hai, vahA~ appayya dIkSita Adi nirukti mAneMge; kyoMki usameM anAmikA apane prasiddha nAma ke sAtha anya yogArtha kA bhI prakAzana karatI hai| jagannAtha Adi ne isakA svatantra astitva svIkAra nahIM kiyA hai| nirukti-dhAraNA meM ekarUpatA hI rahI hai| nirukti ke udAharaNoM meM anyArtha prakAzana zleSa-mahimA se mAnA jA sakatA hai| ataH nirukti ko zleSa kA hI eka rUpa mAnA jA sakatA hai| pratiSedha pratiSedha alaGkAra meM prasiddha arthAt sarvavidita niSedha kA anukIrtana apekSita" mAnA gayA hai / 2 jJAta niSedha kA pratipAdana apane Apa meM koI artha nahIM rakhatA, usakI sArthakatA isa bAta meM hotI hai ki vidita niSedha kA pradarzana karane meM vaktA kA koI gUDha Azaya chipA rahatA hai| mahAbhArata yuddha meM zakunI ke prati yaha ukti ki 'yaha yuddha / ta-krIr3A nahIM hai' pratiSedha alaGkAra kA eka udAharaNa hai| yuddha meM cUta kA niSedha apane Apa meM koI artha nahIM rkhtaa| yuddha ya ta nahIM hai, yaha tathya to vidita hI hai / niSedha prApta kA hotA hai| yuddha meM gha tatva kI prApti hI nahIM hotii| ataH, aprApta kA niSedha hone ke kAraNa ukta kathana vyartha par3akara vaktA ke eka vizeSa Azaya ko prakaTa karatA hai| vaktA kA Azaya yaha hai ki tumhArA kauzala gh ta-krIr3A taka hI hai; yuddhakSetra meM tumhArA kauzala nahIM clegaa| ataH pratiSedha lakSaNa kA sAra yaha hai ki 1. niruktiryogato nAnmAmanyArthatvaprakalpanam / -appayyadIkSita kuvalayAnanda 164 2. pratiSedhaH prasiddhasya niSedhasyAnukIrtanam |-vhii, 165

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654 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa kisI gUDha Azaya se jJAta niSedha kA pratipAdana arthAt aprApta kA niSedha pratiSedha alaGkAra hai| isa alaGkAra kA camatkAra niSedha meM nahIM, niSedha se prakaTa hone vAle gUDha Azaya meM hai / jagannAtha Adi paravartI AcAryoM ne pratiSedha kA alaGkAratva svIkAra nahIM kiyA hai / jayadeva tathA appayya ke dvArA pratiSedha * ke ukta eka hI rUpa kI kalpanA kI gayI hai | vidhi vidhi ko zobhAkara, jayadeva, appayya dIkSita Adi ne svatantra alaGkAra mAnA hai / vidhi niSedha kA viparItadharmA hai / jJAta kA hI vidhAna vidhi kA svarUpa mAnA gayA hai / ' jJAta kA vidhAna kisI vizeSa Azaya ko prakaTa karatA hai; anyathA vaha vyartha hI hogA / rAma kA yaha kathana ki 'maiM rAma hU~' siddha artha kA vidhAna hai / yaha kathana rAma ke vyaktitva ke viziSTa guNoM ke nirdeza meM sArthaka hai, anyathA ve rAma haiM; isa siddha artha ke vidhAna kA kyA prayojana hotA ? niSkarSa yaha ki jahA~ siddha artha kA vidhAna vaktA ke kisI vizeSa Azaya ko udghATita kare, vahA~ jayadeva, appayya dIkSita Adi ke anusAra vidhi alaGkAra hogA / vidhi kA bhI eka hI rUpa kalpita huA / Adi paravartI AcAryoM ne isa alaGkAra kA nirUpaNa nahIM kiyA / jagannAtha asama asama zobhAkara mitra ke dvArA kalpita alaGkAra hai / varNya viSaya ko advitIya batAne ke lie jahA~ kavi yaha kalpanA karatA hai ki usake samAna koI anya artha nahIM hai, vahA~ zobhAkara, jagannAtha Adi asama alaGkAra mAnate haiN| varNya kA utkarSa sAdhana alaGkAra - yojanA kA eka pramukha uddezya hai / varNya ko sarvotkRSTa pramANita karane ke lie ananvaya Adi kI uktibhaGgI para prAcIna AcAryoM ne bhI vicAra kiyA thA / asama meM bhI varNya kI sarvotkRSTatA - kA pratipAdana kavi kA lakSya rahatA hai; para ananvaya Adi se usakI ukti - bhaGgI thor3I bhinna hotI hai / asama meM kavi varNya kI anya vastu se upamA kA sarvathA : niSedha karatA hai / niSkarSataH, jahA~ varNya ke samAna kisI anya vastu ko na 1. siddhasyaiva vidhAnaM yattamAhurvidhyalaMkRtim / - appayya0 kuvalayA0 166, 2. sarvathaivopamAniSedhe asamAkhyo'laGkAraH / --jagannAtha, rasagaGgAvara, pR0 332,

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alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [655 pAkara kavi kisI bhI anya vastu ke sAtha varNya kI tulanA kA niSedha karatA hai, vahA~ jagannAtha ke anusAra asama alaGkAra hotA hai| varNya ke samAna kisI anya ke na hone kA varNana hone asama se anvartha abhidhAna hai| asama ke svarUpa meM, pIche cala kara bhI koI vikAsa nahIM huaa| saMsRSTi aura saGkara saMsRSTi evaM saGkara meM ekAdhika alaGkAroM ke ekatra sanniveza kI vibhinna prakriyAoM para vicAra kiyA gayA hai| yadyapi inakI gaNanA bhI svatantra alaGkAra ke rUpa meM hotI rahI hai; para vastutaH ye svatantra alaGkAra nahIM, tattad alaGkAroM kA ekatra viniveza hone para unake pArasparika sambandha ke do alaga-alaga rUpa haiN| do yA adhika alaGkAra ekatra paraspara sApekSa rUpa meM-aGgAGgibhAva Adi se bhI raha sakate haiM aura paraspara nirapekSa rUpa meM bhii| dUsare zabdoM meM, ve dUdha aura pAnI kI taraha bhI mile hue raha sakate haiM aura tila tathA cAvala kI taraha bhii| ina do prakriyAoM para kramazaH saGkara aura saMsRSTi alaGkAroM meM vicAra kiyA gayA hai| dUdha aura pAnI kI taraha eka dUsare se milakara yA aGgAGgibhAva se paraspara sApekSa hokara jahAM do yA adhika alaGkAra raheM, vahA~ sAmAnyataH saGkara tathA tila aura cAvala kI taraha eka dUsare se mile rahane para bhI paraspara svatantra rUpa meM parilakSita hone vAle do yA adhika alaGkAra jahA~ raheM, vahAM sAmAnyataH saMsRSTi mAnI jAtI hai| kintu, yaha arvAcIna dhAraNA hai| saMsRSTi aura saGkara kA yaha bheda Arambha se nahIM thaa| daNDI Adi AcAryoM ne alaGkAroM ke pArasparika sambandha ke ukta donoM rUpoM ko saGkIrNa yA saMsRSTi hI kahA hai tathA do rUpoM ke AdhAra 'para saMsRSTi ke do bheda svIkAra kiye haiN| astu, aitihAsika dRSTi se vicAra karane para sarvaprathama bhAmaha ke 'kAvyAlaGkAra' meM saMsRSTi kI sUcanA milatI hai| bhAmaha ne saGkara kA svatantra astitva nahIM mAnA thaa| unake paravartI daNDI ne saMsRSTi ke do rUpa svIkAra kiye, jinameM se eka rUpa pIche calakara saGkara ke rUpa meM svIkRta huaa| daNDI kI saMsRSTi ke vyApaka svarUpa meM hI paravartI AcAryoM ke dvArA kalpita saGkara kI sambhAvanA nihita thii| aneka alaGkAroM kI saMsRSTi ko daNDI ne saGkIrNa bhI kahA hai / unake anusAra saGkIrNa yA saMsRSTi ke do rUpa haiM-(1) paraspara aGgAGgibhAva se avasthiti tathA (2) sabhI alaGkAroM kI samakakSatA / prathama meM aneka alaGkAroM meM se eka alaGkAra pradhAna yA aGgI

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656 ] alaGkAra- dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa ke rUpa meM rahatA hai aura anya alaGkAra usake aGga ho jAte haiM / dUsare meM na koI aGgI rahatA hai na koI aGga; na koI pradhAna rahatA hai na koI apradhAna, sabhI samakakSa rahate haiM / ' udbhaTa ne daNDI ke saGkIrNa ke ukta do bhedoM ko alaga-alaga kara saMsRSTi tathA saGkara nAmaka do alaGkAra mAne / saGkara kI saMsRSTi se svatantra sattA kI udbhAvanA udbhaTa ne kI / unake pUrva saGkara kA svatantra astitva svIkRta nahIM huA thA, yadyapi saGkara ke svarUpa kI kalpanA pahale hI ho cukI thI / udbhaTa ne kevala saGkara ke nAma tathA unake pRthak astitva kI kalpanA kI / usake svarUpa kI dhAraNA unhoMne daNDI kI saGkIrNa yA saMsRSTi dhAraNA se hI lI / saGkara ke cAra bhedoM kI kalpanA bhI udbhaTa ne hI prathama bAra kii| udbhaTa ke anusAra saGkara tathA saMsRSTi ke pRthak-pRthak rUpa isa prakAra haiM : ---- aneka alaGkAroM kA aisA ullekha ki unakA eka hone kA jJAna na ho, saGkara hai / jahA~ do alaGkAra milakara eka bana jAte haiM, vahA~ saGkara nahIM mAnA jAtA ( zleSopamA, upamArUpaka Adi ko saGkara nahIM mAnA jA sakatA ) |udbhtt ne sandeha-saGkara (jahA~ do alaGkAroM ke nirNaya meM sandeha kI sthiti ho ), zabdArthAlaGkAra-saGkara (do bheda, zabda tathA artha ke alaGkAroM kA saGkara tathA kevala arthAlaGkAroM kA saGkara) aura aGgAGgibhAva saGkara ke udAharaNa diye haiM / . aGgAGgibhAva-saGkara meM sabhI alaGkAra eka dUsare kA upakAra karate haiM / aneka zabdArthAlaGkAroM kA paraspara nirapekSa bhAva se ekatra sanniveza saMsRSTi hai / 3 saGkara meM alaGkAroM kA paraspara sApekSa honA tathA saMsRSTi meM paraspara nirapekSa honA- donoM kA vyAvartaka hai / rudraTa ne vAstava, aupamya, atizaya tathA zleSa varga ke sabhI alaGkAroM ke saGkIrNa rUpa ko sAmAnya rUpa se saGkara saMjJA se abhihita kara usake tila - taNDula - nyAya se ( paraspara nirapekSa bhAva se ) tathA nIra-kSIra - nyAya se (paraspara sApekSa bhAva se) avasthAna ke AdhAra para do bheda kiye haiM / ye do bheda udbhaTa ke sRSTi tathA saGkara se abhinna haiM / rudraTa ne daNDI kI paddhati para saGkIrNAlaGkAra 1. draSTavya daNDI, kAvyAdarza, 2, 356-60 2deg draSTavya - udbhaTa, kAvyAlaGkArasArasaMgraha, 5, 20, 26 3. vahI 6, 9, 11

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alaGkAroM kA svarUpa-vikAsa [ 657 ko eka hI mAnakara usake do bheda svIkAra kiye haiM, para dhyAtavya hai ki jahA~ daNDI ne saGkIrNa ke lie 'nAnAlaGkArasaMsRSTi' pada kA prayoga kiyA thA, vahA~ rudraTa ne 'saGkara' zabda kA prayoga kiyaa|' daNDI ke dvArA prayukta saMsRSTi tathA rudraTa ke dvArA prayukta saGkara paryAyavAcI hai| daNDI tathA rudraTa ke bIca udbhaTa ke dvArA saGkIrNAlaGkAra ke lie saMsRSTi aura saGkara, ina do saMjJAoM kI kalpanA ho cukI thI, para rudraTa ne sambhavataH use anAvazyaka mAnA / __ bhoja ne daNDI kI taraha saMsRSTi kA vyApaka svarUpa mAnakara usImeM saGkara ko antarbhukta mAna liyaa| alaGkAroM kI paraspara nirapekSatA tathA sApekSatA para usake bheda ke rUpa meM vicAra kiyA gayA / mammaTa, ruyyaka, vizvanAtha, jayadeva, appayya dIkSita Adi AcAryoM ne udbhaTa kI taraha saMsRSTi tathA saGkara kA paraspara svatantra rUpa meM nirUpaNa kiyaa| unhoMne udbhaTa kI saMsRSTi-saGkara-paribhASA ko hI svIkAra bhI kiyaa| spaSTa hai ki saMsRSTi aura saGkara ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM AcAryoM kI mAnyatA meM ekarUpatA rahI hai| alaGkAroM kA paraspara nirapekSa bhAva se ekatra avasthAna saMsRSTi kA tathA unakA paraspara sApekSa bhAva se ekatra avasthAna saGkara kA sarvamAnya lakSaNa hai| saGkara aura saMsRSTi ke nAma tathA unake astitva ke sambandha meM nimnalikhita tIna mata vyakta hue haiM : (1) alaGkAroM kA saGkIrNa rUpa saMsRSTi kahalAtA hai tathA saMsRSTi ke do rUpa haiM-aneka alaGkAroM kA paraspara sApekSa tathA nirapekSa rUpa se ekatra saMyojana honaa| (2) alaGkAra ke saGkIrNa rUpa ko saGkara kahate haiM aura usake uparilikhita do rUpa haiM / aura (3) saMsRSTi tathA saGkara alaga-alaga haiN| alaGkAroM kI paraspara nirapekSa bhAva se ekatra yojanA saMsRSTi hai tathA unakI paraspara sApekSa yojanA saGkara hai| 1. yogavazAdeteSAM tilataNDulavacca dugdhajalavacca / vyaktAvyaktAMzatvAtsaGkara utpadyate dvadhA // -rudraTa, kAvyAlaGkAra, 10, 25 2. draSTavya,-bhoja, sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa, 4, 88-60 3. draSTavya-mammaTa, kAvyaprakAza, 10, 207-8, ruyyaka, alaGkAra sUtra, 84-85, vizvanAtha, sAhityadarpaNa, 10, 126-28 42

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658 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa vastutaH, saMsRSTi evaM saGkara ko svatantra alaGkAra nahIM mAnakara alaGkAroM kI saGkIrNatA ke do alaga-alaga rUpa mAnA jAnA caahie| ataH, unake pRthak-pRthak astitva kA prazna vizeSa mahattva nahIM rkhtaa| suvidhA ke lie alaGkAroM kI paraspara nirapekSa tathA sApekSa sthiti ko saMsRSTi aura saGkara saMjJA se pRthak-pRthak abhihita kiyA jA sakatA hai| saGkIrNa-bheda saGkIrNa kA eka bheda saMsRSTi hai tathA dUsarA saGkara / saGkara ke sandeha-saGkara tathA aGgAGgibhAva-saGkara; ina do bhedoM ke sAtha udbhaTa ne zabdAlaGkAra tathA arthAlaGkAra ke saGkara ke AdhAra para do aura bheda (zabdAlaGkAra+arthAlaGkAra tathA arthAlaGkAra+arthAlaGkAra) mAne the| pIche calakara samapradhAna ekavacanAnupraveza tathA saGkara-saGkara bhedoM kI bhI kalpanA huii| isa prakAra saGkara ke nimnalikhita bhedoM kI kalpanA kI gayI :-(1) sandehasaGkara, (2) aGgAGgibhAva saGkara, (3) samapradhAna saGkara, (4) ekavacanAnupraveza saGkara tathA (5) saGkara-saGkara / inake atirikta zabdAlaGkAra kA arthAlaGkAra ke sAtha tathA arthAlaGkAra kA arthAlaGkAra ke sAtha saGkara ke AdhAra para bhI usake do bheda mAnya hue haiN| anya alaGkAra do alaGkAroM ke mizrita rUpa se bhI kucha AcAryoM ne navIna alaGkAra kA sadbhAva mAnA hai| upamA-rUpaka Adi aise hI alaGkAra hai, para alaGkAroM ke mizraNa se navIna alaGkAra kI kalpanA se usakI saMkhyA ananta ho jaaygii| isIlie sAhityazAstra meM aisI kalpanA kA svAgata nahIM huaa| aise alaGkAroM ke vikAsa-krama kA adhyayana Avazyaka nahIM jAna pdd'taa|

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SaSTha adhyAya alaGkAroM kA pArasparika bheda hama dekha cuke haiM ki bhAratIya alaGkAra - zAstra meM eka alaGkAra se dhIredhIre aneka alaGkAra utpanna hue haiN| eka alaGkAra ke vyApaka svarUpa ke AdhAra para ekAdhika alaGkAroM ke svarUpa kI kalpanA ke lie una alaGkAroM meM kucha vyAvartaka dharma kI kalpanA kara lI gayI hai / kucha alaGkAroM kA rUpagata bheda to itanA sUkSma hai ki apAtataH ve abhinna hI jAna par3ate haiM / do yA do se adhika samAna dIkhane vAle alaGkAroM kA pArasparika bheda-nirUpaNa kisI alaGkAra ke viziSTa svarUpa ke spaSTIkaraNa kI dRSTi se Avazyaka hai / milatejulate svarUpa vAle anya alaGkAra se eka alaGkAra ke abhinna hone yA usameM antarbhUta hone ke sambhAvita bhrama kA nirAkaraNa karane ke lie kucha AcAryoM ne tattad alaGkAroM ke bIca bhedaka tattva kA vivecana kiyA hai| dhyAtavya hai ki sabhI AcArya sabhI alaGkAroM ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM eka-mata nahIM haiM / kucha alaGkAroM ke sambandha meM to eka AcArya kI dhAraNA dUsare AcArya kI dhAraNA ke ThIka viparIta hai | 2 eka AcArya ke kisI eka alaGkAra kA svarUpa anya AcArya ke dvArA nirUpita kisI anya alaGkAra ke svarUpa se abhinna hai / 1. vAmana, rudraTa Adi AcAryoM ne aprastuta ke kathana se prastuta kI vyaJjanA ko samAsokti kA lakSaNa mAnA thA; para isake viparIta Adhunika AcArya - mammaTa, ruyyaka Adi - prastuta kathana meM aprastuta kI vyaJjanA ko samAsokti mAnate haiM / 2. leza se udbhinna vastu ke chipAne meM daNDI leza alaGkAra mAnate the para ruka Adi ne use vyAjokti mAnA hai / aise aneka udAharaNa dekhe jA sakate haiM /

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660 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa aisI sthiti meM kisI AcArya ke dvArA nirUpita alaGkAra - vizeSa kA usI AcArya ke dvArA svIkRta tathA nirUpita anya alaGkAra se bheda kI parIkSA karane se svastha niSkarSa prApta ho sakatA hai / eka AcArya ke vizeSa alaGkAra ke svarUpa kA anya AcArya ke kisI anya alaGkAra se abheda usa alaGkAravizeSa kI svatantra sattA kA apalApa nahIM kara sakatA / parIkSaNIya yaha hai ki kisI AcArya ne apane eka alaGkAra se anya alaGkAra kA bheda kitanI spaSTatA se pratipAdita kiyA hai / prastuta adhyAya meM milate-julate svabhAva vAle alaGkAroM kA pArasparika bheda-nirUpaNa abhISTa hai / upamA tathA rUpaka upamA tathA rUpaka do prAcInatama upalabdha sAdRzyamUlaka alaGkAra haiM / AcArya bharata ne donoM ke svarUpa ko paribhASita tathA udAhRta kiyA thA / taba se ina donoM alaGkAroM ke prAyaH vaise hI svarUpa svIkRta hote rahe / do vastuoM meM - prastuta tathA aprastuta meM - sAdRzya dikhAkara prastuta kI prabhAva - vRddhi upamA tathA rUpaka; donoM meM kavi kA udda ezya rahatA hai / udda ezya kI isa samatA ke hone para bhI upamA aura rUpaka kI svarUpa - yojanA meM bheda hai / upamA meM upameya tathA upamAna kA paraspara bheda dikhAte hue - donoM kI pRthak-pRthak sattA kA pratipAdana karate hue - donoM ke bIca dharma kI samatA dikhAyI jAtI hai; para rUpaka meM dharma - sAmya ke kAraNa upameya para hI upamAna kA Aropa kara diyA jAtA hai; jisase donoM kA bheda miTa-sA jAtA hai / AcAryoM ne upamA tathA rUpaka ke rUpagata-bheda kA nirdeza sthala-sthala para kiyA hai| hama yahA~ unakI mAnyatAoM kA AlocanAtmaka adhyayana prastuta kareMge / AcArya daNDI ne rUpaka kI paribhASA meM upamA se rUpaka ke sAmya-vaiSamya kA spaSTa saGketa diyA hai / unake anusAra upamA se rUpaka kA kevala itanA bheda hai ki jahA~ upamA meM upamAna aura upameya kA bheda spaSTa rahatA hai, vahA~ rUpaka meM donoM ke bIca kA bheda tirohita rahatA hai / ' bhAmaha Adi ne bhI rUpaka meM upamAna ke sAtha upameya ke 'tattva' arthAt 'tAdra pyarUpaNa' kI carcA kara prastuta tathA aprastuta ke bIca bheda ke tirodhAna kA hI saGka eta diyA thaa| 1 - 1. upamaiva tirobhUtabhedA rUpakamucyate / daNDI, kAvyadarza, 2. draSTavya - bhAmaha, kAvyAlaGkAra, 2, 21 2,66

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alaGkAroM kA pArasparika bheda [661 udbhaTa ne rUpaka-lakSaNa meM gauNI vRtti (lakSaNA zakti) kI carcA kara rUpaka tathA upamA ke lakSaNA tathA abhidhA ke AdhAra para bheda-nirUpaNa kI sambhAvanA ko janma diyaa|' rUpaka meM do bhinna vastuoM-upameya tathA upamAna-kA abheda-pratipAdana lakSaNA zakti se sambhava hotA hai| sAdRzyamUlaka hone ke kAraNa rUpaka meM goNI lakSaNA rahatI hai / niSkarSataH, rUpaka gauNI lakSaNA para AdhRta alaGkAra hai| upamA meM do vastuoM ke bIca sAdharmya vAcya rahatA hai| ataH, upamA abhidhA zakti para Azrita alaGkAra hai| upamA meM sAdharmya vAcya tathA rUpaka meM vyaGgaya hotA hai / ____ rudraTa ne samAsarUpaka tathA samAsopamA kA bheda isa AdhAra para nirUpita kiyA hai ki samAsarUpaka meM upameya apradhAna hotA hai; para isake viparIta samAsopamA meM upamAna apradhAna hotA hai / 2 'mukha-candra' samAsa rUpaka tathA samAsopamA, donoM kA udAharaNa ho sakatA hai / 'mukhaM candra iva' aisA vigraha hone para upamita samAsa hogA aura vaha upamA kA udAharaNa hogA; para 'mukhaM candra eva' vigraha meM rUpaka alaGkAra hogaa| ukta do vigrahoM meM samAsa ke lie vyAkaraNa-zAstra meM pRthak-pRthak vyavasthA hai-(ka) upamitaM vyAghrAdibhiH sAmAnyAprayoge tathA (kha) mayUravyaMsakAdayazca / upamita samAsa upamA alaGkAra kA tathA mayUravyaMsakAdi samAsa rUpaka kA nirNAyaka hai / prayoga ke artha ke AdhAra para upamA tathA rUpaka kA nirNaya kiyA jAtA hai / 'mukhacandra prakAzita ho rahA hai' aise prayoga meM prakAzita honA candramA kA dharma hone se candramA pradhAna hogA; ataH vahA~ rUpaka mAnA jaaygaa| usa sthala meM vigraha hogA'mukhaM candra eva' / 'mukhacandra kA cumbana' aise prayoga meM mukha kA hI cumbana sambhava hone se mukha kI pradhAnatA hogI; ataH vahA~ upamA alaGkAra mAnA jaaygaa| vahA~ vigraha hogA-'mukhaM candra iva' / spaSTa hai ki upamAna ke pradhAna tathA upameya ke upasarjana hone ke sthala meM samAsa-rUpaka tathA upameya ke pradhAna aura upamAna ke upasarjana hone ke sthala meM samAsopamA alaGkAra mAnA jAtA hai| vAmana ne 'mukhacandra' Adi meM sArvatrika rUpa se upamA hI 1. draSTavya-udbhaTa, kAvyAlaGkAra sArasaMgraha, 1,21 tathA usakI vivRti pR0 7,8 2. samAsopamAyA rUpakatvanivRtyarthamAha-upasarjanamapradhAnamupameyaM yatra / ......"samAsopamAyAM tUpamAnamupasarjanam / -rudraTa, kAvyAlaGkAra, pR0 262

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662 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa 1 mAnI hai; para yaha ucita nahIM / aise prayoga meM upameya tathA upamAna meM se eka ke pradhAna tathA dUsare ke gauNa hone ke AdhAra para kramaza: upamA tathA rUpaka kA sadbhAva mAnA hI jAnA cAhie / AcArya ruyyaka ne upamA - lakSaNa meM 'bhedAbhedatulyatva' kA tathA rUpaka - lakSaNa meM 'abhedaprAdhAnya' kA ullekha kara donoM kA bheda-nirUpaNa isa AdhAra para kiyA hai ki jahA~ upamA meM bhedAbheda kA tulya rUpa se prAdhAnya rahatA hai, vahA~ rUpaka meM abheda kA prAdhAnya rahatA hai / isa bheda ko chor3a upamA aura rUpaka meM koI anya bheda nahIM / unhoMne spaSTataH daNDI ke mata kA anusaraNa kiyA hai / do vastuoM meM kucha sAmAnya tathA kucha vizeSa rahane para hI sAdRzya sambhava hotA hai / upamA meM upameya tathA upamAna ke bIca bheda tathA abheda kI pratIti samAna rUpa se hotI hai; para rUpaka meM upameya para upamAna kA abhedAropa ho jAne ke kAraNa abheda kA prAdhAnya ho jAtA hai / rUpaka meM bhI bheda to rahatA hI hai; para abheda - pratIti kA prAdhAnya ho jAtA hai / isa taraha upamA meM prastuta aprastuta ke bIca bheda tathA abheda kI samAna rUpa se pradhAnatA tathA rUpaka meM abheda kI pradhAnatA rahatI hai / ruyyaka ke TIkAkAra jayaratha kI mAnyatA hai ki ruyyaka ne apane grantha 'alaGkArAnusAriNI' 3 meM sAdRzyetara sambandha se hone vAle Aropa meM bhI rUpaka kA sadbhAva mAnA hai / upamA sAdRzya para avalambita hai / yadi sAdRzyetara sambandha meM bhI rUpaka mAnA jAya to yaha bhI upamA tathA rUpaka ke bIca eka bhedaka tattva mAnA jAyagA / ruyyaka ne 'alaGkArasarvasva' meM spaSTa zabdoM meM 'sAdharmyaM tvanugatameva' kahakara rUpaka ko sAdRzya-sambandha taka hI sImita mAnA hai / unake anupalabdha grantha meM jisa mAnyatA kI carcA kI gayI hai vaha 'alaGkAra sarvasva' kI isa mAnyatA ke virodha meM par3atI hai / pramANa ke upalabdha nahIM hone ke kAraNa isa sambandha meM kucha nirNaya denA ucita nahIM 1. mukhacandrAdInAntUpamAsamAsAnna candrAdInAM rUpakatvaM yuktamiti / -- vAmana, kAvyAlaGkAra- sUtra - vRtti, pR0 230 2. ''''abhedaprAdhAnyaM rUpakavat / dvayostulyatvaM yathAsyAm / - alaGkArasarvasva, pR0 23 tulanIya upamAlakSaNa, alaGkArasUtra, 11 tathA rUpaka - lakSaNa sUtra 15 3. yaha grantha upalabdha nahIM /

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alaGkAroM kA pArasparika bheda hogaa| 'alaGkAra-bhASya' tathA 'alaGkAraratnAkara' meM rUpaka ko sAdRzya sambandha tathA sAdRzyetara sambandha--donoM para AdhRta mAnA gayA hai| spaSTa hai ki ina granthoM meM upamA kI apekSA rUpaka kA kSetra adhika vistRta mAnA gayA hai| paNDitarAja jagannAtha ne 'rasagaGgAdhara' meM isa mata kA khaNDana kiyA aura yaha siddhAnta sthApita kiyA ki sAdRzya ke AdhAra para hone vAlA Aropa hI rUpaka alaGkAra kA viSaya hai| unake anusAra kevala gauNI sAropA lakSaNA hI Aropa kA AdhAra hogii| zuddhA lakSaNA taka rUpaka kI vyApti nahIM mAnI jA sktii| vizvanAtha ne upamA tathA rUpaka kA bheda dikhAte hue kahA hai ki upamA meM prastuta tathA aprastuta kA sAmya vAcya hotA hai; para rUpaka meM vaha sAmya vyaGa gya hotA hai / 2 upamA meM sAdRzya-vAcaka zabdoM se, kyaGa Adi pratyayoM se tathA samAsopamA meM upamita Adi samAsa se sAdRzya kA spaSTa pratipAdana hotA hai| rUpaka meM upamAna kA upameya para Aropa hone se upameya ke upamAna se abheda kI pratIti-sAropA lakSaNA se hotI hai aura donoM ke bIca kA sAdharmya vyaGagya hotA hai| appayya dIkSita ne bhI sAdRzya ke vAcya tathA vyaGagya hone ke AdhAra para upamA aura rUpaka ke vibhAga kA mata svIkAra kiyA hai| ataH, upamA kI paribhASA kI vyAkhyA meM unhoMne upamA meM sAdRzya kA spaSTa yA nirvyaGagya honA apekSita batAyA hai|' paNDirAja jagannAtha ne vyaGagyA upamA kA udAharaNa dekara appayya dIkSita Adi kI isa mAnyatA kA khaNDana kiyA hai ki upamA meM sAmya kevala vAcya hotA hai|4 paNDitarAja ko upamA ke bhedAbheda-tulyapradhAna hone ke AdhAra 1. sAdRzyamUlakameva ca tAdAtmyaM rUpakamAmananti / -jagannAtha, rasagaGgAdhara, pR0 355 2. sAmyaM vAcyamavaidharmya vAkyaikya upamA dvayoH / tathA-rUpakAdiSu sAmyasya vyaGagyatvam / ""ityasyA bhedaH / -vizvanAtha, sAhityadarpaNa, 10,17 tathA usakI vRtti pR0 566-67 3. yatropamAnopameyayoH sahRdayahRdayAhlAdakatvena cArusAdRzyamudbha tatayollasati vyaGa gyamaryAdAM vinA spaSTa prakAzate tatropamAlaGkAraH / --appayyadIkSita kuvalayAnanda, vRtti pR0 3 4. kvacidvyaGa gyApi ceyamupamAlaGkAraH / etenAppayyadIkSitarupamAlakSaNe dattamavyaGa gyatvavizeSaNamayuktameva |-jgnnaath, rasagaGgAdhara, pR0283,

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664 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa para abhedapradhAna rUpaka Adi se tathA bhedapradhAna prativastUpamA Adi se bhedanirUpaNa mAnya hai|' niSkarSa yaha ki upamA aura rUpaka; donoM meM samAna rUpa se prastuta aura aprastuta ke bIca sAdRzya-nirUpaNa se prastuta kA upaskAra hotA hai| donoM meM bheda yaha hai ki (ka) upamA meM do bhinna vastuoM kA sAdRzya-nirUpaNa hone ke kAraNa donoM ke bheda aura abheda kI tulyarUpa se pradhAnatA rahatI hai; para rUpaka meM prastuta para aprastuta kA abhedAropa hone ke kAraNa abheda kI pradhAnatA rahatI hai| (kha) upamA mukhyataH abhidhA zakti para Azrita hai; para rUpaka gauNIvRtti arthAt lakSaNA pr| (ga) samAsopamA aura samAsarUpaka meM prayoga kI samatA hone para alaGkAravizeSa kA nirNaya isa AdhAra para hotA hai ki upameya kI pradhAnatA rahane para upamA aura upamAna kI pradhAnatA rahane para rUpaka hotA hai| upamita samAsa meM upameya kI pradhAnatA rahane se upamA tathA mayUravyaMsakAdi samAsa meM upamAna kI pradhAnatA rahane se rUpaka alaGkAra hotA hai / (gha) sAdRzya ke vAcya hone para upamA aura vyaGagya hone para rUpaka mAnakara bhI donoM kA bheda-nirUpaNa huA hai; para vyaGa gyA upamA ke udAharaNa dekara jagannAtha ne isa vibhAjaka AdhAra ko azakta siddha kara diyA hai / upamA aura utprekSA AcArtha daNDI ne sarvaprathama utprekSA aura upamA ke pArasparika bheda kA vizada nirUpaNa kiyaa| isakI AvazyakatA unheM isalie jAna par3I hogI ki kucha zabda samAna rUpa se upamA tathA utprekSA; donoM ke vAcaka haiN| manye, zaGka, mAno Adi to kevala utprekSA ke vAcaka haiM; kintu, iva, sA, Adi sAdRzyavAcaka zabda utprekSA aura upamA donoM ke vAcaka haiM / kriyA ke sAtha iva Adi sAdRzyavAcaka padoM kA prayoga sambhAvanA kA sUcaka hotA hai| ataH, kriyA-pada ke sAtha iva Adi kA prayoga utprekSA kA tathA kriyAtirikta saMjJA vizeSaNa Adi padoM ke sAtha iva Adi sAdRzyavAcaka padoM kA prayoga upamA kA svarUpa-vidhAna karatA hai| 1. evamabhepradhAneSvapi rUpakApahnatipariNAmabhrAntimadullekhAdiSu........ nAstyupamAlaGa kRtitvam / --jagannAtha, rasagaGgAdhara, pR0 248-46 2. vahI, pR0 283 3. daNDI, kAvyAdarza, 2, 226-34

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alaGkAroM kA pArasparika bheda [ 665 upamA meM upamAna siddha tathA utprekSA meM upamAna asiddha hotA hai / siddha hone kA tAtparya hai usakA liGga, saMkhyA aura kAraka se yukta honA / jo pada liGga, saMkhyA tathA kAraka se anvita nahIM ho, usakA artha sAdhya mAnA jAtA hai / ataH kriyA sArvatrika rUpa se sAdhya mAnI gayI hai / kriyA meM AkAMkSA antarnihita (apUrNa) rahatI hai / ataH vaha padArtha kI sAdhyAvasthA kA bodha karAtI hai / 'vAkyapadIya' meM yaha mAnyatA prakaTa kI gayI hai ki kriyA siddha yA asiddha vastu kA sAdhyarUpa meM abhidhAna karatI hai / 2 kriyA ke sAdhya hone ke kAraNa usake sAtha Adi kA prayoga kara upamA alaGkAra kA vidhAna nahIM ho sakatA / vaise sthala meM utprekSA kI hI yojanA hogI, cU~ki sAdhya kriyA ke sAtha prayukta iva Adi pada sambhAvanA - mAtra ke vAcaka hoMge / isI tathya ko dhyAna meM rakhakara mahAbhASyakAra ne kahA thA ki tiGanta arthAt kriyApada ke artha kA upamAna honA ( siddha upamAna honA) sambhava nahIM / 3 AcArya kaiyaTa ne ukta kathana kI vyAkhyA karate hue kahA hai ki kriyA sAdhya svabhAva kI hotI hai / usakA svarUpa aniSpanna rahatA hai / upamAna siddha padArtha hI ho sakatA hai / kriyA-pada kA artha sAdhya hone se vaha upamAna nahIM ho sakatA / 4 vidyA cakravartI kA mata hai ki upamA meM upamAna loka - prasiddha yA tAttvika hotA hai aura utprekSA meM kavikalpita tathA loka meM asiddha / isa AdhAra para upamA aura utprekSA kA bheda-nirUpaNa karane meM do prakAra kI ApattiyA~ uThAyI jA sakatI haiM / eka to yaha ki upamA meM bhI kavikalpita upamAna kI yojanA ho sakatI hai / upamA kA kalpitopamA bheda loka meM asiddha kavi - kalpanA se prasUta upamAna para hI AdhRta hai / dUsare, loka - siddha upamAna se 1. yAvat siddhamasiddha vA sAdhyatvenAbhidhIyate / AzritakramarUpatvAt sA kriyetyabhidhIyate / -- bhartRhari, vAkyapadIya, 3, 8, 1 2. na vai tiGantenopamAnamasti / - pataJjali, mahAbhASya, pANini sUtra, 3, 1, 7 3. uktaJcAbhiyukta :- siddhameva samAnArthamupamAnaM vidhIyate / tiGantArthastu sAdhyatvAdupamAnaM na jAyate / 4. ''''upamAnAMzazcellokataH siddhastadopamaiva dvayossiddhatvAdivazabdaH sAdharmyadyotakaH / yadA tu kavikalpitaH tadotprekSaiva / - alaGkArasarvasva para vidyAcakravartI kI saMjIvanI TIkA pR0 72

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666 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa utprekSA kA rUpa-vidhAna bhI ho sakatA hai| udAhaNArtha 'yaha mukha aisA sundara lagatA hai mAno candramA ho' isa prakAra ke kathana meM upamAna candramA ke siddha hone para bhI utprekSA kI yojanA sambhava hai| ata: upamAna kA lokasiddha honA upamA kA aura upamAna kA loka meM asiddha tathA kevala kavi-pratibhA-prasUta honA utprekSA kA vyavartaka nahIM kahA jA sktaa| yaha kathana vizeSa sandarbha meM hI samIcIna hai| iva Adi vAcaka zabdoM kA kriyApada ke sAtha prayoga hone para, kriyA-padArtha kA sAdhya hone ke kAraNa, sArvatrika rUpa se utprekSA tathA kriyA se bhinna padoM ke sAtha iva Adi kA prayoga hone para, una padoM ke artha kA siddha hone ke kAraNa upamA hotI hai| yaha niyama vAcaka padoM ke prayoga ke sandarbha meM hI ukta alaGkAroM ke pArasparika bheda kA spaSTIkaraNa karatA hai| upamA upamAna kA kathana siddha rUpa meM-liGga-saMkhyA-kAraka-yukta pada se hotA hai| upamAna loka-siddha na hokara kavikalpita bhI ho to upamA ho sakatI hai, yadi upamAna siddha rUpa meM kathita ho| utprekSA meM upamAna sAdhya yA sambhAvanA ke rUpa meM AtA hai| loka-siddha upamAna meM bhI utprekSA ho sakatI hai, yadi upamAna sAdhya rUpa meM yA sambhAvanA ke rUpa meM lAyA jAya / upamA aura ananvaya upamA se ananvaya kI svatantra sattA mAnane meM AcAryoM meM matabheda rahA hai| aneka AcAryoM ne ananvaya ko upamA kA hI eka bheda mAnA hai| AcArya bharata ne sadRzI upamA meM ananvaya ke svarUpa kI kalpanA kI thI / daNDI ne ise hI asAdhAraNopamA nAmaka upamA-bheda svIkAra kiyaa| kucha AcAryoM ne ananvayopamA nAma se bhI ananvaya ko upamA kA hI eka prakAra svIkAra kiyA hai; para bhAmaha Adi aneka AcAryoM ne ananvaya ko svatantra alaGkAra mAnakara usake svarUpa kA nirUpaNa kiyA hai| astu, ananvaya ko upamA-bheda mAnane vAle tathA use upamA se svatantra alaGkAra mAnane vAle sabhI AcArya usake svarUpa ke sambandha meM eka-mata haiN| upamA se ananvaya ke bheda-abheda ke prazna para do mata hone kA kAraNa donoM ke svarUpa kA atizaya sAmya hai| upamA meM do vastuoM kA-upameya tathA upamAna kA-sAdRzya-nirUpaNa hotA hai| usameM do alaga-alaga vastuoM kA sAdharmya vivakSita hotA hai| ananvaya meM bhI sAdRzya kA nirUpaNa hotA hai; para vaha sAdRzya upameya kA upameya ke sAtha hI

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alaGkAroM kA pArasparika bheda [ 667 dikhAyA jAtA hai / jaba kavi ko varNya vastu ke samAna anya koI vastu nahIM mila pAtI, jise vaha varNya kA upamAna banA sake taba vaha varNya vastu ko hI -- upameya ko hI -- usakA upamAna bhI kalpita kara letA hai / ananvaya meM jo upameya hotA hai, vahI apanA upamAna bhI hotA hai / isa prakAra upamA aura ananvaya meM sAdRzya - nirUpaNa kI prakriyA kI samAnatA hone para bhI donoM meM kavi kA uddezya alaga-alaga rahatA hai / upamA meM varNya vastu kA anya vastu ( upamAna) ke sAtha sAdRzya vivakSita rahatA hai para ananvaya meM varNya vastu ke anya kisI bhI vastu ke sAtha sAdRzya ke abhAva kI pratIti vivakSita rahatI hai / varNya kA anya vastu ke sAtha sAdRzya-vyavaccheda dikhAne ke lie hI kavi upameya ko hI eka mAtra usake (upameya ke ) samAna batAtA hai / paNDitarAjajagannAtha kI mAnyatA hai ki kalpitopamA meM bhI asat upamAna kI kalpanA se prakArAntara se sat upamAna kA niSedha sUcita hotA hai / isa prakAra anya sAdRzya-vyavaccheda --- sat upamAna- vyavaccheda - kalpitopamA aura ananvaya meM samAna rUpa se vivakSita rahatA hai / ataH, kalpitopamA se ananvaya kA vyavacchedaka usameM upamAna tathA upameya kI ekatA hI hai / ' prazna yaha hai ki sAdRzya do yA aneka vastuoM ke bIca hI sambhava hotA hai / vaha do yA do se adhika vastuoM ke bIca rahane vAlA dharma hai; phira eka hI vastu meM sAdRzya-nirUpaNa kI kyA yukti hogI ? appayya dIkSita Adi kucha AcAryoM ne ananvaya saMjJA kI sArthakatA anyasAdRzya-vyavaccheda ke atirikta apane meM apane sAdRzya ke anvaya ke abhAva meM bhI mAnI hai / kisI vastu kA anya vastu ke sAtha sAdRzya hI anvita hotA / usa vastu kA usI ke sAtha sAdRzya dikhAne meM anvaya kA abhAva rahatA hai / ataH, una AcAryoM ke anusAra ananvaya anvartha abhidhAna hai / lekina ananvita kalpanA ko kAvyAlaGkAra kA svarUpa mAnanA samasyA kA santoSajanaka samAdhAna nahIM hai / samudrabandha ne ukta 1. kalpitopamAyAmatiprasaGgavA raNAyaikopamAnopameyakamiti / atrAsata upamAnasya kalpanayA sadupamAnaM nAstIti dvitIya sadRzavyavacchedasya / sti pratItiH / - jagannAtha, rasagaGgAdhara, pR0 323 2. dharmaikye hi svasya svenopamA nAnvetItyananvaya ityanvarthaM nAma / - appayyadIkSita, citramImAMsA pR0 46 / tathA -- ekasyaiva siddhasAdhyarUpeNopamAnopameyatvenA vidyamAno'nvayaH sambandho yatra sa tathoktaH / -vimarzanI, pR0 38

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668 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa prazna ke uttara meM kahA hai ki yadyapi ananvaya meM upameya aura upamAna eka hI vastu hotI hai, para usakA zabdataH do bAra ullekha hotA hai| eka hI vastu kA zabdataH do bAra ullekha ho to vastu ke bhinna-bhinna hone kA AbhAsa milatA hai| tAttvika abhinnatA hone para bhI vastu kI vibhinnatA kI pratIti ho jAtI hai tathA bhinna pratIta hotI huI vastu dUsarI vastu ( vastutaH usI vastu) ke sadRza samajha lI jAtI hai| ataH 'arjuna arjuna ke hI samAna the' yaha kahane meM arjuna kA dUsare zabda se abhihita, ataH bhinna pratIta arjuna ke sAtha sAdRzya anvita ho jAtA hai| vidyAcakravartI ne isa tathya ko aura bhI spaSTa zabdoM meM prastuta kiyA hai| unake anusAra ananvaya meM upameya ke lie prayukta zabda kA vAcya artha grahaNa hotA hai aura upamAna ke rUpa meM prayukta usI zabda kA vyaGa gya artha grahaNa hotA hai| eka artha vAcya tathA dUsarA vyaGa gya hone se paraspara bhinna hotA hai aura isa prakAra donoM meM (tattvataH eka meM hI) sAdRzya-nirUpaNa sambhava hotA hai / 2 niSkarSa yaha ki upamA aura ananvaya meM sAdRzya nirUpaNa kI bahuta kucha samatA hone para bhI donoM meM nimnalikhita "bheda hai (ka) upamA meM bhinna-bhinna vastuoM meM upamAnopameya-bhAva kI kalpanA kara upameya kA upamAna se sAdRzya-nirUpaNa hotA hai / ananvaya meM eka hI vastu meM-vastu kA do bAra zabdataH ullekha karaupamAnopameya-bhAva kI kalpanA kara usa vastu kA usI se sAdRzya-nirUpaNa hotA hai| (kha) upamA meM prastuta vastu kA anya vastu se sAdRzya vivakSita hotA hai; para ananvaya meM prastuta vastu kA anya sAdRzya-vyavaccheda dikhAnA abhISTa hotA hai| kisI vastu ko kevala apane sadRza kahane kA tAtparyArtha usake samAna kisI anya vastu ke nahIM hone kA hotA hai| kalpitopamA meM bhI anya-sAdRzya 1. eka evArthaH zabdena dvirabhihito bhinnvdvbhaaste| tasmAdarjuno'rjuna ivetyAdau ekasyaivArjunazabdasya zabda-vAcyAkAraparyAlocanena bhedAvabhAsAt pUrvanirdiSTasya sAdhAdirUpasyAnugamaH sambandho veditavyaH / --samudrabandha, pR0 26 2. pUrvarUpamupameyatvam / tadanugamo vAcyAbhiprAyeNa yat punarapUrvarUpamupamAnatvaM tadanugamo vyaGa gybhipraayenn| -alaGkAra sUtra, saMjIvanI, pR0 43

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alaGkAroM kA pArasparika bheda [ 666 vyavaccheda iSTa hotA hai; para usase ananvaya kA bheda yaha hai ki ananvaya meM upamAna tathA upameya eka hI hotA hai jabaki kalpitomA meM alaga-alaga / (ga) razanopamA meM eka vAkya kA upameya uttaravartI vAkya meM upamAna banatA calatA hai| eka hI upameya kA upamAnatva vAkya-bheda se hone ke kAraNa razanopamA ananvaya se bhinna hai| ananvaya meM eka hI vAkya meM jo upameya rahatA hai, use apanA hI upamAna kalpita kiyA jAtA hai| razanopamA meM upameya upamAna to banatA hai; para vAkya-bheda se apanA nahIM; anya kaa| yahI ananvaya aura razanopamA kA bheda hai / upamA aura upameyopamA upameyopamA ko bhI kucha AcAryoM ne upamA kA eka bheda mAnA hai to anya AcAryoM ne usakI gaNanA svatantra alaGkAra ke rUpa meM kI hai| upamA meM prasiddha upamAna ke sAtha varNya vastu kI upamA dI jAtI hai| upameyopamA meM bhI prasiddha upamAna ke sAtha varNya arthAt upameya kI upamA dI jAtI hai; para isake sAtha hI usameM varNya vastu ke sAtha upamAna kI bhI upamA dI jAtI hai| isa prakAra upameyopamA kI rUpa-yojanA kI prathama prakriyA-upamAna ke sAtha upameya kA sAdRzya-nirUpaNa-upamA ke samAna hai; para usakI dUsarI prakriyA isake pratIpa rUpa meM-upameya ke sAtha upamAna ke sAdRzya-nirUpaNa ke rUpa meM hotI hai| varNya kA upamAna ke sAtha tathA upamAna kA varNya ke sAtha sAdRzya-nirUpaNa hone ke kAraNa upameyopamA ko anyonyopamA abhidhAna se bhI abhihita kara kucha AcAryoM ne upamA kA hI eka bheda svIkAra kiyA hai|' ___ upamA meM varNya kA kisI upamAna se sAdRzya-pratipAdana anya upamAna se usake sAdRzya kI sambhAvanA kA niSedha nahIM karatA; para upameyopamA meM do vastuoM-upameya tathA upamAna-ke bIca pArasparika sAdRzya kA niyamana una donoM ke tRtIya-vastu-sAdRzya-vyavaccheda meM pariNata hotA hai| yaha varNya vastu amuka upamAna ke sadRza hai tathA vaha upamAna isa upameya ke sadRza hai' isa kathana kA tAtyarya yaha hotA hai ki varNya ke sadRza usa upamAna ke atirikta 1. AcArya daNDI kI anyonyopamA paravartI AcAryoM kI upameyopamA se abhinna hai|

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670 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa anya koI vastu nhiiN| udbhaTa, rudraTa tathA paNDitarAja jagannAtha ne upameyopamA kI paribhASA meM 'tRtIyasAdRzya-vyavaccheda' kA ullekha bhI kiyA hai|' jahA~ 'tRtIya-sAdRzya-vyavaccheda' vivakSita nahIM ho, vahA~ to upamA mAnI jAyagI, jise ' parasparopamA Adi saMjJA dI jA sakatI hai; para 'tRtIya sAdRzya-vyavaccheda' vivakSita hone para upameyopamA mAnI jaaygii| ataH, udbhaTa, rudraTa, jagannAtha Adi ke matAnusAra 'tRtIya-sAdRzya-vyavaccheda' ko upameyopamA kA vyavacchedaka dharma mAnA jAnA caahie| niSkarSataH, upamA aura upameyopamA meM bheda yaha hai ki : (ka) upamA meM upameya kA upamAna ke sAtha sAdRzya batAyA jAtA hai| upameyopamA meM upameya aura upamAna kA paraspara sAdRzya dikhAyA jAtA hai / upameya ko upamAna ke sadRza kaha denA upamA ke rUpa-vidhAna ke lie paryApta hai; para upameya ko upamAna ke sadRza kahakara punaH upamAna ko upameya ke sadRza kahanA upameyopamA ke vidhAna ke lie apekSita hai| (kha) upameyopamA meM upameya tathA upamAna kA paraspara sAdRzya dikhAne ke lie do vAkyoM kA prayoga Avazyaka hotA hai| eka vAkya meM upameya ko upamAna ke sadRza tathA dUsare vAkya meM upamAna ko upameya ke sadRza batAyA jAtA hai| upamA meM upameya kA upamAna ke sAtha sAdRzya-nirUpaNa eka hI vAkya meM ho sakatA hai| (ga) upameyopamA meM do vastuoM-upameya aura upamAna-kA paraspara 'sAdRzya-nirUpaNa tRtIya vastu ke sAdRzya ke niSedha meM pariNata hotA hai; para upamA meM eka vastu kA dUsarI vastu ke sAtha-upameya kA upamAna ke sAthasAdRzya-nirUpaNa anya vastu ke sAdRzya kI sambhAvanA kA niSedha nahIM krtaa| upamA aura prativastUpamA prativastUpamA ko bhAmaha, daNDI Adi AcAryoM ne upamA kA hI eka bheda mAnA hai; para adhikAMza AlaGkArikoM ne use svatantra alaGkAra mAnA hai| prativastUpamA aupamya-garbha alaGkAra to hai; para upamA se abhinna nhiiN| usake 1. draSTavya - udbhaTa, kAvyAlaGkAra, 5,27, rudraTa, kAvyAlaGkAra, 8,6 (ubhayopamA) tathA jagannAtha, rasagaGgAdhara, pR0 306 2. draSTavya-jagannAtha, rasagaGgAdhara, pR0 309-10

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alaGkAroM kA pArasparika bheda [ 671 vizeSAdhAyaka aneka tattvoM kA nirdeza upalabdha hai / udbhaTa ne do vAkyArthoM meM - sAdRzya-nirUpaNa kI dRSTi se prativastUpamA ko upamA ke samAna mAnakara donoM ke do bhedaka tattvoM kA saGketa diyA hai - ( 1 ) prativastUpamA meM upameya aura upamAna; donoM ke sAtha -- upameya vAkya tathA upamAna vAkya; donoM meM sAdhAraNa dharma kA upAdAna hotA hai, jaba ki upamA meM sAdhAraNa dharma kA eka hI bAra nirdeza paryApta mAnA jAtA hai / ( 2 ) prativastUpamA meM upamAvAcI zabda kA prayoga nahIM hotA, upamA meM 'iva' Adi vAcaka zabdoM kA prayoga hotA hai ( luptopamA meM bhale samAsa Adi ke kAraNa vaha vAcaka zabda lupta rahe ) / ' vAmana ne bhI vAkyArthopamA se prativastUpamA kA bhedanirUpaNa udbhaTa kI paddhati para hI kiyA hai / unakI mAnyatA hai ki prativastUpamA meM do vAkyArtha rahate haiM, jinameM se eka upameya hotA hai aura dUsarA upamAna; para vAkyArthopamA meM upameya aura upamAna -upameya vAkya aura upamAna vAkya - artha kI dRSTi se eka hI vAkya banate haiM / ataH, vAkyArthopamA meM eka vAkyArtha meM upamAnopameya-bhAva kI kalpanA hotI hai; para prativastUpamA meM do vAkyArthoM meM upamAnopameya-bhAva kalpita hotA hai, yaha donoM kA pArasparika bheda haiM / udyotakAra ne isa tathya ko hI spaSTa zabdoM meM kahA hai ki upamA meM vAkyArthoM ke bIca sAdhAraNa dharma iva Adi vAcaka zabda se kathita hotA hai; para prativastUpamA meM vastu prativastu bhAvApanna vAkyArthoM meM aupamya sadA gamya hI hotA hai / yaha donoM kA bheda hai / 3 mammaTa, ruyyaka, vizvanAtha, jayadeva, appayya dIkSita Adi upamA aura prativastUpamA ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM ekamata haiM / jagannAtha ne prativastUpamA ke bhedapradhAna tathA upamA ke bhedAbheda - tulyapradhAna hone ke AdhAra para bhI donoM kA bheda nirUpaNa kiyA hai / upamA tathA prati 1. draSTavya - udbhaTa, kAvyAlaGkAra sArasaMgraha, 1, 51-52 tathA usakI vivRti pR0 16 2. atra ( prativastUpamAyAM ) dvau vAkyArthI, eko vAkyArtha upamAyAmiti bhedaH / - vAmana, kAvyAlaGkAra sUtravRtti, pR0 223 3. na ca "vAkyArthopamAyAmativyAptiriti vAcyam vastuprativastubhAvApannasAdhAraNadharmakaM vAkyArthayorgamyamaupamyamityasya vivakSitatvAt tatra tu ivazabdena vAcyamevetyadoSAt / -- kAvyaprakAza kI udyotaTIkA, bAlabodhinI TIkA meM uddhRta, pR0 634 4. dravya - jagannAtha, rasagaGgAdhara, pR0 248-49

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672 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa vastUpamA ke sarvasammata svarUpa para tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra karane para donoM ke bIca nimnalikhita bhedaka tattva upalabdha hote haiM : ( 1 ) upamA meM aupamya padArthagata hotA hai; para prativastUpamA meM vAkyArthagata / prativastUpamA meM do vAkyArthoM ke bIca hI sAdRzya- nirUpaNa hotA hai / upamA meM aupamya kI vizrAnti pada ke artha meM hI hotI hai / (2) upamA meM eka vAkya hotA hai, para prativastUpamA meM do vAkyoMupameya vAkya tathA upamAna vAkya - kA rahanA Avazyaka hai / vAkyArthopamA meM bhI do vAkya rahate avazya haiM; para ve anyonyAzrita hone ke kAraNa eka hI vAkya mAne jAte haiM / prativastUpamA ke donoM vAkya svatantra rahate haiM / (3) upamA meM sAdhAraNa dharma kA sakRt upAdAna hotA hai para prativastUpamA meM usakA asakRt upAdAna hotA hai / prativastUpamA meM upameya tathA upamAna vAkyoM meM samAna dharma kA zabdabheda se pRthak-pRthak nirdeza Avazyaka hai, para upamA meM eka hI bAra sAdhAraNa dharma kA nirdeza hotA hai / (4) upamA meM 'iva' Adi upamAvAcI zabdoM kA upAdAna hotA hai / prativastUpamA meM vAcaka zabda kA upAdAna nahIM hotA / (5) upamA meM bhedAbheda kI tulya rUpa se pradhAnatA rahatI hai / prativastUpamA bheda-pradhAna alaGkAra hai / upamA aura vyatireka upamAna kI apekSA upameya kA guNotkarSa - varNana sabhI AcArya vyatireka kA lakSaNa mAnate haiM / kucha AcAryoM ne vyatireka ke isa svarUpa ke sAtha-sAtha upameya kI apekSA upamAna ke guNotkarSa - varNana ko bhI vyatireka kA eka rUpa mAnA hai / eka kI apekSA dUsare kA apakarSa - varNana bhI vyatireka kA eka rUpa mAnA gayA hai, kyoMki pariNAmataH aise varNana meM bhI eka kA dUsarI vastu kI apekSA utkarSa siddha hotA hai / upamAna meM guNotkarSa kI dhAraNA nihita hI rahatI hai / isIlie to usake sAtha tulanA kara upameya kA utkarSa - sAdhana kiyA jAtA hai / isa yukti para kucha AcArya upamAnotkarSa - varNana meM vyatireka alaGkAra nahIM mAnate / upamA ke sAtha vyatireka ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana se yaha tathya spaSTa hai ki upamA meM prastuta kA aprastuta se sAdRzya batAyA jAtA hai, para vyatireka meM prastutakA aprastuta se Adhikya batAyA jAtA hai / upamAnAdhikya varNana-rUpa

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alaGkAroM kA pArasparika bheda [ 673 vyatireka kA upamA se yaha bheda hai ki upamA meM alaGkAra-yojanA ke mUla meM upamAna ke guNAdhikya kI dhAraNA nihita rahane para bhI usakA upameya kI apekSA Adhikya varNita nahIM hotA, apitu upamAna samAna hI upameya ko bhI guNavAna batAyA jAtA hai, para vyatireka meM upamAna kA Adhikya bhI spaSTataH pratipAdita hotA hai / eka kA dUsare kI apekSA apakarSa-varNana kara ke bhI vyatireka kI rUpa-yojanA hotI hai, kyoMki usase eka kA dUsare se Adhikya - vyatirekasUcita hotA hai / ataH, vyatireka meM pratyakSa rUpa se yA prakArAntara se eka vastu kI apekSA dUsarI vastu kA ( upamAna tathA upameya meM se kisI eka kI apekSA dUsare kA) Adhikya - varNana hotA hai; para upamA meM upamAna, tathA upameya kA sAdRzya nirUpita hotA hai / vizvanAtha ne donoM kA eka bhedaka tattva yaha mAnA hai ki vyatireka vaidharmya se bhI hotA hai; para upamA meM viruddha dharma kA abhAva Avazyaka hai / ' appayya dIkSita ke anusAra upamAna aura upameya kA vizeSa yA vailakSaNya-varNana vyatireka kA lakSaNa hai / 2 isa dRSTi se upamA se vyatireka kA yaha bheda spaSTa hai ki jahA~ upamA meM upamAna aura upameya kA sAdRzya dikhAyA jAtA hai, vahA~ vyatireka meM donoM kA vailakSaNya nirUpita hotA hai / upamA zrara pratIpa pratIpa upamA kA viparItadharmA alaGkAra hai / isImeM pratIpa nAma kI sArthakatA hai / daNDI ne upamAnopameya-bhAva kI prasiddhi ke vaiparItya ko pratIpa nAmakaraNa kA hetu mAnA hai / upamA meM prastuta vastu kI aprastuta vastu se upamA dene kA jo prasiddha krama hai, usake viparIta pratIpa meM prastuta ke sAtha hI aprastuta kI upamA dI jAtI hai; arthAt isameM prasiddha upamAna ko upameya ke rUpa meM kalpita kara liyA jAtA hai / isa vaiparItya kI prakRti ko dRSTi meM rakhakara hI daNDI ne pratIpa ko viparyAsopamA nAma se upamA kA eka bheda mAnA hai / 3 pratIpa meM upameya kI upamAna ke rUpa meM kalpanA kA uddezya varNya vastu kA aprastuta kI apekSA Adhikya nirUpaNa hotA hai / hama isa tathya para vicAra kara 1. sAmyaM vAcyamavaidharmya vAkyaikya upamA dvayoH / tathA...vyatireke ca vaidharmyasyApyuktiH / ityasyA ( upamAyA ) bheda: / - vizvanAtha, sAhityadarpaNa, 10, 17 tathA usakI vRtti, pR0 597 2. vyatireko vizeSazcedupamAnopameyayoH / - - appayya dI0 kuvalayA0, 57 3. draSTavya - daNDI, kAvyAdarza, 2,17 43

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674 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa cuke haiM ki sAmAnyataH upamAna meM upameya kI apekSA adhika guNa kI dhAraNA nihita rahatI hai| pratIpa meM jaba varNya vastu ko hI upamAna banA kara usake sAtha aprastuta kI upamA dI jAtI hai, taba pAThaka ko upamAna kI apekSA upameya meM guNotkarSa kA bodha ho jAtA hai| ataH, upamA se pratIpa kA eka bhedaka tattva yaha bhI mAnA jA sakatA hai ki jahAM upamA meM kavi kA uddezya upameya kA upamAna ke sAtha sAdRzya-nirUpaNa kara upameya kA upaskAra karanA hotA hai, vahAM pratIpa meM upamAna kA upameya ke sAtha sAdRzya-nirUpaNa kara upamAna kI apekSA upameya ke guNAdhikya kA bodha karAnA iSTa hotA hai / mammaTa, ruyyaka Adi AcAryoM ne pratIpa kI paribhASA meM hI usake ukta vyAvartaka dharma kA ullekha kara diyA hai| upamAna kA AkSepa-nindA yA niSedha-tathA usake tiraskAra ke lie upameya ke rUpa meM usakI kalpanA, unake anusAra pratIpa ke do rUpa haiN| ina donoM rUpoM meM pariNAmataH upamAna kI apekSA upameya ke Adhikya kA bodha hotA hai|' appayya dIkSita ke pAMco pratIpa-bhedoM meM upameya ke utkarSa para bala diyA gayA hai| niSkarSa yaha ki : (ka) pratIpa rUpa-vidhAna kI dRSTi se upamA kA viparItadharmA hai; kyoMki isameM prasiddha upamAna ko upameya ke rUpa meM kalpita kiyA jAtA hai| (kha) donoM alaGkAroM kI yojanA meM kavi ke uddezya meM yaha bheda hotA hai ki upamA meM kavi do vastuoM-upameya aura upamAna--meM sAdRzya dikhAkara prastuta kA upaskAra karanA cAhatA hai; para pratIpa meM vaha upamAna kI apekSA varNya vastu ko adhika utkRSTa pramANita karanA cAhatA hai / upamA aura pariNAma pariNAma meM rUpaka kI taraha prakRta para aprakRta kA Aropa hone se donoM kI abhedapratIti hotI hai| ataH, rUpaka kI taraha pariNAma bhI abhedapradhAna alaGkAra hai / upamA meM prakRta kA aprakRta ke sAtha sAdRzya-nirUpaNa hone se donoM 1. ""upamAnatayA prasiddhasya usamAnAntaravivakSayA'nAdarArthamupameyabhAvaH kalpyate"-mammaTa, kAvyaprakAza, 10,133 kI vRtti tathA upamA nasyAkSepa upameyatAkalpanaM vA pratIpam / -ruyyaka, alaGkAra sUtra, 69 2. draSTavya-appayya dIkSita, kuvalayAnanda, 12-16

