Aadhunik Hindi Jain Sahitya

Author(s): Saroj K Vora
Publisher: Bharatiya Kala Prakashan
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/022849/1

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Adhunika hindI jaina sAhitya pha DA. saroja ke. vorA

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kevala bodha yA cintana-praNAlI nIrasa va jar3a kriyAvAdI bhI ho sakatI haiM, lekina ise hI lalita sAhitya ke rUpa meM prastuta kara vyApaka va lokapriya banAyA jAtA hai| ataH aisI racanAoM ko prakAza meM lAkara unakA anuzIlana- parizIlana karane kA prayAsa prastuta pustaka meM kiyA gayA hai| prathama adhyAya meM jaina dharma kI paribhASA, mahattva, aMtima tIrthaMkara bhagavAna mahAvIra ke samaya kI paristhitiyA~, mahAvIra kI vividha kSetra meM vizva ko dena, jaina dharma ke pramukha tattva va unakI Adhunika yuga meM upAdeyatA kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| dUsare adhyAya meM AdhunikatA kA mahattva, prAraMbha va sAnukUla paristhitiyoM ke citraNa ke sAtha hindI sAhitya meM Adhunika yuga kA prAraMbha nirdiSTa kara hindI jaina sAhitya meM Adhunika yuga kA prArambha aura vikAsa batAyA gayA hai| tRtIya adhyAya meM prabaMdha aura muktakake Avazyaka tattvoM ke paricaya ke sAtha upalabdha mahAkAvyoM kI kathAvastu, rasa, netA, kalpanA, jIvana-darzana Adi pahaluoM para vistRta vicAra kiyA gayA hai| caturtha adhyAya meM Adhunika yuga meM gadya ke mahattva, prAraMbha va prasAra para dRSTipAta karake Adhunika jaina gadya sAhitya kI vividha kRtiyoM kA viSayavastu paraka paricaya vistRta rUpa se prastuta kiyA gayA hai| paMcama adhyAya meM padya ke bAhya saundarya ke lie Avazyaka mahattvapUrNatattvoM ke nirUpaNa ke bAda Alocya jaina- prabandha kAvyoM ke saundarya pakSa meM chanda, alaMkAra prabandhatattva, bhASA-zailI, varNanAtmakatA, sUkti prayogoM kI carcA ke sAtha muktaka racanAoM kI bhASA-zailI, chanda, alaMkArAdi kA vivecana kiyA hai| chaThA adhyAya gadya-sAhitya kI viziSTatA vyakta karanevAle tattvoM ke paricaya ke sAtha upalabdha pratyeka vidhAgata viziSTa kRtiyoM kA bhASA-zilpa, saMgaThanasauSThava, cAritrika vizleSaNa, saMvAda, uddezya, zailI Adi dRSTiyoM se vivecana kiyA gayA hai| I.S.B.N. : 81-86050-26-4 pRSTha saM0 538 + xvi, AkAra 9"x5.75" saMskaraNa : 2000 mUlya : 600.00

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Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya

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Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya lekhikA : DaoN0 saroja ke0 vorA BKDI bhAratIya kalA prakAzana dillI

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prakAzaka : bhAratIya kalA prakAzana 3421-e, dvitIya tala, nAraMga kalonI, trInagara, dillI- 110035 prathama saMskaraNa : 2000 mUlya : 600.00 (c) prakAzaka I.S.B.N. : 81-86050-26-4 akSara saMyojaka : e-vana grAphiksa eksa - 4, galI naM0 2, brahmapurI, face-110053 phona : 2183470 mudraka : saMtoSa oNphaseTa, dillI

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samarpaNa arpaNa (sva. kailAsacandra vI. vorA ko) ApakI preraNA ke binA jo kArya zurU hI na ho pAtA, lekina durbhAgya ne ApakI anupasthiti meM maiM yaha mudrita rUpa meM ApakI smRti ko do azru binduoM ke sAtha samarpita karatI huuN| abhAgIsaroja vorA kI sneha-sumana-zraddhAMjalI ke sAtha

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AzIrvacana "Adhunika hindI jaina sAhitya" zIrSaka zodhaprabandha ko prakAzita hote dekhakara mujhe atIva prasannatA ho rahI hai| zrImatI saroja ke vorA ne bar3e parizrama se eka zodha-prabandha mere nirdezana meM pUrNa kiyA thaa| zrImatI saroja ke vorA eka vidhA-vyasinI zodha-chAtrA rahI hai| jaina dharma-darzana aura sAhitya meM unakI gaharI abhiruci rahI hai| zodha-prabandha meM unakI isa abhiruci kA pratibimbana huA hai| jaina sAhitya sambandhI sambhavataH yaha prathama adhyayana hai| jisameM sAhitya kI samasta vidhAoM kA ekatra Akalana kiyA gayA hai| Adhunika ke sAtha-sAtha prAcIna evaM madhyakAlIna jaina-sAhitya kA bhI pRSThabhUmi aura paraMparA ke sAtha-sAtha prAcIna evaM madhyakAlIna jaina-sAhitya kA bhI pRSThabhUmi aura paraMparA ke aMtargata yatkicita AdhikArika ullekha huA hai| lekhikA ne apane adhyayana ko adhika pramANita banAne ke lie jaina dharma aura darzana ke mUlatattvoM, niyamoM Adi kA prathama adhyayana kiyA / prastuta grantha meM bhAvi zodha ke lie paryApta sAmagrI nihita hai| aneka aise granthoM kA prathama bAra kisI zodha prabandha meM ullekha aura adhyayana huA hai jo kisI pustakAlaya kI ekAnta zobhAvRddhi karate rahe, kisI adhyetA ke sparza se nitAnta dUra athavA kisI pustaka vikretA kI dukAna ke eka kone meM dhUla-dhUsarita rheN| zrImatI DaoN. saroja ke vorA kA yaha zodha-prabandha to lekhakIya dIkSA kA prathama caraNa hai| vizvAsa hai unakI lokhanI se aura bhI gambhIra ciMtana paraka tathA racanAtmaka graMthoM kA praNayana hogaa| maiM isa graMtha kA svAgata karatA huuN| AzA hai isa grantha se pAThakoM ko lAbha phuNcegaa| dayAzaMkara zukla 7-12-98 'naimiSa' 14 e, punIta nagara, nyU sabhA roDa bar3audA-2

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do zabda Aja kitane sAloM ke bAda zodha-prabandha kA chapavAne kA svapna pUrA huA hai| pArivArika jimmedAriyoM ke kAraNa va parivAra meM thor3e mahInoM meM bArI-bArI se acAnaka nidhana-pati kI bhI acAnaka duHkhada mRtyu ke kAraNa Arthika rUpa se chapavAne kA kArya nahIM ho pAyA thaa| ___maiM apane gurujI nirdezaka DaoN. DI. esa. zukla jI kI hRdaya se AbhArI huuN| usI taraha apane vibhAgAdhyakSa va anya gurujanoM ke prati apanI kRtajJatA abhivyakta karanA pharja samajhatI huuN| e-vana, grAphika ke zrIpuna bhAI zrI ramanabhAI caudharI ke prati maiM apanA AbhAra vyakta karanA atyaMta ucita samajhatI hU~ jinhoMne vyaktigata rUpa se dhyAna dekara kama samaya meM itane bar3e zodha-prabaMdha ko acche sucAru DhaMga se chApa diyaa| unake sAtha pArivArika sambandha sA ho gyaa| eka acche-insAna ke rUpa meM maiMne unako paayaa| sAtha hI maiM zrI sI0pI0 gautama, prabandhaka bhAratIya kalA prakAzana, dillI kA vizeSa rUpa se dhanyavAda karatI hU~ jinhoMne pustaka ko zIghrAtizIghra prakAzita kiyaa| pustaka meM jo bhI kamiyA~ raha gaI hoM unake lie Apa sabase maiM kSamA cAhatI huuN| jo kucha bhI bana par3A yathAzakti-yathAmati-Apake samakSa vinamra bhAva se prastuta karatI huuN| vidvAjjanoM-gurujanoM kI bar3I kRpA rahegI yadi ise sabhI galatiyoM ke sAtha svIkAra kareMge to-bAkI to kyA? Apa saba kA anugraha merA saubhAgya hai| -DaoN. saroja ke vorA

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Amukha jaina dharma aura usakA darzana bhArata ke prAcInatama dharmoM meM se eka mahattvapUrNa dharma ke rUpa meM bhAratIya tathA pAzcAtya vidvAnoM dvArA svIkRta hai| usakA darzana jahAM siddhAntoM meM tarka va cintana se samRddha hai, vahAM usakA AcAra-paraka dharma-zraddhA-niSTha vyavahAra kI bhUmikA para saMsthita hone se yathArthavAdI hai| jaina dharma kI yaha sarvazreSTha viziSTatA kahI jAyegI ki usane AcAra meM sarva hitakArI ahiMsA, prema tathA karuNA ke zreSTha tattva, vicAra meM samanvayakArI anekAntavAda kI utkRSTa vicAradhArA tathA vyavahAra meM saMzlezahArI aparigraha vRtti kA dRSTi bindu vizva ko pradAna kiyA hai| ataH AcAra, vicAra aura vyavahAra meM samRddha jaina darzana kI vicAradhArA va tattva Aja ke ApAdhApI se trasta yuga meM na kevala eka rASTra ke lie varan saMpUrNa mAnava jAti ke lie kalyANakArI va upAdeya siddha hote haiN| ina tattvoM ko apanAne se mAnava-mAnava ke bIca samAnatA, samatAbhAva, zAMti, sahakAra, mAtRbhAvanA tathA sarva maMgalakArI udAra dRSTi kA vikAsa hone se viSamatA, vaimanasya parigraha vRtti (saMgraha vRtti) aura zoSaNa vRtti kA svataH hI hrAsa ho sakatA hai| jaina dharma ke karuNA sAgara tIrthaMkaroM, AcAryoM evaM vidvAna tattvacintakoM ne saMpUrNa mAnava jAti ke utthAna ko dRSTi samakSa rakhakara hI jaina dharma kI dArzanika vicAradhArA tathA vyAvahArika nIti-niyamoM kA saMkalana kiyA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne vaidika yuga kI jIrNa-zIrNa samAja vyavasthA tathA ghora hiMsAmaya dhArmika vidhi-vidhAnoM ko dUra karane ke lie kaThora parizrama kiyaa| gulAma se bhI badatara sthiti meM pIr3ita nArI varga aura zUdroM kA uddhAra tathA ahiMsA kA prasAra karane ke lie bhI sAr3he bAraha varSa asIma tapasyA ke sAtha mAnasika rUpa se bhI nirantara manomanthana, ciMtana tathA saMgharSa kiyaa| pariNAmasvarUpa 'kevala jJAna' prApta karane ke bAda tatkAlIna sAmAjika aura dhArmika paristhiti meM AmUla ahiMsaka krAnti kii| striyoM aura zUdroM ko bhI samAnatA ke adhikArI ghoSita karake mahAvIra ne dhArmika navacetanA ke sAtha sAmAjika sudhAra upasthita kie| lokabhASA meM apanI vicAradhArA kA prasAra kara eka nayI cetanA utpanna kI tathA pratyeka vyakti kI samAnatA va svataMtratA svIkAra kara 'Adhunika lokatAMtrika dRSTibindu' tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ne Aja se 2500 varSa pUrva kiyA thA / prANI mAtra

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(xii ) ke prati manasA, vacasA karmaNA ahiMsAtmaka, prema tathA karuNApUrNa vyavahAra Az2a ke aNu yuga meM kitane saMgharSoM tathA vinAza ko roka sakatA hai! isa mahAn Adarza va vyavahAra-pradhAna dharma ne hamAre rASTra ke darzana, nIti, dharma, saMskRti, sAhitya, zilpa-sthApatyAdi ke vikAsa meM apanA amiTa prabhAva DAlakara apUrva yogadAna diyA hai| prasiddha hindI sAhityakAra aura tattvaciMtaka DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina ne ucita hI likhA hai ki-'jaina dharma bhArata varSa kA eka prAcInatama dharma hai| isa dharma ke anuyAyiyoM ne deza ke jJAna, vijJAna, samAja, kalA-kauzala Adi ke vaiziSTya-vikAsa meM bar3A bhAga liyA hai| manuSya mAtra meM nahIM, prANI mAtra meM paramAtma tattva kI yogyatA rakhanevAlA jIvana vidyamAna hai aura pratyeka prANI girate-uThate usI paramAtmatva kI ora agrasara ho rahA hai| isI siddhAnta para isa dharma kA vizva-prema aura vizva-bandhutva sthira hai| bhinna-bhinna dharmoM ke virodhI matoM aura siddhAntoM ke bIca apane syAdvAdanaya (anekAntavAda) ke dvArA sAmaMjasya upasthita kara detA hai| jainAcAryoM ne UMca-nIca, jAti-pAMti kA bheda na karake apanA udAra upadeza saba manuSyoM ko sunAyA aura 'ahiMsA paramodharma' ke mantra dvArA itara prANiyoM kI rakSA ke lie tatpara banA diyaa| __isa prakAra jaina dharma jitanA samRddha aura prAcIna hai, usakA dhArmika aura dArzanika sAhitya jitanA puSTa hai, utanA hI puSkala parimANa meM prApta usakA lalita sAhitya bhI hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne paMDitoM kI saMskRta bhASA chor3akara janatA ke kalyANArtha bola-cAla kI arddha-magadhI prAkRta bhASA meM kathA-dRSTAntoM dvArA bodha pradAna kiyA, taba se lekara nirantara janabhASA meM usakA sAhitya lipibaddha hotA rahA hai| madhyakAla meM apabhraMza tathA kAlAntara meM usase niHsRta bhASA meM jaina-sAhitya vipula parimANa meM likhA gyaa| Adhunika kAla meM bhI hindI bhASA meM jaina dharma va darzana ke tattvoM ko samAviSTa kara racA gayA sAhitya prabhUta mAtrA meM upalabdha hai| AvazyakatA hai kevala ina racanAoM ke zodhAtmaka evaM samIkSAtmaka adhyayana kii| inako prakAza meM lAkara inakI vizeSatA sthApita karane kA hArdika upakrama nitAnta Avazyaka hai| virATa jana-mAnasa meM phaile isa dharma kI vicAradhArA kA prabhAva jaina yA jainettara sAhityakAra para par3anA svAbhAvika hai| jaina dharma ke aneka zlAdhya tattvoM ko apane sAhitya kA merudaNDa sthApita karanevAle na kevala jaina dharmI sAhityakAra hI rahe haiM varan jainetara sAhityakAroM ne bhI apanI pratibhA kA unmeSa jaina darzana evaM udAtta jaina dharma ke tattvoM ko samAviSTa karane meM kiyA hai| ataH ina tattvoM ko AdhAra banAkara race gaye 1. DA. hIrAlAla jaina-aitihAsika jaina-kAvya saMgraha kI bhUmikA, pR. 13.

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( xiii ) sAhitya kA zodha pUrNa adhyayana evaM anuzIlana apekSita thaa| kevala hindI bhASA meM hI nahIM, varan gujarAtI, rAjasthAnI tathA dakSiNa bhArata kI vividha bhASAoM meM jaina-sAhitya kA sRjana vizAla parimANa meM huA hai, lekina anusaMdhAyikA kA prayojana hindI bhASA meM lipibaddha Adhunika jaina sAhitya ke sambandha meM khojabIna karane kA rahA hai| AdikAla va madhyakAla ke hindI jaina sAhitya ko vivecita hone kA avasara avazya prApta huA hai, kintu Adhunika kAla kA hindI jaina sAhitya prAyaH upekSita rahA hai| ataH prastuta viSaya para kArya karane kI AvazyakatA anubhava kara guruvara DA. dayAzaMkara zukla ne zodhArthinI ko preraNA pradAna kii| hindI sAhitya ke itihAsa lekhakoM ne hindI-jaina sAhitya kI prAyaH upekSA kI hai| ataH isa upekSita kintu prabhUta mAtrA meM upalabdha sAhitya kA anuzIlana pratyeka dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa jAna pdd'aa| samagra jaina sAhitya dhArmika hone para bhI sAmpradAyika asahiSNutA se prAyaH raMjita hai| 'jaina sAhitya meM Atmazodhaka tattvoM kI pracuratA hai| yaha vaiyaktika aura sAmAjika donoM hI prakAra ke jIvana ko unnata banAne kI pUrNa kSamatA rakhatA hai| ata: jaina sAhitya ko kevala sAmpradAyika kahanA nitAnta bhrama hai|' kisI bhI dharma-vizeSa ke siddhAntoM ko kalAtmaka sAhityika rUpa dekara janatA kI sAtvika vRtti evaM sadguNoM ko jagAne vAle sAhitya meM sAmpradAyikatA kabhI nahIM A sktii| hindI sAhitya kA pUrva madhyakAlIna sAhitya to pUrNataH dhArmika sAhitya hai| yadi inameM kisI ko sAmpradAyikatA kI bU nahIM AtI to jainasAhitya se hI aisI apekSA kyoM? isameM unmukta zrRMgAra kA varNana paryApta mAtrA meM prApta nahIM hotA hai| vivekazIla, rAgAtmaka va sAtvika vRttiyoM ko anuraMjita karane vAle zAMta rasa kA prAdhAnya hI yahAM milatA hai aura kyA inhIM kAraNa se to isa mahattvapUrNa sAhitya ko upekSita nahIM ho jAnA par3A hai! __ yahAM Adhunika hindI-jaina-sAhitya-vidvAnoM ke samakSa nivedana prastuta karane kA vinamra prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| isa sambandha meM nivedita hai ki isameM kisI prAnta-vizeSa ke jaina sAhityakAroM kI racanAoM kA anuzIlana nahIM kiyA gayA varan jaina dharma ke pramukha lokopayogI tattvoM va vicAroM ko AdhAra zilA banAkara hindI meM likhe gaye saMpUrNa Adhunika jaina sAhitya ko (san 1950 se 1970 I. taka) adhyayana kA viSaya banAyA hai| isake lie anusaMdhAyikA apane vidvAna guru kI sadaiva AbhArI rahegI, jinhoMne hindI-jaina sAhitya kI apUrNa 1. nemicanda zAstrI-'hindI jaina sAhitya parizIlana, bhAga-1, do zabda, pR. 5.

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(xiv) zrRMkhalA ko jor3ane ke lie Adhunika yuga ke hindI-jaina-sAhitya para kArya karane kI preraNA dii| isa preraNA ko dRSTi meM rakhakara maiMne prayatna prArambha kiyA, kintu zodha-patha meM anekAneka kaThinAiyA~ AtI rhiiN| kabhI-kabhI to gRhasthI kI aneka jhaMjhaToM, samasyAoM, vividha sthaloM para sthita jaina-bhaMDAroM meM jA-jAkara dekhane-TaTolane aura upalabdha racanAoM ko prApta karane kI kaThinAiyoM se ghabarAkara kArya chor3a dene kI manovRtti bhI bana gaI, kintu zraddheya guruvara dvArA pradatta dhairya va sAntvanA se maiM kisI prakAra yaha kArya kara pAI huuN| yaha zodha-kArya eka vizeSa kAla-khaNDa ko lekara kiyA gayA hai| kisI nizcita kAlakhaNDa ko lekara yadi sAhitya kA adhyayana kiyA jAe to viSaya meM gaharAI tathA vAMchita vyavasthA A jAtI hai| 18vIM zatI taka ke hindI-jaina sAhitya kA anuzIlana ho cukA hai, ataH usI paramparA ko Age bar3hAne ke lie zodhArthinI ne eka sau bIsa varSa (1850 se 1970 I. taka) ke kAla khaNDa ke hindI-jaina sAhitya ko apane zodha kA viSaya cunA hai| isa kArya meM lekhikA kI maryAdAeM bhI rahI haiN| Adhunika sAhitya vizAla parimANa meM hai, tathA vividha bhaNDAroM, prakAzanoM va vidvAnoM se nirantara saMparka sthApita karane para bhI sampUrNa prakAzita sAhitya prApta karane kA dAvA karanA beImAnI hogii| IsvI 1970 ke bAda bhI hindI jaina sAhitya vizAla parimANa meM upalabdha hotA hai, vizeSakara bhagavAna mahAvIra kI 2500vIM nirvANa tithi ke upalakSya meM (san 1976 meM) adhikAdhika sAhitya prakAzita huA hai| isameM DA0 chailabihArI gupta racita 'tIrthaMkara mahAvIra', (mahAkAvya), vIrendra jaina racita zreSTha upanyAsa 'anuttara yogI' (tIna khaNDoM meM) tathA A0 nemicandra zAstrI likhita 'tIrthaMkara mahAvIra aura unakI AcArya paramparA' (tIna khaNDoM meM) zIrSaka grantha vizeSa ullekhanIya hai| inake atirikta aneka jIvaniyAM, kathA-sAhitya, nibaMdha-sAhitya, muktaka racanAeM, khaNDa kAvya Adi upalabdha hote haiN| hindI-jaina sAhitya ko mUlyAMkita karake prakAza meM lAne kA kArya prAraMbha huA hai tathA isake mahattva ko svIkArane kI jAgRti paidA huI hai, vaha stutya hai| isa dizA meM sarvaprathama hindI-sAhitya ke vidvAna sAhityakAra paM. nAthUrAma 'premI' ne athaka parizrama va niSThA se jaina sAhitya aura sAhityakAroM ko prakAza meM lAne kA bhagIratha prayAsa kiyA hai| paMDitajI ne 'hindI jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa' meM AdikAla evaM madhyakAla ke hindI jaina kaviyoM ke vaMza-gotra, parivAra, racanA va paristhitiyoM ke viSaya meM aitihAsika tathA sAhityika dRSTikoNa se atyanta khojapUrNa lekha prakAzita kiye haiN| Adhunika yuga ke sAhitya ke sambandha meM

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(TV) unhoMne dizA-sUcana kiyA hotA to usakI upAdeyatA asaMdigdha rUpa se siddha hotii| bAbU kAmatAprasAda jaina ne bhI 'hindI-jaina-sAhitya kA saMkSipta itihAsa' likhakara jaina-sAhitya ke 10vIM zatAbdI se 18vIM zatI taka ke vizAla kAlakhaNDa ko samAvRtta kiyA hai| kintu Adhunika kAla ke sAhitya ko unhoMne bhI nahIM sparza kiyA hai| prasiddha jaina vidvAna DA0 nemicandra zAstrI ne 'hindI jaina sAhitya-parizIlana' do khaNDoM meM likhA hai, jinameM AdikAlIna, madhyakAlIna tathA Adhunika yuga ke hindI jaina sAhitya kA vivecana saMkSepa meM prastuta kiyA hai| unakA dRSTikoNa apabhraMza evaM madhyakAlIna jaina sAhitya kI ora jitanA AkRSTa huA hai, utanA Adhunika kAla ke prati nahIM huA hai| aisA unhoMne svayaM svIkAra kiyA hai| tInoM vidvAna itihAsakAroM ne aneka prAcIna rasa-siddha kaviyoM kI saundaryapUrNa sAhityika va bhaktiparaka racanAoM ko prakAza prApta karavAne kA prazaMsanIya kArya kiyA hai| uparokta itihAsoM ke atirikta DA. premasAgara jaina ne vidvatApUrNa zailI meM "hindI jaina bhakti kI dArzanika pRSThabhUmi' tathA 'hindI jaina bhakti kAvya aura kavi' do khaNDoM meM zodha prabaMdha prastuta kiyA hai| unhoMne jaina-bhakti kI paribhASA, siddhAnta, mahattva aura viziSTatA ke sAtha dUsare khaNDa meM madhyakAlIna bhakta-kaviyoM kI racanAoM ke viSaya meM vivaraNa prastuta kiyA hai| gujarAta ke DA. hariprasAda zukla 'harIza' kA 'gurjara jaina kaviyoM kI hindI sAhitya ko dena' zIrSaka zodha prabandha hAla meM prakAzita huA hai, jisameM unhoMne jaina dharma kA mahattva va darzana kI pRSThabhUmi kA saMkSepa meM varNana kara gujarAta ke jaina-kaviyoM evaM unakI racanAoM kA vivecana kiyA hai| DA. zrIlAlacandra jaina kA 'jaina kaviyoM ke brajabhASA prabaMdha kAvyoM kA adhyayana' nAmaka zodha-grantha prakAzita huA hai, jisameM madhyakAlIna jaina brajabhASA-prabandha-kAvyoM kA vistRta vivecana tatkAlIna paristhitiyoM ke sAtha kiyA hai aura jaina brajabhASA prabandha kAvyoM kA bhAvagat va zilpagat saundarya kA acchA vivecana hai aura brajabhASA prabandha kAvyoM kA bhAvagata va zilpagata saundarya kA acchA vivecana kiyA hai| DA. vAsudeva siMha ne 'apabhraMza evaM hindI jaina rahasyavAda' nAmaka mahattvapUrNa zodha-prabaMdha prastuta kiyA hai| isameM unhoMne apabhraMza tathA brajabhASA ke jaina sAhitya meM rahasyavAda ke sambandha meM adhyayana prastuta kiyA hai| uparyukta itihAsoM evaM zodha-prabaMdhoM ke saMkSipta vivecana se spaSTa hotA hai 1. draSTavya-DA. nemicandra zAstrI-hindI jaina sAhitya-parIzIlana, bhAga-2, do zabda, pR. 10.

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( xvi ) ki prastuta zodha-viSaya upayukta racanAoM se sarvathA pRthaka evaM maulika hai| hAM, pratyakSa-apratyakSa prabhAva yA dizA-nirdeza avazya prApta huA hogA, jisake lie anusaMdhAyikA una vidvAnoM tathA lekhakoM kI AbhArI hai| prastuta zodha-prabaMdha ke AlocyakAlIna yuga meM hindI jaina sAhityakAroM ne jaina dharma ke kisI na kisI tattva yA siddhAnta ko uddezya rUpa meM rakhakara sRjana kiyA hai, jisase dharma ke nIrasa athavA gahana tattvoM ko rasAtmaka sAhitya-rUpa meM prastuta karane se sAmAnya jana samAja sahajabhAva se AtmasAt kara rasAnubhUti prApta kara sakatA hai| isameM sAttvika evaM bodhaprada sAhitya bhI rahatA hai, to kalAtmaka rasapUrNa sAhityika kRtiyAM bhI rahatI haiN| kevala bodha yA cintana-praNAlI nIrasa va jar3a kriyAvAdI bhI ho sakatI hai, lekina ise hI lalita sAhitya ke rUpa meM prastuta kara vyApaka va lokapriya banAyA jAtA hai| yaha kArya Adhunika yuga ke jaina-sAhityakAroM ne siddha kiyA hai| ataH aisI racanAoM ko prakAza meM lAkara unakA anuzIlanaparizIlana karane kA lekhikA kA vinamra prayAsa rahA hai| prastuta prabandha chaH adhyAyoM meM vibhAjita hai| prathama adhyAya 'viSaya praveza va paramparA' ke antargata jaina dharma kI paribhASA, mahattva, aMtima tIrthaMkara bhagavAna mahAvIra ke samaya kI paristhitiyA~, mahAvIra kI vividha kSetra meM vizva ko dena, jaina dharma ke pramukha tattva va unakI Adhunika yuga meM upAdeyatA kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| 'paramparA' ke antargata hindI sAhitya ke prAraMbha se arthAt 10vIM zatI se lekara 19vIM zatI taka ke apabhraMza, braja va hindI jaina sAhitya kA saMkSepa meM vivecana kiyA gayA hai| isa adhyAya meM anekAneka granthoM kA sahArA liyA gayA hai lekina vivecana va niSkarSa lekhikA ke apane haiN| ___ dUsare adhyAya meM 'Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya-sAmAnya paricaya' ke antargata AdhunikatA kA mahattva, prAraMbha va sAnukUla paristhitiyoM ke citraNa ke sAtha hindI sAhitya meM Adhunika yuga kA prAraMbha nirdiSTa kara hindI jaina sAhitya meM Adhunika yuga kA prArambha aura vikAsa batAyA gayA hai tathA gadya-padya ke vividha bheda aura tadviSayaka AlocyakAlIna upalabdha kRtiyoM kA vargIkaraNa kara saMkSipta paricaya dene kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| yaha prayAsa lekhikA kA nijI _tRtIya adhyAya 'Adhunika-hindI-jaina kAvya-vivecana' ke antargata prabaMdha aura muktaka ke Avazyaka tattvoM ke paricaya ke sAtha upalabdha mahAkAvyoM kI kathAvastu. rasa, netA, kalpanA, jIvana-darzana Adi pahaluoM para vistRta vicAra kiyA gayA hai| prApta khaNDa kAvyoM para bhI usI rUpa se vicAra karane ke uparAnta

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( xvii ) inameM Adhunika vicAradhArA kA kahA~ aura kaisA prabhAva pratimbita huA hai, isakI ora nirdeza kiyA gayA hai| vividha muktaka racanAoM ke bhAva pakSa para vistAra se dRSTipAta kiyA gayA hai| viSaya vastu meM kAfI samAnatA hone para bhI bhAva, vicAra, kalpanA va prastutIkaraNa kI vibhinnatA evaM viziSTatA ke kAraNa padya kI pratyeka racanA kA nijI mahattva hai| isa adhyAya kA samagra vivecana anusaMdhAyikA kA apanA vinamra prayAsa hai| caturtha adhyAya 'Adhunika hindI-jaina gadya sAhitya : vidhAeM aura viSaya-vastu' zIrSaka ke antargata Adhunika yuga meM gadya ke mahattva, prAraMbha va prasAra para dRSTipAta karake Adhunika jaina gadya sAhitya kI vividha kRtiyoM kA viSayavastu paraka paricaya vistRta rUpa se prastuta karane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| isameM jahAM uttama sAhityika kalA-kRtiyAM prApta hotI haiM, to bhakti-paraka uddezya se paripUrNa sAmAnya kRtiyAM bhI vizAla parimANa meM prApta hotI haiN| paMcama adhyAya 'Adhunika hindI-jaina padya-sAhitya kA kalA-sauSThava' ke antargata padya ke bAhya saundarya ke lie Avazyaka mahattvapUrNa tattvoM ke nirUpaNa ke bAda Alecya jaina-prabaMdha kAvyoM ke saundarya pakSa meM chanda, alaMkAra, prabandhatva, bhASA-zailI, varNanAtmakatA, sUkti prayogoM kI carcA ke sAtha muktaka racanAoM kI bhASA-zailI, chanda, alaMkArAdi kA vivecana anusaMdhAyikA ne prayAsa svarUpa kiyA hai| chaThA adhyAya 'Adhunika hindI-gadya sAhitya kA zilpa-vidhAna' ke bhItara gadya-sAhitya kI viziSTatA vyakta karanevAle tattvoM ke paricaya ke sAtha upalabdha pratyeka vidhAgata viziSTa kRtiyoM kA bhASA-zilpa, saMgaThana-sauSThava, cAritrika vizleSaNa, saMvAda, uddezya, zailI Adi dRSTiyoM se vivecana kiyA gayA aMtatogatvA upasaMhAra meM upalabdha sAhitya kI sImA va viziSTatA kA saMkSepa meM ullekha karake san 1970 ke anantara prakAzita sAhitya kA saMkSipta varNana kiyA gayA hai| prastuta prabandha lekhana meM lekhikA apane nirdezaka guruvara DA. dayAzaMkara zukla ke prati atyanta AbhAra prakaTa karatI hai| hindI vibhAga ke prophesara va adhyakSa sammAnanIya DA. madanagopAla guptajI ke prati lekhikA atyanta anugRhIta hai| jinhoMne na kevala prastuta viSaya para kArya karane kI anumati dI, balki samaya-samaya para mahattvapUrNa sujhAva dene kI bhI kRpA kI hai| gujarAta vizvavidyAlaya ke hindI-vibhAgAdhyakSa evaM pro. DA0 ambAzaMkara nAgara tathA ela. DI. insTITyUTa

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( xviii ) ke niyAmaka DA0 dalakhusabhAI mAlANiyA ke mUlyavAna sujhAvoM ke lie bhI lekhikA hArdika AbhAra vyakta karatI hai| lekhikA jaina samAja ke vidvAnoM evaM AcAryoM ke prati-jinase pratyakSa va parokSa sahAyatA prApta huI hai- apanI kRtajJatA vyakta karanA apanA karttavya samajhatI hai| isa zodha-kArya ke lie vibhinna jaina-bhaNDAroM ko dekhanA par3A hai, jisake lie anusaMdhAyikA una bhaNDAroM ke TrasTiyoM evaM vyavasthApakoM ke sahayoga ke lie sadaiva AbhArI rhegii| gAyakavAr3a prAcya vidyAmandira ke niyAmaka DaoN. aruNodaya jAnI evaM prakAzana vibhAga ke adhikArI tathA vyavasthApaka ke prati zodhArthinI AbhArI hai| jinhoMne sneha aura saukhya bhare vAtAvaraNa meM par3hane-likhane kI vizeSa suvidhA upalabdha krvaaii| maiM apane pati ke prati AbhAra pradarzana kaise karUM? saba kucha unhIM kA to hai unake sahayoga ke binA yaha kArya prArambha hI na ho paataa| zIghra evaM utsAha se zodha-prabandha kA TaMkaNa kArya karane ke lie zrI Ara. esa. dube tathA zodha-prabandha ke paThana-pAThana meM sahAyatA karane ke lie bhAI zrI limbAsiyA va ciraMjIva paurava ke prati hArdika AbhAra va sneha vyakta karanA anusaMdhAyikA ucita samajhatI hai| prabaMdha meM truTiyoM kA raha jAnA sahaja saMbhAvya hai, jinake prati vidvatjanoM kI udAra dRSTi kI apekSA hai| kamiyoM kA rahanA lekhikA kA doSa honA, evaM kArya kI thor3I-bahuta upalabdhi kA sampUrNa zreya patha-pradarzaka guru jI ko samarpita hai|

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saMkSipta zabda-sUcI (1) Adhunika hindI jaina sAhitya (2) hindI sAhitya kA saMkSipta itihAsa (3) hindI jaina sAhitya parizIlana (4) hindI jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa (5) hindI jaina sAhitya kA bRhat itihAsa (6) Adhunika jaina kavi (7) AcArya (8) paMDita (9) hindI jaina kavi aura kAvya -A.hi.jai.sA. -hi.sA.saM.i. -hi.jai.sA.pari. -hi.jai.sA.i. -hi.jai.sA.bR.i. -A.jai.kavi . -A. -paM. -hi.jai.ka.kA.

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anukramaNikA pRSTha saMkhyA (vii) (ix) (xi) (xix) 1-29 viSaya AzIrvacana do zabda Amukha saMkSipta zabda sUcI prathama adhyAya : 'viSaya-praveza' jaina dharma aura darzana kI prAcInatA, mahattA va paribhASA-jaina dharma ke tIrthaMkara-aMtima tIrthaMkara bhagavAna mahAvIra ke samaya kI dhArmika evaM sAmAjika paristhiti-mahAvIra kA yogadAna-samAnatA ke sthApaka ke rUpa meM, nArI svAtaMtrya ke udghoSaka ke rUpa meM, loka-bhASA-pracAraka ke rUpa meM-jaina dharma ke pramukha tattva evaM Adhunika yuga meM inakI upaadeytaa| paramparA :-paramparA kA mahattva, prAcIna jaina sAhitya-10vIM zatAbdI se 18vIM ztI taka kA saMkSipta pricy| dvitIya adhyAya : 'Adhunika hindI jaina sAhitya : parva-pIThikA' hindI jaina-sAhitya kA prAraMbha, Adi kAla (11vIM zatI se 14vIM zatI taka) : gadya, hindI jaina-sAhitya kA madhyakAla (15vIM zatI se 17vIM zatI taka) : nAmamAlA, nATaka samaya sAra, banArasI vikAsa, arddha-kathAnaka, moha-viveka-buddhi, mAMjhA, isa kAla kA gadya, parivartana kAla (18vIM zatI se 19vIM zatI tk)| tRtIya adhyAya : 'Adhunika hindI jaina sAhitya : sAmAnya paricaya' 'Adhunika' zabda kA vivecana va mahattva-vividha kSetra meM AdhunikatA ke sAtha sAhitya meM AdhunikatA kA padArpaNa-Adhunika yuga 'gadya-yuga' ke rUpa meM-jaina sAhitya meM Adhunika yuga kA prArambha-Adhunika hindI jaina padya-sAhitya-gadya kI vividha vidhAeM-kRti pricy| 30-79 80-144

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( xxii ) 145-256 257-395 396-440 caturtha adhyAya : 'Adhunika hindI jaina kAvya : vivecana' mahAkAvya, khaNDakAvya evaM muktaka ke pramukha tattva va aMtara-upalabdha mahAkAvya kI kathA-vastu, caritra-citraNa, rasa, prakRti-citraNa, dArzanikatA va sargabaddhatA-upalabdha khaNDa kAvyoM kA viSaya vastu-vivecana-muktaka racanAoM kA viSaya-vastu paraka vivecn-nisskrss| paJcama adhyAya : 'Adhunika hindI-jaina-gadya sAhitya : vidhAe~ aura viSaya-vastu padya va gadya kA Adhunika yuga meM prabhAva-gadya kA prasAra-hindI jaina gadya sAhitya kI vibhinna vidhAeM-upanyAsa aura kathA kA antara, pramukha tattva va pramukha racanAoM kA vivecana, nATaka sAhitya, nibandha-sAhitya, jIvanI- AtmakathA va saMsmaraNa-racanAoM kA vivecana nisskrss| SaSThama adhyAya : 'Adhunika hindI-jaina-kAvya kA kalA sauSThava padya-sAhitya ke antarbAhya tattva meM bAhya tattva rUpa kalA pakSa-ke pramukha tattvoM kA vivecana-bhASA, alaMkAra, chanda Adi ke pariprekSya meM upalabdha kAvya-sAhitya kI bhASA alaMkAra, chanda Adi kA svruup|. saptama adhyAya : 'Adhunika hindI-jaina-gadya-sAhitya kA zilpa-vidhAna' gadya kI custatA ke lie Avazyaka tattva-upanyAsa, kahAnI, nATaka-sAhitya saMvAda, bhASA-zailI, vAtAvaraNa, uddezya, nibandha-jIvanI, Atma-kathA Adi vidhAoM kI racanAoM kA bhASA-zailI viSayaka vivecn-nisskrss| upasaMhAra Adhunika hindI-jaina-sAhitya kI upalabdhiyAM, sImAeM, Adhunika yuga ke sandarbha meM isa sAhitya kA mahattva evaM 1970 ke bAda jaina-sAhitya kI pristhiti| pariziSTha-(ka) sandarbha aura AdhAra granthoM kI sUcI pariziSTha-(kha) iMgaliza, saMskRta aura gujarAtI ___-saMdarbha grantha pariziSTha-(ga) patra-patrikAeM 441-516 517-523 524-531 532-533 534

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prathama adhyAya viSaya praveza jaina dharma kI prAcInatA : vizva ke pramukha dharmoM se eka mahatvapUrNa dharma ke rUpa meM jaina dharma ko svIkArA jAtA hai| isa dharma ke aMtima tIrthaMkara bhagavAna mahAvIra (I. pU. chaThI zatAbdI) ne vizva ko ahiMsA, satya, acaurya, aparigraha tathA samAnatA ke mahAna siddhAnta-ratnoM kI anamola bheMTa dii| vaise bhagavAna mahAvIra jaina dharma ke AdyasthApaka yA prathama tIrthaMkara nahIM hai| jainadharma ati prAcInakAla se pracalita rahA hai| isake prathama vyAkhyAtA va Adi tIrthaMkara ke rUpa meM bhagavAna RSamadeva jainiyoM meM sarva svIkRta haiN| Rgveda aura bhAgavata purANa meM bhI jaina dharma ke saMsthApaka aura viSNu ke caubIsa avatAroM meM ve AThaveM avatAra ke rUpa meM unakA mahatva prApta hotA hai| isIlie jainiyoM ke matAnusAra jaina dharma bhagavAna RSamadeva ne calAyA to sacamuca hI unakA mata vaidikI mata se kucha kama hI prAcIna hai| bhAgavata purANa jainiyoM kI zrImaMtAI kI bhI puSTi karatA hai| mahAvIra ke purogAbhI 23veM tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha to itihAsa-siddha dhArmika netA ke rUpa meM mAnya haiM hii| pArzvanAtha ne RSamadeva ke samaya se udbhASita jaina dharma ke vichinna svarUpa ko vyavasthita kara saMgha sthApita kiyaa| sabhI paurvAtya aura pAzcAtya vidvAna pArzvanAtha ko aitihAsika vyakti ke rUpa meM mAnya karate haiN| pAzcAtya vidvAna kolabruka kahate haiM ki 'pArzvanAtha jaina dharma ke saMsthApaka the, aisA merA mAnanA hai| mahAvIra aura unake ziSya sudharmA ne jaina dharma kA punaroddhAra karake saMpUrNa rUpa se vyavasthita kiyaa| mahAvIra aura unake purogAmI pArzvanAtha donoM ko sudharmA aura unake anuyAyI tIrthaMkara (jina) ke rUpa meM pUjate the aura Aja 1. draSTavyaH chAndogya upaniSada 7, pR. 26, zivapurANa, 2, Rgveda 1, 7 kailAse parvatairamye, vRSabho yaM jineshvrH| cakkAra racAvatAraM yaH sarvajJaH sarvatraH zivaH / / 2 / / zivapurANaM prottma nAbhistu janavena putraM, maruvepyA mnohrm| kRSabhaM kSatriya zreSThaM sarvadAtrasya pUrvajam / / 2 / / brahmANDapurANe prottma 2. DA. devarAjan-darzana zAstra kA itihAsa, pR0 620 DA. rAdhAkRSNan-bhAratIya vicAradhArA, pR. 133

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Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya ke jaina bhI aise hI pUjate haiN| kolabraka ke atirikta prasiddha jarmana jaina tatvavetA harmana yAkobI, zrImatI sTIvansana, eDavarDa thomasa bhI nizcayapUrvaka mAnate haiM ki jaina dharma 'nAtaputra' (pArzvanAtha) aura 'zAkyaputra' (mahAvIra) se bhI prAcIna hai| bauddha-sAhitya meM pArzvanAtha ke caturyAma dharma ke ullekha milate haiN| svayaM bhagavAna mahAvIra ne apane upadezoM meM pArzvanAtha ke lie aneka bAra 'puruSa dANIyam' (puruSadAnI) vizeSaNa kA prayoga kiyA hai| ve mahAvIra se 300 varSa pUrva arthAt I0 pU0 kI 8vIM zatAbdI meM hue the aura 100 varSa kI Ayu bhogI thii| mahAvIra ke mAtA-pitA unhIM ko pUjate the| isa dharma kI prAcInatA para prakAza DAlate hue DA. jyoti prasAda jaina likhate haiM ki-'vaidika dharma ke kucha prAcIna graMthoM se bhI siddha hotA hai ki usa samaya jaina dharma astitva meM thaa| rAmAyaNa aura mahAbhArata meM bhI jaina dharma kA ullekha huA hai| jaina dharmAnusAra bIsaveM tIrthaMkara muni suvratasvAmI ke samaya meM rAmacandra jI kA honA siddha hai| isI prakAra pro. jayacandra vidyAlaMkAra bhI jaina dharma kI prAcInatA ke saMdarbha meM apanA vizvAsa prakaTa karate hue likhate haiM ki-'jainoM kI mAnyatA hai ki unakA dharma bahuta prAcIna hai aura bhagavAna mahAvIra ke pahale 23 tIrthaMkara hue haiN| isa mAnyatA meM tathya haiN| ye tIrthaMkara anaitihAsika vyakti nahIM haiN| bhArata kA prAcIna itihAsa utanA hI jaina hai, jitanA vaidik| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke prAdurbhAva ne prAcIna aura vizRMkhalita jaina dharma ko eka naye vAtAvaraNa meM sudRr3hatA evaM vyavahArika svarUpa dekara nayA prakAza pradAna kiyaa| nayI cetanA jagAkara jaina dharma meM prANa phUMka diyA tathA isa dharma ke sAttvika va lokopayogI siddhAntoM se apane samaya ke rUr3higrasta samAja ko ahiMsaka parivartana kI nayI bhUmikA se susajja kiyaa| unhoMne bhagavAna pArzvanAtha-pracArita cAra pramukha tattvoM kI saMkhyA pAMca karake (satya, ahiMsA, acaurya, aparigraha evaM brahmacarya) unakA sAmAnya janatA meM pracAra kiyaa| jaina dharma meM strI-puruSa donoM ko dIkSita karane kI paraMparA prAraMbha kara anuyAyiyoM kA varga nirmita kiyA aura jaina samAja ko caturvidha saMgha meM (sAdhu, sAdhvI, zrAvaka aura zrAvikA) vibhAjita kiyaa| unake athaka prayAsa se jaina dharma puna:jIvita hokara yugAnukUla dhArmika tathA sAmAjika krAMti kA vAhaka banane meM samartha ho skaa| 1. Colebrook-opardioc-cit, page. 341. 2. zrI jyoti prasAda jainaH mahAvIra jayanti smArikA-pR013, rAjasthAna jaina sbhaa-jypur| 3. dekhie-pro jayacanda vidyAlaMkAra-bhAratIya itihAsa kI rUparekhA-bhAga 1, pR.343 vallasukha mAlavANiyA-jaina dhrm|

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viSaya-praveza bhagavAna mahAvIra ke samaya kI dhArmika paristhiti : bhAratIya Arya saMskRti ke samunnata vikAsa meM vaidika dharmAnuyAyiyoM, jaina dharmAnuyAyiyoM tathA bauddha matAvalaMbiyoM kA samAna yogadAna rahA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke AvirbhAva ke samaya meM bhAratIya saMskRti kI do pramukha paraMparAeM prANavAna thI'-eka vaidika aura dUsarI zramaNa paramparA / ' jaina va bauddha zramaNa paramparA ke antargata Ate haiN| jaina dharma prAraMbha meM zramaNa dharma ke rUpa meM hI khyAta thA, kAlAntara meM vaha jaina dharma ke rUpa meM abhihita huA / 'jo mukti ke lie AtmasaMyama aura svAzraya kI pravRtti ko mahatva detA hai, vaha 'zramaNa' kahalAtA hai' aura yahI isa paramparA kI viziSTatA mAnI jAtI hai| usa samaya brAhmaNa dharma veda-prerita yajJa-yAga evaM karma kANDoM para vizeSa bala detA thaa| prasiddha bhAratIya tattvacintaka DaoN. surendranAtha dAsaguptA usa samaya ke vaidika dharma kI sthiti para prakAza DAlate hue likhate haiM- 'yathArtha meM yajJAdi ke karmakANDa evaM vidhi-vidhAna vizeSa rUpa se vistRta evaM jaTila hote jA rahe the| isakA sIdhA prabhAva to yaha huA ki devatAoM kA mahatva apekSAkRta kama hone lgaa| manokAmanA kI pUrti ke lie yajJAnuSThAna kA camatkArapUrNa vidhAna eka vizeSa paramparA kA sthAna grahaNa kara rahA thaa| yajJoM meM bali aura Ahuti usa prakAra kI bhakti aura niSThA se prerita nahIM hotI thI, jisa prakAra kI bhakti vaiSNava aura IsAI dharmoM meM pAI jAtI hai|'2 usI samaya mahAvIra tathA buddha ne cintana-manana ke pazcAt iMdriya - nigraha, ahiMsA va karmavAda ke siddhAnta dvArA jAti-pAMti, varNa-varga, dharma yA saMpradAya ko mahatva na dekara kevala vyakti ko hI mahatva diyaa| apane udbhava kAla meM zramaNa saMskRti ne pUrNa vikasita brAhmaNa dharma kA ghora virodha sahana karake bhI janatA ko apane siddhAntoM kA mahatva pratIta karavAne meM athaka parizrama kiyaa| paM0 dalasukha mAlavaNiyA jI isa saMdarbha meM likhate haiM ki - 'brAhmaNoM meM yajJa saMsthA ke prAdhAnya ke sAtha hI purohita saMsthA kA udbhava huA; pariNAmasvarUpa brAhmaNa varga zreSTha aura anya hIna aisI bhAvanA kA pracAra huaa| ataH samAja meM jAtigata U~ca-nIcatA ne dhArmika kSetra meM apanA prabhAva phailAyA aura mAnava samAja meM vibhinna varga paidA hue| isase viparIta zramaNoM meM aisI koI 'purohita saMsthA ke udbhava ko avakAza thA hI nhiiN| 3 usI prakAra vaidika kAlIna sIdhe sarala 3 1. DA0 mohanalAla mehatA - jaina AcAra, pR0 7 prastAvanA / 2. DA0 surendranAtha dAsaguptA - bhAratIya darzana kA itihAsa, bhAga-1, adhyAya-2 veda, brAhmaNa aura unakA darzana, pR0 22. 3. DA. dalasukha mAlavaNiyA - 'jaina dharma cintana' - adhyAya-1, pR. 9.

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Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya yajJoM kA usa samaya jo jaTila rUpa aura bAhyAcAra meM parivartana ho gayA thA usa para bhI mAla- vaNiyAjI ne vistRta rUpa se prakAza DAlA hai| DA. harIza zukla kI bhI usa saMdarbha meM yahI vicAradhArA hai| usa samaya na kevala mahAvIra-buddha ne dhArmika vicAroM dvArA jana-krAMti prArambha kara dI; balki utsAhI evaM vicArazIla hinduoM ne bhI jaTila karma-kANDoM se dUra jAne kA sAhasa kiyaa| svayaM mahAvIra ke prathama paziSya gautama svAmI vidvAna brAhmaNa the aura unhoMne apanI zaMkAoM ke samAdhAna prabhu mahAvIra se prApta kara apane 500 ziSyoM ke sAtha jaina dIkSA aMgIkAra kI thii| anya bhI 11 vidvAna paMDitoM ne apane-apane samudAyoM ke sAtha jaina dharma kI mahattA svIkAra kara dIkSA grahaNa kI thii| mahAvIra ne dIkSA lene ke anantara 12 varSoM ke bhramaNa kAla meM dekhA ki brAhmaNoM ne yajJoM meM nirdoSa pazuoM kI bali de dene kI prathA apanAkara samAja meM hiMsA kA vAtAvaraNa phailAyA hai| ataH nirarthaka jIva-hiMsA kI ora logoM kA dhyAna khIMcate hue unhoMne ahiMsA pradhAna jaina dharma kA mahattva pratipAdita kiyaa| jaina dharma ahiMsA evaM bRhat mAnavatAvAdI vicAradhArA kA saMdeza dene lgaa| brAhmaNa dharma usa samaya chuAchUta aura jAti prathA kI mahattA para bala de rahA thaa| mahAvIra ke samaya kI sAmAjika sthiti bhI atyanta asamAnatApUrNa thii| brAhmaNa varga ko sattA mAna aura vizeSAdhikAra prApta the, jabaki nimna jAti ke loga prAyaH gulAma aura pazu tulya samajhe jAte the| nArI kI dazA bhI prAcIna vaidika dharma ke samaya kI gauravapUrNa aura AbhAmaya na hokara cAra dIvAroM meM ba~da kaidI-sI ho gaI thii| unheM kisI bhI prakAra ke adhikAra prApta na the| dhArmika aura sAmAjika kSetra meM hI jaba nArI ko mahatva nahIM diyA jAtA ho, taba rAjanaitika yA Arthika kSetra meM nArI ke adhikAroM kI to saMbhAvanA hI kahAM? pAzcAtya vidvAna TIle kA kahanA hai ki-'usa samaya kI sAmAjika vyavasthA meM strI ko kucha sthAna nahIM thA aura zUdroM ko bilakula tuccha mAnA jAtA thaa| manu ke apane sUtra 'yatra nAryastu pUjyante ramante tatra devtaaH| ke bAvajUda bhI brAhmaNa dharma ne nArI ko dhArmika adhikAroM se vaMcita rakhA thA aura zUdroM kI bhI vaisI hI sthiti thii|" isake viparIta zramaNa-saMskRti ne nArI aura zUdroM ko bhI U~cA uThAkara vizeSa sthAna dene kA prayatna kiyaa| nUtana vicAradhArA ke kAraNa mahAvIra 1. draSTavya-DA. dalasukha mAlavaNiyA-'jaina dharma cintana'-adhyAya-1, hindU dharma aura jaina dharma, pR. 80. 2. dekhie-DA. harIza zukla : 'jaina gurjara kapiyoM kI hindI kavitA', pR0 35. 3. S. Tille-'Principal or Religions', chap. V, Page. 165.

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viSaya-praveza ke samaya vaicArika krAnti ke anantara zramaNa-saMskRti kA dRDha vikAsa sNbhvlhuaa| bhArata ke tatkAlIna itihAsa meM ise dhArmika jIvana kA saMkrAMtikAla yA buddhivAda kA yuga bhI kahA jA sakatA hai| janatA bhI mahAvIra kI sarala, saumya AkRti, ahiMsAtmaka vyavahAra va vicAradhArA tathA mAnava-svataMtratA ko mahatva denevAlI sAtvika upadeza-paddhati se prabhAvita hone lagI thii| zrI sI0 je0 zAha ne apanI 'uttara bhArata meM jaina dharma' nAmaka pustaka meM spaSTa rUpa se likhA hai ki-'hameM sAdhu dila se svIkAra kara lenA cAhie ki mahAvIra ke uddezya ucca aura pavitra the aura manuSya jAti aura anya sarva jIvAtmA kI samAnatA kA saMdeza bhArata ke yajJa-yAgAdi se trasta va jAti-bhedoM se Ube hue logoM ke lie udAra va mahAna AzIrvAda ke samAna the| jAti bheda ke prakhara virodha ke sAtha samAnatA aura samatAbhAva kA tatkAlIna zramaNa dharma meM mahatva thaa| eka tatvaciMtaka va samAja sudhAraka ke rUpa meM mahAvIra ne premapUrNa ahiMsAtmaka jIvana paddhati kA saMdeza samAja ko diyA, tAki vizva-bandhutva kI bhAvanA janatA meM paidA ho ske| pAzcAtya vidvAna bulahara mahAvIra kI isa udAtta dRSTi se bahuta prabhAvita haiM-sarva satvAnAM hitAya sukhaayaastu'| isa prakAra bhagavAna mahAvIra ke samaya brAhmaNa dharma apanI tejasvI prAcIna paraMparA ko thor3e samaya ke lie hI sahI, visara kara zithilatA mahasUsa kara rahA thA, taba jaina va bauddha dharma apane-apane tatvoM ke dvArA loka-hRdaya meM sthAna prApta kara bhArata ke tatkAlIna itihAsa va saMskRti meM yogadAna dene kA prayAsa kara rahA thaa| jaina dharma anuyAyiyoM kI saMkhyA meM vizvAsa na kara ucca cintana-praNAlI ke kAraNa pracAra-pradhAna na bana sakA, jabaki bauddha dharma madhyama mArga va rAjyAzraya ke kAraNa saMpUrNa suvidhAeM prApta kara janatA meM adhika phaila gyaa| phalasvarUpa vaha cintana pradhAna kama, vyavahAra-pradhAna vizeSa bana skaa| vaise bauddha dharma ne bhI prAcIna bhAratIya saMskRti meM mahatvapUrNa yogadAna dekara mahattA prApta kI thii| lekina Aja bauddha dharma bhArata meM hI janma lekara vikasita hone para bhI vidvAnoM se use pUrA pUrA nyAya milA aura prasiddhi bhI milI, jabaki jaina dharma mAnavahita-pradhAna Adarza va vyavahAralakSI, viziSTa cintana praNAlI yukta hone se brAhmaNa va bauddha dharma ke vizAla anuyAyiyoM kI tulanA meM atyanta kama hone para bhI jIvanta haiN| ahiMsAtmaka dRSTikoNa va tIrthaMkaroM ke upadeza meM usakI aDiga niSThA haiN| zAyada anuyAyiyoM kI alpa saMkhyA ke kAraNa nIti-niyamoM kA 1. DA. sI. je. zAha, uttarabhArata meM jainadharma, pR. 25. 2. zrI sI. je. zAha, uttarabhArata meM jainadharma, pR. 5.

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Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya pAlana tatparatA aura AsthA ke sAtha ho sakA hai| pAzcAtya vidvAn zApainTiyara ke vicAra se 'jaina dharma ke mUla siddhAntoM ko dRr3hatA se pakar3a rakhane meM choTI-sI jaina jAti kI purANa-priyatA usakA majabUta sAdhana ho gyaa|' yaha to viSayAntara huA, lekina kahane kA prayojana yaha hai ki itane mahatvapUrNa dharma ko bhArata ke itihAsa meM na rAjakIya dRSTikoNa se agatyatA prApta huI, na vidvAnoM se ucita sammAna evaM nyAya mila paayaa| zrI sI0 je0 zAha ne apane vicAra vyakta karate hue spaSTa likhA hai ki 'bahuta-sI bAtoM se siddha kiyA jA sakatA hai ki bauddha dharma jaina dharma kA samakAlIna bandhu dharma hai aura Aja vaha hindustAna kI sarahada se prAyaH adRzya ho cukA hai, phira bhI vidvAnoM se ucita nyAya prApta kara sakA hai| jabaki jaina dharma aba taka Tika sakA hai, itanA hI nahIM, vaha isa vizAla deza kI saMskRti aura rAjakIya va Arthika paristhitiyoM para jabardasta prabhAva paidA kara sakatA hai, phira bhI yaha yogya nyAya prApta nahIM kara sakA hai, yaha duHkha kI bAta hai|" zrImati sTIvansana ne bhI jaina dharma kI mahattA va prAcInatA para apane vicAra isI rUpa meM prakaTa kiye haiN| DA. harTala bhI spaSTa rUpa se likhate haiM ki 'hinda kI saMskRti para aura vizeSakara hinda ke dharma aura nIti kalA aura vidyA, sAhitya aura bhASA para usane jo prabhAva pahale DAlA thA aura jo abhI bhI DAlatA hI jA rahA hai, vaha saba samajhane vAle aura jaina dharma kI upayogitA svIkAra karane vAle pAzcAtya vidvAn bahuta kama haiN| kyoMki DA. hopakinsa jaise prasiddha pAzcAtya tatvavettA bhI prAraMbha meM jaina dharma ko svataMtra dharma kA mahatva na dete the, lekina bAda meM usake gahana adhyayana ke bAda usakI mahattA mahasUsa kii| isake viparIta bahuta se pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne jaina dharma ke mahatva ko mahasUsa kiyA thA aura use eka svataMtra dharma kI mAnyatA dilAne meM aura pracAra karane meM kama yogadAna nahIM diyA hai| inameM jarmana tatvavettA DA. harmana yAkobI, DA. bulhara Adi kA nAma vizeSa ullekhanIya hai| isa prakAra jaina dharma kI mahattA na kevala prAcIna bhArata kI saMskRti ke saMdarbha meM hI ullekhanIya hai, balki bhagavAna mahAvIra ke samaya kI paristhitiyoM se lekara vartamAnayugIna 1. zrI sI0je0 zAha-uttara bhArata meM jaina dharma, pR. 3. 2. draSTavya-Mrs. stevenson-'The Heart of Jainism' Page.19. 3. draSTavya-Mr. Hertel, 'On the literature of the Svetambars of Gujrat,' page. 1. 4. draSTavya-C.C. Shah, Xxiii, Page. 105. 5. draSTavya-DA. sI je zAha-uttarabhArata meM jaina dharma, pR011.

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viSaya-praveza vAtAvaraNa meM bhI ahiMsA, aparigraha, satya, samAnatA va anekAntavAda jaise kalyANakArI tatvoM ke kAraNa svIkArya honI caahie| mahAvIra kI 'mahAvIratA': jaina dharma va samAja ke lie bhagavAna mahAvIra eka aisI ananya upalabdhi rahe haiM ki jinhoMne anekavidha prayatnoM se jaina dharma ko eka nayA jIvanta rUpa pradAna kiyA, phalasvarUpa unake uparAnta bhI jaina dharma akSuNNa rUpa se pravAhita hotA rhaa| bhagavAna mahAvIra kI mahAnatA ke viSaya meM DA. ke. dAmodarana ke vicAra haiM ki-'zramaNa bhagavAna mahAvIra kI mahAnatA evaM vizeSatA unake ina prayAsoM meM hai ki unhoMne apane yuga meM jabaki brAhmaNa dharma apanI pUrva zakti se phailA huA thA, taba badalate hue samaya ke anusAra apane purogAmI bhagavAna pArzvanAtha ke siddhAntoM aura mAnyatAoM ko parivartita evaM parivarddhita karake unako punaH sthApita karane kA bhagIratha kArya kiyaa| mahAvIra ne apane samaya kI dhArmika evaM sAmAjika paristhitiyoM ke saMdarbha meM sAnukUlatA siddha kara sakane vAlI krAMti kA vAtAvaraNa cAroM ora nirmita kiyaa| mahAvIra ko hama samAnatA ke sthApaka ke rUpa meM, nArI ko sAmAjika va dhArmika mahatva dene vAle samAja sudhAraka ke rUpa meM sAhityika bhASA kA tyAga kara loka-bhASA meM upadeza dene vAle upadezaka va vicAraka ke svarUpa meM tathA manuSya kI saMpUrNa svataMtratA svIkArane vAle jaina dharma ke jAgRta agradUta ke rUpa meM nisaMkoca mAnate haiN| samAnatA ke sthApaka mahAvIra : vaise sabhI dharma praNAliyoM ne manuSya-mAtra ko samAna samajhane kA saMdeza diyA hai, lekina bhagavAna mahAvIra ne to mAnava samAnatA ko apane jIvana va saMdeza kA mUlamaMtra banA liyA thaa| unake samaya meM manuSya kI samAnatA va svataMtratA kA Adarza kSINa par3a gayA thA, jisase samAja jAti-pAMti aura amIra-garIba, U~ca-nIca Adi vargoM meM vibhakta ho gayA thaa| 'brAhmaNoM ko amaryAdita adhikAra prApta thA, jabaki zUdroM kI dazA gulAma jaisI hI thii| jAti-pAMti ke bhedabhAva ke kAraNa brAhmaNa dharma kI maryAdA bhI sImita bana gaI thii| brAhmaNoM aura kSatriyoM jaise ucca vargoM kA hI samAja meM vizeSa Adara thaa|' jabaki nimna jAtivAloM kA dabane aura pIsane ke alAvA koI rAstA hI nahIM thaa| mahAvIra ne apanI sAdhanA ke bAraha varSoM meM bhedabhAva kI usa bhayaMkara khAI 1. DA. ke. dAmodarana-bhAratIya cintana dhArA-pR. 132. 2. draSTavya-paM0 dalasukha mAlavaNiyA-jaina dharma cintana-pR. 9.

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8 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya ko nikaTatA se dekhA-parakhA, tadanantara usa para gaMbhIra manana-maMthana kara unhoMne ghoSita kiyA ki manuSya apane karmoM se UMca-nIca bana sukha-duHkha prApta karatA hai, jAti bheda va varga bheda to DhakosalA mAtra hai / sabhI manuSya meM samAna AtmA kA baserA hone se sukha-duHkha se saba samAna mAtrA meM prabhAvita hote haiN| ataH sabhI kA dhyeya 'mAnavatAvAdI' honA caahie| sabake prati karuNA evaM sauhArda se vyavahAra karanA Avazyaka hai| jAtivAda yA sampradAyavAda to kisI bhI samAja ke lie kalaMkarUpa hai| mahAvIra ke prANImAtra ke prati pUrNataH ahiMsA ke saMdeza meM samAnatA kA hI tatva nihita hai| mAnava-mAnava ke bIca samAna vyavahAra ko ve sAmAjika svasthatA, zuddhatA evaM vikAsa ke lie paramopayogI svIkArate the| isIlie to vizva-bandhutva kI bhAvanA kA hArda ve samajhA pAye aura isI ke AcaraNa para saMpUrNa jora diyaa| mahAna samanvayakArI aura ciMtaka mahAvIra kI saMsAra ko yaha anupama dena kahI jAyegI ki unhoMne dharma kA saccA svarUpa mAnava-mAnava kI samAnatA evaM samatAbhAva ke tatva meM nirUpita kiyA, aura isI kA pracAra-prasAra kiyaa| prANI mAtra kA ve kalyANa evaM abhyutthAna hI cAhate the| manuSya mAtra ko 'Atmavat' samajhane kI vicAradhArA kA hI saMdeza mahAvIra ne diyA aura yahI zramaNa-paramparA kI viziSTatA hai| 'dArzanika avyavasthA ke bhItara vyavasthA ko tathA dhArmika saMdehavAda ke bhItara zraddhA kI prakRSTa pratiSThA karane ke kAraNa jaina dharma tathA bauddha dharma janatA ke priya pAtra bne|' mahAvIra ne jaina dharma ko bodhagamya aura lokapriya banAne ke lie use kevala siddhAntoM taka sImita na rakhakara AcAra pradhAna banA kara vizAla sAmAjikatA tathA vyAvahArikatA kA samanvayakArI rUpa pradAna kiyaa| ataH unhoMne mAnava-mAnava ke bIca prema, sadbhAva evaM sahAnubhUti pUrNa sadvyavahAra kA pracAra kiyA, kyoMki samabhAva kI sAdhanA hI vyakti ko saccA zramaNa banA sakatI hai| mahAvIra ne manuSya kI samAnatA para kisI jAti, vAda, dharma yA sampradAya kA 'lebIla' (Label) nahIM cipakAyA, sabhI ke lie unake dvAra khule the| sAmAjika cetanA ko jAgRta karane ke lie unhoMne mAnava-mahimA taka pUrNa ahiMsA kA jo joradAra samarthana kiyA vaha unakI anupama udAra dRSTi kA paricAyaka hai| dharma aura darzana kA vaijJAnika svarUpa sadA svIkArya honA cAhie, aisA unhoMne cintana kara pratipAdita kiyaa| kyoMki sAmAjikatA tathA mAnavIyatA ke pare dharma kA astitva Thosa nahIM ho sakatA aura samAnatA kI sthApanA ke 1. hindI sAhitya kA bRhat itihAsa-saM0 DA. rAjabalI pAMDeya, dvitIya khaNDa-dvitIya adhyAya-jainadharma-pR. 439

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viSaya-praveza binA mAnavIyatA prApta nahIM ho sktii| isa vicAradhArA ne 'sAmAnya' jana samAja ko kAphI hada taka prabhAvita kiyaa|' manuSyatva meM Izvaratva kI sthApanA karanevAle bhagavAna mahAvIra : mahAvIra ne kitane varSoM ke tIvra manomaMthana ke paripAka svarUpa apanI udAra vicAradhArA ke dvArA na kevala sAmAjika krAMti upasthita kara sAmAjika vyavasthA ko prabhAvita kiyA, balki sAtha hI Izvara ke astitva ko nakAra kara mAnava kI saMpUrNa svataMtra sattA ko svIkAra kiyA, kyoMki na koI kisI kA dAsa hai na koI kisI kA svaamii| pratyeka vyakti ke bhItara pUrNa jyotisvarUpa AtmA kA nivAsa hai| isalie sabhI AtmAeM svataMtra hai lekina karmoM ke kAraNa sabhI ke sukha-du:kha kI sthiti bhinna-bhinna hai| mahAvIra ne hI sarvaprathama mAnava kI vyaktigata svataMtratA ke sAtha usakI sAmAjika samAnatA kA samanvaya kiyaa| prabhu mahAvIra ne yahI mahAmantra diyA ki mAnava svayaM apanA mitra-duzmana haiN| baMdhana se mukta honA usI ke hAtha meM hai| bure karmoM kA tyAga kara satkarmo ke prati jIva kI gati ho jAne se vedanA aura du:kho kA kSaya svataH ho jAtA hai aura phalasvarUpa manuSya zAMti va sukha prApta kara sakatA hai| isake lie manuSya ko mAyA-moha, rAga-dveSAdi se mukta hone kA prayAsa karanA caahie| parigrahoM ko kama karake indriyoM kA yathAzakya nigraha (Control) karanA par3atA hai| unhoMne vyakti kI zakti ke anusAra vyaktigata sAdhanA ke mArga se mokSa kI saccI rAha btaaii| vyakti kI yogyatA ko hI mahAvIra ne dRSTi biMdu meM rakhakara ghoSita kiyA ki mAnava apane hI sad-prayAsoM se uccatama vikAsa prApta kara sakatA hai| pratyeka AtmA svakarmo kA nAza karake siddhaloka meM siddha pada kI prApti kI kSamatA rakhatA hai, kyoMki AtmA to svayaM prakAzI brahma kA aMza hai| usa para mAyA-moha, rAga-dveSAdi ke par3e hue raMgIna parde ko cIrane se vaha parama prakAza manuSya ke hRdaya aura mastiSka meM phaila jAtA hai aura manuSya divya gati ko prApta kara sakatA hai| manuSyatva meM hara saMpUrNatA kA tatva dekhane kI vicAradhArA mahAvIra 1. dekheM-harmana jekobI kA jaina dharma para lekha-(I. Ara. I) DA. surendranAtha dAsaguptA ke 'bhAratIya darzana kA itihAsa', bhAga 1, pR. 182 se sAbhAra uddhRtaanu. kalAnAtha zAstrI, (ahiMsA athavA kisI bhI jIva kI 'kisI bhI prakAra hiMsA na ho pAe' isa siddhAnta ko nibhAne meM parAkASTA kI satarkatA bhikSuoM ke jIvana meM pUrI taraha, apanI aMtima hada taka, kriyAnvita kI jAtI hai| sAmAnya janajIvana ko isI ne bar3I hada taka prabhAvita kiyA hai| +++ kisI bhI jIva kI hiMsA na karane ke isa siddhAnta ne unheM kRSi jaise udyogoM se haTAkara kevala vANijya taka sImita rakha diyA hai|")

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10 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya kI sabase bar3I siddhi-upalabdhi kahI jAegI tathA prajAtaMtrAtmakatA kA bIja bhI isI meM dekhA jA sakatA hai| mAnava kI samAnatA va svataMtratA ko svIkAra kara use 'mokSapada' kA adhikArI ghoSita kiyaa| ___mAnava-svataMtratA ke saMdarbha meM hI unhoMne Izvara ke astitva ko nahIM svIkArA hai| vedAnta, sAMkhya aura anya hiMdU darzana praNAlI meM Izvara ke astitva aura usakI saMpUrNa sattA ko svIkAra kara vizva-saMcAlaka ke rUpa meM usakI parikalpanA kI gaI hai| jaise koI rAjA apanI prajA kA pAlana-poSaNa, rakSA evaM nyAya-daNDa detA hai, usI prakAra Izvara bhI isa sRSTi kI saMracanA kara pAlana karatA hai| jabaki jaina dharma evaM bauddha dharma Izvara nAmaka tatva yA sattA ko svIkArate hI nahIM, usake anusAra 'vizva Adi aura ananta hai| loka vaha sthAna hai, jahAM acche aura bure kAryo ke pariNAma svarUpa sukha aura duHkha kA bhoga yA anubhava hotA hai| Izvara kI sattA svIkArya hI nahIM hotii|' yaha bhinnaH bAta hai ki unake anuyAyI mahAvIra-buddha ko Izvara samakakSa mAna kara unakI pUjA-bhakti karate haiN| lekina mere vicAra se jaina darzana meM eka viziSTatA dRSTigata hotI hai ki mahAvIra ko alaukika zaktizAlI Izvara ke rUpa meM nahIM, lekina dharma rUpI tIthaM ko bAMdhane vAle tIrthaMkara svIkAra kara zraddhApUrvaka bhakti karate haiM aura unakI taraha hara manuSya svayaM apanA bhAgya nirmAtA banakara mokSa kA adhikArI hone kI abhilASA se unake prati zraddhA va vizvAsa vyakta karate haiN| mahAvIra ne vizva kI prakRti svadharma anuprANita evaM sva-nirmita mAnI hai| Aja kA vaijJAnika dRSTikoNa (vikAsa) bhI yahI siddha karatA hai| jagata kA yaha cakra-kAla, svabhAva, niyati, karma evaM puruSArtha ke pAMca tatvoM se hI calatA hai| anAdikAla se yaha cakra svataH hI calatA AyA hai| isakI utpatti ke Adi kAraNa ke lie koI Izvaratva kI mahattA nahIM sviikaarte| isI taraha jagata ke sva-nirmANa kI bhAMti 'manuSya Izvara kA banAyA huA na hokara tatvoM se nirmita svataMtra astitva hai|' 'manuSya ke vikAsa kI uccatama kalpanA kA nAma hI Izvaratva hai| 1. dekheM-DA. surendranAtha dAsaguptA-bhAratIya darzana kA itihAsa, pR. 207, adhyAya-1, jaina darzana, anu. kalAdhara zAstrI paM0 dalasukha mAlavaNiyA kRta-jainadharma cintana-pR. 132-234 2. draSTavya : (1) Dr. C.R. Jain 'what is Jainism?' Page 5. (2) The fundamental principal of Jainism is that 'Man is a spiritual beings'. H.L. Zeveri' The first principals of Jain Philosophy', London, 1970. 3. dinakara jI-sAhityamukhI-pR. 6.

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viSaya-praveza 11 isa prakAra Izvara kI sattA ko asvIkAra kara mAnava kI pUrNa svataMtratA ko svIkAra karane ke sAtha hI manuSya kI vyaktigata cetanA ko jAgRta karane ke lie mahAvIra ne karmavAda kA siddhAnta diyA, tAki manuSya ke bhItara AlasavRtti yA pramAda paidA na ho aura satkarmoM ke prati nirantara dhyAna banA rhe| nirantara sad prayAsoM se hI sukha prApta ho sakatA hai, akarmaNya banakara manuSya AtmA ke prakAza ko prApta nahIM kara paataa| vyaktigata sAdhanA ke sAtha sAmAjika uttaradAyitva ko nibhAte hue prANImAtra ke kalyANa ke lie nirantara gatizIla rahanA hI pratyeka manuSya kA pavitra kartavya hone para mahAvIra ne jora diyaa| isa prakAra bhagavAna mahAvIra ne Izvara kI kalpanA ke sthAna para mAnava-mahattA sthApita karate hue karmavAda kI AvazyakatA ko pratipAdita kiyA thaa| nArI ko samAnAdhikAra dene vAle yugadRSTA mahAvIra : mahAvIra ke samaya meM jaise Upara carcA kI jA cukI hai ki nArI aura zUdroM ko koI adhikAra hI prApta nahIM the| nArI kA prAcIna vaidika kAlIna gauravapUrNa sthAna samApta ho cukA thA aura vaha cAradIvArI meM baMdhakara raha gaI thii| use sAmAjika, Arthika yA dhArmika kSetra meM kisI prakAra ke adhikAra prApta nahIM the| mahAvIra ne nArI ko puruSa ke samakakSa mahatva pradAna kiyA aura use sAmAjika tathA dhArmika kAryoM meM samAnatA kA adhikAra dekara unakA uddhAra kiyaa| unhoMne hI sarvaprathama nArI ko pravajyA dene kA zlAghanIya kArya kiyaa| isakA prabhAva anya dharmoM para bhI par3anA svAbhAvika hai| samAja kI mahatvapUrNa IkAI hone ke nAte nArI ko bhI puruSa kI taraha AtmavikAsa kI saMpUrNa suvidhA upalabdha honI caahie| mahAvIra ke yuga meM nArI ko dIkSita hone kI mahattA to dUra kI bAta, use dhArmika AcAra-vicAra-vyavahAra kI svataMtratA bhI prApta nahIM thii| mahAvIra ne sarvaprathama unheM sabhI adhikAroM se saMpanna kara diyaa| bhagavAna buddha taka nArI ko dIkSA dene ke lie prAraMbha meM jhijhakate the, lekina mahAvIra ne sAdhviyoM ko apane caturvidha saMgha kA eka mahatvapUrNa aMga mAnA aura use mukti kI adhikAriNI smjhaa| lokabhASA ke adhyetA mahAvIra : prAcIna bhArata meM jaba brAhmaNa dharma varcasva meM thA, taba sAhityika bhASA ke rUpa meM saMskRta ko bhI gauravapUrNa sthAna prApta thaa| usI saMskRta bhASA meM dhArmika evaM lalita sAhitya kA nirmANa hotA thaa| vaha sAmAnya janatA se haTakara vidvAnoM evaM zikSita janatA taka sImita raha gaI thI aura sAmAnya janatA meM pAlI va prAkRta bhASA kA hI pracalana thaa| loka bolI ke rUpa meM pAlI vikasita ho

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Adhunika hindI - jaina sAhitya cukI thii| zikSA kA prasAra kevala ucca varga taka sImita thA / bhagavAna mahAvIra ne hI sarvaprathama loka zikSaNa kA kArya prAraMbha kiyA tathA usake mAdhayama se janatA meM jAgRti kA ghoSa bhara diyaa| loka-zikSaNa ke lie unhoMne loka meM vyavahRta prAkRta bhASA ko hI mAdhyama ke rUpa meM svIkAranA ucita samajhA aura usI meM unhoMne apane upadeza bhI die| apane dharma ke phailAve ke lie janatA kI bhASA hI sarvazreSTha sAdhana siddha ho sakatI hai, ataH mahAvIra ne ardhamAgadhI prAkRta meM hI bodhagamya va rocaka zailI meM upadeza die| samAja kI cetanA ko udbuddha karane ke lie saMskRta kA moha tyAgakara lokabhASA ko svIkArane meM mahAvIra kI vyavahArikatA kA darzana hotA hai| unhoMne lokabhASA meM upadeza dekara bhASA ke unmAda para tIvra prahAra kiyaa|' ise dhArmika va sAhityika kSetra meM bhASAkIya krAMti kA eka nUtana rUpa hI samajhA jaayegaa| lokabhASA meM loka-zikSaNa kA prAraMbha kara mahAvIra ne jaina dharma kI ora zraddhAnvita janatA ko jaina dharma meM dIkSita karane kA bhagIratha kArya AsAnI se kiyaa| jana- bhASA meM hI mahAvIra ne dharma-sUtroM kI vyAkhyA kI tathA unake mokSa ke uparAnta prAkRta meM hI jaina Agama-grathoM kI racanA kI gaI thii| mahAvIra aura unake pramukha vidvAna ziSyoM ne parakha liyA thA ki jana- bhASA meM hI cetanA evaM zakti ke sAtha tAdAtmya bhAva sthApita karane kI viziSTatA nihita hotI hai| isa prakAra bhagavAna mahAvIra apane yuga meM lokabhASA ke uddhAraka va adhyetA ke rUpa meM prasiddha hue / jaina-dharma ke pramukha tatva : yahAM hamArA prayojana na koI dArzanika tatvoM kA vizleSaNa karanA hai, na hI jaina dharma kI AdhyAtmika vicAradhArA kI gaharAI meM jAne kA hI hai| jaina dharma ke pramukha dhArmika siddhAntoM ko dekhane kI AvazyakatA mahasUsa hotI hai, kyoMki prAcIna yA arvAcIna pUrA jaina - sAhitya inhIM AdhArabhUta tatvoM kI bhUmi para hI racA gayA hai| jaina dharma ke tIrthaMkaroM, manISiyoM, tatvaciMtakoM aura zAstrakAroM ne dArzanika vicAradhArA svIkRta kI hai, tathA cintana-manana dvArA isake mUla tatvoM kA pratipAdana kiyA hai, unhIM ke Aloka meM hameM Adhunika jaina - sAhitya kA Akalana karanA hai| isI uddezya se hama yahAM saMkSepa meM una tatvoM para vicAra karanA samIcIna samajhate haiN| jaina dharma ke manISiyoM dvArA vivecita va nirdhArita tatvoM ko jaina samAja zraddhA va Adara kI dRSTi se dekhatA hai tathA unheM apane jIvana meM utArane kA prayatna karatA hai| ina pramukha tatvoM ko AdhAra yA preraNA banAkara race gaye sAhitya meM samAja ko upadeza ke sAtha AnaMda pradAna 1. draSTavya - uttarAMga sUtra - 6/10 12

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viSaya-praveza karane kA hetu bhI dRSTigata hotA hai| Adhunika hindI jaina-sAhitya meM ina pramukha tatvoM kA viniyojana kahAM taka ho pAyA hai, isakA nirIkSaNa karanA-yukti yukta pratIta hotA hai| ataH ina tatvoM para saMkSepa meM vicAra karanA anupayukta nahIM hogaa| jaina dharma ke pramukha tatvoM kI vivecanA karane se pUrva jaina zabda kI utpatti para thor3A vicAra kara lenA aprAsaMgika nahIM hogaa| 'jaina' zabda kI vyutpatti : 'jaina' zabda mUlataH 'jina' para se AyA hai, arthAt jinhoMne indriyoM ko jIta liyA hai, vaha 'jina' aura unake anuyAyI 'jaina' yA 'jainI' kahalAte haiN| saMskRta graMtha 'zabdakalpaduma' meM 'jina' zabda kI vyutpatti isa prakAra dI gaI hai-'jinaH (pu) (jayatIti, ji+heNa viNa jotiunnaam|3/2 iti nala) ahet| bRddhaH vissnnuH| iti hemacandra 2/30 / ' isa prAcIna bRhad saMskRta graMtha meM 'jaina' zabda ke viSaya meM vividha paribhASAeM dI gaI hai| 'jaina', 'jina' aura 'jitendriya' zabda ke viSaya meM likhA huA milatA hai ki 'jainaH (pu) jina eva yaddhA jina upAsya devtaasyeti| jin+ann| jinopaask:| bauddha (iti ilagayughaH)' 'jina' ke lie 'tri' (janAnI vazIkRtAnI indriyANI zrotA viniyonA) vazIkRte indriyA tat paryAyaH zAntaH zAntaH 3, iti hem-cndrH|| yathA zabda cintAmaNI ghRtvcnm| na hRSyatvi glAyati vA sa vijJaiyo jitendriyH| 'jinaH dharmakSetra asmin bhArata varSe pracaliteSu vivigheSu dharmeSu jina dharma eva zreSThatama iti jainaH prvdnti| eka eSAmupAsya devatA jinH| tenu zvetAmbara digambara bhedena dvividhaaH| zvetAmbarAstu prAyazaH AzramiNaH adhunA nAnA zAkhAsu vibhaktAH sNbhvt| digambarAstu prAyazo: nirgranthAH / eteSA' yanmat tat sarvadarzana saMgrahAt prdrshyt||" __DA. caturdhara zarmA 'jina' aura 'jaina' zabda ko paribhASita karate hue likhate haiM-The word Jainism' is derived from Jaina' which means 'Conquerer' one who has conquered his passions and desires. It is applied to the libereted souls who have conquered passions and desires and 'karams' and obtained emencipation'. jJAna, darzana evaM cAritrya ke tri-ratna dvArA apane mana va iMdriyoM ko jisane jIta liyA ho, aise jitendriya tIrthaMkara ke upadezoM kA zraddhApUrvaka anusaraNa karanevAle anuyAyiyoM ko 'jaina' kahA jAtA hai| inhIM anuyAyiyoM dvArA apanAye gaye dharma ko 'jaina' dharma kahA jAtA hai| 1. draSTavya-zabdakalpadruma-pR. 535. 2. draSTavya-zabdakalpadruma-pR. 543. 3. Dr. C.D. Sharma, 'A Critical Survey of Indian Philosophy', Page-48.

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14 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya 'hindI vizva koza' meM 'jaina' zabda kI isa prakAra vyAkhyA milatI hai'jaina' arthAt karmoM kA nAza karanevAle 'jina' bhagavAna ke anuyaayii| jaina mAnyatA ke anusAra jaina dharma anAdikAla se calA AyA hai aura anantakAla taka calatA rhegaa| isa dharma kA pracAra karane ke lie samaya-samaya para aneka tIrthaMkaroM kA AvirbhAva hotA rahatA hai|' ___'jaina' va 'jina' zabda kI vyutpatti evaM paribhASA ke saMkSipta vivecana ke uparAnta yadi tIrthaMkara' zabda para bhI vicAra kara liyA jAya to aura bhI adhika upayukta hogA, kyoMki jaina dharma meM tIrthaMkaroM ne apane gUr3ha cintana-manana se jaina ko gatizIla kiyA hai tathA usake tatvoM kI sthApanA kI hai| muni ratna prabhAzrI jI ne tIrthaMkara ke 'kevala jJAna' para jora dete hue likhA hai ki-"tIrthaMkara mana:payAryatvaH prApta karane ke bAda karmoM ke baMdhanoM se mukta hone se pahale 'kevala jJAna' prApta karate haiM, arthAt samaya, sthala aura padArtha ko maryAdA ke bAhara dekha-parakha aura soca sakate haiN| taba se ve pratyakSa aura parokSa jJAna ko prApta kara sakate haiM, jAna sakate haiN|" tIrthaMkara ko 'vItarAga' bhI kahA jAtA hai ki jinhoMne 'rAgadveSa, lobha, mohamAyA Adi sAMsArika kaSAyoM se mukti prApta kara una para vijaya prApta kiyA hai| jaina dharma meM tIrthaMkara kI mahAnatA ke viSaya meM prakAza DAlate hue DA. harIza zukla likhate haiM-"jaina mAnyatAnusAra siddha aura tIrthaMkara isa mAnavatA ke prasthApaka aura vikAsacakra ko gati denevAle haiN| svayaM kI mAnavatA kA vikAsa karate hue siddhi lAbha karane vAle siddha hai| aura mAnavatA ke sAtha dUsaroM meM mAnavatA jagAkara unakA saccA mArgadarzana karAnevAle tIrthaMkara hai| tIrthaMkara tIrthoM kI prasthApanA kara prANImAtra ke prati apane sadbhAva tathA sahAnubhUtimaya prema kI varSA karate hue mAnavatA ke sArvajanika vikAsa kA mArga prazasta karate haiN|' prasiddha tattvaciMtaka DA. rAdhAkRSNan jI jitendriya vItarAga tIrthaMkara ke viSaya meM likhate haiM ki- "It is also applicable to all those men and 1. draSTavya-hindI vizvakoza-bAla 5, pR. 46.. 2. Heart of Jainism, P. 32 'Forward of fifteen previous 'Bhavs' Vol. I. by Tatna prabhavi. 3. draSTavya-A. zrI bhadraMkara vijayajI-zrIdharmAsaMgraha-pR. 4.... .4. draSTavya-harIza zukla-jaina gurjara kaviyoM kI hiMndI kavitA-pR0 33 (prathama khaNDa-viSaya prvesh)|

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viSaya-praveza 15 women who have conquared their lower nature and who have by means all through victory over all attachments and antipathies realised the highest." ___ bhagavAna mahAvIra kI taraha sabhI tIrthaMkaroM ne iMdriyoM ko jItakara manonigraha ke dvArA samyak jJAna (Real Knowledge) samyak darzana (Real observation) aura samyaka caritrya (Real Conduct) ke dvArA 'kevala jJAna' prApta kara saMsAra ke sAmane eka anupama Adarza prastuta kiyA thaa| sabake prati samabhAva tathA samatA bhAva dhAraNa kara 'vItarAga' kA sarvocca biruda yathArthataH pAyA thaa| rAga-dveSa se rahita hokara samabhAva se manuSya ananta zakti prApta kara sakatA hai| jaina dharma ke tIrthaMkaroM ne apanI sahRdayatA, pavitratA aura sadupadeza se jaina samAja ko hI nahIM, pUre bhAratavarSa ko upakRta karate hue jaina-zAsana kI kIrti patAkA phhraaii| pramukha tatva : yahAM unhIM tatvoM kI carcA abhipreta haiM, jinheM sAhityakAroM ne apanI racanAoM meM samAviSTa kiyA hai| 'jiyo aura jIne do' ke mUla mantra para hI jaina dharma kA mahAna ahiMsA-tatva AdhArita hai| isake sAtha-sAtha Atma bala, Atmanigraha, tapasyA, aparigraha, acauryatva, anekAntavAda, brahmacarya tathA samAnatA ke tatvoM para jaina dharma meM vizeSa mahattva diyA gayA hai| jaina darzana ne AtmavAda, karmavAda, lokavAda aura kriyAvAda para adhika bala diyA hai| isalie jaina darzana ko 'astitvavAdI' kahA jA sakatA hai| svayaM bhagavAna mahAvIra ne kahA hai ki-'loka-aloka, jIva-ajIva, dharma-adharma, bandha-mokSa, puNya-pApa, kriyA-akriyA nahIM hai, aisI saMjJA mata rakho, kintu ye saba haiM, aisI saMjJA rkho|' aisI mAnyatAnusAra anekAntavAda ko jaina dharma meM kAphI mahatva milA hai| jaina vicAradhArA kA saumyadarzana bhAratIya vicAra paramparA aura saMskRti ke sAtha pUrNataH tAdAtmya sthApita kara sakatA hai| DA. bandopAdhyAya ke matAnusAra "Jain philosophy is no exception to the pro-dominently spiritual outlook of traditional climate of Indian thinking. It accepts 'Moksa' as a goal of human life and is convienced that it is possible to attain it, but it curves out of distircitive place for it self by its strong learning to experiementism and realism". 1. DA. rAdhAkRSNan-iMDiyana philAsaphI-pR. 286. 2. dekhie-AcArya da. vA. joga-bhAratIya darzana saMgraha-pR. 231 (citrazAlA prakAzana puunne)| 3. Dr. S.P. Bandopadhyay-Jain Journal 'July-76.

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16 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya bhagavAna mahAvIra dvArA pratipAdita zAzvata satyoM kA hrAsa Aja bhI nahIM huA hai, balki Adhunika yuga kI paristhitiyoM ke saMdarbha meM ina tatvoM kI upayogitA aura mahatva aura bhI bar3ha gayA hai| vizva Aja zAnti aura ahiMsA kA mahatva mahasUsa karane lagA hai aura aNu bama ke Dara se AkrAnta hai, taba bhagavAna mahAvIra ne to Aja se 2500 varSa pUrva hI hiMsA kA ghora virodha kara ahiMsA va zAMti kI anivAryatA aura mahattA svIkArane kA hArdika anurodha apane samAja ko kiyA thaa| AcArya muni nathamala jI yogya hI likhate haiM ki-" bhagavAna mahAvIra ke sApekSatA, sahaastitva, ahiMsA, mAnavIya ekatA, niHzastrIkaraNa, svataMtratA evaM aparigraha ke siddhAnta vizvamAnasa meM niraMtara vikasita hote jA rahe haiN| jaina vicAradhArA kI bahumUlya dena saMyama hai| 'eka hI sAthai, saba sAdhai' saMyama kI sAdhanA ho to saba sadha jAte haiM, nahIM to nhiiN| 'jaina vicAradhArA isa tathya ko pUrNatA kA madhyabiMdu mAnakara calatI hai| ahiMsA isI kI upaja hai, jo 'jaina-vicAraNA' kI sarvopari dena mAnI jAtI hai| (savve paann| savve bhUyA, savve jIvA, savve sattA na hantavA, na ajjA vaiyavvA na paricetavvA na pariyAveyavvA na uddeveyvvaa| esa dhamme suddhe nitie saase| AcArAMga suutr-2)| ahiMsA, satya aura asteya (acaurya) : brAhmaNa dharma ke yajJa-yAga meM hotI hiMsA ke viruddha jaina dharma kA vikAsa huA thaa| jaina darzana kA mUlabhUta tatva ahiMsA hai, jisase svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai ki prANImAtra kI rakSA karanA aura kisI ko bhI manasA, vAcA aura karmaNA kleza na pahuMcAyA jaay| vaise ahiMsA ke sambandha meM jaina dharma granthoM meM sUkSmatA se carcA kI gaI hai| gRhasthoM ke lie evaM virakta sAdhuoM ke lie ahiMsA ke sUkSma bhedopabheda kiye gaye hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra prema, karuNA aura kSamA kI sAkSAta mUrti hone se parIkSaNakAla meM unako hiMsaka pazuoM evaM ajJAniyoM ke dvArA aneka kaSTa sahana karane par3e, phira bhI sAgara kI taraha udAramanA rahakara unhoMne kSamAdAna diyA tathA samAja meM ahiMsA tatva kA upadeza diyaa| ahiMsAtmaka vyavahAra ke kAraNa hI sAdhanA kI hArdika anubhUti kI abhivyakti ko pUrNa svarUpa meM kevala mahAvIra hI upalabdha kara sake the, jabaki anubhUti kI pUrNatA ko aneka dhArmika vyakti prApta kara sakI haiN| 'ahiMsA aura mukti zramaNa 1. muni nathamalajI-jaina darzana : manana mImAMsA, pR. 190. 2. muni nathamalajI-jaina dharma aura darzana, pR0 126.

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viSaya-praveza ____17 saMskRti kI ye do aisI Aloka-rekhAeM hai, jinase jIvana ke vAstavika mUlyoM ko dekhane kA avasara milatA hai|" prAcIna graMtha 'tatvArthavArtika' meM bhI sabake prati premapUrNa ahiMsAtmaka AcaraNa kI bhUri-bhUri prazaMsA kI gaI hai, jaise ki-'hiMsA nRtasteyAbrahya parigrahe bhyo viratiH vrtm| arthAt hiMsA, asatya, corI, kuzIla aura parigrahoM se virakta honA hI vrata hai| inhIM vratoM kA AcaraNa apane dainika jIvana meM karane kA Adeza jaina dharma detA hai| prANImAtra ke prati mana, vacana aura karma se nirupadravI honA hI ahiMsA kI sUkSmatA evaM mahAnatA haiN| ahiMsA kA vikAsa indriya aura mana ke saMyama ke AdhAra para hI ho sakatA hai| isIlie ahiMsA ke sAtha saMyama ko jaina dharma kAphI mahatva detA hai| karuNApUrNa vyavahAra hI ahiMsA kA mArga prazasta karatA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne ahiMsA ke sAtha hI prANImAtra ke prati karuNAbhAva ko nirantara vyakta kiyA hai| ahiMsAtmaka karuNApUrNa vyavahAra kA saMdeza denevAle zramaNa saMskRti ke usa yuga ko yadi tatkAlIna itihAsa meM svarNakAla kahA jAye to bhI anucita nahIM hogaa| kabhI-kabhI jaina dharma kI isa vizad ahiMsA paddhati evaM ahiMsApUrNa jIvana para lAMchana lagAyA jAtA hai ki isI ke kAraNa jaina dharma ne apane samAja ko kAyara aura bhIru banA diyA hai aura palAyanavAditA kA hI dUsarA nAma ahiMsA hai| yaha bhI kahA jAtA hai ki jaina dharma ahiMsA kI sUkSmatA ke kAraNa jagata meM Tika nahIM pAyegA yA to vaha rASTra ko gulAmI, akarmaNyatA aura dAridra ke prati khIMca jaayegaa| yaha kevala eka bhrama mAtra hai| isa prakAra kI gaira samajha ke lie jaina tatvoM kI hArdikatA evaM uccatA kA pUrA khyAla nahIM hai| lekina jaina dharma kI ahiMsA kAyaroM kI ahiMsA nahIM haiM, vaha to vIrAtmA kA Atmabala hai, jo jagata ke sabhI aniSTa baloM se ucca hotA hai|" vAstava meM jaina dharma kI ahiMsA, samatAbhAva, sahAnubhUti evaM karuNAyukata vyavahAra ke lie sabako apIla karatA hai| ahiMsA ke phalasvarUpa vizva-bandhutva kI udAtta bhAvanA jaina dharma ne AtmasAt karake vizva ko usakI pahacAna dii| ahiMsA tatva ke bala para jaina dharma ne apanA astitva evaM mahatva banAye rkhaa| ahiMsA ke Adarza ne jaina dharma meM udArabhAvanA ke sAtha zuddha aMta:karaNa se kiye gaye prAyazcita ke mahatvapUrNa tatva ko bhI sthAna diyA hai| jainoM kI ahiMsA meM kahIM bhI kAyaratA 1. draSTavya-bhaTTaakalaMka kRta tatvArthavArtika-pR. 725. 2. A. nathamalamuni-jaina dharma aura darzana-pR. 126. 3. Shri-C.J. Shah- 'Jainism in North India'- page-47.

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Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya kA nAma nahIM hai| yadi ahiMsA kAyaratA ko janma detI to vaha bhagavAna mahAvIra ko kabhI grAhya na hotii| ahiMsA, satya, asteya, aparigraha aura tapasyA ye pramukha tatva jaina dharma ke vyavahArika evaM dArzanika pakSa ko apane bhItara sameTate hue haiN| ahiMsA aura satya sAdhanA ko jIvana vyApI banAne kA zreya 23veM tIrthaMkara bhagavAna pArzvanAtha ko hai| isakI jAnakArI hameM unake lie prayukta 'puruSadAyINam' (puruSadAnI) vizeSaNa se prApta hotI hai| jaina dharma kI yaha mahAnatA yA vizeSatA kahie ki bhagavAna pArzvanAtha ke samaya se hI tInoM prakAra kI mAnasika, vAcika aura kAyika ahiMsA ko itanA mahatva diyA gayA thA ki pArzvanAtha ko hI isako susambaMdhita sAmAjika svarUpa dene kA prayAsa karanA par3A thaa| unhoMne ahiMsA ke lie jar3a mAnyatA ko svIkRti nahIM dii| pArzvanAtha ne ahiMsA ke sAtha-sAtha satya, asteya aura aparigraha ke siddhAnta ko bhI jor3a diyA, jisake phalasvarUpa ahiMsA aba taka sAdhu muniyoM taka sImita thI, vaha anya tIna tatvoM kI vajaha se samAja meM bhI lokAcaraNa ke lie svIkArya ho gii| ataH sAmAjika aura vyAvahArika ahiMsA kA phailAvA bar3ha gyaa| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne svayaM ahiMsA ke lie kahA hai ki-'tuMga na maMdarAo, AkAaso vizAlaya natthi jara tareM jayati nANasu, dhammahiM sAsamaM ntthi||' arthAt jaise jagata meM meru parvata se U~cA aura AkAza se vizAla aura kucha nahIM hai, vaise hI ahiMsA ke samAna koI dharma nahIM hai|' jaina dharma-darzana apane ahiMsAtmaka dRSTikoNa ke kAraNa tarka ke tIkhe bANoM kA kabhI prayoga nahIM karatA, aura na hI anekAnta dRSTikoNa kA kavaca pahanane se dUsaroM ke vyaMgya yA tarka ke tIkhepana se Ahata honA cAhatA hai| jaina darzana meM tarka-satya kI apekSA anubhava-satya ko vizeSa mahatva diyA jAtA hai| tarka-vyavahAra kI bhUmikA upakaraNa hai, satya aura ahiMsA vAstavikatA kI gaharAI meM jAkara sAdhya bana jAtA hai| isIlie jaina darzana korA darzana mAtra na hokara darzanoM kA samuccaya hai| eka bAta avazya siddha ho cukI hai ki ahiMsA kAyaratA ko paidA nahIM karatI, balki tejasvitA ko AvirbhUta karatI hai| isa saMbadha meM muni nathamala jI kA kahanA ucita hI hai ki 'jaina dharma ke ahiMsA siddhAnta ne bhArata ko kAyara banAyA, yaha satya se bahuta dUra hai| ahiMsaka kabhI kAyara nahIM hotaa| (rASTrapitA pU. gAMdhI jI ke dRSTAnta se hama bhalIbhAMti paricita haiM) yaha kAyaratA aura usake pariNAma svarUpa parataMtratA hiMsA ke utkarSa se, 1. draSTavya : DA. bhAgacandasvarUpa-'jaina sAhitya kA svarUpa' zIrSakastha lekha___ vIraparinirvANa' patrikA, pR0 11, jUna 77 aMka 1, 2.

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viSaya-praveza ApasI vaimanasya se AI aura taba AI jaba jaina dharma ke prabhAva se bhAratIya mAnasa dUra rhaa|" itihAsa isakI sAkSI bhI detA hai ki mahAvIra, buddha aura gAMdhI sacce ahiMsaka the, lekina unakI bhItarI zakti, uccatama vicAradhArA evaM mahAna kArya ko dekhakara unakI ahiMsA ko kAyaratA kahane kI kalpanA taka na kI jaay| jaina darzana kI jIvaMta aura vyavahArika ahiMsA ke saMdarbha meM 'hindI vizvakoSa' meM batAyA gayA hai ki - 'jaina dharma meM ahiMsA ko parama dharma mAnA gayA hai| saba jIva jInA cAhate hai, maranA koI nahIM cAhatA / ataeva isa dharma meM prANI vadha ke tyAga kA sarvaprathama upadeza hai| kevala prANoM kA hI vadha nahIM, balki dUsaroM ko pIr3A pahuMcAne vAle asatya bhASaNa ko bhI hiMsA kA eka aMga batalAyA hai| mahAvIra ne apane bhikSuoM ko upadeza dete hue kahA hai ki - 'unheM bolate-calate, uThate-baiThate, sote aura khAte-pIte sadA yatnazIla rahanA caahie| ayatnAcAra kAmabhogoM meM Asakti hI hiMsA hai| isalie vikAroM para vijaya pAnA, iMdriyoM kA damana karanA aura apanI samasta vRttiyoM ko saMkucita karane ko jaina dharma meM saccI ahiMsA batAyA hai| 2 19 ahiMsA ke samAna hI satya aura aparigraha ke vrata ko jaina darzana meM mahatvapUrNa sthAna prApta hai| satya to sarva svIkRta siddhAnta hai sabhI dharmoM kI darzana praNAliyoM meM / isI eka tatva ko apanAne se hama aneka anarthoM se baca sakate haiM, yaha jAnate hue bhI manuSya ise pUrNa rUpa se apanA nahIM pAtA hai, taba karmoM kI 'nirjarA' (pUrvopArjita karmoM kA kSaya ) ke lie prAyazcita karanA par3atA hai| aparigraha ke vrata se iMsAna ko bAhya evaM Atmika zAnti to prApta hotI hI hai| lekina anAvazyaka parigraha se bacane se saMtoSa rUpa mahAna dhana prApta hotA hai| Aja kI paristhitiyoM ke saMdarbha meM to parigraha se nitAnta bacanA Avazyaka pratIta hotA hai| Atmika zAMti prApta hone se hI manuSya AdhyAtmika vikAsa kara sakatA hai| mahAtmA gAMdhI jI jaina dharma ke ahiMsA, satya aura aparigraha ke siddhAnta se kAphI prabhAvita the aura unako apane jIvana meM apanAkara ina tatvoM kI mahimA caritArtha kii| anekAntavAda : ahiMsA kI taraha anekAntavAda jaina darzana kI vizeSatA vyaMjita karatA hai| jaina dharma sabake sAtha samAna dRSTikoNa rakhate hue bhI apanA svataMtra astitva liye hue hai| vyaSTi aura samaSTi ko dekhane-parakhane kA usakA nijI dRSTikoNa 1. muninathamala jI - jaina darzana : manana mImAMsA, pR0 107. 2. hindI vizvakoSa - bhAga 5, pR0 46

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Adhunika hindI - jaina sAhitya hai / vizva ko sahI artha meM tolane kI usakI dRSTi vedAnta, sAMkhya, bauddha aura anya dArzanika dhArAoM se bhinna hote hue bhI kisI kA bhI anAdara yA tiraskAra nahIM karatA / anya vicAradhArA ke acche tatvoM ko grahaNa kara unheM samajhane kI tathA apane acche tatvoM ko samajhAne kI jaina dharma meM sadaiva ceSTA kI jAtI hai aura yahI syAdvAda kI bhUmikA hai| jaina darzana yahI svIkAra karatA hai ki vizva kI anekatA meM ekatA kA mUla darzana chipA hai| isalie usakA dRSTikoNa na pUrNataH advaitavAdI hai, na dvaitavAdI / jaina muni nathamala jI syAdvAda kI paribhASA karate hue likhate haiM ki - ' bheda meM abheda aura abheda meM bheda kA svIkAra syAdvAda kA eka aMga hai / + + +++ bhagavAna mahAvIra kI anekAnta dRSTi aura syAdvAdI nirUpaNa zailI kA mukhya prayojana hai, satya ke prati anyAya karane kI manovRtti kA visarjana karanA / syAdvAda eka anurodha hai una sabase, jo satya ko ekAMgI dRSTi se dekhate haiM aura Agraha kI bhASA meM usakI vyAkhyA karate haiN|+++ ekaigitA satya ko mAnya nahIM hotI to phira kisI saMpradAya ko kyoM honA cAhie ?' syAdvAda ke sambandha meM bahuta se vidvAnoM ne apane-apane granthoM meM vistAra se likhA hai, lekina yahAM unake lie na AvazyakatA hai na aucitya / kevala eka yA do pramukha vicAradhArA jAna lene se bhI syAdvAda kI vizeSatA spaSTa ho jAtI hai| 'hindI vizvakoSa' meM likhA gayA hai ki-' anekAntavAda jaina dharma kA mUlya siddhAnta hai| ise ahiMsA kA hI vyApaka rUpa samajhanA cAhie / rAga dvaiSa janya saMskAroM ke vazIbhUta na hokara dUsare ke dRSTi-bindu ko ThIka-ThIka samajhane kA nAma anekAntavAda hai| isase manuSya satya ke nikaTa pahu~ca sakatA hai| isa siddhAnta ke anusAra kisI bhI mata yA siddhAnta ko pUrNa rUpa se satya nahIM kahA jA sktaa| pratyeka mata apanI apanI paristhitiyoM aura samasyAoM ko lekara udbhUta huA hai| ataeva pratyeka mata ko apanI-apanI vizeSatAeM hai| anekAntavAdI ina sabakA samanvaya karake Age bar3hatA hai| Age calakara jaba isa siddhAnta ko tArkika rUpa diyA gayA to vaha 'syAdvAda' ke nAma se kahA jAne lgaa| 12 20 jaina darzana meM anekatA ke bIca ekatA aura ekatA ke bhItara bahulatA kA samanvaya svIkRta hai, cAhe vaha dharma, samAja yA vyakti kisI se bhI saMbadhita kyoM na ho| prasiddha vidvAna DA0 hIrAlAla jaina kA yaha kathana isa saMdarbha meM sarvathA upayukta hai ki 'bhinna-bhinna dharmoM ke virodhI matoM aura siddhAntoM ke bIca yaha 1. A. muni nathamala jI : bIja aura baragada - pR0 10, 19. 2. hindI vizvakoSa - bhAga - 5, pR0 47.

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viSaya-praveza 21 dharma apane syAdvAda naya (anekAntavAda) ke dvArA sAmaMjasya upasthita kara detA hai| yaha bhautika aura AdhyAtmika unnati meM saba jIvoM ke lie samAna adhikAra kA pakSapAtI hai tathA sAMsArika lAbhoM ke lie hone vAle kalaha aura vidveSa ko usane pAralaukika sukha kI zreSThatA dvArA miTAne kA prayatna kiyA hai| jaina dharma kI yaha vizeSatA kevala siddhAntoM meM hI sImita nahIM rhiiN| jainAcAryoM ne U~ca-nIca, jAti-pAMti kA bheda na karake apanA udAra upadeza saba manuSyoM ko sunAyA tathA 'ahiMsA paramodharma' ke mahAmaMtra dvArA unheM itara prANiyoM kI rakSA ke lie tatpara banA diyaa| __ jaina dharma kisI bhI viSaya meM pUrvAgraha nahIM rkhtaa| sabake sAtha sahayoga evaM sahAnubhUti rakhatA huA apane tatvoM kA spaSTIkaraNa karatA hai| mahAvIra ke lie jaina granthoM meM 'nirgranthI' vizeSaNa unakI granthihInatA kA sUcana karatA hai| prasiddha jarmana viddhAna evaM jaina tatvoM ke vyAkhyAtA DA. harmana jekobI kA yahI mAnanA hai ki-'nirgranthI' vizeSaNa se svayaM mahAvIra evaM jaina dharma kI nirgranthatA spaSTa hotI hai| aura 'nirgranthitA binA anekAntavAda saMbhava nahIM hotaa| jaina darzana apanI isI vizeSa vicAradhArA se sabake sAtha samanvaya karatA huA bhI apanA satva, astitva TikA pAyA hai| 'vIra zAsana kI (jaina zAsana kI) yaha eka vizeSa dena hai, jo saMsAra ke darzana zAstroM meM aura vicAradhArAoM meM apanA advitIya sthAna rakhatI hai, vaha hai syAdvAda yA anekaantvaad|" jaina dharma kI dArzanika pRSThabhUmi jitanI pravRttiyoM para sthita hai, utanI hI saMyama aura tapazcaryA ke dvArA Atmika bhI hai| AtmA kI gaharAI meM jAne kA prayatna hI adhyAtma hai| jaina darzana anekAntavAdI hone ke kAraNa apane sAthI dharmoM ke acche tatvoM ko bejhijhaka svIkAra karatA hai aura isameM usakI satyahInatA yA alpatA prakaTa na hokara samanvayavRtti aura udAtta dRSTikoNa hI pratIta hotA hai| 'saMkSepa meM syAdvAda jaina tatvajJAna kA advitIya lakSaNa hai| jaina buddhimattA kA isase adhika suMdara, zuddha aura vistIrNa dRSTAMta diyA nahIM jA sktaa| jaina siddhAnta kI isa zodha kA zreya bhagavAna mahAvIra ko hI diyA jAtA hai|' 'jaina paramparA meM sAmya dRSTi-AcAra aura vicAra donoM meM vyakta huI hai| AcAra-sAmya dRSTi ne hI sUkSma ahiMsA maMtra ko janma diyA aura vicAra sAmya1. DA. hIrAlAla jaina-aitihAsika kAvya-saMgraha kI bhUmikA, pR. 13. 2. nigrrthtaa-grnthihiintaa| 3. sAhU zAMtiprasAda jaina : 'anekAnta'-dvimAsika, phrvrii| 4. DA. belavelakara-Op.Cit., Page 114.

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Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya dRSTi kI bhAvanA ne hI anekAntavAda ko janma diyaa|" isa prakAra anekAntavAda jaina dharma meM apanI samanvayakAritA ke kAraNa mahatvapUrNa siddhAMta mAnA gayA hai| brahmacarya aura tapa : jIvana-sAdhanA ke lie tapa aura brahmacarya kA sAdhana apanAkara vyakti adhyAtma kI ucca zreNI taka pahuMca sakatA hai, aisA jaina darzana kA vizvAsa hai| brahmacarya ke dvArA hI jIvana meM pavitratA evaM ahiMsA kI avaira sAdhanA sAdhI jA sakatI hai| brahmacarya ke teja evaM tapaHpUtatA ke binA jIvana-vikAsa saMbhava nahIM ho pAtA hai| svayaM bhagavAna mahAvIra ne ina donoM tatva para jora dekara svIkArA thaa| jaina darzana meM tapa ko ahiMsA, samanvayakAritA, maitrI aura kSamA ke svarUpa meM mAnyatA milI hai| isameM jJAnapUrNa samatAbhAva ke lie tapa ko sarvagrAhI svIkArA gayA hai| lekina ajJAnapUrNa tapa kA samarthana kabhI nahIM kiyA gyaa| tapasyA ke kAraNa hI manuSya zArIrika evaM mAnasika saMyama prApta kara sakatA hai| tapa ke dvArA iMdriyoM ke saMyama evaM vihAroM ke zamana ke bAda manuSya Atma pahacAna prApta kara sakatA hai| jaina dharma meM bAhya tapasyA ke sAtha-sAtha AMtarika tapazcaryA-manonigraha aura manazuddhi para bhI atyaMta jora diyA gayA hai kyoMki kevala bAhya tapa jar3a kriyAvAda bhI ho sakatA hai| jabaki Antarika zuddhatA va jAgRti se kiyA gayA tapa prakAza kA mArgadarzaka banatA hai| jaina saMskRti vrAtyoM kI saMskRti hai| tapa ko mahatva dene ke lie jaina vratoM kI ArAdhanA utsAhapUrvaka kI jAtI hai| 'vrata' zabda kA mUla artha hI yahI hai-saMyama aura saMvara, iMdriyoM kA saMyama tathA pApa karmoM kI saMvAraNA yahI to tapazcaryA kI upalabdhi kahI jaayegii| AtmA kI saMniddhatA evaM bAhya jagat ke prati anAsakti ke dvArA tapa kI vRddhi hotI hai| jaina darzana meM prayukta 'nirgrantha' aura 'jaina' zabda hI kramazaH 'aparigraha' aura 'kaSAya vijaya' kA arthasUcaka hai, jo tapa kI niSThApUrvaka ArAdhanA ke binA saMbhava nahIM hotaa| jainoM kI ugra tapazcaryA para anya dharma ke anuyAyiyoM ko Azcarya, vitRSNA, udAsInatA aura dayA taka A jAtI hai, lekina jainiyoM to iMdriyoM ke nigraha ke lie utsAhapUrvaka kaSTaprada tapoM kA AcaraNa karate haiM, kyoMki kaSTa se sAdhya siddhi meM jo sArthakatA evaM AnaMda prApta hotA hai, vaha saralatA se sulabha prApti meM kahAM? isIlie to tapasyA meM kisI prakAra kI chUTachATa jaina dharma ko kahAM mAnya hai? jJAna rUpI netra aura tapa-AcAra rUpI caraNa se iSTa taka pahuMcane ke lie tapasaMyama hI patha-pradarzaka banatA hai| isa sambaMdha meM AcArya nathamala muni kA kathana 1. DA. harIza zukla-jaina gurjara kaviyoM kI hindI kavitA-prathama khaMDa, pR. 39.

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viSaya-praveza 23 suMdara hai ki 'jJAna netra hai aura AcAra caraNa hai| patha ko dekhA to sahI, para usa ora caraNa bar3hate hI nahIM to dekhane se kyA banegA? abhIsipta lakSya to dUra kA dUra rahegA, dRSTA use AtmasAt nahIM kara paayegaa| yathArtha ko jAnA, AcaraNa meM liyA tabhI sAdhya saadhegaa|' zuddha citta evaM zuddha bhAvanA se kiye gaye tapa ke dvArA AtmA ke carama vikAsa kI sthiti para sAdhaka pahuMca sakatA hai kyoMki bAhya tapa bhI AMtarika zuddhi ke lie upakArI banatA hai| brahmacarya bhI tapa kA hI AnuSaMgika siddhAnta hai| isI tatva ke dvArA manuSya Atmika evaM zArIrika zakti prApta kara sakatA hai| isIlie to kahA gayA hai ki bhoga ke samaya eka kSaNa bhI yoga yAda A jAye to vyakti Atmika vikAsa ko prApta kara sakatA hai| brahmacarya ke pAlana se vyakti, dharma aura mAnavatA ke prati unmukha hokara AsthAvAna banatA hai aura saMyama sahAya karatA hai| brahmacarya kI sahAya ke binA kiyA gayA tapa bhI apUrNa hotA hai, aisA jaina darzana kA mAnanA samAnatA kA siddhAnta : jaina dharma jAtibaddha yA saMsthAbaddha na hokara eka sAmudAyika cetanA hai| jaina darzana ne kisI bhI jAti, saMpradAya, varga yA varNa ke vyakti ko mukti kA adhikArI ghoSita kiyA haiN| bazarte ki vyakti jaina siddhAntoM meM zraddhA rakha tIrthaMkara dvArA batAye gaye patha para calane ko utsuka ho| karmoM kI 'nirjarA' kara Atma-saMyama ke dvArA kramazaH vyakti tIrthaMkara pada taka prApta kara sakatA hai, aisA jaina darzana kA vizvAsa hai| jaina darzana meM dharma-cetanA ko saMpradAya-cetanA se mukta mAnA gayA hai| samyak jJAna, samyak darzana evaM samyak caritra kI sAdhanA se sAmAnya manuSya bhI pazutva se UMcA uThakara devatva prApta kara sakatA hai| kevala jaina dharma ne hI manuSya ko tIrthaMkaratva prApta kara sakane kI kSamatA vAlA ghoSita kiyA hai| anya dharmoM meM tapa-bhakti se prasanna hokara devatA bhautika sukha-saMpatti aura bahuta huA to saMtoSa aura zAMti detA hai, svayaM kA samakakSa devatva nahIM, jabaki jaina dharma meM to saccI niSThA aura lagana se yaha kahA jAtA hai ki mAnava bhI tIrthaMkara pada prApta kara sakatA hai aura mokSamArga kA varaNa vaha bhI kara sakatA jaina dharma meM puruSa ke sAtha nArI ko bhI samAnAdhikAra dene kI nIti sarvaprathama pAI jAtI hai| jabaki usa samaya ke anya dharmoM meM nArI ko gulAma-sI i. AcArya-nathamalamuni-jaina darzana meM AcAramImAMsA-prAkkathana, pR0 1.

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24 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya samajha kara adhikAra aura Adara se vaMcita rakhA gayA thaa| puruSoM kI taraha nArI ko bhI pravajyA (dIkSA) dene kI prathA bhagavAna mahAvIra ke kAla se lekara nirantara Aja taka calatI rahI hai| mahAvIra ke samaya anya dharmoM ke AcArya strI ko dIkSita karane meM bhayasthAna dekhakara hicakate the, lekina usI samaya mahAvIra ke paMtha meM hajAroM striyA~ pravajyA ko prApta kara cukI thii| isI se jaina dharma kI vyAvahArika susaMgatatA kA aMdAjA lagAyA jA sakatA hai| AcArya vinobA bhAve jaina dharma kI nArI sambandhI vicAradhArA se kAphI prabhAvita hae hai, jo unhoMne 'zramaNa' patrikA meM prakAzita karate hue likhA hai, 'mahAvIra ke sapradAya meM puruSoM ko jitane adhikAra diye gaye haiM, ve saba adhikAra bahanoM ko diye gaye the| maiM ina mAmUlI adhikAroM kI bAta nahIM karatA hU~ jo ina dinoM calatA hai aura jinakI carcA Ajakala bahuta calatI hai| usa samaya aise adhikAra prApta karane kI AvazyakatA bhI mahasUsa nahIM huI hogii| parantu maiM toM AdhyAtmika adhikAroM kI bAta kara rahA huuN| puruSoM ko jitane AdhyAtmika adhikAra milate the, utane hI adhikAra striyoM ko bhI ho sakate haiN| ina AdhyAtmika adhikAroM meM mahAvIra ne koI bheda-buddhi nahIM rakhI, jisake pariNAmasvarupa unake ziSyoM meM jitane zramaNa the, unase jyAdA zramaNiyAM thii| vaha prathA Aja taka jaina dharma meM calI AI mahAvIra ne samAnatA kA dRSTikoNa kevala strI-puruSa taka hI sImita na rakhakara sabhI jAtiyoM ke bIca bhI samAnatA kA vyavahAra kiyaa| zUdroM ko bhI unake dharma meM niHzaMka praveza diyA jAtA thaa| mahAvIra ne sabhI manuSya ko samAna samajhakara sabako eka svataMtra vyakti ke rUpa meM sviikaaraa| unake lie koI UMca-nIca, amIra-garIba nahIM the| samAnatA ke vyavahAra ke lie manuSya meM samabhAva evaM samatA bhAva bhI Avazyaka ho jAtA hai| __ isa prakAra jaina dharma kI darzana-paddhati meM ahiMsA, satya, brahmacarya, tapasyA, aparigraha evaM samAnatA ke tatvoM para vizeSa bala diyA gayA hai| vaise to kAma, krodha, lobha, rAgadveSAdi vikAroM ko jItane ke lie saMyama ko bhI apanAnA Avazyaka hai| mAyA ke mithyAtva ko samajhane ke lie samyak jJAna, samyak darzana aura samyak caritra ko yathArtha rUpa meM dainika vyavahAra meM apanAne para jaina dharma mahatva detA hai| jaina-darzana kI vizeSatA : jaina darzana jahAM eka ora vyaktiniSTha aura tapazcaryA mUlaka hai, vahAM dUsarI ora samAjaniSTha bhI sadaiva rahA hai| ataH jaina dharma aura jaina sAhitya

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viSaya-praveza 25 sAMpradAyikatA ke saMkucita ghere meM bahuta kama baMdhA hai| usa para Aropa isase viparIta kiyA jA rahA hai, yaha bhinna bAta hai| jaina darzana kA AcAra-zAstra bhI janataMtra kI bhAvanAoM se anuprANita hai, arthAt janma se hI sabhI vyakti samAna hai, dharma dvArA usa para koI bandhana nahIM lAde jAne caahie| jaina dharma kI lokataMtravAdI bhAvanA para prakAza DAlate hue prasiddha vidvAn AdityanAtha jhA ne likhA hai ki 'bhAratIya jIvana meM prajJA aura cAritrya kA samanvaya jaina aura bauddhoM kI vizeSa dena hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra satyamArga paramparA kA aMdhAnusaraNa nahIM hai, pratyut tarka aura upapattiyoM se saMpanna evaM bauddhika rUpa se saMtulita dRSTikoNa hI satyamArga hai| isa dRSTikoNa kI prApti tabhI saMbhava hai, jaba mithyA vizvAsa pUrNataH dUra ho jaay| isa bauddhika AdhAra zilA para hI paMca tatvoM ke bala se samyaka cAritrya ko pratiSThita kiyA jA sakatA hai| jaina darzana ke sabhI tatva sadaiva mahatvapUrNa ho sakate haiN| prAcIna aura madhyakAla meM to ina tatvoM kA kAphI pracAra huA thA aura Adhunika yuga meM saMkucita loka mAnasa, pAzcAtya prabhAva evaM bhoga-vilAsa kI atizayatA ke kAraNa ina tatvoM kA mahatva kSINa ho gayA hai, yaha bhinna bAta hai| madhyakAla meM samrATa akabara ne bhI AcArya hiravijayasUrI se prabhAvita hokara apane 'dIneilAhI' meM jaina dharma ko bhI sthAna diyA thaa| amarikI dArzanika vIlaDayurenTa likhate haiM-akabara ne jainoM ke kahane para zikAra karanA chor3a diyA thA aura kucha niyata tithiyoM para pazu hatyAeM roka dI thii| jaina dharma ke prabhAva meM Akara hI akabara ne apane dvArA pracalita 'dIneilAhI' sampradAya meM mAMsa-bhakSaNa ke niSedha kA niyama kiyA thaa| __ jaina dharma saMpUrNataH sarvazreSTha evaM sarvakAla meM saMpanna hI rahA ho aisI bAta bhI nahIM haiN| jaina dharma jaba taka samAja aura rAjanIti se saMpRkta rahA taba taka usakA caturdika vikAsa hotA rhaa| kintu jaba vaha usa sambala se rikta huA, loka se kaTa gayA taba usameM kaTTaratA evaM sAmpradAyikatA kA AvaraNa car3ha gayA aura usakA prabhAva kucha saMkucita ho gyaa| saubhAgya se jaina dharma meM aisA bahuta kama hI ho sakA hai aura yaha dharma Aja bhI apanI AbhA bikhera rahA hai| lokonmukha rahakara hI sAmAjika dAyitva kA vahana kara rahA hai| samagra jaina darzana ko yadi hama samagratayA dekheMge to usameM paryApta mAtrA meM AdarzavAda pAte haiN| yaha korA AdarzavAda na hokara bhautikavAda ke tatvoM se bhI susambandha hai| usake tarka atyanta hI zaktipUrNa hai, to usakA upAgama vizleSaNAtmaka hai, sAtha hI 1. jaina bhAratavarSa-aMka-42, pR0 69. 2. draSTavya : Dr. Wil Durent-'Our oriental Herritage page. 467.

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Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya dvandvavAda ke kitane hI tatva usame maujUda hai| madhyakAla meM isa darzana kI tarka-praNAlI aura dvandvavAda uccastara para pahuMce aura AdarzavAdI pahalU bhI dRr3hatara huA thA, phira bhI yathArtha ko naz2araandAja nahIM kiyA gyaa| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke mokSa ke uparAnta isa dharma kI pramukha do zAkhAeM huI aura kriyAvAda ko bhI mahatva diyA jAne lgaa| yaha bAta pratyeka sampradAya meM saMbhava haA karatI hai| jaina dharma kI yaha vicitratA yA viziSTatA kahI jAyegI ki 'jisakA udaya svayaM brAhmaNavAda tathA varNAzrama vyavasthA va sampradAyoM ke virodha-svarUpa huA thA, kiMtu vaha khuda vibhinna saMpradAyoM meM baMTa gayA hai|' jaina dharma ke tatvoM kI eka viziSTatA yaha bhI spaSTa pratIta hotI hai ki isake bahuta se tatva samAjAbhimukha hai aura bahuta se vyakti-abhimukha hai| satya, ahiMsA, aparigraha, brahmacarya, kaThora tapasyA, rAga-dveSa-mohAdikA tyAga Adi vyaktiparaka haiM aura vizeSataH sAdhu-samAja se inake pAlana kI apekSA kI jAtI hai, gRhasthoM ko inake pAlana meM chUTa-chA~Te dI gaI hai| lekina parvo kI ArAdhanA, pUjana, samatAbhAva, samatA kA vyavahAra, anekAntavAda, vinamratA, sahiSNutA samAjalakSI hai| jaina dharma ke tatvoM kI gaharAI evaM vizAlatA sAgara ke samAna haiM, jisakI thAha pAnA atyanta kaThina kArya hai| hama to saMkSepa meM yahI kaha sakate haiM ki uparyukta pramukha pAMca tatvoM para AdhArita jaina dharma mAnavatA kA saMdeza detA huA ahiMsAtmaka vyavahAra para vizeSa jora detA hai| usI prakAra kSamAdAna, avairavRtti tathA maitrI bhAvanA kA uccatama svarUpa jaina dharma meM dRSTigata hotA hai 'khAmemi satva jIve, savve jIvA khamantu me| . mittima se savvabhUyeSu, vaira majja na kennii|' arthAt 'maiM saba jIvoM ko kSamA detA hUM aura saba jIvoM se kSamA cAhatA huuN| maiM saba jIvoM kA-prANImAtra kA-mitra hU~ aura mujhe kisI se vaira nahIM hai|' Adhunika kAla meM jaina dharma ke tatvoM kI upayogitA : jaina dharma prAcInatama dharma hone para bhI Adhunika yuga meM bhI usakA mahatva svIkRta hai| usakI cintana praNAlI prAyaH samAjAbhimukha rahI hai| samAja ke sAtha vyakti kI svataMtratA evaM prANImAtra ke kalyANa kI bhAvanA bhI jaina darzana meM abhivyakta hotI rahI hai| ahiMsA, satya, maitrI, avaira, kSamA, samAnatA aura parimita parigraha kI bhAvanA kA mahatva Aja saMpUrNa vizva ke lie Avazyaka 1. paM0 dalasukha mAlavaNiyA-'jaina dharma cintana'-pR0 54. ___ AcArya nathamala muni : jaina darzana : manana aura mImAMsA-jainadharma aura darzana, pR0 54.

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viSaya-praveza hai| Aja ke saMgharSazIla vizva meM bandhutva kI bhAvanA kA prasAra Avazyaka hI nahIM, apitu anivArya bana cukA hai| jisa ahiMsA ko hama gAMdhIvAdI darzana kA mUla mAnate haiM, vaha jaina dharma kI bahuta bar3I thAtI hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne apane yuga kI paristhitiyoM ko dekhate hue prANImAtra ke prati manasA vAcA va karmaNA ahiMsA ke vyavahAra kA saMdeza samAja ko diyA thaa| vaise sabhI dharma ahiMsA ko mAnava kalyANa ke lie upakArI samajhate haiM, kintu bhagavAna mahAvIra ne use jIvanta aura vyAvahArika rUpa pradAna kiyA thaa| Aja ke yuga meM jahAM kadamakadama para hiMsA kA nagna rUpa dekhA jAtA hai, vahAM ahiMsA kA utkRSTa sAdhana hI mAnava ko zAMti va surakSA pradAna kara sakatA hai| ahiMsA ke binA bhAtRtva kA prasAra kaise saMbhava ho sakatA hai? Adhunika vAtAvAraNa meM jaina darzana ke tatvoM kI AvazyakatA para prakAza DAlate hue vidvAn jaina muni AcArya yazovijaya jI likhate haiM- " kSamA mUrti bhagavAna mahAvIra ke upadeza kA saMkSipta sAra yaha hai ki yadi tumheM sarvAMgINa vikAsa sAdhanA ho to AcAra meM sarva hitakAriNI ahiMsA, vicAra meM saMgharSa zAmaka anekAnta ke siddhAnta aura vyavahAra meM saMklezanAzaka aparigrahavAda ko manasA, vAcA aura karmaNA se apnaao| isase vyakti ke jIvana meM vizva bandhutva, maitrI kI bhAvanA, samanvayavAdI dRSTi aura tyAga- - vairAgya ke Adarza sajIva baneMge aura ina siddhAntoM ko yadi sabhI loga nyUnAdhika rUpa se vyavahAra meM lAyeMge to samaSTi samudAya meM adhyAtmavAda kA prakAza prakaTa hone para bhaya, cintA, asthiratA, azAMti, asaMtoSa, varga-vigraha, anyAya, durbhAvanA, dhikkAra, tiraskAra, kaDuvAhaTa, aviveka - avinaya, ahaMkAra jaise aneka doSoM-dUSaNoM kA gherA banA huA andhakAra tirohita hogaa| pariNAmataH sarvatra maitrI, prema, sneha, Adara, ekatA, sahiSNutA aura zakti kA bala dRr3ha hogA / +++ yadi vizva kI manuSya jAti ko hiMsA aura trAsavAda se ubAranA hogA to mahAvIra ke ahiMsA ke siddhAnta ko apanAye binA koI rAstA nahIM hai| vyaSTi yA samaSTi ke lie ahiMsA ke atirikta koI anyataraNopAya nahIM hai, yaha eka traikAlika satya hai|"" - 27 ahiMsA kI taraha hI Aja ke bhautika yuga meM aparigraha yA parimita parigraha kA siddhAnta apanAne se asaMtoSa tathA bhautika bhoga-vilAsa kI andhI daur3a kA anta hogA aura anAvazyaka vastuoM meM parigraha karane kI vRti banda hone se svataH rASTra kI unnati saMbhava ho pAyegI / nirantara parigraha karate rahane kI lAlasA se deza ke sAmane aneka samasyAe~ khar3I ho jAtI hai| 1. A. yazovijaya jI - 'tIrthaMkara zrI bhagavAna mahAvIra saMpAdakIya nivedana, pR0 6 (35 raMgIna citroM kA saMpuTa) /

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28 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya vijJAna kI pragati eMva sukha-suvidhA kI upalabdhi se Aja kA manuSya saMyama ke mahatva se paricita nahIM hai| zArIrika eMva Atmika saMyama prApta karane se vyakti samAja va rASTra ko pratyakSa yA parokSa rUpa se sahAyaka honA hai| acaurya (asteya) kI vRtti Aja prAyaH sarvatra pAI jAtI hai| jaina dharma meM acaurya-adattAdAna kA tatva apane sUkSma svarUpa meM svIkRta hai| anya kI cIja ko hathiyA lene kI mAnasika vRtti bhI isake antargata hI zAmila hai tathA aisI bhAvanA AtmaghAtaka siddha ho sakatI hai, iMsAna ko patita banAdetI hai| satya kA siddhAnta cintAmaNi-ratna sA hai, jise svIkArane se lohe-sI jindagI meM adhyAtma kA ujjavala prakAza sarvatra phaila jAtA hai tathA vyakti uccatama sAdhanA kA adhikArI bana jAtA hai| lekina Aja isakA adhikAdhika anAdara aura upekSA kI jA rahI hai| samAnatA kI bhAvanA bhagavAna mahAvIra ne apane yuga meM siddhAnta rUpa se svIkArya kiyA thaa| Adhunika mAnava-samAja meM prANImAtra ke prati karuNA bhAva va samAnatA kA svIkAra na hone se asamAnatA, jAti-varga, sampradAya tathA UMca-nIca kA vAtAvaraNa maujUda hai, jinheM Aja sAMvidhAnika svarUpa dekara dUra karane kA prayatna kiyA jA rahA hai| __ anekAntavAda ke siddhAnta se manuSya sabake prati sahiSNu banakara apanA jIvana-saphala kara pAtA hai| sabako samajhane kI vRtti, sAratatva grahaNa karane kI abhilASA se zAMti eMva pyAra kI vRddhi hotI hai| anekAntavAda ke kAraNa durAgraha, azAMti eMva vaimanasya vRtti dUra ho sakatI hai| isa prakAra hama dekha sakate haiM ki jaina dharma ke ucca tatvoM ko Adhunika yuga kI dhArmika, rAjakIya eMva sAmAjika paristhitiyoM ke saMdarbha meM svIkAra karane se manuSya Atma-vikAsa ke sAtha rASTra kI pragati meM yogadAna de sakatA hai| jaina darzana ke sabhI tattva vaijJAnika hai, jo vijJAna kI kasauTI para kasane se zuddha utreNge| vijJAna to Adhunika yuga kI upaja hai, jabaki jaina dharma to prAcIna kAla se susaMgata, zuddha, sAtvika-tAtvika evaM vyavahAropayogI vicAradhArA se susajja rahA hai| jaina-darzana-praNAlI meM dharma aura vijJAna kA viziSTa samanvaya dRSTigata hotA hai| hAM, unakA ThIka-ThIka pracAra-prasAra nahIM ho pAne se upekSA yA aparicitatA kI bhAvanA rakhI jAtI hai| Aja AtmasaMyama tapasyA, manonigraha, niSThA, brahAcarya va vikAroM ke vijaya kI apekSA hamArI vRtti isa kAla meM bhoga-upabhoga, AnaMda-pramoda, aizoArAma, saMgharSa, saMgraha kI aura adhika AkRSTa rahatI hai| mAnava-mahimA kA joradAra samarthana jaina darzana meM prApta hai, jo Aja kI paristhitiyoM meM apratima aura pragatizIla pratIta hogaa| Aja ke prajAtaMtrAtmaka

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viSaya-praveza yuga meM mAnava-svAtaMtrya ko jo mahatva diyA jAtA hai, vaha mahAvIra ne kitane varSoM pUrva pratipAdita kiyA thaa| mAnava-svAtaMtrya ke sAtha hI AtmA kI svataMtratA kI udghoSaNA karake mahAvIra ne pUre vizva ko batAyA ki pratyeka AtmA apane bala para paramAtmA bana sakatI hai aura jIva apane hI kAraNoM se mukti yA baMdhana ko pAtA hai| rAga-dveSa aura hiMsAtmaka karmoM se mAnava du:kha kI jaMjIroM se baMdhatA hai aura ahiMsApUrNa (vyaktigata yA sAmAjika) karmoM se vaha du:kha-cakra se mukta hotA hai| Adhunika yaMtravAdI yuga meM jaina darzana ke paMca mahAvratoM kA pAlana sarvathA hitakArI ho sakatA hai, yaha nirvivAda hai| 'jiyo aura jIne do' kA jaina darzana kA maMtra yuga kI gatizIlatA se trasta manuSya ke lie varadAna rUpa siddha ho sakatA hai sarva maMgala mAMgalyaM, sarva kalyANa kaarnnN| pradhAnaM sarva dharmANAM, jainaM jayati shaasnm|| yaha sUtra jo pratyeka jaina ghoSita karatA hai, vaha kevala jaina samAja ko hI nahIM, pratyut vizva-kalyANa ko najara meM rakha kara hI karatA hai| vizva ke sabhI rASTra sAMskRtika tathA rAjakIya naikaTya sthApita karane para bhI bhautika-bhAgadaur3a kI vRtti tathA hiMsA ke soye Dara ke kAraNa manuSya caina kI sAMsa nahIM le paataa| taba dharma hI zAMti va prakAza detA haiN| mAnava kI mAnavatA ko jagAkara vyakti ko svataMtra va sukhI banAne kA upakrama karatA hai| isa saMdarbha meM jaina vidvAna zrI kanhaiyAlAla sarAvajI ke vicAra ullekhanIya haiM ki- 'Aja saMsAra meM jo ApAdhApI, zastroM kI hor3a, adhikAroM kI chinAjhapaTI, sabhI kSetroM meM uthala-puthala macI huI hai, aMdhA-dhUMdhI vidheyaka bana rahI hai, adhikAroM kA sImAMkana aura jAne kyA kyA ho rahA hai, una sabake badale yadi saMsAra bhagavAna mahAvIra ke dizAbodha ko apanA le to sArI rassAkasI kA anta hokara svastha, svAvalaMbI aura sarvodayI samAja kA udaya ho sakatA hai| 1. zrI kanhaiyAlAla sarAvajI-' zramaNa' patrikA, pharavarI 1976, pR. 34.

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adhyAya dvitIya Adhunika hindI jaina sAhitya : pUrva-pIThikA Adhunika hindI jaina sAhitya kI paramparA ati prAcIna evaM susamRddha rahI hai| jainAcAryoM aura jaina sAhityakAroM ne suMdara Atma-piyUSa-rasa se ApUrNa jisa sAhitya kI racanA hiMdI bhASA meM kI thI, vaha yadyapi hindI kI amUlya dharohara hai| prAcIna, madhyakAlIna tathA Adhunika yuga ke prAraMbha taka hindI jaina sAhitya kA kaisA rUpa rahA aura kitanI mahatvapUrNa kRtiyA~ hai, usa para eka vihaMgama dRSTi DAla lenA samIcIna pratIta hotA hai| jisase Adhunika hindI jaina sAhitya kI mUladhArA spaSTa ho sake aura atIta ke jaina sAhitya kI samRddha paramparA hamAre samakSa A ske| sAhitya mAnava-jIvana kA nirmAtA evaM saMskRti kA paricAyaka hotA hai| sAhitya meM rASTra kI sAhityika saMskRti kI jhalaka pratibiMbita hotI hai| kAmatA prasAda jaina yathArtha likhate haiM ki-duniyA kI zAMtipUrva ghar3iyoM meM hI satyaM, zivam, suMdaram kalA kA sRjana hotA AyA hai| sAhitya ke anUThe ratna-prasUna zAnta mastiSka aura zItala hRdaya se hI prasUta hote haiN| uddhigna mastiSka aura asthira citta jagata ko lokopakArI sthAyI sAhitya nahIM de sktaa| ataH jainiyoM ne zAnta rasa ko pradhAnatA dekara mAnava-prakRti ke anurUpa aura usake lie upayogI kArya kiyA hai| jaina sAhitya ne mukta zrRMgAra rasa kI ati rokane ke lie hI jaina kaviyoM ne zAntarasa kI zItala dhArA bhaaii| vaise maryAdA meM citrita zRMgAra rasa burA yA tyAjya na hokara rasamAdhurya dhvanita karatA hai aura vyakti ke vikAsa ko puSTa bhI karatA hai, kevala usakI ati vinAzakArI hotI hai| prAcIna jaina sAhitya kI vizeSatA para prakAza DAlate hue DA. vAsudeva siMha likhate haiM ki-jaina sAhitya mUlataH dhArmika sAhitya hai| jaina kaviyoM ne chichare zrRMgAra athavA laukika AkhyAnoM kI apekSA dhArmika aura AdhyAtmika sAhitya kI racanA meM hI adhika ruci lI hai, yadyapi dharmetara sAhitya kI bhI unake dvArA kama mAtrA meM racanA nahIM huI hai| apabhraMza aura hindI meM inake dvArA aneka carita kAvya aura rAso grantha bhI likhe gaye haiM, jo aba dhIre-dhIre prakAza meM A rahe haiN| kintu ina kaviyoM kI AvazyakatA se adhika sAmpradAyika 1. A. kAmatAprasAda jainaH hindI jaina sAhitya kA saMkSipta itihAsa, pR. 13.

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Adhunika hindI jaina sAhitya : pUrva-pIThikA manovRtti ke kAraNa inake sAtha nyAya nahIM ho sakA hai|' prAcIna jaina sAhitya ke saMdarbha meM AcArya hajArIprasAda jI kI vicAradhArA prAyaH yahI hai| ve likhate haiM ki 'jaina sAhitya meM kaI racanAeM aisI bhI haiM ki jo dhArmika to haiM kintu unameM sAhityika sarasatA banAye rakhane kA pUrA prayAsa hai| dharma vahAM kavi ko kevala preraNA de rahA hai| jisa sAhitya meM kevala dhArmika upadeza ho, usase vaha sAhitya nizcita rUpa se bhinna hai| jinameM dharma bhAvanA preraka zakti ke rUpa meM kAma kara rahI ho aura sAtha hI hamArI sAmAnya manuSyatA ko Andolita, mathita aura prabhAvita kara rahI ho| isa dRSTi se apramaMza kI kaI racanAeM jaina-dharma bhAvanA se prerita hokara likhI gaI haiM, ni:saMdeha uttama kAvya haiN| dhArmika preraNA yA AdhyAtmika upadeza honA kAvyatva kA bAdhaka nahIM samajhA jAnA caahie| dhArmika sAhitya hone mAtra se koI racanA sAhityika dRSTi se alaga nahIM kI jA sktii| yadi aisA samajhA jAne lagA to tulasIdAsa kA 'rAmacarita mAnasa' bhI sAhitya-kSetra meM Alocya ho jaayegaa| isa prakAra mere vicAra se sabhI dhArmika pustakoM ko sAhitya ke itihAsa meM tyAjya nahIM mAnanA caahie| hindI jaina-sAhitya kA prAraMbha : hindI jaina sAhitya kA prAraMbha 10vIM zatAbdI se mAnA jAtA hai| 10vIM se 19vIM zatAbdI taka ke prAcIna jaina sAhitya kA nirIkSaNa karane se patA calegA ki isa lambI avadhi meM utkRSTa aura rocaka sAhityika granthoM kI racanA pracura mAtrA meM kI gaI hai| vizeSakara tIrthaMkaroM, AcAryoM aura dhArmika puruSa-ratnoM ke caritroM kI guNa-stuti para AdhArita racanAeM prApta hotI hai| saMskRta, ardhamAgadhI aura apabhraMza ke prAcIna granthoM kA hindI anuvAda 17vIM, 18vIM aura 19vIM zatAbdI meM kAphI mAtrA meM huA hai, jo kahIM-kahIM apane mUla sauMdarya ko pAne meM thor3A-bahuta pIche raha gayA hai| 14vIM se 19vIM zatI taka lalita sAhitya ke sAtha-sAtha saiddhAMtika granthoM kI racanA bhI vipula mAtrA meM upalabdha hotI hai| 14-15 aura 16 vIM zatAbdiyoM meM dhurandhara jainAcAryoM evaM vidvAnoM ne svayaM jaina-siddhAMtoM kA AdyopAnta adhyayana karake AtmasAta kiyA, tadanantara apane sAhitya ke dvArA samAja ko lAbhAnvita karake dAyitva pUrNa kiyaa| ata: jaina sAhitya meM dhArmika carcA yA umadeza A jAyeM to Azcarya nahIM mAnanA caahie| jaina dharma ke prasAra-pracAra evaM jaina samAja ko dharma ke prati zraddhAvAna banAne ke uddezya se jaina sAhityakAroM ne vizAla rAzi meM ucca koTiya jaina sAhitya kA praNayana kara hindI sAhitya ke bhaNDAra kI abhivRddhi hI kI hai| isa kAla meM 1. DA. vAsudeva siMha-apabhraMza aura hiMdI meM jaina rahasyavAda-pR. 22. 2. AcArya hajArIprasAda dvivedI-hindI sAhitya kA AdikAla-pR. 11, 12.

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32 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya Anandaghana-banArasIdAsa, rUpacanda, jIvarAma, bhAgacanda, dyAnatarAya jaise ucca koTi ke kavi the, to dUsarI ora hemacandAcArya, yazovijaya jI aura AtmAnanda jI jaise dArzanika, AdhyAtmika kavi-viddhAna bhI hue, arthAt mahAkavi, tatvaciMtaka aura vidvAna AcAryoM kA mAnoM triveNI-saMgama sA ho gyaa| 'jaina-sAhitya sRSTAoM ne akhaNDa AtmasvarUpa AtmA kA hI apane antasa meM sAkSAtkAra kiyA aura sAhitya meM usI kI anubhUti ko mUrtirUpa pradAna kara sauMdarya ke zAzvata prakAza kI rekhAoM dvArA vANI kA citra aMkita kiyaa| prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM prabandha kAvya, carita kAvya, evaM rAsA-granthoM ke sAtha kaviyoM ne muktaka kAvyoM kI racanA bhI kI hai| unhoMne apane padoM evaM bhajanoM meM guru vaMdanA evaM usakI mahattA para jora diyA hai| phira bhI gurU ko tIrthaMkaroM se na zreSTha mAnA hai, na samAna hii| guru kI mahattA patha-pradarzaka ke rUpa meM avazya svIkRta hai| gurU dharma tathA tIrthaMkara kA samyak jJAna dekara saccA mAnava banAne meM sahAyabhUta hote haiN| ataeva tIrthaMkara, siddhoM, AcAryoM, upAdhyAya evaM samasta sAdhuvarga ke prati namaskAra (namo'rhanta siddhAcAryopAdhyAyaH sarva sAdhubhyaH nmH|) sUcaka stuti ke pada-bhajana upalabdha. hote haiN| ArAdhyadeva ke prati zraddhA paidA karane ke lie nAma-smaraNa, stuti-vaMdanA aura dhyAnAdi kA prayoga Avazyaka hai| ataH aisI dhArmika muktaka racanAoM meM kavi apanI dInatA-hInatA va laghutA tathA tIrthaMkaroM ko.sarva zaktimAna, dIna-dayAlU, bhavasAgara-tAraka ke rUpa meM varNita karate hai| aisI racanAoM meM zAnta rasa va dAsyabhAva kI pradhAnatA rahanA svAbhAvika hai| aise muktakoM ke atirikta zatakoM, bArahakhar3I, caubIsI, battIsI, chattIsI Adi kI saMkhyA bhI kAphI hai| DA. premasAgara jaina likhate haiM-"bhaktikAlIna jaina bhakta kaviyoM ne bAvanI, zataka, battIsI aura chattIsI Adi rUpa meM apane bhAva abhivyakta kiye hai| jainoM ke saMskRta-prAkRta sAhitya meM aisI racanAeM upalabdha nahIM haiN| ajaina hindI kaviyoM meM inakA praNayana kama hI huA hai| bArahakhar3I ke akSaroM ko lekara sImita padoM meM kAvya-racanA karanA jaina-kaviyoM kI apanI viziSTatA hai| ___ yahAM hama 10vIM zatI se 19vIM zatI taka ke hindI jaina sAhitya kI eka saMkSipta pIThikA prastuta karanA cAheMge, kyoMki isI pITha para Adhunika hindI jaina sAhitya kI nirmitti huI hai| isa avadhi ko Adi kAla, madhyakAla aura parivartana kAla ke svarUpa meM vidvAnoM ne vibhAjita kiyA hai-jaise :1. draSTavya-A. nemicandra zAstrI, hindI jaina sAhitya parizIlana-bhAga-1, pR. 20. 2. DA. premasAgara jaina : hindI jaina bhakti kAvya aura kavi, pR. 28.

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Adhunika hindI jaina sAhitya : pUrva-pIThikA 33 1. AdikAla-11vIM zatAbdI se 14vIM zatAbdI tk| 2. madhyakAla-15vIM zatAbdI se 17vIM zatAbdI tk| 3. parivartana kAla-18vIM se 19vIM zatAbdI ke prAraMbha tk| zrI kAmatA prasAda jaina ke vicArAnusAra 'unnIsavIM zatAbdI ke pUrva madhyakAla se navayuga kAla prAraMbha ho jAtA hai aura vaha aba bhI vartamAna hai| vaise 8vIM zatIM se 10vIM zatI taka apabhraMza bhASA meM jaina prabandha kAvyoM kI bahuta racanA huI hai evaM carita kAvya bhI race gaye haiN| apabhraMza va prAkRta lokabhASA meM jaina sAhityakAroM ne uccatama sAhitya kA nirmANa kiyaa| kAlAntara meM prAkRta, apabhraMza se ni:sRta hindI bhASA jaba loka-mAnasa meM sthApita huI to jaina racanAkAroM ne isI bhASA meM apanI pratibhA kA unmeSa kiyaa| Adi kAla : (10vIM zatI se 14vIM zatI taka) vIragAthAkAla ke samAntara hI hindI jaina sAhitya kA prAdurbhAva mAnA jAtA hai| vAtAvaraNa kA prabhAva sAhitya para par3anA sahaja hai| vIragAthAkAla meM zRMgAra aura vIra rasa pradhAna rAsA granthoM ke samAna jaina-sAhitya meM bhI pramukhataH rAsA granthoM kI racanA huii| donoM ke rAsA granthoM meM pramukha antara yaha hai ki jaina kaviyoM ne kisI rAjA yA AzrayadAtA kI prazaMsA va stuti meM nahIM likhe varan tIrthaMkara evaM pramukha dhArmika, aitihAsika vyakti ke viSaya meM likheN| dharma-vArtA ko lekara bhI rAsAgrantha likhe gaye haiN| isase janatA kI dhArmika zraddhA dRr3ha hone meM sahAyatA milI aura aitihAsika vArtA-kathA ko gAthAbaddha karane se aitihAsika tathyoM kI surakSA bhI huii| isa prakAra AdikAla meM pramukhataH dharma aura itihAsa kI gAthAoM ko lekara rAsA-sAhitya kA praNayana huaa| 10vIM aura 11vIM zatI ke apabhraMza mahAkAvyoM meM utkRSTa koTi kA bhAvapakSa va kalApakSa dRSTigata hotA hai, jinakA prabhAva paravartI mahAkAvyoM para bhI par3anA svAbhAvika hai| hindI ke vartamAna rUpa kA mUla AvirbhAva bhI isI apabhraMza bhASA se hI huA hai, jisameM rAso-sAhitya kA sRjana huaa| puSpadatta isI bhASA ke prathama aura zreSTha mahAkavi svIkAre jAte haiM, jo 10vIM zatAbdI meM hue| unakA sabase mahAna kAvya 'mahApurANa' hai, jo unhoMne saM0 965 meM pUrA kiyA thaa| isa grantha ko sampUrNa samajhate hue svayaM ghoSita karate haiM ki 'isa racanA meM prAkRta ke lakSaNa, samasta nIti, chanda, alaMkAra, rasa, tatvArtha nirNaya 1. draSTavya-A. kAmatA prasAda jaina-hindI jaina sAhitya kA saMkSipta itihAsa, pR. 143. 2. DA. rAjanArAyaNa pAMDe-mahAkavi puSpadatta-pR0 1.

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34 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya saba kucha A gayA hai, yahAM taka ki jo yahAM hai, vaha anyatra nahIM hai| paMDitavarya rAhula deva sAMskRtyAyana to mahAkavi puSpadatta se atyaMta prabhAvita hue haiM aura unake sAhitya kA gahana adhyayana kiyA hai| 'nAgakumAra carita' aura 'yazodhara carita' bhI unakI prasiddha racanAeM haiN| mahAkavi ko mAno sarasvatI mAtA kA varadAna prApta thaa| unhoMne kAvya ke sabhI aMgoM kA pratipAdana karate hue kathA-pravAha meM bAdhA paidA kiye binA bIca-bIca meM dharma kI carcA bhI kI hai| dharma kA svarUpa spaSTa karate hue mArmika ukti dekhie 'pucchiya cammu jaIvajjaraha jo sayalahaM jIvAha daya kri| jo aliya payaM pazu pariharai, jo sacca saucce raha kri|| arthAt 'dharma kyA hai?' prazna ke uttara meM yati mahArAja ne kahA ki-dharma vahI hai, jisameM saba jIvoM para dayA kI jAya aura alIka vacana kA parihAra karake jahAM sundara satya sambhASaNa meM AMnada manAyA jaay| isI zatI meM muni rAmasiMha kA 'dohApAhuDa' grantha upalabdha hotA hai, jisakI bhASA zuddha apabhraMza hai| eka udAharaNa draSTavya hai mUr3A deha ma rajjiyaDa dehaNa apyA hoii| dehahiM miNNu NANamau so tuhuM apyA joii|| mahAkavi dhavala bhI 10vIM zatAbdI ke vidvAna kavi haiM aura 'harivaMza purANa' grantha meM tIrthaMkara ariSTanemi, mahAvIra aura mahAbhArata kI kathA vArNita hai| isI yuga ke kavi padmadeva apane 'pAsahacariU' meM tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha kA caritra guMphita karate haiN| ___11 vIM zatI ke pramukha kaviyoM meM kavi dhanapAla tathA muni zrIcanda jI tejasvI kavi ratna haiN| muni zrIcanda ne choTI-choTI rocaka kathAoM se pUrNa eka 'kathAkoSa' bodhagamya zailI meM likhA hai| apabhraMza kA grantha hote hue bhI isakI bhASA prAcIna hindI ke bahuta nikaTa jAna par3atI hai-yathA __ "SaNNa veSpiNu biNa suvi suddhamaI, ciMtaI maNi muNi siri candakaI saMsAra asAra savu athirA, piya, putta, mitta mAyA timie canda kaa| tatkAlIna kathA-sAhitya evam bhASAkIya dRSTikoNa se isa grantha kA kAphI mahatva hai| virahiNI ke varNana meM kavi zrIcanda jI likhate haiM eka hI avirkhahiMsAvaNuM anna hi madava uu| mAhana mahiala sasthari gaNuthale sruu|| 1. draSTavya-nathamalamuni-jaina dharma aura darzana-pR. 107. 2. draSTavya-kAmatAprasAda jaina-hindI jaina sAhitya kA saMkSipta itihAsa, pR. 50.

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Adhunika hindI jaina sAhitya : pUrva-pIThikA 35 ____ 12 vIM zatAbdI ke muni yogacandra jI ke prasiddha grantha 'dohAsAra' (yaha 'yogasAra' nAma se bhI prasiddha hai)' kI bhASA purAnI hindI ke atyanta nikaTa hai| yaha uddharaNa dekhie 'ajara amara guNa-gaNa nilaya a ahi appa thira thaaii| so kamma hi Na ca aMthayaU saMcciya pUvya pilaaii|| inhIM kA 'dohApAhuu' bhI purAnI hindI mizrita apabhraMza kI sundara racanA hai| yogacandra jI isa kAla ke bahuta bar3e vidvAn aura adhyAtma rasa ke rasika muni the| 'paramAtma prakAza', 'nijAtmASTaka' aura 'amRtA nIti' nAma anya granthoM kA bhI unhoMne sRjana kiyA hai| 11 aura 12vIM zatI ke kaviyoM kI racanAoM meM prAyaH apabhraMza bhASA meM prAcIna hindI ke zabda bahutAyata se mila jAte hai| 13vIM zatAbdI kI racanAoM meM kavi lakkhaNa kRta 'aNunaya rayaNa-paIva' aura muni yazaH kIrti racita 'jagatasundarI prayogamAlA' grantha ullekhanIya hai| prathama meM jaina zrAvaka ke vratoM kA nirUpaNa hai tathA dUsare meM vaidyaka ke viSaya kI upayogI jAnakArI hai| zrI vinayacandra kRta 'uvassamAlA-kahANaya chappaI' bhI isI zatI kI ullekhanIya racanA hai, jo chappaya chanda meM likhI gaI hai| 14vIM zatAbdI kI racanAeM prAyaH zuddha apabhraMza bhASA kI hai| kavivara zrIdhara ke race hue bahuta se grantha isI kAla ke haiM jinameM pramukha hai-'vaddhamANa cariu', 'bhaviSyadatta kathA', candraprabhacariu' 'zAntijinacirau' aura 'zrutAvatAra' hai| kavi zrI ambadeva ne 'saMghapati samarAsasA' kI racanA isI zatI meM kI, jisa para rAjasthAnI bhASA ke zabdoM kA prabhAva dikhAI par3atA hai| isI zatI ke merutuMgAcArya ke saMskRta grantha 'prabandhacintAmaNi' meM prAcIna hindI ke dohe yatra-tatra diye gaye hai| nAthUrAma 'premI' ne apane itihAsa meM ina dohe ko uddhRta karake purAnI hindI ke batAye haiN| prAcIna jaina sAhitya ne apane kalevara meM prAkRta, apabhraMza kI vipula racanAoM ko saMjote hue prAcIna hindI kI racanAoM ko bhI svIkAra kara purAnI hindI kA rUpa bhI spaSTa kiyA hai| isa para se hama apabhraMza ke parivartita rUpa ko saralatA se jAna sakate haiN| isIlie to AcArya rAmacandra zukla ne AdikAla ke sAhitya kA mahatva kevala bhASAkIya dRSTikoNa se jitanA mahasUsa kiyA, utanA sAhityika dRSTikoNa se nhiiN| isa kAla meM apabhraMza kI racanAeM prAcIna 1. draSTavya-kAmatAprasAda jaina-hindI jaina sAhitya kA saMkSipta itihAsa, pR. 54. 2. vahI, pR. 55.

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36 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya hindI kI apekSA vizeSa prApta hone se hI kAmatAprasAda jaina ne isa yuga ko 'AdikAla yA apabhraMza-prAkRta 'kAla' kahanA adhika ucita samajhA hai| apabhraMza bhASA kI pradhAnatA hone para bhI yuga ke aMtima bhAga meM bhASA ne apanA rUpa parivartita karanA zurU kiyA thaa| bolacAla kI purAnI hindI zanaiH zanaiH sAhitya kI bhASA kA sthAna lene lagI thii| bhASA ke isa parivartana meM usa samaya kI aitihAsika paristhitiyoM ne vizeSa prabhAva DAlA, kyoMki musalamAnoM kA AkramaNa zurU ho gayA thA aura rAjapUta rASTra kI ekatA kI apekSA apanI Ana-bAna para-miTate the tathA pArasparika pratidvaMdvitA meM unakI zakti kSINa hotI jA rahI thii| saMgaThita hokara muslima AkramaNa kAriyoM ko pIche nahIM haTAyA gyaa| vaise itihAsa kI carcA hameM yahAM katipaI abhipreta nhiiN| hama to usa samaya kI rAjakIya paristhitiyoM se bhASA aura sAhitya para kaisA prabhAva par3A, usakA saMkSepa meM nirdeza karanA cAhate haiN| ___musalamAnoM ne yahAM kI asthira rAjakIya paristhitiyoM, hindU rAjAoM kI nirbalatA, kusaMpa va apUrNa vaibhava dekhakara yahIM sthira honA caahaa| ataH unhoMne AkramaNa kI lUTa ke vApisa jAne kI apekSA bhArata meM apanI sattA jamAkara zAsana sthira karanA caahaa| isa kArya meM yahAM ke vAtAvaraNa ne bhI unakI sahAyatA kii| tadanantara unakI bola-cAla kI bhASA kA prabhAva yahAM kI bhASA para par3anA svAbhAvika hai| bhASA kI taraha viSaya para bhI prabhAva spaSTataH par3atA hai| rAjAoM kI vIratA-kIrti va vaibhava Adi ke yazogAna meM vIra zRMgAra rasa pradhAna racanAeM isa yuga meM likhI jAne lgiiN| lekina jaina-sAhityakAroM ne janahita ko naz2ara meM rakhakara tathA AdhyAtmika racanAoM kA sRjana kiyA, jinase sAmAnya pAThaka ko AnaMda ke sAtha jJAna bhI prApta ho| gadya: padya kI taraha gadya kA vikAsa adikAla meM nahIM huA thA, kyoMki usa samaya gadya ko sAhityika rUpa hI prApta nahIM huA thaa| gadya to Adhunika kAla kI dena hai| prAraMbhika kAla meM mudraNa ke abhAva tathA kaMThastha karane kI suvidhA ke kAraNa padya meM hI prAyaH sRjana hotA thaa| chanda baddha hone se vaha (padya) geya bhI hotA thaa| isa kAla meM yadi gadya ke do-cAra udAharaNa milate haiM to ve bhI padya mizrita rUpa meN| sAhitya kA AdhAra-mAdhyama Adhunika yuga taka padya hI rhaa| phuTakara gadya bIca-bIca meM thor3A bahuta mila jAtA ho to bhI vaha sAhityika nahIM samajhA gyaa| hAM, jaina sAhitya meM vaidyaka, jyotiSa ke granthoM meM apabhraMza gadya kA rUpa thor3A-bahuta dekhane ko milatA hai| 'jagatasundarI prayogamAlA'

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Adhunika hindI jaina sAhitya : pUrva-pIThikA 37 nAmaka vaidaka ke grantha meM padya ke bIca-bIca meM gadya kA prayoga avazya upalabdha hotA hai|' 'ArAdhanA' nAmaka tAr3apatrIya racanA meM bhI apabhraMza gadya kA prayoga upalabdha hotA hai| isI prakAra 'aticAra' nAmaka kRti meM bhI apabhraMza gadya kA rUpa nihita hai| 'kAla belA paThayaM vinayahiNu, bahumAna hINu, upadhAna hiNu, guru niSNva anerA kaNhaI piyN|' 13vIM zatI ke aMta meM gadya kA rUpa isa prakAra bhI milatA hai-'parilau trikAlu atIta anAgata vartamAna bahatarI tIrthaMkara sarva pApa kSayaMkara haU nmskaaraauu| aise gadya meM hindI kA pracIna rUpa dRSTigata hotA hai| gadya ke vikAsa krama ke lie bhI hindI jaina sAhitya mahatva rakhatA hai| Adhunika gadya kA pUrvakAlika rUpa jaina-sAhitya meM akSuNNa rUpa se dekhA jAtA hai| isIlie hindI ke sAtha gujarAtI bhASA kI utpatti ke lie bhI jaina-sAhitya kA adhyayana mahatvapUrNa hai| AdikAla meM race gaye granthoM meM carita kAvyoM kA parimANa adhika hai, jabaki saiddhAMtika grantha, pUjA-bhajana tathA stuti ke pada alpa pramANa meM milate hai| padya-bhajana madhyakAla meM adhika race gye| AdikAlIna prabandha-kAvyoM meM caritra-citraNa, varNana rUpa kathA-pravAha pramukha rahatA thaa| inake bIca-bIca meM tAtvika carcA bhI A jAne se svataMtra tAtvika granthoM kI AvazyakatA kama rhii| subhASita grantha thor3e-bahuta avazya likhe gye| carita-granthoM meM sAdhAraNa janatA kI rasa vRtti tRpta hone ke sAtha AdhyAtmika AnaMda bhI prApta hone se donoM hetu siddha hote the| Adhunika yuga meM jaba sAmAnya janatA meM jJAna-pipAsA jAgRta huI to aise tAtvika granthoM kI AvazyakatA mahasUsa hone se Adhunika jaina sAhityakAroM ne saMskRta-prAkRta ke aise granthoM kA hindI meM sundara bhAvAnuvAda kara isakI kSatipUrti kara dii| isa prakAra AdikAla ke rAsAgrantha, bhASA ke parivartita rUpa tathA anya sAmAnya vivaraNa prastuta karane kA hetu hone se apabhraMza tathA prAcIna hindI ke prabandha kAvyoM evaM kaviyoM kA vistRta paricaya yahAM nahIM diyA gayA hai| hindI-jaina-sAhitya kA madhyakAla (15vIM zatI se 17vIM zatI taka): ___ madhyakAla meM muslima zAsana ke sthira ho jAne se rAjakIya azAMti kI sthiti samApta huii| yaha zAMti hArdika rUpa se vyakta na hokara, balki sattA kI dRr3hatA se prasUna huI thii| muslima sattA kI sthiratA ne rAjakIya, dhArmika evaM 1. draSTavya-kAmatAprasAda jaina-hindI jaina sAhitya kA saMkSipta itihAsa, pR. 58. 2. draSTavya-mohanalAla desAI-prAcIna gurjara kAvya saMgraha, pR. 26.

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Adhunika hindI - jaina sAhitya sAhityika vAtAvaraNa para bhI apanA prabhAva chor3A, jo sahaja svAbhAvika hai| hindu aura musalamAna ne kramazaH AdAna-pradAna ke dvArA ekatA ko apanAne ke prayAsa kiye| taba svAbhAvika hai ki zAsaka pakSa kI bhASA kA prabhAva bhI hamArI bhASA para par3atA ho / muslima zAsakoM ne vyavasthA - kArya ke lie arabI-phArasI ke sAtha prAcIna hindI ko bhI sthAna diyaa| rAjakIya paristhiti se aba zAnta va hatAza banI huI janatA meM dharma kA prasAra vizeSa hone lagA, taba dhArmika lahara se sAhitya kaise achUtA-alipta raha sakatA hai ? hindI sAhitya ke itihAsa meM jaise yaha 'bhaktikAla' kahalAyA, usI prakAra yugIna paristhitiyoM se prabhAvita jaina sAhitya meM bhI bhakti, vairAgya, jJAna, nAma-smaraNa kA vAtAvaraNa phaila gyaa| pariNAma svarUpa pada-bhajana, stuti ke chanda layabaddha muktakoM kI racanA hone lgii| bhaktikAla ke sAhityika tathA aitihAsika vAtAvaraNa kA prabhAva jaina - sAhitya para kAphI gaharA pratIta hotA hai| nAma-smaraNa, guru mahimA aura sva- laghutA kA prabhAva bhI jaina kaviyoM para pdd'aa| isake sAtha hI choTe-choTe kathAnaka vAle khaNDa-kAvya likhane kI prathA bhI jaina sAhityakAroM ne pUrvavat rkhii| jaina jagata bhArata kI sarvAMgINa parivartita paristhitiyoM se prabhAvita rahA lekina yahAM sAhityika saMkramaNa kI ora vizeSa lakSya rahA hai| jaina sAhitya prAraMbha se hI dharma pradhAna hone se usake lie yaha parivartana anUThA nahIM thaa| dhArmika vAtAvaraNa ke sAtha to yaha vizeSataH tAdAtmya sthApita kara skaa| yadyapi carita-grantha likhane kI praNAlI isa samaya bhI vidyamAna rahI, lekina pada aura bhajanoM kA sRjana bar3ha jAne se tAtvika sAhitya bhI paryApta mAtrA meM upalabdha hone lgaa| dharma ke pAvana Asana para baiThakara pada-bhajanoM kA karNa-priya AsvAdana karake - karavAke tatkAlIna rAjakIya va vyavAhArika anyAya tathA matabheda dUra karane kI koziza janatA aura sAhityakAra donoM karate rheN| 38 bhASA ke dRSTikoNa se isa kAla kI prAraMbhika sAhityika bhASA apabhraMza kI ora jhukI huI thI, lekina jyoM-jyoM samaya bItatA gayA tyoM-tyoM apabhraMza kA sthAna bolacAla kI prAcIna hindI lene lagI aura kramazaH sAhityika bhASA ke sthAna para vaha prasthApita huii| braja aura avadhi loka bolI se mizrita hindI kA pracalana bhI hone lagA / prAcIna va madhyakAlIna sAhitya kI ora aMguli -nirdeza kara Adhunika yuga kI ora AnA abhISTa hone se madhyakAla ke prabandha kAvyoM kA saMkSipta paricaya hI denA caaheNge| paM0 nAthUrAma premI ne 15vIM zatAbdI kI tIna prabandha kRtiyoM kA - gautama

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Adhunika hindI jaina sAhitya : pUrva-pIThikA 39 rAsA, jJAna paMcamI caupaI, dharmadatta caritra-ullekha kiyA hai| inake atirikta anya kisI grantha kA patA nahIM cltaa| vi0 saM0 1412 meM vijayabhadra nAmaka zvetAmbara muni ne 'gautama rAsA' kI racanA kI thI, jisameM gautama svAmI ke rUpa saundarya kA sundara varNana kiyA hai| aura bhagavAna mahAvIra ke samaya kI sAmAjika sthiti kA bhI sundara nirUpaNa prApta hone se ise saphala aitihAsika kAvya kaha sakate haiN| 'jJAna paMcamI caupaI' kI racanA isI zatI meM (saM0 1413 meM) jina udayaguru ke ziSya vibhrUNU ne kI thI, jisameM zrutipaMtamI ke vrata kA mAhAtmya aMkita kiyA gayA hai| yaha eka aisI dhArmika racanA hai, jo sAmAnya janatA ko lakSya meM rakhakara kI gaI hai| kavi ne zrAvaka kula meM janma lene kI sArthakatA evaM prabhu bhakti kI mahattA vyakta kI hai| dharmadatta-caritra' kA ullekha premI jI ne mizra bandhuoM ke itihAsa ke AdhAra se kiyA hai, jo vi0 saM0 1486 meM dayAsAgara sUri ne racA thaa| ____ 16vIM zatAbdI meM hindI bhASA sAhitya kI kAphI pragati huI aura santoM bhaktoM kI rasapUrNa madhura kavitA se hindI kA bhaNDAra bharA gayA hai| hindI jaina sAhitya meM isa zatAbdI kI aneka racanAeM prApta hotI haiM-jinameM pramukha haiM-'lalitAMgacaritra, sAra-sikhAmana rAsa, yazodhara caritra, kRpaNa-carita aura rAma-sItA critr| 'lalitAMga carita' saM0 1561 meM zAntinAtha sUri ke ziSya Izvara sUri ne banAyA thaa| premI jI ke matAnusAra 'isakI racanA bar3I sundara hai| yadyapi prAkRta aura apabhraMza kA mizraNa bahuta hai|' 'sAra sikhAmana rAsa' saM0 1548 meM aura 'yazodhara carita' saM. 1581 meM gauravadAsa nAmaka jaina vidvAna ne racA thaa| 'kRpaNa carita' saM0 1548 meM kavi ThakarasI dvArA racA gayA thA, jisakI kathAvastu atyanta rocaka aura zikSAprada hone se lokapriya racanA bana pAI hai| premI jI ne isa racanA ke viSaya meM likhA hai ki-'yaha choTA-sA para bahuta hI sundara aura prasAda guNa saMpanna kAvya bambaI ke digambara jaina maMdira ke sarasvatI bhaNDAra ke eka guTake meM likhA huA maujUda hai| isameM kavi ne eka kaMjUsa dhanI kA apanI AMkhoM dekhA caritra 35 chappayoM meM kiyA hai|' - uparyukta pramukha racanAoM ke atirikta bhI AcArya kAmatAprasAda ne apane itihAsa meM prakIrNa racanAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai, jinameM pramukha hai vinayacandra muni kRta 'kalyANakArAya' aura 'cunaDI', jayakIrti kRta 'pArzvabhavAntara ke chanda', 'candragupta ke solaha svapna', 'vimala nAtha stavana', zrIjayalAbha muni kRta-'meghakumAra kathAnaka, zrI padmatilaka kRta-garbhavicAra stotra, zrI abhayadeva kRta-'saMbhava pArzvanAtha stotra, zrI guNa sAgara kRta 'pArzva-stavana' ityAdi racanAeM haiN| 'vimalanAtha stavana' kI bhASA paryApta rUpa se hindI hai

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Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya tuma dAsani mana haraSA, caMdA jama ckoraajii| rAja-righi mAMjaU nAhi, bhavi bhavi darasana toraajii|| devakalaza kRta 'kRSadattA caritra' isa zatAbdI kI eka sundara racanA hai| 17vIM zatAbdI meM bahuta se jaina kaviyoM kI racanAeM prApta hotI hai| inameM brahmarAyamalla jI kA 'hanUmantacaritra' saM0 1616 kA pramukha hai| isa zatAbdI kA mahatva pUre hindI sAhitya ke itihAsa meM rekhAMkita hai| 17vIM zatAbdI taka aise kavi maujUda the, jo apabhraMza mizrita hindI meM racanA karate the| vaise isa samaya braja, avadhI loka bolI hI sAhityika bhASA kA rUpa le cukI thii| 'bhaktAmara' kathA aura 'sItAcaratri' bhI inhIM brahmarAyamalla kI racanA hai| isI zatI meM kavivara banArasIdAsa jaise zuddha hindI meM uttamottama racanAeM karane vAle paidA hue the| rAyamalla jI kI racanAeM sAdhAraNa evaM mizra bhASA kI hai| kavi brahmagulAla ne 'kRpaNa bagAmana kathA' nAmaka rocaka kathAnaka yukta grantha likhA hai| isakI bhASA sApha-sutharI hindI hai-'kumati vibhaMjana sumati karana, durita dalana gunnmaal| sumatinAtha jina caraNa ko sevahu brhmgulaal||' yaha grantha brahma gulAla jI ne jitendra kI mUrti pUjA aura muniyoM ko AhAra-dAna dene kI puSTi meM racA thaa| isakI prazasti nimna prakAra hai 'sunahu kathA tuma bhavya mahAna, jAhi sune mana bAI jnyaan| kRpana agAvana yAko nAU, paDe guNe tAki bali jaauu|| brahmagulAla jI ke race hue anya granthoM kA ullekha kAmatAprasAda ne nahIM kiyA hai, lekina DA0 premasAgara jaina ne unakI anya pramukha racanAoM meM 'trepana-kriyA', 'dharmasvarUpa' 'samavazaraNa stotra', 'bala gAyana kriyA', aura 'viveka-caupaI' kA ullekha kiyA hai| isI zatAbdI meM (saM0 1642) pANDe binadAsa ke race hue do grantha 'ambU caritra' aura 'jJAna pUrvodaya' ke atirikta phuTakara pada bhI upalabdha haiN| muni kaNayaMvara viracita 'ekAdaza pratibhA' nAmaka racanA isI kAla meM upalabdha hotI hai, jisakI bhASA meM apabhraMza kA prabhAva vizeSa lakSita hotA hai| bhAva deva sUri ke ziSya mAladeva ne saM0 1652 meM 'purandara kumAra caupaI' aura 'bhojaprabandha' likhA thA, jo donoM grantha muni jinavijaya jI ke (jaina prazasti saMgraha, sindhI jaina mAla ke saMpAdaka) pAsa surakSita the| muni jI ne ise hindI kI acchI aura lalita racanA batAI hai| inakI racanA meM prasAda guNa pramukhataH hai| basaMta-Rtu kA sundara varNana unhoMne kiyA hai .. 1. DA. premasAgara jaina-hindI jaina bhaktikAvya aura kavi, pR. 149.

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Adhunika hindI jaina sAhitya : pUrva-pIThikA maMjari mukha sudhakArasu, leu Ayau jnuputr| jahi sisira vidhinA diyaU aba vasanta sirichtr|| vA zrI vana phUle sakala, kusumAvAsa shkaar| Rtu vasanta Agama bhayau, pika bole jykaar|| paM. nAthUrAma jI ne 'bhojaprabaMdha' ke sambaMdha meM likhA hai, 'isakI bhASA praur3ha hai, parantu usameM gujarAtI kI jhalaka hai aura apabhraMza zabdoM kI adhikatA hai| vaha aisI sApha nahIM hai, jaisI usa samaya ke banArasIdAsa jI Adi kaviyoM hI hai| kAraNa kavi gujarAta aura rAjapUtAne kI boliyoM se adhika paricita thaa| vaha pratibhAzAlI jAna par3atA hai|' zrI bhagavatIdAsa jI kI racanAeM-saM0 1680 meM likhe hue guTake meM jo digambara jaina bar3A maMdira, mainapurI ke zAstra bhaNDAra se prApta hotI hai| yaha bhagavatI dAsa prasiddha dArzanaki bhaiyA bhagavatIdAsa se pRthaka hai aura inhoMne karIba 20, 21 grantha likhe haiM, jinameM pramukha ye haiM-banajArA, kaMDANA-rAsa, Aditya vrata-rAsA, pakhavAr3e kA rAsa, dasalakSaNI rAsA, khIcar3I rAsA, AdinAtha-zAMtinAtha binati sugandha-dasamI kathA, samAdhi-rAsa, Aditya vAra-kathA, yogIrAsA, rohiNI vratarAsa, rAjamatI nemisura aura sajJAnI imAla nAma racanAe~ mukhyataH hai| inakI bhASA apabhraMza yukta hindI hai| 'kavi bhagavatIdAsa kI kavitA meM AkarSaNa hai, vaha jana-sAdhAraNa ke mana ko mohanevAlI hai aura unheM adhyAtma-rasa kA pAna karAtI hai| kAma-zatru ko jItane ke lie vaha khUba kahate haiM jagamahiM jIvanu sapanA, mana manamatha, prhriye| loha-koha-maya-mAyA, taji bhavasAgara triye|' inakI sabhI racanAeM janahita ko dRSTi meM rakhakara likhI gaI hai| jagabhUSaNa guru ke ziSya kavi sAlivAhana ne saM0 1695 meM Agare meM 'harivaMza purANa' kI racanA kI thI, jo saMskRta ke zrI vinayenAcArya kRta 'harivaMza purANa' kA padyAnuvAda hai, aisA kavi ne svayaM svIkArA hai| kavitA sAdhAraNa hai, lekina kavi ne isameM eka jagaha hindI ko 'devagirA' kahakara sambodhita kiyA hai, jisase pratIta hotA hai ki usa samaya Agare meM hindI pUjya bhAva se dekhI jAtI hogii| pANDe harikRSNa jI muni vinayasAgara ke ziSya the aura unhoMne 'caturdazI-vrata kathA' saM0 1699 meM racI thii| inakI aura bhI racanAeM upalabdha hotI hai| saM0 1666 meM paM0 banavArIlAla jI ne 'bhaviSyadatta caritra' kI racanA kI thI, jo 1. A. kAmatAprasAda jaina-hindI jaina sAhitya kA saMkSipta itihAsa, pR0 102.

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Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya ghanapAla kavi dvArA apabhraMza-prAkRta meM race gye| 'bhaviSyadatta cariu' kA padyAnuvAda hai| vIra rasa se paripUrNa isa racanA meM vaNika putra bhaviSyadatta kI kathA hai raNa saMgrAma pITha nahIM deU, hAMko subhaTa jagata yaza leuu| paracakrI Ana lagAUM pAya, to muMha dikhAUM tujhako aay|| zatru ko parAjIta kara apane rAjA hastinApura bhUpAla ke caraNoM meM baMdI banAkara DAlA-'jahAM baiThA jU nariMda bhopAla, caraNe le melhA tatakAla, rAya bhopAla AnaMda mana mayA, bahu sanamAna bhavisa kA kiyaa| zvetAmbara sAdhu jinacanda sUri ke ziSya kalyANa deva ne saM0 1643 meM 'devarAja vacchUrAja caupAI' kI racanA kI thI, jisameM gujarAtI bhASA kA prabhAva lakSita hotA hai| 'aMjanAsundarIrAsa' zrI hiravijayasUri kI ziSya-paraMparA ke ziSya gaNi mahAnaMda ne saM0 1661 meM racA thaa| isameM bhI gujarAtI bhASA ke prabhAva se anumAna kiyA jAtA hai ki gaNimahAnaMda jI gujarAta ke adhivAsI yA usase sambandhita hoNge| jaise khelaI khela khaNDoM mokalI sahiyara sAtha, aMjanAsundarI sundarI maMjari grahI karI haath| prazasti meM kavi ne hiravijayasUri aura akabara kI mulAkAta kA varNana kiyA hai aura hiravijayasUri ke pratibodha se bAdazAha ne prasanna hokara guru ko sammAna dene kI bAta batAI hai| kavi hemavijaya jI andhe lekina vidvAn evaM sahRdayI kavi the| inake guru ke guru bhI hiravijayasUri hI the| unhoMne saMskRta meM 'kathA ratnAkara' grantha kI ora hindI meM choTe-choTe padoM kI racanAeM kI haiN| apane guru vijayasena sUri kI prazaMsA meM 'vijaya prazasti' nAmaka saMskRta racanA hai| 'mizra bandhu-vinoda' meM bhI unakA ullekha milatA hai| tIrthaMkara kI stavanA ke pada bhI kAphI milate haiN| kavi rUpacanda jI yA pANDe rUpacanda jI madhyakAla ke pramukha bhAvuka, sahRdayI evaM ucca koTi ke kaviyoM meM se eka prasiddha kavi haiN| ve kavivara banArasIdAsa jI ke samakAlIna hI the| svayaM banArasI dAsa jI ne inheM bahuta bar3A vidvAna evaM jaina dharma ke marmajJa batAyA hai| unake 'paramArthI-dohA-zataka' ke adhyayana se unakA AdhyAtmika jJAna jhalakatA hai| premI jI ne unakI racanAoM ko 'janahitaiSI' meM prastuta kara unako ucca koTi ke kavi ghoSita kiyA hai| kavi AdhyAtmika DhaMga se kahate haiM

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Adhunika hindI jaina sAhitya : pUrva-pIThikA 43 cetana citta paricaya binA, japa tapa save nirtth| kana bina tusa bimi phaTakateM, Ave kachu na haay|| kavi cetana-jagata kI sahAya ke binA kiye gaye japa-tapa ko vRthA samajhate haiN| kavi kI vANI meM saMta kI saccAI evaM loka-vyavahAra kA jJAna bhI bharA par3A hai, aba kavi kahate haiM bhrama teM mUlyo apanapo,khojata kina ghaTa maaNhi| bisarI vastu na kara car3he, jo dekheM ghara caahi|| 'gIta paramArthI' bhI unhIM kI racanA batalAI gaI hai| premI jI ko unake bahuta se phuTakala pada milate haiN| inakI kavitA meM bhAvapUrNa pravAha nirantara bahatA rahatA hai| kavi sadaguru kI stuti karate hue kahate haiM cetana! acaraja bhArI, yaha mere jiya Ave, amRta vacana hitakArI, sadaguru tuhiM ptthaaveN| sadaguru tumahi paThAve cita de, arU tumahUM ho jJAnI, taba hUM tumahiM na kaboM hUM abo, cetana tatva khaanii|| inakA likhA huA 'maMgalagIta prabandha' jaina samAja meM 'paMcamaMgala' ke nAma se atyanta lokapriya hai, jo Aja bhI nitya-prati jaina maMdiroM meM gAyA jAtA hai| isameM tIrthaMkaroM ke paMca-kalyANa mahotsava sambaMdhI stuti-vaMdanA kI gaI hai| paM0 nAthUrAma jI kA anumAna hai ki ve kisI bhaTTAraka ke ziSya the| unakI pANDe saMjJA bhI isI anumAna kA samarthana karatI hai, kyoMki usa samaya bhaTTArakoM ke ziSya pANDe kahalAte the| premasAgara jaina ne inakI anya racanAoM meM 'paramArthI dohAzataka', 'neminAtha rAsA' aura 'saTolAgIta' kA ullekha kiyA hai| vaise rUpacanda nAma ke cAra kavi milate haiM lekina paM. banArasIdAsa ke abhinna mitra aura unake sAtha baiThakara adhyAtma kI carcA karane vAle hI pradhAna pANDe rUpacanda jI uparyukta granthoM ke racayitA haiN| saMvat 1670 meM kavi naMdalAla nAma ke bar3e kavi hue, jinake guru bhaTTAraka tribhuvana kIrti bahuta prakhyAta the| naMdalAla jI ne tIna grantha likhe the-yazodhara carita, sudarzana carita aura guuddhvinod| 'yazodhara carita' kI kathAvastu bahuta prAcIna hai, kyoMki apabhraMza kAla se naMdalAla taka kitanoM ne isI kathAvastu para grantha nirmANa kiyA hai| isa grantha kI vizeSatA bhASA kI prAsAdikatA evaM gatizIlatA meM hai| kAvyatva kI dRSTi se isameM 1. paM. nAthUrAma premI-hindI jaina sAhitya kA saMkSipta itihAsa, pR. 78. 2. DA. premasAgara jaina-hindI jaina bhaktikAvya aura kavi, pR. 169.

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Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya nayApana hai| Agare kI sundaratA evaM jinAlayoM kI bhavyatA kA bhI isameM sundara varNana kiyA gayA hai| 'sudarzana carita' para apabhraMza ke 'susaMNacariu' kA prabhAva spaSTa lakSita hotA hai| 'gUDhavinoda' meM adhyAtma sambandhI pada aura gIta saMgrahIta haiN| __saM0 1678 ke kavi sundaradAsa jI hindI ke prasiddha sundaradAsa jI se pRthak jaina kavi haiM aisA anusandhAna ke pazcAt nizcita mAnA jAtA hai| unake cAra granthoM kA patA calatA hai-sundara satasaI, sundara vilAsa, sundara zrRMgAra aura pAkhaNDa pNcaasikaa| kAmatAprasAda jI ke itihAsa meM inakA ullekha vistAra se kiyA gayA hai| unake sabhI granthoM meM jina bhakti jhalakatI hai| kavi manuSya ko jAgRta hone kI cetAvanI dekara prabhu-bhakti karane kI sIkha dete haiM-manuSya kI ajJAnatA para kavi du:khI hokara kaha uThate haiM pAthara kI kari nAva pAra daghi utarayoM cAheM, kAga ur3Avani kAja mUr3ha cintAmani baaheN| baseM chAMTa bAdala taNI race ghUma ke ghAma, kari kRpANa sejyA rame te kyoM pAve visraam|| paMDita banArasIdAsa jI kevala isI zatAbdi yA jaina sAhitya ke hI nahIM, apitu hindI sAhitya ke bhI jagamagAte hue amUlya ratna haiN| unakI kavitva zakti sacamuca hI adbhuta evaM sAragarbhita thii| hindI sAhitya ke itihAsa meM prathama Atma kathAkAra aura nATakakAra ke rUpa meM unakA sthAna nizcita hai| samAja kI gatividhi samajhakara parivartana karane kI apAra zakti unameM bharI par3I thii| hindU-muslima ekatA kI nIMva sabase pahale unhoMne hI DAlI thI-'eka hindU puruSa, dUjI dazA na koii| doU bhUle bharama meM, bhaye eka so doU' kahakara unhoMne AdhyAtmika rUpaka meM ekatA kI bhUmikA hI prastuta kI hai| kavi ne apanI AtmakathA 'arddha-kathAnaka' meM saccAI se sabhI prasaMgoM ko hArdika rUpa se prastuta kara use jIvaMta evaM hRdayaMgama banAyA hai| isa kRti ko pUre hindI sAhitya ke lie gaurava kI cIja samajhI jAnI caahie| isake sambandha meM paM0 banArasIdAsa caturvedI kA abhimata hai ki-'arddha-kathAnaka' kA mahatva kevala jaina-sAhitya ke dRSTikoNa se hI nahIM, apitu samagra hindI sAhitya ke lie kAphI mahatvapUrNa hai| hindI sAhitya ke itihAsa meM isa grantha kA eka vizeSa sthAna to hogA hI, sAtha meM hI isameM vaha saMjIvanI zakti vidyamAna hai, jo ise abhI kaI sau varSa aura jIvita rakhane meM sarvathA samartha hogii| hindI kA to yaha sarvaprathama Atma carita hai hI, para anya bhASAoM meM isa prakAra aura itanI purAnI

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Adhunika hindI jaina sAhitya : pUrva-pIThikA pustaka milanA AsAna nahIM hai|" arddha-kathAnaka kI nAthUrAma premI kI bambaI-vAlI AvRtti anya AvRttiyoM kI apekSA vizeSa prAmANika hai| premI jI isa kRti ke viSaya meM apane itihAsa meM likhate haiM-yaha grantha unheM (kavivarajI ko) jaina sAhitya ke hI nahIM, sAre hindI sAhitya ke bahuta hI U~ce sthAna para Arur3ha kara detA hai| isa dRSTi se to ve hindI ke bejor3a kavi siddha hote haiN| + + + +hindI meM hI kyoM, hamArI samajha meM zAyada sAre bhAratIya sAhitya meM (musalamAna bAdazAhoM ke Atma caritoM ko chor3akara) yahI eka Atma carita hai, jo Adhunika samaya ke Atma caritoM kI paddhati para likhA gayA hai|' kavi ne sarvaprathama zRMgAra rasa se ota-prota 'navarasa padAvalI' kI racanA kI thI, lekina zAnta rasa ko mahatva dene vAle isa surucipUrNa svabhAva vAle kavi ko aisI racanA lokahita ke lie mAnya kahA~ ? unhoMne ise gomatI ke jala-pravAha meM DUbo diyA, kyoMki loka-kalyANa hI unakA parama uddiSTa thaa| isIlie to ve kahate hai-'mere nenana dekhie ghaTa-ghaTa antara rAma' kavi cAhate haiM ki ajJAna kI paTTI ko kholakara, loka-parAdhInatA kI zrRMkhalA tor3akara Atma-svataMtratA prApta karane ke uparAnta hI parama sukha prApta ho sakatA hai jaba cetana mAlima baje, lakheM pipAka njuum| DAre samatA zrRMkhalA, thake bhaMvara kI ghuum|| isa prakAra cetanA kI jAgRti ko hI mahatva dene vAle kavi sacamuca hI krAMtikArI bhI the| isIlie kAmatAprasAda jI likhate haiM-banArasIdAsa jI eka mahAna krAntikArI sudhAraka vizva kavi the| vaha sAre vizva kI hitakAmanA ke raMga meM raMge hue the| kavivara AtamarAma ko jAgRta karane ke lie mAyA ke baMdhanoM ko kama karane ke lie kahate haiM-mAyA kI saMgati se sukha-prApti saMbhava kaise? jaise 'mAyA chAyA eka hai, ghaTe bar3he china mAMhi inakI saMgati meM lageM, tinahiM kahI sukhvaahi|| jyoM kAhU viSadhara Dasai, ruci soM nIma cvaay| tyoM tuma mAyA soM mar3e, magana viSaya sukha paay|| paM0 nAthUrAma jI kavivara kA paricaya dete hue ucita hI likhate haiM ki 'isa zatAbdi ke jaina kaviyoM aura lekhakoM meM hama kavivara banArasIdAsa jI ko 1. paM. nAthUrAma premI-hindI jaina sAhitya kA saMkSipta itihAsa, pR0 40. 2. A. kAmatAprasAda jaina-hindI jaina sAhitya kA saMkSipta itihAsa, pR0 112.

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Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya sarvazreSTha samajhate haiN| yahI kyoM, hamArA to khyAla hai ki jainoM meM inase acchA koI kavi huA hI nhiiN| ye Agare ke rahane vAle zrImAla vezya the| inakA janmA mAghasudI 11 saM0 1643 ko jonapura nagara meM huA thaa| inake pitA kA nAma agarasaina thaa| ve bar3e hI pratibhAzAlI kavi the| apane samaya ke ye sudhAraka the| pahale zvetAmbara sampradAya ke anuyAyI the, pIche digambara saMpradAya meM sammilita ho gaye the, parantu aisA jAna par3atA hai ki inake vicAroM se sAdhAraNa logoM ke vicAroM kA mela nahIM khAtA thaa| ve adhyAtmI aura vedAntI the| kriyAkANDa ko ye bahuta mahatva nahIM dete the| isI kAraNa bahuta se loga unake viruddha ho gaye the|' banArasIdAsa Agare meM apane sAthiyoM ke sAtha adhyAtma kI carcA nirantara karate rahate the kyoMki isa samaya AgarA adhyAtma rasika vidvAnoM kA kendra thaa| pANDe rUpacanda jI bhI vahIM rahate the aura kavi ke abhinna mitra the| banArasIdAsa kI sabhI phuTakara racanAoM kA saMgraha 'banArasI vilAsa' nAma se saM0 1701 meM kiyA gayA thaa| kavi bahumukhI pratibhA ke svAmI the| bacapana se hI pratibhA saMpanna hone se 14 varSa kI choTI Ayu meM hI 'navarasa-grantha' banA DAlA thaa| isake atirikta ve aneka bhASAoM ke jJAtA the| hindI ke atirikta saMskRta, prAkRta evaM arabI-phArasI bhI jAnate the| unakI pratibhA ke viSaya meM aneka kivadaMtiyA~ pracalita haiN| jinameM eka samrATa jahAMgIra evaM gosvAmI tulasIdAsa se unakI bheMTa kI bhI hai| vaise samakAlIna hone se bheMTa kI saMbhAvanA bhI banI rahatI hai, lekina jaba taka pramANa na mile taba taka kivadaMtI hI samajhanA ucita hai| usI prakAra santa kavi sundara dAsa jI se bhI unakI mulAkAta kI kathA milatI hai| jo ho, itanA avazya hai ki banArasIdAsa jI ucca kavitva zaktivAle bahumukhI pratibhA sampanna evaM sudhAraka vicAra ke sahRdayI kavi the| unake viSaya meM saba kucha likhA jAya to eka alaga prakaraNa hI ho jaayeN| ataH sthala-saMkoca ke kAraNa unakI pramukha kRtiyoM kA ullekha kara denA upayukta hogaa| janmajAta pratibhA zakti vAle isa kavi ne 14 varSa kI alpAyu meM prathama racanA 'navarasapadAvalI' kA sarjana kiyA, jisameM zRMgAra rasa kI adhikatA dekhakara gomatI ke pravAha meM bahA dii| isameM eka hajAra dohA-copAI likhe gaye the| isake pazcAt unhoMne jo praur3ha racanAeM likhIM, ve sAhitya aura dharma ke lie bar3I mahatva kI hai| ye kRtiyAM nimnalikhita haiM1. nAmamAlA : ___175 dohoM kA choTA-sA zabda koSa hai, jo unhoMne saM0 1670 meM jaunapura 1. paM. nAthUrAma premI-hindI jaina sAhitya kA saMkSipta itihAsa, pR. 38.

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Adhunika hindI jaina sAhitya : pUrva-pIThikA meM likhA thA aura vIra sevA maMdira, sarasovA dvArA prakAzita kiyA jA cukA hai| 2. nATaka-samaya sAra : kavivara jI kI yaha atyanta prasiddha evaM mahatvapUrNa kRti hai| isameM inhoMne vRtiyAM, indriyoM tathA karmoM ko pAtra ke rUpa meM rakhA hai| AdhyAtmika pratIkAtmaka nATaka meM kavi ne alaukika AnaMda kI sRSTi paidA kara dI hai| vaise isa grantha para pUrvAcAryoM ke granthoM kA prabhAva jarUra hai, phira bhI yaha maulika grantha hI kahA jaayegaa| hindI-nATaka sAhitya meM prathama nATaka kA gaurava isI grantha ko milatA hai| kavi ne isameM laukika vyavahArika jJAna ke sAtha AdhyAtmika garimA ko bhI zAmila kara diyA hai| isameM kavi samatAbhAva guNa ke viSaya meM kahate haiM jA ke ghaTa samatA nahIM, mamatA magana sdiiv| ramatA rAma na jAnahIM, so aparAdhI jiiv| jIva aura zarIra kI bhinnatA kA viziSTa varNana karate hue kavi kahate deha acetana preta vahI raja, reta bharI mala kheta kI kyaarii| vyAdhi kI poTa AdhikI oTa, upAdhi kI joTa samAdhi soM nyaarii| re jiya! deha kare sukha hAni, ite pari to hitu lAgata pyaarii| deha tu to hi tajegI nidAna vi, tUM hita je kyUM na dehaki yaarii|' 3. banArasI vikAsa : saM. 1701 meM paM. jagajIvana kavi ne kavivara ke phuTakara 57 padoM kA saMgraha kiyA thaa| prAyaH unakI jIvitAvasthA meM hI unake padoM kA saMgraha kiyA gayA thA, kyoMki unakI aMtima racanA 'karma-prakRtividhAna' ke 25 dina bAda hI ye saMgrahIta kiye gaye the| yadi isa 25 dina ke kSaNika antarAla meM yadi kavi kA nidhana na ho gayA hotA to azvaya paM. jagajIvanarAma jI isakA ullekha krte| 4. arddha-kathAnaka : yaha kavivara jI kI apUrva racanA hai| hindI sAhitya kI sarvaprathama maulika jIvanI kA zreya isa racanA ko diyA jAtA hai| saM0 1698 taka hI choTI-bar3I sabhI ghaTanAoM kA kavi ne isameM varNana kiyA hai| jIvana kI pramukha AvazyakatA vAstavikatA evaM rocakatA donoM kA kavi ne bakhUbI nirvAha kiyA hai| grantha ke anta meM unhoMne likhA hai ki Ajakala kI utkRSTa Ayu ke 1. A. kAmatAprasAda jaina-hindI jaina sAhitya kA saMkSipta itihAsa, pR. 119.

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Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya anupAta se 55 varSa kI Ayu AdhI kahalAyegI, isalie 'arddha-kathAnaka' nAma ucita pratIta hotA hai| isa kRti ke viSaya meM pahale thor3A bahuta likhA jA cukA hai| paM0 banArasIdAsa caturvedI ne isa grantha kI bhUri-bhUri prazaMsA karate hue likhA hai ki-'kavivara banArasIdAsa kA dRSTikoNa Adhunika Atmacarita lekhakoM ke dRSTikoNa se milatA julatA hai| apane cAritrika doSoM para unhoMne pardA nahIM DAlA hai, balki unakA vivaraNa isa khUbI ke sAtha diyA hai, mAnoM koI vaijJAnika taTastha vRtti se koI vizleSaNa kara rahA ho| kavivara banArasIdAsa jI Atmacarita likhane meM saphala hue isake kaI kAraNa haiM, unameM eka to yaha hai ki unake jIvana kI ghaTanAeM itanI vaicitryapUrNa hai ki unakA yathAvidhi varNana hI unakI manoraMjakatA kI gAraMTI bana sakatA hai| aura dUsarA kAraNa yaha hai ki kavivara meM hAsya rasa kI pravRtti acchI mAtrA meM pAI jAtI hai| apanA majAka ur3Ane kA koI maukA ve nahIM chor3anA caahte| sabase bar3I khUbI isa Atma carita kI yaha hai ki vaha tIna sau varSa pahale kA sAdhAraNa bhAratIya jIvana jyoM kA tyoM upasthita kara detA hai| premI jI likhate haiM-'isameM kavi ne apane guNoM ke sAtha-sAtha doSoM kA bhI udghATana kiyA hai aura sarvatra saccAI se kAma liyA hai| isa grantha kI bhASA ke viSaya meM svayaM kavi ne kahA hai ki 'vaha madhyadeza kI bolI meM likhA jAyegA, 'madhyadeza kI bolI bodhi, garbhita bAta kahI hiya soli|' 675 dohA, caupAI meM yaha AtmakathA likhI gaI hai| arddha-kathAnaka se spaSTa hai ki kavi ke jIvana meM sabase bar3I vizeSatA yaha thI ki ve acchAI aura burAI kA vizleSaNa karate hue jIvana ko acchAI kI ora bar3hAte hI gye| ve kisI eka rIti, kI rivAja yA paramparA se cipake na rahe the| paM. caturvedI jI ne ucita hI likhA hai ki-"apane ko taTastha rakhakara apane satkarmoM tathA duSkarmoM para dRSTi DAlanA, unako viveka kI tarAjU para bAvana tole pAva rattI tolanA sacamuca eka mahAna kalApUrNa kArya hai| DA. mAtAprasAda gupta kA kathana hai-'kabhI-kabhI yaha dekhA jAtA hai ki AtmakathA likhanevAle apane caritra ke kAlimApUrNa aMzoM para eka AvaraNa sA DAla dete haiM, yadi unheM sarvathA bahiSkRta nahIM karate, kintu yaha doSa prastuta lekhaka meM bilkula nahIM hai| 5. moha-viveka-buddhi : isameM 110 padya haiM aura dohA-caupAI chanda kA prayoga likhA gayA hai| 1. paM. banArasIdAsa caturvedI-arddhakathAnaka kI bhUmikA, pR. 2, 3. 2. paM. nAthUrAma premI-hindI jaina sAhitya kA saMkSipta itihAsa, pR. 22. 3. paM. banArasIdAsa caturvedI-hindI kA prathama Atmacarita, anekAnta, varSa 5, pR. 21. 4. mAtAprasAda gupta-arddhakathAnaka, AvRtti prayAga, bhUmikA, pR. 14.

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Adhunika hindI jaina sAhitya : pUrva-pIThikA 49 isakI anekAneka hastalikhita pratiyAM prAcIna bhaNDAroM se prApta hotI haiN| isameM AdhyAtmika carcA evaM bhakti sambaMdhI pada milate haiN| jina bhakti kI prasaMzA karate hue kavi kahate haiM zrI jina bhakti sudRr3ha jahAM, sadaiva munivara sNg| kahai krodha tahAM meM nahIM, lakho suAtama rNg| avibhA cAriNI jina bhagati, Atama aMga shaay| kaheM kAma aisI jahAM, merI tahAM na bsaav| yaha unakI prAraMbhika racanA ho aisA pratIta hotA hai| vaise isa kRti ke aMtima tIna padoM meM banArasI kA nAma diyA huA hai lekina premI jI ise anya banArasIdAsa nAmaka kavi kI racanA mAnate haiN| isa kRti ke viSaya meM Thosa nirNaya nahIM huA hai ki yaha unakI hI prAraMbhika kRti hogii| 6. mAMjhA : yaha racanA jayapura ke budhIcanda jI ke maMdira guTakA naM. 28 meM nibaddha hai| isameM 13 padya haiN|' inakI samagra kRtiyoM ke kAvyatva meM yahI kahA jAyegA ki-'unakI racanAoM meM rasa-pravAha hai aura gatizIlatA bhii| jIvanta bhASA aura svAbhAvika bhAvonmeSa unakA mukhya guNa hai| manarAmajI 17vIM zatI ke uttarArddha meM ho gaye the aura banArasIdAsa jI ke samakAlIna kavi the| unhoMne banArasIdAsa kA nAma zraddhApUrvaka liyA hai| banArasIdAsa kI bhAMti AdhyAtmika rasa se ota-prota unakI kavitA hai| inakI kavitA meM khar3I bolI ke zabdoM kA prayoga bahutAyata se milatA haiM, usa para se lagatA hai ki ve meraTha ke AsapAsa ke hoNge| unakI racanAoM meM saMskRta bhASA ke zabdoM kA prabhAva bhI lakSita hotA hai| 'manarAma vilAsa' unakI pramukha racanA hai| dohA, savaiyA aura kavitta chandoM meM yaha subhASita kAvya saMgraha likhA gayA hai| prAraMbha meM paMcaparameSThi ko bhaktibhAvapUrvaka namaskAra karate hue kavi likhate karamAdika arina ko hare arahaMtanAma, siddha kare kAja saba siddha ho bhajata hai| suguna guna AcaraNa bAkI saMga, AcAraNa bhagati basata jAke mana hai| 1. DA. premasAgara jaina-hindI jaina bhakti kAvya aura kavi, pR. 193. 2. vahI, pR. 182.

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Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya upAdhyAya dhyAna te upAdhi sama hota, sAgha paripUna ko sumirana rhe| paMcaparameSThi ko namaskAra maMtrarAja dhAvai, mana rAma koI pAve nija dhana hai| rogApahAra stotra, battIsI, bar3AkakkA, akSaramAlA, dharmasahelI, guNAkSaramAlA, aura aneka phuTakara pada unake prApta hote haiN| ___ kuMvarapAla jI vi0 saM0 1684 meM hue aura banArasIdAsa jI ke abhinna pAMca kavi mitroM meM se eka the| unakI 'dharma-zailI' ke uttarAdhikArI ve hI the| unhoMne koI vizeSa grantha nahIM racA hai, lekina phuTakara padoM kI saMkhyA milatI haiN| banArasIdAsa jI kI maNDalI meM unakA kAphI sammAna thaa| pANDe hemarAja ne bhI unako 'korapAla gyAnA adhikArI' kahA hai| 'samavita battIsI' unakI 33 padyoM kI racanA hai, jisameM adhyAtma rUpa rasa kI carcA kI hai| vizAla kIrti jI ne 'rohiNIvratarAsa' nAmaka grantha dharmaparI nAmaka sthAna meM racA thaa| ve bAgar3a deza ke sAgavADiyA saMdha ke sAdhu bhaTTAraka the| yaha eka sAdhAraNa racanA hai| vijayadeva sUrikA racA huA eka 'sIlarAsA' bhI isI zatI meM prApta hotA hai, jisakI bhASA gujarAtI mizrita hai aura nemi-rAjula jI kI prasiddha kathA-vastu ko liyA gayA hai| ____ yazovijaya kI upAdhyAya isa zatAbdI ke pramukha kavi, AcArya evaM vidvAna paMDita haiN| ve kevala AcArya hI nahIM the, balki rasapUrNa sAhitya ke jJAtA evaM sarjaka bhI the| ve bahuta kI ucca koTi ke zAstrakAra bhI the| 300 se adhika unake granthoM kI sUcI hai| bhakti aura adhyAtma kI racanAeM bhI unhoMne kAphI likhI haiN| ve janmajAta pratibhA saMpanna evaM zIghra kavitva zakti ke sAtha asAdhAraNa tIvra yAda zakti vAle the| gujarAta ke hone para bhI banArasa tathA AgarA nyAya, vedAnta evaM anya zAstroM kA gaharA adhyayana unhoMne thor3e hI varSoM meM kiyA aura unameM pAraMgata bhI hue| vidyAbhyAsa ke bAda gujarAta meM Ane ke bAda unakA bhavya sammAna kiyA gayA aura unheM 'upAdhyAya' kI padavI se vibhUSita kiyA gyaa| gujarAtI ke alAvA saMskRta, prAkRta, apabhraMza aura hindI para unakA samAna adhikAra thaa| cAroM bhASAoM meM unhoMne jamakara kAphI likhaa| zrImad hemacandrAcArya ke uparAnta bhAratIya dharA eka bAra phira prakANDa vidvatA ke teja se gauravAntiva ho uThI thii| unakI 300 kRtiyoM meM pramukhataH chanda, alaMkAra, rasa, vyAkaraNa aura nyAya kI racanAoM ke sAtha kAvyakRtiyAM bhI haiM, unameM 'khaNDana-khaNDasvAdya' jaise grantha unakI aisI vidvatA ke kIrti staMbha hai| sajjAya, pada aura stavanoM ke 1. DA. premasAgara jaina-hindI jaina bhakti kAvya aura kavi, pR. 201.

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Adhunika hindI jaina sAhitya : pUrva-pIThikA saMgraha 'jasavilAsa' meM 75 mukta padyoM saMgrahIta haiN| sabhI pada jinendra kI bhakti se sambandhita hai| ArAdhya deva kI niSThApUrvaka bhakti meM lIna hokara kavi gAte haiM hama magana bhaye prabhu dhyAna meN| bisara gaI duvidhA tana-mana kI, acirA suta guna gAna meN| harihara puradaMra kI riSi Avata nahi kou mAna meN| cidAnaMda kI mauja macI hai, samatA-rasa ke pAna meN| itane dina tUM nAhi pichAvyo, janama gaMvAyo ajAna meN| aba to adhikArI huye baiThe, prabhu guna akhaya khajAna meN| gaI dInatA sabhI hamArI, prabhu tujha samakita dAna meN| prabhu guna anubhava ke rasa Age, Avata nahiM kou dhyAna meN|| kavinanda ne saM0 1670 meM 'yazodhara-carita bhASA copAI' nAmakagrantha rcaa| unakA 'sudarzana caritra' bhI paMcAyatI maMdira dillI se prApta hotA hai| karmacandra kRta 'mRgAvatI copAI' bhI isI zatI kI racanA mAnI gaI hai| vAgar3a deza ke nivAsI sundaradAsa jI ne 'sundara satasaI' aura 'sundara-vilAsa' nAmaka do granthoM kI racanA kI thii| isameM kavi ne bar3I sundaratA se lokoktiyoM aura muhAvaroM kA prayoga kiyA hai| adhyAtmika jJAna kI carcA kavi ne pramukha rUpa se kI hai| jiyA mere chor3i viSaya rasa jyoM sukha paaveN| saba hI vikAra jati jina guNa gaaveN| gharI gharI pala pala jina guNa gaaveN| tAmeM catura gati bahuri na aaveN| jo nara nija samagra citta laave| sundara kahata acala pada paaveN|| muni sumatikIrti ne saM0 1625 meM 'dharmaparIkSA rAsa' nAmaka grantha likhA thaa| kavi chItara ne 'holI kI kathA' nAmaka sAdhAraNa koTi kA grantha likhA thaa| usI prakAra ujjaina nivAsI kavi viSNu ne saM0 1666 meM 'paMcamI vrata kathA' kI racanA kI, jisameM bhaviSyadatta kI kathA vastu lI gaI hai| bhAnukIrti muni ne saM0 1608 meM 'ravivratakathA' aura tribhuvana kIrti ne 'jIvanadhara rAsa' nAmaka kRti kI racanA kI thii| kavi guNasAgara kRta 'dvAlasAgara' bhI prAcIna bhaNDAra se prApta hotA hai| pANDe hemarAja jI 17vIM zatI ke aMtima caraNa evaM 18vIM zatI ke prathama pAda ke mahatvapUrNa kavi, AcArya hue, jinakI tIna kRtiyAM upalabdha hotI

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Adhunika hindI - jaina sAhitya haiM-'pravacana sAra TIkA', 'paMcAstIkAya TIkA', aura 'bhASA bhaktAbhara' / prathama donoM gadya kI racanA hai aura 'bhASA - bhaktAmara' mAnatuMgAcArya ke stotroM kA hindI padyAnuvAda hai| unhoMne 'gommaTasAra' aura 'nayacakra' kI vacanikA bhI likhI thii| unakI eka anya 'sItapaTa caurAsI bola' nAmaka kRti hai| jisake virodha meM yazovijayajI ne 'dikpaTa caurAsI bola' ko racA thaa| 'mizrabandhu vinoda' ke AdhAra para se premI jI ne satrahavIM zatI ke nimnalikhita kaviyoM kA ullekha kiyA hai 52 udayarAja jatI ne kucha rAjanIti sambaMdhI dohe likhe the| vidyAkamala jI ne saM0 1669 ne saM0 1669 meM 'bhagavatIgItA' nAmaka stavanoM kA saMgraha racA thaa| muni lAvaNya ne 'rAvaNa maMdodarI saMvAda' saM0 1669 meM banAyA thaa| guNasUri ne saM0 1696 meM 'DholAsAgara' bnaayaa| lUNasAgara ne saM0 1689 meM 'aMjanAsundarI saMvAda' nAmaka grantha racA thaa| isI zatI meM kRSirAya kRta 'sudarzana caritra' ajJAta kavi kRta 'troyanakriyA rAsa' aura somakIrti jI kI 'yazodhara rAsa' kI hastalikhita prati upalabdha hotI hai / taduparAnta paM0 pRthvIpAla jI agravAla kI 'zrutapaMcamIrAsa' aura paM0 vIradAsa jI kI 'sIkha pacIsI' kI prati bhI prApta hotI hai| isa kAla kA gadya : isa kAla meM gadya kA bhI thor3A-bahuta sRjana hone lagA thA, yadyapi sAhitya sRjana mukhya rUpa se padya meM hI hotA thaa| isa kAla ke gadya para braja- avadhI kA kAphI prabhAva thaa| yaha gadya kahIM-kahIM padyamizrita bhI thaa| vaise khar3I bolI padya kA zrIgaNeza isa kAla meM ho cukA thaa| isa samaya padya kI kAphI samRddha racanAeM prApta hotI hai, lekina gadya kA eka hI grantha milatA hai| kAmatAprasAda jI likhate haiM- ' isa kAla kI gadya meM likhI huI kevala eka hI bar3I kRti hamAre jJAna meM AI hai vaha hai 72 patroM meM likhA hue zrI zAhamahArAja - putra rAyaraghukRta 'pradyumna carita' nAmaka grnth| isakI eka prAcIna prati saM0 1698 kI likhI huI zrI jaina maMdira, zeTha kA kUMcA dillI ke zAstra bhaNDAra meM maujUda hai|" taduparAnta paM0 banArasIdAsa jI ne bhI gadya ke kucha aMza likhe the| isakA namUnA dRSTavya hai " 'atha paramArtha vacanikA likhyte| eka jIvadRvya tAke ananta guNa ananta pyaary| eka-eka guNa ke asaMkhyAta pradeza, eka eka pradezani viSe ananta 1. paM0 nAthUrAma premI - hindI jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa, pR0 53. 2. zrI kAmatAprasAda jaina - hindI jaina sAhitya kA saMkSipta itihAsa, pR0 135.

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Adhunika hindI jaina sAhitya : pUrva-pIThikA karmavargaNA, eka-eka karmavargaNA viSe ananta-ananta pudgala paramANu, eka-eka pudagala paramANu ananta guNa ananta paryAya sahita viraajmaan| yaha eka saMsArAvasthita jIva piNDa kI avsthaa| ___ isI prakAra zrI bar3A jaina maMdira mainapurI ke zAstra bhaNDAra meM eka viduSIratna talhA kI 'samyakatva ke dasa bheda' nAmaka gadya kI pustaka bhI milatI hai| isa para saMskRta bhASA kA prabhAva dikhAI par3atA hai| "jaise-vItarAga kI AjJA mAtra ruci hoI nAnyathAvAdino jin| evaM AjJA samyakatvaM jnyaatvyN"|| 1 / / isa prakAra isa kAla meM hindI-jaina-sAhitya kI kAphI pragati huI thii| kavitAeM adhyAtma-rasa se chalakatI va niSThApUrNa likhI gii| kavi bhI kAphI bar3e-bar3e hue| gadya kA vikAsa bhI AdikAla kI apekSA acchA huaa| khar3I bolI kA svarUpa gadya-padya donoM meM dikhAI par3ane lgaa| AdhyAtmikatA ke sAtha janahita kI bhAvanA spaSTa pratIta hone se jaina sAhitya ko sAmpradAyika sAhitya samajhakara achUtA nahIM rakhanA caahie| kAmatAprasAda jaina isa kAla ke sAhitya ke viSaya meM likhate haiM-'ni:saMdeha isa kAla ko hindI jaina sAhitya ke pUrva yuga meM 'svarNakAla' kahanA caahie| isameM na kevala utkRSTa gadya ke prAraMbhika darzana hote haiM, prastuta jaina sAhitya ke sarvotkRSTa hindI kavi gaNa isI kAla meM hue| isa kAla ke jaina kaviyoM kI racanAe~ mukhyata: AdhyAtmika vedAnta ko lakSya karake likhI gaI haiN| usa samaya AdhyAtmika zailI kI sAhitya racanA sAmAyika sAhitya pragati ke sarvathA anukUla thii| banArasIdAsa, pANDe hemarAja, AnaMdadhana, yazovijaya jI. AtmArAma jI jaise ucca koTi ke kavi va AcArya isa kAla kI mahatvapUrNa dena hai| kavi banArasIdAsa kI AtmakathA 'arddhakathAnaka' meM khar3I bolI bhASA kA bIja dekhA jA sakatA hai tathA hindI sAhitya kI prathama AtmakathA kA sammAna bhI ise prApta hai| isa yuga meM AdhyAtmika racanAoM ke sAtha caritrAtmaka racanAoM ke sRjana se janatA kA manoraMjana aura upakAra huaa| parivartana kAla : (18vIM aura 19vIM zatAbdI) uparyukta paricchedoM meM hama dekha cuke haiM ki satrahavIM zatAbdI kI samApti taka hindI jaina sAhitya kI paryApta pragati huii| apabhraMza-prAkRta aura purAnI hindI kI racanAeM vizAla parimANa meM upalabdha ho gii| madhyakAla ke uttarArddha taka prAdezika boliyoM ke prabhAva se mizrita prAcIna hindI sAhityika mAdhyama bana cukI thii| bhASA ke sAtha-sAtha padya kI viSaya vastu tathA rUpa meM bhI parivartana ho gyaa| caritrAtmaka racanAoM kI apekSA 1. zrI kAmatAprasAda jaina-hindI jaina sAhitya kA saMkSipta itihAsa. pR. 137.

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54 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya muktaka-kAvya kA rUpa vizeSa pracalita huA thaa| isake lie kavi-bhAvanA kA parivartana pramukha kAraNa hai| ataeva, kAmatAprasAda jaina ne isa kAla ko 'parivartana-kAla' kI saMjJA se abhihita karate hue likhA hai ki--'satrahavIM zatAbdI ke uparAnta hama hindI-jaina sAhitya meM na kevala bhASA-zailI kA parivartana hotA pAte haiM, pratyut sAhitya kI pragati ko anuraMjita karane meM mukhya kAraNa kavi-bhAvanA ko bhI badalatA huA pAte haiN| isIlie hI hamane isa kAvya kA nAmakaraNa 'parivartana kAla' diyA hai|" hindI sAhitya meM isa samaya rItikAla prAraMbha ho cukA thaa| isameM svacchaMda prema kI racanAoM ke sAtha ghora zRMgAra-sAhitya kI racanA ho rahI thii| kahIM-kahIM pravAhita sAtvika dharma kI oTa meM vAsanApUrNa zRMgArika sAhitya kA AdhAra DhUMDhA gyaa| jaina kaviyoM ne nema-rAjula kI kathA lekara zRMgAra rasa kA varNana kiyA lekina usameM pavitra maryAdA, gaurava, zAlInatA tathA ucca starIya bhaMgAra varNana hai| ata: AdhyAtmikatA ke rAga-rasa meM sAMsArika zrRMgAra-darzana Tika nahIM paataa| jaina kaviyoM ne AdhyAtmikatA ke sAtha AdarzavAda kA bhI prasAra kiyA, jisase vAsanAmayI pravRtti para rokathAma ho ske| bhaktikAlIna sAhitya kA prabhAva hindI jaina sAhitya para bhI lakSita hotA hai| hindI jaina racanAoM meM bhakti kA puSTa rUpa dikhAI par3atA hai| isa kAla meM kaviyoM kI bhakti-varddhaka racanAoM kI nirmalatA tathA maryAdA kA Aloka janahita ke lie svAsthyakara evaM zAntiprada siddha hotA hai| bhAvoM kI gaharAI tathA udAttatA ke sAtha isa kAla ke kaviyoM ne zAstrIya nipuNatA kA bhI paricaya diyA hai| saMskRta ke nATakoM kA padyamaya anuvAda bhI isa kAla meM prAraMbha ho gyaa| padya meM vividha chaMda, kavitta, savaiyA, dohA Adi apanAye gye| padya kI bhAMti gadya kA rUpa bhI zailI evaM kRtiyoM kI dRSTi se nikhara utthaa| bhakti aura vairAgya kI adhikatA ke kAraNa hindI jaina kavi kA kabhI-kabhI mAnava jIvana ke anya Avazyaka pahalU kI ora dhyAna hI nahIM rhaa| jabaki apabhraMza prAkRta jaina sAhitya meM lokajIvana tathA lokahita ke lie Avazyaka itara viSayoM meM grantha racanA huI thii| vaise isa kAla ke jaina kaviyoM ne saMyama aura mAnava jIvana ke carama uddezya paramAtmatva pAne ke ucca Azaya se sAhitya kI racanA kI hai| isa kAla ke prAraMbha meM hindI jaina sAhitya ke sarvazreSTha kavi bhaiyA bhagavatIdAsa kA nAma vizeSata: ubharatA hai| ve usa samaya avatare, jaba hindI-rItikAlIna kavijana zrRMgAra rasa kI dhArA meM AkaNTha bahate the tathA janatA ko bhI zRMgAra 1. zrI kAmatAprasAda jaina-hindI jaina sAhitya kA saMkSipta itihAsa, pR. 139.