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alaGkAroM kA pArasparika bheda [ 675 ke bIca bheda aura abheda kI tulyapradhAnatA rahatI hai| isa prakAra upamA bhedAbhedatulyapradhAna aura pariNAma abhedapradhAna alaGkAra hai| upamA aura ubhayanyAsa AcArya rudraTa ne ubhayanyAsa alaGkAra kA nirUpaNa karate hue upamA se usake sAmya-vaiSamya kA saGketa diyA hai| yaha dhyAtavya hai ki ubhayanyAsa kA nAma-mAtra navIna hai; usakA svarUpa anya AcAryoM ke prativastUpamA alaGkAra se abhinna hai| ataH, upamA se ubhayanyAsa ko vyAvartita karane vAle ve hI tattva haiM, jina tattvoM para prativastUpamA ke vyAvartaka ke rUpa meM vicAra kiyA jA cukA hai| namisAdhu ne upamA tathA ubhayanyAsa ke pradhAna bheda kA nirdeza karate hue kahA hai ki upamA meM upamAna tathA upameya ke bIca sAdhAraNa dharma kA tathA 'iva' Adi sAdRzyavAcaka zabdoM kA nirdeza hotA hai; para ubhayanyAsa meM unakA ullekha nahIM hotaa| isa sandarbha meM upamA aura prativastUpamA kA 'bheda draSTavya hai| upamA aura sAmya rudraTa, bhoja Adi ne upamA se pRthak sAmya alaGkAra kA astitva svIkAra kiyA hai| upamA meM do vastuoM meM sAdRzya nirUpita hotA hai; para sAmya meM do vastuoM ke bIca sAdhAraNa rUpa se rahane vAle guNa-kriyA-saMsthAna Adi ke kAraNa upameya kA upamAna ke sAtha arthakriyA se sarvAtmanA sAmya dikhAyA jAtA hai| samAna guNa Adi ke kAraNa jahA~ upameya ke dvArA hI upamAna kA kArya kiye jAne kA varNana ho, vahA~ sAmya hogaa| isa prakAra rUpa-vidhAna kI dRSTi se upamA aura sAmya ke prathama rUpa meM yaha bheda hai ki upamA meM kavi upameya aura upamAna ke bIca kevala sAdRzya dikhAtA hai; para sAmya meM donoM ke bIca sAdRzya ke kAraNa upameya ke dvArA upamAna kA kArya kiye jAne kA varNana karatA hai| 'mukha candramA-sA kAntimAna hai' yaha kathana to upamA kA udAharaNa hogA; para apanI kAnti se mukha hI candramA kA kAma (prakAza) kara rahA hai', 1. evamabhedapradhAneSvapi rUpakApahna tipariNAmabhrAntimadullekhAdiSu....... ____nAstyupamAlaGa kRtitvam |-jgnnaath, rasagaGgAdhara, pR0 248,46 2. upayAyAM hi sAmAnyasyevAdezca prayogaH iha (ubhayanyAse) tu naivetyarthaH / -rudraTa, kAvyAlaGkAra, 8,85 para namisAdhu kI vRtti, pR0 282

Page #699
676 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa yaha sAmya kA udAharaNa hogA; kyoMki isameM artha-kriyA se upameya kA upamAna se sarvAtmanA sAmya dikhAyA gayA hai / sAmya kA eka rUpa vaha bhI hai, jisameM upameya ke utkarSa ke sUcaka vizeSa ko chor3a zeSa bAtoM meM upameya aura upamAna kA sarvAtmanA sAmya dikhAyA jAtA ho / bhoja ne upamA aura sAmya meM kevala rUpa-vidhAna kA bheda mAnA hai / ' do vastuoM kA sAdRzya upamA aura donoM meM vivakSita hotA hai / sAmya meM do vastuoM kA sarvAtmanA sAmya dikhAne ke lie eka ke dvArA dUsare ke kArya sampAdana kI kalpanA kI jAtI hai / paravartI AcAryoM ne sAmya kA svatantra astitva hI svIkAra nahIM kiyA hai / sambhava hai ki upamA, rUpaka Adi se pRthaka sAmya ke svarUpa kI kalpanA unheM anAvazyaka jAna par3I ho / sAmya; upamA aura samuccaya rudraTa ne aupamya garbha - samuccaya meM upamAnopameya-bhUta aneka arthoM kA eka dharmAbhisambandha apekSita mAnA thA / aneka arthoM kA eka sAdhAraNa dharma se yukta honA samuccaya kA vyAvartaka lakSaNa hai / samuccaya meM jina aneka arthoM kA eka sAmAnya-sambandha dikhalAyA jAtA ho, unameM upamAnopameya bhAva honA Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai / aneka arthoM meM upamAnopameya-bhAva kI kalpanA hone se samuccaya ke upamA se bhedaka tattva kA nirdeza Avazyaka jAna pdd'aa| isa lie rudraTa ne samuccaya kI paribhASA meM 'anivAdi' pada kA ullekha kiyA hai / upamA meM sAdRzya ke vAcaka 'iva' Adi kA prayoga hotA hai; para samuccaya meM 'iva' Adi vAcaka kA prayoga nahIM hotA / niSkarSataH, upamA aura aupamya vargagata samuccaya meM mukhya do bheda haiM (1) samuccaya meM aneka arthoM (do se adhika) kA eka sAdhAraNa dharma se sambandha dikhAnA Avazyaka hai, jaba ki upamA meM do vastuoM -- upameya 1. draSTavya - bhoja, sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa, 4- 34 tathA usapara jagaddhara kI TIkA- 'yadyapi triSu ( sAmyopamArUpakeSu) sAdRzyamasti tathApi prakArakRto bheda iti bhAvaH / - sarasvatI kaNThAbharaNa, pR0 367 2. so'yaM samucccayaH syAdyatrAneko'rtha ekasAmAnyaH / anivAdidravyAdiH satyupamAnopameyatve // - upamAyAH samuccayatvanivRtyarthamAha-anivAdiH / upamAyAmivAdi - zabda prayoga ityarthaH / - rudraTaH kAvyAlaGkAra, 8,103 tathA usakI namisAdhukRta, TippaNI pR0 268

Page #700
alaGkAroM kA pArasparika bheda [ 677 aura upamAna ke bIca kisI sAdhAraNa dharma kA nirdeza paryApta hotA hai| (2) upamA meM 'iva' Adi vAcaka zabda kA prayoga hotA hai ( vAcakaluptA upamA meM bhale vaha lupta ho ); para samuccaya meM 'iva' Adi vAcaka zabda kA prayoga nahIM hotaa| rUpaka aura sAmya sAmya meM upameya kA upamAna se sarvAtmanA sAmya dikhAne ke lie upame ya ke dvArA hI upamAna kA kArya sampAdita kiye jAne kA varNana hotA hai| ataH, rUpaka se sAmya kI samatA isa bAta meM hai ki sAmya meM upamAna ke kArya kA upameya para Aropa ho jAtA hai| bhoja ne upamA aura rUpaka se sAmya kI svarUpagata samatA ko dRSTi meM rakhate hue sAmya-lakSaNa meM 'upamArUpakAnyatve' kA ullekha kiyA hai| TIkAkAra jagaddhara ne ukta pada ke vyAkhyAna-krama meM kahA hai ka yadyapi tInoM meM (upamA, rUpaka aura sAmya meM) sAdRzya hai, phira bhI unameM racanA-prakAra kA bheda hai|' rUpaka meM eka vastu para anya vastu kAprastuta para aprastuta kA Aropa kiyA jAtA hai, sAmpa meM upameya aura upamAna ke bIca samAna guNa Adi ke kAraNa upameya kA upamAna se artha-kriyA se samatA dikhAyI jAtI hai / rUpaka aura samuccaya aupamya-vargagata samuccaya meM rUpaka kI sambhAvanA kA nivAraNa karane ke lie rudraTa ne upamAnopameya-bhAva kI AvazyakatA para bala diyA hai| rUpaka meM abheda kI pradhAnatA hotI hai, para aupamyagarbha samuccaya upamA Adi kI taraha 'bhedAbheda-tulya-pradhAna alaGkAra hai| rUpaka aura atizayokti ___ rUpaka ke bheda meM apahnava-rahita abheda kA nirUpaNa hotA hai, arthAt paraspara bhinna upameya aura upamAna meM se upameya para upamAna kA Aropa kara 1. yadyapi triSu sAdRzyamasti tathApi prakArakRto bheda iti bhAvaH / -sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa, 4-34 kI TIkA pR0 367 2. draSTavya-rudraTa, kAvyAlaGkAra, 8, 103 tathA usapara namisAdhukRta TippaNI-evamapi rUpakatvaM syAdityata Aha-satyupamAnopameyatva iti / rUpake hyabheda eva hetubhedaH / namisAdhu-TippaNI, pR0 288

Page #701
678 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa donoM ko abhinna rUpa meM prastuta kiyA jAtA hai| atizayokti (rUpakAtizayokti) meM varNya vastu kA nigaraNa kara anya vastu ke sAtha usakA AhArya abheda dikhAyA jAtA hai| viSaya kA nimaraNa-pUrvaka adhyavasAna-viSaya kA ullekha na kara yA use gauNa banAkara viSayI ke sAtha abheda-pratipAdanaatizayokti kA svarUpa hai| ataH usameM upameya kA upameyagata dharma ke rUpa meM ullekha nahIM hotA / upamAna ke utlekha se hI upameya ke dharma kA tathA upamAna aura upameya ke abheda kA nizcaya karAyA jAtA hai| isa prakAra rUpaka se atizayokti kA mukhya bheda yaha hai ki rUpaka meM upameya aura upamAna; donoM kA ullekha ( upameya para upamAna kA Aropa karane ke lie) hotA hai| para, atizayokti meM donoM ke abhedAdhyavasAna ke lie upameya kA nigaraNa arthAt kevala upamAna kA ullekha hotA hai| jagannAtha ne rUpaka meM upameya kA 'puraskAra' Avazyaka mAnakara unhoMne atizayokti se yaha bheda kiyA hai ki adhyavasAnA lakSaNAmUlaka atizayokti meM upameya kA puraskAra nahIM hotaa|' rUpaka aura pariNAma rUpaka meM prastuta vastu para aprastuta kA Aropa kara aprastuta ke dharma kI prastuta meM abhedena sAdRzyapratIti karAyI jAtI hai| isa abhedena sAdRzyapratIti yA tAdra pyapratIti se prastuta vastu kA upaskAra hotA hai| pariNAma alaGkAra meM AropyamANa arthAt aprastuta vastu tAdra pyapratIti se prastuta vastu kA upaskAra to karatI hI hai| sAtha hI isa alaGkAra meM usakI (aprastuta kI) prakRta artha meM upayogitA bhI dikhAyI jAtI hai / isa prakAra prastuta para aprastuta kA Aropa rUpaka aura pariNAma-donoM meM samAna rUpa se hotA hai; para donoM kA bheda yaha hai ki jahA~ rUpaka meM prastuta para aprastuta ke Aropa kA uddezya kevala prastuta artha kA uparaJjana hotA hai, vahA~ pariNAma meM aprastuta ke Aropa se prastuta artha kA uparaJjana karane ke sAtha prastuta kA aprastuta ke vyavahAra se yukta honA bhI dikhAyA jAtA hai| 'alaGkAra-sarvasva' ke TIkAkAra zrI cakravartI 1. upameyatAvacchedakapuraskAreNopameye zabdAnnizcIyamAnamupamAnatAdAtmyaM rUpakam / ""upameyatAvacchedakapuraskAreNeti vizeSaNAdapaha nutibhrAntimadatizayoktinidarzanAnAM nirAsaH |...."atishyokti nidarzanayozca sAdhyavasAnalakSaNAmUlakatvAdupameyatAvacchedakasya nAsti puraskAraH / -jagannAtha, rasagaGgAdhara, pR0 354-55

Page #702
alaGkAroM kA pArasparika bheda [ 676 ne pariNAma ko 'vyavahArAnta Aropa' kahA hai|' isI tathya ko dRSTi meM rakha kara dUsare TIkAkAra jayaratha ne prakRta artha kA aprakRta artha ke vyavahAra se viziSTa honA pariNAma kA svabhAva mAnA hai / 2 rUpaka meM prastuta vastu ke rUpa para aprastuta ke rUpa kA Aropa-mAtra hotA hai| yaha rUpa-samAropa pariNAma meM bhI hotA hai, sAtha hI isameM prakRta para aprakRta ke vyavahAra kA bhI samAropa hotA hai| rUpaka meM aprastuta prastuta ko apane rUpa se sarvathA rUpita kara letA hai / ataH usameM prastuta gauNa hokara aprastuta ke rUpa meM kho jAtA; hai para pariNAma meM prastuta kI bhI upayogitA zeSa rahatI hai| appayya dIkSita tathA paNDitarAja jagannAtha ke zabdoM meM pariNAma meM viSayI viSayAtmatayA hI prakRta kArya meM upayogI hotA hai / ataH, AropyamANa kI hI viSaya ke sAtha tAdpya-pratIti hotI hai|3 nAgeza bhaTTa ke anusAra rUpaka meM upamAnapratiyogika abheda tathA pariNAma meM upameya-pratiyogika abheda dikhAyA jAtA hai| phalataH, prastuta apanA svarUpa nahIM khotaa| netrakamala rUpaka kA udAharaNa hai| isameM upamAna kamala upameya netra ko apane rUpa se rUpita kara letA hai| netra-kamala ke rUpa meM apanA astitva milA detA hai; para pariNAma kI isa ukti meM-'nayana-kamala se dekha rahI hai'-dekhanA kriyA meM nayana kI upayogitA zeSa rahatI hai| ataH, kamala se rUpita hone para bhI nayana (apanI upayogitA ke kAraNa) kamala meM kho nahIM jaataa| isa tathya ko spaSTa karate hue udyotakAra ne kahA hai ki pariNAma meM AropyamANa viSayI viSayAtmatayA hI prakRta kArya meM upayogI hotA hai, svatantra rUpa se nhiiN| para, rUpaka meM aisI bAta nahIM hotii| 1. ato vyavahArAntamAropaH, na tu rUpakanyAyena ruupsmaaropmaatrm| -cakravartI, saJjIvanI-TIko, pR0 58 2. prakRtamaprakRtavyavAraviziSTatayAvatiSThate |-jyrth, vimazinI pR0 51 3. pariNAma: kriyArthazcedviSayI vissyaatmnaa|-appyy dIkSita, kuvalayAnanda, 21 tathA-uparaJjakatAmAhAryatAdra pyanizcayagocaratAmetItyanena sndehotprekssaasmaasoktiprinnaambhraantimtsvtivyaaptiniraasH| 'samAsoktipariNAmayoviSayatAdra pyasyAgocaratvAt .. ityaahuH| -jagannAtha, rasa~gaGgAdhara, pR0 357-58 4. upamAnapratiyogikAbhedo rUpakam / upameyapratiyogikAbhedaH :pariNAmaH pratIpavat |-rsgnggaadhr, nAgeza kI TIkA, pR0 362 5. yatta AropyamANo yatra viSayAtmatayaiva prakRtakAryopayogI na svAtantryeNa sa pariNAmaH / atra ca viSayAbhedaH AropyamANe upayujyate, rUpake tu 'vamiti vishessH|-kaavypr0 udyota se bAlabodhinI meM uddha ta,pR0 564

Page #703
680 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa ukta donoM alaGkAroM meM rUpa-samAropa kI samatA ko dRSTi meM rakhate hue 'kAvyaprakAza' ke kucha TIkAkAroM ne yaha mantavya prakaTa kiyA hai ki mammaTa ko rUpaka meM hI pariNAma kA antarbhAva abhISTa thA;' para mammaTa ne spaSTataH aisA kahIM nahIM kahA hai| mammaTa ke pUrvavartI AcAryoM ne pariNAma ke astitva kI kalpanA nahIM kI thii| sambhava hai, ve rUpaka ke vyApaka svarUpa meM pariNAma kI uktibhaGgI ko bhI samAviSTa mAnate rahe hoN| para, mammaTa ke samakAlIna tathA paravartI ruyyaka, jagannAtha Adi ne rUpaka aura pariNAma kI pRthak-pRthak sattA pramANita karane ke lie donoM ke bhedaka tattvoM kA nirdeza kiyA hai| una AcAryoM ke bhedanirUpaNa kA niSkarSa nimnalikhita hai (1) rUpaka meM prakRta para aprakRta kA kevala rUpa-samAropa hotA hai; para pariNAma meM rUpa-samAropa ke sAtha vyavahAra-samAropa bhI Avazyaka hai| prastuta ke Upara aprastuta ke rUpa kA Aropa kara prastuta ko aprastuta ke kArya se yukta dikhAnA athavA aprastuta ko prastuta-kArya-viziSTa batAnA pariNAma kA svarUpa hai| 'mukha-candra se tApa zamana' meM mukha ko candra ke kArya se yukta tathA 'nayana-kamala se dekhanA' meM kamala ko nayana ke kArya se yukta kahA jAtA hai| donoM pariNAma ke udAharaNa haiN| eka meM prakRta kA aprakRta-vyavahAraviziSTa honA kahA gayA hai / ise hI jayaratha ne pariNAma kA lakSaNa mAnA thaa| dUsare meM, aprakRta kA prakRtAtmatayA upayoga dikhAyA gayA hai| appayya dIkSita tathA jagannAtha ke anusAra pariNAma kA yahI lakSaNa hai| (2) rUpaka meM prastuta aprastuta ke rUpa se rUpita hokara gauNa ho jAtA hai aura apanA svarUpa kho detA hai; para pariNAma meM usakA upayoga zeSa rahatA haiM / ataH, vaha apanA svarUpa nahIM khotA / (3) rUpaka meM viSaya kA AropyamANa ke sAtha tApya dikhAyA jAtA hai; para pariNAma meM AropyamANa kA hI viSaya se tAdra pya-rUpaNa hotA hai| rUpaka aura apaha nuti rUpaka meM prakRta vastu para aprakRta kA Aropa kiyA jAtA hai| apahna ti meM prakRta kA niSedha kara usakI jagaha aprakRta kI sthApanA kI jAtI hai| anya arthAt aprakRta vastu kA Aropa yA sthApana donoM alaGkAroM meM hotA hai| 1. pariNAmAlaGkArastu rUpake evAntarbhavatIti dik / -kAvyaprakAza, nAgezvarI TIkA, pR0 240

Page #704
alaGkAroM kA pArasparika bheda [ 681 donoM kA mukhya bheda yaha hai ki rUpaka meM prakRta tathA aprakRta; donoM kA upasthApana hotA hai; para apahna uti meM prakRta kA niSedha hone ke kAraNa usakA upasthApana nahIM hotA / paNDitarAja jagannAtha ne rUpaka kI paribhASA meM prakRta ke 'puraskAra' kA ullekha kara apahna uti, atizayokti tathA bhrAntimAn alaGkAroM se rUpaka kA bheda spaSTa kara diyA hai / apahna uti meM upameya kA svecchA se niSedha kiye jAne ke kAraNa usakA puraskAra nahIM kiyA jAtA; atizayokti meM upameya kA nigaraNa hone se ( abhedAdhyavasAna - pradhAna hone ke kAraNa ) puraskAra nahIM hotA; nidarzanA meM bhI adhyavasAnamUlakatA ke kAraNa upameya kA puraskAra nahIM hotA aura bhrAntimAn meM upameya kA jJAna nahIM hone se usakA puraskAra nahIM hotA / rUpaka meM upameya aura upamAna; donoM ko prastuta kara kavi upameya para upamAna kA Aropa karatA hai / rUpaka kA apahna uti Adi se yahI bheda hai / isa tathya ko 'pradIpa' meM isa rUpa meM vyakta kiyA gayA hai - rUpaka meM anapahna ta vastuoM kA abheda vivakSita hotA hai, ataH vaha apahnati se bhinna hai; kyoMki apahnati meM apahnavapUrvaka abheda vivakSita rahatA hai / rUpaka aura bhrAntimAna hama dekha cuke haiM ki paNDitarAja jagannAtha ne upameya ke puraskAra tathA usake puraskArAbhAva ke AdhAra para rUpaka aura bhrAntimAn kA bheda-nirUpaNa kiyA hai / rUpaka meM prastuta tathA aprastuta; donoM kA ullekha hotA hai aura prastuta para aprastuta kA rUpa - samAropa hotA hai, para bhrAntimAn meM upameya meM upamAna kI hI pratIti hotI hai / jaba taka bhrAntijJAna rahatA hai taba taka prastuta meM usase bhinna aprastuta kA hI nizcayAtmaka jJAna rahatA hai / usa samaya prastuta ke apane svarUpa kA jJAna jJAtA ko nahIM 1. upameyatAvacchedakapuraskAreNeti vizeSaNAdapahna utibhrAntimadatizayoktinidarzanAnAM nirAsaH / apahna utau svecchayA niSidhyamAnatvAd bhrAntimati ca tajjanakadoSaNaiva pratibadhyamAnatvAt upameyatAvacchedakasya nAsti puraskAraH // --jagannAtha, rasagaGgAdhara, pR0 354-55 2. abhedazvAtra ( rUpake ) anapahna tabhedayorvivakSita iti nApahna tAvativyAptiH / - kAvyaprakAza pradIpa TIkA, bAlabodhinI uddhRta, pR0 59, 3 + ....

Page #705
682 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa rhtaa| bhrAntidazA meM prastuta ke jJAna ke abhAva ko dRSTi meM rakhakara hI jagannAtha ne bhrAntimAn meM upameya ke puraskAra kA abhAva kahA hai| mammaTa ne bhI donoM kA bheda isa AdhAra para kiyA thA ki rUpaka meM vAstavika bhrama nahIM rhtaa| usameM eka vastu para anya kA svecchA se Aropa kiyA jAtA hai; para bhrAntimAna meM pramAtA ko kevala ayathArtha / na hI rahatA hai / ' rUpaka aura abheda rUpaka tathA abheda alaGkAroM kA pArasparika bheda batAte hue zobhAkara ne kahA hai ki rUpaka meM Aropa-viSaya tathA AropyamANa kA abheda-mAtra pratIta hotA hai; para abheda alaGkAra meM viSayI ke niyata dharma kI hAni batAkara viSaya ke sAtha usake sarvathA abheda kI pratIti karAyI jAtI hai| ataH, rUpaka meM abhedamAtra kI pratIti aura abheda meM sarvathA abheda-pratIti; donoM kA vyAvartaka hai / 2 rUpaka meM prastuta para aprastuta kA Aropa-mAtra hotA hai, jisase prastuta aura aprastuta ko abheda pratIta hotA hai; para abheda meM aprastuta ke una guNoM kI, jo prastuta se usakA bheda karate haiM, hAni kI kalpanA kara prastuta ke sAtha aprastuta ke sarvathA abheda kI pratIti karAyI jAtI hai / rUpaka aura ullekha ___ AcArya daNDI ne hetu-rUpaka ke jisa svarUpa kA nirUpaNa kiyA thA, use paravartI AcAryoM ne ullekha nAma diyA hai| 3 viSaya-bheda se hetu-bheda seeka vastu para aneka kA Aropa daNDI ke anusAra heturUpaka hai| vizvanAtha, appayya dIkSita Adi arvAcIna AcArya viSaya-bheda se eka vastu ke anekadhA ullekha arthAt grahaNa ( eka vastu para aneka ke Aropa ) meM ullekha alaGkAra 1. nacaiSa ( bhrAntimAn ) rUpakaM......"tatra vastuto bhramasyAbhAvAt iha ca arthAnugamanena saMjJAyAH pravRtteH tasya spaSTameva pratipannatvAt / -mammaTa, kAvyaprakAza, 10,132; kI vRtti pR0 261 2. niyatadharmahAnAvAropyamANasyAtisAmyamabhedaH / -zobhAkara, alaGkAra-ratnAkara sUtra, 27 tathA usakI vRtti, draSTavya 3. draSTavya -daNDIkRta heturUpakalakSaNa, kAvyAdarza, 2,85-86 tathA usa para kusumapratimA-TIkA-vizvanAthaprabhRtayastu etAdRzasthale ullekhAlaGkAramAhuH / - vahI, pR0 118

Page #706
alaGkAroM kA pArasparika bheda [683 mAnate haiN| spaSTa hai ki daNDI ke hetu rUpaka se paravartI AcAryoM kA vaha ullekhabheda, jisameM viSaya-bheda se eka vastu kA anekadhA ullekha hotA hai, AvirbhUta hai| 'kAvyaprakAza' kI udyota TIkA meM ullekha ke svatantra alaGkAratva kA khaNDana kara rUpaka, bhrAntimAn, atizayokti tathA zleSa Adi meM hI use antabhukta batAyA gayA hai / ' eka vastu kA aneka jJAtA ke dvArA anekadhA grahaNa-rUpa ullekha to daNDI ke ukta rUpaka-bheda hetu rUpaka se bhinna hai; para jisa ullekha-prakAra meM eka hI jJAtA eka vastu ko aneka hetuoM se aneka rUpa meM grahaNa karatA hai, usakA svarUpa heturUpaka se milatA-julatA hI hai / paNDitarAja jagannAtha kI mAnyatA hai ki mAlArUpaka se ullekha kA bhedaka usameM pramAtA kI anekatA hai / ullekha meM aneka jJAtA ko eka vastu kA aneka rUpa meM grahaNa hotA hai; para mAlArUpaka meM eka hI pramAtA kisI eka vastu para aneka viSayI kA Aropa karatA hai| rUpaka aura utprakSA __utprekSA meM utkaTa koTi kA saMzaya hotA hai arthAt kisI vastu meM asat kI sambhAvanA kI jAtI hai; para rUpaka meM kisI vastu para anya ke rUpa kA samAropa hotA hai| isa prakAra rUpaka meM tattva kA avadhAraNa hotA hai; para utprekSA meM utkaTakoTika saMzaya hone ke kAraNa tattva ke avadhAraNa kA abhAva rahatA hai| vAmana ne utprakSA ke lakSaNa meM rUpaka se usake vyAvartaka dharma kA spaSTa ullekha kiyA hai| unake anusAra utprekSA meM vastu kA jo rUpa nahIM hai, usa ( anyathA ) rUpa kI sambhAvanA kI jAtI hai| pAribhASika zabdAvalI meM utprekSA meM atadrapa vastu kA apane svAbhAvika rUpa se bhinna rUpa meM adhyavasAna hotA hai, para rUpaka meM eka vastu ke rUpa para anya vastu ke rUpa kA Aropa hotA hai| niSkarSataH, vAmana ke anusAra kisI vastu ke vAstavika 1. kAvyaprakAza kI udyota TIkA meM vyakta yaha mata vAmana jhalakIkara kRta bAlabodhinI-TIkA meM uddhata hai|--drssttvy pR0 631 2. 'dharmasyAtmA bhAgadheyaM kSamAyA' ityAdi mAlArUpake'tiprasaGgavAraNAyAne kairgrahAtRbhirityavivakSitabahutvakaM grahaNa-vizeSaNam / -jagannAtha, rasagaGgAdhara, pR0 428 3. atadra pasyAtatsvabhAvasya, anyathA'tatsvabhAvatayA, adhyavasAnamadhyava-- sAyaH / na punaradhyAropo lakSaNA vA |-vaamn, kAvyAlaGkAra sUtra __ 4-3-6 kI vRtti pR0 236

Page #707
.684 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa svarUpa se bhinna svarUpa kI sambhAvanA utprekSA hai tathA anya vastu para anya kA rUpa-samAropa rUpaka / rudraTa ne sAmAnya ke vivakSita hone tathA avivakSita hone ke AdhAra para utprekSA tathA rUpaka kA bheda kiyA hai| utprakSA meM chala, vyAja, chadma Adi sAdhAraNa dharma ke vAcaka padoM kA ullekha hotA hai; para rUpaka meM sAdhAraNa dharma ke rahane para bhI vaha vivakSita nahIM rhtaa|' paNDitarAja jagannAtha ne rUpaka kI paribhASA meM 'zabdAnnizcIyamAnamupamAnatAdAtmyam' kA ullekha kara utprekSA se rUpaka kA yaha bheda kiyA hai ki rUpaka meM upameya meM upamAna kA Aropa karatA huA kavi usameM upamAna kA nizcayAtmaka rUpa se tAdAtmya dikhAtA hai, jaba ki utprekSA meM vastu ke yathArtha svarUpa se bhinna kA kevala sambhAvanA yA anizcayAtmaka pratIti karAyI jAtI hai|2 niSkarSa rUpa meM utprekSA aura rUpaka ke bhedaka tattva nimtalikhita haiM : (ka) rUpaka meM anya vastu para anya vastu ke rUpa kA adhyAropa hotA hai; para utprekSA meM kisI vastu ke yathArtha rUpa yA svabhAva se bhinna rUpa yA svabhAva kA adhyavasAna hotA hai| (kha) rUpaka meM eka vastu para anya kI nizcayAtmaka pratIti karAyI jAtI hai; para utprekSA meM adhyavasAna anizcayAtmaka yA sambhAvanA ke rUpa meM hotA hai| (ga) rUpaka meM sAmAnya ke rahane para bhI vaha vivakSita nahIM rahatA; para utprekSA meM ( sambhAvanA ke vAcaka mAno, jAno Adi padoM se ) sAmAnya vivakSita rahatA hai| dIpaka aura prativastUpamA dIpaka ke padAvRtti-bheda meM dharma kI eka hI zabda se AvRtti hotI hai| ataH, usakA svarUpa prativastUpamA se spaSTataH bhinna hai| arthAvRtti dIpaka meM 1. utprekSAyAmapyabhedo vidyate, tatastannirAsArthamAha-avivakSitasAmA nyeti / sadapyatra sAmAnyaM na vivkssyte| 'siMho devadatta iti / utprekSAyAM tu chalachadmavyAjavyapadezAdibhiH zabdai rupamAnopameyayorabhedo bhedazca vivakSita iti| paramArthatastUbhayatrAbheda eveti |-rudrtt, -kAvyAlaGkAra 8-38 kI vRtti pR0 261 draSTavya-jagannAthakRta rUpakaparibhASA pR0 354 tathA--nizcIyamAnamiti vizeSaNAtsambhAvanAtmano nUnaM mukhaM candra ityAdya tprekSAyA vyAvRttiH |-rsgnggaadhr, pR0 355

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alaGkAroM kA pArasparika bheda [ 685. bhinna-bhinna zabdoM se eka hI dharma kI AvRtti hotI hai| isa prakAra isakA svarUpa prativastUpamA se kucha milatA-julatA hai| ataH arthAvRtti dIpaka se prativastUpamA kA bheda-nirUpaNa Avazyaka hai| prativastUpamA meM bhinna-bhinna zabdoM se eka hI dharma kI AvRtti hotI hai aura isa prakAra prastuta vAkyArtha evaM aprastuta vAkyArtha meM sAdRzya kI pratIti karAyI jAtI hai| arthAvRtti dIpaka meM donoM hI vAkyArtha yA to prastuta rahate haiM yA aprastuta / appayya dIkSita ne isa tathya ko dRSTi meM rakhakara arthAvRtti dIpaka tathA prativastUpamA kA eka vyAvartaka lakSaNa yaha mAnA thA ki arthAvRtti kevala prastuta vAkyArthoM meM ho sakatI hai athavA kevala aprastuta vAkyArthoM meM; para prativastUpamA prastuta tathA aprastuta vAkyArthoM meM hotI hai| dUsare zabdoM meM prativastUpamA meM eka vAkyArtha prastuta rahatA hai, dUsarA aprastuta; para prativastUpamA meM yA to donoM vAkyArtha prastuta rahate haiM yA donoM hI aprastuta rahate haiN| appayya dIkSita ke anusAra ukta alaGkAroM meM dUsarA bhedaka dharma yaha hai ki AvRtti dIpaka kevala sAdharmya-. mUlaka hI hotA hai| vaidharmya se AvRttidIpaka kI kalpanA nahIM kI jA sakatI; para prativastUpamA sAdharmyamUlaka bhI ho sakatI hai aura vaidharmyamUlaka bhii| 'kAvyaprakAza' ke TIkAkAra vAmana jhalakIkara ne kahA hai ki vivaraNakAra keanusAra eka dharma kI do bAra AvRtti prativastUpamA kA vyArvataka dharma hai| dIpaka meM eka dharma kI do bAra AvRtti nahIM hotii| isa prakAra arthAvatti dIpaka tathA prativastUpamA meM nimnalikhita do bheda haiM (ka) arthAvRtti dIpaka aneka prastuta vAkyArthoM meM athavA aneka aprastuta vAvayArthoM meM hI sambhava hai, prativastUpamA prastuta tathA aprastuta vAkyArthoM meM sambhava hotI hai| abhiprAya yaha ki arthAvRtti meM yA to sabhI vAkyArtha prastuta rahate haiM yA sabhI aprastuta; para prativastUpamA meM prastuta tathA aprastuta donoM hI vAkyArthoM kA rahanA Avazyaka hai| 1. arthAvRttidIpakaM prastutAnAmaprastutAnAM vA; prativastUpamA tu prastutA prastutAnAmiti vizeSaH / ayaM cAparo vizeSaH / AvRttidIpaka vaidharyeNa na sambhavati, prativastUpamA tu vaidhayeNApi dRshyte| -appayya, kuvalayAnanda vRtti, pR0 55-56, 2. ukta ca vivaraNakarairapi / ... ekasyApi dharmasya dviravRtteH vAkyadvayasyAbhAvena ca na prativastUpamAdRSTAntau |-kaavyprkaash kI vAmana jhalakIkarakRta TIkA meM uddhRta, pR0 639

Page #709
686 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa (kha) arthAvRtti dIpaka kevala sAdharmya se sambhava hai, vaidharmya se nahIM; para prativastUpamA sAdharmya tathA vaidharmya-donoM se sambhava hai| (ga) dIpaka meM dharma kA sakRt upAdAna hotA hai, para prativastUpamA meM samAna dharma kA vastuprativastubhAva se do bAra upAdAna hotA hai| dIpaka aura upamA dIpaka meM bhI prakRta tathA aprakRta ke sajAtIya dharma-sambandha kA paryavasAna upamA meM hotA hai; para upamA se dIpaka kA yaha bheda hai ki dIpaka meM sAdRzyavAcaka zabda kA prayoga nahIM hotA / ataH, usameM upamA sadA vyaGagya hI hotI hai| udyotakAra kA mata hai ki dIpaka meM jo upamA vyaGagya hotI hai vaha vAcya kA upakAraka hotI hai / ataH, vaha guNIbhUta vyaGagya hI hotI hai, dhvani nhiiN|' isa prakAra upamA se dIpaka kA spaSTa bheda hai| vivaraNa meM bhI isI AdhAra "para upamA aura dIpaka kA bheda-nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai / 2 utprekSA aura apaha nuti rudraTa ne utprekSA aura apahnati alaGkAroM meM isa AdhAra para bheda kiyA hai ki utprekSA meM vyAja, chala, Adi zabdoM se upameya kI sattA bhI svIkAra kI jAtI hai; para apahna ti meM upameya kA sarvathA apahnava arthAt usakI sattA kA sarvathA niSedha hotA hai| utprekSA meM prakRta meM aprakRta kI sambhAvanA ke lie prakRta kA sarvathA niSedha Avazyaka nahIM, para apahna ti meM anivAryataH prakRta kA niSedha kara aprakRta kA sthApana hotA hai / 3 ruyyaka ke anusAra apahna ti Aropagarbha alaGkAra hai aura utprekSA adhyavasAya-garbha / 4 isa AdhAra para bhI utprekSA 1. ..."sA copamA vyaGa gyaiva, vAcaka (ivAdizabda) virahAt / vyaGga yAyA apyasyAH vAcyopakArakatvAt guNIbhUtavyaGa gyatvameva na tu dhvanitvam / ato'tra nopamAzaGkatyudyote spaSTam / / -udyota se bAlabodhinI meM uddhRta, pR0 636 2. prathamaprabhedasthale upamApratIti vinA vAkyArthasya paryavasAnAt nopamA prathamaM bodhyate kiM tu vyajyate iti naatropmaa|-kaavyprkaash, vivaraNa se uddhRta, vahI, pR0 636 3. utprekSAyAM vyAjAdizabdairupameyasya sattvamapyucyate, iha (apahna tau) tu sarvathaivApahnava iti vizeSa |-rudrtt, kAvyAlaGkAra, 8, 57 kI ___TIkA pR0 271 4. AropaprastAvAdAropaviSayApahna tAvAropyamANapratItAvapahna tyAkhyo'laGkAraH / tathA adhyavasAye vyApAraprAdhAnye utprekssaa| -ruyyaka, alaGkAra sUtra, 20 kI vRtti tathA sUtra 21

Page #710
alaGkAroM kA pArasparika bheda [687 aura apahnati kA bheda-nirUpaNa kiyA jA sakatA hai / apahna ti meM prakRta kA niSedha kara usapara aprakRta kA Aropa kiyA jAtA hai| ataH vaha Aropagarbha alaGkAra hai| utprekSA meM viSaya kA nigaraNa kara viSayI se usake abheda kI pratIti-sAdhyAdhyavasAya ke rUpa meM karAyI jAtI hai| ataH utprekSA adhyavasAyagarbha alaGkAra hai| utprakSA aura atizayokti ___ utprekSA aura atizayokti donoM hI adhyavasAyagarbha alaGkAra haiN| donoM meM viSaya kA nigaraNa kara viSayI ke sAtha usakI abheda-pratIti karAyI jAtI hai| donoM meM mukhya bheda adhyavasAya (arthAt viSaya kA nigaraNa kara viSayI ke sAtha abheda pratIti) ke siddha tathA sAdhya hone kA hai| atizayokti meM adhyavasAya siddha hotA hai, para utprekSA meM vaha sAdhya yA sambhAvanA ke rUpa meM rahatA hai| utprekSA aura bhrAntimAna utprekSA meM bhI kisI vastu meM usase bhinna kisI vastu kI sambhAvanA kI jAtI hai aura bhrAntimAna meM bhI kisI vastu meM usase bhinna vastu kA jJAna hotA hai, para donoM meM bheda yaha hai ki utprekSA meM eka vastu meM anya vastu kI sambhAvanA AhArya hotI hai, jabaki bhrAntimAna meM kisI vastu meM anya vastu kI pratIti anAhArya hotI hai| vAmana ne bhrAntimAn se utprekSA ke bhedanirUpaNa ke lie utprekSA ke lakSaNa meM 'atizayArtha' pada kA ullekha kiyA hai| utprekSA meM vizeSa camatkAra utpanna karane ke lie kisI vastu meM anya kI sambhAvanA kI jAtI hai / vaktA vastu ke yathArtha svarUpa ko jAnatA huA camatkAra ke lie usameM anya vastu kI sambhAvanA karatA hai| bhrAntimAna meM vastu ke yathArtha rUpa kA jJAna nahIM hotaa| usameM anya vastu kI ekakoTika nizcayAtmaka pratIti hotI hai / utprekSA meM eka vastu meM anya kI sambhAvanA (utkaTa koTi kA saMzaya) hotI hai / ataH isameM sambhAvanA kI AdhArabhUta vastu 1. adhyavasAye vyApAraprAdhAnye utprekssaa| tathAadhyavasitaprAdhAnye tvatizayoktiH / -ruyyaka, alaGkArasUtra 21 aura 22 2. atadra psyaanythaadhyvsaanmtishyaarthmutprekssaa|| -vAmana, kAvyAlaGkAra, sUtra 4, 3, 6

Page #711
688 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa tathA sAmbhavyamAna vastu; ina donoM kA jJAna vaktA ko rahatA hai / vizvanAtha ne bhI isI AdhAra para utprekSA aura bhrAntimAn kA bheda kiyA hai ki utprekSA meM sambhAvanA karane vAle ko viSaya tathA viSayI; donoM kA jJAna rahatA hai, para bhrAntimAn meM bhrAnta vyakti ko viSaya kA jJAna nahIM raha jAtA / utpra ekSA sAdRzyamUlaka alaGkAra hai / ataH upamA kI taraha (vAcyA) utprekSA ko bhI 'iva' Adi sAdRzyavAcaka zabda dyotita karate haiM / daNDI ne 'manye" 'zaGka' Adi utpra ekSA vAcaka zabdoM kA spaSTa ullekha kiyA thA / kuntaka ne bhI ivAdi ko utprekSA kA prakAzaka kahA hai / 2 bhrAntimAn kA bhI AdhAra sAdRzyAtizaya para Azrita bhramAtmaka jJAna hI hai, para usameM anya vastu meM anya vastu kA ekakoTika nizcayAtmaka jJAna varNita hotA hai, do vastuoM ke bIca sAdRzya-jJAna nahIM / ataH bhrAntimAn meM 'iva' Adi vAcaka pado kA prayoga: nahIM hotA / isa vivecana ke niSkarSa ke rUpa meM utprekSA aura bhrAntimAn ke nimnalikhita do bhedaka tattva upalabdha hote haiM / (ka) utprekSA meM sambhAvanA karane vAle ko prastuta tathA aprastuta donoM kA jJAna rahatA hai, phira bhI vaha atizayArtha upameya meM upamAna kI sambhAvanA karatA hai, para bhrAntimAn meM vaktA bhramavaza upameya ko hI nizcayAtmaka rUpa se upamAna samajha letA hai / use upameya kA jJAna nahIM hotA / (kha) vAcyotprekSA meM 'iva' 'manye' 'zaGka' Adi vAcaka pakSoM kA prayoga hotA hai, para bhrAntimAna meM anya vastu meM anya kA nizcayAtmaka yA ekakoTika jJAna hone ke kAraNa sAdRzya Adi ke vAcaka kA prayoga nahIM hotA / utprekSA aura (vAmana kalpita ) vakrokti AcArya vAmana ne sAdRzya ke AdhAra para kI jAne vAlI lakSaNA meM 1. bhrAntimadalaGkAre 'mugdhA dugdhadhiyA' - ityAdau bhrAntAnAM vallavAdInAM viSayasya candrikAderjJAnameva nAsti, tadupanibandhanasya kavinaiva kRtatvAt / iha (utprekSAyAM ) tu saMbhAvanAkattu viSayasyApi jJAnamiti dvayorbhedaH / - vizvanAtha, sAhityadarpaNa, vRtti pR0 664 2. draSTavya - daNDI, kAvyAda02, 234 tathA kuntaka, vakroktijI 0. kairvAkyai rutprekSA prakAzyate ityAha- ivAdibhiH / pR0 425

Page #712
alaGkAroM kA pArasparika bheda [689 vakrokti alaGkAra mAnA hai| isakA svarUpa utprekSA se kucha milatA-julatA hai / ataH isa vakrokti se utprekSA kA bheda-nirUpaNa apekSita hai| anya AcAryoM kI vakrokti kA svarUpa vAmana kI vakrokti se sarvathA bhinna hai| ve anya vyakti ke anya artha meM kathita vAkya kA zrotA ke dvArA anya artha lagAkara uttara dene kI vakra zailI meM vakrokti mAnate haiN| isa vakrokti kA utprekSA se kucha bhI svarUpa-sAmya nhiiN| ataH vAmana kI vakrokti-paribhASA ko hI dRSTi meM rakha kara hama utprekSA se usakA bheda-vivecana kreNge| ___ sAdRzya se lAkSaNika prayoga meM, arthAt vakrokti meM, eka vastu ke lie anya vastu kA nizcayAtmaka prayoga hotA hai| manuSya ko jaba siMha yA gadahA kahA jAtA hai to yaha kathana nizcayAtmaka hI huA karatA hai| dhyAtavya hai ki aisI ukti meM vaktA manuSya tathA siMha yA gadahA Adi ke bheda se bhI avagata rahatA hai| donoM ke bheda kA jJAna rahane para bhI guNa-sAdRzya se anya (manuSya) ke lie anya (siMha, gadahA Adi) kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai| isI taraha utprekSA meM bhI atizayArtha kisI vastu meM usake apane yathArtha rUpa se bhinna rUpa kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai| isa prakAra kiJcit rUpagata sAmya hone para bhI utprekSA aura sAdRzya-lakSaNA-rUpA vakrokti meM bheda yaha hai ki utprekSA meM anya vastu-rUpa meM anya kA prayoga sambhAvanA ke rUpa meM ( utkaTakakoTika sandeha ataH anizcaya ke rUpa meM ) hotA hai para vAmana kI vakrokti meM (lAkSaNika prayoga meM) nizcayAtmaka rUpa meN| utprekSA aura sandeha utprekSA meM anya vastu meM anya vastu kI sambhAvanA kI jAtI hai arthAt upameya meM upamAna kI sambhAvanA kI jAtI hai| sandeha meM kisI vastu meM anizcayAtmaka dvakoTika jJAna hotA hai| isameM donoM hI vastuoM ke jJAna meM samAna bala rahatA hai| varNya mukha meM 'mukha hai yA kamala' isa prakAra kA dvai koTika jJAna rahatA hai aura donoM meM se kisI jJAna meM dUsare kI apekSA kama yA adhika bala nahIM rhtaa| utprekSA aura sandeha kA mukhya bheda yaha hai ki utprekSA meM upameya meM upamAna kA jJAna utkaTa koTi kA hotA hai, jaba ki sandeha meM upameya aura upamAna kA jJAna samAna koTi kA 1. sAdRzyAllakSaNA vkroktiH|-vaamn, kAvyAlaGkAra, sUtra 4, 3, 8 44

Page #713
690 ] alaGkAra- dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa rahatA hai / utprekSA ko isIlie utkaTa kakoTika saMzaya kahA gayA hai / jaba upameya ke svarUpa meM upamAna ke svarUpa kI sambhAvanA kI jAtI hai to upameya aura upamAna; donoM kA jJAna rahatA hai para upamAna kA jJAna utkaTa koTi kA hotA hai / usameM upameya ke jJAna kI apekSA adhika bala rahatA hai / vizvanAtha ne isa tathya kA spaSTa ullekha kiyA hai / 1 kuntaka ne sandeha ke sabhI bhedoM ko anivAryataH utprekSAmUlaka hI mAnA hai / 2 paNDitarAja jagannAtha ne sandeha ke lakSaNa meM usake vyAvartaka dharma 'samabala' kA ullekha kiyA hai / 3 do viSayoM ke samabala jJAna meM sandeha alaGkAra hotA hai | ataH, sandeha utkaTaikakoTika jJAna vAlI utprekSA se bhinna hai / utprekSA aura sandeha kA yahI bheda sarvamAnya hai / samAsokti aura aprastutaprazaMsA samAsokti evaM aprastutaprazaMsA; donoM meM eka artha ke kathana se anya artha vyaJjita hotA hai / prastuta artha ke varNana se aprastuta artha ke vyaJjita hone meM samAsokti alaGkAra mAnA jAtA hai / hama dekha cuke haiM ki vAmana, rudraTa, bhoja Adi AcAryoM ne aprastuta ke kathana se prastuta ke gamya hone meM samAsokti alaGkAra mAnA thA; para pIche calakara samAsokti aura aprastutaprazaMsA kA kSetra nirdhArita kara diyA gyaa| prastuta ke kathana se aprastuta ke vyaJjita hone meM samAsokti tathA isake viparIta aprastuta ke kathana se prastuta ke vyaJjita hone meM aprastutaprazaMsA alaGkAra mAnA gayA / aprastutaprazaMsA kA kucha AcAryoM ke dvArA sujhAyA gayA lakSaNa - aprastuta kI prazaMsA arthAt guNagAna - bhI mAnya nahIM huA / isa prakAra kAvyazAstra meM samAsokti aura aprastutaprazaMsA kA jo svIkRta svarUpa hai, usameM mukhya bheda yaha hai ki samAsokti meM prastuta artha kA 1. sandehe tu samakakSatayA koTidvayasya pratItiH, iha ( utpakSAyAM ) tu utkaTA sambhAvyabhUtaikA koTiH / - vizvanAtha, sAhatyidarpaNa vRtti, pR0 664 2. yasminnutprekSitaM rUpaM sandeha meti vastunaH / utprekSAntarasadbhAvAt vicchittyai sandeho mataH // 3,42 ---- kuntaka, vakroktijI, 3. utprekSAvyAvRttaye samabaleti / --jagannAtha, rasagaGgAdhara, pR0 406

Page #714
alaGkAroM kA pArasparika bheda [661 varNana hotA hai aura usase (vizeSaNa Adi ke vaiziSTya se ) aprastuta artha kI vyaJjanA hotI hai; para isake viparIta aprastutaprazaMsA meM aprastuta artha kA varNana kiyA jAtA hai aura usase prastuta artha vyajita hotA hai| ruyyaka, mammaTa, vizvanAtha Adi arvAcIna AcAryoM kI yahI mAnyatA hai aura Adhunika kAla meM yahI sarvamAnya hai| samAsokti aura prastutAGa kura samAsokti meM prastuta artha ke varNana se kisI aprastuta artha kI vyaJjanA hotI hai; para prastutAGa kura meM prastuta artha ke varNana se dUsare prastuta arya kI hI vyaJjanA hotI hai| samAsokti kI taraha prastutAGa kura meM bhI do artha hote haiM-eka vAcya tathA dUsarA vyaGa gya, para donoM kA mukhya bheda yaha hai ki jahA~ samAsokti meM vAcya artha prastuta aura vyaGa gya artha aprastuta hotA hai, vahA~ prastutAGa kura meM vAcya aura vyaGagya; donoM artha prastuta hI hote haiM / prastuta ke varNana se anya prastuta kI vyaJjanA karAne vAle prastutAGa kura kA aprastutaprazaMsA se bhI bheda spaSTa hai| samAsokti aura pariNAma pariNAma vyavahArAnta Aropa hai| isameM prastuta artha ko aprastuta artha ke vyavahAra se viziSTa batAyA jAtA hai| isa taraha isameM prastuta para aprastuta ke rUpa kA Aropa to hotA hI hai, usake vyavahAra kA bhI Aropa hotA hai| samAsokti alaGkAra meM bhI prastuta para aprastuta ke vyavahAra kA Aropa hotA hai| vizvanAtha ne samAsokti-lakSaNa meM prastuta para anya vastu ke vyavahAra-samAropa para bala diyA hai;' para pariNAma se samAsokti kA yaha bheda hai ki jahA~ pariNAma meM prastuta aura aprastuta donoM kA upAdAna kara aprastuta ko prastuta artha meM upayogI batAyA jAtA hai, vahA~ samAsokti meM aprastuta kA upAdAna nahIM hotA hai| usameM kevala prastuta kA.upAdAna hotA hai aura aprastuta vyaGa gya 1. samAsoktiH samaiyaMtra kArya-liGga-vizeSaNaH / vyavahArasamAropaH prastute'nyasya vastunaH / / -vizvanAtha, sAhityadarpaNa, 10,74

Page #715
662 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa hotA hai| alaGkArasarvasvakAra ne isI AdhAra para samAsokti aura pariNAma kA bheda kiyA hai| samAsokti aura prativastUpamA / __ vAmana ne samAsokti tathA prativastUpamA kA bheda-nirUpaNa karate hue kahA thA ki upameya kA kathana na kara samAna vastu kA nyAsa samAsokti hai aura upameya ke kathana ke sAtha samAna vastu kA nyAsa prativastUpamA / 2 vAmana kA yaha samAsokti-lakSaNa pIche calakara aprastutaprazaMsA ke lakSaNa ke rUpa meM svIkRta huA hai / ataH, ukta AdhAra para prativastUpamA aura aprastutaprazaMsA yA anyokti kA bheda-nirUpaNa to sambhava hai; para samAsokti aura prativastUpamA kA nahIM / pIche calakara samAsokti kA jo svarUpa svIkRta huA, usameM upameya kA kathana to hotA hI hai, upamAna pratIyamAna hotA hai| isa svIkRta samAsokti se prativastUpamA ke bhedaka tattva nimnalikhita haiM (ka) prativastUpamA meM paraspara nirapekSa do vAkya vivakSita rahate haiM-eka upameyasthAnIya tathA dUsarA upamAna sthAnIya; para samAsokti meM kevala upameya vAkya hI kathita hotA hai aura usase vizeSaNa-sAmya ke kAraNa upamAnabhUta artha vyajita hotA hai| (kha) prativastUpamA meM donoM vAkyoM meM sAdhAraNa dharma kA alaga-alaga ullekha hotA hai, jo sAdhAraNa dharma vastuprativastu bhAva se--arthadRSTyA aneka kintu vastudRSTayA eka- rahate haiM; para samAsokti meM eka hI artha kA prastuta artha mAtra kA-kathana hone se sAdhAraNa dharma ke pRthak-pRthak nirdeza kI AvazyakatA nahIM hotii| usameM vizeSaNa ke viziSTa prayoga ke kAraNa prastuta artha ke varNana se aprastuta artha kI vyaJjanA hotI hai| . 1. ata eva tatra ( samAsoktau ) vyavahArasamAropaH, na tu rUpasamAropaH / evamihApi ( pariNAme'pi ) jJeyam / kevalaM tatra viSayasyaiva prayogaH / viSayiNo gamyamAnatvAt / iha tu dvayorapyabhidhAnaM, tAdAtmyAt tu tayoH pariNAmitvam |-alngkaarsrvsv, pR0 40 2. upameyasya uktau samAnavastunyAsaH prativastu / -vAmana, kAvyAlaGkAra sUtra 4,3,2 tulanIya-anuktau smaasoktiH| tathA-upameyasyAnuktau samAnavastunyAsaH smaasoktiH|-vhii, sUtra 4,3-3 tathA usakI vRtti|

Page #716
alaGkAroM kA pArasparika bheda [ 693 samAsokti aura AkSepa samAsokti tathA AkSepa kA jo svarUpa arvAcIna AcAryoM ko mAnya hai, unakA pArasparika bheda atyanta sphuTa hai / ataH, unake bIca bheda-nirUpaNa kI AvazyakatA nhiiN| vAmana ne upamAna kI ukti se upameya kI vyaJjanA ko samAsokti kahA thA aura isake viparIta AkSepa se upamAna ke jJAna meM AkSa epa kA eka rUpa mAnA thA / ' AkSepa kA yaha rUpa arvAcIna AcAryoM ke dvArA samAsokti ke rUpa ' tathA vAmana kI samAsokti kA rUpa aprastutaprazaMsA / - ke rUpa meM svIkRta huA hai astu ! vAmana kI samAsokti (Adhunika aprastutaprazaMsA tathA unake AkSa epa ke eka rUpa -- upamAnasyAkSepataH prattipattiH ( Adhunika samAsokti ) - meM vahI bheda hai, jo arvAcIna AcAryoM kI samAsokti aura aprastutaprazaMsA meM hai / ina do alaGkAroM ke bhedaka tattva para vicAra kiyA jA cukA hai / samAsokti aura bhAva rudraTa ne bhAva alaGkAra kA jo svarUpa nirUpita kiyA thA vaha paravartI kAla meM alaGkAra ke rUpa meM svIkRta nahIM huaa| use mammaTa Adi AcAryoM ne dhvani ke kSa etra meM samAviSTa kara liyA hai / yaha samIcIna hI hai / bhAva ke eka rUpa ke sambandha meM rudraTa kI mAnyatA thI ki isameM vaktA kA vAkya abhidheya artha ko batAkara isase bhinna guNa-doSa arthAt vidhi-niSedha-yukta abhiprAya kA bodha karAtA hai| tAtparya yaha ki yadi vidhi abhidheya ho to usase niSedha kI pratIti hogI aura niSedha abhidheya ho to vidhi gamya hogI / bhAva ke isa svarUpa ke sAtha samAsokti ke svarUpa kI tulanA karane se donoM kA yaha bheda spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki yadyapi eka vAcya se dUsare pratIyamAna artha kI pratIti donoM meM hotI hai; para bhAva meM jahA~ vaktA ke vAcya artha se viparIta 1. upameyasyAnuktau samAnavastunyAsaH samAsoktiH / vAmana, kAvyAlaM * sU0 4,3, 3 kI vRtti tathA 'upamAkSepazcAkSa epa' upamAnasyAkSepataH pratipattirityapi sUtrArtha: / - vahI sU0 4,3, 27 tathA usakI vRtti / 2. abhidheyamabhidadhAnaM tadeva tadasadRzasakalaguNadoSam / arthAntaramavagamayati yadvAkyaM so'paro bhAvaH // - rudraTa, kAvyAlaGkAra 7-40

Page #717
664 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa tAtparyArtha pratIta hotA hai, vahAM samAsokti meM vAcya se, samAna vizeSaNa Adi se, usake sadRza hI anya artha ( upameya vAcya se upamAnabhUta vyaGagya artha, rudraTa ke anusAra isake viparIta upamAnabhUta vAcya artha se upameyabhUta vyaGa gya artha) pratIta hotA hai| samAsokti aura paryAyokti samAsokti meM do artha hote haiM--eka vAcya tathA dUsarA vyaGagya / prastuta artha vAcya hotA hai aura usase anya aprastuta artha kI vyaJjanA hotI hai; para paryAyokta meM eka hA artha rahatA hai| usameM vyaGagya artha kA hI bhaGa gyantara se kathana hotA hai| abhISTa arthako sAkSAt abhidhA zakti se na kaha kara prakArAntara se kahanA paryAyokta kA svarUpa hai| isa prakAra paryAyokta meM eka hI artha gamya bhI hotA hai aura vizeSa bhaGgI se kathita bhii| samAsokti aura sahokti samAsokti meM eka artha vAcya hotA hai aura dUsarA vyaGa gya, para sahokti meM donoM artha vAcya hI hote hai| samAsokti meM vAcya artha upameya hotA hai aura vyaGagya artha upamAna; para sahokti meM varNita donoM artha prastuta yA aprastuta ho sakate haiN| samAsokti aura zleSa samAsokti meM vizeSaNa-sAmya se prastuta vAcya artha se aprastuta artha vyajita hotA hai| zleSa alaGkAra meM jahA~ kevala prakRta arthoM kA athavA kevala aprakRta arthoM kA varNana abhISTa ho, vahA~ zliSTa vizeSaNa tathA zliSTa vizeSya se do vAcya-arthoM kA bodha karAyA jAtA hai| jahA~ prakRta tathA aprakRta donoM kA bodha abhipreta ho, vahA~ vizeSaNa to zliSTa hote haiM; para vizeSya azliSTa / kAraNa yaha hai ki aisI sthiti meM vizeSya ke zliSTa hone para aprakRta artha vyaGagya ho jAyagA, para zleSa meM donoM arthoM kA vAcya honA Avazyaka hai| niSkarSa yaha ki zleSa alaGkAra meM yA to vizeSaNa aura vizeSya donoM zliSTa hote haiM yA kama-se-kama vizeSaNa zliSTa avazya rahatA hai, jaba ki samAsokti meM zliSTa vizeSya kA prayoga to nahIM hI hotA hai vizeSaNa bhI sadA zliSTa nahIM rahatA hai| udbhaTa ne samAsokti kI paribhASA meM 'tatsamAnavizeSaNaiH' pada

Page #718
alaGkAroM kA pArasparika bheda [665 kA prayoga kara zleSa se usakA bheda batAte hue kahA hai ki samAsokti meM vizeSya kabhI zliSTa nahIM hotA vaha kevala prastuta atha kA hI abhidhAna karatA hai|' ruyyaka ne bhI kevala vizeSaNa-sAmya meM samAsokti tathA vizeSya aura vizeSaNa donoM ke sAmya meM zleSa mAnakara donoM kA viSaya-vibhAga kiyA hai| yaha dhAraNA vizvanAtha Adi paravartI AcAryoM ko bhI mAnya huii| jagannAtha kI mAnyatA hai ki yadi vizeSaNa-mAtra kA hI zleSa donoM meM rahe to donoM kA bheda yaha hogA ki zleSa meM prakRta-aprakRta donoM kA upAdAna hogA ; para samAsokti meM kevala prakRta kA upadAna hogA, aprakRta vyaGagya hogaa| samAsokti meM vizeSaNa kA do arthoM kA upapAdaka honA apekSita hai| vaha sAdhAraNa zabda se bhI do arthoM kA upapAdana kara sakatA hai, upamAgarbha samAsa se bhI aura zleSa se bhii| isa prakAra zleSa aura samAsokti meM mukhya rUpa se do bhedaka dharma hai (ka) zleSa meM donoM artha vAcya hote hai, para samAsokti meM eka vAcya aura dUsarA vyaGgya / (kha) zleSa meM yadi donoM prakRta yA donoM aprakRta arthoM kA varNana abhISTa ho to vizeSaNa aura vizeSya; donoM kA zliSTa prayoga hotA hai| jahA~ eka prakRta tathA dUsarA aprakRta artha vivakSita ho, vahA~ vizeSya to zliSTa nahIM hotA; para vizeSaNa Avazyaka rUpa se zliSTa hotA hai| samAsokti meM zliSTa vizeSya kA prayoga kabhI nahIM hotaa| zliSTa vizeSaNa kA prayoga bhI Avazyaka nhiiN| usameM zliSTa vizeSaNa kA bhI prayoga ho sakatA aura usake vinA samAna 1. prakRtArthena vAkyena tatsamAnavizeSaNaH / aprastutArthakathanaM smaasoktirudaahtaa|| tathA-nanveva zleSatA prAptetyAha -tatsamAnavizeSaNaH, vizeSyapadaM tu prastutArthAbhidhAyyeva |-udbhtt, kAvyAlaM0 sArasaM0 2-21 tathA usakI vivRti pR0 27 2. kevala vizeSaNasAmyaM samAsoktAvuktam / tatra dvayoH prAkaraNikayoH aprAkaraNikayoH prAkaraNikAprAkaraNikayo zliSTapadopanibandhe zleSaH / -alaGkArasarvasva, pR0 110 3. vizeSaNamAtrazliSTatAyAmapi prakRtAprakRtadharmiNorupAdAna eva zleSaH / prakRtarmimAtrasyopAdAne tu samAsoktireva viSayaH / -jagannAtha, rasagaGa gAdhara, pR0 620

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666 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa vizeSaNa, upamitasamAsAnta pada Adi se bhI vaNita artha se aprastuta artha kI vyaJjanA karAyI jA sakatI hai|' dRSTAnta aura prativastUpamA dRSTAnta alaGkAra meM samAna dharma vAlI vastuoM kI bimbapratibimba-bhAva se yojanA hotI hai; para prativastUpamA meM vastudharmoM kI vastuprativastu-bhAva se yojanA kI jAtI hai| isa prakAra ina do alaGkAroM meM eka bheda to yaha hai ki jahA~ dRSTAnta meM dharma tathA dharmI; donoM kA bimbapratibimba-bhAva dikhAyA jAtA hai, vahA~ prativastUpamA meM kevala dharmoM kA hI sambandha (vastuprativastusambandha) dikhAyA jAtA hai| dUsarA bheda bimbapratibimbabhAva tathA vastuprativastu bhAva sambandha kA hai / prasaGgAt donoM padoM ke artha kA spaSTIkaraNa apekSita hai| vastutaH, bhinna jina do dharmoM (yA dharmiyoM) meM sAdRzya ke kAraNa abhinnatA jAna par3atI ho, unakA do bAra upAdAna bimbapratibimbabhAva kahalAtA hai, isake viparIta eka hI dharma kA sambandhI ke bheda se zabdabheda se do bAra upAdAna vastuprativastubhAva mAnA jAtA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, tattvataH bhinna; para sAdRzya ke kAraNa abhinna pratIta hone vAle dharmoM kA do bAra ullekha bimbapratibimbabhAva hai para; tattvataH abhinna (eka hI) dharma kA zabda bheda se do bAra upAdAna vstuprtivstubhaav| donoM alaGkAroM kI yojanA meM kavi ke uddezya ko dRSTi meM rakha kara jayaratha ne kahA hai ki prativastUpamA meM prastuta artha kA sAdRzya batAne ke lie aprastuta arthAntara kA upAdAna hotA hai| phalataH, donoM meM upamAnopameyabhAva sambandha ghaTita ho jAtA hai; para dRSTAnta meM aprastuta-yojanA kA uddezya prastuta artha kI spaSTa pratIti karanA hotA hai| ataH, jayaratha ke anusAra prativastUpamA meM kavi kA uddezya upamAnopameya-bhAva-mAtra dikhAnA rahatA hai aura dRSTAnta meM prakRta artha kI pratIti ko vizada krnaa| isIlie ruyyaka ne prativastUpamA ko aupamyAzraya kahA hai| yaha vivecana bahuta sArapUrNa nahIM hai| bimbapratibimbabhAva meM bhI sAdRzya kI pratIti hotI hI hai aura isa taraha 1. vizvanAtha ne tIna prakAra se vizeSaNa-sAmya ke prayoga kA ullekha kiyA hai-"vizeSaNasAmyantu zliSTatayA, sAdhAraNyena, aupamyagarbhatvena ca tridhaa|"-vishvnaath, sAhityadarpaNa, pR0 667