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Adhunika hindI jaina sAhitya : pUrva-pIThikA rasa ApUrNa sAhitya kI bheMTa kara rahe the| tatkAlIna aura zRMgArika racanAoM ke pracAra se bhagavatI dAsa ko atyanta glAni va ghRNA hotI thii| isakI pratikriyA svarUpa ve likhate haiM bar3I nIti laghunIti karata hai, vAsa sarata vadaSotha bhrii| phor3A Adi phutagunI maMDita, saphala deha manu roga dhrii|| bhagavatIdAsa nAmaka cAra kavi prApta hote haiM, lekina prasiddha bhakta ziromanI bhaiyA bhagavatIdAsa 'brahmavilAsa' ke racayitA isa kAla meM hue aisA premI jI kA mata hai aura DA. premasAgara ne bhI isa tarka kI puSTi kI hai| ve Agare ke rahanevAle osavAla jainI kaTAriyA gotra ke the| unhoMne kabhI bhI bhoga-vaibhava kI prApti hetu AzrayadAtA ko prasanna karane ke lie yA svAntaHsukhAya kavitA na karake lokopakAra ke lie hI kI thii| janatA ko dharma kA saMdeza sunAne ke lie hI bhaktipUrNa kavitA kA pravAha bhaayaa| 'brahma vilAsa' meM unakI tamAma racanAoM kA saMgraha huA hai, jisakI saMkhyA 67 ke lagabhaga hai| prAyaH unhoMne apane lie 'bhaiyA', 'bhavika' yA 'dAsakizora' upanAmoM kA prayoga kiyA hai| banArasIdAsa kI taraha ve bhI janmajAta pratibhAzAlI AdhyAtmika kavi the| ve bahumukhI pratibhA ke svAmI hone se kevala eka hI bhASA meM nahIM, varan baMgalA, mAravAr3I, gujarAtI, saMskRta va phArasI Adi anya bhASAoM meM bhI sAdhikAra kalama claaii| kAvya kI sabhI rItiyoM se ve kAphI paricita the| 'bhaiyA eka vidvAna vyakti the| prAkRta aura saMskRta para to unakA aTUTa adhikAra thaa| hindI, gujarAtI aura baMgalA meM bhI vizeSa gati thii| isake sAtha-sAtha unheM urdU aura phArasI kA jJAna thaa| unakI kavitAeM isa tathya kA nidarzana hai|" jaina vidvAn mUlacanda jI 'vatsala' ne bhI bhagavatIdAsa kI racanA, bhASA, zailI jJAna evaM utkRSTa Adhyatmika kI bhUri-bhUri prasaMzA kI hai| unakI racanA kI mArmikatA evaM bhAvukatA ke lie eka-do udAharaNa yahAM prastuta haiM "suni sayAne nara kahA kare 'ghara-ghara' tero jo zarIra ghara gharI jyo turatu hai| china china chije Aya bAla vaise ghaTI jAya, tAhU ko ilAja kachU urahUM ghaTatu hai|" kavi duniyA~ rAga-raMga meM masta jIvoM kI dazA kA varNana karate hue kahate 1. DA. premasAgara jaina-hindI jaina bhaktikAvya aura kavi, pR. 267. 2. DA. premasAgara jaina-hindI jaina bhaktikAvya aura kavi, pR. 269. 3. draSTavya-mUlacaMda 'vatsala'--prAcIna hindI jaina kavi-pR. 137.

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56 Adhunika hindI - jaina sAhitya "kou to kareM kilola bhAminI soM rIjhirIjhi, yA hI yoM saneha karai khAya aMga meM / kou to lahai anaMda lakSa koTi bori bori, lakSa lakSa mAna kare lacchi kI taraMga meM / kou mahAzUravIra koTika gumAna karai, mo samAna dUsaro na dekho koU jaga meN| kaheM kahA 'bhaiyA' kachu kahive kI bAta nAhiM, saba jaga dekhiyatu rAga-rasa-raMga meM / " bhagavatIdAsa ne 'cetana karma caritra' kAvya meM vIra rasa kI sundara dhArA bahAI hai| isameM apabhraMza ke zabda bhI A gaye haiN| yaha eka pratIkAtmaka kAvya hai / kavi gAte haiM "vajjahiM raNatUTe, dalabala chUTe, cetana guNa gAvaMta / sUrA tana jaggo, koU na bhaggo, ari dala pe dhAvaMta || " 44. 'unakA 'brahmavilAsa' oja se bharA huA sindUra ghaTa hai| banArasI kA zAnta rasa zAMti kI goda meM panapA, jabaki bhaiyA kA vIratA ke prabhaMjana meM janamA, palA aura puSTa huaa| adhyAtma aura bhakti ke kSetra meM vIra rasa kA prayoga bhaiyA kI apanI vizeSatA hai|" satya hI bhaiyA ke eka-eka pada meM oja ke sAtha madhuratA kA rasapUrNa ghola saMmizrita rahA hai| 'paradezI' ke pada kA mAdhurya aisA hI hai, AdhyAtmikatA ke antargata mAdhurya pUrNa upadeza - yIyUSa pilAnA unake hI baza kI bAta hai| 'kahAM paradezI ko patiyAro / manamAne taba cale pantha ko sAMjha gineM na sakAro / " " sabe kuTumba chor3a itana kI puni tyAga cale tana pyAro / dUra dezAvara calata Apahi, koU na rokana hAro / koU prIti karo kina koTika aMta hoigo nyArau // " isI prakara kavi prabhu caraNa- sevana kA mahatva batAte hue gAte haiM tero nAma kalpa vRkSa icchA ko na rAkhe ura, tero nAma kAmadhenu kAmanA harata hai| tero nAma cintAmaNI cintA ko na rakhe pAsa, tero nAma pArasa so dArida harata hai| 1. DA0 premasAgara jaina - hindI jaina bhakti kAvya aura kavi, pR0 270.

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57 57 Adhunika hindI jaina sAhitya : pUrva-pIThikA 'navakAra-maMtra" kI mahimA kA kavi ne bhAvapUrNa varNana kiyA hai jahAM japahiM navakAra tahAM bhaya kaise hoy| jahAM japahiM navakAra tahAM baMkSara bhaja jaaNv| jahAM japahiM navakAra, tahAM sukha, sumati hoy| jahAM japahiM navakAra, tIrtha tahAM du:kha rahe na koii| navakAra japata navanidhi mileM, sukha samUha AveM srl| so mahAmaMtra zubha dhyAna soM, 'bhaiyA' nita apano krn|| bhagavatIdAsa ke padoM meM vibhinna rAga-rAganiyoM kA samanvaya dekhane ko milatA hai| AnaMdadhana jI zvetAmbara saMpradAya ke prasiddha mahAtmA the| ve kabIradAsa kI taraha mastamolA nijAnaMdI santa kavi the| yazovijaya jI ke prAyaH samakAlIna the| kabIradAsa kI bhAvAnubhUtiyoM aura kRtitva kA spaSTa prabhAva inakI kavitA meM lakSita hotA hai| inhoMne hindI aura gujarAtI donoM bhASAoM meM racanA kI hai| hindI meM unakI 'AnaMdaghana bahottarI' upalabdha hotI hai| gujarAtI aura hindI donoM bhASAeM unako apanA mahAkavi svIkRta para unake padoM kA Adara karatI haiN| yaha sammAna unake padoM meM chipe hue adhyAtma ke sAtha AtmaniSThA, saMgItAtmakatA tathA gaharI vaiyaktikatA ke kAraNa hI milatA hai| unake padoM meM nirbhIkatA evaM AtmA kI udAttatA spaSTa ghoSita hotI hai| 'AnaMdaghana-bahottarI' ke adhyayana se patA calatA hai ki ye eka pahuMce hue santa the aura jagata kI moha-mAyA se nirdvanda rahakara AdhyAtmika jagata meM hI vicaraNa karate the| hAdirka bhAva ke binA korA nAma-smaraNa yA yaMtravat mAlA pheranA unhoMne bhI santa kaviyoM kI taraha vyartha samajhA hai| sacce hRdaya evaM tanmayatA se kiyA gayA prabhu smaraNa anAsakti evaM bhaktibhAvanA paidA karane ke lie Avazyaka hotA hai| unake padoM meM 'samatA-rasa' kI nirmala dhArA pravAhita huI hai| 'jaga AzA jaMjIra kI, gati ulaTI kacha aura jakarayau dhAvata jagata meM, rahe chaToM eka tthaur| Atama anubhava phUla kI, koU navelI rIta, nAka na pakarai vAsanA, kAna gahai na prtiit| prasiddha pada 'aba hama amara bhaye nA hama mareMge' ko AnaMdadhana kA mAnA jAtA thA, lekina aba AkhirI khojo se upalabdha huA hai ki yaha pada dhAnatarAya jI kA hai| 'thor3A hI parizrama karane se hameM mAlUma huA ki inakA 1. namaskAra-sUcaka pd|

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58 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya 42vAM pada 'aba hama amara bhaye, nA mareMge' aura anta kA pada 'tuma jJAna milo phUlI basanta' ye donoM dhAnatarAya jI ke haiN|" adhyAtma evaM sAdhanA pakSa ke vaha siddha kavi the| unhoMne sAMsArika samRddhi ke badale prabhu-bhakti kI hI cAha sadaiva kI hai, kyoMki aise jina caraNa citta, pada lAUM re manA, aise ehi arihaMta ke guNa gAUM re mnaa| udara-bharaNa ke kAraNa gaUMvA vana meM jAya, cAroM care cahuM dizi phire, bAkI surata bachavAM maaNy| jisa prakAra gAya jaMgala meM ghUmatI-phiratI hai, lekina dila to apane bachar3e meM rahatA hai, usI prakAra sAMsArika kArya karate rahane para bhI mana to bhagavAna ke dhyAna meM lagA rahanA caahie| prabhu to kavi kA 'anamola lAla' hai, usa anamola kA mola jauharI kaise kara sakatA hai? jauharI mola kare lAla kA, merA lAla amolA, jyAke parantarakA nahIM, usakA kyA molA? 'AnaMdadhana' kA bhAva udAra thaa| ve akhaNDa satya ke pujArI the| usako koI rAma, rahIma, mahAdeva aura pArasanAtha kucha bhI kahe, AnaMdadhana ko isameM koI Apatti nahIM thii| unakA kathana thA ki jisa prakAra miTTI eka hokara bhI pAtra bheda se aneka nAmoM dvArA pahacAnI jAtI thI, usI prakAra eka akhaNDa rUpa AtmA meM vibhinna kalpanAoM ke kAraNa aneka nAmoM kI kalpanA kI gaI hai rAma kaho, rahamAna kaho, koU kAma kaho mhaadevrii| pArasanAtha kaho, koU brahmA, sakala brahma rcymevrii| bhAsana-bheda kahAvata nAnA, eka mRttikA rUpa rii| taise khaNDa-kalpanA ropita, Apa akhaNDa sarUpa rI raam|| yazovijaya jI bhI AnaMdadhana jI ke samakAlIna the| satrahavIM zatI ke anta meM (saM0 1680 se 1745) hI unhoMne likhanA prAraMbha kara diyA thaa| unake granthoM kI racanA karIba 300 se Upara kI batAI jAtI haiM, jo saMskRta, prAkRta, apabhraMza, hindI tathA gujarAtI bhASA meM likhI gaI haiN| gujarAtI hone para bhI vidyopArjana ke silasile meM kAzI aura AgarA meM raha cukane se zuddha hindI para pUrNa adhikAra rakhate the| AcAryatva ke sAtha-sAtha unameM kavitva kI maulika sUjha-bUjha bhI bharI par3I thii| unake 75 padoM kA saMgraha 'jasavilAsa' nAmaka grantha 1. draSTavya-paM0 nAthUrAma premI-hindI jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa, pR0 61. 2. draSTavya-DA. premasAgara jaina-hindI jaina bhakti kAvya aura kavi, pR. 210.

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Adhunika hindI jaina sAhitya : pUrva-pIThikA meM upalabdha hai| unake pratyeka pada meM AdhyAtmikatA kA bhAva bharA par3A hai| jaise hama magana bhaye prabhu dhyAna meN| bisara gaI duvidhA tana-mana kI, acirA suta gunagAna meN| harihara brahma purandara kI rithi, Avata nahIM kou mAna meN| nidAnanda kI mAMgha macI hai, samatA rasa ke pAna meN| uparyukta pada meM bhAva tathA bhASA kI saralatA ke sAtha bhASA kI zuddhatA AkarSita kiye binA nahIM rhtii| yazovijaya jI ke samaya meM vinaya vijaya jI nAmaka zvetAmbara saMpradAya ke vidvAna AcArya hue the| unake 'vinaya-vilAsa' nAmaka grantha meM 37 padoM ko saMgrahIta kiyA gayA hai| ve bhI yazovijaya jI ke sAtha adhyayana hetu kAzI rahe the| ataH hindI meM acchI yogyatA prApta kI thii| 'triloka-darpaNa' ke racayitA kharagasena bhI 18vIM zatAbdI ke kavi the| jinendra bhakti se prerita hokara 'triloka darpaNa' kI racanA kI thI, jisameM tIna loka kA varNana karate jina cetyoM kA varNana kiyA hai| racanA sAdhAraNa hai, lekina paMjAba kI bhUmi para likhI jAne para bhI paMjAbI bhASA kA prabhAva na hokara zuddha hindI bhASA kI hai| 'dharma sarovara' ke racayitA bodharAja godI kA ne dharma tatva kA nirUpaNa vividha prakAra ke subhASitoM tathA stUti paraka chandoM meM kiyA hai| racanA sAmAnyataH acchI hai| sItalanAtha bhajo paramezvara amRta mUrati joti vhii| bhoga saMjoga sutyAga sarve suSadAyaka saMjama lAbha krii|| krodha nahIM jahAM lobha nahIM kachu mAna nahIM, nahIM hai kuttilaaii| hari dhyAna samhAri bhajo tuma kevala, 'jodha' kahe bAta khrii|| isake atirikta unhoMne 'samyakta' yA 'kaumudI-bhASA-prItaMkara caritra', kathAkoSa, pravacanasAra, bhAvadIpikA, vacanikA(gadya) aura jJAna samUha kI racanA kI hai| ina kRtiyoM kA bAbU jJAnacandra jI ne ullekha kiyA hai| AcArya lakSmIcandra jI khataragaccha ke eka acche vidvAna aura kavi the aura unhoMne digambara jainAcArya zrI zubhacandra jI kRta 'jJAnArNava' kA padyAnuvAda kiyA thaa| 1. draSTavya-bAbU jJAnacandra jI jainaH digambara jaina bhAratagranthaH pR. 4,5.

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60 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya mUla rAjasthAna ke lekina bahuta varSoM se gujarAta ke pATaNa-nagara ke nivAsI jinaharSa kavi ne 'zreNika caritra' aura 'kRSidatta caupAI' kI chandabaddha racanA kI thii| pATaNa meM aneka varSa rahane se unakI kRtiyoM meM gujarAtI bhASA kA prabhAva lakSita honA svAbhAvika hai| unake eka pada kA Adi-aMta bhAga dekhane se yaha spaSTa hogAAdi-'aSTApada zrI Adi jinaMda, caMpA vAsupUjya, pAvAmugati gayA mhaaviir| adharanemi giranAra sdhiir|' aMta-'uttama namatAM lahie pAra, guNa guhanA lahie nistaar| jAI ne dUra karmanI kAr3he, kaheM jinaharSa namUM krjori||' jinaharSa jI ne 50 sAla se bhI adhika samaya sAhitya sevA meM vyatIta kiyaa| unake padoM, stavanoM, sajjAyoM kA saMgraha 'jinaharSa granthAvalI' nAma se zrIyuta agaracanda nAhaTA ne kiyA hai| pATaNa ke granthAgAroM se upalabdha karake unakI choTI-bar3I 500 padya racanAoM kA saMgraha nAhaTA jI ne taiyAra kiyA hai| 'kavi kI bar3I-bar3I racanAoM meM kucha rAsa hI abhI taka prakAzita ho sake haiM, bahuta se rAsa abhI aprakAzita haiM, jinake prakAzita hone para hI kavi ke sAhityika kartRtva ke sambandha meM prakAza DAlA jA sakatA hai|" inakI bhASA ke sambandha meM manohara zarmA likhate haiM-"kavi jinaharSa kI bhASA sulalita prasAdaguNa saMpanna evaM parimArjita hai| sarasvatI kA kavi ko yaha varadAna hai| kavi ne janma bhara sarasvatI kI upAsanA kI hai| aura prAyaH unakI sabhI racanAeM vaMdAna-pUrvaka prArambha huI haiN| " nAhaTAjI ne kavi jina harSa kI racanAoM meM bAvanI, upadeza chattIsI, upadeza caubIsI, nemirAjamatI bArahamAsA, savaiyA, nemibArahamAsA, siddhacakra stavana, pArzvanAtha nivANI, zreNika caritra, kRSidattA caupAI, aura maMgala gIta kA ullekha kiyA hai| jinaharSa kI kRtiyoM kA 'jaina gurjara kaviyoM' aura 'rAjasthAna meM hindI ke hastalikhita granthoM kI khoja-bhAga-4' meM bhI ullekha kiyA gayA hai| nAhaTA jI ne bhI 'aitihAsika hindI jaina kAvya' meM unakI racanAoM kA saMgraha kiyA hai| __saMvat 1761 meM zrI khemacanda jI ne 'guNamAlA copAI' nAmaka grantha kI racanA kI thii| gujarAta kI ora rahane se bhASA para gujarAtI zabdoM kA prabhAva A gayA hai| jaise1. zrI amRta agaracanda nAhaTA-jinaharSa graMthAvalI-prAklana, pR0 3 prathama sNskrnn| 2. zrI manohara zarmA-jinaharSa granthAvalI-bhUmikA, pR. 7.

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Adhunika hindI jaina sAhitya : pUrva-pIThikA nagara mAMhi te deharA dhanA, kaI jena kaI sivtnnaa| mAMhi virAje jinavara deva, bhaviyaNa sAre nita prati sev|| isameM kavi ne rAjA gajasiMha evaM zreSThi putrI guNamAlA kI sundara kathA prastu varNita karake acchA caritra-citraNa kiyA hai| jodhapura ke mahArAjA jasavaMta jI ke dIvAna neNasImUtA ke mAravAr3I bhASA mizrita hindI meM rAjasthAna vizada itihAsa 'neNasI mUtArIkhyAna' nAma se likhA hai, jisako likhane meM 6 sAla arthAt saM0 1716 se 1722 taka lage the| mUtAneNasI isa grantha ko likhakara jaina samAja ke vidvAnoM kA eka kalaMka dho gaye haiM ki ye deza ke sArvajanika kAryoM se apekSA rakhate hai|" premI jI kA yaha kathana sarvatocita hai| devabrahmacArI kRta 'zrI sammeda zikhara vilAsa' kI racanA isI kAla meM upalabdha hotI hai| usI prakAra unhoMne saM0 1734 meM devakRta 'paramAtmaprakAza' kI bhASA TIkA bhI likhI thii| bhaTTAraka vizvabhUSaNa kI saM0 1738 ke samaya kI do pramukha racanAeM upalabdha hotI haiM-'aSTAnhikA kathA' aura jinadatta critr| inake alAvA phuTakala padoM kI racanA bhI kI thii| eka udAharaNa dekhie kaise dehaM karmani ssotti| ApahI meM karma bAMdho, kyoM kari ThAro tori|| deva guru zruta karI nindA, gahi mithyA Dori, kara Nisudina viSacaracA, rahyo saMjayu bori||2|| 'DhAI dvipakA pATha' aura 'binamata khIcarI' nAmaka kRti bhI unakI racI huI hai| prAyaH saM0 1703 se 1730 taka meM isa zatI ke prAraMbha meM-pANDe hemarAja jI nAmaka vidvAna evaM uttamakoTi ke kavi hue| unhoMne pravacanasAra, paramAtma prakAza, gommaTa sAra, paMcAstikAya, evaM nayacakra kI TIkA likhiiN| una sabhI meM unake svastha gadya kA 'nayacakra' meM darzana hotA hai| saMskRta aura prAkRta ke vidvAna hone para bhI unhoMne hindI meM hI likhaa| gadya lekhaka aura kavi donoM rUpoM meM ve pratiSThita evaM saphala rahe haiN| kuMvarapAla ke Agraha ke unhoMne 'sitapaTa caurAsI bola' ko rcaa| mAnatuMgAcArya ke 'bhaktAmara' kA sundara padyAnuvAda kiyaa| anuvAda hote hue bhI usameM maulika kAvya kI sarasatA hai| unakI putrI 'betI' yA betula de pitA kI taraha kI vidvAna thI, jinhoMne kavi bulAkIdAsa ko janma diyA, jo mAM evaM nAnA kI taraha kavi hue the| unakI svataMtra racanAoM meM 'upadeza dohA zataka', 'hitopadeza bAvanI', nemirAjamatI jakhar3A aura 'rohiNIvratakathA' prasiddha

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Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya hai| upadeza dohA zataka' kI racanA vi0 saM0 1725 meM kI gaI hai| isameM kavi bAhya saMsAra meM Izvara ko DhUMDhane kI apekSA apane ghaTa meM hI DhUMDhane ko kahate haiM gaira Thora saughata phirA, kAhe aMgha abev| tere hI ghaTa meM baso, sadA niraMjana dev|| koTi janama lau tapa tapai, mana vacana kAya smet| suddhAtama anubho binA kyoM pAve sivsset|| DA. premasAgara jI kA kathana hai ki-ve apane samaya meM vidvAna aura kavi donoM hI rUpoM meM prasiddha the| unakI kavitAoM para spaSTa rUpa se 'vANArasiyAsampradAya' kA prabhAva thaa| AcArya lalita kIrti ne saM0 1783 meM 'binaguNasaMpati vratakathA' aura 'aSTakaMdhamAri' nAmaka race the| jinameM prabhu pUjA kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| yathA ratana jaTita kaMcana kI jAri, gaMgA jamunA bharI niir| dhAra deUM jinavara ke Age, adhamala rahaI na biir| jinapara caraNa juga pUjiye ho, aho avijJAnI pUjita sivapura joii|| AcArya sukhabhUSaNa jI ne 'zrutapaMcamI kathA' saM0 1757 meM tathA bhagatarAma jI ne 'AdityavAra kathA' saM0 1765 meM racI thii| saM0 1732 meM ziromaNIdAsa jI ne 'dharmasAra' nAmaka grantha kI racanA kI thI, jisakI kavitAeM sAdhAraNa hone para bhI svataMtra racanA hone se isakA mahatva hai| premI jI ne isameM 763 caupAI bAtAI hai| isake atirikta 'siddhAnta-ziromaNI' nAmaka eka aura choTA sA grantha bhI racA hai| kavi maMgala kRta 'karma vipAka' nAmaka racanA aura kavi saMtalAla kA racA huA 'siddhacakra pATha' bhI isI zatI meM milatA hai| saM0 1745 meM kavi ratana kRta 'sAmudrika-zAstra' hindI meM likhA huA grantha hai| bhASA bahuta azuddha hone para bhI apane viSaya kI yaha acchI racanA hai| ___ jagatarAma tathA jagatarAya isa zatAbdi ke mahatvapUrNa kavi aura vidvAna hai| unakI aneka racanAeM batAI jAtI haiN| ve auraMgajeba ke darabAra meM ucca sthAna para sthita the aura unako rAjA kI padavI milI thii| isIlie zAyada loga unheM jagatarAma ke badale 'jagatarAya' kahate the| ve svayaM rAjA the kintu ahaMkAra nAma mAtra ko bhI nahIM thA, unhoMne aneka kaviyoM ko udAratApUrvaka Azraya diyA, unameM eka kAzIdAsa bhI the| DA. jyotiprasAda jaina ke kathanAnusAra yaha saMbhava 1. DA. premasAgara jaina-hindI jaina bhakti kAvya aura kavi, pR. 295.

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Adhunika hindI jaina sAhitya : pUrva-pIThikA 2 hai ki ve jagatarAya ke putra Tekacanda ke zikSaka bhI ho|' zrI agaracanda nAhaTA jI ne likhA hai - jagatarAma eka prabhAvazAlI dharma premI aura kavi AzrayadAtA tathA dAnavIra siddha hote haiN| inakI racanAoM ke viSaya ke vivAda khar3A hai| kAmatAprasAda jI ne kevala eka hI kRti 'padmAnaMdIpaccIsI' kA hI ullekha kiyA hai, jabaki premI jI ne tIna chandobaddha racanAeM batAI haiM- AgamavilAsa, samyakatva kaumudI, aura 'padmAnaMdIpaccIsI' jabaki seTha ke kUMce maMdira dillI ke zAstra - bhaMDAra kI grantha sUcI meM inake atirikta 'chanda ratnAvalI' aura 'jJAnAnaMda zrAvakAcAra' kI racanA bhI upalabdha hotI hai| 'zrAvakAcAra' gadya kI racanA hai| jaina padAvalI' meM jagatarAya ke race hue 233 pada haiN| unake granthoM kI AlocanAtmaka TippaNI likhate hue saMpAdakoM ne kahA hai ki - " inhoMne aSTachApa ke kaviyoM kI zailI para padoM kI racanAeM kI haiM, jinakA eka saMgraha khoja meM prathama bAra upalabdha huA hai| isameM tIrthaMkaroM kI stutiyA~ sundara padoM meM varNita kI gaI haiN| unakI choTI-choTI rasa kI paJcikAriyoM se mAlUma hotA hai ki unake padoM meM kavi kA uddAma Avega kaise phuTa par3atA hai|' kavi ne eka jagaha prabhu ko vinati, kSamA-yAcanA karate hue sundara bhAvoM ko vyakta kiyA haiprabhu vina kauna hamArI sahAI / 4 aura saba svAratha ke sAthI, tuma paramAratha bhAI, bhUla hamArI hI hamako iha bhayo mahAduHkha, viSaya kaSAya sasya saMga sevo, tumhArI sudha bisarAI / ye unake aneka padoM meM AdhyAtmika phAguoM kI anokhI chaTA vidyamAna hai| phAgu choTe-choTe rUpakoM meM race gaye haiN| isakA eka udAharaNa dekhiesudha budhi hori kesa saMya leyakara, suruci gulAla lagA re tere / samatA jala picakArI, karuNA kesara guNa chirakAya re tere / anubhava pAti supAri caracAni, sarama raMga lagA re tere / rAma kahe je iha vidhi Sela, mokSa mahala meM Aya re tere // 63 saM0 1753 meM devadatta dIkSita ne 'candraprabha purANa' chanda baddha racA thaa| jisakI prati jasavantanagara ke maMdira meM maujUda hai| kavi bulAkIdAsa jI kA janma 'jaimI' jaisI prasiddha vidvAna buddhimatI strI se huA thA, jo svayaM kavitA karatI thii| jaimI ke pitA jI ne kavi hemarAja pANDe ne usako prAraMbha meM hI 1. premasAgara - hindI jaina sAhitya aura kavi, pR0 253. 2. draSTavya - agaracanda nAhaTA - bhAratIya sAhitya, varSa-2, aMka-2, pR0 181. 3. kAzI nAgarI pracAriNI patrikA kA pandrahavAM ( 15 ) traivArSika vivaraNa saM0 94. 4. DA. premasAgara jaina - hindI jaina Adhunika kAvya aura kavi, pR0 256

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Adhunika hindI - jaina sAhitya zikSA dekara vyavahArika evaM pratyut vyutpannamati kI banAI thii| bulAkIdAsa jI ne apanI mAtA jaimI kI prazaMsA meM svayaM likhA hai 64 hemarAja paMDita baseM, tiyAM Agare meM chAI, parama gotra AgarI, saba pUjeM jisa pAI, upagItA ke doharA, jaimI nAma vikhyAti, sIla rUpa guna AgarI, prIti nIti kI pAMti / dInI vidyA janakane, kInI ati vyutpanna paMDita jAmeM sIkha leM, dharanItala meM dhanna // kavivara bhUdharadAsa jI bhI isa kAla ke prasiddha bhakta, prabandhakAra evaM muktaka kAra haiN| unake banAye hue tIna grantha milate haiM - (1) pArzvapurANa (2) jaina zataka (3) pada-saMgraha / 'pArzva - purANa'- meM 23 meM tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha jI ke jIvana kA sundara varNana kiyA gayA hai| yaha eka svataMtra aura utkRSTa koTi kA prabandha kAvya samajhA jAtA hai| hindI jaina sAhitya meM yahI eka sundara, svataMtra kAvya hai| premI jI isa racanA ke viSaya meM likhate haiM ki - hindI ke jaina sAhitya meM 'pArzva purANa' hI eka aisA caritra grantha hai| jisakI racanA ucca zreNI kI hai, jo vAstava meM par3hane yogya hai aura jo kisI saMskRta - prAkRta grantha kA anuvAda karake nahIM, kintu svataMtra rUpa se likhA gayA hai| isakI racanA meM saundarya tathA prAsAdikatA donoM guNa bhare hue haiN| sajjana evaM durjana ke viSaya meM kavi kA kathana dekhie upajeM eka hI garbha so, sajjana - durjana yeha, loha kavaca rakSA kareM, khANDo khaNDa deha / durjana ora salekhayA, ye samAna jagamAMhi, jyoM-jyoM madhuro dIjie, tyoM-tyoM kopa karAhiM // jaina samAja meM yaha itanA prasiddha hai ki vaha do bAra chapa cukA hai| kavikIrtikA yaha eka sudRr3ha kAyamI staMbha haiN| isI eka grantha kI racanA se bhUdharadAsa jI eka bhAvuka evaM utkRSTa koTi ke kavi pramANita hote haiN| dUsarA grantha 'jaina-zataka' nIti kI sundara racanA hai, jisameM 107 kavitta, savaiye, dohe aura chappaya hai| pratyeka pada kA svataMtra astitva hai, maulika bhAva hai| isakA pracAra jaina samAja meM atyanta hai| tIsare grantha 'pada saMgraha' meM kavi ke 80 pada-vinati, pUjA-arcanA, sajjAyasambaMdhI - saMgrahIta hai / eka pada kI thor3I-sI paMkti meM jIvana-jagata kI nazvaratA kA bhAva dekhie 1. kAmatAprasAda jaina : hindI jaina sAhitya kA saMkSipta itihAsa, pR0 172.

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Adhunika hindI jaina sAhitya : pUrva-pIThikA 65 carakhA calatA nAMhi, carakhA huA puraanaa|| Teka // paga khUTe dUya hAlana lUNe, ura madarA khkhraanaa| + + + + moTA nahIM kAla kara bhAI kara apanA surajherA aMta Aga meM IMdhana hogA, bhUdhara samajha sveraa| dhAnatarAya jI bhI bhUdharadAsa jI kI taraha prasiddha jaina bhakta evaM muktakakAra haiN| unakA sthAna bhI hindI jaina sAhitya meM kAphI UMcA hai| unake pada sAhitya kA mahatva na kevala isI zatI meM balki pUre jaina sAhitya meM hai| unhoMne bhakti, pUjA sambaMdhI padoM kI kAphI racanA kI hai| unake race hue stavana, sajjAya, pada, AratI-pUjA, Aja bhI jaina jagata meM pyAra aura Adara se par3he jAte haiN| unake samaya meM Agare meM 'mAnasiMha jI kI zailI' kA kAphI pracAra thaa| kavi ne isase khUba lAbha utthaayaa| paM0 bihArIdAsa jI aura paM0 mAnasiMha jI ke (prabhAva) Agraha se ve jaina dharma ke prati zraddhAlu hue the| jaina darzana kA bhI kavi ne bAda meM gaharA abhyAsa kiyaa| bahuta sAre varSa jaina dharma ko samajhane ke pIche lagA diye| unake samasta padoM kA saMgraha 'dharma vilAsa' nAmaka grantha meM hai jo saM0 1780 meM samApta kiyA gayA thaa| isa grantha meM unake padoM kI saMkhyA 323 hai| kavi kI yaha vizeSa pratibhA zakti hI samajhI jAnI cAhie ki kaThina viSayoM ko bhI ve saralatA evaM sahRdayatA se samajhA sakate the| "zAyada yahI sabase pahale kavi haiM, jinhoMne hindI meM aneka pUjAeM racI aura bhaktinAda-dAso'ham' bhAvanA kA bIja so'ham bhAvanA rUpI adhyAtma phala kI prApti hetu jaina sAhitya meM DAlA thaa|"' eka udAharaNa prastuta hai jindagI sahala meM nAhaka dharama khoveM, jAhira jahAna dIkheM, khvAba kA tamAsA hai kabIle ke khAtira tUM kAma bada karatA hai, apanA mulaka chor3a hAtha liye kAMsA hai| 'dharmavilAsa' jaise supAThya aura kAvya-kalA se pUrNa grantha racakara bhI kavi apanI nirIhatA yA laghutA kA kina sundara zabdoM meM varNana karate haiM acchara khetI tuka bhaI, tuka so hue chanda chandana so Agama bhayo, Agama aratha suchnd| . Agama aratha suchaMda hamaneM nahi kinA, gaMgA kA jala leya aradha gaMgA ko dinhaa| 1. kAmatAprasAda jaina : hindI jaina sAhitya kA saMkSipta itihAsa, pR. 176.

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66 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya DA. premasAgara jI ne uparokta racanA ke alAvA stotra sAhitya meM 'svayaMbhUstotra', 'pArzvanAtha stotra' aura 'ekIbhAva stotra' ko ginAyA hai, jinameM prathama do maulika hai aura tIsarA vAdirAjasUri ke saMskRta grantha 'ekIbhAva stotra' kA hindI bhAvAnuvAda hai| isake alAvA 'jInavANI saMgraha' meM pAMca AratiyAM bhI saMgrahIta kI gaI haiN| kavi ne bahuta se padoM meM usa samaya ke Agare kI sAmAjika evaM dhArmika sthiti kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai| 'samAdhi maraNa, dharmapacIsI, adhyAtma paMcAsikA, pada saMgrahoM kA vivaraNa bhI premasAgara jI ne diyA hai, jabaki kAmatAprasAda jI ne saMkSepa meM tIna kRtiyoM ke viSaya meM hI batAyA hai| __saMvat 1762 meM govarddhanadAsa jI ne 'zakuna-vicAra' nAmaka zAstra kI racanA apane guru lakSmIcandra jI kI preraNA se kiyA thaa| yaha saguna sambaMdhI choTA-sA lekina upayogI grantha hai| sAMgAnera nivAsI kizanasiMha ne saM0 1784 meM 'kriyAkoSa' nAmaka chandobaddha grantha banAyA, jo sAdhAraNa kaviyoM se yukta svataMtra racanA hai| 'bhadrabAhucaritra' aura rAtri-bhojana-kathA' bhI ApakI hI racanAeM haiN| __pANDe rUpacanda jI se bhinna rUpacanda jI ne saM0 1798 meM banArasIdAsa kRta 'nATaka-samaya-sAra' kI TIkA likhI thI, jo bahuta hI sundara aura vizada hai| daulamarAma jI ne saM0 1796 meM 'harivaMza purANa' aura 'kriyA koSa' nAmaka grantha racA thaa| rAyamalla jI nAmaka dharmAtmA kI preraNA se daulatarAma jI ne 'Adi purANa', 'padmapurANa' aura 'harivaMza purANa' kI gadya meM vacanikAeM likhI thii| premI jI likhate haiM-ina granthoM kA bhASAnuvAda ho jAne se sacamuca hI jaina samAja ko bahuta hI lAbha huA hai| jaina-dharma kI rakSA hone meM ina granthoM se bahuta sahAyatA milI hai| ye grantha bahuta bar3e-bar3e haiN| vacanikA bahuta sarala hai| kevala hindI bhASA-bhASI prAntoM meM hI nahIM, gujarAta aura dakSiNa meM bhI ye grantha par3he aura samajhe jAte haiN| inakI bhASA meM DhUMDhArIpana hai, to bhI vaha samajha lI jAtI hai|" unake dvArA kI gaI zrI yoIndu ke 'paramAtma prakAza' kI TIkA ke viSaya meM DA. e. ena. upAdhye ne likhA hai ki-"isa bAta ko koI asvIkAra nahIM kara sakatA ki isa hindI-anuvAda ke hI kAraNa joIndu aura usake 'paramAtma-prakAza' ko itanI khyAti milI hai|" unhoMne 'adhyAtma-bArahakhaDI' nAmaka sundara maulika kRti kA bhI sarjana kiyA hai, jisameM unakI kAvya-pratibhA kA darzana hotA hai| unakA gadya hindI-sAhitya kI amUla nidhi hai| bhinna-bhinna 1. draSTavya-premasAgara jI-hindI jaina sAhityakAra aura kavi, pR. 284.

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Adhunika hindI jaina sAhitya : pUrva-pIThikA zAstra-bhaNDAroM meM unakI aneka hastalikhita pratiyAM prApta hotI hai| sabase pahale unhoMne hI saMskRta ke chandoM kA hindI meM kuzalatA se saphala prayoga kiyA aura naye chandoM kA bhI prayoga kiyA thaa| saM0 1777 meM racI huI 'puNyAzravavacanikA' bhI saMbhavataH ApakI kRti hai| 'adhyAtma bArakhaDI' meM bhakti rasa chalAchala bharA par3A hai| kavi bhakti rasa kI carama-sImA para pahuMca kara bhAva vibhoratA evaM tallInatA kA AnaMda mahasUsa karate haiN| sabake bhItara rahe 'rAma' kI vaMdanA karate hue kavi gAte haiM baMdo kevalarAma ko, ramI jU rahyo saba mAMhi, aisI Thora na dekhie, jahAM deva vaha naahiN| 'Atamadeva' kI sevA ke lie kavi kahate haiM pUjoM Atama deva ko, kare ju Atama seva, zreyAtana jagadeva jo, deva deva jina dev| hindI ke santa kaviyoM kI taraha daulatarAma jI bhI mAnate haiM ki kevala muMDa muMDAne se hI kucha nahIM hotA, AtamarAma kI sevA karane se jJAna utpanna hotA hai| AtamarAma kI sevA kevala bhagavAna kI kRpA se hI prApta ho sakatI hai| kyoMki mUMDa muMDAye kahA, tatva nahIM pAye jo lo, mUr3ha yati ko upadeza sune, mukti kI ju nahIM tolI mala-mUtrAdi bharyo jU deha kabahiM nahiM suddhA suddho AtamarAma jJAna ko mUla prbuddhaa| isI zatI meM banArasIdAsa nAmaka anya kavi kI racanAeM bhI prApta hotI haiM, jo prasiddha kavi dhAnatarAya ke guru the| bihArIdAsa jI kI ginatI vidvAna paMDitoM meM kI jAtI thI aura Agare meM unakI 'zailI' calatI thii| unhoMne hI dhAnatarAya ko jaina dharma ke prati zraddhAvAna banAyA thaa| unakI racanAoM meM 'sambondha paMcAsikA', 'jakhar3I', aura 'AratI' pramukha hai| dhAnatarAya jI kI kavitA para unakA vizeSa prabhAva dekhA jAtA hai| kavi manuSya janma kI mahattA batAte hue kahate haiM Atama kaThina upAya pAya narabhava kyoM taje, rAI upadhi ke samAnI phira DhUMDha nahIM pAyeM I vidhi narabhava ko pAya viSe suSa-sorabha, so saTha amRta boya halAhala viSa aacre|' kavi khuzAlacanda kAlA bhI isI kAla ke hai aura apane vidvAna dayAvAna

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Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya aura jJAnavAna pitA jI ke pAsa rahakara zikSA grahaNa kI thI aura bAda meM gokulacanda nAmaka jJAnI puruSa kI preraNA se unhoMne 'harivaMzapurANa' kA padyAnuvAda kiyA thaa| khuzAlacanda jI ne harivaMza purANa, uttara-purANa, dhanyakumAra carita, yazodhara carita, ambU carita sadbhAvanAvalI, vratakathA koSa aura padmapurANa kA nirmANa kiyA thaa| inameM padmapurANa aura ambU carita anUdita hai| uparokta donoM kaviyoM kA vistRta varNana premasAgara jI kI pustaka meM upalabdha hotA hai| kavivara nihAlacanda (18vIM zatI kA aMtima pada) ne pAMca racanAeM likhIM, jinameM tIna apanI mAtRbhASA gujarAtI meM kI ora anya do hindI meN| 'brahmabAvanI' aura 'baMgAla deza kI pukAra' unakI bahuta hI lokapriya racanAeM haiN| premI jI ne vinodIlAla sahajAdipura kA ullekha kiyA hai, jinhoMne dillI meM Akara 'bhaktAmara' aura 'samyakatva kathAkoSa' kI chandobaddha racanAeM haiN| unakI ora bhI phuTakara racanAeM prApta hotI haiN| paM0 bakhatarAma ne saM0 1800 meM 'dharmabuddhikathA' evaM 'mithyAtvakhaNDana vacanikA' kI racanA kI thii| paM0 bhaiMrodAsa jI ne isI samaya 'solaha kAraNa vrata kathA' racI thii| kavi makaraMda padmAvatI puravAla kI racI huI eka ora 'sugandha dasamI kathA' hai| pannAlAla jI ne seTha phUlacanda jI ke kahane para 'ratna karaNDa zrAvakAcAra' kA padyAnuvAda kiyA thaa| ina sabake atirikta aneka choTe-moTe kaviyoM kA ullekha kAmatAprasAda jI ne apane itihAsa meM atyanta saMkSepa meM kiyA hai, jinameM se pramukha nAma haiM-ratnasAgara kRta 'ratna-parIkSA', paM. nemicandra kRta nemicandrikA, devendra kIrti kI jakar3I, paM0 bizanasiMha kI 'biziyojanakathA', paM. devarAja kRta 'holIkathA', kA nAma pramukha hai| mizrabandhu vinoda meM nimnalikhita kaviyoM kA ullekha pAyA jAtA hai-saubhAgyacanda kI 'kapaTalIlA', harakhacanda sAdhu kA zrIpAla carita, dharmamaMdiragaNikRta prabandha cintAmaNi, gopImuni carita, haMsavijaya jati kA 'kalpasUtraTIkA, jJAna-vijaya jatI kA 'malayacarita' aura kavi lAbhabarddhana kA 'upapadI' nAmaka grantha dekhane ko milatA hai| 18vIM zatAbdI ke bAda 19vIM zatAbdI meM hama Ate haiM to jaina-sAhitya meM bhI bhakti kA svarUpa maMda avazya ho gayA thA, lekina phira bhI bhakti kI racanAeM avazya hotI thiiN| pada-muktaka kI racanAeM 17vIM-18vIM zatAbdI kI taraha prabandha kI apekSA adhika hotI hai| isa zatI meM paM. ToDaramala aura kavi vRMdAvana jese samartha tattvavettA, vidvAna evaM bhAvuka kavi hue, jinhoMne sAhitya aura samAja kI bhArI sevA kii| "jaina samAja sthitisthApaka banakara viveka ko kho baiThA thaa|

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Adhunika hindI jaina sAhitya : pUrva-pIThikA bhaTTArakoM ke akhaNDa rAjya ko vaha cUpacApa AMkhe mUMda kara mAna rahA thaa| usakA vicAra-svAtaMtrya apahRta ho cukA thaa| usakI AtmA 'gurur3ama' ke bojha se dabI huI tilamilA rahI thii| aise samaya meM pUjyavara paM. ToDaramala jI ne krAnti kI Aga sulagAI, jisameM 'gurur3ama' kA khokhalA piMjara naSTa ho gyaa| + + +isa sAmAjika sthiti kA prabhAva sAhitya para bhI huA aura aisI racanAeM prakAra meM AI jo naye sudhAra kI poSaka thIM, yadyapi bhaktivAda kI lahara se ve achUtI na raha skiiN|"' paM. nAthUrAma jI ne abhimata diyA hai ki-paM0 ToDaramala jI isa zatAbdI ke sabase bar3e sudhAraka, tattvavettA aura prasiddha lekhaka the| unhoMne apanI racanAoM se tatvajJAna ke banda pravAha ko asAmAnya rUpa se pravAhita kiyaa| 15-16 sAla kI choTI-sI umra meM hI grantha racane lage the| ApakA sabase prasiddha grantha 'gommaTasAra vacanikA' hai, jo nemicandra svAmI kRta prAkRta grantha 'gommaTasAra' kI vacanikA-bhASA TIkA hai| zrIyut paM. parameSThidAsa jI vyAsatIrtha ne likhA hai ki 'zrImAn paMDita pravara ToDaramala jI 19vIM zatAbdI ke una pratibhAzAlI vidvAnoM meM se the, jina para jaina-samAja hI nahIM, sArA bhAratIya samAja gaurava kA anubhava kara sakatA hai| unakI AdhyAtmika vANI dekhie maMgalamaya maMgalakaraNa, vitarAga, vijnyaan| mamahuM tAhi jAte bhaye arahaMtAdi mhaan|| meM Atama ara pudagala skaMdha, milikeM bhayo paraspara vNdh| so asamAna jAti paryAya, upajo mAnuSa nAma khaay|| jayacanda jI ko premI jI isa zatAbdI ke lekhakoM meM dUsare nambara para biThAte haiN| unhoMne bhI bahuta-se mahatvapUrNa saMskRta-prAkRta ke granthoM kA padyAnuvAda kiyA aura svataMtra racanAeM bhI kI haiN| nyAya viSayaka kaThina granthoM kA bhI unhoMne anuvAda kiyA, jisameM pramukha haiM-sarvArthasiddhi, parIkSA-mukha, dravya-saMgraha, jJAnArNava, bhaktAmara-caritra, Adi aneka haiN| sabakA ullekha yahAM saMbhava nahIM hai| inake alAvA unake race hue pada aura vinatiyA~ bhI haiN| jayacanda jI kI gadya zailI bhI bahuta acchI thii| unake kaI grantha prakAzita ho cuke haiN| kavi vRndAvana jI ko bhI premI jI ne isa kAla ke sarvazreSTha kavi ke rUpa meM mahatva diyA hai| kavivara ne 'chandazataka' kI racanA apane putra ke lie 1. AcArya kAmatAprasAda jaina : hindI jaina sAhitya kA saMkSipta itihAsa, pR. 184, 185. 2. paM. nAthUrAma premI-hindI jaina sAhitya kA saMkSipta itihAsa, pR. 72. 3 paM. parameSThidAsa vyAsatIrtha : 'rahasyapUrNa ciTThI' kI bhUmikA, pR. 9, 10.

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70 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya kI thii| tulasI rAmAyaNa kI taraha jaina rAmAyaNa kI racanA karane kI kavi jI ko atyanta cAha thI, lekina apanI icchA pUrNa hone kI saMbhAvanA na rahane se aMtima sAMsa lete vakta putra ko sauMpane se suyogya putra ne prAraMbha kiyA, lekina 71 sarga taka Ate-Ate ve bhI kAlakalita ho jAne se yaha grantha apUrNa evaM aprakAzita rhaa| unakI 'saMkaTamocana' kavitA jaina samAja meM atyanta prasiddha hai, jisameM bhaktivAda kA pUrA citraNa hai| premI jI likhate haiM-"vRMdAvana jI svAbhAvika kavi the| unheM jo kavitva zakti prApta huI thI, unameM jo kavi-pratibhA thI, usakA upArjana pustakoM athavA kisI ke upadeza dvArA nahIM huA thA, kintu vaha pUrvajanma ke saMskAra se prApta huI thii| unakI kavitA meM svAbhAvikatA aura saralatA bahuta hai| zRMgAra rasa kI kavitA karane kI ora unakI kabhI pravRtti nahIM huii| jisa rasa ke pAna karane se jarAmaraNa rUpa du:kha adhika nahIM satAte haiM aura jisase saMsAra prAyaH vimukha ho rahA hai, usa adhyAtma tathA bhakti rasa ke maMthana karane meM hI kavivara kI lekhanI DUbI rhii|" unhoMne prAkRta grantha kA 'pravacanasAraTIkA' nAma se padyAnuvAda kiyA hai, jo unakA pramukha grantha hai| isake alAvA 'caubIsa-jina pUjA pATha' bhI unakI pramukha racanA hai, jo kaI bAra prakAzita ho cukI hai| isameM aneka vidha alaMkAroM kI bharamAra hai| isameM kalA pakSa-bhAvapakSa kI apekSA vizeSa alaMkRta hai| 'chanda zataka' vividha chandoM kA jJAna denevAlA sarala grantha hai| vRMdAvana-vilAsa' kavivara kI tamAma phuTakara racanAoM kA saMgraha hai| AdhyAtmika rasa meM DUbA huA eka udAharaNa dekhie jo apane hita cAhata hai jiya, to yaha sikha hiye avdhaaro| karmaja bhAva tajo savahiM nija, Atama ko anubhava rasa gaaro| zrI jinacaMda soM neha karoM mita, AnaMda kaMda dazA bistaaro| mUr3ha lakhe nahiM gUDha kathA yaha, gokula gAMva ko peDoM hI nyaaro|| cetana kavi ne saM0 1853 meM 'adhyAtma bArahakhar3I' nAmaka racanA racI thii| unakI kavitA acchI aura upadezapUrNa hai| kavi ne mAnava ko garvarahita hokara prabhu bhakti meM aTala vizvAsa rakhane kA upadeza diyA hai, kyoMki jo honevAlI hai, vaha to hoke hI rhegii| bhASA para rAjasthAnI zabdoM kA prabhAva avazya hai, ve kahate haiM garava na kije prANiyoM, tana dhana jovana pAMya, Akhira e thiranA rahe, thita pUre saba jaay| gAr3ha rahiye dharama meM, karama na Ave koya, anahonI honI nahIM, honI hoya so hoy||

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Adhunika hindI jaina sAhitya : pUrva-pIThikA geha chor3a vana meM gaye, sare na eko kAma, AsAtisanA nA miTI, kaise miliheM raam| gore-gore gAta para, kAhe karata gumAna, e to kala uDi jAyeMge, dhuMA dhanalara jaat| kavi kI kavitA meM vyAvAhArika upadeza bhI sunane ko milatA hai| yathA ghAta vacana nahiM bolikai, lAge doSa apAra, komalatA meM guNa bahu-sabako lAge pyaar| rAjasthAna kA itihAsa likhane meM karnala Tor3a ko bahuta sahAyatA karane vAle yati jJAnacandra jI svayaM bhI rAjasthAna ke itihAsa ke jJAtA evaM saMgrahakartA the| unakI racI huI phuTakara kavitAeM prApta hotI haiN| mizrabandhuoM ne inakA padya-racanAkAla saM0 1840 meM mAnA hai| kavi budhajana jI bhI isI zatAbdI ke eka mahatvapUrNa kavi haiN| unhoMne cAra padya-granthoM kI racanA kI thIM-tatvArtha-bodha, budhajana satasaI, paMcAstikAya aura budhjnvilaas| inameM se budhajana satasaI kA vizeSa pracAra rahA hai| unakI bhASA para mAravAr3Ipana kA prabhAva dikhatA hai| kavi ne budhajana-nIti meM aneka subhASitoM kI racanA kI hai, jinameM hArdikatA evaM saralatA prakaTa hue binA nahIM rhtii| kavi kahate haiM para upadeza karana nipuna te to lakhe anek| kare samika bole samika je hajAra meM ek|| duSTa milata hI sAdhujana, nahIM duSTa heveM jaay| candana taru ko sarpa lagi, viSa nahIM detA bnaay|| zrI mANikacandra jI ke matAnusAra inakI tulanA vRMda, rahIma, tulasIdAsa aura kabIra ke dohoM se pUrNatayA kI jA sakatI hai| sAdhucandravijaya ke kucha padoM kA saMgraha prApta hotA hai| kavi jinadAsa kA racA huA 'suguru-zataka' hai jisameM kavi kahate haiM namUM sAdhu nirgrandha guru, parama dharama hita den| sugati karana bhavi janana kU, AnaMda rUpa suven|| kavi haricanda jI kI saM. 1836 meM likhI huI 'paMcakalyANa mahotsava' nAmaka racanA prApta hotI hai-eka udAharaNa draSTavya hai jina dharma prabhAvana, bhava-bhava pAvana, jaNa haricaMda cAhata, tIna-tIna vasu candra ye saMvatsara ke aMka, zreSTha sukala saptami subhaga, pUrata par3o nisNk|

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12 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya kavi jhunakalAla jI kI 'neminAtha jI ke kavitta' nAmaka racanA isa samaya prApta hotI hai, jisakI bhASA evaM bhAva pakSa kAphI acchA hai| isI prakAra dUsarI racanA unhoMne atisukharAya jI nAmaka dharmAtmA ke kahane se saM0 1844 meM 'pArzvanAthajI ke kavitta' nAma se rcii| kavi bhaktipUrvaka kahate haiM mitra sumati suSane kahI, suniye jhunakalAla, zrI jina pArasanAtha kI, varana karo guNamAla, mokSa hetu ke kAre na kiyo pATha suvicAra ve bhavijana saradhA kare, te sivapura ke baar| isa prakAra 'neminAtha jI ke kavitta' meM bhI kavi kA bhaktipUrNa dRSTibindu spaSTataH jhalakatA hai-kavi ne sAMsArika sambaMdhoM kI madhuratA kA kaisA sundara citraNa naiminAtha jI evaM unakI bhojAiyoM ke varNana meM kiyA hai neminAtha ko hAtha pakarike khar3I bhaI bhAvaja sArI, or3he cIra tIrasaravara keM tahAM khar3I hai jadunArI, bahuta vinaya dhari hAtha jori kari madhura svara gAveM naari|| kahIM-kahIM to kavi kI racanA meM atyanta hI mAdhurya evaM sarasatA dekhane ko mila jAtI hai "rUpa ke raMga mAno gaMga kI taraMga sama indu duti aMga aise jala suhAta hai| sasi kI kiraNI kiyoM meha taTa jharani kiyo canda kI bharti kiyoM megha barasAta haiN| hIrA sama seta ravi-chavi hari lete kidhoM muktA duti doSa mana sarasAta hai| siva tiya apane pati ko siMgAra deSi rakatu kaTAcha aise camara phaharAta hai| saM0 1817 meM likhI gaI kavi kesodAsa jI kI 'hiMDolA' nAmaka racanA bhI isI samaya milatI hai sahaja hiMDolanA jhUlata cetnraaj| jahAM dharma karma saMjoga upajata, rasa subhAu vibhaau|| jahAM sumana rUpa anUpa maMdira, suruci bhUmi surNg| tahAM gAna varasana baMdha avicala charana Ar3a amNg|| kavi indrajIta kA racA huA 'zrI muni sumata purAna' dillI ke nayA maMdira ke graMthAgAra meM milatA hai, jisako kavi ne mainapurI meM saM0 1845 meM likhA thaa|

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Adhunika hindI jaina sAhitya : pUrva-pIThikA 73 kavi nirmala kI racI huI 'paMcAkhyAna' nAmaka saMskRta racanA kA hindI padyAnuvAda hai| nIti kA yaha sarva-sAdhAraNa ke lie upayogI sundara grantha hai prathama jayUM arihaMta, aMga dvAdaza ju bhAva ghara, gaNadhara guru saMta, namo prati gaNadhara nirntr| kavi dharmapAla ne saM0 1817 meM 'zrutapaMcamIrAsa' aura 'AdinAtha sAvana' ko racA thaa| pANDe lAla jI ne saM0 1817 meM 'varAMga-caritra' kI racanA kI thii| striyoM ke citraNa meM kavi likhate haiM 'rUpa kI nidhAna guni pAnI vara nAhiM jahAM, caMcala kuraMga sama lonA karati hai| unnata camera kUja juga meM umaMga bharI, sundara havA haroM hAra paharAti hai| lAja ke samAja bacI vighane sadAri racI, zIla mAra liye aise somA sarasAtI hai| tArA graha naSata mAlA vesa dhare mAno, meru giri zikhira kI hAMsI ne karatI hai|' nArI ke saundarya kA citraNa hai, phira bhI kahIM azlIlatA nahIM hai| kavi ne nArI saundarya kA saumya sundara varNana kiyA hai| usI prakAra munijana kI pavitratA ko bhI kavi yahAM citrita karate haiM 'zrI munivara bihiM desa viSe ati zobhA dhaart| tapa kara chIna zarIra zuddha nija rUpa vicaart|| bhava-bhava meM aba mAra kiye je saMcA jaga meN| dekhata hI te dUri karata bhavijana ke chana meN| pratibhA zakti ke dvArA kavi deza aura vyakti kA sundara caritra-citraNa kara sakate haiN| premI jI ne inake race hue granthoM meM 'SaTkarmopadeza ratnamAlA', varAMgacarita, vimalanAtha-purANa, zikhara vilAsa, samyaktva kaumudI, Agamazataka aura aneka chandobaddha pUjAgrantha batAye haiN| vijayakIrti bhaTTAraka ne saM0 1827 meM ' zreNikacarita' aura saM0 1821 meM 'mahAdaNDaka' nAmaka siddhAnta grantha race the| bakhatarAma zAha jayapuravAsI ne svayaM do grantha-'mithyAtvakhaNDana' aura 'buddhivilAsa' race aura unake putra jIvanarAma ne prabhu-bhakti ke kucha pada race aura dUsare putra sevArAma jI ne saM0 1858 aura 1862 ke bIca meM 'zAMtinAtha caritra' nAmaka grantha racA thaa|

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74 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya kavi dIpacanda jI ne gadya aura padya donoM meM aneka granthoM kI racanA kI hai| 'jJAnadarpaNa' aura 'anubhava-prakAza' chapa cuke haiN| - mayUra mizra ne saM0 1871 meM 'puruSArtha siddhopAya' kI bhASA TIkA racI thI aura 'carcA samAdhAna' bhI unakI racanA hai| dIvAna campArAma jI ne 'jaina caityastavagrantha' kI racanA kI thI, jisameM unhoMne mUrti-pUjA ke poSaNa kA tAttvika DhaMga se nirUpaNa kiyA hai| isa grantha se usa samaya kI dhArmika paristhiti kA khyAla AtA hai| kavi ne jina pratibhA meM kisa prakAra dRr3ha vizvAsa rakhanA cAhie evaM jinakI apekSA jina mUrti kyoM adhika mahatvapUrNa hai yaha batAte hue likhA hai zrI jina kare vihAra nIti, bhava-jala tAraNa heta, pIche bhavika janana kuM, viraha mahAduHkha det| zrI jina bimba prabhAvajuta, baseM jinAlaya nitta, viraha rahita sevaka sadA, sevA kareM sucit|| kavi manaraMgalAla jI ne gopAladAsa nAmaka dharmAtmA ke kahane se 'caubIsa tIrthaMkara kA pATha' saM. 1857 meM racA thaa| inakI kavitA rocaka evaM bhAvapUrNa hai| inakI anya racanAeM 'nemicandrikA', 'saptavyasanacaritra' aura 'saptarSipUjA' hai| unhoMne hI saM0 1889 meM 'zikharasammedAcala mAhAtmya' nAmaka eka anya grantha bhI racA hai| vRndAvana kI 'caubIsI pATha' kRti kI taraha 'manaraMga caubIsI pATha' kI bhI kAphI khyAti huI thii| donoM hI kaI bAra chapa cukI haiN| bhAva-sauSThava jo manaraMga ke pATha meM hai, vaha zabdAlaMkAra kI chaTA meM vRnda ke pATha meM chipa gayA hai|" kavi kI bhAvapUrNa vinatI dekhieyuvA vaya bhaI kAma kI cAha bAr3I, viyogI bhaye soga kI rIti kaahii| na dekheM tumheM hI bhale citta merI, prabhu meTiye dInatA merii|| jarA-roga meM ghera ke mohi kinhoM, mahArAja rogI bhalo dAva linho| jhaDyA jo pako pAna kAlani lerI, prabhu meTiye dInatA merii|| kavi atyanta zraddhA bhakti se prabhu-prasAda tathA bhakti kA rUpa batalAte hue kahate haiM bhalo yA buro jo kucha ho tihAro, jagannAtha ye sAtha mo pe tihaaro| binA sAtha tere na eko banevA, namo jaba hameM dIjie paad-sevaa|| kavi kamalanayana jI ne sammatazikharajI kI yAtrA svayaM karake isakA 1. A. kAmatAprasAda jaina : hindI jaina sAhitya kA saMkSipta itihAsa, pR. 212.

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Adhunika hindI jaina sAhitya : pUrva-pIThikA 75 itanA sajIva varNana kiyA hai ki kavi kI varNana-zakti kA isase patA calatA hai| ve adhyAtma-rasa ke rasika the, yaha bAta unakI kavitA se spaSTa rUpa se jhalakatI hai| yathA jahAM rIti-prIti saMga sumatinAri, ziva ramaNI ko kiyo vicaar| jina caraNa kamala citta baso mora, kaheM 'kamalanaya' rati-sAdhu bhor|| isake atirikta kavi ne 'jinadatta caritra' kA padyAnuvAda evaM 'sahastranAmapATha', paMcakalyANapATha' aura 'varAMga caritra' Adi grantha likhe haiN| unakI kavitA madhura, sarala eva lokopakArI hone se saphala kavi mAne jAte haiN| ___ amRtavijaya guru ke yogya ziSya raMga vijaya jI ne bahuta se AdhyAtmika aura vinati ke pada race haiN| unakI racanA sarala aura rasapUrNa hai| vaiSNava kaviyoM ne jaise rAdhA aura kRSNa ko lakSya karake bhakti aura zrRMgAra kI racanA kI hai, vaise hI unhoMne bhI rAjImatI aura neminAtha ke viSaya meM bahuta se zRMgAra bhAva ke pada likhe haiN| nathamala vilAlA ne saM0 1824 se 1835 ke bIca meM 'siddhAntasAradIpaka' jinaguNavilAsa, nAgakumAra caritra, jIvaMdhara caritra aura jambusvAmI caritra grantha padya meM race the| inakI kavitA sAdhAraNa hai| sevArAma rAjapUta ke race hue 'hanumancaritra' zAMtinAthapurANa, aura bhaviSya datta caritra hai| mArAmalla jI ne 'cArudatta caritra, saptavyasanacaritra, dAnakathA, zIlakathA, darzana kathA, rAtribhojana kathA Adi grantha likhe haiN| ina granthoM kA padya sAdhAraNa hai lekina kathA kAvya hone se atyanta lokapriya hue haiN| ___ kavi nayanasukhadAsa jI eka prasiddha kavi the| unakI racI huI kavitA bar3I rocaka aura bhAvapUrNa hai| unakI vANI meM adhyAtma kI bhakti-saritA bahatI rahatI hai| kavi prabhu-mUrati ke viSaya meM kahate haiM e jina mUrati pyArI rAgadveSa bina, pANi laSi zAnta rasa kii| tribhuvana muni pAya surapatihUM, rASata cAha darasa kii|| kauna kathA jagavAsI jana kI munivara, niraSi haraSi caSi mukha kii| antarabhAva vicAra dhAri ura, ugamana sarita surasa kii|| mahimA adbhuta Ana gunana kI, darasata te samyaka nija bskii| nayana vilokata raheta nirantara, bAni bigAri asala kii| kavi manuSya ko batAte hue nirantara prabhu dhyAna meM citta lagAne ko kahate rahate haiN| 1. paM. nAthUrAma premI jI-hindI jaina sAhitya kA saMkSipta itihAsa, pR0 78-79.

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76 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya uparyukta pramukha-pramukha kaviyoM ke atirikta isI zatAbdI meM aneka choTe-moTe kaviyoM kI sUcI paM. nAthUrAma jI ne apane itihAsa meM dI hai tathA unakI kRtiyoM ke sambaMdha meM bhI ullekha kiyA hai, lekina vistArabhaya ke kAraNa hamAre lie sabakA ullekha karanA saMbhava nahIM hai| aba isa kAla meM gadya kI sthiti ke viSaya meM saMkSepa meM dekhane kI koziza kreNge| gadya-sAhitya : isa kAla meM gadya-sAhitya kA vikAsa utsAha varddhaka rhaa| gadya kI bhASA bhI dina-pratidina nikharatI jA rahI thii| kAphI mAtrA meM gadya kI kAvyaparaka vacanikA evaM nyAya, vaidyaka, jyotiSa ke grantha gadya meM race gye| bhASA apekSA kRta muhAvaredAra evaM pariSkRta hotI dikhAI detI hai| madhyakAla meM bhI vaise namUne dekhe jAte haiM lekina isa yuga jaisA zuddha va vikasita svarUpa nahIM thA, jo bahuta svAbhAvika bhI hai| kyoMki gadya kA vikAsa bahuta maMdagati se huA hai| Adhunika kAla meM Akara hI gadya ne apanA mahatva siddha kiyA aura utkRSTa rUpa dhAraNa kiyaa| isa kAla ke gadya ke kucha udAharaNa dekhe jAyeM to anucita nahIM hogA___1. 'samyak dRSTi kahAso suno-saMzaya vimoha vibhrama e tIna bhAva jAme nA ho so samyag dRsstti| saMzaya vimoha vibhrama kahA tAko svarUpa dRSTAnta kari dikhAyatu hai so suno|' kavivara bnaarsiidaas| 2. 'sUrya ke prakAza ke binA aMdha puruSa saMkIrNa mArga virSe SaDe meM pre| arU sUrya ke udaya kari prakaTa bhayA mArga vistIrNa tA virSe divya netrAni kA dhAraka kAhe ko khADe meM pre|'-jgdiish kRta hitopadeza bhASA vcnikaa| 3. paramAtmA rAjA kU pyArI-'sukha denI parama rANI indriya vilaaskrnniiN| apanI jAni Apa rAjA hUM yA so durAvana kreu| paramAtmA purANa-dIpacanda kRta__uparyukta uddharaNoM se dekhA jAtA hai ki bhASA kA pravAha khar3I bolI kI aura kitanA adhika bahatA hai tathA gadya ko susaMskRta rUpa ke DhAlane kA prayatna bhI kiyA gayA hai| isa kAla meM bhASA-vacanikA evaM TIkA granthoM kI racanA prAyaH gadya meM hone se gadya-sAhitya kA pramANa acchA kahA jaayegaa| upasaMhAra : isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki cAlu Adhunika kAla taka pahuMcate-pahuMcate hindI jaina sAhitya ko aneka mor3a lene par3e haiN| ina mor3oM meM AdikAla, madhyakAla evaM parivartana kAla meM pramukha kaviyoM kI kRtiyoM evaM pravRttiyoM kA

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11 Adhunika hindI jaina sAhitya : pUrva-pIThikA yatkicit paricaya maiMne pRthak pustikA meM diyA hai| AdikAla meM abhI bhASA para prAkRta evaM apabhraMza kA prabhAva vizeSa lakSita hotA hai tathA caritra-grantha evaM rAso-granthoM kA praNayana bhI vizeSa huaa| muktakoM kI racanA vizeSa nahIM huii| yuga-pravRtti ke prabhAva ko grahaNa kA rAso granthoM meM zRMgAra va vIra rasa ko apanAne kI ceSTA pAI jAtI hai, phira bhI dhArmika sAhitya hone se zAnta rasa kI pradhAnatA rhii| madhyakAla meM jaina sAhitya kI bhASA para apabhraMza kA prabhAva kramazaH kama hokara dezI bhASA kI ora vizeSa jhukI huI aura bAda meM to dezI bhASA meM bhI khar3I bolI ke zabdoM kA kahIM-kahIM atyanta prabhAva pAyA jAtA hai| prabandha kAvyoM kI apekSA muktaka svarUpa kA adhika vistAra rhaa| kaviyoM para bhakti evaM adhyAtma kA prabhAva vizeSa hone se AdhyAtmika evaM bhaktiparaka pada, vinati kI racanAeM vizeSa prApta hotI hai| gadya kA prAraMbhika rUpa bhI isa kAla meM prApta hotA hai| bar3e-bar3e bhakta evaM AcArya isa kAla meM pAye gaye tathA bhakti rasa ke utkRSTa saMgItAtmaka, hRdayAkarSaka, bhAvaparaka pada isa kAla kI amUlya nidhi kahIM jAyegI, jo samasta jaina bhakti sAhitya ke lie gaurava kI cIja hai| saMskRta-prAkRta ke granthoM ke bhAvAnuvAda kI ora dhyAna dene kI apekSA apanI hI bhakti bhAvanA evaM mastI meM DUbakara kavi-bhaktajana racanA karane meM pravRtta the, lekina sAtha-sAtha jana-kalyANa kI ora se inakA citta haTA nahIM hai| sAmAnya janatA vizeSataH jaina samAja ko naz2ara bindu meM rakhakara ve prAyaH kAvya racanA karate the tAki janatA ko AnaMda evaM jJAna donoM sAtha-sAtha prApta ho ske| isa kAla meM bhI zRMgAra yA anya rasoM kI apekSA zAnta rasa ko hI mahatva diyA gyaa| vinati, karuNA ke padoM meM karuNa rasa na hokara bhakti yA vairAgya ke bhAva avazya lakSita hote haiN| caritra-granthoM kI ora isa kAla ke kaviyoM kA dhyAna vizeSa AkRSTa nahIM huaa| hAM, yazovijaya jI jaise prasiddha AcArya ne dArzanika granthoM kI racanA avazya kI hai| parivartana kAla meM Ate-Ate bhASA ne apanA rUpa kAphI parivartita kara diyaa| aba khar3I bolI kA rUpa spaSTa lakSita hotA hai, bhASA meM se dezIpana bhI gAyaba hone lgaa| viSayoM meM vizeSa parivartana nahIM huaa| vahI dhArmika kathA grantha, vyasana tyAga, dAnazIla kA aura tIrthaMkaroM ke svarUpa kA varNana inhIM racanAoM meM prApta hotA hai| eka bAta vizeSa rUpa se dhyAna khIMcatI hai ki isa kAla meM janatA kI vRtti adhyAtma kI ora pravRtta hone se dArzanika granthoM kI AvazyakatA pUrti hetu saMskRta va prAkRta ke granthoM kA bhAvAnuvAda vizeSa honA thaa| ve prAyaH padya meM hI anuvAdita hue| thor3e bahutoM kI vacanikA yA TIkA gadya meM avazya huI hai| gadya kA vikAsa isa dRSTikoNa se isa kAla meM vizeSa huaa| ataH bhASA ke rUpa ne aura gadya ke vikAsa ne

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78 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya Adhunika yuga kA dvAra khola diyA, jisake sAtha rAjakIya, dhArmika evaM sAmAjika paristhitiyoM ke parivartana ne sahayoga diyaa| isa kAla meM muktaka evaM prabaMdha donoM rUpoM ko apanAyA gyaa| kyoMki bhakti kA jo gatizIla pravAha madhyakAla meM bahatA thA, vaha isa kAla meM maMda avazya huA lekina pUrNataH banda nahIM hone se bhakti paraka racanAeM muktaka zailI meM hI likhI gii| isa prakAra prAcIna kAla meM bhaktoM, kaviyoM evaM AcAryoM kI utkRSTa racanAoM kA triveNIsaMgama huA thaa| prAcIna jaina sAhitya para hama dekha sakate haiM ki pUrva aura uttara madhyakAla kI dhArmika va rAjakIya paristhiti ne apanA prabhAva kAphI DAlA hai| jaina sAhityakAroM kA pramukha uddezya yA dRSTikoNa dhArmika hI thaa| prasiddha jaina itihAsakAra DaoN. gulAbacanda caudharI ke matAnusAra-'jaina dharma ke AcAroM evaM vicAroM ko ramaNIya paddhati aura rocaka zailI meM prastuta kara dhArmika cetanA aura bhakti bhAva ko jAgRta karanA unakA mukhya uddezya thaa| jaina kaviyoM ne jaina kAvyoM kI racanA eka ora svAntaH sukhAya kI hai to dUsarI ora komala mati janasamUha taka jaina dharma ke upadezoM ko pahuMcAne ke lie kI hai| inake lie unhoMne dharmakathAnuyoga yA prathamAnuyoga kA sahArA liyA hai| isa hetu kI pUrti ke lie kathApradhAna aura caritra pradhAna sAhitya se bar3hakara anya koI prabhAvotpAdaka sAdhana janasamUha taka pahuMcane ke lie nahIM hai| isI kAraNa jaina sahitya kI bhASA adhika sarala va lokapriya bhASA ke nikaTa kI dekhI jA sakatI hai, kyoMki inakI racanAeM prAyaH vidvat varga ke lie na hokara sAmAnya janatA ke hetu hotI thii| isIlie dhArmika bhAvanA kA pradarzana jagaha-jagaha para isa prakAra ke kathA-sAhitya dvArA sUcaka rUpa se hotA hI rahatA hai| ina prAcIna va madhyakAlIna sAhityakAroM ne dhArmika bhAvanA ko phailAne ke lie jisa sAhitya kI racanA kI, isameM unhoMne jaina siddhAntoM yA sAdhu-muniyoM ke niyama-upaniyama yA sUkSma tatvoM kI carcA na karake sAmAnya jana-samAja ke lie sarala aura mukhya tatvoM ko hI kathA aura caritroM ke dvArA rocaka zailI meM vyakta kiyA hai| unhoMne jJAna, darzana aura caritra ke sAmAnya vivecana ke sAtha ahiMsA satya, asteya, brahmacarya aura aparigraha jaise sArvajanika vratoM, dAna, zIla, tapa, bhAva-pUjA, svAdhyAyAdi AcaraNIya dharmoM ko hI sarala bhASA meM pratipAdita kiyA hai| apane zodha-viSaya ke sAtha bhI yahI bAta dekhane kI yuktisaMgata pratIta hogI ki Adhunika hindI sAhitya meM gUDha dhArmika siddhAntoM kA pratipAdana nahIM, parantu sArvajanika, sarala 1. DA. gulAbacanda caudharI : jaina sAhitya kA bRhata itihAsa-chaThA bhAga, pR0 15.

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Adhunika hindI jaina sAhitya : pUrva-pIThikA aura AcaraNIya tatvoM kA pratipAdana sAhityakAroM dvArA huA hai yA nhiiN| dekhane kI koziza kI jAyegI ki Adhunika jaina sAhitya kI preraNAsvarUpa isa loka-dharma kI mUla bhAvanA aura sarala tatvoM kI sAmAnya sUjha-bUjha kI ora nirdeza ho pAyA hai yA nhiiN| sabhI meM paurANikatA evaM kathAnaka kI rasAtmakatA vizeSa hai aura kAvyatva km| lekina pramukhataH nIti aura vizvopakAra kI bhAvanA ina sabake bhItara antarnihita hai| ina sabakA dhyeya yahI hai ki manuSyoM ko mana aura iMdriyoM kI gulAmI se mukta kara atIndriya AnaMda kI AdhyAtmika bhUmi kI ora agrasara kreN| jaina rAsogranthoM ke racayitAoM ko jIvana ke rAga dveSa saMcAlita kriyA - vyApAroM kI sUkSma parakha hone se ve apane ghaTanA vidhAna meM kAphI saphala hue the| ataH unakI racanA lokapriya evaM dhArmika zikSA ke lie upakAraka bana paaii| 79 " nemicandra jI ke isa vaktavya - kathana ke sAtha isa adhyAya ko pUrNa kareMge ki 'sAtavIM zatI se Aja taka hindI jaina sAhitya kI dhArA mAnava jIvana kI vibhinna samasyAoM kA samAdhAna karatI huI apanI sarasatA aura saralatA ke kAraNa gRhastha jIvana ke ati nikaTa AI hai| isa dhArA kA santa kaviyoM para gaharA prabhAva par3A, jisa prakAra jaina kaviyoM ne gharelu jIvana ke dRzya lekara apane upadeza aura siddhAntoM kA jana-sAdhAraNa meM pracAra kiyA, usI prakAra santa kaviyoM ne bhI / ahiMsA siddhAnta kI abhivyakti karane vAle loka jIvana ke svAbhAvika citra jaina sAhitya meM upalabdha hai / isa sAhitya meM sundara AtmapiyUSa rasa chalachalAtA hai| dharma vizeSa kA sAhitya hote hue bhI udAratA kI kamI nahIM hai| Atma svAtaMtrya sabhI vyakti ke lie abhISTa hai| pratyeka mAnava svAvalambI bananA cAhatA hai aura cAhatA hai udghATita karanA AtmAnubhUti dvArA apane bhItara ke tirohita devAMza ko|"" itanI vikasita paramparA kI virAsata prApta Adhunika hindI jaina sAhitya apanA patha prazasta kara sakatA ho to Azcarya nahIM / 1. DA0 nemicandra zAstrI : hindI jaina sAhitya parizIlana, bhAga 1, pR0 22.

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tRtIya adhyAya Adhunika hindI jaina sAhitya : sAmAnya paricaya pichale adhyAya meM jaina sAhitya kI paramparA kA saMkSepa meM ullekha kiyA gayA hai| Adhunika kAla meM jaina sAhitya kA koI nUtana abhigama, vaicArika krAnti yA nUtana svarUpa lakSita na hokara paramparA kA vikAsa hI vyakta hotA hai| hAM, yugAnukUla bhASA kA prabhAva isa kAla kI navIna upalabdhi avazya hai| prAraMbhika kAla meM hindI jaina sAhitya ke svarUpa para prAkRta apabhraMza kA prabhAva lakSita hotA hai, tadanantara bhASA kramazaH khar3I bolI kI ora agrasara hotI gii| Adhunika kAla meM jaba hindI sAhitya kI bhASA ke rUpa meM khar3I bolI ko pUrNataH svIkRta kiyA jA cukA hai, taba svAbhAvika hai ki hindI jaina sAhitya kI bhASA kA mAdhyama bhI yugAnurUpa khar3I bolI hI hai| Adhunika kAla meM jaina sAhitya meM vicAra vastu, bhAvAnubhUti evaM zailI ke svarUpa meM vizeSa parivartana nahIM huA hai, lekina gadya kA vikAsa evaM usakI nUtana vividha vidhAeM isa kAla kI mahatvapUrNa bheMTa hai| mAnava-hRdaya kI umaMga va anubhUti gatizIla padya meM svAbhAvikatA va saralatA se abhivyakta hotI hai, jabaki mAnava mastiSka kA tarka zIla bauddhika aMza gadya kI gaMbhIra gati meM pradarzita hotA hai| Adhunika kAla vicAra-svAtaMtrya, bhautika vikAsa tathA vaijJAnika AviSkAroM ke kAraNa naye-naye AyAmoM aura dRSTi binduoM kA yuga sahaja hI kahA jaayegaa| ataH gadya kI AvazyakatA isI kAla meM honA svAbhAvika hai| hindI jaina sAhitya Adhunika kAla meM kaisA rUpa grahaNa karatA hai yA gadya ke naye rUpoM kA svarUpa kaisA hai, yaha saba dekhane se pUrva yadi 'AdhunikatA' evaM 'Adhunika-kAla' ke sandarbha meM thor3A bahuta vicAra kiyA jAye to upayukta rhegaa| AdhunikatA kA saMdarbha : 'Adhunika' zabda kAla sApekSa haiN| vaise itihAsa ke yugoM kA hara caraNa Adhunika hI hotA hai, kyoMki jo yuga calatA hai, vaha apane atIta se sadaiva bhinna yA nUtana vicAra va dRSTi bindu rakhatA hI hai| lekina yahAM hama Adhunika yA 'sAmpratika' zabda 'samakAlIna' ke bodhaka rUpa meM svIkArate haiN| AdhunikatA ko hama tIna dRSTi binduoM se grahaNa kara sakate haiM-(1) kAla ke dRSTi bindu 1. DA. bhagIratha mizra-Adhunika hindI kAvya, pR. 2.

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Adhunika hindI jaina sAhitya : sAmAnya paricaya 81 se (2) aitihAsika dRSTikoNa se (3) vaicArika dRSTi bindu se| pahalA artha samaya sApekSa mAnA jAyegA, jisake anusAra 'Adhunika' eka kAla se sambaMdhita haiM, jaisA ki zabdArtha spaSTa sUcita hai| AdhunikatA kA sambandha vartamAna se hai aura cU~ki vartamAna kI dhAraNA samaya-sApekSa hotI hai, ataH AdhunikatA kA yaha rUpa pratyeka yuga meM parivartita hotA rahatA hai| yahAM 'Adhunika' atIta se bhinna yA 'naye' ke artha kA vAcaka hotA hai| itihAsa ke dRSTikoNa se 19 vIM zatAbdI kA prAraMbha kevala hindI sAhitya meM hI nahIM, varan bhAratIya itihAsa evaM jana-jIvana ke lie Adhunika bodhaka mAnA jAtA hai| IsvI san 1857 kI asaphala krAMti ke pazcAt bhArata meM Adhunika vicAra dhArA evaM nUtana cetanA kA pravAha sarvatra vyApta dikhAI par3atA hai| isake lie hama pAzcAtya sabhyatA, saMskRti, rIti-nIti tathA zAsana paddhati ko bhI mahad aMza meM zreya de sakate haiN| (3) vicAra paraka dRSTi bindu se AdhunikatA eka aisA viziSTa yuga hai, jo madhyayugIna vicAra-paddhati se sarvathA bhinna eka naye jIvana darzana kA vAcaka hai| vastutaH AdhunikatA kI dhAraNA kA mUlAdhAra aitihAsika cetanA hI hai| isake sAtha hI viveka yukta vaijJAnika dRSTikoNa bhI sahAyaka tatva hai| samAja jaba apane dezakAla, yuga sabhyatA-saMskRti evaM itihAsa ke prati prabuddha hotA hai, taba sAmAjika, dhArmika tathA rASTrIya cetanA ke udbhava va vikAsa ke sAtha sAhitya meM bhI usakI abhivyakti honA sahaja saMbhAvya haiN| prasiddha hindI Alocaka aura nibaMdhakAra DA0 nagendra 'AdhunikatA' para apane vicAra vyakta karate hue likhate haiM ki-'AdhunikatA' meM paramparA kA virodha nahIM hotA, lekina usako sthira mAnakara AdhunikatA nahIM cltii| Adhunika dRSTi paramparA ko pravAha ke rUpa meM svIkAra karatI hai, jo nirantara agrasara rahatA hai aura jisameM parivartana anivArya hai, jIrNa purAtana kA tyAga, saMzodhana tathA punarmUlyAMkana kI paddhati se nava-nava-rUpoM ke vikAsa kI AkAMkSA, vaicitrya aura navInatA ke prati AkarSaNa AdhunikatA ke sahaja aMga hai| ataH rUr3hiyoM ke viruddha vidroha aura navajIvana ke vikAsa ke lie prayoga ke prati Agraha yahAM anivArya hai| kintu Aja ke sImita sandarbha meM 'Adhunika' kA eka saMkucita artha 'sama-sAmayaki' bhI ubhara kara sAmane AyA hai| isa sandarbha meM AdhunikatA kA artha hai vartamAna kA yuga bodha, jahAM dRSTi vartamAna para hI kendrita rahatI hai| Aja kI sthiti kA yathArtha parijJAna AdhunikatA kA AdhAra hai| ++++ AdhunikatA vidhi mAtra hai| vidhi rUpa meM usakA prabhAva akSuNNa hai, para vidhi se adhika usakA mahatva nahIM hai| aise hI 1. DA. nagendra jI : nayI samIkSA, naye saMdarbha, pR. 62.

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Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya AdhunikatA kA kAla sApekSa svIkArate hue dinakara jI apanI vicAradhArA vyakta karate hue likhate haiM-'AdhunikatA koI zAzvata mUlya nahIM hai| vaha to samaya sApekSa dharma hai| svataMtratA ke bAda AdhunikatA ke sandarbha meM yaha prazna atyanta prakhara ho uThA hai ki AdhunikatA kyA cIja hai, kahAM se aura kaise prApta huI hai aura kaisI +++ AdhunikatA kA lakSya hai ki satya kI khoja meM vaha eka mAtra pramANa buddhi ko mAnatI hai, aura andhavizvAsa athavA kacce vizvAsa ke sAtha vaha kabhI samajhautA nahIM krtii| zraddhA kA prabhutva aura usakA hastakSepa, AdhunikatA ko donoM agrAhya hai| uparyukta vicAradhArA se yaha spaSTataH phalita hotA hai ki AdhunikatA rUDhibaddhatA tathA prAcInatA ko asvIkAra kara naye vicAra, naye AyAma, abhigama evaM nayI dizAoM ko grahaNa kara manuSya ko gatizIla banAne ke lie prerita karatI hai| naye yuga ke prAraMbha meM sAtha hI naye vicAra va pravRttiyoM kA sUtrapAta prAraMbha hotA hai, naye-naye vAtAyana kI khoja jIvana ke pratyeka kSetra meM hama utsAha ke sAtha karane lagate hai| samUce rASTra ke jIvana meM cetanA paidA kara rUr3ha vicAradhArA va saMkIrNa jIvana-paddhati ko mukta karane meM AdhunikatA kA prabhAva spaSTa phalita hotA hai| phalata: manuSya ke jIvana paraka dRSTikoNa meM bhI AmUla parivartana A jAnA sahaja hai aura vaha sAhitya meM bhI pratibiMbita hue binA nahIM rhtaa| hamane dekhA ki vaise pratyeka yuga apane atIta se Adhunika rahatA hai lekina jisa artha meM hama use svIkArate haiM vaha 'Adhunika' zabda prayoga vizeSakara isI yuga kI dena hai| ata: yaha AdhunikatA rASTra va sAhitya meM kaba se aura kisa rUpa meM vyakta hotI hai isa para saMkSipta vicAra karanA asamIcIna nahIM rhegaa| bhAratIya itihAsa meM auraMgajeba kI mRtyu ke pazcAt mugala saltanata jaba apane vinAza kI ora jA rahI thI, taba aMgrejoM ke bhArata meM vyApArI banakara Ane ke sAtha AdhunikatA kA unmeSa dikhAI dene lagatA hai, kyoMki Tenisana ke zabdoM meM 'purAnI vyavasthA badala kara apanA sthAna naI vyavasthA ko de detI hai, yahI AdhunikatA kA sUtrapAta hai|' aura paramparA ke mutAbika prAcIna paripATI kA paTa-parivartana hokara naI zAsana vyavasthA bhArata ke rAjakIya raMgamaca para apanA sthAna grahaNa karatI hai| auraMgajeba ke zAsana taka eka kendrIya sUtra meM baMdhA bhArata usakI mRtyu ke pazcAt kendrIya sUtra se zithila hI nahIM, varan vicchinna bhI ho gayA aura deza meM arAjakatA kI sthiti phaila gii| 'isa parivartana ke sAtha 1. dinakara jI : sAhityamukhI-zIrSakayukta cintana-adhyAya, pR. 32.

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Adhunika hindI jaina sAhitya : sAmAnya paricaya videzI vyApAriyoM ke rAjanItika raMga maMca para dhIre-dhIre praveza ko Adhunika yuga kI nepathya sUcanA kahanA caahie|" aMgrejoM ne saMpUrNa bhArata para usake hI dhana-bala-dala se kUTanIti ke dvArA ekAdhikAra prApta kara liyaa| zAsana paddhati ko sarala-sugama banAne ke lie aMgrejI par3hA-likhA madhyama varga taiyAra kiyA, jo aMgrejI sabhyatA se prabhAvita banA rhaa| samparka kI suvidhA ke lie rela, tAra, chApAkhAnA Adi vaijJAnika AviSkAroM kA prAraMbha kara diyaa| apanI suvidhA va vyavasthA ke hetu DAle gaye ye sAdhana hI bhArata meM krAnti kI jvAlA cAroM aura phailAne meM vizeSa sahAyaka hue| 'aMgrejI rAjya kI sthApanA ke phalasvarUpa bhAratIya jIvana ko bhArI kSati uThAnI par3I, isameM to koI sandeha prakaTa nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, kintu ghuNAkSara nyAya ke antargata hI sahI, usake lAbha bhI hue, yaha nirvivAda hai| Adhunika navIna zikSA aura presa, rela, tAra tathA anya vaijJAnika AviSkAroM ke phalasvarUpa bhAratIya jIvana kA caumukhI saMskAra kiyA jAne lgaa| madhyayugIna paraMparAoM ne hamAre jIvana meM jo niSprANatA, niSkriyatA, avaruddhatA aura rUr3hi custatA paidA kara dI thI, unheM samUla naSTa kara dene kA deza ne kaThina vrata dhAraNa kiyaa| paurANika dharmAMdhatA, karmakANDa tathA bAhyADambaroM kI jar3eM hila utthii| jIvana ke prati dRSTikoNa meM eka navInatA evaM tAjagI dikhAI dene lgii| aba bhArata meM paurANikatA ke sthAna para vaijJAnikatA kA, kaTTaratA aura dhArmikatA ke sthAna para mAnavocita udAratA, jIvana gata satya kA anveSaNa aura navIna mUlyoM evaM mAnadaNDoM kI sthApanA kA jaisA punIta prayAsa unnIsavIM sadI meM dRSTigocara hotA hai, vaisA pichalI kaI zatAbdiyoM taka dRSTigocara nahIM hotaa| isa prayAsa ko deza ke prAcIna gaurava kI smRti se bala prApta huA thaa| isa samaya bauddhika evaM mAnasika jAgarUkatA ko hI 'bhAratIya punarutthAna' kI saMjJA pradAna kI jAtI hai| yUropIya audyogika krAnti ke phalasvarUpa pAzcAtya dezoM ke vicAra kSetra meM jo krAnti huI thI, usakA prabhAva aitihAsika ghaTanA-cakra ke kAraNa bhAratIya jIvana para par3anA bhI svAbhAvika hai| madhyamavargIya janatA meM zikSA kA pracAra-prasAra hone ke kAraNa ye bhI naye-naye vicAroM se tathA apanI dIna-hIna sthiti se prabhAvita hokara utsAha se nayI pravRttiyoM ko apanAne lgii| isameM dhArmika-sAmAjika saMsthAoM ke sAtha 1. DA. vinayAmohana zarmA saMpAdita 'hindI sAhitya kA bRhat itihAsa' (aSTama bhAga) prathama adhyAya-bhAratendu yuga kI sAmAnya pRSThabhUmi, pR0 7. 2. draSTavya-hindI sAhitya kA bRhat itihAsa-dvitIya khaNDa-saM0 DA. lakSmIsAgara vArSNeya-pR. 232 (bhAratendu yuga upbhaag)|

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Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya patra-patrikAoM kA bhI kama yogadAna na thaa| avanati ke garta meM DUbe hue deza kA uddhAra karane kA kArya ina sabhI ne milakara susaMpanna kiyaa| rAmakRSNa Azrama, thiyosophikala sosAyaTI, brAhmosamAja, baMga samAja tathA Arya samAja Adi vibhinna sAmAjika sudhAra ke uddezya se prerita ye saMsthAeM nUtana vicAradhArAoM kA prasAra kara bhAratIya jana-jIvana meM jAgRti-cetanA kA saMcAra karane lgiiN| I0 san 1857 kI prathama svataMtratA krAnti ke bAda Adhunika kAla svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai| "vastutaH bhAratendu yuga kI pRSThabhUmi meM bhAratIyoM ne sarvaprathama paramparAgata saMkIrNatA evaM AsthApUrNa dharma-pravaNa manoniveza se mukti pAkara chinna evaM jIvanagata kaTutA kA bodha kiyA thaa| isake preraka kaI kAraNa the, jinameM dhArmika AndolanoM kA apanA viziSTa rUpa thaa| bhAratIya AdhunikatA ke pracAra kA sabase mahatvapUrNa zreya 'brahmasamAja' ko diyA jAtA hai| sAmpratika navIna cetanA evaM jAgRti ke kAraNa nUtana zikSA praNAlI kA praveza tathA IsAI dharma kA pracAra samyak rUpeNa ho cukA thaa| Adhunika vAtAvaraNa ke isa jAgRti kAla meM Arya samAja (san 1857) aura iMDiyana nezanala kAMgresa (san) 1885) ne naye yuga kI bhAvanA ko aura protsAhita kara cetanA kI lahara ke sAtha bauddhikatA evaM sahayoga kA vAtAvaraNa phailaayaa| isa rASTrIya-sAmAjika sudhAra kI pravRtti meM zrImatI enIbesanTa ne thiyosophikala sosAiTI (san 1893) ke mAdhyama se pAzcAtya darzana kA paricaya dete hue bhAratIya darzanoM kI jJAna-garimA se deza ko paricita krvaayaa| sAhityika dRSTi se 'nAgarI pracAriNI sabhA' aura 'nAgarI pracAriNI patrikA' ke prakAzana ne bhI navIna yuga kI avatAraNA meM kAphI sahayoga pradAna kiyaa| lekina nUtana sAhityika gatividhi kA prAraMbha to isake pUrva bhAratendu jI ke sAhitya praveza (san 1850 se 1885) se ho cukA thaa| gadya ke prAraMbha ne bhI Adhunika kAla ke pravartana meM apanA mahatvapUrNa viziSTa yogadAna dekara vaijJAnika krAnti kA vAhaka banane kA pUrNa zreya prApta kara liyaa| isIlie to Adhunika kAla kA paryAya-sA gadya ho cukA hai| vaise gadya kA prAraMbhika rUpa Adhunika kAla se pUrva thor3A-bahuta prApta hotA hai, jo avyavasthita tathA alpa mAtrA meM hai| aMgrejI zAsana kAla meM gadya ko bhAratendu jI evaM unake sahayogiyoM dvArA phailane va vyavasthita hone kA vistRta kSetra prApta huaa| 'aMgrejoM ke saMrakSaNa meM Adhunika khar3I bolI gadya kA janma to nahIM huA, usakA svataMtra astitva pahale hI se thA aura unnIsavIM zatAbdI meM vaha svataMtra 1. draSTavya-hindI sAhitya kA bRhat itihAsa-dvitIya khaNDa-saM0 DA. lakSmIsAgara vArSNeya-pR0 232 (prathama adhyaay)|

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Adhunika hindI jaina sAhitya : sAmAnya paricaya 85 rUpa se bar3ha bhI rahA thA, kintu aMgrejoM ke mAdhyama dvArA sthApita vibhinna saMsthAoM, zikSA-kendroM, unake zAsana kI AvazyakatAoM aura navIna sAhitya, IsAI dharma, presa, samAcAra-patra Adi pAzcAtya zaktiyoM ke phalasvarUpa pracalita navIna bhAvoM, vicAroM Adi ke dvArA khar3I bolI gadya ko protsAhana pAkara vikasita hone kA avasara prApta huaa| hindI sAhitya meM Adhunika yuga kA prAraMbha : rASTrIya va sAMskRtika jAgRti ke pariNAma svarUpa hindI sAhitya ke itihAsa meM bhI Adhunika yuga kA sUtrapAta isI samaya se hotA hai| kyoMki hindI pradeza kA saMsAra ke aneka dezoM kI saMskRtiyoM se jyoM-jyoM paricaya bar3hatA gayA, tyoM-tyoM sAhitya meM zailI, vicAra evaM bhASA kI dRSTi se bhI parivartana parilakSita hone lgaa| yaha navInatA va vizadatA unnIsavIM zatAbdI ke uttarArddha meM saMbhava huii| aMgrejI sabhyatA kI gatizIlatA tathA vicAra zakti kA prabhAva bhArata kI zithila huI saMskRti-sabhyatA para honA svAbhAvika hai| pariNAmasvarUpa hindI sAhitya bhI rUr3higrastatA evaM prAcIna vicAroM ko chor3akara gatizIla huaa| usameM nUtanatA va AdhunikatA ke bIja panapane lge| Adhunika kAla ke prAraMbha ke sandarbha meM hindI sAhitya ke itihAsakAroM meM koI matabheda yA vicAra-vaiSabhya nahIM hai, hAM, do-cAra sAla Age pIche svIkArane se koI vizeSa antara nahIM pdd'taa| bAbU bhAratendu harizcandra kA AvirbhAva kAla hindI sAhitya ke itihAsa meM 'navotthAna kAla' ke rUpa meM svIkRta kiyA jAtA hai| apanA alasAyA jIvana chor3akara bhAratIya prajA ne phira se jo gatizIlatA tathA vicAra-pravAha kA nayA rUpa apanAyA, usakA prabhAva-pratibimba hindI sAhitya ne pUre utsAha evaM cetanA ke sAtha apanAyA aura abhivyakta bhI kiyaa| AdhunikatA kA vividha rUpa hindI sAhitya meM vyakta hone lgaa| "bhAratendu yuga kI AdhunikatA kA apanA viziSTa saMdarbha hai| yaha AdhunikatA sama-sAmayika AdhunikatA se bhinna eka viziSTa prakAra ke saMkramaNakAlIna punarutthAna se sambaMdhita hai, jisake sAtha paramparA-baddhatA, navInatA ke prati Agraha, sAMskRtika bodha evaM AtmaniSThA, navIna jIvana-paddhati Adi ke mUlya avatarita hue| bhAratIyoM ne eka sAtha milakara eka zAsana taMtra se pahalI bAra eka prakAra kI pIr3A kA anubhava kiyaa|" AlocakoM aura itihAsakAroM ke matAnusAra hindI sAhitya ke Adhunika yuga ke prAraMbhika kAla ko 'bhAratendu kAla' kahanA sarvathA ucita hai, kyoMki-"isa 1. draSTavya-DA. lakSmIsAgara vArSNeya-'Adhunika hindI sAhitya' pR. 207. 2. draSTavya-DA. lakSmIsAgara vArSNeya-'Adhunika hindI sAhitya' pR. 30. 3. draSTavya-hindI sAhitya kA bRhat itihAsa-dvitIya khaNDa-bhAratendu yuga, pR. 82.

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86 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya samaya kI sAhityika gatividhi bhAratendu bAbU kI pariSkRta sAhityika suruci evaM jAgarUkatA ke phalasvarUpa kendrita hokara navIna vAtAvaraNa niyojita karane meM pratiphalita huI thii|"' bhAratendu jI ke athaka prayAsa se hI khar3I bolI gadya kA prAraMbha huA evaM upanyAsa, nATaka, nibaMdha, AlocanA, prahasanAdi kA prAraMbha kara unheM suvikasita karane kA zreya bhI unheM pradAna kiyA jAtA hai| tathaiva apane samakAlIna lekhakoM kI maNDalI banAkara unakoM bhI nirantara sAhitya-sRjana kI preraNA dete rhe| tana mana va dhana se hindI sAhitya ke gadya kSetra ko susaMpanna kara 'hindI sAhitya' ke 'Adhunika yuga ke pitA' kA virudha pUrNataH sArthaka siddha kiyA hai| vividha-patra-patrikAoM kA prakAzana kara sabhI dizAoM meM Adhunika vaicArika krAnti kA saphala prayAsa bhI bhAratendu jI ne kiyaa| jaba hindI sAhitya ke Adhunika kAla meM gadya kI vividha dizAoM ke dvAra khule taba hindI jaina sAhitya bhI kaise achUtA raha sakatA hai| vaise hamAre prAcIna saMskRta-apabhraMza sAhitya meM gadya kA prAcIna rUpa upalabdha hotA hai, lekina Adhunika sAhitya meM jisa rUpa meM usakA vikAsa huA hai, isakA zreya pAzcAtya sAhitya ko hI diyA jAtA hai| kyoMki Adhunika gadya kI rUpa-rekhA va naikaTya hamAre prAcIna sAhitya se na hokara pAzcAtya sAhitya kI vicAradhArA se vizeSa hai| Adhunika kAla meM hindI sAhitya meM jaisI gatizIlatA tathA nUtana-pravAha vyakta hotA hai, vaisA hindI jaina sAhitya meM lakSita na hotA ho to vaha svAbhAvika hai| kyoMki jaina sAhitya eka alpasaMkhyaka dharma vizeSa se Abaddha sAhitya hai, jisameM usa dharma vizeSa kI darzana praNAlI se prabhAvita vicAradhArA, tIrthaMkaroM evaM anya mahatvapUrNa caritroM ke lakSa meM rakhakara sAhitya sRjana hotA hai| tathApi alpasaMkhyaka varga kA dharma hone se darzana praNAlI tathA siddhAntoM ke prati custatA evaM pratibaddhatA vizeSa rahatI hai| ata: isI darzana evaM dharma ke mUlabhUta tatvoM ko dRSTigata kara sAhitya sRjana karate samaya sAhityakAroM ko viziSTa sImA meM Abaddha rahanA par3atA hai| vairAgya va tyAgapradhAna dharma hone se zRMgAra tathA prema kA mukta gagana upalabdha nahIM hotA hai| lekina phira bhI Adhunika hindI jaina sahitya ne mAnava-mAnava ke bIja setu rUpa sokhya, sohArda kI mAnavIya bhAvanAoM, ahiMsA pradhAna vicAradhArA, tyAga, kSamA, samatAbhAva, sahiSNutA, aparigraha tathA anekAntavAdAdi kA sundara saMdeza diyA hai, jisakA prabhAva samAja para bhI par3e binA nahIM raha sktaa| hindI jaina sAhitya meM upalabdha racanAeM bhale hI mIla kA patthara na bana pAI hoM kintu unake mahatva ko nakArA nahIM jA sakatA hai| 1. draSTavya-hindI sAhitya kA bRhat itihAsa-dvitIya khaNDa-bhAratendu yuga, pR. 79.

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Adhunika hindI jaina sAhitya : sAmAnya paricaya 87 Adhunika hindI jaina sAhitya meM bhI yugAnurUpa parivartana huA hai| cAhe yaha parivartana vaicArika krAnti yA naye AdarzoM kI sthApanA ke rUpa meM spaSTa lakSita na huA ho tathApi AdarzAtmaka vicAradhArA ko sthApita karane meM usakA yogadAna nirvivAda hai| DA. nemicandra zAstrI Adhunika hindI jaina sAhitya kI vizeSatA ke sandarbha meM likhate haiM ki-'hindI jaina sAhitya kI pIyUSadhArA kala-kala ninAda karatI huI apanI zItalatA se jana-mana ke saMtApa ko Aja bhI dUra kara rahI haiN| isa bIsavIM zatAbdI meM bhI jaina-sAhitya nirmAtA purAne kathAnakoM ko lekara hI Adhunika zailI aura bhASA meM hI sRjana kara rahe hai| bhakti, tyAga, vIra-nIti, zrRMgAra Adi viSayoM para aneka lekhakoM kI lekhanI avirAma rUpa se cala rahI hai| dezakAla aura vAtAvaraNa kA prabhAva isa sAhitya para bhI par3A hai| ataH purAtana upAdAnoM meM thor3A parivartana kara navIna kAvya-bhavanoM kA nirmANa kiyA jA rahA hai" Adhunika hindI jaina sAhitya ke zailI-rUpa ke sandarbha meM yaha kathana prAyaH yathArtha hai, kyoMki viSaya vastu rUpI kalevara vahI rahA, rUpa kevala badala gyaa| isa viSaya meM prasiddha jaina-vidvAna paM0 sukhalAla jI ne likhA hai ki-"jaina paraMparA ne virAsata meM prApta tatvajJAna aura AcAra ko banAye rakhane meM jitanI ruci lI hai, utanI nUtana sarjana meM nahIM lii|' paM0 sukhalAla jI kA yaha kathana Adhunika yugIna hindI jaina sAhitya ke sandarbha meM vaise ThIka pratIta hotA hai ki isa yuga meM prAcIna granthoM ko anuvAdika, punaH mudrita saMpAdita karane ke jitane prazaMsanIya prayatna kiye gaye haiM, utane nUtana sAhitya-sRjana ke lie nahIM kiye gaye haiN| phira bhI gadya-sAhitya kI vividha vidhAoM kI racanAeM vipula saMkhyA meM upalabdha isa yuga meM huI hai, yaha mahatvapUrNa viSaya hai| Adhunika hindI jaina sAhitya : pichale adhyAya meM hamane hindI jaina sAhitya kI samRddha paramparA kA avalokana karate hue Adhunika yuga ke (parivartana kAla-saMvat 1900 ke bAda) sAhitya kA sparza kiyA thaa| yahAM hama isa yuga kI hindI jaina racanAoM kA saMkSipta paricaya prApta kara lenA upayukta smjheNge| isase eka samagra dRSTi kA nirmANa ho skegaa| ina racanAoM kA viziSTa adhyayana pRthak adhyAya meM kiyA jaayegaa| sarvaprathama hama padya rUpa meM likhita racanAoM kI carcA kreNge| padya: hArdika anubhUtiyoM se prasUna padya sadaiva rasa-sRSTi niSpanna karane meM samartha rahatA hai| mudraNa yaMtra kI suvidhA prApta na hone se AdikAla se padya meM hI samasta 1. DaoN. nemicandra zAstrI-hindI jaina sAhitya-parizIlana-bhAga 2, adhyAya-8 pR0 19.

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Adhunika hindI - jaina sAhitya zAstra aura sAhitya ko racA jAtA thaa| chanda, laya evaM saMgIta ke kAraNa padya-sAhitya kaMThastha karane meM sarala tathA AkarSaka rahatA hai| hamArA prAcIna smRta va zruta sAhitya padya meM hI likhita rahA hai| Adhunika yuga meM bhI yahI padya kI paramparA Aja bhI upalabdha hotI hai| padya kI rAgAtmakatA evaM bhAva-vibhoratA kA mahatva pratyeka yuga meM akSuNNa rahatA hai| Aja ke yuga meM gadya kA prasAra-pracAra atyadhika ho pAyA hai, usakI mahattA bhI sarva svIkRta hai| Adhunika yuga ko 'gadya-yuga' kA payAya bhI hama kaha sakate haiN| phira bhI padya ke pravAha meM jIvana kI gaharAI evaM anubhUti kA udreka jisa svAbhAvikatA va rocakatA se ho pAtA hai, vaha gadya meM kahAM saMbhava ? padya kI lokapriyatA kabhI kama hone vAlI cIja nahIM hai| 88 Adhunika yuga meM nirmita hindI jaina sAhitya ke antargata jo padyAtmaka racanAeM haiM, vaha tIna zreNiyoM meM vibhAjita kI jA sakatI haiM (1) mahAkAvya kRtiyA~ / (2) khaNDakAvya kRtiyA~ | (3) muktaka kAvya kRtiyA~ / mahAkAvyoM ke rUpa meM Alocya kAla meM do upalabdha kRtiyAM haiM - eka zrI anUpa zarmA kRta 'vardhamAna' mahAkAvya tathA dUsarI hai zrI mUladAsa nImAvata kRta bhagavAna mahAvIra ko hI Alambana banAkara racI gaI kRti 'vIrAyaNa' / prathama hama inhIM kI carcA kareMge, taduparAnta khaNDa kAvyoM evaM muktaka racanAoM para vicAra kreNge| varddhamAna : 1 mahAkavi anUpa zarmA ne apane prasiddha mahAkAvya 'siddhArtha' kI saphala racanA ke uparAMta bhagavAna mahAvIra ko nAyaka banAkara 'vardhamAna' mahAkAvya kI racanA san 1951 meM kI thii| ina donoM mahAkAvyoM ke carita nAyaka zramaNa paramparA hI do mahAna vibhUtiyAM haiM tathA ina donoM kRtiyoM meM bauddha evaM jaina darzana kI kAvyAtmaka avatAraNA huI hai| Adhunika yuga meM jaina tIrthaMkara bhagavAna mahAvIra ko lakSya meM rakhakara racA gayA yaha sarvaprathama saphala mahAkAvya kahA jAyegA / isa kRti ke praNayana se anUpa jI kI sarva-dharma-samanvaya bhAvanA kA dyotana hotA hai / kavivara anUpa svayaM brAhmaNa dharma ke anuyAyI hote hue bhI tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ke prati jo apanI kAvyAMjali arpita kI hai, usase na kevala 1. prakAzaka- bhAratIya jJAnapITha - dillI - julAI 1951. -

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Adhunika hindI jaina sAhitya : sAmAnya paricaya 89 kavi kI vyaktigata dhArmika sahiSNutA kA hI bodha hotA hai, varan bhArata kI usa mahAna saMskRti kA pRSTha hamAre sAmane punaH bhAsvarita ho jAtA hai, jisake mUla meM sabhI dharmoM ke prati zraddhA, Adara aura sammAna kI mahatI bhAvanA nihita hai| ve hindI sAhitya ke to yazasvI kavi hai hii| isa racanA ke dvArA ve hindI ke jaina sAhitya ke bhI agrima paMkti ke kavi siddha hue haiN| isa kAvya meM jaina dharma kI maryAdAoM ke rahane ke bAvajUda bhI anUpa jI ne jaina dharma ke tyAgI-virAgI tIrthaMkara ke caritra ko ubhArA hai tathA dArzanika vicAradhArA ko bhagavAna mahAvIra kI jIvanI ke dvArA sundara kAvyAtmaka svarUpa pradAna kiyA hai| isakI vistRta carcA hama agale adhyAya meM kreNge| mahAkAvya meM sampUrNa jIvana ko pratibiMbita kiyA jA sakatA hai, ata: vaha vistRta phalakrama jIvana kI vizad vyAkhyA karatI hai| mahAkAvya jIvana aura jagata ke vividha pahaluoM ko sparza kara mAnava hRdaya kI anubhUtiyoM ko spaMdita karane meM saphala raha sakatA hai| mahAkavi anUpa zarmA ne bhI 'vardhamAna' kI racanA meM bhagavAna mahAvIra kI jIvanI ko prAraMbha se lekara anta taka varNita kara anya adhikAdhika kathAoM ko bhI isameM samAviSTa kiyA hai| 17 sargoM meM vibhakta isa mahAkAvya ko kathA-vastu, varNana, rasa va netA sabhI dRSTiyoM se saphala kahA jA sakatA hai| kavi ne pAMca sarga meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke mAtA-pitA rAnI trizalA evaM rAjA siddhArtha ke sohArdamaya dAmpatya jIvana kA sundara varNana kiyA hai, sAtha hI kSatriya-kuNDa nagarI kI zobhA, siddhArtha kI mahAnatA, pauruSa evaM mahArAnI trizalA ke saundarya kA bhI bahuta hI sundara varNana prastuta kiyA hai| yathA saroja-sA vaktra, sunetra-mIna se sivAra-se keza, sukaMTha kmbu-saa| uroja jyoM koka, sunAbhi bhora-sI taraMgitA thI trizalA trNginnii|| (55181) usI prakAra rAja dampati kA dAmpatya va prema kitanA UMcA uThA hai prabho! mujhe ho kisa bhAMti cAhate? yadeva nizreyasa cAhate sudhI priye| mujhe ho kisa bhAMti caahtii| yadeva sAdhvI pada pArzvanAtha ke|| (158-76). inhIM sargoM meM rAnI trizalA ke 14 zubhasUcaka svapnoM evaM unake phaloM kI carcA vistAra se kI gaI hai| mahAvIra ke janma pUrva garbha-parIkSA, trizalA kI dinacaryA, anta:pura ke nRtya-vAdya evaM saMgIta kA kAryakrama, upavana-sauMdarya tathA

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Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya trizalA kI kaThora garbhatA kA vizad varNana kavi ne kiyA hai| prabhu mahAvIra kA janma 8veM sarga meM varNita hai jisameM usa samaya kA vAtAvaraNa AnaMdotsava tathA RSikula dvArA vyakta AzIrvAda ko cicitra kiyA gayA hai| 9veM sarga se lekara 14veM sarga taka vardhamAna kA bAlya jIvana unakI 'mahAvIratA' sUcaka ghaTanAoM, aikAntika cintana, kumAra kA vivAha va vivAhotsava, svapna darzana, Atma-nirIkSaNa, mahAvIra kA nirantara dhyAna-cintana tathA 12 AdhyAtmika bhAvanAoM para pariciMtana kavi ne gumphita kiyA hai| caudahaveM sarga ke anta meM hI mahAvIra kA gRha-tyAga evaM dIkSA samAroha kA varNana hai| 15veM sarga meM prabhu AMtar-bAhya tapazcaryA, kaThora kaSToM ko samabhAva evaM zAMti se sahate hue 'kevala jJAna' prApti kI kathA hai| tIrthaMkara lakSaNa bhI isI sarga meM varNita hai| candanA caritra kI AdhikArika kathA bhI isI sarga meM hai| aMtima tIna sargoM meM kavi anUpa jI ne bhagavAna mahAvIra ke 'kevala jJAna' prApta karane ke uparAnta kI ghaTanAoM ko varNita kiyA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra kA 11 pramukha vidvAn brAhmaNoM ko sarvaprathama dIkSita karane kI kathA evaM gAMva-gAMva ghUmakara jaina dharma ke prasAra-pracAra ke sAtha dharma-nirdezanA tathA sAdhu va gRhastha ke lakSaNoM kA varNana pramukha rUpa se hai| apane pramukha ziSyoM (gaNadharoM) ko upadeza dene kA tathA prabhu mahAvIra ke nirvANa (mokSapada) kA prasaMga bhI inhIM sargoM meM anUpa jI ne samAviSTa kiyA hai| kavi ne mukhya kathA ke sAtha-sAtha caNDakauzika, candanabAlA, gautama muni, gozAlaka-kathA, prabhu ke 27 pUrva bhavoM meM se pramukha bhavoM kI kathA, 11 pramukha brAhmaNa AcAryoM kI jaina dIkSA aMgIkAra karane kI ghaTanA Adi avAntara kathAoM ke rUpa meM varNita kI hai, jo mukhya kathA-pravAha ko Age bar3hAne meM tathA jIvana kI saMpUrNatA vyakta karane meM sahAyaka hotI hai| kavi ne svecchAnusAra prAcIna kathA vastu meM do-cAra sthAnoM para parivartana-parivarddhana kiyA hai, jisake phalasvarUpa eka-do jagaha kAlakrama meM antara A gayA hai| lekina isase mahAkAvya meM kathA-prabhAva ko koI kSati nahIM phuctii| kyoMki yaha kevala sAmpradAyika jIvana nahIM hai varan eka svataMtra saMpUrNa mahAkAvya hai| kathA vastu kI dRSTi se saphala yaha mahAkAvya saMskRta chaMda tathA tatsama zabdAvalI ke bAhulya ke kAraNa sAmAnya pAThaka ko kahIM-kahIM kliSTa pratIta hotA hai| lekina rocaka zailI, bhavya varNana, udAtta caritra-citraNa evaM zRMgAra va zAnta rasa ke mArmika nirUpaNa se yaha mahAkAvya nizcaya hI mahattvapUrNa hai| sAtha hI suMdara bhAvAtmaka varNanoM kI dRzyAvaliyoM tathA jaina darzana kI gahana vicAradhArA ko chaMda-laya-baddha svarUpa meM prastuta karane se ise garimA prApta huI hai| kavi ne

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Adhunika hindI jaina sAhitya : sAmAnya paricaya apanI kArayitrI pratibhA se mAtA trizalA ke saundarya - prema kA sundara varNana kiyA hai| usI prakAra rAjA siddhArtha evaM rAnI trizalA ke anurAga pUrNa dAmpatya jIvana kA mArmika citrAMkana kara mahAkAvya meM udAttatA nirUpita kI hai| kitane hI sthAnoM para sundara samanvaya kara navIna kalpanA jagata kI sRSTi khar3I kI hai| 'vardhamAna' mahAkAvya meM jaina- sampradAyoM ke siddhAnta - samanvaya kA stutya prayAsa kiyA gayA hai, jo kavi anUpa jI kI zubha-niSThA kA sUcaka hai| caritra citraNa ke dRSTikoNa se bhI pramukha pAtroM - rAjA siddhArtha, rAnI trizalA, mahAvIra (kumAra vardhamAna, tyAgI mahAvIra evaM tIrthaMkara mahAvIra) kA sundara citraNa huA hai| bhAva, bhASA, zailI, varNana, kAvya camatkAra Adi dRSTiyoM se 'vardhamAna' mahAkAvya ko na kevala saphala hI kahA jAyegA, balki viziSTa dharma sampradAya evaM sandarbhoM ko udghATita karane vAlA nUtana dRSTivAlA mahAkAvya kahanA caahie| isI kAraNa ahiMsA, satya, antarbAhya tapasyA, ekAgra niSThA tathA mAnava-kalyANa kA sandeza denevAlA 'vardhamAna' mahAkAvya na kevala hindI jaina sAhitya meM balki Adhunika hindI sAhitya meM bhI mahattvapUrNa sthAna prApta karane kA adhikArI hai| vIrAyaNa' 91 isa mahAkAvya kI racanA saMvat 2006 meM saurASTra meM jAmanagara ke samIpa 'phalAM' nAmaka choTe se gAMva ke nivAsI kavi zrI mUladAsa nImAvata ne kI hai| jaina sampradAya evaM hindI bhASI na hone para bhI unhoMne braja - avadhI se prabhAvita hindI meM mahAkAvya likhane kA prasaMzanIya prayAsa kiyaa| vaise mUladAsa jI 'phalAM' meM skUla zikSaka the| phira bhI nirantara adhyayana-adhyApana ke sAtha-sAtha bhramaNa - yAtrA karake jJAnavarddhana karate rahate the| unakI muktaka racanAoM se (jo aprakAzita haiM) sadAnaMdI sampradAya ke muni choTelAla jI mahArAja evaM lakSmIcandra jI mahArAja prabhAvita hue the aura unhoMne hI 'vIrAyaNa' mahAkAvya meM prabhu mahAvIra kA jIvana saMdeza gumphita karane kI preraNA dI thii| jisake phalasvarUpa mUladAsa jI ne parizrama karake jaina dharma-granthoM evaM kathA - granthoM kA gaharA adhyayana kiyaa| mahAkavi bhakta tulasIdAsa ke prasiddha mahAkAvya 'rAmacarita mAnasa' kI bhavyatA, mahAnatA evaM rAmacaritra - yazogAna se prabhAvita hokara usI bhASA zailI va chanda meM bhagavAna mahAvIra kI sampUrNa jIvanI evaM unake sandeza ko gumphita karane kI preraNA uparyukta do sAdhuoM ne dI aura phalasvarUpa sAta varSa ke parizrama ke bAda isa mahAkAvya 'vIrAyaNa' kA sRjana saMbhava ho paayaa| 2 1. prakAzaka - pUjya zrI lAghA jI svAmI pustakAlaya, ahamadAbAda, san 1952. 2. draSTavya- mUladAsa kRta 'vIrAyaNa' kI prastAvanA, pR0 2.

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121 Adhunika hindI - jaina sAhitya hindI jaina sAhitya ko dohA - caupAI, chaMda meM racita eka mahAkAvya prApta huaa| kavi ne ise sAta kANDoM meM vibhakta kiyA hai| 92 'vIrAyaNa' mahAkAvya meM kavi mUladAsa jI ne bhagavAna mahAvIra ke jIvana kI pramukha ghaTanAoM ke sAtha-sAtha prAsaMgika ghaTanAoM ko bhI Akalita kara liyA hai| AdhikArika kathA ke antargata prabhu mahAvIra ke garbha sthApana se janma taka kI ghaTanA, bAlyakAla evaM vivAha - prasaMga, gRhastha jIvana taka hai, to gRha-tyAga ke anantara sAr3he bAraha varSa taka bhinna-bhinna sthala para vicaraNa karanA, tapasyA tathA cintana-manana ke pazcAt 'kevala jJAna' prApta karane kI ghaTanA pramukha hai| tatpazcAt dharma pracAraka evaM tIrthaMkara kA rUpa vizeSa ubharatA hai| avAntara kathAoM meM caNDa kauzika, candana - bAlA, gozAlaka kathA vizeSa mahattvapUrNa hai, jo sAtha calakara mukhya kathA ke pravAha ko puSTa karatI hai| kathA vastu ko gatizIla banAye rakhane ke sAtha vividha vastu-varNana, prakRti citraNa, pAtroM ke mArmika caritra - nirUpaNa, manovaijJAnika sUjhabUjha - pUrNa ghaTanAoM ke vizleSaNa, zAnta va zrRMgAra rasa ke niyojana dvArA kAvya ko rocaka tathA saphala banAyA gayA hai| 'vIrAyaNa' meM kavi ne mukhya kathA ke pratyeka prasaMga ko bar3I hI mArmikatA se ubhArA hai| isIlie usakA kalevara bhI vRhata ho gayA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke pUrva bhavoM meM se tripuSTa vAsudeva, puSpamitra cakravartI evaM nandana rAjakumAra ke jIvana - bhavoM kA vistRta va phar3akatA varNana kiyA hai, sAtha hI garbhastha bAlaka kI hilane kI kriyA ke banda hone para mAtA trizalA kA karuNa krandana kA kavi ne bhAvapUrNa varNana kiyA hai| aise bahuta se mArmika prasaMgoM kA rasAsvAdana 'vIrAyaNa' mahAkAvya meM karAyA gayA hai, jinakI vistRta carcA agale adhyAya meM kI jaayegii| isa mahAkAvya meM kavi ne spaSTataH zvetAmbara mAnyatAnusAra prabhu ke byAha kA varNana bar3I hI adbhuta aura AlaMkArika zailI meM kiyA hai| vivAha mahotsava evaM navavadhU kI dinacaryA kA bhI sajIva citraNa kiyA gayA hai| kavi mUladAsa jI ne sundara varNanoM zAnta, zrRMgAra ko vAtsalya va adbhuta rasoM kI bhAvabhUmi meM jIvana va dharma kI dArzanikatA kI bhAvapravaNa abhivyakti isa mahAkAvya meM kI hai| unakI bhASA-zailI mahAkavi tulasIdAsa jI kI bhASA ke mAdhurya, udAttatA, gaharAI va paripakvatA ko chU sakane meM asamartha hone para bhI braja-avadhI mizrita khar3I bolI ke isa mahAkAvya meM bhASA kI madhuratA evaM snigdhatA avazya pAThaka ko sarAbora kara sakatI hai| vaise kavi kA uddezya tulasIdAsa jI jaise mahAkavi

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Adhunika hindI jaina sAhitya : sAmAnya paricaya ke mahAkAvya kI bhASA zailI se spardhA karane kA kiMcit mAtra nahIM rahA hai| unhoMne kevala preraNA hI grahaNa kI hai| isa prakAra 'vIrAyaNa' jaise mahAkAvya kI racanA karake mUladAsa jI ne hindI jaina sAhitya ko upakRta hI kiyA hai| Adhunika hindI jaina kAvya ko eka ahindIbhASI kavi kI yaha bheMTa zlAghya hI nahIM apitu anukaraNIya bhI hai| candraprabha purANa : Alocya kAla ke antargata eka aura mahAkAvya sUcanA 'premI abhinaMdana grantha' ke antargata zrI paramAnanda jaina ke 'jaina siddhAnta bhavana ke kucha hastalikhita grantha' zIrSaka nibaMdha se upalabdha huI hai| yaha kevala hastalikhita grantha hai, prakAzita nahIM huA hai| saMvat 1912 (I0 1856) meM hIrAsiMha nAmaka kavi ne bhAdo kRSNa trayodazI ko solaha adhikAra evaM 3000 zloko meM isa grantha kI racanA kI thii| kavivara ne yaha kRti guNabhadrAcArya viracita 'ucara purANa' ke AdhAra para hindI ke vividha chandoM meM racI hai| kavi kI racanA se eka-do dRSTAnta uddhRta kiye jAte haiN| bhASA-zailI para prAcInatA kA prabhAva spaSTa lakSita hotA hai| yathA-putra-zoka se udvigna-saMtapta rAjA kI dazA kA varNana dekhie mUrchA pAya dharani para paryo, mAno cetana hI nisrau| aba kino zItala upacAra, bhayo caita nRpa kare pukaaraa|| hAM! hAM! kuMvara tUM gayo kAya, to bina moko kachU na suhaay| sira chAtI kUTe akulAya, sunata sabhA saba rudana kraay|| putra-rahita manuSya kI dazA para kavi kahate haiM(kavitta) kamala binA jala, jala binA saravara, saravara binA pUra, pUra bina raay| rAma sacivabina, saciva binA buddhi, baddhi viveka jinako sobhA na jaai| viveka binA kriyA, kriyA dayAbina, dayAdAna bina, dhana bina daan| dhana bina puruSa tathA bina rAmA, rAmA bina suta tyoM jaga maahi|| Adhunika yuga ke prAraMbha kI racanA hone se bhASA para braja kA spaSTa prabhAva varNana zailI meM bhI prAcIna prabhAva vizeSa dikhAI par3atA hai| 'candraprabha purANa' draSTavya-premI abhinandana grantha', pR. 503.

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Adhunika hindI - jaina sAhitya zIrSaka se phalita hotA hai ki isameM AThaveM tIrthaMkara 'candraprabhu' kI jIvanI va upadeza ko kavi ne grantha-baddha kiyA hogA / 94 khaNDa kAvya : mahAkAvya meM jIvana kI vividha ghaTanAoM evaM sampUrNa itivRttAtmakatA kI avatAraNA pramukha rasoM va anekavidha varNanoM ke kAraNa sahaja saMbhava ho sakatI hai| taduparAnta mukhya kathA bhAga ke sAtha-sAtha choTI-bar3I avAntara kathAoM kI bhI guMjAiza mahAkAvya meM upalabdha rahatI hai| jabaki khaNDa kAvya meM jIvana ke sabhI pakSoM ko na grahaNa kara eka-do mArmika pakSa yA mahattvapUrNa prasaMga ko lekara tIvra bhAvAnubhUti tathA AkarSaka bhASA-zailI meM kAvya kI avatAraNA kI jAtI hai / aneka choTe-bar3e pAtroM evaM vaividhyapUrNa ghaTanAoM kI yojanA isameM mUrtimanta nahIM ho sakatI, balki sImita pahalU va maryAdita caritroM kI jhAMkI, utkRSTa bhAvapakSa evaM kalAtmaka zailI pakSa ke sAtha aMkita karake khaNDa kAvya ko saphala banAyA jAtA hai| Adhunika yuga meM mahAkAvya kI apekSA khaNDakAvyoM kI racanA vizeSa kI jAtI hai| racanA " vartamAna yuga meM jaina kaviyoM ne khaNDa kAvyoM dvArA jagat aura jIvana ke vividha Adarza aura yathArtha kA samanvita rUpa prastuta kiyA hai| ' khaNDakAvyaM me bhavet kAvyasyekadezAnusAri ca / ' arthAt khaNDakAvya meM jIvana ke kisI eka pahalU kI jhAMkI rahatI hai| kaviyoM ne purAtana marmasparzI kathAnakoM kA cayana kara - kauzala, prabandha-paTutA, aura sahRdayatA Adi guNoM kA samanvaya kiyA hai, jisase ye kAvya pAThakoM kI suSupta bhAvanAoM ko sajaga karane kA kArya sahaja meM sampanna karate haiN| Adhunika yuga ke hindI jaina khaNDa kAvyoM ke sandarbha meM To micanda kA yaha kathana upalabdha khaNDa kAvyoM ke anuzIlana se sahI pratIta hotA hai| Alocya kAla meM - 'rAjula', virAga, vIratA kI kasauTI, pratiphalana, bAhubali, satya-ahiMsA kA khUna tathA aMjanA - pavanaMjaya khaNDakAvya likhe gaye haiM, kintu inameM se virAga, rAjula, satya-ahiMsA kA khUna tathA aMjanA - pavanaMjaya hI upalabdha khaNDakAvya haiN| anyoM kA kevala nAmollekha hI nemicandra jI ke 'hindI jaina sAhitya parizIlana' meM prApta hotA hai / 'aMjanA - pavanaMjaya' khaNDakAvya bhI prakAzita pustaka ke rUpa meM prApta na hokara 'anekAnta' jaina mAsika kI purAnI phAila se prApta ho pAyA thaa| tIna anupalabdha khaNDakAvyoM ke zIrSakoM se spaSTa pratIta hotA hai ki ye dhArmika paurANika kathAvastu para AdhArita hai| 1. DaoN0 nemicandra zAstrI - hindI jaina sAhitya - parizIlana - bhAga 2, pR0 24.

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Adhunika hindI jaina sAhitya : sAmAnya paricaya 95 prAcIna kathAvastu ke sAtha mahAna caritroM kI kisI mahattvapUrNa jIvana-ghaTanA kA bhAvamayI zailI meM aMkana kiyA gayA hogaa| yahAM hama upalabdha khaNDakAvyoM kA saMkSipta paricaya de rahe haiN| rAjula' : navayuvaka kavi bAlacandra jaina ne isa khaNDakAvya kI racanA jaina dharma ke 22veM tIrthaMkara bhagavAna neminAtha kI vAgdattA rAjula ke abhUtapUrva tyAga, prema evaM mahAna Adarza kI bhAvanA se prerita hokara kI hai| isameM prasiddha prAcIna AkhyAna ko lekara jaina darzana ke utkRSTa Adarza pAtra bhagavAna neminAtha ko mAnava-mAtra kA Adarza banAne kA kavi ne upakrama kiyA hai| bhagavAna neminAtha jI kI bhAvI Adarza patnI rAjula kI utkRSTa prema-bhAvanA, viraha tathA AtmasAdhanA kI jhAMkI kavi bAlacandra ne mArmika rUpa se aMkita kI hai| rAjakumArI rAjula ne saMkalpa mAtra se hI jisakA patirUpa meM varaNa kiyA thA, usa nemikumAra ke vairAgya grahaNa ke pazcAt sarvasva samarpaNa kara svayaM bhI unake tyAga-mArga kI anuyAyI bana gaI aura apane ananya saMyama va ekaniSTha sAdhanA se jaina dharma va samAja ko prerita kiyaa| rAjula ne sAMsArika vaibhava, apAra sukha-samRddhi evaM sukumAra rUpa saundarya va pArivArika moha kA kSaNa mAtra meM tyAga kara atIva kaSTadAyaka sAdhvI pada svecchA se svIkAra kara mAnava-kalyANa ke lie tyAga mArga kA anusaraNa kiyA thaa| _ 'rAjula' ke prAraMbha meM nemikumAra ke vivAha-maNDapa se lauTa jAne para navayauvanA komalAMgI rAjula ko AghAta, moha tathA mUrchA A jAtI hai| ataH nemikumAra ke prati hArdika anurAga hone se mAtA-pitA ke anya rAjakumAra se vivAha kara lene kA prastAva ThukarA detI hai tathA nemikumAra ke sAtha hI tyAgamArga svIkAra kara Atma-sAdhanA meM lIna ho jAne ke lie uddhata hokara rAjulamatI Atma-saMyama kA paricaya detI hai| isa kAvya meM darzana, smaraNa, milana, viraha aura utsarga nAmaka pAMca sarga haiN| bhAva aura bhASA kI dRSTi se yaha kAvya madhyama koTi kA hone para bhI usakI saralatA va snigdhatA AkarSaka hai| 'rAjula' khaNDakAvya Adhunika hindI jaina khaNDakAvyoM meM apanA mahattvapUrNa sthAna rakhatA hai| virAga : zrI dhanyakumAra jaina 'sudheza' kA yaha khaNDa kAvya eka bhAvAtmaka racanA hai, jisameM kavi ne kumAra vardhamAna ke jIvana-saMdeza dvArA mAnava-jIvana ko prakAzita karane kA Adarza prastuta kiyA hai| 'sudheza' jI kA hAla hI (1975) 1. san 1948, prakAzaka-sAhitya sAdhanA samiti, kaashii| 2. prakAzaka-bhAratavarSIya digambara jaina sNgh-mthuraa|

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96 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya meM 'bhagavAna mahAvIra' nAmaka mahAkAvya bhI prakAzita huA hai| usameM unhoMne bhagavAna mahAvIra kI sampUrNa jIvanI ko aMkita kiyA hai, jaba ki isa khaNDa kAvya meM kumAra varddhamAna ke virAga kA prasaMga liyA hai| isa kAvya meM kavi ne bhagavAna mahAvIra ke aTala virAga-bhAva ko kAvyAtmaka DhaMga se vyakta kiyA hai| ahiMsA, karuNA, sahAnubhUti, ni:svArtha tyAga evaM mUka prANI ke prati ananya komala-vyavahAra kA amara saMdeza isameM gUMjatA hai| yauvana aura samRddhi se saMpanna hone para bhI kumAra ne vivAha prastAva chor3akara prANiyoM ke kalyANa kA dAyitva sNbhaalaa| vastutaH isameM kAvyAnaMda ke sAtha AtmAnaMda kA bhI kavi ne sundara samanvaya kiyA hai| duHkhI, vivaza prANI ke prati anurAga va karuNA kI bhAvanA se prerita hokara sAMsArika sukha-vaibhava kA tyAga kara jagata-kalyANa ke prayatnoM ke prati agrasara hone vAle kumAra vardhamAna kA 'virAga' yahAM mUrtimanta ho uThatA hai| dhIrodAtta nAyaka kI vairAgya-bhAvanA kA kavi ne khaNDakAvya meM saphala citraNa kiyA hai| ekAdha jagaha para rAjA siddhArtha kA caritra-citraNa avazya asvAbhAvika pratIta hotA hai, jaba ve putra ke sAmane yauvana, saundarya, dAmpatyajIvana tathA vaibhava vilAsa kA varNana kara putra ko vivAha ke lie utsAhita hone kI vinatI karate haiN| lekina aTala-pratijJa mahAvIra kA mana kisI bhI pralobhana kI ora AkRSTa nahIM hotA hai, ataH vivaza hokara pitA ko vApasa AnA par3atA hai aura rAnI trizalA ko sArI bAta batAte haiN| mAtA trizalA agAdha vizvAsa lie putra ko manAne-rAjI karane ke lie kumAra ke pAsa AtI hai| mAM apanI cira AkAMkSA, mAtRhRdaya ke agAdha pyAra-vAtsalya aura aMtima astra AMsU kA upayoga (prayoga nahIM) bhI kumAra ke sAmane karatI hai, lekina kumAra to himAlaya kI bhAMti aDiga hai apane nirdhAra meN| unakA eka hI sarala uttara hai ki 'mAM! icchAeM to ananta hai-vaha kabhI bhI tRpta hone vAlI nahIM haiN| nArI ke samAna hI vizva ke ye mUka prANiyoM kA bhI mere Upara adhikAra hai, jinakI gardana para dudhArI talavAra cala rahI hai| nirarthaka bali banate prANiyoM kI karuNa pukAra sunakara bhagavAna kaise rAjamahala meM cupacApa vaibhava bhoga sakate haiM? unheM to samAja kI dizAoM meM krAnti lAnI thI, dhArmika ADambara tathA yajJa-yoga meM nirdoSa pazu-bali ke krUra vidhAna ko rokane ke lie ahiMsaka AMdolana jagAnA thaa| manuSya ke tapta hRdaya meM zAMti, karuNA va prema kI akhaNDa dhArA bahAnI thii| isa uddezya prApti meM avarodhaka rAjamahala, ratnAbhUSaNa sukha-vaibhava aura parivAra ke tIvra-sneha ko tyAga kara tapasyA, cintana aura kSamApUrNa vyavahAra 1. draSTavya-virAga-pR. 30.

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Adhunika hindI jaina sAhitya : sAmAnya paricaya 97 ke usa patha para mahAvIra cala par3e, jisa para calane se ve manuSya se tIrthaMkara bana paaye| isa khaNDa kAvya meM kavi ne mAtR hRdaya ke sneha aura vAtsalya ke bhAvoM kA sundara nirUpaNa kiyA hai| sAtha hI kumAra ke aTala nizcaya tathA utkRSTa virAga bhAvanA ko bhI kavi ne usI sahajatA se mUrtimanta kiyA hai| isa koTi kA yaha prathama khaNDakAvya hone se kahIM-kahIM truTi kA raha jAnA svAbhAvika hai| Adhunika vicAradhArA se prabhAvita lokataMtra, nArI kI vivaza sthiti, sAmAjika asamAnatA kA kavi ne mArmika varNana kiyA hai| kumAra kI dhIra-gaMbhIra vANI meM ina samasyAoM kA sujhAva bhI prastuta kiyA hai ki nyAya, samAnatA, ahiMsA aura karuNA ke premamaya zastra se ye viSamatAeM dUra kI jA sakatI hai| vartamAna rAjakIya vicAradhArA se kavi kAphI prabhAvita pratIta hotA hai| kyoMki sattA se utpanna doSoM kA vistRta varNana isameM kiyA hai| samAnatA, sneha aura sahAnubhUti ke sukhada, zItala chIMToM se yaha kAvya pUrNataH ota-prota hai| ataH bhAvoM kI vizAlatA va gaharAI jagaha-jagaha para prakaTa hotI hai| bhASA kI svAbhAvikatA evaM lAkSaNikatA para bhI kavi ne yatheSTa dhyAna diyA hai| bhASA zuddha evaM sAhityika hai| khaNDa kAvya choTA hone para bhI vicAra, bhAvAnubhUti, caritra-citraNa, zailI va bhASA sabhI dRSTiyoM se yaha saphala kAvya kahA jaayegaa| isakI zailI rocaka, tarkapUrNa va ojapradhAna hai| chandoM kA bandhana nahIM svIkArA hai, phira bhI bhAvoM ke pravAha meM chanda banate gaye haiN| ataH khaNDa kAvya meM gatyAvarodha nahIM hai| aMjanA-pavanaMjaya : _ 'anekAnta' dvi-mAsika zodha patrikA ke san 1973 ke apraila ke aMka meM chapA huA yaha khaNDa kAvya zrI bhaMvaralAla zeThI ne likhA hai| yaha racanA kisa san meM likhI gaI hai, isakA ullekha ukta patrikA meM nahIM hai| kiMtu saMbhAvanA yahI pratIta hotI hai ki isakI racanA 1970 I. ke Asa-pAsa huI hogii| prakAzana ke krama meM Ate-Ate 1973 I. A gaI hogI isI se yaha grantha yahAM ullikhita hai| 123 padoM meM racita isa khaNDa kAvya meM kavi ne jaina dharma ke evaM samAja meM prasiddha aMjanA-pavanaMjaya kI kathA ko Abaddha kiyA hai| yaha kAvya varNanAtmaka hai, isameM mArmika anubhUtiyoM kI vizad-gahana abhivyakti kama hai| rAjA mahendra apanI suyogya rAjakumArI aMjanA kA byAha rAjA prahlAda evaM rAnI ketumatI ke suyogya vIra putra pavanaMjaya ke sAtha bar3e ullAsa se karate haiN| lekina pavanaMjaya apane ahaM, vahama ke kAraNa nirdoSa aMjanA kA zAdI ke bAda turanta parityAga kara detA hai| aMjanA apane dRr3ha-vizvAsa evaM pati prema ke kAraNa

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98 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya saba kucha zAnta bhAva se sahatI hai| antataH pavanaMjaya ko apanI galatI aura abhimAna kA ahasAsa hotA hai aura aMjanA ko svIkAra karane ke lie udyata hotA hai| aMjanA ko aneka zArIrika va mAnasika kaSTa jhelane pdd'e| lekina anta meM parivAra vAle use ijjata va sneha se svIkAra karate haiN| aMjanA-pavanaMjaya kI kathA lekara hindI jaina sAhitya meM kAphI racanAeM huI haiN| lekhaka kI bhASA-zailI atyanta sarala hai| mArmika ghaTanAoM kI pahacAna kavi ko kama rahI hai, phalataH khaNDakAvya sAdhAraNa koTi kA raha gayA hai| kavi ne yadi aMjanA kI sampUrNa jIvanI kI apekSA ekAdha-do mArmika prasaMgoM ko hI kAvyabaddha kiyA hotA to bhAvoM kI abhivyakti meM vizeSa tIvratA A gaI hotii| satya-ahiMsA kA khUna : sva0 bhagavat svarUpa jaina ne san 1940 ke AsapAsa isa choTe se khaNDa kAvya kI racanA kii| bhagavat jI kI aneka hindI jaina racanAeM (kathA, kAvya, nATakAdi) unake nidhana ke bAda san 1945 meM unake laghu bhrAtA vasaMtakumAra jaina ne prakAzita karavAyI thiiN| unakI kucha racanAeM tathApi anupalabdha haiN| 'satya ahiMsA kA khUna' sarala zailI ke khaNDa kAvya meM 'ahiMsA paramodharmaH' mahAmaMtra kA mahattva siddha kiyA gayA hai| rAjAvasu, brAhmaNaputra nArada tathA guru putra parvata kA isameM paurANika AkhyAna kA AdhAra kavi ne liyA hai| 'aja' (1-bakarA 2-trivarSIya zAlI jau) ke dviartha ke kAraNa artha kA anartha ho jAne se do mitra nArada evaM parvata ke bIca ugra vivAda khar3A hotA hai, jisakA nipaTArA karane ke lie bacapana ke sakhA lekina aba rAjA vasu ke pAsa donoM jAte haiN| parvata kI mAtA ne rAjA vasu se amAnata vacana kI mAMga karake apane putra ke pakSa meM nyAya dilvaayaa| rAjA vasu ko sarAsara galata mahasUsa hone para bhI pUrva vacana se baddha hone ke lie nyAya parvata ke pakSa meM dene ke lie bAdhita honA pdd'aa| pariNAmataH asatya ke samarthana se rAjA vasu siMhAsanasahita pAtAla meM calA gayA aura mUDha mati parvata ke mastiSka para kitane yugoM taka 'bali' kI paripATI-hiMsAtmaka vidhi-kA kalaMka rhaa| isakI kathAvastu avazya rocaka hai, lekina khaNDakAvyokti sundara caritra-citraNa, prasaMgoM kI mArmikatA, varNana kI vizadatA yA kalAtmaka zailI kA prAyaH abhAva hai, phira bhI bhagavat jI kI yaha prAraMbhika kRti hone para bhI bhAva evaM kathA kI rocakatA ke kAraNa kAvya grAhya bana gayA hai| muktaka kAvya kRtiyAM : mahAkAvya tathA khaNDa kAvya ke bhAvavidhAna va rUpavidhAna se sarvathA pRthak muktaka kAvya svarUpa meM bhAvormi tathA anubhUti kI gaharAI rahatI hai|

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Adhunika hindI jaina sAhitya : sAmAnya paricaya 99 AcArya rAmacandra zukla ne muktaka ke antargata rasa kI chIMToM ko hI mahattva diyA hai, jisase pAThaka kI hRdaya-kalikA thor3I dera ke lie khila uThatI hai aura ramaNIya dRzya yA bhAva citra kI upasthiti se pAThaka kucha kSaNoM ke lie maMtra-mugdha-sA ho jAtA hai| bhAvAtmaka muktaka ke viSaya meM apane vicAra prastuta karate hue DA0 nemicandra zAstrI likhate haiM-"nairAzya, bhakti, praNaya aura saundarya kI abhivyaMjanA hI jisakA carama lakSya rahe aura jisakI AraMbhika paMkti ke zravaNa se hI pAThaka ke hRdaya meM siharana, prakaMpana aura Alor3ana-vilor3ana hone lage, vaha zreSTha bhAvAtmaka muktaka racanA kahI jA sakatI hai| vaise muktaka ke viSaya meM vibhinna vidvAnoM ne paribhASAeM prastuta kI haiM, lekina yahAM hamArA uddezya una paribhASAoM ko uddhRta karane kA na hokara kevala muktaka kI AMtarbAhya vizeSatA ko hI saMkSepa meM dekhane kA hai| bhAva vihvalatA, sAMketikatA evaM 'vidagdhatA kA muktaka kAvya meM rahanA Avazyaka-sA ho jAtA hai| muktaka meM jIvana kI vividha sampUrNa ghaTanAoM yA pramukha prasaMgoM ko udghATita na kara kevala hRdaya kI svAnubhUti kA unmukta aMkana rahatA hai| eka pala yA vicAra-bIja mAtra kA rahanA muktaka ke lie aham hai, jo pAThaka ke citta ko jhakajhora de| usako svAnubhUti kI tIvratA se prabhAvita kara dene kI kSamatA aise kAvyoM meM Avazyaka rahatI hai| chanda ke bandhana, vizad, varNana, vividha pAtra, sampUrNa kathA aura bhAvoM kI pUrNa vivRti muktaka ko svIkArya nahIM hai| kevala bhAva-jagata meM utpanna eka spaMdana, siharana ko layatAla meM prastuta kara pAThaka ko bhAva-vibhora banA dene kI zakti muktaka kAvya meM apekSita hai| __ Adhunika hindI jaina muktaka kAvya jagata meM do prakAra kI pravRttiyAM dRSTigata hotI hai| eka to prAcIna paripATI para likhI gaI kavitAeM; jinake antargata kisI AcAra-vicAra yA siddhAnta kA prAcIna DhaMga para varNana kiyA gayA ho| bhASA-zailI bhI purAne DhaMga kI hotI hai| hRdaya kI bhAvanA kA vizleSaNa to avazya hotA hai, lekina usake rUpa ko saMvArA nahIM gayA hotA hai| isa prakAra ke kAraNoM meM dArzanika pRSThabhUmi ke kAraNa AdhArAtmaka niyamoM kA vidhi-niSedhAtmaka nirUpaNa vizeSa kiyA jAtA hai| ataH svAbhAvika hai ki hRdaya kI mukta bhAva-cetanA apane sahaja svAbhAvika rUpa-raMga meM nikharI na hone se pAThaka kI bhAvanA ko rasa se AplAvita karane vAlI prAyaH nahIM hotI hai| balki dArzanika pRSThabhUmi ke kAraNa kahIM-kahIM nIrasatA yA kaThinatA kI bhAvanA bhI pAThaka ke 1. draSTavya-AcArya rAmacandra zukla-hindI sAhitya kA itihAsa-pR. 247. . 2. draSTavya-DA0 nemicandra zAstrI-hindI jaina sAhitya-parizIlana-bhAga 2, pR. 36.

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Adhunika hindI - jaina sAhitya hRdaya meM janma letI hai| isa prakAra kI paripATI para kAvya likhanevAloM meM prathama kavi Aga nivAsI bAbU jagamohana dAsa haiM, jinakA 'dharma ratnodyota' kAvya-saMkalana prakAzita huA thA, jo Aja anupalabdha hai| DA0 nemicandra zAstrI ke 'hindI jaina sAhitya- parizIlana' meM isakA ullekha prApta hotA hai| bAbU jainendrakizora (ArA nivAsI) bhajana- navaratna, zrAvakAcAra dohA, vacana battIsI Adi kavitAeM likhI hai| inake uparAnta Apane samasyApUrti bhI kI hai, jisa para rIti-yuga kI spaSTa chApa hai| Apake nakha - zikha varNana ke bhI kucha rocaka evaM zruti madhura pada upalabdha hai| jhAlarApATana nivAsI zrI lakSmIbAI tathA mAsTara nandUrAma kI isa pravRtti kI kavitAoM meM mAdhurya guNa adhika dikhAI par3atA hai| vaise inakI kavitAoM meM AcArAtmakatA aura naitika karttavya kA vizleSaNa sundara DhaMga se kiyA gayA hai| saptavyasana kI burAiyoM kA acchA nirUpaNa inakI kavitAoM meM huA hai tathA darzana va AcAra kI gUr3ha bAtoM ko kavi ne sarala tathA rocaka zailI meM vyakta kiyA hai| dArzanika pazcAda bhU se sambandhita viSayoM para likhI gaI kavitAeM rocaka zailI va mAdhurya ke kAraNa nirjIva yA bojhila nahIM lagatI hai| 1 100 dUsarI pravRtti ke antargata nUtana pravRttiyoM ko lekara muktaka kAvyoM kI racanA karanevAle Adhunika yuga meM aneka choTe-bar3e kavi hamAre sAmane Ate haiN| una sabhI kA svataMtra paricaya na yahAM saMbhava hai ora na samIcIna hai| kevala una kaviyoM kA paricaya yahAM diyA jA rahA hai, jinhoMne kisI eka pravRtti ko lekara kAvya racanA kI hai| vRttAtmaka, varNanAtmaka, AcArAtmaka, bhAvAtmaka tathA geyAtmaka ina pAMca vargoM meM Adhunika hindI jaina kAvya ko samAviSTa kiyA jA sakatA hai| (1) aitihAsika vRtta yA ghaTanAoM ko lekara jina kavitAoM meM bhAvoM kI abhivyakti huI ho vaha vRttAtmaka (2) prAkRtika dRzya, kisI vizeSa sthala, tyauhAra yA ghaTanA kA varNana karanevAle dhArmika yA laukika dRzya kA vivaraNa prastuta karanevAlI kavitA varNanAtmaka, (3) nIti, AcAra, vyavahAra, siddhAnta yA upadeza kA nirUpaNa karanevAlI kavitA AcArAtmaka, (4) zRMgAra, praNaya, utsAha, karuNA, sahAnubhUti, roSAdi hRdaya kI kisI bhI mUla bhAvanA ko bhAvAtmaka zailI meM nirUpita karanevAlI kavitAeM bhAvAtmaka (5) rasa pradhAna, layayukta madhura racanA geyAtmaka kavitAeM kahI jAtI haiN| yahAM hama inhIM vargoM meM vibhAjita racanAoM kI carcA kreNge| 1. draSTavya-DA0 nemicandra zAstrI - hindI jaina sAhitya - parizIlana - bhAga 2 pR0 34-35. 2. draSTavya - DA0 nemicandra zAstrI - hindI jaina sAhitya- parizIlana- bhAga 2, pR0 36.

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Adhunika hindI jaina sAhitya : sAmAnya paricaya 101 (1) vRttAtmaka racanAoM ke antargata kavi guNabhadra 'agAsa' kI 'pradyumna carita', 'rAma-vanavAsa' tathA 'kumArI anantamatI' racanAeM prApta hotI haiN| unameM kAvyatva kI kamI aura paurANikatA, vRttAtmakatA adhika hone se sAdhAraNa koTi kI banI hai| kavi mUlacanda 'vatsala' ke 'vIrapaMca ratna' meM pAMca vIra bAlakoM kA carita-vRtta aMkita hai| inake uparAnta kavi kalyANa kumAra 'zazi' kA 'devagar3ha kAvya' bhI vRttAtmaka kAvya kI koTi meM hI ginA jaayegaa| (2) varNanAtmaka muktaka racanAoM meM zrI jugalakizora mukhtAra 'yugavIra' kI 'ajasambodhana', zrI nAthUrAma 'premI' kI 'pitA kI paraloka yAtrA para', gaNapati goyalIya kI 'siddhAra kUTa', guNabhadra 'agAsa' kI 'bhikhArI kA svapna', sUryabhAnu DoMgI kI 'saMsAra', ayodhyA prasAda goyalIya kI 'javAnoM kA joza', kAmatA prasAda jaina kI 'jIvana jhAMkI', lakSmIcandra jaina kI 'maiM patajhar3a kI sUkhI DAlI', zAntiprasAda svarUpa 'kusuma' kI 'kalikA ke prati', lakSmaNa prasAda kI 'phUla', khUbacanda 'vatsala' kI 'bhagnamaMdira', vIrendra kumAra kI 'vIravaMdanA', ghAsIrAmacandra kI 'phUla se', rAjakumAra kI 'AhvAna' pramukha muktaka racanAeM upalabdha haiN| usI prakAra strI kavayitriyoM meM candraprabhA devI kI 'raNabherI', kamalA devI kI 'roTI' kamalA devI 'rASTrabhASA kovida' kI 'hama haiM harI bharI phUlavArI' ityAdi racanAoM ko sundara muktaka racanAeM kahI jA sakatI haiN| (3) Adhunika hindI jaina kaviyoM meM zreSTha bhAvAtmaka kAvya dhArmika siddhAntoM ke prati pratibaddhatA ke kAraNa vizeSa mAtrA meM va utkRSTa koTi ke upalabdha nahIM hote haiN| kucha kavi avazya aise haiM jinakI racanAoM meM gUr3ha bhAvanAoM kI sundara abhivyakti huI hai| zoka, AnaMda, vairAgya, zAMti va karuNA ke bhAvoM kI abhivyakti vizeSa rUpa se huI hai| hindI kAvya sAhitya ke zreSTha chAyAvAdI kaviyoM kI racanAoM meM jo bhAvAnubhUtiyoM se atiraMjita sUkSma bhAvoM kI gahana pratIkAtmaka evaM layabaddha mArmika abhivyaMjanA huI hai aisI aura utanI utkRSTa bhAvapUrNa muktaka dhArA hindI jaina kAvya dhArA meM svAbhAvika rUpa se upalabdha nahIM hotI hai| isake lie vizeSa dhArmika pRSThabhUmi bhI kAraNabhUta ho sakatI hai| jo bhAvapradhAna racanAeM prApta hotI haiM unameM mukhtAra sAhaba kI 'merI bhAvanA' avazya sundara racanA kahI jaayegii| kavi kI hArdika icchA evaM bhAvanA ko mUrtimanta rUpa pradAna kiyA gayA hai| isake atirikta gaNapati goyalIya kI 'nIca aura achUta' kavi cainasukhadAsa kI 'jIvanapaTa', kavi satyabhakta kI 'jharanA', kavi kalyANa kumAra 'zazi' kI 'vizruta jIvana', zrI bhagavatsvarUpa jaina kI 'sukha zAMti cAhatA hai mAnava', kavi lakSmIcandra kI 'sajanI AMsU logI

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102 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya yA hAsa', kavi bukhAriyA kI 'maiM ekAkI pathabhraSTa huA', amRtalAla caMcala kI 'amara pipAsA',puSkala kI 'jIvana dIpaka', akSayakumAra gaMgavAla kI 'halacala', muni zrI amRtacandra 'sudhA' kI 'antara' aura 'bar3eA', sumeracandra kauzala kI 'jIvana-pahelI' tathA 'Atma-nivedana', bAlacandra 'vizArada' kI 'citrakAra se', evaM AMsU se', zrIcandra kI 'Atma nivedana' tathA kavi dIpaka kI 'jhanakAra' pramukha muktaka racanAeM haiN| vaise saMkhyA ke dRSTikoNa se bhAvAtmaka kavitAeM likhane vAle kAphI haiM, kintu utkRSTa bhAvapradhAna muktaka-kAvya likhanevAle kama haiN| bhagavat svarUpa jaina, mUlacanda 'vatsala', kavi bukhAriyA aura kavi puSkala kI bhAvAtmaka racanAeM vizeSa rUpa se ullekhanIya haiN| (4) AcArAtmaka kavitAeM jaina dharma kI vividha patra-patrikAoM meM prakAzita hotI rahatI haiN| inameM AcAroM-siddhAntoM kA mahattva aura varNana vizeSa rUpa se hotA hai| inameM ucca kAvyatva kI mAtrA kama, prAyaH abhAva-sA hI rahatA hai| (5) geyAtmaka racanAoM ke antargata kalpanA dvArA bhAvoM ko uttejita karane kI zakti nihita hotI hai| usI prakAra mAnava-mana kI rAgAtmaka vRtti ko adhikAdhika jAgRta karake nAda yukta saMgItAtmakatA ke dvArA madhura rasapUrNa sRSTi racI jAtI hai| geya kAvyoM meM laya, tAla aura nAda kA rahanA nitAnta Avazyaka mAnA jAtA hai| jisa geya racanA meM saMgIta nahIM, vaha ucca bhAvapUrNa rahane para bhI geya kAvya nahIM ho sktii| vastutaH antarjagata ke svAbhAvika sphuraNa ko svara aura laya ke niyamita Aroha-avaroha se bAMdha dene se unakI abhivyakti para pAThaka ko eka anirvacanIya AnaMda va mAdhurya kI anubhUti hotI hai| isa prakAra kI kavitA likhane meM kavayitrI kunthukumArI, premalatA kaumudI, puSpalatA devI, kavi anuja, puSpendu, ratana, kavi gaMgavAla, kavi bukhAriyA Adi ko acchI saphalatA prApta huI hai| zrImatI premalatA kI 'mUkayAcanA', lajjAvatI devI kI 'Akula antara', zrI phUlacanda 'puSpendu' kI 'abhilASA' tathA 'devadvAra' kavitAoM meM geyAtmakatA kA guNa vidyamAna hai| isI prakAra kavi rAmanAtha pAThaka 'praNayI' ke 'tIrthaMkara' zIrSaka kAvya saMkalana meM geya gItoM ko prakAzita kiyA gayA hai| inameM bhAvoM kI sundara layabaddha abhivyakti huI hai| ___nUtana vicAradhArA ke uparyukta paricita-aparicita sabhI kavi-kavayitriyoM kI racanAoM ko zrImatI ramArAnI jaina ne 'Adhunika hindI jaina kAvya' ke antargata saMgrahIta kiyA hai| unhoMne 'yuga-pravartaka', yugAnugAmI, pragati preraka, pragati-pravAha, urmi tathA 'sIkara' zIrSakastha cha: bhAgoM meM pravRttioM ko vibhAjita kiyA hai| ramA rAnI jI ne kAla kramAnusAra yaha vibhAjana kiyA hai| inhIM kaviyoM

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Adhunika hindI jaina sAhitya : sAmAnya paricaya 103 kI kavitAoM kA vizleSaNa DA0 nemicandra zAstrI ne Adhunika yugIna sphuTa racanAoM meM 'nUtana-pravAha' ke antargata viSayAnusAra kiyA hai| unhoMne inhIM kaviyoM ko tIna kAla khaNDoM meM samAviSTa kara liyA hai| anya kisI muktaka-kAvya saMgraha kA paricaya yahAM upalabdha nahIM hai| madhurasa : sva0 bhagavat jaina ke zikSAprada kAvyoM kA yaha saMkalana IsvI san 1944 meM prakAzita huA thaa| yaha saMkalana prAcIna dhArmika kathA-sAhitya para AdhArita hai| kavi ne prArambha meM caubIsa tIrthaMkaroM kI vaMdanA-stuti karake nija-laghutA kA ikarAra kiyA hai| sabhI kavitAeM sAdhAraNa koTi kI haiM, lekina kavi kI dhArmika anurAga raMjita bhAvAnubhUti tathA rocaka ghaTanA-prasaMga ke kAraNa kavitAeM grAhya tathA rocaka bana par3I hai| kavi kA uddezya bhagavAna mahAvIra ke ahiMsA siddhAnta kA samyak prasAra hI rahA hai; kyoMki ahiMsA ke prasAra kI nUtana praNAlI ko kavi bhagavAna mahAvIra kI sAmAjika cetanA va krAnti samajhate haiN| alaMkAra-yojanA, bhASA kA camatkAra yA zailI kI nUtanatA ke abhAva meM bhI ahiMsAtmaka vicAradhArA kA gahana udreka ina kAvyoM kA jIvaMta aMza hai| Adhunika hindI jaina sAhitya meM sva. zrI bhagavat jaina kA sthAna kAphI mahattvapUrNa hai| zrI vidyA-vinoda : san 1936 IsvI meM muni zrI vidyA vijaya jI mahArAja ne dhArmika stutiparaka gItoM-stavanoM kI racanA kI thI, jinameM tIrthaMkaroM kI bhakti se prApta durlabha zAnti ke mahattva para jora diyA gayA hai| bhagavAna ke guNa evaM sarvoccatA svIkAra kara nija laghutA kA pradarzana kara prabhu se ubArane ke lie prArthanA kI gaI hai| saMgItAtmakatA ke kAraNa 'vidyA-vinoda' ke stavana geya haiN| 'vIra puSpAMjali' : isake antargata zrI candrAbAI paNDitA ke stavanoM kA saMgraha hai| vaMdanA-prArthanA ke ina gItoM meM madhuratA kAphI hai tathA lekhikA ke hRdaya kI pukAra va tanmayatA kA acchA aMkana huA hai| zrImatI kamalA devI kRta 'zrI zAsana deva se zrAvikA saMgha kI prArthanA' bhI choTe-choTe dhArmika stavanoM kA saMgraha hai, jisa para rAjasthAnI bhASA kA prabhAva vizeSa lakSita hotA hai| rAjasthAna meM jaina dharma kA atyanta prasAra-pracAra hone se dhArmika pUjA-mahotsava, stuti-vaMdana ke sandarbha meM 1. draSTavya-'zodha patrikA'-julAI 1970, pR0 30. -

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Adhunika hindI - jaina sAhitya upayoga meM lAne ke lie DhUMDhArI bhASA se prabhAvita hindI meM choTI-bar3I bahuta sI pustakeM prakAzita kI jAtI hai| prabhu kI mUrti ke sAmane aisI stuti paraka racanA gA-gAkara bhakta kA citta Ananda se vibhora ho uThatA hai tathA zAnti prApta karane kI koziza rahatI hai| 104 zrIpAla carita' : kavi parimala ne saM. 1956 meM isakI racanA kI thI, lekina prakAzita nahIM kI thii| unakI hastaprata ko zuddha karake bAbU jJAnacanda jainI ne IsvI san 1904 meM prakaTa kiyaa| prAraMbha meM kavi ne tIrthaMkAroM aura guru kI vaMdanA kI hai| jaina dharma, samAja va sAhitya meM zrIpAla rAjA tathA mainAsuMdarI kI kathA atyanta prasiddha evaM lokapriya hai| svakarmoM ke kAraNa anekAneka kaSTa-rogAdi ko samatAbhAva se sahana kara ekaniSThA se dharma cakra kI ArAdhanA kara tapasyA ke dvArA karmoM ke kSaya (nirjarA) ke uparAnta daMpatti ko sukha prApti hotI hai| lekina tabhI jJAna - netra khula jAne se saMsAra kI asAratA dekha donoM vairAgya grahaNa karate haiN| zrIpAla - mainA kI prasiddha kathAvastu lekara kavi ne padya - zailI meM isa kAvya grantha kI racanA kI hai| zrIpAla rAjA kA rAsa' : zrIpAla - mainA kI viSaya vastu se sambandhita eka anya racanA muni zrI zivavijaya ne dohA-caupAI zailI meM kI hai| kathA vastu vahI prAcIna hai tathA bhASA-zailI para gujarAtI bhASA kA kAphI prabhAva hai| vicAra- candrodaya : IsvI san 1909 meM kavi pitAmbara jI ne isakI racanA kI hai, jisakI bhASA gadya-padya mizrita hai| choTI-choTI kathAoM ke mAdhyama se sAhityika DhaMga se dhArmika carcA ke bIca-bIca meM manahara, rolA Adi chandoM meM kavitAeM kavi ne racI haiM, jinakA pramukha viSaya guruvandanA evaM mahattva se sambandhita hai| subodha kusumAvalI : kavivara muni nAnacandra jI ke sundara bhAvAtmaka stavanoM kI yaha racanA hai| isake prAraMbha meM gadya meM choTI-choTI kathAoM meM dhArmika upadeza haiN| stavanoM meM vividha rAga-rAginiyoM kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| AzAvarI, bilAvala, bihAga, kAnar3a Adi rAgoM kA kavi ne kuzalatA pUrvaka prayoga kiyA hai| 1. AtmAnaMda jaina jJAna maMdira - bar3audA / 2. jaina AtmAnaMda sabhA - bhAvanagara /

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Adhunika hindI jaina sAhitya : sAmAnya paricaya 105 mayUra-dUta : prAcIna jaina kAvya 'indradUta-kAvya" kI zailI para saM. 1993 meM 'mayUra-dUta' kAvya kA praNayana muni dhurandhara vijaya ne kiyaa| isameM 180 padya haiM, tathA zikhariNI chanda kA vizeSa prayoga kiyA gayA hai| muni dhurandhara jI ne kapar3avaMja meM cAturmAsa ke samaya jAmanagara sthita apane guru ke pAsa mayUra ke dvArA saMdeza bhejA hai| isa saMdeza meM unhoMne apanI gUDha bhakti va vaMdanA ke bhAva abhivyakta kiye haiN| kapar3avaMja (gujarAta) se jAmanagara (saurASTra) ke bIca ke prAkRtika sthaloM kA kavi ne sundara varNana kiyA hai, jisase kavi kI kavitva-zakti kA paricaya prApta hotA hai| AdikAla tathA madhyakAla meM dUta-kAvya kI paramparA vizeSa dikhAI par3atI thI, lekina Adhunika kAla meM dUta-kAvya kA pravAha sthagita ho gayA hai| nemavANI : ___ muni nemicandra jI ke bhAvavAhI sundara dhArmika bhajanoM kA saMgraha 'nemavANI' bhI isI kAla kI racanA hai| isameM tIrthaMkaroM kI vaMdanA-stuti AlaMkArika zailI tathA bhAvapUrNa rUpa se kI gaI hai| andhA cAMda : muni rUpacanda jI kI yaha prathama racanA hone para bhI pratIkAtmaka zailI evaM Adhunika pariveza meM likhI gaI sundara kRti hai| isa kAvya-saMkalana kI yaha vizeSatA hai ki isameM dhArmika saMdarbha yA paurANika kathAvastu kisI kA AdhAra nahIM grahaNa kiyA gayA hai| muktaka racanAoM meM kavi kI bhAvormi chalaka par3atI hai| kavi kI gaMbhIra bhAvAnubhUti se yukta choTe-choTe muktaka AkarSaka lagate haiN| isI yuga meM prasiddha jaina tatva cintaka kavi zrImad rAjacandra kI 5-6 hindI kavitAeM bhI upalabdha hotI haiN| inameM guru-mahAtmya tathA Atma jJAna prApta karane kI mahattA kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| unakI kavitAoM para cintana kA prabhAva spaSTa lakSita hotA hai| bhASA zailI sarala hone para bhI AkarSaka hai| paM. gopAla dAsa jI baraiyA kI 'bhajanAvalI' meM choTe-choTe bhajana bhAvapUrNa 1. draSTavya-jaina sAhitya bRhat itihAsa-saM0 DA. gulAba caudharI, pR0 553, (SaSTham bhaag)| 2. draSTavya-jaina sAhitya kA bRhat itihAsa-saM0 DA. gulAba caudharI, pR. 553, (SaSTham bhaag)| 3. prakAzaka-bhAratIya jnyaanpiitth-dillii|

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Adhunika hindI - jaina sAhitya va sAhityika zailI meM milate haiN| lekina Aja yaha 'bhajanAvalI' anupalabdha hai| kevala varNI jI kI AtmakathA 'merI jIvana gAthA' meM savistRta ullekha prApta huA hai| 106 Adhunika kAla meM jaina kAvya sAhitya sambandhI eka vizeSa pravRtti yaha bhI dRSTigata hotI hai ki madhyakAlIna bhakta kaviyoM kI racanAoM ko punaH saMpAdita kiyA jAtA hai| isase zreSTha kaviyoM kI uttama racanAoM ko janatA ke sAmane prastuta kara unakA rasAsvAdana karAyA jAtA hai, tathaiva aparicita kavi kI racanAoM ko prakAza meM lAyA jAtA hai| isa pravRtti ke antargata mohanalAla zAstrI ne 'jaina-bhajana-saMgraha- bhAga - 1-2' saMpAdita kiye haiN| tathA zrIyuta bhAgacanda jI jaina ne 'bhAgacanda pada - saMgraha' meM madhyayuga ke jaina kaviyoM kI bhaktiparaka racanAoM ko saMkalita kiyA hai| zrIyuta agaracanda nAhaTA aura bhaMvaralAla nAhaTA ne 'aitihAsika - jaina - kAvya saMgraha' meM madhyakAlIna kaviyoM kI aitihAsika kRtiyoM ko saMkalita kiyA hai| aisI racanAoM meM kAvyatva ke sAtha-sAtha itihAsa kI koI na koI ghaTanA, prasaMga yA vyakti jur3e hone se tatkAlIna dhArmika, sAmAjika yA rAjakIya itihAsa para bhI yatkiMcit prakAza upalabdha ho jAtA hai| aise aitihAsika kAvyoM ko saMpAdita va prakAzita karate samaya saMpAdakoM ko satarkatA va kuzalatA rakhanI par3atI hai| rAjakumAra jaina ne bhI 'adhyAtmapadAvalI' meM prasiddha prAcIna kaviyoM kI kRtiyoM ko prakAzita kiyA hai| isameM unhoMne isa kAla kI aitihAsika, dhArmika paristhitiyoM kA bhI vivecana kara diyA hai, tAki isI sandarbha meM kaviyoM kI racanA kA mUlyAMkana yA samIkSA kI jaay| kabhI-kabhI eka hI prAcIna kaviyoM kI racanAoM ko saMkalita kiyA jAtA hai| madhyakAlIna bhakta kavi dhAnatarAya ne 'dhAnatavilAsa' se acche cune hue padoM kA saMgraha 'jaina- pada - saMgraha' ke aMtargata kiyA gayA hai| isI prakAra paM0 jJAnacandra jaina ne 'jaina-zataka' meM kavi bhUdharadAsa jI ke 'jaina - zataka' kI sundara racanAoM ko saMpAdita kiyA hai| bhUdharadAsa jI kA yaha zataka hindI jaina sAhitya ' meM atyanta prasiddha hai aura jaina samAja meM samAdRta va lokapriya hai| yahAM aisI racanAoM kA vivaraNa dene kA uddezya na hokara kevala eka pravRtti kI ora iMgita mAtra karane kA hai| Adhunika kAla meM na kevala madhyakAlIna balki apabhraMza - prAkRta kI racanAoM ko bhI hindI meM anuvAdita, punaH saMpAdita karane kI pravRtti spaSTa dIkhatI hai| prAcIna evaM madhyakAlIna hindI jaina sAhitya meM jisa prakAra AcAryoM tathA 1. zrI gaNezaprasAda varNI- merI jIvana gAthA, pR0 62.

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Adhunika hindI jaina sAhitya : sAmAnya paricaya 107 muniyoM kA ullekhanIya yogadAna rahatA thA, usI prakAra Adhunika hindI jaina sAhitya sRjana meM bhI muniyoM kA kama yogadAna nahIM hai| isakA pramukha kAraNa yaha ho sakatA hai ki nirantara adhyayana karane kI unako suvidhA prApta hotI hai| dUsarI bAta varSA Rtu meM sthalAntara na kiye jAne para eka hI sthala para Thahara kara lekhana kArya karate rahate haiN| tIsarI bAta kisI eka sampradAya yA gaccha ke kisI muni ne kucha racA hai-prakAzita karavAyA hai, to anya saMpradAya vAle bhI kucha na kucha avazya likheMge aura prakAzita krvaaeNge| aisI spardhAtmaka bhAvanA ke kAraNa bhI likhane kI pravRtti banI rahatI hai| uparyukta vivecana se Adhunika hindI jaina kAvya kA paryApta paricaya prApta ho jAtA hai| aba yahAM Adhunika hindI jaina gadya sAhitya kI bhI carcA kara lenA samIcIna hogaa| Adhunika hindI jaina gadya : gadya Adhunika yuga kI sAmAjika, dhArmika va rAjanaitika krAMti ke pariNAmasvarUpa mAnava jagata ko milI huI anamola bheMTa hai| isa yuga meM gadya ko vicAravAhaka ke rUpa meM sarvAdhika upayukta samajhA gayA hai, kyoMki prAsa-anuprAsa, chaMda-tAla-laya kisI kA baMdhana na hone ke sAtha socane-vicArane kI prakriyA ko yathArtha DhaMga se sugamatApUrvaka prastuta karane kI suvidhA isameM upalabdha rahatI hai| isIlie padya ke sAtha-sAtha gadya kA mahatva va prabhutva bar3hane lgaa| gadya meM vicAroM kI abhivyakti saralatA se kI jAtI hai| Adhunika kAla meM hindI jaina sAhityakAroM ne padyAtmaka sAhitya kI tulanA meM gadyAtmaka sAhitya-sRjana vizAla mAtrA meM kiyA hai| hindI-jaina-sAhitya kA nirmANa kendra vizeSataH dillI, AgarA, rAjasthAna, evaM madhyapradeza rahA hai| ataH vahA~ kI boliyoM kA prabhAva vahAM varNita sAhitya para par3anA bahuta saMbhava hai| prAcIna gadya ke namUne isI kAraNa DhUMDhArI prabhAvita hindI bhASA meM upalabdha hote haiN| lekina Adhunika yuga kI sAhityika bhASA khar3I bolI ko hI mAdhyama ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiye jAne se prAdezika bhASAoM kA prabhAva atyanta kama rahA hai| Adhunika kAla meM jaina-gadya sAhitya apanI bahuvidha vidhAoM meM upalabdha hotA hai| gadya sAhitya nATaka, upanyAsa, nibandha, kathA-sAhitya, jIvanI evaM AtmakathA Adi vividha svarUpoM meM prApta hotA hai| 'jaina lekhakoM ne upanyAsa yA nATaka ke rUpa meM prAcIna kAla meM gadya nahIM likhaa| kucha kathAe~ gadyAtmaka rUpa meM avazya likhI gii| prAcIna saMskRta aura prAkRta ke kathA-granthoM ke anuvAda bhI DhUMDhArI bhASA meM likhe gaye, jisase sarva sAdhAraNa ina kathAoM ko par3hakara dharma-adharma ke phala ko samajha ske| lekina Adhunika

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108 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya yuga meM anuvAda ke sAtha nUtana gadya-sAhitya nirmANa kA kArya bhI calatA rahA hai| jaina lekhakoM ne mAnava-kalyANa kI bhAvanA se prerita ho upayogitA pUrNa sAhitya kI racanA mukhya rUpa se kI hai| isa zatAbdI meM mAnava-bhAvoM evaM vicAroM kI jitanI abhivyakti gadya meM saMbhava haI, utanI padya meM nhiiN| kyoMki Aja kA manuSya bhAvanA evaM tarka ke sAmaMjasya dvArA bhautika vikAsa ke lie gadya ko ucita mAdhyama svIkAra karatA hai| Adhunika hindI-jaina-gadya kI prAraMbhika sthiti para prakAza DAlate hue DA. nemicandra likhate haiM ki-"jIvana kI vivecanA tathA mAnava kI vibhinna samasyAoM kA sarvAMgINa aura sUkSma UhApoha gadya ke mAdhyama dvArA hI saMbhava hai| isa bIsavIM zatAbdI meM viSaya ke anurUpa gadya aura padya ke prayoga kA kSetra nirdhArita ho cukA hai| kathA-varNana, yAtrA-varNana, bhAvoM ke manovaijJAnika vizleSaNa, samAlocanA, prAcIna-gaurava-vivecana, tathya-nirUpaNa Adi meM gadya-zailI adhika saphala huI hai| isa zatAbdI meM nirmita jaina gadya sAhitya kA samasta sAhitya-koSa kisI bhI ratna-rAzi se kama mUlyavAna aura camakIlA nahIM hai| yadyapi isa zatAbdI ke Arambha meM jaina gadya sAhitya kA zrIgaNeza vacanikAoM, nibaMdha aura samAlocanAoM se hotA hai, to bhI kathA-sAhitya aura bhAvAtmaka gadya sAhitya kI kamI nahIM hai| Arambha ke sabhI nibandha dhArmika, sAMskRtika aura khaNDana-maNDanAtmaka hI huA karate the| kucha lekhakoM ne prAcIna dhArmika granthoM kA hindI gadya meM maulika svataMtra anuvAda bhI kiyA hai, para isa anuvAda kI bhASA aura zailI bhI 18vIM aura 19vIM zatI kI bhASA aura zailI se prAyaH milatI-julatI hai|" Adhunika kAla meM gadya sAhitya kA prArambha dhArmika racanAoM ke atirikta kathA-sAhitya ke rUpa meM bhI huA thA, jisakA kramazaH pariSkRta bhASA-zailI meM vikAsa huaa| Adhunika hindI jaina gadya ne yugAnurUpa bhASA-zailI meM apanA rUpa sajAyA-saMvArA hai| upanyAsa : Adhunika hindI sAhitya meM kathA-sAhitya ke antargata hI upanyAsa tathA kahAnI kA samAyojana kiyA jAtA hai| ataH kathA sAhitya ko pRthak vidhA nahIM mAnA jAtA, jabaki jaina sAhitya meM kathA sAhitya aura upanyAsa donoM ko bhinna-bhinna svIkArA jAtA hai| kyoMki upanyAsa kI kathAvastu paurANika, 1. DA. nemicandra zAstrI-Adhunika hindI sAhitya kA parizIlana-pR. 40. 2. DA0 nemicandra zAstrI-hindI jaina sAhitya kA parizIlana-pR. 51.

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Adhunika hindI jaina sAhitya : sAmAnya paricaya aitihAsika ke sAtha-sAtha kAlpanika bhI ho sakatI hai, jabaki kathA - sAhitya meM mAnava kI AdhyAtmika unnati tathA jIvana - kalyANa ke hetu zuddha rUpa se prAcIna dhArmika granthoM kI kathAvastu ko AdhAra banAkara kathA evaM carita granthoM kI racanA kI jAtI hai| tIrthaMkaroM, dhArmika pramukha strI-puruSa, aitihAsika jaina vyakti yA kisI dArzanika tatva ko mahatva dekara kathA aura caritra granthoM kI racanA zuddha paurANika yA aitihAsikatA ke AdhAra para kI jAtI hai| kalpanA ko isameM prazraya nahIM diyA jAtA, hA~, kahIM-kahIM varNanoM meM avazya kAlpanikatA kA raMga bhara sakate haiN| kathA vastu meM bhI aMzata: kalpanA kA sahArA liyA jA sakatA hai| kahAnI - kalA ke tatva kathA sAhitya meM rakhate haiM, lekina dhArmika upadeza, vRta - nIti - mahimA kA prabhAva vizeSa rahatA hai| vaise to jaina upanyAsa sAhitya meM bhI dhArmika upadeza aMkita rahate haiM, lekina vahAM pratyakSa na hokara caritra-citraNa, varNana aura kathopakathana ke mAdhyama se apratyakSa rahate haiN| isase upanyAsa ke kathA - pravAha meM bAdhA yA antarAla utpanna nahIM hotaa| 'jaina AkhyAnoM meM mAnava-jIvana ke pratyeka pahalU kA sparza kiyA gayA hai, jIvana ke pratyeka rUpa kA sarasa aura vizuddha tathA saMpUrNa jIvana kA citra paristhitiyoM se anuraMjita hokara aMkita hai| kahIM ina kathAoM meM aihika samasyAoM kA samAdhAna kiyA gayA hai, to kahIM pAralaukika kaa|++++ ye kathAeM jIvana ko gatizIla, hRdaya ko udAra aura vizuddha evaM buddhi ko kalyANa ke lie utprerita karatI hai| mAnava ko manoraMjana ke sAtha jIvanotthAna kI preraNA ina kathAoM se sahaja rUpa meM prApta ho jAtI hai| 109 naye hindI jaina lekhakoM ne prAcIna dhArmika kathA vastu ko grahaNa kara ramaNIya upanyAsa kI racanA kI hai| vaise nibandha aura kathA - sAhitya kI tulanA meM upanyAsoM kI saMkhyA atyanta alpa kahI jaayegii| dhArmika caritroM para granthoM ke praNayana avazya huye haiM, lekina unheM upanyAsa ke antargata na samAviSTa kara kathA - sAhitya ke bhItara samAviSTa karanA adhika yukti-saMgata pratIta hotA hai kyoMki isa prakAra ke kathAgranthoM meM rocaka kathAvastu evaM sundara rasAtmaka varNanoM ke bAvajUda bhI upanyAsa ke lie Avazyaka vAtAvaraNa, bhASA zailI, kathopakathana evaM ghaTanA cakra kA prAyaH abhAva-sA hotA hai tathA mAnava-kalyANa kI vRtti se prerita dhArmika-naitika upadeza kI saMbhAvanA vizeSa lakSita rahatI hai| jabaki upalabdha upanyAsoM meM mAnava ke AdhyAtmika dharAtala ko UMcA uThAne ke sAtha-sAtha bhAva-jagata kI AvazyakatA pUrti kA prayAsa nUtana bhASA-zailI meM 1. DA0 nemicandra zAstrI - hindI jaina sAhityaka parizIlana - bhAga 2, pR0 70.

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110 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya vidyamAna hai| hAM, hindI upanyAsoM kI bhAMti zailIgata TIpa-TApa kI mAtrA kama abhivyakta hotI hai| hindI upanyAsoM kI taraha inameM pAzcAtya vicAradhArA tathA nUtana jIvana-darzana kA abhigama upalabdha na honA svAbhAvika hai| phira bhI ve upanyAsa rocaka tathA prabhAvapUrNa avazya rahe haiN| kyoMki jIvana ke sAtha nAnA jagata ke vyApaka sambandhoM kI samIkSA jaina upanyAsoM meM mArmika rUpa se kI gaI hai| kathAnaka itanA rocaka hai ki pAThaka vAstavika saMsAra ke asaMtoSa aura hAhAkAra ko bhUlakara kalpita saMsAra meM hI vicaraNa nahIM karatA, balki apane jIvana ke sAtha nAnA prakAra kI krIr3AeM karane lagatA hai| ye krIr3AeM anubhUtiyoM ke bheda se kaI prakAra kI hotI hai| AzA, AkAMkSA, prema, ghRNA, karuNA, nairAzya Adi kA jitanA citraNa jaina upanyAsoM ne kiyA hai, utanA anyatra zAyada hI mila skegaa"| Alocya kAla meM upalabdha upanyAsoM meM manovatI, ratnenda, suzIlA, muktidUta aura caturAbAI pramukha rUpa se haiN| inameM aupanyAsika dRSTikoNoM se zrI vIrendra jaina kA 'mukti dUta' upanyAsa sarvAdhika saphala evaM utkRSTa kahA jaayegaa| yahA~ ina sabhI para kevala paricayAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra kiyA jAyegA tathA Age ke adhyAya meM inakI vastu vivecanA aura anya pahaluoM para vistRta carcA kI jaayegii| manovatI : - yaha upanyAsa na kevala hindI jaina upanyAsa sAhitya kI prAraMbhika kRti hai, balki hindI sAhitya meM prAraMbhika upanyAsoM kA jaba sRjana huA, usa samaya kI racanA hai| ataH aupanyAsika kalA kA prAyaH abhAva rahanA bahuta svAbhAvika hai| isa upanyAsa ke lekhaka haiM prasiddha jaina sAhityakAra ArA nivAsI jainendra kishor|" Aja Adhunika vAtAvaraNa ke anurUpa nayI-nayI zailiyoM aura svarUpoM meM upanyAsoM kI racanA kI AtI hai| ata: aupanyAsika kalA kA stara prAraMbhika upanyAsoM kI apekSA adhika unnata aura suvikasita hogA hii| 'manovatI' upanyAsa prAraMbhika kAla kI racanA hone se suvikasita aupanyAsika kalA se rahita hai| __manovatI nAyikA pradhAna upanyAsa hai, jisameM zreSThi kanyA manovatI ke udAtta caritra kA yahAM pUrNa vikAsa huA hai| manovatI apane dhairya, pati-bhakti aura dhArmika dRr3hatA ke kAraNa aneka kaSToM ko sahane ke uparAnta kaise pati va 1. DA. nemicandra zAstrI-hindI jaina sAhityaka parizIlana-bhAga 2, pR. 55. 2. Adhunika hindI jaina nATaka kA prAraMbha bhI inhoMne kiyA thaa| abhI thor3e varSa pUrva ApakA nidhana huaa|

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Adhunika hindI jaina sAhitya : sAmAnya paricaya 111 parivAra ko U~cA uThAtI hai, isakI pramukha kathA hai| yadyapi yaha upanyAsa aupanyAsika tatvoM kI kasauTI para pUrNataH kharA nahIM utaratA, lekina prAraMbhika kAlIna racanA hone ke kAraNa isakA mahatva svIkRta hai| "hindI upanyAsoM kI gatividhi ko avagata karane ke lie isakA mahatva 'candrakAntA-saMtati' se kama nahIM hai|' zrI jainendra kizora ne aura bhI bahuta-se upanyAsa likhe haiM yathA-kamalinI, satyavatI, manoramA aura zaratakumAra, lekina ye sabhI anupalabdha haiN| ina upanyAsoM meM dharma aura sadAcAra kI mahattA varNita kI gaI hai| inake sabhI upanyAsa nAyikA pradhAna hai| ratnendu : __ muni zrI tilakavijaya jI ne isa upanyAsa kI racanA kI hai| AdhyAtmika kSetra meM muni jI kA apUrva sthAna hai| AcArya hone ke kAraNa Apake hRdaya meM dharmAnurAga kA pravAha nirantara bahatA rahatA hai aura isI kAraNa dhArmika upadeza ko unhoMne rocaka zailI meM upanyAsa rUpa meM prastuta kiyA hai| aupanyAsika tatvoM kI pracuratA ke kAraNa hI dhArmika upadeza kA prabhAva vizeSa tIvratA se niSpanna ho sakA hai| Adarza kI nIMva para yathArtha kA bhavana nirmANa karane kI preraNA pAThaka isa racanA se prApta kara sakatA hai| ratnendu ke apAra bala, teja tathA kauzala ko lekhaka ne padminI kI suMdaratA, zAlInatA aura ekaniSThA ke sAtha samanvita kara donoM ke caritra-nirUpaNa meM kuzalatA kA pUrNa paricaya diyA hai| ghaTanAoM se pUrNa isa upanyAsa meM sabhI pAtroM kA caritra citraNa atyanta spaSTa evaM prabhAvazAlI ho gayA hai| 'ratnendu' upanyAsa ko Adhunika hindI jaina sAhitya kA saphala va AkarSaka upanyAsa kahA jA sakatA hai| upanyAsa ke prAraMbha meM hI ratnendu ke caritra para prakAza DAlate hue unake mitroM ke saMvAda meM bhASA kI AlaMkArikatA aura pravAha pAThaka kA dhyAna AkarSita kara letA hai| 'ratnendu' upanyAsa kI racanA ke uparAnta aisI anya kRtiyoM kA muni jI ne sRjana kiyA hotA to jaina dharma ke sAtha jaina sAhitya bhI lAbhAnvita hotaa| suzIlA : Adhunika hindI jaina sAhitya ke itihAsa meM yuga-pravartaka ke rUpa meM 1. draSTavya-DA0 nemicandra zAstrI-hindI jaina sAhitya parizIlana-pR. 61. 2. prakAzaka-digambara jaina pustakAlaya-sUrata-'suzIlA' upanyAsa bahuta varSa pUrva prakAzita hone se Aja anupalabdha hai| kevala isakI eka prati 'digambara jaina pustakAlaya' ke sthApaka zrI mUlacanda kizanadAsa kApaDiyA jI se anusaMdhAyikA ko prApta huI thI, jisake lie vaha unakI AbhArI hai|

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112 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya pratiSThita va sammAnita sva. gopAladAsa baraiyA jI ne isa upanyAsa kI racanA saMvat 2005 meM kI thii| yaha upanyAsa pUrNataH dhArmika upanyAsa hone se nIti-rIti, AcAra-vicAra, viveka-sadAcAra zIla, saMyama, pativratA dharma, putra-pitA dharma Adi vividha viSayoM kI carcA lekhaka ne rocaka DhaMga se kI hai| rocaka kathAvastu evaM mArmika caritra-citraNoM ke kAraNa upanyAsa kA dhArmika pahalU vizeSa khalatA nahIM hai| isa upanyAsa kI eka vizeSatA yaha bhI hai ki pratyeka adhyAya kA Adi va anta prakRti-citraNa se hI huA hai| kisI adhyAya meM pAtroM kI saMkhyA vizeSa A jAne se pAThaka ko kathA-krama kA sAtatya smaraNa rakhane meM asuvidhA ho sakatI hai| lekina kathA-pravAha itanA sazakta evaM rocaka hai ki pAThaka ko pAtroM kI gatividhi aura ghaTanA-cakra kI gati ke kAraNa dikkata nahIM hotI hai aura rasAsvAdana meM kSati nahIM phuNctii| ghaTanAeM zrRMkhalA baddha hone para bhI apane prAraMbha va anta kI kalAtmakatA ke kAraNa pAThaka kI utsukatA nirantara banAe rahatI haiN| "kuzala kalAkAra ne isa upanyAsa meM dhArmika siddhAMtoM kI vyaMjanA ke lie kAlpanika citroM ko itanI madhuratA evaM manomugdhatA se khIMcA hai, jisase pAThaka guNa sthAna jaise kaThina viSayoM ko kathA ke mAdhyama dvArA sahaja meM avagata kara letA hai|" vijayapura ke mahArAjA zrIcandra ke suputra jayadeva evaM mahArAjA vikrama kI rUpaguNa yuktA putrI suzIlA ko pradhAna pAtra banAkara mukhya nAyikA ke nAma para upanyAsa kA nAmakaraNa kiyA gayA hai| isake lie suzIlA kA caritra pUrNarUpeNa upayukta samajhA jA sakatA hai| suzIlA kisI bhI saMkaTa meM dharma va zIla ko nahIM chor3atI tathA kuvyaktiyoM kI lampaTatA kA aDigatA se sAmanA kara satItva kA rakSaNa karatI hai| muktidUta : zrI vIrendra jaina kA yaha upanyAsa Alocya kAlIna upanyAsoM meM sarvotkRSTa kahA jA sakatA hai| adbhuta romAMcaka kramabaddha ghaTanAoM se yukta kathAvastu, zliSTa mArmika caritra-citraNa, AhlAdaka utsukatA, preraka varNanoM kI hArAvali, mArmika kathopakathana sabhI dRSTiyoM se yaha eka saphala upanyAsa hai| 'mukti dUta' ke anantara, Atma kathAtmaka-zailI meM zrI vIrendra jI ne eka upanyAsa tIna bhAgoM meM likhA hai| prathama bhAga 'anuttarayogI' dvitIya bhAga-'vaizAlI kA vidrohI rAjakumAra' tathA tRtIya bhAga 'asidhArA patha kA yAtrI' jo atyanta sundara kahe 1. DA0 nemicandra zAstrI-hindI jaina sAhitya parizIlana-bhAga 2, pR0 64. 2. prakAzaka-bhAratIya jnyaanpiitth-dillii|

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Adhunika hindI jaina sAhitya : sAmAnya paricaya 113 jaayeNge| lekina ye Alocya kAla ke antargata samAviSTa nahIM hote haiN| ata: unakI carcA anupayukta hogii| _ 'mukti dUta' meM aMjanA-pavanaMjaya kI prasiddha paurANika kathAvastu ke AdhAra para ghaTanA camatkAra evaM bhAvAnubhUti kA adbhUta samanvaya kiyA gayA hai| isI kAraNa pAThaka kI kautUhala vRtti donoM kI paritRpti sahaja meM hI ho sakatI haiN| varNanoM kI chaTA prekSaNIya hai| kahIM-kahIM atyadhika lambe varNana kaThina va bhArI ho jAte haiN| vaise pratyeka varNana ko par3hakara pAThaka ke citta meM AnaMda kI lahara tathA sphUrti kA anubhava hone lagatA hai| aise chaTAyukta tathA vistRta prakRti-dRzyoM, mAnava-prakRti aura pravRtti ke vividha aMgoM ke varNanoM ko par3hate samaya barabasa AcArya hajArIprasAda jI ke upanyAsa 'bANa bhaTTa kI AtmakathA' ke utkRSTa varNanoM kI ramyatA smaraNa ho AtI haiN| pavanaMjaya ke kramazaH AtmavikAsa kI kathA, aMjanA ke cAritrya-bala evaM sarvotkRSTa satIdharma ke kAraNa nizcita rUpa dhAraNa karatI hai| puruSa ke ahaM-abhimAna rUpI aMdhakAra ko nArI apanI sahiSNutA, prema, audArya, vAtsalya evaM Atma samarpaNa ke dvArA prakAza dekara mukti kI rAha para le calatI hai| 'kAmAyanI' kI zraddhA bhI kyA karatI hai? manu kI ahaMjanya vikAra vRtti evaM vinAzaka-pravRtti ko apane snehasambala, audArya evaM Atma samarpaNa ke pAvana jala se pariSkRta karatI hai tathA ahaM ko visarjita karAkara parama AnaMdapada ke dhAma meM le jAkara zivatva, zAnti, prema va AnaMda kI anubhUti karavAtI hai| aMjanA bhI pavanaMjaya ke ahaMkAra, ghora dhikkAra-vRtti ko saMyama se cupacApa sahatI huI, prema aura tyAga se kSamAdAna detI huI dharma dhyAna meM pravRtta rahatI hai| aura pati ko sahI rAha para le AtI hai| pariNAmasvarUpa anta meM sammAna, saubhAgya aura ananta sukha ko punaH prApta karane meM samartha ho sakatI hai| 'muktidUta' upanyAsa satya hI hindI jaina upanyAsa sAhitya kA eka bahumUlya ratna kahA jA sakatA hai| sukumAla': ___ bAbU jainendra kizora ne isa choTe se upanyAsa kI racanA san 1905 meM kI thii| isake upodghAta meM svayaM lekhaka ne likhA hai ki-"isa upanyAsa meM na to premI tathA preyasI kI rasabharI kahAnI haiM aura na isameM tilisma tathA aiyArI ke laTake haiN| yaha upanyAsa kevala pApoM kA nirAkaraNa kara zivaramaNI (mukti) se saMyoga karAne meM samartha haiN|" prAraMbhika racanA hone se aupanyAsika tatvoM kI kamI 1. isakI eka prati 'mohanalAla jI jaina lAyabrerI' bhUlezvara, bambaI se prApta kI gaI thii|

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114 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya hone para bhI custa-ghaTanA-pravAha ke kAraNa rocakatA banI rahatI hai| karmoM kI mImAMsA ke kAraNa pUrva janmoM ko mahatva diyA gayA hai| phalasvarUpa kathA ke antargata kathA kA pravAha calatA hai| dhArmika tatvoM kI carcA kA Adhikya upanyAsa ke kathA pravAha va rasAsvAdana meM kahIM-kahIM bAdhAkAraka banatA hai; kyoMki dArzanika grantha evaM upanyAsa donoM eka nahIM ho sakate haiN| jaina dharma ke pAMca mahAvratoM kI mahattA abhivyakta karane ke lie mukhya-mukhya pAtra nAgazrI, nAgazarmA aura AcArya sUryamitra ke dvArA bhinna-bhinna kathA varNita kI gaI haiN| sAdhAraNa bhASAzailI kA yaha upanyAsa apane yuga ke saMdarbha meM kAphI mahatva rakhatA hai| catura bahU': paM. dIpacanda jI paravAra ne IsvI san 1926 meM isa choTe se sAmAjika upanyAsa kI racanA kI hai, jisameM pArivArika kathAvastu ke sAtha zikSAprada ghaTanAoM kA nirvAha kiyA gayA hai| kathA ke pravAha meM bIca-bIca meM jaina dharma kI zikSA aura nIti kI carcA kA samAyojana lekhaka ne kuzalatA pUrvaka kiyA hai| isI kAraNa choTI-sI pustikA hone para bhI sAhitya meM apanA viziSTa mahatva rakhatI hai| bhASA prAraMbhika khar3I bolI ke samaya kI hone se saMyuktAkSara bahula hai, jo bhAratendu kAlIna upanyAsoM meM sarvatra dekhA jAtA hai| rAjasthAna kI bolI kA prabhAva bhI bhASA-zailI para yatra-tatra dRSTigocara hotA hai| zailI meM camatkAra, AlaMkArikatA yA vAk vidagdhatA na hokara sarvatra saralatA hI vidyamAna hai| muni zrI vidyAvijaya ne 'rAnIsulasA" nAmaka eka dhArmika upanyAsa likhA hai, jisameM rAnI sulasA ke udAtta caritra kA vizleSaNa kara lekhaka ne pAThakoM ke samakSa eka navIna Adarza upasthita kiyA hai| bhASA aura kalA kI dRSTi se isameM pUrNa saphalatA lekhaka ko nahIM mila sakI hai| isa upanyAsa kA kevala ullekha hI prApta ho sakA hai| prakAzita rUpa meM anupalabdha hai| kathA sAhitya : hindI meM kathA sAhitya ke antargata kahAnI tathA upanyAsa donoM kA samAveza hotA hai, kintu jaina sAhitya ke antargata kevala kahAnI ko kathA-sAhitya ke antargata liyA jAtA hai| yaha eka paramparA sI bana gaI hai| isakA ullekha hamane pichale adhyAya meM kiyA bhI hai| 1. isakI eka prati 'mohanalAla jI jaina lAyabrerI' bhUlezvara, bambaI se prApta kI gaI thii| 2. DA0 nemicandra zAstri-hindI jaina sAhitya parizIlana-dvitIya bhAga, pR0 76.

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Adhunika hindI jaina sAhitya : sAmAnya paricaya 115 kathA aura kahAnI ke saMdarbha meM apane vicAra vyakta karate hue zrI kapUracanda jaina 'indu' likhate haiM ki-"kahAnI aura kathA meM itanA hI antara hotA hai ki kahAnI kAlpanika hotI hai| kathA kI AdhAra zilA satya ghaTanA hotI hai| kahAnI kA uddezya, manoraMjana yA koI zikSA kA pratipAdana hotA hai| jabaki kathA zikSA ke sAtha-sAtha kisI saiddhAMtika tathya kI spaSTatA yA puSTi karatI hai| Adhunika hindI jaina kathA-sAhitya kI jitanI bhI racanAeM hai, unakA mUlAdhAra prAcIna jaina sAhitya ke AcArAMga, uttarAdhyayanAMga, padmacaritra, supArzva caritra, puNyAzrava kathAkoza, ArAdhanA-kathA koza, jJAtR dharma kathAMga, antakRddazAMga Adi granthoM kI prasiddha kathAeM hai| bahuta se jaina lekhakoM ne Adhunika bhASA evaM zailI meM prAcIna kathA-granthoM kA suMdara bhAvapUrNa maulika anuvAda bhI kiyA hai, jaise ArAdhanA kathAkoza, bRhad kathAkoza, saptavyasana caritra aura puNyAzrava kathA ke anuvAda ullekhanIya haiN| prAyaH samasta prAcIna jaina kathAoM kA hindI meM anuvAda ho cukA hai| ina granthoM meM eka sAtha aneka kathAoM kA saMkalana kiyA gayA hai aura kathA kI rocakatA tathA jijJAsA vRtti kI uttejanA ke kAraNa ye kathAeM atyanta rasa yukta tathA saphala rahI hai| yadyapi ye anuvAdita kathA sAhitya ke granthoM meM hindI sAhitya kI kahAniyoM kA-sA TIpa-TApa kA raMga, manovaijJAnikatA yA sUkSmatA nahIM hai, phira bhI bhAvoM ko jhaMkRta kara antarAtmA ko AdhyAtmika unnati kI ora agrasara karAne kI kSamatA avazya ina kahAniyoM meM hai| inameM samAja-vikAsa tathA loka pravRtti kA gaharA prabhAva pratibiMbita hotA hai| jaina kathAoM meM dhArmika upadeza kA prabhAva adhika rahatA hai, vaha nirvivAda tathya hai; lekina prathama rocaka, jijJAsA preraka kathAvastu ke dvArA rasa prApti karAne ke uparAnta dhArmika yA naitika saMdeza rahatA hai yA kathAvastu ke madhya meM apratyakSa rUpa se saMdeza rahatA hai, jisase kathA nIrasa yA bojhila banane se baca jAtI hai| apane dhArmika upadeza ko pratipAdita karane ke lie jaina kathAkAra sAdhAraNataH kahAnI kI samApti para kisI kevalI yA muni AcArya ko upasthita karAke kathA meM Aye sukha-duHkha kI vyAkhyA pAtra ke kisI janma ke karmoM ke AdhAra para karavA dete haiN| isI kAraNa bahuta-sI kathAoM meM kahAnI ke antargata kahAnI ke kAraNa kathAvastu jaTila ho jAtI hai aura pAThaka para usa pratikriyA kA 1. draSTavya-zrI kapUracanda jaina-zrIbhagavat jaina ke 'durgadvAra' kahAnI saMgraha kI prastAvanA 'merI samajha meM' se pR. 2.

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116 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya prabhAva bhI par3atA hai| aba kramazaH kathA-sAhitya kI kRtiyoM kA paricaya saMkSepa meM diyA jaayegaa| unake viSaya meM vistAra se Age dekhA jaayegaa| ArAdhanA kathA koza' : 'ArAdhanA-kathA-koza' kI kathAoM kA sundara maulika anuvAda udayalAla kAzalIvAla ne kiyA hai| isake prathama bhAga meM 24 kathAeM, dvitIya bhAga meM 38 kathAeM, tRtIya bhAga meM 32 kathAeM tathA caturtha bhAga meM 27 kathAeM saMgrahIta kI gaI haiN| ina kathAoM kA anuvAda svataMtra rUpa se kiyA gayA hone se maulika racanAoM kA AnaMda prApta hotA hai| ina kathAoM kI bhASA sarala va zailI AkarSaka hone ke kAraNa sAmAnya jaina samAja kA manoraMjana karane meM lekhaka ko saphalatA milI hai| jaina darzana ke ahiMsA, aparigraha, satya, brahmacarya ke pramukha siddhAMto ko pratipAdita karane vAlI ye kathAeM jaina saMskRti kA bhI paricaya karavAtI haiN| bRhatkathA koza: isa kA anuvAda pro0 rAjakumAra sAhityAcArya ne sundara zailI meM kiyA hai| isake do bhAga prakAzita ho cuke haiN| anuvAdaka ne aisI sahaja sarala zailI meM anuvAda kiyA hai ki mUla kathAoM ke bhAvoM ko akSuNNa rakhA gayA hai| sAtha hI rocakatA evaM utsukatA kA nirvAha bhI samAna DhaMga se ho sakA hai| 'do hajAra varSa purAnI kahAniyAM' meM DA. jagadIzacandra jaina ne prAcIna Agama granthoM kI kathAoM ko hindI bhASA meM sarala aura rocaka zailI meM maulikatA ke sAtha likhA hai| isa saMgraha meM kula 64 kahAniyAM hai jo tIna bhAgoM meM vibhakta kI gaI hai-(1) laukika (2) aitihAsika (3) dhaarmik| pahale meM 34, dUsare meM 17 evaM tIsare meM 13 kahAniyAM saMgrahIta hai| sUkSma nirIkSaNa zakti aura ghaTanA camatkAra ina kathAoM ko kalAtmaka bhI banAtA hai| kalA tatva kI dRSTi se bhI ina kathAoM kA kAphI mahatva rahatA hai| prAcIna AdhAra para se kathAvastu grahaNa kiyA hone se kathA vastu meM kalpanA yA asvAbhAvikatA kA aMza prAyaH nahIM hotA hai| purAtana kathAnakoM ko lekara zrI bAbU kRSNalAla varmA ne svataMtra rUpa se kucha kathA-grantha likhe haiN| "ina kathAoM meM kahAnI-kalA vidyamAna hai| inameM vastu, pAtra aura dRzya (Back ground or atmosphere) ye tInoM mukhya aMga 1. prakAzaka-jaina mitra kAryAlaya, hIrAbAga, bmbii| 2. prakAzaka-bhAratIya digambara jaina sNgh-cauraasii-mthuraa|

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Adhunika hindI jaina sAhitya : sAmAnya paricaya 117 saMtulita rUpa meM hai|" khanakakumAra, mahAsatI sItA, surasuMdarI evaM satI damayaMtI unakI pramukha racanA hai| khanakakumAra : khanaka kumAra kI kathA bar3I hI rocaka evaM marmasparzI hai| khanaka kumAra rAjA kanakaketu evaM rAnI mainAsuMdarI kA vIra putra thA, jisane dIkSA aMgIkAra ke anantara adbhuta sahanazIlatA aura ugra tapasyA ke kAraNa kevala gati ko prApta kiyA thaa| karuNa rasa kA paripAka isa kathA meM kathAkAra ne bar3I kuzalatA se kiyA hai| mahAsatI sItA : paurANika AkhyAna ko kalpanA dvArA thor3A-bahuta parivartita kara varmA jI ne navIna bhAvoM kI yojanA kI hai| mahAsatI sItA ke ujjvala caritra kA citraNa isameM khUbI ke sAtha kiyA gayA hai| rAvaNa ke caritra ko bhI yahAM UMcA uThAyA gayA hai| surasundarI: varmA jI ne isa kRti meM bhI paurANika AkhyAna meM kalpanA kA yatheSTa saMmizraNa kiyA hai| racanA meM utsukatA kA guNa paryApta mAtrA meM vidyamAna hai| rAjakumArI surasuMdarI evaM zreSThi putra amarakumAra kI prAcIna kathAvastu meM Adhunika bhASAzailI se sajIvatA paidA kara dI hai| rAjakumArI surasuMdarI apanI sahiSNutA, pratibhA, buddhi-kauzala evaM dRr3ha nizcaya ke dvArA amarakumAra ke abhimAna ko parAjita kara apanI zakti evaM mahattA kA yatheSTa paricaya ThIka samaya para karavAtI hai| satI damayantI : isa kathA meM lekhaka varmA jI ne damayantI kA Adarza caritra aMkita kiyA hai| satI damayantI ke zIla, pativratya, prema aura sahanazIlatA kI mahattA vyakta kI gaI hai| damayantI ke caritra ko pUrNataH AdarzavAdI banAne ke kAraNa kathA meM alaukika ghaTanAoM kA ghaTanA asvAbhAvika lagatA hai| lekhaka ne isa racanA meM paurANikatA kA pUrNa rUpa se anusaraNa kiyA hai| rUpasuMdarI : isa paurANika kathA ke lekhaka bhAgamala zarmA hai| manuSya paristhiti vaza 1. DA. nemicandra zAstrI-hindI jaina sAhitya parizIlana-pR. 81, dvitIya bhaag| 2. prakAzaka-AtmAnaMda jaina TrasTa sosAyaTI-ambAlA shhr|

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118 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya kisa prakAra acchA-burA vyavahAra karatA hai, tathA karmoM ke phalasvarUpa pApa-puNya kA kaisA phala prApta karatA hai, vaha isa kathA meM batalAyA gayA hai| vAtAvaraNa evaM pravRtti kA kaisA ghaniSTa prabhAva manuSya ke jIvana para par3atA hai, isakA udghATana rocaka kathAvastu ke dvArA kiyA gayA hai| isa paurANika kathA meM lekhaka ne manovaijJAnika DhaMga se devavrata, rUpasuMdarI Adi kA caritra-citraNa kiyA hai kyoMki koI bhI vyakti saMpUrNa nahIM hotA hai, kabhI-kabhI kamajorI ke kSaNa meM acchA vyakti bhI apanA saMyama kho baiThatA hai, to kabhI sAtvika vAtAvaraNa pAkara burA AdamI bhI acchAI kI rAha ko AtmasAta kara letA hai| navaratna : zrI kAmatAprasAda jaina dvArA likhita isa kahAnI saMgraha meM jaina jagata kI pramukha nava aitihAsika vyaktiyoM kA caritra-citraNa kiyA gayA hai unakI vIratA, udAratA evaM dhArmikatA kA mahatva aMkita karane ke hetu hI isakI racanA kI gaI hai| aitihAsika AdhAra para se isakI kathAvastu grahaNa kI hai, para anukUla kalpanAoM kA bhI adbhuta saMmizraNa kiyA hai| isa saMgraha meM tIrthaMkara ariSTanemi, samrATa candragupta maurya, samrATa ela khAravela, vIra cAmuNDarAya, cAritryavIra mArasiMha, jinadharma ratna gaMgarAja, samyakatva cUr3AmaNi hUlla, vIrAgaMnA sAvitrI aura satI suMdarI kI kathA kA saMniyojana kiyA gayA hai| paMcaratna : yaha bhI bAbU kAmatAprasAda jaina kI racanA hai| isameM bhI unhoMne 'navaratna' kI bhAMti jaina jagata ke parAkramI, dhArmika mahAna strI-puruSoM ke aitihAsika AdhAra para kathAnaka liyA hai| jisameM AMzika kalpanA ke mizraNa se kathAoM ko rocaka banAyA gayA hai| jaina jagata ke ye pAMca ratna hai-samrATa zreNika, mahAnanda, kurumbAdhIzvara, nRpa bijjaladeva tathA senApati vaicpp| "jaina kathAoM ne eka samaya sAre saMsAra kA kalyANa kiyA thaa| Aja hindI vAloM ko unakA patA nahIM hai| bahuta sI bAteM to svayaM jainI bhI nahIM jAnate haiN| basa, isalie ki loga jaina kathAoM aura jaina mahApuruSoM ko jAna-pahacAne, maiMne yaha udyoga kiyA hai| kahAnI kA AdhAra kalpanA mAtra hai lekina korI kalpanA nahIM hai| ve satya ghaTanAoM para nirbhara haiM-aitihAsika haiN| ++++ prastuta kahAniyAM aitihAsika ghaTanAoM kA pallavita rUpa haiN| unase jaina saMgha kI udAra samAja vyavasthA aura jainoM ke rASTrIya hita kArya kA bhI paricaya hotA hai| 1. kAmatAprasAda jaina-paMcaratna, 'do zabda', bhUmikA, pR0 8.

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Adhunika hindI jaina sAhitya : sAmAnya paricaya bhagavAna pArzvanAtha : kAmatA prasAda jI kI prAya: pustakeM 'digambara jaina' mAsika patrikA ke grAhakoM ko upahAra svarUpa dene ke lie likhI gaI haiN| ataH kathAnaka kI rocakatA ke sAtha jaina dharma ke pracAra-prasAra kI bhAvanA bhI mukhyataH jur3I huI ho to Azcarya nhiiN| isameM jaina dharma ke 23veM tIrthaMkara bhagavAna pArzvanAtha kI kathA tathA unake pUrvabhavoM kI kathA AkarSaka zailI meM aMkita kI gaI hai| kathA ke sAtha-sAtha nibaMdha kI taraha lekhaka apane vicAra, upadeza yA tulanAtmaka adhyayana bIca-bIca meM prastuta karate rahate haiN| pArzvanAtha bhagavAna ke pUrvabhava kI kathA ke prasaMga meM jina mUrti pUjA ke vyAkhyA - saMdarbha meM aMgrejoM kI manovRtti tathA una logoM kI viziSTatA kI carcA nibaMdhakAra kI taraha karate haiN| ataH kathA ke pravAha meM bAdhA paidA hone se rasa-kSati hotI hai| 119 Adhunika yuga meM kathA - sAhitya ke vikAsa ke sambaMdha meM kAmatAprasAda jaina ne 'navaratna' kI bhUmikA meM likhA hai ki- " kathA - granthoM ke atirikta aura bhI kaI eka cAritrya-granthoM aura kathA - kozoM kA patA calatA hai, parantu ve saba hI padyamaya haiN| isalie hindI jaina sAhitya meM inhIM se kahAnI kA khAsa vikAsa huA nahIM kahA jA sktaa| isa viSaya kA hameM sabase pahale saM0 1777 meM racA huA 'puNyAzrava kathA koza' milatA hai| ise saMskRta ke AdhAra se paM0 daulatarAma jI ne racA thaa| isake bAda ' ArAdhanA-kathA- koza' Adi granthoM ke svataMtra anuvAda bhI prakaTa hue haiM, parantu inase hindI jaina sAhitya meM maulika kahAnI kA zrI gaNeza huA, nahIM kahA jA sakatA aura saca pUchie to Aja se bIsa-paccIsa varSa pahale taka hindI jaina sAhitya ko yaha saubhAgya prApta hI nahIM huaa| isa ora sabase pahale hameM bAbU jainendra kizora kI 'manoramA' dRSTigata par3atI hai / parantu vaha eka upanyAsa hai aura isI taraha sva gopAladAsa jI baraiyA kA 'suzIlA' upanyAsa bhI isI koTi meM AtA hai| yaha maulika racanAeM avazya haiM, parantu inheM kahAnI - sAhitya meM nahIM liyA jA sktaa| yadi hAM, baraiyA jI ne sva-saMpAdita 'jaina mitra' meM choTI-choTI kahAniyAM likhI hoM to hameM unheM hI sarvaprathama maulika kahAnI lekhaka hone kA zreya denA hogaa| kintu spaSTa rUpa se hameM lAlA munzIlAla jI ema0e0 kA nAma isa dizA meM dRSTigata par3atA hai| ApakI 'kahAniyoM kI pustaka' isa viSaya kI pahalI pustaka kahI jA sakatI hai| yadyapi isI samaya ke lagabhaga hameM paM0 buddhilAla jI kRta 'mokSamArga kI saccI kahAniyAM' bhI najara AtI hai| ataH hindI jaina sAhitya meM maulika kahAniyoM kA prAraMbha inhIM pustakoM se huA kahA jA sakatA hai / parantu kalA kI

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Adhunika hindI - jaina sAhitya dRSTi se kahAniyAM racane kA zrIgaNeza to jainiyoM meM abhI tAjA hI tAjA hai aura isa sambaMdha meM hameM zrIyut jainendrakumAra jI, bhAI vRSabhacaraNa jI, paM0 darabArIlAla jI, paM0 mUlacanda jI 'vatsala', bAbU tArAcaMda jI kApar3iyA aura mi0 rUpakizora jI ke nAma yAda par3ate haiN| ina vidvAnoM ne hindI sAhitya meM aneka maulika kahAniyAM raca dI hai, aura sAtha hI jaina dharma tathA jaina samAja ko lakSya karake bhI unhoMne kitanI hI kahAniyA~ likhI haiN| ina sAhitya seviyoM ke adhyavasAya se hameM vizvAsa hai ki hindI kA jaina sAhitya bhI uccakoTi ke kahAnI sAhitya se rikta nahIM rhegaa| ' 120 Adhunika kAla meM pramukha saphala kathAkAra ke rUpa meM sarvazrI jainendrakumAra jaina, akSayakumAra jaina, bAlacandra jaina, bhagavatasvarUpa, balabhadra ThAkura, yazapAla jaina, candramukhI devI, candra prabhA devI kI maulika kahAniyAM ullekhanIya haiN| zrI jainendrakumAra jI to hindI sAhitya ke bhI pratiSThita bahumukhI pratibhA saMpanna kalAkAra haiM aura hindI jaina sAhitya meM bhI aneka suMdara kathAeM likhI hai| inakI kahAniyoM meM kahAnI kalA ke tatvoM ke atirikta vicAragAMbhIrya evaM dArzanikatA bhI pratibiMbita hotI hai| bhAvoM aura citroM kA sundara samanvaya unakI kahAnI meM prApta hotA hai / 'vidyutacara' aura 'bAhubali' ye do kathAeM inakI atyanta prasiddha hai| donoM meM pramukha pAtroM kA caritra citraNa manovaijJAnikatA evaM bhAvukatA se kiyA gayA hai| unakI kahAnI kA uddezya pAtroM kI bhAva-bhaMgimA evaM kathopakathana ke dvArA spaSTa vyakta kiyA gayA hai| Adhunika yuga ke anurUpa kathA meM janataMtra ke tatvoM kA bhI yatheSTa samAveza kiyA gayA hai| unakI hindI sAhitya kI prasiddha racanAoM ke bhItara bhI jaina darzana se prabhAvita vicAradhArA kI jhAMkI spaSTa hotI hai| jainendra jI kA jaina darzana se prabhAvita vicAradhArA kA abhigama isI kAraNa AdarzAtmaka rahA hai| mokSamArga kI saccI kahAniyAM : sva0 paM0 buddhilAla jI jaina racita choTI-choTI dhArmika kahAniyoM kA saMgraha hai, jisameM satya, prema, ahiMsA, dAnadharma kA mahAtmya varNita kiyA gayA hai| isameM upadeza ke sAtha manoraMjana bhI prApta hotA hai| kathA kI rocakatA ke kAraNa upadezAtmaka vRtti nIrasatA nahIM paidA hone detI / purAnI zailI kI ina kahAniyoM kI bhASA zuddha khar3I bolI hai| prAraMbhika kahAnIkAra ke rUpa meM unakA mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai| Atma samarpaNa : bAlacandra jaina kA yaha kahAnI saMgraha hai| isameM kaI kahAniyAM saMkalita A. kAmatAprasAda jaina- 'navaratna' kI bhUmikA - pR0 10-22. 1.

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Adhunika hindI jaina sAhitya : sAmAnya paricaya kI gaI haiM- AtmasamarpaNa, sAmrAjya kA mUlya, daMbha kA anta, rakSA bandhana, gurU dakSiNA, nirdoSa, balidAna, satya kI ora, moha-nivAraNa, aMjana niraMjana ho gayA, sauMdarya kI parakha ityAdi / bAlacandra jI isa yuga ke pramukha jaina kahAnIkAra ke rUpa meM prasiddha hai| paurANika AkhyAnoM meM lekhaka ne nayI jAna DAla dI hai| plaoNTa, caritra evaM dRzyoM ke varNana meM lekhaka ko kAfI saphalatA prApta huI hai| lekina utsukatA guNa ke lie protsAhaka ghaTanA- sthiti ke varNana meM unako paryApta saphalatA nahIM milI hai| 121 paM0 mUlacanda 'vatsala' ne bhI paurANika kathAnakoM ko lekara saphala kahAniyoM kI avatAraNA kI hai| vizeSakara nArI pAtroM kA AdarzAtmaka caritra prastuta karane meM unakA nAma mahatvapUrNa hai| unakI zailI parimArjita hai, phira bhI paurANika kathA vastu evaM AdarzAtmaka caritra citraNa ke kAraNa unakI kisI bhI racanA meM Adhunika TaikanIka kA nirvAha nahIM ho pAyA hai| satIratna meM brAhmI aura suMdarI, candanAkumArI aura brahmacAriNI anantamatI ye tIna nArI - pradhAna kathAeM saMgrahIta kI gaI haiN| bhagavat svarUpa jaina bhI Adhunika kAla ke prasiddha kathAkAra hai| unhoMne kAphI parimANa meM sAhitya-sRjana kiyA hai| vizeSakara kahAnIkAra ke rUpa meM ve adhika prasiddha hue haiN| 'mAnavI', 'durgadvAra', 'vizvAsaghAta', 'rasabharI', 'usa dina', 'pArasa aura patthara', tathA 'milana' unake pramukha kahAnI-saMgraha haiN| sabhI saMgrahoM kI kahAniyAM paurANika kathAvastu para AdhArita hai| ve apane uddezya meM kAphI aMza taka saphala hue haiM ki rasAtmakatA, jijJAsA- pUrti, rocakatA ke sAtha AcAra-vicAra saMbaMdhI AdarzAtmaka sandeza bhI rakhA jaaye| unhoMne dhArmika kathA vastu ke atirikta sAmAjika kahAnI, kAvya evaM nATaka Adi kA bhI sarjana kiyA hai| aba kramazaH unake uparyukta kathA-saMgrahoM kA atyanta saMkSepa meM paricaya prApta kiyA jAyegA / usa dina : bhagavat jI kI likhI huI atIta kI kahAniyoM kA yaha saMgraha hai| svayaM lekhaka ke zabdoM meM- 'ye jo kahAniyAM maiM Apake sAmane peza kara rahA hUM, saba jaina-sAhitya kI vibhUtiyAM haiM, paurANika kathAnaka hai| jo kucha hai, purANoM kI saMpatti hai| sirpha bhASA zailI kA pahirAvana merA hai| jahAM taka mujhase bana par3A hai, nayI zailI, nayI bhASA aura kahane ke naye tarIke se kAphI kAyAkalpa kara diyA hai| pAtroM ke nAma aura plaoNTa do cIjeM hI maiMne lI haiM jo ki unakI AtmAeM kahI jA sakatI hai| aura yoM nayA zarIra hai, AtmA purAnI hai|' isame 1. drRSTavya-sva. bhagavat jaina -' usa dina' kahAnI saMgraha - prastAvanA - pR0 3.

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Adhunika hindI - jaina sAhitya sAta kahAniyoM ko saMgrahIta kiyA gayA hai, usa dina, patthara kA Tukar3A, uparammA, zikArI, AtmasamarpaNa, rAjaputra aura pUrNimA / pArasa aura patthara : isameM nava kahAniyoM ko saMgrahIta kiyA gayA hai- pArasa patthara, abhAgA, anuddhAra, kalAkAra, Atma bodha, parakha, pratijJA-pAlana, nIti kI rAha para, jallAda tathA crvaahaa| lekhaka ne ina purAnI kathAoM ko Adhunika vicAradhArA evaM bhASA-zailI se susajjita kara prastuta kiyA hai| unhIM ke zabdoM meM- " Aja kA yuga jaisI bhASAzailI meM par3hanA cAhatA hai, maine kahAniyoM ko vaise hI rUpa meM pAThakoM ko dene kI koziza kI hai| yaha kahanA ahamanyatA hogI ki aba ve nikhare rUpa ke kAraNa saMjIvana pA gaI hai| nahIM, ve pahale se hI suMdara aura svastha thiiN| merA utanA hI unake sAtha saMbaMdha hai, jitanA eka rUpavAna vyakti ke zarIra se kImatI, lubhAvaka aura sAmayika vastroM kA / " ( pArasa patthara, apanI kalama se pR0 1 ) milana : 122 'milana' bhagavat jaina kI paurANika preraNAtmaka kahAniyoM kA saMgraha hai| bahuta pahale likhe gaye isa kahAnI saMgraha kA prakAzana unake anuja va jaina lekhaka vasantakumAra jaina ne abhI san 1975 meM krvaayaa| vaise san 1944 ke pahale yaha likhA gayA thaa| kyoMki isa kAla meM bhagavat jI kA deha - vilaya huA thaa| pariNAmasvarUpa hindI - jaina sAhitya ne eka bhAvuka, AtmaniSTha yuvA kuzala sAhityakAra ko kho diyaa| 'milana' meM aisI kahAniyoM kA saMkalana hai, jinake dvArA mAnava sahaja rUpa se bodha prApta kara sake kyoMki lekhaka kA uddezya yahI hai ki jainAdarzo, jaina- saMskRti evaM dhArmika kathAnakoM kA sarva-sAdhAraNa meM adhikAdhika pracAra ho, jana samAja utsAha evaM rasapUrvaka paThana-pAThana ke dvArA kucha lAbha prApta kara skeN| isalie Adhunika bhASA zailI meM paurANika kathAvastu meM unhoMne acchI kahAniyoM kA Ayojana kiyA hai| 'milana, pUMjIpati, luTerA, pratizodha, khUna kI pyAsa aura caravAhA' ina chaH kahAniyoM meM se 'caravAhA' aura luTerA' anya saMgraha 'pArasa aura patthara' meM bhI saMgrahIta haiM / vizvAsaghAta : isa saMkalana meM ATha kahAniyAM saMgrahIta kI gaI haiM - vizvAsaghAta, pApa kA prAyazcita, rAta kI bAta, kSamA ke patha para, karanI kA phala, Atmazodha, Atmadvanda, aura 'zAMti kI khoja' meN| sabhI meM paurANika kathA vastu grahaNa kI

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Adhunika hindI jaina sAhitya : sAmAnya paricaya 123 gaI hai| phira bhI kahAniyAM avazya rocaka bana par3I hai| suMdara varNana evaM caritra-citraNa kI kalA meM bhagavat jI atyanta mAhira hai| choTI-sI kahAniyoM kA viSaya vastu AkarSaka aura saMdezaprada hai| durga dvAra : jaina dharma kI saiddhAntika satya ghaTanAoM para AdhArita kathA vastu ko apanA kara lekhaka ne isa saMkalana kI kahAniyoM ko navIna rUpa-zailI meM prastuta kiyA hai| isa saMgraha meM ina kahAniyoM ko samAyojita kiyA gayA hai-durgadvAra, zaizava, parivartana, aparAdhI, jallAda aura nrtkii| sabhI meM hiMsA kA tyAga kara ahiMsA kI mahimA kA gaurava gAna kiyA hai| mAnavI : ___ isa saMkalana meM pramukha kahAniyAM hai-nArItva, atIta ke pRSTha, mAtRtva, ciraMjIvI aura anugaaminii| ina kahAniyoM kI kathA-vastu paurANika grantha samyaktva kaumudI, padmapurANa, nizi-bhojana-kathA, zreNika carita evaM 'puNyAzrava kathA' se grahaNa kiyA gayA hai| nArI jIvana meM utsAha, prema, karuNA, satItva evaM sAtvika bhAvoM kI abhivyajaMnA karane meM ye kahAniyAM pUrNataH sakSama haiN| isa prakAra bhagavat jI kI sabhI kahAniyoM meM purAne kathAnakoM ko sajAne aura saMvArane meM unakI kalA nikhara AI hai| sabhI kahAniyoM meM utsukatA jAgRta karane kI tIvra AkAMkSA evaM kathA-pravAha kA vega prazaMsanIya banA rahA hai| zraddhA aura tyAga : ratanalAla gaMgavAla racita yaha do padyAtmaka laghu kathAeM haiN| prAcIna jaina kathA sAhitya para AdhArita mahAcora aMjana kI kathA hai jo anta meM sAdhuvrata grahaNa karatA hai| 'zraddhA' meM aMjana cora kI kathA hai, to 'tyAga' meM dRr3ha pratijJa bhIla kI kathA hai| vaha eka bAra muni se kAga mAMsa na khAne kI pratijJA prANAnta taka nibhAtA hai| jJAnodaya : isameM pro. mahendrakumAra nyAyAcArya kI cAra-pAMca kahAniyA~ prakAzita huI hai| 'zramaNa' 'prabhAcandra', 'jaTila muni', aura 'bhuruupiyaa'| kaI kahAniyAM to bahuta sundara haiM to kaI meM saMskRta ke zlokoM ko uddharita karake pravAha meM antarAla paidA kara diyA hai| kathA vastu meM pravAha-zaithilya ke kAraNa ghaTanAoM ke itivRtta rUpa ke sivA aura kucha nahIM prApta hotA hai| isake sAtha utsAha kA guNa bhI sarvatra vidhamAna nahIM hai|

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124 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya gahare pAnI paiTha : ayodhyAprasAda goyalIya kA yaha eka viziSTa prakAra kA kathA grantha hai| isameM unhoMne choTI-choTI 118 kahAniyAM, kivadaMtiyA, cuTakule, smaraNa evaM AkhyAna likhe haiM aura tIna bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA hai- "bar3e janoM ke AzIrvAda se (55 kathAeM) itihAsa aura jo par3hA (47) hiye kI A~khoM se jo dekhA (16) / ina kathAoM meM lekhaka kI kahAnI-kalA kA paricaya aneka sthaloM para milatA hai| isameM prAcIna kathA vastu para se AdhArita sabhI kahAniyAM nahIM haiM, lekina jIvana ke anubhavoM, jJAna ko lekara mArmika manoraMjana pradAna karanevAlI kathAeM bhI hai| isalie ye kathAeM jIvana ke ucca-vyApAroM se sambaMdha rakhatI hai| ina kathAoM kI bhASA bhI zuddha, TakazAlI evaM muhAvaredAra hai| lekhaka ko isakI racanA meM apUrva saphalatA prApta huI hai| __ina sabake atirikta zrI balabhadra jI nyAyatIrtha, 'ThAkura' ke upanAma se 'jaina-saMdeza' meM acchI kahAniyAM likhate the| 'ina kathAoM meM kathA-sAhitya ke tatvoM ke sAtha jIvana kI udAtta bhAvanAoM kA sundara citraNa huA hai| zailI pravAhapUrNa hai, bhASA parimArjita aura susaMskRta hai| kintu AraMbhika prayAsa hone ke kAraNa kathAnaka, saMvAda, caritra-citraNa meM kalA ke vikAsa kI kucha kamI hai|" Adhunika hindI jaina kathA sAhitya meM caritroM kI jIvanI paraka kathA likhane kI paramparA pUrvavat dikhAI par3atI hai| tIrthankara RSabhadeva, neminAtha, pArzvanAtha aura mahAvIra kI jIvanI ko kathAbaddha karane kA pUrA utsAha jaina sAhitya meM dRSTigata hotA hai| sabhI meM sAmAnya vizeSatAeM eka-sI rahatI hai| tIrthaMkaroM ke janma pUrva mAtA ko svapna, garbha kI sthiti, janma-mahotsava tIrthaMkara ke janma ke kAraNa samRddhi vaibhava bar3hanA, yauvana, tyAga-vairAgya ke anantara prvjyaa| gRha tyAga ke bAda kaThina tapazcaryA evaM kaSToM ko sahana karate hue 'kevala jJAna' kI prApti aura bAda meM dharmopadeza kA varNana sabhI caritra kathAoM meM pAyA jAtA hai| ina sabake uparAnta tIrthaMkaroM ke pUrva bhavoM kI kathAeM bhI sAtha-sAtha calatI hai| isa prakAra ke caritra-granthoM meM aitihAsikatA tathA kalpanA kA samizraNa kiyA gayA hotA hai| aise kathA-sAhitya ko caritrAtmaka-kathA sAhitya bhI kaha sakate haiN| tIrthankaroM ke sAtha dhArmika puruSoM, satiyoM kI kathA bhI bahuta upalabdha hotI hai, jinameM vizeSarUpa se itivRtAtmakatA adhika hotI hai| jaina dharma kI satiyoM meM mRgAvatI, caMdanA, rAjula, dhAriNI devI, aMjanA devI 1. DA0 nemicandra zAstrI-hindI jaina sAhitya parizIlana, dvitIya bhAga, pR. 106.

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Adhunika hindI jaina sAhitya : sAmAnya paricaya kA caritra kathA - rUpa meM bahuta se lekhakoM ne aMkita kiyA hai| sabhI kA AdhAra - sthala prAcIna grantha hone se kathA vastu meM samAnatA ke sAtha vAstavikatA pratIta hotI hai, thor3A-bahuta parivartana avazya kiyA gayA hotA hai| zailI bhI prAyaH samAna rahatI hai| zrI vasaMta kumAra jaina ne bhagavAna zAMtinAtha, pArzvanAtha, RSabhadeva tathA mahAvIra ke caritra - grantha likhe haiN| usI prakAra neminAtha evaM rAjula ko lekara bhI kitane hI lekhakoM ne caritra - granthoM kI racanA kI hai| jinakA nAmollekha yahAM kiyA jAtA hai1. varddhamAna mahAvIra 2. bhagavAna pArzvanAtha 3. bhagavAna mahAvIra - 4. varddhamAna mahAvIra 5. caubIsa tIrthaMkara 6. tIrthaMkara mahAvIra 7. saMbhavanAtha caritra 8. zrI AdinAtha caritra 9. mahAvIra jIvana - prabhA 10. satI candanabAlA 11. bhagavAna mahAvIraeka anuzIlana 12. bhagavAna mahAvIra kI Adarza jIvanI 13. bhagavAna mahAvIra aura mahAtmA buddha14. catura mahAvIra - 15. bhaga ariSTanemi aura karmayogI zrIkRSNa 16. mahAvIra merI dRSTi meM17. zramaNa bhagavAna mahAvIra - ina sabhI caritra - granthoM ke zrI kAmatAprasAda jaina va digambara dAsa jaina zrI kAmatAprasAda jaina zrI kailAzacandra zAstrI zrI jagadIzacandra jaina DA0 devendrakumAra zrI madhukara muni, nUtana muni zrI IzvaralAla jI jaina 125 zrI pratApa muni zrI AnaMda sAgara jI mahArAja javAhalAla jI mahArAja ke vyAkhyAnoM ko hukumacaMda jI ne saMpAdita kara prakAzita krvaayaa| devendra muni paM. sukhalAla jI kAmatAprasAda jaina svAmI satya bhakta devendra muni AcArya rajanIza zrI kalyANa vijaya gaNI viSaya meM vistAra se likhanA anAvazyaka-sA

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126 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya pratIta hotA hai| dhArmika caritra-grantha hone ke kAraNa jaina darzana ke AcAra-vicAra tathA tatvoM kA vizleSaNa yathAyogya sthala para rahane ke sAtha tIrthaMkaroM kI jIvanI kA rocaka kathA vArtA ke dvArA prasAra-pracAra bhI pramukha uddezya banA rahatA hai| prAyaH lekhakoM ke kathA AdhAra samAna hone para bhI zailI evaM bhASA kI praur3hatA, susaMpannatA, zailI tathA bhAvoM kI abhivyakti kI bhinnatA ke kAraNa caritra-granthoM meM vividhatA dIkhatI hai| dUsarI vizeSatA mahAvIra kI jIvanI ke sambandha meM yaha bhI dRSTigata hotI hai ki digambara-zvetAmbara do bhinna mAnyatAoM ke kAraNa viSaya vastu meM thor3A-sA aMtara par3a jAtA hai, kyoMki zvetAmbara mAnyatA ke anusAra prabhu kA byAha ho cukA thA aura priyadarzinI nAmaka unakI eka putrI bhI thI, jisakI zAdI jAmAli kumAra se huI thii| digambara mAnyatA vAle kabhI-kabhI kalpanA dvArA 'mukti' nAmaka yuvatI se vivAha saMpanna karAke donoM mAnyatAoM kA subhaga samanvaya karane kI koziza karate haiN| nATya-sAhitya : atIta kI kisI asAdhAraNa, romAMcaka, mArmika ghaTanAoM kA anukaraNa karane kI pravRtti manuSya meM sadaiva pAyI jAtI hai| anukaraNa kI isI vRtti ne abhinaya ko janma diyA aura abhinaya ke dvArA nATaka kI pravRtti kA prArambha huaa| nATakoM ke sRjana dvArA janatA ko manoraMjana pradAna karane ke mukhya uddezya ke sAtha lokazikSA kA prayojana bhI jur3A rahatA hai| Adhunika kAla meM jaina lekhaka bhI prAcIna nATakoM kA anuvAda aura samayAnusAra prAcIna kathAnakoM para se maulika nATakoM kA sarjana bhI karate rahe haiN| Alocya kAla meM paurANika evaM sAmAjika viSayoM ko lekara hindI-jaina lekhakoM ne nATakoM kI racanA kI hai| jainendra kizora ArAvAlA kA nAma prAraMbhika nATakakAra ke rUpa meM Adara se liyA jAtA hai| Apane eka darjana se bhI jyAdA nATakoM kI racanA kI haiN| vaise ina nATakoM kI zailI prAcIna hai (phira bhI inake dvArA hindI jaina) sAhitya kI kAphI zrI vRddhi huI hai| ArA meM Apake prayatna se eka nATaka maNDalI bhI sthApita kI gaI thI aura Apake nATakoM kA abhinaya karatI thii| inameM vidUSaka kA pAtra Apa svayaM abhinIta karate the| inakI mRtyu ke bAda yaha maNDalI banda ho gii| 'somAsatI' aura 'kRpaNadAsa' ye do Apake pratyana hai| jainendra kizora ke nATaka prAyaH padyabaddha hai| ina padyoM para urdU kA prabhAva adhika rahatA hai| 'kali kautuka' aisA hI nATaka hai| isake atirikta 'manoramA suMdarI' 'aMjanA suMdarI', 'cIra dropadI', 'pradyumna carita' aura 'zrIpAla carita'

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Adhunika hindI jaina sAhitya : sAmAnya paricaya 127 nATaka sAdhAraNatayA acche haiN| "paurANika upAkhyAnoM ko lekhaka ne apanI kalpanA dvArA paryApta sarasa aura hRdaya grAhya banAne kA prayAsa kiyA hai| TekanIka kI dRSTi se yadyapi ina nATakoM meM lekhaka ko pUrI saphalatA nahIM mila sakI hai, to bhI inakA sambandha ragamaMca se hai| kathA-vikAsa meM nATakocita utAra-car3hAva vidyamAna hai| vaha lekhaka kI kalA-vijJatA kA paricAyaka haiN| inake sabhI nATakoM kA AdhAra sAMskRtika cetanA hai| jaina saMskRti ke prati lekhaka kI gaharI AsthA hai| isalie usane unhIM mArmika AkhyAnoM ko apanAyA hai, jo jaina saMskRti kI mahattA prakaTa kara sakate haiN|" unake prahasanoM meM jIvana kI vividha-dazAoM kA acchA citraNa rahatA hai| 'rAmarasa' prahasana meM jIvana meM utthAna-patana kI carcA kI gaI hai| kusaMgati ke vinAzaka prabhAva kA bhI isameM mArmika nirUpaNa kiyA gayA madhyakAla meM jisa prakAra rUpaka kAvya likhane kA pracalana thA, usI paramparA para Adhunika kAla meM bhI rUpakAtmaka nATaka likhane kI prathA kA anusaraNa dikhAI par3atA hai| AdhyAtmika vikAsa ke lie mAnasika cittavRttiyoM ko pradhAna pAtra banAkara rUpakAtmaka padyamaya nATaka isa paramparA meM likhe gae haiN| saMskRta, apabhraMza Adi bhASAoM meM bhI isa prakAra ke aneka nATaka milate haiN| kAma, krodha, lobha, moha ke kAraNa trasta mAnava jIvana meM ahiMsA, zAnti, saMtoSa, dayA, kSamA va prema kI parama AvazyakatA aise nATakoM meM siddha kara dI gaI hai| hindI jaina sAhitya meM aise nATakoM kA anuvAda saMskRta sAhitya se kAphI mAtrA meM huA hai, lekina ina sabameM do aise nATaka kalAtmakatA kI dRSTi se vizeSa ullekhanIya haiN| eka paM. nAthUrAma premI jI kRta 'jJAna sUryodaya' jisameM brajabhASA tathA khar3I bolI donoM bhASAoM kA prayoga huA hai| kathA to isameM nahIM hotI hai, lekina bhinna-bhinna prasaMgoM kI carcA saMkSepa meM avazya hotI hai| prAcIna zailI meM nATaka likhe jAne ke kAraNa nAMdIpATha, sUtradhAra Adi isameM hai| bhAvAtmaka-pAtroM kA caritra-citraNa evaM kathopakathana donoM atyaMta sundara evaM mArmika hai| bhAva, bhASA, evaM vicAroM kI dRSTi se bhI yaha racanA sundara kahI jaayegii| isameM dArzanika tatvoM kA vyAkhyAtmaka vivecana bhI prAyaH sarvatra vidyamAna hai| dUsarA nATaka 'akalaMka' nATaka hai| isameM akalaMka-nikalaMka do bhAiyoM ke prema va samarpaNa kI prAcIna kathAvastu hai| dharmarakSA hetu prANa tyAga karate hue choTe bhAI nikalaMka ne bar3e bhAI akalaMka ko bacAyA tathA akalaMka ne jaina dIkSA grahaNa kara dharma va zAsana devI kI nirantara ArAdhanA karake bauddha dharma ke sAmane jaina 1. DA. nemicandra zAstrI-hindI jaina sAhitya parizIlana, dvitIya bhAga, pR. 108.

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128 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya dharma kI mahattA cAroM ora phailaaii| isa nATaka meM mUla kathAnaka ko chor3akara vyartha prasaMga nahIM liye gaye hai| isameM kevala tIna aMka haiM aura dRzya-parivartana bhI yathAyogya liyA gayA hai| ___ isI akalaMka deva ke prasiddha AkhyAna ko lekara paM0 makkhanalAla dillIvAle ne bhI 'akalaMka' nAmaka eka nATaka likhA hai, jo bhAva aura bhASA kI dRSTi se sAdhAraNa hai| lekina abhinayAtmakatA isa nATaka meM vidyamAna hai| mahendrakumAra : ___ arjunalAla seThI ne sAmAjika, dhArmika tathA rASTrIya tatvoM se puSTa kAlpanika kathA vastu ko lekara isa nATaka kI racanA kI hai| isameM parivAra va samAja meM vyApta burAiyoM kA digdarzana karAyA gayA hai| juA, saTTA, zarAba, daheja Adi kurItiyoM meM phaMsa kara manuSya apanA vinAza Apa karatA hai| lekhaka kA lakSya ina sAmAjika va pArivArika burAiyoM ko udghATita kara loka zikSA dene kA hai| ataH ghaTanAe~ pravAha pUrNa na hokara ukhar3I-ukhar3I-sI lagatI hai| juArI sumeracaMda seTha aura usake nirdhana lekina tejasvI anuja mahendrakumAra kI kathA aneka ghaTanAoM aura pravAhoM meM mor3a letI huI Age calatI rahatI haiN| kathA meM kahIM-kahIM asvAbhAvikatA kA puTa bhI lagatA hai| pAtroM kI kAphI bharamAra kI gaI hai| vibhinna prAnta ke pAtroM se unakI boliyoM meM kathopakathana nATaka meM hone se kahIM-kahIM vicitratA vyakta hotI hai| vizRMkhalita kathA hone para bhI isa nATaka kA abhinaya kiyA jA sakatA hai| aMjanA : ___ aMjanA sundarI kA AkhyAna jaina purANoM meM itanA prasiddha evaM lokapriya hai ki isako mUlAdhAra banAkara nATaka, kAvya, kathA, upanyAsa Adi bahuta kucha likhA gayA hai| Alocya kAla meM hindI jaina nATya sAhitya meM bhI sarvazrI sudarzana evaM kanhaiyAlAla jI ne bhI aMjanA ke caritra ko mahatva dekara nATaka likhe haiN| donoM kI kathAvastu meM atyanta sAmya hai aura donoM kA lakSya bhI bhAratIya AdarzAtmaka caritra ko prakAzita karatA hai| karuNa rasa kA paripAka donoM nATakoM meM pAyA jAtA hai| sudarzana jI kA 'aMjanA nATaka' sAhityika dRSTikoNa se U~cA hai, jabaki kanhaiyAlAla jI kA 'aMjanA sundarI' nATaka caritra citraNa kI manovaijJAnikatA kI dRSTi se vizvasanIya hai| 'zrIpAla' nATaka inakA acchA abhinayAtmaka nATaka hai| isameM zrIpAla. aura mainA sundarI kA prasiddha AkhyAna liyA gayA hai| kathopakathana kAphI rocaka evaM jIvaMta bane haiN| bhASA gadya-padya mizrita haiN| abhinaya kI dRSTi se yaha bahuta hI saphala nATaka kahA jA sakatA hai|

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Adhunika hindI jaina sAhitya : sAmAnya paricaya 129 Alocya kAla meM sarva zrI nyAmata siMha ne prasiddha jaina satiyoM kA paurANika kathAnaka lekara kAphI nATakoM kI racanA kI hai| inameM vijayAsundarI nATaka, kamalazrI nATaka, zivasundarI nATaka aura mainAsundarI nATaka pramukha hai|' sabhI nATaka prAcIna zailI meM likhe gaye haiM, lekina sabhI abhinaya yogya hai| nATakoM kA prAyaH bhAga padyamaya hone se zera-zAyarI aura gaz2ala meM hI prAyaH kathopakathana hote haiN| vAtAvaraNa kI sRSTi gambhIra zailI meM karane se atIta hamAre sAmane Akara khar3A ho jAtA hai| nATakoM kI bhASA urdU pradhAna vizeSa rahI hai| hindI jaina nATakakAroM meM nyAmata siMha jI kA mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai| rAjakumAra jaina ne bhI nArI ke Adarzatmaka caritroM kI paurANika kathA-vastu para 'satI surasundarI nATaka' evaM 'satI candanabAlA nATaka' kA sRjana kiyA hai| isameM satI candanabAlA kI dharmapriyatA, sahiSNutA, komalatA, tyAga-virAga ko vyakta karane vAlI ghaTanAoM ko lekara kathAnaka ko rocaka banAne kA prayAsa nATakakAra ne kiyA hai| 'satI surasundarI' kA kathAnaka bhI jaina sAhitya meM bahuta prasiddha hai| kathA-sAhitya meM bhI isako sthAna milA hai| padyarAja jaina ne 'satI aMjanA nATaka meM pavanaMjaya-aMjanA kA lokapriya kathAnaka paurANika granthoM ke AdhAra para se grahaNa kiyA hai| aMjanA kI kathAvastu jaina-sAhitya meM atyanta prasiddha hai| brajakizora nArAyaNa ne 'varddhamAna-mahAvIra' nAmaka nATaka meM caubIsa ve tIrthaMkara bhagavAna mahAvIra kI jIvanI ko nATyabaddha kiyA hai| vizva kI anyatama vibhUti bhagavAna mahAvIra ke Adarza tyAgamaya jIvana ko sajIva, sArthaka kathopakathana evaM vAtAvaraNa ke sAtha janatA ke samakSa upasthita kiyA hai| isa nATaka kI pramukha vizeSatA usake sAhityika aura bhAvapUrNa kathopakathana meM lakSita hotI hai| sukhAnta-dukhAnta mizrita isa racanA meM dhArmika upadeza bhI rocaka zailI meM diyA hai, jisase pAThaka uktAtA nahIM hai| kAryAvasthAeM evaM artha prakRtiyoM ko nirUpita karane meM nATakakAra ne thor3I-bahuta khIMcAtAnI kI ho aisA lagatA hai| bhagavatsvarUpa jaina kA 'garIba" nATaka sAmAjika hone se garIboM kI karuNa sthiti kA citraNa kara unake prati sahAnubhUti, samAnatA evaM prema kA 1. nyAmata siMha jaina pustkaaly-ttrektt-hisaar-pNjaab| 2. prakAzaka-nyAmatasiMha jaina pustkaaly-ttektt-hisaar-pNjaab| 3. nemicandra vAkalIvAla-kizanagar3ha (raajsthaan)| 4. prakAzaka-vasaMta kumAra jain-aagraa|

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Adhunika hindI - jaina sAhitya vyavahAra karane kA saMdeza diyA gayA hai| 'garIba' karuNa rasa pradhAna nATaka hai| sAmAjika viSamatA evaM usake prati vidroha kI bhAvanA isameM mukhyata: hai / lakSmI kI caMcalatA batAkara lekhaka ne mAnava hRdaya kI mAnavatA ko jagAne kA ubhArane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| raMgamaMca ke dRSTikoNa se bhI yaha nATaka kAfI sarala evaM abhineyAtmaka hai| sIdhI sarala khar3I bolI meM likhe gaye isa nATaka kA kathAnaka hamAre samAja kA hI hai, ataH kAphI rocaka bhI rahA hai| paurANika kathAnaka para AdhArita unake do anya nATaka haiM-'bhAgya' aura ekAMkI saMgraha 'bali jo car3hI nhiiN'| 'bhAgya' meM zrIpAla - mainA kI prAcIna kathAvastu grahaNa kI gaI hai| isakI bhASA padyamaya hai| purAnI kathAvastu ko prastuta karane kA bhagavat jI kA DhaMga avazya Adhunika hai| lekhaka ne raMgamaMcIya saMketoM kA pUrA nirvAha kiyA hai| 'bali jo car3hI nahIM' ekAMkI saMgraha meM bhI paurANika, rASTrIya, sAmAjika Adi 7 ekAMkiyoM kA saMgraha hai| sabhI ke pIche nizcita uddezya rahA hai| 'bali jo car3hI nahIM', 'rAjapUta', 'Atmateja', 'garIba kA dila', 'svadeza-prema', 'rAjA kA karttavya' tathA 'deha kI mAMga' Adi ekAMkiyoM meM nyAya, dezabhakti, vIratA ahiMsA, upakAra, sahAnubhUti Adi uccAdarzoM kI abhivyakti pramukha pAtroM ke mAdhyama se kI hai| 130 isa prakAra nATya kRtiyoM kA saMkSipta paricaya prApta karane se patA calatA hai ki nATaka prAya: paurANika kathAvastu para AdhArita hai aura prAcIna zailI ke nATakoM meM khar3I bolI gadya kI apekSA padya kA prayoga adhika dekhane ko milatA hai| sAmAjika viSayavastu evaM vAtAvaraNa ko lekara nATakoM kI racanA bahuta hI kama huI hai| bIsavIM zatAbdI meM jo nATaka likhe gaye, unameM Adhunika sAja-sajjA, bhASA tathA abhinayAtmakatA kA pUrA khyAla rakhA gayA hai| prArambhika paurANika nATakoM ke zero-zAyarI DhaMga ke padyamaya saMvAdoM para pArasI nATakoM kA prabhAva adhika dikhAI par3atA hai| nibandha : Adhunika kAla ko gadya-yuga bhI kahA jA sakatA hai| kyoMki isa kAla meM vaicArika pracAra-prasAra kA itanA sazakta mAdhyama siddha ho cukA hai ki gadya kI Aja aneka vidhAoM kA kAphI vikAsa huA hai| gadya ke naye-naye rUpoM meM upanyAsa, nATaka, jIvanI kI taraha nibandhoM kA bhI sampUrNa mahattva Aja ke yuga meM svIkRta hai| nibandha meM hI hamAre mastiSka ke zrRMkhalAbaddha tArkika gambhIra vicAroM evaM hRdaya kI anubhUtiyoM kA ThIka se ( kramabaddha) nirvahana ho pAtA hai| hindI sAhitya meM bhI nibandhoM kA prArambha bhAratendu jI se hI huA aura hindI

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Adhunika hindI jaina sAhitya : sAmAnya paricaya 131 jaina sAhitya meM nibaMdhoM kA Arambha isI kAla se mAnA jAtA hai| Adhunika yuga meM hindI jaina sAhitya kA bhaNDAra nibaMdhoM se adhikAdhika bharA gayA hai| anya vidhAoM kI apekSA aneka viSayoM meM vividha prakAra ke adhikAdhika nibandha likhe gaye haiN| yadyapi utkRSTa nibaMdhakAroM kI saMkhyA alpa hai, jo bhAratendu bAbU, bAlakRSNa bhaTTa, AcArya dvivedI jI, AcArya rAmacandra zukla jI, gulerI jI, nandadulAre bAjapeyI, hajArIprasAda dvivedI tathA DaoN. nagendra jI kI yAda dilA sake (samakakSa khar3e raha ske)| phira bhI paM0 sukhalAla jI, paM0 dalasukha mAlavaNIyA, paM0 nAthUrAma premI, paM0 kailAzacandra zAstrI prabhUtti vidvAna nibaMdhakAroM ne hindI jaina sAhitya ko samRddha karane meM mahattvapUrNa yogadAna diyA hai| bahuta se nibaMdhakAroM ne itivRtta viSayoM kA nirUpaNa kara sundara nibandha likhe haiN| hindI bhASA meM likhita jaina nibaMdhoM ko aitihAsika, purAtatvAtmaka, AcArAtmaka, dArzanika, sAhityaka, sAmAjika aura vaijJAnika vibhAgoM meM bAMTA jA sakatA hai| aitihAsika nibaMdhoM kI saMkhyA sarvAdhika hai| isa prakAra ke nibaMdha likhane vAlo meM paM. nAtharAmajI premI, paM0 jugalakizora mukhtAra 'yugavIra', muni kalyANa vijayajI, paM0 sukhalAla saMghavI, muni jinavijayajI, paM. kailAzacandra zAstrI, paM. bhujabalI zAstrI Adi pramukha haiN| unameM paM. nAthUrAma premI ne zuddha aitihAsika grantha na likhakara jainAcAryoM, jaina kaviyoM evaM anya sAhitya nirmAtAoM ke viSaya meM anaginata zodhAtmaka, paricayAtmaka lekha evaM nibaMdha likhe haiN| nibaMdhoM kA bhaNDAra apanI maulika sUjha-bUjha tathA gahare jJAna se premIjI ne bharakara gauravapUrNa sthAna prApta kiyA hai| sAtha hI unhoMne sAMskRtika dRSTikoNa se bhI tIrthakSetra, vaMza-gotra Adi ke vyutpatti evaM vikAsa, AcAra-zAstra ke niyamoM kA bhASya tathA vividha saMskAroM kA vizleSaNa gaveSaNAtmaka zailI meM likhA hai|. aneka jaina dharmI rAjAoM kI vaMzAvalI, gotra, vaMza-paramparA Adi kA nirUpaNa bhI unhoMne eka jAgRta zodhakartA ke samAna kiyA hai| aneka jaina patra-patrikAoM meM premIjI ke saMzodhanAtmaka nibaMdha prakaTa hue haiN| paM. jugalakizora mukhtAra kA nAma bhI aitihAsika nibaMdhakAroM meM Adara se liyA jAtA hai| unake aitihAsika, dArzanika, vaicArika nibaMdhoM kA saMgraha 'yugavIra nibaMdhAvalI-bhAga-1-2 meM saMgrahIta kiye gaye haiN| jaina sAhitya ke anveSaNakartAoM meM ApakI gaNanA hotI hai| Apane karIba 150 aitihAsika nibaMdha likhe haiN| kavi aura AcArya kI paraMparA, nivAsa sthAna aura samaya nirNaya Adi kI zodha karane meM Apake nibandhoM kA kAphI yogadAna hai| unakI lekhana-zailI apanI vizeSa hai, ve eka hI viSaya ko samajhAne ke lie bAra-bAra batAte calate haiM, tAki sAmAnya pAThaka bhI par3hakara samajha skeN| isase kahIM punarAvRtti kA AbhAsa lagatA hai, lekina sajagatA ke sAtha hI

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132 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya eka bAta ko bAra-bAra doharAte haiN| aitihAsika nibaMdhakAra ke sAtha-sAtha ye eka saphala Alocaka bhI haiN| 'gantha parIkSA' ApakA eka bRhat AlocanAtmaka grantha hai jisake kaI bhAga prakAzita ho cuke haiN| bAbU kAmatAprasAda jaina kA bhI vizuddha itihAsa-lekhakoM meM mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| Apane 'hindI jaina sAhitya kA saMkSipta itihAsa' kAphI parizrama lekara paricayAtmaka tathA zodhAtmaka DhaMga se likhA hai| isake atirikta bhI aneka nibaMdhoM kI racanA kI hai, jinameM jaina rAjAoM ke vaMzoM aura sthAnoM ke sambandha meM mahattvapUrNa gaveSaNAeM kI haiN| gadya sAhitya ke vikAsa meM premIjI kI taraha Apake nibaMdhoM kA bhI mahattvapUrNa yogadAna hai| digambara sampradAya ke nibandhoM kI parimANa-bahulatA kI dRSTi se ApakA sthAna mahattvapUrNa hai| bhinna-bhinna jaina patra-patrikAoM meM Apake prakAzita nibaMdha pustakAkAra meM prakAzita ho cuke haiN| Apake katipaya aitihAsika nibaMdhoM meM itihAsa sambandhI truTiyoM ko katipaya anveSaka-Alocaka pAte haiM, phira bhI sAmagrI kA saMkalana evaM anusaMdhAna kI dRSTi se ina nibaMdhoM kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| ke bhujabalI zAstrIjI kA bhI aitihAsika nibaMdhakAroM meM kAphI acchA sthAna hai| Apane atirikta vizAla mAtrA meM anusaMdhanAtmaka nibaMdha likhe haiM, jinameM mahattvapUrNa haiM-'bArakUTa' veNUra, kyA vAdima siMha akalaMka deva ke samakAlIna hai? vIra mArtaNDa cAmuNDarAya, vAdimasiMha, jaina vIra vaMkeya, tumuca, tolava ke jaina pAleyagAra, sAtara rAjA jinadatta rAya, kArakala kA jaina bherarasa rAjavaMza, dAna-cintAmaNi aadi| dakSiNa ke jaina rAjavaMza, dAnI zrAvakoM, nyAyAcAryoM, kaviyoM Adi para Apake naye anveSaNAtmaka nibaMdha prakAzita ho cuke haiN| yadyapi inameM aitihAsika pramANoM kI kamI hai, phira bhI hindI jaina gadya ke vikAsa meM ina nibaMdhoM kA yogadAna ullekhanIya hai| ApakI zailI samAsa-zailI hai, jo thor3e meM bahuta kucha kaha dene vAlI hai| gaMbhIra vicAroM kI abhivyakti Apa sArthaka zabdoM meM saMkSepa meM kara sakate haiN| bAbU ayodhyA prasAda goyalIya bahumukhI pratibhA se sampanna sAhityakAra hai| kathA, saMsmaraNa, nibaMdha sabhI para sAdhikAra Apane kalama calAI hai aura unase jo niHmRta huA, usase avazya jaina samAja ko kalyANaprada va rAgAtmaka cIja prApta huI hai| vibhinna patra-patrikAoM meM Apake aneka nibaMdha prakAzita ho cuke haiN| 'rAjapUtAne ke jainavIra', maurya sAmrAjya ke jaina vIra' aura 'AryakAlIna bhArata' Adi pustakAkAra saMkalana mahattvapUrNa racanAeM haiN| itihAsa aura purAtattva vettA zrI DA. hIrAlAla jaina bhI dArzanika aura

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Adhunika hindI jaina sAhitya : sAmAnya paricaya 133 anveSaNAtmaka nibaMdha likhate haiN| kaI granthoM kI bhUmikAeM Apane likhI haiM, jo itihAsa ke nirmANa meM viziSTa sthAna rakhatI hai| 'jaina-itihAsa kI pUrvapIThikA' to zodhAtmaka apUrva vastu hai| isa choTI-sI racanA meM gAgara meM sAgara bhara dene vAlI kahAvata caritArtha huI hai| ApakI racanA zailI praur3ha hai| usameM dhArAvAhikatA pAI jAtI hai| bhASA suvyavasthita aura parimArjita hai| thor3e zabdoM meM adhika kahane kI kalA meM Apa pravINa haiN| mahAdhavala, kvAla sambandhI Apake paricayAtmaka nibaMdha bhI mahattvapUrNa haiN| zravaNa belagola ke jaina zilAlekhoM kI prastAvanA meM Apane aneka rAjAoM, chatijoM aura zrAvakoM para saMzodhanAtmaka paricaya likhe haiN| DA. nemicandra zAstrI kA bhI Adhunika yuga ke aitihAsika nibaMdhakAroM meM kAphI mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| vibhinna patra-patrikAoM meM Apake aitihAsika tathA dArzanika nibaMdha prakAzita hue haiN| hindI jaina sAhitya parizIlanAtmaka itihAsa Apane do bhAgoM meM likhA hai, jo madhyakAlIna evaM Adhunika vividha pravRttiyoM kI jAnakArI se samRddha hai| nibaMdha ke alAvA saMsmaraNa likhane meM bhI Apa kuzala haiN| muni zrI kAntisAgara jI ne bhI gaveSaNAtmaka nibaMdha acche likhe haiN| vizeSa kara jaina citrakalA, vAstukalA tathA mUrtikalA ke viSaya meM kAfI gaharAI meM jAkara nibaMdha likhe haiN| ina nibaMdhoM meM kalA ke sAtha aneka sthAnoM ke viSaya meM saMzodhanAtmaka prakAza DAlA hai| 'khaNDaharoM kA vaibhava' aura 'khoja kI pagaDaMDiyAM' itihAsa-purAtattva kI dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa nibaMdhoM ke saMkalana haiN| 'vizAla bhArata' meM bhI Apake saMgrahAlaya tathA sthApatya sambandhI lekha prakaTa ho cuke haiM-'prayAga saMgrahAlaya meM jaina purAtattva' aura 'vindhyabhUmi kA jainAzrita zilpa sthApatya' nibaMdha isa viSaya meM bar3e mahatvapUrNa hai| pro. khuzAlacandra gArAvAlA kA nAma bhI aitihAsika nibaMdha racayitAoM meM Adara se liyA jAtA hai| 'kaliMgAdhipati khAravela aura 'gommaTa pratiSThA cakra' Apake mahattvapUrNa nibaMdha haiN| AcArAtmaka aura dArzanika nibaMdha : hindI jaina nibaMdha sAhitya meM dArzanika nibaMdhakAroM kI saMkhyA sarvAdhika hai| isa prakAra ke nibaMdha vicAra pradhAna hone ke sAtha varNana pradhAna bhI hote haiN| sabhI nibaMdhakAroM kA paricaya yahAM muzkila hai| ataH pramukha nibaMdhakAroM kA saMkSipta paricaya hI paryApta hogaa| AcAra-pradhAna nibaMdhoM se jaina samAja acchI 1. DA0 nemicandra zAstrI-hindI jaina sAhitya parizIlana, dvitIya bhAga-pR. 127. 2. prakAzaka-bhAratIya jJAnapITha, dillii|

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134 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya taraha paricita hotA hai, kyoMki apane dharma ke viSaya meM jAnakArI prApta karane ke hetu pratyeka parivAra svabhASA meM dArzanika grantha evaM nibaMdha-saMgrahoM ko sthAna detA hai| dArzanika vicAra pradhAna nibaMdha likhanevAloM meM prajJacakSu paM0 sukhalAlajI saMghavI kA sthAna AdaraNIya evaM sammAnanIya hai| 'yogadarzana' evaM 'yogavizaMtikA' meM darzana aura itihAsa kA tulanAtmaka zailI meM paricaya milatA hai| 'jaina-sAhitya kI pragati', 'bhagavAna mahAvIra kA Adarza jIvana' meM aitihAsika tathyoM va ghaTanA-kramoM kA pUrNa khyAla rakhA hai| dArzanika nibaMdhoM ke atirikta Apane sAMskRtika nibaMdha bhI likhe haiM, jinakI bhASA parimArjita aura zailI pravAhapUrNa hai| thor3e meM bahuta kucha pratipAdita kara dene kI ApakI saMzliSTa zailI hai| jaina darzana ke sAtha bauddha-darzana ke bhI marmajJa jJAtA haiN| abhI thor3e dina pahale hI unakA svargavAsa hone se na kevala jaina-sAhitya balki samagra hindI sAhitya vANI ke aise vidvAna varad sAhityakAra se vaMcita ho gyaa| paM0 zItalaprasAda jI isa kAla ke patha pradarzaka nibaMdhakAra ke rUpa meM sammAna ke adhikArI haiN| Apane itanA adhika likhA hai ki ina sabake saMkalana se jaina pustakAlaya khar3A ho sakatA hai| paNDita rAhula sAMskRtyAyana kI niyamita rUpa se kucha na kucha likhate rahane kI vRtti paMDita jI meM vidyamAna thii| darzana aura itihAsa donoM para hI asaMkhya mAtrA meM nibaMdha likhe haiN| aisA koI viSaya nahIM, jo ApakI najara se baca gayA ho| nibaMdhoM kI taraha Apa yadi upanyAsa kSetra meM bhI kalama calAte to avazya hI jaina sAhitya kA bhaNDAra bhara jaataa| ___paM. kailAzacandra zAstrI dArzanika AcArAtmaka evaM aitihAsika nibaMdha likhane vAloM meM haiN| 'nyAya kaumuda candrAvalI' kI prastAvanA-jo ki dArzanika vikAsa krama kA jJAna bhaNDAra hai-jaina sAhitya kI amUlya nidhi kahI jAtI hai| syAdvAda, saptabhaMgI, anekAntavAda kI vyApakatA aura caritra, zabda naya, mahAvIra aura unakI vicAradhArA Adi nibaMdha apanA vizeSa sthAna rakhate haiN| jaina dharma' aura 'jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa' (tIna bhAgoM meM) atyanta ziSTa-saMyama bhASA zailI meM dArzanika siddhAntoM evaM jaina sAhitya ke kramika vikAsa kA vivecana karate hue maulika grantha haiN| isI prakAra 'tatpArtha sUtra' para likhA dArzanika vivecana bhI prazaMsanIya tathA jJAnavarddhaka hai| inakI zailI aura vidvatA kI tulanA hama AcArya rAmacandra zukla jI se kara sakate haiN| donoM kI zailI meM vicAroM kI gaMbhIratA, anveSaNAtmaka cintana, paripakvatA evaM abhivyaMjanA kI spaSTatA samAna rUpa se pAte haiN| paM0 dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA jI ne dArzanika nibaMdhoM kA sarjana kara hindI

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Adhunika hindI jaina sAhitya : sAmAnya paricaya 135 jaina sAhitya ko samRddha bnaayaa| jainAgama, jaina yuga kA prArambha, jaina dArzanika sAhitya kA siMhAvalokana Adi Apake mahattvapUrNa nibaMdha haiM aura Apa nirantara jaina sAhitya kI zrIvRddhi tathA sevA meM lage rahe haiN| bhagavAna mahAvIra' meM unakI dArzanikatA, aitihAsikatA evaM saMzodhanAtmaka dRSTikoNa vidyamAna rahA hai| prAcIna granthoM kA unakA jJAna adbhuta hai to sAtha hI sAtha Adhunika vicAradhArA se ota prota sAhitya se bhI nirantara samparka meM rahate hone se taTastha, saphala Alocaka bhI haiN| prAcya vidyA evaM mUrtikalA kI bhI unakI jAnakArI gaharI hai| ___paM0 darabArIlAla nyAyAcArya dArzanika nibaMdha likhane vAle haiN| 'nyAya dIpikA' kI prastAvanA aura 'Atma parIkSA' kI prastAvanA ke atirikta anekAntavAda para Apake kaI nibaMdha prakAzita ho cuke haiN| __paM0 phUlacanda jI 'siddhAntazAstrI' kA bhI dArzanika nibaMdhakAroM meM acchA sthAna hai| tatvArtha sUtra jaise sundara dArzanika viSaya para bhI sundara nibaMdha likhe haiN| isI taraha jaina darzana ke karmavAda siddhAnta ke Apa marmajJa haiN| sAmAjika nibaMdha bhI paMDita jI ne kAphI likhe haiN| pro. mahendrakumAra AcArya ke dArzanika nibaMdha jaina sAhitya ke lie gaurava rUpa hai| akalaMka grantha kI prastAvanA evaM zrutasAgarI vRtti kI prastAvanA ke sivA bhI Apake aneka phuTakara nibaMdha prakAzita hue haiN| inake nibaMdhoM meM maulikatA evaM siddhAntoM kA sundara mArmika vivecana dikhAI par3atA hai| paM0 cainasukhadAsa nyAyatIrtha bhI pramukha dArzanika nibaMdhakAra haiN| unake AcAra-vicAra viSayaka aneka nibaMdha prakAzita ho cuke haiN| paM. vaMzIdhara vyAkaraNAcArya ne dArzanika siddhAntoM-jaise ki syAdvAda, naya, pramANa, karma Adi ke sAtha sAmAjika samasyAoM para bhI sundara nibaMdha likhe haiN| Apake nibaMdhoM meM bhASA kI zuddhi evaM zailI kI gaMbhIratA para vizeSa dhyAna diyA gayA hai| bhASA kI saralatA, gaMbhIra vicAroM ko vyakta karane meM sahAyaka banatI hai| ucca vicAra va sudhAraka hone ke kAraNa sAmAjika nibaMdhoM meM prAcIna rUr3hiyoM ke prati anAsthA evaM virodha kI bhAvanA abhivyakta hotI hai| ___ paM0 hIrAlAla siddhAnta zAstrI ne 'dravya saMgraha' kI vizeSa vRtti meM aneka dArzanika pahaluoM para vicAra kiyA hai| dArzanika nibaMdhoM ke atirikta anveSaNAtmaka evaM bhaugolika nibaMdha bhI Apane kAphI likhe haiN| Apake nibaMdhoM kI zailI tarkapUrNa tathA kahIM-kahIM paMDitAUpana hai| paM0 jagamohanalAla jI 'siddhAntazAstrI' ne bhI dArzanika aura AcAra-sambandhI

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136 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya nibaMdha likhe haiN| viSaya ko samajhAne kI ApakI zailI sarala va tarkayukta hai| bhASA parimArjita aura saMyata hone ke sAtha nIrasa viSaya ko bhI rocaka DhaMga se samajhAne kI ApakI vizeSatA hai| sAhityika aura sAmAjika nibaMdha : sAhityika nibaMdha likhanevAloM meM premIjI, kAmatAprasAda jaina, mUlacanda 'vatsala', pro. rAjakumAra 'sAhityAcArya', pannAlAla basaMta, zrI agaracanda nAhaTA, zrI kRSNadAsa rAMkA, zrI jamanAlAla jI pramukha haiN| zrI premI jI ne apane 'hindI jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa' meM aneka kaviyoM kI jIvanI ke bAre meM anveSaNAtmaka zailI meM likhA hai| yaha vAstava meM zuddha itihAsa na hokara saMzodhanAtmaka sAhityika lekhoM kA saMgraha hai, jo Aja taka hindI jaina sAhitya ke lie patha-pradarzaka mAnA jAtA hai| premI jI kI taraha bAbU kAmatAprasAda jI ne bhI 'hindI jaina sAhitya kA saMkSipta itihAsa' thor3e-bahuta navIna uddharaNoM ke sAtha likhA, jisameM thor3I bahuta truTiyoM ke raha jAne para bhI isakA sthAna kAphI mahattvapUrNa hai| hindI jaina sAhitya ke lie mArgadarzaka bhI hai| Apane anya bhI kaI sAhityika nibaMdha likhe haiN| mahAtmA bhagavAnadIna ora sUrajabhAnu vakIla saphala nibaMdhakAra haiN| bhagavAnadIna ke 'svAdhyAya' nibaMdha-saMgraha meM manovaijJAnika evaM AdhyAtmika nibaMdha hai| inakI zailI tarkapUrNa va rocaka hai| 'vIravANI meM bhI Apa donoM ke sAhityika nibaMdha prakAzita ho cuke haiN| paM0 cainasukhadAsa nyAyatIrtha aura unakI maNDalI jayapura ke aneka kaviyoM para saMzodhanAtmaka kArya kara rahI hai, jo avazya hindI jaina sAhitya kI amUlya nidhi rhegii| zrI agaracanda jI nAhaTA pratibhAsaMpanna tathA jJAna-vRddha nibaMdhakAra evaM saMzodhanakartA haiN| Apane kaviyoM ke jIvana, unake rAjyAzraya evaM jaina granthoM para paricayAtmaka evaM saMzodhanAtmaka asaMkhya lekha likha kara jaina sAhitya para mahatI upakAra kiyA hai| Apane kevala jaina sAhitya ke viSaya meM hI na likhakara hindI sAhitya ko bhI gauravAnvita kiyA hai| hindI sAhitya meM bhI Apako kAphI sammAna prApta huA hai| jaina evaM jainettara koI patra yA patrikA aisI na hogI, jisameM ApakA koI nibaMdha prakAzita na huA ho| hindI sAhitya ke vivAdAtmaka praznoM ko sulajhAne meM Apake nibaMdhoM kA zreyaskara yogadAna hai| 'pRthvIrAja-rAso' ke vivAda kA anta Apake mahattvapUrNa nibaMdha dvArA hI huA hai| aneka tejasvI ajJAta kaviyoM ko Apane andhakAra se prakAza meM lAne kA bhagIratha zrama kiyA hai| zrImatI paNDitA candrAbAI jI ne strI upayogI sAhitya kA sarjana kiyA

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Adhunika hindI jaina sAhitya : sAmAnya paricaya hai| Apake kaI sAhityika evaM dArzanika AcAra-vicAra sambandhI kaI nibaMdha-saMgraha prakAzita ho cuke haiN| ApakI lekhana kalA zuddha, sarala va bhASA svaccha hai| zrIyut lakSmIcandra jaina eka kuzala saMpAdaka ke sAtha-sAtha vidvAna nibandhakAra ke rUpa meM bhI prasiddha haiN| bhAratIya jJAnapITha ke saMpAdakIya vaktavya meM aneka granthoM mahAkAvya kI prastAvanA unhoMne likhI hai| mahAkAvya 'varddhamAna' (anUpa zarmA kRta) aura ' ( mukti dUta) ' ( zrI vIrendra jaina kRta) ke saMpAdakIya vaktavya to mahattvapUrNa haiM hI, sAtha meM 'vaidika sAhitya' kI prastAvanA eka nayA prakAza vikIrNa karatI hai| Apane saphala nibaMdhakAra ke sAtha-sAtha sahRdayI Alocaka kA karttavya acchI taraha nibhAyA hai| ApakI zailI zliSTa, sAhityika tathA prabhAvotpAdaka hai| Apake nibaMdhoM meM dhArAvAhikatA sarvatra pAyI jAtI hai| 137 paM. mUlacanda 'vatsala' purAne sAhityakAroM meM se haiN| ve kavi aura kathAkAra ke rUpa meM bhI prasiddha haiN| prAcIna kaviyoM para saMzodhanAtmaka sAhityika nibaMdha Apane acche likhe haiN| ApakI zailI sarala va bhASA sIdhI-sAdI hai| paM0 paramAnanda jI zAstrI ne apabhraMza ke kitane hI kaviyoM para zodhAtmaka nibaMdha likhe haiN| mahAkavi rayaghU ke Apa vizeSa marmajJa haiN| zabda - bAhulya zailI meM kahIM-kahIM zithilatA dikhAI par3atI hai| pro0 rAjakumAra 'sAhityAcArya' ne madhyakAlIna jaina bhakta kavi daulatarAma aura bhUdharadAsa ke padoM kA vizleSaNa Adhunika aura sundara DhaMga se kiyA hai| ApakI zailI puSTa va saMyata hai / kavi hone ke kAraNa gadya meM kAvyatva kI bhAvAnubhUti vartamAna hai| paM. pannAlAla 'basanta' ke aneka sAhityika nibaMdha prakAzita ho cuke haiN| 'Adi purANa' kI ApakI likhI prastAvanA kAphI mahattvapUrNa hai| isameM saMskRta jaina sAhitya ke vikAsa krama kA bar3A hI kramabaddha varNana hai| ApakI zailI bhI parimArjita hai| zrI jamanAlAlajI ke kaI sAhityika lekha 'jaina jagata' meM prakAzita ho cuke haiN| DA0 jyotiprasAda jaina ke aitihAsika aura sAhityika nibaMdha prakAzita ho cuke haiN| zodhAtmaka zailI meM likhe gaye nibaMdhoM meM 'pUjyapAda' sambandhI nibandha mahattvapUrNa haiN| paM. balabhadra nyAyatIrtha ke sAmAjika evaM sAhityika nibaMdha 'jaina- saMdeza' nAmaka jaina - patrikA meM prakAzita ho cuke haiN| nibaMdhoM kI bhASA pravAha - yukta evaM zailI meM vistAra kA Adhikya hai| zrI kRSNadAsa rAMkA AlocyakAla ke praur3ha nibaMdhakAra haiN| inakA dehAvasAna

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138 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya abhI-abhI huaa| jaina samAja ne dharma premI vidvAna sAhityakAra kI kamI mahasUsa kI hai| pravAhapUrNa zailI va varNanoM kI vizeSatA Apake nibaMdhoM meM pAyI jAtI hai| __ kastUracanda kAzIvAla ne bhI zodhAtmaka nibaMdha likhe haiM, jinameM viSaya kI spaSTatA pramukha rUpa se pAyI jAtI hai| pro0 devendrakumAra, vidyArthI narendra, zrI pRthvIrAja Adi bhI acche nibaMdhakAra haiN| paM0 ajItakumAra zAstrI ne khaNDana-maNDanAtmaka zailI meM aneka nibaMdha likhe haiM, jinakI bhASA viSayAnukUla aura tarkapUrNa hai| mUlacanda jI kApar3iyA bhI saMpAdaka ke sAtha sAhityika nibaMdhakAra haiN| zrI darabArIlAla 'satyabhakta' cintanazIla dArzanika aura sAhityakAra haiN| satyabhakta jI kI racanAoM se kevala jaina-sAhitya hI nahIM, apitu hindI sAhitya kA bhaNDAra bhI bar3hA hai| ina sabake atirikta eka ullekhanIya pratibhA sampanna prasiddha sAhityakAra ke rUpa meM zrI jainendra kumAra jaina kA nAma ullekhanIya hai, jinakI prAyaH sabhI racanAoM meM dArzanikatA kA puTa rahatA hai| hindI sAhitya meM zreSTha kathAkAra ke sAtha vidvAna nibaMdhakAra ke rUpa meM bhI ApakA yaza prakAzita hai| eka prakhara cintaka aura dArzanika ke rUpa meM Apa apane nibaMdhoM meM upasthita rahate haiN| jaina-darzana se Apa kAphI prabhAvita hone se Apake sAhitya-vizeSataH nibaMdhoM kI pArzvabhUmi meM jaina darzana se prabhAvita vicAradhArA kA rahanA svAbhAvika hai| Apane hindI sAhitya ko eka nayA mor3a va zailI pradAna kI hai, jise 'jainendra zailI' kahI jAtI hai| ApakI racanAoM meM AdhyAtmikatA kA jo sura prasphuTita hotA hai, vaha jaina darzana se prabhAvita hai| AcArya nathamala muni Adhunika kAla ke prakhara jaina dArzanika haiN| unake jaina darzana para cintanAtmaka aura mImAMsAtmaka aneka phuTakara nibaMdhoM kI saMkhyA paryApta mAtrA meM hai| choTe-choTe prabhAvazAlI vicAra-pradhAna nibaMdha saMgraha 'bIja aura baragada', 'samasyA kA patthara adhyAtma kI chenI', 'tuma anaMta zakti ke srota ho' Adi meM hameM unakI tarka pradhAna viziSTa zailI ke darzana hote haiN| isI prakAra terApaMtha sampradAya ke pravartaka AcArya tulasI kI jaina darzana zAstroM ke viSaya meM vidvatA prasiddha hai| mananIyatA evaM vicArAtmakatA unake lekha, vyAkhyAna Adi se vyakta hotI hai| 'kyA dharma buddhi gamya hai?' unake sundara nibaMdhoM kA saMgraha hai| 1. prakAzaka-bhAratIya jJAnapITha, dillii| 2. prakAzaka-bhAratIya jJAnapITha, dillI, isakI prati jaina sAhitya vikAsamaMDala'-irlA brija, vilepArlA se prApta huI thii|

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Adhunika hindI jaina sAhitya : sAmAnya paricaya 139 muni zrI vidyAnanda jI ne 'jJAnadIpa jale meM AdhyAtmika vicAra yukta nibaMdha likhe haiM, jisakA saMpAdana jayaprakAza varmA ne kiyA hai| varmA jI vidyAnanda jI ke prati kAphI zraddhAvAna haiN| isameM mAnava-mAtra ke kalyANa svarUpa adhyAtma kI carcA kI gaI hai| 'zramaNoM kI mahattA', 'digambara muni aura zramaNa' meM zramaNa-saMskRti kI mahattA-vizeSatA para prakAza DAlA hai| inakI bhASA zailI vicAra-pradhAna aura rocaka hai| muni zrI lAmacaMda jI ne mAnavatA ke patha para meM mAnavatA ke 'unnAyaka pravacanoM kA saMgraha kiyA hai| pratyeka pravacana apane ApameM vicArapUrNa kalyANaprada evaM prakAza svarUpa hai| inameM jIvana kI aneka samasyAoM para gaMbhIratA se vizad vivecana kiyA gayA hai| mahAtmA bhagavAnadIna kA Adhunika hindI jaina nibaMdhakAra ke rUpa meM mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| Apane 'svAdhyAya' nibaMdha saMgraha meM manovaijJAnika DhaMga se vizleSaNa-vivecana kiyA hai| ApakI bhASA-zailI bhI zuddha va tarkapUrNa hai| devendra muni ke nibaMdha saMgraha 'candana kI saurabha' sAhityika-nibaMdhoM kA saMkalana hai, jisameM mAnava-kalyANa kI bhAvanA se prerita hokara bhAvAnubhUtipUrNa vaicArika DhaMga se lekhaka ne nibaMdha likhe haiN| bhagavAna ariSTanemi aura karmayogI zrIkRSNa' meM unhoMne jaina dArzanika tathyoM kA sundara Alekhana kiyA hai, sAtha meM saMskRta jaina kRSNa-sAhitya kA bhI vizad paricaya sAhityika zailI meM diyA hai| isameM unhoMne bauddha-darzana aura vaizeSika darzana ke sAtha jaina darzana kI bhI tulanA kara tInoM kI vizeSatAeM vyakta kI hai| devendra muni dArzanika ke sAtha-sAtha kathAkAra-nibaMdhakAra ke rUpa meM prakAza meM A rahe haiN| jIvanI, AtmakathA va saMsmaraNa sAhitya : __ AtmakathA va saMsmaraNa-sAhitya ko hama Adhunika yuga kI vizeSa dena kaha sakate haiN| jaba ki jIvanI isake pahale bhI likhI jAtI thI-bhASA kA mAdhyama cAhe kucha bhI ho| hindI jaina sAhitya meM jIvanI likhane kI paramparA Adhunika kAla meM savizeSa dekhI jAtI hai| apane guru ke prati zraddhAvaza hokara likhI gaI jIvanI apabhraMza bhASA meM pAyI jAtI hai| paM. banArasIdAsa jI kI AtmakathA arddha-kathAnaka prApta hotI hai| Adhunika kAla meM khar3I bolI meM likhita jIvaniyAM upalabdha hotI haiN| inameM vizeSataH kisI AcArya yA muni kI unake ziSya yA zraddhAlu zrAvaka ke dvArA likhI gaI hai| nimnalikhita jIvaniyAM Alocya kAla meM prApta hotI haiN| 1. prabhAta pAkeTa buks-mertth| 2. prakAzaka-jaina saMskRti saMzodhana mnnddl-1raannsii|

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140 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya (1) jagadguru hIravijaya sUrI kI jIvanI : (AtmAnaMda jaina TrasTa sosAyaTI-ambAlA) mugala samrATa akabara ke samaya meM jaina dharma va zAsana kI pratiSThA bar3hAnevAle vidvAna lokapriya jainAcArya kI zazibhUSaNa zAstrI ne bhinna-bhinna patra-patrikAoM meM prakAzita lekhoM ke AdhAra para se likhI hai| AtmasAdhanA evaM zreya meM tallIna AcArya loka-kalyANa evaM lokodaya kI upekSA karate haiM, aisI sAmAnya mAnyatA ko hIravijaya jI ne nirdhAnta sAbita kara dikhAyA thaa| (2) sacce sAdhu': jagat pUjya vijaya dharma sUri mahArAja kI jIvanI abhayacanda bhagavAnadAsa gAMdhI dvArA prakAzita kI gaI hai| isameM vijaya dharma sUri ke jIvana kI mahattvapUrNa ghaTanAoM kA, unakI vidvatA, mahAnatA Adi kA sundara sAhityika zailI meM varNana kiyA gayA hai| (3) zrI bhUpendra sUri : jaina sampradAya ke yuvA kavi lekhaka muni zrI vidyAvijaya jI ne isameM jaina dharma va zAsana ke vidvAna muni zrI bhUpendra sUri kI jIvanI gItikA chanda meM aMkita kI hai| isakI vizeSatA yaha hai ki vAdyoM ke sAtha isako gAyA jA sakatA hai| jIvanI kI bhASA sundara aura rocaka hai| mAnava mAtra ke prati kalyANa kI bhAvanA vyakta hotI hai| (4) muni zrI vidyAnanda jI' : lekhaka saMpAdaka jayaprakAza varmA jI ne isameM muni jI ke jIvana ke pAvaka prasaMgoM ko nibaMdha-svarUpa meM varNita kiyA hai| prArambha meM paricaya dene ke bAda jIvanIkAra kI mahattA, vizeSatA, dhIra gaMbhIratA evaM loka-kalyANa kI bhAvanA ko ujAgara kiyA hai| bhASA alaMkAra rahita hone para bhI rocakatA kA pUrA nirvAha kiyA gayA hai| (5) Adarza ratna : muni zrI ratnavijaya jI mahArAja kI jIvanI unake ziSya AcArya devagupta sUri ne likhI hai| guru-ziSya donoM prArambha meM zvetAmbara sampradAya kI sthAnakavAsI zAkhA ke sAdhu the, bAda meM donoM ne mUrtipUjaka zAkhA meM punaH dIkSA grahaNa kI thii| ziSya lekhaka ko apane guru ke prati atyanta zraddhA va prema hai, jo aneka 1. prakAzaka-abhayacanda bhagavAnadAsa gaaNdhii| 2. prabhAta pAkeTa buks-mertth|

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Adhunika hindI jaina sAhitya : sAmAnya paricaya 141 jagaha vyakta hotA hai| prArambha meM kaccha pradeza kI vizeSatA varNita karane ke pazcAt jIvanIkAra ke jIvana ke chATe-bar3e sabhI prasaMgoM kA, camatkAra, siddhi, tapasyA Adi kA varNana rocaka zailI meM kiyA hai| (6) AcArya zrI rAjendra sUri kI jIvanI unake vidvAna anuyAyI evaM hindI jaina lekhaka vidyAnanda jI ne sundara zailI meM likhI hai| isameM jIvanI ko kalAtmaka DhaMga evaM pravAhapUrNa zailI meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai| (7) jainAcArya vijayendra sUri jI kI jIvanI kAzInAtha sarAka ne likhI hai, jisameM jIvanIkAra ke jIvana kI sabhI mahattvapUrNa ghaTanAoM kA acchA udghATana kiyA hai| ina sabake atirikta muniyoM kI choTI-moTI jIvaniyAM aneka likhI gaI haiN| kisI dhArmika, sAmAjika mahAna jaina puruSa-strI kI jIvanI kahIM prApta hotI nahIM hai, yaha eka Azcarya kahA jaayegaa| saMsmaraNa aura abhinandana grantha likhe gaye haiM; lekina jIvanI nhiiN| jainAcAryoM aura muniyoM kI jIvanI, jo unake ziSya yA bhakta ke dvArA likhI gaI haiM, isa sambandha meM eka savAla yaha paidA hotA hai ki kyA ina saba jIvaniyoM ko sAhitya ke antargata samAviSTa kara sakate haiM? kyA jIvanI sAhitya ke sabhI tattvoM kA nirvAha inameM ho pAyA hai? yA aisI jIvaniyoM se hindI jaina sAhitya ko aura jaina-samAja ko kucha upalabdha hotA hai? inake pratyuttara meM yahI kahA jA sakatA hai ki cAhe ziSya yA bhakta ke dvArA likhI gaI jIvanI meM zraddhA vizeSa ke kAraNa ahobhAva yA prazaMsA kA svara kahIM-kahIM adhika prasphuTita hotA ho, phira bhI isakI satyatA meM pAThaka ko AzaMkA nahIM hotii| dUsarA, cAhe sundara sAhityika zailI meM sabhI jIvaniyAM na likhita hoM, to bhI hindI jaina sAhitya ke bhaNDAra kI zrIvRddhi to avazya hotI hai aura samAja ko-vizeSataH jaina samAja ko-apane dharma kI mahAna vyaktiyoM kA paricaya prApta hotA hai| sAtha hI unake jIvana kI mahattA, udAttatA se kucha preraNA bhI milatI hai| apane jIvana ko bhI aisI mahattvapUrNa jIvaniyoM ke paThana-pAThana se udAtta evaM karttavyazIla banAne kI mahattvAkAMkSAeM bhItara hI bhItara jAne-anajAne panapa uThatI hai| kyoMki jIvanI aura AtmakathA bhI lalita sAhitya kI hI eka vidhA hone se unameM bhI kalAtmakatA evaM upAdeyatA ke aMza vidyamAna ho sakate haiN| jIvanI, saMsmaraNa aura AtmakathA ke dvArA manuSya kI jijJAsA vRtti jAgrata hokara tRpta hone kI ora pravRtta hotI hai| manuSya kucha sIkhanA-jAnanA, prApta karake apane jIvana ko bhI urdhvagAmI banAne kI cAha rakhatA hai| vaise AtmakathA kI apekSA jIvanI likhanA sarala hai, kyoMki

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Adhunika hindI - jaina sAhitya jIvanI meM anya vyaktiyoM kI vizeSatA para nikaTa rahakara prakAza DAlanA hotA hai, truTiyoM ko thor3A-bahuta najara andAja bhI kiyA jA sakatA hai| jabaki AtmakathA meM Apa bItI ko sampUrNa satya evaM hArdikatA ke sAtha jaga-samakSa rakhanA kucha muzkila va nirbhayatA kI sahAya lene kI AvazyakatA rahatI hai| AtmakathA ke abhAva para prakAza DAlate hue zrI nemicandra jI likhate haiM ki- " yahI kAraNa hai ki kisI bhI sAhitya meM AtmakathAoM kI saMkhyA aura sAhitya kI apekSA kama hotI hai| pratyeka vyakti meM yaha naisargika saMkoca pAyA jAtA hai ki vaha apane jIvana ke pRSTha sarvasAdhAraNa ke samakSa kholane meM hicakicAtA hai, kyoMki una pRSThoM ke khulane para usake samasta jIvana ke acche yA bure kArya nagna rUpa dhAraNa kara samasta janatA ke samakSa upasthita ho jAte haiM aura phira hotI hai unakI kaTu AlocanA / yahI kAraNa hai ki saMsAra meM bahuta kama vidvAna aise haiM, jo usa AlocanA kI paravAha na kara apane jIvana kI DAyarI yathArtha rUpa meM nirbhaya aura nidhar3aka ho prastuta kara skeN| hindI jaina AtmakathA sAhitya meM zrI kSullaka gaNeza prasAda varNI kI 'merI jIvana gAthA" evaM zrIajita prasAda jaina kI 'ajJAta jIvana" upalabdha hai, jabaki jina vijaya muni kI 'merI jIvana-prapaMca kathA' kA ullekha milatA hai| prathama upalabdha racanA hai jabaki anya do out of print hone se anupalabdha hai| varNI jI ne apanI jIvana gAthA meM nibharyatA se apanI kamajoriyAM, haThagraha yA jinase bheMTa mulAkAta huI unake sabhI viSaya meM nirbhara vicAra - pratIti rakha dI hai| jIvana kI dArzanikatA, jaina-dharma kI dArzanikatA, evaM jaina samAja kI sAmAjika, dhArmika paristhiti kA bhI acchA citraNa isameM huA hai| varNI jI ne yaha AtmakathA likhakara jaina samAja kI hI nahIM, apitu hindI sAhitya kA bhI upakAra kiyA hai| yaha itanI rocaka zailI meM pArAvAhikatA ke sAtha likhI gaI hai ki pAThaka isako par3hate samaya nIrasatA yA Uba na mahasUsa kara eka sundara upanyAsa par3hane-kA-sA AnaMda grahaNa anubhava kara sakatA hai| bAbU ajItaprasAda kI Atma kathA meM unhoMne apane jIvana ko samAja se ajJAta nahIM rakhA hai| samAja meM kAphI mAna-sammAna prApta hone para bhI apane ko ajJAta rakhanA hI unhoMne pasaMda kiyA hai| isameM unakI mahAnatA kA namratA kA hI darzana hotA hai| lekhaka hI Atma kathA meM jaina dharma evaM samAja ke prati Adara kI bhAvanA lakSita hotI hai| 142 1. DA0 nemicandra zAstrI - hindI jaina sAhitya parizIlana, pR0 139. 2. prakAzaka - varNI granthamAlA-padenI- kaashii| 3. prakAzaka - rAyasAhaba rAmadayAla agrvaal-pryaag|

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Adhunika hindI jaina sAhitya : sAmAnya paricaya 143 AtmakathA ke atirikta hindI-jaina-sAhitya meM saMsmaraNa kA eka grantha 'jaina jAgaraNa ke agradUta' zIrSaka se upalabdha hotA hai, jisakA saMpAdana kiyA hai bAbU ayodhyA prasAda goyalIya ne| isameM jaina samAja ke mahAna dArzanika, tatvaciMtaka, samAja sudhAraka, dAnavIra, bar3e-bar3e audyogika-rASTrIya puruSa evaM sAhityakAra ke viSaya meM saMsmaraNAtmaka paricaya diyA gayA hai| isake phalasvarUpa kitanI hI ajJAta pratibhAe~ evaM mahAna caritra hamAre sAmane prakAza meM Ate haiM aura unake mahAna Adarza caritroM ke paricaya se pAThaka prabhAvita ho preraNA grahaNa karatA hai| yaha saMsmaraNAtmaka grantha bhinna-bhinna lekhakoM ke dvArA likhA gayA hai, jinameM pramukha haiM bAbU goyalIya, kanhaiyAlAla mizra, nAthUrAma 'premI jI', kAmatAprasAda jaina, jainendrakumAra, ajitaprasAda jaina, gulAbarAya, kailAzacandra zAstrI, aura indu kumArI aadi| sabhI lekhakoM kI bhASA-zailI meM mAdhurya evaM dhArAvAhitA kA guNa sarvatra vidyamAna hai| sabhI saMsmaraNoM meM jaina samAja ke ina mahAnubhAvoM kI mahAnatA ke khyAla se pAThaka abhibhUta ho uThatA hai| cAra vibhAgoM meM vibhakta isa grantha meM rocakatA kA pUrA nirvAha kiyA gayA hai| jIvanI, AtmakathA tathA saMsmaraNa ke atirikta jaina sAhitya meM abhinaMdana grantha bhI prakaTa hue haiM, jinase abhinaMdita kartAoM ke viSaya meM bhinna-bhinna lekhakoM ke saMsmaraNa, bheMTa-mulAkAta prakAza DAlate haiM tathA unakI vizeSatAeM, mahAnatA evaM samAja va sAhitya kI sevA kA paricaya pAThaka ko prApta hotA hai| hindI jaina sAhitya meM vibhinna nibaMdhoM ke saMkalana abhinaMdana granthoM ke nAma se prakAzita hue haiM, ve haiM-(1) premI abhinaMdana grantha (2) zrI varNI abhinaMdana grantha (3) zrI paMDita candAbAI abhinaMdana grantha (4) hukamacanda abhinaMdana grantha (5) AcArya zrI zAnti sAgara grantha evaM (6) zrI agaracanda nAhaTA abhinandana grnth| ina granthoM se hindI jaina sAhitya ke sAtha hindI sAhitya kA bhI mahatI upakAra huA hai| abhinaMdana granthoM ke dvArA una kartAoM ko sammAna dete hue unakI sAhityika, sAmAjika aura dhArmika sevAoM kI mahattA abhivyakta hotI isa prakAra hindI jaina gadya sAhitya kA nATaka, nibaMdha, kathA-sAhitya, jIvana va Atma kathA kI vibhinna vidhAoM dvArA dina-pratidina kAphI vikAsa ho rahA hai| Aja ke vaijJAnika yuga meM mudraNayaMtra kI sarvottama suvidhA ke kAraNa aneka pustakeM prakAzita hotI rahatI haiM, jinakA nAmollekha karanA bhI saMbhava nahIM ho paataa| dArzanika grantha sampradAya ke AcAryoM ke dvArA vizeSataH prakAzita hote 1. prakAzaka-bhAratIya jJAnapITha, dillii|

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144 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya haiM evaM unake bhASaNa, vyAkhyAnoM ko bhI lipibaddha kara zraddhAzIla zrAvaka-bhakta ke dvArA prakAzita kiyA jAtA hai| usI prakAra aneka jIvaniyAM bhI prakAza meM AtI haiM, para sabhI sAhityika evaM vicArAtmaka hI hoM aisA nahIM hai| phira bhI prAyaH jIvaniyoM meM jIvanIkAra ke Adarza, guNa-mahattA kA varNana saccAI ke sAtha kiyA jAtA hai| nibandhoM kI saMkhyA itanI atyadhika hai ki sabhI racanAoM kA nAmollekha yahA~ saMbhava nahIM hai| kathA sAhitya meM paurANika, aitihAsika AdhAra para likhI gaI kathAoM kI saMkhyA adhika hai, jabaki kAlpanika kathAoM kI prAyaH kamI hai| upanyAsa kI saMkhyA bhI anya gadya-vidhAoM kI apekSA.kama rahI hai, jisakI kamI khalatI hai| jo haiM ve bhI paurANika kathA vastu para AdhArita hai| nUtana sAmAjika viSaya vastu, abhinava kalpanA evaM vartamAna yuga ke pAtroM ke dvArA upanyAsa kI racanA karake parokSa rUpa se jaina darzana ke kisI siddhAntoM para prakAza DAlA gayA hotA to adhika zreyaskara evaM AvakArya hotaa| navIna lekhakoM ko isa ora vizeSa dhyAna denA caahie| dUsarI bAta yaha bhI ullekhanIya lagatI hai ki hindI jaina sAhityakAroM meM prAyaH jaina jAti ke hI lekhakoM kI abhiruci vizeSa rahI hai| isake lie zAyada apane dharma evaM sAhitya ke prati jaina lekhakoM kA vizeSa AkarSaNa evaM anya sAhityakAroM kA hindI jaina sAhitya ke lie apekSita jaina darzana evaM prAcIna sAhitya kI anabhijJatA bhI kAraNa rUpa ho sakatI hai| hindI sAhitya ke anya lekhakoM kA dhyAna jaina paurANika kathA-sAhitya ke lekhakoM kA yA mahAna caritroM kI ora bahuta hI kama AkarSita huA hai, yaha tathya hai| (hindI gadya sAhitya kI eka vizeSatA yaha bhI spaSTa dIkhatI hai ki aisA sAhitya-sRjana karane vAle muniyoM meM digambara sampradAya ke sAdhuoM kA vizeSa yogadAna hai, jisake pIche yaha kAraNa bhI ho sakatA hai ki prAyaH rAjasthAna, uttara pradeza, evaM madhya pradeza meM isa sampradAya ke sAdhuoM kA varga vizeSa rUpa se dekhane meM AtA hai aura unakI vihAra bhUmi yA janma bhUmi bhI ye hI prAnta hone ke kAraNa hindI bhASA bolacAla kI aura lekhana kArya kI rahatI hai| jabaki gujarAta yA mahArASTra meM zvetAmbara saMpradAya ke sAdhuoM kI saMkhyA vizeSa hai aura unhoMne apanA dhArmika sAhitya gujarAtI yA aMgrejI bhASA meM vizeSa likhA hai| isa prakAra Alocya kAlIna hindI jaina sAhitya kI vibhinna vidhAoM kI kRtiyoM ke saMkSipta paricaya para se spaSTa pratIta hotA hai ki Aja ke yuga meM jaina-gadya-sAhitya apanI vividha vidhAoM meM vizAla parimANa meM upalabdha hotA hai aura usakI nirantara pragati hotI rahatI hai| astu|

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caturtha adhyAya Adhunika hindI jaina kAvya : vivecana gata adhyAya meM hamane Adhunika yugIna hindI-jaina sAhitya kI upalabdha gadya-padya racanAoM kI saMkSepa meM carcA kI thii| yahAM hama kevala kAvya kRtiyoM kA vivecana kreNge| kAvya kA mahatva : Adhunika yuga, vaicArikatA va bauddhikatA ke pratIka gadya se abhihita hai. yaha sarvathA mAnya hai| kyoMki Aja ke vaijJAnika yuga meM mastiSka kI ciMtanAtmaka vicAradhArA kA vyApaka pracAra-prasAra jana-mAnasa meM saralatA se gadya ke saphala mAdhyama se hI siddha ho sakatA hai, phira bhI padya kA apanA naisargika mahatva usakI laya-tAla baddhatA, mArmikatA, rasAtmakatA va saMvedanazIlatA ke kAraNa sadaiva akSuNNa rhegaa| Aja ke vaijJAnika yuga meM bauddhikatA ke vikAsa ke sAtha-sAtha rAgAtmaka tatvoM kA hrAsa hotA jA rahA hai aura bauddhika jaTilatA tarkabaddhatA evaM hArdika bhAvoM kI nyUnatA ke kAraNa kAvya ke rasAtmaka saundarya kA mahatva dina-pratidina nyUna hotA jA rahA hai, aisA vidvAnoM kA vicAra hai| yadi yaha AzaMkA saca ho to bhI arthazAstrIya dRSTikoNa se yadi hama dekheMge ki jisa vastu kA jitanA abhAva va anupalabdhi rahegI, utanI hI usake mUlya va mahatva meM abhivRddhi hogii| isa niyamAnusAra bauddhika yuga kI zuSkatA se pIr3ita mAnavatA ko kAvya-upavana kI zItala hariyAlI avazya ullAsita aura AnaMdita karegI hii| AcArya rAmacandra zukla ke zabdoM meM yadi kahA jAye to 'jyoM-jyoM sabhyatA bar3hatI jAyegI, tyoM-tyoM kaviyoM ke lie kAma bar3hatA jaayegaa| manuSya ke hRdaya kI vRttiyoM se sIdhA sambandha rakhane vAle rUpoM aura vyApAroM ko pratyakSa karane ke lie use bahuta-se padoM ko haTAnA pdd'egaa| isase yaha spaSTa hai ki jyoM-jyoM hamArI vRttiyoM para sabhyatA ke naye-naye AvaraNa car3hate jAyeMge, tyoM-tyoM eka ora kavitA kI AvazyakatA bar3hatI jAyegI, dUsarI ora kavi-karma kaThina hotA jaayegaa| ataH kavitA kA mahatva mAnava-jIvana ko AI va rasamaya banAye rakhane ke lie bhaviSya meM bhI akSuNNa rhegaa| 1. AcArya rAmacandra zukla-ciMtAmaNi, bhAga-1, 'kavitA kyA hai?', pR. 144.

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Adhunika hindI - jaina sAhitya saMskRta kAvya zAstra ke antargata 'kAvya' kA artha vyApaka artha meM prayukta hotA hai| 'kAvya' ke antargata hI dRzya kAvya aura usake bheda tathA zravya kAvya va usake bhedopabheda upalabdha hote haiN| dRzya kAvya ke bhItara rUpaka va uparUpaka ke bheda tathA zravyakAvya meM padya tathA gadya ke vividha rUpa vargIkRta kiye gaye haiN| lekina Adhunika yuga meM vizeSataH pAzcAtya kAvya zAstra ke prabhAva se 'kAvya' ke antargata kevala padya (Poetry) kA hI samAyojana kiyA gayA hai, kyoMki nATaka kI dRzya - vidhA ko gadya ke sAtha saMnihita kiyA gayA hai| padya aura gadya ke atirikta donoM ke mizrita rUpa meM campU kAvya ko bhI ginAyA jAtA hai / gadya meM upanyAsa, nATaka, kahAnI, nibaMdha, rekhAcitra, jIvanI va AtmakathA aise vividha upabheda Adhunika yuga meM prApta hote haiM, jabaki kAvya ke pramukha tIna bheda svIkRta hue haiM - prabandha kAvya, muktaka kAvya aura gIti kAvya" athavA prabandha va muktk| prabaMdha ke bhItara mahAkAvya aura khaNDa kAvya aise do svarUpa dRSTigata hote haiM, jabaki muktaka meM pAThya aura geya aise do rUpa milate haiN| yahAM paurvAtya va pAzcAtya kAvya zAstrakAroM, vidvAn samAlocakoM, sAhityakAroM kI kAvya sambaMdhI vicAradhArA aura paribhASAeM uddhRta karane kI samIcInatA nahIM hai / usI prakAra saMskRta kAvya zAstra ke vividha-sampradAyoM ke AcArya aura pAzcAtya kAvya zAstra ke vivecakoM ke dvArA nirdhArita kAvya ke tatva, hetu (prayojana) guNa-doSa Adi kI carcA bhI yahAM anapekSita hai| phira bhI yaha bAta sarvakAla sammata rahegI ki kAvya meM cAhe kisI bhI bhASA kA yA kisI bhI yuga vA deza kA ho - bhAva tattva, vicAra tattva, kalpanA tattva va zailI tattva sapramANa rUpa se saMnihita hone cAhie, phira prAdhAnya kisa tattva ko pradAna kiyA jAtA hai, vaha kavi kI bhAvabhUmi, bauddhikatA, cintanazIlatA va kalpanA kI UrvaratA para niHzaMka nirbhara kiyA jAtA hai| 146 kAvya ke bheda : kAvya ke prabandha va muktaka ke pramukha do bhedoM meM (mUlataH ) tattvataH AMtarika va bAhya-bhAva jagata aura rUpa jagata meM aMtara parilakSita hotA hai| isa sambandha meM bhI hamAre prAcIna AcAryoM ne mahAkAvya ke lie vividha Avazyaka tattvoM ko nirdezita karake khaNDa kAvya para bhI vicAra kiyA hai| eka hI sAhitya ne do vibhinna rUpoM meM AkAra-prakAra, zailI, pAtra, vastu, varNana, uddezya Adi bahuta se dRSTikoNoM se bhinnatA prekSaNIya hai| " prabandha kAvya meM prAraMbha se lekara aMta taka dIrgha kathA calatI rahatI hai| muktaka kAvya ke chanda eka dUsare se vi 1. DA0 gaNapaticandra gupta- 'sAhityika nibaMdha'-' kavitA kyA hai? nibaMdha', pR. 62.

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Adhunika hindI jaina kAvya : vivecana zRMkhalita rahate haiM / gItikAvya meM saMgItAtmakatA kA samAveza hotA hai / astu, rUpa-AkAra Adi kI dRSTi se prabandha, muktaka evaM gIti meM paraspara antara hai, kintu ye sabhI padyabaddha hote haiM - ataH rasa yadi kavitA kI AtmA hai, to padyabaddhatA yA chandobaddhatA usakA zarIra hai, dhvani usakA rUpa raMga hai, alaMkAra usake AbhUSaNa haiM, vakrokti usakI vANI kA mAdhurya hai aura rIti usake vyavahAra kI kamanIyatA hai / " " 147 AcArya rAmacandra zukla muktaka va prabandha kA antara spaSTa karate hue likhate haiM- " muktaka meM prabandha ke samAna rasa kI dhArA nahIM rahatI, jisameM kathA-prasaMga kI paristhiti meM apane ko bhUlA huA pAThaka magna ho jAtA hai aura hRdaya meM eka sthAyI bhAva grahaNa karatA hai| isameM (muktaka) to rasa ke aise chIMTe par3ate haiM, jinase hRdayakalikA thor3I dera ke lie khila uThatI hai| yadi prabandha kAvya eka vistRta vanasthalI hai, to muktaka eka cunA huA guladastA hai| isI se yaha sabhA-samAjoM ke lie adhika upayukta hotA hai| usameM uttarottara aneka dRzyoM dvArA saMgaThita pUrNa jIvana yA usake kisI pUrNa aMga kA pradarzana nahIM hotA, balki koI ramaNIya khaNDa dRzya isa prakAra sAmane lA diyA jAtA hai ki pAThaka yA zrotA kucha kSaNoM ke lie maMtra-mugdha sA ho jAtA hai|" AcArya rAmacandra zukla ke isa kathana se spaSTa phalita hotA hai ki pUrvAvara sambandha rahita bhAva yA Urmi ke pravala prabhAva ke kAraNa muktaka kA mahatva alpakAlIna hote hue bhI rasAtmaka hotA hai aura vividha pAtra, prasaMga va kathA yA kathAMza ke kAraNa prabandha kAvya kA prabhAva tatkAlIna na hote hue bhI dIrghakAlIna hotA hai| kyoMki ' taTinI kI bhAMti nATaka aura prabandha kAvya apane Adi aura anta ke bIca meM kathAnaka kI dhArA lekara bahate haiN| jabaki muktaka meM kathAnaka kI pUrvAparatA yA jIvana kI kisI pramukha ghaTanA yA dRzya kA sadantara abhAva sA rahatA hai| AcArya naMdadulAre vAjapeyI jI ne bhI 'sAketa' para vicAra karate hue vastu, netA aura rasa ina tInoM ko hI prakArAntara se prabandha kAvya ke AdhAra tattva mAne haiN| jaba muktaka kI rasAtmakatA ke lie ina tattvoM kA mahatva nahIM hai| isa prakAra prabaMdha aura muktaka ke pramukha - bAhya aura AMtarika - antara ko dekhane ke anantara saMkSepa meM mahAkAvya, khaNDa kAvya aura muktaka ke sambandha meM vicAra karanA anupayukta nahIM hogA / 1. DA0 gaNapaticandra gupta - ' sAhityika nibaMdha' - kavitA kyA hai? nibaMdha, pR0 62. 2. AcArya rAmacandra zukla - hindI sAhitya kA itihAsa, pR0 284-286. 3. DA. saranAma siMha zarmA 'aruNa' - sAhitya, siddhAnta aura samIkSA, pR0 43.

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148 Adhunika hindI - jaina sAhitya mahAkAvya : mahAkAvya ke viSaya meM sarvaprathama AcArya bhAmaha ne svarUpa-nirdhAraNa kiyA thaa| saMskRtAcAryoM ne mahAkAvya ke sambandha meM gaharAI se kRti, kRtikAra va samAja tInoM ko susambaMdhita, sugaThita karake vicAra kiyA hai| AcArya bhAmaha ke matAnusAra lambe kathAnaka vAlA, mahAna caritroM para Azrita, nATakIya pA~ca sandhiyoM se yukta, utkRSTa aura alaMkRta zailI meM likhita tathA jIvana ke vividha rUpoM aura kAryoM kA varNana karane vAlA, sargabaddha, sukhAnta kAvya hI mahAkAvya hai sargabaddha mahAkAvyaM, mahattAM ca mahaccayat / agrAmya zabdArtha ca sAlaMkAra sadAzrayam // mantra dUta prayANaji nAyakAmyudevaM ca yat / paMcabhiH sandhimiH yukta nAtivAcyeya vRddhiyat // - kAvyAlaMkAra - 1, 10, 20. prAcIna kAvya zAstrakAra daNDI, vizvanAtha, vAmana, rudraTa, mammaTa, hemacandrAcArya Adi ne mahAkAvya ke viSaya meM vizad vicAra va niyama - upaniyama nirdhArita kiye haiM, lekina yahAM ina sabake vicAroM ko uddhRta karane kA uddezya nahIM hai| paurvAtya vidvAnoM kI bhAMti pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne vicArakoM ne bhI utkRSTa saphala mahAkAvya ke lie Avazyaka lakSaNoM ko nizcita kiye haiN| ' hindI sAhitya koza' meM mahAkAvya ke viSaya meM likhA gayA hai ki - " mahAkAvya chandoM baddha kathAnaka sAhitya kA vaha rUpa hai, jisameM kSipra kathA - pravAha yA alaMkRta varNana athavA manovaijJAnika citraNa se yukta aisA suniyojita, sAMgopAMga aura jIvanta lambA kathAnaka ho, jo rasAtmakatA yA prabhAvAnviti utpanna karane meM pUrNa samartha ho sake, jisameM yathArtha, kalpanA yA saMbhAvanA para AdhArita aise caritra yA caritroM ke mahatvapUrNa jIvanavRtta kA pUrNa yA AMzika rUpa meM varNana ho, jo kisI yuga ke sAmAjika jIvana kA kisI na kisI rUpa meM pratinidhitva kara sake, jisameM kisI mahat preraNA se anuprANita hokara kisI mahaduddezya kI siddhi ke lie kisI mahatvapUrNa gaMbhIra athavA rahasyamayI aura AzcaryotpAdaka ghaTanA yA ghaTanAoM kA Azraya lekara saMzliSTa aura samanvita rUpa se jAti--vizeSa yA yuga - vizeSa ke samagra jIvana ke vividha rUpoM, pakSoM aura mAnasika avasthAoM aura kAryoM kA varNana aura udghATana kiyA gayA ho aura jisakI zailI itanI garimAmayI aura udAtta ho ki yuga-yugAntara taka mahAkAvya ko jIvita rahane kI zakti pradAna kara ske|" isake anantara moTe taura para paurvAtya aura pAzcAtya 1. hindI sAhitya koza, pR0 79.

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Adhunika hindI jaina kAvya : vivecana 149 sAhityazAstriyoM kI mahAkAvya viSayaka vizeSatAoM ko saMmizrita rUpa se nimnalikhita rUpa se zabdAMkita kiyA jA sakatA hai-saphala mahAkAvya ke lie 1. mahAna uddezya, mahAna preraNA aura mahAna kaavy-prtibhaa| 2. gurutva, gAMbhIrya aura mhtv| 3. mahAna kAryoM aura yuga jIvana kA sampUrNa citrnn| 4. anviti yukta, susaMbaddha, susaMgaThita jIvanta kthaank| 5. mahAna caritavAlA nAyaka tathA anya mahat paatr| 6. udAtta zailI, alaMkRta bhASA aura garimAmayI abhivykti| 7. tIvra prabhAvAnvita aura gaMbhIra rs-vyNjnaa| 8. anavaruddha jIvanI-zakti aura sazakta praannvaan|' Adhunika yuga meM mahAkAvya ko isa prakAra paribhASita kiyA jAtA hai-mahAkAvya marmasparzI ghaTanAoM para AdhArita eka mahAna kavi kI aisI chandobaddha kRti hai, jisameM mAnava jIvana kI kisI jvalanta samasyAoM kA vyApaka pratipAdana, kisI mahAna uddezya kI pUrti yA jAtIya saMskRti ke mahApravAha udbhAvana, udAtta varNana zailI, vyaMjaka bhASA, pUrNa rasAtmakatA aura ucca koTi ke zilpavidhAna ke dvArA kiyA jAtA hai aura jisakA nAyaka kisI bhI liMga, jAti yA vaMza kA hokara bhI apane guNoM se kavi ke AdarzoM ko mUrtimAna karanevAlA hotA hai - isa prakAra mahAkAvya ke prAcIna mAnadaNDa ke AdhAra para usake pramukha tattvoM ko dekhate hue sahaja hI pratipAdya ho sakatA hai ki Adhunika kAla meM inhIM niyamoM ke AdhAra para mahAkAvya prAyaH nahIM likhe jaate| Aja yuga-parivartana ke sAtha Adhunika vicAradhArA meM bhI kAphI parivartana A gaye haiN| mahAna jIvanta kathAvastu yA mahAna nAyaka ke sandarbha meM navIna yuga kA prabhAva dRSTigata hotA hai kyoMki nUtana paristhitiyoM ke sandarbha meM kathAvastu, nAyaka, rasa, varNana, bhASAzailI va chanda-sargabaddhatA Adi meM naye AyAma va AkAra soca aura svIkRta kiye jAte haiN| phira bhI mUlataH mahAkAvya avazya hI jIvana kA mahAkAvya hone se usameM udAttatA va garimA kA saMniyojana honA caahie| "nizcita rUpa se mahAkAvya ko mahAna kAvya bhI honA caahie| tAtparya yaha ki mahAkAvya ke paraMparAgata lakSaNoM se yukta hokara bhI yadi kisI kRti meM mahAna kAvya ke guNa 1. rAjendra zarmA-samIkSA ke mAnadaNDa, pR. 58. 2. DA. zyAmanaMdana kizora-hindI mahAkAvya kA zilpa vidhAna, pR. 60.

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Adhunika hindI - jaina sAhitya na Aye to vaha mahAkAvya nahIM kahA jA sktaa| aise tathAkathita mahAkAvya Aye dina kitane hI race jA rahe haiN|"" paurvAtya va pAzcAtya prAcIna vidvAnoM ke samAna hindI sAhitya ke sudhI vivecakoM aura vidvAnoM ne bhI mahAkAvya ke sambaMdha meM maulika sUjha-bUjha ke sAtha vizad vicAra kiye haiN| 150 khaNDa kAvya : khaNDa kAvya vaise prabandha kA hI bheda hone se mahAkAvya kA laghu pratirUpa hotA hai| phira bhI mahAkAvya ke lie vistRta kathAvastu, aneka rasa, vividha pAtra Adi kI mUlataH AvazyakatA rahatI hai, vaha khaNDa kAvya ke lie apekSita hI honI cAhie, aisA nahIM / khaNDa kAvya meM jIvana ke vividha rUpa, ghaTanAeM, prasaMgoM kI tulanA meM ekAdha mArmika hRdayasparzI ghaTanA kA, eka-do caritroM ke sAtha rasapUrNa citraNa honA atyanta Avazyaka hai / khaNDa kAvya meM jIvana ke kisI eka pahalU kI jhAMkI rahatI hai| marmasparzI ghaTanA yA kathAMza kA cayana kara racanA kauzala, prabaddha-paTutA, sahRdayatA kA samanvaya pAThakoM kI suSupta bhAvanAoM ko sajaga kara rasa prApti karane meM saphala ho sakatA hai| khaNDa kAvya mahAkAvya se AkAra-prakAra meM laghu hone ke sAtha hI bhAvabhUmi bhI utanI vyApaka - 5- vaividhya mUlaka aura saMzleSaNAtmaka nahIM hotI / AcArya vizvanAtha ke matAnusAra, " khaNDakAvya bhavet kAvyasyeka deshaanusaariy|' arthAt mahAkAvya meM rASTra kI sAMskRtika cetanA ke aneka pakSoM aura samasAmAyika jIvana kI vividha AkAMkSAoM meM vyApaka samanvaya kA prayatna rahatA hai| mahA kAvya kI taraha yaha jIvana kA vizAla citrapaTa prastuta karane kI ceSTA nahIM rakhatA hai| yaha kArya kevala eka pradhAna ghaTanA ko prastuta karake hI saMpanna kiyA jAtA hai| isameM na sandhiyoM kA saMniveza hotA hai, na aneka chandoM kA pryog| isakA vRtta aitihAsika bhI ho sakatA hai yA kAlpanika bhii| usI prakAra isakA nAyaka khyAta vyakti bhI ho sakatA hai yA sAmAnya jana bhii|" muktaka : muktaka kAvya kI vaha choTI padyabaddha racanA hai jisameM kathA prasaMga, nAyaka, rasa, varNana Adi meM se kisI kI AvazyakatA na hokara hRdaya kI eka bhAvormi kA hI layatAla-baddha rasAtmaka varNana hotA hai, jisako sunakara yA par3hakara pAThaka turanta hI prabhAvita ho jAtA hai / " muktaka vaha choTI racanA hai jisameM kisI eka hI mana:sthiti, bhAva yA eka hI dRzya kI yogyatA ho / isameM aneka 1. DA. zyAmanaMdana kizora-Adhunika mahAkAvyoM kA zilpa vidhAna, pR0 60. 2. DA. vizvanAtha prasAda- kalA evaM sAhitya, pravRtti aura paraMparA, pR0 74.

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Adhunika hindI jaina kAvya : vivecana 151 ghaTanAoM, paristhitiyoM yA dRzyoM kI yojanA nahIM hotii| isameM kavi svayaM pAtra ke pada para AsIna rahatA hai| aura usakI manaH sthiti hI kAvya kA pradhAna vivecya bana jAtI hai| pratyeka muktaka apanI svataMtra sattA rakhatA hai, yaha pUrvApara krama se mukta rahatA hai, yahI isake nAma kI sAtharkatA hai| muktaka nAmAnusAra apane Apa meM mukta racanA hotI hai, kisI bhI prasaMga-kathA yA dRzya ke pUrvApara sambandha se isakA koI sarokAra nahIM hotaa| hAM, isameM bhAvoM kI tIvratA va abhivyakti kI mArmikatA avazya prekSaNIya honI cAhie, anyathA kavi ke bhAvajagata ke sAtha pAThaka kA mAnasika tAdAtmya sthApita saralatA se na hone para rasAnubhAva meM kSati pahuMcAtI hai| "yadyapi muktaka ke do varga pAThya yA viSaya-pradhAna muktaka aura geya yA viSayI pradhAna muktaka mAne jAte haiM, kintu aba pAThya muktakoM ko hI muktaka aura viSayI pradhAna yA bhAvAtmaka muktakoM ko 'pragIta' yA 'gIti' kahA jAtA hai|" ataH spaSTa phalita hotA hai ki muktaka ke lie bhAvavihvalatA, sAMketikatA aura vidagghatA ke sAtha hRdaya kI svAnubhUtikA unmukta varNana apekSita rahatA hai| muktaka meM eka vicAra, bhAva, pala, bIja mAtra kA rahanA yatheSTa hai, jo pAThaka ke citta ko jhakajhora kara rasamaya AnaMda kI lahara kA sparza karA de| prabandhakAra bhAva jagata ke sAtha samAja kA digdarzana karatA-karAtA hai jabaki muktaka kAra sAmAnya sAMsArikatA ke Upara yA asaMpRkta rahakara bhAva-gagana meM vihAra karatA huA atavRttiyoM ko rocakatA va layabaddhatA se abhivyakta karatA hai| kAvya ke vividha rUpoM kI carcA ke uparAnta aba hama yahAM Adhunika-hindIjaina-sAhitya meM kAvya vidhA kA anuzIlana kareMge aura dekheMge ki uparyukta rUpoM kA jaina kAvyoM meM kisa prakAra viniyojana huA hai| sarvaprathama jaina mahAkAvyoM kI carcA abhIpsita rhegii| Adhunika-hindI-jaina-sAhitya apanI vividha vidhAoM meM pragati kara rahA hai| isa yuga meM prAcIna aura madhyakAla kI bhAMti padya kI hI racanAeM upalabdha na hokara gadya kI bhI anekAneka kRtiyAM prApta hotI haiM, balki yaha kahanA samucita-yukti saMgata-hogA ki isa gadya yuga meM padya kI racanAeM apekSAkRta kama prApta hotI hai aura gadya bhinna-bhinna dhArAoM meM pravAhita hokara apane ko puSTa kara rahA hai| padya meM prabandha kI racanAeM prApta to hotI haiM lekina itane vizAla sAhitya ke sandarbha meM unakI saMkhyA saMtoSaprada na kahI jAyegI, vaise 1. DA. vizvanAtha prasAda-kalA evaM sAhitya, pravRtti aura paraMparA, pR. 74. 2. A. vizvanAtha prasAda-kalA evaM sAhitya pravRtti aura paraMparA, pR. 88, kavitA kyA hai? adhyAya-3.

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152 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya tathAkathita prabaMdhakAvya isa yuga meM kAphI likhe gaye haiM, lekina saphala aura utkRSTa prabandha kAvya kI saMkhyA maryAdita hai| Adhunika yuga kI vyastatA evaM yAMtrika, gatizIlatA ke kAraNa saMpUrNa jIvana krama kI kalAtmaka abhivyakti kI saMbhAvanA kama hI hai| Adhunika yuga meM kevala tIna mahAkAvya hI upalabdha hote haiM, jinameM eka 'sugheza' racita 'parama jyoti mahAvIra' kA to kevala ullekha hI prApta hotA hai| anya do meM eka yazasvI mahAkavi anUpa zarmA kA 'varddhamAna' hai tathA dUsarA kavivara mUladAsa nImAvata kA 'vIrAyaNa' mahAkAvya hai| varddhamAna : ('mUrti devI puraskAra' se puraskRta mahAkAvya) isa mahAkAvya kI racanA anUpa jI ne san 1951 IsvI meM kI thii| jo aneka dRSTiyoM se mahatvapUrNa hai tathA jisakA gauravapUrNa sthAna na kevala hindI-jaina-sAhitya meM hI hai, balki samasta hindI-mahAkAvya saMsAra meM bhI hai| kathA vastu : mahAkavi hariaudha jI ke 'priya-pravAsa' mahAkAvya kI zailI para racita isa mahAkAvya kI kathAvastu, caritra-citraNa, rasa-varNana darzanAdi ko dekhane kI ceSTA kreNge| sarvaprathama kathA vastu aura usakI nyUnatA-vizeSatA dekhI jAyegI-kyoMki isI kI nIMva para mahAkAvya kA prasAda avalaMbita aura suzobhita hotA hai| satraha sargoM meM vibhakta isa kAvya meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke pUrvajanmoM, janma se lekara kevala jJAna kI prApti ke bAda sampradAya ke nirmANa taka pUre jIvana ko kavi ne gumphita kiyA hai| hAM, yaha bAta isameM avazya hai ki kathA vastu kA sUtra-taMtu itanA sUkSma hai ki vaha varNanoM kI jAla meM phaMsa jAtA hai yA ulajhA rahatA hai aura pAThaka usa Dora ko AsAnI se pakar3akara mahAkAvya ke carama lakSya rUpa rasa prApti kaThinatA se kara pAtA hai| prathama sarga meM kavi saMskRta paripATI anusAra kathAvastu-sUcana, vaMdanA na kara deza-gaurava-gAna karate haiN| bhArata bhUmi kI bhUri-bhUri prazaMsA karate hue kavi ne apanI utkaTa deza-bhakti kA paricaya diyA hai| kuNDanapura kI dharatI jo mahAkAvya ke udAtta carita nAyaka ke janma ke kAraNa pavitra va dhanya bana gaI hai, usakI mahimA varNita karate hue, samagra rUpa se bhArata varSa kA gauravagAna kavi gA uThate haiM samucca Adarza vidhAyinI aho| prasiddha hai bhArata sarva vizva meN| yahAM mahAbhaMga mayI prabhA liye| sudharma sAmrAjya sadaiva sohtaa||

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Adhunika hindI jaina kAvya : vivecana jahAM mahI kA dRr3ha merudaMDa - sA / samucca prAleya, girIndra rAjatA / mahIndra kailAsa vizAla muNDa- sA / kirITa - sA meru virAjatA jahAM // 153 bAda meM kSatriya kuMDa kI zobhA, mahimA, vahAM ke rAjA siddhArtha kI mahattA, udAratA, vaibhava, dAnazIlatA, vidvatAdi kA sundara AlaMkArika varNana karate hue vahAM ke nivAsiyoM kI udAratA evaM mahAnatA kA kavi ne atyanta rocaka varNana kiyA hai| nakha - dUsare sarga meM trikAladeva ke rUpa saundarya kA varNana jo prathama adhyAya meM bhI AtA hai - rAjA siddhArtha dvArA karavAte haiN| prathama sarga meM kavi eka-eka aMga ko lekara nakha-zikha varNana karate haiM, jabaki dUsare meM rAjA siddhArtha rAtri ke samaya mahala meM Agamana meM bAda trizalA ke saundarya ko dekha maMtra-mugdha hokara kha-zikha varNanakara kAmadeva kI mahattA svIkArate haiN| yaha varNana utkRSTa eva rasa yukta bhI hai, kavi kI vANI evaM bhAva khila uThate haiM, alaMkAra bhI svataH upasthita ho jAte haiM isameM AzaMkA nahIM, lekina donoM sargoM ke nakha - zikha varNana meM nitAnta samAnatA rahane se adhika vistAra evaM punarAvRtti kI nIrasatA A jAtI hai| isase bhI mahatva kI bAta isa nakha - zikha varNana meM yaha hai ki trizalA devI kA yaha saundarya varNana yukti-saMgata bhI nahIM pratIta hotA / kyoMki eka to ve bhAvi tIrthaMkara kI jananI hone se unakI bhavya, zAnta, pavitra, vAtsalyapUrNa mAtR - svarUpa mUrti kI pratyeka jainI ke dila meM pratiSThA hone se unake hRdaya ko thor3A cubhatA hai| dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki trizalA dUsare bacce kI mAM bananevAlI hai| isa sthiti meM aise uttejaka unmukta deha - saundarya kA varNana kahAM taka ucita va prAsaMgika rahatA hai vaha bhI eka savAla hai| bahuta-se vidvAna AlocakoM ne isa zrRMgAra varNana kA ghora virodha kiyA hai aura usako apratItikara va bhaddA - sA batAkara kavi ke zRMgAra-rasa- varNana kI bhartsanA kI hai| isake bacAva meM yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki nAyikA ke abhAva meM kavi ko rAnI trizalA ke deha sondarya kA prema, dAmpatya-jIvana aura mAdhurya kA varNana kara zrRMgAra rasa kI pUrti karane ko bAdhya honA par3A hai aura rAjA siddhArtha kI yauvanasabhara rAnI ke rUpa meM trizalA kA varNana kiyA gayA hai, na ki bhagavAna mahAvIra kI mAtA ke dRSTi bindu se| yahAM sargabaddha kathA - sAra denA prAsaMgika yA mahatvapUrNa na samajhate hue kevala itanA hI ucita pratIta hotA hai ki 'varddhamAna' mahAkAvya meM kavi anUpa zarmA ne bhagavAna mahAvIra ke brahmacaryAvasthA meM hI dIkSita hone ke pazcAt

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154 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya tapasyA, pariSahoM (kaSToM) kevala jJAna aura 11 pramukha gaNadharoM ke sAtha dArzanika va vyAvahArika upadeza dene kI pUrI kathA guMphita kara dI hai| kathA kA sUtra kahIM-kahIM varNanoM ke ghaTATopa ke kAraNa hAtha se chaTane kI taiyArI meM hone para kavi kuzalatA se saMbhAla lete haiN| kathA kI eka aura vizeSatA yaha hai ki kavi ne isameM zvetAmbara va digambara AcAryoM kI kitanI hI bAtoM meM sAmaMjasya sthApita karane kI koziza kI hai| varddhamAna kA vyAha unhoMne zuddha zvetAmbara matavAloM kI anumodanA ke mutAbika na kara svapna meM karavAyA hai| phira bhI zvetAmbara mAnyatA ke mutAbika yazodA nAmaka rAjA samaravIra kI putrI ke sAtha karavAyA hai| isa prakAra mahAvIra ke sampUrNa jIvana krama ko lekara likhA gayA 'varddhamAna' meM kathA kA sUtra dRr3ha na hone para bhI kahIM chUTatA nahIM hai| isIlie ise 'caritAtmaka mahAkAvyoM kI kSeNI meM isa kRti kI gaNanA karane meM adhika saMkoca kI bAta nahIM dikhAI pdd'tii| mahAvIra carita kI prasiddha kathA vastu grahaNa kI gaI hone se kevala usakI vizeSatAeM va kamiyoM para hI prakAza DAlane kI vicAraNA karane kI koziza kreNge| kathAvastu kA vivecana : 'varddhamAna' ke sambandha meM eka mukhya bAta yaha vicAraNIya hai ki yaha grantha na to itihAsa hai, na jiivnii| yadi Apa bhagavAna mahAvIra kI jIvana sambaMdhI samasta ghaTanAoM kA aura tatkAlIna rAjanaitika, sAmAjika athavA dhArmika paristhitiyoM kA kramavAra itihAsa isa grantha meM .khojanA cAheMge to nirAza honA pdd'egaa| yaha to eka mahAkAvya hai, jisameM kavi ne bhagavAna ke jIvana aura vyaktitva ko AdhAra phalaka banA kara kalpanA kI tulikA calAI hai| yahA~ itihAsa to kevala Dora kI taraha hai, jo kalpanA kI pataMga ko bhAvanAoM ke AkAza meM khulI chUTa dene ke lie prayukta hai| ur3Ana kA kauzala dekhane ke lie darzaka kI dRSTi pataMga para rahatI hai, Dora para nhiiN| hAM, pataMga ke khilAr3I ko utanI Dora avazya saMbhAlanI par3atI hai, jitanI ur3Ane ke lie Avazyaka hai| mahAkAvya kI kathA vastu aitihAsika yA prasiddha kathA yA itihAsa prasiddha caritra se sambaMdhita honI cAhie, isa niyama kA 'varddhamAna' pUrNataH pAlana karatA hai, kyoMki isakI kathA vastu vizvabandha prasiddha carita-nAyaka prabhu. mahAvIra ke jIvana va darzana kI yazogAthA se rekhAMkita hai| kavi ne varddhamAna ke janma evaM janma pUrva kI paristhiti, garbha sthiti evaM pUrva janmoM, bAlyakAla, yauvana kAla 1. DA. vINA zarmA-Adhunika hindI mahAkAvya, pR. 45. 2. lakSmIcandra jaina : 'varddhamAna', Amukha, pR. 2.

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Adhunika hindI jaina kAvya : vivecana 155 evaM tIrthaMkaratva Adi vividha jIvana-pahaluoM kA vizAla gauravapUrNa citra hamAre sAmane khIMcA hai| mahAkAvya kI garimA ke lie sarvathA upayukta dhIrodAtta nAyaka ke jIvana kI ghaTanAoM kA kavi ne surekha va spaSTa udghATana kiyA hai| kavi ne kathAvastu meM vividha vastu-varNana ko bhI yatheSTa sthAna diyA hai, balki kahIM-kahIM to varNana ke prAcurya meM kathA kA pravAha maMda-sA ho jAtA hai| isameM nakha-zikha varNana, prabhAta, uSA-velA, sandhyA, pradoSa, rAtri, sUrya evaM candra kI vividha kalAoM, nadI, jaMgala, parvata, nagara, vividha RtuoM, pakSI evaM puSpoM kA, prakRti kA vizad varNana kara prAcIna paripATI kA bhI kavi ne bhalIbhAMti nirvAha kiyA hai| 'varddhamAna' kI kathA-viSayaka vizeSatA ke sambaMdha meM DA. rAmagopAla siMha ke vicAra haiM ki-'varddhamAna mahAvIra svAmI ke jIvana para AdhArita prabandha kAvya hai, jisameM ahiMsA ke pratipAdana meM Aja ke yuga kI samasyAoM kA samAdhAna prastuta karane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| mahAkAvya ke lie apekSita AdhikArika kathA vastu ke sAtha prAsaMgika kathA vastu ko mahAkAvya kI saphalatA kA eka aMga mAnA jAtA hai, kyoMki prAsaMgika kathAeM mUla kathA meM tIvratA evaM gati paidA karatI haiN| 'varddhamAna' meM mahAvIra kI mUlakathA ke sAtha avAntara kathA ke rUpa meM candanA-carita, kAmadeva-surendra-saMvAda, kAmadeva dvArA varddhamAna kI parIkSA, gozAlaka kathA, caNDakauzika-prasaMga Adi marmasparzI avAntara kathAeM varNita haiM, jinase saundarya kI sRSTi karane meM kavi ko saphalatA prApta huI hai| phira bhI eka bAta avazya dhyAna khIMcatI hai ki 17 sargoM meM vibhakta isa bRhat mahAkAvya meM kathA vastu ke lie Avazyaka dRzya vidhAnoM kI kamI hai, lekina ghaTanA-vidhAna evaM paristhiti nirmANa kI bahulatA hai| ghaTanAoM kA krama maMthara gati se calatA hai, ataH pAThaka se sAmane eka nizcita kramAnusAra hI ghaTanA calatI hai| 'kavi ne isa prakAra kA koI dRzya Ayojita nahIM kiyA, jo mAnava kI rAgAtmikA, hRttaMtrI ko sahaja rUpa meM jhaMkRta kara ske| kavi anUpa jI ne mUla kathA vastu meM vizeSa parivartana nahIM kiyA hai, hAM, ekAdha jagaha unhoMne apanI udAra kalpanA ke dvArA do sampradAyoM kI vicAradhArA meM sAmaMjasya sthApita karane kA avazya prayAsa kiyA hai| kavi ne cAturI se svapna meM bhagavAna kA 'mukti devI' ke sAtha vyAha susaMpanna karavAyA hai| jisakA hama Upara ullekha kara cuke haiN| dUsarI samanvayAtmaka ghaTanA yaha hai ki digambaroM meM 1. DA. rAmagopAla siMha cauhAna-Adhunika hindI sAhitya, pR. 118. 2. DA0 nemicandra zAstrI-hiMdI jaina sAhitya parizIlana, bhAga-2, pR. 21.

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Adhunika hindI - jaina sAhitya mAnyatA hai ki dIkSA ke anantara prabhu ne digambarAvasthA meM hI vihAra kiyA thA aura zvetAmbaroM meM yaha vizvAsa hai ki prabhu ne zvetAstra - vezabhUSA dhAraNa kara vicaraNa kiyA thaa| kavi ne cAturya se samanvaya karate hue batAyA ki prArambha meM prabhu ne deva dUSya dhAraNa kiyA thA, lekina eka pala ke lie janapada vAsiyoM ko AMkheM baMda karane kA Adeza dekara prabhu tvarita gati se Age nikala par3e aura deva dUSya vahIM par3A rahA 156 aho alaMkAra vihAya ratna ke, anUpa - ratnatraya - bhUSitAMga ho / je hue ambara aMga-aMga se, digambarAkAra vikAra zUnya ho || samIpa hI jo paTa devadUSya hai, nitAnta zvetAmbara - sA banA rhaa| agrantha nirdvandva mahAna saMyamI, bane hue ho nija dharma ke dhyajI // ' isI prakAra kavi ne isa mahAkAvya kI kathA vastu meM kevala varddhamAna ke vivAha sambaMdhI do vibhinna matoM kA sAmaMjasya hI nahIM kiyA hai, apitu kathA vastu meM brAhmaNa dharma evaM jaina dharma kI vicAradhArA kA bhI mela biThAnA cAhA hai, kyoMki kavi svayaM brAhmaNa hai| vaise kavi ne jaina darzana kI tAtvika carcA yahAM nahIM kI hai| isameM bhagavAna ke divya jIvana kI jhAMkI to milatI hai, lekina mahAvIra prabhu dvArA pratipAdita darzana aura tattva vivecana jo vizva ke dArzanika itihAsa meM maulika aura advitIya hai, vaha yahAM kavi ke dvArA achUtA raha gayA hai| isake do kAraNa ho sakate haiM, prathama to kavi 'varddhamAna' ko sarva sAdhAraNa ke lie bhI pAThya banAnA cAhate haiM aura phalasvarUpa mahAvIra ke jIvanopayogI upadeza ko hI kavi ne isameM mukhyataH sthAna diyA hai| isa ora iMgita karate hue likhA hai " jinendra bole vaha dharma vAkya jo ki sarva sAdhAraNa bodhagamya ho, gRhastha ke, sAdhu-samAja ke sabhI, batA cale dharma tathaiva karma bhI / " mahAvIra kI upadeza - zailI, vANI mAdhurya evaM loka bhASA kI yahI vizeSatA hai ki AcAra-vicAra, vyavahAra, ahiMsA, dayA-prema, mAnavatA, karma sambandhI unakA upadeza sarva sAdhAraNa janatA ke lie bodha gamya ho sakatA hai| dUsarA kAraNa yaha hai ki mahAkAvya meM adhika dArzanika carcA ke kAraNa nIrasatA kA A jAnA sahaja saMbhAvya hai| eka to mahAvIra ke jIvana vRtta meM rasilatA, zrRMgAra yA hArdika anubhUti ko romAMcita karane vAlI ghaTanAoM kA pramANa atyanta alpa hai, jisa para aisI dArzanika carcA savizeSa AtI to sarasatA kA kSetra aura bhI saMkucita ho jaataa| 1. anupa zarmA - varddhamAna, pR0 432, 119, 120. 2. anupa zarmA - varddhamAna, pR0 562, 149.

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Adhunika hindI jaina kAvya : vivecana 157 kavi ne kathAnaka ke pravAha meM jahAM vaidika tattvoM kI yathArtha vivecanA kI ora saMketa kiyA hai, vahA~ kucha bAteM aisI bhI hai, jo jaina darzana kI maulika mAnyatAoM se mela nahIM khAtI-jaise avatAravAda, parAjayatA, Izvara, mRtyu Adi ke viSaya meM kavi ne mahAvIra ke mukha se jo kahalavAyA hai, isake sambaMdha meM kavi ke mana meM bhI ThIka se sAmaMjasya nahIM baiThatA hai aisA spaSTa pratIta hotA hai, jaise-'lokanAtha kI binA anujJA DasatI na mRtyu haiN|' (pR. 330-61) 'caturdizA Izvara se vinirmitA-virodha mAnA yaha sRSTi dhanya hai|' (pR. 365-83) jaina darzana meM Izvara ke astitva meM vizvAsa nahIM kiyA jaataa| svayaM manuSya aura usake karma hI mahatvapUrNa haiN| vizva kisI sattA ke dvArA nahIM, apitu vaijJAnika kramAnusAra anAdikAla se calatA AyA hai| isI prakAra avatAravAda evaM parAzreyatA ke vicAra bhI jaina paramparA se viruddha hai, yathA manuSya jo hai pahacAnate mujhe vahI prazaMsA karate saprema haiN| samasta saMsAra hitArtha meM sadA, sva janma letA karatA sukarma haiN| (pR. 296-46) yahAM gItA ke bhagavAna zrIkRSNa kA zatru-vinAza aura santoM kI rakSA hetu bAra-bAra janma lene ke upadeza kA kavi ke mAnasa para spaSTa prabhAva lakSita hotA hai| usI prakAra mahAvIra kI nimnokta svaprazasti bhI susaMgata nahIM hai 'sva-mRtyu saMdhyA taka yoM cale calo, na dUra yAtrA-zrama ho mujhe bhjo|' isIlie to grantha ke 'Amukha' meM vidvAna saMpAdaka lakSmIcandra jaina ko likhanA par3A, 'varddhamAna' ke pAThaka yadi dhyAna se grantha kA adhyayana kareMge to pAyeMge ki kavi ne digambara aura zvetAmbara AmnAya meM hI nahIM, jaina dharma evaM brAhmaNa dharma meM sAmaMjasya baiThAne kA prayatna kiyA hai| kavi svayaM brAhmaNa hai, usane apanI brAhmaNatva kI mAnyatAoM ko bhI isa kAvya meM lAne kA prayatna kiyA hai|' isI prakAra bAlaka varddhamAna kI parIkSA lene ke lie Aye deva sarpa kA rUpa dhAraNa karate haiM aura bAlaka usako pakar3a kara nAcate haiN| yahAM kRSNa ke kAlIya-damana kA citra kavi ke mAnasa para prabhAva DAlatA rahatA hai| sarpa kI bhayaMkaratA va usake phalasvarUpa vikSuvyatA kA bhI kavi ne vaisA hI varNana kiyA pracaNDa dAvAnala kI zikhA yathA, pralamba hai dhUma ngaadhiraaj-saa| 1. lakSmIcandra jaina, Amukha, pR. 17.

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158 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya avazya koI bana-bIja duHsahA mahAna Apatti upasthitA huii|' kathAvastu meM eka do jagaha kavi ke hAtha se itihAsa kA sarva sammata Dora chUTa gayA hai, jaise-rAtri kA caturyAma cala rahA hai aura rAnI trizalA ko svapna dekhane kA kSaNa jaga rahA hai, usa samaya Adhunika vAtAvaraNa se susaMgata kalpanA kI hai ki tIna kA ghaNTA bajanevAlA hai aura nIlAbha meM svapnoM kI bolI chUTanevAlI hai-'prabhAta ghaNTA aba tIna kA bajA, kinheM karegI kraya bhuup-yossite| usI prakAra sAgara meM Alor3ita hotI huI 'vhela machalI' ko trizalA svapna meM dekhatI hai| 'alakSyendramAnava (sikaMdara) kI upamA-bhI aitihAsika krama-satya se dUra hai-'samhAla le jo patha vartamAna kA, vahI alakSyendra-samAna ho| (304-76) usI prakAra trizalA ko 'navArjikA-sI' kahane para jaina AryakAoM kI vezabhUSA sambaMdha meM bhrama mAlUma hotA hai| sthAnakavAsI sAdhu kI upamA bhI galata-samayakrama-bhaMga karane vAlI hai| ye cAroM ullekha bhagavAna mahAvIra ke aitihAsika kAla se susaMbaddhita nahIM hai, kyoMki usa samaya aisI upamAoM aura kalpanAoM kA AdhAra astitva hIna thaa| lekina yadi itihAsa kI bAta chor3a dI jAya to ye cAroM upamAeM sundara aura yathArtha hai| itihAsa kI satyatA ke bhaMga meM yadi kahanA cAheM to kaha sakate haiM ki aitihAsika satya se bhI eka ora kAvyagata satya hotA hai, jo adhika rocaka, bhAvapravaNa aura pAThaka ke mana ko mugdha karanevAlA hotA hai| ataH aisI galatiyoM ke sAmane vizeSa kaTutA nahIM honI caahie| kavi kA bhAvagata satya kAvya ho yadi atyanta rocaka va rasapUrNa banAtA ho to aitihAsika satya kI thor3I-bahuta upekSA sahya honI caahie| kyoMki kAvyagata saundarya kA mUlya rasa-zodhaka pAThaka ke lie aitihAsika satya se car3hakara hotA hai| hAM, samAlocaka kI dRSTi to aitihAsika satya para bhI samAna rUpa se jAyegI, vaha usa satya kI upekSA saha nahIM pAyegA, ataH yathAvasara cUka jAne para TokegA hii| isa prakAra hama pAte haiM ki 'varddhamAna' kI kathA vastu meM mahAkAvyocita ghaTanA vaividhya pracura mAtrA meM upalabdha na hone para bhI mukhya kathA meM nAyaka kA cintana evaM zAnta-zRMgAra rasa yukta vistRta varNanoM ke kAraNa kathA pravAha ko puSTa karane meM kavi yathAsaMbhava saphala rahe haiN| kathA vastu kA pravAha kSINa rakhane kA kAraNa yaha bhI hai ki mahAvIra kI kathA ke lie aitihAsika kathA sUtra jaisA aura jitanA cAhie vaha prAyaH nahIM ke barAbara hai, kyoMki brahmacarya ke akhaNDa 1. anUpa zarmA-varddhamAna, pR. 261, 18.

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Adhunika hindI jaina kAvya : vivecana 159 teja ke phalasvarUpa saMyamI mahAvIra ke caritra meM zRMgAra aura rasa vilAsa kI bhUmikA upalabdha nahIM hai| usI prakAra mahAkAvya meM ghaTanAoM ke saMdhAna aura pratisaMdhAna ke lie jisa pratidvandI yA pratinAyaka kI AvayakatA rahatI hai, vaha bhI mahAvIra ke jIvana meM upalabdha na hone se kAlpanika 'mukti devI' nAyikA aura 'kAma' yA 'mAravRtti' ko pratidvandI banAkara zrRMgAra aura vIra rasa ke kRtrima upAdAna juTAne par3ate haiN| 'isase rIti kI rakSA to hotI hai, artha aura camatkAra bhI utpanna hotA hai, lekina pAThaka kI anubhUti ko ukasAkara hRdaya ko bhigAne aura galAnevAlA rasa kadAcita hI utpanna hotA ho|' phira jalakrIr3A, yAtrA, udyAna-vihAra, yuddha aura vijaya ke mAnavIya citraNoM ke dvArA rasoM kI AyojanA karanA kaThina ho jAnA kavi ke lie sahaja svAbhAvika hai| phira bhI anUpa jI ne rocaka aura AkarSaka varNanoM ke dvArA ina abhAvoM kI pUrti karanI cAhI hai| isIlie bhagavAna kI jIvanI meM zRMgAra va vIra rasa ke upAdAnoM kI kamI ke kAraNa hI 'varddhamAna' jaisA sundara carita-kAvya hameM atyanta kama aura kitane sAloM ke bAda upalabdha hotA hai| rAma, kRSNa evaM buddha ke jIvana se sambaMdhita mahAkAvya kAphI upalabdha hote haiN| isa sandarbha meM lakSmIcandra jaina kA maMtavya zata-pratizata ucita hai ki-"kyA bhagavAna mahAvIra ke jIvana vRtta ke AdhAra para zatAbdiyoM bAda taka bhI koI sAMgopAMga mahAkAvya likhA jA sakA? hindI sAhitya meM bhI jahAM sUra aura tulasI ke samaya se lekara Adhunika yuga taka rAmacarita mAnasa, sUra-sAgara, buddha-carita, priya-pravAsa, sAketa, yazodharA aura siddhArtha likhe gaye, vahAM 'varddhamAna' ke lie hindI sAhitya ko itanI lambI pratIkSA karanI pdd'ii| isakA mukhya kAraNa yaha hai ki bhagavAna mahAvIra kI jIvanI jisa rUpa meM jainAgamoM meM milatI hai, usameM aitihAsika kathA-bhAga aura mAnavIya rAgAtmaka vRttiyoM kA ghAta-pratighAta gauNa hai aura bhagavAna kI sAdhanA-mokSa-prApti kI prayatna kathA hI mukhya hai| mahAkAvya ke lie jisa zRMgAra athavA vIra rasa ke paripAka kI AvazyakatA hai, unakA aitihAsika kathA sUtra yA to mUla rUpa se hai hI nahIM yA kinhIM aMzoM meM yadi ghaTita bhI huA ho to upalabdha nhiiN| isa prakAra 'varddhamAna' kI kathA vastu para kisI saMskRta racanA kA prabhAva nahIM hai| prAkRta aura apabhraMza tathA hindI meM bhagavAna mahAvIra kI gaurava-gAthA yatra-tatra sarvatra vikIrNa milatI hai, kyoMki unakA caritra saMskRti ke sarovara kA eka pramukha sopAna hai| 1. zrI lakSmIcandra jaina, 'varddhamAna', Amukha, pR. 3. 2. zrI lakSmIcandra jaina, varddhamAna', mahAkAvya, Amukha, pR. 2-3. 3. DA. vINA zarmA-Adhunika hindI mahAkAvya, pR. 11.

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Adhunika hindI - jaina sAhitya isa prakAra 'varddhamAna' nUtana viSaya-vastu se yukta sundara mahAkAvya hai, isameM koI zaMkA nhiiN| phira bhI use utkRSTa koTi kA mahAkAvya kahane meM jhijhaka rahatI hai, kyoMki mahAna carita nAyaka hone para bhI mahAna uddezya, mahAna kArya, jIvana ke lie paramAvazyaka cetanA va preraNA kA prAyaH abhAva, puSTa kathA vastu va upAkhyAnoM kI kamI, vividha pAtroM kI nyUnatA Adi se yaha mahAkAvya vaMcita raha gayA hai| phira bhI zAstrIya niyamoM kA isameM kAphI mAtrA meM parivahana kiyA gayA hai| prAcIna saMskRta mahAkAvyoM kI paripATI para likhe gaye isa mahAkAvya meM 'dhIrAdotta guNoM se yukta nAyaka varddhamAna ke abhyudaya evaM utkarSa se sambaMdhita kathAnaka, sargabaddhatA, aSTAdika sarga-saMkhyA, chanda-prayoga, nATakIya saMdhiyoM kI yojanA, pramukhataH zAnta evaM gauNataH anya rasoM kI yojanA, mahAkAvyocita varNana - vaicitrya Adi lakSaNa paramparAgata zAstrIya rUpa meM saMniviSTa hai | cAritrika garimA evaM utkarSa, sambaMdhanirvAha, evaM kathA-pravAha, loka maMgalakArI vibhinna AdarzoM kI pratiSThA, utkRSTa kavitva evaM vyApaka saundarya-sRSTi, bhASA-zailIgata audAtya tathA mahAkAvyocita gurutva evaM gAMbhIrya kI dRSTi se bhI racanAkAra ko paryApta saphala kahA jA sakatA hai| 1 160 'vardhamAna' mahAkAvya kA nAyaka : 'vardhamAna' mahAkAvya meM jaina dharma ke 24veM tIrthaMkara bhagavAna mahAvIra nAyaka ke rUpa meM pratiSThita haiN| samAja aura sAhitya meM rAma-kRSNa aura buddha kA caritra jitanA lokapriya hai, utanA mahAvIra kA nahIM ho sakA, isake kyA kAraNa ho sakate haiM isa para hama vicAra kara cuke haiN| rAma kRSNa ke caritra meM mAnavIya saMvedanAeM vizeSa upalabdha hotI haiM, jabaki mahAvIra meM ekAnta tyAga - vairAgya kI anubhUti vizeSa hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra kA nirmala caritra hamAre vaiyaktika jIvana kI udAttatA evaM utkRSTatA kI Adarza sthiti kA saMketa karatA hai aura samAja ke vyAvahArika jIvana se thor3A dUra par3atA-sA dRSTigocara hotA hai| jabaki rAma-kRSNa kA jIvana vyAvahArika evaM AdarzAtmaka samanvaya kI bhUmi para pratiSThita hai| jaina dharma ke pramukha do sampradAyoM kI bhinna-bhinna vicAradhArA ke kAraNa bhI vardhamAna ko nAyaka ke rUpa meM sthApita kara mahAkAvya kI racanA karanA kaThina rahA hai| zvetAmbara sampradAya mahAvIra ko vivAhita mAnatA hai jabaki digambara sampradAya avivAhita hI svIkAratA hai| nAyaka ke sAtha nAyikA kA 1. DA. lAlatAprasAda saksenA-hiMdI mahAkAvyoM meM manovaijJAnika tatva, prathama bhAga, pR0 38.

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161 Adhunika hindI jaina kAvya : vivecana honA sahaja hai, jisake dvArA sauMdarya, premAdi ke vividha rasamaya prasaMgoM kI avatAraNA kavi saralatA se kara pAtA hai| 'vardhamAna' mahAkAvya meM anUpa jI ko donoM sampradAyoM kI bhinna vicAradhArA meM sAmaMjasya sthApita karane ke lie mahAvIra kA vyAha svapna meM mukti devI ke sAtha yojita karanA par3A, jo dhArmika-AdhyAtmika-saMvedanA to avazya jAgRta kara sakatI hai, lekina yauvana-sabhara nAyikA ke varNana se jisa manohara, rasapUrNa zRMgAra-rasa kI anubhUti ho, vaha svapna meM mukti rAnI ke sAtha vyAha meM kaise saMbhava ho? rAma-kRSNa kI cAritrika vizeSatAeM, hArdika saMvedanAeM aura guNoM ko udbhUta karanevAle pratispardhI pAtra rahate haiM, jabaki mahAvIra ke sAmane 'kAma' yA 'mAra' ko prati nAyaka banAkara vIra rasa ke kRtrima upAdAna juTAne par3ate haiN| __kAvya meM mahAvIra ko nAyakatva kI bhUmi para pratiSThita karane kI asuvidhA para apane vicAra vyakta karate hue DA. vizvaMbhara nAtha upAdhyAya likhate haiM-"rAma-kRSNa buddha kI tulanA meM 'mahAvIra' ke sambaMdha meM janapriya kAvya kama dikhAI par3ate haiN| kAraNa yaha hai ki mahAvIra ke jIvana meM mAnavIya durbalatAoM arthAt 'rAga' kA varNana jaina kaviyoM ne ucita nahIM smjhaa| janatA meM mahAvIra kA caritra itane udAtta rUpa meM svIkRta hai ki vaha unake sAtha tAdAtmya nahIM kara paatii| Adhunika yuga meM bhI jaina kaviyoM ne dhArmika bhaya se isa dizA meM kArya nahIM kiyaa| + + + anUpa zarmA digambara aura zvetAmbara donoM paramparAoM meM samanvaya sthApita karanA cAhate the| phira unheM yaha bhI bhaya rahA hogA ki mahAvIra ko adhika mAnavIya rUpa dene se jaina-samAja kruddha na ho jaay|" . isa mahAkAvya meM mahAvIra se sambaMdhita zrRMgAra rasa kI samucita niSpatti nahIM ho pAI hai| rAjA siddhArtha evaM rAnI trizalA ke dAmpatya jIvana, rati krIr3A, tathA rUpa varNana ke dvArA zrRMgAra rasa phalita hotA hai| prArambha ke sAta sarga taka rAja-dampati ko hI pramukha sthAna diyA gayA hai aura carita-nAyaka kA janma to AThaveM sarga meM hotA hai| 17 sarga meM isa mahAkAvya meM sAta sarga siddhArtha-trizalA ke varNana se sambaMdhita haiN| isase una donoM ko to mahatva prApta hotA hai, lekina kumAra vardhamAna kA caritra bahuta bAda meM ubharatA hai| ataH nAyaka siddhArtha ko svIkArA jAye yA vardhamAna ko? yaha prazna bhI uThatA hai| zRMgAra rasa kI niSpati ke lie kavi ne siddhArtha kI upasthiti ko hI vizeSa upayukta samajhA hai| siddhArtha va trizalA kI cAritrika-vizeSatA, rAnI trizalA kA siddhArtha ke dvArA 1. DA. vizvambharanAtha upAdhyAya- vardhamAna' aura dvivedI yugIna paramparA nibaMdha-anUpa zarmA-kRtiyoM aura kAvya saMkalana ke antargata, pR. 151-152.

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Adhunika hindI - jaina sAhitya kiyA sundara nakha - zikha varNana, prasanna dAmpatya jIvana kI viziSTatA aura anurAgamaya vyavahAra va saMtRpta sneha kA kavi ne rasamaya varNana karake sAta-sAta sargoM taka siddhArtha ke caritra para vizeSa jora diyA hai| ina sabake bAvajUda bhI siddhArtha ko nAyaka pada para pratiSThita karane kA kavi kA uddezya kiMcitmAtra nahIM pratIta hotA hai| mahAvIra kA caritra bhale hI AThaveM sarga se prArambha hotA ho aura tadanantara puSTa hotA ho, kavi ne bhagavAna mahAvIra ke tyAgI - jIvana evaM unake tIrthaMkaratva ko hI pramukha rUpa se pratiSThita kiyA hai| ataH siddhArtha ko pramukha caritra kA gaurava avazya prApta hotA hai, nAyaka - pada para to mahAvIra bhI virAjamAna hai| 162 mahAkAvya meM zAstrIya lakSaNAnusAra udAtta, uccakulIya, zAnta, dhIragaMbhIra nAyaka ke sabhI guNa bhagavAna mahAvIra meM pAye jAte haiN| uccakulIya to haiM hI, bacapana se hI dhIra-gaMbhIra aura cintanazIla haiN| tapasvI, vItarAgI mahAvIra apane bhItara mAnavIya bhAvoM kI apekSA udAtta tattvoM kA vizeSata nirvAha karate haiN| 9veM sarga se kumAra kI vicAradhArA, ciMtanAtmakatA tathA manomaMthana kA kavi ne pramukha rUpa se citraNa kiyA hai| isase nAyaka ke prati zraddhA to jAgRta ho sakatI hai, lekina tAdAtmya mUlaka anubhUti nahIM hotI / virATatA, bhavyatA evaM divyatA nAyaka ke caritra ke avazya phalita hotI hai| mAnavIya sahajatA va svAbhAvikatA kA darzana kama ho pAtA hai| nAyaka kI divya mUrtti kA kavi ne sundara varNana kiyA hai-yathA lalATa meM eka anUpa jyoti hai, prasannatA Anana meM virAjatI / manojJatA zobhita aMga-aMga meM, pavitratA hai pada-padma cUmatI / ' 1 kavi ne mahAvIra ke caritra ko kramazaH udAttatA pradAna kI hai| mahAvIra AtmavikAsa ke sAtha jana-kalyANa kI bhAvanA se ota-prota the| kavivara anUpa jI ne unheM isI rUpa meM pratiSThita kiyA hai- mahAvIra apane udAtta caritra kI carama sImA taka pahuMcakara mAnava se tIrthaMkara bana gaye ise kavi ne bar3I kuzalatA se citrita kiyA hai| bacapana se hI ve zAnta evaM cintanapriya the| khelane-kUdane kI umra meM hI ve anya bAlakoM se bhinna prakRti - pravRtti vAle the| bacapana meM sAthiyoM ke sAtha nadI ke taTa para khelate samaya nikaTastha vana meM Aga dekhakara unakA hRdaya karuNA se bhara jAtA hai aura usa Aga meM phaMse pazu-pakSiyoM ko bacAne kA anunaya karate haiM 1. anUpa zarmA - varddhamAna, pR0 415-8.

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Adhunika hindI jaina kAvya : vivecana 163 sakhe! viloko vaha dUra sAmane, pracaNDa dAvA jalatA araNya meN| calo, vahAM ke khaga-jIva jantu ko, sahAyatA deM, yadi ho sake, abhii|' lekina vana meM vaha Aga na hokara unakI parIkSA lene ke lie bhayaMkara sarpa kA rUpa lekara AyA huA deva thaa| usa bRhat-kAya kRpITa sahasra bhogI sarpa ko mahAvIra nirbhayatA se dUra pheMka dete haiM tathA bhaviSya meM kabhI nirdoSa prANiyoM ko kaSTa na pahuMcAne kA Adeza dete haiN| usI samaya se ve vardhamAna se 'mahAvIrake nAma se jagata meM khyAta hue usI ghar3I se jaga meM jinendra kI, sukIrti phailI jn-citt-mohinii| na nAma se kevala varddhamAna ke, sabhI mahAvIra pukArane lge| yauvanAvasthA meM bhI mahAvIra ne vikAroM ko jIta liyA thA, ataH 'vItarAgI' hue tathA prANImAtra ke prati karuNA pUrNa vyavahAra rakhate the tamhIM vijetA mada-moha-mAna ke, acUka netA tuma Atma jJAna ke| vimokSa-dvArA-pati deva! sarvathA, pradAna kalyANa karo triloka ko| svabhAva se Apa pavitra-deha haiM, sa-deha haiM, kintu sadA videha haiN| samasta jIvoM para ApakI, prabho, ahetukI hai karuNA kRpaa-nidhe| kumAra varddhamAna yuvAvasthA meM patnI ke sAtha rahakara bhoga-vilAsa aura vaibhava kA jIvana vyatIta karane kI apekSA jIvana kI asAratA, janma-mRtyu ke cakra Adi viSayoM para gahanatA se vicAra karate rahate the| pariNAma svarUpa pUrNa yauvanAvasthA meM saMpUrNa saMpatti kA varSa bhara dAna karake pravajyA aMgIkAra kara lii| mahAvIra kI usa samaya kI kAnti darzanIya hai1. anUpa zarmA-varddhamAna, pR. 261-17. 2. anUpa zarmA-varddhamAna, pR. 267-40. 3. anUpa zarmA-varddhamAna, pR0 270-52-53.

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164 aho! alaMkAra vihAya ratna ke, anUpa-ratna-traya-bhUSitAMga ho, taje huye aMbara aMga-aMga se, digaMbarAkAra vikAra - zUnya ho / Adhunika hindI - jaina sAhitya samIpa hI jo paTa devadUSya hai, nitAnta zvetAMbara - sA banA rahA, a-grantha, nidvandva mahAna saMyamI, bane hue ho jina-dharma ke dhvajI / ' 1 yahAM carita - nAyaka ke teja, agrathitva, saMyama kI yaza-kIrti ke sAtha-sAtha kavi ne zvetAmbara - digambara mAnyatA kA bhI parokSataH samanvaya kara diyA hai| nAyaka ke vairAgya evaM cintana ke varNana se jo bhavyatA yA ati mAnavIyatA utpanna hotI hai, usake saMdarbha meM DA0 vizvaMbharanAtha upAdhyAya likhate haiM- "yadi anUpa zarmA ne siddhArtha aura trizalA para adhika dhyAna diyA hotA, rAga aura virAga ke antardvandva ko adhika gaharAI se prastuta kiyA hotA, jaisA ki 'buddha carita' meM milatA hai, to 'varddhamAna' adhika marmasparzI hotA / manovaijJAnika dRSTi se yaha asaMbhava lagatA hai ki mahAvIra janma se hI virAgI rUpa meM citrita kiye jaaeN| sAdhanA kI dRSTi se athavA sampradAya kI dRSTi se jo ThIka hai, vaha kAvya ke lie bhI ThIka ho, Avazyaka nhiiN| ataH 'varddhamAna' mahAkAvya meM mahAvIra kI ati mAnavIyatA kAvya ke lie upayukta nahIM ho skii| jaba trizalA aura siddhArtha ke mukta zRMgAra ke varNana se jaina - -samAja kruddha nahIM huA to mahAvIra ke udAtta jIvana ke prArambha meM yadi manovaijJAnika dRSTi se, komala kSaNoM aura sAdhanAparakatA kA ThATha aura vikAsa dikhAyA gayA hotA to isase mahAvIra isa yuga ke adhika anukUla pratIta hote / 'vardhamAna' kAvya ke antargata anUpa zarmA ne mahAvIra kA udAtta caritra - citraNa gaMbhIra vicArAtmaka zailI meM kara eka achUte viSaya ko mahAkAvya kA AdhAra banAkara stutya kArya kiyA hai| nAyaka ke yauvana se dIpta svarUpa - varNana kavi ne atyalpa kiyaa| dhArmika netRtva evaM vairAgyamUlaka aMza ko kavi ne dasa se satraha sargoM taka prAdhAnya diyA hai| mahAvIra kI divya mUrti kA kavi varNana karate haiM 1. anUpa zarmA - varddhamAna, pR0 432-433-119-120. 2. DA. vizvambharanAtha upAdhyAya - anUpa zarmA-kRtiyAM aura kalA ke antargata, 'vardhamAna' aura dvivedIyugIna paramparA' zIrSaka nibaMdha, pR0 151-152.

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Adhunika hindI jaina kAvya : vivecana 165 lalATa meM eka anUpa-jyoti hai, prasannatA Anana meM viraajtii| manojJatA zobhita aMga-aMga meM pavitratA hai pada-padma cuumtii|' gRha-tyAga ke bAda dIkSArjana ke anantara sAr3he bAraha varSa taka kaThina tapasyA ke pazcAt mahAvIra 'kevalajJAna' prApta karate haiN| apane vicAroM kA jaina-samAja meM pracAra-prasAra hetu indrabhUti AcArya (gautama svAmI) ko paTTaziSya (prathama gaNadhara) banAte haiM tathA prathama bAra 'caturvidha saMgha' kI sthApanA karake AcAra-vicAra va vyavahArAdi sabhI upAdeya viSayoM para saMdeza dene ke lie sthAna-sthAna para bhramaNa karane lge| mahAvIra ke isa AdhyAtmika netA-pakSa kA jitanA utkRSTa ubhAra mahAkAvya meM huA hai, utanA mAnavIya pakSa kA nhiiN| kavi ne mahAvIra ke upadezaka aura sAdhu svarUpa ko mahattvapUrNa rUpa se aMkita kiyA hai| mahAkAvya meM nAyaka ko AjAna vAhu, dIrghavakSasthaH, suramya aura surucipUrNa vyakti ke rUpa meM mahattva prApta hotA hai| 'varddhamAna' meM bhI nAyaka ke isa bAhya zArIrika rUpa kA varNana avazya prApta hai| vairAgya-bhAvanA se prerita dIkSA ke samaya nAyaka kI dIptimaya chavi kA kavi suramya zabda-citra aMkita karate haiM prasanna thA Anana jJAta-putra kA satoguNAbhAsa-sameta rAjatA; sarojinI-ke-puSpa-dalAnukAri the manojJa donoM zruti kAnti-rAzi se| trirekha-saMyukta anUpa kaMTha thA, mahAna-zobhA-maya kaMju-sA lasA; alagna adyAvadhi nAsvikSa se supuSTa thA vakSa-kapATa sohtaa| pralaMba ajAnu bhujA virAjatI, manoramA kalpa-latA-samAna hI, alakta donoM kara kI hatheliyAM, lasI huI thIM yug-shonn-dronn-sii| mahAvIra ke tIrthaMkaratva ko ghoSita karate hue kavi kahate haiM 1. anUpa zarmA-varddhamAna, pR. 415-8. 2. anUpa zarmA-varddhamAna, pR. 430-109, 110-111.

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166 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya prabho! tumhIM dharma-pravRtti hetu ho, apAra-saMsAra-samudra-setu ho, prasiddha tIrthaMkara nAma se sadA, hue samutpanna vipanna-trANa ho|' uparyukta vivecana se 'varddhamAna' mahAkAvya ke nAyaka kA rUpa-guNa-zIla caritra spaSTa ho jAtA hai tathA isa mahAkAvya ke pramukha pAtra va nAyaka ke rUpa meM bhagavAna mahAvIra hI kavi ko pUrNataH abhISTa hai tathA kavi kI yaha mAnyatA yathocit hai| 'varddhamAna' mahAkAvya meM rasa : ___'mahAkAvya meM zRMgAra zAnta yA vIra rasa meM se kisI eka kI pramukhatA evaM gauNa meM anya rasoM kI carcA honI caahie| mahAkAvya 'varddhamAna' meM jaina-dharma ke antima tIrthaMkara AdhyAtmika netA nAyaka-rUpa meM sthita hone se zAnta rasa kI pramukhatA svAbhAvika rUpa se hai| zAnta rasa kI mukhyatA ke sAtha zRMgAra-rasa ke chIMToM se kAvya ko madhura va rocaka banAne kI anUpa zarmA ne bharasaka koziza kI hai| tyAgI-vairAgI nAyaka-rasa-zRMgAra, vilAsa va vaibhava se kosoM dUra rahate haiN| ataH aise nAyaka ke sAtha nAyikA kA sarvathA abhAva kAvya ko rasamaya nahIM hone detA aura kavi ko zRMgAra varNana kA bhI avakAza nahIM miltaa| kavi 'mukti devI' ko nAyikA evaM 'kAma' yA 'mAra' ko prati nAyaka banAkara rIti to nibhA sakate haiM, lekina mAnavIya bhAvanAoM ko udvelita karane kI kSamatA kRtrima upAdAnoM se saMbhavita nahIM ho paatii| anUpa jI ke isa kAvya meM nAyaka bhagavAna mahAvIra hone se mahAkAvya kI AvazyakatA ke anukUla zAnta rasa mukhya hai| vaise mahArAnI trizalA ke nakha-zikha tathA siddhArtha-trizalA ke svastha, sauhArdamaya dAmpatya jIvana ke varNana meM zRMgAra rasa kI sundara abhivyakti huI hai| zAnta-rasa : bhakti pradhAna isa mahAkAvya meM nAyaka varddhamAna zAnta rasa ke mukhya AlaMbana haiN| unake cintana, manana ke varNana se zAnta-rasa kI tIvratA anubhava kI jAtI hai| bacapana se hI mahAvIra bhAvanAzIla svabhAva ke haiN| Rju-bAlikA nadI ke suramya taTa para ve mahala ke jharokhoM se bAhara dekhate ghaNToM taka socate rahate haiN| prANI-mAtra ke prati karuNA va prema kI dhArA bahAte hue unheM atyanta AnaMda evaM zAnti prApta hotI hai| sarva jIvoM ke abhyudaya ke lie, sarvatra hiMsA kI jo 1. draSTavya-anUpa zarmA kRta 'varddhamAna', pR. 263-47. 2. draSTavya-daNDI kRta kAvyAdarza, pR. 1, 14, 49.

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Adhunika hindI jaina kAvya : vivecana 167 vRddhi phailI hai, use prema va karuNA ke jala se bujhAkara ahiMsA kI zItala lahara phailAne ke lie varddhamAna satata cintanazIla haiN| ATha varSa kI Ayu meM hI ve apane mitroM se kyA kahate haiN| sakhe! viloko vaha dUra sAmane, pracaNDa dAvA jalatA araNya meM, calo vahAM ke khaga-jIva-jantu ko, sahAyatA de, yadi ho sake abhii| manuSya pakSI-kRmi jIva jantu kI, sadaiva rakSA karanA sva-dharma hai| ataH calo, kAnana meM viloka leM ki kauna-sI vyAdhi pravardhamAna hai|' solaha varSa kI avasthA taka ve isI nadI ke kinAre ghaNToM socate-vicArate baiThe rahate the nitAnta ekAnta-nivAsa-saMspRhI, kumAra ko thI sari moda-dAyinI, kabhI-kabhI A usake samIpa ve vicArate jIvana kA rahasya the| solaha varSa ke hote-hote to unakI vairAgya-bhAvanA atIva prabala ho uThatI hai| ve mAnava-jIvana kI niHsAratA, yauvana kI kSaNabhaMguratA, jIvana-sArthakya ke upAya, vairAgya-bhAvanA Adi para gaMbhIratA se socate haiM manuSya kA jIvana hai vasanta-sA, himaRtu prAraMbha, nidAdhaanta meM, jahAM sadA bhAva-prasUna phUlate, vicAra ke bhI phalate pratAna hai| liyA jabhI janma, turanta ro uThe, viloka pRthvI haMsane lage tathA, muhUrta jAge, kSaNa eka sI uThe, sudIrgha soye, taba jAganA kahAM?' 1. anUpa zarmA-'varddhamAna', pR. 261-17-19. 2. anUpa zarmA-'varddhamAna', pR. 291-24. 3. anUpa zarmA-'varddhamAna', pR. 308-93-94.

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Adhunika hindI - jaina sAhitya isI prakAra kumAra varddhamAna ko bArahaveM sarga meM byAha kA divya svapna dikhAI par3atA hai suSupti meM rAjakumAra ko huA, pramoda - kArI vaha divya svapna jo na satya thA, kintu asatya bhI na thA, adRSTa thA, kintu, tathApi dRSTa thaa| 168 dikhA par3A svapna ki eka bhUpa kI sutA 'yazodA' ati hI guNAgarI, pavitra cAritrya - mayI suzobhanA, huA usI se unakA vivAha hai| jise yazodA kahate sabhI, vahI, mahIpanA kA upanAma - mAtra hai, sabhI janoM ne saba jJAti-bandhu ne rakhA mahAsiddhi prasiddha nAma hai|' 1 svapna meM 'mukti devI' se kavi ne tyAgI nAyaka kA vivAha karavAyA hai- kyoMki vivAha ho? divya vivAha kyoM na ho, bArAta ho ? deva-samAja kyoM na ho, bane nahIM pANi- gRhIta mukti kyoM na deva hoM zrIvara- maMDaleza kyoM? 2 terahaveM sarga meM vairAgya-sUcaka jaina-dharma kI bAraha bhAvanAoM kA kavi ne vistRta varNana kiyA hai tathA solahaveM aura satrahaveM sarga meM prabhu kA dhArmika, loka-vyavahAra bodhaka upadeza carcita hai / Rju - bAlikA ke kinAre para hI - dIrgha tapasyA ke bAda-'kevala - jJAna' kI prApti nAyaka ko hotI hai| isake pazcAt AcAra-vicAra kI pavitratA, guNoM ke mahAtmya, doSoM ke tyAgAdi para vistRta vicAra prApta hote haiM jinendra bole vaha dharma- - vAkya jo, ki sarva sAdhAraNa bodhagamya the| gRhastha ke, sAdhu-samAja ke sabhI, batAle dharma tathaiva karma bhI / 1. anUpa zarmA - varddhamAna, pR0 359-360, 57, 58, 61. 2. anUpa zarmA - varddhamAna, pR0 368, 93. 3. anUpa zarmA - varddhamAna, pR0 562, 149

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Adhunika hindI jaina kAvya : vivecana 169 mahAvIra kI zAnta-citta-niHsRta snehapUrNa vANI ko sAmAnya manuSya bhI hRdayaMgama kara sakane meM samartha ho sakatA hai| 'varddhamAna' mahAkAvya kA parama uddezya lagatA hai ki bhagavAna mahAvIra kI ahiMsA, prema, satya, asteya aura aparigraha (pAMca mahAtattva) kI uccatama bhAvanA se pUrNa sAmAnya loka vyavahAra kI zikSA sabako samAna rUpa se evaM sugamatA se grAhya ho ske| isI kAraNa 'varddhamAna' meM mahAvIra ke cintana-manana ke saMdarbha meM prakAza prApta hotA hai, lekina unake dvArA pratipAdita gUDha tattva darzana aura saiddhAMtika vivecana upalabdha nahIM hai| vaise yaha acchA hI huA hai, kyoMki mahAkAvya meM rasa-niSpatti ke dRSTikoNa se aisA sUkSma tAttvika vivecana kAvya ko nIrasa va bojhila banA detA hai aura pAThaka ko rasAsvAdana meM kSati bhI phuNcaataa| isa prakAra zAnta rasa kI pramukhatA 'varddhamAna' kAvya ke nAyaka va viSaya-vastu ke saMdarbha meM pUrNataH yogya siddha hotI hai| isake sAtha kavi ne zRMgAra rasa ko bhI yathocita sthAna pradAna kiyA hai| zRMgAra-rasa : 'varddhamAna' kAvya meM kavi ne prAraMbha ke sAta sargoM taka rAjA siddhArtha evaM rAnI trizalA ke caritra ko prAdhAnya dekara unake saundarya, prema va dAmpatya-jIvana ke madhura varNanoM se zRMgAra rasa phalita hotA hai| "isameM zAnta rasa kI pradhAnatA hai| zrRMgAra ke lie isa racanA meM koI sthAna na hote hue bhI mahArAja siddhArtha aura rAnI trizalA ke dAmpatya prema ke sarasa nirUpaNa ke kAraNa yaha mahAkAvya zRMgAra se vaMcita nahIM hone pAyA hai| isa kAvya meM nAyikA kA abhAva hai| isakI pUrti kavi ne rAnI trizalA ke nakha-zikha aura rati-krIr3A ke paramparAgata varNanoM se kI hai|" dUsare sarga meM Alekhita rAjA-rAnI kA moha, AkarSaNa, premAlApa, deha-saundarya aura sAMsArika premAsakti pAMcaveM sarga meM AdhyAtmika bhAvAnubhUtipUrNa zuddha sneha aura svastha dAmpatya jIvana meM parivartita ho jAtA hai, tathA prema kI garimA aura mahimA ko prApta kara sAtvika sneha ke teja-se prakAzita hotA hai| dArzanika vicAradhArA se pUrNa kAvya meM mAnavIya bhAvoM se anuraMjita premadhArA jahAM umar3atI ho, vahAM varNana adhika rocaka va sajIva bana par3ate ho to Azcarya kyA? dUsare sarga meM trizalA ke saundarya se prabhAvita ho apanI anubhUti rAjA siddhArtha vyakta karate hue kaha uThate haiM1. DA. vINA zarmA-Adhunika hindI mahAkAvya, pR. 45.

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170 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya natAMgi! tere yuga-cakSu kaMja se, sadaiva hai tatpara caura karma meM, na rAtri ko hI manacita lUTate, vipatti bhI hai dina ko na chodd'te| saroja kyoM tUM rakhatI svakarNa meM, rahasya kyA hai kala-bhASiNI priye| na maiM huA kiMcita spaSTa uttame / na Aja paryApta apAMga-pAta kyA?' premI siddhArtha trizalA ke deha-lAlitya se atyanta prabhAvita ho, unakI eka-eka aMgabhaMgimA citrita karate hue apanI rasAtmaka bhAvorbhi-vyakta karate haiM tvadIya pAtAla-samAna nAbhi hai, uroja haiM ucca ngaadhiraaj-se| manojJa veNI isa bhAMti hai lsii| kalindajA kA vinipAta ho ythaa| saroja se saMbhava hai saroja kA sunA gayA kintu na dRSTi-gamya hai; parantu tere mukha-puMDarika meM vilokatA hUM yuga-pArijAta maiN| priye! sadA pUrNatayA manoharA kalaMka-hInA chavi dekha Asya kI sa-lajja bhAgA vidhu ucca vyoma see samudra meM DUba marA adhIra ho| tvadIya AliMgana-hetu, he priye| huA na kyoM Aja sahastrabAhu maiM, vilokane ko chavi aMga-aMga kI, banA na kyoM, devi! sahastra-cakSu maiM?' 1. anUpa zarmA-varddhamAna, pR0 82, 35, 36. 2. anUpa zarmA-varddhamAna, pR. 83, 39, 40. 3. anUpa zarmA-varddhamAna, pR0 84-85, 44-67.

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Adhunika hindI jaina kAvya : vivecana 171 prathama sarga meM kavi trizalA ke deha-sauMdarya kA manohara varNana karate haiMmukhendu thA indu kalaMka-hIna hI, alakata-biMbAdhara-biMbahIna hI, aharnizA phulla-saroja netra kI anUpa AbhA avalokanIya thii| saroja-sA vastra su-netra-mIna-se, sivAra-se keza, sukaMTha kaMbu-sA, uroja jyoM koka, su-nAbhi bhora-sI, taraMgitA thI trishlaa-trNginnii|' pAMcaveM sarga meM rAjA siddhArtha kA prema udAtta svarUpa dhAraNa karatA hai| prathama va dvitIya sarga meM carcita mAMsala prema ucca dharAtala para pahuMca jAtA hai| isa sarga meM donoM kA sneha kitanI uccatA ko prApta karatA hai prabho! mujhe ho kisa bhAMti cAhate? yathaiva niH zreyasa cAhate sudhii| priye! mujhe ho kisa bhAMti cAhatI? yathaiva sAdhvI pada pArzvanAtha ke| vibhAvanA Iza pradatta prema kI kahI anaisargika saMpadA gayI, vilocanoM ke, prabhu! eka bunda meM pratIta sArI vasudhA lakhI gii| sneha kA dharAtala kitanA UMcA uThAyA gayA hai, jo satya hI AkarSaka ke sAtha bhAva-pravaNa bhI pratIta hotA hai| AkhirakAra vItarAgI tIrthaMkara ke mAtA-pitA ke yogya hI vArtAlApa kA stara udAtta bana gyaa| pAMcaveM sarga meM to sarvatra vizuddha prema kI dhArA hI umar3atI hai| rAjA-rAnI kI prema dhvani-pratidhvani mAMsala sneha kA tyAga kara sAtvikatA se guMjita hotI hai| rAja dampatti ke vArtAlApa meM bhAvotkarSatA apanI carama utkRSTatA ko prApta karatA hai| kAvya meM yahI rocaka va mAnavIya bhAvAnubhUtiyAM jIvantatA bhara detI hai| rAjA siddhArtha sahadharmacAriNI ke mahattva ko aMkita karate hue trizalA se kahate haiM vahitra-sA jIvana madhya rAtri ke, par3A rahA candra-vihIna sindhu meM, 1. anUpa zarmA-varddhamAna, pR. 54-55-76-81. 2. anUpa zarmA-varddhamAna, pR. 158, 162, 76-93.

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172 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya milA na digsUcaka-yaMtra-sAja bhI, priye! tumhArA kara, maiM duHkhI rhaa| pratyuttara meM trizalA kI bhI aisI hI snehAsikta bhAva pratidhvani sunAI par3atI hai-yathA prakAza se zUnya apAra vyoma meM, ur3I, banI Azrita eka-pakSa meN| milA nahIM nAtha! dvitIya pakSa-sA, abhI tumhArA kara maiM duHkhI rhii| paraspara ke sneha-sAnidhya ke binA jIvana ke sAra tattva AnaMda aura jIvana-sAphalya se sambandhita rAja-dampatti ke vArtAlApa kA kavi ne madhura AhlAdaka varNana kiyA hai| yahAM to kevala ullekha hI kiyA gayA hai| zRMgAra rasa kI pramukha AdhAra bhUmi na hone para bhI kavi ne yathA-saMbhava mahAkAvya meM saMyoga-zRMgAra ke varNana dvArA mahAkAvya ko sucAru banAne kA upakrama kiyA hai| zRMgAra ke dUsare pakSa viyoga-zRMgAra kI yahAM saMbhAvanA aMzataH bhI nahIM hai| kyoMki saMyoga- zRMgAra ke antargata usakA puSTa rUpa ubhArane ke lie kavi ko rAnI trizalA-nAyaka kI mAtA-kA AdhAra grahaNa karanA par3A hai tathA nAyaka avivAhita hone se nAyikA ke abhAva meM viyoga zRMgAra kA citraNa upalabdha nahIM hotaa| "anUpa zarmA ne 'varddhamAna' meM mahAvIra ke pitA siddhArtha aura mAtA trizalA ke prema aura yauvana kA to vistRta citraNa kiyA hai, kintu svayaM mahAvIra kA vivAha kevala svapna meM karA diyaa|" _ 'varddhamAna' meM citrita zrRMgAra ke varNana para AlocanA kI dRSTi jAtI hai ki trizalA ke nakha-zikha varNana meM punarukti A gaI hai| prathama sarga meM kavi dvArA varNita hai, to dUsare sarga meM premI rAjA siddhArtha ne trizalA ke deha-saundarya ko udghATita kiyA hai| phalataH punarukti ke kAraNa bojhilatA aura jAMgha, nitamba, urojAdi ke puna:-punaH varNana se amaryAdA kI halkI-sI gandha bhI A jAtI hai| vaise kahIM-kahIM aise varNanoM meM AkarSaNa va kAvyAtmaka saundarya bhI dRSTigocara hotA hai| saMskRta kAvyoM kI paripATI para sthita nakha-zikha varNana meM siddhArtha dvArA prayukta varNana meM maryAdA kA ullaMghana-sA pratIta hotA hai| kyoMki mahArAja siddhArtha evaM mahArAnI trizalA kI Ayu yauvana sulabha ceSTAeM tathA 1. anUpa zarmA-'varddhamAna' mahAkAvya-pAMcavAM sarga, pR0 160-84,85. 2. DA. vizvaMbharanAtha upAdhyAya kA 'anUpa zarmA-kRtiyA~ aura kalA' ke antargata nirbadha-'varddhamAna aura dvivedI yugIna paraMparA', pR. 156.

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Adhunika hindI jaina kAvya : vivecana unmAdaka premAlApa ke yogya nahIM hai, mahAvIra unake dUsare putra haiN| navavivAhita dAmpatya jIvana meM uddIpta, ullasita premAnubhUtiyAM sahaja haiM, lekina dUsare-tIsare bAlaka ke janma le cukane ke uparAnta dampatti kI bhAvanAoM meM gAMbhIrya evaM eka sthairya A jAtA hai| vaha tIvratA aura AkulatA nahIM rahatI jo vaivAhika jIvana ke prArambha meM rahatI hai| prathama bAlaka ke janma pUrva prema - ceSTAeM sahaja sundara va svAbhAvika pratIta ho sakatI hai, lekina vizeSa umra va sthAna - prApti ke anantara saMyoga zrRMgAra kA varNana bhaddA - sA laga sakatA hai| pAThaka trizalA ko mahArAnI ke rUpa meM nahIM varan tIrthaMkara kI pUjyapAda mAtA ke svarUpa meM hI socate Aye haiN| eka se adhika bAra deha - saundarya kA unmukta vistRta varNana mahAkAvya ko adhika ramaNIya banAne kI apekSA pAThaka ke hRdaya meM virakti kA bhAva bhara detA ho to bhI Azcarya nahIM / 173 isake samarthana meM yaha bhI kahA jA sakatA hai ki mahAkAvya kI varNana paramparA ke anukUla varNana ko tyAgane ke lie kavi bAdhya nahIM hai isake uparAnta kavi ko jo prasaMga adhika mArmika evaM ramaNIya pratIta hoMge, unako citrita kiye binA chor3a de to mahAkAvya kA prabhAva naSTa ho jAyegA / yadi kavi aise rasapUrNa prasaMgoM ko kevala sparza karake Age cala de to kAvya meM rasAtmakatA saMbhava nahIM hotI tathA Alocaka kI vivecanA hotI hai ki kavi ke pAsa sUkSma pArakhI dRSTi aura hRdaya nahIM hai| aise sthaloM para hI kavi kI kuzalatA kA paricaya prApta ho sakatA hai| trizalA ke nakha - zikha varNana ke sandarbha meM kahA jA sakatA hai ki kavi anUpa jI ne mahArAja siddhArtha kI rUpavatI, manokAmya patnI ke rUpa meM unakA varNana kiyA hai, na ki tIrthaMkara kI mAtA trizalA devI ke rUpa meN| kavi ke pAsa saundarya va prema ke varNana ke lie phalaka bahuta sImita hai, ataH gahare raMgoM se raMga kara use ubhArane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| zrRMgAra rasa kI sahaja utpatti aura vikAsa ke utpAdana svarUpa nAyaka-nAyikA ke yuvakocita vibhrama-vilAsa kA, rAgapUrNa vyavahAra kA jo citrapaTa kavi ko prApta honA cAhie, vaha yahAM nahIM hai| isakA pahale ullekha ho cukA hai| ataH zRMgAra citraNa kA saMtulana siddhArtha- trizalA ke rasayukta premAlApa dvArA kiyA hai| dUsare sarga meM zRMgAra kA varNana jahAM mAMsala sneha ke dharAtala para kiyA gayA hai, vahAM kavi ne kevala unheM rAja - dampatti ke, rUpa meM hI svIkAra kiyA hai| kavi ko sImita kSetra meM kAvya-paramparA nibhAne ke lie aise varNanoM kA sahArA lenA pdd'aa| isase mahAkAvya kA pUrvArddha ramaNIya bana gayA hai| pAMcaveM sarga meM to yahI Asakti, prema kI garimA va gahanatA meM

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174 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya parivartita ho jAtI hai| rAjA-rAnI ke udAtta dAmpatya-prema meM dRr3ha sneha va svastha manovRtti pratibimbita hotI hai| isa sandarbha meM lakSmIcandra jaina kA kathana upayukta pratIta hotA hai ki 'kAvya meM jo varNana paramparA se mAnya hai aura zRMgAra ke prasaMga meM azobhana nahIM, use chor3ane ke lie kavi bAdhya nhiiN| dUsarI bAta yaha bhI hai ki trizalA ke rUpa nakha-zikha varNana rAjA kI preyasI ke rUpa meM kiyA jA rahA hai| siddhArtha kA mana-bhaMga saundarya-vallarI ke jina sarasa daloM aura pikavoM ke prati lubdha hai, unakA rAgAtmaka varNana unhIM ke dRSTikoNa se kiyA gayA hai| tIsare yaha ki dUsare sarga kA pArthiva zRMgAra yadi pAMcaveM sarga meM apArthiva aura AdhyAtmika ho gayA hai, to yaha kavi kI saphala kalpanA kA pratIka hai| DA. banavArIlAla zarmA kA isa sambandha meM vicAra hai ki-"kAvya meM nAyikA kA abhAva hai, kintu kavi ne varddhamAna kI mAtA rAnI trizalA ke nakha-zikha aura rati-krIr3A kA varNana kara zRMgAra rasa kI sundara sRSTi kI hai| kavi kA yaha varNana prAcIna paramparA ke anukUla hone para bhI naitika dRSTi se prazaMsanIya nahIM kahA jA sktaa| zAnta rasa kI pramukhatA ke sAtha AnusaMgika rUpa se zRMgAra ke bAda rodra va adbhuta rasa kA bhI kavi ne yatkiMcit prayoga kiyA hai| bAlaka vardhamAna kI parIkSA hetu bhayaMkara sarpa banakara Aye deva ke raudra svarUpa evaM vyavahAra meM isakI jhAMkI hotI hai alakta guMjA-sama netra krodha meM, karAla nAsA-puTa ghUma chor3ate, sphuliMga-mAlA mukha se nikAlatA khar3A huA kAla-karAla sarpa thaa| isI prakAra candanA ke kathA-prasaMga meM karuNa rasa kI niSpati karane kA kavi ne kuzala prayAsa kiyA hai, tathA mahAvIra kI dIrgha tapasyA ke samaya deva, mAnava va pazuoM ke dvArA, pahuMcAI gaI yAtanA aura kaSToM ke mArmika varNanoM meM pAThaka ko karuNa rasa kI anubhUti ho sakatI hai| rAjakanyA candanA karmavaza duHkhada paristhitiyoM meM par3akara dAsI se bhI nimna dazA prApta karatI hai aghota-vastrA, abhitA azaMsitA, azoca-dehA, abhagA, abhAgitA, 1. lakSmIcandra jaina-'varddhamAna' mahAkAvya kI bhUmikA, pR. 10. 2. DA. banavArIlAla zarmA-svAtaMtryottara hindI prabandha kAvya, pR. 61. 3. anUpa zarmA-'varddhamAna', pR. 266-37.

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Adhunika hindI jaina kAvya : vivecana 175 adarzanIya, analaMkRtA, a-bhA, abhAginI bhI abalA amaanussii| "parantu to bhI nija-mAtR-dIkSitA, ajastra hI paMca-namaskriyA-yutA, vijendra-pAdAvanatA sadaiva so nihAratI thI pada deva-deva kaa| kamI rahI sundara rAja-kanyakA, araNya-krIr3A karatI chalI gayI, jahAM kisI kAmuka yakSa ne use kuvAsanA se nija sAtha le liyaa|' isa prakAra 'vardhamAna' mahAkAvya meM mukhyataH zAnta rasa ke sAtha-sAtha zRMgAra, karuNa evaM raudra-rasa kA bhI yatkicita samAyojana kiyA gayA hai| prakRti-citraNa : mahAkAvya meM kathAvastu, netA evaM rasa kI utkRSTatA evaM utkaTatA para jora diyA jAtA hai| isake sAtha hI mahAkAvya meM vividha vastu-varNana, saMdhyA, sUryodaya candrodayAdi prakRti ke nAnA tatvoM kA kalAtmaka varNana jahAM eka ora se mahAkAvya meM rasAtmakatA va saundarya bhara detA hai, vahAM dUsarI ora usake kalevara ko puSTa karane meM sahAyaka rahatA hai| prakRti ke suramya lalita aMgoM ke manoramya varNana binA mAdhurya kI anubhUti va bhAvotkarSa saMbhava nhiiN| Adi kAvya se lekara adhunAtama kAvyoM meM prakRti ke vividha rUpoM ko zabda baddha kiyA gayA hai| kahIM prakRti kA svataMtra varNana hotA hai, to kahIM prakRti ke upamAnoM dvArA mAnava sauMdarya kI shriivRddhi| kahIM usakA mAnavIkaraNa, to kabhI-kabhI mAnava ke lie kautUhala kA viSaya banatI hai| kahIM para apane sarasa snigdha AMcala meM mAnava ko Azraya detI hai, sukha aura zAMti pradAna karatI hai, to kahIM vaha nivRtti-mUlaka mAnava kI tapobhUmi banatI hai| kahIM vaha abhisArikA hai, to kahIM dUtikA bana jAtI hai| kahIM vaha mAnava ko Ananda pradAna karatI hai, to kahIM vaha mAnava ke sukha-duHkha se spandita hotI hai aura mAnava ko sAMtvanA pradAna karatI hai| evaM kahIM kavi prakRti kI oTa meM apane dArzanika siddhAntoM kI abhivyakti karatA hai| paramparAnusAra prakRti varNana do prakAra kA hotA hai-(1) Alambana gata (2) uddIpana gt| 1. anUpa zarmA-'varddhamAna', pR. 485, 486-184, 188, 187. 2. pro. damayantI tAlavAra-'siddhArtha meM prakRti citraNa' nAmaka nibaMdha, pR. 92-93. __ anUpa zarmA-'kRtiyAM aura kalAM' ke antrgt|

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176 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya 'varddhamAna' meM kavi anUpa jI ne sthAna-sthAna para prakRti kA kahIM uddIpana rUpa meM to kahIM Alambana rUpa meM varNana kiyA hai| unhoMne paramparAgata prakRti - varNana ko anubhUti kI abhivyakti kA mAdhyama banAyA hai, phira yaha anubhUti prema kI ho, sauMdarya kI ho, vairAgya kI ho yA cintana-manana-preraNAgata ho| pariNAmasvarUpa kathA kI kalAtmakatA hI nahIM varan usakI prabhAvotpAdakatA tathA mArmikatA bhI bar3ha jAtI hai| Alambana rUpa meM prakRti : ___ 'vardhamAna' meM prakRti nAnA rUpoM meM bimbita hotI hai| yatra-tatra sarvatra prakRti dRzyamAna hotI hai| prAraMbha ke prathama, dvitIya evaM tRtIya sarga meM prakRti evaM vividha vastu varNanoM ke lie kavi ko kAphI avakAza milatA hai| cauthe sarga meM nava-prabhAta evaM uSA ke varNana meM kavi kI kuzalatA draSTavya hai| prakRti kahIM mukta rUpa meM viharatI mAnava jIvana ko ucca AnaMda arpita karatI hai, to vahIM kumAra vardhamAna kI vairAgya bhAvanA ko uddIpta karane meM sahAyatA karatI hai| 'vardhamAna' mahAkAvya kA prAraMbha hI saMketa kara detA hai ki kavi prakRti-premI hai| kyoMki kavi ne isakA prArambha namaskAra-kriyA aura kathAvastu-nirdeza se na kara bhArata-bhUmi kI mahattA aMkita karake kiyA hai| kavi bhArata kI prakRti kA gaurava-gAna kara uThate haiM samucca-Adarza-vidhAyinI mahI, prasiddha hai bhArata sarva vizva meM, yahAM mahA-maMtra-mayI prabhA lie sudharma sAmrAjya sadaiva sohtaa| jahAM mahI kA dRr3ha meru-daMDa-sA samucca prAleya-girIndra rAjatA, mahIdhra kailAza vizAla muMDa-sA, kirITa-sA meru virAjatA jhaaN| su-keza-sI kAnana-zreNiyAM jahAM, pralaMba-mAlA-mayi-arka-jAnhujA, kaTistha vindhayAdri nitamba deza-sA, lamA pada-kSAlana-zIla siMghu hai|' AlaMbana rUpa meM prakRti kA mohaka rUpa 'vardhamAna' ke prAraMbhika sargoM meM dRSTigata hotA hai| sUryodaya va prabhAta kA manohArI varNana dekhie1. anUpa zarmA-'varddhamAna', pR. 37-9, 10, 11.

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Adhunika hindI jaina kAvya : vivecana prabhAta ke komala kaMpa - yukta se, pakhe gulAbI pada pUrva - zIrSa meM, ki aMzu ke phAla cale mahIdhra pe dineza yoM mokki - bIja vo rahA / ' uSA kA svAgata karate hue kavi ullakhita hokara gA uThate haiM nizA - muSe ! svAgata hai uSe ! tujhe sudevate! sundari ! leza - lajjite / tvadIya jo svarNima aMzukAvalI, lagI aMgoM meM dina ke sphuliMga - sI / tvadIya vo aMzuka aMzu se banA uSe! samAcchAdita ardha-vyoma meM, huA, ki motI usase gira par3e, jhaDe aMgoM pe bana osa-bunda hI / 2 isI prakAra pAMcaveM sarga meM bhI zAradIya nizA kA, sAtaveM sarga meM vasantu Rtu ke sauMdarya kA tathA naveM sarga meM grISma kI dAruNa garmI tathA usake pariNAmasvarUpa vana-upavana va pazu-pakSiyoM para par3ane vAle usake tIvra prabhAva kA kavi ne sundara varNana kiyA hai| chaThe sarga meM prabhAtI dRzyoM kA vividha rUpa vyakta kiyA gayA hai| sAtavAM sarga to pUrNataH prakRti-citraNa se hI citrita rahA hai| isa sarga meM vasanta Rtu ke varNana se prAraMbha kara usake vaibhava rUpa phala-phUla, puSpa - vATikA evaM vividha pakSiyoM kI krIr3A va AnaMdollAsa se sarga ko mohaka banAyA gayA hai| trizalA devI apanI saheliyoM tathA usakI paricaryA ke lie niyukta kI gaI dAsiyoM ke sAtha puSpa vATikA meM garbhAvasthA ke samaya meM nitya-vihAra karatI hai, taba prakRti bhI apane praphulla rUpa meM maMtra-mugdha hokara mAno rAjarAnI ko garbhabhAra kI alasita sthiti meM AnaMda pahuMcAkara manoraMjana karatI hai svakIya puSpAMcala se vasanta bhI, bikheratA puSpita kuDmalAdi hai, pratAna se puSpa - praroha UrjanA, girA rahI puSpava ramya reNu hai| 177 1. anUpa zarmA - 'varddhamAna', pR0 120-14-15. 2. vahI, pR0 123-24, 25.

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178 Adhunika hindI - jaina sAhitya manoharA deva- priyA vasanta jA, banA rahI uttama puSpa vATikA, pramodinI sundara bhadra-vallarI upAdhi pAtI sita gandharAja kii| manojJa - sauMdarya- -prasanna varNa meM prasUna ke prANa chupe huye zubhe ! nasoM - nasoM meM jinakI navA-navA 1 sa- bheda bhASA mRdu prema kI likhI / ' isI sarga meM vividha - puSpoM kI prakRtidatta zobhA va mahatva ke varNana ke sAtha gulAba ke prati sambodhana, bhramara evaM titalI, haMsa va kokila ke prati sakhiyoM kA sambodhana, trizalA kA prakRti sauMdarya, Azcarya - AnaMda va mana- -vahelAvAdi ramya bhAvoM kA kavi ne madhura bhASA meM nirUpaNa kiyA hai| navam sarga meM kavi ne grISma ke tIvra tApa kA varNana kiyA hai, jisake antargata RjubAlikA nadI ke taTa para sthita upavana meM bAla-sAthiyoM ke sAtha krIr3A ke lie Aye vardhamAna ke dvArA grISma ke bhayaMkara nidAdha se trasta pazuoM kI va prakRti kI karuNa sthiti kA varNana hai| grISma Rtu ne cAroM ora apanA prabhAva jamA diyA hai| pRthvI bhI kaisI ho gaI thI - kahIM duHkhI citta - pratapta thI dharA, kahIM mahI thI khala - vAkya - dAhinI, parantu dhAtrI - saha - pAda bhUla ko, apAMsulA -sI tajatI na chAMha thI / araNya gaMbhIra azabda se kahIM, kahIM mahAkroza - yutA vanasthalI kahI mahA dharma - pratapta medinI, kahI dharA zItala nIma-chAMha meN| 2 aise grISma ke dAhaka tApa meM kahIM vana meM mayUra, kuraMga, hAthI Adi prANI ru-chAMva meM baiThe alasA rahe haiM, to kahIM pAnI meM baiThakara zItalatA prApta karane kI koziza karate haiM kahIM ghane bhU-saha nIma ke tale, mayUra baiThe dina kATate lase, anUpa zarmA - varddhamAna, pR. 206-11, 22, 23. anUpa zarmA - varddhamAna, pR0 257-10, 11.

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Adhunika hindI jaina kAvya : vivecana 179 kahIM kisI zAdvalA meM virAjate kuraMga the saMga kuraMginI liye| kareNu khAtA phala sallakI mudA, vareNukA thI usako khilA rahI, samIpa hI vAraNa garjate hue| banA rahe kAnana zabda-yukta the| kahIM-kahIM haMsa taDAga-tIra pe, mahAna gaMbhIra jahAM kamandha thA, vahAM prasannatA dhvani the sunA rahe, vilAsinI-nupura-tulya mNjulaa| RjubAlikA nadI kI suMdaratA, gaMbhIratA evaM mahattA kA varNana pUre dasaveM sarga meM kiyA gayA hai| isake suramya taTa para kumAra varddhamAna jIvana-mRtyu, saMsAra kI kSaNikatA tathA mRtyu kI nityatA Adi para gaMbhIratA se socate-vicArate haiN| prArambha meM kavi ne nadI kI svacchatA-zItalatA evaM taTa kI ramyatA kA zabda-citra sA khIMcA hai samIpa hI kSatriya-kuNDa grAma ke, pravAhitA thI RjubAlikA nadI, kabhI-kabhI vIrakumAra jA vahAM, prasanna naisargika dRzya dekhate himAdri se udgamitA taraMgiNI pravAhitA maMda-javA manoharA prabhAta saMdhyA dhvani nIra kI jise bahI calI A Rju bAlike! priye! bar3hI calI A sahasA pyogidhe| pravAha terA kamanIya kAnta hai samIpa terA bahudhA prazAnta hai| uddIpana rUpa : dvitIya sarga meM prakRti rAjA siddhArtha evaM rAnI trizalA ke pragAr3ha prema ko 1. dekhie-varddhamAna-mahAkAvya, pR. 258-5-7-9. 2. dekhie-varddhamAna-mahAkAvya, pR. 287-288, 1-2, 14.

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Adhunika hindI - jaina sAhitya abhivyakta karane meM uddIpaka ke rUpa meM citrita hai| premI siddhArtha apanI saundaryavatI rAnI trizalA ke deha - saundarya se prabhAvita hokara unakA nakha-zikha varNana karate haiM, taba prakRti bhI mAno unakI sahAyatA ke lie varSA Rtu kA rUpa dhAraNa karatI hai| ASAr3ha ke kAle bAdaloM meM dAminI luka-chipa apanA ujjvala smita aMkita karatI hai| kavi varSA Rtu kA kamanIya citra aMkita karate haiM ki 180 anUpa ASAr3ha ghanAvalI ghanI, ghirI huI thI ati moda - dAyinI nisarga-saMpatti - vidhAyinI mudA manojJa varSA Rtu vartamAna thI / manojJa - hastI - sama vAri vAha the, balAka - zreNI sita daMta-paMkti thI, virAjatI aMkuza - sI kSaNa - prabhA jhar3I baMdhI maMju madAmbu- dhAra kii| su- kAminI jo aba mAninI rahI, manojJa kI hai aparAdhinI vahI / caturdizA - dAminI vyAja vyoma meM - ghoSaNA / ' 1 samA gayI kAma - nRpAla - gha zayana kakSa meM tandrAvasthA meM soI huI trizalA varSA ke uddIpaka mohaka vAtAvaraNa meM siddhArtha kI Asakti ko tIvra banA rahI thI narendra bhI yauvana yukta hai tathA bahu mahA-praur3ha payodharA lasI, isIlie saMgama lAlAsAnvitA taraMgiNI - sI trizalA lasI tabhI / payoda garje - jaladhAra bhI gire, taDillatA ambara meM azAnta ho, mahIpa ko kyA thA, niketa meM priyA mahA auSadhi sI viraajtii| 2 jisa prakAra payodhara aMka meM macalatI tar3itA anurakta ho 1. anUpa zarmA - varddhamAna, pR0 77-15-16, 17. 2. anUpa zarmA - ' varddhamAna', pR0 80-27-80.

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Adhunika hindI jaina kAvya : vivecana 181 usa prakAra samIpa nRpAla ke vilasatI trizalA ati mugdha thii|' prakRti kA AlaMkArika varNana : prakRti ke aMgoM kA prayoga kavi ne trizalA kI saundarya-zrI ko abhivyakta karane meM bhI kiyA hai-yathA tvadIya pAtAla-samAna nAbhi hai uroja haiM ucca ngaadhiraaj-se| manojJa veNI isa bhAMti hai lsii| kAlindInI kA vinipAta ho ythaa| mRgAMka se Anana pe par3I huI payoda-mAlA-sama keza-rAzi ko| hemanta Rtu ke prabhAta kA kavi varNana karate haiM daridra-AzA-sama zIta-yAminI bar3I ki tRSNA anudAra-citta kI, ki dropadI ke paTa-sI pralaMvinI sudIrgha hemantika zarvarI huii| prakRti varNana nirantara kathA ko puSTa karatA hai, balki kabhI-kabhI to yoM pratIta hotA hai ki kavi prakRti ko chor3akara Age nahIM bar3ha paate| kahIM-kahIM prakRti varNana meM sthUlAMkana kI vidhi dRSTigocara hotI hai, jisase vivaraNa kI pradhAnatA vyakta hotI hai-udAharaNa ke lie draSTavya haiprabhAta sajAyA, tama naSTa ho gayA, tviSA lagI pUrva dizA prkaashne| samIra DolA, sumanAvalI hilI, prakAza phailA, dazadigvibhAga meN| kahIM sAdRzyamUlaka alaMkAroM ke prayoga dvArA alaMkRta paddhati kA bhI kavi ne prayoga kiyA haisaroja netrA sitacanda aannaa| mahAna rambhA taruvRnda saukhyadA 1. anUpa zarmA-'varddhamAna', pR. 81-31. .2. vahI, pR0 83-31. 3. vahI, pR. 175-10.

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182 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya subhAMbarA, gupta vayocara prbhaa| lagI navor3hA-sama zAradI nishaa| 'anUpa zarmA' ko hariya 'paddhati itanI adhika priya thI ki unhoMne chAyAvAda ke mAnavIkaraNa kA prayoga nahIM kiyA hai| prakRti darzana kA, mana para par3ane vAle prabhAvoM kA bhI varNana bahuta kama hai| prema ke prasaMga meM kahIM-kahIM mana kI Asakti kA varNana avazya mohaka bana par3A hailagA rahU~ yAvaka tulya pAMva meM, racA rahU~ Ananamadhya paan-saa| prema aura prakRti ke vivaraNoM kA isa kAvya ke pUrvArddha meM amita vistAra milatA hai, yahA~ taka ki kathAsUtra atyadhika maMtharatA ke sAtha Age bar3hatA hai-aSTama sarga meM mahAvIra kA janma ho pAtA hai|' upadeza ke rUpa meM : 'varddhamAna' meM prakRti kahIM-kahIM cintana-prareka ke rUpa meM bhI lakSita hotI hai| prakRti kI zAnti va suMdaratA kumAra ko apanI ora AkRSTa karatI hai| kumAra prakRti kI goda meM ghaNToM baiThakara cintana-manana karate rahate haiN| unakI tAtvika vicAradhArA ko puSTa karane meM prakRti pUrNataH sahAyaka hotI hai| sandhyA samaya kI prakRti va sAndhya tArA ke dhIra-gaMbhIra svarUpa ko viloka kara varddhamAna ke hRdayakAza meM anekAneka dArzanika vicAra-sphuliMga prakAzita hote haiN| naveM sarga meM varddhamAna kumArAvasthA meM hI RjuvAlikA nadI ke suramya taTa dIrgha samaya taka baiThakara prakRti ke nAnA tatvoM ke sAtha ekAtmabhAva sAdhakara jIvana ke gUDha rahasyoM para socate rahate haiN| gyAraveM sarga meM dinAnta-varNana ke dvArA mahAvIra kI AdhyAtmika vicAradhArA abhivyakta hotI hai| prakRti yahA~ rahasyAtmaka banakara kumAra ke ciMtana ko puSTa karatI hai-yathA manuSya kA jIvana eka puSpa hai, praphula hotA yaha hai prabhAta meM, parantu chAyA lakha sAndhya kAla kI, vikIrNa ho ke giratA dinAnta meN| adIrgha hai jIvana duHkha se bharA, prasUna phUlA, murajhA gayA yathA, prabhAta meM Akara osa-bUMda-sA, saroja ko kAntakiyA, calA gyaa| 327-49 1. DaoN0 vizvambharanAtha upAdhyAya-'anUpa zarmA-kRtiyAM aura kalA' ke antargata 'varddhamAna aura dvivedIyugIna paramparAoM' zIrSaka nibaMdha, pR0 -156.

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Adhunika hindI jaina kAvya : vivecana prakRti-krama ke sAtha mAnava jIvana kI tulanA karate hue kumAra socateM manuSya vAlAeNa-sA ugA, jagI phyoja - naitrA - sarasI prasannitA, pragalbhatA - prApta huA ki A gayI sameNa - sandhyA eNa meM SiSNatA / ' kavi kI kalpanA kA camatkAra solahaveM sarga meM dikhAI par3atA hai, jahA~ 'kevala jJAna' prApta karane ke bAda kubera kA ratha mahAvIra kI AtmA ko lene AtA hai| ur3ate hue ratha se nIce pRthvI kI zobhA kA varNana bhI milatA hai aura devaloka kA bhI bhavya varNana calatA hai pravRtta nIrAjana meM bhU-cakra thA, sphuliMga - lIlAyuta ghumaketu thaa| kalA dikhAtI bahu nRtya kI mudA, mayA, vizAkhA, kRtikA, sarohiNI / 183 yatra-tatra kitane sthaloM para mahAkAvya meM prakRti kA preraNAprada aura ciMtanAtmaka varNana upalabdha hote haiN| DA0 vINA zarmA isa sambandha meM apane vicAra vyakta karatI hai ki "mahAkAvya zailI ke anukaraNa meM isameM aneka varNanoM kA viniveza huA hai| varNana jIvana se bhI sambandhita hai aura prakRti se bhI / manuSya kI antaH prakRti bhI upekSita nahIM hue hai| siddhArtha ke yajJa, trizalA ke rUpa aura guNa tathA basanta, grISma, varSA, zarad Adi RtuoM ke varNanoM se yaha racanA sajIva ho uThI hai" 12 uparyukta vivecana se spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki prakRti ke suramya, komala svarUpa ko jitanA sthAna milA hai, utanA hI usake cintana- prada va rahasyAtmaka svarUpa ko bhI kavi ne apanI uddezya pUrti ke lakSya meM samAviSTa kiyA hai| pUre mahAkAvya meM prakRti ke bhinna-bhinna aMgoM va svarUpoM kA Alambana va uddIpana rUpa meM varNana kara mahAkAvya ko AkarSaka banAne ke sAtha prakRti varNana ke dvArA kathAvastu kI sUkSma Dora ko puSTa kara pAThaka ko usakI kamI nahIM mahasUsa hone dI hai| 'varddhamAna' kAvya meM pratibimbita darzana : 'varddhamAna' mahAkAvya meM bhagavAna mahAvIra kA saMpUrNa jIvana aMkita hai, 1. anUpa zarmA - 'varddhamAna', pR0 322-28. 2. DA. vINA zarmA - Adhunika hindI mahAkAvya pR0 45.

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184 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya ataH svAbhAvika hai ki unakI dArzanikatA ko bhI kavi ne isameM carcita kiyA hai| hamAre jIvana-vikAsa kI rAha meM dArzanika vicAradhArA jAne-anajAne prabhAva DAle binA nahIM rhtii| kisI sampradAya vizeSa se sambaMdhita sAhitya meM to dArzanika vizleSaNa sphuTa hogA hii| 'varddhamAna' meM jahA~ eka ora kavi ne gUr3ha AdhyAtmika siddhAntoM kI carcA karake tri-ratna, Asrava, saMvara, bandha, mokSa, nirjarA, karma, jIva-sajIva, pApa-puNya ke saiddhAMtika viSayoM para prakAza DAlA hai, vahA~ laukika dharma kI carcA bhagavAna mahAvIra se karavAkara dharma ke vyAvahArika pakSa kA bhI samarthana kiyA hai| aise prasaMga bojhila na banakara Atma-vikAsa ke sAtha mAnava-kalyANa ke lie sadaiva prerita karate haiN| jahA~ zAstrIya siddhAntoM kI carcA adhika huI hai, vahA~ yAtkicit nirasatA bhI A gaI hai| kyoMki sUkSma saiddhAMtika jJAna sabake sAmarthya kI bAta nahIM hotI, na hI sabhI ke hRdaya kI rasAtmaka vRtti ke anukUla hotA hai| 'varddhamAna' jaise mahAkAvya meM jaina darzana kA vistRta vivecana huA hai| vAstava meM isake racayitA kA uddezya jaina darzana ke siddhAntoM ko kAvya meM nirUpita karanA rahA haiM jIva, sajIva, Azraya, saMvarabandha, nirjarA, mokSa Adi jina sAta tatvoM kA varNana jaina dArzanikoM ne kiyA hai, una sabhI kA vivecana Alocya mahAkAvya meM huA hai| yahA~ hama jaina darzana ke saiddhAMtika pakSa kI carcA ke uparAnta vyAvahArika pakSa ko anUpa jI ne kisa prakAra AkarSaka zailI meM gumphita kiyA hai, isakA vivecana karanA caaheNge| jaina dArzanika ina tatvoM ko do rUpoM meM vibhakta karate haiM-astikAya dravya tathA anastikAya drvy| astikAya dravya do prakAra ke hote haiM jIva aura sajIva tathA anastikAya dravya kevala 'kAla' hai| jIva cetana dravya hai aura dharma, adharma, AkAza aura pudgala ye cAra sajIva ke antargata Ate haiN| isa prakAra pA~ca astikAya ke tatva aura eka-anastikAya (kAla tatva) ko milAkara chaH dravya jaina-darzana meM prasiddha haiN| Asrava aura bandhana : jaina darzana kI taraha adhikAMza darzana yaha mAnate haiM ki jIva apane vAstavika rUpa meM zuddha-buddha cetana hai, parantu deha ke bandhana meM par3akara aneka prakAra ke duHkha bhogatA hai| jaina darzana caitanya jIva ke baMdhana para apane DhaMga se vicAra karatA hai| jaina-darzanAnusAra zarIra kA nirmANa jar3a tatvoM (pudgaloM) se. 1. DA. vINA zarmA-Adhunika hindI mahAkAvya ke antargata 'mahAkAvya meM darzana kI dhArA', zIrSaka adhyAya, pR. 267.

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Adhunika hindI jaina kAvya : vivecana 185 hotA hai ye pudgala isalie kahalAte haiM ki inakA saMghaTana aura vighaTana saMbhava hai| (pUrayanti, galanita-sarvadarzana saMgraha-AhRta darzana) viziSTa prakAra ke zarIra ke lie viziSTa prakAra ke pudgaloM kI AvazyakatA hotI hai| ina pudgaloM kA saMcaya manuSya ke karmoM ke anusAra hotA hai| "jIva kI ora kitane tathA kisa prakAra ke pudgala kaNa AkRSTa hoMge, yaha karma yA vAsanA para nirjhara hai| aise pudgala kaNa ko karma pudgala kA nAma diyA jAtA hai isI ko karma bhI kahate hai| jIva kI ora jo karma pudgaloM kA pravAha hotA hai, use 'Asrava' kahate haiM"' krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha Adi kaSAya hI karma pudgaloM ke pravAha yA Asrava ke kAraNa hai| isa prakAra jaina darzana ke anusAra kaSAyoM ke kAraNa jIva kA karmAnusAra pudgalabaddha honA hI 'bandhana' hai| jaisA ki umAsvAti jI kahate haiM 'sakaSAyatthAta jIvaH karmaNo yogya pudgalAn AvAnai sa vnyH| mahAkavi anUpa zarmA bhI Azrama ke siddhAnta kA ullekha karate hue 'varddhamAna' meM likhate haiM sA rAga Atmasthita rAga bhAva se, samAgatA pudgala rAzi karma ho| zarIra meM Agata duHkha-dAyinI, prasiddha hai Amrava nAma se sdaa| 65.391 jaba taka jIva kI ora karmAzraya hotA rahatA hai, taba taka jIva kA mukti pAnA asaMbhava hai salIla sAzraya ho kisa kUpa meM vigata mIra jamatA nahIM, isa prakAra sa-karma manaSya ko, kaba avApta huI gati nirjarA ? (64-391) saMcara-nirjarA : jaina dharma mokSa ke lie do kAraNa mAnate haiM-saMvara aura nirjraa| gupti, samiti, dharma, anuprekSyA, parivaha, tapa, cAritrya Adi ke dvArA Azrava kriyA saMbhava ho sakatI hai| Alocya mahAkAvya meM saMvarA micaiyA kriyA kA varNana isI prakAra milatA hai munisa yoga-vrata-gupti Adi se sa-yatna karmAzrava-dvAra rokate, 1. bhAratIya darzana : DA0 datta evaM caTarjI, pR0 69. 2. umAsvAti-tatyArtha sUtra, pR0 8, 90. 3. vhii|

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186 vahI kriyA saMvara nAma - dhAriNI vimukita saMpAdana meM amodha hai / - 13-78 saMvara ke uparAnta 'nirjarA' nAmaka sthiti AtI hai| jIva meM praviSTa hue karmoM ko tapasyA Adi se naSTa kara denA hI 'nirjarA' hai| yaha do prakAra kI hotI hai| / - akAma nirjarA aura sakAma nirjarA - hai / yama dhAraNa karane vAle yogiyoM kI nirjarA sakAma hotI hai tathA anya prANiyoM kI nirjarA akAma arthAt svataH hone vAlI hotI hai| mahAkavi anupa ne nirjarA aura bhedoM kA varNana vahI viziSTatA se kiyA hai| 'nirjarA' ke mahattva kA pratipAdana karate hue use bhakti - prApti meM sahAyaka mAnate hue ve likhate haiM Adhunika hindI - jaina sAhitya yathA yathA yoga tapAdi yatna se, kare yatI nitya sva-karma nirjarA, tathA - tathA hI usake samIpa meM, adRzya AtI zubha mokSa - indirA / atIta se saMcita karmarAzi kA, vinAza honA avipAka nirjarA, kahI naI siddha munIndra se sadA, avazya hI saMgrahaNIya sAdhanA / tathA karmoM kI nirjarA karane se manuSya mukti pAne meM saphala ho sakatA hai| yathA ke, svabhAva se hI vaha, jo manuSya svataMtra karmodaya-kAla meM uThe, sadA parityAga kare sa-yatna so, vikAra - yukta savipAka nirjraa| 13-78 karmAzravoM ke nirodha aura mukti kI avApti ke lie sAdhanoM kA varNana jaina granthoM meM huA hai, unakA sAMketika ullekha isa mahAkAvya meM mila hI jAtA haiN| jina-dharma meM samyak jJAna, samyak darzana aura caritra ina tri-ratnoM ko mokSa kA mArga batalAyA gayA hai| (samyagdarzana jJAnacaritrANi mokSa mArgaH / tatvArtha sUtra, 1,1 ) 'varddhamAna' meM triratna ke prakAza kI chAyA isa prakAra dikhAI detI haiamogha ratnatraya ke prabhAva se, avApta hotI vaha mukti jIva ko, Ananda Ananda samudra - rUpiNI prasiddha hai jo jina - dharma - - zAstra meN| 13-30 jaina dhArmikoM ne dazAMga dharma dvAdaza anuprekSyA, paMcamahAvrata, dvAvizati

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Adhunika hindI jaina kAvya : vivecana 187 pariSahajapa ko karmAtraya-nirodha ke lie Avazyaka mAnA hai| saMvara kriyA para vicAra karate hue isameM inakA ullekha kiyA hai| ye samyak caritra ke atyAvazyaka aMga haiN| jaina dharma meM dasa prakAra ke dharmoM ko AcaraNIya mAnA hai, ye haiM kSamA, mArdava (mRdutA), Arjanya (saralatA), sAdha, satya, saMyama, tapa, tyAga, akiMcanatva aura brahmacarya (tatvArtha sUtra 9.6) isa dazAMga-zobhI dharma kA rUpa 'varddhamAna' kI ina paMktiyoM meM draSTavya hai kSamA, dayA, saMyama, satya, sAdha se, tapA''jaiva-tyAga-virAga bhAva se ki yukta jo mArdava, brahmacarya se dazAMga zobhI jina dharma rUpa hai| 28-95 anitya-azaraNa-saMsAra, anvatva, azuci, saMvara, nirjarA, loka, bodhi aura dharma ke ciMtanasvarUpa jo dvAdaza anuprekSAeM jaina dharma meM mAnya haiM, una sabhI kA vistRta vivecana 'vardhamAna' mahAkAvya ke terahaveM sarga meM huA hai| pUrA terahavA~ sarga dArzanika siddhAntoM ke kAvya maya nirUpaNa se aMkita hai aura ina siddhAntoM ko jaina darzana kI viziSTatAoM ko samajhe binA thor3A-sA kaThina hai| jabaki sAmAnya vyavahArika guNa-dharmoM evaM sanAtana satyoM para jahA~ prakAza DAlA gayA hai, vahA~ saralatA se bodha-grahaNa ho pAtA hai| jaina darzana meM lobha, krodha, mAna kA tyAga karane ke lie kahA gayA hai| tadanantara manuSya karmoM kI nirjarA kara pAtA hai| kavi ne bhI krodha ke bure pariNAma rUpa patana kI carcA kI hai| mahAvIra kI vANI krodharahita hai, use sadA padArtha caahie| aura jaba manuSya ne krodha chor3a diyA to phira zAnti hI zAnti na krodha ho to phira pApa bhI nahIM, na kopa ho to abhizApa bhI nahIM na manyu ho to na amAna bhI kahIM, na roSa ho to na azAnti bhI khiiN| pR. 53, 58 mAyA ke pramukha aMga rUpa 'lobha' ke viSaya meM kavi kahate haiN| prasUti hai lobha mahAna vaira kI, prasiddha krodhAdika kA pitA yhii| jaina dharma ke mArga ke sambandha meM kavi ke vicAra kitane uccakoTi ke haiM aisA mArga prazasta hai, na jisameM hai bhrAnti-zaMkA kahIM, chAyI ambara madhya jaina mata kI AnaMda kaadmbinii| detI sauramya basanta ke pavana-sI samAyikI sAdhanA, kAma-krodha madAdi kaMTaka binA sanmArga dharma kaa|

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188 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya bhagavAna mahAvIra mAnasika vikAroM ko tyAgane ke lie sizaMdatA se upadeza dete haiN| tathaiva karuNA kI vizeSatA batAte hue usakI mahamiA kA varNana 'vardhamAna' meM pAyA jAtA hai| dayA, prema, mamatA, saukhya, samatAbhAva aura prANImAtra ke prati ahiMsApUrNa vyavahAra ke lie prabhu mAnava se anurodha karate haiM dayA naroM kI parama hitaiSiNI, yahI mahAsama zodha jJAna hai, aho! dayAhIna manuSya vizva meM pavitra-cAritrya prabhAva zUnya hai| mahAkavi anUpa jI ne mahAvIra ke dvArA jaina darzana ke pramukha tatvoM-satya, ahiMsA, asteya, aparigraha, aura brahmacarya kI pratiSThA karavAkara rAtri-bhojana-tyAga, karmoM kI nirjarA, rati-maithuna-svabhAva, pramAda Adi tyAgoM para jora diyA haikyoMki zarIra hai nirbala, kAla nirdayI prabhu ne dharma sabhA meM sAmAnya mAnavocit sad vyavahAra, sadbhAvanA kA jJAna manuSyoM ko diyA, jo unheM sahaja, sarala rUpa se grAhya ho ske| prabhu sacce brAhmaNatva ke viSaya meM bhI ucita hI kathana karate haiN| zreSTha brAhmaNa zAstra meM va loka meM kise svIkRta kiyA jAtA hai, isa para apane vicAra vyakta karate hue likhate haiN| na svapna meM bhI kahatA asatya hai, tathaiva pUjA-rata brahma dhyAna meM, na lobha-krodhAdika ke adhIna jo, vahI sunA brAhmaNa zAstra meM gyaa| 531-25 tapodhanI, iMdriya nigrahI tathA mahAvratI, pIr3ita loka-tApa se, nitaM milA saMgama, Atma zAnti kA, kahA gayA brAhmaNa zreSTha vhii| (pR. 530-23) kavi anUpa jI 'kevala jJAna' prApta, vikAra, vijetA, vItArAgI prabhu mahAvIra ko apanI za-zata zraddhAMjali yukta namana karate haiN| namana kriyA kA punaH-punaH uccAraNa karake kavi prabhu kI 'mahAvIratA' ke jayaghoSa karate haiN| pUrA vizva prabhu kI stuti vaMdanA karatA hai narendra ho kevala jJAna rAjya ke, mahendra ho bhU-avatIrNa-svarNa ke, pracAra kartA nava-dharma-tatva ke namAmi he nAtha! samasta vizva ke|

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Adhunika hindI jaina kAvya : vivecana 189 "praNAma zrI sAgara-jJAna sindhu ko, praNAma-bhU-bhUSaNa vizva bandhu ko, nAmAmi satyArtha-prakAza-bhAnu ko, namAmi tatvArtha vikAsa jJAna ko|" mahAvIra kI zaraNa-azaraNa-uddhAraka evaM bhavasAgara pAra karane vAlI hai hai jainendra padAravinda-taraNi sNsaar-pyodhikii| isa prakAra dharma aura vairAgya kI bhAvanA ko lekara likhe gaye isa mahAkAvya meM yatra-tatra aneka jagaha para dArzanika vicAradhArA prakAzita kI gaI hai| saMsAra kI kSaNa-bhaMguratA evaM mAnava-jIvana kI kSaNikatA, jIvana-mRtyu Adi para 'varddhamAna' meM sundara vicAra vyakta kiye gaye haiN| sAMsarika bandhana vyartha samajhakara vairAgya-bhAvanA se apane ko Atma-parAye kI bhAvanA se mukta samajhanA cAhie, kyoMki sahasra mAtA, zata koTi putra bhI, pitA, asaMkhyAta mitra bhI, ananta utpanna hue, jiye-mare na maiM kisI kA, vaha bhI na mAma kii| sa. 13-18 manuSya kA jIvana kitanA kSaNa-bhaMgura, alpajIvI hai ki usa para abhimAna ghamaNDa yA Asakta honA nirarthaka hai| 'saroja-patra sthita nIra bUMda kI, manuSya kI Ayu atIva cNclaa|' isI kAraNa manuSya ko sadaiva dharma-sAdhanA evaM prabhu pada-saivI bananA cAhie, kyoMki jaina dharmasadaiva mokSaprada jaina dharma hai, tathaiva ratna-traya sAdhya mokSa hai, vitAna hai mokSa ananta saMkhyA kA, pratAna hai sAMkhyA anAdi zakti kaa| aise jIvana-uddhAraka dharma kI zaraNa manuSya janma ko sArthaka karane vAlI ho to isameM Azcarya kyA? mahAvIra vizva ko eka raMgabhUmi hI samajhate haiM manuSya kA jIvana raMgabhUmi hai, jahA~ dikhAte saba pAtra khela haiM, kabhI hilAyA kara sUtradhAra ne, huA paTAkSepa turanta mRtyu kaa| pR. 306-86 usI prakAra jIvana-mRtyu kI nityatA kavi ne svIkRta kara virUpa na batAkara navajIvana kA saMdeza denevAlA citrita kiyA hai| kyoMki manuSya kA jIvana to eka puSpa samAna hai, jo savere khilatA hai, zAma ko murajhA jAtA hai yA to basanta-sA prArambha aura nidAgha-sA anta hai| manuSya kA janma prabhAta-kAla hai, tathaiva hai jIvana eka bAra kA,

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190 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya turanta lAtI hicakI dinAnta hai, sa-vega AtI phira mRtyu yaaminii| pR. 98-308-95 isa prakAra kA jIvana-darzana pUre dasaveM sarga meM dRSTigata hotA hai| jIvana satya kA bhI kavi uttama mArga isI sarga se nirdiSTa karate hue jIvana-mRtyu kI vizadtA kA nirUpaNa karate haiN| anUpa jI ne apane kAvya meM atyanta vyApaka bhAvabhUmi para apane jIvana darzana kI abhivyakti kI hai| jIvana ke loka aura paraloka donoM pakSoM para unakA dhyAna rahA hai aura donoM kI vistRta paridhi meM unakI marmasparzinI dRSTi pahu~cI hai| unake jIvana darzana meM sAMsArika jIvana kI saphalatA kA rahasya atyanta sarala DhaMga se samajhAyA gayA hai| ve jIva jagata kI yathArthatA se mukha nahIM mor3anA cAhate aura na mAnava-jIvana ko palAyanonmukhI banAnA cAhate haiN|' __isa prakAra Adhunika hindI jaina mahAkAvyoM meM rasa, netA, kathAvastu, jIvana-darzana Adi dRSTikoNoM se 'varddhamAna' kA na kevala mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai, balki jaina dharma svayaM gauravAnvita ho sakatA hai, kyoMki hindI jaina sAhitya meM kathA-grantha, nibaMdha sAhitya athavA dArzanika tatvajJAna ke grantha aura carita grantha-vizeSa kara mahAvIra ke jIvana sambaMdhI-bar3I saMkhyA meM dRSTigata hote haiM, jabaki mahAkAvyoM kI saMkhyA atyanta alpa hai| 'varddhamAna' kI carcA anantara dUsare mahAkAvya 'vIrAyaNa' kA anuzIlana bhI apekSita haivIrAyaNa : __dohA-caupAI zailI meM braja-avadhI mizrita bhASA meM racita-'vIrAyaNa' mahAkAvya kavi mUladAsa kI yaza-patAkA kA mAnadaNDa hai| yaha graMtha abhI taka vidvAnoM dvArA samIkSita nahIM ho sakA hai| prayojana va preraNA : mahAkavi tulasIdAsa jI ke jana prasiddha mahAkAvya rAmacarita mAnasa kI bhavyatA aura lokapriyatA se prerita ho yaha mahAkAvya racA gyaa| 'rAmacarita sAnasa' kI madhura bhASA zailI va rAma-guNa kIrtana se prerita hokara sadAnaMdI paMtha ke jaina sAdhu choTelAla jI mahArAja ne 'phalA' nivAsI cAraNa kavi mUladAsa jI ko yaha kAvya likhane kI prareNA dii| ahamadAbAda ke jisa upAzraya meM ve 1. DA0 rAmagopAla zarmA : anUpa zarmA, kRtiyAM aura kalA- antargata nibaMdha ___-mahAkavi anUpa kA jIvana darzana, pR0 176. 2. draSTavya DA0 naTavaralAla vyAsa 'gujarAta ke kaviyoM kI hindI sAhitya ko dena' pR0 122

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Adhunika hindI jaina kAvya : vivecana 191 cAturmAsa ke lie Thahare the, vahA~ nikaTa hI audicya brAhmaNoM kI bADI meM rAmAnaMdI saMpradAya kI aura rAmAyaNa pracAra samiti dvArA prabhAta pherI meM tulasI rAmAyaNa ke dohe-copAI kA madhura svara meM paThana-pAThana-kIrtana kiyA jAtA thaa|' isase atyanta prabhAvita hokara muni zrI ne socA ki 'mAnava' rAma ko 'daiva' rAma banAne meM tulasI kI rAmAyaNa kA kitanA bar3A hAtha hai| yadi usI DhaMga se bhagavAna mahAvIra kI vairAgya jIvanI evaM unake tIrthakaratva ko geya chandoM meM Abaddha kiyA jAya to paThana-pAThana kI suvidhA se ghara-ghara meM usakA pracAra-prasAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| isase jainettara samAja meM kama prasiddha mahAvIra caritra ko lokapriya banAyA jA sakatA hai| rAma ko ananta zaktizAlI viSNu ke avatAra-rUpa meM uttara bhArata ke pratyeka AvAsa meM prasthApita va pUjita karavAne kA saMpUrNa zreya tulasIdAsa jI ko diyA jAtA hai, yadi tulasI na hote to zAyada rAma bhI bhagavAna rAma ke rUpa meM janatA ke hRdaya-siMhAsana para birAjane kA ujjavala sthAna zAyada prApta na kara paate| isa tathya para se choTelAla jI mahArAja ko 'rAmAyaNa' kI taraha 'vIrAyaNa' kI racanA ke lie preraNA milI, kintu svayaM hindI bhASA vaha mahAkAvya kI zailI se anabhijJa hone se unake anuyAyI mUladAsa jI ko preraNA va protsAhana diyaa| kyoMki rAmAnaMdI saMpradAya ke sAdhu mUladAsa jI ko braja-avadhI kA jJAna thA tathA isI bhASA zailI meM choTI-choTI racanAe~ unhoMne choTelAla jI ko pahale sunAI thiiN| mUladAsa jI ne jaina muni ke Adeza ko grahaNa kara kAvya kA prAraMbha karane se pUrva jaina dharma ke dArzanika granthoM aura paramparAgata vizeSatAoM kA gaharA adhyayana kiyaa| choTelAla jI se preraNA grahaNa kara mahAkAvya kI racanA saMbhava huii| ataH svAbhAvika hai ki tulasIdAsa kI madhura prabhAvotpAdaka bhASA-zailI aura bhaktiparaka vicAradhArA kA prabhAva anya kaviyoM kI taraha mUladAsa jI para bhI hogaa| kisI pUrvavartI mahAkavi se preraNA yA prabhAva grahaNa karanA sAhitya jagata kI eka paramparA sI hai| 'vIrAyaNa' meM kavi ne prabhu mahAvIra ke divya jIvana 'kevala jJAna' 'mokSa' va 'upadeza' ko mArmika va rocaka bhASA-zailI meM vivecita kiyA hai| kathAvastu kA vivecana karane se pUrva saMkSepa meM 'vIrAyaNa' kA racanA-kAla evaM kavi kI sva-laghutA ke saMdarbha meM bhI ullekha Avazyaka banA rahatA hai| 'vIrAyaNa' kA racanA kAla aura kavi kA sva-laghutA varNanaH 'vIrAyaNa' mahAkAvya kI racanA kA samaya kavi ne svayaM saptama kAMDa ke anta meM nirdezita kiyA hai-yathA1. draSTavya-choTe lAla jI mahArAja likhita 'zrI vIrAyaNanI racanA'-gujarAtI, bhUmikA, pR0 7.