Page #720
alaGkAroM kA pArasparika bheda [667 upamAnopameyabhAva kI kisI-na-kisI rUpa meM pratIti ho jAtI hai| vastuprativastubhAva meM bhI aupamya kA jo bodha hotA hai, usakI saphalatA pratipattA kI pratIti ko vizada banAne meM hI hogii| ataH, pratIti ke vizadAkaraNa ko dRSTAnta kA vyAvartaka tathA upamAnopameyabhAva ko prativastUpamA kA vyAvartaka mAnanA yuktipUrNa nahIM jAna pdd'taa| prativastUpamA tathA dRSTAnta-donoM meM aupamya gamya hotA hai|' paNDitarAja jagannAtha ne vimazinIkAra ke ukta mata kA khaNDana isI AdhAra para kiyA hai| paNDitarAja kI mAnyatA hai ki dRSTAnta meM dharma bhI pratibimbita hotA hai jaba ki prativastUpamA meM vaha dharma zuddha sAmAnya rUpa meM rahatA hai| udbhaTa ke kAvyAlaGkArasAra kI vivRti meM dRSTAnta aura prativastUpamA kA bheda-nirUpaNa karate hue kahA gayA hai ki dRSTAnta meM iSTa artha kA pratibimba 'dikhAyA jAtA hai, jo sAdRzya-vAcaka ivAdi pada se rahita hotA hai; para prati vastUpamA meM sAdhAraNa dharma kA upameya vAkya tathA upamAna vAkya; donoM meM ullekha hotA hai| vizvanAtha ne pratistUpamA se dRSTAnta kA bheda spaSTa karane ke lie dRSTAnta-lakSaNa meM prayukta 'sadharma' vizeSaNa kA aucitya pratipAdita kiyA hai|' usa vizeSaNa kI vyAkhyA meM unhoMne kahA hai ki sadharma se vastu-dharma kA sAdRzya 1. vizinIkArastu prativastUpamAyAmaprakRtArthopAdAnaM tena saha prakRtArthasya sAdRzyapratipattyartha, dRSTAnte tu tadupAdAnametAdRzo'rtho'nyatrApi sthita iti prakRtArthapratItevizadIkaraNamAtrArthaM na tu sAdRzyapratipattyarthamataH sAdRzyapratItyapratItibhyAmanayoralaGkArayobhada ityaah| tanna prakRtAprakRtavAkyArthayorupAdAnasyAlaGkAradvaya 'pyaviziSTatvAdekatra sAdRzyapratyayo'nyatra netyasyAjJAmAtratvAt / vaiparItyasyApi suvacatvAcca / etadRzoyo'nyatrApi sthita iti prakRtArthapratItivizadIkaraNasya tvadabhihitasya sAdRzyAparaparyAyatvAcca |-jgnnaath, rasagaM0, pR0 533 2. asya (dRSTAnta) cAlaGkArasya prativastUpamayA saha bhedakametadeva yattasyAM dharmo na prtibimbitH| kintu zuddhasAmAnyAtmanaiva sthitaH, iha tu prtibimbitH| vahI, pR0 532-33 3. ....."prativastUpamAyAM ca sAdhAraNadharma upamAnopameyayorubhayorapi nigado bhavati |....."ih tu sarvAtmanA pratibimbopanyAsaH / -kAvyAlaGkArasArasaMgraha, vivRti, pR0 52 24. sadharmasyeti prativastUpamAvyacchedaH / -vizvanAtha, sAhityadarpaNa, 10, 66 kI vRtti vahI pR0680

Page #721
698 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa vivakSita hai| sAdRzya meM bheda kA artha antanihita rahatA hai| ataH prativastUpamA se dRSTAnta kA yaha bheda spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki dRSTAnta meM tattvataH bhinna dharma vAlI (sadRza dharma vAlI) vastue~ rahatI haiM, jaba ki prativastUpamA meM abhinna arthAt eka hI dharma kA do bAra upAdAna hotA hai| 'kAvyaprakAza' ke TIkAkAra jhalakIkara ne bhI prativastupamA paribhASA meM eka sAdhAraNa dharma ke ullekha kA uddezya dRSTAnta se usake bheda kA spaSTIkaraNa hI mAnA hai / prativastUpamA meM eka hI sAdhAraNa dharma vastuprativastubhAva se do bAra kathita hotA hai para dRSTAnta meM vastutaH do dharmoM meM bimbapratibimbabhAva rahatA hai| niSkarSataH, dRSTAnta aura prativastUpamA kA vyAvartaka kramazaH bimbapratibimbabhAva tathA vastuprativastubhAva hI hai| bimba-pratibimba-bhAva dharma tathA dharmI; donoM kA sambhava hai / ataH, dRSTAnta meM dharmoM yA dharmiyoM kA bimba-pratibimbabhAva varNita hotA hai, para vastuprativastu-bhAva kevala dharmoM meM hI sambhava hotA hai, dharmiyoM meM nhiiN| ataH, prativastUpamA meM dharmoM kA hI vastu-prativastubhAva (eka dharma kA zabdabheda se do bAra upAdAna) dikhAyA jAtA hai / __ dRSTAnta aura prativastUpamA ke viSaya-vibhAga ke sambandha meM kucha AcAryoM ke mata kA nirdeza karate hue DaoN0 rAmacandra dvivedI ne kahA hai ki "kucha AcArya dRSTAnta meM prakRta aura aprakRta meM samarthya aura samarthaka-bhAva hotA hai isa AdhAra para isakA prativastUpamA se bheda karate haiN|" DaoN0 dvivedI kI Apatti hai ki yadi dRSTAnta meM bhI prakRta-aprakRta meM samarthya-samarthaka bhAva mAna liyA jAya to, arthAntaranyAsa se usakA bheda nahIM raha jAyagA / 2 yaha tarka sabala nahIM hai| dRSTAnta meM samarthya-samarthaka-bhAva mAnane para bhI arthAntaranyAsa se usakA yaha bheda raha jAtA hai ki usameM sAmAnya kA sAmAnya se aura vizeSa kA vizeSa se hI samarthana hotA hai / jabaki arthAntaranyAsa meM samarthana sAmAnya kA vizeSa se aura vizeSa kA sAmAnya se hotA hai| bimbapratibimbabhAva se anya artha ke upanyAsa meM uddezya mUlataH prakRta kA samarthana hI to hotA hai ! 1. ....."ekasyetyanena dRSTAntavyudAsaH tatra sAdhAraNadharmasya bimbapratibimbabhAvena nidezenaikatvavirahAt / -kAvyaprakAza jhalakIkarakRta TIkA pR0 630 2. draSTavya-DaoN0 rAmacandra dvi0, alaM0 mI0, pR0 332

Page #722
alaGkAroM kA pArasparika bheda [ 666 : dRSTAnta aura arthAntaranyAsa dRSTAnta meM do vastuoM meM bimbapratibimba-bhAva rahatA hai aura arthAntaranyAsa meM smrthy-smrthk-bhaav| udbhaTa ne dRSTAnta se arthAntaranyAsa kA bheda batAte hue kahA thA ki arthAntaranyAsa meM prakRta artha kA anya artha se samarthana hotA hai| ataH, yaha dRSTAnta se bhinna hai| dRSTAnta meM bimbapratibimba rUpa meM / hI eka vastu ke samIpa anya vastu kA upanyAsa hotA hai / ' rudraTa kI mAnyatA hai ki arthAntaranyAsa meM prakRta artha (sAmAnya yA vizeSa) upameya hotA hai aura usake samarthana ke lie upanyasta aprakRta artha ( prakRta sAmAnya ke samarthana ke lie upanyasta vizeSa athavA prakRta vizeSa ke samarthana ke lie upanyasta sAmAnya) upamAna hotA hai| ina donoM meM se eka Avazyaka rUpa se sAmAnya aura dUsarA vizeSa rahatA hai| yadi samarthya prakRta vizeSa ho to samarthaka aprakRta sAmAnya hI ho sakatA hai, aura isake viparIta yadi samarthya prakRta sAmAnya ho, to samarthaka aprakRta vizeSa hI ho sakatA hai, para dRSTAnta alaGkAra meM bimbapratibimbabhAva se donoM vizeSa arthoM kA hI upasthApana / hotA hai / isalie dRSTAnta kI paribhASA meM rudraTa ne 'artha vizeSa:' pada kA ullekha kiyA hai| saMkSepataH, rudraTa ke anusAra ukta do alaGkAroM kA bheda yaha hai ki arthAntaranyAsa meM samarthya-samarthaka rUpa meM sadA eka vizeSa tathA dUsare sAmAnya artha kA upanyAsa hotA hai, para dRSTAnta meM bimbapratibimba rUpa meM sadA do vizeSa arthoM kA hI upanyAsa hotA hai, sAmAnya artha kA nhiiN|2 mammaTa Adi paravartI AcAryoM ne sAmAnya arthoM ke bimbapratibimba-bhAva meM bhI dRSTAnta mAnA hai| isa mata ko dRSTi meM rakhate hue 'kAvyaprakAza' kI 'nAgezvarI' TIkA meM yaha mantavya prakaTa kiyA gayA hai ki samAnya kA vizeSa se tathA vizeSa kA sAmAnya se samarthana arthAntaranyAsa kA kSetra hai aura vizeSa kA vizeSa se samarthana tathA sAmAnya kA sAmAnya se samarthana dRSTAnta kA / udyotakAra ne bhI isI AdhAra para donoM kA bheda-nirUpaNa kiyA hai|4 1. udbhaTa-kAvyAlaM0 sAra saM0, 2,7 tathA usakI vivRti pa0 24 2. draSTavya-rudraTa, kAvyAlaM0 8, 64 tathA usakI namisAdhukRta TIkA pR0 255.. 3. draSTavya-kAvya pra0 nAgezvarI TIkA pR0 261 / / 4. kAvya pra0 udyota se jhalakIkara dvArA bAlabodhinI meM uddhRta pa0 661

Page #723
* 700 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa niSkarSataH, dRSTAnta meM do vastuoM kA bimbapratibimba-bhAva tathA arthAntaranyAsa meM samarthya - samarthaka bhAva donoM kA mukhya vyAvartaka hai / dRSTAnta meM vizeSa kI puSTi vizeSa se tathA sAmAnya kI sAmAnya se hI hotI hai, para arthAntaranyAsa meM vizeSa kA samarthana sAmAnya se tathA sAmAnya kA samarthana vizeSa se hotA hai / TAnta aura nidarzanA AcArya ruyyaka ne sarvaprathama dRSTAnta aura vAkyArthavRtti nidarzanA kA - viSaya - vibhAga vyavasthita kiyaa| unake anusAra vastuoM kA vAcya bimbapratibimbabhAva dRSTAnta kA viSaya hai, kintu gamyamAna bimbapratibimbabhAva nidarzanA kA kSetra hai / nidarzanA meM vastu sambandha ke sambhava hone para bhI vastu sambandha ke vaiziSTya se bimbapratibimbabhAva kA bodha ho sakatA hai aura vastu-sambandha ke bAdhita ho jAne para bhI vastu sambandha se bimbapratibimbabhAva - kA AkSepa ho sakatA hai / ina donoM hI sthitiyoM meM vastuoM kA bimbapratibimbabhAva gamya hI hotA hai / isa tathya ko udbhaTa, mammaTa Adi ne vastusambandha kA aupamya meM paryavasita honA kahA thA / prakRta aprakRta ke bIca upamAnopameya-bhAva ke paryavasita hone ko hI ruyyaka ne gamya bimbapratibimbabhAva kahA hai / dRSTAnta ke vAcya bimbapratibimbabhAva tathA nidarzanA ke gamya bimbapratibimbabhAva ke svarUpa para vicAra karane se donoM alaGkAroM kA svarUpagata bheda spaSTa ho jAtA hai / dRSTAnta meM ( vAcya bimbapratibimbabhAva meM ) do paraspara nirapekSa vAkya rahate haiN| donoM vAkyArthoM meM bimbapratibimbabhAva sambandha dikhAyA jAtA hai arthAt donoM ke tattvata: bhinna hone para bhI sAdRzya ke kAraNa donoM meM abheda kI pratIti karAyI jAtI hai / nidarzanA meM eka hI vAkya se prakRta artha kA upanyAsa hotA hai aura ( samAna vibhakti se, samAna adhikaraNa se ) vastusambandha se anya vAkyArtha kA usa para adhyAropa kara liyA jAtA hai / yadi vAkya do bhI hoM to donoM vAkyArtha paraspara sApekSa hote haiM / 9. tasyApi bimbapratibimbatayA nirdeze dRSTAntaH / tulanIya - sambhavatAsambhAvatA vA vastusambandhena gamyamAnaM pratibimbakaraNaM nidarzanA / - ruyyaka, alaGkArasUtra, 26 tathA 27 2. draSTavya -- udbhaTa, kAvyAlaGkArasArasaM 0, 5,18 tathA - mammaTa, kAvyaprakAza, 10,67

Page #724
alaGkAroM kA pArasparika bheda [ 701 vastu-sambandha ke sambhava yA asambhava hone para sAdRzya kI pratIti meM paryavasAna " hone ke kAraNa bimbapratibimbabhAva kA gamya honA kahA gayA hai| dhyAtavya hai / ki mammaTa Adi vastusambandha ke bAdhita hone para hI upamA meM usa sambandha / kA paryavasAna nidarzanA kA lakSaNa mAnate hai, para ruyyaka vastusambandha ke sambhava hone tathA asambhava hone para; donoM hI sthitiyoM meM sAdRzya kA AkSepa honA nidarzanA kA lakSaNa mAnate haiN| mammaTa Adi ke anusAra 'abhavanvastu- . sambandha' arthAt sambandha-pratIti kA abhAva nidarzanA kA eka vyAvartaka hogaa| udyotakAra ne paraspara nirapekSa vAkyArthoM meM bimbapratibimbabhAva ko dRSTAnta kA - tathA paraspara sApekSa vAkyArthoM meM bimbapratibimbabhAva ko nidarzanA kA vyavacchedaka mAna kara donoM ke bheda nirUpaNa ke siddhAnta kA vivecana kiyA hai|' vizvanAtha kI mAnyatA hai ki asambhavadvastusambandhA nidarzanA meM bimba- . pratibimbabhAva kI kalpanA kiye vinA vAkyArtha kI vizrAnti hI nahIM ho sakatI; para dRSTAnta meM pUrNa vAkyArtha se anya vAkyArtha ke sAtha bimbapratibimbabhAva dikhAyA jAtA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, nidarzanA meM vAkyArtha apanI pUrNatA ke lie sAdRzya-kalpanA kI apekSA rakhatA hai, para dRSTAnta meM vAkyArtha - anya-nirapekSa aura apane Apa meM pUrNa rahatA hai| niSkarSa yaha ki dRSTAnta aura vAkyArthavRtti nidarzanA meM mukhya bheda bimbapratibimbabhAva ke vAcya aura gamya hone kI dRSTi se hai| dRSTAnta meM paraspara nirapekSa vAkyoM meM bimbapratibimbabhAva kI kalpanA kI jAtI hai, para nidarzanA meM eka hI vAkyArtha meM anya vAkyArtha kA AkSepa se adhyAropa hotA hai yA paraspara sApekSa vAkyArtha meM bimbapratibimbabhAva lakSita hotA hai| abhavanvastusambandhA vAkyavRttigatA nidarzanA meM to vastu-sambandha ke bAdhita rahane ke kAraNa taba . taka vAkyArtha kA paryavasAna hI nahIM hotA jaba taka usa vAkyArtha ke lie 1. 'abhavanvastusambandhaH' ityuktatvAdeva pratItiparyavasAnAbhAvAdasya dRSTAntato. bhedaH / parasparanirapekSayorvAkyArthayodRSTAntAlaGkAraH, iyaM (nidarzanA) punaH sApekSayoriti bheda ityanye ityudyote spaSTam / -kAvyaprakAza, jhalakIkara kI TIkA, pR. 614 2. iha (nidarzanAyAM) bimbapratibimbatAkSepaM vinA vAkyArthaparyavasAnam, dRSTAnte paryyavasitena vAkyArthena sAmAbimbapratibimbatApratyAyanam / -vizvanAtha, sAhityadarpaNa, pR0 686.

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.. 702 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa bimbapratibimbabhAva kI kalpanA na kara lI jAya, para dRSTAnta meM vAkyArtha * paryavasita hI rahatA hai| arthAntaranyAsa aura aprastutaprazaMsA AcArya udbhaTa ke TIkAkAra tilaka ne eka udAharaNa ko dRSTi meM rakhate hue yaha prazna uThAyA hai ki aprastutaprazaMsA meM bhI vAcya vizeSa se gamya sAmAnya samarthita hotA hai, aura vizeSa se sAmAnya kA samarthana arthAntaranyAsa kA bhI lakSaNa hai, phira arthAntaranyAsa aura aprastutaprazaMsA meM kyA antara hai ? hama isa prazna kA spaSTIkaraNa kara leN| aprastutaprazaMsA meM kevala aprakRta kA kathana hotA hai aura prakRta usase gamya hotA hai| yadi kisI vizeSa aprakRta ke varNana -se kisI sAmAnya prakRta artha kI pratIti hotI ho-jaisA ki eka udAharaNa meM vivRtikAra ne dikhAyA hai to usa vAcya vizeSa artha meM aura gamya sAmAnya artha meM samarthya-samarthaka bhAva mAnA hI jAyagA, kyoMki aprakRta vizeSa ke kathana kI sArthakatA usase gamyamAna prakRta sAmAnya artha ke samarthana meM hI hogii| isa prakAra aprastutaprazaMsA meM bhI sAmAnya aura vizeSa meM samarthya-samarthaka sambandha hone se sAmAnya-vizeSa ke samarthya-samarthaka sambandha para Azrita arthAntaranyAsa se aprastutaprazaMsA kA bheda hI kyA raha jAyagA? isa sambhAvita prazna kA uttara udbhaTa ne yaha kaha kara de diyA thA ki arthAntaranyAsa meM prakRta artha kA anya artha se samarthana hotA hai| ataH yaha aprastutaprazaMsA se bhinna hai / ' tAtparya yaha ki arthAntaranyAsa meM cUki arya ke anupapanna hone kI sambhAvanA se usake samarthana ke lie anya artha kA nyAsa kiyA jAtA hai, isalie usameM samarthya vAkyArtha-vizeSa yA sAmAnya-anya vAkyArtha kI apekSA rakhatA hai| usameM samarthya tathA samarthaka donoM arthoM kA upAdAna hotA hai, para aprastutaprazaMsA meM eka hI artha (kevala aprastuta arya) kA upAdAna hotA hai| niSkarSataH, samarthyasamarthaka sAmAnya-vizeSa aryoM kA upAdAna arthAntaranyAsa kA tathA unameM se kevala aprastuta sAmAnya yA vizeSa arya kA upAdAna kara usase gamya vizeSa yA sAmAnya artha kA samarthana aprastutaprazaMsA kA vyAvartaka hai| 1. x x x prakRtArthasamarthanAt / aprastutaprazaMsAyA dRSTAntAcca pRthak sthitaH / / -udbhaTa, kAvyAlaGkArasArasaMgraha, 2,7

Page #726
balaGkAroM kA pArasparika bheda [703 ruyyaka ko bhI udbhaTa kA mata mAnya hai| unhoMne aprastutaprazaMsA ke pAMca bhedoM meM se cAra ke sambandha meM kahA hai ki yadi sAmAnya-vizeSa aura kArya-kAraNa vAcya hoM, to arthAntaranyAsa alaGkAra hotA hai aura sAmAnya-vizeSa tathA kAryakAraNa ke yugmoM meM se jahA~ eka ( aprastuta ) vAcya aura anya ( prastuta ) gamya ho, vahA~ aprastutaprazaMsA alaGkAra mAnA jAtA hai / ' appayya dIkSita, jagannAtha Adi kI bhI yahI mAnyatA hai ki arthAntaranyAsa meM sAmAnya-vizeSa donoM hI samarthya-samarthaka ke rUpa meM vAcya hote haiM / isI prakAra kArya-kAraNa meM bhI samarthya-samarthakabhAva rahane para donoM vAcya rahate haiM, para aprastutaprazaMsA meM kevala aprastuta hI (cAhe vaha vizeSa ho, sAmAnya ho, kArya ho yA kAraNa ho) vAcya hotA hai anya gamya / 2 samarthya-samarthaka-sAmAnya-vizeSa yA kAryakAraNameM se donoM aGgoM kA vAcya honA tathA eka aGga kA-aprastuta kA-vAcya aura dUsare prastuta kA-gamya honA arthAntaranyAsa tathA aprastutaprazaMsA kA mukhya bhedaka dharma hai| 'arthAntaranyAsa aura kAvyaliGga AcArya daNDI Adi prAcIna AcArya sAmAnya kA vizeSa se athavA vizeSa kA sAmAnya se samarthana arthAntaranyAsa kA viSaya mAnate the| kAraNa kA kArya se samarthana athavA kArya kA kAraNa se samarthana unake anusAra arthAntaranyAsa ke kSetra meM samAviSTa nahIM thaa| isI AdhAra para 'kAvyAdarza' ke TIkAkAra nRsiMhadeva ne kAvyaliGga aura arthAntaranyAsa kA viSaya-vibhAga kiyA hai ki kArya kA kAraNa se samarthana tathA kAraNa kA kArya se samarthana kAvyaliGga kA viSaya hai aura sAmAnya kA vizeSa se samarthana tathA vizeSa kA sAmAnya se 1. tadatra sAmAnyavizeSatvena kAryakAraNatvena sArUpyeNa ca yad bhedapaJcaka muddiSTa, tatro dvayoH sAmAnya vizeSayoH kAryakAraNayozca yadA vAcyatvaM bhavati, tadA arthaantrnyaasaavirbhaavH| 'aprastutasya vAcyatve prastutasya gamyatve sarvatrAprastutaprazaMseti nirNayaH / -ruyyaka, alaGkArasarvasva, pR0 126-30 2. draSTavya-appayya dIkSita, kuvalayAnanda, 122-22 kI vRtti pR0 140 41 tathA jagannAtha, rasagaGgAdhara, pR0 648

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704 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa samarthana arthAntaranyAsa kA viSaya hai|' mammaTa bhI sAmAnya-vizeSa ke samarthyasamarthaka bhAva meM hI arthAntaranyAsa mAnate haiM / 2 udyotakAra ne isa tathya ke spaSTIkaraNa ke krama meM kahA hai ki samarthya-samarthaka meM sAmAnya-vizeSa-sambandha rahane para arthAntaranyAsa hotA hai| kAraNa se kArya athavA kArya se kAraNa kA samarthana kAvyaliGga kA viSaya hai| 3 ruyyaka ne kAryakAraNa meM samarthya-samarthaka bhAva ko bhI arthAntaranyAsa meM samAviSTa kara kAvyaliGga aura arthAntaranyAsa kA bheda-nirUpaNa kiyA hai| kAvyaliGga meM kAraNa kA vAkyArtha kI rIti se, yA vizeSaNa ke rUpa meM padArtha rIti se, liGgarUpa meM nibandhana hotA hai| inameM se vAkyArtharUpa meM nibaddha hetu kA arthAntaranyAsa se rUpa-sAmya prApta hotA hai| ataH donoM kA bheda-nirUpaNa apekSita hai / kAvyaliGga meM vAkyArtha kA nibandhana hetu rUpa meM hI kiyA jAtA hai, para arthAntaranyAsa meM upanibaddha vAkyArtha ko hetu banAyA jAtA hai; yahI donoM kA mukhya bheda hai|| appayya dIkSita ne ruyyaka kI ukta mAnyatA ko asvIkAra karate hue kevala sAmAnya vizeSa ke samarthya-samarthaka bhAva meM hI arthAntaranyAsa mAnA hai| kAraNakArya Adi ke samarthya-samarthaka sambandha ko unhoMne kAvyaliGga kA viSaya mAnA hai| unakI mAnyatA hai ki kAraNa-kArya meM bhI samarthya-samarthaka bhAva ko arthAntaranyAsa mAnane se kAvyaliGga se usakA bheda hI nahIM raha jAyagA / donoM ke viSaya-vibhAga ke lie jo yaha yukti dI gayI hai ki samarthana sApekSa artha 1. kAraNena kAryasya kAryeNa vA kAraNasya samartha nantu kA vyaliGgasya viSayaH, samarthyasamarthakayoH sAmAnya vizeSabhAvasambandhe'rthAntaranyAsaH taditarasambandhe kAvyaliGgamiti svIkArAt etayorapi vizeSaH / -kAvyAdarza, kusumapra0 TIkA, pR0 152 2. sAmAnyaM vA vizeSo vA yadanyena samarthyate / yatta so'rthAntaranyAsa: sAdhayeNetareNa vA // -mammaTa, kAvyaprakAza, 10,106 3. kAraNena kAryasya kAryeNa kAraNasya vA samarthanaM tu kAvyaliGgasya viSayaH / samarthyasamarthakayoH sAmAnyavizeSasambandhe'yam, taditarasambandhe kAvya liGgamityabhyupagamAt / / -kAvyapra0 udyota, bAlabodhinI meM uddha ta, pR0 661 4. yatra tu vAkyArthasya hetutvaM, tatra hetutvapratipAdakamantareNa hetutvenopanyAse kAvyaliGgameva / taTasthatvenopanyastasya tu hetutve'rthAntaranyAsaH / -ruyyaka, alaGkArasarvasva, pR0 181

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alaGkAroM kA pArasparika bheda [705 kA samarthana hone para kAvyaliGga aura nirapekSa kA bhI pratItivaiziSTya se samarthana hone para arthAntaranyAsa mAnA jAyagA, vaha sabala nahIM hai; kyoMki isa niyama ke viparIta nirapekSa ke samarthana meM bhI kAvyaliGga tathA sApekSa ke samarthana meM bhI arthAntaranyAsa ke udAharaNa upalabdha haiN| ataH donoM ke viSaya-vibhAga ke lie yaha Avazyaka hai ki kAraNa-kArya meM samarthya-samarthaka bhAva ke sthala meM kAvyaliGga aura sAmAnya-vizeSa meM samaya-samarthaka bhAva ke sthala meM arthAntara* nyAsa mAnA jAya / paNDitarAja jagannAtha ne bhI arthAntaranyAsa kA kSetra kevala sAmAnyavizeSa ke samarthana ko svIkAra kiyA hai| unake anusAra kAvyaliGga aura arthAntaranyAsa kA mukhya bheda yaha hai ki kAvyaliGga meM hetu sadA gamyamAna hI hotA hai, para arthAntaranyAsa meM yaha niyama nhiiN| kAvyaliGga meM hetu-hetumadbhAva sadA arthagata hotA hai, para arthAntaranyAsa meM samaya-samarthaka-bhAva zAbda tathA Artha; donoM ho sakatA hai| isa vivecana ke niSkarSa rUpa meM ruyyaka kI mAnyatA ke anusAra sAmanya vizeSa ke sAtha kAraNa-kArya ke samarthya-samarthaka bhAva ko bhI arthAntaranyAsa mAnane meM koI anupapatti nahIM jAna pdd'tii| aisA mAnane para bhI kAvyaliGga se arthAntaranyAsa kA bheda raha hI jAyagA-upanibaddha vAkyArtha se samarthana arthAntaranyAsa kA tathA hetu rUpa meM vAkyAtha-nibandhana kAvyaliGga kA vyAvartaka hogaa| dUsare, kAvyaliGga meM hetu kA sArvatrika rUpa se Artha honA tathA arthAntaranyAsa meM usakA zAbda tathA Artha honA bhI donoM kA vyavacchedaka dharma mAnA jA sakatA hai| 1. ..."tasmAdubhayato vyabhicArAtsamarthanApekSasamartha ne kAvyaliGga tannirapekSasamartha ne'rthAntaranyAsa iti na vibhAgaH, kintu samarthyasamarthakayoH sAmAnyavizeSasambandhe'rthAntaranyAsaH / taditarasambandha kAvyaliGgamityeva vyvsthaavdhaarnniiyaa| -appayya dIkSita, kuvalayAnanda vRtti, pR0 142-3 2. yatra kAraNena kAryasya kAryeNa vA kAraNasya samarthanamityapibheda dvayamarthAntaranyAsasyAlalArasarvasvakAro nyarUpayata. tanna / tasya kAvyaliGgaviSayatvAt |-jgnnaath, rasagaGgAdhara, pR0 751 / tathAasminnalaGkAre (arthAntaranyAsAlaGkAre ) samarthyasamarthakabhAva ArthaH zAbdazcAlaGkAratAprayojakaH / na tu kAvyaliGgaM hetuhetumadbhAva ivArtha ev| -vahI, pR0 748, pRSTha 751-52 bhI draSTavya 45

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706 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa vibhAvanA aura vizeSokti vibhAvanA aura vizeSokti eka dUsare kA viparItadharmA hai| vibhAvanA meM kAraNa ke vinA hI kArya kI utpatti kA varNana hotA hai; para isake viparIta vizeSokti meM samagra yA abAdhita kAraNa ke rahane para bhI phala kI utpatti na hone kA varNana hotA hai| alaGkArasarvasvakAra ne donoM ke svabhAva kA spaSTIkaraNa karate hue kahA hai ki vibhAvanA meM hetu kA pratyakSataH niSedha rahatA hai; para vastutaH vaha hetu kA abhAva phalotpatti kI bAdhA meM hI pariNata hotA hai, yadyapi pratyakSataH hetu ke vinA phalotpatti kathita rahatI hai| isake viparIta vizeSokti meM pratyakSataH to samagra hetu kA sadbhAva, phira bhI phalotpatti kA abhAva varNita hotA hai; para tattvataH vaha phalAbhAva kAraNa-samagratA kI bAdhA ke rUpa meM hI pratIta hotA hai|' vibhAvanA aura vizeSokti kA paraspara viparIta svabhAva sarvasammata hai| aprastutaprazaMsA aura apaha nuti aprastutaprazaMsA meM prastuta kA upAdAna nahIM hotaa| aprastuta ke kathana se hI prastuta kI pratIti karAyI jAtI hai; para apahna ti meM prastuta kA niSedha aura usakI jagaha aprastuta kI sthApanA kI jAtI hai / aprastutaprazaMsA aura paryAyokta 'alaGkArasarvasva' meM yaha prazna uThAyA gayA hai ki yadi kArya ke varNana se kAraNa kI pratIti meM bhI aprastutaprazaMsA mAnI jAtI hai (jaisA ki ruyyaka Adi ne mAnA hai) to paryAyokta meM jahA~ kisI vyakti ke kArya kA varNana kara kAraNabhUta artha kI pratIti karAyI jAtI hai, usameM bhI aprastutaprazaMsA hI mAnI jAne lgegii| donoM kA bhedaka kyA raha jAyagA? isa zaGkA kA samAdhAna yaha kaha kara kiyA gayA hai ki kArya se kAraNa kI pratIti to ukta donoM alaGkAroM meM hotI hai, para donoM kA bheda yaha hai ki paryAyo ka meM kArya mukhena kAraNabhUta artha 1. kAraNAbhAvena ceha (vibhAvanAyAM ) upakrAntatvAd balavatA kAryameva bAdhyamAnatvena pratIyate, na tu tena tatra kAraNAbhAvaH / vizeSoktau kAryAbhAvena kAraNasattAyA eva bAdhyamAnatvamunneyam / -ruyyaka, alaM0 sarvasva pR0 152 tathA--vibhAvanAM lakSayitvA tadviparyayasvarUpAM vizeSoktiM lakSayati |-vhii, pR0 155

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alaGkAroM kA pArasparika bheda [707 kA hI bhaGa gyantara se kathana hotA hai, isalie usameM kArya bhI kAraNa kI taraha varNya hone se prastuta hI rahatA hai, jaba ki aprastutaprazaMsA meM varNita kArya aprastuta hotA hai aura usase pratIta hone vAlA kAraNabhUta artha hI prastuta hotA hai|' paNDitarAja jagannAtha ne ukta vibhAga ko asvIkAra kara donoM meM isa AdhAra para bheda-nirUpaNa kiyA hai ki aprastutaprazaMsA meM vAcyArya vyaGa gyArtha kI pratipatti meM sahAyaka hotA hai; para paryAyokta meM isake viparIta vyaGa gyArtha hI vAcyArtha kI pratipatti meM sahAyaka hotA hai| yahI mata adhika spaSTa tathA yuktipuSTa jAna par3atA hai| aprastutaprazaMsA aura atizayokti atizayokti meM viSaya kA nigaraNa hone se usakA upAdAna nahIM hotA aura aprastuta se hI prastuta kA bodha karAyA jAtA hai / rUpakAtizayokti meM kevala viSayI kA hI upAdAna hotA hai| aprastutaprazaMsA meM bhI aprastuta kA hI varNana hotA hai aura usase prastuta artha kI pratIti hotI hai; para donoM meM mukhya bheda yaha hai ki atizayokti meM aprastuta kA kathana hone para lakSaNA zakti se anya prastuta artha kA bodha hotA hai, jaba ki aprastutaprazaMsA meM aprastuta artha ke kayana se vyaJjanA-vRtti se prastuta artha kI pratIti hotI hai| atizayokti meM aprastuta vAcya aura prastuta lakSya hotA hai; para arthAntaranyAsa meM aprastuta vAcya aura prastuta vyaGagya / 'dharatI para yaha candramA hai' atizayokti ke isa udAharaNa meM candramA kA dharatI para honA artha anupapanna hokara sAdRzyamUlA gauNI lakSaNA se 'mukha' artha kA bodha karAtA hai| aprastutaprazaMsA meM kathita aprastuta artha apane Apa meM pUrNa tathA upapanna rahatA hai aura usase vyaJjanAvRtyA anya (prastuta) artha kI bhI pratIti hotI hai| paNDitarAja jagannAtha ne isI AdhAra para ukta alaGkAroM kA bheda-nirUpaNa kiyA hai| 1. evaJca yatra vAcyo'rtho'rthAntaraM tAdRzameva svopaskArakatvenAgUrayati, tatra paryAyoktam / yatra punaH svAtmAnamevArastutatvAt prastutamarthAntaraM prati samarpayati tatrAprastutaprazaseti nirNayaH |-ruyyk, alaM0 sarva0 pR0 126 2. asmiMzcAlaGkAre ( paryAyoktAlaGkAre ) vyaGa gyaM vAcyaparam, aprastuta prazaMsAyAM tu vAcyaM vyaGa gyprm"|-jgnnaath, rasagaGgA0 pR0 657 3. tatra (atizayoktau) hi vAcyatAvacchedakarUpeNa lakSyasya pratItiriha ( aprastutaprazaMsAyAM) tu vAcyatATasthyenArthAntarasyeti vizeSAt / ....... kiMcAprastutaprazaMsAyAM prastutaM vyaGa gyamiti nirvivAdam / nigIryAdhyavasAne tu lakSyaM syAt |-jgnnaath, rasagaGgAdhara, pR0 648-46

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708] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa anyokti aura bhAva rugaTa ne aprastutaprazaMsA kI jagaha anyokti kA nirUpaNa kiyA hai| donoM tattvataH eka hI haiN| isa anyokti yA aprastutaprazaMsA se rudraTa ke dvitIya bhAva kA bheda-nirUpaNa vAJchanIya hai| bhAva ke dvitIya rUpa meM rudraTa ke anusAra koI vAkya vAcyArtha kA bodha karAne ke sAtha usa vAcyArtha ke asadRza muNa-doSa rUpa anya artha kI pratIti karAtA hai|' tAtparya yaha ki yadi vAkya kA vAcya artha vidhi rUpa ho to usase niSedha kI vyaJjanA hogI aura isake viparIta niSedha vAcya hone para vidhi kI vyaJjanA hogii| anyokti yA aprastutaprazaMsA rudraTa ke anusAra aupamyagarbha alaGkAra hai| usameM kathita vAkyArtha se usake sadRza hI anya vAkyArtha-upameyabhUta samAna itivRtta-vyajita hotA hai / 2 isa prakAra bhAva meM asadRza artha kI pratIti (guNa se doSa tathA doSa se guNa; vidhi se niSedha tathA niSedha se vidhi kI pratIti) tathA anyokti meM kathita artha se samAna itivRtta kI pratIti donoM kA bhedaka hai| paravartI AcAryoM ne. bhAva ko vyaJjanA Adi meM samAviSTa mAnA hai, alaGkAra nhiiN| anyokti aura paryAya paryAya meM vivakSita vastu kI vyaJjanA ke lie usake asadRza tathA usase kAryakAraNa-sambandha se rahita vastu kA kathana hotA hai| isa prakAra anyokti yA aprastutaprazaMsA se rudraTa ke isa paryAya kA bheda yaha hai ki anyokti meM kathita aprastuta artha se usake sadRza anya artha kI pratIti hotI hai aura paryAya meM kathita artha se usake asadRza artha kA bodha hotA hai| 3 1. abhidheyamabhidadhAnaM tadeva tadasadRzasakalaguNadoSam / arthAntaramavagamayati yadvAkyaM so'paro bhAvaH ||-rudrtt, kAvyAlaM0, 7,40 2. draSTavya-vahI, 8,74; namisAdhu ne donoM ke bhedaka tattva ke sambandha meM kahA hai ki asadRza artha kI pratIti bhAva ko anyokti se pathaka karatI hai-'etena cAnyoktisamAsoktyorbhAvatvaM niSiddham / tatra (anyoktI ) hItivRttasAdRzyaM vartate / aupamyabhedAttayoriti / -vahI, namisAdhukRta TIkA, pR0 214 3. samAsoktyanyoktyoH paryAyatvanivRttyarthamAha-asadRzaM tsy| tasya vAcyasya vastuno'sadRzamatulyam / -vahI, 7,42 para namisAdhukRta TIkA, pR0 215

Page #732
alaGkAroM kA pArasparika bheda |70 'paryAya aura bhAva paryAya aura bhAva ke svarUpagata bheda ke sambandha meM rudraTa kI mAnyatA hai ki bhAva meM vastuoM meM kathita tathA vyajita arthoM meM-janya-janaka-sambandha rahatA hai; para paryAya meM donoM meM janya-janaka sambandha kA abhAva rahatA hai| prathama bhAva meM vyakti ke zarIra kA vikAra usake vizeSa abhiprAya kI pratIti karAtA hai / aisI sthiti meM vikAra kArya hotA hai aura bhAva usa vikAra kA kAraNa / kArya se kAraNabhUta artha kI pratIti hotI hai| isa prakAra gamya artha-bhAva vizeSa jo vikAra rUpa kArya kA kAraNa hai-kA gamaka artha (vikAra) ke sAtha janya-janaka sambandha rahatA hai| dvitIya bhAva meM eka vastu kA bodha anya vastu kI pratIti kA janaka hotA hai| paryAya meM eka artha kA arthAntara ke sAtha janya-jamaka sambandha nahIM rhtaa| isameM vahI artha paryAya se (bhaGa gyantara se ) kathita hotA hai| abhiprAya-rUpa arthAntara kI pratIti isameM nahIM hotii| jo pratIta hotA hai vahI bhaGa gyantara se kathita bhii|' paryAya aura sUkSma __ sUkSma meM eka vastu kA jJAna vastvantara kI pratIti kA kAraNa hotA hai / isameM pratipAdya artha meM yuktihIna artha vAlA zabda apane artha se sambaddha yuktiyukta anya artha kA bodha karAtA hai, para paryAya meM eka hI artha rahatA hai, jo pratIta bhI hotA hai aura paryAya se kathita bhii| ataH usameM do arthoM meM janya-janake sambandha nahIM rhtaa| parikara aura parikarAGa kura ina donoM alaGkAroM kA svarUpa sAbhiprAya pada-prayoga kI dhAraNA para AdhRta hai| donoM kA mukhya bheda yaha hai ki parikara meM sAbhiprAya vizeSaNa kA prayoga 1. bhAvasUkSmayoH paryAyoktanivRtyarthamAha-ajanakamajanyaM veti / ayamarthaH prathamabhAve vikAralakSaNena kAryeNa vikAravato'bhiprAyo yathA gamyate tathA svajanakena saha pratibandhazceti gamakasya janyatAsti / "iha ( paryAye ) tu vivakSitavastupratipAdaka vastu na tathAbhUtam / vaacyvaackbhaavshuunymityrthH| dvitIyabhAve hi vakta rabhiprAyarUpamarthAntaraM vAkyena gamyate / ... iha tu sa evArthaH paryAyeNocyate / na tvabhiprAyarUpamarthAntarapratItiriti / -rudraTa, kAvyAlaGkAra, 7,42 para namisAdhu kI TIkA, pR0 215, 2. .."sUkSme tu yuktimadartho'pi zabdo'ryAntaramupattimad gamayati / iha tu sa evArthaH pryaayennocyte| -vahI, pR0 215

Page #733
710 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa hotA hai aura parikarAGa kura meM sAbhiprAya vizeSya kA / sAbhiprAya pada - prayoga ko donoM kI samAna prakRti mAnane ke kAraNa hI mammaTa Adi ne donoM ko alaga-alaga nahIM mAna kara eka hI alaGkAra mAnA hogA | udyotakAra ne mammaTa ke parikara - lakSaNa meM prayukta vizeSaNa zabda ko upalakSaNa mAna kara sAbhiprAya vizeSya meM bhI parikara hI svIkAra kiyA hai aura parikarAGakura nAmaka alaGkAra kI kalpanA ko yuktihIna batAyA hai / ' para, sUkSma bheda ke AdhAra para svatantra alaGkAra kI kalpanA hotI rahI hai aura vizeSaNa tathA vizeSya ke sAbhiprAya prayoga ke AdhAra para ukta alaGkAroM kA bhI bheda-nirUpaNa: asaGgata nahIM / molita aura sAmAnya mIti meM eka vastu samAna lakSaNa vAlI anya vastu ko apane meM tirohita kara letI hai / ataH, usameM eka hI vastu kI pratIti hotI hai / sAmAnya meM prakRta vastu kA aprakRta vastu ke sAtha tAdAtmya dikhAyA jAtA hai / ataH, usameM donoM vastuoM kI ekarUpatayA pratIti rahatI hai / usameM donoM vastue~ pratyakSa viSaya hotI haiM; para eka kA dUsare se abhinna rUpa meM bodha hotA hai / alaGkAra-sarvasvakAra tathA udyotakAra ne mIlita aura sAmAnya kA bheda-nirUpaNa isI AdhAra para kiyA hai / appayya dIkSita, jagannAtha Adi ne bhI isI AdhAra para ukta alaGkAroM kA bheda-nirUpaNa kiyA hai / 2 1. atra (parikare ) vizeSaNairityupalakSaNaM vizeSyasyApi / tena sAbhiprAye vizeSye'pyayam / ....... "etena sAbhiprAye vizeSye parikarAGa, kuranAmA bhinno' laGkAra ityapAsta mityudyote spaSTam / - kAvyaprakAza, jhalakIkarakRta TIkA pR0 666 / jhalakIkara ne sudhAsAgarakAra kA bhI mata uddhRta kiyA hai, jo udyotakAra ke mata se abhinna hai / - draSTavya, vahI, pR0 666. 2. na cAyaM ( nimIlitam ) sAmAnyAlaGkAraH / tasya ( sAmAnyasya ) hi sAdhAraNaguNayogAd bhedAnupalakSaNaM rUpam / asya ( mIlitasya ) tutkRSTaguna nikRSTa guNasya tirodhAnamiti mahAnmayorvizeSaH / - ruyyaka, alaGkAra sarvasva, pR0 206, aikAtmyamityanena mIlitAdbha eda:, tatra ( mIlite ) balavatsajAtIyagrahaNa kRtAgrahaNam atra tu pRthaktvenAgrahaNamiti vizeSAt / - kAvyapra0, 10,134 para udyota TIkA / appayya dIkSita, kuvalayAnanda, 147 kI vRtti, pR0 164 tathA jagannAtha, rasagaGgAdhara, pR0 815-16 bhI draSTavya /

Page #734
alaGkAroM kA pArasparika bheda [ 711 molita aura vyAjokti mIlita meM kisI vastu ke samAna cihna vAlI anya vastu se vastu ke tirodhAna kA varNana hotA hai; para vyAjokti meM vastu ke prakaTa svarUpa ko kisI bahAne chipAne kA varNana hotA hai / ataH, donoM alaGkAroM kI prakRti paraspara bhinna hai / vivaraNakAra ne donoM ke bhedaka tattva ke sambandha meM kahA hai ki vyAjokti meM vastu kA tirodhAna vastusvabhAva se nahIM hotA, balki udbhinna vastu ko vaktA kisI bahAne chipAne kA prayAsa karatA hai; para mIlita meM vastu kA tirodhAna vAstavika rUpa meM vivakSita hotA hai| usameM vastu kA rUpa udbhinna hI nahIM hotaa| vaha svabhAvataH hI anya vastu ke rUpa meM tirohita ho jAtA hai|' mIlita aura apaha nuti mIlita meM do vastuoM kI rUpagata samatA ke kAraNa eka vastu ke dUsarI vastu meM tirohita ho jAne kA varNana hotA hai; para apahnati meM prakRta kA apahnava (niSedha) kara aprakRta kI sthApanA kI jAtI hai| donoM kA eka bheda yaha bhI hai ki apahna ti meM upamAnopameyabhAva rahatA hai; para mIlita meM upamAnopameya bhAva Avazyaka nhiiN| apahnati meM niSedhapUrvaka sthApana hotA hai, para mIlita meM aisA nahIM hotaa| mIlita aura unmIlita __ appayya dIkSita ne donoM ko svatantra alaGkAra mAnA hai| samAna cihna ke kAraNa eka vastu anya vastu meM tirohita ho jAtI hai, phira anya cihna kI upalabdhi se donoM vastuoM kA bheda spaSTa ho jAtA hai| pahalI (tirodhAna ko) sthiti mIlita kI sthiti hai aura dUsarI ( anya cihna ke lAbha se bheda spaSTa hone kI ) sthiti unmIlita kii| unmIlita ke rUpa-vidhAna ke lie pahale 1. vyAjoktI tirodhAnaM na vastusvabhAvajanitaM kiMtu kathaJcidudbhinna vastu kazcit tirodhAtu yatate iti vivakSitam / iha ( mIlite ) tu vastu nodbhinnam tasyApi ca tirodhAnaM vAstavikatayA vivakSitamiti bheda iti vivaraNe spaSTam / -kAvyaprakAza jhalakIkarakRta TI0. pR0 727-28 2. na cApahna tyativyAptiH upamAnopameyabhAvAbhAvAditi vistArikAyA muktam / vastutastu apahna tau niSedhasahitaM vyavasthApanam, atra (mIlite) tu na tatheti tato bhedaH / -vahI pR0 728

Page #735
712 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa mIlita kI sthiti kI kalpanA Avazyaka hai / isa AdhAra para donoM meM bahuta thor3A bheda mAnakara udyotakAra ne donoM ko eka hI alaGkAra mAnA hai / " yaha ThIka hai ki unmIlita kI kalpanA kA AdhAra mIlita kA svarUpa hai aura usakI pUrvadazA bhI mIlita kI hI dazA hai; para unmIlita meM mIlita se eka Age kI dazA kI kalpanA kI jAtI hai / jaba thor3e-thor3e bheda se svatantra alaGkAroM kI sattA svIkAra kI gayI hai, taba mIlita aura unmIlita ke svabhAvagata kathita bheda ke AdhAra para donoM kI paraspara svatantra sattA svIkAra karanA ucita hI jAna par3atA hai / mIlita aura tadguNa alaGkArasarvasvakAra ke anusAra mIlita aura tadguNa kA bheda yaha hai ki mIlita meM vastu kA rUpa samAna cihna vAlI anya vastu ke rUpa meM tirohita ho jAtA hai aura tadguNa meM hIna guNa vAlI vastu apane guNa kA tyAga kara anya vastu ke guNa ko 'grahaNa karatI hai / donoM kI prakRti para dRSTi rakhate hue pradIpakAra ne unake pArasparika bheda ke sambandha meM kahA hai ki mIlita meM anya vastu se AcchAdita vastu kA bodha hotA hai; para tadguNa meM vastu anya vastu meM tirohita nahIM hotI, usase anAcchAdita rahakara hI usake guNa ko grahaNa kara letI hai / 3 1. atrAhurudyotakArAH " sphuTamupalabhyamAnasya kasyacidvastuno liGga ratisAmyAt bhinnatvenAgRhyamANAnAM vastvantaraliGgAnAM svakAraNAnumApakatvaM mIlitam / evaM ca 'himAdri tvadyazomannaM surAH zItena jAnate' ityAdAvapi idameva ( mIlitameva ), zItena tajjJAne'pi yazaH sAdhAraNaliGgaH zvatyAdibhistadanumAnAbhAvAt zItena jAnate ityanenApi mIlanasyaiva dAryaM na tvanyeneti pratIteH / etenAtronmIlitaM pRthagalaGkAra iti apAstam / " - kAvyaprakAza, bAlabodhinI TIkA, pR0 728 2. na cedaM mIlitam / tatra hi prakRtaM vastu vastvantareNAcchAditatvena pratIyate / iha ( tadguNe) tvanapahna tasvarUpameva prakRtaM vastu vastvantaraguNoparattatayA pratIyata ityastyanayorbhedaH / --ruyyaka, alaGkArasarvasva, pR0 211 3. mIlite vastvantareNAcchAditasya tasyaiva vastunaH pratIti:, atra ( tadguNe ) tvanAcchAdita svarUpasyaiva vastvantaraguNApattiriti tato bheda iti pradIpaH / - kAvyaprakAza, bAlabodhinI, pR0 746

Page #736
alaGkAroM kA pArasparika bheda [ 713 'paNDitarAja jagannAtha kI bhI yahI mAnyatA hai|' udyotakAra ke anusAra donoM kA eka bheda yaha bhI hai ki mIlita meM dharmI bhI tirohita ho jAtA hai; para tadguNa meM kevala guNa (dharma) kA hI tiraskAra hotA hai| dharmI apane guNa-mAtra kA tyAga kara anya ke guNa ko grahaNa karatA hai| ataH, dharmI kA tiraskAra nahIM hotaa| usakI svatantra sattA avabhAsita hI rahatI hai / sAmAnya aura tadguNa sAmAnya meM vastu apane guNa kA tyAga nahIM krtii| usake guNa kI anya vastu ke guNa se kevala ekAtmatayA pratIti hotI hai| vaiziSTyAdhAyaka guNa ke abhAva meM usake guNa kI pRthak pratIti nahIM hotI, anya vastu ke guNa ke sAtha sAmAnyatayA pratIti hotI hai; para tadguNa meM vastu apane guNa kA tyAga kara anya vastu ke guNa ko grahaNa karatI hai, yahI 'kAvyaprakAza' ke TIkAkAra vAmana 'jhalakIkara ke anusAra ukta do alaGkAroM kA bheda hai| sAmAnya aura bhrAntimAn bhrAntimAna meM smaryamANa vastu kA Aropa hotA hai; para sAmAnya meM anubhUyamAna vastu kA-yaha donoM kA bheda hai| bhrAnti meM kisI vastu ko dekhakara saMskAra-rUpa meM mana meM sthita vastu kI smRti jAgrata hokara usa vastu para Aropita ho jAtI hai; para sAmAnya meM vastu kA guNa anya vastu ke guNa se aviziSTatayA anubhUta hotA hai| mammaTa ne bhrAnti meM kisI vastu meM aprAkaraNika 1. draSTavya-jagannAtha, rasagaGgAdhara, pR0 814, 2. mIlite dharmiNo'pitiskAraH .."iha (tadguNe ) tu guNamAtrasya va tiraskAraH dharmiNazca pRthagavabhAsa iti bhedaH / -kAvyaprakAza, udyota TIkA; bAlabodhinI meM uddhRta, pR0 746 3. sUtra (mammaTakRtasAmAnyAlaGkAralakSaNasUtra) prastutasyetyasya 'apari tyaktanijaguNasya' ityapi .vizeSaNaM vivakSitamityata Aha aparityaktanijaguNameveti / tena vakSyamANAttadguNAlaGkArAdbhedaH tatra nijaguNa parityAgAt / -kAvyaprakAza, jhalakIkarakRta TIkA, pR0 736 4. na ca bhrAntimatA saGkaraH, tatra smaryamANasya Aropo'tra ( sAmAnye ) anubhUyamAnasyeti vizeSAt / -kAvyaprakAza, jhalakIkara kI TIkA pR0 736

Page #737
714 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa kA jJAna apekSita mAnA hai| yaha sAmAnya se isakA bheda spaSTa kara detA hai| paNDitarAja jagannAtha ne sAmAnya se bhrAntimAn kA bheda spaSTa karane ke lie bhrAntimAn kI paribhASA meM sadRza dharmI meM anya dharmI ke jJAna para bala diyA hai / 2 bhrAntimAna meM kisI dharmI meM usase bhinna dharmI kA nizcayAtmaka jJAna hotA hai; para sAmAnya meM do dharmiyoM kA dharma nirviziSTa rUpa meM grahaNa hotA hai| sAmAnya aura rUpaka udyotakAra ke anusAra rUpaka meM upameya meM upamAna ke tAdAtmya kI zabdataH pratIti hotI hai; para sAmAnya meM prastuta ke dharma kA aprakRta ke dharma se tAdAtmya-nibandhana zabdataH pratIta nahIM hotA / rUpaka meM upameya kI upamAnatayA pratIti hotI hai; para sAmAnya meM prastuta aura aprastuta kI ekarUpatayA pratIti hotI hai, isa AdhAra para bhI kucha vidvAnoM ne sAmAnya aura rUpaka kA bhedanirUpaNa kiyA hai| sAmAnya aura atizayokti rUpakAtizayokti meM upamAna ke hI kathana se upameya kI bhI pratIti hotI hai; para sAmAnya meM donoM vastuoM kA kathana hotA hai / atizayokti meM upameya kI upamAna-rUpa meM pratIti hotI hai; para sAmAnya meM do vastuoM kI ekarUpatayA pratIti hotI hai| udyotakAra ne isI AdhAra para donoM kA bheda-nirUpaNa' kiyA hai| 1. "tasya tathAvidhasya dRSTau sanyAM yat aprAkaraNikatayA saMvedanam sa bhrAntimAn / -mammaTa, kAvyaprakAza, 10, 132 kI vRtti tathA usapara bAlabodhinI TIkA, pR0 733 .. lakSaNe (bhrAntilakSaNe) mIlitasAmAnyatadguNavAraNAya dharmigrahaNadvayam / -jagannAtha, rasagaGgAdhara, pR0 421 3. ..."nApi rUpakaprathamA tizayoktibhyAM ( sAmAnyasya saGkaraH) upameye upamAnatAdAtmyasya zabdAdapratIteH rUpakAbhAvAt upamAnatAvacchedakarUpeNApratIyamAnatvAnnAtizayokti: ""iti udyote spaSTam / rUpaka-- prathamAtizayoktyozca upameyasya upamAnatayA pratItiH atra (sAmAnya), tu ekarUpatayA pratItiriti tato bheda ityapi kecidvadanti / -kAvyaprakAza, jhalakIkarakRta TIkA, pR0 736 4. vahI

Page #738
alaGkAroM kA pArasparika bheda [715. tadguNa aura bhrAntimAn ___tadguNa meM koI vastu apane guNa kA tyAga kara anya vastu ke utkRSTa guNa kA grahaNa karatI hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, eka vastu para anya vastu ke gRhyamANa guNa kA Aropa hotA hai, jaba ki bhrAntimAna meM prakRta vastu para smaryamANa anya vastu kA Aropa hotA hai| isa AdhAra para udyotakAra ne tadguNa aura bhrAntimAn kA bheda-nirUpaNa kiyA hai|' jagannAtha ne bhI bhrAtimAn kI paribhASA meM , dharmI meM dharmyantara ke jJAna kA ullekha kara tadguNa se usakA bheda isI AdhAra para nirUpita kiyA hai| viSama aura asaGgati viSama ke eka bheda meM kArya ke guNa se kAraNa ke viruddha guNa kA tathA dUsare meM kArya kI kriyA se kAraNa kI viruddha kriyA kA yoga dikhAyA jAtA hai| kArya aura kAraNa meM viruddha guNa aura kriyA kA yoga hI usakA saundarya hai; para asaGgati meM kArya aura kAraNa kI bhinnadezatA ke varNana kA camatkAra rahatA hai| sAmAnyataH, kArya aura kAraNa meM samAna guNa-kriyA hI dekhI jAtI hai; para isa sAmAnya niyama ke viruddha kArya aura kAraNa meM virodhI guNa-kriyA kA varNana viSama hai| sAmAnyataH, jahA~ kAraNa ho vahIM kArya kI bhI utpatti dekhI jAtI hai; para kAraNa kA ekatra aura kArya kA aparatra dikhAyA jAnA--donoM kA bhinnadezatva-varNana-asaGgati hai| jhalakIkara ne isI tathya ko svIkAra kara kahA hai ki viSama kA camatkAra kArya aura kAraNa kI virodhI guNa-kriyA ke yoga meM rahatA hai, jaba ki asaGgati kA camatkAra ekadezatayA prasiddha kAryakAraNa kI bhinnadezatA ke varNana meM rahatA hai| 3 1. aprAkaraNikatAdAtmyenetyuktermIlitasAmAnyatadguNavAraNam / vahI, pR0 733 tathA-bhrAntimati smaryamANasyAropaH atra (tadguNe) gRhyamANasyeti bhedaH bhrAntenibaddhatvAbhAvAcca |-kaavyprkaash udyota se bAlabodhinI meM uddhRta, pR0 746 2. draSTavya-jagannAtha, rasagaGgAdhara, pR0 421 3. dvitIyabhedadvaye (viSamasya bhedadvaye) ca kAryakAraNayoviruddhaguNakriyAyoga eva camatkArI..."asaGgatyalaGkAre ekadezakayobhinnadezakatvameva camatkArIti bhedaH |-kaavyprkaash, jhalakIkarakRta TIkA pR0 716

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716 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa viSama aura virodha virodha meM virodhI padArthoM kI ekatra saGghaTanA hotI hai / jo virodhI padArtha svabhAvataH bhinnadeza meM rahate haiM unakA ekadezatva dikhAnA virodha hai| viSama meM kArya aura kAraNa ke paraspara virodhI guNa aura kriyA kA varNana hotA hai| yaha donoM alaGkAroM kA pArasparika bheda hai| kAraNa aura kArya kI paraspara virodhI guNa-kriyA ke yoga-rUpa viSama se virodha kA bheda spaSTa karate hue vAmana jhalakIkara ne bhI kahA hai ki ukta viSama bheda meM kArya tathA kAraNa kI . virodhI guNa-kriyA kA yoga dikhAne meM hI camatkAra rahatA hai, jaba ki virodha meM bhinnadezatayA prasiddha vastuoM kI ekadeza meM ghaTanA kA camatkAra rahatA hai|' virodha aura asaGgati virodha meM bhinna deza meM rahane vAle padArthoM kA ekadezatva vaNita hotA hai; " para asaGgati meM sAdhAraNataH ekadeza meM rahane vAle padArthoM (kAraNa aura kArya) kI bhinnadezatA dikhAyI jAtI hai / AcArya mammaTa ne donoM ke isa bheda kA nirdeza kiyA hai| vAmana jhalakIkara ne isa tathya kA spaSTIkaraNa kiyA hai ki virodhAbhAsa kA viSaya samAnya rUpa meM virodha hai;3 para, asaGgati kA viSaya kArya-kAraNa kI bhinnadezatA-rUpa vizeSa prakAra kA virodha hii| vimarzinIkAra 1. dvitIyabhedadvaye ca kAryakAraNayoviruddhaguNakriyAyoga eva camatkArI virodhAlaGkAre tu bhinnadezakayorekadezakatvam / -kAvyaprakAza, bAlabodhinI TIkA, pR0 716 2. eSA ca virodhavAdhinI na virodhaH bhinnAdhAratayaiva dvayoriha virodhitAyAH pratibhAsAt virodhe tu virodhitvaM ekAzrayaniSThamanuktamapi pryvsitm.....""| mammaTa, kAvyaprakAza 10,124 kI vRtti / 3. draSTavya-kAvyaprakAza, jhalakIkarakRta TIkA, pR0 716 / / 4. yattu virodhAlaGkAre hya kasminnadhikaraNa dvayoH sambandhAdvirodhapratibhAnamasaGgatau tvadhikaraNadvayam iti tasmAdasya vailakSaNyamiti vimarzinIkAra Aha / tadasat / ihApi tattatkAryatAvacchedakadharmatattatkAraNavaiyadhikaraNyarUpayodharmayorekasminkAryarUpe'dhikaraNe sambandhAdeva virodhprtibhaanotpttH| tasmAdvirodhAlaGkAre utpattivimarza vinaiva virodhapratibhAnamiha tUtpattivimarzapUvikaiva virodhapratibhotpattiriti vailakSaNya miti / vastutastu vyadhikaraNatvena prasiddhayoH samAnAdhikaraNatvenopanibandhane virodhaalngkaarH| samAnAdhikaraNatvena prasiddhayorvaiyadhikaraNyenopanibandhane'saGgatiH |-jgnnaath, rasagaGgAdhara, pR0 700-1

Page #740
alaGkAroM kA pArasparika bheda [717 . ne isI AdhAra para donoM kA viSaya-vibhAga kiyA thaa| paNDitarAja jagannAtha ne vimazinIkAra ke mata ke khaNDana meM yaha yukti dI hai ki virodha meM eka adhikaraNa meM do kA sambandha tathA asaGgati meM bhinnAdhikaraNatva ke AdhAra para jo bhedanirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai, vaha yuktisaGgata nahIM hai; kyoMki asaGgati meM bhI virodhI kArya-kAraNa kA eka hI kAryarUpa adhikaraNa hotA hai| eka hI kArya ke kAraNa kA vaiyadhikArya asaGgati kA alaGkAratva hai / yaha yukti kevala yukti ke lie hai| jagannAtha ne bhI niSkarSa-rUpa meM yahI svIkAra kiyA hai ki jina padArthoM kA alaga-alaga adhikaraNa meM rahanA prasiddha hai unakA eka adhikaraNa meM honA virodha hai aura isake viparIta jinakA samAna adhikaraNa meM rahanA prasiddha hai, unakA - bhinnAdhikaraNatva-nibandhana asaGgati hai| virodha aura virodhAbhAsa ina do alaGkAroM ke nAma meM hI donoM kA bheda nirdiSTa hai| virodha meM tattvataH virodhI padArthoM kI ekatra ghaTanA hotI hai; para virodhAbhAsa meM virodha tAttvika nahIM hotA, usakA AbhAsa-mAtra rahatA hai / ApAtataH jAna par3ane vAle virodha kA jahA~ vicAra karane para parihAra ho jAtA hai, vahIM virodhAbhAsa alaGkAra hotA hai| viSama aura viSAdana viSama ke eka bheda meM kartA ke abhISTa phala kI prApti kI jagaha aniSTa kI prApti kA varNana hotA hai| arthAt kartA iSTa phala to nahIM ho pAtA, ulaTe . use aniSTa kI prApti ho jAtI hai| appayya dIkSita Adi ke viSAdana kA viSama se thor3A-sA bheda yaha hai ki kartA ke abhISTa phala ke ThIka viruddha phala kI prApti viSAdana meM dikhAyI jAtI hai| viSama meM aniSTa kI prApti tathA viSAdana meM iSTa-viruddha phala kI prApti-donoM kA bhedaka hai| ina donoM meM / itanA kama bheda hai ki kucha vidvAna donoM kI alaga-alaga sattA kI kalpanA . anAvazyaka mAnate haiN| paNDitarAja jagannAtha ne uparinirdiSTa AdhAra para hI : donoM meM bheda mAnA hai|' 1. draSTavya-jagannAtha, rasagaGgAdhara, pR0 801-3

Page #741
5.718 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa kAraNAmAlA aura sAra kAraNamAlA meM padoM kA grathana isa rUpa meM hotA hai ki pratyeka pUrvavartI * pada apane uttaravartI kA kAraNa banatA jAtA hai| isa prakAra kAraNoM kI eka zRGkhalA bana jAtI hai; para sAra meM padoM kI saGghaTanA isa rUpa meM kI jAtI hai ki pratyeka uttaravartI pada padArtha ke adhikAdhika utkarSa kA bodha karAtA calatA hai| jagannAtha ke anusAra kAraNamAlA kA alaGkAratva zRGkhalA-mAtra meM hai; * para sAra kA kramazaH eka se dUsare artha ke vaiziSTya pratipAdana meM / ' kAraNamAlA aura mAlAdIpaka mAlAdIpaka meM pratyeka pUrvavartI artha ko apane-apane uttaravartI artha kA upakAraka batAyA jAtA hai; jabaki kAraNamAlA meM pUrva-pUrva uttara-uttara ke prati hetu rUpa meM prastuta kiyA jAtA hai| kAraNamAlA se usakA bheda yaha bhI hai ki usameM sabhI padoM kA eka kriyA se anvaya dikhAyA jAtA hai (jaisA ki appayya dIkSita Adi ne svIkAra kiyA hai) para kAraNamAlA meM eka kriyA kA anvaya * nahIM hotaa| mammaTa ke TIkAkAra vAmana jhalakIkara kA kathana hai ki mAlAdIpaka kA vyavacchedaka usakA eka kriyAnvaya hI hai| kAraNamAlA aura ekAvalI kAraNamAlA meM uttara-uttara ke prati pUrva-pUrva kA kAraNatva rahatA hai; para ekAvalI meM uttara-uttara ke prati pUrva-pUrva kA athavA pUrva-pUrva ke prati uttarauttara kA vizeSaNatva rahatA hai| ekAvalI aura mAlAdIpaka ruyyaka, mammaTa Adi AcAryoM ne mAlAdIpaka meM pratyeka pUrvavartI padArtha kA apane uttaravartI padArtha ke prati guNAvaha honA apekSita mAnA hai| isa prakAra unake matAnusAra ekAvalI se mAlAdIpaka kA bheda yaha hogA ki ekAvalI meM 1. ..."tasmAtkAraNamAlAdiryathA zRGkhalaikaviSayo na tathA sAraH zakyo vakta m / guNasvarUpAbhyAM pUrva-pUrva-vaiziSTyaM-sAra iti tu lakSaNaM sArasya yuktam / -jagannAtha, rasagaGgAdhara, pR0 738 -2. mAlAdIpake uttarottaraM prati pUrvapUrvasyAryasya hetutve'pi sarveSAmekakriyAnvayaH atra (kAraNamAlAyAM) tu na tatheti tato bhedaH / -kAvyaprakAza, jhalakIkarakRta TIkA, pR0706

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alaGkAroM kA pArasparika bheda [ 716 pUrva-pUrva ke prati uttara-uttara vizeSaNa banatA jAtA hai aura mAlAdIpaka meM pUrvapUrva uttara- uttara ke prati guNAvaha hotA jAtA hai / guNAvaha honA vizeSaNa hone se tattvataH bhinna nahIM hai / ataH donoM kA vyAvartaka dharma yaha hai ki ekAvalI meM pUrva - pUrva padArtha ke prati uttara-uttara padArtha vizeSaNa banatA calatA hai, jabaki mAlAdIpaka meM pUrva - pUrva padArtha uttara-uttara padArtha kA upakAraka batAyA jAtA hai / jayadeva, appayya dIkSita Adi ne ekAvalI meM 'gRhItamuktarIti' se uttara-uttara ke prati pUrva-pUrva ke vizeSaNabhAva tathA pUrva -pUrva ke prati uttara- uttara ke vizeSaNabhAva; donoM ko svIkAra kiyA hai / unake anusAra pUrva-pUrva ke prati uttara-uttara kA * tathA uttara-uttara ke prati pUrva- pUrva kA vizeSaNabhAva mAlAdIpaka aura ekAvalI kI samAna prakRti hai / unhoMne ekAvalI se mAlAdIpaka kA bheda karane ke lie mAlAdIpaka meM dIpaka kI prakRti kA yoga kara diyA hai| mAlAdIpaka meM padoM kA eka kriyA se anvaya Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai, jabaki ekAvalI meM eka kriyAnvaya Avazyaka nahIM / mAlAdIpaka meM pUrva - pUrva kA uttara-uttara ke prati tathA uttara-uttara kA pUrva - pUrva ke prati vizeSaNabhAva ekAvalI kI prakRti ke samAna hai aura padoM kA eka kriyAnvaya dIpaka kI prakRti ke samAna / isa tathya ko dRSTi meM rakhate hue appayya dIkSita ne mAlAdIpaka kI paribhASA hI ina zabdoM meM kI hai-- dIpaka aura ekAvalI ke yoga se mAlAdIpaka banatA hai / paNDitarAja jagannAtha kI mAnyatA hai ki mAlAdIpaka meM saundarya ekAvalI kI taraha pUrva-pUrva ke prati uttara-uttara ke athavA isake viparIta uttara uttara ke prati pUrva-pUrva ke vizeSaNavizeSya-bhAva meM hI rahatA hai, dIpaka kI taraha ekapadAnvaya meM nahIM / ataH, mAladIpaka ekAvalI se abhinna hai / isI AdhAra para unhoMne appayya kI - mAlAdIpaka - paribhASA ko asvIkAra kiyA hai| hama mAlAdIpaka tathA ekAvalI ke bhedaka tattva kA nirdeza kara cuke haiM / usa bheda kI upekSA kara donoM ko abhinna mAnanA durAgrahapUrNa jAna par3atA hai / hetu aura kAvyaliGga hetu kI alaGkAra ke rUpa meM sattA vivAdAspada rahI hai / mammaTa Adi ne 1. dIpaka kAvalIyogAt mAlA dIpakamiSyate / - appayya, kuvalayA0 107 uttarottarasminpUrvapUrvasyopakArakatAyAM mAlAdIpakam / vastutastvetaddIpakameva zakyaM vakta um / sAdRzyasamparkAbhAvAt kiM tvekAvalIprabheda iti vakSyate / - jagannAtha, rasaga0, pR0 518, pR0 736 bhI draSTavya 2.