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Adhunika hindI - jaina sAhitya 'dvaya sahastra meM zubha paMca varSe, anUpa mAsa aSAr3ha kI / dvitIyA tithi zuklA manohara, mAMgalika hAlAra kI // zubha vAra zukre zrI vinezcara, vIra kA avatAra kI maMgala kathA mUladAsa kahi, kucha kSamA bhaMDAra kI / / ' arthAt vikrama saMvata do hajAra pA~ca meM aSAr3ha zuklA dvitIyA zukravAra ke dina hAlAra prAnta ke jAmanagara kI maMgalabhUmi para isa pavitra grantha kI racanA kavi ne zrI mahAvIra jIvana vRtAnta ko lokapriya banAne ke lie kI thii| - 'vIrAyaNa' mahAkAvya udAtta carita nAyaka bhagavAna mahAvIra kI jIvanI ko Abaddha karake racA gayA hai| usako utkRSTa koTi kA mahAkAvya na svIkRta kiyA jAya to bhI mahAkAvya ke niyamoM kA pAlana avazya kiyA gayA hai| jaina prabandha kAvya meM yatra-tatra kamiyAM yA zithilatA raha gaI haiM, phira bhI ahindIbhASI kavi ke dvArA likhI jAne se usakA mahatvapUrNa sthAna Adhunika hindI jaina sAhitya meM rahegA hI / kavi svayaM mahAkAvya meM raha gaye doSoM ko tathA apanI laghutA ko svIkAra karate haiM-vaise yaha svIkRti unakI vinamratA hI kahI jAyegI - kavi apanI alpatA ke saMdarbha meM kahate haiM 192 mahAvIra mahimA amita, mose kahA na jAya / kSudra dvIpa meM jyoM kabhI, mahodadhi na bhavAya // 1-6 / / prabhA paMtagana kI kahA~, kahA~ jyoti ghara jyota / zazI sAmya kyUM kara lahe, uDDagana udita bahota / 1-19 // apanI galatiyoM ke lie kSamA prArthanA karate hue guru kRpA se hI yathAzakti varddhamAna-kathAkAvya likhane ke saMdarbha kavi kahate haiM janama, jagana, saMyama, grahana varddhamAna itihAsa | guruvara kA hU~ to kaheM prema sahita mUladAsa | 3-467 / / kavi svIkAra karate haiM yaha dayA saMta sujAna ke protsAhana se khAsa / vIra jIvana kucha varNana, yathAmati muuldaas| 3-467 / / kavi ko kavijana kahalAne kI koI mahattvAkAMkSA nahIM haichanda-prabandha bhAva rasa bhedo - kavitta rIta kucha nahi ko khetaa| inakA hai aphasosa na mana meM, mala ginahUM na mohi kavi jana meM | 7-339 / / 1. draSTavya - kavi mUladAsa kRta - 'vIrAyaNa' mahAkAvya, saptama kANDa, 342 pR0 704. sarvatra kavi ke racita dohoM ke uddharaNa akSarazaH likhe gaye haiN| kavi ahindIbhASI evaM vizeSa supAThita nahIM hone se chaMda-bhaMga evaM mAtrA - doSoM kI truTi raha gaI hai|

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Adhunika hindI jaina kAvya : vivecana 193 kAMtA aura kavitA kI mAMhi , auguna guna ke patA na kaaNhii| so paMcAta bAta mahi mere, likhe bhakti se prere|| 7-340 / / kathA-vastu : 'vIrAyaNa' mahAkAvya meM kavi mUladAsa jI ne bhagavAna mahAvIra kI vizruta jIvana kathA ko vizad rUpa se aMkita kiyA hai| mahAvIra kI loka-prasiddha kathA ko punaH vivecita karane kI AvazyakatA nahIM haiN| mahAvIra ke pUrva bhavoM kI kathA, mAtA trizalA evaM pitA siddhArtha kA putra-ratna kI prApti para AnaMdollAsa, varddhamAna kA bAlyakAla, dIkSA evaM dIrgha tapasyA, kevalajJAna prApti ke anantara loka-kalyANa ke lie upadezaka mahAvIra ke vihAra kI prasiddha kathA ko kavi ne kAvya-baddha kiyA hai| mukhya kathA ke sAtha avAntara kathAoM meM kavi ne pramukha prasaMgoM kI avatAraNA bhI kI hai, jinameM tripRSTa vAsudeva, deva-parIkSA, caNDa kauzika-kathA, gozAlaka-kathA, candanA-caritra, mRgAvatI-kathA tathA gyAraha vidvAna brAhmaNoM ko apane pramukha ziSya banAkara caturvidha saMgha-sthApana kI kathA pramukha hai| ina AnuSAMgika kathAoM se mukhya kathA kA pravAha kahIM-kahIM maMda ho jAtA hai, yA sthagita-sA bhI ho jAtA hai, tathA kathA-sUkha bIca meM chUTa-sA jAtA hai| isase mUla kathA-svarUpa se sAtatya banAye rakhane meM takalIpha rahatI hai| sahAyaka pAtroM ke pUrva janmoM kI kathA se mukhya kathA ko AtmasAt karane meM kaThinAI mahasUsa hotI hai, ataH rasAsvAdana meM bhI vikSepa par3atA hai| vaise kavi ne jaina-darzana-granthoM, uttarAdhyAyana sUtra, sUtrakRtAMtra, puNyAzraya kathAkoza, bRhata kathAkoza, ThANAMga sUtrAdi ke AdhAra se mahAvIra kI jIvanI se saMbaMdhita sabhI ghaTanAoM evaM pAtroM ko kathA ke aMtargata saMniSTa kiyA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra kI kathA vaiyaktika na hokara sAmUhika hone se gauNa kathAoM va prasaMgoM kA unakI jIvanI ke aMtargata mahatva rakhatA hai| ataeva kavi ne bhI maryAdita phalaka vAlI mukhya kathA ko sahAyaka ghaTanAoM, pAtroM evaM vividha varNanoM kI bahulatA se puSTa karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| pariNAma svarUpa mahAkAvya kI kathA vastu meM jo sugaThana, kramabaddhatA tathA aucitya apekSita rahatA hai, isakA kavi se yathocita nirvAha nahIM ho pAyA hai| gauNa pAtroM ke pUrva janmoM kI kathAoM ke varNana kI AvazyakatA mahAkAvya meM kisI prakAra mahatvapUrNa nahIM pratIta hotii| varan anAvazyaka paurANikatatva kA samAveza dIkha par3atA hai| kathAvastu meM yatra-tatra aitihAsika krama kA ullaMghana huA hai| mahAvIra evaM gozAlaka kA prasaMga isakA eka udAharaNa hai| vaise kAvya ke bhAvagata satya meM yadi yaha ullaMghana bAdhaka na hotA ho to isa aucitya kA vizeSa mahatva nahIM

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Adhunika hindI - jaina sAhitya rhtaa| lekina kathAvastu ke sAtatya evaM aitihAsikatA ke dRSTikoNa se inameM kramabaddhatA apekSita raha sakatI hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra kA jIvana-vR paurANika yA kAlpanika na hokara itihAsa - siddha hai| phalasvarUpa aitihAsika krama-bhaMga ko nivAhane meM kavi ko satarka rahanA caahie| 194 'vIrAyaNa' kI kathAvastu ke saMgaThana meM prAyaH zithilatA milatI hai| dIkSA ke anantara mahAvIra ke vividha cAtumArsa ke samaya jJAtakhaNDa upavana, nagara, nadI, AzramAdi sthaloM ke sAtha pUrva janmoM kI kathA ke antargata pramukha kathAoM kI vistRta varNana praNAlI se bhI mukhya kathA pravAha meM bAdhA paidA hotI hai| svataMtra kathAoM ke rUpa meM somaprabha vipra, gobhadra brAhmaNa, ratnAvalI, mRgAvatI, yoginiyoM-vyaMtaroM, gopAla tathA caNDakauzika kI kathA avazya rocaka hai| lekina mahAvIra se sambaMdhita mahAkAvya meM ina saba kA vistRta vivecana na to apekSita hai aura na hI shaayk| kevala mahAvIra se sambaMdhita mukhya-mukhya prasaMgoM va pAtroM ko kavi ne kathAsUtra meM piroyA hotA to kathA vastu ke saMgaThana meM suSThutA A jAtI va adhika prabhAvazAlI pratIta hotA / bRhatkAya kAvya 'vIrAyaNa' meM saMpUrNa kathA vastu kA vistAra paurANika DhaMga se kie jAne ke kAraNa kahIM-kahIM yaha mahAkAvya kI garimA se yukta nahIM pratIta hotA, balki carita-kAvya-sA ho jAtA hai| lekina sarvatra yaha bAta nahIM dikhAI detI / tRtIya kANDa meM mahAvIra kI bAlyAvasthA, vivAha, dampatti kI dinacaryA, dIkSA kA nirNaya evaM mahotsava, bAraha varSa kI dIrgha tapasyA va kaSToM kI kathA meM pravAha barAbara banA rakhA hai| mUladAsa jI kA zvetAmbara sampradAya ke siddhAntoM para vizvAsa rahA hogA, aisA pratIta hotA hai, kyoMki digambara sampradAya ke anusAra bhagavAna mahAvIra ko avivAhita na mAnakara unhoMne mahAvIra ke vivAhotsava kA vistRta tathA sundara varNana kiyA hai| samaravIra rAjA kI putrI yazodA se mahAvIra kA byAha AnaMda-ullAsa se saMpanna hotA hai| putrI priyadarzanA ke janmotsava va rUpa-lAvaNya kA bhI kavi ne lalita varNana kiyA hai / kavi ne kathA vastu ke lie pUrNarUpeNa zvetAmbara sampradAya ke darzana-granthoM kA AdhAra grahaNa kiyA hai| jisa prakAra kahIM-kahIM jaina darzana kI paripATI kA bhI pUrNata: anusaraNa kavi se nahIM ho pAyA hai, vahA~ kavi ne jaina darzana ke sAmAnya siddhAntoM kA yathocita sanniveza prastuta kAvya meM kiyA hai / kathAvastu meM vividha vizad varNanoM evaM paga-paga para AnevAlI choTI-moTI kathAoM se kavi ke tadviSayaka jJAna kA avazya patA calatA hai, kintu kathA ke pravAha meM isase kabhI-kabhI bAdhA par3atI hai| ina kSatiyoM-zithilatAoM ke bAvajUda bhI 'vIrAyaNa' mahAkAvya kI

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Adhunika hindI jaina kAvya : vivecana kathA vastu meM rocakatA barAbara banI rahatI hai| kavi mUladAsa jI ne kAvya ko sAta kANDa meM vibhakta kiyA haiM kavi ne mahAkAvya ke prAraMbha ' zrI vIrAyaNa mahAkAvya' ke aMtargata sarasvatI vaMdanA, kavi maryAdA, sajjana- prazaMsA tathA durjana- niMdA ke anantara sAta kANDoM kA saMkSipta ullekha kiyA hai :-yathA 195 prathama kANDa nayasAra banAyA, dharma gRhasthina kA smjhaayaa| cakravartI vAsudeva vikrama, dvitIya kANDa meM diye anukrmaa||11|| tRtIya kANDa nRpa - nandana vAsA, vIra janma vivAha hI bhAkhA / vardhamAna vairAgya batAyA, deva vimAna parasa hita AyA // 12 // caturtha kANDa zUlapANi vyaMtara, caNDa kauzika ahi kathA vistAra / vidyA siddhi yoginI bAtA, cAraNa muni upadeza pratApA // 13 // pati -patnI vrata paMcama balAnI, sUrasena ratnAvalI rAnI // laTa kANDe sati candana bAlA, vIra abhigraha kathA rasAlA / gautama aru guruvara kA jJAnA, kANDa saptame mRga kalyAnA // 14 // sapta kANDa rUpa ratana anupama, unase gUMthI mAlA uttama / zraddhAvanta sujana pahareMge, baDarI saMmukha nahIM tthhreNge| 15-1 // uparokta rUpa se kavi ne sAtoM kANDoM kA saMkSipta digdarzana karAyA hai| prathama va dvitIya kANDa ke antargata bhagavAna mahAvIra ke pUrva janmoM meM se pramukha janmoM kI kathAoM kA kavi ne vistRta varNana kiyA hai| tIsare kANDa meM bhI nandana rAjA ke rUpa meM mahAvIra kI pUrvajanma kathA calatI hai, bAda ke avatAra meM ye tIrthaMkara bne| yadi itane vizAla sargoM meM ye kathAeM na rakhakara kevala eka sarga meM hI saMkSepa meM pramukha pUrva janmoM kA ullekha kara diyA hotA to bhI kAma cala jaataa| usake sAtha hI mukhya kathA para vizeSa dhyAna diyA jA sakatA aura pramukha kathAvastu, kaumAryAvasthA, vivAha, saMsAra se vairAgya, dIkSA - nirNaya, dIkSA mahotsava evaM prAraMbhika paribhramaNa kI mahatvapUrNa ghaTanAoM ko kavi ne eka sarga meM hI sammilita kara diyA hai| yahA~ 'vIrAyaNa' ke mukhya kANDa kA kramAnusAra ullekha samucita pratIta hotA hai| - kavi mUladAsa jI ne 'zrI vIrAyaNa mahAtmya' ke anusAra prathama aura dvitIya kANDa meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke 27 pUrva janmoM meM se mukhya-mukhya janmoM kI kathAoM kA rasAtmaka varNana kiyA hai| ina kathAoM kA ati vistRta rUpa mukhya kathA pravAha ko sthagita -sA kara detA hai| tRtIya kANDa meM mahAvIra janma kathA prAraMbha hotI hai| janma se pahale garbha parivartana, indra va devoM dvArA mAtA trizalA kI stuti-vaMdanA, garbha-parIkSaNa, caudaha svapna evaM unakA phala - mahAtmya Adi ke

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196 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya varNana se kathA kA pravAha vegavanta rahatA hai| tathA kathA-krama kA sAtatya banA rahatA hai| vardhamAna kA janma saMskAra meru parvata para indrAdi devoM dvArA hotA hai, jisakA kavi ne bhavya varNana kiyA hai| aise pratApI bAlaka ko janma dene ke lie trizalA kI mahAnatA svIkAra kara indra unakA jayagAna karate haiN| jaya jaya mAtu tulyA, ratnAkara trizalA anukuulaa| dhanya dharAtala janma tumhArA, tIrthaMkara jina udara pdhaaraa|| Apa gotra zubha gagana samAnA, pragaTa zazi jina bhgvaan| mAnava janma dhanya phala pAyo, dina bohita bhava-rAstha traayo|| isI sarga meM vidhivat adhyayana kA prasaMga bhI rahatA hai| guru-mahimA evaM bhakti para kavi ne yahA~ kAphI vistAra se likhA hai, jisase graMtha kA AkAra bar3ha gayA hai| bar3e hone para mAtA-pitA kI AjJA se na icchA se yazodA ke sAtha pANigrahaNa karane kI ghaTanA kA yahA~ kavi ne sundara varNana kiyA hai| isake anantara pitA kI mRtyu ke uparAnta saMsAra kI asAratA dekha kara bar3e bhAI naMdivardhana se dIkSA kI AjJA lekara dAna kA pravAha eka varSa paryanta prAraMbha karate hai tathA bhAgavatI dIkSA aMgIkAra karate haiN| kavi ne mahAvIra ke gRhatyAga, dIkSA ke kaSToM kA, bar3e bhAI va prajA ke viyoga kI kathA kA tanmayatA se varNana kara karuNA rasa kA AsvAdana karavAyA hai| caturtha kANDa meM bhagavAna mahAvIra kI tapasyA tathA dIkSA ke anantara sAr3he bAraha varSa taka ke paribhramaNa kA kavi ne varNana kiyA hai, jisakA mukhya kathA ke sAtha pratyakSa sambandha na hokara parokSa rUpa se hai| isI samaya mahAvIra ke cintana-manana kI tIvratA Urdhvagati para pahu~catI hai, anekAneka kaThora kaSToM ko ve zAnti evaM samatva se sahate haiM, jisake phalasvarUpa kevala jJAna kI prApti hotI hai| vividha avAntara kathAe~ isI kAMDa meM sthApana pAtI haiN| usI prakAra vividha vastu varNana va prakRti varNana bhI yahIM huA hai| isa kANDa ke nirIkSaNa-parIkSaNa se kavi ne samAvRta kI hai| maMkhalI putra gozAlA ke pUrva janmoM ke varNana ke sAtha mahAvIra ke sAtha usakA vyavahAra, mUrkhatA, aMhakAra evaM bhinna sampradAya ke prAraMbha ko gumphita kara liyA hai| mukhya kathA ke sAtha gozAlA kI kathA kA sambandha anta taka banA rahane se isakA mahatva rahatA hai| chaThe kANDa meM bhI mahAvIra kI samAdhi-sthiti tapazcaryA evaM prANI mAtra ke kalyANa hetu cintana-prakriyA kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| isa sarga meM mahatvapUrNa avAntara kathAoM meM kauzAmbI nagarI ke zatAnika rAjA aura rAnI mRgAvatI kI, dadhivAhana rAjA aura dhAriNI devI kI, caMdanA ke durbhAgya kI 1. draSTavya-kavi mUladAsa kRta-'vIrAyaNa' tRtIya khaNDa 125vAM pd|

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Adhunika hindI jaina kAvya : vivecana tathA mahAvIra ke parApUrva ke zatru ke rUpa meM gvAlA kI dhRSTatA kA varNana rahA hai| isa kANDa meM karuNa-kathAeM karuNa rasa kI niSpatti dvArA bhAvAndolita karane meM sahAyaka hotI hai| aMtima sAtaveM kANDa meM satI candanA ke dIkSA mahotsava kA varNana kavi ne atyanta ullAsa se kiyA hai| mahAvIra kI putrI priyadarzanA evaM jAmAtR jAtAli kumAra kA mAtA se AjJA mAMganA va dIkSA aMgIkAra karane kI kathA mukhya kathA se sambaMdhita hai / tadanantara, caMdana tathA rAnI mRgAvatI ke 'kevala jJAna' - prApti kI kathA sammilita hai, isameM hI mahAvIra ke dvArA jaina dharma ke pracAra-prasAra ke lie gautamAdi gyAraha vidvAn brAhmaNoM ko dIkSita karane kI ghaTanA tathA mahAvIra ke upadezoM kA varNana bhI kiyA hai| aneka kathAoM ke rocaka r3haMga se kiye gaye varNana se kavi kA jaina dharma ke jJAna kA paricaya prApta hotA hai| gautama aura mahAvIra jJAna-kathA, kalIkAla ke varNananAdi meM tatviSayaka jJAna to avazya jhalakatA hai lekina kathAnaka ko anAvazka lambA karane ke sAtha zithila bhI banAtA hai| 197 kathAvastu ke uparyukta ullekha se 'vIrAyaNa' kI kathAvastu hamArI samajha meM A jAtI hai tathA kavi kI kathA vastu ke prabhAva ko banAe rakhane kI kSamatA Adi kA bhI patA cala jAtA hai| kavi mUladAsa ne 'vIrAyaNa' kI racanA rAmacarita mAnasa ke anukaraNa meM kI thI kintu na to kavi ke pAsa mAnasakAra jaisI kAvya kSamatA thI aura na pArapaMrika kAvya jJAna hI, kevala niSThA, lagana tathA jaina sAdhu ke AdezAnusAra 'vIrAyaNa' kI racanA kI thii| ataH svAbhAvika hai ki kAvya meM zithilatA dRSTigata ho / 'vIrAyaNa' kathA saMgaThana meM zaithilya hai; anAvazyaka vistRta varNana hai paurANika zailI kI jhalaka hai, tathApi kAvya kSetra meM Alambana rUpa meM prAya: acarcita bhagavAna mahAvIra ko nAyaka rUpa meM prastuta karake unakA savistAra varNana tathA mahAvIra kathA ko kAvyAtmaka sauSThava pradAna karane kI dRSTi se 'vIrAyaNa' sAhitya itihAsa kI mahatvapUrNa upalabdhi hai| rasa - vivecana : kathAvastu ke vivecana ke uparAnta 'vIrAyaNa' mahAkAvya meM pramukha rasoM kI carcA upayukta rhegii| mUladAsa jI ke isa mahAkAvya meM zAMti evaM zraddhA ke pratIka bhagavAna mahAvIra pramukha nAyaka ke rUpa meM hone se yaha svAbhAvika hai ki zAnta rasa kI pracuratA anta taka pAyI jAtI hai / kavi ne zAnta rasa ke sAtha gauNa rasoM meM zRMgAra, vIra, raudra Adi kA bhI samAyojana kiyA hai| jaina sAhitya meM zRMgAra kI apekSA zAMta rasa ko pramukhatA dI jAtI hai| zRMgAra rasa ko paraMparA nirvAha ke rUpa meM hI apanAyA jAtA hai| usakA bhI ziSTa saumya va udAtta rUpa

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198 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya meM hI prayoga kiyA jAtA hai| kisI bhI kAvya meM kisI bhI rasa kA sAMgopAMga vikAsa nahIM hotA hai| kisI bhI rasa ke viniyojana ke lie usake sthAyI bhAva, vibhAva, anubhAva va saMcArI bhAvoM kA saMyoga Avazyaka rahatA hai, jabaki 'vIrAyaNa' meM zAnta, zRMgAra yA vIra kisI ke sthAyI bhAva kA kramika vikAsa dRSTigocara nahIM hotaa| kevala rasa ke chIMTe hI prApta hote haiN| kAvya kA mUla svara zAnta rasa avazya hai kyoMki bhakti-bhAvanA, stuti-prArthanA, anunayAdi kA varNana kavi ne svayaM vizeSa kiyA hai| zRMgAra ke lie bhI usake sthAyI bhAva rati kA svarUpa prApta nahIM hai, lekina tIna-cAra jagaha kevala rUpa-varNana taka hI kavi sImita rahe haiN| kavi mUladAsa ne zAnta rasa kI parikvatA ke lie kumAra varddhamAna evaM yuvA mahAvIra ke nirveda, ciMtana, vairAgya yA usI se sambaMdhita vicAra-vyavahAra ko 'vIrAyaNa' meM citrita nahIM kiyA hai| unhoMne bAlaka varddhamAna se turanta vivAhita yuvA mahAvIra ko prastuta kiyA hai| phira nava yuvA mahAvIra ke dAmpatya jIvana kA, premollAsa kA bhI varNana na kara unake dIkSA-nirNaya va utsava kA varNana vistRta rUpa se kavi karate haiN| ataH pUre kAvya kA pramukha rasa zAnta kahe jAne para bhI usakA kramika vikAsa prApta nahIM hai| zAnta aura vIra rasa ke lie bhI yahI sthiti hai| jabaki 'varddhamAna' mahAkAvya meM kavi anUpa ne varddhamAna kA pragAr3ha cintana, sAMsArika vyavahAroM se udAsInatA, nirveda sthiti Adi kA suMdara varNana kiyA hai| 'vIrAyaNa' meM mahAvIra ke nirveda kI anubhUti ko kahIM prakaTa nahIM kiyA gayA hai| mAtA-pitA kI mRtyu para kavi kahate haiMindrajAla saba sneha samajhanA, svAratha lAgi ginata jana apnaa| kSaNa bhaMgura yaha deha ki sapanA, phokaTa to phira kAhi klpnaa| 3-352 / / yoga-viyoga hi sandhyA raMgA, aTala niyama cira kAla abhNgaa| nazvara yaha jaga dikhoM tapAsI, prabhunAma zAzvata avinaashii||3-353|| dohA- kisikuM na chor3e kAla kaba, zodho sakala jhaan| kartavyoM pAlana karo, aTala niyama yahI jaan|| 3-354 // - mahAvIra ke dIkSA-prasaMga para kula kI vRddhA strI unako dIkSA ke kaSToM, mahatvAdi ke viSayoM meM batAtI haiN| mahAvIra bhI una kaThinAiyoM ko sahane kI taiyArI batAte hue apane vastrAbhUSaNoM kA tyAga kara sarva ko namaskAra karate haiM svayaM jinezvara vacana ucArA, vedoM meM padasiddha udaaraa| bosirAyI sAvadhya trividha, caraNAmbuja vedoM saha siddhe||

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Adhunika hindI jaina kAvya : vivecana 199 grahana karo saMyama zira bhArA, saba siddhoM ko namana hmaaraa| samyak jIvana meM hi baratahU~, aMgikAra cAritra karata huuN| -tRtIya sarga pR0 250 sarvaprathama pramukha rasa zAnta rasa kI carcA kreNgeN| taduparAnta anya gauNa rasoM para vicAra hogaa| zAnta rasa : __ saMpUrNa 'vIrAyaNa' mahAkAvya meM zAnta rasa kI pradhAnatA hai kyoMki nAyaka mahAvIra karuNA evaM kSamA kI sAkSAt mUrti haiN| aneka kaSToM ke bAvajUda bhI dhIra-aDiga mahAvIra apane dhyAna-tapasyA se calAyamAna hone vAle nahIM haiN| kaThina kaSToM ko zAnti se sahate hue cintana-manana ke bAda 'uccaguNasthAna' para pahu~ca kara 'kevala jJAna' prApta karane ke prasaMgoM meM zAnta rasa kA acchA citraNa huA hai| kavi ne bhaktibhAva se prerita hokara hI isakI racanA kI hai| ataH svAbhAvika hai ki zAnta rasa ke lie Avazyaka bhakti, stuti-vaMdanA, cintana, dIkSA-prasaMga, upadeza Adi kA varNana to rahegA hii| karuNA-sAgara mahAvIra se sambaMdhita kitanI hI ghaTanAoM meM zAnta rasa kI prApti hotI hai| hAM, anUpa zarmA ke 'varddhamAna' mahAkAvya kI taraha yaha cintana pradhAna na hokara pUrNataH carita pradhAna hai| ataH kumAra varddhamAna kI gaMbhIra va gahana cintana paddhati aura dArzanikatA kA sarvathA abhAva hai yA kavi ne svayaM mahAvIra ke dvArA unakI cintana-praNAlI ko abhivyakti nahIM dI haiN| phalasvarUpa zAnta rasa kI carama va tIvra pariNati yahA~ upalabdha nahIM hotI, balki zAnta rasa kA sAmAnya pravAha bahatA hai| varddhamAna ke janma-samaya va deva-devI Ananda-ullAsa se darzana karane Ate haiM tIrthakara darzana hite, umaTe agaNa vimaan| varSA bAdala karata jimi, ambara aacchaadaan|| 3-118 / / prabhu ko janma denevAlI mAtA ko bhI dhanya hai, kyoMki trizalA devI carana ko, kara pradakSiNA tiin| baMdI stuti karane lage, vAsava parama prviin|| 3-123 / / jaya jaya mAtu vasudhA tulyA, ratnAkara trizalA anukuulaa| dhanya dharAtala janama tumhArA, tIrthaMkara jina udara pdhaaraa|| 3-128 / / varddhamAna ne jaina dIkSA aMgIkAra karane kA nizcaya kiyA to apanA saba kucha nyauchAvara karane lage pAvata dAna mAna kou hasta, na jAve so rIti phlii| vicarata varddhamAna jahA~ jAve, parata dRSTi dhana disata suhaave|| 3-382 //

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200 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya ghana mUrchita jana apanA dhana, moha kabhI na tjt| unase Atama hIlake, duSkara tapa kyU~ tpt|| 3-384 // sarva virati icchA ke dhArI, tajahu moha dhana hRdaya vicaarii| AtmA to unako gina lahiye, bhavyAtmA inako kimi kriye|| 385 // mahAvIra ke dIkSA-aMgIkAra-prasaMga para devatAgaNa stuti vaMdanA karate hue gAte haiMmAyA moha ati kaThina bandhana, tuma siddhAratha nNdn| aMdhakAra ajJAna nasAvana, saMta kamala mana ko viksaavn|| 3-408 // sahasrAMzu sama Apa anUpA, dhanya dhanya jaya siddhi svruupaa| guna sAgara nAgara guna Apana, kahana cahata ko bohi tthitthaapn|| 3-409 // iMdriyoM ke vikAsa ko jIta kara hI mahAvIra 'jitendrIya' ke nAma se jaga meM vikhyAta hue| kyoMki vRttiyoM ko jItanA atyanta duSkara kArya haikinnara sura gandharva anekA, karata kaMTha gadagadita vivekaa| mAra hasti madamasta jitana asa, sune na samaratha Apa same ks|| 3-407 // - isI prakAra prabhu kI mahimA kA gAna karate hue indra mahArAja stuti karate acala anaMta niraMjana pekhA, bhava aSdhi tArana tuma rekhA, bAraMbAra baMdana prabhu mere, svIkAra hU~ dIna kiMkara kre|| 3-51 // saptama kANDa ke antargata bhagavAna mahAvIra ke upadeza meM bhI zAnta rasa kI dhArA pravAhita hotI hai| saMsAra kI anityatA evaM vaibhava-vilAsa ke tyAga kA mahatva pratipAdita kara zAnti kA mArga batalAyA hai vRddhAvasthA vyAdhi se, gherita tana duHkha paat| ati zrama te lakSmI, sovidyuta smujhaat|| 7-55 // suta dArA saMyoga viyogA, upajAvata ati harSa sogaa| kSaNa bhaMgura jala bicI samAnA, hota jAta nizcaya jana jaanaa|| 511 tRSNA viSaya lubdhatA ghere, karata akAja adharma ghnere| dharma rUpa pAtheya liye bina, banata aciMte yama ke aadhiin| 57 // isa prakAra vIrAyaNa kAvya meM zAnta rasa kA mukhya svara pratipAdita hotA hai| isake sAtha zRMgAra rasa kA nirUpaNa kavi ne yathAvasara kara kAvya meM rasAtkatA va lAlitya paidA kiyA hai| vIrAyaNa meM kavi ne bhagavAna kI pUjyA mAtA trizalA ke rUpa sauMdarya, yauvana aura dAmpatya-rasa keli kA varNana na kara sarvathA aucityatA kA nirvAha kiyA hai| isase kisI kI zraddhA ko Thesa pahu~cane kA yA

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Adhunika hindI jaina kAvya : vivecana AlocanA - vivecanA kA prazna hI paidA nahIM ho sktaa| kavi ne dvitIya kANDa meM rAjakumArI mRtrAvatI ke unmukta rUpa sauMdarya ke varNana meM zrRMgAra kA viniyojana kiyA hai| isakA eka dRSTAnta dekhie bhAla vizAla biMdi laghu kinhI, uDugana camakata linhIM / locana lalita raMga aMjana yukta suhAvata kAre // 2-16 // usa pai uroja virAjata kaisA, ulaTa anaMta nagArana jaisA / taba unnatapana mAnahu pAI, hAra- bhAra taiM dabi laghutAI // 17 // vilaga hoI laTa eka alaka kI, AI kapolana upari jhalakI // zodhi sAmya kahate kavi kaisI, madana mRdula kara ghara akhi jaisI / nAjuka cibuka upari tila sohe, zakahi Adi upamA kavi ko hai // 18 // (dohA) sAja siMgAra sabe beNI, citavani cAru cakora / caMcala dragI kuraMgizI, anupama aMga bharora // 19 // ' 201 yahA~ mRgAvatI rAnI evaM bhadrA devI kI kathA meM kavi se gaMbhIra krama bhaMga ho gayA hai, jisakI carcA yahA~ anupayukta hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke pUrva janmoM kI kathA ke aMtargata tripRSTa vAsudeva kI kathA mahatvapUrNa hai| unakI mAtA rAnI mRgAvatI ke deha-sauMdarya kA citra khIMcakara kavi ne zRMgAra ke eka pakSa kA varNana kiyA hai| mRgAvatI rAnI ke sauMdarya varNana meM azlIlatA yA kAmukatA nahIM Ane pAI hai| kavi ne pUrA-pUrA nakha - zikha varNana isa sarga meM kiyA hai, jo paramparAyukta hone para bhI AkarSaka hai| usI prakAra tripRSTa ke deha-sauSThava kA bhI kavi ne suMdara citra ubhArA hai:-yathA nIla kaMjasama suhala zarIrA, nasavuti mAnahu ujjavala hIrA / marita kapola gola aruNAre, kaMTha sulalita kambu aniyAre // pUrNa candra Anana chavi chAye, dekhata kAma koTi lajavAye / naMdana padma zubha prakAzavaMtA, kuMcita keza kRSNa sohaMtA // kavi ne zRMgAra rasa kA viniyojana kevala rUpa - varNana meM hI kiyA hai| udAtta, unmukta praNaya, rasa pUrNa dAmpatya jIvana yA saMyoga-viyoga zrRMgAra ke anya pakSoM kA ubhAra 'vIrAyaNa' meM prApta nahIM hotA hai| rAjakumArI yazodA ke sAtha vivAhoparAnta bhI daMpatti ke premapUrNa AlApa - saMlApa, uttejaka ceSTAe~ yA vyavahAra, rAnI ke unmAdaka sauMdarya Adi ke varNana ko dhIra-gaMbhIra - vairAgI mahAvIra nAyaka hone ke kAraNa tyAjya samajhakara chor3a diyA hai| lekina yahA~ mahAvIra ko avivAhita hI batAyA hotA to yaha prazna hI nahIM khar3A hotA / kavi ne isameM bhI 1. draSTavya-kavi mUladAsa kRta - 'vIrAyaNa', dvitIya sarga, pR0 63.

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202 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya yazodA ke rUpa-sauMdarya kA hI kevala varNana kara diyA hai tathA use rAjakula kI striyAM kaise sajAtI haiM, isakI carcA kI gaI hai| yazodA ratnAbhUSaNa se kisa prakAra sajAI jAtI hai isakA eka citra draSTavya hai mila aMtaHkula caturA nArI, kanyA yazodA kuM siNgaaaarii| kaMcukI paMca ratna pahanAI, kaMcana mekhalA dhraaii|| 3-285 / / navasara hAra kaMTha sohe kasa, badana canda saMmukha tArA js| alatAyukta rakta caranoM kI, aMguli natayuti jyoM ratanoM kii|| 286 // kamalanAla sama duhu~ kara bhAse, dazAMgulI mudrikA prkaashe| saMga sahelina sohata kaisI, nabha gulAla bIca capalA jaisii| 3-887 // isI prakAra vyAha ke bAda nava-daMpatti vividha prakAra ke Ananda maMgala meM dina vyatIta karate haiM, isakA varNana upalabdha hai| isako bhI udAtta saMyoga-zRMgAra pakSa kA eka pahalU mAtra hI samajhanA caahie| varddhamAna kuMvara aura rAnI yazodA AnaMda se dina gujArate haiM, isakA eka udAharaNa dekhievarddhamAna kuMvara aru rAnI, bitAvata dina daMpati jnyaanii| kayahuMka nRtyAMrabha, sune-rAginI vaalaa|| 3-328 // rucira bAga phala-phUla nihArata, kSiti sauMdarya dekha dila tthaart| isa bidha dila apanA bahelAkA, nizi-vAsara jAnata nahi baataa| 337 // ' varddhamAna-yazodA kI zizu-sucI, priyadarzanA ke rUpa-lAvaNya, cArutA va komalatA kA kavi ne sundara varNana kiyA hai| isako zRMgAra rasa-kI niSpatti svarUpa na kahakara kevala rUpa varNana mAtra kaha sakate haiN| priyadarzanA kI rUpa-chavi dekhie ista caraNa komala aMbuja sama, saMndara avayava opana anupamA koTi lakSmI sama teja nidhAnA, Thana samAna kahi jAta na jaanaa|| zukla zazi sama vRddhi pAve, dina dina prati ati kAnti suhaave| haMsI aru gajagAminI bAlA, bimba phala adhara rsaalaa|| 335 // cIbuka gola kapola sugrIvA, barani na jAta anupa rUpa sivaa| bacana madhure priya bhAkhe, priyadarzanA nAma ina raakhe|| 3-336 / / isa prakAra 'vIrAyaNa' bhagavAna mahAvIra kI jIvana kathA se sambaMdhita mahAkAvya hone se zrRMgAra rasa kA pUrNa rUpa upalabdha nahIM ho sktaa| mUladAsa jI ne mahAvIra ko vivAhita svIkArA hai, ataH unakI dIkSA ke uparAnta yazodA ke viraha-varNana kA avasara prApta ho sakatA hai| lekina jaina dharma ke darzana granthoM 1. draSTavya-kavi mUladAsa kRta-'vIrAyaNa', tRtIya khaNDa, pR0 224.

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Adhunika hindI jaina kAvya : vivecana 203 meM isa sambaMdha meM koI carcA prApta nahIM hai aura mahAvIra ke vivAha sambaMdha meM koI nizcita mata na hone se kavi viyoga zrRMgAra kA viniyojana nahIM kara paaye| mahAkAvya ke lie Avazyaka pramukha zAnta aura zrRMgAra rasa kA to nirvAha kavi ne kiyA hai, lekina gauNa rUpa meM vIra, karuNa, adbhutAdi anya rasoM kA bhI prayoga huA hai| kavi ne svayaM kahA hai hAsya, siMgAra, vIra, karuNA ke zAMta bhairava bhaakhe| hoye kucha bhI vibhatsa likhAye, adbhuta rasa kahIM diye btaaye||' zAMta rasa kI carcA ke sAtha kavi ne vIra. bhayAnaka, adbhuta va karuNa Adi anya rasoM kA bhI saMkSepa meM sundara varNana kiyA hai| ina rasoM ke nirUpaNa meM-vizeSataH vIra ke-kavi ko paryApta saphalatA prApta huI hai| tRtIya kANDa meM bAlaka varddhamAna apane sAthiyoM ke sAtha bAlocita krIr3A karate haiM, parIkSA lene ke lie eka deva bhayAnaka rUpa dhAraNa kara vahA~ jA pahu~cate haiN| sabhI bAlaka to isa bhayaMkara, vikarAla sarpa dekhakara ghabar3Akara daur3ate hue bhAgane kA upakrama karate haiM, jabaki prabhu tanika bhI na Darate hue usake sara para savAra hokara hAthoM se pITane lagate haiN| tIrthankara kI kasauTI karane vAloM kI kaisI avadazA hotI hai, isakA kavi ne sundara varNana kiyA hai| jaba bhayAnaka AdamI ke rUpa meM bhI bAlaka varddhamAna Dare nahIM, calAyamAna na hue to usa mithyAtvI daiva ne kaise bhayAnaka nAga kA rUpa dhAraNa kiyA aise mana vicAra kara AyA, bar3A syAla kA rUpa bnaayaa| kAnana mahiSa sIMga kAlA, dharA rUpa atizaya vikraal|| 2-172 // raktacUr3a sama ati aruNA, A~khoM meM bahuta hI ghrvaaii| jabaradasta phana Thopa phulAI, rasanA iva bahuta hi lpkaaii| 173 / / phutkArata mukha bane na dekhA, ghora bhayaMkara vakra vishessaa| tvarita gatI se saMmukha AyA, jIrNa rajjuvata jina phgvaayaa| 174 // phira usane bAlaka kA veza lekara apane Upara dAMva le liyA, tAki kuMvara usakI pITha para savAra ho jAya aura vaha use jora se pachAr3a de| lekina kuMvara to tribhuvana nAyaka hai| jaise hI kuMvara pITha para savAra hue, usane pizAca rUpa banA liyA turanta pizAca rUpa banavAke, bhAgana lage pITha cddh'ke| karkaza keza muMDa sama bhAse, mastaka ghaTa para ghaTA vikaase||177|| mukuTi bhayaMkara locana lAlA stravata anala kI jvaalaa| girivara guhA sIrakhI nAsA, aghara USTra sama laTakata laasaa|| 178 // 1. draSTavya-kavi mUladAsa kRta-'vIrAyaNa'. prathama khaNDa

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204 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya bhayAnaka rasa kI taraha kavi ne vIra rasa kA bhI sundara sAdRzya citraNa kiyA hai| kavi svayaM preraka (cAraNa) hone se svabhAvagata vIra rasa kA paripAka umaMga ke sAtha ho sakA hai| mahAvIra ke pUrva-bhava tripRSTa ke avatAra meM kavi ko vIra rasa kA utsAha-preraka, phar3akatA citraNa karane kA acchA mokA mila gayA hai, kyoMki tripRSTa-pada para pratiSThita hone se sabhI bar3e-bar3e rAjAoM se yuddha karake vijaya prApta kiye| aise yuddhoM ke varNana meM, vIra rasotpAdaka prasaMgoM meM kavi ko apekSAkRta vizeSa saphalatA prApta huI hai| yuddha-bhUmi kA sajIva varNana dekhie umakaMta Dhola traMbAlu bherI, gheri gahavara gaavhiN| taDataDa ninAda turIna ke, 3 3 nagAre baajhiiN| 1-194 // ghuni zaMkha kI suni jAta nA, Dara sAta kAyara bhaaghiN| hA~, hA~-mare, hA~-hA~ mare, bacahIM na kou ilaajhiN|| 2-195 // yuddhabhUmi meM zastroM ke varNana meM bhI jhaMkAra kI dhvani, nAda-sauMdarya, kavi ne prakaTa kiyA hai| kavi kI bAnI meM kisa prakAra kA yuddha ho rahA hai, usa citra ko dekhie asi bAna ke kamAna kara para, ghara samara meM bicre| pada cara larata padacarana se, hayasvAra hathadala se lre| rathi sAtha mahArathi Abhire, gajadala su gajadala aathre| rUdra muNDa pracaNDa nAcata, girata zira jina dhar3a lre|| 2-196 // gajadanta se gajadanta lAgata, anala kaNa darasAta yoM, gharSata bAdala pragaTa jhaSakata, jhake jhalaka vidyuta jyoN| mAtaMga gaNDasthala pherata, uchalata rudhira pravAha kyoM, mahi phAra DAra bAhara nikasana, adrise jalavAra jyoN| 197 // vAtsalya rasa kA varNana bhI kavi ne sundara bhAvapUrNa kiyA hai| garbha meM bAlaka mAtR-prema ke kAraNa halana-calana kI kriyA baMda kara detA hai, jisase trizalA rAnI becaina ho jAtI haiM, vilApa karatI haiM, apane bhAgya ko kosatI haiN| rAjA siddhArtha bhI duHkhI hote haiN| pUre rAjabhavana meM sannATA chA jAtA hai rAnI ke duHkha kA koI pAra nahIM hai| kavi ne ina hRdayadrAvaka bhAvoM kA sundara marmasparzI varNana kiyA hai mAtA mana vismaya bhayo, gayo garbha nija jaan| naSTa bhayo kI apaharyoM, bebaza kumtiimaan|| 3, 81 // mlAna bhayA mana ciMtA vyApI, punyahIna nahIM paavkdaayii| ratna raMka-ghara raheM na kaise, kRpana kirata jhaTa nAsata taise|| 3-83 //

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Adhunika hindI jaina kAvya : vivecana mAtA kA hRdayadrAvaka zoka-vilApa suna kara hI garbhastha tIrthaMkara ko nizcaya karanA par3A ki 'abhI maiM garbha sthiti meM hU~, phira bhI itanI adbhuta sneha vrssaa| itanA asIma prema moha hai ki kevala mere hilane-Dulane kI kriyA sthagita kara dene se mAtA ko itanA AghAta lagatA hai, to yadi maiM unakI upasthiti maiM dIkSA aMgIkAra kara lU~ to unakA kyA hAla ho jAya ? zAyada ve jIvita hI na raha paae| ataH unakI upasthiti meM maiM dIkSA grahaNa nahIM karU~gA aura unakI prasannatA kA khyAla rakhU~gA / isI kAraNa kumAra varddhamAna byAha ke lie pUrNa virAgI evaM anicchuka hone para bhI 'hA~' kara dete haiM aura garbha samaya kI pratinusAra dIkSA bhI mAtA-pitA kI mRtyu ke anantara lete haiN| mAtA trizalA kI vyAkulatA dekha bAlagarbha ne phira se yathAvata kriyA prAraMbha kara dI to mA~ ke mana meM kitanA harSa - Ananda chA jAtA hai garbha calana kriyA ko jAne, bar3e pramoda mAta mana mAne / snAna vilepana kiye umaMge, ambara uttama pahire aMge / / 3-90 / / aba mAtA ke jI meM jI AyA aura snAna - vilepana va vastrAbhUSaNa saba meM ruci paidA huii| usI prakAra jAmAlikumAra - prabhu mahAvIra ke jamAI - prabhu kI dezanA sunakara saMsAra asAratA paidA hone se dIkSA lene kA nizcaya karate haiM aura apanI mAtA kI saMmati lene jAte haiM, taba dIkSA kI bAta sunakara mAtA ke hRdaya para kyA gujaratI hai| mA~ cakarAkara mUrcchita ho dharatI para lur3haka jAtI hai hoMge putra-viyoga vicArI, mAtA mana duHkha bhayA apArI / moha mahimA mahAbalavAnA, mAtR-prema jAya bkhaanaa|| 7-76 // zithila bhayA tana mUrcchA AI, dharaNI tala pe Dala gaI gabharAI / Aye bhayabhIta daur3a parijana, nirmala jala ko linhA siNcn| 77 // mA~ kA Ardra komala mana prAraMbha meM dIkSA kI ijAjata ke lie inkAra karatA hai| rAjamahala meM rahakara kucha dharma- dhyAna karane ke lie prerita karatI hai| sukha bhogane kI umra meM paitRka saMpati ko bhogate hue Ananda caina se rAniyoM ke sAtha ArAma se jIne ko kahatI hai aura dIkSA kI ijAjata nahIM detii| lekina jAmAlikumAra kA dRr3ha nizcaya dekhakara mA~ akulAtI hai, apane nirNaya se haTane kI anicchA hone para bhI beTe kA dRr3ha nirNaya dekha pasIja jAtI hai aura putra ko dIkSA ke bAIsa pariSahoM, kaSTa, tApa, tapasyA, zrama sabhI kA nirdeza kara samajhAtI - bujhAtI hai, zAyada kaSToM kA varNana sunakara beTA dIkSA kA vicAra chor3a de| tadanantara mA~ use vaDIlopArjita dhana-vaibhava, rAniyoM ke anurAga - mAyA-mamatA, sukha-vaibhava-vilAsa, mRdu rAjataMtra kI komala moha-Dora se bAMdhanA cAhatI hai lekina lAkha koziza karane para becArI mA~ ko niSphalatA prApta hotI hai aura 205

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206 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya majabUrana use saMyama-grahaNa ke lie ijAjata denI par3atI hai| kavi ne vAtsalya rasa kI bhA~ti yathAvasara karuNa rasa kI jhAMkI karAne kA bhI sundara prayAsa kiyA hai| candanabAlA kI upakathA meM karuNa rasa kI mArmika abhivyakti kavi ne kI hai| eka rAjakumArI ko paristhiti vaza kina-kina dazAoM se, kaise-kaise logoM se gujaranA par3atA hai| anekAneka kaSToM ke bAvajUda bhI vaha zAnta, kSamAzIla evaM karuNApUrNa hRdaya se saba kucha sahana karatI kisI ko doSa na dekara apane pUrva janma ke karmoM kA phala samajhakara dhairya se saba sahatI hai| mAtA dhAriNI devI kI mRtyu ke bAda sipAhI use zreSThi ko beca detA hai nija ghara treSTi para jAnA, janani janaka daMpati ko maanaa| apane guma zIla vinaya prabhAvA, zreSThi ghara sammAna bddh'aavaa|| madhura vacana zItala bimi candana, parivajana mana ko karatI rNjn| saurabha candana sama phailAyA, nAma candanA saba tthhraayaa|| 3-341 // lekina IrSyAvaza mUlA seThAnI usakI kyA avadazA kara detI hai| seTha ke bAhara jAne para bAla kATakara, muMDana kara hAthoM-pairoM meM jaMjIra DAlakara eka vastra pahanAkara talaghara meM DAla detI hai aura khuda maike calI jAtI hai| tIna dina bAda vApasa Ane para seTha ne candanA ke viSaya meM bAra-bAra pRcchA karane para vRddhA dAsI se usakA hAla mAlUma huA dvAra khola jA seTha nihAre, zira muMDita pada jaMjIra bhaare| kSudhA pIr3ita tana kAnti hInA, kaMpati haranI samahave diinaa| kusuma mAla karamAI dikhAtI, pekhata pharata vajra sama chaatii| azru pravAha bahe duhu nainA, seTha dekha kachu bola sake naa|| 353-7 // usI prakAra bhagavAna ke donoM kAnoM meM kAza kI salAkA gvAle ne nirdayatA se bhIMca kara usake donoM chora ko milAkara lahU-lahAna kara diyA thA, phira bhI bhagavAna to 'kAusasatra' kI sthiti meM hone se kucha bole-cAle nahIM aura kaSTanIya pIDA ko sahate rhe| kuzala vaidya ke dvArA jaba tela-mardana ke dvArA usa tIkSNa salAkAoM ko bAhara nikAlane kA upakrama kiyA jAtA hai to dhairya dhIraja evaM aDigatA ke mUrti samAna prabhu se gaganebhedI citkAra nikala jAtI hai aura Asa-pAsa ke sabhI logoM ke hRdaya karuNA se dravita ho gye| uparyukta vivecana se spaSTa hotA hai ki 'vIrAyaNa' kAvya meM rasoM kA vidhi vata rUpa upalabdha nahIM hai, lekina rasoM kA prAraMbhika svarUpa hI kavi ne vyakta kiyA hai| zAnta rasa ke sAtha zrRMgAra, vIra va karuNA rasa ke chIMTe avazya prApta hote haiN|

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Adhunika hindI jaina kAvya : vivecana 207 'vIrAyaNa' kA vastu-varNana : 'vIrAyaNa' meM prastuta rasoM kI carcA ke uparAnta isameM upalabdha vividha varNanoM ke viSaya meM bhI vicAra kara lenA prAsaMgika hogaa| isake viSaya meM kavi ke saMyamI, vItarAgI nAyaka ke kAraNa viziSTa sImA meM Abaddha rahanA par3A, lekina kAvya ke antargata nagara, mahala, nadI, vana-upavana, jalAzaya, sUryodaya-saMdhyA, ratnAbhUSaNoM ke AkarSaka varNanoM ke dvArA kavi ne kAvya meM rocakatA bharane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| 'vIrAyaNa' meM mUladAsa jI ne vividha varNanoM meM bhavyatA bhara dI hai, vizeSakara vana-upavana ke dRzyoM meM tathA yuddha ke varNanoM meM tIvratA va oja hai| kavi ne yuddhabhUmi va sainya kA vAstavika varNana kara jIvantatA mUrtimanta kara dI hai| usI prakAra priyamitra cakravartI kI vijaya patAkA kA varNana bhI AkarSaka hai| varddhamAna-yazodA ke vivAha samaya vividha ratnAbhUSaNoM evaM kImatI vastroM ke varNana meM kavi kI etadviSayaka ruci-paricaya milatA hai| prathama kANDa meM jayantipurI nagarI kA kavi ne sundara varNana kiyA hai mahala, vana-upavana, jalAzaya, nadI aTTAlikAe~, choTe-choTe parvata Adi se AveSTita yaha nagarI samRddhi se bhI pUrNa thii| isakA eka citra dekhiesara saritA kUpa vApi ghanere, varaNi na jAya dekha mana here| rucira girIvara sohata kaise, kSiti ramaNI kabarI kuca kaise|| 1-32 // pAvana surasari vahA~ cali jAI, darzahute janake jaya aaii| nAnA taruvara suMdara bAgA, sohata nagara samIpa adhaamaa|| 33 // vividha bhA~ti paMkaja sara khIle, zyAma sapheda aruNa aru niile| guMjata bhaMga madhura sura kaise, sura gaMdharva gavaiyana jaise|| 34 // suMdara mahala aTAri havelI, vizvakarmA ne svayaM racelI bicabica nagara suhAve phuvArA, rAse ravi kita prajA apaaraa|| 37 // bhagavAna mahAvIra kI janmabhUmi kSatriya kuNDa nagarI kI saMpati meM varddhamAna ke janma ke bAda vRddhi hotI gaI, isa buddhimAna zrI sauMdarya kA kavi ne atyanta saMkSepa meM varNana kiyA hai| varddhamAna ke byAha ke samaya samavIra mahArAja ne bArAtiyoM ko paharAvanI meM diye ratna-AbhUSaNa, vastra, hAthI-ghor3e, mevA-miThAI Adi kA kavi ne vistRta varNana kiyA hai-yathA-. isa bica maMgala cAri sucAru, bhaye pUrNa jaga jasa vyvhaar| mugaTa sukuMDala kakana, bAjubandha balahAra sukNcn|| 291 // 1. draSTavya-kavi mUladAsa kRta-'vIrAyaNa', prathama khaNDa, pR0 7-8.

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208 Adhunika hindI - jaina sAhitya zAla duzAlA dupaTTA suMdara, vidha-vidha duSyaka raMgita ambara / senApati paherAvanI kinhIM, prema sameta barAtIna linhIM // / 3- 2921 hemaravata thAlI aru thAlA, diye kaTori sundara pyAlA / mugaTa pramukha AbharaNa anekA, kaTI sUtra manijar3ita sunekA // 294 isI prakAra kavi ne varddhamAna ke dIkSA- utsava meM nagara va rAjamahala meM kI gaI sajAvaTa kA, dAna- pravAha, gagana meM puSpa vRSTi tathA devoM ke vividha vimAna evaM sAja-sajjA kA kavi ne yathocit varNana kiyA hai| RjuvAlikA nadI, saMdhyA, sUryodaya, parvata, mahala Adi kA bhI kavi ne yathA prasaMga varNana kara paramparA kA nirvAhna kiyA hai| ina varNanoM meM Azrama va upavana ke varNanoM meM kahIM-kahIM punarAvartana va nAma - parigaNana kI pravRtti bhI dRSTigata hotI hai, jisase varNana meM AkarSakatA yA prasantA kA anubhava na hokara nIrasatA paidA hotI hai| isa nAma parigaNana kI pravRtti se kavi baca pAye hote to varNana meM rocakatA bhara jaatii| varddhamAna dIkSA ke samaya ratnajar3ita pAlakI meM baiThakara jJAtakhaNDa vana meM Ate haiM, taba sabhI prakAra ke peDa-paudheM va pakSiyoM kA kavi ne sammilita varNana kiyA hai| mahAvIra ke satkAra ke lie prakRti meM cAroM ora AnaMda-ullAsa chA gayA hai, pakSIgaNa bhI apane AnaMda kI abhivyakti bhinna-bhinna tarIke se karate haiM saba mili jJAtakhaNDa upavana meM, AI savArI gAr3ha vRkSana meM / arjuna, kela, kadamba, tamAlA, sISama, sAga, azoka, rasAlA // 432 // nAriyala, vaTavRkSa vizAlA, jamarUkha, sItAphala taruvAlA // nAraMgI dAr3ima drAkSAdi, puMgI aMgI laviMga latAdi // 3-433 // candana, elacI, ketakI, kere, campaka, nImbU khajUrI ghanere / Amala, jAmbU, kiMzuka vRkSA, nija zobhA se khIMcata latA // itane sAre per3a-paudhe eka hI sthala para saMbhava ho yA nahIM, yaha bhinna bAta hai| lekina kavi ise 'naMdanavana' se bhI utkRSTa avazya batAte haiM naMdanavana inako kaha denA, kahata kavijana kIrti ghanerI / yaha to sama hai hI kahanA, aura sAmya inako hI lagenA // isI prakAra prathama kANDa meM kavi puSpakaraMDaka bAga meM vizvabhUti rAjakumAra evaM unakI rAniyoM ke vasanta Rtu ke vividha - AnaMda-pramoda ke varNana meM bhinna-bhinna puSpoM kI sUcI upasthita karate haiM- -yathA sukIracaMca vakazA, diyaMta kiMzukA yathA / sujUha jAI mAlatI, laheMkatI surAI meM //

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Adhunika hindI jaina kAvya : vivecana 209 kareNa bhA~ti kI, gulAba caMpakI klii| bahAra bahota mogarA kI, kyA kahU~ btaaiye|| 1-206 // saroja hai kumuda hai, suketa kI suhaavtii| manAvatI yathA manoja, naina ko ncaaiye|| pukArate puruSa jAta, prAna pyAri aaiye| vRthA vasanta kI anaMta, moja na gumaaiye| 1-207 // vRkSoM ko bhI isI upavana meM kavi ne eka sAtha zobhita hote hue batAye 'vIrAyaNa' meM pratibiMbita dArzanikatA : 'vIrAyaNa' mahAkAvya kI AdhikArika kathAvastu evaM nAyaka jaina dharma se sambaMdhita hone se spaSTataH isameM jaina dharma ke tatvoM va AcAra-vicAra sambaMdhI vicAra-dhArA kA nidarzana rahatA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke vairAgya, dIkSA, jJAnaprApti, anuyAyI varga tathA upadeza ko isameM kAvyAtmakatA se guMphita kara diyA hai| ataH svAbhAvika hai ki isameM mahAvIra ke upadeza kA saiddhAMtika va vyAvahArika pakSa ujAgara kiyA gayA hai| anUpa zarmA ke 'vardhamAna' mahAkAvya meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke carita dvArA jaina dharma ke saiddhAMtika pakSa kI adhika carcA kI gaI hai| bhagavAna ko jar3atA ko dUra kara naye prakAza kA prasAra karanA thaa| ataH dIkSA aMgIkAra ke pazcAta sAr3e bAraha varSa taka tIvra cintana-maMthana ke anantara 'solahaguNa sthAnaka' kI sthiti para pahu~ca kara 'kevala jJAna' prApta karate haiN| tatpazcAta janatA ke bIca meM ghUma-ghUma kara unhoMne abhayadAna, kSamA, ahiMsA, prema, zAnti Adi kalyANakArI tatvoM kI mahattA para jora diyaa| dArzanika pakSa kI mImAMsA 'vIrAyaNa' meM atyanta kI gaI hai, jisase kAvya meM saralatA rahI hai| mahAvIra kI gUr3ha dArzanika cintana praNAlI, bAraha zubha-bhAvanA, Asrava, saMvara, bandha, nirjarA va mokSAdi kI carcA yahA~ hameM prApta nahIM hotii| janma, mRtyu lobha-moha, saMsAra kI asAratA, jIvana kI kSaNabhaMguratA va AcAra-vicAra ke sambaMdha meM kavi ne mahAkAvya meM prakAza DAlA hai| mRtyu kI anivAryatA ke viSaya meM kavi likhate haiM kisako na hore kAla kaba, zoco sakala jhaan| kartavyapAlana karo, aTala niyama yahI jaan|| 354 // dhana hI sarva sAMsArika vikAroM evaM mAyA-mamatA kA mUla hai kyoMki dhana se hI1. draSTavya-kavi mUladAsa kRta-'vIrAyaNa' prathama khaNDa, pR0 43

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210 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya jar3a aru aguni kula hIna jana, abudha chate gunvaan| dravyamAna ko jaga kahe, sabameM dravya prdhaan|| samarAMgaNa zUravIra kahAveM, kIrti, kIrti kAvya kavi jina ke gaave| rUpa madate ratinAtha lajAve, vidyA cauda sujAna suhaave|| kalAvAna guni-dhani ke dvAre, saba Akara dhani seva sviikaare|| kiye amita upakAra mitragaNa, tyAga deta mitrAha hitvn|| karmoM ke phala ke viSaya meM kavi ke vicAra hai ki acche bure svakarma ko, phala pAve jaga jiiv| karma rUpe bina kAhu ko, kimapi na hove shiv|| apane karmoM ke anusAra hI manuSya ko sukha-du:kha prApta hote haiM va manuSya zAnti, kSamA, prema, sahiSNutA Adi ucca guNoM ke dvArA AdhyAtmika unnati kara sakatA hai| manuSya ke karmoM kI gati nirAlI hotI hai "ati vicitra gati hai karmana kI, AkRti kaai satya guna jana kii|" deha kI kSaNabhaMguratA ke sandarbha meM ullekhanIya hai ki aMjali jala maMda hI baha jAtA, niza dina aise Ayu ghttaataa| yaha kSaNabhaMgura deha na terA, jAsI ko kSana sAMjha sveraa|| kSaNaMbhagura tana tora hita, parakoM duHkha kyoM det| mUladAsa kahatA manuja, ceta ceta aba cet|| 51 446 // ' ahiMsA-tatva jaina dharma kA prANa tatva hai| ahiMsA ke viSaya meM 'vIrAyaNa' kAra ke vicAra draSTavya haiM dharma mUla hI ahiMsA jAnI, pAlana samujhakara jnyaanii| madya-mAMsa rAtrikA bhojana, duHkha roga karate haiM utpnn| svayaM prabhu ne apAra kaSTa sahakara hiMsA kA pratirodha ahiMsA rUpI zastra se kara ahiMsA kA mahAmaMtra saMsAra ke samakSa rakhA mahAvIra svAmI zira apane, sahe duHkha kalezana svpne| kSamA-maMtra hI mahA batalAyo, parama dharma ahiMsA smujhaayo|| ahiMsA ke kAraNa hI kisI bhI jIva ko duHkha pahu~cAnA mahApApa mAnA gayA hai| svayaM kaSTa sahana karake bhI anya ke kalyANa ke lie kriyArata rahanA zreSTha mAnava dharma hai, jabaki para-pIr3ana jaghanya kRtya hone se mAnava kI adhogati karatA hai 1. draSTavya-kavi mUladAsa kRta-'vIrAyaNa' paMcama khaNDa, pR0 469.

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Adhunika hindI jaina kAvya : vivecana 211 parapIr3ana sama pApa nahIM hai, sakala dharma paramAna yahI hai| para-duHkha-bhaMjana kavi niraMtara, santa prayatna karata sdntr|| ataeva prANImAtra ko apane samAna samajhanA cAhie, kyoMki apane jIvita sama sabako jAnI, samAna bhAva samAlata prANI so nara dIrghAyu tana suMdara, pAte jAte mokSa smudr| 4 / 171 // krodha, lobha, mohAdi vikAroM kA tyAga sarva dharma meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, kyoMki krodha sarva vinAza kA mUla hai| ata: use tyAga kara kSamA va zAnti apanAnI cAhie krodha anala sama anala na koU, vinaya buddhi jalAdi detaa| kaba huka Atama ghAta karAve, adharita vacana kabU ucraave|| duragati vikaTa paMtha lejAte, phaMse phira hI jana mukti paave| tAte sajjana krodha baNDAlA, kahakara niMdata hai cira kaalaa|| ata: kSamA zAnti sukha mUla meM, krodha Agamana ddaar| cetana abato ceta ke, bigarI bAji sudhaar|| sahiSNutA uttama guNa hai, isa para vivekayukta vicAra karanA cAhie, kyoMki dRr3ha piMjara naga durga nivAsA, karata kiMtu na naashaa| pUrva pApa kSINa karana upAI, sahana zIlatA sama nahi bhaaii|| kSamA jaise ucca guNa ke lie kavi kyA kahate haiM saMta vIra kA kSamA hI bhUSaNa, tare na tAmasI krodha hI duussnn| pUrva azubha kRta karma basAye, jIva avasi na jana-jAla phNsaaye|| jaina va darzana meM ahiMsA ke sAtha-sAtha satya, brahmacarya evaM aparigraha ko atyanta mahatva diyA gayA hai jIvadayA vrata satya samAlo, adana grahana kU saba vidha ttaalo| brahmacarya vrata nibhavahu prIte, parigraha ko tarka saja riite|| ho Asakta jIva vadhakArI, aSTakarma bAMdhata avicaarii| naraka jAta duHkha tIkSaNa pAve, tIrthacake anama meM aave|| dhana-saMpatti evaM sAMsArika sambaMdha niHsAra hai, kyoMki kisake kArana kauna phulAyA, kisane kisI ko nAMhi rulAyA jAna svarUpa aise saMsArA, taba butha vana ziva mArga sviikaaraa|| rAja tAja dhana saMpatti, suta dArA parivAra, ko na kisI kA hai hI kaha, vRthA vizva vhvaar||

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212 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya indrajAla saba sneha samajhanA, svAratha lAgi ginata jana apnaa| kSaNabhaMgura yaha deha hI sapanA, phokaTa to phira kAhi klpnaa|| yoga-viyoga hi saMdhyA raMgA, aTala niyama cira kAla abhNgaa| nazvara yaha jaga dikho tapAsI, prabhu nAma zAzvata avinaasii|| yaha deha nazvara hai| manuSya isakA gumAna vyartha meM karatA hai aura deha ke bAhya sauMdarya se mugdha hokara vividha rUpa se sajAtA hai, lekina antataH vaha hai kevala mAMsa-majjA yukta vinAzI zarIra hI kSaNika sukha hita yaha saMsArA, azubha nizcita hota apaaraa| Avata yogya na mUrakha, zAzvata azAzvata kI paars|| strI adharoSTha samujha paravAlA, mAMsa lekha na dikhe mtvaalaa|| aru stana mAMsa piNDa ko dekhe, kaMcana kalaza mUrkha lete| rudhira mUtra-mala carma mar3he tana, samujhata nAhiM azuci bhaajn| dhana mana yauvana dharma vivAraka, nIMdanIya viSaya hI duHkha daayk| mUladAsa jI ne sAdhu dharma va usakI kaThinAI kA vistRta varNana mahAvIra-dIkSA va jAmAli-dIkSA prasaMja para kiyA hai| usI prakAra rAnI yazodA ko rAjakula kI vRddha-striyoM ke dvArA satI dharma kA bhI jJAna vizad rUpa se dilavAyA hai, jinakA varNana yahA~ apekSita nahIM hai| manuSya ko sadaiva zubha karmoM meM pravRtta rahanA cAhie, varanA pIche se pachatAne kA samaya AtA hai jaise pakSi pAsa pakarAte, karata prayatna mukti nahi paate| taise jIva ahuma bandhana kara, phalata aru pachitAta nirNtr|| dArzanika siddhAnta ke aMtargata jIva aura loka ko zAzvata aura azAzvata donoM rUpa meM svIkArA jA sakatA hai, aisA bhagavAna mahAvIra ne dRSTAnta ke sAtha siddha kiyaa| kyoMki bhadra prazna yaha kaThina mahi hai, azAzvata zAzvata gata khihai| vartamAna bhUta bhaviSya lokA, rUpa sAmAnya rahate vilokaa|| tAte zAzvata hai samujhA, phira azAzvata jaan| avasarpiNI paryAya se, parivartana hI prmaann|| 7-147 aise bAlyAdi avasthA se, jIva hI zAzvata abasi bhaase| nara mATaka tiryaJca saMbhava te, azAzvatA jAnahu anubhava te|| 149 // ' jaina dharma ke mahAmaMtra kA mAhAtmya kavi batAte haiM1. draSTavya-kavi mUladAsa kRta-'vIrAyaNa' saptama khaNDa, pR0 665.

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Adhunika hindI jaina kAvya : vivecana 213 maMtra mahAnavakAra, nAva bhavAbdhi tarana ko| sAdhana zreSTha trikAra, dina kiMkara muladAsa kaa|| 5-3 // nita nita zrI navakAra, prAtaH kAla prathama jpt| piche sakala vyavahAra, dina kiMkara muladAsa kaa|| 5-4 // isa prakAra 'vIrAyaNa' mahAkAvya meM jaina dharma ke tatvoM kA suMdara va svAbhAvika viniyojana huA hai| kavi ne dArzanika gUDha tatvoM kI apekSA loka-vyavahAra ke satyoM kA vizeSa rUpa se nirUpaNa kiyA hai| khaNDa-kAvya : mahAkAvya kI taraha khaNDa kAvya bhI prabandha kA eka bheda hai| mahAkAvya kI bhA~ti isa kAvya-svarUpa meM nAyaka ke jIvana kA sarvAMgINa vikAsa, mahAnodezya, va vizad varNanoM kI na hI AvazyakatA rahatI hai aura na guNjaaish| nAyaka ke jIvana kI ekAdha pramukha ghaTanA yA preraka prasaMga hI isakI viSaya vastu bana sakatI hai| khaNDa-kAvya kI carcA karate samaya isake viSaya meM pIche hama kaha cuke haiN| rasoM ke lie bhI khaNDakAvya meM vividhatA kI apekSA nahIM rakhI jaatii| apane phalaka ke anusAra uddezya kA sAmya donoM meM samAna rahatA hai| Adhunika hiMdI jaina kAvya sAhitya meM upalabdha khaNDa kAvya kI carcA hama kara cuke haiN| yahA~ inakI kathAvastu, rasa, varNanAdi para vicAra kara lenA samacIna hogaa| Adhunika hiMdI jaina sAhitya meM gadya kI tulanA meM padya kA pramANa sImita hai, isameM bhI mahAkAvya va khaNDakAvyoM kI saMkhyA vizeSa maryAdita hai| prApta khaNDa kAvyoM meM zrI dhanyakumAra 'sudheza' dvArA viracita 'virAma' khaNDa kAvya kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| kavi ne svayaM hI ise 'bhAvanAtmaka khaNDakAvya' se abhihita kiyA hai| bhAvAtmaka varNana tathA madhura bhASA-zailI ke kAraNa sundara bana par3A hai| choTe se kathAnaka ko apane meM sameTe hue 'virAga' kumAra mahAvIra kI vyAvahArika dArzanikatA ke kAraNa viziSTa bana par3A hai| isakI yaha vizeSatA dhyAtavya hai ki bhagavAna mahAvIra ke sambandha meM to sAhitya upalabdha hotA hai, lekina kumAra vardhamAna kI bhAvanAoM kA mArmika aMkana karane ke bahuta alpa prayAsa kiye gaye haiN| aise alpa prayAsoM meM se eka sundara prayAsa-'virAga' kI racanA ke dvArA kavi sudheza jI ne kiyA hai| svayaM kavi ne svIkAra kiyA hai ki-"maiM isa bAta ko asvIkAra nahIM karatA ki vizva kA kalyANa bhagavAna mahAvIra ne kiyA hai, kumAra vardhamAna ne nahIM, phira bhI maiM unakI kucha vizeSatAoM ke kAraNa kumAra mahAvIra se hI prabhAvita huuN| isa kAvya meM kavi sudheza ne 1. draSTavya-kavi mUladAsa kRta-'vIrAyaNa' paMcama khaNDa, pR0 384. 2. draSTavya-dhanyakumAra jaina racita 'virAga' kA prAkkathana, pR0 1.

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214 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya kumAra vardhamAna kA karuNA va prema se dravita ho satpatha kI ora agrasara hone kA saMdeza diyA hai| kavi ne vardhamAna ke divya jIvana ke usa Aloka ko abhivyakta kiyA hai, jo hamAre vartamAna jIvana ko bhI prakAzita karane meM preraka ho sakatA hai| kathAvastu : ___ isa kAvya kI kathAvastu atyanta saMkSipta hai| khaNDakAvya hone se vardhamAna ke jIvana kI saMpUrNa ghaTanAoM kI carcA isameM apekSita nahIM hai| pA~ca sargoM meM isakI kathA vibhakta hai, jinameM kathA kA vistAra kama hai, bhAvanAoM va vicAroM kA vizleSaNa adhika hai| prathama sarga se hI kumAra vardhamAna prAta:kAlIna prakRti sauMdarya kA rasapAna karate hue divA meM ciMtita haiM, eka ora se mAtA-pitA kA vivAha ke lie premapUrNa Agraha va anunaya tathA dUsarI ora svayaM isa vivAha se vimukha hone se jaina dIkSA aMgIkAra karane kI dRr3hatA meM baMTe hue haiM, lekina aMtima sarga meM kumAra vardhamAna kI jaga-kalyANa kI bhAvanA vijayI hotI hai| dvitIya sarga meM pitA siddhArtha kumAra ko vivAha ke lie protsAhita karane ke lie vizadtA se yauvana-prema, nArI-sauMdarya, dhana-saMpatti, vivAhita jIvana kI madhuratA Adi kA kumAra ke sAmane citra khIMcate haiM, lekina kumAra apane vairAgyapUrNa vicAroM ke kAraNa pitA ke prastAva ko svIkAra nahIM krte| vivaza, nirAza hokara rAjA siddhArtha ko vApasa AnA par3atA hai aura mAtA trizalA vizvAsa lekara vardhamAna ko vivAha ke lie sahamata karAne ke lie AtI haiN| mAtA-putra ke vArtAlApa ko kavi ne tRtIya sarga meM bhAvapUrNa zailI meM aMkita kiyA hai| eka ora hai mAtA kA pyAra, majabUrI, icchA-AkAMkSA evaM azru to dUsarI ora hai putra kA saMyama, jaga-kalyANa ke lie mahala meM rahakara saMsAra ke bandhanoM meM na baMdha ne kI prabala vRtti, dIkSA aMgIkAra kara cintana-manana ke dvArA prANImAtra ke kalyANa kA mArga DhUMDhane kI lgn| yahA~ bhI mAtA ko bhinna-bhinna tarIkoM ke samajhAne-bujhAne ke bAvajUda khAlI hAtha lauTanA par3atA hai| trizalA jAtI hai taba hRdaya meM adamya vizvAsa lekara, lauTatI hai to bilkula thakI-hArI bhagna hRdaya hokr| isa sarga ke prAraMbha meM hI kavi ne vairAgya meM DUbe hue kumAra kI sthiti kA saMketa kara diyA hai sanmati vairAgya-udadhi meM, jAte the prati kSaNa bhte| jaga-dazA dekhate the ve, napa-maMdira meM hI rhte||' 1. draSTavya-dhanyakumAra jaina racita 'virAga' tRtIya sarga, pR0 35.

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Adhunika hindI jaina kAvya : vivecana 215 aura sarga ke aMta meM bhI yahI vicAradhArA uddhelita rahatI hai jisakA kavi ne varNana kiyA hai kucha dina isa bhA~ti samasyAsulajhAne meM hI biite| isa raNa rAjabhavana ke bandhana hI aba taka jiite|| ve honA cAha rahe the, satvara svacchaMda vihaMga se| ho cukA virAga unheM thA isa sukha vilAsa ke jaga se||' caturtha sarga meM punaH eka bAra kumAra ko jora dekara samajhAne ke lie Ate haiN| isa bAra ye apanI vRddhAvasthA, azakti evaM kumAra ke kartavya ke viSaya meM apane vicAra vyakta karate hai| mahAvIra ko rAjya-kArya saMbhAlakara pitA ko sAMsArika baMdhanoM evaM kAryoM se nivRtti dekara dharma meM pravRtta hone ke lie bhI zAsanataMtra ko saMbhAla lenA cAhie, aisA abhimata sAgraha ve prakaTa karate haiN| isake sAmane aDiga kumAra saba kucha karane ke lie udyata haiM, lekina vaivAhika baMdhana meM baMdhane ke lie evaM rAjya bhAra saMbhAlane ke lie tanika bhI icchuka nahIM haiN| pAMcaveM sarga meM sadana-tyAga karane kA pakkA nirNaya lekara dIkSA kA nirdhAraNa jAhira kara dete haiN| anta meM kumAra vardhamAna ke virAga kI sAMsArika rAga-anurAga va vaibhava-vilAsa ke sAmane vijaya hotI hai-kumAra dRr3hatA se socate haiM bhavanoM kA vAsa tajUMgA, taja dUMgA sArI maayaa| miTa jAU~gA, jala-zraddhAkA rUpa badala dUMgA yaa| khaNDa kAvya ke anta meM kavi virAgI kumAra vardhamAna kI vijaya ko svIkAra karate hue gAte haiM taba taka saba kIrti rahegI, jaba taka ravi-candra jagata hai| vaha jaga kA mata bala hogA, jo Aja tumhArA mata hai| 1. draSTavya-dhanyakumAra jaina racita 'virAga' tRtIya sarga, pR0 45. 2. draSTavya-dhanyakumAra jaina racita 'virAga' paMcama sarga, pR0 59. 3. draSTavya-dhanyakumAra jaina racita 'virAga' paMcama sarga, pR0 72.

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216 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya isa prakAra pA~ca sarga meM vibhakta "virAga" kI pradhAna ghaTanA kumAra ke avivAhita rahane kI hai, jisako kavi ne vividha bhAvoM, vicAroM, dvandva, dArzanikatA Adi se bhAvapUrNa zailI meM aMkita kiyA hai| kathA kA sUtra to bilkula sUkSma hai, bhAvAnubhUtiyoM kA krama pragAr3ha hai| rAga-virAga kA dvandva citrita karane kA kavi kA pramukha prayojana hai, jisameM rAga kI parAjaya hotI hai aura 'virAga' vijayI hotA hai| 'virAga' kAvya ke kumAra mahAvIra sabhI rAgoM, vaibhavoM va vRttiyoM ko tyAga kara usa rAha kI ora cala par3e, jahA~ manuSya tyAga, karuNA, prema va ahiMsA ke zastra se vijayI banane meM samartha ho sakatA hai| kavi kumAra ke nizcaya ko vyakta karate haiM phira gRha se bAhara nikale ve mokSa mArga ke netaa| senA-dhana-zastra binA hI, banane ko vishv-vijetaa|" uparyukta rUpa se 'virAga' khaNDakAvya meM vardhamAna ke dRr3ha nizcaya, tyAga-vairAgya kI anupama bhAvanA tathA mAtA-pitA kI hArdika anubhUtiyoM kA kavi ne sundara bhAvapUrNa zailI meM citraNa kiyA hai| samIkSA : kathAvastu ke antargata kumAra vardhamAna kI vairAgya pUrNa mana:sthiti kA kavi ne acchA udghATana kiyA hai| kumAra ke avivAhita rahane kI ghaTanA ko kavi ne AdhAra banAyA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke jIvana kA eka aMza aisA likhakara kavi ne svayaM eka preraka ghaTanA kA saMketa kiyA hai| mAnasika dvandva, cAha, AzA-nirAzA, samajhautA, vAda-prativAda Adi bhAvoM kA aMkana kavi ne rocaka saMvAdoM ke mAdhyama se kiyA hai| isameM tatkAlIna rAjakIya, dhArmika va sAdbhamAjika paristhitiyoM para bhI prakAza DAlA gayA hai| isake sAtha-sAtha kavi ne Adhunika yuga kI sabhyatA-saMskRti, rAjakIya va dhArmika netAoM para parokSa rUpa se vyaMgya kara lie haiN| kavi kevala dhArmika sImAoM meM hI Abaddha nahIM rahe haiN| ve Adhunika vAtAvaraNa se parAGmukha nahIM hue haiN| kumAra mahAvIra ke mukha se nArI kI dayanIya sthiti, sarvatra zastroM kI hor3a, bhoga-vaibhava ke lie spardhA Adi kA acchA nirUpaNa 'virAga' khaNDa kAvya meM huA hai| kavi vartamAna paristhitiyoM se kAphI prabhAvita hai, jo sarvathA ucita bhI hai| prathama, dvitIya aura 1. draSTavya-dhanyakumAra jaina racita 'virAga' paMcama sarga, pR0 62.

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Adhunika hindI jaina kAvya : vivecana 217 tRtIya sarga taka kathAvastu meM vardhamAna kI udAsInatA, mAtA-pitA kI carcA, kumAra ko byAha ke lie prasanna karane ke prayAsa svarUpa mAtA se sambodhana, donoM kI spaSTatA taka to ThIka hai, lekina caturtha sarga meM rAjA punaH kumAra ko rAjagaddI saMbhAlane ke lie prerita-protsAhita karate haiM, apanI majabUriyA~ bhI jAhira karate haiN| pitA siddhArtha kI yaha icchA svAbhAvika hai| varddhamAna se eka bar3e putra nandivardhana (yuddhavIra) ke hone para bhI choTe putra ko gaddI saMbhAlane ke lie anunaya-vinaya karanA anucita aura avyAvahArika bhI hai| hA~, yaha bAta svIkArya ho sakatI hai ki vairAgyonmukha yuvA putra ko zAdI karake rAja vaibhava aura sukha saMpatti ke lie prerita karanA yA Adeza denA pitA kA karttavya ho sakatA hai| lekina yuvA putra ke sAmane pitA kA nArI sauMdarya, yauvana-dAmpatya jIvana kI rasamaya sthiti kA varNana karake use vivAha ke lie vinatI karanA bhaddA-sA pratIta hotA hai| jo kArya mitra yA samavayaska yA anya kisI kA ho sakatA hai, vaha rAjA siddhArtha ke dvArA karavAnA anucita mahasUsa hotA hai| 'virAga' kA antardvandva : ___ 'virAga' khaNDa kAvya meM kavi sudheza ne mahAvIra ke jIvana kA cAhe eka hI sundara aMza kathAvastu ke rUpa meM liyA ho, lekina jagaha-jagaha para 'virAga' meM pramukha tInoM caritroM ke-vardhamAna, trizalA va siddhArtha-mAnasika saMgharSa kA acchA aMkana kiyA hai| vardhamAna to prathama khaNDa se hI ciMtita, dIkSA meM DUbe hue dikhAI par3ate haiN| rAga-virAga kI tIvra spardhA meM unakA virAga jiyI hotA hai| mAtA trizalA bhI putra ko vivAhita dekhane ke lie kAphI utsuka hone para bhI putra kI udAsInatA dekhakara ciMtita bhI haiN| pitA siddhArtha anya bahuta se rAjAoM ke prastAvoM ko svIkRta na kara pAne se udAsa haiM, kyoMki kumAra vardhamAna vyAha ke lie sApha inkAra hI karate haiN| kumAra ko samajhA-bujhAkara byAha ke lie sahamata karAne ke lie mAtA trizalA hRdaya meM vizvAsa evaM zraddhA lekara jAtI haiM lekina sAmane kumAra kA vairAgya, prANI-kalyANa ke lie gRha-tyAga kI aDiga icchA himAlaya kI bhA~ti sthita hai, taba donoM ke bIca jo saMvAda calate haiM, vahA~ donoM kA mAnasika antardvandva zAbdika rUpa dhAraNa kara letA hai| mA~ ke hRdaya kI cAha, mamatA, Akroza, binatI, mAtR-adhikAra, bhAgya viDambanA Adi vividha bhAvAnubhUtiyoM kI abhivyakti meM kahIM-kahIM to aisA anubhava hotA hai ki kavi ne mA~ ke hRdaya ko hI nikAla kara rakha diyA hai| putra ke pAsa pahu~cate hI apanI mamatA evaM putra ke karttavyapAlana para vizvAsa kara dhar3akate hRdaya se hI trizalA rAnI pUcha baiThatI haiM-tuma bahate isa samaya kauna-se

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218 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya rasa maiM? putra ke prati kumAra sneha ke kAraNa anya jIvoM ke duHkhoM se du:khI, udAsa, ciMtita putra se mA~ prazna karatI hai ina pazuoM ko to jalanA, para tuma bhI vyartha jaloge? hai maraNa bhAgya meM jisake, kyA usake lie karoge?' pitA ke anunaya-vinaya kI apekSA mAtA kA vyavahAra aura putra vAtsalya vizeSa svAbhAvika aura gaharA pratIta hotA hai| vaha kabhI putra se A~cala phailAkara bhIkha mAMgatI hai, to kabhI apane hI khoTe bhAgya ko kosatI huI putra ko zarmiMdA banAtI hai, to kabhI sAsa banane ke apane adhikAra ko mAMgatI hai, vaha apane bhAgya ko kosatI huI kahatI hai 'yadi kAza! kahIM vidhi tumako, aMtasthala mA~ kA detaa| merA mamatva to putra para, vijaya prApta kara letaa|| aba itane para bhI kumAra pighalate nahIM haiM to vaha vikalatA evaM vivazatA se Ahata hokara namratA se binatI karatI hai: mata duHkhI karo tuma mujhako, do uttara aisA koraa| mAnoM na moha ko mere, tuma ati hI kaccA ddoraa|| dina gina gina dazA huI jaba, pariNaya ke yogya tumhaarii| taba kahate ho mama mmtaa| pAne ke yogya na naarii| nija suta avivAhita ho yaha, jananI ke lie asaha hI, mukha putra badhU kA dekhe, mA~ banane kA phala yaha hii| mA~ apane bhAgya ko to kosatI hai, lekina putra kI isa vairAgI dazA se duHkhI, ciMtita hotI hai, vaha sAzru prarita karatI haiM hai lagI tumhAre pariNayakI cintA jagate sote| dRga jala se rikta hue haiM, bhukha se thote|| 1. draSTavya-dhanyakumAra jaina racita 'virAga' dvitIya sarga, pR0 21. 2. draSTavya-dhanyakumAra jaina racita 'virAga' dvitIya sarga, pR0 22.

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Adhunika hindI jaina kAvya : vivecana 219 jAne kyoM itane niSThura tuma hokara itane jnyaanii| tuma mA~ na bane ho, isase jananI kI vyathA na jaanii|| lekina sAmane aDiga mahAvIra the| unakA to spaSTa uttara thA ki kAmanAoM kI kabhI pUrti nahIM ho paatii| ananta icchAe~ kriyAe~ kabhI tRpta hone vAlI nhiiN| nArI ke samAna hI vizva ke mUka prANI mere prema va karuNA ke adhikArI haiN| unakI karuNa pukAra mere kAnoM ko chedakara vyathita karatI hai| kyA eka nArI ke sAtha vaibhava-vilAsa evaM tuccha sAMsArika sukhoM ke lie meM hajAroM nirdoSa prANiyoM kI bali dekha lU~? kyA unako ubArane ke lie prayatna DhUMDhane kA merA koI karttavya nahIM? mere sAmane svajanoM kA sneha, AnaMdollAsa kucha bhI mahatva nahIM rakhatA, kyoMki netroM ke sAmane to pazuoM kI bali-samaya kI karuNa pukAra va rudhira trastadazA kA bhayAvanA, krUra dRzya nAcatA rahatA hai| isa sthiti meM rAjabhavana meM rahakara maiM vaivAhika jIvana ke AnaMda svarUpa bhoga-vilAsa meM kaise rata raha sakatA hU~? ataH ina sabako uddezya patha meM bAdhaka samajhakara, unakA tyAga kara vairAgya kI rAha para unmukta hue| zAnti evaM karuNA kI sAkSAt mUrti mahAvIra ke mukha se vyakta hotI uktiyA~ unake mAnasika dvandva ko vyakta karatI haiN| unakI vANI meM oja, hRdaya meM vyathA tathA nayanoM meM karuNA kI nirjhariNI bahatI hai| apane vicAroM va nizcaya ko satya kA cogA pahanAkara ve kahate haiM ye eka ora haiM itane, aura anya ora hai nArI, aba tumhIM batAo inameM se kauna prema adhikaarii| AkRtiyA~ inakI sakaruNa, dikhatI haiM sote jagate, taba hI to ramaNI se bhI ramaNIya mujhe ye lgte| varddhamAna mAtA ko nirAza nahIM dekha sakate, lekina svayaM vivAha ke lie icchuka nahIM haiN| apanI vivazatA vyakta karate hue mA~ se vinatI karate haiM jananI! maiM Aja vivaza huuN| dene ko uttara hotaa| tU soca na apane ura meM, bana gayA putra yaha kaisA? isa jagata ko mujhe batAnA, draSTavya-dhanyakumAra jaina racita 'virAga' dvitIya sarga, pR0 23. 2. draSTavya-dhanyakumAra jaina racita 'virAga' dvitIya sarga, pR0 27.

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220 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya khuda jiyo aura do jiine| mAnava ko kyA pazuoM ko bhI, do icchita khaane-piine| sandeza sunA yaha jaga ko, saba vAtAvaraNa bdlnaa| isase hI mere patha meM bAdhaka hI rahegI llnaa|' nArI ko ve dhikkArate the aisA bhI nahIM hai| nArI kA to samAja meM AdarapUrNa sthAna honA cAhie, isase viparIta nArI kI samAja meM karuNa sthiti dekha ve dravita ho gae haiN| nArI to yahA~ taka hI tyAjya yA bAdhaka hai, jahA~ taka yaha asaMyamita jIvana vyatIta karane ke lie prerita karatI hai| lekina jaba nArI sahayogI bana jIvana ko satkArya kI ora prerita karatI hai taba vaha saccI sahadharmacAriNI bana jAtI hai ataH manuSya kI jIvana sAdhanA meM usakA mahatvapUrNa yogadAna rahatA hai| mahAvIra ne apane samaya meM hI nArI kI pahacAna karavAI thii| unakI isa vicAra dhArA se kavi bhalIbhA~ti paricita lagate haiN| ataH pUre kAvya meM vardhamAna pazuoM kI nirdoSa bali, sAmAjika bAhyADambara, AcAra-vicAra, rAjakIya va dhArmika netAoM kA kaluSita vyavahAra Adi para nirantara socate-vicArate hI rahate haiM-dekhie sanmati vairAgya udadhi meM, jAte the prati kSaNa bhte| jaga-dazA dekhate the ve, nRpa-mandira meM hI rhte| jyoM jyoM hI unake jaga keati nagna dRzya ko dekhaa| tyoM khiMcatI gayI amiTa bana, ura para virAga kI rekhaa|| 3-25 // nArI kI dIna dazA ke saMdarbha meM unake hRdaya meM tIvra manthana rahatA haibanatI kaThaputalI pati kI, jisa dina kara hote piile| pati icchA para hI nirbhara ho jAte svapna rNgiile| kevala vilAsa sAmagrI hI mAnI jAtI lalanA, gRhiNI ko ghara meM lAkara ve samajhA karate cerii| 1. draSTavya-dhanyakumAra jaina racita 'virAga' dvitIya sarga, pR0 29.

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Adhunika hindI jaina kAvya : vivecana 221 + + + + + + + kaba nArI apane khoye satya ko prApta karegI? kaba vaha nija jIvana-pustaka kA nava adhyAya rcegii| mahAvIra ke antardvandva ko vyakta karate hue kavi likhate haiM jisa kisI bhA~ti the rahate, ura meM yaha Aga chipAye prAyaH vicarate rahatethe nIce nayana gdd'aaye|| isa cira azAMti kA jaga se, kisa dina viloma yaha hogA? nirdoSa mUka ina pazuoM ko abhaya prApta kaba hogA? kisa dina ina badhiroM kI yaha zoNita kI pyAsa bujhegI? kaba inake krUra mukhoM para, karuNA kI kAnti dikhegI? 3-42 tatkAlIna sAmAjika sthiti ke sAtha dhArmika va rAjakIya sthiti kI viSamatA se bhI ve cintita haiN| kavi ne kumAra vardhamAna ke mukha se usa samaya kI paristhiti kA saMkSipta citraNa karavAyA hai, jisase pratIta hotA hai ki kavi sthitiyoM se kAphI prabhAvita hai| vardhamAna sAmAjika asamAnatA ko dekha dukhI rahate haiM pUMjIpati inake Azrita, raha sukha kI nidrA sote| parazrAmika kRSaka gaNa jIvana, bhara duHkha kI gaTharI ddhote| bikatA hai nyAya yahA~ hI, evaM vyabhicAra pnpte| aparAdhI daNDa na pAye, kArA meM santa tdd'pte| 4-55 ataH vardhamAna apane uddezya ko spaSTa karate hue kahate haiM ahiMsA para vijaya karU~gA, maiM zastra ahiMsA kA le| pApa ke prati ghRNA lekina pApI ke prati karuNA evaM usake uddhAra kI sadbhAvanA vardhamAna meM pUrNarUpa se nihita hai| ve socate haiM duSpApa avazya ghRNita hai, para nahIM hai paapii| yadi sad vyavahAra kare vaha bana sakatA punya prtaapii|| dharma guruoM ke bAhyADambara se vardhamAna bhItara hI bhItara sulaga uThate haiM

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222 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya dekhA aba dharma udara ke poSaNa kA eka bahAnA, hiMsA ko puNya batAte the, mAMsa jinheM hI khaanaa| hai eka ora usa Izvara ke maMdira bhare vibhava se| jisako kucha nahIM prayojana, aba svarNa rajata ke lava se|| bana cuke dharma-guru saba hI anya vilAsa ke mada se| ataeva uThAte anucita hI lAbha pratiSThita pada se|| 3-36 // vardhamAna ke usa samaya kI sabhyatA-saMskRti ke viSaya meM cintana dvArA kavi Adhunika mAnava jIvana para karArA vyaMgya karate haiM-yathA bana gaI sabhyatA aba to madirA ke pyAle pInA, jIne ke lie na khAnA para khAne ko hI jiinaa| prANoM se pyAre nara ko sone ke pAle Dele vaha Aja vicAroM kI granthi huI hai ddhiilii| isalie pApiyoM kI hI duniyA hai rNg-rNgiilii| adhikAra va sattA se paidA hotI dAnavatA kA kumAra citra khIMca dete haiM aba yahI rAja siMhAsana, apanA yaha rUpa bdlte| taba mahAyuddha macavA kara, lAkhoM ke prANa niglte|| raMga dete aruNa rucira se, ve yuddha kSetra kI dhrtii| jo madhya loka meM nakoM kI vasudhA kA bhrama krtii|| ukta rUpa se pati-patnI, pitA-putra evaM mAtA-putra ke bIca saMvAdoM meM bhI sabhI kI mAnasika sthiti kA kavi ne khyAla de diyA hai| tInoM pramukha caritroM ke hRdaya meM ulajhana, cintA Adi kA prabhAva hai| vardhamAna to ghaNToM akele baiThakara bhI socate-vicArate rahate haiN| pUrA tRtIya sarga kumAra ke mAnasika saMgharSa kA hI hai| dvitIya va caturtha meM bhI unakA dvandva vArtAlApa ke dvArA vyakta hotA hai| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki 'virAga' kA kavi jaina darzana kI digambara vicAradhArA meM vizvAsa karatA hai kyoMki unhoMne vardhamAna ko vivAhita na banAkara brahmacaryAvasthA meM hI dIkSA prApta karate hue varNita kiyA hai| jo bhI ho, 'virAga' preraNA kA kAraNa bana sakatI hai| 'virAga' kAvya meM kavi ne zAnta vAtsalya rasa ke chIToM kI anubhUti karavAI hai|

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Adhunika hindI jaina kAvya : vivecana 223 rAjula : Adhunika hindI jaina kAvya ke aMtargata prabandhAtmaka racanA meM dUsarA mahatvapUrNa khaNDa kAvya 'rAjula' upalabdha hotA hai| jaina sAhitya meM rAjula aura neminAtha ko lekara vizAla sAhitya sRjana huA hai| neminAtha jaise sundara : tejasvI rAjaputra bali ke prANiyoM kI Arta pukAra sunakara vivAha maNDapa se binA zAdI kie hI lauTa jAte haiM, tathA vairAgya grahaNa kara tapazcaryA karane ke lie giranAra parvata jAte haiN| unake mAnava uddhAra ke lie upAya khoja nikalane ke prayatna kAvya-prasaMgoM ke lie atyanta mArmika bana jAte haiM / usI prakAra rUpa - guNa saMpanna rAjakumArI - rAjula kA vaibhava-vilAsa sukha-samRddhi chor3a jinako pati mAna cukI hai aura jinake sAtha zAdI hone vAlI thI, aise pati ke pada cihnoM kA anusaraNa karane ke lie yuvAvasthA meM saMsAra tyAga karanA hRdayagrAhI aura AkarSaka viSaya rahA hai / tathaiva rAjula kI viyogAvasthA, pati ko premapUrvaka RtuoM kI viSamatA aura tyAga kI kaThinatA kA khyAla denA Adi kAvya ke lie rasAtmaka viSayavastu bana sakatI hai| karuNa, viyoga zrRMgAra evaM zAMta rasa kI niSpati kI kAphI saMbhAvanA isa kathA meM rahatI hai / rAjula khaNDa kAvya ke racayitA navayuga ke navayuvaka kavi bAlacandra jaina haiM, jinhoMne isa kAvya meM jaina saMskRti ko mAnava ke lie jIvanAdarza banAne kA AbhAsa kiyA hai| jaina dharma ke tyAga va prANI mAtra ke kalyANa hetu sva ke sImita dAyare se uThakara paramArtha meM saMlagna hone kA Adarza vyakta kiyA hai| Atma-samarpaNa kara Atma sAdhanA meM lIna aisI rAjula devI ke jIvana kI jhAMkI karavAI hai| kathAvastu : prathama sarga 'darzana' meM kalpanA kI sahAyatA se kathA ke marma sthala ko tIvratA evaM rocakatA pradAna kI gaI haiN| jUnAgar3ha ke rAjA ugrasena kI putrI rAjula aura dvArakAdhipati samudra vijaya ke putra nemikumAra kA prathama sAkSAtkAra dvArikA kI vATikA meM kavi ne karavAyA hai, jahA~ nemikumAra madonmata jagamardana hAthI se vanavihAra ke lie upavana meM AI rAjula kI rakSA karate haiN| yaha prathama milana hI praNaya kalikA ke rUpa meM pariNita huA hai| aura donoM kI A~khoM meM prema kA pragalbharUpa prakaTa hone lgaa| jUnAgar3a lauTane para sabhI milana kI smRtiyA~ rAjula ko pIr3A de rahI thIM, udhara dvArikA meM nemikumAra ke hRdaya meM bhI rAjula kI smRti TIsa utpanna kara rahI thii| donoM ora pUrva- rAga tIvra ho uThA aura milana ke lie Atura ho gye| yadi bhAgya kA vidhAna kucha aura hotA to yahI aruNa rAga vivAha maMDapa kI ora jA rahI thI, ki rAste meM mUka pazuoM kI

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224 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya karuNa cItkAra sunAI par3atI hai jo bArAtiyoM ke evaM mehamAnoM ke bhojanArtha bAr3e meM baMdha kara rakhe gaye the| isa hRdayadrAvaka Akranda se nemikumAra ko bhoga-vaibhava se ghRNA ho gaI aura saMsAra ke sukhoM se vairAgya A gyaa| isa aghaTita ghaTanA se nemikumAra usI pala vivAha maMDapa kI ora jAne ke badale kAphI samajhAne bujhAne para bhI aba ve saMsAra meM vApasa Ane ke lie taiyAra nahIM haiN| rAjula yaha samAcAra sunakara mUchita ho jAtI hai aura jahA~ thor3I dera pahale AnaMdotsava-maMgalagAna aura khuzI kA vAtAvaraNa phailA thA, vahA~ aba udAsI aura mAtama-sA chA gyaa| mAtA-pitA apanI lAr3alI prANa-priyA putrI ko anya svarUpa sundara rAjakumAra se jIvana-sUtra bAMdhakara sukhI hone ke lie samajhAte haiM, lekina rAjula bhAratIya Adarza nArI hone ke eka bAra jise pati svIkAra kara cukI hai, vaha aba dUsare se zAdI karake vrata bhaMga kaise kara paaye| vaha to nemikumAra ko hI Atma-samarpaNa 'kara cukI hai, so vaha kaha uThatI haiM rahe kahIM bhI kintu sadA ve mere svAmI, maiM unakA anukaraNa karU~, bana patha anugmii| aura rAjula dRr3ha nizcayI ho kAmanA para saMyama prApta kara Atma-sAdhanA meM lIna hone ke lie nemikumAra ke mArga kA anusaraNa karane ke lie giranAra parvata para cala par3atI hai| usane apane bhItara rahe nArItva kI dInatA-hInatA kA tyAga kara udAsa dRSTi-koNa se samagra vizva ke sukha-kalyANa kI kAmanA ke lie svasthatA va dRr3hatA kA saMcaya kiyaa| vaha svayaM ko tyAga-tapasyA ke lie nemikumAra ke prati usake sneha-kAmanA yA vAsanA kI jagaha pavitratA, udAtta aura bhakti-bhAva kI lahara phaila gaI hai| vaha kahatI haiM tumane kaba tujhako pahicAnA dekhA mujhako bAhira se hI, mere antara ko kaba jaanaa| nArI aisI kyA hIna huii| tana kI komalatA hI lekara nara ke saMmukha kyA dIna huii| rAjula ke kathana meM Akroza, svAbhimAna va nArI ke prati puruSa kI laghutA vRtti se utpanna phariyAda vRtti bhI lakSita hotI hai| 'sAketa' kI urmilA yA yazodharA kI zikAyata meM bhI svagaurava-rakSA kA svara sunAI par3atA hai| samIkSA : __ kavi kI prathama kRti hone para bhI rAjula va nemikumAra ke hArdika bhAvoM evaM kriyAoM kA tAdRzya mArmika citraNa kiyA hai| prathama milana kI belA meM

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Adhunika hindI jaina kAvya : vivecana 225 hRdayormi evaM bhAvukatA, romAMca, mugdhatA, vinamratA Adi kA rasamaya vedanA aura usake Atma samarpaNa kA kavi ne acchA varNana kiyA hai| sthAyI prema-baMdhana ke nikaTa pahu~cate hI paristhiti kI viSamatA svarUpa aghaTita ghaTanA ke kAraNa rAjula kA ArAdhya jaba use chor3a cala detA hai, to vaha isa AghAta se utpanna tIvra bhAvoM kA kRtrima saMkoca yA damana na kara prAkRti na rUpa se dhar3Ama se 'hAya' karake gira par3atI hai| usa samaya usakI vividha bhAvAnubhUtiyoM kA hRdaya drAvaka varNana kiyA gayA hai| nemikumAra ke acAnaka tyAga ke samaya to rAjula ko krodha, mUrchA, apamAna, udAsInatA Adi kI vividha anubhUtiyA~ hotI haiN| vaha apane bhAgya ko kosatI hai, apanI vivazatA para upAlaMbha detI hai, lekina bAda meM tvarita mati-gati se soca-vicAra kara saMsAra-tyAga kA dRr3ha nizcaya karatI hai| vaha nizcaya rAjula ke utkaTa tyAga, adbhuta prema evaM anokhI kalyANa-bhAvanA ke camakIle raMga se dIpita ho uThatA hai| usake mAtA-pitA va sakhI-snehIjana use niSThura premI se bimukha hone ke lie yuktiyoM se samajhAte-bujhAte haiM, lekina rAjula ko usake pavitra dRr3ha-saMkalpa se haTAne meM ve pUrNa asaphala rahate haiN| rAjula apanI sakhiyoM ko kitanA udAtta uttara detI haiM: ve mere phira mile mujhe, kholU~gI kaNa-kaNa meM aba nemikumAra ke prati usakA udAtta anurAga vyakti taka sImita na rahakara kaNa-kaNa meM vyApta hokara UrdhvagAmI ho cukA hai| usakI dazA uttarottara bigar3atI hI calatI hai| kabhI vaha vikSipta-sI ceSTA karatI hai, kabhI pralApa karatI hai, kabhI kosatI hai, to kabhI Atma-vismRta ho jAtI hai, to phira kabhI apanI glAni va asamarthatA se kaha uThatI haiM aba na rahI sukhada vRttiyAM, zeSa bacI hai madhura smRtiyA~, unheM chipA hRdayasthala meM apanA jIvana jInA hogaa| anantara usakI viraha-vedanA tyAga va tapasyA ke dRr3ha nizcaya meM parivartita ho jAtI hai| vaha bhI nemikumAra ke patha para prayAsa kara Atma-vikAsa ke lie saMsAra-tyAgane ke lie udyata ho jAtI hai| kAvya nAyikA rAjula va nAyaka nemikumAra ke caritra meM Atma-kalyANa ke sAtha kalyANa kI bhAvanA vidyamAna hai, jo Aja ke bhautika yuga meM sukha-vaibhava ke pIche U~cI daur3a lagAne vAle yuvaka-yuvatiyoM ko avazya preraNA dekara karttavya bodha karA sakatI hai| kavi ne udAtta pAtroM ko lekara unake jIvana kI sarvottama udAtta ghaTanAoM se khaNDa kAvya meM sundara bhAvoM kI sRSTi khar3I kara bhoga ke saMmukha tyAga, rAga ke sammukha virAga va Atma kalyANa ke sAtha vizva-kalyANa kI mahatI vicAradhArA kA Adarza prastuta kiyA hai|

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226 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya __ isa khaNDa kAvya ke prAraMbha meM saMyoga-milana ke dRzya meM milana, romAMca, harSa, evaM anurAga ke citra meM saMyoga-zRMgAra kA prAraMbhika svarUpa dikhAI par3atA hai, jabaki rAjula kI viraha-vedanA evaM tajjanita usakI karuNa dazA ke sundara varNana meM viyoga-zRMgAra rasa kI sUkSma rasadhArA bahatI hai| isa prakAra 'rAjula' khaNDa kAvya apane udAtta bhAvoM ke citrIkaraNa evaM AdarzAtmaka nAyikA ke mArmika citraNa ke kAraNa Adhunika jaina kAvyoM meM mahatvapUrNa sthAna rakhatA hai| kavi kI prathama racanA hone ke kAraNa thoDI-bahuta truTiyoM kA raha jAnA saMbhAvya hai, phira bhI sundara bhAva komala bhASA zailI ke kAraNa acchI racanA hai| "prathama racanA hone ke kAraNa sabhI saMbhAvya truTiyAM isameM vidyamAna haiM, phira bhI isameM udAtta bhAvanAoM kI kamI nahIM hai| bhAva, bhASA Adi dRSTiyoM se yaha acchI racanA hai| bhASA kI dRSTi se kAvya utkRSTa koTi kA na sahI, sundara avazya kahA jA sakatA hai| bhASA zuddha khar3I bolI hone ke sAtha saMskRta ke tatsama zabdoM kA prayoga kavi ne nahIM kiyA hai| zailI meM prAsAdika guNa kA nirvAha huA hai tathA alaMkAroM kA bhI yathAyogya upayoga kara kavi ne varNana meM mAdhurya evaM bhAvoM meM tIvratA paidA karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| jaise bhASA meM lAkSaNikatA va mUrtimattA kA kAphI abhAva hai| lekina bhAvoM kI gaharAI evaM tIvratA ke kAraNa yaha kamI khalatI nahIM hai| kAvya meM yatra-tatra anuprAsoM kI chaTA rahane se bhASA meM nAda-sauMdarya evaM layatAla kA mAdhurya draSTavya hai kala-kala chala-chala saritA ke svara, saMketa zabda bola rhe| A~khoM meM pahale to chAye, dhIre se ura meM lIna hue| zabdAnuprAsa evaM varNAnuprAsa alaMkAroM ke dvArA kavi ne kAvya ko sundara banAne kA acchA prayAsa kiyA hai| aMjanA-pavanaMjaya : bhaMvaralAla zeThI yaha paurANika khaNDa kAvya sAdhAraNa koTi kA hone para bhI apanA mahatvapUrNa sthAna rakhatA hai| Aja yaha khaNDa kAvya aprApya hai, lekina 'anekAnta' kI purAnI phAiloM ko dekhate-dekhate yaha khaNDa kAvya prApta ho sakA hai| nemicandra zAstrI ke itihAsa meM isa khaNDa kAvya ke ullekha ke sAtha anya 1. DA. nemicandra zAstrI : A. hindI jaina sAhitya kA parizIlana, dvitIya bhAga, pR. 28. 2. anekAnta dvaimAsika zodha-patrikA-1978 aprail|

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Adhunika hindI jaina kAvya : vivecana 227 khaNDakAvyoM kA-vIratA kI kasauTI, bAhubali, evaM pratiphalana-bhI nAmollekha kiyA hai| lekina ve aprApta hone se unakI vivecanA saMbhava nahIM ho paatii| 126 padoM meM racita isa laghu khaNDa kAvya meM kavi ne aMjanA ke vivAha se ciMtita rAjA mahendra kI udvigna sthiti ke varNana se kathA sUtra kA prAraMbha kiyA hai| rAjA mahendra suyogya kanyA ratna ke lie yogya vara khojane kI ciMtA karate haiM aura apane maMtrI-gaNa se isa sambaMdha meM rAya pUchate haiN| samI maMtrI icchA va yogyatAnusAra bhinna-bhinna rAjakumAra ke nAma batAte haiM, lekina pradhAna maMtrI kucha-na-kucha doSa nikAla kara inkAra kara dete haiM aura svayaM rAjA prahlAda evaM rAnI ketumatI ke suyogya vIraputra pavanaMjaya ke lie vijJapti karate haiN| yogAnuyoga rAjA prahlAda saparivAra himAlaya-darzana karane vahIM Aye haiN| donoM rAjAoM kI mAnasika icchAe~ vyavahAra meM pariNata ho jAtI haiM bar3e ThATha se zubha belA meM, huI sagAI sanaMda pANigrahaNa mUhurata ThaharA, tIsare dina kA hI sukhNd|| phira rAjakumAra kA aMjanA evaM sakhiyoM ke bIca vATikA meM calate AnaMda-vinoda evaM vArtAlApa ko chipakara dekhanA aura 'mizrakezI' nAmaka sakhI kA pavanaMjaya kI apekSA vidyutprabha rAjakumAra kI tArIpha karane para apane priyatama pavanaMjaya ke rUpa-sauMdarya va vIratA ke vicAroM meM khoI huI ajaMnA kA mizrakezI kI bAta kA pratyuttara yA pratikAra na karane kI ceSTA kA pavanaMjaya galata aMdAja lagAkara ajaMnA ke cAritrya para vahama lAtA hai va apane isa apamAna kA badalA lene kA nizcaya kara baiThatA hai| kavi zAdI kA varNana jaldI meM kara dete haiN| pavanaMjaya kA zAdI se inkAra, phira prahasta kA mitra ko samajhAnA-bujhAnA, aise mArmika prasaMgoM ko kavi ne chor3a diyA hai, yadi aise mArmika prasaMgoM kA kavi ne tyAga na kiyA hotA to khaNDa kAvya avazya rocaka evaM bhAvapUrNa bana sakatA thaa| do padoM meM hI isa bhAvapradhAna prasaMga kA varNana kara diyA hai, jisameM ve pavanaMjaya ke hRdaya kI kriyApratikriyAe~, bhAvanAe~, parivartita vicAroM kI tIvra bhAvAbhivyakti kara sakate the cale vahA~ se gaye pavanaMjaya, car3ha vimAna para ghara aaye| sArI rAta jAne bhramavaza ho, ArtadhyAna kara duHkha paaye|| mAna-sarovara ke taTa Upara, racA gayA maNDapa suvishaal| usameM pANigrahaNa rati se huA jaba zuddha sukaal|| (49-50) tadanantara vaira vRtti kI dahakatI Aga se jalatA huA pavanaMjaya nirdoSa, 1. DA. nemicandra zAstrI : hindI jaina sAhitya kA parizIlana, dvitIya bhAga, pR0 24.

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228 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya bholI-bhAlI mugdhA aMjanA kA tyAga kara dete haiN| thor3e samaya ke bAda sAre rAja-parivAra meM yaha bAta phaila jAtI hai| usa vecArI ne binA aparAdha ke pati-darzana aura pati prema ke amUlya sukha ko kho diyaa| dina-rAta tar3apatI-rotI, kalapatI, viyoginI ajaMnA sakhI basanta mAlA ke sahAre bhaviSya kI AzA meM dina kATatI haiM, to rAta nahIM gujaratI aura rAta bhara rote-rote gujAratI hai barasoM bhI bIta gaye duHkhiyA ko, pAye nahi pIke darzana, chaliyA, kapaTina, pagalI kahate, jhukA pavanaMjaya kA nahIM mn| mana thA yA anapar3ha patthara thA, lohA thA yA baMjjara thA, prema-bhikhArina parama sandarI nArI ko na jahA~ sthala thaa| itane meM laMkA pati kA yuddha meM sahAyatA kA saMdeza Ane para rAjA prahlAda ko samajhA-bujhAkara pavanaMjaya svayaM senA lekara cala paDate haiM, taba maMgala dravya lekara pati ko yuddhakSetra meM bidA karAne hetu ajaMnA dvAra para AtI hai, to pavanaMjaya usakA tiraskAra kara binA dekhe hI cale jAte haiN| mAnasarovara ke taTa para dina bhara kI thakI senA ne paDAva DAlA to rAta ke samaya mAnasarovara ke suramya taTa para cakave-cakavI kA dRr3ha-praNaya-baMdhana va cakave kI mauta para cakavI kA karuNa Akranda aura tar3apa dekhakara pavanaMjaya ko usI kSaNa ajaMnA kI asahAya, duHkhI sthiti kA khyAla AtA hai| aura abhimAna bharI A~khoM meM aba pachatAve ke A~sU bahane lage aura hRdaya meM ajaMnA se milane ke lie besabra ho gayA aura aba taka kie gae apamAna aura upekSA kA badalA cukAne ke lie tatkAla vimAna meM baiThakara cala paDate haiM aura mahala meM jAkara kSamA-yAcanA kara prema-rasa se ajaMnA ko bhigo dete haiN| ajaMnA bhI apane ko dhanya bhAgya samajhatI pati ke krUra vyavahAra ko mApha kara detI hai aura savere prayANa kI belA ke vakta usakI mudrA mAMgatI hai, tAki parivAra vAloM ko bhaviSya meM kucha hone para vizvAsa dilAne ke lie sabUta rhe| phira bhI becArI garbhavatI hone para kumAra kI mudrA batalAne para bhI apamAnita kI gaI aura sakhI basantamAlA ke sAtha tana-mana se TUTI ajaMnA eka zilA khaNDa ke pAsa putra-ratna ko janma detI hai aura vahIM donoM sakhiyA~ rahane kA nizcaya karatI haiN| vahIM eka dina vimAna meM rAjA prati sUrya aura usakI rAnI svayaM vahA~ Ate haiM, apanI bhAMjI aura bacce ko pAkara khuza hokara apane sAtha apane rAjya meM le jAte haiN| bIca meM hAtha se chUTa jAne para jisa zilA khaNDa para bAlaka girA thA vaha cUra-cUra ho gaI aura bAlaka bAla-bAla baca gayA aura isI para se bAlaka kA nAma 'hanUmana' rakhA gyaa| udhara pavanaMjaya yuddha meM vijaya zrI prApta kara mahala meM Akara aMjanA ke sambaMdha meM jAnakArI pAkara mA~-para atyanta kruddha hotA hai aura vaha ajanA kI khoja karane ke lie nikala

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Adhunika hindI jaina kAvya : vivecana 229 par3atA hai| vaha vana-jaMgala meM cAroM ora aMjanA kA patA pUchatA rahatA hai| rAjA prahlAda, rAnI ketumatI, rAjA mahendra ki pAsa Akara aMjanA va putra kA sukhada samAcAra rAjA sUryacitra dete haiM aura sabhI pavanaMjaya ko khoja nikAlate haiM aura phira bAda meM sabhI kA aMjanA ke sAtha sukhada milana hotA hai aura kSamA-yAcanA kA krama calatA hai| AnaMda maMgala chAyA sabameM, huA prazaMsita zIla siNgaar| satI aMjanA kA ati sundara, chAyA jaga meM jaya jykaar|| (126) isa prakAra satI aMjanA ke zIla, vrata, tapa, tyAga aura ekaniSThA ke mahatva ko abhivyakta karatI yaha kathA jaina samAja evaM sAhitya meM atyaMta prasiddha evaM lokapriya hai| isI kathAvastu ko apanAkara zrI vIrendra jaina ne 'muktidUta' upanyAsa kI racanA kI hai| jo samagra Adhunika hindI jaina sAhitya meM utkRSTa racanA kahI jaaegii| kahIM rasAtmakatA, mRdutA, AMtarika saMgharSa va vedanA Adi udvelita karane vAlI anUbhUtiyoM kI mArmika abhivyakti nahIM hone para bhI sundara varNanoM ke kAraNa varNana pradhAna khaNDa kAvya ke antargata isakI ginatI kI jA sakatI haiN| bhASA zailIbhAva va kalpanA citraNa kI taraha sAmAnya haiN| aMjanA ke lie jagaha-jagaha 'bAI' kA zabda prayoga kucha bhaddA-sA pratIta hotA hai phira bhI choTe se 126 pada ke khaNDa kAvya meM prakRti varNana, mAnasika antardvandva cAritrika vizeSatAe~ citrita karane kI guMjAiza atyanta kama hI rhegii| pUrI kathA ko samAviSTa karane kI apekSA kavi ne isa laghu-kAya svarUpa ke lie kisI eka hI mArmika prasaMga ko cuna kara utkRSTa zilpa vidhAna evaM tIvratama bhAvAbhivyakti ke dvArA khaNDa kAvya ko sajAyA hotA to nizcaya hI sundara bhAvapradhAna khaNDa kAvya bhakeTa prApta hotii| phira bhI Adhunika hindI jaina sAhitya meM gadya kI vizAlatA ke sAmane padya kI spaSTa kamI ke kAraNa isa khaNDa kAvya kA apanA mahatva banA rahatA hai| satya-ahiMsA kA khUna : Adhunika hindI jaina sAhitya meM sva0 bhagavatasvarUpa jaina kA kAphI yogadAna rahA hai aura unhoMne mahatvapUrNa sthAna bhI prApta kiyA hai| prAyaH gadya kI sabhI vidhAoM meM unhoMne kalama calAI hai aura padya meM bhI choTe-choTe kathAnaka vAle muktaka kAvyoM evaM khaNDa kAvyoM kI racanA bhI bheMTa kI hai| inameM 'satya, ahiMsA kA khUna' laghu khaNDakAvya meM paurANika kathA varNita kI hai| hiMsA evaM asatya aise tatva hai, jinake kAraNa manuSya uccAsana se paTaka kara nIce pahu~ca jAtA hai|

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230 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya kathAvastu : rAjA vasu, brAhmaNa putra nArada evaM maMtrI putra parvata bAlya kAla meM tInoM eka hI Azrama meM par3hate the taba 'aja' zabda kA artha guru ne 'trivarSIya zalA' (jau) batAyA thaa| bar3e hone para vasu rAjA banatA hai evaM brAhmaNa putra nArada vidyA arjana hetu deza kA bhramaNa kara jJAnopArjana kara vApasa AtA hai aura parvata aba apane pitA kA sthAna grahaNa kara cukA hai, lekina vaha saccA jJAnI na hokara jJAna kA daMbha mAtra bharane vAlA hai| eka dina 'aja' zabda ko lekara nArada evaM parvata ar3a gae parvata 'yajJa meM bali kA bakarA' batAkara usI para ar3A rahA, jaba ki saccA artha nArada kA thaa| bAda meM donoM meM vAda-vivAda tIvratA para pahu~cane se rAjA vasu ke pAsa nyAya karAne ke lie jAte haiN| parvata kI mAtA ne rAjakumAra vasu ko bacapana meM eka bAra guru ke krodha se bacAne para kucha mA~gane kA varadAna bhaviSya ke lie rakhA thA aura use mAlUma thA ki merA putra hAranevAlA hai aura nArada kA artha satya hone se vasu usako hI saca tthhraayeNge| ataH vaha rAjA ke pAsa pahu~cakara putra ke pakSa meM nyAya dene kA vacana mA~ga letI hai, jo sarAsara galata thaa| lekina vacanabaddha vasu ko asatya bolakara nyAya karanA pdd'aa| phalasvarUpa asatya ke samarthana se vaha siMhAsana sameta pAtAla calA gyaa| mUr3ha parvata kalaMka kA doSI rhaa| vasu rAjA ko bhI yajJa meM bakare kI bali ko hiMsAmaya jAnate hue bhI guru-patnI ko die varadAna ko nibhAne ke lie jhUThA nyAya denA pdd'aa| parvata ko bhI nagaravAsiyoM ne hiMsAvAdI samajhakara nagara bAhara nikAlane kI sajA dii| isa prakAra yaha eka upadezAtmaka laghu khaNDakAvya hai| bhASA isakI sarala haiN| bhAva acche haiN| pAtroM ke caritra-citraNa evaM varNanoM kI guMjAiza atyanta kama rahI hai| kapUracandra jaina isa kRti ke saMdarbha meM likhate haiM-"sva0 bhagavatajI kI yaha racanA yadyapi bhASA aura sAhitya kI dRSTi se unakI prAraMbhika aura zaizava avasthA kI anumAna kI jAtI hai, kintu bhAvoM kI dRSTi se vaha Aja bhI utanI hI gaI, upayogI aura preraNAdAyaka hai, jitanI kabhI atIta kAla meM rahI hogii| 'satya' aura 'ahiMsA' kI avahelanA ke duSpariNAma ko vaha Aja bhI sUrya kI bhA~ti prakAzita kara rahI haiN|" padya kI zailI sAdhAraNa hai, lekina ahiMsA evaM satya ke mahatva kA saMdeza choTe-se kathAnaka ke bhItara chipA huA hai, vaha ullekhanIya hai| sAmAnya jaina samAja kI samajha ke lie sarala zailI apanAI gaI ho aisA pratIta hotA hai| kahIM-kahIM sUkti ke rUpa meM acche kathana milate haiM-yathA-saca hai vinAza ke samaya sudhi, viparita buddhi ho jaatii|' isa prakAra yaha laghu khaNDa kAvya sAdhAraNa hote hue bhI apanA mahatva rakhatA hai| 1. satya ahiMsA kA khUna-prAkkathana, pR0 7.

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Adhunika hindI jaina kAvya : vivecana madhu rasa : sva0 bhagavata jaina ke ATha laghu kathAtmaka kAvya isameM saMgrahIta haiN| dhArmika kathA sAhitya para AdhArita ina kAvyoM meM prathama khaNDa kAvya 'svAdhInatA kI divya jyoti' meM bAhubali evaM cakravartI bharata kA rocaka lokapriya kathAnaka hai, jo jaina sAhityakAroM kA priya viSaya rahA hai| isameM tyAga, zakti evaM sAMsArika viSamatA ke saMgharSa kA anUThA varNana hai| kavi ne prAraMbha meM caubIsa jinoM kI vaMdanA kI hai, aura apane kAvya ko 'tukavaMdI' kahakara svayaM ko 'kavi' nahIM samajhA hai| apanI laghutA ko svIkAra kara nirAbhimAnatA kA paricaya diyA hai| kavitAe~ sAdhAraNataH rocaka evaM madhyama koTi kI haiM, lekina kavi kI dhArmika anurAgamayatA se raMjita bhAvAnubhUti evaM rocaka kathA vastu ke kAraNa acchI lagatI haiN| 231 'svAdhInatA kI divya jyoti' meM prathama tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva ke putra bharata evaM bAhubali ke bIca hue yuddha kA varNana hai; jisameM vijita bAhubali sAMsArika jaya ko ThukarA kara Atma-bodha prApta hone se AdhyAtmika vijetA- pada prApta karane ke lie yuddha kSetra meM hI bAloM kA paMcapuSTi loca kara virAgI bana jAte haiN| bhagavAna RSabhadeva apane rAjya ko donoM meM bAMTa dete haiM aura apanI gaddI putra bharata ko sauMpate haiN| bharata ko cakravartI banane kA sapanA thA, ata: eka ke bAda eka sabhI rAjAoM ko parAjita kara cakra nagara ke dvAra ke pAsa hI ruka gayA, jisase sUcita hotA thA ki abhI bharata saMpUrNa cakravartI nahIM haiM, abhI koI rAjA unheM cakravartI ke rUpa meM svIkArane ko taiyAra nahIM hai| ata: krodha meM Akara dala-bala ke sAtha bAhubali kI nagarI para dhAvA bola diyaa| pahale dUta bhejA gayA aura parAjaya svIkAra karane kA saMdeza bhejA gayA lekina bAhubali sacce artha meM vIratA kI mUrti samAna the / unako svAbhimAna thA ki eka hI pitA ke hama putra haiM, to phira kyoM unake caraNoM meM zIza jhukaauuN| ataH dAsatva svIkArane se inkAra kara diyA aura yuddha ke lie taiyAra ho gye| phalasvarUpa donoM pakSoM ke maMtriyoM ne taya kiyA ki jaba donoM balavAna haiM, donoM kA ApasI mAmalA hai, to phira kyoM hajAroM ke prANa vyartha meM gaMvAyeM, ve donoM hI Apasa meM jalayuddha, vega- ga- yuddha evaM dvandva yuddha kara phaisalA prApta kara leN| jo vijayI hogA vaha cakravartI bnegaa| prathama do yuddhoM meM dRr3ha sazakta bAhubali vijayI hote haiN| aMtima dvandva yuddha meM bhI vijaya ke pAsa A gaye, taba bar3e bhAI para jora se hAtha uThAte hI ve lajjita hokara soca-vicAra meM DUba jAte haiM, aura rAjakIya sattA kI gulAmI se chUTane ke lie saMsAra para vairAgya A jAtA haiN| usI samaya U~ce kie

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Adhunika hindI - jaina sAhitya do hAthoM se apane hI bAloM ko noMca lete haiM aura jaMgala meM jAkara dIkSA grahaNa karate haiN| yadi cAhate to bharata ko harA kara svayaM cakravartI bana sakate the lekina jaba eka bAra moha kA aMdhakAra naSTa huA phira cakravartI pada kI AvazyakatA kyA ? Aja isIlie to jaina samAja bharata cakravartI kI apekSA AtmajayI vIra saMyamI bAhubali ko vizeSa sammAna detA hai| bAhubali ko mAra DAlane ke lie bharata ne to aMta meM cakra ko bhI chor3A thA lekina cakra ko lagAtAra apanI cAroM ora pradakSiNA dete hue dekhakara bAhubali ko duniyA ke vyavahAra evaM sAMsArika sambaMdhoM kI banAvaTa para dhikkAra chuTA 232 dhikkAra hai duniyA ki hai dama bhara kA tamAzA, bhaTakatA, bhramAtA hai puNyavAna kA pAzA, kara sakate vaphAdArI kI hama kisa taraha AzA, hai bhAI jahA~ bhAI ke khUna kA pyAsA / cakrIza ! cakra chor3ate kyA yaha thA vicArA / mara jAyegA, be-mauta merA bhAI dulArA | usa rAjya ko dhikkAra ki jo mada meM DUbA de, anyAya aura nyAya kA saba bheda bhUlA de / bhAI kI muhabbata ko bhI miTTI meM milA de, yA yoM kaho alipta do haiyA banA de, darakAra nahIM, aise ghRNita rAjya kI mana ko, maiM chor3atA hU~ Aja se usa nArakI pana ko / yaha kahake cale bAhubali mukti ke patha para, saba dekhate rahe ki hue ho sabhI patthara / / 1 svayaMvara : lakSmaNa kA jitapadmA nAmaka rAjakumArI ke abhimAna ko cUra-cUra kara svayaMvara jitane kI kathA hai / jitapadmA abhimAnI evaM yuddhapriya hone se puruSa se dveSa karatI thI lekina lakSmaNa jI ke rUpa sauMdarya evaM bAhubala se prabhAvita ho komala ho jAtI hai aura anurAga kA anubhava karatI hai| usake pitA vairIdamana lakSmaNa para zaktiyoM kA prahAra karatA hai, jisase avazya mRtyu ho sakatI thI lekina lakSmaNa ne to vIratA se usa zakti ko hAthoM meM dabA liyA aura anta meM rAjA bairIdamana lakSmaNa kI anupama vIratA se parAjita hokara apanA sira jhukAtA hai aura apanI putrI jitapadmA ke svayaMvara meM lakSmaNa ko varamAlA prApta 1. draSTavya- bhagavata jaina -' madhurasa', pR0 21.

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Adhunika hindI jaina kAvya : vivecana 233 hotI hai| isa prakAra jaina purANoM ke anusAra yaha jitapadmA kI kathAvastu grahaNa kI gaI hai| kavitA sAdhAraNataH acchI hai| siddhArtha naMda : yaha khaNDa kAvya kAphI acchA hai| mahAvIra ke janma se pUrva hiMsA kA vAtAvaraNa kaisA phailA thA aura loga zAnti kI cAha kara rahe the, dhArmika kSetra meM yajJayAga meM nirdoSa pazuoM kI bali car3hAkara dharma kA 'puNya' uThAne the| lekina mahAvIra ne apane niraMtara prayAsoM se ahiMsA kA mahatva pratipAdita kiyaa| mahAvIra jaba paidA hue taba chAyA huA thA vizva meM hiMsA kA aMdherA DAlA thA AtmA para krUra karma ne gheraa| lagane lage mAnava ko, pApa dharma hai merA hara zAma sanI khUna se, hara dina kA sveraa|| AkAza begunAhoM kI AhoM se bhara gyaa| mAnava kA buddhivAda thA, jAne kidhara gyaa|' siddhArtha-naMda vardhamAna kI ahiMsA paraka vANI kA kavi ne sundara ullekha kiyA hai| prabhu ahiMsA-pUrvaka jIvana jIne ke lie sabako saMdeza dete haiN| AcaraNa ke yathAyogya ve upadeza dete the| ve kahate haiM hiMsA hai mahApApa ki ye nIca karma hai yadi dharma hai koI to ahiMsA hI dharma hai| hara eka ko nihAro dayA kI nigAha se jI apanA bahalAo nA garIboM kI Aha se| khUna bhI pApa hai Daro usa ke gunAha se tulanA na karo usa ke gunAha se| hiMsA hai dharma to adharma kyA hai batAo, pAkhaNDa yahIM roka do, Age na bddh'aao| (pR. 41) mahAvIra ke isa saMdeza ke phalasvarUpa hiMsA ke sthAna ahiMsA kA prabhutva bar3hane se Ananda meM tabdIla huA vizva kA krndn| yaha gUMjA ki jayavanta hove vIra kA shaasn| * isa choTe se khaNDa kAvya meM kathA vastu nahIM hai, kahIM alaMkAra yojanA 1. draSTavya-bhagavata jaina-'madhurasa', pR0 36.

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234 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya yA bhASA kA camatkAra bhI nahIM hai lekina ahiMsAtmaka vicAradhArA kA ucita udreka hI kAvya kA mahatvapUrNa aMza bana gayA hai| janakanaMdinI : ___choTA-sA kAvya hai| rAmAyaNa kI kathA se isameM kAphI parivartana kara diye hai, kyoMki lava-kuza milApa ke bAda sItA vAlmIki Azrama meM thI, rAjA vajrajaMga ke yahA~ nahIM, lekina jaina purANa kI rAma kathA ko AcAravastu banAyA gayA hone se bhagavat ko bhI usI kA anusaraNa karanA par3A hai| rAma kA caritra jaina rAmAyaNa meM kAphI girAyA gayA hai| kavi ne bhI isameM rAma ke gaurava yukta caritra ke lie arucirakara bhASA kA prayoga kiyA hai| sItA ke lie 'nirlajja' zabda prayoga rAma ke gauravapUrNa caritra ke lie kahA~ taka ucita haiM? bole rAma khuza nahIM hU~ maiM dekha tumheM mana meM sIte tAjA hai aparAdha Aja bhI, hai yadyapi varSoM biite| mere tuma parityAga lie bhI nahIM chor3atI ho mmtaa| isa vezaramI kI batalAo kauna kara sakegA smtaa| (pR. 45) sItA agni parikSA ke lie udyata hotI haiM aura pAvaka agni apanI zakti se pAnI kA kuNDa bhara detA hai| usameM kamala para rAja siMhAsanArUr3ha devI sItA hai| sabhA jana evaM Apta jana jaya jaya kAra karate haiN| rAma bhI lajjita hokara sItA ko apanA pada saMbhAlane ke lie kahate haiM, lekina sItA kahatI haiM sItA uThakara khar3I huI bolI virakta hokara vANI, kAphI dekha cukI hU~ raghupati, kismata kI khIMcAtAnI nahIM kisI kA doSa, doSa to hai sirpha bhAgya kA, jisake Age balazAlI bhI rahatA hai hokara khaamosh|| (pR. 54) aura sItA keza noMca kara sAdhvI banane ke lie vairAgya ke mArga para gamana karane ke lie taiyAra huii| rAma kAphI du:khI zaramindA hokara sItA se kSamA-yAcanA karate haiM aura vApasa lauTane ke lie bAra-bAra vinatI karate haiM lekina aba sItA uttama vairAgya mArga para apane pAMva dRr3hatA se rakha cukI haiM, ataH inkAra karatI haiN| sAdhu-sevI : jaina dharma upAsaka kisI seTha ke guru ko kor3ha nikalA hai aura rAjasabhA meM unhIM guru kI carcA nikalane para rAjA seTha jI ko pUchate haiM, lekina guru kor3hI hai, aisA niMdya zabda kaise jihvA para Ae? seTha ne guru ke tapa aura pavitratA kI prazaMsA kI lekina sacAI kI parIkSA-hetu dUsare dina sabhI jaMgala meM jAkara

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Adhunika hindI jaina kAvya : vivecana 235 dekha leMge aisA rAjA kA nirNaya sabhA meM sunakara ghara para Akara seTha udvigna ho ge| guru niMdA se bacane ke lie asatya vacana kahane kA pApa kiyA thaa| rAjA guru kA kor3hI zarIra dekhakara sajA deMge, isakA bhI Dara nahIM thA, lekina guru kA apamAna hogA yaha soca isakA upAya DhUMr3hane ke lie sAMjha kI belA meM guru ke pAsa jAkara yahA~ se prasthAna kara dene ko kahate haiN| guru ke pUchane para saca-saca batA dete haiN| seTha kI guru-bhakti dekha nizcita rahane ke lie guru ne khaa| dUsare rAjA ne sabhAsadoM evaM seTha jI ke sAtha dekhA to guru jI saMpUrNa nirogI the| seTha bhI staMbhita ho gaye sone-sA atidIpta, roga se zUnya, tapobala se jagamaga guru kA dekha zarIra, seTha raha gae khar3e kucha duur|| dharma ke prabhAva se kucha bhI asaMbhAvita nahIM hai aisA guru ke kahane para guru niMdaka sabhAsadoM ne kSamA mA~ga kara jaya jaya pukaarii| sabhI gurU ke caraNoM meM jA jhuke| seTha dhanya-dhanya ho gye| 'pujArI' meM ADambara yukta evaM nAmaraTaNa tathA saccI pUjA kA aMtara spaSTa kiyA gayA hai| saccI pUjA meM zraddhA va pyAra yukta bhakti bhAvanA hotI hai| kAmanA-vAsanA ke sthAna para saMtoSa evaM zAnti hotI hai| jabaki banAvaTI pUjA meM lobha evaM mamatA hotI hai| sAMsArika aiSaNAe~ chipI rahatI haiN| dunyAvI cAha pUrI na hone para pUjA ko kosA jAtA hai| chor3a bhI dI jAtI hai| jabaki saccI bhakti kisI bhI prakAra ke AghAta-kaSTa Ane para bhI prabhu icchA samajhakara bhakti kA pravAha akhaNDa rahatA hai| zraddhA aura bhaktimaya pUjA hai atIva sukhkaarii| ___ 'gulAmI' meM sItA vanavAsa kI choTI-sI kathA hai| kAvya sAdhAraNa koTi kA hai, jo jaina-purANa para AdhArita hai| gulAmI kI dazA ke kAraNa hI sItA ko vana meM chor3ane kI rAmAjJA kA pAlana senApati ko karanA par3A, isakA hArdika kheda hai| sItA jI ko tIrtha-darzana ke bahAne-le jAne ke bAda gAr3ha jaMgala meM chor3a dene kI AjJA ke mutAbika senApati sItA jI ko vahIM utara jAne ko kahane se pahale phUTa-phUTa kara rotA hai aura sItA ke pUchane para kahatA hai Aja yadi svAdhIna maiM hotA aho, pApa yaha na hotA mere hAtha se, nArakI pana kA ghRNita milatA nahIM, marma-bedhI hukuma raghunAtha se|

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236 taba vivaza hokara yahI kahanA par3A, mA~ tumhArA tyAga hai prabhu ne kiyA / ghora vana meM chor3a Ane ke lie Adhunika hindI - jaina sAhitya he mujhe Adeza rAghava ne diyA / sItA kI asahAya, dIna dazA dekhakara senApati rone lagA, hAya-hAya kI cItkAreM karake sItA se kSamA-prArthanA karatA hai| sItA kI vedanA aura rodana ko dekhakara gU~ja taba kAntAra kI sImA gaI, kA~pane sI laga gaI jaise dharA / ro uThA vaha bhIma vana bhI dIna ho, pattharoM kA hRdaya bhI phaTane lgaa| yahA~ sItA kI dhanIbhUta pIr3A evaM pariNAma svarUpa bhISaNa marmadAhaka dazA kA kavi ne sundara varNana kiyA hai vRkSa bhI citkAra - sA karane lage, ruka gaI bahatI huI bhI vipathagA / bAgha, bhAlU, sarpa, hastI, bher3iye, saba cakita ho lage usako dekhne| anta meM sItA ko vana meM akelI chor3a, dharma ko palabhara bhI na tyAgane kA sItA kA rAma ke lie saMdeza lekara camUpati rAma ke pAsa Ate haiM aura aba cAhate haiM kara cukA maiM kArya aMtima ApakA, aba mujhe svAtaMtrya kA sukha caahie| hai mujhe karanA prayatna avazya hI, isa duHkhada ghAtaka gulAmI ke lie, dAsatA kI zrRMkhalA ko tor3akara, camupati daur3e tapovana ke lie, tanika se santuSTa vaha hote na the, pUrNa AjAdI unheM thI caahie| ( pR0 78-79) 'trizalAnaMdana' siddhArtha - naMdana - sA hI kAvya hai| donoM kAvya meM samAna vicAradhArA hai| vardhamAna ke janmapUrva kI hiMsAmaya paristhiti kA varNana evaM varddhamAna ke janma bAda ahiMsA ke sAmrAjya kI carcA kI gaI hai| kisa prakAra hiMsA se vimukha hokara ahiMsA kA mahatva janatA ko samajhAyA aura prabhu ne ahiMsA kA mahatva pratipAdita kiyA, yahI isa kAvya kI mukhya dhvani hai| isa prakAra zrI bhagavat jaina dvArA likhita 'madhu-rasa' choTe-choTe ATha kAvyoM kA saMgraha hai, jinakI AdhArabhUmi jaina darzana kA koI na koI siddhAnta rahA hai-ahiMsA, gurubhakti, rAtri bhojana tyAga, dayA, kSamA, prema Adi kA mahatva vyakta kiyA gayA hai| kAvya kI bhASA sarala evaM zuddha khar3I bolI hai, jisameM

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Adhunika hindI jaina kAvya : vivecana 237 urdU ke zabdoM kA kvacita prayoga kiyA hai| bhagavata jI bahumukhI pratibhA ke svAmI the, ataH unhoMne vipula sAhitya-sRjana ke dvArA hindI jaina sAhitya ke sAtha hindI sAhitya kI bhI kAphI sevA kI hai| Adhunika jaina sAhityakAroM meM unakA mahatvapUrNa sthAna kahA jaayegaa| muktaka : ___ muktaka kAvya kI vizeSatAoM kI saMkSipta rUpa se carcA hama kara cuke haiN| Adhunika hindI jaina sAhitya meM muktaka kAvyoM kI do prakAra kI pravRttiyA~ dRSTigata hotI haiN| eka prAcIna paripATI para likhI gaI kavitAe~, jinameM kisI AcAra, vicAra yA kisI siddhAnta kA prAcIna DhaMga para varNana kiyA gayA hai| aise kAvyoM kI bhASA-zailI bhI purAne DhaMga kI honA svAbhAvika hai| hRdaya kI bhAvanA kI abhivyakti to avazya hotI hai, lekina rUpa ko saMvArA nahIM gayA hotaa| isa prakAra ke muktaka kAvyoM meM dArzanika abhivyakti kI vipulatA ke kAraNa bhAvoM kA sahaja unmeSa atyanta kama ho pAyA hai| prAcIna paddhati para kAvya-racanA karane vAle prathama kavi Are nivAsI bAbU jagamohana haiN| jinakA 'dharmaratnodyota' nAmaka choTI-choTI kavitAoM kA eka graMtha prakAzita hai| inakI kavitA sAdhAraNa hai, para bhakti-bhAvanA pUrNa hai| ataH kavitA bojhila yA nIrasa nahIM pratIta hotii| purAne DhaMga ke kaviyoM kI racanAe~ Aja anupalabdha haiM, lekina DaoN. nemicandra ne apane parizIlana meM inakI racanAoM para saMkSipta prakAza DAlA hai| racanAe~ to unako bhI prApta nahIM huI haiN| muktaka kAvya racanA ke aMtargata zAstrI jI ne pravRtti gata paricaya hI diyA hai| bAbU jainendra kizora ne bhajana, navaratna, zrAvakAcAra, vacana-batIsI Adi kavitAe~ likhI haiN| isake uparAnta Apane samasyA pUrti bhI kI hai, jisa para rIti-yuga kI spaSTa chApa hai| Apake nakha-zikha varNana meM bhI kucha rocaka aura madhura upalabdha hai| isI prakAra jhAlaNa pATana nivAsI zrI lakSmIbAI tathA mAsTara nandurAma ne prAcIna paripATI para kavitAe~ likhI haiM jo Aja anupalabdha haiN| vaise unakI kavitAoM meM AcArAtmaka aura naitika karttavya kA vizleSaNa sundara DhaMga se kiyA gayA hai| sapta vyasana kI burAiyoM ke varNana ke sAtha darzana aura AcAra kI gUDha bAtoM kA kavi ne sarasa va sarala zailI meM varNana kiyA hai| dArzanika pRSThabhUmi se sambaMdhita viSayoM para kavitAe~ likhane para bhI rocaka zailI ke kAraNa ye kavitAe~ grAhya bana par3I haiN|' zrImati ramArAnI jaina ne Adhunika yuga ke jaina kaviyoM kI kavitAoM kA 1. DA. nemicandra zAstrI : hindI jaina sAhitya kA parizIlana, dvitIya bhAga, pR0 34.

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238 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya sucAru DhaMga se saMkalana kiyA hai| jaina kavi hone ke nAte prAyaH sabhI kaviyoM kI kavitA kA viSaya jaina tatvoM para avalaMbita koI na koI vicAra dhArA yA siddhAnta kA honA svAbhAvika hai| ahiMsA, satya, prema, karuNA va mAnavatA ke sAtha-sAtha ina kaviyoM ne rASTrIya cetanA, mAtR-bhUmi va deza-prema, bandhutva bhAvanA ke viSaya meM bhI kAphI likhA hai| prAyaH navacetanA, joza-utsAha kA svara kAphI phUTa par3A hai| ina kaviyoM kI zailI para Adhunika hindI sAhitya ke kaviyoM kI bhAvadhArA va zailI kA prabhAva vizeSa dikhAI par3atA hai| paMta, nirAlA, maithilIzaraNa gupta, mahAdevI jI, caturvedI va prasAda jI kI bhAvadhArA evaM kAvya-zailI kA prabhAva pratIta hotA hai| zrImati ramAdevI kA yaha prathama prayAsa hai, phira bhI unhoMne kAphI satarkatA va kuzalatA se kAryavahana kiyA hai| kevala jaina kaviyoM kI kavitAoM ko hI sampAdita karake kSetra ko sImita banAne kA unakA uddezya nahIM hai, lekina " 'maiM' apanI jAti aura samAja ke saMparka dvArA jina kaviyoM ko jAna sakI hU~ aura jina taka pahu~canA durlabha hai, mAnavatA ke una pratinidhiyoM ko vizAla sAhitya saMsAra ke sAmane lA rahI huuN|'' Adhunika jaina kaviyoM ke ramArAnI jI ne bhinna-bhinna vibhAga kiye haiM, unameM prathama 'yuga-pravartaka' kaviyoM ko zAmila kiyA hai| jinhoMne prAraMbha meM thor3I-bahuta bhAvAveza sthiti meM kavitAe~ likhI hoM-kavi banane kA uddezya lekara nahIM lekina bAda meM itihAsa, AdhyAtmikatA, anveSaNa va AlocanA ke kSetra meM mahatvapUrNa kArya karate rahe haiN| jaina samAja va sAhitya ke kSetra meM jo yuga-pravartaka yA prakAza staMbha banakara khar3e haiM, unakI kavitAe~ saMgrahIta haiN| yuga pravartaka kaviyoM meM paM. nAthUrAma premI, bhagavanta gaNapati prasAdagoyalIya jugalakizora mukhtAra, mUlacandra 'vatsala' tathA 'agAsa' pramukha rUpa se ullekhanIya haiN| prasiddha dArzanika evaM nibaMdhakAra mukhtArajI kI 'merI bhAvanA' kavitA atyanta prasiddha hai| usI prakAra nAthUrAma premI kI 'pitA kI paraloka yAtrA para' tathA saMdarbha sandeza' kavitAoM kA saMkalana kiyA gayA hai| gaNapati goyalIya jI kI 'siddhavarakUTa' aura 'nIca aura achUta', 'merA saMsAra' tathA 'pyAra' kavitA ko saMpAdikA ne isa saMkalana meM saMgrahIta kiyA hai| paM0 guNabhadra 'agAsa' kI 'sItA kI agni-parIkSA' tathA 'bhikhArI kA svapna' kavitA bhI. 'yuga-pravartaka' vibhAga ke antargata saMkalita haiN| ye kavitAe~ kAphI lokapriya rahI thii| ina 'yuga-pravartaka' kaviyoM ke viSaya meM saMpAdikA kA kahanA hai ki "naye jAgaraNa aura sudhAra ke yuga meM jisa vicAra-srota ko ina mahAna AtmAoM ne samAja kI maru bhUmi kI ora 1. ramArAnI jaina-'Adhunika hindI jaina kavi'-prAkkathana, pR0 3.

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Adhunika hindI jaina kAvya : vivecana 239 unmukha kiyA, usane samAja-mana ko nayA jIvana aura sAhitya ko nayA svara diyA hai|" dUsare vibhAga meM unhoMne 'yugAnugAmI' kaviyoM kI kavitAoM kA samAyojana kiyA hai, jisameM paM. jainasukhadAsa 'kaviratna', paM. darabArIlAla 'satya bhakta' paM0 nAthUrAma DoMgarIya, sUryabhAnu DoMgI, zrI dadUlAla, paM. zobhAcandra nyAyatIrtha kI kavitAe~ haiN| inake viSaya meM zrImati ramAdevI likhatI haiM-'yugAnugAmI' kaviyoM meM hamAre samAja ke aneka mAnya vidvAna sampAdaka aura vicAraka haiM, jo hamArI prAcIna saMskRti ke saMrakSaNa meM lage hue haiM, aura ve niHsandeha yugAraMbha kI naI preraNA ko sAhitya aura samAja sudhAra ke kSetra meM parIkSaNa ke dvArA Age le jAne vAle haiN| isa samudAya ke kaviyoM kI kavitAoM meM yaha vaiziSTya hai ki ve pradhAnataH karmamUlaka, dArzanika yA sudhAravAdI haiN| tIsare vibhAga meM ve 'pragati preraka' kaviyoM kI kavitAoM ko samAviSTa hue haiN| una para apane samaya kI rAjakIya va sAhityika gatividhiyoM kA prabhAva spaSTataH 'bhagavata', zrI lakSmIcandra jaina, zrI zAMtisvarUpa 'kusuma', zrI hukumacandra bukhAriyA, zrI kapUracandra 'indu' zrI IzvaralAla, lakSmaNaprasAda 'prazAnta', rAjendra kumAra, amRtalAla 'aMcala', zrI khUbacandra 'puSkala', zrI pannAlAla 'basanta', zrI caMpAlAla 'purantha' Adi 42 haiN| ve sabhI nayI pIr3hI ke kavi haiN| mAtRbhUmi kI paratantratA se vyAkula hone se svataMtratA ke gIta gAte haiM, janatA ko cetAvanI dete haiM, jagAte haiN| samaya kI pukAra va mA~goM se ve prabhAvita hokara gA uThate haiN| cAhe viSaya kisI bhI prakAra kA kyoM na ho, yuga-pravAha ke kavi yuga-pravartaka kI taraha Adarza jIvana va vyavahAra ke lie pratyakSa upadeza yA sandeza nahIM dete| 'yuga-pravAha' ke kavi kevala paristhiti kA varNana karate haiM-dhArmika, aitihAsika va rASTrIya paristhitiyoM ke varNanoM dvArA ve jAganA cAhate haiN| isa prakAra ke kaviyoM ke viSaya meM saMpAdikA kA mAnanA hai ki-kavitA kI dRSTi se tIsarA pariccheda 'pragati-pravartaka' bar3ha gaye haiM, jinhoMne hindI kavitA pracalita zailiyoM ko apanAkara kavitA ko bhAva, bhASA aura viSaya kI dRSTi se pragati kI zreNI meM lA diyA hai| inameM se aneka kaviyoM ko hamAre sAhitya meM pragati ke mahArathiyoM ke rUpa meM smaraNa kiyA jAyegA, aisA merA vizvAsa hai| 1. dekhie-ramArAnI jaina-'Adhunika hindI jaina kavi'-prAkkathana, pR0 3. 2. dekhie-ramArAnI jaina-'Adhunika hindI jaina kavi'-prAkkathana, pR0 4. 3. dekhie-ramArAnI jaina-'Adhunika hindI jaina kavi'-prAkkathana, pR0 5.

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240 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya aba jo pragati kI dhArA baha rahI hai, usa pravAha meM naye-naye kavi apanI apanI pratibhA, ruci aura kSamatA ke anusAra avagAhana kara rahe haiN| isa 'pragatipravAha' meM hamAre samAja kI kavayitriyoM kI sarasa bhAva UrmiyAM taraMgita ho rahI haiM, taruNa kaviyoM kI 'gati hilora' nRtya kara rahI haiM aura aneka choTe-baDe kaviyoM ke 'prayatna-sIkara' ullAsa se uchala rahe haiN| isa 'pragati pravAha' urmiyA~, 'gIti-hilora evaM 'sIkara' ke kaviyoM meM zrI lajAdevI, zrI kamalAdevI jaina, zrI kumudakumArI, mainAvatI jaina, sarojinI devI jaina aura puSpalatA devI Adi kavayitriyoM kI 3 kavitAoM ko 'UrmiyoM ke bhItara saMgrahIta kiyA hai| sacamuca naI kavayitriyoM kI lekhanI se urmilapravAeM bhAvukatApUrNa kAvya-lahara umar3a par3I hai| kahIM-kahIM mahAdevI varmA kA prabhAva bhI spaSTa lakSita hotA hai| 'mUka-yAcanA' meM zrI premalatA jI gAtI haiM kisI ke AzApada kI dhUla, banU~, patha para chitarA jAU~ milana-belA para preyasI-sI kI, TUTa jaga meM bikharA jaauuN| viraha kI utsukatA meM DUba, - haMsU, jhUmU, pulakita madhugAna deva, maiM bana jAU~ ajnyaan| (pR. 183) usI prakAra zrI lajjAvatI devI kI 'Akula aMtara' meM sundara bhAva dekhane ko milatA hai maiM isa zUnya praNaya vedI para, kina caraNoM kA dhyAna karU~, mRtyukUla para baiThI kaise, amara kSitija nirmANa karUM? phUla sugaMdhita tUM cuna le, zUloM se bhara merI jholI, para AzA-latikA kI bhAvukatA smRtiyA~ mata chIna skhii| (pR. 177) premalatA 'kaumudI' kI kavitA meM barabasa hameM gupta jI kI urmilA kI yAda A jAtI hai mere nayanoM kI kuTiyoM meM kitane dIpa na jalAye rI, nIrasa supta prANa mere sahasA kisane ukasAye rii|

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Adhunika hindI jaina kAvya : vivecana Aja saritA jala-sA nirmala madhura manda surabhita malayAlina / sajani ! Aja kitane bina mere jIvana-tAra akulAye rii| rajanI ke tAroM ke bhI, dhana- vidyut ke manuhAroM-sI, 241 ura nabha meM kisa tarala pratIkSA ke bAdala ghira Aye rii| mere nayanoM kI kuTiyoM meM kisane dIpa jalAye rii|| (pR0 192) sarojinI devI kI kavitA meM bhI hameM madhura bhAva dikhAI par3ate haiN| viraha-vedanA ke svaroM se inakI kavitA jhaMkRta hotI hai| jaise maiM duHkha - sAgara kI eka lahara, yaha lahara-lahara kI duHkha - kampana, kaba maMda par3egI dila dhar3akana / hogA samApta terA niSThura mana, kaba lahara-lahara kA maMju - miln| ( pR0 202 ) aneka naye kavi aparicaya ke parde meM chipe haiM, lekina apanI madhura, rasapUrNa kavitA ke mAdhyama se ve hamAre sAmane upasthita hote haiN| zrI phUlacanda 'puSpendu' kI 'cAha' hamArI bhI manokAmanA banI rahatI hai| 'abhilASA' kAvya meM kavi kI cAha dekhie maiM banA rahU~, jaga banA rahe / tAraka- maNi-maMDita nIla gagana, lakha, tAroM kA jhilamila bartana, mana hI se kaha uThatA hai mana, ratna - mere Upara yaha - jar3ita sundara vitAna - sA tanA rahe / ( pR0 112) yahI kavi 'devadvAra para prabhu ko ulAhanA dete hue kahate haiMeka nirdhana bhI are! karatA atithi satkAra kaisA ? vizvapati yaha phira tumhArA hai bhalA vyavahAra kaisA ? Aja isa Azcarya meM duHkha bhI bhulAtA jA rahA hU~ guna gunAtA jA rahA huuN| ( pR0 219 ) 'sIkara' meM bilakula naye ubharate hue kaviyoM kI kavitA kA paricaya diyA gayA haiM, jinameM bAbUlAla sAgara, lakSmIcandra jaina 'saroja', kauzalAdhIza jaina, kapUracanda jI, vidyAvijaya jI, paM0 cAndamala jI, sAgaramala, anUpacanda, kesarImala Adi pramukha haiN| inakI kavitAoM meM viSaya vaividhya hai / 'tejonidhAna

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242 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya gA~dhImahAna', bhAratendu bAbU harizcandra' zIrSaka kavitA bhI prApya hai| bhaktibhAvanA va prabhu-vaMdanA, deza-prema kI kavitAe~ bhI upalabdha hotI hai| 'bhAratendu bAbU harizcandra' meM kavi kahate haiM bhASA ke bhaNDAra meM, bhUSaNa bhare aneka, bindu bhAratI mAla ko, bhAratendu bhI eka, mahi meM yoM mahimA rahI, kavi mAMhi haricanda, tArAgana vica va gagana meM, gUntho jimi cndaa| rAjasthAnI bhASA zailI kA spaSTa prabhAva isa pada meM dikhAI par3atA hai| 'tejonidhAna gA~dhI mahAna' meM kavi bhaktibhAvapUrNa aho bhAva vyakta karate hue likhate haiM tejonidhAna gAMdhI mhaan| gaurava-giri ke zekhara svruup| bala prakaTa Atma ke mUrtirUpa, ho kSINakAya, girA pradhAna, cirabhAsita tyAga vibhUtimAna, tejonidhAna gAMdhI mhaan| (pR. 235) 'pragati pravAha' meM muni amaracanda, zrI ghAsIrAma, paM0 rAjakumAra, tArAcanda 'makaraMda', sumeracanda 'kauzala', bAlacandra, harIndrabhUSaNa, sumerUcandra zAstrI, amRtalAla, gulAbacanda ThAnA, DaoN. zaMkaralAla, bAbU zrIcanda, surendrasAgara jaina, jJAnacandra jaina aura maganalAla 'kamala' kI kavitAoM ko sthAna diyA gayA hai| kaviyoM kI saMkhyA ke mutAbika kavitAe~ bhI aneka haiM, lekina sthAnAbhAva ke kAraNa kevala nAmollekha se hI saMtoSa prApta karanA par3atA hai| zrI sumerUcanda zAstrI ne 'mahAkavi tulasI' ko arghya dete hue likhA hairAghava punIta pada-padma kA pujArI vaha, bhakti maNDalI kA eka dhIra-vIra netA thA, aTala pratijJA meM thA, acala himAlaya-sA, jJAna karma bhakti kI pavitra nAva khetA thA, 'hulasI' kA lAla hinda-hindI himAlaya vana, rAma-pada-prIti kA manoI jJAna detA thaa| (pR. 153) paM0 parameSThilAla kA 'mahAvIra saMdeza' jaina darzana kI vizeSatA pradarzita karatA hai premabhAva jaga meM phailA do, karo satya kA nitya vyavahAra, durAbhimAna ko tyAga ahiMsaka bano yahI jIvana kA saar|

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Adhunika hindI jaina kAvya : vivecana nara-nArI pazu-pakSI kA hita jisameM socA jAtA ho, dIna-hIna patitoM ko bhI jo harSa sahita apanAtA ho / vaise sabhI dharma-darzana yahI to saMdeza detA hai| 243 zrI guNabhadra 'agAsa' va paM0 mUlacanda jI kI kavitA isa saMgraha meM mahatvapUrNa haiN| bhagavata svarUpa mukhyataH kahAnIkAra aura nATakakAra ke rUpa meM prasiddha haiM lekina yahA inakI do kavitAe~ bhI lI gaI haiM- 'sukha - zAnti cAhatA hai mAnava' tathA 'mujhe na kavitA likhanA AtA' hai| sarvaprathama kavitA 'merI bhAvanA' meM kavi jugalakizora mukhtAra jI-jo prasiddha nibaMdhakAra bhI haiM - mAnavIya saMvedanAoM ko mahatva dete hue vizva-kalyANa cAhate haiN| apane rASTra kI unnati ke sAtha pratyeka mAnava ke prati kavi sadbhAva va maitrIpUrNa vyavahAra ke dvArA jagata kI sukha-zAnti cAhate haiM roga, marI durbhikSa na phaile, prajA zAnti se jiyA kare, parama ahiMsA dharma jagata meM phaila sarva hita kiyA kre| phaile prema paraspara jaga meM, moha dUra para rahA kare, apriya-kaTuka kaThora zabda nahIM koI mukha se kahA kare / ( pR0 7 ) saMpAdakIya meM ayodhyAprasAda goyalIya jI ne bilakula susaMgata likhA hai, yadyapi hindI kavitA Aja jitanI vikasita aura unnata Age prastuta pustaka kI kavitAe~ kucha vizeSa mahatva nahIM pAyeMgI / phira bhI yaha eka prayatna hai| isase jaina samAja kI vartamAna gati vidhi kA paricaya milegA aura bhaviSya meM unameM uttama sAhitya, nirmANa karane kA lekhakoM aura prakAzakoM ko utsAha bhii|" (pR0 6 ) viSayAnusAra : Adhunika jaina kaviyoM kI kavitAoM ko sampAdikA ne kramaza: utthAna ke kramAnusAra saMgrahIta kiyA hai| prathama utthAna 20vIM sadI prAraMbha ke yugapravartaka aura yugAnugAmI tathA pragati pravAha ke kavigaNa, dvitIya utthAna san 1926 se 1940 taka ke evaM pragati preraka tathA anya kavigaNa kI racanAeM tadantara kAla kI mAnI jaayegii| isa saMgraha kI kavitAoM ko viSayAnusAra bhI vargIkRta kiyA jA sakatA hai| varNanAtmaka kavitAoM meM jugalakizora mukhtAra kI 'ajasaMbodhana', 'komala', nAthUrAma premI kI 'pitA kI paraloka yAtrA para, 'bhagavaMta goyalIya ke' 'siddhavara kUTa', kavi agAsa kI 'bhikhArI kA svapna' lakSmIcandra kI 'maiM patajhara kI sUkhI DAlI', kAzIrAma kI 'phUla se komala' 'rAjakumAra kI bhagnamaMdira', 1. dekhie - ramArAnI jaina -' Adhunika hindI jaina kavi ' - prastAvanA, pR0 6.

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244 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya vIrendrakumAra kI 'vIravaMdanA, caMdraprabhA devI kI 'raNabherI' kamalA devI kI 'roTI' Adi kavitAoM kA samAveza kiyA jA sakatA hai| jinameM varNana ke sAtha bhAvAtmakatA kA bhI pUrNa rUpa se nirvAha kiyA gayA hai| bhAvAtmaka kavitAe~ kavi ke aMta:sthala se uThanevAlI mArmika anubhUti se anuraMjita hotI haiM, jisameM kavi sAMsArikatA se Upara uThakara bhAvajagata meM vicaraNa karate haiN| Adhunika jaina kaviyoM meM pUrNatayA bhAvAtmaka kavitAe~ likhanevAle bahuta kama kavi haiN| phira bhI kucha kavi aise haiM, jinakI racanAoM meM vividha bhAvoM kI tIvratama abhivyakti dikhAI detI hai| aise kaviyoM meM jugalakizora kI 'merI bhAvanA', kavi caina sukhadAsa kI 'jIvanaghaTa', kavi satyabhakta kI 'jharanA' kavi kalyANakumAra kI 'vidyut jIvana, lakSmIcaMdra vizAgata kI 'A~sU se' aura 'citrakAra se', akSayakumAra gaMgavAla kI 'halacala' Adi pramukha kavitAe~ haiN| kavi bukhAriyA aura kavi puSkara bhAvAtmaka kAvya kSetra ke mahatvapUrNa kavi haiN| manuSya kI rAgAtmaka vRtti ko vizeSa rUpa se jhaMkRta karake kalpanA zakti dvArA bhAvo kI anubhUti karAne meM uttama kAvya, jaina kavitA kI koTi meM A sakate haiM aura Adhunika jaina kaviyoM meM gadyAtmaka rasaprada kAvya likhanevAloM meM kuMthukumArI, premalatA kaumudI, kamalAdevI, puSpalatA devI, kavi anuja 'puSpendu' ratana gaMgavAla, bukhArIyAjI Adi ko acchI saphalatA prApta huI hai| unake kAvyoM meM bhAvanAoM kI layabaddha va mArmika abhivyakti huI hai| AcArAtmaka kavitAe~ jaina dharma kI vividha kavitAoM meM prakAzita hotI rahatI haiN| inameM AcAra-siddhAntoM kA mahatva aura varNana vizeSa hotA hai, jabaki kAvyatva bahuta hI kama rahatA hai| vRttAtmaka racanAoM meM kavi guNabhadra agAsa kI 'pradyumna caritra', 'rAma vanavAsa', tathA 'kumArI anaMtamatI' kavitAe~ sAdhAraNa koTi kI haiN| inameM kAvyatva kI mAtrA kama aura paurANikatA, itivRttAtmakatA adhika hai| kavi mUlacaMda vatsala ke 'vIra paMcaratna' meM pA~ca vIra bAlakoM kA caritra vRtta aMkita hai| inake uparAMta kavi kalyANa kumAra 'zazi' kA 'devagar3ha kAvya' bhI isI koTi meM ginA jaayegaa| ramArAnI ne kAla kramAnusAra kaviyoM kA vibhAjana kiyA hai aura inhIM kaviyoM kI kavitAoM kA vizleSaNa DaoN. nemicandra jaina ne Adhunika yugIna muktaka ke kaviyoM ko tIna kAla khaNDa meM samAviSTa kara liyA hai| anya kisI muktaka kAvya-saMgraha paricaya vahA~ upalabdha nahIM hotA hai| ___paMDita parameSThI dAsa kA 'parameSThI padyAvalI' nAma se kAvya saMgraha prakAzita huA hai| jo Ajakala anupalabdha hai| unakI ye racanAe~ dhArmika

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Adhunika hindI jaina kAvya : vivecana 245 bhAvanAoM se otaprota haiM, sAtha meM sAmAjika sudhAra ko protsAhita karane kA lakSya banA rahA hai| inakI kavitAoM kA sAhityika mUlya cAhe kama ho, lekina dhArmika tathA sAmAjika mUlya adhika haiN| zrI vidyAvinoda : 1966 meM vidyAvijaya jI mahArAja ne dhArmika stutiparaka gItoM kI racanA kI, jinameM tIrthaMkaroM kI bhakti se prApta durlabha zAnti kI prapti para jora diyA gayA hai| bhagavAna ke guNoM aura mahAnatA ko svIkAra kara nija laghutA kA pradarzana karake bhavasAgara se ugArane ke lie vinatI kI gaI hai| jo saMgItAtmakatA ke kAraNa geya bhI hai| isa stavana saMgraha ke padoM para rAjasthAnI bhASA kA prabhAva jahA~-tahA~ dekhane ko milatA hai| phira bhI sundara bhAvapUrNa prabhu-bhakti ke kAraNa stavana AkarSaka hai| eka udAharaNa draSTavya hai jinavarajI ke bhavatAraka nAmatamAe, senA-naMdana apane tAro rAmajI tArI kulacaMdA se nAma saMbhavanAtha kaha nyAre, suzobhita mukha araviMdA re araviMdA re| suravara punIta sarAe~ re kalpavelI mila gaI punya udaya merA Aja to nihita jyoM nAva meM karake sAtha bhavasaMbhavi haro khaajto| isI prakAra kI 'vIrapuSpAMjali' paMDitA ke stavanoM kA saMgraha hai| vaMdanA prArthanA ke inake gItoM meM kAphI madhuratA aura lekhikA ke hRdaya kI pukAra va tanmayatA kA bhAva aMkita huA hai| zrImati kamalA devI kRta 'zrI zAsana deva se zrAvikAsaMgha kI prArthanA' bhI choTe-choTe dhArmika stavana kA saMgraha hai| jisa para rAja-sthAnI bhASA kA prabhAva vizeSa rahA hai| rAjasthAna meM jaina dharma kA atyanta pracAra-prasAra hone ke kAraNa dainika stuti vaMdanA, pUjA mahotsava ke samaya gAye jAne ke lie DhUMDhArI bhASA se prabhAvita hindI meM stavanoM kI choTI bar3I bahuta sI pustakeM likhI jAtI haiN| jinameM sAmAnyataH AkarSaka bhASA zailI meM prabhu kI prazaMsA, guNa-mahAtmaya, aura AtmA kI dInatA-hInatA, nIca gati kA varNana hotA hai| tathA prabhu se saMsAra-sAga pAra utArane kI prArthanA hotI hai| yaha samajhate hue bhI tIrthankara vItarAgI, niSkAma haiN| apane karmoM ke bala para hI sukha-duHkha prApta hone vAle haiM, phira bhI prabhu mUrti ke sAmane aisI stuti gAkara bhakta AnaMda-vibhora hokara zAnti prApta karane kI ceSTA karatA hai| madhya yuga meM hindI jaina sAhitya meM aise dhArmika kAvya graMtha kAphI likhe gae haiN| aura utkRSTa koTi

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246 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya ke bhakta kavi bhI hue| jinakI kRtiyA~ Aja bhI jaina samAja meM dhArmika prasaMgoM para gAI jAtI haiN| rAjasthAna ke prasiddha muni nemicandra jI ke bhAvavAhI sundara dhArmika bhajanoM kA saMgraha 'nemavANI' isI kAla kI racanA hai| Adhunika jaina kAvya racanAoM ke sarjana meM muni AcAryoM kA bhI kama yogadAna nahIM haiN| 'nemavANI' ke stavanoM ke aMta meM choTI-choTI zikSA prada kathA bhI rakhI gaI haiN| kavi ke padoM para rAjasthAnI bhASA kA prabhAva svAbhAvika rUpa se lakSita hotA hai, gujarAtI bhASA kA prabhAva bhI dikhAyA hai-tIrthaMkaroM ke varNa ke viSaya meM unakA pada dekhie ___ padaprabhu vAsupUjya doU rAte some soy|| 1 / / candra prabhu ne suvidhinAtha ujjalavaNe jina vikhyaat|| 2 / / mallinAtha ne pArzvanAtha nIle varNe jor3a hAtha muni subrata ke neminAtha aMjana varNoM do saakhyaat|| 4 / / sole kaMcana varNoM jAta caubIsa jina praNabhuM prbhaat|| 5 / / nema mane punama paragAda, udayApura jina binA yaad|| 6 / / (nemmavANI pR. 19) zrIpAla caritra : kavi parimalajI ne saMvat 1951 meM isakI racanA gadya-padya meM kI thii| aura prakAzita nahIM karavAyA thaa| hastaprata ko zuddha karake bAbU jJAnacaMdrajI ne saM0 1908 meM prakAzita kiyA thaa| lekina yaha prati bhI kho gaI thii| ataH suvidhA ke lie dIpacaMda jI ke pAsa sarala hindI meM gadyAnuvAda karavAyA gayA thaa| prAraMbha meM kavi ne tIrthaMkara aura guru kI vaMdanA kI hai| jaina sAhitya meM zrIpAla rAnA aura mainA sundarI kI kathA atyaMta prasiddha hai| svakarmoM ke anusAra hI sukha-duHkha pAne kI niyati nizcita hai| isa kathA meM rAjA zrIpAla va rAnI mainA svakarmoM ke kAraNa aneka kaSTa, roga Adi pAte haiM aura karmoM kI dharma, vrata, tapasyA, Adi se dvArA nirjarA sukha sAmrAjya Ate haiM, lekina tabhI jJAna netra khula jAne se saMsAra kI asAratA va nirarthakatA dekhakara saMsAra tyAga karate haiN| muni zrI vijaya ne bhI dohA caupAI' meM zrIpAla rAjA kA 'rAsa' nAmaka kAvya kI racanA kI hai| jisameM uparyukta prasiddha kathAvastu ko dohA-caupAI zailI meM kAvyabaddha kiyA hai| kAvya meM varNanAtkatA vizeSa hai, sAhityakatA km| bhASA zailI para gujAratI bhASA kA prabhAva vizeSa lakSita hotA hai| subodha kusumAMjali : muni jJAnacandra jI ke sundara bhAvavAdI stavanoM kA saMkalana hai| jisameM 1. bhAvanagara ke 'yajJovijaya grantha bhaMDAre' ke antargata isa racanA kA vivaraNa prApta haA thaa| 2. vhii|

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Adhunika hindI jaina kAvya : vivecana 247 prAraMbha meM gadya meM choTI-choTI kathAoM meM dhArmika upadeza hai aura bAda meM kavi ke racita stavanoM ke pada hai| jinameM vividha rAga-rAginiyoM kA prayoga kiyA hai| jaise-AzAvarI, bilAbala, vihAga, kAnhar3a aadi| vicAra candrodaya zrI pItAMbara ne I. san 1909 meM usakI racanA kI thI jo gadya-padya mizrita hai| choTI-choTI kathAoM ke mAdhyama se sAhityika DhaMga se dhArmika carcA ke bIca-bIca meM mananAha rolA vividha chandoM meM kavitAe~ likhI gaI haiN| isameM kavi ne bhaktibhAva pUrvaka guru vaMdanA padya meM kI hai| ____ muni rUpacandra jI ke Adhunika kAvyoM kA saMgraha 'andhA cA~da' prakAzita huA hai| muni rUpacanda jI hindI jaina sAhitkAroM meM ucca sthAna ke adhikArI vidvAna lekhaka haiN| 'andyA cAnda' meM unakI navIna pravRtti va sundara mAnavatAvAdI vicAradhArA se yukta 58 kavitAe~ saMgrahIta kI gaI haiN| jinameM pUnama kI rAta, kheta kI muMDera se uThatA huA, kabhI gItoM se hI pyAra thA, maiM sunI-sI rAta, caratI kA lADalA, dhUla meM lipaTe, mA~ kRpA kro| maMdira ke pujArI ne jaba, maiM jalA, yugasanta, manuja ke bholepana kAza, milakI cimanI, eka vicAra, bUMda ne, khokhale bAMsa meM Adi Adhunika vicAradhArA se otaprota kavitAe~ haiN| kavi ne inheM 'svAntaH' ke lie racA hai| 'jharokhe meM baiThA kabUtara' meM kavi Adhunika iMsAniyata ke viSaya meM vyaMgya prahAra karate haiM jharokhe meM baiTha udAsa kabUtara, bhIgI palakoM se kabhI bAhara jhAMkatA hai, kabhI bhItara jhAMkatA hai| vaha soca rahA hai, ki Adamiyata vaha cIja hai, jo ujar3e hue ko basAnA jAnatI hai, unheM sIdhI-sI pagaDaNDI batAnA apanA pharja mAnatI hai, lekina Aja jo AdamI hai, vaha Adamiyata nahIM cAhatA, khuda to ujar3A huA hai hI, auroM ko basatA huA bhI dekhanA nahIM caahtaa| dharatI khisakatI jA rahI hai, AkAza bhAgA jA rahA hai| (pR. 8) patA nahIM mAnava kI buddhi ko kyA ho gayA hai, ki usake hara eka kArya meM, saccAI kama hai aura nakalabAjI jyAdA hai, kintu jaba taka iMsAna ke dila meM karuNA hai,

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248 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya eka dUsare ke lie pyAra hai, taba taka iMsAniyata kA sammAna nahIM ghaTa sktaa| (pR. 30) kavi kI vANI meM kitanA yathArtha vyaMgya TapakatA hai| kavi dhUrta pAkhaNDI bhaktoM kI khillI ur3Ate hue kahate haiN| mujhe apanI A~khoM para vizvAsa na huA, jaba maiMne dekhA, ki maMdira ke dAlAna meM baiThe bhakta loga, bar3e U~ce svara meM rAma-dhuna gA rahe haiM jaba ki udhara maMdira ke pichale daravAje se bhagavAna ulTe pairoM bhAge jA rahe haiM, caraNa chUkara, kAMpate hue pUchA maiMne bhagavan! ApakA yaha kyA hAla? to unhoMne hAphate-hAphate kahAgeko mata mujhe, yahA~ adhika nahIM Thahara sakatA aba maiM, ina logoM ne bichA rakhA hai mere lie paga-paga para jaal| (pR. 43) kavi ko saMsAra va sAMsArika rizte asAra-asatya mahasUsa hotA hai, kyoMki jIvana sapanA hai, saba kucha parAyA hai, kauna apanA hai aura phira yaha mana isa saMsAra se Uba jAtA hai jaise ki dina bhara Aga barasAne vAlA sUraja sAMjha ko DUba jAtA hai| (pR. 23) kisI se kucha udhAra lekara iThalAne kI vRtti para kavi vyaMgya karate haiM bajhAI huI rozanI se rozana cA~da kI sarpa-bharI cAla para dekhoM to sahI ye sitAre kitane haMsa rahe haiN| aba to aisA laga rahA hai ki jo bAhara se jitanA adhika camakatA hai, vaha bhItara utanA hI adhika kAlApana liye hai| (pR. 3)

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Adhunika hindI jaina kAvya : vivecana 249 uparyukta kavitAoM ke do-cAra udAharaNoM se bhI dekha pAte haiM ki kavi kI bhASA-zailI kitanI sarala hai| isa saMdarbha meM kavi svayaM spaSTatA karate haiM ki-"kavitAoM kI bhASA maiMne sarala hindI rakhI hai| kavitA apanI bhASA kI durUhatA se jana-mAnasa se alaga chiTaka jAye, yaha mujhe paMsada nhiiN| Aja kI nayI kavitA meM jo sabase adhika abhAva pratIta hotA hai, vaha yahI ki vaha bhAva bhASA-zailI donoM hI dRSTiyoM se jana-sAdhAraNa se bahuta-dUra jA rahI hai| pariNAmataH janamAnasa kavi ke pAMDitya se avazya abhibhUta hai, lekina kAvya ke sAtha unakA bilakula tAdAtmya nhiiN|" dUsare meM kavitA nayI aura purAnI ke isa dvandva se janamAnasa meM sAhityakAra paidA hotA hai| jagata ke prati eka anAsthA kA bhAva bhI bhAvanA ke kavitA-pratiSThA kI koI sazakta vidyA janatA ke samakSa aaye| laya-gIta, tukAnta, atukAnta Adi ko samAna rUpa se maiMne sammAna diyA hai|' 'andhA cAMda' kI kavitAoM ke viSaya meM rAjasthAna ke prasiddha kavi kanhaiyAlAla zeThiyA likhate haiM ki-yaha sahI hai ki aMdhA cAMda kI kavitAoM meM paraMparAgata kAvyokti zilpa kA vighaTana huA hai, para agara zilpa apane mUla artha meM sahaja kA hI paryAyavAcI hai to yaha vighaTana kAvya ke lie svasthatA kA hI cihna hai, asvasthatA kA nhiiN| cetanA kI paridhi kA yaha icchita vistAra ina naye mUlyoM ko sthApita kara sakegA, jinake sAtha samasta mAnavatA kA bhaviSya jur3A huA hai| merI mAnyatA hai ki manovaijJAnika aura dArzanika AdhAroM para sthita nayI kavitA ko rasa-bodha ke usa carama biMdu taka pahu~cA degI; jahA~ saMvedanA svayaM vedanA bana jaayegii| muni rUpacanda jI kI lekhanI Aja bhI gadya kI vidhA ke samAna kAvya para bhI samAna rUpa se pravRttimaya hai| unake kAvyoM meM spaSTataH pratyakSa rUpa se-jaina darzana kA koI siddhAnta na rahane para bhI unakI vicAradhArA meM mAnavatAvAda, karuNA, prema kA ucca rUpa jhalakatA hai, cAhe unakI pratyakSa abhivyakti na kI gaI ho| DaoN. hukumacanda bhArilla ne sarala bhASA zailI meM arihanta, siddha va sImaMdhara ke pUjana padoM kI racanA 'arcanA' meM kI hai| zuddha khar3I bolI meM yaha stuti vaMdanA likhI huI hai| kavi prabhu kI vividha prakAra se pUjA karate hue kahate haiM AzA kI pyAsa bujhAne ko, aba taka mRgatRSNA meM bhttkaa| jala samajhA viSaya-viSa bhogoM ko, unakI mamatA meM thA attkaa|| lakha saumya dRSTi terI prabhuvara, samatA-rasa pIne AyA huuN| isa jala ne pyAsa bujhAI nA, isako lauTAne AyA huuN| 1. muni rUpacanda jI-'andhA cAMda'-prAkkathana, pR0 3. 2. draSTavya-muni rUpacanda jI-'andhAcAMda'-bhUmikA, pR0 1.

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Adhunika hindI - jaina sAhitya isI prakAra mahAcanda jI ne 'bhajanAvalI' ke aMtargata rAjasthAnI bhASA se prabhAvita hindI meM stavanoM kI racanA kI hai| isameM unhoMne bhaktibhAvanA pUrvaka avaguNoM ko svIkAra kara prabhu ke vItarAga rUpa kI prazaMsA - stuti kI hai| prAraMbha meM madhyakAlIna bhakta kaviyoM kI bhAva- bhASA zailI se prabhAvita hokara bhagavAna RSabhadeva va bhagavAna vardhamAna ke janmotsava para ayodhyA meM manAye gae utsavoM kA sundara varNana kiyA hai - jaise 250 badhAI AlI nAbhirAya ghara Aja / / Tera / / maru devI suta upajo hai Aja jitendra kumAra indrapurI se hU~ bhalI hai Aja ayodhyA dvAra // usI prakAra varddhamAna ke janma avasara para - siddhAratha rAjA darabAre badhAI raMga bherI ho / ttekaa| trizalA devI teM suta jAyo varddhamAna jina rAja barI ho / kuNDalapura meM ghara ghara dvAre hoya rahI AnaMda gharI ho // 1 // kavi prabhu ke vItarAgI guNoM kI stuti karate haiM: rAga dveSa jAke nahiM mana meM hama aise cAkara haiN| Tera || jo hama aise ke cAkara to karma ripU hama kahA kari haiM // 1 // nahiM aSTAdaza doSa jitUmeM chiyAlIsa guNa Akara haiN| sapta tatva upadeza jaga meM sohi hamAre ThAkura haiM || 2 || mayUra dUta : prAcIna dUta kAvya 'indradUta' kI zailI para saM0 1990 meM muni dhurandhara vijaya ne kapar3avaMja cAturmAsa ke samaya 'mayUra dUta' kI racanA kI, jisameM jAmanagara meM cAturmAsa kara rahe apane guru ko mayUra ke dvArA bhejA hai aura bhakti - vaMdanA kI zraddhAjaMlI bhejI hai| isameM 180 pada haiM, jisameM zikhariNI chaMda kA prayoga adhika kiyA gayA hai| kapar3avaMja se jAmanagara ke bIca ke prAkRtika bhaugolika sthaloM kA kavi ne sundara rasAtmaka zailI meM varNana kiyA hai| kavi kI kavitva zakti kA paricaya isase prApta hotA hai| AdikAla va madhyakAla meM dUta kAvyoM kI paramparA vizeSa dikhAI par3atI thI, lekina Adhunika kAla meM isakA pravAha sthagita ho gayA hai| yaha kRti Aja aprApta hone se usakI vistRta vivecanA saMbhava nahIM hai| isakA ullekha DaoN0 gulAbarAya caudharI saMpAdita 'jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa' (chaThA bhAga) ke aMtargata pAyA jAtA hai|

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Adhunika hindI jaina kAvya : vivecana 251 Adhunika kAla meM kAvya kSetra meM eka pravRtti yaha pAI jAtI hai ki madhyakAla ke zreSTha bhakta kaviyoM kI racanAoM ko punaH saMpAdita karake sAmAnya janatA meM unheM pracalita kiyA jAtA hai, kahIM-kahIM gadya meM unake kAvyoM kA vivaraNa, bhAvArtha Adi spaSTa kiyA jAtA hai| isake dvArA zreSTha bhAvuka kaviyoM kI uttama racanAoM ko janatA ke samakSa rakhakara unake kAvyoM kA rasAsvAdana karAyA jAya va uttama kavi kI aprakAzita racanA prakAza meM bhI lAI jAtI hai| mohanalAla zAstrI ne 'jainabhajana saMgraha bhAga-1-2' tathA bhAgacanda jI ne 'bhAgacanda pada-saMgraha' nikAle haiM, jinameM madhyakAla ke kaviyoM kA paricaya Adi jaina jagata ko prApta hotA hai| 'jaina-pada saMgraha' meM madhyakAlIna kavi dhAnatarAya kavi ke 'dhAnatavilAsa' saMgraha se cune hue padoM kA saMkalana kavi ne kiyA hai| 'jaina zataka' paM. jJAnacandra jaina ne isa yuga meM prakAzita karavAyA, jisameM kavi mUladAsa racita 'jaina' atyaMta prasiddha evaM lokapriya hai| usI prakAra 'adhyAtma padAvalI' meM rAjakuMvara jaina ne madhyakAla ke vibhinna bhakta kaviyoM kI utkRSTa racanAoM kA saMkalana kara prakAzita karavAyA hai| rAjakuMvara jaina ne usa samaya kI dhArmika sAmAjika va aitihAsika paristhitiyoM kA paricayAtmaka varNana kiyA hai, tAki isa saMdarbha meM usake kaviyoM kI racanA kA mUlya aura samIkSA kI jaay| paM0 becaradAsa jI ne 'bhajana-saMgraha-dharmAmRta' meM bhakta kaviyoM kI racanA ko saMpAdita kara unakA vivecana prastuta kiyA hai| yahA~ hindI jaina sAhitya meM anudita kRti yA saMpAdita kRtiyoM kA ullekha karane kA uddezya nahIM hai, kyoMki inakI saMkhyA vipula mAtrA meM hai| yahA~ to kevala madhyakAlIna bhakta kaviyoM kI kavitAoM ko saMkalita kara jaina samAja meM pracAra-prasAra karane kI pravRtti kI ora iMgita mAtra hai| zrIyut agaracanda nAhaTA jI va bhaMvaralAla nAhaTA jI ne 'aitihAsika jaina kAvya saMgraha' meM madhyakAlIna kaviyoM kI aitihAsika kRtiyoM kA saMkalana kiyA hai| isa prakAra kI kRtiyoM meM kAvyatva ke sAtha-sAtha itihAsa kI koI na koI ghaTanA, prasaMga yA vyakti jur3e hue hone ke kAraNa tatkAlIna dhArmika aura sAmAjika itihAsa para bhI thor3A-bahuta prakAza par3a sakatA hai| aise saMgraha ko prakAzita karane meM saMpAdaka ko satarkatA evaM kuzalatA baratanI par3atI hai| __ Adhunika hindI-jaina-muktaka-racayitAoM meM saurASTra ke prasiddha, tattvajJAnI va zatAvadhAnI ke rUpa meM atyaMta sammAnita zrImad rAjacandra kA nAma liyA jA sakatA hai| vaise unakA pUrA sAhitya gujarAtI bhASA ko gauravAnvita karatA hai, phira bhI, adhyAtma-rasa se paripUrNa jJAna-guru kI mahattA siddha karane vAlI cAra-pA~ca

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Adhunika hindI - jaina sAhitya 1 racanAe~ hindI bhI prApta haiN| padyasaMkhyA sImita hone para bhI eka eka paMkti meM aneka bhAva va artha bhare par3e haiN| "choTI meM unhoMne hindI meM se gujarAtI meM anuvAda kA kArya kiyA thA, lekina bAda meM unhoMne hindI bhASA meM hI padya-kRtiyoM kI racanA kI thii| aisI 'binA nayana' 'yama niyama' Adi cAra padya - pra-kRtiyAM Aja upalabdha hai| inameM se do kI hastanoM meM se prApta huI haiN| 2 upalabdha cAroM racanAoM meM guru mahAtmya, jJAna prApti ke pUrva jIva ke kie hue aneka sAdhanoM, mUlamArga Adi para zrImad rAjacandraH ne gaMbhIratA se vicAra kiyA hai| inase rAjacandra kA hindI bhASA para kA adhikAra bhI vyakta hotA hai| 'binAnayana" unakI sarvaprathama lokopayogI aprakAzita racanA hai| isameM kavi ne chaH dohoM meM Atma kalyANa ke lie Avazyaka tatvoM kI carcA kAvyAtmaka zailI meM kI hai| muktaka kI prathama paMkti 'binA nayana pAye nahIM, binA nayana kI bAta' meM kabIradAsa kI ulaTa vAsI kI taraha bAhya virodha dikhAI par3atA hai, lekina gUr3hArtha meM 'tatvalocana ke binA va antarmukha dRSTi ko khole binA AtmA ko nahIM jAnA jA sakatA' aisA artha saMnihita hai| Atma jJAna denevAle guru kI mahattA, anivAryatA abhivyakta karate hue kavi kahate haiMbujhI cahata jo pyAsa kI, hai bujhana kI rIta 2 pAve nahIM guru binA, e hI anAdi sthiti e hI nahIM hai kalpanA, e hI nahIM bibhaMga kaI nara paMcama kAla meM, dekhI vastu abhaMga / arthAt AtmA ko jAnane kI pyAsa yadi jIva ko hai to use bujhAne kA mArga bhI hai, vaha hai guru kI kRpA / yaha upAya anAdikAla se jJAniyoM ne batAyA hai| guru kI AjJA kA pAlana karane se Atma-jJAna kI prApti saMbhava hotI hai| isa mArga para calane se jIva ko mukti prApta hotI hai| Atma kalayANa kA yaha mArga kalpita yA bhUla bharA - vibhaMga - bhI nahIM hai| isake lie manuSya ko "nahIM detu upadeza kA prathama lehiM upadeza' vRtti kA pAlana karanA caahie| sarva samarpaNa bhAva sadaguru kI zaraNa meM jAne kA bodha aMtima dohe meM kavi dete haiM :pAyA kI e bAta hai, nija chaMdana ko chor3a pIche lAga satapuruSa ke, to saba baMdhana tor3a / 252 isa muktaka para gujarAtI bhASA kA prabhAva spaSTa lakSita hai| 'kAvya kI bhASA hindI hone para bhI zabda vyavasthA sarala va paraspara anukUla hai| zabdoM kA 1. zatAvadhAnI : eka sAtha sau kriyAoM ko kara sakane vAlA siddha vidvAn puruSa / 2. DA0 sarayU mehatA - zrImadanI jIvana siddhi, pR0 467. 3. zrImad rAjacandra agAsa AvRtti, aMka 258, pR0 292.

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Adhunika hindI jaina kAvya : vivecana 253 parivartana artha-gaurava meM hAnikAraka hai| isa prakAra yahA~ zrImad rAjacandra ne Atma jJAna prApta karane kA sarala va prabhAvapUrNa mArga iMgita kiyA hai| yama-niyama : battIsa paMkti ke isa kAvya meM bhI sadaguru kI prApti va mahattA para hI jora diyA gayA hai| toTaka chaMda meM racita isa laMbe kAvya ke do bhAga kie gae haiN| isameM jIva, jIva kA ajJAna, ajJAna ko dUra karane ke upAya, guru kI khoja ke uparAMta guru-prApti, Atma-jJAna prApta karane ke jIva ke upAyAdi kA varNana kiyA gayA ataH svAbhAvika hai ki jaina darzana ke pAribhASika zabdoM kA bhI kavi ne upayoga kiyA hai-yathA yama niyama saMyama Apa kiyo, puni tyAga virAga abhAga lahayo banavAsa liyo mukha mona rahayo, dRr3ha Asana padma lagAya kiyo| mana mauna nirodha rasabodha kiyo, dRr3ha joga prayoga sutAra bhayo, japa bheda jape, tapa tyoM hI tape, usa se hI udAsI jahI saba pe| saba zAstrana ke naya cAri hiye, mana maNDana-khaNDana bheda lie| saba sAdhana bAra anaMta kiyo, tadapi kachu hAtha haju na pryoN| lekina guru kRpA prApta hote hI saba kucha sAdhya ho sakatA hai- . pala meM pragaTe mukha Amala se, aba sadguru suprema base, tapa se, mana se dhana se, sabase, guru deva kI Ana svaAtma bse| taba satyasudhA darazAda hiMge, caturAMgula hai hamase milhe| rasa dena niraMjana ko viyahI, gAhi joga jugo juga so jabahI, para prema-pravAha bar3e prabhu se, saba Agama bheda su bse| vaha kevala ko bIja jJAnI kaheM, nija ko anubhava batalAI diye| guru kI kRpA se jIva sRSTi chUTa Antara dRSTi kA vikAsa hotA hai| isa anubhava-prApti ke kavi 'caturAMgula hai hamase milA hai' kathana meM spaSTa karate haiN| isa prakAra kAvya meM abhivyakta mokSa-sukha ke lie sadguru kI prApti hI anivArya hai| 'binA nayana' aura 'yama niyama' donoM meM guru mahAtmya hI varNita hai| prathama meM saMkSipta rUpa se aura 'yama niyama' meM vistRta rUpa se yahI bhAva varNita hai| 1. DA0 sarayU mehatA-zrImadanI jIvana siddhi, pR0 471. 'Ama 12 paMktiyAM A nAnA kAvyamA zrImade guru mahAtmya ane gurunI AjJAe cAlavAthI malatuM punya batAvyu chai| kAvya nI bhASA hindI hovA chatAM zabdo nI goThavaNI sarala ane paraspara anurUpa chai| zabdoM no pheraphAra karatAM arthanuM gaurava ochu thatuM jaNAya che| Ama ahIM zrImade AtmajJAna pAmavA mATe no sarala tathA sacoTa mArga batAvyo ch|'

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254 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya mAraga sAcA mila gayA : solaha paMkti ke doharA chaMda meM race gaye isa kAvya meM sabhI paMkti pUrNa nahIM hai| bahuta sI paMktiyoM ke artha caraNa hI prApta hote haiN| kavi rAjacandra ko mokSa ke lie saccA mArga mila cukA hai, isa siddhi kA AnaMdollAsa abhivyakta kiyA hai| mokSa mArga kI prApti kI niHzaMkatA spaSTa karate hue kavi kahate haiM mAraga sAcA mila gayA, chUTa gae saMdeha, hotA so to jala gayA, bhinna kiyA nija deh| arthAt Atma svarUpa ke anubhava rUpa mokSa kA saccA mArga prApta hone se sarva saMdeha kI nivRtti huI-ni:zaMkatA prApta huii| pariNAmataH mithyAtva se jo karmabandha huA karatA thA, vaha jalakara bhasma ho gyaa| Atma svarUpa ko kisa prakAra prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai, isa viSaya meM kavi ke vicAra hai ki khoja piNDa brahmANDa kA, patA to laga jAya ye hi brahmANDI vAsanA, jaba jAve sb----| Atma jJAna prApta karane kI lagana jagane se jIva kA kyA kahanA hai- . Apa Apaku bhUla gayA, inase kyA aMdhera, samara samara aba hasata hai, nahIM bhUleMge pher| arthAt svayaM AtmA hI apanI sattA sthiti bhUla gayA thA, isase bar3A aMdhera kyA ho sakatA hai| usa vastusthiti ko yAda karake bhUla ke smaraNa para haMsI AtI hai| ___ kavi ne isa kAvya meM Atma-jJAna ke sambaMdha meM sarala zailI meM apane vicAra anubhava vyakta kie hai| jisa para se kavi kA gahana adhyAtma jJAna va tatva jJAna svataH prakaTa hotA hai| yaha kAvya kavi kI 'hAthanogha' meM se prApta hotA hota AsavA parisavA : doharA chaMda meM racita isa kAvya meM bhI kavi ne jJAnI kI dazA, jaina kI mahattA, usake mukhya tatva Adi ke viSaya meM vicAra kiyA hai| yaha kAvya pUrNataH AdhyAtmika hone se jaina dharma ke pAribhASika zabdoM kA bAhulya hai| prathama dohA meM hI dekhie hota AsavA parisavA, nahIM inameM saMdeha, mAtra dRSTi kI bhUla hai, bhUla gaye gata ai hii| jina sohI hai AbhA, anya hoI so karma

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Adhunika hindI jaina kAvya : vivecana 255 karma kare so jina vacana, tatva jJAnI ko marma jaba jAnyo nijarUpa ko, taba jAnyo saba loka nahi jAnyo nija rUpa ko, saba jAnyo se phok| vyavahAra se deva jina, nihaje se haiM Apa, aihI vacana se samAja ko, jina pravacana kI chaap|| "isa prakAra hameM zrImad kI cAra racanAe~ prApta hotI haiN| jinameM se tIna tattva vicAra se sambaMdhita haiM va eka nijI ullAsa kI hai| cAra meM se tIna racanAe~ dohA chaMda meM hai tathA 'yama-niyama' toTaka meM hai| ye racanAe~ zrImad kA hindI bhASA kA prabhutva vyakta karatI haiN|" zraddhA evaM tyAga : ratanalAla gaMgavAla ne prAcIna jaina kathA-sAhitya para AdhArita choTI-sI do kathAe~ lekara do padyamaya racanAe~ jaina samAja ke lie bAdha ke sAtha gAI jAnevAlI racI hai| ye donoM bhAvapUrNa kathAe~ par3hane yogya to hai hI, sAtha hI dhArmika sabhAoM meM bhinna-bhinna toM meM sAja-bAja ke sAtha sunAI bhI jA sakatI hai| jayapura meM aisI racAoM ko isI DhaMga se gAkara sunAyA jAtA hai, jise 'varNana' kahate haiN| prathama padya 'zraddhA' meM prasiddha aMjana cora kI kathA grahaNa kI gaI hai, jise kavi ne sarala bhASA zailI meM upadezAtmaka DhaMga se kAvyamaya rUpa pradAna kiyA hai| prasiddha aMjana cora gaNikA ke phaMde meM phaMsakara aneka vyasanoM meM DUbA dina rAta corI karatA hai, lekina ratna hAra kI corI pakar3e jAne ke Dara para mauta najadIka dikhAI par3atI hai, taba zraddhA se maMtra-sAdhanA kara jIvana baca jAne se dharma ke prati Asakta hotA hai phira zraddhA se dharma dhyAna ke pApoM se mukta hone ke lie dharma kI zaraNa meM AtA hai| saccI zraddhA evaM aTala nizcaya ke kAraNa aMjana cora meM se aMjana muni bana gayA-kavi prAraMbha meM kahate haiM bina zraddhA ke prabhu bhakti kA, hotA saccA guNa gAna khaaN| zraddhA aura sAhasa ke dvArA, iMsAna bane bhagavAna yhaaN|| aura kAvya ke aMta meM aMjana cora ke hRdaya parivartana para kahate haiM : ho gae vastu zIghra aMjana, pApoM se ati bhayabhIta hue| basa prathama bAra hI puNya bhAva, mAnasa meM udita punIta hue| (dohA) dIkSA lekara bana gae, vijaya ketu yogiish| __ pApa bhAra se kara liyA, halakA apanA shiish|| 1. DA0 sarayU mehatA-zrImadanI jIvana siddhi, pR0 480. 2. draSTavya-prakAzakIya nivedana, pR0 1.

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256 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya ve the aMjana eka dina hue niraMjana rUpaM sarva karma kA nAza kara, zIghra bane ziva bhuup| hama bhI apane hRdaya se, kare pApa-mala duur| do bhagavan karake kRpA zakti hameM bhrpuur|| dUsare kAvya 'tyAga' meM kAka-mA~sa ke tyAga kI muni se pratijJA karane ke bAda bhIla usameM aTala rahakara prANa levA bImArI meM bhI vaidya ke kahane para bhI kAka-mA~sa kA inkAra karatA hai, kyoMki mRtyu to jaba AnevAlI hai, taba AyegI hI, pratijJA-bhaMga kaise kI jAya? svajanoM ke samajhAne para bhI vaha aDiga rahatA hai| aura dharma meM mana lagAkara zAnti se prANa tyAga detA hai evaM devagati pAkara dhanya ho jAtA hai| ataH kavi ucita hI kahate haiM : tyAga karo mana se karo, taba Aye to aay| para na pratijJA se kabhI, mana vicalita ho paay|| apane vrata para dRr3ha raho, tajo na vrata ko bhuul| yahI sAra saMsArI, saba dharmoM kA muul|| (pR. 13) bhImA nAmaka bhIla ne kAka-mAMsa tyAga ke pazcAt bhayaMkara udarazUla ke samaya jIvana ko tRNa samajha apane mitra maMgala ko dharma vacana sunAne ko kahatA yoM maMgala thA kara Apa dharma updesh| bhImA ke saba kaha rahe, mAno mana ke klesh|| aMta samaya nija jAna kara, bhImA ne kara jor3a namana kiyA guru deva ko, diye prANa nija chodd'| (pR. 23) pApa tajo, bhagavata bhajo yahI puNya kI khaan| tyAgo hiMsA krUratA yahI ahiMsA dhrm| yathA zakti pAlana karo pAoge sukha shailii| isa prakAra sIdhI-sAdI zailI meM likhe gaye ye do laghu padya kathAe~ vizeSa sAhityika mahatva na rakhatA ho to bhI isakA mahatva kAphI hai| uparyukta vivecana se spaSTa hotA hai ki Adhunika hindI-jaina-kAvya-sAhitya kI apanI sImAe~ hone para bhI usakA mahatva ullekhanIya rhegaa| gadya kI tulanA meM isakA parimANa sImita haiM, phira bhI padya kA prabhAva akSuNNa rahatA hai| dhArmika baMdhanoM ke kAraNa jaina kAvya-kRtiyoM kA kama sRjana hotA hai, phira bhI jitanI upalabdha haiM, unakA apanI dRSTi se viziSTa yogadAna svIkArya honA caahie|

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paJcama - adhyAya Adhunika hindI - jaina- gadya sAhitya : vidhAe~ aura viSaya-vastu Adhunika yuga vaijJAnika pragati kA yuga hai| vijJAna ne mAnava ke loka evaM bhAvaloka ko bhI paryApta prabhAvita kiyA hai| usakI abhivyakti meM bhI vaijJAnika paddhatiyoM kA samAveza ho gayA hai| manuSya kevala bhAvaloka kA prANI na rahakara unhIM kI Thosa jamIna para bhI calatA hai| vaha pratyeka vastu kA zodhana tarka aura vicAra kI kasauTI para karatA hai| kavitA tarka kA kSetra nahIM rahI gadya hI tarkazIla mAnava kA astra rahA hai| isI gadya meM Adhunika yuga ke sAhityakAroM ne vividha vidhAoM kA sarjana kiyaa| kahAnI, upanyAsa, nibaMdha, rekhAcitra Adi sabhI vidhAe~ isI yuga kI dena haiN| hindI sAhitya ke saMdarbha meM bhAratendu yuga isa dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa hai| isa yuga ko gadyakAla bhI kahA gayA hai| hindI sAhitya ke antargata jaina-dharma-darzana ke tattvoM ko lekara sAhitya racanA karane vAle racanAkAroM ne bhI gadya kI vibhinna vidhAoM meM apanA yogadAna diyA hai| viziSTa prakAra kI sAmpradAyika mAnyatAoM aura niyamoM kI sImA ke kAraNa jaina sAhitya meM utanI utkRSTa koTi kI gadya racanAe~ yadi nahIM prApta hotI haiM; to Azcaya nahIM / tathApi jo sAhitya upalabdha hai, vaha nirA upekSaNIya bhI nahIM hai| usakA bhI viziSTa saMdarbha meM mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| jaina gadya sAhitya kI yaha eka vizeSatA yA mahattA kahI jAyegI ki jaba hindI meM gadya kA prAraMbha ho rahA thA, taba bhI jaina sAhitya kAroM ne prAcIna prAkRta - apabhraMza ke granthoM va kAvyoM kA dharma prItyArtha va samAja kalyANa hetu anuvAda ora vacanikAe~ sundara bhASA meM likhI / ' jisakI bhASA kAphI zuddha va sarala hai dArzanika granthoM va kAvya graMthoM ke bhASAnuvAda dvArA gadya ko puSTa karane ke sAtha jaina samAja para bhI ina sAhityakAroM ne upakAra kiyA hai| prAraMbhika gadya 1. saMvat 1818 baruvA nivAsI paM0 daulatarAma jI ne hariveNAcAryakRta jaina 'padmapurANa' kA gadya meM bhASAnuvAda kiyaa| AcArya zukla kRta 'hindI sAhitya kA itihAsa, pR0 281.

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Adhunika hindI - jaina sAhitya pramukha sthAna rAjasthAna, aura brajabhUmi ke AsapAsa kA prAnta hone se una prAntoM kI boliyoM kA prabhAva to rahegA hii| lekina parivartita paripRSThoM ke sAtha jaina gadya sAhitya kA bhI zuddha hindI bhASA meM sRjana hone lgaa| ( Adhunika kAla meM isI bhASA meM gadya kI aneka vidyAoM kA prAraMbha karane kI ceSTA sAhityakAroM ne kI hai| yugAnurUpa bhASA-zailI meM jaina- -gadya ne apanA rUpa sajAyA-saMvArA hai / ) 14vIM se 19vIM zatI taka brajabhASA gadya meM likhI gaI jaina graMthoM kI vacanikAe~ prApta hotI haiN| bIsavIM zatI ke prAraMbha meM bhI dhArmika nibaMdha tathA vacanikAe~ likhane ke anantara lalita vAGmaya ke vikAsa kI ora sAhityakAroM kA dhyAna AkRSTa huaa| kramazaH ve paurANika AdhAroM para kathA vastu grahaNa kara kathA sAhitya kA sRjana karane lge| isake sAtha-sAtha jIvanI, nATaka va nibaMdhoM kI racanAe~ bhI prakAzita hone lgiiN| nibaMdha va kathA sAhitya jaina sAhitya ke lie Adhunika vidhA na rahakara prAcIna hai, jabaki nATaka va upanyAsa Adhunika yuga kI dena kahI jaayegii| kyoMki jaina lekhakoM ne isa vidhA meM nUtana vicAradhArA va bhASA zailI meM gadya-nirmANa nahIM kiyA thaa| kucha kathAe~ uvazya likhI huI / prAcIna saMskRta aura prAkRta ke kathA graMthoM ke anuvAda bhI DhUMDhArI bhASA meM likhe gae jisase sarva sAdhAraNa ina kathAoM ko par3hakara dharma-adharma ke phala ko samajha skeN| vastutaH jaina gadyakAroM ne apane prAcIna graMthoM kA hindI gadya meM anuvAda kara gadya-sAhitya ko pallavita kiyA hai| ' hindI sAhitya meM gadya kI aneka vidhAoM kA jo vidyut vegI vikAsa hokara bhaNDAra bharA gayA hai, usakI tulanA meM jaina - gadya sAhitya kA vikAsa parimita kahA jaayegaa| kyoMki viziSTa dharma sambaMdhita hone se nizcita uddezya va siddhAntoM ko dRSTi sammukha rakhakara hI sAhitya sRjana karanA par3atA hai| phira bhI sundara, ziSTa kalAtmaka kRtiyA~ bhI jaina gadya sAhitya meM upalabdha hotI haiN| Adhunika jaina gadya sAhitya ke vikAsa para prakAza DAlate hue DaoN0 nemicandra jI likhate haiM- jaina gadya sAhitya kA vikAsa upanyAsa, kathA, kahAnI, nATaka, nibaMdha aura bhAvAtmaka gadya ke rUpa meM isa zatAbdI (20vIM zatAbdI) meM nirantara hotA jA rahA hai| dhArmika racanAoM ke sivA kathAtmaka sAhitya kA praNayana bhI aneka lekhakoM ne kiyA hai| prAcIna kathAoM kA hindI gadya meM anuvAda tathA prAcIna kathAnakoM se upAdAna lekara navIna zailI meM kathAoM kA sRjana vipula pariNAma meM kiyA gayA hai|" 258 1. DaoN0 nemicandra zAstrI : hindI jaina sAhitya kA parizIlana, pR0 40. 2. DaoN. nemicandra zAstrI : hindI jaina sAhitya kA parizIlana, pR0 53.

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-gadya sAhitya : vidhAe~ aura viSaya-vastu 259 ___ isa kathanAnusAra jaina sAhitya prAcIna gaurava gAthAoM ko nUtana bhASA zailI meM abhivyakta karatA huA bar3hA jA rahA hai| nibaMdha sAhitya kI vipulatA avazya dhyAnAkarSita karatI hai| usI prakAra jIvanI va carita sAhitya kA vikAsa ullekhanIya hai| nATakoM kI saMkhyA bhI acchI kahI jAyegI, jisameM rAjakumAra jaina, nyAmata siMha va bhagavata jaina ke nAma ullekhanIya haiN| upanyAsoM kI saMkhyA atyalpa hai, jaba ki kathA saMgrahoM kI saMkhyA vizeSa hai| yahA~ pratyeka vidhA kI pramukha racanAoM kI saMkSipta carcA kara lenA samIcIna hogaa| upanyAsa : upanyAsa hI gadya sAhitya kI sarvAdhika sazakta va rocaka vidhA hai ki jisameM lekhaka jIvana ke vividha pahaluoM kA AkarSaka kathAvastu, sundara kriyAkalApoM, ramaNIya varNanoM, mArmika saMvAda, vAtAvaraNa kI sRSTi va cittAkarSaka bhASA zailI ke sAthaparicaya karA sakane ke samartha hotA hai| bAharI vAtAvaraNa ke sAtha mAnava hRdaya ke antargata kI vibhinna paristhitiyoM va bhAvabhaMgimAoM se upanyAsakAra sahRdaya pAThaka ko avagata karA sakatA hai| sAmAnya janatA meM manoraMjana ke sAtha jJAnavarddhana tathA lokopayogI zikSA ke uddezya ke sAtha kalA ke nirUpaNa kA hetu bhI saMpanna ho sakatA hai| pAzcAtya sAhitya se prabhAvita hokara prAraMbha hue upanyAsa sAhitya ko, vartamAna yuga kI ati lokapriya dena kahI jaayegii| upanyAsa meM mAnava jIvana ke vividha vyavahAra va pakSoM kA sajIva, rasAtmaka citraNa hone se usane mahattvapUrNa sAhitya-vidhA kA sthAna hAsila kara liyA hai| hindI jagat meM baMgalA sAhitya ke dvArA aMgrejI sAhitya se paricita hokara upanyAsa kA prAraMbha svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai| vaise saMskRta sAhitya meM 'upanyAsa' zabda milatA hai, jo Adhunika upanyAsa (Novel) ke saMdarbha meM na hokara 'nATaka' ke viSaya meM prayukta huA hai| prAcIna sAhitya meM kathA sAhitya padya meM milatA hai, lekina Adhunika yuga meM yaha zabda jisa rUpa va artha meM prayukta hotA hai, usa rUpa meM nahIM miltaa| upanyAsa-sAhitya ke mahatva para prakAza DAlate hue AcArya rAmacandra zukla jI likhate haiM-'vartamAna jagat meM upanyAsoM kI bar3I zakti hai| samAja jo rUpa pakar3a rahA hai, usake bhinna-bhinna vargoM meM jo pravRttiyoM utpanna ho rahI haiM, upanyAsa unakA vistRta pratyakSIkaraNa hI nahIM karate, pravRtti bhI utpanna kara sakate haiN| isI prakAra upanyAsa samrATa muMzI 1. AcArya rAmacandra zukla-hindI sAhitya kA itihAsa, pR0 366.

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260 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya premacanda jI upanyAsa kI vizeSatA va uddezya ke sambaMdha meM ucita hI likhate haiM ki-"maiM upanyAsa ko mAnava caritra kA citra mAtra samajhatA huuN| mAnava caritra para prakAza DAlanA aura usake rahasyoM ko kholanA hI upanyAsa kA mUla tattva hai|" unhoMne upanyAsa ke uddezya ko prastuta kara diyA hai, jo sabhI ko svIkArya na bhI ho| nyU iMgliza DikzanarI meM upanyAsa ke viSaya meM likhA gayA hai ki-bRhata-AkAra kA gadya AkhyAna yA vRtAnta, jisake aMtargata vAstavika jIvana ke pratinidhitva kA dAvA karane vAle pAtroM aura kAryoM ko kathAnaka meM citrita kiyA jAtA hai| saMkSepa meM upanyAsa meM mAnava jIvana kA pratinidhitva ghaTanAe~ zRMkhalAbaddha tathA kalAtmaka DhaMga se niyojita kI jAtI haiM ataH vaha vAstavika jIvana kI kAlpanika kathA bhI kahI jA sakatI hai| yahA~ upanyAsa kI vividha paribhASAe~, tattva, prakAra va kAryakSetra Adi kI carcA se koI prayojana nahIM hai| kyoMki hamArA pramukha prayojana Adhunika yuga meM hindI bhASA meM jaina dharma ke siddhAntoM ko pratyakSa va parokSa rUpa se nirUpita karane vAle upanyAsoM ke saMdarbha meM rahA hai| ataeva yahA~ kevala unhIM kA ullekha prAsaMgika rhegaa| hindI sAhitya meM kathA sAhitya ke aMtargata hI upanyAsa ko rakhakara kathA sAhitya ke aMtargata prAcIna paurANika kathA granthoM se hindI meM anuvAdita yA prAcIna graMthoM ke paurANika, aitihAsika yA laukika kathAvastu kA AdhAra grahaNa kara navIna zilpa meM svataMtra rUpa se likhI gaI kathAoM kA saMniveza kiyA jAtA hai| paurANika kathAvastu ke kAraNa varNana paMraparA, kathopakathana, caritra-citraNa va upadeza meM prAcInatA sahaja saMbhAvya hone para bhI rocaka kathAvastu, sundara varNanoM va uddezya kI spaSTatA ke kAraNa upanyAsa acche rahe haiN| dhArmika tattvoM ko kAvyAtmaka DhaMga se pAThaka taka pahu~cane kA sarva sulabha va suvidhAjanaka mahattvapUrNa sAdhana svIkAra kara Adhunika upanyAsoM kI racanA vizeSa honI caahie| nibaMdha aura caritra kathA graMthoM kI taraha yadi upanyAsa kI ora bhI sAhityakAroM kA dhyAna AkRSTa hotA to jaina sAhitya nizcaya hI sampanna hotaa| jaina zatAbdI meM kaI jaina lekhakoM ne purAtana jaina kathAnakoM ko lekara sarasa aura ramaNIya upanyAsa likhe haiN| ina upanyAsoM meM janatA kI AdhyAtmika AvazyakatAoM kA nirUpaNa kara usake bhAva jagata ke dharAtala ko U~cA uThAne kA pUrA prayAsa vidyamAna hai| "jaina upanyAsoM meM kathA ke mAdhyama se isa AdhyAtmika bhUkha ko miTAne kA pUrA prayatna kiyA gayA hai| jIvana kI biDambanAoM ko dUra kara 1. hindI sAhitya koza meM se uddhRta, pR0 140.

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-gadya sAhitya : vidhAe~ aura viSaya-vastu 261 AdhyAtmika kSudhA ko zAnta karanA jaina upanyAsoM kA pradhAna lakSya hai|"' prAcIna aura madhyakAla meM upanyAsa kI vidhA na rahane se anuvAdita upanyAsa kA savAla bhI nahIM utthtaa| usI prakAra viziSTa dhArmika sAhitya hone se anya bhASAoM se-saMskRta, ba~galA yA aMgrejI se- anuvAda kara upanyAsa kA bhaNDAra bharane kA prazna nahIM upasthita hotA aura uddezya-pradhAna upayogI sAhitya ke kAraNa upanyAsa hI prApta hote haiN| "yadyapi jaina upanyAsa kI ora abhI bhI jaina lekhakoM ne dhyAna nahIM diyA hai, to bhI jIvana ke satya aura Ananda kI abhivyaMjanA karane vAle kaI upanyAsa haiN| jaina lekhakoM ko abhI apAra kathA sAgara kA maMthana kara ratna nikAlane kA prayatna karanA zeSa hai|" jaina upanyAsoM kI saMkSipta vizeSatAeM : __ jaina upanyAsoM kI sarvaprathama vizeSatA kathAnaka sambaMdhI kahI jaayegii| kathAvastu meM jijJAsA va kautUhala-vRtti ko ukasAkara zAMta karane kI kSamatA barAbara banI rahatI hai| isameM jIvana aura jagat ke AdhyAtmika vyApaka sambaMdhoM kI samIkSA vyakta kI gaI hai aura mAnavIya antarvatti aura antarbhAvoM kA bhI sundara nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| kathAnaka itanA rocaka hotA hai ki pAThaka usakI paurANikatA bhUla kara ghaTanAoM aura varNanoM ke rasAsvAdana dvArA vAstavika saMjJAoM ko thoDe kSaNoM ke lie bhUlakara kalpanA ke saMsAra meM vicaraNa karane lagatA hai| ye ghaTanAe~ bhI eka-dUsare se isa prakAra se sambaMdhita hotI haiM ki upasaMhAra kI ora agrasara hone vAlI ina ghaTanAoM ko alaga nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| eka vyApaka vidhAna yA uddezya ke anusAra kathAvastu ke bhinna-bhinna avayava sugaThita hone se ghaTanAoM meM sAtatya banA rahatA hai| kathAvastu prAcIna hone para bhI hamAre hI jIvana se sambaMdhita hone se kahIM kRtrimatA na lagakara svAbhAvika pratIta hotI hai| usI prakAra prAyaH upanyAsoM kI kathAvastu ke bIca sundara, bhAvapradhAna, prAkRtika varNanoM yA mAnava-jIvana kI sArthakatA-nirarthakatA, acche-bure vyavahAra Adi se sambaMdhita varNanoM ke kAraNa kathAvastu meM sajIvatA aura sundaratA pAI hai| ___ kathAvastu ke sAtha donoM prakAra kA caritra-citraNa vizleSaNAtmaka aura nATyAtmaka jaina upanyAsoM meM prApta hotA hai| upanyAsakAra apane vividha pAtroM ko 1. DaoN. nemicandra zAstrI : hindI jaina sAhitya kA parizIlana, pR. 55. 2. vahI, pR. 57.

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262 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya jIvana kI raMgasthalI para khelane ke lie svataMtra chor3a dete haiM aura pAtra dvArA jIvana ke ghAta-pratighAta, utkarSa-apakarSa, harSa, viSAda Adi kI svAbhAvika abhivyakti upanyAsa kI saphalatA kahI jAtI hai| upanyAsa meM pAtroM kA phalaka vistRta rahane se jIvana ke hara kSetra ke pAtroM kI bhAvAnubhUti aura mAnasika sthitiyoM kA vizleSaNa isameM pAyA jAtA hai| sabhI kA caritra-citraNa bhI vizadtA se kiyA gayA hai| kahIM-kahIM to pAtroM ko yAda rakhane ke lie AyAma-sA karanA par3atA hai, jaise-'suzIlA' upanyAsa meN| ye upanyAsa mAnavoM ke sahaja, svAbhAvika caritra-citraNa kI dRSTi se khare utarate haiN| __ kathopakathana bhI kathAvastu aura caritra-citraNa kI taraha atyanta rocaka va pravAhapUrNa rahe haiN| 'suzIlA' upanyAsa ke saMvAda choTe-choTe rasapUrNa va jJAnavarddhaka bhI hai| usI prakAra 'muktidUta' ke saMvAdoM meM manovaijJAnika vizleSaNa va lAlitya bharA par3A hai| saMvAda svAbhAvika aura prasaMgAnukUla hai| nirarthaka kathopakathana kI saMkhyA kama rahatI hai| Adarza kathopakathana pAtroM ke bhAva, manovegoM, pravRttiyoM aura ghaTanAoM kI prabhAvAnviti ke sAtha kArya pravAha ko bhI Age bar3hAtA hai| upanyAsakAra apane pAtroM ke vArtAlApa meM paristhitiyoM ke anusAra mor3a paidA karAkara jIvana ke AcAra-vicAra, vyavahAra, dharma-siddhAnta Adi viSayoM kA bhI rasAtmaka digdarzana karAte haiM, jo upanyAsa kI kathAvastu ke sAtha pUrNataH saMgaThita hone ke kAraNa nIrasa yA bAdhaka nahIM pratIta hotaa| sabase bar3I viziSTatA yaha hai ki ye upanyAsa dhArmika hone ke kAraNa uddezya pradhAna rahate haiM aura naitika, AcArAtmaka yA saiddhAMtika niyamoM, vyavahAroM kA nirUpaNa inameM honA atyanta svAbhAvika hai| durAcAroM kI tulanA meM sadAcAra evaM dharma kI mahatA kA nirUpaNa kauzala ke sAtha inameM dikhalAyA gayA hai| isake viparIta mAnava kI pravRtti, jIvana kI samasyAoM kA samAhAra aise upanyAsoM meM atyalpa rahatA ho to Azcarya kyA? upanyAsa ke anta taka naitika AdarzoM kI prabhAvAnviti paidA karane kI kSamatA rahatI hai| ina upanyAsoM ke kathAnaka purAtana hone ke kAraNa nara-nArI ke sukha-du:kha, jaya-parAjaya, krodha, karuNA, saMgharSa, rAga-dveSa Adi kA mAMgalika nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai, jinako par3hakara hamAre hRdaya kI cittavRttiyoM kA utkarSa ho sakatA hai| jaina upanyAsoM meM eka dhyAnAkRSTa karane vAlI vizeSatA hai, sundara rasAtmaka, varNanoM kii| ve varNana jIvana jagat ke vyavahAra, dharma, AcAra-vicAra sambaMdhI yA sAmAjika yA vyaktigata sambaMdha ho yA prakRti ke sundara vividha pakSoM se sambaMdhita hoM, inakI ramyatA, bhavyatA avazya manamohaka hotI hai| suMdara dRzya,

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-gadya sAhitya : vidhAe~ aura viSaya-vastu 263 citra-varNanoM kA utkRSTa rUpa 'muktidUta' upanyAsa meM dRSTigata hotA hai| eka se bar3hakara eka bhavya, kAvyAtmaka sajIva varNana prakRti ke komala aura bhayAnaka svarUpa ko par3hakara upanyAsakAra kI pratibhA va kalpanA zakti kI sarAhanA kie binA nahIM rahA jaataa| ina saba vizeSatAoM ke bAvajUda bhI jaina upanyAsa kI saMtoSaprada-yatheSTa-pragati nahIM huI hai| abhI isakA sRjana karane ke lie vividha kSetra aura prAcIna kathAnakoM kA bhaNDAra achUtA par3A hai| prAcIna kathA-graMthoM kA dvAra to khulA huA hai hI, Adhunika jIvana aura vAtAvaraNa se bhI vizad vastu prApta kara navIna DhaMga se saiddhAnti dRSTi koNa ko dRSTigata rakhakara upanyAsa likhane ke lie prayatna apekSita hai| hindI jaina upanyAsa sAhitya ke upalabdha pramukha upanyAsoM kI kathAvastu yahA~ dI jAtI hai| manovatI : ___zrI jainendra kizora likhita yaha upanyAsa prAraMbhika yuga kI kRti hai| ataH isameM Adhunika aupanyAsika kalA kA prAyaH abhAva hai| Aja to isa vidhA kI samucita unnati ho cukI hai aura usake pratyeka tattva kA saMzleSaNa, vizleSaNa bhI ho rahA hai| lekina 'manovatI' upanyAsa usa kAla meM likhA gayA thA jaba hindI sAhitya meM upanyAsa lekhana prAraMbha ho rahA thaa| kathAvastu : __isakI kathAvastu paurANika hai aura isameM nae yuga ke parivartana aura samasta bhAvoM kA citraNa nahIM huA hai| isakI kathAvastu isa prakAra hai hastinApura ke seTha saubhAgyazAlI lakSmI putra the| unakI manovatI nAma kI eka atyanta dhArmika evaM suzIla putrI thii| vayaska hone para mAtA-pitA ne usakI zAdI jauharI hemacaMda ke putra buddhisena ke sAtha kara dI, jo ballabhapura-nivAsI the| manovatI ne apane guru se pratijJA lI thI ki pratidina gajamuktA kA hAra bhagavAna ko car3hAkara bhojana grahaNa kruuNgii| prathama bAra susarAla jAkara bhI usane apane niyamAnusAra maMdira meM gajamuktA caDAkara usakA pAlana kiyaa| prAta:kAla nagara kI mAlina ne jaba ye kImatI motI dekhe to prasanna hokara puraskAra pAne ke lobha se vahA~ ke mahArAja kI choTI rAnI kI mAlA meM gUthakara le gii| mAlina ke isa vyavahAra se baDI rAnI ko gussA bhI AyA aura vaha rUTha gii| rAjA ne use aise gajamotiyoM kA hAra lA dene kA AzvAsana dekara mnaayaa| dUsare dina prAta:kAla nagara ke jauhariyoM ko bulAkara gajamotI lAne kA Adeza diyaa| sabhI

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264 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya jauhariyoM ne lAlaca vaza inakAra kara diyaa| hemadatta-manovatI ke sasura ne rAjadarabAra meM to inakAra kara diyA, lekina ghara jAkara socane lage ki jaba yadi manovatI ghara meM gaunA karake AyegI taba to bheda avazya khula jAyegA aura rAjA ko mAlUma par3a jAne se merI saMpatti lUTa leMge aura maiM nirdhana bana jaauuNgaa| ataeva, anya putroM se parAmarza kara bahU ghara meM na A sake, isalie choTe putra buddhisena ko hI ghara se nirvAsita kara diyaa| majabUra buddhisena ghara se nikAla die jAne para zvasura-gRha hastinApura AtA hai aura patnI ko sArI ghaTanA batalA detA hai| phira daMpatI saMpatti prApta karane ke lie nistabdha rAtri meM cupacApa ghara se nikala jAte haiN| dharmaparAyaNa patnI kI sahAyatA va utsAha se donoM ratnapura pahu~ca kara vahA~ ke rAjA ko prasanna kara liyaa| ratnapura ke rAjA ne bhI usake kauzala-cAturya para prasanna hokara apanI putrI kA vivAha usase kara diyA va daheja meM atyanta dhana-saMpatti dii| donoM patniyoM ke sAtha sukhapUrvaka rahate hue kitane varSa vyatIta hue| eka bAra dharmaniSThA manovatI ko jinAlaya banavAne kI icchA huI, jo usane pati se prakaTa kii| patnI kI preraNA pAkara eka karor3a rupaye kA bhavya jinAlaya banavAnA zurU kiyaa| aba usakA vyApAra cAroM ora phailA thA aura vaha karoDoM kI saMpatti kA mAlika thaa| udhara vallabhapura meM buddhisena ke mAtA-pitA va bhAI-bhAbhioM kI dazA burI bana gaI thii| jinadeva kI avajJA svarUpa unhoMne buddhisena ko ghara se bAhara nikAla diyA thA, taba se Arthika dazA bahuta bigaDa jAne se AjIvikA ke lie ve idhara-udhara bhaTaka rahe the| tabhI saubhAgya yA durbhAgya vaza ve majadUrI ke lie yahIM A gae, jahA~ bhagavAna kA bhavya maMdira bana rahA thaa| zurU-zuya meM to krodha vaza va badale kI bhAvanA se buddhisena ne una sabhI se majadUrI karavAI, kintu kucha dinoM ke bAda manovatI ke kahane se unakA sammAna kiyA aura apane nivAsa para le jAkara sabhI prema se mile| bIte dinoM ko sabhI bhUla gaye aura Ananda-maMgala se rahane lage, tabhI ballabhapura ke nareza dvArA nimaMtrita hone para sabhI vahA~ cale gye| yahI isa upanyAsa kI kathAvastu hai, kathAvastu meM rocakatA hai tathA ghaTanAe~ bhI jijJAsA preraka haiN| navInatA kucha vizeSa nahIM hai| nArI ke saundarya aura saMpatti kA nirUpaNa kathAvastu meM prAcIna praNAlI para huA hai| kathAvastu kI eka vizeSatA hai ki isameM laukika prema ke sAtha alaukikatA kA bhI samanvaya kiyA gayA hai| usI prakAra badale kI bhAvanA kI apekSA kSamAvRtti se hI mahAnatA prApta

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-gadya sAhitya : vidhAe~ aura viSaya-vastu 265 hotI hai, yaha manovatI kI kathA dvArA vyakta kiyA haiN| pUrI kathAvastu meM AdarzAtmaka pakSa para vizeSa jora diyA gayA hai| caritra-citraNa : pAtra : isa upanyAsa meM prAcIna pAtra manovatI aura buddhisena haiN| anya saba pAtra gauNa haiN| manovatI isakI nAyikA haiN| isakA citraNa eka Adarza bhAratIya lalanA ke rUpa meM huA hai| dharma aura Adarza meM usakI ananya zraddhA hai| apanI prakhara buddhimattA ke kAraNa vaha ATha mahIne meM hI dharma zikSA meM pAraMgata ho jAtI hai aura usakI dharma-parAyaNatA kA jvalaMta udAharaNa taba milatA hai, jaba gajamuktA na pAne para tIna dina kA upavAsa karatI raha jAtI hai| nArI sulabha saMkoca kI bhAvanA usameM vyApta hai| patiparAyaNatA va bhAratIya Adarza se ota-prota manovatI duHkha meM bhI pati kA sAtha na chor3akara use dhairya ba~dhAtI hai aura prasanna rahane kI koziza karatI hai| pati dUsarI zAdI karatA hai, taba bhI burA nahIM mAnatI, para pati ke sukha kA hI khyAla karatI hai| jaina dharma meM aTala vizvAsa rahate hue vaha sadaiva pati ko bhI sadAcAra aura satkarmoM kI ora prerita karatI hai| manovatI ke caritra-citraNa meM lekhaka ko kAphI saphalatA milI hai| tyAga aura kSamA dharma kA bhI manovatI paricaya detI hai, jaba buddhisena svayaM apane mAtA-pitA va bhAI-bhAbhiyoM se burA vyavahAra karatA hai, lekina manovatI sammAnapUrvaka unheM apane ghara bulAtI hai aura kSamA mA~gakara sabase prema se milatI hai| buddhisena ko isa upanyAsa kA nAyaka kahA jA sakatA hai, lekina jitanI kuzalatA aura saphalatA se manovatI kA citraNa lekhaka kara pAe haiM, utanA buddhisena kA nahIM ho pAyA hai| usakA pAtra manovatI kI taraha ubharatA nahIM hai| manovatI ke tejasvI, udAtta, dharmaparAyaNa caritra ke sAmane buddhisena kA pAtra kucha phIkA-sA lagatA hai| AraMbha meM vaha sadAcArI ke rUpa meM AtA hai, lekina pIche 'dhanatA pAI kAhi mada nAhiM' kahAvata ke anusAra dhana ke kAraNa krUra aura kRtaghnI bana jAtA hai| na kevala parivAra ke prati-balki manovatI ke prati bhI usakA AcaraNa badala jAtA hai| manovatI ke upakAroM ko vismRta kara turanta dUsarI zAdI kara letA hai| eka sadAcArI patnI ko cAhane vAle puruSa ke caritra meM kramazaH parivartana AnA caahie| lekina lekhaka ne tvarita gati se parivartana dikhalAyA hai, ata: asvAbhAvikatA A gaI hai| anya pAtroM kA caritra-citraNa to nahIM ho pAyA hai| manovatI ke pAtra ke sAmane sabhI pAtra daba gae haiM, jisase upanyAsa ke vikAsa va aupanyAsika kalA meM bAdhA pahu~catI hai| upanyAsa kI zailI meM prabhAvotpAdakatA kI kamI hai| manovatI kI

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266 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya abhivyaMjanA karane ke lie jisa pravAhapUrNa bhASA kI AvazyakatA rahatI hai, isakA yahA~ abhAva hai| hA~, kathopakathana se pAtroM ke caritra-citraNa aura kathA ke vikAsa meM paryApta sahAyatA milI hai| jaba mahAratha apanI putrI manovatI se kahatA hai ki isa niyama kA kadAcita nirvAha na ho, kyoMki jaba taka tUM hamAre ghara meM haiM, taba taka to saba kucha ho sakatA hai, parantu sasurAla jAne para ar3acana pdd'egii| manovatI usa samaya nirbhIka aura ni:saMkoca hokara uttara detI hai-jo usa samaya sthiti dekhate hue kucha khaTakatA-sA hai| sAmAnya rUpa se kathopathana svAbhAvika aura maryAdA yukta hai| bhASA-zailI : isa upanyAsa kI bhASA, prAraMbhika yuga kI hone ke kAraNa sAhityika garimA se maMDita na hokara sarala bolacAla kI bhASA hai| aneka sthAnoM para liMga-doSa vidyamAna hai| jahA~ eka ora tar3akI, sunaharI, caupare, joti, dikho Adi dezI zabda paryApta mAtrA meM pAe jAte haiM, vahA~ khAtiradArI, hAsila, hatAza, AphatAba, murAda, mahatAba, phasAda Adi urdU ke zabdoM kI bhI bharamAra hai| isake alAvA bhojapurI bhASA kA prabhAva bhI inakI bhASA para parilakSita hotA hai-phira bhI bolacAla kI bhASA hone ke kAraNa zailI meM saralatA A gaI hai| yadyapi aupanyAsika tattvoM kI kasauTI para yaha kharA nahIM utaratA hai, para prayogakAlIna racanA hone ke kAraNa isakA mahattva hai| "hindI upanyAsoM kI gatividhi ko avagata karane ke lie isakA mahattvaM 'candrakAntA saMtati' se kama nahIM hai|' zrI jainendra kizora ne kamalinI, satyavatI, sukumAla, manoramA aura zaradakumArI ye pA~ca upanyAsoM kI bhI racanA kI hai, lekina Aja ye anupalabdha haiN| eka 'sukumAla' kI prAcIna prati kahIM-kahIM prApta hotI hai| sabhI upanyAsoM meM dharma aura sadAcAra kI mahattA abhivyakta karane vAlI purAtana kathAvastu grahaNa kI gaI hai| prAraMbhika racanA hone se usameM aupanyAsika kalA kA vikAsa nahIM huA hai| sukumAla : jainendrakizora jI ne isa choTe upanyAsa kI racanA I. 1905 meM kI thI, jaba hindI sAhitya ne itihAsa meM bhI upanyAsoM kA prAraMbhika yuga hI cala rahA thaa| isake upoddhAna. meM lekhaka ne svayaM hI likhA hai ki isa upanyAsa meM na to 'premI tathA preyasI kI rasabharI kahAnI hai aura na isameM tilisma tathA aiyAsI ke jhaTake haiN| yaha upanyAsa kevala pApoM kA nirAkaraNa kara zivaramaNI (mukti) se 1. DaoN. nemicandra zAstrI : hindI jaina sAhitya kA parizIlana, pR. 61.