Page #743
720 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa kAvyaliGga meM hI hetu ko antabhukta mAna liyA thA; kintu jayadeva-appayya dIkSita Adi ke anusAra donoM eka dUsare se apanA-apanA svatantra astitva rakhate haiN| donoM meM bheda yaha hai ki jahA~ kAvyaliGga meM hetu kA upasthApana vAkyArtha yA padArtha ke rUpa meM hotA hai, vahAM hetu meM hetumAn ke sAtha hetu kA varNana Avazyaka mAnA jAtA hai| hetumAn aura hetu kA sAtha-sAtha kathana hetu. alaGkAra kA tathA hetu kA vAkyArtha athavA padArtha-rUpa meM upasthApana, kAvyaliGga kA vyAvartaka dharma hai| sandeha aura bhrAntimAn ___ ina donoM alaGkAroM kA svarUpa do prakAra ke jJAna kI dhAraNA para AdhRta hai| sandeha meM kisI vastu meM anya vastu kA anizcayAtmaka jJAna hotA hai| yaha jJAna _koTika hotA hai; kyoMki pramAtA ke mana meM usa prakRta kA tathA sAdRzya ke kAraNa aprakRta kA anizcayAtmaka jJAna hotA rahatA hai| usakA mana do vastuoM ke jJAna meM dolAcala sthiti meM rahatA hai| bhrama meM kisI vastu meM usase bhinna; kintu usake sadRza anya vastu kA nizcayAtmaka jJAna hotA hai| ataH, bhrama-dazA meM asatya; kintu ekakoTika jJAna hotA hai| isa prakAra jJAna kA ekakoTika yA nizcayAtmaka honA bhrAntimAn kA tathA jJAna kA _koTika yA anizcayAtmaka honA sandeha kA vyAvartaka hai / paNDitarAja ne apane bhrAntimAnlakSaNa meM 'nizcaya' zabda ke ullekha kI sArthakatA anizcayAtmaka jJAna para Azrita sandeha se usake bheda-nirUpaNa meM hI mAnI hai / 2 sandeha aura vitarka aneka AcAryoM ne to vitarka kA sandeha ke hI svarUpa meM antarbhAva mAnakara kevala sandeha kA hI nirUpaNa kiyA thA; para pIche calakara kucha AcAryoM ne vitarka ko sandeha se svatantra alaGkAra mAna liyA / vastutaH, sandeha aura vitarka meM thor3A antara hai| sandeha anizcayAtmaka jJAna hai to vitarka yathArtha jJAna kA sAdhana / sandeha ke sthala meM vitarka se nizcayAtmaka yathArtha jJAna prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| ataH, jahA~ pramAtA sandeha hone para vitarka se bastu ke yathArtha 1. ayaM kAvyaliGgAlaGkAra eva hetvalaGkAra ityucyate / -kAvyaprakAza, jhalakIkara kI rTIkA, pR0 677) 2. .."saMzayavAraNAya nizcaya iti |-jgnnaath, rasagaGgAdhara, pR0. 421.

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alaGkAroM kA pArasparika bheda [ 721 svarUpa kA nizcaya karanA cAhatA hai yA kara letA hai, vahA~ nizcayagarbha yA nizcayAnta sandeha mAnane kI apekSA vitarka mAnanA hI yuktisaGgata jAna par3atA hai| zuddha sandeha to kisI vastu meM do vastuoM ke jJAna kI anizcayAtmaka dazA ko hI kahA jA sakatA hai| sandeha kI dazA meM hI vitarka se tattva-nirNaya kiyA jAtA hai| ataH, sandeha vitarka kA anuprANaka hai| isIlie kucha AcAryoM ne vitarka kA saundarya bhI sandeha meM hI mAnakara vitarka ko sandeha meM antarbhukta mAnA hai| thor3e-thor3e bheda ke AdhAra para navIna-navIna alaGkAroM kI kalpanA yadi grAhya ho to vitarka ko bhI sandeha se svatantra alaGkAra mAnA jA sakatA hai| DaoN0 rAghavana ne vitarka ko sandeha se abhinna mAnA hai|' yaha yuktisaGgata nhiiN| ananvaya aura asama varNya viSaya ko advitIya pratipAdita karane ke lie usake anya upamAna kA abhAva ananvaya aura asama; donoM meM dikhAyA jAtA hai| donoM alaGkAroM meM kavi kA uddezya samAna hai; para rUpa-vidhAna kI dRSTi se donoM meM bheda yaha hai ki ananvaya meM anya upamAna kA abhAva batAne ke lie upameya ko hI usakA upamAna batA diyA jAtA hai; arthAt usameM jo vastu upameya hotI hai, vahI apanA upameya bhI hotI hai / isa taraha anya upamAna kA vyavaccheda pratIta hotA hai; para asama meM varNya ke anya sambhAvita upamAna kA niSedha kiyA jAtA hai| isa prakAra upamAnAntara kA abhAva sUcita karane ke lie upameya ko hI usakA --apanA hI-upamAna (eka hI vastu ko upameya tathA upamAna) kalpita karanA ananvaya kA tathA upameya kI anya vastu ke sAtha upamA kA sarvathA niSedha karanA asama kA vyavacchedaka hai / ananvaya meM anya sAdRzya kA vyavaccheda vyaGa mya hotA hai, asama meM vaacy| zleSa aura vakrokti ___zleSa meM eka pada ke aneka artha nikalate haiN| vakrokti meM ( zleSa-vakrokti meM ) bhI vaktA ke eka vizeSa artha meM prayukta vAkya kA zleSa ke sahAre usake vivakSita artha se bhinna artha lagA liyA jAtA hai| isameM vAkya kA eka 1. Vitarka is the old Samsaya or Sasandeha. -Dr. Raghavan, Bhoja's Sringara Prakash, pR0 387

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722 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa artha vaktA ko vivakSita hotA hai aura zleSa se zrotA dUsare artha kI yojanA kara letA hai| ataH, isa vakrokti meM vAkya ke aneka artha kI yojanA ke lie zleSa kA sahArA Avazyaka hai| isa aMza meM zleSa se zleSa-vakrokti kI samatA hai; para donoM kA bheda yaha hai ki jahA~ zleSa meM vaktA ko sabhI artha vivakSita rahate haiM, vahA~ vakrokti meM use kucha aura artha vivakSita rahatA hai aura usake abhimata artha se bhinna artha kI yojanA zrotA kara letA hai| smaraNa aura bhrAntimAn / bhrAnti meM bhI yathArtha vastu para usake sadRza smaryamANa anya vastu kA Aropa ho jAtA hai| smRti meM eka vastu ko dekhakara sAdRzya Adi ke kAraNa anya vastu kI smRti ho AtI hai| donoM meM bheda yaha hai ki bhrAnti meM kevala smaryamANa kA ekakoTika jJAna rahatA hai; para smaraNa meM prakRta vastu kA bhI yathArtha jJAna rahatA hai aura smaryamANa vastu kA bhii| dUsarA bheda yaha hai ki smarama sAdRzyetara sambandha se bhI ho sakatA hai para bhrama kevala sAdRzya se hI sambhava hotA hai| ( dhyAtavya hai ki kucha AcAryoM ne kevala sAdRzyamUlA smRti ko hI smaraNAlaGkAra mAnA hai; para anya AcArya sAdRzyetara sambandha meM bhI smaraNa mAnate haiM ) / tulyayogitA aura dIpaka ___ tulyayogitA tathA dIpaka; donoM meM aneka padArthoM kA eka dharma se anvaya dikhAyA jAtA hai; para donoM meM antara yaha hai ki tulyayogitA meM yA to aneka varNya padArthoM kA eka dharmAbhisambandha dikhAyA jAtA hai yA aneka aprastuta padArthoM kA; jabaki dIpaka meM prastuta aura aprastuta padArthoM kA paraspara eka dharmAbhisambandha dikhAyA jAtA hai| tulyayogitA meM yA to sabhI padArtha prastuta rahate haiM yA sabhI aprastuta; para dIpaka meM kucha prastuta aura kucha aprastuta padArtha rahate haiN| tulyayogitA se dIpaka kA bheda spaSTa karane ke lie udbhaTa ne dIpakalAga meM 'antargatopamAdharmA' kA ullekha kiyA hai / ' tilaka ne vivRti meM yaha spaSTa kiyA hai ki talyayogitA meM yA to sabhI prAkaraNika rahate haiM yA sabhI 1. AdimadhyAntaviSayA: prAdhAnyetarayoginaH / __antargatopamAdharmA yatra taddIpakaM viduH|-udbhtt, kAvyAlaM. sAra saM0 1,28

Page #746
alaGkAroM kA pArasparika bheda [ 723 - aprAkaraNika; para dIpaka meM prakAraNika aura aprAkaraNika donoM rahate haiM / " daNDI Adi AcAryoM kI dIpaka - paribhASA tathA tulyayogitA - paribhASA ko dRSTi meM rakhakara vicAra karane se ina donoM ke bheda ke sambandha meM unakA abhimata yaha jAna par3atA hai ki dIpaka meM vAkyAntara meM sthita pada anuSaGga Adi se vAkyAntara ke artha kA bhI prakAzana karatA hai; para tulyayogitA meM stutinindA ke lie -- kevala prakRta athavA kevala aprakRta kA - eka dharma se anvaya dikhAyA jAtA hai / appayya dIkSita Adi paravartI AcAryoM ko udbhaTa kA hI mata mAnya hai 1 yyaka, mammaTa Adi ne bhI kevala prastutoM athavA kevala aprastutoM ke ekadharmAbhisambandha meM tulyayogitA tathA prastuta aura aprastuta ke ekadharmAbhisambandha meM dIpaka mAnakara donoM kA bheda spaSTa kiyA hai / 2 paNDitarAja jagannAtha ne bhI donoM alaGkAroM ke lakSaNa meM donoM ke isI bhedaka dharma para bala diyA hai| unhoMne isa tathya kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai ki donoM meM vizeSa tAttvika bheda nahIM / donoM kA saundarya aneka padArthoM ke ekadharmAnvaya meM hI hai / yaha hone para bhA prakRta tathA aprakRta arthoM ke ekAnvaya tathA kevala prakRta yA kevala aprakRta arthoM ke ekAnvaya ke thor3e-se bheda ke AdhAra para do svatantra alaGkAroM kI sattA svIkAra kI gayI hai / 3 tulyayogitA aura sahokti vAmana ne tulyayogitA aura sahokti kA bheda batAte hue kahA hai ki tulyayogitA meM bhI do padArthoM kA eka kriyA se anvaya rahatA hai; para usameM arthoM meM nyUnAdhika bhAva vitrakSita rahatA hai / sahokti meM arthoM kA nyUnAdhika bhAva 1. draSTavya -- udbhaTa, kAvyAlaGkAra sArasaM 0 1,25 para tilaka kI vivRti pR0 11 2. draSTavya -- ruyyaka, alaM0 sarvasva, sU0 saM0 23 tathA 24 aura mammaTa, kAvyaprakaza, 10, 103 tathA 104 3. tulyayogitAto dIpakaM na pRthagbhAvamarhati / dharmasakRdvRttimUlAyA vicchitta e ravizeSAt / evaM ca prAcInAnAM tulyayogitAto dIpakasya pRthagalaGkAratAmAcakSaNAnAM durAgrahamAtramiti tu navyA: / - jagannAtha, rasagaGgA0 pR0 515-16 / kasyacitprakRtatve dIpakamanyathA tulyayogitaiva / vahI pR0 510

Page #747
724 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa vivakSita nahIM rhtaa| yaha sahokti aura tulyayogitA kA bheda hai|' mammaTa, ruyyaka Adi ne tulyayogitA ke sambandha meM vAmana Adi se bhinna dhAraNA vyakta kI hai| unake anusAra prAkaraNikoM athavA aprAkaraNikoM kA eka guNa, kriyA Adi se anvaya tulyayogitA hai| isa tulyayogitA se sahokti kA spaSTa bheda yaha hai ki sahokti meM sahArtha-vAcaka saha, sArdha Adi kA jisase eka vastu kA dUsarI vastu ke sAtha honA kathita ho-ullekha rahatA hai| isa prakAra eka vastu pradhAna aura dUsarI gauNa hotI hai| jisa vastu ke sAtha anya vastu kA honA kathita ho vaha vastu pradhAna aura usake sAtha jo vastu kathita ho vaha gauNa hogii| para, tulyayogitA meM sahAtha kA kathana nahIM hone se pradhAna aura moNa sambandha nahIM rhtaa| gauNa-pradhAna sambandha hone se sahokti meM eka hI samaya donoM vastuoM ke sAtha eka kriyA kA anvaya hotA hai; para tulyayogitA meM sabhI vastuoM ke pradhAna hone ke kAraNa eka kriyA kA sabhI padoM ke sAtha alaga-alaga anvaya hotA hai| eka pada ke artha se vizrAnta hokara kriyA dUsare pada kA artha-bodha karatI hai| sahokti aura samuccaya sahokti meM varNita do vastuoM meM se eka pradhAna aura dUsarI gauNa hotI hai| jisake sAtha tRtIyA vibhakti ke prayoga se anya kA honA kahA jAya vaha pradhAna aura anya gauNa hotA hai| samuccaya meM sabhI vastue~ pradhAna hI rahatI haiN| sahokti zAbda aura Artha; donoM ho sakatI hai; para samuccaya kevala zAbda hI hotA hai| yahI donoM kA bheda hai| ekapadAnvaya donoM meM samAna rUpa se hotA hai; para sahokti meM sahArya pada ke prayoga se zabdataH aura arthataH (prathamA vibhakti kA prayoga hone para sahArya zAbda tathA tRtIyAnta pada-prayoga hone para Artha hotA hai) pradhAna evaM gauNa padArthoM kA ekAnvaya hotA hai aura samuccaya meM zabdataH samAna rUpa se pradhAna padoM kA hI ekAnvaya hotA hai| 'pradIpa' tathA 'udyota'meM sahokti aura samuccaya ke isa bhedaka tattva kI mImAMsA kI gayI hai| 1. tulyayogitAyAH sahokta bhadamAha atrArthayonyUnatvaviziSTatve na staH / iti neyaM tulyyogitaa| -vAmana, kAvyAlaGkAra sU0 4, 3, 28 kI vRtti pa0 274 2. evaM ca yatra guNapradhAnabhAvAvacchinnayoH zAbdArthamaryAdayA ekadharmasambandha statrAyamalaGkAraH ( sahokti alngkaarH)| vakSyamAraNe samuccaye tUbhayatra prAdhAnyaM zAbda eva caikAnvaya iti tato bhedaH / iti pradIpodyotayoH spaSTam / -kAvyaprakAza, jhalakIkarakRta TIkA pRSTha 672

Page #748
alaGkAroM kA pArasparika bheda [725 pihita aura mIlita ___ rudraTa ke pihita meM eka vastu ke guNa se samAna adhikaraNa vAlI kintu usa vastu se asamAna vastu ke guNa ko AcchAdita kara liye jAne kA varNana apekSita mAnA gayA hai / isa pihita kA mIlita se thor3A-sA bheda yaha hai ki mIlita meM samAna cihna vAlI vastu se anya vastu kA AcchAdana varNita hotA hai aura pihita meM vastu asamAna cihna vAlI vastu kA apane guNa se pidhAna karatI hai / ' pihita aura tadguNa ___ rudraTa ke pihita kA unake prathama tadguNa (paravartI AcAryoM kA sAmAnya) se bheda yaha hai ki tadguNa meM samAna guNa vAlI vastu kA saMsarga hone para nAnAtva ke lakSita na hone kA varNana hotA hai| pihita meM asamAna guNa vAlI vastu se anya kA pidhAna varNita hotA hai| dUsare, tadguNa meM eka vastu kA dUsarI vastu se guNa-grahaNa dikhAyA jAtA hai; para pihita meM eka vastu kA dUsarI vastu ko apane rUpa meM milA lenaa| ataH, rudraTa ke donoM tadguNa-rUpoM se unake pihita kA bheda spaSTa hai / 2 pihita aura sUkSma jayadeva, appayya dIkSita Adi ne pihita kA sambandha gUDha ceSTA se jor3akara use sarvathA navIna rUpa diyA hai| sUkSma se unake pihita kA svarUpa bahuta kucha milatA-julatA hai / bheda kevala itanA hai ki sUkSma meM kisI ke Azaya ko samajha kara kisI vyakti ke sAbhiprAya ceSTA karane kA varNana rahatA hai to pihita meM kisI ke vRttAnta ko samajha kara kisI ke dvArA sAbhiprAya ceSTA kiye jAne kA varNana hotA hai| 1. mIlitAtahi ko'sya (pihitasya) bhedaH / ucyate-asamAnacihnatvameva / tatra hi samAnacihnana vastunA harSa kopAdi tiraskriyata iti / -rudraTa, kAvyAlaGkAra, 6,50 para namisAdhu kI TIkA, pR0 307 2. asamAnagrahaNena prathamAttadguNAlaGkArAdvizeSaH khyApyate, tatrahya kaguNA nAmarthAnAM saMsarge nAnAtvaM na lakSyata ityuktam / dvitIyAttahi ko'sya vizeSaH / ucyate-trAsamAnaguNaM vastu vastvantareNa prabalaguNena saMsRSTaM tadguNatAM prApyate na tadvidhI yata iti |-vhii, pR0 307 3. sUkSma parAzayAbhizetarasAkUtaceSTitam / tulanIya-pihitaM paravRttA ntajJAtuH sAkUtaceSTitam |-appyy, kuvalayAnanda, 151-152

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726 ] zabdazleSa aura arthazleSa zleSa zabdAlaGkAra aura arthAlaGkAra; donoM rUpoM meM svIkRta hai / prAcIna AcAryoM ne zleSa kA zabdArthagata bheda spaSTa nahIM kiyA thA / daNDI ne abhaGgapada zleSa tathA sabhaGgapada zleSa kA ullekha kiyA thaa| eka prayatna se uccarita hone vAle pada kahIM abhaGga raha kara hI aneka artha kA bodha karA sakate haiM aura kahIM padabhaGga kara aneka artha nikAle jA sakate haiM / udbhaTa ke kAvyAlaGkAra kI vivRti meM abhaGga zleSa ko arthazleSa tathA paraspara chAyAnukArI sabhaGgapada zleSa ko zabdazleSa mAnA gayA hai / vivRtikAra kA mata hai ki abhaGgapada zleSa meM pada ke eka hone para bhI aneka artha ke kAraNa unheM zliSTa; kintu aneka pada mAnA jAtA hai / artha bheda zabdabheda kA hetu hotA hai / ataH aisI dazA meM artha zleSa hotA hai / sabhaGga zleSa meM zabda ke bhaGga ke kAraNa aneka arthoM kA bodha hotA hai / ataH sabhaGga zleSa ko zabdazleSa mAnA jAnA caahie| sabhaGga zleSa meM bhinna prayatna se uccarita hone vAle zabdoM kA yatu- kASTha-nyAya se zleSa hotA hai aura abhaGga zleSa meM 'ekavRntagata phaladvaya-nyAya' se eka zabda meM do artha jur3e rahate haiM / isa AdhAra para prAcIna AcArya sabhaGga zleSa ko zabdazleSa tathA abhaGga zleSa ko arthazleSa mAnate the / 1 " alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa Adhunika AcAryoM ko zabdazleSa tathA arthazleSa ke viSaya vibhAga kA yaha AdhAra samIcIna nahIM jAna par3atA / mammaTa ne zabdazleSa ke bhI sabhaGga zleSa aura abhaGga zleSa bheda svIkAra kiye haiM / arthazleSa ke bhI ukta donoM bheda sambhava haiM / ataH, mammaTa ne anvayavyatireka ke AdhAra para zabdagata zleSa tathA arthagata zleSa kA viSaya vibhAga svIkAra kiyA hai / anvayavyatireka ke AdhAra para jahA~ zabdavizeSa kA usake paryAyavAcI zabda se parivartana sambhava nahIM ho, arthAt kisI zabda kI jagaha usake paryAyavAcI zabda ko rakha dene se zleSa alaGkAra kI sattA hI samApta ho jAya, vahA~ zabdazleSa alaGkAra aura jahA~ zabda kA paryAyaparivartana sambhava ho, vahA~ arthazleSa mAnA jAyagA / mammaTa Adi AcAryoM ke isI siddhAnta ko paravartI AcAryoM ne svIkAra kiyA hai / niSkarSataH, jahA~ paryAyaparivartana hone para bhI zleSa alaGkAra kI sattA rahe, vahA~ 1. draSTavya -- udbhaTa, kAvyAlaGkArasArasaMgraha, 4, 23-24 para vivRti pR0 37-38. 2. draSTavya - mammaTa, kAvyaprakAza, 6, 84 kI vRtti, pR0 211-12

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alaGkAroM kA pArasparika bheda [ 727 arthazleSa tathA jahA~ paryAyaparivartana sambhava na ho, vahA~ zabdazleSa mAnA jAyagA / 'paryAyaparivartanAsahattva' zabdazleSa kA tathA 'paryAyaparivartana sahattva' arthazleSa kA vyAvartaka hai / saMsRSTi aura saGkara ekAdhika alaGkAroM kI ekatra avasthiti do rUpoM meM sambhava hai-- paraspara nirapekSa rUpa meM tathA paraspara sApekSa yA aGgAGgibhAva rUpa meM / prathama avasthiti ko tilataNDulanyAya se avasthiti kahate haiM aura dvitIya ko nIrakSIranyAya se / paraspara nirapekSa rUpa se arthAt tilataNDulanyAya se alaGkAroM kI ekatra sthiti ko alaGkAra-saMsRSTi tathA aGgAGgibhAva se arthAt nIrakSIranyAya se alaGkAroM kI sthiti ko alaGkAra - saGkara kahA jAtA hai / isa prakAra saMsRSTi aura saGkara kA bheda spaSTa hai / AkSepa aura apahna uti AkSepa meM abhISTa artha kA hI pratiSedha-sA kiyA jAtA hai / vaha niSedha tAttvika nahIM hotA / niSedhamukhena abhISTa artha kA vidhAna kiyA jAtA hai / usameM eka hI artha hotA hai, jisakA ApAtataH pratiSedha kiyA jAtA hai aura tattvataH usIkA sthApana kiyA jAtA hai / apahna uti meM do artha rahate haiMeka prastuta aura dUsarA aprastuta / isameM prastuta kA niSedha aura aprastuta kA sthApana hotA hai / isameM prastuta artha kA niSedha tAttvika hotA hai / saMkSepa meM donoM kA bheda nimnalikhita hai '-- ( 1 ) AkSepa meM eka hI artha kA ApAtataH niSedha aura tattvataH sthApana hotA hai; para apahnati meM do arthoM meM se prastuta artha kA niSedha aura aprastuta kA sthApana hotA hai ! (2) AkSepa meM pratiSedha prAtibhAsika hotA hai; para apahna uti meM prakRta kA pratiSedha tAttvika / samAsokti aura rUpaka samAsokti meM prakRta artha ke kathana se vizeSaNa ke mahAtmya se aprakRta artha kI pratIti karAyI jAtI hai / isa prakAra usameM prakRta ke vyavahAra para aprakRta 1. seSTA saMsRSTireteSAM bhedena yadiha sthitiH / tathAavizrAntijuSAmAtmanyaGgAGgitvaM tu saGkaraH / - mammaTa, kAvyaprakAza, 10, 136 -40

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728 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa ke vyavahAra kA Aropa kara diyA jAtA hai; para rUpaka meM prakRta ke svarUpa parajo prakRta vizeSya hotA hai-aprakRta se svarUpa kA Aropa kiyA jAtA hai| paNDitarAja jagannAtha ke anusAra donoM kA mukhya bheda yaha hai ki samAsokti meM vyavahAramAtra kA samAropa hotA hai, viSaya para viSayI ke tAra pya kI pratIti nahIM hotI; para rUpaka meM viSaya para viSayI kA AhArya tAdra pya dikhAyA jAtA hai|' ruyyaka ne bhI isI AdhAra para donoM kA viSaya-vibhAga kiyA thaa| nidarzanA aura gamyA upamA nidarzanA meM do sambhava yA asambhava sambandha vAle vAkyArthoM kA aupamya meM paryavasAna hotA hai| prazna kiyA jA sakatA hai ki nidarzanA ko gamyA upamA hI kyoM na mAnA jAya ? uttara yaha hai ki donoM meM aupamya ke gamya hone kI samatA hone para bhI donoM meM alaga-alaga camatkAra hai| ataH donoM ko abhinna nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| nidarzanA kA camatkAra do vAkyAoM ke bIca abhedapratIti meM-kalpita aupamya meM do vAkyArthoM ke paryavasAna meM hai| upamA kA camatkAra sAdRzya-pratyAyana-mAtra meM rahatA hai / ataH, upamA se-gamyaupamA senidarzanA svatantra alaGkAra hai| camatkAra ke alaga-alaga hone ke AdhAra para hI udyotakAra ne donoM ko paraspara svatantra alaGkAra svIkAra kiyA hai| 3 zleSa aura aprastutaprazaMsA ___ aprastutaprasA meM aprakRta artha ke kathana se prakRta artha kA bhI bodha ho jAtA hai| zleSa meM vizeSaNa tathA vizeSya; sabhI ke vAcaka zabda do arthoM ke vAcaka hote haiN| isa prakAra vizeSaNa tathA vizeSya ke zliSTa prayoga se do yA adhika arthoM kA bodha zleSa kA tathA aprakRta ke kathana se prakRta kA AkSepa 1. uparaJjakatAmAhAryatAdra pyanizcayagocaratAmityanena sandehotprekSA samAsokti......."bhrAntimatsvativyAptinirAsaH |..........."smaasoktiprinnaamyovissyitaadr pyasyAgocaratvAt, samAsokto vyavahAramAtrasamAropAt""tasyAnAhAryatvAdityAhuH / -jagannAtha, rasagaGgAdhara, pR0 357-58 2. draSTavya-ruyyaka, alaGkArasarvasva, pR0 62 3. na ca nidarzanAviSaye vyaGa gyopamayaivAstu camatkAra iti vAcyam atrAbhedapratItikRtacamatkArasyaiva sattvAt kalpitaupamyamUlikayA paryavasannayA tayaiva camatkAra ityAzayAt / taduktam 'upajIvyatvena bhedAt' iti / ityudyotaH / -kAvyaprakAza, bAlabodhinI, pR0 615

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alaGkAroM kA pArasparika bheda [ 726 aprastutaprazaMsA kA vyavacchedaka hai / vidyAcakravartI ke anusAra zleSa aura aprastutaprazaMsA kA bheda yaha hai ki zleSa meM kathita donoM artha yA to prakRta hote haiM yA donoM hI aprakRta, para aprastutaprazaMsA meM kathita artha aprakRta aura usase AkSipta artha prakRta- - isa prakAra eka aprakRta aura eka prakRta -- hotA hai / ' atizayokti aura ullekha 1 - ullekha meM eka vastu kA aneka vyaktiyoM ke dvArA aneka rUpa meM grahaNa varNita hotA hai / tAttvika abheda meM bheda - kathana - rUpa atizayokti se isa ullekha kA svarUpa kucha milatA-julatA avazya hai; para donoM ko abhinna mAnane kA bhrama nahIM honA caahie| donoM meM bheda yaha hai ki ullekha meM eka vastu ke anekadhA grahaNa ke lie pramAtA kI anekatA athavA viSaya Adi kI anekatA Avazyaka hotI hai; para atizayokti meM yaha bheda Avazyaka nahIM hai / abheda meM bheda kI kalpanA mAtra atizayokti ke svarUpa-vidhAna ke lie paryApta hai / isI AdhAra para alaGkAra- sarvasvakAra ne pramAtA tathA viSaya Adi kI anekatA ko ullekha kA atizayokti se bhedaka dharma mAnA hai / atizayokti aura bhrAntimAn atizayokti meM viSaya kA nigaraNa - pUrvaka adhyavasAna hotA hai / adhyavasAna kA tAtparya hai prakRta meM aprakRta ke tAdAtmya kA Aropa / prakRta meM aprakRta ke abheda kA yaha nizcaya sadA AhArya hotA hai / ataH, bhrAntimAn se nigIryAdhyavasAna - rUpa atizayokti kA spaSTa bheda hai / bhrAntimAn meM mAtA ko anya vastu meM anya kA jJAna AhArya nahIM, tAttvika hotA hai / 1. zleSasamAsoktI tadAbhAsarUpe aprakRtAtprakRtAkSepe ( aprastutaprazaMsAyAM ) tayoraviSayatvAt aprakRtayoH prakRtayorvArthayoH zleSa viSayatvAt iti / - kAvyaprakAza, bAlabodhinI TIkA meM uddhRta, pR0 622 2. yadya evamabhede bheda ityevaMrUpAtizayoktiratrAstu / naiSa doSaH / grahItRbhedAkhyena viSayavibhAgenAnekadhAtvodRGkanAt, tasya ca vicchityantararUpatvAt sarvathA nAsyAntarbhAvaH zakyakriya iti nizcayaH / ... iyAMstu vizeSaH - pUrvatra grahItRbhedenAnekadhAtvollekhaH iha tu viSayabhedena / --ruyyaka, alaGkArasarvasva, pR0 46,47 3. na ca rUpake nigIryAdhyavasAnarUpAyAmatizayoktI cAtivyAptiH tatra ( atizayoktau ) vastuto bhramAbhAve'pyadhyavasAnamAtra svIkArAt / iha (bhrAntimati) svarthAnugamena saMjJApravRtta e bhraM mopagamasya spaSTamevopagamAt / - govinda Thakkura, kAvyapradIpa, pR0 382

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730 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa atizayokti aura sandeha atizayokti meM prakRta meM aprakRta ke tAdAtmya kA AhArya nizcaya hotA hai, jabaki sandeha meM jJAna anizcayAtmaka tathA dva'koTika rahatA hai|' eka vastu meM anya vastu ke tAdAtmya kA AhArya nizcaya atizayokti kA tathA do vastuoM meM saMzayAtmaka jJAna sandeha kA vyavacchedaka hai| atizayokti aura asaGgati kAryakAraNapaurvAparya-viparyaya-rUpa atizayokti aura asaGgati meM bheda yaha hai ki atizayokti meM kArya aura kAraNa ke paurvAparya-viparyaya (arthAt kAraNa ke pUrva kArya kI sthiti) kA varNana hotA hai aura asaGgati meM kArya aura kAraNa kA vaiyadhikaraNya dikhAyA jAtA hai / kAraNa aura kArya kI bhinnadezatA asaGgati kA tathA kArya aura kAraNa ke svAbhAvika krama kA viparyaya atizayokti kA vaiziSTyAdhAyaka hai| prativastUpamA aura nidarzanA prativastUpamA meM do vAkyArtha vastu-prativastu-bhAva se prastuta kiye jAte haiM / / nidarzanA meM bhI do vAkyArtha prastuta kiye jAte haiM. jinake bIca aupamya kA paryavasAna hotA hai| donoM meM eka bheda yaha hai ki nidarzanA meM sAdhAraNa dharma kA upanyAsa nahIM hotA; para prativastUpamA meM vastuprativastu-bhAva se-vastutaH,. abhinna sAdhAraNa dharma kA zabda-bheda se alaga-alaga vAkyoM meM ullekha karasAdhAraNa dharma kA upanyAsa kiyA jAtA hai| dUsarA bheda yaha hai ki nidarzanA meM donoM vAkyArtha paraspara sApekSa rahate haiM; para prativastUpamA meM donoM apane-Apa meM pUrNa; ataH paraspara nirapekSa rahate haiM / 1. adhyavasAnam aprakRtatAdAtmyAropaH sa ca bhedapratipattyasahakRtAhArya-. nishcyruupH| tena rUpakasya sandehotprekSayozca vyavacchedaH........ anyayozca sNshytvaat......|-kaavyprkaash, sArabodhinI, se bAlabodhinI TIkA meM uddha ta, pR0 626 2. nidarzanAyAM sAdhAraNadharmasyAnupanyAsaH vAkyArthayoH svasvArthe sApekSatvaM ca atra (prativastUpamAyAM) tu sAdhAraNadharmasya vastuprativastubhAvena nirdezaH vAkyArthayoH svasvArthe nirapekSatvaM cetyanayoH parasparaM bhedaH / ..." -kAvyaprakAza, jhalakIkarakRta TIkA pR0 634:

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alaGkAroM kA pArasparika bheda [ 731 prativastUpamA aura arthAntaranyAsa __ prastuta alaGkAroM meM mukhya bheda yaha hai ki prativastUpamA meM do vAkyArthoM meM upamAnopameyabhAva rahatA hai, jabaki arthAntaranyAsa meM do vAkyArthoM meM samarthya-samarthaka-sambandha rahatA hai|' paNDitarAja jagannAtha ne isa tathya ko spaSTa karate hue kahA hai ki prativastUpamA meM bhI sAmAnya-vizeSa-bhAva-yukta vAkyArtha rahate haiM aura arthAntaranyAsa meM bhI, para prativastUpamA meM sAmAnya-vizeSa-bhAvApanna vAkyArthoM meM aupamya gamya hotA hai, jabaki arthAntaranyAsa meM sAmAnya-vizeSabhAvApanna vAkyArthoM meM samarthya-samarthaka-bhAva rahatA hai| dRSTAnta aura upamA upamA se dRSTAnta kA mukhya bheda yaha hai ki dRSTAnta meM bimba-pratibimbabhAva se do vAkyArtha prastuta kiye jAte haiN| dRSTAnta meM upamA kI taraha sAdRzyavAcaka 'iva' Adi padoM kA prayoga nahIM kiyA jAtA / 'alaGkArasarvasva' meM isa tathya kA spaSTIkaraNa isa rUpa meM kiyA gayA hai ki upamA meM 'iva' Adi kA prayoga tathA sAdhAraNa dharma kA sakRt nirdeza hotA hai; para dRSTAnta meM ivAdi ke prayoga ke vinA hI bimbapratibimba bhAva se sAdhAraNa dharma kA asakRt nirdeza hotA hai| dRSTAnta aura dIpaka dRSTAnta meM dharma kA bimbapratibimbabhAva se vAkyoM meM do bAra upAdAna hotA hai ; para dIpaka meM dharma kA sakRt upAdAna hotA hai| dRSTAnta meM do vAkyArtha Avazyaka rUpa se rahate haiM; para dIpaka eka vAkyagata bhI ho sakatA hai| dIpaka meM aneka padoM kA ekapadAnvaya-mAtra apekSita hai / 1. arthAntaranyAse tu samarthyasamarthakabhAvo vivakSitaH atra (prativastUpamAyAM) punarupamAnopameya bhAva iti tato'syA bhedaH / -kAvyaprakAza, jhalakIkarakRta TIkA pR0 634 2. iyaM (prativastUpamA) ca vAkyArthayoH sAmAnya vizeSabhAvApannayorbhavati / tatraM vaupamyasya gamyatvAt / sAmAnyavizeSayostvaupamyApratIteH samarthyasamarthakayorArantaranyAso vakSyate / -jagannAtha, rasagaGgAdhara, pR0 525 3. tatra sAmAnyadharmasyevAdya pAdAne sakRnnirdeze upamA / asakRnnirdeze tu zuddhasAmAnyarUpatvaM bimbapratibimbabhAvo vA / ......."dvitIyaprakArAzrayeNa dRSTAnto vakSyate |-ruyyk, alaGkArasarvasva, pR0 77

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*732 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa vibhAvanA aura virodhAbhAsa vibhAvanA meM vinA kAraNa ke hI kAryotpatti kA varNana kiyA jAtA hai aura virodhAbhAsa meM ApAtataH dIkha par3ane vAle virodha kA parihAra ho jAne * ke kAraNa virodha kA AmAsa-mAtra varNita hotA hai| yaha prazna kiyA jA sakatA hai ki vibhAvanA meM bhI kAraNa ke abhAva meM kAryotpatti ke varNana se 'prAtibhAsika virodha pratIta hotA hai aura prasiddha kAraNa se bhinna kisI anya kAraNa se usa kArya kI utpatti kI kalpanA se virodha kA parihAra ho jAtA hai, phira vibhAvanA ko virodhAbhAsa se abhinna kyoM nahIM mAna liyA jAya ? -- isa prazna kI sambhAvanA kara alaGkArasarvasvakAra ne kahA hai ki virodhAbhAsa meM paraspara virodhI jAna par3ane vAlI vastuoM meM paraspara bAdhakatA rahatI hai; para vibhAvanA meM kAraNAbhAva ke varNana se kArya hI bAdhita-sA pratIta hotA hai, kAraNa nhiiN| ataH anyonyabAdhakatA virodhAbhAsa ko vibhAvanA se pRthak karatI hai|' udyotakAra ne donoM alaGkAroM ke pArasparika bheda kA nirdeza karate hue kahA hai ki virodhAbhAsa meM samAna bala vAlI do vastuoM kA pArasparika virodha dikhAyA jAnA Avazyaka hotA hai, jabaki vibhAvanA meM kAraNa ke abhAva meM kevala kArya hI bAdhyatayA pratIta hotA hai; kAraNAbhAva kI bAdhyatayA pratIti nahIM hotii| tAtparya yaha ki virodhAbhAsa meM donoM hI padArtha-paraspara virodhI jAna par3ane ke kAraNa-paraspara bAdhyatayA pratIta hote haiM ; para, vibhAvanA meM kevala kArya hI bAdhyatayA pratIta hotA hai / kAraNa kA abhAva to kahIM natra samAsa se tathA kahIM kAraNa-virodhI ukti se pratyakSa yA parokSa rUpa meM pratipAdita hI rahatA hai / ataH, vibhAvanA kA virodhAbhAsa se svatantra astitva mAnA hI jAnA caahie| 1. kAraNAbhAvena cehopakrAntatvAd balavatA kAryameva bAdhyamAnatvena pratIyate, na tu tena tatra kaarnnaabhaavH| ityanyonyabAdhakatvAnuprANi tAd virodhAlaGkArAbhedaH / -ruyyaka, alaGkArasarvasva, pR0 152 2. nanu kAraNAbhAve kAryotpatto sphuritasya virodhasya prasiddhAtirikta na kAraNena parihArAdvirodhAbhAsa evAyamiti cenna / samabalayoH parasparavirodhe tatsvIkarAt iha tu (vibhAvanAyAM tu) kAraNaviraheNa kAryameva bAdhyatvena gamyate na tu tena kAraNaviraha iti vizeSAt |-kaavyprkaash udyota, bAlabodhinI meM uddhRta pR0 656

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alaGkAroM kA pArasparika bheda [ 733 arthAntaranyAsa aura anumAna anumAna meM kavinibaddha pramAtA ke anumAna kA varNana hotA hai| usameM sAdhya, hetu Adi anumAna ke aGgoM kA bhI ullekha hotA hai; para arthAntaranyAsa meM anumAna ke aGgabhUta hetu Adi kA ullekha na kara kevala sAmAnya-vizeSa Adi meM se kisI eka kA kathana kara usakA anya vizeSa-sAmAnya Adi, ukti se samarthana kiyA jAtA hai|' isa prakAra donoM kA bheda spaSTa hai| arthAntaranyAsa aura vikasvara arthAntaranyAsa meM sAmAnya kA vizeSa se athavA vizeSa kA sAmAnya se samarthana hotA hai, vikasvara meM vizeSa kA sAmAnya se samarthana kara punaH usa samarthaka sAmAnya kA vizeSa se samarthana kiyA jAtA hai| vizeSa kA sAmAnya se samarthana karane kI sthiti to arthAntaranyAsa ke hI samAna hai; para punaH samarthaka kA samarthana vikasvara kA vaiziSTya hai| arthAntaranyAsa kI-sI pUrva-sthiti ko dekhate hue udyotakAra ne vikasvara ko arthAntaranyAsa kA hI eka rUpa mAna kara usake svatantra astitva kA khaNDana kiyA hai / yaha samIcIna nahIM jAna pdd'taa| jaba thor3e-thor3e bheda se pRthak-pRthak alaGkAroM kI kalpanA svIkRta huI to arthAntaranyAsa se vikasvara ke ukta vaiziSTya ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue donoM kA svatantra astitva bhI svIkAra kiyA hI jAnA caahie| mammaTa ke paravartI jayadeva, appayya dIkSita Adi ne vikasvara kA svatantra astitva mAnA hai, para paNDitarAja jagannAtha ko vikasvara kA arthAntaranyAsa, udAharaNa Adi se pRthak astitva amAnya hai| prastuta paMktiyoM ke lekhaka ko appayya dIkSita kA mata hI samIcIna jAna par3atA hai| vyAjastuti aura aprastutaprazaMsA ___ vyAjastuti meM nindAmukhena stuti yA stutimukhena nindA kI jAtI hai| aprastutaprazaMsA meM aprastuta ke varNana se prastuta kI vyaJjanA hotI hai| donoM meM 1. (arthAntaranyAsasya) sAkSAdvyAptyAderanabhidhAnAdanumAnato bhedaH / kavinibaddhapramAtrAnta raniSThAnumiterevAnumAnAlaMkAraviSayatvAcca / -kAvyaprakAza, bAlabodhinI, pR0 661 2. etena "yasmin vizeSasAmAnyavizeSAH sa vikasvaraH" yathA ananteti iti vikasvarAlaGkAro'yaM pRthagityapAstamiti udyote spaSTam / -kAvyaprakAza, jhalakIkarakRta TIkA, pR0 663. 3. draSTavya-jagannAtha, rasagaGgAdhara, pR0 752-53

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"734 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa eka bheda yaha hai ki aprastutaprazaMsA meM aprastuta artha vAcya tathA prastuta vyaGa gya hotA hai; para vyAjastuti meM stutimukhena kI jAne vAlI nindA athavA nindAmukhena kI jAne vAlI stuti kA zuddha vyaGgya honA Avazyaka nhiiN| dUsarA bheda yaha hai ki aprastutaprazasA meM kArya prastuta rahane para kAraNa kA, kAraNa "prastuta rahane para kArya Adi kA kathana hotA hai; para vyAjastuti meM kArya-kAraNabhAva-sambandha kA abhAva rahatA hai| tIsare, stuti se nindA tathA nindA se stuti kA saundarya bhI vyAjastuti kA vyavacchedaka hai / udyotakAra ne vyAjastuti ke eka udAharaNa kA vivecana karate hue kahA hai ki usameM aprastutaprazaMsA mAnane kI bhrAnti nahIM honI cAhie; kyoMki una donoM alaGkAroM kA saundarya alaga-alaga hai| kAvyaliGga aura anumAna mammaTa Adi AcAryoM ne kAvyaliGga tathA hetu ko abhinna mAnA hai| TIkAkAroM ne unake kAvyaliGga yA hetu se anumAna kA bheda-nirUpaNa kiyA hai| udyotakAra ke anusAra vyApti Adi kA nirdeza anumAna alaGkAra kA kAvyaliGga se bhedaka hai / 2 kAvyaliGga meM vyApti Adi anumAna ke aGgoM kA nirdeza nahIM hotaa| kamalAkara bhaTTa ne isa AdhAra para bhI donoM alaGkAroM kA bheda kiyA hai ki anumAna alaGkAra meM jJApaka-hetu rahatA hai aura kAvyaliGga meM kAraka-hetu / paNDitarAja jagannAtha kA mata udyotakAra ke mata se milatAjulatA hI hai| kAvyaliGga aura parikara kAvyaliGga meM padArtha yA vAkyArtha hI hetu ke rUpa meM upanyasta hotA hai; para parikara meM padArtha ke bala se athavA vAkyArtha ke bala se pratIyamAna artha heta 1. ..."na cAtrAprastutaprazaMsavAstviti vAcyam stutinindAtmakatayA vicchittivizeSAt kAryakAraNabhAvAdisambandhAbhAvAcca zuddhavyaJjanAviSayatvA __bhAvAcca |-kaavyprkaash, udyota, uddhRta, bAlabodhanI pR0 672 2. vyaaptyaadynirdeshaannaanumaansngkrH|-vhii, pR0 678 3. atra (kAvyaliGga) kArakahetoruktiH anumAnAlaGkAre tu jJApakahetoruktiriti bheda iti kmlaakrbhttttaaH|-kaavyprkaash, jhalakIkarakRta TIkA, pR0 678 4. draSTavya-jagannAtha, rasagaGgAdhara, pR0 742-43

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alaGkAroM kA pArasparika bheda [735 banatA hai, yaha donoM kA pArasparika bheda hai| parikara meM padArtha yA vAkyArtha se pratIta hone vAlA artha vAcya kA upakAraka hotA hai, para kAvyaliGga meM padArtha yA vAvayArtha hI hetu bana jAte haiN|' kuvalayAnandakAra ne isI AdhAra para donoM kA bheda-nirUpaNa kiyA hai / 2 paNDitarAja jagannAtha ne bhI parikara aura kAvyahetu kA bheda dikhAte hue kahA hai ki parikara meM prakRta artha kA upapAdaka vyaGagya artha hotA hai; para hetu meM vyaGagya artha kA rahanA Avazyaka nhiiN| udAtta aura atyukti udAtta meM samRddhizAlI vastu kA varNana hotA hai tathA rasAdi kA aGgabhAva kalpita hotA hai aura atyukti meM adbhuta tathA atathya zaurya, audArya Adi kA varNana hotA hai| atyukti paravartI kAla ke AcAryoM kI kalpanA hai| udAtta tathA atyukti; saba ke mUla meM atizaya kI dhAraNA nihita hai| yoM to donoM kA sambandha varNya viSaya se hai; ataH donoM kA alaGkAratva sandigdha hai, para yadi donoM ko alaGkAra mAnA jAya to donoM kA bheda yaha mAnA jAyagA ki udAtta kA sambandha vastu kI samRddhi se hai aura atyukti kA zUratA, udAratA Adi guNa se / mammaTa ke kucha TIkAkAroM ne vastu-samRddhi kA artha dhana tathA zaurya Adi kI samRddhi mAna kara udAtta meM hI atyukti kA antarbhAva mAnA hai;4 para appayya Adi kI isa mAnyatA ko ki 'sampatti kI ati-ukti udAtta kA tathA zaurya kI ati-ukti atyukti kA vyAvartaka hai';5 asvIkAra karane meM 1. nanu sAbhiprAyapadArthavinyasanarUpAtparikarAtkAvyaliGgasya kiM bhedaka miti cet ucyate / parikare padArthavAvayArthabalAt pratIyamAno'rtho vAcyopakArakatAM bhajate kAvyaliGga tu padArthavAkyArthAveva hetubhAvaM bhajata itIti sudhAsAgare spaSTam / -kAvyaprakAza, jhalakIkarakRta TIkA pR0 678 2. draSTavya-appayya dIkSita, kuvalayAnanda, pRSTha 136 3. vizeSaNAnAM sAbhiprAyatvaM prikrH| tacca prakRtArthopapAdakacamatkAri vyaGa gyakatvam / ata evAsya hetvalaMkArAdvalakSaNyam / tatra vyaGa gyasyA nAvazyakatvAt / -jagannAtha',rasagaGgAdhara pR0 611 4. vastunaH dhanazauryAdeH / etena zauryAdestaduktau atyuktinAmA pRthagalaGkAra ityapAstam |-kaavypr0, jhalakIkarakRta TIkA, pR0 684 5. saMpadatyuktAvudAttAlaGkAraH / zauryAtyuktAvatyukti alaGkAra iti bhedamAhuH / -appayya dIkSita, kuvalayAnanda, pR0 178

Page #759
736 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa vizeSa aucitya nahIM jAna par3atA / atathya - varNana ko bhI atyukti kA eka vyavacchedaka dharma mAnA jA sakatA hai / samuccaya aura samAdhi ruyyaka, mammaTa Adi AcAryoM ne guNa kriyA kI yugapat sthiti ke varNana ke atirikta samuccaya kA eka aura svarUpa svIkAra kiyA hai, jisameM prastuta kArya ke eka sAdhaka ke rahate usake anya sAdhaka kA bhI astitva varNita hotA hai / samAdhi meM kisI kArya ke eka kAraNa ke sAtha kAraNAntara kA yoga ho jAne se kArya kI sukaratA kA varNana hotA hai| donoM alaGkAroM kA pArasparika bhada batAte hue udyotakAra ne kahA hai ki samAdhi meM eka kAraNa se kArya ke niSpAdyamAna hone para akasmAt upasthita anya kAraNa se kArya kI sukaratA vivakSita hotI hai / ' 'alaGkArasarvasva' meM samAdhi meM anya sAdhaka kA kAkatAlIyanyAya se akasmAt yoga tathA samuccaya meM khalekapotanyAya se aneka sAdhakoM: kA ekatra avatAra apekSita mAnA gayA hai / 2 kArya - saukarya - varNana meM hI samAdhi kA alaGkAratva hai; para samuccaya kA alaGkAratva eka kArya ke sampAdana meM aneka kAraNoM ke khaleka-potanyAya se upasthita hone meM hai / jagannAtha kI bhI yahI mAnyatA hai / 3 tAsa yaha ki eka hetu se niSpAdyamAna kArya ke, kAraNAntara ke yoga se saukarya kI vivakSA samAdhi kA tathA kArya sampAdana meM samartha aneka kAraNoM kA sahabhAva samuccaya kA vizeSAdhAyaka dharma hai / dUsarI bAta yaha ki samAdhi meM eka hetu pradhAna aura anya sahakArI - mAtra hote hai; para samuccaya meM sabhI kAraNa pradhAna hI hote haiM / 1. samAdhau hi ekena kArye niSpAdyamAne'nyenAkasmAdApatatA saukaryAdirUpAtizayasampAdanam / ( atratu) ekakAryasampattau sarveSAM khalekapotanyAyena pAtaH kAryasya ca na ko'pyatizayaH / -- kAvyaprakAza, udyota uddhRta, bAlabodhinI, pR0 686 : 2. yatra ha, yekasya kArya prati pUrNa sAdhakatvam, anyastu saukaryAya kAkatA-lAyanyAyenApati, tatra samAdhivakSyate / yatratu khalekapotikayA bahUnAmavatArastatra samuccayaH / atazcAnayoH sumahAn bhedaH / --ruyyaka, alaGkArasarvasva, pR0 201 : 3. draSTavya - jagannAtha, rasagaGgAdhara, pR0 777

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alaGkAroM kA pArasparika bheda [ 737 samuccaya aura kAvyaliGga samuccaya meM (kAraNa samuccaya meM) kArya-vizeSa ke sAdhaka aneka kAraNoM kA saha-bhAva vivakSita hotA hai; para kAvyaliGga meM hetu-mAtra kA kathana apekSita hotA hai| hetu kA vAkyArtha yA padArtha ke rUpa meM jahA~ upanyAsa hotA hai, vahAM kAvyaliGga kA svarUpa sampanna ho jAtA hai| usameM hetu ke eka yA aneka hone kA vicAra nahIM kiyA jAtA; para samuccaya meM kAraNa kI anekatA Avazyaka hai / ' aneka kAraNoM kA ekatra sadbhAva hone para hI samuccaya kA rUpavidhAna sambhava hai| samuccaya aura dIpaka kriyA ke samuccaya aura kriyA-dIpaka meM mukhya bheda yaha hai ki samuccaya meM aneka kriyAoM kI yugapat sthiti vivakSita hotI hai, jabaki kriyA-dIpaka meM aneka kriyAe~ yugapat nahIM, krama se arthAt kAlabheda se vivakSita rahatI haiM / 2 samuccaya aura paryAya ___ 'alaGkArasarvasva' meM prastuta alaGkAroM ke bhedaka tattva ke viSaya meM kahA gayA hai ki samuccaya meM guNa, kriyA Adi aneka padArthoM kI yugapat sthiti kA varNana hotA hai; para paryAya meM krameNa aneka ke ekatra sadbhAva kA varNana hotA hai| padArthoM kA yogapadya samuccaya kA tathA ayogapadya arthAt Rmika sadbhAva paryAya kA 1. kAvyaliGga hetutvamAtra vivakSitam na tu hetUnAM guNapradhAnabhAvasyai katvAnekatvasya vA cintaa| atra (samuccaye) tu ekasyaiva tatkAryakAritve'nyeSAM sAhAyyamAtramiti tato vishessH| -kAvyaprakAza udyota se bAlabodhinI meM uddha ta pR0 686 2. sa tvanyo ( samuccayaH ) yugapad yA guNakriyAH |-mmmtt, kAvyapra0: 10,116 tathA-yugapaditi kramavyAvRttyartham tena dIpake nAtivyAptiH dIpake satISvapi bahvISu kriyAsu yogapadya na vivakSitaM kiM tu krama kAlabheda eveti bodhyam / --vahI, jhalakIkarakRta TIkA, pR0 686 3. tathA ekasminnAdhAre'nekamAdheyaM yat tiSThati, sa dvitIyaH paryAyaH / nanvatra samuccayAlaGkAro vakSyata ityetadarthamapi krameNeti yojyam / ata eva 'guNakriyAyogapadya samuccaya' iti samuccayalakSaNe yogapadyabrahaNam / ata eva kramAzrayaNAt paryAya ityanvarthamabhidhAnam / / -ruyyaka, alaGkArasarvasva, pR0 185-86

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738 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa pArasparika bhedaka hai / jagannAtha ne apane paryAya alaGkAra ke dvitIya lakSaNa meM - ekatra krama se aneka vastuoM ke varNana meM-- krama ke ullekha kA uddezya samuccaya se usake bheda kA spaSTIkaraNa hI mAnA hai / " paryAya tathA vizeSa yyaka ke anusAra paryAya meM krama se eka vastu kI anekatra yA aneka vastu kI ekatra sthiti dikhAyI jAtI hai; para vizeSa ke dvitIya bheda meM eka vastu kI yugapat anekatra sthiti kA varNana hotA hai / ataH, vastu kI sthiti kA krama paryAya kA aura yaugapadya vizeSa kA vizeSAdhAyaka hai / paNDitarAja ne bhI paryAyaparibhASA meM 'krama' zabda ke ullekha kI sArthakatA vizeSa se usake vizeSAdhAna hI mAnI hai / paryAya aura parivRtti paryAya ke eka bheda meM eka AdhAra meM aneka vastuoM ke hone athavA rakhane kA varNana hotA hai; para parivRtti meM kisI vastu kA tyAga kara usake badale anya vastu ke grahaNa kA varNana hotA hai / ataH, donoM meM svarUpa kA spaSTa bheda hai / 'alaGkArasarvasva' meM vinimaya ko parivRtti kA vyAvartaka mAnA gayA hai / vyAjokti aura apahanuti vyAjokti meM kisI prakAra prakaTa ho gaye vastu rUpa ko kisI bahAne chipAne kA varNana hotA hai / apahnati meM prakRta vastu kA apahnava kara usakI jagaha anya (aprakRta) kI sthApanA kI jAtI hai / isa prakAra donoM meM hI eka kA niSedha kara anya vastu kI sthApanA kA prayAsa hotA hai / vyAjokti meM (paryAyasya) dvitIyalakSaNe vakSyamANasamuccayAlaGkArAtivyAptivAraNAya taditi ( krameNeti) viveka: / - jagannAtha, rasagaGgAdhara pR0 756 2. iha (paryAye) cakramapratipAdanAd arthAt tatra ( vizeSAlaGkAre) yaugapadyapratItiH / - ruyyaka, alaGkArasarvasva, pR0 185 3. atrAdyalakSaNe krameNeti / prAguktavizeSAlaGka radvitIyabhede'tiprasaGgavAraNAya - jagannAtha, rasagaGgAdhara, pR0 756 4. vinimayAbhAvAt (paryAyasya) parivRttivailakSaNyam / --ruyyaka, alaGkArasarvasva, pR0 186

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alaGkAroM kA pArasparika bheda [ 736 vastu ke prakaTa rUpa ko chipAkara bahAne se usakI jagaha vastu ke kisI ayathArtha rUpa kA kathana kara diyA jAtA hai aura apahna uti meM prakRta kA niSedha kara usakI jagaha aprakRta kI sthApanA kI jAtI hai / AcArya mammaTa ne vyAjokti kI apahnati se svatantra sattA pramANita karane ke lie yaha yukti dI hai ki apahnati meM prakRta aura aprakRta ke bIca sAmya vivakSita rahatA hai / donoM kI sAmya-vivakSA se hI prakRta kA niSedha aura aprakRta kA sthApana kiyA jAtA hai; para vyAjokti meM sAmya kI vivakSA nahIM rahatI / kisI bahAne prakaTa vastu rUpa ko chipA lene meM hI vyAjokti kA alaGkAratva hai / vastutaH apahnati meM jisa prakAra upameya kA niSedha aura upamAna kA sthApana hotA hai, usa prakAra vyAjokti meM kisI vastu kA niSedha nahIM kiyA jAtA / usameM vinA vastu rUpa kA niSedha kiye hI prakaTa vastu ke yathArtha hetu se bhinna hetu kA nirdeza kara vAstavika sthiti ko chipAyA jAtA hai / ataH, donoM kA pArasparika bheda spaSTa hai / 'alaGkArasarvasva' meM isI tathya ko isa rUpa meM pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai ki apahna uti meM sAdRzya- pratipAdana ke uddezya se apahnava ( prakRta kA niSedha) hotA hai; para vyAjokti meM apahnava ke udda ezya se - vastusthiti ko chipAne ke uddezya se - sAdRzya-nirUpaNa hotA hai / niSkarSataH, donoM alaGkAroM meM vaktA kA uddezya bhinna-bhinna rahatA hai / apahna uti meM niSedhapUrvaka sAdRzyapratipAdana usakA uddezya rahatA hai to vyAjokti meM vastusthiti kA niSedha hI usakA uddezya rahatA hai / udbhaTa ne sAdRzya ke lie apahnava tathA apahnava ke lie sAdRzya; donoM ko apahna uti hI mAnA thA / ata: unhoMne vyAjokti nAmaka svatantra alaGkAra kI kalpanA nahIM kI thI / 2 1. nigUDhamapi vastuno rUpaM kathamapi prabhinnaM kenApi vyapadezena yadapahnaya * yate sA vyAjoktiH / na caiSApahnatiH prakRtAprakRtobhayaniSThasya sAmyasyehAsambhavAt I - mammaTa, kAvyaprakAza, 10, 118 kI vRtti pR0 276-77 2. nanvapahna utigranthe sAdRzyAya yo'pahnavaH, sApahna tiH / tathA apahnavAya yat sAdRzyaM sApyapahna tiriti sthApitam / vyAjoktau cottaraH prakAro ( apahnavAya sAdRzyaM) vidyate / tatkathamiyamalaGkArAntaratvena kathyate / satyam / udbhaTasiddhAntAzrayaNena tatroktam / nahi tanmate vyAjoktyAkhyamalaGkaraNamasti / iha tu tasya sadbhAvAd vyatiriktApahna utiriti pRthagamalaMkAro nirdiSTaH / --ruyyaka, alaM0 sarvasva, pR0 217