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-gadya sAhitya : vidhAe~ aura viSaya-vastu 267 saMyoga karAne meM samartha hai| prAraMbhika yuga kI kRti hone ke kAraNa upanyAsa ke tattvoM kI kamI evaM racanA kauzala na hone para bhI ghaTanA-pravAha ke kAraNa rocakatA va utsukatA banI rahatI hai| karmoM kI mImAMsA ke kAraNa sukumAla-pramukha nAyaka-ke janma-pUrvajanma ko mahattva diyA gayA hai| ataeva, kathA ke bhItara kathA kA pravAha calatA hai, kyoMki dArzanika graMtha aura upanyAsa do bhinna-bhinna sAhitya haiN| jaina dharmoM ke pA~ca mahAvratoM kI mahattA va zreSThatA siddha karane hetu pA~ca mukhya kathA nAgazrI, nAgazarmA aura AcArya sUryamitra ke dvArA batAI gaI haiN| sAdhAraNa bhASA zailI kA yaha upanyAsa apane yugIna saMdarbha meM mahattva rakhatA hai| vaise Adhunika racanA zailI, manovaijJAnika vizleSaNa yA mArmika kathopakathAdi kA abhAva hai| kathAnaka : mukhya kathAnaka nAgazrI evaM sukumAla kA hai| nAgazrI suryamitra muni se jJAna prApta kara vidvAn bana jAtI hai aura usake jJAna kI kasauTI rAjA candravAhana, nAgazrI ke rAjapurohita pitA, darabAriyoM aura prajAjanoM ke samakSa lI jAtI hai| nAgazrI sabake sAmane dharma ke gUr3ha tattvoM kI carcA karatI hai| usake guru sUryamitra nAgazrI ke pUrvabhava kI kathA kahate haiM, jo pichale janma meM unakA suyogya ziSya vAyubhUta thaa| phira vAyubhUta ke janma kI kathA prAraMbha karate haiM ki vAyubhUta magadha ke rAjA atibala ke purohita soma zarmA kA choTA beTA thA, jo par3hane se dUra hI rahatA thaa| pitA ke aneka prayatnoM ke bAvajUda bhI azubha karmoM ke udaya svarUpa vidyAbhyAsa meM use ruci bhI nahIM utpanna hotI thii| pitA kI mauta ke bAda ajJAnavaza donoM bhAiyoM ko-agnibhUta aura vAyubhUta ko-rAjapurohita banA diyA, lekina eka bAra vidvAn pratidvandvI se vAda-vivAda yA carcA karane kI apekSA praznoM ke kAgaz2a ko phAr3a diyaa| ataH rAjA ne gusse meM Akara nagara se bAhara kara diyaa| pazcAtApa svarUpa donoM bhAI apanI mAtA se parAmarza kara rAjagRha ke purohita-apane mAmA sUryamitra ke-pAsa vidyAdhyayana ke hetu jAte haiN| sUryamitra muni apane pUrva bhava meM rAjapurohita the, lekina rAjA kI aMgUThI kho jAne ke bAda kisI sudharmAcArya nAmaka jaina muni ke jJAna se prabhAvita hokara taba unase bhaviSya jAnane kI vidyA sIkhane ke lie ThagAI karake jAte haiN| lekina samyaka jJAna ko jAnane ke bAda ajJAna dUra ho jAne se sudharmAcArya se dIkSA aMgIkAra karate haiN| sUryamitra ke pAsa Ane ke bAda ye donoM mUrkha bhAI par3ha-likhakara vidvAn banate haiM, lekina bar3A bhAI agnimitra zAMta va vidvAn hai, jabaki anuja vAyubhUta krodhI aura avivekI hai| 1. zrI jainendra kizora-'sukumAla' upanyAsa kA upodghAta, pR0 1.

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268 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya idhara isa janma kI nAgazrI apane dUsare bhava meM zrAvaka surendra datta aura zrAvikA yazobhadrA kA putra sukumAla bnaa| mAtA-pitA donoM jaina dharma ke saMskAroM se alaMkRta the| pitA ne pichalI umra meM putra kA mukha dekhakara ahobhAgya samajhakara saMsAra se dIkSA grahaNa kara lI aura muni zrI vardhamAna kI bhaviSyavANI sukumAla bhI jainAcArya kI vairAgyamUlaka vANI sunakara vairAgya grahaNa karegA-isake kAraNa usakI mAtA ko ciMtA hone lgii| zrAvikA yazobhadrA ko yaha acchA to nahIM lagA, lekina jisake bhAgya meM jaina zAstra kI siddhi aura tapazcaryA likhI ho, use kauna vyartha kara sakatA hai? bar3e hone ke bAda sukumAla aneka bhoga-vilAsa bhogane para bhI eka dina mahala ke upavana sthita jinAlaya meM se munirAja kI vANI sunakara saMsAra ke prati udAsInatA A jAne se rassI ke sahAre mahala se bhAgakara munirAja se dIkSA grahaNa karatA hai| sukumAla muni banakara jaMgala meM apanI kAyA kA utsarga karane ke lie samAdhilIna bana ge| eka dina vahIM eka syAlinI (siyAranI) aura usakI pillI ne sukumAla muni ke pairoM ko noMca diyA, lekina ve eka sacce yogI kI bhA~ti avicala kSamA bhAva se tapa karate hI rahe aura aneka varSa asahya tapa karate hue samAdhi maraNa se devayoni prApta kii| yahI sukumAla pUrva janma meM nAgazrI thA aura nAgazrI apane pUrva janma meM rAjapurohita soma zarmA kA choTA putra vAyubhUta thaa| nAgazrI kA pitA nAga zarmA-jo muni banane ke bAda samAdhi maraNa se deva banA thA, vaha acyuta svarga se cyuta hokara sukumAla ke pitA surendra datta seTha bnaa| nAgazarmA kI patnI zrI devI brAhmaNI samyaka darzana ke abhAva se sukumAla kI mAtA yazobhadrA banI aura nAgazrI kA jIva-jo padmanAma deva huA thA--puNya ke prabhAva se vikhyAta dharmAtmA sukumAla huaa| isa prakAra sukumAla upanyAsa meM pA~ca mahAvratoM kI mahattA, zreSThatA siddha karane ke lie pA~ca kathAe~ varNita kI gaI haiN| kathA ke bhItara kathA calatI rahane se pAThaka ko pAtroM kI sthiti yAda rakhane meM manoyoga denA par3atA hai| kahIM-kahIM dhArmika tattvoM kI gUDha carcA ke kAraNa kathA meM nIrasatA bhI paidA ho jAtI haiN| vaise upanyAsakAra kA dhArmika siddhAntoM kI carcA kA uddezya siddha hotA hai| bhASA-zailI sarala hai| jijJAsA pUrti kathAnaka kA mukhya aMga rahA hai| AlaMkArika bhASA yA navIna zailI rahita honA svAbhAvika hai| dhArmika vAtAvaraNa kI gaMbhIratA va kathA ke pravAha meM upadeza dekara jaina dharma ke mahAvratoM kA varNana lekhaka ne acchA diyA hai| ratnendu : hindI jaina sAhitya-sRjana meM jaina sAdhuoM kA bhI mahattva pUrNa yogadAna

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-gadya sAhitya : vidhAe~ aura viSaya-vastu 269 rahA hai| ve prAcIna jaina-granthoM kA gaharA adhyayana kara phira jaina samAja ke jJAna va manoraMjana hetu unheM Adhunika bhASA-zailI meM abhivyakta karate haiN| muni zrI tilakavijaya jI bhI aise hI sAhitya sevI sAdhu haiM, jinakA AdhyAtmika kSetra meM apUrva sthAna hai| dharmaniSTha hone ke kAraNa dharmAnurAga evaM karuNA kA pravAha Apake hRdaya meM niratara pravAhita hotA hai| dharmAnurAga kI sAriNI meM prasphuTita zraddhA, vijaya, upakAravRtti, dhairya, kSamatA Adi guNoM se yukta kamala apanI bhInI-bhInI sugandha se jana-jana ke mana ko AkRSTa karate haiN| upanyAsa ke kSetra meM bhI inakI masta gandha pRthak nhiiN| vAstava meM adhyAtma viSaya kA zikSaNa upanyAsa dvArA sarasa rUpa se diyA gayA hai| kar3avI kunaina para cInI kI cAsanI kA parata lagA diyA gayA hai| isa upanyAsa meM aupanyAsika tattvoM kI pracuratA hai| pAThaka Adarza kI nIMva para yathArtha kA prasAda nirmANa karane kI preraNA grahaNa karatA hai| kathA-vastu : jijJAsAvRtti ko uttejita karate rahane kI kalA kA prayoga lekhaka ne kuzalatA se kiyA hai| prAraMbha meM hI hama pAte haiM ki ratnendu apane 15-20 sAthiyoM ke sAtha jaMgala meM zikAra ke lie gayA hai| lekina sAthiyoM se bichur3a jAne para akelA ho gayA hai| aura idhara anya sAthiyoM ke hRdaya meM cintA hai, lekina nayapAla nAmaka usakA sAthI va mitra ratnendu kI karuNa pukAra sunakara kaSTa nibArane ke lie jAtA hai, jahA~ eka sundara komalAMgI rAjakumArI padminI ko kApAlika kI jAla meM phaMsA huA dekhatA hai| vaha apanI talavAra se kApAlika ke khUnI paMje se padminI ko mukta karatA hai| saghana vRkSa kI zItala chAyA meM pahu~cakara padminI apanA du:kha nivedana karatI hai aura ApabItI kahatI hai| vaha caMpAnagara ke rAjA kI rAjaputrI hai, lekina yaha duSTa kApAlika acAnaka usako bali ke lie apaharaNa kara yahA~ lAyA hai| rAjajyotiSI ne ratnendu ke viSaya meM pahale se kahA thA, ata: vaha use tabhI se AtmasamarpaNa kara cukI thii| zraddhA-vibhora hokara kahatI hai-jyotiSI ne kahA-kucha hI samaya bAda ratnendu candrapura kI gaddI kA mAlika hogaa| ApakI kanyA ke yogya vahI vara haiN| usI samaya se meM use apanA sarvasva samajha baiThI aura isa asAdhya saMkaTa maiM unakA nAma smaraNa kiyaa| maiMne pratijJA kI hai ki ratnendu ke sAtha vivAha karU~gI, anyathA Ajanma brahmacAriNI rhuuNgii| isa prakAra lekhaka ne ghaTanA-krama kA sUtra acchI taraha jor3a diyA hai| phira isa milana ke pazcAt punaH viyoga hotA hai| 1. DaoN. nemicandra zAstrI : hindI jaina sAhitya kA parizIlana, pR. 61.

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270 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya kApAlika kA putra padminI kA punaH apaharaNa karatA hai, lekina tapasviyoM kI sahAyatA se apane pitA ke pAsa pahu~ca pAtI hai| ratnendu use prApta karane ke lie ghUmatA rahatA hai| isI bhramaNa meM usakI bheMTa eka mRtyu ke najadIka par3e hue dharmAtmA zrAvaka se hotI hai, jo anta samaya meM navakAra maMtra ko sunakara devagati prApta karanA cAhatA hai| yaha jAnakara ratnendu unakI AkhirI icchA paripUrNa karane ke lie navakAra maMtra kA zraddhA se smaraNa karavAtA hai, jisake prabhAva se zraravaka uttama gati prApta karatA hai| tadanantara ratnendu ghUmatA huA campAnagarI meM A pahu~catA hai aura vahA~ vidhipUrvaka padminI ke sAtha usakA paNigrahaNa hotA hai| kucha dina vahA~ Ananda caina se rahane ke bAda mAtA-pitA kI yAda Ane para deza lauTa AtA hai aura vahA~ rAjya saMpadA kA upabhoga karatA hai isa bIca eka bAra sarpadaMza ke kAraNa vaha mUrchita ho jAtA hai, lekina zmazAna meM Akara pUrvokta zrAvaka-jo marane ke bAda devagati meM gayA thA-viSaharaNa kara use jIvana pradAna karatA hai| rAjya kA kAryabhAra saMbhAlate aura Ananda se jIvana vyatIta karate hue eka bAra ratnendu basaMta Rtu meM apane sainya ke sAtha upavana meM vihAra karane jAtA haiM aura isa Rtu meM vRkSa ko sUkhate hue dekhakara ekAeka usako saMsAra kI kSaNabhaMguratA dekhakara vairAgya A jAtA hai| usakI dharma vivekamaya dRSTi khula jAtI hai aura Atmasiddhi ke lie vaha cala par3atA hai| thor3I hI dera hamAre sAmane sAdhu ke veza meM upasthita hotA hai| caritra-citraNa : kathA-vastu meM ghaTanAoM kI pradhAnatA hai, jo jIvana ke tathyoM kI abhivyaMjanA karatI haiN| lekhaka ne pAtroM ke caritra ke bhItara baiThakara jhAMkA hai, jisase caritra mUrtimAna ho uThe haiN| caritra-citraNa lekhaka ne pratyakSa na kara kahIM-kahIM kathopakathana ke dvArA to kahIM ghaTanA ke citraNa meM kiyA hai| prAraMbha meM hI ratnendu kI zUravIratA evaM dhIratA kA paricaya usake sAthiyoM ke vArtAlApa dvArA prApta hotA hai, jaba vaha vana meM akelA bhUlA par3a jAtA hai| usake bichur3e sAthI nayapAla dvArA kitane sundara DhaMga se usakI vIratA kA varNana kiyA hai: " 'nahIM', nahIM, yaha bAta kabhI nahIM ho sakatI, Apake vicAroM ko hamAre hRdaya meM bilkula avakAza nahIM mila sktaa| ve kisI hiMsaka jAnavara ke paMje meM A jAya yaha bAta sarvathA asaMbhava haiN| kyoMki mujhe unakI vIratA aura kalA-kuzalatA kA bhalI-bhA~ti paricaya hai| 'usI prakAra ratnendu ke bhItara dayA,

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-gadya sAhitya : vidhAe~ aura viSaya-vastu 271 karuNA tathA paropakAra vRtti bhI bharI par3I hai| isI svabhAva vaza vaha padminI ko duHkha-mukta karatA hai| aura dharmAtmA kI aMtima icchA pUrNa karatA hai vaha dRr3ha nizcayI bhI pratIta hotA hai, jo eka bAra saMsAra kI kSaNa bhaMguratA va mithyA rUpa dekha turanta hI rAja vaibhava ThukarAkara Atma kalyANArtha sanyasta grahaNa kara letA hai| padminI kA caritra-citraNa bhI lekhaka ne kuzalatA se kiyA hai| nArI kI zraddhA, niSkapaTatA, tyAga evaM satItva kA paricaya milatA hai| usameM lajjA hai, sneha hai, mamatA-mRdutA hai, to adharma ke prati kaThoratA bhI hai| isIlie vaha adharma ke phande meM phaMsakara bhI apane zIla ko akSuNNa banAye rakhane ke lie saceSTa hai| vaha ar3iga-pativratA dharma kA pAlana bhI karatI hai| apane hone vAle pati ratnendu ko ekaniSTha prema karane lagatI hai| isa upanyAsa kI vizeSatA ke sambaMdha meM DaoN0 nemicandra jI likhate haiM-"lekhaka ne pAtroM ke caritra ke bhItara baiThakara jhAMkA hai, jisase caritra mUrtimAna ho uThe haiN| bhASA, viSaya, bhAva, vicAra, pAtra aura paristhiti ke anukUla parivartita hotI gaI haiN| yadyapi bhASA sambaMdhI aneka bhUleM isameM raha gaI haiM, to bhI bhASA kA pravAha akSuNNa haiN|" suzIlA : yaha upanyAsa saMpUrNa rUpa se dhArmika hai| dhArmika lakSaNoM va siddhAntoM kI vyaMjanA lekhaka ne rocaka kathAvastu, vividha pAtroM ke mArmika caritra-citraNa evaM prakRti ke sundara varNanoM dvArA spaSTa, sarala aura AkarSaka zailI meM kiyA hai| isI kAraNa karmabandha, guNasthAnaka jaise vilaSTa viSayoM ko pAThaka kathA ke mAdhmaya se AsAnI se samajha pAtA hai| 'suzIlA' upanyAsa ke lekhaka haiM racanAma dhanya prasiddha jaina lekhaka paM0 gopAladAsa braiyaa| isakI kathA-vastu AkarSaka aura zikSAprada hai, lekina ghaTanAe~ zrRMkhalAbaddha nahIM hai tathA ghaTanAoM kA pramANa atyanta vizAla hone se kabhI-kabhI zithilatA A pAtI hai| lekina adhyAya kA AraMbha va anta kalApUrNa DhaMga se hotA haiM jisase pAtroM evaM ghaTanAoM ke Arthikya kI ora kama dhyAna rahatA hai| jIvana ke Arambha aura anta kI zrRMkhalA hamAre sAmane aMta meM spaSTa ho jAtI hai| kathAvastu : kathAvastu paurANika DhaMga kI kAlpanika pratIta hotI hai| vijayapura ke mahArAja zrIcanda ke putra jayadeva kI yogyatA, guNa, zIla, vidyA Adi se prasanna hokara mahArAja vikrama siMha apanI rUpa-guNa-zIlA putrI suzIlA kA byAha kara

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272 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya dete haiN| udaya siMha nAmaka anya rAjakumAra ko yaha vivAha acchA nahIM lagatA, kyoMki usa kAmuka lobhI puruSa kI nigAha rUpa lAvaNyavAtI suzIlA para pahale se maNDarA rahI thii| ataH vaha kaise bhI ho use prApta karane ke lie prapaMca-yuktiyA~ lar3AtA hai| jayadeva ke vinAza ke lie SaDayaMtra racAtA hai, tAki bAda meM use suzIlA prApta ho sake lekina suzIlA to dharmavAn, zIlavAn, satItva ko jAnane vAlI dRr3ha-nizcayI strI hone se kabhI apane vrata-niyama se DigatI nhiiN| vivAha ke bAda donoM jaba vidA hote haiM to mArga meM luka-chipakara udaya siMha ne sAtha pakar3akara jala mArga se jAne kI salAha dekara apanI kuyojanA kA prAraMbha karatA haiN| jaba samudra ke zItala jhoMkoM se jayadeva, unake mitra va suzIlA sabhI ko nIMda A gaI to udaya siMha aura balavanta siMha duSTa mitroM ke mallAha se ghula milakara khUba bAteM kI aura naukA ko dhokhA dekara bIca meM hI DubA dii| nAva meM jayadeva kA parama mitra bhUpasiMha aura suzIlA kI do-tIna sakhiyA~ bhI thiiN| naukA ko DubA dene para jayadeva bhAgyavaza eka takhta ko pakaDakara DUbate utarAte kinAre lagA aura kaMcanapura nAmaka nagarI meM phuNcaa| usakI dazA aura bhItarI tejasvitA, yogyatA ko pahacAnakara vahA~ ke prasiddha jauharI ratnacandra se use Azraya diyaa| jayadeva ratna-parIkSaNa meM atyanta nipuNa thA, ataH ratnacandra jayadeva se prasanna rahane lge| ratnacandra kI patnI rAmakuMbarI aura usakI prathama patnI ke putra hIrAlAla ke bIca anaitika sambaMdha thaa| donoM kAmuka aura durAcArI the| pahale to rAmakubarI ne jayadeva ko pha~sAne ke lie bhI nAnA prakAra se mAyAjAla phailAI, para zIla-saMyamI jayadeva ke sAmane saba vyartha rhaa| jayadeva ne seThajI ko isa sambaMdha meM batAyA bhI thaa| eka dina ratnacandra apane kAryavaza snehapura gae lekina patnI ke caritra para saMdeha hone se mArga meM se hI lauTa Ae aura AdhI rAta ghara phuNce| yahA~ Akara rAmakuMbarI aura hIrAlAla ke kukRtya ko dekhakara krodha se usakI A~kheM lAla ho gaIM aura krodha meM hI donoM pApiyoM ko raMge hAtha pakar3akara sajA dene kI tIvra icchA huI, lekina tatkSaNa virAga aura udAsInatA A jAne se patra likhakara saMpUrNa saMpatti kI vyavasthA kA bhAra jayadeva ke hAtha meM sauMpakara ve mukti ke patha para agrasara hone ke lie cala par3ate haiN| subaha jayadeva yaha saba dekha kara avAk raha gyaa| bAhara se kivAr3a banda kara diyA gayA hone se donoM durAcAriyoM kA pApa prakaTa ho gyaa| jayadeva donoM ko khUba sunAtA hai, upadeza detA hai lekina kAmI logoM ko lajjA kahA~? jayadeva

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-gadya sAhitya : vidhAe~ aura viSaya-vastu 273 thor3e dina kAryabhAra sameTatA rahA lekina ina donoM kI nirlajjatA se Ubakara eka vizvAsapAtra AdamI ko saMpatti kA bhAra sauMpakara ajJAta dizA kI ora cala pdd'aa| udhara kumArI suzIlA kI dazA bhI atyanta burI thii| udayasiMha aura usake mitra ne suzIlA ko pakar3akara sUryapurA nAmaka gA~va ke udyAna ke eka makAna meM chipA diyA, vahA~ kitane dinoM taka mUrchita rhii| krUra udayasiMha ne satI suzIlA para hAtha lagAnA cAhA lekina usakI raudra mUrti, adbhUta sAhasa va dRr3ha zIla-teja se Darakara vaha hakkA-bakkA raha gyaa| phira to usane dUtI bhejakara suzIlA ko apanI ora AkarSita karane ke lie prayatna kie lekina dUtI ko suzIlA ke dvArA Ar3e hAthoM le jAne para mu~ha kI khAkara vApasa AnA pdd'aa| suzIlA kI priya sakhI revatI ne usakA patA lagAne ke aneka prayatna kie, para vaha saphala na huii| jayadeva jaba kuMcanapura se lauTa rahA thA taba rAste meM ekAeka bhUpasiMha ke sAtha usakA milApa ho gyaa| phira donoM suzIlA kA patA lagAne ke lie vyagra hokara saceSTa rahane lge| udayasiMha kI ora donoM ko zaMkA thii| ataH bhUpasiMha ne turanta patA lagA liyA ki usane hI udyAna ke baMgale meM kaida kara rakhA hai| jayadeva mAlina kI sahAyatA se suzIlA ke nikaTa pahu~cakara saMketa se apanA paricaya dekara use Azvasta karatA hai| phira yojanA banAkara tInoM punaH vijayapura kI tarapha ravAnA hue| cAroM dizAoM meM Ananda-maMgala chA gayA aura du:khI mAtA-pitA ko Ananda evaM sAMtvanA milii| hIrAlAla kI patnI subhadrA pativratA aura suzIlA thI, lekina duSTa, kAmuka hIrAlAla ne kabhI usako samucita sammAna nahIM diyaa| aMtataH rAjakuMbarI va hIrAlAla ke pApa kRtyoM kA paricaya samAja ko mila jAne se donoM ko nagara meM kAlA mu~ha karake ghumAyA jAtA hai| aura subhadrA tathA usake putra ko saMpatti sauMpa dI jAtI hai| bairAgI ratnacandra dIkSita hokara vimalakIrti muni ke nAma se prasiddha hue| anta meM zrIcanda, vikrama siMha aura bhUpasiMha ke pitA rajavIra siMha ko vairAgya A jAne se apane putroM ko kAryabhAra sauMpakara sanyasta grahaNa karate haiN| rAnI madana vegA aura vidyAvatI bhI ArjikA ho jAtI haiN| isa prakAra purAtana DhAMce kI kAlpanika kathAvastu meM lekhaka ne dhArmika zikSA aura vyAvahArika zikSA kA saMdeza rakhakara usako manoraMjana ke sAtha jJAnavarddhaka bhI banAI hai| ghaTanA, sthala va pAtra aneka hone se kathAvastu kA sUtra jor3e rakhane meM lekhaka ko kAphI kuzalatA prApta huI hai| pAThaka ko bhI datta citta

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274 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya hokara upanyAsa par3hanA hai ki hAtha meM kahIM kathA kA sUtra chUTa na jaae| dhArmika, sAmAjika AcaraNa kI mahattA aura Adarza bhAratIya nArI, ke guNoM ke sAtha jaina dharma ke gUr3ha siddhAntoM kA nirUpaNa lekhaka ne kathA ke mAdhyama se kara diyA hai| upanyAsa se siddhAnta-carcA ke kAraNa thor3I-sI nIrasatA A gaI hai| sAtha-hIsAtha bojhila bhI pratIta hotA hai, lekina lekhaka apane uddezya meM saphala rahate haiN| 13veM aura 16veM adhyAya meM to pUrNarUpa se ratnacandra seTha kI sAdhu mahArAja se dhArmika carcA kA nirUpaNa huA hai| pratyeka adhyAya kI kathAvastu kA prAraMbha aura anta prakRti-citraNa se hI kiyA hai| pAtra : ___pAtroM kI saMkhyA vizeSa hone para bhI upanyAsakAra ne pramukha pAtroM kA cAritrika vizleSaNa sundara zailI meM kiyA hai| puruSa pAtroM meM jayadeva, bhUpasiMha, ratnacandra, hIrAlAla, udayasiMha Adi aura bAkI pAtroM meM suzIlA, revatI, subhadrA aura rAmakuMbarI pradhAna haiN| ina pAtroM ke caritra-vizleSaNa para hI kathAstaMbha khar3A kiyA gayA hai| ___ jayadeva uccakulIna rAjaputra hai| bacapana se hI vaha saMyamI, abhyAsI evaM sAdagI se rahane vAlA hai| kaSTa vipatti meM vaha sumerU ke samAna dRr3ha aura sahanazIla hai, jo uttaradAyitva nibhAne meM niSkapaTa aura sadAcArI hai| apanI patnI ke prati anurakta hai tathA anya strI ke prati dRSTi U~cI kara dekhatA taka nahIM hai| isIlie rAmakubaMrI dvArA aneka pralobhanoM ke bAvajUda vaha pha~satA nahIM hai| samaya Ane para jI tor3akara zrama karane meM pIche haTane vAlA nahIM haiN| ratnacandra apane nagara kA prasiddha jauharI hai nyAyI aura kartavya parAyaNa hone se nagara meM unakA acchA sammAna thaa| manuSya parakhane kI kalA meM bhI ve utane hI kuzala the, jitanA ratna parakhane kI kalA meN| Adarza aura sadAcAra ko vaha jIvana ke lie Avazyaka tattva mAnate haiN| isIlie duzcaritra patnI va putra kA vyavahAra dekhakara krodha bhI AtA hai aura anta meM saccI virakti A jAne se sanyasta grahaNa kara lete haiN| apane bhAvoM aura pratikriyAoM ko dabAkara jJAna buddhi se socakara saMsAra ke prati hI vairAga A jAne se dIkSA lekara vimalakIrti nAma ke muni ho gye| usakA putra hIrAlAla vyasanI evaM durAcArI aura krUra prakRti kA hai| vaha apanI patnI va bacce ke prati sadvyavahAra se rahane ke badale aparamAtA ke sAtha vyabhicAra karatA hai| nirlajjatA evaM kAmukatA usake bhItara bharI par3I hai, jisakA duSpariNAma bhI use bhugatanA par3atA hai| jayadeva kA paricayAtmaka caritra-citraNa karate hue upanyAsakAra ne likhA hai-jayadeva janma se hI dayAlu hRdaya evaM zAnti prakRti kA vyakti hai| vijayapura

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-gadya sAhitya : vidhAe~ aura viSaya-vastu 275 ke nivAsiyoM ne use kabhI kisI se lar3ate-jhagar3ate athavA kaTu-vacana kahate nahIM sunaa| eka bAra eka niraparAdhI jIva ko pITate dekhakara use mUrchA A gaI thii| bhUpasiMha jayadeva kA antaraMga mitra hai| sukha-duHkha meM sadaiva parachAIM kI taraha usakA sAtha nibhAtA hai| udayasiMha ke dvArA jaba naukA DubAI jAtI hai, taba vaha jaise-taise baca pAtA hai aura hoza saMbhAlate hI jayadeva va suzIlA ko khojane ke lie athaka prayAsa karatA hai| bhUpasiMha ke bAre meM paricaya dete hue kahA gayA haiM ki-isa samaya bhUpasiMha kI Ayu 24 varSa ke anumAna hai| vaha pitA kI zikSA se aise sA~ce meM DAlA gayA hai ki zreSTha se zreSTha rAjAoM meM jo guNa Avazyaka hai ve saba isa samaya usameM vartamAna hai| rAjanIti, dharmanIti, yuddhanIti, samAja Adi saMpUrNa viSayoM meM vaha asAdhAraNa jJAna rakhatA hai| isake atirikta kAvya koSa, vyAkaraNa nyAyAdi viSayoM meM bhI usakA acchA praveza hai vaha isa samaya rAjya kArya bar3I kuzalatApUrvaka calAtA hai| udayasiMha eka sAhUkAra kA putra hai, kintu vAsanA evaM burI saMgati ke kAraNa usakI buddhi bhraSTa ho gaI hai| kAmavAsanA ke kAraNa vaha balAtkAra ko burA nahIM smjhtaa| lekhaka ne sabhI puruSa pAtroM ke caritra-citraNa meM aupanyAsika kalA kI apekSA upadezaka yA dharmazAstra kA dRSTikoNa vizeSa rakhA hai| ataH pAtroM kA manovaijJAnika vizleSaNa nahIMvat ho pAyA hai| strI pAtroM meM eka ora suzIlA jaisI ramaNIya zIlavatI nArI hai, to dUsarI ora rAmakuMbarI jaisI durAcAriNI nArI kA caritra aMkita kiyA gayA hai| donoM kA yathArtha rUpa se caritra-vizleSaNa kiyA gayA hai| pAThakoM ke samakSa nArI ke donoM rUpa upasthita kie gae haiM, jo hameM samAja meM dRSTigata hote haiN| suzIlA ke AMtarika guNoM kA varNana karate hue likhA gayA hai ki-suzIlA ke vicAra utkRSTa haiM, utyutkRSTa haiN| vaha pratyeka bAta meM se jo siddhAnta zodha ke nikAlatI hai, ve kucha apUrva hI hote haiN| vaha yadyapi abhI avivAhita hai, parantu vivAhita striyoM kA kyA dharma hai, use vaha bhalIbhA~ti jAnatI hai| kulIna vaMzodbhAvaka patiparAyaNa striyoM ke dharma kA use khUba paricaya hai| kSamA, zIla, saMtoSa prakRti dharmoM ne usake hRdaya ko apanA vizrAmasthAna banA liyA hai| sAMsArika nAnA prapaMcoM ke samIra ne usake zarIra ko kabhI sparza bhI nahIM kiyaa| pratyeka sarga meM prakRti kA madhura, AhlAdaka aura sahaja varNana prApta hotA hai| prakRti prAyaH uddIpana ke rUpa meM hI citrita kI gaI hai| pAtroM kI manodazA ko abhivyakta karane ke lie prakRti bhI usI raMga meM raMgI milatI hai, lekina

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276 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya kahIM-kahIM prakRti va pazu-pakSiyoM kI kelikrIr3A kA suramya varNana svataMtra rUpa se bhI kiyA gayA hai, jaise samasta pazu-pakSI prasanna citta dikhalAI dete hai| sUkhe par3e hue meMDhakoM ke zarIra meM jIva A gayA hai, ve idhara-udhara uchalate hue mada ko mAta kara rahe haiN| sArasa, haMsa, mayUra Adi pakSI caina se krIr3A kara rahe haiN| pAnI ke bahuta hI samIpa bakagaNoM kA dhyAna laga rahA hai| eka sAtha calate hue eka sAtha madhura zabda karate hue aura eka sAtha ur3ate hue snahamaya sArasa ke sarasa jor3o ko dekhakara bhUpasiMha ke hRdaya meM zIghra hI prApta hone vAle dAmpatya prema kI mIThI-mIThI kalpanAyeM uThane lgiiN| kokila ke komala AlApa se citta utkaMThita hone lagA aura mayUroM ke Ananda-nRtya se mukha para sveda jhalakane lgaa| prAkRtika citraNoM ke dvArA bhAvoM ko sAkAra banAne kI kahIM-kahIM adbhuta ceSTA kI gaI hai| prakRti ke citramaya varNanoM meM lekhaka ne AlaMkArika zailI kA saphala prayoga kiyA hai| lekhaka ne isa upanyAsa meM AdhyAtmika va sAMsArika prema ke svarUpa kA mArmika nirUpaNa kara unakI mahimA aMkita kI hai| lekhaka isakI viziSTatA nirUpita karate hue likhate haiM-yaha samasta cetanAtmaka jagat isI prema kA phala hai| prema na hotA to saMsAra bhI nahIM hotaa| jo prema kI upAsanA nahIM karatA, vaha mAnava janma kA tiraskAra karatA hai| prema kI pUjA karanA prANimAtra kA pavitra puNya karma hai| prema se pApa kA sambaMdha nahIM hai| prema meM dvitva nahIM hai| prema ke samadRSTi rAjya meM 'nija' aura 'para' kA bheda nahIM hai| jo prema kA upAsaka hai, vaha saccA sevaka hai, vaha paratva buddhi ko sarvathA chor3akara ekatva ke eka prANatva ke Ananda rAjya meM vihAra karatA huA svarga sukha kA parihAsa karatA haiM"' lekina prema kI aisI udAtta vicAradhArA kI abhivyakti kAmuka udayasiMha ke dvArA suzIlA ko anukUla banAne ke lie bhejI gaI dUtI ke mu~ha asaMgata aura hAsyAspada-sI lagatI haiN| jaina-darzana kI mImAMsA pUre upanyAsa meM yatra-tatra sarvatra dekhane ko milatI hai| lekina kathA ke pravAha meM itanI ghula-mila gaI hai| ki dArzanika carcA kahIM kisI prakAra kI rukAvaTa nahIM ddaaltii| jaina dharma kI uccatA, mahattva, divyatA va AvazyakatA kI varcA sarvatra bikharI par3I hai| kahIM-kahIM jaina darzana ke pramukha sAta tattvoM jIva, ajIva, Azrava, bandha, saMvara, nirjarA va mokSa aura karmAvaraNa, lokasvarUpa, dravyasvarUpa va vibhAvAlakSaNa Adi kI bhedopabhedoM ke sAtha sUkSma carcA bIca-bIca meM sAmAnya janatA ke lie bolacAla kI rasAtmaka bhASA zailI 1. suzIlA, pR0 130.

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- gadya sAhitya : vidhAe~ aura viSaya-vastu Adhunika hindI - jaina 277 meM prayukta karane kA prayatna prazaMsanIya hai| zuddha kalAtmaka aupanyAsika dRSTikoNa se yaha vRtti upanyAsa ke lie bAdhA rUpa bana sakatI hai, lekina dharma ke dRSTikoNa - vizeSa se likhe gae isa upanyAsa meM yaha vicAra gAMbhIrya avarodhaka kama banatA hai| hA~, kahIM-kahIM jaina dharma ke pAribhASika zabda samajhane meM nahIM Ane se kaThinAI mahasUsa avazya ho sakatI haiN| ataH prakazaka ko spaSTatA karanI par3I haiM-yaha upanyAsa koI sAmAnya kathA - kahAnI nahIM hai, lekina eka sAmAjika va dhArmika saiddhAMtika grantha hI kahAnI rUpa meM hai, jo isake par3hane se hI spaSTa mAlUma ho skegaa| 'ataH dhArmika carcA rasAnubhUti va grantha kI kalAtmakatA meM yadi kahIM bAdhaka huI to bhI kSamya hai| vaise AcAra-vicArAtmaka zikSA sambaMdhI vicAradhArA kI bahulatA kathA kI samarasatA meM virodha nahIM utpanna krtii| 44 DaoN. nemicandra zAstrI isa upanyAsa kI vizeSatA ke saMdarbha meM likhate haiM-yaha upanyAsa eka ora Adarza jIvana kI jhAMkI dekara naitika utthAna kA mArga prastuta karatA hai to dUsarI ora kutsita jIvana kA naMgA citra khIMcakara kupathagAmI hone se rokane kI zikSA detA hai| sadAcAra ke prati AkarSaNa aura durAcAra ke prati garhaNa utpanna karane meM yaha racanA samartha hai| kalA kI dRSTi se bhI upanyAsa saphala hai| isameM bhAvanAe~ sarasa, svAbhAvika aura hRdaya para coTa karane vAlI hai| kathA kA pravAha pAThaka ke utsAha aura abhilASA ko dviguNita karatA hai samasta jIvana ke vyApAra - zrRMkhalA aura caritra-nirmANa ke anukUla hai|. saba se bar3I vizeSatA isa upanyAsa kI yaha hai ki isaka vyartha ke hAva-bhAvoM se nahIM bharA gayA hai, kintu jIvana ke antarbAdhya pakSoM kA udghATana bar3I khUbI ke kiyA gayA hai|' gopAladAsa baraiyA jI ke isa upanyAsa kI zailI praur3ha hai| kahIM-kahIM to kAvyAtmaka saundarya jhalakatA hai| alaMkAroM, muhAvaroM aura sUktiyoM ke upayukta prayogoM se bhASA ko jIvaMta banAyA gayA haiN| bhASA sarvatra zuddha parimArjita hai| thor3I bahuta saMskRta niSTha zailI va bhASA kA rUpa dRSTigata hotA hai| viSayAnukUla pAtrAnukUla bhASA kA lekhaka ne prayoga kiyA hai| abhinayAtmaka tathA vizleSaNAtmaka kathopakathana va citramaya varNanoM se upanyAsa ko AkarSaka banAyA gayA hai| mukti dUta : Adhunika yuga ko jaina sAhitya ke zreSTha upanyAsakAra zrI vIrendra jaina kA yaha atyanta sazakta, sundara upanyAsa hai| isako sabhI dRSTikoNoM se saphala kahA 1. DaoN0 nemicandra zAstrI : hindI jaina sAhitya kA parizIlana, pR0 67.

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278 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya jA sakatA hai| dhArmika uddezya ke parinirvAha ke sAtha aupanyAsika tattvoM se pUrNataH rakSA huI hai| ramaNavRtti evaM kutUhalavRtti donoM kI paritRSTi ke lie ghaTanA camatkAra aura prabala bhAvAnubhUtiyoM kA mArmika aMkana kiyA gayA hai| isameM vIrendra jI ne pavanaMjaya ke Atma vikAsa tathA aMjanA kI kaSTa-sahiSNutA, prema, dhairya kI marmAntaka kathA kA bhAvavAhI surekha aMkana kiyA haiN| ahaMkAra ke andhakArAgAra se puruSa ko nArI hI apane prema, ekaniSThatA, tyAga-balidAna va vAtsalya ke prakAza dvArA mukta karane meM samartha hai, isakI pratIti aMjanA-pavanaMjaya ke sazakta caritra-citraNa-dvArA spaSTa kiyA hai| vIrendrakumAra jI kA Adhunika manovaijJAnika zailI meM likhita sundara upanyAsa 'anutara yogI' prakAzita huA hai| isake do khaNDa 'vaizAlI kA rAjaputra' aura 'asidhArA patha kA yAtrI' prakAzita ho cuke haiN| tRtIya khaNDa prakAzita hone vAlA hai| Adhunika hindI jaina sAhitya vIrendra jI ke sAhitya se avazya gauravAnvita hai| kathA-vastu : 'mukti dUta' kA kathAnaka paurANika hai| 'padmapurANa' meM isakI kathA kA ullekha prApta hotA haiM 'hanUmanacaritra' meM bhI isa kathA kA varNana hai| jaina sAhitya meM nemi-rAjula, zrIpAla-mainA kI kathA kI taraha aMjanA-pavanaMjaya kI kathA atyanta lokapriya haiN| prAyaH sabhI yuga meM aMjanA-pavanaMjaya viSayaka sAhityika racanAe~ upalabdha hotI haiN| Adityapura ke mahArAja prahlAda va rAnI ketumatI kA eka mAtra putra pavanaMjaya hai, jo apane mAtA-pitA ke sAtha kailAza kI yAtrA se lauTate mAnasarovara tthhre| vahA~ kA rAjA mahendra apanI putrI aMjanA kI zAdI pahale se hI pavanaMjaya se nizcita kara cuke the| pavanaMjaya mAnasarovara kI apAra jala rAzi meM krIr3A karate samaya pAsa kI zveta aTTAlikA se madhura komala svaravAlI aMjanA ko dekhA to vaha praNaya unmAda lekara vApasa aayaa| usakI prema vedanA dekhakara usakA aMtaraMga miga prahasta vimAna dvArA aMjanA ke rAja-prasAda para le jAtA haiM vahA~ prasAda ke udyAna meM aMjanA apanI sakhiyoM ke sAtha vihAra kara rahI thii| aMjanA kI abhinna sakhI vasantamAlA pavanaMjaya ke rUpa, yauvana, guNa kI prazaMsA kara rahI thI aura aMjanA-pavanaMjaya ke guNagAna evaM dhyAna meM lIna thii| aMjanA ne yaha kucha sunA nahIM thA, lekina jaise hI dhyAna bhaMga huA to harSa ke mAre usane sakhiyoM se nRtya gAna karane kI AjJA dii| pavanaMjaya ne aMjanA kI tallInatA va nRtyagAna kI icchA kA yaha artha liyA ki merI niMdA kA pratikAra nahIM karatI aura vidyuta prabha kI prazaMsA se prasanna hokara nAca-gAna karavAtI hai| usakI

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-gadya sAhitya : vidhAe~ aura viSaya-vastu 279 tallInatA pavanaMjaya ke vicAra va khuzI usakI smRti ke kAraNa thI, yaha bAta becArA pavanaMjaya jAna nahIM pAtA aura jisakI vajaha se aMjanA kI karuNa kathA kA bIja janma letA hai| gusse meM apane par3Ava para lauTa Ane ke bAda apamAna ke pratikAra svarUpa prAta:kAla sasainya prasthAna karane ko prAraMbha karatA hai| pavanaMjaya kI kUca ke samAcAra se rAjA mahendra aura prahlAda donoM vyagra aura ciMtita hote haiN| rAjA prahlAda usake abhinna mitra prahasta ko samajhAne-bujhAne ke lie bhejate haiM, jisake pariNAma svarUpa vaha vApasa Akara zAdI to kara letA hai, lekina Adityapura jAkara aMjanA kA tyAgakara apane apamAna kA badalA liyaa| apane bhrama se samajha lie apamAna ke isa prakAra ke badale se aMjanA, mAtA-pitA prajA, prahasta, aMjanA kI aMtaraMga sakhI vasantamAlA-jo usake sAtha AI hai, sabhI dukhI the, vivaza aura nirUpAya bhI hue| svayaM pavanaMjaya apane ahaMkAra ke kAraNa unmatta, udAsa rahane lgaa| mAtA-pitA ke dUsare vyAha ke sUcanA ko bhI vaha inkAra kara detA hai| usI samaya pAtAla dvIpa ke abhimAnI rAjA varuNa para hamalA karatA hai| aura apanI sahAyatA ke lie apane mANDalika rAjA prahlAda ko sahAyatArtha sasainya Ane kA saMdeza bhijvaayaa| pavanaMjaya apanI ghuTana bharI manahUsa jindagI va vAtAvaraNa se mukta hone kI icchA se pitA ke badale svayaM jAne kA phaisalA karatA hai aura pitA kI AjJA bhI prApta karatA hai| yuddha kSetra meM jAne se pUrva vaha mahala meM se vidA hotA hai, taba praveza dvAra para pati ko vidA karane ke lie aMjanA maMgalakalaza aura AratI lekara sAmane AtI hai| pavanaMjaya use kulaTA, dhUrta samajhakara usakI avahelanA kara calA jAtA hai| bidA lene ke bAda rAste meM mAnasarovara se taTa para sainya vizrAma karane rAtri ko tthhraa| usa samaya nistabdha vAtAvaraNa meM cakave ke viyoga meM tar3apatI cakavI ko dekhakara use ekAeka aMjanA kI vedanA, darzana, AkulatA, viraha-dagdhatA, chaTapaTAhaTa, kaSTa-sahiSNutA kI yAda Ane lgii| usI samaya nirNaya kara prahasta ke sAtha vimAna meM baiThakara aMjanA ke mahala meM AtA hai| aMjanA to rAta dina pati ke nAma kI mAlA japatI rahatI hai aura karmoM ke kSaya ke sAtha bhAgyodaya se avazya pati kA milana hogA, aisA vizvAsa saMjoye rakhA haiN| pavanaMjaya Akara aMjanA se kSamA yAcanA kara para prema kI bhIkha mA~gatA hai| aMjanA bhaktibhAvapUrvaka pati kA svAgata kara kSobha miTA detI hai| pUrI rAta donoM Ananda pUrvaka keli-krIr3A meM bitA dete hai| jaba pavanaMjaya jAne lagA to vasantamAlA ne bhaviSya kA vicAra kara usase mudrikA aura muhara prApta kara lii|

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280 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya yuddha kSetra meM pahu~cakara aMjanA ke prema se praphullita aura prerita pavanaMjaya hiMsAmaya yuddha rokane kI ceSTA svarUpa rAvaNa ko samajhAyA lekina abhimAnI rAvaNa mAnatA nahIM hai| isase niraparAdhI varuNa kI sahAyatA kara rAvaNa ko parAsta karatA hai| isa prasaMga meM lekhaka ne sundara navIna udbhAvanA kI hai| udhara pavanaMjaya kI anupasthiti meM aMjanA ko garbhavatI jAnakara use kulaTA, kalaMkinI samajhakara pavanaMjaya kI mAtA rAnI ketumatI use nagara se bAhara nikAlakara mahendrapura kI sImA taka chor3a Ane kA hukuma sArathI ko detI hai| sasurAla se nikAla die jAne para snehamayI sakhI vasantamAlA ne mahendrapura jAkara aMjanA ke lie Azraya kI prArthanA kI lekina vahA~ bhI aMjanA ke kalaMka kI bAta pahu~ca jAne se rAjA mahendra Azraya dene se inakAra karatA hai| duHkhI vivaza, garbha bhAra se zithila aMjanA vasantamAlA ke sAtha vana meM prasthAna karatI haiN| yahIM eka guphA meM aMjanA eka tejasvI bAlaka ko janma detI hai| yahI to hai pavanaMjaya ko ahaMkAra kI kaida se mukta karane vAlA 'mukti duut'| eka dina bIhar3a jaMgala ke rAjA pratisUrya-jo aMjanA ke mAmA the-vimAna bigar3a jAne se nIce utara Ae aura usI guphA meM gae, jahA~ ye donoM sakhiyA~ nanheM zizu ko saMbhAla rahI thiiN| paricaya prApta hone para rAjA pratisUrya una sabako apane ghara le gyaa| rAste meM vimAna meM se bAlaka gira gayA, lekina bAlaka ko kucha na huA aura zilAkhaNDa cUra-cUra ho gyaa| vimAna ko nIce utAra kara bacce ko uThA liyA aura hanUrUha nagarI pahu~cakara bAlaka kA nAma hanUman rakhA gyaa| vijayI hokara pavanaMjaya jaba Adityapura pahu~catA hai to aMjanA ke viSaya meM jAnakara atyanta dukhI hokara krodha aura vedanA kI sthiti meM use khojane ke lie nikala par3atA hai| prathama apanI sasurAla mahendrapura jAtA hai, lekina vahA~ se nirAzA prApta huI to jaMgala kI ora nikala pdd'aa| aMjanA ne bhI pavanaMjaya ke samAcAra sune to vaha ciMtita huii| pratisUrya apane bahanoI rAjA mahendra ke pAsa aMjanA kA samAcAra le jAtA hai aura vahA~ rAjA prahlAda ko bhI dekhatA hai| sabhI pavanaMjaya kI khoja ke lie nikala par3ate haiN| anta meM sabhI pavanaMjaya ko khojane meM saphala hote haiM, aMjanA pavanaMjaya kA sukhada milana hotA hai| aMjanA kI sAdhanA tapasyA phalI aura pavanaMjaya ko nanhA-sA bAlaka milA 'mukti duut'-saa| yahI 'muktidUta' kA saMkSipta kathAnaka hai, jisako kuzala lekhaka ne romAMcaka ghaTanAoM, prakRti ke mRdu-bhayAnaka varNanoM, mAnasika bhAvoM kI kriyA-pratikriyAoM aura vizad caritrAMkana ke dvArA atyanta jijJAsAvarddhaka aura AkarSaka banAyA hai| lekhaka ne vizeSa manovaijJAnika va jIvaMta ho sakA hai|

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3. Adhunika hindI-jaina-gadya sAhitya : vidhAe~ aura viSaya-vastu 281 nimnalikhita parivartana bhI vIrendra jI ne apanI udbhAvaka kalpanA-zakti se kie haiM1. 'padmapurANa' meM batalAyA gayA hai ki mitrakezI pavanaMjaya kI niMdA karatI haiM aura vidyutaprabha kI prazaMsA karatI hai, to pavanaMjaya mitrakezI aura aMjanA donoM ko jalA denA cAhatA haiM, lekina prahasta ke kahane se ruka jAtA haiM 'mukti dUta' meM pavanaMjaya ko itanA krodhI na batAkara nAyaka ke caritra ko mahattA dI gaI hai| hA~, pavanaMjaya kA aMhabhAva apanI niMdA sunakara jAgRta avazya hotA hai aura yahI tattva kathA pravAha ko Age bar3Ane vAlA preraka bala siddha hotA hai| purANa kA pavanaMjaya mAna-sarovara se prasthAna karane punaH pitA kI AjJA se lauTA lekina vIrendra jI ne mitra prahasta dvArA lauTavAkara adhika manovaijJAnika banAyA hai, kyoMki byAha ke lie pitA kI apekSA mitra adhika samajhA-bujhA sakatA hai, vizeSakara inkAra ke lie paristhiti aura kAraNa se mitra avagata hai, jaba ki pitA anajAna haiM usa sthiti meN| varuNa aura rAvaNa ke yuddha meM prasaMgakAra ne varuNa ko doSI ThaharAkara pavanaMjaya rAvaNa kI sahAyatA kI hai, jabaki isameM abhimAnI rAjA rAvaNa ko doSI ThaharAkara varuNa kI sahAyatA karake rAvaNa ko parAsta hote hue dikhalAyA gayA hai| 4. ketumatI dvArA nirvAsita hokara mahendrapura pahu~ca kara vasantamAlA aura aMjanA donoM kA rAjA mahendra ke pAsa jAne kA ullekha purANa meM kiyA gayA hai, parantu vIrendra jI ne kevala vasantamAlA ke jAne kA ullekha kara aMjanA ke gaurava kI rakSA kI hai| aMjanA kI khoja meM vyasta pavanaMjaya aura prahasta ke varNana meM bhI donoM ke mahendrapura jAne kA ullekha purANakAra ne kiyA hai, para 'muktidUta' meM kevala prahasta ke jAne kA ullekha hai| 5. purANa meM varNana prApta hai ki kumAra pavanaMjaya jaba aMjanA kI khoja meM gae taba unake sAtha unakA priya sAthI ambaragocara bhI rahatA hai, para 'muktidUta' meM aisA varNana lekhaka ne nahIM kiyA hai| isa prakAra kathAnaka meM lekhaka ne paurANikatA kI sImA meM rahakara apanI kalpanA ko mukta rakhA hai, jisase kathA vastu meM svAbhAvikatA va sundaratA A pAI hai, lekina kathAnaka kA atizaya vistAra sahaja khaTakane vAlA lagatA hai, kyoMki anAvazyaka vistAra se kathAnaka meM zithilatA A jAtI hai aura pAThaka kahIM-kahIM Uba-sA jAtA hai| prAraMbha meM prAsAda varNana

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282 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya evaM aMjanA kI sAja-sajjA ke varNana meM lekhaka ne rItikAlIna zailI kA anusaraNa kiyA hai yadi yaha varNana saMkSipta hotA to upanyAsa ke gaThana meM aura nikhAra A paataa| ina gine-cune prasaMgoM ke atirikta anya varNana saMkSipta, ramaNIya aura prabhAvotpAdaka hai| isI se pUre upanyAsa meM madhuratA, komalatA aura navInatA A pAI hai| kathA vastu meM sundara rasaprada varNana hameM saMsAra kI ulajhanoM se dUra haTAkara madhura komala kalpanA kI duniyA meM le jAtA hai| isa upanyAsa ke lekhaka ne svayaM 'romAMTika upanyAsa' kI saMjJA se abhihita kiyA hai, jo sarvathA samucita hai| kyoMki pavanakumAra aura aMjanA kI paurANika prema-viraha-kathA ko unhoMne Adhunika yuga ke pariveza meM utkRSTa manovaijJAnika kalA se sajAyA-saMvArA hai| aMjanA-pavana kI paurANika premakathA kI Adhunika bhUmikA para hI racanA hone se AkhyAna, kathA yA upanyAsa zabdoM kI apekSA lekhaka ko aMgrejI sAhitya kA 'romeNTika' zabda vizeSa pratIti kara lagA hai| paurANika kathA hone para bhI lekhaka ne paurANika pariveza kI eka sImA bAMdha lI hai aura usake bAda vAtAvaraNa kI sajIvatA cAroM ora akSuNNa rakhane ke lie kalpanA kI Dora chor3a dI hai| kathA eka ni:sIma anaMta AkAza kI taraha 'muktidUta' meM phaila gaI hai, jinameM pAtroM aura varNanoM ko tairane kA pUrA maukA mila gayA hai| vistAra milane se kathAvastu meM sajIvatA, kalpanA-sauMdarya aura gaharAI bhI A sakI haiN| (varNana bhI aise anupama sucAru, sajIva ki hajArIprasAda dvivedI jI ke prasiddha upanyAsa 'bANabhaTTa kI AtmakathA' ke varNanoM kA sauMdarya barabasa yAda A jAtA hai| vaise donoM kI viSayavastu meM kAphI bhinnatA hai, lekina prabhAvotpAdakatA meM samAnatA hai|) paurANika kathA hone kI vajaha se yadi bhaugolika aitihAsika satya kI upekSA ho gaI ho to kSamya honI cAhie, kyoMki 'mukti dUta' upanyAsa hai, bhUgola yA itihAsa kA grantha nahIM hai| _ 'mukti dUta' kI kathA vaise anya paurANika kathAoM kI taraha saundarya-prema, pariNaya-kalaha, viyoga, saMyoga kI ghaTanAoM aura varNanoM se ota-prota hai, jisase pUrNataH praNaya kathA kA svarUpa sAmane AtA haiM para jaisA ki 'jJAnapITha' ke vidvAna maMtrI zrI lakSmIcandra jaina ne isa upanyAsa ke 'Amukha' meM ucita hI spaSTa kara diyA hai ki-'muktidUta' kI mohaka kathA, sarasa racanA, anupama zabda-sauMdarya aura kavitva se pare jAne lAyaka kucha aura hI haiM, aura vaha jo pustaka kI isa pratyeka vizeSatA meM vyApta hokara bhI mAlA ke aMtima manakoM kI taraha sarvoparI hRdaya se, A~kha se, mAthe se lagAne lAyaka hai| pavanaMjaya ke aham,

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-gadya sAhitya : vidhAe~ aura viSaya-vastu 283 Atma vikAsa evaM Atma vijaya kI kramazaH kathA hai| puruSa pavanaMjaya kA aham nArI aMjanA ke tyAga, balidAna aura mUka Atma samarpaNa ke dvArA pighala jAtA haiN| aMjanA apane tyAga se U~ce hI U~ce uThatI jA rahI hai, jabaki pavanaMjaya ahaMkAra ke bojha se nIce hI nIce giratA jA rahA hai| aMjanA ke samarpaNa ne patita pavanaMjaya kA hAtha thAmakara U~cA uThA diyaa| mahAsatI aMjanA kA pavitra prema, saMpUrNa vizvAsa aMta taka puruSa ke ahaMkAra ko tor3atA huA use mArgadarzana bhI detA rahA hai| aMjanA kA caritra atyanta sazakta evaM prAtibha hai| nArI ke viSaya meM itanI U~cI se U~cI kalpanA hI kahIM anyatra mile| 'muktidUta' kI kathAvastu jitanI tala para hai, utanI hI sirpha nahIM hai| usake bhItara eka pratIka kathA cala rahI hai, jise hama brahma aura mAyA, prakRti aura puruSa kI dvandva lIlA kaha sakate haiN| aneka antardvandva, moha-prema, viraha-milana, rUpa-sauMdarya, daiva-puruSArtha, tyAga-svIkAra, daihika komalatA, Atmika mArdava, brahmacarya, nikhila ramaNa aura inake AdhyAtmika ardha kathA ke saMghaTana aura gumphana meM sahaja hI prakAzita hue haiN| pavanaMjaya isa bAta kA pratIka hai ki vaha padArtha ko bAhara se sIdhe pakar3akara usa para vijaya pAnA cAhatA hai aura usI meM usakA parAjaya hai, ekAMgatA hai| jabaki aMjanA kA pAtra bhAvanA kA hRdayavAda kA pratIka haiM, jo kevala puruSa ko hI nahIM, samasta vizva ko zAnti de sakatA hai|" vaise 'muktidUta' kI kathA meM romAnsa ke saba aMga hote hue bhI sarvatra karuNa kathA hI dikhAI par3atI hai| pratyeka pAtra vyathA-pIr3A kA bojha lie cala rahA hai| kathA kI sArthakatA aMtima adhyAya kI aMtima paMktiyoM meM pUrNa jhalakatI hai, jahA~-"prakRti puruSa meM lIna ho gaI aura puruSa prakRti meM vyakta ho utthaa|" kathA meM prakRti varNana ke sauMdarya se gadya-kAvya kA Ananda, bhAvanubhUti evaM AhlAdatA kA anubhava hotA hai| pAtra : isa upanyAsa ke pramukha pAtra haiM pavanaMjaya, aMjanA, vasantamAlA, prahasta, prahlAda, ketumatI, mahendra aura pratisUrya aadi| ina sabake caritra citraNa meM lekhaka kA racanA kauzala atyanta camaka uThA hai| nAyaka pavanaMjaya kA citraNa bhAva se bhare hue puruSa ke rUpa meM kiyA gayA hai. jo apanI vivazatA, ekAkIpana va nArI kI kamI ko jAnatA to hai, lekina abhimAna-darpa ke kAraNa kucha spaSTatA na kara mana hI mana jalatA hai, duHkhI hotA haiM aura phalasvarUpa unmatta-sA ghUmatA rahatA hai| vaha aMjanA ke anupama lAvaNya 1. 'muktidUta' lakSmIcandra jaina likhita-'Amukha' se pR0 4.

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284 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya se vazIbhUta hokara usase utkaTa prema karane lagatA hai, lekina vaha vidyutaprabha ko prema karatI hai, aisI bhramAtmaka mAnyatA ke kAraNa usake ahaM ko Thesa pahu~catI hai| ataeva, vaha taba taka ghulatA rahatA hai, jaba taka mAnavIya bhAvoM ne usakA ahama na tor3a diyaa| ahama ke baMdhana TUTate hI mAnavatA, pyAra, karuNA va sahAnubhUti ke guNoM se usakA vyaktittva camaka utthaa| jaba taka diptakA rUpa dhAraNa karatA rahA, pada-pada para vyathA kA anubhava karatA rhaa| apane ahaMbhAva ko AcchAdita karane ke lie darzana kI vyAkhyA, vizvavijaya kI icchA tathA mukti kI kAmanA sva-bhAvoM kI anukUlatA ke mutAbika karatA hai| jaba vaha nArI kI mahattA, tyAga, sahiSNutA samajhane meM asamartha rahatA hai; taba taka vaha apUrNa rahatA hai, lekina jaba usake caritra meM ahaM kA vinAza aura mAnavatA ke vikAsa kA prAraMbha hotA hai, vaha nArI ke vAstavika rUpa se paricita ho jAtA hai| sAtha hI sAtha vaha pUrNa vIra bhI hai| rAvaNa-varuNa ke yuddha prasaMga meM usakI vIratA sAkAra ho jAtI hai| aMjanA kA pArasa-sparza hote hI vaha Adarza pati, Adarza putra va mitra bana jAtA hai| "pavanaMjaya ko lekhaka ne hRdaya se bhAvuka, mastiSka se vicAraka, svabhAva se haTha aura zarIra se yoddhA citrita kiyA hai|" aMjanA isa upanyAsa kA pradhAna kendra bindu hai| isakA citraNa lekhaka ne atyanta manovaijJAnika DhaMga se kiyA hai| yaha pAtivrata kA sahaja sarala Adarzaastra lekara gaurava se hamAre sAmane upasthita hotI hai| vaha mUka tyAga kI pratibhA-sI acala hai| apane Apa meM gar3I rahatI hai yA apanI hI laghutA dekhatI huI pavanaMjaya ko doSI nahIM tthhraatii| apane bhAgya evaM karmoM ko hI duHkha kA kAraNa samajhakara punaH milana kI aDiga AsthA usake bhItara chipI huI hai| isI zraddhA-AzA ke bala para hI vaha duHkhoM ko zAnti se jhela rahI hai| parityaktA hone kA zoka avazya hai lekina dhairya kI ajamra dhArA anavarata rUpa se pravAhita hotI rahatI hai| bAIsa varSoM taka apane niyamoM ko dRr3hatA se pAlatI huI, tilatila jalatI huI aMjanA jaba pavanaMjaya usake mahala meM padhAratA hai, taba zikAyata kie binA pUrNa kSamAdAna detI huI hArdika abhivAdana karatI hai aura apanA saMpUrNa arpaNa kara detI hai jaba pavanaMjaya kahatA hai-rAnI! mere nirvANa kA patha prakAzita kro| taba vaha pratyuttara meM kahatI hai-mukti kI rAha maiM kyA jAnU~, maiM to nArI hU~ aura sadA baMdhana detI AI huuN|" yahA~ nArI hRdaya kI mahAnatA kA paricaya lekhaka ne apUrva kauzala ke sAtha diyA hai| ekAdha jagaha para aMjanA ke caritra meM asvAbhAvikatA A gaI hai| garbha bhAra se aMjanA kizorI bAlikA ke samAna 1. DA0 nemicandra zAstrI : hindI jaina sAhitya kA parizIlana, pR0 72.

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Adhunika hindI - jaina- gadya sAhitya : vidhAe~ aura viSaya-vastu uchalatI - kUdatI hai, vaha nitAnta asvAbhAvika lagatA hai| hA~, usakA asIma dhairya, saMtoSa, pAtivrata, zAlInatA, sahiSNutA Adi guNa nArI ke lie avazya anukaraNIya haiN| mitra prahasta kA caritra bhI kAphI mahattvapUrNa hai| lekhaka ne isa pAtra ko gauravapUrNa citrita kiyA hai| pavanaMjaya kA abhinna mitra prahasta vAstavikatA kI bhUmi para khar3A hai, jo pavanaMjaya ko eka vakta para mArke kI salAha detA rahatA hai| vaha usake bhItara chipe hue ahaMkAra ko tAr3akara izArA bhI kara detA hai| sabake prati sadaiva sahAnubhUti rakhatA huA vaha pavanaMjaya ko prema bhI karatA hai, usakA saccA salAhakAra hai, mitra hai, lekina pavanaMjaya kabhI-kabhI usakI avajJA - sA kara detA hai| lekina hRdaya prahasta kaba mitra - pharja cUkane vAlA hai? jaba pavanaMjaya yuvarAjJI aMjanA kA akAraNa parityAga kevala apanI ahaMtuSTi ke lie karatA haiM to sAre nagara meM kSubdhatA va udAsI phaila jAtI haiN| kumAra ko kucha kahane kI kisI meM himmata nahIM hai, taba prahasta usase bheMTa karatA hai| bAtacIta ke daurAna usane pavanaMjaya ko sAvadhAna bhI kara diyA ki sabako tyAgakara jo apane 'maiM' ko prasthApita karane meM lagA hai, vaha bItarAgI nahIM, vaha sabase bhogI aura rAgI hai| vaha mamatA kA sabase bar3A aparAdhI hai| apane 'maiM' ko jIta lo aura sArI duniyA vijIta hokara tumhAre caraNoM meM A pdd'egii| mukti vimukhatA nahIM hai, pavana! vaha unmuktA hai| 285 : aMjanA kI. sakhI vasantamAlA kA caritra atyanta svAbhAvika ho pAyA hai| aMjanA kI sakhI ke atirikta vaha usakI bahana, sevikA, mA~ sarvasva hai| usake sukha-duHkha kI saccI sAthI hai| duniyAdArI kI samajha usake bhItara adhika hone se hara saMkaTa meM vaha aMjanA kI rakSaka bana usakI marmAntaka vedanA kama karane kI ceSTA nirantara karatI rahatI hai| aMjanA ke sukha-duHkha aura icchA AkAMkSA ke Age sakhI kI bhalAI ke lie nyauchAvara kara diyA hai| usakA tyAga advitIya hai| aMjanA ke sAtha vaha chAyA kI taraha raha kara usake paritApoM ko halkA karane kI sadaiva ceSTA karatI rahatI hai| pradhAna pAtroM ke atirikta rAjA mahendra, prahlAda, rAnI ketumatI Adi gauNa pAtroM kA caritra-citraNa bhI pUrNa saphalatA ke sAtha kiyA hai| rAnI ketumatI kA bilkula svAbhAvika sAsa ke rUpa meM citraNa kiyA gayA hai| hanUsaha ke rAjA pratisUrya kA bhI saMkSipta citraNa AkarSaka bana par3A hai| kathopakathana aura zailI : 'muktidUta' upanyAsa kA kathopakathana kI dRSTi se atyanta mahattva hai|

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286 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya kathopakathana ke dvArA kathA kI dhArA kSipra gati se Age bar3atI hai| lekhaka ne saMkSipta aura laMbe donoM prakAra ke kathopakathanoM kA prayoga kiyA hai| prAraMbha meM pavanaMjaya aura prahasta ke lambe kathopakathana haiM, lekina Age calakara saMvAdoM meM saMkSiptatA kA pUrA dhyAna rakhA gayA hai| kathopakathana ke dvArA lekhaka ne dUsarA bhI lAkSaNika kArya kiyA hai, vaha hai caritroM kI vizeSatA para prakAza DAlane kaa| pavanaMjaya aura prahasta ke saMvAda, aMjanA-vasantamAlA ke vArtAlApa se hama unakI vizeSatA jAna sakate haiN| pavanaMjaya ke prati prahasta kA nimnalikhita udbodhana pavanaMjaya kI svabhAvagata vizeSatA vyakta karatA hai 'to jAo pavanaMjaya, tumhArA mArga merI buddhi kI pahu~ca ke bAhara hai| para eka bAta merI bhI yAda rkhnaa| tuma strI se bhAgakara jA rahe ho| tuma apane hI Apase parAbhUta hokara AtmapratAraNa kara rahe ho| ghAyala ke pralApa se adhika tumhAre isa darzana kA koI mUlya nhiiN| yaha durbala kI Atma-vaMcanA hai, vijetA kA mukti-mArga nahIM hai|' kathopakathana kI taraha zailI bhI do prakAra kI prayukta kI hai-sarala aura bojhil| aMjanA-pavanaMjaya ke milana pUrva kI zailI atyanta bhArI haiN| lambe-lambe kathana, vistRta varNanoM kI bharamAra, atyadhika saMskRta-niSTha-bhASA-jo zabdADaMbara yukta pratIta hotI hai-se kathAnaka gadya-kAvya-sA duSkara bhI ho jAtA hai, jisase pAThaka bhArIpana mahasUsa karatA hai, lekina milana ke bAda kI zailI sarala va pravAha yukta hai| bhAvoM kI abhivyakti spaSTa aura AkarSaka hai| saMvAda bhI choTe-choTe va prAsAdika haiN| saMskRta ke zabdoM ke sAtha pracalita videzI zabdoM ke vyavahAra se bhASA meM pravAha, prabhAva va rocakatA paidA hotI hai| 'muktidUta' kI bhASA prasAda kI bhASA ke samAna sarasa, prAMjala aura pravAhayukta hai| hindI upanyAsoM meM prasAda ke pazcAt isa prakAra kI bhASA aura zailI kama upanyAsoM meM milegii| vastutaH vIrendra jI kA 'muktidUta' bhASA sauSThava ke kSetra meM eka namUnA hai| unake bAda ke jaina upanyAsoM kI bhASA bhI aisI adbhuta, romAMcaka aura prabhAvotpAdaka hai| upanyAsoM ko eka bAra par3hanA zurU karane ke bAda chor3ane kA dila nahIM hotaa| uddezya : ___ 'muktidUta' upanyAsa hindI-jaina sAhitya kI sarvotkRSTa racanA kahI jAyegI, jisameM jIvana kI mAnavIya, manovaijJAnika, va AdhyAtmika vyAkhyA mila 1. DA0 nemicandra zAstrI : hindI jaina sAhitya kA parizIlana, pR0 75.

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-gadya sAhitya : vidhAe~ aura viSaya-vastu 287 sakatI hai| zrI lakSmIcandra jaina ne prastAvanA meM isake uddezya para vicAra vyakta karate hue likhA hai ki-"Aja kI vikala mAnavatA ke lie 'muktidUta' svayaM 'muktidUta' hai| isake pAtroM ko pratIka rUpa meM rakhA gayA hai| aMjanA prakRti kI pratIka hai, pavanaMjaya puruSa kA aura usakA aMhabhAva mAyA kA aura hanUmana brahma kA hai| Aja kA manuSya apane ahaM ke kAraNa svayaM ko buddhizAlI aura zaktimAna samajha vijJAna kI utpatti dvArA prakRti para vijaya manAnA cAhatA hai| aise nAkAma prayatnoM meM vaha unmatta-sA ghUmatA-phiratA rahatA hai, para use vijaya nahIM hAsila hotI kyoMki prakRti durjeya hai| tabhI use zakti-sukha mila pAtA hai, jaba vaha sukhoM kI acchI kalpanA kA moha tyAgakara prakRti kI mahattA svIkAra kara usakI zaraNa meM ahaMbhAva visarjita kara detA hai, tabhI vaha mahAna bana sakatA haiM, sacce sukha kA bhAgI bana sakatA hai| prakRti puruSa ke kSubdha vikala mana se kie jAte bhautika kArya-kalApoM se zokAkula hai tathA puruSa kI alpa zakti kA parihAsa karatI huI kahatI hai-puruSa (manuSya) sadA nArI (prakRti) ke nikaTa bAlaka hai| bhaTakA huA bAlaka avazya eka dina lauTa aayegaa|" sacamuca aisA hI hotA hai ki manuSya jaba bhautika sukhoM kI prApti ke saMgharSoM se thaka jAtA hai, akulA jAtA hai, taba prakRti kI mahattA se paricita hokara usakI AnandadAyaka goda meM jAkara saMtRpti prApta karatA hai| sauMdarya aura mRdutA kI akSayanidhi-prakRti use apane sukomala aMka meM amRtamayI zAnti kA Ananda detI hai, taba mAnava ke samakSa mAnavatA kA sahI rUpa prakaTa hotA hai| mAnava ko prakRti dvArA prerita hokara ahiMsaka banane kI AvazyakatA para lekhaka ne jora dete hue kahA haiM ki ahiMsA ke dvArA yuddha ko rokA jA sakatA hai| manuSya ahiMsA ko svIkAra kara jaba punaH prakRti ke samIpa jAtA hai to use hanUmana rUpI brahma (Atma zuddhi) kI prApti hotI hai| harSAveza meM 'prakRti puruSa meM lIna ho gaI aura puruSa prakRti meM vyakta ho utthaa| jisase prakRti kI sahaja sahAyatA se puruSa kA brahma ke sAtha sadA sambandha banA rhe| puruSa va prakRti ke milana kI zItala amIdhArA se cAroM ora zAnti-sukha ke zatadala khila uThate haiN| Aja kI vyasta mAnavatA rUpI dAnavatA ke lie yahI mUla maMtra hai ki vaha vijJAna ke vinAzakArI AviSkAroM kA aMcala chor3akara sRjanamayI cidAnandamayI prakRti ko pahacAnegA, tabhI use parama zAnti kI prApti hogI aura vizva meM mAnavatA kI ciravRddhi hogii| prasAda kA 'kAmAyanI' mahAkAvya bhI kyA hameM yahI saMdeza nahIM detA? 'kAmAyanI' kI anupama vAtsalyamayI tyAgI zraddhA manu kI ISyA, ahaMjanya vikAra, anya vRtti-pravRttiyoM kA prema aura sahRdayatA se pariSkAra kara ananta

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288 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya AnaMdamaya maMgalakArI zivaloka meM le calatI hai| prakRti kI aMgulI pakar3akara hI puruSa zivadhAma meM zAnti kI carama AnandAnubhUti kara sakatA haiN| jaina dharma mAnyatAnusAra munaSya ko mAna, rAga, dveSa aura ahaMkAra kA tyAga kara apanatva kI sImA se dUra jAkara sabako samAnatA va samabhAva se dekhane kA dRSTikoNa apanAnA caahie| 'muktidUta' ke kathAkAra zrI vIrendra jI ne rocaka kathAvastu ke sAtha aMjanA ke vicAroM se yahI vyakta kiyA hai, lekina kiMcita mAtra bhI khyAla nahIM jAtA ki lekhaka upadeza dete haiN| mahAna vicAradhArA kA kaisA rasaprada samanvaya kathA pravAha meM kuzalatA se lekhaka ne kara diyA hai! aMjanA ke mukha se usakI cAritrika udAttA ke anurUpa hI yaha vicAra dhArA sphuTa hotI hai ki-apane ko bahuta mata mAno, kyoMki vahI sAre rogoM kI jar3a hai| mAnanA hI to mAna hai| mAna sImA hai| AtmA to asIma hai aura sarva vyApI hai| nikhila lokAloka usameM samAyA hai| vastu mAtra tumameM hai, tumhAre jJAna meM hai| bAhara se kucha pAnA nahIM hai| bAhara se pAne aura apanAne kI koziza lobha hai, vahA~ jo apanA hai, usI ko kho denA hai| usI ko para banA denA hai, mAna ne hameM choTA kara diyA hai. jAnane-dekhane kI zaktiyoM ko maMda kara diyA hai| hama apane meM hI ghire rahate haiN| isI se coTa lagatI hai, duHkha hotA hai| isI se rAga hai, dveSa hai, ragar3a hai| sabako apane meM pAo, bhItara ke anubhava se paao| bAhara se pAne kI koziza mAyA hai, jhUTha hai, vAsanA haiN| usI ko prabhu ne mithyAttva kahA haiN| svarga, naraka, mokSa saba tumhIM meM hai, unakA honA tumhAre jJAna para kAyama hai| kahA na ki tumhArA jIva sattA mAtra kA pramANa hai, vaha simaTa kara kSudra ho gayA hai, tumhAre 'maiM' ke kaarnn| 'maiM' ko miTAkara 'saba' bana jaao| jAnane-dekhane kI tumhArI sabase bar3I zakti kA paricaya isameM hai|" kitanI udAtta vicAradhArA ke sAtha strI-sahaja komalatA va namratA dIpta ho uThatI hai, aMjanA kI ananta zraddhA bhaktiyukta gaMbhIra vANI meN| sacamuca hI 'muktidUta' upanyAsa aupanyAsika kalA-kauzala kI kasauTI para pUrNataH kharA utaratA hI hai, lekina jaina-darzana kI vicAradhArA kI dRSTi se bhI isameM mAnavatA, prema, ahiMsA, karuNA va satkarmoM ke AdarzoM ko vANI pradAna karane meM saphala rahA hai| lekhaka ne isameM mAnavatA kA Adarza tyAga, prema, saMyama aura ahiMsA ke samanvaya meM batAyA hai| bhAva, bhASA, zailI, uddezya sabhI dRSTikoNoM se vIrendra jI kA yaha Adhunika yugIna upanyAsa utkRSTa evaM samartha hai| catura bahU: 1916 I. meM dIpacanda jI ne isa choTe se sAmAjika zikSA prada upanyAsa

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-gadya sAhitya : vidhAe~ aura viSaya-vastu 289 kI racanA kii| upanyAsa meM pArivArika kathAvastu ke sAtha-sAtha jaina dharma ke tattvoM kI carcA-mahattA Adi ko lekhaka ne gUMtha liyA hai| jaina dharma kI zikSA aura nIti-carcA kA samAyojana bhI lekhaka bIca-bIca meM karate rahe haiN| isI kAraNa choTI-sI pustikA hone para bhI AMzika mahattva rahatA hai| bhASA prAraMbhika kAla kI khaDI bolI hone se saMyuktAkSaroM kI bahalatA va aMgrejI zabdoM kA prayoga dekha sakate haiM, jo bhAratendu kAlIna upanyAsoM meM prAyaH dekhA jAtA hai| rAjasthAna kI boliyoM kA prabhAva bhI kahIM-kahIM dIkhatA hai| zailI meM AlaMkAritA yA camatkAra, vAk-vidgdhatA na rahakara saralatA hI rahI hai, jo aise dhArmika upanyAsoM ke lie vizeSa anukUla rahatI hai| isakI pArivArika kathAvastu meM rocakatA kA kAphI nirvAha kiyA gayA hai aura kisa yukti se catura bahU apane parivAra ko dhArmika zikSA ke saMskAra dekara parivAra meM sama-salAha kA vAtAvaraNa paidA karatI hai| zrI nAthUrAma 'premI' ne baMgalA ke katipaya upanyAsoM kA hindI meM saphala anuvAda kiyA hai| isI prakAra bAbU pannAlAla zarmA ne bhI prAcIna kathAoM kA hindI meM sundara anuvAda kiyA hai| muni vidyAvijaya ne 'rAnIsulasA'' nAmaka eka upanyAsa likhA hai, jisameM sulasA ke udAtta caritra kA vizleSaNa kara pAThakoM ke samakSa eka navIna Adarza lekhaka ne prastuta kiyA hai| bhASA aura kalA kI dRSTi se lekhaka ko pUrNa saphalatA prApta nahIM huI hai| madhyama koTi kA AdarzAtmaka dhArmika upanyAsa hai| kathA-sAhitya : upanyAsa sAhitya evaM kathA sAhitya ke aMtara kA ullekha hama pahale kara cuke haiN| vaise hindI sAhitya meM kathA sAhitya ke aMtargata hI upanyAsa AtA hai, lekina jaina sAhitya paurANika, aitihAsika, laukika kathAoM para AdhArita hotA hai, jabaki upanyAsa sAhitya dhArmika yA paurANika hone ke sAtha kAlpanika bhI ho sakatA hai| kisI prakAra ke aitihAsika yA paurANika satyatA kA AdhAra kathA-sAhitya ke lie Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| prAyaH sabhI kathAe~ jaina dharma ke prAcIna graMthoM jaise ki AcAjaMga sUtra, adhyavanAMga, padmacaritra, supArca caritra, antakRnAMga, jJAtudharma kathAe~ Adi-kI kathAoM se kathAnaka (AdhAra) grahaNa kara Adhunika bhASA zailI va vAtAvaraNa ke sAtha racI gaI hai| prAcIna graMthoM meM kathAoM kA vizAla bhaNDAra bharA par3A hai| bahuta se kathA graMthoM kA bhAvAnuvAda kiyA gayA hai| bahuta sI kathAoM meM kevala kathAnaka kA aMzamAtra lekara nUtana 1. DA0 nemicandra zAstrI : hindI jaina sAhitya kA parizIlana, pR0 76.

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290 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya zailI meM racanAe~ kI gaI hai| phira bhI bahuta se graMtha abhI bhI kathA-sAhitya ke lie bAkI par3e haiN| kathA-caritroM kA anuvAda bhI kiyA gayA hai| ina kathA sAhitya meM bhinna-bhinna kathAvastu vAlI kahAniyA~ likhI gaI haiN| unameM kalA ke tattvoM kA bhI acchA pramANa dekhA jAtA hai inameM rocakatA ke sAtha-sAtha pAtra, prasaMga va vAtAvaraNa kA bhI kAphI dhyAna rakhA gayA hai| kathA-sAhitya kA mahattva prAcInakAla meM akSuNNa rahA hai, kyoMki saMpUrNa mAnava jAti isameM apane bhAvoM va caritroM kA vizleSaNa yA tAdAtmya sthApita kara AsAnI se rasa prApti kara sakatA hai| jaina sAhitya meM jIvana ke Adarza ko vyakta karane vAlI do hajAra varSa prAcIna kathAoM kA vipula bhaNDAra bharA hai, jinakA hindI jaina sAhitya meM kAphI upayoga kiyA gayA hai ina kathAoM se mAnava ko Ananda ke sAtha-sAtha jIvana--vikAsa kI prareNA aura AdhyAtmika jJAna bhI prApta hotA hai, sAtha hI adhanIti, rAjanIti, sAmAjika aura dhArmika paristhitiyoM kA mArgadarzana bhI milatA hai, jinakA varNana jaina kathA sAhitya meM gaharAI se kiyA gayA hai| "hindI kathAoM kI zailI bar3I hI prAMjala subodha aura muhAvaredAra hai, lalita lokoktiyA~, divya-dRSTAnta aura sarasa muhAvaroM kA prayoga kisI bhI pAThaka ko apanI ora AkRSTa karane ke lie paryApta hai| jaina kathA-sAhitya kI sabase bar3I vizeSatA yaha rahatI hai ki isameM prathama rocaka kathA vastu rahatI hai, bAda meM dhArmika yA naitika jJAna, jisase pAThaka ko prathama rasAsvAdana milane ke pazcAta jJAna prapti hotI hai| inameM samAja-vikAsa va loka-kalyANa kI pravRtti kI gaharI chApa bhI rahatI hai| vastutaH jaina kathAe~ nIti bodhaka marmasparzI aura Aja ke yuga ke lie nitAMta upayogI hai inameM vyApaka lokAnuraMjana aura loka maMgala kI kSamatA hai| karma ke siddhAnta kI aTUTa AsthA vyakta karane vAlI kahAniyA~ jaina sAhitya meM jitanI upalabdha hotI hai, utanI anyatra nhiiN| DaoN. satyaketu kA mAnanA hai ki-'jaina sAhitya meM bauddhoM se bhI adhika kahAniyoM kA bhaNDAra milatA hai| prasiddha yoropIya vidvAna sI0 eca0 hona ne kahA hai ki-jainoM ke kathA koSa meM saMgrahIta kathAe~ aura yoropIya kathAoM meM nikaTa sAmya hai| zrI hAna, harTala ne kobI, lyUmena, Adi yUropIya vidvAnoM ne jaina kathA-sAhitya ke kSetra me mahattvapUrNa kArya kiyaa| jaina kathA-sAhitya meM dharma ko pradhAnatA dI gaI hai| mahApuruSoM kI kathA ke dvArA janatA meM-naitika guNoM kA vikAsa najara meM rakhA jAtA thaa| dharma ke suphala ko batAnA isa kathAoM 1. DA0 nemicandra zAstrI : hindI jaina sAhitya kA parizIlana, pR0 77. 2. vahI, pR. 54.

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-gadya sAhitya : vidhAe~ aura viSaya-vastu 291 kA uddezya hotA hai| jIvana kI vividha samasyAoM ko sulajhAne meM dharma ke upayoga kI carcA, karmoM kA prabhAva, aura pariNAma janma-janmAntara meM bhugatane kI prakriyA vistAra se aura AkarSaka zailI meM pAI jAtI hai| isa kAla kI sAmAjika, rAjanaitika tathA sAMskRtika jIvana kI jhAMkI bhI ina kathAoM meM milatI hai| kathAe~ vistAra meM dI jAtI haiM, lekina usakA AkarSaNa aMta taka banA rahe, isa prakAra kI racanA kI jAtI hai| kathAnaka meM kahIM nIrasatA nahIM Ane paatii| kathA ke bIca-bIca meM saMketoM ke dvArA kathA kA uddezya spaSTa kiyA jAtA hai| sva. DA. vAsudevazaraNa agravAla ne likhA hai ki-vikrama saMvata ke prAraMbha se 12vIM zatI taka jaina sAhitya meM kathA-graMthoM kI avichinna dhArA pAI jAtI hai| yaha kathA sAhitya itanA vizAla hai ki unake samucita saMpAdana aura prakAzana ke lie 50 varSa se kama samaya kI apekSA nahIM hogii| jaina-kathAoM meM vartamAna para atyanta jora diyA jAtA hai| bhUtakAla ke karmAnusAra vartamAna banatA hai aura vartamAna ke karmoM ke AdhAra para bhaviSya kI nIMva rahatI hai| ina kahAniyoM meM manuSya ke vartamAna jIvana kI yAtrAoM kA hI varNana nahIM rahatA, manuSya kI AtmA kI jIvana kathA kA bhI varNana milatA hai| jaina kathA sAhitya ke sambaMdha meM batAyA gayA hai ki-sabhI jaina kahAniyA~ dharmopadeza kA aMga mAnanI caahie| jaina dharmopadezaka upadeza ke lie pradhAna mAdhyama kahAnI ko rakhatA thaa| bhagavAna mahAvIra dvArA upadezita Agama granthoM meM bhI laghurUpaka, kathAe~, kahAniyA~ pracura mAtrA meM upalabdha hotI hai| prAcIna sUtroM se jJAta hotA hai ki 'nAyadhamma kahA' meM kisI samaya bhagavAna mahAvIra dvArA kathita hajAroM rUpaka kathAoM kA saMkalana jina Agama granthoM se ye kathAe~ lI gaI haiM unakA mahattva hai| IsvI ke pUrva cauthI zatAbdI IsvI se pA~cavI zatAbdI taka kI bhArata varSa kI Arthika tathA sAmAjika dazA kA citraNa karane vAlA yaha sAhitya mahattvapUrNa hai| ina naSTa-bhraSTa chinna-bhinna Agama granthoM meM aba bhI aitihAsika aura ardha aitihAsika sAmagrI itanI vipula hai ki usake AdhAra para bhArata ke prAcIna itihAsa kA eka mahattvapUrNa adhyAya likhA jA sakatA hai| ina kathAoM meM purAtattva sambaMdhI vividha sAmagrI bharI par3I hai, jisase bhArata ke rIti-rivAja, mele, tyauhAra, sAdhu-sAmpradAya, duSkAla-bAr3ha, cora-lUTere, sArthavAha aura vyApAra ke mArga, zilpa, kalA, bhojana, 1. jaina jagata patrikA, 1977 apraila, saMpAdakIya, pR0 8. 2. DA0 e.ena. upAdhye, bRhat kathAkoSa kI bhuumikaa| 3. draSTavya-DA0 eTaika kA nibaMdha, ona dI liTarecara oNpha dI zvetAMbara oNpha gujraat|

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292 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya vastra, makAna, AbhUSaNa Adi vividha viSayoM para bahuta kucha prakAza par3atA haiN| loka kathA aura bhASA zAstra kI dRSTi se bhI yaha sAhitya atyanta mahattva kA hai| DA. viMTaranIja ke zabdoM meM 'jaina TIkA granthoM meM bhAratIya prAcIna kathA-sAhitya ke aneka ujjvala ratna vidyamAna haiM, jo anyatra upalabdha nahIM hote| yadyapi ina jaina-kathA sAhitya meM Adhunika hindI kahAnI sAhitya kA-sA bAharI zailIgata camatkAra, Adhunika vicAradhArA, manovaijJAnikatA kA gaharA raMga yA pAzcAtya vAtAvaraNa kA prabhAva nahIM milegA, phira bhI hRdaya ko dhArmikatA kI pavitratA va kathAnaka kI atyanta rocakatA se moha lene kI zakti avazya hai, jisase pAThaka ko hArdika zAnti kA anubhava avazya hotA hai| hindI kathA sAhitya do rUpoM meM upalabdha hotA hai eka to prAcIna graMthoM kI kathAoM kA bhAvavAhI sundara anuvAda kiyA gayA hai aura dUsarA rUpa paurANika AdhAra para se maulika rUpa meM racita kathAoM kA hai| adhikAMza jaina kahAniyoM meM vratoM kI, samyakatva kI, caritra evaM paMca mahAvratoM kI mahattA siddha kI gaI hai| samyakatva kaumudI bhASA, varAMga kumAra caritra, zrIpAla caritra, dhanyakumAra caritra Adi kathAe~ jIvana kI vyAkhyA prastuta karatI hai| zIlakathA, darzana, rAtri-bhojana-tyAga kathA, rohiNI vrata kathA, dAna kathA, paMca kalyANa vrata kathA Adi vizeSa naitika dRSTikoNa ko lekara likhI gaI kahAniyA~ haiN| anUdita kathA sAhitya kI saMkhyA vipula pramANa meM hai| ArAdhanA kathA koza, bRhata kathA koza, saMptavyasana caritra, puNyAzrava kathA koSa ke anuvAda kathA-sAhitya kI dRSTi se uttama hai| ina granthoM meM eka sAtha aneka kathAoM kA saMkalana kiyA gayA hai, jo jIvana ke marma ko chUtI haiN| ArAdhanA kathA koSa : udayalAla kAsalIvAla ne cAra bhAgoM meM isakI kathAoM kA anuvAda kiyA hai| anuvAda svaMtatra rUpa se kiyA gayA hai| sabhI kathAe~ rocaka haiN| ahiMsA-dharma kI mahattA, pApa-punya ke phala kI carcA evaM vratoM kA mAhatmya kathAoM ke mAdhyama se janatA ke sAmane prastuta kiyA hai| Adhunika zailI meM yadi ina kathAoM ko thor3A-bahuta sajAyA-saMvArA jAya to nizcita hI janatA kA manoraMjana va Atmika utthAna karane meM samartha ho sakatI haiN| bRhata kathA koSa : bRhat kathA koSa kI kathAe~ do bhAgoM meM prakAzita ho cukI haiM, abhI 1. Sto farefira 'History of Indian Literature,' p. 4. 2. jaina mitra kAryAlaya-hIrAbAga, baMbaI (prkaashk)|

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-gadya sAhitya : vidhAe~ aura viSaya-vastu 293 aura do bhAga prakAzita hone vAle haiN| prA0 rAjakumAra sAhityAcArya ne ina kathAoM ko itanI sahaja sundara zailI meM anuvAdita kiyA hai ki mUla bhAvoM ko pUrNataH akSuNNa rakhate hue rocakatA kA pUrNa nirvAha kiyA gayA hai| isake prathama bhAga meM 55 kathAe~ aura dvitIya bhAga meM 17 kathAe~ saMgrahIta haiN| anuvAda kI bhASA sarala, pravAha yukta evaM susajjita hai| do hajAra varSa purAnI kahAniyA~ : DA. jagadIza candra jaina ne jaina AgamoM kI purAnI kathAoM ko sarala DhaMga se bhAvavAhI zailI meM anuvAdita kiyA hai| 64 kahAniyoM ko lekhaka ne tIna bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA hai (1) laukika (2) aitihAsika (3) aura dhaarmik| prathama bhAga meM 34, dUsare bhAga meM 17 aura tIsare bhAga meM 13 kahAniyAM haiM (4) laukika kathAoM meM sampradAya yA varga kI bhedabhAva, binA loka pracalita kathAoM kA saMkalana kiyA gayA hai| isa varga kI kathAoM meM kaI kahAniyAM rocaka evaM marmasparzI haiN| ina laukika kahAniyoM kA mUla thor3e bahuta parivartana ke sAtha bauddha dharma ke jAtaka sAhitya, jaina-dharma ke Agama sAhitya evaM brAhmaNa sAhitya meM prApta hotA hai| (2) dUsarA bhAga aitihAsika kahAniyoM kA hai jisakA saMkalana yathAsaMbhava aitihAsika krama se kiyA gayA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra aura buddha ke samakAlIna aneka rAjA-rAniyoM kA ullekha prAkRta aura pAli-sAhitya meM AtA haiN| jainoM ne ina rAjAoM ko jaina kahA haiM aura bauddhoM ne bauddh|.vstutH rAjAoM kA koI dharma-vizeSa nahIM hotA lekina ye kisI bhI mahAna dharma yA puruSa kI sevA-upAsanA karanA apanA dharma samajhate haiN| isake atirikta prAcIna kAla meM sAmpradAyikatA kA vaisA jora nahIM thA, jaisA hama uttarakAla meM pAte haiN| ataeva, usa samaya jo sAdhu-mahAtmA nagarI meM padhArate the, rAjA unake darzanArtha nagarajanoM ke sAtha jAte the| aisI dazA meM zreNika rAjA, (biMbisAra) koNika (ajAtazatru) aura candragupta Adi rAjAoM ke viSaya meM saMbhavataH yaha kahanA kaThina hai ki ve mahAvIra ke vizeSa anurAgI the yA buddha ke| 'isa prakAra kI aitihAsika kahAniyoM se prAcIna bhArata kI sAmAjika avasthA para bhI prakAza par3atA hai| usa samaya ke sAmanta loga bahuta vilAsI hote the| bahupatnItva prathA kA pracalana thaa| kUTanIti ke dAMva-peMca kAma meM lie jAte the, mahAyuddha hote the, rAjAjJA kA pAlana na karane vAloM ko kaThora daNDa diyA jAtA thA, kaidiyoM ko bandIgRha meM kar3I yAtanAe~ bhoganI par3atI thIM, sAmanta loga choTI-choTI bAtoM para lar3a baiThate 1. prakAzaka-bhAratIya jJAnapITha, dillii|

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294 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya the| rAjA yathAsaMbhava kSatriya dharma kA pAlana karate the| zaraNAgata kI rakSA karanA parama dharma samajhate the, aura ni:zastra para hAtha uThAnA kSatritva kA apamAna samajhate the| rAjA aura seTha sAhUkAra atula saMpatti ke svAmI hote the| sAdhAraNatayA loga khuzahAla the, parantu daridratA kA abhAva nahIM thaa| dAsa prathA maujUda thI, striyoM kI dazA bahuta acchI na thii| RNAdi cukA na sakane ke kAraNa dAsavRtti aMgIkAra karanI paDatI thii| vezyAe~ nagarI kI zobhA mAnI jAtI thiiN| vyApAra bahuta tarakkI para thaa| vyApArI loga dUra-dUra taka apanA mAla lekara becane jAte (3) tIsarA vibhAga dhArmika hai, jisameM 14 kahAniyA~ haiN| inameM prAyaH zramaNa bhagavAna mahAvIra ke nirgrantha dharma kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| dharma pracAra kI dRSTi se kahAniyA~ kAphI mahattvapUrNa haiN| 'jinadatta kA kauzala' jaina va bauddha donoM dharma meM pAI jAtI haiN| caNDAla putroM kI kahAnI se patA calatA hai ki buddha aura mahAvIra ke jAtivAda ke viruddha ghora pracAra ke bAvajUda bhI samAja meM zUdra aura azUdra kI bhAvanA kA nAza nahIM huA thaa| spaSTa hai ki mahAvIra ke dharma meM jAti-pAMti ke lie koI sthAna na thaa| dIpAyana RSi kI kathA 'kANDa dIpAyana jAtaka' meM bhI AtI hai| kapila muni 'dhArmika sAhitya kA eka sundara upAsthana kahA jA sakatA hai| DA. jagadIza candra jI ne ina prAcIna dhArmika kathAnakoM ko nayI bhASA zailI meM rocakatA ke sAtha prastuta karake jaina graMthoM kI kitanI hI mahattvapUrNa ajJAta kathAoM ko prakAzita kiyA hai| ve kathAe~ rocaka va jJAnabarddhaka haiN| inake mAdhyama se AcAra, vyavahAra, prathA paramparA va nIti dharma kA hI bodha nahIM, jIvana-jagata aura adhyAtma taka kA jJAna loka jIvana meM vyApta kiyA gayA hai| AkhyAna choTe-choTe para prabhAvapUrNa evaM marmasparzI haiM, jinase preraNA prApta hotI hai| laukika kathAe~ aitihAsika na hote hue bhI jana sAhitya meM priya aura pracalita haiN| aitihAsika kathAnakoM ko samaya kI satyatA kA AdhAra va sarmathana prApta hai, jabaki dhArmika kahAniyoM meM laukikatA tathA aitihAsikatA ke sammizraNa ke sAtha-sAtha bhinna dharma kI pIThikA bhI prApta hai| laukika kahAniyoM kI saMkhyA adhika hai| cAvala ke pA~ca dAne kI kathA hamAre samAja ke kAphI jAnI pahacAnI hai, jisameM sasura ke dvArA kI gaI parIkSA meM choTI bahU rohiNI ko saphala hone se ghara kI mAlakina banAne kI kathA hai| bhIla aura brAhmaNa zivabhakta kI kathA, ghaNTIvAle gIdar3a kI kathA, mAkandI putroM kI kathA Adi 1. DA. jagadIzacandra jaina : do hajAra varSa purAnI kahAniyAM, prastAvanA, pR0 14.

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-gadya sAhitya : vidhAe~ aura viSaya-vastu 295 prasiddha hai| aitihAsika kahAniyoM meM jaina maMtrIvarya abhayakumAra, satI mRgAvatI, mahArAnI celanA, mahAvIra kI prathamaziSyA candanabAlA, zreSThikumAra zAlibhadra kI kathA bhI Agama prasiddha hai| prastAvika meM ina kathAoM ke sambaMdha meM likhA gayA hai ki-'prastuta saMgraha meM saMkalita cAvala ke pA~ca dAne, binA bicAre kA phala, choToM ke kAma, bhikhArI kA svapna, catura sevaka Adi kathAe~ kucha rUpAntara ke sAtha sarvasAdhAraNa meM pracalita haiM, jinakA kisI sampradAya vizeSa se sambaMdha nahIM hai| ye loka kathAe~ bhAratavarSa meM paMcataMtra, hitopadeza, kathA-sarita-sAgara, zuka saptati, siMhAsana dvAtriMzikA, baitAla paMcapizAcikA Adi graMthoM meM pAyI jAtI haiN| bauddhoM ke pAli sAhitya kI taraha jainoM kA prAkRta sAhitya bhI kathA-kahAniyoM kA vipula bhaNDAra hai| bauddha bhikSuoM kI taraha jaina sAdhu bhI apane dharma pracAra ke lie dUra-dUra dezoM meM vihAra karate the| ye zramaNa paribhramaNa karate hue loka kathAoM dvArA logoM ko sadAcAra kA upadeza dete the, jisase kathA-sAhitya kI paryApta abhivRddhi huI hai|" isa saMgraha kI sabhI kahAniyoM zikSA prada evaM prabhAvotpAdaka hone ke sAtha sAmpradAyikatA va saMkucitatA se dUra hai| isase patA calatA hai ki pratyeka dharma mUla meM kitanA asAmpradAyika hotA hai| lekina kramazaH vaha sAmpradAyikatA ke ghere meM baMdha jAtA hai| ina AkhthAnoM meM eka ora rocakatA, jijJAsA hai to dUsarI ora dhArmika zikSA va sadguNoM ke vikAsa kA sarala sndesh| . AcArya hajArIprasAda dvivedI jI isa pustaka kI bhUmikA meM likhate haiM-mere mitra DA. jagadIza candra jaina emapI-eca0DI0 ne prAcIna jaina sAhitya se cunakara manoraMjaka kahAniyA~ saMgrahita kI haiN| yadyapi ye kahAniyA~ jaina paraMparA se lI gaI haiM tathApi ye kevala jaina sAhitya taka hI sImita nahIM haiN| brAhmaNa aura bauddha granthoM meM bhI ye kahAniyA~ kisI na kisI rUpa meM mila jAtI haiN| saca to yaha hai ki ye cirantana bhAratIya citta kI upaja haiN| jaina sAhitya bahuta vizAla haiN| adhikAMza meM yaha dhArmika sAhitya hI hai| saMskRta, prAkRta aura apabhraMza bhASAoM meM yaha sAhitya likhA gayA hai| brAhmaNa aura bauddha zAstroM kI jitanI carcA huI hai, abhI utanI carcA isa sAhitya kI nahIM huI hai| bahuta thoDe hI paMDitoM ne isa gahana sAhitya meM praveza karane kA sAhasa kiyA hai| DA0 jagadIzacandra jI aise hI vidvAnoM meM se hai| ina kahAniyoM ko nAnA sthAnoM se saMgraha karane meM unheM kaThina parizrama karanA par3A hogA, vaha saba hI samajhA jA sakatA hai| saMgrahIta kahAniyA~ bar3I hI sahaja pAThya ho gaI haiN| ina kahAniyoM meM 1. DA0 jagadIzacandra jaina : do hajAra varSa purAnI kahAniyAM, prastAvanA, pR0 2, 3.

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296 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya kahAnIpana kI mAtrA itanI adhika hai ki hajAroM varSoM se, na jAne kitane kahane vAloM ne unheM kitane DhaMga se aura kitanI prakAra kI bhASA meM kahA hai, phira bhI inakA rasabodha jyoM kA tyoM banA huA hai| sAdhAraNataH logoM kA vizvAsa hai ki jaina sAhitya bahuta nIrasa hai, ina kahAniyoM ko cunakara DA. jaina ne yaha dikhA diyA hai ki jaina AcArya bhI apane brAhmaNa aura bauddha sAthiyoM se kisI prakAra pIche nahIM rhe| sahI bAta to yaha hai ki jaina paMDitoM ne aneka kathA aura prabaMdha kI pustakeM bar3I sahaja bhASA meM likhI haiN| DA. jaina kA yaha prayatna bahuta hI sundara huA hai|" ArAdhanA kathA koza : isa saMgraha kI kathAoM ko paramAnanda 'vizArada' ne do bhAgoM meM navIna DhaMga se prastuta kiyA hai| isameM bhI dhArmika va aitihAsika kathAnakoM kA samAyojana huA hai| jJAna ke sAtha manoraMjana ina kathAoM kA mUla uddezya hotA hai, sAtha-sAtha koI na koI bodha-zikSA rahatI hai, jisakA udghATana lekhaka apanI kuzalatA va uddezya ke anurUpa pratyakSa va parokSa karatA hai| kathA koSa ke prAraMbha meM maMgalAcaraNa ke rUpa meM prabhu neminAtha aura sarasvatI kI vaMdanA tathA muni rAjo ko namana kiyA gayA hai| namaskAra ke bAda ArAdhanA kA artha spaSTa karate hue kathAkAra kahate haiM 'samyak darzana, jJAna, caritra, tapa, bhava-baMdhana ko chedata haiM, jinase svarga mokSa ko jAte, naraka pazu gati bhedata haiN|' isa saMgraha meM DA. jagadIza candra jaina kI sI nUtana bhASA zailI, sahaja vicArabhivyakti va utkRSTa racanA-kauzala nahIM hai, phira bhI rocakatA banAye rakhane kI koziza avazya kI gaI hai| saMskRta zabda bahulatA ke kAraNa. thor3I kliSTatA A gaI hai| pratyeka kathA ke aMta meM paramAnaMda jI guru kI mahimA kA varNana karate haiM evaM pAThaka-gaNa ko sambodhana karake dharmArAdhanA karane kI sIkha dete haiM-yathA-he pAThaka! jisa taraha zrI sanatakumAra mahAmuni ne samyak caritra kA prakAzana kiyA, usI prakAra pratyeka zreSTha puruSa ko karanA caahie| kAraNa usase loka-paraloka meM sukha kI prApti hotI hai|' isake dvitIya bhAga meM lokakathA, dharma kathA va aitihAsika kathAoM kA saMkalana kiyA gayA hai| dhArmika kathAe~ vizeSa rUpa se haiN| aitihAsika kathAoM meM sukumAla, sagaracakra, zrutakevalI kI kathA, parazurAma kI kathA, dvipAyana muni kI kathA Adi saMgrahIta haiM, jabaki dharma kathAoM meM mRgasena dhIvara kI, - 1. AcArya hajArI prasAda dvivedI : do hajAra varSa purAnI kahAniyAM, bhUmikA, pR0 9. 2. paramAnanda 'vizArada' ArAdhanA kathA koza, pR0 34.

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-gadya sAhitya : vidhAe~ aura viSaya-vastu 297 mithyAbhimAnI vasurAjA, devaratirAjA, gopavatI, bIravatI, sAtyaki aura rudra kI kathA, marIcikumAra, bhImarAja, puSpadattA Adi kathAe~ haiN| jabaki laukika kathAe~ nahIMvat haiM, jaise ki laukika brahmA kI kathA, nIlI kI, batIsa seTha putroM kI, aDhArapiMga kI kathA aadi| purAtana kathAvastu lekara rocakatA va AnaMdavRddhi ke sAtha AdhyAtmika yuga kA mAnava pratyakSa upadeza ko grahaNa karane kI apekSA karatA hai| kathAoM se dhArmika tattvoM ke jJAna ke sAtha-sAtha tatkAlIna paristhitiyoM ke viSaya meM jAnakArI pAThaka pA sakatA hai| lekhaka ne isa ArAdhanA-kathA-koza ko likhane kA uddezya spaSTa karate hue likhA hai-'anya matoM kI kalpanAoM kA satpuruSoM ko jJAna ho, uddezya thor3A bahuta saMkucita dikhAI par3atA ho, phira bhI isa koza kI bahuta-sI kathAoM kA sundara bhAvAnuvAda kiyA hai| purAtana kathAnakoM ko lekara zrI bAbU kRSNalAla varmA ne svataMtra rUpa se sundara kathAe~ likhI haiN| inakI kathAoM meM kahAnI kalA to vidyamAna hai, sAtha hI vastu, pAtra aura dRzya tInoM aMgoM kA dhyAna rakhA gayA hai| bhASA zailI bhI Adhunika va prabhAvazAlI hai| kathAoM meM manoraMjakatA, sahajatA va hRdayasparzitA kA samAyojana kiyA gayA hai| kathAoM meM mahAsatI sItA, khanakaka kumAra, surasaMdarI evaM satI damayanti unakI pramukha racanAe~ haiM, jinakI viSaya vastu kI saMkSipta vivecanA kI jaayegii| (1) khanaka kumAra : __ isameM mAnavIya svabhAva ke dvandvoM kA lekhaka ne sundara manovaijJAnika DhaMga se citraNa kiyA hai| Aja ke bhautikavAdI janamAnasa ke lie aisI kathAe~ atyanta upAdeya haiN| abhimAna, atyAcAra ke viruddha sahanazIlatA aura tyAga ke saMgharSa ko isameM abhivyakta kiyA gayA hai| kathAnaka: sevaMtI nagarI ke rAjA kanaka ketu aura rAnI manasandarI kA putra khanakakumAra bacapana se hI bhAvuka, sadAcArI aura dharmAbhimukha thaa| bAlyakAla meM hI mAtA-pitA ke sAtha dharma-pUjA ke zAmila hotA thaa| yuvA hone para saMsAra ke viSaya bhogoM evaM bhautika vaibhava-vilAsa se virakti A gii| mAtA-pitA ke sneha ke kAraNa ve aba taka saMsAra meM rhe| lekina eka dina ve saba kucha chor3akara digambara muni ho ge| muni avasthA meM vicaraNa karate hue ve apanI bahana devabAlA kI susarAla kI nagarI meM pahu~cate haiN| rAnI devabAlA apane pati ke sAtha 1. prakAzaka-AtmAnaMda jaina TrekTa sosAyaTI, aMbAlA, shhr|

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298 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya mahala ke jharokhoM meM khar3I thI, tabhI jAr3e kI kar3akar3AtI ThaNDI meM digambarAvasthA meM apane priya bhAI ko dekhakara du:khI hokara asahya ThaMDI kI kalpanA mAtra se kAMpa utthii| bhAI ke prati mamatva ke kAraNa tyAgI bhAI kI aisI kaSTadAyaka sthiti dekhakara vaha udAsa rahane lgii| sAMsArika bhogoM se virakta rahane se usake pati ne muni kI khAla khIMcavA lI phira bhI muni ne apanI dRr3hatA, ekAnatA, kSamA va ahiMsA vRtti kA apUrva paricaya dekara samAdhimaraNa devagati prApta kii| isa prakAra kathA meM karuNa rasa kA sundara paripAka huA hai| kathA meM avAntara kathAe~ A jAne se pravAha meM zithilatA A gaI hai, phira bhI mukhya kathA meM vizeSa rukAvaTa nahIM Ane pAI hai| kathopakathana meM vizeSa sajIvatA na hone para bhI choTe-choTe vAkya-gaThana se bhASA kA rUpa acchA rahA hai| dharmoM kI jahA~ tahA~ vyAkhyA karate samaya kathAkAra ke pada-aucitya kA ullaMghana huA hai| caritra-citraNa kI dRSTi se khanakakumAra aura devabAlA kA caritra-citraNa sundara huA hai| mahAsatI sItA : rAmAyaNa kI paraMparA prasiddha kathA meM kAphI parivartana hai, jisameM paurANika AkhyAna ko apanI kalpanA dvArA atyanta caTapaTA banA kara susvAdu banAne kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai| jaina purANa meM rAma kathA meM kAphI parivartana kiyA gayA hai| aura varmA jI ne jaina rAmAyaNa kA anusaraNa kiyA hai| isakI kathA vastu nimna rUpa se saMkSepa meM hai| kathA-vastu : mithilA nagarI kI rAnI videhA ke garbha se putra aura putrI ratna donoM paidA hue| sarvatra Ananda chA jAtA hai, lekina thor3I hI dera meM AnandollAsa ke sthAna para udAsI phaila gaI, kyoMki koI A~kha ke tAre samAna putra ko curAkara le gyaa| kAphI khoja karane para bhI bAlaka kA patA na claa| putrI kA nAma sItA rakhA gyaa| bar3I hone para usake yogya vara kI khoja ke lie rAjA janaka ciMtita hue| unhoMne saiMkar3oM rAjakumAra dekhe, para sItA ke yogya eka bhI na jNcaa| usI samaya ayodhyApati dazaratha ko barbara deza ke mleccha rAjAoM kA upadrava zAMta karane ke lie sahAyatArtha bulaayaa| jaba ayodhyA se senA prasthAna karane lagI to rAma ne Agraha pUrvaka senA ke sAtha Ane kI anumati le lii| vahA~ Akara maleccha rAjAoM para AkramaNa kara unheM parAjita kiyaa| rAma 1. prakAzaka-AtmAnaMda jaina TrekTa sosAyaTI, aMbAlA, shhr|

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- gadya sAhitya : vidhAe~ aura viSaya-vastu Adhunika hindI - jaina 299 kI vIratA dekhakara janaka atyanta prasanna hue aura sItA ke yogya vara samajha unhIM ke sAtha vivAha karane kA nizcaya kiyA / jaba nArada jI ne sItA ke rUpa kI prazaMsA sunI to ve mithilA gae aura AturatA meM hI darabAra meM na jAkara antaHpura meM ge| sItA apane kamare meM akelI baiThI thI, vahA~ nArada jI ko ekAeka pAkara aura unake adbhuta rUpa ko dekhakara Dara ke mAre cillAne lgii| mahala ke anucaroM ne nArada kI piTAI kii| apane isa apamAna kA badalA lene ke lie sItA kA sundara citra khIMca kara candra gati vidyAghara ke lar3ake bhAmaNDala ko bheMTa kiyaa| citra dekhate hI mohita ho gyaa| basa, phira to kAmajvara ke kAraNa khAnA-pInA saba chor3a diyaa| putra kI aisI hAlata se ciMtita vidyAdhara ne nArada ko bulAkara citrAMkita kanyA kA patA jAnakara apanI vidyA ke bala para janaka ko nidrAvasthA meM hI apane yahA~ le AyA / janaka ke jAgrata hone para usakI putrI sItA kI zAdI apane putra se karane ke lie kahA, lekina janaka ne spaSTa inkAra kara diyaa| taba anta meM vidyAdhara ne 'vajrAvarta' aure arNavAvarta' nAmaka do dhanuSa diye aura kahA ki sItA kA svayaMbara racakara jo ina donoM dhanuSa ko tor3a de, usI ke sAtha sItA kA vivAha hogaa| janaka ne usakI zarta maMjUra rakha lI aura mithilA Akara sItA kA svayaMbara racAyA, jisameM rAma ne ina donoM dhanuSoM ko tor3akara sItA ke hAtha se varamAlA grahaNa kii| vivAha ke uparAnta thor3e hI dinoM meM kaikeyI ke varadAna mA~gane para pitA ke vacanoM kA pAlana karane ke lie rAma-sItA kA vana prayANa hotA hai| phira kathA meM vizeSa parivartana nahIM kiyA gayA hai| vana meM aneka kAraNa-kalApoM ke milane para sItA kA haraNa ho jAtA hai| laMkA meM sItA ko aneka kaSTa sahane par3ate haiN| hanUmAna kI sahAyatA se sItA kA samAcAra prApta kara rAma sugrIva kI madada se laMkA para AkramaNa karate haiN| laMkA para vijaya prApta kara sItA ko lekara ayodhyA 14 varSa ke bAda punaH Agamana karate haiN| ayodhyA meM thor3e samaya AnaMnda-da- ullAsa ke pazcAta sItA para mithyA doSaropaNa hone para garbhavatI sItA kA rAma parityAga karate haiN| aura jaMgala meM dohada pUrA karAne ke bahAne nirvAsita kara dI jAtI hai| yahA~ sItA lavaNa aura aMkuzala ko janma detI haiM, taba pitA-putra kA milana hotA hai| paraspara paricaya hotA hai aura ayodhyA meM rAma sabhI ko le jAte haiN| vahA~ sItA ke zIla se agni pAnI bana jAtA hai aura sItA saMsAra kI svArtha parakatA dekhakara virakta hokara jaina dIkSA grahaNa karatI haiN| tapasyA karane ke pazcAta vaha svarga pAtI haiN|

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300 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya isa prakAra aneka prakAra ke asvAbhAvika parivartanoM ke bAvajUda bhI kathAvastu meM utsukatA evaM rocakatA vidyamAna hone se pAThaka ubatA nahIM hai| kathopakathana bhI prabhAvazAlI evaM AkarSaka haiN| saMvAda kathA ko gatimaya banAe rakhane meM sahAyaka hue haiM, yaha hama nArada kI bar3abaDAhaTa ke samaya dekha sakate haiM-hA~, yaha durdazA, yaha atyAcAra, nArada se aisA vyvhaar| ThIka hai| vyAdhiyoM ko dekha luuNgaa| sItA, tujhe dhana-yauvana kA garva hai| usa garva ke kAraNa tUne nArada kA apamAna kiyA hai| acchA hai| nArada apamAna kA badalA lenA jAnatA hai| nArada thor3e hI dinoM meM tujhe isakA phala cakhAyegA, aura aisA phala cakhAyegA ki jisake kAraNa tU janma bhara hRdaya vedanA meM jalatI rhegii|' isa kathana se Age AnevAlI ghaTanAoM kA bhI saMketa chipA haiN| yahA~ nArada ke caritra ko girA diyA gayA hai| sItA ke caritra kA kAphI mArmika udghATana kara usake satItva, gaurava evaM teja ko vyakta kiyA gayA hai| sura-sundarI : jaina sAhitya meM satI sura-sundarI kI kathA atyanta lokapriya hai surasundarI apane sAhasa, dhairya evaM himmata se pati ke dvArA kie gae apamAna va avadazA kA sAmanA kara vikaTa paristhitiyoM meM pati kI du:khada paristhiti meM sahAyatA karatI hai| isa kathA ko 'sAta kaur3iyoM meM rAja' ke nAma se bhI jAnA jAtA hai| isa paurANika kathA meM lekhaka varmA jI ne yatheSTa kalpanA ke dvArA paryApta parivartana kiyA hai| kathA-vastu : surasundarI eka rAjakanyA hai aura amarakumAra zreSThi putra hai| donoM bacapana meM sAtha abhyAsa karate haiN| bar3e hone para donoM ke bIca prIta jagatI hai| aura donoM premapAza meM bandha jAte haiN| eka bAra sotI huI rAjakumArI kI gA~Tha se sAta kaur3I nikaalii| amarakumAra ke kRtya se rAjakumArI ko burA lgaa| vaha kahane lagI ki sAta kauDiyoM meM to rAjya prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| bar3e hone para donoM kA byAha ho jAtA hai| kucha samaya AnandapUrvaka vyatIta ho jAne ke bAda pitA kI AjJA le jahAjoM meM mAla ladavA kara amarakumAra vyApAra ke lie surasundarI ke sAtha paradeza jAtA hai| vana meM prakRti kI zItalatA va sauMdarya dekhate hue donoM vizrAma karane lge| sundarI amara ke ghuTanoM para vizvAsa aura zAnti se so gaI tabhI ekAeka pUrva kA apamAna aura surasundarI ke kaTu vacana amara kumAra ko yAda A ge| ataH patthara ko sira ke nIce rakhakara use sotA chor3a calA gyaa|

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-gadya sAhitya : vidhAe~ aura viSaya-vastu 301 surasundarI jaba jagI to apane AMcala meM sAta kor3iyoM ke sAtha ciTThI paaii| jisameM likhA gayA thA-'isI sAta kaur3iyoM meM rAja lekara rAnI bno|' sundarI kA kSobha va vedanA dUra hone para kSatriyatva jAga utthaa| pahale use amara kumAra ke isa kaThora vyavahAra para gussA, napharata va apamAna kA bhAva jAga uThatA hai, lekina turanta usakI AtmA bola uThI,-'chiH sursundrii| nArI hokara tere yaha bhaav| puruSa kA dharma kaThoratA hai, nArI kA dharma kamanIyatA aura komltaa| puruSa kA kArya nirdayatA hai, to strI kA kArya dhrm-dyaa|"' isake bAda vaha nizcaya karatI hai ki Akhira maiM kSatriyANI huuN| isa pratAr3aNA kA badalA avazya lU~gI va karake hI dikhaauuNgii| rAtri ke samaya isa jaMgala kI guphA se kaThora dhvani karatA huA eka rAkSasa nikalA lekina usakI karuNa dazA va divya jyoti ko dekhakara putrIvat mAnane lgaa| thor3e dina ke bAda eka seTha vahA~ AtA hai aura use le jAtA hai| usakI dRSTi meM pApa samAtA hai aura use eka vezyA ke yahA~ beca detA hai| yahA~ apane satItva kI rakSA karane ke lie kisI prakAra chuTakArA pA samudra kI uttAla taMraMgoM meM kUda par3atI hai| lekina kisI seTha ke naukaroM dvArA trANa pAkara phira Apatti meM phaMsa jAtI hai| jaise-taise surasundarI samaya kATatI hai| isI bIca eka munirAja se apane pati se milana kA samaya pUchatI hai to uttara pAtI hai ki nikaTa ke bhaviSya meM pati-milana hone vAlA hai| anta meM apanA nAma vimalavAhana rakhakara unhIM sAta kaur3iyoM dvArA vyApAra karatI hai| eka bAra nagara meM bahuta bar3e cora kA patA lagAne para rAjakumArI se byAha aura AdhA rAjya prApta karatI hai| amarakumAra bhI vyApAra ke lie usI nagarI meM AtA hai, nirdhana aura dIna-hIna dazA meN| rAjya ke anucara use cora samajhakara nyAya ke lie darabAra meM le jAte haiM, vahA~ vimalavAhana ke rUpa meM surasundarI baiThI hai| donoM kA milana hotA hai| amarakumAra ke pazcAtApa karane para surasundarI use kSamA detI hai aura pati ko saba kucha arpaNa karatI huI rAte-rote kahatI hai-nAtha! phira kabhI aisI parIkSA meM mata ddaalnaa| ApakI AjJAnusAra sAta kaur3iyoM dvArA prApta kiyA huA rAjya Apako arpaNa haiN|' mAninI nArI kI pratijJA pUrNa ho jAtI hai aura puruSa kA ahaMbhAva nata hotA hai| isa kRti meM lekhaka ne nArI-teja, usakI mahattA, dhairya sAhasa aura kSamatA kA pUrNa paricaya dete hue atyAcAriyoM ke atyAcAra zAMta evaM zIlavatI, dRr3ha 1. kRSNalAla varmA : satI surasuMdarI, pR0 25. 2. kRSNalAla varmA : satI surasuMdarI, pR0 52.

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302 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya manovalavAlI nArI ke sAmane zAMta ho jAte haiN| sura sundarI kA caritra-citraNa kAphI kuzalatA se kiyA gayA hai| kathopakathana bhI acche haiN| isa kathA kI vizeSatA bhASA-zailI meM vidyamAna hai| bhASA zuddha sAhityika hindI hai, jisameM urdU-phArasI ke pracalita zabdoM kA prayoga bhI kiyA gayA haiN| "bhASA meM snigdhatA, komalatA aura mAdhurya tInoM guNa vidyamAna hai| zailI sarasa hai, sAtha hI saMgaThita, pravAhapUrNa aura sarasa haiN| rocakatA aura sajIvatA isa kathA meM vidyamAna haiN| koI bhI pAThaka par3hanA AraMbha karane para, ise samApta kie binA zvAsa nahIM le sktaa| pravAha kI tIvratA meM par3akara vaha eka kinAre pahu~ca jAtA hai|" satI damayantI : ___ isa paurANika kathA meM lekhaka ne damayantI ke zIla evaM pAtivrata ke AdarzoM evaM guNoM kI mahattA abhivyakta kI hai| Adarza kI rakSA ke lie kahIM-kahIM avAstavika ghaTanAe~ ghaTatI huI bhI batAI gaI haiM, jo Aja ke vaijJAnika yuga meM avizsanIya pratIta hotI haiN| kathA-vastu : __nala paristhiti vaza yA pUrvopArjita karmAnusAra dyuta krIr3A meM strI sahita saba kucha hAra jAtA hai| ataH nala rAjapATa chor3a bana meM calA jAtA hai aura damayantI bhI pativrata dharma kA pAlana karane hetu usake mArga kA anusaraNa karatI hai| kUbar3a usakI bhartsanA karatA hai, lekina satItva kI vijaya hotI hai| nala vana meM soI huI damayantI ko chor3a calA jAtA hai| nidrA bhaMga hone para vaha apane AMcala meM likhe lekha ke anusAra mArga para cala par3atI hai| mArga meM aneka aghaTita ghaTanAe~ ghaTatI haiM, jinake dvArA satItva kA teja aura nikhara uThatA hai| aMta meM damayantI apanI mausI candrayazA rAnI kI sahAyatA se apane pitA ke yahA~ pahu~catI hai| idhara isI nagara meM nala bhI AyA huA hai| nala sUryapAka banAtA hai| damayantI use pahacAna letI hai aura donoM kA 12 varSa pazcAt milana hotA hai| nala damayantI ko yakSa sambaMdhI apanI kathA sunAtA hai| kathA vistAra, caritra-citraNa, bhASA-zailI Adi meM navInatA hone para bhI lekhaka ne pUrNataH paurANikatA apanAI hai, jisase alaukika tattvoM va ghaTanAe~ avizvasanIya jAna par3atI haiN| udAharaNa ke lie satI ke teja se zuSka sarovara kA jala se pUrNa honA, kaidiyoM kI ber3I TUTa jAnA, DAkuoM kA bhAga jAnA ityAdi ghaTanAe~ aisI haiN| damayantI kA caritra-citraNa alaukika evaM amAnavIya 1. DA0 nemicandra zAstrI : hindI jaina sAhitya kA parizIlana, dvitIya bhAga, pR0 87.

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-gadya sAhitya : vidhAe~ aura viSaya-vastu 303 bana gayA haiN| bhASA sarala aura muhAvaredAra Adhunika hindI hai| rocakatA aura utsukatA AdyopAnta vidyamAna hai| rUpa-sundarI : bhAgamala zarmA likhita isa kathA meM pApa-puNya kA phala pradarzita kiyA gayA hai| manuSyoM ke kAryoM para paristhitiyoM kA bhI kAphI prabhAva par3atA hai| paristhitiyoM aura vAtAvaraNa ke anusAra kabhI-kabhI manuSya nIca se nIca taka aura kabhI U~ce se U~ce kArya bhI kara sakatA hai| pratikUla paristhitiyoM meM jo manuSya burA pratIta hotA hai, vahI anukUla paristhitiyoM meM acche kArya karake sadguNI bhI bana sakatA haiM kyoMki manuSya koI yantra na hokara acche-bure tattvoM, kamajorI Adi dvandvoM se yukta mAnava hai| ataH ina sabake sAtha usakA vyaktiva banatA-bigar3atA hai| lekhaka ne rUpa sundarI-eka kRSaka bhAryA-evaM dhUrta sAdhukumAra devadatta ke caritra dvArA unhIM tattvoM kA vizleSaNa kiyA hai| yuvAna kRSaka patnI rUpasundarI sundara evaM buddhimAna bhI hai| apane pati ko saccA sneha karatI hai, lekina devadatta nAmaka dhUrta yuvaka use apanI moha jAla meM phAMsa letA hai| donoM ke bIca sneha ho jAtA hai| sneha to kyA, vAsanAjanya AkarSaNa hI hotA hai| vaha glAni evaM lajjA kA anubhava kara kupatha se haTa jAne kA nizcaya kara letI hai| lekina kapaTI dhUrta devadatta usake pati kA mAyAvI bheSa dhAraNa kara asalI pati se lar3ane lagatA hai| rUpasundarI bhI samAna rUpavAle do puruSoM ko dekhakara sazaMkita ho jAtI hai aura apanA nyAya karAne ke lie nyAyAlaya kI zaraNa letI hai, jahA~ abhayakumAra yathArtha nyAya karate haiN| satItva ko nibhAye rakhane kI dRr3ha pratijJA ke kAraNa rUpasundarI kA ceharA bhI tejasvI ho uThA thaa| devadatta ko sabhI ora se kAphI dhikkAra milatA hai| use bhI eka saMniSTha strI ko apanI mAyA se bure rAste para le jAne ke prayatna ke lie kAphI pazcAtApa hotA hai| vaha rUpasundarI ke caraNoM meM gira kSamA cAhatA hai| kathA kI dRSTi se isameM tIvratA, svAbhAvikatA, utsukatA nahIM pAI jAtI hai, lekina cAritrika vikAsa kI dRSTi se kathA sundara hai| lekhaka kathA vastu ke dvArA vyakta karanA cAhatA hai dvandvAtmaka caritra ko prabhAvazAlI banAkara kathA meM rocakatA banAe rakhane kI koziza kI hai| nimnokta saMvAda meM manobhAvoM kI tIvratA kA acchA citra milatA hai mujhe tere madhura prema kA eka bAra svAda mile to? 1. prakAzaka-AtmAnaMda jaina TrekTa sosAyaTI, aMbAlA, shhr|

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304 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya 'he! aise abhadra zabda, khabaradAra, phira mu~ha se na nikaalnaa| tere jaise nIca manuSyoM ko to merA darzana bhI na hogaa|' isameM devadatta kI kAmukatA, lampaTatA va nirlajjatA kA paricaya milatA hai, to dUsarI ora kupatha se sacce patha para aDiga dRr3ha nizcayavAlI rUpasundarI kI dRr3hatA evaM devadatta ke prati napharata kI bhAvanA abhivyakta hotI hai| paM. mUlacanda 'batsala' kA nAma bhI paurANika kathAvastu lekara kathA sAhitya likhane vAloM meM mahattvapUrNa sthAna pAtA hai| purAne jaina kathAnakoM ko navIna DhaMga se prastuta kiyA hai| yadyapi zailI ko yathAzakti parimArjita banAe rakhane kI koziza kI hai, phira bhI prAcIna kathA vastu ke varNana, caritra, kathopathana Adi meM Adhunika TekanIka kA nirvAha nahIM ho pAyA hai| satI ratna : ___ 'satI ratna' meM 'vatsala' jI ne tIna kathAoM ko rocaka DhaMga se rakhA hai| kumArI brAhmI aura sundarI prathama tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva kI donoM putriyA~ thIM, jinhoMne avivAhita rahakara tyAga va tapasyAmaya jIvana vyatIta kiyA thaa| 'candanAkumArI' aura brahmacAriNI anantamati' meM bhI donoM rAjakumArI hone para bhI saMsAra kA tyAga kara bhAgavatI dIkSA aMgIkAra karane vAlI ye donoM satiyoM kI kathAvastu hai| ina kathAoM meM aneka sthAnoM para upadezaka ke rUpa prastuta hone se kathA ke pravAha meM aMtarAya ke sAtha bahuta nIrasatA paidA hotI hai| kathAoM meM mUla tattvoM ko saMniveza karane kI koziza meM lekhaka ko sAdhAraNa saphalatA milI hai| paurANika kathA vastu lekara Adhunika zailI meM maulika kathA-sAhitya likhane vAloM meM hama jainendra jI kA nAma sammAnapUrvaka le sakate haiN| na kevala jaina-sAhitya unase gauravAnvita hai, balki hindI kathA-sAhitya meM bhI unakA yogadAna mahattvapUrNa hone se hindI sAhitya ke itihAsa meM unakA sthAna kAphI mahattvapUrNa hai| kyoMki jainendra jI ne eka nae AyAma kA prAraMbha nUtana zailI va vastu ke dvArA kiyA hai| hindI sAhitya ke labdha pratiSThita kalAkAra hone para bhI sArvajanika saikar3oM kathAe~ Apane likhI haiN| unakI racanAoM meM sAhityika guNoM ke sAtha dArzanika gAMbhIrya bhI maujUda hai| bhAvukatA aura AdarzavAda ke sAtha AdhyAtmikatA kA preraka bala chipA rahatA hai| phira bhale hI vaha jaina racanAe~ na hokara sAmAnya jagata evaM jIvana se sambaMdhita hindI sAhitya kI racanA ho| bhAvoM kI mArmika abhivyakti ve spaSTa, surekha citroM ke dvArA AsAnI se kara sakate 1. sAhitya rtnaaly-bijnaur|

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Adhunika hindI - jaina- gadya sAhitya : vidhAe~ aura viSaya-vastu haiM, jo anyatra pAnA kaThina hai| citrabaddhatA, bhAvoM kI tIvratA va dArzanikatA kA gAMbhIrya unake sAhitya ko Upara uThAne meM bahuta hada taka sahAyaka hue haiN| 'bAhubalI' aura 'vidyut cora' unakI do pramukha kathAe~ jaina sAhitya kI amUlya nidhi haiN| vaise unakA pUrA sAhitya jaina darzana kI vicAradhArA se prerita haiN| uparokta donoM kathAoM meM kahAnI kalA ke sabhI tattvoM ke pUrNa saMniveza ke sAtha dArzanikatA kA rocaka udghATana kiyA gayA hai| pAtroM kA caritra-citraNa bhI manovaijJAnika DhaMga se kiyA gayA hai| kathAoM kA uddezya pAtroM kI bhAva-bhaMgimA svagata kathana evaM kathopakathana ke dvArA vyakta hotA hai, sAtha hI kathAnaka ko bhI gati milatI hai| 'bAhubalI' kA caritra jaina sAhitya meM atyanta lokapriya va zraddhA kA pAtra rahA hai| jaina dharma, samAja va sAhitya meM bharata cakravartI evaM bAhubalI ke tIna prakAra ke yuddha kI kathA atyanta prasiddha hai, jisameM tIna yuddhoM meM vijaya prApta hone ke samaya hI sAMsArika saMbaMdha evaM rAga-dveSa se ghRNA utpanna ho jAne se U~ce kie gae apane hAthoM se vIra bAhubalI apane hI bAloM ko noMcakara saMsAra tyAga karate haiM aura tapasyA ke lie jaMgala meM cale jAte haiN| pratibhA saMpanna, vIra, suyogya rAjya - vyavasthApaka evaM udAtta caritra vAle unhoMne jagat ke sarvasukhoM ko nimiSamAtra meM tyAga to diyA lekina ahaMkAra kA eka aMza abhI taka jIvita raha gayA thaa| unakoM apane pitA tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva ke sAtha dIkSita hue apane ninyAnaveM (99) choTe bhAiyoM ko pUrvAnugAmI svIkAra kara vaMdana karane ke lie jAne meM jhijhaka thI, aura taba taka 'kevala jJAna' prApta na hone kA kAraNa jAnakara apane mahApratApI bhAI bAhubalI ko ahaMkAra rUpI gaja se nIce utarane kA sAdhvI bahaneM pratibodha detI haiN| kSaNamAtra meM ahaMkAra kA pardA haTate hI 'kevala jJAna' kI parama siddhi prApta hotI hai| 305 44 isa prakAra paurANika kathAnaka ko grahaNa karane para bhI kathA meM utsukatA, caritroM kA mAnasika vizleSaNa, kathAnaka meM gati evaM vairAgya kI sundara vicAradhArA kuzalatA se vyakta kI gaI hai| " bAhubalI kathA meM bAhubalI ke caritra kA vizleSaNa bahuta sUkSma manovaijJAnika rUpa se huA hai| isameM usa samaya kI paramparA aura sAmAjika vizvAsoM kI spaSTa jhAMkI vidyamAna hai / " " 'vidyuccara' kI kathA bhI atyanta rocaka hai| paurANika kathA vastu meM lekhaka ne apanI kalpanA ke raMgoM se sundara kathA vastu kI sRSTi kI hai, jisameM vidyuccara ke manobhAvoM ko sUkSmatA se vyakta kiyA gayA hai| vidyuccara tathA rAjavI pitA ke saMvAda meM kathAnaka ko Age bar3hAne kI zakti ke uparAnta pAtroM ke vicAroM kI tIvratA va janataMtra kA samarthana bhI prApta hotA hai| 1. DA0 nemicandra jI : hindI jaina sAhitya kA parizIlana, pR0 10.

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306 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya vidyuccara hastinApura ke rAjA saMbara kA zreSTha putra thaa| kumAra ne yathAyogya zikSA-dIkSA grahaNa karane ke uparAnta kuzala cora banane kA nizcaya kiyaa| cora-vidyA meM pAraMgatatA prApta karane ke uparAnta mamatA va moha bAdhaka na bane, isalie sarvaprathama apane pitA ke yahA~ corI karane kA nizcaya kiyaa| kyoMki (charity begins at home) kI nIti ke mutAbika pitA kA ratnakoSa hI prathama lakSya ke rUpa meM usane paMsada kiyaa| kuzala cora kI taraha bhaNDAra se eka sahasra svarNa mudrAe~ curAI-jo parimANa, sAhasikatA evaM kauzalya meM bar3I corI kahI jaayegii| Aja taka surakSita rAjakoSa meM se rAjaputra ke dvArA hI khajAnA curAyA gayA aura mahInoM parizrama karane para bhI cora kA patA nahIM thaa| cora ko khoja nikAlane meM rAjya vyavasthA ko asaphala dekha vidyuccara ne svayaM hI corI kI bAta apane pitA se jAhira kii| pitA ko vizvAsa na huA lekina kumAra ne corI kA vizvAsa dilAyA aura apanA dRr3ha nizcaya bhI jAhira kiyaa| pitA ko apAra vedanA huI aura A~khoM se azru bahane lge| kumAra apane peze meM nipuNatA prApta karane lagA, usakA AtaMka cAroM ora phaila gyaa| vaha DAkuoM ke dala kA mukhiyA thaa| vaha corI-DakaitI avazya karatA thA, lekina nirarthaka kisI kA prANa lenA use iSTa na thaa| kucha samaya ke uparAnta vaha rAjagRhI nagarI meM prasiddha vezyA tilakA ke yahA~ gyaa| vahA~ cAroM ora jambUkumAra svAmI ke svAgata kI taiyArI dekhakara vaha bhI rAjA zreNika ke sAtha unake darzana ke lie phuNcaa| jambUkumAra kI madhura vANI meM dharmadezanA sunakara use apane corI ke dhaMdhe se napharata ho gaI aura parigrahoM ko hI saMsAra ke samasta du:khoM kA kAraNa jAna saMsAra se virakti A gaI aura jaina dIkSA aMgIkAra karake Atma-kalyANa ke mArga para agrasara huaa| kahAnI kalA kI dRSTi se kathA pUrNa saphala hai aura tIvra, vedhaka kathopakathana isa kahAnI ke prANa kahe jAyeMge, jo nIce ke dRSTAnta para se jAnA jA sakatA hai| 'pitA jI! heyopadeya ho to bhI Apako karttavya aura apane mArga meM usa dRSTi se kucha antara nahIM jAna pdd'taa| Apako kyA itanI ekAnta nizcintatA, itanA vipula sukha, saMpatti, sammAna aura adhikAra, aizvarya kA itanA Dhera kyA dUsare ke bhAga ko binA diye bana sakatA hai? Apa kyA samajhate haiM, Apa kucha dUsare kA apaharaNa nahIM karate? ApakA 'rAjapana' kyA aura sabake 'prajApana' para hI sthApita nahIM hai? ApakI prabhutA auroM kI gulAmI para hI nahIM khar3I? ApakI saMpannatA auroM kI garIbI para, sukha-duHkha para, ApakA vilAsa unakI

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Adhunika hindI - jaina- gadya sAhitya : vidhAe~ aura viSaya-vastu roTI kI cIkha para, koSa unake 'Teksa' para aura ApakA saba kucha kyA unake saba kucha ko kucala kara, usa para hI nahIM khar3A lahalahA rahA? phira maiM usa para calatA hU~ tA kyA harja hai? hA~, antara hai to itanA hai ki Apake kSetra kA vistAra sImita hai, para mere kArya ke lie kSetra kI koI sImA nahIM, aura mere kArya ke zikAra kucha chaMTe loga hote haiM, jabaki ApakA rAjatva choTe-bar3e, hIna - saMpanna, strI-puruSa, bacce-bUr3he sabako eka-sA pIsatA hai| isIlie mujhe apanA mArga jyAdA ThIka mAlUma hotA hai| 307 'kumAra, bahasa na karo / kukarma meM aisI haTha bhayAvaha hai| rAjA samAja tantra rAjAoM dvArA paripAlita paripuSTa vidvAnoM kI kitAboM kA jJAna yahI batalAtA hai ? - nahIM, to batAie, kyoM Avazyaka hai ? kyA rAjA kA mahala na rahe to saba mara jAya, usakA mukuTa TUTe to basa TUTa jAe aura siMhAsana na rahe to kyA kucha rahe hI nahIM? batAie, phira kyoM Avazyaka hai? isa mArmika cubhate hue vArtAlApa meM rAjA kI anupAdeyatA evaM janataMtra ke tattvoM para bhI apratyakSa prakAza DAlA gayA haiN| bAlacandra jaina ema0e0 ne paurANika AkhyAnoM ko lekara navIna zailI meM sundara bhAvapradhAna kahAniyA~ likhI haiN| 'AtmasarmapaNa' unakA aisA hI saMkalana hai, jisameM aneka rocaka kahAniyA~ saMgrahIta kI gaI haiN| isI zIrSaka kI prathama kahAnI meM nArItva kI mahattA pratiSThApita karane vAle mUrtimanta citra lekhaka ne khIMce haiN| neminAtha prabhu kI vAgdattA rAjula kumArI ke tyAgamaya vacanoM meM nArI ke gaurava, prabhutva tathA RjutA ke sAtha dRr3hatA va teja bhI AvirbhUta hotA hai nemi jI yadi saMsAra tyAga kara tapazcaryA lIna ho sakate haiM, to rAjula phira kyoM pIche rahe ? usane bhI saMsAra ke sarva aizvaryoM se pala mAtra meM mu~ha mor3akara AryikA vrata grahaNa kara liyA / 'sAmrAjya kA mUlya' kaMhAnI meM bhautikatA ke moha bhare padoM ko kSaNa mAtra meM cIrakara AdhyAtmikatA ke nae svara ko gujita kiyA hai cakravartI mahArAjA bharata kA ahaM mahAna vIra bAhubalI ke abhUta pUrva tyAga ke sAmane cUra-cUra ho jAtA hai| kahAnI ke aMta meM bharata ke ina zabdoM meM dambha ke prati glAni kA bhAva spaSTa lakSita hotA hai- maiM to sirpha ApakA pratinidhi banakara prajA kI sevA kara rahA huuN| merA kucha bhI nahIM hai, maiM akiMcana huuN| 'dambha kA aMta' kahAnI meM mAnavI kI AMtarika paristhitiyoM kA sundara citraNa kiyA gayA hai| manuSya kisa prakAra kI paristhiti meM apane hRdaya kI bAta chipAnA cAhatA hai, vaha kRSNa ke caritra dvArA acchA batAyA gayA hai| sarala, niSkapaTa hRdaya vAle vIra, dharma-premI nemikumAra kRSNa ke hRdaya ko parakha kara unakI AlocanA bhI zAnta svara meM karate haiN| unake mRdu mAnasa para gaharA AghAta par3atA

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308 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya hai| ve dvArikA se dUra, ati dUra jAkara saMyama grahaNa karate haiN| 'rakSAbaMdhana' meM tyAga, prema aura sahanazIlatA kI udbhAvanA sundara DhaMga se kI gaI haiN| muniyoM para bhISaNa upasarga Ane para bhI ve Darakara bhAgate nahIM, parezAna hue binA svasthatA se atyAcAroM ko sahana karate-karate karmoM kI nirjarA' karate haiN| kahAnIkAra ne muni viSNukumAra ke vacanoM dvArA tyAga aura saMyama kA lakSya prakaTa karate hue kahalAyA hai-digambara muni sAMsArika bhoga aura vaibhava ke lie apane zarIra ko nahIM tpaate| unheM to Atma siddhi caahie| vahI eka abhilASA, vahI eka zikSA hai|" rakSA baMdhana kA pracalana bhI muni-rakSA ke kAraNa huA thA, isa tathya ko yahA~ svIkArA gayA hai| 'guru-dakSiNA' meM lekhaka ke hRdaya ke bhAvoM kA pratibaMdha dikhAI par3atA hai| nArI hRdaya kI mahattA yahI hai ki usakA sneha mRdula aura kaThora kartavyoM ke bIca pravAhita hotA jA rahA hai|' 'nirdoSa' kahAnI manuSya kI vAsanA evaM kamajoriyoM para prakAza DAlatI hai| nArI hRdaya kI dAmbhikatA kA rUpa bhI yahA~ prakaTa hotA hai| mahArAnI zreSThi sudarzana jaise nirmohI va sarala vyakti para balAtkAra kA Aropa lagAtI hai| lekina aMta meM rAnI ko apanI bhUloM kA pachatAvA hotA hai| aura vaha seTha se kSamA cAhatI hai| 'AtmA kI zakti' meM Atma zakti ke mahattva para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| duniyA bhara kI zaktiyoM kA mahattva sarvazreSTha hai| ataH isako prApta karane ke lie nizcaya hI saMyama, tyAga, dRr3hatA evaM manonigraha ko AtmasAt karane kI koziza karanI caahie| jaba isakA vikAsa hotA hai, to manuSya ke bhItara teja kA gaurava phuTa nikalatA hai aura bhaya, nirAzA, kAyaratA, vedanA saba kucha dUra cale jAte haiN| kyoMki manuSyatva devetva se bhI U~cA hotA hai| ___ 'balidAna' kahAnI meM karttavya ko aMkita kiyA gayA hai| dharma kI rakSA hetu choTA bhAI niSkalaMka ha~sate-ha~sate apanA balidAna dekara bar3e bhAI akalaMka kI rakSA karatA hai| apane agraja akalaMka-bAda meM jo jaina dharma ke vidvAna prasiddha AcArya zrI akaMlaka deva se prasiddha hue-ko chipA kara svayaM rAjA ke sipAhiyoM kI talavAra kA zikAra banatA hai| Atma-balidAna kI gAthA isI eka vAkya para avalambita hai-bhaiyA! zIghratA kro| ve A phuNce| jaina dharma kI rakSA tumhAre hAtha hai| dharma ke pracAra evaM prasAra hetu baDe bhAI ko surakSita rakha svayaM kI bali dene ke Agraha para ve dRr3ha rahakara 'namo siddhANam' bola kara zAnti se prANa tyAga karate haiN| 'satya kI ora' kahAnI meM tyAga aura viveka zakti kA mahattva aMkita kiyA gayA hai, jinake dvArA saMdeha kI dIvAra gira jAtI hai| vidyuccara cora kI mahattA isI vAkya meM dikhAI par3atI hai-hA~, shriimaan| kukhyAta vidyuccara maiM hI huuN|

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-gadya sAhitya : vidhAe~ aura viSaya-vastu 309 mujhe rAjya kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai mahArAja, mujhe isase ghRNA hai| isI vidyuccara ke pAtra ko lekara zrI jainendra jI ne bhI sundara mAnavIya bhAvoM evaM mArmika kathopakathana yukta rocaka kathA likhI hai, jisameM lokadharma kI preraNA ko vyakta kiyA gayA hai| 'moha-nivAraNa' meM bhI Atma-zakti kI taraha bhItarI zakti kI sarvoparitA abhivyakta kI gaI hai| sabhI zaktiyoM ko yaha zakti apane adhikAra meM rakhatI hai| viveka jAgRta hone para moha kA nAza hotA hai aura Atmazakti tejasvI ho uThatI hai| 'aMjana niraMjana ho gayA' kahAnI meM viSaya vAsanA se jhulase prANI ko Atmika jJAna-AbhA-kI eka camaka prApta hote hI unakA vyaktitva khila uThatA hai| zyAmAgaNikA ke mohapAza meM Abaddha aMjana apanI Atmazakti para svayaM cakita ho jAtA hai| aMjana ko apanI zakti va saphalatA kA jJAna huA, para saphalatA ke pazcAta vIroM ko harSa nahIM hotA, upekSA ho jAtI hai aura namratA prakaTa hotI hai| 'sauMdarya kI parakha' meM kSaNa bhaMgura sauMdarya kI pratIti meM manuSya nirarthaka baMdha kara nAnA prakAra ke kaSToM ko sahana karatA hai aura jaba bAhya sauMdarya kA nazA utara jAtA hai, to yathArtha kA anubhava hone lagatA hai| __ 'vasanta senA' kathA meM nIca aura patita samajhI jAne vAlI nArI meM bhI saccAI, hArdika prema evaM tyAga kI bhAvanA antanirhita hotI hai, yaha vasanta senA ke pAtra dvArA spaSTa hotA hai| vasanta senA vezyA putrI hone para bhI pAtivrata ke Adarza kA pUrNa pAlana karatI hai| apane priyatama cArudatta ke nirdhana ho jAne para bhI use pUrvavata apAra sneha karatI huI kahatI hai-merA dhana tumhArA haiM cAru! maiM ApakI dAsI hU~, mujhe anya na samajhiye nAtha!' 'parivartana' meM kaThora hRdaya rAjA zreNika jaina muni ko kaSTa dekara va nindA karate hue bhI khuza hote hue rAnI celanA ko AnaMda se kahate haiM ki-vaise muni ko samAdhi bhaMga karAne ke lie kaSTa die aura phira bhI muni zAnta bhAva se sahate rahe, eka zabda bhI bole nhiiN| taba parama dhArmika rAnI celanA du:khapUrNa zabdoM meM kahatI hai ki 'cAra dina nahIM naath| cAra mahIne bIta jAne para bhI sAdhu upasarga upasthita hone para Digate nhiiN|' isa prakAra rAnI celanA ke aise mArmika kathana se rAjA zreNika ko pachatAvA hotA hai| muni se kSamA yAcanA karane jAte haiM aura taba se jaina dharma evaM jaina sAdhuoM kA samAdara karane lge| nArI ke komala saMsarga evaM prabhAvotpAdaka vyavahAra se patthara hRdaya vAlA puruSa bhI kitanA badala jAtA hai, yaha darzanIya hai|

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310 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya isa prakAra bAbU bAlacandra jaina ne paurANika AkhthAnoM meM jAna DAlakara sabhI kahAniyoM ko rocaka banAyA hai| zrI nemicandra jaina ina kahAniyoM kI vizeSatA para prakAza DAlate hue likhate haiM-'ploTa, caritra aura dRzyAvali (Back Ground) kI apekSA se isa saMgraha kI kahAniyoM meM lekhaka bahuta aMzoM meM saphala huA hai, kintu sthiti ko protsAhana dene aura kahAniyoM ko tIvratama sthiti meM pahu~cAne meM lekhaka asaphala rahA hai aura utsukatA kA guNa bhI pUrNa rUpa se ina kahAniyoM meM na hI A sakA hai| kalpanA aura bhAva kA saMmohaka sAmaMjasya karane kA prayAsa lekhaka ne kiyA hai, para pUrNa saphalatA nahIM mila sakI hai| pro. mahendra kumAra nyAyAcArya kI cAra-pA~ca kahAniyA~ 'jJAnodaya' meM prakAzita huI haiM, jinameM ramaNa prabhAcandra, jaTila muni aura bahurUpiyA acchI kahAniyA~ kahI jaaeNgii| vaise inameM TekanIka kA sarvathA abhAva hai| kahAnI ke lie parama Avazyaka guNa kA bhI pUrNa nirvAha nahIM ho pAyA hai| tathA kathA ke pravAha meM bhI bIca-bIca meM saMskRta ke zloka Ane se zithilatA A gaI hai-phira bhI inakA AraMbha acchA rahA hai| tIvratama paristhiti evaM kalAtmaka anta kA sarvatra hone para bhI dhArmikatA va mArmikatA ke kAraNa kahAniyA~ acchI haiN| 'mokSamArga kI saccI kahAniyA~' nAmaka kathA saMgraha meM paM0 buddhilAla jI jaina ne choTI-choTI dhArmika kahAniyA~ likhI hai| isameM satya, prema, ahiMsA, dAnadharma Adi kA mahAtmya varNita kiyA gayA hai| upadezAtmakatA ke sAtha-sAtha manoraMjana bhI iana kathAoM se prApta hotA hai kathA kI rocakatA ke kAraNa upadezAtmaka vRtti nIrasatA paidA nahIM hone detI hai| purAnI zailI kI ina kahAniyoM kI bhASA zuddha khar3I bolI hai| sva bhagavat svarUpa jaina 'bhagavat' bhI Adhunika jaina sAhitya ke prasiddha evaM lokapriya kalAkAra haiN| unhoMne kAphI parimANa meM sAhitya sRjana kiyA hai| kahAnIkAra ke rUpa meM ve vizeSa prasiddha hue haiN| mAnavI, durgadvAra, vizvAsaghAta, rasabharI, usa dina, pArasa aura patthara, milana Adi unake pramukha sundara kahAnI-saMgraha haiN| sabhI saMgrahoM kI kahAniyA~ paurANika kathA vastu para AdhArita haiM, phira bhI rocaka kathAvastu va sarvathA nUtana bhASA zailI, kahAnI kalA ke tattvoM ke kAraNa rasabhogya banane meM saphala rahI haiN| bhagavata jI bhI apane uddezya meM kAphI aMza taka saphala hue haiN| rasAtmakatA, jijJAsA pUrti aura AcAra-vicAra, darzana sambaMdhI Adarza tattvoM kA kathAoM meM parokSa rUpa se nirUpaNa kiyA gayA 1. DA0 nemicandra jI : hindI jaina sAhitya kA parizIlana, pR0 98.

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Adhunika hindI - jaina- gadya sAhitya : vidhAe~ aura viSaya-vastu hai unhoMne dhArmika kathA vastu ke atirikta sAmAjika kahAnI saMgraha, nATaka evaM dhArmika kAvyAdi kA bhI sRjana kiyA hai, lekina kathA - sAhitya kA unhoMne savizeSa nirmANa kiyA haiN| aba unake kahAnI saMgrahoM kI pramukha kahAniyoM kI viSaya vastu dekhane kA upakrama kiyA jaaegaa| usa dina : atIta kI kathA vastu para likhI gaI ina kahAniyoM ke lekhaka ke vicAra isa prakAra haiM- "ye jo kahAniyA~ maiM Apake sAmane peza kara rahA hU~, saba jaina sAhitya kI vibhUtiyA~ haiM, paurANika kathAnaka haiN| jo kucha haiM, paurANika saMpatti haiN| sirpha bhASA zailI kA pahirAvana merA hai| jahA~ taka mujhase bana par3A hai, nayI zailI, nayI bhASA aura kahane ke nae tarIke se kAphI kAyAkalpa kara diyA hai| pAtroM ke nAma aura ploTa do cIjeM hI maiMne lI haiM, jo ki unakI AbhAe~ kahI jA sakatI haiN| aura yoM zarIra nayA, AtmA purAnI hai|"" isameM sAta kahAniyA~ -usa dina, patthara kA Tukar3A, uparammA, zikArI, AtmasamarpaNa, rAjaputra aura pUrNimA | 'usa dina' meM tyAgI dhanyakumAra evaM halavAhaka kI kathA hai, jo kheta meM se nikale dhana ko apanA na samajhakara anya kA samajhate hue use svIkArane se donoM inkAra karate haiM, kyoMki jitanA aMtara prakAza aura aMdherA, jamIna aura AkAza meM hai, saMbhavataH utanA hI antara paradhana ke svAmItvaM ke sambaMdha meM 'Aja' aura 'usa dina ' ( gauravamaya prAcIna kAla ) meM hogaa| kahAnI kA prAraMbha lekhaka ne kalApUrNa DhaMga se kiyA hai- " svaccha AkAza ! zarIra ko sukhada dhUpa / nagara se dUra ramya - prAkRtika, pathikoM ke pada - cihnoM se banane vAlA - gaira kAnUnI mArga, pagaDaNDI / idhara-udhara dhAnya ke annadAtA kRSaka! kArya meM saMlagna aura sarasa tathA mukta madhumAsI pakSiyoM ke jodd'e| zrAvaNa-priya madhusvara se ninAdita vAyu maNDala | aura samIra kI prAkRtika AnandadAyaka jhaMkRti / 311 66 'mahAmAnava dhanyakumAra calA jA rahA thA, usI pagaDaNDI para / prakRti kI rUpa-bhaMgimA ko nirakhatA, prasanna aura mudita hotA huA / 'patthara kA Tukar3A' meM garIba lekina sahRdayI premI kA varNana hai| garIbI jIvana kA abhizApa zAyada ho, lekina amAnavIya amIrI kI apekSA garIbI meM mAnavatA va karuNA savizeSa hotI hai| prema kI gaharAI taka garIba jitanA pahu~ca sakatA hai, amIra zAyada hI / ahideva aura mahideva nAmaka do garIba bhAI paradeza bhagavatasvarUpa : usa dina do zabda, pR0 2. 1. 2. vahI, pR0 18.

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312 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya jAkara gAr3he pasIne kI kamAI se ratna kharIda kara thor3e samaya ke lie mohavaza, svArtha ke cakkara meM par3ate haiM, lekina dhana ko hI aise kucakra kA mUla samajha ratna ko pheMka phira se snehapUrvaka pUrA parivAra rahatA hai| 'uparammA' meM rAvaNa ke eka dUsare pahalU para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| jaina sAhitya meM rAvaNa ko jaina dharmAnuyAyI batAkara usake acche aMgoM ko vizeSa ujAgara kiyA hai| uparammA jaisA atyanta sundara parastrI ko svecchA se tyAga diyA aura parapuruSagamana rUpa jaghanya pApa ko pradarzita kiyaa| varanA rAnI uparammA rAvaNa ke prati Asakta hokara svayaM Atma samarpaNa karane gaI thii| rAvaNa se pratibodha pAkara usakA hRdaya AtmaglAni se bhara gyaa| usane mahasUsa yiA ki 'rAvaNa kitanA mahAna hai, kitanA ucca hai, vaha puruSa nahIM, puruSottama hai. vaMdanIya hai!!! 'Atma samarpaNa' meM sacce virAga kI mahimA batAI gaI hai kyoMki vAsanA yukta virAga dambha hai| virAga kA kalaMka haiN| jabaki IcchA zakti evaM vAsanA se mukta citta-zakti se prApta vairAgya saccA saMyama hai| zubhacandra aura bhartRhari donoM vairAgya ke patha para cala die| saMbhavataH Atma vikAsa ke lie zubhacandra kI AdhyAtmikatA ne eka maukA diyA, jisase vaha tejasvI rAjaputra na rahakara thor3e hI samaya meM parama zAnti vairAgya maNDita digambara sAdhu kI zreNI meM jA baiThe aura mAyA-moha ko chor3a; parama vairAgI bana ge| jabaki bhatRhari ne tapasvIrAja nAmaka sAdhu kI 12 varSa kaThina sevA karake jaMtra, taMtra, maMtra evaM anya vidhAe~ prApta kI aura phira guru kI ijAjata lekara ziSya samudAya ke sAtha Azrama banAkara rahe evaM bhaiyA ko khoja kara nirdhana bhaiyA ko 'kalaMkarasa' nAmaka auSadhi bhejI, jo tAmbe ko sonA banA sakatI thI lekina nirmohI zubhacanda ne patthara para lur3hakA dii| usake lie to pArasa patthara samAna thaa| svayaM bhartRhari dvArA lAe gae Adhe rasa ko punaH pheMka dene para bhartRhari ko bhAI kI mati va vyavahAra para kSobha aura gussA AtA hai| usa para zubhacandra pavitra upadeza dete hue kahate haiM, 'bhartRhari! tuma virAga ke lie yahA~ Ae the| dhana-daulata, mAna-sammAna aura rAjya lakSmI ko tthukraakr| maiM dekha rahA hU~ ki sone ke lobha ko yahA~ Akara bhI tuma nahIM chor3a sake ho| Aja bhI tumameM kalaMka bAkI hai| itane varSa bitAkara bhI virAga kI pavitratA ko malina karane kyoM Ae ho? ise virAga nahIM, dambha kahate haiM bhole praannii| bhartRhari kI A~khoM se dambha kA, moha kA pardA khisaka kara sacce vairAgya kI pAvana jyoti dIpta ho uThatI hai| vaha bhaiyA ke caraNoM meM gira jAtA hai| 1. sva0 bhagavatasvarUpa : usa dina-AtmasamarpaNa-kahAnI, pR0 67.

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-gadya sAhitya : vidhAe~ aura viSaya-vastu 313 'rAjaputra' meM mahArAjA zreNika evaM mahArAnI celanA jaise suyogya mAtA-pitA ke suyogya putra vAriSeNa kI tyAga-bhAvanA vyakta kI gaI hai| Atma-ciMtana evaM manana meM DUbA huA kumAra svayaM virAga kI sAkSAt mUrti thaa| zmazAna ke pAsa sAdhanA meM tallIna vAriSeNa ke nikaTa zahara kA kukhyAta cora rAjamahala se curAe hAra ko pheMka kara chipa jAtA hai| phalataH sipAhI vAriSeNa ko daMbhI samajhakara rAjA ke saMmukha prastuta karate haiN| svayaM rAjA prANa daNDa kI sajA dete haiM-nyAya ke sammukha mamatva kI hAra svIkArate hue-kumAra cupacApa daNDa svIkAra karate haiM, apanI saphAI taka nahIM dete, kevala saMsAra va bhAgya kI biDambanA ke bAre me socate rahate haiN| jaise-hI jallAda kI talavAra uThI, Azcarya! kumAra ke tapobala ke sAmane vaha puSpamAlA bana gii| rAja siMhAsana para vAriSeNa virAjamAna haiM, evaM devatA gaNa puSpa vRSTi karate haiN| sabhI Azcarya se isa kautuka ko dekhate rahate haiN| tabhI vidyuta cora bhI upasthita hokara saba vRtAnta kahakara apanA gunAha svIkAra karatA hai| rAjA zreNika pazcAttApa se kumAra se kSamA yAcanA karate haiN| lekina vAriSeNa duniyA ke aise tamAzoM se virakta hokara mukti ke patha para agrasara hone ke lie nikala par3A thaa| 'pUrNimA' nAmaka aMtima kahAnI meM lekhaka ne spaSTa kiyA hai ki dhana, rUpa, zakti se mAnava kI mahAnatA nahIM nApI jAtI, mahAnatA to hai tyAga, tapasyA, saMyama va mAnavatApUrNa vAtAvaraNa meN| garIba lakar3ahAre ne pUrNimA ke dina brahmacarya kA vrata kaThina saMjoga meM bhI nibhAkara apanI pavitratA va dRr3hatA kA sabUta diyA, jabaki sAmane zahara kI sarvazreSTha rUpabhogyA nartakI padmAvatI ko gAr3he pasIne kI kamAI kA 500 rupaye dekara bhoga ke samaya vrata kI yAda A jAne se dUra calA jAtA haiM aura padmAvatI kA dila jIta letA hai| (2) durgadvAra : isa saMgraha meM bhI bhagavata jaina ne paurANika AdhAra para se kahAniyA~ likhI haiN| "kahAnI aura kathA meM itanA hI antara hotA hai ki kahAnI kAlpanika bhI hotI hai| kathA kI AdhArazilA satya ghaTanA hotI hai| kahAnI kA uddezya manoraMjana yA koI zikSA pratipAdana hotA hai, jabaki kathA zikSA ke sAtha-sAtha kisI saiddhAMtika tathya kI spaSTatA yA puSTi karatA hai| yadi paurANika kathAoM ko siddhAntoM ke dRSTAnta kahA jAe to atyukti nahIM hogii| aisI saiddhAMtika saccI ghaTanAoM kA saMkalana hai isa 'durgadvAra' meN|' prathama kahAnI 'durgadvAra' meM ahiMsA kA mahattva batAyA gayA hai| hiMsA, bali 1. bhagavata jaina : durgadvAra, prastAvanA, kapUra candra jaina, pR0 3.

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314 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya car3hAkara durgadvAra sthira rakhane kI yojanA chor3akara durga ke dvAra ko khaMDita dazA meM rakhanA jaina dharmI rAjA sumitra behatarIna samajhate the| kyoMki niraparAdha mAnava kI bali car3hAkara rAjA kalaMkita nahIM honA cAhatA thaa| ahiMsA kI ajeya zakti yA rAjA kI dRr3hatA ke kAraNa dUsare dina durgadvAra ko kucha na huA, aura vaha sthira khar3A rhaa| 'zaizava' meM hiMsA kA krUra pariNAma dikhAyA gayA hai| bAlaka saumaka nirdoSatA se saccAI prakaTa kara apane mitra kI hatyA kA pardAphAza karatA hai| apane bAla sAthI samudradatta kI hatyA gahanoM ke lobha se usake pitA ne hI kI thI, isa rahasya ke udghATana para saumaka ke pitA gopAlana ko mRtyu daNDa milatA hai| manuSya ko apane hiMsaka karma kA phala mila hI jAtA hai| 'mAtRtva' caritra-citraNa kI dRSTi se isa saMgraha kI acchI kahAnI hai| marubhUti kI cAritrika vizeSatA manovaijJAnika DhaMga se vyakta kI gaI hai| bhagavAna pArzvanAtha ke pUrva janma kI vaha kathA hai, jisameM unheM kitane janmoM taka apane bar3e bhAI kamaTha ke dvArA kie gae anekAneka kaSToM, pariSahoM ko sahanA par3A, lekina unhoMne apanI sajjanatA va zAnti na chor3I, kabhI krodha yA tiraskAra na kara zAnta citta se kSamArtha bhAvapUrvaka saba sahate rahe aura anta meM tIrthaMkara pada ke adhikArI hue| 'aparAdhI' meM nArakIya saMpatti aura usake phalasvarUpa vipatti kI sthiti kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| 'jallAda' evaM 'nartakI' sAdhAraNata: acchI kahAniyA~ haiN| anya kathA-saMgraha 'pArasa aura patthara' meM ise saMgrahIta kiyA gayA hai| (3) vizvAsaghAta : isameM ATha paurANika kathAe~ saMgrahIta kI gaI haiM-vizvAsaghAta, pApa kA prAyazcita, rAta kI bAta, kSamA ke patha para, karanI kA phala, Atma zodha, antardvandva aura zAnti kI khoja meN| prathama kahAnI 'vizvAsaghAta' meM mitra dvArA kie gae vizvAsaghAta ke kAraNa rAjA vIrasena ke vairAgya evaM rAjA madhu kA vIrasena kI svarUpavAna patnI candramA para Asakta hokara jabardastI apane aMta:pura meM rakhane kI kathA hai| candramA sauMdaryavatI ke sAtha buddhizAlI evaM vyavahArika bhI thI, ataH sahAyaka-mitra bar3e rAjA madhu kI AratI utArane kI pati kI AjJA kA virodha karatI hai| lekina vIrasena nahIM mAnatA hai aura rAnI ko jo Dara thA vahI huaa| rAjA madhu ko anta meM parastrI ke sAtha isa prakAra ke kukarma se pachatAvA hotA hai aura

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-gadya sAhitya : vidhAe~ aura viSaya-vastu 315 donoM digambara sAdhu se-vIrasena sajA ne virakti ke kAraNa dIkSA le lI thI-dIkSA grahaNa kara pApa-mukta hone kI koziza meM lagate haiN| 'pApa kA prAyazcita' meM kAmukatA ke duSpariNAma ko prakaTa kiyA gayA hai, jo jJAna ko bhI aMdhA kara acche-bure kA bhedabhAva miTA detA hai| deza bhUSaNa evaM kula-bhUSaNa do rAjakumAra bhAiyoM kI mAnasika paristhiti kA sundara citraNa kiyA gayA hai| bacapana se Azrama meM vidyAbhyAsa karate rahane se mahala meM choTI bahana kI sthiti se ve anabhijJa do bhAI gRhasthAzrama meM praveza karate samaya svAgata-satkAra ke samAroha meM apanI bahana ke sauMdarya se mugdha hokara patnI banAne kA svapna dekhate haiM, lekina vAstavikatA kA patA calate hI lajjA evaM AtmaglAni se bharakara saMsAra-tyAga karane kA nizcaya karate haiN| 'rAta kI bAta' meM saMyama-niyama ke mahattva ko aMkita karate hue rAtri-bhojana tyAga ke lAbha kA varNana kiyA hai| saMyama-niyama rahita manuSya pazu samAna hai tathA inake pAlana se pazu bhI-'devatva' pA sakatA hai| 'kSamA ke patha para' meM rAnI sumana ke kubar3e ke sAtha vyabhicAra se kSubhita rAjA kI kSamAvRtti aura vairAgya bhAvanA kA mArmika aMkana kiyA gayA hai| ___ 'karanI kA phala' meM aneka guNoM se vibhUSita ayodhyA ke rAjA sUrata kI kAmabhoga ke prati tIvra Asakti kA rocaka varNana hai| 500 rAniyoM ke sAtha yathecchA kAma bhoga karate hue karanI kA phala pAne para rAjA ko pachatAvA hotA hai, usakA acchA nirUpaNa kiyA hai| sAdhu-muniyoM kI Avabhagata meM lIna rAjA kI upekSA dekhakara mahArAnI satI-sAdhu niMdA kA pApa karane ke phalasvarUpa kuSTha rogiNI ho jAtI haiN| pApAcAra ke aise tAtkAlita bhayaMkara phala ko dekha rAjA ko viSaya-vAsanA ke prati napharata jAga uThatI hai aura saMsAra kA tyAga kara jaMgala meM tapasyA ke lie cale jAte haiN| ___ 'Atma bodha' se sAmAnya kathA vastu hai, jisameM bevaphAI ko nirUpita karane vAlI sAta cora bhAiyoM evaM rAjakumArI maMgI kI bevaphAI kI kahAnI hai| aMta meM sabhI saMsAra tyAga karate haiN| _ 'antardvandva' isa saMgraha kI utkRSTa kahAnI hai, jisameM pramukha pAtra prabhava aura sumitra do gahare mitra kA caritra-citraNa manovaijJAnika DhaMga se kiyA gayA hai| pAtroM kA mAnasika vizleSaNa bhagavata jI kI anUThI vizeSatA hai| prabhava bichur3e hue mitra sumitra ke biraha meM dina-rAta vyAkula rahatA hai, lekina punaH milana ke samaya unhIM mitra ke sAtha anidya sundarI ko dekha mitratA bhUla vAsanA kA zikAra ho jAtA hai|

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316 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya prabhava kI mAnasika sthiti kA lekhaka varNana karate hue likhate haiM-prabhava kA mana na jAne kaisA ho uThA thA? jisa mitra ke lie kaI rAteM vaha ArAma se so na sakA, jisase milane ke lie vaha rAta-dina becaina rahA, Aja usake A milane para jaise eka bojha sA, dabAva sA par3a rahA hai| sahasA ho jAne vAlI phikra jo caina ke rAste kI Thokara bana gaI hai|' aMtima kahAnI 'zAnti kI khoja' meM vaibhava ko saccA sukha mAnane se kitanA patana hotA hai aura kSaNa-kSaNa vinAza kI ora le jAne vAle vaibhava, vilAsa evaM rUpa-kAmanA kI pyAsa meM sukha-zAnti ko khojanA kitanA vyartha hai-kitanI bar3I bhArI bhUla hai, isa tathya kA sundara rocaka zailI meM nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| ati svarUpavAna cauthe cakravartI rAjA sanatakumAra apane rUpa para svayaM rIjha gaye, ahaMkAra evaM abhimAna se bharane ke kAraNa inake deha meM vaha apUrva dIpti na rahI aura sauMdarya kI aisI anizcitatA dekhakara sanatakumAra kI AMkheM khula gaIM aura bAharI sauMdarya se Atmika sauMdarya sanAtana satya ko khojane ke lie pala-pala mRtyu kI ora jAne vAlI jindagI ko sArthaka karane ke lie jaMgala meM cale gye| rAja mukuTa yuvarAja devakumAra ke mastaka para AbhUSita kiyA gyaa| (4) pArasa-patthara : ___ isameM bahuta-sI kahAniyoM kA saMgraha kiyA gayA hai, jinameM pramukha haiM pArasa-patthara, abhAgA, kalAkAra, Atmabodha, parakha, pratijJApAlana, jallAda evaM drvaajaa| purAtana kathA vastuoM ko Adhunika vicAradhArA evaM nUtana bhASA-zailI se susajjakara prastuta kiyA hai| unhIM ke zabdoM meM Aja kA yuga jaisI bhASA-zailI meM par3hanA cAhatA hai, maiMne kahAniyoM ko vaise hI rUpa meM pAThakoM ko dene kI koziza kI hai| yaha kahanA ahamanyatA hogI ki aba ve nikhare rUpa ke kAraNa saMjIvana pA gaI hai| merA itanA hI unake sAtha sambandha hai, jitanA ki rUpavAna vyakti ke zarIra se kImatI lubhAvanA aura sAmAyika vastroM kaa|" pArasa-patthara ke prAraMbha meM prasiddha sAhityakAra zrI jainendra jaina ne likhA hai-"bhAI bhagavatasvarUpa jI jaina vAGmaya se vaisI cIjeM cunakara dobArA jaina samAja ko hI dene ke prayatna meM lage haiM, yaha sarAhanIya hai|" 'pArasa-patthara' isI zIrSaka kI kahAnI meM anAtha garIba gautama munirAja kI aparigraha vRtti evaM saMyama se kAphI prabhAvita hotA hai aura pArasa jaise 1. bhagavata jaina : 'vizvAsaghAta' meM antardvandva-kahAnI, pR0 85. 2. bhagavata jaina : pArasa patthara, pR0 2 (prastAvanA do shbd)|

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-gadya sAhitya : vidhAe~ aura viSaya-vastu 317 munirAja ke saMsarga meM AtA hai to lohe-sA gautama svarNa-sA bana jAtA hai| usake jIvana kI dazA hI parivartita ho jAtI hai| "bhojana ko jIvana kA hetu na samajha kara jIvana kA sAdhana mAtra samajhanA cAhie, kyoMki-saMsAra meM akele Aye haiN| koI kisI kA rAjA nahIM, sAthI nhiiN| saba apanA-apanA sukha-du:kha Apa jhelate haiN| maiM tumheM jIvanadAna duuNgaa| vaha jIvana jo vAstavika jIvana hai| ajara amaratA para jisakA Adhipatya hai| bhojana ke hetu hI jIvana nahIM hai, gautama, jIvana ke hetu hI bhojana karanA satyatA hai|" dUsarI kahAnI anuruddha meM mahAtmA anuruddha evaM vezyA madanapatAkA ke caritroM kA citraNa atyanta gaharAI se kiyA gayA hai| virAga kI Ar3a meM baiThI vAsanA evaM dambha kA pardAphAza isameM kiyA gayA hai| 'kalAkAra' kI kathA vastu 16vIM 17vIM zatAbdI kI hai| padmanagara ke rAjA kA priyapAtra 'hAla' kA putra gulAla bahurUpiye kA svAMga bharate-bharate nipuNa ho gayA aura saccA kalAkAra 'svAMga' meM nijatA kho detA hai| eka bAra yuvarAja kI AjJA se zera kA svAMga bharate samaya yuvarAja ke ukasAne para unheM paMjoM ke nAkhanU se ghAyala kara mAra DAlatA hai| yuvarAja kI mRtyu ke zoka ko kama karane ke lie mahArAja kI AjJA para digambara sAdhu kA veza dhAraNa karanA par3A, lekina yaha usake kalAkAra jIvana kA aMtima veza thaa| sacce hRdaya se yaha munirAja bana gyaa| "vaha nimitta ko doSa nahIM detA, kyoMki vaha to nAdAnI hai| bhAgya aura nimitta do bar3I zaktiyA~ haiM, jinake sAmane becArA garIba prANI khilaunA mAtra raha jAtA hai|" anta meM sAdhu veza meM upadeza detA huA brahmagulAla usI svAMga kI asatyatA ko bhUlakara sacce sAdhupana meM kho gayA aura veza kA mahatva siddha kara diyaa| 'mAM ne, bApa ne, strI ne, saba ne jI-tor3a koziza kI, para brahmagulAla ne sAdhutA kA tyAga karanA svIkAra na kiyaa| vaha nagara se dUra, vana meM Atma-ArAdhanA meM lIna ho gyaa| ___ 'Atma-bodha' kI kathA vastu prAcIna hai| 'sukumAla' upanyAsa meM jisakI carcA Age A cukI hai, usI ke eka aMza rUpa kathAvastu hai| sUryamitra nAmaka rAjapurohita rahasya evaM bhaviSya jAnane kI icchA se alpakAla ke lie digambara sAdhu kA veza dhAraNa karake aMta meM sacamuca hI usI raMga meM raMga jAte haiN| pavitra veza evaM AcAra-vicAra kA prabhAva una para par3atA hai| Atma bodha prApta hone para phira usa vidyA pAne kA moha naSTa ho jAtA hai| bAda meM ve kevala mahAna tapasvI hI nahIM, AcArya bhI bane evaM apane guru sudharmAcArya se pazcAtApa ke svara meM kahate haiM-nahIM prabho! aba mujhe vidyA kI jarUrata nahIM, aba mujhe usase kahIM

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318 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya mUlyavAna vastu Atmabodha mila cukA hai| use pA lene para kisI kI icchA nahIM rhtii| ___'parakha' kahAnI meM eka guru ke do ziSya bhUtabali evaM puSpadanta kI kasauTI kI kathA hai| kyoMki jJAna kA bhaNDAra guru kisI suyogya ziSya ko sauMpanA cAhate the| donoM ziSya unakI kasauTI se pAra utare aura guru ne bhI saMtoSa va prema se usa bhaNDAra ko sauMpa diyaa| anantara zAstra uddhAraka, zAstra racayitA aura jJAna-pravartaka kA zreya ina donoM ziSyoM ke hisse meM aayaa| 'pratijJApAlana' meM dRr3hatA evaM niSThApUrvaka kiye gaye kArya se prApta phalasiddhi kA sundara varNana hai, phira kArya cAhe choTA ho yA bdd'aa| 'nIti kI rAha para' meM kathAkAra ne pratijJApAlana karane se bhI mana se uThe hue vicAramAtra ko pratijJA kI bhAMti pAlana karane vAle vIra-pratijJa kI mahAnatA aMkita kI hai| kubera kAnta nAmaka ati samRddha navayuvaka kI manodazA kA lekhaka ne acchA nirUpaNa kiyA hai| saMpanna pitA ke dvArA eka hajAra ATha kanyAoM ke pANigrahaNa ke vidhAna evaM dhUmadhAma ke ayojana kA virodha karane kI himmata eka-patnI-vrata kA nirdhAraNa kara cuke kuberakAnta meM nahIM hai| yahA~ usakI ulajhana bharI mAnasika dazA kA mArmika citraNa kiyA gayA hai| anta meM usake vrata kI aDiga niSThA ke kAraNa usake pitA ko jhukanA par3atA hai aura priyadattA nAmaka sukanyA se vivAha saMpanna hotA hai| 'jallAda' kI kathA pratijJA-pAlana kA mahatva abhivyakta karatI hai| jallAda ke eka choTe-se vrata ne use ahiMsaka aura sammAnIya banA diyA tathA rAjA ke lie bhI Adarza sthApita kara diyaa| caturdazI ke dina kisI kI hatyA na karane kA vrata sAdhu se lene para prANAnta daNDa kI sajA pAne para bhI vrata nibhAne ke lie jallAda kI dRr3hatA dekha rAjA use mukta karatA hai aura dhana dekara sammAna karatA hai| 'caravAhA' meM karanI kA phala aMkita kiyA gayA hai| karmAnusAra phala pAne kA adhikArI pratyeka vyakti hotA hai| garIba lekina ImAnadAra akRta dravya aura usakI mAM majadUrI karate hue bhI eka dina parama upakArI digambara sAdhu ko AhAradAna dekara puNya ke bhAgI banate haiN| (5) milana : 'milana' preraNAtmaka paurANika kahAnI saMgraha kA prakAzana abhI san 1975 meM unake anuja vasanta jaina ne karavAyA, kyoMki bhagavata jI kA deha vilaya 1944 I. meM huA thaa| sahaja rUpa se bodha prApti evaM AnaMda-rasa-prApti

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-gadya sAhitya : vidhAe~ aura viSaya-vastu 319 inakI kahAniyoM meM sarvatra chipA rahatA hai| sundara rocaka kathAvastu, vAtAvaraNa, vizleSaNAtmaka caritra-citraNa evaM mArmika kathopakathana ke dvArA jaina saMskRti evaM vicAradhArA kA pracAra-prasAra unake kathA-sAhitya kA mahat uddezya hai, jisameM ve kAphI hada taka saphala bhI hue haiN| isa saMgraha meM milana, pUMjIpati, luTerA, pratizodha, khUna kI pyAsa evaM caravAhA chaH kahAniyA~ saMgrahIta haiM, jinameM se aMtima 'caravAhA' anyatra bhI saMkalita hai| ___ 'milana' kA prAraMbha hI lekhaka ne suMdara vicArAtmaka DhaMga se kiyA hai-vAsanA ko isalie bhI burA kahA gayA hai ki vaha viSayI ke prApta jJAna ko bhI kho detI hai| vaha sauMdarya madirA pIkara manuSya pAgala ho jAtA hai| bhUla jAtA hai ki meM kisa anartha kI ora daur3a rahA huuN| aura usI unmatta dazA meM vaha aisA bhI kara baiThatA hai ki phira pIche jindagI bhara usake lie rone, pachatAne, mu~ha dikhAne bhara ke lie jagaha na paaye| yakSa datta yuvarAja sAdhu muni kI cetAvanI ke kAraNa mahA anartha se baca jAtA hai| kyoMki apanI hI sagI mA~ mitravatI se milana ke lie vaha vAsanA se uddipta hokara jA rahA thA, lekina paropakArI muni mahArAja ne jaba saccAI batAI ki tUM mitravatI kA hI putra hai, jise ratna kambala meM lapeTakara vaha nadI ke kinAre vastra dhone gaI thI aura pIche se kutte ne khAne kI cIja samajhakara uThA liyaa| bAda meM rAjA yakSa evaM rAnI rAjilA ne tujhe beTe kI taraha paalaa| yakSadatta kI A~kheM khula gaIM, manuSyatA jaga uThI aura-mA~-beTe kA pavitra milana huaa| ___'pUMjIpati' kA prAraMbha sundara prAkRtika varNana se kiyA gayA hai| prakRti ke sauMdarya ke kAraNa kabhI-kabhI usake kAraNa paidA hotI samasyAoM kA bhI lekhaka ne nirUpaNa kiyA hai| campApurI ke mahArAja abhayavAhana aura unakI sauMdaryavatI mahArAnI puNDarikA donoM ko varSA Rtu mugdha karatI pratIta hotI hai, usI samaya mahala ke sAmane nadI meM eka lakar3ahAre ko athaka parizrama karate dekhA to dayAvaza bulAkara kucha mAMgane ko kahA, lekina vaha to kAphI amIra thA, vahA~ kA akhUTa aizvaryazAlI zreSThi thaa| lekina vaha atyanta kRpaNa thA, jabaki usakI patnI nAgavasu udAra evaM mahAna strI thii| vaha apane pati ke dhanalobha ko dhikkAratI thii| zreSThi ikaTThI kI gaI saMpatti se nahIM, balki parizrama karake dhana ikaTThA karate-karate ratna kA maMdira banavAnA cAhatA thA, lekina maMdira banane se pUrva dhana baTorate-baTorate hI vaha cala bsaa| dRr3hatA va ekAgratA kA eka aMza jIvana ko dhanya banAtA hai| isa tathya ko

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320 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya pratipAdita karatI huI kahAnI 'luTerA' meM batAyA gayA hai ki acche vrata kI zikSA kA pAlana manuSya ko mahAna banA detI hai| rAtri-bhojana tyAga ke kAraNa hI dhanadatta luTerA jaharIle laDDU khAne se baca jAtA hai evaM Dhera sArI saMpatti kA akelA mAlika bana jAtA hai| lekina isI mAyA ke kAraNa ghinone kAma kiye gaye haiM, aisA socakara saMpatti ke prati tiraskAra va vairAgya paidA hotA hai aura dhana ke moha ko tyAga sAdhu bana jAtA hai| kyoMki eka choTe-se vrata pAlane ke kAraNa usake vicAroM meM AmUla parivartana A gayA thaa| choTe-se vrata pAlane se yadi apAra saMpatti mila sakatI hai to vratoM ke pAlane se lI huI sAdhu jindagI se Atma kalyANa prApta honA hI hai! dhana kI nidaryatA ne luTere kI AMtarika dazA ko jhakajhora sAdhu mArga kI ora prerita kiyaa| 'pratizodha' meM nirdayI manuSya apane se nirbala yA adhInastha manuSya para julma DhAtA hai, lekina bAda meM karanI ke phala se sajA bhogate samaya vaha dayA kA bhikhArI bana jAtA hai, isa tathya kA udghATana kiyA gayA hai| mahArAjA sughoSa ne pAkazAlA ke adhikArI jayadeva ko choTI-sI galatI ke kAraNa nidaryatA se maravA DAlA aura phira dUsare janma meM vaha jayadeva ke dUsare janma ke rUpa se vaha jihvAlampaTa mArA gyaa| 'khUna kI pyAsa' kahAnI kI kathAvastu meM mahArAja araviMda mauta kI zayyA para leTe-leTe 'pahalA sukha nirogI kAyA' kA mahatva anubhava kara rahe the| ahiMsA ke mahAna siddhAnta kA parokSa pratipAdana isameM kiyA gayA hai| mahArAja araviMda apane asahya dAha jvara ko zAMta karane ke lie rakta se vApikA bharane kI AjJA apane zAnta, ahiMsaka putra kurucinda ko karatA hai| pitA kI AjJA kA pAlane karane ke lie vaha Darate hue mana se hiranoM kA zikAra karane ke lie jaMgala meM jAtA to hai, lekina usakI antarAtmA meM jJAna hotA hai aura vaha ahiMsA kI punIta dRr3hatA ke sAtha vApasa lauTatA hai| lAkha ke lAla raMga kA pAnI vApikA meM bharavAkara pitA ko nimagna karavA diyA jAtA hai| thor3e samaya ke lie mahArAja ko roga-zAMti kA bhrama hotA hai, lekina cullU bhara cakhane se vAstavikatA kA patA calane para krodha se pAgala hokara putra ko mArane ke lie jaba chUrI ko lekara Age bar3hatA hai, taba phisalakara auMdhe muMha gira jAne se apane hI peTa meM vahI chUrI ghusa jAne se khUna kA phavvArA chUTatA hai| usakI khUna kI pyAsa bujhI ki nahIM, patA nhiiN| 6. mAnavI : aitihAsika kathAoM para AdhArita isa saMgraha kI kahAniyA~ nArI jIvana meM

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-gadya sAhitya : vidhAe~ aura viSaya-vastu 321 utsAha, zraddhA, karuNA, prema evaM sAttvika bhAvoM kI abhivyaMjanA karane meM kAphI sakSama hai| isa saMkalana meM jo chaH kahAniyA~ nArItva, atIta ke pRSThoM se, jIvana pustaka kA aMtima pRSTha, ciraMjIvI aura anugAmI haiM, unakA AdhAra prAcIna kathAgrantha padmapurANa, samyakatva-kathA-kaumudI, zreNika-carita aura puNyAzravakathAkoSa Adi rahe haiN| nArI ke Atma vikAsa ke lie sahAyaka preraNA rUpa ina kahAniyoM kA atyanta mahattva hai| 'nArItva' kahAnI meM nArI ke satItva evaM utsAha kA apUrva mahAtmya dikhalAyA gayA hai| ayodhyA ke mahArAja madhUka kI mahArAnI kI dhIratA kI svarNima jhalaka, sAhasa, kartavya parAyaNatA, pativratA kA teja evaM satItva ke gaurava ko bar3e hI rocaka DhaMga se prastuta kiyA gayA hai| jaba rAjA madhUka digvijaya ke lie gamana karate haiM, tabhI pIche se duSTa rAjAoM kA AkramaNa hotA hai| usa samaya mahArAnI deza-svAtaMtrya kI mahattA anubhava kara svayaM raNAMgaNa meM upasthita ghamAsAna yuddha meM duzmanoM ke dAMta khaTTe kara detI hai aura vijaya prApta kara batA detI hai ki nArI abalA nahIM hai, vakta Ane para kisI bhI yoddhA se kama sabalA nahIM hai| svadezagamana ke bAda rAjA ko isa samAcAra se prasannatA ke sthAna para asUyA, jalana paidA hotI hai, aura rAnI ko prAsAda se bAhara kara dete haiN| tatpazcAt mahArAja ko dAha-roga hotA hai, jo saikar3oM upacAra ke bAvajUda bhI zAnta hotA nahIM hai| anta meM satI mahArAnI kI aMjulI ke pAnI ke chIMToM se rogamukta hotA hai| nArI ke divya teja ke sAmane ahaMkArI puruSa ko jhukanA par3atA hai| usake ahaM ke samakSa nArI kI komala prakRti kI jIta huii| mahArAja ko mahArAnI kI mahattA pratIta huii| 'atIta ke pRSThoM se' kahAnI meM bhI nArI ke vividha rUpa evaM svabhAva kA digdarzana karAyA gayA hai| jinadattA ke udAra va dhArmika hRdaya ke prakAza ke sAmane svayaM devI ko bhI jhukanA par3atA hai| anta meM ghAtaka, krUra, IrSyAlu hRdayavAlI mAM kI lAr3alI putrI kanakazrI kA devI ke kuNThita khaDga se hI vadha ho jAtA hai| kanakadhI kI IrSyAlu mAM kA pApa prakaTa hone para use daNDa diyA jAtA hai| kyoMki satya chipAne se chipatA nhiiN| lAkha mithyA pracAra karane para yA AvaraNa DAlane para bhI saccAI prakaTa hue binA nahIM rhtii| isa kahAnI meM hRdaya ko sparzane kI ajaba tAkata hai| ghaTanA camatkAra itanA vilakSaNa hai ki pAThaka rasamagna hue binA nahIM rhtaa| 'jIvana kA aMtima pRSTha' kahAnI meM rAtri-bhojana tyAga kA vizada mahAtmya aMkita kiyA gayA hai| eka choTI jAti kI lar3akI apane kuTumbiyoM dvArA

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322 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya atyanta satAye jAne para bhI rAtri bhojana-tyAga ke vrata kA pUrNa pAlana karatI hai| pariNAmasvarUpa Age vaha sukha-samRddhi ko prApta karatI hai| mAnava jIvana ko sukhI va saMpanna banAne ke lie vrata, saMyama, tyAga kA atyanta mahatva hai| _ 'mAtRtva' meM zIrSaka ke mutAbika nisvArtha sacce mAtRhRdaya kA paricaya prApta hotA hai| eka bAlaka para samAna rUpa se adhikAra va sneha jatalAne vAlI do striyoM meM vasudattA ke samakSa eka ora apAra dhana-vaibhava tathA dUsarI ora bacce kA prazna khar3A hotA hai to vaha dhana-saMpatti ko svIkAra karanA cAhatI hai, taba asalI mAM atula vaibhava ko ThukarA kara putra ko apanAtI hai| yahIM para donoM ke hRdaya ke jamIna-AsamAna kA antara prakaTa hotA hai| 'cirajIvI' satI ke teja evaM gaurava kI abhivyaMjanA vyakta karatI kathA hai| prabhAvatI apane satItva se aneka kaSToM evaM du:khoM meM se rAstA karatI huI duSToM ko apanI zakti kA paricaya detI hai| usake satItva ke prabhAva se devoM ke vimAna bhI ruka jAte haiM, aura ve satI kI aTalatA, pavitratA dekha use hara prakAra se sahAya karate haiN| anta meM isa mahAna nArI ke karma ke prabhAva se sabhI usakA yazogAna karate haiM tathA satItva kA prakAza cAroM ora phaila jAtA hai| _ 'anugAminI' meM strI-puruSa ke dharma-patha para anugAminI banakara ujjvala Adarza hamAre sAmane prastuta karatI hai| jaba bajrabAhu kI bhoga-lipsA tathA viSayavAsanA munirAja ke darzana mAtra se zAMta hokara adRzya ho jAtI hai, to vaha munirAja ke caraNoM meM baiThakara vairAgya kA mahatva samajha priya patnI aura vaibhava kA tyAga kara detA hai, taba usake cehare para virAga kI ujjvala AbhA camaka uThatI hai| apane pati ko virakta hote dekha manoramA bhI pati aura bhAI ke mArga kA anusaraNa karatI hai| usakA bhAI bahanoI ke utkRSTa anurAga ke pazcAta ucca vairAgya ko dekha saMsAra kI anityatatA anubhava kara usI samaya muni bana jAtA hai| una donoM ke saMyama-tyAga se abhibhUta ho manoramA bhI anugAminI banatI hai| bhagavata jI ne isI kathAnaka para AdhArita eka ekAMkI kI racanA bhI kI hai| 'mAnavI' saMkalana meM bhASA, bhAva, kathopakathana aura caritra-citraNa kI dRSTi se lekhaka ko paryApta saphalatA milI hai| purAne kathAnakoM ko sajAne aura saMvArane meM kalAkAra kI kalA nikhara gaI hai| sabhI kahAniyoM kA AraMbha utsukatApUrNa rIti se huA hai| kahAniyoM meM rahasya kA nirvAha bhI utsukatA jAgRta karane meM sakSama hai| vizeSataH tIvratamasthiti (climax) jyoM-jyoM nikaTa AtI hai, kahAnI meM eka apUrva vega kA saMcAra hotA hai, jisase pratyeka pAThaka kI utsukatA bar3hatI jAtI hai| yahI hai bhagavata kI kalA, unhoMne pariNAma socane

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-gadya sAhitya : vidhAe~ aura viSaya-vastu 323 kA bhAra pAThakoM ke Upara chor3a diyA hai| unakI bhASA-zailI para prakAza DAlate hue DA. nemicandra jI Age likhate haiM-kalAkara ne pAtroM kA caritra-citrita karane meM abhinavAtmaka zailI kA prayoga kiyA hai, jisase kathAoM meM jIvantatA A gaI hai| tarkapUrNa aura tathya vivecanAtmaka zailI kA prayoga rahane para bhI sarasatA kathAoM kI jyoM kI tyoM hai| calatI-phiratI bhASA ke prayoga ne kahAniyoM ko sarala va buddhi grAhya banA diyA hai| prasiddha vidvAn evaM jaina sAhitya ke itihAsakAra paM. nAthUrAma 'premI' bhagavata jI ke viSaya meM likhate haiM-isameM saMdeha nahIM ki jaina samAja meM kahAnI lekhakoM kA abhAva hai aura Apa isa rikta sthAna ko bharane kA prazaMsanIya prayatna kara rahe haiN| Apako maiM hRdaya se unnati cAhatA huuN| usI prakAra isI saMkalana meM jaina sAhitya ke prasiddha vidvAn paM0 jugalakizora jI 'mukhtAra' ne likhA hai ki-zrIyuta bhAI bhagavat svarUpa jI jaina-samAja ke eka acche kahAnI lekhaka aura kavitA lekhaka haiN| ApakI kahAniyA~ evaM kavitAeM prAyaH rocaka tathA zikSAprada hotI haiN| purAnI kahAniyoM ko nayA libAsa pahanAne meM Apa kuzala haiN| likhate bhI bahuta haiM, jaina samAja kA zAyada hI aisA koI patra ho, jisameM ApakI kavitA yA kahAnI prakAzita na hotI ho| isa prakAra choTI-choTI pAvana ghaTanAoM ke AdhAra para se bhagavata jI ne atyanta hI rocaka zailI meM jJAna ke sAtha AnaMdaprada kahAniyA~ jaina sAhitya ko bheMTa kI haiN| kathA aura pAtroM kI vicAradhArA ke dvArA apratyakSa dhArmika vicAradhArA rahI hone se pAThaka kahIM bhI upadezaka kI nIrasatA mahasUsa nahIM krtaa| kathA-sAhitya meM hArdikatA evaM sAhityikatA kA bhI pUrA-pUrA nirvAha kiyA gayA hai| vidvAna lekhaka ayodhyA prasAda goyalIya jI ne 'gahare pAnI paiTha' meM 118 choTI-choTI para mArmika ciMtana va jJAna prada kahAniyA~ rasAtmaka.zailI meM likhI haiN| choTI kathAvArtA, ciMtana kaNikA, kahAvatoM, anubhavoM kA rocaka saMgraha taiyAra kiyA hai, jisako unhoMne tIna vibhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA hai-(1) bar3e janoM ke AzIrvAda se-jisameM 55 kahAnI, AkhyAna, saMsmaraNa evaM cuTakule haiN| (2) itihAsa jo par3hA-isameM 47 kathAeM haiM (3) jise ki AMkhoM se jo dekhA-isameM 1. DA. nemicandra jI : hindI jaina sAhitya kA parizIlana, pR. 101. 2. DA. nemicandra jI : hindI jaina sAhitya kA parizIlana, pR. 102. 3. draSTavya-usa dina-kathA saMgraha-sneha zabda, pR0 13. 4. usa dina-kathA saMgraha-sneha zabda, pR. 10.

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324 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya 16 kahAniyA~ haiN| isa saMgraha kI kahAniyA~ kevala kahAniyoM taka sImita na hokara kiMvadaMtiyA~, saMsmaraNa, cuTakule aura vyaMgyokti ke rUpa meM bhI hai| jIvana ke vividha anubhavoM aura sAhitya ke agAdha saMyama ke pazcAt jo ratna nikAle haiM, inako vyaMgyAtmaka evaM halkI-phulkI zailI meM prastuta kiyA hai| ina kathAoM meM lekhaka kI kalA kA aneka sthaloM para paricaya milatA hai| AkarSaka varNana zailI aura balazAlI muhAvaredAra bhASA hRdaya aura mana ko pUrA prabhAvita karatI hai| inameM vAstavikatA ke sAtha hI bhAva ko adhikAdhika mahatva diyA gayA hai| vastutaH zrI goyalIya ne jIvana ke anubhavoM ko lekara manoraMjaka vyAkhyAna likhe haiN| sAdhAraNa loga jina bAtoM kI upekSA karate haiM, Apane unhIM ko kalAtmaka zailI meM likhA hai| ataH sabhI kathAe~ jIvana ke ucca vyApAroM ke sAtha sambaMdha rakhatI hai| vaise isa saMgraha meM kahAniyoM ke lie Avazyaka tatvoM kA-yathA ghaTanA, kathopakathana, caritra-citraNa, vAtAvaraNa Adi-pUrNataH samAveza nahIM ho pAyA hai, phira bhI nUtana AkarSaka zailI evaM bhAvoM kI prANa bhUmi ke kAraNa ve sajIva va rocaka bana par3I haiN| isake sAtha hI jijJAsA kA nirvAha tathA mAnasika tRpti sabhI meM upalabdha hai| inako par3hakara hRdaya para gaharA prabhAva par3atA hai, jo kahAnI zilpa kI dRSTi se kahAniyoM kI vizeSatA va sajIvatA kA ujjvala dRSTAnta hai| bhAva jitane utkRSTa haiM, bhASA utanI hI prabhAvazIla evaM bhAvAnukUla banI hai| kathA ke pravAha ko Age bar3hAne ke lie sahAyaka bhASA kA eka udAharaNa dekhie-'tumhAre jaise dAtAra to bahuta mila jAyeMge, para mere jaise tyAgI virale hI hoMge, jo eka lAkha ko Thokara mArakara kucha apanI ora se milAkara cala dete haiN| isI prakAra ISyA ke pariNAma ko lekhaka vyaMgya va vinodAtmaka zailI meM prastuta kara hamAre hRdaya ko prabhAvita karane kI kuzalatA kA paricaya dete haiM-jaise-bhojana ke samaya eka ke Age ghAsa aura dUsare ke Age bhUsA rakha diyA gyaa| paMDitoM ne dekhA to Aga-babUlA ho gye| seTha jI! hamArA yaha apamAna? mahArAja! Apa hI logoM ne to eka dUsare ko gadhA aura baila batalAyA hai|' isa saMgraha kI vizeSatAoM para apanA maMtavya vyakta karate hue DA. nemicandra jI likhate haiM-hiye kI A~khoM se goyalIya jI ne jina ratnoM ko khojA hai, unakI camaka adbhuta hai| adhikAMza racanAe~ mArmika aura prabhAvazAlI haiN| bhASA aura zailI kI saralatA goyalIya kI apanI vizeSatA hai| urdU aura hindI kA aisA sundara samanvaya anyatra zAyada hI mila skegaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki eka 1. DA. nemicandra jI : hindI jaina sAhitya kA parizIlana, pR0 103, 104. 2. ayodhyAprasAda goyalIya-gahare pAnI baiTha-'tyAgI' kahAnI, pR. 24.

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-gadya sAhitya : vidhAe~ aura viSaya-vastu 325 sAdhAraNa zikSita pAThaka bhI ina kahAniyoM kA rasAsvAdana kara sakatA hai| abhivyaMjanA itane cubhate hue DhaMga se huI hai, jisase AkhyAnoM kA uddezya grahaNa karane meM hRdaya ko tanika bhI zrama nahIM karanA pdd'taa| mizrI kI DalI mu~ha meM DAlate hI dhIre-dhIre ghulane lagatI hai aura miThAsa apane Apa bhItara taka pahu~ca jAtI hai| ___'ThAkura' upanAma se prakhyAta paM. balabhadra jI nyAyatIrtha kI kahAniyA~ bhI 'jainasaMdeza' meM prakaTa hotI rahatI thiiN| inakI kathAoM meM kathA-sAhitya ke tatvoM ke sAtha-sAtha jIvana kI udAtta bhAvanAoM kA bhI sundara rUpa aMkita hotA hai| uddezya rocaka DhaMga se mukharita hone se nIrasatA yA ukatAhaTa kama Ane pAI hai| balabhadra jI kA prAthamika prayAsa hone se kathAoM meM kathAnaka, saMvAda evaM kalA ke vikAsa kI apUrNatA raha jAne pAI hai| phira bhI varNanAtmaka va parimArjita zailI ke kAraNa kathAe~ AkarSaka haiN| bAbU kAmatA prasAda jI ne bhI prAcIna dhArmika granthoM para se AdhArita kahAniyA~ kAphI mAtrA meM likhI haiM-vizeSakara unhoMne dhArmika aitihAsika strI-puruSoM kI yazaH patAkA phaharAne vAlI choTI-choTI kathAeM likhI haiM, jaise-paMcaratna, navaratna aadi| isake uparAnta bhagavAna pArzvanAtha kI kathA bhI unhoMne Adhunika bhASA-zailI meM prastuta kI hai| unakI prAyaH pustakeM 'digambara jaina' mAsika patrikA ke lie grAhakoM ko upahAra dene ke lie likhI gaI haiN| jaina kathAe~ likhane ke uddezya ko vyakta karate hue ve likhate haiM-jaina kathAoM ne eka samaya sAre saMsAra kA kalyANa kiyA thaa| Aja hindI vAloM ko usakA patA nahIM hai| bahuta-sI bAteM to svayaM jainI bhI nahIM jAnate haiN| basa, isIlie ki loga jaina kathAoM aura jaina puruSoM ko jAne-pahacAne, maiMne yaha udyoga kiyA hai| kahAnI kA AdhAra kalpanA mAtra hai, lekina korI kalpanA nahIM hai| ve satya ghaTanAoM para nirbhara hai, aitihAsika hai| + + + + + prastuta ina kahAniyoM meM aitihAsika ghaTanAoM kA pallavita rUpa hai| unase jaina saMgha kI udAra samAja vyavasthA aura jainoM ke rASTrIya hita-kArya kA bhI paricaya hotA hai| navaratna : 'navaratna' kahAnI-saMgraha meM jaina dharma ke prasiddha aitihAsika nava puruSa-ratnoM kI jyoti ko prakAza meM lAne kA kArya kAmatA prasAda jI ne kiyA hai| isa racanA ke uddezya para vicAra vyakta karate hue likhate haiM-hama jAnate haiM ki 1. DA0 nemicandra jI : hindI jaina sAhitya kA parizIlana, pR0 106. 2. kAmatA prasAda jaina : paMcaratna, do zabda, pR0 2.

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Adhunika hindI - jaina sAhitya sAhitya kalA kI dRSTi se hamArI kahAniyA~ U~ce darje kI nahIM kahI jA sakatI aura isalie vidvAn samAja meM unakA mUlya vizeSa na AMkA jAya to isakA hameM kheda nahIM hai, kyoMki pahale to yaha hamArA bAla - prayAsa hai aura dUsare hamArA uddezya isameM sAhityapUrti ke atirikta kucha adhika hai| jainoM kI ahiMsA aura bhIrutA ke kAraNa bhArata kA patana huA hai, aisI mithyA dhAraNA va bhrama sAmAnya logoM meM jo phailA hai, usako galata sAbita karane ke lie jaina vIroM ke caritra prakaTa karake ahiMsA tatva kI vyavahArikatA spaSTa kara denA hI zreSTha hai / unako par3hane se pAThakoM ko jaina ahiMsA kI sArthakatA aura jainoM ke vIra puruSoM kA paricaya vidita hogA aura isI bAta meM isa racanA kA mahatva garbhita hai / ' 326 vIra puruSoM kI kathAoM kA kathAnaka aitihAsika AdhAra se grahaNa kiyA gayA hai| isameM lekhaka ne apanI kalpanA zakti se bhI kAma liyA hai, lekina ye pUrNataH kapola kalpita na hokara bhASA zailI, varNanoM se prastutIkaraNa meM navInatA avazya hai| sabhI kI kathA vastu pAtra, prasaMga ke lie prAcIna aitihAsika grantha, zilAlekha, yunAnI itihAsakAra Adi kA saMdarbha diyA hai, jisase kathA kI satyatA ke lie TIkA karane ke lie koI pramANa nahIM rahatA / hA~, thor3I-bahuta navInatA yA vicitratA lage, lekina aprAmANikatA nhiiN| jabaki devendra prasAda jaina kI 'aitihAsika striyA~' nAmaka kathA saMgraha meM lekhaka ne pracalita kathA vastu meM jo kucha navInatA yA parivartana kiyA hai, usake lie koI AdhAra prastuta nahIM kiyA hai, jisase pAraMparita kathAvastu meM kathA kI bhinnatA ke lie turanta vizvAsa nahIM baiThatA / (1 ) tIrthaMkara ariSTanemi : kahAnI ke prAraMbha meM yuddha kA sajIva suMdara varNana hai| bhagavAna zrI kRSNa ke cacere bhAI yuvarAja nemikumAra kI vinodapriyatA, jarAsindhu ke sAtha kiye gaye yuddha meM unakI vIratA, dhIratA evaM zaurya ko dekhakara zrIkRSNa bhI soca meM par3a gaye va apane bhaviSya ke lie sazaMka ho gye| bAda meM bhojavaMzIya rAjA ugrasena kI putrI rAjamatI se vivAha kA prastAva rakhate haiN| bArAta ke samaya neminAtha ke dila meM vairAgya paidA karane ke lie pazuoM ko bAr3e meM baMdhavAkara unakA krandana, hAhAkAra sunakara nemikumAra saMsAra ke prati udAsIna hokara sanyasta lene ke lie udyata ho jAyeM aisA SaDyaMtra zrIkRSNa karate haiN| yojanAnusAra hotA bhI aisA hI hai / bArAta ke vivAha maNDapa jAne ke rAste meM mehamAnoM ke bhojanArtha mArane ke lie bAMdhe gaye pazuoM ke karuNa cItkAra ko sunakara neminAtha ke hRdaya meM hiMsA meM 1. kAmatA prasAda jaina : 'navaratna' prastAvanA, pR0 12.

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-gadya sAhitya : vidhAe~ aura viSaya-vastu 327 prati ghRNA evaM nirdoSa pazuoM ke prati mamatA, karuNA jagatI hai| ve usI samaya hiMsA ke sthAna para ahiMsA kA mahatva pratipAdana karate hue sabhI ko mukta karavAte haiM, aura saMsAra ke sambaMdhoM kI nirarthakatA, kRSNa ke hRdaya kA kapaTa anubhava kara glAni paidA hone se svayaM giranAra para jAkara kaThina tapasyA karate haiN| anantara 'kevala jJAna' prApta kara jagata meM jaina dharma kI ahiMsA, karuNA, samAnatA kA saMdeza phailAte haiN| unake pIche rAjakumArI rAjamatI bhI giranAra para tapasyA ke lie jAtI hai| prAraMbha meM vaha nemikumAra ko DA~TatI hai, ulAhanA detI hai, lekina neminAtha ke upadeza se Atma-kalyANa evaM mAnava-kalyANa ke patha para agrasara hone ke lie sanyasta grahaNa karatI hai| bhagavAna ariSTanemi kI mahAnatA yA vizeSatA usa bAta meM hai ki jainiyoM to unheM tIrthaMkara ke rUpa meM svIkArate haiM, pratyuta vaidika matAnuyAyiyoM meM bhI ve Adara kI dRSTi se dekhe jAte haiN| Rgveda, yajurveda aura mahAbhArata meM bhI unakA ullekha spaSTa kiyA gayA hai| (2) samrATa candragupta maurya : __candragupta maurya ke viSaya meM yaha bAta bilkula navIna hone para bhI aitihAsika dRSTi se satya bhI hai ki ve jaina muni ho gaye the| jaina dharma sambaMdhI unakA jJAna gaharA thaa| candragupta hI uttarAvasthA meM usake rAjya meM bhayaMkara akAla par3A thA, taba jaina dharma kI rakSA hetu bar3e-bar3e AcAryoM ko dakSiNa meM bhejA gayA thaa| AcArya bhadrabAhu ke jJAna aura tapa se candragupta bahuta prabhAvita the, AcArya ko ve apanA guru mAnate the| unake sAtha hailava ne bhI Atma kalyANa ke lie 'parama pada' kA vihArI bana jAnA ucita samajhakara dIkSA aMgIkAra kI thii| yuvarAja bindusAra ko rAjagaddI sauMpakara candragupta nikala par3e the| rAjarSi candragupta aura zruta kevalI bhadrabAhu kA samAdhikaraNa zravaNa belagolA ke kaTavapra parvata para huA thaa| inhIM kI pavitra smRti meM yahA~ para samrATa bindusAra aura yuvarAja azokabarddhana ne kaI bhavya jina maMdiroM aura niSadhikAoM kA nirmANa krvaayaa| candragupta kI samAdhi mRtyu kI yAda meM usako 'candragiri' nAma diyA gayA aura Aja bhI zilAlekha meM aMkita isa bAta se yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki mukuTa baddha samrAToM meM samrATa candragupta hI aise the, jinhoMne digambarIya dIkSA grahaNa kara jaina dharma ke mahAtmya ko svIkAra kiyA thaa| (3) samrATa 'aila' khAravela : ____'aila' samrATa kA viruddha sUcaka zabda hai| aila khAravela jaina dharmI the| kaliMga ke isa rAjakumAra kI zAdI siMhapatha (kaliMga kI eka nagarI) kI jaina dharmI rAjakumArI se huI thii| khAravela ne kumArI parvata para jina maMdira banavAkara

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328 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya prabhu AdinAtha kI mUrti pratiSThApita kI thii| usa samAroha meM sammilita hone ke lie samagra bhArata se caturvidha saMgha upasthita huA thA aura unhoMne vedI rASTrIya samrATa khAravela aura mahArAnI rAjadulArI kI dharma parAyaNatA, vIratA va prajA-vatsalatA ko zraddhAMjalI dene ke lie pattharoM meM lekha kutaravAye, jo Aja bhI ur3iyA ke udayagiri-khaNDagiri parvata kI hAthI guphA meM maujUda hai| (4) vIra cAmuNDarAya : __cAmuNDarAya dakSiNa ke kuDuNivarma rAyamala jI mahArAja ke pradhAna amAtya the, jo vIra bAhubalI the| zrAvaka hone ke nAte unakI vRddhA mAtA ko podanapura sthita bAhubali kI mUrti ke darzana kI utkaTa abhilASA hone para cAmuNDarAya ne dakSiNa se uttara kI ora saMgha nikAlA aura mAtA ke sAtha hajAroM strI-puruSoM ko sammAna va pyAra se yAtrA krvaaii| ve jitane ucca koTi ke raNavIra the, utane hI mahAn dharmAtmA sajjana the| vIratA ke aneka biruda ko alaMkRta karate hue, mahotkRSTa vIravRtti rakhane para bhI janma se hI ve dRr3ha dharma parAyaNa evaM bhAvuka the| jaina dharma kI ahiMsA gRhastha kI vIratA ke lie koI rukAvaTa nahIM paidA karatI, yaha hama cAmuNDarAya ke dRSTAnta se samajha sakate haiN| unhoMne zravaNa belagola ke parvata para hI zAsana-deva kI icchA se bAhubalI jI kI bhavya pratibhA ko suMdara jinAlaya ke madhya sthApita kiyaa| (5) cAritryavIra mArasiMha : mArasiMha kSatriya hone para bhI jaina dharmI thaa| kyoMki prAyaH sabhI tIrthaMkara kSatriya hone se unake vaMzaja bhI jaina dharma ke prati Asakti rakhate the| yuddha meM mahArAja gaMgarAja dharma premI senApati mArasiMha ke raNa kauzala kA bakhAna karate thakate na the| unhIM ke sAtha pradhAna amAtya vIra cAmuNDarAya bhI the| unhoMne pichalI avasthA meM zrI ajita senAcArya ke pAsa dIkSA aMgIkAra para saMlekhanA vrata lekara samAdhi-maraNa prApta kiyA thaa| (6) jinadharma ratna gaMgarAja : prAraMbha meM ve mahArAja viSNuvardhAna ke mahA senApati the| mahArAja viSNuvardhana prAraMbha meM jaina-matAvalambI the, lekina bAda meM tAMtrikoM ke Tone-ToTake meM par3a gaye the| lekina mahAsenApati gaMgarAja nirbhIka va dharma premI the, jina zAsana deva kI kRpA se apane rAjya meM jina dharma dhvajA laharA ske| unakI patnI lakSmI devI bhI jaina dharma meM aTUTa zraddhA rakhatI thI aura apane pati ko bhI jaina dharma ke prati anurAgI banAye rakhatI thii| zubhacandrAcArya kI nizrA meM jaina maMdira meM bar3A AnaMdotsava ho rahA thA, aura vahIM mahArAja ko bhI jaina dharma kI mahattA pratIta

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-gadya sAhitya : vidhAe~ aura viSaya-vastu 329 hone se ve jaina dharma ke prati AsthAvAna ho gye| bAda meM nirantara unakI zraddhA hotI rahI aura ve tejasvI raNavIra rAjavI ke sAtha niSThAvAna jainI bhI bane rhe| (7) samyakatva cUDAmaNi hulla : rAjA rAyamalla ke maMtrI cAmuNDarAya, aura viSNuvardhana ke senApati gaMgarAja ke samAna narasiMha deva ke mahAmaMtrI hulla jaina dharma ke sacce poSaka the| ve bar3e hI zUravIra va kuzala maMtrI the| unakI patnI jaina dharma kI saccI ArAdhikA thii| unakI icchA va Agraha se senApati hulla ne do jaina maMdiroM kA tathA yAtrAzramoM kA nirmANa krvaayaa| (8) vIrAMganA sAviyavve : dakSiNa bhArata ke kisI eka sAmAnya gharAne kI bahU sAviyavve dakSa gRhiNI ke sAtha-sAtha vIra nArI bhI thI aura dhArmika bhI utanI hI thii| nitya-prati maMdira meM pUjana arcana karatI thii| eka bAra nagara para duzmanoM kA hamalA hone para pati ke sAtha lar3ate-lar3ate vIra gati ko prApta karatI hai| usa vIrAMganA kI vIra smRti meM eka 'vIra gala' (mUrti yA staMbha) kA nirmANa kiyA gyaa| (9) satI sundarI : zrAvastI ke jaina dharmAnuyAyI rAjapUta sahRda dhvaja ne mahamUda gajanavI ke AkramaNa ko apane nagara se dUra haTA diyA thaa| usake choTe bhAI kI patnI satI sundarI ko jaina dharma para ananya zraddhA thii| gaur3a jile ke loga Aja bhI satI sundarI ke zIla va caritrya kI prazaMsA karate thakate nahIM haiN| usake jeTha ne usakI lAja lenI cAhI to apanA prANa dekara bhI jinadeva kA smaraNa karatI huI vaha zIla kI rakSA karatI hai| isa prakAra 'navaratna' aitihAsika dRSTikoNa se mahatvapUrNa na ho, lekina jaina itihAsa meM jinakI vIratA, dhIratA va ananya zraddhA-bhakti mahatvapUrNa hai, amara hai, aise vyaktiyoM kA paricaya rocaka kathA ke dvArA kAmatA prasAda jI ne sarala bhASA zailI meM karavAyA hai| sAtha hI alaMkAra rahita sIdhI-sAdI bhAzA meM jaina dharma kI mahattA pratipAdita karane ke apane uddezya meM bhI ve bahuta aMzoM meM saphala hue haiN| paMcaratna : yaha bhI kAmatA prasAda jI kA kathA-saMgraha hai, jisameM unhoMne pA~ca mahAn jaina dharma premI caritroM kI kathA rocaka zailI meM Alokita kI hai| inakI saMkSipta kathA-vastu nimnalikhita hai

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330 Adhunika hindI - jaina sAhitya (1) samrATa zreNika bimbasAra : jaina dharma ke prati atyanta AsthAvAna mahArAja zreNika apane prAraMbhika jIvana meM jaina dharma ke kaTTara virodhI aura Alocaka the, lekina mahArAnI celanA jaina dharmI hone se kramaza: mahArAja ko bhI jaina dharma kI ahiMsA, udAttatA, samanvaya bhAva Adi vizeSatAoM se paricaya karavAkara AkarSita karatI hai| bAda meM to ve bhagavAna mahAvIra ke ananya bhakta bana gaye aura unake upadezoM kA cAroM ora pracAra-prasAra krvaayaa| prabhu mahAvIra se carcA, vicAraNa, praznottarI karake jIva, jagata, dharma Adi sambaMdhI aneka samasyAoM kA nirAkaraNa karavAte * rhe| aneka jina maMdiroM evaM upAzrayoM kA nirmANa krvaayaa| prAraMbha meM ve yuvarAja pada se haTAye gaye the, lekina bAda meM mahArAjA banAye gaye / prathama mahArAnI brAhmaNa kanyA naMdinI thI, jo bauddha dharmI thii| lekina usakA putra abhayakumAra jaina dharma ke prati AsthAvAna thA aura usane mahAvIra se dIkSA grahaNa kI thii| ataH rAnI celanA ke putra ajAtazatru ko yuvarAja banAyA, jisane aMta samaya meM zreNika ko bahuta kaSTa diye the aura unakI asAmayika mRtyu huI ho gaI thii| prAcIna graMthoM meM mahArAja zreNika ko ananya jaina dharma upAsaka samrATa ke rUpa meM atyanta AdarapUrNa sthAna prApta huA hai| (2) samrATa mahAnanda : magadha ke samrATa mahAnaMda ne murA nAmaka dAsI se byAha karake use samrAjJI bnaayaa| usI se padma nAmaka beTe kA janma huaa| vaise to vaha pratApI aura udAra thA, lekina purAtana paMDitoM ke hRdaya meM zUdra jAti se utpanna hone ke kAraNa usake prati IrSyAgni dhadhaka rahI thI aura isI se nanda sAmrAjya kA patana huA / paMDita pravara saMskRta vaiyAkaraNI pANinI mahAnaMda ke darabAra ke ratna aura takSazilA ke pramukha AcArya the| (3) kurumbAdhIzvara : drAvir3adeza kI AdivAsI jAtiyoM meM eka kurumba nAmaka jAti bhI thI jo bilkula AdimavasthA meM hI rahatI thii| ina kurumboM ko sabhyatA evaM saMskAra nikaTa ke vana meM rahate jaina muni ne sikhalAye aura unameM se eka yuvaka ko zAstra-zastra, nIti va dharma kI vidyA sikhalA kara niSNAMta banAyA gyaa| vahI 'kurumbAdhIzvara' khlaayaa| usane apane darabAra ke lie eka pakkA makAna va jaina maMdira banavAyA, senA kI sthApanA kI, tathA kilA bhI bnvaayaa| jaina muni ke upadeza evaM zikSA se vaha mAMsa bhakSI jAti sabhya va saMskArI bana gii| Apasa meM baira jhagar3e ke badale ve loga prema va sahakAra se rahane lge| inake vikAsa kI

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-gadya sAhitya : vidhAe~ aura viSaya-vastu 331 kathA colavaMzIya rAjA anhola ke pAsa purohitoM dvArA pahu~ca gii| donoM ke bIca hue yuddha meM kurumbu kI vijaya huI aura parAdhIna cola rAjA ko kSamA kara diyA gyaa| phira se jaina dharma se pracAra kI lagana se use yuddha khora banA diyA aura usake rAjya kA patana ho gayA lekina kurumbAdhIza jaina dharma ke lie amara zahIda ho gye| (4) nRpa bijjaladeva : bijjaladeva jaina dharmI thA aura apane nagara kalyANapura ke purohita kI padminI nAmaka sundara aura vidvAn kanyA para mohita ho usase byAha karatA hai padminI ke bhAI vAsava kI dharmAMdhatA ne deza aura jaina dharma ko bhArI dhakkA phuNcaayaa| vaha zaiva dharmI thA aura 'liMgAyata' nAma zaiva dharma kI sthApanA kI thii| apane bahanoI bijjaladeva ko apane patha kA vighna samajhakara do bAra mAra DAlane kA SaDayaMtra karatA hai lekina asaphala hone se rAjadaNDa ke bhaya se svayaM AtmahatyA kara letA hai| rAjA bijjaladeva sacce jainI hone se apane sAle ke duSkRtya ko kSamA dete haiN| (5) senApati vaiccapa : dakSiNa ke vijayanagara ke rAja-siMhAsana para rAjA buvakArAya virAjamAna the| usa samaya bAhara se AkramaNa kA bhaya rahatA thaa| nagara ke bhItara bhinna-bhinna dharmavAle eka-dUsare ko hIna batAte the aura jaina sAdhuoM va jainiyoM ko upAsanA ke lie koI pavitra sthala nahIM diyA jAtA thaa| vaise rAjA vaiSNava dharma pAlane para bhI sabhI ko samAna nyAya va prema karatA thA, vaha sarvadharma sahiSNu thaa| zrIyaNNa jainI mahAjana kA patra senApati vaiccapa jainoM, bauddhoM aura vaiSNavoM ke bIca sahakAra va prema kI bhAvanA paidA karane kI koziza karatA rahatA thaa| vIratA ke sAtha sAmAnya janatA kI samasyaoM ko samajhane kI buddhi kauzamba va dhIratA bhI thii| apane dharma ko cAhane ke sAtha anya dharmoM kA bhI vaha Adara karatA thaa| apane rAjya kI rakSA ke lie yavanoM ke AkramaNa ke sAmane vaha mardAnagI se lar3A aura vIragati ko prApta kiyaa| lekina vijayanagara evaM koMkaNa meM vijayanagara ke mahArAja kA vijayadhvaja phhraayaa| yuddha meM vIragati ko prApta sainikoM ke smAraka cihna 'vIragala' meM eka vIra senApati vaiccapa kA bhI thaa| isa prakAra kAmatA prasAda jaina ne Adhunika hindI jaina-sAhitya meM kathA-sAhitya ke atirikta nibaMdhakAra aura itihAsakAra ke rUpa meM bhI apanA viziSTa yogadAna diyA hai| unake kathA-sAhitya meM kahIM-kahIM pratyakSa upadezAtmakatA rahane para bhI hArdika anubhUti ke kAraNa khaTakatA nahIM hai|

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332 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya aitihAsika striyAM : devendra prasAda jaina likhita yaha kathA-saMgraha 1913 IsvI meM prakAzita huA thaa| lekhaka ne isameM ATha prasiddha satiyoM kI kathA meM unake satItva, pavitratA, kaSTa-sahiSNutA, udAratA, pavitratA evaM dharma-niSThA ke guNoM ko ujAgara kiyA hai| ina satiyoM meM rAjamatI, satI sItA, celanA devI, manoramA devI, mainA sundarI, vIranArI dropadI, sAdhu caritrA rAnI aMjanA sundarI, zrImatI rAnI rayanamaMjUSA kI kathA kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| mahAsatI sItA evaM vIranArI dropadI kI kathA meM rAmAyaNa va mahAbhArata kI prasiddha kathA vastu se thor3A-bahuta parivartana bhI kiyA gayA hai| jaina dharma se sambaMdhita granthoM ke AdhAra se grahaNa kI gaI kathAoM meM parivartana kI vizeSa guMjAyaza nahIM rahatI hai| lekhaka ne ina satiyoM kI kathA meM kahIM aitihAsika AdhAra para saMketa nahIM diyA hai, vaise paurANika granthoM meM ina sabake viSaya meM jAnakArI upalabdha hotI hai| anta meM lekhaka ne isa pustaka likhane kA apanA uddezya bhI spaSTa rUpa se batA diyA hai ki-dhanya hai bhaartvrss| jahA~ aisI-aisI ramaNI ratna janma dhAraNa kara isa bhUmi ko pavitra kara rahI haiN| yadyapi aise udAharaNoM se bhArata kA saMpUrNa itihAsa bharA par3A hai, tathApi hamane kucha Adarza hone yogya zIlavatI, satItva parAyaNa nAriyoM ke caritroM kA yaha saMgraha kiyA hai| sahRdaya pAThaka, pAThikAe~ isase avazya zikSA grahaNa kreNgii|' isa choTI-sI pustaka meM devendra prasAda jI ne rocaka kathA-vastu prAcIna kathA zailI para prastuta kI hai, jise par3hane ke lie pAThaka kA mana nirantara utsuka rahatA hai| bhASA meM kahIM bhI AlaMkArikatA na hokara saralatA va svAbhAvikatA rahI hai| lekhaka ne rasAsvAdana ke sAtha-sAtha zikSA kA bhI uddezya rakhA hai, phira bhI unakA upadeza kA rUpa kathA-pravAha ko kahIM bhI vizRMkhalita nahIM bnaataa| ___ 'jayabhIkha' ne 'vIra dharma kI kahAniyA~' meM dhArmika pariveza ke sAtha sAhityika bhASA zailI meM sundara kathAe~ likhI haiN| paM. sukhalAla jI saMghavI ne bhI paurANika AdhAra para se cAra pramukha tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva, neminAtha, pArzvanAtha va mahAvIra kI kathA atyanta sAhityika DhaMga se likhI hai, jinameM aitihAsikatA kA bhI pUrA khyAla rakhA gayA hai| paMDitajI ne kathA meM bimba varNanoM kI rocakatA ke sAtha vizvasta sUtroM ko bhI ThIka se pakar3a rakhA hai| _ 'catura mahAvIra' meM zrI satyabhakta ne suMdara rocaka kahAniyA~ likhI haiN| inameM 1. devendra jaina : aitihAsika striyA~, pR0 82.

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-gadya sAhitya : vidhAe~ aura viSaya-vastu 333 sAmpradAyikatA kI halkI-sI jhalaka bhI nahIM dikhtii| inako mAnava dharmoM kI kahAniyA~ bhI hama kaha sakate haiN| mAnava-jIvana ko saMskAra-saurabha dene ke prayAsa svarUpa ina kathAoM kA praNayana kiyA gayA hai, jisake lie zrI satyabhakta jI kA prayatna avazya stutya kahA jaayegaa| isa saMgraha meM sthUlibhadra, jAmAlikumAra, kArtikeya Adi kI suMdara bodha prada kahAniyA~ haiN| _ 'khilatI kaliyA~ muskAte phUla'' devendra jaina dvArA likhita Adhunika yugIna manodazA ke anurUpa choTI-choTI, vArtAlApa, vicAra vinimaya ko vyakta karatI kahAniyoM kA suMdara saMgraha hai| isameM mAnava ko udAratA, sahanazIlatA, prema, satya evaM ahiMsA kI mahattA kA paricaya diyA gayA hai| pratyakSa upadeza na lagakara rocaka va hRdayagrAhI bana par3A hai| svayaM lekhaka kA isa viSaya meM kahanA hai ki-kathAe~ buddhibarddhaka viTAmina haiM 'khilatI kaliyA~, muskAte phUla' meM vahI pAThakoM ko prastuta kiyA jA rahA hai| yadi prabuddha pAThakoM ko yaha viTAmina pasaMda AyA to zIghra hI isase adhika sundara zaktibarddhana viTAmina prastuta kiyA jaayegaa| isa prakAra Adhunika hindI jaina kahAniyoM ke uparyukta vivecana se spaSTa hai ki isameM hindI kahAnI sAhitya kI taraha manovaijJAnika vizleSaNa paddhati, bAharI sajAvaTa yA zilpagata nUtanatA, camaka, damaka, sAmAjika, rAjakIya, vyaktigata saMgharSa, vyaktigata mUlyoM kI sthApanA, nArI-puruSa kI yaunagata samasyA Adi kA vizleSaNa prApta hone kI saMbhAvanA nahIM rhtii| dhArmika sAhitya hone se prAcIna Agama granthoM para se kathA vastuoM ko grahaNa kara navIna bhASA-zailI meM dhArmika bodha ke sAtha kathAe~ likhanA jaina lekhakoM kA uddezya rahanA svAbhAvika hai| cAhe Adhunika yugIna aura koI vizeSatAe~ na hoM to bhI rocakatA, jijJAsA va sarasatA ina kathAoM meM avazya nihita hai| hindI sAhitya ko eka bhinna prakAra ke kathA-sAhitya kI bheMTa karake usakI samRddhi meM yatkiMcita yogadAna dene kA zreya ni:saMdeha jaina sAhitya ko denA caahie| nATaka: bhAratavarSa meM nATaka paramparA cira prAcIna hai| nATaka-sAhitya saMskRta sAhitya meM vizAla parimANa meM upalabdha hotA hai| Adhunika yuga meM nATyasvarUpa pAzcAtya nATya sAhitya se vizeSa prabhAvita huA hai| hamArI prAcIna paramparAgata paddhati para bhI nATakoM kA sRjana huA hai| jaba se manuSya meM anukaraNa kI pravRtti 1. prakAzaka : trItAraka guru jaina granthAlaya-padarADA, udypur| 2. devendra jaina-khilatI kaliyA~, muskAte phUla, prastAvanA, pR. 13.

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334 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya pAI jAne lagI, tabhI se abhineyatA ke rUpa meM nATaka manuSya kA cira sahacara banA hai| vedoM meM saMvAda, gIta, abhinaya evaM rasa kI prApti hotI thii| isIlie to kahA jAtA hai ki brahmA ne Rgveda se saMvAda, sAmaveda se gIta, yajurveda se abhinaya tathA atharvaveda se rasa ko lekara pAMcaveM veda-nATya-veda-kI racanA devoM kI vinaMtI se kI, jisameM manoraMjanAtmaka racanA yA kriyA dekhI-sunI jA ske| bharata muni ne 'nATya zAstra' grantha meM nATaka ke vibhinna aMgoM para vistAra se vivecana kiyA hai| saMskRta sAhitya meM kAlidAsa, rAjazekhara, bhAsa, azvaghoSa, bhavabhUti, pizAkhadatta, harSadeva, kSemendra, vidyAmAdhava prabhRti prasiddha va samartha nATakakAroM kI uttamottama kRtiyA~ pAI jAtI haiN| jaba saMskRta kI dhArA kSINa hotI gaI aura rAjyAzraya banda-sA ho gayA to prAkRta aura apabhraMza meM nATaka kI apekSA caritakAvyoM kI racanA savizeSa hone lgii| nATaka kA mUlabhUta siddhAnta 'anukaraNa' evaM dUsarA tatva samAja yA prekSaka hotA hai| 'nATaka' zabda se hI saMvAda kA bodha hotA hai, jisakA abhinetA ke dvArA prekSakoM ke sAmane prastutIkaraNa hotA hai| hamAre bhArata meM donoM prakAra ke nATaka pAe jAte haiM, yathArthonmukha evaM aadrshonmukh| saMskRta meM nATaka ko rUpaka aura dazarUpake antargata ginA jAtA hai, jisakA pramukha uddezya lokaraMjana hotA hai| 'nATyadarpaNa' kAra rAmacandra guNacandra ne nATaka kA lakSaNa batAte hue likhA hai ki-jo prasiddha Adya (paurANika evaM aitihAsika) rAja-carita kA aisA varNana ho aura jo aMka, Aya, dazA se sambaMdhita ho vaha nATaka kahalAtA hai| 'sAhitya darpaNa'kAra vizvanAtha ne nATaka kA lakSaNa batAte hue likhA hai-nATaka vaha racanA hai, jisakI kathAvastu rAmAyaNAdi evaM itihAsa meM prasiddha ho, jisameM vilAsa, samRddhi Adi guNa tathA aneka prakAra ke aizvaryoM kA varNana ho, jahA~ sukha-du:kha kI utpatti dikhAI jA sake aura aneka rasoM kA samAveza ho sake, jisameM 5 se 10 taka aMka ho, jisakA nAyaka purANAdi meM prasiddha vaMza meM utpanna dhIrodAtta, pratApI, guNavAna, koI rAjarSi athavA divya yA divyAdivya puruSa ho, jahA~ zRMgAra athavA vIra rasa pradhAna ho tathA anya rasa aMgIbhUta ho, jisakI nirvahaNa saMdhi atyanta adbhuta ho, jisameM cAra yA pA~ca puruSa pradhAna kArya ke sAdhana meM vyApta hoM, go kI pUcha ke agrabhAga ke samAna jisakI racanA ho| nATaka kI saphalatA kA parIkSaNa raMga maMca se hotA hai| jo nATaka jitanA 1. rAmacandra guNacandra : nATyadarpaNa, pR0 3 zloka, 5. 2. A. vizvanAtha, 'sAhitya darpaNa', SaSTha pariccheda, pR. 7, 12.

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-gadya sAhitya : vidhAe~ aura viSaya-vastu 335 raMgamaMcIya, utanA hI adhika vaha saphala evaM loka bhogya ho sakatA hai| raMga maMca yuga vizeSa kI jana ruci va Arthika sthiratA para nirbhara hotA hai| Adhunika kAla meM nATaka meM lakSaNa jana ruci ke kAraNa badalane par3ate haiN| bAbU gulAba rAya likhate haiM-nATaka ke jIvana kI anukRti ko zabdagata saMketoM meM saMkucita karake, usako sajIva pAtroM dvArA eka calate-phirate saprANa rUpa meM aMkita kiyA jAtA hai| nATaka jIvana kI sAMketika anukRti nahIM hai, varan sajIva pratilipi hai| nATaka meM phaile hue jIvana vyApAra ko aisI avasthA ke sAtha rakhate haiM ki adhika se adhika prabhAva utpanna ho ske| jIvana ke AdarzoM kI vyAkhyA ke sAtha sAmAjikoM ko AnaMdopalabdhi karAnA nATaka kA mukhya uddezya honA caahie| Adhunika dhAraNA ke anusAra nATaka jIvana kI vyAkhyA hai, jo hamArI samasyAoM evaM haloM ko hamAre sammukha prastuta karatA hai| nATaka naitika mUlyoM kI dRSTi se mAnavIya abhivyakti kA eka zreSTha sAdhana hai| saiddhAMtika rUpa se yaha sAhitya kA Atma nirapekSa rUpa hai, inameM lekhaka ke vyaktitva kA praveza nahIM hotaa| lekhaka isameM jo kucha bhI kahanA cAhatA hai, kevala saMvAdoM ke mAdhyama se kahatA hai, anyathA saba kucha ghaTanAoM se svata: vyaMjita hotA hai| Aja nATaka AkAra meM laghutA, uddezya meM sUkSma manovizleSaNa tathA mAdhyama meM pAThya aura kalAtmaka abhinaya kI ora jA rahA hai| ___ Adhunika hindI nATya sAhitya meM isake aneka prakAra pAye jAte haiN| bhAratendu kAla se hI isakA prAraMbha va vikAsa ho cukA thA, jo adyAvadhi Age aneka rUpoM meM bar3hatA jA rahA hai| hindI jaina sAhitya meM nATaka kI racanAe~ prApta hotI haiM, lekina isakA pramANa vipula nahIM kahA jA sktaa| bahuta-sI racanAoM meM padyamaya saMvAda kA rUpa pAyA jAtA hai, jisa para bhAratendu kAlIna pArasI thiyeTrIkala kampanI ke nATakoM kI zero-zAyarI kA prabhAva lakSita hotA hai| inameM pAtroM kA manovaijJAnika vizleSaNa, saMgharSa kI sthiti evaM carama pariNati kA mArmika aMkana kama rahatA hai| isakA kAraNa yaha bhI saMbhava ho sakatA hai ki ye nATaka sAmAjika manovaijJAnika na hokara dhArmika ghaTanA-pravAha se yukta hone se inameM saMvAda kI upAdeyatA, svAbhAvikatA evaM raMgamaMcIyatA para vizeSa dhyAna diyA gayA hai| prahasanoM kI saMkhyA nahIM ke bArAbara hai| jaina sAhityakAra prAcIna nATakoM kA anuvAda bhI karate rahe haiN| yahA~ anUdita sAhitya ke viSaya meM vizeSa na likhate hue kevala paM. nAthUrAma 'premI' jI kI do anUdita nATya racanAoM kA 1. draSTavya-hindI sAhitya koza, pR. 373. 2. vahI-pR. 381.

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336 Adhunika hindI - jaina sAhitya saMkSepa meM jikra kreNge| 'premI' jI ne mUla nATakoM ke bhAvoM kI pUrNa rakSA kara sundara aura subodha - zailI meM saMskRta nATakoM kA anuvAda kiyA hai| 'jJAna sUryodaya' evaM 'akalaMka deva' do nATakoM meM prathama nATaka rUpakAtmaka hai| rUpakAtmaka nATakoM kA pracalana saMskRta sAhitya meM savizeSa dekhA jAtA hai| isameM kAma, krodha, moha, mAyA, ke kAraNa azAnta mAnava ke jIvana - vikAsa ke lie dayA, prema, ahiMsA, mAnavatA Adi guNoM kI AvazyakatA hotI hai / isalie aise guNoM, avaguNoM ko rUpaka ke dvArA pAtroM kA svarUpa dekara nATaka race jAte haiN| hindI jaina sAhitya meM isa pravRtti kA anukaraNa madhyakAla se hI dekhA jAtA hai| jJAna- sUryodaya : 'premI' jI ne isa saMskRta rUpaka - nATaka kA suMdara braja khar3I bolI meM anuvAda kiyA hai, jisameM padya braja va khar3I bolI donoM meM hai aura gadya khar3I bolI meM likhA gayA hai| mUla bhAvoM kI akSuNNatA ke sAtha pravAha kA bhI dhyAna rakhA gayA hai, jisase mUla kRti-sA hI AnaMda prApta hotA hai| anUdita kRti kA lezamAtra khyAla nahIM aataa| isa nATaka kI kathA vastu AdhyAtmika hai| jJAna kI mahattA nirvivAda hai| isase ajJAna ke AvaraNa ko haTAkara samyakatA ke prakAza kI AvazyakatA nATakIya DhaMga se vyakta kI gaI hai| ' isa nATaka meM pAtroM kA caritra-citraNa aura kathopakathana donoM bahuta suMdara haiN| zAstrIya nATaka hone se nAMdIpATha, sUtradhAra Adi hai / mati aura viveka kA vArtAlApa kitanA prabhAvotpAdaka hai, yaha nimna uddharaNoM se spaSTa hai : mati - Aryaputra! ApakA kathana satya hai, tathApi jisake bahuta-se sahAyaka hoM, usa zatru se hamezA zaMkita rahanA caahie| viveka - acchA kaho, usake kitane sahAyaka haiM ? kAma ko zIla mAra girAyegA / krodha ke lie kSamA bahuta hai| saMtoSa ke sanmukha lobha kI durgati hogI hI aura becArA dambha-kapaTa to saMtoSa kA nAma sunakara chU-mantara ho jaayegaa| mati - parantu mujhe yaha eka bar3A bhArI acaraja lagatA hai ki jaba Apa aura mohAdika eka hI pitA ke putra haiM, taba isa prakAra zatrutA kyoM ? AtmA kumati meM itanA Asakta aura rata ho rahA hai ki apane hita ko bhUlakara vaha mohAdika putro ko iSTa samajha rahA hai, jo ki putrAbhAsa hai aura naraka gati meM le jAne vAlA hai|' viveka 1 1. DA0 nemicandra jI : hindI jaina sAhitya kA parizIlana, bhAga 2, pR0 109.

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-gadya sAhitya : vidhAe~ aura viSaya-vastu 337 isI prakAra nATaka ke bIca-bIca meM AtI huI kavitA bhI sundara hai, jise par3hakara saMskRta ke prasiddha subhASitoM kI sahasA yAda ho AtI hai| kSamA apanI beTI zAnti se kahatI haiM ki vidhAtA ke pratikUla hone se sukha kI apekSA duHkha vizeSa prApta hotA hai-yathA 'jAnakI-harana vana raghupati bhavana o, bharata narAyana ko banacara ke bAna soN| vAridhi ko bandhana, mayaMka aMka kSayIroga, zaMkara kI vRtti suni bhikSATana dAna soM, karNa jaise balavAna kanyA ke garbha Aye, bilakhe vana pANDu kuputra juA ke vidhAna soN| aisI aisI bAteM loka jahAM tahAM beTI, vidhi kI vicitratA vicAra dekha jJAna soN|" AdhyAtmika kathAvastu hone se nATaka meM dArzanika tatvoM kA vivecana honA svAbhAvika hai, lekina sundara bhAva, rocaka bhASA evaM jIvanotkarSa ke lie lAbhaprada-vicAroM se yukta hone ke kAraNa nATaka sundara rahA hai| akalaMka nATaka : isameM prAcIna samaya ke akalaMka va nikalaMka nAma do jaina dharma uddhAraka tyAgI bhAiyoM kI kathA hai| nikalaMka nAmaka choTe bhAI ne dharma rakSA hetu apane prANa kI Ahuti dekara bar3e bhAI akalaMka kI rakSA kii| mahArAja puruSottama ke ina donoM putroM ne bacapana se hI aSTAhnikA parvata para brahmacarya kI pratijJA lekara jaina dharma kI patAkA phaharAne kA nizcaya kara liyA thaa| ataeva, umra lAyaka hone para donoM zikSA-dIkSA prApta karane ke lie bauddha guru ke pAsa cale kyoMki usa samaya bauddha dharma kA atyanta bolabAlA thA tathA anya dharmoM kA prabhAva lupta prAyaH ho rahA thaa| ata: donoM bauddha pAThazAlA meM luka-chipakara adhyayana karane lge| eka dina inhoMne bauddha guru kA pATha azuddha hone para usako cupacApa zuddha kara diyaa| zAlA ke bAhara ghUmate hue guru ne bahuta mAthA-paccI ke bAda lauTakara bhItara dekhA to azuddha pATha zuddha hai to vicArane para mahasUsa huA ki avazya inameM koI jaina hai, anyathA sivA jaina ise koI zuddha nahIM kara paate| jaina ziSya ko pakar3ane ke lie aneka prakAra ke SaDayantra kiye gaye jisameM akalaMka-nikalaMka pakar3e gye| unheM kArAgRha meM banda kara diyA gyaa| prAtaH kAla hI donoM kodha prANa daNDa milane vAlA thaa| ataH rAta meM hI ve kisI taraha bhAga nikle| lekina rAjA ke sipAhiyoM ne unakA pIchA kiyA, ata: choTe bhAI ne bar3e vidvAna

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Adhunika hindI - jaina sAhitya bhAI ko dharma rakSA hetu gaDDhe meM chipA diyA aura svayaM ne sainikoM kA sAmanA karate hue prANa de diye| Age jAkara thor3e hI samaya meM akalaMka deva prasiddha jaina vidvAna hue / bauddha vidvAnoM ko apanI pratibhA evaM akATya tarkazakti se parAsta karate rahe, sAtha meM hI mahArAnI madanavegA - jo jaina dharmI thI, se bhI jaina dharma ke prasAra meM kAphI sahAyatA milatI rhii| eka bAra madanavegA rAnI rathotsava karanA cAhatI thI, lekina isameM rAjya ke bauddha guru vighna rUpa the| unhoMne kahA ki kisI jaina vidvAna se vAda-vivAda meM parAsta hone ke bAda hI jaina rathotsava ho sakegA, anyathA nhiiN| rAnI rAjaguru ke isa Adeza se ciMtita rahane lgii| usane anna-jala kA tyAga kara diyaa| svapna meM cakezvarI devI ne sAMtvanA dekara akalaMka deva ko bulAne kA Adeza diyaa| saMyogavazAt dUsare dina akalaMka deva sabhA meM Aye aura bauddha guru se zAstrArtha karane lge| tIna dina taka bauddha guru ke na hArane se akalaMka deva ko ciMtA hone lagI aura unhoMne cakrezvarI devI kI ArAdhanA karake samasyA kA hala pUchA, to devI ne batAyA ki parde ke bhItara bauddha guru ke badale bauddhoM kI devI tArAdevI bola rahI hai, ataH dobArA prazna pUchane para devI cupa ho jaayegii| devI ne bauddha rAja guru ke parAjaya ke aneka aura bhI kAraNa btlaaye| dUsare dina zAstrArtha meM rAjaguru kA parAjaya huA aura dhUmadhAma se rAnI kA rathotsava nikAlA gyaa| 338 isa nATaka meM mUla kathAnaka ko chor3akara vyartha prasaMgoM ko nahIM liyA gayA hai / tIna aMka ke isa nATaka ke prAraMbha meM maMgalAcaraNa, sUtradhAra, naTI kA Agamana hotA hai, dRzya - parivartana bhI yathAyogya hue haiN| zailI prAcIna hone para bhI kathopakathana tathA pAtroM kA caritra citraNa acchA huA hai| isI kathA ko lekara paM0 makkhanalAla dillI vAle ne bhI 'akalaMka' nATaka likhA hai| unakA nATaka bhAva - bhASA kI dRSTi se sAdhAraNa hote hue abhinayAtmaka hai| jainendra kizora ArAvAlA kA nAma nATakakAra kI dRSTi se kAphI mahatvapUrNa hai| unhoMne bahuta-se nATakoM kA praNayana usa samaya kiyA, jisa samaya hindI nATaka sAhitya meM bhI nATakoM kA prAraMbha ho rahA thaa| Apane 1 darjana se bhI jyAdA nATakoM kI racanA kara hindI jaina nATya sAhitya kI zrIvRddhi karane meM sahayoga diyA hai| vaise inake nATakoM kI zailI prAcIna hai, phira bhI inakA kAphI mahatva hai| ArA meM Apake prayatnoM se eka nATaka maNDalI kI sthApanA kI gaI thI, jisake dvArA Apake nATakoM kA abhinaya kiyA jAtA thaa| Apa svayaM vidUSaka kA abhinaya karate the| ApakI mRtyu ke bAda yaha maMDalI banda ho gaI thii| Apake nATakoM meM pramukha manoramA devI, aMjanA suMdarI, dropadI, pradyumna

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-gadya sAhitya : vidhAe~ aura viSaya-vastu 339 carita aura zrIpAla carita ke atirikta somAsatI aura kRpaNadAsa se prahasana hai aura 'kali kotuka padya-baddha racanA hai, jisa para urdU kA prabhAva atyadhika ho Ae prahasanoM meM 'kRpaNadAsa' va 'rAma rasa' meM jIvana ke utthAna-patana kI vivecanA karate hue kusaMgati se sarvanAza kI ora izArA kiyA gayA hai| Apake prAyaH nATaka aprakAzita haiM aura ArA nivAsI zrI rAjendra prasAda jI ke pAsa surakSita hai| paurANika upAkhyAnoM ko lekhaka ne apanI kalpanA dvArA paryApta sarasa aura hRdaya grAhya banAne kA prayAsa kiyA hai| TekanIka kI dRSTi se yadyapi ina nATakoM meM lekhaka ko pUrI saphalatA nahIM mila sakI hai, to bhI inakA sambaMdha raMgamaMca se hai| kathA vikAsa meM nATakocita utAra-car3hAva vidyamAna hai| vaha lekhaka kI kalA-vijJatA kA paricAyaka hai| inake sabhI nATakoM kA AdhAra sAMskRtika cetanA hai| jaina saMskRti ke prati lekhaka kI gahana AsthA hai| isalie usane unhIM mArmika AkhyAnoM ko apanAyA hai, jo jaina-saMskRti kI mahattA prakaTa kara sakate mahendrakumAra : paM0 arjunalAla zeThI likhita isa kAlpanika nATaka kI kathAvastu kA AdhAra sAmAjika, dhArmika evaM rASTrIya tatva hai| isa nATaka meM gRha evaM samAja ke vAstavika citra milate haiM, jisameM yaha abhivyakta kiyA gayA hai ki zarAba ke bure vyasana se dhanapatiyoM samAja ko barabAda kara dete haiM evaM juA tathA saTTA Adi meM phaMsakara saparivAra tabAha ho jAtA hai| pUMjIpatiyoM kA manamAnA vyavahAra, daheja kI bhayAnakatA, striyoM kI kaTutA Adi sAmAjika burAiyoM para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| isa nATaka meM pAtroM kI saMkhyA bhI kAphI hai| tathA pAtrAnurUpa bhASA ke prayoga ke kAraNa khicar3I-sI bana gaI hai| lekhaka kA lakSya sAmAjika burAiyoM ko vyakta kara loka-zikSA dene kA hone se ghaTanAeM zrRMkhalita nahIM haiN| kathA-vastu : mahendra kumAra seTha sumerucandra kA choTA bhAI hai| seTha sumerucandra kI patnI karkazA evaM kaThora-hRdayA hai, jise apanA devara mahendrakumAra phUTI A~khoM suhAtA nahIM hai| vaha pratidina apane pati se zikAyata karatI rahatI hai aura seTha jI patnI kI bAtoM meM vizvAsa kara apane bhAI ko DAMTatA hI rahatA hai| bhAI-bhAbhI kI roja-baroja kI jhir3akiyoM va kalaha se trasta hokara mahendra paradeza jAne ke lie utsuka hotA hai aura apanI mA~ se ijAjata lene ke lie jAtA hai| vivaza mA~ videza na jAne ke lie aneka yatna karatI hai lekina mahendra ne eka na mAnI aura 1. DA0 nemicandra jI : hindI jaina sAhitya kA parizIlana, pR. 102.

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340 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya bhAratamAtA kA uddhAra karane kI ThAna kara nikala pdd'aa| udhara dina-ba-dina jue ke cakkara meM phaMsA huA sumeru saba kucha hAra gayA aura patnI ke AbhUSaNa taka mAMgane lagA lekina patnI ne apane gahane dene se inkAra kara diyaa| dUsarI kathA meM eka brahmacArI aura unakA mitra nandalAla jApAna A rahe the| mArga meM eka vizAla maMDapa meM mAdaka kAnphrensa hote dekha ruka gaye, jahA~ sabhI naze meM dhutta the| ve sabhI isa prastAva ko pAsa kara rahe the ki deza meM adhika se adhika bhAMga, tambAkU, sigareTa Adi kA pracAra ho| brahmacArI navayuvakoM kI aisI tabAhI dekha ciMtita evaM du:khI hue| unhoMne apane upadezAtmaka saMbhASaNa dvArA unako sIdhI rAha batAne kI ceSTA kii| isI samaya eka suMdara, suzIla kanyA kA svayaMvara racA jA rahA thA, jisameM aneka kumAroM ke sAtha mahendra bhI pahu~cA aura varamAlA usI ke gale meM par3atI hai| sumitrA evaM mahendra kA pANigrahaNa huaa| brahmacArI rAja darabAra meM bhI pahu~catA hai aura vahA~ rAjakumAra kI caritra bhraSTatA, madyapAna aura vyabhicAra ke samasta dUSaNa prakaTa kiye, sAtha hI sumitrA ke sAtha balAtkAra karane kI ceSTA kA pramANa bhI diyaa| tInoM ko darabAra meM unhoMne peza kiyaa| rAjA ne rAjakumAra ko kaida kI sajA dI aura una donoM kA sammAna kiyaa| rAjA bAda meM brahmacArI va sumitrA ke Agraha se rAjakumAra ko chor3a diyA / mahendra ko prajA kalyANa tathA jJAna ke pracAra-prasAra ke lie netA banAyA gayA aura isa samAja-kArya meM brahmacArI ne bhI apanA pUrA sahayoga dene kA vAdA kiyaa| brahmacArI aura koI nahIM, sumitrA kA pitA hI thA, yaha bheda bhI bAda meM khulatA hai| pitA-putrI kA milana hotA hai aura saba prajA kArya karate hue AnaMda se rahate haiN| bhASA: isa nATaka kI kathAvastu meM aneka pAtra hone se bhASA bhI bhinna-bhinna prakAra kI vyavahRta huI hai| 'kuNadhaNA' Adi mAravADI evaM kare hai, uDAyuM huI Adi gujarAtI bhASA ke zabdoM ke sAtha aMgrejI bhASA ke zabdoM kA khulakara prayoga nATakakAra ne kiyA hai| kathA evaM bhASA vizRMkhalita hone para bhI saMvAdoM kI rocakatA evaM saMkSiptatA ke kAraNa nATaka abhinaya yogya ho sakatA hai| aMjanA' : jaina sAhitya meM aMjanA sundarI kA kathAnaka itanA lokapriya rahA hai ki usakA Alambana lekara upanyAsa, nATaka evaM kathA-sAhitya kI racanA kI gaI hai| sudarzana jI aura kanhaiyAlAla jI ne pRthak-pRthak racanA kI hai| sudarzana ne 1. prakAzaka-jinavANI pracAra kaaryaaly-bNbii|

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-gadya sAhitya : vidhAe~ aura viSaya-vastu 341 'aMjanA' evaM kanhaiyAlAla ne 'aMjanAsundarI' nAma rakhA hai| sudarzana jI kA nATaka adhika sAhityika va rocaka hai, to kanhaiyAlAla jI ne vizeSa manovaijJAnika banAne kI koziza kI hai| donoM kA lakSya nArI ke Adarza caritra prastuta karane kA hai| donoM meM aMjanA kA karuNa caritra-citraNa hRdaya drAvaka bana par3A hai| kathAvastu kI rocakatA, saMvAdoM kI sUkSmatA, vyaMjanAtmakatA tathA vAtAvaraNa kI mArmika abhivyakti ke sAtha donoM nATaka abhineya haiN| 'aMjanA-sundarI' kI kathA vastu meM thor3A-bahuta parivartana kiyA gayA hai| mUla kathAnaka meM aMjanA apanI sAsa ko aMgUThI batAtI hai, lekina use vizvAsa nahIM AtA aura mahala se aMjanA ko nikAla detI hai| isa bAta ko adhika vizvasanIya banAne ke lie aMgUThI ke kho jAne kI kalpanA kanhaiyAlAla ne kI hai| lekina sudarzana ne isa tathya ko spaSTa karane ke lie aisI yojanA kI hai ki pavana apanI aMgUThI ke naga ke nIce apane hastAkSarAMkita eka kAgaja kA TukaDA avazya rakhatA thA, jo IrSyAvaza lalitA ne vaha aMgUThI badala ddaalii| aMjanA ko isa bAta kI jAnakArI nahIM thii| ata: asalI aMgUThI ke abhAva meM sAsa kA saMdeha karanA svAbhAvika pratIta ho| sudarzana jI ke nATaka meM saMvAdoM kI tIvratA, pAtroM kA caritra-citraNa adhika rocaka va svAbhAvika ho pAyA hai| "prakRti ke sukomala dRzyoM ke sahAre mAnavIya aMta:karaNa ko kholakara pratyakSa karA dene kI kalA sudarzana jI meM hai| isalie aMjanA meM prakRti ke mAdhurya aura saundarya kA sambaMdha jIvana ke sAtha-sAtha citrita kiyA gayA hai sudarzana jI ke 'aMjanA' nATaka meM vANI hI nahIM, hRdaya bolatA huA dRSTigocara hotA hai| sukhadA ke vicAroM kA krama dekhie-'sukhadA-eka-eka kara dasa varSa bIta gaye, parantu merI A~khoM ke sammukha abhI taka vahIM ramya mUrti usI suMdaratA ke sAtha ghUma rahI hai| yahI Rtu thI, yahI samaya thA, yahI sthAna thA, yahI vRkSa thA, sUrya asta ho rahA thA, manda-manda vAyu cala rahA thaa| prakRti para anUThA yauvana chAyA huA thaa| isa nATaka meM sukhadA aura mahArAnI ke vArtAlApa meM bhI kAphI prabhAvotpAdakatA jhalakatI hai| donoM apane nirNaya meM ar3iga dIkhatI haiMmahArAnI-lekina tumhArA manoratha saphala nahIM ho sktaa| sukhadA- to AjIvana avivAhita rhuuNgii| mahArAnI-usameM samAja-nindA kA Dara hai| sukhadA- mara jaauuNgii| mahArAnI-loga hNseNge| 1. DA0 nemicandra jI : hindI jaina sAhitya kA parizIlana, pR. 114.

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342 jAdhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya sukhadA- lokopavAda rokane meM vidhi bhI akSama hai| vijaya meM vijetA ko andhA kara dene kI zakti hai| + + + pApa vijaya ke pIche-pIche hI ghUmatA rahatA hai| saMvAda meM tIvratA sarvatra dIkhatI hai| 'aMjanA pavanaMjaya' nATaka jisa vANI pracAraka kAryAlaya kI ora se prakAzita kiyA gayA hai, jisakI kathAvastu aMjanA se sambaMdhita prAcIna va prasiddha hai| isa nATaka meM behoza ho jAne para prAyaH sabhI pAtroM kA 'mujhe saMbhAlo, maiM aceta hotA jA rahA huuN|' ukti meM saMskRta nATakoM kA prabhAva lakSita hotA hai| isI kathA vastu ko lekara padmarAja gaMgavAla jaina ne bhI 'satI aMjanA' nATaka likhA hai| yaha nATaka bhI pUrNa abhineya hai| bIca-bIca meM kavitA rakhI gaI hai| zera-zAyarI bhI pratyeka pAtra ke saMvAda meM rahatI hai, jo bahuta-sI jagaha asvAbhAvika-sI pratIta hotI hai, vizeSakara praur3ha pAtra ke mu~ha se| yaha nATaka rAjasthAna meM jagaha-jagaha para prasiddha kalAkAroM dvArA abhinIta kiyA gayA hai| isalie nATakakAra ne lambI-lambI kavitAeM philmI gItoM kI tarja para rakhI haiM, jisase AsAnI se gAyA jA ske| kahIM gajala ke DhaMga para choTI kavitA yA chanda bhI rakhe haiM, jaise-bAMke nAmaka nAgarika gAtA hai lubhA le mana ko kAgaja para use tasvIra kahate haiM, na par3a jAya koI jisako, use takadIra kahate haiN| samaya para kAma jo de de use tadabIra kahate haiM, binA mehanata hI mila jAya, use takadIra kahate haiN| aMjanA bhI pati-viraha meM zera-zAyarI meM manovyathA vyakta karatI haiaMjanA-dina bIte, rAteM bItI, RtueM badalI, mahIne, varSa aura yuga badale, kintu haay| mujha abhAgina kA bhAgya nahIM bdlaa|' zera- tar3apatI hU~ ki jyoM, machalI pina pAnI tar3aphatI hai| daraza pAne ko priyatama ke, abhAgina yaha tarasatI hai| huI hai jindagI dUbhara, nahIM kucha bhI suhAtA hai| viraha kI vedanA se aba, kalejA mu~ha ko AtA hai| saMvAda isake bhI choTe-choTe aura zaktizAlI haiN| yavana aura varuNa ke nimnokta saMvAda meM laghutA evaM tIvratA dRSTavya hai :1. aMjanA-sudarzana kRta-pR. 5. 2. aMjanA-sudarzana kRta-pR. 62. 3. aMjanA-satI aMjanA-padmarAja jaina, pR. 8. 4. aMjanA-satI aMjanA-padmarAja jaina, pR0 36 aMka dUsarA, dRzya phlaa|

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-gadya sAhitya : vidhAe~ aura viSaya-vastu 343 varuNa-haH haH haH itanA bharosA? pavana-nahIM, Atma vishvaas| varuNa-itanA ghamaNDa? pavana-nahIM, nyAya kI taakt| varuNa-yaha lalakAra? pavana-hAM, anyAya kA prtikaar| varuNa-yaha aramAna? pavana-nahIM, nyAya kA smmaan|' isI prakAra pavana kI mAtA ketumatI aura aMjanA kI saravI-dAsI-vasaMtamAlA ke saMvAda meM bhI tIvra AghAta-pratighAta tathA oja bharA par3A hai-yathA ketumatI-sevikA hokara sIkhA rahI ho mujhe? vasanta-nahIM, nyAya kI prArthanA kara rahI hU~, mAtA jii| ketumatI-maiM aisI prArthanA ko Thokara mAratI huuN| vasanta-Apa saccAI ko Thokara mAra rahI haiN| ketumatI-banda karo bakavAsa, yAda rakho tuma sevikA ho| vasanta-jAnatI hU~, magara anyAya kI sevikA nahIM maiN| aMjanA sambaMdhI sabhI nATakoM meM caritra-citraNa kI dRSTi se vasanta mAlA kA caritra adhika sahAnubhUti pUrNa aura udAtta ho pAyA hai| eka dAsI hokara bhI vaha mAtA-pitA, pati-sAsa-sasura sabase adhika aMjanA ke nikaTa rahakara sakhI, dAsI, bahana aura mA~ kA kartavya nisvArtha bhAva se bajAtI hai| anyAya kA pratikAra karatI huI aMjanA ke kaThora duHkha va atyAcAra meM vaha haMsatI huI sAtha detI hai, balki usake du:khoM ko halkA se halkA karane kI nirantara koziza karatI rahatI hai| aMjanA kA caritra bhI pAThaka kI hamadardI va prema jIta letA hai| vaha prema, sevA evaM karuNA kI sAkSAta mUrti hI hai| kadama-kadama para du:kha, apamAna aura lAMcchana hI usakI takadIra meM likhe hone para bhI karmoM kA phala samajhakara dhairyapUrvaka zAnti se sahatI huI pati-bhakti meM lIna-ekAgra-sI rahI hai| vasantamAlA kI taraha pavanaMjaya kA mitra prahasta bhI saccA mitra dharma bajAtA hai nirAzA, hatAzA ke samaya salAha, AzvAsana va dhairya baMdhAkara pavanaMjaya ko svastha rakhane kI koziza karatA hai, to ahaMkAra va abhimAna bhare usake vyavahAra ke samaya yogya mitra kI taraha vAstavikatA bhI samajhAtA hai| pavanaMjaya ke prati pAThaka kA dila kabhI roSa kA anubhava karatA hai, lekina usake gahare pazcAtApa ke bAda nirmala vyavahAra se punaH pAThaka kA dila jIta letA hai| anya sabhI pAtroM kA bhI acchA caritra-citraNa kiyA gayA hai| 1. padmarAja jaina-satI aMjanA, pR. 64. 2. vahI-pR. 73.

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344 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya nyAmata siMha ke nATaka : nyAmata siMha ne satI kamalazrI, satI vijayAsuMdarI, satI mainAsuMdarI, zrIpAla nATaka Adi aneka nATakoM kI racanA kI hai, jisameM jaina jagat ke prasiddha caritroM kI prasiddha kathA-vastu lI gaI hai| inake prAyaH sabhI nATakoM kI kathA-vastu bhASA-zailI, saMvAda zailI eka-sI hai| prAcIna kathAvastu ko Adhunika sAja-sajjA ke sAtha prastuta karake nATya-sAhitya ke prAraMbhika kAla ke anurUpa prastuta kiyA gayA hai| ina nATakoM kI nIMva meM jaina dharma kA koI na koI siddhAnta yA vicAradhArA rahI hai| dezakAla evaM vAtAvaraNa ko vizeSa mahatva nahIM diyA gayA. hai| unake nATakoM kA abhyAsa Adhunika yuga ke nATakoM ke pariprekSya meM nahIM kiyA jAnA cAhie, kyoMki jisa samaya se nATaka likhe gaye the, taba Adhunika nATakoM kA prAdurbhAva to ho cukA thA, lekina pAzcAtya nATya-sAhitya kI TekanIka va vicAradhArA kA vizeSa prabhAva dRSTigata nahIM huA thaa| usa samaya pArasI thiyeTrIkala kaMpanI ke saste manoraMjaka nATakoM kI kAphI dhUma macI thii| ataH saMbhava hai ki nyAmatasiMha ke nATakoM para bhI usakA prabhAva par3A ho aura saMvAdoM meM bhaddApana, haMsI-majAka, ThiTholI tathA zera-zAyarI gajala meM vArtAlApa calatA ho| pArasI kaMpanI ke nATakoM ko grAmINa va azikSita janatA vizeSa pasaMda karatI thI lekina zikSita janatA va sAhityakAra aise nATakoM se du:khI hote the aura sAhityika nATakoM kI racanA kI aura bhAratendu jI va unakI maNDalI vizeSa pravRtta huI va unakA raMgamaMca para saphala, ziSTa abhinaya bhI karane lge| rAdhezyAma kathAvAcaka, pratApanArAyaNa 'betAva', 'AgAha' Adi nATakakAra pArasI raMgamaMca ke lie vizeSataH nATaka likhate the aura padyamaya saMvAda tathA aMgrejI zabdoM kA prAcurya ina nATakoM meM vizeSa rahatA thaa| nyAmata ke nATakoM meM bhI ye vizeSatAe~ dekhI jAtI haiN| padya meM saMvAda to ThIka hai lekina prAcIna vAtAvaraNa ke anukUla aMgrejI zabdoM kA prayoga mela nahIM khaataa| vAtAvaraNa kI garimA evaM svAbhAvikatA kA paripAlana nahIM hotaa| aba unake kucha nATakoM ke viSaya meM vicAra kiyA jaayegaa| satI kamalazrI nATaka : yaha dhArmika nATaka abhinaya yogya hai| strI zikSA, dharma parAyaNatA, sAhiSNutA, pavitratA evaM dAna dharmAdi sadaguNoM kA jikra kathAvastu ke bIca-bIca meM kiyA gayA hai| lekhaka ke zabdoM meM hI-'isameM mauke-mauke para dharma kI zikSA aura gRhastha nIti kI zikSA kavitA ke dvArA acchI taraha se darzAI gaI hai| jisakI Ajakala bar3I AvazyakatA hai| isa nATaka meM isa bAta ko bhI acchI

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Adhunika hindI - jaina- gadya sAhitya : vidhAe~ aura viSaya-vastu taraha se vistArapUrvaka khilAyA gayA hai ki pahale ke samaya meM zrI bhaviSyadatta jaise vaizya putra kaise balavAna aura guNavAna hote the, jo apanI buddhi aura bhujabala rAjAoM taka ko yuddha meM parAsta karake aura unakI kanyAoM se zAdI karake svayaM rAjya kiyA karate the| + + + isa nATaka ko kissA yA kahAnI samajha kara isakA abhinaya nahIM karanA cAhie, balki jaina zAstra jAnakara isako vinayapUrvaka par3hanA cAhie, kyoMki isameM zrI jaina zAstra kA rahasya dikhAyA gayA hai|' isa nATaka kA nATakakAra ke kathanAnusAra aitihAsika evaM paurANika AdhAra prApta hai| Adi purANa va bhaviSyadatta caritra Adi jaina zAstra meM podanapura nagara aphagAnistAna yA gandhAra deza kI tarapha thA, aisA ullekha hai, podanapura kI taraha hastanApura - hastinApura nAmaka zahara, jo Aja to eka vIrAna jagaha bana gayA hai| usa samaya bahuta cahala-pahala vAlA zahara thaa| isa zahara meM rAjA pahamAla rAjya karatA thA, dhanadatta bahuta bar3A seTha aura haribala eka zrImaMta jaina mahAjana thA, jisakI strI kA nAma lakSmI devI thaa| unakI beTI kamalazrI guNavAna va rUpavAna thI, jo isa nATaka kI mukhya pAtrI hai| usakI zAdI isI zahara meM dhanadeva nAmaka zreSThi se huI thI aura bhaviSyadatta nAmaka putra huaa| 345 kathAnaka : saMskArI va sundara kamala zrI kI zAdI dhanadeva se hone ke bAda bahuta samaya taka santAna kA abhAva khaTakane lgaa| saMsAra se udAsa hokara vaha munirAja se dIkSA lene ko udyata ho jAtI hai, lekina munirAja ne garbhinI jAnakara use dIkSA na dii| garbha kI bAta jAnakara kamalazrI atyanta prasanna huI / samaya para bhaviSyadatta nAmaka putra ko janma diyaa| kucha samaya bAda dhanadeva dhanadatta seTha kI putrI surUpA ke saundarya meM Asakta ho gayA aura usake sAtha vivAha kara kamalazrI ko pIhara bheja diyaa| surUpA ko bandhudatta nAmaka putra huaa| aba vimAtA ke durvyavahAra se asaMtuSTa bhaviSyadatta nanihAla calA gyaa| udhara surUpA ke adhika lAr3a-pyAra se bandhudatta bigar3a gyaa| bar3e hone para bhaviSyadatta mA~ kI ijAjata lekara vyApAra karane ke lie calatA hai, bandhudatta bhI sAtha meM jAtA hai| mArga meM mainAgiri parvata para bhaviSyadatta ko dhokhA dekara chor3a diyA gayA aura svayaM jahAjoM ko lekara calA gayA / yahA~ bhaviSyadatta ko kAphI kaSTa sahane par3e aura bhAgyavaza tilakapura paTTana pahu~ca kara tilakAsuMdarI nAmaka rAjakanyA se usakA vivAha huaa| udhara bandhudatta kA jahAja coroM ne lUTa liyaa| bhaviSyadatta tilakA ke sAtha hastinApura lauTa rahA thA ki mArga meM dayanIya dazA meM bandhudatta bhI A milaa| bhaviSya datta ne use sAntvanA dI aura sAtha le liyaa| durbhAgyavaza tilakAsundarI kI mudrikA

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346 Adhunika hindI - jaina sAhitya lAne ke lie jahAja se utare hue bhaviSyadatta ko punaH dhokhA dekara jahAja ko Age bar3havA kara tilakA suMdarI ko hathiyAne kI kuceSTA karatA hai| mohAndha hokara usa para balAtkAra karanA bhI cAhatA hai, lekina usake divya teja ke samakSa use parAjita honA pdd'aa| bandhudatta apAra saMpatti evaM suMdara kanyA ko lekara aba nagara vApasa lauTA to sAre nagara meM khabara phaila gii| surUpA putra ke vaibhava evaM bahU ko dekhakara prasanna ho gii| tilakA ke sAtha bandhudatta ke vivAha kA samAcAra cAroM aura phaila gyaa| udhara mudrikA lekara jaba kinAre para pahu~cakara bhaviSyadatta ne jahAja ko na dekhA to nirAza hotA hai| jaise-taise hastinApura pahu~ca kara apanI mA~ se milApa hotA hai| duHkhI mA~ kamalazrI putra ko sakuzala dekha prasanna hotI hai| sArI ghaTanA suna becArI duHkhI hotI hai| sAre nagara meM bandhudatta ke durAcAra kA samAcAra phaila jAtA hai| duHkhI evaM nirAza tilakA ko pati ke punarAgamana se khuzI huii| rAja darabAra meM surUpA evaM bandhudatta kA mu~ha kAlA ho gyaa| bhaviSyadatta aura tilakA suMdarI kamalazrI ke sAtha sukha-caina se rahane lage aura dhanadeva ko satI kamalazrI se kSamA mAMganI pdd'ii| bandhudatta ne kopita hokara podanapura ke yuvarAja ke samIpa pahuMca kara gajapura ke mahArAja kI kanyA se zAdI karane ke lie prerita kiyaa| lekina gajapura ke rAjA ne apanI kanyA sumatA ke lie bhaviSyadatta ko cuna liyA thaa| ataH donoM rAjAoM meM yuddha huA / bhaviSyadatta ne senApati pada para pratiSThita hokara atIva vIratA se lar3AI kara vijayalakSmI ko prApta kiyaa| sumatA kI zAdI AnaMdollAsa ke sAtha bhaviSyadatta ke sAtha saMpanna huii| tilakA suMdarI paTarAnI huii| ' isa nATaka meM vAtAvaraNa kI sRSTi itane gaMbhIra evaM sajIva rUpa meM kI gaI hai ki atIta hamAre sAmane Akara upasthita ho jAtA hai| dhokhA aura kapaTa nIti sadA asaphala rahatI hai, yaha isa nATaka se spaSTa hai| kathopakathana svAbhAvika bana par3A hai| caritra citraNa kI dRSTi se yaha nATaka surucipUrNa aura svAbhAvika hai| isa nATaka kI zailI purAtana hai| bhASA urdU mizrita hai tathA ekAdha jagaha asvAbhAvikatA bhI pratIta hotI hai|" gajala, zera-zAyarI aura kavvAliyoM meM prAyaH saMvAda calate rahate haiN| nATakakAra paMjAba ke hone se urdU zabdoM kI bharamAra hai, jaise- yArAnA, jahUra, zarAba, hasada, Alaprabha, badajubAnI buvz2akInA Adi-sAtha hI tharamomiTara jaise aMgrejI ke zabda bhI prayukta hue haiN| padyAtmaka saMvAda kA eka udAharaNa dravTavya hai-taba bhaviSyadatta apane bhAI kI cAlAkI dekhakara du:khI hotA hai, to socatA hai 1. DA. nemicandra jI : hindI jaina sAhitya kA parizIlana, pR0 117.

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-gadya sAhitya : vidhAe~ aura viSaya-vastu 347 zera- kyA bhAiyoM meM muhabbata aura vaphAdArI, kyA yAroM meM muhabbata aura yArIAja saba ekadama jAtI rahI duniyA se kyA, zarArata, makra, dagA, dhokhA, pheja, riyA yakAyaka tamAma khye jamIna para chA gaI; kyA dayA va dharma kA, jamAnA palaTa gayA, rahama va iMsApha kA takhtA ulaTa gyaa|" duHkhI, nirAza bhaviSyadatta akelA Age bar3hatA huA tilakapura paTTana pahu~catA hai, jahA~ samRddhi hI samRddhi dikhAI par3atI hai| prathama maMdira dekhakara bhaviSyadatta vahAM jAkara bhagavAna mahAvIra kI mUrti ke caraNoM meM girakara prArthanA karatA hai(cAla) ina dinoM joze janU hai tere divAne kI, aya mahAvIra jamAne kA dinakara tU hai, sAre dukhiyoM ke lie eka divAkara tU hai, tUne paigAma ahiMsA kA sunAyA sabako basa, jamAne kA hitopadezI sarAsara tU hai| . isa prakAra kI zero-zAyarI meM hI nATaka ke prAyaH sabhI pAtra bAtacIta karate haiM, jo kahIM-kahIM asvAbhAvika avazya haiN| satI vijayAsundarI nATaka : 'kamala zrI' nATaka kI taraha isameM bhI prAcIna kathAvastu ko upadezAtmaka DhaMga se prastuta kiyA gayA hai| nATakakAra ke zabdoM meM 'isameM zIla dharma kI mahimA dikhAI gaI hai ki kisa prakAra eka garIba lakar3ahAre ne zIlavrata kA pAlane karake rAjA kI padavI ko prApta kiyA tathA satI vijayAsundarI se apane pati ke khoye hue rAjya ko kisa prakAra prApta kiyA aura apane putra jIvaMdhara ko kisa prakAra rAjagaddI para baitthaayaa| 'isa nATaka meM bhI kavvAlI, zera aura gajala meM hI pUre-pUre saMvAda calate haiM, jo kahIM-kahIM cubhate haiN| vaise bhASA urdU pradhAna hone se miThAsa kAphI hai| kahIM-kahIM to duniyAdArI, dharma-karma, kI bAtoM ko acchI taraha se carcita kiyA gayA hai| rAjA satyaMdhara kI suzIla guNavAna rAnI vijayAsuMdarI kahatI hai dhArmika rAjA hai jo aura dharma kA avatAra hai, dharma para calatA hai, jo tajakara viSaya ko, kAma ko| apane sukha ke vAste mana chor3iye isa rAja ko, soca lIjiyegA jarA isa kAma ke aMjAma ko| (pR. 30)

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348 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya rAjA satyaMdhara kA kevala bephikra hokara mauja majA aura 'aizoArAma ke lie rAjagaddI va rAjakAla kisI suyogya vyakti ke hAtha meM na sauMpakara eka anapar3ha, nIca lakar3ahAre ke hAtha meM sauMpakara nizcita ho jAnA buddhi ko grAhya nahIM ho paataa| ThIka hai ki eka bAra lakar3ahAre ne vezyA padmAvatI ke ghara jAkara bhI raMgareliyoM ke bIca meM se vrata-niyama kI yAda A jAne se turanta uThakara cale jAne kI haThatA batAI thI aura isase rAjA prabhAvita bhI huA thaa| lekina isI vajaha se use rAjakAja sauMpa denA kahAM kI akkala hai? kevala vrata-niyama kI dRr3hatA se hI vaha vizvAsI evaM rAjakAja meM kuzala-catura hogA aisA kaise svIkArya-saMbhava ho sakatA hai? maMtrI dharmadatta aura mahArAnI vijayAsundarI ne kAphI samajhAyA-bujhAyA tathA bhaviSya kA socakara hI kArya karane ko kahA, lekina rAjA apane nizcaya meM dRr3ha thaa| ataH lakar3ahAre ko rAjya kI bAgaDora sauMpakara ve svayaM nizcita bana gye| rAjA maMtrI vasudatta kI zaMkA kA apane tarka se samAdhAna karate hue kahate haiM- vaz2Ira sAhaba, Apa ghabarAiye mata, aisA nahIM ho sakatA ki kASTAMgAra hamase koI dagAbAjI kare yA kisI kisma kI jAlasAjI kre| rAja kI bAgaDora to hamAre hAthoM meM rahegI, usako to sirpha apane aijanTa ke taura para mukarrara kiyA jA sakatA hai|' rAjA ko apanI isa jaldabAjI evaM aviveka kA phala bhI turanta milatA hai| kASTAMgAra ne rAjA kA katla karavA diyA aura khuda rAjya har3apa liyaa| sAtha hI vaha sagarbhA rAnI ko bhI mAra DAlanA cAhatA thA, tAki Ane vAlI saMtAna rAjagaddI vApasa lene kI ceSTA na kare, rAnI va santAna na rahane se bhaviSya kA koI khatarA na rhe| lekina dama tor3ate hue rAjA ne rAnI ko vimAna se bhAga jAne kA Adeza diyaa| rAnI kaikeya yaMtra meM baiThakara bhAga chUTatI hai evaM putra ko janma dekara pAlatI-posatI huI aneka prayatnoM ke bAda punaH rAjagaddI prApta kara putra ko sthApita karatI hai| usa samaya deviyA~ AnaMda-maMgala ke gIta gAtI haiN| isa gIta meM gAMdhI jI kA nAmoccAraNa dezakAla va vAtAvaraNa kI dRSTi se anucita va dezakAla-doSa kahA jAyegA, lekina deza bhakti ke pravAha meM nATakakAra khIMcate hue aisA kara baiThe haiN| isa prakAra zIla evaM vrata dharma kI mahattA pradarzita karatA huA yaha nATaka raMgamaMcIya dRSTikoNa se eka-do dRzyoM ko dUra kara avazya abhinayAtmaka kahA jaayegaa| satI mainA suMdarI nATaka : jaina graMthoM meM satI mainA sundarI evaM rAjA zrIpAla kA rAsa bahuta hI lokapriya aura zraddhApAtra mAnA gayA hai| caita evaM Azvina ke zukla pakSa meM nava

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Adhunika hindI - jaina- gadya sAhitya : vidhAe~ aura viSaya-vastu dina taka vrata upAsanA karake rAjA zrIpAla va mainAsundarI kI kathA yAda karake unakI dRr3hatA, zIla, dharma parAyaNatA, nyAya vRtti ko zraddhAMjali dI jAtI hai| jaina darzana meM karma ke mahatva ko atyanta mahatvapUrNa mAnA gayA hai, kyoMki AdamI apane karmoM ke anukUla hI sukha-duHkha prApta karatA hai| zIlavrata evaM zuddha AcaraNa ke dvArA sukha prApta karatA hai, to bure karmoM ke kAraNa duHkha, kaSTa sahana karane par3ate haiN| prAcIna rocaka kathAvastu ko grahaNa kara isameM nATakakAra ne isa sanAtana satya kI abhivyakti apane pAtroM se karavAI hai / mainAsuMdarI apane karmoM ko pitA ke rAja- vaibhava kI tulanA meM vizeSa mahatva detI hai| isI vajaha se ujjaina nagarI ke rAjA pahupAla gusse meM Akara lAr3alI beTI kA kuSTha rogI zrIpAla ke sAtha vyAha kara dete haiN| lekina mainA apane karmoM ke phala meM avicala vizvAsa rakhatI huI vrata - dharma evaM sevA suzruSA se pati aura unake 500 kuSTha rogI sAthiyoM kA roga miTAtI hai| aneka kaSToM ko dhairyapUrvaka sahane ke bAda aMta meM vaha sukha-saubhAgya ko prApta karatI hai| zrIpAla rAjA punaH rAjagaddI para pratiSThita hote haiM aura vaha paTarAnI banakara sukha-vaibhava bhogatI hai| takadIra bar3I cIja hone ke sAtha niHsvArtha puruSArtha kA saccA mahattva mainA kA caritra vyakta karatA hai| isa nATaka kA abhinaya kiyA jA sakatA hai, lekina kalAtatva, sAhityikatA isameM kama mAtrA meM hai| vAtAvaraNa saMvAda kI garimA, laghutA - tIvratA, caritroM kA mArmika apratyakSa rUpa se citraNa Adi kA nATaka meM honA Avazyaka hai, ina sabakI anupasthiti isa nATaka meM vartamAna hai| phira bhI rocaka kathAvastu tathA abhineyatA kA guNa vidyamAna hai| nemicandra jI isa nATaka ke sambaMdha meM likhate haiM- 'mainAsuMdarI nATaka kA abhinaya kiyA jA sakatA hai, para usameM kalA nahIM hai| vyartha kA anuprAsa milAne ke lie bhASA ko kRtrima banAyA gayA hai| zailI bhI bojhila hai| sAhityikatA kA abhAva hai|" 'zrIpAla nATaka' meM mainAsuMdarI kI apekSA adhika nATya tattva pAye jAte haiN| isake kathopakathana bhI prabhAvotpAdaka haiM tathA gadya-padya donoM meM lakSya kI madhuratA aura kramabaddhatA hai| abhinaya kI dRSTi se bhI vaha bahuta aMzoM meM saphala hai| urdU zabdoM kI bharamAra hone para bhI acchA nATaka hai| 349 varddhamAna mahAvIra : brajakizora nArAyaNa ne isa nATaka kI racanA kara bhagavAna mahAvIra ke Adarza jIvana ko aMkita kiyA hai tathA mahAvIra kA satya, ahiMsA kA saMdeza jana-sAmAnya meM prasArita karane ke uddezya se isa abhinayAtmaka nATaka kI racanA gaI hai| To nemicandra jI : hindI jaina sAhitya kA parizIlana, pR0 115. 1.

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350 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya kathAnaka : mahAvIra kI kathAvastu atyanta prAcIna va prasiddha hai| mahAvIra kI jIvanI ko isa nATaka meM kathopakathana ke mAdhyama se vyakta kiyA gayA hai| janma se hI vardhamAna asAdhAraNa dIkhate the| bacapana meM sAthI bAlaka bhI unake vyaktitva se prabhAvita ho jAte the| unakI adbhuta ahiMsaka vIratA va alaukika zakti, teja va kAryoM ke kAraNa unake mAtA-pitA ne bhI unheM tIrthaMkara ke rUpa meM svIkAra kara liyA thaa| kumAra ke yuvA hone para vivAha kI ciMtA rAjA-rAnI ko hone lagI, lekina vairAgI beTA barAbara inkAra karatA rhaa| mAtA-pitA ke adhikAdhika Agraha se phira AjJAkArI putra ne Adeza ke pAlana karane hetu vivAha karanA svIkAra kiyaa| mAtA-pitA kI mRtyu ke bAda agraja naMdivarddhana se AjJA lekara patnI yazodA aura putrI priyadarzanA ko chor3akara dIkSA grahaNa kara lI, kyoMki saMsAra ke padArthoM, bhoga-vaibhava rAjya lipsA se unheM kaba se aruci ho gaI thii| ataH samAja meM svArtha-parAyaNatA, hiMsA, asatya ke sthAna para ahiMsA, mAnavatA aura satya kA pracAra karane ke lie ve nikala pdd'e| prAraMbha meM bAraha varSa ugra tapazcaryA, manonigraha evaM ciMtana-manana meM, kaSTa-saMkaToM ko sahate hue gujaare| bAda meM 'kevala jJAna' ko prApta kara ziSyoM kA samudAya banAkara upadeza denA prArambha kiyaa| unake ziSyoM meM mekhalIputra gozAlA evaM unake jAmAtA jAmAli ne mahAvIra kA ghora virodha kiyA, niMdA kI lekina aMta meM donoM ko pazcAtApa aura kaSTa kI mauta maranA pdd'aa| mahAvIra ne to una donoM ke prati prema aura karuNApUrNa vyavahAra rakhA thaa| gautama indrabhUti ko prathama gaNadhara (ziSya) pada para sthApita kara anya pramukha AcAryoM ko gaNadhara banAkara jaina dharma kA pracAra-prasAra kiyaa| anta meM 72 varSa kI Ayu meM mahAvIra pAvApurI pahu~ce aura vahA~ divya upadeza dete hue kArtika kI amAvAsyA ko samAdhimaraNa lekara 'mokSa' prApta kiyaa| unakI mokSa prApti ke maMgala avasara ko manAne ke lie dIpa jalAne kI prathA prAraMbha huI hai aisA mAnA jAtA hai| hiMsA-ajJAna kA aMdhakAra dUra kara jaise ahiMsAtmaka jJAna kI jyoti prabhu mahAvIra ne phailAI, isake pratIka rUpa meM dIpaka jalAkara ujAlA prakaTa karane kA pracalana prAraMbha huaa| isa nATaka kA kathAnaka jaina Agama ke AdhAra para se liyA gayA hai aura nATakakAra zvetAMbara mAnyatA meM vizvAsa karate hue lagate haiM, kyoMki digambara mAnyatA meM mahAvIra ko avivAhita aura sAdhanAkAla meM digambarAvasthA meM hI svIkArA gayA hai| lekhaka ne isako vizeSakara abhinaya ke lie likhA hai aura apane uddezya meM ve saphala bhI hue haiN| kyoMki sabhI ghaTanAeM dRzya haiM aura sUkSma

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-gadya sAhitya : vidhAe~ aura viSaya-vastu 351 ghaTanAoM kA abhAva hai| nRtya aura saMgIta kA bhI isameM abhAva hai| abhinaya sambaMdhI truTiyA~ bahuta kama pAI jAtI haiN| kathAnaka bhI sarala hai, aura dRzya-parivartana raMgamaMcAnusAra huA hai| saMgIta kI bilkula anupasthiti aise dhArmika nATaka ko nIrasa banA detA hai| kathopakathana nATakIya prabhAva utpanna karane kI kSamatAvAle haiN| kAvya aura akAvya donoM prakAra ke kathopakathana haiM, jo kathA kI gati ko Age bar3hAne meM evaM caritroM kI vizeSatA para prakAza DAlane meM samartha hai| rAnI trizalA aura sucetA kA nimnalikhita saMvAda kathA ke pravAha ko tIvra banAne ke sAtha vardhamAna ke guNoM para bhI prakAza DAlatA hai 'trizalA-sucetA! mai tAlAba meM sabase Age tairate hue donoM haMsoM ko dekhakara anubhava kara rahI hU~, jaise mere donoM putra naMdibarddhana aura varddhamAna jalakrIr3A kara rahe haiN| donoM meM jo sabase Age taira rahA hai vaha-sucetA-'vaha kumAra naMdivarddhana hai mhaaraanii|' trizalA-'nahIM sucetA, vaha varddhamAna hai| naMdivardhana meM itanI kSipratA kahA~ ? dekha, dekha kisa phurtI se kamala kI parikramA kara rahA hai zarAratI kahIM kaa|' phira bhI kathopakathanoM ke dvArA pAtroM ke antardvandva kI sthiti ko vyakta karane kI nATakakAra ne koziza nahIM kI hai| yadi ve cAhate to mAtA-pitA kI mRtyu, tapasyA, sAdhanA, Adi ke avasaroM para mahAvIra ke svAbhAvika antardvandva kA Ayojana-nirUpaNa-kara sakate the| vardhamAna ke atirikta anya mukhya pAtroM kA-nandivarddhana, yazodA, trizalA, priyadarzanA Adi kA-vaiyaktika vikAsa na dikhalAkara unake caritroM ko gauNa banA diyA hai| nATaka ke lie Avazyaka kAryAvasthA aura artha prakRtiyoM kA bhI saMpUrNa nirvAha nahIM ho pAyA hai| phira bhI zAnta rasa kI prabhAvaka niSpatti tathA pUrNa abhineyAtmakatA ke kAraNa nATaka suMdara bana par3A hai| 'rasa-paripAka kI dRSTi se yaha racanA saphala hai| na yaha sukhAnta hai, aura na dukhAnta hii| mahAvIra ke nirvANa-lAbha ke samaya zAMta rasa kA sAgara umar3ane lagatA hai| ahiMsA mAnava ke antas kA prakSAlana kara use bhagavAna banA detI hai| yahI isa nATaka kA saMdeza hai| vartamAna kI samasta burAiyA~ isa ahiMsA ke pAlana karane se hI dUra kI jA sakatI hai|' sva. bhagavatsvarUpa jaina ne bhI dhArmika nATakoM kI racanA kI hai| nATakoM meM Adhunika bhASA zailI evaM raMgamaMcIya nirdezana kA pUrA vAtAvaraNa banA rahatA hai| abhineya yogyatA inake nATakoM kI vizeSatA hai| 'garIba' unakA karuNa rasa pradhAna sAmAjika nATaka hai, jisameM samAja kI viSamatA, pU~jIpati kI zoSaNapriyatA, 1. DA. nemicandra jI : hindI jaina sAhitya kA parizIlana, pR. 120.

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352 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya samAja-sudhAra ke prati amIroM kA vidrohAtmaka vyavahAra Adi kA digdarzana karAyA gayA hai| lakSmI kI caMcalatA va mAyA kA mohaka rUpa dikhAkara lekhaka ne mAnava-hRdaya ko dhana ke ahaM se nahIM, balki mAnavatA aura karuNA se prakAzita karane kA saMdeza vyakta kiyA hai| mukhya kathA ke sAtha gRha-kalaha, daheja kI nirdaya prathA ko aMkita karane vAlI avAntara kathAeM bhI sAtha calatI haiM, jo darzaka ko rasa-vibhora banA detI haiN| bhagavat jI kA yaha sundara nATaka hai| 'bhAgya' unakA paurANika kathAnaka se yukta nATaka hai jo pUrNataH abhinaya yogya hai| nATakakAra ne raMgamaMcIya banAne kA kAphI khyAla rakhA hai| sAja-sajjA, abhinaya, raMga, vezabhUSA Adi ke viSaya meM Avazyaka sUcanAe~ dI haiN| nATakakAra kA Agraha hai ki-'jahA~ taka huA hai, use sArvajanika banAne kA prayatna kiyA hai| kathAnaka ko prAyaH sabhI ghaTanAe~ dene kI ceSTA kI hai, kintu sTeja karane vAloM kI suvidhA, asuvidhA kA dhyAna pahale rakhA hai| + + + + isI taraha kama se kama pAtra, cune hue Adhunika DhaMga ke saMvAda aura thor3e samaya meM samApta ho sakane yogya saMkSipta ploTa Adi una sabhI bAtoM ko pahale kucha socA, bAda meM likhA gyaa| sAtha hI, kucha ve bAteM bhI zAyada Apako isameM mila sakeM, jo nATaka-sAhitya kI kasauTI para kasI jAyA karatI haiN| sahI hai ki Aja isa DhaMga ke nATaka likhane kA calana kama ho gayA hai, yaha purAnI pArasI kampaniyoM kI dena hai| lekina yathArthavAda pA rApatha lekara yaha kahA sakatA hai ki bhale hI isa zailI ko sAhityika na kahA jAya, kintu sTeja para yaha jo prabhAva chor3atI haiM, vaha mananazIla sAhityika zailI kI nATikAeM nhiiN| lekhaka ne prAraMbha meM hI 'phleza-aMka' kI Tekanika kA prayoga kiyA hai, jo Adhunika sAhitya kI vizeSatA kahI jaayegii| ___nATakakAra ne paurANika kathAnaka ke bIca meM bhI Adhunika vicAradhArA kA saMniyojana suMdara rUpa se kiyA hai| ahiMsA aura nyAya ke saMdarbha meM acche vicAra prastuta kiye haiN| jaba dhavalarAya ko sajA dene ke lie bhUmaNDala rAjA kahatA hai, taba zrIpAla use mukta karake kSamA karane ko kahate haiN| ve kahate haiM-'to kyA mahArAja kA yaha khyAla hai ki buroM ko burAI ke rAste para hI Dhakelate rahanA samajhadArI hai| saca to yaha hai ki isI ravaiye para buroM kI tAdAda bar3hatI hai| unheM bhI Az2AdI ke sAtha bhalAI kA rasa cakhane diyA jAe , to sAMpa kA dila bhI usake zarIra kI taraha mulAyama banAyA jA sakatA hai|' bhagavat jI 1. bhagavata jaina-'bhAgya' nATikA, bhUmikA, pR. 4. 2. bhagavata jaina-'bhAgya' nATaka, pR. 113.

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-gadya sAhitya : vidhAe~ aura viSaya-vastu 353 kI bhASA meM rocakatA kAphI hai| saMvAda bhI choTe-choTe evaM kathA ko gati dene vAle haiN| kahIM-kahIM aMgrejI ke zabdoM se yukta zuddha sAhityika bhASA hai| bhagavat jI ke sAta ahiMsA pUrNa ekAMkiyoM kA saMgraha 'bali jo caDhI nahIM' bhI sundara bhASA-zailI meM likhA gayA hai| isameM dhArmika, paurANika, sAmAjika evaM rASTrIya kathAnaka yukta ekAMkiyoM ko lekhaka ne pUrNataH abhinayAtmaka rUpa pradAna kiyA hai| jaina sAhitya ke bhaNDAra kI abhivRddhi karane meM bhagavat jaina kA yogadAna prazaMsanIya kahA jaayegaa| 16 dRzyoM ke 'daheja ke duHkhada pariNAma' nATaka meM paM. jJAnacandra jaina ne hAsya evaM vyaMgya ke dvArA samAja meM panapa rahI daheja kI viSama-bhayaMkara phalagAmI prathA para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| isa sAmAjika nATaka meM daheja ke kAraNa du:khada pariNAmoM kI ora aMguli-nirdeza kiyA gayA hai| navayuvaka vijaya apane daheja lobhI bApa seTha dhanapAla kI icchA ke viruddha jAkara binA daheja liye hI suzIla lar3akI se zAdI karane kA phaisalA kara letA hai aura apane nirNaya meM dRr3ha bhI rahatA hai| dhana kI apekSA yogya saMskAra va suzIlatA ko vaha pramukhatA detA hai| vijaya kI mukhya kathA ke sAtha daheja lekara beTe kI zAdI karane vAle sasura tathA beTe kI burI dazA kA varNana karane vAlI kathA bhI sAtha calatI hai| choTe se nATaka meM choTe-choTe dRzyoM meM lekhaka ne kAphI kuzalatA se sAmAjika burAiyoM para vyaMgyAtmaka zailI meM prakAza DAlA hai| kathopakathana kI bhASA sarala hai tathA bIca meM kahIM gIta yA lambe svagata kathana nahIM Ane se rocakatA banI rahI hai evaM kathA kA pravAha vizRMkhalita hone para kAphI prabhAva par3ane kI saMbhAvanA rahatI hai| naMdalAla jaina ne teraha aMkoM meM vibhAjita ahiMsA pradhAna sAmAjika nATaka 'bhArata ke sapUta' likhA hai| samAja meM vidhavA, garIba evaM anAtha baccoM kI karuNa dazA para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| samAja sudhAraka ramAkAnta aura usakA mitra manohara donoM samAja meM phailI badiyoM ko dUra karane kI koziza karate haiN| eka ora garIba asahAyaka dInAnAtha hai, to dUsarI ora dhanika lobhI atyAcArI seTha dhanapAla hai| seTha jI ke ikalaute beTe ko sAMpa DaMsa jAtA hai, to usakI A~kheM khula jAtI haiN| zeTha aura zeThAnI kI haije meM mauta ho jAtI hai| ataH ve apanI saMpatti bhAratavarSIya anAthAzrama ko dene jAte haiN| isa Azrama ke paMDita jI garIba anAtha baccoM, vidhavAoM Adi kI tana-mana-dhana se sevA karate haiN| manohara isI Azrama meM pala-posakara bar3A huA hai| sAmAnya Azrama se yaha bhinna prakAra kI AdarzAtmaka saMsthA hai| isakI acchAI evaM suvyavasthA kI pAtroM dvArA bAra-bAra duhAI dilavAnA kucha asvAbhAvika bhI pratIta hotA hai| guNDoM ke caMgula

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354 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya meM vidhavA kAntA kI rakSA kara usake choTe bacce kanhaiyA ke sAtha manohara Azrama meM le AtA hai| bIca-bIca meM ramAkAnta evaM manohara ke gItoM meM prema va ahiMsA, dayA, mamatA va sahAnubhUtipUrNa vyavahAra kA saMdeza diyA jAtA hai| aMta meM jaina dharma kI mahattvapUrNa vicAradhArA ahiMsA kI upAdeyatA pratipAdita karate hue likhA gayA hai ki-saMsAra meM ahiMsA se bar3hakara koI dharma nahIM hai| koI devI yA mAtA saMsAra meM kisI kI bali nahIM caahtii| aura na vaha mAMsa-bhakSaNa karatI hai| vaha to kevala ina dhUrtoM ne apane pApI peTa ke lie DhoMga racA rakhA hai| maiM saMsAra ko upadeza karatI hU~ ki saMsAra meM sabhI jIvoM para dayA karo, kabhI kisI ko mata staao| jAo bettaa| tumane saMsAra kI A~kheM khola dI haiN| tumhArA yaza saMsAra meM akSaya ho| isake Age jaba manohara devI ke maMdira meM nirdoSa pazu kI jagaha svayaM bali ke lie taiyAra ho jAtA hai, taba usakA mitra usakI ahiMsA, himmata evaM sAhasa kI prazaMsA karatA huA kahatA hai dharma ahiMsA meM base-hiMsAmAMhi adharma jo hiMsA karate adhama, pAveM naraka adhrm|' isa prakAra eka ora samAja meM dalitoM, pIr3itoM, asahAyoM kI dazA kA nATakIya DhaMga se nirUpaNa hai, to dUsarI ora nirdoSa pazuoM kI bali kA jaghanya kArya roka kara ahiMsA prasthApita karane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai| nATaka raMgamaMcIya hai evaM bhASA bhI sarala hai, vAtAvaraNa kA citraNa vizeSa nahIM ho pAyA hai| pAtroM meM bhI ramAkAnta tathA manohara kA acchA caritra-citraNa ho sakA hai, jabaki anya gauNa pAtroM meM seTha dhanapAla jI, vidhavA kAntA, garIba dInAnAtha, paMDita jI Adi ke lie avakAza nahIM rahatA hai| dIvAna amaracaMda : ... sva. ratanalAla gaMgavAla ne jayapura ke rASTrapremI ahiMsaka, nyAyI tathA karuNAzIla dIvAna amaracaMda jI kI jIvanI para se yaha nATaka likhA hai| jayapura nagara ke choTe dIvAna hone para bhI ve sAdagI aura saralatA se rahate the| jaina dharma ke tatvoM ke prati unakI apAra zraddhA thii| unakI aTUTa zraddhA se prabhAvita hokara jayapura ke mahArAja ne nirdoSa prANI kI hatyA para pratibaMdha lagavAyA thaa| dIvAna garIboM kI ni:svArtha sevA-sahAyatA karate rahate the| jayapura ke utkarSa ke lie samAja meM pravartita prAcIna sar3I-galI rUr3hiyoM ko tor3ane ke lie ve niraMtara satarka rahate the| itane bar3e pada para adhInastha hone para bhI ve atyanta dayAlu evaM namra the| apane rAjya meM kahIM bhI asaMtoSa yA avyavasthA na banI rahe, isake lie ve 1. naMdalAla jaina-'bhArata ke sapUta', pR0 38.

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-gadya sAhitya : vidhAe~ aura viSaya-vastu 355 nirantara satarka rahate the| nATaka saMkSipta hai, phira bhI kathAnaka sArapUrNa, garbhita va rocaka hai| jaina dharma kI ahiMsA, dayA, mamatA, evaM prema pUrNa vyavahAra kI vicAradhArA parokSa rUpa se vyakta kI gaI hai| saMdeza pratyakSa na hokara saMvAda ke mAdhyama se Ane se nIrasatA yA bojha nahIM lgtaa| bhASA meM rAjasthAnI bhASA kA thor3A-bahuta prabhAva dikhatA hai| bIca meM Ate gIta kathAvastu aura pAtra para prakAza DAlane vAle haiN| rAjakumAra jaina bhI kavi ke uparAMta nATakakAra ke rUpa meM bhI Adhunika jaina sAhitya meM mahattva sthAna rakhate haiN| unhoMne bhI prAcIna granthoM ke AdhAra para se jaina dharma va jagata kI prasiddha strI candanabAlA evaM surasuMdarI kI kathA para se 'satI sura suMdarI nATaka' aura 'satI candanabAlA' nATaka kI racanAeM kI haiN| satI candanavAlA meM jaina dharma kI prasiddha prathama strI AMbikA (sAdhvI) caMdanA kI dharmapriyatA, kaSTa-sahiSNutA, tyAga-virAga evaM hRdaya kI komala vRttiyoM ko vyakta karane vAlI ghaTanAoM kA rAjakumAra jI ne suMdara sAhityika bhASA zailI evaM AkarSaka kathopakathanoM meM nirUpaNa kiyA hai| usI prakAra 'satI surasuMdarI' meM rAjakumArI surasuMdarI kI ojasvitA, pAtivrata dharma, sahanazIlatA kA bhAvavAhI bhASA meM caritrAMkana kiyA hai| ina donoM viSayoM para kathA-sAhitya bhI kAphI upalabdha hotA hai| nArI ke AdarzAtmaka caritroM ko prastuta kara jaina sAhityakAra jaina samAja ke nArI ratnoM kA paricaya dekara nArI varga ko preraNA denA bhI cAhate isa prakAra hindI nATaka-sAhitya para dRSTipAta karane para pAyeMge ki prAyaH nATaka ahiMsA dharma kI mahattA caritArtha karane ke uddezya se likhe gaye haiM, jinakA AdhAra prAcIna grantha rahe haiN| ina nATakoM meM hindI nATakoM kI taraha sAja-sajjA, manovizleSaNAtmakatA, bhASA zailI kI vidagdhatA, vAtAvaraNa kA niyojana Adi cAhe prApta na ho lekina ye nATaka abhinaya ko dRSTikoNa meM rakhakara vizeSataH likhe gaye haiN| aura unakI bhASA zailI atyanta subodha rahI hai| inameM se thor3e-bahuta nATaka to atyanta ucca koTi ke haiM, evaM rocakatA kA guNa bhI paryApta mAtrA meM vidyamAna hai| nibaMdha-sAhitya : Adhunika hindI jaina sAhitya meM sabase samRddha vidhA nibaMdha sAhitya kI rahI hai| upanyAsa, nATaka kI tulanA meM vividha viSayoM para aparimita nibaMdha vidvAnoM ke dvArA likhe gaye haiN| ina nibaMdhoM meM saiddhAMtika, vicArAtmaka, AcArAtmaka, dArzanika, gaveSaNAtmaka Adi vividha prakAra ke haiN| ina nibaMdhoM kI bhASA-zailI

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356 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya meM pravAha, vicArAtmakatA evaM subodhAtmakatA avazya nihita hai| Adhunika kAla ko gadya yuga kA zreya dilavAne meM nibaMdha-sAhitya kA mahatvapUrNa yogadAna kahA jAtA hai| Adhunika yuga meM gadya ko sAhitya kI kasauTI mAna lI jAya, to nibaMdha ko gadya kI kasauTI kahA jA sakatA hai| kyoMki sAhitya kI isa vidhA meM sarvAdhika sugaThana, vicAroM va zailI kI paripakvatA, custatA, pravAha Adi kI AvazyakatA rahatI hai| Adhunika nibaMdha-sAhitya saMskRta ke nibaMdha yA prabaMdha se sarvathA bhinna rUpa se svIkRta hai, evaM pazcAttApa sAhitya kI dena kahA jAyegA kyoMki yaha Aja leTina ke 'egbIjIyara' (nizcitatApUrvaka parIkSaNa karanA) se nikale phrenca ke 'esAi' aura aMgrejI ke 'aise' (Essay) kA paryAya ho gayA hai, jinakA zAbdika artha prayatna, prayoga yA parIkSaNa hotA hai aura prayoga kI dRSTi se jo laghu athavA maryAdita dIrgha kalevara kI usa anavasthita gadya racanA ke lie prayukta hotA hai, jisameM nibandhakAra AtmIyatA, vaiyaktitatA yA nirvAdhikatA ke sAtha kisI eka viSaya yA usake kinhIM aMzoM yA prasaMgoM para apanI nijI bhASA zailI meM bhAva yA vicAra prakaTa karatA hai| yahA~ hamArA prayojana nibaMdha kI paribhASA, tatva yA vikAsa ke sandarbha meM carcA karane kA katipaya rahatA nahIM hai, kyoMki nibaMdha ko eka paribhASA meM bAMdhanA atyanta kaThina hai| bhAratIya va pAzcAtya kAvya zAstrakAroM ne, sAhityakAroM ne isake saMdarbha meM bhinna-bhinna pahaluoM ko lekara vistAra se vicAra kiyA hai| eka bAta nibaMdha ke sambaMdha meM nizcita hai ki vaha sarvathA vyaktigata evaM svAnubhUti mUlaka vidhA hai| ataH AcArya zukla ThIka hI kahate haiM-'nibaMdha-lekhana jidhara calatA hai, udhara apanI saMpUrNa mAnasika sattA arthAt buddhi aura bhAvAtmaka hRdaya sAtha lie rahatA hai|' aura jonsana mahodaya bhI isI kAraNa 'nibaMdha' ko mana kI ucchRkhala gati-sthiti kI sAhityika abhivyakti' kahate haiN| (A loose sally of mind and irregular indigested piece of literature not a regular and orderly performance of literature) nibaMdha Astika abhivyakti hone para bhI usameM vicAroM kI sustatA, bhASA kA gaThana, sImita vistAra, svacchandatA meM bhI niyamitatA evaM hArdikatA ke sAtha maulika nijIpana apekSita rahatA hai| isI ke pariNAma svarUpa hI pratyeka nibaMdhakAra kI zailI bhinna-bhinna hotI hai aura zailI para se hI nibaMdhakAra kI pratibhA, yogyatA va maulikatA kA paricaya upalabdha hotA hai| vicAroM kI gaMbhIratA ke sAtha viSaya ke pratipAdana kI zailI nibaMdha kA prANatatva 1. sAhitya koza : pR. 408.

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-gadya sAhitya : vidhAe~ aura viSaya-vastu 357 kahA jaayegaa| nibaMdha ke lie viSayoM kA kSetra aparimita rahane se viSayoM ke mutAbika nibaMdhoM ke prakAra bhI aneka prakAra se yathA varNanAtmaka, vicArAtmaka, bhAvAtmaka, gaveSaNAtmaka, AlocanAtmaka, manovizleSaNAtmaka Adi ho sakate haiN| jaina sAhitya meM yadyapi vipula saMkhyA meM nibaMdhoM kI racanA huI hai, phira bhI utkRSTa koTi ke maulika nibaMdhakAroM kI saMkhyA atya kahI jaayegii| pramukha pratibhAsaMpanna nibaMdhakAroM meM sarvazrI paM. nAthUrAma premI, yugavIrajI, paM. sukhalAla saMghavI, jinavijaya jI mahArAja, muni kalyANavijaya jI, paM. kailAzacandra zAstrI, jainendra jaina, kAmatAprasAda jaina, nemicandra zAstrI, agaracanda jI nAhaTA, DA0 a0 ja0 upAdhye, DA. hIrAlAla jaina Adi kA yogadAna kAphI mahatvapUrNa hai| inake alAvA bhI aneka acche nibaMdhakAroM kI sevA jaina sAhitya ko upalabdha ho sakI hai| anya vidhAoM kI apekSA isa vidhA ko bahuzruta paMDitoM evaM vidvAn sAhityakAroM kI lekhanI se samartha-samRddha hone kA gaurava prApta huA hai| ina nibaMdhoM ko aitihAsika, purAtatva, AcArAtmaka, dArzanika, sAhityika, sAmAjika aura vaijJAnika ina sAta vibhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA jA sakatA hai| vaise viSayoM kI dRSTi se jaina nibaMdha sAhitya aura bhI kaI bhAgoM meM bAMTA jA sakatA hai, lekina inakA vargIkaraNa karane ke lie ukta vibhAga hI adhika upayukta pratIta hotA hai| aitihAsika : aitihAsika nibaMdhoM kI saMkhyA sarvAdhika pAI jAtI hai| isa prakAra ke nibaMdha likhane vAloM meM zraddheya premI jI kA nAma sarvaprathama liyA jA sakatA hai| inake atirikta yugalakizora mukhtAra 'yugavIra', paM0 sukhalAla saMghavI, paM0 kalyANavijaya jI, muni jinavijaya jI, kAmatAprasAda jaina, ayodhyAprasAda goyalIya, paM0 kailAzacandra zAstrI, paM. bhujabalI zAstrI, pro0 khuzAla candra gArAvAlA prabhRti vidvAnoM kA yogadAna ullekhanIya hai| paM. nAthUrAma 'premI' jI ne zuddha aitihAsika grantha na likhakara jainAcAryoM, jaina kaviyoM evaM anya sAhitya-nirmAtAoM ke viSaya meM anaginata zodhAtmaka, paricayAtmaka nibandha likhe haiN| premI jI ne apanI maulika sUjha-bUjha, mArmika jJAna evaM gahana-abhyAsaadhyayana se nibaMdha bhaMDAra bharakara gauravapUrNa sthAna prApta kiyA hai| sAtha hI unhoMne sAMskRtika dRSTikoNa se bhI tIrtha kSetra, vaMzagotra Adi ke nAmoM ke vikAsa va vyutpatti, AcAra zAstra ke niyamoM kA bhASya tathA vividha saMskAroM kA vizleSaNAtmaka, gaveSaNApUrNa zailI meM nibaMdha likhe haiN| aneka jaina rAjAoM kI vaMzAvalI, gotra, vaMza paramparAdi kA nirUpaNa bhI unhoMne eka jAgRta zodhakartA

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358 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya ke samAna kiyA hai| aneka jaina patra-patrikAoM meM premI jI ke aitihAsika zodhAtmaka nibaMdha prakAzita ho cuke haiN| unake pratyeka nibaMdha meM zailI kI gaMbhIratA, vicAra niSThA, sugamatA evaM pravAha kA prazaMsanIya rUpa dekhane ko avazya milegaa| duruha se duruha viSayoM ko bar3e rocaka aura spaSTa rUpa se choTe-choTe zabdoM meM vyakta karane kI advitIya samarthatA unameM vidyamAna hai| "premI jI ne svAmI sAmaMtabhadra, AcArya prabhAcandra, devasena sUri, anantakIrti Adi naiyAyikoM kA, AcArya jinasena aura guNabhadra prabhRti saMskRta bhASA ke Adarza purANa nirmAtAoM kA, AcArya puSpadatta aura vimalasUri Adi prAkRta bhASA ke purANa nirmAtAoM kA, svayaMbhU, tribhuvana svayaMbhU prabhRti prAkRta bhASA ke kaviyoM kA, kavirAja haricanda, vAdima siMha, dhanaMjaya mahAsena, jayakIrti, vAgbhaTa, Adi saMskRta kaviyoM kA, AcArya pUjyapAda devanaMdI aura zakaTAvana prabhRti vaiyAkaraNoM kA evaM banArasIdAsa, bhagavatIdAsa Adi hindI bhASA ke kaviyoM kA anveSaNAtmaka paricaya likhA hai|' premI jI na kevala hindI jaina sAhitya ke apitu hindI sAhitya ke bhI sammAnIya lekhaka ke rUpa meM prasiddha haiN| paM0 jugalakizora jI mukhtAra 'yugavIra' kA nAma bhI aitihAsika nibaMdha likhanevAloM meM Adara se liyA jAtA hai| jaina sAhitya ke anveSaNakartAoM meM ApakA nAma mUrdhanya hai| unake aitihAsika, dArzanika, vaicArika nibaMdhoM kA saMgraha, 'yugavIra nibaMdhAvalI bhAga 1-2' meM kiyA gayA hai, jinameM unakI gaMbhIra vidvat zailI spaSTa pratIta hotI hai| Apane karIba 15 aitihAsika nibaMdha likhe haiN| kavi aura AcArya kI paraMparA, nivAsa sthAna, samaya nirNaya, Adi ke viSaya meM khoja karane kA zreya Apake nibaMdhoM ko bhI diyA jAtA hai| inakI lekhana zailI kI yaha vizeSatA hai ki eka hI viSaya ko samajhAne ke lie ve bAra-bAra batAte calate haiM, tAki sAmAnya se sAmAnya pAThaka bhI samajha ske| isameM kahIM punarAvRtti kA AbhAsa lage lekina sajagatA ke sAtha hI eka bAta ko bAra-bAra doharAte haiN| 'yugavIra nibaMdhAvalI' mukhtAra jI ke ina 41 lekhoM kA saMgraha hai, jo san 1907 se 1945 ke bIca ke 45 varSoM meM bhinna-bhinna samaya para likhe gaye the aura 'jaina saMgraha' 'jaina hitaiSI', 'satyAdeya', 'anekAnta' Adi patra-patrikAoM meM prakAzita hue the| itanI laMbI avadhi ko dekhakara yaha sahaja svAbhAvika hai ki pratyut lekhoM kI aneka bAra aba kAlAtIta ho gaI ho, lekina Azcarya hai ki bahuta-sI bAta to mAno vartamAna sthiti ko dhyAna meM rakhakara usa samaya likhI ho| bahumukhI pratibhA ke svAmI yugavIra jI ne na kevala jaina sAhitya 1. DA0 nemicandra jI : hindI jaina sAhitya kA parizIlana, pR. 181, 122.

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-gadya sAhitya : vidhAe~ aura viSaya-vastu 359 balki hindI sAhitya para bhI upakAra kiyA hai ki itane vizAla parimANa meM vidvatA yukta, vicArazIla nibaMdhoM kI sRSTi kA sRjana kiyA hai| unakI kalama niraMtara lekhana kArya karatI rahatI hai| nibaMdhoM ke sAtha-sAtha yadi unhoMne upanyAsa nATaka, kahAnI sAhitya para bhI apanI kalama calAI hotI to avazya saphala rahate aura jaina sAhitya ko lalita vAGmaya prApta hotaa| hindI gadya ke vikAsa meM ApakA prekSya ullekhanIya kahA jaayegaa| isa saMgraha meM jaina itihAsa dharma aura samAja viSayaka lekhoM meM kuzala anubhavI vidvAn evaM niSpakSa samAlocaka ke vicAra nihita haiN| mahAvIra kA sarvodaya tIrtha likhakara unhoMne jaina dharma ke anekAnta siddhAMta kI eka prazasta bhUmikA nirmANa kii| 'sarvodaya ke mUlamaMtra' meM unhoMne anekAnta siddhAnta kA sAratatva rakha diyA hai| 'jaina nIti meM amRtacandrAcArya kI gvAlina kI upamA dvArA anekAnta kI sAra grAhiNI zakti kA unhoMne acchA paricaya karavAyA hai aura varSoM taka 'anekAMta' patra meM lekhoM dvArA prakaTa karate rhe| jina pUjAdhikAra 'mImAMsA', upAsanA tattva, upAsanA kA DhaMga, vItarAga kI pUjA kyoM ? va vItarAga se prArthanA kyoM ? jaise lekhoM dvArA tatsambaMdhI jaina dRSTikoNa kA zAstrIya, nirvikAra va nirmala pratipAdana karate hue pracalita dhAraNAoM aura vidhiyoM meM pariSkAra karane kA prayatna kiyaa| jainiyoM meM dayA kA abhAva, jainI kauna ho sakatA hai? jAti bheda para amita gati Adi nibaMdhoM meM zAstrIya pramANoM se siddha kara dikhAyA hai ki varNa va jAti jaise arthahIna bhedabhAvoM ke AdhAra se kisI ko jaina dharma kA pAlana va darzana-pUjana ke adhikAroM se vaMcita rakhanA sarvathA anucita evaM amAnavIya hai| 'cArudatta seTha kA zikSAprada udAharaNa, vasudeva kA zikSAprada udAharaNa, gotra sthiti va sagotra vivAha, asavarNa va antarjAtIya vivAha Adi lekhoM meM unhoMne paurANika udAharaNa dekara siddha kiyA hai ki U~ca-nIca va gotra Adi bhedabhAva sArahIna, nirarthaka hai, vaha dharma prerita na hokara samAja prerita hai| unake ugra samAja sudhAraka vicAroM se samAja ke rUr3hi custoM ko dhakkA avazya pahu~cA thA, lekina unake akATya zAstrIya pramANoM se yukta tarkoM ko koI kATa nahIM skaa| hama paM0 jugalakizora jI mukhtAra ko jaina samAja meM naye yuga nirmANa meM eka mahAna agraNI kaha sakate haiM, jisake pracura pramANa unake prastuta lekhoM meM vidyamAna haiN| + + + + anya vizvAsoM va ajJAnapUrNa mAnyatAoM kI kaThora AlocanA ke sAtha-sAtha zAstrIya AdhAra aura sthira AdarzoM kA pakSapAta tathA nava-nirmANa kA sAvadhAnIpUrNa prayatna paMDita jI kI apanI vizeSatA hai| apanI kahI huI bAtoM kI puSTi ke lie pramANoM, tarkoM va dRSTAntoM kI unake pAsa koI kamI nahIM hai| unakI bhASA sarala aura dhArAvAhinI tathA zailI tarkapUrNa aura ojasvinI hai|

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360 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya saMskRta va phArasI ke moha aura Agraha se rahita ve aisI subodha hindI meM likhate haiM, jisake viSaya meM kisI ko koI zikAyata nahIM honI caahie| ina saba guNoM se paMDita jI kA apanA 'yugavIra' upanAma, jo unake pUre nAma kA hI sAragarbhita saMkSepa hai, pUrNataH sArthaka siddha huA pAyA jAtA hai|' unhoMne jaina dharma va sAhitya ke atirikta rASTrIya, sAMskRtika, sAmAjika Adi viSayoM para bhI nibaMdha likhe haiN| paM. nAthUrAma jI ke anantara itanI vipula saMkhyA meM aitihAsika, dArzanika, sAmAjika, sAMskRtika, gaveSaNAtmaka nibaMdha likhane meM unakA sthAna AtA hai| nibaMdhakAra ke sAtha-sAtha ve saphala Alocaka bhI haiN| 'tatvArtha vicAra' unakA AlocanAtmaka grantha hai| Alocaka ke rUpa meM ve niSpakSa evaM satyabhASI haiN| ApakI AlocanAe~ saphala aura kharI hotI haiN| 'grantha-parIkSA' ApakA eka AlocanAtmaka bRhada graMtha hai, jo kaI bhAgoM meM prakAzita huA hai| nibaMdhakAra ke rUpa meM to ucca koTi ke vidvAn evaM zAstrIya pramANoM ke puraskartA ke rUpa meM prasiddha haiM hI, nirbhIka niSpakSI, pragAr3ha adhyayanazIla saphala Alocaka kA rUpa bhI kama prasiddha nahIM hai| bAbU kAmatA prasAda jaina kA bhI vizuddha itihAsa nirmAtAoM meM mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai| Apane hindI jaina sAhitya kA saMkSipta itihAsa' likhane meM kAphI mehanata uThAI hai| isake alAvA bhI aneka nibaMdhoM kI racanA kI hai, jinameM rAjAoM ke vaMzoM, sthAnoM, gotroM meM saMdarbha meM mahatvapUrNa gaveSaNAe~ kI hai| gadya sAhitya ke vikAsa meM premI jI kI taraha Apake nibaMdhoM kA bhI mahatvapUrNa yogadAna rahA hai| nibaMdhoM kI parimANa-bahulatA kI dRSTi se ApakA sthAna atyanta mahatvapUrNa hai| bhinna-bhinna jaina patra-patrikAoM meM Apake prakAzita nibaMdha pustakAkAra meM prakAzita ho cuke haiN| tIrthaMkaroM, cakravartiyoM aura jainadharmI rAjAoM ke viSaya meM Apane kAphI anusaMdhAna kiyA hai| 'gaMgarAja vaMza meM jaina dharma', musalamAna rAjyakAla meM jaina dharma, verATa yA virATapura, kAmpilya, zravaNabelagola ke zilAlekha, jaina sAhitya meM zrIlaMkA, cIna deza aura jaina dharma, IrAna meM jaina dharma, prabhRti nibaMdha mahatvapUrNa hai, jinameM lekhaka kI vyavasthitatA ke sAtha aitihAsika ghaTanAoM kI zrRMkhalA kA gaThita rUpa vidyamAna hai| Apake katipaya aitihAsika nibaMdhoM meM aitihAsika truTiyA~ anveSaka vidvAna pAte haiM, phira bhI sAmagrI kA saMkalana evaM anusaMdhAna kI dRSTi se inakA mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai| aitihAsika nibaMdhakAroM meM paM0 bhujabalI zAstrI kA bhI mahatvapUrNa sthAna 1. DA- hIrAlAla jaina, naye yuga kI jhalaka, prastAvanA meM se, pR0 14. 2. DA0 nemicandra jI : hindI jaina sAhitya kA parizIlana, pR. 123.

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Adhunika hindI - jaina - gadya sAhitya : vidhAe~ aura viSaya-vastu - 361 hai| Apane vizAla mAtrA meM anusaMdhAnAtmaka nibaMdha likhe haiM, jinameM ' bArakUTa ' 'veNUka', kyA vAdibhasiMha akalaMkadeva ke samakAlIna haiM, vIramArtaNDa cAmuNDarAya, jaina vIra aMkeya, humuMca, tolava ke jaina pAleyagAra, sAtArarAjA nidarAya, kArakala kA jaina bhairava-rAjavaMza, dAna - ciMtAmaNi Adi mahatvapUrNa haiN| dakSiNa ke jaina rAjavaMza dhanI - dAnI zrAvakoM, nyAyAcAryoM, kaviyoM Adi viSayoM para Apake kaI anveSaNAtmaka vidvatApUrNa nibaMdha prakAzita ho cuke haiN| yadyapi inameM kahIM-kahIM aitihAsika pramANoM kI kamI hai, tathApi hindI jaina gadya ke vikAsa meM ina nibaMdhoM kA yogadAna mahatvapUrNa hai| ApakI zailI samAsa zailI hai, jo thor3e meM bahuta kucha kara dene meM samartha hai| gaMbhIra vicAroM kI abhivyakti Apa sArthaka zabdoM meM kara sakate haiN| bAbU ayodhyAprasAda goyalIya bahumukhI pratibhA se saMpanna sAhityakAra haiN| kavi, saMsmaraNakAra, kathAkAra ke atirikta nibaMdhakAra kA rUpa bhI ullekhanIya haiN| kavitA, kathA, saMsmaraNa, tathA nibaMdha sabhI vidhAoM para Apane sAdhikAra kalama calAI hai aura unase jo niHsRta huA, usase avazya jaina samAja va sAhitya ko kalyANaprada va rAgAtmaka cIja prApta huI hai| vibhinna patra-patrikAoM meM Apake nibaMdha prakAzita ho cuke haiN| 'rAjapUtAne ke jaina vIra' 'maurya sAmrAjya ke jaina vIra' aura 'AryakAlIna bhArata' ke granthAkAra saMkalana mahatvapUrNa haiN| itihAsa aura purAtatvavettA DA0 hIrAlAla jaina ke bhI anveSaNAtmaka evaM dArzanika nibaMdha prakAzita hue haiN| kaI graMthoM kI bhUmikAeM Apane likhI haiM, jo itihAsa ke nirmANa meM viziSTa sthAna rakhatI haiN| jaina itihAsa kI pUrva pIThikA' to zodhAtmaka apUrva vastu hai / isa choTI-sI racanA meM gAgara meM sAgara bhara dene vAlI kahAvata caritArtha huI hai| ApakI racanA - zailI meM dhArAvAhikatA pAI jAtI hai| bhASA suvyavasthita aura parimArjita hai| thor3e zabdoM meM adhika kahane kI kalA meM Apa pravINa haiN| mahAdhavala, dhavala sambaMdhI Apake paricayAtmaka nibaMdha bhI mahatvapUrNa hai|' zravaNa belagola ke jaina zilAlekhoM kI prastAvanA meM Apane aneka rAjAoM, yatioM aura zrAvakoM para saMzodhanAtmaka lekha likhe haiN| DaoN. nemicandra zAstrI ne 'hindI jaina sAhitya parizIlana' do bhAgoM meM apabhraMza, hindI jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa gaveSaNAtmaka zailI va lalita sAhityika bhASA meM likhA hai| isake uparAMta jaina patra-patrikAoM meM Apake kaI dArzanika nibaMdha prakAzita hue haiN| ApakA tIrthaMkara mahAvIra aura unakI AcArya paramparA (tIna bhAga) grantha kAphI mahatvapUrNa hai, jinameM ApakA sUkSma gaveSaNAtmaka 1. DA0 nemicandra jI : hindI jaina sAhitya kA parizIlana, pR0 127.

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Adhunika hindI - jaina sAhitya aitihAsika dRSTi biMdu pratIta hotA hai| jaina darzana evaM sAhitya ke marmajJa hone ke sAtha hindI sAhitya ke bhI vizeSa jJAtA va vivecaka hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra para likhe gaye carita grantha meM bhI ApakI romAMcaka zailI evaM gUr3ha vicAroM kA prAdhAnya dekhA jA sakatA hai| aitihAsika prastutIkaraNa meM navInatA va subodhatA ke sAtha aitihAsika tathyoM kI khoja-bIna kA Agraha avazya stutya kahA jAyegA / 362 muni zrI kAnti sAgara jI ne bhI gaveSaNAtmaka nibaMdha acche likhe haiM, vizeSakara jaina-citrakalA evaM vAstukalA ke viSaya meM gaharAI meM jAkara unhoMne jo nibaMdha pradAna kiye haiM, isase eka mahatvapUrNa dizA meM kArya huA hai| aise nibaMdhoM meM kalA ke sAtha aneka sthAnoM ke bhaugolika pariveza para bhI saMzodhanAtmaka prakAza DAlA hai| 'khaNDaharoM kA vaibhava' aura 'khoja kI pagaDaMDiyoM' itihAsa aura purAtatva kI dRSTi se mahatvapUrNa nibaMdhoM kA saMkalana hai| 1940 ke 'vizAla bhArata' meM bhI Apake saMgrahAlaya va sthApatya sambaMdhI lekha prakaTa ho cuke haiN| prayAga saMgrahAlaya meM 'jaina purAtatva' aura 'vindhyabhUmi kA jainAzrita zilpavidhAna' nibaMdha isa viSaya meM mahatvapUrNa khoja kahI jAyegI / 'muni zrI kAnti sAgara ke purAtatvAnveSaNAtmaka nibaMdhoM kA viziSTa sthAna hai| aba taka Apane aneka sthAnoM ke purAtatva para prakAza DAlA hai| prAcIna mUrtikalA aura vAstukalA kA mArmika vizleSaNa Apake nibaMdhoM meM vidyamAna hai| + + + + zailI vizuddha sAhityika hai| bhASA praur3ha aura parimArjita hai|' 'khoja kI pagaDaMDiyAM' nibaMdha saMgraha itihAsa aura purAtatva kI dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa hai| DA0 hajArIprasAda dvivedI jI ne muni zrI kI isa kRti ke sambaMdha meM likhA hai- ' zrI muni kAnti sAgara jI prAcIna vidhAoM ke marmajJa anusandhAtA haiN| jaina muni loga paidala yAtrA karate haiN| isa paidala yAtrA ke samaya muni jI ne purAtatva sambaMdhI aneka aise sthaloM ko dekhA hai, jahA~ sAdhAraNataH Ajakala ke Adhunika dRSTi - saMpanna anusaMdhAtA nahIM pahu~ca paate| ina aitihAsika sthAnoM, maMdiroM, deva - mUrtiyoM, kalA-zilpoM kA bar3A hI rocaka varNana unhoMne 'khoja kI pagaDaMDiyA~' nAmaka pustaka meM diyA hai| yaha pustaka na to maujI ghumakkar3a kA yAtrA vivaraNa hai aura na purAtatva ke aikAntika ArAdhaka kI nIrasa mApa khoja / phira bhI isameM donoM ke guNa maujUda haiN| muni jI prAcIna sthAnoM ko dekhakara svayaM AnaMda vihvala hote haiM aura apane pAThakoM ko bhI usa AnaMda kA upabhoktA banA dete haiN| pustaka meM kisI prakAra kI 'hAya hAya' yA ucchavAsa bharI bhASA bilkula nahIM hai| sahaja bhAva se draSTavya kA vartamAna rUpa aura atIta itihAsa DA0 nemicandra jI : hindI jaina sAhitya kA parizIlana, pR0 127. 1.

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Adhunika hindI - jaina- gadya sAhitya : vidhAe~ aura viSaya-vastu 363 batA dete haiN| svabhAvataH unakA adhika dhyAna jaina itihAsa aura paraMparA kI ora gayA hai| jaina zAstroM ke ve acche jJAtA bhI haiN| phira bhI unakI dRSTi bahuta hI vyApaka aura udAra hai| unakA aitihAsika jJAna bahuta gaMbhIra hai| vastuta: isa samaya jaina paraMparA ke adhika Alor3ana kI AvazyakatA bhI hai| kama loga purAtatva ke jaina pahalU kA paricaya rakhate haiN| isalie muni jI kA kahane kA DhaMga bhI bahuta hI rocaka hai| bIca-bIca meM unhoMne vyaMgya - vinoda ke bhI halke chIMTe rakha diye haiN| itihAsa ko sahaja aura rasamaya banAne kA unakA prayatna bahuta hI abhinaMdanIya hai| jo loga itihAsa ko zuSka aura duruha banAte haiM, ve manuSya ko usake yathArtha rUpa meM samajhane dene ke sAmUhika prayatna meM bAdhA hI utpanna karate haiN| muni jI ne aitihAsika tathyoM ko bar3e rocaka DhaMga se upasthita kiyA hai| ' vidvAn Alocaka va itihAsakAra dvivedI jI ke isa vivecana meM nibaMdhakAra kI bhASA-zailI, viSaya-vastu evaM vyaktitva ke mahatvapUrNa tathyoM kA udghATana kiyA gayA hai / 'sarasvatI' patrikA isa pustaka kI mahattA - vizeSatA para prakAza DAlatI hai ki- isa pustaka meM lalita kalA, lipi tathA bhaugolika aura yAtrA zIrSaka tIna bhAgoM meM muni jI ke gaMbhIra aitihAsika jJAna kI sarvatra chApa hai| jainAzrita aura bauddha dharmAzrita citrakalA kI yAtrAeM bhI manoraMjana ke sAtha-sAtha khoja kI pagaDaMDiyA~ prazasta kara rahI haiN| aitihAsika tathyoM ko rocaka zailI meM prastuta karane meM lekhaka kI saphalatA zlAghya hai| lekhaka prAcIna khaNDaharoM ke prati bacapana se hI utsuka, jijJAsu evaM zodhArthI bana gaye the| prAcIna khaNDahara unake lie nirjIva na rahakara sajIvatA ke pratIka samAna mitra, sahodara, gurujana yA nikaTa ke Aptajana bana gaye the| ataH ve kahate haiM, 'ye khaMDahara to mAnavatA kI akhaMDa jyoti aura rASTrIya puruSArtha aura loka-jIvana ke preraNAtmaka bhavya pratIka haiN| svayaM jaina na hone para bhI jaina vAstukalA, citrakalA kA uccatama abhyAsa karake prApta jJAna ko sahaja-sarala DhaMga se abhivyakta kiyA hai| gujarAtI bhASI hone para bhI vizuddha va sAhityika hindI bhASA meM likhanA unake lie sahaja sAdhya bana gayA hai| isa para se hindI ke prati unakI ruci evaM adhikAra kA anumAna nikAlA jA sakatA hai| pustaka ke prathama bhAga meM nAlaMdA, vindhyAcala, paTanA kI yAtrA kA rasika AcArya hajArI prasAda 1. muni kAMtisAgara jI kRta- khoja kI pagaDaMDiyA~, prastAvanA, dvivedI, pR. 7, 8. 2. muni kAMtisAgara jI kRta - ' khoja kI pagaDaMDiyA~' prastAvanA, AcArya hajArI prasAda dvivedI, pR0 11.

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364 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya anubhUtimUlaka varNana hai| purAtatva viSayaka pAribhASika zabdAvalI ko yathA-sAdhya sarala bhASA meM spaSTa karane kA prazasya prayatna kiyA hai| ina sabhI sthaloM evaM khaMDaharoM kA jItA-jAgatA citra khIMcane ke lie lekhaka ko ekAdhika bAra yAtrA karanI par3I hai| dUsare bhAga meM lipi, tAmra patroM ke viSaya meM sAhityika carcA kI gaI hai| aneka bAra yAtrA ke pariNAma svarUpa tIsare bhAga meM yAtrA sambaMdhI rocaka anubhavoM evaM vizeSatAoM kA madhura varNana kiyA hai| kahIM para bhI vivaraNa kA bhAga iMgita nahIM hotaa| pAvApurI kI yAtrA samApta kara nAlaMdA kI ora agrasara hone kA varNana lekhaka kitanI rocaka zailI meM kahate haiM-'rAjagRha se nAlaMdA ke lie do mArga haiN| eka to sar3aka se aura dUsarA pagaDaMDiyoM se| sar3aka se nAlaMdA jAne meM bahuta ghUmakara jAnA par3atA hai, parantu pagaDaMDiyoM se kevala 5 mIla calanA par3atA hai| isIlie hama sar3aka se dAhinI ora mur3ane vAlI pagaDaMDiyoM se cale, jo nadI, nAloM aura khetoM ko pAra karatI Age nikala jAtI hai| kahIM-kahIM yaha mArga isa prakAra lupta bhI ho jAtA hai ki mArgadarzaka ke binA sahI rAste kA patA pAnA muzkila ho jAtA hai| mArga meM kaI sundara gAMva bhI par3ate haiN| prAta:kAla kA samaya hone se gAMva aura bhI AkarSita pratIta hote the| nAlaMdA ke Asa-pAsa kI grAmya saMskRti meM ghara kara gayA hai ki vahAM ke logoM se usakA mArga pUchane para unakA ceharA khila uThatA hai| sacamuca sauMdarya aura saMskRti kisI abhijAta varga kI hI vastu nahIM hai, balki grAmya jIvana meM to prakRti aura saMskRti kA adbhuta tAdAtmya huA hai| unake yAtrA-varNana ko yAtrA saMsmaraNa kA pRthaka svarUpa bhI pradAna kara sakate haiN| lekhaka ne yAtrA daurAna bhinna-bhinna sthaloM kA varNana kalAtmaka DhaMga se aitihAsika tarka evaM yuktisaMgata pramANa dekara kiyA hai| ataH unakI upAdeyatA va vizvasanIyatA adhika bar3ha jAtI hai| sAtha hI dhArmika sthaloM ke saMdarbha meM prasiddha vidvAnoM ke abhimatoM ko aitihAsika dRSTikoNa se vyakta kiyA hai| dharma ke sAtha jinako itihAsa aura kalA meM ruci ho unake lie yaha pustaka atyuttama siddha hogii| purAtatva kI khoja-bIna ko kalA ke madhura sahakAra ke sAtha bar3e parizramapUrvaka prastuta kara lekhaka ne eka navIna hI kRti hindI jaina sAhitya ko arpita kI hai| pro. khuzAlacandra gArAvAlA kA nAma aitihAsika nibaMdhakAroM meM Adara se liyA jAtA hai| 'kaliMgAdhipati khAravela' aura 'gommaTa pratiSThApaka' Apake mahatvapUrNa nibaMdha haiN| AcArAtmaka aura dArzanika nibaMdha : hindI jaina nibaMdha sAhitya meM dArzanika nibaMdha likhane vAloM kI saMkhyA 1. kAMtisAgara jI : khoja kI pagaDaMDiyA~, pR. 129 (merI nAlaMdA bhaassaa)|

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Adhunika hindI - jaina- gadya sAhitya : vidhAe~ aura viSaya-vastu sarvAdhika hai| isa prakAra ke nibaMdha vicAra pradhAna hone ke sAtha varNana pradhAna bhI hote haiN| sabhI nibaMdhakAroM kA paricaya denA kaThina hone se pramukha nibaMdhakAroM kA paricaya paryApta hogaa| AcAra pradhAna nibaMdhoM se jaina samAja prAyaH paricita hotA hai, kyoMki apane dharma kI jAnakArI prApta karane ke lie pratyeka jaina parivAra dArzanika granthoM ke adhyayana ko mahatva detA hai| 365 dArzanika vicAra pradhAna nibaMdha likhanevAloM meM prajJA cakSu paM0 sukhalAla jI saMghavI kA sthAna mUrdhanya hai / 'yogadarzana' aura 'yogavizaMtikA 'pramANamImAMsA' Adi meM darzana aura itihAsa donoM ke vivecana meM tulanAtmaka zailI dikhAI par3atI hai| jaina sAhitya kI pragati', 'bhagavAna mahAvIra kA Adarza jIvana', evaM 'cAra tIrthaMkara' jaisI itihAsa va kathA - sAhitya kI pustaka meM bhI aitihAsika tathyoM aura ghaTanAoM kA pUrNa khyAla rakhA hai| dArzanika nibaMdhoM ke atirikta sAMskRtika nibaMdha bhI Apane likhe haiM, jinakI bhASA parimArjita evaM zailI pravAhapUrNa hai| bhASA kI custatA ke sAtha thor3e meM bahuta kucha pratipAdita karane kI saMzliSTa zailI hai| jaina darzana ke sAtha bauddha darzana ke bhI marmajJa jJAtA hai / prajJA cakSu hone para bhI mananazIlatA, nirantara adhyavasAya, saMzodhana kI utkaTa lagana, aparimita sarjana zakti se paMDita jI ne hindI va gujarAtI sAhitya ko gauravAnvita kiyA hai| abhI hAla meM hI unake dehAvasAna se na kaivala jaina samAja va sAhitya balki pUrA bhArata va hindI sAhitya eka mahAna tatvaciMtaka, vidvAna sAhityakAra aura mArgadarzaka vaMcita raha gyaa| ye apane ApameM eka jItI-jAgatI jJAna kI saMsthA se the| unakI sAhityika vizeSatA ke saMdarbha meM DA0 nemicandra jI likhate haiM- " ApakI zailI meM mananazIlatA, spaSTatA, tarkapaTutA aura bahubhijJatA vidyamAna hai| darzana ke kaThina siddhAntoM ko bar3e hI sarala aura rocaka DhaMga se Apa pratipAdita karate haiN| " - paM0 zItalaprasAda jI isa kAla se patha-pradarzaka nibaMdhakAra ke rUpa meM sammAna ke adhikArI haiN| Apane itanI vipula saMkhyA meM likhA hai ki ina sabake saMkalana se jaina pustakAlaya khar3A ho sakatA hai| hindI sAhitya meM paM0 rAhula sAMskRtyAyana kI taraha niyamita kucha-na-kucha likhate rahane kI vRtti paMDita jI meM bhI vidyamAna thii| darzana aura itihAsa donoM hI viSaya para unhoMne vipula mAtrA meM nibaMdha likhe haiN| darzana kA aisA koI viSaya nahIM, jo ApakI kalama yA najara se baca pAyA ho| nibaMdhoM kI taraha yadi Apa AdhyAtmika upanyAsa-kSetra meM kalama calAte to avazya hindI jaina upanyAsa sAhitya kA bhaMDAra bhara jAtA / bahumukhI pratibhA kA upayoga sAhitya-sRjana meM avazya kiyA, lekina sabhI ko

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366 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya prakAzita na karavAne se bahuta-sI uttama cIjeM prakAza meM Ane se raha gii| sIdhI-sAdI zailI meM Apake puSTa vicAroM ko abhivyakti milI hai| __paM. kailAzacandra zAstrI dArzanika, AcArAtmaka evaM aitihAsika nibaMdha likhane meM siddhahasta haiN| 'nyAyakumuda candodaya' kI prastAvanA jo ki dArzanika vikAsakrama kA jJAna bhaMDAra hai, jaina-sAhitya kI amUlya nidhi hai| sthAdvAda saptabhaMgI, anekAntavAda kI vyApakatA aura cAritra, zabdanaya, mahAvIra aura unakI vicAradhArA Adi nibaMdha apanA vizeSa sthAna rakhate haiN| 'jaina-dharma' jo atyanta ziSTa va saMyata bhASA meM likhA gayA dArzanika siddhAntoM kA vivecana karatA huA maulika graMtha hai| usI prakAra 'tatvArtha-sUtra' para bhI dArzanika vivecana jJAnavarddhaka evaM prazaMsanIya hai| ApakI zailI AcArya rAmacandra zukla jI se kAphI milatI-julatI hai| donoM meM hama vicAroM kI gaMbhIratA ke sAtha sarala abhivyakti, anveSaNAtmaka, cintana va anubhUtiyoM kI spaSTatA ke darzana pAte haiN| ___paM0 dalasubhAI mAlavaNIyA jI ne dArzanika nibaMdhoM kA sRjana kara hindI jaina sAhitya ko samRddha banAyA hai| jainAgama, jaina yuga kA prAraMbha, jaina dArzanika sAhitya kA siMhAvalokana Adi Apake mahatvapUrNa nibaMdha haiN| Apa nirantara jaina sAhitya kI sevA meM rata rahate haiN| jaina apabhraMza evaM prAkRta sAhitya ke Apa jAne-mAne vidvAna hone ke sAtha 'jaina sAhitya kA bRhada itihAsa' ke bhI pradhAna saMpAdaka ke rUpa meM bhI ApakI vidvatA tathA adhyayanazIlatA draSTavya hai| prAcya vidyA va vAstukalA ke viSaya meM bhI ApakA gaharA jJAna hai| jahA~ eka ora dArzanika nibaMdhoM kA sRjana karate haiM, to dUsarI ora sAhityika va dArzanika graMthoM kI taTastha AlocanA bhI karate haiN| bhagavAna mahAvIra' meM unakI dArzanikatA, aitihAsikatA evaM saMzodhanAtmaka dRSTi biMduoM kA saMtulana AkarSaka hai| ___paM0 darabArIlAla nyAyAcArya bhI dArzanika nibaMdhakAra hai| 'nyAya dIpikA' kI prastAvanA aura Apta parIkSA kI prastAvanA ke atirikta anekAntavAda, dravya vyavasthA para Apake kaI nibaMdha prakAzita ho cuke haiN| ApakI zailI prAraMbha meM zabda bahulA thI, lekina uttarottara vikasita hotI jA rahI hai| paM0 phUlacanda jI 'siddhAnta zAstrI' ko vidvAn dArzanika nibaMdhakAra kA sammAna diyA jAtA hai| tatvArtha suMdara jaise zuddha dArzanika viSaya para bhI suMdara nibaMdha likhe haiN| isI taraha jaina darzana ke karma-siddhAnta ke to Apa marmajJa haiM va etad-viSayaka nibaMdha Adhunika zailI meM 'jJAnodaya' patra meM prakAzita hue haiN| pro. mahendrakumAra nyAyAcArya ke dArzanika nibaMdha jaina sAhitya ke lie

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-gadya sAhitya : vidhAe~ aura viSaya-vastu 367 gaurava rUpa hai| akalaMka granthatraya kI prastAvanA evaM zrutasAgarIvRtti kI prastAvanA ke sivA bhI Apake aneka phuTakara nibaMdha prakAzita hue haiN| inake nibaMdhoM meM maulikatA tathA siddhAntoM kA suMdara mArmika vivecana prApta hotA hai| paM0 cainasukhadAsa nyAyatIrtha bhI pramukha dArzanika nibaMdhakAra hai, jinake AcAra-viSayaka aneka nibaMdha sarala zailI meM prakAzita ho cuke haiN| paM. baMzIdhara jI vyAkaraNAcArya prasiddha dArzanika nibaMdhakAra haiN| dArzanika siddhAnta jaise ki-syAdvAda, naya pramANa, karma Adi para suMdara vivecanAtmaka nibaMdha prakAzita haiM, jinakI bhASA vyAkaraNa-sammata aura gaMbhIra hai| bhASA kI saralatA gaMbhIra vicAroM ko vyakta karane meM Apako sahAyaka huI hai| Apane sAmAjika samasyAoM para bhI suMdara nibaMdha likhe haiN| ucca keTi ke vicAraka tathA sudhAraka hone ke kAraNa ina nibaMdhoM meM prAcIna rUr3hiyoM ke prati anAsthA evaM virodha kI bhAvanA abhivyakta hotI hai| paM0 hIrAlAla siddhAntazAstrI bhI dArzanika nibaMdhakAra haiN| dravya saMgraha kI vibheda vRddhi meM aneka dArzanika pahaluoM para vicAra kiyA gayA hai| dArzanika nibaMdhoM ke atirikta anveSaNAtmaka evaM bhaugolika nibaMdha bhI Apane kAphI likhe haiN| Apake nibaMdhoM kI zailI tarkapUrNa tathA bhASA meM kahIM kahIM paMDitAUpana ___ paM0 jagamohana lAla jI siddhAnta zAstrI ne bhI dArzanika | AcAra sambaMdhI nibaMdha likhe haiN| viSayaka ko pratipAdita karane kI ApakI zailI sarala va tarka yukta hai| bhASA parimArjita aura saMyata hone ke kAraNa nIrasa viSaya ko bhI rocaka DhaMga se samajhAne kI viziSTatA nihita hai| sAmAjika aura sAhityika nibaMdha : sAhityika va sAmAjika nibaMdha likhanevAloM meM sarvazrI premI jI, kAmatAprasAda jaina, pro. rAjakumAra sAhityAcArya, zrI agaracanda jI nAhaTA, pannAlAla jaina, RSabhadAsa rAMkA, zrI jamanAlAla, zrI mUlacanda 'vatsala', paM. nAthUrAma jI prabhRti vidvAna ullekhanIya haiN| paMnAthUrAma premI jI ne apane 'hindI jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa' meM aneka kaviyoM kI jIvanI ke viSaya meM anveSaNAtmaka zailI meM likhA hai| yaha vAstava meM zuddha itihAsa na hokara saMzodhanAtmaka sAhityika lekhoM kA saMgraha hai, jo Aja taka vidvAnoM evaM jaina sAhitya ke lie patha-pradarzana banA hai| premI jI kI taraha bAbU kAmatAprasAda jI ne bhI 'hindI jaina sAhitya kA saMkSipta itihAsa'

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368 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya thor3e-bahuta navIna uddharaNoM ke sAtha likhA, jisameM thor3I-bahuta aitihAsika truTiyoM ke raha jAne para bhI isakA mahattva hai| Apane anya bhI kaI sAmAjika nibaMdha likhe haiN| mahAtmA bhagavAnadIna aura sUrajabhAna vakIla bhI saphala sAmAjika nibaMdhakAra haiN| bhagavAnadIna jI ke 'svAdhyAya' saMkalana meM manovaijJAnika evaM AdhyAtmika nibaMdha haiM, jisakI zailI rocaka va tArkika hai| 'svAdhyAya' nibaMdha saMgraha meM AdhyAtmikatA kI apekSA sAmAjikatA va manovaijJAnikatA vizeSa hai| svAdhyAya kI mahattA, prayatna, dizAe~, aghomana, Atmika cetanA, svAdhyAya kyoM aura kyA? Adi manovaijJAnika tatvoM para vidvatApUrNa zailI evaM gaharAI se cintana kiyA hai| prasiddha jaina vidvAna zrI dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNIyA jI isa grantha para prakAza DAlate hue likhate haiM-mahAtmA jI ne jaina zAstroM kA svataMtra adhyayana kiyA hai aura una para apanI maulika evaM sUkSma dRSTi se vicAra kiyA hai| prastuta graMtha meM unakI svataMtra vicAradhArA kA darzana pAThakoM ko hogaa| paraMparA ke anusAra yadi isa grantha meM jaina dharma aura darzana kI vyAkhyA yA vivecanA nahIM milatI hai, to yaha nahIM samajhanA cAhie ki zAstroM kI bhI nayI vyAkhyA Aja atyanta Avazyaka ho gaI hai| jJAna kI koI sImA nahIM hai| ataeva, purAnI bAtoM kA navInIkaraNa Avazyaka hai| AzA hai isa graMtha kA dArzanika aura manovaijJAnika kSetra meM vizeSa svAgata hogaa|' grantha ke bhinna-bhinna adhyAyoM meM zarIra, mana, cetanA, bhautikatA, asatya kI beTI kalpanA, bhAvavAsI AdamI, dehavAsI AdamI, kalA aura vijJAna, guNoM kI vizeSatA, saMskArAdi bhinna-bhinna vividha viSayoM para jo lekha likhe haiM, ve bAhya rUpa se viSaya bheda se udAharaNa pratIta hoMge, lekina una sabakA kendra bindu hai svaadhyaay| svAdhyAya kI paristhitiyA~, kasauTI, svAdhyAyI kI zArIrika-mAnasika zakti, kaThinAiyA~ Adi ko adhika spaSTa karane ke lie hI sabhI nibaMdha likhe gaye haiN| ataeva, svAdhyAya ke prathama adhyAya ke prathama pariccheda meM hI lekhaka ne svAdhyAya kA artha, mahatva, va vizeSatA kA spaSTIkaraNa kara diyA hai, jaise-svAdhyAya zabda sIdhA-sAdA haiN| usake samajhane meM kisI ko kaThinAI nahIM honI caahie| na jAne kyoM, svAdhyAya ke nAma para aisA rivAz2a cala par3A hai jisakA svAdhyAya se koI mela nhiiN| yaha rivAz2a hai pustakAlayoM, maMdiroM yA usI taraha kI jagahoM meM jAkara granthoM ko pddh'naa| kitAba yA grantha kA svAdhyAya kisI taraha 'sva' yA 'apanA' nahIM ho sktaa| vaha hara taraha 'para' yAnI begAnA hI rhegaa| + + + svAdhyAya ke mAne sApha hai, 'sva' yAne apanA dhyAya-adhyayana

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-gadya sAhitya : vidhAe~ aura viSaya-vastu 369 krnaa| aba svAdhyAya kA artha huA apane ko par3hanA, apane ko jagAnA aura apanI jAnakArI hAsila krnaa| Aja svAdhyAya ke nAma para jo kucha ho rahA hai vaha saba parAdhyAya hai| vaise isa kathana ke mutAbika lekhaka ke isa grantha ko bhI nahIM par3hanA cAhie, kyoMki isameM lekhaka ke hI anubhava, vicAra, tarka yA siddhAnta kI carcA hogI, arthAt 'para' kI anubhUtiyoM ko par3hanA hogaa| lekina sabhI ke vaza kI bAta to yaha nahIM ho sakatI ki sabhI apane anubhavoM ko hI likheM pddh'eN| kabhI dUsaroM ke granthoM ko par3hane se bhI lAbhAnvita hama hote haiM, dRSTi vizAla evaM jJAna vRddhi hotI hai| nibaMdhakAra kI bhASA zailI atyanta sarala hai| gUDha vicAroM evaM bhAvoM ko bhI unhoMne sarala bhASA, choTe-choTe vAkyoM, dRSTAntoM ke dvArA spaSTa karane kI koziza kI hai| lekhaka hI vidvatA sarvatra dRSTigocara hotI hai, lekina jJAna va vidvatA kA ADambara kahIM dRSTigata nahIM hotA hai| __ zrI agaracanda jI nAhaTA pratibhA saMpanna jJAnavRddha sAhityakAra haiN| Apane kaviyoM ke jIvana, unake rAjyAzraya, jaina graMthoM para paricayAtmaka tathA saMzodhanAtmaka asaMkhya lekha likha kara jaina sAhitya para mahatI upakAra kiyA hai| aneka ajJAta kaviyoM ko ApakI lekhanI prakAza meM lAne meM samartha huI hai| jaina evaM jainetara koI bhI patra-patrikA aisI na hogI, jisameM ApakA koI nibaMdha prakAzita na huA ho| hindI sAhitya ke vivAdAtmaka praznoM ko sulajhAne meM Apake nibaMdhoM kA zreyaSkara yogadAna hai| 'pRthvIrAja rAso' ke vivAda kA anta Apake mahatvapUrNa nibaMdha ke dvArA hI huA hai| sAhityika, sAmAjika evaM dArzanika sabhI viSayoM para Apane vidvatApUrNa kalama calAI hai| Apa hindI sAhitya ke bhI prasiddha vidvAna haiM, Aja ke naye sAhityakAroM ko sadaiva Apase sahAyatA va preraNA prApta hotI rahatI hai| Apake nijI vizAla granthAgAra tathA aneka hastalikhita granthoM se ApakA adhyavasAya, saMzodhana, sAhityika abhiruci evaM sarjanAtmaka zakti kA paricaya prApta hotA hai| zrIyut lakSmIcandra jaina eka kuzala saMpAdaka ke sAtha-sAtha vidvAna nibaMdhakAra ke rUpa meM bhI prasiddha haiN| bhAratIya jJAnapITha ke saMpAdakIya vaktavyoM meM aneka sAhityika carcA unhoMne kI hai| mahAkAvya 'varddhamAna' va upanyAsa 'muktidUta' kA saMpAdakIya vivecana to mahatvapUrNa hai hI, sAtha meM vaidika sAhitya kI prastAvanA eka nayA prakAza vikIrNa karatI haiN| Apane saphala nibaMdhakAra ke sAtha-sAtha sahRdayI Alocaka kA kartavya acchI taraha se nibhAyA hai| ApakI zailI zliSTa, sAhityika tathA prabhAvazAlI hai| gadya bhI ApakA utkRSTa koTi kA hai, nibaMdha meM dhArAvAhikatA sarvatra pAI jAtI hai| 1. bhagavAnadIna-svAdhyAya-prakAzakIya vaktavya, pR. 1.

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370 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya zrImatI paMDitA candAbAI jI ne mahilAoM ke lie upayogI sAhitya kA sarjana kiyA hai| Apake kaI sAhityika tathA AcAra-vicAra sambaMdhI dArzanika nibaMdha saMgraha prakAzita ho cuke haiN| ApakI lekhana zailI zuddha sarala evaM saMyata zrI mUlacandra 'vatsala' purAne sAhityakAroM meM se haiN| ve kavi aura kathAkAra ke rUpa bhI prasiddha haiN| Apane prAcIna kaviyoM para saMzodhanAtmaka nibaMdha kAphI saMkhyA meM likhe haiN| ApakI zailI sarala va bhASA sIdhI sAdI hai| zrI paramAnaMda zAstrI ne apabhraMza ke kitane hI kaviyoM para zodhAtmaka nibaMdha likhe haiN| mahAkavi ragdhU ke Apa vizeSa marmajJa haiN| zabda-bahulA zailI meM kahIM-kahIM zithilatA hai| pro. rAjakumAra sAhityAcArya ne daulatarAma aura bhUdhara dAsa ke padoM kA Adhunika vizleSaNa sundara DhaMga se kiyA hai| ApakI zailI puSTa va saMyata hai| kavi hone ke nAte gadya meM bhI kAvyatva kA puTa vartamAna hai| paM. pannAlAla 'vasanta' ke aneka sAhityika nibaMdha prakAzita ho cuke haiN| 'Adi purANa' kI ApakI likhI prastAvanA kAphI mahatvapUrNa hai| isameM saMskRta va jaina sAhitya ke vikAsa-krama kA bar3A hI rocaka itihAsa hai| ApakI zailI parimArjita hai| zrI jamanAlAla 'sAhityaratna' acche nibaMdhakAra kahe jA sakate haiN| 'jaina jagata' patrikA meM Apake kaI sAhityika nibaMdha prakAzita ho cuke haiN| jyotiprasAda jaina ke bhI aitihAsika aura sAhityaki nibaMdha kAphI mahatvapUrNa haiN| zodhAtmaka zailI meM likhe gaye nibaMdhoM meM 'pUjyapAda' nibaMdha kA vizeSa mahatva hai| paM. balabhadra nyAyatIrtha ke sAmAjika evaM sAhityika nibaMdha 'jaina saMdeza' nAmaka jaina patrikA meM vyakta hote rahate haiN| pravAha yukta lekina thor3I vistRta bhASA zailI hai| zrI RSabhadAsa rAMkA Alocya kAla ke praur3ha nibaMdhakAra haiN| inakA dehAvasAna abhI-abhI huaa| jaina dharma evaM samAja ne dharma premI vidvAna sAhityakAra kI kamI mahasUsa kI hai| pravAha pUrNa zailI va varNanoM kI vizeSatA Apake nibaMdhoM meM pAI jAtI hai| kastUracanda kAzanIvAla ne bhI zodhAtmaka nibaMdha likhe haiN| pravAhapUrNa zailI aura viSayoM kI spaSTatA Apake nibaMdhoM kI vizeSatA hai| pro. devendrakumAra, vidyArthI narendra, zrI pRthvIrAja Adi bhI acche nibaMdhakAra

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-gadya sAhitya : vidhAe~ aura viSaya-vastu 371 haiN| paM0 ajitakumAra zAstrI ne khaNDanamaNDanAtmaka zailI meM aneka nibaMdha likhe haiM, jinakI bhASA viSayAnukUla evaM tarkapUrNa hai| zrI mUlacandra kApar3iyA bhI saMpAdaka ke sAtha sAhityika nibaMdhakAra haiN| unhoMne prAcIna graMthoM kA suMdara saMpAdana karate hue unakI prastAvanAoM meM sAhityika carcA kI hai| zrI darabArI lAla 'satyabhakta' cintanazIla dArzanika aura sAhityakAra bhI haiN| 'satyabhakta' kI racanAoM se kevala jaina sAhitya kI hI nahIM, apitu hindI sAhitya kI bhI zrIvRddhi huI hai| pro0 vimaladAsa, zrI pRthvIrAja, zrI indra, zrI 'svataMtra' Adi bhI AcArAtmaka evaM sAmAjika nibaMdha likhane vAle sulekhaka haiN| __ina sabake atirikta eka ullekhanIya pratibhA saMpanna prasiddha nibaMdhakAra ke rUpa meM sarvazrI jainendukumAra jaina kA nAma vizeSa ullekhanIya hai, jinakI prAyaH sabhI racanAoM meM dArzanika vicAradhArA kA puTa rahatA hai| hindI sAhitya ke ucca koTi ke kathAkAra to Apa haiM hI, zreSTha nibaMdhakAra ke rUpa meM bhI prasiddha haiN| sulajhI huI cintanAtmaka vicAradhArA Apake nibaMdhoM meM pAI jAtI hai, jisakI mUla bhItti jaina-darzana rahI hai| ataH Apake kaI nibaMdha zuddha dArzanika yA AcArAtmaka na hote hue bhI unake hArda meM jaina darzana kI vicAradhArA kA prabhAva lakSita hotA hai| hindI sAhitya ko Apane eka nayA mor3a, nayI zailI pradAna kI hai, jise 'jainendra' zailI kahI jA sakatI hai| AcArya nathamalamuni Adhunika kAla ke prakhara jaina dArzanika evaM sAhityakAra haiN| Adhunika bhASA zailI evaM vAtAvaraNa ke sAtha unhoMne nibaMdha sAhitya evaM jIvana carita kI racanA kI hai| unake sabhI nibaMdhoM meM maulikatA, pAThaka ke sAtha pratyakSa sambaMdha ke kAraNa sarasatA evaM jIvaMtatA prasphuTita hotI hai| jaina darzana para cintanAtmaka tathA mImAMsAtmaka aneka bahumUlya granthoM kA praNayana kiyA hai| anekAntavAda ke bhI Apa marmajJa haiN| phuTakara nibaMdhoM kI saMkhyA paryApta hai tathA choTe-choTe prabhAvazAlI nibaMdha saMgraha 'bIja aura baragada', 'samasyA kA patthara aura adhyAtma kI chenI', 'tuma anaMta zakti ke srota ho' meM hameM unakI taka-pradhAna zailI ke darzana hote haiN| bhagavAna mahAvIra' nAmaka grantha meM bhagavAna mahAvIra kI jIvanI aitihAsikatA evaM kramabaddhatA ke sAtha AtmakathAtmaka DhaMga se nUtana zailI meM likhakara ucca koTi ke sAhityakAra kA paricaya diyA hai| AdhyAtmika nibaMdhoM meM unakI zailI kI rocakatA banI rahatI hai| 'jJAna netra hai, aura AcAra caraNa hai| patha ko dekhA to sahI, para usa ora caraNa bar3hate nahIM to dekhane se kyA banegA ? abhIpsita lakSya dUra kA dUra rahegA, dRSTA use AtmasAta

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372 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya nahIM kara paayegaa| yathArtha ko jAnA, AcaraNa meM liyA tabhI sAdhya hogaa|' ekAMgitA satya ko mAnya nahIM hotI hai to phira kisI bhI sampradAya ko kyoM mAnya honI cAhie?' isI prakAra AcArya tulasI kI jaina darzana zAstroM ke viSaya meM vidvatA prasiddha hai| mAnavIyatA, vizleSANAtmakatA evaM vicArAtmakatA unake lekha, vyAkhyAna, prastAvanAe~ Adi meM vyakta hotI hai| kyA dharma buddhi gamya hai ?' unake suMdara nibaMdhoM kA saMkalana hai| jaina sampradAyoM meM terA pantha sampradAya ke Apa pravartaka haiN| Apa aura Apake vidvAna anuyAyI jaina sAhitya tathA darzana ke viSaya meM preraNAtmaka va utsAhavarddhaka sarjana karate haiN| 'jJAna dIpa jale' ke racayitA muni zrI vidyAnaMda jI bhI AdhyAtmika nibaMdhakAra haiN| isameM unake AdhyAtmika vicArapradhAna nibaMdhoM kA saMkalana jayaprakAza varmA ne kiyA hai| varmA jI muni zrI ke prati atyanta zraddhAvAna haiN| isameM mAnava mAtra ke kalyANasvarUpa adhyAtma kI carcA kI hai| kisI nibaMdhoM meM sAMskRtika parvo kA AdhyAtmika dRSTi se bhI acchA vizleSaNa kiyA hai, jaise-'dIpa-nirvANa', 'dIpAvalI kA mahattva', 'digambara muni aura zramaNa', Adi meM yaha dekhA jA sakatA hai| ahiMsA, prema, samAnatA evaM samabhAva ke mukhya tattvoM kI vivecanA rocaka zailI meM kI hai| bhoga-vilAsa kI apekSA tyAga vRtti va ahiMsA pUrNa vyavahAra hI mAnava-AtmA ko unnati kI rAha para le jAtA hai aisA tAratamya bahuta se nibaMdhoM se sphuTa hotA hai| _ 'candana kI saurabha' devendra mani ke sAhityika nibaMdhoM kA saMkalana hai. jinameM mAnava-kalyANa kI bhAvanA se anuprerita anubhUtiyoM ko lekhaka ne sundara bhAvAtmaka zailI meM abhivyakta kiyA hai| 'bhagavAna ariSTanemi aura karmayogI zrIkRSNa' meM unhoMne jaina darzana ke tathyoM kA suMdara Alekhana kiyA hai, sAtha meM saMskRta jaina-kRSNa sAhitya kA bhI vizad paricaya sAhityika zailI meM diyA hai| isameM unhoMne bauddha vaizeSika ke sAtha jaina darzana kI tulanA karate hue tInoM kI vizeSatAeM vyakta kI haiN| devendra muni dArzanika ke sAtha acche nibaMdhakAra tathA kathAkAra ke rUpa meM bhI prasiddha haiN| ___'mAnavatA ke patha para' muni lAbhacandra jI ke mAnavatA ke unnAyaka pravacanoM kA saMkalana hai| pratyeka pravacana apane Apa meM prakAza-staMbha, vicArapUrNa aura kalyANakArI hai| inameM jIvana kI aneka samasyAoM para gaMbhIratA se vizad vivecana kiyA gayA hai| inameM sAmAjika samasyAoM ke sAtha dharma, samAja, 1. nathamala muni : jaina darzana meM AcAra mImAMsA-prAkkathana, pR. 2. 2. nathamala muni : jaina dharma-bIja aura baragada-pR. 18.

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-gadya sAhitya : vidhAe~ aura viSaya-vastu 373 vidyArthI jIvana, sAmAjika praNAliyoM, mAnava aura samAja kA sambaMdha, bhAratIya saMskRti, vizva zAnti, zreya aura preya, sabhyatA Adi vividha viSayoM para unhoMne likhA hai| ina saba meM jaina dharma ke siddhAnta zAnti, ahiMsA, satya va aparigraha ke tatva kI mUlataH vizeSa carcA kI hai| nibaMdhakAra kI bhASA zuddha sAhityika ke sAtha ciMtanapradhAna hai| muni jI ke pravacana nayI pIr3hI ke tarka aura samasyAoM kA maulika samAdhAna hai| mAnatavAvAdI dRSTikoNa tathA upayogitAvAda Apake cintana ke mUla svara haiN| apane cintana kI gaharAI dvArA samasyAoM kA maulika samAdhAna khoja nikAlanA ApakI pramukha vizeSatA hai| 'mAnavatA ke patha para' pustaka meM muni zrI ne jina bhAvoM kA vivecana kiyA hai, ve vastutaH bhautikavAda ke sAmane mAnavatAvAdiyoM kI ora se majabUta morcA hai| hiMsA aura ahiMsA kI, anaitikatA aura naitikatA kI, asatya aura satya kI, bhautikatA aura AdhyAtmakatA kI lar3AI meM mAnavatA prakAza-staMbha banakara khar3I hai| vaise ye unake vyAkhyAna haiM, lekina unako nibaMdhoM ke rUpa meM prakAzita kiyA gayA hai aura ye vyAkhyAna svataMtra nibaMdha kI sattA rakhane meM sakSama haiN| inameM sAMskRtika evaM sAmAjika viSayoM ko uThAkara tArkika rUpa se carcA kI gaI hai| 'sabhyatA kA abhizApa' nAmaka nibaMdha meM yathArtha hI likhate haiM-'artha rUpI iMjana hamako khIMce liye jA rahA hai aura hama khIMce jA rahe haiN| aMdhakAra se paripUrNa gahare garta kI ora, mAnavatA se dUra, pazutva se bhI hIna kisI vikaTatama pAgalapana kI or| rASTrIya utthAna ke viSaya meM bhI unhoMne kAphI vicArA hai| nArI-viSayaka nibaMdhoM meM nArI ke gauravamayI atIta ke sAtha vartamAna meM nArI kI AdhunikatA, ucchRkhalatA, asahiSNutA evaM bhoga-vilAsa ke pati AkarSaNa kI ora izArA kiyA hai| lekhaka kA dRSTikoNa vizAla va vicAra gahare haiN| kahIM bhI dArzanikatA kI jAla meM unake zuddha vicAra ulajhe nahIM haiM, balki sarvatra unakI hArdikatA dIkhatI hai| Adhunika yugIna jaina nibaMdha sAhitya ke uparyukta vivecana se spaSTataH phalita hotA hai ki hindI jaina sAhitya meM nibaMdha sAhitya vipula rAzi meM upalabdha hotA hai| abhI bhI bahuta saMbhava hai ki kitane hI nAmI-anAmI nibaMdhakAroM kI racanAe~ yA unake yogadAna kA yahA~ ullekha karanA hamase raha gayA ho, jisake lie hameM aphasosa hai| jIvanI, AtmakathA va saMsmaraNa sAhitya : ___AtmakathA va saMsmaraNa ko hama sarvathA Adhunika yuga kI dena kaha sakate 1. muni zrI lAbhacaMdra jI-'mAnavatA ke patha para', saMpAdakIya-kumAra satyabhakta, pR. 2.

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Adhunika hindI - jaina sAhitya haiN| jaba ki jIvanI - sAhitya kA rUpa pahale bhI prApta hotA hai, cAhe bhASA kA mAdhyama koI bhI ho| jIvanI aura AtmakathA ko sAhitya ke antargata eka vizeSa sAhitya - rUpa kA sthAna diyA jAtA hai, kyoMki yaha kAlpanika kathA evaM sAmAnya itihAsa se bhinna cIja haiN| sAmAnyataH 'kisI vyakti vizeSa ke jIvana vRttAnta ko jIvanI kahate haiN| 'jIvana carita' kAlAntara meM kiMcita zuddha hokara 'jIvana caritra' bana gayA aura isI kA Adhunika rUpa 'jIvanI' aba sarvAdhika pracalita hai / jIvana caritra meM donoM zabda ko alaga kareM to jIvana ke antargata sthUla - bAhya ghaTanAoM ko aura caritra ke antargata caritra nAyaka kI Antarika vizeSatAoM ko le sakate haiN| isa prakAra jIvana caritra athavA jIvanI meM kisI manuSya ke antarbAhya donoM hI jIvanI kA lekhA hotA hai|" jIvanI meM nAyaka ke saMpUrNa jIvana yA jIvana ke yatheSTa bhAga kI carcA hotI hai| jIvanI meM jindagI bhara kA hAla le sakanA saMbhava na hone para usakA eka chora sphuTa saMsmaraNa ko mAnA jAtA hai aura dUsarA chora janma se lekara mRtyu taka ke itihAsa se jIvanI ko mAnA jA sakatA hai| vAstavika jIvana vahI hai, jisameM tathyoM ke anveSaNa meM aura unheM prastuta karane meM vizeSa dhyAna rakhanA cAhie aura jIvanI pramANika tathA samyak jAnakArI para AdhArita honI caahie| kathA sAhitya kI bhAMti kalpanA kI ur3Ana ko sthAna na hokara vAstavikatA ko mRdu-rocaka banAyA jA sakatA hai| 374 jIvanI : jIvanI kI yaha mahatvapUrNa vizeSatA kahI jAyegI ki jIvanI lekhaka ke lie ucita hai ki yaha carita nAyaka ke jIvana ko kramazaH anveSita evaM udghATita kre| prAraMbha se hI carita nAyaka meM mahattA aura vizleSaNakatA ke darzana karane laganA acchA nahIM rahatA, kyoMki aisA karane se nAyaka kA caritra svAbhAvika rUpa se nirmita nahIM ho sakatA / jIvanI aura AtmakathA sAhitya kA aisA rUpa hai, jisake dvArA manuSya kI jijJAsAvRtti tRpta hokara kucha sIkhanA, jAnanA evaM jIvana ko urdhvagAmI banAne kI cAha rakhatA hai| vaise jIvanI likhanA AtmakathA kI apekSA thor3A sarala hai, jabaki AtmakathA meM ApabItI ko saMpUrNa satya evaM hArdikatA ke sAtha jaga samakSa rakhanA hausale ke sAtha nirbhIkatA kI apekSA rakhatA hai| jIvana carita likhane kI praNAlI hamAre prAcIna sAhitya meM atyanta kama 1. hindI sAhitya koza, pR0 305.

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-gadya sAhitya : vidhAe~ aura viSaya-vastu 375 dekhI jAtI hai| nAbhAdAsa kRta 'bhaktamAla' tathA anya kucha granthoM meM jIvana sambaMdhI jo bhI itivRtta milate haiM, unameM guNa doSa kI mAtrA adhika hai| phalataH jIvanI lekhana kA vAstavika tathA vaijJAnika dRSTikoNa hameM prAcIna sAhitya kI apekSA Adhunika kAla meM pazcimI sAhitya se vizeSa milaa| hindI kA jIvanI sAhitya nAyaka ke jIvana tathyoM ke vaijJAnika vizleSaNa, samyak nirUpaNa aura manovaijJAnika adhyayana kI dizA meM gatizIla hai| hindI jaina sAhitya meM sAdhu-muniyoM kI jIvanI vizeSa upalabdha hotI hai, jinameM jIvana kI vAstavikatA kA nirUpaNa acchA kiyA gayA hai| sAtha hI sAhityika zailI meM jIvana ke mahatvapUrNa bhAga ko prasphuTita kiyA gayA hai| jaina sAhitya meM apabhraMza bhASA meM guruoM kI jIvanI yA carita likhe gaye haiM, jinameM bhakti bhAvanA vaza guNoM kA kIrtana vizeSa dekhA jAtA hai| Adhunika kAla meM bhI vizeSata: AcArya yA guruoM kI jIvanI unake anuyAyI yA 'zrAvaka' dvArA likhI gaI hai| Alocya kAla meM nimnalikhita jIvaniyA~ prApta ho sakI haiM(1) jagadguru zrI harivijaya sUrI kI jIvanI : mugala samrATa akabara ke samaya meM jaina dharma va zAsana kI pratiSThA bar3hAnevAle vidvAn lokapriya jainAcArya kI jIvanI zrI zazibhUSaNa zAstrI ne bhinna-bhinna patra-patrikAoM meM prakAzita lekhoM ke AdhAra para se Alekhita kI hai| Atma-sAdhanA evaM zreya meM tallIna AcArya loka-kalyANa tathA lokodaya kI upekSA karate haiM, aise Aropa ko AcArya jI ne apane kAryoM dvArA nirdhAnta kara diyA hai| I. 1722 meM likhI gaI isa jIvanI ke caritra-nAyaka kA janma saM. 1596 meM kArtika zukla dvija ko huA thA aura bacapana se hI saMsAra se virakti A jAne se dIkSA aMgIkAra kara samAja-kalyANa kA kartavya bajAne kA nizcaya kiyaa| prANImAtra ke prati dayA va anurAga hone se apane saMparka meM Ane vAle ko premapUrvaka upadeza dvArA zAMti va dhIraja baMdhAte haiN| jIvadayA ke ve pravartaka-pracAraka the| guNIjanoM ke prati vinamrI tathA anurAgI the| ataH ucca sthiti para pahu~cane para bhI gAMva-gAMva ghUmakara jIva dayA tathA ahiMsA kA sadupadeza dekara logoM ko mAnavatA va karuNA kA saMdeza dete the| samrATa akabara unakI vidvatA evaM pratibhA se kAphI prabhAvita hue the aura unake upadeza se hI amuka tithiyoM para hiMsA banda rakhane kA hukuma nikAlA thaa| unhoMne kAphI granthoM kA praNayana kiyA thA 1. dharma dhrmaavlmvii| 2. draSTavya-vIla DayureT-Our Oriental Heritage, p. 467.

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376 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya lekina do hI upalabdha hote haiM-'jambUdIpa prajJA saTIkA' tathA 'antarikSa pArzvanAtha stavaH-phira bhI unakI asAdhAraNa vidvatA meM lezamAtra saMdeha nahIM rhtaa| isa jIvanI meM tithivAra evaM saMvat kA nizcit ullekha hone se usakI aitihAsikatA meM zaMkA nahIM hotI lekina AcArya mahArAja ke jIvana ko vistRta evaM gaharAI meM na prastuta kara kevala unakI sAmAjika kSetra kI vizeSatA evaM ucca mAnavIya guNoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| lekhaka ne sarala-zuddha bhASA meM AcArya zrI kI jIvanI likhakara jaina-jagat ke preraNA svarUpa jIvana para prakAza DAlA hai| (2) sacce sAdhu : jagatapUjya vijayadharma sUri mahArAja kI jIvanI abhayacaMda bhagavAnadAsa gAMdhI dvArA prakAzita kI gaI hai, jisameM carita-nAyaka ke jIvana kI mahatvapUrNa ghaTanAoM, vidvatA, mahattA Adi kA suMdara sAhityika zailI meM varNana kiyA hai| jIvanI ke nAyaka kA janma saM0 1924 meM huA thaa| nAyaka ke janma samaya kA AkarSaka varNana karate hue lekhaka likhate haiM-"dizAe~ haMsane lgiiN| havA prasanna hokara vRkSoM ke sAtha khelane lgii| vRkSa kI DAlI mAno nAca-nAca kara isa mahApuruSa ke Agamana kI khuzI manAne lgii|" saurASTra ke mahuvA zahara meM janme hue vijayadharma kA bacapana kA nAma mUlacanda thaa|baalk mUlacanda ke bacapana kA sundara varNana lekhaka ne kiyA hai| unakA svabhAva, AraMbha, saMskAra, bacapana kI burI AdatoM kA bejhijhaka varNana kiyA hai, jo acchI va pramANika jIvanI kA aMga hotA hai| saMsAra ke kaDuve-mIThe anubhavoM ke bAda apariNita sthiti meM hI bhAvanagara meM virAjamAna buddhicanda mahArAja se dIkSA grahaNa kI thii| unhoMne gahana adhyayana kara ajJAna aMdhakAra ko dUra kiyA thA tathA kramazaH nyAya tathA vyAkaraNa zAstroM ke granthoM kA adhyayana pUrNa kiyaa| jahA~-jahA~ vihAra karate, vahA~-vahA~ jaina pustakAlaya va pAThazAlA baMdhavAne ke lie preraNA tathA anumodanA dete rahate the| 'yazovijaya granthAlaya' kA nirmANa bhI unakI preraNA va sahayoga se huaa| sabase pahale mANDala meM 'yazovijaya grantha jaina pAThazAlA' sthApita kii| anantara bAraha vidyArthI evaM chaH sAdhuoM ko lekara jaina virodhiyoM ke sAmrAjya svarUpa kAzI nagarI meM gye| vahA~ bhI aneka kaSToM ke bAvajUda 'hemacandrAcArya pustakAlaya' nAmaka saMsthA-sthApita kii| saM0 1964 meM banArasa meM bahuta bar3I sabhA meM kAzI nareza sara prabhunArAyaNa siMha jI ke hAtha se saMskRta meM likhita pratiSThA-patra prApta kiyaa| isa ghaTanA ke bAda 'dharma sUri' se 'vijaya

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- gadya sAhitya : vidhAe~ aura viSaya-vastu Adhunika hindI - jaina 377 dharma sUri' nAma se prasiddha hue| prAraMbha meM kAzI - banArasa aura kalakattA unakA kAryakSetra rhaa| bAda meM gujarAta evaM saurASTra kI ora vihAra prAraMbha kiyA / banArasa meM gaUghATa para eka pazuzAlA unake prayatnoM se banavAI gii| usa samaya ke adhikAriyoM tathA sthAnoM ke nAma se caritra nAyaka ke sambaMdhoM kA jIvanI meM nizcita varNana karane se saccAI meM saMdeha nahIM rhtaa| zAsaka varga ke adhikAriyoM kA paricaya bhI prApta hotA hai| jIvana lekhaka ne caritra nAyaka ke sAmAjika evaM dhArmika kAryoM kA saMvat, sthAnoM meM prAmANika ullekhoM ke sAtha varNana kiyA hai| apanI vidvatA ke kAraNa unako 'aiziyATika sosAyaTI Apha baMgAla' ke ezosieTa membara banAye gye| AcArya mahArAja ne bahuta-se jaina dharma ke granthoM kI racanA kI ora bahuta-se graMthoM kA saMpAdana bhI kiyaa| karIba-karIba 24 graMthoM kA praNayana gujarAtI, saMskRta, iMgliza, hindI aura marAThI bhASA meM kiyA thaa| isa para se unakI vidvatA evaM bahujJatA kA paricaya bhI prApta hotA hai| san 1922 meM gvAliyara ke zivapurI nAmaka gAMva meM unakA dehavilaya huA- jaina dharma va samAja para anaMta upakAra karate jAne se unakA nAma aura kArya amara ho gyaa| jIvanI lekhaka kI bhASA sAhityika hindI hai tathA tathyoM ke bAre meM lekhaka satarka rahe haiM ki kahIM kevala guNa stuti na karake kamiyoM kA ullekha karanA bhI cUke nahIM haiN| jaina samAja meM hI nahIM varan pUre bhArata evaM pazcima ke vidvAnoM meM bhI dharmavijaya sUri jI kI khyAti phaila cukI hai| ataeva, aisI jIvanI kA apanA mahatva bhI hotA hai| na kevala jaina dharma ke prasAra-pracAra meM agradUta AcAryoM kA jIvana paricaya prakAza meM lAne kI vajaha se hI nahIM, balki jaina sAhitya ke dRSTikoNa se bhI aisI jIvaniyoM kA kAphI mahatva hai| 3) zrI bhUpendra sUri : jaina-saMpradAya ke yuvA kavi aura lekhaka muni zrI vidyAvijaya jI ne jaina dharma va samAja ke vidvAna muni zrI bhUpendra sUri jI kI jIvanI gItikA chaMda meM aMkita kI hai| isakI vizeSatA yaha hai ki isako vAdyoM ke sAtha gAyA jA sakatA hai| jIvanI kI bhASA sundara va zailI rocaka hai| nAyaka ke jIvana meM mAnava mAtra ke kalyANa kI bhAvanA abhivyakta hotI hai| prAraMbha meM lekhaka ne caritra- - nAyaka kI janmabhUmi bhopAla, mAtA-pitA, bhAI-bahana Adi kA suMdara paricaya diyA hai| bhopAla nagarI kA sundara varNana karate hue lekhaka kahate haiMthI nagarI bhopAla kI ati, cArutA usa kAla meM, pUrNa thA dhana-dhAnya se vaha ora maMgala bhAla meN| ekyatA kA pATha par3hatI, vIra rasa ke vAsa meN|

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378 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya IsvI 1930 meM prakAzita isa jIvanI ke nAyaka kA janma saMvat 1944 meM bhopAla meM huA thA evaM mRtyu saM0 1993 meM Aroha meM huI thii| jIvanI ke prAraMbha meM pArzva prabhu ke caraNa kamaloM kI vaMdanA kI gaI hai, jisameM suMdara vinayabhAva jhalakatA hai| vizeSa alaMkAroM kA moha rakhe binA, kevala prAsa-anuprAsa kI chaTA meM jaina dharma ke tattvagata vairAgya, rAga dveSa rahita bhAva, sadguNa jJAna, dIkSA Adi kI carcA carita nAyaka ke kramika vikAsa ke sAtha-sAtha kI gaI haiM dharma ke zubha tattva ko guru, nitya dete jJAna se| Atma naiyA pAra hotI; vizva meM yaza nAma se| (pR. 40) carita-nAyaka ko jaina dharma ke prati anaMta zraddhA evaM pyAra hone se kramazaH jainoM kI alpa hotI jA rahI saMkhyA se vedapanA anubhava karate hue ve logoM kI jaina dharma ke prati zraddhA bar3hAne ke lie satat parizrama zIla rahe the| isIlie sAhitya maMDala, zrAvikAzrama, jaina gurukula, zizu-vizrAma kendra Adi kI sthApanA karavAte raheM tathA jaina samAja ke sAmAjika kalyANa kI pravRtti meM lIna rahate the| muni vidyAvijaya jI ne bhUpendra sUri ke zIla-guNa, sAdagI, ucca caritra, jJAna pipAsA evaM jaina dharma ke vikAsa ke lie prazaMsanIya pravRttiyoM kA AkarSaka varNana kiyA hai| isI pustikA meM aMta meM muni kalyANavijaya jI dvArA saMskRta bhASA meM 'bhUpendra sUri guNa guNASTakam' bhinna-bhinna vividha chaMdoM meM likhA gayA hai| muni zrI vidyAnanda jI' : lekhaka saMpAdaka jayaprakAza varmA ne isameM muni zrI ke jIvana ke pAvaka prasaMgoM ko nibaMdha svarUpa meM lipibaddha kiyA hai| prAraMbha meM paricaya dene ke bAda jIvanIkAra kI mahattA, vizeSatA tathA loka kalyANa kI bhAvanA ko ujAgara kiyA hai| bhASA alaMkAra rahita hone para bhI rocakatA kA pUrNa nirvAha kiyA gayA hai| ___jIvanI nAyaka digaMbara saMpradAya ke vidvAna sAdhu haiM aura sAtha hI hindI jaina sAhityakAra bhI haiN| lekhaka ko unake sAtha jo pAvana samaya vyatIta karane kA puNya avasara milA thA yA unase bheMTa-mulAkAta hotI rahI thI, unhIM pAvana kSaNoM ke punIta yAdoM-saMsmaraNoM kA Alekhana lekhaka ne kiyA hai| muni jI ke vicAra, dharma sambaMdhI mAnyatA, zItala prema yukta vANI Adi kA varNana kiyA hai| isako nibaMdha saMgraha yA vyAkhyAna saMgraha na kahakara muni zrI kI jIvanI kaha sakate haiM, 1. prakAzaka-lokopakArI pustkaaly|

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-gadya sAhitya : vidhAe~ aura viSaya-vastu 379 lekina jIvanI kI taraha kramabaddhatA na rahakara kevala Alokamaya kSaNoM kA hI itihAsa aMkita hai| ahiMsA malaka AcAra se Arya bhUmi ko pavitra karane jaina muniyoM ne mAnava ko hiMsaka pazu-vRttiyoM se Upara uThAkara mAnavatA kI dayAmayI snehasikta AdhArazilA para pratiSThita kiyA hai| ahiMsA kA saMdeza phailAne vAle muni zrI jahA~ kahIM vihAra karate, sabhI ko prema se milate, unake sukha-duHkha kI bAteM sunate, unako satya aura ahiMsA kA dIpaka hAtha meM batAkara jJAna kA ujAlA phailAte the| sAdagIpUrNa rahana-sahana evaM kaSTa sahiSNu bhI utane hI the| kevala maMca para baiThakara hI unako vyAkhyAna dene zreyaskara nahIM thA, balki mIloM ke mIloM 'paidala calakara zramika, pIr3ita janatA ke duHkha-darda para apanI zAnta, zItala premapUrNa vANI kA caMdana lepa lagAte the| baccoM ko bhI pyAra se milate the| AtmadhyAnI, tapasvI ke sAtha-sAtha sAmAjika utthAna, du:khI prANiyoM ke abhyudaya ke lie sadaiva ciMtita rahate the| ve dakSiNa bhArata ke brAhmaNa kula ke the, lekina kitanI hI pIr3hI se unake parivAra meM jaina dharma kA pAlana hotA A rahA thaa| ata: muni zrI ko bhI bacapana se jaina dharma ke mahAna tattvoM evaM tIrthaMkaroM kI mAnasika va zArIrika tapasyA ke dvArA jitendriya banAne kI karma sAdhanA ke prati AkarSaNa ho jAne se choTI umra meM vairAgya grahaNa kara AtmA ke sAtha anya jIvanoM ke kalyANa meM rata ho gye| malayAlama, saMskRta, marAThI, hindI, aMgrejI Adi aneka bhASA ke jJAtA evaM ucca koTi ke vidvAn haiN| saMskRta bhASA para unakA advitIya adhikAra hai| saMskRta bhASA meM unhoMne bahuta se jaina tIrthaMkaroM kI stuti prArthanA bhI likhI hai, jo nizcaya hI unake hRdaya kI vizAlatA, sarvabhUtoM kI maMgala kAmanA evaM jaina dharma ke prati agAdha AsthA kI dyotaka hai| . _ 've AtmArthI hai, AtmA anusaMdhAnI hai aura samAja hita meM bhI bar3e caukasa aura anAsakta vRtti se cala rahe haiN| unakI muskAna meM samAdhAna hai aura vANI meM samanvaya kA anAhata nAda hai| unakA hara kadama mAnavatA kI maMgala muskurAhaTa hai aura hara zabda jIvana ko dizA-dRSTi denevAlA hai| hama kahate haiM ki ve bhujaMgI vizva ke bIca caMdana ke biracha hai, anaMta suvAsa ke svaamii|' Adarza ratna : ___ muni zrI ratna vijaya jI mahArAja kI jIvanI unake ziSya AcArya devagupta sUri ne likhI hai| guru-ziSya donoM prAraMbha meM zvetAmbara saMpradAya ke sthAnakavAsI zAkhA ke sAdhu the, bAda meM mUrtipUjaka saMpradAya meM zraddhA baiThane se usameM dIkSA grahaNa kI thii| lekhaka svayaM jaina darzana ke vidvAna AcArya hai evaM apane guru ke prati atyanta zraddhA va prema hai, jo aneka jagaha vyakta hotA hai| prAraMbha meM kaccha

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380 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya bhUmi kI vizeSatA va dhArmika paristhiti kA varNana karane ke pazcAt jIvanI-nAyaka ke parivAra kA paricaya dete hue likhA hai ki-kaccha ke mahApura (aba 'mApar3a') nagarI ke dhArmika dRSTi vAle zeTha zrI govindazI kI patnI haMsAbAI kI kukSi se bahuta bar3I umra meM rattacandra kA janma huA thaa| janma pUrva haMsAbAI ko svapna meM ratnoM kA Dhera dikhAI par3A thA, ata: bAlaka kA nAma 'ratna candra' rakhA gyaa| bacapana se hI bAlaka kA dharma ke prati atyanta anurAga thaa| bacapana se catura aura vicArazIla hone se dharma kI carcA ke sAtha hiMsA-ahiMsA kI sUkSma bAteM ve apanI mAtA va guru se karate rahate the| dharma ke prati lagana evaM saMsAra ke prati virakti hone ke kAraNa mA~ se AjJA lekara dIkSA lenA cAhate the| 11 sAla kA baccA dIkSA meM kyA samajhegA, ata: mA~ ne majAka meM kahA 'para beTA! tU akelA dIkSA legA to terI sAja-saMbhAla kauna karegA ata: tere pitA jI ko kaha de ki tere sAtha vaha bhI dIkSA le leN|" majAka meM kI gaI bAta satya ThaharatI hai| govindazrI zeTha dharma ke prati atyanta zraddhAvAn to the hI, patnI kI haMsI-khuzI se ijAjata milane para pitA-putra ne sacamuca dIkSA lene kA nizcaya kara liyaa| bAda meM to haMsAbAI ne atyanta virodha kiyA, lekina donoM kA dRr3ha nirNaya dekhakara unako sammati denI pdd'ii| dIkSA ke bAda tIvra grahaNa zakti tathA sUkSma yAda zakti se Agama granthoM, sUtroM kA aura anya dhArmika graMthoM kA adhyayana karane ke uparAMta Agama graMthoM para likhI gaI TIkAe~, vyAkaraNa Adi par3hane ke lie saMskRta bhASA sIkha lii| jaina graMthoM ke alAvA anya dhArmika graMthoM kA bhI gaharA adhyayana kiyaa| bahuvijJa hone se unakA vyAkhyAna bhI gaMbhIra jJAnapUrNa rahatA thA tathA zailI AkarSaka rahatI thii| guru vaMdanA, sajjAI, stavana ke viSaya meM aneka kavitAe~ bhI likhI, jinakA saMkalana bhAvanagara ke vakIla nemicandra ne 'ratna muni kRta kAvya-saMgraha' nAma se kiyA hai| tathaiva 'munipati caritra' aura 'madanayanaveda caritra' kI saMskRta-zloka-vaddha meM racanA kI thii| muni zrI ko harijanoM ke prati apAra prema thaa| unako ve salAha-mazavarA dete, unake vyasanoM ko chur3Ane kI koziza krte| unakI mAnyatA thI ki jaina samAja to bahuta suna cukA hai, sunAnevAle bhI bahuta haiM, lekina harijanoM ko sunane-sunAne kI vizeSa AvazyakatA hai| ataH sarala bhASA meM bhajana banAkara bhI unheM sunAte the| ratnavijaya jI mahAraja ne ghora-pracaNDa-ekAgratA se 'AtApanA' lekara divya siddhiyA~ hAMsila kI thI, aisA jana samudAya kA mAnanA hai| vaizAkha-jeTha kI asahya garamI meM garma reta para do-tIna ghaNTe sokara sUrya kI Aga sahate the aura 1. Adarza ratna: muni zrI devagupta sUri, pR. 24.

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-gadya sAhitya : vidhAe~ aura viSaya-vastu 381 bAda meM apAsare (nivAsa sthAna) jAkara kevala chAcha aura bAjarI kI roTI hI khAte the| ballabhIpura gAMva ke logoM ne to aneka camatkAra dekhe the| kaccha meM janmeM muni kA svargavAsa damaNa ke pAsa vApI meM huA taba lekhaka mahAdeva kA cAturmAsa rAjasthAna ke phalodI gAMva meM huA thaa| ataeva, anta samaya meM guru ke pAsa pahu~ca na pAne se unako bahuta du:kha hotA hai| svAdhyAya, cintana, Asana ke dvArA ekAgratA, hArdika anubhUti evaM mUrti pUjA meM atyanta AsthAvAna isa muni mahArAja kA ucita Adara nahIM ho pAyA, isa bAta kA lekhaka ko vizeSa kheda pratIta hotA hai| jIvanI kI bhASA-zailI meM kahIM-kahIM vyAkaraNa kI galatiyA~ rahane pAI haiM, phira bhI dhArmika vivecana ke sAtha nAyaka ke bAhya evaM AMtarika jIvana aura vizeSatA kA prAmANikatA ke sAtha sundara varNana kiyA gayA hai| AcArya rAjendra sUri jI kI jIvanI unake vidvAna anuyAyI evaM hindI jaina lekhaka muni zrI vidyAnaMda jI ne sundara zailI meM likhI hai| isameM jIvanI ko kalAtmaka va vicArAtmaka DhaMga se prastuta kiyA gayA hai| jainAcArya vijayendra sUri jI kI jIvanI jaina lekhaka zrI kAzInAtha sarAka ne rocaka zailI meM likhI hai| ina sabake atirikta choTI-choTI jIvaniyA~ bhI hindI sAhitya meM likhI gaI haiN| jainAcAryoM evaM jaina muniyoM kI jIvaniyoM evaM jaina muniyoM kI jIvaniyoM-jo unake anuyAyiyoM dvArA likhI gaI haiM, ina ke sambaMdha meM yaha savAla paidA hotA hai ki kyA inako sAhitya ke antargata samAviSTa kara sakate haiM? sAhityika yogyatA kyA ina jIvaniyoM meM samAhita-avaziSTa hai yA inase hindI jaina sAhitya ko kucha upalabdha hotA hai? isake pratyuttara meM yahI kahA jA sakatA hai ki ina jIvaniyoM meM cAhe zraddhA vizeSa ke kAraNa ahobhAva kI anubhUti vyakta hone para bhI unakI prAmANikatA meM pAThaka ko AzaMkA nahIM hotii| isake alAvA sabhI jIvaniyA~ saMpUrNa sAhityika zailI meM na likhI gaI ho to bhI hiMdI jaina sAhitya ke bhaMDAra kI zrIvRddhi to avazya huI hai aura samAja ko-vizeSataH jaina samAja ko-apane dharma ke mahAna vyaktiyoM kA paricaya prApta hone ke sAtha unake jIvana kI mahAnatA, udAtta bhAvanAoM se kucha prApta hotI hai| apane jIvana ko bhI udAtta evaM kartavyazIla banAne kI preraNA mila sakatI hai| ___ terA paMtha ke saMsthApaka AcArya tulasI kI jIvanI chaganalAla zAstrI ne 'AcArya tulasI jIvana jhAMkI' nAma se prastuta kI hai, jisameM AcArya ke parivAra

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382 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya aura jIvana ke mahatvapUrNa prasaMgoM ke sAtha unakI vidvatA, bahuzrutatA tathA mAnava-kalyANa kI pravRttiyoM kA suMdara varNana kiyA gayA hai| AcAryoM va muniyoM ke jIvana caritroM ke alAvA jaina samAja ko prasiddha vyaktiyoM ke jIvana caritra bhI prakaTa hue haiM, ina 'jIvana caritroM meM seTha mANika caMdra, seTha hukumacanda, kumAra devendra prasAda, zrI bAbU jyotiprasAda, bra0 zItalaprasAda, bra paM0 candrAbAI, zrImaganabAI evaM zvetAMbara ke aneka yati-muniyoM ke jIvana caritra pradhAna haiN| ina caritroM meM se kaI eka to avazya hI sAhitya kI dRSTi se mahatvapUrNa hai| pAThaka ina jIvana-caritroM se aneka bAteM grahaNa kara sakate haiN|' Adhunika yuga meM tIrthaMkaroM kI jIvaniyA~ bhI kAphI mAtrA meM upalabdha hotI haiM Agama granthoM aura paurANika AdhAroM para se ye jIvaniyA~ grahaNa kI gaI hone se unakI vAstavikatA meM saMdeha kI mAtrA kama rahatI hai| aisI jIvaniyoM ko hama kathA-sAhitya ke aMtargata bhI grahaNa kara sakate haiM, lekina tIrthaMkaroM kI jIvanI kA kramabaddha vivaraNa va dArzanika siddhAMtoM kI carcA bIca-bIca meM Ane se kathA-sAhitya ke antargata na lekara jIvanI sAhitya ke sAtha hI likhA jA sakatA hai| bhagavAna AdinAtha, pArzvanAtha, ariSTanemi, mahAvIra kI jIvaniyA~ vizeSa upalabdha hotI haiN| sabhI meM thor3I-bahuta samAnatA dRSTigata hotI hai, yathA-tIrthaMkara kI janmabhUmi kI samRddhi va bhavyatA kA varNana, vaMza-paricaya, mAtA ke garbha meM Ane pUrva mAtA ko svapna, jyotiSa se svapna phala kA rahasya jAnanA, janma se pUrva svapna, janma mahotsava, indrAdi devoM dvArA AnaMda-utsava, kumArAvasthA, vairAgya-bhAvanA, dIkSA mahotsava, tapazcaryA, kaSToM ko (pariSadoM) sahane ke uparAMta 'kevala jJAna' prApti evaM upadeza (deshnaa)| aise caritroM kI vastu meM upadezAtmakatA hone para bhI rocakatA evaM jijJAsA banI rahatI hai| usI prakAra jaina dharma kI pramukha satiyoM ke jIvana caritroM meM zrI mRgAvatI carita, satI aMjanA, dhAriNI devI, surasuMdarI carita Adi pramukha haiN| vaise sabhI jIvaniyoM kI zailI bhI prAyaH samAna rahatI hai, phira bhI bhASA kI praur3hatA, vicAroM kA gAMbhIrya, zailI kI jIvaMtatA, tathya prastutIkaraNa ke antara ke kAraNa bhinna-bhinna lekhakoM kI viziSTatA va vidvatA dRSTigata hotI hai| vasaMtakumAra jaina ne bhagavAna RSabhadeva, bhagavAna zAntinAtha, bhagavAna pArzvanAtha evaM bhagavAna ariSTanemi ke caritra-grantha suMdara bhASA evaM atyanta AkarSaka zailI yukta hai| ataH unakI racanAoM meM rocakatA kA nirvAha pUrNataH ho pAyA hai| ina jIvaniyoM ke viSaya meM apane vicAra vyakta karate hue prastAvanA meM likhate 1. DA. nemicandra jI : hindI jaina sAhitya kA parizIlana, pR0 141.

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-gadya sAhitya : vidhAe~ aura viSaya-vastu 383 haiM-AdhyAtmika rasa bhautika vAdiyoM ke lie eka kar3avI davA hotI hai parantu yahA~ vahI kar3avI davA mIThe-mIThe batAse meM rakhakara pilAI jA rahI hai 'lekhaka kI zailI kI madhuratA prekSaNIya hai| RSabhadeva kI janmabhUmi kA kAvyAtmaka varNana karate hue likhate haiM-'raMga calate vihaMga gaNa se carcita aura madamAtI, iThalAtI, sarasAtI, svaccha zItala nIra sahita saritA se maMDita ghara nagarI indra kI purI ko bhI mAta de rahI hai| 'vasanta jI racita jIvaniyoM meM carita nAyaka kI jIvanI kA kramabaddha Alekhana to rahatA hai, lekina caritra-citraNa bhI kAphI surekha tathA saMvAda choTe-choTe aura atyanta rocaka haiN| sacamuca, unhoMne AdhyAtmikatA evaM dArzanika carcA ko bhI madhura prAkRtika varNana evaM tIrthaMkaroM ke jIvana vikAsa ke suMdara varNanoM se hRdaya grAhya banA dI hai| ina jIvaniyoM ke viSaya meM vistRta varNana ke lie yahA~ avakAza nahIM hai, kyoMki tIrthaMkaroM kI jIvanI aneka vidvAna lekhakoM dvArA likhI gaI hone se kevala nAmollekha se saMtoSa karanA pdd'egaa| bAbU kAmatA prasAda jaina ne bhI 'bhagavAna pArzvanAtha' aura 'bhagavAna mahAvIra aura mahAtmA buddha nAmakacarita grantha likhe haiM, jisakI bhASA zailI saMyata va praur3ha hai| tIrthaMkaroM ke pUrva janmoM kI kathA meM bIca-bIca meM upadezAtmaka zailI dekhI jA sakatI hai| ___AcArya rajanIza ne 'mahAvIra merI dRSTi meM' pustaka meM nUtana-dRSTibindu evaM vicAradhArA se mahAvIra kA jIvana aura vyavahAra, cintana evaM karma ko vyakta kiyA hai| AcArya rajanIza ne anya bhI dhArmika granthoM kA praNayana kiyA hai, jaina dharma kI saiddhAMtika carcA inhoMne apane vyAkhyAnoM meM vizeSa kI hai, jinako prakAzita kiyA jAtA hai| tIrthaMkaroM ke jIvana caritoM kI sUcI nimnalikhita rUpa se haiMpustaka lekhaka 1. varddhamAna mahAvIra digambaradAsa jaina, kAmatAprasAda jaina 2. bhagavAna ariSTanemi aura karmayogI zrIkRSNa devendra muni 3. varddhamAna mahAvIra jagadIza jaina 4. caubIsa tIrthaMkara DA. devendra kumAra 5. tIrthaMkara mahAvIra zrI madhukara muni aura nUtana muni 6. saMbhavanAtha caritra pratApa muni 7. mahAvIra jIvana prabhA AnaMda sahAya jI mahArAja

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384 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya 8. bhagavAna mahAvIra eka anuzIlana devendra muni 9. bhagavAna mahAvIra kA AdarzajIvana paM0 sukhalAla jI 10. bhagavAna mahAvIra paM0 dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA 11. bhagavAna mahAvIra kA Adarza jIvana muni cauthamala jI 12. zrI pArasanAtha caritra rAmalAla dolA jI ina sabhI meM tIrthaMkaroM kA jIvana rAjavaMza meM janmeM rAjakumAra kI zreNI se kramarza: tyAga, vairAgya, kaSTa sahiSNutA, dIrgha tapasyA, indriyadamana va manonigraha ke dvArA pUrva janmoM ke karmoM kI nirjarA samatAbhAva se kara 'kevala jJAna' kI prApti ke bAda mAnava kalyANa hetu upadeza se prakAzita hai| unakA mana, vacana va kAyA kI ahiMsA, karuNA, prema va satya ke siddhAntoM kA janatA meM pracAraprasAra jIvana-dhyeya rahA hai| tIrthaMkaroM kA uddezya Atma vikAsa ke phalasvarUpa 'kevala jJAna' kI saMprApti se anaMtara prANI mAtra ke kalyANa ke lie nirantara sadupadeza dekara jIvana kI sArthakatA kA rAstA prazasta karane meM rahatA hai| ataH svAbhAvika hai ki inameM dhArmika vicAradhArA bIca-bIca meM rahatI hai, jaina dharma ke viziSTa pAribhASika zabdAvalI kA A jAnA bhI sahaja hai, lekina isase kisI prakAra ke pAThakoM ko asuvidhA paidA nahIM hotii| anya tIrthaMkaroM kI jIvanI ke sambaMdha meM vAda-vivAda yA virodha nahIM uThatA, lekina bhagavAna mahAvIra ke jIvana, dIkSA sambaMdha meM jaina saMpradAya meM do pramukha saMpradAyoM ke kAraNa antara A jAtA hai| kyoMki zvetAmbara sampradAya vAle mahAvIra ko vivAhita-patnI yazodA-va putrI priyadarzanA, dAmAda jAmAlikumAra svIkArate haiM evaM dIkSA ke bAda zveta vastra dhAraNa kiye hue svIkArate haiM, jabaki digaMbara saMpradAya vAle mahAvIra ko avivAhita evaM digaMbara sthiti meM hI vicaraNa karate hue mAnate haiN| anya dArzanika siddhAntoM meM bhI choTe-moTe antara ina do pramukha saMpradAyoM meM pravartita hone se mahAvIra kI jIvanI meM antara A jAnA svAbhAvika hai, kyoMki lekhaka jisa saMpradAya meM vizvAsa karate haiM, usI mAnyatA, vizvAsa ke mutAbika jIvanI likheNge| jIvanI ke anantara AtmakathA ko dekhA jAya to Adhunika hindI jaina sAhitya meM atyanta kama-kevala do-AtmakathA upalabdha hotI hai| zAyada adhika likhI gaI ho aura mujhe prApta na huI ho aisI saMbhAvanA bhI ho sakatI hai, lekina jahA~ taka merI koziza rahI hai, vahA~ taka zrI gaNezaprasAda varNI jI kI 'merI jIvana-gAthA' evaM zrI ajitaprasAda jaina kI 'ajJAta-jIvana' AtmakathA prApta ho sakI hai| donoM ko hI utkRSTa koTi kI AtmakathA kahI jAyegI, jinase hindI

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-gadya sAhitya : vidhAe~ aura viSaya-vastu 385 jaina sAhitya va samAja to upakRta hogA hI, sabhI pAThakoM ko rasAtmakatA ke sAtha kucha vizeSa prApta hone kI anubhUti avazya hotI hai| preraNA, utsAha, saMkaToM kA haMsate hue sAmanA karake nirdiSTa patha para agrasara hokara uddezya ke prati dRr3ha nizcayI hone kI preraNA prApta hotI hai| __ "AtmakathA lekhaka ke apane jIvana kA sambaMdha varNana hai| Atma kathA ke dvArA apane bIte hue jIvana kA siMhAvalokana aura eka vyApaka pRSThabhUmi meM apane jIvana kA mahatva dikhalAyA jAnA saMbhava hai| + + + jIvana caritra AtmakathA se isa artha meM bhinna hai ki kisI vyakti dvArA likhI gaI kisI anya vyakti kI jIvanI jIvana caritra hai| aura kisI vyakti dvArA likhI gaI svayaM apanI jIvanI AtmakathA, Atma-carita yA Atma-caritra hindI meM AtmakathA ke artha meM prayukta prAraMbhika zabda hai aura tatvata: Atma kathA se bhinna nahIM hai| Atma kathA kA uddezya AtmAMkana dvArA Atma pariSkAra evaM Atmonnati karane kI hotI hai| dUsarA uddezya yaha bhI hai ki lekhaka ke anubhavoM kA lAbha anya loga uThA skeN| Atma-kathA-lekhaka kI racanA yuga tathA samaya ke pramANa rUpa meM par3hI jAnI cAhie, kyoMki isameM aitihAsika ghaTanAoM evaM AMdolanoM kA pratyakSa-apratyakSa varNana vAstavika rUpa se hotA hai| hindI bhASA meM sarvaprathama jaina kavi banArasIdAsa kI 'arddha kathAnaka' AtmakathA prasiddha hai aura dUsarI DA. rAjendra bAbU kii| abhI to thor3I bahuta AtmakathAeM prakAzita huI haiM, phira bhI inakI saMkhyA alpa hI kahIM jaayegii| gadya kI yaha eka aisI vidhA hai, jisameM kucha antarbhUta kiyA jAtA hai lekina jAhira meM vyakta karane meM kaThinAI mahasUsa hotI hai| vRttiyoM, pravRttiyoM evaM kamajoriyoM kA nibhIkatA tathA kheladilI se svIkArokti sabake lie saMbhava nahIM hotaa| phira bhI Ajakala hindI ke lekhakoM kA dhyAna isa dizA meM thor3A-bahuta AkRSTa huA hai, jo AnaMda kI bAta kahI jaayegii| AtmakathA kI alpasaMkhyA ke kAraNa para prakAza DAlate hue DaoN. nemicandra likhate haiM ki-yahI kAraNa hai ki kisI bhI sAhitya meM Atma kathAoM kI saMkhyA aura sAhitya kI apekSA kama hotI hai| pratyeka vyakti meM yaha naisargika saMkoca pAyA jAtA hai ki vaha apane jIvana ke pRSTha sarva-sAdhAraNa ke samakSa kholane meM hicakicAtA hai, kyoMki una pRSThoM ke khulane para usake samasta jIvana ke acche yA bure kArya nagna rUpa dhAraNa kara samasta janatA ke samakSa upasthita ho jAte hai aura phira hotI hai unakI kaTu aalocnaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki saMsAra meM bahuta kama vidvAna 1. hindI sAhitya koza, pR. 28.

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386 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya aise haiM, jo usa AlocanA kI paravAha na kara apane jIvana kI DAyarI yathArtha rUpa meM nirbhaya aura nidhar3aka ho prastuta kara ske| merI jIvanagAthA : varNI jI kI yaha gAthA aupanyAsika zailI meM likhI gaI hai, jisameM upanyAsa kI taraha jIvana ke nikaTa kA satya tathA jIvana kI mArmika ghaTanAoM ko yathArtha rUpa meM prastuta karane kI rocaka zailI kA svataH nirvAha huA hai| 'varNI jI ne apanA Atma carita likhakara jahA~ eka ora jaina samAja kA upakAra kiyA hai, vahA~ hindI ke bhaMDAra ko bhI bharA hai| etadartha ve badhAI ke pAtra haiN|' paM0 gaNezaprasAda varNI jI ne apanI AtmakathA meM apanI kamajorI haThAgraha Adi ko svIkAra karake jinase bheMTa mulAkAta huI, unake sambaMdhoM meM bhI saccAI se jo anubhava huA, usa sabako vyakta kiyA hai| jIvana kI vyAvahArika dArzanikatA, jaina dharma kI dArzanikatA, vizeSatA, jaina samAja kI sAmAjika, dhArmika paristhitiyoM kA tAdRzya citraNa isameM hameM prApta hotA hai| varNI jI ne yaha Atma kathA likhakara jaina samAja kA hI nahIM, apitu hindI sAhitya kA bhI mahatI upakAra kiyA hai| isa jIvanI ke mahatva para prakAza DAlate hue saMpAdakIya vaktavya meM likhA gayA hai-'pUjya varNI jI dvArA likhI gaI yaha 'merI jIvana gAthA' kevala unakI apanI hI jIvanI nahIM hai, apitu vaha samAja kA 50 varSoM kA jvalanta itihAsa hai| isameM pratyakSIkRta mArmika ghaTanAoM, sAmAjika pravRttiyoM aura jIvana-sudhAra ke hRdayasparzI sUtroM kA grathana hai| ise kitane hI loga hindI 'padmapurANa' kahate haiM, niHsaMdeha yaha 'padmapurANa' kI taraha jIvana nirmANa ke lie par3hane yogya hai| pUrI AtmakathA meM hama varNI jI ke jIvana kI suMdara, asuMdara sAmAnya mahatvapUrNa, prakAza-aMdhakAra, acchAI-burAI yukta ghaTanAoM ko unakI saMpUrNa saccAI ke sAtha dekha pAte haiN| kahIM bhI unhoMne kucha chipAne kI na koziza kI hai, na saMkocavaza kucha chor3A hai| kaThora parizrama vrata evaM svAdhyAya va sAdagIpUrNa jindagI ko usake sahI svarUpa meM pAThaka ke sAmane khulI kitAba kI taraha khola diyA hai, pAThaka ko jo kucha samajhanA yA svIkAra karanA ho, usa para chor3a diyA hai| ghaTanAeM evaM pAtroM ke paricaya itane rocaka haiM ki kathA kI taraha choDate nahIM bntaa| sarala tathA rocaka zailI AtmakathA kA prANa hai, jisase yaha nIrasatA se baca jAtI hai aura saba usameM samAna bhAva se rasAnubhUti kA AnaMda grahaNa kara 1. DA0 nemicandra jI : hindI jaina sAhitya kA parizIlana, pR. 130. 2. merI jIvana gAthA-prastAvanA, dvArakAprasAra mizrA

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-gadya sAhitya : vidhAe~ aura viSaya-vastu 387 sakate haiN| namratA va vAstavikatA jo AtmakathA ke lie paramAvazyaka hai, una donoM kA isameM pUrNatayA nirvAha kiyA gayA hai| prAraMbha meM hI varNI jI batAte haiM-na to maiM zodhaka hU~, aura na sAhityakAra huuN| maiM to bhagavAna mahAvIra ke mahAna siddhAntoM kA anuyAyI mAtra hU~, aura svataMtra vicAraka huuN| mujhe unake mArga kA anusaraNa karane meM jo AnaMdAnubhava AtA hai, vaha bacanAtIta hai|" varNI jI sacamuca satya ke anveSaNa evaM upadezaka haiN| ataeva, yAtrA ke daurAna kaThinAiyoM ke sAtha svayaM kI mUrkhatA ko spaSTataH batAte haiN| varNI jI sAre jaina samAja ke lie AdaraNIya evaM zraddhAbhAjana haiN| AbAla-vRddha sabhI ko unake jIvana se kucha na kucha sIkhane ko milatA hai| apane jIvana kI mArmika ghaTanAoM ko ve vyAkhyAnoM meM rasAtmakatA se varNana karate the| AtmakathA likhakara ve prakAzita karanA nahIM cAhate the, Atma prazasti kA Dara jo laga rahA thA, lekina bahuta dabAva DAlane para hI taiyAra hue| prAraMbha meM jaina dharmI na hokara vaiSNava dharmI the, lekina bacapana se jaina dharma ke prati utkaTa anurAga thaa| kramazaH yaha anurAga bar3hane se jaina dharma ke tattvoM ke gahana abhyAsa ke sAtha vrata, svAdhyAya tathA niyamoM kA custatA se pAlana karane lage, deva-maMdiroM kA darzana, pUjana unako AnaMda-zAnti detA thaa| AtmakathAkAra ne kevala bhramaNa evaM yAtrAoM kA nIrasa varNana hI nahIM kiyA hai, apitu rocaka zailI meM bIca-bIca meM prakRti kA suMdara varNana bhI kiyA hai| mainAgiri kI yAtrA karate hue parvata ke nikaTastha sarovara kA varNana karate hue kahate haiM-snAnAdi se nivRtta hokara zrI jina maMdira ke lie udyamI huaa| prathama to sarovara ke darzana hue jo atyanta ramya thaa| cAroM ora sArasa Adi pakSIgaNa zabda kara rahe the| cakavA Adi aneka prakAra ke pakSIgaNa zabda kara rahe the| kamala ke phUloM se vaha aisA suzobhita thA, mAnoM gulAba kA bAga hI ho| jaina dharma kA gaharAI meM jJAna prApta karane ke lie bhinna-bhinna vidvAnoM ke pAsa jAte rahate the| ina yAtrAoM ke varNana meM itanI sajIvatA, jIvaTatA evaM maulikatA kA raMga hai ki pAThaka usa raMga meM raMge binA nahIM raha sakatA, AsAnI se tAdAtmya sthApita kara letA hai| isa AtmakathA kI eka aura vizeSatA hai ki isameM varNI jI kI mArmika jIvana kathA ke sAtha jaina samAja ke sAmAjika, aitihAsika va dhArmika itihAsa ke sAtha zikSA vikAsa kA krama pAyA jAtA hai, kyoMki varNI jI eka vyakti na hokara saMsthA hai| unake sAtha aneka saMsthAe~ jur3I hai, kyoMki khuda ko jaina 1. varNI jI : merI jIvana gAthA-pR. 29.

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388 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya dharma va darzana kA jJAna prApta karane ke lie atyanta zArIrika va mAnasika kaSTa uThAne par3e the, ataH bhaviSya kI pIr3hI ko sugamatA se jJAna prApti ho sake, isa uddezya se jagaha-jagaha pAThazAlAeM sthApita kii| Aja ke hamAre samAja meM jo amIra-garIba ke bIca anyAya, bhedabhAva, dhokhebAjI, pUrvagraha Adi vartamAna hai, unakA citraNa Apane 'kuMbaDIvAle' prasaMga meM acchI taraha kiyA hai| garIba sabjI becanevAlI ke pAsa bhI ImAnadArI va nyAya nAmaka cIja hai, lekina samAja ke aguvA kahalAne vAle zeTha jI va dhanika strI ko na lAja-zarama hai, na pApa kA bhaya hai aura na hI garIboM kI ijjata saMbhAlane kI bhaavnaa| 'dhanika manuSya apane paisoM se saikar3oM pApa chipA lete haiM, lekina eka nirdhana suI kI noka ke barAbara bhI pApa nahIM chipA pAtA, use apane pApa kA phala bhugatanA hI par3atA hai| yaha kaisA anyaay| hamAre samAja meM yahI viSamatA hai| samAja taMtra meM jaba taka yaha viSavela rahegI taba taka unnati kI AzA nahIMvat hogii| isa tathya ko suMdara rIti se vyakta karate hue likhate haiM-pApa cAhe bar3A manuSya kare yA choTA, pApa to pApa hI rhegaa| usakA daNDa donoM ko samAna hI milanA caahie| aisA na hone se hI saMsAra meM Aja paMcAyatI sattA kA lopa ho gayA hai| bar3e AdamI cAhe jo kareM, unake doSa ko chipAne kI ceSTA kI jAtI hai aura garIboM ko pUrA daNDa diyA jAtA hai, yaha kyA nyAya hai ? dekho, bar3A vahI kahalAtA hai, jo samadarzI hai| sUrya kI rozanI cAhe daridra ho cAhe amIra, donoM ke gharoM para samAna rUpa se par3atI hai| samAja kA saccA rUpa isa graMtha ke pRSTha-pRSTha para aMkita hai| AtmakathA meM jitane bhI pAtroM kA paricaya diyA gayA hai, jinase saMsarga, mulAkAta yA thor3A-bahuta jinake sAtha meM kAla-yApana kiyA hai, una sabhI kA itanA spaSTa evaM surekha citraNa kiyA gayA hai ki unakI jItI-jAgatI tasvIra hamAre sAmane A jAtI hai| upanyAsa zailI se bhI bar3hakara rocaka caritra-citraNa kiyA gayA hai| ciroMjI bAI, sva. gopAladAsa baraiyA, arjunadAsa seThI, rAmadAsa bhAU, pANDe Adi kA citrAtmaka paricaya diyA hai| Aja se 50, 60 varSa pUrva ke samAja kI sthiti, rahana-sahana, rIti-rivAja, janatA kI manovRtti, atithisatkAra, hArdikatA, dhArmika sthaloM kI sthiti, dhArmika va sAmAjika saMsthAoM kA nirvAha, zikSA kI paddhati, zikSArthI kA jIvana, Adi viSayoM kI jAnakArI hameM isa graMtha se AsAnI se mila jAtI hai| yaha grantha itihAsa kI saccAI va sUkSmatA se pUrNa hone se jIvanI ke AnaMda ke sAtha samAja kI bhinna-bhinna paristhitiyoM kA jJAna bhI detI hai| sacce vrata ke viSaya meM Apane kaI jagaha 1. varNI jI : merI jIvana gAthA, pR0 105.

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-gadya sAhitya : vidhAe~ aura viSaya-vastu 389 sundara nirAkaraNa kiyA hai-'jisa kArya se AkulatA bar3ha jAve, use mata kro| koI bhI kAma karo, samatA se kro|' pUjyA ciroMjIbAI ke ye zabda lekhaka ko preraNA dete rahate the| bAbA zivalAla jI bhI vrata ke aucitya para dhyAna dete hue kahate haiM-zarIra ko sarvathA nirbala mata bnaao| vrata-upavAsa karo avazya, parantu jisameM vizeSa AkulatA ho jAya aisA zakti kA ullaMghana kara vrata mata kro| vrata kA tAtparya to AkulatA dUra karanA hai| AtmakathA kI bhASA itanI AkarSaka evaM sarala hai ki sAmAnya pAThaka bhI AsAnI se AtmasAta kara sakatA hai| unakI bhASA zailI meM choTe-choTe vAkyoM kI sugaThitatA evaM apUrva chaTA hai| pravAhabaddha bhASA meM dharma ke tattvoM kI carcA bhI kuzalatA se kara lete haiN| DA0 nemicandra zAstrI unakI vizeSatA para apane vicAra vyakta karate hue likhate haiM ki-isa sAr3he tIna hAtha ke miTTI ke putale kA vyaktitva Aja gajaba DhA rahA hai| samasta mAnavIya guNoM se vibhUSita isa mahAmAnava meM mUka paropakAra kI abhivyaMjanA, sAdhanA aura tyAga kI abhivyakti evaM bahumukhI pratibhA vidvatA kA saMyoga jisa prakAra se pAyA hai, zAyada hI anyatra mile| itanI sarala prakRti, gaMbhIra mudrA, Thosa jJAna, aTala zraddhAdi guNoM ke dvArA loga sahaja hI inake bhakta bana jAte haiN| jo bhI inake saMparka meM AyA, vaha antaraMga meM mAyAzUnyatA, satyaniSThA, prakANDa pAMDitya, vidvatA ke sAtha cAritrya, prabhAvaka vANI, pariNAmoM meM anupama zAMti evaM Atmika aura zArIrika vidvatA Adi guNa rAzi se prabhAvita hue binA nahIM rhtaa| isake atirikta ajJAna-timirAndha jaina samAja kA jJAna-locana unmilita karake lokotara upakAra karane kA zreya yadi kisI ko hai to zraddheya varNI jI ko| pUjya varNI jI kA jIvana jaina samAja ke lie sacamuca meM eka sUrya hai| ve mumukSu haiM, sAdhaka haiM aura haiM svayaM buddh| unhoMne apanI AtmakathA likhakara jaina samAja kA nahIM, apitu mAnava-samAja kA bar3A upakAra kiyA hai| ajJAta jIvanaH dUsarI AtmakathA bAbU ajItaprasAda kI 'ajJAta jIvana' hai, jo Ajakala anupalabdha hai| AtmakathA kA nAma hI upanyAsa jaisA hai ki pAThaka ko ekAeka apanI ora AkarSita karane meM samartha hai| ajIta prasAda jI jaina samAja meM itane 1. varNI jI : merI jIvana gAthA, pR. 170. 2. DA. nemicandra jI : hindI jaina sAhitya kA parizIlana, pR. 138. 3. prakAzaka-rAyasAhaba rAmadayAla AravalA, pryaag|

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Adhunika hindI - jaina sAhitya khyAti prApta haiM ki unakA jIvana ajJAta na rahakara sarvavidita hai| jaina samAja para unhoMne kAphI upakAra kiye haiN| unhoMne apanI isa AtmakathA meM bAlyAvasthA se lekara vRddhAvasthA taka kI sabhI mahatvapUrNa ghaTanAoM ko saMpUrNa ImAnadArI ke sAtha kramabaddhatA se piroyA hai| isameM sAmAjika kurItiyoM kA unhoMne sundara varNana kiyA hai| rocakatA evaM sarasatA kA guNa paryApta mAtrA meM vidyamAna hai| 'yadyapi lekhaka ne AtmakathA kA nAma 'ajJAta jIvana' rakhA hai, kintu lekhaka kA jIvana samAja se ajJAta nahIM hai| samAja se sammAna aura Adara prApta karane para bhI vaha apane ko ajJAta hI rakhanA adhika pasaMda karatA hai, yahI usakI yaha sajjanatA kI sabase bar3I pahacAna hai| isa AtmakathA meM sAmAjika kurItiyoM kA pUrA vivaraNa milatA hai| bhASA saMyata, sarala aura parivArjita hai / aMgrejI aura urdU ke pracalita zabdoM ko bhI yathAsthAna rakhA gayA hai| ' 390 saMsmaraNa : Adhunika hindI jaina sAhitya meM saMsmaraNa kA jo grantha prApta hotA hai, vaha kisI eka vyakti ke viSaya meM kisI eka hI lekhaka dvArA na likhakara jaina dharma, samAja va sAhitya ke aneka tejasvI vidvAna evaM kIrti staMbha samAna sAhityakAroM aura vidvAnoM ke saMsmaraNa, prasiddha sAhityakAra evaM samAja ke pratiSThita vyaktiyoM dvArA likhe gaye haiN| jisakA nAma hai 'jaina jAgaraNa ke agrduut'| isa mahAna graMtha ke pramukha saMpAdaka mahodaya haiM prasiddha vidvAna zrI ayodhyAprasAda goyliiy| vaise abhinaMdana grantha meM bhI saMsmaraNoM, mulAkAtoM Adi ko saMgRhIta kiyA jAtA hai| sAhitya, samAja meM prasiddha mahAnubhAvoM ke praveza ko aise graMthoM meM vividha vidvAnoM ke dvArA zraddhAMjali arpita kI jAtI hai, jo sarvathA ucita hI hotA hai| aise saMsmaraNoM ko par3hakara pAThaka ko kucha jAnane ke uparAnta isa bodha kA bhI paricaya - anubhava - hotA hai / mahAna vyaktiyoM ke saMsmaraNa se hama apane jIvana ko gaMbhIra banAkara jIvana kI sArthakatA ke viSaya meM bhI prayatnazIla rahane kI preraNA pAte haiM, rocaka smRtiyoM kI ghaTanA se AnaMda to prApta hotA hI hai, hama una pavitra smRtiyoM se dhanya va pAvana bhI banate haiN| AlaMkArika zailI meM saMsmaraNa kA mahatva pradarzita karate hue DA0 zAstrI likhate haiM - yaha mAnI huI bAta hai ki mahAna vyaktiyoM ke puNya saMsmaraNa jIvana kI sUnI aura nIrasa ghar3iyoM meM madhu ghola kara unheM sarasa banA dete haiN| mAnava - hRdaya, jo satat vINA ke samAna bhAvanAoM kI jhaMkAra se jhaMkRta hotA rahatA hai, puNya saMsmaraNoM se pUta 1. DA0 nemicandra jI : hindI jaina sAhitya kA parizIlana, pR0 141. prakAzaka- bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kaashii| 2.

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-gadya sAhitya : vidhAe~ aura viSaya-vastu 391 ho jAtA hai| usakI amaryAdita abhilASAe~ niyaMtrita hokara jIvana ko tIvratA ke sAtha Age bar3hAtI haiN| phalataH mahAna vyaktiyoM ke smaraNa-jIvana kI dhArA ko gaMbhIra garjana karate hue sAgara meM vilIna nahIM karAte, balki hare-bhare kagAroM kI zobhA kA AnaMda lete hue use madhumatI bhUmikA kA sparza karAte haiM-jahA~ koI bhI vyakti vitarka buddhi kA parityAga kara rasamagna ho jAtA hai aura para-pratyakSa kA alpakAlika anubhava karane lagatA hai| ___ isa graMtha meM goyalIya jI ne pramukha tattva ciMtana, dAnavIra, dhArmika evaM samAja-sevaka 37 vyaktiyoM ke saMsmaraNa athaka parizrama evaM utsAha se aMkita kiye va krvaaye| saMkalana meM varNita sabhI saMsmaraNoM ko cAra bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai-prathama khaMDa tyAga aura sAdhanA ke divya pradIpoM kI amara jyoti se Alokita haiM-ye divya dIpa haiM-zIlataprasAda, bAbA bhAgIrathI varNI, AtmArthI, kAnajI mahArAja, bra. paM0 candAbAI, tathA bairisTara campatarAya jI kI bahana) ina divya dIpoM meM tela aura vartikA saMjone vAloM meM zrI goyalIya jI ke atirikta anya lekhakoM meM varNI jI, nAthUrAma 'premI', nemicandra zAstrI, paM. kailAzacandra zAstrI, sAhU zAMtiprasAda jI, pro0 khuzAladAsa gArAvAlA, zrI rAjendra kumAra jaina aura choTelAla jaina haiN| ina sabakI zailI meM apUrva utsAha, pravAha, mAdhurya evaM joza hai| sabakI bhAvanA meM sahajikatA ke sAtha zraddhA kA tattva bhI zAmila hai, jo svAbhAvika bhI hai| dUsarA kAma tattva jJAna ke Aloka-staMbhoM se zobhita hai| ye Aloka staMbha graMtha haiM-guru gopAladAsa baraiyA, paM. umarAva siMha, paM. pannAlAla bAkalIvAla, paM0 RSabhadAsa, paM. mahAvIra prasAda, paM0 arahadAsa, paM. jugalakizora mukhtAra aura paM0 nAthUrAma 'premii'| isa staMbha ke lekhakoM meM bhI goyalIya jI ke sivA kSullaka gaNezaprasAda, paM0 sukhalAla jI saMghavI, paM. nAthUrAma premI aura zrI kanhaiyAlAla 'prabhAkara' pramukha haiN| ina sabhI saMsmaraNoM meM rocakatA itanI adhika hai ki gUMge ke gur3a ke svAda kI anubhUti hI saMbhava ho sakatI hai| sabhI lekhaka jaina sAhitya aura hindI sAhitya ke jAne-mAne lekhaka haiN| sabhI kI bhASA meM oja, mAdhurya, pravAha tathA hArdikatA chalakatI hai| tIsare bhAga meM amara samAja sevaka haiM, jinhoMne samAja meM navaracanA kA prakAza phailAyA hai-ve haiM-bAbU sUrajabhAnu vakIla, bAbU dayAcanda goyalIya, kumAra devendraprasAda, bairisTara jugalamaMdira lAla bainI, arjunalAla seThI, bairisTara caMpanarAya, bAbU jyotiprasAda, bAbU sumerucaMda eDavokeTa, ajItaprasAda vakIla, 1. DA. zAstrI : hindI jaina sAhitya kA parizIlana, pR. 141.

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Adhunika hindI - jaina sAhitya bAbU sUrajamala aura mahAtmA bhgvaandiin| isa staMbha ke lekhakoM meM nAthUrAma premI, zrI kanhaiyAlAla mizra, bhagavAnadIna, gulAbarAya zrI ajitaprasAda, zrI kAmatA prasAda, zrI kauzalaprasAda jaina, zrI daulatarAya mizra, zrI jainendrakumAra aura zrI golIya jI haiN| jisa prakAra prayAga meM triveNI ke saMgama sthala para gaMgA, yamunA aura sarasvatI kI bhinna-bhinna dhArAeM eka meM mila jAtI haiM aura pavitra saMgama sthala kA nirmANa karatI haiM, usI prakAra bhinna-bhinna lekhakoM kI pRthak-pRthak zailI isa eka saMskaraNa meM mila triveNI sI pavitratA va mAdhurya kA vAtAvaraNa paidA karatI hai / bhinnatA meM pravAha - aikya yahA~ maujUda hai| isa staMbha ke lekhakoM ne apane saMsmaraNoM ke dvArA mAno maMdira ke dvAra para khar3e pujArI kI-sI namratA evaM bhakti bhAvanA se paMcAmRta kA rasAsvAdana kiyA hai aura pAThakoM ko karavAyA haiN| 392 caturtha bhAga zraddhA aura samRddhi ke jyoti ratnoM se jagamagA rahA hai - ve ratna haiM - rAjA harasukharAya, seTha sugabhacandra, rAjA lakSmaNaprasAda, seTha mANika canda, mahilA ratna bhaganabAI, seTha devakumAra seTha jambUprasAda, seTha mathurAdAsa, sara motIsAgara, rA0 ba0 jugamaMdiralAla, rA0 ba0 sultAna siMha aura sara seTha hukumacanda / inake saMsmaraNoM ke AlekhanakarttA haiM - goyalIya jI, premI jI, nemicandra zAstrI, jainendra kumAra paM. kailAzacandra, kanhaiyAlAla mizra, tathA kAmatAprasAda jaina aadi| sabhI Adhunika hindI jaina sAhitya ke prasiddha vidvAn nibaMdhakAra haiN| isa saMkalana kI viziSTatA, upAdeyatA, mahattA va utkRSTatA ke sambaMdha meM sAhityika zailI meM nemicandra jI-jo svayaM bhI isake eka pramukha lekhaka haiM - likhate haiM- ' sacamuca meM yaha saMkalana bIsavIM zatAbdI ke jaina samAja kA jItA-jAgatA eka citra hai| samasta pustaka ke saMsmaraNa rocaka prabhAvaka aura zikSAprada haiN| isa saMgraha ke saMsmaraNoM ko par3hate samaya aneka tIthoM meM snAna karane kA avasara prApta hogA / kahIM rAjagRha ke garmajala ke jharanoM meM avagAhana karanA par3egA, to kahIM-kahIM ke samazItoSNa brahma-kuNDa ke jala meM, to kahIM pAsa hI ke suzItala jala ke jharane meM nimajjana karanA hogaa| Apako gaMgAjala ke sAtha khArA udaka bhI pAna karane ko milegA, para vizvAsa rakhie, svAda bigar3ane na pAyegA / " isa saMkalana meM bIsavIM zatAbdI ke divaMgata aura vayovRddha, jJAnavRddha, pramukha digambara jaina kAryakartAoM ke saMsmaraNa va paricaya diyA gayA hai, jo nirantara lokopayogI kArya evaM jaina samAja ke jAgaraNa tathA unnati meM kisI na kisI prakAra sahayoga dete rahe haiN| "jaina jAgaraNa ke agradUta apanI dizA meM ina dhuMdhale aura miTe jA rahe patha cihnoM ko zraddhA se, zrama se, satarkatA se sameTakara 1. DA. nemicandra jI : hindI jaina sAhitya kA parizIlana, pR0 144.

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- gadya sAhitya : vidhAe~ aura viSaya-vastu Adhunika hindI - jaina 393 sepha meM rakha lene kA hI eka maulika prayatna hai aura yaha prayatna apanI jagaha itanA saphala rahA hai ki 'Aja' usakA mAna karane meM cUka bhI jAyeM, to 'kala' usakA sammAna kara svayaM apane ko kRtArtha maanegaa| + + + yaha pustaka, yaha jalatI mazAla, isa cayana kA mahattva batAtI, usaka tarIkA sIkhAtI aura naye jAgaraNa ke bhinna-bhinna kSetroM meM sAdhanoM ko hAMka lagAtI hai| merA vizvAsa hai ki hAka kaNTha kI nahIM, hRdaya kI hai aura kAnoM taka hI nahIM, diloM kI guphAoM taka guuNjegii| + + + yahA~ jo lekha hai, ve jIte jAgate lekha haiM, 'vakAlata' nahIM, janatA kI adAlata meM 'asAlatana' Ane vAloM meM hai| ve na unakI kalama ke AMsU haiM, jo paise lekara syAmA karate haiM aura na unake oThoM kI muskurAhaTa, jo dila ke sote-sote bhI oThoM se haMsanA jAnate haiN| ve unakI kalama ke karizme haiM, jo apane hI duHkha meM rote aura apane hI duHkha meM haMsate haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki bhItara ke pannoM kI tasvIroM meM raMgoM kI camaka bhale hI kahIM halkI ho, para bhAvanAoM kI damaka hara jagaha jhalakI huI hai| + + + aura aba taka isa camana ke mAlI zrI goyalIya ke lie kyA kahU~, jo sadA sAdhanoM kI upekSA kara, sAdhanA ke hI pIche pAgala rahA aura jisake nirmANa meM svayaM brahmA ne pakSapAta karake zAyara kA dila, siMha kA sAhasa aura sapUta kI sevA vRtti ko eka hI jagaha kendrita kara diyaa|" isake saMpAdaka mahodaya goyalIya jI usa bRhad saMsmaraNa ke sambaMdha meM prakAza DAlate hue likhate haiM- 'hamAre yahA~ tIrthaMkaroM kA prAmANika jIvana caritra nahIM AcAryoM ke kArya-kalApoM kI tAlikA nahIM, jaina saMgha ke lokopayogI kArya kI sUcI nahIM, jaina samrAToM, senAnAyakoM, maMtriyoM ke parAkrama aura zAsana praNAlI kA koI lekhA nahIM, sAhityikoM aura kaviyoM kA koI paricaya nhiiN| aura to aura hamArI AMkhoM ke sAmane kala, parasoM, gujarane vAlI vibhUtiyoM kA kahIM ullekha nahIM aura jo do cAra bar3e-bUr3he mauta kI caukhaTa para khar3e haiM, inase bhI hamane unake anubhavoM ko nahIM sunA hai aura zAyada mastiSka meM dasa - pA~ca pIr3hI meM janma lekara mara jAne vAloM taka ke lie paricaya likhane kA utsAha hamAre samAja ko na hogaa| prAcIna itihAsa na sahI, jo hamArI A~khoM ke sAmane nirantara gujara rahA hai, use hI yadi hama baTora kara rakha sakeM, to zAyada isI baTorapana meM kucha javAhara pAyeM jo Age kI pIr3hI ke hAtha laga jaayeN| isI dRSTi se - ' bItI tAki visAra de, Age kI sudhi ley|' nIti ke anusAra saMsmaraNa likhane kA Darate-Darate 1. jaina jAgaraNa ke agradUta - kanhaiyAlAla mizra 'prabhAkara', yaha eka jalatI mazAla hai, zIrSakastha, pR0 13.