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740 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa uttara aura kAvyaliGga mammaTa ne uttara aura kAvyaliGga kA bheda spaSTa karate hue kahA hai ki yaha zaGkA nahIM honI cAhie ki kisI uttara ko suna kara usake pIche nihita prazna kA jo bodha hotA hai usameM uttara prazna kA hetu hotA hai aura isa prakAra hetu-rUpa meM uttara vAkya ke upanyAsa ke kAraNa uttara kAvyaliGga se abhinna hai| uttara alaGkAra meM vizeSa uttara prazna-vizeSa kA jJApaka hetu-mAtra hotA hai| uttara prazna kA kAraka heta nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| kAvyaliGga meM kAraka (janaka) hetu kA upasthApana hone se prazna kA jJApana-mAtra karane vAle uttara para AddhRta uttara alaGkAra kA usase svatantra astitva hai|' uttara aura anumAna uttara meM prazna sAdhya aura uttara usakA sAdhana hai| yaha zaGkA kI jA sakatI hai ki uttara alaGkAra meM uttara sunakara prazna kA anumAna hotA hai, phira use anumAna meM hI antabhukta kyoM na mAna liyA jAya ? ruyyaka tathA mammaTa ne isa sambhAvita zaGkA kA samAdhAna karate hue kahA hai ki anumAna meM eka-dharmIgata (pakSaniSTha) sAdhya aura sAdhana kA nirdeza apekSita hai; para uttara meM sAdhya prazna kA nirdeza nahIM hotA hai, kevala sAdhana uttara kA hI nirdeza hotA hai / ataH, uttara kA svarUpa anumAna se svatantra hai| praznapUrvaka uttara meM bhI asakRt asambhAvya uttara hone se vaha uttara anumAna se svatantra hai| 1. na caitat (uttaram) kAvyaliGgam uttarasya tAdra pyaanuppttH| nahi praznasya prativacanaM janako hetuH / / -mammaTa, kAvyaprakAza, 10, 121 kI vRtti pR0 281 2. nApIdamanumAnam ekami niSThatayA sAdhyasAdhanayoranirdezAditya laGkArAntaramevottaraM sAdhIyaH / -vahI, pR0 281 tathAna cedamanumAnaM, pakSadharmatvAderanirdezAt / yatra ca praznapUrvakamasambhAvanIyamUttaraM tacca na sakRta. tAvanmAtraNa cArutvApratIteH / atazcAsakRdupanibandhe dvitIyamuttaram / -ruyyaka, alaGkArasarvasva, pR0 213-14

Page #764
alaGkAroM kA pArasparika bheda [ 741 uttara ra parisaMkhyA praznapUrvaka uttara meM pahale prazna kA upanyAsa kara usake lokottara camatkArazAlI uttara kA ullekha kiyA jAtA hai| praznapUrvikA parisaMkhyA meM prazna kiye jAne para usake uttara meM kisI vastu kA niSedha aura kisI kI sthApanA kI jAtI hai / mammaTa ne praznottara aura prazna - parisaMkhyA kA bheda batAte hue kahA hai ki praznapUrvaka uttara kI 'vizrAnti vAcyArtha meM hI hotI hai; para praznapUrvikA parisaMkhyA meM anya vastu ke niSedha ( eka kI sthApanA ) kA tAtparya hA karatA hai / prazna ke uttara meM kisI vastu kI varjanA parisaMkhyA kA rUpavidhAna karatI hai / uttara meM vAcya kA hI atizaya pratipAdana kavi kA uddezya hotA hai / ruyyaka ke matAnusAra bhI anya vastu kI varjanA kA tAtparya parisaMkhyA kA tathA vAcyamAtra kA utkarSa - sAdhana uttara kA vizeSAdhAyaka dharma hai sUkSma aura anumAna sUkSma meM bhI iGgita Adi se Azaya kA bodha hotA hai aura anumAna meM bhI liGga se sAdhya kA anumAna hotA hai / yaha zaGkA kI jA sakatI hai ki iGgita Adi (liGga) bhAva ke anumApaka hote haiM; ataH sUkSma ko bhI anumAna kA hI aGga kyoM na mAna liyA jAya ? vidyA cakravartI tathA udyotakAra Adi ne isakA samAdhAna isa yukti se kiyA hai ki sUkSma meM kavinibaddha pAtra apanI vidagdhatA me apanA Azaya iGgita Adi se sUcita karatA hai / isakA camatkAra artha ko lakSita karane kI vidagdhatA meM hai / ataH yaha anumAna se svatantra saundarya rakhatA hai / 3 , 1 praznaparisaMkhyAyAmanyavyapohe eva tAtparyam / iha tu ( uttarAlaGkAre tu) vAcye eva vizrAntirityanayorvivekaH / mammaTa, kAvya pra0, 10, 121 kI vRtti pR0 281 2. na cedaM (uttaraM ) parisaMkhyA, vyavacchedyavyavacchedakaparatvAbhAvAt / --ruyyaka, alaGkArasarvasva, pR0 214 6. atra (sUkSmodAharaNe ) vidyamAnamapyanumAnaM sUkSmAGgam svavaidagdhyaprakAzanadvArA sUkSmasyaiva camatkAritvAt / kAvyaprakAza, udyota uddhRta, bAlabodhinI pR0 712 aura -- tathAcAhuzcakravarti bhaTTAcAryA api yadyapyatra svedavizeSapuruSAyatayoH sAdhyasAdhanayorekadhamigatatvenopAdAnAdanumAnamevAlaGkAro bhavitumahati tathApi svavaidagdhyapratipipAda - viSayAnyasmai sUkSmArthaprakAzanamukhenaiva camatkAra iti sa evAlaGkAraH anumAnaM tu tadanugrAhakamityanyadetat / - vahI pR0 712

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742 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa samAdhi aura praharSaNa samAdhi meM prasiddha kAraNa ke sAtha anya kAraNoM ke yoga se kArya kI sukaratA dikhAyI jAtI hai; para praharSaNa meM binA yatna ke akasmAt kArya kI siddhi kA varNana hotA hai; yaha donoM kA pArasparika bheda hai| mammaTa ke TIkAkAra vAmana jhalakIkara kI yukti hai ki samAdhi-lakSaNa meM 'kAraNAntarayoga se' yaha kathana upalakSaNa hai| akasmAt kArya-siddhi meM bhI mammaTa Adi ko samAdhi kI sattA hI mAnya thii| ataH, unhoMne praharSaNa kI svatantra sattA nahIM maanii| hama dekha cuke haiM ki thor3e-thor3e bheda se eka alaGkAra se aneka alaGkAroM kA janma huA hai| ukta alaGkAroM ke bIca bhI kAraNAntara ke yoga se kArya-saunayaM tathA akasmAt kArya-siddhi kA hI bheda hai| sama aura samuccaya ___samuccaya meM sat kAraNoM yA asat kAraNoM kA eka sAtha honA varNita hotA hai; para sama meM kAraNAtirikta vastuoM kA bhI yoga raha sakatA hai, yaha donoM kA pArasparika bheda hai| kAryakAraNa-bhAva ke anurUpa saMsarga meM bhI sama hotA hai / samuccaya meM kArya-kAraNa kA sahabhAva nahIM A sktaa| bhrAntimAna aura mIlita bhrAntimAn meM anya vastu ko (prAkaraNika ko ) dekhakara anya (aprAkaraNika ) kA nizcayAtmaka jJAna hotA hai; para mIlita meM prAkaraNika kA aprAkaraNika ke rUpa meM bodha Avazyaka nahIM, usameM eka vastu se samAna cihna vAlI anya vastu kA nigRhana-mAtra vivakSita hotA hai| paNDitarAja jagannAtha ne donoM ke isa bheda kI ora saGkata kiyA hai|4 1. atra (samAdhau) 'kAraNAntarayogataH' ityupalakSaNam / tenAkasmAdIpsi tArthalAbhasya vAJchitasiddhyarthayatnAttadadhikalAbhasya upAyasiddhyarthayatnAtsAkSAtphalalAbhavarNanasya ca samAdhitvameva saukaryasya anAyAsena siddha yAdirUpasyevAkasmikatvAdi-rUpasyApi grahAt / etena IdRze viSaye praharSaNaM bhinno'laGkAra ityapAstam / -kAvyaprakAza, jhalakIkara kRta TIkA pR0 717 2. samuccaye satorasato; kAraNayoH samuccayaH, atra (same) tvakAraNa___ yorapi tayoryogasyaucityAbhidhAnamiti vizeSaH / -vahI, pR0 718 3. (bhrAntimAnlakSaNe ) aprAkaraNikatAdAtmyenetyuktermIlitasAmAnya tadguNavAraNam / bhrAntimAtramatrAlaGkAraH "|-vhii, pR0 733 4. lakSaNe ( bhrAntimAnlakSaNe ) mIlitasAmAnyatadguNavAraNAya dharmi grahaNadvayam |-jgnnaath, rasagaGgAdhara, pR0 421

Page #766
alaGkAroM kA pArasparika bheda [ 743 tadguNa aura vizeSokti atadguNa meM guNa grahaNa kA hetu rahane para bhI vastu ke anya kA guNa grahaNa na karanA vivakSita rahatA hai / prazna kiyA jA sakatA hai ki hetu ke rahane para bhI phalAbhAva - varNana rUpa vizeSokti se atadguNa kA kyA bheda hai ? uttara spaSTa hai-- atadguNa kA camatkAra guNa ke agrahaNa ke varNana meM hai / vizeSokti meM kAraNa ke rahate kAryAbhAva-varNana kA camatkAra pradhAna rahatA hai / ataH, donoM kA apanA-apanA viziSTa saundarya hai / yamaka aura anuprAsa / yamaka aura anuprAsa ko kaI AcAryoM ne eka hI alaGkAra ke alaga-alaga rUpa svIkAra kara donoM kA eka sAtha nirUpaNa kiyA hai / phalataH, kisI AcArya ne kevala yamaka kI sattA svIkAra kI to dUsare ne kevala anuprAsa kI / isa prakAra eka alaGkAra ke bheda-nirUpaNa ke krama meM unhoMne varNa, pada Adi kI AvRtti ke svarUpa para vicAra kiyA / pIche calakara donoM alaGkAroM kI svatantra sattA svIkAra kara lI gayI bhAmaha ne yamaka aura anuprAsa; donoM ko pRthak-pRthak paribhASita kiyA thA aura donoM kI paribhASAoM meM donoM ke bhedaka tattva kA bhI nirdeza kiyA thA / unake anusAra artha-bheda se zruti-sama varNa- saGgha kI AvRtti yamaka hai aura samAna rUpa vAle varNoM kA vinyAsa anuprAsa / isa prakAra yamaka ke rUpa-vidhAna ke lie do bAteM apekSita mAnI gayIM - ( ka ) samAna zruti vAle svara- vyaJjana samudAya kI AvRtti tathA (kha) AvRtti hone para donoM ke vAcyArtha kA alaga-alaga honA / anuprAsa meM samAna rUpa vAle varNoM kA vinyAsa - mAtra apekSita mAnA gayA hai / isa prakAra ra, la, Da Adi varNoM ke vinyAsa meM bhI anuprAsa kA sadbhAva mAnA jA sakatA hai / 1. atadguNa iti / tasyAdhikaguNasyAsmin guNA na santItyadguNa ityarthaH / nanvasya vizeSoktAvantarbhAvaH yogyatArUpakAraNasattve'pi guNagrahaNarUpakAryAbhAvAditi cenna / guNAgrahaNarUpa vicchittivizeSAzrayaNAditi bodhyam / - kAvyaprakAza, jhalakIkarakRta TIkA, pR0 747 - 2. sarUpavarNavinyAsamanuprAsaM pracakSate / tulanIya - tulyazra utInAM bhinnAnAmabhidheyaiH parasparam / varNAnAM yaH punarvAdo yamakaM tannigadyate / - bhAmaha, kAvyAlaM 0, 2,5, 17

Page #767
744 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa ne daNDI ne alaGkAra-nirUpaNa ke sandarbha meM kevala yamaka kA tathA udbhaTa kevala anuprAsa kA nirUpaNa kara varNAvRtti tathA padAvRtti ko eka hI alaGkAra kA pRthak-pRthak rUpa mAnA / vAmana ne yamaka aura anuprAsa ko do svatantra alaGkAra mAnakara donoM ko alaga-alaga paribhASita kiyaa| unake anusAra varNa - samudAya kI AvRtti yamaka hai / yadi varNa-samudAya sArthaka pada ho to usakI AvRtti hone para donoM kA artha bheda Avazyaka hai / yamaka meM AvRtta varNa-saGghakA sthAna bhI niyata hotA hai / anuprAsa kA usase bheda yaha hai ki anuprAsa meM ekArthaka tathA anekArthaka padoM kI AvRtti ho sakatI hai aura usameM padoM kA sthAna bhI aniyata rahatA hai / isa bheda ko spaSTa karate hue vAmana ne vRtti meM yaha mantavya vyakta kiyA hai ki yamaka meM svara - vyaJjana saGghAta kI artha-bheda se AvRtti hotI hai; para anuprAsa meM svaroM kI bhinnatA ke sAtha bhI samAna rUpa vAle vyaJjanoM ke samudAya kI AvRtti ho sakatI hai / ruyyaka, mammaTa, vizvanAtha Adi ko anuprAsa aura yamaka ke bheda ke sambandha meM yahI mata mAnya hai / 1 lATAnuprAsa meM yamaka kI taraha hI svara - vyaJjana-samudAya kI AvRtti hotI hai / para donoM kA bheda yaha hai ki sArthaka padoM kI AvRtti yamaka meM vAcyArtha ke bheda ke sAtha hI hotI hai; para lATa anuprAsa meM AvRtta sArthaka padoM meM tAtparyArtha mAtra kA bheda apekSita rahatA hai / 2 niSkarSataH, yamaka anuprAsa kA bheda nimnalikhita hai (ka) yamaka meM svara aura vyaJjana-samudAya kI usI rUpa meM AvRtti hotI hai; para anuprAsa meM svara-bheda se bhI kevala vyaJjana kI AvRtti ho sakatI hai / (kha) yamaka meM yadi sArthaka pada kI AvRtti ho to donoM meM artha kA bheda honA Avazyaka hai; para anuprAsa meM ekArtha padoM kI bhI AvRtti ho sakatI hai aura anekArtha padoM kI bhI / lATAnuprAsa meM AvRtta padoM meM kevala tAtparyArtha kA bheda apekSita hotA hai / 1. padamanekArthamakSaraM vA''vRttaM sthAnaniyame yamakam / vAmana, kAvyAlaM 0 sU0 4,1,1 tulanIya - zeSaH sarUpo'nuprAsaH 4, 18 tathA usakI vRtti pR0 177 2. zAbdastu lATAnuprAso bhede tAtparya mAtrataH / tulanAya - arthe satyartha bhinnAnAM varNAnAM sA punaH zrutiH / yamakam.... / --- - mammaTa, kAvyaprakAza, 6, 81 tathA 6,83

Page #768
alaGkAroM kA pArasparika bheda [ 745 (pa) yamaka meM varNa-saGgha kI AvRtti kA sthAna niyata rahatA hai, anuprAsa meM aniyata / (gha) yamaka meM svara tathA vyaJjana kI usI rUpa meM AvRtti hotI hai; para anuprAsa meM kisI vyaJjana ke samAna zrati vAle anya vyaJjana kA bhI vinyAsa ho sakatA hai| yamaka evaM pUnaruktavadAbhAsa yamaka meM samAna zabda kI AvRtti hotI hai; para AvRtta zabdoM meM artha-bheda Avazyaka mAnA jAtA hai| punaruktavadAbhAsa meM ApAtataH samAnArthaka jAna par3ane vAle zabdoM meM tattvataH arthabheda rahA karatA hai| donoM meM mukhya bheda yaha hai ki yamaka meM samAna zabda ekAdhika bAra AtA hai jaba ki punaruktavadAbhAsa meM bhinna AkAra vAle zabda-jo paryAyavAcI-se lagate hai; para vastutaH unake artha bhinna hote hai-prayukta hote / arthAntaranyAsa aura udAharaNa paNDitarAja jagannAtha ne vizeSa se sAmAnya ke samarthana-rUpa arthAntaranyAsa se udAharaNa kA bheda batAte hue kahA hai ki udAharaNa meM avayavAvayavI sambandha kA bodha karAne vAle 'iva' Adi padoM kA prayoga hotA hai, arthAntaranyAsa meM aisA prayoga nahIM hotA / dUsarI bAta yaha ki udAharaNa meM sAmAnya aura vizeSa kA eka rUpa vidheya se anvaya hotA hai,jo arthAntaranyAsa meM nahIM hotaa|' sAmAnya artha kA samarthaka vizeSa do prakAra kA ho sakatA hai, eka vaha jisakA kevala uddezya aMza vizeSa ho aura vidheyAMza sAmAnyagata ho / aisA hI vizeSa udAharaNa kA rUpa-vidhAna karatA hai| isIlie udAharaNa meM sAmAnya aura vizeSa kA eka rUpa vidheyAnvaya apekSita mAnA gayA hai| sAmAnya ke samarthaka vizeSa kA dUsarA prakAra vaha ho sakatA hai, jisameM uddezya aura vidheya; donoM vizeSa hoN| aisA hI vizeSa arthAntaranyAsa meM apekSita hotA hai| 2 isa prakAra udAharaNa aura arthAntaranyAsa ke do bheda spaSTa haiM1. asmiMzcAlaGkAre (udAharaNAlaGkAre) avayavAvayavibhAvabodhakasyeva zabdAdeH prayogaH sAmAnyavizeSayorekarUpa vidheyAnvayazcArthAntaranyAsa bhedAvalakSaNyAdhAyakaH...|-jagannAtha, rasagaGgAdhara, pR0 340 2. sAmAnyArthasamarthakasya vizeSavAkyArthasya dvayI gatiH / anuvAdyAMzamAtre vizeSatvaM vidheyAMzastu sAmAnyagata evetyekaa| anuvAdyavidheyobhayAMze'pi vishesstvmitypraa| tatrAdyA udAharaNAlaGkArasya viSayaH; dvitIyAtvarthAntaranyAsabhedasya / -vahI, pR0 746

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746 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa (1) udAharaNa meM sAmAnya kA samarthana aise vizeSa se hotA hai, jisakA uddezya aMza to vizaSa hotA hai; para vidheyAMza samAnyagata hotA hai; kintu arthAntaranyAsa meM sAmAnya ke samarthaka vizeSa ke uddezya aMza tathA vidheya aMza donoM vizeSa hote haiN| dUsare zabdoM meM udAharaNa meM sAmAnya aura vizeSa kA eka rUpa vidheyAnvaya hotA hai; para arthAntaranyAsa meM, aisA nahIM hotaa| (2) udAharaNa meM avayavAvayavI bhAva ke bodhaka 'iva' Adi kA ullekha hotA hai, arthAntaranyAsa meM ivAdi kA ullekha nahIM hotaa| ' vimazinIkAra ne donoM kA bheda nirUpita karate hue kahA thA ki bharthAntaranyAsa meM vizeSa se sAmAnya kA samarthana isa uddezya se kiyA jAtA hai ki usase sAmAnya vAkyArtha upapanna ho sake, para udAharaNa meM svataH upapanna sAmAnya artha kA samarthana usakI pratIti ke vizadIkaraNa ke lie kiyA jAtA hai / paNDitarAja jagannAtha ne udAharaNa ke eka svIkRta udAharaNa meM yaha dikhAyA hai ki vahA~ sAmAnya kA samarthana usa artha ke upapAdana ke lie hI kiyA gayA hai| ataH, sAmAnya artha kA upapAdana arthAntaranyAsa kA vyavacchedaka nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| donoM alaGkAroM meM bheda-nirUpaNa pUrvokta do AdhAroM para hI honA caahie|' paNDitarAja kI mAnyatA ucita hI jAna par3atI hai / rUpaka aura nidarzanA paNDitarAja jagannAtha ne rUpaka aura nidarzanA kA bheda nirUpita karate hue yaha mantavya prakaTa kiyA hai ki rUpaka meM upameya tathA upamAna; donoM kA upAdAna hotA hai; para nidarzanA meM upameya kA upAdAna nahIM hotaa| nidarzanA sAdhyavasAnA lakSaNA para Azrita alaGkAra hai / rUpaka meM prakRta para aprakRta kA Aropa hotA hai para nidarzanA meM donoM ke bIca Artha abheda rahatA hai jo Aropa aura adhyavasAna se bhI bhinna hotA hai / zobhAkara ne yaha zaGkA uThAyI hai ki yadi prakRta vAkyArtha para anya vAkyArtha kA samAnAdhikaraNa se nirdeza nidarzanA hai to vAkyA rUpaka se usakA kyA bheda hogA ?3 isakA samAdhAna yaha hai ki rUpaka meM sAdRzyamUlA 1. draSTavya-jagannAtha, rasagaGgAdhara, pR0 752 2. (rUpakalakSaNe) upameyatAvacchedakapuraskAreNa ti vizeSaNAdapahna ti .... ___ nidarzanAnAM nirAsaH / "atizayoktinidarzanayozca sAdhyavasAnalakSa.. NAmUlakatvAdupameyatAvacchedakasya nAsti puraskAraH / --vahI, pR0 354-55 3. draSTavya-zobhAkara, alaGkAraratnAkara, pR0 21

Page #770
alaGkAroM kA pArasparika bheda [747lakSaNA abheda-pratIti kA AdhAra hotI hai; para nidarzanA meM abheda kI anupapatti kI pratIti se hI abheda kA pratyAyana hotA hai| anupapattijanya abheda-pratIti ko nidarzanA kA tathA lakSaNAmUlaka abheda ko rUpaka kA vyavacchedaka mAnakara udyotakAra ne donoM kA bheda-nirUpaNa kiyA hai|' rUpaka aura sandeha paNDitarAja ne rUpaka-lakSaNa meM upameya aura upamAna meM AhArya tAdra pya ke nizcaya kI carcA kara sandeha se usakA bheda spaSTa kara diyA hai / 2 sandeha meM anizcayAtmaka jJAna rahatA hai, para rUpaka meM AhArya tAdra pya kA nizcayAtmaka jJAna / bhrAntimAna aura ullekha bhrAntimAn meM kisI vastu ko dekha kara pramAtA ko usa vastu ke samAna anya vastu kA nizcayAtmaka jJAna ho jAtA hai| ullekha kA isa bhrAntimAn se mukhya bheda yaha hai ki ullekha meM nimitta-bheda se aneka pramAtA ko eka hI vastu aneka rUpa meM gRhIta hotI hai| pramAtA kI anekatA tathA vastu ke anekadhA grahaNa meM nimitta-bheda ullekha kA vyAvartaka hai| paNDitarAja ne isI AdhAra para bhrAntimAn se ullekha kA vyAvartana kiyA hai| 3 'alaGkArasarvasva' meM bhI anekadhA grahaNa ke camatkAra ko ullekha kA vyavacchedaka mAnA gayA hai|4 1. .."atizayokta: sAdhyavasAnalakSaNAmUlakattvAttasya (upameyasya) puraskArAbhAvAt / atizayoktivat nidarzanAyAmapi nAtivyAptiH / zabdAditi vishessnnaat"|-kaavypr0 udyota, uddhata, bAlabodhinI, pR0 563 2. uparaJjakatAmahAryatAdra pyanizcayagocaratAmityanena sandehotprakSA.... bhrAntimatsvativyAptinirAsaH / sandehotprakSayonizcayasyaivAbhAvAt... -jagannAtha, rasagaGgAdhara, pR0 357-58 3. lakSaNa, (bhrAntimAnlakSaNe) cAtraikatvaM vivakSitamanyathA vakSyamANAne kagrahItRkAnekaprakArakaikavizeSyakabhrAntisamudAyAtmanyullekhe'tiprasaGgA -- patta: / ata evaikavacanamapi sArthakam |-vhii, pR0 422 4. evaM tahi tatra viSaye bhrAntimadalaGkAro'stu / atadra pasya tadra ptaaprtiitinibndhntvaat| ntt| anekadhAgrahaNAkhyasyAtizayasyApUrvasya bhAvAt / taddha tukatvAccAsyAlaGkArasya / "-ruyyaka, alaGkArasarvasva pR0 46

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048 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa utprekSA aura sambhAvanA paNDitarAja jagannAtha ke anusAra anya vastu meM anya kI sambhAvanA hI utprekSA hai| vastu meM yadi usase bhinna vastu kI sambhAvanA na ho to vaha zuddha sambhAvanA hogI; utprekSA nhiiN| utprekSA meM sambhAvanA AhArya hotI hai, anAhArya sambhAvanA zuddha sambhAvanA mAtra hai / ' sambhAvanA ko kucha AcAryoM ne svatantra malaGkAra mAnA hai / vaha utprekSA se bhinna hai / appayya dIkSita ne sambhAvanA alaGkAra kA jo lakSaNa diyA hai vaha mammaTa Adi ke yadyarthokta-kalpana-rUpa atizayokti se abhinna hai / ataH, usa sambhAvanA kI utprekSA se samatA kI 'kiJcit bhI sambhAvanA nhiiN| dIpaka Ara mAlAdIpaka paNDitarAja jagannAtha kI mAnyatA hai ki mAlAdIpaka ko dIpaka kA bheda 'mAnane kI bhrAnti nahIM honI caahie| mAlAdIpaka svarUpa kI dRSTi se dIpaka kI apekSA ekAvalI ke adhika nikaTa hai / uttara-uttara ke prati pUrva-pUrva kA upakAraka honA mAlAdIpaka kA lakSaNa mAnA gayA hai, jo dIpaka se mAlAdIpaka kA vyAvartana karatA hai| prAcIna paramparA ke anurodha se hI jagannAtha ne dIpaka ke sandarbha meM mAlAdIpaka kA svarUpa dikhAyA hai| 3 appayya dIkSita ke anusAra dIpaka aura ekAvalI ke svarUpa kA mizraNa mAlAdIpaka hai| vyatireka aura pratIpa vyatireka meM upamAna aura upameya ke guNa kA vaiziSTya dikhAkara usase upameya kA utkarSa pratipAdita kiyA jAtA hai| isa prakAra usameM upameya 1. .."sambhAvanAyAmatiprasaGgavAraNAya tadbhinnatvena pramitasyeti / sambhA vanAyAmAhAryatAM gamayati |-jgnnaath, rasagaGgAdhara, pR0 451 / 2. sambhAvanA yadIttha syAdityUho'nyasya siddhaye |-appyy, kuvalayAnanda 126 / tathA--'yadyarthoktau ca kalpanam' atizayoktibheda iti (10. 100) kAvyaprakAzakAraH |-vhii, vRtti pR0 146 3. etacca (mAlAdIpakam) praacaamnurodhaadsmaabhirihodaahRtm| vastuta stvetaddIpakameva na zakyaM vakta m / sAdRzyasamparkAbhAvAt kitvekAvalI prabheda iti vakSyate / -jagannAtha, rasagaGgAdhara, pR0 518 4. dIpakakAvalIyogAnmAlAdIpakamiSyate |-appyy dIkSita, kuvalayAnanda ,107

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alaGkAroM kA pArasparika bheda [746. aura upamAna ke guNa kA vaidharmya hI upamAna kI apekSA upameya ke utkarSa kA sAdhaka hotA hai| pratIpa meM upamAna kI upameya ke rUpa meM tathA upameya kI upamAna ke rUpa meM kalpanA kara upameya kA utkarSa-pratipAdana hotA hai; kyoMki upamAna meM adhikaguNatva kI dhAraNA svIkRta hai; aura upameya ko upamAna banA dene se usakA utkarSa-sAdhana ho jAtA hai| isa prakAra pratIpa meM sAdharmya kI hI pratIti rahatI hai| ataH, vyatireka kA vaidharmya aura pratIpa kA sAdharmya donoM kA pradhAna vyAvartaka dharma hai| pratIpa se bheda-pratipAdana ke lie hI paNDitarAja jagannAtha ne vyatireka kI paribhASA meM 'upamAna se upameya ke guNavizeSavattvena' utkarSa pratipAdana kA ullekha kiyA hai|' vyatireka aura asama vyatireka aura asama kA bheda yaha hai ki vyatireka meM guNavaiziSTya se upameya kA upamAna kI apekSA utkarSa dikhAyA jAtA hai; para asama meM upameya ke samAna kisI bhI anya vastu kA na honA dikhAyA jAtA hai| isa prakAra aupamya ke abhAva-mAtra kA pratipAdana asama kA tathA upamAna se upameya kA utkarSa-nirUpaNa vyatireka kA svarUpa-vidhAna karatA hai| aprastutaprazaMsA aura prastutAGa kura samAsokti se prastutAGkara ke bheda-nirUpaNa-krama meM hamane dekhA hai ki samAsokti meM prastuta artha ke varNana se aprastuta artha kI vyaJjanA hotI hai; para prastutAGka ra meM prastuta artha ke varNana se anya prastuta artha kI hI vyaJjanA hotI hai| aprastutaprazaMsA se prastutAGka ra kA mukhya bheda yaha hai ki aprastutaprazaMsA meM aprastuta artha ke varNana se prastuta artha kI vyaJjanA hotI hai, jabaki prastutAGkara meM prastuta artha ke varNana se prastuta artha hI vyajita hotA hai / aprastutaprazaMsA meM aprastuta vAcya aura prastuta vyaGgya hotA hai; para prastutAGkara meM donoM artha prastuta hote haiM jinameM se eka vAcya aura dUsarA vyaGagya hotA hai| paNDitarAja jagannAtha ne aprastutaprazaMsA tathA prastutAGkara ko alaga-alaga alaGkAra 1. upamAnAdupameyasya guNavizeSavattvenotkarSoM vyatirekaH / pratIpAdivAraNAya tRtIyAntaM vaidharmyaparam / tatra copamAnatAmAtrakRta evotkArSoM na vaidharmyakRtaH / sAdhArmyasyaiva pratyayAt / -jagannAtha, rasagaGgAdhara, pR0 54."

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750 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa mAnane vAle mata kA khaNDana kiyA hai| unakI yukti hai ki eka artha ke varNana se anya kI vyaJjanA hI aprastutaprazaMsA tathA prastutAGkara-donoM kA saundarya hai| ataH, eka artha ke aprastuta tathA anya ke prastuta hone aura donoM ke prastuta hone ke AdhAra para do svatantra alaGkAroM kI kalpanA Avazyaka nhiiN|' hama yaha dekha cuke haiM ki bahuta sUkSma bheda ke AdhAra para alaga-alaga alaGkAroM kI kalpanA kI pravRtti paravartI AcAryoM meM rahI hai| yadi sUkSma bheda se svatantra alaGkAroM kI kalpanA svIkArya ho to prastutAGkara kI svatantra sattA ke niSedha kA koI kAraNa nhiiN| samAsokti, aprastutaprazaMsA aura prastutAGka ra meM samAna rUpa se eka artha ke varNana se anyArtha kI vyaJjanA kA camatkAra rahane para bhI bheda yaha hai ki samAsokti meM vAcya artha prastuta aura vyaGagya artha aprastuta hotA hai, isake viparIta aprastutaprazaMsA meM vAcya aprastuta aura vyaGagya prastuta hotA hai; para prastutAGkara meM vAcya aura vyaGa gya; donoM hI artha prastuta hote haiM / rUpaka aura virodhAbhAsa paNDitarAja jagannAtha ne yaha zaGkA uThAyI hai ki rUpaka meM prastuta para aprastuta kA Aropa kiyA jAtA hai| vicAra karane se aisA lagatA hai ki kisI vastu para anya kA Aropa karanA virodha hI hogaa| 'mukha-candra' kathana mukha aura candra ke virodha kA bodhaka to hogA hii| ataH, rUpaka ko virodha kA hI aGga kyoM na mAnA jAya ? isa zaGkA kA samAdhAna paNDitarAja ne yaha kahakara kiyA hai ki ukti kA camatkAra-vizeSa hI alaGkAra-vizeSa kA alaGkAratva hotA hai-yaha sarvamAnya siddhAnta hai| kisI ukti meM sahRdaya ke hRdaya ko AhlAdita karane vAle camatkAra ke AdhAra para hI alaGkAratva kA nirNaya hotA hai| rUpaka kI uktiyoM meM mukhya camatkAra upameya tathA upamAna ke virodha meM nahIM rahatA; vaha rahatA hai upameya meM upamAna ke sabhI dharmoM kI pratipatti meM / rUpaka kI yojanA meM kavi isa uddezya se prastuta para aprastuta kA Aropa karatA hai ki donoM ke abheda-pratipAdana se upamAnaniSTha dharma kI pratipatti upameya meM bhI ho jAya ! prAtibhAsika virodhamAtra 1. etena dvayoH prastutatve prastutAGka ranAmA'nyolaGkAra iti kuvalayAnandA dya ktmupekssnniiym| kiMci_ lakSaNyamAtreNa vAlaGkArAntaratAkalpane - vAgbhaGgInAmAnantyAdalaGkArAnantyaprasaGga ityasakRdAveditatvAt / --jagannAtha, rasagaGgAdhara, pR0 645-46

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alaGkAroM kA pArasparika bheda [751 dikhAne meM jo camatkAra rahatA hai, usase prastuta para aprastuta kA Aropa kara prastuta meM aprastutaniSTha dharma kI pratipatti kA camatkAra bhinna hotA hai| ataH, virodha se rUpaka bhinna alaGkAra hai|' paNDitarAja kI yaha yukti ucita hI hai| vicitra aura viSama _ vicitra meM abhISTa artha kI siddhi ke lie iSTa-viparIta AcaraNa kA varNana hotA hai| 'unnati pAne ke lie kisI ke Age jhukane' Adi kA varNana iSTasiddhyartha iSTa-viparIta AcaraNa kA udAharaNa hai| jagannAtha ne eka zaGkA kI sambhAvanA kara usakA samAdhAna kiyA hai| yaha zaGkA kI jA sakatI hai ki 'ananurUpa kA saGghaTana' viSama kahalAtA hai| vicitra meM bhI kAraNa ke ananurUpa kArya kA varNana hotA hai, phira vicitra ko viSama kA hI aGga kyoM na mAna liyA jAya? isa zaGkA kA samAdhAna kaThina nhiiN| vicitra kA saundarya iSTaviparIta kArya meM vyakti ke pravRtta hone meM hai, jabaki viSama meM ananurUpa kAryakAraNa Adi kI ghaTanA meM camatkAra rahatA hai| vyakti ke AcAraNa se sApekSa aura nirapekSa hone ke AdhAra para vicitra aura viSama kA bheda spaSTa hai|' vizeSa aura praharSaNa vizeSa ke tIna rUpa svIkRta hai-(1) prasiddha AdhAra ke abhAva meM bhI Adheya kI sthiti kA varNana, (2) eka AdhAra meM rahane vAle eka Adheya kI eka hI samaya aneka AdhAroM meM sthiti kA varNana tathA (3) kisI kArya ko karate hue anya asambhAvita evaM azakya kArya kA sampAdana kara dene kA varNana / _ vizeSa ke tRtIya bheda se praharSaNa kA bheda yaha hai ki praharSaNa ke eka bheda meM vAJchita se adhika artha kI prApti kA varNana hotA hai; para vizeSa ke tIsare bheda meM azakya kArya ke anAyAsa sampanna kara lene kA varNana hotA hai / jagannAtha kI mAnyatA hai ki vizeSa meM azakya kArya kA sampAdanaH Arabdha kArya ke sAtha abhedAdhyavasAna ke rUpa meM dikhAyA jAtA hai; para praharSaNa meM vAJchita phala ke 1. draSTavya-jagannAtha, rasagaGgAdhara, pR0 682 2. na ca kAraNAnanurUpaM kAryamiti viSamabhedo'yaM (vicitram) vAcyaH, viSame puruSakRterapekSaNAt / kAryakAraNaguNavailakSaNyenaiva tadbhadanirUpaNAcca / -jagannAtha, rasagaGgAdhara, pR0 716

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752 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa atirikta phala kI bhI avAntara siddhi kA varNana hotA hai| isa prakAra azakya kArya kA sAdhana vizeSa kA vyAvartaka hai|' vizeSa aura viSama iSTa sAdhana karate hue anAyAsa aniSTa kI siddhi viSama kA eka rUpa hai / kisI kArya ko karate hue anya azakya kArya ko siddha kara denA vizeSa kA lakSaNa hai| ukta viSama-prakAra se vizeSa ke isa prakAra kA pradhAna vyAvartaka azakya kArya-sAdhana hI hai| isI AdhAra para paNDitarAja jagannAtha ne donoM kA bheda-nirUpaNa kiyA hai| vizeSa aura atizayokti atizayokti meM viSaya kA viSayI se nigaraNa hotA hai; para vizeSa meM viSaya kA nigaraNa naha hotA / azakya kArya-sampAdana vizeSa ke tRtIya bhedaH kA vyavacchedaka hai| vizeSa aura rUpaka prAcIna AcAryoM ne rUpaka se vizeSa kA bheda isa AdhAra para kiyA hai ki vizeSa meM rUpaka kI taraha viSaya aura viSayI kA sAmAnAdhikaraNya-rahita Aropa nahIM hotaa| vizeSa kA azakya kArya-sAdhana bhI vyavacchedaka hai / vizeSa aura smaraNa vizeSa meM eka kArya ko karate hue kisI azakya kArya ke sampAdana kA varNana hotA hai; para smRti meM eka vastu ke jJAna se anya kI smRti ho Ane kA varNana hotA hai / ataH, vizeSa kA tRtIya bheda smaraNa se svatantra hai| 5 .. 1. atra (vizeSAlaGkAreM) cAzakyavassvantaranivartane tadabhedAdhyavasAnanibandha-. natvaM vizeSaNam / . -jagannAtha, rasagaGgAdhara, pR0 725, 2. draSTavya-vahI, pR0 725 3. vahI, pR0 726 4. nApi rUpakeNa ( vizeSasya gatArthatvam ) viSayaviSayiNoH sAmAnAdhi karaNyaviraheNAropAsiddha: / "tasmAdazakyavasvantarakaraNaM vizeSAlaGkArasyaiva prabheda iti praacaamaashyH| -vahI, pR0 726 5. na ca smRtyA ( vizeSabhedasya gatArthatvam ) / kAlAnalasya vIkSaNa karmatvazravaNena smRtitvaasiddhH| tasmAdazakyavastvantarakaraNaM vizeSA-- laGkArasyaiva prabheda iti prAcAmAzayaH / -vahI, pR0 726

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alaGkAroM kA pArasparika bheda [ 753 sAra aura vardhamAnaka zobhAkara ne sAra se vardhamAnaka kI svatantra sattA mAnI hai| rUpa aura dharma se eka kI apekSA dUsare kA Adhikya dikhAnA vardhamAnaka kA lakSaNa mAnA gayA hai| isa prakAra zobhAkara ke anusAra donoM meM thor3A-sA bheda yaha hogA ki sAra meM jahA~ uttara-uttara kA parAvadhi utkarSa dikhAne se utkarSa kI eka zRGkhalA-sI bana jAtI hai, vahA~ vardhamAnaka meM uttaravartI kA utkarSa-mAtra dikhAnA paryApta mAnA jAtA hai, usakI zRGkhalA Avazyaka nhiiN| paNDitarAja jagannAtha kI mAnyatA hai ki sAra kA bhI saundarya uttarottara utkarSa-varNana meM hI hai, kevala zRGkhalA meM nhiiN| kevala zRGkhalA kA saundarya, kAraNamAlA Adi kA viSaya hai| ataH, unakI dRSTi meM donoM alaGkAroM kA saundarya abhinna hai|' udyotakAra ne vardhamAnaka kI svatantra sattA kI kalpanA anAvazyaka mAnI hai| unakI yukti hai ki utkarSa kI antima sImA taka uttarottara kA utkarSa-varNana aura rUpa-guNa se pUrvavartI kI apekSA paravartI kA Adhikya-varNana tattvataH bhinna nahIM hai / ataH, vardhamAnaka bhI sAra meM hI antarbhUta mAnA jAnA cAhie / 2 vastutaH, donoM kA bheda nagaNya hai| itane thor3e bheda ke AdhAra para navIna alaGkAra kI kalpanA ke pIche prAcArya zobhAkara kA maulikatA-pradarzana kA moha hI hai| aise moha ke lie kevala zobhAkara hI doSau nahIM, paravartI kAla ke aneka AcAryoM meM aisA kalpanA-vilAsa dekhA jA sakatA hai / sAra aura paryAya paryAya meM eka AdhAra meM krama se aneka vastuoM kI sthiti kA varNana hotA hai; para sAra meM aneka vastuoM meM kramika utkarSa-pUrva-pUrva se uttara-uttara ke utkarSa kA varNana hotA hai| ataH donoM kA svarUpa paraspara bhinna hai|' 1. draSTavya-jagannAtha, rasagaGgAdhara, pR0 738 2. etenedRze viSaye vardhamAnAlaGkAro'tiriktaH iti ( ratnAkarAdha ktam ) __ apAstam |-kaavyprkaash, udyota, uddha ta bAlabodhinI, pR0 713 3. yadi ca vakSyamANa ekAzraye krameNAnekAdheyasthitirUpaH paryAyo'tra pratIyate tadA so'pyastu tarhi tena pUrvapUrvApekSayottarotkarSarUpaH sAro'nyathAsiddhaH zakyaH kartum |-jgnnaath, rasagaGgAdhara pR0 737-8 48

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754 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa vikalpa aura samuccaya __ do vastuoM meM vikalpa-dazA hone para unameM aupamya kI kalpanA vikalpa alaGkAra hai| vikalpa meM tulyabala se paraspara viruddha vastuoM kI upasthiti hotI hai| viruddha vastuoM kI yugapat ( eka hI samaya ) prApti asambhava hone se eka kA cunAva karanA par3atA hai| samuccaya vikalpa kA viparItadharmA alaGkAra hai| samuccaya meM yugapat padArthoM kA anvaya hotA hai| vikalpa meM yugapat padArthoM kI sthiti asambhava hone tathA samuccaya meM yugapat padArthoM kA anvaya hone ke kAraNa alaGkAra sarvasvakAra tathA paNDitarAja jagannAtha ne vikalpa ko samuccaya kA pratipakSI kahA hai| lalita aura nidarzanA lalita meM prakRta vyavahAra kA ullekha na kara usake pratibimbabhUta kisI aprakRta vRttAnta kA varNana kiyA jAtA hai| daNDI, mammaTa Adi ise ArthI nidarzanA se abhinna mAnate the|2 appayya dIkSita ne lalita ko svatantra alaGkAra mAnakara nidarzanA se usakA yaha bheda mAnA hai ki nidarzanA meM prastuta tathA aprastuta vRttAntoM kA zabdataH upAdAna kara donoM meM aikya kA Aropa hotA hai; para lalita meM prakRta vRttAnta kA zabdataH upAdAna nahIM hotaa| 3 paNDitarAja jagannAtha ne bhI isI AdhAra para nidarzanA se lalita kA bheda karane ke lie lalita ke lakSaNa meM 'prakRtavyavahArAnullekhena' pada kA ullekha kiyA hai / nidarzanA meM prakRta tathA aprakRta vRttAntoM kA ullekha tathA lalita meM kevala aprakRta vRttAnta kA ullekha donoM kA vizeSAdhAyaka hai| 1. tasmAt samuccayapratipakSabhUto vikalpAkhyo'laGkAraH / -ruyyaka, alaGkArasarvasva, pR0 198 tathA ayaM ( vikalpaH ) ca samuccayasya pratipakSabhUto vyatireka ivopamAyAH / -jagannAtha, rasagaGgAdhara, pR0 773 2. nedaM ( lalitam) pRthagalaGkArAntaram, kiM tu ArthI nidarzaneti daNDI mammaTAdayaH / -kuvalayAnanda alaGkAraJcandrikA, TIkA pR0147 3. nApi ( lalitam ) nidarzanA, prastutAprastutavRttAntayoH zabdopAttayoraikyasamAropa eva tasyAH samunmeSAt / -appayya dIkSita, kuvalayAnanda vRtti, pR0 147 4. nidarzanAvAraNAya tRtIyAntam / atra prakRte miNiviSayamanuktvaiva.. aprakRta vyavahAro viSayyupAttaH / viSayopAdAne tu nidarzanaiva / -jagannAtha, rasagaGgAdhara, pR0 762

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alaGkAroM kA pArasparika bheda [ 755 lalita aura aprastutaprazaMsA lalita meM prastuta dharmI ke vRttAnta kA sAkSAt varNana kara usake pratibimba rUpa meM kisI aprastuta vRttAnta kA varNana kiyA jAtA hai / ataH, lalita meM dharmI prastuta hI rahatA hai / yahI usakA aprastutaprazaMsA se vyAvartaka hai / aprastutaprazaMsA meM aprastuta dharmI kA varNana kiyA jAtA hai aura usase prastuta kI vyaJjanA hotI hai / appayya dIkSita tathA jagannAtha ne prastuta dharmI kA honA hI lalita kA vyavacchedaka mAnA hai / lalita aura samAsokti appayya dIkSita ne lalita aura samAsokti kA bheda batAte hue kahA hai ki samAsokti meM prastuta vRttAnta kA varNana hotA hai aura usase aprastuta vRttAnta kI sphUrti hotI hai, para lalita meM prastuta vRttAnta kA varNana nahIM kiyA jAtA / isameM aprastuta vRttAnta se hI prastuta vRttAnta gamya hotA hai / lalita aura atizayokti lalita meM prastuta vRttAnta kA ullekha na kara kevala aprastuta vRttAnta kA ullekha kiyA jAtA hai / yaha prazna ho sakatA hai ki viSaya kA upAdAna na kara kevala viSaya ke upAdAna se abhedAdhyavasAna-rUpa atizayokti se lalita ko abhinna kyoM na mAnA jAya ? appayya dIkSita tathA paNDitarAja jagannAtha aise prazna kI sambhAvanA se avagata the / ataH, unhoMne bheda meM abheda-rUpa atizayokti se lalita kA bheda-nirUpaNa kiyA hai / jagannAtha kI yaha tarkapuSTa mAnyatA hai ki atizayokti meM kisI vizeSa anya padArtha kA hI anya padArtha se abhedAdhyavasAna hotA hai, para lalita kA vaiziSTya yaha hai ki usameM eka dharmI ke vyavahAra se anya ke vyavahAra kA abhedAdhyavasAna hotA hai / isa prakAra padArtha kA 1. neyama prastuprazaMsA, prastutadharmikatvAt / - appayya dIkSita, kuvalayAnanda, pR0 147 tathA aprastutaprazaMsAvAraNAya prakRtadharmiNIti / - jagannAtha, rasagaGgA0 pR0 762 2. nApi ( lalitam ) samAsoktiH, prastutavRttAnte varNyamAne vizeSaNAsAdhAraNyena sArUpyeNa vA'prastutavRttAntasphUrtya bhAvAt / - appayya dIkSita, kuvalayAnanda vRtti, pR0 147

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756 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa abhedAdhyavasAna atizayokti kA aura vyavahAra kA abhedAdhyavasAna lalita kA viziSTa lakSaNa hai / ' pratyanIka aura hetUtprekSA pratyanIka meM pratipakSI ke sambandhI kA tiraskAra hotA hai| hetUtprakSA kI taraha pratyanIka meM bhI hetu kA aMza sambhAvita hotA hai; para hetutprekSA se pratyanIka kA vaiziSTya isa bAta meM hai ki usameM pratipakSI kA sAkSAt bAdhana na dikhAkara ' tatsambandhibAdhana' dikhAyA jAtA hai aura isa prakAra pratipakSI ke sambandhI ke bAdhana se pratipakSI kA bAdhAna bhI siddha ho jAtA hai / isa prakAra kSA se pratyanIka ko svatantra alaGkAra pramANita kiyA gayA hai / avajJA aura atadguNa avajJA ullAsa kA pratipakSI hai aura atadguNa tadguNa kA tArkika paddhati para jagannAtha kA kahanA hai ki pratiyogI ke bheda se ina donoM alaGkAroM kA pArasparika bheda siddha hI hai / 3 donoM kI prakRti kI tulanA se donoM kA pRthak-pRthaka saundarya spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki atadguNa meM vastuvizeSa kA apane guNa kA tyAga tathA anya ke guNa kA grahaNa na karanA varNita hotA hai, para avajJA meM anya ke guNa-doSa se anya meM guNa-doSa kA AdhAna na hone kA varNana hotA hai / dUsare zabdoM meM, atadguNa meM dUsare ke guNa-doSa kA agrahaNa dikhAyA jAtA hai to avajJA dUsare ke guNa-doSa se bhI dUsare vyakti meM guNa-doSa kA anAviSkRta honA varNita hotA hai / eka meM anya ke guNa ke grahaNa kA abhAva hai to dUsare meM anya ke guNa se prabhAvita rahane ke kAraNa vaise hI Atma-guNa ke AviSkAra kA abhAva / avajJA aura vizeSokti avajJA aura vizeSokti ko kucha AcAryoM ne abhinna mAna liyA hai, kAraNa yaha hai ki vizeSokti kI taraha avajJA meM bhI (eka ke guNa-doSa se dUsare meM guNa 1. na cAtra (lalite) bhede'pyabheda ityatizayoktyA gatArthateti vAcyam / tatra hi padArthena padArthasyaivAbhedAdhyavasAnaM na tu vyavahAreNa vyavahAraviSaya evAyamatizayokta e: / - jagannAtha, rasagaGgAdhara, pR0 763 isa sandarbha meM kuvalayAnanda, pR0 147 - 46 bhI draSTavya / 2. draSTavya - jagannAtha, rasagaGgAdhara, pR0 783-84 3. na cAyaM ( atadguNaH ) avajJAyA nAtiricyate / ullAsaviparyayohyavajJA tadguNaviparyayazcAtadguNa iti pratiyogibhedAdeva bhedasya siddha: / - vahI, pR0 813

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alaGkAroM kA pArasparika bheda [757 doSa ke AviSkAra kA) hetu rahane para phalAbhAva dikhAyA jAtA hai| yaha mAnyatA ucita nahIM / atadguNa aura vizeSokti meM bhI aisI samatA ke rahate hue donoM ke viziSTa camatkAra ke AdhAra para donoM kI svatantra sattA svIkAra kI gayI hai / avajJA kA viziSTa camatkAra eka ke guNa-doSa se anya meM guNa-doSa ke aviSkAra kA abhAva dikhAne meM hai aura vizeSokti kA kAraNa ke rahate kAryotpatti kA abhAva dikhAne meN| ataH, donoM meM eka dUsare se svatantra saundarya hai| ullAsa aura tadguNa ullAsa aura tadguNa ke pratiyogI avajJA aura atadguNa ke bheda para vicAra kiyA jA cukA hai| ullAsa meM bhI anya ke guNa se anya meM guNAdhAna hotA hai aura tadguNa meM bhI anya ke guNa kA anya ke dvArA grahaNa hotA hai; para donoM kI prakriyA alaga-alaga hai| ullAsa meM anya ke guNa se vastuvizeSa ke apane hI guNa kA AviSkAra hotA hai; para tadguNa meM vizeSa vastu apane guNa kA tyAga kara anya vastu ke utkRSTa guNa ko grahaNa karatI hai / paNDitarAja jagannAtha ne eka udAharaNa se donoM kA bheda spaSTa kiyA hai| jaise haldI kA apanA raMga hI lAla cUrNa Adi ke raMga ke samparka se lAlI grahaNa kara letA hai, usI prakAra ullAsa meM kisI vastu kA apanA hI guNa anya vastu ke guNa ke samparka se vizeSa rUpa meM AviSkRta ho jAtA hai| tadguNa meM guNa-grahaNa kI prakriyA isase bhinna hotI hai| jaise japA ke lAla phUla kI lAlI se ujjvala sphaTika lAla ho jAtA hai vaise hI kisI vastu kA apane guNa ko tyAga kara anya ke guNa ko grahaNa kara lenA tadguNa hai / 2 anya ke guNa ke anya meM AdhAna kI prakriyA ke ukta bheda ke AdhAra para ullAsa aura tadguNa kA bheda spaSTa hai| leza aura vyAjastuti leza meM guNa kA doSa ke rUpa meM tathA doSa kA guNa ke rUpa meM varNana kiyA jAtA hai / vyAjastuti kA leza se mukhya bheda yaha hai ki vyAjastuti meM nindA 1. vizeSoktyaivagatArthatvAdavajJAnAlaGkArAntaramityapi vadanti / -jagannAtha, rasagaGgAdhara, pR0 807 2. yadyapyullAse'pyanyadIyaguNenAnyasya guNAdhAnamasti tathApi tatrAnyadIya guNaprayukta guNAntaraM cUrNAdikSAratAprayukta haridrAdeH zoNatvamivAdhIyate prakRte (tadguNe) tu japAkusumalauhityaM sphaTika ivAnyadIyaguNaevAnyoti tato'sya bhedaH |-vhii, pR0 812-13

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758 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa kA kathana stutimukhena aura stuti kA kathana nindAmukhena hotA hai| leza meM stutimukhena yA nindAmukhena nindA-stuti kA kathana nahIM hotA, usameM kevala guNa ko aniSTasAdhana batAkara doSa ke rUpa meM aura isake viparIta doSa ko iSTasAdhana batAkara guNa ke rUpa meM grahaNa kiyA jAtA hai / paNDitarAja jagannAtha ne nindAstutimukhena viparItArtha-pratipAdana ko vyAjastuti kA vyavacchedaka mAnA hai|' dIpaka aura sahokti dIpaka meM bhI aneka padArthoM kA eka kriyA se sambandha dikhAyA jAtA haiM aura sahokti meM bhI do padArthoM kI kriyAoM kA samAna pada se ullekha kiyA jAtA hai; para donoM meM bheda yaha hai ki dIpaka meM kriyA eka pada ke sAtha anvita hokara jaba vizrAnta ho letI hai taba dUsare pada ke sAtha anvita hotI hai, jabaki sahokti meM do vastuoM se sambaddha kriyA eka hI samaya donoM padArthoM se anvita hokara donoM kA artha-bodha karAtI hai| udbhaTa ne isIlie sahokti kI paribhASA meM isa tathya para bala diyA hai ki usameM eka hI sAtha vastudvayasamAzrita kriyAeM eka hI pada se kathita hotI haiN| vivRtikAra tilaka ne yugapat yA tulyakAla zabda ke ullekha kI sArthakatA dIpaka se sahokti ke viSaya-vibhAga meM hI mAnI hai / 2 tAtparya yaha ki dIpaka meM aneka vastuoM kI eka hI kriyA kA prayoga hotA hai; para usameM artha-bodha kI prakriyA yaha hotI hai ki pAThaka eka-eka pada se usa kriyA kA anvaya kara krama se pratyeka pada kA artha samajhatA hai| para, sahokti meM sahArtha-vAcaka pada se eka vastu ko gauNa aura dUsarI vastu ko pradhAna banAkara eka hI samaya samAna kriyA se donoM kA anvaya hotA hai| nidarzanA aura atizayokti 'kAvyAlaGkArasArasaGagraha' meM nidarzanA ke eka udAharaNako dRSTi meM rakha kara yaha prazna uThAyA gayA hai ki nidarzanA meM bhI do vAkyArthoM kA paryavasAna abheda meM hotA hai; arthAt jaba do vAkyArthoM ke sambhava yA asambhava sambandha meM paraspara upamAnopameya-bhAva kI kalpanA kara lI jAtI hai taba vAstavika bheda meM bhI abheda svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai, phira aisI nidarzanA ko bheda meM abheda prakalpana 1. draSTavya-jagannAtha, rasagaGgAdhara, pR0 810-11 2. na cAtra dIpakatetyAha tulyeti / tatra hi ekavizrAntakriyAnuSaGge NopakArakasambandhameti / iha ( sahoktyalaGkAre ) tu yugapadubhayagatatvena prtipaadyte|-udbhtt, kAvyAlaGkArasArasaM0 vivRti, pR0 47-48

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alaGkAroM kA pArasparika bheda [ 75e rUpa atizayokti se svatantra mAnane meM kyA yukti hai ? vivRtikAra kA samAdhAna yaha hai ki nidarzanA meM do vAkyArthoM meM eka hI guNa rahatA hai / ataH, usameM eka hI guNa ke abheda kI kalpanA kI jAtI hai, jabaki bheda meM abheda-rUpa atizayokti meM svarUpataH bhinna vastuoM kA abhedAdhyavasAna hotA hai / nidarzanA meM do vAkyArthoM kA guNa, jisakA abhedAdhyavasAna hotA hai, vastutaH abhinna hI rahatA hai; kevala apane sambandhI do vAkyArthoM ke bheda se hI vaha bhinna jAna par3atA hai / isa prakAra nidarzanA meM guNa kA abhedAdhyavasAna atizayokti ke abhedAdhyavasAna se -- svarUpataH bhinna padArthoM ke abhedAdhyavasAna se - bhinna prakRti kA hai / ataH, donoM alaGkAroM kI sattA paraspara svatantra hai / ' paNDitarAja jagannAtha ne atizayokti se nidarzanA kA bheda spaSTa karane ke lie nidarzanA ke lakSaNa meM isa tathya para bala diyA hai ki nidarzanA meM jina do arthoM meM aupamyaparyavasAyI Atha abheda dikhAyA jAtA hai, una donoM kA upAdAna hotA hai / isa prakAra atizayokti se - jisameM viSaya kA nigaraNapUrvaka adhyavasAna dikhAyA jAtA hai - nidarzanA kA bheda spaSTa ho jAtA hai / 2 prativastUpamA aura tulyayogitA AcArya ruyyaka ke anusAra ina do alaGkAroM meM mukhya bheda yaha hai ki prativastUpamA meM sAdhAraNa dharma kA vastuprativastubhAva se asakRt ( aneka bAra ) ullekha hotA hai; para tulyayogitA meM sakRt nirdeza | 3 1. nanu bhinnayovizobhatayoraikyamadhyavasitamiti bhede abheda ityevamAtmakeyamatizayoktiH / vizobhitAkhyo guNa ekaH / na tu svarUpabhinnaH / sambandhibhedAt bhidyate / svarUpabhinnayoraikye'tizayoktiH / --udbhaTa kAvyAlaGkAra sArasaGagraha, vivRti, pR0 45 2. upAttayorArthAbheda aupamyaparyavasAyI nidarzanA / atizayoktyAdInAM vAraNAyopAttayoriti / --jagannAtha, rasagaGgAdhara, pR0 536, 3. vAkyArthagatatvena sAmAnyasyavAkyadvaye pRthaGa nirdeze prativastUpamA / ....ivAdyanupAdAne sakRnnirdeze dIpakatulyayogite / -- ruyyaka, alaGkArasU0, 25 tathA alaGkArasarvasva, pR0 77

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760 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa upamA aura dIpaka 'alaGkArasarvasva' meM upamA aura dIpaka ke bhedaka tattva kA nirdeza kiyA gayA hai| upamA meM 'iva' Adi sAdRzya vAcaka pada kA upAdAna hotA hai; para dIpaka meM 'iva' Adi vAcaka pada kA upAdAna nahIM hotaa|' upamA aura tulyayogitA alaGkArasarvasvakAra ne jisa AdhAra para upamA aura dIpaka kA bhedanirUpaNa kiyA hai, usI AdhAra para upamA aura tulyayogitA kA bhI bheda dikhAyA hai| upamA meM ivAdi kA upAdAna hotA hai; para tulyayogitA meM ivAdi kA upAdAna nahIM hotaa| aprastutaprazaMsA aura dRSTAnta ___ aprastutaprazaMsA meM aprastuta vAcya aura prastuta gamya hotA hai; para dRSTAnta meM samAna dharma vAlI do vastue~ bimbapratibimba-bhAva se prastuta kI jAtI hai, isalie donoM hI vAcya rahatI haiN| eka artha kA-aprastuta artha kA-vAcya tathA eka artha kA-prastuta artha kA gamya honA aprastutaprazaMsA ko dRSTAnta se-jisameM donoM artha vAcya rahate haiM-alaga karatA hai| isI AdhAra para 'alaGkArasarvasva' meM donoM kA bheda kiyA gayA hai / virodhAbhAsa aura vizeSokti vibhAvanA kI taraha vizeSokti meM bhI kAraNa aura kArya meM anyonyabAdhakatA nahIM rahatI, jo virodhAbhAsa se usakA vaiziSTya pratipAdita karatI hai| vizeSokti meM kAraNa tathA kArya kI paraspara bAdhakatA ke abhAva kA tAtparya yaha hai ki usameM phalotpatti kA abhAva parimANataH kAraNa kI sattA kI bAdhA hI pramANita karatI hai| yadyapi vizeSokti meM samagra kAraNa ke rahane para bhA 1. tatra sAmAnyadharmasyevAdya pAdAne sakRnnirdeze upmaa|......"ivaadynupaadaane sakRnnirdeze dIpakatulyayogite / -ruyyaka, alaGkArasarvasva, pR0 77 2. uparivat / 3. sarUpayostu vAcyatve dRSTAntaH / aprastutasya vAcyatve prastutasya gamyatve sarvatrAprastutaprazaMseti nirNayaH / -vahI pR0 130

Page #784
alaGkAroM kA pArasparika bheda [761 kAryAbhAva kA varNana hotA hai; para vicAra karane para vastutaH kAryAbhAva se kAraNa kI samagratA hI bAdhita hotI hai| pratyakSataH samagra kAraNa kI sattA kA kathana hone para bhI kAryotpatti kA abhAva prakArAntara se kAraNa kI bAdhA pratIta karAtA hai / ataH, vizeSokti meM tattvataH kAraNa-mAtra kI sattA kI bAdhA rahatI hai, jabaki virodhAbhAsa meM do vastuoM meM prAtibhAsika virodha dikhAye jAne se donoM padArthoM meM anyonyabAdhakatA rahatI hai / niSkarSataH, virodhAbhAsa meM do vastuoM meM prAtibhAsika virodha tathA tAttvika avirodha rahatA hai| usameM anyonyabAdhakatA anuprANaka rahatI hai, jabaki vizeSokti meM eka hI artha kI bAdhA rahatI hai, anyonyabAdhakatA nhiiN|' yahI donoM kA mukhya bheda hai| apaha nuti aura sAmAnya apahnati meM eka vastu kA niSedha tathA dUsarI vastu kA sthApana hotA hai; 'para sAmAnya meM do vastuoM ke vizeSa kA bodha na hone meM sAmAnya kI pratIti hotI hai| alaGkArasarvasvakAra ne eka ke niSedha tathA dUsare kI sthApanA ko apahnati kA vyAvartaka mAnA hai aura isI AdhAra para sAmAnya tathA apahnati kA bheda-nirUpaNa kiyA hai| bhAvika aura bhrAntimAn bhAvika meM bhUta aura bhAvI artha kA pratyakSa rUpa meM varNana hotA hai| alaGkArasarvasvakAra ne kahA hai ki ise bhrAntimAn se abhinna samajhane kI bhrAnti nahIM honI cAhie; kyoMki bhAvika meM bhUta aura bhAvI artha kA bhUta aura bhAvI artha ke rUpa meM hI usake yathArtha rUpa meM hI jJAna hotA hai, jabaki bhrAntimAna meM kisI vastu kA usase bhinna vastu ke rUpa meM-ayathArtha rUpa meMjJAna hotA hai| 1. anyonyanyabAdhakatvAnuprANitAd virodhAlaGkArAdbhedaH / ..."vizeSoktau kAryAbhAvena kAraNasattAyA eva bAdhyamAnatvamunneyam / -ruyyaka, alaGkArasarvasva, pR0 152 2. na cedam ( sAmAnyam ) apahna tiH / kiJcinniSidhya kasyacipratiSThA panAt |-vhii, pR0 210 3. na cedaM (bhAvika) bhrAntimAn / bhUtabhAvino bhUtabhAvitayaiva prakAza nAt |--vhii, pR0 210