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394 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya prayAsa kiyA hai| yaha pustaka itihAsa aura jIvanI kA bhI kAma de sakatI hai|'' saMkSepa meM yaha saMpUrNa grantha apanI zailI, navacetanA, saMdeza, bhAva-mAdhurya meM bejor3a kahA jaayegaa| goyalIya jI ko aisA saMsmaraNAtmaka grantha taiyAra karane ke lie hArdika abhinandana, kyoMki yaha grantha hindI-jaina-sAhitya hI nahIM, balki hindI sAhitya ko bhI gaurava rUpa pradAna kahA jaayegaa| jIvanI, AtmakathA evaM saMsmaraNa ke atirikta vibhinna viSayoM ke nibaMdhoM ke saMkalana bhI abhinaMdana-graMthoM ke nAma se prakAzita hue haiN| inameM nimna grantha prasiddha haiM zrI premI abhinandana grantha, zrI varNI abhinaMdana graMtha, zrI bra. paM0 candAbAI abhinaMdana graMtha, zrI hukumacanda abhinaMdana graMtha, zrI AcArya zAMtisAgara zraddhAMjali graMtha, 'zrIyuta agaracandra evaM bhaMvaralAla nAhaTA abhinaMdana graMtha' meM vibhinna vidvAnoM evaM paricitoM ke dvArA likhe gaye saMsmaraNoM kA saMkalana kiyA gayA hai| abhinaMdana graMthoM ke sarjana se hindI jaina sAhitya ke sAtha hindI sAhitya kA bhI mahatI upakAra huA hai, kyoMki hindI sAhitya meM bhI abhinaMdana graMthoM kI dizA meM abhI bahuta kucha karane ko bAkI hai, taba usake bhaMDAra bharane meM ye grantha sahAyaka banate haiN| ina graMthoM ke dvArA abhinandanIya vyaktiyoM ko sammAna dete hue unakI sAhityika, sAmAjika va dhArmika sevAoM kI kadra kI jAtI hai tathA unakI vizeSatAoM para prakAza DAlA jAtA hai| isa prakAra gadya ke vibhinna rUpoM ko dekhane se saralatA se mahasUsa kiyA jA sakatA hai ki Adhunika hindI jaina gadya hindI sAhitya kI taraha vistRta evaM nUtana zailI kI saMzliSTatA se camakatA huA na ho, phira bhI usakA mahattva svIkAra karanA hI caahie| hindI sAhitya ke eka naye rUpa kA bhaNDAra bharane kA kArya isase avazya huA hai| gadya ke rUpoM meM upanyAsa, kahAnI kI kamI ke prati aMgulI nirdezana karate hue kahA jA sakatA hai ki na kevala jaina lekhaka, balki hindI sAhitya ke lekhakoM kA bhI isa ora dhyAna AkRSTa ho aura ve apanI kalama se jaina prAcIna graMthoM se kathAnaka grahaNa kara upanyAsa-kathA-sAhitya kA sRjana kara hindI-jaina sAhitya ko gauravAnvita kreNge| AtmakathA aura saMsmaraNa kA kSetra abhI kAphI khAlI kahA jAyegA, jisakI aura pravRtta hone kI AvazyakatA mahasUsa kI jAtI hai| Aja ke vaijJAnika yuga meM mudraNa kalA kI suvidhA ke kAraNa bahuta se dArzanika sAhityika nibaMdha graMthoM kA prakAzana hotA rahatA hai lekina naye 1. jaina jAgaraNa ke agradUta-ayodhyAprasAda goyalIya, ye Ter3hI-mer3hI rekhAe~, pR. 11.

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-gadya sAhitya : vidhAe~ aura viSaya-vastu 395 vAtAvaraNa, vicAra zailI evaM vizleSaNAtmaka DhaMga se sundara (kathA) upanyAsa-sAhitya kI ora pravRtta hone kI AvazyakatA rahatI hai, isake lie na kevala jaina sAhityakAra balki hindI sAhitya ke lekhakoM ko bhI acche kathAnakoM ko lekara kArya karanA cAhie, tAki hindI-jaina-sAhitya ko bhI samRddha hone kA gaurava prApta ho ske| yaha bAta bhI ullekhanIya hai ki hindI gadya ke vikAsa meM digambarasAdhuoM kA yogadAna bhI prazaMsanIya hai| zuddha sAhityika hindI meM carita-jIvanI, nibandha-sAhitya kA sRjana kara isake bhaNDAra ko bharA hai|

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SaSThama adhyAya Adhunika hindI-jaina-kAvya kA kalA-sauSThava sAhitya tathA kAvya kA aMtaraMga usakA bhAva pakSa hai aura bahiraMga kalA pkss| donoM hI mahattvapUrNa haiM, donoM kA sambaMdha avibhAjya hai| bahiraMga kAvya ke antaraMga ko lalita, sucAru banAkara zobhA pradAna karatA hai, to antaraMga kalApakSa yA bahiraMga ko sArthakatA pradAna karatA hai| kAvya ke sambaMdha meM eka prAcIna rUpaka prasiddha hai, jisameM kavitA kI tulanA lAvaNyamayI yuvatI se kI gaI hai ki zabdArtha jisakA zarIra hai, alaMkAra AbhUSaNa hai, rIti avayavoM kA gaThana hai, guNa svabhAva aura rasa AtmA hai| isa rUpaka meM zarIrastha AtmA kI taraha rasa ko sarvazreSTha sthAna diyA gayA hai| kAvya ke bAhyaraMga chanda (vRtta) zabdArtha (bhASA) alaMkAra, va guNa rIti hai| kAvya kA antaraMga bhAvanA, kalpanA aura vicAra ke antarbhAva se nirmita hotA hai| isIlie to 'zabdArtho kAvyam' bhI kahA gayA hai| kisI bhI ucca sAhitya ke lie bhAva pakSa ke sAtha kalA pakSa kA bhI mahatva rahatA hai| kyoMki yadi bhAva pakSa ko kAvya kI AtmA kahA jAya to kalA pakSa una bhAvoM kI sundara prabhAvapUrNa abhivyakti ke lie sahAyaka zarIra rUpa hai, bhAva pakSa manohArI mUrti to kalA pakSa mUrti ko prasthApita karane vAlA AkarSaka mndir| utkRSTa tIvra bhAvoM ko ucca kalA pakSa hI yathocita rUpa se abhivyakta kara pAtA hai| manuSya kI AtmA ke lie jitanA zarIra kA mahatva hai, sAhitya meM bhAvarUpI AtmA ko AdhAra dene ke lie kalA rUpI zarIra kA mahatva hai| kucha rasika jana to kalA tattva ko kAvya meM adhika mahatvapUrNa mAnate haiM, lekina vAstava meM sAhitya meM antaraMga sauMdarya kA bAhya sauMdarya se vizeSa pradeya mahatva hai| vAstava meM kAvya meM saundarya va bhAvAnubhUti kI mArmika pratIti bahiraMga va antaraMga ke yogya samanvaya se hI niSpakSa hotI hai| kAvya ke vividha aMga paraspara pUraka haiM tathA inake samagragata prabhAva se hI rasa niSpatti saMbhava ho pAtI hai| kyoMki-'zabda aura artha ke isa sAhitya meM zabda kAvya kA rUpa hai aura artha athavA bhAva kAvya kA tattva hai| kAvya meM zabda aura artha kA ananya bhAva se samanvaya hotA hai| yathArtha hI kahA gayA hai ki-"kalA pakSa ko bahudhA bhAva pakSa se svataMtra 1. DA. rAmAnaMda tivArI-kAvya kA svarUpa, pR0 88.

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-kAvya kA kalA-sauSThava 397 aura adhika zrama sAdhya samajhA jAtA hai, parantu vaha vastutaH kavi ke vyaktitva aura usake manaH saMgaThana se ananyataH sambaMdhita hotA hai| vastutaH bhAva pakSa se kalA pakSa kA koI svataMtra astitva nahIM hotA hai, kyoMki bhAva kI taralatA, gahanatA aura ananyatA ke rUpa meM bhI kalA pakSa meM vizad, saMkoca athavA gUr3hatA kA yoga ho jAtA hai|" kAvya ke bahiraMga yA kalA pakSa ke vividha pramukha aMga rUpa bhASA, chaMda, alaMkAra va guNa ke sambaMdha meM thor3A bahuta vicAra karanA anucita na rhegaa| bhASA va zailI : kAvya ke kalA pakSa meM bhASA kA mahatvapUrNa sthAna sarva-svIkRta hai| binA bhASA kAvya kA sRjana saMbhava nahIM ho paataa| "bhASA bhAva aura vicAroM ko spaSTa rUpa meM rakhane kA sAdhana hai, isalie vaha svaccha honI cAhie, kArIgarI se rhit|" bhASA rUpI deha meM kAvya kI AtmA rUpa vyaMjanA prANoM kA spandana hai| zabda-deha kAvyAtmakatA kA maMdira hone se kisI prakAra gauNa yA kama hitvapUrNa nahIM hotaa| zabdoM kA sauSThava kAvya kI (bhAvagata cetanA) AtmA ke sauMdarya kI abhivyakti ke adhika anukUla hotA hai| kAvyAMga ke sahaja sAmaMjasya ko kalA-sauSThava bhI kahA jAtA hai| AnaMdabarddhana ke vicAra meM 'zabdoM ke aMga-sauSThava se kAvya ke rasa aura sauMdarya kI vyaMjanA hotI hai|' bhASA hI bhAvoM kI abhivyakti kA paramAvazyaka sAdhana hai| kAvya ke bhItarI tattva bhAva, vyaMjanA, dhvani, rasa ke sAtha bAhya tattva ke lie pramukha bhASA ke sAtha chaMda, alaMkAra, guNa-nAda Adi kA atyanta mahatva hotA hai| bhASA rUpI deha ke binA bhAva rUpI AtmA saMsthita nahIM ho sktii| sAtha hI kAvyAnaMda kI upalabdhi ke lie alaMkAra, chaMda-nAdayojanA kA sAtha mahatvapUrNa hai| DA0 nagendra ke vicAroM meM-"kAvya kI bhASA sahaja, pAtra evaM prasaMga ke anukUla, mUrti vidhAvinI aura madhura honI caahie"| kavi kI bhASA meM hRdaya ke bhAvoM ko saMsparza karane kI pUrI kSamatA honI caahie| isI meM kavi kI bhASA kA sArthakya hai, kAvya kI utkRSTatA hai| "bhASA kI bhAMti zailI kI saralatA, sabodhatA evaM svacchatA para bhI vidvAnoM ne bala diyA hai| sarala zailI sAra-grAhiNI sAmarthya rakhatI hai, isI ke dvArA kavitA loka-sAmAnya bhAva bhUmi para pratiSThita hotI hai aura vyApaka prabhAva 1. hindI sAhitya koza, pR. 202-203. 2. A. rAmacaMdra zukla-hindI sAhitya kA itihAsa, pR. 146. 3. DA. nagendra-'sAketa-eka adhyayana', pR. 155.

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Adhunika hindI - jaina sAhitya 1,2 chaMda, alaMkAra, biMba-pratIka Adi ke sucAru va samucita utpanna karatI hai| "" vidhAna se zailI ko utkarSa prApta hotA hai| " ucita zabda cayana hI kavitA kI vAstavika kalA hai aura isake binA usameM kalAtmakatA A nahIM sakatI / ' bhASA ko kAvya yA sAhitya kA vyAvahArika pakSa kahA jA sakatA hai| layabaddha, nAdAnukUla, AlaMkArika va vyaMjaka bhASA Adarza kAvya-bhASA kahI jAtI hai| bhASA bhAvAbhivyakti kA eka prabala va pramukha sAdhana hai| vyakti ke mana, saMghaTana evaM svabhAva kA pariNAma hI usakI bhASA-zailI hai| ataH bhASA-zailI meM vyaktitva kA saMpUrNa prakAza hotA hai aura usake mAdhyama se vyaktitva kA adhyayana bhI ho sakatA hai| vyakti niSTha hone ke kAraNa hI sAhitya ke bodha pakSa aura rUpa pakSa ko alaga karanA saMbhava nahIM hai, kyoMki bhASA aura vicAra anyonyAzrita hai| bhASA kA sAmarthya usakI vyaMjanA zakti meM hai| isI vyaMjanA tattva ke poSaNa se artha gaurava kI sRSTi hotI hai| rIti aura guNa bhASA ke hI tattva hote haiN| prasAda, oja aura mAdhurya athavA vaidarbhI, gaur3I aura pAMcAlI ke rUpa meM prAcIna kAvyazAlA ne jina bhASA - tattvoM kI ora saMketa kiyA thA, ve sArvadezika aura sArvakAlika haiN| inhIM ke vyaktigata prayoga se viziSTa lekhana zailI kA nirmANa hotA hai| bhASA zailI kI bhinnatA ke kAraNa hI eka hI viSaya para likhI gaI kRtiyoM meM sahaja antara saMbhAvya hotA hai tathA zailI kI utkRSTatA - nikRSTatA para kRti kA mUlyAMkana AdhArita rahatA hai| isIlie to kahA gayA hai ki zailI hI vyaktitva hai / (Style is a man ) ata: zailIgata vizeSatAeM hI vyaktigata vizeSatA siddha hotI hai| pratyeka kavi kI bhASA zailI meM svAbhAvika antara par3a jAne se kaviyoM kA bhI vibhinna stara nirNIta hotA hai| hA~, eka dUsare kA prabhAva grahaNa karane kI dRSTa - adRSTa paramparA avazya rahatI hai| chanda : 398 bhASA kI taraha chaMda - yojanA kA mahatva kAvya meM laya, gati va nAda ke lie apekSita hai| chaMda-vidhAna nAda - sauMdarya para avalaMbita hotA hai| yaha bAharI vastu na hokara kAvya meM Atma vibhoratA va sajIva AtmabhivyaMjanA ke lie zAstrIya vidhAna hai| yaha vidhAna kAvya ke lie baMdhana na hokara laya- sauMdarya kI vRddhi va poSaNa ke lie AdhAra zilA hai| sAdhAraNa gadya kI bhASA se kAvya kI eka paMkti meM bhI, bhAvavibhoratA, pravAha va nAda - sauMdarya hone se pAThaka ko AnaMda vibhora banA detA hai| kavi laya aura chaMda ke mAdhyama se apane antarjagata ke 1. A0 naMdadulAre vAjapeyI - hindI sAhitya - bIsavIM zatAbdi, pR0 22. 2. dinakara : miTTI kI ora, pR0 152.

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-kAvya kA kalA-sauSThava 399 bhAvoM kI abhivyakti saralatA se kara pAtA hai| vaise Ajakala binA chanda yA mukta chanda kI kavitA kA pravAha bahatA hai lekina una sabhI meM vaha preSaNIyatA va AkarSakatA nahIM rahatI, jo pAThaka ke hRdaya ko svataH apanI ora AkRSTa kre| pravAha meM bahAkara Alokita kara paayeN| jisa prakAra nadI ke svAbhAvika pravAha ko tIvra aura gatizIla banAne ke lie pakke ghAToM kI AvazyakatA rahatI hai, usI prakAra bhAvanAoM aura anubhUtiyoM ko prabhAvotpAdaka banAne ke lie chandoM kI AvazyakatA kAvya meM mahasUsa kI jAtI hai| bhASA ke lAkSaNika pravAha ke lie bhI chanda kA baMdhana anivArya-sA rahatA hai| chandabaddha racanAeM smRti-paTala para jaldI se aMkita ho jAtI haiN| chanda kI AvazyakatA va mahattA para apane vicAra vyakta karate hue DA. nemicandra zAstrI likhate haiM-"sAhityakAra laya aura chanda ke mAdhyama se apanI anubhUtiyoM kI acala tanmayatA meM ekAtma anubhava kI bhAvanA meM vibhora ho kalA ko cirantana prANa tatva kA sparza karAtA hai| ataeva chanda kavi ke antarjagata kI vaha abhivyakti hai, jisa para niyama akuzala nahIM rakhA jA sakatA, phira bhI bhinna-bhinna svAbhAvika abhivyakti ke lie svara ke Aroha aura avaroha kI parama AvazyakatA hai| spaMdana kaMpana aura dhamaniyoM meM raktoSNa kA saMcAra laya aura chanda ke dvArA hI saMbhava hai| + + + custa bhAvanAoM kI abhivyaMjanA ke lie yaha vidhAna utanA hI Avazyaka hai, jitanA zarIra ke svarayaMtra ko zaktizAlI banAne ke lie uccAraNopayogI avayavoM kA sazakta rhnaa|"" AcArya rAmacandra zukla chandoM kI vizeSatA para prakAza DAlate hue ucita hI likhate haiM ki "chanda vAstava meM baMdhI huI laya ke bhItara bhinna-bhinna DhAMcoM kA (Patterns) yoga hai, jo nirdiSTa laMbAI kA hotA hai| laya savara ke car3hAva-utAra ke choTe-moTe DhAMce hI haiM jo kisI chanda ke caraNa ke bhItara vyasta rahate haiN| + + + chanda ke baMdhana ke sarvathA tyAga meM hameM to anubhUtanAda-sauMdarya kI preSaNIyatA kA (Comunicability of Sand impulse) pratyakSa lAbha dikhAI par3atA hai| hA~, naye-naye chandoM ke vidhAna ko hama avazya acchA samajhate haiN| alaMkAra ke atirikta kAvya ke rUpa nirmANa ke lie chanda-saMgatI kI AvazyakatA banI rahatI hai| chanda kAvya kI gati hai, pravAha hai| alaMkAra : jisa prakAra kAvya ko cirantana banAne ke lie utkaTa gahare bhAvoM kI 1. DA0 nemicandra jI : hindI jaina sAhitya kA parizIlana, pR. 154, 155. 2. AcArya rAcandra zukla-cintAmaNi-bhAga-2, pR. 143. 'kAvya meM rahasyavAda' nibNdh|

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400 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya apekSA rakhI jAtI hai, ThIka usI prakAra una tIvrAnubhUtiyoM ko abhivyakta karane ke lie camatkArapUrNa alaMkAra zailI kI bhI AvazyakatA banI rahatI hai| kalAtmaka pakSa va bhAvAtmaka pakSa donoM kI anivAryatA kAvya ko saprANa va rocaka banAne ke lie rahatI hai| kAvya-deha ko sajAne-saMvArane kA mukhya bhAra alaMkAra para rahatA hai lekina adhika alaMkAroM kI sajjA se kAvya kI sundaratA vikRta ho jAtI hai, jisa prakAra adhika alaMkAroM ke bojha se nArI kI sahaja svAbhAvika suMdaratA naSTa hokara kRtrima-sI dikhAI par3atI hai| ataH alaMkAra bAhya sajjA rUpa hone para bhI kAvya ke lie sAdhana hai, sAdhya nhiiN| jaba use sAdhya mAnakara kavi alaMkAroM kA adhikAdhika prayoga karatA hai, taba vaha (bojha) ghAtaka siddha hote haiN| unakI mAnyatA aura unakA camatkAra svayaM eka pRthaka AkarSaNa kA kAraNa banakara kAvya ke mUla tathA mukhya sauMdarya kI ora se hamArI dRSTi ko khIMca letA hai| alaMkAra kAvya ke sauMdarya meM varddhana karane ke sthAna para svayaM sauMdarya kA Azraya banakara kAvya ke sauMdarya ko gauNa banA detA hai| ataH unakA alpa va anurUpa honA Avazyaka hai| anurUpatA, alpatA va susaMgati ke dvArA alaMkAra kavitA-kAminI ke sauMdarya kA saMvarddhana kara sakate haiN| kAvya ke alaMkAroM meM arthAlaMkAra hI adhika mahatvapUrNa hote haiN| artha zabda ke Antarika cinmaya tattva haiN| ataH arthAlaMkAra kAvya kI AtmA se sambaMdhita hai| AcArya kuntaka ne vakrokti meM aura AnaMda varddhana ne dhvani meM samasta arthAlaMkAra kA antarbhAva karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| kAvya ke vyaktitva ke sauMdarya vidhAna ekAkAra hokara hI alaMkAra saundarya ke sAdhaka ho sakate haiN| ataH saMtulana, sAmaMjasya, vividhatA, vaicitrya ke anurUpa hI alaMkAroM kA prayoga ucita hai| alaMkAra kI vizeSatA ke saMdarbha meM AcArya zukla ne yathArtha hI likhA hai ki-bhAvoM kA utkarSa dikhAne aura vastuoM kA rUpa, guNa aura kriyA kA adhika tIvra anubhava karAne meM kabhI-kabhI sahAyaka honevAlI yukti hI alaMkAra hai|' alaMkAroM kI mahattA para apane vicAroM ko vANI pradAna karate hue DA0 nemicandra zAstrI likhate haiM-kavi kI pratibhA prastuta kI abhivyaMjanA para nirbhara hai| alaMkAra isa dizA meM parama sahAyaka hote haiN| manobhAvoM ko hRdaya-sparzI banAne ke lie alaMkAroM kI yojanA karanA pratyeka kavi ke lie Avazyaka hai| jaina kaviyoM ne prastuta ke prati anubhUti utpanna karane ke lie jisa aprastuta kI yojanA kI hai, vaha svabhAvika evaM marmasparzI hai, sAtha hI prastuta kI bhAMti bhAvodreka karane meM sakSama bhii| kavi apanI kalpanA ke bala se 1. AcArya rAmacandra zukla : cintAmaNi-bhAga-2, pR. 183.

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-kAvya kA kalA-sauSThava 401 prastuta prasaMga ke mela meM anuraMjaka aprastuta kI yojanA kara AtmAbhivyaMjana meM saphala hue haiN| + + + AtmAbhivyaMjana meM jo kavi jitanA saphala hotA hai, vaha utanA hI utkRSTa mAnA jAtA hai aura yaha AtmAbhivyaMjana taba taka saMbhava nahIM, jaba taka prastuta vastu ke lie usI ke mela kI dUsarI aprastuta vastu kI yojanA na kI jaay| manISiyoM ne isa yojanA ko hI 'alaMkAra' kahA hai| kAvyAnaMda kA upabhoga tabhI saMbhava hai, jaba kAvya kA kalevara kalAmaya hone ke sAtha anubhUti kI vibhUti se saMpanna ho| jo kavi anubhUti ko jitanA hI sundara banAne kA prayAsa karatA hai, usakI kavitA utanI hI nikharatI jAtI hai| yaha tabhI saMbhava hai, jaba upamAna suMdara ho| ataeva alaMkAra anubhUti ko sarasa aura sundara banAte haiN| kavitA meM bhAva-pravaNatA tabhI A sakatI hai, jaba rUpayojanA ke lie alaMkRta aura saMvAre hue padoM kA prayoga kiyA jaay| dUsare zabdoM meM isI ko alaMkAra kahate haiN| DA. nagendra alaMkAroM kI upayogitA ke saMdarbha meM likhate haiM-bhASA meM alaMkAroM kI upayogitA ko asvIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| alaMkAra jahA~ bhASA kI sajAvaTa ke upakaraNa hote haiM, vahA~ ve bhAvotkarSa meM bhI sahAyaka hote haiN| unakI eka manovaijJAnika bhUmi hotI hai| ve kathana meM spaSTatA, vistAra, Azcarya, jijJAsA kautUhala Adi kI sarjanA karate haiN| vastutaH 'alaMkAra kevala vANI kI sajAvaTa ke hI nahIM, bhAva kI abhivyakti ke vizeSa dvAra hai| bhASA kI puSTi ke lie, rAga kI paripUrNatA ke lie Avazyaka upAdAna hai| hindI jaina kAvya-sAhitya bhAvapakSa se jitanA samRddha hai-bhAvoM meM bhakti, stuti kA rAgAtmaka pravAha hai, to dArzanika vicAradhArA va ciMtana kA gaMbhIra sAgara bhI hai-utanA hI usakA kalA-sauSThava prazaMsanIya kahA jA sakatA hai| bhAvoM ke lie jaina darzana va bhakti kI eka sunizcita sImA-maryAdA hone para bhI uttama bhAva sRSTi khar3I kI hai, jaba ki bhASA, alaMkAra, chaMda, sUkti-prayoga Adi ke lie koI maryAdA nahIM ho sktii| hA~, eka bAta avazya hai ki jaina vicAradhArA se sambaMdhita ina kAvyoM meM mukta zRMgAra, AnaMdollAsa, mastI va premAdi kI carcA na hokara vairAgya, satya, saMyama, aparigraha, bhakti Adi se sambaMdhita dhArmika, tAttvika vicAradhArA ko yathA-zakya kalAtmaka DhaMga se abhivyakta kiyA hai| jaina samAja meM pracAra-prasAra kA uddezya ina kaviyoM kA hone se svAbhAvika hai ki 1. DA. nemicandra zAstrI : hindI jaina sAhitya kA parizIlana, pR0 63, 64. 2. DA. nagendra : rIti kAvya kI bhUmikA, pR. 86. 3. paMta-pallava-praveza, pR. 22.

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402 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya kalApakSa meM alaMkAroM kI sajAvaTa, bhASA kI camaka-damaka, vyaMgyokti kI sUkSmatA, tIvratA, chandoM kI vividhatA yA kalA kI bahAra kama prApta hogii| jaina kAvya-sAhitya kA bhAvapakSa cAhe ati mArmika yA chAyAvAdI kAvya kI taraha tIvra bhAvAnubhUtiparaka nahIM hai, phira bhI prabhAvotpAdaka avazya kahA jaayegaa| jabaki dhArmika sAhitya hone ke kAraNa kalA pakSa ko sajAne-saMvArane kI AvazyakatA kAvya-sarjakoM ne tIvra rUpa se mahasUsa na kara saralatA-subodhatA ko hI mahatva denA abhISTa samajhA hai| DA0 zrIlAlacandra jaina ne pUrNataH upayukta likhA hai ki-jaina sAhitya-sarjanA kI pRSThabhUmi meM sAhityika ruci kA itanA bar3A yoga nahIM hai, jitanA dharma-bhAvanA kaa| dharma preraNA ne unakI lekhanI ko sAhitya-sarjanA kI dizA dii| isalie unakI kisI bhI vidhA kI bhUmikA meM hameM dharma kI jhAMkI mila jAtI hai| saca to yaha hai ki jahA~ dharma hai, vahA~ jaina-sAhitya hai, jahA~ jaina sAhitya hai, vahA~ dharma hai| jaina sAhitya ko jaina dharma se alaga karake dekhanA dhArmika aura sAhityika donoM dRSTiyoM se anucita hogaa|' __ jaina kavi prAyaH janavANI meM apane bhAvoM kI abhivyakti karate Aye haiN| unakI bhASA prAyaH sahaja rahI hai| yahA~ hama Adhunika hindI jaina kAvya bhASA para vicAra kara lenA samIcIna samajhate haiN| kAvya-sAhitya dhArmika bhAvanAoM se prerita hone para bhI sAhityika kSetra meM samakAlIna navyatAeM lekara avatIrNa huA hai, jisake aMtargata vividha chaMda bhI haiM, rAga bhI haiM aura bhASA kA mAdhurya bhI hai| hA~, kyoMki isa sAhitya kA praNayana prAyaH rAjasthAna, madhyapradeza, gujarAta evaM AgarA ke Asa-pAsa ke pradeza meM vizeSa huA hone se vahA~ kI bhASA kA prabhAva svAbhAvika rUpa se dRSTigata hotA hai| Adhunika hindI jaina kAvya kI bhASA : Adhunika hindI jaina kAvya ke racayitAoM ne apanI racanAoM meM saralatA evaM subodhatA ko hI vizeSa mahatva diyA hai| sarala bhASA meM racita kAvya jana-sAmAnya ko adhika bodhagamya hotA hai| kAvya kI bhASA gadya kI bhASA se adhika mArmika tathA rasAtmaka hotI hai, lekina vaha koza-bhASA nahIM honI caahie| sAhityikatA svIkArya hotI hai, duruhatA nhiiN| lokapriya kAvya ke mAdhyama ke lie vahI bhASA svIkRta honI cAhie, jisameM kavi apane bhAvoM kI abhivyakti hArdika rUpa se kara paaye| Adhunika hindI jaina kAvya ke 1. DA. zrIlAlacandra jaina : hindI jaina braja prabaMdha kAvya meM rahasyavAda, bhUmikA, pR. 10.

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-kAvya kA kalA-sauSThava 403 bhASA-vaiziSTya hama usake bhinna-bhinna tIna kAvya-svarUpoM ke pariprekSya meM hI dekhane kI ceSTA kreNge| mahAkAvya va khaNDakAvya meM prayukta bhASA ko dekhane ke uparAnta Adhunika yuga meM upalabdha muktaka racanAoM meM bhASA ke rUpa kA vivecana kreNge| Adhunika yuga meM hindI jaina sAhitya ke aMtargata gadya kI tulanA meM prabaMdha kAvya kI upalabdhi parimita hai| upalabdha mahAkAvya 'vardhamAna' evaM 'vIrAyaNa' donoM meM hama bhinna-bhinna bhASA-zailI pAte haiN| jaina kAvyoM meM jahA~ eka ora saMskRta-garbhita kliSTa bhASA prApta hotI hai, vahA~ dUsarI ora sarala kahIM-kahIM grAmINatA kA sparza karatI huI-bhASA bhI dekha sakate haiN| anUpa zarmA ke 'vardhamAna' jaise mahAkAvya meM saMskRta zabdAvalI tathA saMskRta kriyAoM taka kA prabhAva vidyamAna hai| kahIM-kahIM 'kyati', 'namAmi' jaise tiGanta prayoga bhI milate haiN| ataH duruhatA kA A jAnA svAbhAvika hai| kahIM-kahIM to pUrA chaMda binA kriyA ke bhI calatA hai| yatra-tatra pAMDitya-pradarzana kI bhAvanA ke kAraNa bhI apracalita zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| 'vardhamAna' meM aise zabdoM kI kamI nahIM hai-yathA-vaidhasa, viziSTa, divokasI, catuSka, pizaka, zazAda, plava, aMsubhatpamalA, vareNukA, harimaMtha, parikSAma, cibhika kRpITayoni, kIlAma, lAsika, va kamantha aadi| kavi ne vaiduSya-pradarzana kI dRSTi se athavA camatkAra utpanna karane kI dRSTi se aise zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA hogaa| kintu isakA pariNAma ulTA hI nikalA hai| bhASA mArmika, grAhya evaM prabhAvazAlI usa koTi taka nahIM ho pAtI hai, vahA~ taka use honA cAhie thii| uparyukta kliSTa va aparicita zabda prayogoM ke bAvajUda bhI jahAM praznottara zailI kA kavi ne prayoga kiyA hai, vahA~ bhASA avazya sarala hai| AdhyAtmika, dArzanika tattvoM kI carcA ke samaya kavi ne sarala bhASA kA prayoga kiyA hai aura saMbhavataH 'vardhamAna' ke racanAkAra kI yahI sabase bar3I saphalatA bhI mAnI jaayegii| vaise to saMskRta zailI para kAvya likhA gayA hone se dIrgha vRtta evaM kaThina zabda-bAhulya to rahegA hI, lekina dArzanika vicAroM kA sarala bhASA meM viniyojana Adhunika hindI jaina mahAkAvya kA saphala prayoga kahA jaayegaa| dArzanika graMthoM meM isa zailI ko 'pUrva pakSa' aura 'uttara pakSa' kahate haiN| jisase dArzanika vicAradhArA AsAnI se suspaSTa ho sakatI hai, aisA eka udAharaNa dRSTavya hai 1. draSTavya-anUpa zarmA-'vardhamAna', pR. 15.

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404 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya adhI kaheMge kisa nindya jI ko ? kaSAya, krodhAdika-yukta jo ki ho| 'kubuddhi' lobhIjana kauna hai zubhe! sadaiva jo dravya lahe adharma kii|' isI prakAra trizalA, siddhArtha ke vArtAlApa meM bhI isI sarala-rocaka bhASA kA darzana hotA hai| trizalA ke sauMdarya varNana va rAjA siddhArtha kI mahAnatA ke varNana meM sarala evaM karNa priya zabdoM kA prayoga hI prApta haiM-jaise-rAnI trizalA ke lie kavi kahate haiMsaroja-sA vakatra, sunetra mIna se, sivAra-se keza, sukaMTha kmbu-saa| uroja jyoM koka, sunAbhi bhora-sI, ___ taraMgitA thI trishlaa-trNginnii| sunI sudhAmaMDita mAdhurI-dhurI, ___abhI suvANI trizalA mukhAbja se| pikI kuhU rodana meM ratA huI, pralamba bhU meM parivAdinI bnii| trizalA ke sauMdarya varNana meM bhASA kA sauMdarya dRSTavya hai nitaMba saMpIDita pAda-yugma meM, manoharA mecaka nupuraavlii| virAjatI thI trizalA padAbja meM, saroSa bhU kI jisa bhAMti bhNgimaa| 'varddhamAna' meM jahA~ siddhArtha kI sabhA tathA mahattA kA varNana karate haiM, vahA~ bhASA sahaja sarala hai 'suvarNA-varNA, lalitA, manoharA, sabhA lasI yoM pd-byaas-shaalinii| viraMci siddhArtha-yutA lakhI gaI, zarIriNI jyoM aparA srsvtii|| sadA dvijAvAsa tathaiva nirmala, vizAla the jIvana dhAma rAjya ke| tar3Aga-se zobhita padmayukta ve, nareza tRSNA harate adhIna kii|| parantu jo sarvadA sarvadA unheM, vicArate the vaha yoM nirAza the| na pITha pAI ari-vRnda ne kabhI, na vakSa dekhA paranAri ne tthaa|| 1. anUpa zarmA-vardhamAna-sarga-6, pR. 36. 2. anUpa zarmA-vardhamAna-sarga 1, pR. 55, 81. 3. draSTavya-anUpa zarmA-vardhamAna-sarga-6, pR0 61, 105. 4. draSTavya-anUpa zarmA-vardhamAna-sarga-1, pR. 43. 5. draSTavya-anUpa zarmA-vardhamAna-sarga-1, pR. 47.

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-kAvya kA kalA-sauSThava 405 tathaiva sarvajJa na bhUmipAla the, na jAnate the itanA kadApi ve| nakAra hotI kisa bhAMti kI aho! anAtha ko, Azrita ko, abhAgya ko|' kavi anUpa jI ne mahAkAvya meM apanI bhAvamayI kalpanA meM artha aura mRdutA ke aneka sumana khilAye haiM, zabdoM kI kalpanA meM artha aura mRdutA kA itanA suSThu rUpa diyA hai ki saiddhAMtika paribhASAe~ aura kalpanAe~ kAvyamaya ho gaI hai| svapnoM ke saMsAra ke lie kavi kaisI bhAva-pravaNa bhASA kA prayoga karate haiM nizitha ke bAlaka svapna nAma ke, prabuddha hoke trizalA-hRdayAbja meM, milinda se guMjana zIla ho gye| ugA nahIM candra, sagUr3ha prema hai, na cAMdanI kevala prem-bhaavnaa| na rukSa hai, ujjavala prema pAtra hai, ataH huA sneha pracAra vizva meN| 'AMsU' jaisa dRga jala ke lie kavi kI kalpanA va bhASA-mAdhurya dekhie viyoga kI hai yaha mauna bhAratI, dRgambu dhArA kahate jise sbhii| asIma snehAmbudhi kI prakAzinI, samA sakI jo na sazabda vakSa meN| mArmika tathA vyavahArika yuktiyoM ke kAraNa kahIM-kahIM to 'vardhamAna' kI bhASA atyanta grAhya ho pAI hai-yathApurandhita svagIrya pratIti prIti hai| yA manuSya kA jIvana dhUpa-chAMha saa| nitAnta ajJAta pravRtti prema kii| aise hI-dineza hI eka na tejamAna hai, nisarga kA prema dvitIya sUrya hai| aise hI, suMdara bhASA ke kAraNa hI dArzanika saMvAda anubhUti-gamya bana par3e hai, jisakA 'vIrAyaNa' kAvya meM sarvathA abhAva hai| 'vIrAyaNa' kI bhASA meM saralatA adhika hai, sAhityikatA kama, jabaki 'vardhamAna' meM sAhityikatA vizeSa hai, saralatA km| bhASA meM gAMbhIrya tathA kalpanA vaibhava jitanA 'vardhamAna' kI bhASA meM pAyA jAtA hai, mUladAsa kRta 'vIrAyaNa' mahAkAvya meM prAyaH nahIM hai| 'vardhamAna' kI bhASA meM yatra-tatra kliSTatA bhI hai, tathApi dArzanika vicAradhArA meM bhASA kA pravAha dhyAnAkarSaka haiMkaho zubhe! dhyeya padArtha kyA ? mahAna kalyANaka jaina zAstra hii| kaho, kaho bhUpara geya vastu kyA ? jinendra dvArA parigIta tattva hii| 1. draSTavya-anUpa zarmA-vardhamAna-sarga-1, pR0 44, 36, 37.

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406 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya kaho ki kyA pApa dharitri meM zubhe? asatyatA, krodha-kaSAya Adi hii| narendra vAme! phala dharma kA kho| triloka-svAmitva jinendra sNpdaa|' zRMgAra evaM zAnta rasa ke varNana meM kavi kI bhASA mAdhurya-guNa-yukta hai; lekina sarvatra isa zailI kA nirvAha saMskRta chaMdoM-vRttoM ke kAraNa nahIM ho pAyA hai| vIra-rasa kI guMjAyaza nahIM hone se oja zailI kA to prazna hI nahIM upasthita hotA, lekina dIrgha samAsa va kaThina zabdAvalI ke kAraNa bhASA meM ojasvitA yatra-tatra dikhAI par3atI hai| 'vardhamAna' ke kavi ne viSaya kI asamarthatA kI pUrti kAlpanika varNanoM, alaMkRta kAvyAMzoM, camatkAra-uktiyoM tathA adhyayana-prasUna AdhyAtmika niSkarSoM ke AdhAra para kI hai| aneka apracalita saMskRta tatsama zabdoM ke prayoga dvArA pAMDitya pradarzana kI pravRtti ko tuSTa kiyA hai| kavi kI kalpanA-zakti prAraMbha se hI atyadhika Urvara rahI hai| vahA~ bahuta-se vivecakoM ko isa hindI jaina mahAkAvya kI bhASA kliSTa aura dIrgha samAsa-bahulA pratIta hotI hai, vahA~ kitanoM ke dvArA usakI gaMbhIra gauravayukta bhASA-zailI kI prazaMsA bhI huI hai| isakI bhASA zailI kI vizeSatA para prakAza DAlate hue DA. paM0 vizvanAtha upAdhyAya likhate haiM-zabda-saMdhAna kI dRSTi se 'vardhamAna' hariaudha ke 'priya-pravAsa' se bhI adhika praur3ha kAvya hai| azithilatA isakI vizeSatA hai| zabda eka-dUsare se kase hue haiM, eka hillolAkAra meM sarvatra bar3hate hue calate haiN| unameM eka anavarata diganta bhedI Avarta utpanna karane kI zakti avazya hai| isa dRSTi se kavi ke adbhuta zabda-saMdhAna aura mAnasika saMyama para Azcarya hotA hai| paryAyavAcI zabdoM para kavi kA asAdhAraNa adhikAra dikhAI par3atA hai| lagatA hai, hindI aura saMskA kA pUrA zabda-koza pahale hI kavi ke mana meM yathAvata upasthita hai| + + + anUpa zarmA ke isa kAvya meM unakA 'zabda-samrATa' rUpa sabase adhika mukhara hai| 'vardhamAna' mahAkAvya kI bhASA DA. banavArIlAla zarmA ke vicArAnusAra 'priya-pravAsa' kI-sI saMskRta-bahulA zuddha khar3I bolI hai, para usameM sudIrgha samasta padAvalI kA Adhikya nahIM hai|' isakI bhASA ke sAtha-sAtha zailI kI saralatA-kliSTatA bhI vicAraNIya hai| jahA~ eka ora saralatA prApta hotI hai, vahA~ duruhatA ke bhI darzana hote haiN| 1. draSTavya-anUpa zarmA-vardhamAna, pR. 181, 33-34. 2. DA. rAmacandra tivArI-anUpa zarmA : 'kRtiyA~ aura kalA' ke antargata nibandha sukavi anUpa kI mahAna kRti 'vardhamAna', pR. 146. 3. paM. vizvanAtha upAdhyAya-vardhamAna aura dvivedI yugIna kAvya paraMparA, pR0 159. 4. DA. banavArI lAla zarmA-svAtaMtryottara hindI prabaMdha kAvya, pR0 62.

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Adhunika hindI - jaina- kAvya kA kalA - sauSThava 1 saMskRta paraMparAgata kAvya hone se samAsa zailI sahaja na lagakara 'ADambara zailI' pratIta hotI hai| lekina isakA artha yaha kadApi nahIM hai ki sarvatra samAsa - zailI kA hI nirvAha kiyA gayA hai| sahaja svAbhAvika zailI kA darzana bhI hameM adhikAMza sthaloM para hotA hai| trizalA evaM siddhArtha ke svastha dAmpatya jIvana ke varNana meM bhASA - - zailI kI svAbhAvikatA ramaNIya va prazaMsanIya hai| aise prasaMgoM meM zailI kI pravAhamAna taralatA AkarSita karatI hai| 'vardhamAna' kI bhASA va paramparA -priyatA ke sambaMdha meM apane vicAra abhivyakta karate hue DA0 lAlatA prasAda saksenA likhate haiM ki - bhASA-zailI para 'priya pravAsa' kA prabhAva hai| 'bhAvoM ko prabhAvotpAdaka banAne aura unakI preSaNIyatA kI vRddhi ke lie samAsa, sandhi aura vizeSaNa padoM kA prayoga bahulatA se kiyA hai| rasa - vidardhana, rasa- paripAka aura rasAsvAdana karAne kI kSamatA isa kAvya kI zailIgata vizeSatA hai| yadyapi kavi ne saMskRta ke samAsAnta padoM kA prayoga khulakara kiyA hai, parantu uccAraNa-saMgati aura dhvani akSuNNa rUpa meM vidyamAna hai| saMskRta-garbhita padoM ke rahane para bhI kRtrimatA nahIM Ane pAI hai / yadyapi AdyopAMta kAvya meM saMskRta ke kliSTa zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA hai, to bhI pada - lAlitya rahane se kAvya kA mAdhurya vidyamAna hai| kriyA padoM meM bhI adhikAMza kriyAeM saMskRta kI jyoM kI tyoM rakha dI gaI hai, jisase jahA~-tahA~ virUpatA - sI pratIta hotI hai| 2 DA0 zAstrI ke isa kathana se hama sahamata nahIM ho sakate, kyoMki kRtrimatA, kliSTa va aparicita zabda prayogoM ke rahane para bhI kAvya bhASA sarala nahIM ho sakatI, inakI upasthiti se kAvya kI bhASA duruha yA kRtrima hotI jAtI hai| kAvya meM mAdhurya A sakatA hai, saralatA nahIM / alaMkAra pradhAna bhASA-zailI evaM pUrNataH saMskRta samAsa vRttoM ke dvArA mahAkAvya meM hariodha jI kI zailI kA saphala anukaraNa kiye jAne para bhI vizAla mAtrA meM aparicita zabda prayoga ke kAraNa sAmAnyataH rasAnubhUti prApta karane meM kaThinAI rahatI hai| 407 isase viparIta kavi mUladAsa ke 'vIrAyaNa' mahAkAvya meM bhASA kI saralatA kahIM-kahIM usa koTi taka pahu~ca jAtI hai ki bhASA meM mahAkAvyocita garimA aura gaharAI na rahakara grAmINatA A jAtI hai| tulasIdAsa kI avadhI kA anukaraNa isameM kiyA gayA hai, lekina 'rAmacarita mAnasa' - sI zuddha kalApUrNa tathA vyaMjanAtmaka bhASA kA prayoga na hokara gujarAtI, rAjasthAnI, braja aura avadhI kA mizrita rUpa lakSita hotA hai| saurASTra ke gAMvoM kI bolI kA prabhAva 1. DA0 lAlatAprasAda saksainA - hindI mahAkAvyoM meM vaijJAnika tattva, pR0 98, 99. DA. nemicandra zAstrI-hindI jaina sAhitya parizIlana - bhAga-2, pR0 22. 2.

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Adhunika hindI - jaina sAhitya " bhI yatra-tatra pAyA jAtA hai / 'vardhamAna' mahAkAvya meM saMskRta- bahulA bhASA kavi kA pAMDitya - pradarzita karatI hai, to 'vIrAyaNa' kI braja- avadhI mizrita bhASA kavi kA sAmAnya jana-mAnasa taka pahu~cane kA uddezya pratipAdita karatI hai| bhASA meM miThAsa bhI hai tathA varNanoM kI prekSaNIyatA se bhASA ko kAphI rocaka banAyA gayA hai| kahIM-kahIM bhASA meM gadyAtmakatA kA rUpa bhI dikhAI par3atA hai - jaise 'sandhyA pratikramaNa bhI karanA, vairabhAva taja kSamA ubAranA / ' lekina isase kahIM bhAvoM meM AghAta nahIM pahu~catA | muhAvaroM, sAmAnya dRSTAntoM, sUktiyoM se bhI isa jaina mahAkAvya meM bhASA kI damaka bar3hAI gaI hai, yathA - vRthA na gAla phUlAU~ hI / 'aise aneka muhAvare pAye jAte haiN| 'jitanA jyAdA hotA bandhI, utanA banAtA yaha svacchandI', 'para pIr3ana sama pApa nahIM hai|' 'ji sadgyAna taya hI nirarthaka, bAlU divAla nAhiM jimi saarthk| 'pArasamani ke parasa, kanaka turata jaine|' 'kAntAkamala priya suta jAyA, binA pAtra sadvidyA pAyA / pAgala, raMka, nIca, naranAhA, bane madonmatta pUcheM kahA / / ' aisI sUktiyoM se eka ora jahAM kavi kA lokajIvana sambaMdhI manovaijJAnika jJAna pratIta hotA hai, vahA~ dUsarI ora bhASA zailI meM svAbhAvika suMdaratA A jAtI hai| DA0 aMbAzaMkara nAgara 'vIrAyaNa' kI bhASA zailI ke viSaya meM likhate haiM- gujarAta ke vartamAna hindI seviyoM meM 'vIrAyaNa' mahAkAvya ke kartA mUladAsa kA nAma ullekhanIya hai / avadhI meM racita 'vIrAyaNa' mahAkAvya kI bhASA - zailI kI suMdaratA dekhie 408 nIla kaMja sama suhata zarIrA, nakha- -duti mAnahu ujjavala hIrA / bharita kapola gola aruNA re, kaMTha sulalita kaMbu anusAre // pUrNa candra Anana chavi chAye, dekhata kAma koTi lajavAye / dhvaja aMkuzala dhanupada gaya rekhA, nAbhi- bhaMvara jana gaMbhIra dekhA / rAnI anujJA kiMkara pAI, prabhudita vadana sunAI badhAI || 'vIrAyaNa' kI bhASA kA mAdhurya nimnalikhita paMktiyoM meM bhI draSTavya haivizva vijaya vIrAyaNa mahimA, sakala sulabha phalakI hai sImA / sUtrAdhAra ziromaNI bhASA, likhA vIra prabhu kA itihAsA // sugamaya hai zailI ina kerI, kahata sunata samujhata nahIM derI / caupAI cArI phala dAtA, sarala soraThA kachu sohAtA // 1-12. isa Adhunika hindI jaina mahAkAvya kI bhASA-zailI meM mAdhurya va prasAda 1. vIrAyaNa-sarga-1-21. 2. vIrAyaNa - sarga - 3-83. 3. DA. ambAzaMkara nAgara-gujarAta ke hindI gaurava grantha, pR0 14.

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-kAvya kA kalA-sauSThava 409 guNa prAyaH sarvatra pAyA jAtA hai| vIra rasa ke varNanoM meM bhAvAnukUla bhASA kA prayoga huA hai| kavi ne yatra-tatra dhvanyAtmaka zabdAbalI kA prayoga kiyA hai| udAharaNa draSTavya hai Dhamakata Dhola tryaMbAlu bheri gahavara gaajhi| tar3a-tar3a ninAda ke turIna ke, ThaveM ThaveM nagAre vaavhiiN|| dhuni zaMkha kI suni jAta nA, Dara khAta kAyara bhaaghiiN| hA~, hA~, mare, hA~, hA~ mare, bacahi koU na paave||' isI prakAra vajra phurandara kara kara meM rAje, ghara gharAra ghararara rava gaave| mahAkAvya kI bhASA-zailI kI eka yaha bhI vizeSatA hai ki nAda-sauMdarya ke kAraNa bhASA meM miThAsa va svAbhAvika kA puTa mila gayA hai-yathA gajadanta se gajadanta lAgata, anala kaNa darasAna yoN| gharSata bAdala pragaTa jharakata, jhala jhalaka vidyuta jyoN|| mAtaMga gaNDasthala phUTata, uchalata rudhira pravAha kyoM? mahi phAra DAra bahAra nikasana, adri se jaladhAra jyoN| isa hindI jaina mahAkAvya para 'mAnasa' kAra kI bhASA-zailI kA prabhAva hai| kiMtu kavi svarUpa se na to avadhI bhASA kA samucita prayoga kara sakA hai aura na chanda kA hii| kAvya kI bhASA sarvatra doSarahita yA madhura hI hai, aisA bhI nahIM hai| zabda-prayogoM meM kavi ne bahuta sI tor3a-maror3a bhI kI hai| jaise-avazya ke lie avasi, maraNa kA marNA, sayAnA kA zyAnA aadi| gujarAtI bhASA evaM TheTha gA~va kI bolI ke zabdoM kA bhI aneka bAra prayoga kiyA hai-yathA-'bAhara' ke lie 'bahAra', vAparoM, divAla, kema(kyoM?) lUchanA, ahi tarhi, gabharAta, pIgale' Adi aise bahuta-se zabdoM ko dekhA jA sakatA hai| na kevala zabda-prayoga, balki muhAvare bhI kahIM-kahIM gujarAtI bhASA ke muhAvaroM se pUrNataH prabhAvita hai-jaise-'aMgulI se nakha alaga samAnA' para gujarAtI ke 'AMgalIthI nakha vegalo' kA prabhAva spaSTa hai| mahAkAvyoM kI bhASA zailI para vicAra lene ke pazcAt aba upalabdha khaMDa kAvyoM kI bhASA-zailI para vicAra kara lenA caaheNge| jaina khaNDa kAvyoM evaM muktakoM meM sarala, subodha bhASA hI adhikatara milatI hai| zrI dhanyakumAra jaina 'sudheza' ke 'virAga' khaNDakAvya meM bhAvAnurUpa bhASA 1. draSTavya : 'vIrAyaNa', sarga-2, pR0 100, 195. 2. vIrAyaNa-sarga-2-197.

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Adhunika hindI - jaina sAhitya kA prayoga huA hai| zAnta rasapUrNa isa khaNDa kAvya meM bhASA kA yogadAna bhI mahatvapUrNa hai| zuddha khar3I bolI kA prayoga prazaMsanIya hai| 'virAga' kAvya kI saphalatA usakI hArdika anubhUtiyoM ke sAtha sarala, bhAvapUrNa va AkarSaka bhASA-zailI para hI nirbhara karatI hai| kumAra vardhamAna ko vivAha ke lie rAjI karane ke lie mAtA trizalA ne athaka prayAsa kiyA, tathApi vardhamAna ko anukUla banAne meM saphala na ho pAne para mAtA trizalA ke mukha se atyanta mArmika zabdoM kI vyaMjanA kavi ne karavAI hai, jo pAThaka ke hRdaya ko bhI dravita kara detI hai| udAharaNa ke lie 410 yadi kAza! kahIM vidhi tumako, antastala mA~ kA detA / merA mamatva to tuma para, druta vijaya prApta kara letA / ' isI prakAra kumAra kI AdhyAtmika, sAmAjika, ahiMsaka vicAradhArA ko bhI kavi ne subodha bhASA meM prastuta kiyA hai| bhASA ke lAghava kA paricaya diyA :--yathA bana gaI samyaka aba lo, madirA ke pyAle piinaa| jIne ke lie na khAnA, para khAne ko hI jInAM / bhASA kI vyaMgAtmaka zakti kA paricaya bhI uparyukta dRSTAnta meM prApta hotA hai| praznAtmaka bhASA - zailI meM vicAroM kI saralatA draSTavya hai isa cira azAMti kA jaga se, kisa dina vilopa aba hogA ? nirdoSa mUka ina pazuoM ko abhaya prApta kaba hogA ? nArI sauMdarya ke varNana meM bhASA kI komalatA sarAhanIya hai avaguMThana taba haTa jAne, se svarNa-hAra yoM camake jyoM pAvasa Rtu ke zyAmala meghoM meM vidyuta damake / taba mahiSI dekha rahI thI, mohaka mukha maMju mukura meM, pIche se dekha chaTA se, nRpa mudita hue nija ura meN| kahIM-kahIM sarala bhASA bhI kitanI hRdaya grAhya tathA bimba prastuta karane meM mahatvapUrNa bhUmikA kA nirvAha karatI hai - kucha paMktiyA~ draSTavya haiM 1. dekhie - virAga - sarga - 1, pR0 23. 2. dekhie - virAga - sarga - 3, pR0 39. 3. draSTavya- dhanyakumAra jaina -' virAga' sarga - 3, pR0 34.

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-kAvya kA kalA-sauSThava 411 viTapoM ne sAdara zraddhA, se zIza jhukAyA hilakara, sumanoM ne moda jatAyA, sampUrNa rUpa se khila kr| viTapoM dvArA zraddhA se zIza jhukAne kI kriyA meM eka jIvanta bimba ubhara kara hamAre sAmane A jAtA hai| samAnatA aura asamAnatA para gaharA vyaMgya kiyA gayA hai| sarala bhASA meM itanA tIkhA vyaMgya kevala saphala kavi hI kara sakatA hai| nimnokta paMktiyoM meM vyaMgya, Akroza aura tIkhApana dekhie nirdhana aura dhanI meM, hai narka-svarga kI dUrI, gRha eka abhAvoM kA hI, nidhi bharI eka ke puurii| nara jo pazu muNDa car3hAne, devI ke pAsa zaraNa meM kahate, yaha zakti sahAyaka, icchita varadAna grahaNa meN| DaoN. nemicandra jaina ke zabdoM meM 'virAga' khaNDa kAvya kI bhASA sarala, subodha aura bhAvAnukUla va zailI rocaka, tarkapUrNa evaM ojayukta hai| kahIM-kahIM vyAkaraNa doSa bhI raha gayA hai| jaise-dUsare sarga meM 'nirbala' ke sthAna 'nibala' tathA trizalA ke lie 'jAnA' hai pulliMga-prayoga zabda ko tor3ane-maror3ane kI vRtti kahI jaayegii| 'virAga' kAvya kI taraha anya khaMDa kAvya 'rAjula' kI bhASA meM bhI hameM mAdhurya guNa paryApta rUpa se prApta hotA hai| kavi bAlacandra jI ne bhAvoM ke anukUla AkarSaka bhASA zailI se isa kAvya ko maMDita kiyA hai| bhASA kI mArmikatA rAjulamatI ke isa kathana meM dekhie ve mere phira mile mujhe, khojUMgI kaNa-kaNa meN| tumane kaba mujhako pahicAnA! dekhA mujhako bAhara se hI, mere antara ko kaba jaanaa| nArI aisI bhI kyA hIna huI! tana kI komalatA hI lekara nara ke sammukha dIna huii| * 'rAjula' kAvya meM rAjula kI saMpUrNa manodazA ke mArmika varNana ke samaya kavi ne yogya bhASA zailI kA prayoga kiyA hai-rAjula kI cAha, umaMga, glAni, 1. DA0 nemicandra jaina : hindI jaina sAhitya parizIlana-dvitIya bhAga-pR. 33.

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412 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya asamarthatA, nairAzya, dRr3hatA evaM tyAga ke manobhAvoM ko kavi ne zabda-citroM meM aMkita kiyA hai-eka citra dekhie kala-kala chala-chala saritA ke svara, saMketa zabda the bola rhe| A~khoM meM pahale to chAye, dhIre-se ura meM lIna hue| nemicandra jI ke vicAra se-'bhAva aura bhASA kI dRSTi se yaha kAvya sAdhAraNa pratIta hotA hai| lAkSaNikatA aura mUrtimattA kA bhASA meM pUrNatayA abhAva hai| hA~, bhAvoM kI khoja avazya gaharI hai| 'rAjula' va 'virAga' khaMDa kAvya meM bhASA kA mAdhurya evaM bhAvAnurUpa svarUpa lakSita hotA hai, to anya Adhunika hindI jaina khaMDa kAvyoM meM bhASA kI saralatA yA atyanta sIdhA-sAdA rUpa bhI dikhAI par3atA hai, jaise-bhaMvara lAla zeThI ke 'aMjanApavanaMjaya', bhagavata svarUpa jaina ke 'satya-ahiMsA kA khUna' kAvya meN| 'aMjanA-pavanaMjaya' kAvya meM kavi ne kalA pakSa ko kamajora kara diyA hai| bhASA-zailI ko mArmika aura alaMkAroM se susajja karane kI ora prAyaH kavi kA dhyAna kama gayA hai| ataH gadya kA sA rUpa bhI kahIM-kahIM A jAtA hai| vaise jaina-samAja meM isake pracAra-prasAra hetu kavi ne bhASA kA svarUpa sarala hI cAhA hai| kahIM-kahIM kAvya-paMktiyoM meM bAra-bAra kriyA kA prayoga bhI kiyA gayA hai, yathA mana thA yA anaghar3a patthara thA, lohA thA yA bajjara thaa| prema-bhikhArina parama-suMdarI, nArI ko jahA~ na sthala thaa| yatra-tatra bhASA-zailI meM rocakatA bhI chAI hai jaiseAnaMda-maMgala chAyA jaga meM, huA prazaMsita shiil-siNgaar| satI aMjanA kA ati suMdara, chAyA jaga meM jy-jykaar|| 'satya-ahiMsA kA khUna' jaise choTe khaNDa kAvya meM bhASA kI svAbhAvikatA vizeSa lakSita hotI hai| bola-cAla ke urdU zabdoM kA prayoga kavi ne tyAjya nahIM mAnA hai jaise___ ajaba-gajaba, muhatAja, zoharata, bayAna, mAz2arA, akla, goyA, khAmoza aadi| vaise hI saMskRta ke tatsama zabdoM kA prayoga bhI kavi ne kiyA hai, udAharaNa ke lie-kSetra, kuzala, svastikA, paryaka, sphaTika, svastimatI, zrImukha aadi| 'sva. bhagavata jI kI yaha racanA yadyapi bhASA aura sAhitya kI dRSTi se unakI prAraMbhika aura zaizavAvasthA kI anumAna kI jAtI hai, kintu bhAvoM kI 1. DA0 nemicandra jaina : hindI jaina sAhitya parizIlana-dvitIya bhAga, pR. 28.

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Adhunika hindI - jaina- kAvya kA kalA - sauSThava dRSTi se vaha Aja bhI utanI hI nayI, upayogI aura preraNAdAyaka hai, jitanI kabhI atIta kAla meM rahI hogI / kAvya- bhASA meM muhAvaroM kA prayoga bhI yatra-tatra huA hai, jisase zailI meM jIvantatA A gaI hai jaise- ' hotA dagA kisakA sagA', 'vinAza ke samaya viparIta buddhi' Adi / uparyukta upadezAtmaka kAvya meM kalA pakSa kI bArIkiyA~ prAyaH kama dIkha par3atI hai| kyoMki kavi kA pramukha uddezya AMtarika anubhUti ke kalAtmaka citraNa kA na hokara jaina darzana ke sAmAnya tatvoM va mahatva ko pratiSThita karane kA pratIta hotA hai aura sarala va subodha bhASA - zailI ke dvArA apane uddezya kI paripUrti cAhate haiN| Adhunika hindI - jaina muktaka kAvya racanAoM meM zrImatI ramArAnI jaina dvArA saMpAdita 'Adhunika jaina kavi' meM vividha dhArAoM kI bhinna-bhinna kavitAe~ saMkalita haiM, jinakI bhASA-zailI viSayAnusAra bhinna-bhinna hai| saMkalana ke atirikta mahatvapUrNa jaina patrikA 'anekAnta' meM bhI hindI - jaina kavitAe~ prakAzita hotI rahI haiN| Adhunika yuga ke prAraMbhika kAla ke kaviyoM kI bhASA prAyaH sarala hai| AdhyAtmika hetu pradhAna kavitA hone se bhASA meM citrAtmakatA, pratIkAtmakatA tathA zailI meM vakratA nahIM miltii| kiMtu 'sIkara' 'hillola' va urmigItoM meM gItakAroM kI svAnubhUtiyoM kA mArmika citraNa hone se bhASA meM mAdhurya, komalatA va tIvratA prApta hotI hai| 'yuga-pravAha' ke kaviyoM kI bhASA pragativAdI kaviyoM kI bhAMti sudhAra va sahAnubhUti tathA krAnti kI bhAvanA se yukta hai| ata: unakI zailI meM kahIM-kahIM vyaMgya, tIkhApana, karuNA va vedanA kA svara vizeSa rUpa se ubharA hai| zailI meM prasAdikatA va ojasvitA donoM guNoM kA nirvAha huA hai| tInoM prakAra ke kAvyoM kI bhASA-zailiyoM ke kucheka dRSTAnta dekhie (1) 'yugavIra' ke kAvya 'mIna-saMvAda' meM 'mIna' ke pratIka dvArA manuSya kI hiMsA - vRtti va kaThora kArya kI bhartsanA kI gaI hai rakSA kare vIra durbaloM kI, niHzastra para zastra nahIM uThAte, bAteM sabhI jhUTha lagI mujhe thI, viruddha ye dRzya yahA~ dikhaaye| isalie cAhie ki 1. - 413 'hai koI avatAra nayA, mahAvIra ke sadRzya jagata meM, phailAye sarvatra dayA / zrI kapUracandra jaina : 'indu' - kAvya kI bhUmikA, pR0 7. ( aja ja - sambodhana )

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Adhunika hindI - jaina sAhitya ataH 'saphala janma' meM bhagavat jI mAnava-jIvana- sAphalya kA sundara bhASA meM varNana karate haiM 414 do dIna kA jIvana - mela, phira khaMDahara - sI nIravatA / yaza-apayaza basa do hI, bAkI sArA sapanA hai| do puNya-pApa rekhAe~, donoM hI jaga kI dAsI / hai eka mRtyu - sI dhAtaka, dUsarI suhRda mAtA -sI / jo grahaNa puNya ko karatA, maNimAlA usake pdd'tii| apanAtA jo pApoM ko, usake gardana meM phAMsI / + + + + + + + vaha parAkramI mAnava hai, jo 'kala' ko 'Aja' banAkara, kSaNabhaMgura vizva - sadana meM, karatA nija janma saphala hai| bhASA kI saralatA uparyukta udAharaNa meM spaSTa lakSita hai| (2) sundara bhAvAtmaka, laya pradhAna bhASA zailI ke udAharaNa 'achUtA hAra' tathA 'baMdI kA vinoda' muktaka racanAoM meM ( gadya kAvya ) jagannAtha mizra ne AzA-nirAzA, vedanA, cAha Adi bhAvoM ko komala bhASA meM vyakta kiyA hai pUrva dizA kA AkAza dhanamAlAoM se AcchAdita ho gayA / nAvika - gaNa apanI-apanI naukA kinAre bAMdha giri-kaMdarAoM meM chipa gye| maiM akelA hAra gUMthane meM nimagna thA, parvata - zRMga tUphAna ke vega se hila gyaa| dhUla se merI A~kheM bhara giiN| sAre phUla prabala jhakoroM meM par3akara titara-bitara ho gye| 1 mere pAsa sAla le jAne ke lie kevala adhUrA hAra bacA / 'baMdI kA vinoda' kAvya kI kucheka paMktiyoM kI bhASA dekhie 'merI pivapaMcI madhura gIta gAtI nhiiN| usakI jhaMkRti meM vedanA bharI hai| prakRti kI nIrava - raMga sthalI meM kabhI baiThakara, tAroM ko cher3atA hU~, hRdaya - paTala para zItala A~sU kI bU~dai Dhulaka par3atI haiN| maiM tatkAla hI vINA rakha detA huuN| 'taba' kAvya meM kedAranAtha mizra ne halke rahasyavAda ke sAtha jJAna-prakAza prApta karane kI utkaNThA usI bhAvAnukUla bhASA meM vyakta kI hai 'bhejUMgA taba mauna nimaMtraNa he ananta ! tU A jAnA, mere ura meM apanA avinazvara prakAza phailA jaanaa| 1. zrImatI ramA jaina saMpAdita - 'Adhunika jaina kavi' ke antargata 'adhUrA hAra', pR. 136. 2. anekAnta, varSa - 1, aMka - 3, pR0 152.

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-kAvya kA kalA-sauSThava 415 (3) pragativAdI vicAradhArA se prabhAvita kAvyoM kI bhASA-zailI vicArapreraka va gatizIla rahI hai| bhagavata jaina ke 'nara-kaMkAla' kAvya kI aisI bhASA-zailI dekhie ghane abhAvoM aura vyathAoM meM palakara jo bar3A huA, prakRti jananI kI kRpA-kora se apane pairoM khar3A huaa| sita bhaviSya ke madhu sapanoM meM, bhUlA jo duHkha kI gurutaa| rucira kalpanAoM kI mana meM jor3A karatA jo kvitaa| indradhanuSa jisakI abhilASA, vartamAna jisakA rokha, yuga-sI ghar3iyAM bitA-bitA, jo khoja rahA apanA vaibhv| tiraskAra-bhojana, prahAra-upahAra, bhUmi jisakI shyyaa| dhanAdhikoM ke dayA-salila meM khetA jo jiivn-naiyaa|' bhavAnI datta zarmA kI 'merI jIvana sAdha' kavitA meM zabda ke punarAvartana se bhASA meM pravAha milatA hai-jaise nara hita meM rata rahU~ nirantara, manuja-manuja meM karu na antara, nasa-nasa meM baha cale deza kI prema dhAra nirbAdha merI jiivn-saadh| Izvaracandra kI 'arcanA' meM utkaTa prabhu-bhakti ke bhAvoM ke sAtha kalAtmaka bhASA kI chaTA bhI nikhara AI haiaura vItarAga punIta deva! tumase hI alaMkRta mukti kA sNgiit| kSamA-nizi ke gahana-tama ko, bheda jyotirmaan| lola laharoM para likhe nirvANa ke mRdu giit| o vItarAga puniit|' isI prakAra 'chalanA' kAvya meM kavi gaNapati goyalIya ne hRdayormikA sarala bhASA meM sundara aMkana kiyA hai jaba yauvana kI prathama uSA meM, maiMne A~kheM kholIM, bhava-sAgara ke pAra pUrti hai, haMsa AzAeM bolii| socA kyoM na calUM usa pAra, baiThA tari para le patavAra, meM thA anubhava hIna yuvA, kaise patavAra calAtA, aisA nAvika milA na jo, usa pAra mujhe phuNcaataa| 1. Adhunika jaina kavi, pR. 227.

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416 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya ve taba svarga-jyoti sI AI, mujhe dekhate hI muskaaii| bhagavanta gaNapati kI 'atIta gIta' meM bhAva bhASA va kalA kA sundara samanvaya draSTavya hai ahai vINA ke TUTe tAra! tUM ananta meM lIna ho rahA aura so rahA mauna; rAginiyA~ sunAtI to haiM, para tujhe jagAye kauna? thakA saMsAra pukAra-pukAra, ahe vINA ke TUTe tAra! yugavIra jI kI kavitA 'merI cAha' meM bhAva va bhASA kA mAdhurya draSTavya ghara-ghara carcA rahe dharma kI, duSkRta duSkara ho jAveM, jJAna carita unnata kara apanA, manuja janma phala saba paaveN| roga-marI durbhikSa na phele, prajA zAnti se jiyA kare parama ahiMsA dharma jagata meM, phaila sarvahita kiyA kre| isI prakAra parameSThidAsa kI 'mahAvIra saMdeza' meM bhI aise hI bhAva ke sAtha bhASA kA pravAha maujUda hai prema bhAva jaga meM phailA do, karo satya kA nitya vyavahAra, durAbhimAna ko tyAga ahiMsaka, bano yahI jIvana kA saar| dharma patita-pAvana hai apanA, nizadina aisA gAte ho, kintu bar3A Azcarya Apa phira kyoM itanA sakucAte ho| gaNapati jI kI 'anurodha' kavitA kI bhASA-zailI para mAkhanalAla caturvedI kI kavitA 'phUla kI cAha' kA spaSTa prabhAva lakSita hai jaba prabhAta meM ravi kiraNeM Akara mujhako visAkeM deM, merI kSudra AkhoM para alakagaNa mAyAvaraNa girA deM, pavana pravAha thirakatA haMsanA-bar3hanA mujhako sikhA deM, bhramarAvaliyA~ guNa gA-gAkara mAninI mujhe banA deN| taba hogA prAraMbha patana kA mere vaha nizcaya hai, usa yauvana meM Atma-vismaraNa ho jAne kA bhaya hai,

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-kAvya kA kalA-sauSThava 417 taba hA~, taba banapAla! zIghra hI mujhako cuna le jAnA, car3hA pArzva-anucara caraNoM me jIvana saphala bnaanaa| kahIM-kahIM bhASA meM muhAvaroM ke prayoga se jIvantatA paidA kI gaI hai| jaise-'vIravANI' kAvya meM svArthoM para jaya pAve, mithyA kI mA~ mArI jAve, sukha kI ghaTA phira thaharAve, tApa-kaSAya pITha dikhalAye, doSa-dalinI! prANI-samUha ko kara de aba nirdoss| aise hI narendrakumAra jaina kI stuti paraka kavitA 'AyA tumhAre dvAra bhagavan' kavitA meM bhI bhASA kI svAbhAvikatA sarAhanIya hai do dina kI merI jindagAnI, duniyA duHkha kI nizAnI, jaba A jAye kAlacakra taba, uTha jAye saba DerA re|| kahIM-kahIM muktaka kAvya-racanA para rAjasthAnI, gujarAtI bhASA meM zabdoM kA prabhAva bhI dRSTigata hotA hai| jaise-rAjasthAnI jaina muni nemicandra ke stuti-paraka pada meM pAyA jAtA hai padma prabhu vAsupUjya doU rAte varNe sobhe soy| candra prabhu ne suvadhinAtha ujjvala varNe jina vikhyaat||1|| mallinAtha ne pArzvanAtha, nIle varNe doU haath| muni suvrata ne neminAtha, aMjana varNe do saakhyaat||2|| sole kaMcana varNA gAta, caubIsa jina praNamuM prbhaat| 'nema' bhaNe punama parasAda, udayApura jina kinA yaad||3|| muni rUpacaMda ke 'andhA cAMda' saMgraha kI kavitAoM meM bhASA kA anavarata pravAha, vicAroM kI sazakta abhivyakti tathA vyaMgyAtmakatA ke sAtha Adhunika pratIka va vyaMgAtmaka zailI kA rUpa prApta hotA hai-jaise curAI huI rozanI se rozana, cAMda kI darda-bharI cAla para, dekho to sahI ye sitAre kitane haMsa rahe haiN| aba to aisA laga rahA hai, ki jo bAhara se jitanA adhika camakatA hai, vaha bhItara utanA hI adhika kAlApana lie hue hai| isI prakAra kavi vyaMgya meM kahate haiM patA nahIM mAnava kI buddhi ko kyA ho gayA hai, 1. muni nemicandra jI-'nemavANI' saMgraha, pR. 16. 2. muni rUpacanda jI-andhA cAMda, pR. 3.

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418 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya ki usake hara eka kArya meM, saccAI kama hai aura nakala bAjI . jyAdA hai|' uparyukta vivecana se spaSTa vidita hotA hai ki-Adhunika hindI jaina kAvya kI bhASA zailI meM cAhe gaharAI, kalAtmakatA, tIvratA, pratIka vidhAna Adi vizeSatAe~ kama mAtrA meM rahI haiM, lekina saralatA, pravAha, subodhatA evaM mAdhurya sarvatra pAyA jAtA hai| pUre kAvya sAhitya meM prasAda guNa kA mahatva dikhAI par3atA hai aura yahI kAvya racayitAoM kA pramukha uddezya rahA hai| sugama va rocaka bhASA zailI ke dvArA hI apane hRdaya ke bhAvoM ko vyakta karane kI ceSTA ina kaviyoM ne kI hai| bhASA-zailI ke uparAMta bhAva ko tIvra karane vAle tathA bhASA ko camakIlI va alaMkRta karane vAle alaMkAroM kI mahattA va hindI jaina kAvya meM isake sthAna para saMkSepa meM vicAra kiyA jaayegaa| alaMkAra : kisI bhI kAvya ko lalita svarUpa pradAna karane meM alaMkAroM kA yogadAna nirvivAda hai| bhASA meM camatkAra, zailI meM suMdaratA va bhAvoM meM utkarSa va spaSTatA lAne ke lie alaMkAra-yojanA ke binA bAhya-sauMdarya sahaja nahIM hotA-phira alaMkAra arthamUlaka ho yA zabdamUlaka, saMskRta sAhitya se prabhAvita hoM yA pAzcAtya sAhitya se prabhAvita nUtana prakRti ke hoN| mahAkAvya ke vizad varNana va caritra-citraNa kI vizeSatAe~ spaSTa karane meM alaMkAra aneka rUpa meM sahAyaka hote haiN| kAvya kI zobhA bar3hAne kA hI kevala kArya nahIM karate, apitu zilpa va racanA saundarya kI sUkSmatA abhivyakta kara bhAvoM kI preSaNIyatA bar3hAne kA kArya bhI alaMkAra karate haiN| prAcIna saMskRta-kAvya zAstrakAroM se lekara Adhunika paurvAtya aura pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne samIcIna va ziSTa alaMkAroM kI upayogitA ko eka kaNTha se svIkAra kiyA hai| saMskRta meM to AcAryoM kA eka varga hI aisA hai, jo alaMkAra ko kAvya-dharma mAnate haiN| AcArya daNDI alaMkAroM ko kAvya dharma samajha inase kAvya zobhita honA svIkArate haiN| (kAvya-zobhA karAt dharmAnalaMkArAn pravakSate-kAvyAdarza) AcArya vAmana bhI prakArAnta se yahI bAta mAnate haiM ki alaMkAra saundarya kA paryAya hotA hai| (kAvyaM grAhyaM alaMkArAt' tathA 'saundarya alaMkAraH' kAvyAlaMkAra suutr|) candrolokakAra jayadeva to alaMkAravihIna kAvya ko kAvya hI nahIM sviikaarte| na kevala alaMkAravAdiyoM ne balki rasavAdI AcAryoM ne bhI rasa ke pratipAdana ke lie alaMkAroM kA 1. muni rUpacanda jI-andhA cAMda, pR. 30.

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-kAvya kA kalA-sauSThava 419 paryApta mahatva svIkAra kiyA hai| 'kAvya-prakAza'kAra mammaTa kA 'analaMkRti punaH kvApi' vidhAna isI bAta kA dyotaka hai| hindI sAhitya meM bhI alaMkAroM kI paramparA akSuNNa rahI hai| saMskRta kAvya graMthoM va zAstroM se prabhAvita alaMkAroM kA pravAha va prabhAva hindI rItikAlIna sAhitya meM dekhA jA sakatA hai| Adhunika kAla ke kAvya-sAhitya para bhI alaMkAroM kA prabhAva dRSTigata hotA hai| isIlie to chAyAvAda ke prasiddha kavi sumitrAnaMdana paMta alaMkAroM ke aparihArya mahatva para prakAza DAlate hue likhate haiM-alaMkAra kevala vANI kI sajAvaTa ke lie nahIM, varan bhAva abhivyakti ke bhI vizeSa dvAra haiN| bhASA kI puSTi ke lie, rAga kI pUrNatA ke lie Avazyaka upAdAna haiN| ve vANI ke AcAra, vyavahAra, rIti-nIti haiM, pRthaka sthitiyoM meM pRthaka svarUpa, bhinna-bhinna avasthAoM ke bhinna-bhinna citra haiN|' alaMkAroM ke apUrva prayoga ke kAraNa rItikAla ko to 'kalA-kAla' kI saMjJA bhI prApta hai| rItikAlIna kavi-AcArya kezavadAsa kI alaMkAroM ko ati mahatva detI nimna ukti to atyanta prasiddha hai jadapi sujAti sulacchani subarana sarasa suvRtt| bhUSana binu na birAjaI, kavitA vanitA mitt|| saMpUrNa rItikAla meM alaMkAroM kA mahatva svIkRta huA hai| alaMkAroM kI jaina kAvya meM sthiti ke saMdarbha meM DA. premasAgara ne jo vicAra madhyakAlIna hindI jaina kAvyoM ke sambaMdha meM kiye haiM, ve Adhunika hindI jaina kAvyoM ke lie bhI utane hI sahI haiM-'jaina hindI kaviyoM kI racanAoM meM alaMkAra svabhAvataH Aye haiN| arthAt alaMkAroM ko balAt lAne kA prayAsa nahIM kiyA gayA hai| jaina kaviyoM ne bhAva ko hI pradhAnatA dI hai| bhAvagata sauMdarya ko akSuNNa rakhate hue yadi alaMkAra Ate bhI haiM, to unase kavitA bojhila nahIM ho jaatii| jaina kaviyoM kI kavitAoM se pramANita hai ki unameM alaMkAroM kA prayoga to huA hai, kintu unako pramukhatA kabhI nahIM dI gii| ve sadaiva mUlabhAva kI abhivyakti meM sahAyaka-bhara pramANita hue haiN| jaina kaviyoM kA anuprAsa para adhikAra thaa| hindI jaina kAvyoM meM alaMkAra-prayoga ke cAturya para prakAza DAlate hue nemicandra jI likhate haiM-"hindI-jaina-kaviyoM kI kavitA-kAminI anAr3I rAjakulAMganA ke samAna na to adhika alaMkAroM ke bojha se dabI hai aura na grAmya 1. paMta-pallava praveza, pR0 22. 2. DA. premasAgara jaina-hindI jaina bhaktikAvya aura kavi, pR. 445-446.

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Adhunika hindI - jaina sAhitya bAlA ke samAna nirAbharaNA hI hai| isameM nAgarika - ramaNiyoM ke samAna sundara aura upayukta alaMkAroM kA samAveza kiyA gayA hai| ' 420 Adhunika hindI jaina kavitA meM alaMkAroM kA sanniveza sahaja aura anuprAsa hI hai| jaina kavi na jIvana meM alaMkaraNa ko mahatva dete haiM aura na kAvya meM hI / kintu prakRta rUpa meM alaMkaraNa jaise jIvana ko ramya banA detA hai, vaise hI kAvya bhI ramaNIya ho jAtA hai| Adhunika hindI jaina kavitA meM alaMkAroM kI adhika saMbhAvanA mahAkAvya meM ho sakatI hai| muktaka kAvya to prAyaH nIti, upadeza tathA caritra-nirmANa kI dIkSA dene vAle analaMkRta hI haiN| mahAkAvya ke uparAnta khaNDakAvya meM bhI hama inheM dekha sakate haiN| sarvaprathama hama anUpa zarmA ke 'vardhamAna' kAvya meM prayukta alaMkAroM kA vivecana kreNge| kavi anUpa zarmA ne 'vardhamAna' mahAkAvya meM donoM prakAra ke alaMkAroM kA prayoga kiyA hai| zabdAlaMkAra meM zleSa, anuprAsa va yamaka tathA arthAlaMkAra meM upamA, rUpaka va utprekSA kavi ke atyaMta priya alaMkAra rahe haiN| 'vardhamAna' para saMskRta kAvya-graMthoM kA gaharA prabhAva alaMkAra - yojanA meM bhI dekhA jA sakatA hai| phira bhI kahIM-kahIM nUtana urvara kalpanA - zakti kA paricaya milatA hai / ' mahAkAvyoM ke anurUpa 'vardhamAna' meM varNana - sauMdarya, pada- lAlitya, artha- gAMbhIrya, rasa-nirjhara aura kAvya-kauzala sabhI kucha hai / pada-pada para rUpakoM, upamAoM aura anya alaMkAroM kI chaTA darzanIya hai| itanA zramasAdhya kauzala hone para bhI saMgati aura pravAha kI rakSA kA prayatna haiN| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke pitA rAjA siddhArtha kI rAjasabhA sarasvatI kA pratIka hai| 2 suvarNa-varNA, lalitA, manoharA, sabhA lasI yoM pada - nyAsa - zAlinI / viraMci siddhArtha - yutA lakhI gaI, zarIriNI jyoM aparA sarasvatI // uparyukta alaMkAra meM zleSa ke bala para sauMdarya utpanna kiyA gayA hai| saMskRta paraMparA kI camatkAramaya zleSa - yamaka yojanA kA moha kavi se nahIM chUTa pAyA hai| isI kAraNa 'vardhamAna' rasavAdI kAvya kI apekSA camatkAravAdI vizeSa bana gayA hai| lekina kavi ne jahA~ sAdRzyamUlaka alaMkAroM kI yojanA kI hai, vahA~ kAvya sundara bana par3A hai| trizAla ke sauMdarya-varNana meM kavi ne rUpaka dvArA citra prastuta kiyA hai - saroja - sA vastra, sunetra mIna- se, sivAra se keza, sukaMTha kambu- sA / 1. DA0 nemicandra jaina - hindI jaina sAhitya parizIlana, pR0 163. 2. zrIyuta lakSmIcandra jaina- 'vardhamAna' Amukha, pR. 4.

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421 Adhunika hindI-jaina-kAvya kA kalA-sauSThava uroja jyoM koka sunAbhi bhaura-sI, taraMgitA thI trizalA trNginnii|' usI prakAra trizalA kalpa-vallarI hai| supuSyitA danta prabhA prabhAva se, nRpAlikA pallavitA supANi se| sukezinI secaka-bhaMga-yutha se, akalpa thI zobhita kalpa vllrii|| kavi kI adhika Urvara kalpanA zakti se kahIM-kahIM rUpaka hAsyAtmaka yA UhAtmaka bhI bana jAte haiN| trizalA kI aMgulI ko mahAbhArata kI kathA banA dene meM jahA~ eka ora atyukti pratIta hotI hai, vahA~ dUsarI ora eka aMgulI ke cihnoM se mahAbhArata kI kathA ke bhAgoM kI sAmyatA vicitra bhI lagatI hai, jaise nalopamA, akSavatI, sa-UmikA, manoharA suMdara prv-sNkulaa| narendra jAyA kara aMgulI lasI, kathA mahAbhArata ke samAna hI|60102 trizalA kI madhura vANI sunakara koyala vana meM rotI-rotI phira rahI hai aura vINA dharAzAyI ho gaI-donoM kA saundarya va garva cUra-cUra ho gayA suni sughAmaMDita mAdhurI ghurI abhI suvANI trizalA mukhAbja se, pikI kucha rodana meM ratA huI, pralamba bhUmeM parivAyinI huI bnii|| yahA~ kavi ne trizalA kI madhura vANI kI prazaMsA aprastuta alaMkAra dvArA suMdara rUpa se kI hai| rAjA saba kucha dene vAle mAne jAte haiM lekina logoM ko yaha dekhakara nirAzA hotI thI ki unhoMne kabhI ari ko pITha aura para-strI ko vakSadAna nahIM diyaa| usI prakAra se sarvajJa bhI nahIM the, kyoMki unhoMne abhyAgata azaraNa, abhAge-anAtha ko kabhI kucha nahIM dene kA 'nakAra' nahIM jAnA, parantu jo sarvada sarvadA unheM, vicArate the vaha yoM nirAza the| na pITha dekhI ari-vRnda ne kabhI, na vakSa dekhA paranAri ne tthaa| tatheva sarvajJa na bhUmipAla the, na jAnate the itanA kadApi ve| nakAra hotI kisa bhAMti kI aho, anAtha ko, Azrita ko, abhAge ko 'vardhamAna' ke alaMkAroM meM kahIM naye aura sundara upamAna bhI dikhAI par3ate haiM, jaise nUpuroM ko saroSa, bhUbhaMgimA kI upamA denA 1. anUpa zarmA-'vardhamAna' sarga-3, pR. 81. 2. vahI-sarga-1, pR. 50-59. 3. anUpa zarmA-sarga-1, pR0 60-105. 4. anUpa zarmA-'vardhamAna' sarga-1, pR. 44-36-37.

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422 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya nitamba saMpIDita pAda-yugma meM, manoharA bhecaka nuupuraavlii| virAjitA thI trizalA padAzta meM, saroSa dhrakI jisa bhAMti bhNgimaa| isI prakAra trizalA ke nitamboM ko candrakAnta maNi ke zilAkSya se, koM kI, netroM kI zANa prastara se upamA dene meM bhI kavi kI kalpanA-zakti kI ruciratA kA paricaya milatA hai| nimnalikhita zleSa meM kavi ne rAjA siddhArtha aura tAlAba meM sAmyatA paidA kI hai sadA dvijAvAsa tathaiva nirmala, vizAla the jIvanadhAma rAjya ke, tar3Aga-se zobhita padmayukta ve, nareza tRSNA harate adhIna kii|' kavi ko zleSa, upamA va rUpaka alaMkAra vizeSa priya hai| bhArata varSa kI zobhA kA kavi suMdara AlaMkArika zailI meM varNana karate haiM sukeza-sI kAnana zreNiyA~ jahA~, pralabdha mAlA bhAya arka janhujA, kaTistha vindhAdi nitamba veza-sA, lasA pada-kSAlama zIla sindhutaa|| 'varddhamAna' meM prayukta camatkAra pradhAna zleSa ke bAra-bAra prayoga para apanA abhimata dete hue DA. vizvaMbhara nAtha upAdhyAya jI likhate haiM ki-"yaha Azcarya kA viSaya hai ki anUpa zarmA isa paraMparA ke doSoM se paricita hote hue bhI isI kA anukaraNa karate rhe| 'priya-pravAsa' meM hariaudha jI ne saMskRta ke uttarakAlIna kAvyoM ke 'vastu-vidhAna' ko apanAkara bhI zleSa-yamaka kI paraMparA ko pUrNataH chor3a diyA thaa| anUpa zarmA isa camatkAravAdI paraMparA ko nahIM chor3a ske| alaMkAra-nirdezana ke lie arthAvRtti, zabdAvRtti aura anuprAsa Adi kA bhI 'vardhamAna' meM yathocita prayoga kiyA gayA hai-yathA adhovastrA, abhitA, azaMsitA, azoca dehA, amaanitaa| adarzanIyA, analaMkRtA jamA, abhAginI bhI sabalA amaanussii|| usI prakAra 'taDAga the svaccha taDAga ho yathA, saroja the praphulla saroja ho ythaa| zazAMka thA maMju zazAMka ho yathA, prasannatApUrNa zaratvasvabhAva thaa| (140-4) rAjA siddhArtha kI hemaMta ke sAtha AlaMkArika zailI meM kavi tulanA karate 1. anUpa zarmA-vardhamAna-sarga-1, pR. 47-48. 2. vahI-vardhamAna-sarga-1, pR. 37-11. 3. vizvaMbharanAtha upAdhyAya-anUpa zarmA-kRtiyoM aura kalA, pR. 153. 4. vardhamAna, pR. 486-189.

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-kAvya kA kalA-sauSThava 423 bhayanda hemanta alepa bhUpa kI, sudIrdha hemanta niHzeSa Ayu thii| sutahaya hemanta ravIya pArtha ke, vinaSTa hemanta naleva zatru the| (45-48) lekina isa prakAra ke varNana saMskRta sAhitya meM punaH punaH pAye jAte haiN| aura isameM bahuta-sI jagaha para khojane para alaMkAra-sAmya bhI mila jAtA hai| saMskRta-ke bahuta se AlaMkArika chandoM se prabhAvita hokara anUpa jI ne kahIM-kahIM bhAva grahaNa kiyA hai, to kahIM-kahIM zAbdika prabhAva grahaNa kiyA hai| paramparAgata alaMkAroM ke atirikta kavi ne isa mahAkAvya meM apanI bhAva mayI kalpanA meM aneka naye sumana sajAye haiN| kahIM-kahIM zabdoM kI kalpanA meM artha aura mRdutA kA itanA suSThu rUpa diyA hai ki saiddhAMtika paribhASAeM aura kalpanAe~ kAvyamaya ho gaI haiN| jaise-trizalA ke svapnoM kI paribhASA aura svapna kA sAra kisa taraha sajIva ho uThatA hai, isakA kavi ne sundara varNana kiyA hai nizitha ke bAlaka, svapna nAma ke prabuddha ho ke trizalA hRdayAbja meM milinda se guMjanazIla ho gye| ugA nahIM candra , sagUr3ha prema hai, na cAMdanI kevala prema bhaavnaa| na rUkSa hai, ujjvala premapAtra hai, ataH huA sneha-pracAra vizva meN| 'AMsU' ke lie kavi kI sarasa ukti dekhie"viyoga kI hai yaha mauna bhAratI, dRgambu-dhArA kahate jise sbhii| asIma snehAmbudhi kI prakAzinI, samA sakI jo nasa zabda vakSa meN|| kavi kI yatra-tatra dhArmika uktiyoM meM kalpanA ke sAtha vidvatA va sAmAnya jana-vyavahAra kA jJAna bhI parilakSita hotA hai jaise purandhita svagIrya pratIta prIti hai| 'manuSya kA jIvana dhUpa-chAMha saa| dineza kI eka na tejamAna hai, nisarga kA prema dvitIya sUrya hai| "nitAnata ajJAta pravRtti prema kii| suMdara AlakArika bhASA-zailI ke kAraNa hI dArzanika saMvAda bhI suMdara bana par3e haiM'kaho zubhe! dhyeya padArtha kyA?' 'mahAna kalyANaka jaina zAstra hii|' 'kaho kaho bhUpara geya vastu kyA?' "jinendra dhArA parigIta tatva hii|' 1. vardhamAna, pR. 105. 2. vahI, pR. 631. 3. vahI, pR. 424. 4. vahI, pR. 312.

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Adhunika hindI - jaina sAhitya ,1 'kaho ki kyA pApa dhAritri meM zubhe ?' 'asatyatA, krodha, kaSAya Adi hI / ' 'narendra vAme ! phala dharma kA kho|' 'triloka - svAmItya jinake saMpadA / " alaMkAra - se bhI kAvya meM mAnava svabhAva kA suMdara citraNa ho pAyA 424 hai " na dugdha-sA zveta caritra jIva bhI dharitri meM hai apavAda - se bacA / vipatti bhI mAnava kI guNAvatI prakAzatI hai karatI prakRSTa hai // isa prakAra bhASA-zailI va alaMkAroM kI dRSTi se 'vardhamAna' ko pUrNataH saphala mahAkAvya ke rUpa meM svIkRta kiyA jA sakatA hai| utkRSTa koTi kI kalA kA isameM darzana hotA hai| 'sthAnaka vAsI muni zrI kI preraNA se saurASTra ke kavi mUladAsa ne aneka varSoM ke athaka parizrama evaM sAdhanA se 'rAmacarita mAnasa' kI zailI para 'vIrAyANa' nAmaka mahAkAvya likhA, parantu isakA jaina samAja meM vizeSa pracAra-prasAra nahIM ho skaa|' 2 'vIrAyaNa' mahAkAvya meM kavi mUladAsa jI ne bhI aneka alaMkAroM kA prayoga kiyA hai| zabdAlaMkAra meM anuprAsa va arthAlaMkAra meM upamA rUpaka, , utprekSA va dRSTAnta kavi ke priya alaMkAra dIkha par3ate haiM, kyoMki prAyaH pratyeka pRSTha para inameM se kisI na kisI eka alaMkAra kA prayoga kavi ne itane sahaja DhaMga se kiyA hai ki aisA pratIta hotA hai alaMkAra kavi kI bhASA ke anugAmI banakara bahate cale haiN| sabhI alaMkAra varNanoM ke anurUpa apane Apa upayoga meM A gaye haiN| zabdAlaMkAra meM prAsa-anuprAsa dekhie 'pArasamani ke parasa - kathIra kanaka turata bane / vajra purandhara kara-kara meM rAje, caracarAra dhararara rava gAje / mahAvIra mahimA amita mo se, kahA na jAya, kSudra chIpa se jyoM kabhI mahodadhi na mpaay|' kavi ko anuprAsa atyanta priya hai / kavi kI gauravamayI vANI isameM prakaTa hotI hai zUravIra samaratha dRzya kI prazva, sarasa basa batalAvahU / samazera dhara kara samara phaU, raNaraMga jaMga jamAvahU // kAyara napuMsaka viruddha ghara ghara, marada kaba mata AvahU / duhu dRzya modaka svarga rU jasa samaya nAhi gumAvahUM // 12 2-190 " 1. vardhamAna, pR0 181. 2. DaoN. lakSmInArAyaNa dUbe - ' hindustAna traimAsika - pharavarI - mArca' 1977, pR0 24.

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- kAvya kA kalA-sauSThava Adhunika hindI - jaina 425 varNAnuprAsa kA eka sundara dRSTAnta draSTavya hai sthala-sthala jala nirmala arana, kala kala karata vahaMta | sahaja verako visara nija pazu paMchI vicaraMta / / 3-436 komala varNa la, ya, pa Adi kI punarAvRtti se bhASA meM madhuratA A gaI hai| isI prakAra arthAlaMkAra meM kavi ne upamA, utprekSA, apahnuti Adi kA samukti prayoga kiyA haiupamA : madhura vacana zItala jimi caMdana, parijana mana ko karatI raMjana / rUpaka aura dRSTAnta, moha koha saMsAra hI sArA, tRSA iva taje jinezvara pyAra / 3-92-94 dujA oSTha kara jora apArA, jIrNa vasana sama turta vidArA / 3-93 apahnuti : naMdanavana inako kaha denA, sahata kavijana kabhI bane naa| yaha to yaha sama hai kahenA, aura sAbhya inako hi lgenaa| 3-435 dRSTAnta : isa vidhi dIna duHkhI hayagrIvA, kimi miTahIM yaha duHkha asIvA / jimi jala sUkhata duHkhita mInA, kRpana apana dhana jAvata dInA / / 2-102. eka hI dohe meM do-tIna alaMkAra prayukta karane kI kavi kI nipuNatA - kalA - kA udAharaNa dekhie vadana zarada zazi sohatA, dRga vikasita janu kaMja bhuja vizAla anupama ubhaya, masta vRSabha sama kaMdha // 2-340 upamA aura utprekSA kA saMyoga kavi rAjakumAra priyamitra ke sauMdarya varNana meM karate haiM oSTa pravAla lAla bhala rAje daMta paMkti kali anAra chAje gola kapola kachuka na aruNAre, kaMbu kaMTha zobhA ati maare|| 2-345 rUpaka- kaNTaka DAli gulAba kI, bhAMhi dveSa rUpa kaMTaka hiM nAhiM / vaise kAhUM se karahIM, saba janapriya bhASA uccarahiM // / 3-53. acala kuMvara ne muni kI vANI sunakara saMsAra sAgara tairane ke lie dIkSA grahaNa kI dharma ghoSa AcArya kI, suna sukhada mudR baan| sunata acala dIkSA grahI, bhava abdhI jalayAna / / 2-333 rUpaka yA anya alaMkAroM kI apekSA pUre mahAkAvya meM upamA va utprekSA kA hI prayoga kavi ne atyadhika kiyA hai-kavi ko ye do vizeSa priya dIkhate haiN| 'kSamA ajaba hathiyAra kahAtA, deta leta jana ubhaya kmaataa|' jaisI paMkti meM kSamA rUpI zastra kI mahattA batAI gaI hai ki AdAna-pradAna karane vAle donoM ko gauravAnvita karatA hai|

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426 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya udAharaNa alaMkAra kA eka namUnA dekhie mAyA baMdhana manuja ko jakarAvata jala jor| __kaThina kASTa chedata alI, paMkaja sakata na tor|| 3-463 nAma parinagaNana alaMkAra : kavi ne jahA~ suMdara se suMdara utprekSA, upamA va dRSTAnta alaMkAroM kA ucita upayoga apane bhAvoM ko spaSTa karane ke lie kiyA hai, vahA~, jJAta khaNDa vana ke-jahA~ bhagavAna mahAvIra dIkSA ke lie Ate haiM-upavana, udyAna kI zobhA ke varNana meM eka hI sAtha sabhI prakAra ke pazu-paMchI aura phala-phUla, vRkSoM ke varNana ke sAtha udyAna kI zobhA kA varNana parigaNana vRtti se karate haiM, yathA nAriyela vaTa vRkSa vizAlA, jamarUkha, sItAphala, taru taalaa| nAraMgI dADima drAkSAdi, puMgi utaMgi laviMga ltaadi|| caMdana, elacI, ketakI kere, campaka, nimbU, khajUrI ghnere| Amala jAmbu kiMzuka vRkSA, nija zobhA se khIMcata lkssaa|| saba mila jJAtakhaMDa upavana meM, AI savArI gAr3ha vRkSana meN| arjuna kela-kadaMba tamAlA, sIsama sAga azoka, rsaalaa|| 432 isI prakAra navavadhU yazodA kI sAja sajjA ke varNana meM, yazodA ke pitA dvArA dI gaI paherAvanI-bheMTa kI sUcI meM bhI ratna, mANika, vastra-AbhUSaNa, hAthI-ghoDoM kI nAmAvali kavi ne prastuta kI hai| vaise yazodA kI suMdaratA kA AlaMkArika-varNana kiyA hai navasara hAra kaMTha sohe kasa, badana caMda sammukha tArA js| alatAyukta rakta caranoM kI, aMguli nakha dyuti jyoM carananoM kii186|| eka hI caupAI meM upamA, utprekSA va rUpaka alaMkAra meM bAlaka vardhamAna ke rUpa-sauMdarya kA kavi manohArI varNana karate haiM nIlakaMbu sama suhata zarIrA, mukha-duti mAnahu ujjvala hiiraa| bharita kapola gola aruNAre, kaMTha sulalila kaMbu anusaare| pUrNa candra Anana chavi chAye, dekhata kAma koTi ljvaaye| nayana padma zubha prakAzavantA, kuMcita keza kRSNa sohntaa|| uparyukta vivecana se hama isa niSkarSa para pahu~cate haiM ki kavi ne alaMkAroM kA (ucita) samIcIna upayoga bhAvoM kI saralatA va grAhyatA ke lie kiyA hai, na ki apanI vAk vidagdhatA yA pAMDita-pradarzana ke lie kiyA hai| kyoMki kavi kA pramukha prayojana to bhagavAna mahAvIra kA carita sarala, sundara pravAhamayI zailI

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Adhunika hindI - jaina- kAvya kA kalA-sauSThava meM prastuta karane kA hai| ataH alaMkAra to kavi ne bhAva - pravAha meM svataH pravAhita hote hue cale Ae haiN| mahAkAvya ke anantara Adhunika hindI jaina khaNDa kAvyoM meM alaMkAroM ke prayoga para saMkSepa meM dRSTipAta karanA samIcIna hogaa| 'virAga' meM kumAra vardhamAna ke vairAga janya zAnta anubhUtiyoM ke tIvra saMvega - Avega ke sAtha mAtA trizalA ke hRdaya kI adamya kAmanAe~ evaM putra - prema se tar3apatI bhAvanAe~ kalAtmaka rUpa se citrita haiN| kavi ne una bhAvoM ko suMdara alaMkAroM tathA mArmika zailI se abhivyakti bhI pradAna kI hai| vaise alaMkAroM kI kRtrima sAja-sajjA kavi kA mukhya prayojana nahIM rakhA hai, lekina prakRti ke varNana meM yA kumAra ke saundarya-varNana meM ve svayaM chA gaye haiN| kAvya ke prAraMbha meM hI prAta:kAlIna prakRti kI zobhA - ramaNIyatA kA varNana karate samaya suMdara alaMkAra camaka uThe haiN| panihArineM prabhAta belA panaghaTa para jAkara pAnI bharatI haiM, taba unakI zobhA dekhate hI banatI hai- utprekSA kA ramya prayoga bhI draSTavya hai avaguNThana taba haTa jAne, ye svarNa hAra yoM camake, jyoM pAvasa Rtu ke zyAmala, meghoM meM vidyuta damake / Age bar3ha bhAnu-kiraNa bhI, unakA mukha- paMkaja chUtI, mAnoM surapura se AyI, bana kisI deva kI dUtI / taba mahiSI dekha rahI thI, mohaka mukha maMju mukura meM, pIche se dekha chaTA se, nRpa mudita hue nija ura meM / zabdAlaMkAra kA udAharaNa dekhie 427 taba taka tava kIrti rahegI, jaba taka ravi candra jagata hai| vaha jaga kA mata kala hogA, jo Aja tumhArA mana hai / pR0 72. 'ta' aura 'ka' kI punarUkti se bhASA meM gati kA pravAha A gayA hai viTapoM ne sAdara zraddhA se zIza jhukAyA hilakara

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428 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya sumanoM ne moda batAyA, sampUrNa rUpa se khilkr| 'sa' varNa kI punarAvRtti se kAvya meM mAdhurya bhara gayA hai| rUpaka alaMkAra ke dvArA kavi niyati-naTI kI mahattA pradarzita karate haiM-usake dvArA calAye gaye ratha meM sabhI ko baiThanA par3atA hai thA iSTa na unako bAdhaka, bananA kumAra ke patha meN| ataeva vivaza ho calate, the niyati-naTI ke ratha meN| 2. pR. 33. tumase hI cale yugoM taka, zubha nAma jagata meM kula kaa| duHkha nada ke pAra pahu~cane, nirmANa karo tuma pula kaa| 2, pR. 32. bAlacandra jaina ke 'rAjula' kAvya meM kavi kA priya alaMkAra anuprAsa rahA hai| aMtyAnuprAsa kA pravAha draSTavya hai bhUlUM kaise unheM, prANa apane bhI bhalaM, khojUMgI meM unheM, vano-giri meM bhI DolaM, kiyA samarpita hRdaya Aja tana bhI maiM sauMpUM; rahe kahIM bhI kintu sadA ve mere svAmI, meM unakA anukaraNa karUM bana patha anugaamii| isI prakAra-aba na rahI haiM sukhada vRttiyA~, zeSa bacI haiM madhura smRtiyaaN| bhAvoM kI mArmikatA nimnalikhita antyAnuprAsa alaMkAra yukta paMkti meM vyakta ho pAtI hai nArI aisI kyA hIna huI! tana kI komalatA hI lekara nara ke sammukha dIna huI! prAsa-anuprAsa kI chaTA kA sauMdarya dekhie kala-kala, chala-chala saritA ke svara, saMketa zabda the bola rhe| bhaMvaralAla seThI ke 'aMjanA pavanaMjaya' khaMDa kAvya meM bhI kavi ko zabdAlaMkAra hI priya hai| jaina kAvya meM anuprAsa kA bAhulya pAyA jAtA hai| barasoM bIta gaye duHkhiyA ko, pAye nahIM ghI ke drshn| yA- 'chAyA jaga meM jaya-jayakAra' bhagavata jaina ke 'satya ahiMsA kA khUna' kAvya meM bhI varNAnuprAsa kA

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-kAvya kA kalA-sauSThava 429 aMtyAnuprAsa kA mahatva lakSita hai, kavi ne yatra-tatra isakA prayoga kara bhASA meM madhuratA bharane kA prayatna kiyA hai jaise muni pada dhAraNa kara liyA, pAyA pada srvaarth| siddha-siddha kara kArya vaha jagata kiyA kirtaarth|| vidhi kI vakratA suMdara virodhAbhAsa alaMkAra dvArA vyakta kI gaI haikarmoM kA kaisA cakra az2aba, yoM akala-gajaba ke bIca meM hai| kastUrI mRga ke peTa meM hai, aura kamala ghRNAkara kIca meN| khaMDa kAvya ke uparAnta hindI jaina muktaka racanAoM meM bhI alaMkAroM kA vivecana kAmya hai| muktaka racanAeM prAyaH bhAva paraka haiN| ataH inameM rUpaka evaM upamA alaMkAroM kA prAdhAnya rahA hai| 'saphala janma' meM pApa-punya kI tulanA mRtyu evaM mAtA ke sAtha kI gaI hai do puNya-pApa rekhAe~, donoM hI jaga kI dAsI, hai eka mRtyu-sIla dhAtaka, dUsarI suhRda maataa-sii| parAkramI manuSya ko 'kala' se zikSA lekara 'Aja' ko sArthaka banAkara 'vizva-sadana' meM apanA janma saphala karanA cAhie vaha parAkramI mAnava hai, jo 'kala' ko Aja banAkara, kSaNabhaMgura vizva-sadana meM, karatA nija janma saphala hai| 'nara-kaMkAla' meM vyaMgyAtmaka bhAva kaise rUpaka vyakta hue haiM tiraskAra-bhojana, prahAra-upahAra, bhUmi jisakI zayyA, dhanAdhipoM ke dayA-salila meM, khetA jo jiivn-naiyaa|| 'yugavIra' jI kI 'holI holI hai' pUre sAMgarUpaka kA udAharaNa haijJAna-gulAla pAsa nahIM, zraddhA, samatA-raMga na holI hai| nahIM prema-picakArI kara meM, kesara-zAMti na dholI hai| syAdvAda kI sumRdaMga baje nahIM, . nahIM madhura-rasa bolI hai| dhyAna-agni prajvalita huI nahIM, karmendhana na jalAyA hai| asadbhAva kA dhuMA ur3A nahIM, siddha svarUpa na pAyA hai|

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430 bhIgI nahIM jarA bhI dekho, sAnubhUti kI colI hai| pApa -dhUli nahIM ur3I, kaho phira, kaise holI holI hai| ( anekAMta - parva - 3, kriyA 4 ) . 'premI' kI 'saddharma-saMdeza' kA rUpaka bhI draSTavya hai'maMdAkinI dayA kI jisane yahA~ bahAI, hiMsA - kaThoratA kI kIcar3a bhI dho bhaaii| samatA- - sumitratA kA aisA amRta pilAyA, dveSAdi - roga bhAge, mada kA patA na paayaa| gaNapati goyala kI 'chalanA' meM upamA kA rUpa dekhieho taba svarga-jyoti-AI, mujhe dekhate hI muskAI | vINA meM sajIvAropaNa dvArA kavi mArmika bhAva jagAte haiMahe vINA ke TUTe taar| tU ananta meM lIna ho rahA aura so rahA mauna; rAginiyA~ sunAtI to haiM, para tujhe jagAye kauna ? Adhunika hindI - jaina sAhitya thakA saMsAra pukAra - pukAra, ahe vINA ke TUTe tAra ! ' zabdAlaMkAra meM varNana prAsa - anuprAsa evaM antyAnuprAsa kA prabhAva vizeSa hai- anuprAsa kA pravAha dekhie ghara-ghara carcA rahe dharma kI, duSkRta duSkara ho jAveM, jJAna carita unnata kara apanA, manuja janma saphala saba paayeN| aise hI - saritA, saravara, sAgara meM, giri-gahvara meM, nagara - nagara meM, Dagara-Dagara meM vasudhA bhara meM, jala-thala meM anaMta aMbara meM eka bAra ho uThe punaH mA~! terA hI jayaghoSa / ' ina do paMkti meM hI kavi ne varNAnuprAsa, aMtyAnuprAsa evaM varNoM ke dvitvoM se mAdhurya bhara diyA hai| udayAcala para lAla-sUrya kI lAlI chAI, uSA suMdarI aho, jagAne tumako AI / antyAnuprAsa kA eka aura udAharaNa socA jyoM na calUM usa pAra, baiThA tara para le patavAra /

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431 Adhunika hindI-jaina-kAvya kA kalA-sauSThava 431 'lola-laharoM para likhane nirvANa ke mRdgIta, o bItarAga puniit| 'merI jIvana sAdha' kavitA meM alaMkAra ke dvArA bhASA meM apUrva mAdhurya chalaka uThatA hai parahita meM rata rahUM nirantara, manuja-manuja meM karUM na antr| nasa-nasa meM baha cale deza kI premadhAra-nirbAdha merI jIvana saadh|| chanda : ____ bhASA tathA alaMkAra kI bhAMti chaMda yojanA ke kSetra meM bhI hindI jaina kaviyoM ne koI nUtana prayoga na kara prabaMdha kAvyoM meM paraMparAgata chaMdoM ko hI apanAyA hai| 'vardhamAna' mahAkAvya meM vaMzastha chaMda kA vipula mAtrA meM prayoga kiyA gayA hai| 'vIrAyaNa' tulasIdAsa jI ke 'mAnasa' kI dohA-caupAI zailI' meM likhA gayA hai| muktakoM meM vividha rAga-rAginiyoM para AdhArita padoM kI racanA kI gaI hai| mukta chanda kA prayoga bhI yatra-tatra svIkRta huA hai| jaina kaviyoM ne saMskRta chaMdoM ke sAtha prAcIna chaMdoM kA prayoga bhI kuzalatA se kiyA hai| "jaina sAhitya meM saMskRta chanda aura purAtana hindI chandoM aura gItoM kA prayoga Aja aneka jaina kavi kara rahe haiN| sarvaprathama hama mahAkAvyoM meM chanda prayoga para vicAra kareMge, tadanantara khaNDakAvya evaM muktaka racanAoM ke aMtargata chanda prayoga para vicAra hogaa| 'vardhamAna' mahAkAvya meM kavi anUpa zarmA ne vaMzastha, mandAkrAntA, mAlinI, indravajrA chandoM kA kuzalatA se prayoga kiyA hai| inameM vaMzastha chaMda kA sarvoparI sthAna hai| kavi ne hariaudha jI kI paraMparA meM saMskRta chandoM kA prayoga kara apanI chanda-paTutA va vidvatA kA paricaya diyA hai| vaise unhoMne apane khaNDakAvya evaM muktakoM meM dhanAkSarI Adi zabdamela chandoM kA prayoga atyanta kuzalatA se kiyA hai| vaMzastha kA prayoga 'siddhArtha va vardhamAna' meM aparimeya mAtrA meM kara usa para apanI siddhahastatA vyakta kara dI hai| 1936 yogoM meM se 1922 yogA kevala vaMzastha ke haiN| kavi ne mahAkAvya ke zAstrIya niyama ke anusAra pUre sarga meM eka chanda kA prayoga tathA sargAnta meM bhinna chanda prayoga kA nirvahaNa kiyA hai| chanda se mahAkAvya meM baMdhana ke kAraNa pravAha kI prabhAvAnviti banI rahatI hai| kyoMki isameM chandoM ke dvArA hI kathA vastu kI zrRMkhalA banI rahatI hai| chanda ke dvArA vizeSa laya paidA hone se kAvya meM rocakatA banI rahatI hai| phira chanda meM tuka 1. DA. nemicandra zAstrI : hindI jaina sAhitya parizIlana, bhAga-2, pR. 162.

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432 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya baddhatA na ho to kAma calatA hai| chanda kI layAtmakatA ke bhItara bhAva kI anviti, prabhAva aura tIvratA akhaMDa rahatI hai| 'siddhArtha kI bhAMti 'vardhamAna' meM vaMzastha, mAlinI va drutavilaMbita Adi aneka varNa-vRttoM kA suMdara prayoga huA hai, kintu sarvottarI pradhAnatA vaMzastha chanda kI hai| "Adhunika mahAkaviyoM meM anUpa zarmA ne isa chanda kA prayoga sabase adhika kiyA hai| 'vardhamAna' mahAkAvya meM kucha sthAnoM ko chor3akara AdyopAnta isI chanda kA prayoga huA hai| isase pUrva zAyada hI kisI kavi ne isa chanda kA itanA vizada prayoga kiyA ho|" vardhamAna meM vizeSatayA carcita vaMzastha chaMda samavRtta hai, jisameM nagaNa, bhagaNa, magaNa, va ragaNa se 12 varNa hote haiN| 'jato tu vaMzastha mudita nro| (vRtta ratnAkAra 343) isa chanda kA lAghavapUrNa prayoga nimnalikhita uktiyoM meM dekhA jA sakatA hai manuSya kA jIvana eka puSpa hai, praphulla hotA hai yaha prabhAva meM, parantu chAyA lakha-sAMdhyakAla kI, vikIrNa ho ke giratA dinAnta meN| vaMzastha kA sarvatra samucita va lAghava prayoga mahAkAvya meM dRSTigata hotA jaise- 'prabho! mujhe ho kisI bhAMti cAhate ?' 'yathaiva niH zreyasa cAhate sudhii|' 'priye! mujhe ho kisa bhAMti cAhatI ?' 'yathaiva sAdhvI pada-pArzvanAtha ke||" (158176) yahA~ chanda kI ramaNIyatA, lAghavatA ke sAtha bhASA kI praznAtmaka saMvAda-zailI bhI draSTavya hai| aisI zailI se saMvAda meM prabhAva va rocakatA paidA hotI hai| isa chanda meM bhASA jakar3a-sI jAtI hai, kyoMki isameM phailAva bahuta kama hotA hai| phira anUpa jI ne isameM bhASA-sauMdarya akSuNNa rakhA hai| 'dhanAkSarI kI bhAMti vaMzastha prayoga meM anUpa jI advitIya haiN| nAnA rasoM ke isa chanda kA prayoga saphalatA se huA hai| isa vRtta karuNa, zRMgAra, zAnta tInoM pramukha rasoM ke anukUla hai aura donoM mahAkAvyoM meM ina rasoM ke varNana ke lie paryApta avasara milatA jAtA hai| + + + + kavi ne isa vRtta ke prayoga se (vardhamAna meM 1922 chanda vaMzastha ke) apane ko 'vaMzastha siddhakavi' siddha kara diyA hai| kisI bhI bhAva 1. DA. vINA zarmA-Adhunika hindI mahAkAvya,pR. 45. 2. vardhamAna,pR. 306, sarga-10, 10185. 3. vahI,pR. 158, 176.

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-kAvya kA kalA-sauSThava 433 ko isa vRtta meM sukaratA se prastuta karane meM samartha hai| mUrtikAra ke hAthoM meM jaise mudita mRdu mRttikA hotI hai, vaise hI anUpa jI ke pratibhAkaroM meM vaMzastha rahA hai|' ___ vaMzastha ke atirikta 'vardhamAna meM druta vilaMbita, zArdUlavikrIDita Adi kA bhI prayoga kavi ne saphalatA se kiyA hai| druta vilaMbita :-'vardhamAna' meM vaMzastha ke bAda isa chanda kA prayoga huA hai lekina vaMzastha ke sAmane isakA pramANa atyanta kama hai| do-cAra jagaha mAlinI, eka do jagaha indravajrA kA zArdUlavikrIDita kA upayoga huA hai| isa 12 varNa ke chanda meM nagaNa, bhagaNa, bhagaNa aura ragaNa kA yoga rahatA hai| rUpa varNana evaM prakRti varNana meM bhI chanda kA prayoga hotA hai| (druta vilaMbita maahnmomrii| chandomaMjarI, 2, 10) isa chanda kA eka udAharaNa dekhie : sulabha jIvana kA na rahasya hai, ati sudurlabha mRtyu vibheda bhI, kucha patA na calatA taba aMta meM, uTha cale gRha ko vaha zIghra hii| manuja hai prakRtistha avazya pe, itara hai jaga AtmasvarUpa se, jagata hai jar3a cetana jIva hai, parama pudgala tattva-atattva hai| zArdUlavikrIDita : _ 'vardhamAna' mahAkAvya meM aMtima tIna chanda yaha haiN| isake kula 19 varNa hote haiM tathA 12 varNoM ke bAda yati AtI hai| sagasatat aura anta meM eka guru hotA hai| (sUryozcairyAdiyaH sago satatamAH shaarduulvikriidditm|' chandomaMjarI, 2-6) yaha chanda zRMgAra, vIra va karuNa ke lie vizeSa upayukta hai| 'vardhamAna' meM prayukta isakA eka udAharaNa : aisA mArga prazasta hai, na jisameM hai bhrAnti zaMkA kahIM, chAyI ambaramadhya jaina mata kI AnaMda kaadmbinii| dekhI saukhya vasanta ke pavana-sI sAmAyikI kI sAdhanA, kAma krodha madAdi kaMTaka binA sanmArga hai dharma kaa| vaMzastha ke vipula tathA saphala prayoga karane ke lie hindI jaina mahAkAvya ke racayitA dhanyavAda ke pAtra hai| saMskRta varNavAle chandoM kA 17 sargoM kI mahAna 1. DA. pUtUlAla zukla-anUpa zarmA-kRtiyA~ aura kalA ke antargata-'mahAkavi anUpa kI chanda yojanA' nibaMdha, pR. 308. 2. vardhamAna, pR. 341. 3. vahI, pR. 347. 'anUpa zarmA : kRtiyA~ aura kalA' ke antargata mahAkavi anUpa kI chanda yojanA 'nibaMdha', pR. 308. 4. vardhamAna, pR. 585.

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434 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya racanA meM kuzalatA se upayoga karake mahAkAvya kI sargabaddhatA kA bhI yatheSTa nirvAha kiyA hai| sarga-prAraMbha meM eka chanda tathA aMta meM anya chaMda ke niyama kA bhI samucita nirvAha huA hai| 'mAnasa' kI paddhati para dohA-caupAI-zailI para 'vIrAyaNa' kI racanA huI hai| isameM dohA va caupAI chanda kI hI pramukhatA hai, kahIM-kahIM soraThA chaMda kA bhI prayoga kiyA gayA hai| laghu AkAra dohe meM kavi ne aneka madhura, gUDha bhAva bhara die haiM, vizeSakara dRSTAnta yA udAharaNa dene ke lie AdhyAtmika manovaijJAnika satya-tathya abhivyakta karane ke lie dohA chaMda kA upayoga kavi ne lAghavatA se kiyA hai| kavi ne prayukta chaMda ke viSaya meM prAraMbha meM hI spaSTa kara diyA hai ki sugamya hai zailI inakerI, kahata sunata samujhata nahiM derii| caupAI bArI phaladAtA, sarala soraThA kachu sohaataa| 9-3 likhe doharA do mana hai re, isa uta cita zAnti ko prere| kahe harigIta meM hI khare, mahAvIra prabhu ke guna mdhure| 1-5. kavi ko chanda, alaMkAra prabandha rIti Adi meM apanI pravINatA yA kuzalatA na hone ke kAraNa duHkha nahIM hai| ina sabameM apanI laghutA svIkAra kara kavi ne vaise vinaya pradarzita kiyA hai, lekina mahAkAvyoM meM ye sabhI Avazyaka tattva hameM prApta hote haiN| kavi sva-laghutA kA varNana karate hue kahate haiM ki 'chanda prabaMdha bhAva sarabhedA, kavita rIta kucha nahi ko khetaa| inakA hai aphasosa na mana meM, bhale jinahU na mohi kavijana meN| 369 maiM nahi paMDita nahi kavi jJAnI, tadapi bhakti kI rIta pichaanii| likhA kAvya mati ke anusArA, saMta sujana kavi karahu sviikaaraa|| 17, 389, 340. caupAI chanda : ___ caupAI chanda 'vIrAyaNa' kA pramukha chanda hai, jisakA Adi srota milatA hai apabhraMza ke paddhar3iyA chanda meN| apabhraMza sAhitya meM paddhar3iyA kA kar3avaka ke rUpa meM prayoga kiyA gayA hai| apabhraMza kI isI kar3avaka vAlI zailI hindI kI 'caupAI-dohA' zailI kI utpAdikA hai| DA. hIrAlAla jaina kA kathana hai ki 'kaDavakavAlI zailI mahAkAvyoM meM hI prayukta hotI thii|' hindI ke kaviyoM ne 1. DA. rAmasiMha tomara : 'premI abhinaMdana grantha' ke antargata-jaina sAhitya kI hindI sAhitya ko den| pR0 468. 2. DA. hIrAlAla jaina : nAgarI pracAriNI patrikA, aMka 3-4, pR0 113.

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-kAvya kA kalA-sauSThava 435 bhI isI paraMparA ko apanAyA, jisameM jAyasI kA 'padmAvata' aura tulasI kA 'rAmacarita mAnasa' likhe gaye aura Age hindI jaina mahAkAvya 'vIrAyaNa' bhI dohA-caupAI zailI meM likhA gyaa| jaina hindI meM bhI sAdhAru kA 'pradyumna carita', lAlacanda kA 'padminI carita', rAmacanda kA 'sItAcaritra' aura aura 'bhadhara jI kA 'pArzvapurANa' dohA-caupAI meM likhe gaye upalabdha hote haiN| vaise caupAI kA pramukha prayoga kathAnaka ko jor3ane ke lie hone se mukhyataH mahAkAvya meM prayoga hotA hai| lekina hindI jaina kaviyoM ne apane mukta kAvyoM ke lie bhI caupAI kA mukta prayoga kiyA hai| vizeSakara madhyakAlIna jaina-bhakta kaviyoM ne| caupAI meM 10-8-12 para vizrAma ke sAtha 30 mAtrAe~ hotI haiM aura anta meM do guru karNatura hote haiM, para kabhI-kabhI 1 guru bhI hotA hai| 'vIrAyaNa' meM caupAI apanI saMpUrNa suMdaratA ke sAtha dikhAI par3atI hai| pada-pada para caupAI kI miThAsa-ramaNIyatA mana hara letI hai| jJAta-khaNDa upavana kI zobhA kA varNana kaise ghar3iyA' caupAI meM kavi ne kiyA hai ur3ata phuhAra salila nirmala yoM, daMpati picakArina DArata jyoN| zItala saMda sugaMdha samIrA, bahana lage Avata jina viiraa|| svAgata chanda vihaMga uccAre, kadalikA hila paMkhA ddaare|| vRkSa azoka nikaTa zIbikA se, utare jinavara amita sulaase|| 449-9-3 caupAI ke samAna hI dohA chanda bhI 'vIrAyaNa' meM pramukha huA hai| eka yA do caupAI ke bAda dohA yA soraThA isa anuprAsa se kAvya meM Aye haiM : doharA :-jaise saMskRta kA 'zloka' aura prAkRta kA gAthA (gAhA) mukhya chanda mAnA jAtA hai, usI prakAra apabhraMza kA dohaa| isIlie to apabhraMza ko 'duhAvidhA' kahate haiN| DA. hajArIprasAda dvivedI ne 'dohA' kI utpatti sthala amIra jAti ke 'vihanAnoM' meM mAnA hai-khojA hai| lekina likhita rUpa se dohare kA sarvAdhika prAcIna rUpa 'vikramorvazIya' ke caturtha aMka meM dekhA jA sakatA hai| 7vIM zatI meM yogendra ke 'paramAtmaprakAza' aura 'yogasAra' meM bhI apabhraMza ke dohoM kA hI prayoga huA hai| jaina kaviyoM ne bhakti, adhyAtma va upadeza ke lie dohoM kA prayoga sarvAdhika kiyA hai| 1. AcArya hajArI prasAda dvivedI-hindI sAhitya kA AdikAla, pR. 220. 2. DA. gaurIzaMkara mizra 'jitendra' chandodarpaNa, pR. 52. 3. DA. premasAgara jaina : hindI jaina bhakti kAvya aura kavi, pR. 92. 4. DA0 hajArIprasAda dvivedI-hindI sAhitya kA AdikAla, pR. 92.

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436 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya 'dohare ke viSama caraNoM meM 13-13 aura sama meM 11-11 mAtrAeM hotI haiN| (anta meM DA rahatA hai)| viSaya kA nirmANa aSTaka caukAla aura sama kA aSTakA-trikala se hotA hai, jabaki dohe kA viSaya caraNa ullAlA (sama) kA aura sama ahira kA caraNa hotA hai|' 'vIrAyaNa' meM kahIM-kahIM eka caupAI ke bAda aura kahIM-kahIM do caupAI ke bAda doharA chanda prayukta huA hai| dohe ke viSama caraNa ke anta meM eka mAtrA kama kara dene se 'doharA' hotA hai| AcArya 'bhAnu' ne ise zAstra-niyama ke viruddha mAnA hai| para yaha apabhraMza chandazAstra 'kavi darpaNa' dvArA upadohaka hai, jise AcArya bhikhArIdAsa ne 'doharA' kahA hai| 'vIrAyaNa' ke pratyeka kANDa ke aMta meM pAMca-cha: doharoM kA krama rahA hai| usI prakAra kANDa ke prAraMbha meM bhI tIna-cAra doharA chanda yA soraThA chanda kA prayoga huA hai| dohare kA dRSTAnta dekhie mAyA baMdhana manuja ko, akarAvata bala bor| kaThina kASTa chedata alI, paMkaja sakata na tor|| 3-463 tAmeM budhajana ati prabala, mAyA moha kht| kIrti kI rati nA kare, so jIte ina sNt|| 3-464 janma, lagana saMyama grahaNa, vardhamAna itihaas| guruvara kRpA hu~te kathe, prema sahita muuldaas| 3-467 'vIrAyaNa' meM kahIM-kahIM doharA ke sthAna para 'soraThA' chanda kA prayoga bhI prApta hai| vaise bhI bahuta se jaina kaviyoM ne soraThA chanda kA prayoga dohe ke sthAna para kiyA hai| soraThA dohe kA ulTA chaMda hai, jisake viSama meM 11 aura sama meM 13-13 mAtrAeM hotI hai| soraThA meM viSama caraNa tuka rahatA hai aura samacaraNa betukaa| 'vIrAyaNa' meM caturtha kANDa ke prAraMbha meM pArzvanAtha sarasvatI vaMdanA meM soraThA chanda kA prayoga suMdara rUpa se huA hai aura sUkti ke prayoga meM bhI soraThA kA mArmika rUpa dekhA jA sakatA hai-yathA para pIDana sama pApa, avarana hotA avani meN| hota sabaku saMtApa, yahA~ na Thaharata sNtjm| 4-123 samasta sakala videza, pArzvanAtha prabhu tuma crn| gAvata gati hameza, granthArame muni jnau| Avata Apa hI Apa, bala-buddhi siddhi skl| tumare bhajana pratApa, manavAMchita phala milata hai||2|| mahAvIrAyana graMtha, kara samarana taba srstii| yathAmatI AraMbha, karana caho karunA krhu||3|| 1. DA. gaurIzaMkara mizra-chandodarpaNa,pR0 140.

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-kAvya kA kalA-sauSThava 437 zvetAMbarI samarathya, vAhana haMsa bInA dhrii| gina kiMkara grahiraththa, rasanA meM basu mAta tum|||4|| isI prakAra ekAdha jagaha para zArdUlavikrIDita chanda kA bhI saphala prayoga kiyA hai SaSaka kAMDa meM prAraMbha meM prabhu-vaMdanA kA varNana isI chanda meM hai| traiyAnsanAtha prabhu kI stuti kA nArAdha chaMda bhI AkarSaka hai, lekina aise chandoM kI saMkhyA inI-ginI hI hai-eka udAharaNa isa chanda kA draSTavya hai bandoM jI arihaMta-saMtavara ke, bando prabhU jI siddha jii| AcAryo pada-vaMdanA karata ho, bando upAdhyAya jii|| bando sAdhu saprema kSema cahike, bando ube sAdhvI jii| ye paMca parameza kleza harahU, cite sadA hI rijhii|| isa prakAra 'vIrAyaNa' mahAkAvya meM dohA-caupAI kI pramukhatA ke sAtha kavi ne yatra-tatra anya chandoM kA bhI prayoga kiyA hai| _ 'virAga' khaMDakAvya meM chanda ke bhItara laya-gati kA pracchanna rUpa se nirvAha huA hai| 'sArasa' chaMda kA isameM adhika prayoga huA hai| 12, 12 kI yati vAle 24 mAtrAoM kA yaha chaMda hotA hai| isa chaMda meM gati va pravAha kA nirvAha adhika hotA hai| zAnta rasa ke lie yaha chanda vizeSa upayukta hotA hai| 'virAga' kAvya ke kavi ko sAyAsa chanda yojanA nahIM karanI par3I hai, balki bhAvoM ke pravAha meM chanda banate gaye haiN| ekAdha sthAna para chanda bhaMga bhI huA hai, lekina pravAha ke kAraNa itanA sakatA nahIM hai| isa sambaMdha meM DA0 nemicandra jI likhate haiM-'virAga' kI zailI rocaka, tarkayukta aura ojapUrNa hai| bhAva chandoM meM bAMdhe nahIM gaye haiM, apitu bhAvoM ke pravAha meM chanda banate gaye haiN| ataH kavitA meM gatyAvarodha nahIM hai| hA~, ekAdha sthala para chandoM kA bhaMga hai, para pravAha meM vaha khaTakatA nahIM hai| bhASA sarala, subodha aura bhAvAnukUla hai|'' kavi ne chaMda aura yati bhaMga ko bacAne ke lie hI liMga doSa yA zabdoM ko tor3a-maror3a diyA hai, lekina yathAzakti chanda kI pUrNatA kA nirvAha kiyA hai| balacandra jaina ne apane 'rAjula' khaMDa kAvya meM rolA va sadya savaiyA donoM chandoM kA kuzalatA se prayoga kiyA hai| kavi ne chaMda meM yathA-sAdhya yati bhaMga ke doSa se bacane kI koziza kI hai| 'rolA' meM sAmAnyatayA 11, 13 para vizrAma ke sAtha 24 mAtrAeM hotI haiN| aMta meM DA ke atirikta aura 15, 11 saba rahate haiM aura 8, 8, 8 para bhI virAma dekhA jAtA hai| rolA ke caraNa kA nirmANa tIna 1. DA0 nemicandra zAstrI-hindI jaina sAhitya parizIlana-bhAga-2, pR. 33. 2. DA. gaurIzaMkara mizra-chandodarpaNa-pRSTha 19.

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438 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya aSTakoM se hotA hai| 11 vAle khaMDa ke bAda trikala rakhakara isakI sama pravAhikatA kI rakSA kI jAtI hai jaise : bhUlUM kaise unheM, praNa apane bhI bhUlUM, khojUMgI meM unheM, mainoM giri meM bhI DolUM kiyA samarpita hRdaya, Aja tana bhI maiM soNpuu| isa kAvya meM rolA ke atirikta 'matta savaiyA' chanda kA bhI upayoga huA hai| kavi ne prakRti varNana aura mAnasika sthiti ke citraNa ke samaya isa chanda kA acchA Ayojana kiyA hai matta savaiyA meM 16, 16 mAtrika khaMDa padapAdA kulaka ke hote haiN| anta meM DA nahIM raha sakatA, balki hotA hai| udAharaNa ke lie dekhie kala-kala chala-chala saritA ke svara, saMketa zabda the bola rahe, A~khoM meM pahale chAye, dhIre-se-ura meM lIna hue| 'aMjanA-pavanaMjaya' khaMDakAvya meM kavi bhaMvaralAla ne toTaka chaMda kA prayoga kiyA hai| toTaka chaMda meM 16-14 para vizrAma ke sAtha 30 mAtrAeM hotI haiN| isake caraNa nirmANa caupAI 'hAkali' caraNoM ke mela se hotA hai| aMta meM '', Is, sabhI rahate haiN| udAharaNa ke lie mana thA yA anaghar3a patthara thA, lohA thA yA vajjara thaa| prema-bhikhArina parama-suMdarI, nArI ko vahA~ na sthala thaa| Adhunika hindI jaina muktaka kAvyoM meM vividha chanda prApta hote haiM, to dezI rAgoM para AdhArita pada bhI milate haiN| mAtrika va vArNika prakAra ke chaMdoM kA jaina kAvyoM meM prayoga huA hai-inameM mAtrika ko pramukhatA prApta huI hai| hindI kAvya sAhitya meM mAtrA mela chaMdoM kA prAdhAnya hai, jabaki saMskRta sAhitya meM varNika chaMdoM ko vizeSa apanAyA gayA hai| hindI jaina kAvyoM meM pUjA-snAtra bhajanAdi se sambaMdhita padoM kA dezI rAgoM para sRjana kiyA gayA hai, jinakA jaina samAja meM pUjA-snAA ke samaya upayoga kiyA jAtA hai| sva. bhagavata jaina ke 'saphala janma' kAvya kI nimnalikhita paMktiyoM meM mAtrika chaMda 'vidhAtA' kA prayoga huA hai| isameM 14-14 kI yati ke sAtha 23 mAtrAeM hotI haiM do dina kA jIvana mela, phira khaNDahara sI niirvtaa| yaza-apayaza basa do hI, bAkI sArA sapanA hai| 1. DA. gaurIzaMkara mizra-chandodarpaNa, pR0 69. 2. vahI, pR0 52.

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Adhunika hindI - jaina- kAvya kA kalA - - sauSThava 439 tuka ke viziSTa kramAyojana (Arrangement of rhym) dvArA tIna yA cAra caraNa vAle anubaMdha yA anuccheda (Stanza) kA nirmANa bhI diyA gayA hai| isameM mAtrAoM kI samAnatA kI apekSA tukAnta kA adhika dhyAna rakhA gayA hai-yathA ghara ghara carcA rahe dharma kI, duSkRta duSkara ho jAve, jJAna-carita unnata kara apanA, manuja janma-phala saba pAveM / gaNapati goyalIya kI 'chalanA' kavitA meM aSThapadI zaraNa antyAnuprAsa kA udAharaNa upalabdha hotA hai| unakI kavitAoM meM prAya: chanda ke zithila rahate haiM tathApi antyAnuprAsa hone se unameM laya kA krama banA rahatA hai| geyatA kA guNa vidyamAna hone se chaMda kI AvazyakatA nahIM pratIta hotI / zrI hukumacanda bhArilla ke pUjA - snAtra sambaMdhI stotroM va stavanoM meM, sAdhu-sAdhvI dvArA dainika dharmacaryA ke lie praNita stavanoM ko chanda ke baMdhana kI AvazyakatA nahIM pratIta hotI, vaise unameM bhASA kA lAghava, mAdhurya, laya-tAla, dezI rAga yA DhAloM kA Akalana hone se svata: hI suMdara bana par3ate haiN| aise stavanoM meM chanda kI upasthiti ho yA na ho, laya va pravAha hI pramukha anivAryatA banI rahatI hai| bhakti kI bhAvanA ke sAtha rAga kA mAdhurya sammizrita rahatA hai / 'kusumAMjalI' evaM 'puSpAMjalI' ke padoM meM yahI bAta dekhI jA sakatI hai| muni rUpacanda jI kI choTI-choTI sphuTa racanAoM meM chaMdahInatA hone para bhI bhASA ke pravAha ke sAtha bhAvoM kI vyaMgyAtmaka sazakta abhivyakti se hI AkarSakatA A jAtI hai| isa saMdarbha meM zrIyuta agaracanda nAhaTA jI kA vicAra hai ki-rAga-rAganiyoM kA jaina vidvAnoM ko acchA jJAna thA, yaha to unake saikar3oM pada, stavana, sajhAya Adi racanAoM se spaSTa hai, para unakI sabase bar3I evaM ullekhanIya saMgIta kI sevA to yaha hai ki unhoMne loka-saMgIta ko zatAbdiyoM taka bar3e acche rUpa meM jIvita rakhA aura pracArita kiyaa| hajAroM lokagItoM ko deziyoM meM unhoMne apanI DhAleM, rAsa, caupAI, Adi grantha race haiM aura apanI una racanAoM ke prAraMbha meM jisa lokagIta kA Adi pada evaM kucha paMktiyA~ unhoMne uddhRta kara dI haiM / ' parameSThidAsa kI 'mahAvIra saMdeza' kavitA meM catuSpada chaMda kA udAharaNa upalabdha hai, jisameM 16 aura 14 para vizrAma rahatA hai tathA anta meM nahIM raha skte| matta savaiyA kI do mAtrAoM ko nikAla kara isakA AviSkAra kiyA 1. zrIyut agaracanda nAhaTA - saMgIta mAsika patrikA - pR0 49, mArca 79.

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440 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya gayA hai| bhagavata jaina kI 'narakaMkAla' kavitA meM bhI yahI chaMda prayukta huA hai-30 mAtrAoM vAlA catuSpada chaMda 16-14 kI yati ke sAtha-matta savaiyA chaMda kA prayoga bhI unakI kavitA meM dekhane ko milatA hai| Izvaracandra kI 'arcanA' kavitA mukta chanda kA udAharaNa hai, jisameM maMgala antyAnuprAsa kA hI tukAnta rUpa dekhane ko milatA hai| ataeva kavitA meM pravAha ke sAtha geyatA bhI banI rahI hai-yathA o vItarAga punIta deva! tumase hI alaMkRta mukti kA sNgiit| amA-nizi ke gahana tama ko bheda jyotirmaan| razmi kamaniyA~ sarasa, komala, capala gtimaan| loka laharoM para likheM nirvANa ke mRdugIta, o vItarAga punIta uparyukta vivecana se yaha niSkarSa nikalatA hai ki jaina kAvya meM kaviyoM ne pAramparika chaMdoM kA prAyaH prayoga kiyA hai| 1970 IsvI ke bAda kI jaina muktaka racanAoM meM bhinna tukAMta, rUpAyata, antyAnuprAsa, atukAnta Adi nUtana zailI ke chaMda tathA mukta chaMda kA prayoga bhI milatA hai| 'naIma', dinakara sonavalakara, muni rUpacanda Adi kI bhAva pradhAna muktaka racanAoM meM mAnavatAvAdI svara ke sAtha nUtana zailI kA bhI darzana hotA hai|

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saptama adhyAya Adhunika hindI-jaina-gadya-sAhitya kA zilpa-vidhAna prastuta adhyAya meM hameM upalabdha hindI-jaina-gadya-sAhitya ke zilpa para vicAra karanA hai| gadya ke aMtargata lagabhaga sabhI vidhAeM-kathA, nATaka, nibaMdha, jIvanI, saMsmaraNa va AtmakathA haiN| Adhunika yuga meM gadya kA prAraMbha, mahattA, evaM vikAsa kA saMkSipta vivecana hamane pichale adhyAya meM kiyA hai, ataH yahA~ gadya ke lie Avazyaka tattvoM ke saMdarbha meM saMkSipta vicAra kara lenA samIcIna hai| kavitA aura gadya meM mUla antara yaha hai ki eka kA vega atyanta kSipra hote hue bhI chandobaddha rahatA hai, maryAdita rahatA hai, jabaki dUsarA (gadya) mukta rahakara gaMbhIra banA rahatA hai| eka meM bhAvoM kI pradhAnatA rahatI hai, to dUsare meM vicAra kI prdhaantaa| kintu jahA~ donoM kA AnupAtika yoga rahatA hai vahIM kAmya sthiti bana jAtI hai| gadya ko kavi kI kasauTI mAnA jAtA hai (gadya kavitA nikaSaH vdnti)| sundara gadya racanA karanA kisI kavi kI saphalatA siddha karatA hai| klemenTa merI kA gadya-padya ke zailIgata aMtara ke sambaMdha meM vicAra draSTavya hai| 'kAvya kI gati ati kSipra aura adhika preraNAmUlaka rahatI hai| usameM vicAra-pravAha chandoM ke kUloM meM baMdhakara adhika sunizcita aura mArmika bana jAtA hai| parantu gadya ananta mahAsAgara kI vistRta bhUmikA lekara calatA hai, jahA~ virodhI dizAoM meM baha jAnA asaMbhava bAta nhiiN| + + + gadya lekhana kA bahuta bar3A bhAga hotA, jisameM vicAra aura bhAvanA kA AnuSaMgika samanvaya rahatA hai| kahIM vicAra bhAvanA para hAvI ho jAtA hai to kahIM bhAvanA vicAra pr| Adhunika yuga meM gadya-sAhitya kI pratyeka vidhA meM bhAvanA aura preraNA kA sthAna vicAra aura tarka ne le liyA hai| pariNAma svarUpa hama dekhate haiM ki jIvana aura sAhitya meM bauddhikatA kA mahatva vizeSa ho gayA hai, bhAvanA kA hrAsa hotA jA rahA hai| vaise gadya kA mUla lakSya bauddhikatA ke sAtha jJAnavarddhana kA hotA hai| saphala gadya ke lie sugaThita zailI evaM saMtulita tattvoM kI upasthiti anivArya-sI hotI hai| kyoMki gadya-zailI ko hama bhASA kI 1. draSTavya-sIsTara klemenTa merI-hindI sAhitya kA svAtaMtryottara vicArAtmaka gadya, pR. 261-271.

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442 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya aisI abhivyakti mAna sakate haiM, jo anivAryataH lekhaka kI manovaijJAnika viziSTatAoM ko udbhASita karatI hai aura antataH viSaya aura lakSya ko vANI detI hai|' gadya ke tIna kArya mAne gaye haiM, jinakA sambandha buddhi, kalpanA aura saMvedanA se hai| ye tInoM hI bhASA-zailI ke aMga haiN| bhASA aura zailI kI sArthakatA yahI hai ki hamAre vicAra hamArI anubhUti bana sake athavA kalpanA pAThakoM meM jAgRta ho sake aura donoM kA pramANa saMtulita rhe| sAhityakAra jIvana kI kurUpatA se samajhautA nahIM krtaa| vaha use suMdara meM badalane kI ceSTA karatA hai| yaha upayogitAvAdI dRSTi hai, parantu sAhitya yadi saMskRti kA vAhaka hai to use yaha sRSTi lekara calanA hI par3atA hai| dvivedI jI ke zabdoM meM 'sAhitya ke upAsaka apane paira ke nIce kI miTTI kI upekSA nahIM kara skte| hama sAre bAhya jagat ko asuMdara chor3akara sauMdarya kI sRSTi nahIM kara skte| suMdaratA sAmaMjasya kA nAma hai| kroce kI bhAMti DA. dvivedI jI sAhitya ke mAnasI sauMdarya bodha ko mAtra abhivyaMjanA nahIM mAna skte| ve use loka-maMgala meM pratiphalita dekhanA cAhate haiN| unakA khyAla hai ki sAhitya kI sAdhanA taba taka bandhyA rahegI, jaba taka hama pAThakoM meM aisI adamanIya AkAMkSA jAgrata na kara deM, jo sAre mAnava-samAja ko bhItara se aura bAhara se suMdara tathA sammAna-yogya dekhane ke lie sadA vyAkula rhe| ataH sAhitya kI sArthakatA yA loka kalyANa kI pravRtti gadya ke dvArA spaSTa abhivyakta ho pAtI hai| upanyAsa, kahAnI, nATaka yA nibaMdha meM sAhityakAra apane bhAvoM va vicAroM ko suspaSTa rUpa se sazakta bhASA zailI ke mAdhyama se pAThaka taka pahu~cA pAtA hai| Adhunika hindI jaina sAhitya ke aMtargata prApta upanyAsa sAhitya meM tathA Adhunika hindI upanyAsa sAhitya meM viSaya vastu evaM uddezya ke dRSTikoNa se kAphI antara dRSTigata hotA hai, lekina TekanIka kI dRSTi se ina upanyAsoM para Adhunika zailI kA prabhAva avazya hai, yA yoM kahie ki viSaya vastu se sarvathA bhinna ye upanyAsa caritra-citraNa, saMvAda, vAtAvaraNa, varNanAtmakatA, bhASA Adi dRSTioM se Adhunika pariveza avazya grahaNa kiye rahate haiN| ataH inake bhItara hameM ina sabhI tattvoM kA parIkSaNa-nirIkSaNa karanA hogA, tAki niSkarSa svarUpa yaha kahA jA sake ki prAcIna jaina granthoM se prasiddha kathAvastu yA kAlpanika dhArmika viSaya vastu grahaNa karake likhe upanyAsoM meM aura saba tattva vidyamAna haiM 1. Lane Cooper-'The Art of the writer' : Introduction by Wiltelm Walkernage, p. 10. 2. AcArya hajArIprasAda dvivedI-azoka ke phUla, pR. 181. 3. AcArya hajArIprasAda dvivedI-azoka ke phUla, pR0 129.

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-gadya-sAhitya kA zilpa-vidhAna 443 ki nahIM? isase pUrva upanyAsa ke Avazyaka tattvoM ke sambaMdha meM saMkSepa meM dekhA jAya to anucita nahIM rhegaa| upanyAsa jIvana kI hI praticchavi hone se jIvana kI yathArthatA usameM icchita rahatI hai| jIvana kI suMdaratA, asuMdaratA, satya, asatya, ghAta-pratighAta, AzA-nirAzA saba kucha usameM aMkita rahatA hai| jIvana aura jagat ke vyApaka rUpa ko upanyAsa meM praticchavita kiyA jAtA hai| upanyAsa padya meM mahAkAvya ke nikaTa rahatA hai, jIvana kI vividhatA, vistRtatA, varNanAtmakatA, pAtroM kI bahulatA Adi meM sAmya hai, lekina mahAkAvya kAvya kA svarUpa hone se vahAM kalpanA ko kAphI avakAza hai, jaba upanyAsa vAstavika jagat se sambaMdhita hone se yathArtha ko mahatva diyA jAtA hai| kalpanA tattva ko avakAza nahIM hai aisI bAta nahIM, lekina yathArtha kA bhI khyAla rakhA jAtA hai| jabaki nATaka ke sAtha vistAra meM samAnatA hote hue bhI kAphI aMtara hai| nATaka ke tattvoM aura upanyAsa ke tattvoM meM vibhinnatA, raMgamaMca-varNana, veza-bhUSA, saMvAda va uddezya meM dekhI jAtI hai| nATaka dRzya vidhA hai, jabaki upanyAsa pAThya vidhA hone se isameM lekhaka ke vicAroM ko vizeSa sthAna mila sakatA hai, jabaki nATaka meM nATakakAra sRSTi se vidhAtA kI taraha pUrNataH parde ke pIche hI rahatA hai| pratyakSa Ane kI koI sattA use nahIM hotii| apane vartamAna rUpa meM upanyAsa pazcimI sAhitya kI dena kahI jaayegii| vaise hamAre prAcIna saMskRta, apabhraMza sAhitya meM kathA-kahAniyA~ milatI haiM, lekina Adhunika kathA-sAhitya kA rUpa raMga pazcima ke isI sAhitya se pUrNata: prabhAvita hai, prAcIna kathA sAhitya kI TekanIka se nhiiN| Aja upanyAsa aMgrejI (Novel) zabda ke paryAya meM vyavahRta hotA hai| upanyAsa kI vizeSatA para prakAza DAlate hue klerArIva ne jo vicAra vyakta kiye haiM, ve kAphI mahatvapUrNa haiM-upanyAsa yathArtha jIvana aura vyavahAra kA tathA usa yuga kA jisameM vaha nirmita huA eka citra hai| unnata aura udAtta bhASA meM romAnsa una sabakA varNana karatA hai jo na kabhI ghaTita hue hai aura na jinake ghaTita hone kI saMbhAvanA hai| upanyAsa una paricita vastuoM kA varNana karatA hai, jo pratidina hamAre sAmane ghaTita hotI haiM, jo hamAre yA mitroM ke anubhava kI haiN| upanyAsa kI paripUrNatA isI meM hai ki vaha hareka dRzya kA varNana aise sahaja sarala rUpa meM kare ki vaha pUrI taraha saMbhAvya ho uThe aura hameM (kama se kama upanyAsa par3hate samaya) yathArtha kI pratIti yA bhrama hone lge| hama socane lage ki upanyAsa ke pAtroM ke sukha-du:kha hamAre haiN|' isIlie upanyAsa yathArtha jIvana kA kAlpanika citra

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444 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya kahA jAtA hai| manuSya kI jIvanadhArA cira pravAhazIla, pragatizIla hai| deza aura kAla ke anusAra usameM sadaiva parivartana hue haiN| usake kriyA-kalApa, pArasparika vyavahAra, manodazA, rAgAtmaka AkarSaNa-vikarSaNa ke rUpa-evaM kSetra samaya ke pravAha meM badalate rahe haiN| usake mana para asaMkhya saMskAra par3ate gaye haiM, manograMthiyA~ banatI gaI haiM aura usake vyavahAra meM vividhatA, vicitratA AtI gaI hai| upanyAsa Aja ke pragatizIla mAnava ko yathArtha pariveza meM citrita karane kA prayatna karatA hai| yugIna saMdarbho meM upanyAsa jaisI gadya kI sazakta vidhA se anekavidha apekSAe~ rakhI jAtI haiM aura vaha bhI isa kSetra meM pragatizIla hai| upanyAsa vidhA kI carcA se gadya ke zilpa vidhAna kA prAraMbha karate samaya upanyAsa ke pramukha tattvoM ko yadi saMkSepa meM dekha liyA jAya to anucita nahIM hogaa| kathA vastu : __manuSya kA jIvana gatizIla va karmazIla hone se ghaTanAeM vyApAroM tathA kriyAkalApoM ke bIca bahate hue jIvana kI vividha ghaTanAeM-AMtarika va bAhya-upanyAsa kI kathA vastu ke lie aneka rUpa dhAraNa kara letI haiN| isI viSaya vastu kI saMghaTanA ke nirvAha meM upanyAsa kI kalA nihita hotI hai| vaise hamArA jIvana, jIvana kI ghaTanAe~, krama saba kucha apratyAzita yA vizRMkhalita hotA hai, kramabaddha kucha nahIM hotA, ataH kramabaddha ghaTanAoM se yukta hI kathAvastu ho, aisI AvazyakatA nahIM honI caahie| phira bhI lekhaka ke lie yaha suvidhA rahatI hai ki anizcita svacchanda jIvana-krama kI ghaTanAoM jaise kucha viziSTa ghaTanAoM ko cunakara unheM sunizcita DhaMga se zRMkhalAbaddha kara pAThaka ko rocaka kathA vastu kA AnaMda AsvAda kraaye| henarI jonsana apane vicAroM ko isa saMdarbha meM vyakta karate hue likhataM haiM ki-agara kisI lekhaka kI buddhi, kalpanA kuzala hai, to vaha sUkSmatama bhAvoM se jIvana ko vyakta kara detI hai| vaha vAyu ke spandana ko jIvana pradAna kara sakatI hai| lekina kalpanA ke lie kucha AdhAra avazya caahie| __kathA vastu ke zilpa vidhAna kI dRSTi se upanyAsoM ke do bheda kie jAte haiM, eka to ve jinakI kathA asambaddha yA zithila hotI hai (novels of loose plot) aura dUsarA ve jinakI kathAvastu sambaddha yA sugaThita (novels of oragenic plot) pahale meM bahuta-sI ghaTanAoM kA ghaTATopa mAtra hotA hai, unameM Apasa meM koI sahaja athavA tarka saMgata prAyaH nahIM hotaa| varNanAnviti (unity 1. zivanArAyaNa zrIvAstava : 'hindI upanyAsa', pR. 439.

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-gA-sAhitya kA zilpa-vidhAna 445 of narrative) kArya-kalApoM para nahIM nirbhara karatI varan nAyaka ke vyaktitva para nirbhara karatI hai| nAyaka hI una bisare hue sUtroM, tattvoM aura ghaTanAoM meM sambaMdha sthApita karatA hai| aura caritra ko lekara upanyAsa ke bhinna-bhinna avayavoM kA DhAMcA khar3A kiyA jAtA hai| aise upanyAsoM meM lekhaka kI icchA kA pratibiMba mAtra hotA hai| bhinna-bhinna ghaTanAoM meM koI yukti saMgata hai yA nahIM, isa para usakA dhyAna nahIM rhtaa| sugaThita kathA vastu meM ghaTanAeM eka dUsarI se isa prakAra sambaMdhita rahatI haiM ki ve sAdhAraNataH alaga nahIM kI jA sakatI aura saba aMtima pariNAma yA upasaMhAra kI ora agrasara hotI huI usako aisA rUpa pradAna karatI haiM ki usake bhinna-bhinna avayava eka dUsare se mile hue pratIta hote haiN| aise upanyAsoM kI racanA eka vyApaka vidhAna ke anusAra kI jAtI hai aura unakI saphalatA ghaTanA-samUhoM para nirbhara rahatI hai| phira bhI ina donoM kA bheda bahuta sAdhAraNa hai| caritra-citraNa : upanyAsa meM caritra-citraNa bhI atyanta mahatva kA tattva hai| isIlie premacaMda jI ko kahanA par3A ki-'maiM upanyAsa ko mAnava caritra kA citra mAtra samajhatA huuN|' upanyAsa kI kalA kA uddezya, saphalatA-asaphalatA, utkRSTatA-nikRSTatA Adi sabhI isI aMga para vizeSa nirbhara karatA hai| upanyAsa ke pUrvakathita samasta tathyoM kA mUlAdhAra eka mAtra caritra hI to hai| saphala caritra vastu upanyAsa ko U~cI koTi taka pahu~cAtA hai| upanyAsakAra kI manaH kalpita sRSTi meM yadi hama apanI vAstavika sRSTi kI anurUpatA na pA sakeM, yadi isa navIna sRSTi ke pAtra hameM kisI anajAne deza ke lageM aura yadi unake sAtha hamArI vaisI hI sahAnubhUti na ho sakI, jaisI anya mAnavoM ke sAtha hotI hai, to ve mAnava sRSTi ke citra nahIM, kisI anya sRSTi ke bhale hoN| upanyAsa ke caritroM ke sukha-duHkha hamAre sukha-du:kha jaise pratIta hoM tabhI ve mAnava ke saphala citra kahe jA sakate haiN| 'caritrAMkana kI saphalatA to yaha hai ki pustaka baMda kara dene tathA sUkSma vivaraNa bhUla jAne para bhI usake pAtra hamArI smRti meM jIvita raha skeN| yaha sajIvatA tabhI A sakatI hai jaba upanyAsakAra mAnavatA - kI sAmAnya pIThikA para apanI kalpanA kI kUcI se rUpa ukereM, raMga bhare, jisameM na to atiraMjanA hI ho, aura na hI avyApti ho| upanyAsa meM vistRta varNana, kAlpanika vA yathArtha citroM tathA manovizleSaNa ke dvArA pAtroM kI mana:sthiti, vicAra-vyavahAra svAbhAvAdi kA paricaya parokSa yA 1. zivanArAyaNa zrIvAstava : 'hindI upanyAsa', pR0 448.

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446 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya pratyakSa rUpa se pAThakoM ko milatA hai| upanyAsa ke prAraMbhika yuga meM aura bAda meM premacanda yuga meM bhI upanyAsakAra pratyakSataH caritrAMkana meM sahAyaka hote the, lekina Aja ke manovaijJAnika yuga meM lekhaka vizleSaNa paddhati se unake bhItara prANa-zakti saMjokara use jIvana ke prAMgaNa meM AMkha-micaulI khelane ke lie chor3a dete haiN| unakI acchAI-burAI, Avega, vivazatA, yauna-kuThAeM sabhI vizleSaNAtmaka DhaMga se prastuta karate jAte haiN| ataH pAThaka-pAThaka ke bIca koI pardA nhiiN| jIvana ke ghAta-pratighAta meM bahatA huA pAtra svayaM apanI durbalatA-sabalatA ko anAvRtta karatA hai, ujAgara karatA hai| Ajakala pAtroM ke AdarzavAdI aMkana kI apekSA bilkula yathArthaparaka abhivyakti pAThaka va lekhaka donoM ko adhika sugama, surekha va svAbhAvika pratIta hotI hai| ruci samaya kI anugAminI hotI hai, ataH Adhunika yuga meM caritra-citraNa meM kAvyoM kI kAlpanika kalA ke badale loka-pratibiMba ko kathA-sAhitya kI anubhUti banAne kI vRtti ko vizeSa mahatva milA hai| Aja ke vAtAvaraNa meM pAtroM kI caritra-vikAsa paddhati meM eka mahatvapUrNa parivartana yaha bhI dekhA jAtA hai ki usake bAhya vikAsa va vyavahAra ke badale usake antarmana kI yAtrA kA antardvandva adhika sUkSmatA se abhivyakta kiyA jAtA hai| pAtra kI bhItarI ulajhana aura pravRttiyoM se vizeSa paricaya prApta hotA hai| ata: kathA vastu kI ora lekhaka kA dhyAna yA AkarSaNa kama rahatA hai| phira bhI kathA vastu kA apanA pUrNa mahatva kathA-sAhitya meM rahatA hai, cAhe prastuta karane ke DhaMga bhinna-bhinna ho sakate haiN| donoM eka-dUsare ke pUraka va gati preraka haiM, kathA vastu ke ghAta-AghAta va kriyAzIlatA se pAtra kA vyaktitva banatA-bigar3atA hai va pAtra kI kriyAe~, ceSTAe~ kathA vastu ko jIvantatA, sUkSmatA va gati pradAna karatA hai| kathopakathana : kathAvastu ko gatizIla tathA pAtroM ke caritra-citraNa meM sahAyaka banane kA saubhAgya kathopakathana ko avazya prApta hotA hai| kathA sAhitya ke kisI rUpa meM saMvAdoM kA mahatva kabhI kama huA nahIM hai aura hogA bhI nhiiN| choTe-choTe lAkSaNika, mArmika saMvAdoM se na kevala kathA rocaka banatI hai, balki pAThaka ke sAtha nikaTatA paidA kara pramukha pAtroM kI viziSTatAoM para prakAza bhI DAlA jAtA hai| AloMbeTsa kathopakathana kI vizeSatA ke lie ucita hI kahate haiM ki-Composition which produces the effect of human talk as nearly as possible the effect of conversation which is overheard.' fent 1. AloMbeTsa-'The on writing of English', Siriz-1, p. 130.

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-gadya-sAhitya kA zilpa-vidhAna 447 bhI upanyAsa yA kathA sAhitya kI saphalatA ke lie yaha atyanta Avazyaka rahatA hai ki kathopakathana kahIM nIrasa yA adhika lambe na ho jAne caahie| saralatA, madhuratA evaM pravAha bhI antargata rahane caahie| dainika jIvana meM hama jisa prakAra kI bAtacIta karate haiM, unhIM kA saMniSTha aMkana honA caahie| lambe-lambe svakathanoM va saMvAdoM se yathAzakti bacanA cAhie, tAki pAThaka Uba na jAya aura phijUla kA samaya barabAda na ho| adhika svakathanoM se kathA pravAha meM tathA caritra-vikAsa meM bAdhA paidA hotI hai| ataH Avazyaka kathanoM ko hI suMdara rUpa se kathA ke bhItara lekhaka sthAna de| anargala, asambaddha va vizRMkhala saMvAda kabhI kathA ke lie upakAraka nahIM hote| lekhaka ko apane vicAra, uddezya yA siddhAntoM ko saMvAdoM ke madhya meM prastuta karanA yukti saMgata nahIM honA cAhie yA vaha anadhikAra ceSTA khlaayegii| isIlie aloMbeTsa ne kahA hai ki-"The use of question mark does not convert a passage into dialouge." (arthAt 'uddharaNa cihna lagA dene se hI koI ukti kathopakathana nahIM ho jaatii|) dezakAla yA vAtAvaraNa : upanyAsa kI pUrI sRSTi-kathAvastu, pAtra va kathana sabako-adhika sajIva sakSama va susaMgata banAne ke lie dezakAla yA bAhya paristhitiyoM ke citraNa kA mahatva kAphI AMkA jAtA hai| Adhunika kathA-sAhitya meM kevala bAhya paristhiti kA hI nahIM, varan pramukha pAtroM kI AMtarika paristhitiyoM kA jIvaMta aMkana bhI apekSita rahatA hai yA Avazyaka-sA hI bana gayA, kahIM-kahIM to yaha bhItarI vAtAvaraNa kI mukharatA meM bAhya vAtAvaraNa becArA cupa-sA raha gyaa| vaise dezakAla ke aMtargata kahAnI aura upanyAsa ke sabhI bAhya upakaraNa jaise AcAra, vicAra, rIti-nIti, rahana-sahana, prAkRtika-pIThikA aura paristhiti Adi kA samAveza hotA hai| sAmAjika paristhitiyoM ke citraNoM meM saphalatA kA aMza kathAkAra ke varNanoM kI yathArthatA, sUkSmatA evaM prabhAvotpAdakatA ke bala para nirbhara rahatA hai| bhautika vAtAvaraNa kI kathA ko adhika mArmikatA tathA kathA-pAtroM ko saphalatA milatI hai| kathAvastu kI pAzcAt bhUmikA kA paricaya vAtAvaraNa kI svAbhAvika sthiti se pAThaka ko prApta ho jAnA hai| lekina bAhya vAtAvaraNa ko adhika niruddezya sthAna dene se bacanA cAhie, tAki nirarthaka varNanoM se kathA vastu kA pravAha avaruddha na ho yA vaha samUcA nIrasa na bana jaaye| isakA matalaba yaha kadApi nahIM hai ki varNanoM ko kathA meM sthAna nahIM denA caahie| rocaka, jIvaMta va kalAtmaka varNanoM se kathAvastu, pAtra sabhI meM ramaNIyatA paidA ho jAtI hai| vAtAvaraNa ke saphala tathA manoramya citraNoM para se to kathA sAhitya kA mUlya

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448 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya nirdhArita hotA hai| kahIM-kahIM prAkRtika varNanoM meM pratIkAtmakatA kA upayoga bhI lekhaka karatA hai, jo adhika grAhya bhI hote haiN| ataH vAstavikatA, sauMdarya, vistAra va gAMbhIrye paidA karane ke lie kathA ke anurUpa vAtAvaraNa, varNana sadaiva AvakArya honA caahie| bhASA-zailI : upanyAsa kA yaha tattva bAhya tattva hone para bhI kAphI mahatva rakhatA hai| upanyAsakAra kI bhASA-zailI pAtrAnukUla va prasaMgAnukUla hone ke sAtha usameM svAbhAvikatA, saralatA, lAghavatA, va mAdhurya kA guNa bhI sAtha meM apekSita rahatA hai| zailI kI jIvantatA, mArmikatA evaM tarka saMgatatA para lekhaka kI kasauTI hotI hai| jitanI adhika svAbhAvikatA va sarasatA rahegI, bhASA zailI meM utanA adhika nikhAra va maulikatA kA darzana hotA hai| va lekhaka kI bhinna-bhinna zreNiyA~ inhIM kI badaulata ho jAtI haiN| Adhunika yuga meM to vividha zailiyoM se kathA sAhitya kA sRjana kiyA jAtA hai| kahIM-kahIM bhASA zailI lekhaka ke apane vicAra-siddhAnta ke anukUla rahatI hai, jisameM kathA vastu aura pAtra-vizleSaNa meM nirarthakatA aura nIrasatA A jAtI hai| jabaki pAtrAnukUla bhASA ke svarUpa se pAtroM kI bhinna-bhinna paristhitiyA~ va stara turaMta spaSTa hokara ujAgara ho jAte haiN| zailI kI nUtanatA se pAThaka baMdha-sA jAtA hai aura rocakatA banAye rakhane kI AvazyakatA apane Apa A jAtI hai| jisa prakAra kathA ke AMtarika mUla tattvoM kA viziSTa mahatva hai, binA usake kathA kA sRjana saMbhava nahIM, isI prakAra bAhya tattva ke rUpa meM bhASA-zailI zilpagata viziSTatAoM kA bhI apanA viziSTa sthAna hai| bhASA-zailI kI sAja-sajjA, camaka-damaka, komalatA, svAbhAvikatA, dhvanyAtmakatA, manovaijJAnikatA ke binA upanyAsa phIkA, rUpa-rasahIna raha jAtA hai| ramaNIyatA evaM rocakatA kA guNa bhASA zailI kI nUtanatA, svAbhAvikatA sundaratA para hI avalaMbita hai| uddezya : sabhI racanAoM meM pratyakSa va parokSa rUpa se uddezya tattva saMlagna rahatA hai| uddezya rahita svakRti prAyaH pAThaka ko kama apIla karatI hai| jIvana kI vividha anubhUtiyoM meM se kisI na kisI kI abhivyakti lekhaka karatA hai| upanyAsa meM bhI jIvana ke kisI aMza yA Adarza kI, yA vicAradhArA kI vyAkhyA yA vizleSaNa anya tattvoM ke jariye se karatA hai| jIvana-darzana kA abhigama sUkSmataH upanyAsakAra vyakta karatA hai, to racanA kA saundarya bar3hatA hai lekina mukhara ho jAtA hai to upanyAsa kI rasAtmakatA meM bAdhA pahuMca jAne se nibaMdha yA darzana

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-gadya-sAhitya kA zilpa-vidhAna 449 grantha kI pratItI hotI hai| upanyAsa meM lekhaka caritroM ke manovegoM, unakI samasyAoM ke dvArA kathA ke vibhinna prasaMgoM tathA pahaluoM ke dvArA mAnava-mana tathA jagat ke satyoM aura samasyAoM kA sundara samAhAra aura vizleSaNa parokSa rUpa se vyakta karatA hai taba vaha AkarSaka aura grAhya ho jAtA hai| sAdhAraNa racanA meM bhI usake pAtroM yA ghaTanAoM meM naitika bhAvanA yA jIvana darzana kI jhalaka mila hI jAtI hai| jagat va jIvana ke prati anubhUta satyoM kA jJAnabodha lekhaka kahIM na kahIM abhivyakta kiye binA nahIM rahatA hai, AvazyakatA hai kevala unako kalAtmaka, rucipUrNa DhaMga se nihita karane ke kauzala kii| isakA tAtparya yaha nahIM ki upanyAsa meM koI pUrva nizcita uddezya yA jIvana darzana rahanA hI caahie| kabhI to vaha jAne-anajAne hI lekhaka kI jIvana-jagat se sambaMdhita bhAvanAeM, kriyA-pratikriyAe~ pAtroM va prasaMgoM ke dvArA svayaM hI udghATita ho jAtI hai, kyoMki kisI siddhAnta, satya yA darzana ko pratipAdita karane ke lie yA khaNDana-maNDana karane ke lie lekhaka upanyAsa kI racanA nahIM krtaa| 'vaha to mAnava-jIvana kA nirIkSaNa karake kevala usake bahuta se chAyA-citra upasthita karatA hai| ina chAyAcitroM meM hI vaha mUlabhUta satya lipaTA hotA hai, jise DhUMDha nikAlanA Alocaka kA kAma hotA hai| ataeva, kisI bhI bar3e upanyAsa meM kevala lekhaka ke mAnava-jIvana sambaMdhI nirIkSaNa mAtra hote haiM, jinameM sarjana-zakti nihita hotI hai| inhIM nirIkSaNoM kA manana tathA pratipAdana karake eka nitya satya kA sarjana hotA hai| upanyAsoM meM jIvana darzana kA yahI artha hai|' + + + upanyAsoM meM jIvanI kI vyAkhyA kA vicAra hameM do prakAra se karanA cAhie, eka to unake AdhAra para aura dUsare unameM nihita sadAcAra, dharma athavA Adarza ke AdhAra pr| isI se yaha vivAda upasthita hotA hai ki upanyAsa ke uddezya meM nIti kA nirUpaNa Avazyaka hai yA nahIM, lekina isakI carcA hameM yahA~ apekSita nahIM hai| kathA sAhitya ke zilpa vidhAna ke aMtargata hamane dekhA ki isake pramukha tattvoM ke rUpa meM kathA vastu, caritra-citraNa, saMvAda, vAtAvaraNa, bhASA zailI va uddezya rahate haiN| nibaMdha, jIvanI, samAlocanA, AtmakathA, patra-DAyarI bhI gadya ke mahatvapUrNa vividha svarUpa hI haiM, lekina inake zilpa vidhAna meM bhinna tattvoM kA sahayoga rahatA hai; jisakI carcA hama Age kreNge| yahA~ AlocyakAlIna Adhunika hindI jaina sAhitya ke upalabdha upanyAsa sAhitya ke zilpa vidhAna kA parIkSaNa karanA ucita hai| sarvaprathama gopAladAsa baraiyA kRta 'suzIlA' upanyAsa prApta hai| use hama 1. zivanArAyaNa zrIvAstava : hindI upanyAsa, pR. 455-456.

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450 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya bhASA-zailI, vAtAvaraNa, saMvAda, caritra-nirUpaNa Adi dRSTi se Adhunika yuga kI kRti ke rUpa meM svIkAra kara sakate haiN| phira bhI usakI saMpUrNa 'TekanIka' Adhunika vAtAvaraNa, varNana-praNAlI evaM vicAradhArA ke anurUpa nahIM pratIta hotii| isake bahuta-se kAraNa ho sakate haiN| (1) lekhaka soddezya upanyAsa likhane baiThe haiM, dhArmika zikSA, dIkSA va saMskAra Adhunika pIr3hI meM phaile isa hetu unhoMne sajjana, saMskArI, dhArmika tathA durjana, asaMskArI, udaMDa do pramukha nAyaka-pratinAyaka kI kAlpanika sRSTi kii| nArI ke bhItara bhI saMyama, lajjA, cAritrya, dharma bhAvanA, sahiSNutA, zIlavrata, sukumAratA va vinaya Adi guNoM kA prasAra ho, isa nIti ke anusAra unhoMne suzIlA nAyikA kA caritra prastuta kiyA hai| svayaM lekhaka isa upanyAsa kI AvazyakatA va uddezya para prakAza DAlate hue likhate haiM ki-vartamAna samaya meM pAThakoM kI ruci upanyAsoM kI ora dina-pratidina jhukatI jAtI hai| aneka logoM ko to vyasana-sA ho gayA hai ki thAlI parosI huI rakhI rahatI hai, parantu bAbU sAhaba usakI ora dekhate hI nahIM haiN| hamAre jaina samAja meM bhI upanyAsa ke saikar3oM bhakta haiM, parantu ve vyartha samaya khone aura bhinna dharma aura bhinna vAsanAoM se vAsita hRdaya hone ke sivAya, kucha lAbha nahIM uThA sakate haiN| aisI avasthA meM upanyAsoM ke dvArA logoM ko yadi caritra saMzodhana kI tathA dharma zraddhA kI zikSA dI jAye to sahaja hI meM bahuta-sA lAbha ho sakatA hai| isa vicAra se tathA saMsAra kA jhukAva kisa ora ko ho rahA hai, yaha dekhakara isa upanyAsa likhane kA prAraMbha kiyA gayA hai|' granthakartA ne isa upanyAsa kI racanA jaina dharma ke apUrva siddhAMta-ratnoM ko kathA ke pravAha meM milA diye haiN| jaina dharma ke tattvoM kA svarUpa nAyaka jayadeva, ratanacaMda muni evaM suzIlA ke kathanoM, vicAroM meM dikhAI par3atA hai| isalie svAbhAvika hai ki jaina dharma ke balki sAmAnyataH sabhI dharmoM ke pramukha siddhAnta jaise satya, ahiMsA, prema, karuNA, aparigraha, samAnatA, saMyama Adi ke viSaya meM calatI carcA-vicAradhArA ko sabhI jAne-samajheM, anubhava kara sakeM, yaha pramukha uddezya rahA hai| lekina jaina dharma kI dArzanika paribhASA meM ina tattvoM kA ullekha huA hai, vahA~ pAThaka gAMbhIrya yA kaThinatA anubhava karatA hai, jo bilkula svAbhAvika hai| (2) dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki kathA vastu aitihAsika, kAlpanika, paurANika yA to Adhunika vAtAvaraNa yA mAnasa ke anukUla sAmAjika yA vyaktiparaka bhI nahIM hai| ataH Adhunika vAtAvaraNa meM aitihAsika pAtroM kI nAmAvalI yA rAjA-mahArAjAoM, rAjakumAroM ke kriyA-kalApoM kA mela nahIM baitthtaa| kathAnaka yadi pUrNata: 1. gopAladAsa baiyA-suzIlA upanyAsa-bhUmikA, pR0 2.

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-gadya-sAhitya kA zilpa-vidhAna 451 aitihAsika hotA to tatkAlIna pariveza, paristhitiyoM aura vAtAvaraNa ko anubhava karane ke lie pAThaka utsuka rahatA, kucha jAnane ke lie use AdhAra mAnatA aura usa kAla ke sAtha tanmaya hokara usa aitihAsika spandanoM ko apane bhItara bhoga kara rasAsvAdana kara pAtA hai| Adhunika-sama sAmAyika vAtAvaraNa ke sAtha to usakA mAnasika rUpa se tAdAtmya ho hI jAtA hai| svAbhAvika rUpa se apane vAtAvaraNa ko anubhUta kara pAne meM kaThinAI yA vicitratA kama lagatI hai| (3) tIsarI vizeSatA yaha kabhI haya kahI jAyegI ki aitihAsika pAtroM va kathA vastu ke sAtha aMgrejI zabdoM kA prayoga upayukta nahIM pratIta hotA, urdU-saMskRta ke zabdoM kA prayoga nahIM khalatA hai, jitanA aMgrejI zabdoM kaa| (4) cauthI bAta upanyAsa ko kama AkarSita karane vAlI yaha hai ki jaina siddhAntoM kA vivecana upanyAsakAra ne pratyakSataH kiyA hai, jo sAmAnya aura jainetara pAThakoM ko UbAte haiN| lekhaka kA mukhya prayojana dhArmika vAtAvaraNa, vicAra va darzana kA prasAra hI hai, yaha svIkAra hone para bhI yadi kalAtmaka DhaMga, sugrAhya kathAvastu ke sAtha svAbhAvika DhaMga se hotA to vizeSa grAhya ho paataa| inake atirikta eka bAta yaha bhI ullekhanIya hai ki yadi lekhaka ne jaina jagat kI kisI prasiddha vyakti yA aitihAsika kathA vastu lekara racanA kI hotI to apane uddezya meM adhika saphalatA prApta ho sakatI yA Adhunika samAja se kathA kA bIja yA vAtAvaraNa grahaNa kiyA hotA to svAbhAvika rUpa evaM saralatA rhtii| isa upanyAsa meM kathA vastu kI rocakatA, jijJAsA tathA pravAha banAye rakhane ke lie Age kA prasaMga pahale kahakara bAda meM vistRta rocaka varNana upanyAsakAra ne kiyA hai| lekhaka kI yaha lekhana-paTutA hI mAnI jAyegI ki jaina vicAradhArA kA pRSTha-pRSTha para digdarzana karAne para bhI kathA kA pravAha-krama kahIM TUTatA nahIM hai, yA rasa-prApti meM kahIM bAdhA nahIM khar3I hotii| sUkSma vaiziSTya evaM pAMDitya pUrNa isa racanA meM lekhaka ne kalA-kauzala se pAThaka kI jijJAsA ko aMta taka nibhAye rakhI hai| yahA~ kevala manoraMjaka kathA hI nahIM hai, kantu zikSA rUpI ratnoM kA bhaMDAra hai|' ___prastuta upanyAsa kI kathA vastu kA vivecana anyatra kiyA jA cukA hai| kevala eka tathya ullekhanIya hai ki upanyAsakAra ne kathA vastu ko rocaka ne kA pUrNa prayAsa kiyA hai aura mahada aMza meM saphala bhI hue haiN| kevala vAM, gyArahavAM aura terahavAM sarga dhArmika carcA se pUrNa hone se kathA krama meM ka banate haiN| tAttvika bhUmi kA para prastuta upanyAsa kA anuzIlana vAMchita raSTavya-suzIlA-upanyAsa, mUlacanda kApar3iyA kA prakAzakIya kathana, pR. 6.

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452 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya hai| kathAvastu kI bhAMti pramukha pAtroM ke caritra-citraNa ke sandarbha meM bhI hama vicAra kara cuke haiM ki baraiyA jI ne apanI kRti meM pAtroM kA mAnasika sUkSma vizleSaNa nahIM kiyA hai, balki nATyAtmaka DhaMga se pratyakSa rUpa se hI pramukha pAtroM ko prastuta kiyA hai| caritra-citraNa meM Adhunika zilpa kI apekSA prAcIna paddhati kA nirvAha vizeSa kiyA hai, to hama pramukha pAtroM ke rUpa-varNana meM dekha sakate haiN| ataeva, yahA~ hama upanyAsa ke zilpa vidhAna ke pramukha aMga saMvAda, bhASA-zailI ke sambaMdha meM vicAra kreNge| saMvAda : __'suzIlA' upanyAsa saMvAda kI dRSTi se atyanta saphala va rocaka upanyAsa kahA jaayegaa| isake saMvAda choTe-choTe tathA pAtroM kI vizeSatAoM para prakAza DAlane vAle haiN| kahIM-kahIM to do pAtroM kI bAtacIta se kathA vastu ko to gati milatI hai, lekina anya caritroM para bhI prakAza par3atA hai| saMvAda kathA-sAhitya kA mahatvapUrNa tattva kahA jAtA hai| antarbAhya donoM rUpa se isakI AvazyakatA banI rahatI hai| eka ora se yaha racanA ko AkarSaka va jIvaMta banA dete haiM, dUsarI ora caritra-citraNa evaM kathAvastu ko Age bar3hAne meM sahAyaka hote haiN| kahIM-kahIM nATaka kI taraha lambe-lambe svagata kathana bhI Ate haiM, jo lambe hone para bhI soddezya hone se khalate nahIM haiN| rAjakumArI suzIlA ke pitA rAjA vikrama siMha putrI ke lie bhAvi vara kI ciMtA karate hue jayadeva ke sambaMdha meM do pRSTha taka socate hI rahate haiN| svagata kathana kA eka aMza dekhie-'maiM aneka rAjakumAra ko dekha cukA hU~, parantu unameM se kisI ne bhI mujhe saMtoSa nahIM pahu~cAyA hai| una sabameM bahuta thor3e aura virala guNa pAye gaye haiN| parantu jayadeva ke guNoM kI ginatI hI nahIM ho sktii| eka dayA hI usake hRdaya meM aisI zaktizAlinI aura sundara hai ki anya guNoM kI usameM apekSA hI nahIM hai| vIra puruSa kA unnata hRdaya aisI dayA se zobhAyamAna rahanA cAhie, jisakA ki jayadeva ne mujhe upadeza diyA thA aura jise vaha svayaM aharnizi dhAraNa kiye rahatA hai| usa rAta jayadeva ke vArtAlApa meM tarka buddhi kI prakharatA, kAvya ruciratA aura vyavahAra-kuzalatA ke sAtha-sAtha rAjanIti kI jaisI yogyatA prakaTa huI thI, vaisI yogyatA vartamAna meM anya kisI rAjakumAra meM bhI prApta hogI, yaha kalpanA mAtra hai| jayadeva aura bhUpasiMha ke nimnokta saMvAda se vikramasiMha kI cAritrika vizeSatA prakaTa hotI hai| 1. draSTavya-gopAladAsa baraiyA kRta-suzIlA upanyAsa, pR. 164. 2. suzIlA-upanyAsa, pR0 83.

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-gadya-sAhitya kA zilpa-vidhAna 453 jayadeva : yadi Apa kucha samaya pahale A jAte to acchA hotaa| sahaja kI vilAsapura ke nareza se bheMTa ho jaatii| maiM unheM abhI pahu~cA ke A rahA huuN| bar3e sajjana nareza haiN| bhUpasiMha : vilAsapura nareza ke darzana to mujhe kabhI nahIM hue, parantu pitA jI se unakI bahuta prazaMsA sunI hai| kahate haiM bar3e udAra hRdaya, dRr3ha-pratijJa aura parAkramI rAjA haiN| kheda hai ki maiM aise acche ekAnta avasara meM unase na mila skaa| astu, para yaha to kahie ki ve ApakI isa ekAnta vidyA-kuTIra meM Aye kaise?' jabaki suzIlA, revatI va caMdrikA ke saMvAdoM se capalatA, mastI, haMsI-majAka kA vAtAvaraNa paidA hone se upanyAsa ko jIvaMta banAne meM sahAyatA milatI hai| prAraMbha meM suzIlA ke mAtA-pitA kI bAtacIta se suzIlA ke guNoM kA digdarzana ho jAtA hai, evaM jayadeva ke guNoM kI bArIkiyA~ prasphuTita hotI vAtAvaraNa : isa upanyAsa meM paM. gopAladAsa jI ne prAkRtika vAtAvaraNa kA sundara citraNa jagaha-jagaha para kiyA hai| prakRti ke komala saundarya ke sAtha unakI bhISaNatA, nIravatA, Adi kA bhI varNana kiyA hai| mAnava-jagat kI bAhya sRSTi kA varNana yatra-tatra milatA rahatA hai, lekina bhItarI vAtAvaraNa kA varNana lekhaka ne prAcIna DhaMga se kiyA hai| pAtroM kI soca-vicAra prakriyA se usakI uthala-puthala, saMgharSa, UhApoha Adi kA yahA~ nitAnta abhAva hai, ataH manovaijJAnika vizleSaNa se Antarika jagat ke citraNa ko yahA~ sthAna nahIM milA hai| isake sAtha hI kisI samaya vizeSa kI aitihAsika viSaya vastu na hokara bhI rAjA-mahArAjA, rAjakumAra-rAjakumArI, zatru, dUta, yuddha Adi kA varNana bAhya rUpa se rAjasI vAtAvaraNa khar3A kara detA hai| lekhaka ne rAjakIya jAsUsI, kapaTa, khaTapaToM tathA yuddhoM kA hUbahU citraNa kiyA hai lekina pUrNataH aitihAsika vAtAvaraNa kA prabhAva nahIM jama pAyA hai| sAmAjika dRSTi se rIti-rivAja, vyavahAra, bola-cAla, rahana-sahana, dharma Adi meM bhI yaha vizeSatA lakSita nahIM hotI, jisase upanyAsa na zuddha sAmAjika rahatA hai aura na rAjakIya, balki donoM kA mizra prabhAva pAThaka ke citta para par3atA hai| sabase AkarSaka cIja isameM prAkRtika ramaNIyatA kA hai| yaha pahale ullekha kara diyA gayA hai| (viSaya vastu 1. suzIlA-upanyAsa, pR. 78.

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454 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya ke saMdarbha meM) ki isa upanyAsa ke pratyeka 'sarga kA prAraMbha madhura, svAbhAvika prakRti varNana se hI hotA hai, cAhe rAtri kA, candrodaya, sUryodaya, sUryAsta, uSA kA, sAMdhya belA kA varNana ho-lekina prakRti yahA~ svataMtra na hokara uddIpaka ke rUpa meM hI AI hai| pAtroM kI manodazA ko abhivyakta karane ke lie prakRti bhI usI raMga meM raMgI milatI hai, lekina kahIM-kahIM pazu-pakSI kI keli krIr3A kA svataMtra varNana bhI hai, yathA-samasta pazu-pakSI prasanna citta dikhalAI par3ate haiN| sUkhe par3e hue meMDhakoM ke zarIra meM jIva A gaye haiN| ve idhara-udhara uchalate hue bar3e-bar3e bakkiyoM ke mada ko mAta kara rahe haiN| sArasa, haMsa, mayUra Adi pakSI caina se krIr3A kara rahe haiN| pAnI ke bahuta samIpa bakagaNoM kA dhyAna laga rahA hai| eka sAtha calate hue eka sAtha madhura zabda karate hue aura eka sAtha ur3ate hue snehamaya sArasa ke sarasa jor3oM ko dekhakara bhUpasiMha ke hRdaya meM zIghra hI prApta hone vAle dAmpatya prema kI mIThI-mIThI kalpanAeM uThane lgiiN| kokilA ke komala AlApa se citta utkaMThita hone lagA aura mayUroM ke AnaMda-nRtyoM se mukha para sveda jhalakane lgaa| ___ 'sandhyA huii| varuNa dizA ke pAsa sUryadeva aaye| dekhate hI usake gAloM para lalAI daur3a aaii| bar3e prema se usane usakI abhyarthanA kii| kSitija-maNDala para dUra-dUra taka gulAla najara Ane lgaa| dhIre-dhIre saMdhyA ho gii| prabhAkara mahArAja A~kheM milAte-milAte mu~ha Dhakane kI tAka meM lge| prAcI devI unakI yaha dazA dekha dhIre-dhIre vikaTa rUpa dhAraNa karake kopa parisphuTita lAla-lAla A~kheM dikhAne lgii| parantu isa lalAI kA phala kucha bhI nahIM huaa| ve ghRSTa nAyaka bana ke cala hI diye| unake jAne kI derI thI ki andhakAra mahAzaya A dhmke| bhUmi, vRkSa, latA-pattAdikoM para krama se kAle parade par3a gye| aisA jAna par3ane lagA ki mAnoM yAminI-kAminI ko vaidhavya dIkSA dene ke lie kAlI sAr3I pahinAI gaI hai|' prakRti pAtroM ke sukha-du:kha Adi bhAvanAoM ke anusAra ullalita yA udAsa rahatI hai| uddIpaka ke rUpa meM prakRti kA jahA~ varNana huA hai, vahA~ upadezAtmaka rUpa meM bhI prakRti dRzyamAna hotI hai| prakRti ke choTe-choTe sundara suramya citroM kI vajaha se AdhyAtmika vicAradhArA nIrasa yA bojhila nahIM ho jaatii| 1. 'sarga' kA prayoga kAvya meM hotA hai, gadya-sAhitya meM 'adhyAya' ke lie 'sarga' zabda prayoga nahIM hotA, lekina yahA~ lekhaka ne kiyA hai| 2. draSTavya-suzIlA-upanyAsa, pR. 130. 3. vahI, pR. 92.

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-gadya-sAhitya kA zilpa-vidhAna 455 bhASA-zailI : yaha upanyAsa kAphI samaya pahale likhA gayA hai, phira bhI gopAladAsa jI kI bhASA prAyaH sAhityika rahI hai| eka nizcita uddezya ko lekara calane vAle dhArmika upanyAsa meM bhASA kI mArmikatA, varNanoM kI suramya chaTA yA vizleSaNAtmaka zailI kI apekSA rakha hI nahIM skte| phira bhI baraiyA jI ne bhASA meM svAbhAvika alaMkAroM kI sRSTi se upanyAsa ko rocaka banAyA hai| upamA, rUpaka, utprekSA, dRSTAMta Adi arthAlaMkAra va prAsa-anuprAsa, yamaka Adi zabdAlaMkAroM kA ucita prayoga kara zailI meM sAhityika vAtAvaraNa khar3A kara diyA hai-jaise-sUrya kA aruNa varNa pratibiMba samudra kI uchalatI huI jala-killoloM meM titara-bitara hotA huA aise bhrama ko utpanna karatA hai, mAnoM tapAye hue suvarNa kI dhArAeM hI laharA rahI haiN|' to kahIM rUpaka meM bhAvoM ko spaSTa karate haiM-vidhAtA rUpI sunAra ne apane saMsAra kA eka AbhUSaNa banAne ke lie sUrya rUpI suvarNa ke gole ko kiraNa rUpI saMDAsI pakar3e hue pAnI meM DAla diyaa| upamA kA prayoga to lekhaka ne anekoM bAra kiyA hai| dArzanika vicAradhArA ko vyakta karane ke lie rUpaka aura dRSTAnta alaMkAra kA samIcIna prayoga bhASA zailI meM kiyA gayA hai-yathA-rUpaka ke lie-samyakta-salIla ke na milane se mithyAtva-Atapa-dagdha dUrabhavya saMsAra meM isI prakAra cakkara khAte rahate haiN| yA dRSTAnta alaMkAra meM samyakta ke mahatva ko batAte hue likhate haiM-thor3I hI dera meM sUrya deva kA udaya hone vAlA hai, jisa prakAra samyakta ke prAdurbhAva se kucha pahale 'karaNa-lasthi' ke prabhAva se mithyAtva dUra bhAga jAtA hai, usI prakAra sUryodaya ke pahale saMdhyAkta lAlimA se aMdhakAra binA ho gyaa| aise hI 'Akhira jhUTha-jhUTha hai aura saca-saca hai, kAla kI hAMDI bahuta samaya taka nahIM cltii|' isa taraha pRSTha-pRSTha para alaMkAroM kA saundarya nikharA huA prApta hotA hai| bhASA zuddha khar3I bolI hai tathApi gujarAtI va aMgrejI ke aneka zabdoM kA yatra tatra prayoga svAbhAvika huA hai, yathA-bhUpasiMha ke khIce meM se (gujarAtI zabda) kAgaja kalama nikAlakara nimnalikhita ciTThI likhii| (pR. 132) jayadeva ne vasIyatanAmoM ko niyata karake use dUkAna kA kAryavAhaka 'mainejara' banA diyaa| mujhe vahA~ kI riporTa' dara tIsare dina barAbara milA karatI hai| taduparAMta cahuM ora, asana, vasana, bina Adi brajabhASA ke zabda-prayoga se bhASA meM miThAsa A gaI hai| 1. draSTavya-suzIlA-upanyAsa, pR. 118, dvitIya khaNDa, sarga-2. 2. draSTavya-suzIlA-upanyAsa, pR0 80. 3. vahI, pR. 4.

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Adhunika hindI - jaina sAhitya saundarya ke varNana meM lekhaka kI bhASA alaMkAramaya va prAcIna kathA - sAhitya kI bhASA-zailI se atyadhika prabhAvita huI hai| saMkSipta saMvAdoM meM bhASA kI tIvratA va halkA-phulkApana donoM dekhA jAtA hai| amuka sthala para bhASA meM vyAkaraNa sambaMdhI doSa bhI rahe haiM, lekina upanyAsa kI AdhyAtmikatA va kathA kI rocakatA ke kAraNa usake prati kama dRSTipAta jAtA hai| (zAnti ke badale zAntatA, apane AtmA Adi) choTI-moTI bhUleM itane bar3e upanyAsa meM nagaNya samajhI jaayeNgii| jaina darzana ke pAribhASika zabdoM se yukta jahA~ bhASA hotI hai, vahA~ duruhatA A jAnA svAbhAvika hai, yathA- saMsAdana- guNasthAna, samyakta sahita, svasthapana, apramata aadi| vaise inake dvArA upanyAsakAra kA tatsambaMdhI jJAna avazya prakaTa hotA hai| jaina dharma ke tattvoM kI carcA sthala - sthala para A jAne se prakRti ke sundara varNanoM para ve hAvI ho jAte haiM / aura prAkRti kI suramyatA kI mahattA kama ho jAtI hai| phira bhI pUrNatayA isa upanyAsa kI bhASA zailI Adhunika sAhitya kI kahI jaayegii| uddezya : upanyAsa kA yaha tattva pratyeka upanyAsakAra ke vicAra, vyaktitva, samAja Adi se sambaMdhita rahatA hai| pratyeka upanyAsa kA uddezya bhinna-bhinna ho sakatA hai, lekina jaina upanyAsa sAhitya ke lie to yaha eka mahatvapUrNa Adarza yA uddezya rahatA hai ki upanyAsa ke anya tattva cAhe kaise bhI hoM, uddezya to jaina dharma kI vicAradhArA kA kisI eka pramukha siddhAnta ko sAhityika zailI meM prastuta karane kA rahatA hai| phira prastutIkaraNa kA DhaMga bhinna ho sakatA hai| zrI vIrendra jaina ne 'mukti dUta' upanyAsa meM jaina dharma kI vicAradhArA parokSata: vyakta kI hai, phira bhI usa komala, karuNa, ahiMsAtmaka vAtAvaraNa kI khuzbU cAroM ora phaila jAtI hai| yahA~ gopAladAsa jI ne dhArmika tattvoM kI carcA sIdhe rUpa se svayaM kI hai| jayadeva, suzIlA, evaM vizeSakara ratanacaMda muni ke pAtra dvArA jahA~ bhI maukA milA dharma ke tattvoM kI vizadatA se carcA kI hai| vizeSakara sarga 7, 11 aura 13 meM to pUrNa rUpa se AdhyAtmika carcA hI calatI hai| dhArmika vAtAvaraNa kI mahattA siddha karane ke lie sAMsArika kuTilatA ko khala - duSTa pAtroM ke dvArA pradarzita kiyA gayA hai| dhArmika siddhAntoM kA rocaka vivecana kathA vastu ke pravAha meM karake apane uddezya ko siddha kiyA hai| sAtaveM sarga meM viSaya vAsanA, kaSAyoM, rAgoM se manuSya kI durgati kisa prakAra hotI hai aura yadi inheM hI jIta liyA jAya to jIva ko nArakIya duHkhoM se mukti mila jAtI hai| isake lie zreSTha upAya hai tRSNA kA tyAga karake digambarIya dIkSA kA avalaMbana grahaNa 456

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-gadya-sAhitya kA zilpa-vidhAna 457 kiyA jAya aura jIvana ko dhanya banAyA jaay| 11veM sarga ke prAraMbha meM adhyAtma rasa kI jJAnapUrNa carcA lekhaka ne bar3I hI AlaMkArika va surucipUrNa DhaMga se batAI hai| seTha ratanacanda ko munirAja dharma kI dezanA (upadeza) dekara dharma ke prati adhika utsAhI karate haiM aura jagata ke vyavahAroM kI nirarthakatA batAte hue kahate haiM-'saMsAra meM kahIM bhI sukha nahIM hai| indriyajanita sukha parAdhIna, pariNAma meM duHkhadAyI aura kevala avicArita rUpa hai| saccA sukha mokSa meM hai| vaha sarvathA nitya, zuddha aura svAdya hai| vaha AtmA kA svabhAva hai| saMsAra ke saMpUrNa vibhAvoM ko parityAga karake kevala Atma svabhAva meM lavalIna hone se usa atIndriya sukha kI prApti ho sakatI hai| aisA karane ke lie arthAt kevala Atma svabhAva meM tallIna hone ke lie jainezvarI dIkSA hI eka mAtra sAdhana hai| + + + parantu yaha jainembarI dIkSA bar3I kaThina hai| isako ve hI dhAraNa kara sakate haiM, jinakA saMsAra meM moha chUTa gayA hai aura jinheM yathArtha meM viSaya sukhoM se virAgatA A gaI ho| yaha siMhoM kA kArya hai, na ki indriyoM ke adhIna rahanevAle kAyara puruSoM kaa| 20veM sarga meM kanyAzAlA ke varNana, vahA~ ke bhItti-citroM evaM usa para aMkita Adarza sUtroM aura kathAoM meM eka ora jaina dharma kA prabhAva lakSita hotA hai to dUsarI ora sUrata kI digambara jaina zrAvikAzAlA kA prabhAva lekhaka ke dimAga para mahasUsa hotA hai| isa prakAra ke dhArmika kathAyukta upanyAsoM meM bIca-bIca meM upadezAtmaka varNanoM kA A jAnA atyanta svAbhAvika hai| AThaveM sarga meM prema ke svarUpa kA bahuta hI mArmika vizleSaNa kiyA gayA hai| jaise-'yaha samasta cetanAtmaka jagata isI prema kA mUla hai| prema na hotA to saMsAra bhI nahIM hotaa| jo prema kI upAsanA nahIM karatA, vaha mAnava-janma kA tiraskAra karatA hai| prema kI pUjA karanA prANI kA pavitra puNya karma hai| prema se pApa kA sambaMdha nahIM hai| prema ke samadRSTi rAjya meM 'nija' aura 'para' kA bheda nahIM hai? jo prema kA upAsaka hai vaha saccA sevaka hai, yaha paratva buddhi ko sarvathA chor3akara ekatva ke eka prANatva ke AnaMda rAjya meM vihAra karatA huA svarga sukha kA parihAra karatA hai| lekina prema kI aisI udAtta vicAradhArA duSTa udaya siMha dvArA bhejI gaI dUtI ke mukha se sarvathA anargala pratIta hotI hai| suzIlA ne isa kathana kA prativAda bhI ucita DhaMga se hI kiyA ki-tumhArA pratipAdita kiyA huA prema-prema nahIM hai, lekina paizAcika, pAzavika kiMvA amAnuSika karma hai| pazuoM meM aisA hI prema dekhA jAtA hai| 11vAM sarga saMpUrNa rUpa se jaina darzana kI mImAMsA 1. draSTavya-suzIlA-upanyAsa, pR. 145. 2. vahI, pR.

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458 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya ke rUpa meM hI AyA hai lekina kathA ke pravAha meM yaha sArI vicAradhArA sammizrita ho gaI hai ki dArzanika carcA kahIM bhI bojha yA rukAvaTa sI nahIM' pratIta hotii| seTha ratanacaMda, munirAja va unake ziSyagaNa kI praznottarI isI prakAra kI hai, jisameM jaina dharma kI uccatA udAttamana evaM bhavyatA ko pradarzita kiyA gayA hai| isI sarga meM kahIM-kahIM jaina dharma ke pAribhASika zabda A jAne se jaina tatvoM se anabhijJa pAThaka ko kaThinAI mahasUsa hotI hai| jaise karmAvaraNa, loka svarUpa, dravya svarUpa, vibhAva lakSaNa (karmoM kA pardA) Adi kI carcA aisI hI hai| 13veM sarga meM kahIM-kahIM jaina dharma ke pAribhASika mUla tattva jIva, ajIva, Asrava, bandha, saMvara, nirjharA evaM mokSa ye sAta tattvoM kI bhedopabhedoM ke sAtha sUkSma carcA bIca-bIca meM AtI hai| 16vAM sarga bhI ratanacaMdra seTha kI jijJAsA-pUrti ke lie muni zrI tarka-vitarka evaM pramANa ke sAtha samAdhAna karate haiM, jinameM jaina dArzanika siddhAntoM kI carcA rahI hai, jo uddezya kI puSTi ke lie upakAraka hai| sAsAdana guNasthAnaka, samyaktasahita, svasthAna apramattaH sAtindreya, apramatta Adi dArzanika vicAradhArA ke varNana se lekhaka jaina dharma ke mArmika paMDita hai aura nija dharma unnati hetu isa upanyAsa kI racanA kI hai| ataH prakAzakIya nivedana meM spaSTata: kahA gayA hai ki yaha upanyAsa koI sAmAnya kathA kahAnI nahIM hai, lekina eka sAmAjika va dhArmika saiddhAMtika grantha hI kahAnI ke rUpa meM hai, jo isake par3hane se hI spaSTa mAlUma ho skegaa| isa prakAra 'suzIlA' upanyAsa ko usake vinyAsa kI dRSTi se saphala va mahattvapUrNa upanyAsa svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| mukti dUta : hindI jaina sAhitya ke prasiddha upanyAsakAra zrIyuta vIrendra jaina kA yaha upanyAsa eka sazakta va saphala upanyAsa kahA jAyegA, jisake lie na kevala jaina sAhitya balki hindI sAhitya jagat bhI gaurava le sakatA hai| isa upanyAsa ke anusAra lekhaka kA Atma kathAnaka zailI meM likhA gayA utkRSTa upanyAsa 'anuttarayogI-tIrthaMkara mahAvIra' tIna bhAgoM meM prakaTa ho cukA hai| vaha bhI kathA, caritra-citraNa, prakRti-nirUpaNa, bhASA-zailI evaM zilpa-vidhAna pratyeka dRSTikoNa se sarvazreSTha upanyAsa kahA jaayegaa| 'mukti dUta' jaina dharma ke siddhAntoM ko AdhArabhUmi banAkara likhA gayA hai| isako lekhaka mahodaya ne 'romAnTika upanyAsa' kI saMjJA se abhihita kiyA hai, jo isakI kathAvastu dekhate hue sarvathA samucita pratIta hotA hai| kyoMki pavanakumAra aura aMjanA kI paurANika-premaviraha kathA ko unhoMne Adhunika yuga kI manovaijJAnika vizleSaNa paddhati va samunnata sAhityika zailI se sajAyA-saMvArA hai|

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-gadya-sAhitya kA zilpa-vidhAna 459 'mukti dUta' kI kathAvastu ke viSaya meM caturtha adhyAya meM vistRta vivecana kiyA gayA hai| isalie aba isakI carcA yahA~ anAvazyaka yA punarAvartana samajhI jaayegii| kevala saMkSepa meM yaha kahanA ucita rahegA ki 'mukti dUta' kI kathA jaina jagat ke lie aparicita nahIM hai| vaise anya paurANika kathAoM kI taraha saundarya prema, pariNaya, kalaha se yukta sarvAMgINa praNaya kathA hai, phira bhI una sabase alaga, atulanIya evaM anokhA vAtAvaraNa lekara yaha upanyAsa likhA gayA hai, jisake lie upanyAsakAra abhinaMdana ke pAtra haiN| kathA vastu ke viSaya meM 'Amukha' meM hI jJAnapITha ke vidvAna saMpAdaka lakSmIcandra jaina ne sarvathA yuktisaMgata batA diyA hai ki-mukti dUta kI mohaka kathA, sarasa racanA anupama zabda-sauMdarya aura kavitva se pare jAne ke lie bhI mAlA ke aMtima tIna manakoM kI taraha sarvoparI hRdaya se, AMkha se aura mAthe se lagAne lAyaka hai| pavanaMjaya ke aham, Atma vikAsa evaM Atma vijaya kI kramaza: kathA hai| + + + mukti dUta kI kathAvastu jitanI tala para hai sirpha utanI nahIM hai, usake bhItara eka pratIka kathA cala rahI hai, jise hama brahma aura mAyA, prakRti aura puruSa kI dvandva lIlA kaha sakate haiN| aneka antardvandva, moha-prema, viraha-milana, rUpa sauMdarya, daiva-puruSArtha, tyAga-svIkAra, daihika komalatA, Atmika mArdava, brahmacarya, nikhila ramaNa aura inake AdhyAtmika artha kathA ke saMghaTana aura gumphana meM sahaja hI prakAzita hue haiN| pavanaMjaya isa bAta kA pratIka hai ki vaha padArtha ko bAhara se sIdhe pakar3akara usa para vijaya pAnA cAhatA hai aura usI meM usakA parAjaya hai, ekAMgitA hai, jabaki aMjanA kA pAtra bhAvanA yA hRdayavAda kA pratIka hai, jo kevala puruSa ko hI nahIM, samasta vizva ko zAMti de sakatA hai|" vIrendra jI ne mUla paurANika kathA ko vizeSa grAhya, manovaijJAnika va asarakAraka banAne ke lie kahIM-kahIM parivartana-parivardhana kiye haiM, jo pAThaka ko vizeSa rasa yukta lagate haiN| 'suzIlA' kI taraha mukhya kathA ke sAtha avAntara kathAe~ nahIM hone se mukhya kathA vastu para hI pUrA dhyAna kendrita huA hai| isakI kathA meM romAnca ke saba guNa hote hue bhI vaha sarvatra karuNa-kathA hI dikhAI par3atI hai| pratyeka pAtra vyathA, pIr3A kA bojha lie cala rahA hai| kathA kI sArthakatA antima adhyAya kI aMtima paMktiyoM meM pUrNa jhalakatI hai jahA~ 'prakRti' puruSa meM lIna ho gaI aura puruSa prakRti meM abhivyakta ho utthaa| gopAladAsa jI ke 'suzIlA' upanyAsa meM pAtroM kA caritra-citraNa pratyakSI rUpa se ora sarala DhaMga se huA hai, vahA~ mukti dUta meM prasaMga, ghaTanAe~, saMvAda ke dvArA vizleSaNAtmaka aura manovaijJAnika rUpa se parokSataH kiyA gayA hai| pAtroM kI

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460 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya saMkhyA bhI atyadhika nahIM hai, varNanoM kI bharamAra avazya kAphI hai| pramukha pAtroM meM pavanaMjaya, aMjanA, prahasta, vasantamAlA, rAjA prahlAda, rAnI ketumatI, Adi kA sundara se sundaratam caritra citraNa ho pAyA hai, to gauNa pAtroM meM aMjanA ke mAtA-pitA, bhAI, sakhI, mAmA hanUrUha, varuNa, rAvaNa Adi kA bhI acchA paricaya diyA hai| pavanaMjaya kA pAtra kahIM-kahIM acchA ubharatA hai| vaha vIra pratApI, tejasvI to thA, lekina apane ahaM, vahama tathA avizvAsa ke kAraNa nirdoSa aMjanA kA tyAga kara ekAkIpana kI pIr3A bhugatatA hai, sAtha hI apanI kSudratA kA paricaya bhI detA hai| lekina aMta meM pazcAtApa kI Aga meM jalate hue pavanaMjaya ko parityaktA aMjanA kI zaraNa meM hI zAMti prApta hotI hai aura nArI ke prANoM kA spandana pAkara hI pavanaMjaya prakAza prApta kara sakatA hai| dUsarI ora aMjanA kA samasta jIvana hai eka sazakta Adarza kA, tyAga evaM prema kaa| usake anupama teja, satItva-bala tathA prema-puMja ke sAmane pavanaMjaya kA aMha jhukatA hai| "nArI ke caritra kA itanI U~cI aura aisI adbhuta kalpanA zAyada hI kahIM ho| aMjanA zarat bAbU ke UMce-se U~ce strI pAtra se Upara uTha gaI hai| aba taka ke mAnava-itihAsa meM nArI para mukti mArga kI bAdhA hone kA jo kalaMka calA AyA hai, isa upanyAsa meM lekhaka ne usa kalaMka kA bhAjana kiyA hai| aMjanA kA Atma samarpaNa puruSa ke 'ahaM' ko galAkara, usake Atma uddhAra kA mArga zasta karatA hai| aMjanA kA prema niSkriya AtmakSaya nahIM hai, vaha hai eka anavarata sAdhanA; kaheM ki 'anAsakta yog|" upanyAsakAra ne do pramukha pAtroM ke sAtha sahAyaka pAtroM kA bhI sundara caritrAMkana kiyA hai, jinakI carcA hama pIche kara cuke haiN| isalie kathAvastu evaM caritra-citraNa ke sandarbha meM vistRta carcA anAvazyaka hai| saMvAda : kathAvastu kI rocakatA evaM pAtroM ke caritra-citraNa kI tIvratA-mArmikatA meM 'mukti dUta' ne jitanI saphalatA pAI hai, utanI hI apane kathopakathana meM bhii| jahA~ eka ora choTe-choTe tIvra, praznAtmaka saMvAdoM kI vipulatA pAI jAtI hai, vahA~ lambe-lambe svagata kathana tathA upadezAtmaka kathana bhI kAphI mAtrA meM haiN| adhika se adhika kAvyAtmaka saundarya aura mAnava va prakRti ke antarbAhya sauMdarya ko udghATita karane vAle haiN| caritroM kI vizeSatAoM para prakAza DAlane kA mahatvapUrNa kArya kathopakathana karate haiN| eka udAharaNa draSTavya hai-'prahasta, saMsAra kI koI bhI rUparAzi kumAra pavanaMjaya ko nahIM bAMdha sktii| sauMdarya kI usa 1. draSTavya-lakSmIcandra jaina : mukti dUta-kA Amukha, pR0 12.

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-gadya-sAhitya kA zilpa-vidhAna 461 akSaya dhArA ko mAMsa kI ina kSAyaka rekhAoM meM nahIM bAMdhA jA sktaa| aura vaha dina dUra nahIM hai, prahasta! jaba nAga-kanyAoM aura gaMdharva-kanyAoM kA lAvaNya pavanaMjaya kI caraNa-dhUli banane ko tarasa jaayegaa| 'ThIka kaha rahe ho pavana! aMjanA ise apanA saubhAgya maanegii| kyoMki yaha to caraNa dhUli banane ke pahale Adityapura ke bhAvi mahArAja ke bhAla kA tilaka banane kA niyoga lekara AI hai| isa kathopakathana meM eka ora se pavanaMjaya kA aham, rAjasI sattA-svabhAva, avajJAbhAva lakSita hai, to dUsarI ora mitra prahasta kI zraddhA, aMjanA ke sahaja saubhAgya kA vizvAsa tathA mitra ke prati mamatA aura kalyANa-bhAva dRSTigata hotA hai| ThIka usI prakAra nimnalikhita saMvAda meM aMjanA kA dRr3ha vizvAsa, kartavya niSThA aura gaurava jhalakatA hai, tathA vasanta mAlA kI AzaMkA, sakhI prema hama mahasUsa kara sakate haiM ___ 'aMjana! kumAra pavanaMjaya prasthAna kara gye| apane sainya ko sAtha lekara ve akele hI cala diye haiM-' bIna kA tAra jaise Tanna-se acAnaka TUTa gayA, bhaTakatI huI vaha jhaMkAra roma-roma meM jhanajhanA utthii| patA nahIM yaha AghAta kahA~ se aayaa| bebUjha apAra vismaya se aMjanA kI ve abodha-A~kheM vasanta ke cehare para bicha giiN| apane bajUda se vaha pUcha baiThI-'kAraNa?' 'ThIka kAraNa jJAta nahIM ho skaa| para ekAeka madhyarAta meM mahArAja prahalAda ke pAsa sUcanA pahu~cI ki kumAra kala sUryodaya ke pahale akele hI prasthAna kareMge, apanI senAoM ko unhoMne kUca kI AjJAe~ de dI haiN| usI samaya anucara bhejakara mahArAja ne kumAra ko bulavAyA, para ve apane Dere meM nahIM the| kAraNa kucha gaMbhIra aura asAdhAraNa hai| isa bAra ve bhI unake mana kI thAha na le sake haiM aura pUchane kA sAhasa bhI ve nahIM kara ske|' _ 'kyA pitA jI ko yaha saMvAda mila gayA hai vasanta ?' hA~, abhI jo azvArohiyoM kI Tukar3I gaI hai, usI meM mahArAja Adityapura ke mahArAja prahlAda ke sAtha kumAra ko lauTA lAne gaye haiN|' aMjanA ne vakSa meM ni:zvAsa dabA liyaa| kisI agamya dUrI meM dRSTi aTakAye gaMbhIra svara meM bolI ___ 'bAMdha kara meM unheM nahIM rakhanA cAha~gI, bsnt| Ane ko dizAe~ khulI haiM unake lie| para saMyoga kI rAta jaba likhI hogI, to dIpAntara se ur3akara 1. zrI vIrendra jaina-mukti jaina-34, pR. 10.

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462 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya AyeMge, isameM mujhe jarA bhI saMdeha nahIM hai| pagalI vasU, chiH A~sU ? aMjanA ke bhAgya para itanA avizvAsa karatI ho, basanta?" upanyAsa ke pUrvAddha meM saMvAdoM kA krama kAphI hai, lekina uttarArddha meM samRddha varNanoM kI bharamAra meM saMvAda-nada kA pravAha kahIM kSINa ho jAtA hai, to kahIM vilupta-sA ho jAtA hai| aMjanA ke eka-eka udgAra meM mAnoM usake hRdaya kI komalatA, karuNA, prasannatA aura dhairya kA apAra teja phUTa nikalatA hai, jabaki pavanaMjaya ke kathopakathana se eka vIra ajJeya yoddhA evaM abhimAnI svAmI kA mamatva Tapaka par3atA hai| aMjanA kI vicAradhArA ko kahIM-kahI saMvAdoM ke mAdhyama se lekhaka ne prastuta kiyA hai ....... hA~, yaha jo tor3a phaiMkane kI bAta kaha rahI hU~-isameM eka khatarA hai| AtmanAza nahIM honA caahie| kaSAya nahIM jAganA caahie| sarvahArA hokara hama cala sakate haiM, para AtmahrAsa hokara nahIM calA jA skegaa| mUla ko AghAta nahIM pahu~cAnA hai| saMgharSa se to pare jAnA hai, usakI paramparA ko to chedanA hai| viSaya ko sama lAnA hai, phira saMgharSa se viSama ko viSamatara banAye kaise calegA? + + + lokAcAra ko mukti mArga ke anukUla karanA hogA, pragatizIla jIvana kI mAMgoM ke anurUpa lokAcAra ke mUlyoM ko badalate jAnA hogaa| nizcaya ke satya ko AcaraNa, vyavahAra ke tathya meM utAranA hogaa| 'karma kI sattA ko ajaya aura anivArya mAnakara calane ko kaha rahI ho jIjI ? aura yaha bhI ki manuSya hokara usakA kRtitva kucha nahIM hai ...... ? phira jar3a ke Upara hokara cetana kI mahAnatA kA guNagAna kyoM hai? phira to mRtyu aura Izvaratva kA Adarza nirI marIcikA hai| hamAre bhItara mukti kA anurodha nirI kSaNika chalanA hai ? + + + aura yoM Atma nirmANa meM se loka maMgala kA udaya hogaa| tIrthaMkara ke janma lene meM usa kAla aura usa kSetra meM prANI mAtra kI karma vargataNAe~ kAma karatI hai| nikhila loka ke sAmUhika puNyodaya aura abhyudaya ke yoga se vaha janma letA hai| usa kAla ke jIvana mAtra ke zubha pariNAma aura zubha karmoM kI puMjIbhUta vyaktimattA hotA hai yaha tiirthNkr| eka ora jahA~ aMjanA ke aise vArtAlApa meM gUDha, gaMbhIra ciMtana, manana evaM hArdika bauddhikatA hai to saralA, snigdha vANI ke saMvAda bhI prApta hote haiN| vaise isake pramANa kama haiM aura mAnavIya saMvedanA tathA tAttvika vizleSaNAtmaka ciMtana pradhAna vANI-vaibhava 1. muktidUta-34, pR. 12. 2. muktidUta-34, pR. 87. 3. vahI, pR. 89, 90.

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-gadya-sAhitya kA zilpa-vidhAna 463 vizeSa hai| phira bhI choTe-choTe premapUrNa sarala vANI ke udAharaNa bhI dekhe jA sakate haiM-'chiH jIjI, tuma ro rahI ho---? apanI aMjanA para abhimAna nahIM kara sakatI? itanI avazatA kyoM? aMjanA akiMcana hai sahI, para use dayanIya mata mAno jIjI, usake bhAgya para aura usake karma para avizvAsa mata kro| vAtAvaraNa : zabdoM ke zilpI vIrendra jaina ne apane isa mahAna upanyAsa meM prakRti ke manorama evaM bhayaMkara donoM rUpoM kA sajIva aura atyAkarSaka DhaMga se citraNa kiyA hai| prakRti ke manohara, ullAsakArI, komala capala rUpa ke sAtha bIhar3a, durgama, gaMbhIra, bhayAnaka rUpa isa upanyAsa meM kadama-kadama, pRSTha-pRSTha para dikhAI par3ate haiM, jo zAyada hI kisI upanyAsa meM ho| prakRti ke mahAkAvya kI koTi kA upanyAsa ise mAnA jAya to atyukti nahIM hogii| pahAr3a, nadI, mayUravana, bIhar3a jaMgala, zailoM, mAna-sarovara, dIpoM, khAI-khaMdaka, guphAoM, bar3e-bar3e sundara bana-upavana, udyAnAdi prakRti citroM ke varNanoM ke sAtha Adityapura ke sphaTika mahala, ratnakUTa prAsAda, ajitaMjaya prAsAda, zAstrAgAra, kile, mahala ke vana-upavana Adi manuSya nirmita adbhuta romAMcakArI, bhavya varNanoM meM mAnoM jIvantatA sAkAra ho uThI hai| lekhaka ne kahIM koI kasara nahIM rakhI hai| kalpanA kI U~cI se U~cI coTI se sparza karane vAle bhavya, varNanoM ko bAra-bAra par3hate hue jI aghAtA nahIM, punazcaya-punazca hRdaya-mana ko prasannatA va hArdikatA se bhara dene ke lie mana utsuka rahatA hai| eka-eka zabda ko lekhaka ne mAno chainI se kATa-kATa kara gar3hA ho, jo apanI tamAma zaktiyoM ke bAvajUda bhAvanA ke sAgara meM pAThaka ko gotA mArane ke lie vivaza karatA hai| sthaloM evaM prakRti ke AhlAdakArI, mugdhatApreraka varNanoM ke sAtha mAnava-hRdaya kA vAtAvaraNa bhI pUre upanyAsa meM bikharA par3A hai, jo unake bhAvoM ko paristhitiyoM ke pUre saMgharSa meM prastuta kara sakate haiN| pratyeka pAtra kA AMtarika vAtAvaraNa 'kaisA hai'? aura 'kyoM hai?' kA 'bahU citra khIMcane kA vIrendra jI ne suMdara prayatna kiyA hai| upanyAsa kI prathama kti se hI prakRti ke rUpa sauMdarya ko kRtikAra ne udghATita karanA prArambha kara yA hai jo aMta taka calatA hI rahA hai___ 'vanoM meM vAsantI khilI hai| cAroM ora kusumotsava hai| puSpoM ke jharate parAga dizAeM pIlI ho calI haiN| dakSiNa pavana deza-deza ke phUloM kA gandha ur3A nA hai, jAne kitanI marmakathAoM se mana bhara jAtA hai| Amra dharAoM meM koyala gaNa-prANa kI antapIr3A ko jagA diyaa| cAroM ora snigdha, navIna, harItimA

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464 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya kA prasAra hai| dizAoM kI apAra nIlimA AmragaNa se bhI uThI hai|' aura dekho, kailAsa zikhara kI sauMdarya rAzi-'dekho na prahasta, kailAsa ke ye vaiDUryamaNiprabha dhavalakUTa, ye svarNa maMdiroM kI dhvajAe~, mAna-sarovara kI yaha ratnAkara-sI apAra jalarAzi, haMsa-haMsiniyoM ke ye mukta vihAra aura dUra-dUra taka calI gaI zvetAMjana parvata zreNiyA~, kyA ina sabase bhI adhika sundara hai vaha vidyAdharI aMjanA?' sAMjha ghanI ho gaI hai| mAna sarovara ke sudUra jala kSitija para, cAMda ke sunahare biMba kA udaya ho rahA hai| usa vizAla jala vistAra para haMsa-yugaloM kA krIDArava raha-rahakara sunAI par3atA hai| devadAsa bhavana aura phUla ghATiyoM kI sugandha lekara vasantI vAyu hole-hole baha rahI hai| apanI hI zobhA meM kSaNa-kSaNa nita-nUtana sundaratA ke citroM se bharA par3A hai| usake pratyeka pRSTha para prakRti ubharatI hai, apanA pUrNa bhaMSara lekara, kisakA varNana kiyA jAya? kisako choDA jAya? prakRti ke isa kAvya ko spaMdita-sphuTita karane ke lie vIrendra jI ne kaura-kasara nahIM uThA rakhA hai, phira bhI saba kucha bilkula sahaja hai, svAbhAvika hai| 'aneka maMgala vAdyoM kI uchAha bharI rAgiNiyoM se sarovara kA vaha vizAla taTa-deza gUMja utthaa| kailAza ke svarNa-maMdiroM ke zikharoM para jAkara ve dhvaniyA~ pratidhvanita hone lgiiN| aneka toraNa, dvAra, gopura, maMDapa aura kaviyoM se taTabhUmi ramaNIya ho uThI hai| mAnoM koI devopratima nagarI hI utara AI hai| sthAna-sthAna para bAlAeM akSata-kuMkuma, muktA aura haridrA ke cauka pUra rahI haiN| donoM rAjakuloM kI ramaNIya maMgalagIta gAtI huI utsava ke Ayojana meM saMlagna haiN| kahIM pUjA-vidhAna cala rahe haiM to kahIM hvn-yjny| vipula utsava, nRtyagAna AnaMda maMgala se vAtAvaraNa caMcala hai| Adityapura nagarI kA kaisA varNana hai| 'zarada Rtu ke ujale bAdaloM se Adityapura ke bhavana AkAza kI pIThikA para citrita hai| vistIrNa vRkSa ghaTAoM ke pAra, rAja-prAsAda kI ratna-cUr3Ae~ bAla sUrya kI kAnti meM jagamagA rahI haiN| saghana upavanoM aura patra-sarovaroM kI Akula gandha lekara unmAdinI havA baha rahI hai| zyAmala taru rAjiyoM meM kahIM azoka se kuMkubha jhara rahA hai, to kahIM tuccha bhauroM se kezara aura mallikAoM se svarNa reNu jhara rahI haiN| aMjanA ke aMga-aMga eka apUrva sukha kI pulakoM se sihara uThate haiN| usI prakAra rAnI aMjanA ke 'ratnakUTa prAsAda' kI bhavyatA kA varNana bhI anokhA hai| 1. muktidUta-34, pR. 4, 5. 2. vIrendra jaina : mukti dUta, pR. 16. 3. vahI, pR. 18.