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762 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa bhAvika aura atizayokti 'alaGkArasarvasva' meM yaha tathya spaSTa kiyA gayA hai ki bhAvika ko bhatizayokti meM antabhukta nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| atizayokti meM anya artha kA bhanya rUpa meM adhyavasAna-viSaya kA nigaraNa kara viSarI ke sAtha abhedapratIti-hotA hai; para bhAvika meM bhUta, Adi artha kA abhUta Adi artha ke rUpa meM adhyavasAna nahIM hotaa| usameM bhUta Adi artha kA usI rUpa meM pratyakSAyamANatva apekSita rahatA hai|' bhAvika aura utprekSA bhAvika meM bhUta aura bhAvI artha kA pratyakSa rUpa meM varNana hotA hai| yaha prazna kiyA jA sakatA hai ki bhUta aura bhAvI arthoM kA, jo vastutaH apratyakSa artha haiM, jahA~ pratyakSa rUpa meM varNana hogA, vahA~ apratyakSa kI pratyakSa rUpa meM sambhAvanA pratIta hogii| ivAdi ke prayoga ke abhAva meM ivArtha-sambhAvanA-- kI pratIti hone se bhAvika gamyA utprekSA kA hI eka rUpa mAnA jA sakatA hai, phira bhAvika kI svatantra sattA kI kalpanA kA kyA AdhAra hogA? alaGkArasarvasvakAra ne bhAvika tathA gamyA utprekSA kA bheda spaSTa karate hue isa zaGkA kA yuktipUrNa samAdhAna prastuta kiyA hai| utprekSA kA vidhAyaka sAdhya adhyavasAna-anya vastu meM anya ke abheda kI sambhAvanA hotA hai| bhAvika meM sAdhya adhyavasAna nahIM rhtaa| usameM apratyakSa kA pratyakSa ke rUpa meM bhadhyavasAna nahIM hotA, varan sahRdaya pAThaka kalpanA-dRSTi se apratyakSa artha ko pratyakSa dekha pAte haiN| yaha apratyakSa artha kA sAkSAt bimbagrahaNa bhAvika kA svarUpa hai, jo utprekSA se svatantra hai / 2 bhAvika aura kAvyaliGga bhAvika kA kAvyaliGga se kevala isa AdhAra para bheda nahIM kiyA jA sakatA ki kAvyaliGga meM liGga se liGgI kA bodha hotA hai; para bhAvika meM 1. nApIdam (bhAvikam) atizayoktiH anyasyAnyatayAdhyavasAyAbhAvAt / -ruyyaka, alaGkArasarvasva, pR0 222 2. nApi bhUtabhAvinAmapratyakSANAM pratyakSatayaiva pratIterivArthagarbhI kAreNeyaM pratIyamAnotprekSA, tasyA abhimAnarUpAdhyavasAyasvabhAvatvAt / nahi apratyakSa pratyakSatvenAdhyavasIyate, kiM tarhi, kAvyArthavidbhiH pratyakSaM dRzyata iti / -vahI, pR0 223

Page #786
alaGkAroM kA pArasparika bheda [ 763. adbhuta padArtha ke -- liGga ke - darzana se bhUta aura bhAvI artha kA -liGgI kA - sAkSAtkAra hotA hai / bhAvika meM bhUta aura bhAvI artha kA pratyakSAyamANatva yogalakSaNasannikarSa ke samAna hotA hai / jaise yogI deza-kAla kI sImA ko pAra kara parokSa vastu kA sAkSAtkAra kara lete haiM, vaise hI kAvya meM sahRdaya pAThaka bhUta aura bhAvI arthoM ko pratyakSa dekha lete haiM / yahI bhAvika kA svarUpa hai, jo kAvyaliGga ke svarUpa se sarvathA bhinna hai / ' bhAvika aura rasavat bhAvika aura rasavat - donoM meM artha kA pratyakSa bimbagrahaNa apekSita hotA hai; para donoM kA bheda yaha hai ki rasavat alaGkAra meM jahA~ artha ke sAtha bhAvaka : ke hRdaya kA samvAda tathA sAdhAraNIkaraNa kI prakriyA se adva eta jJAna-dazA meM rati Adi cittavRtti kA AsvAdana apekSita hotA hai, vahA~ bhAvika meM bhAvaka taTastha bhAva se artha kA - apratyakSa artha kA - pratyakSa darzana mAtra karatA hai / artha ke sAtha sahRdaya ke hRdaya kA samvAda rasavat kA tathA taTastha bhAva se bhUta-bhAvI artha kA sAkSAtkAra bhAvika kA vyavacchedaka dharma hai / bhAvika aura svabhAvokti - bhAvika meM lokottara vastu kA -- bhUta-bhAvI vastu kA -- sphuTa varNana hotA hai, jabaki svabhAvokti meM laukika vastu kA sphuTa varNana hotA hai / donoM meM dUsarA bheda yaha hai ki bhAvika meM artha kA taTastha bhAva se sAkSAtkAra kiyA jAtA hai, jabaki svabhAvokti meM laukika vastu ke svabhAva-varNana se usa vastu ke sAtha sahRdaya ke hRdaya kA samvAda sambhava hotA hai / 3 1. " nApyatyadbhutapadArthadarzanAdatItAnAgatayoH pratyakSatvapratIteH kAvyaliGgamidam (bhAvikam) / liGgaliGgibhAvena pratItyabhAvAt / yogivat pratyakSatayA pratIteH / -- ruyyaka, alaGkArasarvasva ; pR0 223 2. nApyayaM (bhavikAlaGkAraH ) parisphuradra patayA sacamatkArapratipatte rasavadalaGkAraH / ratyAdicittavRttInAM tadanuSaktatayA vibhAvAdInAmapi sAdhAraNyena hRdayasamvAditayA paramAdvaitajJAnivat pratItau tasya bhAvAt / iha (bhAvike ) tu tATasthyena bhUtabhAvinAM sphuTatayA bhinnasa - rva jJavat pratIteH / -vahI, pR0 224 3. nApIyaM sUkSmavastusvabhAvavarNanAt svabhAvoktiH / tasyAM (svabhAvoktau) laukikavastugata sUkSmadharmavarNane sAdhAraNyena hRdayasamvAdasambhavAt / iha (bhAvike) lokottarANAM vastUnAM sphuTatayA tATasthyena ca pratIte: / -vahI, pR0 224 w

Page #787
"764 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa bhAvika aura udAtta ___ bhAvika meM bhUta aura bhAvI artha kA yathArUpa varNana hotA hai / pratyakSa rUpa meM varNana kiye jAne para bhI bhUta-bhAvI artha kI sthiti para kucha Aropa nahIM kiyA jAtA hai; para udAtta meM vastu para samRddha vastu kA varNana kiyA jAtA hai| isa prakAra anAropita vastu-varNana bhAvika kA tathA Aropita vastu-varNana udAtta kA vyavacchedaka hai|' svabhAvokti aura rasavat svabhAvokti aura rasavat-donoM meM varNya vastu ke sAtha bhAvaka kA hRdayasamvAda sambhava hotA hai; para donoM kA bheda yaha hai ki svabhAvokti meM kevala vastu-svabhAva ke sAtha pAThaka ke hRdaya kA samvAda hotA hai, jabaki rasavat meM varNita vibhAvAdi vastu kI cittavRtti ke sAtha bhAvaka kA hRdaya-samvAda hotA hai, jisase rasAnubhUti sambhava hotI hai / * svabhAvokti aura udAtta svabhAvokti meM vastu-svabhAva kA yathArUpa varNana hotA hai| usameM kavi vastu ke svabhAva para kucha Aropa nahIM karatA, para udAtta meM varNya vastu para :: kavi samRddhi kA Aropa kara usakA varNana karatA hai| isa prakAra anAropita vastu svabhAva kA varNana svabhAvokti kA tathA Aropita vastuvarNana udAtta kA vyavacchedaka lakSaNa hai| sama aura viSama sama aura viSama eka dUsare kA viparItadharmA hai| sama meM yogya vastu ke sAtha usake yogya vastu kA yoga hotA hai; para viSama meM isake viparIta kisI 1. "bhAvike"yathAsthitavastuvarNanam / tadvipakSatvenAropitavastu varNanAtmana udAttasyAvasaraH / -ruyyaka, alaGkArasarvasva, pR0 228 2. na ca hRdayasamvAdamAtraNa svabhAvoktirasavadalaGkArayorabhedaH / vastu svabhAvasambAdarUpatvAt svabhAvokta: cittavRttisamvAdarUpatvAcca rasavadalaGkArasya, ubhayasamvAdasambhave tu samAvezo'pi ghaTate ! -vahI, pR0 225 3. svabhAvoktau bhAvike ca yathAsthitavastuvarNanam / tadvipakSatvenAropitavastuvarNanAtmana udAttasyAvasaraH / -vahI, pR0 228

Page #788
alaGkAroM kA pArasparika bheda [765: vastu kI usake ayogya vastu ke sAtha ghaTanA hotI hai / mammaTa ne vRtti meM viSama ko sama kA viparyaya-rUpa kahA hai|' sama aura viSama ko viparIta svabhAva kA mAnane meM sabhI AcArya ekamata haiN| aprastutaprazaMsA aura prativastUpamA AcArya vAmana ne aprastuta ke kathana se prastutArtha ke bodha ko samAsokti kahA thA aura usase prativastUpamA kA bheda-nirUpaNa isa AdhAra para kiyA thA - ki samAsokti meM kevala aprastuta kA nyAsa hotA hai, prastuta kA nahIM; para prativastUpamA meM upameya ke kathana ke sAtha samAnavastu kA nyAsa hotA hai / isa prakAra upameya kA kathana na kara samAna vastu kA nyAsa unake anusAra samAsokti kA tathA upameya ke kathana ke sAtha samAna vastu kA nyAsa prativastUpamA kA vyavacchedaka dharma hai| 2 vAmana kI yaha samAsokti pIche calakara aprastutaprazaMsA ke rUpa meM svIkRta huii| paNDitarAja jagannAtha ne donoM alaGkAroM ke isa bhedaka : tattva kA saGketa diyA hai ki prativastUpamA meM eka hI dharma kA zabdabheda sevastuprativastubhAva se-asakRt nirdeza hotA hai; para aprastutaprazaMsA meM aisA nahIM hotaa| ataH, aprastutaprazaMsA (vAmana kI samAsokti tathA paravartI AcAryoM kI aprastutaprazaMsA) tathA prativastUpamA ke nimnalikhita bhedaka tattva haiM (ka) aprastutaprazaMsA meM kevala upamAna vAkya hI ukta hotA hai aura usase upameya vAkya gamya hotA hai, jabaki prativastUpamA meM do paraspara nirapekSa vAkya-eka upamAnasthAnIya tathA dUsarA upameyasthAnIya-ukta hote haiN| (kha) prativastUpamA meM vastu-prativastubhAva se do bAra sAdhAraNa dharma kA ullekha hotA hai. para aprastutaprazaMsA meM eka hI vAkya ke ukta hone se sAdhAraNa dharma kA asakRt nirdeza nahIM hotaa| nizcaya aura sandeha apahnati ke viparIta aprakRta kA niSedha kara prakRta kI sthApanA meM vizvanAtha ne nizcaya nAmaka svatantra alaGkAra mAnA hai| niSedha prApta kA hI 1. .."sa samaviparyayAtmA catUrUpo vissmH|-mmmtt,kaavypr0 10 pR0285 : 2. upameya uktI samAnavastunyAsaH prativastu |-vaamn, kAvyAlaGkAra sU0, 4,3,2 tathA-anuktI smaasoktiH| upameyasyAnuktau sAmAna- . " vastunyAsaH samAsoktiH |-vhii, sUtra 4,3,3 tathA usakI vRtti / 3. aprastutaprazaMsAyA vastuprativastubhAvasya bhinnazabdopAtta kapratipAdya- . rUpasyAsambhavAt |-jgnnaath, rasagaGgAdhara pR0 521

Page #789
"766 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa kiyA jAtA hai| ataH, jahA~ prakRta vastu meM aprakRta ke jJAna kI prApti sambhAvita ho, vahA~ aprakRta kA niSedha aura prakRta kI sthApanA meM vizvanAtha ke anusAra, nizcaya alaGkAra hogaa| daNDI ne aise sthala meM tattvAkhyAnopamA alaGkAra mAnA thaa| aba prazna hai ki ise nizcayAnta sandeha se abhinna kyoM na mAnA jAya, jisameM sandeha-sthala meM antataH nizcayAtmaka jJAna ho jAtA hai ? vizvanAtha kA uttara hai ki sandeha meM pramAtA ko dvai koTika jJAna rahatA hai; para nizcaya meM pramAtA ko eka koTika tattva kA hI jJAna rahatA hai aura vaha anya ke anyathA jJAna kI sambhAvanA kara prakRta vastu kI sthApanA karatA hai|' "udAharaNArtha, bhauMrA nAyikA ke mukha ko kamala na samajha le, isalie pramAtA kamala kA niSedha kara prakRta mukha kI sthApanA karatA hai| yaha nizcaya, nizcaya hI sandeha se bhinna hai| isameM pramAtA ko to ekakoTika jJAna rahatA hI hai, anya ko bhI ekakoTika jJAna hI hotA hai, jisake niSedha kI AvazyakatA pramAtA ko jAna par3atI hai| nizcaya aura bhrAntimAna nizcaya meM pramAtA anya ke prakRta vastu meM aprakRta ke jJAna kA ( bhramAtmaka jJAna kA ) nivAraNa karane ke lie aprakRta kA niSedha aura prakRta kI sthApanA * karatA hai, phira bhI nizcaya ko bhrAntimAn se abhinna mAnane kI bhrAnti nahIM honI cAhie; kyoMki nizcaya kA saundarya kevala bhramAtmaka jJAna dikhAne meM * nahIM; apitu aprakRta kA niSedha kara prakRta kI sthApanA karane meM hai / 2 nizcaya aura apaha nuti nizcaya meM aprakRta kA niSedha tathA prakRta kI sthApanA hotI hai, jabaki apahnati meM prakRta kA niSedha tathA aprakRta kA sthApana hotA hai| spaSTataH, nizcaya apahna ti se viparIta svabhAva kA alaGkAra hai / 3 1. na hyayaM nizcayAntasandehaH, tatra saMzayanizcayorekAzrayatvenAvasthAnAt __ atra ta bhramarAdeH saMzayo nAyakAdenizcayaH kiJca, na bhramarAderapi saMzayaH, ekakoTyadhike jJAne tathA samIpAgamanAsambhavAt / -vizvanAtha, sAhityadarpaNa pR0 646 2. asta nAma bhramarAderbhrAntiH, na ceha tasyAzcamatkAravidhAyitvam, apita tathAvidhanAyakAdya ktereveti sahRdayasaMvedyam / -vahI, pR0 646 3. na cApahna tiH, prstutsyaanissedhaaditi""| vahI pR0 650

Page #790
saptama adhyAya alaGkAra aura bhASA alaGkArazAstra kA bhASAzAstra se ghaniSTha sambandha hai| bhASAzAstra meM bhASA kI mUla prakRti kA-zabda-artha ke pArasparika sambandha kA tathA zabda, vAkya Adi ke svarUpa kA-adhyayana kiyA jAtA hai to alaGkArazAstra meM zabda-artha ke suruci-pUrNa vinyAsa kI vizeSa bhaGgiyoM kA adhyayana kiyA jAtA hai / alaGkAra, guNa, rIti, vRtti; zabdazakti Adi kA bhASAzAstrIya dRSTi se adhyayana eka -svatantra zodhaprabandha kA viSaya ho sakatA hai| prastuta sandarbha meM hama prasaGgAnurodha se kevala alaGkAroM kA bhASAzAstrIya dRSTi se adhyayana kreNge| ukti-bhaGgI ke vibhinna prakAra alaGkAra kahalAte hai|' eka prakAra kI uktibhaGgI se vyakta artha anya uktibhaGgI se vyakta artha se kucha vailakSaNya liye rahatA hai| 'netra kamala ke samAna sundara hai' isa upamA meM tathA 'netra-kamala' isa rUpaka meM netra aura kamala kA sAdRzya batAnA kavi kA uddezya hotA hai; phira bhI donoM uktiyoM kA artha abhinna nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| prathama ukti meM netra aura kamala kA bheda tathA sAdRzya kI dRSTi se donoM kA abheda abhISTa hai| do vastuoM meM sAdRzya batAne ke lie donoM ke bIca kucha sAmAnya aura kucha vizeSa kI kalpanA Avazyaka hotI hai / 2 yadi do vastuoM meM kisI sAmAnya kI kalpanA na kI jAya to donoM ke sAdRzya kI kalpanA hI sambhava na ho aura yadi do vastuoM meM kevala sAmAnya hI kalpita ho, kisI vizeSa kI 1. anantA hi vAgvikalpAstatprakArA eva cAlaGkArAH / -Anandavardhana, dhvanyAloka, 3, 63 kI vRtti pR0 511 2. yatra kiJcit sAmAnyaM kazcicca vizeSaH sa viSayaH sadRzatAyAH / -ruyyaka ke kAvyAlaGkAra sUtra saMkhyA 11 kI vRtti meM uddha ta,pR0 24

Page #791
768 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa kalpanA na ho to do vastueM paraspara bhinna mAnI hI na jA sakeM / aisI sthiti meM abhinna vastu meM--sAdRzya kI kalpanA kA koI artha hI nahIM hogA aura na aisI kalpanA sambhava hogii| ataH, sAdRzya ke mUla meM kucha sAmAnya aura kucha vizeSa kI kalpanA anivAryataH rahatI hI hai| upamA, rUpaka Adi alaGkAra sAdRzyamUlaka haiM / upamA tathA rUpaka ke ukta do udAharaNoM meM netra ko kamala ke sAmAna sundara batAnA vaktA ko iSTa hai| para, upamA ke udAharaNa meM jahA~ netra aura kamala donoM kA bheda tathA abheda samAna rUpa se vyakta hai, vahA~ rUpaka ke udAharaNa meM do vastuoM ke bIca abheda kI pradhAnatA ho gayI hai| isa prakAra eka meM bhedAbheda kI tulya pradhAnatA tathA dUsare meM abheda kI pradhAnatA donoM uktiyoM kI arthagata vilakSaNatA hai| isI prakAra sAdRzya, virodha, atizaya Adi tattvoM para AdhRta aneka alaGkAroM meM eka mUla tattva ke hone para bhI ukti ke lakSaNya ke AdhAra para unake pRthak-pRthak astitva kI kalpanA kI gayI hai| vibhinna alaGkAroM meM varNa, pada, vAkya Adi kI yojanA kA vailakSaNya bhI bhASA kI dRSTi se adhyayana kA rocaka viSaya hai| anuprAsa, yamaka Adi alaGkAroM meM varNa, pada Adi ke vinyAsa, unake yathAsthAna prayoga Adi kA sUkSma vicAra kiyA jAtA rahA hai| arthAlaGkAroM meM bhI pada, vAkya Adi ke vinyAsa kA vailakSaNya upekSaNIya nhiiN| upamA alaGkAra ke hI aneka bhedoM meM pada, vAkya Adi kI yojanA alaga-alaga rUpoM meM kI jAtI hai| saMskRta meM iva, yathA Adi upamA ke vAcaka pada mAne gaye haiN| 'iva' vAcaka kA prayoga bahudhA pada ke sAtha kiyA jAtA hai to 'yathA' vAcaka kA prayoga prAyaH sampUrNa 'upamAna vAkya kI apekSA rakhatA hai / vizvanAtha ne vAcaka padoM kA pada tathA vAkya-vinyAsa kI dRSTi se vistRta vivecana kiyA hai|' samAsokti Adi alaGkAroM meM upameya ke sAtha aise vizeSaNa pada kA prayoga vAJchanIya mAnA gayA hai, jo upamAna kI vyaJjanA meM sahAyaka hoN| parikara tathA parikarAGa kura kA svarUpa hI sAbhiprAya vizeSaNa tathA sAbhiprAya vizeSya ke prayoga para AdhRta hai| virodhAbhAsa meM virodhI artha kA AbhAsa dene vAle pada-prayoga kA kama mahattva nhiiN| zleSa meM anekArthavAcI pada-prayoga kA hI camatkAra rahatA hai| zleSa ke svarUpa-vivecana ke krama meM bhAratIya alaGkArazAstra ke AcAryoM ne isa tathyaH 1. draSTavya-vizvanAtha, sAhityadarpaNa 10-19 kI vRtti

Page #792
alaGkAra aura bhASA [ 766 para bar3I sUkSmatA se vicAra kiyA hai ki kisa prakAra eka zabda meM ekAdhika artha zliSTa raha sakate haiM / yaha bhASA kA mAnya siddhAnta hai ki eka zabda eka samaya eka hI artha kA bodha karAtA hai / aba prazna hai ki zleSa meM eka zabda abhaGga yA sabhaGga rUpa meM anekArtha kA vAcaka kaise bana jAtA hai ? isa prazna ke uttara meM abhaGga padazleSa meM 'jatukASTha nyAya' (kATha meM saMsakta lAha kA nyAya) tathA sabhaGga pada zleSa meM 'eka vRntagata phaladvaya nyAya' (eka DAla para lage do phala kA nyAya) se aneka arthoM ke saMsakta rahane kI kalpanA kI gayI hai; jisakA hamane aparatra spaSTIkaraNa kiyA hai / bhASA meM zabda ke artha- bodha karAne kI zakti kI dRSTi se yaha vicAra upayogI hai / bhAratIya alaGkArazAstra ke AcAryoM ne alaGkAra ke zabdagata, arthaM gata. tathA zabdArthobhayagata bheda svIkAra kiye haiM / anuprAsa, yamaka Adi zabda ke alaGkAra mAne gaye haiM to upamA, rUpaka Adi artha ke / zleSa zabdagata alaGkAra bhI hai aura arthagata bhI / isa prakAra zleSa ke do alaga-alaga svarUpa hI mAna liye gaye haiM / kucha alaGkAra eka hI sAtha zabda aura artha - donoM ke alaGkAra mAne gaye haiM / hama yaha dekha cuke haiM ki kAvya ke svIkRta alaGkAroM ko zabdagata, artha Adi vargoM meM vibhAjita karane ke prazna para AcAryoM meM matabheda rahA hai; para adhikAMza AcAryoM ne alaGkAra kA zabda artha ke AdhAra para vibhAjana karane kA siddhAnta eka mata se svIkAra kiyA hai / bhASAzAstrIya dRSTi se alaGkAra ke zabdArthagata bheda kA aucitya vicAraNIya hai / bhASA meM zabda aura artha kA avibhAjya sambandha mAnA jAtA hai / arthahIna zabda kA bhASA meM koI mahattva nahIM aura zabda ke binA artha kA vyavahAra sambhava nahIM / bhAratIya vicArakoM ne vANI aura artha ko ziva aura zakti kI taraha paraspara sampRkta mAnA hai / aba prazna hai ki zabdArtha ke paraspara sampRkta hone kA siddhAnta mAna lene para zabda aura artha ke alaga- alaga alaGkAroM kI kalpanA 1. (ka) ekaH zabdaH sakRdekamevArthaM gamayate / - paribhASenduzekhara, (kha) zabdovivakSitArthaM kavAcako'nyeSu satsvapi / --kuntaka, vakroktijI 0 01-6 2. vAgarthAviva sampRktau vAgarthapratipattaye / jagataH pitarau vande pArvatIparamezvarI // kAlidAsa, raghuvaMza 1, 1 artha : zambhuH zivA vANI / - - liGgapurANa / tathAzabdajAtamazeSaM tu dhatta e zarvasya vallabhA / artharUpaM yadakhilaM dhattaM mugdhenduzekharaH // - vAyupurANa 46

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770 ] alaGkAra- dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa - meM kyA aucitya hogA ? zabdAlaGkAra aura arthAlaGkAra kI prakRti kI parIkSA karane se bhI yaha bAta spaSTa ho jAtI hai ki na to zabdAlaGkAra hI sarvathA arthanirapekSa hote haiM aura na arthAlaGkAra hI sarvathA zabdanirapekSa / yamaka meM sArthaka pada kI AvRtti hone para AvRtta pada meM artha -bheda Avazyaka mAnA jAtA hai| lATAnuprAsa meM zabda aura artha kI tAtparya-bheda se AvRtti Avazyaka mAnI jAtI hai / arthAlaGkAroM meM bhI samAsokti meM anyArtha - vyaJjaka samAna vizeSaNa pada ke prayoga kA vicAra, parikara meM sAbhiprAya vizeSaNa ke prayoga kA vicAra, praznottara meM samAna vAkya se prazna evaM uttara ke bodha kA vicAra tathA dIpaka meM sthAna- niyama se ubhayArtha dyotaka pada ke prayoga kA vicAra isa pramANa haiM ki arthAlaGkAra zabda- nirapekSa artha mAtra ke hI alaGkAra nahIM haiM; unakI prakRti zabda - sApekSa bhI hai / upamA ke eka bheda samAnopamA kI prakRti to artha kI apekSA zabda para hI adhika nirbhara hai / 'sakalakalaM puraM candra iva' meM kevala samAna vizeSaNa ke AdhAra para candramA aura nagara meM upamAnopameya bhAva kI kalpanA ke mUla meM zabdamAtra kA camatkAra hai / anyathA nagara aura candramA meM kyA sAmya ? na rUpa kA, na prabhAva kaa| donoM meM sAmya kevala itanA hai ki donoM kA vizeSaNa samAna hai-- donoM sakalakala haiM, bhale hI donoM ke pakSa meM 'sakalakala' vizeSaNa kA artha alaga-alaga ho / nagara 'sakalakala' hai isalie ki vaha kalakala arthAt kolAhala se yukta hai aura candramA 'sakalakala' hai isa lie ki vaha apanI sakala kalAoM se yukta hai / spaSTataH 'sakalakala' vizeSaNa kI samatA ke AdhAra para nagara kI candramA ke sAtha upamA meM usa vizeSaNa kI arthAta samatA kA vicAra nahIM kiyA gayA hai, kevala zabdagata samatA ke hI AdhAra para upamAnopameya bhAva kI kalpanA kI gayI hai / spaSTa hai ki alaGkAroM kA zabdArtha vibhAga tAttvika nahIM, vyAvahArika mAtra hai / ataH, alaGkAroM ke zabdagata tathA arthagata vibhAjana ko dekhakara yaha mAna lene kI bhrAnti nahIM honI cAhie ki yaha vibhAjana zabda aura artha ke pArthakya kI dhAraNA para AdhRta hai / mammaTa ne isa prakAra ke vibhAjana kA mUla siddhAnta spaSTa karate hue yaha mAnyatA vyakta kI hai ki alaGkAra meM zabda aura artha; donoM kA vicAra rahane para bhI anvaya aura vyatireka ke siddhAnta ke AdhAra para zabdAlaGkAra aura arthAlaGkAra kA nirdhAraNa kiyA jAtA hai / jahA~ alaGkAravizeSa ke astitva ke lie zabda vizeSa kA prayoga Avazyaka ho aura usa zabda ke sthAna para usakA paryAyavAcI zabda rakhane para alaGkAra kA

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alaGkAra aura bhASA [771 astitva miTa jAtA ho, vahA~ alaGkAra zabdagata mAnA jaaygaa| kAraNa yaha hai ki aisI sthiti meM vaha alaGkAra mukhyataH zabda-sApekSa mAnA jAyagA / paryAyavAcI zabda kA prayoga to mUla zabda kA arthabodha karA hI detA hai, phira 'bhI alaGkAra kI sattA ke lupta ho jAne kA tAtparya yaha hotA hai ki usa alaGkAra kA astitva zabda-vizeSa para avalambita hai, usake artha para nhiiN| jahA~ zabda-vizeSa kA usake paryAyavAcI zabda se parivartana hone para bhI alaGkAra kI sattA akSuNNa rahe, vahA~ alaGkAra ko mukhyataH artha-sApekSa mAnakara arthAlaGkAra ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai| niSkarSa yaha ki zabda tathA artha ke camatkAra kI pradhAnatA ke AdhAra para hI zabdAlaGkAra aura arthAlaGkAra varga kI kalpanA kI gayI hai| yaha kalpanA zabda aura artha ko paraspara sampRkta mAnane vAle siddhAnta ko khaNDita nahIM krtii| ___alaGkAra zabda aura artha ke upaskAraka mAne jAte haiN| anuprAsa, yamaka Adi meM samAna varNa, pada Adi kI AvRtti hone se vizeSa prakAra kA dhvaniprabhAva utpanna hotA hai, to upamA Adi alaGkAroM meM varNya artha ke rUpa, guNa, prabhAva Adi kA utkarSa-sAdhana hotA hai| sAdRzya mUlaka upamA, rUpaka Adi meM jaba prastuta artha ke mela meM koI aprastuta artha rakhA jAtA hai taba usa aprastuta kA mana meM jagane vAlA prabhAva prastuta ke prabhAva ko upaskRta kara detA hai| virodhamUlaka alaGkAroM meM bhI virodhamukhena upasthApita artha varNya vastu meM vizeSa camatkAra lA detA hai| atizayamUlaka Adi alaGkAroM kA bhI uddezya varNya padArtha kA utkarSa hI hotA hai| jo alaGkAra varNya vastu meM utkarSa na lA sakeM, unakI kAvya meM koI upayogitA nhiiN| koI ukti apane-Apa meM alaGkAra nhiiN| usake alaGkAratva kA nirNaya kAvya meM artha ke upaskAra kI dRSTi se hI honA cAhie / mammaTa Adi AcAryoM ne yaha spaSTa kara diyA hai ki alaGkAra prastuta bhAva-bodha meM utkarSa lA sakate haiM; para kahIM-kahIM ve bhAvabodha meM bAdhaka bhI ho jAte haiM aura kahIM-kahIM taTastha raha jAte haiM; arthAt na to bhAva-bodha meM utkarSa hI lAte haiM na apakarSa hI / yaha to huA kAvya meM arthabodha ke utkarSa-sAdhana kI dRSTi se alaGkAroM kI prakRti para vicAra / bhASA kI dRSTi se 1. iha doSaguNAlaGkArANAM zabdArtha gatatvena yo vibhAgaH sa anvaya vyatirekAbhyAmeva vyavatiSThate |-mmmtt,kaavyprkaash hapR. 211-12 2. upakurvanti taM santaM ye'GgadvAreNa jAtucit / hArAdivadalaGkArAste'nuprAsopamAdayaH ||-vhii, 8, 67

Page #795
772 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa zabdArtha bodha meM alaGkAra kI upayogitA para vicAra kara lenA vAJchanIya hogaa| isa sandarbha meM yaha nirdeza kara denA Avazyaka hai ki jahAM eka ora bhAratIyaalaGkAra-zAstra meM zabdArtha ke upaskAra kI dRSTi se aneka alaGkAroM kI prakRti para vicAra kiyA jA rahA thA, vahA~ dUsarI ora darzana aura vyAkaraNa meM kevala zabdArtha bodha kI dRSTi se bhI alaGkAra ke mUlabhUta tattva para vicAra kiyA jA rahA thaa| upamA, mahattva kI dRSTi se, alaGkAroM meM prathama hai| aneka AcAryoM ne-jinameM vAmana, abhinava, appayya dIkSita jaise samartha AcArya bhI sammilita hai-samagra alaGkAra-prapaJca ko upamA naTI kA hI vilAsa mAna liyA hai|' zRGkhalA Adi para AdhRta alaGkAroM kI sattA svIkRta ho jAne para bhI upamA kI pradhAnatA sarvamAnya hai| darzana meM upamAna ko pramA kA-tattvajJAna kA-sAdhana mAnakara usake svarUpa kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| vyAkaraNa meM bhI jJAna ke sAdhana ke rUpa meM hI upamAna kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| upamAna jJAta vastu se sAdRzya ke AdhAra para ajJAta ko jAnane meM sahAyaka hotA hai| gavaya (nIla gAya) gAya jaisI hotI hai, yaha kahane se gAya se paricita vyakti usake sadRza gavaya kA jJAna prApta kara letA hai| aisI sthiti meM jaba vaha pahalI bAra gavaya ko dekhatA hai to gAya se sAdRzya ke kAraNa binA batAye bhI vaha gavaya ko pahacAna letA hai| artha-bodha meM upamAna bahuta sahAyaka huA karatA hai| kabhI-kabhI to upamAna artha-bodha kA anivArya AdhAra bhI bana jAtA hai-vizeSataH taba, jaba jJeya vastu amUrta hotI hai| manuSya kI yaha svAbhAvika pravRtti hai ki vaha kisI aparicita navIna vastu ko apanI paricita vastu ke sandarbha meM hI jAnane kA prayAsa karatA hai| jaba kisI ko koI vyakti kisI navIna vastu ke viSaya meM batAnA cAhatA hai to vaha yaha prayAsa karatA hai ki vaha vastu ko isa prakAra upasthita kare ki vaha usa vyakti kI kisI jJAta vastu ke mela meM ho aura isa prakAra use jJAta vastu se sAdRzya Adi ke AdhAra para navIna vastu ko samajhane 1. (ka) prativastuprabhRtirupamAprapaJcaH-vAmana, kAvyAlaM0 sUtra 4, 3, 1 (kha) upamAprapaJcazca sarvo'laGkAra iti vidbhiH pratipannameva / -nA0 zA0 a0 bhA0 pR0 321 (ga) upamaikA zailUSI samprAptA citrabhUmikAbhedAn / raJjayati kAvyaraGga nRtyantI tadvidAM cetaH // -appayya dIkSita, citramImAMsA pR0 6

Page #796
alaGkAra aura bhASA [773 meM suvidhA ho| sthAna, kAla Adi kI dIrghatA ko nApane ke lie bahudhA paricita vastuoM kA sahArA liyA jAtA hai-u~galI, hAtha, Daga Adi se sthAna kI dUrI nApane kI pravRtti isa bAta kA pramANa hai| kosa (saMskRta-kroza, jo nApa kI eka ikAI hai) ko bhI kucha bhASAvidoM ne isI pravRtti se AvirbhUta mAnA hai| sambhava hai ki kroza ( cillAhaTa ) ke phailane kI dUrI kI dhAraNA dhIre-dhIre sthAna kI nApa kI eka nizcita ikAI kI dhAraNA meM badala gayI ho| lambAI ke lie. tAla, zRGga Adi kA prayoga bahulatA se huA karatA hai| tAla-sA lambA-jaise padoM kA prayoga loka-vyavahAra meM sadA huA karatA hai| kAla kI dIrghatA ko nApane ke lie pala, nimeSa Adi padoM kA prayoga, paricita vastu se aparicita yA amUrta vastu ko nizcayAtmaka rUpa se samajhane kI pravRtti kA pramANa hai| kAla kI dIrghatA ko mUrta rUpa dene ke lie kaI laukika vastuoM kA sahArA loka tathA kAvya meM liyA jAtA hai| 'jAne ke samaya priya jo vRkSa lagA gayA thA, vaha phUlane-phalane lagA, para abhI taka vaha lauTa kara nahIM AyA' isa prakAra kI ukti meM vRkSa kA bar3hanA, phUlanA-phalanA; isa paricita vastu se pravAsa-kAla kI dIrghatA ko nizcayAtmaka rUpa pradAna kiyA jAtA hai| kabhI-kabhI to kAla se sthAna kI dIrghatA tathA sthAna se kAla kI dIrghatA ko bhI samajhane-samajhAne kA prayAsa kiyA jAtA hai| 'do minaTa kA rAstA', 'gAr3I se pAMca minaTa kI dUrI' Adi kahane se sthAna kI dUrI kA nizcita bodha ho sakatA hai| isI prakAra 'yahA~ se amuka sthAna pahu~cane meM jitanA samaya lagatA hai utanA samaya' aise kathana meM sthAna se kAla kI dIrghatA ko nApane kA prayAsa kiyA jAtA hai| Adima yuga meM kAla, sthAna Adi kI dIrghatA ko nApane ke lie ye hI sAdhana the| Aja aneka vaijJAnika sAdhanoM kA AviSkAra ho jAne para bhI vyavahAra meM aisI uktiyoM kA sahArA liyA jAtA hai aura kAvya meM bhI aisI uktiyoM kA camatkArapUrNa prayoga huA karatA hai| ___amUrta bhAva, svAda, varNa Adi ke svarUpa ko ThIka-ThIka samajhane ke lie paricita upamAna sahAyaka hI nahIM, anivArya bhI ho jAte haiN| amUrta bhAvoM ko indriya-grAhya banAne ke lie unake vibhinna vargoM kI kalpanA kara lI gayI hai| rati ke lAla varNa, hAsa ke zubhra varNa Adi kI kalpanA paricita varNa se unake nizcita svarUpa ko samajhane ke prayAsa kA pariNAma hai| khaTTA, mIThA Adi svAda kA sAmAnya artha-bodha karAne vAle zabda haiN| aise svAda

Page #797
774 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa ko viziSTa rUpa dene ke lie paricita vastuoM kA sahArA lenA anivArya ho jAtA hai| khaTTI nAraGgI kI khaTAI kA bodha karAne ke lie 'nIbU-sA khaTTA' kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai| kisI mIThI vastu ko misarI yA gur3a ke samAna mIThI kahane meM usakI miThAsa ko paricita vastu kI miThAsa se tulanA kara viziSTa rUpa dene kA prayAsa rahA karatA hai| boliyoM meM 'khaTTA cukka' arthAt nIbU ke rasa se bane cUka ke samAna bahuta khaTTA Adi kA prayoga aisA hI prayAsa hai| kisI paricita vastu ke svAda se tulanA kiye binA khaTTA, mIThA Adi kahane kA koI nizcita artha-grahaNa nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| vargoM ke lAla, pIlA, nIlA, harA, kAlA, ujalA Adi jo nAma haiM, ve tattat varNoM kA kevala sAmAnya rUpa hI batAte haiN| kisI eka varNa ke aneka svarUpoM ko nizcita rUpa meM nirdiSTa karane ke lie kisI paricita vastu ke varNa ko upamAna ke rUpa meM lAnA Avazyaka hotA hai| isI krama meM lAla-TesU, lAla-bimba, lAla-majITha Adi kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai| TesU, bimba Adi upamAna hI lAla ke viziSTa rUpa kA bodha karAte haiN| aneka varNoM ke to nAma bhI usake samAna paricita vastu ke AdhAra para hI rakhe gaye haiN| nAraGgI ke varNa ke samAna varNa ko nAraGgI raGga, baigana ke samAna raGga ko baiganI raGga Adi kahA jAne lagA hai / mora varNa, maTamailA raGga, dhAnI raGga, AsamAnI raGga, gulAbI raGga, sindUrI raGga, TamATara raGga Adi vibhinna raGga haiM, jinakA nAmakaraNa paricita vastu ke raGga ke sAdRzya ke AdhAra para huA hai / aMgarejI meM Snow white Bottle green, feather brown, orange, cream, Adi varNa bhI tattat paricita vastuoM ke raGga ke AdhAra para hI vyavahRta hue haiN| ina prayogoM para vicAra karane se yaha bAta spaSTa ho jAtI hai ki mUlataH aise pada alaGkAra ke rUpa meM prayukta hue hoNge| ( isa bAta se koI antara nahIM par3atA ki ina alaGkAroM kA prayoga loka-mukha meM huA yA kAvya meM / ) lAla TesU meM TesU upamAna hai aura usa pada kA artha hai palAsa ke phUla ke samAna lAla / aise prayoga itanI adhika mAtrA meM hone lage ki aba isa bAta para logoM kA dhyAna bhI nahIM jAtA ki lAla-TesU, lAlabimba jaise prayoga alaGkata prayoga haiM aura upamAnopameya bhAva para AdhRta haiN| bahuta-se alaGkata prayoga vyavahAra meM ghisate-ghisate sAmAnya uktimAtra banakara vyavahRta hone lagate haiN| unake mUla meM nihita alaGkAra para kisI kA dhyAna bhI nahIM jaataa| nara-kezarI, nara-pizAca, kulAGgAra, kulabhUSaNa, kula-kalaGka bAdi asaMkhya prayoga bola-cAla meM prayukta hote haiN| vaktA aise.

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alaGkAra aura bhASA [775 padoM kA prayoga karane ke samaya isa bAta para dhyAna nahIM detA ki vaha alaGkAra kA prayoga kara rahA hai| ukta vAkyoM meM kezarI, pizAca, aGgAra, bhUSaNa, kalaGka Adi upamAna haiM, jo nara, kula Adi varNya vastuoM ke sAtha prayukta haiN| aise prayoga loka-vyavahAra tathA kAvyoktiyoM meM samAna rUpa se pAye jAte haiN| aba yaha nirNaya kauna kara sakegA ki aise prayoga lokavyavahAra se kAvya kI ukti meM Aye yA pahale kavi-kalpanA se udbhUta hokara loka-mukha meM vyavahRta hone lage? itanA nirvivAda rUpa se kahA jA sakatA hai ki bhASA meM-cAhe vaha loka-bhASA ho yA kAvya kI bhASA-alaGkAra kA prayoga jAne-anajAne hotA hI rahA hai| kahIM pratipAdya artha ko adhika prabhAvapUrNa aura ramaNIya banAne ke lie sAyAsa alaGkAra kI yojanA kI jAtI hai; kahIM artha ke spaSTIkaraNa ke krama meM alaGkAra ke vinA artha kA ThIka-ThIka grahaNa sambhava nahIM hone para alaGkAra kA vidhAna kiyA jAtA hai to kahIM-kahIM prastuta vastu ke varNana ke krama meM usake sAtha atizaya sAdRzya Adi ke kAraNa anAyAsa hI koI aprastuta vastu varNana karane vAle ke sAmane A jAtI hai aura vaha prastuta se milakara alaGkAra kA vidhAna kara detI hai| loka-bhASA aura kAvya-bhASA kI uktiyoM ke bIca koI sthira vibhAjaka rekhA nahIM khIMcI jA sktii| lokoktiyoM ke sAtha bhA mAnava-hRdaya kA rAgAtmaka sambandha rahatA hai| ataH, aisI uktiyoM meM bhI rasAtmakatA A jAtI hai aura ve uktiyA~ kAvyoktiyoM kI taraha sundara bana jAyA karatI haiN| kavi lokoktiyoM ko kAvya meM grahaNa karate haiN| alaGkAra ke kucha AcAryoM ne lokokti ko kAvya kA eka alaGkAra bhI mAnA hai / ' lokokti ko alaGkAra mAnane meM do mata ho sakate haiM, para isa tathya meM matabheda kA avakAza nahIM ki asaMkhya uktiyA~ loka-vyavahAra se kAvya meM lI jAtI haiN| kAvya kI uktiyAM bhI jaba bahuta prasiddha ho jAtI haiM taba loka-mukha meM unakA nirbAdha vyavahAra hone lagatA hai| isa prakAra kAvyokti aura lokokti meM pArasparika AdAnapradAna calatA rahatA hai| loka-vizvAsa tathA loka kI uktiyoM ke AdhAra para kitane hI mahAn kaviyoM ne aneka sundara kalpanAe~ kI haiN| megha ke garjana se chatraka kA AvirbhAva hotA hai aura usake AvirbhAva se dharatI urvarA hotI hai, 1. jayadeva, appayya dIkSita Adi AcAryoM ne lokokti ko alaGkAra mAnA hai| unhoMne chekokti kA bhI AdhAra lokokti ko hI mAnA hai| -draSTavya, kuvalayAnanda, 60-61

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776 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa isa loka - vizvAsa ke AdhAra para kAlidAsa ne meghadUta meM eka sundara kalpanA kI hai / " tAtparya yaha ki na to kAvyokti aura lokokti kA spaSTa bheda sambhava hai aura na yaha nirNaya sambhava hai ki kAvya aura loka meM samAna rUpa se prayukta alaGkAra pahale kAvya meM kalpita hue yA loka vyavahAra meM / striyoM ke padAghAta se azoka kA puSpita honA, haMsa kA nIra-kSIra vivekI honA Adi kaviprasiddhiyA~ tathA una para AdhRta aneka anaGkAra kavi - kalpanA se prasUta hokara loka meM prasiddha hue yA loka vyavahAra meM utpanna hokara kAvya meM gRhIta hue, isa bAta kA nirNaya kaThina hI nahIM, asambhava hai / bhASA meM lAghava ke lie bhI alaGkAra kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai| kisI paricita vastu ke sAtha varNya vastu kI tulanA kara dene se usa paricita vastu ke prAyaH sabhI viziSTa guNoM kI kalpanA pramAtA varNya vastu meM kara letA hai / isa prakAra varNya vastu ke aneka guNoM ke alaga-alaga varNana kI AvazyakatA nahIM raha jAtI / kisI ke vyaktitva kA varNana karane ke krama meM yadi use 'RSi tulya' kaha diyA jAtA hai to RSi ke dhIra, prazAnta, nispRha, karuNAmaya vyaktitva kA prabhAva jagakara usa varNya vyakti ke vyaktitva ke sambandha meM vaisI hI dhAraNA jagA detA hai / vyakti ke bahuta vistRta varNana se usake vyaktitva ke sambandha meM jo dhAraNA bana pAtI, vaha dhAraNA eka upamAna saMkSepa meM ho utpanna kara detA hai| kisI ko bAlaka - sA yA vikSipta-sA AcaraNa karane vAlA kaha dene mAtra se bAlaka yA vikSipta ke aneka AcaraNoM kA Aropa zrotA usapara kara lete haiM / paurANika yA aitihAsika upamAna saMkSepa meM artha kI abhivyakti kI dRSTi se bahuta upAdeya siddha hote haiM / purANa, itihAsa ke tattat pAtroM ke vyaktitva ke sambandha meM logoM ke mana meM eka nizcita dhAraNA rahA karatI hai, jisakA AdhAra una pAtroM kA sampUrNa jIvana-vRtta huA karatA haiM / ataH, jaba kisI vyakti ke lie itihAsa purANa ke kisI pAtra ko upamAna banAyA jAtA hai to usa pAtra ke sambandha meM logoM kI sampUrNa dhAraNA ar vyakti ke sAtha bhI sambaddha ho jAtI hai / 'yaha dUsarA yudhiSThara hai' isa 0 1. kattu yacca prabhavati mahImucchilIndhrAmavandhyAM tacchrutvA te zravaNasubhagaM garjitaM mAnasotkAH / kailAsAvisa kisalayacchedapAtheyavantaH sampatsyante nabhasi bhavato rAjahaMsAH sahAyAH // - kAlidAsa, meghadUta, pUrva, 11

Page #800
alaGkAra aura bhASA [ 777 prakAra ke kathana se yudhiSThira kI satyavAditA, sahiSNutA Adi kI jo dhAraNA jana-sAdhAraNa ke mana meM pahale se rahatI hai, vaha jAgrata ho jAtI hai aura varNya vyakti ke sambandha meM bhI vaisI hI dhAraNA utpanna ho jAtI hai| dadhIci, zivi, karNa Adi kA upamAna unakI amita dAnazIlatA kA bodha utpanna kara varNya vyakti meM bhI dAnazIlatA ke asAdhAraNa guNa kA bodha karAtA hai| kaMsa, rAvaNa Adi ke sAtha krUratA, anAcAra Adi kA bhAva pradhAnataH sambaddha hai / ataH, aise upamAna saMkSepataH varNya vyakti ke krUra, anAcArI rUpa ko zrotA kI kalpanA-dRSTi ke sAmane mUrta kara dete haiN| yaha dhyAtavya hai ki itihAsa-purANa ke pAtroM ke aneka guNoM meM se pradhAnatA ke AdhAra para jo mukhya dhAraNA jana-sAmAnya kI rahatI hai, usI dhAraNA ko ve upamAna jagA pAte haiN| rAvaNa tejasvI, jJAnI aura Iza-bhakta bhI thA; para bhAratIya pAThakoM ke mana meM usake anAcAra kI hI dhAraNA mukhya hai| ataH, 'yaha rAvaNa jaisA hai' yaha kahane se rAvaNa ke samAna durAcArI kA hI bodha logoM ko hotA hai| bAlaka, vikSipta Adi upamAna bhI unake pradhAna AcAra kA hI bodha karAte haiM, vyavahAragata vividhatA kA nhiiN| ataH, bAlaka niSkapaTa, abodha vyavahAra kA bodhaka bana jAtA hai to vikSipta sAmAnya rUpa se vivekahIna, asaGgata vyavahAra kaa| itihAsa-purANa ke pAtra, ghaTanA Adi kA jahA~ upamAna ke rUpa meM prayoga kiyA jAtA hai, usake artha ko ThIka-ThIka samajhane ke lie yaha Avazyaka hai ki pAThaka ko upamAnabhUta pAtra, ghaTanA Adi kA samyak jJAna rhe| anyathA upamAna ke sambandha meM hI vaha koI nizcita dhAraNA nahIM banA sakegA, usake AdhAra para upameya ke sambandha meM 'dhAraNA banAne kI to bAta hI dUra rhe| loka aura kAvya meM prayukta alaGkAra yugavizeSa kI sAMskRtika evaM naitika 'dazA tathA loka-vizvAsa Adi ke adhyayana meM bhI sahAyaka ho sakate haiN| bhASA ke AdhAra para kisI jAti kI lupta saMskRti-sabhyatA kA itihAsa-nirmANa bhASA zAstra kA eka aGga hai, jo adhika vikasita nahIM ho pAyA hai| bhASA meM prayukta alaGkAra yugavizeSa meM vastuvizeSa ke prati logoM kI sAmAnya dhAraNA tathA anya yuga meM usa vastu ke prati badalate hue dRSTi-koNa kA bhI saGkata dete haiN| udAharaNArtha; tulasI dAsa ne bharata kI glAni kA varNana karate hue unase kahalAyA hai

Page #801
778 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa jehi parihari hari hara caraNa, mahiM bhUtagana ghora / tehi kai gati mohi deu bidhi, jauM jananI mata mora // ' yahA~ bhUta Adi kI sAdhanA karane vAle aughaTa sAdhuoM ke prati kavi kA ghRNA-bhAva spaSTa hai| yaha tulasI ke samaya aughaToM ke prati jana-sAmAnya kI azraddhA kA bhI saGketa detA hai; kyoMki yadi sAmAnya pAThaka meM aughaToM ke prati ghRNA-bhAva na hotA to ukta kathana kA alaGkAra apekSita prabhAva hI utpanna nahIM kara paataa| jina vAmAcArI sAdhakoM ke prati kabhI (dasavIM-gyArahavIM zatAbdI meM) bhAratIya samAja meM Adara kA bhAva rahA thA, unake prati dhIre-dhIre ghRNA kA bhAva bar3hatA gyaa| isa parivartita dRSTikoNa kA spaSTa saGketa ukta udAharaNa meM milatA hai| prAcIna vAGamaya meM prayukta alaGkAroM ke AdhAra para aitihAsika tathyoM kA nirdhAraNa tathA prAcIna-navIna sAhitya ke samanvita adhyayana se unameM prayukta alaGkAroM ke AdhAra para sAMskRtika vikAsa kA adhyayana eka svatantra zodha kA viSaya ho sakatA hai| ___ kabhI-kabhI kisI jAti yA varga ke sambandha meM logoM kI koI dhAraNA bana jAyA karatI hai| yaha Avazyaka nahIM ki usa varga yA jAti ke sabhI vyaktiyoM meM samAna guNa pAye hI jAyeM, phira bhI logoM ke mana meM usa varga ke lie kucha vizeSa dhAraNA bana jAtI hai| usa dhAraNA ke AdhAra para bhI alaGkAra kI yojanA ho sakatI hai / loka-vyavahAra meM sundara aura sukumAra bAlaka-bAlikA ko rAjakumAra-rAjakumArI ke samAna kahA jAtA hai| sabhI rAjakumAra sundara aura sukumAra hoM, yaha Avazyaka nahIM; para sAmAnya rUpa se rAjakumAroM ke sundara evaM sukumAra hone kI dhAraNA logoM ne banA lI hai| isI prakAra zabdazAstra, darzanazAstra tathA veda Adi kA adhyayana karane vAloM ke sambandha meM logoM kI yaha dhAraNA bana gayI hai ki ve nIrasa hote haiM / sAhitya ke pAThakoM ke sarasa hone kI dhAraNA logoM ke mana meM rahatI hai / aisI dhAraNAoM ke AdhAra para kAvya meM bhI zAbdika, tArkika aura vedapAThI ko nIrasa vyakti kA upamAna banAyA jAtA hai| ___ aneka alaGkAroM kA janma manuSya kI isa svAbhAvika pravRtti se hotA hai ki vaha bAta ko sIdhe na kahakara prakArAntara se kahanA cAhatA hai| kabhI-kabhI prakArAntara se kahI huI bAta meM sIdhI bAta kI apekSA adhika tIvratA A jAtI hai| vyaGa gya-vANa hRdaya meM jitanA cubhatA hai, usakI tulanA meM sIdhe 1. draSTavya-rAmacaritamAnasa, ayodhyAkANDa /

Page #802
alaGkAra aura bhASA [ 776 kahI huI bAta kA prabhAva nizcita rUpa se kama hotA hai / prakArAntara se kahI huI bAta se vyajita artha kA apanA saundarya hotA hai| mAnasa meM tulasI ke kevaTa ne rAma se aTapaTI vANI meM pA~va dhone kI jo anumati mAMgI, usakA saundarya pA~va dhone ke pratyakSa anurodha meM A hI nahIM paataa| vidhimukha se niSedha tathA niSedhamukha se vidhi kI pravRtti ke bahula udAharaNa loka-bhASA meM bhI pAye jAte haiN| kAvya meM AkSepa Adi alaGkAroM kI yojanA ke mUla meM yahI pravRtti hai / anyokti yA aprastutaprazaMsA Adi meM bhI prakArAntara se kathana kI pravRtti hI abhivyakta hotI hai| bhASA meM prayukta vAkyoM ke artha kA yuktisaGgata honA Avazyaka mAnA jAtA hai| isa dRSTi se vyAkaraNa meM vAkya-yojanA meM yogyatA, AkAMkSA tathA Asakti kA vicAra apekSita mAnA gayA hai;' para alaGkAra meM kahIM-kahIM vAkyArtha kI asaGgati sAyAsa dikhAyI jAtI hai| ApAtataH dIkhane vAlI asaGgati para to aneka alaGkAroM kI kalpanA kI hI gayI hai, yauktika saGgati ke tAttvika abhAva meM bhI pAtraucitya Adi ke kAraNa alaGkAratva kI yojanA kI jA sakatI hai| prastuta ke lie asaGgata aprastuta kI yojanA kara kavi kisI pAtra kI prakRti ko spaSTa rUpa meM prastuta kara detA hai| alaGkAra meM sadoSa upamAna kA prayoga hAsa kI sRSTi kA bhI apekSita prabhAva utpanna karatA hai| kucha udAharaNa draSTavya haiM; 'mRcchakaTika' kA eka pAtra saMsthAnaka nAyikA kA jo upamAna detA hai, vaha sarvathA asaGgata hai, phira bhI pAtrocita hone ke kAraNa use alaGkAra mAnA jAtA hai| vaha kahatA hai--tuma rAma se bhIta draupadI kI taraha kyoM bhAgI jA rahI ho? jaise hanumAna ne vizvAvasu kI bahana subhadrA ko pakar3A, usI taraha maiM tumheM pakar3atA huuN|2 pAtraucitya ke kAraNa kAvya kI uktiyA~ prabhAvotpAdaka ho jAtI hai| ataH, ucita sandarbha meM pAtra kI vizeSa dazA kI sUcanA ke lie usa pAtra kI bhASA meM kavi sadoSa upamAna kI yojanA karatA hai| isa kathana meM ki 'jisa prakAra mahAbhArata yuddha meM cANakya ne sItA ko mArA, jaTAyu ne draupadI ko mArA, usI prakAra maiM tumheM mAra 1. AsattiryogyatAkAMkSAtAtpayajJAnamiSyate |-nyaaysiddhaantmuktaavlii, zabdakhaNDa, kArikA 82H 2. zUdraka, mRcchakaTika, 1, 25

Page #803
* 780 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa DAlUgA'1. kavi kI pAtrocita kalpanA apekSita prabhAvakI vRddhi meM sahAyaka hai| aise upamAna hAsya kI hI sRSTi karate haiN| __ zabdoM ke artha-parivartana meM alaGkAra-prayoga kA mahattvapUrNa yoga rahatA hai| arthavijJAna ke samartha vivecakoM kI mAnyatA hai ki anya kAraNoM se zabda meM artha-parivartana dhIre-dhIre hotA hai; para alaGkAra se tatkSaNa artha-parivartana ho * jAtA hai| zabda ke mukhya artha ke sAtha kucha gauNa artha bhI mile rahate haiN| alaGkAra-yojanA usa gauNa artha ke AdhAra para bhI ho sakatI hai| aisI sthiti meM zabdavizeSa ke usa gauNa artha kA hI pradhAna rUpa se bodha hone lagatA hai / phalataH, usakA mukhya artha gauNa par3a jAtA hai aura kabhI-kabhI vaha mukhya artha gauNa par3akara dhIre-dhIre lupta bhI ho jAtA hai| gadahA, baila Adi zabdoM ke mukhya artha ke sAtha usake buddhihIna Adi hone kA gauNa artha bhI sammilita hai| jaba kisI mUrkha vyakti para baila Adi kA Aropa kiyA jAtA hai to vaha * upamAnabhUta baila Adi apane gauNa artha kA hI bodha karAte haiN| bhAI, bahana, mAtA Adi zabdoM kA artha, jinakA prayoga bahulatA se kiyA jAtA hai, aba rakta-sambandha se adhika vyApaka ho gayA hai| isa vistAra kA mUlabhUta kAraNa apane prativeziyoM para vaise pavitra sambandha kA Aropa hI rahA hogaa| prajA zabda kA artha 'santAna' aura 'kisI rAjA ke rAjya meM rahane vAle loga' hai| prajA kA vyutpattilabhya artha santAna hI jAna par3atA hai / sambhava hai ki mUlataH santAnArthavAcI prajA zabda kA rAjyavAsI janatA taka bhI artha-vistAra ho gayA ho| isa vistAra kA kAraNa bhI alaGkAra-prayoga hI hogA / mAtApitA kA apanI prajA (santAna) ke sAtha jo sneha-sambandha svabhAvataH rahatA hai, vahI zAsaka aura zAsita ke bIca Adarza sambandha mAnA jAtA hai / alaGka ta rUpa meM pahale yaha prayoga huA hogA ki rAjA rAjyavAsI ko apanI prajA ke samAna (santAna ke samAna) mAnatA hai / sneha-sambandha ke sAdRzya ke kAraNa jaba janatA * para prajA hone kA (rAjA kI santAna ke samAna hone kA Aropa hone lagA hogA to kramazaH vaha zabda janatA ke lie bAra-bAra prayukta hone ke kAraNa usakA bhI vAcaka bana gayA hogaa| isa prakAra saMskRta meM prajA zabda donoM arthoM meM--santAna tathA rAjyavAsI janatA ke arthoM meM prayukta hai| hindI meM 1. cANakyena yathA sItA mAritA bhArate rnne| evaM tvAM moTayiSyAmi jaTAyuriva draupadIm // -zUdraka, mRcchakarika 8, 35

Page #804
alaGkAra aura bhASA [781 prajA zabda kA vizeSa prayoga rAjyavAsI loga ke artha meM hI hotA hai| santAna artha meM usakA prayoga itanA kama ho gayA hai ki usa zabda meM arthAdeza kI sthiti spaSTa ho gayI hai / sannaddha, kuzala, praNAlI Adi zabdoM ke artha-parivartana kA kAraNa bhI alaGkAra-prayoga hI jAna par3atA hai| kisI kArya ke lie prastuta hone vAle ko Arambha meM alaGkata rUpa meM hI sannaddha-sA ( sannAha pahana kara yuddha meM jAne ke lie prastuta-sA) kahA jAne lagA hogaa| kisI kI kAryavizeSa meM paTutA dekhakara usa para kuza le Ane kI paTutA rakhane vAle (kuzala) kA Aropa huA hogaa| praNAlI ke mUla artha nAlA ke sAdRzya ke AdhAra para rIti yA DhaMga ko AlaGkArika rUpa meM praNAlI kahA jAne lagA hogaa| isa prakAra ukta zabda Aja sAmAnya rUpa se prastuta, paTu, rIti Adi ke vAcaka bana gaye haiN| alaGkAra-prayoga ke kAraNa hone vAle artha-parivartana ke asaMkhya udAharaNa pAye jA sakate haiN| bhASA aura alaGkAra ke sambandha para isa dRSTi se bhI vicAra kara lenA vAJchanIya hogA ki zabdArtha ke parivartana kA alaGkAra para kyA prabhAva par3atA hai| bhASA meM nirantara vikAsa hotA rahatA hai| kitane hI prAcIna zabda lupta hote haiM, navIna zabda AvirbhUta hote haiN| kisI prAcIna zabda kA mUla artha chUTa jAtA hai aura navIna artha usameM jur3a jAtA hai| artha aura dhvani meM vikAsa kI satata prakriyA bhASA meM calatI rahatI hai| bhASAzAstra ke AcAryoM ne artha vikAsa kI tIna prakriyAoM-artha saGkoca, artha vistAra tathA arthAdeza -kA nirdeza kara usa parivartana ke aneka kAraNoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| dhvaniparivartana ke bhI aneka kAraNa nirdiSTa haiN| yahA~ unakA nirdeza aprAsaGgika hogaa| itanA saGketa hI yahA~ paryApta hogA ki artha-parivartana ke kAraNoM kA pradhAna AdhAra manovaijJAnika hai| zabdavizeSa ke sAtha mana meM artha vizeSa kA sambandha banA rahatA hai| kucha kAraNoM se usa artha ke sAtha anya artha A milate haiM, kucha artha chUTa jAte haiM aura artha meM parivartana ho jAtA hai| asura zabda ke sAtha vaidika yuga meM karuNAmaya, tejasvI tathA udAtta vyaktitva kA artha logoM ke mana meM rahA hogA / tabhI to viSNu kI stuti meM RSiyoM ne 'asuraH pitA naH' kahA thaa| asura zabda ke artha-parivartana meM-devatAvAcI zabda ke rAkSasavAcI zabda bana jAne meM-manovaijJAnika kAraNa spaSTa hai| apane zatruoM ke asura (devatA) ko zatru kA sahAyaka samajha kara AryoM ke mana meM zatrupakSa ke asura (zatruoM ke devatA) ke sAtha kSobha, ghRNA Adi kA bhAva anajAne

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*782 alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa A milA hogaa| dhIre-dhIre vaha gauNa artha bar3hatA gayA hogA aura yaha dhAraNA * bana gayI hogI ki asura zatra ke upAsya aura sahAyaka hai| ve AryoM ke prati krUra vyavahAra karate haiM / jaba zatra ke upAsya asura kahalAte haiM, jo AryoM ke lie duSTa aura kra ra hai to Arya apane upAsya ko asura kaise kaha sakate haiM ? isa manovaijJAnika kAraNa se aneka zabdoM meM artha-parivartana hotA rahatA hai| kisI jAti ke aneka bhedoM kA sAmAnya rUpa se bodha karAne vAle zabda prAdhAnya ke AdhAra para eka hI bheda ke bodhaka bana jAte haiN| usake artha kA saGkoca ho jAtA hai aura anya artha chUTa jAte haiN| astu, prastuta sandarbha meM hamArA vivecya yaha hai ki zabda aura artha alaGkAra ke AdhAra haiN| ataH, jaba kisI kAraNa se zabda-artha meM parivartana ho jAtA hai taba usapara AdhRta alaGkAra kI sthiti meM parivartana bhI svAbhAvika hai| vaidika bhASA meM mRga zabda pazu-mAtra kA vAcaka thaa| usase vRSabha Adi vIryavAn pazu kA bhI * bodha hotA thaa| mRga zabda ke sAtha bhISaNatA kA gauNa artha bhI tatkAlIna logoM ke mana meM rahA hogaa| isalie 'mRgo nu bhImaH' (pazu ke samAna bhISaNa ) vaidika kAla kI upamA kA eka udAharaNa hai| Aja jaba mRga zabda ke artha kA saGkoca ho gayA hai aura vaha pazu kI eka vizeSa jAti ke artha kA vAcaka hai taba 'mRgo nu bhImaH' kathana meM koI alaGkAra nahIM raha gayA hai| Aja logoM ke mana meM mRga (hariNa ) ke sAtha komalatA kA bodha saMsakta hai / ataH, mRga-sA bhISaNa kahane meM na kevala alaGkAra kA abhAva mAnA jAyagA varan isa prakAra kA kathana hI asaGgata mAnA jAyagA / veda meM 'parvatAn prakupitAn sthirI cakAra' isa kathana meM koI alaGkAra nahIM thA, kyoMki prakupita kA artha asthira hone se ukta kathana kA sarala tAtparya thA 'caJcala parvata ko sthira kara diyaa|' Aja prakupita zabda kruddha artha meM prayukta hai| parvata ke lie prakupita lAkSaNika prayoga hai / ataH, Aja ukta kathana, jisakA artha hogA 'kruddha parvata ko sthira yA zAnta kara diyA' alaGa kRta prayoga mAnA jaaygaa| isa prakAra zabda ke artha-parivartana se usake alaGkAra lupta bhI ho jAte haiM aura kabhIkabhI anAyAsa koI alaGkAra A bhI jAtA hai / bhASA kI yaha prakRti bhI mammaTa Adi AcAryoM kI isa dhAraNA kA hI poSaNa karatI hai ki alaGkAra zabdArtha ke anitya dharma haiN| arthavizeSa ke sambandha meM logoM kI dhAraNA ko vAtAvaraNa bhI prabhAvita kiyA karatA hai| eka deza ke vAtAvaraNa ke anusAra : jisa vastu ke sambandha meM sundara yA asundara hone kI dhAraNA nihita rahatI hai,

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alaGkAra aura bhASA [ 783 usI vastu ke sambandha meM dUsare deza ke bhinna vAtAvaraNa ke anusAra usase bhinna dhAraNA nihita rahA karatI hai / zItala jalavAyu vAle pradeza meM sUrya kA prakAza sukhada hotA hai / ataH, usameM jo saundarya - bhAvanA nihita rahatI hai, usako lekara sUrya ke prakAza ko priyA ke sukhada sparza yA manorama hAsa kA upamAna kalpita kiyA jA sakatA hai; para garma deza meM sUrya ke prakhara tApa ke sambandha meM bhinna dhAraNA rahatI hai / ataH, vahA~ usameM komala yA sukhada vastu kA upamAnatva nahIM mAnA jA sakatA / goNDA ne upamAnavizeSa kI dhAraNA meM dezagata bheda kA nirdeza karate hue kahA hai ki bhArata meM pUrNacandra ko nArI ke mukha kA upamAna mAnA jAtA hai; para yoropa meM Adhunika kAla meM nArI mukha ko candramA-sA kahanA hAsyAspada ho jAtA hai / ' ke zabdArtha- dhAraNA ne aneka kAvyAlaGkAroM kI prakRti ko bhI prabhAvita kiyA hai / alaGkAroM kI saMjJA ko kucha AcAryoM ne anvarthA saMjJA mAnA hai / adhikAMza alaGkAroM ke sambandha meM yaha mAnyatA ucita hI hai / alaGkAravizeSa kI saMjJA ke jahA~ eka se adhika athaM upalabdha the, vahA~ unake AdhAra para - alaGkAra kI alaga-alaga prakRti kI kalpanA svAbhAvika hI thI / aprastutaprazaMsA meM prazaMsA kA artha varNana mAnakara 'aprastuta kA varNana aura usase 'prastutArtha kA bhI bodha' usakA lakSaNa mAnA gayA hai; lekina kucha AcAryoM ne prazaMsA kA artha stuti svIkAra kiyA aura unhoMne usakA lakSaNa yaha kara diyA ki aprastuta kI prazaMsA, jisase prastuta kI nindA gamya ho aprastutaprazaMsA alaGkAra hai / ' vyAjastuti meM stuti ke artha ke AdhAra para nindA ke vyAja se stuti tathA stuti ke vyAja se nindA ko usakA lakSaNa mAnA gayA thA / kucha AcAryoM ko lagA ki ukta donoM rUpoM kA arthabodha karAne kI kSamatA vyAjastuti zabda meM nahIM hai; kyoMki isa nAma se vyAja se ( nindA ke vyAja se ) kI jAne vAlI 1. draSTavya - J. Gonda, Remarks on Similes In Sanskrit Literature.--pR0 119 2. aprastutaprazaMsA kI daNDI, bhoja Adi ke dvArA pradatta paribhASA tathA jayadeva, appayya dIkSita Adi ke dvArA pradatta paribhASA tulanIya | daNDI aprastuta kI stuti tathA usase prastuta kI gamya nindA ko aprastutaprazaMsA mAnate the, para appayya dIkSita Adi aprastuta ke varNana se prastuta ke gamya hone meM aprastutaprazaMsA mAnate haiM / - draSTavya, daNDI, kAvyAdarza, 2, 340-42 tathA -- appayya dIkSita, kuvalayAnanda, 66

Page #807
784 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa stuti mAtra kA hI bodha ho sakatA hai / ataH, yaha donoM rUpoM taka vyApta ho sakane yogya nAma vyAja ukti dUlaha, raghunAtha Adi AcAryoM ne sujhAyA; para yaha mAnya nahIM huaa| kucha alaGkAroM kA nAmakaraNa sAdRzya ke AdhAra para bhI kiyA gayA hai| bhASA meM sa dRzya aneka zabdoM ke svarUpa ko prabhAvita karatA hai| dvAdaza ke sAdRzya ke AdhAra para ekAdaza ke svarUpa kA nirmANa isakA eka pramANa hai| eka aura daza ke yoga se .ekAdaza kI vyutpatti sAmAnya dazA meM vyAkaraNa-sammata nahIM hotii| ekAdaza meM 'A' dhvani dvAdaza ke 'A' ke sAdRzya se A gayI hai| dvAdaza meM dvA ( saMskRta dvi ke lie veda kA dvA zabda) aura daza kA yoga hone para 'A' svabhAvataH rahatA hai| isI AdhAra para eka+daza ekAdaza bana gayA hogaa| bhASA meM sAdRzya ke aneka udAharaNa pAye jAte haiN| alaGkAra ke kSetra meM bhI sAdRzya kA prabhAva yatra-tatra spaSTa hai| saMskRta ke AlaGkArikoM ne bhrAntimAn alaGkAra ke nAma meM bhrAnti ke matupa pratyayAnta rUpa kA prayoga kiyA thaa| smRti, sandeha Adi kA matupa, vatupa pratyayAnta prayoga Avazyaka nahIM mAnA gayA thaa| hindI-rItizAstra ke dUlaha Adi AcAryoM ne bhrAntimAn ke sAdRzya ke AdhAra para sandeha ke sthAna para sandehavAn tathA smRti kI jagaha smRtimAn saMjJA kA ullekha kiyA hai| spaSTa hai ki loka-bhASA kI taraha alaGkAra bhI sAdRzya Adi se prabhAvita hotA rahA hai| ___ alaGkAra-sAmAnya aura bhASA ke isa sambandha-nirUpaNa ke uparAnta alaGkAra ke viziSTa bhedoM kA zabdArthagata vailakSaNya kI dRSTi se adhyayana apekSita hogaa| aupamyagarbha sabhI alaGkAroM meM upamAnopameya-bhAva samAna rUpa se rahA karatA hai; para sabhI ukti-bhaGgiyoM kA apanA-apanA vaiziSTaya hotA hai / atizayamUlaka, virodhamUlaka, zRGkhalAmUlaka Adi alaGkAroM ke sambandha meM bhI yahI satya hai| unameM atizaya, virodha, zRGkhalA Adi kA samAna tattva rahane para bhI apanA-apanA vailakSaNya rahatA hai aura yaha uktigata vilakSaNatA anivAryataH zabdArthagata vailakSaNya kA bodha karAtI hai| hama samAna tattva para AdhRta tathA ApAtataH samAna jAna par3ane vAle alaGkAroM ke pArasparika bheda para eka svatantra adhyAya meM vicAra kara cuke haiN| yahA~ isa kathana ke pramANa meM kucha udAharaNoM kA nirdeza hI paryApta hogaa| mukha aura kamala ke saundarya kA sAmya aneka prakAra kI uktiyoM se dikhAyA jA sakatA hai-usakA mukha kamala ke samAna sundara hai (upamA), usakA mukha kamala ke samAna sundara hai aura kamala

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alaGkAra aura bhASA 1 [ 785 usake mukha ke samAna sundara hai (upameyopamA), usakA mukha kamala se bhI adhika sundara hai (vyatireka), kamala usake mukha- sA sundara hai ( pratIpa), yaha mukha nahIM, kamala hai ( apahna uti), usakA mukha rUpI kamala dekho ( rUpaka), usake mukha ko kamala samajha kara usake pAsa bhauMre ma~DarA rahe haiM (bhrama), yaha mukha hai ki kamala ( sandeha) Adi / ina sabhI uktiyoM meM kamala aura mukha kA sAdRzya vivakSita hai; para artha kI dRSTi se vicAra karane para eka ukti kA artha dUsarI ukti se kucha viziSTa avazya hai / udAharaNArtha, upamA ke udAharaNa meM mukha aura kamala kA sAdRzya- mAtra vivakSita hai; para upameyopamA ke udAharaNa meM donoM ke pArasparika sAdRzya kI vivakSA ke sAtha hI tRtIya vastu ke sAdRzya-niSedha kI bhI vivakSA hai / mukha kamala ke samAna sundara hai - yaha kathana mukha ke anya upamAna kA niSedha nahIM karatA; para mukha kamala ke samAna hai aura kamala usa mukha ke samAna, isa kathana kA tAtparya yaha hotA hai ki ina donoM vastuoM ke atirikta koI anya vastu mukha ke samAna nahIM hai / vyatireka ke udAharaNa meM saudarya ke pratimAna se bhI varNya mukha ke saundaryAdhikya kI vivakSA hai / ata: upamA vaha isa dRSTi se bhinna hai ki jahA~ unamA meM varNya kA upamAna se sAdRzya- mAtra vivakSita rahatA hai, vahA~ vyatireka meM usakA Adhikya ukta rahatA hai / pratIpa meM ulaTakara prastuta vastu ko hI upamAna aura aprastuta ko upameya banA diyA jAtA hai / isameM bhI varNya kA guNAdhikya pratIta hotA hai, kyoMki upamAna meM guNAdhikya kI dhAraNA nihita rahatI hai / vyatireka kI taraha pratIpa meM varNya ke guNAdhikya kA pratyakSa nirdeza nahIM hotA, phira bhI guNAdhikya kI pratIti ho jAtI hai / upamA aura rUpaka ke ukta udAharaNoM para vicAra karane se donoM kA yaha bheda spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki jahA~ unamA meM mukha aura kamala kA bheda tathA saundarya kI dRSTi se abheda; donoM kI tulya pradhAnatA hai, vahA~ rUpaka ke udAharaNa meM mukha aura kamala meM bheda hone para bhI mukha para kamala kA Aropa ho jAne se abheda kI pradhAtA ho gayI hai / sandeha ke udAharaNa meM do vastuoM kA sAdRzya anizcayAtmaka dvaM koTika jJAna ke rUpa meM dikhAyA gayA hai to bhrAntimAn ke udAharaNa meM sAdRzyAtizaya kA bodha mukha meM tadbhinna vastu (kamala) ke ekakoTika nizcayAtmaka jJAna ke rUpa meM dikhAyA gayA hai / sabhI uktibhaGgiyoM kA pArasparika artha bheda bhASAzAstrIya adhyayana kI rocaka sAmagrI hai / hamane vibhinna AlaGkArika uktibhaGgiyoM kI pArasparika sUkSma bhinnatA para svatantra adhyAya meM vicAra kiyA hai / 50

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786 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa yaha bhASAvaijJAnika tathya hai ki eka kathya kI aneka abhivyaktiyAM hotI haiM tathA isake viparIta aneka kathyoM kI eka abhivyakti bhI hotI hai| bhASA kI ye donoM prakAra kI vizeSatAe~ bahudhA AlaGkArika prayoga para nirbhara rahatI haiM / ataH, alaGkAroM ke svarUpa-nirUpaNa meM ukti tathA artha ke aise aneka vilakSaNa sambandhoM kA vicAra kiyA jAtA rahA hai| zleSa, samAsokti, aprastutaprazaMsA, anyokti, gUDhokti, gUDhottara Adi meM eka abhivyakti meM aneka kathyoM ke tathya para vicAra huA hai, to paryAyokta Adi meM eka hI kathya kI vilakSaNa uktibhaGgI para vicAra kiyA gayA hai| usameM abhidheya artha ko abhidhA se na kahakara vyaJjanA-vRtti se kahA jAtA hai yA vyaGagya artha kA abhidhA se kathana hotA hai| usameM vAcya tathA vyaGagya artha mUlataH eka hI hotA hai; para usake kathana ke prakAra meM bheda hotA hai| niSkarSataH, alaGkAroM ke svarUpa meM bhASA kI asaMkhya bhaGgimAoM kA adhyayana hotA rahA hai| ataH, bhASA-vizeSa kI prakRti ko parakhane meM usake AlaGkArika prayogoM kA adhyayana sahAyaka hotA hai|

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aSTama adhyAya alaGkAra aura manobhAva bhAratIya kAvyazAstra ke AcAryoM ne alaGkAra ko manobhAva ke sAtha pratyakSataH sambaddha na mAnakara bhAvotkarSa meM prakArAntara se sahAyaka mAnA hai| alaGkAra kAvya ke zarIrabhUta zabda-artha ke saundarya kA utkarSa kara paramparayA kAvyAtmabhUta rasa-bhAvAdi kA bhI upakAra karate haiN| nizcaya hI rasAkSipta yA apRthagyatnanirvartya alaGkAra kAvya ke bahiraGga dharma nahIM hote; ve kAvyokti meM antaraGga bhAva se mile rahate haiM; para isa tathya ko bhI asvIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA ki kahIM-kahIM alaGkAra bhAva ke bAdhaka bhI bana jAte haiN| kaThora varNoM kA anuprAsa apane Apa meM to alaGkAra hai; para rati ke komala manobhAva kA usase poSaNa nahIM ho sktaa| isI dRSTi se AcAryoM ne alaGkAra ko kAvya-saundarya kA-bhAvotkarSa kA-anitya sAdhaka mAnA hai| prastuta adhyAya meM hama manobhAva kI dRSTi se kAvyAlaGkAra ke svarUpa para vicAra kreNge| prAcIna AlaGkArikoM ne alaGkAra-vizeSa kA manobhAva-vizeSa ke sAtha nitya sambandha nahIM mAnA thaa| jina AcAryoM ne alaGkAra ko kAvya-saundarya kA paryAya mAnakara rasa-bhAva Adi ko bhI alaGkAra-vizeSa ke rUpa meM nirUpita kiyA thA unhoMne bhI manobhAva kI dRSTi se alaGkAra kA viSaya-vibhAga nahIM kiyA thaa| rasapezala ko rasavat alaGkAra mAnane vAle daNDI Adi AcAryoM ne eka hI alaGkAra meM sabhI rasoM kA-sabhI manobhAvoM kA samAveza mAna liyA thA / paravartI AcAryoM ne bhI guNIbhUta rasa-bhAva Adi ko sAmAnya rUpa se rasavat, preya Adi alaGkAra kahA / una AcAryoM ne citta kI tIna vRttiyo-ti, dIpti aura vikAsa-svIkAra kara mAdhurya, oja aura prasAda

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788 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa guNoM ke sAtha unakA kramika sambandha mAnA aura sabhI rasoM kA isa dRSTi se viSaya vibhAjana kiyA; para citta kI kisI vizeSa vRtti ke sAtha kisI vizeSa alaGkAra kA nitya sambandha unhoMne nahIM mAnA / hindI-rIti-sAhitya ke AcArya rAya zivaprasAda ne 'rasabhUSaNa' meM vibhinna alaGkAro kA tattat rasoM ke sAtha sambandha jor3ane kA prayAsa kiyA thA; para vaha siddhAnta mAnya nahIM ho pAyA / praharSaNa, viSAdana Adi alaGkAroM kA sambandha ullAsa, viSAda Adi ke manobhAva se avazya hai; para isa AdhAra para vibhinna alaGkAroM kA vibhinna manobhAvoM se nitya sambandha nahIM jor3A jA sktaa| Adhunika manovijJAna ke siddhAntoM ke prakAza meM kucha samIkSakoM ne vibhinna alaGkAroM ke arthabodha meM mAnasika avasthA-vizeSa ke nirdhAraNa kA prayAsa kiyA hai| __ DaoN0 nagendra ne alaGkAroM ke manovaijJAnika AdhAra kA anveSaNa karate hue AcArya bhAmaha tathA daNDI Adi kI isa mAnyatA kA samarthana kiyA hai ki sabhI alaGkAroM kA mUlAdhAra atizaya kA tattva hai / kAvyokti loka-vyavahAra kI ukti se - vArtA se-bhinna honI hI caahie| ataH, lokAtizayatva ko bhAmaha, daNDI Adi AcAryoM ne kAvyAlaGkAra kA AdhArabhUta tattva mAnA thaa| DaoN0 nagendra kI mAnyatA hai ki alaGkAra-mAtra kA AdhArabhUta tattva atizayabhAva kA atizaya-hai jisake mUla meM mana kA oja rahA karatA hai|' isa prakAra alaGkAra-sAmAnya kA sambandha DaoN0 nagendra ne mana ke oja se mAnA hai| isa eka AdhAra se -jo zAstra-sammata hai-Age bar3hakara DaoN0 nagendra. ne phira tIna AdhAroM kI kalpanA samasta alaGkAroM ke mUla meM kI hai| ve haiM-atizaya, vakratA aura camatkAra / bhAratIya alaGkArazAstra meM atizaya aura vakratA kA prayoga paryAya ke rUpa meM huA hai| bhAmaha ne atizayokti ke lie hI vakrokti zabda kA prayoga kara kahA thA ki yaha vakrokti ( atizayokti ) sabhI kAvyoktiyoM kA prANabhUta tattva hai| camatkAra bhI vakratA yA atizaya se tattvataH bhinna nhiiN| kAvyazAstra meM camatkAra kA prayoga lokottara Ananda ke artha meM huA hai| bhaTTa nArAyaNa ne isI artha meM camatkAra ko rasa kA sAra kahA thaa| Anandavardhana, abhinava - 1. DaoN. nagendra, rItikAvya kI bhUmikA, pR0 86 2. saiSA sarvava vakroktiranayArtho vibhAvyate / __ yatno'syAM kavinA kAryaH ko'laGkAro'nayA vinA // -bhAmaha, kAvyAlaGkAra, 2, 85.

Page #812
alaGkAra aura manobhAva [786 gupta, kSemendra, vizvezvara Adi AcAryoM ne isI artha meM camatkAra zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai| vizvezvara ne camatkAra ko Ananda kA paryAya mAna kara guNa, rIti, rasa, alaGkAra Adi ko usakA hetu mAnA hai|' paNDitarAja jagannAtha ne ramaNIya' zabda ke artha kA spaSTIkaraNa karate hue use lokottara AhlAda yA camatkAra se abhinna batAyA hai / 2 niSkarSa yaha ki lokottaratA yA atizaya, vakratA evaM camatkAra mUlataH abhinna mAne gaye haiN| pIche calakara saGkacita artha meM camatkAra kA prayoga sukhada vismaya ke artha meM hone lagA hai| DaoN0 nagendra ne ukta tInoM zabdoM ke artha ke sambandha meM paramparAgata mAnyatA kI upekSA kara kiJcit artha bheda ke sAtha una zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA hai| ve baDhA-car3hA kara varNana ko atizaya, sIdhe na kahakara ghumA-phirA kara kahane ko vakratA aura zrotA ko camatkRta arthAt vismaya-vimugdha kara dene vAle buddhi-kautuka ko camatkAra mAnate haiM / yaha prazna kiyA jA sakatA hai ki yadi atizaya sabhI alaGkAroM kA mUlAdhAra mAna liyA gayA to tIna AdhAroM kI kalpanA karate hue vakratA, camatkAra tathA atizaya ko alaga-alaga mUlAdhAra mAnane meM kyA yukti hogI ? yadi tInoM ko alaga-alaga mUlAdhAra mAnakara samasta alaGkAroM ko tIna vargoM meM vibhAjita kiyA jAya, to atizayamUlaka alaGkAravarga meM Ane vAle kucha alaGkAroM kA hI mUlAdhAra atizaya ko mAnanA pdd'egaa| aisI sthiti meM atizaya kA viSaya sImita ho jAyagA aura yaha mAnyatA svataH khaNDita ho jAyagI ki atizaya sabhI alaGkAroM kA mUlAdhAra hai| isa prazna kA samAdhAna isa prakAra sambhava hai ki atizaya ko sAmAnya rUpa se sabhI alaGkAroM kA AdhAra tattva mAna lene para atizaya, vakratA aura camatkAra, ina tattvoM ke AdhAra para alaGkAroM ke vargIkaraNa meM una tattvoM meM sAmAnyavizeSa kA sambandha mAnA gayA hai| atizaya sAmAnya rUpa se sabhI 1. camatkArastu viduSAmAnandaparivAhakRt / guNaM rIti rasaM vRtti pAkaM zayyAmalaGka tim / saptaitAni camatkArakAraNaM bravate budhAH ||-vishveshvr, camatkAra cadrikA uddha ta, rAghavana, Some concepts of Alankarasastra pR0 200 2. ramaNIyA pratipAdakaH zabdaH kAvyam / ramaNIyatA ca lokotarAhlAda janakajJAnagocaratA / lokottaratvaM cAhlAdagataH camatkArAparaparyAyaH anubhavasAkSiko jAtivizeSaH |-jgnnaath, rasagaGgAdhara, pR0 6

Page #813
760 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa alaGkAroM meM rahatA hai; para usake sAtha kucha alaGkAroM meM camatkAra rahatA hai aura kucha meM vakratA tathA kucha meM atizaya-kathana / sAmAnya rUpa se sabhI alaGkAroM meM rahane vAle atizaya kA artha hai-lokavyavahAra kI ukti se kAvyokti ko alaga karane vAlI rmnniiytaa| atizaya varga ke alaGkAroM kA mUla-tattva baDhA-car3hAkara kathana hai| para isa yukti se bhI sabhI samasyAoM kA samAdhAna nahIM ho paataa| atizaya, vakratA tathA usase utpanna camatkAra ko paramparA se tattvataH abhinna mAnA jAtA rahA hai| inheM alagaalaga mAnane meM pAThaka kA saMskAra bAdhaka ho sakatA hai| aura adhika vistRta AdhAra kA anveSaNa karate hue DaoN0 nagendra ne alaGkAroM ke chaha AdhAra svIkAra kiye haiM aura unakA sambandha citta kI chaha avasthAoM se mAnA hai| ve AdhAra haiM-sAdharmya. atizaya, vaiSamya, aucitya, vakratA aura camatkAra / inakA sambandha spaSTatA, vistAra, Azcarya, anviti, jijJAsA aura kautUhala kI manodazA se mAnA gayA hai| ina chaha AdhAroM meM se atizaya, vakratA aura camatkAra ko mUlAdhAra mAnane ke aucitya para hama vicAra kara cuke hai / tIna navIna AdhAra haiM--sAdharmya, vaiSamya aura aucitya / sAdharmyamUlaka alaGkAroM kA eka varga bhAratIya alaGkArazAstra meM prAcIna kAla se hI mAnya rahA hai / vaiSamya, sambhavataH, virodha ke sthAna para navIna zabda kA prayoga hai| virodha ko bhI aneka alaGkAroM kA samAna AdhAra AlaGkArikoM ne mAnA hai / aucitya ko kucha alaGkAroM kA mUlAdhAra mAnane meM aucitya zabda kA prayoga kucha viziSTa evaM saGa kucita artha meM kiyA gayA hai / aucitya ke sambandha meM bhAratIya alaGkArazAstra ke pAThakoM kI bar3I vyApaka dhAraNA rahI hai| aucitya kAvya ke sabhI tattvoM kA prANabhUta tattva mAnA gayA hai| anaucitya kAvya ke aneka doSoM ko janma detA hai| aucitya ke abhAva meM guNa, alaGkAra Adi ke astitva kI kalpanA bhI nahIM kI jA sktii| aucitya ko mUlAdhAra mAnane meM sambhavataH DaoN0 nagendra kI dRSTi meM ve alaGkAra the, jo anurUpa ghaTanA tathA anukrama Adi para AdhRta hote haiM / anukrama yA anurUpatA Adi ke lie aucitya-jaise zabda kA, jise kAvyazAstra meM vizeSa saGa keta prApta hai, prayoga ucita nahIM jAna pdd'taa| ukta chaha AdhAroM para vargIkRta alaGkAroM kA pUrvokta chaha manobhAvoM se sambandha dikhAte hue kahA gayA hai ki aisA karane ke lie ( ukti ko prabhAvotpAdaka banAne ke lie ) hama sadRza lokamAnya vastuoM se tulanA ke dvArA apane kathana ko spaSTa banA kara use

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alaGkAra aura manobhAva [ 791 zrotA ke mana meM acchI taraha, biThAte haiM, bAta ko bar3hA-car3hAkara usake mana kA vistAra karate haiM, bAhya vaiSamya Adi kA niyojana karake usameM Azcarya kI udbhAvanA karate haiM, anukrama yA aucitya kI pratiSThA karake usakI vRttiyoM ko anvita karate haiM, bAta ko ghumA-phirAkara vakratA ke sAtha kahakara usakI jijJAsA kA uddIpana karate haiM athavA buddhi kI karAmAta dikhAkara usake mana meM kautUhala utpanna karate hai / " isameM sandeha nahIM ki sAdRzyamUlaka alaGkAra spaSTatayA arthabodha meM sahAyaka hI nahIM, kahIM-kahIM usake lie anivArya bhI ho jAte haiM / hamane alaGkAroM ke bhASAzAstrIya adhyayana meM isa tathya para vicAra kiyA hai ki amUrta bhAva, vicAra Adi ko mUrta rUpa meM prastuta karane meM upamAna kA sahArA Avazyaka hotA hai / para spaSTatA taka hI sAdRzyamUlaka alaGkAroM kA kSetra sImita nahIM / rUpakAtizayokti bhI sAdRzya para AdhRta alaGkAra hai, jisameM upamAna kA kathana sAdRzya ke kAraNa upameya kA bhI bodha karA detA hai, phira bhI usameM citta-vistAra kA guNa pAyA jA sakatA hai / nidarzanA meM vastusambandha kA abhAva rahane para unameM upamAnopameya-bhAva kI parikalpanA se anviti kA tattva pAyA jA sakatA hai / apahnati meM yathArtha prakRta kA niSedha aura ayathArtha aprakRta kI sthApanA meM jijJAsA kA tattva rahatA hai / prakRta vastu kA niSedha anivAryataH jijJAsA utpanna karatA hai / aneka upamAna Azcarya ke manobhAva ko bhI jAgrata karane meM sahAyaka hote haiM / vega ke lie vidya ut kA upamAna Azcarya utpanna kara sakatA hai / 'kanduka iva brAhmANDa uThAU' isa kathana meM brahmANDa ke lie kanduka upamAna nizcaya hI Azcarya kI sRSTi karatA hai; kyoMki vaha upamAna lakSmaNa kI asIma zakti kI vyaJjanA meM sahAyaka hai / pAtraucitya ke kAraNa asaGgata upamAna kI yojanA bhI camatkAra kI sRSTi kI jAtI hai / 'mRcchakaTika' meM isake aneka udAharaNa milate haiM / 3 alaGkArazAstra ke AcAryoM ne kahA thA ki jahA~ rasabhAva Adi kA abhAva ho, vahA~ koI bhI alaGkAra uktivaicitrya mAtra meM paryavasita hotA hai / aisI sthiti meM vaha camatkAra utpanna kiyA karatA hai / abhiprAya yaha ki jahA~ kavi 1. DaoN0 nagendra, rItikAvya kI bhUmikA, pR0 86-87 2. prastuta grantha, adhyAya 7 3. draSTavya - zUdraka, mRcchakaTika 1

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762 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa kA uddezya kevala alaGkAra-yojanA kA camatkAra pradarzita karanA ho, vahAM upamA Adi sAdRzyamUlaka alaGkAra bhI uktivaicitrya mAtra kI sRSTi karate hue pAThaka ke mana meM kautUhala hI jAgrata kareMge / sAdRzyamUlaka alaGkAra spaSTatA, vistAra, Azcarya, anviti, jijJAsA aura kautUhala; ina sabhI manobhAvoM kI sRSTi kara sakate haiM / yadi kAvya meM rasa rahe to eka hI alaGkAra vibhinna rasoM meM sahAyaka banakara tattat manobhAvoM ko tIvra karane meM sahAyaka hotA hai / paraspara virodhI manobhAvoM kA utkarSa bhI eka hI alaGkAra kara sakatA hai| isa dRSTi se eka utprekSA ke kucha udAharaNa draSTavya haiM -prasAda ne zraddhA ke saundarya kA varNana karate hue yaha kalpanA kI hai-- nIla paridhAna bIca sukumAra khulA thA mRdula abakhalA aNg| khilA ho jyoM bijalI kA phUla megha vana bIca gulAvI raMga / / ' isameM kalpita upamAna saundarya-bodha ko tIvra banAkara zRGgAra kI bhAvanA ko puSTa karatA hai| manobhAva kI komalatA kI-kAvyazAstra meM prayukta pAribhASika zabda meM kaheM to citta kI dra ti kI sRSTi meM ukta upamAnayojanA sahAyaka hai| latA bhavana te pragaTa bhe tehi avasara dou bhAi / nikase jana juga bimala bidhu jalada paTala vilagAi // 2 yaha utprekSA bhI saundarya-bodha ko tIvra karane meM sahAyaka hai aura mana kI komala anubhUti ko tIvra karane meM sahAyaka hai / para; ___ jAnahu agini ke uThai pahAr3A."3 isa utprekSA meM agniparvata kI kalpanA mana ko vismita karatI hai, use dIpta karatI hai| mAnahu sarosa bhuaMga bhAmini viSama mAMti nihAraI / / 1. jayazaGkara prasAda, kAmAyanI 2. tulasI, rAmacaritamAnasa, bAlakANDa 3. jAyasI, padmAvata 4. tulasI, rAmacaritamAnasa, ayodhyAkANDa

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alaGkAra aura manobhAva [ 763 isa kalpanA meM upamAna kaikeyI ke svarUpa kI bhISaNatA ke bodha ko tIvra kara mana ko dIpta karane meM sahAyaka hotA hai| spaSTa hai ki utprekSA yA kisI bhI anya sAdRzya, yA virodha Adi mUlaka alaGkAra ko kisI vizeSa manodazA ke sAtha niyata rUpa se sambaddha karanA yuktisaGgata nhiiN| eka hI upamAna ' paraspara virodhI prabhAva kI vRddhi bhI kara sakatA hai| ramaNI kI kAlI laTa ke lie nAgina upamAna usake saundarya-bodha ko tIvra karatA hai; para ramaNI ko nAgina ke samAna kahA jAya to vahI upamAna bhISaNatA kA prabhAva bar3hAtA hai / eka hI alaGkAra bhAva-vizeSa ke sAtha rahakara usakI tIvratA meM sahAyaka ho sakatA hai aura vahI usa bhAva ke virodhI bhAvoM ke sAtha raha kara unakA bhI poSaNa kara sakatA hai| hA~, bhAva hIna kAvya meM bhI alaGkAra ukti-bhaGgI kA vilakSaNatA se artha-grahaga kI vibhinna mAnasika dazAoM kI sRSTi karate haiM / alaGkAra-sAmAnya ko dRSTi meM rakhate hue yaha kathana ThIka hai ki alaGkAra spaSTatA, vistAra, Azcarya, anviti, jijJAsA tathA kautUhala ke manobhAva ko jagAne meM sahAyaka hote haiN| para inameM se kisI viziSTa manobhAva ke sAtha viziSTa alaGkAroM kA nitya sambandha nahIM jor3A jA sakatA-ina manobhAvoM ke AdhAra para alaGkAroM kA vargIkaraNa nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / sAhityazAstra meM alaGkAra manobhAva se paramparayA hI sambaddha mAne gaye haiN| rasa-bhAva-pUrNa kAvya meM koI bhI eka alaGkAra vibhinna manobhAvoM kA poSaNa karatA huA dekhA jA sakatA hai| rasahIna kAvya meM bhI spaSTatA, camatkAra Adi utpanna karanA alaGkAra kA lakSya hotA hai| alaGkAra ke svarUpa-nirUpaNa-krama meM AcAryoM ne jisa mAnasika prakriyA para dhyAna rakhA hai, usakA Adhunika manovijJAna ke siddhAnta ke prakAza meM adhyayana rocaka viSaya hogaa| apRthagyatnanirvatyaM alaGkAra kAvyokti ke antaraGga tattva hote haiM / ve bhAva ke sahajAta hote haiN| una alaGkAroM se yukta ukti-vizeSa manobhAva-vizeSa ko utpanna karate haiN| ataH, vizeSa sandarbha meM alaGkAra-vizeSa kA manobhAva-vizeSa ke sAtha sambandha-nirUpaNa kiyA jA sakatA hai| sAdRzya, virodha, atizaya Adi ke AdhAra para alaGkAroM ke svarUpa kA nirUpaNa manovaijJAnika dhAraNA para Adhata hai| manovijJAna meM sAhacarya ko eka vastu ke jJAna se anya vastu ke jJAna meM sahAyaka mAnA jAtA hai / sAdRzya aura virodha sAhacarya ke hI do bheda haiN| eka vastu kA jJAna usake sadRza anya vastu kA jJAna karAne meM sahAyaka hotA hai / isIlie mImAMsA darzana ke jJAna

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794 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa vivecana meM upamAna ko jJAna kA eka pramANa mAnA gayA hai| nIlagAya gAya ke samAna hotI hai, isa kathana se gAya kA jJAna sAdRzya ke AdhAra para nIla gAya ke jJAna meM sahAyaka hotA hai| pUrvAnubhUta do sadRza vastuoM meM se eka kA jJAna dUsare kI smRti jagA detA hai| kAvya meM prastuta vastu ke lie jo aprastuta kI yojanA kI jAtI hai, usakI prakriyA para isa manovaijJAnika tathya ko dRSTi meM rakhakara vicAra kiyA jA sakatA hai / sAmAnyataH yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki prastuta vastu ke rUpa-guNa Adi ko aura adhika utkarSa pradAna karane ke lie adhika guNavAn upamAna kI yojanA kI jAtI hai| kavi varNya vastu ke sambandha meM pAThaka kI nizcita dhAraNA jagAne ke lie usake mana meM kisI aisI vastu kI dhAraNA jagA detA hai, jisake rUpa-guNa ke viziSTa prabhAva se pAThaka kA mana pahale se paricita rahatA hai| yaha viziSTa prabhAva jagakara prastuta kA bhI vaisA hI prabhAvapUrNa citra banA detA hai| aprastuta ke rUpa-guNa kI-sI hI anubhUti prastuta ke rUpa-guNa kI bhI ho jAtI hai| kAvya ke bhAvana kI prakriyA kI dRSTi se nizcaya hI ukta rUpa meM aprastuta prastuta ke utkarSa meM sahAyaka hotA hai; para kAvya kI sRjana-prakriyA ko dRSTi se bhI sAdRzyamUlaka alaGkAra meM upamAna-yojanA ke manovaijJAnika mahattva para vicAra kiyA jAnA caahie| isa tathya ko asvIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA ki kavi ke mana meM upameya kA saundarya-bodha sAdRzya ke kAraNa aneka aprastutoM kI smRti anAyAsa hI jagA detA hai| aisI sthiti meM prastuta ke saundarya-bodha kI abhivyakti ke krama meM aneka aprastuta svataH A milate haiN| rasasiddha kavi kI bhAvAbhivyakti kI isI sahaja prakriyA ko dRSTi meM rakhakara Anandavardhana ne kahA hogA ki unake kAvya meM Age Akara abhivyakti pAne ke lie upamAnoM meM hor3a laga jAtI hai| isa taraha kahIM-kahIM prastuta ke utkarSa sAdhana meM upamAna sahAyaka banAkara lAye jAte haiM to kahIM-kahIM ve anAyAsa hI kavi kI anubhUti ke aGga banakara A jAte haiN| sAdharmya ke sAtha vaidharmya ke AdhAra para bhI aneka alaGkAroM ke svarUpa kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai / eka hI alaGkAra kA svarUpa-vidhAna sAdharmya se bhI hotA hai aura vaidharmya se bhii| ataH sAdharmya tathA vaidhayaM ke AdhAra para alaGkAroM ko alaga-alaga vargoM meM vibhAjita karanA kaThina hai| virodhamUlaka, atizayamUlaka Adi alaGkAroM ke svarUpa-nirUpaNa meM bhI AcAryoM kI dRSTi kisI-na-kisI manovaijJAnika tathya para rahI thii| virodha,

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alaGkAra aura manobhAva [765. viSama Adi meM virUpa vastuoM kI ghaTanA vAJchanIya mAnI gayI hai| manovaijJAnika tathya yaha hai ki kisI manobhAva ko usakA virodhI manobhAva aura bhI tIvra karane meM sahAyaka hotA hai| virodhI raGga ke paTa para rekhA kA raGga adhika ubharatA hai| citra-phalaka jitanA ujjvala hotA hai kAlI rekhA utanI hI adhika nikharatI hai| manobhAva kI bhI yahI sthiti hotI hai| kisI vastu kI komalatA kI anubhUti taba aura adhika tIvra ho jAtI hai jaba mana meM usake sAtha hI kisI vastu kI kaThoratA kI anubhUti bhI jagA dI jAtI hai| vicitra Adi alaGkAra meM bhI jahA~ icchita phala ke pratikUla kArya kA varNana-jaise unnati pAne ke lie kisI ke Age jhukane Adi kA varNana hotA hai, vahAM kartA ke AcaraNa kI vicitratA kA bodha, usakI icchA aura kriyA ke virodha se, pAThaka ke mana meM tIvratA ke sAtha ubhara AtA hai| atizayamUlaka alaGkAra meM to kavi kA spaSTa uddezya hI yahI rahatA hai ki vaha vastu kA sAtizaya varNana kara usake prati pAThaka ke mana meM tIvra bhAva jagAve / smRti, bhrAnti, sandeha Adi alaGkAroM kA sIdhA sambandha tattat manodazAoM se mAnA gayA hai| smRti Adi kI manodazA kA jo svarUpa alaGkArazAstra ke AcAryoM ne pratipAdita kiyA thA vaha Adhunika manovijJAna ke vidvAnoM ko bhI mAnya hai| niSkarSa yaha ki samagrataH alaGkAroM ke svarUpa meM tattat manobhAvoM ko tIvra karane kI dhAraNA AcAryoM ke mana meM avazya thI; para alaGkAra-vizeSa ko unhoMne manobhAva-vizeSa ke sAtha sayukta nahIM kiyA thaa| manobhAva-vizeSa ke sAtha alaGkAra-vizeSa ko jor3ane kA koI bhI prayAsa doSa-mukta nahIM hogA; sAtha hI vaha bhAratIya alaGkArazAstra ke mAnya manISiyoM ke cintana kA virodhI bhI hogaa| vibhinna alaGkAroM meM arthabodha kI tattat mAnasika prakriyA para vicAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| alaGkAra ukti ke vibhinna prakAra hI haiN| pratyeka uktibhaGgI kI arthagrahaNa- prakriyA kucha viziSTa hotI hI hai / ataH, eka mUla tattva para AdhRta alaGkAroM ke svarUpa meM bhI paryApta pArasparika bheda rahatA hai / isapara hamane svatantra adhyAya meM vicAra kiyA hai / alaGkAroM ke vibhinna vargoM kI kalpanA ke lie jo mUla tattva AcAryoM ne svIkAra kiye haiM, unameM arthabodha kI viziSTa prakriyA para dhyAna rakhA gayA hai| bhAmaha, kuntaka Adi ne vakrokti yA atizayokti ko sabhI alaGkAroM kA mUla tattva mAnA thaa| kuntaka ne to isI AdhAra para svabhAvokti Adi ko alaGkAra-kSetra se bahiSkRta karane kA bhI prayAsa kiyA thaa| nizcaya hI kAvya kI uktiyA~ loka kI uktiyoM

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766 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa se apekSAkRta adhika ramaNIya yA camatkArapUrNa hotI haiM; kintu loka kI uktiyoM ko kAvya ke lie sarvathA anupayukta nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| kAvya kI uktiyoM kI ramaNIyatA ko bhI lokottara kahane kA tAtparya use lokajIvana se sarvathA vicchi na mAnane kA nahIM hai| kAvya meM loka-jIvana kA bhI citraNa hotA hai; usakI punaHsRSTi hotI hai| kAvya kavi kI mAnasa-sRSTi hai| ataH usameM citrita loka-jIvana bhI nayA rUpa dhAraNa kara-lokottara banakara-hamAre sAmane AtA hai| tathya yaha hai ki kavi kI mAnasa-sRSTi lokajIvana ke satya ke jitanA nikaTa pahu~ca pAtI hai, utanA hI adhika usakA mUlya hotA hai| kitanI hI lokoktiyA~, loka-pracalita kahAvata aura muhAvare sarasa kavi ke kAvya meM prayukta hue haiN| ataH, camatkAravAdI AcAryoM kI yaha dhAraNA-ki kAvya kI sabhI uktibhaGgiyoM ke mUla meM atizaya kA tattva rahanA hI cAhie, mAnya nahIM huii| eka ora jahA~ alaGkAra Adi ke anAva meM bhI rasasiddha kavi kI sahaja rasamaya vANI ko kAvya mAnA gayA, vahA~ dUsarI ora kAvyAlaGkAra ke kSetra meM bhI lokokti, svabhAvokti Adi alaGkAroM kA astitva svIkRta huaa| kavi ke hRdaya kA bhAva dvaga sadA atizaya ke tattva kA sahArA lekara hI vyakta ho, yaha Avazyaka nhiiN| usake 'bhAva ko sahI-sahI vyakta karane ke lie prayukta alaGkAroM meM sadA lokottara 'camatkAra yA atizaya kA tattva rahe; yaha bhI Avazyaka nahIM / isIlie adhikAMza AcAryoM ne atizaya ko kucha hI alaGkAroM kA mUla tattva svIkAra kiyA, sabhI alaGkAroM kA nhiiN| spaSTa hai ki sabhI alaGkAroM ke mUla meM atizaya kA tattva mAnakara usake AdhAra para alaGkAramAtra ko mana ke vistAra kI prakriyA se sambaddha mAnane meM do mata ho sakate haiN| yadi atizayokti yA vakrokti kA sAmAnya artha-vArtA yA kuzala-samAcAra Adi kI ukti se vilakSaNa kAvyAtmaka ukti artha-mAnA jAya taba to bhAmaha Adi kI isa mAnyatA kA aucitya asandigdha hai ki vakrokti sabhI alaGkAroM kA prANa hai; para viziSTa artha meM atizayokti-bar3hA-car3hA kara ukti-kucha alaGkAroM kA hI mUla tattva mAnI jA sakatI hai| prastuta sandarbha meM alaGkAra vizeSa ke svarUpa ko dRSTi meM rakhakara unake arthabodha kI mAnasika prakriyA para vicAra kara lenA vAJchanIya hogaa| upamA-aitihAsika dRSTi se upamA prathama alaGkAra hai, jisane sAdRzyamUlaka aneka alaGkAroM ko janma diyA hai| kucha AcAryoM ne to kevala

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alaGkAra aura manobhAva [767. aupamyagarbha alaGkAroM ko hI kAvya ke alaGkAra ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai| isa mAnyatA meM kucha durAgraha ho sakatA hai; para isameM sandeha nahIM ki adhikAMza mahattvapUrNa alaGkAra aupamyagarbha alaGkAra-varga meM hI Ate haiN| upamA meM do vastuoM-prastuta tathA aprastuta-meM sAdRzya ke AdhAra para varNya vastu kI avarNya ke sAtha tulanA kI jAtI hai| sAdRzya meM do vastuoM meM kucha sAmAnya tathA kucha vizeSa kI dhAraNA rahatI hai / donoM meM kucha samAna dharma na hoM to donoM kI tulanA kA koI AdhAra hI nahIM hogA aura yadi donoM meM apane-apane vizeSa dharma na raheM to, donoM meM kucha bheda hI nahIM raha jaaygaa| upamA Adi meM bheda tathA abheda donoM samAna rUpa se pradhAna rahate haiM; ataH unheM medAbhedatulya-. pradhAna alaGkAra mAnA gayA hai| manovaijJAnika dRSTi se upamA alaGkAra para vicAra karane se kaI tathya sAmane Ate haiN| prastuta ke samakakSa jo aprastuta rakhA jAtA hai usase pramAtA kA mana alaga-alaga do bimba grahaNa karatA hai| eka sAtha mana eka se adhika artha grahaNa nahIM krtaa| aneka arthoM ke bodha meM eka sUkSma krama avazya rahA karatA hai| upamA meM pahale upamAna bhI rakhA jA sakatA hai aura upameya bhii| isa prakAra mana eka kA bimba-grahaNa kara avyavahita rUpa se anya kA bhI bimba grahaNa karatA hai| mana meM ubharane vAlA eka bimba apane samIpastha dUsare bimba ko prabhAvita kara detA hai| upamAna ke guNotkarSa kI jo dhAraNA pramAtA meM pahale rahatI hai, usa guNotkarSa kI dhAraNA ke sAtha mana meM ubharane vAlA aprastuta kA bimba prastuta ke guNotkarSa kI dhAraNA ko jagAne meM bhI sahAyaka hotA hai| isa prakAra varNanIya viSaya ke sAtha anya vastu ke bodha karAne kI prakriyA se upamA manobhAva kA vistAra karatI hai| kahIM-kahIM artha kI spaSTatA meM bhI upamA sahAyaka hotI hai| aisI sthiti meM spaSTatA meM sahAyaka hokara upamA mana ke vikAsa kA bhI hetu banatI hai; para spaSTatA upamA kA sArvatrika dharma nahIM hai| zAstrIya upamAna kI kalpanA sabhI pAThakoM ke mana me arthabodha spaSTa karane meM sahAyaka nahIM bhI ho sktii| jahA~ prastuta ke rUpa, guNa, kriyA Adi ke utkarSa ke uddezya se hI atyanta utkRSTa guNa Adi vAle upamAna kI yojanA kI jAtI hai, vahA~ pAThaka kA mana camatkRta bhI ho uThatA hai / zatru para AkramaNa ke vega kA bodha karAne ke lie yadi yaha kahA jAya ki 'vidya t ke vega se vaha zatru para TUTa par3A' to vidya t-vega kA bodha pAThaka ke mana ko camatkRta hI kregaa| spaSTataH upamA ko kisI eka manodazA se sambaddha nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| vaha mana ke

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'768 ]. alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa "vistAra, vikAsa, camatkAra Adi vibhinna vRttiyoM, meM sahAyaka ho sakatI hai| upamA ke vibhinna vAcaka zabdoM 'iva', 'yathA', 'sadRza', 'tulya' 'vat' Adi ke AdhAra para na kevala vAkya-yojanA meM bheda huA karatA hai; varan unake arthabodha meM bhI sUkSma bheda rahA karatA hai| mAnasika vRttiyoM ke adhyayana meM upamA ke vAcaka-bheda para bhI dhyAna diyA jAnA cAhie / mammaTa, vizvanAtha, jagannAtha Adi AcAryoM ne upamA ke vibhinna bhedoM para isa dRSTi se vyApaka vicAra kiyA hai| unhoMne upamA ke ta t bhedoM ke arthabodha kI paraspara vilakSaNatA kA saGkata diyA hai| DaoN0 goMDA ne vAcaka zabdoM ke AdhAra para upamA ke vibhinna bhedoM ke arthabodha meM hone vAle antara kA ullekha kiyA hai| isa eka alaGkAra ke aneka bhedoM para vicAra kiye binA samagra rUpa se upamA ko mana kI eka vRtti se jor3a denA yuktisaGgata nhiiN| ananvaya :-ananvaya meM varNya vastu kI usI ke sAtha tulanA kI jAtI hai| isa prakriyA meM pAThaka ko varNya vastu kI ananyasAdhAraNatA kA bodha hotA hai| aisA jAna par3atA hai ki kavi kA mana varNya vastu ke lie anya upamAna DhUDha kara thaka gayA ho aura usa varNya ke samAna anya vastu na pAkara usane upameya ko hI usakA upamAna bhI banA diyA ho| isa prakAra ananvaya meM varNya kI asAdhAraNatA ke bodha se pAThaka kA mana camatkRta hotA hai| isa asAdhAraNatA ke bodha ke krama meM pAThaka kA mana varNya ke sambhAvita upamAnoM kI varNya kI tulanA meM hInatA kA bhI bodha grahaNa karatA hai / upameyopamA :-varNya tathA avarNya kI paraspara upamA meM do hI vastuoM kA pArasparika sAdRzya niyantrita ho jAtA hai| isase pAThaka kA mana kisI bhI tIsarI vastu ke sAtha varNya ke sAdRzya kI sambhAvanA kA niSedha karatA huA do vastuoM ke sAdRzya kA bodha grahaNa karatA hai| anya-sAdRzya-vyavaccheda kI isa prakriyA meM bhI pAThaka kA mana eka upamAna ko chor3a varNya ke anya sambhAvita upamAnoM ke sAtha varNya ke sAdRzya kA niSedha karatA huA do vastuoM ke sAdRzya kA bodha karatA hai / rUpaka :-upameya para upamAna kA Aropa hone para pAThaka kA mana pradhAnataH donoM ke abheda kA bodha karatA hai| yadyapi rUpaka meM bhI upameya aura upamAna meM kucha bheda aura kucha abheda avazya rahatA hai; para pradhAnatA abheda kI ho jAtI hai| isa alaGkAra meM do vastuoM ke guNoM kA abheda-bodha hotA hai|

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alaGkAra aura manobhAva [766 pratIpa-upamA kI prakriyA ke viparIta upamAna ko upameya tathA upameya ko usakA ( sAmAnyataH svIkRta upamAna kA ) upamAna banAye jAne para pAThaka kA mana upameya ke guNotkarSa kA bodha karatA hai| upamAna meM guNa kI utkRSTatA pUrva-svIkRta rahatI hai| use upameya banAkara jaba varNya viSaya ko hI usakA upamAna banAyA jAtA hai to pAThaka kA mana upamAna kI apekSA bhI upameya meM guNAdhikya kA anubhava karatA hai| pratyakSataH do vastuoM meM kisI ke guNotkarSa kA kathana na hone para bhI upameya ke guNotkarSa kA bodha kara pAThaka kA mana camatkRta ho uThatA hai| vyatireka-upamAna kI apekSA upameya kA Adhikya-kathana (kucha AcAryoM ke matAnusAra upameya kI apekSA upamAna kA Adhikya-kathana bhI) hone para vyatireka meM pAThaka kA mana vastu ke guNotkarSa kI dhAraNA se camatkRta ho uThatA hai| vyatireka meM vastu kA anya kI apekSA guNAdhikya zabdataH kathita hotA hai, pratIpa kI prakriyA ke samAna vyajita nhiiN| upameya ke sAmane upamAna kI vyarthatA, eka kI apekSA dUsare ke utkarSa yA apakarSa kA kathana yA kevala kisI kA utkarSa athavA apakarSa-kathana-sabhI prakriyAeM vastu ke guNAdhikya kA hI bodha karAtI haiN| ___apahna ti-prakRta vastu kA niSedha kara aprakRta kI sthApanA meM--niSedha'pUrvaka Aropa meM-pAThaka kA mana prakRta tathA aprakRta ke bIca abheda kI pradhAnatA kA anubhava karatA hai; para isa alaGkAra kA pradhAna vaiziSTya niSedha kI prakriyA meM hai| prakRta kA niSedha pAThaka ke mana meM eka prakAra kA kautUhala utpanna karatA hai aura anya kA Aropa hone para do vastuoM ke abheda-pradhAna sAdRzya ke anubhava se pAThaka kA mana vikasita ho uThatA hai| pariNAma-pariNAma ko vyavahArAnta Aropa kahA gayA hai| isameM Aropita upamAna upameya ke rUpa meM pariNata hokara kriyA kI anviti prApta karatA hai| upamAna kI kriyA ke sAtha ananviti kA bodha hone para upameyAtmanA pariNata hokara upamAna kA kriyA ke sAtha anvita hone kA bodha pAThaka ke mana ko anvita karatA hai| utprekSA-upameya meM upamAna kI sambhAvanA-asiddha adhyavasAyautprekSA kA svarUpa hai| isa sambhAvanA meM saMzayAtmaka jJAna hone para bhI upamAna kA jJAna utkRSTa koTi kA rahatA hai| upameya aura upamAna ke abheda kI pradhAnatA rahatI hai aura upameya kI apekSA amAna ke grahaNa meM mana kA jhukAva

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800 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa adhika rahatA hai| isa prakAra do vastuoM kA jJAna rahane para bhI upameya ko upamAna ke rUpa meM hI grahaNa karane kI vRtti adhika prabala rahatI hai| anya ko (vastu, hetu tathA phala ko) anya (vastu, hetu tathA phala) ke rUpa meM sambhAvita karane meM pramAtA kA utkRSTa kakoTika saMzayAtmaka jJAna camatkAra kA hetu hotA hai| - sandeha, bhrAnti, smRti-kavi-nibaddha pAtra kA upameya tathA upamAna meM sAdRzyAtizaya ke kAraNa utpanna saMzaya, bhrama evaM smaraNa pAThaka ke mana ko camatkRta kara detA hai| smRti, bhrAnti evaM sandeha; jJAna kI vibhinna dazAe haiN| dhyAtavya hai ki kavi tathA pAThaka ko saMzayAtmaka yA bhramAtmaka jJAna nahIM hotA hai| kavi kI pratibhA kAvya meM nibaddha pAtra kI tattat mAnasika dazAoM kA varNana kara upameya aura upamAna ke atizaya sAdRzya kI vyaJjanA karAtI hai, jisase pAThaka ke mana meM camatkAra utpanna hotA hai| dIpaka, tulyayogitA-aneka padArthoM kA eka dharma se sambandha-dIpaka meM prastuta tathA aprastuta kA eka dharmAbhisambandha evaM tulyayogitA meM aneka prastutoM athavA aneka aprastutoM kA eka dharmAbhisambandha-pAThaka ke mana kA vistAra karatA hai| eka dharma se sambaddha aneka padArthoM kA grahaNa cittavistAra kA dyotaka hai| samAsokti, aprastutaprazaMsA-samAsokti meM prastuta ke kathana se aprastuta kI vyaJjanA hone para tathA isake viparIta aprastutaprazaMsA meM aprastuta ke varNana se prastuta kI vyaJjanA hone para pAThaka kA citta eka artha kA bodha kara anya ke grahaNa ke lie vistRta ho jAtA hai / ullekha-eka vastu kA pramAtA-bheda se athavA hetu-bheda se anekadhAH ullekha pAThaka ke mana ko camatkAra se bhara detA hai / atizayokti-viSaya kA nigaraNapUrvaka siddha adhyavasAna atizayokti kA svarUpa hai| kevala aprastuta kA kathana hone para jahA~ sAdRzya ke kAraNa prastuta kA bodha hotA hai, vahA~ mana aprastuta kA bodha karate hI prastuta ke grahaNa ke lie vistAra pA letA hai| prativastUpamA-prativastUpamA meM vastuprativastu-sambandha se sthita do vastuoM--prastuta tathA aprastuta-kA bodha hone se mana meM vistAra kI dazA rahatI hai| .. dRSTAnta-dRSTAnta meM bhI bimbapratibimba-bhAva se rahane vAle do padArthoM kA bodha karane meM mana vistAra prApta karatA hai|

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alaGkAra aura manobhAva [801 nidarzanA-prastuta alaGkAra meM vastu-sambandha ke sambhava yA asambhava hone. para una vastuoM meM upamAnopameya-bhAva kI kalpanA kI jAtI hai / upamAnopameyabhAva se vastuoM kI saGgati baiTha jAne para pAThaka kA mana anvita ho jAtA hai| sahokti, vinokti-eka vastu ke sAtha (sahokti meM) tathA eka ke abhAva meM (vinokti meM) dUsarI vastu kI vizeSa sthiti kA bodha kramazaH ina alaGkAroM kA lakSaNa hai| ina meM do vastuoM kI sthiti kA bodha karane ke lie mana vistRta hotA hai| zleSa--zleSa meM abhaGga yA sabhaGga pada se aneka artha kA grahaNa kara pAThaka kA mana camatkRta hotA hai| svabhAvokti-vastu-svabhAva kA yathArtha varNana citta ke vikAsa kA hetu hotA hai| bhAvika-bhUta-bhAvI artha kA pratyakSAyamANatva pAThaka ke citta ko vikasita karatA hai| udAtta-vastu kI samRddhi athavA vyakti ke Azaya kI udAttatA kA varNana citta kA vistAra karatA hai| AkSepa-AkSepa meM vaktA ke svayaM kathita artha kA punaH niSedha dekha kara pAThaka jo tAtparyArtha grahaNa karatA hai vaha usake mana ko camatkRta kara detA hai| pratyakSa kathana kI apekSA vidhimukhena niSedha kI vyaJjanA athavA niSedhamukhena vidhi kI vyaJjanA adhika camatkArakArI hotI hai| yahI AkSepa ke svarUpa kA camatkAra hai| vyAjastuti-nindAmukhena stuti yA stutimukhena nindA kI uktibhaGgI pAThaka ke mana ko camatkRta hI karatI hai| ___ vyAjokti-prakaTa ho gaye tathya ko kisI bahAne chipAne kI ceSTA bhI pAThaka ke mana meM camaskAra utpanna karatI hai| atyukti-adbhata tathA atathya kA varNana pAThaka ke mana meM vismayaH utpanna kara detA hai| vibhAvanA aura vizeSokti-kAraNa ke abhAva meM kAryotpatti athavA isake viparIta samagra kAraNa ke rahane para bhI kArya kI anutpatti kA varNana vismayamizrita Ananda utpanna karatA hai| vicitra-icchita phala ke viparIta ceSTA kA varNana bhI pAThaka ke mana meM vismaya utpanna karatA hai| 51

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802 ] alaGkAra- dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa praharSaNa evaM viSAdana - ina alaGkAroM kA pratyakSa sambandha kavinibaddha pAtra ke kramazaH harSa evaM viSAda kI manodazA se hai / pAThaka una pAtroM ke prayatna meM Akasmika sAhAyya yA bAdhA se vismita hI hotA hai | --- adhika tathA alpa -- dIrgha AdhAra kI apekSA bhI Adheya kI adhikatA kA varNana tathA sUkSma AdhAra se bhI Adheya kI alpatA kA varNana pAThaka ko vismita kara detA hai / tadguNa - eka vastu kA apane guNa ko chor3a kara anya vastu ke guNa kA grahaNa pAThaka ke vismaya kA hetu bana sakatA hai / mIlita - do vastuoM ke milakara ekAkAra ho jAne kA varNana pAThaka ke mana ko vismita karatA hai / sAmAnya - do vastuoM ke viziSTa dharma ke lakSita na hone kA varNana bhI vismayakArI hotA hai | atadguNa, unmIlita, vizeSa - sva-guNa kA tyAga kara anya ke guNagrahaNa kA hetu rahane para vaisA na hone kA varNana, ekAkAra ho gayI vastuoM kA paristhiti- vizeSa meM alaga-alaga vyakta ho jAne kA varNana tathA vastuoM ke viziSTa dharma ke lupta ho jAne ke uparAnta punaH lakSita ho jAne kA varNana bhI vismayajanaka hotA hai / viSama, virodha - virUpa vastuoM kA ekatra ghaTana yA viruddha padArthoM kI ekatra yojanA bhI pAThaka ko vismita karatI hai / sama - anurUpa vastuoM kA ghaTana pAThaka kI vRtti ko anvita karatA hai / virodhAbhAsa - ApAtataH virodha se pAThaka ke mana meM kautUhala jagatA hai; phira virodha kA parihAra ho jAne para pAThaka kI vRtti anvita ho jAtI hai / asaGgati - asaGgati meM bhI kArya-kAraNa kI bhinnadezatA kautUhala jagAtI hai, para tAttvika avirodha ke bodha se mana anvita ho jAtA hai / kAraNamAlA - kAraNoM kI zRGkhalA cittavRtti ko anvita karatI calatI hai / yathAsaMkhya-krama se kahI huI vastuoM kA usI krama se anvaya mana ko anvita karatA hai / ekAvalI - ekAvalI meM bhI krama kA saundarya mana ko anvita karatA huA camatkAra utpanna karatA hai / sAra-sAra meM eka kI apekSA dUsare ke utkarSa - pradarzana kA krama jahA~ mana

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alaGkAra aura manobhAva [803 ko anvita karatA hai vahA~ eka vastu kI sarvAtizayatA kA nirNaya mana kA 'vistAra bhI karatA hai| rasavata, praya, Urjasvo, Adi-rasavadAdi alaGkAroM meM rasa bhAva kA gauNa par3a jAnA aura ukti-camatkAra kA prAdhAnya honA mana meM camatkAra utpanna karatA hai| ___ anuprAsa, yamaka-dhvani-sAmya para AdhRta ina alaGkAroM kI dhvanigata saGgati mana ko anviti pradAna karatI hai / ___citra, prahelikA-varNa, zabda Adi kA cAturyapUrNa prayoga mana meM camatkAra kI sRSTi karatA hai| tattadalaGkAroM kI uktibhaGgI se hone vAle arthabodha kI isa prakriyA para vicAra karane se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki alaGkAra kahIM arthabodha meM spaSTatA lAkara mana ko vikasita karate haiM, kahIM alaGkAroM ke arthagrahaNa kI prakriyA meM pAThaka kA mana eka artha ke sAtha anya artha ke grahaNa ke lie vistRta ho jAtA hai, kucha alaGkAra apane antavirodha athavA asAdhAraNatA ke tattva se pAThaka ko vismita kara dete haiM, kahIM alaGkAra kautUhala yA jijJAsA jagA kara use zamita karate haiM, to kahIM uktibhaGgI meM saGgati se pAThaka ke mana ko anvita karate haiN| kucha alaGkAra jijJAsA yA kautUhala ke sAtha hI anviti bhI pradAna karate haiN| kucha vismaya utpanna kara anvita karate haiN| ataH, eka alaGkAra kA eka hI bhAva ke sAtha sambandha jor3anA kaThina hai| isa vivecana ke uparAnta isa paramparAgata dhAraNA kA mUlyAGkana kiyA jA sakatA hai ki rasa, bhAva Adi se nirapekSa alaGkAra uktivaicitrya ke rUpa meM mana meM camatkAra kI sRSTi karate haiN| ukti kI vilakSaNa bhaGgI alaGkAra kA prANa hai| yaha bhaGgI mana meM vizeSa prakAra kA camatkAra utpanna kiyA karatI hai| isI meM alaGkAra kI sArthakatA hai| alaga-alaga uktibhaGgiyA~ jahA~ vismaya, kautUhala, anviti vistAra, spaSTatA Adi utpanna karatI haiM; vahA~ saba ke mUla meM vibhinna rUpoM meM mana ko camatkRta karanA hI uddezya rahatA hai| niSkarSa yaha ki rasa ke sAtha rahane para alaGkAra unake utkarSa meM sahAyaka hote haiM; para jahA~ rasa na ho vahA~ bhI alaGkAra kI vibhinna uktibhaGgiyAM pAThaka ke mana meM vistAra, vikAsa, anviti, kautUhala, vismaya Adi kA camatkAra utpanna kara apanI sArthakatA pramANita karatI haiN|

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upasaMhAra * bhAratIya sAhityazAstra meM alaGkAra - viSayaka cintana kI sudIrgha paramparA rahI hai / alaGkAra ko vyApaka artha meM kucha AcAryoM ne kAvya-saundarya kA paryAya mAnA aura rasa, guNa Adi sabhI kAvya-tattvoM ko usameM samAviSTa kara diyA; kintu viziSTa artha meM alaGkAra ko zabda aura artha kI saundarya vRddhi karane vAlA tattva mAnA gayA / Adhunika kAla meM alaGkAra zabda kA vyavahAra zabdArtha ko alaGkRta karane vAle tattva ke artha meM hI hotA hai / * alaGkAra ko aneka prakAra se gayA hai / samagra kAvyAlaGkAroM ke sakatA hai ki paribhASita karane kA prayAsa kiyA svarUpa ko dRSTi meM rakhate hue kahA jA alaGkAra zabda aura artha kA vaha dharma hai, jo unheM loka vyavahAra ke sAdhAraNa prayoga se adhika sundara banAtA hai; varNya vastu ke rUpa, guNa, kriyA kI prabhAva - vRddhi karatA hai; use spaSTatA evaM lAghava ke sAtha vyakta karane meM sahAyaka hotA hai; sarasa kAvya meM ucita yojanA hone para rasa kI vyaJjanA meM sahAyaka hotA hai aura rasa -hIna kAvya meM ukti meM vaicitrya kA AdhAna kara zrotA ke mana meM vismaya mizrita prasannatA utpanna karatA hai / anuprAsa, yamaka Adi meM svara- vyaJjana kI viziSTa prakAra kI AvRtti se zabda kA saundarya bar3hatA hai / zleSa, vakrokti Adi meM zabda kI anekArtha-bodha kI kSamatA tathA usakA upayoga kara vaktA ke anyArthaka vAkya meM anya artha kI yojanA kA kauzala, citra, prahelikA Adi meM varNa kautuka pAThaka ke mana ko camatkRta karatA hai / sAdRzyamUlaka alaGkAroM meM aprastuta yojanA se kahIM prastuta ke rUpa, guNa, kriyA ke prabhAva kI vRddhi hotI hai, kahIM usakA svarUpa spaSTa hotA

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806 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa hai to kahIM usake varNana meM lAghava hotA hai / samAsokti, sahokti Adi meM saMkSepa meM artha kA varNana kiyA jAtA hai| virodhamUlaka alaGkAroM meM ApAtataH dIkha par3ane vAle virodha kA parihAra ho jAne para tAttvika avirodha dekhakara bhAvaka kA mana camatkRta hotA hai| virodha vastu ke prabhAva ko bar3hAne meM bhI sahAyaka hotA hai| vilakSaNa ukti-bhaGgiyoM para AdhRta uktimUlaka alaGkAroM meM ukti kA vaicitrya camatkAra utpanna karatA hai| preya, bhAvika, udAtta Adi meM vastu-varNana ke viziSTa prakAra se prabhAvotpAdakatA AtI hai| svabhAvokti meM vastu-svabhAva ke varNana kA jo anUThA DhaMga rahatA hai vaha vastu ke svabhAva ko adhika sundara banAkara prastuta karatA hai| isIlie svabhAvokti ko bhI alaGkAra mAnA jAtA hai| ___ * kAvya meM alaGkAra ke sthAna ke sambandha meM do prakAra kI mAnyatAe rahI haiN| kucha AcAryoM ne alaGkAra-hIna kAvya kI kalpanA ko uSNatA rahita agni kI kalpanA kI taraha nirAdhAra mAnA to dUsare AcAryoM ne alaGkAra ko kAvyokti kA aisA anitya aura bAhya dharma mAnA, jo kahIM-kahIM to kAvya kI AtmA kA upakAra karatA hai; para kahIM-kahIM yA to taTastha rahatA hai yA bhAvabodha meM bAdhaka hI ho jAtA hai| alaGkAra ko yadi vyApaka artha meM kAvyasaundarya kA paryAya mAnA jAya, taba to use agni kI uSNatA kI taraha kAvya kA nitya dharma mAnanA hI hogA; para viziSTa artha meM yamaka Adi zabdAlaGkAra tathA upamA Adi arthAlaGkAra ko dRSTi meM rakhate hue pahalI mAnyatA durAgrahapUrNa hI lagatI hai| alaGkAra zabda yamaka, upamA Adi ke viziSTa artha meM hI rUDha hai| isa artha meM bhI alaGkAroM ko kAvya kA bAhya AbhUSaNa mAnanA usake mahattva kA avamUlyana karanA hogaa| vastutaH rasa-siddha kavi kI uktiyoM meM alaGkAra sahajAta hote haiM, Upara se lAde hue nhiiN| bhAva kI abhivyakti meM sahaja bhAva se Aye hue apRthagyatnanirvartya alaGkAra kAvya ke antaraGga dharma hote haiM / jahA~ kavi kevala alaGkAra-prayoga kA kauzala pradarzita karane ke lie alaGkAra-yojanA meM atirikta zrama karate haiM, vahA~ alaGkAra ukti para bAhara se lAde hue AbhUSaNa kI taraha hote haiM / * isa prazna ko lekara bahuta UhApoha huA hai ki yadi yamaka, upamA Adi alaGkAra haiM to alaGkArya kyA hai, jise ye alaGkata karate haiM ? isakA sarvasammata uttara hai ki kAvya ke zabda aura artha alaGkArya haiN| yamaka, anuprAsa Adi zabda ko alaGa kRta karate haiM aura upamA. rUpaka Adi artha ko| kintu.