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-gadya-sAhitya kA zilpa-vidhAna 465 mahala kI sarvottama aTArI para cAroM ora sphaTika ke jAlI-bUToM vAle reliMga aura vAtAyana hai| bIcoM-bIca vaha sphaTika kA hI zayana kakSa hai, lagatA hai jaise kSIra samudra kI taraMgoM para candramA utara AyA hai| pharzoM para cAroM ora marakata aura indranIla maNi kI zilAe~ jar3I haiN| kakSa ke dvAroM aura khir3akiyoM para nIlamoM ke toraNa laTaka rahe haiM, jinakI maNi-ghaMTikAeM havA meM hila-hila kara zItala zabda karatI rahatI hai| unake Upara saurabha kI laharoM se halke rezmI parade hila rahe haiN| kakSa meM eka ora gavAkSa ke pAsa khaTakara padmarAga maNi kA paryaka vihaga hai| usa para tuhina-sI tarala masaharI jhUla rahI hai| usake paTa Aja uThA diye gaye haiN| andara phenoM-sI ubharatI zayyA bichI hai| mInA sacita chatoM meM maNi-dIpoM kI jhUmareM jhUla rahI haiN| eka ora AkAza ke Tukar3e-sA vizAla billorI siMhAsana bichA hai| usa para kAMca ke phUloM dunI, sukha, sparza, bhasRNa gaddiyA~ aura takiye lage haiN| usake AsapAsa ujjvala marmara pASANa ke pUrNAkAra haMsa-haMsinI khar3e haiM, jinameM nIle aura pIle kamala taira rahe haiN| kakSa ke bIcoM-bIca panne kA eka vipulAkAra kalpavRkSa nirmita hai, jisameM se icchAnusAra kala ghumA dene para aneka sugaMdhita jaloM ke raMga-biraMge sIkara jhalakane lagate haiN| maNi-dIpoM kI prabhA meM ve sIkara indra dhanuSa kI lahareM bana-banakara jagata kI nazvaratA kA nRtya racate hai| kakSa ke konoM meM suMdara bArIka bAliyoM sphaTikamaya dIpAdhAra khar3e haiM, jinameM sugaMdhita teloM ke pradIpa jala rahA hai|' mahala kA mugdhakArI vaibhavI varNana to Age calatA rahatA hai, yahA~ to kevala eka jhAMkI hI prastuta kI gaI hai| vaise hI mahAparAkramI, prabhAvI rAjakumAra pavanaMjaya ke 'ajitajaya prAsAda' kI mohanIya dhIra gaMbhIratA aura nirvacanIyatA ajeya hai| putra kI eka-eka icchA ko tRpta karane kA mahArAja kA nirNaya mahala ke pratyeka aMga-upAMga evaM viziSTatAoM meM mAno pUrNa ho rahA hai ___ yaha hai kumAra pavanaMjaya kA 'ajitajaya praasaad'| rAjaputra ke cira dina ke sapanoM ko isa rUpa meM diyA hai| abola bAlapana se hI kumAra meM eka jIgiSA jAga uThI thI-vaha vijetA hogaa| vaya-vikAsa ke sAtha yaha utkaMThA, eka mahatvAkAMkSA kA rUpa letI gii| jJAnavarddhana ne sRSTi kI virATatA kA vAtAyana khola diyaa| yuvA kumAra kI vijayAkAMkSA sImA se pAra ho gii| yaha mana hI mana soctaa| vaha nikhilezvara hogA, vaha tIrthaMkara hogaa| + + + usI ke ThIka pIche pAdamUla meM hI A lagAI vaha pahAr3iyoM se bharA bIhar3a jNgl| kisI prAcIra yA 1. vIrendra jaina-muktidUta, pR. 20, 21. 2. vahI, pR. 38.

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466 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya muMDera se use alaga nahIM kiyA gayA hai| mahala ke pUrvArddha vAtAyana ThIka usI para khulate haiN| kRtrima kA yaha sImAnta hai aura prakRti kA aarNbh| ThIka mahala kI paridhA para ve bhayAnavI jhAr3iyA~ jhuka AI hai| mahala ko cAroM ora se ghera kara yaha jo kRtrima paridhA banI hai, vaha dekhane meM bilkula prAkRtika-sI lagatI hai| bar3e-bar3e bhImAkAra zilA khaNDa aura caTTAneM usake kinAre para asta-vyasta bikhare haiM, jinameM palAza aura karoMdoM kI ghanI jhAr3iyA~ ugI haiN| vizada paridhA ke andara harA-nIlA purAtana jala bArahoM mahIne bharA rahatA hai, bar3e-bar3e kachue. ajagara, maccha aura kekar3e usameM tairate dikhAI par3ate haiN| vistAra bhaya se prakRti evaM mahala ke bhavya varNana ko Age nahIM uddhRta kiyA jaataa| vIrendra jI jaise kuzala zabda-zilpI ke lie bhavya se bhavyatama varNanoM kA bhaMDAra prastuta karanA atyanta AsAna-sA pratIta hotA hai| pUre upanyAsa meM vividha-nayana ramya varNana kI mAlA dekhate hue acAnaka hI bANa kI 'kAdambarI' yA hajArIprasAda dvivedI jI ke 'bANabhaTTa kI AtmakathA' upanyAsa kI barabasa yAda A jAtI hai| ghaTanAe~, caritroM kI divyatA-bhavyatA se Upara prakRti, nagara, rAjamArga Adi kI anekAneka chaTAoM ke hRdayasparzI citra adhika mahatvapUrNa rahe haiN| usI prakAra prakRti kA bhayAnaka rUpa, agamyatA, durUhatA Adi kA 'mukti dUta' meM vistRta varNana AtA hai| aMjanA va vasantamAlA ke jaMgala-prayANa se aise varNanoM kA prAraMbha ho jAtA hai-kahIM-kahIM to prakRti ke mugdha, sucAru varNana se pAThaka praphullatA mahasUsa karatA hai, to vizeSa rUpa se usakI ugratA aura bIhar3atA dekha bhaya, sannATA kA vAtAvaraNa phaila jAtA hai| aise lambe varNanoM se kabhI-kabhI Uba-bhI A jAtI hai| vana-upavana, nadI, jaMgala, guphA, khAI-khaMdaka, pahAr3oM kI viSamatA ke citroM ne kAphI pRSTha roka liye haiM, lekina ve haiM bilkula sajIva aura yathArtha, kalpanA kA mukta uDDayana saccAI kA sAtha lekara huA hai| vaha mAtaMgamAlinI nAma kI aTavI, pRthvI ke purAtana mahAvanoM meM se eka hai, jo apanI agamatA ke lie AdikAla se prasiddha hai| + + + pRthvI aura vanaspatiyoM kI anubhUta zItala gandha meM aMjanA aura vasanta kI ghahira cetanA kho gii| ..... AsapAsa dRSTi jAtI hai, una tamisra kI guphAoM meM vicitra jantuoM aura bhayAnaveM pazuoM ke jhuMDa cItkAreM karate hue saMgharSa macA rahe haiN| inhIM ke bIca unheM aisI manuSakRtiyA~ bhI dIkhatI, jinake bar3e-bar3e vikarAla dAMta mu~ha se bAhara nikale hue haiM, mAthe para unake trizUla se tIkhe sIMga hai aura antahIna kaSAya meM pramatta ve dina-rAta eka-dUsare se bhiTTiyA~ lar3a rahe haiN| .... ki 1. vIrendra jaina : muktidUta, pR0 38.

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-gadya-sAhitya kA zilpa-vidhAna 467 acAnaka pRthvI meM se eka sanasanAtI huI phukAra sI uThI aura agale hI kSaNa sphUrta viSa kI nIlI laharoM kA loka cAroM ora phaila gyaa| sahasroM phanoMvAlI maNidhara bhujaMga bhUgarma se nikalakara cAroM ora nRtya kara utthe| unake mastaka para aura unakI kuMDaliyoM meM adbhuta nIlI aura pIlI aura harI jvAlAoM se jhagara-jhagara karate maNiyoM ke puMja jhalamalA rahe haiN| unakI lau meM se nikala kara nAnA icchAoM kI pUraka vibhUtiyA~ apratima rUpa sI pariyoM ke rUpa dhAraNa kara eka meM ananta hotI huI aMjanA aura basanta ke pairoM meM Akara loTa rahI haiM, nAnA bhaMgoM meM anurodha-anunaya kA nRtya racatI ve apane ko nivedana kara rahI haiN|' isa ora jaMgala meM bhI prakRti apane madhurarava se guMjana bhI karatI sunAI par3atI hai-'USA kI pahalI svarNAbhA meM nahAkara prakRti madhura ho utthii| zaila ghATiyA~ paMkhiyoM ke kalagAna se mukharita ho gii| jharane kI cUr3A para svarNa-kirITa aura maNiyoM kI rAziyoM lUTane lgii| mAnava-prakRti kI bhinna-bhinna chaTAoM-dazAoM kI lekhaka ne manovaijJAnika DhaMga se carcA kI hai| prakRti ko kAvyAtmaka rUpa se jahA~ sajAyA hai, vahA~ mAnava prakRti ko sAhajikatA va svAbhAvikatA se gaharI thAha lekara prastuta kiyA hai| sauMdarya kI sRSTi pUre upanyAsa meM chalaka-chalaka kara ubhara AnA cAhatI hai-apane pUre vaibhava ko sAtha lie-kAvyAtmaka sauMdarya lie pratyeka varNana apanI viziSTatA vyakta karatA hai|' 'muktidUta' ke kathAnaka kA vistAra mAno ananta AkAza meM hai, isase pAtroM ko adhika se adhika phailane kA avasara milA hai| mAnuSottara parvata, lavaNa samudra, ananta dvIpa samUha vijayArdha kI girimAlA Adi ke kalpaka sauMdarya se kathA meM bar3I gUr3hatA A gaI hai|' (Amukha, pR. 17) / bhASA-zailI : "zrI jayazaMkara prasAda kI 'kAmAyanI' ke bAda mahAkAvya ke stara para, sArvadaizika aura sArvakAlika guNavattA kI hindI meM zAyada yaha apane DhaMga kI anokhI kRti hai| klAsikala aura romAnI sRjanAtmakatA kA isameM eka anUThA samanvaya huA hai| 'muktidUta' kI bhASA-zailI kahIM sarala se saralatama ho jAne se pAThaka ko sAtha le calatI hai, to kahIM duruha ho jAne para pAThaka usakA sAtha nibhA nahIM pAtA hai| bhASA-zailI meM kAvyAtmaka guNa ke kAraNa lambe-lambe vAkya-vinyAsa, bhAvoM kI gaharAI ke kAraNa zabdoM kI bArIkiyA~ thor3I 1. muktidUta-upanyAsa, pR. 204, 205. 2. vahI, pR. 204, 211. 3. muktidUta-Amukha, pR. 1 (kavara pRsstth)|

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Adhunika hindI - jaina sAhitya 1 agama - sI rahatI hai, lekina zailI apane sauMdarya ke kAraNa pAThaka ko sarvathA AkarSaka lagatI hai| " zrI vIrendra kumAra kI zailI kI yaha vizeSatA hai ki vaha atyanta saMvedanazIla hai| pAtroM ke manobhAvoM aura bhAvanAoM ke ghAta - pratighAta ke anurUpa yaha prakRti kA citra upasthita karate jAte haiN| lagatA hai jaise antara kI gUMja jagata meM chA gaI hai, hRdaya kI vedanAe~ cA~da, sUraja, phala- - phUloM meM ramakara citra banakara prakRti kI citra zAlA meM A raMgI ho / unakI kAvyAtmaka, alaMkRta zailI ke udAharaNa pRSTha - pRSTha para bikhare par3e haiN| gadya meM bhI itanI kAvyAtmakatA lAnA vIrendra jI kI nipuNatA hai / pavanaMjaya - aMjanA ke pariNaya kI belA meM dekhie- ' Aja hai pariNaya kI zubha lagna - tithi / pUrva kI una harita-zyAma-zaila zreNiyoM ke bIca USA ke Akula vakSa para yauvana kA svarNa kalaza bhara AyA hai|' zrI vIrendrakumAra ke svabhAva meM dhvani aura varNana kA sahaja sammohana hai| aneka choTe-choTe vAkyoM meM unhoMne sparza, rasa, varNa, gandha aura dhvani kI anubhUtiyoM ko sarala lekhanI meM utArA hai-yathA 468 (1) 'nArikela-zikharoM para vasanta ke sandhyAkAza meM gulAbI aura aMgUrI bAdaloM kI jhIleM khula pdd'iiN| (2) saMghoM meM se AI huI komala dhUpa ke dhabbe kahIM-kahIM bikhare haiM, jaisa isa komala sunaharI lipi meM koI AjJA kA sandeza likha rahA hai| (3) prANa kI anivAra pIr3A se vakSa apanI saMpUrNa mAMsala mRdutA aura mAdhurya meM TUTa rahA hai, TUka-TUka huA jA rahA hai| (4) sU sU.... karatI talavAra kI vikalatA pRthvI kI ThaMDI aura nicir3a gandha meM uttejita hotI gaI zUnya meM kahIM bhI ghAva nahIM ho sakA hai- mAtra yaha nirjIva khambhe ke patyAroM kA avarodha TakarA jAtA hai| unna Thanna .?' lekhaka kI bhASA - zailIgata yaha vizeSatA hI kahI jAyegI ki unhoMne vividha bhAvoM, vicAroM ke anurUpa zabdoM ko kATA hai, gar3hA hai evaM sazakta zailI meM abhivyakta kiyA hai| vicAra magna aMjanA kA citra khIMcane ke lie unhoMne kaisI nIrava, AhaTahIna zailI kA prayoga kiyA hai- 'zeSa rAta ke zIrSa paMkhoM para dina utara rahA hai| AkAza meM tAre kumhalA gaye haiN| mAna sarovara kI caMcala lahariyoM meM koI adRSTa bAlikA apane sapanoM kI jAlI buna rahI hai| aura eka akelI haMsinI, usa phUTate hue pratyUSa meM se pAra ho rahI hai| vaha nIrava haMsinI, usa gulAbI Aloka-sa - sAgara meM akelI hI pAra ho rahI thii| vaha kyoM hai Aja 1. muktidUta - Amukha, pR0 14.

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-gadya-sAhitya kA zilpa-vidhAna 469 akelI?' aMjanA mAtRtva ke pada para AsIna hone ko hai to 'AkAza ke chora para kahIM zveta bAdaloM ke zizu kilaka rahe haiN|' usI ukti meM chandAtmaka sUcana kara diyA hai| usI prakAra nirAzA kI pratidhvani meM 'kahIM-kahIM nadI kI sataha para malina svarNAbhA meM vaibhava bujha rahA thaa|' 'pustaka kI bhASA isI bhUmikA aura vAtAvaraNa ke anurUpa sahaja saMskRta pradhAna hai| para likhate samaya mana, prANa aura iMdriyoM kI ekAgratA se bhAvagumphana ke lie rUpa, rasa, varNa, gandha aura dhvani ke vyaMjaka jo zabda anAyAsa lekhanI para A jAte haiM, unake viSaya meM hindI-saMskRta kA bheda kiyA nahIM jA sktaa| pratyeka zabda kI eka vizeSa anubhUti, citra, varNa aura vyaMjanA lekhaka ke mana meM vyApta hai| vizeSa bhAva ke tadanukUla citraNa ke lie zabda-vizeSa sahaja hI A jAtA hai aura kabhI-kabhI koza (Vocabulary) kI bhASA-abheda anivArya ho jAtI hai| 'muktidUta' meM bhI aisA hI huA hai| pravAha meM Aye hue aneka urdU zabdoM ko jAna-bUjhakara nikAlA nahIM gayA hai, yathA-parezAna, naz2ara, jalUsa, dIvAnakhAnA, kazamakaza, paravariza, saraMjAma, vacana aadi| pratyeka zabda apane sthAna para lakSaNA yA vyaMjanA kI sArthakatA meM svayaM siddha hai| aMgrejI kA 'reliMga' zabda lekhaka ne jAna-bUjhakara apanI vyaktigata ruci kI rakSA ke lie liyA hai, kyoMki lekhaka isa zabda meM lakSita padArtha kA eka adbhuta citraNa sauMdarya pAtA hai| apane bAvajUda, aura 'jo bhI ho' (yadyapi ke lie) kA lekhaka ne bAra-bAra prayoga kiyA hai| ye unakI viziSTa zailI ke aMga hai| isake sAtha hI 'yaha lo', 'are lo', kA prayoga bhI viziSTa bhAva pradarzana ke lie lekhaka ne bAra-bAra kiyA hai| 'jhAlanA' (pakar3anA) jaisA gujarAtI zabda bhI maujUda hai| usI prakAra eka-eka kriyA ke lie lekhaka anekAneka manabhAvana zabda citra khIMcane meM catura hai-zabdoM ke citere the zabda-khajAne ke svAmI hai-'avalokana' kI bhinna-bhinna avasthAoM ko unhoMne bhinna-bhinna zabdoM ke dvArA vyakta kiyA hai aura hara citraNa apanI jagaha sArthaka aura sundara hai| ve eka-eka vAkya meM kalpanA aura bhAvoM kA sAgara UMDela dete haiM, yathA-'samarpaNa kI dIpa zikhA-sI vaha apane Apa meM hI prajjvalita aura tallIna thii| 2. campaka aura bhuvadaNDoM para kamala-sI hatheliyoM meM karIMka kI AratiyA~ jhUla rahI haiN| 3. kapola pAlI meM phailI huI smita rekhA una A~khoM ke gahana barAre taToM meM jAne kitane rahasyoM se bharakara lIna ho gii| 1. muktidUta-Amukha, pR0 17, 18.

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470 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya 4. aMjanA kI samasta deha pighala kara mAno utsarga meM padma para eka adRzya bala kaNikA mAtra banI raha jAnA cAhatI hai| 5. bhAle meM phalaka-sA eka tIkSNa prazna kumAra kI chAtI meM camaka utthaa| "muktidUta' kI bhASA-zailI meM saMskRta ke tatsama zabdoM ke sAtha pracalita videzI zabdoM kA vyavahAra bhASA meM pravAha aura prabhAva donoM utpanna karatA hai| 'muktidUta' kI bhASA prasAda kI bhASA ke samAna sarasa, prAMjala, aura pravAha yukta hai| 'prasAda' ke pazcAta isI prakAra kI bhASA aura zailI kama upanyAsoM meM milegii|" yahA~ nemicandra zAstrI kA uparyukta kathana ucita nahIM hai| lekhaka ne apanI isa kRti ke rUpa, taMtra evaM vizeSatA para prakAza DAlate hue prastAvanA meM likhA hai ki-hindI ke lekhaka, Alocaka aura itihAsakAra ko ullekha yogya taka nahIM smjhaa| apane kathya meM yaha eka AdhyAtmika aura dArzanika mijAja kI kRti hai| rUpa tantra meM yaha paryApta rUpa se prayogazIla hai| hindI upanyAsa meM jaba prayogazIlatA anajAnI thI, taba 'muktidUta' ke lekhaka ne kAphI sUkSma manovaijJAnika cetanA, pravAha ke citraka aura pratIkAtmaka vyaMjanA ke udyotaka prayoga isa kRti meM kiye the| itanI sUkSmatA aura cetanA staroM kI gahana anveSaNa zIlatA, isase pUrva hindI upanyAsa meM virala hI dekhane meM AtI hai| matalaba kula milAkara yaha upanyAsa eka khAsI duruha racanA hai| zrI vIrendra kumAra jaina kA abhimata vaise saMpUrNa sahI hai lekina aMtima paMkti meM 'duruha racanA' kahakara kRti kA avamUlyana-sA kara diyA hai, kyoMki duruhatA kisI kRti kA guNa na hokara truTi hI kahI jaayegii| uddezya : ___ 'muktidUta' upanyAsa ko kevala jaina dharma ke siddhAntoM kA sAhityika pratipAdana karAnevAlI racanA samajhakara usakI jo avahelanA-upekSA kI gaI hai, vaha sacamuca duHkha kI bAta hai tathA kRti va kRtikAra ke prati akSamya aparAdha hai| isameM kevala jaina dharma kI nahIM mAnava dharma, vizva dharma va yuga dharma ke anekAneka cintana-vicArya pahaluoM para vizleSaNa kiyA gayA hai, gaharAI meM jAkara Adarza ratnoM ko nikAlA gayA hai, rAha DhUMDhI gaI hai, prakAza pAne kI koziza kI gaI hai| "muktidUta' hRdaya aura buddhi ke sAhityika prema aura ahaM ke yuddha meM vijayI hone vAle prema kA nirUpaNa karatA hai| 'muktidUta' avibhAjya 1. nemicandra zAstrI-hindI jaina sAhitya-parizIlana, pR0 74-75. 2. muktidUta-prastAvanA, pR. 26.

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-gadya-sAhitya kA zilpa-vidhAna 471 mAnavatA ko jisa dharma, prema aura mukti kA sandeza detA hai, vaha hRdaya kI anubhUtiyoM kA pratiphala hai aura isIlie usakA pratipAdana bahuta hI sIdhe aura sarala DhaMga se huA hai| lekhaka ne bahuta gahare DUba kara ina AbadAra motiyoM kA patA lagAyA hai|" bhautikatA ke isa yuga meM isake pIche daur3a lagAne se AdamI pAkara bhI saba kucha kho baiThatA hai, taba AdhyAtmitA, dharma va prakRti kI goda meM gaye binA koI cArA hI nahIM hai, vaha pavanaMjaya va aMjanA ke dvArA spaSTa hotA hai| "Aja ke yuga meM do ekAnta buddhivAda aura bhAvanA yA hRdayavAda-ahaMkAra aura Atma samarpaNa ke bhAgoM meM saMgharSa hai, vaha pavanaMjaya ke caritra meM sahaja hI vyakta huA hai| pavanaMjaya isa bAta kA pratIka hai ki vaha yathArtha ko bAhara se sIdhe pakar3akara usa para vijaya pAnA cAhatA hai| yahI ahaMkAra upavasA hai-Aja kA buddhivAda, bhautikavAda aura vijJAna kI anya sAhasika vRtti (Adventures) isI 'ahaM' ke pratiphala hai| vijJAna isa artha meM pratyakSa vastuvAdI hai| vaha iMndriya gocara tathya para vijaya pAne ko hI prakRti vijaya mAna rahA hai| yahIM usakI parAjaya siddha hotI hai| isI meM se upajatI hai hiMsA aura mahAyuddha; aura yahIM se utpanna hotA hai nikhila saMghAtakArI eTamabama" isake sAmane yuddha kI apekSA prakRti kI goda meM zAMti, sahakAra va vizva-prema kI mahattA ghoSita karane kA uddezya vyakta karatA hai 'muktidUta' upnyaas| isIlie to lekhaka ne 'Aja kI dizA hArA' mAnavatA ko yaha kRti samarpita kI hai, kyoMki Aja kI vikala mAnavatA ke lie 'muktidUta' svayaM 'muktidUta' hai, jisameM spaSTa kiyA gayA hai ki ahaM, tarka aura yuddha kI kArA se prema, sahiSNutA evaM samarpaNa-tyAga kA prakAza hI mukta karA sakatA hai| ___'muktidUta' ke bhItara pratIka rUpa se pAtroM ko rakhA hai| aMjanA prakRti kI pratIka hai, pavanaMjaya puruSa kA, usakA ahaMbhAva mAyA kA aura hanUmAna brahma kaa| Aja kA manuSya apane ahaM ke kAraNa buddhimAna aura zaktizAlI samajha kara buddhivAda ke bala para vijJAna kI utpatti dvArA prakRti para vijaya pAnA cAhatA hai lekina hAra kara satya samajhatA hai ki prakRti durjeya hai| prakRti para vijaya pAnA cAhatA hai lekina prakRti isake aise kAryakalApoM se zokAkula hokara upahAsa-sI karatI huI mAnoM kahatI hai-'puruSa (manuSya) sadA nArI (prakRti) ke nikaTa bAlaka hai| bhaTakA huA bAlaka avazya eka dina prakRti kI zaraNa meM lauTa 1. muktidUta-Amukha, pR. 18. * 2. muktidUta-prastAvanA, pR. 13.

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472 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya aayegaa|' aura sacamuca hotA bhI aisA hai| jaba bhautika saMgharSoM se manuSya Akula ho uThatA hai, thaka jAtA hai, taba vaha prakRti kI mahattA se paricita hokara usakI virAmadAyinI goda meM parama zAMti pAtA hai| mRdutA kI akSaya nidhi sI prakRti use apane sukomala aMka meM bhara letI hai, taba mAnava ke sammukha mAnavatA kA saccA svarUpa prakaTa hotA hai| pavanaMjaya ko ahiMsaka yuddha ke lie nyAya jisa pakSa meM ho usakI tarapha se hI lar3akara-cAhe vaha apanA virodhI pakSa hI kyoM na ho-sadA satya kA hI samarthana karane ke lie preraNA dene vAlI aMjanA ke caritra dvArA lekhaka ne spaSTa kiyA hai ki mahAyuddha kI vibhISikA aura saMhAra, ahiMsA aura saMyama se hI dUra kiyA jA sakatA hai| ahiMsA ko samajhate hue anyAya kA damana kara manuSya jaba punaH prakRti ke nikaTa AtA hai to use sahaja AnaMda kI prApti hotI hai| harSAtireka se 'prakRti puruSa meM lIna ho gaI, puruSa prakRti meM vyakta ho utthaa|' jisase prakRti kI sahaja sahAyatA se manuSya kA sAtha sadA brahma se banA rhe| mahAkavi prasAda kI 'kAmAyanI' bhI kyA yahI saMdeza nahIM detI? manu ke ahaM ko zraddhA kA vizvAsa, prema va samarpaNa hI galA sakatA hai, bhautikatA kI daur3a meM hArA-thakA puruSa (manu) prakRti zraddhA kI premamayI goda meM hI saccI zAMti prApta karatA hai, hRdaya kI uccatA aura cira AnaMda kI bhUmi para pahu~ca pAtA hai| Aja kI vyasta mAnavatA rUpI dAnavatA ke lie yahI mUla maMtra hai| jaba manuSya vijJAna ke vinAzakArI AviSkAroM kA aMcala chor3akara sRjanamayI prakRti ko pahacAnegA, tabhI use bhagavAna ke vAstavika svarUpa kI prApti hogI aura vizva meM mAnavatA kI vRddhi kara skegaa| lekhaka ne mAnavatA kA Adarza tyAga, saMyama aura ahiMsA ke samanvaya meM batalAyA hai| aupanyAsika tattvoM kI dRSTi se bhI eka do truTiyoM ke sivA anya sabhI rUpoM meM yaha zreSTha upanyAsa hameM saccI mAnavatA ke lie 'utsarga' karane kI bhAvanA kA saMdeza detA hai| jaina dharma ke 'mithyAtva darzana' siddhAnta kA sAhityika DhaMga se prastutIkaraNa lekhaka kA pramukha uddezya hone para bhI kiMcita khyAla nahIM jAtA ki lekhaka jaina dharma ke upadezaka yA vivecaka bana gaye haiN| jaina darzana meM samabhAva aura samAnatA kA siddhAnta atyanta mahatvapUrNa hai ki mAna-moha, rAga-dveSa, 'maiM-para' va ahaMkAra kA tyAga kara sabako samAna dRSTikoNa se zAnta bhAva se dekhanA-samajhanA caahie| yahI vicAradhArA unhoMne aMjanA ke caritra kI garimA vyakta karate hue usake mukha se vyakta kI hai-'apane ko bahuta mata mAno, kyoMki yahI sAre rogoM kI jar3a hai| mAnanA hI to mAna hai| mAna sImA hai, AtmA asIma hai aura

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-gadya-sAhitya kA zilpa-vidhAna 473 sarvavyApI hai| nikhila lokA-loka usameM samAyA hai| vastu mAtra usameM hai, tumhAre jJAna meM hai, bAhara se kucha pAnA nahIM hai| bAhara se pAne aura apanAne kI koziza lobha hai, yahA~ jo apanA hai, usI ko kho denA hai, usI ko para banA detA hai| mAna ne hameM choTA kara diyA hai, jAnane-dekhane kI zaktiyoM ko manda kara diyA hai| hama apane hI meM ghire rahate haiN| isI se coTa lagatI hai, duHkha hotA hai| isI se rAga hai, dveSa hai, ragar3a hai| sabako apane meM pAo-bhItara ke anubhava se paao| bAhara se gAne kI koziza mAyA hai, jhUTha hai, vAsanA hai| usI ko prabhu ne mithyAtva kahA hai| svarga, naraka mokSa saba tumhIM meM hai| unakA honA tumhAre jJAna para kAyama hai| kahA na ki tumhArA jIva sattA mAtra ke pramANa hai, vaha simaTa kara kSudra ho gayA hai, tumhAre 'maiM' ke kaarnn| 'maiM' ko miTAkara 'saba' bana jaao| jAnane dekhane kI tumhArI sabase bar3I zakti kA paricaya isI meM hai| kitanI sArvakAlika va sArvadezIya ucca vicAradhArA hai, jisakA AcaraNa yadi jIvana meM kiyA jAya to jIvana dhanya va sArthaka bana jAya; jIvana Adarzamaya va dRSTAMta rUpa ho sakatA hai| aMjanA ke AcAra va vicAra meM jaina darzana kI vicAradhArA sphuTa hotI hai| isa prakAra na kevala Adhunika jaina sAhitya ke lie, balki samUce hindI sAhitya ke lie gaurava samAna yaha upanyAsa apane AdhyAtmika uddezya meM pUrNataH paripUrNa hotA hai| balki bhASA-zailI, bhavya varNana, manovizleSaNAtmaka caritra-citraNa evaM utkRSTa gadya-zilpa vidhAna kI kasauTI para na kevala sahI utaratA hai, balki utkRSTa siddha hotA hai| vIrendra jI kA dUsarA Atma kathAtmaka zailI meM likhA upanyAsa 'anuttara yogI' (4 bhAgoM meM) ati samRddha aitihAsika aupanyAsika zailI meM likhA gayA hai, jo bhagavAna mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke 2500 varSa kI smRti-nimitta-sumana ke rUpa meM hindI jaina sAhitya ko bheMTa kiyA gayA hai| isameM bhI lekhaka ne manovaijJAnika vizleSaNAtmaka zailI, samRddha va sAhityika varNana-paramparA se puSTa AdhyAtmika ciMtana ko suSThu rUpa se prastuta kiyA hai| 'anuttara yogI' meM kavi lekhaka kI gUr3ha, sUkSma AdhyAtmika cetanA kA svara mAnavatAvAdI pariprekSya meM abhivyakta hotA hai| pratyeka pAtra kA cAritrika vizleSaNa anUThe rUpa se huA hai| vIrendra jaina kA sAhitya hindI sAhitya ke vivecaka-Alocaka yA itihAsakAra kI dRSTi meM nahIM A pAyA yaha nizcaya hI kheda kI bAta hai| aneka sAdhAraNa se sAhityakAroM kA paricaya dene meM hindI sAhitya kA itihAsa gaurava anubhava karatA hai, taba hindI jaina sAhitya ke acche-acche rasajJa-kavi, upanyAsakAra, 1. draSTavya-muktidUta-upanyAsa, pR0 77.

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Adhunika hindI - jaina sAhitya vidvAna nibaMdhakAra Adi ko aparicitatA ke aMdhakAra se bAhara nikAla kara lokapriyatA kA prakAza dilavAne kA yaza prApta karanA nahIM caahtaa| aise aneka jaina sAhitya ke sAhityakAroM kI racanA se hindI sAhitya kA AdhyAtmika-sAhitya bhaMDAra adhika puSTa va samRddha ho sakatA hai| 474 manovatI : jIvana kI viDambanAoM ko zAMti evaM prema se samAja jIvana ke saMgharSoM ko ahiMsAmaya vAtAvaraNa se yathAzakya dUra kara mAnava jIvana meM AdhyAtmika cetanA ko vikasita karane kA mukhya uddezya rocaka kathA vastu aura varNanoM ke dvArA karane kA jaina kathA sAhitya kara rahA thA aura Aja bhI karatA hai| Aja kA vyakti prAcIna yA nUtana kathA aMza ko Adhunika vAtAvaraNa meM par3hakara vikSubdha cita ko zAnta kara sAttvika AnaMda prApta kara sake, yahI uddezya dhArmika sAhitya kA rahatA hai aura isameM prAyaH saphalatA bhI prApta hotI hai| yadyapi jaina upanyAsa sAhitya abhI zaizavAvasthA meM hai| 'manovatI' zrI jainendrakizora dvArA likhita kAlpanika dhArmika upanyAsa hai, jo apanI kAlpanika, sarala, rocaka kathA vastu ke kAraNa pAThaka kA manoraMjana to karatA hai, lekina sAtha meM dhArmika vicAradhArA ke kAraNa unake hRdaya ko bhI udAracetA pAne kA anurodha karatA hai| isakI kathA vastu kA ullekha pahale hama kara cuke haiM, ataH yahA~ doharAne kI koI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| yahA~ hama kevala pUre gadya sAhitya kI zilpa - vidhi, bhASA-zailI, varNana, uddezyAdi kA hI vizeSata: vivecana karanA abhISTa smjheNge| jainendrakizora jI kA yaha prathama prayAsa hone se svAbhAvika hai ki caritra-citraNa aura kathopakathana meM tIvratA - mArmikatA kA abhAva raha gayA ho, phira bhI aupanyAsika vikAsa krama kI dRSTi se isakA kAphI mahatva hai| 'manovatI' kA caritra pramukha hone se usakA manovizleSaNAtmaka DhaMga se prastutIkaraNa kiyA gayA hai| unake sAmane anya sabhI pAtra daba se gaye haiN| eka do jagaha apane pitA se spaSTa nirbhIkatA pUrNa bAteM karanA kucha apratItikara avazya lagatA hai, phira bhI lekhaka ne usa pAtra kI vizeSatAoM ko acche DhaMga se prastuta kiyA hai| ratanasena kA caritra adhika vizvasanIya sthiti meM huA hai| vaise manovatI ke sAmane vaha ubhara nahIM pAtA hai| guNoM kI khAna - sI manovatI ke sAmane vaibhava se ahaMkArI bane hue buddhisena kA vyavahAra kRtrima aura avaijJAnika-sA jaMcatA hai, kyoMki buddhisena jaise sadAcArI aura vinayI vyakti kA mAnasika

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-gadya-sAhitya kA zilpa-vidhAna 475 patana svAbhAvika kAraNa va paristhitiyoM meM honA caahie| lekhaka ne parivartana tvarita vega se dikhalAyA hai, jisase asvAbhAvikatA A gaI hai| jainendra kizora jI ne 'kamalinI', satyavatI, sukumAla aura 'zaratakumArI' nAmaka aura bhI dhArmika upanyAsa likhe haiM, lekina ye upalabdha nahIM haiN| "manovatI' kI bhASA-zailI : isa upanyAsa meM prabhAvotpAdakatA kA abhAva hai| manobhAvoM kI abhivyaMjanA karane ke lie jisa sajIva aura prabhAvapUrNa bhASA kI AvazyakatA hotI hai, usakA isameM prayoga nahIM kiyA gayA hai| + + + bhASA calatI-phiratI hai| aneka sthaloM para liMga doSa bhI vidyamAna hai| jahA~ eka ora tar3akI, sunaharI, boti, kharA, parAkha, dikhoA Adi dezI zabda paryApta mAtrA meM pAye jAte haiM, vahA~ dUsarI ora AfatAba, mahatAba, murAda, phasAda, kartRta, khAtiradArI, hAsila, hatAza Adi arabI-phArasI ke zabdoM kI bhI bharamAra hai| ArA nivAsI hone ke kAraNa bhojapurI kA prabhAva bhI bhASA para hai| phira bhI bolacAla kI bhASA hone ke kAraNa zailI meM saralatA A gaI hai| isI prakAra unake 'sukumAla' upanyAsa kI bhASA zailI ke sambaMdha meM kahA jA sakatA hai| zailI kI rocakatA evaM bhASA kI svAbhAvika saralatA ke kAraNa janma-punarjanma kI kathA hone para bhI pAThaka ko par3hane kA AkarSaNa rahatA hai| uparyukta kucheka prApta racanAoM kA zailI viSayaka nirIkSaNa-parIkSaNa karane se yaha bhAvanA sahaja jAgRta ho jAtI hai ki cAhe yaha vizAla mAtrA meM upalabdha nahIM hai, yA cAhe Adhunika hindI sAhitya meM prayukta nUtana zailIgata vividhatA, bhASA-zailI kI sUkSmatA yA gaharAI, manovaijJAnika antarbAhya vizleSaNAdi kA prasAra-pracAra jaina upanyAsa sAhitya meM upalabdha na ho to bhI isakA apanA viziSTa mahatva hai| manoraMjana tathA uccatama sAhitya kI dRSTi se utkRSTa nahIM hone para bhI AdhyAtmika cetanA va sad-tattvoM ke prasAra ke lie aise sAhitya kA sthAna kAphI U~cA hai| ratnendu : ___muni zrI tilaka vijaya jI ne isa upanyAsa kI racanA kI hai| yadi ve isI dizA meM Age bar3hate to avazya jaina upanyAsa sAhitya ko samRddha kara pAte jaina muni hone se atyanta svAbhAvika hai ki AdhyAtmika zikSA ke pracAra-prasAra kA uddezya rahatA hai tathA apane dharma ke vicAra-AcAra kA jana-mAnasa meM phailAne ke lakSya ko siddha karane ke lie unhoMne rocaka upanyAsa kA sRjana karake 1. nemicandra zAstrI : hindI jaina sAhitya parizIlana-bhAga 2, pR. 60.

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476 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya adhyAtmaka-viSaya ko spaSTa kiyA hai| phira bhI kahIM rasa-kSati yA ukatAhaTa Ane nahIM pAI hai| rocaka kathA vastu (jo hama pahale dekha cuke haiM) pAtroM kA sundara vizleSaNAtmaka caritra-citraNa, varNanoM kI sundaratA, bhAvavAhI AkarSaka kathopakathana ke sAtha muni zrI ne isake gaThana meM aMzamAtra bhI zithilatA nahIM Ane dI hai| pravAhAnukUla bhASA kI sazaktatA sarvatra vidyamAna hai| isa upanyAsa kI zilpa viSayaka mahattA, yogyatA dekhakara avazya pratIta hotA hai ki Tekanika kI saphalatA se 'ratnendu' upanyAsa sajja hone se pAThaka ko apanI ora AkarSita karane meM saphala rahatA hai| upanyAsa meM prArambha meM hI hama nAyaka ratnendu ko apane sAthiyoM ke sAtha zikArArtha jaMgala meM jAte samaya usakI capalatA, kAryakSamatA, dhairya aura sphurti kA saMvAda ke dvArA patA pA lete haiM tathA usakI vIratA kA paricaya usake bichur3e sAthI jayapAla kI bAtacIta se milatA hai| vaha ratnendu ke bichur3a jAne se bhayabhIta anya sAthiyoM se kahate haiM-'nahIM, nahIM, yaha bAta kabhI nahIM ho sktii| Apake vicAroM ko hamAre hRdaya meM bilkula avakAza nahIM mila sktaa| ve kisI hiMsra jAnavara ke paMje meM A jAya, yaha sarvathA asaMbhava hai| kyoMki mujhe unakI vIratA aura kalA-kuzalatA kA bhalI-bhAMti paricaya hai|' isa kathana meM ratnendu kI vIratA, dhIratA jayapAla kA apane sAthI-mitra ratnendu para aTUTa bharosA to prakaTa hotA hI hai, sAtha hI sAtha kathAvastu kaise Age bar3hatI hai, yaha jAnane kI jijJAsA bhI pAThaka ko Age par3hane ke lie utsuka banA detA hai| usI prakAra isI samaya jaMgala meM adhora kApAlika dvArA uThAI gaI satI padminI kA ratnendu ke nAma ke sAtha karuNa krandana sunAI par3atA hai aura ratnendu usakI rakSA hetu usa dizA meM jAtA hai, jahA~ se rodana sunAI par3atA thaa| padminI ke teja, saundarya aura Atma bala kA paricaya bhI lekhaka ne pratyakSa na dekara saMvAda ke mAdhyama se karavAyA hai, jo adhika grAhya hai| lekhaka ko isakI kathAvastu va caritra-citraNa meM to saphalatA prApta huI hai lekina zilpa-vidhAna bhI kAphI mahatvapUrNa hai| 'yaha upanyAsa jIvana ke tathya kI abhivyaMjanA karatA hai| ghaTanAoM kI pradhAnatA hai| lekhaka ne pAtroM ke caritra ke bhItara baiThakara jhAMkA hai, jisase caritra mUrtimAna ho uThe haiN| bhASA viSaya, bhAva, vicAra, pAtra aura paristhiti ke anukUla parivartita hotI gaI hai| yadyapi bhASA sambaMdhI aneka bhUleM isameM raha gaI haiM, to bhI bhASA kA pravAha akSuNNa hai|' 1. nemicandra zAstrI-hindI jaina sAhitya-parizIlana, pR0 63.

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-gadya-sAhitya kA zilpa-vidhAna 477 kathA-sAhitya : pIche hama ullekha kara Aye haiM ki hindI sAhitya meM upanyAsa va kahAnI donoM kathA-sAhitya ke aMtargata samAviSTa kiye jAte haiM, jabaki jaina sAhitya meM aisA nahIM hai| yahA~ upanyAsa aura kathA-sAhitya ko pRthak-pRthak svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai| Adhunika yuga meM hama pazcimI sAhitya kI Tekanika se vizeSa prabhAvita haiM, vizeSakara varNana, caritra-citraNa, zilpa vidhAna va gaThana meN| kabhIkabhI yaha bhramavaza mAnA jAtA hai ki kahAnI kA bar3A rUpa upanyAsa yA upanyAsa kA laghu rUpa kahAnI hai, lekina yaha galataphahamI hai| kahAnI apane Apa meM eka nUtana svataMtra vidhA hai, jisane atyanta alpa samaya meM zlAghanIya pragati sAdha lI hai| 'gadya-kathA-sAhitya ke eka anyatama bheda ke rUpa meM kahAnI sabase adhika kisI aMza meM upanyAsa se bhI adhika lokapriya sAhityika rUpa hai| Adhunika hindI sAhitya meM yaha rUpa bhI baMgalA ke mAdhyama se pAzcAtya sAhitya se AyA hai| + + + + kathA sAhitya ke uparyukta bar3e rUpoM se kahAnI kI bhinnatA itanI hI nahIM hai ki usakA kathAnaka bahuta choTA hai aura ghaTanA-prasaMga aura dRzya tathA pAtra aura unakA caritra-citraNa atyanta nyUna, sUkSma aura saMkSipta hotA hai; varan kahAnI prastuta karane meM lekhaka ke dRSTikoNa se tathA kahAnI kA vAtAvaraNa arthAt samasta kahAnI meM parivyApta sAmAnya manodazA se usake zilpa vidhAna meM aisI aikyatA aura prabhAvAnviti A jAtI hai, jo kahAnI kI nijI nidhi hai aura usake rUpAtmaka vyaktitva kI pRthakatA prakaTa karatI hai|' yadyapi kahAnI ke uparyukta tattva paraspara abhinna rUpa meM saMpRkta hokara pratyeka kahAnI meM nyUnAdhika rUpa se vartamAna rahate haiN| kisI kahAnI meM caritra, kisI meM kathAvastu, kisI meM kevala vAtAvaraNa yA anya tattva ko pradhAnatA dete hue zeSa ko apekSAkRta kama mahatva diyA jAtA hai| kahAnI ke kisI eka tattva para bala dene ke kAraNa usameM itanI adhika rUpAtmaka vividhatA pAI jAtI hai ki kabhI-kabhI yaha parakhanA kaThina ho jAtA hai ki kahAnI, nibaMdha, saMsmaraNa, rekhAcitra yA cuTakale ke samIpa rahatA hai| kahAnI meM vyApaka mAnavIya satyoM kA anveSaNa yA udghATana sUkSmatA se kiyA jAtA hai, sthUlatA ke lie yahA~ avakAza nahIM hotaa| samaya kI vyavastatA ke kAraNa eka hI baiThaka meM baiThakara pAThaka ise samApta kara manoraMjana aura saMtoSa prApta kara sake yaha kahAnI kI mUlabhUta zarta yA AvazyakatA rahatI hai| jIvana ke kisI bhI satya, anubhUta tattva kA udghATana kahAnIkAra kuzalatA se kathA ke sUkSma mAdhyama ke dvArA karatA hai| 1. draSTavya-hindI sAhitya koza, pR0 211.

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478 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya vAtAvaraNa va paristhitiyoM kA bhI byorevAra nahIM, saMketAtmaka varNana vAMchanIya hotA hai| apane Apa meM gaThana kI custatA ke kAraNa kahAnI ko kisI kA laghu rUpa na svIkAra kara apanI vizeSatAoM ke bala para sarvAdhika manoraMjana pradAna karane vAlI sAhityika vidhA ke rUpa meM mahatva prApta hai| gadya kathA sAhitya ke isa rUpa kA apekSAkRta alpakAla meM hI itanA zaktizAlI vikAsa huA hai ki usakI nape tule zabdoM meM paribhASA nahIM dI jaatii| kevala itanA kahakara saMtoSa prApta karanA par3atA hai ki kahAnI gadya sAhitya kA saMkSipta, atyanta susaMghaTita aura apane meM pUrNa rocaka kathA rUpa hai| lekhaka aura pAThaka ke bIca kar3I rUpa yaha vidhA sAhitya kA sabase svAbhAvika aura svacchanda rUpa hai| isake ananta prakAra alikhita rUpa meM bhI calate haiN| prANa vAyu kI taraha yaha Avazyaka mAnI jAtI hai| usakA likhita rUpa bhI kisI na kisI taraha hamArI sAhityika ceSTA kA abhinna aMga hai| usameM agaNita prayoga hue haiM aura hote rheNge| mAnavIya preSaNa kA vaha saralatama rUpa ho sakatI hai aura jaTila va ulajhA huA bhii| vaha atyanta vyavasthita abhivyakti kA rUpa dhAraNa kara sakatI hai, to atyanta zithila bhii| 'sacce kahAnIkAra ke hAtha meM kahAnI, kathAnaka, vikAsa aura pariNati Adi usake tathA kathita mUla tattvoM se sambaMdha usake kalA-siddhAntoM ke kisI bhI jhamele meM na par3akara atyanta prabhAvazAlI bana sakatI hai| ye tatva upayogI bhI ho sakate haiN| aura vyartha bhI, prazna kevala lekhaka kA hai| lekhaka kahAnI kalA ke niyama apane lie nirmita karatA hai, apanI zailI ke dvArA hI vaha apanI saphalatA yA asaphalatA pramANita karatA hai| viSaya aura vAtAvaraNa kI dRSTi se jahA~ prAcIna kahAnI meM rAjA, rAjakumAra aura rAjakumAriyoM kI praNaya kathAoM ke Adhikya para, mAnava ke bAhya kriyA-kalApa va svabhAva ke varNana para dRSTi rahatI hai tathA saMyoga, Akasmika ghaTanAoM se kutUhala, Azcarya jijJAsA ko zAnta karane kI pravRtti kI atiraMjakatA tathA prema vRtti kI ekachatratA hai, vahA~ Adhunika kahAnI meM sAmAjika samAnatA kI pravRtti ke kAraNa samAja kI sabhI saMsthAoM, varNoM aura vargoM ke manuSya ke vyaktigata jIvana kI sAdhAraNa ghaTanAoM ko kahAnI kA viSaya banAyA gayA hai, saMyoga aura daivI ghaTanAoM ko kathAnaka ke vikAsa meM kevala sAdhana mAtra (sAdhya nahIM) mAnA gayA hai, prema ke sAtha anya pravRttiyoM se citraNa para bhI dhyAna diyA gayA hai, mAnava ko deva-dAnavoM jaisI ati bhautika sattAoM ke hAtha kA krIr3A-kanduka nahIM banAyA gayA hai, unakI pravRttiyoM kA manovaijJAnika citraNa kiyA gayA hai aura jIvana meM mahata 1. hindI sAhitya koza, pR. 213.

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-gadya-sAhitya kA zilpa-vidhAna 479 tathyoM va zAzvata satyoM kA bhI udghATana kiyA gayA hai|' zailI kI dRSTi se jahA~ prAcIna kahAnI kA prAraMbha sIdhe-sAde niyamita aura vyavasthita DhaMga se hotA thA, vahA~ Adhunika kahAnI kathAnaka ke kisI bhI sthala se prAraMbha ho sakatI hai| yahI usakI vakratA yA vicitratA hai aura usameM citraNa kI pravRtti adhika hai| dUsare jahA~ prAcIna kahAnI varNana-pradhAna hotI thI, vahA~ Adhunika kahAnI rUpakoM aura pratIkoM kA sahArA lekara kalAtmaka hotI jA rahI hai| usakI zailI meM nirantara vikAsa hotA jA rahA hai| zailI kI dRSTi se Adhunika kAla kI kahAnI varNana se citraNa, citraNa se vizleSaNa aura vizleSaNa se sUkSma vizleSaNa kI ora bar3ha rahI hai tathA viSaya kI dRSTi se pratyakSa aura apratyakSa samasyAoM ke antarmana ke saMgharSoM aura rahasyoM kI ora pragati kara rahI hai| kahAnI ke kathAvastu, pAtra va caritra-citraNa, kathopakathana, dezakAlavAtAvaraNa, bhASA zailI aura uddezya Adi vibhinna tattva haiM, lekina zailI tattva kahAnI kalA kA vaha mahatvapUrNa tattva hai ki usake anya tattvoM kA upayoga apane vidhAna meM karatA hai| phalataH usameM eka taraha se vidhAna kI spaSTa vyaMjanA hai| kahAnI kalA meM rUpavidhAna ke cAturya aura hasta-lAghava kA sabase bar3A prabhAva isI zailI ke antargata dekhA jAtA hai| eka taraha se isa kalA meM isake bhAva pakSa kI saphalatA kalA pakSa ke adhIna hai aura. kalA pakSa ke antargata zailI tattva sabase adhika mahatvapUrNa hai| 'bhASA-zailI gadya kI vaha kalAtmakatA hai jisake vividha prayoga aura rUpoM se kahAnIkAra apane bhAva-citroM ko mUrta karatA hai| zailI ke rUpa vidhAna pakSa ke antargata kahAnI nirmANa kI vibhinna praNAliyA~ AtI haiM, jaise-aitihAsika zailI, patrAtmaka zailI, nATakIya zailI, Atmacarita zailI, DAyarI zailI aura mizrita shailii| __ jaina kathA-sAhitya meM do prathA pAI jAtI hai, eka to saMpUrNa racanA eka hI kathA vastu ko lekara likhI gaI hotI hai jaise-surasuMdarI, khanakakumAra, satI damayantI, mahAsatI sItA Adi aura dUsare meM kahAnI sAhitya kI bhAMti bhinna-bhinna kahAniyoM ke saMgraha prApta hote haiN| inameM jainendrakumAra jaina, udayalAla kAzalIvAla, bhagavatasvarUpa jaina, pro. rAjakumAra sAhityAcArya, DA. jagadIzacandra jaina, DA. jyoticandra jaina, kAmatAprasAda jaina, zrI bAlacandra jaina, bAbU kRSNalAla varmA, pro. mahendrakumAra nyAyAcArya, ayodhyAprasAda goyalIya, balabhadra jI 'nyAyatIthaM' Adi kA nAma kAphI mahatvapUrNa haiN| vaise abhI isa kSetra meM bahuta kucha karane ko 1. hindI sAhitya koza, pR. 216. 2. vahI, pR. 221.

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480 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya bAkI hai, kAphI sAmagrI kA upayoga bAkI hai| phira bhI jitanA kArya ho cukA hai, vaha bhI ullekhanIya hai| upalabdha kathA-sAhitya ke zilpa vidhAna ke viSaya meM pratyeka kRti lekara sabhI kI carcA yahA~ saMbhava nahIM hai, lekina samagratayA saMkSepa meM vivecana ucita hogaa| prAcIna Agama granthoM meM se kathA vastu grahaNa karake 'bRhata kathA koza', 'ArAdhanA-kathA koza', 'do hajAra varSa purAnI kathAe~' Adi anUdita sAhitya likhA gayA hai, lekina inakI bhASA zailI evaM prastutIkaraNa Adhunika hI rahA hai| DA. jagadIzacandra jaina ne una purAnI kathAoM ko sundara svAbhAvika bhASA-zailI se sajAkara prastuta kiyA hai| isa grantha kI bhUmikA para prakAza DAlate hue AcArya hajArI prasAda dvivedI ne yathArtha hI likhA hai ki-'saMgrahIta kahAniyA~ bar3I sarasa hai| DA. jaina ne ina kahAniyoM ko bar3e sahaja DhaMga se likhA hai| isalie ye bahuta sahaja pAThya ho gaI haiN| ina kahAniyoM meM kahAnIpana kI mAtrA itanI adhika hai ki hajAroM varSa se na jAne kitane kahane vAloM ne inheM kitane DhaMga se aura kitanI prakAra kI bhASA meM kahA hai, phira bhI inakA rasa bodha jyoM kA tyoM banA hai| sAdhAraNataH logoM kA vizvAsa hai ki jaina sAhitya bahuta nIrasa hai| ina kahAniyoM ko cunakara DA. jaina ne yaha dikhA diyA hai ki jainAcArya bhI apane gahana tattva vicAroM ko sarasa karake kahane meM apane brAhmaNa aura bauddha sAthiyoM se kisI prakAra pIche nahIM rahe haiN| sahI bAta to yaha hai ki jaina paMDitoM ne aneka kathA aura prabaMdha kI pustakeM bar3I sahaja bhASA meM likhI haiN|' pro0 rAjakumAra ne bhI prAcIna graMthoM se anuvAda kiyA hai, lekina yaha anuvAda mUla-kA-sA AnaMda detA hai| bRhat-kathA-koza kA unhoMne sarala aura susambaddha bhASA meM anuvAda kiyA hai jisameM mUla bhAvoM ko akSuNNa rakhate hue bhI rocakatA ko aMzataH bhI naSTa nahIM hone diyA hai| Adhunika hindI sAhitya meM hameM kahAnI sAhitya jisa rUpa meM prApta hotA hai, usameM yugadarzana evaM mAnava darzana kI sUkSma se sUkSmatama mAnasika cetanA ko manovizleSaNAtmaka DhaMga se prastuta karate hue vividha lokapriya nUtana zailI ke rUpa pAye jAte haiN| kevala choTI-sI ghaTanA lekara cAritrika vizeSatAoM kA nirUpaNa karatI huI, kahIM ekAdha-do pAtroM kI mAnasika samasyA, bhAvanA, dvandva, Adi ko vyakta karatI huI, kahIM pragativAdI kahAniyA~ to, kahIM naye-naye zailIgata prayoga se lipta, apane naye rUpa-raMga-DhaMga ke sAtha prakAzita hajAroM kI "saMkhyA meM kahAniyoM kA rasAsvAda yA AlocanA-vivecanA kara pAte haiN| unameM 1. DA. jagadIzacandra jaina racita-do hajAra varSa purAnI kathAe~-kI bhUmikA se|

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-gadya-sAhitya kA zilpa-vidhAna 481 viSayagata vividhatA bhI pAI jAtI hai, jaise-mano vizleSaNAtmaka sAmAjika, aitihAsika, AdhyAtmika, rAjakIya, aadi| kahAnI ke kSetra meM hindI-sAhitya ne vikAsa kA itanA sarvocca zikhara sara kara liyA hai ki usakI dina-pratidina kI hirana gati se Azcarya hue binA nahIM rhtaa| anya bhASAoM se anUdita kahAnI sAhitya kI to eka alaga sRSTi racI jA sakatI hai| maulika sarjanA meM bhI pAzcAtya prabhAva ko grahaNa kara Adhunika yuga meM anekoM kahAnIkAra ke nAma ginAye jA sakate haiN| yahA~ hamArA uddezya Adhunika hindI kahAnI kA vizleSaNa karane kA nahIM hai| kevala eka iMgita hI paryApta hogA ki jaisA vAtAvaraNa, viSaya-vaividhya, bhASA-zailI, nUtana cAritrika vizleSaNAtmaka paddhati, kathA vastu kA cayana, saMvAdoM kI tIvratA yA mArmikatA hama hindI kahAnI sAhitya meM dekha sakate haiM, aisI AzA jaina kathA-sAhitya se rakhanA asaMgata rhegaa| kyoMki yaha sAhitya eka nizcita sImA se maryAdita hai, kathA vastu bhI prAcIna hone se Adhunika vAtAvaraNa, samAja, yuga va mAnavadarzana kI jhAMkI yA vizleSaNa saMbhava nahIM ho pAtA aura uddezya, bhI dhArmika prasAra-pracAra kA hone se kahIM-kahIM upadezAtmakatA yA dhArmika tattvoM kA nirUpaNa jhalaka par3anA svAbhAvika hai, isakI acchAI yA kamI ke bAvajUda bhii| bhASA-zailI to yahI Adhunika khar3I bolI prayukta hotI hai, lekina isameM bhI bhASA ke nUtana prayoga yA zailI kI vividhatA kA camatkAra yahA~ kama hI dekhA jAyegA, kyoMki sabhI kA AdhAra sthala eka hai| phira bhI aisA karane kA katipaya irAdA nahIM hai ki upalabdha Adhunika kathA-sAhitya utkRSTa koTi kA nahIM hai| bahuta sI racanAoM se rasAsvAdana evaM AdhyAtmika AMnada prApta hotA hai| dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki ucca koTi kA vidvAna sAhityakAra cAhe prAcIna viSaya vastu ko grahaNa kare yA Adhunika viSaya vastu yA vAtAvaraNa grahaNa kare, usakI maulikatA, tArkikatA bhAvoM kI samRddhi tathA Tekanika kI sUjha-saphalatA abhivyakta hue binA kabhI nahIM rhegii| jaina sAhitya ko bhI aise racanAkAra mile haiM jinako pAkara jaina sAhitya apane ko dhanya mAna sakatA hai| jaina kathAoM meM bAhya kriyA-kalApa, vividha ghaTanAe~, dhArmika vAtAvaraNa tathA rasamaya kathopakathana se pAThaka kI jijJAsA vRtti nirantara utsuka banI rahatI hai evaM rasAsvAdana prApta hotA hai| inameM kahIM-kahIM to prAcIna kathA vastu ke sAtha navIna vAtAvaraNa, samAja racanA evaM mAnava hRdaya ke kriyA-vyApAroM ke sUkSma mArmika vivecana parokSa yA pratyakSa prApta hotA hai| jainendra kumAra jaina, bhagavatasvarUpa jaina, bAlacandra jaina ke kathA-sAhitya meM hama Tekanika kI kuzalatA ke sAtha mAnava-jagata kI samAnatA, samabhAva,

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482 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya lokavAhI Atma vizleSaNa ke sAtha anya caritroM ke kriyA-kalApoM kA nirIkSaNa pAte haiM aura kathA vastu prAcIna yA aitihAsika hone para bhI nUtana zilpa vidhAna prakaTa hue binA nahIM rhtaa| __hindI jaina kathA-sAhitya ke prastutIkaraNa ke prayAsa prAyaH eka samAna haiM, phira bhI kisI ne kathA vastu ko upadezAtmaka zailI meM prastuta kiyA hai, athavA AcAra-vicAra sambaMdhI vivaraNa dene kA utsAha pradarzita kiyA hai, vaise aise lekhakoM kI saMkhyA kama hai| bAbU kAmatA prasAda jI ke kathA-sAhitya meM upadezAtmaka vicAradhArA spaSTa rUpa se milatI hai, phira bhI unakI bhASA zailI vizuddha sAhityika hai| bAbU kRSNalAla varmA ke kathA-sAhitya kI bhASA zailI atyanta marmasparzI, tIvra bhAvoM kI pUrNa abhivyakti karane vAlI bana pAI hai| 'mahAsatI sItA' meM nArada jI apane apamAna kA badalA lene ke lie vyAkula hokara bar3abar3Ate hue kahate haiM-"hU~! yaha durdazA, yaha atyAcAra! nArada se aisA vyvhaar| ThIka hai| vyAdhiyoM ko dekha luuNgaa| sItA! sItA! tujhe dhana-yauvana kA garva hai, usa garva ke kAraNa tUne nArada kA apamAna kiyA hai| acchA hai! nArada apamAna kA badalA lenA jAnatA hai| nArada thor3e hI dinoM meM tujhe isakA phala cakhAyegA aura aisA phala cakhAyegA ki jisake kAraNa tU janma bhara taka hRdaya-vedanA se jalatI rhegii|' ___ ina upalabdha kathA saMgrahoM meM bahuta-sI kathAoM ke prAraMbha tathA anta meM dhArmika DhaMga se upadeza-sArAMza kI paddhati bhI dekhI jAtI hai, jisase pAThaka kucha bodha grahaNa kara ske| lekina aise tarIke se rocaka kathA vastu se yukta sundara kathA anta meM nIrasa bana jAtI hai| 'mokSa mArga kI saccI kahAniyA~' (bhAga 1-2) meM mohanalAla zAstrI jI ne prAyaH sabhI kahAniyoM ke prAraMbha aura aMta meM isa prathA kA sahArA liyA hai| jaise 'vAriSeNakumAra kI kahAnI' bahuta sundara hai, usake aMta meM likhA hai-'satya hai, puNyavAna manuSya para kitanI hI vipatti kyoM na Aye, vaha kSaNa bhara meM hara jAtI hai| isalie hama sabako ucita hai ki acaurya vrata grahaNa kara puNya kA saMcaya kre| aise hI 'vajrakumAra muni ke samAna hama sabako dharma kI prabhAvanA bar3hAnA cAhie aura dAna, pUjA, zIla, saMyama, rathotsava dharmopadeza Adi ke dvArA jaina dharma kI unnati karanA caahie| 'hiMsaka jIvoM ko dhana zrI ke samAna donoM janma meM du:kha bhoganA par3atA hai| yaha jAnakara hiMsA kA tyAga karanA caahie| 'sAdhu bheSadhArI cora kI kahAnI' meM lekhaka ne sIdhe hI 'sArAMza rUpa' meM likhA hai-'sArAMza-corI mahA pApa hai| isa 1. mohanalAla zAstrI-mokSa mArga kI saccI kahAniyA~, pR. 38-39. 2. vahI, pR. 31. 3. vahI, pR. 43.

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-gadya-sAhitya kA zilpa-vidhAna 483 bhava meM aura parabhava meM duHkhadAyaka hai| aisA jAnakara corI nahIM karanI caahie|'' sabhI kathAoM meM aisA nahIM pAyA jAtA hai| sadguNoM ke vikAsa evaM bure tattvoM yA durguNoM se bacane ke lie jo vicAradhArA hotI hai, use bahuta hI kuzalatA evaM vizleSaNAtmaka DhaMga se bhagavat svarUpa jI jaina ke kathA saMgrahoM meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai, jise par3hakara mana prasannatA ke sAtha AdhyAtmika vicAradhArA kA AnaMda bhI uThA sakatA hai| unhoMne apanI pratyeka kahAnI ke prAraMbha meM kahAnI meM marmarUpa meM aisI paMktiyA~ rakhI haiM, jo kahAnI ke kathA bindu kI ora bhI saMketa karatI haiM aura sAtha meM suvicAra rUpa ciMtana kaNikA bhI prastuta karatI haiN| eka-do dRSTAnta isake lie kAphI hoMge-'Atma zodha' kahAnI ke zIrSaka ke Upara unhoMne saMkSepa meM likhA hai-'manuSya, strI Adi ke lie kyA-kyA 'pApa' nahIM karatA, yahA~ taka ki jAna dene ko taiyAra ho jAtA hai| kintu ..... ve usako kitanA cAhate haiM, yaha rahasya khulatA hai, jaba moha kA pardA dUra hotA hai|' (pR. 67) 'zuddha aura azuddha prema meM antara hI itanA hai ki-eka meM karuNA, kRpA, sahAnubhUti, tyAga aura saralatA kI svargIya sugandha AtI hai| aura eka meM-vAsanA, svArtha, ghRNA aura kalaha-kapaTa kI nArakIya durgndh|' isa kahAnI kA prAraMbha bhI atyanta kutUhalapUrNa hai-AkarSaka zailI meM purAnI kathA vastu ko prastuta kara kahAnI ko nayA rUpa pradAna karane kI kSamatA bhagavata jI meM pracura mAtrA meM hai, yathA ___ 'acAnaka prabhava kI najara sumitra para par3I, to tabiyata bAga-bAga ho gii| cillAyA jora se-kahA~ chipe rahe itane dinoM-dosta! mAra DAlA yaar| tumane to| DhUMDhate-DhUMDhate nAkoM dama A gyaa|' lekhaka choTI-choTI ceSTA yA vyavahAra ko bahuta hI svAbhAvikatA tathA manovaijJAnika DhaMga se prabhAvAtmaka rUpa se prastuta karane meM nipuNa haiN| 'antardvandva' meM sumitra aura prabhava do mitroM ke bIca meM eka strI vanamAlA A gaI ki 'gaharI dostI ke bIca meM A gaI vanamAlA-yA kaho strI kA aakrssnn| strI kA AkarSaNa ho yA rUpa kI shraab| rUpa kI zarAba kaho yA kAma baann| aura usa tAkata ne prabhava ko kaha diyA, paagl| bhUla gayA vaha heyAheya, ucita-anucita aura apane Apako bhI-kAmI meM jJAna kahA~ ? jaise digambaratva ke bhItara chala-chadma nahIM, vikAra nhiiN| dArzanikatA ko bhI kAvyAtmaka zailI evaM madhura bhASA meM prastuta karane kI vizeSatA jaina jI kI kathAoM meM pAI jAtI hai-yathA1. mohanalAla zAstrI-mokSamArga kI saccI kahAniyA~, pR. 57. 2. bhagavata jaina-antardvandva, pR. 81. 3. bhagavata jaina-antardvandva, pR. 85.

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Adhunika hindI - jaina sAhitya 'mahArAja kucha dera ve kruddha dRSTi se dekhate rahe usakI or| phira sahasA unakI mukhAkRti saumya hotI gaI / 484 socane lage - ' pApa / bar3A zaktizAlI hai tU / eka kSaNa meM kucha kA kucha kara sakatA hai, eM? aura duniyA meM rahakara tujhase bacanA bhI to AsAna nahIM hai hara kisI ko ? taba ? pApa ke bhaya ne mahArAja ke mu~ha ko mlAna kara diyaa| ve ciMtita se, duHkhita se usa vilAsa - bhavana meM cahalakadamI karane lage, jahA~ kucha samaya pahale AnaMda kI haMsI haMsa rahe the| kSaNa-bhaMgura vizva !! anAyAsa mahArAja ke muMha se nikalA-'pApa burA hai|" jIvana ko saphala banAne kI kuMjI rUpa vicAroM ko bhI kabhI bhagavata kI kathA zailI meM hai - 'Atma bodha' / kahAnI ke prAraMbha kA aMza dekhie yA pratijJApAlana' kA zIrSaka vAkya dekheM - ' ve saba bAteM kiijie| jinheM Atmonnati ke icchuka kAma meM lAyA karate haiN| dina-rAta IzvarAdhana, dayA-dAna, svAdhyAya, AtmaciMtana aura kaThina vratopavAsa karate rahie / lekina taba taka vaha 'saba kucha' nahIM mAnA jA sakatA, jaba taka ki 'Atma bodha' prApta na ho jaay| ' 2 'dRr3hatA aura niSThApUrvaka jo bhI kArya kiyA jAtA hai, cAhe choTA ho yA bar3A, usakA phala avazya prApta hotA hai| bhagavata jaina kI bhASA zailI itanI madhura, bhAva pravaNa aura rocaka hai ki choTI-choTI kathAoM meM bhI ve sundara vicAra, bhAva bhara dete haiM aura pAThaka ko par3hane ke lie majabUra kara dete haiM - ' isa apAra saMsAra meM mAtA-pitA tathA anya hitU se hitU bhI koI sukhI nahIM rakha sakate - kevala apanI acchI-burI 'karanI kA phala' hI jIvana mArga meM pAtheya hai / ' ' bhagavata jaina ko 'mAnavI' saMkalana meM bhASA, bhAva, kathopakathana aura caritra-citraNa kI dRSTi se paryApta saphalatA prApta huI hai| purAne kathAnakoM ko sajAne-saMvArane meM kalAkAra kI kalA nikhara gaI hai| sabhI kahAniyoM kA AraMbha utsukatA pUrNa DhaMga se huA hai| kahAniyoM meM rahasya kA nirvAha bhI utsukatA jAgRta karane meM sakSama hai| vizeSataH tIvratama sthiti (climax) jyoM-jyoM nikaTa AtI hai, kahAnI meM eka apUrva vega kA saMcAra hotA hai, jisase pratyeka pAThaka kI utsukatA bar3hatI jAtI hai| yahI hai bhagavata jI kI kalA, unhoMne pariNAma 1. bhagavata jaina - vizvAsaghAta kathA saMgraha, pR0 66 ( kahAnI kA phala ) / 2. bhagavatajaina - pArasa - kahAnI saMgraha - Atma bodha kathA, pR0 52. 3. vahI pratijJApAlana, pR0 75. 4. vahI caravAhA, pR0 103. =

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-gadya-sAhitya kA zilpa-vidhAna 485 socane kA bhAra pAThakoM ke Upara choDa diyA hai| + + + kalAkAra ne pAtroM kA caritra-citraNa karane meM abhinayAtmaka zailI kA prayoga kiyA hai| jisase kathAoM meM jIvaTatA A gaI hai| tarka pUrNa aura tathya vivecanAtmaka zailI kA prayoga rahane para bhI kathAoM kI sarasatA jyoM kI tyoM hai| calatI-phiratI bhASA ke prayoga ne kahAniyoM ko sarala va buddhi grAhya banA diyA hai| bhagavata jI ne sAhityika bhASA ke sAtha-sAtha urdU ke zabdoM kA bhI khule rUpa se prayoga kiyA hai jaise-vega, bephikra, kasamakaza, vAz2iba, gairahAjira, nadArada Adi, to kahIM-kahIM aMgrejI ke zabda bhI svAbhAvikatA se A gaye haiN| bAbU kAmatAprasAda jaina kI kathAeM prAyaH aitihAsika evaM paurANika hI haiN| unakI bhASA-zailI meM saralatA, rocakatA ke sAtha aitihAsikatA kA tattva bhI zAmila hai| lekhaka ne apanI kalpanA-zakti se bhI kAma liyA hai, lekina ve bilkula kapola-kalpita nahIM hai| apanI kahAniyoM kI zailI evaM vizeSatA ke sambaMdha meM unhoMne 'navaratna' va 'paMca ratna' kI bhUmikA meM jaina kahAnI sAhitya ke prArambha aura vikAsa ke sandarbha meM spaSTatA kI hai-'hama jAnate haiM ki sAhitya kalA kI dRSTi se hamArI kahAniyA~ U~ce darje kI nahIM kahI jA sakatI aura isalie vidvat-samAja meM unakA mUlya vizeSa na AMkA jAya to isakA hameM kheda nahIM hai, kyoMki pahale to hamArA yaha bAla prayAsa hai aura dUsare hamArA uddezya isameM sAhitya pUrti ke atirikta kucha adhika hai| jainoM kI ahiMsA evaM bhIrutA ke kAraNa bhArata kA patana huA hai aisI mithyA dhAraNA va bhrama sAmAnya logoM meM huA? lekina usako (galata dhAraNA ko) bilkula naSTa-bhraSTa karane ke lie jaina vIroM ke caritra prakaTa karake ahiMsA tattva kI vyavahArikatA spaSTa kara denA hI zreSTha hai| inako par3hane se pAThakoM ko jaina ahiMsA kI sArthakatA aura jainoM ke vIra-puruSoM kA paricaya vidita hogA aura isI bAta meM isa racanA kA mahatva aMkita hai| labdha-pratiSThita kalAkAra jainendra jaina ne bhI paurANika kathAe~ likhI haiN| unakI marmasparzI manovaijJAnika bhASA-zailI se to hindI-sAhitya-jagata suparicita hai| kathA-sAhitya meM eka nayA mor3a pradAna karane vAle jainendra jI ne jaina kathA sAhitya meM bhI apanI pratibhA, udAtta vicAradhArA evaM bhAva pravaNa bhASA-zailI ke kAraNa eka anokhA sthAna sthApita kara liyA hai| unakI tAtvika vicAradhArA jaina dharma ke siddhAntoM se prabhAvita hai| kahAnI kalA kI dRSTi se bhI unakI 1. DA. nemicandra zAstrI-hindI jaina sAhitya parizIlana, pR0 102. 2. kAmatAprasAda jaina-'navaratna' kI prastAvanA, pR. 12.

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486 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya kahAniyA~ pUrNa saphala kahI jA sakatI haiN| kathA vastu kI rocakatA, bhAvapravaNa kathopakathana, vizleSaNAtmaka caritra-citraNa, AntarbAhya prakRti varNana ke sAtha bhAvAnukUla bhASA-zailI se sarvathA sundara unakI kathAe~ jaina sAhitya kA jagamagAtA aMza hai| 'ApakI racanAoM meM zuddha sAhityika guNoM ke atirikta vicAroM aura dArzanikatA kA gAMbhIrya bhI vidyamAna hai| bhAvuka kathAkAra hone ke kAraNa jainendra jI ke vicAroM meM bhAvukatA kA honA svAbhAvika hai| ApakI kathAoM meM kalA ke donoM tattva-citroM kA eka samUha aura unheM anuprANita karane vAlA bhAvoM kA spaSTa spandana-vidyamAna hai| bhAvoM aura citroM kA aisA sundara samanvaya jainendra jI kI kalA meM hai, anyatra kaThinAI se mila skegaa|' 'bAhubali' aura 'vidyatvara' unakI do kathAe~ jaina kathA sAhitya kI amUlya nidhi kahI jaayeNgii| zrI bAlacandra jaina ne bhI paurANika kathA vastu lekara navIna zailI meM suMdara kahAniyA~ likhI haiM, jo 'AtmasamarpaNa' nAmaka kathA saMgraha meM saMgrahIta haiN| paurANika kahAniyoM meM lekhaka ne caritra-citraNa, dRzyAvaliyoM ke aMkana evaM nUtana bhASA-zailI ke dvArA naI jAna DAla dI hai| paurANika AkhyAnoM ko lekara kathA grantha likhane vAloM meM bAbU kRSNalAla varmA kA nAma kAphI mahatvapUrNa va prasiddha hai| unhoMne satI damayantI, mahAsatI sItA, surasuMdarI, rUpa suMdarI, khanaka kumAra Adi pustakeM likhI haiN| unakI bhASA-zailI Adhunika hai| rocaka kathAvastu ko mArmika DhaMga se prastuta karane kI kuzalatA unameM vidyamAna hai| upayukta vAtAvaraNa, zliSTa-tIvra kathopakathana evaM mArmika caritra-citraNa ke dvArA kathA ko jIvaMta va svAbhAvika banAte haiN| unakI bhASA-zailI para prakAza DAlate hue AcArya nemicandra zAstrI likhate haiM-'bhASA meM snigdhatA, komalatA aura mAdhurya tInoM guNa vidyamAna haiN| zailI sarasa hai, sAtha hI saMgaThita, pravAhapUrNa aura sarala hai| rocakatA aura sajIvatA isa kathA meM vidyamAna hai| paM. mUlacanda jI-'vatsala' kI kathAoM meM yathAzakya Adhunika bhASA-zailI kA nirvAha kiyA gayA hai, phira bhI paurANika-satI viSayaka-kathA vastu hone se Adhunika Tekanika kA nirvAha sarvatra honA muzkila rahA hai| 'satI ratna' unakI aisI paurANika kathAoM kA saMgraha hai| ayodhyAprasAda goyalIya ne kivadaMtiyA~, saMsmaraNa, AkhyAna, cuTakule 1. nemicandra zAstrI-hindI jaina sAhitya parizIlana, pR. 90. 2. AcArya nemicandra zAstrI-hindI jaina sAhitya-parizIlana, pR. 87.

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-gadya-sAhitya kA zilpa-vidhAna . 487 Adi rUpoM meM 'gahare pAnI paiTha' kathA-saMgraha likhA hai, jisameM unhoMne jIvana-sAgara aura sAhitya ko mathakara ratna nikAle haiN| isa saMgraha meM bhAva pravaNa, jJAnadAyaka aura hAsya pradhAna rocaka choTI-choTI kathAe~, cuTakuloM ke dvArA goyalIya jI ne apanI sAhityika mahattA siddha kara dI hai| 'ina kathAoM meM lekhaka kI kalA kA aneka sthaloM para paricaya milatA hai| AkarSaka varNana zailI aura TakazAlI muhAvaredAra bhASA hRdaya aura mana ko pUrA prabhAvita karatI hai| inameM vAstavikatA ke sAtha hI bhAva ko adhikAdhika mahatva diyA gayA hai| vastutaH zrI goyalIya jI ne jIvana ke anubhavoM ko lekara manoraMjaka akhyAna likhe haiN| sAdhAraNa loga jina bAtoM kI upekSA karate haiM, Apane unhIM ko kalAtmaka zailI meM likhA hai| ataH sabhI kathAeM jIvana ke ucca vyApAroM ke sAtha sambandha rakhatI haiN| yadyapi kathAnaka, pAtra, ghaTanA, dRzya-prayoga aura bhAva ye pA~ca kahAnI ke mukhya aMga ina AkhyAnoM meM samAyiSTa nahIM ho sake haiM, to bhI kahAniyA~ sajIva haiN| jisa cIja kA hRdaya para gaharA prabhAva par3atA hai, vaha inameM vidyamAna hai| varNanAtmaka utkaNThA (Narrative Curiocity) ina sabhI kathAoM meM hai|' goyalIya jI kI bhASA aura zailI kI saralatA, pravAha unakI apanI vizeSatA hai| hindI aura urdU kA samanvaya unhoMne sAhajikatA se kiyA hai| isI kAraNa vidvAna se lekara sAdhAraNa zikSita pAThaka bhI unakI kathAoM kA samAnatA se rasAsvAdana kara sakatA hai| abhivyaMjanA itane cubhate hue DhaMga se huI hai ki AkhyAnoM kA uddezya grahaNa karane meM hRdaya ko tanika bhI parizrama nahIM uThAnA pdd'taa| bhASA kA pravAhAtmaka evaM prabhAvAtmaka svarUpa dekhie-'tumhAre jaine dAtAra to bahuta mila jAyeMge, para mere jaise tyAgI virale hI hoMge, jo eka lAkha ko Thokara mArakara kucha apanI ora se milAkara cala dete haiN| IrSyA kA pariNAma bhI unhoMne vinodAtmaka zailI meM choTI-sI kathA meM saralatA se vyakta kara diyA hai| choTA-sA AkhyAna hamAre hRdaya para apanI vyaMgyAtmaka bhASA-zailI ke kAraNa prabhAva DAlatA hai 'bhojana ke samaya eka ke Age ghAsa aura dUsare ke Age bhUsa rakha diyA gyaa| paMDitoM ne dekhA to Aga-babUlA ho gye| 'zeTha jI! hamArA yaha apamAna!! mahArAja! Apa hI logoM ne to eka dUsare ko jAya aura baila batalAyA hai|' jaina-sandeza meM paM. balabhadra jI nyAyatIrtha kI 'ThAkura' upanAma se prakAzita kathAoM meM kathA-sAhitya ke tattvoM ke sAtha jIvana kI udAtta bhAvanAoM kA bhI sundara citraNa huA hai| unakI zailI bhI pravAhapUrNa hai, bhASA 1. AcArya nemicandra zAstrI-hindI jaina sAhitya-parizIlana, pR. 103-104. 2. ayodhyA prasAda goyalIya-gahare pAnI paiTha-tyAgI, pR. 24.

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488 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya parimArjita aura susaMskRta hai| kintu unakA yaha AraMbhika prayAsa hone ke kAraNa kathAnaka, saMvAda tathA caritra-citraNa meM kahAnI kalA ke vikAsa kI kucha kamI rahI hai| devendra prasAda jaina bhI hindI jaina kathA-sAhitya ke eka pramukha kathAkAra haiN| unhoMne 'aitihAsika striyA~' nAmaka paurANika va aitihAsika kathA vastu para AdhArita striyoM kI gaurava-gAthA ko prAcIna kathA-zailI meM prastuta kiyA hai| ise par3hane ke lie pAThaka kA mana nirantara utsuka banA rahatA hai| bhASA meM kahIM bhI vyartha AlaMkArikatA nahIM hai| sarala evaM sahaja bolacAla kI bhASA hI sarvatra prayukta huI hai| kathA meM iSTa upadezaka kA rUpa kathA pravAha ko kahIM bhI vizRMkhalita nahIM bnaataa| 'jJAnodaya' meM mahendra kumAra nyAyAcArya kI varNa vyavasthA kA khokhalApana dikhalAkara samatA va svataMtratA kA saMdeza dene vAlI tIna-cAra kahAniyA~ prakAzita huiiN| 'zramaNa prabhAcandra', 'jaTila muni' aura 'bahurUpiyA' meM vaise Tekanika kA abhAva hai aura bhASA-zailI meM bIca-bIca meM saMskRta ke zlokoM kI avatAraNA kI gaI hai, phira bhI jaina kathA ke sandarbha meM inakA / mahatva asvIkRta nahIM kiyA jaayegaa| uddezya kI dRSTi se inakI kahAniyA~ acchI haiN| kavi parimala jI ne saMvata 1951 meM 'zrIpAla carita' kI padya meM racanA kI thii| usakI pAMDulipi zuddha karake bAbU jJAnacanda jaina ne san 1904 meM prakaTa kiyaa| lekina prata kho jAne ke kAraNa dIpacanda jI upadezaka ke pAsa sarala hindI meM gadyAnuvAda jJAna caMda jI ne krvaayaa| zrI pAla mainA kI kathA jaina samAja meM atyanta prasiddha hai| svakarma kA siddhAnta, tyAga-saMyama evaM zraddhA ke dvArA viSama paristhitiyoM ko dUra karake sukha-saMpatti evaM sammAna prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai-sukha-duHkha meM taTastha rahakara satkarmoM ke dvArA jIvana sArthaka karane kA saMdeza isa kathA se prApta hotA hai| zrI maMcaparameSThi yaMtra aura siddha cakra pUjana kI adbhuta mahimA varNita karane ke lie 'zrIpAla-carita' kI racanA huI hai| isa kathA-grantha kI racanA-prakriyA atyanta rocaka hai| mUla kathA vastu ko sIdhe rUpa se na rakhakara kathA ke antargata kathA kI racanA kI gaI hai| mahArAja zreNika va mahArAnI celanA gautama svAmI se siddhacakra pUjana kA mahAtmya pUchate haiM taba unakI zaMkA ke samAdhAna hetu ve zrIpAla rAjA kA caritra varNita karate haiN| isa kathA grantha kI bhASA-zailI meM gujarAtI, mAravAr3I Adi anya bhASA ke zabda-prayoga bhI milate haiM, jaise paraNe, byAho, Avo-Avo, lUcho aadi| subhASitoM kA lekhaka ne acchA prayoga kiyA hai-yathA1. draSTavya-zrIpAla carita kI bhUmikA, pR0 1.

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Adhunika hindI - jaina- gadya - sAhitya kA zilpa-vidhAna pati niMdA arU Apa bar3hAI, saha na sakeM kulavatI lugAI | nayana udhAre saba lakhe, naya aye kucha nAhi, nayana bichoho hota hI, sudha-budha kachu na rahA hi / naukara, bandhu vA bhAminI, gRhaNI karmayuta jIva, ye pAMcoM saMsAra meM, paravaza bhrame sadeva / puNya ude ari mitra hai, viSa amRta hUve jAya, iSTa aniSTa hve para name, ude pApa vaza bhAya / jIva kA usI kA kiyA huA zubhAzubha karma hI duHkha-sukha kA dAtA hai| paradezI kI prIta aura bAlU kI bhiit|. jisakA ghI gira jAya, so hI lUkhA khAya / 489 padya meM se gadya meM anuvAda kiyA gayA hone se bho bhoH, tiSThate Adi saMskRta ke zabdoM ko jyoM kA tyoM rakha diyA gayA hai| bhASA kI azuddhi jagaha-jagaha para dikhatI hai - yathA - sakatI, hvo| lekina lokokti, kahAvata - muhAvaroM ke sundara prayoga se vyAkaraNa kI azuddhatA ke bAvajUda bhI bhASA mIThI evaM svAbhAvika lagatI hai| samAja meM vyavahRta AdarzoM aura vicAroM kA lekhaka ne sarala - madhura zailI meM nirUpaNa kiyA hai| sva0 zrImad brahmacArI nemidatta jI ne 'nemipurANa' nAmaka mahAgrantha kA udayalAla kAzalIvAla ne hindI meM anuvAda kiyA hai| isakI mUla prati hindI lekhaka ko bar3anagara ke svarUpacanda jI ke sarasvatI bhaMDAra ke adhyakSa zrIyuta tanasukha jI gothA ke dvArA prApta huI thI, jo bahuta zuddha thii|' bhagavAna zrIkRSNa ke cacere bhAI neminAtha jI kA vRtAnta isameM hai| isake sAtha hI kaMsa, jarAsaMdha, baladeva, kRSNa, kRSNa ke pitA vAsudeva, unakI vibhinna rAjakumAriyoM se zAdI, vAsudeva ke bhAI samudragupta aura anya bhAiyoM kA jIvana vRtAnta, pUrva janma, kRSNa kI paTTarAniyoM kA pUrvajanma Adi kA lekhaka ne atyanta vistAra se varNana karake 'nemipurANa' zIrSaka kA 'purANa' satya siddha kiyA hai| 1. paurANika AkhyAnoM ko lekara nUtana bhASA - - zailI evaM bhAvoM meM likhane vAloM meM uparokta kathAkAroM ke atirikta sarvazrI akSayakumAra jaina, yazapAla jaina, nemicandra jaina, bAlacandra jaina, ratanalAla 'vatsala', candramukhI devI, candraprabhA devI, puSpA devI aura sarasvatI Adi kA yogadAna bhI kAphI mahatvapUrNa hai| draSTavya- 'nemipurANa' kA prAkkathana, pR0 8, anusaMghAyikA ko yaha grantha bar3odA ke 'zrI AtmArAja jaina pustaka bhaMDAra' se upalabdha huA thaa|

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Adhunika hindI - jaina sAhitya bhagavAna mahAvIra ke 2500veM nirvANa varSa ke upalakSya ke anumodanArtha san 1975 ke varSa meM jaina kathA - sAhitya ke bhaNDAra kI sarAhanIya zrIvRddhi huI hai| 490 'jaina kathA-sAhitya ke anupama ratnoM ke rahane para bhI abhI isa kSetra meM paryApta vikAsa kI AvazyakatA hai| yadi jaina kathAeM Aja kI zailI meM likhI jAeM to ina kathAoM se mAnava kA nizcaya hI naitika utthAna ho sakatA hai| Aja tijoriyoM meM banda ina ratnoM ko sAhitya-saMsAra ke samakSa rakhane kI ora lekhakoM ko avazya dhyAna denA hogaa| kevala ye ratna jaina samAja kI nidhi nahIM hai, pratyuta ina para mAnava mAtra kA svatva hai| " - isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki Adhunika yuga meM bhI kathA vastu sAmAjika dharAtala ko nahIM sparza kara skii| hA~, samaya ke sAtha unakI bhASA zailI meM yatkiMcita AdhunikatA AI / tathApi rocaka zailI meM likhita ina kathAoM ko par3hane se mAnava-mana kI gaharAiyA~, dharma kI mahattA aura sadvRttiyoM kI pahacAna mila jAtI hai| nATaka : hindI sAhitya meM nATaka ke vividha rUpoM kA jitanA utkRSTa vikAsa ho pAyA hai, usakI tulanA meM isa sImita kSetra meM nATakoM kI saMkhyA paryApta rUpa se kama hai| svAbhAvika hai ki dhArmika upadezAtmaka lakSya hone se paurANika va dhArmika viSaya-vastu lekara nATaka likhanA sabakI ruci yA vaza kI bAta nahIM ho sktii| phira bhI eka bAta lakSita hotI hai ki jitane nATaka likhe gaye haiM, ve sabhI prAyaH abhinayAtmaka va sarala pravAhamayI zailI meM likhe gaye haiN| Adhunika TekanIka kA nirvAha bhI yathAzakya ina nATakoM meM pAyA jAtA hai| vizeSakara 60 ke anantara jo nATaka likhe gaye haiM, unameM Adhunika sAja-sajjA aura saMketoM kA vizeSa dhyAna rakhA gayA hai, jaise- zrImatI kuMthA jaina ke reDiyo nATaka, nRtya-nATikA evaM rUpakoM meM pAyA jAtA hai| viSaya vastu bhale hI paurANika, dhArmika yA laukika rahI ho, lekina manovaijJAnika vizleSaNa, raMgamaMcIya sAja-sajjA, Adhunika samAja kA yathAsaMbhava pratibimba athavA bhASA-zailI kI nUtanatA Aja ke nATakoM meM pAI jAtI hai| hindI jaina nATakoM kA prAdurbhAva usa samaya ho cukA thA, jaba bhAratendu kAla meM pArasI raMgamaMca ke nATakoM kI dhUma macI thii| grAmINa va sAdhAraNa janatA ke lie ye nATaka abhinIta hote the, jo haMsI-majAka, ThiTholI se yukta bAjArU kisma ke the / sAhityika ruci rakhane vAle vidvAnoM ko aise nATakoM meM azlIlatA 1. nemicandra zAstrI - hindI jaina sAhitya parizIlana, pR0 106.

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-gadya-sAhitya kA zilpa-vidhAna 491 ke kAraNa abhiruci nahIM hotI thI jo svAbhAvika thaa| aise nimna koTi ke nATakoM meM sAdhAraNa yA gAMva kI janatA kI ruci ke anurUpa zero-zAyarI, gajala, nAca-gAna Adi kA Adhikya rahatA thaa| ataH usa kAla kI nATakIya vizeSatAoM se prabhAvita jo nATaka jaina-sAhitya meM likhe gaye, unakI bhASA-zailI bhI padyamaya hI milatI hai, vizeSakara nyAmata siMha ke nATakoM meN| Adhunika jaina-nATaka sAhitya meM sarvaprathama jainendra kizora ArAvAsI kA nAma Adara se liyA jAtA hai, jinhoMne darjana se bhI adhika paurANika viSaya vastu para AdhArita raMgamaMcIya nATaka likhe| ve sabhI aprakAzita hone se sAmAnya pAThaka taka pahu~ca na paaye| Apake prayAsoM se una nATakoM kA raMgamaMcIya abhinaya kiyA jAtA thA aura vidUSaka kA pArTa Apa svayaM khelA karate the| unakI mRtyu ke bAda yaha maMDalI banda ho gaI thii| Apake nATakoM kI bhASA-zailI prAcIna hone para bhI isa dizA meM eka mahatvapUrNa kadama kahA jaayegaa| zrI jainendra kizora ke sabhI nATaka prAyaH padyabaddha haiN| urdU kA prabhAva padyoM para atyadhika hai| 'kali-kautuka' ke maMgalAcaraNa ke padya sundara haiN| + + + manoramA suMdarI, aMjanA-sundarI, cIra draupadI, pradyumna carita aura zrIpAla carita nATaka sAdhAraNa tathA acche haiN| paurANika upAkhyAnoM ko lekhaka ne apanI kalpanA dvArA sarasa aura hRdaya grAhya banAne kA prayAsa kiyA hai| Tekanika kI dRSTi se yadyapi ina nATakoM meM lekhaka ko pUrI saphalatA nahIM mila sakI hai, to bhI inakA sambaMdha raMgamaMca se hai| kathA-vikAsa meM nATakocita utAra-car3hAva vidyamAna hai| vaha lekhaka kI kalAvijJatA kA paricAyaka hai| inake sabhI nATakoM kA AdhAra sAMskRtika cetanA hai| jaina saMskRti ke prati lekhaka kI gahana AsthA hai| isalie usane unhIM mArmika AkhyAnoM ko apanAyA hai, jo jaina-saMskRti kI mahattA prakaTa kara sakate haiN|' arjunalAla seThI likhita 'mahendra kumAra' nATaka kI kathA vastu hama pIche dekha cuke haiN| yaha nATaka dhArmika yA paurANika na hokara sAmAjika samasyAoM ko citrita karane vAlA hai| isameM nATakakAra kA uddezya daheja prathA, madyapAna vyasana Adi sAmAjika kurItiyoM kI ora izArA kara samAja-sudhAra spaSTa dIkhatA hai| isa nATaka meM pAtroM kI bharamAra ke sAtha bhASA khicar3I ho gaI hai| isa nATaka meM kaI bhASAoM kA sammizraNa hai| pAtra bhI kaI taraha ke haiN| koI mAravAr3I, koI apa-TU-DeTa, koI sAdhAraNa gRhsth| ataH bhASA bhI bhinna prakAra kI vyavahRta huI hai| 'kuNaghaNA' Adi mAravAr3I aura 'kare che', 'uDAq chu' Adi 1. nemicandra zAstrI-hindI jaina sAhitya parizIlana-bhAga 2, pR. 107, 108.

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492 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya gujarAtI zabdoM kA prayoga bhI isameM huA hai| yoM to sAdhAraNataH khar3I bolI hai| bIca-bIca meM jahA~-tahA~ aMgrejI ke zabdoM kA bhI prayoga khulakara kiyA gayA hai| vizRMkhalita kathA ke rahane para bhI abhinaya kiyA jA sakatA hai|' mahAsatI aMjanA kA paurANika kathAnaka lekara sudarzana jI evaM kanhaiyAlAla jI ne kramazaH 'aMjanA' evaM 'aMjanA suMdarI' nATaka kI racanA kI hai| vaise donoM nATaka abhineya haiM tathA Adhunika bhASA-zailI se sajja haiN| donoM kI kathA meM pravAha va autsukya, kathopakathana meM mArmikatA, sajIvatA va gati bhI hai, caritra-citraNa meM manovaijJAnika-vizleSaNa vidyamAna hai, phira bhI sudarzana jI kA nATaka adhika sAhityika tathA kalApUrNa hai| bhAvoM kA utAra-car3hAva marmasparzI aura saMkSipta saMvAda isakA prANa hai| bIca-bIca meM sundara kAvya paMktiyA~ saMjokara nATaka ko sAhityika banAyA hai| aMjanA pati viraha meM vyAkula hokara gAtI hai dina bIte, rAteM bItI, RtueM badalI, mahIne, varSa aura yuga badale, kintu hAya! mujha abhAgina kA bhAgya nahIM badalAzera- tar3aphatI hU~ ki jyoM, machalI bina-pAnI tar3aphatI hai| daraza pAne ko priyatama ke, abhAgina yaha tar3aphatI hai| huI hai jindagI dUbhara, nahIM kucha bhI suhAtA hai| viraha kI vedanA se aba, kalejA mu~ha ko AtA hai| 'kalejA mu~ha ko AtA-' muhAvare kA prayoga bhI nATakakAra ne acchI taraha se kara diyaa| saMvAdoM kI bhASA kitanI saMkSipta, tIvra aura gati preraka hai isakA eka udAharaNa pavanaMjaya evaM varuNa ke nimnokta saMvAda meM dekhie 'varuNa- haH haH haH itanA bharosA! pavana- nahIM! Atma vishvaas| varuNa- itanA ghamaNDa! pavana- nahIM! nyAya kI taakt| varuNa- yaha llkaar| pavana- hA~! anyAya kA prtikaar| varuNa- yaha aramAna ? pavana- nhiiN| nyAya kA smmaan|' (pR. 64) / Adhunika hindI jaina nATakoM kI zrIvRddhi kA zreya nyAmata siMha ko diyA jAnA caahie| unhoMne satI kamalazrI, vijayAsuMdarI, satI mainA sundarI, zrIpAla 1. nemicandra zAstrI-hindI jaina sAhitya parizIlana-bhAga 2, pR0 113.

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Adhunika hindI - jaina- gadya - sAhitya kA zilpa-vidhAna nATaka Adi nATakoM kI saphala racanA kI hai| vaise unake nATakoM kI bhASA-zailI para pArasI thiyeTrIkala kaMpanI ke vAtAvaraNa kA prabhAva spaSTa lakSita hotA hai| padyamaya saMvAda tathA zero-zAyarI meM hI prAyaH kathopakathana Age bar3hate hone se kahIM-kahIM to aise saMvAda apratItikara yA bhadde se lagate haiN| saMvAdoM meM g2az2ala, ke kAraNa urdU zabdoM kA adhikAdhika prayoga hai| pratyeka pAtra kI bhASA urdU pradhAna hai ataH zarArata, makra, dhokhA, dagA, phareba, rivA, yakAyaka yArAnA, jahUra, zarArata, isada, Alama, badajubAnI, bujjakInA Adi / usI prakAra kahIM-kahIM aMgrejI ke zabda tharmomITara, ceinja, ejanTa, Adi zabda prayoga bhI prApta hote haiN| padyamaya saMvAda kA eka dRSTAnta dRSTavya hai- tilakapura pahu~ca kara bhaviSyadatta jaina maMdira dekhatA hai to yahA~ bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caraNoM meM praNAma karatA hai - (cAla) ina dinoM joro banUM hai tere dIvAne ko / aya mahAvIra ! jamAne kA dinakara tU hai / sAre duHkhiyoM ke lie eka dayAkara tU hai| tUne paigAma ahiMsA kA sunAyA sabako, basa jamAne kA hitopadezI sarAsara tU hai / 493 nyAtamata siMha ke sabhI nATakoM kI bhASA-zailI eka-sI hai| sabhI meM padyamaya kAvyatvapUrNa nahIM-saMvAda, zero-zAyarI - g2az2ala Adi kA prAdhAnya, tathA pravAhapUrNa zailI pAI jAtI hai| unake nATakoM kI bhASA-zailI kA adhyayana vivecana Adhunika yuga ke nATakoM ke pariprekSya meM nahIM kiyA jAnA cAhie, kyoMki usa samaya kevala nATaka sAhitya kA prAraMbha ho cukA thA, lekina pAzcAtya Tekanika yA zailI kA prabhAva abhI taka phailA nahIM thaa| balki Upara batalAyA jA cukA hai ki pArasI kampanI ke saste manoraMjana pradhAna nATakoM kA prabhAva vizeSa hai| padyamaya saMvAdoM ke lie yaha bAta bhI darzanIya hai ki usa samaya choTe-choTe gAMvoM meM nauTaMkI, rAmalIlA, yAtrAdi ke prayogoM meM vArtAlApa padya meM adhika huA karate the| unakA prabhAva ina nATakoM para bhI dekhA jAtA hai| ataH zera, zAyarI, gajaloM kA itanA khulakara prayoga nATakakAra ne rocaka DhaMga se kiyA hai| loka nATakoM ke prabhAva svarUpa nAca-gAna, haMsI-majAka ThiTholI kA prabhAva dekhA jA sakatA hai| nATakoM meM vyAkaraNa sambandhI bhUleM bhI kvacita dRSTigata hotI haiM jo kSamya kahI jAyeMgI / yathA 1. 'tU to kSatrANI hai, duHkhoM se kyA DaratA hai / prAsa - anuprAsa kA mela rakhane ke lie zabdoM kA aMga-bhaMga yA ghaTAne - bar3hAne kA krama to padyamaya saMvAda ke nyAmata siMha-zrIpAla-mainAsuMdarI nATaka- ekTa chaThA, pRH 225.

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494 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya kAraNa kSamya ho jAtA hai lekina isI prakAra laya yA rAga bhaMga aura prAsa kA rUpa ThIka rakhane ke lie strI liMga-pulliMga kA bheda bhI chor3a diyA gayA hai, jo thor3A khalatA hai| __ 'khUba karamoM kA tamAzA meM piyA dekha liyaa| lazakara (lazkara) indra rAnI (indrANI) karizamA (karizmA) kisamat, paratApa (pratApa) (traraNa) pR. 98, 136, 130) Adi zabdoM kA prayoga cubhatA hai| ziromaNi ke lie 'zromaNI' aura 'cakravatI' ke badale 'cakaravatI' meM galata zabda prayoga najara AtA hai| ina saba kamiyoM ke bAvajUda bhI nATaka rocaka kathAvastu, sundara saMvAda tathA uddezyAtmaka vAtAvaraNa ke kAraNa acchI taraha se loka bhogya ho sake the|' isa nATaka (kamalazrI) kI zailI purAtana hai| bhASA urdU mizrita hai tathA ekAdha sthala para asvAbhAvika bhI pratIta hotI hai|' brajakizora nArAyaNa likhita 'vardhamAna mahAvIra' pUrNataH abhineya hai| lekhaka ne raMgamaMca ke lie hI isa nATaka kI racanA kI hai aura apane uddezya meM saphala bhI hue haiN| sabhI ghaTanAe~ dRzya haiM tathA kathopakathana kI kSamatA nATakIya prabhAva paidA karatA hai, kyoMki zrAvya, azrAvya aura niyata zrAvya tInoM prakAra ke saMvAda kathAnaka ko gati pradAna karane vAle tathA pAtroM ke vikAsa para prakAza DAlane vAle haiN| abhinaya sambaMdhI truTiyA~ bahuta kama pAI jAtI haiN| vaise nATaka ke lie upakArI se tattva saMgIta aura nRtya kI kamI rahI hai| bhASA-zailI Adhunika aura gatizIla hai| choTe-choTe saMvAda prabhAvazAlI bana par3e haiN| rAnI trizalA aura dAsI sucetA kA nimnalikhita vArtAlApa bhASA zailI kA pravAha va gati vyakta karatA hai 'trizalA-sucetA! maiM tAlAba meM sabase Age tairate hue donoM haMsoM ko dekhakara anubhava kara rahI hU~, jaise mere donoM putra nandivardhana aura vardhamAna jalakrIr3A kara rahe haiN| donoM meM jo sabase Age taira rahA hai vaha ..... sucetA-vaha kumAra nandivardhana hai mahArAnI! trizalA-nahIM sucetA, vaha vardhamAna hai| nandivardhana meM itanI tIvratA kahA~ ? itanI kSipratA kahA~ ? dekha, dekha, kisa phurtI se kamala kI parikramA kara rahA hai zarAratI kahIM kaa|' zrI bhagavata jaina kA Adhunika-hindI-nATaka sAhitya meM pradAtta bhI mahatvapUrNa pradAna hai| ve kathAkAra ke atirikta saphala nATakakAra bhI haiN| 'garIba' 1. nemicandra zAstrI-hindI jaina sAhitya parizIlana-bhAga-2, pR0 117.

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Adhunika hindI - jaina- gadya - sAhitya kA zilpa-vidhAna unakA sAmAjika nATaka hai tathA 'bhAgya' paurANika hai| donoM kI bhASA-zailI viSayAnukUla hai| 'garIba' nATaka kI bhASA vizeSa rUpa se vyaMgyAtmaka evaM gatizIla hai| unhoMne apane nATakoM ko raMgamaMcIya banAne kA pUrA khyAla rakhA hai| ataH sAja-sajjA, abhinaya, veza-bhUSA Adi saMketoM kA acchA ullekha milatA hai| nATakakAra ne apane nATakoM kI bhASA-zailI evaM vizeSatAoM ke sambandha meM svayaM likhA hai-jahA~ taka huA hai, ise sArvajanika banAne kA prayatna kiyA hai| kathAnaka ko prAyaH sabhI ghaTanAe~ dene kI ceSTA kI gaI hai, kintu sTeja karane vAloM kI suvidhA, asuvidhA kA dhyAna pahale rakhA hai| + + + isI taraha kama se kama pAtra cune hue Adhunika DhaMga ke saMvAda aura thor3e samaya meM samApta ho sakane yogya saMkSipta ploTa Adi una sabhI bAtoM ko pahale kucha socane ke bAda meM likhA gyaa| sAtha hI, kucha ve bAteM bhI zAyada Apako isameM mila sake, jo nATaka sAhitya kI kasauTI para kasI jAyA karatI hai| sahI hai ki Aja isa DhaMga ke nATaka likhane kA calana kama ho gayA hai, yaha purAnI pArasI kampaniyoM kI dena hai| lekina yathArthavAda kI zapatha lekara yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki bhale hI isa zailI ko sAhityika na kahA jAya, kintu sTeja para yaha jo prabhAva chor3atI hai, vaha mananazIla sAhityika zailI kI nATikAe~ nhiiN|' nATakakAra ne isameM 'phlezabeka' paddhati kA prAraMbha meM hI prayoga kiyA hai, jo Adhunika sAhitya kI vizeSatA kahI jaayegii| 'garIba' nATaka kI bhASA bhI aMgrejI ke zabda prayoga se bolacAla kI jIvaMta bhASA hai| bIca-bIca meM kahIM gIta yA laMbe svagata kathana na Ane se kathA kA pravAha vizRMkhalita nahIM ho pAyA hai| ataH rocakatA kA nirvAha huA hai| / isa nATaka ke abhinaya se samAja kI vicAradhArA para kAphI prabhAva par3a sakatA hai| bhagavata jI ke isa 'garIba' nATaka meM 'yuga kI sAmAjika viSamatA aura usake prati vidroha' kI bhAvanA hai| pUMjIpatiyoM kI jyAdatI aura garIboM kI karuNa Aha evaM dhanI aura nirdhana ke hRdaya kI bhAvanAoM kA sundara citraNa kiyA gayA hai| rupayoM kI mAyA aura lakSmI kI caMcalatA kA dRzya (svarUpa) dikhalAkara lekhaka ne mAnava hRdaya ko jagAne kA yatna kiyA hai| isameM aneka rasamaya dRzya vartamAna haiM, jo darzakoM ko kevala rasamaya hI nahIM banAte, kintu rasa-vibhora kara dete haiN| bhagavata jI ne vastutaH sIdhI-sAdI bhASA meM yaha sundara nATaka likhA hai|' 'bali jo car3hI nahIM' bhagavata jI kA ahiMsA se sambaMdhita vividha viSayoM kA ekAMkI saMgraha hai| jinakI kathAvastu paurANika hone 1. bhagavata jaina - bhAgya - nATaka - bhUmikA, pR0 4. 2. nemicandra zAstrI - hindI jaina sAhitya kA parizIlana - bhAga - 2, pR0 117. 495

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496 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya para bhI bhASA-zailI Adhunika hai| vAtAvaraNa kI racanA nATakakAra ne vAstavika banAye rakhI hai| bhASA kI dRSTi se sahaja svAbhAvika yaha nATaka pUrNataH raMgamaMcIya hai| __'daheja ke duHkhada pariNAma' paM. jJAnacandra jaina kA 16 dRzyoM meM vibhAjita sAmAjika nATaka hai, jisameM daheja kI kuprathA ke kAraNa svarUpa du:khada pariNAmoM kI ora sundara rocaka bhASA zailI va vAtAvaraNa ke Ayojana dvArA aMguli nirdeza kiyA gayA hai| isakI zailI kI yaha vizeSatA kahI jAyegI ki hAsya tathA vyaMgya ke dvArA samAja meM phailI daheja kI viSama prathA para AkarSaka zailI meM prakAza DAlA gayA hai| yaha nATaka pUrNataH raMgamaMcIya hai tathA jaina jI ke isa nATaka ke pradarzana se logoM kI vicAradhArA yA vyavahAra meM avazya prabhAva-parivartana A sakatA hai| 'satI aMjanA nATaka' padmarAja jI gaMgavAla kA paurANika nATaka hai, jisakI bhASA-zailI Adhunika hai, lekina unakI rasAtmaka evaM sAhityika nahIM jitanI isI viSaya vastu ko lekara sudarzana jI ke likhe gaye nATaka kI hai| phira bhI raMgamaMcIyatA kA guNa vidyamAna hai tathA kathopakathana pravAhapUrNa hai| naMdalAla jaina kA ahiMsA, karuNA aura prema kA saMdeza dene vAle 'ahiMsA dharma' nATaka kI bhASA zuddha khar3I bolI tathA Adhunika Tekanika se pUrNa hai| ratanalAla gaMgavAla kA 'dIvAna amaracaMda' aitihAsika ahiMsA premI-vidvAna se sambaMdhita nATaka hai| kathAnaka choTA-sA hone para bhI nATaka bhI raMgamaMcIyatA evaM rocakatA ke kAraNa nATaka lokapriya ho sakatA hai| bIca-bIca meM gItoM kA prayoga bhI huA hai tathA saMdeza bhI lambe-lambe svagata kathanoM ke dvArA na dekara saMvAdoM meM bIca-bIca meM Ate rahate haiN| __ nyAmata siMha jaina ke suputra rAjakumAra jaina bhI kavi ke atirikta hindI-jaina nATaka sAhitya meM saphala nATakakAra ke rUpa meM prasiddha haiN| unhoMne bhI jaina jagata va dharma kI prasiddha strI candanabAlA tathA sura sundarI kI kathAvastu para sundara rocaka nATakoM kI racanA kI hai| jaina dharma ke tejasvI nArI ratnoM ke paricaya ke sAtha jaina dharma kI mahattA pradarzita karane ke uddezya meM ve pUrNa saphala rahe haiM tathA Adhunika bhASA-zailI tathA zilpa vidhAna kA prayoga hone se nATaka raMgamaMcIya bhI bane haiN| vaise unhoMne nyAmatasiMha kI zailI meM hI urdU pradhAna bhASA tathA zeroM-zAyarI kI zailI meM nATaka kI racanA kI hai| 'ahiMsA paramodharma nATaka' meM dayAnanda jaina 'vizArada' ne Adhunika zailI meM ahiMsA kA mahatva pratipAdita karane vAlI kathA vastu lekara nATaka kI racanA

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-gadya-sAhitya kA zilpa-vidhAna 497 kI hai| isI kathA vastu para se bhagavata jaina ne kahAnI tathA 'bali jo car3hI nahIM' ekAMkI kI saphala racanA kI hai| dayAnaMda jI ne isameM gIta-nRtya kI racanA dvArA nATaka ko raMgamaMcIya banAye rakhA hai| lekhaka ne prastAvanA meM kahA hai ki-ahiMsA dharma kI mahAnatA ko lekara isa nATaka kA sRjana kiyA gayA hai| + + + prastuta nATaka kA mukhya abhiprAya bali jaise jaghanya pApa pUrNa kukRtyoM kI ora iMgitA karanA hai aura isake viparIta ahiMsA dharma kI uccatA se usakI tulnaa| + + + yaha nATaka Adhunika rIti se taiyAra kiyA gayA hai, jise Aja ke yuga ke pragatizIla taruNa saphalatApUrvaka raMgamaMca para khela skeN| do aMka meM vibhakta isa nATaka meM prathama aMka meM 12 dRzya evaM dUsare meM 10 dRzyoM kI yojanA kI gaI hai| prathama prayAsa hone para bhI Tekanika kI dRSTi se bhI saphala kahA jaayegaa| kahIM-kahIM bIca-bIca meM saMvAdoM meM jaina darzana ke siddhAntoM kA vizleSaNa rasAsvAdana meM bAdhA utpanna karatA hai| jaise karma ke siddhAnta kA, bali va devI pUjana ke viruddha ahiMsA ke siddhAnta kI carcA do gauNa pAtroM ke bIca hotI hai, jo thor3I nIrasa ho jAtI hai| usI prakAra indradatta jaise choTe bAlaka ke mukha se sukha-du:kha, jIvana-mRtyu, jIvana kI vicitratA, bhaya, kaSTa, garIbI, bhAgya va saMsAra cakra Adi ke viSaya meM vistRta vicAra asvAbhAvika lagate haiM lekina kathA ke pravAha meM bAdhaka nahIM hone se sahya hote haiN| saMkSepa meM sarala zuddha khar3I bolI meM likhita yaha nATaka prAyaH nIrasatA nahIM paidA karatA tathA saMvAda bhI choTe-choTe va sazakta haiM, svagata kathana bhI bahuta kama aura saMkSipta hai| nATaka kAra ne ahiMsA tattva kA jora-zora se pratipAdana kiyA hai| nibandha : Adhunika hindI jaina sAhitya kI sabase sazakta evaM samRddha vidhA kisI ko kahanA ho to vaha nibaMdha sAhitya ko hI kahA jA sakatA hai| na kevala hindI meM, balki saMskRta, prAkRta evaM apabhraMza meM bhI AcAra-vicAra evaM dArzanika nibaMdhoM kI paryApta upalabdhi hotI hai| Aja ke bhautika yuga meM jaba dharma premI vidvAnoM ne mahasUsa kiyA ki dharma ke dArzanika gUr3ha tattvoM ko samajhanA sAmAnya janatA ke lie kaThina ho sakatA hai, to unhoMne prAcIna dharma granthoM meM se dArzanika tattvoM ko sarala bhASA-zailI va vivecanAtmaka paddhati se prastuta karane kA prazaMsanIya kArya kiyaa| Adhunika hindI nibaMdha sAhitya bar3e-bar3e tattvavettA vidvAnoM evaM AcArya muniyoM ko prApta kara saubhAgyazAlI siddha huA hai| inameM pramukha haiM-DA. mohanalAla mehatA, sva. paM0 sukhalAla jI, paM0 dalasukha mAlavaNiyA, 1. dayAcanda jaina-ahiMsA paramodharma-prastAvanA, pR0 3.

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498 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya AcArya kAnti sAgara jI, muni vidyAvijaya, AcArya nathamala jI, A* tulasI, paM. agaracanda nAhaTA jI, kAmatA prasAda jaina, paM. nAthUrAma 'premI jI', paM0 bhujabalI zAstrI, paM0 jugalakizora mukhtAra 'yugavIra jI', pro0 hIrAlAla, paM0 ayodhyA prasAda goyalIya. AcArya nemicandra zAstrI, pro0 e0 ena0 upAdhye, muni jinavijaya jI, pro0 gorAvAlA, jainendra kumAra jaina, muni kalyANa vijaya jI Adi aneka tejasvI ratnoM ne hArdikatA se, pUrI lagana se-jaina dharma ke AcArAtmaka, vicArAtmaka, gaveSaNAtmaka aura aitihAsika nibaMdha likha kara nibaMdha sAhitya kA bhaMDAra samaddha kiyA hai| ina sabhI nibaMdhakAroM ke nibaMdhoM kA viSaya prAya: jaina dharma va darzana se sambaMdhita hone para bhI unakA pradAna mahatvapUrNa hai| "prAyaH sabhI jaina lekhaka hindI bhASA ke mAdhyama dvArA tattvajJAna, itihAsa aura vijJAna kI U~cI-se-U~cI bAtoM ko prakaTa kara rahe haiN| yadyapi maulika pratibhA sampanna nibaMdhakAroM kI saMkhyA atyalya hai, to bhI abhIpsita viSaya ke nirUpaNa kA prayAsa aneka jaina lekhakoM ne kiyA hai|' nemicandra jI kA yaha vidhAna vaise sahI hai, lekina maulika pratibhA sampanna nibaMdhakAroM kI atyalpa saMkhyA ke vidhAna se sahamata nahIM hU~, kyoMki nibaMdha sAhitya ko gauravAnita karane vAle eka se bar3hakara eka vidvAn yahA~ prApta haiM, hA~, yadi sAhityika, manovaijJAnika, sAmAjika, rAjakIya evaM anya viSaya para unhoMne nibaMdha nahIM likhe haiM, lekina prAcIna jaina granthoM, aitihAsika vyakti va sthala sambaMdhI gaveSaNAtmaka, vivecanAtmaka nibandha likhe haiM aura isa artha meM maulika nibaMdhakAroM kI saMkhyA unako atyalpa dIkhatI ho to patA nhiiN| svayaM nemicandra jI eka vidvAna tattva ciMtaka, itihAsakAra aura nibandhakAra ke rUpa meM jaina jagata sAhitya ke yazasvI nakSatra haiN| yadi sampradAya kI jhaMjhaTa meM na par3eM to hindI jaina sAhitya kI zrIvRddhi prAyaH digambara sampradAya ke vidvAna evaM munirAjoM ke dvArA savizeSa huI hai| zvetAmbara mAnyatA ke vidvAna bhI haiM, lekina tulanA meM kama aura unhoMne prAyaH gujarAtI va aMgrejI bhASA meM apanA jJAna prakAzita kiyA hai| paM0 nAthUrAma 'premI' jI kA nAma aitihAsika sAMskRtika nibandhakAra ke rUpa meM sarvaprathama Adara ke sAtha liyA jAtA hai| unhoMne hI anveSaNa kA dvAra kholA, aisA kahanA anucita na hogaa| unhoMne to tIrtha kSetra, aitihAsika vyaktiyoM, kaviyoM ke vaMza, gotra, vividha saMskAra, vAtAvaraNa, paristhitiyA~, AcAra-zAstra ke niyamoM kA bhASya Adi para nibaMdha likhe haiM ve sabhI ati mahatvapUrNa evaM prabhAvapUrNa hai| eka uttama adhyayanazIla zodhakartA ke samAna unhoMne yaha kArya 1. A0 nemicandra zAstrI-hindI jaina sAhitya kA parizIlana-bhAga-2, pR0 120.

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-gadya-sAhitya kA zilpa-vidhAna 499 nirantara pUrNa lagana se kiyA hai| premI jI kI bhASA pravAhapUrNa aura sarala hai| choTe-choTe vAkyoM aura dhvani yukta zabdoM ke sundara prayoga ne inake nibandhoM ko sajIva aura rocaka banA diyA hai|' eka patrakAra aura zodhaka ke lie bhASA meM jina guNoM kI AvazyakatA hotI hai, ve saba guNa inake gadya meM pAye jAte haiN| inakI gadya-lekhana zailI svaccha aura divya hai| duruha se duruha tathya ko bar3e hI rocaka aura spaSTa rUpa meM vyakta karanA premI jI kI svAbhAvika vizeSatA hai|" paM. nAthUrAma 'premI' kI vivecanAtmaka zailI kA eka aMza draSTavya hai-'sAhitya zAstra kA zAyada Apane kabhI adhyayana nahIM kiyaa| unake mizana ke lie zAyada isakI jarUrata bhI nahIM thii| isalie Apane jo kathA-sAhitya likhA hai, usakA adhikAMza sAhitya kI kasauTI para zAyada hI mUlyavAna Thahare, parantu yaha bar3A prabhAvazAlI hai aura apane uddezya kI siddhi ke lie kAphI samartha hai| zrI kanhaiyAlAla mizra ke nibaMdhoM kI bhASA-zailI meM gaMbhIratA, hAsya, vyaMgya saba kucha viSayAnusAra prApta hotA hai-jaise-'taba Aja kI taraha hareka daphtara para 'no vaikensI' kI pATI nahIM TaMgI thI, ve cAhate to AsAnI se DipTI kalakTara ho sakate the, para naukarI unheM abhISTa na thI, ve vakIla bane aura thor3e hI dinoM meM devacanda ke sIniyara vakIla ho gye| vakIla kI pUMjI hai vAcAlatA aura saphalatA kI kasauTI hai jhUTha para sacca kI pAliza karane kI kssmtaa| bAbU sUrajabhAna eka saphala vakIla, mUka sAdhanA jinakI ruci aura satya jinakI AtmA kA sambala! kAbe meM kucha ho, na ho, yahA~ mayakhAne se eka paigambara jarUra niklaa| jugalakizora 'mukhtAra' sAhaba bhI praur3ha nibandhakAra haiN| unhoMne bhI aitihAsika, gaveSaNAtmaka aura AcArAtmaka nibandha kAphI saMkhyA meM likhe haiN| unakI gadya-zailI kI yaha eka bar3I vizeSatA hai ki ve viSayoM ko bAra-bAra kA doSa kahIM mahasUsa nahIM hotaa| bhAvoM kI vyaMjanA ve spaSTa zabdoM meM nirbhIkatA se karate haiN| zuddha khar3I bolI meM kahIM-kahIM urdU ke zabdoM kA bhI ve prayoga karate haiN| 'ApakI bhASA meM sAdhAraNa pracalita urdU zabda bhI A gaye haiN| mukhtAra sAhaba 1. nemicandra zAstrI-hindI jaina sAhitya parizIlana-bhAga-2, pR. 129. 2. dekhie-paM. nAthUrAma premI-pUjyanIya bAbU jI 'jaina jAgaraNa ke agradUta' antargata lekha, pR. 281. 3. dekhie-kI kanhaiyAlAla mizra-jaina jAgaraNa ke dAdAbhAI-zIrSaka nibaMdha, 'jaina jAgaraNa ke agradUta, graMtha saM0, pR. 295.

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500 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya bhASA ke zabda vidhAna meM bhI utkRSTatA aura vizadatA kA pUrA dhyAna rakhate haiN| sAtha hI vyartha ke zabdADambara ko sthAna denA Apako pasanda nahIM hai| sAdhAraNa: ApakI zailI saMgaThita evaM vyavasthita hai, kintu dhArAvAhika pravAha kI kamI kahIM-kahIM khaTakatI hai| vAkya Apake sAdhAraNa se vicAra se kucha bar3e para gaThana meM sIdhe-sAdhe evaM sarala hote haiN| mukhtAra kI bhASA-zailI meM jahA~ eka ora vidvatA bhI hai to dUsarI ora viSayAnukUla saralatA evaM vyaMgya bhI bharA par3A hai-eka udAharaNa dekhie 'kyA jainiyoM kI tarapha se zrI akalaMka deva ke anuyAyIpana kA sUcaka koI prayatna jArI hai ? guru kI anukUlatA-pradarzaka koI kAma ho rahA hai ? aura kisI bhI manuSya ko jaina dharma kA zraddhAnI banAne yA sarva-sAdhAraNa meM jaina dharma kA pracAra karane kI koI khAsa ceSTA kI jAtI hai ? yadi yaha saba kucha bhI nahIM to phira aise anuyAyI mana se kyA ? khAlI gAla bajAne, zekhI mArane aura apane ko ucca dharmAnuyAyI pragaTa karane se kucha bhI natIjA nahIM hai| muni kalyANa vijaya jI kA aitihAsika nibaMdha ke kSetra meM mahatvapUrNa yogadAna hai| jaina rAjAoM evaM jaina prAcIna tIrthoM ke zilAlekhoM ke sambaMdha meM aneka gaveSaNAtmaka lekha likhakara naI dizA sujhAyI hai| aitihAsika pramANoM evaM anya dharmoM kI tulanA se apane vicAroM ko puSTi dekara prakAzita kiye haiN| unake nibaMdhoM kI zailI prAyaH gaThanapUrNa evaM vivecanAtmaka rahI hai| sarala bhASA-zailI meM bhI gahana viSayoM ko prastuta kara apane matoM ko puSTa karane kI pUrNa kSamatA hai| saMskRta-tatsama zabdoM kA prayoga bar3I sAvadhAnI se unhoMne kiyA hai| yadyapi kahIM-kahIM vAkya gaThana kA abhAva pratIta hotA hai, phira bhI bhASA-zaithilya nahIM hai| isI prakAra lambe-lambe vAkya hone ke kAraNa kahIM-kahIM dUrAnvaya doSa bhI raha gayA hai| sAdhAraNa rUpa se unakI zailI dhArAvAhika kahI jaayegii| bAbU kAmatAprasAda jaina itihAsakAra ke atirikta nibaMdhakAra ke rUpa meM bhI prasiddha haiN| unhoMne bhI jaina rAjAoM ke vaMza, gotra, tIrthaMkara ke sthAna vaMza, jaina tIrthoM Adi ke sambaMdha meM aitihAsika koTi ke nibaMdha likhe haiN| yadyapi unake nibaMdhoM meM kahIM-kahIM aitihAsika kAla doSa raha gayA hai| tathApi unake nibaMdhoM kA yogadAna mahatvapUrNa hai| unakI zailI vyavasthita hai tathA aitihAsika 1. A. nemicandra zAstrI-hindI jaina sAhitya-parizIlana-bhAga-2, pR. 124. 2. draSTavya-jugalakizora mukhtAra-'yugavIra nibaMdhAvalI-prathama khaNDa meM-jainiyoM meM dayA kA abhAva' nAmaka nibaMdha, pR. 44.

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-gadya-sAhitya kA zilpa-vidhAna 501 ghaTanAoM kI zrRMkhalA kA gaThita rUpa Apake nibaMdhoM meM pAyA jAtA hai| bAbU kAmatA prasAda jI ke sAMskRtika nibaMdha kI bhASA-zailI darzanIya hai-yathA 'tIrthaMkara ke darzana hote hI hRdaya meM pavitra AhlAda kI lahara daur3atI hai, hRdaya bhakti se bhara jAtA hai| yAtrI usa puNya bhUmi ko dekhate hI mastaka namA detA hai aura apane patha ko zodhatA huA evaM usa tIrtha kI pavitra prasiddhi kA guNagAna madhura svara-laharI se karatA huA Age bar3hatA hai| paM0 ke0 bhujabalI zAstrI ne bhI isI prakAra ke aitihAsika nibaMdha likhe haiN| dAnI zrAvakoM para Apake kaI anveSaNAtmaka nibandha prakAzita ho cuke haiN| mukhtAra jI se viparIta ApakI samAsa zailI hai| saMzliSTa zailI meM Apa thor3e meM bahuta-kucha vyakta karate haiN| lekhana zailI meM vAkya suvyavasthita aura gaMbhIra hote haiN| 'yadyapi tathyoM ke nirUpaNa ke aitihAsika koTiyoM aura pramANoM kI kamI hai, to bhI hindI jaina sAhitya ke vikAsa meM ApakA mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai| prAyaH sabhI nibaMdhoM meM jJAna ke sAtha vicAra kA sAmaMjasya hai| zabda cayana, vAkya-vinyAsa aura padAvaliyoM ke saMgaThana meM satarkatA aura spaSTatA kA Apane pUrA dhyAna rakhA hai| zrI ayodhyAprasAda goyalIya ke aitihAsika nibaMdha mahatvapUrNa hai| saMsmaraNakAra ke atirikta jAgRta nibaMdha sAhityakAra ke rUpa meM bhI prasiddha hai| unake nibaMdha aitihAsika caritroM se sambaMdhita haiM, jinako par3hakara hamAre hRdaya meM vIrocita bhAvanA paidA ho jAtI hai| unakI zailI pUrNataH nijI hai-vyaMgya evaM hAsyapUrNa zailI meM bhASA meM uchala-kUda se mArmikatA A jAtI hai| patra-patrikAoM meM Apake aneka nibaMdha prakAzita hue haiN| itihAsa aura purAtatva ke vettA DA0 hIrAlAla jaina ne dArzanika tathA anveSaNAtmaka nibaMdha likhe haiM tathA kaI pustakoM kI bhUmikAe~ likhI haiM, jo itihAsa ke nirmANa meM viziSTa sthAna rakhatI haiN| jaina itihAsa kI pUrva pIThikA kI choTI-sI racanA meM unakI zailI spaSTa dIkhatI hai| gAgara meM sAgara bharane vAlI praur3ha racanA zailI hai| bhASA meM dhArAvAhikatA ke sAtha suvyavasthitatA va parimArjitatA hai| ____ muni zrI kAntisAgara jI ne jaina zilpa va sthApatya se sambaMdhita do-tIna nibaMdha saMgraha likhe haiN| prAcIna mUrtikalA va vAstukalA sambaMdhI Apake nibaMdha aneka sthAnoM ke purAtatva para prakAza DAlate haiN| abhI hAla meM bhAratIya jJAnapITha 1. draSTavya-kAmatAprasAda jaina-jaina tIrtha aura unakI yAtrA, pR. 9. 2. A. nemicandra zAstrI-hindI jaina sAhitya parizIlana-bhAga-2, pR. 126.

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502 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya se-prakAzita 'khaNDaharoM kA vaibhava' va 'khoja kI pagaDaMDiyA~' unake itihAsa aura purAtatva kI dRSTi se mahatvapUrNa nibaMdhoM kA saMkalana hai, jinakI bhASA zuddha-sAhityika evaM parimArjita hai| aitihAsika nibaMdhakAra pro0 khuzAlacanda gorAvAlA kI bhASA bar3I hI parimArjita hai| puSTa cintana aura anveSaNa ko sarala aura spaSTa rUpa meM Apane abhivyakta kiyA hai| itihAsa ke zuSka tattvoM kA spaSTIkaraNa svaccha aura bodha- gamya hai| dArzanika zailI ke zreSTha nibandhakAra zrI paM0 sukhalAla jI saMghavI hai| eka prajJA cakSu gujarAtI hone para bhI hindI bhASA va vyAkaraNa para unakA saMyama Azcaryajanaka hai| nirantara deza kA paryaTana karate rahane ke kAraNa unakI lekhanI se anubhava kI gaharAI va vicAroM kI praur3hatA TapakatI hI hai| dArzanika viSayoM ko ve anokhI saralatA evaM prAmANikatA se spaSTa karate haiN| 'darzana aura itihAsa donoM ke hI vivecanoM meM ApakI tulanAtmaka vivecana paddhati kA pUrA AbhAsa milatA hai| ApakI zailI meM mananazIlatA, spaSTatA, tarkapaTutA aura bahuzrutAbhijJatA vidyamAna hai| darzana ke kaThina siddhAntoM ko bar3e hI sarala aura rocaka DhaMga se Apa pratipAdita karate haiN| Apake sAMskRtika nibaMdhoM kA gadya atyanta praur3ha va parimArjita hai| bhASA-zailI kI abhivyaMjanA meM camatkAra ke sAtha lAkSaNikatA kA guNa sarvatra vidyamAna hai| Apake sAMskRtika nibaMdha kA gadya atyanta praur3ha va parimArjita hai| hindI jaina sAhitya unake jaise zuddha tatvaciMtaka, sAhityakAra evaM bahuzruta vidvAna pAkara gauravAnvita huA hai| paM0 sukhalAla jI kI jJAna-gaMbhIra phira bhI subodha zailI kA eka-do udAharaNa draSTavya haiM___'maiM bAla-dIkSA virodha ke prazna para vyApaka dRSTi se socatA huuN| usako kevala jaina-paramparA taka yA kisI eka yA do jaina phirakoM taka sImita rakhakara vicAra nahIM krtaa| kyoMki bAla-dIkSA yA bAla-saMnyAsa kI vRtti evaM pravRtti karIba-karIba sabhI tyAga-pradhAna paramparAoM meM zurU se Aja taka dekhI jAtI hai, khAsa kara bhAratIya sanyAsa-pradhAna saMsthAoM meM to isa pravRtti evaM vRtti kI jar3a bahuta purAnI hai aura isake balAbala tathA aucityAnaucitya para hajAroM varSoM se carcA-praticarcA bhI hotI AI hai| isase sambaMdha rakhane vAlA purAnA aura nayA vAGmaya va sAhitya bhI kAphI hai|' 1. A. nemicandra zAstrI-hindI jaina sAhitya parizIlana-bhAga-2, pR. 128.. 2. paM0 sukhalAla jI-darzana aura cintana-'bAlI-dIkSA' zIrSakastha nibaMdha, pR. 38, darzana aura saMpradAya-nAmaka nibaMdha, pR0 69.

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-gadya-sAhitya kA zilpa-vidhAna ____503 __ hama sAmpradAyika cintanoM kA yaha jhukAva roja. dekhate haiM ki ve apane cintana meM to kitanI hI kamI yA apanI dalIloM meM kitanA hI lacarapana kyoM na ho use prAyaH dekha nahIM pAte aura dUsare virodhI sampradAya ke tattva-cintanoM meM kitanA hI sAdguNya aura vaizya kyoM na ho use svIkAra karane meM bhI hicakicAte paM0 zItalaprasAda jI dArzanika nibaMdhakAroM meM mUrdhanya sthAna para haiN| unhoMne nirantara kalama calAI hai| jaina darzana va AcAra-vicAra bhara kAphI likhA hai| yadi vaha saba prakAzita ho pAtA to jaina sAhitya kA bhaNDAra para gayA hotA, lekina prAyaH sabhI lekha aprakAzita haiN| sIdhI-sAdI bhASA meM Apake abhyAsa aura adhyayana kA prakAza diyA hai| darzana aura itihAsa sambandhI koI viSaya ApakI lekhanI se achUtA rahA nahIM hai| usI prakAra apane AdhyAtmika upanyAsa kSetra meM bhI kalama calAI hotI to usa kSetra kI zrIvRddhi hotI, jo Aja atyanta kSINa paM. kailAzacandra zAstrI ke dArzanika, AcArAtmaka tathA aitihAsika nibaMdha ziSTa aura saMyata bhASA-zailI meM likhe gaye haiN| jaina dharma kA itihAsa unhoMne tIna khaMDoM meM atyanta vidvatApUrNa va praur3ha zailI meM likhA hai| jaina sAhitya ke itihAsa meM isakA ullekhanIya yogadAna kahA jaayegaa| ApakI zailI meM AcArya rAmacandra zukla kI-sI gaMbhIratA, saralatA, anveSaNAtmakatA tathA abhivyaMjanA kI spaSTatA samAna rUpa se hai-kevala donoM ke viSaya kSetra bhinna-bhinna haiN| paM. kailAzacandra zAstrI ke nibaMdhoM kI bhASA-zailI meM duruhatA kA abhAva hai-sarala bhASA meM apane vicAroM kI ve abhivyakti karate haiM-yathA-'vicAraNIya yaha hai ki jina prANiyoM ke prati hama dayA-bhAva rakhate haiM, ve prANI kyoM isa avasthA ko prApta hue| kyA kabhI isa prazna para gaMbhIratA se vicAra kiyA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM saMsArI jIva jo nAnA gatiyoM meM bhramaNa kara rahA hai isakA kAraNa kyA hai? kyoM yaha sukha-duHkha kA bhojana banatA hai? sAdhAraNa-sA jAnakAra bhI yahI kahegA ki apane karmoM ke kAraNa hI vaha bhramaNa karatA hai|" paM. agaracanda jI zrI nAhaTA na kevala hindI sAhitya ke bahuzruta vidvAna haiM, lekina jaina-sAhitya ke bhI stambha samAna haiN| sAhitya kI vividha dizAoM meM vizeSa kara kaviyoM viSayaka-khoja pUrNa nibaMdha-lekha-kAphI vizAla mAtrA meM 1. paM. sukhalAla jI-darzana aura cintana-'bAlI-dIkSA' zIrSakastha nibaMdha, pR0 69. 2. draSTavya-paM0 kailAzacandra zAstrI-'sabase bar3A pApa-mithyAtva' zIrSaka nibaMdha, pR. 1, 'zrIgaNezaprasAda varNI smRti grantha' antrgt|

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504 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya likhe haiN| zAyada hI koI aisI jaina-ajaina patrikA unakI pratibhA va adhyayana saMpanna lekhanI kI prasAdI se vaMcita-achUtI-rahI hogii| zrIyut agaracanda jI ke sAhityika-sAMskRtika nibaMdhoM kI bhASA-zailI kA eka udAharaNa draSTavya hai___ 'prAkRta bhASA bhArata kI prAcInatama bhASA hai| yadyapi upalabdha sAhitya meM sabase prAcIna grantha 'veda' mAne jAte haiM aura unakI bhASA 'saMskRta' hai| para jaba hama saMskRta aura prAkRta ina donoM zabdoM para vicAra karate haiM, to yaha mAnane ko bAdhya honA par3atA hai ki prAkRta arthAt svAbhAvika jana-sAdhAraNa kI bhASA aura saMskRta arthAt saMskAra kI huI ziSTajanoM kI bhaassaa| saMskAra to kisI vidyamAna vastu kA hI kiyA jAtA hai| isalie sabase prAcIna bhASA kA nAma 'prAkRta' hI ho sakatA hai| yadyapi isa bhASA meM racA yA likhA huA sAhitya utanA purAnA nahIM prApta hotA, para usakI maulika paramparA avazya hI prAcIna rahI hai| paM0 dalasukha bhAI mAlavaNiyA jI eka gujarAtI-bhASI hone para bhI hindI bhASA, apabhraMza-prAkRta bhASA aura usake sAhitya para gajaba kA adhikAra rakhate haiN| ve nirantara adhyayana-adhyApana tathA lekhana-pravRtti ke kAma meM saMnniSThatA se saMlagna haiN| jaina dharma evaM darzana ke viSaya meM likhe hue unake nibaMdhoM kA bahuta mahatva hai| unake nibaMdhoM meM viSaya kI spaSTatA sarala zailI meM pAI jAtI hai| AlocanAtmaka dArzanika nibaMdhoM meM kahIM-kahIM adhika gaMbhIratA dekhane ko milatI hai| paM. mAlavaNiyA jI kI bhASA-zailI kA rUpa draSTavya hai-'kisI bhI sampradAya vizeSa ke prAmANika itihAsa ko likhane ke lie usa saMpradAya ke anuyAyI varga dvArA likhita sAmagrI ko bhI AdhAra banAnA parama Avazyaka ho jAtA hai| kevala virodhI pakSa kI sAmagrI ko hI AdhAra nahIM banAyA jA sktaa| parantu 'lokAzAha' ke yuga se lekara Aja taka kisI bhI vidvAna sthAnakavAsI muni ne athavA gRhastha ne vizuddha itihAsa ke dRSTikoNa se kucha likhA ho, vaha mere dekhane meM nahIM aayaa| yadi kisI ne kucha likhA bhI hai, to usameM prazasti tathA guNAnuvAda hI adhika hai-itihAsa usameM nahIM hai| anusaMdhAna, zodha aura khoja kI dRSTi se kucha bhI likhA nahIM gyaa|' paM0 baMzIdhara vyAkaraNAcArya ke sAmAyika samasyAoM aura karmavAda para 1. agaracanda jI nAhaTA-prAkRta bhASA kA eka mAtra AlaMkArika graMtha-alaMkAra darpaNa' pR. 394-'gurudeva zrI ratnamuni-smRti graMtha-ke antargata saMgrahItaM 2. draSTavya-paM0 dalasukha mAlavaNiyA-'lokAzAhA aura unakI vicAradhArA' nibaMdha, pR. 365-'gurudeva kI ratnamUni-smRti graMtha' ke antargata sNgrhiit|

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-gadya-sAhitya kA zilpa-vidhAna 505 likhe nibaMdhoM kI bhASA atyanta zuddha vyAkaraNa-sammata hai; vAkya bhI choTe-choTe haiN| 'dArzanika nibaMdhoM kI bhASA gaMbhIra aura saMyata hai| sarala se sarala vAkyoM meM gaMbhIra vicAroM ko rakha sakate haiN| udAra aura ucca vicAra hone ke kAraNa sAmAjika nibaMdhoM meM prAcIna rUr3ha paramparAoM ke prati anAsthA kI bhAvanA milatI hai| paM. jagamohanalAla jI siddhAnta zAstrI ke AcArAtmaka nibaMdhoM meM hama sarala aura spaSTa bhASA-zailI pAte haiN| eka kuzala adhyApaka ke samAna ve viSaya ko gaharAI meM jAkara samajhAne kI ceSTA karate haiN| bhASA parimArjita hone se zuSka viSaya ko bhI rocaka va manoraMjaka banA sakane meM samartha haiN| zrI mahAtmA bhagavAnadIna bhI dArzanika nibandhakAra haiM, jinakI bhASA-zailI meM manovaijJAnika vizleSaNa pAyA jAtA hai| nibaMdhoM kA viSaya bhI prAyaH darzana va manovijJAna hone se gUDha gaMbhIra viSaya ko bhI ve sarala choTe-choTe vAkyoM meM vyakta karate haiN| DA. mohanalAla mehatA kI vizleSaNAtmaka bhASA-zailI hameM unake nibaMdhoM va bhUmikA ke lekhoM meM dRSTigata hotI hai-yathA___ 'AcAra-aura vicAra paraspara sambaddha hI nahIM, eka dUsare ke pUraka bhI haiN| saMsAra meM jitanI bhI jJAna-zAkhAe~ haiM, kisI na kisI rUpa meM AcAra athavA vicAra athavA donoM se sambaddha haiN| vyaktitva ke pUrNa vikAsa ke lie aisI jJAna-zAkhAe~ anivArya haiM, jo vicAra kA vikAsa karane ke sAtha hI sAtha AcAra ko bhI gati pradAna kre| + + + jaba taka AcAra ko vicAroM kA sahayoga prApta na ho athavA vicAra-AcAra rUpa meM pariNata na hoM taba taka jIvana kA yathArtha vikAsa nahIM ho sktaa|" muni nathamala jI ne bhI dArzanika va AcAra-vicAra viSayaka choTe-choTe sundara nibandha likhe haiN| kahIM-kahIM unake nibandhoM meM sampradAya sambaMdhI vicAroM kI spaSTatA vizeSa dekhane ko milatI hai, phira bhI gUDha-gambhIra jaina-darzana ko unhoMne apanI kalama se sarala, zailI meM prastuta karane kA prazaMsanIya kArya kiyA hai| 'samasyA kA patthara aura buddhi kI chainI' meM unakI zailI kA lAghava va bhASA kI spaSTatA dekhI jA sakatI hai| AcArya tulasI ke dArzanika lekhoM evaM vicAroM meM guru-gaMbhIratA aura zailI kI praur3hatA dekhI jAtI hai| bAbU lakSmIcandra jaina kuzala sampAdaka ke atirikta saphala Alocaka va vivecaka bhI haiN| bhAratIya jJAnapITha se prakAzita jaina-sAhitya ke granthoM kI 1. nemicandra zAstrI-hindI jaina sAhitya-parizIlana-bhAga-2, pR. 131. 2. draSTavya-DA. mohanalAla mehatA-'jainAcAra' kI bhUmikA, pR0 5.

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506 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya sampAdakIya vivecanA ke lekha atyanta mahatvapUrNa aura aneka sAhityika carcAoM para prakAza DAlate haiN| ApakI zailI gaMbhIra, puSTa, saMyata aura vyavasthita hai, jisameM prakAza kA guNa sarvatra pAyA jAtA hai| DA. jyotiprasAda jaina eka kuzala sampAdaka ke sAtha Adhunika nibaMdhakAra ke rUpa meM jAne-mAne haiN| una ke lekhoM-nibaMdhoM kI zailI dhArApUrNa evaM gadyasauSThavapUrNa milatA hai| 'prakAzita jaina sAhitya' ke sampAdakIya lekhaka ke antargata ApakI sugaThita zailI kA darzana hotA hai| ina sabake atirikta hindI sAhitya ke prasiddha upanyAsakAra va kahAnIkAra ke rUpa meM prasiddha sarvazrI jainendra jaina gaMbhIra cintanAtmaka, dArzanika nibaMdhakAra ke rUpa bhI meM bhI prasiddha haiN| unake samasta cintana kI pArzva bhUmi sulajhI huI hai| jaina-darzana ke anekAntayAtmaka DhaMga se unhoMne tAtvika samasyAoM kA samAdhAna kiyA hai| ___ Adhunika yuga meM vidvAna-AcAryoM evaM muniyoM ke vyAkhyAnoM (upadezoM) ko unake anuyAyI yA zraddhAvAna zrotA dvArA prakAzita karavAne kI prathA jaina-samAja meM kAphI vikasita huI hai| inameM se bahuta-se granthoM kI bhASA to atyanta rocaka rahatI hai, sAtha hI sAmAjika viSayoM para bhI dharma kI carcA ke sAtha-sAtha prakAza DAlA gayA hotA hai| vaise yaha savAla paidA hotA hai ki ina prakAzita vyAkhyAna-bhASaNoM ke granthoM ko nibandha ke antargata sthAna diyA jAnA cAhie yA nahIM ? jinameM sAhityikatA kA guNa pAyA jAtA ho, una pustakoM ko nibandha, sAhitya ke rUpa meM svIkArA jA sakatA hai aura korI dArzanikatA yA upadeza ko sAhitya ke rUpa meM svIkRta nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| uparyukta vivecana se spaSTa hai ki hindI-jaina-nibaMdha-sAhitya parimANa va guNavattA kI dRSTi se puSTa hai, usI prakAra usake vividha vidvAnoM kI bhinna-bhinna racanA zailI se ati samRddha bhI hai; viSaya ke anekavidha pahaluoM ke sAtha bhASA-zailI kI praur3hatA, gaharAI, zuddhatA tathA utkRSTatA sacamuca hI jaina-nibaMdha sAhitya ko prApta hai| jIvanI, AtmakathA, saMsmaraNa aura abhinaMdana-grantha kI bhASA zailI : sarvathA Adhunika yuga kI jaina svarUpa jIvanI va AtmakathA ke tattva-mahatva ke sandarbha meM thor3A-bahuta vicAra kara liyA jAya to anucita nahIM hogaa| sAmAnyataH jIvana-carita kisI ke sAre jIvana meM kiye gaye mahatvapUrNa kArya va prasaMgoM se yukta hotA hai| usameM nAyaka ke sampUrNa jIvana yA usake yatheSTa bhAga kI carcA honI cAhie, para yaha koI niyama nahIM hai, jisakA pAlana karanA hara

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-gadya-sAhitya kA zilpa-vidhAna 507 samaya saMbhava ho ske| aneka logoM ke jIvana-caritra unake jIvana-kAla meM likhe jAte haiM; ata: yaha spaSTa hai ki aise jIvana caritroM meM jindagI bhara kA hAla de sakanA sambhava nahIM hotaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki jIvanI sAhitya kA eka chora sphuTa saMsmaraNa ko mAnA jAtA hai aura usakA dUsarA chora usa jIvanI ko svIkArA jAtA hai, jisameM janma se lekara mRtyu taka kA itihAsa ho| ziple (Shiple) ke anusAra jIvanI meM nAyaka ke saMpUrNa jIvana athavA usake yatheSTa bhAga kI carcA karanI cAhie aura apane Adarza rUpa meM eka viziSTa itihAsa honA caahie| yaha ThIka hai, para jIvanI sAdhAraNa itihAsa aura kAlpanika kathA donoM se bahuta bhinna hotI hai| pAzcAtya sAhitya meM jIvanI ko bahuta pahale-se eka vizeSa sAhitya rUpa mAnA jAtA hai, upanyAsa yA itihAsa nhiiN| 'yadi jIvanI ko kathA-sAhitya se alaga rakhanA hai to yaha kabhI na bhUlanA cAhie ki vAstavika jIvanI vahI hai jisameM tathyoM ke anveSaNa meM aura unheM prastuta karane meM vizeSa dhyAna rakhA jAya aura jIvanI prAmANika tathA samyak jAnakArI para AdhArita rhe| jIvanI lekhaka ko una sabhI tathyoM kI jAnakArI kara lenI cAhie; jinhoMne usake carita-nAyaka ke jIvana para prabhAva DAlA ho| sAtha hI, jIvana lekhaka ko carita nAyaka ke jIvana kI ghaTanAoM ko usI krama meM prastuta karanA cAhie, jisameM ki ve ghaTita huI thiiN|'' jIvanI sAhitya meM nAyaka kA kevala atiraMjita evaM ati prAkRta varNana-byaurA rahegA to vaha jIvanI vizvasanIya va sAhityika nahIM bana pAyegI, lekina yadi usake antargata nAyaka ke jIvana-tathyoM kA vaijJAnika vizleSaNa, samyak nirUpaNa aura manovaijJAnika adhyayana kA dizA sUcana hogA to vaha preraNAtmaka aura vizvasanIya jIvanI kA mahatva aMkita kara sAhityika kRti kA mahatva dhAraNa kara legii| sAhityikatA kA tattva usakI bhASA zailI, abhivyakti kI viziSTatA, sAhajikatA va svAbhAvika nirUpaNa zailI se sphuTa hogaa| ataH jIvanI bhI sAhitya kI eka alaga mahatvapUrNa vidhA ke rUpa meM apanA mahatva siddha kara paayegii| Adhunika yuga meM to bhAratendu kAla se hI preraNA-pradAna vyakti kI svAbhAvika jIvanI likhane kA upakrama prAraMbha ho cukA thA, jisakA uttarottara kAphI vikAsa Aja hama dekha sakate haiN| kisI bhI kSetra meM viziSTa prakSepa karane vAlI vyakti kI jIvanI likhI jAtI hai, jo vizvasanIya sUtroM se mAhitI upalabdha kara, unase bheMTa-mulAkAta kara, saMsmaraNoM ke dvArA bhI kArya kiyA jAtA hai| Atma-kathA : - Atma-kathA meM lekhaka ke apane jIvana kA viziSTa dRSTikoNa se likhA 1. draSTavya-hindI sAhitya koza-bhAga-1, pR. 305.

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Adhunika hindI - jaina sAhitya huA varNana rahatA hai| Atma kathA ke dvArA apane bIte hue jIvana kA siMhAvalokana aura eka vyApaka pRSThabhUmi meM apane jIvana kI mahatvUparNa ghaTanAoM kA avalokana saMbhavita rahatA hai| AtmAMkana ke dvArA dUsaroM ko preraNA yA lAbha pahu~cAne kA pradhAna hetu hotA hai / jIvana caritra Atma-kathA se isa artha meM bhinna hai ki kisI vyakti dvArA likhI gaI kisI anya kI jIvanI jIvana-caritra hai aura kisI vyakti dvArA yA svayaM likhI gaI svayaM apanI jIvanI aatm-kthaa| svataMtra vidhA kI dRSTi se Atma kathA Adi rUpoM kA sAhitya meM apanA viziSTa sthAna svIkRta hai| 508 'Atma - kathA sAhitya kyoM likhA jAtA hai, yaha prazna bar3A saMgata hai| do bhinna dRSTikoNa lakSita hote haiN| eka prakAra se Atma - kathAnaka sAhitya kA uddezya hotA hai - Atma-nirmANa, Atma-parIkSaNa, yA Atma-samarthana, atIta kI smRtiyoM ko purnajIvita karane kA moha yA jaTila vizva ke ulajhAvoM meM apane Apako anveSita karane kA sAttvika pryaas| isa prakAra ke Atma-kathAnaka sAhitya ke pAThakoM meM svataH lekhaka hotA hai, jo AtmAMkana dvArA Atma-pariSkAra evaM Atmonnati karanA cAhatA hai| Atma sambaMdhI sAhitya likhane kA eka dUsarA uddezya yaha bhI hai ki lekhaka ke anubhavoM kA lAbha anya loga uThA skeN| mahAn aitihAsika AndolanoM yA ghaTanAoM ke sapaMrka meM rahane se DAyarI, saMsmaraNa yA Atma-kathA lekhaka ko yaha AzA honA svAbhAvika hai ki AgAmI yugoM meM usakI racanA usake yuga tathA prasaMgoM ke samaya ke pramANa svarUpa par3hI jAyegI / yadi dharma, rAjanIti, athavA sAhitya ke itihAsa nirmANa meM kisI vyakti kA mahatvapUrNa hAtha rahA ho to avazya hI pAThaka usa vyakti ke bAre meM svayaM usakI likhI bAtoM ko par3hanA pasanda kreNge| ye donoM svataH siddha ( mahatvoM) upayogoM ke atirikta AtmakathA lekhana ke mUla meM kalAtmaka abhivyakti kI preraNA bhI ho sakatI hai| aura apanI pada- maryAdA athavA khyAti se lAbha uThAne kI zuddha vyAvasAyika icchA bhii|" Adhunika kAla meM sAhitya ke anya rUpoM ke sAtha Atma kathA kI ora bhI dhyAna AkRSTa hone kI AvazyakatA hai| gadya meM Atma kathA likhane kA prAraMbha to Adhunika kAla meM huA / madhya kAla meM jaina mahAkavi banArasIdAsa jI kI 'arddha-kathA' padya meM likhita hindI - sAhitya kI sarvaprathama AtmakathA mAnI jaayegii| jaina sAhitya meM jIvanI do prakAra kI prApta hotI hai, jisakA ullekha hama pIche kara cuke haiM, (1) tIrthaMkaroM kI tathA aitihAsika va dhArmika satI striyoM 1. hindI sAhitya koza bhAga-2, pR0 89.

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-gadya-sAhitya kA zilpa-vidhAna - 509 kI jaise-caMdanabAlA, mainA sundarI, mRgAvatI Adi-aura tIrthaMkaroM kI jIvanI meM bhI pArzvanAtha carita, mahAvIra carita, neminAtha carita, RSabhadeva carita kI saMkhyA vizeSa hai| ina tIrthaMkaroM kI jIvanI yA carita meM ghaTanAoM kA krama samAna hone para bhI kalpanA kA aMza bhI raha sakatA hai| phira bhI zailI kI udAttatA ke bAvajUda bhI nUtana prasaMgoM kI sarjanA saMbhava nahIM hotii| satiyoM kI jIvaniyoM meM bhI aise hI sAmAnya parivartana-parivarddhana-kI saMbhAvanA rahatI hai, jabaki dUsare prakAra kI jIvanI meM-AcAryoM yA vidvAnoM kI-yaha saMbhAvanA kama rahatI hai, kyoMki jIvanIkAra ke pratyakSa paricaya yA AdhArabhUta sAmagrI ke sAtha likhI gaI hone se vAstavikatA aura sAkSI-pramANa kI vizeSa pratIti hotI hai| jIvanIkAra ke jIvana kA vAstavika manovaijJAnika dRSTikoNa aura samyak nirUpaNa ke sAtha usake prastutIkaraNa meM rocakatA va jIvantatA honI Avazyaka hai| sAhityika zailI meM jIvanIkAra ke jIvana ke mahatvapUrNa bhAga ko prasphuTita karanA apekSita hai| jIvanI kI yaha mahatvapUrNa vizeSatA hai ki jIvanI lekhaka kA kartavya bana jAtA hai ki vaha carita nAyaka ke jIvana ko kramazaH anveSita evaM udghATita kre| prArambha se hI caritra meM mahattA aura vizeSatA ke darzana karane laganA ucita nahIM hai, kyoMki aisA karane se svAbhAvikatA yA vAstavikatA kA hrAsa hone kI saMbhAvanA banI rahatI hai| __zazibhUSaNa zAstrI likhita-'jagadguru zrI hIravijaya sUrI kI jIvanI' meM lekhaka ne AcArya kI vidvatA evaM loka-kalyANa ke kAryoM para prakAza DAlA hai| isake lie unhoMne samaya-samaya para prakAzita patra-patrikAoM ke lekhoM tathA pustakoM ko AdhAra banAyA hai, tAki isakI satyatA meM vizvAsa banA rhe| akabara bAdazAha ke samaya ho gaye ina AcArya ko jIvanI se jaina jagata ke anya AcAryoM tathA muniyoM ko yaha preraNA milatI hai ki jaina sAdhu kevala Atma kalyANa meM hI rata nahIM rhtaa| balki dayA, mamatA, karuNA, ahiMsA pUrNa vyavahAra va jJAna ke phailAne ke dvArA samAjopayogI kArya bhI karate haiN| jIvanI meM tithi-bAra saMvatR Adi kA yathA-sthAna jikra kiyA gayA hai, jisase ghaTanA-krama meM vizvasanIyatA banI rahatI hai| lekhaka kI bhASA zuddha sAhityika khar3I bolI hai tathA zailI meM rocakatA kA nirvAha aMta taka banA rahatA hai| 'sacce sAdhu' meM abhayacanda gAMdhI ne vijayadharma sUri mahArAja kI jIvanI aMkita kI hai, jisakI bhASA pUrNataH sAhityika hone se prakRti va mAnava mana ke sundara citra aMkita kiye haiN| jIvanI kA prAraMbha hI prakRti-varNana se hI

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510 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya lekhaka ne kiyA hai-'dizAe~ haMsane lgiiN| havA prasanna hokara vRkSoM ke sAtha khelane lgii| vRkSa kI DAleM mAno nAca-nAca kara isa mahApuruSa ke Agamana kI khuzI manAne lgiiN|" lekhaka ne jIvanI nAyaka ke bacapana, tyAga, vairAgya, dIkSA-adhyayana, saMyama, kAryakSetra evaM satkAryoM kA sundara sAhityika zailI meM vAstavika ghaTanAoM ke sAtha nirUpaNa kiyA hai| Adhunika jaina-sAhitya evaM (digambara) samAja ke mahAna sAdhaka muni vidyAvijaya jI dvArA praNita 'zrI bhUpendra sUri' kI jIvanI meM lekhaka kA kavitva tathA cintanakAra kA rUpa bhI dekhA jA sakatA hai| nAyaka kI janmabhUmi bhopAla nagarI kA prAkRtika va bhaugolika varNana sundara padya meM kiyA hai-yathA thI nagara bhopAla kI ati cArutA usa kAla meN| pUrNa thA dhana-dhAnya se vaha aura maMgala bhAla meN| aikyatA kA pATha par3hatI vIra rasa ke vAsa meN|' lekhaka kI bhASA prAsa-anuprAsa yukta hone para bhI pAtra ke prati zraddhA va prema-bhAvanA se padya meM likhita yaha jIvanI rocaka va sAhityika bana par3I hai| ucca koTi kI kalpanA, bhAva-pravaNatA, AlaMkArika zabdAvalI kI vizeSa ummIda rakhanA upayukta saMgata nahIM hotI, phira bhI prAsa-anuprAsa kI chaTA acchI hai| jaina dharma ke tattvagata vairAgya, rAga-dveSa racita bhAva, sadguru, dIkSA-jJAna, jaina dharma kI unnati Adi kI carcA caritra-nAyaka ke kramika vikAsa ke sAtha-sAtha lekhaka ne sarala sundara bhASA meM kI hai dharma ke zubha tattva ko guru nitya dete jJAna se, Atma-naiyA pAra hotI, vizva meM yazanAma ho| (pR. 40) isa jIvanI kA-kAvya kA-nAyaka satat parizrama zIla thaa| pariNAmasvarUpa sAhitya-maNDala, zrAvikAzrama, jaina gurukula, zizu vizrAma kendra Adi kI sthApanA karavA kara loka maMgala kI pravRtti ko protsAhana dete the| muni vidyAvijaya jI ne bhUpendra-sUri ke zIla, guNa, sAdagI, ucca-caritra, jJAna-pipAsA tathA jaina-dharma-utkarSa kI pravRtti kA prazaMsanIya Alekhana kiyA hai| pustikA ke anta meM muni kalyANa vijaya jI ne saMskRta bhASA meM 'bhUpendra sUri guNASTakam kI racanA bhinna-bhinna chandoM meM kI hai| ___jayaprakAza varmA likhita 'muni zrI vidyAnaMda jI' kI jIvanI meM prakhara digambara jaina sAdhu ke sAtha hindI jaina sAhityakAra ke jIvana kI mahattA, 1. jayacanda gAMdhI-sacce sAdhu, pR. 1.

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-gadya-sAhitya kA zilpa-vidhAna 511 vizeSatA tathA loka-kalyANa kI bhAvanA ko ujAgara kiyA hai| bhASA AlaMkArika na hone para bhI rocakatA tathA svAbhAvikatA kA pUrA nirvAha kiyA gayA hai| lekhaka ne kahIM bhI jIvanIkAra ke jIvana-prasaMgoM kI yathArthatA kA atikramaNa nahIM kiyA hai| lekhaka kI bhASA-zailI bhI zraddhA kI sugandha lie hue rasAtmaka hai-'ve AtmArthI haiM, AtmA anusaMdhAnI hai aura samAja hita meM bhI bar3e-bar3e cauhakasa aura anAsakta vRtti se cala rahe haiN| unakI muskAna meM samAdhAna hai aura vANI meM samanvaya kA anAhata naad| unakA hara kAma mAnavatA kI maMgala muskurAhaTa hai aura hara zabda jIvana ko dizA-dRSTi denevAlA hai| hama kahate haiM ki ve bhujaMgI-vizva ke bIca candana ke biracha hai-anaMta suvAsa ke svaamii|' 'Adarza ratna' jIvanI muni zrI ratnavijaya jI mahArAja ke ziSya AcArya devagupta sUri ne likhI hai, jo jIvanI kI dRSTi se mahatvapUrNa hai| lekhaka svayaM jaina dharma ke vidvAna AcArya haiN| apane guru kI jIvanI kI bhASA-zailI meM yatra-tatra vyAkaraNa kI galatiyA~ rahane pAI haiN| bhASAkIya praur3hatA kA abhAva hone para bhI dhArmika vivecana ke sAtha nAyaka ke bAhya tathA AMtarika jIvana ke paricaya meM prAmANikatA va sundara varNanAtmakatA hone se jIvanI kA sAhityika evaM dhArmika mahatva rahatA hai| muni zrI vidyAnaMda jI ne prasiddha vidvAna muni 'rAjendra sUri jI kI jIvanI' sundara zailI meM likhI hai| isameM jIvanI nAyaka ke mahatvapUrNa jIvana-prasaMgoM evaM upalabdhiyoM ko kalAtmaka DhaMga se vicArapUrNa zailI meM prastuta kiyA hai| _ 'jainAcArya vijayendra sUri jI kI jIvanI' jaina lekhaka zrI kAzInAtha sarrApha ne rocaka zailI meM likhI hai| AcArya tulasI kI jIvanI zrIyut chaganalAla sarAka ne 'tulasI jIvana jhAMkI' nAma se sundara bhASA-zailI meM likhI hai, jisameM AcArya tulasI kI vidvatA, bahuzrutatA, tathA mAnava-kalyANa ke kAryoM kA vivecana lekhaka ne zraddhA va prema se kiyA hai| ina sabake atirikta jaina vidvAnoM evaM AcAryoM kI jIvanI unake prazaMsaka yA anuyAyI ke dvArA likhane kI praNAlikA jaina sAhitya meM prArambha se hai aura Aja bhI vidyamAna hai| inameM se prAyaH sabhI jIvaniyoM kA sAhityika mUlya bhI rahatA hai, kyoMki nAyaka ke jIvana kI prAmANika ghaTanAoM, dharma-kArya, dIkSA-zikSA ke sAtha loka-kalyANa kI pravRtti aura sAhitya kA bhI sundara zailI meM varNana rahatA hai| Adhunika yuga meM tIrthaMkaroM kA carita bhI kAphI mAtrA meM prApta hote haiM, jinakI viSaya vastu sabhI meM prAyaH samAna rahatI hai| lekina bhASA-zailI kI

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Adhunika hindI - jaina sAhitya bhinnatA ke kAraNa pratyeka jIvana-carita kA viziSTa mahatva rahatA hai| bahutoM kI jIvanI yA caritoM kI zailI meM sIdhe rUpa se prasaMgoM ko varNita karane kI saralatA ke sAtha bodhAtmakatA tathA dArzanikatA kA pahalU bhI rahatA hai, jabaki saMvAdoM kI tIvratA, aitihAsikatA, caritra ke Antarika jIvana kA vizleSaNa, bhASA-zailI kI utkRSTatA, lAkSaNikatA, tIvratA va rocakatA bahuta kama caritra - granthoM meM pAI jAtI hai| caturtha adhyAya meM isakI viSaya-vastu ke sambaMdha meM hamane vistAra se vicAra kiyA hai| vasanta kumAra jaina ne bhagavAna RSabhadeva, pArzvanAtha, neminAtha jI va mahAvIra svAmI kI jIvaniyA~ madhura zailI meM likhI haiM, jo Aja ke 'bhautikavAdiyoM ko AdhyAtmika rasa kI kaDuvI dabA batAse kI madhuratA meM ' lipeTa kara pilAne sadRzya hai / ina granthoM meM dArzanikatA, aitihAsikatA tathA sAhityikatA tInoM kA sundara samanvaya huA hai| lekhaka kI madhura pravAhazIla bhASA kA rUpa jagaha-jagaha para dRSTigocara hotA hai-yathA 512 lekhaka ne vArtAlApa - saMvAda dvArA praznottarI kI, udAharaNa kI paddhati ko apanAkara sundara vAtAvaraNa ke sAtha jJAna tathA zikSA kA saMdeza diyA hai| praznottarI ke mAdhyama se varNita aisA jJAna bojhila nahIM bana par3atA - udAharaNArtha'are yadi karma phira bhI aisI AtmA kA kucha bigAr3a sakate haiM to --to-- hA~, hA~! bolo to -- kyA ?' 'to samajho, vaha AtmA mahAna AtmA nahIM ho sakatI / ' 'kalpanA to sundara hai, para viveka aura nyAya saMgata nahIM / ' kyoM ? vaha isalie ki AtmA prabhAvazAlI hai avazya, para karmAvaraNa usako Dhaka dete haiM to usakA prabhAva usI taka sImita rahakara lupta-sA raha jAtA hai| 'vaha kaise ?' 'jaise sUrya prabhAvazAlI hotA hai, hotA hai ki nahIM! 'hA~, hA~ hotA hai|' para jaba bAdala usake Age chA jAte haiM to prakAza kahA~ calA hai?" 'usakA prakAza....usakA prakAza chipa jAtA hai|' to kyA sUrya se bhI vizeSa AbhA vAlA yA zaktizAlI bAdala hai ?' nahIM to! (pR. 60) aise dRSTAnta pratyeka pRSTha para milate haiN| lekhaka kI AlaMkArika, bhASA-zailI bhI dRSTavya hai - raMga-biraMgI kaliyoM se zobhita, manda sugandha pavana se surabhita, sumadhura, cahacahAte vihaMga - gaNa se carcita aura madamAtI, iThalAtI, sarasAtI zItala nIra sahita saritA se maMDita yaha nagarI indra kI purI ko bhI mAta de rahI hai| (pR. 2) / tIrthaMkaroM ke caritoM kI prathA na kevala Adhunika kAla meM hI pravartamAna

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-gadya-sAhitya kA zilpa-vidhAna 513 hai, balki madhyakAla meM bhI pracalita thii| isa sambaMdha meM prakAza DAlate hue DA. vijayendra snAtaka likhate haiM-(madhyakAla meM) jaina kaviyoM ne prabaMdha aura muktaka donoM zailiyoM ko apnaayaa| dohA-caupAI paddhati meM carita kAvyoM kI racanA inakI ullekhanIya vizeSatA hai, jinameM vizeSataH tIrthaMkaroM kI jIvaniyoM dvArA se jaina dharma ke siddhAntoM ko lokapriya DhaMga se prastuta kiyA gayA hai| jaina kaviyoM meM svayaMbhU, puSpadanta aura hemacandra ullekhanIya haiN| unake dvArA likhita apabhraMza ke carita-kAvyoM, zailiyoM aura chandoM kA paravartI hindI kAvya para paryApta prabhAva pdd'aa| ina jIvaniyoM yA carita-granthoM meM dhArmika vicAradhArA kI carcA bhI yatra-tatra rahane se dharma ke viziSTa tattvoM kA A jAnA bahuta svAbhAvika hai| lekina isase kisI prakAra ke pAThakoM ko rasA-svAdana meM asuvidhA nahIM paidA hotii| AcAryoM, vidvAnoM kI jIvanI evaM tIrthaMkaroM ke caritroM ke anantara Adhunika hindI jaina sAhitya kI do mahatvapUrNa AtmakathA kI zailI va gaThana ke sambaMdha meM saMkSepa meM prakAza DAlanA anucita nahIM hogaa| jIvanI va AtmakathA meM zailIgata mUla antara yaha hai ki jIvanI anya ke dvArA varNita hotI hai, ataH zailI meM zraddhA bhAva yA prazaMsA yA nAyaka kI mahattA para ucita prakAza DAlA jA sakatA hai, jabaki AtmakathA svayaM nAyaka ke dvArA likhI jAne se AtmazlAghA yA niMdA-stuti kA Dara banA rahatA hai| nirbhIkatA, satyAnveSaNa tathA maMgalamaya dRSTikoNa, zailI kI custatA, AtmakathA ke lie nitAnta Avazyaka hai| paM. gaNezaprasAda varNI jI kI AtmakathA 'merI jIvana gAthA' evaM 'ajIta prasAda jaina' kI 'ajJAta jIvana' do pramukha AtmakathA hai, jinakI svAnubhavaparaka, sukha-du:kha pUrNa ghaTanAoM ko par3hakara pAThaka jIvana kI gaharAI ko jAna pAtA hai| ina do AtmakathAoM se na kevala jaina sAhitya balki hindI sAhitya kA bhI mahada upakAra huA hai| varNI jI kI AtmakathA se AbAla vRddha sabhI ko kucha-na-kucha jAnanesIkhane ko milatA hai| inakI zailI nirADambara evaM halkI-phulkI svAbhAvika bolacAla kI hone se rasAsvAdana va sandeza donoM prApta ho sakatA hai| apane Apa para haMsane kI, vyaMgya karane kI vRtti-zailI se Atma kathA meM jIvantatA va manoraMjanAtmakatA A gaI hai, phira bhI zailI meM vicAra-gAMbhIrya kI kamI kahIM mahasUsa nahIM hotii| choTe-choTe vAkyoM meM bhI itane sundara gUDha bhAva bhara dete haiM ki pAThaka ko vicAra karane para bAdhya honA par3atA hai-jaise-'pApa cAhe bar3A kare 1. DA. vijayendra snAtaka-hindI kavitA kA vikAsa, pR. 2.

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Adhunika hindI - jaina sAhitya yA choTA, pApa to pApa hI rhegaa| usakA daNDa una donoM ko samAna hI milanA caahie|' yA 'dekho! bar3A vahI kahalAtA hai, jo samadarzI rUpa ho, sUrya kI rozanI cAhe daridra ho cAhe amIra donoM ke ghara para samAna rUpa se par3atI hai / ' bhASA bar3I hI madhura evaM bhAvAnubhUtipUrNa hone se pAThaka unake vicAroM aura bhAvoM ke sAtha tAdAtmya sthApita para unakI yAtrAoM ke sAtha svayaM bhI yAtrI bana cala par3atA hai| AcArya nemicandra jI ucita hI likhate haiM-' ghaTanAe~ itane kalAtmaka DhaMga se saMjoyI gaI hai, jisase pAThaka tallIna hue binA nahIM raha sakatA / bhASA itanI sarala aura sundara hai ki thor3A par3hA-likhA manuSya bhI svamagna ho sakatA hai| choTe-choTe vAkyoM meM apUrva mAdhurya bharA hai| prakRti kA varNana bhI unhoMne yAtrA ke prasaMga meM yatra-tatra kiyA hai, jisase Atma kathA leza- mAtra bhI nIrasa na banakara pUrNata: sAhityika saundarya lie rahI hai| unakI isa racanA meM jahA~ eka ora unakA prakANDa pAMDitya, satya niSThA, dRDhatama cAritrya bala, adhyayana kI tIvratama AkAMkSA va zArIrika vizuddhatA, kaSTa sahiSNutA hai, to dUsarI ora jIvana kI acchI-burI ghaTanAoM kI abhivyakti meM vANI kI saralatA, mRdu- -manohara anubhUti pUrNa zailI tathA nirADambaratA spaSTa pratIta hotI hai| 1 514 dUsarI AtmakathA vakIla zrI ajIta prasAda jaina kI 'ajJAta jIvana' ke aMtargata bhI bAbU ajIta prasAda jI kA jaina jagat ke lie lokapriya vyaktitva kI jhalaka sarala zailI meM upalabdha hotI hai| jaina sAhaba na kevala apane kArya-: - jagat meM saMlagna rahe, balki samAja ke abhyudaya evaM kalyANa-kArya meM bhI pUrNa sahayoga dete rhe|' isa AtmakathA meM sAmAjika kurItiyoM kA pUrA vivaraNa milatA hai| bhASA saMyata, sarala aura parimArjita hai| aMgrejI aura urdU ke pracalita zabdoM ko bhI yathA sthAna rakhA gayA hai| vaise AtmakathA kA zIrSaka 'ajJAta jIvana' haiM, lekina vakIla bAbU kA jIvana va kArya kI mahattA se jaina samAja ajJAta nahIM hai| apane viSaya ke prakANDa vidvAna hone para bhI jIvanI kI zailI va prasaMgoM meM saralatA, rocakatA evaM svAbhAvikatA kA pUrA dhyAna rakhA gayA hai| bhASA va zailI meM kahIM bhI bAhyADambara dIkhatA nahIM hai| jIvanI va carita granthoM meM hindI jaina sAhitya meM jaina jagata ke pramukha dhArmika vidvAna va sAhityakAroM ke sambaMdha meM bhI sAhityika kRtiyA~ prApta hotI haiM, jaise seTha mANika canda, seTha hukuma canda bhArilla kumAra devendra prasAda, bAbU jyotiprasAda, bra0 paM0 candA bAI tathA zrImatI magana bAI ke jIvana caritroM kI bhASA-zailI Adhunika evaM bodhAtmaka hai| 1. AcArya nemicandra zAstrI - hindI jaina sAhitya parizIlana - bhAga-2, pR0 139. 2. vahI, pR0 141.

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Adhunika hindI-jaina-gadya-sAhitya kA zilpa-vidhAna 515 isake uparAnta hindI jaina sAhitya meM saMsmaraNAtmaka sAhitya ko Adhunika yuga kI eka atyanta mahatvapUrNa vidhA kahI jaayegii| paM0 ayodhyAprasAda goyalIya dvArA saMpAdita 'jaina jAgaraNa ke agradUta' eka viziSTa racanA hai, jisake lie goyalIya jI dhanyavAda ke adhikArI haiN| pradhAna saMsmaraNAtmaka lekhoM ke lekhaka bhI svayaM ve haiN| kAvya lekhakoM meM jaina sAhitya ke hI nahIM, apitu hindI sAhitya ke bhI jAne-mAne prasiddha vidvAn evaM sAhityakAra haiM, jaise-jainendra kumAra jaina, gulAbarAya, nAthUrAma 'premI', varNI jI, nemicandra jaina, nemicandra zAstrI, paM0 mahAvIraprasAda, paM. kailAzacandra zAstrI, zrImatI kunthukumArI jaina prabhRti prasiddha sAhityakAra haiN|' ina divya dIpoM meM tela aura vartikA saMjone vAle zrI goyalIya ke atirikta anya lekhaka bhI haiN| ina sabakI zailI meM apUrva pravAha, mAdhurya aura joza hai| bhASA meM itanI dhArAvAhikatA hai ki pAThaka par3hanA Arambha karane para anta kiye binA nahIM raha sktaa| + + + ina sabhI saMsmaraNoM meM rocakatA itanI adhika hai ki gUMge ke gur3a kI taraha usakI anubhUti pAThaka hI kara skeNge| bhASA meM oja, mAdhurya aura pravAha hai| zailI atyanta saMyata aura praur3ha hai| + + + prayAga meM jaise triveNI saMgama sthala para gaMgA, yamunA aura sarasvatI kI dhArAe~ pRthaka-pRthaka hotI huI bhI eka haiM, ThIka usI prakAra yahA~ bhI sabhI lekhakoM kI bhinna-bhinna zailI kA AsvAdana bhinna-bhinna rUpa se hone para bhI pravAha aikya hai| isa staMbha ke saMsmaraNoM ko par3hane se mujhe aisA mAlUma par3A, jaise koI bhagavAn bhakta kisI ThAkuradArI para khar3A ho paMcAmRta kA rasAsvAdana kara rahA hai|' isake uparAnta hindI jaina sAhitya meM abhinaMdana graMtha bhI prakAzita hue haiN| inase Adhunika jaina sAhitya to lAbhAnvita huA hI hai, varan hindI sAhitya ke isa kSetra ke bhaNDAra kI abhivRddhi kA bhI prazaMsanIya kArya huA hai| inameM zrIyut agaracanda nAhaTA abhinaMdana grantha, paM0 nAthUrAma premI abhinaMdana grantha, paM0 kSullaka gaNezaprasAda varNI abhinandana grantha, AcArya zAnti sAgara zraddhAMjali grantha, gurudeva zrI ratnamuni smRti grantha, bra. paM. candAbAI abhinaMdana grantha pramukha haiN| ina abhinandana granthoM se eka ora se vidvAna, dhArmika va sAhitya-premI vyaktiyoM ke jIvana prasaMgoM para (paricita) adhikArI vyaktiyoM dvArA prakAza DAlA gayA hai, vahA~ dUsarI ora jaina dharma, darzana, kalA va sAhitya para bhI vibhinna vidvAnoM ke vidvatApUrNa nibaMdha bhI prakAzita hue haiM, jinakI zailI Adhunika sAhitya va vAtAvaraNa ke sarvathA upayukta kahI jaayegii| isa prakAra uparyukta vivecana se spaSTa hai ki Adhunika hindI jaina gadya 1. AcArya nemicandra zAstrI-hindI jaina sAhitya parizIlana-bhAga-2, pR. 143.

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516 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya sAhitya meM hindI bhASA ke kramika vikAsa ke sAtha usake zilpa vidhAna, bhASA va zailI meM bhI parivartana huA hai| zailI meM bodha pradAna yA upadezAtmaka vAtAvaraNa kI apekSA vizleSaNAtmaka pRSThabhUmi kA prAraMbha kara liyA hai| dhArmika sAhitya hone se sarvathA dhArmika sandeza se rahita zailI saMbhava nahIM ho sktii| jahA~ eka ora prasiddha sAhityakAroM kI abhinava samRddha zailI se gadya-sAhitya samRddha hai, vahA~ sAmAnya lekhakoM kI gadya-kRtiyoM se jaina sAhitya ko saMpannatA prApta huI hai| gadya kI vividha zailI va rUpa kA nikhAra nibaMdha sAhitya tathA kathA-sAhitya meM vizeSa rUpa se prApta hotA hai, jaba ki upanyAsa, Atma kathA, AlocanA kA sAhitya apekSA kRta kama prApya hai|

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upasaMhAra __ jaina dharma atyanta prAcIna hai aura usakA darzana bar3A hI sahiSNu hai| Aja ke yuga meM vyakti aura samAja, rASTra va vizva pRthaka-pRthak nahIM raha sakate; sabake bIca sAmIpya udbhUta hone 'vizva-mAnava' evaM 'vasudhaiva kuTumbakam' kA prAcIna saMkalpa vartamAna hotA dIkha par3a rahA hai| vartamAna yuga meM pUre vizva ke mAnava-mAnava kA sambaMdha saMpRkta ho cukA hai, jisakI ghoSaNA jaina dharma ne mAnava-prema va samAnatA ke siddhAnta dvArA hajAroM varSoM pUrva kara dI thii| apane udAtta tattvoM ke dvArA usane mAnava-mAnava ke bIca prema va ahiMsA pUrNa vyavahAra kA saMdeza diyA hai| jaina dharma va darzana ahiMsA, satya, prema va samabhAva ke udAtta tattvoM ke dvArA udAra caritroM kI sRSTi prAcIna kAla se karatA AyA hai| isake udAtta tattva mAnava ko AtmadarzI banane ke lie utsAhita karate haiN| vyakti ko apane bhAgya kA nirNaya karane kI svataMtra-cetanA jaina darzana pradAna karatA hai aura jaina sAhitya usakA loka-mAnasa meM pracAra-prasAra karatA hai| vaha vyakti ko athavA samaSTi ko paramukhApekSI yA parAvalambI banane kA upadeza nahIM detaa| "prANI mAtra ke kalyANa va zakti kI usakI bhAvanA sadaiva stutya rahI hai| yaha bAta bhinna hai ki isake uccatama tattvoM kA sAmAnya janatA meM yathAyogya prasAra nahIM ho pAyA hai yA rasAtmaka sAhitya ke dvArA Adhunika vAtAvaraNa ke anurUpa isakA saMdeza phailAyA nahIM gayA hai| vaise AcAryoM kA sadaiva prayatna rahA hai ki isa dharma ke udAtta tatvoM kA jana-jana taka vyApaka pracAra ho; lekina pratIta yaha hotA hai ki prAyaH jaina samAja taka hI yaha prayAsa sImita rahA hai| isakI udAtta vicAradhArA kA Adhunika yuga ke saMdarbha meM punaH vyavasthita rUpa se pracAra karane kI AvazyakatA paidA huI hai| kyoMki bauddha va jaina dharma kI samAnatA va samakAlInatA ke kAraNa bahuta-sI bhrAMtiyA~ pAzcAtya vidvAnoM meM udbhAvita huI thii| lekina aba viziSTa pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ke sadprayAsoM se ina bhrAMtiyoM kA nirAkaraNa ho cukA hai tathA jaina dharma kI viziSTatA evaM yugIna vAtAvaraNa meM usakI upayogitA ke sambaMdha meM paryApta sAmagrI prakAzita ho cukI hai| Adhunika jagat meM jaina dharma ke tattvoM kI upAdeyatA ke sambaMdha meM bhAratIya vidvAn DA. 1. Jean-Dr. Umesh Mishra-'History of Indian Philosophy'Jainism' Chapter-VIPage-223 ke antrgt|

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518 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya kRSNa ayyara ke 'jaina-jarnala' meM prakAzita lekha kA kucha aMza yahA~ uddharita karanA samIcIna haiM-Many People complain that Jainism is un-suited to today's world, because it is the path of Assceticism and lays undue stress on 'Tyag'or sacrifice. It is true that Jainism emphasises the virtues of sacrifice or self-denial but it must be clearly understood that any unworthy sacrifice can-not lead to happiness'. Age DA0 ayyara isake virodha meM jaina dharma ke satya, prema, ahiMsA, aparigraha evaM samAnatA kI mahattA para prakAza DAlate haiM tathA Aja bhI usakI saMpUrNa upAdeyatA sarva svIkRta hone para jora dete haiN| ___ yaha to jaina dharma ke mahatva kI bAta huii| usakI saMkIrNatA se, maryAdA se, tIvratama kaSTa-sahiSNutA, sAmAnya jIvana vyavahAra meM viziSTa AcAra-vicAra, ke sambaMdha meM bhinna-bhinna vicAradhArA phailatI rahatI hai| isakA prabhAva sAhitya para bhI par3anA svAbhAvika hai| yugAnurUpa parivartita vicAra saraNI ke sandarbha meM usakI custatA bhI bahutoM ko svIkArya nahIM hai| prAcIna kAla se tIrthaMkaroM evaM mahAna AcAryoM dvArA upadezita siddhAntoM ko hI mUla rUpa se svIkRta rakhane kI jaina-samAja kI vRtti meM bhI saMkIrNatA ke darzana hote haiN| isake pakSa meM yaha bhI kahA jA sakatA hai ki dharma-darzana koI 'phaizana' to nahIM hotA, jo samaya kI mAMga ke sAtha badalatA rahe athavA yuga ke vAtAvaraNa ke sAtha usake tattvoM meM bhI parivartana-parivarddhana hotA rhe| jaina dharma kA dRr3hatA se pAlana aura usake vibhinna tattvoM ko jIvana meM saMniSTa karane ke Agraha se anuyAyiyoM kI saMkhyA yadyapi nyUna hotI jA rahI hai| Aja ke unmukta vAtAvaraNa meM dharma ko zithilatAoM ke sAtha svIkAra kara AcaraNa karanA jaise manuSya kA svabhAva-sA bana gayA hai| Aja jIvana mUlya bikharate jA rahe haiM, unameM parivartana ho rahA hai| jaina dharmAnuyAyiyoM kI dharmaparaka custatA burI nahIM hai, lekina Aja ke yuga meM vaha kahA~ taka grAhya yA vyavahRta ho sakatI hai ? jaba sabhI kSetroM meM jIvana-mUlyoM meM AmUla parivartana hote A rahe haiM, bhautikatA ko agrima sthAna milatA jA rahA hai, taba prAcInatama siddhAntoM meM vizvAsa banAye rakhanA yuvA pIr3hI ke lie avazya kaThina kahA jaayegaa| yaha parIkSA kAla hai| jaina-dharma va sAhitya meM ruci va jijJAsA paidA karane ke lie sarvaprathama jaina dharma ke tattvoM kI viziSTatA evaM gahanatA ko sarala rUpa se samAja ke samakSa prastuta karanA hogaa| dArzanika vicAradhArA evaM siddhAntoM kA jaba sAmAnya janatA meM yogya rUpa se prasAra hogA tabhI usakI mahattA-upAdeyatA 1. draSTavya-Dr. Krishna Ayyar-'Relevene of Jainism to Modern Times'. In Jain Journal' Oct. 78, pp. 77, 78.

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upasaMhAra 519 jAnakara usake prati AkarSaNa paidA ho sakatA hai| sAhitya meM bhI viziSTa dArzanika siddhAntoM kI carcA sarala-rocaka bhASA-zailI meM prastuta honI caahie| jahA~ taka saMbhava ho, viziSTa zabdAvaliyoM ke moha ko tyAga kara usakA sarala zabdoM meM ardhaghaTana karanA caahie| isa mahatvapUrNa kArya ke lie aneka mahAna AcAryoM ne dharma kI rakSA ke sAtha sAhitya-sRjana evaM surakSA kA bhAra saMbhAlA thaa| prAcIna va madhyakAlIna sAhitya meM AcAryoM kA yogadAna bhI kama nahIM hai| usI prakAra Aja bhI saMzodhana kArya meM bhI punyavijaya jI, jinavijaya jI, dharmavijaya jI, vidyAvijaya jI Adi AcAryoM kA utsAha darzanIya rahA hai| lekina duHkha ke sAtha kahanA par3atA hai ki vibhinna saMpradAyoM aura 'vAr3oM' meM yaha dharma Aja vibhakta hotA hI jA rahA hai| ApasI matabhedoM ke kAraNa sabhI apane-apane rAga alApate haiN| AcAryoM kI bhAMti jaina sAhitya ke vidvAnoM se bhI yaha apekSA svAbhAvika rahegI ki jaina dharma ke tattvoM kA rasamaya nirUpaNa ve sAhitya ke mAdhyama se kreN| apane gahana jJAna va vidvatA kA lAbha sAmAnya jana-samAja taka bhI phuNcaayeN| nibaMdha va kathA sAhitya ke dvArA yaha kArya sahaja rUpa se ho sakatA hai-isa kSetra meM bahuta se pratibhA saMpanna vidvAnoM ne kArya kiyA bhI hai jaise-paM0 nAthUrAma premI, paM0 sukhalAla jI, paM0 dalasukha mAlavaNiyA, DA. hIrAlAla mehatA, zrIyuta agaracanda nAhaTA, paM. nemicandra zAstrI, DA. AcArya ne. upAdhye, punyavijaya jI tathA jinavijaya jI prabhRti vidvAnoM ke atirikta aura bhI bahuta-se kuzala sAhityakAra haiN| paM0 sukhalAla jI ne eka sthala para jainoM kI paraMparA-priyatA para likhA hai ki-'jaina paraMparA ne virAsata meM prApta tattva aura AcAra ko banAye rakhane meM jitanI ruci lI hai, utanI nUtana sarjana meM nahIM lii|' paMDita jI kA yaha vicAra sAhitya ke saMdarbha meM bhI sahI pratIta hotA hai ki Adhunika yuga meM bhI prAcIna yA madhyakAlIna sAhitya ko punaH mudrita karane kI pravRtti vizeSa pAI jAtI hai, jabaki nUtana sAhitya-sRjana meM kama rahI hai| saMskRta, apabhraMza evaM prAcIna hindI kA sAhitya niHzaMka rUpa se samRddha hai aura usakA anuvAda bhI vAMchita hai| prasiddha prAcIna prabandha kAvyoM jaise-paUmacarita, riThThanemi carita, tisadvi mahApurisa-guNAlaMkAra, nAgakumAra carita, yazodhara carita, mahApurANa, pArzva purANa, sudarzana carita, mallinAtha mahAkAvya aura harivaMza purANa kA paricaya sulabha karAne ke lie punaH saMzodhana-prakAzana kA kArya bhI honA caahie| sAtha hI nUtana vAtAvaraNa ko lakSya meM rakhakara naye utkRSTa sAhitya ke sRjana se rasa-prApti ke sAtha lokottara AnaMda kI bhI upalabdhi hotI hai|

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520 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya prAcIna kAla se jaina tatvoM se prabhAvita hokara usakI AdhAra-bhUmi para kitane hI graMthoM kA nirmANa kiyA gayA hai| inameM kucha dArzanika haiM, to bahuta-sI racanAe~ dhArmika tathA sAhityika bhI haiN| jaina darzana kI vicAradhArA dArzanikoM kI bhAMti sAhityakAra kI manISA ko AplAvita karatI rahI hai, usakI buddhi ko udbuddha bhI karatI rahI hai| phalasvarUpa sAhityakAra kI bhAvanA vividha srotoM, bhinna-bhinna dhArAoM meM phuTakara sAhitya kA svarUpa dhAraNa karatI hai| isa darzana kI satya, ahiMsA va prema kI pavitra triveNI sarjaka ke hRdaya ko prabhAvita kara sAhitya-sRjana meM preraNA detI hai| phalataH isake prasiddha tIrthaMkaroM ke udAtta caritroM ko prabhAvapUrNa DhaMga se ina tattvoM ko saMniyojita karake sAhityabaddha kiyA gayA hai| prAcIna kAla se yugIna bhASA-pravAha meM isakI darzana-praNAlI ko naz2ara meM rakhakara utkRSTa sAhitya sRjana prAraMbha ho cukA thA, jo Aja bhI akhaNDa dhArA meM pravAhita hai| madhyakAla meM bhI jaina sAhitya ne na kevala sAhityika dRSTi se balki bhASA zAstra ke dRSTikoNa se bhI atyanta mahatvapUrNa yogadAna diyA hai| hindI-sAhitya kI eka achUtI dizA ko saMsparza kara sAhitya-bhaMDAra kI zrIvRddhi kI hai| ___ Adhunika yuga ke sAhityakAroM ne bhI jaina dharma ke inhIM pramukha tattvoM va caritroM ko grahaNa kara apanA viziSTa yogadAna diyA hai| Aja vibhinna vidhAoM meM yaha sAhitya prakAzita hotA rahA hai| isa sAhitya ke sarjaka cAhe jaina dharmAnuyAyI hoM yA na hoM, lekina unhoMne jaina dharma ke mAnavIya tattvoM ko sAhitya ke dvArA prakAza meM lAne kA stutya kArya avazya kiyA hai| dhArmika sAhitya hone se vicAradhArA se sambaMdhita sImAe~ to raheMgI hI, tathApi viziSTa maryAdAoM ke bAvajUda bhI Adhunika sAhityakAroM ne apanI bhAvanAoM kA prazaMsanIya unmeSa vividha-sAhitya-kSetra meM abhivyakta kiyA hai| ___Adhunika yuga vijJAna va manovijJAna kA hai yaha nirvivAda hai| pratyeka bhASA ke sAhitya ne yugAnurUpa svarUpa dhAraNa karanA upayukta samajhA hai-cAhe gadya ho yA padya ho| padya kI apekSA gadya to Thosa dharAtala ko hI AdhAra banAkara naye-naye rUpoM meM abhivyakta hotA hai| ciMtana tathA mAnasika vizleSaNa se gadya ko vAstavika va svAbhAvika banAyA hai| hindI-kAvya-sAhitya anekavAdoM se gujaratA huA pravAhita hotA jA rahA hai, tathaiva gadya ne bhI vividha vidhAoM ke mAdhyama se naye rUpa dhAraNa kiye haiN| isa pariprekSya meM Adhunika jaina sAhitya ke anuzIlana ke pazcAta yaha bAta spaSTa ubharatI hai ki bhASA kSetra meM to usane avazya AdhunikatA dhAraNa kara lI hai; lekina zailI ke mAdhyama para abhI bhI

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upasaMhAra 521 prAcIna paramparA kA prabhAva lakSita hai| viSaya-vastu kI dRSTi se to vizeSa parivartana nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki dhArmika sAhitya hone se usase sambaMdhita viSaya vastu kA cunAva Avazyaka ho jAtA hai| lekina usI viSaya vastu ko yugIna vAtAvaraNa, vicAradhArA yA sAmprata samAja ko bhI sAtha lete hue avazya prastuta kiyA jA sakatA hai, aisA vicAra AtA hai| jaise kathAnaka dhArmika yA prAcIna granthoM meM se grahaNa kiyA jA sakatA hai, to usI prakAra Adhunika vAtAvaraNa se bhI viSaya vastu ko cunakara una udAtta tattvoM kA saMdeza pratyakSa yA parokSa diyA jA sakatA hai, jo hindI jaina sAhityakAra ko abhipreta haiN| nibaMdha sAhitya, kathA-sAhitya, nATaka, AtmakathA-jIvanI-saMsmaraNa patrAdi gadya svarUpa meM isa prakAra kI nUtanatA-AdhunikatA-mahatvapUrNa ho sakatI hai| caritrAtmaka prabaMdha kAvya, tIrthaMkaroM kI yA AcAryoM kI jIvanI tathA dArzanika nibaMdha sAhitya meM mUlAdhAra ko grahaNa karate hue bhI caritra-citraNa, saMvAda, vAtAvaraNa, bhASA-zailI meM yaha rUpa honA cAhie, jisakI Adhunika hindI jaina-sAhitya meM prAyaH anupasthiti hai| yatra-tatra Alocya jaina sAhitya kI kucha racanAoM meM Adhunika manovaijJAnika vizleSaNa bhI dRSTigata hotA hai, jaise-zrI vIrendrakumAra jaina ke upanyAsa 'muktidUta' yA dhanyakumAra jaina ke khaNDa kAvya 'virAga' meN| 'vardhamAna' mahAkAvya meM bhI mAnava-kalyANa kA saMdeza sphuTa hotA hai to 'vIrAyaNa' mahAkAvya kA to uddezya hI jana-jana meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke jIvana va saMdeza kA prasAra kara use lokapriya banAne kA hai| nATaka sAhitya meM bahuta-se aise nATaka haiM, jinakA maMcana saralatA se ho sakatA hai| kabhI-kabhI abhinaya ke saphala prayatna kiye bhI gaye haiM, lekina jaina dharma kI kaThora anuzAsana yA saMkIrNatA yahA~ bAdhaka bana jAtI hai| tIrthaMkaroM kI jIvanI kA maMcana jaina samAja ke viziSTa varga yA vyaktiyoM ko pasaMda nahIM AtA hai, ataH isakA ve sadaiva virodha-pradarzana karate rahate haiM, jisase bhaviSya meM kabhI jaina nATakoM ko abhinIta karane kA kisI ko sAhasa nahIM hotA hai| isa kSetra meM abhI bahuta kucha karane ko zeSa hai| __ Adhunika hindI jaina sAhitya meM nibaMdha vidhA meM prazaMsanIya kArya huA hai, dArzanika AcAra-vicAra paraka, varNanAtmaka aura vicArAtmaka viSayoM para vidvAn lekhakoM dvArA utkRSTa nibaMdhoM kI racanA huii| hindI jaina nibaMdha sAhityakAroM se abhI isa kSetra meM aura apekSA hai| jIvanI-sAhitya bhI vizAla parimANa meM prApta hotA hai, jinameM tIrthaMkaroM ke atirikta guru-AcAryoM kI jIvaniyA~ bhI upalabdha hotI haiN| isI prakAra jaina samAja ke mahatvapUrNa vyaktiyoM kI thor3I jIvaniyA~

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522 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya prApta hotI haiN| yadi isa dizA meM bhI dhArmika yA ucca sAmAjika vyaktiyoM ke sAtha prasiddha sAhityakAroM, samAja-sudhArakoM tathA vidvAnoM ke viSaya meM bhI sAhitya prakAzita hotA rahe to jaina-samAja kI isa viSaya meM jAgRti hogii| kathA-sAhitya ke lie to viSaya vastu kI kamI jaina sAhitya meM rahI hI nahIM hai| prAraMbhika kAla se jaina sAhitya meM kathA-sAhitya ko kAphI mahatva prApta huA hai, kyoMki prAcIna jaina-Agama graMthoM meM tathA 'nAyadhamma kathA', puNyAzrava kathAsrota' Adi aneka graMthoM meM kathA-kahAniyA~ evaM laghu 'rUpakoM' kA pracura mAtrA meM saMgraha hai| ataH unako AdhAra banAkara Adhunika zailI va ruci ke anukUla prastuta karane se jaina-sAhitya ke prati sAmAnya janatA meM jijJAsA va ruci paidA hotI hai| isa kSetra meM kAphI sAhitya prakAzita ho cukA hai| prAcIna jaina-kathA sAhitya kI samRddhi ke lie sva0 DA. vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla ne yathArtha hI likhA hai ki-vikrama saMvat ke prAraMbha se 19vIM zatI taka jaina sAhitya meM kathA graMthoM kI avichinna dhArA pAI jAtI hai| yaha kathA-sAhitya itanA vizAla hai ki usake samucita saMpAdana aura prakAzana ke lie 50 varSa se kama samaya kI apekSA nahIM hogii| DA. satyaketu kA bhI jaina kathA-sAhitya meM vipula bhaMDAra ke viSaya meM aisA hI mata hai| pAzcAtya vidvAnoM meM DA. jekobI, zrI Tona, lyUmena, bulavarka, TessITorI, zrImatI harTala Adi ne jaina-kathA-sAhitya ke kSetra meM kAphI khojabIna kI hai| graMthoM kI surakSA dRSTi se dekhA jAya to jaina dharmiyoM ne prAcIna bhASA aura sAhitya ke graMthoM kI samucita rakSA kara samAja va sAhitya kI zlAghanIya sevA kI hai| bhASA ke atirikta viSaya kI dRSTi se bhI jaina sAhitya mahatvapUrNa rahA hai| isake sAtha jaina muniyoM kA lipi-kauzala bhI prazaMsanIya rahA hai| svayaM kalAtmaka hastAkSaroM meM lalita kRtiyoM kA sRjana karate evaM anya acche lipikoM se lipi krvaate| Adhunika jaina-padya-sAhitya kI upalabdhi ke saMdarbha meM kevala yaha tathya hai ki mahAkAvya va khaNDa kAvya sImita mAtrA meM race gae haiM, jabaki muktaka sAhitya kA parimANa saMtoSaprada hai| viSaya-nAvInya to nahIM milegA, zilpa-vidhAna meM pahale kI apekSA kucha parivartana dRSTigata hotA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke 2500veM nirvANa varSa ke upalakSya meM isa dizA meM suMdara kAma huaa| do-tIna mahatvapUrNa mahAkAvya, khaNDakAvya evaM sphuTa racanAoM ke sAtha gadya-sAhitya kA bhI acchA praNayana huA, jisase Adhunika jaina sAhitya kA pravAha avichinna rahatA hai| kAvya meM nUtana zailI evaM bhAvAbhivyakti kA parivartita rUpa lakSita hotA 1. draSTavya-DA0 vAsudevazaraNa agravAla-jaina jagata, patrikA, apraila-1977, pR0 8.

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upasaMhAra 523 hai| isake sandarbha meM hamane thor3A-bahuta saMketa tRtIya adhyAya meM kiyA hai| nUtana-sAhitya-sRjana ke sAtha-sAtha bhagavAna mahAvIra se sambaMdhita prAcIna sAhitya ko punaH prakAzita bhI isa varSa meM kiyA gyaa| uparyukta vivecana se hama isa niSkarSa para pahu~cate haiM ki Adhunika yuga kA hindI jaina sAhitya apanI vividha vidhAoM meM vikasita ho rahA hai| usakI bhASA zailI tathA rUpa meM parivartana ho rahA hai| bhASA yugAnurUpa sAhityika khar3I bolI, zabda zakti sampanna, muhAvaroM se yukta aura yatra-tatra alaMkAroM kI chaTA bikheratI-sI dIkha par3atI hai, zailI meM yadyapi vAMchita navInatA abhI taka pUrNa rUpa se nahIM A pAI hai tathApi kucha gadya lekhakoM kI racanAoM meM zailI kA sajA-saMvarA rUpa bhI hameM AkarSita kie binA na rhegaa| kAvya rUpoM meM bhI parivartana parilakSita ho rahe haiM-mahAkAvya, khaNDa kAvya to likhe hI gae haiM, muktaka bhI bhArI saMkhyA meM prApta haiM; kintu sabase mahatvapUrNa bAta yaha hai ki jaina-dharma-tattvoM kA samAveza para navagIta bhI likhe gae haiM, vyaMgya racanAe~ bhI racI jA rahI haiN| naIma tathA dinakara sonavalakara kA ullekha isa sambaMdha meM kiyA jA sakatA hai| isa prakAra Adhunika hindI jaina sAhitya dina-pratidina vikasita ho rahA hai| yaha yathArtha hai ki abhI isameM madhyakAlIna kAvya-kI sI garimA nahIM A pAI hai-abhI yaha vaisA sampanna nahIM ho pAyA hai aura loka ruci ko AkarSaka nahIM laga pAyA hai, isakA kAraNa 'rasarAja' kI upekSA ho sakatI hai| kiMtu nayA sarjaka isa kamI ko mahasUsa karegA aura vAMchita rUpa se rasarAja kA sanniveza kara jaina sAhitya ko sampanna banAegA-aisI pratIti karane kA kAraNa hai| vizvAsa hai Adhunika hindI jaina sAhitya naye mAnava kI racanA aura usake kalyANa meM apanI mahatvapUrNa bhUmikA kA nirvAha kregaa| 000

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kra0saM0 lekhaka kA nAma 1. ajIta kumAra 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. pariziSTha - 'ka' sandarbha aura AdhAra granthoM kI sUcI pustaka kA nAma AcArya zukla vicAra koza ayodhyAprasAda goyalIya jaina jAgaraNa ke 14 kRSNakAnta varmA 9. muni kAMti sAgara 10. kAmatAprasAda jaina anUpa zarmA agaracanda nAhaTA bhaMvaralAla nAhaTA kAvya saMgraha udayalAla kAsalIvAla zrI dhanyakumAra caritra kAmatAprasAda guru saMkSipta hindI vyAkaraNa jaina sAhitya kA bRhat - itihAsa sAta kor3iyoM meM rAjya (nATaka) khoja kI pagaDeDiyA~ vIra prANayati AcArya kailAza 19 agradUta vardhamAna aitihAsika jaina 11 15. gaurIzaMkara mizra 16. kSu. gaNezaprasAda varNI prakAzaka nezanala pabliziMga hAusa, dillI bhAratIya jJAnapITha - dillI bhAratIya jJAnapITha - dillI Adhunika kAvya dhArA 11. kesarInArAyaNa zukla 12. DA0 kailAzacandra zAstrI jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa bhAga 1 se 4 13 DA0 gaNapaticandra gupta sAhityika nibaMdha lokabhAratI prakAzana mUlacanda kApar3iyA, sUrata nAgarI pracAriNI sabhA vaijJAnika itihAsa chandodarpaNa merI jIvana gAthA vaaraannsii| pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha-saMsthAna, vArANasI / digaMbara jaina pustakAlaya - suurt| bhAratIya jJAnapITha-kAzI digaMbara jaina pustkaalysuurt| ilAhAbAda hindI sAhitya kA lokabhAratI prakAzana ilAhAbAda anupama prakAzana, paTanA ganezaprasAda varNI jaina graMthamAlA - vaaraannsii|

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sandarbha aura AdhAra granthoM kI sUcI kra0saM0 lekhaka kA nAma 17. DA0 gokulacaMdra jaina 18. gopAladAsa varaiyA 19. DA0 govinda zarmA 20. jainendrakumAra jaina 21. ?? ?? 23. jina vANI pracAraka bhAga- 1 22. DA0 jagadIzacaMdra jaina do hajAra varSa pustaka kA nAma caubIsa tIrthaMkara suzIlA 25. jayaprakAza zarmA 26. muni jinavijayajI 27. muni jinavijayajI 28. AcArya tulasI 29. tilakavijaya jI 30. DA0 tribhuvanasiMha 31. devendra issara 32. dAmodara jI varNI 33. dIpacanda jI varNI 34. dayAnanda jaina hindI ke Adhunika mahAkAvya pUrvodaya sAMskRtika pUrvodaya prakAzana, dillii| nibaMdha - bhAga 1 jainendra kI kahAniyA~ pUrvodaya prakAzana, dillI | aMjanA pavanaMjaya prakAzaka parAga prakAzana - dillii| digaMbara jaina pustakAlaya suurt| 24. jugalakizora 'mukhtAra' yugavIra nibaMdhAvalI vIra sevA maMdira TrasTa prakAzana - dillI / muni vidyAnanda jI prabhAta pAkeTa buksa - mertth| sindhI jaina prazasti Adhunika nibaMdha sAhitya aura 525 bhAratIya jJAnapITha prakAzanapurAnI - kahAniyA~ dillii| jinavANI pracAraka kAryAlayaharIsana roDa - kalakattA / saMgraha jaina pustaka prazasti graMthasAra kyA dharma buddhi gamya hai ? ratnendu bhAratIya jJAnapITha-dillI / 8 kRSNa bradarsa, ajamera / Adhunika yugabodha aMgrejI sAhitya koza bhAratIya jJAnapITha-dillI / zrI jaina vRttakathA - digaMbara jaina pustakAlaya - saMgraha suurt| ahiMsA paramodharma jainaka pustaka bhavana, roDa-kalakattA / nATaka harisana

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526 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya 42. " // kra0saM0 lekhaka kA nAma pustaka kA nAma prakAzaka 35. DA0 dazaratha ojhA hindI nATaka udbhava aura vikAsa 36. dinakara sAhitya mukhI 37. paM0 dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNIyA jaina dharma cintana 38. dhanyakumAra jaina virAga bhAratIyavarSIya digaMbara jaina sNgh-mthuraa| 39. jainendrakumAra jaina tApa aura saMtApa hindI pracAraka saMsthAna vaaraannsii| 40. DA. dhIrendra varmA hindI sAhitya koza 41. AcArya naMdadulAre Adhunika hindI bhAratIya bhaMDAra, lIDara presavAjapeyI sAhitya ilaahaabaad| hindI sAhitya : lokabhAratI prakAzana bIsavIM zatAbdI ilAhAbAda 43. DA0 nemicandra zAstrI hindI sAhitya bhAratIya jJAnapITha-vArANasI parizIlana-bhAga-1, 2 44. nyAmatasiMha jaina satIkamala zrI nATaka nyAmatasiMha jaina pustakAlaya hissAra (paMjAba) mainA sundarI nATaka nyAmatasiMha jaina pustakAlaya hissAra (paMjAba) satI caMdanavAlA nyAmatasiMha jaina pustakAlayanATaka hissAra (paMjAba) 47. muni nemicandra adhyAtma darzana vizva vAtsalya prakAzana samiti aagraa| 48. nyAmatasiMha jaina mahAvIra caritra nyAmatasiMha jaina pustakAlaya (hissAra) pNjaab| 49. muni nathamala tuma anaMta zakti bhAratIya jnyaanpiitth-dillii| ke srotra ho 50. zrI nAthUrAma premI zrI pravacanasAra dulIcaMda jaina graMthamAlA, paramAgama songddh'| 51. DA. nemicandra zAstrI bhagavAna mahAvIra aura bhAratIya jJAnapITha, vaaraannsii| unakI AcArya paraMparAbhAga. 1 se 4

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sandarbha aura AdhAra granthoM kI sUcI kra0saM0 lekhaka kA nAma pustaka kA nAma 52. DA0 nagendra 53. DA0 naTavaralAla vyAsa 54. prema zaMkara 60. pannAlAla jaina rAdhAkRSNa prakAzana - naI bhUmikA dillI / 55. DA0 premasAgara jaina hindI jaina bhaktikAvya bhAratIya jJAnapITha - dillI / aura kavi jinavANI pracAraka 56. paramAnaMda 'vizArada' sapta vyasana carita kAryAlaya - harIsana roDa saM0 jyotiprasAda jaina 61. bAbUrAma saksainA 57. padmarAja gaMgavAla satI aMjanA nATaka 59. saM premanArAyaNa TaMDana anUpa zarmA - kRtiyA~ aura kalA prakAzita jaina sAhitya jaina mitra maMDala - dillI 62. DA0 banavArIlAla dvivedI 63. kavi zrI balirAma jI bAlacandra jaina 64. DA0 bhagIratha mizra naI samIkSA, naye saMdarbha gujarAta ke kaviyoM kI hindI sAhitya ko dena bhakti kAvya kI 65. DA0 bhagIratha mizra 66. mohanalAla zAstrI 67. mUlacaMda jaina 'vatsala' 68. mohanalAla zAstrI prakAzaka 527 hindI rIti sAhitya sarala jaina bhajana saMgraha kalakattA / nemicaMda bAkaliyAla, kizanagar3ha, (rAjasthAna) sAmAnya bhASA vijJAna hindI sAhitya sammelana prayAga / Adhunika hindI kAvya rAjazrI prakAzana - mathurA kA manovaijJAnika bhAga- 1, 2 jainAcArya adhyayana zrI hanumAna carita (anu0 ) digaMbara jaina pustakAlayarAjula - suurt| vizvavidyAlaya prkaashnvaaraannsii| nATya zAstra rAjakamala prakAzana - dillI / sarala jaina graMtha bhaMDAra - jypur| digaMbara jaina pustakAlaya adhyAtmaka pada saMgraha sarala jaina graMtha bhaMDAra - bhAga- 1 jblpur|

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528 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya kra.saM lekhaka kA nAma pustaka kA nAma prakAzaka 69. mahAtmA bhagavAnadIna svAdhyAya jaina sAMskRtika saMzodhana mNddl-vaaraannsii| 70. sva. bhagavat jaina atyAcAra vasaMtakumAra jaina, aagraa| 71. bhagIratha mizra evaM Adhunika hindI kAvya balabhadra 72. bhaMvaralAla seThI aMjanA-pavanaMjaya 73. sva. bhagavat jaina madhurasa vasaMtakumAra jaina, aagraa| usa dina pArasa vizvAsaghAta milana durga dvAra usake AMsU 80. ,, , do udaya bhAgya satya ahiMsA kA khUna 83. , , garIba bali jo car3hI nahIM , mohanalAla zAstrI mokSamArga kI saccI sarala jaina graMtha bhaMDAra kahAniyA~ jblpur| 86. mahAnaMda jI mahAnaMda pada sNgrh| jinavANI pracAraka (anu0) kaaryaaly-klkttaa| 87. munnAlAla samagoraiyA bhArata ke sapUta jinavANI prakAzananaMdalAla jaina (nATaka) klkttaa| 88. mUle. mAnavijayajI zrIdharma saMgraha 89. anu bhadraMkarajI mahArAja zrIdharma saMgraha 90. DA. madanagopAla gupta madhyakAlIna hindI kAvya 'nezanala pabliziMga hAusa' meM bhAratIya saMskRti -dillii| 91. DA. mohanalAla mehatA jaina AcAra pArzvanAtha zodha saMsthAna vaaraannsii|

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sandarbha aura AdhAra granthoM kI sUcI 529 kra.saM lekhaka kA nAma pustaka kA nAma prakAzaka 92. AcArya rAmacandra hindI sAhitya kA nAgarI pracAriNI sabhA zukla itihAsa vaaraannsii| 93. DA. lakSmIsAgara hindI sAhitya kA nAgarI pracAriNI sabhA vArSNeya saMkSipta itihAsa vaaraannsii| 94. rAmAnaMda tivArI kAvya kA svarUpa bhAratIya mNdir-bhrtpur| 95. AcArya rajanIza mahAvIra merI dRSTi meM jIvana jAgRti kendr-bNbii| 96. muni rUpacaMda sunA hai maiMne AyuSmAna! bhAratIya jnyaanpiitth-dillii| 97. ratanalAla gaMgavAla vairAgya kI ora vIra presa, jypur| 98. rAjakumAra jaina satI sura sundarI nyAmatasiMha jaina pustakAlaya hissAra (pNjaab)| 99. lakSmIsAgara vASNeya hindI sAhitya kA saMkSipta itihAsa 100. rUpanArAyaNa pAMDeya vIra pUjA nATaka jinavANI pracAraka (anu0) kaaryaaly-klkttaa| 101. ratnalAla gaMgavAla dIvAna amaracaMda nATaka nemicaMda bAkaliyAla, kizanagar3ha, (raajsthaan)| 102. " " zraddhA aura tyAga ratnalAla gNgvaal-jypur| 103. lAlacaMda jaina jaina kaviyoM se bhAratIya pustaka bhavana brajabhASA prabaMdhakAvyoM bhrtpur| kA adhyayana . 104. DA. rAjabali pAMDeya hindI sAhitya kA bRhat itihAsa-bhAga-2 105. DA. lakSmIsAgara Adhunika hindI sAhitya vArSNeya 106. DA. lAlatAprasAda hindI mahAkAvyoM meM saksainA manovijJAnIka tatva 107. rameza kuMtala 'megha' AdhunikatA bodha aura AdhunikaraNa 108. DA. vizvanAtha prasAda nibaMdha aura nibaMdha hindI pracAraka saMsthAna lkhnuu| 109. DA. vijayendra snAtaka kabIra rAdhAkRSNa prakAzana, dillii|

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530 kra0saM0 lekhaka kA nAma 110. DA. vAsudevakRSNa caturvedI 111. DA0 vINA zarmA pustaka kA nAma zrImadbhAgavata ke TIkAkAra Adhunika hindI mahAkAvya yuropiyana sAhityakAra anuttara yogI tIrthaMkara mahAvIra, bhAga-12 114. vizvanAthaprasAda mizrakalA evaM sAhitya : pravRtti aura paraMparA eka aura nIlAMjanA 112. vinodazaMkara vyAsa 113. virendrakumAra jaina 115. vIrendrakumAra jaina 116. zrI 'vyathita hRdaya' 117. vasaMtakumAra jaina 118. 119. vidyAnaMda muni 120. zrI 'vyathita hRdaya' 121. DA. vAsudeva siMha 11 11 nIti aura viveka bhagavAna AdinAtha bhagavAna zAMtinAtha Adhunika hindI - jaina sAhitya jJAnadIpa jale jaMbukumAra se jaMbusvAmI apabhraMza aura hindI meM 122. DA0 vaziSThanArAyaNa jaina dharma meM ahiMsA / sinhA prakAzaka rAjazrI prakAzana, mthuraa| caur3A anupama prakAzana, rAstA, jayapura | pustaka maMdira, kAzI / zrI vIra nirvANa graMtha prakAzana samiti, iMdaura - 1975 bhAratIya jJAnapITha prakAzana, dillii| zukuna prakAzana, dillI / anila pAkeTa buks-mertth| anila pAkeTa buksa - mertth| prabhAta pAkeTa buksa - meraTha | zukuna prakAzana, dillI | jaina - ra - rahasyavAda 123. zAMtigopAla purohita pAzcAtya samIkSA zAstra rAjazrI prakAzana - mathurA / 124. DA0 zivanAtha pAMDeya dhvani saMpradAya kA vikAsa 125. DA. zrIkRSNalAla Adhunika hindI sAhitya kA vikAsa 126. DA0 zambhunAtha siMha hindI mahAkAvya svarUpa aura vikAsa Adhunika mahAkAvya kA zilpa vidhAna | 127. DA. zyAmanaMdana kizora 128. DA0 suSmA priyadarzinI hindI upanyAsa 129. DA. surendanAtha bhAratIya darzana kA dAsaguptA itihAsa, bhAga 1 se 6 akAdamI, jayapura rAdhAkRSNa prakAzana, dillI / rAjasthAna hindI graMtha

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sandarbha aura AdhAra granthoM kI sUcI 531 kra.saM lekhaka kA nAma pustaka kA nAma prakAzaka 130. mIsTara klemeMTe merI hindI sAhitya kA svAtaMtryottara vicArAtmaka gadya 131. paM. sukhalAla cAra tIrthaMkara 132. paMDita sUratalAla darzana aura cintana 133. DA0 hajArIprasAda hindI sAhitya kI rAjakamala prakA dvivedI bhUmikA 134. ,, , hindI sAhitya kA AdikAla 135. DA. hariprasAda zukla jaina gurjana kaviyoM kI 'harIza' hindI kavitA 136. muni hastImalajI jaina dharma kA maulika mahArAja itihAsa 137. DA. hIrAlAla jaina, mahAvIra yuga aura bhAratIya jJAnapITha, dillii| A0 ne0 upAdhyeya jIvanadarzana 138. jJAnacaMdra jaina daheja ke duHkhada digaMbara jaina pustakAlaya pariNAma

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532 1. Barua B.M. 2. Cooper Lane 3. Clorarire Romance 4. 5. pariziSTha - 'kha' iMgaliza - saMskRta aura gujarAtI English Reference Books Mehta M.L. Dr. Mistra. V.D. 6. Muni Ratna Prabha Vijayji 7. Dr. Radhakrishnan... 8. Dr. Sharma C.D. 9. Mrs. Stevenson saMskRta 1. muni jinaviyaja sUri kRta 'zrI zravaNa sUtrama' 2. umA svAti kRta 'tattvArtha sUtra' 3. umA svAti kRta 'utarAdhyayana sUtra' 4. 'AcArAMga sUtra' 5. vimalAcArya kRta 'praznottara mAlA ' 6. 'sUtrakRtAMga' 7. 'zabdakalpadruma' Adhunika hindI - jaina sAhitya gujarAtI 3. zrImad - jIvana - siddhi-: - DA0 sarayU mehatA / Pre Budhistic Indian Philosophy The Art of the Writer The Progress of Indian Philosophy Jain Calture History of Indian Philsophy 1. 'jaina dharmano prANa' 2. 'mAnavijaya gaNivarakRta 'dharma saMgraha' kA gujarAtI anuvAda, anuvAdaka - bhadraMkara vijayazrI / Heart of Jainism (Vol. I). Indian Philosophy A Critical Survey of Indian Philosophy (Ist Addition) The Heart of Jainism

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sandarbha aura AdhAra granthoM kI sUcI 533 4. 'bhAratIya darzana saMgraha-AcArya bhakta da. bA. yog| 5. jaina dharmano prANa-paM0 sukhalAla jI gujarAta vidyaapiitth-amdaabaad| 6. jainadharma nuM cintana-DA. dalasukha mAlavaNiyA-pra0 azoka korA, govAliyA TeMka roDa, bNbii| 7. jaina dharmano sarala paricaya-bhAnuvijaya jI gaNivarya 8. pAtheya-padmasAgara suuri| 9. gautama pRcchA-saM0 muni nirNjnvijy|

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534 Adhunika hindI-jaina sAhitya pariziSTha-'ga' patra-patrikAe~ 1. akhaMDa AnaMda, AlocanA, anekAMtara (dvimAsika patrikA) 2. kahAnI, kumAra 3. * jaina jagata, jaina jarnala, jaina saMdeza, jaina yug| 4. tIrthaMkara (mAsika), tulasI prajJA (jaina vizva bhAratI-lADanUM (rAjasthAna)) 5. dharmayuga 6. Pathway to God (A Journal of Spiritual Life) April, 77. 7. paramparA (rAjasthAna zodha saMsthAna-jodhapura) 1979. 8. phArbasa gujarAtI sabhA (traimAsika gujarAtI patrikA) vaicArikI (bhASA, sAhitya evaM zodha sambaMdhI zodha ptrikaa)| 9. rAjasthAna bhaartii| 10. viirvaannii| 11. zramaNa (1976) / 12. hindustAna (traimaasik)| 13. sudhAbindu (hindI maasik)| 000

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nAma DaoN. zrImatI saroja, kailAsacandra vorA abhyAsa- esa. esa. sI. (prathama varga) B.A. (prathama varga) M.A. (hindI meM prathama varga) Ph.D. (1980), bAda meM eka sAla Post Ph.D. (1982) zaikSaNika anubhava - pA~ca sAla S.N.D.T. mahilA kAleja meM, bAda meM O.G.C. kI phelozipa (cAra sAla) ke daurAna adhyavasAya rhaa| 1987-88 meMM.S. University meM Teaching Assistance kA kArya aura bAda meM 1994 se aba taka hindI vibhAga - ArTsa phekalTI meM lekcarara ke rUpa meM kAryarata / prakAzana-1 zauka- jaina samAja kI vividha saMsthAoM meM niraMtara kAryarata sakriya sadasya ke rUpa meM dhArmika va zaikSaNika saMsthAoM meM hArdika sahayoga | par3hane-par3hAne ke kArya meM atyanta ruci / - vividha patra-patrikAoM meM kavitAyeM, lekha, nibandha, ekAMkI Adi racanAyeM prakAzita, svAtaMtryottara hindI jaina sAhitya nAmaka jaina 1987, jainatattva jJAna saMbaMdhI lekha (gujarAtI meM prakAzita) / cAra bAra amerikA ke safara ke daramyAna vahA~ kI dhArmika, zaikSaNika evaM sAmAjika saMsthAoM kI mulAkAta-bheMTavArtAlApa va prabandha | bhASAjJAna- hindI, saMskRta, gujarAtI aura aNgrejii|

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hamAre hindI ke anya prakAzana 1998 350.00 1. svAtantryottara hindI nATakasAhitya meM loka-tattva -zailajA bhAradvAja 2. bhavAnI prasAda mizra ke kAvya meM sAmAjika cetanA -zrImatI mithaleza kazyapa 3. svAtantryottara hindI kahAnI meM vicAra-tattva -saroja guptA 1999 250.00 1999 350.00 BKP lA bhAratIya kalA prakAzana 3421-e, dvitIya tala, nAraMga kalonI, trInagara, dillI-110035