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upasaMhAra [807 yahI samasyA kA samAdhAna nahIM ho jaataa| prazna yaha hai ki yadi artha ko alaGkArya mAneM to vastu-svabhAva-varNana-paraka svabhAvokti Adi ko alaGkAra mAnane meM kyA aucitya hogA ? vakroktivAdI kuntaka ne, isIlie svabhAvokti ke alaGkAratva ko asvIkAra kara use alaGkArya kI koTi meM rakhanA ucita samajhA, phira bhI alaGkArazAstra meM svabhAvokti ko alaGkAra ke rUpa meM hI parigaNita kiyA jAtA rahA hai| isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki usameM vastu-svabhAvavarNana meM lokottara ramaNIyatA rahatI hai aura usa ramaNIyatA ke kAraNa hI use alaGkAra mAnA jAtA hai| preya, udAtta, bhAvika Adi vastu-varNana-paraka alaGkAroM ke sambandha meM bhI alaGkAra-alaGkArya kA prazna uThAyA jA sakatA hai| ina alaGkAroM ke sandarbha meM bhI svabhAvokti kI taraha hI yaha yukti dI jA sakatI hai ki varNana kI lokottara sundaratA ke kAraNa inheM alaGkAra mAnA jAtA hai; para prazna yaha hogA ki kAvya kI samagra uktiyoM meM lokottara ramaNIyatA anivAryataH rahA karatI hai; tabhI to loka-vyavahAra kI ukti se kAvya kI ukti kA bheda hotA hai| lokokti bhI kAvyokti banatI hai; para usa sthiti meM usameM lokottara ramaNIyatA A jAtI hai / isa loka kI vastu kAvyaloka meM lokottara ramaNIya bana kara hI avatarita hotI hai| isIlie kAvya ko brahmA kI sRSTi se vilakSaNa sRSTi mAnA gayA hai| kAvya meM vastu kA jo varNana hotA hai vaha loka-siddha vastu kA kevala pratibimbana nahIM, punaHsRjana hotA hai| aisI sthiti meM lokottara ramaNIyatA ke AdhAra para yadi svabhAvokti Adi ko alaGkAra mAnA jAtA hai to sampUrNa kAvyoktiyoM ko alaGkAra hI mAnanA par3egA, phira alaGkArya kyA baca rahegA, jise alaGa kRta karane meM alaGkAra kI sArthakatA hogI? ___ alaGkAra aura alaGkArya kA bheda tAttvika nahIM, vyAvahArika hai| koI bhI ukti apane-Apa meM pUrNa abhivyakti hotI hai| use alaGkAra, alaGkArya Adi khaNDoM meM kevala vaijJAnika vizleSaNa ke lie vibhAjita kiyA jAtA hai| tAttvika abheda meM bheda kI kalpanA kiye binA-akhaNDa ko khaNDita kiye binA-vastu ke svarUpa kA adhyayana-vivecana sambhava nhiiN| ataH, kAvyokti ko tattvataH akhaNDa abhivyaJjanA mAnane para bhI bhAratIya manISiyoM ne vyAvahArika dRSTi se usake aGgoM kA vibhAjana kiyA hai| alaGkAra aura alaGkArya kA bheda bhI vyAvahArika hI hai| ataH, donoM ke bIca koI sthira vibhAjaka rekhA nahIM khIMcI jA skii|

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505] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa * sAmAnyataH alaGkAra kA adhyayana kAvya ke saundarya ke sandarbha meM hI huA hai / use kabhI kAvya-saundarya kA paryAya mAnA gayA, meM kabhI kAvya saundarya kA AdhAna karane vAlA dharma kahA gayA to kabhI kAvya ke sahaja saundarya kI vRddhi meM sahAyaka mAnA gayA / kabhI use kAvya kA anitya dharma mAna kara kAvya ke zarIra ke mAdhyama se usakI AtmA 'rasa' kA yadA-kadA upakAra karane vAlA tattva kahA gayA / kintu, alaGkAra kA kSetra kAvyokti taka hI sImita nahIM / kAvya-bhASA kI taraha loka bhASA meM bhI alaGkAroM kA bahudhA prayoga huA karatA hai / kahIM-kahIM to kathana ke prabhAva kA vRddhi ke lie alaGkAroM kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai; para kahIM-kahIM alaGkAra artha-bodha ke anivArya sAdhana bana kara Ate haiM / eka hI varNa ke jo Azraya-bheda se aneka rUpa hote haiM unheM laukika umAna kA sahArA liye binA zabdoM se bodhagamya nahIM banAyA jA sktaa| jJAta ke sahAre ajJAta ko jAnane meM alaGkAra sahAyaka hote haiM / upamAna ko jJAna kA eka sAdhana mAnA gayA hai / loka vyavahAra kA jJAna ho, zabdArtha kA jJAna ho yA tattvajJAna ho - sabameM upamAna sahAyaka hotA hai / darzana meM tattva - jJAna ke sAdhana ke rUpa meM upamAna ke svarUpa kA vizada vivecana huA hai / vahI upamAna-dhAraNA kAvyAlaGkAra ke kSetra meM AyI aura upamA Adi aupamyagarbha alaGkAroM ke svarUpa kalpita hue / tAtparya yaha ki sAmAnya rUpa se bhASA meM artha - bodha ke anivArya sAdhana ke rUpa meM tathA artha kI prabhAvavRddhi ke sAdhana ke rUpa meM bhI alaGkAroM ke svarUpa para vicAra kiyA jAnA cAhie / * bhAratIya alaGkArazAstra meM alaGkAroM kI saMkhyA cAra se bar3hakara zatAdhika ho gayI / AcArya bharata ne upamA, rUpaka, dIpaka tathA yamaka; ina cAra alaGkAroM ke svarUpa kA tathA unake kucha bhedoM kA vivecana kiyA thA / bharata ke pUrva vaidika sAhitya meM aneka alaGkAroM kA sundara prayoga ho cukA thA / nizcaya hI bharata una prayogoM se paricita rahe hoMge; para unhoMne unake svarUpa kA nirUpaNa nahIM kiyA / bharata kI alaGkAra mImAMsA ke sambandha meM vidvAnoM kI alaga-alaga dhAraNAe~ rahI haiM / kucha vidvAnoM ne bharata ke samaya alaGkAra-dhAraNA ko avikasita mAnakara santoSa kara liyA hai to kucha vidvAnoM bharata kI sImA kA aucitya isa yukti se pramANita karanA cAhA hai ki bharata kevala nATakoM meM prayukta hone vAle alaGkAroM ko dRSTi meM rakhakara unakA vivecana kiyA thA; ataH alaGkAroM kI sImita saMkhyA unhoMne svIkAra kI /

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upasaMhAra [809 ina mAnyatAoM ke viparIta AcArya abhinava gupta ke guru bhaTTa tauta kI mAnyatA thI ki alaGkAroM ke naye-naye nAma-rUpa kI kalpanA bharata Adi ke dvArA vivecita lakSaNoM ke yoga se kI gayI hai| AcArya abhinava ne apane guru kI isa mAnyatA kA samarthana kiyA hai| unakI mAnyatA kA sAra yaha hogA ki AcArya bharata kAvya meM prayukta hone vAlI sabhI uktibhaGgiyoM ke svarUpa se paricita the aura unhoMne unameM se kucha kA svarUpa-nirUpaNa alaGkAra ke rUpa meM kiyA tathA kucha kA lakSaNa ke rUpa meN| ina sabhI mAnyatAoM ko dRSTi meM rakhakara alaGkAra-dhAraNA ke vikAsakrama kA adhyayana karane se hameM nimnalikhita niSkarSa prApta hue haiM : bharata ke samaya alaGkAra-dhAraNA ko avikasita kahakara TAla denA tattvacintana ke dAyitva se palAyana kI pravRtti kA sUcaka hai| jaba isa bAta kA pramANa hai ki bharata se hajAroM varSa pUrva kavi alaGkAra-prayoga kI asaMkhya sundara bhaGgimAoM se paricita the, taba bharata ke kAla meM alaGkAra-dhAraNA ko avikasita mAnane meM koI sabala yukti nhiiN| nATaya-prayoga kI dRSTi se bhI cAra alaGkAroM kI svIkRti kA aucitya pramANita nahIM hotA, jaba taka ki bharata ke lakSaNoM ke svarUpa para bhI vicAra nahIM kiyA jAya / bharata ke samaya kA nATya-sAhitya upalabdha nahIM, para yaha anumAna karane kA AdhAra svayaM bharata kA nATaya-zAstra hai ki unake samaya taka vipula nATaya-sAhitya kI racanA ho cukI thii| unameM prayukta ukti-bhaGgiyoM ko bharata ne kevala cAra zabdArthAlaGkAroM meM hI sImita nahIM kara aneka lakSaNoM meM bhI unapara vicAra kiyA thaa| dhIre-dhIre lakSaNa-dhAraNA lupta hotI gayI aura usake tattva se aneka naye-naye alaGkAroM kI dhAraNA vikasita hotI gyii| ____ aneka alaGkAroM kI rUpa-racanA meM lakSaNa aura alaGkAra ke tattvoM kA yoga pAyA jAtA hai| aprastutaprazaMsA, apahna ti Adi isake udAharaNa haiN| aneka lakSaNoM ke yoga se bhI kucha naye alaGkAra AvirbhUta hue haiN| AkSepa Adi kA svarUpa lakSaNoM ke yoga se nirmita hai| kucha lakSaNa ke nAma-rUpa bhI kucha parivartana ke sAtha alaGkAra ke rUpa. meM svIkAra kara liye gaye haiN| priyavacana tathA dRSTAnta lakSaNa kramazaH preya tathA dRSTAnta alaGkAra ke rUpa meM svIkRta hue haiN| itanA hone para bhI alaGkArazAstra meM vivecita sabhI alaGkAroM ko cAra mUla alaGkAra tathA chattIsa lakSaNoM se AvirbhUta mAnanA kaThina hai| rasa-bhAva Adi kI dhAraNA ke AdhAra para rasavadAdi alaGkAra kalpita hue haiM / kucha

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810 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa alaGkAroM kA mUla bharata Adi kI guNa-dhAraNA meM pAyA jA sakatA hai / arthavyakti guNa ke AdhAra para svabhAvokti Adi alaGkAra kI kalpanA isakA pramANa hai| smRti, vitarka, parisaMkhyA Adi kI dhAraNA ke AdhAra para tattadalaGkAroM kI kalpanA kI gayI hai| inakA vivecana darzana meM ho rahA thA / pramANAlaGkAroM kI dhAraNA kA utsa bhI dArzanika cintana hI hai| eka alaGkAra ke sAdRzya ke AdhAra para dUsare alaGkAra kI kalpanA kI gayI / eka ke vaiparItya ke AdhAra para bhI dUsare alaGkAra kA svarUpa kalpita huaa| adhika ke vaiparItya ke AdhAra para alpa ke svarUpa kI kalpanA isakA eka udAharaNa hai| alaGkAra ke prati badalate hue dRSTikoNa ke phalasvarUpa bhI aneka navIna alaGkAroM kI udbhAvanA huii| jaba vastu, bhAva Adi ke varNana ko bhI alaGkAra kA kSetra mAna liyA gayA taba vastu-bhAva-varNana-paraka aneka alaGkAroM kI kalpanA kI gii| bhAvika, udAtta Adi alaGkAroM kI kalpanA isIkA phala hai| aneka AcAryoM ne samaya-samaya para jo alaGkAra-viSayaka nUtana udbhAvanAeM kI haiM, unake mahattva kI upekSA nahIM kI jA sktii| ataH, bhaTTa tauta tathA abhinava gupta kI yaha mAnyatA kucha pariSkAra ke sAtha hI svIkAra kI jA sakatI hai ki lakSaNa ke yoga se hI alaGkAroM meM vividhatA AtI hai| sambhava hai ki kevala aupamyagarbha alaGkAra ko lakSya kara unhoMne yaha mAnyatA vyakta kI ho| abhinava gupta alaGkAroM ko upamA-prapaJca mAnate bhI haiM / aupamyagarbha alaGkAroM ke sambandha meM yaha mAnyatA ThIka hai; kintu samagra alaGkAra-prapaJca ko dekhate hue isa mAnyatA kI sImA spaSTa hai| hA~, abhinava kI isa vyAkhyA se itanA avazya pramANita hotA hai ki bharata kI alaGkAra-dhAraNA unanI avikasita nahIM thI, jitanI vaha saMkhyA-parimiti ke kAraNa ApAtataH jAna par3atI hai| * alaGkAra-dhAraNA ke vikAsa-krama meM navIna-navIna alaGkAroM kI udbhAvanA kA hI prayAsa nahI huA; samaya-samaya para vaijJAnika paddhati para alaGkAroM kI saMkhyA ko sImita karane kA bhI prayAsa huA hai| ananta vAgvikalpa ke prakAra ko ananta alaGkAra ke rUpa meM svIkAra kara lene para unake svarUpa kA adhyayana kaThina ho jaataa| ataH, vaijJAnika rIti se alaGkAroM ke svarUpa-nirdhAraNa kI AvazyakatA samaya-samaya para jAna pdd'ii| alaGkAra ke prati viziSTa dRSTikoNa bhI isakA dUsarA kAraNa huaa| vAmana Adi ko kevala upamA-mUlaka alaGkAroM kA alaGkAratva hI mAnya thA / isalie alaGkAroM kI saMkhyA ko unhoMne sImita kiyA / kuntaka vastu-varNana ko alaGkArya

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upasaMhAra [ 811 mAnakara alaGkAra kI usase bhinna sattA siddha karAnA cAhate the / phalataH unhoMne svabhAvokti Adi ko alaGkAra-kSetra se alaga kara alaGkAra kI saMkhyA ko sImita karane kA AyAsa kiyA; phira bhI alaGkArazAstra meM vAstava, aupamya, atizaya, zRGkhalA Adi mUla tattvoM para AdhRta sabhI alaGkAra svIkRti pAte rahe haiM / * hindI ke rItikAlIna AcAryoM ne adhikatara saMskRta ke AcAryoM kI alaGkAra-viSayaka mAnyatA ko hI svIkAra kiyA hai| adhikAMza AcAryoM ke alaGkAra - nirUpaNa kA upajIvya jayadeva kA 'candrAloka' tathA appayya dIkSita kA 'kuvalayAnanda' rahA hai| kucha AcAryoM ne mammaTa, ruyyaka tathA vizvanAtha kI paddhati kA bhI anusaraNa kiyA hai / * hindI - rIti- sAhitya meM dazAdhika navIna alaGkAroM ko bhI kalpanA kI gayI hai / una alaGkAroM meM se kucha to kevala nAmnA navIna haiN| unake svarUpa saMskRta AcAryoM ke anya nAmadheya alaGkAroM se abhinna haiM / aise alaGkAroM ko svatantra alaGkAra nahIM mAnakara tattat prAcIna alaGkAroM meM antarbhukta mAnA jA sakatA hai| kucha alaGkAra - paribhASAoM kA asaphala anukaraNa hone se bhI hindI meM unake svarUpa kucha navIna ho gaye haiM / cintana kA abhAva hone ke kAraNa aise alaGkAroM kI kalpanA kA zra eya hindI - AcAryoM ko nahIM diyA jA sakatA / kucha navIna alaGkAroM ke svarUpa kI udbhAvanA hindI ke AlaGkArikoM ne avazya kI hai| amita Adi ke svarUpa kI kalpanA svatantra cintana kI pravRtti kA paricAyaka hai / hindI kI tukAnta kavitA kI pravRtti ko dRSTi meM rakhakara antyAnuprAsa kA vizada vivecana kiyA gayA hai / hindI ke vipula alaGkAra - sAhitya ko dekhate hue aisI udbhAvanAe~ nagaNya hI jAna par3atI haiM / isakA mukhya kAraNa yaha hai ki saMskRta- alaGkAra-zAstra meM alaGkAra viSayaka itane UhApoha ho cuke the ki usa kSetra meM navIna udbhAvanA kA bahuta kama avakAza thA | hindI - AlaGkArikoM kI maulikatA mukhyataH svaracita padoM kA udAharaNa dene meM hI hai / * kucha samIkSakoM ne bhAvikacchavi tathA saMgrAmoddAmahu~karA ko hindI AlaGkArikoM kI udbhAvanA mAna liyA hai; kintu tathya yaha hai ki ye donoM alaGkAra jayadeva ke 'candrAloka' se liye gaye haiM / jayadeva ne bhAvikacchavi alaGkAra ko jisa rUpa meM paribhASita kiyA thA usI rUpa meM bhUSaNa Adi ne bhI use paribhASita kiyA hai / saGgrAmoddAmahuGa kRti ko jayadeva ne svatantra alaGkAra mAnA thA yA dRSTAnta ke hI svarUpa ke spaSTIkaraNa ke lie usakA

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...812 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa ullekha kiyA thA, yaha vivAdAspada hai, para itanA spaSTa hai ki jisa mallapratimalla-bhAva meM unhoMne saGgrAmoddAmahuGa kRti kI kalpanA kI thI usI ko jagata siMha ne saMgrAmoddAmahu kRti alaGkAra kahA hai / * hindI ke rIti-kAla meM citra alaGkAra kA bar3A vyApaka vivecana huA hai / aneka navIna bandhoM kI kalpanA kI gayI hai / ghar3I -bandha taka kI * kalpanA kara lI gayI hai / aneka alaGkAra-grantha kevala citra alaGkAra para likhe gaye haiM / isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki rIti-kAla mukhyataH kRtrimatA kA kAla thA / camatkAra - pradarzana kI pravRtti kaviyoM meM adhika thI / ataH, AcArya bhI buddhivilAsa se navIna-navIna citroM kI kalpanA kara rahe the / saMskRta ke alaGkRta - kAla meM bhI 'vidagdhamukhamaNDana' jaise grantha meM citrAlaGkAra kA vistRta vivecana kiyA gayA thA / * alaGkAroM ke svarUpa - vikAsa ke sAtha unake vargIkaraNa kI AvazyakatA huii| Arambha meM zabda aura artha ke AdhAra para alaGkAroM ke do varga mAne gye| dhyAtavya hai ki pratyeka alaGkAra zabda aura artha; donoM kI apekSA rakhatA hai / yamaka meM bhI sArthaka zabda kI artha-bheda se AvRtti apekSita mAnI gayI hai; ataH yaha zabdAlaGkAra sarvathA artha- nirapekSa nahIM / samAsokti, parikara, parikarAGka ura Adi arthAlaGkAra bhI vizeSa prakAra ke pada ke prayoga kI apekSA rakhate haiM / aisI sthiti meM zabdAlaGkAra tathA arthAlaGkAra ke nirdhAraNa ke lie yaha mAnadaNDa sthApita kiyA gayA ki yadi kisI ukti meM se kisI zabda ko haTAkara usakA paryAyavAcI dUsarA zabda rakha dene para alaGkAratva naSTa ho jAya to usa alaGkAra kA mukhya AdhAra zabda ko mAnA jAtA hai aura use zabdAlaGkAra kahA jAtA hai / isake viparIta yadi zabdavizeSa ke sthAna para usakA paryAyavAcI zabda rakhane para bhI alaGkAratva kI hAni nahIM ho to use arthAlaGkAra mAnA jAtA hai / isa prakAra paryAya- parivartana ko sahana na karane vAlA zabdAlaGkAra tathA paryAya parivartana ko sahana karane vAlA arthAlaGkAra mAnA jAtA hai / yaha vargIkaraNa alaGkAra ke Azraya ke AdhAra para kiyA gayA hai| donoM ke bIca eka ubhayAlaGkAra varga bhI kalpita huA hai| alaGkAroM ke mUla tattva ke AdhAra para bhI unakA vargIkaraNa kiyA gayA hai / sAdRzya, virodha, atizaya zRGkhalA, nyAya Adi kA tattva samAna rUpa se ,

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upasaMhAra [ 813 aneka alaGkAroM ke mUla meM rahA karatA hai / una tattvoM ke AdhAra para tattat vargoM meM alaGkAra kA vibhAjana kiyA gayA hai / eka varga ke alaGkAroM ko punaH kucha upavargoM meM bhI bA~TA jA sakatA hai / upamA, rUpaka, vyatireka Adi sAdRzyamUlaka varga ke alaGkAra haiM; para upamA meM bheda aura abheda kI tulyapradhAnatA, rUpaka meM abheda kI pradhAnatA tathA vyatireka meM bheda kI pradhAnatA rahatI hai / isa prakAra sAdRzyamUlaka alaGkAra varga ke tIna upavarga bana jAte haiM / alaGkAroM ke vargIkaraNa kI kaThinAI yaha hai ki eka varga ke aneka alaGkAroM meM dUsare varga ke alaGkAroM ke tattva bhI pAye jA sakate haiM / isalie eka alaGkAra ko do yA adhika vargoM meM bhI rakhA jA sakatA hai / vargIkaraNa kevala adhyayana kI vyAvahArika suvidhA ke lie upayogI hai / * viziSTa alaGkAra ke svarUpa vikAsa kA adhyayana isa dRSTi se rocaka viSaya hai ki eka hI alaGkAra ke sambandha meM aneka AcAryoM ne aneka prakAra kI mAnyatAe~ vyakta kI haiM / kucha AcAryoM ne pUrvavartI AcAryoM ke kisI alaGkAra kA svarUpa sImita kara usake avaziSTa svarUpa ke AdhAra para dUsare navIna alaGkAra kI kalpanA kara lI hai / kucha alaGkAroM kI saMjJA ko anvarthA pramANita karane ke lie bhI alaGkAra ke svarUpa meM parivartana kiyA gyaa| hai tathA kahIM-kahIM alaGkAra - vizeSa kI saMjJA ke rUpa meM prayukta pada ke artha ke sambandha meM alaga-alaga mAnyatA ke AdhAra para bhI alaGkAra ke svarUpa meM parivartana kiyA gayA hai / aprastutaprazaMsA meM prazaMsA kA artha varNana hai; para kucha AcAryoM ne usakA artha stuti mAnakara usake svarUpa kA nirUpaNa kiyA hai | isake lie aprastutastuti nAma kA bhI prayoga kucha AcAryoM ne kiyA hai| samAsokti Adi ke sambandha meM to AcAryoM ne paraspara viparIta dhAraNA bhI vyakta kI hai / rudraTa Adi ne upamAna vAkya se upameya vAkya ke gamya hone meM samAsokti alaGkAra mAnA thA para pIche calakara isake ThIka viparIta prastuta - ke varNana se aprastuta kI vyaJjanA meM samAsokti kA sadbhAva mAnA gayA hai / rudraTa kI samAsokti-dhAraNA tathA paravartI AcAryoM kI aprastutaprazaMsA-dhAraNA paraspara abhinna ho gayI hai / alaGkAroM ke svarUpa vikAsa kA eka bar3A kAraNa alaGkAra-sAmAnya ke prati AcAryoM kA dRSTi-bheda rahA hai / kucha AcAryoM kA Agraha yaha rahA hai ki sabhI alaGkAroM meM upamAnopameya kI dhAraNA rahanI hI cAhie / ataH, unhoMne alaGkAra - vizeSa kI dhAraNA meM vastuoM ke bIca upamAnopameya - sambandha kI dhAraNA bhI milA dI /

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: 814 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa * bahuta-se alaGkAroM ke svarUpa Upara se paraspara abhinna jAna par3ate haiM; para unake svarUpa kA sUkSma nirIkSaNa karane se unakA pArasparika bheda spaSTa ho jAtA hai| AcAryoM ne alaGkAra-vizeSa kI paribhASA meM hI usase milate-julate svarUpa vAle alaGkAra se usake vyAvartaka dharma kA ullekha kara diyA hai| alaGkAroM ke pArasparika bheda ke sambandha meM kisI AcArya kI mAnyatA kA parIkSaNa karane ke samaya yaha dhyAna meM rakhanA Avazyaka hai ki usa AcArya ke dvArA svIkRta alaGkAroM ke svarUpa meM hI pArasparika bheda kA vicAra kiyA jAnA caahie| mammaTa, yA ruyyaka-sammata samAsokti aura aprastutaprazaMsA kI tulanA karane para to donoM kA bheda spaSTa ho jAyagA; para unakI aprastutaprazaMsA se rudraTa kI samAsokti ke bheda-nirUpaNa kA AyAsa vyartha hogaa| eka alaGkAra se bahuta sUkSma bheda ke AdhAra para dUsare svatantra alaGkAra kI kalpanA AcAryoM ne kara lI hai| ataH, unake svarUpa ko ThIkaThIka samajhane ke lie unake pArasparika bheda kA adhyayana Avazyaka hai| ___* manobhAva ke sAtha alaGkAra kA sIdhA sambandha nhiiN| ve paramparayA bhAva se sambaddha haiN| unakA sIdhA sambandha zabda aura artha se hai| ve zabda aura artha ko alaGkata kara bhAva ke poSaNa meM bhI sahAyaka ho sakate haiN| kabhIkabhI to ve isake viparIta bhAva ke bAdhaka bhI bana jAte haiN| kucha aise bhI alaGkAra svIkRta hue haiM, jinakA manobhAva se pratyakSa sambandha hai| viSAdana, praharSaNa Adi tattad manobhAvoM se sambaddha haiM, para unakA alaGkAratva ina manobhAvoM ko jagAne vAlI vizeSa sthiti ke varNana ke DhaMga meM hai| kucha AcAryoM ne bhAva-vizeSa ke sAtha alaGkAra-vizeSa kA niyata sambandha jor3ane kA bhI prayAsa kiyA hai; para aisA prayAsa sarvathA durAgrahapUrNa hI siddha huA hai / praharSaNa, viSAdana Adi ko chor3a pratyeka alaGkAra kI yojanA sabhI bhAvoM ke sandarbha meM kI jAtI rahI hai| eka hI alaGkAra paraspara virodhI bhAvoM kA bhI poSaNa karatA hai| upamA zRGgAra, hAsya, karuNa, raudra, vIra, bhayAnaka bIbhatsa, adbha ta Adi sabhI rasoM kA upakAra kara sakatI hai, phira use kisa rasa yA manobhAva ke sAtha sambaddha kiyA jAyagA ? eka hI upamAna alaga-alaga sandarbha meM do virodhI bhAvoM kA prabhAva jagA sakatA hai| kisI strI kI kAlI laTa ko nAgina ke samAna kahane se usake saundarya kA prabhAva baDhatA hai; para strI ko nAgina ke samAna kahane para usakI bhISaNatA kA prabhAva baDhatA hai| spaSTa

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upasaMhAra [ 815 hai ki kisI alaGkAra kA kisI bhAva se niyata sambandha nahIM / kisI bhI bhAva ke sAtha kisI bhI alaGkAra kI anurUpa yojanA hone para usa bhAva kA saundarya bar3hatA hai / nIrasa kAvya meM alaGkAra kI yojanA se zabda aura artha meM vaicitrya kI sRSTi hotI hai / kathana prabhAva ko baDhAne meM hI alaGkAra kI sArthakatA hai / kavi ke vAJchita artha ko adhikAdhika prabhAvotpAdaka banAkara abhivyakta karane meM kAvyAlaGkAra sahAyaka hote haiM vinotkarSApakarSAbhyAM svadante'rthA na jAtucit / kavayo'laGkArAnparyupAsate tadarthameva 11 - mahima bhaTTa

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Page #840
pariziSTa 1 pAribhASika zabdAvalI hindI - a~garejI atadguNa - The Non-Borrower atizayokti - Hyperbole adhika -- The Exceeding ananvaya - Self Comparision anuprAsa - Alliteration anumAna - Inference anyonya - The Reciprocal apahna uti - Concealment aprastutaprazaMsA - Indirect Description arthAntaranyAsa - Corroboration alaGkAra -- Figure of Speech alaGkArya -- Thing to be adorned asaGgati --- Disconnection AkSepa - Paralepsis uttara -- The Reply utprekSA - Poetical Probability udAtta - The Exalted upamA -- Simile, Comparision upameyopamA - Reciprocal Comparision

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818] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa ekadezavivarti rUpaka-Partly-expressed Metaphor ekAvalI-The Necklace kAraNamAlA-The Garland of Causes kAvyaliGga-The Poetical Reason guNa-Poetic Excellence tadguNa-The Borrower tulyayogitA-Eqal Pairing dIpaka-Illuminator dRSTAnta-Exemplification nidarzanA-Illustration niraGga rUpaka-Partless Metaphor paramparita rUpaka-Consequential Metaphor parikara-The Significant parivRtti-The Barter parisaMkhyA-Special Mention paryAya-The Sequence paryAyokta-Periphrasis pUrNopamA-Complete Simile prativastUpamA-The Parallel pratIpa-The Converse pratyanIka-The Rivalry bhAvika-The Vision bhrAntimAn-The Error mAlAdIpaka-Serial Illuminator mAlArUpaka-Serial Metaphor mAlopamA-Serial Comparison mIlita-The lost yathAsaMkhya-Relative order yamaka-Rhyme razanArUpaka-String of Metaphor razanopamA-String of Comparison

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pAribhASika zabdAvalI (58EUR 646-Metaphor 779T - Distinctive Mark luptopamA-Elliptical Simile faalfe-A Speech with 'WITHOUT' farTT261-Peculiar causation fatta-Antithesis fasta--The Extraordinary fastattfi-Peculiar Allegation fact--The Unequal bufa 7-Excellence vyAghAta-The Frustration vyAjastuti-Artful Praise survifit-The Dessembler 79-Paronomasia, Pun, double entendre saMsRSTi-The Aggregation -Commixture 4-The Equal ATT-The Facilitation samAsokti-Speech of Brevity samuccaya-The Conjunction sasandeha-Doubt HETT-A Speech 'WITH' sAGgarUpaka-Entire Metaphor sAmAnya-The Sameness -The Climax --The Subtle smaraNa-Reminiscence svabhAvokti-Description of Nature

Page #843
pariziSTa 2 pAribhASika zabdAvalI : vyAkhyA agatika gati - AzrayahIna ke Azraya ke artha meM agatika gati pada kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai / zAstra meM jahA~ kisI bAta kA yauktika samAdhAna nahIM milane para kucha dUrAkRSTa kalpanA kara lI jAtI hai use 'agatika gati kahA jA sakatA hai / ananvaya meM kisI vastu kI ThIka usI vastu ke sAtha upamA ko asambhava mAnakara vAkyamImAMsakoM ne jo yaha kalpanA kara lI ki 'aise sthala meM varNya vastu kI kalpAntara meM sthita usI vastu se upamA sambhava hotI hai' use vAcaspati mizra ne agatika gati kahakara yuktihIna pramANita kiyA hai / | aGgAGgibhAva - do yA adhika vastuoM meM jahA~ eka pradhAna tathA anya usakI apekSA gauNa ho vahA~ unake pArasparika sambandha ko aGgAGgi bhAva sambandha mAnA jAtA hai / adhyavasAya - varNya viSaya kA nigaraNa kara arthAt use apradhAna banAkara usake sAtha viSayI kA abheda pratipAdana adhyavasAya kahalAtA hai / yaha adhyavasAya siddha ho to atizayokti aura asiddha yA sambhAvanA ke rUpa meM ho to utprekSA kA svarUpa- vidhAna hotA hai / anvayavyatireka - yaha niyama aura apavAda kI tArkika paddhati hai / eka ke rahane para dUsare ke anivAryataH rahane kA niyama anvaya kahalAtA hai / eka ke abhAva meM dUsare kA niyamataH abhAva honA vyatireka kahA jAtA hai / lakSya tathA lakSaNa meM anvayavyatireka ke AdhAra para hI lakSaNa ke aucitya kI parIkSA kI jAtI hai / anvayavyatireka ke abhAva meM lakSaNa meM avyApti tathA ativyApti doSa A jAte haiM / mammaTa Adi AcAryoM ne anvayavyatireka ke AdhAra para zabdAlaGkAra Adi kA sImA nirdhAraNa kiyA hai / isa AdhAra para jahA~ kisI zabda kI jagaha paryAyavAcI zabda ko rakha dene se alaGkAratva naSTa ho jAya arthAt jahA~ paryAya- parivartana sambhava na ho vahA~ zabdAlaGkAra tathA jahA~ paryAya parivartana sambhava ho, vahA~ arthAlaGkAra mAnA gayA hai /

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pAribhASika zabdAvalI : vyAkhyA [821 apRthagyatnanirvay alaGkAra-jisa alaGkAra kI yojanA meM kavi ko atirikta zrama nahIM karanA par3e, use apRthagyatnanirvatya kahate haiN| kavi kI anubhUti kI abhivyakti ke krama meM kucha alaGkAra anAyAsa hI A jAte haiM / aise apRthagyatnanirvatya alaGkAroM ko Anandavardhana ne dhvani kA antaraGga tattva svIkAra kiyA hai| __ AbhAsa-vastu kI tAttvika sthiti ke na rahane para bhI usakI pratIti AbhAsa kahalAtI hai| virodhAbhAsa Adi alaGkAroM meM tAttvika avirodha meM virodha ke AbhAsa para vicAra kiyA gayA hai| AropyamANa-vaha upamAnabhUta vastu, jisakA upameya para Aropa kiyA jAtA hai| utkaTekakoTika saMzaya-sambhAvanA ko 'utkaTakakoTika saMzaya' mAnA gayA hai / zuddha saMzaya meM yathArtha jJAna tathA ayathAtha jJAna kI do koTiyAM hotI haiM aura donoM koTiyA~ samAna balazAlI hotI haiM, para sambhAvanA meM jahA~ eka vastu para anya vastu kI sambhAvanA kI jAtI hai, vahA~ usa prastuta ke jJAna kI eka koTi rahatI hai aura sambhAvita vastu ke jJAna kI dUsarI koTi, jinameM se sambhAvita jJAna kI koTi prabala rahatI hai| dvakoTika jJAna kI dRSTi se sambhAvanA kI saMzaya se samatA hai; para eka koTi kI utkaTatA kI dRSTi se vaha usase bhinna hai| ekavRntagataphaladvaya nyAya-vRkSa ke eka vRnta para paraspara saTe rahane vAle do phaloM kA dRSTAnta / eka vRnta para eka dUsare se saTe rahane vAle phaloM kI taraha abhaGga zleSa meM eka prayatnoccArya zabda meM ekAdhika artha saMlagna rahate haiN| kAkatAlIya nyAya-Akasmika rUpa se kisI ghaTanA ke ghaTita hone kA nyAya / kauA Akara baiThA aura usI samaya tAla kA phala gira pdd'aa| koe ke Ane aura tAla-phala ke girane meM kevala Akasmika sambandha hai| usI prakAra Akasmika rUpa se eka ghaTanA ke sAtha kisI dUsarI ghaTanA ke ghaTita hone meM kAkatAlIya arthAt Akasmika-sambandha mAnA jAtA hai| samAdhi alaGkAra meM eka ke kisI kArya meM pravRtta hone para kAkatAlIya nyAya se anya kArya-sAdhana kA upasthita ho jAnA varNita hotA hai| kAku-kaNTha-dhvani kA bheda 'kAku' kahalAtA hai| eka hI vAkya kAku yA

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822 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa kaNTha-dhvani ke bheda se bhinna bhinna artha kA bodhaka ho jAtA hai / udAharaNArtha'maiM nahIM jAU~gA' yaha vAkya eka prakAra kI kaNTha-dhvani se kathita hone para niSedhArthaka hotA hai; para bhinna kaNThadhvani se kahane para 'maiM nahIM jAU~gA ?" kA artha hotA hai ki 'maiM avazya jAUMgA' / kAku vakrokti meM zrotA kAku ke. sahAre vaktA ke bhinnArthaka zabda kA bhinna artha lagAkara usakA vakratA pUrNa uttara detA hai / khalekapota nyAya - khalihAna meM kabUtaroM ke ekasAtha utarane kA nyAya / kabUtaroM kA jhuNDa eka sthAna meM eka hI sAtha utaratA hai / isI prakAra samuccaya alaGkAra meM aneka arthoM kA eka sAtha ekatra sadbhAva dikhAyA jAtA hai / gRhItamukta rIti- pUrva- pUrva sthita vastu ke prati krama se pratyeka paravartI vastu ko vizeSaNa ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA jAnA gRhItamukta rIti kahalAtA hai / ekAvalI alaGkAra meM artha kI zreNI gRhItamuktarIti se hI prastuta kI jAtI hai / janukASTha nyAya-- lakar3I meM cipakI huI lAha kI rIti / jisa prakAra lakar3I meM lAha saTI rahatI hai / usI prakAra sabhaGga zleSa meM zabda meM aneka artha saMsakta rahate haiM / tilataNDula nyAya - tila aura cAvala ke mile rahane kA dRnta / aura cAvala ko eka sAtha milA dene para bhI donoM kA bheda spaSTataH parilakSita rahatA hai / usI prakAra alaGkAra-saMsRSTi meM aneka alaGkAra isa rUpa meM ekatra rahate haiM ki unakA pArasparika bheda spaSTa rUpa se parilakSita rahatA hai / unameM paraspara aGgAGgibhAva sambandha nahIM rahatA ve eka-dUsare se svatantra rahate haiM / daNDApUpa nyAya - DaMDe meM lage pUe kA nyAya / kisI ne DaMDe meM pUA laTakA kara rkhaa| cUhA vaha DaMDA le gayA / DaMDe ke sAtha svabhAvataH hI usameM laTakAyA pUA bhI calA gayA / daNDa ke le jAne se pUA kA le jAnA svataH siddha huA / isI prakAra arthApatti alaGkAra meM eka ke kathana se dUsare artha kA svataH siddha honA dikhAyA jAtA hai / dehalIdIpa nyAya - dehalI para rakhe hue dIpaka kA dRSTAnta / jisa prakAra ghara kI dehalI para rakhA huA dIpaka bAhara aura bhItara, donoM ora prakAza DAlatA hai, usI prakAra dehalI dIpaka alaGkAra meM vizeSa zabda aneka zabdoM ko dIpita karatA hai / usa nyAya ke AdhAra para hI dehalI dIpaka alaGkAra kI kalpanA kI gayI hai /

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pAribhASika zabdAvalI : vyAkhyA [813 nIrakSIra nyAya-dUdha aura pAnI ke milane kI rIti / donoM ko milA dene para donoM kA bheda parilakSita nahIM hotaa| isI prakAra saGkara meM alaGkAroM kI pArasparika sthiti isa rUpa meM rahatI hai ki unakA bheda parilakSita nahIM hotaa| nigrnn-aprdhaaniikrnn| kisI artha ko apradhAna yA gauNa banA denA nigaraNa kahalAtA hai| nigaraNa kA zAbdika artha hai niglnaa| jaba kisI kA kathana na kara yA usakA niSedha kara use apradhAna banA diyA jAtA hai, taba use vastu kA nigaraNa kahate haiN| rUpakAtizayokti meM viSaya kA upAdAna tahIM hone se usakA nigaraNa hotA hai| pRthagyatnanirvartya-jisakI yojanA ke lie atirikta zrama kiyA jAya use pRthagyatnanirvartya kahate haiN| kavi jahAM apanI anubhUti ko vyakta karatA huA alaga se alaGkAra-yojanA meM zrama karatA hai, vahA~ pRthagyatnanirvayaM alaGkAroM kI yojanA hotI hai| bimbapratibimbabhAva-jahAM vastutaH bhinna dharmoM kA paryAyavAcI zabdoM se do vAra kathana hone se vaha dharma abhinna-sA jAna par3atA hai vahAM vastuoM meM bimbapratibimbabhAva sambandha mAnA jAtA hai| do alaga-alaga vastueM do vAkyoM meM kathita hoM aura unameM tattvataH bhinna dharmoM kA abhinna dharma ke rUpa meM upasthApana ho; ye do bimbapratibimbabhAva ke lakSaNa haiN| dRSTAnta alaGkAra meM do samAna dharma vAlI vastuoM meM bimbaprativimbabhAva Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| . yaugapadya-yugapat arthAt eka sAtha hone kA bhAva yogapadya kahAjAtA hai| samuccaya meM aneka vastuoM kA yogapadya hotA hai arthAt aneka vastuoM kA ekatra eka sAtha sadbhAva dikhAyA jAtA hai jabaki paryAya Adi meM vastuoM kA ayogapadya arthAt krama se sadbhAva dikhAyA jAtA hai| . __ varNasAjAtya-sajAtIya varNoM kA vinyAsa varNa-sAjAtya kahalAtA hai| samAna uccAraNa sthAna se uccarita hone vAle tathA samAna prayala vAle varNa sajAtIya mAne jAte haiN| anuprAsa ke svarUpa meM varNa-sAjAtya para vicAra kiyA jAtA hai| vastuprativastubhAva-do vastuoM ke tattvataH abhinna dharma kA alagaalaga zabdoM se do vAra kathana hone para donoM meM vastuprativastubhAva sambandha mAnA jAtA hai| prativastUpamA meM do vAkyArthoM meM eka hI samAna dharma kA do bAra

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824 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa upAdAna hotA hai ataH vahA~ vastuoM ke bIca vastuprativastubhAva sambandha rahatA hai| vAkyapada nyAya-tAttvika abheda meM bheda-kalpanA kA nyAya / vAkyasphoTavAdI baiyAkaraNa vAkya se pRthak pada kI sattA nahIM maante| unake anusAra vAkya vastutaH eka akhaNDa abhivyakti hai, phira bhI vyavahAra meM padoM meM usake khaNDa kI kalpanA kara lI jAtI hai kyoMki binA khaNDa-kalpanA kiye vivecanavizlepaNa sambhava nhiiN| kuntaka Adi AcAryoM ne alaGkAra alaGkArya ko tattvataH abhinna mAnA hai / ukti apane-Apa meM pUrNa eka akhaNDa abhivyakti hotI hai jisameM alaGkArya aura alaGkAra kA tAttvika bheda nahIM rahatA, phirabhI vyAvahArika suvidhA ke lie vAkyapadanyAya se usa akhaNDa kI khaNDa-kalpanA kI jAtI hai| vaidharmya-sAdharmya ke viparIta vaidharmya vastuoM ke bIca asamAna dharma kA sambandha hai| sAdRzya-do vastuoM meM kucha sAmAnya tathA kucha vizeSa kA honA sAdRzya kA svarUpa hai| yavi vastuoM meM kevala sAmAnya tattva ho to unakI pRthaka-pRthak sattA hI nahIM raha jAya aura yadi kevala vizeSa rahe to unameM kucha bhI samAnatA nahIM rhe| aisI sthitiyoM meM unameM sAdRzya nahIM raha sktaa| ataH kucha sAmAnya tathA kucha vizeSa ke rahane para hI vastuoM meM sAdRzya rahatA hai| sAdharmya-do sadRza vastuoM meM samAna dharma kA sambandha sAdharmya kahalAtA hai| upamA kA lakSaNa do sadRza vastuoM meM samAna dharma kA sambandha mAnA gayA hai| sAdharmya pada upameya ke sAtha usake dharma ke sambanNa kA bodha karatA hai aura upamAnabhUta vastu ke sAtha upameya ke samAna-dharma-sambandha kA bhI bodha karAtA hai| siMhAvalokana nyAya-siMha ke dekhane kA nyAya / siMha jaba zikAra kI khoja meM Age calatA hai taba bIca-bIca meM mur3a kara pIche bhI dekhatA calatA hai yamaka meM aisI pada racanA ki pada ke Age kA varNa pIche ke varNa se mela khAtA ho siMhAvalokana kI rIti kI yAda dilAtI hai| isI nyAya ke AdhAra para paravartI kAla meM vamaka kA eka rUpa jise pUrvavartI AcAryoM ne pAdAnta-yamaka kahA thA, siMhAvalokana nAma se svatantra alaGkAra ke rUpa meM kalpita kara liyA gayA hai|

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pariziSTa 3 alaGkAra - doSa zabda tathA artha ke alaGkAroM kI yojanA meM asaGgati se alaGkAra-doSa utpanna hote haiM / anuprAsa zabdAlaGkAra meM varNa-yojanA kI asaGgati ke AdhAra para tIna doSoM kI kalpanA kI gayI hai - prasiddhi kA abhAva, vaiphalya tathA vRtti virodha / anuprAsa yojanA ke anurodha se aprasiddha padoM kI yojanA karane se prasiddhyabhAva doSa; camatkAra kI sRSTi meM asamartha varNoM kI yojanA se vaiphalya tathA upanAgarikA Adi vRttiyoM ke pratikUla varNa- yojanA se vRtti-virodha doSa hotA hai / mammaTa ne ina tIna anuprAsa-doSoM ko pada Adi ke doSoM meM hI antarbhUta mAnA hai / unake anusAra prasiddhyabhAva prasiddhi - viruddha se; vaiphalya apuSTArthatva se tathA vRtti virodha pratikUlavarNatva se pRthak nahIM / yamaka kA tripAda - nibandhana doSa mAnA jAtA hai / mammaTa ise aprayuktatva doSa meM antarbhUta mAnate haiM / arthAlaGkAroM meM upamA ke doSoM kA vistRta vivecana huA hai / upameya ke lie jisa upamAna kI yojanA kI jAtI hai usakA dharma upameya ke dharma ke samAna honA cAhie / jahA~ usameM upameya se jAtigata yA pramANagata nyUnatA rahatI hai, vahA~ honopama tathA jahA~ Adhikya rahatA hai vahA~ adhikopama doSa mAnA jAtA hai / mammaTa ne inakA kramazaH hInapadatva tathA adhikapadatva meM antarbhAva mAnA hai / upameya aura upamAna ke bIca bhinna liGga aura bhinna vacana kA prayoga upamA ke doSa ke rUpa meM svIkRta hai / mammaTa inheM bhagnaprakrama doSa meM antarbhUta mAnate haiM / unhoMne upamA meM kAla, puruSa, vidhi Adi ke doSa kA bhI bhagnaprakrama meM hI antarbhAva mAnA hai / asAdRzya tathA asambhava

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526 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa upamAdoSoM ko mammaTa anucitArthatva doSa meM antabhukta mAnate haiN| upamAviruddhatva bhI upamA kA doSa mAnA gayA hai| mammaTa ise anucitArthatva doSa ke antargata mAnate haiN| utprekSA meM asamartha vAcaka zabda ke prayoga se doSa AtA hai / manye, zaGka, dhra vaM, prAyaH, nUnam, avaimi Adi utprekSA ke vAcaka haiN| 'yathA' Adi sAdRzyavAcaka pada kA utprekSA meM prayoga doSa hai, kyoMki yathA Adi sambhAvanA ke bodha meM asamartha hai| mammaTa aise sthala meM avAcakasva doSa mAnate haiN| samAsokti meM upamAna kA upAdAna hone para anupAdeyatva doSa hotA hai / upameya ke kathana se hI upamAna kI pratIti samAsokti meM honI cAhie / upamAna kA punaH ullekha doSa mAnA jAtA hai| ise mammaTa apuSTArthatva yA panarukta meM antabhukta mAnate haiN| napusaka meM nAyaka Adi ke vyavahAra kA Aropa samAsokti kA doSa hogA, jise mammaTa anucitArthatva doSa mAneMge / isI prakAra aprastuta prazaMsA meM upamAna se upameya gamya honA caahie| upameya kA upAdAna doSa hai / bhinna AdhAra meM virodha kA varNana virodhAlaGkAra kA doSa hai| eka AdhAra meM hI virodha ke nirUpaNa meM camatkAra hone se alaGkAra kA saundarya rahatA hai| virodha kA bhinnAzrayatva mammaTa ke anusAra anucitArthatva doSa hai| isI prakAra alaGkAroM ke anya sambhAvita doSoM ko pada, padArtha Adi ke doSoM meM antarbhUta mAna kara mammaTa ne unakA svatantra vivecana Avazyaka nahIM mAnA hai|

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grantha-sUcI saMskRta-grantha abhinava bhAratI-abhinava gupta, (nATyazAstra kI TIkA) gAyakAvADa ori-- ___eNTala insTIcyUTa varodA-1934 I0 alaGkAra kaustubha-karNapUra gosvAmI, vArendra risarca sosAiTI, rAjazAhI -1926 I0 alaGkAra pradIpa-vizvezvara, caukhambA saMskRta sIrija, banArasa-1923 I0 alaGkAra mahodadhi-narendraprabha sUri, gAyakavADa orieNTala sIrIja 1842 I0 alaGkAra ratnAkara-zobhAkara mitra,orieNTala buka ejensI, pUnA-1942 I0 alaGkAra zekhara-kezava mizra, nirNayasAgara, bambaI-1895 alaGkArasUtra-ruyyaka (alaGkArasarvasva tathA saJjIvanI), meharacandra lakSmaNa dAsa, dillI-1965 alaGkArasUtra-ruyyaka (samudrabandhakRta vyAkhyA sahita), anantazayana saMskRta granthamAlA, trivendram aSTAdhyAyI-pANini RgvedsNhitaa| RgvedabhASya bhUmikA-sAyaNa, caukhambA saMskRta sIrija, banArasa ekAvalI-vidyAdhara,taralATIkA,gavarnamenTa senTrala buka Dipo-bambaI 1903 I0. aucitya vicAra carcA-kSemendra, pUnA orieNTala sIrIja-1954 kavikaNThAbharaNa-kSemendra, kAvyamAlA, nirNayasAgara, bambaI-1926 kAvyAdarza-daNDI, kusumapratimA TIkA, meharacanda lakSmaNa dAsa, saMdamiTThA bAjAra lAhaura-1960 vi0

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-828 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa kAvyAdarza-daNDI, vI0 rAmasvAmI, 266 ispleneDa, madrAsa-1630 kAvyAdarza-daNDI, hRdayaGgamA TIkA, pro0 raGgAcArya madrAsa / kAvyAnuzAsana-hemacandra, nirNayasAgara presa, bambaI-1934 kAvyaprakAza-mammaTa, nAgezvarI TIkA, caukhambA saMskRta pustakAlaya, banArasa __-1951 kAvyaprakAza-mammaTa, jhalakIkarakRta bAlabodhinI TIkA, bhaNDArakara ori eNTala insTIcyUTa, pUnA-1950 kAvyaprakAza-mammaTa, bhImasena dIkSita, sudhAsAgara TIkA, caukhambA saMskRta sIrija, banArasa-1624 kAvyapradIpa-govinda Thakkura (kAvyaprakAza kI TIkA), nirNaya sAgara, bambaI-1933 kAvyamImAMsA-rAjazekhara, jayakRSNa dAsa haridAsa gupta, banArasa-1631 kAvyAlaGkAra-bhAmaha, caukhambA saskRta sIrIja, banArasa-1985 kAvyAlaGkAra-rudraTa, namisAdhu kI TIkA, nirNaya sAgara, bambaI-1928 kAvyAlaGkArasArasaGa graha-udbhaTa,tilakakRta vivRti, orieNTala insTIcyUTa varodA-1631 kAvyAlaGkArasArasaGa graha-udbhaTa, indurAja kI laghuvRttiTIkA, bhaNDArakara ___insTIcyUTa, pUnA-1925 kAvyAlaGkArasArasaGa graha-udbhaTa, banahaTTI kI aMgarejI vyAkhyA. prAcya vidyA zodha mandira pUnA, 1925 kAvyAlaGkArasatravatti-vAmana, kAmadhenu TIkA, banArasa saskRta sIrIja __ -1907 kuvalayAnanda-appayya dIkSita, nirNayasAgara presa, bambaI-1947 candrAloka-jayadeva, ramA vyAkhyA, sarkila phorTa bambaI 1633 candrAloka-jayadeva, gujarAtI prinTiMga presa, bambaI 1676 vi0 citramImAMsA-appayya dIkSita, vANI vihAra vArANasI-1, 1965 citramImAMsA-appayya dIkSita (jagannAthakRta khaNDana), kAvyamAlA sIrIja, nirNayasAgara-1926 dhvanyAloka-Anandavardhana, nirNaya sAgara presa bambaI-1611 'dhvanyAloka-Anandavardhana (dIdhiti TIkA), caukhambA saskRta sIrIja, banArasa-1653

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grantha-sUcI [826 najarAjayazobhUSaNa-nRsiMha kavi, orieNTala insTIcyUTa, varAdA nATyazAstra-bharata (abhinava bhAratI TIkA), orieNTala insTIcyUTa, . varodA-1934 nirukta-yAska, hariyANA zekhAvATI Azrama, bhivAnI-1883 nyAyasiddhAnta muktAvalI-vizvanAtha nyAyapaJcAnana, nAgezvara pAThazAlA, banArasa-1640 pratAparudrayazobhUSaNa-vidyAnAtha, (ratnApaNa TIkA) rAjakIya granthamAlA, bambaI, 1906 bhaTTikAvya-vatsabhaTTi (jayamaGgalA TIkA) nirNayasAgara, bambaI-1906 mahAbhASya-pataJjali (pradIpa tathA udyota TIkA) nirNayasAgara, bambaI -1612 mRcchakaTika-zUdraka meghadUta-kAlidAsa raghuvaMza-kAlidAsa rasagaGgAdhara-jagannAtha (nAgezabhaTTakRta TIkA) banArasa, saskRta sIrIja -1603 liGgapurANa locana-abhinava gupta (dhvanyAloka para TIkA), nirNaya sAgara, bambaI-1911 vakroktijIvita-kuntaka, AtmArAma eNDa sansa dillI-6 / vAgbhaTAlaGkAra-vAgbhaTa, meharacanda lakSmaNa dAsa, saidamiTThA bAjAra, lAhaura -1986 vi0 vAyupurANa sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa-bhoja, jIvAnanda vidyAsAgara, ramAnAtha sTrITa, kalakattA -1864 sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa-bhoja, kAvyamAlA sIrIja, nirNayasAgara bambaI-1934 sAhityadarpaNa-vizvanAtha, kusumapratimA TIkA, hemacandra bhaTTAcArya, 41 devalena kalakattA-1867 sAhityasAra-acyutarAya, nirNayasAgara, bambaI-1906 sAhityasAra-sarvezvara kavi, veMkaTezvara prAcya granthamAlA-1952

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830] hindI grantha alaGkArapIyUSa- rAmazaGkara zukla 'rasAla', rAmanArAyaNa lAla, ilAhAbAda 1654 * alaGkArabhramabhaMjana - gvAla, braja bhAratI, mathurA 1968 vi0 alaGkAramaJjarI - kanhaiyAlAla poddAra, jagannAtha zarmA, mathurA 2002 vi0 * alaGkAramaNimaJjarI -- RSinAtha, Arya yantrAlaya, vArANasI 1626 vi0 alaGkAramaJjUSA - bhagavAna dIna, rAmanArAyaNa lAla, ilAhAvAda 2008 vi0 alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa alaGkAra mImAMsA - rAmacandra dvivedI, motIlAla banArasIdAsa - 1965 kavi priyA - kezavadAsa, kalyANadAsa eNDa bradarsa, vArANasI - 2014 vi0 - karNAbharaNa-- govinda kavi, bhArata jIvana presa, banArasa - 1864 vi0 kavikulakaNThAbharaNa-- dUlaha, devakavisudhA, lakhanaU- 1992 vi0 kAvya nirNaya - bhikhArIdAsa, kalyANadAsa eNDa bradarsa, vArANasI - 1956 kAvya prabhAkara - jagannAtha prasAda bhAnu, lakSmI veMkaTezvara chApAkhAnA, kalyANa kAvyadarpaNa - rAmadahina mizra, granthamAlA kAryAlaya, paTanA- 1947 kAvya meM abhivyaJjanAvAda - lakSmInArAyaNa 'sudhAMzu', yugAntara sAhitya mandira, bhAgalapura - 2000 vi0 -- kezava granthAvalI - saM0 vizvanAtha prasAda mizra, hindustAnI ekeDamI, ilAhAvAda - 1855 I0 citracandrikA - balavAna siMha, navalakizora presa, lakhanaU - 1857 cetacandrikA - gokula, bhAratajIvana presa banArasa - 1894 I0 jasavaMtajaso bhUSaNa - murAridAna, mAravAr3a sTeTa presa, jodhapura - 1954 vi0 dIpaprakAza - brahmadatta, bhAratajIvana presa, banArasa - 1946 vi0 devagranthAvalI - kAzI nAgarI pracAriNI sabhA - 1612 deva aura unakI kavitA - nagendra, gautama bukaDipo, dillI- 1949 'padmAbharaNa - padmAkara, saM0 vizvanAtha prasAda mizra vANIvitAna, vArANasI 2015 vi0 priyA prakAza- bhagavAna dIna, kalyANadAsa eNDa sansa - vArANasI 2014 phate prakAza - ratneza, bhArata prakAzana mandira, alIgaDha - 1961 nitAbhUSaNa - gulAba siMha, jagataprakAzana, phatehagaDha

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grantha L-538 bhArato bhUSaNa - giridharadAsa, caukhambA pustakAlaya, banArasa bhAratIya kAvyazAstra ko bhUmikA - nagendra, orieNTala buka Dipo, dillI 2012 vi0 bhASAbhUSaNa - jasavanta siMha, hindI sAhitya kuTIra - 2006 vi0 matirAmagranthAvalo - gaMgA pustakAlaya, lakhanaU - 1983 vi0 mahezvara bhUSaNa - mahezvara, bhAratajIvana presa, banArasa - 1954 vi0 rasa rahasya kulapati mizra, iNDiyana presa li0 prayAga - 1954 I0 rasika rasAla -- kumAramaNi zAstrI, zrIvidyAvibhAga kAMkarolI - 1954 vi0 rAmacandra bhUSaNa - lacchirAma, khemarAja zrI kRSNadAsa, bambaI - 1960 vi0 rItikAvya kI bhUmikA - nagendra, nezanala pabliziMga hAusa dillI, caturtha saM0 1961 * rItikAlIna alaGkAra sAhitya kA zAstrIya vivecana - oma prakAza zarmA, hindI sAhitya saMsAra dillI 7-1965 rudrapraNIta kAvyAlaGkAra - hindI rUpAntarakAra satyadeva caudharI, vAsudeva prakAzana, dillI - 1965 zabda rasAyana - deva, hindI sAhitya sammelana, prayAga - 2004 vi0 sAhitya sAgara - bihArIlAla bhaTTa, gaMgA granthAgAra lakhanaU - 1964 vi0 (hindI) bhAmahaviracita kAvyAlaGa kAra - bhASyakAra devendranAtha zarmA, bihAra rASTrabhASA pariSada paTanA hindI kAvyAlaGa kAra -- vyAkhyAtA, vizvezvara, AtmArAma eNDa sansa dillI - 6- 1954 I0 hindI vakroktijIvita - vyAkhyAtA, vizvezvara, AtmArAma eNDa sansa, dillI - 1955 I0 hindI sAhitya kA itihAsa - rAmacandra zukla, nAgarIpracAriNI sabhA, kAzI 2009 vi0 hindI kAvyazAstra kA itihAsa - bhagIratha mizra, lakhanaU vizvavidyAlaya, 2005 vi0

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832 ] alaGkAra-dhAraNA : vikAsa aura vizleSaNa baMgalA-graMtha agnipurANa-sampAdaka, paJcAnana tarkarala, vaMgavAsI presa, kalakattA, zakAbda 1314 . aMgarejI grantha Aesthetics-Croce Aristotle's Poetics-T. A. Moxon, J. M. Dent & sons ltd. London. Bhoja's sringaraPrakash-V. Raghavan, Punarvasu Madras. History of Sanskrit Poetics-S. K. DE, Firma K.L. Mukho padhyaya. cal. 1960 History of Sanskrit poetics--P.V. kane. Girgaon. Bombay 1951 Remarks on Simile in Sanskrit Literature-J. Gonda. Leiden (Holland) E. J. Brill, 1949 Some concepts of Alamkara shastra-V. Raghavan, Adyar Library. Adyar, 1942

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